Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting pain of injection.

This subject of pain from injections is one with which most adults have had intimate experience. On questioning a professional audience, I found that only one person in a hundred had never received a hypodermic injection of a medicine, vaccine, or test material. Furthermore, of those who had had an injection, only about 10% said they did not dread the next one. If persons were conditioned perfectly to the piqure, there would be no unpleasant associations with it. But it is a sad commentary on current techniques of injection that so many persons have painful memories. Fear of the needle is usually acquired in childhood.1The psychic trauma to millions of the population produced in this way undoubtedly creates obstacles to good doctor-patient relationships, essential diagnostic procedures, and even life-saving therapy. IMMEDIATE PAIN OF INJECTION Attention has generally been focused on how to control pain of injection by rendering
Engineering a diamond spin-qubit with a nano-electro-mechanical system

Young-Ik Sohn,1, ∗ Srujan Meesala,1, ∗ Benjamin Pingault,2, ∗ Haig A. Atikian,1 Jeffrey Holzgrafe,1, 2 Mustafa Gündoğan,2 Camille Stavrakas,2 Megan J. Stanley,2 Alp Sipahigil,3 Joonhee Choi,1, 3 Mian Zhang,1 Jose L. Pacheco,4 John Abraham,4 Edward Bielejec,4 Mikhail D. Lukin,3 Mete Atatüre,2 and Marko Lončar1 John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
Enkephalinergic inhibition in parasympathetic ganglia of the urinary bladder of the cat.

1. Repetitive stimulation (10‐20 Hz, 0.5‐5 s duration) of the preganglionic nerves to ganglia on the surface of the urinary bladder of the cat produced a prolonged inhibition (duration, 30‐65 s) of the postganglionic action potentials, elicited by low‐frequency stimulation (0.25‐1 Hz) of another preganglionic nerve to the same ganglion. 2. Intra‐arterial administration of naloxone, an opiate antagonist (20‐50 micrograms/kg), reduced the magnitude and duration of this heterosynaptic inhibition and also blocked the depression of ganglionic transmission elicited by the intra‐arterial administration of leucine‐enkephalin (0.1‐10 micrograms/kg). 3. Naloxone did not alter adrenergic inhibition elicited by repetitive stimulation of the hypogastric nerve or exogenous noradrenaline. Naloxone did not alter the postganglionic firing elicited by single stimuli or trains of low‐frequency (1‐3 Hz) stimuli to the preganglionic nerves. 4. Heterosynaptic inhibition was not altered by the administration of antagonists for alpha‐adrenergic (dihydroergotamine, prazosin, yohimbine), muscarinic (atropine), purinergic (theophylline) or GABAergic (picrotoxin) receptors. 5. A delta‐selective opiate receptor agonist, DSLET (D‐Ser2‐leucine‐enkephalin‐Thr), inhibited parasympathetic ganglionic transmission in low doses (mean threshold dose, 0.02 microgram/kg, I.A.), whereas a mu‐opiate receptor agonist, morphine sulphate, produced only a small depression in larger doses (mean threshold dose, 100 micrograms/kg, I.A.). Ethylketocyclazocine, which has an affinity for kappa‐receptors did not alter transmission in relatively large doses (1 mg/kg, I.A.). 6. These findings coupled with previous immunocytochemical demonstrations of leucine‐enkephalin‐like immunoreactivity in preganglionic nerve terminals in bladder ganglia suggest that opioid peptides released endogenously from preganglionic nerves are involved in delta‐receptor‐mediated inhibitory mechanisms at cholinergic synapses in bladder ganglia.
FACTORS AFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Much research in the area of construction productivity focussed on the factors affecting labour. However, these studies tend to look at the factors in isolation and thus were inadequate in the recommendations for productivity improvements. This is because labour productivity is a complex and multifaceted issue. Given the recent industrial initiatives of Rethinking Construction and Respect for People, it is becoming an ever more important agenda to understand the workforce. This study, part of a Ph.D. research into construction labour productivity, attempts to determine how the site management personnel perceives the concept of construction labour productivity and to elicit key factors that would lead to improvements. These perceptions are explored by engaging with the personal constructs of the participants through focus group interviews. The findings suggest a greater emphasis on four key aspects of planning, teamwork, welfare and job security.
Prévisions de résultat et réactions : étude de deux sous- réactions sous l’angle du biais d’ancrage

