Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The HST/ACS coma cluster survey – VI. Colour gradients in giant and dwarf early-type galaxies

Using deep, high-spatial resolution imaging from the HST ACS Coma Cluster Treasury Survey, we determine colour profiles of early-type galaxies in the Coma cluster. From 176 galaxies brighter than MF814W(AB) = 15 mag that are either spectroscopically confirmed members of Coma or identified by eye as likely members from their low surface brightness, data are provided for 142 early-type galaxies. Typically, colour profiles are linear against log(R), sometimes with a nuclear region of distinct, often bluer colour associated with nuclear clusters. Colour gradients are determined for the regions outside the nuclear components. We find that almost all colour gradients are negative, both for elliptical and lenticular galaxies. Most likely, earlier studies that report positive colour gradients in dwarf galaxies are affected by the bluer colours of the nuclear clusters, underlining that high resolution data are essential to disentangle the colour properties of the different morphological components in galaxies. Colour gradients of dwarf galaxies form a continuous sequence with those of elliptical galaxies, becoming shallower toward fainter magnitudes. Interpreting the colours as metallicity tracers, our data suggest that dwarfs as well as giant early-type galaxies in the Coma cluster are less metal rich in their outer parts. We do not find evidence for environmental influence on the gradients, although we note that most of our galaxies are found in the central regions of the cluster. For a subset of galaxies with known morphological types, S0 galaxies have less steep gradients than elliptical galaxies.
Introduction to Q-tensor theory

This paper aims to provide an introduction to a basic form of the Q-tensor approach to modelling liquid crystals, which has seen increased interest in recent years. The increase in interest in this type of modelling approach has been driven by investigations into the fundamental nature of defects and new applications of liquid crystals such as bistable displays and colloidal systems for which a description of defects and disorder is essential. The work in this paper is not new research, rather it is an introductory guide for anyone wishing to model a system using such a theory. A more complete mathematical description of this theory, including a description of flow effects, can be found in numerous sources but the books by Virga and Sonnet and Virga are recommended. More information can be obtained from the plethora of papers using such approaches, although a general introduction for the novice is lacking. The first few sections of this paper will detail the development of the Q-tensor approach for nematic liquid crystalline systems and construct the free energy and governing equations for the mesoscopic dependent variables. A number of device surface treatments are considered and theoretical boundary conditions are specified for each instance. Finally, an example of a real device is demonstrated.
Multi-factor controls on terrestrial carbon dynamics in urbanized areas

Abstract. As urban land expands rapidly across the globe, much concern has been raised that urbanization may alter the terrestrial carbon cycle. Urbanization involves complex changes in land structure and multiple environmental factors. Little is known about the relative contribution of these individual factors and their interactions to the terrestrial carbon dynamics, however, which is essential for assessing the effectiveness of carbon sequestration policies focusing on urban development. This study developed a comprehensive analysis framework for quantifying relative contribution of individual factors (and their interactions) to terrestrial carbon dynamics in urbanized areas. We identified 15 factors belonging to five categories, and we applied a newly developed factorial analysis scheme to the southern United States (SUS), a rapidly urbanizing region. In all, 24 numeric experiments were designed to systematically isolate and quantify the relative contribution of individual factors. We found that the impact of land conversion was far larger than other factors. Urban managements and the overall interactive effects among major factors, however, created a carbon sink that compensated for 42% of the carbon loss in land conversion. Our findings provide valuable information for regional carbon management in the SUS: (1) it is preferable to preserve pre-urban carbon pools than to rely on the carbon sinks in urban ecosystems to compensate for the carbon loss in land conversion. (2) In forested areas, it is recommendable to improve landscape design (e.g., by arranging green spaces close to the city center) to maximize the urbanization-induced environmental change effect on carbon sequestration. Urbanization-induced environmental change will be less effective in shrubland regions. (3) Urban carbon sequestration can be significantly improved through changes in management practices, such as increased irrigation and fertilizer and targeted use of vehicles and machinery with least-associated carbon emissions.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE NIGHT-TIME INCREASES OF THE PLASMA DENSITY IN THE MIDDLE-LATITUDE IONOSPHERIC F2-LAYER BY THE MATHEMATICAL MODELING METHOD

