Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The formation of skeletal muscle: from somite to limb

During embryogenesis, skeletal muscle forms in the vertebrate limb from progenitor cells originating in the somites. These cells delaminate from the hypaxial edge of the dorsal part of the somite, the dermomyotome, and migrate into the limb bud, where they proliferate, express myogenic determination factors and subsequently differentiate into skeletal muscle. A number of regulatory factors involved in these different steps have been identified. These include Pax3 with its target c‐met, Lbx1 and Mox2 as well as the myogenic determination factors Myf5 and MyoD and factors required for differentiation such as Myogenin, Mrf4 and Mef2 isoforms. Mutants for genes such as Lbx1 and Mox2, expressed uniformly in limb muscle progenitors, reveal unexpected differences between fore and hind limb muscles, also indicated by the differential expression of Tbx genes. As development proceeds, a secondary wave of myogenesis takes place, and, postnatally, satellite cells become located under the basal lamina of adult muscle fibres. Satellite cells are thought to be the progenitor cells for adult muscle regeneration, during which similar genes to those which regulate myogenesis in the embryo also play a role. In particular, Pax3 as well as its orthologue Pax7 are important. The origin of secondary/fetal myoblasts and of adult satellite cells is unclear, as is the relation of the latter to so‐called SP or stem cell populations, or indeed to potential mesangioblast progenitors, present in blood vessels. The oligoclonal origin of postnatal muscles points to a small number of founder cells, whether or not these have additional origins to the progenitor cells of the somite which form the first skeletal muscles, as discussed here for the embryonic limb.
Fast image search with deep convolutional neural networks and efficient hashing codes

Approximate nearest neighbor search is a good method for large-scale image retrieval. We put forward an effective deep learning framework to generate binary hash codes for fast image retrieval after knowing the recent benefits of convolution neural networks (CNN). Our concept is that we can learn binary codes by using a hidden layer to present the latent concepts dominating the class labels when the data labels are usable. CNN also can be used to learn image representations. Other supervised methods require pair-wised inputs for binary code learning. However, our method can be used to learn hash codes and image representations in a point-by-point manner so it is suitable for large-scale datasets. Experimental results show that our method is better than several most advanced hashing algorithms on the CIFAR-10 and MNIST datasets. We will further demonstrate its scalability and efficiency on a largescale dataset with 1 million clothing images.
Information resources and knowledge needs of rural nurses regarding Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND The need for current information on Alzheimer's disease (AD) is apparent as medical research, diagnostic, and treatment guidelines are advancing at a rapid rate. METHOD A needs assessment survey determined what educational topics related to dementia nurses perceived they most need, would be most likely to attend, and what information they likely would solicit in a telephone consultation. RESULTS Nurses in Iowa were interested in continuing education programming and teleconferences on major topics regarding AD provided through the state's fiberoptic system such as: (a) challenging behaviors over the course of illness; (b) family needs such as education, support, respite, referral, and safety; (c) case management services for patients and families; (d) long-term care services from adult care to hospice; and (e) new developments in AD. CONCLUSION Rural nurses experiencing professional isolation and lack of resources can access up-to-date information via continuing education programs transmitted by telecommunication strategies.
Latex Agglutination Test

were compared with the Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn test. Of the 957 serum specimens studied, 78 were positive and 879 were negative by the Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn test. After discrepancies were resolved by determining Epstein-Barr virus serology, the sensitivities of the CARDS O.S. MONO test and the Infectious Mononucleosis Kit were 91.0 and 96.2%, respectively, and both tests had a specificity and a positive predictive value of 100%o and a negative predictive value and overall agreement of greater than 99%o. The results show that both tests
Socioeconomic Inequality and Caries

Dental caries is the most prevalent disease worldwide, with the majority of caries lesions being concentrated in few, often disadvantaged social groups. We aimed to systematically assess current evidence for the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and caries. We included studies investigating the association between social position (determined by own or parental educational or occupational background, or income) and caries prevalence, experience, or incidence. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies. Reported differences between the lowest and highest SEP were assessed and data not missing at random imputed. Random-effects inverse-generic meta-analyses were performed, and subgroup and meta-regression analyses were used to control for possible confounding. Publication bias was assessed via funnel plot analysis and the Egger test. From 5539 screened records, 155 studies with mostly low or moderate quality evaluating a total of 329,798 individuals were included. Studies used various designs, SEP measures, and outcome parameters. Eighty-three studies found at least one measure of caries to be significantly higher in low-SEP compared with high-SEP individuals, while only 3 studies found the opposite. The odds of having any caries lesions or caries experience (decayed missing filled teeth [DMFT]/dmft > 0) were significantly greater in those with low own or parental educational or occupational background or income (between odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.21 [1.03–1.41] and 1.48 [1.34–1.63]. The association between low educational background and having DMFT/dmft > 0 was significantly increased in highly developed countries (R2 = 1.32 [0.53–2.13]. Publication bias was present but did not significantly affect our estimates. Due to risk of bias in included studies, the available evidence was graded as low or very low. Low SEP is associated with a higher risk of having caries lesions or experience. This association might be stronger in developed countries. Established diagnostic and treatment concepts might not account for the unequal distribution of caries (registered with PROSPERO [CRD42013005947]).
Medical student perceptions of diagnostic radiology. Influence of a senior radiology elective.

