Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Active heat pulse sensing of 3-D-flow fields in streambeds

Abstract. Profiles of temperature time series are commonly used to determine hyporheic flow patterns and hydraulic dynamics in the streambed sediments. Although hyporheic flows are 3-D, past research has focused on determining the magnitude of the vertical flow component and how this varies spatially. This study used a portable 56-sensor, 3-D temperature array with three heat pulse sources to measure the flow direction and magnitude up to 200 mm below the water–sediment interface. Short, 1 min heat pulses were injected at one of the three heat sources and the temperature response was monitored over a period of 30 min. Breakthrough curves from each of the sensors were analysed using a heat transport equation. Parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis was undertaken using the differential evolution adaptive metropolis (DREAM) algorithm, an adaption of the Markov chain Monte Carlo method, to estimate the flux and its orientation. Measurements were conducted in the field and in a sand tank under an extensive range of controlled hydraulic conditions to validate the method. The use of short-duration heat pulses provided a rapid, accurate assessment technique for determining dynamic and multi-directional flow patterns in the hyporheic zone and is a basis for improved understanding of biogeochemical processes at the water–streambed interface.
A SIX6 Nonsense Variant in Golden Retrievers with Congenital Eye Malformations

Causative genetic variants for more than 30 heritable eye disorders in dogs have been reported. For other clinically described eye disorders, the genetic cause is still unclear. We investigated four Golden Retriever litters segregating for highly variable congenital eye malformations. Several affected puppies had unilateral or bilateral retina dysplasia and/or optic nerve hypoplasia. The four litters shared the same father or grandfather suggesting a heritable condition with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The genome of one affected dog was sequenced and compared to 601 control genomes. A heterozygous private nonsense variant, c.487C>T, was found in the SIX6 gene. This variant is predicted to truncate about a third of the open reading frame, p.(Gln163*). We genotyped all available family members and 464 unrelated Golden Retrievers. All three available cases were heterozygous. Five additional close relatives including the common sire were also heterozygous, but did not show any obvious eye phenotypes. The variant was absent from the 464 unrelated Golden Retrievers and 17 non-affected siblings of the cases. The SIX6 protein is a homeobox transcription factor with a known role in eye development. In humans and other species, SIX6 loss of function variants were reported to cause congenital eye malformations. This strongly suggests that the c.487C>T variant detected contributed to the observed eye malformations. We hypothesize that the residual amount of functional SIX6 protein likely to be expressed in heterozygous dogs is sufficient to explain the observed incomplete penetrance and the varying severity of the eye defects in the affected dogs.
Sitting on the fence: Pork - barrels and democratization under threat of conflict. The case of Ghana, 1996 - 2004

This paper studies political competition in the case of a democratization process. We present an illustrative model describing political competition when the opposition threatens the stability of the country. In some cases, our model predicts the government should invest in opposition districts to avoid political agitation. This contrasts with existing literature on established democracies, where public funds usually target ruling party supporters or electorally tight districts. We empirically observe the first democratic changeover in Ghana in 2000. Implementing a diff-in-diff strategy, we find that districts with a leading political party member appear to receive slightly more public funds when their party is not in charge. This phenomenon is found in urban areas and in areas that vote the most for this leading member’s party. Hence it occurs in places with the potential for political agitation.
2017-12 Into the Deep : The Role of Paradigms in Understanding Engineering Education for Sustainable Development

This article presents summary findings of a mixed methods research project exploring the provision of education for sustainable development (SD) in seven Irish engineering degree programmes. Drawing on Sterling’s (2004) iceberg metaphor and Critical Realism it seeks to identify the underlying sociocultural barriers preventing a holistic integration of SD in engineering education. It argues that the current focus is predominantly on the environmental dimension of SD and that there are a set of reinforcing mechanisms facilitating the provision of disciplinary education aimed at producing technically proficient, employable graduates in which the social dimension of SD is marginalised. This is underwritten by a paradigm of engineering education located between science and market driven approaches as identified by Jamison and others (2014). It is argued that unless there is change in the underlying paradigm towards a more socially driven approach a full integration of SD is unlikely to occur or be sustained.
A Critique of the Mainstream Management Control Theory and the Way Forward

This article critiques the mainstream management control theory with a view to highlighting its gaps and to suggesting a direction for its future development. Management control theory has undergone lopsided development due to the dominance of accounting-based approaches to the study of management controls. Thus, management control theory has failed to explain complex issues that are interwoven with deep-rooted, sociocultural context within which these issues emanate. Although the influence of organizational theory, particularly systems theory, cybernetics, and contingency theory, resulted in a marginal outward shift of the boundaries of the mainstream management control theory, the main drawbacks of the theory remained unresolved. Alternative theoretical perspectives rooted in disciplines such as political economy, sociology, and anthropology can enrich the mainstream management control theory. Management control issues emanating from non-Western contexts would remain largely unexplained or poorly explained, unless alternative theoretical perspectives were used.
Difficulties in relating Cd concentrations in the predatory insect Chaoborus to those of its prey in nature

