Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cosmic-rays, gas, and dust in nearby anticentre clouds : II -- Interstellar phase transitions and the Dark Neutral Medium

H$_{\rm I}$ 21-cm and $^{12}$CO 2.6-mm line emissions respectively trace the atomic and molecular gas phases, but they miss most of the opaque H$_{\rm I}$ and diffuse H$_2$ present in the Dark Neutral Medium (DNM) at the transition between the H$_{\rm I}$-bright and CO-bright regions. Jointly probing H$_{\rm I}$, CO, and DNM gas, we aim to constrain the threshold of the H$_{\rm I}$-H$_2$ transition. We also aim to measure gas mass fractions in the different phases and to test their relation to cloud properties. We have used dust optical depth measurements at 353 GHz, $\gamma$-ray maps at GeV energies, and H$_{\rm I}$ and CO line data to trace the gas column densities and map the DNM in nearby clouds toward the Galactic anticentre and Chamaeleon regions. The onset of detectable CO intensities varies by only a factor of 4 from cloud to cloud, between 0.6$ \times 10^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$ and 2.5$ \times 10^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$ in total gas column density. We observe larger H$_2$ column densities than linearly inferred from the CO intensities at $A_{\rm{V}}> 3$ magnitudes because of the large CO optical thickness: the additional H$_2$ mass in this regime represents on average 20$\%$ of the CO-inferred molecular mass. In the DNM envelopes, we find that the fraction of diffuse CO-dark H$_2$ in the molecular column densities decreases with increasing $A_{\rm{V}}$ in a cloud. For a half molecular DNM, the fraction decreases from more than 80$\%$ at 0.4 magnitude to less than 20$\%$ beyond 2 magnitudes. In mass, the DNM fraction varies with the cloud properties. The mass present in the DNM envelopes appears to scale with the molecular mass seen in CO as $M_{\rm H}^{\rm DNM} = (62 \pm 7) {M_{\rm H_2}^{\rm CO}}^{\,0.51 \pm 0.02}$ across two decades in mass. The phase transitions in these clouds show both common trends and environmental differences.
Seasonal Dynamics of N, P, and K in an Organic and Inorganic Fertilized Willow Biomass System

The seasonal variations in soil nutrient supply and bioavailability were assessed in a willow biomass crop (Salix miyabeana, SX64) treated with 150 and 200 kg available N ha−1 of commercial fertilizer (CF), biosolid compost (BC), dairy manure (DM), and control (CT0) at Delhi, NY. Plant root simulator probes were used to measure nutrient supply (inside) and bioavailability (outside) of root exclusion cylinders. Measurements were made in September 2008 and May, August, and October of 2009. Soil moisture content (θd) and foliar nutrient concentrations were also determined. The BC treatments increased soil P supply more than CF and CT0. The supply of and K in the soil increased in August but their bioavailability increased in May and October. Soil and P supply and bioavailability were both high in May. Foliar N and K concentrations were significantly high in May and low in August which could be due to dilution effect caused by increased soil moisture foliar dry weight. Foliar P concentrations increased in September and October. The observed higher soil mineralization and plant uptake in May suggest that in high soil conditions willow biomass crops can level and minimize leaching out of the root zone into groundwater.
Exploring the Role of Managerial Ability in Influencing Dairy Farm Efficiency

This paper explores the role of managerial ability in determining efficiency in New York dairy farms. Using an unbalanced panel of farm data from 1993 through 2004, we estimate outputoriented technical efficiencies using stochastic distance frontier functions. We find that both lagged net farm income and farmers’ own estimates of the value of their labor and management as proxies for managerial ability impact measured efficiency. Efficiency increases with operator education, farm size, and extended participation in a farm management program, but decreases with operator age.
Nitrogenous waste excretion by the larvae of a phylogenetically ancient vertebrate: the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

Larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) (ammocoetes) excreted significant quantities of urea, which composed 15-20% of the total nitrogenous waste excreted. Compared with teleosts of similar size, ammonia and urea excretion rates (JAmm and JUrea, respectively) in ammocoetes were relatively low, reflecting the low metabolic rate of these burrow-dwelling suspension feeders. Analyses of liver enzymes indicated that ammocoetes had all the enzymes necessary to produce urea via uricolysis, but not those of the ornithine-urea cycle (OUC). Further, exposure to 2 mmol·L-1 total ammonia for 5 d was accompanied by a 3-fold elevation of JUrea, but did not lead to greater OUC activity. Internal ammonia levels increased markedly, however, exceeding 2000 µmol·L-1 in plasma and 5000 µmol·L-1 in muscle after the 5-d exposure period. This high resistance to internal ammonia accumulation was related to the very high glutamine synthetase activities measured in ammocoete brains. The excretion and production of urea by ammoco.
Dark matter hurricane: Measuring the S1 stream with dark matter detectors

The recently discovered S1 stream passes through the Solar neighborhood on a low inclination, counterrotating orbit. The progenitor of S1 is a dwarf galaxy with a total mass comparable to the present-day Fornax dwarf spheroidal, so the stream is expected to have a significant DM component. We compute the effects of the S1 stream on WIMP and axion detectors as a function of the density of its unmeasured dark component. In WIMP detectors the S1 stream supplies more high energy nuclear recoils so will marginally improve DM detection prospects. We find that even if S1 comprises less than 10% of the local density, multiton xenon WIMP detectors can distinguish the S1 stream from the bulk halo in the relatively narrow mass range between 5 and 25 GeV. In directional WIMP detectors such as CYGNUS, S1 increases DM detection prospects more substantially since it enhances the anisotropy of the WIMP signal. Finally, we show that axion haloscopes possess by far the greatest potential sensitivity to the S1 stream if its dark matter component is sufficiently cold. Once the axion mass has been discovered, the distinctive velocity distribution of S1 can easily be extracted from the axion power spectrum.
High-resolution 900 year volcanic and climatic record from the Vostok area, East Antarctica

Ion chromatography measurements of 1730 snow and firn samples obtained from three short cores and one pit in the Vostok station area, East Antarctica, allowed for the production of the combined volcanic record of the last 900 years (AD 1093–2010). The resolution of the record is 2–3 samples per accumulation year. In total, 24 volcanic events have been identified, including seven well-known low-latitude eruptions (Pinatubo 1991, Agung 1963, Krakatoa 1883, Tambora 1815, Huanaputina 1600, Kuwae 1452, El Chichon 1259) found in most of the polar ice cores. In comparison with three other East Antarctic volcanic records (South Pole, Plateau Remote and Dome C), the Vostok record contains more events within the last 900 years. The differences between the records may be explained by local glaciological conditions, volcanic detection methodology, and, probably, differences in atmospheric circulation patterns. The strongest volcanic signal (both in sulfate concentration and flux) was attributed to the AD 1452 Kuwae eruption, similar to the Plateau Remote and Talos Dome records. The average snow accumulation rate calculated between volcanic stratigraphic horizons for the period AD 1260–2010 is 20.9 mm H 2 O. Positive (+13%) anomalies of snow accumulation were found for AD 1661–1815 and AD 1992–2010, and negative (−12%) for AD 1260–1601. We hypothesized that the changes in snow accumulation are associated with regional peculiarities in atmospheric transport.
Integrating Planning Support Systems and Multicriteria Evaluation for Energy Facility Site Suitability Evaluation

Suitability modeling seeks to identify the continuum of best or worst sites for a facility, development, activity, or particular use based on site characteristics and preference assessments. The purpose of this paper is to assess the quality of a planning support system-based suitability model through presentation of an energy infrastructure development case study. The presentation of the case includes the suitability model and a second, complementary approach, the Kepner-Tregoe problem-solving and decision-analysis framework. The suitability model is presented within the context of the methods, assumptions, and best practices of multicriteria evaluation and weighted linear combination modeling. The primary finding of this research is the CommunityViz planning support system suitability model is a valid tool for spatial multicriteria evaluation and demonstrably effective at producing trusted outcomes. The contributions of this paper are an evaluation of the scientific rigor of the CommunityViz suitability model as well as discussion of planning support system-based interactive and iterative model development within a multicriteria evaluation process.
Quantum noise and information

