Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reliability of seizure classification using a semistructured interview

Methods for standardized classification of epileptic seizures are important for both clinical practice and epidemiologic research. In this study, we developed a strategy for standardized classification using a semistructured telephone interview and operational diagnostic criteria. We interviewed 1,957 adults with epilepsy ascertained from voluntary organizations. To confirm and expand the seizure history, we also interviewed a first-degree relative for 67% of subjects and obtained medical records for 59%. Three lay reviewers used all available information to classify seizures. To assess reliability, each reviewer classified a sample of subjects assigned to the others. In addition, an expert physician classified a sample of subjects assigned to two of the reviewers. Agreement was “moderate-substantial” for generalized-onset seizures, both for the comparisons between pairs of lay reviewers and for the neurologist versus lay reviewers. Agreement was “substantial-almost perfect” for partial-onset seizures, both for pairs of lay reviewers and for the neurologist versus lay reviewers. These results suggest that seizures can be reliably classified by lay reviewers, using operational criteria applied to symptoms ascertained in a semistructured telephone interview.
Sleep disorders and secondhand smoke exposure in the U.S. population.

INTRODUCTION Sleep disorders in the United States are pervasive and have been linked to increased risk of injury, morbidity, and mortality. Smoking is a known risk factor for sleep disorders; the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and sleep disorders is less clear. We sought to examine the relationship between SHS exposure and sleep disorders among a representative sample of U.S. adults (n = 4,123). METHODS Data were from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between both smoking and SHS exposure with two measures of sleep disorder (i.e., self-reported health care provider diagnosis and self-report of two or more sleep symptoms). SHS exposure status was based on a combination of self-report and serum cotinine levels. RESULTS Relative to nonsmokers without SHS exposure, smokers were significantly more likely to have been diagnosed with a sleep disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 1.73 [95% CI = 1.16-2.60]) and more likely to report at least two sleep disorder symptoms (OR = 1.42 [95% CI = 1.09-1.84]). SHS-exposed nonsmokers were not significantly more likely to report a sleep disorder or sleep symptoms (OR = 1.43 [95% CI = 0.79-2.57] and OR = 1.03 [95% CI = 0.83-1.27]), respectively. DISCUSSION Although smoking appears to play an important role in the prevalence of sleep disorders in the U.S. adult population, the role of SHS exposure is inconclusive and warrants further investigation.
E^2MC: Entropy Encoding Based Memory Compression for GPUs

Modern Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) provide much higher off-chip memory bandwidth than CPUs, but many GPU applications are still limited by memory bandwidth. Unfortunately, off-chip memory bandwidth is growing slower than the number of cores and has become a performance bottleneck. Thus, optimizations of effective memory bandwidth play a significant role for scaling the performance of GPUs. Memory compression is a promising approach for improving memory bandwidth which can translate into higher performance and energy efficiency. However, compression is not free and its challenges need to be addressed, otherwise the benefits of compression may be offset by its overhead. We propose an entropy encoding based memory compression (E2MC) technique for GPUs, which is based on the well-known Huffman encoding. We study the feasibility of entropy encoding for GPUs and show that it achieves higher compression ratios than state-of-the-art GPU compression techniques. Furthermore, we address the key challenges of probability estimation, choosing an appropriate symbol length for encoding, and decompression with low latency. The average compression ratio of E2MC is 53% higher than the state of the art. This translates into an average speedup of 20% compared to no compression and 8% higher compared to the state of the art. Energy consumption and energy-delayproduct are reduced by 13% and 27%, respectively. Moreover, the compression ratio achieved by E2MC is close to the optimal compression ratio given by Shannon’s source coding theorem.
Working Paper - WP/12/02- Modelling South Africa’s equilibrium real effective exchange rate- A VECM approach

It is not the South African Reserve Bank’s (SARB) policy to intervene in the financial markets, which essentially means that the external value of the rand is considered to float freely. As a result, the level of the currency is determined by the supply/demand fundamentals governing price behaviour in the financial markets. This paper investigates the various factors that may have an impact on the level of the exchange rate, and estimates a suitable model to measure the level of the equilibrium real effective exchange rate. The results from the model suggest that the equilibrium level may be determined by the effects of key economic fundamentals, including an interest rate differential, a suitable productivity measure, commodity prices, the fiscal balance and capital flows. Deviations of the actual level from this estimated equilibrium level can then be used to indicate whether the prevailing level of the exchange rate is either under or over-valued. On the basis of these fundamentals, it was found that the actual level of the real effective exchange rate was close to its equilibrium in the last quarter of 2011, but that it is currently less than five per cent overvalued (appreciated) relative to its equilibrium in the first quarter of 2012. It should be noted that this model serves only to indicate a possible equilibrium level based on the given economic fundamentals. Although the study provides a clear indication whether the level of the exchange rate is inconsistent with a set of given fundamentals, the estimated equilibrium in this study should nevertheless remain to be considered as an unobservable.
Dynamic Photoelectrothermal Theory for Light-Emitting Diode Systems

