Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age of drinking onset and injuries, motor vehicle crashes, and physical fights after drinking and when not drinking.

BACKGROUND Earlier age of drinking onset has been associated with greater odds of involvement in motor vehicle crashes, unintentional injuries, and physical fights after drinking. This study explores whether early drinkers take more risks even when sober by comparing potential associations between age of drinking onset and these outcomes after drinking relative to when respondents have not been drinking. METHOD From a national sample, 4,021 ever-drinkers ages 18 to 39 were asked age of drinking onset, not counting tastes or sips. They were also asked if they were ever in motor vehicle crashes, unintentionally injured, or in physical fights after drinking and when not drinking. GEE logistic regression models for repeated measures dichotomous outcomes compared whether odds ratios between age of onset and these adverse outcomes significantly differed when they occurred after drinking versus when not drinking, controlling for respondents' demographic characteristics, cigarette and marijuana use, family history of alcoholism, ever experiencing alcohol dependence, and frequency of binge drinking. RESULTS Compared with persons who started drinking at age 21+, those who started at ages <14, 14 to 15, 16 to 17, and 18 to 20 had, after drinking, respectively greater odds: 6.3 (2.6, 15.3), 5.2 (2.2, 12.3), 3.3 (1.5, 7.3), and 2.2 (0.9, 5.1) of having been in a motor vehicle crash; 6.0 (3.4, 10.5), 4.9 (3.0, 8.6), 3.7 (2.4, 5.6), and 1.9 (1.2, 2.9) of ever being in a fight; and 4.6 (2.4, 8.7), 4.7 (2.6, 8.6), 3.2 (1.9, 5.6), and 2.3 (1.3, 4.0) of ever being accidentally injured. The odds of experiencing motor vehicle accidents or injuries when not drinking were not significantly elevated among early onset drinkers. The odds of earlier onset drinkers being in fights were also significantly greater when respondents had been drinking than not drinking. CONCLUSION Starting to drink at an earlier age is associated with greater odds of experiencing motor vehicle crash involvement, unintentional injuries, and physical fights when respondents were drinking, but less so when respondents had not been drinking. These findings reinforce the need for programs and policies to delay drinking onset.
Cross‐species comparison of relative potencies and relative sensitivities of fishes to dibenzo‐p‐dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in vitro

Dioxin‐like compounds of varying toxicities are found in complex mixtures. The toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach was developed based on the potency of a dioxin‐like compound relative to the potency of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachloro‐dibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) to streamline risk assessment. One limitation of the TEF approach is uncertainty regarding differences in the relative potency of dioxin‐like compounds among different species. Relative potencies among fishes are limited, relative to relative potencies among birds and mammals, and TEFs for fishes are based entirely on the model species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). An in vitro liver explant assay was used to characterize species‐specific responses with regard to up‐regulation of CYP1A transcript after exposure to 6 dioxin‐like compounds in rainbow trout, white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), and northern pike (Esox lucius). Differences in sensitivities were observed among species after exposure to dioxin‐like compounds. The relative potencies developed from liver explants of rainbow trout were comparable to relative potencies developed from embryo toxicity assays. Differences in relative potencies between species with the least and greatest relative potencies were up to 40‐fold. To compare relative potencies among species, concentrations of dioxin‐like compounds in fish eggs in the Fraser River and in Lake Ontario were used to calculate toxic equivalency quotients (TEQs) determined from TEFs or TCDD equivalents determined from relative potencies. The TEQs underestimated TCDD equivalents for white sturgeon, lake sturgeon, and northern pike, indicating uncertainty in application of TEFs to diverse fishes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:173–181. © 2015 SETAC
Brain tumor volume measurement: comparison of manual and semiautomated methods.

PURPOSE To compare the reliability of two approaches to measuring enhancing brain tumor volumes--the conventional manual trace method and a threshold-based, semiautomated computer software method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two operators rated contrast material-enhanced, T1-weighted axial magnetic resonance (MR) image data sets from 16 patients aged 21-71 years with high-grade gliomas. Each MR data set was rated twice by using manual tracing and twice by using the semiautomated method. The semiautomated measurement method involved a thresholding algorithm based on mixture modeling. The data collection time for each method was recorded. Reliability was measured by using inter- and intraoperator agreement indexes. RESULTS Mean intraoperator agreement indexes (+/- SD) were 0.90 +/- 0.09 (operator 1) and 0.83 +/- 0.15 (operator 2) for the manual trace method and 0.83 +/- 0.17 (operator 1) and 0.84 +/- 0.16 (operator 2) for the semiautomated measurement method. The mean interoperator agreement was 0.85 +/- 0.14 for the manual method and 0.82 +/- 0.18 for the semiautomated method. The semiautomated method was faster than the manual trace method by an average of 4.6 minutes per patient. CONCLUSION The semiautomated computer method of measuring tumor volume was faster than the manual trace method. Semiautomated computer approaches offer an alternative to manual tracing for measuring serial tumor volumes in patients with high-grade brain neoplasms.
The Prognostic Value of Admission Blood Pressure in Patients With Acute Stroke

