Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Historical Analysis of Attitudes toward the Use of Calculators in Junior High and High School Math Classrooms in the United States since 1975.

Banks, Sarah A. M.Ed., Education Department, Cedarville University, 2011. A Historical Analysis of Attitudes Toward the Use of Calculators in Junior High and High School Math Classrooms in the United States Since 1975. This thesis explored the history of calculator usage in mathematics classrooms in the United States since 1975 with a focus on the attitudes of parents, educators, and national organizations. The influence of historical events, people, organizations, research, and trends was explored in depth. Studying the changes that calculators have brought to mathematics curriculum and how educators have reacted in the past will help to explain why math curriculum and school systems have adopted the attitudes and policies about calculators that they currently hold. This study found similar attitudes and reactions by parents and educators toward calculator usage in contrast to the opinions and mandates of organizations such as the NCTM, the College Board, and local school board administrations. Parents and educators were strikingly more hesitant and concerned regarding the effects of calculators than educational institutions. The results will be useful for future curriculum decisions in mathematics classrooms.
SATELLITE MENTAL HEALTH FACILITIES

ABSTRACT In the absence of rigorous procedures for prescribing ideal treatment facilities for the mentally disabled, it is difficult to justify the extensive system of mental health clinics and their satellites which has been introduced into residential neighborhoods. The facilities are sited primarily in low income communities which are threatened with institutional saturation. The geographical concentration of satellite mental health facilities is largely explained by the absence of precise locational guidelines, and by a decision process which is fundamentally a conflict between service producer and service funder. Location, per se, is of peripheral concern in this conflict. Conflict resolution is typically achieved by some expedient compromise, in which undue weight is given to the externalities of the proposed allocation.
Accounting for Endogeneity When Assessing Strategy Performance: Does Entry Mode Choice Affect Fdi Survival

Firms choose strategies based on their attributes and industry conditions; therefore, strategy choice is endogenous and self-selected. Empirical models that do not account for this and regress performance measures on strategy choice variables are potentially misspecified and their conclusions incorrect. I highlight how self-selection on hard-to-measure or unobservable characteristics can bias strategy performance estimates and recommend an econometric technique that has been developed to account for this effect. Although this concern applies to a wide range of strategy questions, to demonstrate its effect I empirically examine if entry mode choice (acquisition versus greenfield) influences foreign direct investment survival. In specifications that do not account for self-selection, I find that greenfield entries have survival advantages compared to acquisitions. This confirms previous findings. However, the significance of this effect disappears once I account for self-selection of entry mode in the empirical estimates. The results confirm that estimates from models that do not account for self-selection of strategy choice can lead to incorrect or misleading conclusions.
Effect of anxiety on memory for emotional information in older adults

Background: Several studies have shown that anxiety is associated with a better memory of negative events. However, this anxiety-related memory bias has not been studied in the elderly, in which there is a preferential processing of positive information. Objectives: To study the effect of anxiety in a recognition task and an autobiographical memory task in 102 older adults with high and low levels of trait anxiety. Method: Negative, positive and neutral pictures were used in the recognition task. In the autobiographical memory task, memories of the participants’ lives were recorded, how they felt when thinking about them, and the personal relevance of these memories. Results: In the recognition task, no anxiety-related bias was found toward negative information. Individuals with high trait anxiety were found to remember less positive pictures than those with low trait anxiety. In the autobiographical memory task, both groups remembered negative and positive events equally. However, people with high trait anxiety remembered life experiences with more negative emotions, especially when remembering negative events. Individuals with low trait anxiety tended to feel more positive emotions when remembering their life experiences and most of these referred to feeling positive emotions when remembering negative events. Conclusions: Older adults with anxiety tend to recognize less positive information and to present more negative emotions when remembering life events; while individuals without anxiety have a more positive experience of negative memories.
HLA antigen expression in routinely processed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma primary lesions of different sites

