Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Which is Leader in MENA region? Economic growth or financial development

There are vast literature about the relationship between financial development and economic growth. In most studies, the positive relation is approved while in few advocate that there is no relation. The positive relation may be from financial development to growth or vice versa or two ways. In this paper, the Granger causality relationship between financial development and economic growth is studied by the dynamic panel GMM-SYS approach and with two kinds of data, annual and five-non-overlapping data in MENA countries as a group. Five different measures of financial deepening are used to capture the variety of different channels through which financial development can affect growth. Results imply that a strong bi-directional causality between financial development and economic growth, but the relation from economic growth to financial development is stronger than vice versa direction.
Tracking fear in snake and spider fearful participants during visual search: A multi-response domain study

In visual search tasks snake or spider fearful participants showed shorter reaction times (RTs) to respond to their feared animal (e.g., snake) than to the nonfeared animal (i.e., spider) (Öhman, Flykt, & Esteves, 2001). Here, we used this paradigm with heart rate (HR), RTs, and event-related potential (ERP) measures, to investigate the nature of the responses to the feared animal, a nonfeared (but fear-relevant) animal, and fear-irrelevant target stimuli with snake fearful, spider fearful, and nonfearful participants. Fearful participants showed shorter RTs and evoked larger amplitudes on a late positive potential (LPP; 500–700 ms) for their feared compared to the nonfeared and the fear-irrelevant targets. No relevant significant differences were found on early ERP components and HR measures. These findings do not support an involvement of early information processing in the detection of the feared animal in fearful participants, they favour instead a more elaborated analysis of these complex stimuli to achieve the detection.
Routing Algorithm Based on Area Division Management of Node in Wireless Sensor Networks

In order to reduce the communication overhead among sensor nodes, a routing algorithm is proposed based on zoning management nodes. The algorithm defines the calculation method of the network partition radius after nodes deployment, and divides monitored area according to the radius meanwhile layouts one management node in each partition. Then nodes’ communication cost is calculated based on the distance among nodes as well as nodes’ energy, and finishes the selection of routing nodes based on the cost. Finally, using the Matlab simulation environment, the parameters impacting the optimal partition radius are discussed, and the proposed routing algorithm is compared with existing algorithms. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is more balanced on nodes energy consumption. The algorithm reduces network traffic overhead while extends the lifetime of the network.
Surgical treatment of scoliosis in patients with myelomeningocele

Introduction: aetiology of scoliosis in patients with myelomeningocele may be congenital or noncongenital. Treatment o choice in these patients is surgery. Aim of paper: evaluate the results of surgical treatment and establish treatment guidelines in these patients. Material: 35 patients treated between 2000 and 2006. Methods: study group divided in 2 subgroups: without congenital anomalies (group A;n=23) and with anomalies causing scoliosis (group B;n=12). We evaluated: curve type, cord tethering, level of posterior elements absence, curve magnitude, coronal balance, pelvis inclination pre- and postsurgery. Surgery consisted of anterior fusion with instrumentation, followed by posterior fusion when required. Results: curves were shorter in gr.A (mean nr of vertebrae 8,3 vs 7,7), curve apex was usually Th12(31%) gr.A, and Th11(28%) gr.B. Most common level of posterior wall absence was Th11 (gr.A) and Th10 (gr.B). Cord tethering was present in 23% of patients in gr.A, and 41% in gr.B. Mean curve angle before surgery was 96,7° (gr.A) and 84,8° (gr.B). Mean pelvis inclination was 23° (gr.A) and 17,3° (gr.B). Age at surgery was higher in gr.A (11,8 years vs. 9,3 years). Final curve correction was 31,2% (gr.A) vs. 24,6% (gr.B). Only 4 patients required posterior fusion in gr.B vs. 14 (61%) in gr.A. At follow-up examination mean curve magnitude was 68,1°; pelvis inclination 16,5° (gr.A) vs. 69,2° and 11,3° (gr.B). Conclusion: in patients with myelomeningocele and congenital scoliosis anterior fusion may be the treatment of choice, presence of stable deformations prevents curve progression, in cases of noncongenital deformities wide anterior fusion followed by posterior fusion is recommended.
Should local treatment of breast ductal carcinoma in situ be the same as the treatment of early invasive breast cancer