This paper presents a dynamic photoelectrothermal theory for light-emitting diode (LED) systems. In addition to photometric, electrical, and thermal aspects, this theory incorporates the time domain into the generalized equations. A dynamic model for a general LED system is developed for system analysis. This theory highlights the fact that the luminous output of an LED system will decrease with time from the initial operation to the steady state due to the rising temperature of the heat sink and the LED devices. The essential thermal time constants involved in the LED systems are explained. The time factor is critical in understanding how much the luminous output will decrease with time and is essential to the optimal designs of the LED systems that are operated continuously (e.g., general lighting) or momentarily (e.g., traffic lights). Experiments on several LED systems at different time frames have been conducted, and the practical measurements confirm the validity of this theory.
Working Long Hours and Early Career Outcomes in the High-End Labor Market

This study establishes empirically a positive but nonlinear relationship between weekly hours and hourly wage growth. For workers who put in over 47 hours per week, 5 extra hours are associated with a 1% increase in annual wage growth. This correlation is not present when hours are lower. The relationship is especially strong for young professionals. Data on promotions provide evidence in support of a job-ladder model that combines higher skill sensitivity of output in higher-level jobs with heterogeneous preferences for leisure. The results can be used to account for part of the gender wage gap.
Pregnancy history and risk of premenopausal breast cancer-a nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND Reproductive factors are well-known risk factors for premenopausal breast cancer (PBC). It is unknown whether these associations are modified by familial factors, including genetic and early environment factors. METHODS Using Swedish health registries, we performed a nested case-control study with two control groups: sister controls and population controls. The study population included women with live singleton births between 1973 and 2010, who also had a full sister who gave birth during this period. All women subsequently diagnosed with PBC were selected as cases (n = 8327). Sisters with the least age difference and without PBC at the time of her sister's diagnosis were selected as sister controls. For each incident case, one population control without previous PBC was selected.The population controls were individually matched with the sister controls on year of birth. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate associations between reproductive factors and PBC. RESULTS Increasing parity was inversely associated with PBC using population controls, and multiparity was a risk factor using sister controls. Very preterm delivery (≤ 31 weeks) was associated with a slightly higher PBC risk using sister controls. Preeclampsia was associated with a slightly protective effect using population controls. With respect to other factors, there were no substantial differences in risks of PBC by choice of control group. CONCLUSIONS The divergent results with regard to parity and PBC risk when using sister and population controls suggest that the influence of childbearing may be modified by genotype. Selection bias when using different control groups must also be considered.
Incidence of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome I Following Foot and Ankle Fractures Using the Budapest Criteria.

OBJECTIVE : Fractures are a well-recognized inciting event in the development of complex regional pain syndrome. This study aimed to prospectively determine the incidence of complex regional pain syndrome following foot and ankle fractures. METHODS : A prospective study was conducted of patients presenting to two metropolitan hospitals with plain radiograph diagnosis of fractures to the foot or ankle. Patients were initially screened by phone 3 months after injury using the validated International Association for the Study of Pain Budapest criteria. Patients who fulfilled the screening criteria were then physically examined by a pain specialist to assess clinical signs as part of the Budapest criteria. RESULTS : A total of 306 consecutive eligible patients were included. One hundred and ten patients reported at least one symptom of complex regional pain syndrome; however, only three fulfilled the minimum requirements to necessitate clinical review. Of these three, only one patient fulfilled the combination of symptom and sign criteria for a positive diagnosis according to the validated Budapest criteria. The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome following foot and ankle fracture in this study was 0.3%. CONCLUSION : Although many patients may experience vasomotor, sensory, and sudomotor disturbance following a fracture to the foot and ankle, the observed incidence of complex regional pain syndrome using a prospectively collected validated criteria is significantly lower than previously published.
International monetary system – between crisis and reform

The 2008 global crisis that hit in the heart of the system highlighted main deficiencies and vulnerabilities of the current international monetary system and revived the old concerns about its functioning. The reform of the international monetary system is under discussion again after a long period, during the ’90 crises, especially in Southeast Asia, Russia and Brazil. To explain the relation between crisis and reform, this paper identifies some variables and hypotheses. It also analyses the matters that have sparked interest in reforming the international monetary system, in the context of the causes of the crisis and its vulnerabilities, admitting that the current system is not a perfect one. The paper concludes that it is time for a deep reform of the international monetary system.
The golgin GMAP-210 is required for efficient membrane trafficking in the early secretory pathway

