Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation with immunosuppressive therapy in rheumatic diseases: assessment and preventive strategies

Understanding of the natural history and basic biology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has increased greatly in recent years. In view of this, the following are reviewed here: (a) recent advances in HBV biology pertinent to the rheumatic disease population; (b) the risks of HBV reactivation in patients with rheumatic disease undergoing immunosuppression; and (c) potential strategies to manage these risks.
Attention and Interference in Prospective and Retrospective Timing

Subjects listened to a series of musical selections and then judged the duration of each selection. Some subjects were informed beforehand that timing was involved (prospective timing) whereas others were informed afterwards (retrospective timing). Half the groups performed a concurrent proofreading task during stimulus presentation. The results showed a trade-off between temporal and nontemporal task performance: prospective-timing groups were more accurate in judging time and were worse at proofreading, whereas retrospective-timing groups were relatively poor at judging time but better at proofreading. This pattern is consistent with Michon's notion of an essential equivalence between temporal and nontemporal processing, and supports the predictions of an attentional allocation model of timing. The proofreading task interfered both with prospective and with retrospective timing, and both types of time judgments were influenced in the same way by effects of stimulus context. These results imply that similar timing processes operate under prospective and retrospective conditions.
Intramolecular synapsis of duplex DNA by vaccinia topoisomerase

Complexes formed by vaccinia topoisomerase I on plasmid DNA were visualized by electron microscopy. The enzyme formed intramolecular loop structures in which non‐contiguous DNA segments were synapsed within filamentous protein stems. At high enzyme concentrations the DNA appeared to be zipped up within the protein filaments such that the duplex was folded back on itself. Formation of loops and filaments was also observed with an active site mutant, Topo‐Phe274. Binding of Topo‐Phe274 to relaxed DNA circles in solution introduced torsional strain, which, after relaxation by catalytic amounts of wild‐type topoisomerase, resulted in acquisition of negative supercoils. We surmise that the topoisomerase–DNA complex is a plectonemic supercoil in which the two duplexes encompassed by the protein filaments are interwound in a right handed helix. We suggest that topoisomerase‐mediated DNA synapsis plays a role in viral recombination and in packaging of the 200 kbp vaccinia genome during virus assembly.
Expectations and judgments regarding bystanders» and victims« responses to peer aggression among early adolescents

The purpose of the current research was to investigate early adolescents' thinking about peer behaviors when associates engage in acts of aggression. The participants (n=195), 4th, 6th, and 8th graders, received two sets of questions. One set pertained to evaluations of bystanders' expected and prescribed behavioral responses when the relationship of the bystander to the perpetrator and to the victim was manipulated. That is, the perpetrator and the victim were either good friends or acquaintances of the bystander. A second set pertained to evaluations of victims' expected and prescribed behavioral responses when the perpetrator was either a good friend or an acquaintance. The overall findings suggest that evaluation of behavioral responses on the part of bystanders and victims is influenced by the relationship among the parties involved. Grade differences are noted.
Born and Bred to Burn out: A Life-Course View and Reflections on Job Burnout

Burnout is a response to prolonged stressors at work, and is defined as a chronic syndrome including exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced professional efficacy. The 40 years of research on burnout have yielded thousands of studies on its measurement, antecedents, correlates, and consequences. However, most of these studies have used a cross-sectional design, and only very few have addressed burnout from a life-course perspective. In the first part of this article, we reflect on the ideas that inspired our multidisciplinary “A 35-Year Follow-Up Study on Burnout Among Finnish Employees,” and the challenges that we encountered when conducting and publishing the study. In the second part, we focus on another understudied topic in burnout research, namely negative life events and their role in burnout. In the third part of the article, we more broadly discuss 6 important developments in burnout research over the past decade, and propose 6 key topics for future studies on this topic.
Haere Mai Me Tuhituhi He Pukapuka: Muri Iho Ka Whawhai Ai Tatou: Reading Te Rangikaheke

