Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What physics determines the peak of the IMF? Insights from the structure of cores in radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations

Author(s): Krumholz, MR; Myers, AT; Klein, RI; McKee, CF | Abstract: © 2016 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. As star-forming clouds collapse, the gas within them fragments to ever-smaller masses. Naively one might expect this process to continue down to the smallest mass that is able to radiate away its binding energy on a dynamical time-scale, the opacity limit for fragmentation, at ~0.01 M⊙. However, the observed peak of the initial mass function (IMF) lies a factor of 20-30 higher in mass, suggesting that some other mechanism halts fragmentation before the opacity limit is reached. In this paper we analyse radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations of star cluster formation in typical Milky Way environments in order to determine what physical process limits fragmentation in them. We examine the regions in the vicinity of stars that form in the simulations to determine the amounts of mass that are prevented from fragmenting by thermal and magnetic pressure. We show that, on small scales, thermal pressure enhanced by stellar radiation heating is the dominant mechanism limiting the ability of the gas to further fragment. In the brown dwarf mass regime, ~0.01 M⊙, the typical object that forms in the simulations is surrounded by gas whose mass is several times its own that is unable to escape or fragment, and instead is likely to accrete. This mechanism explains why ~0.01 M⊙ objects are rare: unless an outside agent intervenes (e.g. a shock strips away the gas around them), they will grow by accreting the warmed gas around them. In contrast, by the time stars grow to masses of ~0.2 M⊙, the mass of heated gas is only tens of percent of the central star mass, too small to alter its final mass by a large factor. This naturally explains why the IMF peak is at ~0.2 M⊙.
Not A Destiny: Ethnic Diversity and Redistribution Reexamined

Existing cross-country studies have increasingly confirmed the negative relationship between ethnic diversity and redistribution. These studies, however, have mainly focused on the measurement of ethnic diversity and have neglected an important perspective in their empirical analyses: before proving ethnic diversity harms redistribution, one has to show that people do identify with their ethnic groups in political decisions regarding redistribution instead of other potentially salient identities. Reinvestigating the hypothesis in a proper framework, I find no evidence that ethnic diversity negatively affect redistribution. I also find evidence of a supportive role of decentralization in promoting redistribution given critically high levels of diversity and segregation of ethnic groups. The findings pose important questions to other empirical studies regarding the impact of ethnic diversity that have paid inadequate attention to its theoretical complexity.
Growth of 2,2-biimidazole-based nanorods on mica substrate

The synthesis of a one-dimensional single-stranded helix using the crystallization of silver (I) nitrate and 2,2-biimidazole has promising potential for use in the area of nanotechnology mainly because of its unique electrical properties and its structural similarity to naturally occurring nucleic acids. In this study, we report a new method for the deposition and growth of 2,2- biimidazole-based nanorods on mica substrates by employing a complex solution of silver nitrate (I) and 2,2-biimidazole. The morphology and electrical polarizability of the prepared nanorods are investigated by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) and noncontact electrostatic force microscopy (EFM). The experimental results show highly polarizable and singly separated nanorods oriented in three preponderant directions. In addition, we show that the active K+ ions on the mica surface are required for the formation of these nanorods. Additionally, these potassium ions are a critical factor in controlling the nucleation and morphology of nanostructures.
Construction and Test of 3.6 m Nb 3 Sn Racetrack Coils for LARP

—Development of high-performance Nb 3 Sn quadrupoles is one of the major goals of the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP). As part of this program, long racetrack magnets were made in order to check the fabrication steps for long Nb 3 Sn coils, that the changes in coil length that take place during reaction and cooldown are correctly accounted for in the quadrupole design, and the use of a long aluminum shell for the support structure. This paper reports the construction of the first long Nb 3 Sn magnet with racetrack coils 3.6 m long. The magnet reached a nominal “plateau” at 9596 A after five quenches. This is about 90% of the estimated conductor limit. The peak field in the coils at this current was 11 T.
Enhancing trust in online business relationships of South Africa: a web interface signaling perspective,

Technology mediation in online shopping results in information asymmetries which may impede customers’ ability to assess products and make well informed purchase decisions. Using signalling theory, this study proposes and tests a model on the influence of a stores’ website on customers’ ongoing trust in online retail stores and repurchase intentions. Data were collected from a sample of 201 online shoppers from Gauteng, South Africa. The findings show that website informativeness, retailer related website interaction, customer related website interaction and website security are important factors that help influence customers’ trust in online stores and that trust in turn exert significant influence on repurchase intentions. Website informativeness and website security were also found to have a significant direct influence on customer repurchase intentions although this influence is partially mediated by customers’ levels of trust in an online store. The findings support the notion that the online store environment is an important source of signals to consumers and that these signals have influence on trust in an online store. The findings point to the need for managers of online stores to pay attention to levels of customer trust in their stores as trust has positive influence on customers’ repurchase intentions. In working on building trust, managers need to among other factors, examine their websites for levels of informativeness, and security. They also need to ensure that their online stores are associated with high levels of human interaction.
Pathogen carrying capacity of mobile phones of health workers in a teaching hospital

