Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Survey of the Chemical Properties of the M17 and Cepheus A Cloud Cores

We present the results of a systematic survey of the chemical properties of two giant molecular cloud (GMC) cores in M17 and Cepheus A. In all, we have mapped the emission from 32 molecular transitions of 13 molecules and seven isotopic variants over a 4' × 5' region in each core. Each map includes known sites of massive star formation, as well as the more extended quiescent material. In M17 most molecules have emission peaks away from the H II region/molecular cloud interface, while two species, HC3N and CH3C2H, deviate from this structure with sharp maxima closer to this interface. In Cepheus A the core is influenced by a compact high-velocity molecular outflow and a more extended low-velocity flow. The molecular emission distributions in this source are generally quite similar, with most molecules peaking near the center of the core to the east of the compact H II region HW 2. A few molecules, SO, CH3OH, H13CN, and C18O, have more extended emission. Only two molecules, CO and HCO+, appear to trace the high- and low-velocity outflows; all other species are tracing the quiescent core. We have used the results of previous studies of the density and temperature of the dense gas in the same cloud cores to derive accurate abundances relative to CO for several positions in each core. The principal result is that the chemical composition of all the cores we have surveyed (which include OMC-1 as well as M17 and Cepheus A) show remarkable similarity, both within a given core and among the cores. This suggests that the chemical processes are similar in quiescent GMC core material. In M17 the lack of variation of molecular abundances is remarkable because the radiation field and the gas temperature are known to vary appreciably throughout the surveyed region, suggesting that the bulk of the emission arises from gas that is well shielded from radiation.
FORMATION AND INTERNATIONALIZATION OF IT FIRMS OF PAKISTAN: A RESOURCE BASED VIEW

The purpose of this study is to explore the issues regarding formation and internationalization of IT firms of transition economies like Pakistan, the context of the study is resource based view (RBV). The research part is inductive, qualitative and based on case study. The study’s findings illustrate the subtleties of how various resources intervene with entrepreneur’s surroundings to formulate a firm and grow internationally. The resources range from entrepreneurial to human to social to financial capital. Important findings of the paper are that the firm cannot be successful till the time they may have a perfect blend of resources, no single resource proved significant in isolation to boost up the process of formation and internationalization. At the end, the limitations and policy recommendations are discussed.
Controlling tetragonality and crystalline orientation in BaTiO3 nano-layers grown on Si

A hybrid growth process was developed in order to epitaxially integrate nano-layers of the multi-functional perovskite BaTiO3 onto Si(001) substrates. In particular, we combined molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with radio-frequency sputtering. Due to its strong influence on the functional properties, the crystalline structure of the layers was thoroughly investigated throughout our study. MBE-grown seed layers are tetragonal and c-axis oriented up to a thickness of 20 nm. A transition into a-axis films is visible for thicker layers. When the seed layer thickness exceeds 6 nm, subsequently sputtered BaTiO3 films are epitaxial. However, their crystalline structure, their orientation with respect to the substrate, and their morphology are strongly dependent on the deposition and post-deposition thermal budget. Consistently with their crystalline symmetry, thin MBE BaTiO3 films are piezo- and ferroelectric with a spontaneous polarization perpendicular to the surface. Also for thick films, the functional response, as determined via piezo-force microscopy, is in good agreement with the structural properties.
Robot programming by non-experts: Intuitiveness and robustness of One-Shot robot programming

