Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epilepsy in fragile X syndrome

Epilepsy is reported to occur in 10 to 20% of individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS). A frequent seizure/EEG pattern in FXS appears to resemble that of benign focal epilepsy of childhood (BFEC, benign rolandic epilepsy). To evaluate seizure frequency and type in a Chicago FXS cohort, data regarding potential seizure history were reviewed for 136 individuals with FXS (age range 2 to 51 years: 113 males and 23 females). Seizures occurred in 15 males (13.3%) and one female (4.3%): of these, 12 had partial seizures. EEG findings were available for 35 individuals (13 of 16 with seizures and 22 of 120 without seizures) and showed an epileptiform abnormality in 10 (77%) individuals with seizures and five (23%) individuals without seizures ‐ the most common epileptiform pattern being centrotemporal spikes. Seizures were easily controlled in 14 of the 16 individuals with seizures. Many individuals, including all with centrotemporal spikes, had remission of seizures in childhood. The most common seizure syndrome resembled BFEC and this pattern had the best prognosis for epilepsy remission. Deficiency of FMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein) appears to lead to increased neuronal excitability and susceptibility to epilepsy, but particularly seems to facilitate mechanisms leading to the BFEC pattern.
Implant‐Supported Immediately Loaded Fixed Full‐Arch Dentures: Evaluation of Implant Survival Rates in a Case Cohort of up to 7 Years

BACKGROUND The treatment of severely atrophied and edentulous jaws by means of fixed implant supported solutions is a challenging procedure. PURPOSE The immediate loading of four to six axial and tilted implants offers the possibility to overcome elaborate hard tissue augmentation procedures but lacks implant and patient related data on implant survival rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective 7-years clinical trial investigated the implant survival rates of 2,081 implants (380 patients, 482 jaws) using an immediate loading protocol with either 4, 5, or 6 implants per restoration. Survival rates were calculated concerning implantation related factors (jaws/number of supporting implants/angulations/diameters/lengths) and patient related factors (medical status/smoking). RESULTS Overall survival of 2,081 implants was 97.0% on implant level. Survival rates of implantation related factors did not yield significant differences. Significant differences were yield between healthy patients and patients with osteoporosis (p = .002) and the medical status group "other" (p = .032), respectively. Smokers yielded a significantly higher survival than nonsmokers (p = .002). CONCLUSIONS It is assumed that four implants per jaw serve as a sufficient implant number for full arch restorations in both, the mandible and the maxilla. Osteoporosis under the medication with bisphosphonates seems to be a risk factor for implant survival. The authors suggest that the effect of smoking on ISRs remains controversial within this treatment concept.
Genetic aspects of intelligence.

What do we really mean when we say we want to understand the genetics of IQ (or nose length)? There are three levels at which we might be operating. Most basically, we might want to know how the primary products of all the structural genes and their controlling elements enter into the synthetic and metabolic processes that underlie central nervous activity and the way in which that activity is modulated by external inputs. It is in this sense that we understand the genetics of protein coat formation in A phage. But no serious person would suggest that genetic analysis of intelligence in man is anywhere near such a level of understanding. We may even doubt that when the tools and concepts for such an analysis become available, anyone will bother using them for an analysis of intelligence. Second, and much closer to what is possible in higher organisms, we may be content to carry out a phenogenetic analysis at a gross phenomenological level. That is, we may simply wish to get our hands on as many different genotypes as possible, allow these genotypes to develop in a wide range of environments, varying in as many different environmental dimensions as seem relevant for the species, and plot the norms of reaction for the various genotypes. Indeed, this study of norms of reaction is the proper object of research-if we are interested in knowing how various historical changes in human social organi­ zation and educational practice will affect human behavior. This is the only correct sense in which we can study the "nature-nuture" problem, the problem of the interacting genetic and environmental causes of phenotype (31). It is in this sense that we analyze the genetics of larval viability in Drosophila (8). But even this level of investigation is denied us for human traits, most especially behavioral traits, because we simply cannot replicate human genotypes over and over and follow their development in different environments. Indeed, we do not even know what we mean by environment in this case since it presumably includes the overwhelming complexity of social milieu and is itself an autocor­ related developmental process.
Anti-Muscarinic Adjunct Therapy Accelerates Functional Human Oligodendrocyte Repair