HLA class I and II antigen expression in routinely processed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) primary lesions was evaluated. Paraffin embedded samples from 66 squamous cell carcinomas and 7 verrucous carcinomas were studied immunohistochemically using recently developed anti‐HLA class I monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) HC10 and HCA2, and anti‐HLA‐DR rabbit serum. Percent stained tumor cells were scored in 1 of 5 categories. The scores of 40 tumors were compared to the staining results obtained on frozen sections of the corresponding lesions, including those of the anti‐class I MAb W6/32. High percentage‐matched scores for paraffin and frozen sections were obtained, with HC10 vs. HC10, HC10 vs. W6/32, and anti‐HLA‐DR vs. anti‐HLA‐DR showing the best correlations. In the squamous cell carcinomas HLA class I expression was high (i.e., in 49/66 lesions more than 50% cells were stained), and correlated with the degree of differentiation, and inversely with the modified Jakobsson score. HLA class II expression (more than 5% cells stained) was found in 21/66 tumors and correlated inversely with the degree of differentiation. All verrucous carcinomas exhibited very high HLA class I expression, whereas class II was locally expressed in 5/7 lesions. Comparison of 4 subsites of HNSCC showed that carcinomas of the oral cavity had the highest HLA class I expression. This suggests susceptibility to CD8+ T cells, and together with the well developed submucosal lymphoid tissue, makes the oral cavity carcinomas probably well suited for local immunotherapeutic approaches in HNSCC.
Future practice location and satisfaction with rural medical education: survey of medical students.

OBJECTIVE To explore the desired future practice location of a cohort of medical students with strong rural representation and to inquire whether they were satisfied with their medical experiences in rural primary care settings. DESIGN Survey questionnaire. SETTING The College of Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon. PARTICIPANTS One hundred twenty-two medical students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic information, plans for future practice, and opinions on rural medical experiences in primary care settings. RESULTS Although students from both rural and non-rural backgrounds were highly satisfied with mandatory and voluntary rural experiences and considered them valuable for their medical education, fewer than 10% of the 122 students desired to work in centres with less than 10 000 population. Only 2 students hoped to practise in such locations. Most students interested in family practice were interested in urban practice, and most students from rural areas were not interested in rural practice. CONCLUSION Both rural and non-rural students were highly satisfied with their medical education in rural primary care settings, but this did not mean either group wanted to practise in rural settings. Demographic profiling of students (to ascertain whether they have rural origins) and assessing satisfaction with rural medical education give only partial information on who might choose to practise family medicine in rural areas.
Open-Pollinated vs. Hybrid Maize Cultivars

The history of maize breeding methods in the USA is reviewed to examine the question of types of maize cultivars in sustainable agriculture. The yield potential of OP cultivars was much higher than national average yields prior to 1930, but hybrid cultivars today often out-yield OP cultivars by 50–100% or more. However, rates of gain for yield using recurrent selection on populations appear equal to that recorded for commercial hybrid breeding. The inbred-hybrid method, while successful, was not “the only sound basis” for maize improvement, as evidenced by later experiences in the United States and worldwide. It appears that maize breeders have practiced objective science and achieved concrete goals, although personal interests and goals clearly direct the work at times. As society looks for tools for sustainability based on achieving multiple goals, a special dedication to scientific validation and broad objectivity may be required. The potential for OP cultivars today is evaluated and research questions are identified.
Information Costs and Liquidity Effects from Changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average List

Abstract We examine the stock market effect of changes in the composition of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). Unlike S&P 500 listing studies, we find that the price and the trading volume of newly listed DJIA firms are unaffected. We attribute this result to a lack of index fund rebalancing, since index trading is limited for most of our sample period and index funds mimic the S&P 500, not the DJIA. Firms removed from the index, however, experience significant price declines. We consider information signaling, price pressure, imperfect substitutes, and information cost/liquidity explanations for these asymmetric findings. The evidence is consistent with the information cost/liquidity explanation, which holds that investors demand a premium for higher trading costs and for holding securities that have relatively less available information.
Optimal communication in networks with randomly distributed byzantine faults

We consider the problem of efficient information exchange in a communication network whose nodes and/or links are subject to Byzantine faults that are randomly and independently distributed through the network. The goal is almost safe communication, i.e., getting to every fault-free node information about every other fault-free node, with probability converging to one as the number of nodes grows. We present nonadaptive almost-safe communication schemes working for various networks in asymptotically optimal time and using an asymptotically optimal number of message bits.
Examining Shareholder Value Creation Over CEO Tenure: A New Approach to Testing Effectiveness of Executive Compensation