Mobile phones have become indispensable accessories of professional and social life. Micro-organisms that cause hospital acquired infections can be transmitted by handheld devices of hospital personnel. Studies have shown that mobile phones could be a health hazard with tens of thousands of microbes living on each square inch of the phone. This study determined the prevalence of micro-organisms on the mobile phones of health workers and their role as a source of hospital acquired infection. The study utilised a cross-sectional design. A total of one hundred and eighty swabs were collected from the mobile phones of health workers and subjected to microbiology analysis. Microbes were cultured in 70% of cell phones, 5% of which had mixed growths. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 28%, coagulase negative staphylococcus 31% and E. coli 3% of the cultured organisms. Over 90% of Gram positive organisms were sensitive to Gentamicin while 70% of gram negative organisms were sensitive to Gentamicin. Two-fifth of gram positive and one-tenth of gram negative organisms were sensitive to Co-trimoxazole while neither was sensitive to Ampicillin. Only 42% of our respondents disinfect their mobile phones. Health workers should be sensitized on the need to disinfect their mobile phones regularly. Keywords: nosocomial, hospital acquired infection, mobile phone, micro-organisms, infection control, hospital
Acoustic Correlates of Statement and Question Intonation in Southern Vietnamese

This paper reports a study that investigated the acoustic correlates of the intonation patterns of statements versus various kinds of questions in Southern Vietnamese. Sentences identical in segmental make-up and lexical tone were elicited in nine different contexts: (1) statements, (2) Yes-No questions without particles, (3) Yes-No questions with the particle không, (4) questions with the particle ư (5) alternative questions with the particle hay ‘or’, (6 and 7) Wh-questions with the particles ai (who) and chừng nào ‘when’ at the beginning, and (8 and 9) Wh-questions with particles cho ai ‘for whom’ and hồi nào ‘when’ at the end. Twenty speakers (9 males and 11 females) from Hồ Chí Minh City participated in the study. The results show that there are a number of acoustic strategies for realizing the difference between declaratives and the interrogatives in Southern Vietnamese: global F0, speech tempo, intensity and local sentencefinal F0. The results of this investigation contribute to the study of Vietnamese prosody, crosslanguage and cross-dialectal prosodic comparison.
Why do foresters oppose the enlargement of the Białowieża National Park? The motivation of the State Forests Holding employees as perceived by social actors engaged in the conflict over the Białowieża Forest

Abstract This study outlines the main motives of foresters opposing the enlargement of the Białowieża National Park to include areas managed by the State Forests Holding. The motives were identified using discourse analysis tools based on the semistructured interviews with 36 people representing various groups of actors engaged in the discussion on the management of the Białowieża Forest. The main motives I found are connected to: (1) a vision of how nature should be and the foresters’ mission; (2) fear of losing employment or getting a worse job; (3) the high esteem of the forester profession in local communities and an inferior vocational status of the national park employees; (4) defending the professional prestige of foresters and the State Forests Holding; (5) competition with national parks over natural areas; (6) forest science; (7) the wish to continue hunting in the Białowieża Forest; (8) bottom-up pressure on the State Forests Holding employees. The major conflict potential in the discourse around the Białowieża Forest is connected with the perception of its unique natural values and methods of protection. As a result, two opposing coalitions have formed: one supporting forestry interests and one encouraging conservation. The discourse of the forestry-supporting coalition is strengthened by an epistemic community of forest scientists. Some arguments presented by the foresters pushing for a continuation of forest management in Białowieża also indicate the involvement of path dependency, which, in combination with large differences between the coalitions, does not allow for optimism regarding the resolution of the conflict.
FINITE ELEMENT ERROR ANALYSIS OF SPACE AVERAGED FLOW FIELDS DEFINED BY A DIFFERENTIAL FILTER

