Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recollection-Related Increases in Functional Connectivity Predict Individual Differences in Memory Accuracy

Recollection involves retrieving specific contextual details about a prior event. Functional neuroimaging studies have identified several brain regions that are consistently more active during successful versus failed recollection—the “core recollection network. ” In the present study, we investigated whether these regions demonstrate recollection-related increases not only in activity but also in functional connectivity in healthy human adults. We used fMRI to compare time-series correlations during successful versus unsuccessful recollection in three separate experiments, each using a different operational definition of recollection. Across experiments, a broadly distributed set of regions consistently exhibited recollection-related increases in connectivity with different members of the core recollection network. Regions that demonstrated this effect included both recollection-sensitive regions and areas where activity did not vary as a function of recollection success. In addition, in all three experiments the magnitude of connectivity increases correlated across individuals with recollection accuracy in areas diffusely distributed throughout the brain. These findings suggest that enhanced functional interactions between distributed brain regions are a signature of successful recollection. In addition, these findings demonstrate that examining dynamic modulations in functional connectivity during episodic retrieval will likely provide valuable insight into neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in memory performance.
Na+ pump inhibition and non‐selective cation channel activation by cyanide and anoxia in guinea‐pig chromaffin cells

1 Hypoxia and metabolic inhibition with cyanide (CN) evoke catecholamine secretion in adrenal chromaffin cells through depolarization. We elucidated mechanisms for a CN‐ or anoxia‐induced inward (depolarization) current, using the perforated patch method. 2 Bath application of Ba2+ induced a dose‐dependent inhibition of a muscarine‐induced current (IMUS) and part of the CN‐induced current (ICN) with an IC50 (concentration responsible for 50 % inhibition) of 1.3 mM. The Ba2+‐sensitive component was estimated to comprise 58 % of the total ICN. 3 The Ba2+‐resistant component of ICN tended to increase with shifts of membrane potential from ‐40 to 40 mV and was markedly suppressed by exposure to a K+‐free solution or 200 μm ouabain, indicating that the majority of the Ba2+‐resistant component of ICN is due to suppression of the Na+ pump current (Ipump). 4 The non‐Ipump component of ICN diminished progressively in K+‐free solution. Substitution of glucose for sucrose in a K+‐free CN solution further diminished the CN potency to produce the non‐Ipump component. 5 The I‐V relationship for the non‐Ipump component of ICN had a reversal potential of ‐3 and ‐47 mV at 147 and 5.5 mM Na+, respectively, and showed an outward rectification, indicating that the non‐Ipump component of ICN is due to activation of non‐selective cation channels. 6 Exposure to anoxia induced a current with an amplitude comparable to that of ICN, and the anoxia‐induced current apparently occluded development of ICN. The anoxia‐induced current diminished by ca 60 % in the absence of K+ and reversed polarity at 5 mV under K+‐free conditions. 5 It is concluded that exposure to CN and to anoxia induces suppression of the Na+ pump and activation of non‐selective cation channels, probably due to an ATP decrease resulting mainly from consumption by the Na+ pump.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 recycles to the cell surface in protein phosphatase 2A‐dependent manner in non‐neuronal and neuronal cell lines

Trafficking of G protein‐coupled receptors plays a crucial role in controlling the precise signalling of the receptor as well as its proper regulation. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1), a G protein‐coupled receptor, is a member of the group I mGluR family. mGluR1 plays a critical role in neuronal circuit formation and also in multiple types of synaptic plasticity. This receptor has also been reported to be involved in various neuropsychiatric diseases. Other than the central nervous system, mGluR1 plays crucial roles in various non‐neuronal cells like hepatocytes, skin cells, etc. Although it has been reported that mGluR1 gets endocytosed on ligand application, the events after the internalization of the receptor has not been studied. We show here that mGluR1 internalizes on ligand application. Subsequent to endocytosis, majority of the receptors localize at the recycling compartment and no significant presence of the receptor was noticed in the lysosome. Furthermore, mGluR1 returned to the cell membrane subsequent to ligand‐mediated internalization. We also show here that the recycling of mGluR1 is dependent on the activity of protein phosphatase 2A. Thus, our data suggest that the ligand‐mediated internalized receptors recycle back to the cell surface in protein phosphatase 2A‐dependent manner.
Discriminating Semantic from Episodic Relatedness in Young and Older Adults

