Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The oral health of Indigenous children: A review of four nations

This review of the oral health of children in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA demonstrates that significant oral health inequalities exist in each nation. Despite traditionally low levels of disease in Indigenous communities, dental caries is now highly prevalent and of increased severity among Indigenous children in comparison to their non‐Indigenous counterparts. Early childhood caries is particularly prevalent. The high level of dental disease experience at an early age is associated with increased rates of general anaesthesia and greater risk of dental caries in later life. The rates and severity of dental caries experienced by young Indigenous children are even more alarming when we consider that dental caries is essentially a preventable disease. The success of specific preventive programmes is encouraging; these approaches should be further evaluated and implemented as part of broader health promotion programmes for Indigenous children and families in order to decrease current oral health disparities.
Comparison of adaptive random testing and random testing under various testing and debugging scenarios

Adaptive random testing is an enhancement of random testing. Previous studies on adaptive random testing assumed that once a failure is detected, testing is terminated and debugging is conducted immediately. It has been shown that adaptive random testing normally uses fewer test cases than random testing for detecting the first software failure. However, under many practical situations, testing should not be withheld after the detection of a failure. Thus, it is important to investigate the effectiveness with respect to the detection of multiple failures. In this paper, we compare adaptive random testing and random testing under various scenarios and examine whether adaptive random testing is still able to use fewer test cases than random testing to detect multiple software failures. Our study delivers some interesting results and highlights a number of promising research projects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential effect of selective D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptor agonists on levodopa-induced dyskinesia in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine- exposed monkeys.

The motor effects of selective D-1 dopamine receptor stimulation in Parkinson's disease have been explored in a limited number of studies with partial D-1 agonists only and the results were unsatisfactory. Four 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-exposed parkinsonian monkeys already exhibiting levodopa- and dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesia received selective D-1 agonists ([2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1-H-3-benzazepine- HCI] (SKF 38393), [(+-)6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- 1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide] (SKF 82958), [(1R, 3S)3-(1'-adamantyl)-1-aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6- dihydroxy-1H-2-benzopyran hydrochloride] (A-77636) and [(-)-(6aR)(12bR)-4,6,6a,7,8,12b-hexahydro-7-methyli ndolo (4,3-ab)-phenanthridine] (CY 208-243)) to compare these drugs with selective D-2 agonists (LY 171555, (+)-4-propyl-9- hydroxynaphthoxazine and bromocriptine) and levodopa in terms of antiparkinsonian efficacy and side effects. The D-1 class of compounds was as efficacious as the D-2 agents in alleviating parkinsonism in these animals. However, D-1 agonists were, in general, less likely to reproduce dyskinesia. In addition, D-1 agonists occasionally improved motor symptoms without concomitant dyskinesia, unlike D-2 agonists or levodopa (which always produced some dyskinesia with improvement in motor function). These preliminary results do not support the hypothesis that preferential D-1 receptor stimulation facilitates dyskinesia in primates. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Utilization of insecticide treated nets among pregnant women in Enugu, South Eastern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND The goal of roll back malaria partnership is to achieve universal coverage for all populations at risk using appropriate interventions for prevention and case management. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine the use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and other anti-vector measures among pregnant women in an area hyper-endemic for malaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Questionnaires were administered to a cross-section of 832 consecutive pregnant women attending antenatal care in three hospitals in Enugu, Nigeria that have high client flow for maternity services. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics by means of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The mean age of the women was 33.2 ± 2.9 (range: 15-45) years. Three hundred and fifty nine (43.1%) women owned insecticide treated nets (ITNs), however 325(90.5%) slept under the nets during the index pregnancies; equivalent to 39.1% utilization rate among the 832 women studied. Out of the 325 (39.1%) women that used ITNs; 236 (28.4%) used it singly, while 89 (10.7%) used it in combination with other anti-vector measures. Educational status and social class of the women had strong association with the use of ITNs (P < 0.0001). Women who used ITNs were significantly less likely to have acute malaria, anaemia and babies with low birth weight than women who did not use ITNs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The use of ITNs is poor among pregnant women in Enugu, but associated with favorable maternal and feto-neonatal outcome. Future measures to increase its use should consider improvement in educational level and social class of our women.
Influence of congestive heart failure on blood levels of lidocaine and its active monodeethylated metabolite

The blood concentrations of lidocaine and its active monodeethylated metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX), were measured in 31 patients who were receiving infusions of lidocaine intravenously. In 3 patients who were studied intensively, the elimination half‐life of MEGX was 120 min, which was similar to the elimination half‐life of lidocaine (139 min). An additional 3 patients demonstrated a higher ratio of the concentration in blood of MEGX to lidocaine, and the MEGX may have contributed, in 1 patient, to the central nervous system toxicity that occurred during the infusion. Elevated concentrations of MEGX in blood were associated with congestive heart failure (r = 0.5, p = 0.004). Our data suggest that the elimination of MEGX may be decreased in patients with depressed cardiac output and sympathomimetic compensation.
Dependency on medium and temperature of cell size and chemical composition during balanced grown of Salmonella typhimurium.

