Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disclosure Regulation and the Competition between Public and Private Firms : The Case of Segment Reporting

This study investigates whether the mandatory disclosure of proprietary information under SFAS 131 puts US public firms at a competitive disadvantage to private firms. I assume that industries that lobbied against the proposed standard would incur higher proprietary disclosure costs from SFAS 131 than other industries and I identify lobbying industries based on companies’ comment letters on the Exposure Draft of the standard. I find that an industry was more likely to lobby against the standard if public firms in that industry as a whole commanded a larger market share, enjoyed more persistent abnormal profits, had higher R&D activities, and faced more private competitors. In my primary test I find that after the adoption of SFAS 131, public firms in a lobbying industry experienced a significant decline in their aggregate product market share relative to those in a non-lobbying industry, confirming companies’ concerns about the competitive harm of disclosures required by SFAS 131. My study contributes to the literature by providing evidence on the real market-wide effects, as opposed to the informational firm-specific effects, of a disclosure regulation.
[Multiple factors analysis of myopic regression after photorefractive keratectomy].

PURPOSE To investigate myopic regression after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy(PRK) in patients with myopia. METHODS PRK was performed to correct myopia errors from 1.00 D to 16.00 D diopters on 214 myopia eyes(121 patients). All eyes were divided into two groups: group I--1.00 D(-)-6.00 D (124 eyes), group II--6.25 D(-)-16.00 D(90 eyes). All the patients were followed up for two years. RESULTS A Significant positive correlation was found between the regression and the extents of attempted correction. The rate of regression in mild to moderate myopia group was 9.7% while in highter group it was 27.8% (P < 0.005). The rate of regression of older age group in lighter myopia group was highter than that in younger case (P < 0.005). Relatively severe haze under the corneal epithelium often accompanies the regression. CONCLUSION The main factors which caused the myopia regression after PRK was the extent of attempted correction, patients' age and corneal haze.
Exserohilum Dermal Granulomas in a Bovine

The most common dermal granuloma in cattle is the lesion caused by cattle grubs, the terminal developmental stage of the larva of Hypoderma sp. There is a paucity of reports in the literature with reference to mycotic dermal granulomas in the bovine or the pathogenicity of the “Helminthosporium Complex” in domestic animals. A search of the literature revealed the following references relative to this case. Brachycladium spiciferum (=Helminthosporium spiciferum) has been isolated from a horse with numerous cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules Several reports of nasal granuloma in cattle have implicated the “Helminthosporium Complex” as the causative agent. 3,9,11 The “Helminthosporium Complex” has not been reported to cause dermal or cutaneous granulomas in cattle. The purpose of this report is to describe
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF INSTITUTIONS OF TROPICAL VETERINARY MEDICINE DOES CONTROL OF ANIMAL INFECTIOUS RISKS OFFER A NEW INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE?

A multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed and optimized to simultaneously detect 3 subtypes (H5, H7 and H9) of avian influenza virus type A. The developed method was specific to amplify only the HA gene of H5, H7 and H9 of Influenza type A and no amplification with other subtypes of AIV and other avian infectious viruses such as Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus was observed. The multiplex RT-PCR assay developed in this study was as sensitive as conventional RT-PCR and virus isolation. Therefore this method is reliable, rapid, sensitive and specific and could be used as a tool for detecting and subtyping of AIV, in the control program of AIV.
The Value of the Multidetector Row Computed Tomography for the Preoperative Planning of Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Perforator Flap: Our Experience in 162 Cases

A preoperative abdominal wall study was conducted using a multidetector scanner in 162 women who had undergone breast reconstruction with abdominal perforator flaps. A map of the abdominal perforator vessels dependent on the deep inferior epigastric artery was created. In the first 36 cases, anatomic dissection of all perforators was performed during surgery. The outcome was then compared with the radiologic findings. In the following 126 cases, the perforator vessel chosen preoperatively by the multidetector scanner was located and dissected directly. In the first 36 cases, an absolute correlation was observed between the radiologic information and intraoperative findings. In the following 126 cases, surgery time and the rate of postoperative complications decreased significantly. The multidetector scanner provides valuable preoperative information enabling identification of the most suitable perforator in view of its caliber, location, course, and anatomic relationships. Once located, we can proceed directly to its dissection during surgery, making it a faster and safer technique.
Omega‐3 production by fermentation of Yarrowia lipolytica: From fed‐batch to continuous

