Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social pressure and the making of wartime civilian protection rules

The protection of civilians from the dangers of warfare constitutes an imperative in contemporary global politics. Drawing on original multiarchival research, this article explains the codification of the core civilian protection rules within international humanitarian law in the 1970s. It argues that these crucial international rules resulted from the operation of two central mechanisms: Third World and Socialist-led social pressure and a strategic, face-saving reaction to it, leadership capture, in the politicized context of Cold War and decolonization-era international social competition. I demonstrate the conditional effect of social pressure by a coalition of materially weaker Third World and Socialist states upon powerful reluctant states: the United States, the United Kingdom, and more surprisingly, the Soviet Union. Third World and Socialist social pressure fostered a curious US-USSR backstage collaboration I label leadership capture, decisively shaping the legal compromise embodied in the civilian protection rules of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. Theoretically, this article furthers burgeoning IR work on the connection between social pressure, status competition, and international rule-making. Empirically it presents a new archives-based history of an intrinsically important case in international law.
Three Generations of Distance Education Pedagogy.

This paper defines and examines three generations of distance education pedagogy. Unlike earlier classifications of distance education based on the technology used, this analysis focuses on the pedagogy that defines the learning experiences encapsulated in the learning design. The three generations of cognitive-behaviourist, social constructivist, and connectivist pedagogy are examined, using the familiar community of inquiry model (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2000) with its focus on social, cognitive, and teaching presences. Although this typology of pedagogies could also be usefully applied to campus-based education, the need for and practice of openness and explicitness in distance education content and process makes the work especially relevant to distance education designers, teachers, and developers. The article concludes that high-quality distance education exploits all three generations as determined by the learning content, context, and learning expectations.
Robust Predictions for DSGE Models with Incomplete Information

We provide predictions for DSGE models with incomplete information that are robust across information structures. Our approach maps an incomplete-information model into a full-information economy with time-varying expectation wedges and provides conditions that ensure the wedges are rationalizable by some information structure. Using our approach, we quantify the potential importance of information as a source of business cycle fluctuations in an otherwise frictionless model. Our approach uncovers a central role for firm-specific demand shocks in supporting aggregate confidence fluctuations. Only if firms face unobserved local demand shocks can confidence fluctuations account for a significant portion of the US business cycle. (JEL D82, D83, E13, E31, E32)
The Role of Family in Youth Opioid Misuse: A Literature Review

Objective: With the opioid epidemic reaching declared a public health emergency in recent years, a synthesis of recent knowledge outlining the impact of opioid use disorders on youth and families is needed. To this aim, this exploratory literature review examined how the role of family is discussed in research on youth opioid misuse, with the goal of acting as a springboard for further research and treatment development that could mitigate the negative impacts opioids are having on families and youth. Method: Peer-reviewed journal articles between 2008 and 2018 were accessed through PsycINFO in March 2018. A total of 279 unduplicated articles were identified through the search. Upon abstract and full-text review, a total of 21 articles met criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Findings: Overall, the role of the family in adolescent opioid misuse was not commonly discussed in the literature, with 21 of 279 (7.5%) of articles meeting inclusion criteria for the current study. In the included articles, the following major themes were identified: (1) family factors affecting adolescent opioid misuse behavior and (2) family’s role in treatment of adolescent opioid misuse. Conclusions: The review evidences there is a relative paucity of literature on relational variables and youth opioid misuse. More practice-based scholarship, as well as more rigorous clinical research, is needed to inform future steps for clinical processes, policy, and research.
How Predictable Ratings are: The Role of Personality Traits

