Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dusty disc–planet interaction with dust-free simulations

Protoplanets may be born into dust-rich environments if planetesimals formed through streaming or gravitational instabilities, or if the protoplanetary disc is undergoing mass loss due to disc winds or photoevaporation. Motivated by this possibility, we explore the interaction between low mass planets and dusty protoplanetary discs with focus on disc-planet torques. We implement Lin & Youdin's newly developed, purely hydrodynamic model of dusty gas into the PLUTO code to simulate dusty protoplanetary discs with an embedded planet. We find that for imperfectly coupled dust and high metallicity, e.g. Stokes number $10^{-3}$ and dust-to-gas ratio $\Sigma_\mathrm{d}/\Sigma_\mathrm{g}=0.5$ , a `bubble' develops inside the planet's co-orbital region, which introduces unsteadiness in the flow. The resulting disc-planet torques sustain large amplitude oscillations that persists well beyond that in simulations with perfectly coupled dust or low dust-loading, where co-rotation torques are always damped. We show that the desaturation of the co-rotation torques by finite-sized particles is related to potential vorticity generation from the misalignment of dust and gas densities. We briefly discuss possible implications for the orbital evolution of protoplanets in dust-rich discs. We also demonstrate Lin & Youdin's dust-free framework reproduces previous results pertaining to dusty protoplanetary discs, including dust-trapping by pressure bumps, dust settling, and the streaming instability.
How do Industries Respond to Finance Specific Regulations

The immediate reaction of financial firms subject to the 2008 short sale ban has been examined in previous literature and showed largely positive reactions. This study examines the ban beyond just those firms subject to the ban and finds that reactions of the financial industry as a whole, and not just those firms that were subject to the ban, were not as clear and imply a lack of cohesion. Additionally, this study finds that the commonalities of those firms subject to the ban were, as suggested by media, minimal which implies that policy makers may not have produced the intended outcome. In an effort to elaborate on the potential of unintended outcomes an industry ripple analysis was completed and shows that particular sectors seem to follow the financial industry. Specifically, the finding is that capital intensive industries trended with the financial industry at the initial announcement. Understanding the interrelatedness amongst industries should assist in future policy implementations and business decisions.
Sex expression, breeding system and pollinators of Piper caldense (PIPERACEAE) in the Brazilian Atlantic forest

Neotropical Piper species have bisexual flowers. Such reproductive trait is considered basal in this pantropical genus. However, neotropical species having unisexual (staminate) flowers along with bisexual ones have also been reported. Dichogamy is common in the genus, associated with either self-compatibility or -incompatibility, as well as with entomophily. We analyzed a natural population of Piper caldense in a Atlantic Forest area (Vicosa municipality, Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil). Preliminary observations indicated that the species produces two flower types. We analyzed flower sex in spikes of 50 plants. We obtained additional information through morphological and anatomical studies and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The longevity and exposure dynamics of stigmatic papillae and the pollen release sequence of all four stamens were investigated to verify the degree of dichogamy. Pollination tests were performed, pollinators were identified and their visitation frequency was recorded. Piper caldense has both bisexual and staminate flowers, each flower type being located on separate spikes. These spikes occurred on the same plant, thus indicating andromonoecy; furthermore, plants having only spikes with staminate flowers were also observed. This gender had not yet been reported to the genus. Gradual and sequential exposure of stigmatic papillae associated with asynchronous pollen release (one stamen a day) resulted in incomplete protogyny. Hand pollination tests showed that the species is self-incompatible. Social bees, mainly Apis mellifera and Melipona spp. , were the major pollinator group. Our study reinforces the need to associate morphological analysis with floral biology and indicates future changes in studies addressing reproductive traits associated with the phylogeny of the Piper genus.
Homophobic and transphobic violence against youth: The Jamaican context

Abstract Jamaican LGBTI youth face tragic disparities, the level of which warrants immediate legislative attention. Jamaica has been characterized as one of the most homophobic and transphobic societies globally. Therefore, LGBTI youth routinely experience widespread discrimination and hostility at from the very social institutions (i.e. family, school, community and government) from which they would expect nurturance, care and protection. Also troubling is the fact that despite the country being a signatory to numerous United Nations human rights agreements, there are no legal protections against the discrimination they face. Considering the wealth of empirical evidence on the dire effects of homophobia and transphobia on youth’s well-being, a serious and urgent public health undertaking is necessary to address the homophobia and transphobia and their assumed deleterious outcomes for youth in that context. Comprehensive society-wide measures are obligatory to prevent and reduce the risk of victimization of all youth, but particularly LGBTI youth.
Does the contribution of women to household expenditure explain contraceptive use? An assessment of the relevance of bargaining theory to Africa

This paper draws on the concept of bargaining theory to interpret contraceptive decision-making among women who express a desire to limit or space children. Bargaining theory assumes conflict in decision making within households and posits that such conflict is resolved through bargaining. Women’s bargaining power is said to increase with more control of resources. The underlying assumption is that household decisions are governed by economics. This paper acknowledges that economics may influence reproductive decisions, but posits that African social norms and institutions are more important in defining conjugal roles than spousal relative economic contribution to family expenditure. Findings from seven African countries show that women who contribute more income to household expenditure are no more likely to adopt family planning as predicted by bargaining theory. These results bring into question theoretical perspectives that are sometimes promoted as generic explanatory models without validation in specific cultural settings.
COREWOOD (JUVENILE WOOD) IN PINUS RADIATA — SHOULD WE BE CONCERNED?