General purpose robots are established tools in a variety of industrial applications. Current household robots, however, are limited in capabilities and purpose. One reason for this is the programming effort required to utilize a general purpose robot. A popular strategy to reduce programming effort is Programming by Demonstration (PbD). Usually PbD requires several tedious demonstrations to teach a robot some behavior or skill. Notably, there are just few approaches where a single demonstration suffices. Such One-Shot approaches reduce programming effort even further and allow non-experts to quickly and intuitively program a general purpose robot. In this work we evaluate intuitiveness and robustness (i.e. the dependability when executing non-expert generated programs) of a One-Shot PbD system. To this end, we carried out a user study with 34 participants. Our participants used kinesthetic programming to complete various tasks with a light-weight robot. We instructed users with standard methods, either by speech, by graphical tutorial or by video. During the study, structured questionnaires and an observation sheet collected user impressions: The effectiveness when solving a task, the efficiency and (mental) effort during programming, the attitude towards the robot, and finally the satisfaction with the entire system. User ratings on all aspects confirm the high intuitiveness of the investigated system. In contrast to other approaches, the study did not depend on a specific instructional material to achieve high intuitiveness ratings. Overall, our findings support the advantages of a One-Shot programming system and give important insights into general requirements for robot programming by non-experts. We conclude that the investigated One-Shot PbD approach forms a vital tool for the use of robots in private households.
The use of category management practices to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage in the fast‐moving‐consumer‐goods industry

Despite massive efforts of suppliers and retailers in the fast‐moving‐consumer‐goods (FMCG) channel to adopt the efficient consumer response (ECR) practices, many of the expected benefits have not been realized. This study examines the history and implementation practices of ECR in the USA and in Germany and presents conceptual models that compare the likely outcomes when ECR‐based category management practices are initiated either by the supplier or by the retailer channel partner. Combining the knowledge gained from a series of interviews with industry experts with their own ECR experiences, it is shown how a strategic competitive advantage can be realized through the combination of both supplier and retailer views and expertise in category management practices. The article concludes with an examination of barriers to implementation of category management plans and suggests ways to overcome these barriers.
Origin and Endpoint of the Olfactory Nerve Fibers: As Described by Santiago Ramón y Cajal

In the late Nineteenth Century, Santiago Ramón y Cajal was able to reproduce an exceptional illustration of the Olfactory Nerve pathway and its myriad of cells, by using the Golgi Method. Dr. Cajal focused intense study on the histology of the nervous system and published a treatise on the olfactory nerve fibers and the distinct peripheral origin and central nervous system endpoint of this unique pathway. The original title of this work is “Origen y terminación de las fibras nerviosas olfatorias” published in 1890. As the original publication is in Spanish, here we provide an English translation allowing present‐day English speakers to read these writings. Cajal followed the trajectory of the olfactory nerve fibers as they transitioned between the peripheral and central nervous system and was able to assert that these fibers were not continuous from the olfactory bulb to the bipolar cells that relinquish into the olfactory epithelium, but that the olfactory system was made up of various cell types each having distinct morphologies and functions. This may very well be the first definitive description of the olfactory receptor neurons and the first illustrations of the continuity of these cells throughout the olfactory pathway. These meticulous histological preparations were created by first using Camillo Golgi's potassium dichromate and silver nitrate impregnation method known as “reazione nera” or “black reaction,” where nerve cells, nerve fibers, and neuroglia could be visualized. This study exhibits the structural and functional organization of the mammalian fila olfactoria as it was investigated in centuries past. Anat Rec, 291:741‐750, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gravitational entropy and quantum cosmology

We investigate the evolution of different measures of `gravitational entropy' in Bianchi type I and Lemaitre-Tolman universe models. A new quantity behaving in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics is introduced. We then go on and investigate whether a quantum calculation of initial conditions for the universe based upon the Wheeler-DeWitt equation supports Penrose's Weyl curvature conjecture, according to which the Ricci part of the curvature dominates over the Weyl part at the initial singularity of the universe. The theory is applied to the Bianchi type I universe models with dust and a cosmological constant and to the Lemaitre-Tolman universe models. We investigate two different versions of the conjecture. First, we investigate a local version which fails to support the conjecture. Thereafter we construct a non-local entity which shows more promising behaviour concerning the conjecture.
An Exploration of Contemporary Marketing Practices in the New Zealand Wine Sector: Evidence from Three Cases

