Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of X-ray Computer Tomography (CT) in Cattle Production

The aim of this series of experiments was to examine the opportunity for application of X-ray computer tomography (CT) in cattle production. Firstly, tissue composition of M. longissimus dorsi (LD) cuts between the 11-13 th ribs (in Exp 1. between the 9-11 th ribs), was determined by CT and correlated with tissue composition of intact half carcasses prior to dissection and tissue separation. Altogether, 207 animals of different breeds and genders were used in the study. In Exp. 2 and 3, samples were taken from LD cuts, dissected and chemical composition of muscle homogenates was analysed by conventional procedures. Correlation coefficients were calculated among slaughter records, tissues in whole carcasses and tissue composition of rib samples. Results indicated that tissue composition of rib samples determined by CT closely correlated with tissue composition results by dissection of whole carcasses. The findings revealed that figures obtained by CT correlate well with the dissection results of entire carcasses (meat, bone, fat). Close three- way coefficients of correlation (r = 0.80-0.97) were calculated among rib eye area, volume of cut, pixel-sum of adipose tissue determined by CT and intramuscular fat or adipose tissue in entire carcasses. Estimation of tissue composition of carcasses using equations including only CT-data as independent variables proved to be less reliable in prediction of lean meat and bone in carcass (R 2 = 0.51-0.86) than for fat (R 2 = 0.83-0.89). However, when cold half carcass weight was also included in the equation, the coefficient of determination exceeded R 2 = 0.90. In Exp. 3 tissue composition of rib samples by CT were compared to the results of EUROP carcass
Human Activity Recognition using Smartphone Sensors with Context Filtering

In recent times, application of Ambient Intelligent services, e.g. smart home, remote monitoring and assisted healthcare, the use of smart phones for the recognition of human activities has become a topic of high interest. Simple activities like sitting, running, walking can be recognized easily but semi-complex activities like ascending and descending stairs, slow running, jogging, fast running etc. are often difficult to recognize accurately. We aim to reduce the error rate of recognizing these kinds of activities by applying Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm and introducing context filtering. We used heart rate data and barometric pressure sensor data as elements of context filtering. We used a steady state as template and matched every activity with this steady state. To get optimum threshold values, we applied K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm on the score of DTW. After primarily classifying activities, we used the context filtering approach to further recognize activities by removing confusions. After completion of our study, we have seen that accuracy level has increased significantly for differentiating similar kinds of activities. Overall, our novel approach of applying DTW algorithm and applying context filtering shows considerable performance improvements at a low cost. Keywords-Human Activity Recognition (HAR), context filtering,
Assessment of Disinfection By-Product Formation in Polymeric Pipe Distribution Systems

A Master of Science thesis in Civil Engineering by Sina Shabani entitled, "Assessment of Disinfection By-Product Formation in Polymeric Pipe Distribution Systems," submitted in June 2013. Thesis advisors are Dr. Md. Maruf Mortula and Dr. Kazi Parvez Fattah. Available are both soft and hard copies of the thesis
Fully Funded Social Security Pensions, Lifetime Risk and Income

The paper analyzes the welfare consequences of insuring mortality risk by means of standard, fully funded Social Security pensions when individuals wish to make transfers to their heirs. In the presence of uninsured mortality risk, within-family transfers depend on realized lifespan. While crowding out private transfers, Social Security provides transfer insurance and insurance of the ex ante risk of future generations inheriting a particular amount of transfer wealth. We find that, once ex ante insurance is taken into account, Social Security is welfare improving over the long-run as long as capital is not too productive and the transfer motive is not too strong. Altruists gain far less from Social Security than egoists.
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND ESTIMATION OF STATURE FROM FOOT ANTHROPOMETRY FOR PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION IN 300 ADULTS OF HILLY AREAS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

Address for Correspondence: Dr Archana Goel, Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, MMIMSR Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. E-Mail: archanagoel23@yahoo.in Background: Sexual dimorphism and estimation of stature from various measurements of the body is of value in anthropology as well as for forensic sciences for personal identification or medico legal purposes. The present study dealt to find out sexual dimorphism, correlation between stature, foot length and foot breadth and developing a regression equation for stature estimation from foot length and foot breadth. Materials and Methods: Study was done on 150 males and 150 females of hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh. Age group ranged between 21-35 years. Foot length and Foot breadth of both the feet were measured by osteometric board and height was measured by flexible measuring tape. Results: In males mean and S.D. of right foot length and right foot breadth are 24.80 ± 2.10 and 8.57 ± 0.68 respectively while mean and S.D. of left foot length and left foot breadth are 24.71 ± 2.08 and 8.55 ± 0.67. In females mean and S.D. of right foot length and breadth are 22.98 ± 2.03 and 8.03 ± 0.67. While mean and S.D. of left foot length and breadth are 22.86 ± 1.98 and 7.99 ± 0.63. Mean height in males is 168.83 ± 6.20 while in females it is 163.54 ± 5.17. All the measurements were measured in cm. Foot index obtained showed higher value for females than males. Conclusion: It is concluded that foot dimensions and height were significantly more in males. Significant correlation was found between foot dimensions and stature in both the sexes. Present study provided the regression equations to estimate stature from the foot dimensions among the Hilly area population of Himachal Pradesh. It would be unwise to use the same equations for stature estimation for different Indian populations.
Simultaneous PIV and PLIF measurements for the study of variable density turbulent mixing

