Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Farmers Active Participation in Water Conservation: Insights from a Survey among Farmers in Southern Regions of West Azerbaijan Province, Iran

Nowadays, a paradigm shift can be observed from economic and technical investments to social-behavioral dimensions in order to increase efficiency of exploiting water resources. The purpose of the present study was to identify and analyze factors affecting Farmers Active Participation in Water Conservation (FAPWC). In this regard, a theoretical framework was developed for analyzing farmers participatory behavior. This study was a descriptivecorrelational and causal relationship research which was conducted through a survey technique. The statistical population of the study included irrigated farmers in southern regions of West Azerbaijan Province in Iran. A sample of 378 irrigated farmers was selected using proportional stratified random sampling method. Data were collected using eight 5-point Likert-type scales. Validity of the scales was confirmed by a panel of experts, and their reliability was demonstrated by Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients which ranged between 0.600. 89, indicating internal consistency of the study scales. Parametric tests were used to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that the variables of moral norms of water conservation, social pressures, place attachment, social responsibility towards consequences of activities, quality of agricultural extension services, and satisfaction of water resources management had significant impacts on FAPWC. Moreover, the independent variables could predict 43.6% of variance changes in FAPWC. An attempt was made to examine the factors affecting FAPWC beyond the psychological individual-based (micro) analyses in order to develop the research framework and consider factors such as the effect of farmers’ social environments and, consequently, present policy implications at microand macro-levels
Evaluation of internet banking service adoption among Yemeni customers

The main aim of this study is to examine empirically the factors that affect the adoption of Internet banking. Although Internet banking has been widely adopted in various developed countries, consumers’ adoption of this service in developing countries has been slower than anticipated. That is, in developing countries, Internet banking services has not been used as much as they could or should have been. There is sill a limited empirical research on Internet banking service in developing countries. There is a clear need to investigate the factors that influence customers' intention to adopt Internet banking. Identifying influential factors that influence customer's intention to adopt Internet banking service is crucial. This study extended Innovation Diffusion Theory by trust. Data collected from 1286 respondents in Yemen. Structural equation modelling was used for data analysis. The results indicate that perceived relative advantage, perceived ease of use, perceived compatibility, perceived trialability, and trust are salient determinants of customers’ adoption of Internet banking. The findings of this study provide several important implications for Internet banking adoption research and practice.
Late Cenozoic volcanism and rates of active faulting in eastern Iran

We present new 40Ar/39Ar ages of samples of volcanic rock exposed along the remote margins of the Dasht-e Lut desert in eastern Iran. Close spatial relationships between the volcanic rocks and the trace of active strike-slip faults allow us to determine the slip rates of two major faults, averaged since eruption of the volcanics. Our study shows that the Nayband fault at the western margin of the Dasht-e Lut has a slip rate of 223C1.4 � 0.5 mm yr22121 averaged over 2.25 Ma. The East Neh fault, one of several active strike-slip faults within the Sistan Suture Zone at the eastern margin of the Dasht-e Lut, has a minimum slip rate of 223C1.2 mm yr22121 averaged over 223C1.7 Ma. The rates of slip on major active faults in eastern Iran are largely unknown, and the slip rates our data provide, though limited, are a significant increase on what is known of the faulting within this remote and relatively inaccessible desert region. We also present analyses of the major and trace element concentrations within the volcanic rocks. The chemistry of the volcanic rocks is typical of intracontinental melts with an overall signature similar to that of ocean island basalts. Inversion of rare earth element distributions suggests some melting has occurred at depths of 223C80 km, indicating the presence of a relatively thin lithosphere beneath eastern Iran, in agreement with recently published maps of lithospheric thickness derived from shear wave velocities.
Gas versus solid-phase deuterated chemistry: HDCO and D2CO in massive star-forming regions

