Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
VISITORS' INTENTION TO VISIT WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SUZHOU, CHINA

This article attempts to study Chinese visitors' intention to visit world cultural heritage sites in the framework of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), with the additional constructs of past experience and cultural tour involvement. The survey data were collected by a self‐administrated questionnaire in Suzhou, which is one of the cities with world cultural heritage sites in China. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the research model and hypotheses. The result shows that perceived control, past experience, and cultural tour involvement, but not attitude and subjective norms, are valid predictor constructs for visitors' intention to visit a world cultural heritage site within the next 12 months. The findings have implications for predicting heritage tourism.
Examining School Capacity for Inclusion Using a Multi-Dimensional Framework: A Case Study

With the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB, 2002) and the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, 2004), the inclusion of students with disabilities (SWDs) in general education classrooms has become more prevalent within our public schools (DuFour & Eaker, 1998; Mcleskey et al., 2010). Current research on inclusion focuses on student outcomes and procedural changes and not the contexts and capabilities of education leaders who are implementing it. Empirical research that examines how schools have built the capacity for sustaining these models, especially through the perspectives of those who implement it, is limited to date. The purpose of the current study was to examine in depth one school’s capacity development during their own inclusive education reform. Specifically, this study (1) explored how school leaders perceived their own capacity in initiating and implementing inclusion reform; (2) explored how leaders perceived the school’s capacity to implement inclusion and (3) explored how their capacity to implement inclusion aligned with the school capacity literature. Case study methodology was used to make meaning of the participants’ individual perspectives and weave them into an integral whole. This case study sought to uncover the perspectives that school leaders (teacher leaders and administrative leaders) placed on their capacities to initiate and sustain an effective inclusive education model.
Multimodal Swallowing Evaluation with High-Resolution Manometry Reveals Subtle Swallowing Changes in Early and Mid-Stage Parkinson Disease.

BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) has detrimental effects on swallowing function. Treatment options are largely behavioral; thus, patients would benefit from an earlier start to therapy. Early swallowing changes in PD are not well-known, so patients do not typically receive swallowing treatment until later in the progression of PD. OBJECTIVE We used predictive modeling to determine what quantitative swallowing variables best differentiate individuals with early to mid-stage PD from healthy controls. METHODS Participants included twenty-six individuals with early to mid-stage PD and 26 healthy, age- and sex-matched controls. Swallowing was evaluated by simultaneous high-resolution manometry and videofluoroscopy as well as the Sydney Swallow Questionnaire (SSQ). Binomial logistic regression was performed on 4 sets of data: 1) high-resolution manometry only; 2) videofluoroscopy only; 3) SSQ only; and 4) all data combined. RESULTS A model from a combined data set had the highest accuracy in differentiating individuals with PD from controls. The model included maximum pressure in the velopharynx (soft palate), pressure variability in the velopharynx, and the SSQ item concerning difficulty with swallowing saliva. No significant models could be generated using the videofluoroscopy data. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with PD show quantitative changes in pressure generation and are able to self-assess aspects of swallowing function in the early and mid-stages of PD, even in the absence of swallowing changes seen on videofluoroscopy. A multimodal approach for the assessment of swallowing may be more accurate for determining subtle swallowing changes that occur in the early stages of PD.
Employment Histories and Pension Incomes in Europe

ABSTRACT In research on pensions and retirement income, it has been frequently reasoned that the economic situation in later life is determined by an interplay of individual and institutional factors. However, previous studies in this field either focus only on individual determinants or on macro-level outcomes using aggregated data. We apply a multilevel approach to examine the impact of institutional factors on the link of individual pension income and previous employment history. The underlying research question is of how national pension systems shape this relationship; whether flexible careers and atypical employment are compensated for or, on the contrary, ‘penalised’ with a low pension income. We combine the life-history data of individuals in 13 European countries from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARELIFE) with macro-data on national pension systems. While we find little cross-national variation for men, for women the strength of the relationship of employment history and pension income differs between countries and is significantly moderated by factors related to the pension system.
Contextualising case studies in entrepreneurship: A tandem approach to conducting a longitudinal cross-country case study

Using predictive and effectuation logics as a framework, this research note explains how case study research was conducted to demonstrate rigour and relevance. The study involves a longitudinal cross-country case study on small and medium-sized firm growth and networks undertaken by research teams in three countries (Finland, Denmark and New Zealand) involving 33 firms. This research note outlines the implications of this research and provides valuable guidance and reflections upon opportunities for future research regarding the conduct of contextual studies in entrepreneurship without compromising validity and reliability.
The role of the engineer in Danish modernisation, 1850–1920

