Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Method for Estimating Surf Heights from Deepwater Significant Wave Heights and Peak Periods in Coastal Zones with Narrow Shelves, Steep Bottom Slopes, and High Refraction

Abstract Surf forecasts are vital for safety, property protection, and planning of coastal activities. In Hawaii, surf is frequently dangerous during the boreal fall through spring for northwest- through north-facing coastal areas, which are characterized by narrow shelves, steep bottom slopes, and zones of high refraction. Forecasts of deepwater wave characteristics have improved with the advancement of the Wave Watch III model. A waverider buoy located 5 km northwest of Waimea Bay, Oahu measures the deepwater wave field. Although the offshore wave field is well forecasted and observed, the transformation to surf heights has not been clearly defined and verified. This paper describes an empirical method for estimating breaker heights derived from a comparison of Waimea buoy measurements and north shore, Oahu daily surf observations, which nominally represent the H1/10 for the locations with the highest reported surf and have been recorded in Hawaii scale. The first task of this study is to translate the visual surf observations from Hawaii scale to trough-to-crest heights. The results show that the trough-to-crest heights are twice the Hawaii scale values within the 10–20% margin of error for the full range of breaker sizes encountered in Hawaii. The empirical method is resolved by deriving a coefficient of refraction on the basis of comparisons of the trough-to-crest surf observations with the shoaling-only, estimated breaker heights, which are calculated from the Waimea buoy's significant wave heights and dominant periods. The resultant formula uses offshore wave height and period to estimate surf heights, which represent the H1/10 for zones of high refraction, i.e., nominally the areas of highest surf. The empirical formula should be applicable to other coastal zones of the world with similar geophysical traits and could serve as a scale reference for coastal wave models, such as the Simulating Waves Nearshore model.
Escherichia coli ST131, an Intriguing Clonal Group

SUMMARY In 2008, a previously unknown Escherichia coli clonal group, sequence type 131 (ST131), was identified on three continents. Today, ST131 is the predominant E. coli lineage among extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) isolates worldwide. Retrospective studies have suggested that it may originally have risen to prominence as early as 2003. Unlike other classical group B2 ExPEC isolates, ST131 isolates are commonly reported to produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases, such as CTX-M-15, and almost all are resistant to fluoroquinolones. Moreover, ST131 E. coli isolates are considered to be truly pathogenic, due to the spectrum of infections they cause in both community and hospital settings and the large number of virulence-associated genes they contain. ST131 isolates therefore seem to contradict the widely held view that high levels of antimicrobial resistance are necessarily associated with a fitness cost leading to a decrease in pathogenesis. Six years after the first description of E. coli ST131, this review outlines the principal traits of ST131 clonal group isolates, based on the growing body of published data, and highlights what is currently known and what we need to find out to provide public health authorities with better information to help combat ST131.
Item and source memory: differential age effects revealed by event‐related potentials

THE neural substrates of age-related memory differences were evaluated by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) from young and older adults during a recognition memory paradigm. Subjects studied two temporally distinct lists of sentences (each with two nouns) and were tested for their memory of the nouns and of the list (i.e. temporal source) in which they had occurred. Compared with the young, the old showed a greater source than item memory performance decrement. Both age groups showed equivalent posterior-maximal old/new ERP effects. However, only the young produced a frontal-maximal, late onset old/new effect that differed as a function of subsequent source attribution. Age-related explicit memory differences may be due to a deficit in a prefrontal cortical system that underlies source memory.
The spatial and temporal pattern of beta NGF receptor expression in the developing chick embryo.

To gain insight into the developmental program of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor expression, the binding of [125I] beta NGF to frozen chick sections was investigated autorradiographically between embryonic day 3 (E3) and post‐hatching day 3. Strong NGF receptor expression was observed as early as E4, throughout embryonic development and in the post‐hatching period at the classical NGF target sites: the paravertebral sensory and sympathetic ganglia, the paraaortal sympathetic ganglia as well as the cranial sensory ganglia with neurons of neural crest origin and their respective nerves. Only weak [125I] beta NGF binding was observed during a restricted time span in the parasympathetic ciliary ganglion. Clear differences were observed in the intensity and in the developmental time course of [125I] beta NGF binding to the dorsomedial and ventrolateral aspects of the dorsal root ganglia. NGF receptors were also found to be expressed on central axons of the dorsal root entry zone and the dorsal tract in the spinal cord. A transient expression of specific NGF binding sites of the same high affinity as measured at the classical NGF targets, was detected in the lateral motor column and in muscle at the time of motoneuron synapse formation and elimination.
Computer Vision and Image Understanding

