Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance of layers on sorghum-based poultry feed rations

In this study, Sorghum bicolor cultivars CSV 15, PSV 16, CSH 16 and S 35 were supplied to farmers in Mahabubnagar and Ranga Reddy districts in Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2003 for poultry feed trials. Sorghum replaced maize at 0, 50 and 100% levels, including a 100% replacement + 3% Stylosanthes (Stylo) of the control diet. 500 chicks were divided into 42 groups with 6 treatments at 0, 50 and 100% sorghum diets in mash and pelleted forms.
Central Tendon-Splitting Approach and Double Row Suturing for the Treatment of Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy

Background To assess the clinical outcomes of central tendon-splitting approach and double row anchor suturing for the treatment of insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Methods 28 patients (28 feet) diagnosed with insertional Achilles tendinopathy were included in this study. The inclusions were symptom of hindfoot pain around the insertion of the Achilles tendon, radiographic demonstration of calcification, or degeneration of the Achilles tendon, showing no symptom improvement even after standard nonsurgical treatment for more than six months. The X-ray revealed that patients had obvious posterior superior calcaneal exostosis with the possibility of friction with the Achilles tendon or intratendinous calcification. Surgical correction by the central tendon-splitting approach and double row Achilles tendon suturing was performed. The ankles were immobilized with plaster for four weeks postoperatively. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and visual analogue score (VAS) were assessed preoperatively and at 2 years postoperatively. At final follow-up, the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) as patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) was also evaluated. Results No complication, including postoperative wound infection and tendon rupture, was not found. All the patients resumed their daily activities with no high level of daily activities, such as jumping and jogging after 6 weeks postoperatively. 27 patients were available for follow-up for at least 2 years, while only one patient was lost to follow-up. At postoperative 2 years, the postoperative AOFAS score increased significantly, while the VAS score decreased statistically when compared with preoperative values. At final follow-up, 24 patients had complete alleviation of pain, whereas the remaining 3 patients complained of mild heel pain after walking for a long time. The MOXFQ score showed obvious relief of previous symptoms for all included cases. Conclusions Central tendon-splitting approach and double row Achilles tendon suture provide excellent intraoperative visual field, larger tendon-bone contact area, and stronger pullout strength and, thus, facilitate early rehabilitation. It can be a safe and effective method for the treatment of insertional Achilles tendinopathy.
Effect of Hybrid Varieties, Application Timing, and Herbicide Rate on Field Corn Tolerance to Tolpyralate Plus Atrazine

Abstract A wide margin of crop safety is a desirable trait of POST herbicides, and investigation of crop tolerance is a key step in evaluation of new herbicides. Six field experiments were conducted in Ontario, Canada, from 2017 to 2018 to examine the influence of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrid (DKC42-60RIB, DKC43-47RIB, P0094AM, and P9840AM), application rate (1X and 2X), and application timing (PRE, V1, V3, and V5) on the tolerance of field corn to tolpyralate, a new 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor, co-applied with atrazine. Two corn hybrids (DKC42-60RIB and DKC43-47RIB) exhibited slightly greater visible injury from tolpyralate + atrazine, applied POST, than P0094AM and P9840AM at 1 to 2 wk after application (WAA); hybrids responded similarly with respect to height, grain moisture, and yield. Applications of tolpyralate + atrazine at a 2X rate (80 + 2,000 g ai ha–1) induced greater injury (≤31.6%) than the field rate (40 + 1,000 g ha–1) (≤11.6%); the 2X rate applied at V1 or V3 decreased corn height and slightly increased grain moisture at harvest. On average, field rates resulted in marginally higher grain yields than 2X rates. Based on mixed-model multiple stepwise regression analysis, the air temperature at application, time of day, temperature range in the 24 h before application, and precipitation following application were useful predictor variables in estimating crop injury with tolpyralate + atrazine; however, additional environmental variables also affected crop injury. These results demonstrate the margin of corn tolerance with tolpyralate + atrazine, which provides a basis for optimization of application timing, rate, and corn hybrid selection to mitigate the risk of crop injury with this herbicide tank mixture.
Geometry of Noncommutativek-Algebras

Let X be a scheme over an algebraically closed field k, and let x ∈ SpecR ⊆ X be a closed point corresponding to the maximal ideal m ⊆ R. Then ÔX,x is isomorphic to the prorepresenting hull, or local formal moduli, of the deformation functor DefR/m : → Sets. This suffices to reconstruct X up to etalé coverings. For a noncommutative k-algebra A the simple modules are not necessarily of dimension one, and there is a geometry between them. We replace the points in the commutative situation with finite families of points in the noncommutative situation, and replace the geometry of points with the geometry of sets of points given by noncommutative deformation theory. We apply the theory to the noncommutative moduli of three-dimensional endomorphisms. MSC 2010: 14A22, 14D22, 14D23, 16L30
Effect of protein rich diet on experimental pathology of necrotic enteritis in broilers

