Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implementation of the UNSW Jordan Rollover System at Sydney's Crashlab Test Facility

This paper describes how the Jordan Rollover System (JRS) dynamic test rig was adapted for research use in the New South Wales State government’s Crashlab® crash test facility used for Australian New Car Assessment program (NCAP) and regulatory crash testing. Development and installation of the University of New South Wales (UNSW) JRS was funded by the Australian Federal Government’s Australian Research Council (ARC) and industry partners. It is one of three rigs now operating in the world: the original Center for Injury Research (CFIR) JRS, the Dynamic Rollover Test System (DRoTS) at the University of Virginia, and the UNSW JRS in Sydney. Construction of the UNSW JRS was the first phase of the much larger Dynamic Rollover Occupant Protection (DROP) research program which is funded by the ARC and industry partners, to establish which combination of crash severity, roll kinematics, biomechanical injury criteria, crash test dummy, and restraint systems, address the major proportion of fatalities and serious injuries occurring to seat belted and restrained occupants involved in rollover crashes. The design of the UNSW JRS focused on functionality for research purposes while at the same time ensuring operational flexibility within a regulatory and commercial crash test facility. Data sources used for the design phase included: rollover crash test results on a variety of vehicles carried out using the CFIR JRS; FMVSS 208 dolly rollover crash tests carried out by other researchers; rollover fatality crash data and in-depth crash reconstructions from Australian Coroners Information System (NCIS) and from the National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS). These data were used to determine what features were essential for using the UNSW JRS as a comprehensive research tool to explore different initial test conditions (roll rate, drop height, roll, pitch and yaw angle) that could possibly replicate real-world rollover crash conditions where serious injuries occurred. Features of the test rig design address issues concerning: roadbed decoupling; rig mobility; roadbed towing; lighting; timing synchronisation of the vehicle drop for a given roll rate and roll angle in terms of accuracy and repeatability; and recording data and sensors compatibility. Commissioning rollover crash tests of a small and medium passenger cars and a large four wheel drive vehicle were carried out to establish test rig functionality and identify issues concerning rig operation. Results from the commissioning tests are presented. It was concluded that the UNSW JRS can be adapted to a commercial or government crash test facility. A critical issue was vehicle impact synchronisation due to the complexity of decoupling roadbed movement from the roll propulsion. Another issue that continues is the ability of the rig to replicate real world crashes which may be significantly more severe than the test rig has to date been used and/or designed for. This is further discussed in the paper.
Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Skin Disease in Keffi, Nigeria

Objective: The study was aimed at surveying the Ethnobotanical plants used traditionaly to cure skin diseases in Keffi Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Methods: Administration of structured questionnaires /interview were employed. Herb sellers, traditional medicine practitioners, farmers and aged people were the respondents. Plant species were photographed and identified at the Department of Biology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi Nigeria. Results: A total number of 40 plants species belonging to 30 families were observed to be used in treatment of Skin diseases such as eczema, rashes, wounds, boils, acne, and measles. The family Euphorbiaceae provided the largest plants species (4) followed by Compositeae (3), Rutaceae (2), Malvaceae (2), Liliaceae (2), Asteraceae (2) and Poaceae (2). The other plant families have one member each in the distribution of species within the families. Example of some plants in this families include Jatropha curcas, Tridax procumbens, Citrus aurantium, Sida acuta, Aloe vera, Chromolena adorata, Cymbopogon citratus, Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica etc. The preparation methods of this herbal recipe includes infusion (7) which is mostly used method, grinding (6) followed closely and then decoction (2) while (6) others are applied directly. The result shows that plants leaves are the most commonly used part (35), followed by seeds and sap (3), then stem bark has (2) and oil (1). The result also reveals that Keffi residents view herbal treatments as more effective and cheaper compared to the orthodox medicine. Conclussion: Medicinal plants used in this area form a rich source of indigenous knowledge which can function for therapeutic purposes.
A high step-up ratio soft-switching DC-DC converter for interconnection of MVDC and HVDC grids

DC grid technology is regarded as a promising solution for future electric networks integrating a great amount of renewable energies. It calls for high efficiency dc-dc converters with high step-up ratio to interconnect medium voltage (MV) dc distribution grids and high voltage (HV) dc transmission grids. This paper presents an isolated soft-switching dc-dc converter combining two-level converters in parallel on MV side and a modular multilevel converter (MMC) on HV side. Moreover, a comprehensive control method of the proposed converter is presented. By the proposed method, a certain reactive current is injected into the MV side by the MMC to ensure soft-switching on MV side. The proposed converter presents low semiconductor losses over a wide power range at variable input/output voltages. Simulations of a 50 kV/400 kV, 400 MW system are conducted to evaluate semiconductor losses and verify the validity of this work.
MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

