Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of phosphorus and drought stresses on dry matter and phosphorus allocation in wheat.

Abstract The effect of phosphorus (P) and soil water availability (W) on the growth and development of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Minaret) was studied in a pot experiment. Four levels of P supply (0, 15, 30, and 100 μgP/g soil) were applied before sowing. Thirty‐four days after sowing (DAS), the pots were kept near 100% of field capacity (FC). From 34 DAS until one week before anthesis (67 DAS), half of the pots were maintained between 60–70% FC. Control pots were kept at 85–95% FC by weighing and watering the pots every two to three days. Shoots were harvested four times before anthesis and twice after. At each harvest, dry matter and P accumulation were measured in leaves, stems, and ears. In this study, thermal time until anthesis was inversely related to the level of P application. Phosphorus additioning affected the allocation of biomass and P in aerial plant organs. Plants growing only with soil P showed a delay in the allocation of dry matter and P into leaves and stems with respect to .
Extracellular vesicles expressing a single-chain variable fragment of an HIV-1 specific antibody selectively target Env+ tissues

Rationale: Antiretroviral therapy can effectively suppress HIV-1 replication in the peripheral blood to an undetectable level. However, elimination of the latent virus in reservoirs remains a challenge and is a major obstacle in the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients. Exosomes exhibit huge promise as an endogenous drug delivery nanosystem for delivering drugs to solid tissues given their unique properties, including low immunogenicity, innate stability, high delivery efficiency, and most importantly the ability to penetrate solid tissues due to their lipophilic properties. Methods: We engineered and expressed the scFv of a high affinity HIV-1-specific monoclonal antibody, 10E8, on the exosomal surface (10E8scFv-exos). Subsequently, the 10E8scFv-exos were loaded with curcumin (Cur), a chemical that kills HIV-1-infected cells, or miR-143, an apoptosis-inducing miRNA. We tested the ability of 10E8scFv-exos to deliver cargo to Env+ target cells and tissues, as well as their ability to suppress HIV-1 infection. Results: 10E8scFv-exos efficiently targeted CHO cells expressing a trimeric gp140 on their surface (Env+ cells) in vitro, as demonstrated by confocal imaging and flow cytometry. 10E8scFv-exos loaded with Cur or miR-143 showed specific killing of Env+ cells. In addition, 10E8scFv-exos loaded with Cur or miR-143 could suppress p24 expression in an HIV-1 latency cell line ACH2 and in PBMCs from an ART-treated HIV-1-infected patient. In an NCG mouse model grafted with tumorigenic Env+ CHO cells and which had developed solid tissue tumors, intravenously injected 10E8scFv-exos targeted the Env-expressing tissues and delivered Cur to induce a strong suppression of the Env+ tumor growth with low toxicity. Conclusion: In principle, engineered exosomes can deliver anti-HIV agents to solid tissues by specifically targeting cells expressing viral envelop proteins and inducing cell killing, suggesting that such an approach could be developed for eradicating virus-infected cells in tissue reservoirs.
Combining data sets of satellite‐retrieved products for basin‐scale water balance study: 2. Evaluation on the Mississippi Basin and closure correction model

In this study, we applied the integration methodology developed in the companion paper by Aires (2014) by using real satellite observations over the Mississippi Basin. The methodology provides basin‐scale estimates of the four water budget components (precipitation P, evapotranspiration E, water storage change ΔS, and runoff R) in a two‐step process: the Simple Weighting (SW) integration and a Postprocessing Filtering (PF) that imposes the water budget closure. A comparison with in situ observations of P and E demonstrated that PF improved the estimation of both components. A Closure Correction Model (CCM) has been derived from the integrated product (SW+PF) that allows to correct each observation data set independently, unlike the SW+PF method which requires simultaneous estimates of the four components. The CCM allows to standardize the various data sets for each component and highly decrease the budget residual (P − E − ΔS − R). As a direct application, the CCM was combined with the water budget equation to reconstruct missing values in any component. Results of a Monte Carlo experiment with synthetic gaps demonstrated the good performances of the method, except for the runoff data that has a variability of the same order of magnitude as the budget residual. Similarly, we proposed a reconstruction of ΔS between 1990 and 2002 where no Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data are available. Unlike most of the studies dealing with the water budget closure at the basin scale, only satellite observations and in situ runoff measurements are used. Consequently, the integrated data sets are model independent and can be used for model calibration or validation.
A note on estimating canopy cover from digital cover and hemispherical photography

