Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Midline Diastema Amongst South-Western Nigerians

This study was carried out to determine the incidence and heredity of midline diastema amongst the Yoruba-speaking southwest Nigerians. A total of 589 self-administered questionnaires were randomly sent to 271 female and 318 male students of the University of Ilorin, whose biological parents were from the south-western part of Nigeria. Information sought included, presence of (and perception on) diastema in both respondents and their parents. The incidence of midline diastema was 26.1% (p 0.05) of the cases of diastema were inherited, with a higher likelihood in the males. Differences abound in the occurrence of diastema among various population groups. Further studies on the variations and hereditary patterns of midline diastema among different population will help furnish growing anthropological data with necessary facts, and also impact greatly on cosmetic dentistry.
On the orders of zero of certain functions

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Robot Localisation Using a Distributed Multi-Modal Kalman Filter

It is extremely important for any mobile robotics system to know where it is. If an agent does not know where it is or where the objects around it are, meaningful actions become very difficult to perform. The main obstacle to efficient and accurate robot localisation is noise. Noise is present in every part of a robotics system, both in the sensors as well as in the actuators. In a world without noise, with perfect sensors and actuators, localisation would be a relatively simple task. It is also important to note that localisation is not necessarily restricted to determining the pose of a robot, but can also include tracking the state of other objects. Taking the Robocup domain as an example, localisation could include discovering the ball position and velocity and team-mate robot poses as well as the robot's own position. The core concept of robot localisation is estimating the world state through sensor data. In most situations, the world state is not directly observable in its entirety – the world is only partially observable. In such cases the state of the world must be inferred from the given sensor data, and integrated over time. Different algorithms for robot localisation provide varying ways of incorporating the partial observations of the world state into an internal representation of the complete world state. In this chapter we discuss one particular method of Robot localisation as applied to the 4Legged League as part of Robocup, developed by the rUNSWift team for the 2006 competition. We base our system on Bayesian probability theory. The agent keeps a distribution over possible states of the world, and updates that distribution as it moves about and observes the world. The Bayesian foundation for localisation is extremely general, and hence leaves many choices in implementation. What is the space over which the state is assumed to vary? How is the probability distribution over that space represented? Which observations and actions are used to update the distribution.
Running head: MICHELANGELO PHENOMENON ACROSS ADULTHOOD

Humans are motivated to expand their actual self toward an ideal self. Known as the Michelangelo phenomenon, movement toward the ideal self can be facilitated through an affirming romantic partner and is linked to positive life outcomes. Yet, research on the Michelangelo phenomenon has primarily focused on young adult samples, and it remains unknown whether the framework generalizes across the adult life-span. The authors addressed this shortcoming by examining the Michelangelo phenomenon in a three-generation sample of 505 adults aged 18–90 years (M = 47.2 years). Multilevel analyses revealed one age effect on the framework, showing that being seen by the partner in a manner congruent with one’s ideal self (i.e., partner perceptual affirmation) becomes more important for relationship satisfaction with increasing age. Otherwise, age did not affect the Michelangelo phenomenon, suggesting life-span generalizability of the framework. By highlighting personal-growth processes that continue across the life-span, the present findings add to theories of successful aging.
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING WITH LIQUID- CRYSTAL TUNABLE FILTER FOR TISSUES CHARACTERIZATION

We developed and characterized a new near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system. The system consists of a charged coupled device and liquid crystal tunable filter, which is continuously tunable in the near-infrared spectral range of 650-1100 nm with a mean bandwidth of 5 nm. Experiments are conducted to quantitatively determine normal tissues characterization. In the first experiment, hyperspectral images are acquired from normal lung tissue phantom and analyzed. The data shows obvious peak absorption intensity at four different near infrared wavelengths (760, 805, 905, and 970 nm). In the second experiment, the simulated malign lung tissue phantom is used to compare the spectrum between normal and malign tissues. The experimental result indicates that for different type of tissues, the absorption intensity of the spectrum integrated over near-infrared spectral region was considerably different in normal tissues and simulated malign tissues. This difference provides the basis for the detection and delineation of the malign tissue margins from the normal tissues.
Cognitive Processes Underlying the Learning Advantages of Self-Controlled Feedback Schedules

