Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TÜRKİYE’DE VERGİ-TÜKETİM İLİŞKİSİ: ALKOL VE TÜTÜN ÜRÜNLERİNE YÖNELİK BİR SAHA ARAŞTIRMASI

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Religious Conversion in Colonial Africa

Within economics, there has been a recent effort to better understand the notion of culture, typically defined as beliefs, values, and norms held by individuals. Empirical work has focused on identifying systematic cultural differences between individuals from different ethnic and national backgrounds. More recently, attention has turned to the historical origins of cultural differences (e.g., Luigi Guiso, Paolo Sapienza, and Luigi Zingales 2008; Nathan Nunn and Leonard Wantchekon 2009). Colonial Africa provides a natural laboratory to examine how an external intervention can have lasting impacts on people’s beliefs and values. This study examines the effect of European missionary activities in colonial Africa on the subsequent evolution of culture, as measured by religious beliefs. The empirical results show that descendants of ethnic groups that experienced greater missionary contact are today more likely to self-identify as Christian. This correlation provides evidence that foreign missionaries altered the religious beliefs of Africans, and that these beliefs persist as they are passed on from parents to children. Put differently, the results show that historic events can have a lasting impact on culture. The findings also provide rare empirical evidence of the historical determinants of longrun religious conversion. Studies of conversion typically focus on contemporary determinants (see Jason Hwang and Robert Barro 2007 and the references therein). Although a number of studies have examined the long-term impacts of missionary activities, they have not considered their long-run impacts on religious beliefs and values (e.g., Robert D. Woodberry 2004). One of the few papers that consider a historical determinant of long-run conversion is by Murat Religious Conversion in Colonial Africa
THE PERCEPTION OF DIFFICULTY AND EXERTION IN MOTOR TASKS : WHAT CAN BE KNOWN ABOUT PERCEPTIVE CONTINUA THROUGH INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOPHYSICAL EXPONENTS ?

In a recent experiment, Delignières and Famose (1994) have shown that the individual exponent for the perception of difficulty was invariant for four different perceptual-motor tasks. The aim of the present paper was to determine whether this invariance was related to a response bias, concerning the way by which each individual used numbers, or reflected a global sensitivity to difficulty, independent of the nature of the task and of the relative expertise of the subject. The goal of this experiment was to analyze the samples of individual exponents obtained by magnitude estimation in five different situations: perception of difficulty in manual tapping tasks, in reaction time tasks, in reasoning tasks, perception of exertion during running tasks, and circle areas estimation. Exponents samples from the situations of perception of difficulty and effort were strongly intercorrelated, but the exponents from area estimation did not correlate with any other sample. These results suggest that whatever the nature of the task, the perception of difficulty or exertion is managed by the same invariant process. This hypothesis is discussed in relation with the psychophysical models which suggest a link between exponent and stimulus dynamic range.
Interstellar extinction by composite grains

Recent studies indicate that interstellar grains are composites of very small individual particles of silicates and carbon glued together into an aggregate. Using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA), we calculate the extinction, scattering and absorption eciencies for composite grains assumed to be made of a host silicate sphere with embedded graphite inclusions. In particular, we study the extinction as a function of inclusion size and volume fraction. Using the extinction eciencies of these composite grains, we evaluate the interstellar extinction curve in the wavelength region of 0:55 m 0:20 m.
20–150-keV proton-impact-induced ionization of uracil: Fragmentation ratios and branching ratios for electron capture and direct ionization

Fragmentation ratios and branching ratios are measured for ionization and dissociative ionization for 20–150 keV (0.9–2.4v0) proton collisions with gas-phase uracil molecules. Through event-by-event determination of the postcollision projectile charge, it is possible for such a key biomolecule to distinguish between electron capture (EC) by the incident proton and direct ionization (DI) without projectile neutralization. While the same fragment ion groups are observed in the mass spectra for both processes, EC induces dissociation with greater efficiency than DI in the impact energy range of 35–150 keV (1.2–2.4v0). In this range EC is also less abundant than DI with a branching ratio for EC/total ionization of <50%. Moreover, whereas fragmentation ratios do not change with energy in the case of EC, DI mass spectra show a tendency for increased fragmentation at lower impact energies.
Random Walk-Based Segregation Measures

Abstract We propose an intuitive way of how to measure segregation in social and spatial networks. Using random walks, we define the segregation index as the probability that an individual meets an individual from the same social group. The segregation index is a generalization of the isolation index and a homophily index introduced in Currarini, Jackson, and Pin (2009), and it has a closed-form relation to PageRank that facilitates its computation. We also show that the Spectral Segregation Index proposed by Echenique and Fryer (2007) is not continuous with respect to the network structure. Finally, we apply the measure to Spanish census data and to citations data from economics, and rationalize the index as the equilibrium outcome of a game.
Maternal transfer of androgens in eggs is affected by food supplementation but not by predation risk

