Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Candidate Character Traits and the Presidential Vote in 2004

Many media pundits explained Bush's victory in the 2004 presidential election as due in large part to an advantage that he held over Kerry in personal characteristics or character traits, at least as perceived by the voters. By these accounts, Kerry was seen by many voters as aloof, humorless, vacillating, and indecisive. In contrast, Bush was viewed as warm, authentic, and a strong leader. Such interpretations were expressed by a wide range of journalists. For example, New York Times Op-Ed columnist David Brooks (2004a) claimed that if “… the Democrats had nominated Dick Gephardt, this election wouldn't be close, but character is destiny, and Kerry's could be debilitating …” Also in the New York Times, Kate Zernike and John Broder (2004) found that in interviews around the country taken the day after the election, “the voices of voters … fairly shouted that the outcome was … about a fundamental question of character. ” Leadership was the trait most commonly cited as one of Bush's strengths. As one voter whom they interviewed put it, “People say George Bush is a cowboy … People say he shoots quick … sometimes you have to do that, you have to be decisive. Kerry never projected that. ” Kerry was also faulted for being dull and uninspiring. Brooks (New York Times2004b) felt that Kerry talked “like a manager or an engineer. ” Others felt that Kerry lacked the personal warmth or charm that would allow voters to relate to him. Klein (2006, 221) felt that Kerry “… remained aloof, a distant figure, a politician in all the worst senses of the word. ” Perhaps the worst insult was hurled by one of my students, who called Kerry “too professorial. ”Author's note: I appreciate the comments provided by two of my colleagues, David Holian and Greg McAvoy.
Sex still sells to Generation X: Promotional practice and the youth package holiday market

The paper discusses the curent tourism promotional activities targeting the youth package market. It argues that marketing messages which use sexual imagery are an example of the successful targeting of Generation X. The marketing strategies of the UK youth tourism operator Club 18-30 form the case study although the discussion is relevant for all tourism marketers interested in appealing to the youth market segment. The paper briefly discusses market segmentation and then reviews some of the recent literature which highlights the lifestyle characteristics of today's young consumers. Its main focus, however, is to highlight the role of sexual imagery in tourism marketing and to assess the success of a particular campaign which clearly uses sex to sell torrrism products. It concludes that this is an effective campaign aimed at younger consumers, especially in view of recent arguments that many market-
Do Shareholder Coalitions Modify Dominant Owner's Control? The Impact on Dividend Policy

We examine the effect of shareholder coalitions on the corporate payout policy in Spain, a context characterized by the presence of dominant shareholders. Our results show that shareholder coalitions affect payout policy negatively (both for dividends and shares repurchases). This finding suggests that shareholder coalitions serve as an instrument for the dominant shareholder’s to extract private benefits. We also find that the relation between the voting rights involved in the coalition and the dominant owner? s voting rights is negatively related to dividends. This result means that the dominant owner uses the coalition as a mechanism to amplify his or her control over the firm and reduce the cost of expropriation. The results provide new evidence on the effects of corporate control mechanisms on shareholders wealth; this evidence is complementary to the US or UK centered research, where dominant ownership is not as prevalent and, thus, it is more difficult to capture these effects
On Endogenous Growth Under Uncertainty

This paper incorporates uncertainty in two distinct models of endogenous growth. In both models the representative agent is uncertain about the productivity of knowledge creation, as represented by a probability measure over the relevant parameter. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of risk or volatility in productivity of knowledge creation on the decision variables and the expected long-run growth rate. Both the first and the second models may explain part of the observed negative link between volatility and growth. Copyright 1999 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
Essays on Cross-border Banking and Macroprudential Policy

L'objectif de cette these est d'evaluer la conduite des politiques macroprudentielles dans une union monetaire heterogene, comme la zone euro, en s'appuyant sur les tres recents developpements theoriques et empiriques des modeles en equilibre general dynamique stochastique (DSGE) et de l'econometrie Bayesienne. Dans notre analyse, nous considerons deux faits majeurs caracterisant l'Eurosysteme: la divergence des cycles economiques entre le cœur et la peripherie de la zone et l'integration bancaire a l'origine de spillovers lors de la mise en œuvre de politiques macroprudentielles. Voici les resultats que nous tirons de nos experimentations. D'abord, la mise en œuvre des mesures de politique macroprudentielle ameliore le bien-etre au niveau de l'union. Les gains de bien-etre plus eleves sont observes lorsque les pays utilisent plusieurs instruments et lorsque la politique macroprudentielle est mise en œuvre de maniere granulaire. Cependant, la conduite de la politique macroprudentielle n'est pas forcement benefique pour tous les pays participants: dans la plupart des cas, les pays peripheriques sont gagnants tandis que les pays du cœur enregistrent des faibles gains de bien-etre voire parfois des pertes. Dans nos simulations, nous constatons qu'il existe un equilibre favorisant le bien-etre a la fois aux niveaux mondial et national pour tous les participants mais sa realisation necessite une intervention d'une autorite federale telle l'ESRB. Enfin, l'introduction de prets transfrontaliers ouvre un nouveau canal de transmission international important qui tend a augmenter les gains de bien-etre associees a des mesures macroprudentielles. Ignorer ces prets bancaires transfrontaliers peut conduire a des resultats fallacieux dans le classement des differents plans d'instauration de la politique macroprudentielle.
Analyzing the analysts

