Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adriamycin cardiomyopathy in the rabbit: an animal model of low output cardiac failure with activation of vasoconstrictor mechanisms.

Chronic administration of intravenous adriamycin (1 mg . kg-1 twice weekly for 8 weeks) to rabbits resulted in a cardiomyopathy which was similar to that occurring in patients with adriamycin cardiotoxicity. We studied systemic and renal haemodynamics and the activation of vasoconstrictor mechanisms reflected by changes in plasma renin activity (PRA), noradrenaline (NA) and vasopressin (AVP) levels during the development of heart failure in this animal model. By 8 weeks cardiac failure was clearly established. At postmortem all animals had dilated hearts, pleural and pericardial effusions, ascites and hepatic congestion. Heart weights were increased (8.1 +/- 0.7 g in treated animals n = 9 vs 6.0 +/- 0.2 g in controls n = 9 p less than 0.05). Cardiac output (measured by thermodilution) fell at 8 weeks from 799 +/- 61 ml . min-1 to 624 +/- 44 ml . min-1 (n = 6 p less than 0.05) with a parallel fall in mean blood pressure from 85 +/- 2 mmHg to 75 +/- 4 mmHg. Total peripheral resistance rose in four of the six rabbits. Renal blood flow fell from 108 +/- 4 ml . min-1 to 61 +/- 6 ml . min-1 (p less than 0.05) by 8 weeks. Renal vascular resistance increased in all animals. PRA increased from 5.1 +/- 0.5 ng AI . ml-1 . h-1 to 11.6 +/- 2.6 ng AI . ml-1 . h-1 by 4 weeks (p less than 0.05) and remained elevated thereafter. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Potentially malignant oral lesions in Northern Ireland: size (extent) matters.

OBJECTIVES We examined clinical parameters of patients from Northern Ireland with potentially malignant lesions (PML) to determine association with development of intraoral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). DESIGN retrospective, cross-sectional, population-based, clinically validated, laboratory-verified. SUBJECTS AND METHODS All patients who had more than one incisional oral mucosal biopsy diagnosed from 1975-1991 were abstracted from a database of all PML and SCC and their clinical records and biopsies reviewed. Patients were excluded if there was priorlsynchronous SCC or radiotherapy, frictional keratosis or lichen planus, missing clinical records/biopsy material or follow-up of <24 months. From the 50 suitable patients, gender, age, smoking status, site, clinical appearance and extent of lesion(s), treatment and year of diagnosis were recorded. Patients who developed SCC from PML were compared with those who did not. RESULTS Squamous cell carcinoma occurred significantly more often in patients with single rather than multiple PML, those with 'non-homogenous' PML and in patients diagnosed prior to 1980. In Cox's survival analysis, only the clinical extent was predictive of SCC. CONCLUSIONS Of all the features considered in our series, size (extent) was the most important clinical factor in determining the risk of future SCC in PML, particularly when several adjacent anatomical sites were affected.
Voter Information in Kenya's 2013 Election News Media, Political Discussion and Party Campaigns

AVAILABILITY OF AND ACCESS to information are necessary for citizens to make informed decisions at elections. To make decisions about the electoral choices on offer, citizens require exposure to a wide variety of political information sources. The more information citizens have, the better equipped they are to connect their interests with the selection of candidates and parties. Moreover, to hold the government to account and judge its performance, citizens must have adequate access to mainstream and alternative sources of information – positive and negative – about what government has achieved since the last elections. Politicians are also more likely to be responsive when they perceive citizens to be knowledgeable about their performance and behaviour.
The Imperial County Community Air Monitoring Network: A Model for Community-based Environmental Monitoring for Public Health Action

