Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shifting dynamics of climate-functional groups in old-growth Amazonian forests

Background: Climate change is driving ecosystem shifts, which has implications for tropical forest system function and productivity. Aim: To investigate Amazon forest dynamics and test for compositional changes between 1985 and 2005 across different plant groups. Methods: Tree census data from 46 long-term RAINFOR forest plots in Amazonia for three climate-functional groups were used: dry-affiliate, climate-generalist and wet affiliate. Membership of each group was ascribed at genus level from the distribution of individuals across a wet–dry gradient in Amazonia, and then used to determine whether the proportions of these functional groups have changed over time, and the direction of any change. Results: In total, 91 genera, representing 59% of the stems and 18% of genera in the plots, were analysed. Wet-affiliates tended to move from a state of net basal area gain towards dynamic equilibrium, defined as where gain ≈ loss, governed by an increase in loss rather than a decrease in growth and mainly driven by plots in north-west Amazonia, the wettest part of the region. Dry-affiliates remained in a state of strong net basal area gain across western Amazonia and showed a strong increase in stem recruitment. Wet-affiliates and climate-generalists showed increases in stem mortality, and climate-generalists showed increased stem recruitment, resulting in overall equilibrium of stem numbers. Conclusions: While there were no significant shifts in most genera, the results suggest an overall shift in climate-functional forest composition in western Amazonia away from wet-affiliates, and potential for increased forest persistence under projected drier conditions in the future.
Comparison of PM brushless motors, having either all teeth or alternate teeth wound

The electromagnetic performance of three-phase permanent magnet brushless motors in which the slot and pole numbers are similar and either all the teeth or only alternate teeth carry a concentrated coil is compared. Analytical and finite element techniques are employed to predict the air-gap flux density distribution, the cogging torque, electromotive force (EMF) and static torque waveforms, and the winding inductances, predicted results being validated by measurements. It is shown that there is a significant difference in both the phase and line EMF waveforms, the static torque-rotor position waveforms, and the self and mutual inductances.
Biphasic modulation of NMDA‐induced responses in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex by Y‐931, a potential atypical antipsychotic drug

Similar to the effects produced by the atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) clozapine and olanzapine, Y‐931 {8‐fluoro‐12‐(4‐methylpiperazin‐1‐yl)‐6H‐[1]benzothieno[2,3‐b][1,5]benzodiazepine maleate, a purported atypical APD} effectively facilitated N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced, but not (±)‐α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA)‐evoked, responses in pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Similar to olanzapine and clozapine, the concentration–response curve of Y‐931 in these experiments was biphasic. At present, the mechanisms behind the biphasic modulatory actions of Y‐931 and olanzapine on NMDA‐induced currents in the mPFC are not clear. In addition to augmenting NMDA responses, Y‐931 prevented the phencyclidine (PCP)‐induced block of the NMDA responses and increased the amplitudes and durations of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked by electrical stimulation of the forceps minor. Overall, our findings suggest that APDs, particularly the atypical ones, share a common property in that they facilitate NMDA receptor‐mediated transmission in the mPFC and perhaps other functionally related limbic structures as well, which could be the cellular basis for their ability to alleviate some schizophrenic negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions. Synapse 41:294–300, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extreme Running Competition Decreases Blood Antioxidant Defense Capacity

Objective: We tested whether an extreme running competition (“Marathon of Sands”) might alter the blood’s enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant status in 6 well-trained athletes. Methods: The Marathon of Sands is a competition consisting of six long duration races in the desert in which the athletes carry their own food. Blood samples were collected from an antecubital vein while the athletes were at rest before the competition and then again 72 hours after. Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), erythrocyte glutathione level, plasma non-enzymatic status (vitamin C, alpha-tocopherol, retinol, β-carotene and carotenoids) and plasma lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS) were measured. Results: The Marathon of Sands induced a significant alteration of the blood antioxidant defense capacity. Indeed, 72 hours after the race, significant decreases were recorded in erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and in plasma concentrations of retinol, β-carotene and other carotenoids. These changes were associated with a concomitant increase in erythrocyte glutathione and in plasma TBARS levels. Conclusion: This study indicated that such extreme competition induced an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant protection.
Assessment of Adult ADHD With College Students

