Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High Working Memory Load Increases Intracortical Inhibition in Primary Motor Cortex and Diminishes the Motor Affordance Effect

Motor affordances occur when the visual properties of an object elicit behaviorally relevant motor representations. Typically, motor affordances only produce subtle effects on response time or on motor activity indexed by neuroimaging/neuroelectrophysiology, but sometimes they can trigger action itself. This is apparent in “utilization behavior,” where individuals with frontal cortex damage inappropriately grasp affording objects. This raises the possibility that, in healthy-functioning individuals, frontal cortex helps ensure that irrelevant affordance provocations remain below the threshold for actual movement. In Experiment 1, we tested this “frontal control” hypothesis by “loading” the frontal cortex with an effortful working memory (WM) task (which ostensibly consumes frontal resources) and examined whether this increased EEG measures of motor affordances to irrelevant affording objects. Under low WM load, there were typical motor affordance signatures: an event-related desynchronization in the mu frequency and an increased P300 amplitude for affording (vs nonaffording) objects over centroparietal electrodes. Contrary to our prediction, however, these affordance measures were diminished under high WM load. In Experiment 2, we tested competing mechanisms responsible for the diminished affordance in Experiment 1. We used paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over primary motor cortex to measure long-interval cortical inhibition. We found greater long-interval cortical inhibition for high versus low load both before and after the affording object, suggesting that a tonic inhibition state in primary motor cortex could prevent the affordance from provoking the motor system. Overall, our results suggest that a high WM load “sets” the motor system into a suppressed state that mitigates motor affordances. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Is an irrelevant motor affordance more likely to be triggered when you are under low or high cognitive load? We examined this using physiological measures of the motor affordance while working memory load was varied. We observed a typical motor affordance signature when working memory load was low; however, it was abolished when load was high. Further, there was increased intracortical inhibition in primary motor cortex under high working memory load. This suggests that being in a state of high cognitive load “sets” the motor system to be imperturbable to distracting motor influences. This makes a novel link between working memory load and the balance of excitatory/inhibitory activity in the motor cortex and potentially has implications for disorders of impulsivity.
Medication adherence in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory condition with intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations. Medications are the cornerstone of treatment of IBD. However, patients often adhere to medication poorly. Adherence to medications is defined as the process by which patients take their medications as prescribed. Treatment non-adherence is a common problem among chronic diseases, averaging 50% in developed countries and is even poorer in developing countries. In this review, we will examine the adherence data in IBD which vary greatly depending on the study population, route of administration, and methods of adherence measurement used. We will also discuss the adverse clinical outcomes related to non-adherence to medical treatment including increased disease activity, flares, loss of response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy, and so forth. There are many methods to measure medication adherence namely direct and indirect methods, each with their advantages and drawbacks. Finally, we will explore different intervention strategies to improve adherence to medications.
In vitro and in vivo antimycobacterial activities of a new quinolone, DU-6859a

A new fluoroquinolone, DU-6859a, was studied for its in vitro and in vivo antimycobacterial activities. MIC determination by the agar dilution method with 7H11 medium revealed that DU-6859a had MICs at which 90% of M. kansasii (0.78 microgram/ml), M. marinum (1.56 micrograms/ml), M. scrofulaceum (1.56 micrograms/ml), M. fortuitum (0.39 microgram/ml), M. chelonae subsp. abscessus (6.25 micrograms/ml), and M. chelonae subsp. chelonae (1.56 micrograms/ml) were inhibited were 4 to 32 times lower than those of ofloxacin and sparfloxacin. The MICs of DU-6859a at which 90% of M. tuberculosis (0.2 microgram/ml) and M. avium-M. intracellulare complex (12.5 micrograms/ml each) were inhibited were comparable to those of sparfloxacin but were four- to eightfold lower than those of ofloxacin. Thus, DU-6859a possessed more potent in vitro activity than sparfloxacin and ofloxacin against most mycobacterial species. DU-6859a exerted significant efficacy against infections caused by M. intracellulare and M. chelonae subsp. abscessus induced in mice when it was given at a dose of 1 mg per mouse (ca. 50 mg/kg of body weight) in terms of reducing the frequency of occurrence and the degree of gross pulmonary or renal lesions and bacterial loads in the lungs, spleens, or kidneys. The efficacy of DU-6859a was greater than that of ofloxacin and was more pronounced against M. chelonae infections than against M. intracellulare infections.
The Impact of Moral Awareness on the Entrepreneurial Orientation - Performance Relationship in New Technology Based Firms

