Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High Dose of A Conjugated Linoleic Acid Mixture Increases Insulin Resistance in Rats Fed Either A Low Fat or A High Fat Diet

Abstract Obesity and related diseases are becoming more prevalent. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) might be a useful coadjutant treatment helping to decrease fat mass. However, the precise impact of CLA is unclear because the decreased body fat mass is followed by an increase in insulin resistance. This study aimed to evaluate some of the consequences of a high dose of CLA in rats fed a normal low fat or a high fat diet for 30 days. Male Wistar rats were separated into 4 groups (each n = 10): Control group receiving 7% fat (soybean oil); CLA group receiving 4% soybean oil and 3% CLA mixture; animal fat (AF) group, receiving 45% fat (lard); and animal fat plus CLA (AF+CLA) group, receiving 42% lard and 3% CLA mixture. The CLA mixture contained 39.32 mole% c9,t11-CLA and 40.50 mole% t10,c12-CLA. After 30 days, both CLA groups (CLA and AF+CLA groups) developed insulin resistance, with an increase in glucose in the fasting state and in an insulin tolerance test. The CLA group had increased liver weight and percentage of saturated fatty acids in liver and adipose tissue. Feeding the high fat diet resulted in increased hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation and this was exacerbated by dietary CLA. It is concluded that a high dose of CLA mixture increases insulin resistance and exacerbates hepatic steatosis when combined with a high fat diet.
Ineffectiveness of Antibiotic-Based Pulpotomy for Primary Molars: a Survival Analysis

Objective: To investigate the two-year survival rate of primary molars treated with non-instrumentation endodontic treatment with mixed antibiotic paste containing chloramphenicol, tetracycline, zinc oxide and eugenol (CTZ pulpotomy), and compare it to the conventional root canal treatment with calcium hydroxide paste. Material and Methods: Thirty-six children, mean age 6.2 years old (standard deviation, SD=1.5), presenting at least one primary molar with irreversible pulpitis or necrotic pulp, were included in this prospective clinical study. Teeth were assigned to CTZ pulpotomy (Group I) or calcium hydroxide pulpectomy (Group II) and assessed clinically and radiographically for up to 26 months. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Log-rank test. Results: Fifty-three primary molars were treated in Group I (n=37) or Group II (n=16). Children were followed up for 1 to 26 months (mean=12.0; SD=7.1). Treatment failure rates were 73.0% in Group I and 31.3% in Group II. Overall, mean survival time was 15.2 months (95% confidence interval, CI 12.6–17.9); Group I (mean 13.2; 95% CI 10.2-16.3) had a lower survival rate than Group II (mean 18.9; 95% CI 14.5-23.2) (p=0.02). Necrotic pulp treatments had significantly lower survival rates (p=0.01) than pulpitis treatments. Conclusion: Non-instrumentation endodontic treatment of primary molars with CTZ paste resulted in a low survival rate in a two-year follow-up; its radiographic ineffectiveness discourages its use instead of conventional root canal endodontic treatment.
A comparison of tapered and cylindrical miniscrew stability.

OBJECTIVES This study compared the stability of tapered miniscrews with cylindrical miniscrews. MATERIALS/METHODS One hundred and five tapered and 122 cylindrical self-drilling miniscrews were placed into the maxillary and mandibular buccal alveolar areas of 132 patients (43 males and 89 females). The insertion torque and removal torque were measured and Periotest values (PTVs) were recorded at implantation. RESULTS The success rates of the tapered and cylindrical miniscrews examined were similar. In the maxilla, the insertion torque of the tapered miniscrews (8.3 Ncm) was significantly higher than that of the cylindrical miniscrews (6.3 Ncm) (P < 0.05). The PTVs of the tapered miniscrews were statistically significantly lower in the maxilla (P < 0.05). The removal torque values showed no significant difference between the tapered and cylindrical miniscrews in the upper and lower buccal areas (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Tapered miniscrews had higher initial stability when compared to cylindrical miniscrews, whereas the clinical success rates and removal torques were similar between the two designs. The long-term stability is not directly affected by the miniscrew design.
Effect of St John's wort on bone formation in the orthopaedically expanded premaxillary suture in rats: a histological study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of systemic St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on bone formation in the expanded premaxillary suture in rats. MATERIALS/METHODS A total of 28 rats were randomly divided into four groups of equal numbers: control (C); only expansion (OE); St John's wort extract given only during the expansion and retention period (a total of 17 days; SJW group); and St John's wort extract given during the nursery phase before expansion (a period of 40 days), and during the expansion and retention periods (a total of 57 days; N + SJW group). After the 5 day expansion period was completed, the rats in the OE, SJW, and N + SJW groups underwent 12 days of mechanical retention, following which they were killed, and their premaxilla dissected and fixed. Histological examination was performed to determine the number of osteoclasts and capillaries, as well as the number of osteoblasts, inflammatory cell infiltration, and the amount of new bone formation. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed that the number of osteoclasts and capillaries, and the inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as new bone formation, were higher in the SJW and N + SJW groups than in the other groups. However, statistical analysis demonstrated that among these two groups, all parameters, with the exception of the number of capillaries, were higher in the N + SJW group than the SJW group. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS Although more effective in long-term usage, systemic use of St John's wort hastens new bone regeneration at the premaxillary suture and may help prevent relapse after expansion.
A comparative experimental investigation of torque capabilities induced by conventional and active, passive self-ligating brackets.

