Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DEPOSIT INSURANCE: A HISTORY OF FAILURE

The failures in 1985 of deposit insurance programs in Maryland and Ohio, along with the present difficulties of the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) andthe Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC),have sparked a reneweddebate overdeposit insurance. The extensive problems among insured institutions have led academicians, policy analysts, and even some regulators to reexamine the incentives created by federal deposit insurance. In short, the existence of deposit insurance encourages depositors to choose a bank or savings and loan (S&L) institution without concerning themselves about the business practices of depository managers. This situation frees managers and stockholders to pursue greater profits through assembling portfolios that embody more risk than uninsured depositors would be willing to accept. Because the lost market discipline cannot be fullyreplaced by government oversight, a federally insured banking system will exhibit more risktaking than one operating without such guarantees. In the insurance industry, this phenomenon is known as “moral hazard. ” This article views deposit insurance from a historical perspective and examines the record of state-sponsored deposit insurance. What emerges is a surprisingly consistent pattern: “reckless banking,” losses in excess of assessments, increased assessments and borrow-
Review and phylogeny of Lutzsimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Lutzsimulium d'Andretta Jr & Vulcano, 1947 is an enigmatic South American genus with four species: L. flavopubescens Lutz, 1910, L. hirticosta Lutz, 1909, L. pernigrum Lutz, 1910 and L. simplicicolor Lutz, 1910. It can be diagnosed by median arms of furcasternum with projections; subbasal tooth of the claw reduced; wing basal cell absent; spermatheca with net-like structure; apex of trichomes coiled (pupa); gill with two main trunks (pupa); antennomere 3 equal to or longer than 1+2 (larva); hypostomal teeth reduced (larva); postgenal cleft deep (larva). A morphological cladistic analysis under equal weights, with the four Lutzsimulium species and six outgroups, resulted in two most parsimonious trees, with 81 steps, CI = 0.61 and RI = 0.68. The monophyly of the genus is corroborated, supported by 15 synapomorphies, therefore it is proposed that Kempfsimulium Py-Daniel & Nunes de Mello, 1982 is synonymous of Lutzsimulium. Also the status of Araucnephia Wygodzinsky & Coscaron, 1973 and Araucnephioides Wygodzinsky & Coscaron, 1973 are revalidated, because they do not form a monophyletic group with Lutzsimulium. All the species of Lutzsimulium are revised, with redescriptions, illustrations and identification keys for adults, pupa and larva. The male and larva of L. flavopubescens are described for the first time.
INFLUENCES ON HAPPINESS AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING OF ENTREPRENEURS AND LABOUR: KWAZULU-NATAL CASE STUDY

Globally, individuals seek happiness, but not everybody is happy. Economic reasoning suggests that rising incomes with expansions in GDP enhance the quality of life and subjective well-being. This paper examines the influences on individual happiness, using ordinal logistic regression and chi-square analyses. Based on the findings of a small case study, the chi-square test indicated that a significant relationship exists between gender, education, ethnicity, children, marital status, employment relations, income and self-reported happiness. The study also found that, on average, happier people tended to be educated, married with children, and treated fairly at work. But having too many children produced a decrement in individual happiness. The ordinal regression results indicate that an individual’s education, gender, age distribution and work environment are influential in producing higher levels of happiness. Entrepreneurs were found to have a significantly higher mean level of happiness than employees. In the workplace, individuals who experienced personal growth and were able to contribute their ideas tended to be happier, relative to others who perceived themselves to be ‘restricted’.
Analyses of stress components for a circular crowned roller compressed between two flat plates

