Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Name, What's in a Name? The Medicalization of Hyperactivity, Revisited

&NA; Although attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder has in recent years become one of the most common psychiatric problems diagnosed in children, its status as a medical disorder remains controversial, especially in Britain. This study examines the experience of parents and doctors dealing with hyperactive children, focusing in particular on the process of medicalization. It aims at understanding what is at stake for families and doctors and asks about the role of a medical label in the therapeutic process. It uses an anthropologically informed methodology, in which qualitative semistructured interviews of 1‐2 hours duration were held with 29 parents of hyperactive children and 10 general practitioners. Interviews were audiotaped; the content was transcribed and analyzed according to grounded hermeneutic theory. It was found that raising a hyperactive child can provoke a profou6nd sense of alienation in parents. Family and social roles are affected, as are parents' views of themselves in their parental and social roles. Parents tended to experience medicalization and labeling as important aspects of validation and legitimation of their experience, which gave them a sense of control and led to improved parent‐child relationships. Doctors felt more reluctant about such medicalization, fearing that it could lead to scapegoating the child and to self‐fulfilling prophecies. It may be concluded that the medical framework, especially the medical diagnosis, can provide a powerful tool that has both advantages and disadvantages in the therapeutic process. In trying to avoid stigmatization, doctors can delegitimate parents' experience, thus increasing their suffering.
Joint Weakly and Semi-Supervised Deep Learning for Localization and Classification of Masses in Breast Ultrasound Images

We propose a framework for localization and classification of masses in breast ultrasound images. We have experimentally found that training convolutional neural network-based mass detectors with large, weakly annotated datasets presents a non-trivial problem, while overfitting may occur with those trained with small, strongly annotated datasets. To overcome these problems, we use a weakly annotated dataset together with a smaller strongly annotated dataset in a hybrid manner. We propose a systematic weakly and semi-supervised training scenario with appropriate training loss selection. Experimental results show that the proposed method can successfully localize and classify masses with less annotation effort. The results trained with only 10 strongly annotated images along with weakly annotated images were comparable to results trained from 800 strongly annotated images, with the 95% confidence interval (CI) of difference −3%–5%, in terms of the correct localization (CorLoc) measure, which is the ratio of images with intersection over union with ground truth higher than 0.5. With the same number of strongly annotated images, additional weakly annotated images can be incorporated to give a 4.5% point increase in CorLoc, from 80% to 84.50% (with 95% CIs 76%–83.75% and 81%–88%). The effects of different algorithmic details and varied amount of data are presented through ablative analysis.
Loss of Phospholipid Asymmetry and Surface Exposure of Phosphatidylserine Is Required for Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells by Macrophages and Fibroblasts*

Removal of apoptotic cells during tissue remodeling or resolution of inflammation is critical to the restoration of normal tissue structure and function. During apoptosis, early surface changes occur, which trigger recognition and removal by macrophages and other phagocytes. Loss of phospholipid asymmetry results in exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS), one of the surface markers recognized by macrophages. However, a number of receptors have been reported to mediate macrophage recognition of apoptotic cells, not all of which bind to phosphatidylserine. We therefore examined the role of membrane phospholipid symmetrization and PS externalization in uptake of apoptotic cells by mouse macrophages and human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells by exposing them to cells that had undergone apoptosis without loss of phospholipid asymmetry. Neither mouse macrophages nor HT-1080 cells recognized or engulfed apoptotic targets that failed to express PS, in comparison to PS-expressing apoptotic cells. If, however, their outer leaflets were repleted with thel-, but not the d-, stereoisomer ofsn-1,2-PS by liposome transfer, engulfment by both phagocytes was restored. These observations directly demonstrate that loss of phospholipid asymmetry and PS expression is required for phagocyte engulfment of apoptotic cells and imply a critical, if not obligatory, role for PS recognition in the uptake process.
Independent Effect of Ethnicity on Glycemia in South Asians and White Europeans

