Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Online Exams and Cheating: An Empirical Analysis of Business Students' Views

Academic integrity has been a perennial issue in higher education. Undoubtedly, the advent of the Internet and advances in user-friendly technological devices have spurred both concern on the part of faculty and research interest in the academic community regarding inappropriate and unethical behavior on the part of students. This study is designed to (a) gauge the attitudes of business students toward various issues and behaviors when taking an examination ‘online’ and (b) obtain an estimate of the extent of cheating in traditional versus online coursework from the perspective of college students. The results, based on a sample of 121 undergraduate business students from a university in the South, indicate that respondents felt quite liberal in their views of potentially cheating behaviors when there was no test-taking policy set by the course instructor. In addition, 73.6% of the students in the sample held the perception that it is easier to cheat in an online versus traditional course. We believe that, based on prior research, the current results would be applicable to general student populations in other academic disciplines. The findings are discussed in light of prior research on academic integrity issues and recommendations for future research are noted. The Journal of Educators Online, Volume 6, Number 1, January 2009
A BDS-2/BDS-3 Integrated Method for Ultra-Rapid Orbit Determination with the Aid of Precise Satellite Clock Offsets

The accuracy of ultra-rapid orbits is a key parameter for the performance of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) real-time or near real-time precise positioning applications. The quality of the current BeiDou demonstration system (BDS) ultra-rapid orbits is lower than that of GPS, especially for the new generational BDS-3 satellites due to the fact that the availability of the number of ground tracking stations is limited, the geographic distribution of these stations is poor, and the data processing strategies adopted are not optimal. In this study, improved data processing strategies for the generation of ultra-rapid orbits of BDS-2/BDS-3 satellites are investigated. This includes both observed and predicted parts of the orbit. First, the predicted clock offsets are taken as constraints in the estimation process to reduce the number of the unknown parameters and improve the accuracy of the parameter estimates of the orbit. To obtain more accurate predicted clock offsets for the BDS’ orbit determination, a denoising method (also called the Tikhonov regularization algorithm), inter-satellite correlation, and the partial least squares method are all incorporated into the clock offsets prediction model. Then, the Akaike information criterion (AIC) is used to determine the arc length in the estimation models by taking the optimal arc length in the estimation of the initial orbit states into consideration. Finally, a number of experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the ultra-rapid orbits resulting from the proposed methods. Results showed that: (1) Compared with traditional models, the accuracy improvement of the predicted clock offsets from the proposed methods were 40.5% and 26.1% for BDS-2 and BDS-3, respectively; (2) the observed part of the orbits can be improved 9.2% and 5.0% for BDS-2 and BDS-3, respectively, by using the predicted clock offsets as constraints; (3) the accuracy of the predicted part of the orbits showed a high correlation with the AIC value, and the accuracy of the predicted orbits could be improved up to 82.2%. These results suggest that the approaches proposed in this study can significantly enhance the accuracy of the ultra-rapid orbits of BDS-2/BDS-3 satellites.
Wavelets and multilevel analysis to determine spatial dependencies of seasonal influenza, weather and pollution association across Chile 2010-2016

Influenza virus causes high burden of disease, especially in older adults and young children. The dynamics of influenza are not completely understood. Weather, population movement, and virus survival interact in complex fashion to produce annual epidemics. Chile is a country with a large range of latitudes with a public healthcare sector that covers 74% of the population. Influenza surveillance, pollution and weather data are periodically reported and publicly available. In our work we aimed to determine the spatial dependencies of influenza and the association between weather, pollution and influenza cases across Chile. For our purposes we used data from the Ministry of Health, national air pollution surveillance, national meteorological service between 2010 and 2016. We used cross-wavelet analysis to determine the timing relation between influenza-like surveillance and laboratory surveillance system. Also, we used wavelet transform and phase difference to determine the relationship between latitude and epidemic timing and to determine the presence of local waves of influenza between health networks. Finally, we used a zero-inflated negative binomial multilevel model to determine the association between influenza cases, weather and pollution across hospitals. Influenza-like illness had no difference in timing compared to laboratory-confirmed influenza A. A north to south pattern of influenza epidemic was found, especially in the central zone of the country where most of the population lives. Population size and latitude were associated to start and peak day of annual epidemics of seasonal influenza. Local outgoing and incoming travelling waves of influenza were found in 11 and 10 health networks, respectively. Local waves were located principally in the center and in the south of the country and were associated to population size. Finally, influenza cases were negatively associated with maximum temperature, minimum temperature and had a positive association with the concentration of particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5). Public Health Significance: Our findings can help decision-makers to prepare influenza season, prioritize areas for early vaccination campaigns, establish standards for pollution, and set a baseline to compare the impact of policies to reduce particulate matter.
Economic Viability and Environmental Efficiency Analysis of Hydrogen Production Processes for the Decarbonization of Energy Systems

