Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SCHOOL OF LAW

It is conventional wisdom that the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, a court whose jurisdiction is defined by subject matter rather than by geography, is less likely than other circuit courts of appeals to use legal scholarship in its decisionmaking. This common belief is regularly used to substantiate a well-worn criticism of the Federal Circuit specifically, and of national courts generally; namely, that they are substantially more insular and somehow less intellectually curious than the regional circuit courts of appeals. We were therefore very surprised to find how little empirical support the conventional wisdom finds in legal literature. A review of the existing literature reveals that relatively little is known about the use of legal scholarship by the Federal Circuit—and by analogy courts whose jurisdiction is defined by subject matter rather than geography—and perhaps even less is known about how the Federal Circuit’s use of legal scholarship compares to that of the regional circuits. The study reported in this Article contributes new and original information and analysis. It empirically compares the Federal Circuit’s use of legal scholarship with that of the regional circuit courts of appeals. Perhaps the most significant finding is that the Federal Circuit’s use of legal scholarship appears quite similar to that of the regional circuits, suggesting that the court is not the outlier that many presume. This finding places the conventional wisdom into serious doubt and has obvious implications for the evaluation of other proposals for subject matter-bounded courts. © 2012 David L. Schwartz & Lee Petherbridge, Ph.D. † Assistant Professor of Law, Chicago-Kent College of Law. †† Professor of Law, Loyola Law School Los Angeles. For helpful comments and insights the Authors wish to thank: John Allison, Gwendolyn Ball, Lawrence Baum, Christopher Cotropia, Rochelle Dreyfuss, John Golden, Stuart Graham, Richard Gruner, Timothy Holbrook, Mark Lemley, David McGowan, Michael Meurer, Craig Nard, Arti Rai, Matthew Sag, Ted Sichelman, Michael Solimine, Katherine Strandburg, Emerson Tiller, Andrew Torrance, R. Polk Wagner, Corey Yung, and the participants at the Second Annual Searle Research Roundtable on the Empirical Studies of Patent Litigation at Northwestern University School of Law, the Fifth Annual Conference on Empirical Legal Studies at the Yale Law School, the Conference on Empirical Studies of Intellectual Property at the University of San Diego School of Law, and the 2010 Midwest Law and Society Annual Retreat at the University of Wisconsin Law School. For excellent research assistance the Authors thank Richard Tuminello, Evette Ferkassian, Rose Ohanesian, Matthew Rudolph, Daniel D’Addario, and Teresa Clark. 1561-1602_SCHWARTZ_041712 (DO NOT DELETE) 4/17/2012 2:24 PM 1562 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 26:1561
The Efficiency of a Behavioral Intervention Program for Urinary Incontinence in Elderly Females

Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a women’s health problem that imposes major problems for personal quality of life. Objective: The aim is to determine the effect of a Behavioral Intervention Program on the quality of life of the elderly females with urinary incontinence, who referred to Jahandidegan center in Shiraz-Iran, 2011. Material and methods: The participants consisted of 60 women aged 60-74 years with QUID questionnaire’s scores for different types of incontinence (stress score ≥ 4, urge score ≥ 6 and mix score ≥ 10). QUID questionnaire was used for patients with urinary incontinence. It also gave us the possibility to determine the types of urinary incontinence. For matching, we placed an equal numbers of each type of urinary incontinence in each group. Ten subjects from each type were placed in two groups of 30 each (intervention and control groups). Then, incontinence quality of life questionnaire (I-QOL) was used to estimate the impact of incontinence on the participants’ quality of life. After the completion of a Behavioral Intervention Program and 2 months later, I-QOL questionnaire was completed by the intervention and control groups. Descriptive statistics, paired t-test and repeated measurement were used to analyze the data. Results: Overall, the program was effective in relieving symptoms by improving quality of life related to urinary incontinence, and this effect continued after a 2 months period. Conclusion: Behavioral therapy was an empowerment mechanism for incontinent women in improving their quality of life. Thus, it is suggested that the health care providers pay more attention to this issue and train women regarding the prevention of urinary incontinence.
The role of social media presence, responsiveness, and interactivity in enhancing key relationship strength indicators within B2B contexts : the customer's perspective

