Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The anatomy of melancholia – focal abnormalities of cerebral blood flow in major depression

Synopsis Using positron emission tomography (PET) and 15Oxygen, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in 33 patients with primary depression, 10 of whom had an associated severe cognitive impairment, and 23 age-matched controls. PET scans from these groups were analysed on a pixel-by-pixel basis and significant differences between the groups were identified on Statistical Parametric Maps (SPMs). In the depressed group as a whole rCBF was decreased in the left anterior cingulate and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (P < 0·05 Bonferroni-corrected for multiple comparisons). Comparing patients with and without depression-related cognitive impairment, in the impaired group there were significant decreases in rCBF in the left medial frontal gyrus and increased rCBF in the cerebellar vermis (P < 0·05 Bonferroni-corrected). Therefore an anatomical dissociation has been described between the rCBF profiles associated with depressed mood and depression-related cognitive impairment. The pre-frontal and limbic areas identified in this study constitute a distributed anatomical network that may be functionally abnormal in major depressive disorder.
Household Food Insecurity Shows Associations with Food Intake, Social Support Utilization and Dietary Change among Refugee Adult Caregivers Resettled in the United States

Forced migration puts families at risk of household food insecurity and economic hardship. We administered a questionnaire to examine household food insecurity in a sample of 49 recently legally resettled Sudanese refugees with at least one child under age 3 years. Of households polled, 37% had experienced household food insecurity and 12% reported child hunger within the previous month. Increasing severity of household food insecurity was associated with decreased consumption of high-cost, high-nutrient-density food items and increased consumption of some low-cost traditional Sudanese foods by adult caregivers of young children. Furthermore, household food insecurity was associated with decreased household and per capita food expenditure, indicators of more limited dietary change with migration, and indicators of increased social support.
Are Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Norms on Death Anxiety Valid?

Cross-cultural comparisons of norms derived from research on Death Anxiety are valid as long as they provide existential validity. Existential validity is not empirically derived like construct validity. It is an understanding of being human unto death. It is the realization that death is imminent. It is the inner sense that provides a responder to death anxiety scales with a valid expression of his or her sense about the prospect of dying. It can be articulated in a life review by a disclosure of one's ontology. This article calls upon psychologists who develop death anxiety scales to disclose their presuppositions about death before administering a questionnaire. By disclosing his or her ontology a psychologist provides a means of disclosing his or her intentionality in responding to the items. This humanistic paradigm allows for an interactive participation between investigator and subject. Lester, Templer, and Abdel-Khalek (2006–2007) enriched psychology with significant empirical data on several correlates of death anxiety. But all scientists, especially psychologists, will always have alternative interpretations of the same empirical fact pattern. Empirical data is limited by the affirmation of the consequent limitation. A phenomenology of language and communication makes existential validity a necessary step for a broader understanding of the meaning of death anxiety.
Growth hormone treatment in short children with chronic kidney disease

Growth hormone (GH) has been used for treatment of impaired growth in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) for nearly 17 years. Controlled and open‐label studies have shown that GH is highly effective in improving growth velocity and adult height. The growth response is negatively correlated with age and height at start and time spent on dialysis treatment; it is positively correlated with dose and duration of treatment and the primary renal disease (renal hypodysplasia). In children with renal transplants, corticosteroid treatment is an additional factor negatively influencing spontaneous growth rates. However, GH treatment is able to compensate corticosteroid‐induced growth failure. GH treatment improved final height by 0.5–1.7 standard deviation score (SDS) in various studies, whereas the control group lost about 0.5 SDS in comparable time intervals. These variable results are explained in part by the factors mentioned above. The adverse events are comparable to those in non‐CKD children treated with GH.
Performance Incentives and the Dynamics of Voluntary Cooperation †

We investigate how explicit performance incentives in incomplete employment contracts interact with agents’ voluntary cooperation in one-shot and repeated gift-exchange experiments. If contracts are incentive compatible, agents choose their best-reply effort and there is no voluntary cooperation. By contrast, there is substantial voluntary cooperation if the contract is not incentive compatible. Experiencing incentive contracts reduces voluntary cooperation even after incentives are abolished. Incentive contracts have no lasting negative effects on voluntary cooperation if agents experience voluntary cooperation before being exposed to incentive contracts or if there are implicit incentives in repeated interactions. Implicit incentives increase voluntary cooperation strongly and make explicit incentives unnecessary.
Sheep Isolated Secondary Follicles Are Able to Produce Metaphase II Oocytes After Vitrification and Long-Term In Vitro Growth.