Mothers may affect the future success of their offspring by varying allocation to eggs and embryos. Allocation may be adaptive based on the environmental conditions perceived during early breeding. We investigated the effects of food supplementation and predation risk on yolk hormone transfer in the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. In a food supplementation experiment, females were food-supplemented prior to and during egg-laying and androgen concentrations were measured throughout the laying order. Predation risk was investigated in three different studies combining both correlative data, where flycatchers bred in close proximity to two different predator species that prey upon adult flycatchers (either Tengmalm's owl Aegolius funereus or pygmy owl Glaucidium passerinum), and an experimental manipulation, where flycatchers were exposed to cues of a nest predator (least weasel Mustela nivalis). Females receiving food supplementation laid eggs with lower concentrations of androstenedione (A4) than females not receiving food supplements. Yolk testosterone (T) concentration showed the same pattern but the difference was not statically significant. Testosterone (but not A4) concentration increased within clutches, from the first to the last egg, independently of the food supplementation. Females breeding under high predation risk did not differ from control females in their yolk androgen levels (A4, T or progesterone). However, concentrations of A4 tended to be lower in the proximity of pygmy owls, which could indirectly increase offspring survival after fledging. Food supplementation during egg-laying seems to have a stronger impact on maternal transfer of androgens than predation risk. Food availability and predation risk could differentially affect the trade-offs of androgen allocation for the offspring when raised in good vs. dangerous environments.
What Are Sources of Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations

The paper investigates what sources of real exchange rate fluctuations are in a structural vector autoregression model for Korea vis-a-vis the United States. It first estimates three-variable VAR models with longrun zero restrictions and contemporary sign restrictions which are derived from the same theoretical model. The empirical results show that an important role of nominal shock in explaining real exchange rate fluctuations is not found in the both models. In addition, it estimates four-variable VAR models in which a nominal shock is separated by monetary policy and real exchange rate shocks. A monetary policy shock also does not have a strong influence on real exchange rate fluctuations. But a supply shock has a significant impact on them both in three- and four-variable VAR models.
General morale as an underlying factor of many work attitudes

Prior research has uncovered intercorrelations between many work attitudes and work behaviors. In an effort to uncover the underlying structure between these variables, 156 graduate students at a Midwestern state university were administered a 70-item survey that tapped into 11 different work attitudes and work behaviors. An exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation was performed to explore the underlying factor structure of the 70 items. One conclusion from the study was that burnout did not strongly correlate with the other variables. It appeared to be a separate factor. The remaining variables were strongly related, consistent with previous research. Inspired by Organ and Ryan, the author labeled the shared variance of these latter variables “general morale. ” This higher order variable, which is analogous to Spearman’s g in intelligence testing, has implications for organizational behavior researchers.
Edge-reinforced random walk on a ladder

We prove that the edge-reinforced random walk on the ladder Z x {1, 2} with initial weights a > 3/4 is recurrent. The proof uses a known representation of the edge-reinforced random walk on a finite piece of the ladder as a random walk in a random environment. This environment is given by a marginal of a multicomponent Gibbsian process. A transfer operator technique and entropy estimates from statistical mechanics are used to analyze this Gibbsian process. Furthermore, we prove spatially exponentially fast decreasing bounds for normalized local times of the edge-reinforced random walk on a finite piece of the ladder, uniformly in the size of the finite piece.
Optimization of Nano-Rotor Blade Airfoil Using Controlled Elitist NSGA-II

The aerodynamic performance of airfoil at ultra-low Reynolds number has a great impact on the propulsive performance of nano rotor. Therefore, the optimization of airfoil is necessary before the design of nano rotor. Nano rotor blade airfoil optimization is a multi-objective problem since the airfoil suffers a wide range of Reynolds number which increases the difficulty of optimization. In this paper, the airfoil of nano rotor was optimized based on the controlled elitist Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) coupling with the parameterization method of Class function/Shape function Transformation technique (CST) and the multi-objectives function processing method of statistical definition of stability. An airfoil was achieved with the thickness of 2% and the maximum camber of 5.6% at 2/3 of chord. Airfoil optimized exhibits a good aerodynamic performance at ultra-low Reynolds number according to the computational results. And comparisons were carried out between the performance of the rotor designed with airfoil optimized and that of the rotor designed with AG38 airfoil, which showed that the airfoil optimized was suitable for rotor design.
Adsorptive Properties of Poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) Particles for the Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals from Aqueous Solutions: Batch and Fixed-Bed Column Studies