This study was designed to know the effect of protein rich diet (50% fish meal) on the experimental pathology of necrotic enteritis in broilers. The Clostridium (Cl.) perfringens was obtained from the Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Reconfirmation and recharacterization of Cl. perfringens were performed by culture, microscopic examination, staining and biochemical tests. The experimental pathologic studies were performed with supplementation of protein rich diet and challenged with Cl. perfringens in broilers. The dose of the inoculum for experimental infection with Cl. perfringens was 1x10 8 CFU/2.5ml. Fifteen birds of 21 days old were divided into 3 (A, B and C) groups each containing 5 birds. Birds of group A were fed with 50% fish meal at a rate of 500gm /kg of feed from day 21 to day 34 and challenged from day 28 to day 32 with 1x10 8 CFU/2.5ml. Birds of group B were fed with normal feed and challenged on day 28 for consecutive five days. Group C was kept as control with commercial normal pellet without Cl. perfringens . Birds of all groups were observed up to 34 days of age for clinical signs. Eighty percent (4/5) of the birds of group A developed moderate clinical signs like diarrhoea, ruffled feather and less feed intake whereas 40% (2/5) birds of group B developed same clinical signs like group A but in mild form. There was no mortality in any groups. All the birds were sacrificed at Day 35. Severe necrosis and hemorrhage in intestine, enlarged liver and hemorrhage in the base of heart were noted in the birds of group A. On an average 2-5 bacteria were found in impression smear of intestines in higher magnification (100x), and anaerobic bacteria counted from intestinal content was 1.51x10 7 CFU/ml. In histopathology, necrosis and reactive cells were found in liver, heart, lung and sloughing off intestinal epithelium was also found in intestines. On the other hand similar lesions like group A were observed in the birds of group B but in moderate form and no bacteria was found in impression smears of intestines. Anaerobic bacteria counted from intestinal content of this group was 1.1x10 7 CFU/ml. In histopathology necrosis, reactive cells were found but less than group A. The birds of group C were normal in all parameters. However, anaerobic bacteria count from the intestinal content was 0.8x10 7 CFU/ml. From this study, it may be concluded that protein rich diet is a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis in broilers. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i1. 17729 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2013). 11 (1): 21-29
Pollen morphology of Polish species from the genus Rubus L. (Rosaceae) and its systematic importance

The genus Rubus L. (Rosaceae) has as yet not been investigated satisfactorily in terms of palynology. This genus is taxonomically very difficult due to the large number of species and problems with their delimitation, as well as very different distribution areas of particular species. The aim of this study was to investigate pollen morphology and for the first time the ranges of intrageneric and interspecific variability of Rubus species, as well as verify the taxonomic usefulness of these traits in distinguishing studied taxa from this genus. They were analysed for 11 quantitative pollen characteristics and the following qualitative ones: exine ornamentation, pollen outline and shape, as well as bridge structure. Analyses were conducted on a total of 1740 pollen grains, which represent 58 blackberry species belonging to a majority of subgenera and all the sections and series found in Poland. The diagnostic characters included exine ornamentation (exine ornamentation type, width and direction of grooves and striae, number and diameter of perforations) and length of the polar axis (P). The arrangement of the examined species on the dendrogram does not corroborate division of the genus Rubus into subgenera, sections and series currently adopted in taxonomy. The lack of dependence may result from apomixis observed in Rubus, which could reduce natural variability. Pollen features should be treated in taxonomy as auxiliary, because they fail to differentiate several (10) individual species, while the other ones create groups with similar pollen traits.
Efficacy of some Essential Oils on Cowpea Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

A trial study was managed to estimate the efficacy of neem oil and cinnamic oil on cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) which infest a wide host range of plants caused serious damage. Due to the problems of chemical pesticides to organisms and environment, natural control replaced pesticides. The data obtained in this study showed that neem oil was more effective in controlling A. craccivora where LC50 was 125.26 ppm comparing with cinnamic oil which LC50 recorded 378.68 ppm. GC/ MS analysis of Neem oil showed the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by 99.34%, where it was found to contained eight different fatty acids. The linoleic acid represents the highly proportion with 34.69%.
The economics of the limited access order