This thesis reads Te Rangikaheke's texts through the editorial, Te Arawa and biographic dimensions of the writer and the texts. Te Rangikaheke was a prolific nineteenth century writer who produced over 800 pages of manuscript material. 1 Although he has enjoyed a moderate amount of scholarly attention, this has tended to focus on attribution, cataloguing and tracing publication, transcription and translating, commentary on authenticity and literary quality and his account of history. Specifically, the first core chapter explores issues concerning the editing of Te Rangikaheke's manuscripts by Governor George Grey and the effects of Grey's editing decisions on the texts. This chapter explores the nature of the relationship between Grey and Te Rangikaheke, the effects of this relationship on Te Rangikaheke's texts, and what the dualities of Pakeha/Maori and Governor/Native might mean in terms of the texts. Responding to the calls of American Indian Literary Criticism for studies of Indigenous topics to engage deeply with the contexts of iwi and place, the second core chapter looks at Te Rangikaheke as an Arawa writer and explores issues around identity and articulating an Arawa literary history. Finally, a biography of Te Rangikaheke elaborated from previously known and new biographic details combined with a close reading of his name and three of Te Rangikaheke's letters. Ultimately, it is anticipated that this thesis will forge new pathways into in the study of Wiremu Maihi Te Rangikaheke and his writing, and that these new pathways will clear some much needed space in which a deeper analysis of Te Rangikaheke's writing can be articulated. Furthermore, beyond its focus on a single writer, this thesis extends the scholarship on nineteenth century Maori writing, Maori historical studies, and Maori intellectual history and in this way speaks to a contemporary Indigenous intellectual agenda.
A Review of the Antiviral Role of Green Tea Catechins

Over the centuries, infectious diseases caused by viruses have seriously threatened human health globally. Viruses are responsible not only for acute infections but also many chronic infectious diseases. To prevent diseases caused by viruses, the discovery of effective antiviral drugs, in addition to vaccine development, is important. Green tea catechins (GTCs) are polyphenolic compounds from the leaves of Camellia sinensis. In recent decades, GTCs have been reported to provide various health benefits against numerous diseases. Studies have shown that GTCs, especially epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have antiviral effects against diverse viruses. The aim of this review is to summarize the developments regarding the antiviral activities of GTCs, to discuss the mechanisms underlying these effects and to offer suggestions for future research directions and perspectives on the antiviral effects of EGCG.
Development of an obeche wood allergen quantification assay for the assessment of allergen exposure in workplaces.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to develop a quantification assay to measure airborne concentrations of obeche wood allergen at workplaces. METHODS Specific polyclonal antibodies to obeche wood were produced in rabbit and used to develop an inhibition enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Inhalable dust samples from three wood-processing companies were taken with a stationary sampling device (Gravicon VC25). The loaded dust filters were extracted under standardized conditions and measured with the assay. In addition, the antigen and allergen contents of obeche wood from different sources (Cameroon, N=5; Ghana, N=4) were analyzed from immunoblots, detected with rabbit immunoglobulin (Ig) G and human Ig E. RESULTS Polyclonal antibodies specific for obeche wood allergens, without cross-reactivity to other woods, were used to establish the inhibition enzyme immunoassay. The assay is able to quantify allergen concentrations from 30 to 300 ng/ml. With inhibition enzyme immunoassay, exposure to airborne obeche wood allergen can be monitored in wood-processing companies. Inhalable dust samples from workplaces contained an average allergen concentration of 15 microg/g dust. Significantly lower protein and allergen contents were measured for obeche wood from Cameroon (ayous) in one company. IgE immunoblots indicated that the lower antigen and allergen contents of the ayous wood may be the result of its lacking the major obeche wood allergen, Trip s 1. CONCLUSIONS The data showed that the total dust concentration in workplaces containing obeche wood dust did not correspond to the assessed allergen concentration. To estimate exposure limits regarding sensitization risk, it is necessary to measure the allergen content directly.
Retinoic acid, bromodeoxyuridine, and the Δ205 mutant polyoma virus middle T antigen regulate expression levels of a common ensemble of proteins associated with early stages of inducing HL-60 leukemic cell differentiation

SumamryRetinoic acid (RA), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), and the Δ205 mutant polyoma middle T antigen affect the expression of a common ensemble of proteins in HL-60 human myeloblastic leukemia cells. Each of these agents is known to be able to prime HL-60 cells and accelerate subsequently induced myeloid or monocytic differentiation and G0 cell cycle arrest, suggesting that they have equal or identical cellular targets relevent to the early stages of inducing cell differentiation and G0 arrest. As a test of this possibility, a survey of protein expression changes induced by RA, BrdU, or Δ205 transfection was performed. Retinoic acid induced numerous changes within h. Bromodeoxyuridine caused larger numbers of changes, whereas Δ205 caused a more limited number. Among the hundreds of affected proteins detected, there were comparable numbers of up- or downregulated proteins. A small number changed between undetectable and detectable expression. The affected proteins were not restricted to a single functional class and included transcription factors, receptors, signaling molecules, cytoskeletal molecules, and effectors of various cellular processes such as deoxyribonucleic acid replication, transcription, and translation. The intersect of the sets of proteins affected by RA, BrdU, and Δ205 was identified to determine if these agents regulated a common subset of proteins. This ensemble contained the commonly upregulated proteins AF6, ABP-280, ENC-1, ESE 1, MAP2B, NTF2, casein kinase, IRF1, SRPK2, Rb2, RhoGDI, P47phox, CD45, PKR, and SIIIp15. The commonly downregulated proteins were SHC, katanin, flotillin-2/ESA, EB 1, p43/EMAPIIprecursor, Jabl, FNK. The composition of the ensemble suggested three apparent themes for cellular processes that were affected early. The themes reflected the ultimate fate of the treated precursor cells as a mature myeloid cell, namely a cell whose hallmarks are (1) motility to migrate to a target and phagocytize it, (2) inducible oxidative metabolism to reduce the target with superoxide from a respiratory burst, and (3) biosynthetic slow down consistent with conversion from cell proliferation to quiescence. Interestingly, RA appears to induce aspects of an interferon-like response of potential significance as part of a biosynthetic slow down leading to cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, three biologically disparate ways to prime cells to differentiate were used to filter out a small ensemble of commonly regulated proteins that group as either microtubule associated, oxidative metabolism machinery, or effectors of cellular responses to interferon.
Differentiation In Vivo of Cardiac Committed Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Postmyocardial Infarcted Rats