Prior studies have suggested the predominant role of the founder-manager´s moral awareness in the emergence and persistence of a strong entrepreneurial culture likely to shape the firm´s collective behavior. Although the strategic importance of founder-manager´s moral awareness on a general level is undisputed, one major shortcoming of prior studies has been to evaluate his influence in the firm. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the effect of technology founder-manager´s moral awareness on the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship in New Technology Based Firms. Not only do the results suggest that performance is positively influenced by its entrepreneurial orientation, but the findings also indicate that technology founder-manager´s moral awareness moderates the relationship. The entrepreneurial orientation-performance link is stronger for low levels of moral awareness. The study´s implications and future research directions are discussed.
A Domain-Independent Source of Cognitive Control for Task Sets: Shifting Spatial Attention and Switching Categorization Rules

To optimize task performance as circumstances unfold, cognitive control mechanisms configure the brain to prepare for upcoming events through voluntary shifts in task set. A foundational unanswered question concerns whether different domains of cognitive control (e.g., spatial attention shifts, shifts between categorization rules, or shifts between stimulus–response mapping rules) are associated with separate, domain-specific control mechanisms, or whether a common, domain-independent source of control initiates shifts in all domains. Previous studies have tested different domains of cognitive control in separate groups of subjects using different paradigms, yielding equivocal conclusions. Here, using rapid event-related MRI, we report evidence from a single paradigm in which subjects were cued to perform both shifts of spatial attention and switches between categorization rules. A conjunction analysis revealed a common transient signal evoked by switch cues in medial superior parietal lobule for both domains of control, revealing a single domain-independent control mechanism.
Mobile internet acceptance in Korea

Purpose – The increasing number of M‐internet subscribers and the fast growing revenue proves the great potential of M‐internet as well as the enormous business opportunity in Korea. The success in this business is dependent on understanding the concerns of customers and identifying the factors that promote the use of M‐internet. Thus, this paper aims to examine the human motivations underlying individual behavioral intention to use M‐internet in Korea.Design/methodology/approach – Employs TAM (technology acceptance model) as the base model and develops a more comprehensive version of TAM to better reflect M‐internet context. The model employs perceived playfulness, contents quality, system quality, internet experience and perceived price level, in addition to perceived usefulness and ease of use. Investigates the causal relationships among the constructs used in this revised TAM and identifies the direct and indirect causal role of the constructs in developing the intention to use M‐internet.Findings – F.
Enhancing Spinal Plasticity Amplifies the Benefits of Rehabilitative Training and Improves Recovery from Stroke

