Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Antitrust Paradox : A Policy at War with Itself

As antitrust specialists would expect, Robert Bork's book The Antitrust Paradox' is an important contribution to the antitrust dialogue. It draws on his scholarly contributions to antitrust law and economics over the past decade and extends his approach to the study of antitrust issues to new areas. As with Bork's earlier work, this book will doubtlessly generate controversy. The book is organized in three parts. Part One is theoretical, setting out the legislative background and the basic consumer welfare model. Part Two, which deals with applications, is the core of the book. Bork successively applies the consumer welfare model and related economic reasoning to mergers (horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate), vertical market restrictions (including price fixing, exclusive dealing, and territorial restraints), and predatory behavior (including the setting of prices, distribution practices, and litigation). Part Three is a summation in which Bork offers views on how the law ought to be enforced and remarks on incentives that encourage enforcement agencies to extend, or attempt to extend, the reach of the law in ways that, viewed with detachment, are often unwarranted. Along the way, Bork discusses and criticizes other approaches to the study of antitrust, paying particular attention to the barriers-to-entry approach. In addition to the book's formal structure, Bork's analyis operates on various conceptual levels, and three types of issues can be distinguished: the statement of the goals of antitrust, the way in which antitrust problems are formulated, and the analysis of the details of specific problems.2 Bork's position on the first of these issues is that while there are many worthy social goals, there are also many public policy instruments. Goal achievement is commonly promoted by matching instruments to goals in a discriminating
A Policy of Credit Disruption: The Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900

If land is titled and transferable, it can be used as collateral against which money can be borrowed. The resulting increase in access to credit is usually expected to foster economic growth. We study a policy in colonial India that made land less available as collateral for debt. Using a panel dataset for Punjab districts from 1890 to 1910, we find that this reduced the availability of mortgage-backed credit, but did not hurt proxies for economic development such as acreage and cattle, at least in the short run.
Adaptation of the Teacher Emotion Scale into Turkish Culture.

Recent years, emotions emerge as important affective constructs that contribute to individuals’ behaviors at educational settings. In this study, it was aimed to adapt the Teacher Emotion Scale (TES) developed by Frenzel et al. (2016) into the Turkish culture and to examine its validity and reliability. A total of two hundred and eighty two elementary and secondary school teachers working in the Menteşe district of Muğla Province participated in the study. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were performed to test the validity of the TES. For the reliability of the TES, Cronbach alpha values were calculated. Results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the three factors explained 56.96% of the total variance. The results of confirmatory factor analyses showed a good fit of the data and confirmed the three-factor structure of the TES. The Cronbach alpha values for the dimensions of the TES were between . 70 and . 75, and . 82 for the whole TES. Overall, results of analyses indicated that the factor structure of the TES was in good fit and the internal reliability was in an acceptable range. In the light of the findings, it is assumed that the TES will contribute to studies addressing classroom practices of teachers and the effectiveness of in-service training activities in Turkey.
Distributions of Dominant Tree Species on the Tibetan Plateau under Current and Future Climate Scenarios

Abstract A bioclimatic model was used to simulate distributions of the dominant tree species on the Tibetan Plateau. The model is based on physiological constraints to alpine plant growth. The bioclimatic variables used in this model are: minimum temperature in the coldest month, maximum temperature in the warmest month, accumulated growing-season warmth, and minimum value of soil moisture availability in the growing season. A comparison was made between simulated current distributions of tree species and their actual natural distributions on the Tibetan Plateau. It was shown that there is good agreement between simulated current and actual natural distributions. The simulated current distribution areas of tree species such as Abies spectabilis, Picea likiangensis var. linzhiensis, Pinus densata, Larix griffithiana were a little larger than their actual distributions. For Quercus aquifolioides and the relict species Betula platyphylla, simulated areas were a little smaller than their actual distributions. Future distributions of dominant tree species were predicted under a climate scenario with a CO2 concentration of 500 ppmv in the year 2100. The distribution areas of Abies spectabilis, Picea likiangensis var. linzhiensis, Pinus densata, Larix griffithiana and Quercus aquifolioides would shift and extend towards the north and west under the future climate scenario. For Betula utilis, the distribution areas would shift towards the north but they would shrink.
Jatropha Bio-Diesel Production Technologies

