Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Histologic comparison of healing after ridge preservation using human demineralized bone matrix putty with one versus two different-sized bone particles.

BACKGROUND Ridge preservation can minimize the loss of alveolar bone subsequent to tooth extraction in preparation for implant therapy. The purpose of this study is to histologically and clinically compare human demineralized bone matrix (DBM) putty with one size of bone particles (SPS) to human DBM putty with two different sizes of bone particles (multiple particle sizes [MPS]) in ridge preservation after molar extractions. METHODS Molar tooth extraction and ridge preservation were performed in 20 participants for each treatment group. Approximately 20 weeks after grafting, core biopsies were obtained during implant placement and analyzed under light microscopy. Specimens were analyzed for the percentage area of vital bone, residual graft particles, and non-mineralized structures (connective tissue/other non-mineralized tissue [CT]). Changes in alveolar ridge dimensions were also determined. RESULTS Sixteen participants in the SPS group and 14 in the MPS group completed the study. The SPS group had a mean of 49% vital bone, 8% residual graft, and 43% CT. The MPS group had 53%, 5%, and 42%, respectively. Patients in both groups lost a mean of <1 mm alveolar height on the buccal and lingual aspects and <1.5 mm of total ridge width. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups for any clinical or histologic parameters. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that addition of larger bone particles to DBM putty does not offer additional benefit in the preservation of alveolar bone after the extraction of molar teeth.
Pharmacy Students' Perceptions and Emotional Responses to Aggressive Incidents in Pharmacy Practice

Objective. To explore pharmacy students' experiences with and perceptions of aggressive incidents in pharmacy practice. Methods. Data were taken from a survey completed by second-year pharmacy (P2) students and analyzed using a retrospective, cross-sectional design. Survey items were adapted using the following scales: Perception of Aggression Survey (POAS), List of Aggressive Incidents experienced by mental health staff, and List of Emotions experienced by nurses. Results. The majority of respondents did not identify aggression as normal, instead perceiving it as a violent reaction and functional. The 3 most frequent aggressive incidents experienced were: verbal abuse to face (40%); verbal abuse on the phone (39%); and refusal to cooperate with instructions (34%). The 3 most frequent emotions reported were: frustration (70%), empathy (65%), and no pride in their profession (70% rarely-never). Conclusion. Pharmacy students reported experiencing aggressive incidents with patients in person and on the phone, and with patients not following instructions. Preparing future pharmacists in techniques to address and resolve patients' aggression must become a priority for pharmacy academia and further research in this area is needed.
10C-2 High Frequency Ultrasound Characterization of Blood Clotting Process: Results Obtained With Plasma and Whole Blood

In recent studies (Libgot-Calle et al. , Ultras. Med. Biol. ,2007, in press) we showed that a simultaneous measurement of high frequency acoustic parameters could provide quantitative informations regarding the coagulation of human whole blood in vitro. HF acoustic parameters were measured both in double transmission (DT) and backscattering (BS) modes and were linked to biophysical and biochemical changes in clotting blood. The aim of this study was to discriminate the respective influence of red blood cells (RBC) and plasma proteins - especially fibrin network formation - on the evolution of our DT parameters and therefore on the mechanical properties of the clot. A 30 MHz ultrasonic transducer was used to estimate acoustic velocity and integrated attenuation coefficient (IAC) in whole blood, blood with various hematocrit, plasma, and plasma with added thrombin and the results underlined a major influence of RBC on our parameters.
Subprocesses of Performance Monitoring: A Dissociation of Error Processing and Response Competition Revealed by Event-Related fMRI and ERPs

Performance monitoring can be implemented in the brain by two possible systems, one monitoring for response competition or one detecting errors. Two current models of performance monitoring have different views on these monitoring subsystems. While the error detection model proposes a specific error detection system, the response competition model denies the necessity of a specific error detector and favors a more general unitary system evaluating response conflict. Both models suggest that the frontomedian wall in the vicinity of the anterior cingulate sulcus plays an important role in performance monitoring. The present study investigates the hemodynamic and electrophysiological correlates of response competition and error processing. Twelve young healthy participants performed a speeded, modified flanker task, while fMRI signals and ERPs were measured in separate sessions. The event-related fMRI shows that networks involving the frontomedian wall are activated during both response competition and error processing. However, an anatomical dissociation was found: while error processing preferentially activates the human homologue of the cingulate motor area (CMA, BA 24c') in the depth of the anterior cingulate sulcus, response competition is accompanied by activation of the pre-SMA and mesial BA 8. The ERP waveforms for erroneous trials exhibit a large error-related negativity, which is most likely generated in the CMA. These results suggest that the CMA plays a major role in error processing. Further fMRI activations in the lateral prefrontal and primary motor cortex are discussed with respect to performance monitoring and its influence on task set reconfiguration.
A dose-effect analysis of children's exposure to dental amalgam and neuropsychological function: the New England Children's Amalgam Trial.