Therapeutic repair of myelin disorders may be limited by the relatively slow rate of human oligodendrocyte differentiation. To identify appropriate pharmacological targets with which to accelerate differentiation of human oligodendrocyte progenitors (hOPCs) directly, we used CD140a/O4-based FACS of human forebrain and microarray to hOPC-specific receptors. Among these, we identified CHRM3, a M3R muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, as being restricted to oligodendrocyte-biased CD140a+O4+ cells. Muscarinic agonist treatment of hOPCs resulted in a specific and dose-dependent blockade of oligodendrocyte commitment. Conversely, when hOPCs were cocultured with human neurons, M3R antagonist treatment stimulated oligodendrocytic differentiation. Systemic treatment with solifenacin, an FDA-approved muscarinic receptor antagonist, increased oligodendrocyte differentiation of transplanted hOPCs in hypomyelinated shiverer/rag2 brain. Importantly, solifenacin treatment of engrafted animals reduced auditory brainstem response interpeak latency, indicative of increased conduction velocity and thereby enhanced functional repair. Therefore, solifenacin and other selective muscarinic antagonists represent new adjunct approaches to accelerate repair by engrafted human progenitors.
Prevalence and signal characteristics of late gadolinium enhancement on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND To determine the prevalence and signal intensity (SI) characteristics of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC). METHODS AND RESULTS Cine, black-blood T2-weighted and LGE MR images were acquired in 23 patients with TC within 72 h of onset. Wall motion abnormality (WMA), edema and LGE were evaluated with a 16-segment model. The SI characteristics of LGE were analyzed using SI distribution in remote normal segments as reference. Follow-up MRI was performed 3 months later. Retrospective analysis of LGE MRI was also performed in 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to compare the SI characteristics between TC and AMI. In acute phase, WMA and edema were observed in 236 (64%) and 205 (56%) of 368 segments. LGE was observed in 10 (2.7%) of 368 segments and in 5 (22%) of 23 patients. All LGE lesions in TC exhibited transmural enhancement. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in TC was significantly lower than that of AMI (3.1±0.3 standard deviations (SD) vs. 6.1±1.2 SD, P<0.01), and CNR value of 4 was useful for distinguishing TC from AMI. Both LGE and WMA disappeared within 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Grey myocardial signal on LGE MRI may be observed in patients with TC. However, the extent of LGE is substantially less than that of WMA and edema, and disappears within 12 months.
Ubiquitous Technology-enhanced Learning of Complex Financial Concepts - Pedagogy Improvement in Face-to-face and Online Teaching Environments

Technology-based finance education is designed to fully engage students during lectures and individual study times in order to increase their learning efficiency. Students are immersed in a new teaching environment where the emphasis is on achieving high knowledge retention rate by synchronously presenting the material through non-sequential links of learning objects such as graphics, multimedia files, and links to external documents. While studying, students have possibilities to refer to earlier material when learning more complex ideas in the later part of a lecture, as well as to relate to the material that may be following the topics being introduced. The integrative technology-enhanced approach to learning provides students with a possibility to maintain the overall view of the material, while absorbing detailed explanations of the individual study components. We have conducted a preliminary pilot program testing this approach, and found, based on student feedback, that the integrative technology-enhanced approach to teaching improves student overall learning experience in face-to-face as well as in online courses. Moreover, course material organization and instructor presentation of the material contribute significantly to the overall student satisfaction while technology per se is not a statistically significant factor for overall course experience.
The Binding Constraint on Firms'Growth in Developing Countries

Firms in developing countries face numerous and serious constraints on their growth, ranging from corruption to lack of infrastructure to inability to access finance. Countries lack the resources to remove all the constraints at once and so would be better off removing the most binding one first. This paper uses data from World Bank Enterprise Surveys in 2006-10 to identify the most binding constraints on firm operations in developing countries. While each country faces a different set of constraints, these constraints also vary by firm characteristics, especially firm size. Across all countries, access to finance is among the most binding constraints; other obstacles appear to matter much less. This result is robust for all regions. Smaller firms must rely more on their own funds to invest and would grow significantly faster if they had greater access to external funds. As a result, a low level of financial development skews the firm size distribution by increasing the relative share of small firms. The results suggest that financing constraints play a significant part in explaining the"missing middle"-- the failure of small firms in developing countries to grow into medium-size or large firms.
Interaction predictability of opportunistic networks in academic environments

The ubiquitousness of mobile devices in recent years has led to an ever‐growing interest in mobile networks. One such example is represented by opportunistic networks, which are composed of mobile devices that interact in a store‐carry‐and‐forward fashion. A mobile node stores data and carries it around; when it encounters another node, it may decide to forward the data if the encountered node is the destination or has a better chance of bringing the data closer to the destination. If the encountered node is likely to have a contact with the destination sooner than the data carrier, the data should be forwarded, in order for it to reach its destination with a lower delivery latency. Because nodes in opportunistic networks are carried by humans, their mobility plays a very important role in the behaviour of the network. Therefore, predicting a node's interactions and mobility patterns is paramount to the implementation of efficient routing algorithms. Thus, in this paper we present a mobile interaction trace collected at the University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest in the spring of 2012 and analyse it in terms of the predictability of encounters and contact durations. We show that there is a regular pattern in the contact history of a node and we prove that by modelling the time series as a Poisson distribution (with the number of contacts being the Poisson events in a fixed one‐hour interval), we can efficiently predict the number of contacts per time unit in the future. These assumptions are demonstrated both on the trace presented here, as well as on a trace recorded in a different environment, showing that predictability doesn't happen only in strict and controlled situations. Moreover, we analyse the predictability of an opportunistic node's sightings of wireless access points, which can help us discover a user's patterns and behaviour. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arbitration and Salary Gaps in Major League Baseball