The widespread penetration of hydrogen in mainstream energy systems requires hydrogen production processes to be economically competent and environmentally efficient. Hydrogen, if produced efficiently, can play a pivotal role in decarbonizing the global energy systems. Therefore, this study develops a framework which evaluates hydrogen production processes and quantifies deficiencies for improvement. The framework integrates slack-based data envelopment analysis (DEA), with fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (FTOPSIS). The proposed framework is applied to prioritize the most efficient and sustainable hydrogen production in Pakistan. Eleven hydrogen production alternatives were analyzed under five criteria, including capital cost, feedstock cost, O&M cost, hydrogen production, and CO2 emission. FAHP obtained the initial weights of criteria while FTOPSIS determined the ultimate weights of criteria for each alternative. Finally, slack-based DEA computed the efficiency of alternatives. Among the 11, three alternatives (wind electrolysis, PV electrolysis, and biomass gasification) were found to be fully efficient and therefore can be considered as sustainable options for hydrogen production in Pakistan. The rest of the eight alternatives achieved poor efficiency scores and thus are not recommended.
Drying and control of moisture content and dimensional changes

Determination of Moisture Content 12–1 Oven-Drying Method 12–2 Electrical Method 12–2 Recommended Moisture Content 12–3 Timbers 12–3 Lumber 12–3 Glued Wood Products 12–3 Drying of Wood 12–5 Air Drying 12–6 Accelerated Air Drying and Pre-Drying 12–6 Kiln Drying 12–6 Drying Mechanism 12–6 Drying Stresses 12–7 Dry Kilns 12–7 Kiln Schedules 12–8 Drying Defects 12–9 Moisture Content of Dried Lumber 12–10 Moisture Control During Transit and Storage 12–14 Plywood and Structural Items 12–14 Finish and Factory Lumber 12–15 Dimensional Changes in Wood 12–15 Estimation Using Dimensional Change Coefficient 12–15 Calculation Based on Green Dimensions 12–17 Design Factors Affecting Dimensional Change 12–18 Framing Lumber in House Construction 12–18 Heavy Timber Construction 12–18 Interior Finish 12–18 Flooring 12–18 Wood Care and Installation During Construction 12–18 Lumber and Trusses 12–18 Exterior Trim and Millwork 12–19 Finished Flooring 12–19 Interior Finish 12–19 Plastering 12–19 References 12–20 n the living tree, wood contains large quantities of water. As green wood dries, most of the water is removed. The moisture remaining in the wood tends to come to equilibrium with the relative humidity of the surrounding air. Correct drying, handling, and storage of wood will minimize moisture content changes that might occur after drying when the wood is in service and such changes are undesirable. If moisture content is controlled within reasonable limits by such methods, major problems from dimensional changes can usually be avoided.
Key Dimensions of Web Design Quality as Related to Consumer Response

There are two major objectives of this study. The first is to identify what key dimensions significantly influence the design quality of an electronic market on the Web; the second, to identify consumer reactions to design quality of Web sites. Four key dimensions were identified: (1) information and service quality, (2) system use, (3) playfulness, and (4) system design quality. An experiment examined how design quality is related to various customer reactions. The results show that a well-designed Web site will increase the level of customer recall and recognition. Also, a well-designed Web site will lead customers to have favorable attitudes toward the site and its products and services that are presented through the site.
Causal Schemata in Judgments under Uncertainty

Abstract : In contrast to the normative theory of evidence, where the impact of data is determined solely by their informativeness, this paper develops the thesis that the impact of evidence on intuitive judgements of probabilities depends critically on whether it is perceived as causal, diagnostic or incidental. The first part of the paper shows that people assign greater impact to causal data than to diagnostic data of equal informativeness. When the same datum has both causal and diagnostic implications, the former dominate the latter. The ease with which people explain unexpected facts and the reluctance to revise old conceptions in the light of new facts are related to the dominance of causal over diagnostic reasoning. The second part of the paper analyzes the use and neglect of base-rate data in terms of the role of these data in causal schemata. It is shown that base-rate information which is given a causal interpretation affects judgments, while base-rate information which cannot be interpreted in this manner is given little or no weight.
Turbulence and Gas Transfer Velocities in Sheltered Flooded Forests of the Amazon Basin

