Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional non-LTE radiative transfer effects in Fe i lines - II. Line formation in 3D radiation hydrodynamic simulations

Here we investigate the effects of horizontal radiative transfer (RT) in combination with non-local thermodynamic equilibrum (NLTE) on important diagnostic iron lines in a realistic atmosphere. Using a snapshot of a 3D radiation-hydrodynamic (HD) simulation and a multilevel iron atom, we computed widely used Fe i line profiles at three different levels of approximation of the RT (3D NLTE, 1D NLTE, LTE). By comparing the resulting line profiles and the circumstances of their formation, we gain new insight into the importance of horizontal RT. We find that the influence of horizontal RT is of the same order of magnitude as that of NLTE, although spatially more localized. Also, depending on the temperature of the surroundings, horizontal RT is found to either weaken or strengthen spectral lines. Line depths and equivalent width may differ by up to 20% from the corresponding LTE value if 3D RT is applied. Residual intensity contrasts in LTE are found to be larger than those in 3D NLTE by up to a factor of two. When compared to 1D NLTE, we find that horizontal RT weakens the contrast by up to 30% almost independently of the angle of line of sight. While the center-to-limb variation (CLV) of the 1D and 3D NLTE contrasts have a similar form, the LTE contrast CLV shows a different run. Determination of temperatures by 1D NLTE inversions of spatially resolved observations may produce errors of up to 200 K if one neglects 3D RT. We find a linear correlation between the intensity difference of 1D and 3D NLTE and a simple estimate of the temperature in the horizontal environment of the line formation region. This correlation could be used to coarsely correct inversions done in 1D NLTE for some of the effects of horizontal RT. Horizontal RT is less important if one considers spatially averaged line profiles because local line strengthening and weakening occur with similar frequency in our HD atmosphere. Thus, the iron abundance is underestimated by 0.012 dex if calculated using 1D NLTE RT. Since effects of horizontal RT are greatest for spatially resolved quantities, the use of 3D RT is particularly important for interpreting high spatial resolution observations.
Working Paper 201 - Does Intra-African Trade Reduce Youth Unemployment in Africa ?

This study empirically estimates the effect of Africa’s intra-regional trade on the burgeoning youth unemployment in the Continent. We investigate both the aggregate and gender-specific impacts. Our empirical estimates, using available cross-sectional time series data over the period, 1980 and 2010, suggest that higher levels of intra-African trade reduce both the aggregate, female and male youth unemployment in Africa. In addition, our results show that domestic investment rate, institutionalized democracy, secondary education, inflation, economic growth, and higher urbanization tend to reduce youth unemployment both on the aggregate and gender-differentiated and therefore good for youth unemployment reduction in the continent. On the other hand, higher real per capita GDP and to a lesser extent credit to the private sector have significant positive effect on youth unemployment in Africa. Government consumption expenditure and foreign direct investment have insignificant effect on both the aggregate level and the gendered level of youth unemployment in Africa. Based on these results, some policy recommendations are proffered.
Geographic information system-allocation model for forest path: a case study in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Malaysia.

Problem statement: Forest road planning requires a host of information, particularly the availability of spatial and non-spatial data. The requirement of a planning system or tools to gather, integrate and manipulate all data is essential. The ability of Geographic Information System (GIS) to integrate such massive information and develop a spatial model of earth features will lead to time and cost reduction and allows analysis of spatial problems more effective than the traditional method. Approach: The objective of this study was to test the potential of GIS in modeling forest road allocation in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve (AHFR), Selangor, Malaysia. This study is also to compare a road profile (new path) generated from GIS approach (new path) with existing forest road and allocates the best road path for compartment 2 and 14. Data from digital topographic map was used to generate slope class, elevation class, direction and distance. New road paths were determined using spatial analyst. Several module or technique that used were cost weight, reclassify, raster calculator and shortest path modeling. Results: Results showed that road path generated from GIS technique was shorter and avoid more unnecessary slope and elevation. Road profiles such as elevation, slope and length were analyzed and discussed. Conclusion: The result clearly revealed that GIS has strength and played a vital role in modeling forest road allocation effectively and reduced time consuming.
High resolution conodont-graptolite biostratigraphy in the Middle-Upper Ordovician of the Sierra de La Invernada Formation

CONICET Museo de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba CC 1598, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina. Ortega E-mail: gcortega@arnet.com. ar IANIGLA-CRICyT-CONICET, Departamento de Geología y Paleontología Av. Adrián Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina Departamento de Geología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan Ignacio de La Rosa y Meglioli s/n, 5400 Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina 1 2 2, 3 3
Morphological and agronomic characterization of tomato under field conditions