Previous research has shown that raters’ personality characteristics exert an influence on their ratings, skewing the results and invalidating the decisions made about students’ future life. Although the exact mechanism of these factors, their precise effect on ratings, and the interaction between the traits and ratings are yet to be empirically demonstrated, anecdotal evidence coupled with research findings suggests raters’ ratings do not necessarily reflect students’ abilities and may be affected by other construct-irrelevant variances, including personality traits. The purpose of the present study, therefore, was to examine the extent to which some selected personality traits would predict the ratings awarded by the raters to students’ written performance. To that end, teacher raters rated students’ essays on 13 assessment criteria using a 5-point analytic rating scale. Big five inventory and student essays were used to measure teacher raters’ personality traits and to collect data. Data were computed and analysed using SPSS (version 25). Results from linear regression showed that extroversion, agreeableness, openness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness did not significantly contribute to the ratings. The findings suggest that such personality factors may not account for the ratings, and rater variability should be explained in terms of other personality variables. The implications of the study are discussed.
Patterns and predictors of survival following an HIV/AIDS-related neurologic diagnosis

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) often result in neurologic and neuropsychiatric changes, although the prognostic information available for patients affected by HIV/AIDSrelated neurologic diagnoses has been limited. The objective of the present study was to characterize the patterns and predictors of survival, including the impacts of antiretroviral therapy (ART) use and potential factors in healthcare access and disparity, among patients with one or more of the following conditions: cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, primary central nervous system lymphoma, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and HIVassociated dementia. To accomplish this, a cohort was drawn from the Iowa HIV/AIDS reporting system, and a non-independent, university-based cohort was then used to validate the analyses conducted for the statewide sample. Patterns of ART use were identified in each cohort using logistic regression, and survival analyses were conducted using KaplanMeier analysis, Cox regression, and accelerated failure time modeling. Survival was poor in both cohorts, although the university-based setting (University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics) was associated with better overall survival. Of 230 persons in the statewide cohort, 77.0% were deceased by the end of the study period (1982-2008), and the median survival was 1.13 years (95% CI: 0.90 to 1.86 years, n=225). By contrast, 56.4% of the university-based cohort was deceased by the end of the study period (1984-2009), and the median survival in this group was 3.04 years (95% CI: 1.79 to 11.62 years, n=172). Both cohorts were predominantly male, non-Hispanic white, and residents of a small metropolitan area at the time of the AIDS diagnosis. ART use had a strong protective effect on survival in both cohorts. Use of ART among patients diagnosed during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART)
Insights from a Comparative Study into Convergence Culture in European Newsrooms

Convergence has had a major influence on journalism in the past decade. It is particularly important to understand how convergence continues to change working conditions as well as the journalistic practices, routines, norms, and strategies that shape news production. This phenomenon becomes even more substantial when considering the extent to which technological and economic changes have had a disruptive impact on journalism, altering how news is produced and circulated to increasingly fragmented audiences.
Switch in Livelihood Strategies and Social Capital Have a Role to Play in Deciding Rural Poverty Dynamics: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis from Eastern India

Rural households continuously move into and out of poverty due to various factors; and in response to this phenomenon, these rural households adopt several strategies. The purpose of the present paper was to examine the role of livelihood diversification and social capital in the movement of these households into and out of poverty in Eastern rural India. The present study classified households into four poverty groups (called poverty dynamics) based on the panel data gathered from 1353 rural households between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. The study used the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) and the multinomial logit model (MLM) to examine the poverty outcome between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. As per the data collected, at the state level, 25.26% of households were chronic poor and 37.04% of households ascended out of poverty, while 8.20% of households descended into poverty between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Further, it was found out from the SLA that there is a positive relationship between the phenomena of non-farm activities and escaping poverty. The result from the MLM shows that social capital in the form of group membership in different saving schemes and social groups helps to ascend out of poverty.
The Experiences of Homeless Youth When Using Strengths Profiling to Identify Their Character Strengths