Summary: The Imperial County Community Air Monitoring Network (the Network) is a collaborative group of community, academic, nongovernmental, and government partners designed to fill the need for more detailed data on particulate matter in an area that often exceeds air quality standards. The Network employs a community-based environmental monitoring process in which the community and researchers have specific, well-defined roles as part of an equitable partnership that also includes shared decision-making to determine study direction, plan research protocols, and conduct project activities. The Network is currently producing real-time particulate matter data from 40 low-cost sensors throughout Imperial County, one of the largest community-based air networks in the United States. Establishment of a community-led air network involves engaging community members to be citizen-scientists in the monitoring, siting, and data collection process. Attention to technical issues regarding instrument calibration and validation and electronic transfer and storage of data is also essential. Finally, continued community health improvements will be predicated on facilitating community ownership and sustainability of the network after research funds have been expended. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1772
[Independence in activities of daily living 6 months after surgery in previously independent elderly patients with hip fracture caused by a fall].

OBJECTIVE To measure recovery of independence in activities of daily living (ADL) 6 months after surgery in elderly patients (previously independent and without cognitive impairment) with hip fracture caused by a fall. METHOD We performed a longitudinal, prospective cohort study of patients who were previously independent for ADL, or had mild dependence, and who showed no cognitive impairment. Consecutive sampling was performed. The variables studied were age, sex, habitual residence, type of hip fracture, mental status (SPMSQ Pfeiffer), and independence in ADL (according to Barthel Index [BI]) prior to the fall and 6 months after the fall. RESULTS The study included 207 patients. There was a predominance of female sex (74.4%) and pertrochanteric fractures (45.9%). The mean age was 80.17 years old (SD = 6.95), and 7.7% were institutionalized. Six months after surgery, the mean BI score was 73.37 (SD = 26.76) (versus 90.05 before the fall), 16.8% showed urinary incontinence (versus 5.9%), 59.2% walked without assistance (versus 82.4%) and 24.6% climbed stairs unaided (versus 50.7%). The ability to walk down the street was regained in 64.6% (versus 82.1% before the fall). Recovery of autonomy for ADL was statistically significantly lower in patients unable to walk outdoors, who were institutionalized or who had mild cognitive impairment before the fall. CONCLUSIONS Only 33.6% of patients regained prior levels of autonomy 6 months after surgery.
Parathyroid Hormone‐Related Protein Regulates Glioma‐Associated Oncogene Transcriptional Activation

Hedgehog and parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP) signaling play important roles regulating the differentiation of chondrocytes, which form the template for growing bone. By studying the interaction of the pathways in normal and neoplastic growth‐plate chondrocytes (from enchondromas, a benign cartilage tumor), an unexpected direct regulation of hedgehog‐mediated transcriptional activation by parathyroid hormone‐related protein was uncovered. This regulation acts through the processing of the hedgehog‐activated transcription factor, glioma‐associated oncogene–three (Gli3). When PTHrP activates its receptor, Gli3 is processed to its repressor form though a protein kinase A (PKA) –dependent mechanism. Thus, activation of a G protein–coupled receptor can negatively regulate hedgehog‐mediated transcription independent of hedgehog ligand activity, raising intriguing therapeutic possibilities.
In vitro Cytokeratin Expression Profiling of Human Oral Mucosa Substitutes Developed by Tissue Engineering