OBJECTIVE HbA1c levels are higher in most ethnic groups compared with white Europeans (WEs) independent of glycemic control. This comparison has not been performed between South Asians (SAs) and WEs. We analyzed the independent effect of ethnicity on HbA1c and fasting and 2-h plasma glucose (FPG and 2hrPG, respectively) between these groups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Analysis of the ADDITION-Leicester study, in which 4,688 WEs and 1,352 SAs underwent oral glucose tolerance testing, HbA1c, and other risk factor measurements. RESULTS Significant associations with HbA1c included ethnicity, FPG, 2hrPG, and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (P < 0.001); age and sex (P < 0.01); and fasting insulin and potassium (P < 0.05). After adjusting for these and other risk factors, SAs demonstrated higher HbA1c (6.22 and 6.02%, mean difference 0.20%, 0.10–0.30, P < 0.001), FPG (5.15 and 5.30 mmol/L, mean difference 0.15 mmol/L, 0.09–0.21, P < 0.001), and 2hrPG (5.82 and 6.57 mmol/L, mean difference 0.75 mmol/L, 0.59–0.92, P < 0.001) compared with WEs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS HbA1c, FPG, and 2hrPG levels were higher in SAs independent of factors affecting glycemic control.
Cell Cotransplantation Strategies for Vascularized Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical In Vivo Studies.

The regenerative potential of tissue-engineered bone constructs may be enhanced by in vitro coculture and in vivo cotransplantation of vasculogenic and osteogenic (progenitor) cells. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature to answer the focused question: In animal models, does cotransplantation of osteogenic and vasculogenic cells enhance bone regeneration in craniofacial defects, compared with solely osteogenic cell-seeded constructs? Following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, electronic databases were searched for controlled animal studies reporting cotransplantation of endothelial cells (ECs) with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or osteoblasts in craniofacial critical size defect (CSD) models. Twenty-two studies were included comparing outcomes of MSC/scaffold versus MSC+EC/scaffold (co)transplantation in calvarial (n = 15) or alveolar (n = 7) CSDs of small (rodents, rabbits) and large animal (minipigs, dogs) models. On average, studies presented with an unclear to high risk of bias. MSCs were derived from autologous, allogeneic, xenogeneic, or human (bone marrow, adipose tissue, periosteum) sources; in six studies, ECs were derived from MSCs by endothelial differentiation. In most studies, MSCs and ECs were cocultured in vitro (2-17 days) before implantation. Coculture enhanced MSC osteogenic differentiation and an optimal MSC:EC seeding ratio of 1:1 was identified. Alloplastic copolymer or composite scaffolds were most often used for in vivo implantation. Random effects meta-analyses were performed for histomorphometric and radiographic new bone formation (%NBF) and vessel formation in rodents' calvarial CSDs. A statistically significant benefit in favor of cotransplantation versus MSC-only transplantation for radiographic %NBF was observed in rat calvarial CSDs (weighted mean difference 7.80% [95% confidence interval: 1.39-14.21]); results for histomorphometric %NBF and vessel formation were inconclusive. Overall, heterogeneity in the meta-analyses was high (I2 > 80%). In summary, craniofacial bone regeneration is enhanced by cotransplantation of vasculogenic and osteogenic cells. Although the direction of treatment outcome is in favor of cotransplantation strategies, the magnitude of treatment effect does not seem to be of relevance, unless proven otherwise in clinical studies.
Limitations of PET/CT in the Detection of Occult N1 Metastasis in Clinical Stage I(T1-2aN0) Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer for Staging Prior to Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