Individuals, particularly those considered “hard-to-reach,” often engage well with assessment tools that involve active dialogue and the co-construction of knowledge. Strengths profiling is one such tool that enables a person-centered and autonomy supportive approach to the identification of character strengths. Strength profiling is an adaptation of performance profiling used in sport psychology, which has not yet been utilized in broader psychological research or clinical practice. Supporting an individual by raising awareness of their personal character strengths is an effective and growing mechanism for promoting psychological well-being. Strengths profiling involves several stages of exploring, defining, and assessing character strengths, leading to the identification of signature strengths and goals for future development. Informed by personal construct theory, the present study explored the experiences of homeless young people living in sheltered accommodation (N = 116), when using strengths profiling at the start and end of a 10-week, strengths-based intervention. Mixed-method data was obtained from the strengths profiles, questionnaires measuring resilience, self-worth, and well-being, and diary entries. Findings revealed a rich array of character strength terminology and individual meanings. Participants found strengths profiling to be highly engaging, particularly due to their active role in strength identification, which prompted interesting and meaningful reflections on character strengths that were pertinent to them. Participants felt their signature strengths were vital protective factors within their lives and strengths profiles were correlated with resilience, self-worth, and well-being. Character strengths and resilience were also significantly and meaningfully improved pre/post-intervention, providing support for the use of strengths profiling as a tool for monitoring change in character strength perceptions. Overall, this study demonstrates the utility and versatility of strengths profiling as a new method in the discipline of positive psychology and strengths-based research and applied practice.
Executive Functions and Pain

Abstract. A growing body of literature suggests that chronic-pain patients suffer from problems in various neuropsychological domains, including executive functioning. In order to better understand which components of executive functioning (inhibition, shifting and/or updating) might be especially affected by pain and which mechanisms might underlie this association, we conducted a systematic review, including both chronic-pain studies as well as experimental-pain studies. The chronic-pain studies (N = 57) show that pain is associated with poorer executive functioning. The findings of experimental-pain studies (N = 28) suggest that this might be a bidirectional relationship: Pain can disrupt executive functioning, but poorer executive functioning might also be a risk factor for higher vulnerability to pain.
The development of the 'other-race effect' : a comparison between populations

The other-race effect (ORE) refers to the impoverished recognition of other-race faces relative to own-race faces. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the ORE in two populations (single-race and multi-race) from infancy to adolescence/adulthood as a means of testing and clarifying both the perceptual expertise account and the categorisation-individuation model (CIM). Of six experiments using age-relevant measures, four investigated the ORE when all other factors (social/motivation) are equal, and two investigated when non-race based social categorisation is manipulated. Using a more refined set of stimuli (limited to external facial information), Experiments 1 to 4 supports the assertion that recognition is affected by racial experiences. Furthermore, the interpretations extended the perceptual expertise account by suggesting that such experiences can also differ across face gender and face race at different stages of development. Experiments 5 and 6 extended the categorisation-individuation model by suggesting that population differences and the subjective importance of motivation to individuate faces could modify the ORE when non-race based social categorisation (personality affiliation) was manipulated. These findings were interpreted using a principle of concept of broadly tuned versus narrowly tuned representation within Valentine's (1991) multidimensional face-space model. The findings from this thesis address the importance of considering a combination of face experiences (e.g., race, gender), the social importance of individuating faces at different stages of development (social relationships), and how broadly tuned face representation can have a different effect on ORE compared with a narrowly tuned face representation.
Understanding the relationships between programme quality, psychological needs satisfaction, and mental well-being in competitive youth sport

Youth sport programme structures and processes can directly influence participation outcomes, including mental health and well-being. Researchers have found that programme quality and basic needs satisfaction foster psychosocial outcomes; however, limited research has examined the mechanisms that facilitate mental health. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between programme quality, basic needs satisfaction, and mental well-being in competitive youth sport. Youth (N = 160, 89 males, 71 females; M age = 15.36, SD = 2.50) completed questionnaires at mid-season, with questions related to quality of their sport programming, and at programme end, with questions pertaining to basic needs satisfaction and mental well-being. Structural equation modelling was used to test the direct relationships between programme quality and mental well-being (r = .46, p < .001; model 1) and between basic needs satisfaction and mental well-being (r = .63, p < .001; model 2). Using several fit indices, results showed an adequate fit of both models to the data, suggesting that programme quality significantly predicted basic needs satisfaction and basic needs satisfaction significantly predicted mental well-being. Bootstrapping analysis was used to test if basic needs satisfaction mediated the relationship between programme quality and mental well-being. Results supported mediation, with a large effect (k 2 = 0.28). The study findings help to emphasise the value of structuring youth sport programmes to satisfy basic needs, which may have positive implications on youth mental health. This is important because supporting mental well-being at an earlier age may facilitate mental health and well-being in adulthood.
The effect of endurance training on human ammonia metabolism