INTRODUCTION A proper selected bracket-archwire combination displays a determining factor in the efficacy of torque applied to a tooth at the final stages of an orthodontic treatment. The objective of the current study was to assess the torque capabilities of various bracket systems combined with diverse archwire materials and cross-sections. METHODS The study comprised of four different 0.018-inch slot orthodontic brackets: the passive and the active self-ligating 1. Swiss Nonligating Bracket (SNB) and 2. SPEED and the metallic and the plastic conventional ligating 3. Mini Mono and 4. Brilliant, respectively, and four different archwire types: stainless steel and Nitinol: 0.016×0.016 inch and 0.016×0.022 inch. A 20 degrees labial crown torque (+20 degrees) and then a 20 degrees palatal crown torque (-20 degrees) were applied gradually on the upper right central incisor. Maximum torquing moments and torque play were registered. RESULTS Highest torquing moments were expressed by combining SPEED® with 0.016×0.022 inch stainless steel archwire. Lowest moments, but highest torque loss were registered by inserting a 0.016×0.016 inch Nitinol archwire in conventional ligating brackets. CONCLUSIONS Active self-ligating system manifests the best torque effectiveness. An evident dependence of the torque expression is displayed both on the type of ligation and on the material of the archwire.
Biplots and triplots for exploring three mode data with an application to the investigation of the immune response to Bacille Calmette Guérin vaccine in HIV positive infants

Statistics is well acquainted with the use of exploratory techniques to reveal detail about the structure of the data. Graphical displays of data are key in this process, chief amongst them the scatterplot. However, a scatterplot is restricted to use with data comprising at most three variables. For higher dimensional data comprising p > 3 variables, the analogue to this display is the biplot. It is a plot that displays axes for all the variables that have been measured together with points to represent all the subjects in a low dimensional approximation of the p dimensional space. It is useful in that it affords the means to instantly assess correlations between variables as well as any groupings of the subjects that might be inherent in the data set. This display is well developed for data comprising n samples and p variables. Such data sets are referred to as two mode data where the objects and variables represent modes. This dissertation is focused on using biplots for data of a different nature. More specifically, three mode data is considered. Generally this type of data comprises a number of objects on which a number of measurements have been made under different conditions. The modes are thus subjects, variables and conditions. This dissertation is primarily concerned with exploring different techniques to use for the purpose of performing an exploratory data analysis on a three mode data set. More specifically, the focus is on the use of biplots for this purpose. The techniques considered include Principal Component Analysis biplots, Canonical Variate Analysis biplots, Common Principal Component Analysis as well as Generalised Orthogonal Procrustes Analysis. Tensor decomposition techniques are also explored and whilst the Tucker3 decomposition is used to construct biplots, the Parallel Factor Analysis model is shown to have undesirable properties for the construction of an exploratory plot. Tensor Singular Value Decomposition is thus discussed and used as a framework for the construction of a triplot, a plot that simultaneously displays all three modes comprising the data.
The relationship between craniofacial development and hypodontia in patients with Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Hypodontia is often seen in people with Down syndrome (DS). In the normal population, persons with hypodontia have a shorter cranial base and a hypoplastic maxilla, leading to a skeletal Class III tendency and a reduced face height. The purpose of this study was to examine craniofacial morphology in patients with DS at different ages and the influence of hypodontia on their craniofacial morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in 63 children with DS (6-19 years old; 28 males and 35 females) at a Centre for Special Care Dentistry in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (CBT Rijnmond). Digital lateral cephalograms were obtained from all subjects and a cephalometric analysis was performed. The subjects were divided into a group with hypodontia (13 males and 25 females) and a group without hypodontia (15 males and 10 females). RESULTS Significant results included a decrease in antero-posterior relationship of upper and lower jaw (ANB angle -0.331° per year, P = 0.044) and a decrease in vertical dimension (S-N_Go-Gn angle -0.72° per year, P = 0.039) over the years in subjects with hypodontia compared to subjects without hypodontia. CONCLUSION The process of growth in DS patients is towards a reversed overjet. Hypodontia seems to have an additional effect on this development. The management of hypodontia as part of the complete treatment of dental development in DS children is important because it strongly influences the jaw relationship.
Autotransplantation of premolars to the maxillary incisor region: a long-term follow-up of 12-22 years.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the long-term outcome of treatment of missing maxillary incisor teeth by transplantation of premolars, with special reference to aesthetics and patient satisfaction. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty subjects who had undergone transplantation of premolars to the maxillary incisor area were recalled for follow-up varying between 12 and 22 years post-surgery. Twelve subjects presented for examination, including radiography and three subjects participated only by answering questions. Three reference groups-general practitioners, orthodontists, and lay people-evaluated the aesthetic results from photographs. Patient satisfaction was evaluated by interviews and OHIP-14. RESULTS The mean age at transplantation was 12.3 years: 1 subject had been 20 years old and 11 were in the range of 9-14 years. Twelve to 22 years after autotransplantation, 5 subjects could not be reached: of the 15 who could be contacted, the survival rate was 15 out of 15. In the 12 subjects who presented for clinical examination, 11 out of the 12 transplants were assessed as successful. Nine transplants were restored with crowns and five had been recontoured with composite build-ups. In one patient, no restorative treatment had been undertaken. The subjects were satisfied with the aesthetic result. CONCLUSION Autotransplantation of premolars is an appropriate method for treatment of missing maxillary anterior teeth. Subjects with a transplanted tooth to the maxillary anterior region perceive their oral health as good long term.
The Comparison of the Effect of Music and Rhythmic Breathing Techniques on Pain Severity of Intravenous Cannulation during Blood Transfusion

