Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Theory-Based Approach to Restructuring Middle Level Schools.

This paper describes the implementation of a reform program in a middle school located in a relatively large school district in southeastern Michigan. First, an integrative theory is presented as a promising framework for reforming middle-grade schools. The theory was developed within a social-cognitive framework that emphasizes the importance of students' interpretation of the goals that are dominant in an achievement setting. School policies and practices influence whether task-focused and/or ability-focused goals are perceived by students. A task focus is associated with optimal motivation and use of effective learning strategies. Unfortunately, a task focus becomes less common, and a focus on relative ability becomes more common when students move to middle-grade schools. To illustrate how this theory can be used in restructuring efforts, experiences of working with a team of leaders in a middle school are described. The school leadership team examined and changed school policies and practices, which promoted a school focus on learning and task mastery, rather than on performance and relative ability. Three tables are included. (Contains 83 references.) (LMI) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** A Theory-Based Approach to Restructuring Middle Level Schools Carol Midgley & Martin L. Maehr The University of Michigan U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and improvement ED ATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization ongrneting 4 C Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Pants of vow Of opinions state° inthis document do not necessarily represent °Moist OERI poadion or policy This research is based on research with support from the U.S. Department of Education (RT15A00430) and the National Center for School Leadership (OERI Grant No. R117C80003). The authors are indebted to many colleagues, especially Carole Ames and Jacquelynne Eccles. The authors would like to thank the members of the middle school coalition. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Carol Midgley, 1400D School ofEducation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1259.
The Need for Market Segmentation in Buy-Till-You-Defect Models

Buy-till-you-defect [BTYD] models are built for companies operating in a non- contractual setting to predict customers’ transaction frequency, amount and timing as well as customer lifetime. These models tend to perform well, although they often predict unrealistically long lifetimes for a substantial fraction of the customer base. This obvious lack of face validity limits the adoption of these models by practitioners. Moreover, it highlights a flaw in these models. Based on a simulation study and an empirical analysis of different datasets, we argue that such long lifetime predictions can result from the existence of multiple segments in the customer base. In most cases there are at least two segments: one consisting of customers who purchase the service or product only a few times and the other of those who are frequent purchasers. Customer heterogeneity modeling in the current BTYD models is insufficient to account for such segments, thereby producing unrealistic lifetime predictions. We present an extension over the current BTYD models to address the extreme lifetime prediction issue where we allow for segments within the customer base. More specifically, we consider a mixture of log-normals distribution to capture the heterogeneity across customers. Our model can be seen as a variant of the hierarchical Bayes [HB] Pareto/NBD model. In addition, the proposed model allows us to relate segment membership as well as within segment customer heterogeneity to selected customer characteristics. Our model, therefore, also increases the explanatory power of BTYD models to a great extent. We are now able to evaluate the impact of customers’ characteristics on the membership probabilities of different segments. This allows, for example, one to a-priori predict which customers are likely to become frequent purchasers. The proposed model is compared against the benchmark Pareto/NBD model (Schmittlein, Morrison, and Colombo 1987) and its HB extension (Abe 2009) on simulated datasets as well as on a real dataset from a large grocery e-retailer in a Western European country. Our BTYD model indeed provides a useful customer segmentation that allows managers to draw conclusions on how customers’ purchase and defection behavior are associated with their shopping characteristics such as basket size and the delivery fee paid.
Changes in Chemical Properties of Semiarid Soils under Long-Term Secondary Treated Wastewater Irrigation

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76:1358–1369 doi:10.2136/sssaj2011.0230 Received 21 June 2011 *Corresponding author (marcos.lado@udc.es). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Changes in Chemical Properties of Semiarid Soils under Long-Term Secondary Treated Wastewater Irrigation Soil & Water Management & Conservation
OF POLYETHYLENE BAGS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PAPAYA SEEDLINGS IN PROTECTED ENVIRONMENTS