The limited recovery that occurs following stroke happens almost entirely in the first weeks postinjury. Moreover, the efficacy of rehabilitative training is limited beyond this narrow time frame. Sprouting of spared corticospinal tract axons in the contralesional spinal cord makes a significant contribution to sensorimotor recovery, but this structural plasticity is also limited to the first few weeks after stroke. Here, we tested the hypothesis that inducing plasticity in the spinal cord during chronic stroke could improve recovery from persistent sensorimotor impairment. We potentiated spinal plasticity during chronic stroke, weeks after the initial ischemic injury, in male Sprague-Dawley rats via intraspinal injections of chondroitinase ABC. Our data show that chondroitinase injections into the contralesional gray matter of the cervical spinal cord administered 28 d after stroke induced significant sprouting of corticospinal axons originating in the peri-infarct cortex. Chondroitinase ABC injection during chronic stroke without additional training resulted in moderate improvements of sensorimotor deficits. Importantly, this therapy dramatically potentiated the efficacy of rehabilitative training delivered during chronic stroke in a skilled forelimb reaching task. These novel data suggest that spinal therapy during chronic stroke can amplify the benefits of delayed rehabilitative training with the potential to reduce permanent disability in stroke survivors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain and spinal cord undergo adaptive rewiring (“plasticity”) following stroke. This plasticity allows for partial functional recovery from stroke induced sensorimotor impairments. However, the plasticity that underlies recovery occurs predominantly in the first weeks following stroke, and most stroke survivors are left with permanent disability even after rehabilitation. Using animal models, our data show that removal of plasticity-inhibiting signals in the spinal cord (via intraspinal injections of the enzyme chondroitinase ABC) augments rewiring of circuits connecting the brain to the spinal cord, even weeks after stroke. Moreover, this plasticity can be harnessed by rehabilitative training to significantly promote sensorimotor recovery. Thus, intraspinal therapy may augment rehabilitative training and improve recovery even in individuals living with chronic disability due to stroke.
Diurnal variation in the concentration of air ions of different mobility classes in a rural area

[1] Analyzed data consist of 8900 hourly average mobility distributions measured in the mobility range of 0.00041–3.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 (diameter range 0.36–79 nm) at Tahkuse Observatory, Estonia, in 1993–1994. The average diurnal variation in the concentration of cluster ions is typical for continental stations: the maximum in the early morning hours and the minimum in the afternoon. This is explained by variations in radon concentration. The diurnal variation for big cluster ions (0.5–1.3 cm2 V−1 s−1) differs from that for small cluster ions (1.3–3.14 cm2 V−1 s−1). The size distribution of intermediate and light large ions in the range of 1.6–22 nm is strongly affected by nucleation bursts of nanometer particles. On the burst days, the maximum concentration of intermediate ions (1.6–7.4 nm) is about the noontime and that of light large ions (7.4–22 nm) about 2 hours later. The concentration of heavy large ions (charged Aitken particles of diameters of 22–79 nm) is enhanced in the afternoon and this is explained by the bursts of nanometer particles and the subsequent growth of particles by condensation and coagulation. If the burst days are excluded, then in the warm season the concentration of Aitken particles increases during night. In the cold season, the diurnal variation is different and all the classes of aerosol ions (2.1–79 nm) show similar variation with the minimum at 0600 LT and the maximum in the afternoon; exceptions are the rare nucleation burst days.
Drinking water sources, mortality and diarrhea morbidity among young children in Northern Ghana

