Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Sedentarization Promote Gender Inequality? A Case Study From the Kalahari

Sedentarization has been implicated in the reduction of gender equality in some spheres of formerly nomadicJu/thoansi (! Kung) and Nharo Basarwa (Bushmen) life. Concomitant with the shift to sedentism, both the Ju/hoansi and Nharo have undergone significant economic transformations, and these have been accompanied by changes in attitudes towards gender. Gender equality is examined among the Central Kalahari Basarwa who inhabit Kutse, a sedentary community in which economic change and the adoption of neighbouring people's attitudes have not been as widespread as elsewhere. Qualitative and quantitative studies show that gender egalitarianism is still quite strong at Kutse. It is suggested that not all foragers who become sedentary also become less egalitarian. Instead, the adoption of the economics and attitudes towards gender from non-foraging neighbours facilitates the emergence of gender inequality in those Basarwa societies formerly noted for their egalitarianism. Some current development programmes designed by Westerners exclude women and contribute to the increase in gender inequality which is emerging in these societies.
MR Spectroscopy in Multiple Sclerosis

In the last decade, the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has led to a reevaluation of the pathogenesis and the natural history of multiple sclerosis (MS). This has been driven to a significant degree by results of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) studies. By providing evidence of early neurodegeneration (based on levels of N‐acetylaspartate), results of 1H‐MRS studies have led to a reconsideration of the role of axonal damage in MS. By measuring brain changes of metabolites such as choline and myo‐inosol, 1H‐MRS has confirmed the importance of assessing myelin damage and repair. However, despite the pathological specificity of 1H‐MRS and the relatively large number of clinical 1H‐MRS studies on patients with MS, measures provided by this MR technique are not used routinely for assessing and monitoring MS patients. This is due to technical difficulties and limitations that are at present not entirely solved. We will review here the most relevant results in MS studies that have used 1H‐MRS measures, the clinical importance of these results and the pending issues that need to be solved for a larger and more reliable use of 1H‐MRS in clinical MS studies.
Foreign Firm Characteristics, Absorptive Capacity and the Institutional Framework: The Role of Mediating Factors for FDI Spillovers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Using a cross-section of more than 25,000 domestic manufacturing firms in 78 low and middle-income countries from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys, this paper assesses how mediating factors influence intra-industry productivity spillovers to domestic firms from foreign direct investment. It identifies three types of mediating factors: (i) foreign direct investment spillover potential, (ii) domestic firm absorptive capacity, and (iii) the host country's institutional framework. It finds that all three affect the extent and direction of foreign direct investment spillovers on domestic firm productivity. However, the impact of mediating factors depends significantly on the level of domestic firms' productivity and the structure of foreign ownership.
Magnitude and time course of platelet inhibition with extended release dipyridamole with or without aspirin in healthy Japanese volunteers

Summary Randomized trials showed greater stroke prevention with extended release dipyridamole in combination with low dose aspirin than with either aspirin or dipyridamole alone. However, most studies with this formulation (AggrenoxⓇ) were carried out in Europe and North America. Considering potential inter-racial differences in drug response, we conducted a small randomized study in healthy Japanese volunteers to compare antiplatelet regimens with regard to the changes in the platelet biomarkers. Thirty healthy volunteers (18–40 years old, 15 male and 15 female) of Japanese descent were randomized to Aggrenox (n=17) or aspirin 81 mg (n=13 volunteers) for 30 days. Platelet function was assessed at baseline, and on days 15, and 30 by conventional aggregometry, whole blood flow cytometry, and cartridge-based analyzer. Both Aggrenox and aspirin provided sustained platelet inhibition at Day 15 and Day 30.Therapy withAggrenox, however, was associated with more prominent and significant inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation (p=0.08, Day 15), as well as prolongation of the closure time (p=0.001, Day 30); diminished expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) (p=0.02, Day 30), glycoprotein IIb (GPIIb) antigen (p=0.001 and 0.024 for Day 15 and Day 30), and GPIIb/IIIa activity by PAC-1 antibody (p = 0.014 and 0.03), CD62 (P-selectin) (p = 0.03 for Day 15 and Day 30), as well as inhibition of protease activated receptors (PAR-1) associated with intact WEDE-15 (p = 0.002 and 0.003) and SPAN-12 (p = 0.002 and 0.04) thrombin receptors when compared with aspirin. The magnitude and durability of platelet response after Aggrenox in healthy Japanese is similar to those effects observed in Caucasians and African- Americans. A larger study to assess drug efficacy and safety in the Japanese post-stroke patients is warranted.
Low-Resource Neural Headline Generation