The vitrification of preantral follicles followed by in vitro growth (IVG) could be valuable to produce fertilizable oocytes. However, the meiotic resumption rates of oocytes cultured from vitrified secondary follicles (SF) have been reported as suboptimal. This study aimed to verify two base media (alpha modification of minimum essential medium, α-MEM, and tissue culture medium 199, TCM199) on vitrified SF regarding different requirements during IVG. Sheep ovarian fragments were divided in six groups: (1) Fresh groups (Control α-MEM and TCM199): SF without vitrification; (2) Follicle-Vitrified (Follicle-Vit α-MEM and TCM199): SF vitrified after isolation; and (3) Tissue-Vitrified (Tissue-Vit α-MEM and TCM199): SF vitrified enclosed in ovarian fragments and, subsequently, isolated. The isolated SF were submitted to IVG for 18 days. Thereafter, the recovered cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) underwent in vitro maturation (IVM) and evaluation of chromatin configuration. Follicular granulosa cells were analyzed for their gene expression of Bax, Bcl2, and Connexins (CX) 37 and 43. COCs from in vivo antral follicles were used as in vivo control. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Tukey, and chi-square tests. Differences were considered significant if p-value is <0.05. Follicle-Vit groups had higher (p < 0.05) percentage of antrum formation compared with Tissue-Vit groups. Vitrification did not affect (p > 0.05) oocyte diameter postmaturation. Oocytes from Follicle-Vit in α-MEM reached metaphase II stage after IVM. Gene expression for CX37, CX43, and Bax was lower in Tissue-Vit groups. For Bcl2, the gene expression was the opposite. In conclusion, during IVG for 18 days, maximal oocyte meiotic resumption was not negatively impacted by vitrification and was greatest for isolated SF using α-MEM as a medium.
Neuromuscular effects and intubating conditions following mivacurium: a comparison with suxamethonium

Mivacurium chloride has been assessed in respect of intubating conditions and neuromuscular effects. The influence of suxamethonium on the onset and duration of subsequently administered mivacurium was also studied. A dose of 0.15 mg.kg−1 of mivacurium was found to provide unacceptable intubating conditions at 2 min in 9/9 patients and further studies were conducted using 0.2 mg.kg−1. Intubating conditions with this dose were acceptable in 65% and 80% of patients at 2 min and 2.5 min respectively. In comparison, intubating conditions were acceptable in 100% of patients at 1 min following 1 mg.kg−1 of suxamethonium. The onset of block occurred in 96 s and 97 s after 0.15 mg.kg−1 and 0.2 mg.kg−1 respectively, and the durations of block in terms of recovery of the first twitch (T1) to 25% and 90% of control, and to recovery of train‐of‐four ratio to 0.7, were 16.1 and 17.9; 24.1 and 25.8; and 24.2 and 27.0 min respectively with the two doses. The time for the onset of complete block with suxamethonium 1.0 mg.kg−1 was 50 s and the times to 25% and 90% recovery were 9.8 min and 13.3 min. The differences between suxamethonium and both doses of mivacurium were significant (p < 0.05) but there were no significant differences between the two doses of mivacurium in any of the neuromuscular measurements. Prior administration of suxamethonium had no influence on the effects of mivacurium. Cutaneous flushing was observed in 30 out of 75 patients but this was associated with transient hypotension in only two patients. Our results show mivacurium to have a duration of action approximately half that of comparable doses of the intermediate acting relaxants atracurium and vecuronium.
Investigation of the effects of ASR tuning on speech translation performance

