Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Instantaneous deformation and kinematics of the India-Australia Plate

SUMMARY Active intraplate deformation of the India‐Australia Plate is now being captured by far-field global positioning system (GPS) measurements as well as measurements on a few islands located within the deforming zone itself. In this paper, we combine global and regional geodetic solutions with focal mechanisms of earthquakes to derive the present-day strain field of the India‐Australia Plate. We first compile an updated catalogue of 131 Indian intraplate earthquakes (M > 5) spanning the period between the two Asian mega earthquakes of Assam 1897 and Sumatra 2004. Using Haines and Holt’s numerical approach applied to a fully deformable India‐Australia Plate, we show that the use of GPS data only or earthquakes data only has severe drawbacks, related, respectively, to the small number of stations and the incompleteness of the earthquakes catalogue. The combined solution avoids underestimation of the strain inherent to the Kostrov summation of seismic moments and provides details that cannot be reached by pure GPS modelling. We further explore the role of heterogeneity of the India‐Australia Plate and find that the best model, in terms of geodetic vectors fit, relative distribution of strain, style and direction of principal strain from earthquakes, is obtained using the surface heat-flow as a proxy for rheological weakness of the oceanic lithosphere. The present-day deformation is distributed around the Afanasy Nikitin Chain in the Central Indian Basin (CIB)—where it is almost pure shortening—and within the Wharton Basin (WB) off Sumatra—where it is almost pure lateral strike-slip. The northern portion of NinetyEast ridge (NyR) appears as a major discontinuity for both strain and velocity. The new velocity field gives an India/Australia rotation pole located at 11.3 ◦ S, 72.8 ◦ E( −0.301 ◦ Myr −1 )o verlapping with previous solutions, with continental India moving eastward at rates ranging from 13 mm yr −1 (southern India) to 26 mm yr −1 (northern India) with respect to Australia. Taking into account the intraplate velocity field in the vicinity of the Sumatra trench, we obtain a convergence rate of 46 mm yr −1 towards N18 ◦ Ea tthe epicentre of the 2004 Aceh megaearthquake. The predicted instantaneous shortening in the CIB and WB and extension near Chagos-Laccadive are in good agreement with the finite deformation measured from plate reconstructions and seismic profiles, suggesting a continuum of deformation since the onset of intraplate deformation around 7.5‐8 Ma. Since no significant change in India convergence is detected at that time, we suggest that the intraplate deformation started with the trenchward acceleration of Australia detaching from India along a wide left-lateral oceanic shear band activating the NyR line of weakness as well as north‐south fracture zones east of it. The predicted total amount of left lateral finite strain along these faults is in the range 110‐140 km.
Status of bone mineral density in adult population using calcaneal ultrasound bone densitometer : A study from Assam , India

Introduction: Osteoporosis, an important cause of fracture in India is highly unrecognized and un-addressed issue. This condition is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) for which screening is not routinely done. Again there is paucity of literatures regarding the prevalence of low BMD among adult population from this part of the country. With growing awareness of the condition and its complication demands special attention to be paid to early detection and treatment. The present study was carried out to study the bone mineral status of adult population in a rural block of Assam and also to find out some of its correlates. Materials and methods: the study was conducted among the attendants of routine health camps, organized in the block. A total of 93 subjects (60 females and 33 males) were screened by using calcaneal ultrasound heel bone densitometer. Results & observation: The study reveals that though the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia were more in 50-60 years (85.71%) and > 60 years group (87.5%), high prevalence of osteopenia (68.75%) was also noted in younger 40-50 years group. Low BMD was found to be increasing with age, but it is more so in female than male. Significant association was found between BMD and socio-economic status, nutritional status, type of diet and menopausal status. Conclusion: This study indicates that adult populations are equally at risk of osteoporosis as the elderly group and should be targeted for preventive interventions to prevent growing increase of the condition and its complications.
Economic evaluation of different irrigation systems for wheat production in Rechna Doab, Pakistan.

