Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Somali-English Bilingualism: Somali Parents’ Beliefs and Strategies for Raising Bilingual Children

The American Midwest is home to a large number of refugees from Somalia. Numerous studies have explored immigrant communities’ beliefs and strategies for bilingual development of their children. However, there has only been one study (Abikar, 2013) that explored this topic from the perspective of Somali parents. The aim of this qualitative study was to look at firstgeneration Somali parents’ beliefs and strategies for bilingual development of their children. 10 first-generation Somali parents were interviewed using semi-structured interview questions. 14 major themes related to their beliefs and strategies were found. Parents in this study perceived a strong relationship between their children’s heritage language and family communication and identity. While acknowledging their important role in children’s heritage language maintenance, parents perceived school as a major factor in their children’s subtractive bilingualism. They expressed their beliefs about the positive impact of bilingualism and their desire for their children to also be literate in Somali. Parents also discussed the role they believed Somali weekend schools should play. Their strategies for bilingual development included requiring only Somali to be spoken in the home, exposing kids to media in Somali, and trips back to Somalia.
What Levels of Racial Diversity Can Be Achieved with Socioeconomic-Based Affirmative Action? Evidence from a Simulation Model.

This paper investigates to what extent socioeconomic status (SES)â€ based affirmative action in college admissions can produce racial diversity. Using simulation models, we investigate the racial and socioeconomic distribution of students among colleges under the use of raceâ€ or SESâ€ based affirmative action policies, or targeted, raceâ€ based recruitment policies. We find, first, that neither SESâ€ based affirmative action nor raceâ€ targeted recruiting on their own produce levels of racial diversity achieved by raceâ€ based affirmative action. However, the two policies in combination, although likely expensive, may yield racial diversity comparable to raceâ€ based affirmative action. Second, the use of affirmative action policies by some colleges reduces the diversity of similarâ€ quality colleges without such policies. Third, the combination of SESâ€ based affirmative action and race recruiting results in fewer academicallyâ€ overmatched Black and Hispanic students than under raceâ€ based affirmative action, but the schools that use both also see a reduction in the academic achievement of enrolled students.
Pharmacologic reduction of mean arterial pressure does not adversely affect regional cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of mean arterial pressure (MAP) reduction on regional cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure (ICP) in intracerebral hemorrhage. We tested the hypothesis that there is ischemia in the perihematoma region after intracerebral hemorrhage, which can be exacerbated by a pharmacologic reduction of MAP. DESIGN Prospective, controlled, laboratory trial. SETTING Animal research laboratory. SUBJECTS Eighteen mongrel dogs, weighing 15 to 25 kg. INTERVENTIONS We introduced intracerebral hemorrhage in 12 anesthetized dogs by autologous blood injection under arterial pressure in the deep white matter adjacent to the left caudate region. We measured serial regional cerebral blood flow using radiolabeled microspheres in animals with two different volumes of injected blood (2.8 mL [Group A, n = 6] and 4.4 mL [Group B, n = 6]) and compared them with control animals (n = 6). Intravenous labetalol was administered 90 mins after administration of hematoma, while maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure >65 mm Hg. Regional cerebral blood flow measurements were repeated 10 and 30 mins after labetalol administration. MAP and ICP were monitored continuously using intra-arterial and cisterna magna catheters, respectively. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Compared with control animals, significant elevation in ICP was observed in Groups A and B and elevation in MAP was observed in Group B at 45 mins after injection of blood. These hemodynamic alterations were not accompanied by any significant differences in regional cerebral blood flow in any group. Administration of labetalol resulted in a decrease in MAP (mm Hg+/-SEM) in Groups A (119.0+/-9.2 to 103.0+/-9.1) and B (124.5+/-7.4 to 100.5+/-4.8) and controls (103.5+/-4.3 to 85.0+/-8.0). No differences were observed in regional cerebral blood flow after MAP reduction in both Groups A and B compared with controls in regions around or distant to the hematoma. There were no changes in ICP in Groups A and B both at 10 and 30 mins after reduction in MAP compared with pretreatment values. CONCLUSIONS In our model, pharmacologic reduction of MAP within the normal autoregulatory limits of cerebral perfusion pressure, 90 mins after onset, had no adverse effect on ICP and regional cerebral blood flow in regions around or distant to the hematoma. These results support the controlled use of antihypertensive treatment in intracerebral hemorrhage in the initial time period.
Evidence for activation of a respiratory burst in the interaction of human neutrophils with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

