Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ecological Cutting Fluids

This study deals with metalworking fluids (MWFs). According to DIN 51385, depending on their base, the fluids are divided into oil and water fluids. The oil bases include, among others, mineral, synthetic, vegetable and paraffin oils. This division does not comprise surfactant solutions which can be successfully used in metalworking. Due to the fact that this type of fluid was not qualified, a new type of lubricant based on the aqueous solutions of surfactants has been proposed. Two new notions have been introduced: surfactant working fluids (SWFs) for working fluids and surfactant lubricants (SLs) for all kinds of lubricants as a broader term. The effect of the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions of sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (SLS), also known as sodium N-dodecanoyl-N-methyl glycinate, on tribological properties determined using a four-ball machine (Tester T-02) (Łukasiewicz Research Network—The Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Radom, Poland) was analyzed. On the basis of aqueous SLS solutions a composition of working fluids was developed and their functional properties were verified by means of tribological and stand tests as well as during operation. The test results obtained clearly indicate that functional properties of 2% solutions of sodium lauroyl sarcosinate with a foam inhibitor (0.05%) and a biocide (0.1%) are comparable to those of a quality commercial hydraulic fluid.
Relationship between Macroinvertebrates and Physico-Chemical Parameters to Access Water Quality of the Affon River in Bénin

The Affon River is one of the important rivers of the Oueme River whose benthic diversity remained unknown. The present study aims to make the relationship between macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical parameters to access water quality of the Affon River. The measurement of physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, transparency, depth and TDS, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrite and phosphate) and the sampling of macroinvertebrates using a Surber net were carried out during floods in eight stations. A principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used. The indices of Shannon, Pielou, Simpson, Hilsenhoff, EPT and EPT/Chironomidae were used to assess the level of water pollution. The study identified 9755 macroinvertebrates divided into 4 classes, 14 orders and 49 families. Pollution-sensitive families (14 families) that are organic pollution indicators, as well as pollution-tolerant families (Chironomidae, Limnaeidae, Bithynidae, Physidae) were captured. Chironomidae were the most predominant and abundant family (FO = 100%). The predominance of Chironomidae coupled with the rarity of the Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Plecoptera would reflect the poor quality of the Affon River waters. The principal components analysis yielded groups of associations: The first group of stations Taneka 2 and 3 characterized by high values of ammonium and phosphate; and low values of conductivity and TDS; the second group of Taneka 1 and Kolokonde 1 stations with low values of pH, transparency, ammonium and phosphates; and the third group of stations Kolokonde 2, Kpebouko1, Kpebouko 2 and Affon marked by high values of conductivity, TDS, transparency, depth and temperature. The canonical correspondence analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between Nemouridae and ammonium as well as between Perlidae, Taeniopterygidae, Ephemeridae, Heptageniidae, Isonychiidae, Elmidae and phosphate. This study is a crucial step for any management and monitoring of this river.
Features of Person: From the Inventory of Persons to Their Morphological Realization

A proposal that person features do not have inherent content but are used to navigate a ? person space? at the heart of every pronominal expression.This book offers a significant reconceptualization of the person system in natural language. The authors, leading scholars in syntax and its interfaces, propose that person features do not have inherent content but are used to navigate a ? person space? at the heart of every pronominal expression. They map the journey of person features in grammar, from semantics through syntax to the system of morphological realization. Such an in-depth cross-modular study allows the development of a theory in which assumptions made about the behavior of a given feature in one module bear on possible assumptions about its behavior in other modules. The authors' new theory of person, built on a sparse set of two privative person features, delivers a typologically adequate inventory of persons; captures the semantics of personal pronouns, impersonal pronouns, and R-expressions; accounts for aspects of their syntactic behavior; and explains patterns of person-related syncretism in the realization of pronouns and inflectional endings. The authors discuss numerous observations from the literature, defend a number of theoretical choices that are either new or not generally accepted, and present novel empirical findings regarding phenomena as different as honorifics, number marking, and unagreement.
2D Image-To-3D Model: Knowledge-Based 3D Building Reconstruction (3DBR) Using Single Aerial Images and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)