In common with other plantation softwoods, Pinus radiata D. Don exhibits a characteristic corewood zone which contributes significantly to the overall variation in wood properties. Industries have developed preferences for wood with a high or low proportion of corewood and may experience problems if the desired levels are not achieved. With evolving forest management practices worldwide, the trend is to a greater proportion of corewood and this has implications for industries which consider this type of wood undesirable. Traditional definitions of corewood are based on qualitative assessments of the number of rings from the pith at which an important property (usually wood density) becomes "mature". Since this is an interpretation of a biological pattern, subject to fluctuation in the absolute level under the influence of site and genetic factors, species differences can be large and there is often little relation to wood product performance criteria. An alternative definition based on wood density goes some way towards a technical description of the absolute wood quality.
Allocation Of Residual Income Rights Under Internal Governance Empirical Results from the Hungarian Trucking Industry

The paper offers a property rights and monitoring cost explanation for the allocation of residual income rights between the carriers and truck drivers under internal governance. First, by applying property rights theory, we argue that the structure of residual income rights depends on the importance of noncontractible (intangible) assets of the truck driver to generate a residual surplus. The more important the truck driver’s intangible knowledge assets, the more residual income rights should be transferred to him. In addition, we controlled for the monitoring costs as an additional explanatory variable of the allocation of residual income rights. According to agency theory, the higher the variable proportion of the driver’s income, the higher the monitoring costs.These hypotheses were tested by using data from the Hungarian trucking industry. The empirical results are supportive of the hypotheses.
Brown dwarfs and very low mass stars in the Praesepe open cluster: a dynamically unevolved mass function?

Context. Determination of the mass functions of open clusters of different ages allows us to infer the efficiency with which brown dwarfs are evaporated from clusters to populate the field. Aims. In this paper we present the results of a photometric survey to identify low mass and brown dwarf members of the old open cluster Praesepe (age 590 +150
Factors Influencing Adoption of Conservation Tillage in Australian Cropping Regions

The purpose of this research is to improve understanding of conservation tillage adoption decisions by identifying key biophysical and socio-economic factors influencing no-till adoption by grain growers across four Australian cropping regions. The study is based on interviews with 384 grain growers using a questionnaire aimed at eliciting perceptions relating to a range of possible long- and short-term agronomic interactions associated with the relative economic advantage of shifting to a no-tillage cropping system. Together with other farm and farmer-specific variables, a dichotomous logistic regression analysis was used to identify opportunities for research and extension to facilitate more rapid adoption decisions. The broader systems approach to considering conservation tillage adoption identified important determinants of adoption not associated with soil conservation and erosion prevention benefits. Most growers recognised the erosion-reducing benefits of no-till but it was not an important factor in explaining whether a grower was an adopter or non-adopter. Perceptions associated with shorter-term crop production benefits under no-till, such as the relative effectiveness of pre-emergent herbicides and the ability to sow crops earlier on less rainfall were influential. Employment of a consultant and increased attendance of cropping extension activities were strongly associated with no-till adoption, confirming the information and learning-intensive nature of adopting no-till cropping systems.
Finite Difference Analysis of Radiative Free Convection Flow Past an Impulsively Started Vertical Plate with Variable Heat and Mass Flux

A numerical solution of the unsteady radiative free convection flow of an incompressible viscous fluid past an impulsively started vertical plate with variable heat and mass flux is presented here. This type of problem finds application in many technological and engineering fields such as rocket propulsion systems, spacecraft re-entry aerothermodynamics, cosmical flight aerodynamics, plasma physics, glass production and furnace engineering. The fluid is gray, absorbing-emitting but non-scattering medium and the Rosseland approximation is used to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. The governing non-linear, coupled equations are solved using an implicit finite difference scheme. Numerical results for the velocity, temperature, concentration, the local and average skinfriction, the Nusselt and Sherwood number are shown graphically, for different values of Prandtl number, Schmidt number, thermal Grashof number, mass Grashof number, radiation parameter, heat flux exponent and the mass flux exponent. It is observed that, when the radiation parameter increases, the velocity and temperature decrease in the boundary layer. The local and average skin-friction increases with the increase in radiation parameter. For increasing values of radiation parameter the local as well as average Nusselt number increases.
Habitat-Predator Association and Avoidance in Rainbowfish (Melanotaenia spp.)

