Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Cellular Fluorescence Microscopy of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Third Generation Nanomolecular Dendrimers: In-vitro Cytotoxicity and Uptake study

Characterization and Cellular Fluorescence Microscopy of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Third Generation Nanomolecular Dendrimers: In-vitro Cytotoxicity and Uptake study An optimal sample was selected as those synthesized at 70oC with particle size of about 10 nm << exchange length of 27 nm and a saturation magnetization of 67.8 emu/g. The samples were characterized with X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescent spectroscopy (LIF) and magnetization measurements (VSM). The coated materials illustrated strong magnetic behaviour and XRD pattern like magnetite. The presence of Fe-O-Si bond in FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of thin APTS layer on the surface of magnetite nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the modification of core synthesis technique can raise the efficiency of aminosilane coating reaction (as an initiator for PAMAM dendrimer) up to 98% with the production of about 610 dendritic arms. UV-vis spectrum of both SPIONs and ID-NPs was measured in the range of 340-380 nm with the maximum peak at about 350 nm. The fluorescence properties of ID-NPs distributed in a collagenous substrate and MCF 7 cells was studied by fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that the viability of L 929 and MCF 7 cells decreased from 100% and 90% to 53% and 23% respectively between 10 μg/mL and 1 mg/mL for ID-NPs. The rate of uptake increased with time and it was higher for ID-NPs than SPIONs.
A SIMPLE OPTION PRICING MODEL WITH MARKOVIAN VOLATILITIES

This paper develops a stochastic volatility model, which overcomes the Black-Scholes model tendency to overprice near at-the-money options and underprice deep out Or in-the-money options. In contrast to the previous literature that assumes diffusion volatilities, this paper assumes that the volatility follows a Markov chain on a discrete state space. This intuitive approach has easier mathematics and, by taking limit, the diffusion results can be obtained. By generalizing the binomial model to the Markovian volatility model, a refursive pricing scheme is first developed, under a particular assumption on prefer.ence to the volatility dynamics, and then a continuous time result by taking limit. The both discrete and continuous models give general conditions under which the call value is increasing in the current volatility. Also. based on the local convexity and concavity of thp Black-Scholes equation in volatility, we explain why the deficits of the Black-Scholes equation take place. Some numerical experiments are also given to support our results.
Petrographical Study of "Acoustic Basement" and Associated Breccia at Site 121Western Alboran Basin: A Comparison with the Betico-Rifean Basement

Fifteen slides have been cut both in "acoustic basement" and pebbles from the associated sedimentary breccia at Site 121 (western Alboran Basin). Observed facies (mostly cordierite leptynites and alumino-silicate granites, together with sharp single crystals of brown spinel extracted from peridotites) come from petrographical associations very similar to those described in the Betico-Rifean metamorphic basement, particularly in its lower unit (Monte Hacho/Blanca Unit).
Macular thickness in healthy Saudi adults A spectral-domain optical coherence tomography study

