Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inequalities in cardiovascular disease mortality: the role of behavioural, physiological and social risk factors

Background While the relationship between socio-economic disadvantage and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well established, the role that traditional cardiovascular risk factors play in this association remains unclear. The authors examined the association between education attainment and CVD mortality and the extent to which behavioural, social and physiological factors explained this relationship. Methods Adults (n=38 355) aged 40–69 years living in Melbourne, Australia were recruited in 1990–1994. Subjects with baseline CVD risk factor data ascertained through questionnaire and physical measurement were followed for an average of 9.4 years with CVD deaths verified by review of medical records and autopsy reports. Results CVD mortality was higher for those with primary education only, compared with those who had completed tertiary education, with an HR of 1.66 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.49) after adjustment for age, country of birth and gender. Those from the lowest educated group had a more adverse cardiovascular risk factor profile compared with the highest educated group, and adjustment for these risk factors reduced the HR to 1.18 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.77). In analysis of individual risk factors, smoking and waist circumference explained most of the difference in CVD mortality between the highest and lowest education groups. Conclusions Most of the excess CVD mortality in lower socio-economic groups can be explained by known risk factors, particularly smoking and overweight. While targeting cardiovascular risk factors should not divert efforts from addressing the underlying determinants of health inequalities, it is essential that known risk factors are addressed effectively among lower socio-economic groups.
HER2 and response to paclitaxel in node-positive breast cancer.

To the Editor: Trastuzumab and aromatase inhibitors — current standard agents for HER2positive breast cancer and estrogen-receptor– positive postmenopausal breast cancer, respectively — were not included in the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) trial of adjuvant treatment. Thus, in their report on HER2 and response to paclitaxel in women with node-positive breast cancer, Hayes et al. (Oct. 11 issue)1 can make no conclusion about the usefulness of the addition of paclitaxel in the current standard combination of drugs.
Stationarity of Random Data: Some Implications for the Distribution of Stock Price Changes

This paper has discussed the importance of stationary data in statistical applications and has at the same time suggested one method for testing for stationarity. An application of the testing procedure is made to common stock prices. The results indicate that these data could be nonstationary in the usual sense of stability of the mean and mean-square values despite efforts to transform the data into a stationary form using first differences.
Business conditions and nonrandom walk behaviour of US stocks and bonds returns

If security returns are predictable due to rational variations in expected returns, as been argued by Fama and French (1989), then abnormal returns should follow a random walk process. This article investigates whether monthly abnormal returns on four US securities – high-grade corporate bonds, low-grade corporate bonds, large-cap stocks and small-cap stocks - exhibit a random walk pattern. Abnormal returns on these securities are derived from regressing excess security returns on three proxies of business condition (term premium (TRISK), default premium (DRISK) and dividend yield (DIVYLD)) and federal funds rate (FedFund). Four alternative test procedures - variance ratio test, nonparametric runs test, Markov chain test and time reversibility tests – are employed. This study finds that abnormal returns on all securities, with the exception of high-grade corporate bonds, exhibit nonrandom pattern between 1973 and 2002, suggesting that these four common risk factors cannot capture the time-varying returns of both stocks and bonds.
Leadership, Accountability and Public Value: Resolving a Problem in “New Governance”?

Abstract Governance has been made more complex by New Public Management-type reforms that have changed the balance between political and managerial accountability. Leadership that takes responsibility for mobilizing networks in pursuit of initiatives that create public value can be seen as a response to accountability deficits. Institutional and policy changes may be needed which will create an environment in which public value-seeking leadership can be encouraged.
Risk Factors for African Swine Fever in Smallholder Pig Production Systems in Uganda

Smallholder pig production in Uganda is constrained by poor management and high disease burden, with African swine fever (ASF) being one of the most important contributors. However, data to develop appropriate evidence-based disease mitigating interventions along the pig value chain are lacking. This study aimed at determining risk factors associated with the occurrence of outbreaks of ASF in selected districts. A cross-sectional survey of 1195 pig-keeping households in three districts was carried out between April and July 2013. Households were classified into one of three value chain domains (VCDs) based on where the production was located and where most of the products were sold: rural-rural (R-R), rural-urban (R-U) and urban-urban (U-U). Findings revealed that crop farming is the most common primary activity in the R-R and R-U VCDs, while pig keeping was the most common primary activity in the U-U VCDs. Pigs are mostly kept tethered or left to roam in the R-R and R-U VCDs, while in the U-U VCDs, they are mostly confined in corrals. Nearly 20% of the farmers whose farms were hit by an ASF outbreak subsequently sold all their pigs (healthy and sick) to the market in panic. Factors that positively correlated with recent ASF outbreaks were prompt disposal of dead pigs on farms (P < 0.001, OR = 2.3), wild animals present in the village (P < 0.001, OR = 1.7) and farmers sourcing drugs from stockists (P < 0.001, OR = 1.6); while protective factors were the presence of perimeter fences (P = 0.03, OR = 0.5), attendance of farmers at secondary-school level and above (P < 0.001, OR = 0.6), routine cleaning of the pig pens (P < 0.001, OR = 0.6) and pigs being the only livestock kept by farmer (P = 0.01, OR = 0.7). Given the current situation, there is a need to raise awareness among farmers and other value chain actors of biosecurity measures and create incentives for farmers to report ASF cases.
Ownership Structure and Insider Trading: Evidence from China

