Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of tai chi training in dynapenic and nondynapenic postmenopausal women

Objective:The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a 12-week tai chi program in type I dynapenic and nondynapenic postmenopausal women. Methods:Sixty-two postmenopausal women were recruited. Body composition, handgrip strength, functional capacities, cardiorespiratory functions (forced expiratory volume in 1 s and oxygen consumption per unit time peak), and quality of life (36-item Short-Form Health Survey) were measured before and after the intervention. Results:Type I dynapenic postmenopausal women showed a significant decrease in body weight (P = 0.004), fat mass percentage (P = 0.02), and skeletal muscle mass (SM; in kilograms; P = 0.02), whereas handgrip strength (in kilograms per SMkg; P = 0.04), functional capacity test scores (P ≤ 0.050), and general health perception (P = 0.01) significantly increased. In nondynapenic postmenopausal women, we observed a significantly decreased waist circumference (P = 0.04) and a significantly increased chair-stand test (P < 0.001) and one-leg stance test (P = 0.04) scores. In addition, significantly lower systolic (P ≤ 0.001) and diastolic (P ≤ 0.005) blood pressures were observed in both groups after the intervention. Finally, type I dynapenic women showed a more pronounced general health perception increase compared with nondynapenic individuals (P = 0.03). Conclusions:Tai chi training improved body composition, muscle strength, functional capacities, and general health perception in postmenopausal women, and this last improvement was more pronounced in type I dynapenic individuals. Therefore, tai chi may be considered as an alternative physical training method in preventing the occurrence of disabilities and frailty in postmenopausal women with type I dynapenia.
Associations of muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness with total and central body fat in adolescents: The HELENA Study

Objective To examine the association of healthrelated physical fitness with total and central body fat in adolescents. Participants/Methods The present cross-sectional study comprises 363 Spanish adolescents (186 female participants) aged 12.5–17.5 years. We assessed fitness by the 20-m shuttle run test (cardiorespiratory fitness); the handgrip strength, the standing broad jump and the Abalakov tests (muscular strength); and the 4×10-m shuttle run test (speed–agility). Total body fat was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), BodPod and sum of six skinfolds, and central body fat was measured by DXA at three regions (R1, R2 and R3) and waist circumference. Results The Abalakov, the standing broad jump, the 4×10-m shuttle run and the 20-m shuttle run tests were negatively associated with all markers of total and central body fat in men and women after controlling for age, pubertal status and objectively assessed physical activity (p<0.01). Handgrip strength test was positively associated with waist circumference (p<0.01). Conclusions Lower body muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness are negatively and consistently associated with total and central body fat in adolescents, whereas levels of upper body muscular strength were superior in adolescents with higher levels of central body fat.
Are Refugees a Burden? Impacts of Refugee Inflows on Host’s Consumption Expenditures

We examine the impact of Syrian refugee inflows on the consumption expenditures and income of Jordanian nationals. We combine administrative data with individual panel data and exploit the fact that after the beginning of the Syrian conflict in 2011, refugees have relocated disproportionately to areas close to the three largest refugee camps. We find that higher refugee inflows lead to a redistribution of the composition of locals’ consumption expenditures in favor of greater spending on housing and transportation and lower expenditures on food, education, health care, and communication. Higher housing expenditures are accompanied by a decline in housing quality for young individuals working in the informal sector. JEL Classification: D22, J61, O17.
Enzyme‐cleavable tandem peptides for quantitative studies in MS‐based proteomics

A novel type of peptide standard is introduced that consists of two peptides combined in one synthetic molecule and separated by a proteolytic cleavage site. Upon enzymatic digestion, the two peptides are released in a molar one‐to‐one ratio. This method enables the generation of exact equimolar mixtures of two peptides of any nature and origin, thereby providing a valuable tool for the investigation of fundamental phenomena in MS. The applicability of the method is exemplified by the analysis of the effect of peptide sequence variations on the relative ionization efficiency in ESI‐ and MALDI‐MS.
Molecular mechanisms of pancreatic carcinogenesis