ةطساوب ةيكبشلل يعقبلا زكرلما ةكامس فصو :فادهلأا ءاحصلاا نويع يف )SD-OCT( يعطقلما يرصبلا كسامتلاريوصت .ينيدوعسلا ينغلابلا 158 تلمش ةضرعتسم ةيعلاطتسا ةسارد هذه :ةقيرطلا عضخ .ةنس 7.85 ± 29.9 رمعلا طسوتم ناك .اًميلس اًكراشم كلذ يف ابم لماشلا نويعلا صحفل ةساردلا يف ينكراشلما عيمج تم .يرولمحا ينعلا لوط سايقو يعطقلما يرصبلا كسامتلاريوصت ةيكبش ةكامس لدعم ديدتح تم .طقف ىنميلا ينعلا تانايب ينمضت رمعلاو سنلجاو ينعلا ةيكبش ةكامس ينب ةقلاعلا صحف تم و .ينعلا .يوركلا ؤفاكتلاو ينعلل يرولمحا لوطلاو يزكرلما ةيكبشلا ةكامس طسوتم نأ جئاتنلا ترهظأو :جئاتنلا يروحم لوط طسوتم غلبو ،نوركيم 23.62 ± 244.76 غلب لداعلما طسوتم غلبو ،)مم 20.5-29 :ىدلما( مم 1.062 ± 23.8 .)D +4.25 ىلإ -5.50 :ىدلما( D 1.75 ± -0.31 يوركلا ءاسنلا يف ريثكب لقأ ةريقنلا مجحو ةيزكرلما ةقطنلما ةكامس تناكو ةكامس يف قرف دجوي ملو .)p<0.001 امهلاك( لاجرلا نم ينب )p=0.341( ةريقنلا مجح لاو )p=0.389( ةيزكرلما ةقطنلما ةكامس ينب ةيباجيإ ةقلاع دوجو ظحولو .ثلاثلا ةيرمعلا تائفلا .)p<0.001( يروحم لوط و يعاخنلا لئاسلا يعيبطلا ءارفصلا ةعقبلا ةكامس نا ةساردلا ترهظا :ةتمالخا كسامتلاريوصت ةطساوب اهسايق تم يتلاو ينيدوعسلا ينغلابلا يف تلجس يتلا كلت نع فلتخت )SD-OCT( يعطقلما يرصبلا رثكأ ةريقنلا مجحو ةيزكرلما ةقطنلما تناكو .ىرخلأا بوعشلا يف لوطلا ناو تايدوعسلا ءاسنلا نم ينيدوعسلا لاجرلا ىدل اًكمس .ةيزكرلما ةقطنلما ةكامس عم يباجيإ لكشب طبتري يرولمحا Objectives: To determine the macular thickness in the eyes of healthy Saudi adults using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography )SD-OCT(. Methods: This is a prospective, cross-sectional study, including 158 healthy participants between August and December 2015. Mean subject age was 29.9 ± 7.85 years old. All participants underwent full ophthalmic evaluation, including SD-OCT imaging, and axial length measurement. Data from the right eye were included. Mean retinal thickness was determined. Correlations between retinal thickness and gender, age, axial length, and spherical equivalence were analyzed. Results: Mean central retinal thickness was 244.76 ± 23.62 μm, mean axial length was 23.8 ± 1.062 mm )range: 20.5-29 mm( and mean spherical equivalent was -0.31 ± 1.75 diopters )D( )range: -5.50 to +4.25 D(. Central subfield )CSF( thickness and foveal volume were significantly lower in women than in men )both p<0.001(. Data from the various age groups did not show statistically significant differences in the CSF thickness )p=0.389( or foveal volume )p=0.341(. A positive correlation between CSF thickness and axial length )p<0.001( was observed. Conclusion: The normal macular thickness values in healthy Saudi individuals is different from that reported in other ethnic groups, as obtained by SD-OCT. Saudi men had thicker CSF than Saudi women and axial length was positively correlated to the central foveal
Vibration‐induced dynamical weakening of pyroclastic flows: Insights from rotating drum experiments

Pyroclastic flows are characterized by their high mobility, which is often attributed to gas fluidization of the usually fine and/or low‐density particles. However, the physical mechanism that might drive sustained fluidization of pyroclastic flows over extraordinarily long runout distances is elusive. In this letter it is proposed that a powerful mechanism to weaken the frictional resistance of pyroclastic flows would arise from the prolonged and intense mechanical vibrations that commonly accompany these dense gravitational fluid‐particle flows. The behavior of fine powders in a slowly rotating drum subjected to vibrations suggests that fluid‐particle relative oscillations in granular beds can effectively promote the pore gas pressure at reduced shear rates. Dynamical weakening, as caused by the enhancement of pore fluid pressure, may be an important mechanism in any geophysical process that involves vibrations of granular beds in a viscous fluid. This is particularly relevant for granular flows involving large amounts of fine and/or light particles such as pyroclastic density currents.
Border carbon adjustment and potential trade retaliation: an evaluation with MIRAGE-e

Recently, carbon leakage risks have been seriously examined in the framework of the European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Since 2005, this system caps emissions of highly emissive European companies. But some of these companies are significantly exposed to international competition. Several Member States, in particular France, have proposed to impose a border carbon adjustment (BCA) to imports of the products covered by the EU ETS. However, as a trade measure, a BCA may be contested by a World Trade Organization member under its dispute settlement mechanism and may lead to trade retaliation from some trade partners. While the economic impacts of border carbon adjustment measures have been addressed in several papers, we are not aware of any study that assesses the implications of trade retaliation if the BCA is deemed illegal. The aim of this paper is to analyze the efficiency, in terms of carbon leakage limitation, of a BCA in complement to the EU ETS, but also to evaluate the cost of possible trade retaliation due to the implementation of the trade measure.
THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY ON SUMMER HABITAT USE BY MOOSE