This experiment was conducted at Plant Genetic Resources Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad. A total of 156 germplasm accessions of tomatoes of local and exotic origin from the National Genebank of Pakistan at PGRI were used. Agro-morphological traits including 14 quantitative traits were studied. Tomato accessions were grown under a controlled environment and two-week-old seedlings were then transferred to trays which were later on transplanted in the field at 3-4 leaf stage. The accessions were grown in the field with a plant to plant distance of 50 cm and row to row distance of 75. Frequency distribution for all agro-morphological characteristics was studied. Variation was observed for all the parameters studied. Maximum yield per plant was found in accession 17863 while maximum fruit size was observed in accessions LA-3346, Dny-evf-Riograndea (a) and LA-0146 (a). Descriptive statistics showed high variation in case of fruit length, fruit width, pedicel length, total number of inflorescence, and yield per plant which indicates that these characteristics can be improved using the present tomato germplasm. Correlation analysis was performed to know about the morphological characteristics positively correlated with economically important traits. Cluster analysis and dendrogram construction shows the genetic diversity in the germplasm which indicates the usefulness of germplasm for tomato hybridization and breeding.
THE EXPLORATION OF TEACHERS’ INTENTION OF USING LEGO NXT IN PRIMARY SCHOOL

More and more LEGO NXTs are applied to combine with different courses for designing multimedia instructional materials. Therefore, understanding the factors affecting the teachers’ intention of using Lego NXT has been an eager research issue. The purpose of the current research is to explore the teachers’ intention of using Lego NXT in primary school. A model combining the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as well as system and participant characteristics is proposed. Data were collected from forty seven primary school teachers in Kaohsiung and Pingtung county. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is used to test the hypothesis. Key words: authentic, LEGO NXT, self-efficacy, teachers’ intention, technology acceptance model.
Long run consequences of a Capital Market Union in the European Union

Capital markets are more and more integrated but remain partially separated. To speed up integration, help absorb asymmetric shocks and thus reduce the need for government support in times of crises, the creation of a Capital Market Union in the EU has been suggested. This policy brief discusses long run consequences of perfectly integrated capital markets, ignoring crises but taking population ageing into account. Recent research shows that redistribution would take place, from fast ageing to slow ageing countries, because investors seek access to the largest labour markets, delivering higher returns on investments. The GDP per capita could be more than 2 %-points lower in some countries and 2 %-points higher in other countries, compared to autarky. The redistribution pattern depends on social security reforms: some countries would lose from capital markets integration without any reforms but would gain if the retirement age was increased.
Power and satisfaction in the retailer-producer relationship

The conversion of production-provider markets in customer-demand markets brings a change of power and influence in the distribution channel from producers to retailers as the direct contact to the final consumer. In this article there will be analyzed the influence of power and satisfaction on the success and the behavior of the members of the distribution channel. The first analyzed problem is whether a shift of power from producers to retailer has taken place. The second important thing is the satisfaction of the retailers with their producers, factors which influence this satisfaction and the impact of the retailer’s satisfaction on the success of producers. As a conclusion it will be analyzed, if there is connection between power and satisfaction and if there are any effects on the members of the distribution channel and their success.
Variations in sediment sources and yields in the Finger Lakes and Catskills regions of New York

The proportional contributions of stream bank and surface sources to fine sediment loads in watersheds in New York State were quantified with uncertainty analysis. Eroding streamside glacial drift, including glaciolacustrine deposits, were examined to help explain variations in the proportional contributions made by bank erosion. Sediment sources were quantified by comparing concentrations of the bomb‐derived radionuclide 137Cs in fluvial sediment with sediment from potential source areas such as agricultural soils, forest soils and stream banks.
Evaluation of the Implementation of Brief Interventions to Substance Abuse in a Socieducative Context

Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and the difficulties of professionals who work in socio-educational contexts on the performing of screening and brief intervention (SBI) with youth in conflict with the law. Method: One hundred two professionals filled a specific questionnaire regarding SBI. Results: lack of time for application of SBI as well as the belief that this procedure is not efficient for these youths were the main difficulties observed. Those who concluded a prior course about substance abuse had fewer chances of adherence. Besides, the difficulties observed for applying SBI reduced their motivation to perform it. Conclusion: These data indicate the necessity to change some components of these training programs by introducing an environment for dialogue as well as supervision of all procedures adopted.
Fault growth at a nascent slow-spreading ridge: 2005 Dabbahu rifting episode, Afar