Objective: When assessing adult ADHD, self-report measures are commonly used to guide clinical diagnosis. Self-report measures may be broadband covering a range of behaviors or narrowband and specific to symptoms associated with ADHD. Method: This study examined the results of broadband and narrowband measures for college students referred for evaluation of ADHD at a university clinic. Results: With consideration of diagnosis, which included additional information, the group of students who received a diagnosis of ADHD differed significantly from those who did not receive an ADHD diagnosis only on the symptom sets associated with ADHD for both the broadband and narrowband. At the same time, for the total sample, significant correlations emerged for ADHD symptoms with social stress, anxiety, and sense of inadequacy. Conclusion: This suggests the need for consideration of alternative or co-occurring factors influencing symptom presentation and functional impairment.
Imprinted chromosomal regions of the human genome have unusually high recombination rates.

WHILE considerable attention has been given to the problem of the evolution of recombination rates (for review see [Otto and Lenormand 2002][1]), a related problem is relatively little studied: Why is it that in many species the recombination rates in males and females are different (for review see
Fulminant B hepatitis in a surface antigen and hepatitis B DNA-negative patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab

The reactivation of hepatitis B in patients who are hepatitis B carriers is a well-known and often fatal complication of chemotherapy [1]. The current recommendations are that patients who are positive for hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen should receive antiviral prophylaxis prior to chemotherapy [2,3] or should be carefully monitored when they receive cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy [4]. For HBs antigen-negative patients with evidence of previous hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, however, the data are still insufficient to provide information on the incidence of HBV reactivation [5]. We experienced an individual with resolved HBV infection (i.e. HBs antigen-negative, anti-hepatitis B core (HBc) antibody-positive), in whom fatal reactivation of hepatitis B developed following chemotherapy that included rituximab for lymphoma. A 54-year-old man was diagnosed as stage IV diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in July 2005. Prior to chemotherapy, he was negative for HBs antigen. He had neither a past history nor a family history of liver diseases. He received CHOP (cyclophosphamideþdoxorubicineþ vincristineþdexamethasone) plus rituximab (R-CHOP). We occasionally added etoposide, ifosfamide, and methotrexate to that regimen. Seven courses of combination chemotherapy were completed in November 2005, and complete remission was accomplished. During the treatment for lymphoma, liver dysfunction was not demonstrated. In October 2005, during the chemotherapy period, the titers of HBs antigen (CLIA), anti-HBc antibody (CLIA), and HBV DNA (PCR) were 50.05 IU/ml, 10.8 S/CO, and 52.6 log10 copies/ml, respectively. In December 2005, when the chemotherapy was completed, HBs antigen was still 50.05 IU/ml, the titer of anti-HBc antibody was 10.5 S/CO, and the HBV DNA level was increased to 3.3 log10 copies/ml. The genotype of HBV was type C. In February 2006, he developed malaise and loss of appetite. He was admitted to our hospital in March 2006, when serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bilirubin were elevated to 622 IU/l, 531 IU/l, and 2.1 mg/dl, respectively. The titers of HBs antigen, anti-HBc antibody, and HBV DNA were 250 IU/ml, 8.2 S/CO, and [mt]7.7 log10 copies/ml, respectively. Anti-HBs antibody and IgM antibody to HBc antigen yielded negative results. Exacerbation of HBV infection was diagnosed and we initiated lamivudine at a daily dose of 100 mg to prevent HBV proliferation on the 1st day of admission. On the 8th day of admission, plasma exchange was introduced since fulminant hepatic failure developed
Comparative study of efficacy of excimer light therapy vs intralesional triamcinolone vs topical 5% minoxidil: an observational study