Abstract Stiffness models of a roller compressed between two plates, based on contact mechanics with either a finite plate thickness condition or a half-space plate, can describe the deformation curve very well. By using the prescribed deformed curve, stress component analyses is an important research topic for engineering purposes. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to determine stress components when a circular crowned roller is compressed between two plates. A deformed curve on a plate surface and the stiffness of the model are evaluated. Thereafter, normal contact pressure on the plate surface is calculated with the help of the calculated deformation curve and the accuracy of the computation is validated by comparing it with finite-element results. Finally, stress components in the plate are obtained in terms of contact theories, and parametric studies were conducted to learn about the variation of stress components inside the plate. The results reveal that the stress concentration effect becomes large near the edge when the stress is close to the surface of the plate. Moreover, the direction of shear stress is changed at half the contact line distance from the centre of contact and the stress components decrease with increasing depth of the plate. The parametric studies also indicate that the stress components increase with increasing applied displacements.
Introduction to the development, evolution and petroleum geology of the Wessex Basin

Abstract Despite containing the largest known onshore oilfield in western Europe, the Wessex Basin hydrocarbon province appears to be extremely limited spatially and it currently only consists of three producing oilfields: Wytch Farm, Wareham and Kimmeridge. The main factor which controls hydrocarbon prospectivity in the area appears to be preservation of oil accumulations originally sited in Mesozoic tilted faultblocks. The extensional palaeostructures of Wytch Farm and Wareham are interpreted to have been charged by upwards migration of oil from mature Liassic source rocks situated across the Purbeck-Isle of Wight fault system in the Channel (Portland-Wight) sub-basin prior to, and unaffected by, either significant effects of intra-Cretaceous (Albian-Aptian) easterly tilting or by Tertiary tectonic inversion. To date, only the small Kimmeridge oilfield, which is situated in the core of a periclinal fold created in response to structural inversion, suggests that any hydrocarbon remigration into younger structural inversion structures has taken place.
Relationships between the decoherence-free algebra and the set of fixed points

We show that, for a Quantum Markov Semigroup (QMS) with a faithful normal invariant state, the atomicity of the decoherence-free subalgebra and environmental decoherence are equivalent. Moreover, we characterize the set of reversible states and explicitly describe the relationship between the decoherence-free subalgebra and the fixed point subalgebra for QMSs with the above equivalent properties.
Customer poaching with differentiated products and switching costs

We consider a dynamic two-period model where two firms offer products that are differentiated a la Hotelling. Consumers purchase products in a first period, and in a second period consumers are locked-in to their first-period choice of producer with a switching cost. In the second period firms are able to price discriminate based on consumers purcase history from period 1. We show that i) firms will approach their rival's customers by low prices in the second period (customer poaching) and that ineffcient switching will occur, ii) second-period prices are dependent on first-period market shares, a result in contrast to some of the received literature. Finally, iii) with high enough switching costs first-period prices is below the level in a static setting, and more so the higher the switching costs and the more differentiated the products are.
A High-Resolution Radiocarbon Calibration Between 11,700 and 12,400 Calendar Years Bp Derived from 230Th Ages of Corals from Espiritu Santo Island, Vanuatu

This paper presents radiocarbon results from a single Diploastrea heliopora coral from Vanuatu that lived during the Younger Dryas climatic episode, between ca. 11,700 and 12,400 calendar yr bp. The specimen has been independently dated with multiple 230Th measurements to permit calibration of the 14C time scale. Growth bands in the coral were used to identify individual years of growth. 14C measurements were made on each year. These values were averaged to achieve decadal resolution for the 14C calibration. The relative uncertainty of the decadal 14C data was below 1% (2σ). The data are in good agreement with the existing dendrochronology and allow for high-resolution calibration for most years. Variations in the fine structure of the 14C time series preserved in this specimen demonstrate sporadic rapid increases in the Δ14C content of the surface ocean and atmosphere. Certain sharp rises in Δ14C are coincident with gaps in coral growth evidenced by several hiatuses. These may be related to rapid climatic changes that occurred during the Younger Dryas. This is the first coral calibration with decadal resolution and the only such data set to extend beyond the dendrochronology-based 14C calibration.
Gender and Banking: Are Women Better Loan Officers?