Violence and coercion are key to understanding economic and social interactions in any society. This premise was used by North et al. (2009) to distinguish three `patterns of social organization' that societies have used to solve the problem of violence. We model one of these, the `limited access order', that is still dominant today. This order is characterized by an elite coalition that uses coercion to extract economic rents, while restricting violence and containing bandits. Since violence is key, we choose to apply insights from the economic literature on conflict and appropriation. Our model puts structure on the main elements of the limited access order. It allows us to assess some of its characteristics, by identifying conditions under which a sizeable elite emerges that is capable of limiting the activities of bandits and thereby provides order and stability. Our results show large variations in elite size, appropriation, production levels, and welfare across limited access societies due to only minor variations in exogenous model parameters, such as productivity, the cost of conflict, and the decisiveness of conflict. A striking result is that, within the limited access order, unproductive societies are faced with a high tax rate and a large elite, while productive societies are faced with a low tax rate and a small elite. The difference in additional productivity between these societies is offset by increased appropriation by bandits in absence of a strong elite, resulting in welfare being maximized for moderate levels of productivity.
Reward does not facilitate visual perceptual learning until sleep occurs

Significance Independent lines of research have shown that visual perceptual learning (VPL) is improved by reward or sleep. Here, we show that reward provided during training increased offline performance gains of VPL over sleep. Moreover, during posttraining sleep, reward was associated with longer REM sleep, increased activity in reward processing in the prefrontal region during REM sleep, and decreased activity in the untrained region of early visual areas during NREM and REM sleep. Offline performance gains were correlated with modulated oscillatory activity in reward processing during REM sleep and visual processing during NREM sleep. These results suggest that reward provided during training becomes effective on VPL through the interaction between reward and visual processing during sleep after training. A growing body of evidence indicates that visual perceptual learning (VPL) is enhanced by reward provided during training. Another line of studies has shown that sleep following training also plays a role in facilitating VPL, an effect known as the offline performance gain of VPL. However, whether the effects of reward and sleep interact on VPL remains unclear. Here, we show that reward interacts with sleep to facilitate offline performance gains of VPL. First, we demonstrated a significantly larger offline performance gain over a 12-h interval including sleep in a reward group than that in a no-reward group. However, the offline performance gains over the 12-h interval without sleep were not significantly different with or without reward during training, indicating a crucial interaction between reward and sleep in VPL. Next, we tested whether neural activations during posttraining sleep were modulated after reward was provided during training. Reward provided during training enhanced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time, increased oscillatory activities for reward processing in the prefrontal region during REM sleep, and inhibited neural activation in the untrained region in early visual areas in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep. The offline performance gains were significantly correlated with oscillatory activities of visual processing during NREM sleep and reward processing during REM sleep in the reward group but not in the no-reward group. These results suggest that reward provided during training becomes effective during sleep, with excited reward processing sending inhibitory signals to suppress noise in visual processing, resulting in larger offline performance gains over sleep.
Temporal change in the calling behaviour of an isolated killer whale (Orcinus orca)

5 RESUMO . 6 INTRODUCTION . 7 METHODS . 13 Subject . 13 Data collection . 15 Data analysis and repertoire classification . 16 Statistical analysis . 21 Information theory . 21 RESULTS . 23 Data analysed . 23 Division in units . 23 Describing Morgan’s repertoire changes over time . 45 December 2010 . 50 November 2011 . 52 Statistical comparison . 55 Kullback-Leibler divergence . 56 DISCUSSION . 57 Differences between sampling periods . 60 CONCLUSIONS . 65 REFERENCES . 66
On Analysis and Design of Algorithms for Robust Estimation from Relative Measurements

The problem of estimating the states of a group of agents from noisy pairwise difference measurements between agents’ states has been studied extensively in the past. Often, the noise is modeled as a Gaussian distribution with constant variance; in other words, the measurements all have the same quality. However, in reality this is not the case and measurements can be of different quality which, for a sensible estimation, needs to be taken into account. In the current work, we assume the noise to be a mixture of Gaussian distributions. Our contribution is two fold. First, we look at the problem of estimation. Several Maximum-likelihood type estimators are considered, based on the availability of information regarding the noise distributions We show that for networks represented by a tree, the quality of the measurements is not of importance for the estimation. Also, the WLSP yields the best performance among the approaches considered. Furthermore, the benefit of the approaches as presented in this report as opposed to the least squares approach is apparent when a graph is more connected. Second, we consider also the problem of adding new edges with possibly unknown quality to the network with the aim to decrease the uncertainty in the estimation. It is observed that the first few edges will more likely add edges which are not close to each other for the cycle graph, or edges which have initially a low value for the degree, that is they have a few neighbors. Keywords: Weighted Graph, Expectation Maximization, State Estimation, Link Addition.
X-chromosome inactivation: dosage compensation of genes or heterochromatin?