Water productivity (WP) is reported lower in Pakistan when compared to the rest of the world. This paper investi-gates the factors responsible for low water productivity and demonstrates various irrigation techniques farmers could use for its improvement. A comprehensive questionnaire was designed, and 230 farmers were interviewed in a cotton-wheat area (Samundri-site I), a mixed crop area (Chiniot-site II), and a rice-wheat area (Hafizabad-site III) in Rechna Doab, Punjab, Pakistan. This survey found that the majority of farmers expressed major concerns about shortages of canal water, energy, and fertilizer. These issues were the main factors affecting their land and water productivity. Field experiments were conducted at the above mentioned sites. The results indicated that drip irrigation was the most efficient irrigation technique, which produced a maximum WP of 2.26 kg m-3 for wheat. Drip irrigation was 98% efficient, and water savings were 40% better when compared with that under conventional irrigation.
Emergence of Problematic Internet Use among Indian Adolescents: A Multi Method study

Background: The current internet era has opened its many pros and cons in the form of; not only better, faster and improved working ability in shorter time, but also an emergence of a newer form of disorder in Adolescents namely “Problematic Internet Use (PIU)” not only globally but also in India. Methods: First any kind of studies on “Problematic Internet Use (PIU)” were searched from major electronic search engines such as Pubmed, Cochrane database, Psyc INFO, Biomed Central, Google Scholar etc, followed by extensive manual search of articles even in unpublished form till 31 March 2015; and comparison of prevalence’s in India from other developing and developed world was done in Systematic review. Finally the prevalence estimation of “problematic internet use” among Indian adolescents” from any type of university of India; where any related studies were carried, was done by meta-analysis method for proportions by MedCalc software. Results: Out of total 33 articles included, only 9 studies on PIU in India were taken in meta-analysis; which revealed that although the overall pooled prevalence 61 of “problematic internet use” was lower i.e. 21.6% [95%C.I. =0.2%-63%], despite heterogeneity among studies [(Q=5340, 95% C.I.=99.83 to 99.87], but it was statistically significant (p<0.0001) indicating it to be an emerging problem among Adolescents of India. Conclusions: PIU in India is appearing as an emerging adolescent health problem and urgent internet regulatory guidelines and strategies needs to be chalked out for adolescents from Government of India, for shaping health of our future generations.
peace of mind : health insurance reduces stress and cortisol levels – evidence from a randomized experiment in kenya ∗

We show that the provision of health insurance reduces levels of self-reported stress and the stress hormone cortisol using a randomized controlled trial among informal workers in Nairobi, Kenya. The effects of health insurance on cortisol and stress levels are larger than those of equally valued unconditional cash transfers, and are not mediated by changes in economic outcomes, health or healthcare usage, or variables that confound cortisol. These results suggest that insurance may reduce stress and cortisol levels through a “peace of mind” effect. This hypothesis receives support from the fact that the median insurance taker does not use the insurance; that insurance has larger effects on more vulnerable individuals; and that insurance improves sleep. JEL codes: I13, I31, C93, D87 Word count: 11,490 ∗We are grateful to the study participants for generously giving their time. We thank Marie Collins, Faizan Diwan, Bena Mwongeli, Joseph Njoroge, James Vancel, and Matthew White for excellent research assistance; the Cooperative Insurance Company for fruitful collaboration; Innovations for Poverty Action for research support; and Abhijit Banerjee, Fenella Carpena, Esther Duflo, Simon Galle, Alexis Grigorieff, Michael Kremer, Michala Iben Riis-Vestergaard, Chris Roth, Simone Schaner, Jeremy Shapiro, and Tom Vogl for comments and discussion. All errors are our own. This research was supported by NIH Grant R01AG039297 and Cogito Foundation Grant R-116/10 to Johannes Haushofer. †Department of Psychology, Woodrow Wilson School for Public and International Affairs, and Department of Economics, Princeton University; and The Busara Center for Behavioral Economics, Nairobi, Kenya. haushofer@princeton.edu. ∗∗Contributed equally. ‖Corresponding author: 427 Peretsman Scully Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ‡Department of Economics, McGill University. matthieu.chemin@mcgill.ca. ∗∗Contributed equally. §Department of Psychology, Princeton University; and The Busara Center for Behavioral Economics, Nairobi, Kenya. cjang@princeton.edu. ¶Department of Psychology, Princeton University; and The Busara Center for Behavioral Economics, Nairobi, Kenya. justinra@princeton.edu
5 6 L-glutamine improves skeletal muscle cell differentiation and 7 prevents myotube atrophy after cytokine ( TNF-α ) stress via 8 reduced p 38 MAPK signal transduction 9 10