BACKGROUND The New England Children's Amalgam Trial (NECAT) was a five-year randomized trial of 534 6- to 10-year-old children that compared the neuropsychological outcomes of those whose caries were restored using dental amalgam with the outcomes of those those whose caries were restored using mercury-free resin-based composite. The primary intention-to-treat analyses did not reveal significant differences between the treatment groups on the primary or secondary outcomes of the administered psychological tests: Full-Scale IQ score on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition, General Memory Index of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, and Visual-Motor Composite of the Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities. METHODS To determine whether treatment group assignment, a dichotomous measure of exposure, was sufficiently sensitive to detect associations between mercury exposure and these outcomes, the authors conducted analyses to evaluate the associations between the primary and secondary outcomes and two continuously distributed indexes of potential exposure, surface-years of amalgam and urinary mercury excretion. RESULTS Neither index of mercury exposure was significantly associated with any of the three outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The authors found no evidence that exposure to mercury from dental amalgam was associated with any adverse neuropsychological effects over the five-year period after placement of amalgam restorations. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Analyses of the outcomes of the NECAT study indicate that use of dental amalgam was not associated with an increase in children's risk of experiencing neuropsychological dysfunction.
Non-Local Simulation of the Formation of Neoclassical Ambipolar Electric Field in Non-Axisymmetric Configurations

Neoclassical transport simulation code (FORTEC-3D) applicable to non-axisymmetric configurations is developed. A new hybrid simulation model in which ion transport is solved by using the δf Monte-Carlo method including the finite-orbit-width effects, while electron transport is solved by a reduced ripple-averaged kinetic equation, is adopted. This model makes it possible to simulate the dynamism of non-local transport phenomena with a self-consistently developing radial electric field within an allowable computation time. Time evolution of a radial electric field in LHD plasma is simulated in the full volume of the confinement region, and the finite-orbit-width effect of neoclassical transport is found to make the negative ambipolar electric field larger than that predicted by local transport theory.
Update on Multidetector Computed Tomography Imaging of the Airways

Recent advances in multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) technology have transformed the imaging evaluation of the trachea and bronchi. Multiplanar 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional volume reconstruction techniques, including external rendering and virtual bronchoscopy, can be generated in mere minutes, thereby complementing conventional axial CT imaging in the depiction of various central airway disease processes including airway stenoses, central airway neoplasms, and congenital airway disorders. Paired inspiratory and dynamic expiratory MDCT imaging, along with newer cine CT imaging methods, have enhanced the assessment of tracheobronchomalacia in both adults and the pediatric population. In addition, MDCT imaging plays an essential complementary role to conventional bronchoscopy, facilitating planning and guidance of bronchoscopic interventions, and providing a noninvasive method for postprocedural surveillance.
Nanosafety research--are we on the right track?

The number of studies that have been published on the topic of nanosafety speaks for itself. We have seen an almost exponential rise over the past 15 years or so in the number of articles on nanotoxicology. Although only a couple of hundred papers had appeared on the topic of "Nanomaterials: environmental and health effects" before 2000, this number has exploded to over 10 000 since 2001. Most of these studies, however, do not offer any kind of clear statement on the safety of nanomaterials. On the contrary, most of them are either self-contradictory or arrive at completely erroneous conclusions. Three years ago in this Journal we underscored the deficiencies in the way these studies were designed and pointed out the sources of error in the methods used. Now, on the basis of a comprehensive review of the literature and with the help of selected toxicological end points, we attempt to indicate where the significant weaknesses of these studies lie and what we must improve in the future.
Relationship between periodontal disease in pregnant women and the nutritional condition of their newborns.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether maternal periodontal disease (PD) could be associated with the nutritional condition of newborns. METHODS After controlling for traditional risk factors for premature childbirth and low birth weight, 69 mothers were selected: 13 were periodontally healthy and 56 had varying stages of PD. They and their newborns formed the study population. PD presence and severity were clinically determined using Russell's periodontal index. The nutritional evaluation of the newborns was determined by Lubchenco's modified growth patterns. RESULTS A decrease in the average newborn's weight and gestational age was observed as the mother's level of PD increased. Correlation analysis demonstrated a highly significant clinical relationship between more severe PD and lower birth weight (r = -0.49; P < 0.01); a highly significant relationship was also clinically demonstrated between increasing PD severity and decreasing gestational age of the newborn babies (r = -0.59; P < 0.01). There were significant differences in the weight and gestational age of the newborns of mothers with PD. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that PD in pregnant women could be a clinically significant risk factor for preterm deliveries and low birth weight. There was considerable variability in the results, and these preliminary findings need to be confirmed in larger studies.
Unobservable Selection and Coefficient Stability: Theory and Validation

