Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INSURING THE NEVER BEFORE INSURED: EXPLAINING INDEX INSURANCE THROUGH FINANCIAL EDUCATION GAMES

for low-wealth agricul-tural and pastoral households are well documented.Risk makes people poor when it leads them to shyaway from higher-return but riskier activities. Riskalso keeps people poor when it leads them to pursuedefensive savings strategies that cut off pathwaysfrom poverty that they could traverse via sustainedaccumulation of productive assets. Finally, risk de-presses the development of the deep agriculturalfinance markets in a region that can be important tothe growth and development of the small-farm sector.Insurance is a potential solution to these problems ofpervasive and costly risk. Yet, insurance is mostnotable for its absence in low-income rural areas.While there are many reasons why insurance con-tracts are not offered in these areas, the innovation ofa new generation of financial technologies built aroundthe concept of parametric or index insurance raisesthe prospect that insurance instruments could be madeto sustainably work in low-income environments. Itremains to be seen if these index insurance productscan resolve the problems of poverty and thin financialmarkets, yet the first challenge is to innovate and piloteffective, livelihood-focused index insurance contractsfor which there is effective demand.Unfortunately, the complexity of index insurancecontracts stands as a potential barrier to creatingeffective demand. These contracts present particularproblems for populations that have little experiencewith formal insurance, much less complex index-basedcontracts. Progress requires innovative efforts toenhance the understanding and financial literacy of thepeople that might purchase and benefit from indexinsurance. This
Regression Models and Life-Tables

The analysis of censored failure times is considered. It is assumed that on each individual are available values of one or more explanatory variables. The hazard function (age-specific failure rate) is taken to be a function of the explanatory variables and unknown regression coefficients multiplied by an arbitrary and unknown function of time. A conditional likelihood is obtained, leading to inferences about the unknown regression coefficients. Some generalizations are outlined.
Amino Acid Dating of Quaternary Marine Terraces, Bahia Asuncion, Baja California Sur, Mexico

In the area of Bahia Asuncion, on the Pacific coast of Baja California peninsula, amino acid racemization dating' has been used to estimate ages of mollusks from Quaternary marine terraces. Eighteen molluscan samples (of the genera Tivela; Saxidomus; and Chione) from ten localities have been analyzed. The high mean annual temperature for the region (greater than 20 C) has resulted in extensive racemization of samples from what are considered to be late Middle and Late Pleistocene terrace localities. Racemization of most amino acids is effectively complete by about 300,000 years. However, two amino acids, leucine and valine, demonstrate enough resolving power to be used to delineate different age groups among the terrace sites. Where these apparent groups are testable with stratigraphic or geomorphic evidence, they are generally consistent with the available geologic control. The ages estimated for the three aminostratigraphic groups recognized in this study are approximately 120,000, 200,000 and 300,000 years.
Computerized Crime Linkage Systems

Computerized crime linkage systems are meant to assist the police in determining whether crimes have been committed by the same offender. In this article, the authors assess these systems critically and identify four assumptions that affect the effectiveness of these systems. These assumptions are that (a) data in the systems can be coded reliably, (b) data in the systems are accurate, (c) violent serial offenders exhibit consistent but distinctive patterns of behavior, and (d) analysts have the ability to use the data in the systems to link crimes accurately. The authors argue that there is no compelling empirical support for any of the four assumptions, and they outline a research agenda for testing each assumption. Until evidence supporting these assumptions becomes available, the value of linkage systems will remain open to debate.
Ethnic Diversity as a Multilevel Construct

The authors present a model of the multilevel effects of diversity on individual learning performance in work groups. For ethnically diverse work groups, the model predicts that group diversity elicits either positive or negative effects on individual learning performance, depending on whether a focal individual’s ethnic dissimilarity from other group members is high or low. By further considering the societal status of an individual’s ethnic origin within society (Anglo versus non-Anglo for our U.K. context), the authors hypothesize that the model’s predictions hold more strongly for non-Anglo group members than for Anglo group members. We test this model with data from 412 individuals working on a 24-week business simulation in 87 four- to seven-person groups with varying degrees of ethnic diversity. Two of the three hypotheses derived from the model received full support and one hypothesis received partial support. Implications for theory development, methods, and practice in applied group diversity research are discussed.
Expected Product Market Reforms and Technology Adoption by Senegalese Onion Producers