Abstract In this paper, we examine the information content of insider transactions in China and analyze how ownership structures shape market reaction to these transactions. We find that the cumulative abnormal return (CAR) to insider purchases is a convex function of the percentage of shares owned by the largest shareholder. Further, the CAR to insider purchases is lower when the largest shareholder is government-related, or when the control rights of the largest shareholder exceed its cash flow rights. We also find that the market reaction to insider purchases is more positive for firms audited by Big4 auditors. However, we do not find a significant relationship between an ownership structure and the market reaction to insider sales. Our results are remarkably robust to alternative model specifications, corporate insider identities, and recent corporate news releases on price-sensitive events. Finally, we show that market reaction to insider purchases is larger for firms with less severe expropriations, as captured by the use of other receivables.
Actinic Keratoses and the Incidence of Occult Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Clinical–Histopathologic Correlation

BACKGROUND The ability to clinically diagnose actinic keratoses (AKs) lesions has been taken for granted for some time. The importance of the malignant potential of these lesions is well known. However, a recent Phase IV, multicenter study assessing the long-term benefit of aminolevulinic acid–based photodynamic therapy provided a unique opportunity to prospectively examine the clinical histopathologic correlation of AKs. OBJECTIVE The objective was to characterize the histopathology of clinically diagnosed AK lesions in the study population. METHODS Punch biopsies of 220 clinically diagnosed untreated AKs were performed at baseline plus 51 lesions unresponsive to treatment (total, 271). RESULTS Clinical diagnosis and histopathologic findings agreed in 91% (246/271) of the lesions biopsied. The balance of the biopsied lesions were: (1) benign changes 4% (11/271) and (2) occult cutaneous malignancy in 5% (14/271) of the cases, 12 squamous cell carcinomas and 2 basal cell carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS In this study, about 1 in 25 clinically diagnosed AK lesions identified by board-certified dermatologist investigator(s) were occult early-stage squamous cell carcinomas on histologic assessment, a fact surmised by the medical community that until now had not been well quantified. These findings should be considered when clinicians decide how to treat and manage AK patients.
Quality of Life in Predialysis End-Stage Renal Disease Patients at the Initiation of Dialysis Therapy