It is well established that an effective way to schedule knowledge of results (KR) during practice to facilitate motor learning is to allow the learner to control their KR delivery, termed self-controlled KR, rather than imposing the same schedule on the learner without choice, termed yoked KR. The learning advantages of self-controlled KR schedules have been attributed to motivational influences and/or information-processing activities with numerous researchers favouring the motivational perspective in recent years. However, many findings currently exist that are difficult to reconcile using a (purely) motivational influences explanation. For this dissertation, three experiments were conducted that aimed to better understand the learning advantages of self-controlled KR schedules from an information-processing perspective. Chapter 2 of this dissertation provides further evidence that the learning benefits of selfcontrolled KR schedules depend on the option of completing the decision to receive KR after a motor response. The option of making the KR decision after a trial, rather than before a trial was suggested to allow the learner to request KR only when a comparison between estimated and actual error would maximize the informational value of the KR received. This in turn would be expected to strengthen one’s error detection capabilities. This was supported by retention and transfer data where a more accurate ability to estimate one’s performance in the absence of KR was found in the two self-controlled groups that were able to make a KR decision after a trial. In addition, open-ended questions regarding the strategies used for requesting KR during practice were administered at the midpoint and end of practice. An inductive thematic analysis (Chapter 3) of the self-reported KR strategies generated five themes and it was noted that strategy use changes as a function of practice. That is, the dominant strategy used during the first half of practice was different from that used during the second half of practice.
Selective Vulnerability of Neuronal Subtypes in ALS: A Fertile Ground for the Identification of Therapeutic Targets

It is well defined that subpopulations of motoneurons have different vulnerability to the pathology causing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the spinal cord, the fast fatigable motoneurons have been shown to be the first to degenerate, followed by fatigue-resistant and slow motoneurons. In contrast motoneurons located in the Onuf’s and oculomotor nuclei appear to be resistant to disease. With a focus on research mainly done on mice overexpressing the mutated human superoxide dismutase (SOD1) protein, we review recent studies exploring the mechanisms that underlie the selective vulnerability of the various motoneuron subtypes. By comparing differen‐ ces in gene expression between these populations, it has been possible to identify factors, which critically determine the survival of motoneurons and the neuromuscu‐ lar function in the pathologic context of ALS. Furthermore, we discuss the contribu‐ tion of non-cell autonomous processes, involving glial cells and the skeletal muscle, in the neurodegenerative process. Exploring the cause of neurodegeneration from the angle of the selective neuronal vulnerability has recently led to the identification of novel targets, which open opportunities for therapeutic intervention against ALS.
Pearcey solitons in curved nonlinear photonic caustic lattices

Controlling artificial Pearcey and swallowtail beams allows the realization of caustic lattices in nonlinear photosensitive media at very low light intensities. We examine their functionality as 2D and 3D waveguiding structures and show the potential of exploiting these lattices as linear beam splitters, which we name a ‘Pearcey-Y-splitter’. For symmetrized Pearcey beams as auto-focusing beams, the formation of solitons in focusing nonlinearity is observed. Our original approach represents the first realization of caustic photonic lattices and can directly be applied in signal processing, microscopy and material lithography.
MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY AS PREDICTORS OF TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN SPANISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Resumen Health-related behaviors are a part of the way in which people construct their gender role norms. The studies have shown masculine norms being associated with alcohol use in men but there is a lack of preceding data in feminine norms in Spain. The goal of the present study was to analyze the impact of conformity to gender norms on the consumption of tobacco and alcohol. 419 male and 435 female Spanish university students participated in the study. The results indicate that men with high scores on the Playboy scale are more likely to be tobacco smokers and alcohol drinkers. On the other hand, women are less likely to consume tobacco and alcohol because that behavior is not consistent with traditional female gender norms. To sum up, with regard to tobacco and alcohol consumption, masculinity acts multidimensionally. Specifically, some aspects of masculinity protect health, while others jeopardize it. For women, traditional femininity is protective against substance consumption.
Sedimentological characterization of Antarctic moraines using UAVs and Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry

In glacial environments particle-size analysis of moraines provides insights into clast origin, transport history, depositional mechanism and processes of reworking. Traditional methods for grain-size classification are labour-intensive, physically intrusive and are limited to patch-scale (1m2) observation. We develop emerging, high-resolution ground- and unmanned aerial vehicle-based ‘Structure-from-Motion’ (UAV-SfM) photogrammetry to recover grain-size information across an moraine surface in the Heritage Range, Antarctica. SfM data products were benchmarked against equivalent datasets acquired using terrestrial laser scanning, and were found to be accurate to within 1.7 and 50mm for patch- and site-scale modelling, respectively. Grain-size distributions were obtained through digital grain classification, or ‘photo-sieving’, of patch-scale SfM orthoimagery. Photo-sieved distributions were accurate to <2mm compared to control distributions derived from dry sieving. A relationship between patch-scale median grain size and the standard deviation of local surface elevations was applied to a site-scale UAV-SfM model to facilitate upscaling and the production of a spatially continuous map of the median grain size across a 0.3 km2 area of moraine. This highly automated workflow for site scale sedimentological characterization eliminates much of the subjectivity associated with traditional methods and forms a sound basis for subsequent glaciological process interpretation and analysis.
CH abundance gradient in TMC-1