The ability to recall the location of a predator and later avoid it was tested in nine populations of rainbowfish (Melanotaenia spp.), representing three species from a variety of environments. Following the introduction of a model predator into a particular microhabitat, the model was removed, the arena rotated and the distribution of the fish recorded again. In this manner it could be determined what cues the fish relied on in order to recall the previous location of the predator model. Fish from all populations but one (Dirran Creek) were capable of avoiding the predator by remembering either the location and/or the microhabitat in which the predator was recently observed. Reliance on different types of visual cues appears to vary between populations but the reason for this variation remains elusive. Of the ecological variables tested (flow variability, predator density and habitat complexity), only the level of predation appeared to be correlated with the orientation technique employed by each population. There was no effect of species identity, which suggests that the habitat that each population occupies plays a strong role in the development of both predator avoidance responses and the cues used to track predators in the wild.
System design of a directly air assisted turbocharged SI engine using a camshaft driven valve

The pneumatic hybridization in combination with downsizing and turbocharging is a promising approach to reduce the fuel consumption of spark-ignited (SI) engines while maintaining an excellent driveability. The associated system costs are substantially smaller than those of the wellknown electric hybridization. Hybrid pneumatic engines (HPEs) are equipped with an additional “charge” valve (CV) per cylinder that connects the cylinder to an air pressure tank. The compressed air is used to start the engine. The socalled pneumatic engine start is fast enough to justify the elimination of engine idling and the use of a stop/start functionality. Furthermore, the injection of compressed air into the combustion chamber during the compression phase can recover the driveability. This so-called boost mode is the enabler of strong downsizing and turbocharging. Thus far, fully variable camless valve-trains have been investigated for the charge valve actuation. These systems are expensive, complex and are not available in series production, which prevented a breakthrough of the HPE technology. This thesis evaluates whether and how camshaft driven systems currently available can be used to control the air exchange. Such systems are simpler and more cost-effective, which makes them more attractive for a realization. The reduced complexity and cost of the valvetrain come at a loss of variability which can be overcome by control strategies. Hence, the design of the valve-train system of the charge valve becomes crucial. First, all pneumatic engine modes available on a directly connected HPE are analyzed with respect to their fuel saving potential, required valve-train variability and air demand. As a result, propelling the vehicle with air is omitted. Thus, the HPE boils down to a turbocharged (TC) SI engine, which uses pressurized air for the engine start and to boost the engine. The tank can still be filled by running the engine as a compressor during deceleration phases. The resulting system is called directly air-assisted TC SI engine. Its fuel saving potential for a downsizing factor of two amounts to 28%, which is only slightly smaller than the 31% achievable with a fully variable valve-train.
Planulation periodicity, settlement preferences and growth of two deep-sea octocorals from the northwest Atlantic

Adaptations and life history strategies have rarely been studied in deep-sea corals. Here we present laboratory data on the timing of larval release, reproductive output, substratum selectiv- ity and growth of 2 alcyonaceans (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from the bathyal zone of eastern Canada. Planulation patterns in 2 Drifa species were significantly influenced by seasonal productivity and the lunar cycle, and larval output was greater in larger colonies (from shallower depths). After release, planulae of Drifa sp. shifted their buoyancy to move between the bottom and the water column, whereas planulae of D. glomerata were largely demersal and crawled on the substratum until settle- ment (typically occurring after 1 to 30 d in both species). Settlement trials showed that planulae set- tled more readily on rough natural surfaces covered with biofilm than all other substrata tested and that larvae of colonies from deeper habitats were less selective than those originating from shallower habitats. In both species, the 8 primary mesenteries (and tentacle buds) appeared within 24 h post settlement, and polyps reached a maximum size after 2 to 3 mo. The first branching polyp was observed after ca. 9 mo of growth in D. glomerata, whereas no direct evidence of branching was detected in Drifa sp. over 21 mo of observation, although 2- and 4-polyp colonies were later discov- ered in the holding tank with adults. Together, these findings highlight dual traits of resilience (i.e. extended breeding period, long-lived larvae) and vulnerability (i.e. substratum selectivity, slow growth) in deep-sea corals.
Geographical distribution, clinical presentation, treatment and prevention of canine leishmaniosis in Portugal: a 2007 field survey Resultados de um inquérito realizado em 2007 sobre a distribuição geográfica, apresentação clínica, tratamento e prevenção da leishmaniose canina em Portugal