SUMMARY We present a preliminary account of the near-field surface strain associated with a major magmatic rifting episode at a nascent slow spreading ridge in the Afar depression. Between 2005 September 14 and October 4, a volcanic eruption and 163 earthquakes (mb > 3.9), including seismic tremor, occurred within the ∼60-km-long Dabbahu magmatic segment. Results of the early response team demonstrated that ground deformation, derived from satellite radar data (InSAR), together with seismicity, is consistent with dyke-induced deformation along the entire length of the segment. We document the distribution of brittle strain associated with the early part of this rifting cycle to verify the predicted pattern of deformation and constrain a conceptual model for normal fault growth in Afar, with general application to other slow spreading divergent margins. Our field investigations concentrate on the northern half of the segment, which ruptured through to the surface over a length of >30 km and a width of ∼5 km, consistent with the pattern of microseismicity recorded using a network deployed ∼1 month after the initial onset of the rifting episode on September 14. Severe ground shaking during the event was more widespread; fresh rock fall is common across the entire magmatic segment, particularly at the intersections between faults. Recent ground breaks, in the form of reactivated or newly initiated normal faults and fissures, opened with horizontal displacements up to 3 m and vertical displacements locally up to 5 m, but commonly ∼2 m. These structures are generally subvertical and open along pre-existing cooling joints. Fault offset is greater than expected given the magnitude of earthquakes during the episode. The axial relief that developed consequent on fault and fissure initiation and reactivation during the 2005 Dabbahu episode is consistent with that of the entire magmatic segment. We therefore suggest that melt delivery is sufficiently frequent that favourable stress conditions for faulting are primarily achieved during dyke events.
Effect of Post-hatch Feeding on Broiler Performance

Broiler performance in the end of rearing period may be influenced by post-hatch feeding. Four hundreds and eighty Arian day-old chicken was placed in 4 treatments with four replications and 30 chicken in each. This experiment was arranged in complete random design (CRD). Twelve hours fasting, corn feeding, starter feeding and 24 hour fasting were used as a treatments. No significan t differences (P>0.05) were observed in feed intake and feed conversion ratio in 7, 14, 21, 35 and 42 day old chicken. The organelles (legs, wings, back, breast meat, Abdominal fat, full intestinal, gizzard and neck) had shown similar reaction. Body weight increased significantly (P<0.05) by starter feeding compared with other treatments in seven and forty two days. The result of this study has shown that starter feeding (in first 24 hours) had the desirable performance in comparison with other treatments.
Investigation of groundwater flow heterogeneity in fractured aquifers (Case study: Qusiema area, North Sinai)

Fractured aquifer is considered as a main promising aquifer in northeastern boarders of Egypt where the Nubian aquifer is deep. The groundwater exploration and evaluation are the main objectives of the present study. Some localities were carefully selected for applying the geophysical techniques to achieve the goal of the study. Both the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and horizontal profiling techniques of direct current resistivity method were applied. The hydrogeological information were analyzed and evaluated using the available software. The Direct Current (DC) resistivity method was applied for delineation the variation of apparent resistivity of sedimentary succession that depends on the density of fractures and cavities. The lateral and vertical distribution of resistivity was mapped to delineate the lateral extension of fractures. Calibration of the resistivity model with the lithologic information, some field measurements carried out for some clearly observed fractured areas helped in identifying the density and the direction of fractures controlling groundwater potentiality. Results indicated that the technique can be applied in similar areas where the carbonate rocks constitute the main reservoir. In the study area, the fractured zone was clearly detected to be extending downward from depth of 15 to 80 m and considered as good aquifer in the area comprising lower resistivity values. Consequently, two different types of water due to different recharge conditions are expected as a result of variation in fractures discontinuity. Key words: Water, flow, facture, resistivity, aquifer, Sinai.
Rotation and nitrogen fertilizer effects on pearl millet, cowpea and groundnut yield and soil chemical properties in a sandy soil in the semi-arid tropics, West Africa

A 5-year study was conducted from 1988 to 1992 at three sites in Niger to determine the effects of crop rotation of a cereal and legumes and nitrogen fertilizer on chemical properties of the soil (0–20 cm) and yield of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.BR. ), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ), and groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.). Four N levels and rotation treatments including continuous fallow were investigated. Soil samples taken from the top 20 cm depth at the end of the experiment from treatments without nitrogen application which included continuous fallow, fallow–millet rotation, groundnut–millet rotation, cowpea–millet rotation, and continuous millet were analysed for soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and exchangeable bases. Fertilizer N significantly increased yield of pearl millet, cowpea and groundnut. Continuous monocropping of pearl millet resulted in lower yields across N levels compared to legume–millet rotations. Legume yields were also consistently lower in monoculture than when rotated with millet. There was a decline in organic matter under continuous millet, cowpea–millet rotation and groundnut–millet rotation. The fallow–millet rotation supplied more mineral N than the legume–millet rotations. Nitrogen availability was greater in cowpea–millet rotation than continuous millet. Crop rotation was more productive than the continuous monoculture but did not differ in maintaining soil organic matter. The legume–millet rotation at 30 kg/ha N appears to be the most viable for millet production. Research should focus on understanding the effect of legume/cereal intercrops and rotations on soil productivity.
Reverse causality in the R&D–patents relationship: an interpretation of the innovation persistence

