Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Your American Dream is Not Mine! A New Approach to Estimating Intergenerational Mobility Elasticities

This paper provides a new framework to estimate intergenerational mobility elasticities (IGE) of children's income with respect to parental income. Our approach is nonparametric allowing for heterogeneity in IGEs and nonlinearity by leaving the relationship unspecified, while acknowledging the latent nature of both child and parental permanent incomes. Our approach also addresses life-cycle bias directly in estimation without requiring knowledge of permanent income as the previous literature does. We confirm some of the previous findings and also have some novel results. First, we uncover that the association between observed annual income and permanent income varies over the life cycle; and that the observed patterns differ over generations, although the latter result is statistically insignificant due to large variances. Second, we find strong evidence that there exists substantial heterogeneity in IGEs across population and that the mobility function is nonlinear. The implied IGE exhibits a Ushape pattern with "twin-peaks". Specifically, there is a considerable degree of mobility among the broadly defined middle class, but both the children of high and low income fathers are more likely to be high and low income adults, respectively. This result suggests that the U.S. is indeed the "land of opportunity" to live out the "American Dream", just not for everyone! These results survive a battery of robustness checks. Finally, we also find that there exist a great deal of within-group heterogeneity. Our approach is also immediately applicable in many other similar contexts both within and outside labor economics.
Rethinking Policy Intervention for the Transition towards Competitive Trade-Led Green Growth

A neo-classical trade-led growth model supported by rapid technological advancement and the WTO regime has been instrumental to achieving higher growth and prosperity during the last few decades. However, it struggles to cope with critical societal challenges such as environmental degradation, inequality, social disharmony and poor quality of life. The green growth approach is gaining momentum to overcome these issues. Since two thirds of world production is traded, trade should be competitive, inclusive and environmentally sustainable in a green growth regime. Through an extensive review of trade and competitiveness theories, alongside the human development and environmental sustainability literature, the paper analyses three trade-offs: sustainability-competitiveness; inclusiveness-sustainability; and inclusiveness-competitiveness. From this analysis a core strategy mix for transition to competitive, trade-led green growth is identified, setting up an agenda for future research into the role of systems of policy instruments/incentives in catalysing this transition.
PENGARUH KEADILAN PROSEDURAL DAN KEADILAN DISTRIBUTIF TERHADAP KOMITMEN ORGANISASI

Abstract The concept of organizational justice is important to understanding and predicting organizational behavior. The purpose of this paper is to examine impact of procedural and distributive justice on organization commitment. The result from a survey of 75 employees from a company at Bandung indicate that procedural and distributive justice, two dimensions of organizational justice, are significant predictor of organizational commitment. This result revealed that procedural justice had more effect on organizational commitment than distributive justice. Keywords: Procedural Justice, Distributive Justice, Organizational Commitment Abstrak Konsep keadilan organisasional penting untuk dipahami dan dapat memprediksi perilaku organisasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji dampak keadilan procedural dan distibutif terhadap komitmen organisasi. Berdasarkan hasil dari survei 75 karyawan sebuah perusahaan di Bandung mengindikasikan bahwa keadilan prosedural dan keadilan distributive, sebagai dimensi dari keadilam organisasional, merupakan penentu signifikan dalam komitmen organisasi. Hasil ini juga menekankan bahwa keadilan procedural memiliki dampak lebih besar pada komitmen organisasi dibandingkan keadilan distributive.
Disparities between Prescribing of Secondary Prevention Therapies for Stroke and Coronary Artery Disease in General Practice

Background Extensive evidence exists regarding the effectiveness of secondary prevention measures in patients with cardiovascular disease. Aim We aimed to examine the management and risk perceptions of cardiovascular events in people with established cardiovascular disease. Methods We analyzed data on 1453 patients, ≥55 year old, with a history of cardiovascular disease, from the Australian Hypertension and Absolute Risk Study. Results Compared with those 533 patients with stroke/transient ischemic attack, the 743 patients with coronary artery disease were twice as likely to have been prescribed secondary prevention therapies even after adjustment for potential confounding variables (adjusted relative risks 1·85; 95% confidence interval 1·56–2·19, 42% vs. 73% for use of the combination of blood pressure-lowering, lipid-lowering and antiplatelet therapies) and to have better control of lipid and blood pressure levels. General practitioners estimated that only 27% of patients with stroke/transient ischemic attack – 38% of those with coronary artery disease and 41% of those with both conditions – were at a high risk (≥15%) of a recurrent event. Patients similarly underestimated their risk of recurrent cardiovascular events, with only 8% of stroke/transient ischemic attack, 11% of coronary and 15% of combination disease patients rating themselves at ‘high’ or‘very-high’ risk. Conclusions This study reaffirms the large treatment gap in the uptake of secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease in primary care settings, being much greater for patients with cerebral compared with cardiac cardiovascular disease. This appears to be related to differential perceptions of cardiovascular risk across different vascular territories in both patients and doctors.
Behavioral and emotional problems in adolescents with Tourette syndrome.