Extant research on use of social media by firms has mostly focused on B2C contexts, yet given their benefits for firms (e.g. creating awareness, enhancing brand image, etc.), scholars' attention has increasingly turned to the role and usage of social media for B2B brands. In such contexts, research has primarily examined the challenges relating to the use of social media from the seller's perspective. This paper extends this line of research by investigating the impact of B2B brands' social media presence, interactivity, and responsiveness on key supplier-customer relationship indicators (commitment, interactivity, satisfaction, and partner quality) from the customer's perspective. Data from an online survey (N=200) with customers of B2B brands were analysed using structural equation modelling. We reveal that social media presence has a positive impact on all indicators, responsiveness positively influences commitment, while interactivity enhances perceptions of brand partner quality.
Fatty acids and composition of their important groups in milk fat of Czech Pied cattle

In 2003, 2004 and 2005 milk fat composition was determined three times in 55 dairy cows of Czech Pied cattle housed in a byre with stanchions and fed under conditions usual on Czech production farms. Fatty acids were determined by a gas chromatographic method, 26 acids out of the total 37 acids observed in chro - matograms were identified. The highest proportions were observed for palmitic acid (29.25 ± 2.98%), oleic acid (24.47 ± 3.27%), myristic acid (12.14 ± 1.80%) and stearic acid (8.91 ± 2.44%). The proportions of saturated, unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were 64.71 ± 4.18, 31.96 ± 4.20 and 27.45 ± 3.42% of total acids, respectively. The total proportion of nutritionally undesirable lauric, myristic and palmitic acid was 45.26 ± 4.77%, while that of the desirable group of polyunsaturated fatty acids was 4.51 ± 1.09%. The observed relatively wide ranges of the individual groups of fatty acids indicate that it is possible to improve the milk fat composition in Czech Pied cows.
Music Academic Performance: Effect of Intrinsic Motivation and Critical Thinking

The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between intrinsic motivation, critical thinking and academic performance in music of secondary students. 494 students participated. Data were analyzed using structural equation mixture modeling. The results showed two groups or clusters of students, distinguished by their scores on intrinsic motivation, critical thinking and music grades, where a group was characterized by high and the other low scores on the three variables. Regarding the relationships between variables, we observed that the effect of intrinsic motivation on critical thinking was similar in both groups, but the regression of critical thinking on music grades was higher for students with lower scores. This study provides a better understanding of the different profiles and the effect of the variables in explaining music grades.
Effect of Moderately Hot Environment on Productivity and Fatigue Evaluated by Subjective Experiment of Long Time Exposure

SUMMARY In this study, a subjective experiment was conducted in a climatic chamber to clarify the effect of moderately hot environment on productivity, especially on the relationship between perform ance and fatigue. The climatic chamber was conditioned at operative temperature of 25.0°C (insulation value of 0.93 clo), 28.0°C (insulation value of 0.93 clo), and 28.0°C (insulation value of 0.57 clo). Subjects were exposed in the environment for six hours. The performance at 28.0°C condition was lower than at 25.0°C condition. Performance decreased as the sessions proceeded, while the total rate of subjective symptoms of fatigue increased. Correlation between personal rates of complaints of fatigue and performance in Z-score was observed with correlation coefficient of -0.76. From the linear regression model, increase in 10% of fatigue corresponded to the decrement in standard number of correct answers by 1.7%. These results implied that thermal environment effected on performance and fatigue and subjects performed worse when they felt high level of fatigue.
Appraisal of the current fish composition, abundance and operative fishing gears in Tomas Dam Danbatta, Kano State and Daberam Dam Daura,Katsina State

