Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutrition concepts for elite distance runners based on macronutrient and energy expenditure.

CONTEXT Elite distance runners (EDR) must optimize their nutrition to maintain their demanding training schedules. OBJECTIVE To develop a nutrition concept for EDR based on energy and macronutrient expenditures. DESIGN This theoretical study provides calculations for macronutrient and energy expenditures of EDR. Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of EDR were assumed based on average real EDR. SETTING University of Kiel. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Three prototypic types of male EDR described in the literature as type I (TI; body mass = 72 kg, respiratory quotient = 0.9 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers = 60% to 70%), type II (TII; body mass = 67 kg, respiratory quotient = 0.82 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers = 50%), and type III (TIII; body mass = 60 kg, respiratory quotient = 0.75 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers = 30% to 40%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We calculated the macronutrient and energy expenditures of the 3 types of EDR according to body mass, respiratory quotient, and percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers. RESULTS We found that the average energy expenditure was 3750 kcal . d(-1) for TI runners, 3463 kcal . d(-1) for TII runners, and 3079 kcal . d(-1) for TIII runners. The carbohydrate (CHO) expenditure reached an average value of 10.0 g . kg(-1) . d(-1) for TI runners, 8.0 g . kg(-1) . d(-1) for TII runners, and 4.7 g . kg(-1) . d(-1) for TIII runners. When the EDR accomplished running sessions at a pace >or=100% of maximum oxygen consumption, all types of runners had a CHO demand of about 10 g . kg(-1) . d(-1). The TI and TII runners need a CHO intake of 8 to 10 g . kg(-1) . d(-1). For the TIII runners, a CHO intake >6 g . kg(-1) . d(-1) is necessary during anaerobic training sessions. CONCLUSIONS Nutrition concepts must be differentiated for EDR according to metabolic and anthropometric characteristics of the runners and their special training emphases.
Reteplase monotherapy and reteplase/abciximab combination therapy in peripheral arterial occlusive disease: results from the RELAX trial.

PURPOSE The safety and efficacy of increasing doses of intraarterial reteplase monotherapy and reteplase/abciximab combination therapy were examined in patients with acute peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). The primary endpoint of this analysis was major bleeding as defined by the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) investigators. MATERIALS AND METHODS The RELAX trial was a prospective, dose-escalating safety trial of reteplase monotherapy (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 U/h) and reteplase/abciximab combination therapy (0.25-mg/kg bolus and 0.125 micro g/kg/min abciximab in addition to each reteplase regimen) for patients with acute or subacute clinical deterioration of PAOD. Reteplase was administered intraarterially to 74 patients; 38 patients were also administered intravenous abciximab for the duration of reteplase infusion. Protocol-specified angiograms were obtained at 6 and 20 hours or for clinical need. Each angiogram was assessed for volume of thrombus dissolved and for arterial patency. The primary safety endpoint (TIMI major bleeding) was assessed at discharge and at day 7. Clinical endpoints were assessed at discharge and at days 30 and 90. RESULTS Major bleeding occurred with similar frequency in patients treated with and without abciximab (15% of the pooled patients receiving reteplase monotherapy and 20% of patients receiving reteplase/abciximab combination therapy). There were no intracranial hemorrhagic events in the 74 patients. Reteplase doses of at least 0.2 U/hour were effective at dissolving thrombus and restoring patency. There was no clear dose-response relationship for reteplase. However, the addition of abciximab reduced the occurrence of distal embolic events requiring intervention (5% vs. 31%; P =.014). CONCLUSIONS Over the range of reteplase doses studied for peripheral arterial thrombolysis, there were no significant differences in safety or efficacy. However, the addition of intravenous abciximab to reteplase was associated with a decreased rate of distal embolic events without a significant increase in the risk of hemorrhagic complications. Further investigation is needed to define the role of abciximab in catheter-directed thrombolysis with reteplase for PAOD.
USMLE Step 2 Performance and Test Administration Date in the Fourth Year of Medical School