In the Upper East Region of Ghana, considerable resources have been invested in the provision of boreholes. As part of the Ghana Vitamin A Supplementation Trials' Survival Study which was carried out in one of the districts of the Upper East Region between January 1989 and December 1991, data were collected over a period of one calendar year on the drinking water sources used by approximately 13 000 mothers/guardians of over 20 000 children and on the morbidity and mortality experiences of these children. These data were used to describe seasonal and geographical variations in drinking water sources; to look for other predictors of water source use; and to establish whether the drinking water source was associated with the risk of child death or the period prevalence of diarrhea among young children.
Prevalence, control and awareness of high blood pressure among Canadian adults. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence and distribution of elevated blood pressure (BP) among Canadian adults and to determine the level of control, treatment, awareness and prevalence of other risk factors among adults with high BP. DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional surveys. SETTING Nine Canadian provinces, from 1986 to 1990. PARTICIPANTS A probability sample of 26,293 men and women aged 18 to 74 years was selected from the health insurance registers in each province. For 20,582 subjects, BP was measured at least twice. Nurses administered a standard questionnaire and recorded two BP measurements using a standardized technique. Two further BP readings, anthropometric measurements and a blood specimen for lipid analysis were obtained from those subjects who attended a clinic. OUTCOME MEASURES Mean values of systolic and diastolic BP, prevalence of elevated BP using different criteria, and prevalence of smoking, elevated blood cholesterol, body mass index, physical activity and presence of diabetes by high BP status are reported. MAIN RESULTS Sixteen percent of men and 13% of women had diastolic BP of 90 mm Hg or greater or were on treatment (or both). About 26% of these subjects were unaware of their hypertension, 42% were being treated and their condition controlled, 16% were treated and not controlled, and 16% were neither treated nor controlled. Use of non-pharmacologic treatment of high BP with or without medication was low (22%). Hypertensive subjects showed a higher prevalence of elevated total cholesterol, high body mass index, diabetes and sedentary lifestyle than normotensive subjects. Most people with elevated BP were in the 90 to 95 mm Hg range for diastolic pressure and 140 to 160 mm Hg range for systolic pressure. Prevalence of high isolated systolic BP sharply increased in men (40%) and women (49%) 65 to 74 years old. CONCLUSIONS The relatively low level of control of elevated BP calls for population and individual strategies, stressing a non-pharmacologic approach and addressing isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly.
The effect of light curing units and modes on cytotoxicity of resin-core systems.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxic effects of various resin-based core materials that were cured with three light curing units (LCUs) in different modes on L-929 mouse fibroblast cells over 24 h and 72 h periods. STUDY DESIGN Eighty-four cylindrical discs (2 mm in thickness and 6 mm in diameter) of each material (Rebilda, Voco; Build-It FR, Pentron; Clearfil DC Core, Kuraray and Bis-core, Bisco) were cured by QTH LCU (soft-up and high-power modes), LED LCU (exponential and standard modes) and PAC LCU (normal and ramp-curing modes). Then the samples were aged for 24 and 72 hours in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Ham's F12 (DMEM/F12). After each ageing interval, cytotoxicity of the extracts to cultured fibroblasts (L 929) was measured by MTT assay. The degree of cytotoxicity for each sample was determined according to the reference value represented by the cells with a pure culture medium. Statistical significance was determined by a multifactorial analysis of variance followed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test or independent t tests. RESULTS Data showed that there are significant differences among resin based core materials, LCUs, curing modes and time factors (p<0.001). The test materials cured with the QTH and LED demonstrated statistically higher cell survival rates when compared with those cured with the PAC (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Differential toxic effects of the resin-based core materials cured with QTH, LED and PAC on the fibroblast cells may prove to be very important when suitable resin-core systems, LCUs and curing modes are used for operative restorations.
Apparent angiotensin immunoreactivity in dog brain resulting from angiotensinase

INTEREST has recently developed in the possible existence of a brain renin-angiotensin system (FISCHER-FERRARO et al., 1971; GANTEN et al., 1971; REID & DAY, in press). The measurement of angiotensin I and I1 in brain tissue has therefore been attempted (FISCHER-FERRARO et al., 1971; GANTEN et al., 1971; SLAVEN, 1975; HORVATH et al., 1976; CHANGARIS et al., in press) but variable results have been obtained. In this laboratory (REID & DAY, in press), high levels of angiotensin I and I1 immunoreactivity were observed in dog brain extracts. However, the immunoreactivity did not appear to be authentic angiotensin, since the activity was not dialyzable, did not adsorb to Fuller's earth or Dowex, and was inactivated by acidification or boiling. Chromatography on Sephadex G-15 indicated that the size of the immunoreactive material was well in excess of synthetic angiotensin I (REID & DAY, in press). A possible explanation for these observations is that the immunoreactivity detected in the assay was actually due to angiotensinase. The measurement of any peptide by radioimmunoassay depends upon the displacement of radio-labelled peptide from a specific antibody by nonradioactive peptide present in the sample. The presence of peptidases in the sample would be expected to destroy '251-angiotensin in the angiotensin immunoassay, thus preventing binding of the '251-labelled material to the antibody. The decreased lz5I-binding could be mistakenly interpreted as displacement of '251-angiotensin by authentic angiotensin. Damage of iodinated hormones has been observed with insulin (YALOW & BERSON, 1960), ACTH (YALOW et al., 1964), growth hormone (GLICK et al., 1963), and glucagon (EISENTRAUT et al., 1968) and EISENTRAUT et al. (1968) have demonstrated that such damage can produce falsely high values in the plasma glucagon assay. Enzymes with angiotensinase activity are present in brain (MATSUNAGA et al., 1969; ABRASH et a! ., 1971; GOLDSTEIN et a/., 1972; GANTEN et al., 1975; GRYNBAUM & MARKS, 1976; DAY & REID, 1976). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility that the apparent angiotensin immunoreactivity in dog brain is due to angiotensinase.
The Different Behavioral Intentions of Collectivists and Individualists in Response to Social Exclusion