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most fatal malignancies. Intensive investigation of molecular pathogenesis might lead to identifying useful molecules for diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma harbors complicated aberrations of alleles including losses of 1p, 6q, 9p, 12q, 17p, 18q, and 21q, and gains of 8q and 20q. Pancreatic cancer is usually initiated by mutation of KRAS and aberrant expression of SHH. Overexpression of AURKA mapping on 20q13.2 may significantly enhance overt tumorigenesity. Aberrations of tumor suppressor genes synergistically accelerate progression of the carcinogenic pathway through pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) to invasive ductal adenocarcinoma. Abrogation of CDKN2A occurs in low‐grade/early PanIN, whereas aberrations of TP53 and SMAD4 occur in high‐grade/late PanIN. SMAD4 may play suppressive roles in tumorigenesis by inhibition of angiogenesis. Loss of 18q precedes SMAD4 inactivation, and restoration of chromosome 18 in pancreatic cancer cells results in tumor suppressive phenotypes regardless of SMAD4 status, indicating the possible existence of a tumor suppressor gene(s) other than SMAD4 on 18q. DUSP6 at 12q21‐q22 is frequently abrogated by loss of expression in invasive ductal adenocarcinomas despite fairly preserved expression in PanIN, which suggests that DUSP6 works as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Restoration of chromosome 12 also suppresses growths of pancreatic cancer cells despite the recovery of expression of DUSP6; the existence of yet another tumor suppressor gene on 12q is strongly suggested. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of pancreatic carcinogenesis will likely provide novel clues for preventing, detecting, and ultimately curing this life‐threatening disease. (Cancer Sci 2005)
ATP counteracts the rundown of gap junctional channels of rat ventricular myocytes by promoting protein phosphorylation

1 The degree of cell‐to‐cell coupling between ventricular myocytes of neonatal rats appeared well preserved when studied in the perforated version of the patch clamp technique or, in double whole‐cell conditions, when ATP was present in the patch pipette solution. In contrast, when ATP was omitted, the amplitude of junctional current rapidly declined (rundown). 2 To examine the mechanism(s) of ATP action, an ‘internal perfusion technique’ was adapted to dual patch clamp conditions, and reintroduction of ATP partially reversed the rundown of junctional channels. 3 Cell‐to‐cell communication was not preserved by a non‐hydrolysable ATP analogue (5′‐adenylimidodiphosphate, AMP‐PNP), indicating that the effect most probably did not involve direct interaction of ATP with the channel‐forming proteins. 4 An ATP analogue supporting protein phosphorylation but not active transport processes (adenosine 5′‐O‐(3‐thiotriphosphate), ATPγS) maintained normal intercellular communication, suggesting that the effect was due to kinase activity rather than to altered intracellular Ca2+. 5 A broad spectrum inhibitor of endogenous serine/threonine protein kinases (H7) reversibly reduced the intercellular coupling. A non‐specific exogenous protein phosphatase (alkaline phosphatase) mimicked the effects of ATP deprivation. The non‐specific inhibition of endogenous protein phosphatases resulted in the preservation of substantial cell‐to‐cell communication in ATP‐free conditions. 6 The activity of gap junctional channels appears to require both the presence of ATP and protein kinase activity to counteract the tonic activity of endogenous phosphatase(s).
The emergence of delusional companions in Alzheimer's disease: An unusual misidentification syndrome