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether or not transaction marketing is being employed together with various types of relationship marketing. A classification scheme of contemporary marketing practices (Coviello, Brodie and Munro, 1997) is reviewed, and the need to enrich earlier research findings is discussed. A case study methodology for conducting research into the New Zealand wine sector is then considered. The preliminary findings suggest that vineyards increasingly employ a pluralistic approach to marketing combining transaction marketing with relational types of marketing, and that the softer sides of marketing are becoming important, such as social bonding, networks and interactions. The findings also give insights into whether or not vineyards are driven by their product or market.
Suicide Bombers Form a New Injury Profile

Background:Recent explosions of suicide bombers introduced new and unique profiles of injury. Explosives frequently included small metal parts, increasing severity of injuries, challenging both physicians and healthcare systems. Timely detonation in crowded and confined spaces further increased explosion effect. Methods:Israel National Trauma Registry data on hospitalized terror casualties between October 1, 2000 and December 31, 2004 were analyzed. Results:A total of 1155 patients injured by explosion were studied. Nearly 30% suffered severe to critical injuries (ISS ≥ 16); severe injuries (AIS ≥ 3) were more prevalent than in other trauma. Triage has changed as metal parts contained in bombs penetrate the human body with great force and may result in tiny entry wounds easily concealed by hair, clothes etc. A total of 36.6% had a computed tomography (CT), 26.8% had ultrasound scanning, and 53.2% had an x-ray in the emergency department. From the emergency department, 28.3% went directly to the operating room, 10.1% to the intensive care unit, and 58.4% directly to the ward. Injuries were mostly internal, open wounds, and burns, with an excess of injuries to nerves and to blood vessels compared with other trauma mechanisms. A high rate of surgical procedures was recorded, including thoracotomies, laparotomies, craniotomies, and vascular surgery. In certain cases, there were simultaneous multiple injuries that required competing forms of treatment, such as burns and blast lung. Conclusions:Bombs containing metal fragments detonated by suicide bombers in crowded locations change patterns and severity of injury in a civil population. Specific injuries will require tailored approaches, an open mind, and close collaboration and cooperation between trauma surgeons to share experience, opinions, and ideas. Findings presented have implications for triage, diagnosis, treatment, hospital organization, and the definition of surge capacity.
Job Dispersion and Compensating Wage Differentials

The empirical literature on compensating wage differentials has a mixed history. While there have been some successes, much of this literature finds weak support for the theory of equalizing differences. We argue that it is dispersion in total job values or "job dispersion" that leads to biased compensating wage differential estimates. We begin by demonstrating how job dispersion can lead to biased hedonic estimates. Then we take a partial equilibrium on-the-job search model with utility from non-wage job characteristics, structurally estimate it and then simulate a dataset. Using our simulated dataset, we conduct a detailed analysis of the sources of bias in hedonic wage estimates. While worker heterogeneity and job dynamics are important sources of job dispersion, a significant proportion of the variation in jobs can only be explained by the inherent randomness of job offers.
The effects of organizational culture and market orientation on the effectiveness of strategic marketing alliances

Recent research illuminates the important contribution of organizational culture and market orientation to organizational effectiveness. In an attempt to increase the conceptual and empirical body of knowledge, explores the links between organizational culture, market orientation, and marketing effectiveness in the context of strategic marketing alliances. Analyzes responses to self‐administered questionnaires returned by 128 such organizations. The findings suggest that organizational culture significantly affects marketing effectiveness, although the individual dimensions of organizational culture have varying degrees of influence upon the dimensions of marketing effectiveness. Among mechanistic or non‐adaptive cultural dimensions, increased internal culture enhances an internal market effectiveness dimension, whereas increased external culture enhances an external market effectiveness dimension. This internal/external alignment is not found for the organic or adaptive cultural dimensions. This same internal/external alignment is found, however, when examining the relationship between market orientation and market effectiveness. Internal aspects of market orientation enhance an internal market effectiveness dimension, whereas increased external orientation enhances an external market effectiveness dimension. Discusses managerial implications.
An update on the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer's disease