Objective To assess health-related quality of life (QL) in a group of Dutch predialysis end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients prior to the initiation of dialysis, and to compare QL between patients with different intended initial dialysis treatments. Design In a prospective cohort study, demographic, clinical, and QL data were obtained from Dutch adult patients who were consecutively enrolled from 27 different centers 0 – 4 weeks prior to the beginning of their chronic dialysis treatment. Patients Of the 301 patients who completed the QL questionnaires (of a possible 337 enrolled patients), 152 intended to start with hemodialysis (pre-HD) and 149 patients with peritoneal dialysis (pre-PD). Main Outcome Measure Perceived QL of pre-HD and pre-PD patients. Quality of life was assessed with two generic health assessment instruments: the SF-36 and the EuroQol. Results After correction for group differences, pre-HD patients scored consistently, but not significantly, lower for all separate dimensions of the SF-36 and the overall health score of the EuroQol compared to pre-PD patients. However, analyzing the dimensions of the SF-36 together, adjusted for case-mix, pre-HD patients scored significantly lower than pre-PD patients. Mean difference was 6.5 points (p = 0.04). Conclusion Multivariate adjustment for known case-mix differences at the start of dialysis therapy was not sufficient to adjust for all patient selection effects on QL. Consequently, published QL comparisons between HD and PD in nonrandomized cohort studies should be interpreted with caution. Assessment of QL just before start of dialysis therapy and subsequent adjustment for baseline values may be the only valid alternative for randomized studies.
Effect of a second-generation venous catheter impregnated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine on central catheter-related infections: a randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Central venous catheter-related infections are a significant medical problem. Improved preventive measures are needed. OBJECTIVE To ascertain 1) effectiveness of a second-generation antiseptic-coated catheter in the prevention of microbial colonization and infection; 2) safety and tolerability of this device; 3) microbiology of infected catheters; and 4) propensity for the development of antiseptic resistance. DESIGN Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. SETTING 9 university-affiliated medical centers. PATIENTS 780 patients in intensive care units who required central venous catheterization. INTERVENTION Patients received either a standard catheter or a catheter coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine. MEASUREMENTS The authors assessed catheter colonization and catheter-related infection, characterized microbes by molecular typing, and determined their susceptibility to antiseptics. Patient tolerance of the catheter was monitored. RESULTS Patients with the 2 types of catheters had similar demographic features, clinical interventions, laboratory values, and risk factors for infection. Antiseptic catheters were less likely to be colonized at the time of removal compared with control catheters (13.3 vs. 24.1 colonized catheters per 1000 catheter-days; P < 0.01). The center-stratified Cox regression hazard ratio for colonization controlling for sampling design and potentially confounding variables was 0.45 (95% CI, 0.25 to 0.78). The rate of definitive catheter-related bloodstream infection was 1.24 per 1000 catheter-days (CI, 0.26 to 3.62 per 1000 catheter-days) for the control group versus 0.42 per 1000 catheter-days (CI, 0.01 to 2.34 per 1000 catheter-days) for the antiseptic catheter group (P = 0.6). Coagulase-negative staphylococci and other gram-positive organisms were the most frequent microbes to colonize catheters. Noninfectious adverse events were similar in both groups. Antiseptic susceptibility was similar for microbes recovered from either group. LIMITATIONS The antiseptic catheter was not compared with an antibiotic-coated catheter, and no conclusion can be made regarding its effect on bloodstream infection. CONCLUSIONS The second-generation chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine catheter is well tolerated. Antiseptic coating appears to reduce microbial colonization of the catheter compared with an uncoated catheter.
Thou shalt buy and hold

An investor holding a stock needs to decide when to sell it over a given investment horizon. It is tempting to think that she should sell at the maximum price over the entire horizon, which is however impossible to achieve. A close yet realistic goal is to sell the stock at a time when the expected relative error between the selling price and the aforementioned maximum price is minimized. This problem is investigated for a Black–Scholes market. A stock ‘goodness index’ α, defined to be the ratio between the excess return rate and the squared volatility rate, is employed to measure the quality of the stock. It is shown that when the stock is good enough, or to be precise when α ≥ 1/2, the optimal strategy is to hold on to the stock, selling only at the end of the horizon. Moreover, the resulting expected relative error diminishes to zero when α goes to infinity. On the other hand, one should sell the stock immediately if α ≤ 0. These results justify the widely accepted financial wisdom that one should buy and hold a stock – if it is good, that is.
Adapting to the Internet

The influence of the Internet on our social and economic life is well documented. However, few studies have been conducted to assess how travelers have adapted to the Internet over time. Using a series of national surveys conducted over the past 6 years (2007–2012), this study describes important changes taking place in the use of the Internet by American travelers. The results point to a number of key trends in travelers’ use of the Internet and suggest that there is a growing “bifurcation” between traditional online travelers, that is, those who use the Internet for standard travel products and those who are beginning to adopt alternative channels and products in search of deeper and more authentic experiences. This article discusses several important implications of these trends for both research and practice.
Span of Control in Production Hierarchies

The allocation of skills in the rm is determined by the span of control of managers. The span of control of any given manager includes the lower skilled managers and the workers that are in the span of control of those lower skilled managers. At each level, skills are imperfect substitutes in the production of output and there are decreasing returns to hiring more agents with the same skill level. In a competitive labor market with atomless rms, we nd that: 1. rms have a non-degenerate skill
SMEs' Preference for Innovation Networks: A Choice Experimental Approach

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the importance of selected characteristics of innovation networks in affecting the decision of food SMEs when joining such networks. The paper develops and tests a series of hypotheses through a choice experiment exercise ran on a sample of 231 firms in six EU countries. The results showed that SMEs prefer networks that are composed of manufacturers and supply chain members, where information is shared confidentially among network partners, and when the network provides support to help the firm build its own networks of partners for innovation. In addition, SMEs' choice of the network is also affected by the interaction between specific network attributes and two firm characteristics, i.e. the firm's collaborative experience and innovation objectives. Based on the results, we conclude that the success of inter-organizational networks depends on the fit between the network's design and the innovation and networking behaviour of the firms.
Government Constraints and Accountability: Economic Voting in Greece Before and During the IMF Intervention