The forming mechanism of the night-time increases of the plasma density in the middle-latitude ionospheric F2-layer has been investigated using the global numerical Upper Atmosphere of the Earth Model (UAM). The model calculation results show that main cause of the occurrence of these increases is the equatorward thermospheric wind. The dependence of these increases on seasons and solar activity has been investigated. The enhanced plasma density regions can extend up to the heights of the plasmasphere of the Earth. The electromagnetic drift influences on the latitudinal location of the high-latitude sides of these regions, moving them to the lower latitudes.
A partially dimensionally-split approach to numerical MHD

We modify an existing magnetohydrodynamics algorithm to make it more compatible with a dimensionally-split (DS) framework. It is based on the standard reconstruct-solve-average strategy (using a Riemann solver), and relies on constrained transport to ensure that the magnetic field remains divergence-free (r B = 0). The DS approach, combined with the use of a single, cell-centred grid (for both the fluid quantities and the magnetic field), means that the algorithm can be easily added to existing DS hydrodynamics codes. This makes it particularly useful for mature astrophysical codes, which often model more complicated physical effects on top of an underlying DS hydrodynamics engine, and therefore cannot be restructured easily. Several test problems have been included to demonstrate the accuracy of the algorithm, and illustrative source code has been made freely available online.
The Distribution of Wealth with Imperfect Altruism

In this paper, we study the distribution of wealth in an economy with infinitely lived families. Individual generations of each family may or may not be altruistic. This is represented as a preference shock which follows a first-order Markov process within each family, a feature representing imperfect altruism. Altruistic individuals care about the welfare of their children and are likely to leave bequests; selfish ones do not. This results in a non-trivial distribution of wealth among families at any point in time. We study an economy with a risk-free, linear production technology and show that a stationary distribution of wealth exists. This distribution is discrete and approximates the pareto distribution under additional restrictions. We also charac- terize conditions on the production technology which yields perpetual growth with increasing inequality.
Foreign subsidiary divestment decision process: The pharmaceutical industry experience

This paper aims to examine the decision process for the divestment of foreign subsidiaries, from the perspective of managers of pharmaceutical manufacturing subsidiaries located in Puerto Rico. The analysis provides evidence that relations with the parent firms were cooperative and no obstructive, and that foreign management assumed overall control during the implementation of disinvestment decisions; however, there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate involvement as initiator or coordinator of the divestment process or to show they were kept informed before the decision to divest was made. Finally, it showed that the increase in the expiry of patents did not increase participation of executives in the evaluation of their plants.RESUMEN:Este trabajo tiene por objeto examinar el proceso de decision para la desinversion en filiales extranjeras, desde la perspectiva de los gerentes de las subsidiarias farmaceuticas situadas en Puerto Rico. El analisis proporciona evidencia de que las relaciones con las empresas matrices fueron cooperativas y no obstructivas, y que la gerencia de las filiales extranjeras asumio el control total durante la implantacion de las decisiones de desinversion; sin embargo, no hubo pruebas suficientes para demostrar que tuvo participacion como iniciador o coordinador del proceso de desinversion o para mostrar que se mantuvo informada durante el proceso de decision realizado. Finalmente, se demostro que el aumento de la expiracion de las patentes no aumento la participacion de los ejecutivos en la evaluacion de sus plantas.
Research Article The Informationalization of Poverty in Africa? Mobile Phones and Economic Structure

Many claims are made about the transformational developmental impacts of new ICTs, particularly mobile phones, on Africa. However, such claims neglect other structural dynamics and the contradictory impacts of mobile phones, which can reduce, but also sometimes increase, poverty. This paper re-examines the role of mobile phones in African development and poverty, drawing on the concept of articulation. While mobile phones are meant to help “oatten” the world and allow for economic development through facilitating connection between places, they often serve to reinforce the dynamics of uneven development. Consequently, while mobile phones may be “socially articulating,” they recreate (new) forms of economic disarticulation, thereby replicating patterns of Africa’s adverse inclusion in the global economy. The occlusion of these dynamics in the literature arguably serves a useful ideological function: positing the mobile phone as a technical ax for what are primarily problems of power maldistribution. The impact of these developments in ICT in Africa, in terms of both ICT development (increased infrastructure and access) and ICT for development (adoption of ICT applications), has been to advance the process of development itself, in terms of ICT for development. The result of this duality of sector transformation has, itself, been dually vast. On the one hand, it has facilitated the delivery of services, such as education, health, better governance (on the parts of both the leadership and the governed), enterprise, and business development, as well as their overall contribution to socioeconomic well-being (especially poverty reduction), political stability, and self-actualization. (Okpaku, 2006, p. 153)
Toy model for the acceleration of blazar jets

