Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A prospective multicenter 5-year radiographic evaluation of crestal bone levels over time in 596 dental implants placed in 192 patients.

BACKGROUND Dental implants have been used to replace missing teeth to provide function and esthetics. One goal of such restorations is to maintain host tissue around the implants. The purpose of this prospective multicenter human clinical trial was to evaluate radiographic marginal bone levels around non-submerged hollow cylindrical and solid-screw implants for 5 years after loading. METHODS Patients older than 18 years of age with sufficient native bone to surround a dental implant without imposing on a vital structure were recruited at five sites. Solid-screw or hollow-cylinder implants with a titanium plasma-sprayed implant surface were placed in the anterior maxilla or anterior mandible and restored with fixed restorations. Baseline radiographs were taken at the time of implant placement. Subsequent radiographs were taken at the time of final prosthesis placement, at 6 months after prosthesis placement, and annually from prosthesis placement for 5 years. RESULTS The results of 596 implants in 192 patients at five international sites revealed that clinically significant remodeling of the marginal bone occurred during the first 6 months after implant placement, with a mean (+/- SD) marginal bone loss of 2.44 +/- 1.20 mm. After that, clinically insignificant mean changes in the bone were observed. Overall, 0.22 +/- 0.42 mm of bone loss occurred between the time of prosthesis placement and 1-year postloading. Between 1-year postloading and the last 5-year recall, 0.18 +/- 0.88 mm bone loss occurred. Because 2.84 +/- 1.63 mm of bone loss occurred between implant placement and the 5-year postloading follow-up, 86% of the total mean bone loss over the course of 5 years was accounted for at the time of prosthesis placement. These same trends occurred if the data were analyzed with regard to implant design (solid screw and hollow cylinder), type of restoration (single and multiple), and length of implant (8 to 10, 12, and 14 to 16 mm). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that, in general, clinically significant marginal bone remodeling occurred between the time of implant placement and final prosthesis placement around one-stage non-submerged titanium implants with a titanium plasma-sprayed surface. Subsequent to that, bone loss observed around implants up to 5 years postloading was minimal. These results suggest that the factors that influence early healing around implants are significantly different from those that affect later marginal bone remodeling.
Enabling Energy-Efficient Nonvolatile Computing With Negative Capacitance FET

Negative capacitance FETs (NCFETs) have attracted significant interest due to their steep-switching capability at a low voltage and the associated benefits for implementing energy-efficient Boolean logic. While most existing works aim to avoid the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{D}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{G}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> hysteresis in NCFETs, this paper exploits this hysteresis feature for logic-memory synergy and presents a custom-designed nonvolatile NCFET D flip-flop (DFF) that maintains its state during power outages. This paper also presents an NCFET fabricated for this purpose, showing <10 mV/decade steep hysteresisedges and high, up to seven orders inmagnitude, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{\text {DS}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ratio between the two polarization states. With a device-circuit codesign that takes advantage of the embedded nonvolatility and the high <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{\text {DS}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ratio, the proposed DFF consumes negligible static current in backup and restore operations, and remains robust even with significant global and local ferroelectric material variations across a wide 0.3–0.8 V supply voltage range. Therefore, the proposed DFF achieves energy-efficient and low-latency backup and restore operations. Furthermore, it has an ultralow energy-delay overhead, below 2.1% in normal operations, and operates using the same voltage supply as the Boolean logic elements with which it connects. This promises energy-efficient nonvolatile computing in energy-harvesting and power-gating applications.
The Effects of Tamoxifen and Toremifene on Bone Cells Involve Changes in Plasma Membrane Ion Conductance