We analyze gender differences associated with loan officer performance. Using a unique data set for a commercial bank in Albania over the period 1996 to 2006, we find that loans screened and monitored by female loan officers show statistically and economically significant lower default rates than loans handled by male loan officers. This effect comes in addition to a lower default rate of female borrowers and cannot be explained by sample selection, overconfidence of male loan officers or experience differences between female and male loan officers. Our results seem to be driven by differences in monitoring, as loan officers of different gender do not seem to screen borrowers differently based on observable borrower characteristics. This suggests that gender indeed matters in banking.
Zea mays L . ) NATIVAS DE YUCATÁN , MÉXICO GRAIN COMPOSITION VARIATION AMONG NATIVE MAIZE ( Zea mays L . ) OF YUCATAN , MEXICO

La diversidad de razas y poblaciones nativas de maíz (Zea mays L.) tiene gran importancia alimentaria, social y económica para las comunidades rurales de México, y debe ser estudiada con fines de documentación, conservación y aprovechamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la variación en proteína, lisina, triptófano, fibra cruda, cenizas, aceite y almidón del grano, en una colección de 41 poblaciones nativas de maíz de la región centro-norte de Yucatán, México, de las poblaciones conocidas localmente como Nal t’eel, Xmejen nal, T’síit bakal y Xnuuk nal. Los materiales se incrementaron en Iguala, Guerrero, en el ciclo otoño-invierno 2002-2003. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar con dos repeticiones por tratamiento; se realizó un ANDEVA y las medias de los tratamientos se compararon con la prueba de Tukey. Hubo diferencias significativas (p0.05) en contenido de proteína (9.35 a 12.50 %), lisina (0.27 a 0.39 %), triptófano (0.08 a 0.13 %), cenizas (1.12 a 1.83 %), aceite (3.37 a 4.52 %), fibra cruda (0.72 a 1.65 %) y almidón (57.54 a 69.92 %). Además, los patrones de variación están asociados con las poblaciones: los precoces Nal t’eel y Xmejen nal tuvieron los contenidos mayores de proteína y triptófano y los tardíos T’síit bakal y Xnuuk nal cantidad menor de proteína y mayor de lisina. Destacaron seis poblaciones de Xmejen nal, una de Xnuuk nal y una de Nal t’eel. También hubo correlación significativa (p0.05) y positiva entre el contenido de cenizas y lisina (0.99) y triptófano (0.97) en el grupo Nal t’eel. Los resultados mostraron la variabilidad AbstRAct
PROVENANCE AFFECTS BARK THICKNESS IN DOUGLAS FIR

Some coastal Californian provenances of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) have bark that is visibly thicker and more deeply furrowed than more northern and inland provenances. From a literature study it was evident that these variations in bark thickness most likely constitute adaptation to spatial and temporal patterns of wildfires within the natural range of Douglas fir. Six provenances from the latitudinal range of Douglas fir in the Pacific Northwest of the United States (37°‐48°N) were sampled for bark thickness and compared with a New Zealand landrace (Kaingaroa) seedlot at two New Zealand trial sites (38° and 46°S). The analyses showed that Californian provenances had significantly thicker bark than both the Kaingaroa (ex Washington) control seedlot and the Oregon and Washington provenances. The most southern provenance (Santa Cruz, California) had the thickest bark. Thus there was a steady reduction in bark thickness with increasing latitude of the seed sources. The bark thickness of the Kaingaroa seedlot was not significantly different from the Washington and Oregon provenances. The provenance variations in bark thickness caused a bias in under-bark volume estimates from volume function “T136”. Errors in volume estimation were greatest for Santa Cruz (+7.1%), Jackson State Forest (+2.8%), and Mad River (+2.0%). It is recommended that volume equation “T136” should be revised to account for differences in bark thickness with provenance.
Phylogenetic Relationships of the Suborders of Coleoptera (Insecta)