The adsorptive properties of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) (PMPS) particles were investigated in batch and column adsorption experiments as alternative adsorbent for the treatment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in water. The PMPS particles were synthesised by condensing 3,4-dihydroxycyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione (squaric acid) with 1-methylpyrrole in butanol. The results demonstrated that PMPS particles are effective in the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in water with adsorption being more favourable at an acidic pH, and a superior sorption capacity being achieved at pH 4. The results also showed that the removal of EDCs by the PMPS particles was a complex process involving multiple rate-limiting steps and physicochemical interactions between the EDCs and the particles. Gibbs free energy of −8.32 kJ/mole and −6.6 kJ/mol, and enthalpies of 68 kJ/mol and 43 kJ/mol, were achieved for the adsorption E2 and EE2 respectively The removal efficiencies of the EDCs by PMPS particles were comparable to those of activated carbon, and hence can be applied as an alternative adsorbent in water treatment applications.
Genetic Diversity of Involved Varieties and Improvement of Elite Restorer of Indica Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Using Backcross Introgression

To make reference to cross combinations and improvement of parents, the genetic diversity and relationship among 55 rice germplasms were analyzed with a total of 53 SSR markers. In the present study, 267 allelic variations were detected, and the average allelic variation of 53 loci was 5.04, ranging from 4 to 7. The average polymorphism index content (PIC) of SSR markers was 0.624, ranging from 0.287 to 0.786. All germplasms could be divided into indica and japonica rices, the genetic similarity between them varied from 0.588 to 0.996. The similarity coefficient between Minghui 86 and 53 donors was from 0.655 to 0.850. The similarity coefficient between Shuhui 527 and the donors was from 0.640 to 0.873. The results indicated that the detection of SSR polymorphisms was not only one of the most efficient and accurate measures to study the genetic differences among rice varieties but also was helpful for the discovery and utilization of favorable genes in advanced-backcross introgression populations.
Pressure Sensing Line Diagnostics in Nuclear Power Plants

Nuclear power plants (NPPs) have been designed to attain safe and reliable functioning through the monitoring and analysis of various critical operational parameters. Data obtained from monitoring systems provide for the control of feedwater flows, recirculation flows, reactor water levels, etc. and can be used to initiate emergency procedures, such as water injection into the reactor coolant system. Therefore, it is crucial for sensing equipment to precisely convey neutron flux, temperature, pressure, level, and flow of plant processes to assure the continued safe and reliable operation of a NPP. A differential pressure transmitter is used to measure fluid flow and level while a nondifferential transducer is utilized to measure absolute and gauge pressure. A NPP generally uses about 200 to 800 pressure and differential pressure sensors to measure the process pressure, level, and flow in its primary and secondary systems (Hashemian, 2006). Pressure transmitters are usually located away from the process to protect them from the adverse effects of ambient temperature, radiation, and vibration on the operability and qualified life of the sensor (Hashemian, 2006). For example, high ambient temperatures will have effects on the mechanical components of the transmitter and shorten the life of its electronics. Pressure sensing lines, also referred to as impulse or instrument lines, are employed to couple a pressure transmitter to the process piping, reactor vessel, or primary flow elements to convey a pneumatic or hydraulic signal from the process to the sensors. In some industrial plants, the pressure sensors are generally installed near the ground using long sensing lines so that personnel can easily access the transmitter for replacement or maintenance purposes. However, process connections using sensing lines may be blocked by accumulations of impurities from the fluid. It is important for the sensing lines to be periodically purged, or blown down, in order to remove any foreign fluid and impurities that can degrade the accuracy of pressure transmitters. Instrument lines can encounter a number of problems that can influence the accuracy and response time of a pressure sensing system. Sensing line problems that have been noticed in NPPs include  blockages due to sludge, boron, or deposits,  air or gas entrapped in low-pressure sensing lines,  frozen sensing lines, and 7
Trust Discrimination Tendency in Average Citizens at In-nation and Out-nation Levels in Canada, China and the United States