The formation of deuterated molecules is favoured at low temperatures and high densities. Therefore, the deuteration fraction D$_{frac}$ is expected to be enhanced in cold, dense prestellar cores and to decrease after protostellar birth. Previous studies have shown that the deuterated forms of species such as N2H+ (formed in the gas phase) and CH3OH (formed on grain surfaces) can be used as evolutionary indicators and to constrain their dominant formation processes and time-scales. Formaldehyde (H2CO) and its deuterated forms can be produced both in the gas phase and on grain surfaces. However, the relative importance of these two chemical pathways is unclear. Comparison of the deuteration fraction of H2CO with respect to that of N2H+, NH3 and CH3OH can help us to understand its formation processes and time-scales. With the new SEPIA Band 5 receiver on APEX, we have observed the J=3-2 rotational lines of HDCO and D2CO at 193 GHz and 175 GHz toward three massive star forming regions hosting objects at different evolutionary stages: two High-mass Starless Cores (HMSC), two High-mass Protostellar Objects (HMPOs), and one Ultracompact HII region (UCHII). By using previously obtained H2CO J=3-2 data, the deuteration fractions HDCO/H2CO and D2CO/HDCO are estimated. Our observations show that singly-deuterated H2CO is detected toward all sources and that the deuteration fraction of H2CO increases from the HMSC to the HMPO phase and then sharply decreases in the latest evolutionary stage (UCHII). The doubly-deuterated form of H2CO is detected only in the earlier evolutionary stages with D2CO/H2CO showing a pattern that is qualitatively consistent with that of HDCO/H2CO, within current uncertainties. Our initial results show that H2CO may display a similar D$_{frac}$ pattern as that of CH3OH in massive young stellar objects. This finding suggests that solid state reactions dominate its formation.
Effect of a silencing suppressor gene towards the expression of VP2 protein of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus in tobacco

Gene silencing has been recognized as an important factor, which influence the expression of heterologous protein delivered via plant-viral based system. The application of suppressor genes that act against gene silencing mechanisms demonstrated improvement in the expression level of heterologous protein in plants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of a silencing suppressor gene to enhance the expression of VP2 protein of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using a plant viral-based expression system derived from potato virus X. In the present study, a silencing suppressor gene of P19 encoded by tomato bushy stunt virus was employed as a suppressor for gene silencing mechanism by co-infecting N. benthamiana plants with the P19 gene via agroinfiltration strategy followed by mechanical inoculation of potato virus X viral transcripts containing the cloned VP2 gene. Western blot analyses revealed that the expressed VP2 protein can be detected by 7 days post-infection in the presence of P19 gene as compared with plants without P19 gene that can only be detected at 10 days post-infection. However, there was no significant enhancement in the yield of expressed VP2 protein in the presence of P19 gene. The present findings demonstrated the employment of P19 gene and improved the expression of hvIBDV VP2 protein in N. benthamiana plants.
Placebo controlled double-blind study of pain alleviation with Lignocaine pretreatment during injection of Propofol

Introduction: This study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence and severity of pain on injection of propofol, a rapidly acting anesthetic agent and to find the efficacy of lignocaine pretreatment in reducing such pain. Method: 150 patients of Americon Society of Anesthesiologists. SA I and II of either sex were randomly allocated to 2 groups of 75 each. Group A (Placebo group) was administered normal saline and Group B was administered Lignocaine in the dose of 1mg/Kg body weight. The pretreatment solution was given over a period of 5 seconds while the venous drainage was occluded at the forearm by applying a tourniquet. Pain was recorded on a 4 point scale by an unaware blinded anesthetist. Results: The incidence of pain on administering propofol was 57.33%. Lignocaine pretreatment reduced this pain by 32% i.e. from 57.33% to 25.33%. Conclusion: Lignocaine pretreatment is an effective measure in decreasing the incidence and severity of pain on injection of propofol.
Essential amino acid index of sow’s colostrum Index esenciálnych aminokyselín v mledzive prasníc

The aim of this study was to determine the protein quality of sow’s colostrum. For this purpose, the essential amino acid index (EAAI) of sow’s colostrum was calculated. The study was carried out on 12 Large white sows, which were on the 2.9 farrowing on average. Colostrum samples were collected by milking per hand without application of oxytocin. First sample were milked at time of birth of first piglet, and then every hour till 12 hour. Essential amino acids were determined using Amino Acid Analyser AAA400 (Ingos, Prague). For calculation of EAAI, the egg protein (EAAIegg) and protein of sow’s milk (EAAIsow’s milk) were used as standard. The highest value of EAAI was calculated for both at 4 h, EAAIegg 97.1%, EAAIsow’s milk 120.2%. The lowest values of EAAI were calculated at 12 h EAAIegg 78.3% and EAAIsow’s milk 96.9%. During the first 12 hours, protein of sow’s colostrum had not reached the quality of egg protein. Except sample collected at 12 hour after birth of first piglet, all colostrum samples had better quality of protein in comparison to sow’s milk. No significant (P>0.05) differences of EAAI between colostrum samples collected at different times from the birth of the first piglet till 12 h were observed.
Health Insurance and Life Style Choices: Identifying the Ex Ante Moral Hazard

There is extensive debate in the literature about the practical significance of the concept of ex-ante moral hazard. This paper uses data from the 1999-2003 PSID waves to estimate a structural model of individual choice of insurance coverage and four life style related decisions: heavy smoking, heavy drinking, sedentarism and obesity. The results show that health insurance has significant incentive effects on life style choices, increasing the propensity to heavy smoking, sedentarism and obesity. Somewhat surprisingly, however, health insurance decreases the propensity to heavy drinking. There is also significant correlation among the errors of each equation. The results might also have implications for the design of health financing policies.
Growth and Regression in Cognitive-Moral Development