Introduction. Misidentifications in the course of organic diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), have been associated with right sided brain dysfunction. The reasons for this association might be clarified by investigating the contribution of neurobiological, cognitive and emotional factors to distinctive types of misidentification. Methods. This study reports the cases of three patients with AD presenting a novel misidentification delusion in which objects with intrinsically comforting associations, soft toys, were experienced as sentient and triggered associated behaviours. Investigations included regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements with HMPAO SPECT and a comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessment. Results. All three patients showed a distinctive pattern of rCBF with dysfunction centred in the right parietal area and severe visuospatial and visuoperceptive processing deficits, with relatively preserved memory and language abilities. Conclusion. These findings support the hypothesis that this type of misidentification delusion may be facilitated by right sided regional brain dysfunction involving visuoperceptual processing. Other historical and cognitive data from these patients suggests that the appearance of the symptom may be determined by the coexistence of a more widespread disorder of reality processing, which interacts with cognitive and psychogenic factors.
Mother-Infant Activity Synchrony as a Correlate of the Emergence of Circadian Rhythm

Objective: Entrainment to the day—night cycle is critical for infant sleep and social development. Synchronization of infant circadian systems with the social 24-hr day may require maternal activity signals as an entraining cue. This descriptive and exploratory research examines the activity level and circadian pattern in mothers and infants. Method: Twenty-two healthy mothers and their infants (postnatal age 49.8 ± 17.1 days) wore actigraph monitors for seven days. Daytime (06:00—21:59) and nighttime (22:00—05:59) activity levels and circadian parameters of rest—activity patterns (i.e., mesor, amplitude, acrophase, and 24-hr cosinor fit) were calculated. Results: Mothers and infants were significantly more active during the day than at night. The goodness-of-fit index for the model (R2) indicates that circadian rhythm accounted for a mean of 29 ± 10% and 12 ± 8% of the variability in maternal and infant activity, respectively. Acrophase of activity occurred at 15:46 ± 1:07 for the mothers and 15:20 ± 1:21 for the infants. The mean within-dyad correlation of activity counts was r = . 46 ± . 11, and the within-dyad correlation was associated with the amplitude (r = .66, p < .01) and 24-hr cosinor fit of infant activity (r = .67, p < .01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest maternal rhythms as a possible exogenous influence on shaping an infant’s emerging rhythms and synchronizing them with the external light—dark cycle. Strong pattern synchrony between maternal and infant activity may support infant circadian entrainment and enhance a regular 24-hr sleep—wake schedule during the early postnatal weeks.
Competency-based achievement system: using formative feedback to teach and assess family medicine residents' skills.

PROBLEM ADDRESSED Family medicine residency programs require innovative means to assess residents' competence in "soft" skills (eg, patient-centred care, communication, and professionalism) and to identify residents who are having difficulty early enough in their residency to provide remedial training. OBJECTIVE OF PROGRAM To develop a method to assess residents' competence in various skills and to identify residents who are having difficulty. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION The Competency-Based Achievement System (CBAS) was designed to measure competence using 3 main principles: formative feedback, guided self-assessment, and regular face-to-face meetings. The CBAS is resident driven and provides a framework for meaningful interactions between residents and advisors. Residents use the CBAS to organize and review their feedback, to guide their own assessment of their progress, and to discern their future learning needs. Advisors use the CBAS to monitor, guide, and verify residents' knowledge of and competence in important skills. CONCLUSION By focusing on specific skills and behaviour, the CBAS enables residents and advisors to make formative assessments and to communicate their findings. Feedback indicates that the CBAS is a user-friendly and helpful system to assess competence.
Transforming urban water governance through social (triple‐loop) learning

The sustainable development of cities is threatened by a worldwide water crisis. Improved social learning is urgently needed to transform urban water governance and make it more integrated and adaptive. However, empirical studies remain few and fragmented. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyse how social learning has supported or inhibited sustainable transformations in urban water governance. On the basis of multiple case studies conducted in urban, flood-prone areas in Colombia, the Philippines, South Africa, India, and Sweden, we study learning processes related to different aspects of water management and governance. Our results show that transformations in water governance are often triggered by crises, whereas other potentials for transformation are not tapped into. Furthermore, learning is often inhibited by “lock-ins” created by powerful actors. We conclude that there is a need for more proactive design of governance structures for triple-loop learning that take into account the identified barriers and supporting principles. (Less)
Variability of the protective effect of sodium on the acute toxicity of copper to freshwater cladocerans

