Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linking HIV and Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Surveillance in Peru: A Model for a Third-Generation HIV Sentinel Surveillance

Background: HIV drug resistance surveillance is limited by recruitment and selection bias and by limited information regarding HIV incidence rates, secondary resistance, and treatment prevalence. Methods: A second-generation HIV sentinel surveillance among men who have sex with men (MSM), regardless of prior history of HIV screening, serostatus, or treatment, was conducted in Peru in 2002. Recent HIV infection was estimated using sensitive/less sensitive enzyme immunoassay testing. Genotypic resistance testing was performed. Results: HIV prevalence was 13.9% (456 HIV positive of 3280 participants). HIV incidence was estimated to be 5.1 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval: 3.1-8.3). Among 143 MSM who were aware of their HIV infection before testing, only 20 (14.0%) were receiving antiretrovirals (ARV). Mutations conferring ARV resistance were found in 12 (3.3%) of 359 treatment-naive and 5 (31.3%) of 16 treatment-experienced participants with successful genotyping. One recently infected man from Lima demonstrated 3-class multidrug resistance. The most frequently observed mutations in treatment-naive, chronically infected persons from Lima were M184V (1.7%), D30N (1.3%), L90M (1.3%), and L10I (1.3%). Conclusions: The prevalence of ARV resistance among treatment-naive MSM in Peru is low, reflecting limited access to treatment before 2004, and contrasts with the history of ARV treatment in developed countries, where high levels of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance occurred before introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Linking ARV resistance and HIV sentinel surveillance in developing settings is feasible and should be considered in third-generation HIV sentinel surveillance programs.
Photosensitization in Porphyrias and Photodynamic Therapy Involves TRPA1 and TRPV1

Photosensitization, an exaggerated sensitivity to harmless light, occurs genetically in rare diseases, such as porphyrias, and in photodynamic therapy where short-term toxicity is intended. A common feature is the experience of pain from bright light. In human subjects, skin exposure to 405 nm light induced moderate pain, which was intensified by pretreatment with aminolevulinic acid. In heterologous expression systems and cultured sensory neurons, exposure to blue light activated TRPA1 and, to a lesser extent, TRPV1 channels in the absence of additional photosensitization. Pretreatment with aminolevulinic acid or with protoporphyrin IX dramatically increased the light sensitivity of both TRPA1 and TRPV1 via generation of reactive oxygen species. Artificial lipid bilayers equipped with purified human TRPA1 showed substantial single-channel activity only in the presence of protoporphyrin IX and blue light. Photosensitivity and photosensitization could be demonstrated in freshly isolated mouse tissues and led to TRP channel-dependent release of proinflammatory neuropeptides upon illumination. With antagonists in clinical development, these findings may help to alleviate pain during photodynamic therapy and also allow for disease modification in porphyria patients. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cutaneous porphyria patients suffer from burning pain upon exposure to sunlight and other patients undergoing photodynamic therapy experience similar pain, which can limit the therapeutic efforts. This study elucidates the underlying molecular transduction mechanism and identifies potential targets of therapy. Ultraviolet and blue light generates singlet oxygen, which oxidizes and activates the ion channels TRPA1 and TRPV1. The disease and the therapeutic options could be reproduced in models ranging from isolated ion channels to human subjects, applying protoporphyrin IX or its precursor aminolevulinic acid. There is an unmet medical need, and our results suggest a therapeutic use of the pertinent antagonists in clinical development.
Admission heart rate is a predictor of mortality

BACKGROUND: The association between admission heart rate (AHR) and mortality after trauma can assist initial emergency department triage and resuscitation. In addition, increased AHR is often associated with sympathetic hyperactivity which may require targeted treatment. We determined whether AHR was a predictor for mortality in trauma patients. METHODS: The Los Angeles County Trauma System Database was queried for all injured patients admitted between 1998 and 2005 (n = 147,788). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients (head Abbreviated Injury Scale score ≥3) were excluded. Demographics were compared at various AHR subgroups (<50, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, 80–89, 90–99, 100–109, and ≥110). Mortality was compared at various AHR ranges, and logistic regression was performed to determine significance. RESULTS: After exclusions, 103,799 trauma patients requiring admission were identified; overall mortality was 1.4%. AHR 80 to 89 demonstrated a statistically significant lower mortality (0.5%) compared with all other AHR ranges, except AHR 70 to 79 (0.6%). In trauma patients who required admission, AHR 70 to 79 and 80 to 89 were predictors of lower mortality. Mortality for 22,232 moderate to severely injured patients was 5.5% and AHR 80 to 89 demonstrated a statistically lower mortality (2.0%) than all other AHR ranges, except AHR 70 to 79 (1.9%). After moderate to severe trauma, AHR <60 and ≥100 were associated with significantly higher mortality. CONCLUSION: Mortality after trauma increases outside the AHR range of 70 to 89 beats per minute. AHR ranges previously considered “normal” were associated with significantly increased mortality. Prospective research is required to evaluate if resuscitation goals should target heart rate at the 70 to 89 range. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, prognostic study.
The Effects of Two Stretching Protocols on the Reactive Strength Index in Female Soccer and Rugby Players