Because Chaoborus larvae take up most of their cadmium (Cd) from food, we tested the hypothesis that Cd concentrations in this insect are directly related to those in their planktonic prey. We measured Cd in Chaoborus and in zooplankton collected from 24 eastern Canadian lakes varying widely in their Cd concentrations. Cd concentrations in the predator were not correlated with those in bulk zooplankton, whether separated into size fractions liable to be eaten by Chaoborus or not. In highly acidic lakes, Cd concentrations in Chaoborus did not respond to increases in zooplank- ton Cd because of either competition between H and Cd ions at Cd absorption sites in the predator's gut or differences in prey community composition between highly acidic and circumneutral lakes. Relationships between Cd in Chaoborus and in its potential prey were stronger when we used Cd concentrations for specific crustacean taxa in a mechanistic model. We conclude that predictive relationships between metal concentrations in predators and their prey are likely to be strongest if the subset of prey consumed by the predator has been characterized and if this information is used in a bioaccumulation model. Resume : Parce que les larves de Chaoborus tirent la plus grande partie de leur cadmium (Cd) de leur nourriture, nous avons verifie l'hypothese selon laquelle les concentrations de Cd chez cet insecte sont directement reliees a celles de leurs proies planctoniques. Nous avons mesure les teneurs en Cd de Chaoborus et du zooplancton dans 24 lacs de l'est du Canada dont les concentrations en Cd variaient considerablement. Les concentrations de Cd chez ce predateur n'etaient pas reliees a celles du zooplancton global, qu'il soit separe ou non en fractions de taille susceptibles d'etre consommees par Chaoborus. Dans les lacs tres acides, les concentrations de Cd chez Chaoborus ne refletaient pas les concentrations de Cd du zooplancton, soit en raison d'une competition entre les ions H + et Cd 2+ aux sites d'absorption du Cd dans le tube digestif du predateur, ou alors en raison de differences dans la composition des communautes de proies entre les lacs tres acides et les lacs proches de la neutralite. Les relations entre les teneurs en Cd chez Chaobo- rus et celles de ses proies potentielles se sont averees plus significatives lorsque les concentrations de Cd de taxons particuliers de crustaces furent utilisees dans un modele mecanistique. En conclusion, le pouvoir predictif des relations entre les concentrations de metaux chez les predateurs et leurs proies sera vraisemblablement accru si les proies verita - blement consommees par le predateur ont ete bien identifiees et si ces renseignements sont utilises dans un modele de bioaccumulation.
The Relationship between Public and Private Saving in Spain: Does Ricardian Equivalence Hold?

This paper aims to test the validity of the Ricardian proposition for the Spanish economy from three different approaches: a) by testing its theoretical implications on the stability of national saving and the relationship between fiscal and current account balances, b) by carrying a number of tests on different structural consumption equations and, c) by testing this hypothesis in consumption functions stemming from the Euler equations derived from a consumer’s maximization problem. Our results lean toward rejection of the Ricardian proposition, although some degree of substitution between public and private saving is detected. In terms of policy implications, these results would suggest that there is some room for fiscal policy to exert its countercyclical role in the case of Spain. However, the effectiveness of such a policy might be limited in a context of rising debt ratios that trigger sustainability concerns and make consumers increasingly Ricardian.
Relative discriminating powers of GGE and Ammi models in the selection of tropical soybean genotypes

Selection of crops is preceded by multi-locational testing in plant breeding; however, it becomes difficult for breeders to determine which genotypes should be selected in the presence of genotype by environment (GEI). Six genotypes of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ) were evaluated at ten locations in Nigeria for grain yield and stability. The analysis of variance revealed significant (P < 0.05) GEI effect. Mean grain yield of the soybean genotypes ranged from 1148 kg ha-1 for genotype M351 to 1584 kg ha-1 for TGx 1448-2E. Ilorin in the southern guinea savanna of Nigeria was the most variable with high interaction principal component axes (IPCA); while Bauch in the northern guinea savanna was identified as more stable location in evaluating the soybean genotype. Mega-environments and the best yielding soybean genotypes in each mega-environment were revealed by the GGE biplot analysis. Furthermore, TGx 1448-2E and TGx 1440-1E, were established as the most promising, and stable genotypes across the test locations. Stability model of GGE biplot was superior, effective and informative in mega-environment analysis compared to AMMI analysis. Key Words : Glycine max, principal component analysis
Modeling changes in rill erodibility and critical shear stress on native surface roads