vii List of acronyms . viii 1.0. INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1.1. DEFINITION OF TERMS . 2 1.1.2 Background of the Study . 2 1.1.3. Statement of the Problem . 6 1.1.4 Research Objectives . 6 1.1.5. Research Questions . 7 1.1.6. Justification of the Study. 7 1.1. 7 Conceptual Framework . 7 1.1. 8. Methodology . 11 1.2. Data Analysis . 13 1.3. Contribution to Literature . 13 1.4 Ethical Considerations . 14 1.5. Delimitations of the Study . 15 1.6. Anticipated Limitations . 15 CHAPTER 2 . 16 LITERATURE REVIEW . 16 2.0. Introduction . 16 2.1. The Origins of the Labour Movement in Zimbabwe . 16 2.2. The Role of Trade Unions to the Democratization process and the Propagation of Voluntary Collective Bargaining in Zimbabwe . 19 2.3. An Evaluation of the Extent to which the Right to Strike is Given Effect . 25 2.4. 1. The Origins of Labour Internationalism in Zimbabwe . 29 2.4. 2 Factors which prompted the rise of Labour internationalism . 30
Performance of a MEMS Heat Exchanger for a Cryosurgical Probe

This paper presents the experimental test results for two 2 generation Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) heat exchangers that are a composite of silicon plates with micromachined flow passages interleaved with glass spacers. The MEMS heat exchangers were designed for use as the recuperative heat exchanger within a Joule-Thomson (JT) cycle used to energize a cryosurgical probe. The heat exchangers were tested using two different methods. The first method utilized a cryocooler to provide the cooling at the cold end of the heat exchanger. This method allows a large temperature difference to be applied to the heat exchanger with a minimal pressure difference between the streams, and therefore allows accurate testing with little risk of failure. The second test method installs the heat exchanger in a JT cycle using either a micro-valve or orifice to create the isenthalpic pressure drop. A numerical model that includes estimated heat leaks was used to predict heat exchanger performance. The results of the numerical model are compared with experimental test results over a range of conditions. The second MEMS heat exchanger was fabricated with integrated platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs). Therefore, test results include spatially resolved internal temperature distributions, allowing detailed comparisons with the numerical model.
Wetlands before tracheophytes: Thalloid terrestrial communities of the Early Silurian Passage Creek biota (Virginia)

Early Silurian (Llandoverian) macrofossils from the lower Massanutten Sandstone at Passage Creek in Virginia represent the oldest known terrestrial wetland communities. Fossils are preserved as compressions in overbank deposits of a braided fl uvial system. Specimens with entire margins and specimens forming extensive crusts provide evidence for in situ preservation, whereas pre-burial cracks in the fossils demonstrate subaerial exposure. Developed in river fl ood plains that provided the wettest available environments on land at the time, these communities occupied settings similar to present-day riverine wetlands. Compared with the latter, which are continuously wet by virtue of the moisture retention capabilities of soils and vegetation, Early Silurian fl ood-plain wetlands were principally abiotically wet, depending on climate and fl uctuations of the rivers for moisture supply. Varying in size from <1 cm to >10 cm, fossils exhibit predominantly thalloid morphologies but some are strap-shaped or form crusts. Their abundance indicates that a well-developed terrestrial groundcover was present by the Early Silurian. Morphological and anatomical diversity of specimens suggests that this groundcover consisted of several types of organisms and organismal associations, some characterized by complex internal organization. Earlier microfossil fi nds at Passage Creek corroborate an image of systematically diverse but structurally simple communities, consisting only of primary producers and decomposers. Ten to fi fteen million years older than the oldest previously known complex terrestrial organisms (e.g., Cooksonia), they provide a new perspective on the early stages of land colonization by complex organisms, whereby the earliest terrestrial communities were built by a guild of thalloid organisms and associations of organisms comparable to extant biological soil crusts.
IPO Market Cycles: Bubbles or Sequential Learning?

Both IPO volume and average initial returns are highly autocorrelated. Further, more companies tend to go public following periods of high initial returns. However, we find that the level of average initial returns at the time of filing contains no information about that company's eventual underpricing. Both the cycles in initial returns and the lead-lag relation between initial returns and IPO volume are predominantly driven by information learned during the registration period. More positive information results in higher initial returns and more companies filing IPOs soon thereafter.
Instantaneous companding of quantized signals