Purpose/Objectives: Patients receiving stereotactic body radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer are typically staged clinically with positron emission tomography–computed tomography. Currently, limited data exist for the detection of occult hilar/peribronchial (N1) disease. We hypothesize that positron emission tomography–computed tomography underestimates spread of cancer to N1 lymph nodes and that future stereotactic body radiotherapy patients may benefit from increased pathologic evaluation of N1 nodal stations in addition to N2 nodes. Materials/Methods: A retrospective study was performed of all patients with clinical stage I (T1-2aN0) non-small cell lung cancer (American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition) by positron emission tomography–computed tomography at our institution from 2003 to 2011, with subsequent surgical resection and lymph node staging. Findings on positron emission tomography–computed tomography were compared to pathologic nodal involvement to determine the negative predictive value of positron emission tomography–computed tomography for the detection of N1 nodal disease. An analysis was conducted to identify predictors of occult spread. Results: A total of 105 patients with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer were included in this study, of which 8 (7.6%) patients were found to have occult N1 metastasis on pathologic review yielding a negative predictive value for N1 disease of 92.4%. No patients had occult mediastinal nodes. The negative predictive value for positron emission tomography–computed tomography in patients with clinical stage T1 versus T2 tumors was 72 (96%) of 75 versus 25 (83%) of 30, respectively (P = .03), and for peripheral versus central tumor location was 77 (98%) of 78 versus 20 (74%) of 27, respectively (P = .0001). The negative predictive values for peripheral T1 and T2 tumors were 98% and 100%, respectively; while for central T1 and T2 tumors, the rates were 85% and 64%, respectively. Occult lymph node involvement was not associated with primary tumor maximum standard uptake value, histology, grade, or interval between positron emission tomography–computed tomography and surgery. Conclusion: Our results support pathologic assessment of N1 lymph nodes in patients with stage Inon-small cell lung cancer considered for stereotactic body radiotherapy, with the greatest benefit in patients with central and T2 tumors. Diagnostic evaluation with endoscopic bronchial ultrasound should be considered in the evaluation of stereotactic body radiotherapy candidates.
The European Bifurcation Club Left Main Study (EBC MAIN): rationale and design of an international, multicentre, randomised comparison of two stent strategies for the treatment of left main coronary bifurcation disease.

AIMS Our aim is to investigate clinical outcomes following single versus dual stenting strategies for the treatment of true bifurcation distal left main coronary artery lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS The EBC MAIN study is a prospective, multinational, randomised clinical study of left main stem true bifurcation lesions (type 1,1,1 or 0,1,1: both left anterior descending and circumflex artery >2.75 mm diameter). The study hypothesis is that left main coronary bifurcation lesions are best treated with a planned single-stent strategy rather than a planned dual-stent strategy, with respect to death, target lesion revascularisation and myocardial infarction at one year. A total of 450 patients will be enrolled and treated either with a planned single or a planned dual zotarolimus-eluting stent strategy according to randomisation. The primary study endpoint is a composite of death, myocardial infarction and target lesion revascularisation at 12 months. Secondary endpoints are: death, myocardial infarctions, and target lesion revascularisation, each at 12 months; angina status, stent thrombosis, death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularisation at three- and five-year clinical follow-up. CONCLUSIONS EBC MAIN will be the first randomised clinical trial to compare single versus dual stenting strategies for the treatment of true bifurcation distal left main coronary artery lesions.
Promotion of Early Gut Colonization by Probiotic Intervention on Microbiota Diversity in Pregnant Sows

The aim of this work was to design a novel mixed probiotic culture for piglets and to evaluate its beneficial effect on the piglets’ gut health. The possible mechanisms of probiotic activity, such as adhesion, competitive pathogen exclusion and influence on gut microbiota diversity were determined. Mixed probiotic starter culture is composed of three thermophilic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains: Lactobacillus helveticus BGRA43, Lactobacillus fermentum BGHI14 and Streptococcus thermophilus BGVLJ1-44. The strains BGVLJ1-44 and BGRA43 showed good technological properties (fast milk curdling, strong proteolytic activity). In addition, the strain BGVLJ1-44 produces exopolysaccharide (EPS), BGHI14 is heterofermentative LAB strain with significant immunomodulatory effect, while the strain BGRA43 showed strong antimicrobial activity against different pathogens and exhibited significantly higher level of adhesion to Caco-2 cells comparing to other two strains. Both lactobacilli strains BGRA43 and BGHI14 (p < 0.05), as well as probiotic combination (p < 0.01) significantly reduced the adhesion of Escherichia coli ATCC25922 to Caco-2 cells, while the strains BGVLJ1-44 (p < 0.01) and BGRA43 (p < 0.05) significantly reduced adhesion of Salmonella 654/7E (veterinary isolate). The results of farm trial revealed that treatment of sows with new fermented dairy probiotic influenced the piglets’ gut colonization with beneficial bacteria and reduced the number of enterobacteriaceae in litters from some treated sows (no significant due to high variability among animals). Finally, this is the first study reporting that the treatment of sows with probiotic combination resulted in the improved microbiota diversity in neonatal piglets.
Pulsatile release of oxytocin into the circulation of the ewe during oestrus, mating and the early luteal phase.