Existing computers are too slow, have too little storage and not enough processing capacity to cope with certain tasks. The following are typical of such tasks: inspection of all branches of the "tree" of all possible move sequences of a game, such as chess, optimization of (nonlinear) functions of many variables, certain decision and cognition problems. It is the contention of this paper that speed, memory, and processing capacity of any possible future computer equipment are limited by certain physical barriers: the light barrier, the quantum barrier, and the thermodynamical barrier. These limitations imply, for example, that no computer, however constructed, will ever be able to examine the entire tree of possible move sequences of the game of chess. Some mathematicians (for example, the intuitionist school) object to certain kinds of "existence proofs" and favor "constructive proofs. " Finite problemsincluding problems such as examination of the chess tree-are considered as trivial in this context. In view of the physical barriers to computation, however, many finite problems are transcomputational. In order to have a computer play a perfect or inearly perfect game (chess, go, and so forth) it will be necessary either to analyze the game completely (as, for example, "Nim" has been analyzed cf. Wang [23]) or to analyze the game in an approximate way and combine this with a limited amount of tree searching. Such an approach has been pioneered, for example, by Samuel [18] for checkers, Gelernter [8] for theorem proving, Slagle [21] for evaluating integrals, Raphael [14] for question answering. A theoretical understanding of such heuristic programming, however, is still very much wanting. Some further aspects of the physical limits of computation have been discussed in Bremermann [4]. A preliminary announcement of the results of this paper was made in Bremermann [3].
Moringa oleifera LEAF EXTRACT PREVENTS IN VITRO OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE

Moringa oleifera (Sajna in India) is considered to be a very popular vegetable among the Indian and African continent. Among its different parts, the leaf holds the best nutritional and medicinal properties. The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective action of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MoLE) against oxidative stress induced DNA damage. To that end, the hydroxyl radical mediated DNA damage by Fenton reaction and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mediated DNA damage by comet assay were employed. Further, lipid per oxidation (LPO) was assayed to find whether MoLE can prevent the subsequent membrane damage. The extract prevented hydroxyl radical induced DNA damage as well as H2O2 mediated comet formation as determined by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, MoLE inhibits the LPO level by about 30% at 100 µg/ml concentrations. MoLE also inhibits the Topoisomerase I activity which is one of enzymes responsible for DNA metabolism. MoLE shows high polyphenol content (50 mg polyphenols/g dry leaf), strong reducing power, high metal chelating capacity and DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. All these parameters can immediately be correlated to its DNA protection efficacy. The present study, first time to our knowledge indicates that MoLE possesses significant DNA protective activity and hence suggested for the potential human consumption against oxidative DNA damage and cell damage.
Investment without Q

We estimate investment policy functions under general assumptions about technology and markets. Policy functions are easy to estimate and summarize the key predictions of any dynamic investment model. Because our method does not rely on Tobin's Q, it does not require information about market values and can be readily applied to study private firms. In addition, unlike Tobin's Q, we show that investment policy functions account for a large fraction of the variation in corporate investment. As such they are much better suited to evaluate and estimate dynamic investment models. Using this superior characterization of firm investment behaviour we then use indirect inference methods to estimate deep parameters of a structural model of investment featuring decreasing returns to scale and generalized adjustment cost functions.
Curve Diagrams, Laminations, and the Geometric Complexity of Braids

Braids can be represented geometrically as curve diagrams. The geometric complexity of a braid is the minimal complexity of a curve diagram representing it. We introduce and study the corresponding notion of geometric generating function. We compute explicitly the geometric generating function for the group of braids on three strands and prove that it is neither rational nor algebraic, nor even holonomic. This result may appear as counterintuitive. Indeed, the standard complexity (due to the Artin presentation of braid groups) is algorithmically harder to compute than the geometric complexity, yet the associated generating function for the group of braids on three strands is rational.
SEROEPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 (HSV-2) ANTIBODY IN SHIRAZ, IRAN

