Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The road back: predictors of regaining preattack functioning among Project Liberty clients.

OBJECTIVES This study determined the likelihood and predictors of Project Liberty counseling recipients' reporting their return to satisfactory life functioning 16 to 26 months after the September 11, 2001, attacks. METHODS Using anonymous brief paper-and-pencil questionnaires or structured telephone interviews, 452 respondents provided retrospective ratings of their functioning in five life domains during the month before the World Trade Center attacks and the month immediately before the assessment. Information on demographic characteristics and exposure to risk during the World Trade Center attacks also was obtained and used in logistic regression models. The 153 respondents who were interviewed by telephone also rated helpfulness of various coping strategies. RESULTS In the five domains, 77 to 87 percent of the sample reported good to excellent functioning in the month before the attacks; 55 to 68 percent reported returning to at least the same level of daily functioning after the attacks. African Americans were two to four times more likely than respondents of all other races to report a return to good or excellent functioning after the attack in four domains. Compared with respondents who did not lose their job as a result of the attacks, those who did lose their job were less likely to return to good preattack functioning in two domains. Project Liberty counseling reportedly helped 90 percent of respondents return to predisaster levels of functioning. CONCLUSIONS Responses to future terrorist attacks should consider demographic characteristics and the impact of the attack because they can affect return to preattack functioning. Counselors should support activities that facilitate positive responses and ameliorate negative psychological responses.
The effect of student gender on the obstetrics and gynecology clerkship experience.

OBJECTIVES To explore the effects of the students' gender on their perception of quality and quantity of teaching, the amount of experiential learning, and their interest in obstetrics and gynecology. METHODS Anonymous, self-administered surveys to third-year medical students rotating on the obstetrics and gynecology clerkship. RESULTS Eighty-one of 91 students participated (89% response rate): 33 men, 46 women, 2 declined to reveal their gender. No significant gender differences existed regarding number of interactions with residents and faculty; number of deliveries, surgeries, or examinations performed; perceived quality of teaching; or feeling included as part of the clinical team. Male students were more likely to report performing specific surgical procedures, such as operating the bovie cautery during gynecological surgeries (p = 0.005). More men experienced patients refusing to allow them to participate in the clinical interview (p < 0.0001) and physical examination (p < 0.0001). Male students were also more likely to report feeling that their gender negatively impacted their clerkship experience (p < 0.0001). Although less likely to report preclerkship and postclerkship career interest in obstetrics and gynecology, male students were more likely to report that their interest increased at the end of the clerkship. CONCLUSIONS Male students were more likely to experience gender bias from patients on the obstetrics and gynecology service. Male students also described feeling socially excluded from female-dominated clinical teams. Obstetrics and gynecology educators need to consider methods of encouraging patients to accept medical student participation regardless of gender. Obstetrics and gynecology faculty and residents need to be sensitive to subtle forms of gender bias and ensure equal inclusion for both male and female medical students.
Diagnosis of dementia by regional cerebral blood flow measurements using 133Xe and stationary detectors

The first method for quantitative measurement of the mean hemispheric cerebral blood flow was the nitrous oxide technique developed by Kety & Schmidt in the 1940s. This technique was used in patients with “senile dementia” in a few pioneering studies (1-3). The first regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) method was developed by Lassen, et a1 in the 1960s and was based on intra-carotid injection of 133xenon and recordings of the gamma radiation by multiple stationary scintillation detectors. This technique was used in several studies of patients with presenile and senile organic dementia (4-14). The invasiveness of the measurement procedure did, however, limit its applicability. The method was abandoned by most researchers during the latter half of the 1970s. The non-invasive rCBF-methods based on inhalation or i.v. injection of 133xenon were developed in the 1970s by Obrist et al. They became the methods of choice for research and clinical routine use of rCBF measurements in dementia (15-42). The use of these methods has, however, decreased during recent years mainly due to the development of tomographic rCBF methods, notably SPECT (reviewed by Erik Ryding). In Lund a unique measurement system has been developed (Cortexplorer 256-HR) with 254 small scintillation detectors providing a spatial resolution of about 1 cm for the cortical mantle (33).
2-amino-4-hydroxyquinazolines as inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase.