One hundred seven external and internal characters of larval and adult representatives of 28 genera of the coleopteran suborders were analyzed cladistically. Four groups of Neuropterida were introduced as outgroup. The analysis yielded 18 trees with a minimum of 194 steps (CI 0.691). All trees support the monophyly of all four suborders and a branching pattern (Archostemata + (Adephaga + (Myxophaga + Polyphaga))). The presence of elytra with meso‐ and metathoracic locking devices, the specific hind‐wing folding, the close connection of exposed sclerites, the absence of the mera, the absence of eight thoracic muscles, the reduced abdominal sternite I, and the invagination of terminal segments are autapomorphies of Coleoptera. The monophyly of Coleoptera excl. Archostemata is supported by further transformations of the thoracic sclerites such as absence of the mesothoracic discriminal line and katepisternal joint, by an internalized or absent metathoracic trochantin, by the presence of a bending zone in the hind‐wing, and by eight further muscle losses. Fusion of tibia and tarsus and presence of a single claw are larval synapomorphies of Myxophaga and Polyphaga. Adults are characterized by fusion of protrochantin and propleura and by the rigid connection of the meso‐ and metathoracic ventrites. The eucinetoid lineage of Polyphaga is characterized by the secondary absence of the bending zone of the alae. This results in a distinctly simplified wing folding mechanism. The monophyly of Cucujiformia (+ Bostrichoidea) is supported by the presence of cryptonephric Malpighian tubules. Transformations of fore‐and hind‐wings, reinforcement and simplification of the thoracic exoskeleton, and an efficient use of a distinctly reduced set of thoracic muscles play an important role in the early evolution of Coleoptera. Many different larval character transformations take place in the earlier Mesozoic within the suborders.
Software as a Service (SaaS) for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): The Role of Intermediaries

Software as a Service (SaaS) is anticipated to provide significant benefits to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) due to ease of access to high-end applications, 7*24 availability, utility pricing, etc. However, underlying SaaS is the assumption that SMEs will directly interact with the SaaS vendor and use a self-service model. In practice, we see the rise of SaaS intermediaries who support SMEs with using SaaS. This paper reports on an empirical study of the role of intermediaries in terms of how they support SMEs in sourcing and leveraging SaaS for their business. The knowledge contributions of this paper are: (1) the identification and description of the role of SaaS intermediaries and (2) the specification of different roles of SaaS intermediaries, in particular a more basic role with technology orientation and operational alignment perspective and (3) a more added value role with customer orientation and strategic alignment perspective.
Coordinationof export andglycosylationof landomycins in Streptomyces cyanogenus S 136

Coordinationof export andglycosylationof landomycins in Streptomyces cyanogenus S136 Iryna Ostash, Bohdan Ostash, Andriy Luzhetskyy, Andreas Bechthold, Suzanne Walker & Victor Fedorenko Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of L’viv, L’viv, Ukraine; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; and Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Freiburg, Germany
Estimation of Diffuse Solar Radiation in the Region of Northern Sudan

Information of diffuse solar radiation at a given location is essential for study and designing solar energy systems. However, many places around the world, like region of Northern Sudan, have no measurement for this solar radiation component. In this study, seven new empirical models have been developed for estimation of monthly average daily diffuse solar radiation on a horizontal surface in the region of Northern Sudan. Data of global solar radiation and sunshine hours recorded at two stations located within the region has been used. Performance of new developed models has been evaluated by using different statistical indicators. Results revealed that the models based on clearness index showed better performance than the models based on sunshine fraction. However, the hybrid model (model M 24) developed on the basis of both clearness index and sunshine fraction, expressed the highest performance. Consequently, this model is recommended to assess diffuse solar radiation in the region under consideration. Furthermore, it can also be applicable to adjacent sites that possess the similar climatic conditions and lack measurement for diffuse solar radiation.
Carbon, nitrogen and the natural abundance of 13 C and 15 N in macro and microaggregates Carbono, nitrógeno y la abundancia natural de 13 C y 15 N en macro y microagregados