A somewhat delayed yet still unanswered question is taken up: Is cognitive growth in university students, at least temporarily, accompanied by moral regression? This is discussed in the context of the more general question whether university fosters personality development. The methodological discussion contains a critical appraisal of Kohlberg’s research strategies. The empirical research encompasses 844 German university students who were followed-up longitudinally from their first to their fifth semester, using the ‘Moralisches-Urteil-Test’ (MUT; moral judgment test), which is based on the new methodology of Experimental Questionnaires. Linear and nonlinear analysis of cross-tabulations and of variance components corroborate Kohlberg’s hypothesis of an invariant progression of moral judgment competency. Exceptions from this rule may be traced to inadequate designs of assessment methods. A differentiated evaluation of students’ moral judgment behavior shows that, when the personal significance of each stage of reasoning is neglected, highly competent individuals may be erroneously perceived as having regressed.
Effect of soil contamination with diesel oil on yellow lupine yield and macroelements content

The study has been undertaken to assay the effect of soil contamination with diesel oil on yellow lupine yield and macroelement contents as well as to examine the relationships between the accumulation of macroelements versus the yellow lupine yielding and some yield quality characteristics. The influence of soil pollution with refinery produ cts depended on the type of soil, diesel oil concentration in soil and mineral fertilisation. Increasing contents of soil pollution with diesel oil promoted higher concentrations of phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and calcium in aboveground parts and roots of yellow lupine. More severe contamination was also responsible for depressed yield of yellow lupine aboveground parts and roots as well as accumulation of nitrogen in aboveground parts and potassium in roots of the crop. The addition of nitrogen to soil diversified the yielding and content of macroelements in yellow lu pine. The direction these changes took depended on the plant organ, type of soil and degree of diesel oil contamination.
On the impacts of phytoplankton-derived organic matter on the properties of the primary marine aerosol – Part 2: Composition, hygroscopicity and cloud condensation activity

Abstract. The effect of nanogel colloidal and dissolved organic matter The aerosol generated from seawater proxies enriched with marine exudate presented organic volume fractions on the order of 8–37%, as derived by applying a simple mixing rule. The hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of the marine organics-enriched particles where 9–17% and 5–24% lower, respectively, than those of the aerosol produced from artificial seawater devoid of exudate. Experiments in a companion paper indicated that the cloud nuclei formation could be enhanced in diatom bloom areas because of the increase in the primary particle production induced by marine organics. The experiments in the present study, however, indicate that the impacts of such an enhancement would be counteracted by the reduction in the CCN activity of the primary particles enriched in marine organics. The extent of the effect of the biogenic matter on the particle behaviour was dependent on the seawater organic concentration and type of algal exudate. Aerosol produced from seawater proxies containing diatomaceous exudate presented higher hydrophobicity and lower CCN activity than those enriched with nanoplankton exudate. The organic fraction of the particles was found to correlate with the seawater organic concentration, without observing saturation of the particle organic mass fraction even for unrealistically high organic matter concentration in seawater. These findings are indicative that discrepancies on the composition of the primary aerosol between different studies could partly be explained by the difference in the nature and concentration of the organic matter in the source seawater employed. Consistently across the experiments, theoretical analysis based on the Kohler model predicted a reduction in the primary marine aerosol CCN activity upon the incorporation of marine organics into the particle composition. This effect is consequence of the replacement of small inorganic sea salt molecules by large molar mass organic molecules, together with a moderate suppression of the surface tension at the point of activation of 5–0.5%, which leads to a dominance of the reduction in the dissolved solute in the Raoult term.
Effect of non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations on divertor heat and particle flux profiles

Small, non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations generated by external coils have been found to break the axisymmetry of heat and particle flux deposition pattern in the divertor area in the National Spherical Torus Experiment. The applied 3-D field causes strike point splitting that is represented as local peaks and valleys in the divertor profiles. The phase rotation of the applied n=1 fields provides a direct evidence of non-axisymmetric heat and particle deposition. The vacuum field line tracing showed good agreement with the measured heat and particle flux profiles. The plasma response was calculated by the IPEC code and was included in the field line tracing in an n=3 perturbation case, demonstrating that it does not significantly affect the location and spacing of the split strike points at the divertor surface. The plasma parameter scan showed that higher toroidal mode number of the applied perturbation and q95 produce more striations in the divertor profiles. A modest level of divertor profile modification is found to occur even without the application of 3-D fields in certain high triangularity (δ=0.65-0.8) discharges; application of 3-D fields amplifies the same local peaks and valleys. The connection length profile from field line tracing shows that the radial location of local peaks agrees well with the measurement, also identifying intrinsic error field as a possible source of intrinsic strike point splitting. Finally, the radial location of local peaks in the profiles during the triggered ELMs by the applied 3-D field stays similar before and after the application. This shows that the heat flux from the triggered ELMs appears to follow the mode number of the applied perturbation.
Unemployment Insurance and Home Production