 Abstract—The interest in using Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) as a feedstock for the production of bio-diesel is rapidly growing. The properties of the crop and its oil have persuaded investors and policy makers consider JCL as a substitute for fossil fuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we give an overview of the currently available information on the different process steps of the production process of bio-diesel from JCL. Based on this collection of data and information the best available practice, the shortcomings and the potential environmental risks and benefits are discussed for each production step. The paper concludes with a call for general precaution and for science to be applied.
Marburgvirus Resurgence in Kitaka Mine Bat Population after Extermination Attempts, Uganda

panel B). We performed C. burnetii– specific qPCR on the ticks; 14 (88%) were positive. We genotyped C. burnetii–positive DNA from the feces and from 6 of the 16 ticks by using multispacer sequence typing as described (5). All samples were identified as MST17, the unique genotype circulating in Cayenne (5). After obtaining the laboratory results, we confirmed that a local group in charge of the collection and treatment of injured animals usually released rehabilitated 3-toed sloths into Tiger Camp. Residents of Tiger Camp regularly observed and came into contact with the sloths, and ticks were frequently observed on the fur of the animals. Furthermore, 3 Q fever patients from Cayenne reported contact with sloths. Feces from the sloth in this study were highly infectious for C. burnetii. Because sloths live in tall trees and can shed this bacterium in their feces, human contamination might occur through inhalation of infectious aerosols from feces. The high prevalence of C. burnetii infection in ticks also suggests possible transmission through tick bites or from aerosols of tick feces that have been deposited on the skin of animal hosts; such feces can be extremely rich in bacteria and highly infectious (10). In this 2013 outbreak of Q fever, epidemiologic studies led to the identification of 3-toed sloths as a putative source of C. burnetii infection. Further investigations are needed to confirm the role of sloths as a reservoir for C. burnetii in French Guiana and to implement efficient measures to prevent transmission to humans.
Refugees Entered the Labor Market Later Than Other Migrants

It has taken longer for refugees who have been living in Germany for some time, particularly those who arrived between 1990 and 2010, to take up gainful employment than other migrants. These findings are based on data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and the IAB-SOEP Migration Sample. In addition, these refugees show a higher rate of unemployment and earn lower incomes by comparison even years after arriving in Germany. Refugees from different regions also show a tendency to work in certain occupations and in jobs that are below their skill levels. These findings indicate the importance of targeted educational and labor market measures to facilitate the best possible integration of refugees into the German labor market—and thereby also into German society.
Optimal metric regularity in general relativity follows from the RT-equations by elliptic regularity theory in $L^p$ -spaces

Shock wave solutions of the Einstein equations are constructed in coordinates systems in which the gravitational metric is only Lipschitz continuous, but the connection $\Gamma$ and curvature $Riem(\Gamma)$ are both in $L^{\infty}$, the curvature being one derivative smoother than the curvature of a general Lipschitz metric. At this low level of regularity, the physical meaning of such gravitational metrics remains problematic. Here we address the mathematical problem as to whether the condition that $Riem(\Gamma)$ has the same regularity as $\Gamma$, or equivalently the exterior derivatives $d\Gamma$ have the same regularity as $\Gamma$, is sufficient to allow for the existence of a coordinate transformation which perfectly cancels out the jumps in the leading order derivatives of $\delta\Gamma$, thereby raising the regularity of the connection and the metric by one order--a subtle problem. We have now discovered, in a framework much more general than GR shock waves, that the regularization of non-optimal connections is determined by a nonlinear system of elliptic equations with matrix valued differential forms as unknowns, the Regularity Transformation equations, or RT-equations. In this paper we establish the first existence theory for the nonlinear RT-equations in the general case when $\Gamma, {\rm Riem}(\Gamma)\in W^{m,p}$, $m\geq1$, $p>n$. From this we conclude that for any connection $\Gamma(x) \in W^{m,p}$ with ${\rm Riem}(\Gamma) \in W^{m,p}$, $m\geq1$, $p>n$, given in $x$-coordinates, there always exists a coordinate transformation $x\to y$ such that $\Gamma(y) \in W^{m+1,p}$, that is $\Gamma$ exhibits optimal regularity in $y$-coordinates. The problem of optimal regularity for the hyperbolic Einstein equations is thus resolved by elliptic regularity theory in $L^p$-spaces applied to the RT-equations.
Primary metabolites and flavonoid constituents of Isatis microcarpa J. Gay ex Boiss.

Phytochemical studies on Isatis microcarpa J. Gay ex Boiss (Family- Cruciferae) revealed that the plant water content was high at March, while the total ash, acid soluble and insoluble ash, beside the crude fibers of Isatis microcarpa were high at May. Meanwhile the total carbohydrates, nitrogen contents and lipids contents reach its high values at April. Preliminary phytochemical screening indicated that the plant contains coumarins, tannins, sterols and/or terpens, flavonoids, glycosides and/or carbohydrates and resins. The plant contained five free sugars, eight combined sugars, ten free amino acids and fifteen protein amino acids. While GLC of Saponifiable matter revealed the presence of seven saturated fatty acids and two unsaturated fatty acids. Chromatographic investigation of flavonoids constituents of Isatis microcarpa revealed the presence of eight flavonoids (apigenin-7-O-rutinoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3- O-glucoside and naringenin). These compounds were identified through R f values, acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, UV spectral data, 1 H-NMR analysis and mass spectral data. The microbiological activities (six bacterial and fungal strains) of the plant extracts on microorganisms revealed that the ethyl alcohol (96% and 70%) and water extracts showed the best effect on all the tested bacteria and fungi.
The Impact of the Central Asian Mountains on Downstream Storminess and Monsoon Onset