X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the process by which one of two X chromosomes in mammalian female cells is inactivated. The DNA of the inactive X chromosome is packaged in transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin. It is generally accepted that XCI have evolved to enable dosage compensation in mammals as a way to equalize X-linked gene expression between XX and XY individuals. However, there remain several controversial issues regarding the causes of XCI. The most important of them, why dosage compensation of genes? An alternative hypothesis is discussed that XCI is caused by dose compensation for heterochromatin, rather than genes, in the genome of female mammals due to the lack of a sex chromosome in their karyotype with a large constitutive heterochromatin block, as in Y chromosome in males. It is for this reason that heterochromatinization of the euchromatin regions of one of the X chromosomes occurs. The biological meaning of heterochromatinization is to increase the density of condensed chromatin (? ) around the interphase nucleus, responsible for removing excess heat from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, since the compaction of ? depends on the amount of heterochromatin. The consequence of this process is the inactivation of genes that were in the area of heterochromatinization of the X chromosome. Keywords: X-chromosome inactivation; Lyonization; Gene dosage compensation; Heterochromatin dosage compensation; Cell thermoregulation
Ruminal degradation and in vitro gas production characteristics of foliage from Atriplex species and Cassia sturtii

This study was undertaken to determine the degradation characteristics and in vitro gas production kinetics of drought tolerant shrubs (Cassia sturtii, Atriplex nummularia and three Atriplex canescens cultivars, viz. Santa Rita, Field Reserve 1 and Rincon) growing under South African conditions (Hatfield in the Gauteng Province and Mier and Lovedale, both in the Northern Cape Province). Edible forage was incubated for 72 h to record in sacco neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradability parameters and in vitro gas production. No significant difference was found between locations in terms of the NDF degradation parameters, except the NDF effective degradation (ED). However, the species differed in terms of the slowly degradable NDF fraction (NDF b-value) and rate of the degradation of NDF (NDF c-vlaue) in the Hatfield samples. Species differed significantly in terms of NDF ED value for samples collected at Mier. Species also differed in the rate of gas production (c) the volume of effective gas produced (EGP) and the potential extent of gas production (b) values. Atriplex nummalaria was ranked better than A. canescens (Field Reserve 1) in terms of NDF ED-value in Mier and NDF b-value in Hatfield, though the latter had shown higher c-values for samples collected in Hatfield. A similar trend was recorded in the gas production study, where A. canescens (Field Reserve 1) ranked least in terms of effective gas production and the potential extent of gas production compared to the other Atriplex species and C. sturtii. This indicates a lower feeding value of this cultivar as a ruminant feed compared to other Atriplex cultivars and C. sturtii.
Thermocyclops decipiens (Kiefer, 1929) (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) as indicator of water quality in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The aim of this work was to study the possible utilization of Thermocyclops decipiens as indicator of the trophic degree and water quality of some watersheds of the state of Minas Gerais. From the beginning of the decade of 90, T. decipiens was recorded in several water collections of the state, including the basins of the rivers Paranaiba, Sao Francisco, Doce and Grande, within environments mainly of meso and eutrophics characteristics. Of the 28 places of occurrence of the species and according to the water quality index (WQI) used by Environmental Foundation of Minas Gerais (FEAM), 7 of these environments presented WQI good, 16 medium, 4 bad and one very bad. This classification corroborated the hypothesis that T. decipiens could be used as indicator species of eutrophic environments and of low water quality thus constituting an important tool for the biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems.
The RIPper, a web-based tool for genome-wide quantification of Repeat-Induced Point (RIP) mutations

Background The RIPper (http://theripper.hawk.rocks) is a set of web-based tools designed for analyses of Repeat-Induced Point (RIP) mutations in the genome sequences of Ascomycota. The RIP pathway is a fungal genome defense mechanism that is aimed at identifying repeated and duplicated motifs, into which it then introduces cytosine to thymine transition mutations. RIP thus serves to deactivate and counteract the deleterious consequences of selfish or mobile DNA elements in fungal genomes. The occurrence, genetic context and frequency of RIP mutations are widely used to assess the activity of this pathway in genomic regions of interest. Here, we present a bioinformatics tool that is specifically fashioned to automate the investigation of changes in RIP product and substrate nucleotide frequencies in fungal genomes. Results We demonstrated the ability of The RIPper to detect the occurrence and extent of RIP mutations in known RIP affected sequences. Specifically, a sliding window approach was used to perform genome-wide RIP analysis on the genome assembly of Neurospora crassa. Additionally, fine-scale analysis with The RIPper showed that gene regions and transposable element sequences, previously determined to be affected by RIP, were indeed characterized by high frequencies of RIP mutations. Data generated using this software further showed that large proportions of the N. crassa genome constitutes RIP mutations with extensively affected regions displaying reduced GC content. The RIPper was further useful for investigating and visualizing changes in RIP mutations across the length of sequences of interest, allowing for fine-scale analyses. Conclusion This software identified RIP targeted genomic regions and provided RIP statistics for an entire genome assembly, including the genomic proportion affected by RIP. Here, we present The RIPper as an efficient tool for genome-wide RIP analyses.