Instantaneous companding may be used to improve the quantized approximation of a signal by producing effectively nonuniform quantization. A revision, extension, and reinterpretation of the analysis of Panter and Dite permits the calculation of the quantizing error power as a function of the degree of companding, the number of quantizing steps, the signal volume, the size of the “equivalent dc component”' in the signal input to the compressor, and the statistical distribution of amplitudes in the signal. It appears, from Bennett's spectral analysis, that the total quantizing error power so calculated may properly be studied without attention to the detailed composition of the error spectrum, provided the signal is complex (such as speech or noise) and is sampled at the minimum information-theoretic rate. These calculations lead to the formulation of an effective process for choosing the proper combination of the number of digits per code group and companding characteristic for quantized speech communication systems. An illustrative application is made to the planning of a hypothetical PCM system, employing a common channel compandor on a time division multiplex basis. This reveals that the calculated companding improvement, for the weakest signals to be encountered in such a system, is equivalent to the addition of about 4 to 6 digits per code group, i.e., to an increase in the number of uniform quantizing steps by a factor between 24 = 16 and 26 = 64 Comparison with the results of related theoretical and experimental studies is also provided
Trade, Growth, and Poverty

The evidence from individual cases and from cross-country analysis supports the view that globalization leads to faster growth and poverty reduction in poor countries. To determine the effect of globalization on growth, poverty, and inequality, the authors first identify a group of developing countries that are participating more in globalization. China, India, and several other large countries are part of this group, so well over half the population of the developing world lives in these globalizing economies. Over the past 20 years, the post-1980 globalizers have seen large increases in trade and significant declines in tariffs. Their growth rates accelerated between the 1970s and the 1980s and again between the 1980s and the 1990s, even as growth in the rich countries and the rest of the developing world slowed. The post-1980 globalizers are catching up to the rich countries, but the rest of the developing world (the non-globalizers) is falling further behind. Next, the authors ask how general these patterns are, using regressions that exploit within-country variations in trade and growth. After controlling for changes in other policies and addressing endogeneity with internal instruments, they find that trade has a strong positive effect on growth. Finally, the authors examine the effects of trade on the poor. They find little systematic evidence of a relationship between changes in trade volumes (or any other measure of globalization they consider) and changes in the income share of the poorest-or between changes in trade volumes and changes in household income inequality. They conclude, therefore, that the increase in growth rates that accompanies expanded trade translates on average into proportionate increases in incomes of the poor. Absolute poverty in the globalizing developing economies has fallen sharply in the past 20 years. The evidence from individual cases and from cross-country analysis supports the view that globalization leads to faster growth and poverty reduction in poor countries.
Characterizations of calcium silicate hydrates derived from coal fly ash and their mechanisms for phosphate removal

Coal fly ash is an industrial waste generated from the thermal power plant and a large amount of it could be produced annually in the world, which can cause serious environmental problems. Reutilization of coal fly ash could be imperative to alleviate the environmental pressure. Thus, in the present study, coal fly ash was used as silicon source for the synthesis of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-Hs) though the desilication process. Two kinds of C-S-Hs was synthetized at 100°C and room temperature respectively, with the fixed Ca/Si molar ratio of 1.2, and adopted as the adsorbents for phosphate. The properties of them were characterized using XRD, SEM, FTIR, TG-DTA as well as surface area and pore analysis. Compared to C-S-H synthesized from high temperature, the C-S-H obtained at room temperature possessed high purity and larger surface area. Therefore, synthesis by agitation at room temperature could be an alternative method to produce C-S-H materials from desilication liquid of coal fly ash, and this could save infrastructure cost and energy consumption. Both C-S-H materials have good ability to immobilize phosphate pollutant (higher than 100 mg·g–1). The specific mechanisms of phosphate removal using C-S-H include several steps: firstly, phosphate ion was immobilized by binding with Ca2+and forming aggregates, and the C-S-H structures were gradually corroded. Eventually, hydroxyapatite was formed after the C-S-H structure was totally destroyed.
A Compact Binary Merger Model for the Short, Hard GRB 050509b

The first X-ray afterglow for a short (~30 ms), hard gamma-ray burst (GRB) was detected by Swift on 2005 May 9 (GRB 050509b). No optical or radio counterpart was identified in follow-up observations. The tentative association of the GRB with a nearby giant elliptical galaxy at redshift z = 0.2248 would imply a total energy release Eγ, iso ≈ 3 × 1048 ergs and that the progenitor had traveled several tens of kiloparsecs from its point of origin, in agreement with expectations linking these events to the final merger of compact binaries driven by gravitational wave emission. We model the dynamical merger of such a system and the time-dependent evolution of the accretion tori thus created. The resulting energetics, variability, and expected durations are consistent with GRB 050509b originating from the tidal disruption of a neutron star by a stellar mass black hole, or of the merger of two neutron stars followed by prompt gravitational collapse of the massive remnant. We discuss how the available γ-ray and X-ray data provide a probe for the nature of the relativistic ejecta and the surrounding medium.
Women's Preferences for Cancer Related Information: Evidence from a National Survey