To assess the impact of a four-week elective on medical student perceptions of diagnostic radiology, we gave questionnaires to 96 senior students on the first and last days of the rotation. Eighty-five anonymous entrance responses and 73 exit responses were obtained during a 13-month interval. Compared with other clinical specialties, the students viewed radiology as third, behind surgery and medicine, in terms of required breadth of knowledge, skill, training, and "glamour. " Radiology was also perceived to have the lightest workload with the exception of psychiatry. Responses did not significantly change after completion of the elective. Perceived advantages and disadvantages of radiology were studied in detail in a subset of students. Exit responses indicated that the elective promoted favorable perceptions of radiology but did not change the relative rankings of the various specialties. It appears that at our institution basic attitudes concerning radiology are formed prior to the senior radiology elective and are affected only moderately during the elective.
Encounters between the police and the public: seize the day or practice avoidance?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of encounters on police legitimacy and levels of trust in the police in the Monash Local Government Area in the state of Victoria, Australia. Monash was chosen as it had experienced declining results in the official National Survey of Community Satisfaction with Policing in relation to police legitimacy and trust.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative case study comprising 18 interviews and six focus groups with community representatives from Monash is employed in the paper.FindingsWhen procedural justice approaches are applied during encounters between the police and the public, encounters contribute to securing legitimacy for the police. Contact between the police and the public in everyday situations also enhances trust in the police, depending on the way the police conduct themselves during such interactions.Research limitations/implicationsFindings from a qualitative case study are not able to be widely generalised but the conclusions are still useful for informing insights into processes impacting police legitimacy and trust.Practical implicationsContributes to informing evidence-based police practice around the way police conduct themselves during community interactions; informs policy decisions around allocation of funding for law enforcement with more officers required to carry out community policing; emphasises the importance of prioritising partnerships with communities; demonstrates that positive police/community relations have wider social cohesion implications in a contemporary era of counter-terrorism priorities.Originality/valueThe majority of research in this field to date has been quantitative. A qualitative approach provides fresh insights into the mechanisms of police legitimacy, especially the role of encounters and procedural justice.
A method to minimise error in 2D-DLT reconstruction of non-planar markers filmed with a moving camera

This article describes a method that allows estimating, with the 2D version of the direct linear transformation (DLT), the actual 2D coordinates of a point when the latter is not strictly in the calibration plane. Markers placed in vertical line, above, below and in the centre of a horizontal calibration plane were filmed by a moving camera. Without correction, strong errors (up to 64.5%) were noticed for markers out of the calibration plane. After correction, calculated coordinates were consistent with actual values (error < 0.55%). The method was then applied to slip distance measurement, using a marker fixed on the hoof of a horse trotting on a calibrated track while being followed with a camera. The correction effect represented 6.6% of slip distance. Combined with the 2D-DLT transformation, the proposed corrective method allows an accurate measurement of slip distances, for high-speed outdoor locomotion analysis, using a moving camera.
Relationship of awareness of dyskinesia in schizophrenia to insight into mental illness.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether lack of awareness of motor dysfunction and lack of insight into mental dysfunction are related and to evaluate the longitudinal stability of lack of awareness of abnormal movements in schizophrenia. METHOD Forty-three patients with schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia participated in the study. The Scale of Unawareness of Mental Disorder was used to assess insight. All patients still meeting inclusion criteria after 2 years (N = 16) were reevaluated at follow-up. RESULTS Twenty (46.5%) of the 43 patients had at least moderate unawareness of their tardive dyskinesia. Awareness of tardive dyskinesia was only modestly related to two of the five dimensions of insight into mental disorder assessed. Patients with the deficit syndrome showed significantly less awareness of their tardive dyskinesia than patients without the deficit syndrome. Lack of awareness of tardive dyskinesia was stable over time. CONCLUSIONS Lack of awareness of tardive dyskinesia is a common feature in schizophrenia and is stable over time. Since patients are often unaware of dyskinesia, direct clinical examination is required to identify early tardive dyskinesia.
Best practices in collecting online data with Asian, Black, Latino, and White respondents: evidence from the 2016 Collaborative Multiracial Post-election Survey