This paper describes a 2-amino-4-hydroxyquinazoline analogue of folic acid which is much stronger than methotrexate as a thymidylate synthetase inhibitor but weaker as a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor. It also identifies the requirements of certain structural moieties for this activity.
Metabolic effects of onion and green beans on diabetic patients.

A comparative study, using a crossover design, was carried out on 260-well controlled diabetic out- patients to investigate the metabolic effects of the A (50% cal carbohydrate, 30% cal fat, and 20% cal protein) and the B-diets (Study I), since the adherence of diabetic patients to the A-diet is very poor, and uncontrolled diabetes ensues. In Indonesian rural areas traditional medicines are still widely preserved; onion and green beans represent two of the frequent ones. Being faced with such facts, two separate randomized crossover studies were performed on 20 cooperative diabetic outpatients each; paired t-test was used for statistical analysis. Half of the patients were assigned to the B-diet (68% cal carbohydrate, 20% cal fat, 12% cal protein) plus 3 X 20 g fresh onion per day (Study II), or plus 3 X 200 g green beans per day (Study III) in the first week, and the B-diet only in the second week; the other half was assigned the other way around. Well and poorly controlled diabetics were used as experimental patients of Study II and Study III, respectively. Study I demonstrated that the B-diet showed potent hypocholesterolemic effect (31.75 mg%, p less than 0.001), maintained diabetic state, and did not raise the fasting serum triglyceride level. Study II resulted in significant decrease in blood sugar level (4.37 mg%, p less than 0.05) in the onion treated group, however, no blood lipid levels-changes occurred during both diets. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Results of laser therapy in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: our experience

Objective: The authors of this paper present the results of laser treatment in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Methods: Laser photocoagulation of communicating vessels was performed on 91 patients from April 2005 to June 2010, at the Medical University of Gdansk (Poland). Results of treatment were analyzed. Results: The following results were achieved: at least one survival at delivery in 71 patients (83.5%), two survivors in 49 women (57.6%), and an overall survival rate of 70.6%. After the inclusion of neonatal deaths, at least one survival was reported in 65 women (76.5%) – 30 with two survivors (44.7%) and 27 with one survivor (31.8%). The incidence of preterm rupture of membranes (4 cases – 4.3%), dual intrauterine fetal demise (7 cases – 7.4%) and miscarriage or delivery (8 cases – 8.5%) during the first week after surgery were the main reasons of pregnancy loss in the analyzed group. The frequency of cerebral palsy diagnosed after 6 months was 7%. Conclusions: Despite a lower incidence of dual neonatal survivals than in other series, the results of the first years of experience with laser treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome are encouraging, and prompt us to improve our surgical skills to achieve better outcomes.
BODY SIZE AND NUMBERS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Although it is one of the most important attributes of organisms, body size has received surprisingly little attention in biology. (Some exceptions, with literature entries, are Bonner, 1968; Gould, 1966, 1968; Haldane, 1928; Hutchinson, 1971; Kurten, 1963; McNab, 1971; Nicol, 1964; Rensch, 1960; Schoener, 1970.) Even when it is discussed, there is sometimes an apology for considering a subject that is mainly treated in the popular literature. But the popular literature is right, in its crude understanding: an organism's size affects it and its neighbors crucially in several ways. Physiological and morphological requirements at different sizes (allometry in its several guises) have been studied sporadically since at least Galileo, and this aspect is probably the best (although not well) understood. Ontogenetic changes in size relate both to this functional allometry and to evolutionary strategies: in what circumstances is it better to be large as an adult or an an egg, spore, or seed? The strong tendency for small mammals and some other animals to get larger on islands and large mammals to get smaller there may be the ecotypic "rule" with the fewest exceptions, but it is not widely known and is less understood (d., Van Valen, 1970). Most evolutionary strategies relate to body size in one way or another. The popular interest differs from these somewhat sophisticated notions, and it is the subject of this interest that I will pursue (d., Van Valen, 1969). It is clear that large organisms are in some sense more important than small ones, in addition to being on the whole more conspicuous. This importance comes largely from the fact that each individual has a
Cytotoxicity and mode of action of 5-azacytidine on L1210 leukemia.