Background and Purpose Patients with acute stroke are often found to have high blood pressures at hospital admission. Previous studies have shown variable results regarding the prognostic value of high blood pressure in acute stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of admission blood pressure in a population-based sample of patients with acute stroke. Methods Eighty-five patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and 831 with ischemic disease were included in the study. The relations between admission blood pressure and 30-day mortality were studied by logistic regression analyses. Results High blood pressure in patients with impaired consciousness on hospital admission was significantly related to 30-day mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (P=.037) and in patients with ischemic disease (P<.0001). In patients without impaired consciousness, high blood pressure at time of admission was not related to increased mortality at 30 days. Conclusions High admission blood pressure in alert stroke patients was not related to increased mortality. Stroke patients with impaired consciousness showed higher mortality rates with increasing blood pressure. However, this does not provide a basis for recommending antihypertensive therapy for such patients.
Interocular differences in optic disc configuration in the unilateral exfoliation syndrome

Abstract Thirty‐seven patients with normal visual fields and open angles in both eyes, and lens exfoliation in only one eye, were examined for intraocular pressure, and optic disc topography was determined from stereo‐photographs of the fundi with the computerized three‐dimensional image analyzer. The rim‐to‐disc radius ratios at intervals of 30° were obtained with the instrument. The mean intraocular pressure of the exfoliative eyes (17.5 ± 2.9 mmHg) was significantly higher than that of the nonexfoliative eyes (15.9 ± 2.8 mmHg). In the exfoliative eyes, the mean rim‐to‐disc radius ratio at the inferior‐temporal was significantly smaller, and the higher the intraocular pressure of the exfoliative eye in comparison with that of the nonexfoliative eye, the smaller were the rim‐to‐disc radius ratios at the inferior‐temporal and inferior radii. In the exfoliative eyes, pressure‐dependent changes are observable in the inferior and inferior‐temporal areas of the optic disc prior to visual field loss.
THE STUDY OF DISABILITY STATUS OF LIVE LEPROSY PATIENTS IN KURDISTAN PROVINCE OF IRAN

Objective: Leprosy is an infectious disease which may lead to disability before, during or after treatment. There have been different reports about the prevalence of disabilities in leprosy patients. This study is about the status of disabilities in live leprosy patients in Kurdistan province. Methodology: This was a descriptive–analytic study. The live patients who were accessible and had been registered in the health care department of Kurdistan University were imcluded. The patients whose files were incomplete, were examined and their disabilities were assessed on the basis of the WHO protocol about grading of disabilities in leprosy. Results: One hundred eighty patients were included in this studyi 116 (64.4%) were male and 64 (35.6%) were female. One hundred twenty six (70%) patients had multibacillary and 54 (30%) of them had paucibacillary leprosy. In our study 152 (84.4%) patients had developed disabilities of variable degrees. There was a significant relation between disabilities and type of leprosy (p<0.05), but no relation was observed between disabilities and sex or residential areas. Discussion: Today, the main objective of therapeutic plans for leprosy is prevention of disabilities in the patients. Prevalence rate of disabilities in the leprosy patients of Kurdistan province, was higher than those of other parts of the world which might have been due to delay in referring to healthcare centers, incomplete treatment course and having no access to medical centers in the past.
Modulation of permeability and adhesion molecule expression by human choroidal endothelial cells.