Velocity and density statistics were studied experimentally for variable density mixing of a heavy fluid jet with lower density ambient fluid in a subsonic wind tunnel. Flows involving the mixing of one or more fluids with large density ratios are important in a wide range of physical problems including atmospheric and oceanic flows, industrial processes, and inertial confinement fusion. Velocity and density fields were measured simultaneously using 2D Particle Image Velocimetry and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence. Two different Atwood numbers were studied: 0.1 (Boussinesq limit) and 0.6 (non-Boussinesq case). The effect of buoyancy was found to be important for most of turbulent quantities measured. The high Atwood number jet with larger Reynolds number showed reduced lateral spreading compared to the low Atwood number jet of smaller Reynolds number. Some universal features of variable density mixing, independent of how mixing is initiated, were elucidated from PDFs of density and density gradients. The low Atwood number PDFs showed fast and uniform mixing. The PDFs of density for high Atwood numbers were skewed toward the higher densities, indicating a reduced rate of mixing of pure heavy fluid due to its inertia. The skewness in the density gradient PDFs at high Atwood reveals strong local compression events that can lead to enhanced mixing at molecular scales. Turbulent kinetic energy decreased with distance from the jet for low Atwood number but increased for high Atwood number due to buoyancy mediated flow acceleration and generated additional shear and, as a result, turbulence. The other statistical characteristics of the mixing important for modeling these flows such as Favre averaged Reynolds stress and its anisotropy, turbulent mass flux velocity, density-specific volume correlation, density power spectra were also examined in the near and far field from the jet and compared with previous direct numerical simulations. Additionally, a recently developed method for directly estimating Reynolds-averaged velocity statistics on a per-pixel basis has been extended to Favre-averaged quantities using simultaneous PIV and PLIF images, which should result in improved accuracy and spatial resolution compared to traditional post-processing of instantaneous velocity and density snapshots; if time permits initial validation and comparison of the results of this technique will also be presented.
9. Ovine DRB1 Polymorphism and Its Associations with Body Weight, Milk Contents and Immunological Parameters

Abstract The DRB1 gene is known as a part of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) with important effects on disease resistance and immunological response in mammals. Single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct DNA sequencing methods were employed to study the second exon of DRB1 gene polymorphism in Mehraban and Lori-Bakhtiari sheep, using 155 Mehraban and 167 Lori-Bakhtiari (totally 322) ewes. Eleven different SSCP patterns with 26 SNPs (five new mutations) were found in both breeds. Associations of different genotypes with some traits including body weight, milk contents, milk somatic cell count and some immunological parameters were also studied. The observed genotypes had significant associations (P<0.05) with immunological parameters including serum total protein, α2-globulin, β-globulin, γ-globulin and total globulins and body weight at 3 months of age (weaning). The effects of the genotypes on serum albumin and α1-globulin, body weights at 9 and 12 months of age and milk lactose tended to be significant (P<0.10). The results of the present study indicated that the DRB1 exon 2 is highly polymorphic and could be considered as an important fragment in marker assisted selection, especially for improvement of immunity in sheep.
The Effect of Film Analysis on the critical thinking disposition skills of pre-service teachers

This quasi-experimental study aims at comparing the effects of film analysis course specially designed for teacher education on developing critical thinking (CT) disposition skills. 49 pre-service teachers were assigned to the course for 14 weeks. The primary outcome measure was students’ CT disposition as measured by the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI). The overall CCTDI and subscale scores for the treatment group were not significantly different from those of the control group at pre-test. Compared with control group pre-service teachers in treatment group showed significantly greater improvement in Open-mind edness, Curiosity, Truth-seeking and overall CCTDI at the post-test.
Credit determinants and their impact on firm’s growth in Colombia