In this work we performed a study of cytokeratin (CK) expression profiling on human artificial oral mucosa developed in vitro by tissue engineering at different stages of maturation (from immature to well-developed stages) at the protein and mRNA levels. Human artificial oral mucosa was generated in the laboratory using fibrin-agarose biomaterials. As controls, we used human native normal oral mucosa and embryonic oral tissues. Our results demonstrated that human embryonic oral tissues tended to express CK8 and CK19. In contrast, monolayered bioengineered oral mucosa did not show any CK expression by immunohistochemistry whereas bilayered and multilayered artificial oral mucosa showed several markers of stratified epithelia, but did not express CK10. These results suggest that the CK expression pattern is strongly dependent on the maturation state of the artificial tissues and that the CK expression profile of our model of artificial oral mucosa was partially similar to that of the non-keratinized human adult oral mucosa. However, the expression of CK8 by the artificial oral mucosa suggests that these samples correspond to an early stage of development while kept in vitro.
Bimonthly Leucovorin, Infusion 5-Fluorouracil, Hydroxyurea, and Irinotecan (FOLFIRI-2) for Pretreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Irinotecan has shown activity in advanced colorectal cancer resistant to leucovorin and fluorouracil. Preclinical experiments on cell cultures and human tumor xenografts indicated potential synergy when combining irinotecan and fluorouracil. We designed a new regimen combining leucovorin, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and hydroxyurea (FOLFIRI-2) and conducted a phase II study to establish its efficacy and tolerance in advanced colorectal cancer refractory to fluorouracil and oxaliplatin. Treatment was repeated every 2 weeks and consisted of leucovorin 400 mg/m2 on day 1, immediately followed by 46 hours of continuous infusion of fluorouracil 2,000 mg/m2, irinotecan 180 mg/m2 on day 3, and hydroxyurea 1,500 mg the day before leucovorin, and on days 1 and 2. Treatment was continued until progression or limiting toxicity. Twenty-nine heavily pretreated patients entered the study. Five patients achieved an objective response (17%), and 12 obtained stabilization of disease or minor response (52%). Five patients failed to continue treatment (17%) because of toxicity or worsening condition. From the start of FOLFIRI-2 treatment, median progression-free survival was 4.1 months and median survival was 9.7 months. Grade III/IV National Cancer Institute–Common Toxicity Criteria toxicities were nausea 17%, diarrhea 31%, mucositis 14%, neutropenia 52%, and febrile neutropenia 14%. FOLFIRI-2 achieved a good rate of response and stabilization in heavily pretreated patients despite significant toxicity.
Regulation of yeast trehalase by a monocyclic, cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cascade system

Mutation at the GLC1 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in simultaneous deficiencies in glycogen and trehalose accumulation. Extracts of yeast cells containing the glc1 mutation exhibited an abnormally high trehalase activity. This elevated activity was associated with a defective cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent monocyclic cascade which, in normal cells, regulates trehalase activity by means of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Trehalase in extracts of normal cells was largely in a cryptic form which could be activated in vitro by ATP . Mg in the presence of cAMP. Normal extracts also exhibited a correlated cAMP-dependent protein kinase which catalyzed incorporation of label from [gamma-32P]ATP into protamine. In contrast, cAMP had little or no additional activating effect on trehalase or on protamine phosphorylation in extracts of glc1 cells. Similar, unregulated activation of cryptic trehalase was also found in glycogen-deficient strains bearing a second, independently isolated mutant allele, glc1-2. Since trehalase activity was not directly affected by cAMP, the results indicate that the glc1 mutation results in an abnormally active protein kinase which has lost its normal dependence on cAMP. Trehalase in extracts of either normal or mutant cells underwent conversion to a cryptic form in an Mg2+-dependent, fluoride-sensitive reaction. Rates of this reversible reduction of activity were similar in extracts of mutant and normal cells. This same, unregulated protein kinase would act on glycogen synthase, maintaining it in the phosphorylated low-activity D-form. The glc1 mutants provide a novel model system for investigating the in vivo metabolic functions of a specific, cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Membrane dynamics and interactions in measles virus dendritic cell infections

Viral entry, compartmentalization and transmission depend on the formation of membrane lipid/protein microdomains concentrating receptors and signalosomes. Dendritic cells (DCs) are prime targets for measles virus (MV) infection, and this interaction promotes immune activation and generalized immunosuppression, yet also MV transport to secondary lymphatics where transmission to T cells occurs. In addition to MV trapping, DC‐SIGN interaction can enhance MV uptake by activating cellular sphingomyelinases and, thereby, vertical surface transport of its entry receptor CD150. To exploit DCs as Trojan horses for transport, MV promotes DC maturation accompanied by mobilization, and restrictions of viral replication in these cells may support this process. MV‐infected DCs are unable to support formation of functional immune synapses with conjugating T cells and signalling via viral glycoproteins or repulsive ligands (such as semaphorins) plays a key role in the induction of T‐cell paralysis. In the absence of antigen recognition, MV transmission from infected DCs to T cells most likely involves formation of polyconjugates which concentrate viral structural proteins, viral receptors and with components enhancing either viral uptake or conjugate stability. Because DCs barely support production of infectious MV particles, these organized interfaces are likely to represent virological synapses essential for MV transmission.
Relationships between scores of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)

