Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detailed modelling of the circumstellar molecular line emission of the S-type AGB star W Aquilae

Context. S-type AGB stars have a C/O ratio which suggests that they are transition objects between oxygen-rich M-type stars and carbon-rich C-type stars. As such, their circumstellar compositions of gas and dust are thought to be sensitive to their precise C/O ratio, and it is therefore of particular interest to examine their circumstellar properties. Aims. We present new Herschel HIFI and PACS sub-millimetre and far-infrared line observations of several molecular species towards the S-type AGB star W Aql. We use these observations, which probe a wide range of gas temperatures, to constrain the circumstellar properties of W Aql, including mass-loss rate and molecular abundances. Methods. We used radiative transfer codes to model the circumstellar dust and molecular line emission to determine circumstellar properties and molecular abundances. We assumed a spherically symmetric envelope formed by a constant mass-loss rate driven by an accelerating wind. Our model includes fully integrated H2O line cooling as part of the solution of the energy balance. Results. We detect circumstellar molecular lines from CO, H2O, SiO, HCN, and, for the first time in an S-type AGB star, NH3. The radiative transfer calculations result in an estimated mass-loss rate for W Aql of 4.0 x 10(-6) M-circle dot yr(-1) based on the (CO)-C-12 lines. The estimated (CO)-C-12/(CO)-C-13 ratio is 29, which is in line with ratios previously derived for S-type AGB stars. We find an H2O abundance of 1.5 x 10(-5), which is intermediate to the abundances expected for M and C stars, and an ortho/para ratio for H2O that is consistent with formation at warm temperatures. We find an HCN abundance of 3 x 10(-6), and, although no CN lines are detected using HIFI, we are able to put some constraints on the abundance, 6 x 10(-6), and distribution of CN in W Aql's circumstellar envelope using ground-based data. We find an SiO abundance of 3 x 10(-6), and an NH3 abundance of 1.7 x 10(-5), confined to a small envelope. If we include uncertainties in the adopted circumstellar model - in the adopted abundance distributions, etc. - the errors in the abundances are of the order of factors of a few. The data also suggest that, in terms of HCN, S-type and M-type AGB stars are similar, and in terms of H2O, S-type AGB stars are more like C-type than M-type AGB stars. We detect excess blue-shifted emission in several molecular lines, possibly due to an asymmetric outflow. Conclusions. The estimated abundances of circumstellar HCN, SiO and H2O place W Aql in between M-and C-type AGB stars, i.e., the abundances are consistent with an S-type classification.
A Finite Element Model for Composite Beams with Piezoelectric Layers using A Sinus Model

In this study, finite element modeling of composite beams with distributed piezoelectric sensors and actuators which is based upon a coupled electromechanical model has been considered. For modeling of mechanical displacement through the thickness, a sinus model that satisfies continuity conditions of transverse shear stresses and the boundary conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the beam has been employed. In the presented model, the number of unknowns is not dependent on the number of layers. The variation of electric potential in each piezoelectric layer has been modeled using layer-wise theory. By applying the virtual work principle (VWP), a formulation has been developed for a two-nodded Hermitian-2(n + 1) layer-wise nodded element for a n-layered beam. The VWP leads to a derivation that could include dynamic analysis. However, in this study only static problems have been considered. Comparison of results obtained from this formulation with available works in the literature, demonstrates efficiency of proposed model in analysis of laminated beams under mechanical and electrical loadings.
Effect of Selected Plant Growth Regulators on Yield and Stem Height of Spring Wheat in Ontario