The current study explores information on fish diversity and fishing gears used in Tomas Dam Danbatta, Kano State and Daberam Dam Daura, Katsina State. From the results 5 different species belonging to 3 families were found in Tomas dam, and these are; Tilapia zilli, Oreochromis niloticus and Sarotherodon galilaeus belonging to the Family Cichlidae, Clarias gariepinus from the Family Claridae and Lates niloticus from the Family Centropomidae. Whereas in Daberam Dam, 6 species belonging to 5 families were observed and these are: Oreochromis niloticus, Hemichromis bimaculatus (Family Cichlidae), Clarias gariepinus (Family Claridae) and Eutropius niloticus, Hyperopiss bebe and Alestes beramoze from the Family Shilbeidae, Mormyridae and Alestidae respectively. The research also revealed that, Cichlidae were the most dominant fish type in these two Dams with Oreochromis niloticus leading specie in Tomas dam, with 61% percentage abundance, while Hemichromis bimaculatus is the most abundant species in Daberam Dam having 85% percentage abundance. The types of fishing gears used in both Tomas and Daberam Dam are similar with triggered trap dominating the fishing site in each dam. Keywords: Cast net, Daberam Dam, Hooks, Line net, Tomas Dam, Triggered trap.
Asymmetric Duopoly under Different Market Structures

When goods are substitutes (complements), we find a clear price (output) ranking across five duopoly markets, namely Cournot, Bertrand, Cournot-Stackelberg, Bertrand-Stackelberg, and joint profit maximization. We explain these rankings in terms of levels of conjectural variation.
Estimating Transport and Insurance Costs of International Trade

Although the costs associated with the international transport and insurance of merchandise trade are an important determinant of the volume and geography of international trade, remarkably little (official) data exist. Combining the largest and most detailed cross-country sample of official national statistics on explicit CIF-FOB margins to date with estimates from an econometric gravity model, and using a novel approach to pool product codes across HS vintages, this paper presents the new OECD Database on International Transport and Insurance Costs (ITIC) that aims to fill this gap, and describes the methodology used in its construction. The database details the bilateral, product level international trade and insurance costs for more than 180 countries and partners, over 1 000 individual products, for the 1995-2014 time period, and provides an important new tool to further our understanding of global value chains, whilst also forming an important statistical input to the development of coherent and balanced bilateral trade statistics and to the TiVA database. In particular the database provides potential new insights on how distance, natural barriers such as mountain ranges, and inadequate infrastructure, shape regional (and global) value chains.
Male Deception in Short-Term Mating as a Function of Personality

Deception is one solution which evolved to solve the adaptive problem of obtaining a mate. This study investigated the nature of deception used by males in short-term mating and whether use of this strategy was related to the Five Factor Model. Participants (N = 104) completed questionnaires assessing intersexual and intrasexual deceptive acts, a personality adjective checklist, mating effort and mate value. Consistent with previous findings, males deceived in ways that corresponded with female mate selection criteria and to raise their dominance and competition among males. We predicted that an increase in deception for characteristics typical of a short-term strategy, i.e. extraverted males, high in mating effort and mate value. Two dimensions were found in the nature of deception used in mating; external appearance management and internal appearance management. Significant individual differences that moderated the use of deception were extraversion and openness. Low extraversion, high mating effort and extraverted males with increased perceived mate value predicted greater use of external appearance management. Internal appearance management was predicted by high extraversion and those low in openness scoring highly in mate value. Increased mating effort also predicted more internal appearance management for males low in openness and high in extraversion. These results are consistent with a deceptive personality and that of a male likely to pursue a short-term strategy, supporting the use of deception in short-term mating. Overall, this study contributes to research which investigates personality psychology from an evolutionary perspective and supports the role that individual differences in personality play in
Effect of shrimp shells milling on the molar mass of chitosan