The objective of this study was to test container of polyethylene bags and protected environments on the papaya seedlings production, from May to August of 2008, in Aquidauana state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. Five bags of polyethylene were used: 7.5 cm x 11.5 cm, 205.9 cm 3 ; 8.4 cm x 10.6 cm, 238.1cm 3 ; 10.0 cm x 16.5 cm, 525.2 cm 3 ; 12.0 cm x 12.0 cm, 550.0 cm 3 and 15.0 cm x 21.5 cm, 1539.8 cm 3 . These containers were placed in three protected environments: greenhouse; screened nursery with Sombrite ® and screened nursery with Aluminet ® . Because there is no replication of growing environment, each one was considered an experiment. For each cultivation environment, it was adopted a completely randomized design with eight replications of two plants each. Initially, data were submitted to analysis of individual variance of the container (for each cultivation environment), then performing the evaluation of the residual mean squares and the combined analysis of these environments for comparison of protected environments. The greenhouse and nursery with thermal reflector screen produced the best seedlings. The bags of 15.0 x 21.5 cm produced the best papaya seedlings. The Dickson Quality Index pointed the nursery with screen of thermal reflector as the environment that produced the most vigorous seedlings, when using the best container.
Wheat crop response to liming materials and N and P fertilizers in acidic soils of Tsegede highlands, northern Ethiopia

A greenhouse experiment was carried out on acidic soils collected from the Tsegede highlands of northern Ethiopia, where wheat production is severely constrained by soil acidity, to evaluate wheat crop response to the applications of liming materials (Wukro lime and Sheba lime) and N and P fertilizers. Three lime sources (without lime, Wukro lime and Sheba lime) and four N and P fertilizers (without N and P, recommended N, recommended P and recommended N + recommended P) were arranged in a factorial experiment using randomized complete block design with four replications. The results indicated that yield and yield attributes of wheat showed significant (P ≤ 0.01) response to the main effects of lime and fertilizer applications. Similarly, fertilizer by lime interaction effect was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different in grain yield, total biomass and N and P uptakes. The soils which received only recommended N + recommended P fertilizers (NP), Wukro lime and Sheba lime showed significant grain yield increment by about 78, 76 and 96% over the control, respectively. However, the applications of NP + Wukro lime and NP + Sheba lime augmented grain yield by 239 and 233%, respectively, over the control plot. Likewise, N uptakes were enhanced by about 66, 80 and 81% and P uptakes by 93, 91 and 93% in the soils which received only NP, Wukro lime and Sheba lime over the control while the application of NP + Wukro lime and NP + Sheba lime increased N uptakes by 241 and 237% and P uptakes by 451 and 471% over the control, in that order. The highest agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency were also recorded in the soils treated with Wukro and Sheba limes along with only recommended P and NP fertilizers, respectively. Hence, a combined application of adjusted lime rate and NP fertilizers are recommended to achieve sustainable wheat crop production on acidic soils of the Tsegede highlands.
A low frequency study of PSRs B1133+16, B1112+50, and B0031−07

We use the low frequency (110–180 MHz) capabilities of the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) to characterise a large collection of single pulses from three low magnetic field pulsars. Using the Pulsar Machine II (PuMa-II) to acquire and coherently dedisperse the pulsar signals, we examine whether the bright pulses observed in these pulsars are related to the classical giant pulse emission. Giant pulses are reported from PSR B1112+50 and bright pulses from the PSRs B1133+16 and B0031−07. These pulsars also exhibit large intensity modulations observed as rapid changes in the single pulse intensity. Evidence of global magnetospheric effects is provided by our detection of bright double pulses in PSRs B0031−07 and B1133+16. Using the multi-frequency observations, we accurately determine the dispersion measures (4.844 ± 0.002 for B1133+16 and 9.1750 ± 0.0001 for B1112+50), derive the radio emission height in PSR B1133+16 and report on the properties of subpulse drift modes in these pulsars. We also find that these pulsars show a much larger intensity modulation at low sky frequencies resulting in narrow and bright emissions.
Soil resource assessment of watershed towards land use planning using satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques in Northern Karnataka, India

Soil resources inventory of Chikmegeri-3 micro watershed of Koppal district in Karnataka was conducted using remote sensing and GIS techniques using LISS IV satellite data. After detailed field study and laboratory analysis of collected soil samples Twenty one soil mapping units were identified and classified up to family level as per “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (Soil Survey Staff, 2014). Three mapping units belonged to the land capability class III and eighteen mapping units belonged class IV. Taxonomically soils were classified under Inceptisols, Alfisols, Vertisols and Entisols. Soils were low in available nitrogen and organic carbon, medium in phosphorus, medium to high in available potassium, low to medium in available sulphur, micronutrients iron, copper and manganese were sufficient while, zinc was deficient.
Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Red Ginseng Byproduct on Growth, Body Composition, Serum Chemistry, and Lysozyme Activity in Juvenile Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