Lodging is an important limiting factor in wheat because it affects growth, yield and grain quality. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are often used to restrain elongation of internodes, improve lodging traits, and protect yield potentials. An experiment was set up in the greenhouse at the Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC) to study the effect of the selected PGRs (Manipulator, the active ingredient of which is chlormequat; and Palisade, the active ingredient of which is trinexapac-ethyl) on yield, stem height and morphological traits in six spring wheat cultivars (AC Carberry, AAC Scotia, Hoffman, Fuzion, FL62R1, and AW725). Both PGRs reduced plant height and caused a 6% to 48% reduction in the length of the second basal internode. The mixture of the two PGRs had a synergistic affect and made the stem shorter. The application of PGRs significantly reduced lodging, increased stem diameter, thickness, filling degree, and stem strength, and increased leaf relative chlorophyll content. However, application of PGRs significantly reduced grain yield, and the combination of the two PGRs (Manipulator and Palisade) had a synergistic effect and lowered the yield. In general, the effect of Palisade was more evident than that of Manipulator.
A Counterfactual Analysis of Regulatory Changes in Hungary : Could the Crisis Have Been Avoided ?

The main purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it aims to estimate the effect of the tightening of regulatory capital requirements on the real economy in periods of credit upswing. Second, it intends to show whether applying a countercyclical capital buffer measure as it is in Basel III rules could have helped reduce the pace of FX lending growth in Hungary, mitigating the build-up of vulnerabilities in the run-up to the global financial crisis. In order to answer these questions, we use a Vector Autoregression based approach with the aim of understanding the impact of shocks to capital adequacy in the pre-crisis period. Our results suggest that although regulatory authorities could have slowed down the increase in lending temporarily, they would not have been able to avoid the upswing of FX lending by requiring countercyclical capital buffers even if such a tool had been available and they had reacted quickly to accelerating credit growth. Our results also suggest that a more pronounced tightening might have reduced FX lending substantially, but at the expense of real GDP growth. The reason is that unsustainable fiscal policy led to a trade-off between economic growth and the build-up of new vulnerabilities in the form of FX lending.
The influence of Cognitive Coping on Sick Role Behavioral Compliance and Depression, Satisfaction with Life in Hemodialysis Patients

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships between cognitive coping, sick role behavioral compliance, depression, and life satisfaction of hemodialysis patients based on the stress-coping model. The research is cross-sectional survey, 150 participants were recruited from 4 local clinics in Chungcheongbuk-do. As a results, the cognitive coping scores were significantly related to sick role behavioral compliance, depression, and life satisfaction. The coping strategies explained 20.5%, 10.5%, and 24.6% of the variances in sick role behavioral compliance, depression, and life satisfaction, respectively. The most powerful coping strategy was positive refocusing in sick role behavioral compliance, depression, and life satisfaction. The results of the study indicate that cognitive coping plays an essential role for psychological adaptation of hemodialysis patients. Therefore, the development and application of intervention program to improve adaption of hemodialysis patients are required.
The Elasticity of Taxable Income in the Netherlands

This research studies the elasticity of taxable (labour) income (ETI) in the Netherlands using the tax reform of 2001 as a natural experiment. We use instrumental variables to identify the ETI. The instrument we use for the endogenous marginal tax rate is the marginal tax rate that belongs to a synthetic income calculated using income before the reform as base and increasing this income with average income growth. We include base year income in our regressions to control for mean reversion. Under the preferred specification we find (uncompensated) income elasticities in the range of 0.08-0.10 for all individuals and in the range of 0.17-0.48 for high income earners. Furthermore, we find that elasticities for women are significantly higher than those for men.
The Variable Plot Method for Estimating Shrub Density.

Reliable measurements of shrub deiisity on range lands can be made without the use of time-consumLinig line transect or plot methods. A quick, one-man system of counting shrubs can be used to estimiate the percentage of an area covered by woody plants. This procedure has been employed successfully to estimate densities of shrubs and half-shrubs ranging froni 6 inches to 30 feet in crown (liameter. U.sually called the variable-plot method, the system was developed
"Determination of Primate Space on 4 to 5 Years Old Children of Tehran’s Kindergarten in 2000 "