Aims. The aim of this study is to examine if the well-known chemical gradient in TMC-1 is reflected in the amount of rudimentary forms of carbon available in the gas-phase. As a tracer we use the CH radical which is supposed to be well correlated with carbon atoms and simple hydrocarbon ions. Methods. We observed the 9-cm Λ-doubling lines of CH along the dense filament of TMC-1. The CH column densities were compared with the total H2 column densities derived using the 2MASS NIR data and previously published SCUBA maps and with OH column densities derived using previous observations with Effelsberg. We also modelled the chemical evolution of TMC-1 adopting physical conditions typical of dark clouds using the UMIST Database for Astrochemistry gas-phase reaction network to aid the interpretation of the observed OH/CH abundance ratios. Results. The CH column density has a clear peak in the vicinity of the cyanopolyyne maximum of TMC-1. The fractional CH abundance relative to H2 increases steadily from the northwestern end of the filament where it lies around 1.0 × 10−8, to the southeast where it reaches a value of 2.0 × 10−8. The OH and CH column densities are well correlated, and we obtained OH/CH abundance ratios of ∼16–20. These values are clearly larger than what has been measured recently in diffuse interstellar gas and is likely to be related to C to CO conversion at higher densities. The good correlation between CH and OH can be explained by similar production and destruction pathways. We suggest that the observed CH and OH abundance gradients are mainly due to enhanced abundances in a low-density envelope which becomes more prominent in the southeastern part and seems to continue beyond the dense filament. Conclusions. An extensive envelope probably signifies an early stage of dynamical evolution, and conforms with the detection of a large CH abundance in the southeastern part of the cloud. The implied presence of other simple forms of carbon in the gas phase provides a natural explanation for the observation of "early-type" molecules in this region.
Specialist or generalist? Feeding ecology of the Malagasy poison frog Mantella aurantiaca

We studied the diet of a population of free-ranging Mantella aurantiaca, an alkaloid-containing poison frog from Madagascar. As in other poison frogs, this species is thought to sequester alkaloids from arthropod prey. Among prey, mites and ants are known to regularly contain alkaloids and mites appear to be a major source of dietary alkaloids in poison frogs. We predicted that mites and ants would constitute the most important prey item for these frogs. Prey inventories were obtained during the rainy season by stomach flushing 23 adult male and 42 adult female frogs from one population. Males had smaller body sizes than females and ate smaller prey items, but males and females displayed no differences in the number of prey items consumed. The numerical proportion of ants in most specimens was surprisingly low (11% in males and 15% in females), while mites were slightly more frequent (34% in males and 18% in females). Other prey items consumed in large proportions were flies and collembolans. Comparing the total of 5492 arthropod prey items with 1867 arthropods sampled from the frogs' leaf litter habitat, the proportion of prey classes did not significantly differ among the samples, indicating a low degree of prey electivity in this population. Our data suggest that not all poison frogs exhibit a continuous and active preference for feeding on ants and mites, but instead some may consume high proportions of ants due to a high abundance of ants in their environment.
Implications of apoptosis in cancer immunotherapy

Inhibitions or blockages of ligand-receptor interactions on cancer cell surfaces by exogenous competetors or antibodies often result in apoptosis or “programmed cell death. ” The underlying mechanisms of action for cellular apoptosis depend greatly on the molecular nature of specific ligand-receptor interactions and the signal transduction pathways involved. Two such unrelated systems which are potentially involved in apoptosis of cancer cells are described in this review. They are, respectively, gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) receptor and cancerous immunoglobulins, or CA215, both of which are widely expressed on the surface of cancer cells from diversified tissue origins. Bindings of GnRH or its decapeptide analogs as ligands to GnRH receptor were known to induce apoptosis of several extrapituitary cell types in gonadal tissues, as well as different cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies against the GnRH receptor of cancer cells were shown to induce apoptosis, similar to the action of GnRH analogs. In contrast, RP215 monoclonal antibody reacts specifically with the carbohydrate-associated epitope of cancerous immunoglobulins and is known to induce apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro. It also causes growth inhibition of tumor cells in nude mouse experimental models. Elucidations of the specific mechanisms of apoptosis in cancer cells of these two molecular interaction systems will not only lead to a better understanding of cancer biology but also benefit patients in cancer monitoring and therapy.
Psychopathy and offending behaviour: Findings from the national survey of prisoners in England and Wales