We examined the capacity of human neutrophils to develop a respiratory burst, as monitored by superoxide release, in response to interaction with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Serum-opsonized, heat-killed mycobacteria induced significant release of superoxide from neutrophils after 30 min of exposure, with a maximum release of 34 +/- 1.7 nmol/30 min per 5 X 10(6) neutrophils occurring with a mycobacterium/neutrophil ratio of 40:1. Similar levels of superoxide release were induced by live mycobacteria. Neutrophil superoxide production was reduced significantly with exposure to unopsonized organisms or by substitution of heat-inactivated serum for opsonization. Mycobacterial components including culture filtrate, purified protein derivative, and the cell wall polysaccharide arabinogalactan failed to induce significant release of superoxide from neutrophils. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that more than 90% of the neutrophils had ingested heat-killed mycobacteria concomitant with the development of respiratory burst activity. These data suggest that the presumed failure of neutrophil killing of mycobacteria cannot be attributed to a lack of phagocytosis or respiratory burst activation.
[Single-stage flexor tendoplasty in the treatment of flexor tendon injuries].

OBJECTIVES We evaluated tendon reconstruction with one-stage tendon grafting in flexor tendon injuries in which primary repair was not considered because of delay in treatment or of inappropriate circumstances on the part of the wound and the patient. METHODS Thirty-seven patients (29 males, 8 females; mean age 20.5 years; range 4 to 52 years) underwent single-stage flexor tendoplasty involving 41 fingers. Twenty-eight patients had zone II injuries. The mean duration from trauma to surgery was one month (range 3 to 6 weeks). Tendon grafts were obtained from the palmaris longus in 26 repairs, flexor digitorum superficialis in 14 repairs, and flexor carpi radialis in one repair. Early passive rehabilitation was administered after surgery. Improvement in the flexion motion was calculated using the Strickland formula. The results were compared with respect to the tendon graft used, associated nerve injuries, and the age of the patients (equal to or below 10 years/above 10 years). The mean follow-up was 35 months (range 4 to 83 months). RESULTS Functional results were excellent in 12 fingers (29.3%), good in 13 fingers (31.7%), moderate in 14 fingers (34.2%), and poor in two fingers (4.9%). Overall, the mean total active movement was 57% (range 22 to 88%). No significant differences were found between the functional results with respect to the tendon graft used, associated nerve injuries, and the age of the patients (ANOVA, p>0.05). CONCLUSION Single-stage flexor tendoplasty seems to be an appropriate choice of treatment for flexor tendon injuries where local wound conditions and decreased tendon length prevent primary repair, provided that the pulley system remains intact.
Politicians Appear More Competent When Using Numerical Rhetoric

Abstract Politically relevant numbers often have very limited effects on the policy attitudes of ordinary citizens, which make the widespread use of numbers by politicians somewhat puzzling. This paper argues that politicians’ numerical rhetoric may function as a voter heuristic and that the use of numbers by politicians therefore has a positive impact on voters’ perceptions of these politicians. A survey experiment confirms that even when numbers do little to move voters’ policy positions, numbers do have the effect of making politicians appear more competent. As a consequence, numerical rhetoric can in some cases increase electoral support for a politician.
The impact of the embryo transfer catheter on the pregnancy rate in IVF.

