Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Special Issue on Computational Anaphora Resolution

Anaphora accounts for cohesion in texts and is a phenomenon under active study in formal and computational linguistics alike. The correct interpretation of anaphora is vital for natural language processing (NLP). For example, anaphora resolution is a key task in natural language interfaces, machine translation, text summarization, information extraction, question answering, and a number of other NLP applications. After considerable initial research, followed by years of relative silence in the early 1980s, anaphora resolution has attracted the attention of many researchers in the last 10 years and a great deal of successful work on the topic has been carried out. Discourseoriented theories and formalisms such as Discourse Representation Theory and Centering Theory inspired new research on the computational treatment of anaphora. The drive toward corpus-based robust NLP solutions further stimulated interest in alternative and/or data-enriched approaches. Last, but not least, application-driven research in areas such as automatic abstracting and information extraction independently highlighted the importance of anaphora and coreference resolution, boosting research in this area. Much of the earlier work in anaphora resolution heavily exploited domain and linguistic knowledge (Sidner 1979; Carter 1987; Rich and LuperFoy 1988; Carbonell and Brown 1988), which was difficult both to represent and to process, and which required considerable human input. However, the pressing need for the development of robust and inexpensive solutions to meet the demands of practical NLP systems encouraged many researchers to move away from extensive domain and linguistic knowledge and to embark instead upon knowledge-poor anaphora resolution strategies. A number of proposals in the 1990s deliberately limited the extent to which they relied on domain and/or linguistic knowledge and reported promising results in knowledge-poor operational environments (Dagan and Itai 1990, 1991; Lappin and Leass 1994; Nasukawa 1994; Kennedy and Boguraev 1996; Williams, Harvey, and Preston 1996; Baldwin 1997; Mitkov 1996, 1998b). The drive toward knowledge-poor and robust approaches was further motivated by the emergence of cheaper and more reliable corpus-based NLP tools such as partof-speech taggers and shallow parsers, alongside the increasing availability of corpora and other NLP resources (e.g., ontologies). In fact, the availability of corpora, both raw and annotated with coreferential links, provided a strong impetus to anaphora resolu
Genome‐wide identification of the subcellular localization of the Escherichia coli B proteome using experimental and computational methods

Escherichia coli K‐12 and B strains have most widely been employed for scientific studies as well as industrial applications. Recently, the complete genome sequences of two representative descendants of E. coli B strains, REL606 and BL21(DE3), have been determined. Here, we report the subproteome reference maps of E. coli B REL606 by analyzing cytoplasmic, periplasmic, inner and outer membrane, and extracellular proteomes based on the genome information using experimental and computational approaches. Among the total of 3487 spots, 651 proteins including 410 non‐redundant proteins were identified and characterized by 2‐DE and LC‐MS/MS; they include 440 cytoplasmic, 45 periplasmic, 50 inner membrane, 61 outer membrane, and 55 extracellular proteins. In addition, subcellular localizations of all 4205 ORFs of E. coli B were predicted by combined computational prediction methods. The subcellular localizations of 1812 (43.09%) proteins of currently unknown function were newly assigned. The results of computational prediction were also compared with the experimental results, showing that overall precision and recall were 92.16 and 92.16%, respectively. This work represents the most comprehensive analyses of the subproteomes of E. coli B, and will be useful as a reference for proteome profiling studies under various conditions. The complete proteome data are available online (http://ecolib.kaist.ac.kr).
Earliest enamel deposits of the rat incisor examined by electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and electron probe microanalysis

In order to describe initial events in enamel mineralization and to help characterize inorganic‐organic interactions in this tissue, the earliest rod and interrod enamel in mandibular incisors from normal young adult (100 gm) rats, perfused with 100% ethylene glycol, has been studied by transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and high‐spatial‐resolution electron probe microanalysis. Diffraction and probe data were correlated precisely from the same extracellular regions of the tissue. Sites were examined progressively as a function of location (a) from the most recently deposited enamel adjacent to ameloblasts toward the dentin‐enamel junction and (b) from the apical portion of the tooth longitudinally toward its incisal end. Electron diffraction patterns consistent with that of a poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite were generated at all locations. Diffraction characteristics changed only slightly toward that of more crystalline hydroxyapatite at different locations. Earliest apical enamel generated molar Ca/P ratios in a range of 0.99–1.46 (average 1.24 ± 0.15). Molar Ca/P ratios of the first enamel interrod elements increased from ∼1.24 at ameloblast‐enamel boundaries to ∼1.40 at the dentin‐enamel junction, small changes corresponding to those observed in electron diffraction characteristics.
Lack of radiosensitization after paclitaxel treatment of three human carcinoma cell lines