Introduction: The pain produced by intravenous (IV) cannulation is the most important incident associated with invasive ways experienced by every young patient. However, there are some techniques that can be used to reduce the severity of the pain. Therefore, this study examines the effects of two methods of relaxation and distraction techniques- Music and Rhythmic Berating on the pain reduction during blood transfusion. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial included 36thalassemic patients aged 6–12 years. The sample was collected through census. The sample were all in the same condition-they were all conscious, able to deal with psychological needs with no other disease and need to take any analgesic. Data were collected using a questionnaire including demographic section and two standardized pain scales-self reporting scale (OUCHER), and behavioral scale (CHEOPS). Pain severity was measured in three intervals for each patient – before using any methods, after using breathing techniques and then after using the music technique. In this way, each patient was measured against himself. The collected data were then analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics. Results: Findings of the study revealed a reduction in the severity of pain through rhythmic breathing technique (p=0.0001) and music technique (p=0.0001) with latter being the more effective (p=0.0001) since the headphones were requested by the patients even after the study. Conclusion: Based on the result of the study, the two methods of music and rhythmic breathing technique are recommended when dealing with younger patients in all the sections. These methods may also be implemented with outpatients to prevent the negative effects of sever pains as they provide us with – cost, yet effective ways of pain reduction in terms of implementation and education.
Early responses of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts to cyclic and static mechanical stretching

Objective To compare the mechanotransduction caused by cyclic and static mechanical strains in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) cultured under identical conditions. Materials and methods hPDLFs, originating from the same donors, were exposed either to cyclic or to static tensile strain using specially designed devices and under identical culture conditions. Activation of all members of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was monitored by western immunoblot analysis. Expression levels of immediate/early genes c-fos and c-jun were assessed with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Time course experiments revealed that both types of stresses activate the three members of MAPK, that is ERK, p38, and JNK, with cyclic stress exhibiting a slightly more extended activation. Further downstream, both stresses upregulate the immediate/early genes c-fos and c-jun, encoding components of the activator protein-1 (AP-1), a key transcription factor in osteoblastic differentiation; again cyclic strain provokes a more intense upregulation. Six hours after the application of both strains, MAPK activation and gene expression return to basal levels. Finally, cells exposed to cyclic stress for longer periods are distributed approximately perpendicular to the axis of the applied strain, whereas cells exposed to static loading remain in a random orientation in culture. Conclusion The findings of the present study indicate similar, although not identical, immediate/early responses of hPDLs to cyclic and static stretching, with cyclic strain provoking a more intense adaptive response of these cells to mechanical deformation.
Influenza A virus NS2 protein mediates vRNP nuclear export through NES‐independent interaction with hCRM1

For nuclear export of proteins, the formation of a ternary export complex composed of the export substrate, a cellular export factor and Ran‐GTP is crucial. CRM1 is a cellular export factor for proteins containing leucine‐rich nuclear export signals (NESs). Although the NES sequence is crucial for nuclear export, its exact role in the formation of the ternary export complex is controversial. Here we demonstrate an interaction between human CRM1 (hCRM1) and influenza A virus NS2 protein, which contains an NES motif in its N‐terminal region. Replacement of the hydrophobic amino acids in the NES motif did not abolish NS2's interaction with hCRM1. Using our recently established systems for the generation of influenza virus or virus‐like particles from cloned cDNAs, we found that NS2 is essential for nuclear export of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, and that alteration of the NS2‐NES abrogated this event and influenza virus generation. These findings suggest that the NS2‐NES is not crucial for the interaction of this protein with hCRM1, but is for the formation of the ternary export complex with Ran‐GTP.
Association of GCN1–GCN20 regulatory complex with the N‐terminus of eIF2α kinase GCN2 is required for GCN2 activation