Human embryonic stem (HES) cells can give rise to cardiomyocytes in vitro. However, whether undifferentiated HES cells also feature a myocardial regenerative capacity after in vivo engraftment has not been established yet. We compared two HES cell lines (HUES‐1 and I6) that were specified toward a cardiac lineage by exposure to bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP2) and SU5402, a fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that the cardiogenic inductive factor turned on expression of mesodermal and cardiac genes (Tbx6, Isl1, FoxH1, Nkx2.5, Mef2c, and α‐actin). Thirty immunosuppressed rats underwent coronary artery ligation and, 2 weeks later, were randomized and received in‐scar injections of either culture medium (controls) or BMP2 (±SU5402)‐treated HES cells. After 2 months, human cells were detected by anti‐human lamin immunostaining, and their cardiomyocytic differentiation was evidenced by their expression of cardiac markers by reverse transcription‐PCR and immunofluorescence using an anti‐β myosin antibody. No teratoma was observed in hearts or any other organ of the body. The ability of cardiac‐specified HES cells to differentiate along the cardiomyogenic pathway following transplantation into infarcted myocardium raises the hope that these cells might become effective candidates for myocardial regeneration.
The Development and Psychometric Properties of the Selective Mutism Questionnaire

Research on selective mutism (SM) has been limited by the absence of standardized, psychometrically sound assessment measures. The purpose of our investigation was to present two studies that examined the factor structure and initial reliability and validity of the Selective Mutism Questionnaire (SMQ), a 17-item parent report measure of failure to speak related to SM. Study 1 (N = 589) utilized an Internet sample of parents of children ages 3 to 11 to demonstrate that the SMQ has a theoretically and clinically meaningful factor structure accounting for a significant portion of variance in responses with good internal consistency. Study 2 (N = 66) supported the validity of the SMQ in that scores discriminated clinic-referred children with SM from children with other anxiety disorders. Scores on the SMQ were correlated with measures of several theoretically and clinically important dimensions.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in General Practice

Objective: This review discusses the role of general practitioners and primary care health staff in the assessment, treatment and prevention of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders and to consider implications for service delivery. Method: Literature review. Papers were selected as having an empirical evidence base or as describing and documenting new initiatives in general practice. Results: A small proportion of about 3% of children present to general practice with behavioural or emotional problems, but psychiatric disorders in the context of somatic presentations are considerably more common. They are probably higher than in the general population reflecting an increased tendency by children with disorders to consult. Recognition by general practitioners is limited and few children with disorders are referred to specialist clinics. However, referrals are mostly appropriate: the more severely affected children in difficult psychosocial circumstances. A number of pilot studies have shown the feasibility and potential usefulness of setting up shifted specialist clinics in primary care and of training primary care doctors and other staff in the recognition or management of child mental heath problems. Conclusion: Primary care is an appropriate resource to help increase attention to child and adolescent mental health problems. Its potential requires further development and rigorous evaluation. Areas lending themselves to development include: improved medical undergraduate teaching and postgraduate training; suitable information and advice-giving on child mental health problems by the primary care team; the development of specific child and adolescent psychiatric interventions for use in the primary care setting; careful and discriminating development of shifted outpatient clinics for selected child psychiatric disorders; the development of focused protocols for referral to specialist services; further development of mental health promotion clinics in primary care.
Development and transport implications of automated vehicles in the Netherlands: scenarios for 2030 and 2050