Non-fatal disturbance by humans can be analogous to predation risk because animal response to both directly reduces time available for other fitness-increasing activities such as foraging, maternal care, and reproductive behaviour. We studied the effects of human disturbance on moose (Alces alces) by examining hourly locations and movement patterns of 41 GPS-marked moose relative to human activity in central Norway during summer 2006. Our results indicated that moose moved further from inhabited houses and to areas of lower housing density in periods of high human activity as compared to periods of low human activity, and that this behavioural response was closely related to the level of human activity in the area used by moose. We also detected significant differences between responses of males and females with calves; males were more willing to use areas near houses and with higher housing density during periods of low human activity. This differential response was likely due to the higher perceived risks of foraging associated with maternal protection of non-independent offspring. Our study supports the idea that indirect cost associated with human disturbance is analogous to the influence of perceived predation risk on animals. We suggest that such indirect effects on moose should be accounted for when planning human construction and activity in prime moose habitat.
Halophytes as Forages

It is the chemical composition of the halophyte forages and the digestion process of these forages that matter. As the science gets more advanced and the information about these two points becomes clearer, the view of this information might modify our understand - ing to these processes. Then, some topics might be dropped, and others might be raised or become more obvious. However, the feeding of halophyte forages as per se has several drawbacks and therefore, they have to be fed in mixed rations, fortifying these rations with energy supplements.
An Event Study Analysis of ECB Unconventional Monetary Policy

This paper analyzes the impact of the unconventional monetary policy measures implemented by the European Central Bank since 2007 to cope with the financial and sovereign debt crisis. The focus is on government bond yields of 10 European countries and 6 extra-Euro countries to evaluate the monetary policy transmission mechanism. In particular, I evaluate the effects of monetary policy announcements and liquidity injections on the yield curve. The econometric tool applied is the event-study methodology on policy announcements and liquidity injections (longer-term refinancing operations). Results support the existence of an expectational channel of transmission and, more important, they shows that the effects of unconventional measures are not unique inside the monetary union but vary between countries and over time. In particular, the unfolding of the European sovereign debt crisis completely changed the impact of liquidity injections as they led to a rise in interest rate spreads for highly indebted countries.
Observed Propagation and Structure of the 33-h Atmospheric Kelvin Wave

The structure of the 33-h Kelvin wave, a normal mode of the atmosphere, is examined in 6-hourly station and NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis data. Cross-spectral analysis of 6 yr (1993‐98) of tropical station pressure data shows a peak in coherence in a narrow frequency band centered near 0.74 cycles per day, corresponding to a period of approximately 33 h. The phase angles are consistent with an eastward-propagating zonal-wavenumber-1 structure, implying an equatorial phase speed of approximately 340 m s21. The global structure of the mode is revealed by empirical orthogonal function and regression analysis of 31 yr (1968‐98) of reanalysis data. The horizontal structure shows a zonal-wavenumber-1 equatorial Kelvin wave with an equatorial trapping scale of approximately 348 lat. The vertical structure has zero phase change. The amplitude of the wave is approximately constant in the troposphere with an equatorial geopotential height perturbation of 0.9 m, and then increases exponentially with height in the stratosphere. Cross-spectral analysis between the station and reanalysis data shows that the results from the two datasets are consistent. No evidence can be found for forcing of the wave by deep tropical convection, which is is examined using a twice-daily outgoing longwave radiation dataset.
Comparative Efficacy of Different Weed Management Strategies in Wheat