Heterogenicity of breast ductal carcinoma in situ gives rise to opposing proposals concerning its treatment — ranging from attempts to recommend the watch and wait strategy in low risk forms ending with the currently binding stan­dards of treatment of DCIS in the way identical as early invasive cancer in the high risk. Arguments for the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ in the same way as patients with early invasive cancer have been presented. These argu­ments comprise: unknown natural history of untreated DCIS, high risk of undervaluation of the invasive component in the core-needle biopsy, the increase of recurrence risk with the progress of time, lack of verified separators of the groups with the risk of adverse course of the disease, the results of the clinical studies confirming the justification of combined local treatment and the proof that the clinical course of DCIS is the same as early invasive breast cancer, and, first and foremost, the fact that there are no clinical studies which could justify a limitation of the treatment scope.
Coupled Mode Analysis of Two-Dimensional Chiral Grating

─ This paper introduces a modal analysis for two-dimensional chiral grating. The grating structure is composed of rectangular chiral rods arranged in rectangular periodic cells and embedded in another chiral base material. Total fields are presented in terms of transverse electric and magnetic field components which are expanded as two sets of TE and TM Floquet modes. This representation is used in Maxwell’s curl equations to formulate the problem as an eigenvalue problem. The resulting eigenvalues correspond to the forward and backward propagation coefficients. On the other hand, the eigenvectors correspond to the amplitudes of the TE and TM Floquet modes in the forward and backward propagating modes. Reflection and transmission coefficients of two semi-infinite chiral gratings are obtained by combining this modal analysis and mode matching method. This analysis is extended to obtain the reflection and transmission coefficients of a finite thickness twodimensional chiral grating slab by using the generalized scattering matrix method. Index Terms ─ Chiral medium, grating, modal analysis, mode matching.
Exploring the Association between Board Structure and Information Security Breaches

Although the area of information security planning and manageme nt has gained an increased attention, not much discussion was available on the role and the impact of the board members towards a firm’s security management and governance decisions. In this research, we draw on corporate governance and the organizational demography literature to conduct an exploratory empirical study on the association between the board structure of a firm and the possibility of information security breaches. Our results show that the board size, the average age/tenure and the heterogeneity of age could reduce the possibility of security breaches while the proportion of independent directors and the heterogeneity of tenure could increase it. Our findings shed lights on the important role played by the board when managing information security risks in organizations.
Principle of Effective Stress in Variably Saturated Porous Media

In 1961, in the wake of emerging geotechnical problems under unsaturated conditions, the British Royal Society held a conference on the effective stress principle. Much of the debate stemmed from pressing needs to go beyond [Terzaghi’s (1923][1], [1936)][2] effective stress for saturated porous
On the Role of Financial Depth in Determining the Asymmetric Impact of Monetary Policy

This paper examines the asymmetric impact of monetary policy shocks on real output growth considering the role of nancial depth. We carry out our examination using quarterly US data over 1980:q1-2011:q4 and implement an instrumental variables Markov regime switching methodology to account for the endogeneity between monetary policy and output growth. Our investigation shows that the impact of monetary policy shocks on output growth is stronger during recessions than expansions. More interestingly, we show that nancial depth dampens the real eects of monetary policy shocks. We show that the results are robust to several alternative nancial depth measures.
Formulating appropriate utility functions and personal financial plans

Without inflation protected pensions, people need decision making tools (financial calculators) to make informed decisions about savings and investment for retirement. For investment, they need a framework to trade off risk and return. This paper examines the assumptions underlying some of the common utility functions in the financial literature and suggests ways of making them more consistent with the behavioural and happiness literature. In particular, frictional costs are introduced to explain loss aversion. The results are illustrated in a way that could perhaps be presented to users of financial calculators to elicit their preferences and assist in making more coherent decisions.
Towards an analysis of academic weblogs

This paper analyses both the communicative purposes and formal linguistic features of academic weblogs. An initial analysis of 496 weblogs in use within tertiary level institutions was reduced to an in-depth analysis of 39 academic weblogs (a corpus of 16 million words). The objective was to see how much variation there might be between traditional academic genres and academic weblogs. The initial hypothesis is that academic weblogs are far less formal and would favour greater use of lexico-grammatical realisations belonging to the interpersonal function of language. In order to quantify this possible variation between traditional academic genres and academic weblogs, some well-known linguistic features which have been considered to be typical of academic discourse such as the agentless passive and nominalisations were investigated.
Non UK University students stress levels and their coping Strategies