This study attempts to determine the primary actions of 5-azacytidine (5-azaCR) on L1210 leukemia. This agent was cytotoxic toward L1210 cells growing in culture with 50 and 90% inhibition dose values of 0.019 and circa 0.15 μg/ml, respectively. 5-AzaCR inhibits the incorporation of tritiated thymidine or deoxyadenosine into DNA to a greater extent than it inhibits the incorporation of tritiated uridine into RNA. Similar results were obtained with ascitic cells isolated from leukemic mice. Equimolar amounts of cytidine reduced the inhibition of DNA synthesis, as well as the inhibition of cell growth in culture caused by 5-azaCR. Uridine, but not deoxycytidine or deoxyuridine, was also effective, but to a lesser extent than was cytidine. With cell-free extracts isolated from L1210 cells in culture, no significant effect was found on enzyme systems directly or indirectly involved in DNA synthesis. With 5-azaCR-4-14C as the precursor, this agent was found to be phosphorylated in all leukemic tissues studied. The majority of phosphorylated products existed as the triphosphate in ascitic and cultured L1210 cells. A portion (10 to 20%) of all these phosphorylated derivatives appeared to be further reduced to deoxyribonucleoside di- and/or triphosphate forms. 5-AzaCR was also incorporated into polynucleotides in all tissues studied and incorporated into both RNA (80 to 90% total incorporated radioactivity) and DNA fractions (10 to 20%) in L1210 cells in culture. In the presence of cytidine, phosphorylation of 5-azaCR, subsequent reduction, and incorporation into polynucleotides were greatly inhibited. A probable mechanism of action of 5-azaCR on L1210 leukemia is proposed.
An Online UHF PD Monitoring System for Power Transformer and Its Applications

It is widely accepted that failure due to insulation defects are often preceded by some form of partial discharge (PD) activity in high voltage (HV) equipments. This study describes industrial application of ultra high frequency (UHF) PD detection technique on large oil-immersed power transformers. To suppress external interference internal UHF sensors were designed and successfully installed to 4 power transformers for their insulation assessment. As the frequency band of the UHF sensor was 500-1500 MHz, envelope detection technique was employed to extract UHF signals. Typical UHF PD patterns were recorded during PD acceptance test using the monitoring system. The results reveal that UHF PD measurements can detect small level of discharges with good sensitivity. Finally, the influence of external impact pulses such as lightning strike pulses, switching operation pulses was studied as well. The system has been put into service to 4 power transformers.
Development and embryonic staging in non‐model organisms: the case of an afrotherian mammal

Studies of evolutionary developmental biology commonly use ‘model organisms’ such as fruit flies or mice, and questions are often functional or epigenetic. Phylogenetic investigations, in contrast, typically use species that are less common and mostly deal with broad scale analyses in the tree of life. However, important evolutionary transformations have taken place at all taxonomic levels, resulting in such diverse forms as elephants and shrews. To understand the mechanisms underlying morphological diversification, broader sampling and comparative approaches are paramount. Using a simple, standardized protocol, we describe for the first time the development of soft tissues and some parts of the skeleton, using μCT‐imaging of developmental series of Echinops telfairi and Tenrec ecaudatus, two tenrecid afrotherian mammals. The developmental timing of soft tissue and skeletal characters described for the tenrecids is briefly compared with that of other mammals, including mouse, echidna, and the opossum. We found relatively few heterochronic differences in development in the armadillo vs. tenrec, consistent with a close relationship of Xenarthra and Afrotheria. Ossification in T. ecaudatus continues well into the second half of overall gestation, resembling the pattern seen in other small mammals and differing markedly from the advanced state of ossification evident early in the gestation of elephants, sheep, and humans.
Prevention of Acute Renal Failure: Role of Vaso-Active Drugs, Mannitol and Diuretics