The aim of the study was to explore discrimination tendency expressed in trust towards average citizens at in-nation and out-nation levels. A total of 370 Americans, Canadians and Chinese people, who were not university students, participated in the study. A self-developed questionnaire was used in the research, and the results from this sample showed a trust discrimination tendency. Specifically, trust towards the average citizens of one’s own nation tends to discriminate: the level of Americans’ trust toward Americans was measured as the lowest, the level of trust between Chinese and Chinese was measured as the highest, and Canadians’ in-nation trust was intermediate. People’s trust towards the citizens of other nations tends to discriminate as well: Americans trust Canadians more than they trust Chinese, Canadians trust Americans less than they trust Chinese and Chinese trust Americans slightly less than they trust Canadians. In-nation trust tends to discriminate with out-nation trust: People’s trust towards the citizens of other nations is likely to be either more or less than their trust towards citizens of their own nation. The study found an interesting phenomenon of heterogeneity of in-nation trust and homogeneity of out-nation trust: the variances of in-nation trust tend to be greater than those of out-nation trust. Furthermore, when participants were asked how they trust the average citizens of other nations, they seem to have relatively more similar opinions for those citizens in generally highly trusted nations; however, they seem to have relatively more diverse perspectives for those citizens in generally low trusted nations.
Synthesis , theoretical and biological studies of some novel Monoterpenic thiazolidin-4-ones

New sulfur and nitrogen containing heterocycles with monoterpenic skeleton were prepared starting from the corresponding monoterpenic thiosemicarbazones. Chloroacetic acid or ethyl bromoacetate were used to have 2-substituted thiazolidin-4-ones beside indazole 8 resulting from pulegone thiosemicarbazone rearrangement in both acidic or basic media. The structures of the newly obtained compounds were confirmed by analytical mass and NMR spectra, as well as DFT calculations. All synthesized compounds were tested against fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus), yeast (Candida albicans), gram-negative (Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive bacteria (Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA). The activities were tested at different concentrations. All compounds showed good antifungal but low antibacterial activities.
Functional anatomy of vascular tissue as a tool to understand transport of water and assimilates into developing fruit

The yield of crop plants and fruit growth depends, to a large extent, on the efficiency of the vascular tissue, in optimal conditions, as well as in stress conditions. Most of the material on which fruit growth depends is transported from the stem into the fruit through the fruit pedicel, by the xylem and phloem, so the anatomy of fruit pedicel is an important factor in understanding water transport from stem to fruit. This paper provides an overview of micro-morphological research of the tomato fruit pedicel using various methods in the Laboratory for Functional Anatomy of Crop Plants at the Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade University. Such an approach is important for understanding transport mechanisms as important physiological processes occurring during fruit growth.
Refinement of the crystal structure of kulanite

The crystal stnrcture of kulanite, Ba(Fe? ieMg! .6rMnA+08)(Alr.87FeA13)@O4\(OH)3, monoclinic P21lm, a 9.014(1), b 12.074(1),c 4.926(1) A, p 100.48(l)",V 527.1(1) A3,Z=2,has been refinedto an.R index of2.lVofor 1584 observed (5o) reflections measured with MoKcl X-radiation. Kulanite is isostruchral with bjarebyite, ideaily BaMnS+AI2(PO/3(OII)3. The hydrogen positions were located and refined at the final stages ofthe refinement. The H(1) atom is disordered offits ideal position on the mirror plane, and has a weak hydrogen-bond to a [3]-coordinated 02anion. The H(2) atom occupies the general position, and is strongly hydrogen-bonded to a l2]-coordinated 02anion. Both hydrogen bonds promote crossJinkage of the pnominent chains of octaheclra in this structure t)! e. Keyvords: kulanite, crystal-structure refinement, phosphate, hydrogen bond.
Investigating the Perspectives of Social Value for a UK Flood Alleviation Scheme

The argument presented in this paper calls for an approach to flood infrastructure that considers not only the need for a technical perspective in design and construction but also a social perspective. As a result of climate change and changing weather patterns, it is predicted that more intense rainfall will be experienced, as well as rising sea levels, resulting in a greater number of people across the world becoming vulnerable to flood events. The need for flood alleviation infrastructure is therefore highly likely to increase. However industry professionals responsible for design and construction have often neglected to see flooding as a social problem; consequently they focus only on the technical and costeffective, rather than the social end user orientated, aspects of their design solutions. This paper presents the preliminary findings from research that seeks to understand how the social value of flood alleviation schemes is interpreted and discussed. The results are derived from an examination of the Didsbury Flood Storage Basin Improvements scheme between April and August 2013 in Manchester, UK. A series of semi-structured interviews were conducted with both the community and those responsible for the design, delivery and construction of the scheme. The findings presented demonstrate how social value is articulated by both groups, and where a difference in interpretation and perspectives exists. These findings reinforce the argument that adopting a socially, as well as technically, considerate approach for future flood infrastructure design and construction is a necessity, as more communities around the world are exposed to the very real risk of flood events.