In the first part of the thesis, the role of the Central Asian mountains on North Pacific storminess is examined using an atmospheric general circulation model by varying the height and area of the mountains. A series of model integrations shows that the presence of the Central Asian mountains suppresses North Pacific storminess by 20-30% during boreal winter. Their impact on storminess is found to be small during other seasons. Two main causes of the reduced storminess are diagnosed. First, the decrease in storminess appears to be associated with a weakening of downstream eddy development. The mountains disorganize the zonal coherency of wave packets and refract them more equatorward. As the zonal traveling distance of wave packets gets substantially shorter, downstream eddy development gets weaker, leading to the weakening of transient eddy kinetic energy and storminess. Second, the Central Asian mountains suppress the global baroclinic energy conversion. The decreased baroclinic energy conversion, particularly over the Eastern Eurasian continent decreases the number of eddy disturbances entering into the Western North Pacific. The `barotropic governor' does not appear to be a dominant factor in explaining the results. In the second part of the thesis, the impact of the Tibetan Plateau on the onset of the South Asian summer monsoon is examined using an atmospheric general circulation model. A series of model integrations shows that rainfall increases downstream of the mountains, whereas upstream of the mountains experiences anomalous subsidence. In particular, the Tibetan Plateau triggers low-level cross-equatorial flow and substantial rainfall over the Bay of Bengal during the pre-monsoon season (April-May). While the low-level cross-equatorial flow begins in May, the monsoon's onset over the Arabian Sea is suppressed until early June. The delayed onset over the Arabian Sea is probably because of the anomalous subsidence induced by the earlier moist convection over the Bay of Bengal. It is suggested that the earlier rainfall over the Bay of Bengal could be the response of stationary waves to the orographic forcing, such as low-level cyclonic motions downstream of the Tibetan Plateau. Because low-level westerlies exist over the Southern Tibetan Plateau during pre-monsoon season, the stationary wave response to the mountains is likely to occur.
– 1 – Texture Synthesis for 3 D Shape Representation

Considerable evidence suggests that a viewer’s perception of the 3D shape of a polygonally-defined object can be significantly affected (either masked or enhanced) by the presence of a surface texture pattern. However investigations into the specific mechanisms of texture’s effect on shape perception are still ongoing and the question of how to design and apply a texture pattern to a surface in order to best facilitate shape perception remains open. Recently, we have suggested that for anisotropic texture patterns, the accuracy of shape judgments may be significantly affected by the orientation of the surface texture pattern anisotropy with respect to the principal directions of curvature over the surface. However it has been difficult, until this time, to conduct controlled studies specifically investigating the effect of texture orientation on shape perception because there has been no simple and reliable method for texturing an arbitrary doubly curved surface with a specified input pattern such that the dominant orientation of the pattern everywhere follows a pre-defined directional vector field over the surface, while seams and projective distortion of the pattern are avoided. In this paper, we present a straightforward and highly efficient method for achieving such a texture and describe how it can potentially be used to enhance shape representation. Specifically, we describe a novel, efficient, automatic algorithm for seamlessly synthesizing, from a sample 2D pattern, a high resolution fitted surface texture in which the dominant orientation of the pattern locally follows a specified vector field over the surface at a per-pixel level, and in which seams, projective distortion, and repetition artifacts in the texture pattern are nearly completely avoided. We demonstrate the robustness of our method with a variety of texture swatches applied to standard graphics datasets, and we explain how our method can be used to facilitate research in the perception of shape from texture. CR categories: I.3. 7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism — Texture.
Bank Resolution, Risk-Taking and Claimholders' Bargaining Power

We analyze the influence of unsecured debt (subdebt) on risk-shifting in banks whose assets are risky debt claims. We assume that the stockholders and subdebt-holders jointly decide on risk-shifting. We show that replacing part of the stock with subdebt: (1) leads to fewer risk-shifting events, but can lead to higher levels of risk, depending on the relative bargaining power, (2) does not change the level of risk-shifting when side payments are possible, and (3) may yield the surprising result that risk-shifting increases with tighter regulatory control.
Surface Percolation for Soil Improvement by Biocementation Utilizing In Situ Enriched Indigenous Aerobic and Anaerobic Ureolytic Soil Microorganisms