Abstract There is debate about whether the psychopath's criminal behaviour is a consequence of abnormal personality traits or a symptom of psychopathy. The aim of this study was to examine independent associations between offending behaviour over the lifetime and psychopathy in a representative sample of male and female offenders. A two-stage survey was carried out among prisoners in all prisons in England and Wales. Psychopathy was measured using the PCL-R in the second stage among 497 male and female prisoners. Independent relationships between the four factors of psychopathy and lifetime offences were examined using multiple regression. Two models of association were compared to test the effects of the fourth (antisocial) factor. Factor 1 (interpersonal) was not associated with any category of serious offending behaviour. Affective deficiency (Factor 2) was independently associated with violent and acquisitive offending in men. The contribution of the antisocial factor to associations with total PCL-R scores, together with its strong intercorrelations with Factor 3 (lifestyle), suggest that it is an integral component of the psychopathy construct. The findings also demonstrate the dilemma of colinearity between the third and fourth factors of psychopathy and their relationship with criminal behaviour, especially in men.
The Effects of Beetroot Juice on VO2max and Blood Pressure during Submaximal Exercise

Beetroot juice (BR) has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP) at rest and improve several performance parameters during exercise. However, the effect of BR on BP during submaximal exercise has not been investigated and its effects on VO2max are inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of BR on VO2max and BP during submaximal exercise. 20 healthy, recreationally trained volunteers (age 21.8±2.35 years, weight 75.10±10.62 kg, height 177.4±6.39 cm) participated in this study, which had a double-blind placebo controlled randomized crossover design. Participants supplemented with either 237 ml servings of placebo or 70 ml BR servings (nitrate concentration of 6.4 mmol/day) for 7 days. Participants completed a ramp treadmill protocol to determine VO2max. BP was taken at 70% max heart rate calculated using the Karvonen method. There was no significant change in VO2max after BR supplementation (51.07±6.12 ml/kg/min) versus placebo (50.46±6.06 ml/kg/min), t(19)=1.41, p=0.17. There was no significant change in either systolic BP after BR supplementation (180.65±23.37 mm Hg) versus placebo (177.65±22.07 mm Hg), t(19)=0.49, p=0.63, or in diastolic BP after BR (92.90±18.89 mm Hg) versus placebo (90.75±17.73 mm Hg), t(19)=0.51, p=0.62. BR did not affect VO2max, nor did it affect BP during submaximal exercise.
Load monitoring system in top-level basketball team: Relationship between external and internal training load

The study aimed to describe and compare the external training load, monitored using microtechnology, with the internal training load, expressed as the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), in elite male basketball training sessions. Thirteen professional basketball players participated in this study (age=25.7±3.3 years; body height=199.2±10.7 cm; body mass=96.6±9.4 kg). All players belonged to the same team, competing in two leagues, ACB and the Euroleague, in the 2016/2017 season. The variables assessed within the external motion analysis included: Player Load (PL), acceleration and deceleration (ACC/DEC), jumps (JUMP), and changes of direction (CoD). The internal demands were registered using the sRPE method. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to determine relationships between the variables. A significant correlation was observed between the external load variables and sRPE (range r=0.71–0.93). Additionally, the sRPE variable showed a high correlation with the total PL, ACC, DEC, and CoD. The contrary was observed with respect to the relationship between sRPE and JUMP variables: the correlation was higher for the high band and lower for the total number of jumps. With respect to the external load variables, a stronger correlation was found between PL and the total number of ACC, DEC and COD than the same variables within the high band. The only contrary finding was the correlation between PL and JUMP variables, which showed a stronger correlation for hJUMP. Tri-axial accelerometry technology and the sRPE method serve as valuable tools for monitoring the training load in basketball. Even though the two methods exhibit a strong correlation, some variation exists, likely due to frequent static movements (i.e., isometric muscle contractions) that accelerometers are not able to detect. Finally, it is suggested that both methods are to be used complementary, when possible, in order to design and control the training process as effectively as possible. Keywords: team sport, training monitoring, accelerometry, sRPE, professional players