Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extramarital Sex Among Vietnamese Married Men: Results of a Survey in Urban and Rural Areas of Northern and Southern Vietnam

Research on extramarital sex (EMS) is commonly conducted from a perspective that implicitly understands this behavior as a violation of the marital relationship. In contrast, Vietnamese cultural norms have, at some points in history, condoned if not outright encouraged EMS in the name of preserving family lineage. Yet little is known about the prevalence of EMS among contemporary Vietnamese men and its association with marriage quality. This is a notable gap, given the enormous sociocultural and ideological shifts the country has experienced over the past several decades. Drawing upon a sample of 126 married men (Mean age = 45.56; SD = 10.52) surveyed in urban (Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City) and rural areas (Ha Tay and Can Tho) in Vietnam, we examined the relationship between EMS and geographic region, demographic characteristics, sexual values, quality of marriage, and sexual satisfaction within marriage. Our results show that geographic location had a strong impact on EMS, while most marital relationship quality variables did not impact the odds of EMS for married men in Vietnam.
An Affection of Blog Service Quality on Service Value and Customer Satisfaction : Focusing on Cyword

In terms of company management for market segmentation and creating new market opportunity, Blog service has much important meanings. This study was designed to investigate the casual relationship among service quality, service value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty in the given blog service site "Cyworld". Through the empirical results, specific factors of blog service quality were discovered to be amusement, interaction, customization, reliability and convenience. Also rte confirmed that service value intervening between blog service quality and customer satisfaction plays an important role. This paper presents much implications both theoretical and practical side.
Aminoacylating Urzymes Challenge the RNA World Hypothesis*♦

Background: RNA World scenarios require high initial fidelity, greatly slowing lift-off. Results: Class I TrpRS and Class II HisRS Urzymes (120–130 residues) both acylate tRNAs ∼106 times faster than the uncatalyzed peptide synthesis rate. Conclusion: Urzymes appear highly evolved, implying that they had even simpler ancestors. Significance: High Urzyme catalytic proficiencies imply that translation began in a Peptide·RNA World. We describe experimental evidence that ancestral peptide catalysts substantially accelerated development of genetic coding. Structurally invariant 120–130-residue Urzymes (Ur = primitive plus enzyme) derived from Class I and Class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) acylate tRNA far faster than the uncatalyzed rate of nonribosomal peptide bond formation from activated amino acids. These new data allow us to demonstrate statistically indistinguishable catalytic profiles for Class I and II aaRSs in both amino acid activation and tRNA acylation, over a time period extending to well before the assembly of full-length enzymes and even further before the Last Universal Common Ancestor. Both Urzymes also exhibit ∼60% of the contemporary catalytic proficiencies. Moreover, they are linked by ancestral sense/antisense genetic coding, and their evident modularities suggest descent from even simpler ancestral pairs also coded by opposite strands of the same gene. Thus, aaRS Urzymes substantially pre-date modern aaRS but are, nevertheless, highly evolved. Their unexpectedly advanced catalytic repertoires, sense/antisense coding, and ancestral modularities imply considerable prior protein-tRNA co-evolution. Further, unlike ribozymes that motivated the RNA World hypothesis, Class I and II Urzyme·tRNA pairs represent consensus ancestral forms sufficient for codon-directed synthesis of nonrandom peptides. By tracing aaRS catalytic activities back to simpler ancestral peptides, we demonstrate key steps for a simpler and hence more probable peptide·RNA development of rapid coding systems matching amino acids with anticodon trinucleotides.
Formation of N-substituted 2-iminothiolanes when amino groups in proteins and peptides are modified by 2-iminothiolane.