We empirically assess the responsiveness of Senegalese onion producers to significant changes in product market conditions, whereby onions are sold no longer based on volume but on weight and with labeling certifying quality. A village-level randomized information campaign on the upcoming introduction of these market reforms induced significant increase by farmers in the use of quality-enhancing inputs. Delays in the effective introduction of scales enabled us to show positive price returns from these quality- enhancing investments. These results point to the importance of improvements in the functioning of product markets to trigger technology adoption by farmers. Introduction of scales and labels was, however, not sustained as it challenged the market power of wholesale intermediaries. For these reforms to be sustainable, effective market regulation would be necessary.
The FiO2 is associated with the successful extubation of mechanically ventilated neonates

correspondence: Leif Nelin center for Perinatal Research, Research institute at Nationwide children’s hospital, 700 children’s Drive – W203, columbus, Oh 43205, USA Tel +1 614 722 2775 Fax +1 614 355 3455 email leif.nelin@nationwidechildrens.org Abstract: Early extubation may be beneficial in preventing or attenuating the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We tested the hypothesis that patients extubated from higher ventilator pressures would be more likely to fail extubation. To determine the relationship between peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) at the time of extubation and success of extubation, we reviewed the charts of all patients extubated in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over two time periods; April 4, 2005–May 7, 2005 and November 14, 2005–January 7, 2006. Successful extubation was defined as not requiring re-intubation within 36 hours of extubation. There were 67 patients extubated during the study periods, and 58 patients (88%) were successfully extubated. There was no difference in the ventilator settings (PIP, PEEP, mean airway pressure, ventilator rate, or inspiratory time) between the patients with successful vs unsuccessful extubations. However, the FiO 2 was significantly (P = 0.011) lower in the successful extubations (median 24, intraquartile range 21–31) than in the unsuccessful extubations (median 33, intraquartile range 28–43). The median PIP was 22 cm H 2 O (intraquartile range 20–24) in the patients successfully extubated. Our data suggest that the FiO 2 may be the only ventilator setting associated with successful extubations in this patient population. Randomized control trials are needed to determine if extubating neonatal patients from relatively high PIP using FiO 2 will shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation.
Methods in Governance Research: A Review of Research Approaches

The extant literature relating to the relationship between governance and inclusive growth does not appear to have reached convergence towards a preferred methodological approach. This paper attempts to review the strengths and shortcomings of different methodological approaches to the study of the relationship between governance and inclusive growth. The paper offers some recommendations on possible new directions in the study of the relationship between good governance and inclusive growth.
Solving large structured Markov Decision Problems for perishable inventory management and traffic control

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Listening to ironically-enjoyed music: A self-regulatory perspective

This research examines adults’ reported motivations for listening to music that they enjoy ironically using Thematic Analysis. Based on the pilot study (N = 96), ironically-enjoyed music was defined as “Music that is enjoyed because of being bad, despite being bad, or for different reasons than intended. ” Many relevant self-regulatory functions of listening to music in general were relevant to ironically-enjoyed music in the main study (N = 175). Ironic enjoyment of music also has unique characteristics: the additional role of mocking, ridiculing, and laughing at the music, and the social benefit that this provides. Music that was listened to “because of” its negative features had a variety of musical features, and the listening usually served functions unique to ironic enjoyment of music. When music was listened to “despite” negative qualities, the music itself was often described as having attractive rhythm, melody or lyrics, while the irony protected the listener from conflicting values associated with the music, helping the listener communicate to others that they did not identify with the music on a higher level. Unfamiliar music mainly played a social role, whereas familiar music related to nostalgia as well as most other functions.
The Use of Levonorgestrel-Releasing System (Metraplant-E) in the Treatment of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Background: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is one of the commonest condition for which patient seeks out medical consultation. The prevalence increases with the increase of age peaking before menopause. Objectives: The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of this new form of levonorgestrel-releasing IUD on the treatment of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Patients and Methods: A prospective age-specific comparative analysis of 61 peri-menopausal women presented with dysfunctional uterine bleeding who constituted the study group. They underwent hysteroscopy and endometrial sampling during an 18 months period from June 2014 to January 2016 at Ain Shams University Materity Hospital. Prior to metraplant-E application, all the patients in this study were in the age of 25-58 years old. Results: The role of Metraplant-E in the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) was evaluated. Sixty- one women with failed attempt(s) of medical treatment unwilling or unfit for hysterectomy were treated with Metaplant-E. Menstrual blood loss was assessed by pictoral bleeding assessment chart (PBAC), bleeding index (B.I) and total bleeding score (T.B.S/month). The bleeding patterns in the form of the mean menstrual blood loss estimated by bleeding index and the mean menstrual loss estimated by the total bleeding score/month and PBAC decreased significantly (p = 0.001). The quality of life scale (Likert scale) improved significantly (p = 0.001). All 15 cases who had endometrial sampling demonstrated progestational effect on histo-pathological examination. Conclusion: Metraplant-E was found to be effective in managing dysfunctional menorrhagia on both clinical and histopathological levels.
Big Data Surveillance: Introduction