Abstract Werstein, KM, and Lund, RJ. The effects of two stretching protocols on the reactive strength index in female soccer and rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 26(6): 1564–1567, 2012—The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 stretching protocols on stretch-shortening cycle performance in female Division I soccer players and female club rugby players. Fifteen soccer and rugby players (20.1 ± 5.9 years, 170.5 ± 14.2 cm, 70.4 ± 22.3 kg) participated in 3 test sessions with different treatments. The first treatment involved a warm-up of 10 minutes of exercise on a cycle ergometer (warm-up only [WO]), the second was this warm-up followed by static stretching (SS), and the third was this warm-up followed by dynamic stretching (DS). The treatments were administered randomly to negate an order effect. Each treatment was immediately followed by a reactive strength index (RSI) test requiring the athletes to drop off a box (45 cm in height) on to a force plate and upon landing immediately jump into the air while minimizing contact time (CT, milliseconds) and maximizing flight time (FT, milliseconds). The RSI was FT: CT. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that a significant treatment effect existed for RSI (F = 7.95, 2; p = 0.002) and FT (F = 7.43, 2; p = 0.003) but no significant effect for CT (F = 1.53, 2; p = 0.235). The RSI and FT were significantly greater in DS compared with that in SS and WO. Dynamic stretching is the preferred warm-up before an athletic event involving considerable jumping.
Macrozoobenthos response to environmental degradation in a heavily modified stream: Case study the Upper Elbe River, Czech Republic

Benthic macroinvertebrates are an important indicator of river health. However, their response upon water quality development downstream the pollution outlets considerably depends on the environmental habitat characteristics. Three successive stretches, each of them providing three different mesohabitats in stillwater (S), torrential (T) and riparian (R) zones were selected for evaluation of the impact of altered metapotamal river bed morphology (channelization) and chemical determinants of water quality on the Upper Elbe River. In downstream direction, the stretches are separated by weirs and characterized as a low polluted low modified natural stream (N), a low polluted channelized stream (C) and a channelized polluted stream (CP). Altogether, 111 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa were recorded in the Pardubice hotspot between Němčice and Přelouč. Despite different levels of stream bed and water quality degradation, micro- and mesohabitat characteristics appeared to be the most important factors determining the diversity of macrozoobenthos in riffle (substrate size structure) and in shoreline (macrophyte community composition and structure) mesohabitats. The diversity of macroinvertebrate communities was highest in riparian mesohabitats compared to stillwater and torrential ones. Saprobic indices increased in downstream direction, thus indicating the decline of water quality.
Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the patellar tendon after use of its central one-third for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate the remaining patellar tendon after its central one-third had been harvested for anterior cruciate ligament recon struction. Twenty patients were studied at either 6 weeks, 4, 6, 9, or 18 months postoperatively. The average thickness, width, cross-sectional area, and signal intensity of the operated and contralateral non- operated tendons were calculated and compared for each magnetic resonance imaging scan. A significant increase in the thickness was noted at all periods of followup, but no change in width occurred despite the defect being closed at the time of surgery. High signal intensity was present in the early periods, which signi fied edema and scar tissue. Signal intensity decreased at subsequent follow-up periods until at 18 months the operated tendon appeared normal. These findings in dicate that the patellar tendon has the potential to regenerate and remodel in the postoperative period.
Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary after long‐term use of tamoxifen and toremifene

The relation between the use of tamoxifen and gynecologic tumors has been documented. In this case, a 58‐year‐old postmenopausal woman had been treated with tamoxifen for 5 years followed by toremifene for 1.5 years due to the presence of stage II estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer. The patient was found to have a stage Ic granulosa cell tumor of the ovary despite undergoing annual gynecologic examinations. This report presents a case of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary after the long‐term use of tamoxifen and toremifene.
Recognizing the Academic Talents of Young Black Males: A counter-story