The omega‐3 fatty acid, cis‐5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5; EPA) has wide‐ranging benefits in improving heart health, immune function, and mental health. A sustainable source of EPA production through fermentation of metabolically engineered Yarrowia lipolytica has been developed. In this paper, key fed‐batch fermentation conditions were identified to achieve 25% EPA in the yeast biomass, which is so far the highest EPA titer reported in the literature. Dynamic models of the EPA fermentation process were established for analyzing, optimizing, and scaling up the fermentation process. In addition, model simulations were used to develop a two‐stage continuous process and compare to single‐stage continuous and fed‐ batch processes. The two stage continuous process, which is equipped with a smaller growth fermentor (Stage 1) and a larger production fermentor (Stage 2), was found to be a superior process to achieve high titer, rate, and yield of EPA. A two‐stage continuous fermentation experiment with Y. lipolytica strain Z7334 was designed using the model simulation and then tested in a 2 L and 5 L fermentation system for 1,008 h. Compared with the standard 2 L fed‐batch process, the two‐stage continuous fermentation process improved the overall EPA productivity by 80% and EPA concentration in the fermenter by 40% while achieving comparable EPA titer in biomass and similar conversion yield from glucose. During the long‐term experiment it was also found that the Y. lipolytica strain evolved to reduce byproduct and increase lipid production. This is one of the few continuous fermentation examples that demonstrated improved productivity and concentration of a final product with similar conversion yield compared with a fed‐batch process. This paper suggests the two‐stage continuous fermentation could be an effective process to achieve improved production of omega‐3 and other fermentation products where non‐growth or partially growth associated kinetics characterize the process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 798–812. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Natural history and treatment of tardive dystonia

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical course and response to treatment of 67 patients with tardive dystonia. The age at onset ranged from 13 to 72 years without predilection to any particular age group or sex. Patients developed tardive dystonia even after relatively short duration of exposure to dopamine antagonists (21% within one year). Five of 42 patients withdrawn from these drugs remitted. Overall clinical improvement occurred in 52% of patients. Tetrabenazine and reserpine were most effective (>50% response rate) in controlling dystonia. Anticholinergic drugs diminished dystonia in 46% of patients.
Theoretical Insights Into the Optimization Landscape of Over-Parameterized Shallow Neural Networks

In this paper, we study the problem of learning a shallow artificial neural network that best fits a training data set. We study this problem in the over-parameterized regime where the numbers of observations are fewer than the number of parameters in the model. We show that with the quadratic activations, the optimization landscape of training, such shallow neural networks, has certain favorable characteristics that allow globally optimal models to be found efficiently using a variety of local search heuristics. This result holds for an arbitrary training data of input/output pairs. For differentiable activation functions, we also show that gradient descent, when suitably initialized, converges at a linear rate to a globally optimal model. This result focuses on a realizable model where the inputs are chosen i.i. d. from a Gaussian distribution and the labels are generated according to planted weight coefficients.
Inhibition of food intake and reticulo-rumen motility of sheep by the alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine.

The investigation of the effect of intravenous clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist, was carried out in sheep with recording of forestomach motility for 3 h and intake of chopped hay for 8 h after drug administration. Motility and food intake were inhibited by clonidine at 2 micrograms.kg-1 and at 5 micrograms.kg-1. The effects of the lower dose were prevented by idazoxan, an alpha-2 antagonist, at 0.1 mg.kg-1 but not by prazosin, an alpha-1 antagonist, at 0.1 mg.kg-1. Minor effects of the antagonists alone were noted. Blood glucose concentration was measured in all the experiments and the possibility discussed that changes in concentration, not absolute values, may have contributed to inhibitory effects. Vagal stimulation in anaesthetised sheep indicated that inhibition of motility was a central neural effect, not an effect on forestomach muscle.
Red cell alloimmunization in blood transfusion dependent Patients with Sickle Cell Disease in El-Obied city , Sudan