Introduction: Alopecia Areota is a chronic inflammatory disease that involves hair follicles, and sometimes nails, caused by T-cell mediated autoimmune mechanism. Current treatment modalities includes corticosteroids (oral, topical or intralesional), Minoxidil, Contact sensitizers like DNCB, DPCP and SADBE, Immunosuppressants like Methotrexate or Azathioprine, DMARDs like Sulfasalazine, and Phototherapy. Materials and methods: After taking consent, 40 patients treated with excimer light, 46 patients treated with triamcinolone injection intralesionally and 14 patients treated with topical minoxidil 5% were compared by their photographs taken prior to treatments, at 2 months and 6 months follow up. Results: Among the excimer group, 21/32 (61.76%) with single patch and 1/6 (16.67%) with multiple patches achieved >50% hair regrowth. Among Triamcinolone group, 23/30 (76.67%) with single patch and 10/16 (62.5%) with multiple patches achieved >50% hair regrowth. Among the Minoxidil group, 4/12 (33.33%) with single patch and none . i.e 0/2 with multiple patches achieved >50% regrowth. Conclusion: After comparing the efficacy of Excimer light therapy, intralesional triamcinolone and 5% Minoxidil, it was concluded that intralesional triamcinolone seems to be the most efficacious. Multiple patches were more resistant than single patch. Scalp response much better than beard.
Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

The systematics of the freshwater crustacean genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Anomopoda: Bosminidae) is notoriously confused. Part of the problem stems from a lack of characters in this cyclic parthenogen. We aimed to remedy this problem by scoring male morphological characters (previously described in just a few species), and by estimating molecular phylogenies. More specifically, the goals of this investigation are: (1) a detailed description of the adult males of Bosmina species; (2) a study of the changes of male characters during the postembryonic development in different subgenera; (3) an analysis of the taxonomical value of male characters; and (4) the estimation of a phylogenetic tree based on male characters and genetic characters from mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear rDNA-internal transcribed spacers (ITS) gene sequences. We redescribed males of ten species: Bosmina (Bosmina) longirostris (O. F. Müller, 1785); Bosmina (Bosmina) liederi De Melo & Hebert, 1994; Bosmina (Sinobosmina) fatalis Burckhardt, 1924; Bosmina (Sinobosmina) cf. fatalis cyanopotamia Burckhardt, 1924; Bosmina (Liederobosmina) meridionalis Sars, 1904; Bosmina (Liederobosmina) cf. hagmanni Stingelin, 1904; Bosmina (Lunobosmina) oriens (De Melo & Hebert, 1994); palaearctic Bosmina (Eubosmina) cf. coregoni Baird, 1857 (including the morphs ‘coregoni s.s.’, ‘coregoni kessleri’, ‘longispina’, and ‘crassicornis’); Beringian ‘Bosmina (Eubosmina) cf. longispina Leydig, 1860’; and Bosmina (Eubosmina) tanakai sp. nov. In addition, we fully redescribe B. (Lunobosmina) oriens and describe B. (E.) tanakai sp. nov. (an endemic Japanese lineage of the subgenus Eubosmina). A cladistic analysis of 24 morphological characters of males led to a single most parsimonious tree that agreed with phylogenies based on 16S mtDNA and nuclear genes. Both the male morphological and the genetic analyses indicated that the Japanese lineage containing B. (E.) tanakai sp. nov. is divergent and unique. Thus, these approaches resolved relationships that were unresolved with female morphology. Divergent life history evolution appears to have rendered male morphology more informative than female morphology for systematic biology. We provide a key for Bosmina species with adequately described males. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 156, 1–51.
Gate-Recessed InAlN/GaN HEMTs on SiC Substrate With $ \hbox{Al}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$ Passivation

We studied submicrometer (L<sub>G</sub> = 0.15-0.25 ¿m) gate-recessed InAlN/AlN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on SiC substrates with 25-nm Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> passivation. The combination of a low-damage gate-recess technology and the low sheet resistance of the InAlN/AlN/GaN structure resulted in HEMTs with a maximum dc output current density of I<sub>DS,max</sub> = 1.5 A/mm and a record peak extrinsic transconductance of g<sub>m,ext</sub> = 675 mS/mm. The thin Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> passivation improved the sheet resistance and the transconductance of these devices by 15% and 25%, respectively, at the same time that it effectively suppressed current collapse.
Prevention of flight-related neck pain in military aircrew