The reagent 2-iminothiolane (2-IT) is used to introduce thiol groups into proteins and peptides by reactions of their amino groups. In this study, we report that the thiol adduct initially formed by the reaction of an amine with 2-IT (a 4-mercaptobutyramidine) is unstable and decays by a first-order process to a nonthiol product (an N-substituted 2-iminothiolane) with the loss of ammonia. The thiol adducts derived from amines of low pKa values (approximately 8; e.g., alpha-amino groups in peptides) decay more rapidly than those derived from amines of high pKa values ( similar 9.5; e.g., benzylamine, ethanolamine, lysine residues in proteins), with half-lives at pH 8 ranging from 0.3 to 3 h at 23 degrees C, and from 1 to 44 h at 0 degrees C. In the case of reactions of peptides with 2-IT, the substituents at the alpha-carbon also influence the decay of the initial thiol adducts. The decay of the initial thiol adduct to an N-substituted 2-iminothiolane was confirmed for the reaction between benzylamine and 2-IT by the isolation of N-benzyl-2-iminothiolane and its characterization by elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. The decay of the initial 4-mercaptobutyramidine is prevented if the thiol group is capped, e. g. , in the form of a disulfide group, or if the solution is acidified (pH 3 to 4). Immediate capping of the thiol is, therefore, recommended when using 2-IT in the formation of bioconjugates. For amines of high pKa, the N-substituted 2-iminothiolane product can be cleaved by hydroxylamine, resulting initially in a thiol which then decays to N-hydroxy-2-iminothiolane regenerating the original amine. For amines of low pKa, the N-substituted 2-iminothiolane product can be hydrolyzed at pH 5 to generate a stable thiol with an amide functionality (an N-substituted 4-mercaptobutyramide).
Variasi Penghitungan dan Penyetoran Pajak Penghasilan Pasal 21

The objective of this qualitative study is to describe the implementation of employment tax regulation on PT X, a manufacturing company and to confirm there are any tendencies to have a different method or the calculation may vary on employment tax and to explain the rationales behind them in such a big and tend-to-comply company. This qualitative study is done with single case study approach. The results of this study shows that in 2006, PT X calculated and paid the employment tax for permanent and non-permanent (daily-paid) employees with a different techniques as describe on the tax regulation.The variations is found on monthly employment tax calculation for permanent employees that will be recalculated on yearly basis and on daily-paid employee for calculation simplification. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat variasi cara penghitungan dan penyetoran Pajak Penghasilan Pasal 21/26 di perusahaan besar dan memiliki kecenderungan untuk lebih patuh. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah studi kasus tunggal pada PT X, sebuah perusahaan manufaktur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di tahun 2006 ada perbedaan penghitungan dan penyetoran PPh Pasal 21/26 antara yang dilakukan PT X dengan yang diatur oleh peraturan perpajakan, khususnya untuk pegawai tetap dan tidak tetap (harian). Variasi cara penghitungan dilakukan pada pegawai tetap karena adanya penghitungan ulang saat penyusunan SPT PPh Pasal 21 Tahunan dan pada pegawai harian karena penyederhaan cara penghitungan PPh 21/26 yang dianggap relatif rumit. Kata kunci: pajak penghasilan, PPh Pasal 21, variasi penghitungan PPh Pasal 21
FDI and Domestic Firms’ Export Behaviour: Evidence from Vietnam

This study investigates firms’ export behaviour in the manufacturing sector in Vietnam, using a Heckman sample selection model estimated over firm-level data in 2003 and 2004. Empirical results indicate that (i) firm-specific characteristics have significant impacts on firm export behaviour; (ii) there exist significant export spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to domestic firms; and (iii) spillovers are heterogeneous and depend on firm characteristics. Firm age, private ownership, average wage and import intensity are found to have positive and significant impacts on the spillover magnitude, whereas firm size and domestic competition exert negative and significant impacts.
Activated microglia in cortex of mouse models of mucopolysaccharidoses I and IIIB