Starting from the failure of the R&D–patents traditional relationship, when time-series and/or within-industry dimensions are included in the empirical analysis, the present work tries to contribute to the empirical literature from two directions. First, it performs a Granger causality test based on the theoretical presumption of a reverse patents→R&D link as an explanation for the failure of the traditional relationship. Second, assuming the reverse patents–R&D causality, we test and interpret the lag structure of such a relationship which shows the effective patent life that firms can expect within the two Schumpeterian patterns of innovations they belong to. In the light of the effective patent life, we offer a further explanation of innovation persistence which overturns the findings of the existing literature on persistence.
How the World Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Failure: Big Data, Resilience and Emergent Causality

In modernity, failure was the discourse of critique, today, it is increasingly the discourse of power: failure has changed its allegiances. Over the last two decades, failure has been enfolded into discourses of power, facilitating the development of new policy approaches. Foremost among governing approaches that seek to include and to govern through failure is that of resilience. This article seeks to reflect upon how the understanding of failure has become transformed in this process, particularly linking this transformation to the radical appreciation of contingency and of the limits to instrumental cause-and-effect approaches to rule. Whereas modernity was shaped by a contestation over failure as an epistemological boundary, under conditions of contingency and complexity there appears to be a new consensus on failure as an ontological necessity. This problematic ‘ontological turn’ is illustrated using examples of changing approaches to risks, especially anthropogenic understandings of environmental threats, formerly seen as ‘natural’.
Relationship between Spirituality and sensation seeking with tanatophobia in hemodialysis patients

Patients are exposed to stressors such as death anxiety despite the effectiveness of hemodialysis in renal failure. The aim of this study was to investigate relationship between spiritual well-being and sensation seeking with death anxiety in hemodialysis patients. The statistical population included 215 hemodialysis patients in 2013 that 138 patients were selected by the convenience sampling method. Data was collected by using spiritual well-being scale, zuckerman's sensation seeking scale and templer death anxiety scale. Data analysis showed that there was statistically significant reverse relationship between sensation seeking and its components with death anxiety as well as between spiritual well-being and its components with death anxiety. The findings indicated significant relationship between sensation seeking and spiritual well-being with death anxiety. Regression analysis showed that predictive variables explain 22% of the variance of death anxiety. Therefore it can be concluded that efforts to promote spiritual well-being and sensation seeking of patients can have important role in reducing their death anxiety.
Effect of yeast extract and chitosan on shoot proliferation, morphology and antioxidant activity of Curcuma mangga in vitro plantlets

This paper reported the effect of yeast extract and chitosan with combination of yeast extract on the growth and morphological changes and production of phenolics in the in vitro plantlets of Curcuma mangga . Yeast extract did not show any effect on the biomass and shoot proliferation of in vitro plantlets. However, the plantlets showed morphological abnormality when exposed to higher concentration of yeast extract (3.5 mgL -1 and above) supplemented into the culture medium. Plantlets cultured in media supplemented with 3.5 and 5.0 mgL -1 of yeast extract showed higher radical scavenging activity (RSA) which also indicated that stress induced by yeast extract might elicit the production of secondary metabolites which acted as free radical scavenger in 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The plantlets treated with different concentration of chitosan combined with 3.5 mgL -1 of yeast extract affected the biomass of C. mangga . The plantlets that were cultured in media supplemented with 150 mgL -1 of chitosan combined and 3.5 mgL -1 of yeast extract showed higher RSA towards DPPH as compared to the other treatments. Kinetic of DPPH free RSA from C. mangga extract was considered slow as compared to quercetin and the correlation between total phenolic content and RSA was poor (R 2 = 0.2293) for yeast extract and (R 2 = 0.0373) for chitosan combination with yeast extract. This indicated that the presence of phenolic compounds in the extracts were not the major factor contributing to the anti-oxidative activity of C. mangga. Key words: Curcuma mangga, in-vitro, elicitor, phenolics, anti-oxidative activities.
High-energy behavior of the scattering amplitude for a Dirac operator

We study the high-energy behavior of the scattering amplitude and the total scattering cross section for a Dirac operator with a 4 X 4 matrix-valued potential. Moreover, in the electro-magnetic case, it is shown that the electric potential and the magnetic field can be reconstructed from the high-energy behavior of the scattering amplitude. The study of the high-energy behavior of the resolvent estimates is crucial for our proof.