Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reliability of the Camberwell Assessment of Need – European Version

Background The five-country European Psychiatric Services: Inputs Linked to Outcome Domains and Needs (EPSILON) Study aimed to develop standardised and reliable outcome instruments for people with schizophrenia. This paper reports reliability findings for the Camberwell Assessment of Need – European Version (CAN-EU). Method The CAN – EU was administered in each country, at two points in time to assess test – retest reliability, and was rated by two interviewers at the first administration. Cronbach's α, test–retest reliability and interrater reliability were compared between the five sites. Reliability coefficients and standard errors of measurement for summary scores were estimated. Results Sites varied in levels and spread of needs. Alphas were 0.48, 0.58 and 0.64 for total, met and unmet needs respectively. Test–retest reliability estimates, pooled over sites, were 0.85 for the total needs, 0.69 for met needs and 0.78 for unmet needs. Pooled estimates for interrater reliability were higher, at 0.94, 0.85 and 0.79 for total, met and unmet needs respectively. There were statistically significant differences in interrater reliability between sites. Conclusion The results confirm the feasibility of using CAN–EU across sites in Europe and its psychometric adequacy.
Conformity to the Opinions of Other People Lasts for No More Than 3 Days

When people are faced with opinions different from their own, they often revise their own opinions to match those held by other people. This is known as the social-conformity effect. Although the immediate impact of social influence on people’s decision making is well established, it is unclear whether this reflects a transient capitulation to public opinion or a more enduring change in privately held views. In an experiment using a facial-attractiveness rating task, we asked participants to rate each face; after providing their rating, they were informed of the rating given by a peer group. They then rerated the same faces after 1, 3, or 7 days or 3 months. Results show that individuals’ initial judgments are altered by the differing opinions of other people for no more than 3 days. Our findings suggest that because the social-conformity effect lasts several days, it reflects a short-term change in privately held views rather than a transient public compliance.
Use and misuse of the IUCN Red List Criteria in projecting climate change impacts on biodiversity

Recent attempts at projecting climate change impacts on biodiversity have used the IUCN Red List Criteria to obtain estimates of extinction rates based on projected range shifts. In these studies, the Criteria are often misapplied, potentially introducing substantial bias and uncertainty. These misapplications include arbitrary changes to temporal and spatial scales; confusion of the spatial variables; and assume a linear relationship between abundance and range area. Using the IUCN Red List Criteria to identify which species are threatened by climate change presents special problems and uncertainties, especially for shorter‐lived species. Responses of most species to future climate change are not understood well enough to estimate extinction risks based solely on climate change scenarios and projections of shifts and/or reductions in range areas. One way to further such understanding would be to analyze the interactions among habitat shifts, landscape structure and demography for a number of species, using a combination of models. Evaluating the patterns in the results might allow the development of guidelines for assigning species to threat categories, based on a combination of life history parameters, characteristics of the landscapes in which they live, and projected range changes.
Metabolic Effects of Isradipine In Normotensive NIDDM Patients With Microalbuminuria

The aim of this study was to determine whether isradipine affects microalbuminuria and other biochemical parameters related to glucose and lipid metabolisms. 18 subjects, 40 to 73 years of age, with NIDDM for 0 to 21 years, blood pressure†140/90 mmHg in the absence of antihypertensive treatment, and persistent urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) 30 to 300 mg/day, received sustained-release (SRO) formulation isradipine at dosages of 5 mg once daily for 3 months. The effects of isradipine on microalbuminuria, fasting plasma glucose, plasma lipids, plasma creatinin, uric acid, C-peptide, insulin, HbA 1c , fructosamine, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were assayed. After 3 months of isradipine treatment, UAER fell from 72.5±40.2 to 52.9±39.5 mg/24 h (p<0.01). Diastolic blood pressure decreased from 85.8±4.9 to 81.9±3.0 mmHg (p<0.05). Other parameters were not significantly influenced by isradipine treatment. After 3 months of therapy, isradipine regressed diabetic nephropathy in normotensive NIDDM patients. No serious clinical or metabolic side effects were observed.
Seroepidemiology of Human Group C Rotavirus in South Africa

ABSTRACT Sera from three separate healthy population cohorts were used to determine the incidence of group C rotavirus infections in 1,356 South Africans. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a recombinant group C rotavirus VP6 protein, the total percent positivity was found to be 34.4% (range, 33 to 38%), with almost half of the population infected after the age of 20 years.
Diabetes and risk of Parkinson's disease