BACKGROUND The aim was to assess whether the type of embryo transfer set used for embryo transfer affects the ongoing pregnancy rate in IVF. METHODS The TDT set was compared with the K-soft 5000 in a large, prospective, randomized study. Patients were randomized moments before transfer by drawing a consecutively numbered, sealed, opaque envelope indicating the catheter to be used. RESULTS 2059 embryo transfers in 1296 patients were analysed. The ongoing pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the K-soft group. If the first transfer of a patient (n = 1296) within this study period was analysed, the ongoing pregnancy rates were 27.1 versus 20.5% (P = 0.006). If the analysis is limited to patients that underwent their very first transfer ever (n = 607), the ongoing pregnancy rates were 30.3 versus 20.0% (P = 0.003) in favour of the K-soft. CONCLUSION We conclude from these data that the type of embryo transfer set used for embryo transfer does affect the ongoing pregnancy rate and that the impact of the variable transfer catheter on the ongoing pregnancy rate increases when the a priori chance of pregnancy increases.
Kepatuhan wajib pajak orang pribadi: Studi aspek pengetahuan, kesadaran, kualitas layanan dan kebijakan sunset policy

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pengetahuan wajib pajak, kesadaran wajib pajak, kualitas pelayanan fiskus, dan kebijakan sunset policy terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak. Penelitian ini fokus pada wajib pajak orang pribadi yang melakukan kegiatan usaha di Kota Yogyakarta untuk mengetahui: (1) Pengaruh pengetahuan wajib pajak terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak, (2) Pengaruh kesadaran wajib pajak terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak, (3) Pengaruh kualitas pelayanan fiskus terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak, dan (4) Pengaruh kebijakan sunset policy terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak. Data penelitian ini adalah data primer, menggunakan kuesioner sebagai media untuk mendapatkan data. Kuesioner dalam penelitian ini dibagikan kepada wajib pajak orang pribadi yang melakukan kegiatan usaha di Kota Yogyakarta. Sebanyak 108 responden Wajib Pajak yang melakukan kegiatan usaha di kota Yogyakarta dengan metode accidental sampling. Sampel yang dapat dianalisis sebanyak 77 kuesioner. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan (1) Pengetahuan wajib pajak tidak berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak, (2) Kesadaran wajib pajak berpengaruh positif dan signifikan kepatuhan wajib pajak, (3) Kualitas pelayanan fiskus tidak berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak, dan (4) Kebijakan sunset policy tidak berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak.
Deciphering the demographic history of allochronic differentiation in the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa

Understanding the processes of adaptive divergence, which may ultimately lead to speciation, is a major question in evolutionary biology. Allochronic differentiation refers to a particular situation where gene flow is primarily impeded by temporal isolation between early and late reproducers. This process has been suggested to occur in a large array of organisms, even though it is still overlooked in the literature. We here focused on a well‐documented case of incipient allochronic speciation in the winter pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa. This species typically reproduces in summer and larval development occurs throughout autumn and winter. A unique, phenologically shifted population (SP) was discovered in 1997 in Portugal. It was proved to be strongly differentiated from the sympatric “winter population” (WP), but its evolutionary history could only now be explored. We took advantage of the recent assembly of a draft genome and of the development of pan‐genomic RAD‐seq markers to decipher the demographic history of the differentiating populations and develop genome scans of adaptive differentiation. We showed that the SP diverged relatively recently, that is, few hundred years ago, and went through two successive bottlenecks followed by population size expansions, while the sympatric WP is currently experiencing a population decline. We identified outlier SNPs that were mapped onto the genome, but none were associated with the phenological shift or with subsequent adaptations. The strong genetic drift that occurred along the SP lineage certainly challenged our capacity to reveal functionally important loci.
Hepatitis B revaccination in HIV-infected vaccine non-responders: is double dosing always necessary?