ABSTRACT As the U.S. becomes increasingly diverse, new challenges to capturing this diversity emerge for survey researchers studying political attitudes and behavior. Sampling methods are no longer straightforward as simple random-digit-dial. Given the confluence of changing demographics and changing survey technology, we argue that researchers should carefully consider a stratified listed/density quota-sampling approach to multilingual surveys with large racial/ethnic minority samples. We examine the 2016 Collaborative Multiracial Post-election Survey, which implemented this approach with great success. Our approach resulted in collecting 10,145 completed surveys, in five languages, with large samples of Asian Americans, African-Americans, Latinos, and Whites. We conclude with a set of best practices or principles for online research of racial/ethnic minority populations that we hope will guide future social science research in this domain.
Comparison of pulmonary diseases in common variable immunodeficiency and X‐linked agammaglobulinaemia

Background and objective: Pulmonary disease is the most common complication in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) or X‐linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA). Pulmonary disease may progress despite immunoglobulin replacement therapy. In this study pulmonary complications were compared in patients with CVID or XLA.
Mining concise and distinctive affine-stable features for object detection in large corpus

Invariant features extraction is important for object detection. Affine-SIFT (ASIFT) [J.M. Morel and G. Yu, ASIFT: A new framework for fully affine invariant image comparison, SIAM J. Imaging Sci. 2(2) (2009)] has been proved to be fully affine-invariant. However, the high cost of memory and query time hampers its application in large-scale object detection tasks. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for mining concise and distinctive invariant features called affine-stable characteristics (ASC). Two new notions, global stability and local stability, are introduced to calculate the robustness of each feature from two mutually complementary aspects. Furthermore, to make these stable characteristics more distinctive, spatial information taken from several representative scales is encoded in a concise method. Experiments show that the robustness of our ASC is comparable with ASIFT, while the cost of memory can be reduced significantly to only 5%. Moreover, compared with the traditional SIFT method [D. Lowe, Distinctive image features from scale invariant keypoints, Int. J. Comput. Vis. 60(2) (2004), pp. 91–110], the accuracy of object detection can be improved 38.6% by our ASC using similar amount of features.
The Effect of Sexual Priming Cues on Emotional Recognition in Nonviolent Child Sexual Abusers

This article describes a study that used a computer-based task to investigate the emotional recognition skills of child sexual abusers. The experiment consisted of two phases (prime and probe) and measured both response time and error rates to facial expressions. The priming phase of the experiment consisted of the presentation of short phrases via computer of either sexual or neutral content. The probe phase of the experiment consisted of the presentation of adult facial expressions depicting either the emotion fear or surprise. Results showed child sexual abusers to be slightly less accurate overall. Furthermore, contrary to prediction, the effect of sexual priming appeared to make child sexual abusers actually better at recognizing fearful faces (p = .055). This result is discussed in relation to current victim empathy theory and treatment implications for sexual offenders.
An Empirical Study of Bank Stress Testing for Auto Loans

We present an empirical study of stress testing for portfolios of auto loans. We find that loans aged five years or more have significantly higher default probabilities. This finding raises concerns about the increasing maturity of auto loans in recent years. A challenge in stress testing is the instability of the estimated coefficient of macroeconomic variables, which raises questions on the reliability of stress test results. For this reason, it is important for model developers to perform sensitivity analyses and make conservative adjustment to minimize model risk.
A new oral formulation for the release of sodium butyrate in the ileo-cecal region and colon.

AIM To develop a new formulation with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose and Shellac coating for extended and selective delivery of butyrate in the ileo-caecal region and colon. METHODS One-gram sodium butyrate coated tablets containing 13C-butyrate were orally administered to 12 healthy subjects and 12 Crohn's disease patients and the rate of 13C-butyrate absorption was evaluated by 13CO2 breath test analysis for eight hours. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (500 mg) was co-administered as a biomarker of oro-ileal transit time to determine also the site of release and absorption of butyrate by the time of its serum maximum concentration. RESULTS The coated formulation delayed the 13C-butyrate release by 2-3 h with respect to the uncoated tablets. Sodium butyrate was delivered in the intestine of all subjects and a more variable transit time was found in Crohn's disease patients than in healthy subjects. The variability of the peak 13CO2 in the kinetic release of butyrate was explained by the inter-subject variability in transit time. However, the coating chosen ensured an efficient release of the active compound even in patients with a short transit time. CONCLUSION Simultaneous evaluation of breath 13CO2 and tauroursodeoxycholic acid concentration-time curves has shown that the new oral formulation consistently releases sodium butyrate in the ileo-cecal region and colon both in healthy subjects and Crohn's disease patients with variable intestinal transit time. This formulation may be of therapeutic value in inflammatory bowel disease patients due to the appropriate release of the active compound.
Costs of home versus inpatient treatment for fever and neutropenia: analysis of a multicenter randomized trial.