Purpose. To determine whether the time interval between completing the third-year curriculum and test administration affects a student's USMLE Step 2 score. Method. Scores for 846 students in the classes of 2000–2004 were grouped in ten time periods depending on test date. A linear regression model to predict performance on Step 2 using gender, Step 1, and grades in medicine, pediatrics and obstetrics–gynecology was developed based on the class of 1999. Analysis of covariance was used to test the effect of time on scores, adjusting for predicted performance. Results. Step 2 scores decreased significantly (p < .001) across time. Students’ mean scores were four points higher than predicted in the early months and five to eight points lower near the end of the senior year. Conclusions. Students who scheduled Step 2 early in the senior year achieved higher scores, on average, than those who waited until later in the year.
Home-Purchase Limits and Housing Prices: Evidence from China

Home-purchase limits, introduced by China’s central government in April 2010 and afterward implemented by the local governments of major cities successively, were usually regarded as the most stringent policy instruments regulating over-heated Chinese housing markets over recent years. Our study attempts to investigate the effects of the home-purchase limits based on the micro data of resale housing transactions between January 2008 and December 2011 in Guangzhou city, one of the largest cities in mainland China. Our regression results show that, while the central government’s notice negatively affects housing prices, the localized home-purchase limit measures have positive effects on housing prices in Guangzhou, which deviate far from the expectations the policy makers might have. We also find that the effects of the policies are significantly stronger for the housing units of high-rise building (or with big size) relative to those without elevators (or with small size). We provide the explanation from the aspects of policy uncertainty and redevelopment option embodied in the housing.
Hospitality managers' importance perceptions of human resource practices related to employment of foreign workers in the United States

ABSTRACT Cross-border labor mobility of hospitality employees has resulted in an increase in illegal immigrants in the workforce. The purpose of this study was to generate a list of top legal issues associated with the employment of foreign workers in the U.S. hospitality industry and to identify factors defined by the importance ratings of these issues. Snowball sampling was used to collect data from hospitality managers. Findings reveal that respondents perceive document verification to be important but may not perceive knowledge of various visa types and employment termination reporting procedures associated with employing foreign workers to be important. Managerial implications are discussed.
An audit of the process of developing the Health Improvement Programme into the Strategic and Financial Framework in two Health Authorities

Health Improvement Programmes (HImPs) are a means of documenting the health needs of a population and are intended to be translated into commissioning decisions by the Strategic and Financial Framework (SaFF). This paper examines some major influences on the process of translating the HImP into the SaFF. The Directors of Public Health in two Health Authorities were concerned that the development of the SaFF did not always represent a clear progression from the HImP. An audit to pinpoint where commissioning decisions did not match the identified health improvement needs in two Health Authorities was carried out between November 2000 and February 2001. The overall findings confirmed that needs identified in the HImPs were not fully reflected in the service provision described in the final SaFFs. The audit provided evidence that was useful in identifying major issues and influences that facilitated or hindered the development of the SaFF from the HImP. Some of the ways in which HImP priorities disappeared from the SaFF and non-HImP priorities appeared in it were also distinguished. The conclusion is that a clear, criterion-based process should enable health and social care communities and Primary Care Trusts to develop a more responsive commissioning process in future, and specific recommendations to that effect are made.
Transferrin receptor distribution and iron deposition in the hepatic fobufe of iron‐overloaded rats