Recent neural headline generation models have shown great results, but are generally trained on very large datasets. We focus our efforts on improving headline quality on smaller datasets by the means of pretraining. We propose new methods that enable pre-training all the parameters of the model and utilize all available text, resulting in improvements by up to 32.4% relative in perplexity and 2.84 points in ROUGE.
Toma de decisión dinámica en diferentes niveles de expertise en el deporte de vela

Segun las mas recientes investigaciones en otras areas diferentes de las deportivas (Cannon-Bowers, Salas y Pruitt, 1996, Klein y Woods, 1993), una toma de decision se define como el proceso cognitivo implicado en el control de una situacion dinamica. La tarea dinamica debe tener tres caracteristicas: la posibilidad de feedback, sucesiones interdependientes de decisiones, y presion temporal (Brehmer, 1992, Kerstholt, 1994, 1995). Varios autores (Alain y Sarrazin, 1990, Ripoll Kerlirzin, Stein y Reine, 1995, Helson y Pauwels,1988) se refieren a la necesidad de tomar en consideracion las caracteristicas dinamicas en el deporte. Segun Starkes y Deakin (1984) y Abernethy (1994) los expertos se distinguen por sus caracteristicas de software y no por sus caracteristicas de hardware. Nuestra investigacion apoyo esta conclusion en la vela de alta competicion (Araujo y Serpa, 1995, 1997). Utilizamos una simulacion por ordenador para estudiar la toma de decision dinamica en una situacion especifica de Vela (una regata simulada), analizando tres niveles de expertise, segun una clasificacion jerarquica basada en los curriculums internacionales de competicion de los regatistas. Nuestras hipotesis son: 1) a mayor expertise en Vela mejor es la actuacion del regatista en una regata simulada, 2) Las intervenciones en el sistema varian segun el nivel de expertise. Los sujetos son 35 regatistas divididos en tres grupos y 23 no-regatistas. Medimos el numero de acciones (intervenciones en el ordenador) categorizado en dos tipos: 1) tecnico y ajustes, 2) el momento de ocurrir de la intervencion. Las variables del productoeran la clasificacion final, y el tiempo total utilizado. La fidelidad funcional del simulador fue probada y verificada a traves de 7 entrenadores especialistas y por todos los regatistas en el estudio. Verificamos la fiabilidad de la medicion de la toma de decision dinamica, usando el metodo Split-half. Para la primera hipotesislos puntos de la clasificacion jerarquica, se pusieron en correlacion inversa con el tiempo utilizado (p=0,036) y con la clasificacion final (p=0,030). Para la segunda hipotesis y refiriendose a las variables del producto, los regatistas fueron mejores y tuvieron una diferencia significativamente mejor en su actuacion (p=0,000). En general, la diferencia entre regatistas y no-regatistas, se refiere a las variables del proceso y consistio en el hecho de que no-regatistas realizaron significativamente mas intervenciones en el sistema (sobre todo los ajustes). El simulador permite una medida especifica deportiva de las competencias de decision. La investigacion en la toma de decision dinamica en deporte revela como los sujetos desarrollan los procesos cognitivos a lo largo del proceso en adquirir expertise, hasta que el regatista se vuelve un experto. Esta conclusion puede tener una consecuencia en la identificacion de talentos y en la mejoria de la toma de decision en Vela, y para el planeamiento de situaciones de entrenamiento por el entrenador.
Survival prediction in patients with glioblastoma multiforme by human telomerase genetic variation.

