Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of galactic discs: multiple patterns, radial migration, and disc outskirts

We investigate the evolution of galactic disks in N-body Tree-SPH simulations. We find that disks, initially truncated a t three scalelengths, can triple their radial extent, solely driven by se cular evolution. At the same time, the initial radial metall icity gradients are flattened and even reversed in the outer disks. Both Type I (si ngle exponential) and Type II (down-bending) observed disk surfacebrightness profiles can be explained by our findings. We show t hat profiles with breaks beyond the bar’s outer Lindblad reso nance, at present only explained as the effect of star-formation threshold, can occur even if no star fo rmation is considered. We explain these results with the strong angular momentum outward transfer, resulting from torques and radial migration associated with multiple patterns, such as central bars and spiral waves of different multiplicity. We find that even for stars ending up on co ld orbits, the changes in angular momentum exhibit complex structure as a function of radius, unlike the expected effect of transient spirals alone. We show that the bars in all of our simulations are the most effective drivers of radial migration through their corotatio n resonance, throughout the 3 Gyr of evolution studied. Focussing on one of our models, we find evidence for non-linear coupling among m = 1, 2, 3 and 4 density waves, where m is the pattern multiplicity. In this way the waves involved c onspire to carry the energy and angular momentum extracted by the first mode from the inner parts of the disk muc h farther out than a single mode could. We suggest that the naturally occurring larger resonance widths at galactic radii beyond four scale-lengths may have profound consequences on the formation and location of breaks in disk density profiles, provided spiral s are present at such large distances. We also consider the effect of gas inflow and show that when in-plane smooth gas accretion of∼ 5 M⊙/yr is included, the outer disks become more unstable, leading to a strong increase in the stellar velocity dispersion. This, i n turn, causes the formation of a Type III (up-bending) profil e in the old stellar population. We propose that observations of Type III surface brightness profiles, combined with an up-turn in the stella r velocity dispersions beyond the disk break, could be a signature of ongoing gas-accretion. The results of this study suggest that disk outskirts comprised of stars migrated from the inner disk would have relatively large radial velocity dispersions (> 30 km/s at 6 scale-lengths for Milky Way-size systems), and significant thickness when seen edge-on.
Genetic evaluation of the length of productive life in Holstein cattle in the Czech Republic

Survival Kit V3.12 was used to analyse the length of productive life of cattle in the Czech Repub - lic. The data set consisted of 230 028 registered Holstein cows. The model included the time-dependent effects parity × stage of lactation interaction, herd × year × season interaction, class of milk production within herd and year, breed within years and the time-independent effect of age at first calving and the random effect of sire. The highest risk of culling was found for cows at the beginning and at the end of the first lactation and at the end of any other lactation. The risk of culling decreased with parity. The risk of culling of cows assigned to the lowest milk production class was five times higher than that of cows assigned to the average milk production class. Risk of culling diminished with a decreasing percentage of Holstein breed. Cows younger at first calving showed a lower risk of culling. Breeding values for sires expressed as a risk ratio of their daughters were between 0.7 and 1.45. Estimated heritability of functional longevity was 0.025 on the log scale and 0.041 on the original scale.
A multi-wavelength classification method for polar stratospheric cloud types using infrared limb spectra

Abstract. The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument on board the ESA Envisat satellite operated from July 2002 until April 2012. The infrared limb emission measurements represent a unique dataset of daytime and night-time observations of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) up to both poles. Cloud detection sensitivity is comparable to space-borne lidars, and it is possible to classify different cloud types from the spectral measurements in different atmospheric windows regions. Here we present a new infrared PSC classification scheme based on the combination of a well-established two-colour ratio method and multiple 2-D brightness temperature difference probability density functions. The method is a simple probabilistic classifier based on Bayes' theorem with a strong independence assumption. The method has been tested in conjunction with a database of radiative transfer model calculations of realistic PSC particle size distributions, geometries, and composition. The Bayesian classifier distinguishes between solid particles of ice and nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), as well as liquid droplets of super-cooled ternary solution (STS). The classification results are compared to coincident measurements from the space-borne lidar Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument over the temporal overlap of both satellite missions (June 2006–March 2012). Both datasets show a good agreement for the specific PSC classes, although the viewing geometries and the vertical and horizontal resolution are quite different. Discrepancies are observed between the CALIOP and the MIPAS ice class. The Bayesian classifier for MIPAS identifies substantially more ice clouds in the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex than CALIOP. This disagreement is attributed in part to the difference in the sensitivity on mixed-type clouds. Ice seems to dominate the spectral behaviour in the limb infrared spectra and may cause an overestimation in ice occurrence compared to the real fraction of ice within the PSC area in the polar vortex. The entire MIPAS measurement period was processed with the new classification approach. Examples like the detection of the Antarctic NAT belt during early winter, and its possible link to mountain wave events over the Antarctic Peninsula, which are observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument, highlight the importance of a climatology of 9 Southern Hemisphere and 10 Northern Hemisphere winters in total. The new dataset is valuable both for detailed process studies, and for comparisons with and improvements of the PSC parameterizations used in chemistry transport and climate models.
Title Three-dimensional diagnostics of dynamic behaviors of excitedatoms in microplasma for plasma display panels