Background. Several recent studies have suggested radiosensitizing effects of paclitaxel, a microtubular inhibitor. To test the universality of this finding, the interaction between paclitaxel and radiation treatment of cell lines derived from three common human carcinomas MCF‐7 (breast cancer); DUT‐145 (prostate cancer); and HT‐29 (colon cancer) was evaluated. The study focused on the ability of paclitaxel to block cells at the G2‐M phase of the cell cycle and potentially enhance the radiation sensitivity of the cells.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Cortisol in Cord Plasma in Relation to Gestational Age, Labor, and Fetal Distress

Concentration of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has earlier been found to increase greatly in maternal plasma during the last trimester of normal pregnancy and even more in preeclampsia. This CRH is thought to be of placental origin, and it may stimulate maternal or fetal pituitary adrenal axis. We studied CRH in umbilical cord venous plasma in relation to gestation, labor, and fetal distress. There was a great maternal-to-fetal concentration difference in plasma CRH levels, a hundredfold at term pregnancy, suggesting that the placenta releases CRH mainly into the maternal rather than into the fetal circulation. Length of gestation or the mode of delivery did not affect CRH levels in cord plasma. Cord CRH levels were higher (median, 24.1, range, 14.2 to 67 pmol/liter) in six preterm infants with chronic fetal distress, born to mothers with severe preeclampsia and in nine infants born after premature rupture of membranes (median, 17.0, range, 7.65 to 53 pmol/liter), than in 12 preterm control infants born after uncomplicated pregnancy (median, 6.3 range, 1.0 to 27.5 pmol/liter). No significant correlation was found between CRH and cortisol levels in cord plasma. Increased cortisol levels in cord plasma were associated with spontaneous vaginal delivery but not with chronic fetal distress. These findings demonstrated that placental release of CRH into the fetal circulation may be increased in pregnancy complications with chronic fetal distress but failed to prove any relationship between placental CRH and fetal adrenal function.
The effects of incremental brightness and contrast adjustments on radiographic data: a quantitative study.

OBJECTIVES To determine the border level of brightness and contrast changes in order to prevent the loss of originality of the quantitative data on digital dental radiographs. METHODS After measuring the baseline mean grey values (MGVs) of a fixed region of interest on the alveolar bone and an aluminium step wedge, incremental brightness and contrast adjustments were performed on a digital periapical radiograph. The distribution of the data was analysed to investigate the significance of the changes on radiodensitometric data after incremental increase of brightness and contrast. RESULTS The original MGVs were easily retrieved after brightness adjustments; however, the contrast increase led to more complicated density changes. The originality of the data was saved up to 50 units of contrast increase, but further than this limit, significant radiodensitometric changes occurred. CONCLUSIONS Contrast adjustments should be performed cautiously when making quantitative analyses on the digital radiographs.
First Trimester Ultrasound in Prenatal Diagnosis—Part of the Turning Pyramid of Prenatal Care

First-trimester sonographic assessment of the risk of chromosomal abnormalities is routinely performed throughout the world, primarily by measuring fetal nuchal translucency thickness between 11–13 weeks’ gestation, combined with assessment of serum markers. The development of high-frequency transvaginal transducers has led to improved ultrasound resolution and better visualization of fetal anatomy during the first-trimester. Continuous improvement in ultrasound technology allows a thorough detailed assessment of fetal anatomy at the time of the nuchal translucency study. Using transabdominal or transvaginal sonography, or a combination of both approaches, it is now possible to diagnose a wide range of fetal anomalies during the first trimester. Multiple studies reported early diagnosis of major fetal anomalies after demonstrating the association of increased nuchal translucency thickness with structural defect in chromosomally normal and abnormal fetuses. Normal sonographic findings provide reassurance for women at high risk while detection of fetal malformation during the first trimester enables discussion and decisions about possible treatments and interventions, including termination of pregnancy, during an early stage of pregnancy.
Dynamic welding of silver contacts under different mechanical bounce conditions

Mechanical parameters were correlated with dynamic contact welding for a hard silver contact alloy. The study was conducted with a model switch that simulated an automotive relay. The switching tests conducted at 13 VDC for rigid and flexible blades correlated contact bounce to weld strength. The weld strength was shown to be highest for single bounces of very short duration and contact gap. Flexible contact springs were shown to create weak welds by mechanical adhesion.
Complete nucleotide sequence and transcription of ermF, a macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance determinant from Bacteroides fragilis