α-N-Acetylglucosaminidase deficiency (mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB, MPS IIIB) and α-l-iduronidase deficiency (MPS I) are heritable lysosomal storage diseases; neurodegeneration is prominent in MPS IIIB and in severe cases of MPS I. We have obtained morphologic and molecular evidence for the involvement of microglia in brain pathology of mouse models of the two diseases. In the cortex, a subset of microglia (sometimes perineuronal) consists of cells that are probably phagocytic; they have large storage vacuoles, react with MOMA-2 (monoclonal antibody against macrophages) and Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin IB4, and stain intensely for the lysosomal proteins Lamp-1, Lamp-2, and cathepsin D as well as for GM3 ganglioside. MOMA-2-positive cells appear at 1 and 6 months in MPS IIIB and MPS I mice, respectively, but though their number increases with age, they remain sparse. However, a profusion of cells carrying the macrophage CD68/macrosialin antigen appear in the cortex of both mouse models at 1 month. mRNA encoding CD68/macrosialin also increases at that time, as shown by microarray and Northern blot analyses. Ten other transcripts elevated in both mouse models are associated with macrophage functions, including complement C4, the three subunits of complement C1q, lysozyme M, cathepsins S and Z, cytochrome b558 small subunit, macrophage-specific protein 1, and DAP12. An increase in IFN-γ and IFN-γ receptor was observed by immunohistochemistry. These functional increases may represent activation of resident microglia, an influx and activation of blood monocytes, or both. They show an inflammatory component of brain disease in the two MPS, as is known for many neurodegenerative disorders.
Surgical repair of complete proximal hamstring tendon ruptures in water skiers and bull riders: a report of four cases and review of the literature

Objective: Hamstring strains are one of the most common muscle strains in athletes; however, complete rupture of the proximal hamstring origin is rare and results from significant trauma. The objective of this paper is to present our experience of management of complete ruptures where surgical repair resulted in good results in both acute and delayed cases. Methods: Two water skiers and two bull riders sustained complete rupture of the proximal origin of the hamstring muscles. All underwent repair of the hamstring origin and sciatic nerve neurolysis. A post operative hamstring rehabilitation programme was instituted. Regular follow up was performed at 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Results: At a minimum final follow up of 12 months all patients had regained functional knee flexion strength with no pain and a near normal range of knee flexion. All four individuals were able to return to their previous line of work and three were able to return to their pre-injury level of sport. Conclusion: Complete rupture of the hamstring origin is a potentially devastating sports injury that has implications affecting the individual’s activities of daily living as well as potential as a sportsperson. Surgical repair restores the distorted anatomy, allows early functional rehabilitation, and avoids the potential debilitating neurological problem of gluteal sciatica.
Impact of microfinance on sustainable entrepreneurship development

The proponents of inclusive financial growth believe that giving relatively larger loans to the non-poor or near-poor entrepreneurs is the response of the microfinance institutions (MFIs) toward the demand of a existing and potential clients. But opponents are more likely to consider response such as mission drift by the MFIs. Therefore, this study attempts to measure the effectiveness of such microenterprise loans on increasing entrepreneurs' incomes and innovation. Our findings support the proponents of giving loans to entrepreneurs. Findings suggest that larger loans increase income, but less innovative business practice might threaten such income. Therefore, we recommend that microenterprise loans associated with proper business skills, information, and technologies be provided by MFIs with careful screening and monitoring to ensure the effective utilization of loan capital.
The Effect of Proclivity to Open Innovation, Job Complexity and Technology Turbulence on Creativity: Evidence from Technologically Less Advanced Countries