This study was designed to examine the relationships between scores of two measures of empathy. One was specifically developed for measuring empathy in patient care situations; the other was developed for the general population. It was hypothesized that the overlap between scores of the two measures would be greater for their constructs that are more relevant to patient care. Study participants were 93 first-year internal medicine residents at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE, specifically developed for administration to health professionals), and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI, developed for the general population) were administered. A statistically significant correlation of a moderate magnitude between the total scores of the JSPE and IRI (r = 0.45, p < 0.01) was found. The research hypothesis was confirmed by observing higher correlations between those scales of the IRI that were relevant to patient care (e.g. empathic concern, perspective taking) and related factors of the JSPE (compassionate care, perspective taking) than other scales of the IRI that seemed less relevant to patient care (e.g. personal distress and fantasy). These findings provide further support for the validity of the JSPE. It is concluded that physician empathy as measured by the JSPE and its underlying factors are distinct personal attributes that have a limited overlap with fantasy and no overlap with personal distress defined as dimensions of an empathy measure that was developed for the general population.
Effects of antipsychotic treatment on tardive dyskinesia: a 6-month evaluation of patients from the European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) Study.

OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence and persistence of tardive dyskinesia between patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (ICD-10 and/or DSM-IV) who were treated with second-generation antipsychotics and first-generation antipsychotics in routine clinical practice. METHOD The European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) study is a 3-year, prospective, observational study. Each country had a start date for patient enrollment before October 2000. All enrollment was completed by June 30, 2001. A simple, global measure of tardive dyskinesia was rated by participating clinicians. For the current analysis, data at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months were analyzed using a generalized estimating equation model. RESULTS Second-generation antipsychotics conferred a lower risk for tardive dyskinesia at 6 months than first-generation antipsychotics (0.9% vs. 3.8%, odds ratio [OR] = 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.18 to 0.46). In addition, patients with tardive dyskinesia at baseline who were receiving second-generation antipsychotics were less likely than patients receiving first-generation antipsychotics to have tardive dyskinesia symptoms at 6 months (43.6% vs. 60.8%, OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.30 to 0.85). A sensitivity analysis suggested no bias related to pharmaceutical industry financial support. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the relative advantage of second-generation antipsychotics in terms of lower rates of incidence and persistence of tardive dyskinesia, observed in technical randomized controlled trials, generalizes to routine clinical care.
Investigating the interlinkages between infrastructure development, poverty and rural–urban income inequality: Evidence from BRICS nations

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between infrastructure development, rural–urban income inequality and poverty for BRICS economies. Design/methodology/approach - Pedroni’s panel co-integration test and panel dynamic ordinary least squares (PDOLS) have been used to carry out the analysis. Findings - The empirical findings confirm a long-run relationship among infrastructure development, poverty and rural–urban inequality. The PDOLS results suggest that both infrastructure development and economic growth lead to poverty reduction in BRICS. However, rural–urban income inequality aggravates poverty in these nations. The paper advocates for adopting policies aimed at strengthening infrastructure and achieving economic growth to reduce the current levels of poverty prevailing in the BRICS nations. Originality/value - Significant limitations exist in the literature in terms of not clearly defining the nature of relationship and interlinkages between infrastructure development, poverty and inequality, with regard to the BRICS nations. The available studies mainly focus on the relationship between infrastructure and growth, with the universal agreement being that these two are positively related. However, it is still not right to assume that economic growth attributable to infrastructure development will, therefore, subsequently lead to a reduction in inequality. This forms the basis for this study, that is, to critically examine the relationship between infrastructure development, inequality and poverty for BRICS nations.
Exploring drivers of sectoral electricity demand in Indonesia