If conventional definitions of surveillance emphasize its systematic and targeted character (the notion that there is a specific "object" of surveillance), both aspects undergo some significant modifications when the goal is, generally speaking, to capture as much data as possible about everything, all the time, and hold on to it forever. [. ]the ambitious scope of such surveillance raises a host of important issues associated with the infrastructure for collecting and storing huge amounts of data as well as the techniques and technologies for putting it to use. What is significant about the big data moment is not simply that it has become possible to store quantities of data that are impossible for any individual to comprehend (The Library of Alexandria did that, as does the night sky, and the human brain), but the fact that this data can be put to use in novel ways-for assessing disease distributions, tracking business trends, mapping crime patterns, analysing web traffic, and predicting everything from the weather to the behavior of the financial markets, to name but a few examples.
Language teaching is no panacea: A theoretical perspective and critical evaluation of language in education within the South African context

Language competence is both the means and the end to educational achievement, and multilingualism in particular has important cognitive, academic and societal advantages. The linguistic diversity in South Africa creates an ideal context to provide learners with the educational opportunities that promote high levels of linguistic proficiency in their home and additional languages. Unfortunately, the education system has not delivered on the constitutional imperatives of promoting multilingualism. English continues to dominate as the preferred language of teaching and learning, at the expense and marginalisation of the African languages. This is regarded by many researchers as the primary reason for the disturbingly low numeracy and literacy achievement levels of the majority of South African schoolchildren. However, the effects of language-in-education practices on academic achievement are not straightforward. This paper analyses recent research pertaining to the effects of language-in-education practices and argues that the critical role of educational linguistics is neglected in the South African education system. This affects the quality of teaching irrespective of the language of instruction and has a significant impact on the achievement of our children. The purpose of this paper is to present a critical theoretical perspective on language in education in order to influence policy and practice. An additional aim is to promote the role of speech-language therapists (SLTs) in education, since these professionals are well positioned to work in collaboration with educators to enhance language learning in mainstream/ordinary classrooms. However, SLTs also need to be well informed about the challenges in education and the theory underlying language-in-education practices.
Interactive comment on “ Microbial respiration per unit microbial biomass depends on soil litter carbon-to-nitrogen ratio ” by M . Spohn

Dr. Spohn submitted a manuscript regarding microbial respiratory quotients (qCO2) and litter C:N ratios based on a literature compilation. The manuscript is short, simple, and well-focused on an interesting question relevant to Biogeosciences regarding overflow metabolism in soil microbes. The literature search resulted in a relatively sparse dataset (14 studies with 48 observations) relative to other literature reviews of qCO2 (e.g., 66 studies and 355 obs, Hartman & Richardson, 2013). However this is to be expected, as Dr. Spohn’s manuscript focuses on qCO2 in litter, rather than soil. This is an appropriate choice for this manuscript, as the high C:N ratio of litter relative to microbial biomass is particularly relevant to the subject of overflow metabolism. I enjoyed reading this manuscript, and the results are clear and compelling. However I have some concerns and suggestions that I hope will serve to improve the manuscript.
WHERE ARE THE MINI KREUTZ-FAMILY COMETS?

The Kreutz family of sungrazing comets contains over 2000 known members, many of which are believed to be under ∼100 m sizes (mini comets) and have only been studied at small heliocentric distances (rH) with space-based SOHO/STEREO spacecraft. To understand the brightening process of mini Kreutz comets, we conducted a survey using CFHT/MegaCam at moderate rH guided by SOHO/STEREO observations. We identify two comets that should be in our search area but are not detected, indicating that the comets have either followed a steeper brightening rate within the previously reported rapid brightening stage (the brightening burst), or the brightening burst starts earlier than expected. We present a composite analysis of the pre-perihelion light curves of five Kreutz comets that cover to ∼1 AU. We observe significant diversity in the light curves that can be used to grossly classify them into two types: C/Ikeya-Seki and C/SWAN follow the canonical while the others follow . In particular, C/SWAN seems to have undergone an outburst (Δm > 5 mag) or a rapid brightening (n ≳ 11) between rH = 1.06 AU and 0.52 AU, and shows hints of structural/compositional differences compared to other bright Kreutz comets. We also find evidence that the Kreutz comets as a population lose their mass less efficiently than the dynamically new comet, C/ISON, and are relatively devoid of species that drive C/ISON's activity at large rH. Concurrent observations of C/STEREO in different wavelengths also suggest that a blueward species such as CN may be the main driver for brightening bursts, instead of sodium as previously thought.
Accretion in action: Phase space coherence of stellar debris and globular clusters in andromeda's south-west cloud