Shrimp shells are a raw material rich in chitin, a precursor of chitosan biopolymer. The variables of processing (demineralization, deproteination and deacetylation) can be manipulated to determine the main characteristics of chitosan, the degree of deacetylation (DD), and average molar mass. This study evaluated the influence of one of the unit operations of shrimp shell physical processing, the milling, on the final product characteristic, chitosan. After different milling conditions, the raw material was subjected to standard chemical processing for chitin extraction, followed by deacetylation to obtain chitosan, which is characterized by 1H NMR, SEM, XRD, N2 physisorption (BET) and viscometry. The results indicated that the milling time of the raw material can be manipulated to increase the material depolymerization, significantly influencing the molecular weight reduction of chitosan a desirable feature for many applications of this biopolymer, and usually obtained by complex chemical and enzymatic methods.
Domestic Investor Protection and Foreign Portfolio Investment

This paper investigates the impact of domestic investor protection on equity cross-border investment. We bring to light the lower sensitivity of foreign investment to destination countries’ corporate governance for those investors enjoying a higher degree of investor protection at home. This evidence is consistent with diminishing marginal returns of corporate governance in portfolio choice. Investors benefiting from high levels of rights protection at home recognize that a large fraction of their portfolio, the domestic one, significantly contributes to the optimal level of corporate governance in portfolios. Consequently, these investors are less demanding about this dimension when constructing their foreign portfolios. As an unintended consequence, all other things being equal, assets issued by foreign countries with good investor protection are severely penalized in portfolios held by investing countries featuring higher standards of corporate governance.
Monotonicity and Currency Carry Trades: The Implications for Uncovered Interest Rate Parity and Expected Shortfall

Uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) implies that currency carry trades should not yield excess returns. We find that there is statistical evidence in favour of an increasing monotonic relation in the excess return from currency carry trades with respect to forward discounts. It follows that a larger interest rate differential indeed implies larger excess returns. Furthermore it seems that Expected Shortfall (ES) does not explain the excess return associated with currency carry trades adequately as we reject an increasing monotonic relation when we sort excess returns on their ES.
Isoelectric Points Estimation of Proteins by Electroosmotic Flow: pH Relationship Using Physically Adsorbed Proteins on Silica Gel

A surface modification of the silica gel in a mini-packed polypropylene tube had been developed by physically adsorption of proteins. Several proteins (bovine serum albumin, pepsin, globulin, β-casein) had been attempted to physically adsorb on the silica gel in a mini-packed cartridge under simple conditions. The proteins were successfully adsorbed on the silica gel, thus, minimizing the effect of the silanol groups. The protein isoelectric point values (pI) might be determined from the pH of which the EOF is zero. The estimated pI values corresponded very well with the literature values. The switchable EOF property of the protein adsorbed phases are fruitful for the manipulation of the magnitude and direction of EOF by selecting pH of buffer solutions and proper adsorbed protein phases. Four replicate different mini-packed cartridges were used to observe the EOF by using a simple homemade apparatus. The technique was easily to handle and did not take too much time consuming.
Influence of Forensic Accounting Practices on Fraud Prevention among Listed Companies in Nigeria

Fraud experts noted that it is essential to obtain clear knowledge on the trends of fraudulent activities in all business circle through the measurement and observing the compliance level of organizations. This has made it possible through the utilization of specialized investigative skills which gives an inquiry by assisting in the protection and recovery of embezzled assets through civil action. Therefore, this study examines the effect of forensic accounting knowledge on fraud prevention among listed companies in Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to 177 Auditors of the listed companies out of which 105 auditors responded. The paper also used the multiple regression model to test the hypotheses formulated. Furthermore, the finding suggests that forensic accounting knowledge and complexity are significantly related with fraud prevention. It is therefore recommended that auditing staff of these companies should have more forensic accounting knowledge so as to serve as a tool to deter and prevent fraudulent activities in companies and Nigeria at large.
Rapid recovery of a coral reef at Darwin Island, Galapagos Islands