Despite the growing interest on open innovation, its effect on creativity has not yet been received a scholarly attention. Also, the effect of job design and turbulent environment on creativity in technologically less advanced countries is largely unexplored. Closing this gap, present study investigates the effect of proclivity to open innovation, job complexity, and technology turbulence on creativity. Building on the componential theory of creativity and job characteristics model of work motivation, this paper proposes positive causations from open innovation proclivity and job complexity to creativity. A positive effect from the technology turbulence to creativity is posited. Also, moderating roles of job complexity and technology turbulence on proclivity to OI are assessed. The findings from a cross-sectional survey of 363 managerial employees in Sri Lanka indicate that open innovation proclivity, technology turbulence and job complexity have positive effect on creativity. Also, both moderating variables have negative effect. Thus, managerial employeesâ€™ baseline attitudes towards open innovation, complex job designs and turbulent environment enhance creativity. Also, highly complex job designs and turbulent environment undermine the effect of proclivity to open innovation on creativity. Consequently, while using open innovation to promote creativity, the firms should be cautious on the adverse effect of highly complex job designs and turbulent environment. Finally, this paper provides implications, limitations and opportunities for future research.
Dividend Changes and the Persistence of Past Earnings Changes, Empirical Evidence from the Athens Stock Exchange

There will be examined whether the market interprets changes in dividends as a signal about the persistence of past earnings changes. Prior to observing the signal of this change, investors may believe that previous earnings variations are not necessarily indicative of future earnings levels. There will be investigated whether a change in dividends modifies investors' assessments about the valuation implications of past earnings. Results confirm the hypothesis that changes in dividends cause investors to revise their expectations about the persistence of past earnings changes. This effect varies predictably with the magnitude of the dividend change and the sign of the past earnings change.
College Students Who Have an Eveningness Preference Report Lower Self‐Control and Greater Procrastination

Previous research suggests a possible link between eveningness and general difficulties with self‐regulation (e.g., evening types are more likely than other chronotypes to have irregular sleep schedules and social rhythms and use substances). Our study investigated the relationship between eveningness and self‐regulation by using two standardized measures of self‐regulation: the Self‐Control Scale and the Procrastination Scale. We predicted that an eveningness preference would be associated with poorer self‐control and greater procrastination than would an intermediate or morningness preference. Participants were 308 psychology students (mean age=19.92 yrs) at a small Canadian college. Students completed the self‐regulation questionnaires and Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) online. The mean MEQ score was 46.69 (SD=8.20), which is intermediate between morningness and eveningness. MEQ scores ranged from definite morningness to definite eveningness, but the dispersion of scores was skewed toward more eveningness. Pearson and partial correlations (controlling for age) were used to assess the relationship between MEQ score and the Self‐Control Scale (global score and 5 subscale scores) and Procrastination Scale (global score). All correlations were significant. The magnitude of the effects was medium for all measures except one of the Self‐Control subscales, which was small. A multiple regression analysis to predict MEQ score using the Self‐Control Scale (global score), Procrastination Scale, and age as predictors indicated the Self‐Control Scale was a significant predictor (accounting for 20% of the variance). A multiple regression analysis to predict MEQ scores using the five subscales of the Self‐Control Scale and age as predictors showed the subscales for reliability and work ethic were significant predictors (accounting for 33% of the variance). Our study showed a relationship between eveningness and low self‐control, but it did not address whether the relationship is a causal one.
Entrepreneurial Deficits in the Global Firm

In this chapter we address the lack of sufficient entrepreneurship in multinational enterprises that seek to improve their ability to achieve national responsiveness. The main reason for this deficiency appears to be the transfer of proven routines from the home country, even when it is clear from the outset that these routines will simply not work, and will require much more than a quasi-mechanistic 'adaptation' to the new environment. What many MNEs urgently need is to close their entrepreneurial deficits in host countries, by allowing novel resource recombinations. These resource recombinations should lead to accessing fully the coveted host country location advantages that triggered entry in these countries, and to success in the market place.
The Nordic Banking Crisis : Pitfalls in Financial Liberalization: Pitfalls in Financial Liberalization

This study examines the banking crises in Finland, Norway and Sweden, which took place in the early 1990s, and draws some policy conclusions from their experiences. One key conclusion is that factors in addition to business cycle effects explain the Nordic countries financial problems. Although the timing of the deregulation in all three countries coincided with a strongly expansionary macroeconomic momentum, the main reasons for the banking crises were the delayed policy responses, the structural characteristics of the financial systems, and the banks inadequate internal risk-management controls.
Personal Efficacy and Factors of Effective Learning Environment in Higher Education: Croatian and American Students