This paper analyzes finite element approximations of space averaged flow fields which are given by filtering, i.e. averaging in space, the solution of the steady state Stokes and Navier–Stokes equations with a differential filter. It is shown that $\|\bar{\bf u}-\overline{{\bf u}^h}\|_{L^2}$, the error of the filtered velocity $\bar{\bf u}$ and the filtered finite element approximation of the velocity $\overline{{\bf u}^h}$, converges under certain conditions of higher order than $\|{\bf u} - {\bf u}^h\|_{L^2}$, the error of the velocity and its finite element approximation. It is also proved that this statement stays true if the L2-error of finite element approximations of $\bar{\bf u}$ and $\overline{{\bf u}^h}$ is considered. Numerical tests in two and three space dimensions support the analytical results.
Expected downside risk-based asset pricing

This part of the dissertation introduces an equilibrium asset pricing model, which we build on the relationship between a novel risk measure, the Expected Downside Risk (EDR) and the expected return. On the one hand, our proposed risk measure uses a nonparametric approach that allows us to get rid of any assumption on the distribution of returns. On the other hand, our asset pricing model includes loss-averse investors of Prospect Theory, through which we implement the risk-seeking behaviour of investors in a dynamic setting. By including EDR in our proposed model unrealistic assumptions of commonly used equilibrium models – such as the exclusion of riskseeking or price-maker investors and the assumption of unlimited leverage opportunity for a unique interest rate – can be relaxed. Therefore, we argue that based on more realistic assumptions our model is able to describe equilibrium expected returns with higher accuracy, which we support by empirical evidence as well. __________________ Acknowledgments: We are grateful to the seminar and conference participants at the Workshop on Behavioural Economics and Industrial Organization at Corvinus University, 2014, 10th EBES Conference in Istanbul, the 10th International Scientific Conference on European Financial Systems at Masaryk University and 5th International Conference "Economic Challenges in Enlarged Europe" in Tallinn. We would like to gratefully acknowledge the valuable comments and suggestions of the Editor, Prof. Sushanta Mallick and three anonymous referees that have contributed to a substantially improved study. Mihály Ormos acknowledges the support by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Dusán Timotity acknowledges the support by the Foundation of Pallas Athéné Domus Scientiae.
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia

Swinburne Astronomy Online (SAO) is an online graduate program in astronomy intended particularly for amateur astronomers, science communicators and educators. SAO emphasises the development of conceptual understanding and good communication skills in astronomy. The use of asynchronous discussion forums is a central feature of SAO. These ‘online tutorials’ were introduced partly with the intention of breaking down the isolation of distance education, but mainly to provide a venue where students could deepen their conceptual understanding of astronomy and hone their science communication skills while discussing course material with other students and instructors. In this project aspects of the use of discussion forums in SAO were investigated, with comparisons made between average marks awarded for discussion forum contributions and those awarded for other assessment tasks, plus analysis of the rate at which students post to the forums, and an investigation of whether gender makes a significant difference to participation rate and assessment results. Responses by students to surveys that probe their ability to express themselves and communicate with classmates in this online form of distance education are discussed. Finally, possible implications for the use of discussion forums as a supplement to face-to-face teaching in astronomy are explored.
Management and within-tree spatial distribution of the small red-belted clearwing borer, Symmthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), infesting dwarﬁng apple orchards in southern Jordan

Experiments were conducted in the Ash-Shoubak apple-growing region of southern Jordan to determine the impact of four management practices on reducing populations of the small red-belted clearwing borer, Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen) infesting apple cultivars grafted on M26, M109, and M106 rootstocks. Results revealed that use of a ﬂexible wire to mechanically kill insect larvae, mounding soil over the graft-union area, wrapping tree trunks with cheesecloth from the soil surface to a height of 80 cm, and use of an insecticidal paint composed of water, copper sulfate, petroleum oil, and Durusban®, all reduced the insect populations compared with untreated control trees. The insecticidal paint treatment caused the greatest population reduction. More S. myopaeformis larvae were recovered from the main trunk of the trees than from main and sub-main lateral branches.
Title Role of immediate-early genes in synaptic plasticity andneuronal ensembles underlying the memory trace

Right © 2016 Minatohara, Akiyoshi and Okuno. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Type Journal Article
Effectiveness of Loan Portfolio Management in Rural SACCOS: Evidence from Tanzania