Under the condition of obvious iron‐overload, there is a zonal hernoeiderin (iron) deposition in hepatic lobules. The deposition is heavtest in the periporfal (zone 1) and lightest in the perivenws (zone 3) hepatocytes. However, the mechanism for this pattern of iron deposition is obscure. Hepatic tissues from control, iron‐deficlent or ironoverloaded Wistar rats me used to study its pathogenesis. iron‐deficiency was Induced by a low Iron regimen. Ironoverload was produced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of ferric nitrilotriace‐We (Fe3+‐NTA) for 1–4 months. Liver tissues of the rats were lmmunohistochemically and histochemically stained for tmnaferrin receptor (TfR), transferrin (Tf), ferritin (Ft), and iron. The staining intensity of TfR, Tf and Ft increased in hepatocytes of iron‐deflctent rats and decreased in that of the iromverloaded in comparison with the control rats. TfR atalning was strong in zone 1, with gradual transition into weak staining in zone 3 hepatocytes of the rat liver. TfR located primarily on the hepatocyte membrane. Tf had both membranous and cytoplasmic distribution. Many hepatocytes in group B had strong cytoplasmic Tf staining. Conversely, only a few hepatocytes had weakly stained cytoplasmic Tf in group C. Hepatocytes and Kupffer cells were Ft positive in control rats. Ft was distributed only in the cytoplasm. The staining intensity of Ft was stronger in zone 3 than in zone 1 hepatocytes of iron‐deficient rats. In iron‐overloaded rats, the iron deposition was severe in zone 1 and mild in zone 3 hepatocytes. These findings suggest that uptake of iron into hepatocytes in vivo is regulated and mediated by TfR and Tf. Gradient TfR distribution from zone 1 to 3 hepatocytes and active TfR‐Tf mediated iron uptake resuited in the zonal iron deposition in the hepatic lobule of iron‐overloaded rats.
Expression of Estrogen Receptor ESR1 and Its 46-kDa Variant in the Gubernaculum Testis1

Abstract Testicular descent corresponds to migration of the testis from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum and is essential for proper functioning of the testis. Recent advances in the characterization of estrogen receptor (ESR) subtypes and isoforms in various tissues prompted us to study ESRs within the gubernaculum testis, a structure involved in testicular descent. In the rat gubernaculum, we searched for ESR alpha (Esr1) and beta (Esr2) and for the androgen receptor (Ar), androgens being known to regulate testicular descent. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that Esr1, Esr2, and Ar mRNAs were all expressed in the gubernaculum. Using PEETA (Primer extension, Electrophoresis, Elution, Tailing, and Amplification), we established that all Esr1 leader exons, previously identified in other organs, such as the uterus and pituitary, were transcribed in the gubernaculum, with the major form being O/B. The RNA protection assays, RT-PCR, and Western blot experiments revealed that isoform-specific mRNA transcripts generated by alternative splicing of the C-leader sequence on coding exons 1 and 2 of the Esr1 gene gave the 46- and 66-kDa ESR1 proteins. The ESR1 and AR proteins were found to colocalize in the parenchymal cells of the gubernaculum early in development, whereas AR also was strongly expressed in the muscular cells, both during fetal and postnatal life. The ESR2 protein was weakly expressed, principally in the muscular cells, but only once testicular descent had occurred. The levels of the 46-kDa ESR1 variant (ER46) exceeded those of the 66-kDa ESR1 form (ER66) at periods when the gubernaculum developed. Conversely, the 66-kDa form appears to predominate clearly when the gubernaculum growth was low or completed. The possible role of estrogens on the modulation of the androgen-dependent growth of the gubernaculum and, more widely, on testicular descent is discussed.
Microwave Radar-Based Differential Breast Cancer Imaging: Imaging in Homogeneous Breast Phantoms and Low Contrast Scenarios

This paper presents an improved antenna array for radar-based breast cancer imaging. The improvement was achieved by increasing the number of antennas in the array to 31 elements, as well as by improving the antenna design itself. Using an experimental setup, with homogeneous curved breast phantoms, we have demonstrated substantial imaging improvement with the new antenna array. The new system is also able to detect 7 mm-diameter tumor phantoms in any location within the breast, even as close as 4 mm from the skin layer. Additionally, we have shown good imaging results in low-contrast scenarios, where the dielectric contrast between tumor and normal tissue was reduced to 2:1. Presented results clearly demonstrate the large impact of antenna's characteristics on imaging performance.
Hepatic gluconeogenesis and Krebs cycle fluxes in a CCl4 model of acute liver failure