Statement of Problem: Nowadays, evaluation of the development of occlusion in deciduous teeth for creating corrective occlusion in permanent teeth is one of the most important objectives of pediatric dentistry. In other countries, a vast number of researches have been accomplished on the details of occlusion in deciduous teeth. But, unfortunately, there is still no accurate information about this in IRAN. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the occlusion and interdental spaces of kindergarten children of Tehran. Materials and Methods: On this basis, some information were gathered by means of a cross-sectional, descriptive, analytic study on 248 children during their 4-5 years of age. All kinds of deciduous molar and canine occlusion were studied and registered. Anterior and posterior interdental spaces by means of a gauge with an accuracy of 0.05 mm were also measured. Collected data was analyzed by t-student and variance analysis. Results: In most children, the facial feature was mesoencephalic and the profile was convex. The incidence of occlusion was Fluch Terminal Plane (FTP), Distal Step (DS) and Mesial Step (MS), respectively. There was a statistical significant relationship between the FTP, DS and MS molar occlusion and the occlusion of Class I, II and III canine (P<0.05). The prevalence of maxillary and mandibular primate spaces were 95% and 90% respectively, without significant difference between the two sexes. The anterior and posterior interdental spaces in maxilla were more than in mandible without significant difference in two sexes. There wasn’t also a significant difference between the occlusion of deciduous molars and mandibular anterior dental spaces, maxillary and mandibular posterior dental spaces and the maxillary and mandibular primate spaces. Conclusion: Meanwhile, there was a significant difference between the occlusion of deciduous molars and the maxillary anterior dental spaces (P<0.05). The maxillary anterior interdental space was less the others in bilateral distal step occlusion.
The short and long-run determinants of the real exchange rate in Mexico

This paper explores the real exchange rate behavior in Mexico from 1960 until 2005. Since the empirical analysis reveals that the real exchange rate is not mean reverting, we propose that economic fundamental variables affect its evolution in the long-run. Therefore, based on equilibrium exchange rate paradigms, we propose a simple model of real exchange rate determination which includes the relative labor productivity, the real interest rates and the net foreign assets over a long period of time. Our analysis also considers the dynamic adjustment in response to shocks through impulse response functions derived from the multivariate VAR model.
Intake, growth and meat quality of steers given diets based on varying proportions of maize silage and grass silage

Simmental × Holstein-Friesian steers were offered four forage diets. These comprised grass silage (G); proportionately 0·67 grass silage, proportionately 0·33 maize silage (GGM); 0·33 grass silage, 0·67 maize silage ( MMG); maize silage ( M) from 424 (s.d. = 11·5) kg to slaughter at a minimum weight of 560 kg. Forages were mixed and offered ad libitum. Steers were offered 2 kg of a concentrate daily, the concentrate being formulated such that all steers had similar crude protein intakes across dietary treatments. A sample of steers was slaughtered at the beginning of the experimental period to allow the calculation of the rate of gain of the carcass and its components. Carcass dissection of a sample of steers allowed the development of a prediction equation of carcass composition based on thoracic limb dissection of all carcasses. Forage dry matter intake and live-weight gain increased linearly as maize silage replaced grass silage in the forage mixture, resulting in improvements in food conversion ratio (all P = 0·001). Killing-out proportion increased with maize silage inclusion ( P < 0·001) but fat and conformation scores did not differ significantly between diets. However, increasing maize inclusion in the diet resulted in a greater weight ( P = 0·05) and proportion ( P = 0·008) of fat in the carcass, and significant increases in internal fat deposition. The inclusion of maize led to a progressive increase in the daily gains of carcass ( P < 0·001), and significant increases in the daily gains of both fat ( P < 0·001) and lean tissue ( P < 0·001). Fat colour was more yellow in cattle given diets G and GGM than diets MMG and M ( P < 0·001) and colour intensity was lower on diet M than the other three diets ( P < 0·001). There were no significant differences in any aspects of eating quality between diets. Therefore, maize silage has the potential to reduce the time taken for finishing beef animals to achieve slaughter weight with no apparent detrimental effects on subsequent meat quality.
Are automotive Global Production Networks becoming more global? Comparison of regional and global integration processes based on auto parts trade data