This study investigated the effect of cumulative overland flow on rill erodibility and critical shear stress on native surface roads in central Idaho. Rill erodibility decreased exponentially with increasing cumulative overland flow depth; however, critical shear stress did not change. The study demonstrated that road erodibility on the studied road changes over the course of one or more consecutive overland flow events. Therefore, model simulations that fail to take into consideration this change will probably over‐estimate sediment yields. An exponential function describing the relationship between rill erodibility and cumulative overland flow depth is presented as a basis for future model development for simulating erosion on native surface roads. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Review of Comparative Study of Heat Transfer by Experimentation and CFD for Helical Coiled Heat Exchangers

Heat Exchangers are of utmost industrial importance in the field of Power generation, Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Nuclear energy and numerous other applications. However it is required to utilize the heat energy of the hot fluid to the optimum extent in order to come up with much more efficient energy systems. The classic design of a heat exchangers mainly consists of a shell and tube. The tube is enclosed within the shell and generally caries the hot fluid. The shell carries the cold fluid. There are various flow arrangements that can facilitate enhanced heat transfer. However by continuous research, it was found that straight tube heat exchangers were not providing the required cooling effect to the desired extent. This has led to the development of Helical coil Heat exchangers in which, instead of a straight tube, a helical tube is used. The heat transfer analysis in helical coil heat exchangers is the next step towards performance evaluation and optimization of the system. This can be accomplished in two ways. One being experimentation and the other being numerical estimation by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This work elaborates the methodology undertaken in experimentation as well as the analysis done by means of CFD considering three cases. The experimental procedure comprises of making the fluid to flow at various mass flow rates and obtaining the heat transfer characteristics. However the experimental results are prone to a certain external factors that can affect the results. This limitation can be overcome by using CFD where everything is pre-programmed and solutions totally depend on the mathematical models and equations. Further the same model is developed using suitable software and the fluid flow simulation is carried out. Various boundary conditions like temperature, heat flux and other temperature dependent thermal and transport properties are well defined during the pre processing stage. Solutions are carried out to obtain the results of simulation. The chief objective is to establish a correlation between the experimental results and the CFD results. On obtaining the results, critical comparison is done with regards to the corresponding results obtained from experimentation and CFD. Thus we can look at CFD as an excellent tool to analyze fluid flow systems with lesser investment as compared to experimentation. Since the fluid flow through the Helical coil Heat exchangers has got complex flow characteristics, there may be certain areas where CFD can provide results that have got much more realistic values. At the end a conclusion is drawn as to which method of analysis can prove to be handy as well as reliable since the areas in which Helical Coil heat exchangers are used now a days are of extreme technical
Large-Eddy Simulations of EUCLIPSE–GASS Lagrangian Stratocumulus-to-Cumulus Transitions: Mean State, Turbulence, and Decoupling

AbstractResults of four Lagrangian stratocumulus-to-shallow-cumulus transition cases as obtained from six different large-eddy simulation models are presented. The model output is remarkably consistent in terms of the representation of the evolution of the mean state, which is characterized by a stratocumulus cloud layer that rises with time and that warms and dries relative to the subcloud layer. Also, the effect of the diurnal insolation on cloud-top entrainment and the moisture flux at the top of the subcloud layer are consistently captured by the models. For some cases, the models diverge in terms of the liquid water path (LWP) during nighttime, which can be explained from the difference in the sign of the buoyancy flux at cloud base. If the subcloud buoyancy fluxes are positive, turbulence sustains a vertically well-mixed layer, causing a cloud layer that is relatively cold and moist and consequently has a high LWP. After some simulation time, all cases exhibit subcloud-layer dynamics that appear to .
Genetic divergence among Mexican populations of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle): geographic and historic effects

The Panamanian Isthmus uplifted about 3.5 million years ago, isolating plant and animal populations distributed in what today are the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. The red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, is one of those species in which gene flow was interrupted by this geological phenomenon. Here, we measure the extent of genetic divergence among Mexican populations of R. mangle, both between and within coasts, and explore the evolutionary processes responsible for their genetic structure. Fourteen populations of R. mangle were sampled and individuals were screened for multi-locus genotypes using isozymes. We detected a marked genetic differentiation among populations (Fst = 0.287) and high inbreeding (Fis = 0.428) in R. mangle. Inferred gene flow among populations of the Atlantic coast (Nm = 0.738) was lower than that observed among the Pacific populations (Nm = 3.174). As indicated by the low values of gene flow (Nm = 0.433), and by the presence of alleles restricted to Pacific populations, the two coasts are isolated from each other. Gene flow does not follow the expectation of the model of isolation by distance, and reflects a complex pattern of migration among populations. The loss of one allele is documented for the northernmost population on the Pacific coast. Our results suggest that genetic drift may have played a major role in the population differentiation of red mangrove found in this study.
Study of Congenital Malformations in Fetal and Early neonatal autopsies