Weed management programs should focus on environmental safety along with benefits to the farmer. We evaluated the effects of various weed control methods: ? daab? practice (stale seed bed technique), manual hoeing, and the chemical method (mixture of Buctril Super 60EC [bromoxynil + MCPA] 0.45 kg ai ha-1 and Puma Super 75EW [fenoxaprop-P-ethyl] 0.75 kg ai ha-1) in combination with different planting geometries: 22.5 cm apart single row, 22.5 cm apart crisscross double row, 30 cm apart single row and broadcast sowings on weed control and grain yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) var. Sehar 2006 at the University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan, during the winters of 2009 and 2010. The chemical method, manual hoeing and ? daab? practice gave 71.44%, 30.69% and 28.60% weed controls resulting in 11.79%, 11.09% and 4.95% increases in grain yield above that of the weedy control, respectively. The 22.5 cm apart single row sowing in combination with chemical weed control proved to be the best regarding weed control (87.23%), grain yield (4073 kg ha-1) and number of fertile tillers m-2 (509.5), whereas wheat plant height (108.2 cm), number of grains spike-1 (45.90) and 1000 grain weight (45.23 g) were higher in 30 cm apart single row sowing in interaction with manual hoeing. Grain yield showed a significant negative (b = -152.8) and positive (b = 3.21) correlation with weed biomass and fertile tillers m-2, respectively. Chemical weed control, ? daab? practice and manual hoeing gave cost:benefit ratios of 2.50, 1.95 and 1.14, respectively. Although the chemical method seems the most profitable, the ? daab? practice was found to be the most advantageous if environmental concerns were taken into consideration.
Characteristics of vertical velocities estimated from drop size and fall velocity spectra of a Parsivel disdrometer

Abstract. Vertical air velocities were estimated from drop size and fall velocity spectra observed by Parsivel disdrometers during intensive field observations from 13 June to 3 August 2016 around Mt. Jiri (1915 m a.s.l.) in the southern Korean Peninsula. Rainfall and wind velocity data measured by Parsivel disdrometers and ultrasonic anemometers, respectively, were analyzed for an orographic rainfall event associated with a stationary front over Mt. Jiri on 1 July 2016. In this study, a new technique was developed to estimate vertical air velocities from drop size and fall velocity spectra measured by the Parsivel disdrometers and investigate characteristics of up-/downdrafts and related microphysics on the windward and leeward sides of the mountain. To validate results from this technique, vertical air velocities between the Parsivel disdrometers and anemometers were compared at different locations and were shown in quite good agreement with each other. It was shown that upward motion was relatively more dominant on the windward side and even during periods of heavy rainfall. In contrast, downward motion was more dominant on the leeward side during nearly the same periods of heavy rainfall. Occurrences of upward and downward motion were digitized as percentage values as they are divided by a total count of occurrences during the entire period. On the windward (leeward) side, the percentages of upward (downward) motion were much larger than those of downward (upward) motion. The mean rainfall intensity on the leeward side was stronger than on the windward side, suggesting that most of the rainfall on the leeward side was relatively more affected by the downward motion. With the estimated vertical air velocities, histogram characteristics of rainfall parameters were also examined between the windward and leeward sides.
Ethical Climate Type, Self-Efficacy, and Capacity to Deliver Ethical Outcomes in Public Sector Human Resource Management

Background – In recent years, ethical behaviour within public sector workplaces has been of increasing interest. One way to describe the ethical characteristics of workplace environments is the multidimensional construct ethical climate. Workplaces may be divided into different types of ethical climate environment on the basis of similarity of profile across climate dimensions. Purpose – The purpose of the study is to examine how different types of public sector ethical climate environment affect both human resource practitioner (HRP) perceived capacity to act and their self-efficacy when faced with ethical dilemmas. Design/methodology/approach – Two hundred and seventy six public sector HRPs were classified as working in one of five types of ethical climate using the typology of Shacklock, Manning and Hort (2011). Each practitioner was presented with 15 hypothetical scenarios. Each scenario contained an ethical dilemma, and each required some degree of non-compliance by the HRP to produce an ethical outcome. For each scenario, the HRPs were asked to judge: perceived realism of the scenario in their organisation; degree of self-efficacy they would have in achieving an ethical outcome; and level of non-compliance to the scenario from three perspectives (a) the ideal response, (b) their own response, and (c) the ‘typical’ HRP response. Findings – Significant differences were found between HRPs operating in the different ethical climate environment types for (a) perceived realism of the scenarios, (b) the level of HRP non-compliance judged to be typical, and (c) the level of self-efficacy respondents judged they would have in achieving an ethical outcome were they to be confronted with the dilemma. Conclusions – The findings of this study support the notion that different types of ethical climate in organisations will affect both HRP’s self efficacy and their capacity to deliver ethical outcomes when faced with ethical dilemmas.
THE MOST MISERABLE AND THE MOST BLISSFUL INDIVIDUALS IN BRAZIL