Fast and accurate estimates of canopy cover are central for a wide range of forestry studies. As direct measurements are impractical, indirect optical methods have often been used in forestry to estimate canopy cover. In this paper the accuracy of canopy cover estimates from two widely used canopy photographic methods, hemispherical photography (DHP) and cover photography (DCP) was evaluated. Canopy cover was approximated in DHP as the complement of gap fraction data at narrow viewing zenith angle range (0°–15°), which was comparable with that of DCP. The methodology was tested using artificial images with known canopy cover; this allowed exploring the influence of actual canopy cover and mean gap size on canopy cover estimation from photography. DCP provided robust estimates of canopy cover, whose accuracy was not influenced by variation in actual canopy cover and mean gap size, based on comparison with artificial images; by contrast, the accuracy of cover estimates from DHP was influenced by both actual canopy cover and mean gap size, because of the lower ability of DHP to detect small gaps within crown. The results were replicated in both DHP and DCP images collected in real forest canopies. Finally, the influence of canopy cover on foliage clumping index and leaf area index was evaluated using a theoretical gap fraction model. The main findings indicate that DCP can overcome the limits of indirect techniques for obtaining unbiased and precise estimates of canopy cover, which are comparable to those obtainable from direct, more labour-intensive techniques, being therefore highly suitable for routine monitoring and inventory purposes.
Polar mesosphere temperature observations by lidar and falling sphere at 78 ° N

Temperature profiles at mesopause altitudes were obtained by a potassium lidar at 78°N (Spitsbergen) in 2001. Almost all measurements were taken under full daylight condition. At the same location a set of temperature profiles were obtained by rocket borne techniques (`falling spheres’) within the ROMA campaign (Rocket borne Observations in the Middle Atmosphere) from mid July to mid September 2001. In this paper we demonstrate for a simultaneous observation on August 28 that the temperatures of both methods are in good agreement. Similar good agreement exists for the seasonal variation of temperatures throughout the entire ROMA campaign. Lidar measurements before the ROMA campaign show that the lowest temperatures of ~120 K occur at the beginning of July at 89 km.
AND CHLOROPHYLL LEVELS IN TEA FLUSH AT DIFFERENT SEASONS

The correlation between rainfall and levels of polyphenols, amino-acids and chlorophyll in flush from clonal tea has been studied over a period of one year. It was found that total polyphenols, the vanillin-reacting group of polyphenols, amino-acids and chlorophyll increased with rainfall, while the leucoanthocyanin group of poly­ phenols decreased with rainfall. These trends were uniform in all of the clones studied, but were not statistically significant in every case. It is suggested that the conflicting results of previous workers may have been partly due to the relative non-specificity of the methods used by them.
PPM 1 A Functions as a Smad Phosphatase to Terminate TGF b Signaling

Xia Lin,* Xueyan Duan, Yao-Yun Liang, Ying Su, Katharine H. Wrighton, Jianyin Long, Min Hu, Candi M. Davis, Jinrong Wang, F. Charles Brunicardi, Yigong Shi, Ye-Guang Chen, Anming Meng, and Xin-Hua Feng* Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA These authors contributed equally to this work. *Contact: xialin@bcm.edu (X.L.); xfeng@bcm.edu (X.-H.F.) DOI 10.1016/j.cell. 2006.03. 044
Small-Signal Analysis of High-Performance VCSELs Volume 11 , Number 2 , April 2019

In this paper, a comprehensive model to describe the small-signal modulation response of ultra-high performance singleand multi-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), with modulation bandwidths exceeding 30 GHz, is presented. Traditionally, utmost simplified dynamic models are used to extract dynamic figures of merit from singlemode edge-emitting lasers. These methods are later on also applied to evaluate the dynamic performance of VCSELs, even though these devices have a very different geometrical layout and modal confinement. However, to understand the dynamic performance of high-speed VCSELs, a model supporting the transverse and longitudinal mode profile, and the driving current inhomogeneity in the active region, is needed. Therefore, multi-mode VCSEL rate equations are established here. Moreover, to access the dynamic figures of merit of these devices, a comprehensive analytical fitting function based on our carrier reservoir splitting approach is derived. Thus, because of the high carrier and photon densities inside these optimized VCSELs, the common carrier reservoir splits up as a result of numerous effects such as mode competition, carrier diffusion and spatial hole burning. These and other effects have a tremendous impact on the small signal modulation response shape and bandwidth, and also on the current distribution profile in the carrier reservoirs. Compared with our recently reported work, this novel model presented includes the effects of gain compression and inhomogeneous current injection between the different lasing modes. Consequently, it is found that the further tuning of our multi-mode VCSEL dynamic model, to include these effects, yields a more physical and consistent figures of merit of high-performance VCSELs.
Attention Effects in a High-Frequency World Bidisha Chakrabarty