Incumbent parties in Southern Europe experienced losses in their electoral support that came along with a series of economic reforms imposed by the EU and the IMF. However, recent theories of accountability would predict lower levels of economic voting given the limited room left for national governments to manoeuvre the economy. To resolve this puzzle, the paper presents and models quarterly vote intention time series data from Greece (2000–2012) and links it with the state of the economy. The empirical results show that after the bailout loan agreement Greek voters significantly shifted their assignment of responsibility for (economic) policy outcomes from the EU to the national government, which in turn heightened the impact of objective economic conditions on governing party support. The findings have implications for theories linking international structures, government constraints and democratic accountability.
Domestic Saving and Capital Inflow in Some Asian Countries: A Time-Series Study

EVEN IN THE earlier development literature, while many economists formulated their theories mainly in terms of a closed economy, some gave primary emphasis to external factors. The latter made foreign trade and capital inflow the principal determinants in the development process, though none of these economists presented any formal models linking the foreign trade sector to the growth of income. The role of foreign capital in the development process was generally regarded as supplementing domestic investment, thus making possible an increase in domestic investment over domestic saving. Gradually, researchers recognized that capital inflow is associated with the problems of debt servicing and loss of independence to the capital-export countries. However, for a long time economists did not focus their attention on the relationship between capital inflow and domestic saving but rather concentrated on the role of capital inflow in supplementing domestic investment. It was Haavelmo who first raised the question of the possible adverse effect of capital inflow on the level of domestic saving. ' The gain from capital inflow may be small or even negative, and hence it is necessary to reconsider the asserted favorable effect of capital inflow on the growth of income. In view of the practical importance of the Haavelmo hypothesis, numerous empirical studies have been conducted to test its validity. Rahman obtained a statistically significant negative relationship between the saving ratio and the capital inflow ratio (capital inflow di-
Direct ties, prior knowledge, and entrepreneurial resource acquisitions in China and Singapore

The entrepreneurship literature suggests that network ties are useful in mitigating the problem of information asymmetry faced by entrepreneurs when acquiring resources at the early stage of venture creation. We introduce prior knowledge of resource owners as an inverse measure of information asymmetry and investigate the contingent effect of prior knowledge and tie strength between entrepreneurs and resource owners on the likelihood of entrepreneurial resource acquisition. Using data from 378 high-tech ventures located in Beijing, China and Singapore, the analysis shows that strong ties are more important than weak ties, in entrepreneurs’ resource acquisition and this importance grows when resource owners have less prior knowledge to offset problems of information asymmetry. Similar network effects are found in both China and Singapore. The insignificant country difference suggests that the social network culture of the start-up community is universal.
The Impact of Teacher Collaboration on School Management in Canada.

This study examined the level of collaboration between Francophone and Anglophone language teachers of 13- and 16- year-old Canadian students (N = 4,494) using data from the 2002 SAIP (School Achievement Indicators Program) of the Council of Ministers of Education of Canada. Among 32 factors, logistic regression identified six predictors of teacher collaboration, five of which were related to the school and one to the teacher. Results were discussed in light of a theoretical model designed to assess teacher collaboration.
Visitation of tourism attractions and tourist expenditure patterns ‐ repeat versus first‐time visitors

Marketing wisdom suggests that it is less expensive to reattract previous customers than to acquire new ones. Yet, few tourism destinations are actively trying to understand their current visitors in order to more effectively market to them. The present study analyzes international repeat and first‐time visitors to Rotorua, New Zealand, in order to gain insights into their respective visitation patterns of tourist attractions in the area, as well as their trip and expenditure patterns. The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences with regards to trip characteristics, and it offers a few insightful differences with respect to the attractions frequented.
Wife's Labor Force Participation and Family Expenditures for Prepared Food, Food Prepared at Home, and Food Away from Home

This study examines the effects of a wife's participation in the labor force and other socioeconomic factors on family expenditures for prepared food, food prepared at home, and food away from home using the Bureau of Labor Statistics 1992 consumer expenditure survey. On the one hand, results indicate that the number of children, home ownership with mortgage, seasonality, region, wife's age, and income are important determinants of expenditures on food prepared at home. A wife's education and participation in the labor force, on the other hand, affect expenditures on prepared food and food away from home. The impact of both these factors is greater on food away from home than on prepared food expenditures.