Abstract The article attempts to assess the role of engineers in the modernisation of Denmark in the period 1850 to 1920. Using both quantitative and qualitative evidence, it argues that though it is hardly possible in absolute terms to measure the influence of the engineers, it is possible to reach some indicative conclusions. By looking at the position before 1850 and the periods 1850–1890 and 1890–1920 and using statistics on the employment of the engineers graduating from Polyteknisk Lareanstalt in Copenhagen, it is clear that these professional engineers affected society in a number of ways. The influence of engineers on the growing Danish industry has hitherto been presumed to be only minor. but this view needs some correction. As early as the 1870s and 1880s professional engineers played an important part in the largest Danish industrial firms, and prior to that held important positions in the new, technologically-pioneering, Danish industries. Danish engineers also influenced the State s telegraph.
Hyperglycemia Rather Than Insulin Resistance Is Related to Reduced Coronary Flow Reserve in NIDDM

To clarify if coronary flow reserve (CFR) is related to insulin resistance or hyperglycemia in normotensive NIDDM, myocardial blood flow (MBF) at baseline and during dipyridamole loading were measured with 13N-ammonia positron-emission tomography. CFR was significantly reduced in NIDDM patients compared with agematched control subjects. CFR in patients with well-controlled NIDDM was significantly higher than in those with poorly controlled NIDDM, whereas insulin resistance was comparable between the two groups. CFR in NIDDM patients was not related to the degree of insulin resistance. CFR correlated significantly with average fasting glucose concentration and average HbA1c, but not with insulin resistance, age, lipid parameters, or blood pressure. In conclusion, control of blood glucose concentration rather than insulin resistance is most likely related to the reduced CFR in NIDDM.
Visualizing the Rideau Canal through early budget estimates, 1823–1824

In 1823–1824 Samuel Clowes prepared preliminary budget estimates for the construction of an inland waterway from Kingston, on Lake Ontario, to the Ottawa River in Upper Canada. An in-depth analysis of Clowes’ budget estimates explores their visual aspects: how the form and structure of the estimates are visual and how descriptive commentary included in the estimates aids readers in visualizing the proposed canal. The article then examines how the budget estimates are used for rhetorical purposes. The estimates are rhetorical both directly and indirectly. The ordered and logical visual form and structure of the estimates supports their rationality; claims of rationality are used in turn for rhetorical purposes. Further, properties of the estimates which allow readers to visualize the canal are rhetorical in their own right. Thus this article contributes to an understanding of early capital budgeting practices in canal building in North America, as well as to an understanding of accounting and budgeting as visual, rational and rhetorical.
CALL FOR PAPERS Physiology and Pharmacology of Temperature Regulation Oxyresveratrol dampens neuroimmune responses in vivo: a selective effect on TNF- (cid:1)

Q. Oxyresveratrol dampens neuroimmune responses in vivo: a selective effect on TNF- (cid:1) . Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291: R1215–R1221, 2006. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00250. 2006. —Consump-tion of nutrients rich in hydroxystilbenes has been promoted because of their health beneﬁts, including dampening of inﬂammatory responses. However, few studies have examined their effects in vivo. Here, we show that the hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol (trans-2,3 (cid:2) ,4,5 (cid:2) -tetrahydroxystil-bene: o-RES) blocked hypothermia but caused no signiﬁcant effect on the febrile response to the immune stimulus, bacterial LPS in rats. This was associated with a reduction in the LPS-induced plasma cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- (cid:1) , but not IL-6. Both IL-6-stimulated STAT-3 and LPS-induced cycoloxygenase-2 expression in the hypothalamus were not affected by o-RES. These data strongly suggest that the o-RES-induced dampening of neuroimmune responses is largely due to its inhibitory effect on TNF- (cid:1) production. In contrast to in vitro experiments, o-RES has no direct effect on NF- (cid:3) B signaling pathway in vivo. The speciﬁc inhibitory effect of o-RES on TNF- (cid:1) opens new avenues for the clinical use of o-RES in pathological conditions where excessive production of TNF- (cid:1) is deleterious. and the later phase (2.75 to 7 h post-LPS injection) were separated, calculated, and statistically compared. The thermal indices of both LPS-oRES-injected and LPS-vehicle-injected rats were compared using an unpaired Student’s t -test. For Western blot analysis, the area and intensity of a given band was quantiﬁed using Quantity One quantitation software (Bio-Rad). The ratios of optical density values of either phospho-protein/protein or protein/actin were calculated. Immunoblot data were compared using ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc com- parisons whenever possible. Plasma cytokine levels were compared using repeated measures ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc comparisons whenever possible. The signiﬁcance was accepted at P (cid:10) 0.05.
Science, Specific Knowledge and Total Quality Management