Background: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Type 2 is a widespread human infectious agent responsible for persistent and latent infections. Objectives: To estimate the regional seroprevalence of anti HSV-2 antibody in Shiraz, Iran and to investigate the possible correlation of seropositivity with malignant changes in subjects’ Papanicolaou (Pap) tests. Methods: Data were collected in a cross-sectional study. A randomly selected population of 915 women, from nine primary health care centers according to regional population size, was recruited in this study. HSV type specific serum IgG was determined by an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay. Results: The overall seroprevalence of HSV-2 antibody was 258/915 (28.19%). Most of the seropositive cases (87.6%) were categorized in the group of less educated women. None of the individuals with positive serum antibody had malignant change in the uterine cells obtained with the help of Pap smear. Conclusion: HSV-2 infection is relatively common and largely unrecognized among our study participants. The HSV-2 antibody was more prevalent in the studied population in comparison with European and American women, and less prevalent than African women. Although HSV-2 is reported to be in correlation with cervical cancer, none of our studied subjects had any malignant change in cervical cells.
Term Structures of Inflation Expectations and Real Interest Rates

Inflation expectations have recently received increased interest because of the uncertainty created by the Federal Reserve’s unprecedented reaction to the Great Recession. The effect of this reaction on the real economy is also an important topic. In this paper I use various surveys to produce a term structure of inflation expectations – inflation expectations at any horizon from 3 to 120 months – and an associated term structure of real interest rates. Inflation expectations extracted from this model track actual (ex-post) realizations of inflation quite well, and in terms of forecast accuracy they are at par with or superior to some popular alternatives obtained from financial variables. Looking at the period 2008–2013, I conclude that the unconventional policies of the Federal Reserve kept long-run inflation expectations anchored and provided a large level of monetary stimulus to the economy.
Genotype × Environment Interaction and Seed Yield, Oil and Protein Contents Stability of Soybean Genotypes@@@التفاعل بين التراكيب الوراثية والبيئة وثبات محصول البذور ونسبة الزيت والبروتين في عدة تراكيب وراثية لمحصول فول الصويا

Stability of seed yield, plant height, 100-seed weight, oil and protein content were studied in ten soybean cultivars at Alexandria and El-Hammam, Egypt during 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 seasons. Two stability parameters were estimated; viz., linear regression coefficient (b) and deviation from regression (Sd) for each cultivar. Significant cultivar × environment interactions were detected for all studied traits. Ranges of b-values were 0.67 to 1.47 for plant height, 0.56 to 1.57 for seed yield, 0.39 to 1.47 for 100-seed weight, 0.66 to 1.47 for oil content, and 0.68 to 1.56 for protein content. Values of Sd were significant in three genotypes for plant height and protein content, four genotypes for seed yield, eight genotypes for 100-seed weight, and seven genotypes for oil content. Elgin and Davis were the most stable genotypes.
Metadiskursas magistro darbuose, parašytuose gimtąja ir negimtąja anglų kalba

Recent investigations of academic discourse have revealed considerable variations in the interpersonal uses of language: academic texts representing different genres, disciplines and languages/cultures show differences in the ways writers create interaction in text. Studies of English native (L1) and non-native/interlanguage (L2) texts have also shown variability in the use of interpersonal strategies. Many contrastive studies favour the Research Article genre, whereas other genres seem to be under-investigated. This paper focuses on the Master’s Thesis genre in the discipline of Linguistics1 in different cultural/educational contexts: British and Lithuanian universities. It describes patterns of metadiscourse in the MA thesis genre; it compares metadiscourse strategies in English texts by L1 and L2 writers; it considers the role of institutional practices and individual writer style in the way writers manage their discourse.
Frequency and clinical significance of urinary schistosomiasis in haemophilia