Surveys at Darwin Island in 2006 and 2007 have demonstrated that this northernmost Galapagos Islands coral reef has recovered significantly since the 1982–3 El Nino event. When first surveyed in 1975, this structural reef exhibited actively accreting frameworks of pocilloporid and poritid corals. The coral suffered severe mortality in 1983, resulting in the near total loss of pocilloporids and extensive partial mortality of poritid corals. Large sections of the reef had not recovered by 1992 and dead frameworks were subject to bio-erosion, although small numbers of sexual recruits of pocilloporid corals and numerous recruits plus regenerating patches of Porites lobata were present in some areas. An increase in live coral cover and recruitment was apparent through 2000 and 2002. Recent sampling at three sites along the reef has demonstrated mean (± 1 SD) live coral cover of 21.9 ± 1.7 % with P. lobata as the predominant species. Pocillopora spp. were present, but not so abundant as in earlier surveys. In spite of moderate erosion by echinoid and fish grazers, much of the original coral framework remained intact, providing a substrate for coral regeneration and recruitment. Recovery can be attributed to the original reef structure remaining intact, asexual regrowth of surviving tissues and sexual recruitment of poritid corals from surviving source populations.
Technological and Technical Skills of the Teaching Faculty Members in Balqa Applied University / Jordan - In the Light of Comprehensive Quality Standards from the Viewpoint of a Number of Colleges Students

The aim of this study is to determine the reality of the practices of the faculty members of teaching skills in light of comprehensive quality standards from the viewpoint of Balqa applied University College students. To achieve the objective of the study the researcher designed a questionnaire included four axes on quality standards in teaching. The study found out that the teachers of these colleges have skills associated with qualities of teaching methods, strategies, teaching methods, techniques, interaction, communication and the evaluation. But they’re poor if some special skills like the inability to diversify in the initialization methods to lecture in various ways, to motivate students to learn, does not possesses the ability to provide feedback to students answers, does not support scientific and creative thinking. Never use modern teaching methods and techniques in the best way, and does not emphasize the student use of computers outside the classroom in organizing their daily duties and perform scientific tasks and scientific research. The study recommended the teachers of Applied University of Balqa colleges to increase the attention to skills associated with teaching methods and strategies, teaching methods and techniques, interaction and communication, and evaluation. Particular as regards to diversification in the initialization methods for lecture using the different available methods to stimulating students learning, such as using stories, realistic problems, current events, PowerPoint, scientific demonstration, and to develop their abilities in providing feedback to students answers and support their skills in scientific, creative and critic thinking and to use modern teaching methods and techniques, and the use of student computers outside the classroom in organizing their daily duties and perform scientific tasks and scientific research.
The effect of nanoparticle degradation on poly ( methacrylic acid )-coated quantum dot toxicity : the importance of particle functionality assessment in toxicology

Colloidal semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots) have attracted a lot of interest in technological and biomedical research, given their potent fluorescent properties. However, the use of heavy metal-containing nanoparticles remains an issue of debate. The possible toxic effects of quantum dots remain a hot research topic and several questions such as possible intracellular degradation of quantum dots and the effect thereof on both cell viability and particle functionality remain unresolved. In the present work, poly(methacrylic acid)-coated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots were synthesized and characterized, after which their effects on cultured cells were evaluated using a multiparametric setup. The data reveal that the quantum dots are taken up through endocytosis and when exposed to the low pH of the endosomal structures, they partially degrade and release cadmium ions, which lowers their fluorescence intensity and augments particle toxicity. Using the multiparametric method, the quantum dots were evaluated at nontoxic doses in terms of their ability to visualize labeled cells for longer time periods. The data revealed that comparing different particles in terms of their applied dose is challenging, likely due to difficulties in obtaining accurate nanoparticles concentrations, but evaluating particle toxicity in terms of their biological functionality enables an easy and straightforward comparison.