This paper examines the relationship between CEO compensation and shareholder value added over CEO tenure. The research design exploits two fundamental attributes of CEO compensation and shareholder value added: (i) both CEO compensation and shareholder value added aggregate naturally over CEO tenure, and (ii) extending the time interval over which the two variables are measured is likely to result in a better match between CEO compensation and shareholder value created by the CEO. I measure CEO compensation with nominal value of CEO pay, ex post realized pay and ex ante pay-for-performance sensitivity. I find that CEOs receiving higher nominal or realized pay create more shareholder value. Further, higher median pay-for-performance sensitivity during CEO tenure is associated with higher aggregate market value changes and cumulative abnormal stock returns. Finally, CEO pay efficiency (calculated as the ratio of shareholder value added to CEO pay, both aggregated over CEO tenure) is higher if median pay-for-performance sensitivity during CEO tenure is higher.
Local Pulse Wave Detection Using Continuous Wave Radar Systems

Although a lot of research has been done into radar-based heartbeat detection over the past few years, it is still unknown which physiological effects truly underlie these measurement signals. This paper investigates the cardiovascular system, as well as the effects due to the antenna characteristics, and establishes a connection to the variety of heartbeat signals that can be found in comparable publications. For the first time, the cause of the diverging signal shapes is researched, revealing the locally specific pulse wave curves named sphygmograms. Three different types are investigated: the carotid, the venous, and the ventricle sphygmogram. Verification of the measured signal shapes is ensured by a laser sensor. Afterward, the influence of the filtering on the sphygmograms is researched, as well as the influence of the antenna characteristics on the radar signal. Finally, all novel insights are combined to substantiate the variety of published heartbeat signal curves.
Women and mental health in India: An overview

Gender is a critical determinant of mental health and mental illness. The patterns of psychological distress and psychiatric disorder among women are different from those seen among men. Women have a higher mean level of internalizing disorders while men show a higher mean level of externalizing disorders. Gender differences occur particularly in the rates of common mental disorders wherein women predominate. Differences between genders have been reported in the age of onset of symptoms, clinical features, frequency of psychotic symptoms, course, social adjustment, and long-term outcome of severe mental disorders. Women who abuse alcohol or drugs are more likely to attribute their drinking to a traumatic event or a stressor and are more likely to have been sexually or physically abused than other women. Girls from nuclear families and women married at a very young age are at a higher risk for attempted suicide and self-harm. Social factors and gender specific factors determine the prevalence and course of mental disorders in female sufferers. Low attendance in hospital settings is partly explained by the lack of availability of resources for women. Around two-thirds of married women in India were victims of domestic violence. Concerted efforts at social, political, economic, and legal levels can bring change in the lives of Indian women and contribute to the improvement of the mental health of these women.
Multiphasic MDCT enhancement pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 3 cm in diameter: tumor size and cellular differentiation.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate according to size and degree of cellular differentiation the multiphasic MDCT enhancement pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) smaller than 3 cm in diameter in patients with cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 155 consecutively registered patients (126 men, 29 women; mean age, 58.4 years), 204 pathologically proven HCCs smaller than 3 cm were detected at multiphasic MDCT. Three radiologists in consensus classified the relative attenuation of the tumors compared with the surrounding liver parenchyma as hyperattenuation, isoattenuation, or hypoattenuation on biphasic (n = 86) and triphasic (n = 69) CT scans. RESULTS The prevalent enhancement patterns of HCC differed depending on tumor size. The prevalent pattern of HCC measuring 20-29 mm was arterial hyperattenuation with venous washout (47%, 47/101). The prevalent enhancement patterns of HCC smaller than 10 mm and HCC measuring 10-19 mm were isoattenuation during the arterial and portal venous phases (29%, 6/21) and hyperattenuation and isoattenuation during the arterial and portal venous phases (33%, 27/82). The typical HCC enhancement pattern (arterial hyperattenuation with venous washout) was identified in 48% (67/141) of the moderately and poorly differentiated HCCs and in 13% (8/63) of well-differentiated HCCs. CONCLUSION The prevalent enhancement patterns of HCC smaller than 3 cm on multiphasic MDCT scans differed depending on tumor size and cellular differentiation. HCCs smaller than 2 cm and well-differentiated HCCs frequently had atypical enhancement patterns.
Use of Microcuff® endotracheal tubes in paediatric laparoscopic surgeries