The aim of the study was to investigate stress levels, experiences of stress and coping strategies of non-UK students studying at the University of Manchester, UK. The main purpose was to consider their perceived stress levels, their experiences of stress and their coping strategies and to link these to the continents from which they came, their gender and whether they were graduates or undergraduates. This research consisted of two phases. The first phase was a survey that used self-administered structured questionnaire of 329 non-UK students who completed the perceived stress scale (PSS), the inventory of college students recent life experiences (ICSRLE) and the coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS). In addition, a further 74 UK students completed only the (PSS). Phase two was a qualitative study consisting of open-ended in-depth interviews of 16 volunteers. In all, 403 students participated in this study. Key findings indicated that, time pressure and work demands were the non- UK students’ most stressful experiences. Anxiety, academic alienation and future academic prospects and unfamiliarity with the educational and cultural norms added to their difficulties. Gender was the most significant predictor of non-UK students’ stressful experiences, whilst female students expressed higher levels of distress than their male counterparts. In addition, task and avoidance strategies were used by all non-UK students to cope with stress, but European students tended to use more adaptive coping strategies than did Asian and African students.
Zariski topology on the spectrum of graded classical prime submodules

Let $R$ be a $G$-graded commutative ring with identity and let $M$ be a graded $R$-module. A proper graded submodule $N$ of $M$ is called graded classical prime if for every $a, b\in h(R)$, $m\in h(M)$, whenever $abm\in N$, then either $am\in N$ or $bm\in N$. The spectrum of graded classical prime submodules of $M$ is denoted by $Cl. Spec_g(M)$. We topologize $Cl. Spec_g(M)$ with the quasi-Zariski topology, which is analogous to that for $Spec_g(R)$.
Flotation and free surface flow in a model for subglacial drainage. Part 1. Distributed drainage

Abstract We present a continuum model for melt water drainage through a spatially distributed system of connected subglacial cavities, and consider in this context the complications introduced when effective pressure or water pressure drops to zero. Instead of unphysically allowing water pressure to become negative, we model the formation of a partially vapour- or air-filled space between ice and bed. Likewise, instead of allowing sustained negative effective pressures, we allow ice to separate from the bed at zero effective pressure. The resulting model is a free boundary problem in which an elliptic obstacle problem determines hydraulic potential, and therefore also determines regions of zero effective pressure and zero water pressure. This is coupled with a transport problem for stored water, and the coupled system bears some similarities with Hele-Shaw and squeeze-film models. We present a numerical method for computing time-dependent solutions, and find close agreement with semi-analytical travelling wave and steady-state solutions. As may be expected, we find that ice–bed separation is favoured by high fluxes and low ice surface slopes and low bed slopes, while partially filled cavities are favoured by low fluxes and high slopes. At the boundaries of regions with zero water or effective pressure, discontinuities in water level are frequently present, either in the form of propagating shocks or as stationary hydraulic jumps accompanied by discontinuities in potential gradient.
Growth, Photosynthesis and Yield of Chickpea as Influenced by Urban Wastewater and Different Levels of Phosphorus

The use of effluents or marginal water in agriculture is an unavoidable practice and its largest source is the urban wastewater. In order to evaluate its effect on agricultural crops, an experiment was conducted to study its impact on Cicer arietinum L. along with different levels of phophorus. Three levels of water used for irrigation included ground water (GW), 50% wastewater (50%WW) and 100% wastewater (100%WW) and the varying levels of phosphorus (P0, P20, P40, P60) were also applied along with the basal application of nitrogen and potassium at the rate of 15 and 20 kg ha -1 respectively. The effect was evaluated on the basis of growth, biochemical attributes, photosynthesis and yield of the crop. From the results it was clear that the wastewaters proved not only effective source of water but the nutrients also and enhanced growth and photo- synthetic capacity and thereby yield of the plants. Moreover the fertilizer (P) requirement of the crop was also reduced. In conclusion the urban wastewater showed no inhibitory effect on the growth of the crop and thus could effectively supplement not only the nutrient requirement of the crop but may also act as the source of water.
Pharmacoepidemiology of ascites and associated complications in hospitalized patients: descriptive observational study

Ascites is the pathological accumulation of free fluid in peritoneal cavity. The aim of the present study was to observe the prevalence, clinical management and the assessment of complications associated with ascites in hospitalized patients. A Descriptive Observational Study was conducted at two tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. The data was collected on a data collection form containing questions regarding basic patient information, presenting symptoms, clinical management and associated complications. Verbal informed consent was taken and confidentiality was maintained. Pilot study was performed prior to performance of a full-scale research project. The results are expressed in the form of frequency and percentages. A total of fifty (50) ascitic patients were evaluated during two months. It was slightly more common in females (58%) as compared to males (42%). Common causes of Ascites were Liver Cirrhosis (80%), Chronic Renal Failure (10%), Peritoneal Malignancy and Peritoneal Tuberculosis (4%) each and Cardiac Failure (2%). The mainstay for the first line treatment in patients with cirrhosis includes education regarding dietary sodium restriction and oral diuretics. The major complications associated with Ascites were Protein malnutrition (87%), Mental Confusion (73%), Hepatorenal Syndrome (21%) and Spontaneous Bacterial Perotinitis (8%). In most patients ascites was being managed successfully by limiting the salt intake and provision of a diuretic regimen. As, ascites is a starting point for more serious complications; so, its early diagnosis should be ensured. Social media and NGOs should play their role in creating the awareness regarding this deadly disease. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/icpj.v4i2. 21482 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, January 2015, 4(2): 343-346
Wage determinants in Spain (1980-2000)