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), tamoxifen (Tam) and toremifene (Tor), are widely used in the treatment of breast cancer. In addition, they have been demonstrated to prevent estrogen deficiency‐induced bone loss in postmenopausal women. These effects are thought to be caused by the interaction of the SERMs with the estrogen receptor, although SERMs have also been shown to conduct non‐receptor‐mediated effects such as rapid changes in membrane functions. We compared the effects of Tam, Tor, and 17β‐estradiol (E2) on the viability of rat osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Both Tam and Tor were found to cause osteoclast apoptosis in in vitro cultures, which was reversed by E2. In addition, at higher concentration (10 μM), both SERMs had an estrogen receptor‐independent effect, which involved interaction with the plasma membrane as demonstrated with UMR‐108 osteosarcoma cells by Tam and Tor, but not E2. A leak of protons leading to changes in intracellular pH was shown both in medullary bone derived membrane vesicles and in intact cells. These effects were followed by a rapid loss of cell viability and subsequent cell lysis. Our results show that both Tam and Tor have an ionophoric effect on the plasma membranes of bone cells and that these SERMs differed in this ability: Tor induced rapid membrane depolarization only in the presence of high concentration of potassium. These non‐receptor‐mediated effects may be involved in therapeutic responses and explain some clinical side effects associated with the treatment of patients with these SERMs.
Does mixed crop-livestock farming lead to less diversified diets among smallholders? Evidence from Laos

Malnourishment continues to remain a challenge in developing countries. As the undernourished are largely smallholder farmers, it is widely assumed that farm diversification and mixed crop‐livestock agricultural systems can help alleviate this problem. However, empirical evidence in this context is limited. Hence, we use a two‐year panel's data from Laos to examine whether farm production diversity as well as a mixed crop‐livestock farming system improves household dietary diversity among smallholder farmer. The results from the fixed effects regression indicate that although farm production diversity does lead to a higher dietary diversity, the effect diminishes with continued farm diversification. The counterfactual analysis from the endogenous switching regression reveals that mixed crop‐livestock farming systems do not necessarily enhance dietary diversity. However, we further find that purchasing food from the markets plays an important role in enhancing the dietary diversity of rural smallholder farmers.
Respiratory muscle training improves cardiopulmonary function and exercise tolerance in subjects with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial

Objective: To determine whether two types of exercise — breathing retraining (BRT) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) — improve on cardiopulmonary functions and exercise tolerance in patients with stroke. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Setting: Education and research hospital. Subjects: Forty-five inpatients with stroke (24 men, 21 women) were recruited for the study. The subjects were randomized into three groups: 15 assigned to receive inspiratory muscle training (IMT); 15 assigned to received breathing retraining, diaphragmatic breathing and pursed-lips breathing (BRT); 15 assigned to a control group. Interventions: All study groups participated in a conventional stroke rehabilitation programme. For the same period, the IMT and BRT groups trained daily, six times a week, with each session consisting of one half-hour of training for six weeks. Main measures: Each subject underwent pulmonary function and cardiopulmonary exercise tests. Subjects were also assessed for exertional dyspnoea, stages of motor recovery, ambulation status, activity of daily living and quality of life. Results: After the training programme, the IMT group had significantly improved forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory flow rate 25—75% (FEF 25—75%) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) values compared with the BRT and control groups, although there were no significant differences between the BRT and control groups (P<0.01). Peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) value was increased significantly in the BTR group compared with the IMT and control groups. The IMT group also had significantly higher peak oxygen consumption (Vo2peak) than the BRT and control groups, although there were no significant differences between the BRT and control groups (P<0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax) and maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure (PEmax) in the BRT group and, PImax in the IMT group compared with baseline and the control group. In the IMT group, this was associated with improvements in exercise capacity, sensation of dyspnoea and quality of life. Conclusions: Significant short-term effects of the respiratory muscle training programme on respiratory muscle function, exercise capacity and quality of life were recorded in this study.
Use of Sevoflurane During Elective Cesarean Birth: A Comparison with Isoflurane and Spinal Anesthesia