32 Tumour Necrosis FactorAlpha (TNF-α) is chronically elevated in conditions where skeletal muscle loss occurs. 33 As L-glutamine can dampen the effects of inflamed environments, we investigated the role of L-glutamine in 34 both differentiating C2C12 myoblasts and existing myotubes in the absence/presence of TNF-α (20 ng.ml-1) ± L35 glutamine (20 mM). TNF-α reduced the proportion of cells in G1 phase, as well as biochemical (CK activity) and 36 morphological differentiation (myotube number), with corresponding reductions in transcript expression of: 37 Myogenin, Igf-I and Igfbp5. Furthermore, when administered to mature myotubes, TNF-α induced myotube 38 loss and atrophy underpinned by reductions in Myogenin, Igf-I, Igfbp2 and glutamine synthetase and parallel 39 increases in Fox03, Cfos, p53 and Bid gene expression. Investigation of signaling activity suggested that Akt and 40 ERK1/2 were unchanged, JNK increased (non-significantly) whereas P38 MAPK substantially and significantly 41 increased in both myoblasts and myotubes in the presence of TNF-α. Importantly, 20 mM L-glutamine reduced 42 p38 MAPK activity in TNF-α conditions back to control levels, with a corresponding rescue of myoblast 43 differentiation and a reversal of atrophy in myotubes. L-glutamine resulted in upregulation of genes associated 44 with growth and survival including; Myogenin, Igf-Ir, Myhc2 & 7, Tnfsfr1b, Adra1d and restored atrophic gene 45 expression of Fox03 back to baseline in TNF-α conditions. In conclusion, L-glutamine supplementation rescued 46 suppressed muscle cell differentiation and prevented myotube atrophy in an inflamed environment via 47 regulation of p38 MAPK. L-glutamine administration could represent an important therapeutic strategy for 48 reducing muscle loss in catabolic diseases and inflamed ageing. 49
TORNADO-WARNING PERFORMANCE IN THE PAST AND FUTURE A Perspective from Signal Detection Theory A Perspective from Signal Detection Theory A Perspective from Signal Detection Theory A Perspective from Signal Detection Theory A Perspective from Signal Detection Theory

Changes over the years in tornado-warning performance in the United States can be modeled from the perspective of signal detection theory. From this view, it can be seen that there have been distinct periods of change in performance, most likely associated with deployment of radars, and changes in scientific understanding and training. The model also makes it clear that improvements in the false alarm ratio can only occur at the cost of large decreases in the probability of detection, or with large improvements in the overall quality of the warning system.
Pharmacokinetics of oral caffeine in sows: a pilot study.