Les travaux en finance comportementale tentent, depuis quelques annees, d\'expliquer certaines des anomalies constatees, en abandonnant l\'idee de rationalite de l\'investisseur, pourtant centrale a l\'hypothese d\'efficience des marches. Cette etude, menee sur les entreprises americaines cotees sur la periode 1983-1999, vise a montrer qu\'a la fois la analystes financiers et les investisseurs sont victimes du biais d\'ancrage. Ce biais conduit a une prise en compte insuffisante de l\'information nouvelle au detriment de l\'information passee. Les resultats confirment dans un premier temps que les analystes sont victimes d\'un biais d\'ancrage aux benefices precedents. Dans un second temps, nous avons pu etablir que les investisseurs ne parviennent pas a corriger ces erreurs de prevision mais se fondent sur des anticipations encore plus conservatrices. A l\'instar des analystes financiers, cette attitude conservatrice est fonction des benefices anterieurs, ce qui indique egalement l\'existence d\'un biais d\'ancrage.
Acid-catalysed glucose dehydration in the gas phase: a mass spectrometric approach.

Understanding on a molecular level the acid-catalysed decomposition of the sugar monomers from hemicellulose and cellulose (e.g. glucose, xylose), the main constituent of lignocellulosic biomass is very important to increase selectivity and reaction yields in solution, key steps for the development of a sustainable renewable industry. In this work we reported a gas-phase study performed by electrospray triple quadrupole mass spectrometry on the dehydration mechanism of D-glucose. In the gas phase, reactant ions corresponding to protonated D-glucose were obtained in the ESI source and were allowed to undergo collisionally activated decomposition (CAD) into the quadrupole collision cell. The CAD mass spectrum of protonated D-glucose is characterized by the presence of ionic dehydrated daughter ion (ionic intermediates and products), which were structurally characterized by their fragmentation patterns. In the gas phase D-glucose dehydration does not lead to the formation of protonated 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, but to a mixed population of m/z 127 isomeric ions. To elucidate the D-glucose dehydration mechanism, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was also submitted to the mass spectrometric study; the results suggest that the C3 hydroxyl group plays a key role in the reaction mechanism. Furthermore, protonated levulinic acid was found to be formed from the monodehydrated D-glucose ionic intermediate, an alternative pathway other than the known route consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde double hydration.
Smoking and risk of skin cancer: a prospective analysis and a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND The association between smoking and the risk of skin cancer has not been well established. METHODS In two large cohorts in the USA, we prospectively examined the risks of melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) among participants grouped according to smoking variables. RESULTS Among men, compared with never smokers, ever smokers had a significantly lower risk of melanoma [relative risk (RR) = 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58-0.86]; those who smoked for ≥30 years had an RR of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.48-0.89) (P(trend) = 0.003); those who smoked ≥15 cigarettes per day had an RR of 0.32 (95% CI: 0.13-0.78) (P(trend) = 0.006) and those who smoked for > 45 pack years had an RR of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.45-0.97) (P(trend) = 0.03). Ever smokers also had a slightly lower risk of BCC (RR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90-0.98). There was no significant association for SCC (RR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.89-1.12). In women, no significant association was found for melanoma (RR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.83-1.10). Compared with never smokers, ever smokers had a slightly higher risk of BCC (RR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.03-1.08) and a higher risk of SCC (RR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.08-1.31). A significant inverse association between smoking and melanoma was limited to the head and neck (RR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.42-0.89). CONCLUSIONS Smoking was inversely associated with melanoma risk, especially on the head and neck. Further studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanism(s).
Development of a quality-of-life index for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: dealing with differences related to age and IBD type.

BACKGROUND A child- and adolescent-generated IBD quality-of-life index was designed to be descriptive (to be used to assess the overall impact of IBD on individual patients), and evaluative (to be used as an outcome measure in clinical trials). METHODS Item-generation and item-reduction interviews with 82 patients with IBD aged 8 to 17 years (61 with Crohn's disease, 21 with ulcerative colitis; 36 girls, 45 boys) generated a list of ways in which their lives were affected by IBD. These issues were incorporated into an item-reduction questionnaire, which was administered to 117 patients (87 Crohn's disease, 30 ulcerative colitis). Patients indicated on a visual analog scale how important an item was to them and how often it bothered them. Mean and median importance-plus-frequency scores for each issue were calculated for the entire group and among patients in subgroups according to age and IBD type. RESULTS Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease affect the lives of children and adolescents differently. Bowel symptoms are more troubling and disabling to patients with ulcerative colitis, whereas systemic symptoms and body image concerns are greater for patients with Crohn's disease. The impact of Crohn's disease on ability to function in school and leisure activities is greater. Worries about future health problems and about the effects of IBD on the family are shared. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis trigger emotional responses of unfairness and frustration, but anger and embarrassment are more prevalent in ulcerative colitis. Disparities between age groups are fewer and less marked than those between types of IBD. CONCLUSION In selection of items to be retained in a pediatric IBD quality-of-life measure, the variation in concerns with disease type must be considered. A single index to assess IBD-related quality of life must include items of major importance to one subgroup of patients, even if not important to all. Alternately, a core of common concerns could be supplemented by disease-specific modules, thereby increasing the content validity of the tool for all patients.
Symphony: synchronous two-phase rate and power control in 802.11 WLANs