Seasonally flooded forests along tropical rivers cover extensive areas, yet the processes driving air‐water exchanges of radiatively active gases are uncertain. To quantify the controls on gas transfer velocities, we combined measurements of water‐column temperature, meteorology in the forest and adjacent open water, turbulence with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter, gas concentrations, and fluxes with floating chambers. Under cooling, measured turbulence, quantified as the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (ε), was similar to buoyancy flux computed from the surface energy budget, indicating convection dominated turbulence production. Under heating, turbulence was suppressed unless winds in the adjacent open water exceeded 1 m/s. Gas transfer velocities obtained from chamber measurements ranged from 1 to 5 cm/hr and were similar to or slightly less than predicted using a turbulence‐based surface renewal model computed with measured ε and ε predicted from wind and cooling.
Nesting behaviour and ecology of the White-browed Fantail Flycatcher (Rhipidura aureola) in Sri Lanka

The White-browed Fantail Flycatcher (Rhipidura aureola) is a widely distributed species in tropical regions of the Indian subcontinent and in Southeast Asia. We determined the breeding biology and nest site characteristics of R. aureola in Sri Lanka during 2012 to 2017. All the nests observed were small cup-shaped and without a ‘tail’ extending below the nest base. Both male and female R. aureola built their nests within 9–13 days with an average mean external diameter, mean internal diameter, and mean depth of, respectively, 6.4 ± 0.32, 5.6 ± 0.22, and 2.9 ± 0.21 cm. The R. aureola we found used various habitats such as home gardens, forest boundaries, sanctuaries, man-made tanks/water bodies, stream banks, tea plantations and road edges to build their nests. We did not find any change in clutch size (2–3 eggs) with different elevation gradients. The eggs were oval-shaped with the ground colour of pale warm yellow-brown to pink and lots of spots or blotches in dark gray-brown. More than 60% of nests were built in a high to medium range of visibility to predators, without a specific location or tree preference, which resulted in nest failure due to predation by domestic cats or birds of prey. Also, we found nest failure due to washing away by abundant rains. Detailed studies on ecological and environmental parameters with respect to nesting or breeding success will help to better understand the species.
Hydrology and potential climate changes in the Rio Maipo (Chile)

We assessed here potential climate change impacts until 2100 upon the hydrologic of the Maipo River (closed at ca. 2 ), watering 7 M people in the metro- politan region of Santiago de First, a weather-driven hydrological model including simplified glaciers’ cover dynamics was set up and validat- ed, to depict the hydrological regime of this area. In situ data from recent glaciological expeditions, ice thickness estimates, historical weather and hydrological data, and remote sensing data including precipitation from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), and snow cover and temperature from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used for model set up. We subsequently forced the model with projections of temperatures and precipitations (plus downscaling) until 2100 from the GCM model ECHAM6, according to 3 different radiative concentration pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 8.5) adopted by the IPCC in its AR5. We investigated yearly and seasonal trends of precipitation, tempera- ture and hydrological fluxes until 2100 under the different scenarios, in projection period (PR, 2014-2100), and we compared them against histori- cally observed trends in control period (CP, 1980-2013). The results show potential significant increasing trends in temperature until 2100, consist- ently with observed historical trends, unless for Spring (OND). Precipitation varies more uncertainly, with no historically significant changes, and only few scenarios projecting significant variations. In the PR period, yearly flow decreases, significantly under RCP8.5 (-0.31 m 3 s -1 ). Flow decrease is expected especially in Summer (JFM) under
Validation of thermocline storage model with experimental data of a laboratory-scale molten salt test facility

The Fraunhofer ISE single-tank simulation model was parameterized and inputs were set according to the Fraunhofer ISE lab-scale storage tank in order to validate the model. The measured stratification during the charging cycle was compared to the temperature distribution of the simulated storage tank. If the effective diffusivity factor was calculated according to literature correlations, it corresponded very well with the measurement data with a mean standard deviation of 1.21%. A parameter identification for the effective diffusivity factor of the storage was performed to reduce these deviations even further. It showed that the ideal effective diffusivity factor is 150. The mean standard deviation was further reduced to 1.14 %.
Ranging and Behavior of Black and Gold Howler Monkeys in Formosa, Argentina

3 INTRODUCTION. 4 Background. 4 Goals and Hypotheses. 8 METHODS . 8 Study site. 8 Study subjects. 10 Data collection. 11 Data analyses.14 RESULTS . 16 Spatial Data . 16 Behavioral Data . 20 Temperature Data . 23 DISCUSSION . 25 CONCLUSION . 31 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 32 REFERENCES . 33
Challenges for Water Security and Sustainable Socio-Economic Development: A Case Study of Industrial, Domestic Water Use and Pollution Management in Shandong, China