PURPOSE The therapeutic potential of TA, an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid, for the treatment of exudative retinopathy has been examined in several independent clinical studies. The modulation of permeability and adhesion molecule expression of an epithelial cell line has been described in vitro, with the use of cytokines and triamcinolone acetonide (TA). In the current study, the influence of proinflammatory cytokines and TA on permeability and adhesion molecule expression in human choroidal endothelial cells (CECs) was investigated. METHODS Human CEC isolates treated with IFNgamma, TNFalpha, and TA were evaluated by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry for expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I and -II. The effects of IFNgamma, TNFalpha, and TA on paracellular permeability of CEC monolayers were assessed in transendothelial cell resistance (TER) assays. RESULTS Both IFNgamma and TNFalpha significantly upregulated expression of ICAM1 and MHC-I on CECs. Expression of VCAM1 was induced after stimulation with both IFNgamma and TNFalpha, whereas expression of MHC-II was induced only by stimulation with IFNgamma. Cytokine-induced expression of ICAM1, MHC-I, and MHC-II antigen by CECs was significantly downregulated by TA. IFNgamma stimulation also increased permeability of CEC monolayers, whereas subsequent TA treatment decreased permeability of CEC monolayers. CONCLUSIONS Human CEC isolates provide a useful in vitro model to study choroidal neovascular membrane characteristics and their potential response to pro- and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, the results indicate that TA has the capacity to reduce adhesion molecule expression and permeability of choroidal vessels in vitro, confirming its potential as a therapeutic agent for treatment of exudative macular degeneration.
Lone motherhood and risk for cardiovascular disease: the National Population Health Survey (NPHS), 1998-99.

PURPOSE To examine whether lone parenthood among Canadian women is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS The sample was from the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) and it included 2,184 mothers (women with dependent children < 18 years of age) of whom 478 were lone (22%) and 1,706 (78%) were partnered mothers. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression were undertaken with weighted data. RESULTS Compared to partnered mothers, lone mothers were significantly younger, and reported lower levels of education and income. Lone mothers reported significantly lower levels of health, less social support, and more distress and depression than partnered mothers. Further, lone mothers were significantly more likely to be smokers than partnered mothers. Odds ratios for being a lone mother and current smoker on social assistance in this analysis was 4.15 (95% CI 2.27-7.60), and for those reporting low or mid/high incomes respectively, were 2.99 (1.51-5.90) and 3.01 (1.93-4.70). There were no significant differences between the two groups for obesity or physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Smoking is a significant CVD lifestyle risk for lone mothers. Smoking occurred in the context of considerable life stress, depression, and distress pointing to links between health behaviour, psychosocial factors, and CVD health. These results suggest that lone mothers are a key target group for primary prevention in the CVD field. Programs and policies that support lone mothers in their goals of attaining healthier lifestyles have the potential to contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease in Canadian women.
The Bacillus subtilis DivIVA protein targets to the division septum and controls the site specificity of cell division

The Bacillus subtilisdivIVA gene, first defined by a mutation giving rise to anucleate minicells, has been cloned and characterized. Depletion of DivIVA leads to inhibition of the initiation of cell division. The residual divisions that do occur are abnormally placed and sometimes misorientated relative to the long axis of the cell. The DivIVA phenotype can be suppressed by disruption of the MinCD division inhibitor, suggesting that DivIVA controls the topological specificity of MinCD action and thus septum positioning. A DivIVA–GFP fusion targets to new and used sites of cell division, consistent with it having a direct role in topological specification.
Nurses' views on challenging doctors' practice in an acute hospital.

AIM To explore the extent to which nurses are willing to challenge doctors' practice in everyday situations in an acute NHS hospital. METHOD Qualitative data were collected using in-depth interviews with 12 nurses in an acute NHS hospital in England. FINDINGS Participants believed that they challenged doctors' practice and acted as patients' advocates. However, data revealed that nurses questioned doctors' practice only under specific circumstances. Nurses would not challenge doctors if they perceived that this would result in conflict or stress, if they were afraid of the doctor or feared reprisal. CONCLUSION Nurses are discouraged from challenging doctors' practice by the structural inequality arising from the gender division of labour and doctors' expert knowledge and status (medical dominance) in the workplace.
Acute White Matter Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Potential Role of Lipocalin 2

Background and Purpose— White matter injury occurs after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and has not been well studied. In this study, we investigated acute white matter injury in a mouse SAH model and the role of lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in that injury. Methods— SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in wild-type (WT) or LCN2 knockout (LCN2−/−) mice. Sham WT mice underwent the same procedure without perforation. MRI was performed 24 hours after SAH and the volumes of the T2-hyperintensity in white matter were measured. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine white matter injury. Results— Mortality rates and SAH severity were not significantly different between WT and LCN2−/− animals. T2-hyperintensity in the white matter was observed in all WT animals at 24 hours after SAH (6.1±2.7 versus 0.06±0.07 mm3 in sham; P<0.001), and the volume of T2-hyperintensity tended to correlate with SAH severity (r=0.30; P=0.055). In WT animals with SAH, numerous LCN2-positive cells were observed in white matter. In contrast, LCN2−/− animals scarcely developed white matter T2-hyperintensity after SAH (0.5±0.5 mm3; P<0.001, versus WT). Markers of axonal damage and myelin degradation were increased in white matter after SAH in WT compared with those in LCN2−/− animals (P<0.05). Conclusions— SAH results in an acute white matter injury at 24 hours in mice, and LCN2 plays an important role in SAH-induced white matter injury.
Programmatic pathways to child survival: results of a multi-country evaluation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness.