In this paper, we propose a 3D-2D framework for face recognition that is more practical than 3D-3D, yet more accurate than 2D-2D. For 3D-2D face recognition, the gallery data comprises of 3D shape and 2D texture data and the probes are arbitrary 2D images. A 3D-2D system (UR2D) is presented that is based on a 3D deformable face model that allows registration of 3D and 2D data, face alignment, and normalization of pose and illumination. During enrollment, subject-speciﬁc 3D models are constructed using 3D+2D data. For recognition, 2D images are represented in a normalized image space using the gallery 3D models and landmark-based 3D-2D projection estimation. A method for bidirectional relighting is applied for non-linear, local illumination normalization between probe and gallery textures, and a global orientation-based correlation metric is used for pairwise similarity scoring. The generated, personalized, pose-and light-normalized signatures can be used for one-to-one veriﬁcation or one-to-many identiﬁcation. Results for 3D-2D face recognition on the UHDB11 3D-2D database with 2D images under large illumination and pose variations support our hypothesis that, in challenging datasets, 3D-2D out-performs 2D-2D and decreases the performance gap against 3D-3D face recognition. Evaluations on FRGC v2.0 3D-2D data with frontal facial images, demonstrate that the method can generalize to databases with different and diverse illumination conditions.
Prevalence of gastric precancerous lesions in Ardabil, a high incidence province for gastric adenocarcinoma in the northwest of Iran

Background/Aims: Ardabil Province, in northwestern Iran, has the highest rate of gastric (predominantly cardia) adenocarcinoma in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of endoscopic screening and to look for associated Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric precancerous lesions. Methods: One thousand one hundred and five adult volunteers, residents of Ardabil and Meshkinshahr, districts, 40 years old and above were selected and invited by a simple random household canvass in rural and urban locations. Informed consents were obtained and upper gastrointestinal video endoscopy was performed to biopsy all visible lesions and standard sites in the antrum, corpus, and cardia Results: One thousand and eleven of the invited individuals agreed to participate, including 494 men and 517 women, with a mean (SD) age of 53.32 (10.39) years. Endoscopy was well tolerated by all subjects; 96.7% of antral and 80.7% of cardia mucosal biopsies were satisfactory. The urease test or histology for H pylori was positive in at least 89.2% of subjects. Histological evidence of mucosal atrophy was seen in 39.3% of antral and 21.9% of cardia samples. Chronic gastritis with or without activity, reactive atypia of glandular epithelium, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer were found in 95.1%, 38.0%, 8.7%, 0.2%, and 0.3% of antral and 85.3%, 22.9%, 3.8%, 0.3%, and 0.1% of cardiac biopsies, respectively. Conclusion: Endoscopic screening for upper gastrointestinal diseases was feasible and well tolerated in Ardabil, Iran. Most subjects showed H pylori infection. Atrophic gastritis, reactive atypia, and intestinal metaplasia were common in antrum, corpus, and cardia subsites.
Aciduric microbiota and mutans streptococci in severe and recurrent severe early childhood caries.

PURPOSE Severe early childhood caries (ECC) results from bacterial acid production in an acidic environment. The purpose of this study was to determine Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and acid-tolerant counts in severe early childhood caries. METHODS Two- to 6-year-olds with severe-ECC (N=77) or who were caries-free (N=40) were examined. Plaque samples from teeth and the tongue were cultured anaerobically on blood, acid, and S. mutans selective agars. Severe-ECC children were monitored post-treatment for recurrent caries. RESULTS Severe-ECC and caries-free children were balanced by household income and education level. Carious lesions were observed in 75% maxillary incisors and >80% molars in severe-ECC. At baseline, S. mutans, and S. sobrinus counts and proportions of S mutans were higher in severe-ECC than caries-free children. Acid and blood counts were elevated only in anterior samples of severe-ECC children. Baseline counts of S. sobrinus, but not S. mutans, were higher in children with recurrent compared with no recurrent caries. S. mutans counts were lower following treatment than pretreatment, particularly for children without caries recurrence. Other counts did not differ between before and after therapy. CONCLUSIONS Severe and recurrent early childhood caries was better explained by mutans streptococci than the aciduric microbiota. Streptococcus mutans did not predict children with recurrent caries.
Kissing the cobra: Sexuality and high risk in a generalised epidemic—a case study of White university students

This paper explores the social factors that may account for the way the HIV-AIDS epidemic is unfolding in a racially segmented and socially differentiated society. As a sexually transmitted infectious disease that particularly infects adolescents and decimates young adults, there is an urgent need to critically assess assumptions about the influence of culture and social relations on differences in patterns and the scale of infection across racial groups in South Africa. The point of departure is the recognition that while nationally there is a generalised epidemic of gigantic proportions, the epidemic among young White adults is still nascent. Through a qualitative exploration of White student perceptions of risk, sexual networking and practices in an HIV-AIDS environment, this small study hopes to shed light on some of the social and cultural issues surrounding the epidemic.
Acceptance and Use of Interactive Whiteboards in Schools: The Teachers' Point of View