In this paper, we examine the evolution of international exchanges of auto parts over the 2000-2012 period. The first part of our study proposes an analysis of the organisation of automotive supply chains based on the global production networks framework. We give details about this approach by stating the nature of trade flows that occur in these networks, and by highlighting the importance of intra-firms flows. The second part poses the question of reasons for an eventual increase of intercontinental flows at the expense of intra-continental flows. In the third part, we evaluate the assumptions made in this context. On the basis of Chelem data about auto parts exchanges, we examine in a comparative way the evolution of intra-continental and intercontinental flows for nine zones of regional integration that cover the world’s entire set of countries. Our results highlight the heterogeneity of situations and of trajectories in the different zones. We explain this state of affairs by the history and the trajectory of the industrial actors, by institutional opportunities/constraints, and by the balance of power between the industries engaged in the setting up of automotive production networks.
A Profit Efficiency Perspective on the Future Strategic Positioning of the Portuguese Banks

The Portuguese banking sector has been recently subjected to important structural changes. The diversification of the supply of financial services, the specialization phenomena and the growing importance of new technologies are changing the sector dramatically. A profit perspective is used to investigate the efficiency performance of the commercial banking sector in Portugal in the period 2000-2004 and infer some implications for the banks´ management strategic orientation. The Nerlovian and an alternative profit efficiency measures are used, illustrating the potentialities of the directional distance functions to the profit efficiency analysis. A decomposition of the alternative profit efficiency measure is also proposed.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR PREDICTION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SANDCRETE BLOCKS USING ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT

A mathematical modeling for prediction of compressive strength of sandcrete blocks was performed using statistical analysis for the sandcrete block data obtained from experimental work done in this study. The models used are Scheffe’s and Osadebe’s optimization theories to predict the compressive strength of sandcrete blocks using alluvial deposit. The results of predictions were comparatively analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (spss) for the student’s t-test.It was found that the two models are acceptable for the prediction of compressive strength of sandcrete blocks.
Why Not Introducing the Third Dimension in Photodynamic Therapy Research

The principle of PDT relies on the administration of the PS, followed by the irradiation of the diseased area with light of appropriate wavelength. In the presence of molecular oxygen, highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated, leading to the selective destruction of neoplastic cells (Figure 1). Specifically, once the PS has absorbed a photon, an electron is promoted from the ground state (S0) to an electronically excited state (S1). This short-lived specie can release its energy by emitting light (fluorescence), by internal conversion to heat or undergoing intersystem crossing to form a more stable triplet state (T1). The relatively long lifetime of the triplet state allows the interaction of the excited PS with the surrounding molecules, performing two classes of reactions, defined as Type I and Type II mechanisms. In the Type I pathway, the PS reacts directly with a substrate, transferring an hydrogen atom or an electron to form radical species. These free radicals further react with molecular oxygen, leading to ROS such as superoxide, peroxide or hydroxyl radicals. Alternatively, the Type II pathway is initiated by the energy transfer between the triplet excited state of the PS and nearby oxygen molecules, generating the singlet excited state of oxygen, referred as singlet oxygen, O2 (Figure 2). Both mechanisms can produce the photo-oxidation of certain amino acids residues in proteins, pyrimidine and purine bases of DNA/ RNA and unsaturated lipids. This process causes DNA damage and/or cytoplasmic membrane damage, allowing leakage of cellular contents or inactivation of membrane transport systems and, thus, triggering final cell death [4]. While it is generally accepted that O2 plays a key role in primary photodynamic effects, ROS generated by Type I mechanism become more important at low oxygen concentrations [5].
Poverty Dynamics and Land Use in the Brazilian Amazon: an approach considering matrices of transition probabilities by Markov in Altamira, Pará