Two experiments were designed to investigate release patterns of oxytocin into plasma during oestrus and the early luteal phase. In Exp. 1, blood samples were collected from 5 ewes every 30 min for 10 h during 6 days around oestrus and the early luteal phase. During oestrus concentrations of oxytocin were generally low (1.27 +/- 0.54 pg/ml; mean +/- s.d.) but with occasional pulses up to 6 pg/ml. By Day 5 mean basal concentrations had risen to 4.5 +/- 2.1 pg/ml with a fluctuating release pattern. In Exp. 2, a method was developed for continuous blood sampling from conscious, unrestrained ewes. On the predicted day of oestrus following an untreated oestrous cycle, 8-ml blood samples were collected every minute for two 35-min periods (8 ewes: 16 sampling periods). For 6 ewes a ram was introduced to the pen for part of this time, and resulting behaviour was recorded. Additional blood samples were assayed for LH and progesterone to determine the stage of the cycle. Overall mean oxytocin concentrations ranged from 1.5 +/- 0.53 to 6.8 +/- 5.25 pg/ml in different animals. Ewes which were both in oestrus and exposed to the ram showed a pulsatile oxytocin release pattern consisting of low baseline concentrations with short-duration pulses superimposed (duration 1-4 min; amplitude 2.5-31.7 pg/ml; frequency 3.18/h). Coitus was not temporally associated with pulsatile release. However, the importance of the presence of the ram was indicated by total separation of 2 oestrous ewes from the ram until after experimentation. In these animals only 1 pulse of oxytocin was detected in 2.7 h of sampling. It is concluded that, although mean oxytocin concentrations at oestrus were low, short duration pulses were released into the plasma at this time. This effect may be dependent on the presence of a ram.
Effect of the intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy in patients with sepsis and acute kidney injury: a single-center randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major complication in patients with sepsis and is an independent predictor of mortality. However, the optimal intensity of renal replacement therapy for such patients is still controversial. METHODS From 1 January 2004 to 30 September 2009, we randomly assigned 280 patients with sepsis and AKI to continuous renal replacement therapy by high-volume hemofiltration (50 mL/kg/h, HVHF) or extra high-volume hemofiltration (85 mL/kg/h, EHVHF). The primary study outcome was death from any cause within 28, 60 and 90 days. Results were analyzed by univariate and multivariate methods and by Kaplan-Meier survival curves. RESULTS A total of 141 patients were given EHVHF and 139 were given HVHF. The two groups had similar baseline characteristics and received treatment for an average of 9.38 days (EHVHF group) and 8.88 days (HVHF group). There were no significant differences between the groups in number of deaths at 28, 60 or 90 days. There were also no differences between the groups in renal outcome of survivors at 90 days. Multivariate analysis indicated that inotropic support by norepinephrine, time in hospital of >7 days, blood platelet count <8 × 10(9)/L, Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score >25, total bilirubin >100 μmol/L, prothrombin time >18 s, serum creatinine <250 μmol/L and blood urea nitrogen >20 mmol/L were independent risk factors for death at 90 days after initiation of renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS In patients with sepsis and AKI, increasing the intensity of renal replacement therapy from 50 (HVHF) to 85 mL/kg/h (EHVHF) had no effect on survival at 28 and 90 days.
Inverse dose- and time-dependent effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the gene expression of collagen type I and matrix metalloproteinase-1 by periodontal ligament cells in culture.