A common heuristic for evaluating robustness of results to omitted variable bias is to look at coefficient movements after inclusion of controls. This heuristic is informative only if selection on observables is proportional to selection on unobservables. I formalize this link, drawing on theory in Altonji, Elder and Taber (2005) and show how, with this assumption, coefficient movements, along with movements in R-squared values, can be used to calculate omitted variable bias. I discuss empirical implementation and describe a formal bounding argument to replace the coefficient movement heuristic. I show two validation exercises suggesting that this bounding argument would perform well empirically. I discuss application of this procedure to a large set of publications in economics, and use evidence from randomized studies to draw guidelines as to appropriate bounding values.
Teachers' In-Flight Thinking in Inclusive Classrooms

This article explores the thinking of five junior high school teachers as they teach students with learning difficulties in inclusive classrooms. Insights into the ways these teachers think about students in these inclusive secondary school contexts were obtained through triangulating data from semistructured interviews, stimulated recall of in-flight thinking, and researcher field notes. Exploration of teachers' in-flight thinking (i.e., the thinking of teachers as they engaged in classroom teaching) revealed a knowledge of individual students that was not related to categorical notions of learning difficulties. This research has implications for the practice of teaching in inclusive settings as well as for teacher preparation. Specifically, it suggests that attention to student differences should be replaced by the development of teachers' knowledge about individual students as a rich source of practical knowledge and the basis for developing effective instructional techniques.
Skeletal unloading induces resistance to insulin‐like growth factor I

In previous studies with a hindlimb elevation model, we demonstrated that skeletal unloading transiently inhibits bone formation. This effect is limited to the unloaded bones (the normally loaded humerus does not cease growing), suggesting that local factors are of prime importance. IGF‐I is one such factor; it is produced in bone and stimulates bone formation. To determine the impact of skeletal unloading on IGF‐I production and function, we assessed the mRNA levels of IGF‐I and its receptor (IGF‐IR) in the proximal tibia and distal femur of growing rats during 2 weeks of hindlimb elevation. The mRNA levels for IGF‐I and IGF‐IR rose during hindlimb elevation, returning toward control values during recovery. This was accompanied by a 77% increase in IGF‐I levels in the bone, peaking at day 10 of unloading. Changes in IGF binding protein levels were not observed. Infusion of IGF‐I (200 μg/day) during 1 week of hindlimb elevation doubled the increase in bone mass of the control animals but failed to reverse the cessation of bone growth in the hindlimb‐elevated animals. We conclude that skeletal unloading induces resistance to IGF‐I, which may result secondarily in increased local production of IGF‐I.
Can a motion‐blind patient reach for moving objects?

It has been claimed that the visual brain is organized in two separate processing streams for spatial vision: one for perception and one for action. To determine whether motion vision is also divided into vision for action and for perception we examined the interceptive behaviour of the motion‐blind patient LM. The task for LM and three age‐matched control subjects was to reach‐and‐grasp for an object that moved away. Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects on perfomance of target speed (Expt 1), observation time (Expt 2) and visual feedback (Expt 3). As LM is only able to reach for objects which move at 0.5 m/s or less, her performance is inferior to that of controls who can reach for objects moving at 1.0 m/s, but it is better than would be expected from her performance in psychophysical experiments on her motion vision. Kinematic analysis of LM's reaching movements showed that she adapted the speed of her moving hand to the speed of the target but only when full vision was available. In contrast to normal subjects, LM required long observation times and vision of her moving hand to produce successful reaching responses. Thus, the impairment of both perception and action in LM suggests that the motion area MT/V5 is located at an early stage of the extrastriate hierarchy and provides input to both the perception and the action processing streams.
Growth and spectra of gravity–capillary waves in countercurrent air/water turbulent flow