BACKGROUND Patients with Tourette syndrome (TS) are at risk of an array of behavioral and emotional problems, resulting in social, academic and vocational function impairments. This study intended to examine the nature and severity of behavioral and emotional problems in Taiwanese TS adolescents. METHODS Forty TS adolescents with normal IQ and thirty age- and gender-matched normal controls were evaluated using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) to understand the severity of tic symptoms, and behavioral and emotional problems. The main caretakers of these adolescents were interviewed using the Chinese version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (CK-SADS) to confirm their comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. RESULTS Most TS adolescents in this study had mild tic severity. TS adolescents showed significantly higher scores than normal controls in all CBCL subscales. The 'total most severe tics' YGTSS score was positively correlated with internalization behavior problems, externalization behavior problems and aggressive behavior subscales of the CBCL. As TS adolescents got older, their CBCL scores decreased significantly in internalization behavior problems, externalization behavior problems, and obsessive-compulsive and aggressive behavior subscales. CONCLUSION Taiwanese TS adolescents with mild to moderate tic severity still demonstrated prominent behavior and emotional problems. Although the severity of behavior and emotional problems decreased with increasing age, we still suggest systematic inquiry regarding the psychological well-being and psychiatric comorbidities of young TS patients.
Persistence of HIV-1 transcription in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS Although potent antiretroviral therapy can control infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a long-lived reservoir of infectious virus persists in CD4+ T cells. We investigated this viral reservoir by measuring the levels of cell-associated viral DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) that are essential for HIV-1 replication. Approximately every 6 months, we obtained samples of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from five men with long-standing HIV-1 infection who had had undetectable levels of plasma HIV-1 RNA for 20 months or more during treatment with potent antiretroviral drugs. RESULTS Before treatment, plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA correlated with the levels of cell-associated unintegrated HIV-1 DNA and unspliced viral mRNA. After treatment, plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA fell by more than 2.7 log to undetectable levels. The decrease in cell-associated integrated and unintegrated HIV-1 DNA and mRNA occurred in two phases. The first phase occurred during the initial 500 days of treatment and was characterized by substantial decreases in the levels of DNA and mRNA, but not to undetectable levels. The concentrations of cell-associated unintegrated viral DNA, integrated proviral DNA, and unspliced viral mRNA decreased by 1.25 to 1.46 log. The second phase occurred during the subsequent 300 days or more of treatment and was characterized by a plateau in the levels of HIV-1 DNA and unspliced mRNA. After an initial rapid decline, the ratio of unspliced to multiply spliced viral mRNA (a measure of active viral transcription) stabilized and remained greater than zero at each measurement. CONCLUSIONS Despite treatment with potent antiretroviral drugs and the suppression of plasma HIV-1 RNA to undetectable levels for 20 months or more, HIV-1 transcription persists in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. Unless the quasi-steady state levels of HIV DNA and mRNA eventually disappear with longer periods of therapy, these findings suggest that HIV-1 infection cannot be eradicated with current treatments.
The era of genomics: Impact on sepsis clinical trial design

ObjectiveThis article aims to address the predictable impact of genetics on the design of clinical trials in the field of critical care medicine, with emphasis on the pathophysiology of sepsis and its treatment. Data SourcesPublished articles reporting studies on sepsis and septic shock or assessing the influence of genetics and pharmacogenomics in the treatment of critical illnesses. Data AnalysisBecause most common diseases including sepsis have been shown to be influenced by inherited differences in our genes, completion of the Human Genome Project and the concomitant publication of the human single nucleotide polymorphism map both contribute to change our approach to medicine. Advances in genotyping techniques and bioinformatics enabling detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms have caused an explosion in pharmacogenomics—the research dealing with the interactions of an individual’s genotype and the outcome of a drug therapy. Pharmacogenomics will undoubtedly be used to improve future health care and clinical research in different ways. Whereas treatment allocation has been based mainly on phenotype, genetic characterization will help researchers to identify suitable subjects for clinical trials, to facilitate interpretation of the results of clinical trials, and to identify novel targets for future drugs or new markets for current products. As interindividual variability in drug response is a substantial clinical problem, the second major objective of pharmacogenomic research is to decrease adverse responses to therapy through determination of adequate therapeutic targets and genetic polymorphisms that alter drug specificity and toxicity. Ultimately, genetic information will be used to select the most effective therapeutic agent and the optimal dosage to elicit the expected drug response for a given individual. Implementation of genetic criteria for stratification of patient populations and individual assessment of treatment risks and benefits emerges as a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. ConclusionsIn the future, technologies such as gene chip array will enhance genetic medicine and provide novel insights into a patient’s susceptibility to disease, enabling a better assessment of prognostic risk factors, quicker diagnosis, and accurate prediction of individual responsiveness to drugs. The predictable consequences of such an approach on the prevention and treatment of diseases could revolutionize medicine.
Is Community Management an Efficient and Effective Model of Public Service Delivery? Lessons from the Rural Water Supply Sector in Malawi