Stimulation of GCN4 mRNA translation due to phosphorylation of the α‐subunit of initiation factor 2 (eIF2) by its specific kinase, GCN2, requires binding of uncharged tRNA to a histidyl‐tRNA synthetase (HisRS)‐like domain in GCN2. GCN2 function in vivo also requires GCN1 and GCN20, but it was unknown whether these latter proteins act directly to promote the stimulation of GCN2 by uncharged tRNA. We found that the GCN1–GCN20 complex physically interacts with GCN2, binding to the N‐terminus of the protein. Overexpression of N‐terminal GCN2 segments had a dominant‐negative phenotype that correlated with their ability to interact with GCN1–GCN20 and impede association between GCN1 and native GCN2. Consistently, this Gcn− phenotype was suppressed by overexpressing GCN2, GCN1–GCN20 or tRNAHis. The requirement for GCN1 was also reduced by overexpressing tRNAHis in a gcn1Δ strain. We conclude that binding of GCN1–GCN20 to GCN2 is required for its activation by uncharged tRNA. The homologous N‐terminus of Drosophila GCN2 interacted with yeast GCN1–GCN20 and had a dominant Gcn− phenotype, suggesting evolutionary conservation of this interaction.
Heme oxygenase 1 controls early innate immune response of macrophages to Salmonella Typhimurium infection

Macrophages are central for the immune control of intracellular microbes. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1, hmox) is the first and rate limiting enzyme in the breakdown of heme originating from degraded senescent erythrocytes and heme‐proteins, yielding equal amounts of iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin. HO‐1 is strongly up‐regulated in macrophages in response to inflammatory signals, including bacterial endotoxin. In view of the essential role of iron for the growth and proliferation of intracellular bacteria along with known effects of the metal on innate immune function, we examined whether HO‐1 plays a role in the control of infection with the intracellular bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium. We studied the course of infection in stably‐transfected murine macrophages (RAW264.7) bearing a tetracycline‐inducible plasmid producing hmox shRNA and in primary HO‐1 knockout macrophages. While uptake of bacteria into macrophages was not affected, a significantly reduced survival of intracellular Salmonella was observed upon hmox knockdown or pharmacological hmox inhibition, which was independent of Nramp1 functionality. This could be traced to limitation of iron availability for intramacrophage bacteria along with enhanced stimulation of innate immune effector pathways, including the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and increased TNF‐α expression. Mechanistically, these latter effects result from intracellular iron limitation with subsequent activation of NF‐κB and further inos, tnfa and p47phox transcription along with reduced formation of the anti‐inflammatory and radical scavenging molecules, CO and biliverdin as a consequence of HO‐1 silencing.
Comparisons of citations in Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles published in general medical journals.

CONTEXT Until recently, Web of Science was the only database available to track citation counts for published articles. Other databases are now available, but their relative performance has not been established. OBJECTIVE To compare the citation count profiles of articles published in general medical journals among the citation databases of Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. DESIGN Cohort study of 328 articles published in JAMA, Lancet, or the New England Journal of Medicine between October 1, 1999, and March 31, 2000. Total citation counts for each article up to June 2008 were retrieved from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Article characteristics were analyzed in linear regression models to determine interaction with the databases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of citations received by an article since publication and article characteristics associated with citation in databases. RESULTS Google Scholar and Scopus retrieved more citations per article with a median of 160 (interquartile range [IQR], 83 to 324) and 149 (IQR, 78 to 289), respectively, than Web of Science (median, 122; IQR, 66 to 241) (P < .001 for both comparisons). Compared with Web of Science, Scopus retrieved more citations from non-English-language sources (median, 10.2% vs 4.1%) and reviews (30.8% vs 18.2%), and fewer citations from articles (57.2% vs 70.5%), editorials (2.1% vs 5.9%), and letters (0.8% vs 2.6%) (all P < .001). On a log(10)-transformed scale, fewer citations were found in Google Scholar to articles with declared industry funding (nonstandardized regression coefficient, -0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.15 to -0.03), reporting a study of a drug or medical device (-0.05; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.01), or with group authorship (-0.29; 95% CI, -0.35 to -0.23). In multivariable analysis, group authorship was the only characteristic that differed among the databases; Google Scholar had significantly fewer citations to group-authored articles (-0.30; 95% CI, -0.36 to -0.23) compared with Web of Science. CONCLUSION Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar produced quantitatively and qualitatively different citation counts for articles published in 3 general medical journals.