A three-dimensional (3-D) observation cell with realistic ac-type structure and size was fabricated and measurements were done, for the first time, on the spatiotemporal behaviors of excited Xe atoms by using optical emission and laser absorption spectroscopic techniques. As a typical characteristic feature, it is seen that the discharge starts from the temporal anode edge, stretching toward the cathode, and a striated pattern of excited atoms appears on the anode side while a single broader peak distributes on the cathode side, traveling to its far end. In addition, the dependence on the applied voltage was clearly seen in the distribution of excited atoms, which shows the influence of the charge accumulation on the walls. With the two-dimensional projection images obtained from side and front views in both the emission and absorption measurements, an iterative method was tried preliminarily to derive the peak values of excited Xe atoms in the 3-D space.
Environment and Moose Population Dynamics

This thesis deals with the moose and its environment, with emphasis on matters that affect moose foraging and population dynamics. I have examined death risks in moose adults, tested for density dependence in body size, fecundity and antler size, and examined diet selection with emphasis on the hierarchal selection process, frequency dependent selection, and reproductive response. I also have examined shortcomings and successes of local moose management. The wasting syndrome observed in moose (MWS) since the mid 1980s in Sweden have affected senescent individuals more than other adult age classes; males have been at least as vulnerable as females; there has not been any locality in Sweden with an obviously higher death risk; t he death risk s eems to have been uniform over the four seasons. There is as yet no definitive knowledge of the underlying cause(s) of MWS. Reconsidering MWS in light of this new demographic description might give important clues to understanding observations at the individual level. Population density can affect early-life body growth, resulting in a lower probability of ovulation and smaller antler size as yearlings. Adults appear less sensitive to density. Slow growth and late age at maturity imply time-delayed population dynamics. Birch (Betula sp.) is the quantitatively most important f orage species in the early summer diet of moose. It also seems to be a highly preferred species, both in comparison with availability at feeding patches and availability in the environment overall. The selection of each food types declines with availability. In early summer, thus, moose seem to balance intake from different food sources instead of maximising the intake of a single food type. High fecundity was associated with high dietary diversity. The negative frequency-dependent selection and the reproductive response together suggest that moose is a 'clever ungulate'. In winter the relative risk to be browsed increased for top ranked forage species but decreased for bottom ranked species when moose density was experimentally reduced. This is in agreement with an energy maximising strategy. Thus moose may adopt different foraging strategies in winter and summer; nutrient mixing in early summer but energy maximising in winter. I believe local manag ement can be both important and successful. Because it involves those who have a direct interest in a particular biological resource, they are likely to be willing to act. However, difficulties arise when attempting to apply scientific concepts and methods where non-scientifically trained people are involved. Therefore, for local natural resource management to succeed, I suggest that local involvement should mainly focus on goal formulation, and less on how specifically to manage the resources so as to achieve these goals.
Sliding of temperate basal ice on a rough, hard bed: creep mechanisms, pressure melting, and implications for ice streaming

Abstract. Basal ice motion is crucial to ice dynamics of ice sheets. The classic Weertman model for basal sliding over bedrock obstacles proposes that sliding velocity is controlled by pressure melting and/or ductile flow, whichever is the fastest; it further assumes that pressure melting is limited by heat flow through the obstacle and ductile flow is controlled by standard power-law creep. These last two assumptions, however, are not applicable if a substantial basal layer of temperate (T ∼ Tmelt) ice is present. In that case, frictional melting can produce excess basal meltwater and efficient water flow, leading to near-thermal equilibrium. High-temperature ice creep experiments have shown a sharp weakening of a factor 5–10 close to Tmelt, suggesting standard power-law creep does not operate due to a switch to melt-assisted creep with a possible component of grain boundary melting. Pressure melting is controlled by meltwater production, heat advection by flowing meltwater to the next obstacle and heat conduction through ice/rock over half the obstacle height. No heat flow through the obstacle is required. Ice streaming over a rough, hard bed, as possibly in the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, may be explained by enhanced basal motion in a thick temperate ice layer.
Using τc to estimate magnitude for earthquake early warning and effects of near-field terms