OBJECTIVE To summarize the expectations held by World Health Organization programme personnel about how the introduction of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy would lead to improvements in child health and nutrition, to compare these expectations with what was learned from the Multi-Country Evaluation of IMCI Effectiveness, Cost and Impact (MCE-IMCI), and to discuss the implications of these findings for child survival policies and programmes. DESIGN The MCE-IMCI study designs were based on an impact model developed in 1999-2000 to define how IMCI would be implemented at country level and below, and the outcomes and impact it would have on child health and survival. MCE-IMCI studies included: feasibility assessments documenting IMCI implementation in 12 countries (1999-2001); in-depth studies using compatible designs in Bangladesh, Brazil, Peru, Tanzania and Uganda; and cross-site analyses addressing the effectiveness of specific subsets of IMCI activities. RESULTS The IMCI strategy was successfully introduced in the great majority of countries with moderate to high levels of child mortality in the period from 1996 to 2001. Seven years of country-based evaluation, however, indicates that some of the basic expectations underlying the development of IMCI were not met. Four of the five countries (the exception is Tanzania) had difficulties in expanding the strategy at national level while maintaining adequate intervention quality. Technical guidelines on delivering interventions at family and community levels were slow to appear, and in their absence countries stalled in their efforts to increase population coverage with essential interventions related to care-seeking, nutrition, and correct care of the sick child at home. The full weight of health system limitations on IMCI implementation was not appreciated at the outset, and only now is it clear that solutions to larger problems in political commitment, human resources, financing, integrated or at least coordinated programme management, and effective decentralization are essential underpinnings of successful efforts to reduce child mortality. CONCLUSIONS This analysis highlights the need for a shift if child survival efforts are to be successful. Delivery systems that rely solely on government health facilities must be expanded to include the full range of potential channels in a setting and strong community-based approaches. The focus on process within child health programmes must change to include greater accountability for intervention coverage at population level. Global strategies that expect countries to make massive adaptations must be complemented by country-level implementation guidelines that begin with local epidemiology and rely on tools developed for specific epidemiological profiles.
Stability Analysis of Linear Time‐Invariant Distributed‐Order Systems

The bounded‐input bounded‐output stability condition of a linear time invariant (LTI) distributed‐order system over integral interval (0,1) has been established for the first time. Two cases about weighting function of the distributed order are investigated, and sufficient and necessary conditions of stability for these two types of distributed‐order systems are derived. Based on the complex integration analysis, time‐domain responses of distributed‐order systems are also given by analytical method, and numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed conditions.
The safety and efficacy of a silymarin and selenium combination in men after radical prostatectomy - a six month placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial.

BACKGROUND Silymarin, a milk thistle flavonolignan mixture, has anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activities in xenografts of human prostate cancer (PCa). Low dietary selenium on the other hand has been associated with increased incidence of PCa. The purpose of the current trial was to determine whether a daily administration of a silymarin and selenium (SM-Se) combination for 6 months would alter basic clinical chemistry and oxidative stress markers, and improve the quality of life score (QoL) in men after radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS Thirty seven participants, 2-3 months after RP, were randomly assigned to receive 570 mg of silymarin and 240 µg of selenium as selenomethionine (n = 19, SM-Se group) or placebo (n = 18, Placebo group) daily for six months. Both groups had similar clinical and demographic characteristics. Physical examination, QoL score, haematology, basic clinical chemistry and oxidative stress markers, selenium and testosterone levels, antioxidant status were evaluated at baseline, at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS The six months administration of silymarin and selenium improved the QoL score, decreased low density lipoproteins (LDL) and total cholesterol and, increased serum selenium levels. The combination had no effect on blood antioxidant status and no influence on testosterone level. No adverse events were recorded. No improvement was found in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS The selected combination of silymarin and selenium significantly reduced two markers of lipid metabolism known to be associated with PCa progression, LDL and total cholesterol in the blood of men after RP. This suggests that this combination may be effective in reducing PCa progression.