Acute liver failure was induced in rats by CCl4 administration and its effects on the hepatic Krebs cycle and gluconeogenic fluxes were evaluated in situ by 13C NMR isotopomer analysis of hepatic glucose following infusion of [U‐13C]propionate. In fed animals, CCl4 injury caused a significant increase in relative gluconeogenic flux from 0.80 ± 0.10 to 1.34 ± 0.24 times the flux through citrate synthase (p < 0.01). In 24‐h fasted animals, CCl4‐injury also significantly increased relative gluconeogenic flux from 1.36 ± 0.16 to 1.80 ± 0.22 times the flux through citrate synthase (p < 0.01). Recycling of PEP via pyruvate and oxaloacetate was extensive under all conditions and was not significantly altered by CCl4 injury. CCl4 injury significantly reduced hepatic glucose output by 26% (42.8 ± 7.3 vs 58.1 ± 2.4 µmol/kg/min, p = 0.005), which was attributed to a 26% decrease in absolute gluconeogenic flux from PEP (85.6 ± 14.6 vs 116 ± 4.8 µmol/kg/min, p < 0.01). These changes were accompanied by a 47% reduction in absolute citrate synthase flux (90.6 ± 8.0 to 47.6 ± 8.0 µmol/kg/min, p < 0.005), indicating that oxidative Krebs cycle flux was more susceptible to CCl4 injury. The reduction in absolute fluxes indicate a significant loss of hepatic metabolic capacity, while the significant increases in relative gluconeogenic fluxes suggest a reorganization of metabolic activity towards preserving hepatic glucose output. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alteration of glial‐neuronal metabolic interactions in a mouse model of Alexander disease

Alexander disease is a rare and usually fatal neurological disorder characterized by the abundant presence of protein aggregates in astrocytes. Most cases result from dominant missense de novo mutations in the gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), but how these mutations lead to aggregate formation and compromise function is not known. A transgenic mouse line (Tg73.7) over‐expressing human GFAP produces astrocytic aggregates indistinguishable from those seen in the human disease, making them a model of this disorder. To investigate possible metabolic changes associated with Alexander disease Tg73.7 mice and controls were injected simultaneously with [1‐13C]glucose to analyze neuronal metabolism and [1,2‐13C]acetate to monitor astrocytic metabolism. Brain extracts were analyzed by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantify amounts of several key metabolites, and by 13C MRS to analyze amino acid neurotransmitter metabolism. In the cerebral cortex, reduced utilization of [1,2‐13C]acetate was observed for synthesis of glutamine, glutamate, and GABA, and the concentration of the marker for neuronal mitochondrial metabolism, N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) was decreased. This indicates impaired astrocytic and neuronal metabolism and decreased transfer of glutamine from astrocytes to neurons compared with control mice. In the cerebellum, glutamine and GABA content and labeling from [1‐13C]glucose were increased. Evidence for brain edema was found in the increased amount of water and of the osmoregulators myo‐inositol and taurine. It can be concluded that astrocyte—neuronal interactions were altered differently in distinct regions. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of the physiological demands imposed by competing in a half-marathon vs. a marathon.

BACKGROUND While there is widespread scientific information about the physiological challenges imposed on elite endurance runners during competitions, the information regarding the amateur population is scarce. The aim of this study was to compare the physical and physiological load imposed by competing in a real half-marathon vs. a marathon race. METHODS From a larger group of participants, we selected 22 experienced runners who were matched in pairs (11 marathoners and 11 half-marathoners) for age and anthropometric data. Participants completed their respective distances on the same day and circuit while race time was measured by means of chip timing. Sweat samples were obtained during the race using sweat patches. Before and after the race, a sample of venous blood was obtained and jump height was measured during a countermovement jump. Participants also rated their perception of leg muscle pain at the end of the race. RESULTS Running pace was similar for half-marathoners vs. marathoners (3.3±0.4 vs. 3.1±0.4 m·s-1; P=0.36). At the end of the race, jump height reduction (-11±12% vs. -25±19%; P=0.03), serum myoglobin concentration (186.1±93.6 vs. 564.1±370.7 µg·mL-1; P<0.01) and self-reported muscle pain (3.0 ±2.3 vs. 5.5 ±1.0 A.U.; P<0.01) were lower in half-marathoners vs. marathoners. Sweat rate (~1.0±0.3 L·h-1; P=0.79) and sweat sodium concentration (47.8±29.4 and 39.3±24.1 mmol·L-1; P=0.47) were similar for both groups but body mass reduction (-1.9±0.8% vs. -3.3±0.8%; P<0.01) and electrolyte imbalance were higher in marathoners. CONCLUSIONS Completing a marathon induces higher muscle fatigue, greater muscle fiber damage and perceived muscle pain levels and higher body water and electrolyte deficits than finishing a half-marathon with a similar running speed. This information could be valuable to improve physical training for endurance running disciplines.
Delayed recognition of congenital heart disease