A central tenet of the current cosmological paradigm is that galaxies grow over time through the accretion of smaller systems. Here, we present new kinematic measurements near the centre of one of the densest pronounced substructures, the South-West Cloud, in the outer halo of our nearest giant neighbour, the Andromeda galaxy. These observations reveal that the kinematic properties of this region of the South-West Cloud are consistent with those of PA-8, a globular cluster previously shown to be co-spatial with the stellar substructure. In this sense the situation is reminiscent of the handful of globular clusters that sit near the heart of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, a system that is currently being accreted into the Milky Way, confirming that accretion deposits not only stars but also globular clusters into the halos of large galaxies.
The impact of firm, individual, and government choice on health outcomes

OF THE DISSERTATION The Impact of Firm, Individual, and Government Choice on Health Outcomes By John R. Bowblis Dissertation Director: Roger W. Klein This dissertation is comprised of three essays that consider how choices made by firms, individuals, and governments have impacts on health outcomes. In the first essay, a legislative policy shock is used to determine why nursing home facilities converted to a new ownership type and how these conversions subsequently lead to changes in the quality of care provided between 1999 and 2004. As a result of a legislative change in reimbursement policy, nearly five percent of nursing homes converted. Conversions from a not-for-profit to for-profit was found to be associated with a decrease in the use of physical restraints while the proportion of residents with pressure ulcers in facilities that converted from for-profit to not-for-profit increased. The second essay analyzes how promotion of sickness insurance by the government contributed to the reduction in the infant mortality rate in six European countries between the Franco-Prussian War and the Great War. The results suggest that for every additional percentage point of the adult population that is covered by sickness insurance infant death rates declined by additional 0.39 to 1.11 deaths per 1000 live births in this period. The final essay studies how individual choice to purchase insurance affects out-of-pocket expenditures on antidepressant medications by elderly Medicare recipients. This essay discusses the econometric problems faced in the estimation of medical expenditures and finds that the average out-of-pocket expenditure on antidepressants decreases with supplemental insurance.
Comparative diffusion coefficients of major and trace elements in olivine at ∼950 °C from a xenocryst included in dioritic magma

which is a prerequisite for studying those trace elements for which substitution into a crystal requires some means of charge balance. In addition, the concentrations of the trace elements at the crystal-melt interface yield partition coeffi cients that may be checked against those obtained from equilibrium partitioning experiments, to test whether the concentrations of the diffusing elements are compatible with equilibrium substitution mechanisms. The method’s disadvantage is that relatively long diffusion profi les (>100 µm) are needed, which has prevented it being used in laboratory experiments at low temperatures where only short profi les could be generated in reasonable times. However, xenocrysts included in an exotic magma constitute a natural diffusion experiment of this type, in which concentration profi les of a suitable length can develop on geological as opposed to laboratory time scales (Costa and Chakraborty, 2004; Costa and Dungan, 2005). Here, we use a particularly propitious occurrence of diffusion profi les generated in olivine xenocrysts of upper-mantle composition immersed in a dioritic magma to constrain the rates of diffusion relative to Mg-Fe interdiffusion of several key trace elements (Li, Na, P, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Mn, Co, Ni, and Y) at natural concentrations and at a temperature well below that practicable in the laboratory.
Distribution, seasonality, optical characteristics, and fluxes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the Pearl River (Zhujiang) estuary, China

Abstract. Dissolved organic carbon concentration in the Pearl River estuary (PRE) of China was measured in May, August, and October 2015 and January 2016. Chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (CDOM and FDOM) in the latter three seasons were characterized by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Parallel factor analysis of the fluorescence spectra identified two protein-like, two humic-like, and one oxidized quinone-like FDOM components. The seasonality of average DOM abundance varied as follows: DOC: May (156 μmol L−1) > January (114 μmol L−1) ≈ August (112 μmol L−1) > November (86 μmol L−1); CDOM absorption at 330 nm: August (1.76 m−1) > November (1.39 m−1) ≈ January (1.30 m−1); FDOM expressed as the sum of the maximum fluorescence intensities of all FDOM components: November (1.77 R.U.) > August (1.54 R.U.) ≈ January (1.49 R.U.). Average DOM abundance in surface water was higher than in bottom water, their difference being marginal (0.1–10 %) for DOC in all seasons and for CDOM and FDOM in November and January, and moderate (16–21 %) for CDOM and FDOM in August. DOC showed little cross-estuary variations in all seasons while CDOM and FDOM in January were higher on the west side of the estuary than in the middle and on the east side. All three variables exhibited large variations and/or rapid drawdowns at the head of the estuary (salinity