1990 salary equations for major league baseball players are estimated to assess the relative impacts of performance, service, and market structure on earnings. The current labor market structure guarantees salary arbitration for players with three to six years of major league service. Arbitrated salaries approximate free agent salaries. The salary gaps between players eligible versus those ineligible for salary arbitration are analyzed for all players and for four subgroups of above average players. The portions of the gap explained by market structure are 25.1 percent ($174,079) and 40.5 percent ($242,965) for all hitters and all pitchers, respectively. These results measure monopsonistic exploitation because arbitration-ineligible players are restricted to playing for a single team and have no recourse for salary disputes. Finally, there is much less variation in the salaries of arbitration-ineligible players, suggesting an administered salary structure for ineligible players based primarily upon years of service.
The Death of the Legitimate Merchant? Small to Medium-Size Enterprises and Shady Decisions in Greece During the Financial Crisis

In mainstream criminology, representations of illegal markets tend to rest on two specific assumptions: firstly, that illegal markets are monopolised by – very often foreign – ‘organised crime’ groups with the objective of expanding illegal markets to an international scope; and, secondly, that ‘organised crime’ groups engage in campaigns to corrupt fiscal structures (see Potter, 1994). As van Duyne (2010) notes, in most of the ‘organised crime’ literature the threat of enormous criminal finances being invested in the legal sector, affecting the integrity of the fiscal system and undermining fair competition in the business sector, has a prominent position. The bulk of these ‘criminal finances’ are allegedly invested in terrorist and ‘serious’ organised criminal activities (see Lowe, 2006). Although these tenets have been criticised by a number of theorists and researchers (see for example Smith, 1975; Hobbs, 1988; Naylor, 2004), they continue to exert a powerful influence in official and media discourses. This influence has been further intensified in the context of the current ‘financial crisis’. In Greece, for example, a report on organised crime trends and policy countermeasures in 2011, which echoes official and media perspectives from the beginning of this financial crises (see, Kolonas, 2008), suggested that “[i]llegal trades undercut the turnover of legal merchants and shop-owners . thus contributing to the continuation of adverse economic conditions for the legitimate economy” (Michaletos, 2011). Recently it has been suggested – with increasing frequency and fervour among primarily political, media, and business circles – that if Greece (and by extension the rest of the world) is to get out of the vortex of the financial crisis, the role of ‘entrepreneurial ethics’ should be paramount because it ‘provides solutions’ to the financial crisis (Gortzis, 2013; NET, 2013). However, this orthodox analysis is too simplistic. What we try to do in this chapter is highlight the complexity of the situation by introducing another type of criminal entrepreneur to the discussion: the ‘reluctant criminal undertaker’. By this we
Caregiver mental health and potentially harmful caregiving behavior: the central role of caregiver anger.

PURPOSE Caregivers feeling stress and experiencing mental health problems can be at risk for engaging in abusive acts against elderly care recipients. Potentially harmful behavior (PHB) was used as a measure of caregivers' engagement in, or fear of engagement in, behavior that places dependent care recipients at risk of physical and/or psychological maltreatment and may be seen as an antecedent of, or a proxy for, identifiably abusive behavior. The study examined the ability of anger to mediate and moderate the relations of depression, resentment, and anxiety with PBH. DESIGN AND METHODS Data are from the first wave of the second Family Relationships in Late Life study of caregivers of community-dwelling elderly care recipients with whom they coreside. Caregivers (N = 417) completed face-to-face interviews. RESULTS Anger was found to mediate the relation between anxiety and PHB. Anger both mediates and moderates the relations of both depression and resentment with PHB in a dynamic way such that the mediating effect of anger increases substantially with increased scores on both depression and resentment. IMPLICATIONS Identifying anger levels among caregivers who report symptoms of depression is warranted. Reducing depression in caregivers who report high levels of anger may result in reductions of PHB. Screening for resentment is warranted, as the relation between resentment and anger is similar to that between depression and anger.
The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 is an activator of BACE1 expression