We have recently published a systematic review and meta-analysis on the risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) associated with diabetes. 1 The analysis of cohort studies has shown that diabetes may be a risk factor for future PD (RR ¼ 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21– 1.55, excluding participants who had vascular disease at baseline and/or who developed vascular disease during follow-up, RR ¼ 1.34; 95% CI, 1.14–1.58), but we have also concluded that further investigations are required to strengthen the evidence. The main limitation of prospective studies investigating risk factors for PD is that the incidence of PD is low and shifted toward advanced age; large populations, a long follow-up, and a large number of cases are required for powered risk analyses. 1 After the date of literature review and the acceptance of the manuscript, another prospective study has been published in Movement Disorders. 2 Because this investigation included a large population (n ¼ 147,096) and showed the lack of an association between diabetes and PD (RR ¼ 0.88; 95% CI, 0.62–1.25), we thought that it would be appropriate to provide an update of risk estimates in order to assess the overall strength of available evidence. In the primary analysis (n ¼ 5 studies), based on adjusted estimates, the pooled risk (using random-effect model to compensate for study heterogeneity) for diabetes was 1.26 (95%CI, 1.03–1.55; z ¼ 4.49, P < .0001; heterogeneity by I 2 statistic ¼ 60.2%, P ¼ .039). Because vascular disease is a common cause of secondary parkinsonism, 3 a secondary analysis (n ¼ 5 studies) was performed using published estimates obtained through sensitivity analyses and performed after the exclusion of participants who had vascular disorders at baseline or who had had a stroke during followup. In this analysis the association found: RR ¼ 1.26; 95% CI, 1.00–1.58; z ¼ 2.96, P ¼ . 003; I 2 ¼ 57.0%, P ¼ . 054). Finally, in the attempt to control for bias deriving from increased medical surveillance in diabetic patients, estimates were pooled to assess the risk associated with diabetes at baseline and diabetes that developed during follow-up. For baseline diabetes (n ¼ 4 studies) the new RR was marginally significant: 1.25 (95% CI, 0.93–1.68; z ¼ 2.57, P ¼ . 010; I 2 ¼ 61.1%,
Young women's breast self-examination knowledge and practice.

A descriptive survey was conducted to identify and describe breast self-examination (BSE) knowledge and practices of young women (< 45 years). The sample consisted of 65 female university nursing students, whose ages ranged between 17 and 45 years (M = 19). Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the study were that 99% of the sample had performed BSE in the previous 12 months. Fewer than half (44%) of these participants indicated that they would classify their BSEs as regular; only 27% of the participants reported they had examined their breasts from 9 to 12 times in the previous 12 months, which would normally be considered regular BSE. No significant relation was found between a family history of breast cancer and regular BSE (r = .262). A large percentage of the sample (77%) correctly identified the recommended time for BSE in relation to their menstrual cycle, although only 37% of the participants performed BSE at this time. Significant differences were found between the recommended times for performing BSE and the days of the menstrual cycle on which the participants performed BSE, chi 2(16, N = 64) = 35.330, p < . 01. Forty percent of participants indicated they would ask their doctor to obtain more information about BSE. A further 36% of participants indicated they would go to a community health center. The most commonly cited community resource stated by the participants for obtaining BSE information was a doctor.
PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY: Histopathology of Retroretinal Membranes

Light- and electron-microscopic studies of 43 eyes with retroretinal membranes are presented. Associated features were severe blunt or penetrating injury, total retinal detachment, surbretinal proteinaceous exudate, and concomitant presence of preretinal fibrocellular or fibrovascular proliferations. The retinal pigment epithelium was found to be the major cellular component in early (as soon as 1 week) and chronic retinal detachment cases. Isolated glial-derived membranes were less common and were found in cases with chronic retinal detachment. Macrophages and fibrocytes, along with the retinal pigment epithelium and glia, were detected in mixed membranes. Subretinal proteins are thought to influence migration and attachment of the retinal pigment epithelium, which in turn provides a template for proliferation of the various cell types described.
The association between compassionate goals and relational-interdependent self-construal

Abstract Although research has examined the consequences of relational self-construal (RSC), little is known about what psychological factors predict it. Four studies examined the association between compassionate goals and RSC. Study 1 showed that compassionate goals are positively associated with RSC in college students. Study 2 replicated this association among adults in romantic relationships. Studies 3 and 4 showed that compassionate goals predict increased RSC over time in college roommates. Moreover, Studies 2–4 showed that responsiveness to relationship partners statistically mediated the association between compassionate goals and self-construal. These studies suggested that people with compassionate goals have high RSCs and that they also develop higher levels of RSC by being responsive to relationship partners.
VPS 35 regulates developing mouse hippocampal neuronal morphogenesis by promoting retrograde trafficking of BACE 1