In this paper we describe some of our recent investigations into ASR and SMT coupling issues from an ASR perspective. Our study was motivated by several areas: Firstly, to understand how standard ASR tuning procedures effect the SMT performance and whether it is safe to perform this tuning in isolation. Secondly, to investigate how vocabulary and segmentation mismatches between the ASR and SMT system effect the performance. Thirdly, to uncover any practical issues that arise when using a WFST based speech decoder for tight coupling as opposed to a more traditional tree-search decoding architecture. On the IWSLT07 Japanese-English task we found that larger language model weights only helped the SMT performance when the ASR decoder was tuned in a sub-optimal manner. When we considered the performance with suitable wide beams that ensured the ASR accuracy had converged we observed the language model weight had little inﬂuence on the SMT BLEU scores. After the construction of the phrase table the actual SMT vocabulary can be less than the training data vocabulary. By reducing the ASR lexicon to only cover the words the SMT system could accept, we found this lead to an increase in the ASR error rates, however the SMT BLEU scores were nearly unchanged. From a practical point of view this is a useful result as it means we can signiﬁcantly reduce the memory footprint of the ASR system. We also investigated coupling WFST based ASR to a simple WFST based translation decoder and found it was crucial to perform phrase table expansion to avoid OOV problems. For the WFST translation decoder we describe a semiring based approach for optimizing the log-linear weights.
Ten years of tuberculosis intervention in Greenland – has it prevented cases of childhood tuberculosis?

Background The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) disease in Greenland doubled in the 1990s. To combat the increase, national TB interventions were initiated in 2000 and strengthened in 2007. Objective To determine whether the effect of interventions could be detected, we estimated the TB disease risk among children≤15 years before and after interventions were implemented. Design For a study cohort, we recruited all children ≤15 years of age included in the Greenlandic Civil Registration System (CRS) from 1990 to 2010. The CRS identifier was used to link cohort participants with TB cases identified based on the Greenlandic National TB registry. Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination status was identified through year of birth, as BCG was offered to newborns born either before 1991 or after 1996. Years with interventions were defined as 2000–2006 (primary interventions) and 2007–2010 (intensified interventions). Risk of TB was estimated using Poisson regression. Results The study included 35,858 children, of whom 209 had TB disease. The TB disease incidence decreased after interventions were implemented (2007–2010: IRR [incidence rate ratios] 0.62, 95% CI: 0.39–0.95, p=0.03, compared with the 1995–1999 period). The TB disease risk was inversely associated with BCG vaccination (IRR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.41–0.72, p<0.001). Conclusions Years with national TB interventions in Greenland, including neonate BCG vaccination, are associated with a lower TB disease incidence among children ≤15 years of age.
Efecto de la adrenomedulina sobre la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes cerebelosas

La adrenomedulina (AM) es un peptido de 52 residuos de aminoacidos que participa en la regulacion de la funcioncardiovascular. En el cerebelo de la rata existen todos los componentes del sistema adrenomedulinergico. El receptorde la AM se expresa en regiones localizadas y esta formado por el receptor-similar al receptor de calcitonina(CRLR) y la proteina que modifica la actividad del receptor (RAMP) 2 o 3, denominados receptor AM1 y AM2, respectivamente.Adicionalmente, la AM presenta afinidad por el receptor del peptido relacionado con el gen de la calcitonina1 (CGRP1), compuesto por CRLR + RAMP1. Se ha reportado que la AM ejerce efectos antioxidantes. Sin embargo,se conoce poco acerca del papel de la AM cerebelosa en la regulacion del metabolismo de las especies reactivasde oxigeno. Por ello, se evaluo el efecto de la AM sobre la produccion de productos de peroxidacion lipidica quereaccionan con el acido tiobarbiturico (TBARS) y sobre la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes, catalasa (CAT), glutationperoxidasa (GPx) y superoxido dismutasa (SOD) en el vermis de cerebelo de ratas Sprague-Dawley, asi comolos receptores que median dicha accion. Igualmente, se estudio la posible interaccion entre la AM y la angiotensinaII (ANG II) en la regulacion de la produccion de los TBARS y la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes cerebelosas, asicomo la participacion de la via NAD(P)H oxidasa/PKC y de la PKA en la accion de la AM y ANG II. Nuestros hallazgosmuestran que la AM redujo y la ANG II incremento la produccion de TBARS y la actividad basal de la CAT, GPx y laSOD en el vermis de la rata. De igual forma la AM antagonizo parcialmente el incremento de la actividad de las enzimasantioxidantes inducidas por la ANG II. El efecto de la AM fue mediado por la PKA mientras que el efecto de laANG II por la via PKC/NAD(P)H oxidasa, ya que el pretratamiento con PKI-(6-22)-amida fue capaz de revertir el efectoinhibitorio de la AM sobre la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes sin afectar la accion de la ANG II; mientras que laapocinina y la cheleritrina inhibieron exclusivamente la accion de la ANG II. El efecto de la AM fue mediado a travesde los receptores de CGRP1 y AM, pues fue completamente inhibido tras el pretratamiento con CGRP837 y AM2252.Nuestros resultados apoyan el papel de la AM como regulador de la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes en el cerebelode la rata, y sugieren un posible papel funcional de la AM cerebelosa.
CONCENTRATION OF NOROVIRUS DURING WASTEWATER 3 TREATMENT AND THE IMPACT ON OYSTER CONTAMINATION 4 5 6