PURPOSE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive glioma with the poorest survival. Use of biomarkers for screening patients with GBM may be used to modify treatments and improve outcomes. The level of human telomerase (hTERT) expression is an independent predictor of outcome of many cancers, and a functional variant of hTERT MNS16A (shorter tandem repeats or short [S] allele) is associated with increased hTERT mRNA expression. We investigated whether hTERT MNS16A variant genotype predicted survival in GBM patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We genotyped hTERT MNS16A in 299 GBM patients using polymerase chain reaction and determined hTERT genotype by classifying the DNA band of 243 or 272 base pairs (bp) as S allele and 302 or 333 bp as long (L) allele. We compared overall survival using Kaplan-Meier estimates and equality of survival distributions using the log-rank test, and we computed univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the effects of selected variables. RESULTS Overall survival differed significantly by hTERT MNS16A genotype, with median survivals of 25.1, 14.7, and 14.6 months for the SS, SL, and LL genotypes, respectively. Compared with the SS genotype, the hazard ratios for the SL and LL genotypes were 1.69 and 1.87, respectively, after adjustment for other factors. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed an independent statistically significant association between the hTERT MNS16A variant genotype and outcome. CONCLUSION A functional hTERT MNS16A genotype is a potential biomarker for assessment of survival outcome of GBM. Larger studies are needed to verify these findings.
BASIC SCIENCE REVIEW

The risk association between tobacco and alcohol use with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is well recognized. However, clearly not all individuals who smoke or drink develop SCCHN. Individual genetic susceptibility differences in carcinogen-metabolizing enzyme function, mutagen sensitivity, apoptosis, and chromosomal aberrations either alone or in combination have been theorized to modify the risk of SCCHN. Nearly all carcinogens and procarcinogens require activation by metabolizing enzymes. Similarly, detoxifying enzymes exist and deactivate carcinogens as well as their intermediate by-products. Together these enzymes are termed xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes; genetic polymorphisms of these enzymes can modify an individual’s response to carcinogens and hence the carcinogenic potential of such exposures. In this review, we explore the available evidence in recent literature regarding the risk association between SCCHN and various xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases, N-acetyltransferases, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, alcohol dehydrogenase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase. VC 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 29: 682–699, 2007
Surface display of MPH on Pseudomonas putida JS444 using ice nucleation protein and its application in detoxification of organophosphates

Methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) has been displayed on the surface of microorganisms for the first time using only N‐ and C‐terminal domains of the ice nucleation protein (INPNC) from Pseudomonas syringae INA5 as an anchoring motif. A shuttle vector pINCM coding for INPNC–MPH was constructed and used to target MPH onto the surface of a natural p‐nitrophenol (PNP) degrader, Pseudomonas putida JS444, overcoming the potential substrate uptake limitation. Over 90% of the MPH activity was located on the cell surface as determined by protease accessibility and cell fractionation experiments. The surface localization of the INPNC–MPH fusion was further verified by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy. The engineered P. putida JS444 degraded organophosphates as well as PNP rapidly without growth inhibition. Compared to organophosphorus hydrolase‐displaying systems reported, changes in substrate specificity highlight an important potential use of the engineered strain for the clean‐up of specific organophosphate nerve agents. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 30–37. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutations of PHF6 are associated with mutations of NOTCH1, JAK1 and rearrangement of SET-NUP214 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Background Mutations in the PHF6 gene were recently described in patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and in those with acute myeloid leukemia. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of PHF6 gene alterations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Design and Methods We analyzed the incidence and prognostic value of PHF6 mutations in 96 Chinese patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PHF6 deletions were screened by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Patients were also investigated for NOTCH1, FBXW7, WT1, and JAK1 mutations together with CALM-AF10, SET-NUP214, and SIL-TAL1 gene rearrangements. Results PHF6 mutations were identified in 11/59 (18.6%) adult and 2/37 (5.4%) pediatric cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, these incidences being significantly lower than those recently reported. Although PHF6 is X-linked and mutations have been reported to occur almost exclusively in male patients, we found no sex difference in the incidences of PHF6 mutations in Chinese patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PHF6 deletions were detected in 2/79 (2.5%) patients analyzed. NOTCH1 mutations, FBXW7 mutations, WT1 mutations, JAK1 mutations, SIL-TAL1 fusions, SET-NUP214 fusions and CALM-AF10 fusions were present in 44/96 (45.8%), 9/96 (9.4%), 4/96 (4.1%), 3/49 (6.1%), 9/48 (18.8%), 3/48 (6.3%) and 0/48 (0%) of patients, respectively. The molecular genetic markers most frequently associated with PHF6 mutations were NOTCH1 mutations (P=0.003), SET-NUP214 rearrangements (P=0.002), and JAK1 mutations (P=0.005). No differences in disease-free survival and overall survival between T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with and without PHF6 mutations were observed in a short-term follow-up. Conclusions Overall, these results indicate that, in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, PHF6 mutations are a recurrent genetic abnormality associated with mutations of NOTCH1, JAK1 and rearrangement of SET-NUP214.
Diabetic Mastopathy: Adjunctive Use of Ultrasound and Utility of Core Biopsy in Diagnosis