Objective: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the proportion of children with delayed recognition of congenital heart disease (CHD). Methods: Of the 744 children with CHD primarily diagnosed during a 10 year period in one hospital, the patients were identified where the diagnosis of CHD was established with a significant delay. Results: Sixty six patients (8.9%) had delayed diagnosis of CHD. Among patients with cyanotic CHD, 10.4% (7 of 67 cases) were referred after they had initially been discharged home from the birth clinic. Among patients with acyanotic CHD, 8.7% (59 of 677) of all children and 35.1% (59 of 168) of the children who required surgery or interventional catheterisation were referred at an age where elective repair should have already been performed or needed immediate treatment because of their haemodynamic status. Of the 66 patients with delayed diagnosis, one infant with cor triatriatum died at admission because of delayed referral and 10 children had severe complications: preoperative cardiogenic shock in seven cases of aortic coarctation and one case of endocardial fibroelastosis, pulmonary hypertensive crisis in one child after delayed repair of a ventricular septal defect, and infectious endocarditis after dental care in a teenager with undiagnosed moderate aortic stenosis, who required Ross operation a few months later. Discussion and conclusion: A substantial proportion of CHD was detected with relevant delay. In all cases of late diagnosis, clinical cardiac findings were present that should have alerted the physician on the possible presence of underlying CHD.
Identification of ACT4, a novel essential actin‐related gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Actin molecules are major cytoskeleton components of all eukaryotic cells. All conventional actins that have been identified so far are 374–376 amino acids in size and exhibit at least 70% amino acid sequence identity when compared with one another. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one conventional actin gene ACT1 and three so‐called actin‐related genes, ACT2, ACT3 and ACT5, have been identified. We report here the discovery of a new actin‐related gene in this organism, which we have named ACT4. The deduced protein, Act4, of 449 amino acids, exhibits only 33·4%, 26·7%, 23·4% and 29·2% identity to Act1, Act2, Act3 and Act5, respectively. In contrast, it is 68·4% identical to the product of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Act2 gene and has a similar level of identity to other Sch. pombe Act2 homologues. This places Act4 in the Arp3 family of actin‐related proteins. ACT4 gene disruption and tetrad analysis demonstrate that this gene is essential for the vegetative growth of yeast cells. The act4 mutants exhibit heterogenous morphological phenotypes. We hypothesize that Act4 may have multiple roles in the cell cycle. The sequence has been deposited in the Genome Sequence Data Base under Accession Number L37111.
Assessing the Impact of

a new measure of the voting behavior of Judges on the United States Courts of Appeals, we provide an assessment of the impact of the policy preferences of Presidents, compared to those of home state senators of each party, as well as other home state forces. We find that there is a strong association between the preferences of appointing Presidents and their judges' voting behavior, regardless of the party composition of the Senate delegation from the judge's home state. The preferences of home state senators of the President's party are also significantly related to judges' votes, while opposition party senators have no impact on the behavior of judges. The preferences of other elites from the home state are related to judicial votes only when there is no home state senator from the President's party Furthermore, there are no contextual influ
Multiple risk exposure as a potential explanatory mechanism for the socioeconomic status–health gradient

The social patterning of disease and mortality provokes a search for explanation. One potential underlying explanation for socioeconomic status (SES) gradients in health is exposure to multiple risk factors. Income and class tend to sort individuals into different settings that are often accompanied by systematic differences in environmental quality. Housing and neighborhood quality, pollutants and toxins, crowding and congestion, and noise exposure all vary with SES. Persons lower in SES also experience more adverse interpersonal relationships with family members, friends, supervisors, and community members. Furthermore, exposure to these multiple risk factors is associated with worse health outcomes. Thus, the convergence of exposure to multiple physical and psychosocial risk factors accompanying disadvantage may account for a portion of SES gradients in health in both childhood and adulthood.