ABSTRACT The ability of young (aged 18–30) and older (aged 60–80) adults to discriminate pre-experimental (semantic) from experimental (episodic) associations was examined. Participants studied a list containing semantically related and unrelated word pairs and then made either associative recognition (Experiments 1a and b) or semantic relatedness (Experiment 2) judgments at various response deadlines. For associative recognition judgments, both young and older adults benefited from semantic relatedness, leading to more hits for related than unrelated pairs, and at the long response deadline, older adults' performance on those pairs matched that of young participants. Also, both young and older adults demonstrated superior discrimination for unrelated lures whose members had originally been studied in related pairs – evidence for recall-to-reject processing in both age groups. In making semantic relatedness judgments, both young and older adults showed an episodic priming effect. When older adults can rely on long-standing associations, their performance resembles that of young adults – both in associative recognition and in episodic priming.
Customer Loyalty in FMCG Sector of Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to find an empirical relationship of proposed variables and to find the impact of customer satisfaction, trust, and corporate reputation on customer loyalty. This study attempts to contribute to the knowledge how FMCG companies of Pakistan can retain their customers by making them loyal through satisfaction, trust, and corporate reputation. A theoretical framework is proposed to suggest links among variables. The sample size selected for research constitutes 200 respondents, and these respondents belong to the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. Multiple regression and correlation coefficient was used to examine hypothesized relationship. Regression analysis reveals that customer satisfaction, trust, and corporate reputation bring 79.0% change in customer loyalty. There is a strong positive yet significant relationship of trust and customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction & corporate image also posit a positive and significant impact on customer loyalty. The results indicate that FMCG companies in Pakistan should pay more attention toward the reputation of their company, satisfaction of their customers, and trust in order to build loyalty of customers. Generalizability and time constraint are the limitations of the study.
HIV infection and bone disease

The success of antiretroviral therapy in treating HIV infection has greatly prolonged life expectancy in affected individuals, transforming the disease into a chronic condition. A number of HIV‐associated non‐AIDS comorbidities have emerged in the ageing HIV‐infected population, including osteoporosis and increased risk of fracture. The pathogenesis of fracture is multifactorial with contributions from both traditional and HIV‐specific risk factors. Significant bone loss occurs on initiation of antiretroviral therapy but stabilizes on long‐term therapy. Fracture risk assessment should be performed in HIV‐infected individuals and bone mineral density measured when indicated. Lifestyle measures to optimize bone health should be advised and, in individuals at high risk of fracture, treatment with bisphosphonates considered.
Stable Immobilization of Enzymes in a Macro- and Mesoporous Silica Monolith

Horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme C (HRP) and Engyodontium album proteinase K (proK) were immobilized inside macro- and mesoporous silica monoliths. Stable immobilization was achieved through simple noncovalent adsorption of conjugates, which were prepared from a polycationic, water-soluble second generation dendronized polymer (denpol) and the enzymes. Conjugates prepared from three denpols with the same type of repeating unit (r.u.), but different average lengths were compared. It was shown that there is no obvious advantage of using denpols with very long chains. Excellent results were achieved with denpols having on average 750 or 1000 r.u. The enzyme-loaded monoliths were tested as flow reactors. Comparison was made with microscopy glass coverslips onto which the conjugates were immobilized and with glass micropipettes containing adsorbed conjugates. High enzyme loading was achieved using the monoliths. Monoliths containing immobilized denpol–HRP conjugates exhibited good operational stability at 25 °C (for at least several hours), and good storage stability at 4 °C (at least for weeks) was demonstrated. Such HRP-containing monoliths were applied as continuous flow reactors for the quantitative determination of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution between 1 μM (34 ng/mL) and 50 μM (1.7 μg/mL). Although many methods for immobilizing enzymes on silica surfaces exist, there are only a few approaches with porous silica materials for the development of flow reactors. The work presented is a promising contribution to this field of research toward bioanalytical and biosynthetic applications.
The effect of dentin-cleaning agents on resin cement bond strength to dentin.

BACKGROUND Provisional cement remnants on dentin affect the bond strength of resin cements to dentin. The authors investigated the effects of dentin-cleaning agents and etching systems on the bond strength of adhesive resin cement. METHODS The authors removed the provisional cement from the dentin surfaces of the specimens and then cleaned the surfaces with the dentin-cleaning agents Sikko Tim (VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany), Cavity Cleanser (Bisco, Schaumburg, Ill.) or Consepsis Scrub (Ultradent, South Jordan, Utah). They used adhesive resin cement after applying the different etching adhesive systems. Then they examined the dentin surfaces by using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The authors analyzed data by means of a two-way analysis of variance with Tukey honestly significant difference tests (alpha= .05). They found that specimens cleaned with Sikko Tim and Consepsis Scrub had higher shear bond strength values than did those in the no-treatment control group or the group cleaned with Cavity Cleanser. The specimens treated with the total-etching adhesive system had higher shear bond strength than did those treated with the self-etching adhesive systems. CONCLUSIONS Sikko Tim and Consepsis Scrub were effective in removing provisional cement. Adhesive resin cement showed higher bond strength when used in conjunction with the total-etching adhesive system. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The use of an effective dentin cleaner before cementation with resin cement can increase bond strength.
How Much Can Illiquidity Affect Corporate Debt Yield Spread?