In recent years, credit growth has been accelerated recording higher levels of credit as a percentage of GDP, compared to previous years in some countries of Latin America. In Colombia, credit to GDP indicator had increased almost 10 percentage points in the last five years. For this reason, it is interesting to study the behavior in Colombia analyzing credit boom episodes, and the possible impacts on the economy. This paper provides an econometric analysis of economic determinants of credit portfolio as a percentage of GDP, in order to find the level of this indicator which is supported by its determinants. We found that Interbank rate, National-debt-to-GDP, Household-consumption-toGDP and the level of investment-to-GDP are the main determinants of credit portfolio-to-GDP.On the other hand, we determine the level of commercial credit-to-GDP that is consistent with its determinants. Then we evaluated how this indicator of financial deepening affects firms growth rate in Colombia. The results suggest in Colombia the portfolio to GDP ratio is not significantly above from its consistent level at ends to 2011. It was also found the effect of financial deepening in business growth is positive and quite significant. Also as expected the effect of being in debt depends heavily on the sector to which the firm belongs.In general being in debt increased the firmťs rate growth and brings an externality that affects not indebted firms. This open the debate if macro prudential measures that affect all types of portfolio are more damaging than those that specialized. JEL classification: G21, O12, O16
Lateral presentation alters overall viewing strategy

Eye tracking has been used during face categorisation and identification tasks to identify perceptually salient facial features and infer underlying cognitive processes. However, viewing patterns are influenced by a variety of gaze biases, drawing fixations to the centre of a screen and horizontally to the left side of face images (left-gaze bias). In order to investigate potential interactions between gaze biases uniquely associated with facial expression processing, and those associated with screen location, face stimuli were presented in three possible screen positions to the left, right and centre. Comparisons of fixations between screen locations highlight a significant impact of the screen centre bias, pulling fixations towards the centre of the screen and modifying gaze biases generally observed during facial categorisation tasks. A left horizontal bias for fixations was found to be independent of screen position but interacting with screen centre bias, drawing fixations to the left hemi-face rather than just to the left of the screen. Implications for eye tracking studies utilising centrally presented faces are discussed.
Levels, Trends and Differentials in Infant Mortality in Kenya: Analysis of 1998, 2003 and 2008/09 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey Data

Reduction in the number of babies dying before their first birthday celebration is a global priority, the United Nations having targeted a two-third reduction in infant and child mortality between 1990 and 2015. As a nation, Kenya observed a normal curve in infant mortality rate in the period 1998 through 2008/09: 74 (1998), 77 (2003) and 52 (2008/09). This study used three consecutive Kenya demographic and health survey datasets to examine the trends of infant mortality over time, their levels and differentials based on socioeconomic, geographic and demographic factors. Direct estimation technique was used to obtain levels and trends of infant mortality while crosstabulation analysis was used to compute infant mortality differentials based on the study covariates. It was observed that infant mortality was significantly high in Nyanza region where it was 2.6 times that of Eastern region. Except for Nyanza and Western regions, neonatal mortality rate constitute a greater proportion of infant deaths in all other regions. Births to older mothers and small-sized births had higher infant mortality rates than births to women aged less than 35 years and medium to large-sized births. Maternal illiteracy and currently working women accounted for higher infant mortality rates than mothers who had some literacy skills and who were not working. The significant associations of socioeconomic, geographic and demographic variables with neonatal, post-neonatal and infant mortality suggest the need for sector-specific policies and programmes to address the need for increased child survival.
Level of Income Inequality and Determinants of Poverty Incidence among Youth Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

The prevalence of poverty among youths engaged in agricultural production is partly responsible for increase in agricultural diversification and rural-urban migration among other social vices in developing societies. To help generate suitable policies in order to tackle this rampaging issue, the study specifically analyzes poverty and income inequality as well as identified determinants of poverty among youths involved in agricultural production in the rural areas of Akwa Ibom State located in southern Nigeria. Data were collected from 300 youths spread across the rural areas of the State. Combinations of sampling methods were employed to sample cross sectional data from respondents. The study used descriptive tools and regression analysis (Logit regressions) to analyze information collected. The socio-economic analysis reveals that, most youth farmers were educated; social capital formation was poor, while land size averaged at 0.48ha per youth. About 45.1% of male youths and 72% of female youths live below poverty line in the study area. Income inequality index revealed 0.4009 for male youths and 0.3797 for female youths. The Logit model estimates revealed that, youths’ years in social organization, level of formal education, age of youths; amount of non-farm income, farm size, agricultural extension activities and commercial purposes of agricultural production reduced the probability of poverty incidence among youth farmers in the State. Household size and dependent ratio were positive drivers of poverty among rural youths. Based on the research findings, it is recommended that poverty and income inequality among youths engaged in agricultural production in the rural area of the State can be successfully handled, if sound family welfare packages are implemented in the rural communities. Also, rural youth’s groups should be strengthen to promote social capital formation; while farm enterprise development capacity should be encourage among youths as well as strengthening agricultural extension system in the State. Marginal lands should be developed and distributed to youth farmers in the area.
The stability of externalizing behavior in boys from preschool age to adolescence: A person-oriented analysis 1