Military pilots and rear aircrew members are occupations with several occupational exposures that might cause neck pain. In addition to the negative impact of neck pain on health, safety is one of the main concerns for the military aviation, because neck pain may interfere with flying performance. It might be obvious that flight-related neck pain should be prevented whenever possible. The main objective of this thesis was to study neck pain in military aircrew especially of the Royal Netherlands Air Force and, in doing so, to generate knowledge about the extent of the problem, to identify associated factors concerning the aircrew’s capacity and work situation, and to learn about aircrew’s experiences to find and test feasible preventive measures. A renewed protocol to optimise aircrew’s helmet fit was tested and evaluated on the experienced neck load and neck pain during night flights. Recommendations for research, practice and industry are given.
Fiscal Austerity, Growth Prospects, and Sovereign CDS Spreads: The Eurozone and Beyond

This paper applies both conventional panel data models and a dynamic simultaneous equations model to analyze the impact of fiscal austerity and growth prospects along with other macro fundamentals on the pricing of sovereign credit default swaps (CDS) for a panel of 36 countries including the Eurozone. We find that austerity practice generally leads to an expectation of improved fiscal situations, which tends to help the CDS market grow more confidence in indebted sovereigns? ability to service their debt. The public debt to GDP ratio and projected future output growth also play an important role in determining the prices of sovereign debt insurance. Our analyses further show that the behavior of CDS spreads is considerably affected by common time trends over the sample period.
Analysis of the effects of frontal lesions in monkey. II. Variations of delayed response.

11 , Results from the earlier studies in this series (4, 5) demonstrated that animals with anterolateral frontal lesions may achieve re­ markably high levels of performance on certain variations of delayed alternation and delayed response. In one particularly effective varia­ tion of delayed response, a single, centered cup was used: the animals were trained to approach the cup to obtain food if Object A had been presented as the predelay cue, and to avoid the cup (i.e., the cup was empty) if Object B had been presented. On this task the learning scores of frontal operates equaled those of controls. Subsequent analysis, using other variations, suggested that the substitu­ tion of "object" cues for the "place" cues employed in traditional delayed response had contributed more to the successful performance of the frontal operates than had substitution of an "approach-avoid" response choice for the traditional "approach left-approach right" response choice. The results led to the con­ clusion that frontal operates' impairment on classical delayed-response-type problems is a function, not only of the delay, but also of some variabl~ related to the predelay cue. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the important modification in those tasks solved by the frontal animals could have been the change from spatial (place) to nonspatial (object) stimuli. The procedure used was to compare frontal operates and their controls on a nonspatial, object alternation. Successful performance by the frontal operates would support the conception that the spatial aspect of traditional predelay cues is critical for "frontal-lobe deficit. " Conversely, failure by the frontal operates to alternate between objects would suggest that impairment on delayed-response­ type problems results when qualitatively I We wish to thank Margaret Varley, Lawrence Weiskrantz, and William Wilson for their help in pre­ paring this manuscript, and Lila Rupp and Ann Kowalski for their technical assistance. different pairs of predelay stimuli are used. The frontal operates' successful delayed-response performance in the earlier experiments would then have to be accounted for in terms other than the change from spatial to nonspatial cues. EXPERIMENT I
Etest and Sensititre YeastOne Susceptibility Testing of Echinocandins against Candida Species from a Single Center in Austria

ABSTRACT Candida species were tested for susceptibility to caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin in order to evaluate the roles of Etest and Sensititre YeastOne in antifungal susceptibility testing for daily routines and to survey resistance. A total of 104 Candida species isolates detected from blood cultures were investigated. With EUCAST broth microdilution as the reference method, essential agreement (EA), categorical agreement (CA), very major errors (VME), major errors (ME), and minor (MIN) errors were assessed by reading MICs at 18, 24, and 48 h. By use of EUCAST broth microdilution and species-specific clinical breakpoints (CBPs), echinocandin resistance was not detected during the study period. Using EUCAST CBPs, MIC readings at 24 h for the Etest and Sensititre YeastOne resulted in CA levels of 99% and 93% for anidulafungin and 99% and 97% for micafungin. Using revised CLSI CBPs for caspofungin, CA levels were 92% and 99% for Etest and Sensititre YeastOne. The Etest proved an excellent, easy-to-handle alternative method for testing susceptibility to anidulafungin and micafungin. Due to misclassifications, the Etest is less suitable for testing susceptibility to caspofungin (8% of isolates falsely tested resistant). The CA levels of Sensititre YeastOne were 93% and 97% for anidulafungin and micafungin (24 h) by use of EUCAST CBPs and increased to 100% for both antifungals if CLSI CBPs were applied and to 100% and 99% if Sensititre YeastOne epidemiological cutoff values (ECOFFs) were applied. No one echinocandin could be demonstrated to be superior to another in vitro. Since resistance was lacking among our Candida isolates, we cannot derive any recommendation from accurate resistance detection by the Etest and Sensititre YeastOne.
V1-situated Stalk Subunits of the Yeast Vacuolar Proton-translocating ATPase*