VPS35, a major component of the retromer, plays an important role in the selective endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of membrane proteins. Dysfunction of retromer is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, but its function in developing mouse brain remains poorly understood. Here we provide evidence for VPS35 promoting dendritic growth and maturation, and axonal protein transport in developing mouse hippocampal neurons. Embryonic hippocampal CA1 neurons suppressing Vps35 expression by in utero electroporation of its micro RNAs displayed shortened apical dendrites, reduced dendritic spines, and swollen commissural axons in the neonatal stage, those deficits reflecting a defective protein transport/trafficking in developing mouse neurons. Further mechanistic studies showed that Vps35 depletion in neurons resulted in an impaired retrograde trafficking of BACE1 (b1-secretase) and altered BACE1 distribution. Suppression of BACE1 expression in CA1 neurons partially rescued both dendritic and axonal deficits induced by Vps35deficiency. These results thus demonstrate that BACE1 acts as a critical cargo of retromer in vitro and in vivo, and suggest that VPS35 plays an essential role in regulating apical dendritic maturation and in preventing axonal spheroid formation in developing hippocampal neurons.
A World of Standards but not a Standard World: Toward a Sociology of Standards and Standardization*

Standards and standardization aim to render the world equivalent across cultures, time, and geography. Standards are ubiquitous but underappreciated tools for regulating and organizing social life in modernity, and they lurk in the background of many sociological works. Reviewing the relevance of standards and standardization in diverse theoretical traditions and sociological subfields, we point to the emergence and institutionalization of standards, the difficulties of making standards work, resistance to standardization, and the multiple outcomes of standards. Rather than associating standardization with totalizing narratives of globalization or dehumanization, we call for careful empirical analysis of the specific and unintended consequences of different sorts of standards operating in distinct social domains.
Elaborating on Gender Differences in Environmentalism

A review of recent research (1988 to 1998) on gender differences in environmental attitudes and behaviors found that, contrary to past inconsistencies, a clearer picture has emerged: Women report stronger environmental attitudes and behaviors than men. Additional evidence of gender differences in environmental attitudes and behaviors was also supported across age (Study 1) and across 14 countries (Study 2). As a single variable, the effect of gender on proenvironmental behavior was consistently stronger than on environmental attitudes. Explanations for gender differences in environmentalism were examined in Study 3. It was found that compared to males, females had higher levels of socialization to be other oriented and socially responsible. Implications for theory, social action, and policy are discussed.
Caregiver Evaluation in Hospice

In this study we report the results of construction and administration of a semi-structured interview for the evaluation of caregivers in hospice. The results presented here are related to interviews (n = 25) that were administered at Rimini Hospice. According to the interview coding system, it was possible to identify thematic areas of the interviews where the caregiver’s distress was mainly concentrated. As concerning the care burden, greater distress was detected in areas relating to the change in the rhythm of life (38%) and in social network (26%); whereas, as concerning the psychological burden, a greater distress was detected in the area related to the caregiver role (51%). In conclusion, a singular element identified as a source of distress in, our study, is that of social network.
Altered odor-induced expression of c-fos and arg 3.1 immediate early genes in the olfactory system after familiarization with an odor.

In adult rats, repeated exposure to an odorant, in absence of any experimentally delivered reinforcement, leads to a drastic decrease in mitral/tufted (M/T) cell responsiveness, not only for the familiar odor but also for other novel odors. In the present study, using two different and complementary in situ hybridization methods, we analyzed the effect of familiarization with an odorant on c-fos and arg 3.1 mRNA expression levels, and we examined the odor specificity of this effect. Odor exposure induces a specific increase in c-fos and arg 3.1 expression in some particular olfactory bulb quadrants. Previous familiarization with the test odor results in a decreased expression of both IEGs in these quadrants, leading to the alteration of the odor-specific pattern of c-fos and arg 3.1 expression. In contrast, this odor-specific pattern is not affected when different odors are used for familiarization and test. Similarly, an odor-specific familiarization effect leading to a reduced c-fos and arg 3.1 expression was also detected in the cingulate cortex and in the anterior piriform cortex. These results support our hypothesis that the decrease in M/T cell responsiveness following a preceding familiarization with an odorant may be related to a particular form of synaptic plasticity involving changes at the genomic level, and reveals further insight in olfactory information processing and the cellular mechanisms underlying familiarization in the olfactory system.
Detection of Widespread Fluids in the Tibetan Crust by Magnetotelluric Studies