Summary Reform of the rural water supply sector occurred widely in the 1990s, when many low-income countries replaced state-led service provision with decentralized community management in the hope of generating improved technical and financial performance. This article asks whether these expected benefits have materialized in practice, and whether community management has strengthened institutional capacity at local, district and national level. Findings from a mixed-methods study in four districts of Malawi show that both technical and financial performance under community management is weak. Maintenance is rarely done, repairs are slow and sub-standard, and user committees are unable to collect and save funds: Average savings are just 2% of expected levels. Despite these failures, community management has ‘worked’ for the state (and donors) as a means of offloading responsibility for public service provision. The article suggests elements of an alternative framework for rural water supply that would tackle the technical and financial failures of community management, and notes that efforts to promote ‘local ownership’ in development must be undertaken with care. © 2015 The Authors. Public Administration and Development published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Effect of Tourist Relationship Perception on Destination Loyalty at a World Heritage Site in China

This study focuses on domestic tourists at a World Heritage Site located in China and investigates the relationship of three important visitor perceptions (i.e., service fairness, destination image, and service quality) with tourism destination loyalty (i.e., positive word-of-mouth referrals and revisit intentions) through overall destination satisfaction and trust toward destination service providers. The structural equation modeling findings generally support the conceptual model and indicate that service fairness and service quality have a significant and positive impact on overall destination satisfaction and trust toward destination service providers, while destination image has a significant effect on overall destination satisfaction but not on trust toward destination service providers. In addition, the investigated perceptions-loyalty relationships are found to be mediated by overall destination satisfaction, but not necessarily by trust toward destination service providers. The paper includes discussions of the theoretical and managerial implications of the findings.
Profile of hippocampal volumes and stroke risk varies by neuropsychological definition of mild cognitive impairment

Abstract Wide-ranging conceptual and diagnostic approaches to defining mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have led to highly variable prevalence and progression rates. We sought to examine whether bilateral hippocampal volumes and cerebrovascular risk factors in individuals characterized by two different neuropsychological definitions of MCI subtypes would also differ. Participants were 65 nondemented, community-dwelling, older adults, ages 62–91 years, drawn from a larger group of individuals enrolled in a longitudinal study of normal aging. A comprehensive neuropsychological definition of MCI that required the presence of more than one impaired score in a cognitive domain resulted in expected anatomical results; hippocampal volumes were significantly smaller in the aMCI group as compared to cognitively normal or nonamnestic MCI participants. However, a typical definitional scheme for classifying MCI based only on the presence of one impaired score within a cognitive domain did not result in hippocampal differences between groups. Global stroke risk factors did not differ between the two definitional schemes, although the relationship between stroke risk variables and neuropsychological performance did vary by diagnostic approach. The comprehensive approach demonstrated associations between stroke risk and cognition, whereas the typical approach did not. Use of more sophisticated clinical decision-making and diagnostic approaches that incorporate comprehensive neuropsychological assessment techniques is supported by this convergence of neuropsychological, neuropathological, and stroke risk findings. (JINS, 2009, 15, 890–897.)
Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and furans in weaned, free‐ranging northern elephant seal pups from central California, USA

The aim of this study was tomeasure persistent organic pollutants in northern elephant seals(NES], Mirounga angustirotris). We obtained blubber biopsy samples from six healthy, newly weaned NES pups from Año Nuevo, California (USA). Contaminant levels were lower than those of other pinnipeds studied on the west coast of North America. Blubber concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans averaged 700 ± 130 μg/kg, 32 ± 23 ng/kg, and 17 ± 5 ng/kg (lipid wt), respectively. These contaminants originate from transplacental transfer and from maternal milk, which, in turn, reflect contaminants acquired by the mother from prey during long‐distance foraging trips in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The PCB profile in the blubber of NES pups mainly was composed of penta‐, hexa‐, and hepta‐chlorobiphenyls, possibly reflecting the deep‐sea nature of the mother's diet. Our results suggest that NES pups, in contrast to pups of other pinnipeds in the eastern Pacific Ocean, are exposed to low levels of persistent organic pollutants, reflecting an open ocean signal.
Widening the circle of security: a quasi-experimental evaluation of attachment-based professional development for family child care providers.