This paper is the last of a series of five papers that discuss factors associated with well-being in Brazil using the World Values Survey (WVS). The paper has three main objectives. The first is to compare descriptively the most blissful and most miserable individuals in Brazil in the year of 2006. Then, the paper defines the profiles among the Brazilian population and amongst these groups in regard to their responses to self-evaluated health status, marital status, unemployment status, importance given to family, self-determination, religiosity, thick trust and self-evaluated financial situation using Latent Class analysis. Based on these variables, we defined three profiles for the most miserable in Brazil entitled the financially poor, the unhealthy distrustful, and the lonely. For the most blissful, we obtained four profiles: the healthy, the self-determined unhealthy and financially poor individuals, the generalized blissful and the self-determined distrustful individuals. After this, we investigated which socio-demographic aspects are associated with the distribution of individuals among the different profiles using multinomial logistic models.
Structure-Function Relationship of Rhamnan Sulfate Isolated from Commercially Cultured Edible Green Seaweed, Monostroma nitidum

The green seaweed, Monostroma nitidum , is widespread in Japan. In Okinawa Prefecture, production of seaweed is performed using culture-nets that are seeded artificially. The annual production of the algae in Okinawa was approximately 100t in 2016. Recently, because Monostroma nitidum is used in salads, soups and other items, its utilization in the food industry increased. The algae contain a soluble polysaccharide, rhamnan sulfate. To estimate the applicability of a rhamnan sulfate as a food additive or non-food additives, we investigated the rheological properties of the polymer that was isolated from commercially cultured Monostroma nitidum using a rheogoniometer. A soft gelation occurred at a concentration of 4.0%, and the elastic modulus stayed at a constant value after the temperature to 50°C, which was estimated to be a transition temperature, then decreased rapidly with further increase in temperature. Although a small decrease in elastic modulus was observed with the addition of urea (4.0 M), it remained constant with an increase in temperature up to 60°C, and then decreased. An increase in the elastic modulus was observed in a 0.05 M NaOH solution and soft gelation occurred. The elastic modulus remained large during the increase in temperature even at 90°C. A soft gelation also occurred when rhamnan sulfate was dissolved in a Tris buffer (pH 8.0) solution. The possible mode of intra- and intermolecular associations within and between rhamnan sulfate molecules were discussed.
Neutralization in China: evidence from the balance sheet of the People’s Bank of China

We evaluate China’s neutralization policy by monthly estimations based on the central bank balance sheet from 1999:6 to 2011:6. Our results suggest that China effectively neutralizes 66% of the change of net foreign assets under a pegged currency regime. Consequently, a purchase of one yuan of net foreign assets leads to an effective increase of 1.4 yuan in the money supply, rather than 4 yuan in the absence of neutralization. In the face of rapid growth of foreign reserves, neutralization in China is becoming increasingly difficult, consistent with Mundell’s hypothesis.
Changes in Philornis infestation behavior threaten Darwin's finch survival

The conservation behavior framework is useful to identify key linkages between behavior and conservation practice. We apply this framework to a novel host-parasite system on the Galapagos Islands and ask if there have been changes in parasite oviposition behavior and host mortality patterns across the first decade (2004-2013) of its known association. The Dipteran para- site Philornis downsi was first discovered in Darwin's finch nests in 1997 and is the biggest threat to the survival of Galapagos land birds. Host mortality has increased over the past decade. In Dipterans, pupation and pupae size are determined by access to host resources. Here, we test the hypothesis that P. downsi flies are laying eggs in finch nests earlier in the nestling phase to maximize larval feeding time and therefore chance of pupation success before host death. The results show fewer 1 st instar larvae later in the host nesting cycle in support of earlier egg laying behavior by female flies. Between 2004 and 2013, parasite intensity increased from ~28 to ~48 parasites per nest, host mortality increased from ~50% to ~90%, and host age at death decreased from ~11 to ~5 days. The earlier age at host death was correlated with fewer pupae (from ~50% to ~20%) and smaller pupae size (~10% decrease). Changes in parasite behavior reveal new fitness costs to both the parasite and Darwin's finches. These findings un- derscore the need for urgent conservation action to save Darwin's finches from extinction due to a novel, lethal and introduced parasite (Current Zoology 60 (4): 542-550, 2014).