1 2 CONCENTRATION OF NOROVIRUS DURING WASTEWATER 3 TREATMENT AND THE IMPACT ON OYSTER CONTAMINATION 4 5 6 John Flannery, Sinéad Keaveney, Paulina Rajko-Nenow, Vincent O’Flaherty* 7 and William Doré 8 9 Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland. 10 *Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National 11 University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland 12 13 Running headline: norovirus reduction during waste water treatment 14 15 Correspondence to: 16 Bill Doré 17 Marine Institute, 18 Rinville, 19 Oranmore, 20 Co. Galway, 21 Ireland 22 Tel. +353 91 387224 23 Fax. +353 91 387201 24 Email: bill.dore@marine.ie 25 Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/AEM.07569-11 AEM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 24 February 2012
Hesitation Markers in English, German, and Dutch

This study reports on a number of highly significant differences found between English, German, and Dutch hesitation markers. English and German native speakers used significantly more vocalic-nasal hesitation markers than Dutch native speakers, who used predominantly vocalic hesitation markers. English hesitation markers occurred most frequently when preceded by silence and followed by a lexical item, or when surrounded by silence. German and Dutch hesitation markers occurred most frequently surrounded by lexical items. In Dutch, vocalic-nasal hesitation markers dominated only when surrounded by silence. Vocalic-nasal hesitation markers dominated in all positions in English and German, although in the former language this was more salient than in the latter. Nasal hesitation markers were used significantly more frequently in German than in English or Dutch. In addition to overall language trends, speaker-specific differences, especially within German and Dutch, were observed. These results raise questions in terms of the symptom versus signal hypotheses regarding the function of hesitation markers. * 1. The Function of Hesitation Markers.
Arterial stiffness is associated with intracranial large artery disease among ethnic Chinese and South Asian ischemic stroke patients

Objective Intracranial large artery disease (ICLAD) is a common stroke subtype that carries a poor prognosis. We studied the association of arterial stiffness, a recognized risk factor for atherosclerosis and ICLAD among ethnic Chinese and South Asian ischemic stroke patients. Methods In this prospective study, we recruited consecutive ischemic stroke patients of Chinese and South Asian ethnicity. ICLAD was assessed by transcranial color-coded Doppler or magnetic resonance angiographic studies. Arterial stiffness was measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cPWV). Results Among the 268 patients studied, the prevalence of ICLAD was 54% and median cPWV was 11.4 m/s (interquartile range 9.0–13.6 m/s). Patients with ICLAD had higher cPWV compared with those without (median 11.7 vs. 11.0 m/s, P = 0.015). In multivariate analysis, patients with ICLAD were significantly more likely to have cPWV measurements in the highest quintile (>14.1 m/s) compared with patients without ICLAD independently of other covariates [odds ratio 2.21, P = 0.038]. Conclusion This study revealed a novel association between arterial stiffness and ICLAD among ischemic stroke patients. The findings suggest that arterial stiffness may be involved in the pathophysiology of ICLAD. Future studies should investigate the effects of reducing arterial stiffness among stroke patients with ICLAD.
Spectroscopic Analysis of Neural Activity in Brain: Increased Oxygen Consumption Following Activation of Barrel Cortex