The acute biotic ligand model (BLM) is proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to incorporate bioavailability in calculating aquatic life criteria for Cu in freshwater. This approach currently assumes that the effects of water chemistry on acute Cu toxicity can be described with one single set of identical BLM parameters for all organisms. An important water characteristic is the concentration of Na, which protects aquatic organisms against Cu toxicity. Based on physiological considerations related to the mechanism of Cu toxicity and the possible role of Na therein, we hypothesized that an interspecies variability of the protective effect of sodium on Cu toxicity might exist among freshwater organisms. To test this hypothesis, acute 48‐h toxicity assays with Cu were conducted with 16 field‐collected cladoceran populations and a laboratory‐reared clone of Ceriodaphnia dubia at Na concentrations of between 0.077 and 10 mM. Increased Na protected all but one population. Contrary to what the BLM predicts, however, an upper limit to this protective effect was observed for some populations at Na concentrations of greater than 4 mM. This may suggest that processes other than just Cu‐Na competition at a single unidentate biotic ligand site may be involved in Cu toxicity. Between populations, conditional stability constants for binding of Na to the biotic ligand (log K*NaBL which quantify the protective effect of Na, varied between 2.2 and 4.4. Higher log K values generally were associated with more sensitive populations. Although a full mechanistic explanation for our observations is lacking, our data may potentially be used to refine the U.S. EPA procedure to establish site‐specific water‐quality criteria for Cu.
An Economic Study of U. S. Aircraft Hijacking, 1961-1976

ON May 1, 1961 a National Airlines aircraft en route from Miami to Key West was successfully hijacked and diverted to Cuba. Although aircraft hijackings had occurred in Eastern Europe and Cuba prior to that date, this was the first recorded hijacking of a U.S. registered aircraft.1 Seven more U.S. hijackings took place between 1961 and 1967 (see Table 1), followed by an unprecedented increase in the next five years. Between 1968 and 1972, 124 hijackings occurred, leading some observers to proclaim that hijacking had become a national epidemic.2 This surge of hijacking, however, came to an abrupt halt in 1973-one hijacking took place in that year and only ten more occurred in the next three years. A similar pattern of hijackings is
Identification of Human Herpesvirus 8-Specific Cytotoxic T-Cell Responses

ABSTRACT Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) (or Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and certain lymphoproliferations. The introduction of more effective therapies to treat human immunodeficiency virus infection has led to a decline in the incidence of KS and also in the resolution of KS in those already affected. This suggests that cellular immune responses including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) could play a vital role in the control of HHV-8 infection and in KS pathogenesis. Here we elucidate HLA class I-restricted, HHV-8-specific cellular immune responses that could be important in the control of HHV-8 infection and subsequent tumor development. We show the presence of CTLs against HHV-8 latent (K12), lytic (K8.1), and highly variable (K1) proteins in infected individuals.
The relationship between premorbid body weight, weight loss, and weight at referral in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between premorbid weight and weight upon referral for inpatient treatment in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). METHOD Forty-nine consecutively ascertained female inpatients with AN were asked to recall their premorbid body weights as well as their ages at onset of the illness. Premorbid body mass indexes (BMIs) and BMI percentiles were calculated for 42 of the patients and related to the BMIs upon initial referral for inpatient treatment. RESULTS Low premorbid BMI centiles were associated with a low BMI at referral. Vice versa, patients with an above average premorbid body weight had a higher BMI at referral. The largest absolute weight losses also occurred in those patients who had an above average premorbid body weight. DISCUSSION In conclusion, premorbid body weight explains a proportion of the variance of body weight at referral.
Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Lesions in Infants With Congenital Zika Syndrome.