This randomized study compared sevoflurane 1% and isoflurane 0.5% in terms of maternal and neonatal outcomes. In addition, neonatal outcome in both groups was compared with a cohort of patients delivered by cesarean birth using spinal anesthesia. Fifty-five patients presenting for elective cesarean birth under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive either sevoflurane 1% or isoflurane 0.5% in a 50% nitrous oxide and oxygen mixture for maintenance. Twenty patients requesting regional anesthesia received a subarachnoid block using 1.5 mL bupivacaine 0.75% in 8.25% dextrose with fentanyl 10 micro gram. Intraoperative hemodynamic variables and perioperative adverse events were recorded. Neonatal data included Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min, umbilical artery gas analysis, neurologic adaptive capacity scores (NACS) at 2 and 24 h, and a modified neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS) at 24 h. Sevoflurane and isoflurane at equianesthetic concentrations (0.46 MAC-h [minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration hours]) were associated with similar blood pressure and heart rate changes during the operation. Blood loss, uterine tone, and perioperative complications were not problematic and were similar with the two drugs. No differences were seen in emergence times or in the time to being judged fit for discharge from the recovery room. Similarly, the level of postoperative comfort was the same in both groups. Comparing the general and the spinal anesthetic groups, no differences could be detected in neonatal outcome. Fluoride concentrations were modestly increased above preoperative levels in maternal and umbilical blood samples after sevoflurane administration. We conclude that there are no significant differences between sevoflurane 1% and isoflurane 0.5% for maintenance of general anesthesia during cesarean birth. (Anesth Analg 1995;81:90-5)
Are tourism livelihoods sustainable? Tourism development and economic transformation on Komodo Island, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Tourism development has often been regarded as an effective strategy for poverty reduction and sustainable livelihoods. However, tourism often triggers transformations of traditional livelihoods and complete dependence on tourism-based income. Presenting the case of Komodo village on Komodo Island, Indonesia, this study provides an empirical evidence for such transformation. Based on qualitative methods, this article discusses the ways in which tourism development has led the local fishing community to give up their fishing to become fully dependent on selling souvenirs. Although currently, the souvenir business offers adequate return for local people, potential threats to this new livelihood, like a limited market, fierce competition, a short tourist season, and high dependence on cruise ship visits, are looming large. If tourism declines, local people will be left with no options to sustain their livelihood.
Nonlinear Torque Observer for a Self-Energizing Clutch Actuator Using a Reaction Torque Estimation Approach

Clutch torque estimation is an important problem in automotive transmission control. Particularly, a self-energizing clutch actuator system has a novel mechanism to amplify the clutch torque for reducing actuation energy. Instead of low energy consumption, the clutch torque is highly sensitive to the actuator stroke, which makes the torque detection difficult. The nonlinear disturbance observer is designed such that the clutch torque is estimated with guaranteeing asymptotic convergence by using the actuation motor position signal. This type of observer is based on the reaction torque estimation approach with respect to the actuator dynamics without considering vehicle driveline information. The experimental results show that the developed method is useful to identify the load characteristics of a self-energizing clutch actuator system.
The Roles of Adenosine in Regulating the Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems in Chronically Hypoxic, Adult Rats

1 We have investigated the roles of adenosine in regulating the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of rats that were made chronically hypoxic for 3–4 weeks from 6 weeks of age (CH rats) in an hypoxic chamber at 12% O2. They were studied under anaesthesia while breathing 12% O2 and during acute hypoxia (breathing 8% O2 for 5min) before and after addition of the adenosine receptor antagonist 8‐phenyltheophylline (8‐PT, 10 mg kg−1). The results were compared with those obtained from normoxic (N) rats in a previous study. 2 CH rats breathing 12% O2 had greater minute ventilation (V̇E) than N rats breathing air, but their levels of arterial blood pressure (ABP), heart rate (HR), femoral vascular conductance (FVC) and cerebral vascular conductance (CVC) were fully comparable. 8‐PT increased tidal volume (VT) in CH rats indicating a greater tonic central inhibitory influence of adenosine on VT than in N rats. However, 8‐PT had no effect on cardiovascular variables, indicating no tonic cardioinhibitory or vasodilator influence of adenosine in CH rats. 3 Acute hypoxia in CH rats increased V̇E such that at the 5th minute of 8% O2 absolute V̇E was comparable to that of N rats breathing 8% O2. Moreover, in CH rats 8‐PT increased VT at the 5th minute of 8% O2 indicating that the central inhibitory influence of adenosine limits the ability to maintain VT in acute hypoxia as it does in N rats. 4 Eight per cent O2 also produced a fall in ABP in CH rats that was comparable to that induced in N rats by the larger change from air to 8% O2. However, the changes in HR were similar in CH and N rats while the increases in FVC and CVC were smaller in CH rats. This suggests that the ability of the secondary effects of hyperventilation and of the baroreceptor reflex to maintain cardiac output and thereby ABP is reduced in CH rats. 5 Whereas 8‐PT substantially reduced the hypoxia‐induced increases in FVC and CVC in N rats, it had a small effect in CH rats (P= 0.054 and 0.06, respectively). Further, acute hypoxia in CH rats had no effect on the K+ concentration in the venous efflux of hindlimb K+ (Kv+) before or after 8‐PT treatment. We suggest that in CH rats, the dilator influence of adenosine in acute hypoxia occurs via actions on the blood vessel walls: there was no evidence that adenosine can release dilator concentrations of K+ from skeletal muscle fibres in CH rats as proposed for N rats.
Bondholder Coercion: The Problem of Constrained Choice in Debt Tender Offers and Recapitalizations