This article analyzes Total Quality Management as an innovation in organizational technology that can be used by companies to increase the productivity of both labor and capital. As an organizing technology, TQM has three distinguishing features: (1) it is science-based in the sense that individuals at all levels of the organization are trained to use scientific method in everyday decision-making; (2) it is non-hierarchical insofar as it provides a process for decentralizing decision-making in ways that do not correspond to the traditional corporate hierarchy; (3) it is non-market-oriented in that it does not use prices or formal exchange mechanisms, such as transfer pricing systems, to motivate cooperation or the transfer of decision rights.Despite the potential benefits of TQM, and the many TQM success stories, there is also considerable testimony to the difficulty of establishing and maintaining effective TQM programs. We suggest that one important source of TQM's implementation problems has been the failure to develop a systematic approach to identifying the entire set of organizational changes required by a comprehensive TQM program. While typically arising out of a concern for product quality, the most successful TQM programs end up becoming efficiency improvement initiatives that involve organization-wide changes in decision-making authority and performance measures. For this reason, effective implementation of TQM requires major changes in all three components of what we refer to collectively as the organizational rules of the game--that is, not only (1) systems for allocating decision rights and (2) performance measurement systems, but also (3) reward and punishment systems. Unlike those quality advocates like Edward Deming who object to the use of monetary incentives to reinforce TQM initiatives, we argue that "the increased decentralization associated with TQM should be associated with a strengthening of the relation between performance and rewards of all types. "Note: This paper draws heavily on our Journal of Accounting and Economics paper of the same title, Volume 18, 1994, pp. 247-287. See the working paper version of this paper "Science, Specific Knowledge, and Total Quality Management".
EFFECTS OF MITRAL REGURGITATION ON THE REFLEX DIURESIS TO PULMONARY LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION IN RABBITS

Increasing the extravascular fluid of the airways acutely by obstructing pulmonary lymph drainage causes a reflex diuresis mediated by neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the renal medulla. The authors examined this reflex in rabbits with a chronic increase in extravascular fluid of the airways resulting from surgically induced mitral regurgitation. Intact rabbits served as controls. Renal neuronal (nNOS) and endothelial (eNOS) nitric oxide synthase expressions were also examined. The reflex was absent in rabbits with mitral regurgitation. There were significant increases in medullary and cortical nNOS mRNA compared to controls. The observed changes in mRNA levels correlated with nNOS protein levels. eNOS mRNA was unaffected.
Design of Mechanically Reinforced Glass Beams: Modelling and Experiments

The present paper is a study on how to obtain a ductile behaviour of a composite transparent structural element. The structural element is constructed by gluing a steel strip to the bottom face of a float glass beam using an epoxy adhesive. The composite beam is examined by four-point bending tests, and the mechanisms of the beam are discussed. Analogies to reinforced concrete beam theory are made; thus, four different design criteria, depending on the reinforcement ratio, are investigated. Analytical expressions are derived that are capable of describing the behaviour in an uncracked stage, a linear cracked stage and a yield stage. A finite element model, capable of handling the cracking of the glass by killing elements, is presented. Both analytical and numerical simulations are in fairly good agreement with the experimental observations. It appears that the reinforcement ratio is limited by the risk of anchorage failure and must be adjusted accordingly to obtain safe failure behaviour in a normal reinforced mode. Analysis of anchorage failure is made through a modified Volkersen stress analysis. Furthermore, different aspects of the design philosophy of reinforced glass beams are presented.
The Influence of Perceived Value and Trust on Online Buying Intention

This research focuses on the factors influencing online buying intention. The aim of this research is to find out perceived value and trust’s influence on online buying intention, which combined several pervious researches’ result. Perceived value is measured by perceived value and perceived product sacrifice, trust is measured by ability, benevolence and integrity. Based on survey to 238 college students, the author analyzes the questionnaire data with SPSS 15.0 and LISREL 8.8. The results show that perceived value and perceived product sacrifice have significantly influence on online shopper’s buying intention. On the other hand, ability and benevolence also have positive effect on online shopper’s buying intention. But integrity, as a part of trust, has no significantly influence on online shopper’s buying intention.
Cost-effectiveness of stereotactic radiosurgery with and without whole-brain radiotherapy for the treatment of newly diagnosed brain metastases.