Automated driving technology is emerging. Yet, little is known in the literature about when automated vehicles will reach the market, how penetration rates will evolve and to what extent this new transport technology will affect transport demand and planning. This study uses scenario analysis to identify plausible future development paths of automated vehicles in the Netherlands and to estimate potential implications for traffic, travel behaviour and transport planning on a time horizon up to 2030 and 2050. The scenario analysis was performed through a series of three workshops engaging a group of diverse experts. Sixteen key factors and five driving forces behind them were identified as critical in determining future development of automated vehicles in the Netherlands. Four scenarios were constructed assuming combinations of high or low technological development and restrictive or supportive policies for automated vehicles (AV …in standby, AV …in bloom, AV …in demand, AV …in doubt). According to the scenarios, fully automated vehicles are expected to be commercially available between 2025 and 2045, and to penetrate the market rapidly after their introduction. Penetration rates are expected to vary among different scenarios between 1% and 11% (mainly conditionally automated vehicles) in 2030 and between 7% and 61% (mainly fully automated vehicles) in 2050. Complexity of the urban environment and unexpected incidents may influence development path of automated vehicles. Certain implications on mobility are expected in all scenarios, although there is great variation in the impacts among the scenarios. Measures to curb growth of travel and subsequent externalities are expected in three out of the four scenarios.
THE ALLONEMOBIUS‐WOLBACHIA HOST‐ENDOSYMBIONT SYSTEM: EVIDENCE FOR RAPID SPECIATION AND AGAINST REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION DRIVEN BY CYTOPLASMIC INCOMPATIBILITY

Abstract Evidence for the evolution of fertilization incompatibilities and rapid speciation can be biased by the occurrence of hybridization and reproductive endosymbionts such as Wolbachia. For example, patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation can be obscured by mitotypes hitchhiking on extrachromosomal elements like Wolbachia, while such endosymbionts can also induce phenotypes that mirror the operation of intrinsic fertilization incompatibilities between species. Therefore, before strong inferences can be drawn concerning the rates and processes of speciation in arthropod systems, we must first assess whether extrinsic endosymbionts obscure patterns of speciation. Here, I use the Allonemobius fasciatus‐socius species complex to determine what role Wolbachia has played in the presumed rapid divergence of this complex by analyzing patterns of mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation in conjunction with sequence and cytoplasmic incompatibility data on Wolbachia. Data on molecular variation suggest that Wolbachia has not induced a strong selective sweep of the mitochondrial genome; nor does Wolbachia appear to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility. Preliminary evidence indicates that a third species identified within this complex, A. sp. nov. Tex, is partially reproductively isolated from A. socius, its closest relative, via conspecific sperm precedence or some form of postzygotic isolation. Moreover, shared mitotypes between A. sp. nov. Tex and A. socius may indicate the occurrence of a hybrid zone between these species near the border of Texas and Louisiana, although they may also represent shared ancestral polymorphisms. Molecular data also indicate that all three species in this complex diverged from a common ancestor as recently as 3000–30,000 years ago. Finally, the radiation of this complex from its ancestral population likely occurred in the presence of one strain of Wolbachia, thus suggesting a minimal role for Wolbachia during this burst of speciation. In total, barriers to gene flow do appear to have evolved very rapidly in this group of crickets.
Clinical comparison of an enamel matrix derivative used alone or in combination with a bovine-derived xenograft for the treatment of periodontal osseous defects in humans.

BACKGROUND The combination of bone replacement graft materials has been suggested for the treatment of periodontal osseous defects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) combined with a bovine-derived xenograft (BDX) as compared to EMD alone in the treatment of intraosseous defects in patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis. METHODS Sixteen adult patients with at least 2 intrabony defects were entered in this split-mouth design study. Defects were treated with EMD alone or EMD + BDX. Reentries were performed 6 to 8 months after initial surgery. The following soft and hard tissue measurements were recorded prior to initial surgery and at reentry: probing depth (PD), gingival margin location, clinical attachment level (CAL), depth of defect, and crestal bone level. Statistical analyses were performed to determine changes in PD, CAL, fill of osseous defect, and crestal resorption. Percentages of bone fill (%BF) and defect resolution (%DR) were also calculated. RESULTS The most significant results were that gingival recession was greater for the group treated with EMD alone (0.8 +/- 0.8 mm) compared to EMD + BDX (0.3 +/- 0.6 mm) (P = 0.04) and bone fill was greater for EMD + BDX (4.0 +/- 0.8 mm) compared to EMD alone (3.1 +/- 1.0 mm) (P = 0.02). The measures for PD reduction, attachment level gain, crestal resorption, %BF, and %DR did not present a statistically significant difference (P > 0.10). CONCLUSIONS This study evaluated the performance of EMD + BDX and EMD alone. The results demonstrated that a significant improvement in clinical parameters was observed. When comparing both modalities, a statistically significant difference was only found for gingival recession and bone fill, yielding a more favorable outcome towards the combined approach.