This work investigates rural poverty in the Brazilian Amazon. We used data from a longitudinal sample representative of small rural producers in the area of Altamira, Para, Brazil, on two points in time: 1997 and 2005. We considered the importance of different types of capital human, social, natural, physical and financial on the time spent in poverty. The estimation is done by matrices of transition probabilities and the simulations show the importance of groups with different characteristics in the time spent in poverty. Moreover, we estimated a probit model of being in or out of poverty. It is done to measure the effect of variables that may contribute to out of poverty. The results indicate a relative importance of variables of the physical capital, natural capital, human capital and social capital. All variables contribute to reduce the likelihood of poverty and confirm the estimates made with matrices of transition. In light of these results, the role of capital can be related to concept of well being multidimensional. The findings show that the physical and use characteristics of soil can lead to an increase of well being. 1 Federal University of Minas Gerais, Demography Department 2 Brown University, Department of Sociology, Environmental Change Initiative and Population Studies and Training Center 3 Brown University, Environmental Change Initiative and Population Studies and Training Center 4 Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Economics 5 Federal University of Minas Gerais, Demography Department
Controls and evolution of facies patterns in the Upper Barremian–Albian Levant Platform in North Sinai and North Israel

Abstract The Upper Barremian–Albian Levant Platform was studied in North Sinai and Israel (Galilee and Golan Heights) by bio- and lithostratigraphy, facies analyses, and sequence stratigraphy. Integrating shallow-marine benthic foraminifera (mainly orbitolines), ammonite, and stable isotope data resulted in a detailed stratigraphic chart. Transects across the shallow shelf in both regions are based on facies analysis and form the basis for depositional models. In both transects five platform stages (PS I–V) were identified, which differ significantly in their stratigraphic architecture, mainly controlled by local tectonics, climate and second-order sea-level changes. In North Sinai, a transition from a shallow-shelf that is structured by sub-basins through a homoclinal ramp into a flat toped platform is recognized, while the sections in North Israel show a transition from a homoclinal ramp into a fringing platform. Local normal faults influenced the depositional architecture of the Upper Barremian–Lower Aptian strata in North Sinai and were attributed to syn-rift extensional tectonics. Four second-order sequence boundaries were identified, bounding Mid-Cretaceous Levant depositional sequences. These well-dated second-order sequence boundaries are MCL-1 (Late Barremian), MCL-2 (earliest Late Aptian), MCL-3 (Lower Albian), and MCL-4 (Late Albian). The sea-level history of the Levant Platform reflects the Late Aptian–Albian global long-term transgression, while the second-order sea-level changes show good correlation with those described from the Arabian plate.
Barotropic and baroclinic contributions to along‐stream and across‐stream transport in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

The Southern Ocean's ability to store and transport heat and tracers as well as to dissipate momentum and energy are intimately related to the vertical structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Here the partition between barotropic and baroclinic flow in the time-mean ACC is investigated in a Southern Ocean state estimate. The zonal geostrophic transport is predominantly baroclinic, with at most 25% of the transport at any longitude carried by the barotropic component. Following surface streamlines, changes in vertical shear and near-bottom velocity are large, and result in changes in the local partition of barotropic/baroclinic vertically integrated transport from 10/90% in the center of the basins, to 50/50% near complex topography. The velocity at depth is not aligned with the surface velocity. This nonequivalent barotropic flow supports significant cross-stream transports. Barotropic and baroclinic mass transport across the ACC is, on average, in opposite directions, with the net barotropic cross-stream transport being poleward and the net baroclinic equatorward. The sum partially cancels out, leaving a net geostrophic poleward transport across the different fronts between −5 and −20 Sv. Temperature is also transported across the fronts by the nonequivalent barotropic part of the ACC, with maximum values across the northern ACC fronts equivalent to −0.2 PW. The sign and magnitude of these transports are not sensitive to the choice of stream-coordinate. These cross-stream volume and temperature transports are variable in space, and dependent on the interactions between deep flow and bathymetry, thus difficult to infer from surface and hydrographic observations alone.