DNA sequence analysis of a portion of an EcoRI fragment of the Bacteroides fragilis R plasmid pBF4 has allowed us to identify the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance (MLSr) gene, ermF. ermF had a relative moles percent G + C of 32, was 798 base pairs in length, and encoded a protein of approximately 30,360 daltons. Comparison between the deduced amino acid sequence of ermF and six other erm genes from gram-positive bacteria revealed striking homologies among all of these determinants, suggesting a common origin. Based on these and other data, we believe that ermF codes for an rRNA methylase. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences upstream and downstream from the ermF gene revealed the presence of directly repeated sequences, now identified as two copies of the insertion element IS4351. One of these insertion elements was only 26 base pairs from the start codon of ermF and contained the transcriptional start signal for this gene as judged by S1 nuclease mapping experiments. Additional sequence analysis of the 26 base pairs separating ermF and IS4351 disclosed strong similarities between this region and the upstream regulatory control sequences of ermC and ermA (determinants of staphylococcal origin). These results suggested that ermF was not of Bacteroides origin and are discussed in terms of the evolution of ermF and the expression of drug resistance in heterologous hosts.
Central and ulnar cleft hands: a review of concurrent deformities in a series of 47 patients and their pathogenesis

Two main types of cleft hands have been described. The ulnar cleft hand deformity is very rare and is characterized by two constant features: a deep cleft radial to the little finger and hypoplasia of the ulnar digits. The pathogenesis of ulnar clefts is unknown. The second type is the central cleft hand deformity, which is characterized by a soft tissue/bone defect in the hand centrally. Patients with central clefts also have several concurrent deformities in the remaining digits. This paper reviews the clinical features of three cases with ulnar cleft hands and 44 cases of central cleft hands, with special emphasis on concurrent deformities. The author’s hypothesis of pathogenesis for both types of clefts and their concurrent deformities is then offered.
Performance of OFDM-Based Dual-Hop Amplify-and-Forward Relaying

In this letter, the end-to-end BER performance of a dual-hop OFDM-based relay system is investigated. The relay terminal operates in the amplify-and-forward (AF) mode. We derive the bit error rate (BER) of AF relaying with average power scaling (APS) constraint valid for source-relay link high signal- to-noise ratio conditions. We also study a frequency diversity technique that improves the performance of single antenna AF-APS relaying. The theoretical BER expressions are verified by computer simulations for a 4-QAM modulated OFDM system.
A miniaturization technique for wideband tightly coupled phased arrays

Using an equivalent circuit, a new wideband array was examined using physically realizable tightly coupled dipoles. A miniaturized element using inductive and capacitive loading was used to suppress ground plane effects for a broadband conformal array. Serial inductance was demonstrated to effectively miniaturize the radiating element and lead to even greater bandwidth as compared to the CSA array in [3]. A 4.5:1 bandwidth was demonstrated with a dipole length of λo/10 and a total array thickness of λo/12.8 at the lowest operating frequency.
Physical Work Limits for Toronto Firefighters in Warm Environments

This study examined the relationship between time to reach critical end points (tolerance time [TT] and metabolic rate for three different environmental temperatures (25°C, 30°C, and 35°C, 50% relative humidity), while wearing firefighting protective clothing (FPC) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Thirty-seven Toronto firefighters (33 male and 4 female) were divided into four work groups defined as Heavy (H, n = 9), Moderate (M, n = 9), Light (L, n = 10), and Very Light (VL, n = 9). At 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C, TT (min) decreased from 56 to 47 to 41 for H, 92 to 65 to 54 for M, 134 to 77 to 67 for L, and 196 to 121 to 87 for VL. Significant differences in TT were observed across all group comparisons, excluding M versus L at 30°C and 35°C, and H versus M at 35°C. Comparing 25°C to 30°C, M, L, and VL had significant decreases in TT, whereas only VL had a significant decrease when 30°C was compared to 35°C. For 25°C to 30°C, the relative change in TT was significantly greater for L (37%) and VL (41%) compared with H (16%) and M (26%). For 30°C to 35°C, the relative change among the groups was similar and approximately 17%. During passive recovery at 35°C, rectal temperature (Tre) continued to increase 0.5°C above Tre final, whereas heart rate declined significantly. These findings show the differential impact of environmental conditions at various metabolic rates on TT while wearing FPC and SCBA. Furthermore, these findings reveal passive recovery may not be sufficient to reduce Tre below pre-recovery levels when working at higher metabolic rates in hot environments.
Sentinel lymph‐node biopsy in solid neoplasms: A decade of clinical applications

Sentinel lymph node (sN) biopsy has been recognized as a standard minimally invasive procedure for the staging of regional lymph nodes in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer and melanoma; recently, new fields of application of this technique have been proposed, such as in gynecologic and urologic malignancies, squamous head and neck cancer, thyroid cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, and gastric cancer. The original findings reported by Morton et al. [1] in melanoma patients have been confirmed in subsequent clinical series, and detection rates have been constantly increased thanks to the association with preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and the use of an hand-held gammadetection probe for the intraoperative detection of the sN. From the pathologic standpoint, the examination of the sN has improved the accuracy of nodal staging thanks to the focused histopathologic examination of one or few lymph nodes by means of multiple sections, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and RT-PCR as compared to the standard examination of bivalved lymph nodes within the surgical specimen of dissection, using single sections and H&E [2]. For these reasons, sN biopsy has been adopted as a standard method of nodal staging both in breast cancer and melanoma, as reported in the sixth edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual [3]. Moreover, the World Health Organization has issued a statement indicating that sN biopsy should be considered standard of care for patients with melanoma [4]. So, the first reason to perform sN biopsy in melanoma and breast cancer patients is for staging purposes, because it provides valuable Guest Editors
An update on molecular diagnostics of squamous and salivary gland tumors of the head and neck.