The continuity of externalizing behaviors such as aggression, delinquency and hyperactivity has been noted by many researchers. There is also increasing knowledge on different developmental subtypes of problem behavior. In previous person-oriented analyses we found two types of externalizing problems in boys (Stemmler et al., 2005, 2008; Stemmler & Losel, 2010). One pattern contained externalizing problems only, whereas the other type showed both externalizing and internalizing problems. The present study addressed these two groups in an extended prospective longitudinal design. It was investigated whether the groups remained stable over time and whether the two types of antisociality were related to offending in adolescence. The sample consisted of 295 boys from the Erlangen-Nuremberg Development and Prevention Study (Losel et al., 2009). Social behavior was rated by mothers, kindergarten educators, and school teachers; offending was selfreported by the adolescents. The time lag between the first and last data assessment was more than eight years. Approximately nine percent of the boys revealed stable externalizing behavior problems over the entire assessment period. Criminal behavior correlated positively with externalizing problems and negatively with internalizing problems. In a person-oriented Prediction-Configural Frequency Analysis (P-CFA; von Eye, 2002) the ‘externalizing only’ pattern could be replicated and suggested high stability over time. Moreover, this pattern was clearly related to self-reported delinquent behavior. In contrast to our previous studies with shorter follow up periods, the ‘combined externalizing and internalizing’ pattern did not appear as a type. It was also not significantly related to juvenile offending. Potential explanations for these findings are discussed.
Population Ageing in India: Elderly Workforce Participation, Wage Differentials and Contribution to Household Income

This paper examines the size and structure of the elderly workforce in 2004-05 along with trends over two decades (1983-2005) and the nature and sectors of elderly employment. The elderly workforce constituted about 7 per cent of the total workforce in India in 2004-05; and among the elderly population 38 per cent were working. Over 70 per cent of the elderly workforce were males; and are largely in rural areas (84 per cent). About half of the elderly workforce were in the 60-64 age group and about 20 per cent were 70 years and above. About 2 per cent (675,000) were as old as 80 years and above in 2004-05. Among the rural male elderly workforce, 77 per cent were selfemployed and this percentage increases with age. Three out of four self employed elderly are in agriculture and allied activities. The paper also points out that the educational level of the elderly workforce is very low. About 70 per cent of all elderly workers were Ill iterate or had just primary level of education. Among women elderly workers this was about 93 per cent. Trend analysis shows that elderly workforce participation by age cohorts remained stable while inability to work due to disability has increased. Regarding wages and earnings of the elderly, the paper points out that the elderly receive lower wages compared to younger workers even for work of a similar nature. Female workers are also paid less than their male counterparts. The elderly share of total employment is about 7 per cent and their contribution to household income is about 4.2 per cent on average. This contribution is signif icantly higher in rural areas and in poor households. The paper provides several supporting data tables and has a final section that pulls together the overal l f indings. Elderly Workforce Participation, Wage Differentials and Contribution to Household Income
SWIMMING EFFECTS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER EFECTOS DE LA NATACIÓN PARA JÓVENES CON TRASTORNO DEL ESPECTRO AUTISTA

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of an aquatic activity program, in the aquatic skills of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The program consisted of 15 sessions that emphasized entering and exiting the pool, water orientation and introduction to front crawl and backstroke. It was evaluated if the students were able to perform tasks, independently, with verbal and gestural instruction, physical conduct or did not perform the requested tasks. In general, students demonstrated improvement in entering and exiting the pool, respiratory control and displacements. In particular, it was noted the Rev.int.med.cienc. act. fís. deporte vol. 16 número 64 ISSN: 1577-0354 790 positive development of the five participants, in the three required tasks, to enter and exit the pool. Research has shown that students with ASD can have positive results for the evolution of aquatic skills, and better participation in the proposed activities.
Pollen quality and pollen production in some almond culvitars under Kaharamanmaras (Turkey) ecological conditions

Pollen quality and pollen production of 21 almond cultivars under Kaharamanmaras ecological conditions were analyzed to see the effect on fruit yield and quality. Pollen viability tests with TTC and FDA methods and pollen germination tests were performed by hanging drop method in sucrose (10, 15 and 20%, respectively) containing media and on agar media containing sucrose (0, 5, 10 15 and 20%, respectively) in petri dish. The amount of pollen production and pollen morphological homogeneity levels were also determined. In pollen viability tests, Masbovera, False Baresa, Tuano and Nonpareil varieties; in pollen germinating test Cristomorto, Yaltinski and Gloretia varieties; in the determination of pollen production Bertina, Felisia, Super Nova and Masbovera varieties had the highest values. Morphological homogeneities were found to be high in all the cultivars.