OBJECT Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone is increasingly used in patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases. Stereotactic radiosurgery used together with whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) reduces intracranial failure rates, but this combination also causes greater neurocognitive toxicity and does not improve survival. Critics of SRS alone contend that deferring WBRT results in an increased need for salvage therapy and in higher costs. The authors compared the cost-effectiveness of treatment with SRS alone, SRS and WBRT (SRS+WBRT), and surgery followed by SRS (S+SRS) at the authors' institution. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 289 patients in whom brain metastases were newly diagnosed and who were treated between May 2001 and December 2007. Overall survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate proportional hazards analysis (MVA) was used to identify factors associated with overall survival. Survival data were complete for 96.2% of patients, and comprehensive data on the resource use for imaging, hospitalizations, and salvage therapies were available from the medical records. Treatment costs included the cost of initial and all salvage therapies for brain metastases, hospitalizations, management of complications, and imaging. They were computed on the basis of the 2007 Medicare fee schedule from a payer perspective. Average treatment cost and average cost per month of median survival were compared. Sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the impact of variations in key cost variables. RESULTS No significant differences in overall survival were observed among patients treated with SRS alone, SRS+WBRT, or S+SRS with respective median survival of 9.8, 7.4, and 10.6 months. The MVA detected a significant association of overall survival with female sex, Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score, primary tumor control, absence of extracranial metastases, and number of brain metastases. Salvage therapy was required in 43% of SRS-alone and 26% of SRS+WBRT patients (p < 0.009). Despite an increased need for salvage therapy, the average cost per month of median survival was $2412 per month for SRS alone, $3220 per month for SRS+WBRT, and $4360 per month for S+SRS (p < 0.03). Compared with SRS+WBRT, SRS alone had an average incremental cost savings of $110 per patient. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the average treatment cost of SRS alone remained less than or was comparable to SRS+WBRT over a wide range of costs and treatment efficacies. CONCLUSIONS Despite an increased need for salvage therapy, patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases treated with SRS alone have similar overall survival and receive more cost-effective care than those treated with SRS+WBRT. Compared with SRS+WBRT, initial management with SRS alone does not result in a higher average cost.
Myanmar's Foreign Trade under Military Rule: Patterns and Recent Trends

After gaining independence from the British in 1948, Myanmar 's economy was heavily dependent upon foreign trade with exports constituting on average some 45 per cent of its gross domestic product (GDP) during the early 1950s. This proportion fell to around 33 per cent in 1961, the year before the March 1962 military coup that led to 26 years of socialist command economy. During this period, foreign trade became marginalized, despite the fact that it was the major source of acquiring foreign goods and services in the absence of foreign direct investment (FDI) and limited official development assistance (ODA). For example, during fiscal year 1985-86, external trade reached a total volume of US$900 million, accounting for only around 11.3 per cent of the GDP. During the socialist era, Myanmar posted persistent deficits in its trade balance.1 When the military took over control in September 1988 in the aftermath of a widespread popular uprising against the one-party socialist government, market oriented reforms were quickly introduced after abolishing the socialist economic system. In 1989, foreign trade, which was formerly the sole prerogative of the state, was liberalized to allow private participation and an "open door" policy towards FDI and foreign trading firms. This led to a revival of foreign trade as a significant driver of economic growth, a major source of fungible hard currency, and of revenue for the state. The private sector quickly realized its potential for quick returns and rapid expansion. Trading enterprises blossomed in the early 1990s with the number of registered export-import companies increasing from none in 1988 to 2,813 in April 2001 and to 19,494 in June 2005.2 Since the Myanmar
Claims-Made and Reported Policies and Insurer Profitability in Medical Malpractice

The liability crisis of the 1970s led to the introduction of a new type of insurance policy designed, according to Doherty (1991), to reduce the un-diversifiable uncertainty associated with writing long-tail liability lines. These new claims-made and reported policies gained favor in place of the traditional occurrence coverage in the early eighties not only in medical malpractice, but also in the general liability arena. Under occurrence coverage, a loss incurred in a given year is covered by the contract for that year, regardless of when the claim is reported. In contrast, a claims-made policy pays only the claims reported in the policy year. Our paper presents a structure, conduct, and performance analysis a la Joskow (1973) of the medical malpractice insurance industry by focusing on the differences between the two contracts. The main question we want to address is why there are two types of contracts that cover the same risk exposure in the medical malpractice insurance industry whereas in other lines of insurance, only one exists primarily. La crise de la responsabilite civile des annees 70 a mene a la creation d'un nouveau type de contrat d'assurance qui avait pour but, selon Doherty (1991), de reduire le risque systematique associe aux polices d'assurance a longue duree. Ces contrats CMR (Claims-Made and Reported) ont obtenu la faveur du public dans les annees 80 particulierement pour ce qui est de l'assurance de la responsabilite civile des professionnels de la medecine. Nous presentons ainsi une etude de la structure et de la performance de l'industrie de l'assurance de la responsabilite civile des professionnels de la medecine en mettant en relief les deux types de contrats dans ce marche. La question a laquelle nous voudrions ultimement repondre est la suivante : pourquoi dans le marche de l'assurance de la responsabilite civile des professionnels de la medecine retrouvons-nous les deux types de contrats alors qu'un seul type est generalement offert dans les autres marches?