Magnetotelluric exploration has shown that the middle and lower crust is anomalously conductive across most of the north-to-south width of the Tibetan plateau. The integrated conductivity (conductance) of the Tibetan crust ranges from 3000 to greater than 20,000 siemens. In contrast, stable continental regions typically exhibit conductances from 20 to 1000 siemens, averaging 100 siemens. Such pervasively high conductance suggests that partial melt and/or aqueous fluids are widespread within the Tibetan crust. In southern Tibet, the high-conductivity layer is at a depth of 15 to 20 kilometers and is probably due to partial melt and aqueous fluids in the crust. In northern Tibet, the conductive layer is at 30 to 40 kilometers and is due to partial melting. Zones of fluid may represent weaker areas that could accommodate deformation and lower crustal flow.
Pneumoencephalographic evidence of brain atrophy in acute and chronic schizophrenic patients

Pneumoencephalography (PEG) was carried out in 50 patients of both sexes consecutively discharged from a psychiatric department with a diagnosis of acute schizophrenia. At clinical follow‐up with a mean observation time of 8 years the diagnosis was verified in 38 patients, while 12 were considered to have had a reactive psychosis. The PEG findings and clinical findings in these two groups are compared, and compared to corresponding findings in 101 chronic schizophrenics previously studied with the same method.
Novel Endophytic Trichoderma spp. Isolated from Healthy Coffea arabica Roots are Capable of Controlling Coffee Tracheomycosis

One of the biggest threats to coffee growers in East Africa are emerging vascular wilt diseases (tracheomycosis) caused by Fusarium spp. Many Trichoderma species are known to be natural antagonists of these pathogens and are widely used in biological control of fungal plant diseases. More recently, several Trichoderma spp. , which exhibited high antifungal activity have been isolated as endophytes. Consequently, we have investigated the presence and the antagonistic activity of endophytic Trichoderma isolated from roots of healthy coffee plants (Coffea arabica) from the major coffee growing regions of Ethiopia. Our results showed that community of Trichoderma spp. in roots of C. arabica contains fungi from coffee rhizosphere, as well as putatively obligate endophytic fungi. The putatively “true” endophytic species, until now, isolated only from coffee plant ecosystems in Ethiopia and recently described as T. flagellatum and novel T. sp. C.P.K. 1812 were able to antagonize Fusarium spp. , which cause coffee tracheomycosis. Moreover, we found that strains of these species are also highly antagonistic against other phytopathogenic fungi, such as Alternaria alternata, Botryotinia fuckeliana (anamorph: Botrytis cinerea), and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
Restoration of acetylcholinesterase activity by Euphorbia hirta in discrete brain regions of chronically stressed rats

Several drugs of herbal origin are known to possess anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. In a recent study, we showed that extracts from Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae) (Eh) demonstrated anxiolytic effects in rats subjected to chronic immobilization stress (CIS) but not in rats that underwent forced swim stress (FSS). Acetylcholine and the cholinergic system are known to be involved in anxiety. However, whether the cholinergic system is involved in the anxiolytic actions of Eh are not known. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of Eh treatment of rats subjected to either CIS or FSS on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and septum. CIS increased the AChE activity in all three regions, while Eh treatment restored it to normal levels. FSS increased the AChE activity only in the septum, and Eh treatment marginally restored this to normal levels. Thus, these results indicate the involvement of the cholinergic system in the behavioral effects of Euphorbia hirta.
A TRANSIENT NEONATAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROME WITH ANTI-MUSK ANTIBODIES

Some patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) have autoantibodies to muscle specific kinase (MuSK) instead of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Anti-AChR antibodies may be transferred across the placenta causing a self-limiting neonatal myasthenic syndrome. We describe an infant with a similar disorder whose mother had MuSK MG. ### Case report. In September 1994, the mother noticed unilateral ptosis and a feeling of generalized fatigue at age 13. Over the next months, she developed severe oculobulbar weakness, dyspnea, and weakness of the neck. Symptoms were fluctuating and unresponsive to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. No antibodies to the AChR were found. In 1995, a normal thymus was removed. High doses of prednisone had little effect. In 1997, plasmapheresis induced a partial remission and this became her regular therapy for several years. In 2004 anti-MuSK antibodies were found. She had two first trimester miscarriages while using pyridostigmine and prednisone in September and December 2004. In May 2005, she became pregnant using only prednisone 20 mg on alternating days. This pregnancy was uneventful without large fluctuations of her myasthenic symptoms. In February 2006, at 38 + 1 week of gestation, she unaidedly delivered a boy in head position. Apgar score was 10 after 1 and 5 minutes. Birthweight was 3,190 g (P25). Physical examination was unremarkable. After 8 hours, however, drinking became difficult. After 16 hours, he showed mild generalized hypotonia with diminished facial expression …