21 Resumo: A leishmaniose canina, doença endémica em Portugal, é causada por Leishmania infantum, sendo transmitida por Phlebotomus perniciosus e P. ariasi. Através de um inquérito nacional, realizado em 2007, os autores pretenderam caracterizar o panorama da doença, determinando as áreas geográficas recententemente afectadas, e descrevendo a apresentação clínica, diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção referidos pelos clínicos do País. Foram enviados 790 questionários, um para cada uma das clínicas de pequenos animais registadas em Portugal. Obtiveram-se 17,8% (141) de respostas, tendo 93% dos veterinários referido casos de leishmaniose. A doença foi mencionada nos distritos de Beja, Bragança, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Évora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira, Portalegre, Porto, Santarém, Setúbal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real e Viseu. Nestes distritos foram referidas novas áreas onde recentemente surgiu leishmaniose canina. Os sinais clínicos mais apontados foram perda de peso/atrofia muscular, alopécia e linfadenopatia. No diagnóstico, a técnica de imunofluorescência indirecta foi comummente referida. A primeira opção no tratamento foi alopurinol, frequentemente associado a antimoniato de meglumina. Em Portugal, a leishmaniose canina continua a ser endémica em áreas anteriormente conhecidas e de acordo com os resultados agora obtidos, verificaram-se novas áreas afectadas devido à dispersão do parasita. Os sinais clínicos referidos são comuns na apresentação típica da leishmaniose e em geral, os testes de diagnóstico, os protocolos de tratamento e as medidas de prevenção preconizados pelos clínicos veterinários, estiveram de acordo com os conhecimentos científicos disponíveis à data do inquérito.
A convenient solver for solving optimal control problems

Abstract This paper focuses on the development of a solver for solving optimal control problems. A developed numerical optimal control module integrated with the Sequential Quadratic Programming method is introduced. An optimal control problem solver based on the proposed method is implemented to solve optimal control problems efficiently in engineering applications. In addition, a systematic procedure for solving optimal control problems by using the optimal control problem solver is also proposed. A time‐optimal benchmark problem presented in the literature is used to illustrate for the capability and facility of solving optimal control problems. The numerical results demonstrate the proposed method and the procedure suggested in this paper are helpful to engineers in solving optimal control problems in a systematic and efficient manner.
Institutional Investors, Financial Health and Equity Valuation

This paper investigates the relation between institutional ownership, financial health, and the market valuation weights on earnings and book value of equity. We find that firms with high levels of institutional ownership are financially healthier, or less financially distressed, than firms with low levels of institutional ownership. More importantly, we find that the market valuation weight on earnings (book value of equity) increases (decreases) with the level of institutional ownership for profit firms. In contrast, the valuation weight on book value of equity increases with the level of institutional ownership for loss firms. Our findings of the above valuation effect of institutional ownership are consistent with two potential roles of institutions documented in prior literature: (1) institutions merely play a fiduciary role and (2) they play a positive governance role. Additional tests suggest that the level of institutional ownership appears to be an ex ante parsimonious proxy for both current and future financial health and that the valuation effect of institutional ownership cannot be subsumed by incorporating current measures of financial health. Moreover, we show that the valuation effect of institutional ownership is mainly driven by institutions with long investment horizons and monitoring incentives rather than institutions with short investment horizons and little monitoring incentives. We conclude that our findings of the valuation effect of institutional ownership are more consistent with institutions playing a positive governance role than merely playing a fiduciary role.
Interaction between ?-amyloid protein and the ?7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in cholinergic, gabaergic and calcium-binding proteins-containing neurons in the septum-diagonal band complex of the rat

The effects of intracerebral injection of the beta-amyloid protein (A? 1-40) on the ? 7 subtype of nicotinic acetylcoline receptor protein (nAChR) in neurons of the septum-diagonal band (MS-nDBB) complex were studied in rats. Focal deposition of A? in the retrosplenial cortex resulted in a selective reduction in the number of ? 7nAChR-immunoreactive cells in different parts of the MS-nDBB complex, especially in the horizontal nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB). The analysis revealed a significant decrease of 37.27% in the number of ? 7nAChR-immunoreactive cells in the HDB ipsilateral to the A? -injected side as compared to the corresponding hemisphere of non-treated control animals, and a reduction of 31.55% was observed in the HDB ipsilateral to the A? -injected side as compared to the contralateral HDB, which corresponds to the control (PBS)-injected side. A significant reduction (up to 20%) of ? 7nAChR-containing neurons was also found in the medial septal nucleus when compared with the corresponding hemisphere in non-treated control animals. The results also revealed that ? 7nAChR-positive immunoreactivity is highly localized within cytoplasmic granules in cholinergic neurons and in a small subset of putative GABAergic cells of the MS-nDBB complex. In conclusion, these findings suggest an interaction of A? 1-40 with the ? 7nAChR, which may contribute to impairments in cholinergic and GABAergic transmission in the MS-nDBB complex.