ABSTRACT This study aimed to measure the concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and the natural abundance of 13 C and 15 N in macro and microaggregates under systems of land use. We sampled the 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers in no-tillage system (NTS), conventional tillage system (CTS), secondary forest and pasture in southern Brazil. The largest variations of C and N concentrations were found for the 8-2 mm aggregate class, with the sequence pasture > forest = NTS > CTS, compared to the 0.25-0.105 mm class. The most negative δ 13 C values were found in the microaggregates and the least negative were found in the macroaggregates. Plowing and harrowing in the CTS cause the fracturing of soil aggregates, accelerating the mineralization reactions of soil organic matter (SOM) and discouraging the occlusion of SOM in the aggregates, resulting in higher 15 δN values compared to the other systems evaluated. The larger variation in C and N content for the 8-2 mm class and smaller variation in the 0.25-0.150 mm class indicate that there is higher and lower sensitivity to the management system adopted in these areas and lesser and greater protection of the C and N by these aggregate classes, respectively.
Environmental and Policy Research on Physical Activity is Going Global

International groups have recommended environmental and policy changes as central strategies in efforts to increase physical activity worldwide. Research is needed to guide policy actions, but built environment and physical activity is a relatively new research topic that initially was conducted in just a few countries. The generalizability of findings cannot be assumed across countries with distinct environments and cultures. Initial findings, mainly from studies of North America and Australia, indicated that "walkable" community designs were related to active transportation, and proximity to parks was related to active recreation. In recent years, those general findings have mainly been supported in studies from Japan, Europe, and South America. Evidence to date indicates there may be generalizable principles about how to build communities that facilitate people being active for transportation and recreation purposes. Country-specific studies are needed to inform local decision making in city planning, transportation, parks, education, and health departments/ministries. Coordinated international studies are needed to guide international actions to reduce the epidemics of physical inactivity and chronic diseases.
The distribution, dominance patterns and ecological niches of plankton functional types in Dynamic Green Ocean Models and satellite estimates

Abstract. We compare the spatial and temporal representation of phytoplankton functional types (pPFTs) in four different Dynamic Green Ocean Models (DGOMs; CCSM-BEC, NEMURO, PISCES and PlankTOM5) to derived phytoplankton distributions from two independent satellite estimates, with a particular focus on diatom distributions. Global annual mean surface biomass estimates for diatoms vary between 0.23 mmol C m−3 and 0.77 mmol C m−3 in the models, and are comparable to a satellite-derived estimate (0.41 mmol C m−3). All models consistently simulate a higher zonal mean diatom biomass contribution in the high latitudes than in the low latitudes, but the relative diatom contribution varies substantially between models with largest differences in the high latitudes (20% to 100% of total biomass). We investigate phytoplankton distribution in terms of annual and monthly mean dominance patterns, i.e. the distribution of locations where a given PFT contributes more than 50% to total biomass. In all models, diatoms tend to dominate large areas of the high latitudes of both hemispheres, and the area of the surface ocean dominated by diatoms is significantly higher in the models than in the satellite estimates. We estimate the realized ecological niches filled by the dominant pPFT at each location as a function of annual mean surface nitrate concentration (NO3), sea surface temperature (SST), and mixed layer depth. A general additive model (GAM) is used to map the probability of dominance of all pPFTs in niche and geographic space. Models tend to simulate diatom dominance over a wider temperature and nutrient range, whereas satellites confine diatom dominance to a narrower niche of low-intermediate annual mean temperatures (annual mean SST
C 2 0 1 7 ) 7 3 5 EDGE : a code to calculate diffusion of cosmic-ray electrons and their gamma-ray emission

The positron excess measured by PAMELA and AMS can only be explained if there is one or several sources injecting them. Moreover, at the highest energies, it requires the presence of nearby (∼hundreds of parsecs) and middle age (maximum of ∼hundreds of kyr) source. Pulsars, as factories of electrons and positrons, are one of the proposed candidates to explain the origin of this excess. To calculate the contribution of these sources to the electron and positron flux at the Earth, we developed EDGE (Electron Diffusion and Gamma rays to the Earth), a code to treat diffusion of electrons and compute their diffusion from a central source with a flexible injection spectrum. We can derive the source’s gamma-ray spectrum, spatial extension, the all-electron density in space and the electron and positron flux reaching the Earth. We present in this contribution the fundamentals of the code and study how different parameters affect the gamma-ray spectrum of a source and the electron flux measured at the Earth.