This thesis examines human ammonia (NH3) metabolism in trained and untrained individuals. Specifically, these aspects include: 1) plasma NH3 accumulation during exercise at similar absolute and relative work intensities; 2) plasma NH3 accumulation during recovery from maximal exercise; 3) the absolute and relative work intensities at which blood lactate (LA) and plasma NH3 concentrations begin to rapidly accumulate (i.e the LA breakpoint - LABP, and NH3 breakpoint - NH3BP); 4) the relationship between the NH3BP and LABP, and 5) the relationship between plasma NH3, blood (LA), and muscle fibre type.
The Impact of Homework on Student Achievement: Evidence from 57 countries

This paper examines the effect of homework on student achievement using data from 57 countries that participated in PISA 2006. For that, we use a within-student identification strategy that allows us to account for most confounding influences at the country, school and student level. We find that homework has a positive and highly statistically significant effect on student test scores. The heterogeneity analysis provides evidence of an uneven distribution of the homework effect among different subsamples. Specifically, we can conclude that there is a larger homework effect for boys than for girls, for private schools than for public schools, and for developing countries than for their developed counterparts.
L1-based Instruction: Does It Work for Learning Pragmatics in the EFL Context?

An overview of interventional studies in the field of interlanguage pragmatics reveals that researchers and practitioners were first concerned with the teachability of pragmatics. Their findings indicated that particular features of pragmatics are teachable, and instruction is both necessary and effective (e.g., Alcon-Soler, 2008; Alcon-Soler & Martinez-Flor, 2008; Jeon & Kaya, 2006; Ishihara & Cohen, 2010; Martinez-Flor & Uso-Juan, 2010; Rose, 2005; Rose & Kasper, 2001). The second issue in the ILP research dealt with the question of exposure versus instruction. The findings demonstrated that pedagogical intervention is more helpful for pragmatic learning than exposure to positive evidence (e.g., Alcon-Soler, 2005; Eslami-Rasekh & Eslami-Rasekh, 2008; Jeon & Kaya, 2006; Takahashi, 2010). Due to the consensus over the need to teach pragmatic competence, the main issue now centers on the question of how this competence should be attended to in the most effective way. A compelling body of interventional studies has targeted explicit/deductive and implicit/inductive teaching designs, generally suggesting an overall trend in support of explicit/deductive instruction (e.g., Ishihara, 2010; Martinez-Flor & Uso-Juan, 2010; Takahashi, 2010). This interest has overshadowed a third possibility: the employment of learners‟ mother tongue which has recently received a remarkable amount of attention in second language acquisition (SLA) research (e.g., Cheng, 2013; Lee & Macaro, 2013). Therefore, drawing on an already established means of pragmatic instruction and a recently growing trend in the classroom, the present study is an attempt to compare and contrast the relative effectiveness of explicit/deductive and L1-based instruction of pragmatic competence.
Nursing Faculty Perceptions on Teaching Critical Thinking

The perceptions of nursing faculty teaching critical thinking (CT) affective attributes and cognitive skills are described in this quantitative, descriptive study. The study sample consisted of nurse educators from the National League of Nursing database. The purpose of the study was to gain nursing faculty perception of which teaching strategies they used to teach CT. The rationale for the study was to explore how nursing faculty teach nursing students CT affective attributes and cognitive skills to care for clients with complex and multiple health care situations and in a highly technological health care environment. Nursing faculty is obligated to create learning environments to promote CT. Questionnaires were sent to 50 deans and directors of nursing programs asking them to describe which teaching strategies they thought were effective for teaching CT. Followup phone interviews were conducted with 7 nursing faculty who agreed to be interviewed. The results indicate that nursing faculty use multiple teaching strategies to effectively teach CT. The results indicate that nursing faculty believe that CT is a developmental process throughout the curriculum. The findings are congruent with the literature review, which showed that multiple teaching strategies were needed for development of CT affective attributes and cognitive skills. The findings are congruent with the current thinking about the use of simulation and technology in developing CT.