Abstract Haematuria is not uncommon in people with haemophilia and is mainly caused by spontaneous haemorrhage or trauma. The frequency and clinical significance of urinary schistosomiasis in the aetiology of haematuria among haemophiliacs in schistosomiasis endemic countries such as Nigeria have not been previously studied. We retrospectively analysed the clinical and laboratory data of 45 haemophiliacs with haematuria in Nigeria with the aim of determining the frequency of urinary schistosomiasis and other causes of haematuria among haemophiliacs, the haematological profiles of haemophiliacs with haematuria and the severity of schistosomal haematuria relative to non-schistosomal haematuria. Haematuria was due to spontaneous haemorrhage in 23 (51.1%) patients, trauma in 14 (31.1%) patients and schistosomiasis in 8 (17.8%) patients. There were no significant differences in mean values of haematological parameters between patients with spontaneous and traumatic haematuria. However, compared to patients with spontaneous and traumatic haematuria, patients with schistosomal haematuria had significantly lower mean Hb concentration (8.5 vs.11 and 11.5g/dL; p<0.05) and significantly higher mean eosinophil count (0.42 vs. 0.21 and 0.2×109/L; p<0.05). This study revealed that schistosomiasis was responsible for 17.8% of cases of haematuria in northern Nigerian haemophiliacs. Schistosomal haematuria was severe and caused significant anaemia in contradistinction to spontaneous and traumatic haematuria that were mild and did not cause significant anaemia. A superimposed pro-haemorrhagic host-parasite relationship was responsible for the severe haematuria seen in haemophiliacs with schistosomiasis, a situation that would potential increase their risk of iron deficiency and its attendant consequences including childhood cognitive impairment. Haemophiliacs with haematuria in schistosomiasis endemic countries should be investigated by urinalysis for early detection and treatment. Haemophiliacs who present with haematuria in association with eosinophilia should evoke the strongest clinical suspicion for schistosomiasis. Parents of haemophiliacs should be counseled on how to protect their children from exposures to infected waters.
Impact of Wars and Conflicts on Women and Children in Middle East: Health, Psychological, Educational and Social Crisis

The wars and armed conflicts in many regions of the world and especially in the Middle East have an eloquent impact on all life's happenings most especially in areas affected. Wars destroys community infrastructure such as health, education and other social services sectors. As of present, the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East had left a significant impact on the family and the individual in the areas affected. In the family, it has lead to disintegration and roles change. It is also lead to forced migration and asylum. At the individual level, it have impacted negatively in terms of psychology, social and physical wellbeing. Women and children are the most affected by traumatic events of war and they are the most vulnerable to all types of exploitation and abuse. The devastating effects of war on this vulnerable group can hardly be overemphasized. This paper discusses the problems faced by children and women in war and conflict zones. It also explores physical, mental health, social and educational crisis experienced by women and children in the Middle Eastern society. A society that is known to have witnessed many civil wars and armed conflicts. In addition, the study also discusses social and health services which must be provided to women and children in conflict affected area from the social work perspective.
Strategi Kreatif dalam Periklanan : Konsep Pesan, Media, Branding, Anggaran

Strategi merupakan proses terpenting dari semua fungsi manajemen karena tanpa perencanaan fungsi-fungsi lain pengorganisasian, pengarahan, dan pengontrolan Strategi harus dirancang secara kreatif, dengan menggali segala sesuatu di balik fakta dan menyusunnya ke arah gagasan kreatif yang mampu menciptakan penjualan. Strategi kreatif bukan semata-mata proses logika, tetapi juga menyangkut seni. Namun demikian, untuk memperoleh strategi yang dapat digunakan, strategi harus dibuat berdasarkan fakta. Strategi harus dirancang secara kreatif, dengan menggali segala sesuatu di balik ”Insight” dan menyusunnya ke arah gagasan kreatif, seperti Bentuk kreativitas berupa suatu tindakan yang merupakan hasil pemikiran yang “sadar” maupun “setengah sadar” yang berupa pengetahuan, logika, imajinasi dan intuisi. Ini merupakan suatu kemampuan melihat hubungan dan perbedaaan antara ide dengan suatu benda. Secara sederhana, merencanakan strategi kreatif periklanan adalah proses membuat strategi mencapai tujuan melalui iklan yang dibuat. Tujuan pokok strategi kreatif periklanan adalah agar iklan dapat membentuk iklan yang lebih kreatif sehingga berhasil meraih tujuan sebagaimana yang diharapkan secara maksimal. Strategi sangat menentukan hasil kampanye periklanan. Oleh karena itu, sebelum diciptakan kreatif periklanan, maka perlu dilakukan perencanaan.