Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic Diversity within Fragmented Cutthroat Trout Populations

Abstract Interior cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii have undergone severe declines over the past 150 years. Many subspecies now persist in a highly fragmented state, primarily within headwater streams. We used 12 microsatellites to investigate the population genetic characteristics of 22 remnant populations of Rio Grande cutthroat trout O. c. virginalis isolated in montane streams in New Mexico. Populations varied markedly in the amount of genetic diversity they contained. There was no significant relationship between estimated adult population size or habitat size and heterozygosity; however, populations occurring above natural barriers were significantly less diverse. Seven population samples exhibited significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Interlocus variance in the population inbreeding coefficient F IS was correlated with habitat size, and several population samples exhibited a significantly higher variance in interindividual relatedness, or a significantly higher median individua.
Hybrid Layered Crystal Comprising Polyoxometalate and Surfactant Synthesized from Reduced Mo-Blue Species

A hybrid layered crystal containing polyoxomolybdate was successfully synthesized from reduced Mo-blue species as starting material. The hybrid crystal, [C 5H 5N(C 16H 33)] 2[ <path id="x1D6FD" d="M558 587q0 -32 -14 -61t-40 -53.5t-48.5 -41t-54.5 -36.5q144 -51 144 -174q0 -55 -43.5 -108t-104.5 -87q-77 -42 -131 -42q-31 0 -54 20t-31 47l11 18q48 -29 108 -29q79 0 119.5 43t40.5 109t-44.5 107.5t-119.5 50.5l22 47q34 1 65 21q96 61 96 157q0 42 -24 67.5 t-62 25.5q-24 0 -43.5 -9t-35 -29.5t-27 -44t-22.5 -63t-19.5 -75.5t-18.5 -91q-57 -294 -68 -380q-26 -190 -35 -200q-26 -31 -97 -37l-4 26q19 9 48 170l77 413q23 121 52.5 187.5t83. 5 114.5q70 62 148 62q51 0 88.5 -34t37.5 -91z" /> -H 2Mo 8O 26] 2C 2H 5OH (C 16py-H 2Mo 8), was obtained as a single phase by the gradual oxidation of hexadecylpyridinium-Mo-blue (C 16py-Mo-blue) hybrid. The X-ray structure analysis revealed that C 16py-H 2Mo 8 comprised -type octamolybdate anion with two protons ( -H 2Mo 8). The -H 2Mo 8 anions and ethanol molecules of crystallization formed two-dimensional anionic layers. The pyridine rings of C 16py did not attend to form the two-dimensional inorganic layers, and the interdigitated C 16py bilayers were sandwiched by the -H 2Mo 8 anionic layers with periodicity of 18.2 <path id="xC5" d="M358 762q-41 0 -69.5 29t-28.5 71q0 41 29.5 70t71.5 29q41 0 69 -30q29 -29 29 -70t-29.5 -70t-71.5 -29zM425 862q0 27 -19.5 46t-47.5 19q-26 0 -45 -19.5t-19 -45.5q0 -28 19 -47t45 -19q28 0 47.5 19t19.5 47zM707 19v-19h-255v19q40 0 55 9q14 8 14 24q0 28 -19 70 l-41 94h-262l-46 -114q-9 -22 -9 -42q0 -23 16 -32t54 -9v-19h-199v19q41 4 61 30q17 23 65 137l206 488h20l246 -563q22 -52 39 -70q18 -17 55 -22zM216 257h231l-116 275z" /> . These C 16py-H 2Mo 8 hybrid layered crystals possibly work as a new class of proton conductor.
Disintegrating Risk Management

We present a dynamic structural model of integrated risk management. Several motivations for managing risk are incorporated into the model, including costs associated with external financing, distress and bankruptcy, and convexities in both corporate and personal tax structures. Risk management is enabled through a coordination of operating flexibility, liquidity management, and hedging with derivatives. We analyze the value created by this integrated risk management structure, disintegrate this value in several ways, and examine why it falls short of the value associated with a perfect risk management contract that would return firm value to that in a frictionless world. We study the relative contribution of the various rationales for managing risk, and highlight the importance of distress costs, as well as a convexity due to personal taxes on equity income that has not been emphasized to date in the literature. We also isolate the marginal contributions of the different mechanisms to manage risk. We show that liquidity serves a critical role in risk management, despite the tax penalty associated with holding cash, which provides a rationalization for the high levels of cash observed in recent empirical studies. The value attributable to derivatives usage does not appear to be significant in the presence of other risk management mechanisms, though we identify circumstances where this value might be larger, thus helping to resolve conflicting empirical evidence on this issue. We also evaluate the impact of financial agency problems that may result in speculative derivatives positions, and examine the efficacy of imposing position limits in corporate risk management policies. ∗Department of Economics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy and George Washington University School of Business, Washington, DC, USA †Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Experimental immunology Long-term study on the spread of caprine arthritis-encephalitis in a goat herd

1Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Department of Large Animal Diseases with the Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland 2Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences in Jastrzêbiec, Wólka Kosowska, Poland 3Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Small Animal Diseases with the Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
The Moderating Influence of Situational Motivation on the Relationship Between Preferred Exercise and Positive Affect

Despite convincing evidence supporting the association between exercise and positive affect, this complex relationship requires further theoretical and person-centered explanation. The nature of one’s motivation for exercise, as postulated by Self-Determination Theory (SDT), may supply a missing and understudied link. The primary aim of this experimental study was to examine the moderating influence of situational motivation from SDT on the relationship between an acute bout of preferred exercise, namely running (vs. control), and changes in positive affect. Forty-one active women attended two sessions to engage in (a) a 30-min moderate-intensity self-paced treadmill run and (b) a 30-min quiet activity (i.e., newspaper reading). Participants with high introjection versus those with low introjection reported a greater increase in positive affect from pre- to postrunning and a greater decrease in positive affect from pre- to postcontrol. A “relief from guilt” effect was postulated to explain these results. Motivational variables accounted for 7% of variance in postrun positive affect. Consistent with SDT, running because one values this behavior and its benefits (i.e., identified regulation) was significantly associated with postrun positive affect.
Commonality and Heterogeneity in Real Effective Exchange Rates: Evidence from Advanced and Developing Countries

In order to differentiate between commonality and heterogeneity in real effective exchange rates, which are considered a measure of external competitiveness, we decompose their movements into global and country-specific factors using the Bayesian factor model. First, we show a complex but often positive relationship between real exchange rates and net trade volume using panel data of developed and developing countries. Then we report a particular global trend in real exchange rates, but a substantial proportion of their variation is found to be country-specific. In line with this finding, we conclude that structural shifts, when they do exist, are considered country-specific factors. Furthermore, consistent with economic theory, this global factor is closely related to a trend in the global interest rate, while country-specific factors are closely related to idiosyncratic movements in the countries' own interest rates. Such a decomposition results in better model performance in terms of coefficient signs, and therefore our results suggest that external competitiveness is heterogeneous among countries and that economic policy can influence countries’ competitiveness.
Malaysian women entrepreneurial characteristics, strategic orientation and firm performance: The moderator role of government support programs

Article history: Received 19 December 2016 Received in revised form 4 September 2017 Accepted 7 October 2017 This paper aims to identify critical factors associated with women entrepreneurship using the Malaysian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as a base. The study also examines the government support program (GSP) as a mediator between the influencing factors and performance of women entrepreneurs. More publications on specific issues regarding women entrepreneurship are now available in the literature due to the increasing awareness on women entrepreneurs of different backgrounds. Despite the significance of this subject, only minimal data can be found on the business practices and strategies for growth and survival of these women entrepreneurs. In addition, the entrepreneurs’ perceptions towards careers in the area and many other questions still remain unexplored. To that end, this research intends to examine some of these questions in effort to address the gap in the literature with focus on the women entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Its main objective is to study the personal characteristics of these women entrepreneurs and the impact of GSP on firm performance.
Variability of Citrus Exocortis Viroid (CEVd)

Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) has been adopted as a tool for viroid characterization. Nucleic acid extracts from a viroid field isolate containing CEVd was sub- jected to retrotranscription and PCR amplification using a set of contiguous CEVd-specific prim- ers. The analysis of cloned DNAs recovered from this isolate illustrates the extent of variability within a single CEVd isolate. The relationship between the SSCP profiles observed among clones and the variation in their nucleotide sequences was confirmed by sequence analysis of selected clones. The results indicate that field isolates are complex populations or quasispecies. Two highly conserved sequences (master sequences) as well as several less abundant variants were consis- tently identified. The sequence variants presented a base pairing arrangement in the P domain characteristic of severe strains of CEVd. A branched secondary structure rather than the rod-like structure was predicted to occur at 37 ° C. Index words. Variants, SSCP, quasispecies. Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), the causal agent of the exocortis dis- ease, was discovered in 1972 (12). Determination of its primary struc- ture (4, 14), showed that the CEVd molecule is a covalently closed circu- lar RNA with a highly base paired rod-like structure which conforms the model of five structural domains (T L , P, C, V, T R ) (7). Viroid replication which occurs in the absence of proof-reading mecha- nisms accounts for a high rate of variability generation. Although there are numerous structural con- straints, which impair infectivity
Use of hyper-elasticity in anisotropic clay plasticity models