Cell mass, the average number of nuclei/cell and the content of RNA and DNA were studied in Salmonella typhimurium during balanced (steady state) growth in different media. These quantities could be described as exponential functions of the growth rates afforded by the various media at a given temperature. The size and chemical composition characteristic of a given medium were not influenced by the temperature of cultivation. Thus, under conditions of balanced growth, this organism exists in one of a large number of possible stable physiological states. The variations in mass/cell are due to changes in the number of nuclei/cell as well as in mass/nucleus. An increase in the number of ribonucleoprotein particles at higher growth rates could, it appears, largely account for the increase in mass/nucleus. Calculations indicate that the rate of protein synthesis per unit RNA is nearly the same at all growth rates.
Rotation movements of the spine with special reference to scoliosis.

The principle of Occam9s razor proves nothing. Nevertheless, it is possible to explain all the phenomena of severe scoliosis on the basis of a primary rotation deformity alone. The typical rotation type of scoliotic deformity can be reproduced artificially by fitting vertebrae together in an abnormal rotatory relationship without any element of lateral flexion. From this, certain mechanical factors inevitably come into play which must tend to increase the deformity. Above all, the forces responsible for progressive scoliosis are dynamic and active, not just passive. The spine readily compensates for a passive, non-progressive deformity such as a simple wedge vertebra. It is my belief that rotation is usually the dominant factor and that correction and control of severe scoliosis can only be achieved by concentrating on the rotation deformity. I am well aware that this is an old idea but its essential truth has been insufficiently appreciated in recent years and we have not faced its full implications. Failure to correct rotation invites recurrence. Conversely, even a slight reduction in rotation usually produces a marked cosmetic improvement, often out of all proportion to the radiographic appearances.
Buccal versus intravaginal misoprostol administration for cervical ripening.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of misoprostol that is administered in the buccal pouch with the intravaginal route of administration. STUDY DESIGN One hundred fifty-seven pregnant women with a singleton live gestation, Bishop score of <7, estimated fetal weight of <4500 g, and gestational age of >24 weeks were randomized to receive misoprostol that would be placed either in the buccal pouch or vagina every 6 hours. In the buccal group, after the first 2 doses of 200 microg, the dose was increased to 300 microg for the duration of the study (up to a total of 1600 microg). In the vaginal group, after the first 2 doses of 50 microg, the dose was increased to 100 microg for the duration of the study (up to a total of 500 microg). The primary outcome variable was the interval from the first dose to vaginal delivery. Power calculations indicated the need to enroll 71 patients in each arm of the study, which would allow for the detection of a 4-hour reduction in vaginal birth interval for buccal misoprostol. RESULTS The hours from drug administration to vaginal delivery were similar between the buccal and vaginal groups (23.5 +/- 20.8 hours versus 21.3 +/- 13.4 hours), respectively. Thirty-five women (63%) versus 34 women (67%) delivered vaginally within 24 hours (P = not significant). The incidence of tachysystole was higher in the buccal group, 28 occurrences (38%) versus 15 occurrences (19%; P =.01). CONCLUSION Buccal misoprostol is effective for cervical ripening but results in a higher incidence of tachysystole than does intravaginal administration.
Preventive Medicine

Background. There are few theoretically derived questionnaires of physical activity determinants among youth, and the existing questionnaires have not been subjected to tests of factorial validity and invariance. The present study employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the factorial validity and invariance of questionnaires designed to be unidimensional measures of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and self-efficacy about physical activity. Methods. Adolescent girls in eighth grade from two cohorts (N 5 955 and 1,797) completed the questionnaires at baseline; participants from cohort 1 (N 5 845) also completed the questionnaires in ninth grade (i.e., 1-year follow-up). Factorial validity and invariance were tested using CFA with full-information maximum likelihood estimation in AMOS 4.0. Initially, baseline data from cohort 1 were employed to test the fit and, when necessary, to modify the unidimensional models. The models were cross-validated using a multigroup analysis of factorial invariance on baseline data from cohorts 1 and 2. The models then were subjected to a longitudinal analysis of factorial invariance using baseline and follow-up data from cohort 1. Results. The CFAs supported the fit of unidimensional models to the four questionnaires, and the models were cross-validated, as indicated by evidence of multigroup factorial invariance. The models also possessed evidence of longitudinal factorial invariance. Conclusions. Evidence was provided for the factorial
The Neuromuscular Response of Infants to a Continuous Infusion of Succinylcholine