Golgins are coiled‐coil proteins that participate in membrane‐tethering events at the Golgi complex. Golgin‐mediated tethering is thought to be important for vesicular trafficking and Golgi organization. However, the degree to which individual golgins contribute to these processes is poorly defined, and it has been proposed that golgins act in a largely redundant manner. Previous studies on the golgin GMAP‐210 (also known as TRIP11), which is mutated in the rare skeletal disorder achondrogenesis type 1A, have yielded conflicting results regarding its involvement in trafficking. Here, we re‐investigated the trafficking role of GMAP‐210, and found that it is indeed required for efficient trafficking in the secretory pathway. GMAP‐210 acts at both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐to‐Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and Golgi complex during anterograde trafficking, and is also required for retrograde trafficking to the ER. Using co‐depletion experiments, we also found that GMAP‐210 acts in a partially redundant manner with the golgin GM130 to ensure efficient anterograde cargo delivery to the cis‐Golgi. In summary, our results indicate a role for GMAP‐210 in several trafficking steps at the ER–Golgi interface, some of which are partially redundant with another golgin, namely GM130 (also known as GOLGA2).
The modulation of spatial congruency by object-based attention: Analysing the “locus” of the modulation

Earlier studies have demonstrated that spatial cueing differentially reduces stimulus–stimulus congruency (e.g., spatial Stroop) interference but not stimulus–response congruency (e.g., Simon; e.g., Lupiáñez & Funes, 2005). This spatial cueing modulation over spatial Stroop seems to be entirely attributable to object-based attention (e.g., Luo, Lupiáñez, Funes, & Fu, 2010). In the present study, two experiments were conducted to further explore whether the cueing modulation of spatial Stroop is object based and/or space based and to analyse the “locus” of this modulation. In Experiment 1, we found that the cueing modulation over spatial Stroop is entirely object based, independent of stimulus–response congruency. In Experiment 2, we observed that the modulation of object-based attention over the spatial Stroop only occurred at a short cue–target interval (i.e., stimulus onset asynchrony; SOA), whereas the stimulus–response congruency effect was not modulated either by object-based or by location-based attentional cueing. The overall pattern of results suggests that the spatial cueing modulation over spatial Stroop arises from object-based attention and occurs at the perceptual stage of processing.
Asymmetric Volatility and Risk-Return Relationship in International Stock Markets

This paper investigates daily stock market volatility of 9 developed and 11 emerging stock markets of the world using different symmetnc, as well as asymmetric GARCH models. The symmetric GARCH parameters suggest that though market behaves differently for different countries in terms of reaction and persistence in volatility, the return generating process in all markets is charactenzed by a high degree of persistence in conditional variance. The estimated parameters of TGARCH model reveal that in all markets, volatility is an asymmetric function of past innovation. Finally, the results of TGARCH-M model indicate insignificant risk-return relationship of most of the markets.
Shape and Spatial Distribution of Receptive Fields and Antagonistic Motion Surrounds in the Middle Temporal Area (V5) of the Macaque

The spatial organization of receptive fields in the middle temporal (MT) area of anaesthetized and paralysed macaque monkeys was studied. In all, 288 neurons were successfully recorded. The size and shape of the receptive field (RF) was mapped with small patches of translating random dots and the resulting data were fitted with a generalized Gaussian. Results show that the RF area increases with eccentricity, and is larger in lamina 5 than in other layers. Most of these RFs are elongated, and the axis of elongation tends to be orthogonal to the preferred direction of motion. The direction selectivity is maintained in all positions in the RF, but layer 5 cells are less direction‐selective than cells in other layers. In a second series of experiments, radial dimensions of the classical RF and the antagonistic surround were estimated from area summation tests. These data were fitted with the difference of the integrals of two Gaussians. Surrounds were weakest in layer 4 and strongest in layer 2. Optimal stimulus diameters, also estimated from the area summation curve, were larger in the infragranular layers than in the other layers. The maximum sensitivity of the surround was clearly displaced from the classical RF (CRF) centre, indicating that the surround is not concentric with the CRF. This radial offset and the extent of the surround were largest in layers 2 and 5 and smallest in 3a. The extent of the surround half‐height equalled, on average, 3–4 times that of the CRF. These results suggest that antagonistic surrounds are constructed in MT, probably through horizontal connections, and that a strong vertical organization exists in area MT, as has been shown for V1.
Cross Talk in Hormonally Regulated Gene Transcription through Induction of Estrogen Receptor Ubiquitylation