Comprehensive analysis of water use and pollution management plays an important role in regional water security and sustainable socio-economic development. This study applies the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), Gini index and elasticity coefficient methods to conduct an investigation of industrial and domestic water use and pollution management in Shandong. The results show that industrial water pollution generally displayed a coordinated relationship with socio-economic development, while an uncoordinated relationship occurred between domestic water pollution and socio-economic development. Meanwhile, the Gini index between domestic water use and population in 2017 (0.101) was superior to that of 2003 (0.165), and the Gini index of industrial water use and second industry output in 2017 (0.273) was better than that of 2003 (0.292), indicating that the allocation and equity of domestic and industrial water use in Shandong kept to a good development trend. Additionally, the industrial effect is better than the domestic effect in terms of the control of wastewater emissions and the governance of typical pollutants in wastewater. Accordingly, domestic water pollution has gradually become one of the major sources of water pollution, and the allocation of industrial and domestic water use has room to improve further in Shandong. Conjunctive use of the aforementioned three methods provides an approach to investigate the integrated management of water use and water pollution control from multiple angles.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAR/SENTINEL-1 POLARIMETRIC AND INTERFEROMETRIC DATA WITH BIOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Abstract. The use of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data in agricultural applications has not yet been adequately explored, due to the complexity of the processing required, the lower diversity and availability of SAR data, and the difficulty in interpreting this data. The interactions between microwave energy and vegetation are influenced by factors related to plant structure, dielectric properties of the canopy, planting density and line orientation, and the angle of incidence and polarization of the wave. These differences between the recorded phases are used in data analysis techniques such as polarimetry and interferometry. Thus, the objective of this research is to analyse the relationships between the biophysical attributes of two agricultural crops (soybean and wheat) and the polarimetric and interferometric parameters of the SAR/Sentinel-1 data. The backscatter coefficients sigma and gamma in the VV polarization have inversely direct relation with the height of the crops, that is, as cultures grow, the interaction of energy in this polarization increases and the return signal decreases. For the cross polarization VH, the behaviour is the opposite, the larger the canopy height, the greater the interaction of vertical polarization and the greater the return on horizontal polarization. The interferometric coherence had small values, characterising a temporal decorrelation between the image pairs, due the canopy development. This preliminary study serves as a basis for future research with SAR/Sentinel-1 data focused on crops.
Convergence of the Standard of Living in Polish NUTS 2 Regions

The authors of the article made an attempt to verify the hypothesis that in 2006–2016 in Poland there was convergence of the standard of living of residents of voivodships (NUTS 2 regions). The values of the measure of the standard of living calculated by the authors by dynamic development pattern method were used to assess the standard of living in the analyzed period. Beta-convergence was verified by cross-section absolute and conditional spatial models of convergence of SAR and SARAR types. Sigma-convergence was verified by measures of dispersion and concentration of the standard of living in 2006–2016. The calculations made point to occurrence of betaand sigma-convergence of the standard of living in Polish voivodships. However, the estimated values of index of convergence and yearly average rate of convergence of the standard of living seem to be quite high; in fact, much higher than expected. It may be a consequence of clustering phenomenon, which we probably observed.
Flame Stabilisation in the Transition to MILD Combustion

Emissions reduction and energy management are current and future concerns for governments and industries alike. The primary source of energy worldwide for electricity, air transport and industrial processes is combustion. Moderate or intense low oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion offers improved thermal efficiency and a significant reduction of CO and NOx pollutants, soot and thermo-acoustic instabilities compared to conventional combustion. Whilst combustion in the MILD regime offers considerable advantages over conventional combustion, neither the structure of reacting jets under MILD conditions, nor the boundaries of the MILD regime are currently well understood. This work, therefore, serves to fill this gap in the understanding of flame structure near the boundaries of the MILD regime. The MILD combustion regime has been previously investigated experimentally and numerically in premixed reactors and non-premixed flames. In this study, definitions of MILD combustion are compared and contrasted, with the phenomenological premixed description of MILD combustion extended to describe non-premixed flames. A simple criterion is derived analytically which offers excellent agreement with observations of previously studied cases and new, nonpremixed MILD and autoignitive flames presented in this work. This criterion facilitates a simple, predictive approach to distinguish MILD combustion, autoignitive flames, and the transition between the two regimes. The adequacy of simplified reactors as a tool for predicting non-premixed ignition behaviour in the transition between MILD combustion and autoignition has not previously been resolved, and is addressed in this work. The visual lift-off behaviour seen in the transition between MILD combustion and conventional autoignitive flames seen experimentally is successfully replicated using simplified reactors. The location of the visible flame base in a jet-in-hot-coflow burner is shown to be highly sensitive to the relative location of the most reactive mixture fraction and the high strain-rate shear layer due to the strong coupling of between ignition chemistry and the underlying flow-field. Previous studies have demonstrated a strong dependence of ignition delay times