Background: Antenatal care in India is rising due to improvement in awareness; still few congenital malformations can be missed in routine check-ups. One lost baby due to birth defects raises questions like; did the malformation led to death, what was the exact nature of malformation, will it recur in next pregnancy and are there any preventive measures? Few congenital malformations can be diagnosed prenatally with ultrasonography techniques, various maternal serum assays, confirmation relies on actual examination of the fetus or neonate. These techniques cannot identify large proportion of congenital malformations for which perinatal autopsy remains the gold standard investigation. The result of a perinatal autopsy may have broad impact, in that obstetrical, fetal, maternal, paternal, and familial conditions may be uncovered. Methods: The descriptive analytical study was carried out in Department of Pathology of a tertiary care hospital from June 2014 to May 2016 for detection of congenital malformations in fetal and early neonatal autopsies in 5 years. Conclusion: Despite advances in imaging such as antenatal ultrasonography and serology, perinatal autopsy is superior and continues to play an important role in diagnosing congenital malformations. The findings of autopsy are not only of theoretical importance but also of practical significance to clinicians in the form of estimating the risk of recurrence and in genetic counseling. DOI: 10.21276/APALM.1272
Discourse Markers and Spoken English: Nonnative Use in the Turkish EFL Setting

This study investigated the production of discourse markers by non-native speakers of English and their occurrences in their spoken English by comparing them with those used in native speakers’ spoken discourse. Because discourse markers (DMs) are significant items in spoken discourse of native speakers, a study about the use of DMs by nonnative speakers is necessary and guiding. Thus, the study was based on two specific corpora. First, a research corpus was composed using the transcriptions of the course presentations of twenty non-native undergraduate students studying at an English Language Teaching (ELT) program in Turkey. To compare the data, transcripts of student presentations of native speakers were attained with the help of MICASE Corpus. The occurrences of the discourse markers in both corpora were determined with frequency analysis. The results indicated that non-native speakers of English use a limited number and less variety of discourse markers in their spoken English. The study therefore highlights the importance of the need for raising non-native speakers' awareness of using discourse markers in their spoken English, and recommends implications for English language teaching.
A unified model for the spatial and mass distribution of subhaloes

N-body simulations suggest that the substructures that survive inside dark matter haloes follow universal distributions in mass and radial number density. We demonstrate that a simple analytical model can explain these subhalo distributions as resulting from tidal stripping which increasingly reduces the mass of subhaloes with decreasing halocentric distance. As a starting point, the spatial distribution of subhaloes of any given infall mass is shown to be largely indistinguishable from the overall mass distribution of the host halo. Using a physically motivated statistical description of the amount of mass stripped from individual subhaloes, the model fully describes the joint distribution of subhaloes in final mass, infall mass and radius. As a result, it can be used to predict several derived distributions involving combinations of these quantities including, but not limited to, the universal subhalo mass function, the subhalo spatial distribution, the gravitational lensing profile, the dark matter annihilation radiation profile and boost factor. This model clarifies a common confusion when comparing the spatial distributions of galaxies and subhaloes, the so-called anti-bias, as a simple selection effect. We provide a PYTHON code SUBGEN for populating haloes with subhaloes at http://icc.dur. ac.uk/data/.
Investigation of Students' Epistemological Beliefs and Attitudes towards Studying.

Ararmada, Ortao retim basama nda o renim goren o rencilerin sahip olduklar epistemolojik inanclarile ders cal maya yonelik tutumlar incelenmi tir. Ararman n orneklem grubunu ortao retim kurumlarn 10. 11 ve 12.flar nda o renim goren 440 o renci olu turmaktad r. Veri toplama arac olarak, o rencilerin epistemolojik inanclar veders cal maya yonelik tutumlarcal maya yonelik tutum olce i kullan lmde erlendirilmi ve aralar nda pozitif yonlu anlaml bir ili kinin oldu u saptanmortao retim o rencilerinin cinsiyetleri ve bulunduklar scal maya yonelik tutumlar aras nda anlaml ili kiler oldu u belirlenmi ve o rencilerin epistemolojik inanclar artt kca, derscal maya yonelik tutumlar
Monitoring and Reputation: The Choice between Bank Loans and Directly Placed Debt

This paper determines when a debt contract will be monitored by lenders. This is the choice between borrowing directly (issuing a bond, without monitoring) and borrowing through a bank that monitors to alleviate moral hazard. This provides a theory of bank loan demand and of the role of monitoring in circumstances in which reputation effects are important. A key result is that borrowers with credit ratings toward the middle of the spectrum rely on bank loans, and in periods of high interest rates or low future profitability, higher-rated borrowers choose to borrow from banks.