[1] This paper analyzes strong motion records of 24 large earthquakes to investigate the relationship between τc (the period parameter of the first motion) and moment magnitude. The records of some of the large-magnitude events very close to the source include large near-field terms. Therefore, if we include the data with large near-field terms, we may overestimate the final size of the magnitude. We identified records with large near-field terms and did not include these data in processing the records to compute τc for each event. Our analysis shows that the value of τc is between the earthquake corner period and the period determined by the record duration τ0. If the magnitude is less than 6, τc closely approximates the corner period, whereas τc for larger earthquakes depends on the rupture process and location of asperity. τc for large earthquakes provides a lower bound on the event magnitude and approaches the corner period if a longer record is used. We also propose a method to classify the records with and without large near-field terms. If the peak displacement amplitude for the first 3 s (Pd3) exceeds 1 cm and τc exceeds 2 s, the record is more likely to include large near-field terms. For the purpose of quick onsite warnings, stations observing large near-field terms provide valuable information. Large near-field terms can be observed only if the magnitude is large and the epicentral distance is small. Therefore, if the displacement exceeds a threshold (e.g., Pd = 0.5 cm), the ground motion at the site would likely become very large. This criterion will help to issue warnings to the blind zone, which is the region where there is insufficient time to issue a warning before the strong shaking arrives.
On hotelling's "Stability in competition"

The purpose of this note is to show that the so-called Principle of Minimum Differentiation, as based on Hotelling’s 1929 paper “Stability in Competition” is invalid. The purpose of this note is to show that the so-called Principle of Minimum Differentiation, as based on Hotelling’s 1929 celebrated paper (Hotelling [3]), is invalid. Firstly, we assert that, contrary to the statement formulated by Hotelling in his model, nothing can be said about the tendency of both sellers to agglomerate at the center of the market. The reason is that no equilibrium price solution will exist when both sellers are not far enough from each other. Secondly, we consider a slightly modified version of Hotelling’s example, for which there exists a price equilibrium solution everywhere. We show however that, for this version, there is a tendency for both sellers to maximize their differentiation. This example thus constitutes a counterexample to Hotelling’s conclusions. We shall first recall Hotelling’s model and notations. On a line of length `, two sellers A and B of a homogeneous product, with zero production cost, are located at respective distances a and b from the ends of this line (a+ b ≤ `; a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0). Customers are evenly distributed along the line, and each customer consumes exactly a single unit of this commodity per unit of time, irrespective of its price. Since the product is homogeneous, a customer will buy from the seller Econometrica, 47(5), 1145–1150, September 1979. Center for Operations Research and Econometrics
Impact of climate on feeding, production and reproduction of animals-A Review

Changes in the climate are due to global and environment warming lead to the heat stress. This heat stress can have large effects on most aspects of health, production and reproductive function in mammals. These may lead to poor production of feed crops and alter the feeding ability and digestion in the animals. Also include disruptions in spermatogenesis and oocyte development, oocyte maturation, early embryonic development, foetal and placental growth and lactation. These deleterious effects of heat stress are the result of either the hyperthermia associated with heat stress or the physiological adjustments made by the heat-stressed animal to regulate body temperature. Many effects of elevated temperature on gametes and the early embryo involve increased production of reactive oxygen species. Genetic adaptation to heat stress is possible both with respect to regulation of body temperature and cellular resistance to elevated temperature.
Growth and spread of Digitaria eriantha cv. Premier and Urochloa mosambicensis cv. Nixon oversown into native speargrass ( Heteropogon contortus ) pasture in south-east Queensland

Six grass species were oversown into speargrass ( Heteropogon contortus ) (low fertility) and speargrass-siratro ( Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro) (high fertility) pastures on granite soils in south-east Queensland in 1979 and 1980. Establishment from both sowings was very poor for all species; however, sabi grass ( Urochloa mosambicensis cv. Nixon) and digit grass ( Digitaria eriantha cv. Premier) persisted, increased in density and gradually spread into adjacent plots. For both species, spread was greater in the high fertility pasture than in the low fertility pasture. After 16 years, the yield of digit grass was significantly less than that of speargrass or sabi grass at the low fertility level, and this grass showed a higher response to application of N. Both sown grasses were highly competitive and reduced the number of native species where they were sown. Digit grass caused a far greater reduction than sabi grass, and the amount of bare ground in digit grass plots was 3 times that in speargrass areas. On low fertility granite soils, neither species offers any benefits in productivity over good speargrass. The potential dominance of digit grass suggests it should not be sown on these soils, whereas sabi grass may have a role for oversowing into badly degraded native pastures.
Past and future influence of climate change on spatially heterogeneous vegetation activity in China