This study examined the effects of the dietary inclusion of various concentrations of red ginseng byproduct (RB) and a mixture containing red ginseng byproduct, garlic extract, yeast and filler (CR) on the growth, body composition, serum chemistry, and lysozyme activity of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Juvenile fish (n= 630) weighing 5.0 g were randomly distributed into 21 180 L flow-through tanks (30 fish/tank). Seven experimental diets were prepared in triplicate: a control diet without additive, and diets containing 0.5, 1 and 2% concentrations of RB (RB-0.5, RB-1, RB-2) and CR (CR-0.5, CR-1, CR-2) at the expense of wheat flour. After an 8-week feeding trial, serum chemistry and lysozyme activity of fish were measured. Mean weight gain was significantly higher in fish fed the control diet than in fish fed the RB and CR diets. The dietary inclusion of RB and CR reduced feed utilization. Mean serum glucose and triglyceride (TG) levels were higher in fish fed the control diet than in fish fed the other diets. Mean glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels of fish fed the control and RB-2 diets were higher than those of fish fed the RB-0.5, RB-1, CR-1, and CR-2 diets. Mean lysozyme activity levels of fish fed the RB-0.5 and RB-1 diets were higher than those of fish fed the control and CR diets. The results of this study indicate that red ginseng byproduct may be utilized as an immunostimulant rather than as a growth promoter for juvenile olive flounder. Dietary inclusion of 0.5% red ginseng byproduct effectively improved serum glucose, GPT, TG, and lysozyme activity of the fish in this study.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Customer loyalty in Islamic Banks of Pakistan: A Mediating Role of Brand Image

Banks have turned out to be the foundation of economy that assumes as an imperative part for development of business organizations. In this modern era, customer has more information and access to information. The excessive information turned the business environment into an intense competition. Business especially Islamic banks are facing competition due to inevitable growth in Islamic banking. It is essential for banks to retain customers and explore the tools to get customer loyalty. Corporate social responsibility has gain attention as a tool to enhance corporate image. This study is an effort to explore the missing link of corporate governance with corporate image to influence customer loyalty. This study is conducted in the context of Islamic banks in Pakistan. Convergent validity of proposed model was carried out to check the health of model while Regression analysis was applied to check the relationship of variables. The results illustrates that CSR has a significant impact on Customer Loyalty and Brand Image plays an important role of mediator. The study found an important role of brand image to intensify the effect of corporate social responsibility on customer loyalty. The study recommends that Islamic banks should incorporate CSR in business policy to enhance customer loyalty by portraying positive image of bank. The framework of this study needs verification in different socio-culture context.
Affine Schubert Varieties and Circular Complexes

Schubert varieties have been exhaustively studied with a plethora of techniques: Coxeter groups, explicit desingularization, Frobenius splitting, etc. Many authors have applied these techniques to various other varieties, usually defined by determinantal equations. It has turned out that most of these apparently different varieties are actually Schubert varieties in disguise, so that one may use a single unified theory to understand many large families of spaces. The most powerful result in this direction was given by Lusztig as a footnote to his work on canonical bases. He showed that the variety of nilpotent representations of a cyclic quiver (including nilpotent conjugacy classes of matrices) is isomorphic to an open subset of a Schubert variety for the loop group GL(n)^. In this paper, we attempt to describe the affine Schubert varieties and Lusztig's isomorphism in the simplest terms possible. We then apply this isomorphism to an interesting example, the variety of circular complexes, recovering some results of Mehta and Trivedi.
Garden Warbler Sylvia borin migration in sub‐Saharan West Africa: phenology and body mass changes