While information technology in general offers potential to improve learning and teaching processes, interactive whiteboards (IWBs) as a specific technology can increase flexibility, efficiency, interactivity, and motivation in classroom settings. Despite substantial investments, many teachers are reluctant to use IWBs. Insights from previous research to explain this reluctance are limited since the voluntary nature of teachers’ decision to use IWBs has been disregarded so far. To overcome this shortcoming, we rely on different theories concerning technology acceptance to develop and test a research model that advances the understanding of factors that contribute to teachers’ behavioral intention and use behavior regarding IWBs. Our study reveals hedonic motivation, habit, social influence, and compatibility as important factors. While we discuss contributions of our work such as the general role of hedonic motivation and habit in voluntary contexts of technology acceptance research, we also offer implications that schools should consider for successful IWB adoption.
Return to official Italian First Division soccer games within 90 days after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a case report.

STUDY DESIGN Case report. BACKGROUND To present the rehabilitative course, decision-making, and clinical milestones that allowed a top-level professional soccer player to return to full competitive activity 90 days after surgery. CASE DESCRIPTION The patient was a 35-year-old forward player who sustained an isolated complete tear of the left anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the midst of the competitive 2001-2002 season. He was in contention for a position on the Italian World Cup Team that was to be played 135 days after his injury, only if he demonstrated that he could return to play at the highest level before the team was selected. The patient underwent an arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction with a double-loop semitendinosus-gracilis autograft 4 days after the injury. Eight days after surgery he began rehabilitation at a rate of 2 sessions a day, 5 days a week, plus 1 session every Saturday morning. These sessions were performed in a pool for aquatic exercises, in a gymnasium for flexibility, coordination, and strength exercises, and on a soccer field for recovery of technical and tactical skills, with continuous monitoring of training intensity. OUTCOMES The surgical technique and the progressive rehabilitation program allowed the patient to play for 20 minutes in an official First Division soccer game 77 days after surgery and to play a full game 90 days after surgery. Eighteen months postsurgery, the player had participated in 62 First Division matches, scoring 26 times, and had received no further treatment for his knee. DISCUSSION This case report suggests that early return to high-level competition after ACL reconstruction is possible in some instances. Some factors that may have favored the early return include optimal physical fitness before surgery, a strong psychological determination, an isolated ACL lesion, a properly placed and tensioned graft, a personalized progression of volume and intensity of exercise loads, and an appropriate density of rehabilitative training consisting of a mix of gymnasium, pool, and field exercises.
IN VITRO INDUCTION OF A PRIMARY RESPONSE TO THE DINITROPHENYL DETERMINANT

Primary antibody response against the dinitrophenyl group has been elicited in vitro after the stimulation of normal mouse spleen explants with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-hemocyanin or α-DNP-poly-L-lysine (PLL). Antibodies were detected in the culture medium by the inactivation of DNP-T4 phage. The specificity of the reaction was manifested by the lack of the capacity of the medium to inactivate the unmodified bacteriophage and by the inhibition of the inactivation of DNP-T4 with DNP-lysine.
Impact of a computer-based diagnostic decision support tool on the differential diagnoses of medicine residents.

BACKGROUND Computer-based medical diagnostic decision support systems have been used for decades, initially as stand-alone applications. More recent versions have been tested for their effectiveness in enhancing the diagnostic ability of clinicians. OBJECTIVE To determine if viewing a rank-ordered list of diagnostic possibilities from a medical diagnostic decision support system improves residents' differential diagnoses or management plans. METHOD Twenty first-year internal medicine residents at Massachusetts General Hospital viewed 3 deidentified case descriptions of real patients. All residents completed a web-based questionnaire, entering the differential diagnosis and management plan before and after seeing the diagnostic decision support system's suggested list of diseases. In all 3 exercises, the actual case diagnosis was first on the system's list. Each resident served as his or her own control (pretest/posttest). RESULTS For all 3 cases, a substantial percentage of residents changed their primary considered diagnosis after reviewing the system's suggested diagnoses, and a number of residents who had not initially listed a "further action" (laboratory test, imaging study, or referral) added or changed their management options after using the system. Many residents (20% to 65% depending on the case) improved their differential diagnosis from before to after viewing the system's suggestions. The average time to complete all 3 cases was 15.4 minutes. Most residents thought that viewing the medical diagnostic decision support system's list of suggestions was helpful. CONCLUSION Viewing a rank-ordered list of diagnostic possibilities from a diagnostic decision support tool had a significant beneficial effect on the quality of first-year medicine residents' differential diagnoses and management plans.
Flow over a Wing with Leading-Edge Undulations