PURPOSE For patients with cancer who have febrile neutropenia, relative costs of home versus hospital treatment, including unreimbursed costs borne by patients and families, are poorly characterized. We estimated costs from a randomized trial of patients with low-risk febrile neutropenia for whom outpatient care was feasible, comparing inpatient treatment with discharge to home care after inpatient observation. METHODS We collected direct medical and self-reported indirect costs for 57 inpatient and 35 outpatient treatment episodes of patients enrolled in a randomized trial from 1996 through 2000. Charges from hospital bills were converted to costs using Medicare cost-to-charge ratios. Patients kept daily logs of out-of-pocket payments and time spent by informal caregivers providing care. Dollar amounts were standardized to June 2008. RESULTS Mean total charges for the hospital arm were 49% higher than for the home treatment arm ($16,341 v $10,977; P < .01). Mean estimated total costs for the hospital arm were 30% higher ($10,143 v $7,830; P < .01). Inspection of sparse available data suggests that payments made were similar by treatment arm. Inpatients and their caregivers spent more out of pocket than their outpatient counterparts (mean, $201 v $74; P < .01). Informal caregivers for both treatment arms reported similar time caring and lost from work. CONCLUSION Home intravenous antibiotic treatment was less costly than continued inpatient care for carefully selected patients with cancer having febrile neutropenia without significantly increased indirect costs or caregiver burden.
Sensory Testing of Distal Sural and Posterior Tibial Nerves Provides Early Prediction of Surgical Anesthesia After Single-Injection Infragluteal-Parabiceps Sciatic Nerve Block

BACKGROUND: Surgical anesthesia for reconstructive ankle surgery requires sensory and motor block of all the terminal nerve distributions of the sciatic nerve. In this prospective observational study, we investigated the value of sensory and motor testing of the foot, after local anesthetic injection, for predicting complete sciatic nerve blockade and the duration of testing required for identifying incomplete anesthesia. METHODS: Sciatic nerve blocks (n = 180) using the infragluteal-parabiceps approach were performed in patients undergoing reconstructive ankle surgery. Levobupivacaine 0.625% with epinephrine 1:300,000 (0.4 mL/kg) was injected after obtaining an elicited motor response at <0.4 mA of plantar flexion or inversion. Pinprick sensory assessments were performed at intervals by an observer unaware of the elicited motor response in the distal cutaneous distributions of the superficial peroneal nerve, deep peroneal nerve, posterior tibial nerve, and sural nerve. Motor block was assessed using foot (plantar flexion and dorsiflexion) movement and toe movement. A complete block was defined as sensory and motor loss in all distributions of the sciatic nerve within 25 minutes of local anesthetic injection. The optimal sensitivity and specificity of various cutoff times of sensory and motor testing were determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis. The area under the curves was compared for equivalence using nonparametric methods. The cutoff times were determined as the point of intersection of the lines of sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: The elicited evoked motor response before sciatic nerve block was plantar flexion in 87 patients and inversion in 93. Eighty-eight of 93 patients (94.6%) who had an elicited motor response of inversion and 49 of 87 (55.7%) who had an elicited motor response of plantar flexion achieved complete sciatic nerve block at 25 minutes. Area under the curves were not different among testing paradigms. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified optimal testing times of 4 minutes for the sural and 6 minutes for the posterior tibial nerve with an elicited motor response of inversion and 6 minutes with an elicited motor response of plantar flexion. No subject with an incomplete block achieved sural anesthesia by 10 minutes. CONCLUSION: Sural anesthesia assessed at the lateral heel and the lateral aspect of the foot and the fifth toe identified within 4 to 6 minutes demonstrated a similar posttest predictive value as anesthesia in the distributions of the posterior tibial and peroneal nerves or motor movement of the foot at later intervals. In addition, failure to achieve sural anesthesia within 10 minutes was predictive of block failure.