This paper provides evidence about the nominal wage determinants in Spain during the period 1980-2000. We estimate a wage equation, using time series analysis applying an error correction mechanism. Our aim is to analyse the extent to which the evolution of wages is influenced by the unemployment, prices and productivity. The results reveal that the unemployment rate has no effect on the evolution of nominal wages. The variable that explains the evolution of nominal wages in the long term is prices, showing slightly inflationary behaviour. In the short term, wages are explained by their past values, reflecting a nominal inertia.
Multichannel estimation algorithms for wideband OFDM-based networks

This paper evaluates the performance of combining space-time transmit diversity (STTD) and an eﬃcient multichannel estimator for wide-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (WOFDM)-based multiantenna systems in a multipath channel. Using decision variable, we also derive the analytic bit error rate (BER) for OFDM systems applying multichannel estimator for STTD schemes. Our results show that, even with imperfect channel estimation, the multichannel estimator al-gorithm is eﬀective in improving the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and signiﬁcantly reducing the error ﬂoor.
NESTING BIOLOGY OF THE BANDED GROUND-CUCKOO (NEOMORPHUS RADIOLOSUS)

Abstract The Banded Ground-cuckoo (Neomorphus radiolosus) is a rare and endangered bird species whose basic biology is poorly known. We provide the first information on nesting biology for the species. We documented two nesting attempts in the Mache-Chindul Ecological Reserve, Esmeraldas Province, northwest Ecuador. Both the first nest, active in March and April 2005, and the second nest, active in May 2005, were in primary rain forest. Both nests were ∼5 m above ground in small understory trees (Melastomataceae). A pair of adult Banded Ground-cuckoos attended the first nest and contributed equally to incubation, brooding, and provisioning of a single nestling. The nestling spent 20 days in the nest from hatching to fledging and was fed a wide range of both invertebrates (primarily grasshoppers) and vertebrates (mainly small frogs). The chick fledged successfully. The second nest, also attended by a pair of adults, failed during incubation. We relate our findings to what is known of other ground-cuckoo species and discuss the conservation implications of our results.
Differential depth effects upon biomass patterns in an herbivorous coral reef fish assemblage

The abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish on fore-reef habitat was sampled on 6 reefs along an inshore-offshore gradient in La Parguera, Puerto Rico to provide for within reef (across depths) and among reef (cross-shelf) comparisons. Temporally replicated visual surveys were conducted along permanent belt transects (100m) at three depth intervals (3, 10, 15 m) to obtain data on fish species density and lengths used to calculate biomass. The herbivorous fish assemblage was dominated by small-bodied parrotfish Scarus iseri, Sparisoma aurofrenatum S. viride and Acanthurus coerulus. Overall the density and biomass of parrotfish and surgeonfish was higher at 3m than at 10 or 15m. However, the differences in biomass across the depth gradient were most notable at inshore reefs where the proportional decrease in biomass by depth was higher compared to the midshelf reefs. Depth is a well know driver of herbivorous fish abundance, but along a cross-shelf gradient additional within reef factors interact to structure biomass patterns.
Effects of Unripe Black Raspberry Extracts on Prostate Cancer Cell Line and Rat Model of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is commonly found in aging men, is characterized by hyper- plasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells beginning in the periurethral zone of the prostate. The prevalence of BPH increases in an age-dependent manner. Here, we investigated the protective effects of unripe Rubus occidentalis extracts (UROE) on BPH development using a prostate cancer cell line and testosterone-induced BPH rat model. Experiments using an established hormone-dependent prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) showed that UROE treatment significantly decreased expression of androgen-related genes, including androgen receptor (AR), prostate specific antigen (PSA), and 5-alpha reductase 2, but not 5-alpha reductase 1, which was also observed in flutamide-treated cells. Further, AR and PSA gene expression was reduced by UROE treatment under androgen-stimulated conditions using dihy- drotestosterone (DHT). BPH animals displayed elevated prostate weights. However, UROE as well as finasteride treat- ment significantly reduced prostate weights and DHT levels compared to testosterone-induced BPH animals. Histopathological analysis also showed that UROE treatment suppressed testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia. Taken together, the results suggest that UROE may effectively inhibit the development of BPH and thus may be a useful agent in BPH treatment.