Evidence exists that acute renal failure (ARF) independently increases mortality risk in critically-ill patients. Therefore prevention of ARF seems of paramount importance. Preservation of renal blood flow and (sufficient) perfusion pressure favourably influences the prevention of renal function deterioration in the critically-ill septic patient. The first step to achieve this is infusion of fluids, either crystalloids or colloids, with the aim of optimal fluid resuscitation. Although “optimal fluid resuscitation” is poorly defined, in clinical practice it can be considered as the point where a certain preload is obtained, after which no further increase of cardiac output is observed with further fluid infusion. Vasoactive drugs can be added to this regimen in case of insufficient restoration of flow and especially perfusion pressure. The addition of norepinephrine can be of value if high doses of dopamine fail to restore perfusion pressure. No evidence exists that low-dose dopamine prevents renal failure and, therefore, dopamine should not be given for this indication. The use of diuretic agents can be harmful, as indicated by observational and cohort studies. Although mannitol flushes out intratubular casts and increases tubular flow, which is favorable in myoglobinuria or hemoglobinuria, so far no well designed clinical studies have demonstrated its efficacy in ARF. In conclusion, there is currently no convincing evidence for any benefit from diuretic agents and/or (low dose) dopamine in the prevention of ARF. High quality intenisve care and avoidance of harm is, therefore, the current standard of the prevention of ARF.
Title Contributors to construction debris from electrical andmechanical work in Hong Kong infrastructure projects

The crucial problem of construction debris is of increasing concern in Hong Kong. In the construction industry, the electrical and mechanical (E&M) installations in the infrastructure, whether buildings, tunnels or dams for example, are some of the major and usually complex components. Difficulty in coordinating the various trades affects productivity in general, and has a major impact on the quantity of construction debris. By identifying the sources of each stage of E&M engineering work, some of the construction debris can be eliminated at the source during production. This paper investigates the critical production shortcomings in the E&M sector in Hong Kong. The study is based on a survey that includes a preliminary questionnaire survey, brainstorming exercises with a focus group, structured interviews with experienced frontline supervisors and a second focus group exercise to test findings and proposed measures. The principal findings are that ‘poor coordination’ and ‘design changes and/or errors’ are a major contributor to variations or change orders and rework, in turn resulting in a high volume of construction debris. The results also indicate that construction debris can be minimised in the E&M sector of the construction industry, if the material wastes from incidental work are reduced and also handled properly in a new work process flow pattern through recommended construction project management improvements for reducing critical production shortcomings. CE Database Subject Headings: Construction debris; Coordination; Design; Electrical & mechanical; Flow pattern; Production shortcomings.
Comparative chromosome studies in Cetacea.

The karyology was studied in 9 species of cetaceans, viz. in 5 odontocetes and 4 mysticetes. Chromosome measurements and idiograms of 8 species are presented. Comparisons were made between the karyotypes of the different species on the basis of conventional staining methods as well as by autoradiography and by Q-, G-, and C-banding techniques. All cetaceans so far studied have 2n = 44, except the sperm and pygmy sperm whales, which have 2n = 42 and karyotypes entirely different from those of the 2n = 44 species. All of the latter, except the killer whale, have closely concordant karyotypic morphology. Specific attention was payed to the C-heterochromatin, both because of its large amount and its striking pattern. The amount of C-heterochromatin varied from 10–15% of the total chromosome length in the odontocetes to 25–30% in the mysticetes. In both of them the distribution of C-heterochromatin in the karyotypes was mainly interstitial and terminal and to a lesser extent centromeric. Size heteromorphism in C-bands was frequently observed between the homologues of the same pair. The pronounced karyotypic agreement between the odontocetes and mysticetes, both in general chromosome morphology and in C-band pattern, is incompatible with the theory of a diphyletic origin of the Odontoceti and Mysticeti.
Cost-Utility analysis of tissue plasminogen activator therapy for acute ischaemic stroke: a Canadian healthcare perspective.