This research investigates the hemodynamic response to stimulation of the barrel cortex in anaesthetized rats using optical imaging and spectroscopy (Bonhoeffer and Grinvald, 1996; Malonek and Grinvald, 1996; Mayhew et al., 1999). A slit spectrograph was used to collect spectral image data sequences. These were analyzed using an algorithm that corrects for the wavelength dependency in the optical path lengths produced by the light scattering properties of tissue. The analysis produced the changes in the oxy- and deoxygenation of hemoglobin following stimulation. Two methods of stimulation were used. One method mechanically vibrated a single whisker, the other electrically stimulated the whisker pad. The electrical stimulation intensity varied from 0.4 to 1.6 mA. The hemodynamic responses to stimulation increased as a function of intensity. At 0.4 mA they were commensurate with those from the mechanical stimulation; however, the responses at the higher levels were greater by a factor of approximately 10. For both methods of data collection, the results of the spectroscopic analysis showed an early increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hbr) with no evidence for a corresponding decrease in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO(2)). Evidence for increased oxygen consumption (CMRO(2)) was obtained by converting the fractional changes in blood volume (Hbt) into estimates of changes in blood flow (Grubb et al., 1974) and using the resulting time course to scale the fractional changes in Hbr. The results show an early increase CMRO(2) peaking approximately 2 s after stimulation onset. Using these methods, we find evidence for increased oxygen consumption following increased neural activity even at low levels of stimulation intensity.
Influence of monocytes and antibiotic treatment on tissue factor activity of endocardial vegetations in rabbits infected with Streptococcus sanguis

A main feature in the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis is the activation of the coagulation system via the extrinsic pathway, resulting in the formation of infected endocardial vegetations. Earlier studies gave indirect evidence that monocytes play an important role in the procoagulant response during the course of the disease. In this study, we assessed the role of monocytes more directly. We compared weights and tissue factor activities (TFA) of endocardial vegetations of normal rabbits infected with Streptococcus sanguis with those of rabbits which were treated with the cytostatic drug etoposide (Vepesid; Bristol-Myers Squibb B.V.) to induce a selective monocytopenia. Furthermore, the importance of the presence of bacteria was determined through the influence of antibiotic treatment on TFA, vegetational weight, and infection of the vegetations. The TFA of the vegetations was measured chromogenically by monitoring the factor VII-dependent activation of factor X with an amidolytic assay for factor Xa. We found that the degree of infection and the weight of vegetations of rabbits treated with the cytostatic drug etoposide did not differ from that of untreated rabbits. Their TFA, however, was significantly lower than the TFA of vegetations of rabbits not treated with etoposide. We also found that, as with the monocytopenic rabbits, the weight of the vegetations was not reduced in penicillin G-treated rabbits. The degree of infection and TFA, however, were significantly lower. We conclude that monocytes indeed are involved in the activation of the coagulation system during the course of bacterial endocarditis and that the degree of infection is positively correlated to the TFA of the vegetations.
“It’s just not that exciting anymore”: The changing centrality of SMS in the everyday lives of young Danes

This article considers the centrality of short message system (SMS) texting in the communication repertoires of young Danes. Recent years have seen dramatic changes in the mediascape with a multitude of new possibilities for text-based communication; Facebook, in particular, has become popular among young Danes. Some have suggested that the role of SMS texting, a technology that was previously an entrenched part of young people’s communication repertoires, has changed in this diversified media environment. Based on interviews with 31 Danish high school students and drawing on the domestication approach, this article examines the use practices and meanings associated with SMS texting in today’s complex and evolving mediascape. This article argues that SMS texting is becoming re-domesticated, its meanings changing, and the technology finding a new position in the communication repertoires of users.