The proton-translocating ATPase of the yeast vacuole is an enzyme complex consisting of a large peripheral membrane sector (V1) and an integral membrane sector (V0), each composed of multiple subunits. The V1 sector contains subunits that hydrolyze ATP, whereas the V0 sector contains subunits that translocate protons across the membrane. Additional subunits in both sectors couple these activities. Here we have continued our examination of intermediate subunits primarily associated with the V1 but also implicated in interactions with the V0. Interactions between Vma7p (F) and Vma8p (D) and between Vma4p (E) and Vma10p (G) are described. Although Vma7p and Vma10p have been observed to interact with the V0 sector, our results indicate that these subunits behave primarily as canonical V1 sector subunits. We categorize these four subunits as “stalk” subunits to distinguish them from the known catalytic (A and B) and proton-translocating (c, c′, and Vma16p) subunits and to highlight their intermediate nature. Furthermore, we show that the in vivo stability of Vma4p is dependent upon interaction with Vma10p. This may be important in the regulation of assembly, since these two subunits add to the V1 during later stages of V1 assembly. This is the first demonstration of interdependence between ATPase subunits for structural stability.
Bis[2-methoxy-6-(phenyliminiomethyl)phenolate-κ2 O,O′]bis(thiocyanato-κN)manganese(II)

The MnII atom in the title complex, [Mn(NCS)2(C14H13NO2)2], lies on a center of inversion in a MnO4N2 octahedral geometry. The Schiff base is present in its zwitterionic form and is O,O′-chelated to the metal atom. The imino N atom is protonated and is involved in an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the phenolate O atom.
The Influence of Starvation Upon Hepatic Drug Metabolism in Rats, Mice, and Guinea Pigs

Summary Male rats, mice, and guinea pigs were starved for 1, 2, or 3 days; and the metabolism of ethylmorphine, p-nitroanisole, and aniline was studied. The metabolism of aniline was stimulated by starvation in mice, rats, and guinea pigs; the metabolism of p-nitroanisole was stimulated only in mice and rats; and the metabolism of ethylmorphine was stimulated by starvation only in mice. The results suggest that the oxidative enzyme systems studied are not interdependent, and the pathways studied appear to be species dependent.
Regulation of immune responses by interleukin‐27

Summary: Cytokine‐mediated immunity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various diseases including autoimmunity. Recently, interleukin‐27 (IL‐27) was identified, which, along with IL‐12, IL‐23, and IL‐35, belongs to the IL‐12 cytokine family. These family members play roles in the regulation of T helper (Th) cell differentiation. IL‐27 is unique in that while it induces Th1 differentiation, the same cytokine suppresses immune responses. In the absence of IL‐27‐mediated immunosuppression, hyper‐production of various pro‐inflammatory cytokines concomitant with severe inflammation in affected organs was observed in IL‐27 receptor α chain (WSX‐1)‐deficient mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Experimental allergic or inflammatory responses were also enhanced in WSX‐1‐deficient mice. The immunosuppressive effects of IL‐27 depend on inhibition of the development of Th17 cells (a newly identified inflammatory T‐helper population) and induction of IL‐10 production. Moreover, administration of IL‐27 or augmentation of IL‐27 signaling suppresses some diseases of autoimmune or allergic origin, demonstrating its potential in therapy of diseases mediated by inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we discuss recent studies on the role of IL‐27 in immunity to parasitic and bacterial infections as well as in allergy and autoimmunity in view of its pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory properties.