Majoritarian stories perpetuate deficit perspectives about people of color that support racism and educational inequity (Solorzano & Yosso, 2002). Using theory and methods of critical race counter-storytelling (Baszile, 2015; Solorzano & Yosso, 2002), this article challenges majoritarian educational stories about Black male learners by highlighting examples of Black male academic talent demonstrated during a four-week summer literacy program focusing on culturally relevant curriculum for Black youth. This article illuminates examples of academic talent that were observed in the midst of Black male behavior that is typically categorized as “bad” or unruly. By providing alternative readings of these behaviors and the academic talents of critical thinking, creativity, symbolic thinking, and the linguistic complexity they reveal, our purpose is to call attention to examples of Black male academic talent that are too often rendered invisible when assumptions about these learners are made based on majoritarian stories.
Brugada syndrome in the paediatric population: a comprehensive approach to clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management

Abstract Brugada syndrome is an inherited arrhythmogenic disorder, characterised by coved-type ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads, and is associated with increased risk of sudden death. It is genetically and clinically heterogeneous, presenting typically in the fourth or fifth decade of life. The prevalence of Brugada syndrome in the paediatric population is low compared with the adult population. Interestingly, over the last several years, there has been growing evidence in the literature of onset of the disease during childhood. Most of the paediatric cases reported in the literature consist of asymptomatic Brugada syndrome; however, some patients manifest the disease at different regions of the cardiac conduction system at a young age. Early expression of the disease can be affected by multiple factors, including genetic substrate, hormonal changes, and still unknown environmental exposures. The initial manifestation of Brugada syndrome in children can include sinus node dysfunction and atrial arrhythmias. Brugada syndrome can also manifest as ventricular arrhythmias leading to sudden death at an early age. In symptomatic children, performance of the ajmaline test by an experienced team can be safely used as a diagnostic tool to unmask latent Brugada syndrome. Defining indications for an implantable cardioverter defibrillator in children with the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome remains challenging. Given the rarity of the syndrome in children, most paediatric cardiologists will only rarely see a young patient with Brugada syndrome and there is still no universal consensus regarding the optimal management approach. Care should be individualised according to the specific clinical presentation, taking into account the family history, genetic data, and the family’s specific preferences.
Relationship of periodontal bacteria and Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA variations with phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth.

OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship between phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth (GO) and the harboring of periodontal bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periodontal conditions and subgingival bacterial profiles were examined in 450 sites of 75 subjects. A polymerase chain reaction method was used to detect six bacterial species; Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola (Td), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), and Prevotella nigrescens (Pn). Genetic variations of the Pg fimA gene were also examined. Bacterial occurrence was compared with the severity of GO, and alterations in the bacterial occurrence rate and quantities were monitored following periodontal treatment. RESULTS The occurrences of Aa, Td, Pi, Pn, and Pg with type II fimA (type II Pg) were significantly associated with the severity of GO. Td occurrence was reduced in association with gingival improvement following ultrasonic scaling, however, no such relationship was observed with Aa, Pi, Pn, and Pg. In addition, Pg and Pi markedly persisted after treatment. Clinical improvement of the sites, following an Er:YAG laser treatment, significantly associated with quantitative reduction of Pg in improved sites, however, not that of Pi. CONCLUSION Type II Pg and Td were each found to have a significant relationship with the development and deterioration of GO.
Detecting Rare Species with Random or Subjective Sampling: a Case Study of Red‐Listed Saproxylic Beetles in Boreal Sweden

Abstract: Efficient sampling design in field studies is important for economical and statistical reasons. We compared two ways to distribute sampling effort over an area, either randomly or subjectively. We searched for red‐listed saproxylic (wood‐living) beetles in 30 spruce stands in boreal Sweden by sifting wood from dead trees. We randomly selected positions within each stand with a geographic positioning system and sampled the nearest dead tree (random sample). In the same stand we also sampled dead trees that, based on literature, were likely to host such species (subjective sampling). The subjective sampling (two to five samples per stand, depending on stand size) was compared with the higher, random sampling effort (fixed level of 12 samples/stand). Subjective sampling was significantly more efficient. Red‐listed species were found in 36% of the subjective samples and in 16% of the random samples. Nevertheless, the larger random effort resulted in a comparable number of red‐listed species per stand and in 13 detected species in total (vs. 12 species with subjective sampling). Random sampling was less efficient, but provided an unbiased alternative more suitable for statistical purposes, as needed in, for example, monitoring programs. Moreover, new species‐specific knowledge can be gained through random searches.
Assessment of Knowledge and Skills in Primary Health Care Services: Senior Medical Students' Self-Evaluation

Background: The responsibility of medical schools is to educate physicians who are able to provide integrated health care services including curative and preventive components to individuals and the community. They should acquire the necessary knowledge and skills for management of health services with a scientific background and necessary skills to conduct research and be able to make plans to improve the health level of the community. Purpose: This study aims to examine last-year students in Hacettepe University Medical School and how they assess their knowledge and skills in providing primary health care services. Methods: The study includes all last-year students in the 2000 to 2001 academic years; 80.4% of the students (n = 313) participated in the survey. The last-year students assessed their own knowledge and skills by using a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (none) to 5 (very good). Results: According to the scoring of the scale, it is found that their level of knowledge is 2.82, and the level of skill is 2.44 for all primary health care services, between low (2) and intermediate (3). A small sample of available students was interviewed regarding these low ratings of their knowledge and skills. Conclusions: The findings of the study clearly indicate that the curriculum of the medical school does not satisfy the expectations that the newly graduated physicians have the sufficient knowledge and skills necessary for the primary health care services; the graduates have to work just after their graduation from medical school in the health system of Turkey.
Force and EMG power spectrum during eccentric and concentric actions.