Blood transfusion remains a mainstay of management for patients with sickle cell disease. Transfusion in patients with sickle cell disease can result in the development of alloimmunization to red blood cell antigens. But also is one of effective therapy which use to decreasing morbidity and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). The benefits of transfusion therapy, it is not without the risks of iron overload, Alloimmunization, and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. Development of anti red blood cell antibodies (both allo-and autoantibodies) remains a major problem among patients with sickle cell disease patients especially those who blood transfusion dependents. This study assessed the frequency of Alloimmunization to red cell antigens among sickle cell disease patients in El-Obied city, capital of north kordofan, Sudan. Objective: We studied the frequency of red blood cell (RBC) Alloimmunization and autoimmunization among sickle cell disease (Hb SS) patients who received regular blood transfusions. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Elobeyeid city capital of north kordofan between may2014 April 2015.The study was carried out of 210 multiply transfused patients with HbSS. Clinical and transfusion records of all the patients were examined for age of patients (6 month –20 years), age at initiation of transfusion therapy, total number of blood units transfused (at least 2 unit’s transfusions), transfusion interval and any health problem if observed likes status of splenectomy or other interventions. Then ABO, D, Alloantibody screening and identification was done for each patients. Results: Anti-K was detected in five patients (2.4%) (, while anti-c in one (0.5%), anti-E were detected in two patients (1%), anti kidd in one patient (0.5% and anti leb in one patient (0.5%). O Rh + (34.7%), A Rh + (26.2%), B Rh + (14.8), AB Rh + (8.1%), AB Rh (0.5%) B Rh – (4.3%), A Rh – (6.7%), O Rh – (5.2%). Conclusions: In this study, we observed a low rate (4.3%) of Red blood cell alloimmunisation among patient with SCD. We recommended that there are many recent advances in blood group genotyping can be exploited to facilitate the identification of antigen-matched RBCs and improve transfusion support of patients with SCD.
Goserelin and bicalutamide treatments alter the expression of microRNAs in the prostate

Although endocrine therapy has been used for decades, its influence on the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in clinical tissue specimens has not been analyzed. Moreover, the effects of the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion on the expression of miRNAs in hormone naïve and endocrine‐treated prostate cancers are poorly understood.
Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: stakeholders, structuring and sustainability

A growing body of research is emerging on tourism and partnerships in protected areas, but conceptual development remains fragmented. This paper tackles this challenge by focusing on three aspects important for sustainability: (1) complexity (nested systems of biophysical environments, tourism and park management structures, community–resident systems, local–global systems and use–conservation gap; (2) scale, structure and scope of collaborations (including community involvement and control) and (3) challenges of implementation and long term structuring (for sustainability and success). Some related questions are: How does the tourism system fit with the protected area system? Who represents “Nature” in negotiations over conservation and use? How can plans and programmes be effectively enacted at the local level for long term success? A theoretical discussion plus an example of community-based collaboration for conservation and economic development in Bolivia (Chalalán Ecolodge) are provided to explore these questions. Chalalán shows an evolving partnership between local and international stakeholders toward local control, and also a complex relationship between local–traditional and scientific knowledge, and cultural change.
Expression of ZNF804A in human brain and alterations in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a novel transcript fetally regulated by the psychosis risk variant rs1344706.

IMPORTANCE The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1344706 in the zinc finger protein 804A gene (ZNF804A) shows genome-wide association with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Little is known regarding the expression of ZNF804A and the functionality of rs1344706. OBJECTIVES To characterize ZNF804A expression in human brain and to investigate how it changes across the life span and how it is affected by rs1344706, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Molecular and immunochemical methods were used to study ZNF804A messenger RNA (mRNA) and ZNF804A protein, respectively. ZNF804A transcripts were investigated using next-generation sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-based methods, and ZNF804A protein was investigated using Western blots and immunohistochemistry. Samples of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal lobe tissue were interrogated from 697 participants between 14 weeks' gestational age and age 85 years, including patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Quantitative measurements of ZNF804A mRNA and immunoreactivity, and the effect of diagnosis and rs1344706 genotype. RESULTS ZNF804A was expressed across the life span, with highest expression prenatally. An abundant and developmentally regulated truncated ZNF804A transcript was identified, missing exons 1 and 2 (ZNF804AE3E4) and predicted to encode a protein lacking the zinc finger domain. rs1344706 influenced expression of ZNF804AE3E4 mRNA in fetal brain (P = .02). In contrast, full-length ZNF804A showed no association with genotype (P > .05). ZNF804AE3E4 mRNA expression was decreased in patients with schizophrenia (P = .006) and increased in those with major depressive disorder (P < .001), and there was a genotype-by-diagnosis interaction in bipolar disorder (P = .002). ZNF804A immunoreactivity was detected in fetal and adult human cerebral cortex. It was localized primarily to pyramidal neurons, with cytoplasmic as well as dendritic and nuclear staining. No differences in ZNF804A-immunoreactive neurons were seen in schizophrenia or related to rs1344706 (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE rs1344706 influences the expression of ZNF804AE3E4, a novel splice variant. The effect is limited to fetal brain and to this isoform. It may be part of the mechanism by which allelic variation in ZNF804A affects risk of psychosis. ZNF804A is translated in human brain, where its functions may extend beyond its predicted role as a transcription factor.
The Presence and Activation of Two Essential Transcription Factors (cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein and cAMP-Dependent Transcription Factor ATF1) in the Two-Cell Mouse Embryo1