t Adolf A. Berle Professor of Law, Columbia Law School. ft Professor of Law, UCLA Law School. We are grateful for useful insights and information to Richard S. Wilson of Fitch Investors Service, Inc., to Gregory Smith of Indepth Data, Inc., and to Salomon Brothers for data on high-yield debt restructurings. We are also indebted, for their helpful comments, to Alison G. Anderson, Ronald Gilson, J. Mark Ramseyer, Mark Roe, Richard H. Sander, and William D. Warren. I See Securities and Exchange Commission, Recent Developments in the High Yield Market 14-15 (1990) (staff report) ("SEC Report"); General Accounting Office, Financial Markets: Issuers, Purchasers, and Purposes of High Yield, Non-Investment Grade Bonds (Feb, 1988). ' The rate of defaults on junk bonds is increasing rapidly. The latest data show that corporations defaulted or missed scheduled payments on $8.2 billion of debt, a record level, during the first quarter of 1991, according to Moody's Investors Services, Inc. See Constance Mitchell and Anitz Raghavan, Junk Bond Prices Hold Steady Despite Report That Defaults Hit a Record in the Latest Period, Wall St J C17 (Apr 9, 1991). In 1988, according to data assembled by Salomon Brothers, $2.5 billion in principal amount of junk bonds defaulted; in 1989, $8.8 billion defaulted; and, during the first nine months of 1990, $10.8 billion defaulted. See Anne Schwimmer, Hard Truths About the Restructuring Business, Investment Dealers' Digest 18 (Nov 26, 1990). One expert has esti-
Differential Role of Protein Kinase Cδ Isoform in Agonist-induced Dense Granule Secretion in Human Platelets*

Several platelet agonists, including thrombin, collagen, and thromboxane A2, cause dense granule release independently of thromboxane generation. Because protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are implicated in platelet secretion, we investigated the role of individual PKC isoforms in platelet dense granule release. PKCδ was phosphorylated in a time-dependent manner that coincided with dense granule release in response to protease-activated receptor-activating peptides SFLLRN and AYPGKF in human platelets. Only agonists that caused platelet dense granule secretion activated PKCδ. SFLLRN- or AYPGKF-induced dense granule release and PKCδ phosphorylation occurred at the same respective agonist concentration. Furthermore, AYPGKF and SFLLRN-induced dense granule release was blocked by rottlerin, a PKCδ selective inhibitor. In contrast, convulxin-induced dense granule secretion was potentiated by rottlerin but was abolished by Go6976, a classical PKC isoform inhibitor. However, SFLLRN-induced dense granule release was unaffected in the presence of Go6976. Finally, rottlerin did not affect SFLLRN-induced platelet aggregation, even in the presence of dimethyl-BAPTA, indicating that PKCδ has no role in platelet fibrinogen receptor activation. We conclude that PKCδ and the classical PKC isoforms play a differential role in platelet dense granule release mediated by protease-activated receptors and glycoprotein VI. Furthermore, PKCδ plays a positive role in protease-activated receptor-mediated dense granule secretion, whereas it functions as a negative regulator downstream of glycoprotein VI signaling.
Distinct differentiation profiles of HIV-Gag and Nef-specific central memory CD8+ T cells associated with HLA-B57/5801 and virus control