This article uses 496 loans from ABC rural SACCOS located in the Northern zone of Tanzania to describe the effectiveness of loani¯s portfolio management. The data analysis is done by using the multivariate regression, descriptive and qualitative methods. The data for this study was collected at the end of May 2013. The findings reveal that women constituted 52.6% of the loan portfolio. Also the doubtful and bad loans were 51 and 31 million TZS which was more than 10% of the loan portfolio. The findings show loans were aged into 4 classes and the loans aging was not very effective because loans of different ages were classified in a single class. The results from the regression analysis reveal that the quality of loan portfolio was positively influenced by the loan size while the influence of gender and location of the borrowers were not significant. Moreover, ABC rural SACCOS used portfolio diversification, collateral, guarantors, letter from the village/ward government offices and the affidavit from the lawyer as credits risk mitigation techniques. The findings also revealed that fluctuation of the price of agricultural produce threatened the quality of loan portfolio. This article recommends that ABC rural SACCOS should seek the effective insurance services, use the effective software for loan portfolio management, search the market for agriculture produce, write off non repaid loans, enhance the repayment of overdue loans and revise the loan classes and maturity in order to improve the quality of the loan portfolio in the SACCOS.
Contending estimates of 2003-2008 glacier mass balance 3 over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya

12 We present glacier thickness changes over the entire Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya arc based 13 on ICESat satellite altimetry data for 2003-2008. We highlight the importance of C-band 14 penetration for studies based on the SRTM elevation model. To the very east and west of our 15 study area, this penetration seems to be of larger magnitude and variability than previously 16 assumed. The most negative rate of region-wide glacier elevation change (< -1 m yr) is 17 observed for the East Nyainqêntanglha Shan. Conversely, glaciers of the West Kunlun Shan 18 are slightly gaining volume, and Pamir and Karakoram seem to be on the western edge of this 19 mass gain anomaly rather than its centre. For the Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra basins, the 20 glacier mass change reaches -22 ± 3 Gt yr, about 10% of the current glacier contribution to 21 sea-level rise. For selected catchments, we estimate glacier imbalance contributions to river 22 runoff from a few percent to greater than 10%. 23
Shale Oil Solvent Extraction of Central Jordan El-Lajjun Oil Shale

The extraction of the organic matter (OM) from oil shale (OS) can be achieved by several processing techniques. Normally, these techniques can remove high proportion of the organic material contained in oil shale. In this work, organic solvents extraction experiments were implemented to investigate the effect of various parameters on Jordanian El-Lajjun oil shale extractability. Results indicate that the approximate organic matter content in studied El-Lajjun oil shale is 17.48%, and 75% of OS sample particles diameters are less than 270 μm. The grain size has minor effect on shale oil extraction via organic solvents. Among eleven solvents used, the highest yield is obtained via the tetrahedrofuran (THF), whereas, with the use of solvent mixtures, the highest bitumen yield is obtained through the mixture of THF and toluene. The solvation variability is related to mode of extraction and various physicochemical factors such as extraction temperature, pressure, solvent type and mixing time, which result in different OM yield. The results indicate that the solvent extraction could be potential for shale oil extraction from Jordanian El-Lajjun OS under certain conditions of temperature, pressure and solvent type used.
Site-Dependence Scalp Cooling System to Prevent Hair Loss during Chemotherapy

Hair loss (Alopecia) is regarded as the most distressing side effects of chemotherapy in cancer patients. A reduction in cutaneous cell metabolism as a response to the hypothermia could simply make hair follicles less susceptible to drug damage with subdural cooling. In this study, a detailed three-dimensional finite element of human head model is used to investigate the changes in cutaneous blood flow due to heat transfer during the cooling process. Our finite element model consists of scalp, skull (trabecular and cortical bones), all meningeal layers, flax, tentorium, and the brain. Cooling effect was investigated in three different regions of frontal, superior and occipital of the head. The results showed that frontal region is the most sensitive region during cooling, because of the highest contact area between the scalp and the coolant. In order to keep the normal brain condition, the coolant temperature must not be lower than 2°C. It’s also recommended to keep the coolant temperature in range of -5°C to 7°C. With the constant coolant temperature, the results showed different steady state temperatures in different anatomical regions. It is therefore expected to design a new scalp cooling cap to provide site-dependence temperature with respect to different head regions for optimum heat transfer.
C C ] 2 9 N ov 2 00 6 Finite-State Dimension and Lossy Decompressors

This paper examines information-theoretic questions regarding the difficulty of compressing data versus the difficulty of decompressing data and the role that information loss plays in this interaction. Finite-state compression and decompression are shown to be of equivalent difficulty, even when the decompressors are allowed to be lossy. Inspired by Kolmogorov complexity, this paper defines the optimal decompression ratio achievable on an infinite sequence by finite-state decompressors (that is, finite-state transducers outputting the sequence in question). It is shown that the optimal compression ratio achievable on a sequence S by any information lossless finite state compressor, known as the finite-state dimension of S, is equal to the optimal decompression ratio achievable on S by any finite-state decompressor. This result implies a new decompression characterization of finite-state dimension in terms of lossy finite-state transducers.