The stall-delaying properties of the humpback whale flipper have been observed and quantified in recent years, through both experimental and numerical studies. In the present work, numerical simulations of an infinite-span wing with an idealized representation of this geometry are reported at a Reynolds number of 1.2×10(to the power of 5). Using large-eddy simulation, an adequate spatial resolution is first established before also examining the spanwise extent of the domain. These results are then analyzed to provide an explanation of the conditions that drive the lift observed beyond the conventional stall angle. The undulating leading-edge geometry gives rise to a spanwise pressure gradient that drives a secondary flow toward the regions of minimum chord. In turn, this leads to the entrainment of higher-momentum fluid into the region behind the maximum chord, which energizes the boundary layer and delays stall. Aside from demonstrating a significant poststall lift, the undulations also have the added benefit of substantially reducing lift fluctuations.
Bacterial peptidoglycans but not CpG oligodeoxynucleotides activate synovial fibroblasts by toll-like receptor signaling.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that bacterial products acting as adjuvants, such as CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) and peptidoglycans (PGs), are able to activate synoviocytes, and to determine the involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in this activation process. METHODS Cultured synovial fibroblasts obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA) were stimulated with CpG ODNs or PGs. The expression of various integrins was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. TLR and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) messenger RNA (mRNA) was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in the culture supernatants were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blocking experiments were performed by adding anti-TLR-2 and anti-TLR-4 monoclonal antibodies to cultures stimulated with bacterial PGs. RESULTS Incubation of synovial fibroblasts with CpG ODNs resulted in neither up-regulation of the expression of integrins on the cell surface, up-regulation of MMP mRNA expression, nor IL-6 and IL-8 production. However, incubation of RA synovial fibroblasts as well as OA synovial fibroblasts with staphylococcal PGs led to an up-regulation of CD54 (ICAM-1) surface expression and to increased expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 mRNA. Furthermore, production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 was increased by treatment with PGs. We demonstrated that cultured synovial fibroblasts express low levels of TLR-2 and TLR-9 mRNA. TLR-2 was up-regulated after stimulation with PGs, whereas TLR-9 mRNA remained at baseline levels after stimulation with CpG ODNs. Anti-TLR-2 monoclonal antibodies significantly inhibited production of IL-6 and IL-8 induced by stimulation with PGs. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that bacterial PGs activate synovial fibroblasts, at least partially via TLR-2, to express integrins, MMPs, and proinflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of TLR signaling pathways might therefore have a beneficial effect on both joint inflammation and joint destruction.
Use of subjective and objective criteria to categorise visual disability

Context: Visual disability is categorised using objective criteria. Subjective measures are not considered. Aim: To use subjective criteria along with objective ones to categorise visual disability. Settings and Design: Ophthalmology out-patient department; teaching hospital; observational study. Material and Methods: Consecutive persons aged >25 years, with vision <20/20 (in one or both eyes) due to chronic conditions, like cataract and refractive errors, were categorized into 11 groups of increasing disability; group-zero: normal range of vision, to group-X: no perception of light, bilaterally. Snellen's vision; binocular contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson chart); automated binocular visual field (Humphrey; Esterman test); and vision-related quality of life (Indian Visual Function Questionnaire-33; IND-VFQ33) were recorded. Statistical Analysis: SPSS version-17; Kruskal-wallis test was used to compare contrast sensitivity and visual fields across groups, and Mann-Whitney U test for pair-wise comparison (Bonferroni adjustment; P < 0.01). One-way ANOVA compared quality of life data across groups; for pairwise significance, Dunnett T3 test was applied. Results: In 226 patients, contrast sensitivity and visual fields were comparable for differing disability grades except when disability was severe (P < 0.001), or moderately severe (P < 0.01). Individual scales of IND-VFQ33 were also mostly comparable; however, global scores showed a distinct pattern, being different for some disability grades but comparable for groups III (78.51 ± 6.86) and IV (82.64 ± 5.80), and groups IV and V (77.23 ± 3.22); these were merged to generate group 345; similarly, global scores were comparable for adjacent groups V and VI (72.53 ± 6.77), VI and VII (74.46 ± 4.32), and VII and VIII (69.12 ± 5.97); these were merged to generate group 5678; thereafter, contrast sensitivity and global and individual IND-VFQ33 scores could differentiate between different grades of disability in the five new groups. Conclusions: Subjective criteria made it possible to objectively reclassify visual disability. Visual disability grades could be redefined to accommodate all from zero-100%.