AQUTE is an online product, developed by AQ Research in collaboration with Bureau van Dijk, to facilitate the process of equity research ranking of companies and take account of factors that are usually measured by opinion polls and by objective performance measures. The analysis sets out to judge research analysts on the performance of their own products, including the forecasts and recommendations which are included in virtually every research report issued by investment banks and research houses, using two key metrics: the Accuracy Quotient (AQ); and the Recommendations Quotient (RQ). The AQ metric takes account of three factors: the percentage difference between an analyst’s forecast of a company’s earnings per share (eps) and the eps value which the company actually reports; the number of changes made by the analyst to the forecast over a two year period; and the average size of those changes. The RQ metric measures the performance of recommendations made by analysts in a wide range of factors, including: simple buy/sell advice; highly speculative advice; take profits advice; and trading buy advice. The process provides standardized recommendations which are assessed over the past 12 months to assess the accuracy of the forecasts. The practical applications of the technique include: assessing which brokers are best; screening the consensus; identifying predictable companies; and determining how predictable are the company earnings. AQUTE analysis has as its ultimate aim the ability to contribute to a better understanding and use of the large volume of equity research that is produced by current business analysis.
The local politics of Europeanization: A study of French cities’ approaches to participation in the CIVITAS programme

European Union policy at the local scale is split into numerous sectoral programmes in the spheres of cross-border cooperation, energy, the environment, culture and transport. In this context, the CIVITAS (City-Vitality-Sustainability) initiative on sustainable urban mobility was launched in 2000. The aim of this article is to analyse relations between cities and Europe, focusing on the practical ways in which local policies have been ‘Europeanized’ in four French cities. The article highlights three main results. First, CIVITAS does not represent a sufficient financial incentive to sustain ‘download Europeanization’ of local transport policies, which remain under the control of local authorities. Second, despite a lack of European funding, local authorities mobilize strongly on a European level in order to distinguish themselves. In a context where French transport authorities are becoming increasingly dependent on local financial resources, entering the CIVITAS programme and acquiring this seal of approval has played a determining role in legitimizing and boosting budget allocations to public transport. Third, the mobilization of local authorities and the selective strategy of the European Commission jointly strengthen political competition between cities at a European level and reinforce a network of innovative cities.
“A GEM” for increasing the effectiveness of diversity training

Questions about diversity training's utility and effectiveness remain despite its widespread use and the significant investments many firms make in such training. As a result, some HR practitioners have doubts about its relevance in the workplace. In this paper, we envision a future state of diversity training whereby diversity is embedded into work practices and programs through direct knowledge transfer, continuous skill development, and accountability for learning. We recommend four specific guidelines that HR leaders can follow to achieve this “future state” called A.G. E.M. —Approach, Goals, Executive Commitment, and Mandatory Attendance. We suggest that following the A.G. E.M. approach will lead to the kind of transformative behavioral changes required for effective diversity training programs.
Diminished efficiency of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase containing the K65R and M184V drug resistance mutations

Objectives: To determine the underlying biochemical mechanisms responsible for the diminished viral replicative capacity associated with K65R/M184V-containing viruses. Methods: We studied the efficiency of (-)ssDNA synthesis by recombinant wild-type and mutated HIV-1 reverse transcriptases in cell-free assays. In addition, we determined susceptibility levels to nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) both in cell-free and cell culture assays. Results: We observed that the K65R/M184V mutations in reverse transcriptase caused reductions in the efficiency of initiation of (-)ssDNA synthesis by increasing pausing at positions +3 and +5 as well as diminished RNA usage. These findings were confirmed in cell culture data using MT-4 cells and cord blood mononuclear cells. Conclusions: The simultaneous presence of K65R and M184V in reverse transcriptase has a negative impact with regard to the efficiency of initiation of (-)ssDNA synthesis and RNA usage, that exceeds the effect of either mutation on its own. These mechanisms, among others, are responsible for the diminished viral replicative capacity observed in tissue culture when K65R/M184V-containing viruses are studied.
Desiccation tolerance in Anopheles coluzzii: the effects of spiracle size and cuticular hydrocarbons