INTRODUCTION This study was designed to examine the force and activation levels of elbow flexor muscles during preactivated eccentric, concentric and isometric actions. METHODS Force, average EMG (aEMG), and the EMG power spectrum were investigated at different constant movement velocities (1 rad x s(-1), 2 rad x s(-1), 3 rad x s(-1), and 4 rad x s(-1)) at different joint angles. RESULTS Average force at a 110 degree elbow angle was lower and aEMG was higher in concentric actions as compared with eccentric and isometric actions. At a 55 degree elbow angle, there was no difference in aEMG, or it was slightly higher in eccentric actions. MF was higher in the concentric as compared with eccentric actions at the three fastest velocities at the 110 degree elbow angle, whereas no difference was observed at the 55 degree elbow angle. In concentric action, MF was higher in 4 rad x s(-1) in comparison with 1 rads x s(-1) at 110 degree elbow angle. DISCUSSION These results suggest that it is difficult to maintain the maximal eccentric force throughout the whole range of motion. Maximal EMG activity and frequencies of the EMG power spectrum can be at the same level or lower in eccentric actions as compared with concentric actions, depending on the joint angle and preactivation mode. The results of the EMG power spectrum do not support the concept that in maximal eccentric actions fast units are selectively activated.
Effects of Patient Compliance, Parental Education and Race on Nephrologists' Recommendations for Kidney Transplantation in Children

Transplantation is the treatment goal for youth with kidney failure. To assess the effects of compliance, parental education and race on nephrologists' recommendations for transplantation in children, we surveyed a national random sample of adult and pediatric nephrologists. We elicited transplant recommendations for case vignettes created from random combinations of patient age, gender, race, cause of renal failure, family structure, parental education and compliance.
No sex difference in yolk steroid concentrations of avian eggs at laying

Yolk steroids of maternal origin have been proposed to influence genetic sex determination in birds, based on sex differences in yolk steroid concentrations of peafowl eggs incubated for 10 days. More recent reports dispute this proposal, as yolk steroids in eggs incubated for 3 days do not show such sex differences. To date, research examining this phenomenon has only analysed incubated eggs, although sex in avian species is determined before incubation begins. This may be a serious methodological flaw because incubation probably affects yolk steroid concentrations. Therefore, we investigated sex differences in yolk steroid concentrations of unincubated avian eggs. We withdrew yolk for steroid analysis from fresh, unincubated Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) eggs by biopsy, and then incubated those eggs for 10 days, after which we harvested the embryonic material for genetic sexing and the incubated yolk for further steroid analysis. We found no sex differences in fresh Japanese quail eggs; however, sex differences were apparent in yolk steroids by day 10 of incubation, when female eggs had significantly more oestrogen in relation to androgen than male eggs. Concentrations of all yolk androgens decreased dramatically between laying and day 10 of incubation, whereas oestradiol (E2) concentrations increased marginally. Thus, yolk concentrations of androgens and E2 do not appear critical for avian sex determination.
PLS - A True Alternative to Interest-Based Banking: Reality or a Myth?

There is a continuing debate on the applicability of Profit & Loss Sharing (PLS) financing by Islamic financial institutions. The proponents of PLS system consider it as the only genuine mode of Islamic finance however its marginalapplicationby the Islamic financial institutions has created many doubts &marked a big question mark on the face of Islamic banking and financial system.Though, PLS remained the most preferable mode of financing amongst the academicians, researchers and scholars but undoubtedly it could not attain the due status amongst the practitioners of Islamic banking system. The empirical studies reveal that the current practices of Islamic Banks are far away from the fundamental conceptual model of interest-freeIslamic banking system.There are a number of reasons relating to the issue of marginal acceptability of PLS base financing by the Islamic banks. This study highlights these critical issues and attempts to conclude logical analysis on the major causes of its marginal use in Islamic banks. The main objective of this paper is an attempt to investigate the need of PLS in the Islamic banking industry and to analyze the attitude of Islamic banks’ practitioners towards three major hindrance factors i.e. Moral Hazard, Operational Difficulties and Government Policies that caused its low level acceptance.