Using direct numerical simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, we analyse the dynamics of the interface between air and water when the two phases are driven by opposite pressure gradients (countercurrent configuration). The Reynolds number ( $\mathit{Re}_{{\it\tau}}$ ), the Weber number ( $\mathit{We}$ ) and the Froude number ( $\mathit{Fr}$ ) fully describe the physical problem. We examine the problem of the transient growth of interface waves for different combinations of physical parameters. Keeping $\mathit{Re}_{{\it\tau}}$ constant and varying $\mathit{We}$ and $\mathit{Fr}$ , we show that, in the initial stages of the wave generation process, the amplitude of the interface elevation ${\it\eta}$ grows in time as ${\it\eta}\propto t^{2/5}$ . The wavenumber spectra, $E(k_{x})$ , of the surface elevation in the capillary range are in good agreement with the predictions of wave turbulence theory. Finally, the wave-induced modification of the average wind and current velocity profiles is addressed.
Histological differentiation of human fetal kidney

Introduction: The description of development of human kidney given in various textbooks doesn't include detail microscopic appearance of kidney at various fetal ages. So an attempt was made in this study to gather information on this topic. Material and methods: The present study was carried out on 15 human fetuses of known gestational age (GA). The sections of kidney were processed and were stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin. Results: At 1th week of GA various stages of developing glomeruli were observed in the substance of the kidneys. In the cortex, various cut sections of the tubules were observed without any differentiation as proximal (PCT) and distal tubules (OCT). The second trimester section showed well differentiated the PCT and OCT by 16th week. Distinct brush border was observed in PCT by the 16th week. Immature duct system was observed in the medulla. The nephrogenic zone was appreciated till 36 weeks. By zs" week the sections of OCT were observed adjacent to the renal corpuscles indicating the developing juxtaglomerular apparatus. Conclusion: As it is essential to know the developmental morphology of kidney, the present study explains every component of it in detail.
A Strongly Unforgeable Signature under the CDH Assumption without Collision Resistant Hash Functions

Unforgeability of digital signatures is closely related to the security of hash functions since hashing messages, such as hash-and-sign paradigm, is necessary in order to sign (arbitrarily) long messages. Recent successful collision finding attacks against practical hash functions would indicate that constructing practical collision resistant hash functions is difficult to achieve. Thus, it is worth considering to relax the requirement of collision resistance for hash functions that is used to hash messages in signature schemes. Currently, the most efficient strongly unforgeable signature scheme in the standard model which is based on the CDH assumption (in bilinear groups) is the Boneh-Shen-Waters (BSW) signature proposed in 2006. In their scheme, however, a collision resistant hash function is necessary to prove its security. In this paper, we construct a signature scheme which has the same properties as the BSW scheme but does not rely on collision resistant hash functions. Instead, we use a target collision resistant hash function, which is a strictly weaker primitive than a collision resistant hash function. Our scheme is, in terms of the signature size and the computational cost, as efficient as the BSW scheme.
Flow effects in balanced steady state free precession imaging

An analysis of the effect of flow on 2D fully balanced steady state free precession (SSFP) imaging is presented. Transient and steady‐state SSFP signal intensities in the presence of steady and pulsatile flow were simulated using a matrix formalism based on the Bloch equations. Various through‐plane flow waveforms and rates were modeled numerically considering factors such as the excitation slice profile and both in‐ and out‐flow effects. Phantom measurements in an experimental setup that allowed the assessment of SSFP signal properties as a function of frequency offset and flow rate demonstrated that the computer simulations provided a suitable description of the effects of flow in SSFP imaging. A volunteer scan was performed to provide in vivo validations. For accurate modeling of SSFP signal intensities it is crucial to include effects such as imperfect slice profiles and, more importantly, “out‐of‐slice” contributions to the signal. Both simulations and experiments show that there can be considerably large—frequency offset dependent—signal contributions from flowing spins that have already left the imaging slice but still add to the SSFP signal. Although spins leaving the slice do not experience additional RF‐excitation, gradient activity is not confined to the region of excitations and the balanced nature of the SSFP imaging gradients allows “out‐of‐slice” transverse magnetization to contribute to the total SSFP signal, effectively by broadening the slice thickness for flowing spins. This results in a frequency dependence of in‐flow related signal enhancement and flow artifacts. Magn Reson Med 50:892–903, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mid-frontal EEG alpha asymmetries predict individual differences in one aspect of theory of mind: Mental state decoding

Abstract Mental state decoding is the aspect of theory-of-mind (ToM) reasoning that requires individuals to make judgments about others’ mental states based solely on immediately available information. We investigated whether individual differences in resting, task-independent frontal EEG alpha asymmetries predicted performance on the “Mind in the Eyes” (MIE) task, which is an established measure of mental state decoding skills. Group analyses showed that mental state decoding skills were stronger among those with right-lateralized frontal activation. Individual differences analyses showed that the degree of relative right mid-frontal activation predicted performance on the task. These findings establish a neural correlate of individual differences in one aspect of ToM, and hypotheses about the precise mechanism involved are discussed.