The response of the adductor of the thumb to ulnar nerve stimulation (0.1 Hz) was evaluated during continuous infusion of succinylcholine (SCh) in 20 infants anesthetized with halothane (1%) and N2O/O2. Train-of-four stimulation (2 Hz for 2 s) was used to differentiate between phase I and phase II block. Some infants were very resistant to the neuromuscular effects of SCh. These infants (Group 1) were younger in age, 57 ± 15 days (mean ± SE) and required 24.6 ± 3.3 mg · kg-1h-1 SCh to achieve more than 90% depression of the twitch. Older infants (Group 2), 188 ± 33 days, required significantly less (P < 0.001) SCh (8.7 ± 0.5 mg · kg-1h-1) to achieve the same degree of twitch suppression. Group 1 infants recovered from the effects of SCh very rapidly. After 10 mg/kg SCh, the train-of-four ratio in Group 1 infants recovered to 75% in 4.7 ± 0.6 min, whereas it took 34 ± 10 min in Group 2 infants (P < 0.01). Tachyphylaxis developed in infants after 3.6 ± 0.3 mg/kg (mean ± SE) and phase II block after 5.3 ± 0.7 mg/kg (P < 0.05) SCh. Combining the data of infants with that of children from a previous study conducted in a similar fashion1 resulted in significant correlation (P < 0.001) between the log age and SCh requirement. The rate of administration of a continuous infusion of SCh in infants should be based upon the response of infants and not on a fixed dose (mg · kg-1· h-1).
Sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 inversions to seasonal and interannual variations in fossil fuel emissions

[1] Estimates of fossil fuel CO2 are a critical component in atmospheric CO2 inversions. Rather than solving for this portion of the atmospheric CO2 budget, inversions typically include estimates of fossil fuel CO2 as a known quantity. However, this assumption may not be appropriate, particularly as inversions continue to solve for fluxes at reduced space and timescales. In this study, two different alterations are made to widely used fossil fuel CO2 emissions estimates, and these altered emissions are run through a series of atmospheric inversion experiments. The first alteration is the inclusion of a seasonal cycle which depends upon both season and latitude. The other alteration is the inclusion of year-by-year changes in the spatial distribution of fossil fuel CO2 emissions. All but the interannual inversion experiments are run with three models from the TransCom 3 atmospheric inversion intercomparison. These three models span the key components of atmospheric transport and hence can be expected to capture the range of potential bias caused by assumed fossil fuel CO2 emission estimates when interacting with transport processes. Key findings include the lack of seasonal rectification of the seasonally varying fossil fuel CO2 emissions in the annual mean. Examination of monthly fluxes in the seasonal inversion, however, indicates that significant bias is likely occurring and may be as large as 50% of the residual flux during certain times of the year. In this study, interannual variations were little effected by shifts in the spatial pattern of fossil fuel CO2 emissions. However, as the spatial scale of inversions is reduced, potential bias will likely increase.
Diabetes Hospitalization at the U.S.–Mexico Border

Introduction The diabetes hospitalization rate for the region along the U.S. side of the U.S.–Mexico border is unknown, a situation that could limit the success of the Healthy Border 2010 program. To remedy this problem, we analyzed and compared hospital discharge data for Arizona, California, and Texas for the year 2000 and calculated the diabetes hospitalization rates. Methods We obtained hospital-discharge public-use data files from the health departments of three U.S. border states and looked for cases of diabetes. Only when diabetes was listed as the first diagnosis on the discharge record was it considered a case of diabetes for our study. Patients with cases of diabetes were classified as border county (BC) or nonborder county (NBC) residents. Comparisons between age-adjusted diabetes discharge rates were made using the z test. Results Overall, 1.2% (86,198) of the discharge records had diabetes listed as the primary diagnosis. BC residents had a significantly higher age-adjusted diabetes discharge rate than NBC residents. BC males had higher diabetes discharge rates than BC females or NBC males. In both the BCs and the NBCs, Hispanics had higher age-adjusted diabetes discharge rates than non-Hispanics. Conclusion The results of this study provide a benchmark against which the effectiveness of the Healthy Border 2010 program can be measured.
Dietary guidelines for healthy American adults. A statement for health professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association.