Limited data exist on hepatitis B revaccination strategies for HIV-infected individuals who do not develop immunity after the first vaccination series. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess the immunogenicity of the second series of hepatitis B vaccine given in standard dosing (SD) and double dosing (DD) strategies among Thai HIV-infected adults during the period from January 2006 to December 2014. Of the 120 eligible patients, 68 (57%) were men, median age was 38 years old, 87 (73%) received SD and 33 (27%) received DD revaccination. The demographic and clinical characteristics of SD and DD groups were comparable. The overall vaccine response rate was significantly higher in DD group than SD group (97% vs. 70%; p = 0.001). Independent factors associated with no response to hepatitis B revaccination were receipt of SD vaccine (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 16.04; p = 0.009), age ≥ 40 years (aOR 3.66; p = 0.009) and CD4 cell count at the time of revaccination less than 450 cells/µL (aOR 2.96; p = 0.04). These findings suggest that DD hepatitis B revaccination series should be given in HIV-infected patients who were at least 40 years old or had CD4 counts less than 450 cells/µL after no response to the first vaccination series.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy May Protect against Intellectual Decline in Postmenopausal Women

Postmenopausal women over the age of 50, who were either on estrogen replacement therapy (N = 21) or not (N = 33), were assessed on several sexually dimorphic cognitive functions. The two groups were strictly equivalent in age, education, and vocabulary score (an abbreviated measure of past intelligence). Overall, women on therapy had better scores than those not on therapy, regardless of whether the specific function favored men or women. Previous history of reproductive surgery had no effect on scores. Estrogen may guard against some of the intellectual decline which is to be expected postmenopausally.
Large T-Antigen Double Hexamers Imaged at the Simian Virus 40 Origin of Replication

ABSTRACT The initial step of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication is the binding of the large tumor antigen (T-Ag) to the SV40 core origin. In the presence of Mg2+ and ATP, T-Ag forms a double-hexamer complex covering the complete core origin. By using electron microscopy and negative staining, we visualized for the first time T-Ag double hexamers bound to the SV40 origin. Image processing of side views of these nucleoprotein complexes revealed bilobed particles 24 nm long and 8 to 12 nm wide, which indicates that the two T-Ag hexamers are oriented head to head. Taking into account all of the biochemical data known on the T-Ag–DNA interactions at the replication origin, we present a model in which the DNA passes through the inner channel of both hexamers. In addition, we describe a previously undetected structural domain of the T-Ag hexamer and thereby amend the previously published dimensions of the T-Ag hexamer. This domain we have determined to be the DNA-binding domain of T-Ag.
Postnatal Identification of Zika Virus Peptides from Saliva

We explored the potential to diagnose Zika virus (ZIKV) infection by analyzing peptides in saliva during a convalescent phase of infection, long after resolution of acute disease. A 25-y-old woman clinically diagnosed with Zika fever in the first trimester was enrolled with her dizygotic twins for a 3-mo postnatal sample of saliva (9-mo after maternal infection). The female baby (A) had microcephaly while the male baby (B) was born healthy. Peptidomic analysis was completed by mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and ZIKV peptides were identified using the National Institutes of Health Zika Virus Resource database, then aligned and mapped to the ZIKV polyprotein to determine proteome coverage and phylogenetic studies. A total of 423 (mother), 607 (baby A), and 183 (baby B) unique ZIKV peptides were identified in saliva by MS/MS, providing a coverage of 67%, 84%, and 45%, respectively, of the entire ZIKV polyprotein (>3,400 amino acids). All peptides were aligned to other flaviviruses that are circulating in Brazil (dengue and yellow fever) to discard false-positive matches. Nine peptides identified were highly conserved to dengue virus. Alignment of a contiguous peptide sequence for mother/babies with the 74 ZIKV sequences suggested that the virus may have entered the oral cavity through the salivary glands, leading to an infection that persists into the postnatal period (vertical transmission). Furthermore, we identified 9 sequence variations that were unique to the baby with microcephaly (not found in the mother or the twin). This sequence information could provide a template for future neuropathogenic studies. A much larger sample size is required to determine whether sequence variation in the envelope protein significantly associates with microcephaly. Finally, from a public health perspective, it will be important to determine whether viral replication is still taking place after birth and whether the virus can be transmitted through salivary contact.
Judicial Deference, Procedural Protections, and Deal Outcomes in Freezeout Transactions: Evidence from the Effect of MFW