Background and Aims: Traditionally, uncuffed endotracheal tubes have been used in children. Cuffed tubes may be useful in special situations like laparoscopy. Microcuff ® endotracheal tube is a specifically designed cuffed endotracheal tube for the paediatric airway. We studied the appropriateness of Microcuff ® tube size selection, efficacy of ventilation, and complications, in children undergoing laparoscopy. Methods: In a prospective, observational study, 100 children undergoing elective laparoscopy were intubated with Microcuff ® tube as per recommended size. We studied appropriateness of size selection, sealing pressure, ability to ventilate with low flow, quality of capnography and post-extubation laryngospasm or stridor. Results: Mean age of the patients was 5.44 years (range 8 months 5 days-9 years 11 months). There was no resistance for tube passage during intubation in any patient. Leak on intermittent positive pressure ventilation at airway pressure ≤20 cm H 2 O was present in all patients. Mean sealing pressure was 11.72 (1.9 standard deviation [SD]) cm H 2 O. With the creation of pnemoperitoneum, mean intracuff pressure increased to 12.48 (3.12 SD) cm H 2 O. With head low positioning, mean cuff pressure recorded was 13.32 (2.92 SD). Ventilation at low flow (mean flow 1 L/min), plateau-type capnography was noted in all patients. Mean duration of intubation was 83.50 min. Coughing at extubation occurred in 6 patients. Partial laryngospasm occurred in 4 patients, which responded to continuous positive airway pressure via face mask. Severe laryngospasm or stridor was not seen in any patient. Conclusion: Microcuff ® tubes can be safely used in children if size selection recommendations are followed and cuff pressure is strictly monitored. Advantages are better airway seal and effective ventilation, permitting use of low flows.
Pricing European Currency Options: A Comparison of the Modified Black-Scholes Model and a Random Variance Model

Abstract We use the modified Black-Scholes model and a random variance option pricing model to study prices of European currency options traded in Geneva. The options, which cannot be exercised early, include calls and puts on the dollar/Swiss franc exchange rate. In the empirical analysis, we examine the model fit and the biases with respect to the strike price, time to maturity, and volatility. There is some evidence of mispricing and there are small gains available by trading with the random variance model.
Market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation and performance in emerging markets

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how market-oriented and entrepreneurial-oriented behaviour drives firm performance in an emerging markets context. Design/methodology/approach – Using data from 170 Austrian exporters to Central and Eastern Europe, the authors test a conceptual model including market-oriented and entrepreneurial-oriented practices as predictors of performance. Findings – Results indicate that both market-orientated and entrepreneurial-oriented strategies have positive performance effects in emerging markets. Research limitations/implications – A limitation is that firms were not examined longitudinally, as this is a cross-sectional study. Future research may include longitudinal studies or focus on other markets/regions. Practical implications – Firms are encouraged to adopt a market-oriented and entrepreneurial-oriented strategy to achieve better results in international, emerging market operations. Originality/value – The authors add to the emerging economy research lite.
Bounds on the Wait in a GI/M/k Queue

The wait in a GI/M/k queue is bounded above stochastically by the wait in an associated GI/M/1 queue. The analysis of the single server queue is considerably easier than that of the k-server queue, and also the bounds developed for single server queues by J. F. C. Kingman and Kneale T. Marshall can be applied.
Australian Evidence on the Determinants and Impact of Takeover Resistance

In the present paper, we examine the determinants and impact of target bid resistance on the wealth of target shareholders and the takeover process in Australia. We find that bid resistance increases target shareholder wealth in the post-announcement period and that the probability of bid hostility increases with the target's size, decreases with the target's performance and is unrelated to the size of the premium offered by the bidder. We also find that bid hostility decreases the probability of bid success, increases the probability of bid revision and has no effect on the probability of competing bidders entering the market.
Predictors of progress in the stage of adoption of breast cancer screening for Korean women.

BACKGROUND It has been proven that an individuals health behavior is determined through a series of processes. This study aimed to assess the stages of adoption of breast cancer screening, and to identify the factors relating to progress through these stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS There were 202 female participants aged 20- 59 years who were living in Chungbuk, South Korea. They were informed of the study purpose and agreed to participate. Data were collected from October 2010 to January 2011 by assessing the breast cancer screening stage, health beliefs, socio-demographic factors, and other facilitating factors. The participant current stage of adoption of breast cancer screening was classified using the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM), and the various PAPM stages were compared with each other to identify factors likely to determine progress between stages. The data were analyzed using the χ2-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Approximately half of all participants were not on-schedule for breast self-examination and mammography (unaware, 9.4% and 11.4%, unengaged, 8.4% and 5.0%, undecided, 20.3% and 17.8%, decided not to act, 1.5% and 1.0%, decided to act, 13.4% and 15.3%, respectively). The factors likely to determine the progress from one stage to another were age, marital status, exposure to media information about breast cancer, self-efficacy, and perceived severity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that it is necessary to develop a tailored message for breast cancer screening behavior.