In this paper, we incorporate home production into a quantitative model of unemployment and show that realistic levels of home production have a significant impact on the optimal unemployment insurance rate. Motivated by recently documented empirical facts, we augment an incomplete markets model of unemployment with a home production technology, which allows unemployed workers to use their extra non-market time as partial insurance against the drop in income due to unemployment. In the benchmark model, we find that the optimal replacement rate in the presence of home production is roughly 40% of wages, which is 40% lower than the no home production model’s optimal replacement rate of 65%. The 40% optimal rate is also close to the estimated rate in practice. The fact that home production makes a significant difference in the optimal unemployment insurance rate is robust to a variety of parameterizations and alternative model environments.
Carbon-14 in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environment of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant: Sources of Production, Releases and Dose Estimates

The development history of nuclear power in world already has over passed the limit of 50 years. This time span was sufficiently long for many nuclear reactors to complete their operation stage and to enter the decommissioning stage. The Ignalina NPP (INPP), Lithuania, is one of them. Its operation history only lasted for 26 years for different reasons but mainly the political ones. The INPP consists of two RBMK-1500 reactor units, Unit 1 and Unit 2 (Almenas et al., 1998). The ‘‘1500’’ refers to the designed electrical power in units of MW. Its designed thermal rating is 4800 MW. The nominal thermal power is 4250 MW, and the nominal electrical power is 1300 MW. The RBMK is a graphite-moderated boiling water channel-type reactor with the principle of electricity generation the same as for boiling water reactors (BWRs). The Ignalina NPP is located in the north-eastern part of Lithuania near the borders of Belarus and Latvia (Fig. 1). The NPP uses the Lake Druksiai as a natural reservoir for cooling water. The surface area and volume of the lake are 4.9×107 m2 and 3.7×108 m3, respectively. The maximum depth is 33 m, while the average depth is 7.6 m. The Lake Druksiai is a flow-through lake with six small creeks flowing in and one river, with a water regulation dam, flowing out. The two reactor units, Unit 1 and Unit 2, were put into operation in December 1983 and August 1987, respectively. As a part of the obligations of the European Union Accession Treaty, Lithuania was required to shut down Units 1 and 2 of the INPP and to decommission them as soon as possible. Unit 1 was shut down on December 31, 2004 and Unit 2 on December 31, 2009. During the 26 years of operation, the INPP has produced 307.9 billion kWh of electricity: Unit 1 – 136.9 billion kWh and Unit 2 – 170.2 billion kWh. The total amount of electricity sold is 279.8 billion kWh (http://www.iae.lt). The INPP operational history and the routine radiation in environment monitoring data evidenced that INPP was operated safely and helpfully for the society. 14
INFLUENCE OF SALMONELLA INFECTION IN CHICKENS ON THE OUTCOME OF CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS IN EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

Meat, table eggs and their products are very important in human nutrition. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the health status of commercial flocks as much as the quality of poultry products in the food chain. Campylobacter sp. and Salmonella sp. are widely distributed in nature. The influence of these bacteria on animal health depends on the immune response. If animals are not immunologicaly compromised, the infection is latent and clinical symptoms are absent. Unlike animals, these bacteria cause serious diseases in humans and the morbidity is quite high. The main transfer of infection to humans is via poultry products. The goal of this work was to study the role of Salmonella in artificially infected chickens onto the outcome of clinical campylobacteriosis. It is certain that salmonella infection in poultry damages the immune system of chickens, enabling Campylobacter to multiply and subsequently induce a disease. Three groups of chickens were included in the experiment. The first group received a suspension of field strain of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis). The second group received an inoculum prepared from the field isolate of Campylobacter jejuni and the third group received the field isolate of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, only. In artificially infected chickens Campylobacter and Salmonella were confirmed by isolation and identification according to morphological, cultural and biochemical properties. Humoral immune response of infected chickens was monitored using the complement fixation test (CFT). In chickens infected with C. jejuni and S. Enteritidis the clinical symptoms were recorded. The results from this experiment show that salmonella infection damages the immune system of the chickens enabling Campylobacter to alter the health status of the host.