ABSTRACT Estrogen tightly regulates the levels of circulating gonadotropins, but a direct effect of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) on the mammalian LHβ gene has remained poorly defined. We demonstrate here that ERα can associate with the LHβ promoter through interactions with Sf-1 and Pitx1 without requiring an estrogen response element (ERE). We show that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) promotes ERα ubiquitylation and also degradation while stimulating expression of ubc4. GnRH also increases the association and lengthens the cycling time of ERα on the LHβ promoter. The ERα association and transactivation of the LHβ gene, as well as ERα degradation, are increased following ubc4 overexpression, while the effects of GnRH are abated following ubc4 knockdown. Our results indicate that ERα ubiquitylation and subsequent transactivation of the LHβ gene can be induced by increasing the levels of the E2 enzyme as a result of signaling by an extracellular hormone, thus providing a new form of cross talk in hormonally stimulated regulation of gene expression.
Development of botulinum toxin therapy.

MR techniques, however, promise to increase the capacity to define early changes. Diffusion-weighted imaging measuring translational movements of water detects and localizes ischemic fields within 30 minutes of onset. Perfusion imaging with ultrafast tracking of the passage of a bolus of contrast provides an immediate quantitative assessment of cerebral tissue blood flow and volume. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows the tracking of metabolites within neurons that distinguishes normal cells, infarcted cells, and ailing but still viable penumbral cells. At selected centers developing new echo planar hardware, concurrent standard MR imaging, MR angiography, diffusion MR, and perfusion MR imaging can be done in patients with acute stroke in only 12 minutes. The result is a comprehensive pathophysiologic picture of brain anatomy, vessel stenoses, tissue ischemia, and tissue perfusion available in the acute stage to guide therapeutic decision making. Mobilization of the clinical care system for patients with acute stroke is necessary for emerging therapies to be applied. The few studies in animals and humans that have examined the duration of focal ischemia required to produce irreversible neuronal damage suggest that the therapeutic window for brain resuscitation is brief, between one and six hours after onset. In the past, however, the identification, triage, and treatment of patients with ischemic stroke have rarely been rapid, and most patients had therapy initiated after this window had closed. Clinical centers participating in trials of cytoprotective and thrombolytic therapies have shown that intensive education of the public and referring physicians, the development of dedicated stroke teams and units, and the institution of code stroke protocols may dramatically reduce delays to patient presentation, emergency evaluation, and the initiation of treatment. The optimal delivery of current therapies and continued progress in developing promising new therapies depend on galvanizing the medical system to approach stroke like trauma, as a treatable, rapidly evolving neuroemergency.
Do innovation spillovers impact employment and skill upgrading?

So far, the research on impact of innovation on employment and skills focused on effects within firms and sectors. Little attention was paid to the influence of interlinkages between sectors as a source of employment change. The main contribution of this paper to the field refers to broadening the analysis of innovation impacts to innovation spillovers from vertically linked sectors on firms' employment and skill change in user industries. The empirical analysis conclusively demonstrates an important role of innovation spillovers in the economy. Firms' employment growth is shown to benefit significantly from spillovers of product innovations in manufacturing and knowledge-intensive services. Similarly, firms that are subject to increased spillovers of product innovations as well as marketing and organisational innovations are more likely to upgrade their skill composition. Conversely, employment growth and skill composition of firms seem to be negatively affected by spillovers of process innovations in vertically linked sectors.
Immunohistochemical mapping of neuropeptide Y in the tree shrew brain

Day‐active tree shrews are promising animals as research models for a variety of human disorders. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) modulates many behaviors in vertebrates. Here we examined the distribution of NPY in the brain of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) using immunohistochemical techniques. The differential distribution of NPY‐immunoreactive (‐ir) cells and fibers were observed in the rhinencephalon, telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon of tree shrews. Most NPY‐ir cells were multipolar or bipolar in shape with triangular, fusiform, and/or globular perikarya. The densest cluster of NPY‐ir cells were found in the mitral cell layer of the main olfactory bulb (MOB), arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, and pretectal nucleus of the thalamus. The MOB presented a unique pattern of NPY immunoreactivity. Laminar distribution of NPY‐ir cells was observed in the MOB, neocortex, and hippocampus. Compared to rats, the tree shrews exhibited a particularly robust and widespread distribution of NPY‐ir cells in the MOB, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and amygdala as well as the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and pretectal nucleus of the thalamus. By contrast, a low density of neurons were scattered in the striatum, neocortex, polymorph cell layer of the dentate gyrus, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, and dorsal tegmental nucleus. These findings provide the first detailed mapping of NPY immunoreactivity in the tree shrew brain and demonstrate species differences in the distribution of this neuropeptide, providing an anatomical basis for the participation of the NPY system in the regulation of numerous physiological and behavioral processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:495–529, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.