Adaptive transmit power control in 802.11 wireless LANs (WLANs) on a per-link basis helps increase network capacity and improves battery life of WiFi-enabled mobile devices. However, it faces the following challenges: 1) it can exacerbate receiver-side interference and asymmetric channel access; 2) it can incorrectly lead to lowering the data rate of a link; 3) mobility-induced channel variations at short timescales make detecting and avoiding these problems more complex. Despite substantial prior research, state-of-the-art solutions lack comprehensive techniques to address the above problems. In this paper, we design and implement Symphony, a synchronous two-phase rate and power control system whose agility in adaptation enables us to systematically address the three problems while maximizing the benefits of power control on a per-link basis. We implement in the Linux MadWifi driver and show that it can be realized on hardware that supports transmit power control with no modifications to the 802.11 MAC, thereby fostering immediate deployability. Our extensive experimental evaluation on a real testbed in an office environment demonstrates that Symphony: 1) enables up to 80% of the clients in three different cells to settle at 50%-94% lower transmit power than a per-cell power control solution; 2) increases network throughput by up to 50% across four realistic deployment scenarios; 3) improves the throughput of asymmetry-affected links by 300%; and 4) opportunistically reduces the transmit power of mobile clients running VOIP calls by up to 97% while only causing a negligible degradation of voice quality.
IL18 Gene Variants Influence the Susceptibility to Chagas Disease

Chagas disease is a parasitic disorder caused by the infection with the flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. According to the World Health Organization, more than six million people are currently infected in endemic regions. Genetic factors have been proposed to influence predisposition to infection and development of severe clinical phenotypes like chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC). Interleukin 18 (IL18) encodes a proinflammatory cytokine that has been proposed to be involved in controlling T. cruzi infection. In this study, we analyzed the possible role of six IL18 gene variants (rs5744258, rs360722, rs2043055, rs187238, rs1946518 and rs360719), which cover most of the variation within the locus, in the susceptibility to infection by T. cruzi and/or CCC. In total, 1,171 individuals from a Colombian region endemic for Chagas disease, classified as seronegative (n = 595), seropositive asymptomatic (n = 175) and CCC (n = 401), were genotyped using TaqMan probes. Significant associations with T. cruzi infection were observed when comparing seronegative and seropositive individuals for rs187238 (P = 2.18E-03, OR = 0.77), rs360719 (P = 1.49E-03, OR = 0.76), rs2043055 (P = 2.52E-03, OR = 1.29), and rs1946518 (P = 0.0162, OR = 1.22). However, dependence analyses suggested that the association was mainly driven by the polymorphism rs360719. This variant is located within the promoter region of the IL18 gene, and it has been described that it creates a binding site for the transcription factor OCT-1 affecting IL-18 expression levels. In addition, no evidence of association was observed between any of the analyzed IL18 gene polymorphisms and the development of CCC. In summary, our data suggest that genetic variation within the promoter region of IL18 is directly involved in the susceptibility to infection by T. cruzi, which provides novel insight into disease pathophysiology and adds new perspectives to achieve a more effective disease control.
Second follow-up study of borderline patients.

THIS IS A report of a follow-up investigation conducted during the first six months of 1969. The subjects are patients who were extensively studied in a systematic research program on the "borderline syndrome," carried out between 1961 and 1968 at the Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Institute (P&PI) of Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center. The original research is published in the book by Grinker et al 1 titled the Borderline Syndrome . In this book we reported on four investigations: 1. Observations of the behavior of a sample of patients, hospitalized on the Michael Reese floor of the Illinois State Psychiatric Institute (ISPI), were made. The behavioral observations when clinically assessed in an ego functions framework became the basic data used to define the "borderline syndrome" and its four subcategories. 2. Individual case studies of borderline patients hospitalized at P&PI were developed to illustrate vividly the characteristics of the subcategories of the
Crisis management during anaesthesia: bronchospasm