For several years, merger freezeouts were invariably subject to entire fairness review, a demanding standard of judicial review that enables courts to revise the price of a transaction when the price is challenged by the shareholders of the selling company. But this changed in 2013. In an attempt to incentivize the simultaneous use of independent director approval and majority-of-the-minority conditions, the Delaware Chancery Court held in In re MFW Shareholders Litigation (2013) that when a merger freezeout is subject to those procedural protections, the transaction would subsequently be reviewed under the deferential business judgment rule rather than under entire fairness. This paper examines the impact of MFW on transactional practice and deal outcomes. The results show that majority-of-the-minority conditions increased significantly after the opinion, from an incidence rate below 40% to a rate of more than 80%. Special committees were already the norm before 2013 and their incidence did not change after MFW. The increase in majority-of-the-minority conditions, however, was not followed by significant changes in deal premiums, target returns, changes from the controller’s first offer to the final offer, or deal completion rates. The results therefore suggest that deferential judicial review is an effective way to incentivize procedural protections in freezeout transactions and that the increase in shareholder approval conditions did not come at the cost of higher frustration rates. In addition, the results suggest that procedural protections and entire fairness review seem to have a similar effect on the gains of the target shareholders. Taken together, these results present an assessment of MFW in particular and also shed light on the role of shareholder voting in freezeout transactions more generally.
Promoters of the Barley Germin-Like GER4 Gene Cluster Enable Strong Transgene Expression in Response to Pathogen Attack[W][OA]

The GER4 transcript encoding a germin-like protein of barley is derived from a dense cluster of tandemly duplicated, pathogen-induced genes that are subject to purifying selection. The GER4c promoter was found to regulate strong and pathogen-specific expression of the GUS reporter in barley, and multiple redundant WRKY factor binding sites were required for promoter activation. Immunity of plants triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is based on the execution of an evolutionarily conserved defense response that includes the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins as well as multiple other defenses. The most abundant PR transcript of barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaf epidermis attacked by the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei encodes the germin-like protein GER4, which has superoxide dismutase activity and functions in PAMP-triggered immunity. Here, we show that barley GER4 is encoded by a dense cluster of tandemly duplicated genes (GER4a-h) that underwent several cycles of duplication. The genomic organization of the GER4 locus also provides evidence for repeated gene birth and death cycles. The GER4 promoters contain multiple WRKY factor binding sites (W-boxes) preferentially located in promoter fragments that were exchanged between subfamily members by gene conversion. Mutational analysis of TATA-box proximal W-boxes used GER4c promoter-β-glucuronidase fusions to reveal their enhancing effects and functional redundancy on pathogen-induced promoter activity. The data suggest enhanced transcript dosage as an evolutionary driving force for the local expansion and functional redundancy of the GER4 locus. In addition, the GER4c promoter provides a tool to study signal transduction of PAMP-triggered immunity and to engineer strictly localized and pathogen-regulated disease resistance in transgenic cereal crops.
Pharmacokinetics of extended relief vs regular release Tylenol in simulated human overdose.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this trial was to compare the pharmacokinetics of the two available acetaminophen dosage forms in simulated human overdose. METHODS Ten healthy volunteers received acetaminophen, 75 mg/kg orally, either as the regular release or extended relief formulation in a random, crossover fashion. Blood samples were analyzed using a TDx assay and a best fit correlation of data points was determined by PCNONLIN. RESULTS The area under the curves for extended relief acetaminophen and regular release acetaminophen were 426 mg h/L and 432 mg h/L, respectively (p = 0.768). The mean half times for extended relief acetaminophen and regular release acetaminophen were 4.02 h and 2.56 h, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean maximum serum acetaminophen concentrations were 62.6 mg/L (414.4 mmol/L:) and 94.3 mg/L (624.3 mmol/L) for extended relief acetaminophen and regular release acetaminophen, respectively (p < 0.001) and the mean time to maximum serum acetaminophen concentrations were 0.87 h and 0.75 h for extended relief acetaminophen and regular release acetaminophen, respectively (p = 0.508). CONCLUSIONS Although the formulations appear to have equal bioavailability, their half-lives and peak concentrations were significantly different. Further study is required to determine whether these differences affect the assessment and management of poisoned patients.