In 1957 the American Heart Association proposed that modification of dietary fat intake would reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD), which had become the leading cause of disability and death in the United States and other industrialized countries.1 Since then the AHA has issued seven policy statements on diet and CHD as reliable new information has become available.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 In each of these statements emphasis was placed on consumption of total fat, saturated and certain unsaturated fatty acids, dietary cholesterol, and sodium because of their significant contribution to risk of CHD. Later, excessive alcohol intake was considered because of its association with hypertension, stroke, and other diseases. Such knowledge has encouraged other health organizations and the federal government to make similar recommendations. In May 1989 representatives of nine health organizations and governmental bodies met under the aegis of the AHA, reviewed the scientific evidence, and concluded that most Americans can improve their overall health and maintain it with a few specific but fundamental dietary changes.9 The following guidelines are consistent with those promoted by each organization: • Eat a nutritionally adequate diet consisting of a variety of foods. • Reduce consumption of fat, especially saturated fat, and cholesterol. • Achieve and maintain an appropriate body weight. • Increase consumption of complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber. • Reduce intake of sodium. • Consume alcohol in moderation, if at all. Children, adolescents, and pregnant women should abstain. Current AHA recommendations regarding diet and related lifestyle practices for the general population are based on evidence indicating that modification of specific risk factors will decrease incidence of CHD.8 These risk factors include cigarette smoking; elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; increased blood …
A quantitative study of the routes of blood flow to the tibial diaphysis after an osteotomy

Techniques of tissue exclusion have been used previously in qualitative investigations of the vascularity of long bones, after experimental fracture; we quantified their effects on bone blood flow in rabbits. Thirty‐six adult rabbits were divided into three groups in which flow was measured, with the microsphere technique, 1 and 2 weeks after osteotomy. In Group 1, osteotomy of the tibial shaft only was done; in Group 2, osteotomy was done with exclusion of the periosteum and muscle by a silicone rubber sheath; and in Group 3, osteotomy was done with exclusion of the marrow by reaming and insertion of an intramedullary nail. All involved limbs were immobilized in a cast. In Group 1, cortical flow increased but marrow flow did not change, which suggests that the changes in cortical flow were mediated by a supply paralleling that of the marrow. In Group 2, the changes in cortical flow were abolished, which implies that this parallel supply is from the periosteum and extraosseous tissues. In Group 3, cortical flow was not significantly reduced, which demonstrates reeruitment of this periosteal and extraosseous supply. These results lend support to the hypothesis that the blood supply to the healing diaphysis is principally from the periosteum and extraosseous tissues during the early peak period of blood flow.
Cutaneous fistula due to remaining foreign bodies after penetrating neck injury

A car which was driving backwards on a parking place hit a 56-year-old female motorcyclist and she was launched through the rear windshield of the car. On admittance at the emergency department, the patient was assessed and treated following the Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol.1 The patient was haemodynamic and respiratory stable on primary survey. Secondary survey showed a lateral tibial plateau fracture in anatomical position, several small lacerations on the right side of the face and a large cut wound dorsal of the right ear, extending to the cranial part of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The tibial plateau fracture was treated conservatively with a stiff brace, while the wounds were explored on the emergency …
Polymer Optical Interconnects&#8212;A Scalable Large-Area Panel Processing Approach

A flexible approach to producing optical interconnects on 609.6$ast ,$609.6 mm large-area panels is demonstrated. Stepwise projection patterning from 101.6$ast ,$101.6 mm masks has generated optical waveguide patterns over the whole panel using large-area projection lithography equipment. The waveguide routing design allows optical waveguides on different 101.6$ast ,$101.6 mm tiles to be interconnected. Four different waveguide connecting geometries in the border region between tiles have been fabricated and tested. Multimode waveguides from inorganic-organic hybrid polymers (ORMOCER) (cross section:$le hbox 50~muhbox mast hbox 10~muhbox m$) with refractive index step between core and cladding$Delta n=hbox 0.01$were produced. The index step was adjusted by mixing two diffrent ORMOCER systems. The materials show good adhesion to numerous substrates, such as glass and silicon. Application concepts such as flexible manufacturing of optoelectrical hybrid backplanes with two-dimensional interconnect, a three-dimensional optical interconnect with optical vias, and a hybrid backplane with the optical interconnect in a strip-format on a separate plane right above the electrical plane are proposed. Promising new technologies are presented along with preliminary demonstrativ viability.
Do Feminist Identity Styles Moderate the Relation Between Perceived Sexist Events and Disordered Eating?

Feminist consciousness is theorized to be a powerful resource against the detrimental effects of sexism. The present study examined whether feminist identity styles moderated the relation of perceived lifetime and recent sexist events to disordered eating for 256 college women. Using hierarchical moderated regression, we found two styles of feminist identity (i.e., synthesis and active commitment) buffered the relation between perceived sexist events and disordered eating; the three remaining styles of feminist identity did not moderate this relationship. For women low on synthesis and active commitment, both perceived lifetime and recent sexist events positively predicted disordered eating. In contrast, for women high on synthesis and active commitment, neither perceived lifetime nor recent sexist events predicted disordered eating. Our results substantiate extant theory that sexist events contribute more to the psychological distress of nonfeminist women than of feminist women.