Background: Globally, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women; it is also the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Health information seeking is a health promoting behavior that empowers individuals; besides evidence suggests a link to preventive health behavior. The purpose of this paper was to investigate Jordanian women behavior, specifically seeking of cancer -related information, sources preferences, and looking at the determinant of seeking cancer related information. Materials and Methods: a cross sectional survey on a national representative sample of 1549 women. Face to face interviews were conducted in interviewees' household using a structured comprehensive questionnaire. Results: only 339 women (21.9%) had looked for cancer -related information; Internet was the most retrieved source (n=160; 32%). With regard to preferred sources for cancer related information health care providers were ranked first (93.5%), followed by TV (91.0%). Younger educated women who weren't with routine health care were more likely to actively seek cancer related information. Discussion: Internet is a potential channel for communicating cancer-related information; culturally appropriate Internet resources are mandated. Health care providers are powerful motivators in enhancing cancer related information seeking across the population, ultimately enhancing women engagement in preventive health behaviors such as cancer screening. ( Areej Othman RN, Laila M. Akhu-Zaheya, Mamoun Ahram, Madi T Jagbir. Women's Preferences for Cancer Related Information: Evidence from a National Survey. J Am Sci 2014;10(9):98-104). (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience. org . 13
Zonal surface wind jets across the Red Sea due to mountain gap forcing along both sides of the Red Sea

Mesoscale atmospheric modeling over the Red Sea, validated by in‐situ meteorological buoy data, identifies two types of coastal mountain gap wind jets that frequently blow across the longitudinal axis of the Red Sea: (1) an eastward‐blowing summer daily wind jet originating from the Tokar Gap on the Sudanese Red Sea coast, and (2) wintertime westward‐blowing wind‐jet bands along the northwestern Saudi Arabian coast, which occur every 10–20 days and can last for several days when occurring. Both wind jets can attain wind speeds over 15 m s−1 and contribute significantly to monthly mean surface wind stress, especially in the cross‐axis components, which could be of importance to ocean eddy formation in the Red Sea. The wintertime wind jets can cause significant evaporation and ocean heat loss along the northeastern Red Sea coast and may potentially drive deep convection in that region. An initial characterization of these wind jets is presented.
Assortative mating and the genic view of speciation

1,3 4 We welcome Wu’s (2001) review of speciation from a genic perspective, and in particular its focus on the adaptive processes underlying the generation of new species, rather than the nature of the species themselves. However, we wish to stress that even from this perspective, the evolution of assortative mating should continue to be seen as a process of special importance in speciation. Although adaptive divergence in mating behaviour or habitat preference is implicitly incorporated into a genic perspective, we believe that assortative mating should have particular emphasis because it can cause dramatic changes in the fitness landscape, as the behaviour of different genotypes rapidly generates many epistatic interactions that did not exist under conditions of random mating. Such selection on multilocus genotypes could rapidly create the holes in the fitness landscape envisaged by recent models of speciation (Gavrilets, 1999). These increased levels of epistasis will further increase the size of the genomic regions where linkage disequilibria can be maintained by selection, and where new epistatic alleles can spread to fixation, eventually contributing to post as well as further premating isolation. However, in contrast to the generation of such post-mating incompatibilities, behavioural or signalling traits may evolve rapidly under direct selection, in particular during adaptation to divergent habitats, under sexual selection, or under direct selection for increased assortment (reproductive character displacement or reinforcement). A key divergence in our viewpoint is illustrated by Wu’s comments on transformed Drosophila lines
The North Cycladic Detachment System and associated mineralization, Mykonos, Greece: Insights on the evolution of the Aegean domain

In the Aegean back‐arc domain, some 30–35 Ma ago, an increase of the rate of slab retreat led to the initiation of post‐orogenic extension, largely accommodated by large‐scale structures such as the North Cycladic Detachment System (NCDS). Although this extension is still active nowadays, an E–W compressional regime developed in the Late Miocene with the propagation of the North Anatolian Fault. On Mykonos island (Cyclades), the NE–SW back‐arc extension is particularly well expressed with the Livada and Mykonos detachments that belong to the NCDS and that are associated with NW–SE barite veins emplaced during the synkinematic cooling of the Mykonos intrusion. This study shows that the formation of the mineralization occurred when the pluton crossed the ductile‐to‐brittle transition during its exhumation below the NCDS at ~11–10 Ma. In addition, the kinematics of mineralized structures evolved with time: (1) most of the displacement was accommodated by the top‐to‐the‐NE Livada and Mykonos detachments accompanied by the formation of mineralized normal faults that were (2) reworked in a strike‐slip regime with an E–W direction of shortening and a persistent NE–SW stretching and (3) a late post‐mineralization E–W compressional stage with a minor reworking of shallow‐dipping faults (locally including the detachments themselves). We interpret this increase of the E–W shortening component recorded during the mineral deposition as a consequence of the initiation of the westward motion of Anatolia from 10 Ma, thus 4 Ma before the propagation of the North Anatolian Fault in the Dardanelles Strait and the localization of the strain on the Aegean Sea margins.