The Garden Warbler is a classic subject for the study of Palaearctic-African bird migration strategies. Most studies have considered the situation close to the breeding areas, while the African and especially the sub-Saharan part of the species' migration have received comparatively little attention. Here we use autumn and spring ringing data from Nigeria and The Gambia to study the movements and energetics of the species in West Africa during the non-breeding season. The first Garden Warblers arrive south of the desert around the beginning of September, roughly at the same time as the median date for their passage through the Baltic Sea region and c. 3 weeks before their median passage date through southern Italy. In the Nigerian Sahel savannahs, where, owing to the rainy season and its associated increase in food availability, many more Garden Warblers stop over in autumn than in the dry spring, the median date of passage is 1 October. The body mass on arrival south of the desert is normally only a few grams more than the lean body mass (LBM; 15 g) - with a mean of 16.6 g (sd = +/- 1.8 g) in The Gambia and 17.4 g (sd = +/- 1.8 g) in the Nigerian Sahel. After resting and refuelling in the Sahel, Sudan and Guinea-type savannahs the Garden Warblers depart during November-December for wintering areas further south. Before leaving, they again increase their body mass, with an average fuel load of c. 20%, and often more than 50% relative to LBM. Some of the birds passing through Nigeria probably spend midwinter around the Congo Basin. During spring they return northwards to the Guinea savannah zone in April and fuel-up there for the trans-Sahara passage. At this time they normally increase their body reserves to around 50% of the LBM, but c. 10% of the birds gain 100%, thus doubling their mass. The passage there peaks around 20 April and continues well into May. That the main take-off northwards is directly from the Guinea savannahs is indicated by the very low numbers trapped in the Sahel during spring.
Negative Priming as a Memory Phenomenon

Abstract. Reactions to recently ignored stimuli are slowed down or more error prone when compared to reactions to control stimuli. This so-called negative priming effect has been traditionally investigated in the area of selective attention. More recent theory developments conceptualize the negative priming effect as a memory phenomenon. This review presents four models to explain the phenomenon as well as their essential empirical evidence. The review also considers several negative priming characteristics - that is stimulus modality, prime selection and prime response requirement, probe interference, stimulus repetition, aging and thought disorders, and physiological correlates. On these bases, it is concluded that only the distractor inhibition and the episodic retrieval models have survived empirical testing so far. Whereas evidence has increased that negative priming clearly obeys memory retrieval principles, the distractor inhibition model has lost much of its persuasiveness within recent years.
The association of forgiveness and 12-month prevalence of major depressive episode: Gender differences in a probability sample of U.S. adults

Research suggests that gender differences in interpersonal orientations may differentially predispose women and men to depression. While women tend to be more interdependent and show interpersonal depressive styles, men are more independent and show self-critical styles. Forgiveness is one religious/spiritual, interpersonal variable that has received very little attention in the literature on depression. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine forgiveness as a multidimensional, inter-relational variable that may have differential associations with depression in women and men. We measured multiple forms of forgiveness and assessed 12-month prevalence of major depressive episode using a screening version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. We controlled for religiousness/spirituality and demographic in our analyses, and used data from a nationally representative, probability sample of 1,423 adults, ages 18 years and older. Women reported higher levels of religiousness/spirituality and forgiveness than men. Among women, forgiveness of others, forgiveness of self, and feeling forgiven by God were associated with decreased odds of depression (p < 0.05), whereas seeking forgiveness was associated with increased odds (p < 0.05). For men, only forgiveness of oneself was significantly associated with decreased odds of depression (p < 0.05).
Digital Central Bank Money and the Unbundling of the Banking Function

Innovations in digital payment technologies and digital currencies suggest that extending access to central bank money (CBM) to firms and individuals is now feasible. This paper focuses on a recent related debate regarding alternative organizational models for the payment system and their implications for the banking industry. One of the main conclusions is that extended access to CBM will likely create a centrifuge force in the financial system that might result in the unbundling of the banking functions.
Zooplankton feeding in common bream (Abramis brama), white bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and roach (Rutilus rutilus): experiments, models and energy intake.

Three models of the sieving mechanism of the branchial sieve were used to predict the ability to retain zooplankton of three sympatric cyprinids: common bream, white bream and roach. The model predictions were tested with filter-feeding experiments, using three size classes of each species. Results of experiments in darkness corroborated closely with the reducible-channel model for common bream (retention in the medial channels on the gill arches; the diameter of these channels can be reduced with the lateral rakers), rather well with the unreducible-channel model for white bream (the channel diameter cannot be reduced) and possibly with the saw-tooth model for roach (retention on the gill slits). Common bream can adjust the mesh size of its branchial sieve, thus achieving a higher flexibility in food uptake than the other two species. In light experiments, roach and the small common and white bream switched to particulate intake, characterized by a lower retention ability and a higher filtering rate than during gulping. The retention ability was used to calculate the percentage of the available zooplankton energy that the three cyprinids can retain as a function of the fish's length. This retained energy percentage decreases sigmoidly with increasing fish length. At any length between 10-50 cm, common bream has the highest retained energy percentage, white bream the lowest and roach is intermediate. The population of common bream will therefore be at an advantage in the competition for food when zooplankton is a major food source, like in eutrophic lakes.