Abstract. Climate change is a major driver of vegetation activity, and thus their complex relationships become a frontier and difficulty in global change research. In this paper, the spatial distribution and dynamic variation of climate change impacts on vegetation activity from 1980s to 2050 in China were investigated by the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model, based on the combined datasets of satellite vegetation index, climate observation and projection, and future vegetation productivity simulation. Our results noted that the significant positive precipitation–vegetation relationship was and will be almost distributed in the north of China, except the northeast and northwest China with significant but varying influence of temperature rising, while the regions with temperature dominated vegetation activity mainly located in the southern part of China. There will be different climatic dominators for vegetation activity in some regions such as northwest China, and even opposite correlation in the northeast China, and further the responding patterns of vegetation activity to precipitation variation will be moving southward in the future three decades. It is indicated that although high warming rate will restrain the vegetation activity, precipitation variability can mediate the hydrothermal conditions for vegetation activity, for example the enhanced vegetation activity in the Tibetan Plateau and the weakened vegetation activity in the East and Middle China in the future. Furthermore, coupling the responding patterns and the dynamic variation, it can be found that during the period from 2021 to 2050, vegetation in most of north China may adapt to an arid environment, while in many southern parts it will be repressed due to water shortage. However, the continuous and dynamic responding process of vegetation activity to climate change will be determined by the spatial heterogeneity in climate change and vegetation cover.
The Fate of Oil in the Water Column Following Experimental Oil Spills in the Arctic Marine Nearshore

Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the water column were monitored after a release of crude oil onto the water surface and a subsurface release of chemically dispersed oil. During the surface release, petroleum hydrocarbons did not disperse into the water column deeper than 1 m. The highest concentrations observed under the slick were less than 2 mg/l. The chemically dispersed oil released resulted in concentrations over 50 mg/l in the Bay 9 study area for 12 hours. Estimated exposures of the benthic communities to oil in the three experimental bays were 3 mg/l/h, 30 mg/l/h, and 300 mg/l/h respectively. The highest exposures were to oil retaining many of its more toxic components. Key words: dispersant, oil, fluorometry, gas chromatography, oil spill
The moderating influence of ad framing for ad–self‐congruency effects

Prior research indicates that ad–self-congruency effects are significant only when participants are not motivated to process ad messages, as when they are in a positive rather than negative affective state (Chang, 2002a). In line with this reasoning, it was expected that ad tactics such as ad framing that can evoke emotional responses would determine reliance on ad–self-congruency for making judgments. As expected, when positive emotions were evoked by positive ad framing, participants formed brand evaluations based on ad–self-congruency, generating more positive responses to self-congruent ad messages than to self-incongruent messages. In contrast, when negative emotions were elicited by negative ad framing, responses to self-congruent ad messages and self-incongruent messages were not significantly different. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study of Drought Stress Patterns in Khorasan Province using Climatic-Agricultural Indices

The present study is aimed to evaluate the drought patterns in Khorasan province over the years of 1983 to 2011. Drought conditions using rainfed wheat yield is an indicator reflecting climate conditions and patterns, which is used in agriculture. In the current study, the integration of drought stress indicator suitable with the region conditions (Heat to Precipitation Ratio index), land-spatial analysis for evaluating spatial distribution and drought time patterns during previous years, was used. It identifies some regions (Torbat heydarieh, Ferdows, Gonabad and Ghaen), in which relative harsh drought causes problem for crop production. High amount of HPR was observed in wider part of the province, and higher amounts HPR were seen in cities of Nehbandan and Boshruyeh. In general, time patterns in the present study shows that drought across Khorasan province is accompanied with increasing trend.
Variability of DNA structure and protein-nucleic acid reconginition

Revealing molecular mechanisms of sequence-specific recognition of DNA by proteins is one of the key tasks of biology. The current review presents the results of statistical analysis of the structural databases obtained by different scientific groups studying the conformational features of free and protein-bound DNA fragments that could be used for clarifying the mechanisms of protein-nucleic acid recognition. The analysis of the published data allowed us to make the following generalizations. The ability of DNA double helix to adopt alternative conformations, including the ones of sugarphosphate backbone, is an intrinsic characteristic of certain DNA sequences. Such conformational transitions are the potential sources of formation of unique geometry of the dinucleotide steps and/or individual nucleotides and lead to alteration of base stacking and/or changes of the assessable surface area of atoms, and can be the criteria of recognition of DNA by protein as well. Changes in the physical properties that depend on the DNA structure, i. e. the polar/unpolar profile and electrostatic potential of the grooves, can also be used by protein for DNA readout.