ABSTRACT This study estimates the influence of income, electricity price, oil price, urbanization, and Asian economic crisis to electricity demands in residential, industrial, and commercial sectors of Indonesia using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method. Our estimations reveal that electricity demands in all sectors during the period of 1969–2015 are significantly affected by income and urbanization in which the demands in all sectors are elastic to urbanization but inelastic to income. On the other hand, electricity price only significantly affects residential electricity demand while oil price does not have significant influence on electricity demands in all sectors. The electricity demands in residential and commercial sectors are also significantly inelastic to the number of electricity customers while Asian economic crisis in 1998 only affects industrial electricity demand. These findings are like most previous studies for other country cases but not to previous Indonesian studies that had suffered from the cointegration issues.
Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons

Polycentricity is a fundamental concept in commons scholarship that connotes a complex form of governance with multiple centers of semiautonomous decision making. If the decision-making centers take each other into account in competitive and cooperative relationships and have recourse to conflict resolution mechanisms, they may be regarded as a polycentric governance system. In the context of natural resource governance, commons scholars have ascribed a number of advantages to polycentric governance systems, most notably enhanced adaptive capacity, provision of good institutional fit for natural resource systems, and mitigation of risk on account of redundant governance actors and institutions. Despite the popularity of the concept, systematic development of polycentricity, including its posited advantages, is lacking in the commons literature. To build greater clarity and specificity around the concept, we develop a theoretical model of a polycentric governance system with a focus on the features necessary or conducive for achieving the functioning predicted by commons scholars. The model is comprised of attributes, which constitute the definitional elements, and enabling conditions, which specify additional institutional features for achieving functionality in the commons. The model we propose takes the concept a step further toward specificity without sacrificing the generality necessary for contextual application and further development.
NEUTRALIZATION TESTS IN POLIOMYELITIS. SERA TAKEN DURING THE ACUTE AND CONVALESCENT STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND TESTED WITH A PASSAGE VIRUS AND A STRAIN ISOLATED DURING THE 1935 NEW YORK CITY OUTBREAK.

It has generally been accepted that recovery from paralytic poliomyelitis usually results in the appearance of antibodies in the blood serum (1 to 10). The neutralizing property of human convalescent sera from paralytic patients was first demonstrated in 1910 by Netter and Levaditi (1) and by Flexner and Lewis (2). Since then a number of investigators have confirmed this findrecorded by several of the early workers. Recently, however, the absence of neutralizing power in convalescent sera has been noted more frequently (16 to 19). The majority of the neutralization tests were performed upon sera obtained from patients years after the onset of the disease; a smaller number were carried out on sera collected within one year; a few were secured
NEW SPECIES OF DICYEMENNEA (PHYLUM: DICYEMIDA) IN DEEP-WATER GRANELEDONE (MOLLUSCA: CEPHALOPODA: OCTOPODA) FROM THE ANTARCTIC

Two new species of dicyemids are described from 2 species of deep benthic cephalopods, Graneledone antarctica and G. macrotyla, collected in the Southern Ocean south of the Antarctic Convergence. Dicyemennea bathybenthum n. sp. was found in G. antarctica. It is a medium-sized dicyemid whose length does not exceed 1,000 μm. The calotte is bluntly rounded or conical in small individuals, but the shape becomes discoidal in large individuals. Nematogens and vermiform embryos have 23 peripheral cells. An anterior abortive axial cell is present in vermiform embryos. Other stages in the life cycle were not observed. Dicyemennea dorycephalum n. sp. was found in G. macrotyla. It is a medium to large dicyemid that rarely exceeds 4,000 μm. The calotte is distinctly pointed, similar in shape to a spearhead. Vermiform stages typically have either 25 or 27 peripheral cells. An anterior abortive axial cell is present in vermiform embryos. Infusoriform embryos have 37 cells, the refringent bodies are solid in composition, and 2 nuclei are present in each urn cell.