Introduction Caffeine (1,3,7 trimethylxanthine) is a natural alkaloid and one of the most widely employed psychoactive substances which induces several important stimulatory effects on central nervous system such as enhanced alertness, decreased fatigue and stimulation of respiratory center. Caffeine, which is currently employed for the treatment of neonatal hypoxia in humans, could also be beneficial against perinatal asphyxia in piglets, that is responsible of high mortality rates and poor weight gain. Aim The aim of this study was a preliminary assessment of caffeine pharmacokinetic parameters in sows. Moreover, this study could provide information on caffeine pharmacokinetics in pigs which could be of great help for the possible therapeutic use of this drug, as in vivo information regarding ADME (Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion) behaviour of the methylxanthine in this species are thus far lacking. Materials and methods In our experimental design, a single dose of 25 mg/kg of caffeine was given orally to six healthy sows, mixed with 200 g of lactation feed given before morning meal. Blood samples were collected at specific times and caffeine levels in plasma were measured by means of HPLC method. The dose was chosen according to a previously published study. The method was intra-laboratory validated according to EMA guidelines (2012). Results and discussion No adverse effects were observed in the animals after caffeine administration. Caffeine concentration reached a peak (Cmax = 20.02 ± 1.51 μg/mL) at 9.51 ± 1.17 h and declined displaying a bi-phasic behaviour. Our pharmacokinetic data were suggestive of a slower elimination compared to humans, monkeys, rabbits and rodents, while they were similar to those observed in other species like sheep, cattle and equines. An interesting clinical implication of our study could be suggested by the concentration-time curve of orally administered caffeine, showing plasma levels at 24 h after treatment of 13.77 ± 0.97 μg/mL. Such blood levels of caffeine are similar to those detected in human neonates treated for perinatal hypoxia. Since caffeine is known to freely cross the placenta and, therefore, to reach the same levels in fetal as in maternal blood, our data seem to support a previous study, in which oral caffeine administration to sows the day before parturition was able to improve the vitality of newborn piglets. Conclusions This study provides first data about pharmacokinetics of caffeine in pigs and suggests a possible clinical utility in swine. However, further experiments with diverse doses and routes of administration of caffeine, and in farrowing sows, are needed to enlighten its pharmacokinetic profile.
Immunohistochemical study of gastrointestinal endocrine cells in the porcupine (Hystrix cristata)

La distribution des cellules endocrines ainsi que leur frequence relative dans le tractus gastro-intestinal du porc-epic (Hystrix cristata) ont ete etudiees par immunohistochimie au moyen d'anticorps diriges contre la serotonine, le peptide derive du gene de la calcitonine (CGRP), la somatostatine 14, la neurotensine, la cholecystokinine (CCK) et le peptide vaso-intestinal (VIP). Des cellules positives pour la serotonine ont ete decelees dans toutes les regions du tractus gastro-intestinal et ont ete plus particulierement abondantes dans l'estomac et le duodenum, alors que les cellules positives pour la somatostatine 14 ou pour la neurotensine ont seulement ete observees dans les portions intestinales (somatostatine 14 : intestin grele et colon ; neurotensine : intestin grele) et que les cellules positives pour le CGRP ont ete essentiellement localisees dans l'estomac. En revanche, aucune cellule immuno-reactive pour la CCK et le VIP n'a ete mise en evidence dans le tube digestif du porc-epic.
Derivatives and Default Risk

Upstream producers that possess market power, sell forwards with a lengthy duration to regional electricity companies (REC). As part of the liberalization of the electricity market, RECs have been privatized and exposed to a possible bankruptcy threat if spot prices have fallen below their expected value. The downstream firms’ expected profit is larger, when it is less likely to be bailed out, the effect on upstream profits is ambiguous while consumers loose. Options are less welfare increasing than forwards, but the difference is minimal. In the presence of bankruptcy, options are the preferred welfare maximizing market instrument.
The responses of fourth, fifth, and sixth grade black urban children to selected stories /

3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.
Receptivity of Hypersonic Boundary Layers Due to Acoustic Disturbances Over Blunt Cone

The transition process induced by the interaction of acoustic disturbances in the freestream with boundary layers over a 5-degree straight cone and a wedge with blunt tips is numerically investigated at a free-stream Mach number of 6.0. To compute the shock and the interaction of shock with the instability waves the Navier-Stokes equations are solved in axisymmetric coordinates. The governing equations are solved using the 5 th –order accurate weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme for space discretization and using third-order total-variation-diminishing (TVD) Runge-Kutta scheme for time integration. After the mean flow field is computed, acoustic disturbances are introduced at the outer boundary of the computational domain and unsteady simulations are performed. Generation and evolution of instability waves and the receptivity of boundary layer to slow and fast acoustic waves are investigated. The mean flow data are compared with the experimental results. The results show that the instability waves are generated near the leading edge and the non-parallel effects are stronger near the nose region for the flow over the cone than that over a wedge. It is also found that the boundary layer is much more receptive to slow acoustic wave (by almost a factor of 67) as compared to the fast wave. 15 Cone has a small nose radius (R n =0.001-in) and the flow around the leading edge is resolved by using a sufficiently dense grid. We assume adiabatic wall conditions for steady flow computations. The objectives are to understand the receptivity process near the leading edge of a cone and to estimate the receptivity coefficient of the instability waves generated near the leading edge. Computations are performed to determine whether the slow or the fast acoustic waves are more efficient in generating the instability waves. Also comparisons of computed shock stand off distances with the experimental results are shown. To compare the receptivity process
Investigation of GDF 9 and BMP 15 Polymorphisms in Mehraban