Abstract: Diabetic mastopathy is uncommon but occurs in long‐term insulin‐dependent diabetic patients who develop hard palpable breast masses which mimic breast cancer and are occult mammographically. Ultrasound evaluation is useful to analyze the masses. There is a spectrum of ultrasound findings from marked acoustic shadowing to a vague hypoechoic area without shadowing. Ultrasound‐guided core biopsy (CB) is recommended for a definitive diagnosis since fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) yields insufficient material for diagnosis secondary to extensive fibrosis. Four of the 11 patients in our series had FNAB, which was reported as insufficient material for diagnosis. However, 10 of 11 patients with diabetic mastopathy were successfully diagnosed by ultrasound‐guided CB, helping to avoid an unnecessary surgical excisional biopsy.
Microbial Biomass in a Soil Amended with Different Types of Organic Wastes

Application of different types of organic wastes may have a marked effect on soil microbial biomass and its activity. The objective of this study was to quantify the amount of microbial biomass in a loamy-clayey soil, amended with different types of organic waste residues (composts of municipal solid waste of different ages, sewage sludge and farmyard manure) and incubated for 8 weeks at 25°C and two-thirds of field capacity, using the fumigation–extraction method. Both microbial biomass-C and -N (B C and B N, respectively) appeared to be dependent on the type of organic waste residues, on their degree of stability, and on their chemical characteristics. In general, organic wastes increased the microbial biomass-C content in the soil and the microbial B C was positively correlated with the organic C content, the C/N, neutral detergent fibre/N (NDF/N) and acid detergent fibre/N (ADF/N) ratios. The microbial biomass content decreased according to the period of incubation, especially when the compost used was immature. The microbial biomass-N was positively correlated with the total N and percentage of hemicellulose. The microbial biomass-C was linearly related with the microbial biomass-N and the ratio B C/B N was exponentially related with the B C.
On the Complexity of Finite Sequences

A new approach to the problem of evaluating the complexity ("randomness") of finite sequences is presented. The proposed complexity measure is related to the number of steps in a self-delimiting production process by which a given sequence is presumed to be generated. It is further related to the number of distinct substrings and the rate of their occurrence along the sequence. The derived properties of the proposed measure are discussed and motivated in conjunction with other well-established complexity criteria.
Using different criteria to diagnose (central) auditory processing disorder: how big a difference does it make?

PURPOSE To quantify how 9 different diagnostic criteria affected potential (central) auditory processing disorder ([C]APD) diagnoses in a large sample of children referred for (central) auditory processing ([C]AP) assessment. METHOD A file review was conducted on 150 children (94 boys and 56 girls; ages 7.0-15.6 years) with normal peripheral hearing who had completed a (C)AP assessment involving low-pass filtered speech, competing sentences, 2-pair dichotic digits, and frequency patterns with linguistic and nonlinguistic report. Each child was classified as having or not having (C)APD based on 9 different sets of diagnostic criteria drawn from published technical reports, position statements, and selected research. RESULTS The rates of potential (C)APD diagnosis ranged from 7.3% for the strictest criteria to 96.0% for the most lenient criteria. CONCLUSIONS Until greater consensus is reached, any diagnosis of (C)APD should be qualified by an explicit statement of the criteria used. Calls to abandon the use of (C)APD as a global label should also be supported.
Sexual Minorities Seeking Services