Background: Bronchospasm in association with anaesthesia may appear as an entity in its own right or be a component of another problem such as anaphylaxis. It may present with expiratory wheeze, prolonged exhalation or, in severe cases, complete silence on auscultation. Objectives: To examine the role of a previously described core algorithm “COVER ABCD–A SWIFT CHECK”, supplemented by a specific sub-algorithm for bronchospasm, in the diagnosis and management of bronchospasm occurring in association with anaesthesia. Methods: The potential performance of this structured approach for each of the relevant incidents among the first 4000 reported to the Australian Incident Monitoring Study (AIMS) was compared with the actual management as reported by anaesthetists involved. Results: There were 103 relevant incidents among the first 4000 AIMS reports, 22 of which were associated with allergy or anaphylaxis. Common presenting signs, in addition to wheeze, were decreased pulmonary compliance and falling oxygen saturation. Of the non-allergy/anaphylaxis related incidents, 80% occurred during induction or maintenance of anaesthesia. Of these, the principal causes of bronchospasm were airway irritation (35%), problems with the endotracheal tube (23%), and aspiration of gastric contents (14%). It was considered that, properly used, the structured approach recommended would have led to earlier recognition and/or better management of the problem in 10% of cases, and would not have harmed any patient had it been applied in all of them. Conclusion: Bronchospasm may present in a variety of ways and may be associated with other life threatening conditions. Although most cases are handled appropriately by the attending anaesthetist, the use of a structured approach to its diagnosis and management would lead to earlier recognition and/or better management in 10% of cases.
Health effects of air pollution exposure on children and adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil * †

Children and adolescents have been considered more susceptible to the effects of air pollution than adults. In order to investigate the responses of children of different ages to air pollution exposure, daily records of hospital admissions for children in five age groups (equal or less than 2 years of age, 3–5, 6–13, 14–19, and all ages together, i.e., from 0–19 years of age) were obtained from January 1993 to November 1997 in São Paulo, Brazil, and were compared to daily records of PM10, O3, SO2, CO and NO2 concentrations in ambient air. For each age group a generalized additive Poisson regression was fitted controlling for smooth functions of time, temperature, humidity, and days of the week, with an additional indicator for holidays. Polynomial distributed lag models were used to estimate the 7‐day cumulative effect of each pollutant.
Effects of Dioxins in Environmental Pollution on Development of Tooth Disorders

Despite legal regulations limiting emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including dioxins, to the environment, they still constitute a significant component of environmental contamination. They are released in large amounts during various processes of combustion in industry, the management of refuse materials and also as a result of situations that are partially beyond our control, like fires, explosions and damage in chemical industries. Observations originating from various studies prove that exposure to dioxins results in multiple toxic effects on humans and experimental animals. Among the various disorders caused by dioxins are abnormalities in dentition. The effects of dioxin may last long after exposure.
Enhanced Spectral Sensing by Electromagnetic Coupling With Localized Surface Plasmons on Subwavelength Structures

Existing sensor platforms have limited sensitivity, specificity, and portability. With a new algorithm for the coupled dipole approximation of Maxwell's equations, we examine near- and far-field features of electromagnetism (EM) coupled with localized surface plasmons on subwavelength, solid-state nanoparticle (NP) structures measured using spectroscopy, microscopy, and calorimetry. Near-field extinction efficiency, blue/redshifts, and full-width at half-maximum are optimized using a new ¿bottom-up¿ NP assembly method that tunes particle size and spacing to enhance sensitivity and produce molecule-specific ¿tenfold surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy enhancements. Far-field plasmon-photon resonances are identified, which offer ¿ 106-fold higher sensitivity. Solid-state NP structures increase stability, reduce power consumption, and improve response time and optothermal transduction up to tenfold for better portability and throughput relative to aggregation-prone NP suspensions. Sample rate is increased ¿tenfold by inducing transverse hydrodynamic diffusion adjacent to sensor interfaces. These results guide development of next-generation chemical and biological sensors based on EM-coupled UV, Raman, or terahertz modes that improve sensitivity, biospecificity, stability, and portability to distinguish biological molecules and species at high throughputs.
Pulmonary valve stenosis without ventricular septal defect: results of surgery.

It is 18 years since the first successful pulmonary valvotomies were carried out by Sellors (1948) and Brock (1948) in patients with the tetralogy of Fallot, and little less since Brock applied the closed transventricular technique to the treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis without ventricular septal defect. It is nevertheless probably true to say that no other cardiac condition is treated in so many different ways at the present time, due to ignorance of the natural prognosis of mild and moderate pulmonary valve stenosis and to the varying emphasis placed on four important facets of the problem: these are the small but unsatisfactory mortality of most current procedures; the desirability or otherwise of resection of hypertrophic infundibular muscle; the importance of closure of a foramen ovale and its relation to post-operative cyanosis; and the shortand longterm effects of any pulmonary incompetence which may be produced. Few authorities agree on the significance of these problems. The factors responsible for post-operative cyanosis have already been considered (Oakley, Braimbridge, Bentall, and Cleland, 1964).