The β‐site amyloid precursor protein‐cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a prerequisite for the generation of β‐amyloid peptides, the principle constituents of senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). BACE1 expression and enzymatic activity are increased in the AD brain, but the regulatory mechanisms of BACE1 expression are largely unknown. Here we show that Yin Yang 1 (YY1), a highly conserved and multifunctional transcription factor, binds to its putative recognition sequence within the BACE1 promoter and stimulates BACE1 promoter activity in rat pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells, rat primary neurones and astrocytes. In rat brain YY1 and BACE1 are widely expressed by neurons, but there was only a minor proportion of neurones that co‐expressed YY1 and BACE1, suggesting that YY1 is not required for constitutive neuronal BACE1 expression. Resting astrocytes in the untreated rat brain did not display either YY1 or BACE1 immunoreactivity. When chronically activated, however, astrocytes expressed both YY1 and BACE1 proteins, indicating that YY1 is important for the stimulated BACE1 expression by reactive astrocytes. This is further emphasized by the expression of YY1 and BACE1 by reactive astrocytes in proximity to β‐amyloid plaques in the AD brain. Our observations suggest that interfering with expression, translocation or binding of YY1 to its BACE1 promoter‐specific sequence may have therapeutic potential for treating patients with AD.
Propiedad y blindaje de las empresas cotizadas españolas. 1996-2002 (Ownership and Defence Tactics in Spanish Listed Firms. 1996–2002)

CONTENTS: Este trabajo analiza las estructuras de propiedad y el nivel defensivo de las empresas cotizadas espanolas con el objeto de determinar la participacion y la identidad de los principales accionistas y el grado de blindaje de las empresas. La principal conclusion de este estudio es la presencia destacada de grupos familiares en el control de las empresas espanolas, que a finales de 2002 controlaban el 52,7 por ciento de las empresas no financieras cotizadas. En cuanto al nivel de blindaje, los resultados del trabajo reflejan una tendencia creciente a la utilizacion de medidas defensivas.
Adoption of improved chickpea varieties: evidences from tribal region of Gujarat.

The paper examines the factors influencing the adoption of recently developed improved chickpea varieties in a few remote and backward tribal villages in Gujarat. The data for the study are collected from 96 chickpea growers selected from four villages in Limkhera block of Panchmahals district in Gujarat pertaining to the agricultural year 1995-96. The data were collected from the selected farmers on farmers' characteristics; size of land holding, soil types, cropping pattern, irrigation facilities, adoption of improved chickpea varieties, input use and output attained. Tobit model was employed for the analysis. The study reveals that the adoption of newly introduced chickpea varieties are gradually increasing in their areas by replacing the prominent local variety. The duration of crop, farm size, yield risk, and experience of growing chickpea crop are the main factors which influenced the adoption of improved varieties. There was substantial increase in yield levels, income and labour productivity of these varieties in comparison to the local variety. Based on the analysis it is concluded that the improved varieties with stable yield will act as a crop insurance to the farmers who are poor and deprived of insurance coverage
Stress and the Reproductive Axis

There exists a reciprocal relationship between the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) and the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axes, wherein the activation of one affects the function of the other and vice versa. For example, both testosterone and oestrogen modulate the response of the HPA axis, whereas activation of the stress axis, especially activation that is repeating or chronic, has an inhibitory effect upon oestrogen and testosterone secretion. Alterations in maternal care can produce significant effects on both HPG and HPA physiology, as well as behaviour in the offspring at adulthood. For example, changes in reproductive behaviour induced by altered maternal care may alter the expression of sex hormone receptors such as oestrogen receptor (ER)α that govern sexual behaviour, and may be particularly important in determining the sexual strategies utilised by females. Stress in adulthood continues to mediate HPG activity in females through activation of a sympathetic neural pathway originating in the hypothalamus and releasing norepinephrine into the ovary, which produces a noncyclic anovulatory ovary that develops cysts. In the opposite direction, sex differences and sex steroid hormones regulate the HPA axis. For example, although serotonin (5‐HT) has a stimulatory effect on the HPA axis in humans and rodents that is mediated by the 5‐HT1A receptor, only male rodents respond to 5‐HT1A antagonism to show increased corticosterone responses to stress. Furthermore, oestrogen appears to decrease 5‐HT1A receptor function at presynaptic sites, yet increases 5‐HT1A receptor expression at postsynaptic sites. These mechanisms could explain the heightened stress HPA axis responses in females compared to males. Studies on female rhesus macaques show that chronic stress in socially subordinate female monkeys produces a distinct behavioural phenotype that is largely unaffected by oestrogen, a hyporesponsive HPA axis that is hypersensitive to the modulating effects of oestrogen, and changes in 5‐HT1A receptor binding in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of social subordinate female monkeys that are restored or inverted by oestrogen replacement. This review summarises all of these studies, emphasising the profound effect that the interaction of the reproductive and stress axes may have on human reproductive health and emotional wellbeing.