Importance Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause severe changes in the retina and choroid that may result in marked visual impairment in infants with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), the term created for a variety of anomalies associated with intrauterine ZIKV infection. Objective To evaluate the affected retinal layers in infants with CZS and associated retinal abnormalities using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional, consecutive case series included 8 infants (age range, 3.0-5.1 months) with CZS. Optical coherence tomographic images were obtained in the affected eyes of 7 infants with CZS who had undergone previous ophthalmologic examinations on March 17, 2016, and in 1 infant on January 1, 2016. An IgM antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for ZIKV was performed on the cerebrospinal fluid samples of 7 of the 8 infants (88%), and other congenital infections were ruled out. Main Outcomes and Measures Observation of retinal and choroidal findings in the OCT images. Results Among the 8 infants included in the study (3 male; 5 female; mean [SD] age at examination, 4.1 [0.7] months), 7 who underwent cerebrospinal fluid analysis for ZIKV had positive findings for IgM antibodies. Eleven of the 16 eyes (69%) of the 8 infants had retinal alterations and OCT imaging was performed in 9 (82%) of them. Optical coherence tomography was also performed in 1 unaffected eye. The main OCT findings in the affected eyes included discontinuation of the ellipsoid zone and hyperreflectivity underlying the retinal pigment epithelium in 9 eyes (100%), retinal thinning in 8 eyes (89%), choroidal thinning in 7 eyes (78%), and colobomatouslike excavation involving the neurosensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid in 4 eyes (44%). Conclusions and Relevance Zika virus can cause severe damage to the retina, including the internal and external layers, and the choroid. The colobomatouslike finding seen in the OCT images relate to the excavated chorioretinal scar observed clinically.
Hand and Hand Preferences in Use of a Visual Analogue Scale'

Visual analogue scales are commonly used to measure the intensity of sensations, and their validity and reliability have been reported. However, biases similar to those found in visual line bisection have not been investigated. 23 right-handed and 19 left-handed participants, with a mean age of 30.1 yr. , marked three points on a visual analogue scale representing imagined pain, using both the left and right hands, corresponding to ¼, ½, and ¾ of the way across the scale. In keeping with visual line bisection literature, both right- and left-handed participants marked the scale with the left hand significantly leftward of the point marked with the right hand, thereby underreporting the intensity. Right-handed participants marked ¼ significantly leftward and ¾ significantly rightward of veridical points, thereby underreporting and overreporting, respectively, the intensity. However, left-handed participants did not display this bias and consistently erred leftward for ¼, ½, and ¾ positions, underreporting intensity. These findings were explained in terms of hemispheric specialisation and activation for a manual response to a visuospatial task, with the conclusion that scoring the visual analogue scale to millimetre accuracy is subject to a potential confound of these factors.
Burden, quality of life, and social support in caregivers of patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: A pilot study

Objective The purpose of this pilot study was to (1) obtain preliminary data on changes in burden and quality of life in head and neck cancer caregivers during and shortly following patient radiotherapy, (2) assess the relationship between perceived social support and burden as well as perceived social support and quality of life in caregivers during radiotherapy, and (3) identify preferences for sources of support among caregivers during radiotherapy. Methods Caregivers completed burden and quality of life instruments at the start of patient radiotherapy (T1), 5 weeks into radiotherapy (T2), and 1 month post-radiotherapy (T3) and instruments for perceived social support and support preferences at T2 only. Results Caregivers showed a trend toward increased burden and worsened quality of life for the majority of subscales at T2 or T3 than at T1. Caregivers reported significantly lower esteem and significantly greater disruption at T2 than at T1 and significantly worse health at T3 than at T2. Higher perceived social support was typically associated with lower burden and higher quality of life at T2. Spouses/partners were the most commonly preferred source of support. Discussion These pilot findings suggest that caregivers experience psychosocial impairments during and shortly after patient radiotherapy, but more research using larger samples is warranted.