How does limited attention affect stock prices in today’s computer-driven financial markets? We study this issue by re-examining the effects of limited attention using a dataset that separately identifies trades made by high-frequency traders (HFTs, or computers) versus those made by non-high-frequency traders (human decision-makers). We employ a set of six attention proxies to identify earnings announcements with low investor attention: announcements made on Fridays and on days with multiple earnings announcements, and announcements with slow analyst forecast adjustments, high news distraction, low EDGAR download volume, and low Google search volume. Across multiple attention proxies, we find that HFT trading improves the responsiveness of prices by increasing the short-horizon price response and reducing the long-term price drift following earnings surprises, diminishing the inefficiencies previously observed around low-attention announcements by 69% to 100%. We find that the price efficiency improvements are more closely tied to HFT liquidity demand than supply, suggesting that HFTs improve efficiency by processing and trading on the information in low-attention announcements.
ARLY FIELD PERFORMANCE OF DROUGHT-STRESSED SCOTS PINE ( P İ NUS SYLVESTR İ S L . ) SEEDLINGS

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) has a large natural distribution throughout the world, including semi-arid areas of Turkey, where it is being used for afforestation. Determining the drought resistance of Scots pine provenances can increase the success of afforestation efforts in semi-arid regions. In the first stage of this study, water-stress treatments were applied to ten provenances of one-year-old Scots pine seedlings in their second vegetation period (between April and November). The diameter and height of the seedlings were evaluated in the nursery in order to determine their morphology. The four drought-stress treatments consisted of once-weekly irrigation (IR1), twice-weekly irrigation (IR2-Control), biweekly irrigation (IR3) and open field conditions (IR4). Later, the water-stressed seedlings were planted in a semi-arid district in Bayburt, Turkey, and their survival and growth performances were evaluated over a five-year period. The nursery study showed that drought stress and provenance as well as the interaction of the two significantly affected the morphological characteristics of the seedlings. Under water-stress conditions, the best growth performance was found in the Dokurcun, Degirmendere and Dirgine provenance seedlings. Water-stress and provenance factors and their interaction also affected the open field performance of the seedlings, where the Degirmendere, Dirgine and Dokurcun provenances again exhibited the best performance. Consequently, these Scots pine provenances can be recommended for afforestation sites having conditions similar to those of the study site.
New Zealand Society of Animal Production online archive

A collaborative beef cattle project between AgResearch and Adelaide University is described, which had the aim of identifying genetic markers (DNA markers) for carcass composition and meat quality traits. Two extreme breeds were used, the Jersey and Limousin, and first-cross Jersey x Limousin bulls were mated to cows of both breeds to produce experimental animals in two herds, in New Zealand and Australia. The present paper provides information on relationships among some traits recorded in the New Zealand herd, with a total of 416 back-cross cattle of both sexes slaughtered as 2year-olds at Ruakura in the springs of 1998 and 1999. The recorded data included hot carcass weight and the butcherdissected weights of meat, fat and bone in the right side, expressed as percentages of side weight (MP, FP and BP respectively) . The pH decline in the right striploin, removed from the carcass after dressing and maintained at a constant 15oC, was monitored to derive the initial (pH1), ultimate (pHu), and the rate of fall of pH. Average shear force (SAVG) and the halflife of the ageing rate (SHLF) were measured in striploin steaks cooked immediately after rigor and then at intervals until ultimate tenderness. Percentage weight loss (PWL) during cooking was recorded. Also measured in the striploin were the concentrations of three metabolic enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and 3hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HAD), and the proteolytic enzymes μand milli-calpain, and their inhibitor calpastatin (CAST). Glycogen concentration in the muscle at slaughter, expressed as the glycolytic potential (GLYP), was estimated from the sum of the concentrations at rigor of glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, lactate and residual glycogen. The range of pHu values was small, probably because all animals were regularly handled. Correlations, after adjustment for breed group, sire and slaughter group, included: MP with FP, -0.82; PWL with MP, 0.20; PWL with FP, -0.29; MP with enzymes LDH, ICDH and HAD, 0.22, -0.21, -0.03; FP with ICDH, 0.16; SAVG with SHLF, 0.48; SHLF with CAST, μand milli-calpain, 0.28, -0.14, 0.03; CAST with μand milli-calpain, 0.26, 0.38; GLYP with pH1 and pHu -0.01 and -0.17. Overall, HCW, MW and composition traits were not correlated with pH traits or SAVG, or μor milli-calpain concentrations; HCW and MW were positively correlated with LDH and GLYP.
EVALUATION OF PREDICTING PERFORMANCES OF EXTENDED LOGISTIC MODEL AND BARANYI MODEL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN MINCED BEEF