Several epidemiological studies suggest that long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may protect against Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially for patients carrying one or more ϵ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E. The biological mechanism of this protection is not completely understood and may involve inhibition of COX activity, inhibition of β-amyloid1-42 (Aβ42) production and aggregation, inhibition of β-secretase activity, activation of PPAR-γ or stimulation of neurotrophin synthesis. Unfortunately, long-term, placebo-controlled clinical trials with both non-selective and COX-2 selective NSAIDs in AD patients produced negative results. A secondary prevention study with rofecoxib in patients with mild cognitive impairment and a primary prevention study with naproxen and celecoxib in elderly subjects with a family history of AD were also negative. All these failures have diminished the hope that NSAIDs could be beneficial in the treatment of AD. It is hypothesized that the chronic use of NSAIDs may be beneficial only in the normal brain by inhibiting the production of Aβ42. Once the Aβ deposition process has started, NSAIDs are no longer effective and may even be detrimental because of their inhibiting activity on activated microglia of the AD brain, which mediates Aβ clearance and activates compensatory hippocampal neurogenesis.
Need Satisfaction at Work, Job Strain, and Performance: A Diary Study

We performed a daily diary study to examine the mediating role of autonomy need satisfaction and competence need satisfaction in the relationships between job characteristics (i.e., job resources, challenge and hindrance demands) and strain and performance. For 10 consecutive working days, 194 employees reported on their daily job resources, challenge and hindrance demands, task performance, strain level, and satisfaction of the needs for competence and autonomy. Multilevel path modeling demonstrated that the within-person relationships between job resources, challenge and hindrance demands, and strain are mediated by autonomy need satisfaction, but not by competence need satisfaction. However, the relationships between job resources and hindrance demands, and performance are mediated by both competence and autonomy need satisfaction. Our findings show that organizations may benefit from designing jobs that provide employees with the opportunity to satisfy their basic needs for competence and autonomy.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression Correlates with Local Chronic Inflammation and Tumor Neovascularization in Human Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Chronic inflammation is linked to the development of cancer in several organs, including the prostate. Up-regulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may play a role in influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, or angiogenesis. This study aimed to derive data from human prostate cancer to investigate whether chronic inflammation and angiogenesis were correlated with the expression of COX-2. Experimental Design: In this study, we did double-immunohistochemical analysis of a set of 43 human prostate cancer for COX-2 expression and the correlation with T-lymphocyte and macrophage densities and CD31-marked microvessel density (MVD) in situ. Results: COX-2 positive staining was detected in 40/43 cancer samples with the very heterogeneous expression. Elevated COX-2 expression was associated with high Gleason score (P = 0.002). Foci of chronic inflammation were found in all 43 samples. COX-2–positive areas were noted with high T-lymphocyte and macrophage densities than COX-2–negative tumor areas (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.001, respectively). MVD were also found higher in COX-2–positive areas than in COX-2–negative tumor areas (P = 0.001). Conclusions: This study shows a novel relationship between COX-2 expression and the local chronic inflammation within prostate cancer and the increased angiogenesis. It is likely that the proinflmmatory cytokines, released by T-lymphocytes and macrophages, up-regulate COX-2 in adjacent tumor cells and stimulate the angiogenesis in stromal tissues. These findings suggest that COX-2 may be an effective therapeutic target in prostate cancer treatment.
Effects of rapid shortening on rate of force regeneration and myoplasmic [Ca2+] in intact frog skeletal muscle fibres