CONTEXT Molecular testing in anatomic pathology is becoming standardized and can contribute valuable diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic information for the clinical management of patients. In head and neck pathology, recent advances in molecular testing have provided important targets in several different diagnostic areas, with particular emerging clinical applications in squamous and salivary gland pathology. In squamous mucosal-derived lesions, human papilloma virus has emerged as an important pathogenic etiology in a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Within the category of salivary gland tumors, 3 tumors have recently been recognized that contain oncogenic translocations. OBJECTIVE To describe the current state of information about the molecular alterations in squamous lesions and in salivary gland tumors of the head and neck. DATA SOURCES Published literature on squamous and salivary gland tumors of the head and neck. CONCLUSIONS The different approaches to identification of viral-associated tumors include assays using polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Most mucoepidermoid carcinomas harbor MECT1-MAML2 gene rearrangement. The MYB-NFIB translocations have recently been identified in adenoid cystic carcinomas. Finally, a newly described tumor of salivary gland, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma, harbors the ETV6-NTRK3 translocation. Although these translocations are just emerging as diagnostic targets, future roles may evolve as potential therapeutic targets.
Radio frequency ranging for wireless sensor network localization

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a diverse range of industrial, scientific and medical applications where the sensor nodes are of low cost, standard with respect to hardware architecture, processing abilities and communicate using low-power narrow-band radios. Position information of the sensing nodes within those applications is often a requirement in order to make use of the data recorded by the sensors themselves. On deployment, sensing nodes normally have no prior knowledge of their position and thus a localization mechanism is often a requirement. The process of localizing a 'blind' device consists of ranging estimates or angle measurements to a set of references with a prior knowledge of their position relative to a co-ordinate system and the position computation of the blind device in relation to the fixed references. This research focuses on the process of ranging to enable two-dimensional localization of sensing nodes within WSNs. Alternative ranging methods for the specified application field have not demonstrated their ability to meet the resolution and accuracy (resolution 0.3 m with accuracy better than ± 1.0 m line-of-sight) required. A novel radio frequency (RF) time-of-flight (TOF) ranging system is presented in this work to mitigate those problems. The system has been prototyped using a TI CC2431 development platform with ranging and data packet transfer performed on a single channel in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. The frequency difference between the two transceivers involved with ranging is used to obtain sub-clock TOF phase offset measurement in order to achieve high resolution TOF measurements. Performance results have been obtained for the line-of-sight (LOS), non-line-of-sight (NLOS) and indoor conditions. Accuracy is typically better than 7.0m RMS for the LOS condition over 250.0m and 15.8m RMS for the NLOS condition over 120.0m using a sample average of one-hundred two-way ranging transactions. Indoors accuracy is measured to 1.7m RMS using a 1000 sample average over 8.0m. Corresponding results are also presented for the algorithms suitability for localizing sensor nodes in two-dimensions. Ranging performance is bound by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal bandwidth, synchronization and frequency difference between devices. This ranging algorithm demonstrates a novel method where resolution and accuracy are improved time dependent in comparison to frequency dependent methods using narrow-band RF.
Daytime Sleep Tendency Before and After Discontinuation of Antiepileptic Drugs in Preadolescent Children with Epilepsy

Summary: In 9 preadolescent children treated for epilepsy who had been free from seizures long enough for treatment to be discontinued, daytime vigilance was studied before and after discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Comparisons were made with healthy controls. Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), EEG, and a questionnaire were used. As part of the analysis of the MSLT, a new measure, the daily average sleep tendency (DAST), was constructed to overcome the problems with data censoring of the classic MSLT analysis. The patients had significantly (p < 0.001) higher daytime sleep tendency, even after drug discontinuation, than controls, a result that could neither be attributed to AED treatment nor to recent epileptic seizures or complicated epilepsy.
Cellular basis of sex disparities in human cardiac electrophysiology

Aim: Sex disparities in electrocardiogram variables and dysrhythmia susceptibility exist, notably in long QT syndrome (LQTS) and Brugada syndrome, but the underlying mechanisms in man are unknown. We studied the cellular basis of sex distinctions in human cardiac electrophysiology and dysrhythmia susceptibility using mathematical models of human ventricular myocytes.