Successful learning in higher education incorporates various factors related to knowledge, skills, habits, and motivation. Additionally, students’ personalities and self-efficacy may contribute to their adjustment, planning of activities, and achieving success. The objective of this paper is to analyze students’ needs for support services, which enhance the effectiveness of their learning environment at higher education institutions. Answers received from a sample of undergraduate freshmen at one American University and one Croatian University were analyzed and compared. The students from both countries agree that there is a need for developing self-reliance and personal responsibility in using support services, as well as for the timely and accurate information on availability of these services. Students’ suggestions and their desire to enhance effectiveness of their learning environment may be used in creating and improving support services in higher education institutions as well as training their staff.
Infant-parent bed sharing in an inner-city population.

BACKGROUND In the United States, infant-parent bed sharing is a controversial and poorly understood practice. Proponents site potential advantages such as increases in bonding and facilitation of breastfeeding, whereas opponents site potential increases in risks of suffocation and sudden infant death syndrome, particularly among mothers who smoke. Few studies have examined normative practices in low-income populations. OBJECTIVES To describe sleep practices in a cohort of infants born to predominantly low-income, inner-city mothers, to examine stability in sleep practices during the first 7 to 12 months of life, and to identify factors associated with bed sharing. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective birth cohort study in the District of Columbia, with recruitment taking place between August 1995 and September 1996 and follow-up from November 1995 to September 1997. PARTICIPANTS Maternal-infant pairs were systematically selected from 3 hospitals. We interviewed 394 mothers shortly after delivery and at 3 to 7 months post partum. Of these, 369 were interviewed again at 7 to 12 months post partum. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Usual bed sharing. RESULTS At age 3 to 7 months (mean age, 129 days), 201 infants (51%) usually slept alone and 191 (48%) usually slept in a bed with a parent or other adult. Similarly, at age 7 to 12 months (mean age, 262 days), 190 infants (51%) usually slept alone and 175 (47%) usually slept in a bed with a parent or other adult. Of the infants who slept with a parent or other adult at age 3 to 7 months, 75% continued to do so at age 7 to 12 months. Similarly, of infants who usually slept alone at age 3 to 7 months, only 22% were reported to be usual bed sharers at age 7 to 12 months. In multivariate analyses, factors associated with bed sharing at both follow-up interviews included single marital status of the mother (first interview: odds ratio [OR] = 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-3.27; second interview: OR = 1.81; 95% CI, 1.02-3.25) and 1 or more moves since the birth of the infant (first interview: OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.10-3.01; second interview: OR = 1.73; 95% CI, 1.05-2.86). Breastfeeding and household crowding were not significantly associated with bed sharing. CONCLUSIONS Bed sharing was common in this inner-city population, and sleep practices were relatively stable during the first 7 to 12 months of life. These findings underscore the need for additional research clarifying the benefits and risks of bed sharing.
Understanding Consumer Virtual Shopping Behavior in 3D Virtual Worlds: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation

While (Koufaris 2002) noted that electronic commerce must be understood from the perspective that web consumers are simultaneously information technology users, we argue that emerging 3D virtual worlds add another dimension of viewing consumers, as embodied avatars (i.e. 3D representations of the consumers), who interact with other avatars (buyers or sellers), and are able to purchase products within a shared virtual place. These mediated interactions and behaviors involve cognitive and emotional experiences for which current theories such as the theory of planned behavior and the theory of technology acceptance model might be limited in capturing their complexity. The purpose of this research in progress is to suggest and empirically validate a theoretical model grounded in psychology, virtual reality and environmental theories. This theoretical model is aimed at understanding the emerging complexity of consumer’s behavior in 3D virtual worlds. Expected implications for research and practice are also discussed.