We present a structural method for measuring the upper bound for the illiquidity risk of liabilities issued by a levered firm. The method calculates the upper bound of illiquidity spread of a corporate bond given its duration and the issuing firm’s asset risk and leverage ratio. Consistent with the empirical literature the illiquidity spread is positively related to the issuing firm’s asset risk and leverage ratio and the illiquidity component increases with a bond’s credit quality. The term structure of illiquidity spread has a humped shape, where its maximum level depends on the firm’s leverage ratio. Finally, we demonstrate how the method’s implied restricted trading period can be used as a measure for illiquidity in the bonds’ market.
An RFI Index to Quantify the Contamination of SMOS Data by Radio-Frequency Interference

The quality of science data provided by ESA soil moisture and ocean salinity (SMOS) satellite is degraded by the presence of artificial sources emitting in the protected part of the L-band, which is preserved for passive measurements by ITU regulation. These sources appear as high temperature points in SMOS brightness temperature products (e.g., Level 1C products), and may affect the retrievals of both SMOS (e.g., Level 2 products). In this contribution, a method is presented to quantify the impact of radio-frequency interference (RFI) on each SMOS snapshots, through the definition of an “RFI index” based on the number, position, and intensity of the RFI sources present in the snapshot. The main purpose of RFI indices is to provide the user of SMOS scientific data with information to ease the RFI filtering, thus achieving more accurate results. The comparison of RFI indices with the outputs of two different methods providing similar snapshot-wise information about RFI shows that the use of RFI indices reduces the probability of missed RFI detections, without increasing the risk for false alarms.
Use of Blood Biomarkers in the Assessment of Sports-Related Concussion—A Systematic Review in the Context of Their Biological Significance

Objectives: To critically review current knowledge on the positive and negative predictive value of blood biomarkers for concussion; to illustrate the clinical and biological contexts that help evaluate the use of these markers in sport-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Methods: This systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. We reviewed the measurement, clinical utility, endpoint, and biological significance of blood biomarkers in concussion. Results: A total of 4352 publications were identified. Twenty-six articles relating to blood biomarkers were included in the review. Four common blood biomarkers, namely S100B, tau, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), were examined. Overall, the studies showed S100B measurement and use, either acutely or at several time points, can distinguish injured from noninjured patients with an uncertain degree of utility in predicting mortality. At present, S100B has largely become an acceptable biomarker of TBI; however, studies have begun to highlight the need to incorporate clinical symptoms instead of S100B concentration in isolation on the basis of inconsistent results and lack of specificity across published studies. Further research is needed to evaluate and validate the use of tau, NSE, and GFAP as a diagnostic aid in the management of concussion and TBI. Conclusions: At present, blood biomarkers have only a limited role in the evaluation and management of concussion. Although several biomarkers of brain injury have been identified, continued research is required. S100B holds promise as the most clinically useful diagnostic biomarker. Blood biomarkers, in combination with other clinical data, such as head computed tomography, would maximize the diagnostic accuracy. The methodological limitations evident in blood biomarker research results in the need for the clinical utility of blood biomarker use in concussion to be further explored.
Increase of the USA300 Clone Among Community-Acquired Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Causing Invasive Infections

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 is a predominant cause of community-acquired (CA) infection in the United States. We compared clinical characteristics of children with USA300 versus non-USA300 CA-methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (CA-MSSA) invasive infections at Texas Children's Hospital (TCH). Methods: Medical records were reviewed from children with invasive CA-MSSA infections at TCH between August 1, 2001 and September 30, 2006. Isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction for Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes (pvl). Results: Invasive CA-MSSA infections increased from 14 in year 1 to 36 in year 5 (5-year total = 122 patients). Among the CA-MSSA isolates available for typing in the 5-year period, USA300 MSSA strains increased from 14% (2 of 14) to 35% (11 of 31) (P = 0.03). USA300 MSSA strains were more likely than non-USA300 MSSA strains to be nonsusceptible to erythromycin [66% (19 of 29) versus 28% (25 of 88); P < 0.01]. Osteomyelitis cases increased from 43% (6 of 14) in year 1 to 67% (24 of 36) in year 5. The majority of pvl+ MSSA isolates were USA300 (71% (25 of 35); only 5% (4 of 82) of pvl− MSSA isolates were USA300. Patients with osteomyelitis caused by pvl+ isolates had significantly higher mean values for erythrocyte sedimentation rate at admission (P = 0.005) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate maximum value (P = 0.002), maximum C-reactive protein (P = 0.04), and absolute neutrophil count at presentation (P = 0.04) compared with patients whose isolates were pvl−. Conclusions: USA300 accounted for a growing proportion of CA-MSSA isolates among children and was associated with increased numbers of invasive CA-MSSA infections at TCH, especially osteomyelitis. Associations were found in CA-MSSA osteomyelitis between pvl and increased concentrations of systemic inflammatory markers in patients.
[Smoking, related cancers, and other diseases in shanghai: a 10-year prospective study].

OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between smoking and related diseases among residents of Shanghai. METHODS A cross-sectional study on current smoking status among 213,800 residents aged 20 yr and over in Shanghai urban, suburb and rural areas was carried out during the early 1980s. The residents in the urban area were followed up for 12 years (1983 - 1994) and those in suburb and rural areas for 11 years (1984 - 1994). A Poisson regression model was used to estimate relative risks RRs of certain diseases for smoking adjusted for age with their 95% confidence intervals by sex and area among persons aged 40 yr and over at the beginning of the study. RESULTS In the urban area, the RRs of death for smoking were 1.48 and 1.62 in males and females, respectively and for cancer death were 2.20 and 2.00. Statistically significant elevated RRs were seen for cancers of the lung and liver in both males and females and for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, pancreas and bladder only in males. Significantly higher RRs were also observed for cerebrovascular disease, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and pulmonary heart disease. RRs lower than in the urban area were found in the suburb and rural areas. The population attributable risks (%, PAR) for death due to smoking for males were estimated by area. PARs for death were 20.9, 18.9 and 16.3 in urban, suburb and rural areas, respectively. For all cancers, PARs were 40.0, 34.5 and 34.2 and for lung cancer were 71.7, 59.2 and 64.7. CONCLUSION Smoking was associated with the mortality of some common cancers, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, pulmonary heart, and cerebrovascular diseases.
Accounting Regulation Changes in Lithuania: An Assessment

In the last decade undergoing accounting harmonization processes and their impact on corporate disclosure was continually discussed in the scientific literature. This paper extends this analysis by evaluating Lithuanian case. The aim of this study is to assess accounting regulation changes in Lithuania in the context of the European Union wide accounting harmonization processes. The paper addresses evaluates the background for accounting regulation changes in Lithuania, identifies de jure accounting regulation changes in Lithuania and compares them with the same of the European Union, and then assesses de facto implementation of accounting regulation by Lithuanian companies.
Local policy proposals can bridge Latino and (most) white Americans’ response to immigration

Significance Subnational immigrant policies (i.e., those instituted at the state level in the United States) are not only key to successful integration, they send a message about who belongs. Our evidence suggests that welcoming state-level immigrant policies lead to greater belonging among foreign-born Latinos, US-born Latinos, and even US-born whites. Only self-identified politically conservative whites showed depressed feelings of belonging when state policies support immigrants. Patterns remained constant across states that vary in their historic reception of immigrants (Arizona and New Mexico). These findings suggest that debates about the polarizing effects of immigration policies by racial group are misplaced. With a majority of whites nationally identifying as either liberal or moderate, welcoming immigration policies have direct and spillover effects that can further national unity. In the past 15 years, the adoption of subnational immigration policies in the United States, such as those established by individual states, has gone from nearly zero to over 300 per year. These include welcoming policies aimed at attracting and incorporating immigrants, as well as unwelcoming policies directed at denying immigrants access to public resources and services. Using data from a 2016 random digit-dialing telephone survey with an embedded experiment, we examine whether institutional support for policies that are either welcoming or hostile toward immigrants differentially shape Latinos’ and whites’ feelings of belonging in their state (Arizona/New Mexico, adjacent states with contrasting immigration policies). We randomly assigned individuals from the representative sample (n = 1,903) of Latinos (US and foreign born) and whites (all US born) to consider policies that were either welcoming of or hostile toward immigrants. Across both states of residence, Latinos, especially those foreign born, regardless of citizenship, expressed more positive affect and greater belonging when primed with a welcoming (vs. hostile) policy. Demonstrating the importance of local norms, these patterns held among US-born whites, except among self-identified politically conservative whites, who showed more negative affect and lower levels of belonging in response to welcoming policies. Thus, welcoming immigration policies, supported by institutional authorities, can create a sense of belonging not only among newcomers that is vital to successful integration but also among a large segment of the population that is not a direct beneficiary of such policies—US-born whites.