BACKGROUND Growth factors are known to play a major role in the regeneration of the periodontium. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a polypeptide growth factor considered to have a role in chemotaxis and mitogenesis of periodontal ligament cells (PLC). The aim of this study was to assess the dose-dependent effect of bFGF administration on the levels of gene expression of collagen type I (a1) (col I), collagen type III (col III), and collagenase-1 (MMP-1) in PLC. METHODS PLC were cultured in different concentrations of bFGF (0.1 to 10 ng of bFGF) for 14 and 21 days. At each time point, the gene expression of the examined molecules was assessed semi-quantitatively by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. RESULTS The results indicated that bFGF exhibits an inverse time- and dose-dependent effect on the gene expression of col I and MMP-1: it simultaneously downregulates the gene expression of col I and upregulates the gene expression of MMP-1. On the other hand, bFGF had no dose-dependent effect on col III gene expression. The effect of bFGF on the expression of the three genes was modulated by the time of incubation with bFGF. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that bFGF is one of the important regulators involved in the active remodeling of col I in the periodontal ligament and possibly in other connective tissues.
Can physical therapists counsel patients with lifestyle-related health conditions effectively? A systematic review and implications

Objective Healthcare professionals' competence in health behavior change has lagged behind other clinical competencies despite the well-established relationship between lifestyle behavior and health. We conducted a systematic review to examine whether physical therapists, given their unique practice pattern, can counsel effectively. Methods: Databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were assessed from 1950 to July 2010. Studies were limited to the English, German, and Dutch languages. The methodological quality was evaluated (Downs and Black tool). Results: Seven source articles with a mean quality score of 16.57 ± 4.24 points (range: low = 0; high = 28) were retrieved. Given considerable methodological heterogeneity, the studies were compared in a narrative synthesis. The target populations, types and periods of interventions, outcome measures, and findings were analyzed. Conclusion: Physical therapists can effectively counsel patients with respect to lifestyle behavior change, at least in the short term. They can be effective health counselors individually or within an interprofessional team. Practice implications: Multiple health behavior change needs to be a primary twenty-first century clinical competence in physical therapy. Future studies will establish the degree to which effective health counseling augments physical therapy as well as health outcomes, in the long as well as short term.
Role of the Phospholipase C-Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Pathway in Calcium Release-activated Calcium Current and Capacitative Calcium Entry*

We investigated the putative roles of phospholipase C, polyphosphoinositides, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) in capacitative calcium entry and calcium release-activated calcium current (I crac) in lacrimal acinar cells, rat basophilic leukemia cells, and DT40 B-lymphocytes. Inhibition of phospholipase C with U73122 blocked calcium entry andI crac activation whether in response to a phospholipase C-coupled agonist or to calcium store depletion with thapsigargin. Run-down of cellular polyphosphoinositides by concentrations of wortmannin that block phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase completely blocked calcium entry and I crac. The membrane-permeant IP3 receptor inhibitor, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borane, blocked both capacitative calcium entry and I crac. However, it is likely that 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borane does not inhibit through an action on the IP3 receptor because the drug was equally effective in wild-type DT40 B-cells and in DT40 B-cells whose genes for all three IP3 receptors had been disrupted. Intracellular application of another potent IP3 receptor antagonist, heparin, failed to inhibit activation of I crac. Finally, the inhibition of I crac activation by U73122 or wortmannin was not reversed or prevented by direct intracellular application of IP3. These findings indicate a requirement for phospholipase C and for polyphosphoinositides for activation of capacitative calcium entry. However, the results call into question the previously suggested roles of IP3 and IP3receptor in this mechanism, at least in these particular cell types.