1 The effect of rapid shortening on rate of force regeneration (dF/dtR) was examined in single, intact frog (Rana temporaria) skeletal muscle fibres (3·0 °C). Step releases leading to unloaded shortening were applied after 500 ms of stimulation, during the plateau of an isometric tetanus. Initial mean sarcomere length ranged from 2·05 to 2·35 μm; force regeneration after shortening was at 2·00 μm. 2 Values for dF/dtR following a 25 nm half‐sarcomere−1 release were 3·17 ± 0·17 (mean ± s.e.m., n= 8) times greater than the initial rate of rise of force before release (dF/dtI). As release size was increased from 25 to 175 nm half‐sarcomere−1, the relationship between release size and dF/dtR decreased sharply before attaining a plateau value that was 1·34 ± 0·09 times greater than dF/dtI. Despite wide variations in dF/dtR, the velocity of unloaded shortening remained constant (2·92 ± 0·08 μm half‐sarcomere−1 s−1; n= 8) for the different release amplitudes used in this study. 3 To investigate its role in the attenuation of dF/dtR with increased shortening, the effects of rapid ramp (constant velocity) shortening on intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were monitored using the Ca2+‐sensitive fluorescent dye furaptra. Compared with an isometric contraction, rapid fibre shortening was associated with a transient increase in [Ca2+]i while force regeneration after shortening was associated with a transient reduction in [Ca2+]i. The greatest reductions in [Ca2+]i were associated with the largest amplitude ramps. 4 Cross‐bridge‐mediated modifications of the Ca2+ affinity of troponin C (TnC) may explain the fluctuations in [Ca2+]i observed during and after ramps. Associated fluctuations in TnC Ca2+ occupancy could play a role in the reduction of dF/dtR with increasing release size.
Kinetic Ignition Enhancement of $\hbox{H}_{2}$  Versus Fuel-Blended Air Diffusion Flames Using Nonequilibrium Plasma

Kinetic ignition enhancement of H<sub>2</sub> diffusion flames by a nonequilibrium plasma discharge of H<sub>2</sub>- and CH<sub>4</sub>-blended oxidizer was studied experimentally and numerically through the development of a well-defined counterflow system. Measurements of ignition temperatures and major species as well as computations of rates of production and sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify the important kinetic pathways. It was found that the competition between the catalytic effect of NO<sub>x</sub> and the inhibitive effects of H<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub> governed the ignition processes in the system. With air as the oxidizer, ignition was enhanced from the plasma-produced NO<sub>x</sub>. With H<sub>2</sub> addition to the oxidizer, H<sub>2</sub>O formation significantly increased the ignition temperature. However, with plasma activation, the inhibitive effect of H<sub>2</sub>O was significantly reduced because of the dominant role of NO<sub>x</sub>. With CH<sub>4</sub> addition to the oxidizer, the ignition temperatures increased due to the radical quenching by H<sub>2</sub>O or CH<sub>4</sub>, depending upon the strain rate. The results showed that the inhibitive effects were significantly decreased with plasma activation. Unlike vitiated air ignition, plasma-enhanced ignition for fuel-air mixtures can suppress the inhibitive effects of H<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub> because of the overwhelming catalytic NO<sub>x</sub> effect at low temperatures.
Online Retailing in India: Linking Internet Usage, Perceived Risks, Website Attributes and Past Online Purchase Behaviour

With the number of Internet users exceeding 200 million, as reported on October 2013, e‐commerce holds great promise in India. However, converting e‐users into e‐consumers still remains a challenging task for e‐retailers. Although Internet penetration has deepened in India, yet capitalising the market potential depends largely on how Indian online users actually use the Internet. This research study examines drivers of online purchase in India. As these variables do not impact online purchase behaviour independently, we have attempted to establish interrelationship of these variables (Internet usage, perceived risk, website attributes, influence of past online shopping experience on perceived risks) to understand buying behaviour. A structured questionnaire was administered for online consumers using field and online survey mediums and response of 484 users was obtained. Findings show that Indian online users had high level of perceived risks and these perceived risks increase despite users have online buying experience. However, their attitude towards future intention to do online purchase was not influenced by perceived risks related to Internet. These findings are contrary to past studies, indicating that Indian online users have a unique attitude formation towards Internet usage.