Reproduction is a complex process and fecundity traits such as ovulation rate (OR) and litter size (LS) are genetically affected by many minor genes and also some major genes, called fecundity (Fec) genes (Drouilhet et al. 2009). Utilization of major fecundity genes in sheep production can cause genetic improvement in breeding programs, and consequently high performance in reproductive traits (Notter, 2008). So far, some major genes relevant to OR and LS traits such as bone morphogenetic protein recep-tor-1B (BMPR1B), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and beta-1, 4-Nacetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 2 or lacaune gene (B4GALNT2) have been reported and all of which have hyper prolificacy-associated mutations (Drouilhet et al. 2013; Bodin et al. 2007). BMPR1B, BMP15 and GDF9 genes are all part of the ovary-derived transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily. The essential growth factors and receptors in ovarian follicular development are coded by these genes (Pramod et al. 2013). Causative mutations in sheep such as FecB mutation in BMPR1B in Booroola Utilization of fecundity genes such as GDF9 and BMP15 can help improve reproductive traits in sheep breeding programme. To evaluate effects of missense mutations on protein function, the polymorphisms of GDF9 and BMP15 genes were screened in twelve mehraban sheep using DNA sequencing, followed by protein structure modeling. Six single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) known as FecG mutations (G1G6), were detected in exons 1 and 2 of GDF9 gene. Mutations of G1 (GDF9 exon 1 g.2118 G>A), G4 (GDF9 exon 2 g.3451 T>C) and G6 (GDF9 exon 2 g.3974 G>A) have shown amino acid substitution. None polymorphism was detected in exon 1 and exon 2 of BMP15 gene. Based on identified polymorphisms, individuals were classified into three haplotypes of wild haplotype (without mutation), haplotype A (simultaneous mutations of G1, G2, G3 and G4) and haplotype B (simultaneous mutations of G5 and G6). The 3D-structure of GDF9 protein in A and B haplotypes was rotated 90 ̊ and 45 ̊ than wild haplotype, respectively. The missenses G1/p.Arg87His, G4/p.Glu241Lys and G6/p.Val332Ile variants were benign. However both the missenses of G7/p.Val371Met and G8/p.Ser315Phe were probably damaging. Phylogenetic tree of GDF9 gene revealed that individuals with A and B haplotypes were distinct from wild haplotypes with bootstrapping values of 63 and 76, respectively. In conclusion, GDF9 protein in A and B haplotypes showed a higher performance than wild haplotype due to synergism effects of simultaneous mutations. These types of mutations with effect on turn and helix of GDF9 conservative regions showed physical and functional interaction with TGFβ proteins.
Investigation of the maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the maximum surface temperature (Ts) AVHRR compositing procedures for the extraction of NDVI and Ts over forest

Abstract An investigation into the impact of the maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the maximum surface temperature (Ts) compositing procedures (MaN and MaT respectively) upon retrieved NDVI and Ts values extracted from forested areas located across eight months of cloud screened European AVHRR data is described. NDVI values are found to be significantly higher and generally less variable when they are extracted from MaN rather than from MaT composites and Ts values are found to be significantly higher and generally less variable when they are extracted from MaT rather than from MaN composites. The impact of these differences is illustrated within the context of a European forest/non-forest classification that uses both NDVI and Ts data. Higher potential forest/non-forest classification accuracies are found using NDVI data extracted from the MaN composites and Ts data extracted from the MaT composites than from any other combination of composited data. The findings indicate that ina.