Abstract The expression of two members of an important family of transcription factors, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and cAMP-dependent transcription factor ATF1 (ATF1), is essential for normal preimplantation development. There is a high degree of functional similarity between these two transcription factors, and they can both homodimerize and heterodimerize with each other to form active transcription factors. CREB is present in all stages of mouse preimplantation embryo, and we show here that ATF1 is localized to the nucleus in all preimplantation stages. Activation of these transcription factors requires their phosphorylation, and this was only observed to occur for both transcription factors (serine 133 phosphorylation of CREB and serine 63 phosphorylation of ATF1) at the two-cell stage. Nuclear localization and phosphorylation of ATF1 were constitutive. The nuclear localization and phosphorylation of CREB showed a constitutive component that was further induced by the autocrine embryotropin Paf (1-o-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). Activation of CREB by Paf was independent of cAMP but was dependent on calcium, calmodulin, and calmodulin-dependent kinase activity. ATF1 nuclear localization was unaffected by inhibition of the calcium/calmodulin pathway. A complex pattern of expression of calmodulin-dependent kinases was observed throughout preimplantation development. At the two-cell stage, only mRNAs coding for calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gamma, and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV were detected. A selective antagonist for calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (STO-609) and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases I, II, and IV (KN-62) blocked the Paf-induced phosphorylation of CREB. The study demonstrates a role for trophic signaling and constitutive activation of two essential transcription factors at the time of zygotic genome activation.
Heterologous Expression of the Vanadium-containing Chloroperoxidase from Curvularia inaequalis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae and Site-directed Mutagenesis of the Active Site Residues His496, Lys353, Arg360, and Arg490 *

The vanadium-containing chloroperoxidase from the fungus Curvularia inaequalis is heterologously expressed to high levels in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Characterization of the recombinant enzyme reveals that this behaves very similar to the native chloroperoxidase. Site-directed mutagenesis is performed on four highly conserved active site residues to examine their role in catalysis. When the vanadate-binding residue His496 is changed into an alanine, the mutant enzyme loses the ability to bind vanadate covalently resulting in an inactive enzyme. The negative charges on the vanadate oxygens are compensated by hydrogen bonds with the residues Arg360, Arg490, and Lys353. When these residues are changed into alanines the mutant enzymes lose the ability to effectively oxidize chloride but can still function as bromoperoxidases. A general mechanism for haloperoxidase catalysis is proposed that also correlates the kinetic properties of the mutants with the charge and the hydrogen-bonding network in the vanadate-binding site.
Molecular dynamics simulations of Hydrogenobacter thermophilus cytochrome c552: Comparisons of the wild‐type protein, a b‐type variant, and the apo state

Molecular dynamic simulations have been performed for wild‐type Hydrogenobacter thermophilus cytochrome c552, a b‐type variant of the protein, and the apo state with the heme prosthetic group removed. In the b‐type variant, Cys 10 and Cys 13 were mutated to alanine residues, and so the heme group was no longer covalently bound to the protein. Two 8‐ns simulations have been performed for each system at 298 and 360 K. The simulations of the wild‐type protein at 298 K show a very close agreement with experimental NMR data. A fluxional process involving the side chain of Met 59, which coordinates to the heme iron, is observed in accord with proposals from NMR studies. Overall, the structure and dynamical behavior of the protein during the simulations of the b‐type variant is closely similar to that of the wild‐type protein. However, side chains in the heme‐binding site show larger fluctuations in the b‐type variant simulation at 360 K. In addition, structural changes are seen for a number of residues close to the heme group, particularly Gly 22 and Ser 51. The simulations of the apo state show significant conformational changes for residues 50–59. These residues form a loop region, which packs over the heme group in the wild‐type protein and hydrogen bonds to the heme propionate groups. In the absence of heme, in the apo state simulations, these residues form short but persistent regions of β‐sheet secondary structure. These could provide nucleation sites for the conversion to amyloid fibrils. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictability of Growth in Emerging Markets: Information in Financial Aggregates

This paper tests for predictability of output growth in a panel of 22 emerging market economies. We use pooled panel data methods that control for endogeneity and persistence in the predictor variables to test the predictive power of a large set of financial aggregates. Results show that stock returns, the term spread, default spreads and portfolio investment flows help predict output growth in emerging markets. We also find evidence that suggests that global aggregates such as the performance of commodity markets, a cross-sectional firm size factor, and returns on the market portfolio contain information about the future state of the economy. We benchmark our results against those from the U.S. and find that there are differences in the ability of financial markets in predicting economic growth. Our results generalize to emerging markets previous findings in the empirical macro-finance literature on the linkages between financial market performance and the real economy.