In conventional elastic-plastic constitutive models for clays, elastic strains are usually calculated by isotropic hypo-elastic models. However, this class of elasticity has two major deficiencies: (a) it ignores the influence of shear stress-induced anisotropy and; (b) it does not conserve energy. Another class of the elasticity theory, the so-called hyper-elasticity theory, is capable of eliminating both deficiencies simultaneously. In this study, constitutive equations of a recently proposed elastic-plastic platform for clays named SANICLAY are generalized in order to enable it to consider the possibility of the anisotropic response in the elastic domain. The generalized formulation allows shear-volumetric coupling not existing in the basic platform. Then, the elastic moduli obtained from a hyper-elastic model are implemented within the generalized SANICLAY formulation. The refined model predictions are directly compared with the experimental data of various clays. It is shown that more realistic stress paths are achieved from the refined model.
Assessing the Relationship Between IT Capabilities and Performance: A Study in Banking Industry of Bangladesh

In every economic system banking institutions play important role to accelerate the growth of economy. As the advancement of IT is incredibly increase day by day so it is necessary to assess the impact of IT capabilities on the performance of banking activities. This study demonstrates the relationship between IT capabilities and performance of bank in Bangladesh. The sample size of the study was 15 commercial banks which were randomly selected from the listed commercial banks of Dhaka Stock Exchange. A structured questionnaire was asked to key personnel of selected banks to achieve research objectives. After examining previous studies it was identified that IT capabilities has mixed relationship with firm performance. The study has taken process oriented dynamic capabilities (PDC) to identify the relationship between IT and performance of banks and treat business processes of bank as mediating factors between IT capabilities and bank performance. Here collective effects of IT Capabilities at both the process level and the firm level are examined. To measure the performance at firm level the study has taken Balance Score Card (BSC) method which considers all perspectives to evaluate performance. Study result shows that IT capabilities have significant positive impact on the business process level of bank which in turn positively impact on the performance of bank. Among the components of IT capabilities, IT management capabilities and IT personnel skills have insignificant effect on IT infrastructure flexibility. However, IT personnel skills have statistically significant effect on IT management skills. The major findings of the study facilitate banking organization to understand that IT improves business performance through process improvements which are considered as mediating factors. Keywords: IT Capabilities, Process Oriented Dynamic Capabilities (PDC), Balance Score Card, Mediating Factors, Business Process.
Confidentiality and public protection: Ethical dilemmas in qualitative research with adult male sex offenders

This paper considers the ethical tensions present when engaging in in-depth interviews with convicted sex offenders. Many of the issues described below are similar to those found in other sensitive areas of research. However, confidentiality and public protection are matters that require detailed consideration when the desire to know more about men who have committed serious and harmful offences is set against the possibility of a researcher not disclosing previously unknown sensitive information that relates to the risk of someone being harmed.
Scandal, Protection, and Recovery in the Cabinet

Empirical evidence suggests that a prime minister benefits from firing ministers who are involved in political scandals. We explore a model in which scandals are positively related to policy activism, so that a prime minister may wish to protect a minister from resignation calls. We find that protection can sometimes discourage activism: it enhances the value of a minister's career and hence encourages him to “sit tight” by moderating his activities. On the other hand, an exogenous increase in exposure to scandals may lead a minister to “live for today” by pursuing controversial policies. The prime minister's ability to protect ministers is limited by her short-term incentive to fire. She may, however, enhance her credibility by building a collective reputation with the cabinet; the heterogeneity of cabinet membership plays an important role.
Cortical Connectivity-ReadingSample

This review is concerned with a detailed examination of the neurophysiological mechanisms that allow fast interactions between two key components of the ‘visuomotor grasping network’ in the primate brain: ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and primary motor cortex (M1). It first reviews the anatomical linkages between them and then surveys a number of studies which have together shown that PMv can modulate activity of grasp-related activity in M1 in a grasp-specific fashion, and in particular can either facilitate or suppress M1 outputs controlling intrinsic hand muscles. The mechanisms subserving the interactions between PMv and M1, which are reciprocal, could allow for fast selection of M1 outputs that would be appropriate for the grasp of visible objects.
Sum-of-squares clustering on networks

Finding p prototypes by minimizing the sum of the squared distances from a set of points to its closest prototype is a well-studied problem in clustering, data analysis and continuous location. In this note, this very same problem is addressed assuming, for the first time, that the space of possible prototype locations is a network. We develop some interesting properties of such clustering problem. We also show that optimal cluster prototypes are not necessary located at vertices of the network.
Amundsen Sea ice production and transport