Context. Understanding the acceleration mechanism of astrophysical jets has been a cumbersome endeavor from both the theoretical and observational perspective. Although several breakthroughs have been achieved in recent years, on all sides, we are still missing a comprehensive model for the acceleration of astrophysical jets. Aims. In this work we attempt to construct a simple toy model that can account for several observational and theoretical results and allow us to probe different aspects of blazar jets usually inaccessible to observations. Methods. We used the toy model and Lorentz factor estimates from the literature to constrain the black hole spin and external pressure gradient distributions of blazars. Results. Our results show that (1) the model can reproduce the velocity, spin and external pressure gradient of the jet in M 87 inferred independently by observations; (2) blazars host highly spinning black holes with 99% of BL Lac objects and 80% of flat spectrum radio quasars having spins a > 0.6; (3) the dichotomy between BL Lac objects and flat spectrum radio quasars could be attributed to their respective accretion rates. Using the results of the proposed model, we estimated the spin and external pressure gradient for 75 blazars.
An Empirical Rate Constant Based Model to Study Capacity Fading in Lithium Ion Batteries

A one-dimensional model based on solvent diffusion and kinetics to study the formation of the SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) layer and its impact on the capacity of a lithium ion battery is developed. The model uses the earlier work on silicon oxidation but studies the kinetic limitations of the SEI growth process. The rate constant of the SEI formation reaction at the anode is seen to play a major role in film formation. The kinetics of the reactions for capacity fading for various battery systems are studied and the rate constants are evaluated. The model is used to fit the capacity fade in different battery systems.
EFFECTS OF ENTRY MODE AND INCUMBENCY STATUS ON THE RATES OF FIRM PRODUCT INNOVATION IN THE WORLDWIDE OPTICAL DISK DRIVE INDUSTRY, 1983-1999

Firms entering an industry de novo (start-up) and firms entering de alio (diversification away from another industry) differ in the initial entry conditions. In this paper I propose that the differences in resource endowment, previous experience, and structural flexibility between de novo and de alio firms at the time of entry have long-lasting imprinting effects on their innovation behavior. In particular, I predict that de novo firms exert greater efforts and achieve greater technological outcomes in product innovation than de alio firms. Furthermore, I argue that firm entry mode explains additional variance in firm innovative behavior, which is not explained by entrant-incumbent status alone. I find strong empirical support for these predictions when analyzing product innovation of all firms that ever participated in the worldwide optical disk drive industry, 1983-1999. I discuss the implications of my findings for the entrant-incumbent research in the literature of the management of innovation.
Optimal Casualty Insurance and Repair in the Presence of a Securities Market

We build a simple economic model of optimal casualty insurance based on a story about insuring a house. With endogenous repair and a securities market that is complete over states distinguished by security payoffs, we have three main findings in our base model with additively separable preferences. First, optimal repair depends on security market conditions, with full repair in inexpensive states and little or no repair in expensive states. Second, the optimal insurance payment equals the cost of optimal repair. Third, the agent is not made whole, since the loss is fully compensated only when damage is fully repaired. Weaker versions of the results hold when preferences are not additively-separable. Quite generally, when full repair is optimal it is fully insured.
TEACHERS’ ADOPTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL ECONOMICS INSTRUCTION

This research has been meant to (1) describe the adoption of ICT in economics instruction, (2) discover the influence of the characteristics of innovation variables to the adoption of ICT, (3) discover the influence of the environment variables to the adoption of ICT in econo mics instruction, (4) discover the influence of the affective variable to the adoption of ICT in economics instruction, and (5) discover the influence of the demographic variables to the adoption of ICT in economics instruction. This research employed the combination of the quantitative and qualitative approaches known as the mixed method. The qualitative data were results of interviews with economics teachers, economics instruction supervisors, students, school principals, and on-service-teacher trainers. The qualitative data were analyzed qualitatively through the steps of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research results showed the following conclusions. First, most teachers often employed information and communication technology in economics instruction. Second, the ICT adoption models which contain the innovation characteristics variable, the environment variable, the affect -towards-use variable, and the demographic variable worked well in explaining the diversity of the ad option in economics instruction. Third, the variables in the group of characteristics of innovation variable which had significant influence to the adoption of ICT were voluntariness, relative advantage, result demonstrability, and ease of use. Meanwhile, those which did not have significant influence were those of compatibility, image, trialability, and visibility. Fourth, all variables in the group of environment variable which consisted of social influence facilitating conditions had significant influence to the adoption of ICT in economics instruction. Fifth, the variable of affect toward use consisted of the feeling of liking and the feeling of interest had significant influence to the adoption of ICT in economics instruction. Sixth, the group of demographic variable was not good predictors in relation to the adoption of ICT in economics instruction. None of the five sub-variables in the demographic variable, which consisted of school status, age, gender, experience and duration in training participation, had any significant influence in the adoption of ICT in economics instruction. Keywords: adoption, information and communication technology (ICT), teachers, economics instruction innovation
Perinatal stroke: a six-year experience in a level-III maternity