ABSTRACT The African malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii range over forests and arid areas, where they withstand dry spells and months-long dry seasons, suggesting variation in their desiccation tolerance. We subjected a laboratory colony (G3) and wild Sahelian mosquitoes during the rainy and dry seasons to desiccation assays. The thoracic spiracles and amount and composition of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of individual mosquitoes were measured to determine the effects of these traits on desiccation tolerance. The relative humidity of the assay, body water available, rate of water loss and water content at death accounted for 88% of the variation in desiccation tolerance. Spiracle size did not affect the rate of water loss or desiccation tolerance of the colony mosquitoes, as was the case for the total CHCs. However, six CHCs accounted for 71% of the variation in desiccation tolerance and three accounted for 72% of the variation in the rate of water loss. Wild A. coluzzii exhibited elevated desiccation tolerance during the dry season. During that time, relative thorax and spiracle sizes were smaller than during the rainy season. A smaller spiracle size appeared to increase A. coluzzii's desiccation tolerance, but was not statistically significant. Seasonal changes in CHC composition were detected in Sahelian A. coluzzii. Stepwise regression models suggested the effect of particular CHCs on desiccation tolerance. In conclusion, the combination of particular CHCs along with the total amount of CHCs is a primary mechanism conferring desiccation tolerance in A. coluzzii, while variation in spiracle size might be a secondary mechanism. Summary: Seasonal variation in desiccation tolerance of malaria mosquitoes is shaped by cuticular hydrocarbon composition and quantity and possibly by smaller spiracles. Seasonal allometries indicate season-specific developmental programs, consistent with aestivation.
The Rise and Fall of Unionised Labour Markets: A Political Economy Approach

Studying a model where trade unions interact with endogenously formed partisan political parties, we explain changing political preferences for and against the unionised labour market regime. We focus on the changes in coalition formation between unskilled and moderately skilled workers, which in turn depend on inequality among workers. When inequality is either very low or very high, moderately skilled workers form a political coalition with unskilled workers to support a unionised labour market regime. In other cases, the economic interest of the moderately skilled workers is more in line with that of highly skilled workers and capital owners to support a competitive labour market regime.
The politics of collaborative research between university-based and non university-based researchers

ii Table of contents . iv List of tables.vi Acknowledgments . vii CHAPTER 1: Starting with location . 1 Research objectives and questions.6 Definition of terms . 8 Overview . 11 CHAPTER 2: Literature review.15 Collaborative research . 16 Centrality of relationships . 19 A daring experience.22 Collaborative research between university-based and non university-based researchers.25 Standpoint feminism.32 Academia and collaborative research . 35 Excluded standpoints.35 Emphasis on individual achievement.40 Evaluation practices.41 Focus on funding . 42 Neglecting the obligation to best serve society . 45 The challenges of combining two worlds . 47 Fostering dialogue among standpoints.51 CHAPTER 3: Methods.55 Gathering data.56 Interviews . 58 Conducting the interviews . 59 Participants . 61 Description of participants . 63 Elusive classification.68 Data analysis.70 Voice.73 Methodological issues . 74 Ethical considerations: . 74 How my literacy work influenced my thinking.78 Reciprocity . 78 Validity . 80
How Do Hedge Fund Clones Manage the Real World?

Several hedge fund replication products have been launched in recent years. Prior to the financial crisis these products were a much discussed topic among academics and practitioners alike. Since the financial crisis however, the interest in replication products has somewhat dissipated. Replication products generally follow three approaches: reverse engineering, factor-based, or distribution-based. This article analyzes the performance of several replication products that are offered by various asset management companies. The results show that the return distributions are heterogeneous among the set of replication products. The results also show high correlations with small-cap equity, large-cap equity, and international equity across most replication products. However the monthly tracking error was often high. The authors conclude that replication products such as hedge funds fall short on delivering absolute returns. Furthermore, the replication products are unable to capture attractive risk-return features of hedge funds. Investors should thoroughly evaluate replication models to determine their suitability in institutional portfolios.
Macula and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Migraine Patients: Analysis By Spectral Domain Optic Coherence Tomography

Abstract Aim: Investigating the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), macular and ganglion cell complex thickness in eyes of migraine patients using optical coherence tomography. Methods: The study was designed as an observational cross-sectional study. 50 patients with migraine (30 patients with aura and 20 patients without aura) and 50 healthy volunteers were included. Optical coherence tomography was performed with Optovue technology. The fast RNFL thickness (3.4) scan, MM5, and GCC acquisition protocols were used. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in retinal thickness in any of the quadrants between the control group and the migraine patients (p > 0.05). The average RNFL thickness (110.50 vs 102.84 microns, p = 0.03) was significantly thinner in migrainers as compared to the control. The ANOVA did not reveal any significant difference between migrainers with aura, migrainers without aura, and the control group. The VAS (visual analogue scale) score of migraine patients was not statistically significantly correlated with any of the parameters, while the length of migraine history was negatively correlated with the average RNFL thickness (r = −0.32, p = 0.03). Conclusıon: The average RNFL thickness in the migraine patients was found to be thinner than that in the control group. In addition, we found a negative weak correlation between length of migraine history and the average RNFL thickness, supporting the possible association between these pathologies.
Stability of WISC—R Scores for a Sample of Learning Disabled Children