SUMMARY Understanding the mental health needs of lesbian and bisexual (sexual minority) women is an integral part of designing and providing appropriate mental health services and treatment for them. In an effort to understand the mental health needs of sexual minority women who seek community treatment, a chart review was conducted of the 223 lesbian and bisexual women who presented for services between July 1, 1997 and December 31, 2000 at Fenway Community Health in Boston, MA. Data are based on clients' self-reports and clinician assessments of clients' presenting problem, relevant developmental history, prior mental health and substance abuse treatment, current reports of emotional/psychological symptoms, and areas of impaired functioning. Although substance abuse and suicidal ideation were commonly reported problems, other concerns were more frequently reported. High percentages of lesbians and bisexual women reported relationship concerns and lack of adequate social networks; rates of depression and anxiety based on clinicians' assessments were also high. Overall, lesbians and bisexual women did not differ in the issues they brought to treatment or level or types of impairment. Compared with previous community survey samples, however, study participants appeared to be healthier than general, non-clinical samples of self-identified lesbians, possibly reflecting the special characteristics of sexual minority women who seek treatment in specialized community sites such as the Fenway. Although patients who come to these sites may not represent the more general population of sexual minority women, community health centers known to serve lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals may be fruitful access points for studying the mental health status and treatment needs of sexual minority women.
Myelin formation in rotation-mediated aggregating cell cultures: immunocytochemical, electron microscopic, and biochemical observations

Myelination was studied in aggregating cell cultures derived from mechanically 15- to 16-day fetal rat brains. Myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) were localized immunocytochemically in 20-micrometers-thick Vibratome and 1-micrometer- thick Epon sections at 15, 20, 25, and 30 days in vitro. The occurrence of these proteins was correlated with the ultrastructural appearance of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths and with biochemical levels of MBP, MAG, and the myelin-related enzyme, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′- phosphodiesterase (CNP). MBP appeared in ultrastructurally immature oligodendrocyte cytoplasm at 15 days in vitro. As oligodendrocytes developed a more differentiated fine structure, MBP and MAG antisera stained oligodendrocyte processes and myelin sheaths. Immunostaining in Vibratome sections demonstrated that MBP was detectable in oligodendrocytes and myelin prior to MAG. At 25 days in vitro, all Vibratome sections contained MBP- and MAG-stained oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths. Radioimmunoassays for MBP and MAG and enzyme assays for CNP in whole homogenates of the aggregates revealed that each of these components increased with the progression of myelination. However, MBP only reached 8% of the level in adult rat brain, while MAG and CNP increased to more than half of the adult level. The protein composition of myelin purified from 30-day aggregates resembled that of myelin purified from immature rat brain.
Primary Health Care Providers' Knowledge Gaps on Parkinson's Disease

In order to determine primary health care providers' (PCPs) knowledge gaps on Parkinson's disease, data were collected before and after a one-hour continuing medical education (CME) lecture on early Parkinson's disease recognition and treatment from a sample of 104 PCPs participating at an annual meeting. The main outcome measure was the proportion of questions answered correctly by each PCP before the lecture. We measured the change in proportion of correct answers before and after the lecture (delta). Ninety-nine percent of the PCPs who attended the lecture returned the questionnaire. The level of knowledge on Parkinson's disease before the lecture was relatively low, particularly in management (61.4%) and diagnosis (34.4%). PCPs' perceived knowledge was not associated with the number of correct responses on management at baseline. Test scores significantly improved after the CME lecture. Our results show that PCPs' baseline knowledge of diagnosis and management of Parkinson's disease and self-perceived knowledge on this topic are relatively limited. Appropriately, United States reaccreditation programs do not only rely on self-perception. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the impact of CME in knowledge retention and patient care in Parkinson's disease.