[1] Drift and variability of sea ice in the Amundsen Sea are investigated with ice buoys deployed in March 2000 and a coupled ice-ocean model. The Bremerhaven Regional Ice Ocean Simulations (BRIOS) model results are compared with in situ ocean, atmosphere, and sea ice measurements; satellite observations; and 8–19 months of buoy drift data. We identify a zone of coastal westward drift and a band of faster eastward drift, separated by a broad transition region characterized by variable ice motions. The model represents drift events at scales approaching its resolution but is limited at smaller scales and by deficiencies in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction forcing. Two thirds of the modeled ice production in the southern Amundsen moves westward near the coast, its transport modulated by meridional wind strength, damping sea ice formation in the eastern Ross Sea. Half of the ice exported from the Ross moves eastward into the northern Amundsen Sea, a net sea ice sink that also receives more than one third of the ice generated to its south. A low rate of exchange occurs with the Bellingshausen Sea, which must have a more independent ice regime. Snow ice formation resulting from high precipitation accounts for one quarter of the ice volume in the Amundsen Sea, aiding the formation of thick ice in a region with generally divergent ice drift. Freshwater extraction by sea ice formation is roughly balanced by precipitation and ice shelf melting, but a positive trend in the surface flux is consistent with an Amundsen source for reported freshening in the Ross Sea.
Preferential Trade Agreements, Market Power, and Product Differentiation

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) usually result in increased trade amongst member countries and lower prices within the PTA. Thus the markets are assumed to be “more competitive” because lower prices are taken to imply “decreased market power” due to a reduction in price-cost margins. In this paper we empirically examine the relationship between changes in market power and product differentiation within the context of a duopoly framework with restricted entry. Using industry level trade data from the EEC we show that the formation of a PTA may increase the market power of PTA-exporters and lower the market power of non-PTA exporters. In addition, we show that these market power effects are more pronounced for less differentiated products.
Influence of some starch binders on the brittle fracture tendency of paracetamol tablets

The study was carried out to compare the binder effects of cassava and cocoyam starch with that of maize starch BP. The parameters investigated were the brittle fracture index (BFI), the tablet packing fraction (Pf), and tensile strength (T). Mucilages of the starches of varying concentrations; 15, 20, and 25% (w/v) were formed; their viscosities were determined and used to form paracetamol granules by wet-massing. The granules were compressed at different compression loads (arbitrary units on the load scale; 8, 9 and 9.5). At all given compression loads and at all binder concentration, cassava starch mucilages binder produced the hardest and most compact tablets with the least tendency to brittle fracture compared with cocoyam or maize starch mucilage. For instance, the BFI values at the compression load, 8 were 0.13 (tablets formed with cassava starch mucilage 20% w/v) 0.18 (tablets formed with cocoyam starch mucilage 20% w/v) and 0.35 (tablets formed with maize starch mucilage 20% w/v). Increase in compression load (8 to 9.5) increased the BFI of these tablets while an increase in binder concentration generally caused a decrease in BFI of these tablets. This decrease was less marked at higher compression load. The results indicate that cassava starch mucilage which was the most viscous, displayed the highest potential for ameliorating brittle fracture during manufacture of paracetamol tablets.
Cyberterrorism: hype and reality

Introduction The term cyberterrorism unites two significant modern fears: fear of technology and fear of terrorism. Both of these fears are evidenced in this quote from Walter Laqueur, one of the most well known figures in terrorism studies: “The electronic age has now made cyberterrorism possible. A onetime mainstay of science fiction, the doomsday machine, looms as a real danger. The conjunction of technology and terrorism make for an uncertain and frightening future. ” It is not only academics that are given to sensationalism. Cyberterrorism first became the focus of sustained analysis by government in the mid-1990s. In 1996 John Deutch, former director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), testified before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the United States’ Senate Governmental Affairs Committee: International terrorist groups clearly have the capability to attack the information infrastructure of the United States, even if they use relatively simple means. Since the possibilities for attacks are not difficult to imagine, I am concerned about the potential for such attacks in the future. The methods used could range from such traditional terrorist methods as a vehicle-delivered bomb -directed in this instance against, say, a telephone switching centre or other communications node -to electronic means of attack. The latter methods could rely on paid hackers. The ability to launch an attack, however, are likely to be within the capabilities of a number of terrorist groups, which themselves have increasingly used the Internet and other modern means for their own communications. Both the popularity and, to some extent, the credibility of such scenarios was given a boost by the entertainment industry. Hollywood, eager to capitalise on the cyberterrorist threat, released the James Bond film Goldeneye in 1995. Other sectors were quick to follow with the publishing industry introducing Tom Clancy and Steve R. Pieczenik’s Net Force series in 1998. As Ralf Bendrath has pointed out: “Sometimes it is hard to tell what is science and what is fiction. Winn Schwartau, for example, the rock manager turned preacher of ‘information warfare’ who runs the famous website infowar.com, has testified several times as an IT security expert before Congress, and has written two novels on cyberterror. Even renowned cyber-war theoreticians like John Arquilla have not hesitated to publish thrilling cyber-terror scenarios for the general audience. But these works are not only made for entertainment. They produce certain visions of the future and of the threats and risks looming there. ”