Objectives:A superior capacity of controlling HIV has been attributed to CD8+ T cells directed against HIV-Gag compared to Nef, particularly in the context of some protective human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. To further elucidate this protective effect, we compared the multifunctional and differentiation characteristics of CD8+ T cells specific for HIV-Gag and Nef in HLA-B57/5801-positive and negative nonprogressors. Methods:A head-to-head comparison of CD8+ T cells specific for HIV-Gag and Nef frequencies, cytokine production and differentiation was conducted, in 11 HLA-B57/5801+ and 11 HLA-B57/5801− HIV-infected individuals selected from a cohort of 53 nonprogressors by using IFN-γ-ELISpot assay and flow cytometry analysis of intracellular cytokine production and differentiation profile. Correlations with HIV parameters were studied. Results:Frequencies of Gag-specific but not of Nef-specific CD8+ T cells correlated with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-associated HIV-DNA. The HIV-Gag and Nef-specific CD8+ T cells did not differ for IL-2 production in either HLA-B57/5801+ or HLA-B57/5801− individuals. The IFN-γ-producing Gag-specific CD8+ T cells in HLA-B57/5801+ individuals significantly differed from their Nef-specific counterparts by displaying higher proportions of central memory CD45RA-CCR7+ cells positive for CD27. This differentiation pattern was not observed in HLA-B57/5801− individuals. Only these HLA-B57/5801-positive Gag-specific CD27+ central memory CD8+ T cells, but not their Nef-specific counterparts, negatively correlated with cell-associated HIV-DNA. Conclusion:HLA-B57/5801 drives a preferential CD27+ differentiation of central memory CD8+ T cells directed against HIV-Gag but not Nef that may contribute to the ability of Gag-specific CD8+ T cells to better control HIV in HLA-B57/5801+ nonprogressors.
Statistical Proofs of Some Matrix Theorems *

Books on linear models and multivariate analysis generally include a chapter on matrix algebra, quite rightly so, as matrix results are used in the discussion of statistical methods in these areas. During recent years a number of papers have appeared where statistical results derived without the use of matrix theorems have been used to prove some matrix results which are used to generate other statistical results. This may have some pedagogical value. It is not, however, suggested that prior knowledge of matrix theory is not necessary for studying statistics. It is intended to show that a judicious use of statistical and matrix results might be of help in providing elegant proofs of problems both in statistics and matrix algebra and make the study of both the subjects somewhat interesting. Some basic notions of vector spaces and matrices are, however, necessary and these are outlined in the introduction to this paper.
Clinical Nurses’ Understanding of Autonomy: Accomplishing Patient Goals Through Interdependent Practice

Objective: The purpose of the study was to enable nurse managers to identify strategies to support and enhance autonomous practice based on clinical nurses’ understanding of autonomy. Background: Findings from an organizational work-life satisfaction survey led a nursing management team to question how clinical nurses understand autonomy. The nursing literature offers inconsistent definitions of autonomy and interchangeable use of related concepts. Methods: Twelve focus groups involving 43 nurses working in cardiovascular service units discussed instances of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with autonomy in their clinical practice and work life. Verbatim transcripts of group discussions were interpreted by a research team to identify salient examples and descriptions of autonomy. Results: Nurses described autonomy as their ability to accomplish patient care goals in a timely manner by using their knowledge and skills to understand and contribute to the overall plan of care; assess patient needs and conditions; effectively communicate concerns and priorities regarding patient care; and access and coordinate the resources of the multidisciplinary team. Conclusions: These findings challenge assumptions about autonomy as independent decision making and practice. They highlight nurses’ contributions to patient care goals through knowledge of how to get things done within hospital systems and through interdisciplinary coordination and collaboration.