This pilot program evaluation was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of an attachment-based, group professional-development experience, Circle of Security-Parenting, on family childcare (FCC) providers' psychological resources and self-efficacy in managing children's challenging behaviors and supporting children's socioemotional development. Licensed FCC providers with children actively in their care (n = 34) self-selected into the program, offered in English and Spanish through a regional support network for FCC providers; a comparison group of providers was recruited from the state database of licensed providers (n = 17). A significant Time × Group interaction was observed for self-efficacy in managing challenging behaviors, F(1, 46) = 30.59, p = . 000, partial η(2) = . 40, with participating providers' mean self-efficacy scores increasing, p = . 000, d = . 78, while comparison providers' decreased, p = . 003, d = 1.40. Mean depressive symptoms decreased over time for both groups whereas job stress-related resources were stable over time in both groups. Patterns of association were found between providers' self-report of difficulties considering children's mental states and depressive symptoms, job stress resources, and self-efficacy. Limitations and implications for future research are reviewed, including the impact of conducting this work within an organized support network for FCC providers.
Early Echocardiographic and Pulmonary Function Findings in Idiopathic Scoliosis

Thirty-six children and adolescents with early stages of idiopathic scoliosis underwent evaluation by echocardiography and pulmonary function testing. Mildly increased pulmonary vascular resistance was inferred from an elevated ratio of right preejection period to right ventricular ejection time, an increased right ventricular dimension, and a decreased left ventricular dimension. Since neither decreased arterial oxygen saturation nor increased end-tidal expired carbon dioxide partial pressure was seen, desaturation and hypoventilation should not account for these abnormalities. Pulmonary function parameters showed no distinct patterns of abnormality. Even though the patients were divided into two groups by severity of spinal curvature, the cardiopulmonary measures did not correlate with thoracic deformity. Billowing of the mitral leaflets, termed mitral valve prolapse, was demonstrated in 25% of the subjects. Our findings suggest that cardiopulmonary and thoracic changes in idiopathic scoliosis may develop in parallel and may be expressions of a common collagen defect. However, study of sleep and exercise arterial saturation may be required to rule out intermittent hypoxemia as a precipitating factor of cor pulmonale in scoliosis.
CD4/CD8 ratio is not predictive of multi-morbidity prevalence in HIV-infected patients but identify patients with higher CVD risk

CD4/CD8<0.8 is a surrogate marker of immune‐activation/immunosenescence and independently predicts mortality in the HIV‐infected patients due to non‐AIDS related events. Most studies showed that patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) often fail to normalize the CD4/CD8 ratio despite CD4 count normalization. Primary objective of the study was to explore the impact of CD4/CD8<0.8 as independent predictor of HIV‐associated non‐AIDS (HANA) conditions and multimorbidity (MM) in HIV patients. In patients with no previous history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) a particular insight is provided in the association between impact of CD4/CD8<0.8 and risk prediction of CVD or radiological markers of subclinical CVD.
Adverse metabolic effect of omega-3 fatty acids in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Increased interest in using omega-3 fatty acids led us to examine their metabolic effects in six men with type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. After 1 month of a diet supplemented with these fatty acids, the patients' fasting glucose rose from 13.1 +/- 1.3 to 15.3 +/- 1.3 mmol/L (P = 0.03) and glucose area during a mixed meal profile rose by 22% (P = 0.04). Basal hepatic glucose output rose from 97 +/- 9 to 122 +/- 8 mg/m2 . min (P = 0.004) but glucose disposal rates measured by euglycemic glucose clamp were unchanged. Fasting insulin levels were similar; peak insulin levels stimulated by meals or intravenous glucagon fell by 30% and 39%, respectively. Plasma and erythrocyte content of omega-3 fatty acid rose significantly. After omega-3 fatty acid withdrawal, fasting glucose returned to baseline. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment in type II diabetes leads to rapid but reversible metabolic deterioration, with elevated basal hepatic glucose output and impaired insulin secretion but unchanged glucose disposal rates. Caution should be used when recommending omega-3 fatty acids in type II diabetic persons.
The personal shopper – a pilot randomized trial of grocery store-based dietary advice

The objective of this study was to test the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a store‐based dietary education intervention against traditional clinic‐based advice. Patients with obesity (n = 55, mean [standard deviation, SD] age 44.3[9.2] years, 64% women, 87% non‐Hispanic Black) were randomized to receive dietary counselling either in a grocery store or a clinic. Change between groups (analysis of covariance) was assessed for outcomes including: dietary quality (Healthy Eating Index – 2005 [0–100 points] ), and nutritional knowledge (0–65‐point knowledge scale). Both groups reported improved diet quality at the end of the study. Grocery participants had greater increases in knowledge (mean [SD] change = 5.7 [6.1] points) than clinic participants (mean [SD] change = 3.2 [4.0] points) (P = 0.04). Participants enjoyed the store‐based sessions. Grocery store‐based visits offer a promising approach for dietary counselling.