The study was designed to assess the stability of WISC—R profiles of 36 learning disabled children given the WISC—R two times. The mean time between tests was 2.5 yr. The pattern reported for learning disabled children on Bannatyne's categories was evident for the group at both times, however, this pattern was not found for the majority of subjects. Analysis indicated a decrease over time in Verbal IQs, Full Scale IQs, and Bannatyne's Conceptual category, confirming previous findings. Possible reasons for the changes in scores are discussed.
Incentives to Underprice

In an initial public offering, the choices made by issuers, such as the offer price, might not appear to be wealth maximizing. In this article, we argue that the choices are strategic. Based on the model developed by Barry (1989), we show that the average change in the issuer's wealth (4.52 per cent) is lower than the average loss implied by underpricing (12.09 per cent). Our results support the notion that the choices issuers make at the offering generate a compensatory benefit in the aftermarket. That the issuer may well not suffer a net wealth loss from the offering is in accordance with continued initial public offering activity.
Predatory fish sounds can alter crab foraging behaviour and influence bivalve abundance

The risk of predation can have large effects on ecological communities via changes in prey behaviour, morphology and reproduction. Although prey can use a variety of sensory signals to detect predation risk, relatively little is known regarding the effects of predator acoustic cues on prey foraging behaviour. Here we show that an ecologically important marine crab species can detect sound across a range of frequencies, probably in response to particle acceleration. Further, crabs suppress their resource consumption in the presence of experimental acoustic stimuli from multiple predatory fish species, and the sign and strength of this response is similar to that elicited by water-borne chemical cues. When acoustic and chemical cues were combined, consumption differed from expectations based on independent cue effects, suggesting redundancies among cue types. These results highlight that predator acoustic cues may influence prey behaviour across a range of vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, with the potential for cascading effects on resource abundance.
Temperature response of leaf photosynthetic capacity in seedlings from seven temperate tree species.

Seedlings of seven temperate tree species (Acer pseudoplatanus L., Betula pendula Roth, Fagus sylvatica L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Juglans regia L., Quercus petraea Matt. Liebl. and Quercus robur L.) were grown in a nursery under neutral filters transmitting 45% of incident global irradiance. During the second or third year of growth, leaf photosynthetic capacity (i.e., maximal carboxylation rate, Vcmax, maximal photosynthetic electron transport rate, Jmax, and dark respiration, Rd) was estimated for five leaves from each species at five or six leaf temperatures (10, 18, 25, 32, 36 and 40 degrees C). Values of Vcmax and Jmax were obtained by fitting the equations of the Farquhar model on response curves of net CO2 assimilation (A) to sub-stomatal CO2 mole fraction (ci), at high irradiance. Primary parameters describing the kinetic properties of Rubisco (specificity factor, affinity for CO2 and for O2, and their temperature responses) were taken from published data obtained with spinach and tobacco, and were used for all species. The temperature responses of Vcmax and Jmax, which were fitted to a thermodynamic model, differed. Mean values of Vcmax and Jmax at a reference temperature of 25 degrees C were 77.3 and 139 micromol m(-2) s(-1), respectively. The activation energy was higher for Vcmax than for Jmax (mean values of 73.1 versus 57.9 kJ mol(-1)) resulting in a decrease in Jmax/Vcmax ratio with increasing temperature. The mean optimal temperature was higher for Vcmax than for Jmax (38.9 versus 35.9 degrees C). In addition, differences in these temperature responses were observed among species. Temperature optima ranged between 35.9 and above 45 degrees C for Vcmax and between 31.7 and 43.3 degrees C for Jmax, but because of data scatter and the limited range of temperatures tested (10 to 40 degrees C), there were few statistically significant differences among species. The optimal temperature for Jmax was highest in Q. robur, Q. petraea and J. regia, and lowest in A. pseudoplatanus and F. excelsior. Measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed that the critical temperature at which basal fluorescence begins to increase was close to 47 degrees C, with no difference among species. These results should improve the parameterization of photosynthesis models, and be of particular interest when adapted to heterogeneous forests comprising mixtures of species with diverse ecological requirements.
Lung cancer incidence among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1999–2004

Lung cancer incidence rates among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) in the United States have not been described well, primarily because of race misclassification and, until the 1990s, incomplete coverage of their population by cancer registries. Smoking, the predominant cause of lung cancer, is particularly prevalent among this population.