ABSTRACT The use of biocementation via microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) for improving the mechanical properties of weak soils in the laboratory has gained increased attention in recent years. This study proposes an approach for applying biocementation in situ, by combining the surface percolation of nutrients and cementation solution (urea/CaCl2) with in situ cultivation of indigenous soil urease positive microorganisms under non-sterile conditions. The enrichment of indigenous ureolytic soil bacteria was firstly tested in batch reactors. Using selective conditions (i.e., pH of 10 and urea concentrations of 0.17 M), highly active ureolytic microorganisms were enriched from four diverse soil samples under both oxygen-limited (anoxic) and oxygen-free (strictly anaerobic) conditions, providing final urease activities of more than 10 and 5 U/mL, respectively. The enrichment of indigenous ureolytic soil microorganisms was secondly tested in pure silica sand columns (300 and 1000 mm) for biocementation applications using the surface percolation approach. By applying the same selective conditions, the indigenous ureolytic soil microorganisms with high urease activity were also successfully enriched for both the fine and coarse sand columns. However, the in situ enriched urease activity was highly related to the dissolved oxygen of the percolated growth medium. The results showed that the in situ cultivated urease activity may produce non-clogging cementation over the entire 1000-mm columns, with unconfined compressive strength varying between 850–1560 kPa (for coarse sand) and 150–700 kPa (for fine sand), after 10 subsequent applications of cementation solution. The typically observed loss of ureolytic activity during the repeated application of the cementation solution was recovered by providing more growth medium under selective enrichment conditions, enabling the in situ enriched ureolytic microorganisms to increase in numbers and urease activity in such a way that continued cementation was possible.
Genetic Parameters for Body Weight and Laying

The genetic characterization of indigenous breeds is of paramount importance, not only for conservation purposes but also for the definition of breeding objectives and the development of breeding programs. Lack of information on genetic variance components and genetic parameters limits genetic improvement because knowledge of these is crucial for accurate estimation of breeding values, optimum combination of traits in a selection program, optimization of breeding schemes and enhanced prediction of response to selection (Prado-Gonzalez et al. 2003; Adeogun and Adeoye. 2004; Norris et al. 2004). Current trends indicate that by the end of the century, 80% of the world's population will be living in the under-developed and a significant number of will have large food deficits. An increased production of animal would make an important towards filling this deficit (FAO, 2012). There are clear evidences of the positive attributes of indigenous (native) chickens and hens. Studies on biodiversity of indigenous chickens and hens revealed the presence of high genetic variability within ecotype populations (Muchadeyi et al. 2007; Mwacharo et al. Heritability, environmental and genetic correlations between body weight at hatch (BW0), eight (BW8) and twelve (BW12) weeks of age, body weight at sexual maturity (BWM), age at sexual maturity (AFE), the weight of the first egg laid by the hen (EWM), the mean egg weight from 28 to 32 wks (EW28-32) and egg numbers (ENs) were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method under an animal model. Data were from six generations (generation ten to fifteen) of hens kept at the Mazandaran Breeding Center of Iran. Heritability estimates for BW0, BW8, BW12, BWM, AFE, EWM, EW28-32 and ENs were 0.134, 0.235, 0.296, 0.247, 0.344, 0.125, 0.240 and 0.156, respectively. Genetic correlations between pairs of body weight measures were moderate with a range from 0.17 to 0.43. Generally, correlations of body weight traits with AFE were weak. Genetic correlation between BW8 and AFE was low, but favorable (-0.17). Egg numbers has unfavorable genetic correlation with BWM (-0.47). However, egg weight traits had favorable genetic correlation with body weight traits, except BW0, which was almost equal to zero. Age at first egg had negative genetic correlation with egg numbers, but positive correlations with egg weight traits. The absolute value of environmental correlations between traits varied from 0.00 to 0.39. The strongest environmental correlation was found between AFE and EWM. There was moderate and positive environmental correlation between BW8 and BW12 as well as between BW12 and BWM. The results showed that there are considerable genetic variations in important traits of Mazandaran native hens, and that selection on BW8, ENs and EWM, which are the most economically important traits in this breed, could be effective.
Demographic and Socioeconomic Influences on the Importance of Food Safety in Food Shopping

The perceived importance of food safety is instrumental in the success of consumer information programs to promote public health and to market safer foods. This paper examines how the belief of a household's main meal planner about the importance of food safety in food shopping is influenced by the person's or the household's demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Results suggest food safety is more important to main meal planners who are female, older, more educated, non-working, have at-risk household members (elderly, young children, and pregnant women), or live in the Northeast and the South. Implications of the results on consumer education are discussed.