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of two growth models for prediction of Salmonella Enteritidis in ground beef, namely the extended logistic model and the ComBase web edition Baranyi model. Performances of the growth models were evaluated by using various statistical criteria, namely the square root of the mean of the square error (RMSE), calculation of the residuals, and student T. test. It was found that both models described well the growth curves for Salmonella Enteritidis at various initial doses, constant and dynamic temperatures. In addition, no significant differences were observed between the estimated values of data points at various initial doses and at constant and dynamic temperatures with the two models (p>0.05) except at the initial dose of 2 log (CFU/g) that was significant (p<0.05). The residuals for Salmonellae described by both models at various growth conditions were very small; all residuals for the data points were less than 0.5 log CFU/g. This shows that all points were in the acceptable prediction zone between -1 log and 0.5 log CFU/g. In addition, the averages of RMSE values at various initial doses were very low, which were 0.06 and 0.07 (log CFU/g) for the extended logistic and Baranyi model, respectively. Similarly, the averages of RMSE values at various constant temperatures were low, with averages being 0.08 and 0.12 (log CFU/g) for the extended logistic and Baranyi model, respectively. The RMSE values at low and high range dynamic temperatures were very low, being 0.16, 0.15 with the extended logistic model and 0.12, 0.07 with Baranyi model, respectively. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the performances of the two growth models, suggesting that the models were equally suitable for describing the growth of Salmonella Enteritidis at various initial doses, constant and dynamic temperatures.
An Analysis of Social Stability and Its Determining Factors among Rural Women in Iran

-This study is an applied piece of research adopting a descriptive-analytical method to investigate the condition of social stability and its determining factors among rural women. The population comprises rural women in villages accommodating more than 20 households, of whom 850 were selected as the sample using statistical formulae. Afterwards, using multistage sampling, the questionnaires were distributed in proportion among the women of 60 villages. Results show that social stability, at a mean of 3, is at an average level, and, among the 14 factors of social stability, the three factors of social abnormality, social accountability, and social dynamism with respective coefficients of variation of 0.233, 0.236, and 0.238 have the greatest significance in the social stability of rural women. In addition, the results of multivariate regression demonstrate that, the five independent variables of personal income, occupation, cooperation with secondary groups, level of education and the income of the head of the household account in total for 673 percent of the variance of the dependent variable (social stability of rural women).
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) The Fusarium oxysporum Avr 2-Six 5 Effector Pair Alters Plasmodesmatal Exclusion Selectivity to Facilitate Cell-to-Cell Movement of Avr 2

Pathogens use effector proteins tomanipulate their hosts. During infection of tomato, the fungus Fusarium oxysporum secretes the effectors Avr2 and Six5.Whereas Avr2 suffices to trigger I-2-mediated cell death in heterologous systems, both effectors are required for I-2-mediated disease resistance in tomato. HowSix5 participates in triggering resistance is unknown. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays we found that Avr2 and Six5 interact at plasmodesmata. Single-cell transformation revealed that a 2xRFP marker protein and Avr2-GFP only move to neighboring cells in the presence of Six5. Six5 alone does not alter plasmodesmatal transduction as 2xRFP was only translocated in the presence of both effectors. In SIX5-expressing transgenic plants, the distribution of virally expressed Avr2-GFP, and subsequent onset of I-2-mediated cell death, differed from that in wild-type tomato. Taken together, our data show that in the presence of Six5, Avr2 moves from cell to cell, which in susceptible plants contributes to virulence, but in I-2 containing plants induces resistance.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND IONIC CONDUCTION OF STRUCTURAL ELECTROLYTES WITH BICONTINUOUS MORPHOLOGIES

Electrolyte systems that can carry mechanical load while allowing for high levels of ionic conductivity are an important prerequisite for structural power storage devices. Introduction of structural power storage into the variety of consumer products will allow saving in weight and volume. Moreover, using a supercapacitor/battery system in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), the supercapacitor part will extend the battery lifetime by protecting it from the high peak currents. To successfully produce structural power storage requires the development of multifunctional electrolytes where one has to simultaneously maximize mechanical properties and ionic conductivity.
Metal and Engineering Industries and Innovative Clusters in Turkey

Innovation activities in emerging economies, such as Turkey, have received relatively little attention from economic geographers and other scientists, despite the growing importance of those countries in the global economy. In the past decades, Turkey has witnessed an intense period of industrialization, with first import substitution (ISI) and then export oriented policies in place. Established knowledge suggests that in due course, growth in industrial production would be accompanied by increase in innovative activities, and this would take place in distinctive clusters. This paper studies innovation activity in Turkey’s metal and engineering industries from 1980 to 2011, using national patent data. It is shown that innovative activity in those industries in Turkey only began to increase markedly in early 2000s, and at the same time distinctive innovative clusters began to emerge. Results also indicate that innovation activity in Turkey is concentrated in the traditional economic centres.