BACKGROUND There are over 40000 ischaemic strokes annually in Canada, which result in significant morbidity, mortality and burden to the healthcare system. A recent, large clinical trial has evaluated tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) intravenously for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke with promising outcomes but with an increased risk of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage. OBJECTIVE To compare clinical and economic outcomes of intravenous t-PA therapy (0.9 mg/kg, to a maximum of 90 mg, initiated within 3 hours of stroke onset) versus no t-PA for acute ischaemic stroke based on the outcomes achieved in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) trial. DESIGN A Markov model depicting the natural lifetime course after an initial acute ischaemic stroke. On the basis of this model, a simulated trial compared no t-PA with t-PA. PATIENTS A hypothetical cohort of 1000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. STUDY PERSPECTIVE Canadian healthcare system. OUTCOME MEASURES Total acute stroke and post-stroke treatment costs and cumulative quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). RESULTS For a hypothetical cohort of 1000 patients, the estimated lifetime stroke costs were 103100000 Canadian dollars (SCan) [1999 values) in the t-PA arm ($Can103100 per patient) compared with SCan106900000 in the no t-PA arm ($Can106900 per patient), yielding a lifetime cost difference of $Can3800000 in favour of t-PA versus no t-PA (SCan3800 per patient). In the hypothetical cohort, t-PA treatment resulted in 13 130 QALYs versus 9670 QALYs with no t-PA treatment. This translated into a net benefit of 3460 additional QALYs per 1000 patients (3.46 QALYs per patient). No treatment, outcome or economic variables influenced the model outcome. CONCLUSION From the standpoint of cost effectiveness, treatment of acute ischaemic stroke with intravenous t-PA is an economically attractive strategy.
Minerals and Trace Elements in Human Breast Milk Are Associated with Guatemalan Infant Anthropometric Outcomes within the First 6 Months.

BACKGROUND Breast milk is the recommended source of nutrients for infant growth, but its adequacy to meet infants' mineral and trace element needs is unknown. OBJECTIVES We used breast-milk mineral and trace element concentrations of Guatemalan mothers at 3 lactation stages to estimate total daily intakes and to determine whether intakes were associated with early infant growth. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, breast-milk samples were collected from Mam-Mayan mothers during transitional (5-17 d, n = 56), early (18-46 d, n = 75), and established (4-6 mo, n = 103) lactation; z scores for weight (WAZ), length (LAZ), and head circumference (HCAZ) were measured. Concentrations of 11 minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, iron, manganese, rubidium, selenium, strontium, and zinc) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). WHO equations were used to calculate the estimated energy requirement, which was divided by the energy density of breast milk to estimate daily milk volume, and this number was multiplied by breast-milk mineral concentrations to estimate intakes. Principal component analyses identified clusters of minerals; principal components (PCs) were used in regression analyses for anthropometric outcomes. RESULTS Estimated breast-milk intakes during established lactation were insufficient to compensate for the lower milk sodium, copper, manganese, and zinc concentrations in male infants and the lower sodium, iron and manganese concentrations in female infants. Estimated intakes of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and selenium were below the Institute of Medicine Adequate Intake for both sexes at all 3 stages of lactation. In early lactation, multiple linear regressions showed that PC1 (calcium, magnesium, potassium, rubidium, and strontium intakes) was positively associated with WAZ, LAZ, and HCAZ. In established lactation, the same PC with sodium added was positively associated with all 3 anthropometric outcomes; a second PC (PC2: zinc, copper, and selenium intakes) was associated with WAZ and LAZ but not HCAZ. CONCLUSIONS Breast milk may be inadequate in selected minerals and trace elements where higher estimated intakes were associated with greater infant growth.