We investigated how participants with collectivistic and individualistic orientation cope with social exclusion on a behavioral level. In Studies 1 and 2, we found participants with more individualistic orientation to indicate more antisocial behavioral intentions in response to exclusion than in response to inclusion; however, participants with more collectivistic orientation did not differ in their behavioral intentions between exclusion and inclusion. In the third and fourth study, we replicated our findings across cultures: German and U.S. participants indicated more antisocial and avoiding behavioral intentions under exclusion than under inclusion, whereas Turkish and Indian participants did not differ in their behavioral intentions between exclusion and inclusion. In Studies 3 and 4, only German and U.S. participants were significantly affected by exclusion, showing more negative mood, which correlated with their behavioral intentions. In Study 4, the different behavioral intentions of collectivists and individualists were mediated by a different threat experience. The findings emphasize the role of self-construal and culture, as well as the self-threat inherent in exclusion.
Identification of Genes Downstream of Pax6 in the Mouse Lens Using cDNA Microarrays* 210

Pax6 is a transcription factor that regulates the development of the visual, olfactory, and central nervous systems, pituitary, and pancreas. Pax6 is required for induction, growth, and maintenance of the lens; however, few direct Pax6 target genes are known. This study was designed to identify batteries of differentially expressed genes in three related systems: 8-week old Pax6 heterozygous lenses, 8-week old Pax6 heterozygous eyes, and transgenic lenses overexpressing PAX6(5a), using high throughput cDNA microarrays containing about 9700 genes. Initially, we obtained almost 400 differentially expressed genes in lenses from mice heterozygous for a Pax6 deletion, suggesting that Pax6 haploinsufficiency causes global changes in the lens transcriptome. Comparisons between the three sets of analyses revealed that paralemmin, molybdopterin synthase sulfurylase,Tel6 oncogene (ETV6), a cleavage-specific factor (Cpsf1) and tangerin A were abnormally expressed in all three experimental models. Semiquantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis confirmed that all five of these genes were differentially expressed in Pax-6 heterozygous and Pax6(5a) transgenic lenses. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that paralemmin is found at high levels in the adult lens and confirmed its down-regulation in the Pax6(5a)-transgenic lenses. Collectively, our data provide insights into the genetic programs regulated by Pax6 in the lens.
Occlusion of the central retinal artery following anesthesia.

WHEN a coincidence is duplicated, one wonders whether the sum total of the circumstances do not have a causal relation rather than constitute an unrelated, chance happening. REPORT OF CASES Case 1. —On April 1, 1947, S. L. , a man in his late fifties, was operated on for carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Cyclopropane-oxygen-ether anesthesia was administered from 8:05 to 12:30 a.m., and cholecystojejunostomy was performed. The patient was in shock but recovered well. At 5 p.m. the same day he complained of blurred vision in the right eye. On April 2 ophthalmologic examination disclosed an abrasion of the right cornea, extending over half the surface. Examination of the fundus disclosed closure of the central retinal artery with a typical cherry red spot in the macula. The cornea healed; the vision never returned, and the impression was that of an unusual coincidence of abrasion of the cornea and