Aims: To study the incidence of perinatal stroke in a level-III maternity as well as potential risk factors, clinical presentation, neuroimaging, classification and clinical outcome of children with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. Methods: Historical prospective follow-up of all term and late preterm newborns diagnosed with perinatal stroke from January 2008 to December 2013. Results: Fifteen perinatal strokes were diagnosed in a total of 17,056 newborns (incidence 0.9/1,000). Thirteen had potential risk factors and fourteen were symptomatic. Median age at diagnosis was two days. Seizures were the most frequent symptom (14/15), being three focal-clonic, one multifocal-clonic, two generalized-tonic, three focal-tonic and five subtle. Cerebral ultrasound was performed in eleven newborns at an early stage, suggesting the diagnosis in six. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed the diagnosis in fifteen. Six had an arterial ischemic stroke, eight a cerebral venous thrombosis and one a hemorrhagic stroke. An electroencephalogram was obtained in all newborns with seizures revealing epileptic activity in eight. Search for prothrombotic disorders (in newborn and both parents) showed four newborns heterozygous methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase mutation and two neonatal alloimune thrombocytopenia. No recurrence of stroke was reported. Formal development evaluation was performed in thirteen and was normal in eleven, while in two revealed delayed psychomotor development, both of which with epilepsy. On the neonatology outpatient clinic follow-up, the current median age is 3 years and 11 months. Conclusions: This study reinforces the need to maintain high level of suspicion for perinatal stroke and the importance of MRI in the classification and etiological study. Our follow-up supported a good outcome of perinatal stroke.
Acidic reaction products of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in atmospheric fine particles in a boreal forest

Abstract. Biogenic acids were measured in aerosols at the SMEAR II (Station for Measuring Forest Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations II) station in Finland from June 2010 until October 2011. The analysed organic acids were pinic, pinonic, caric, limonic and caryophyllinic acids from oxidation of α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, Δ3-carene and β-caryophyllene, respectively. Due to a lack of authentic standards, the caric, limonic and caryophyllinic acids were synthesised for this study. The mean, median, maximum and minimum concentrations (ng m−3) were as follows: limonic acid (1.26, 0.80, 16.5, below detection limit ( The highest terpenoic acid concentrations were measured during the summer. Of the acids, β-caryophyllinic acid showed the highest concentrations in summer, but during other times of the year pinonic acid was the most abundant. The β-caryophyllinic acid contribution was higher than expected, based on the emission calculations of the precursor compounds and yields from oxidation experiments in smog chambers, implying that the β-caryophyllene emissions or β-caryophyllinic acid yields were underestimated. The concentration ratios between terpenoic acids and their precursors were clearly lower in summer than in winter, indicating stronger partitioning to the aerosol phase during the cold winter season. The β-caryophyllinic and caric acids were weakly correlated with the accumulation-mode particle number concentrations.
The Impact of International Taxation Systems Variations on the Application of Financial Accounting Principles

The precedence and sequence that led to a common set of financial accounting principles is the irresponsibleness for professional essence that these standards embody today. Stakeholders in accounting globally may feel the necessity to cut down the gap among the existing streams of accounting application through harmonization. However, there still exist several influencing deviations and hurdles in attaining harmonization, such as the variations in the taxation systems. Taxation system alterations offer obstacles towards financial accounting practices harmonization and have an impact on the applications of the stipulated financial accounting principles. Nevertheless, the accounting profession has witnessed some developments in the recent years through the process of international convergence. This article analyses the impact of international taxation systems variations on the application of financial accounting principles. It includes a literature review of the study showing the reports and scholarly findings regarding the relationship between tax amendments and the application of financial accounting systems. The discussion of the results and the possible solutions are also included. Then a conclusion is derived at, with regard to the results and solutions discussed in this article.