In this study, a deep learning (DL)-based approach is proposed for the detection and reconstruction of buildings from a single aerial image. The pre-required knowledge to reconstruct the 3D shapes of buildings, including the height data as well as the linear elements of individual roofs, is derived from the RGB image using an optimized multi-scale convolutional–deconvolutional network (MSCDN). The proposed network is composed of two feature extraction levels to first predict the coarse features, and then automatically refine them. The predicted features include the normalized digital surface models (nDSMs) and linear elements of roofs in three classes of eave, ridge, and hip lines. Then, the prismatic models of buildings are generated by analyzing the eave lines. The parametric models of individual roofs are also reconstructed using the predicted ridge and hip lines. The experiments show that, even in the presence of noises in height values, the proposed method performs well on 3D reconstruction of buildings with different shapes and complexities. The average root mean square error (RMSE) and normalized median absolute deviation (NMAD) metrics are about 3.43 m and 1.13 m, respectively for the predicted nDSM. Moreover, the quality of the extracted linear elements is about 91.31% and 83.69% for the Potsdam and Zeebrugge test data, respectively. Unlike the state-of-the-art methods, the proposed approach does not need any additional or auxiliary data and employs a single image to reconstruct the 3D models of buildings with the competitive precision of about 1.2 m and 0.8 m for the horizontal and vertical RMSEs over the Potsdam data and about 3.9 m and 2.4 m over the Zeebrugge test data.
Characterization and Modeling of Satellite-Based Precipitation Uncertainty over Complex Terrain

The availability and quality of precipitation estimates is essential to the accuracy and reliability of hydrological modeling studies. Difficulties in the representation of high rainfall variability over mountainous areas using ground-based sensors make satellite-based precipitation products (SPPs) attractive for hydrological studies over such regions, since these products are quasi-global and available at high spatial resolution. Evaluation of several SPPs using rain gauge networks over ten mountainous regions across the globe has shown their performance is highly dependent on advancing the quality of primary data sources, one of which is passive microwave (PMW) retrievals. The evaluation of PMW retrievals is challenging, since it requires reference datasets with high temporal and spatial resolution. This difficulty can be overcome through the use of experimental ground radar (GR) X-band polarimetric radar observations. The Self-Consistent Optimal Parameterization-Microphysics Estimation (SCOPME), an algorithm that uses best-fitted functions of specific attenuation coefficients and backscattering differential phase shifts used to retrieve rainfall rates and microphysical characteristics from GR. GR deployments over mountainous regions are used to evaluate the error characteristics of SCOP-ME retrieval and provide high-resolution estimates of the 4D rainfall variability. These estimates represented the benchmark precipitation dataset, which are then used in the error characterization and modeling of the PMW retrievals. To understand the source of uncertainties, a sampling volume-matching methodology is implemented between PMW and GR. The PMW retrievals showed weaker covariation than GR, with magnitude-dependent systematic error going from overestimation of light precipitation to, mainly, underestimation of heavier precipitation. Overall, these investigations indicated that PMW retrievals have uncertainties that necessitate the use of error characterization and correction procedures, especially over complex terrain. This called for error modeling of the PMW retrievals, which is conducted with quantile regression forests (QRF), a nonparametric tree-based model. The ensembles generated through the QRF model are validated by independent matchups of PMW and GR data from four complex terrains. Validation of the error model is conducted in two ways, the k-fold and leave-one region out cross validation techniques. The study showed that the error model significantly reduces both mean relative error and the random component of the error compared to the original PMW products. Moreover, it demonstrated transferability of this error model among complex terrain regions around the globe, which will allow algorithm developers to integrate it to produce Level 3 products.
Steric Sea Level Changes from Ocean Reanalyses at Global and Regional Scales

Sea level has risen significantly in the recent decades and is expected to rise further based on recent climate projections. Ocean reanalyses that synthetize information from observing networks, dynamical ocean general circulation models, and atmospheric forcing data offer an attractive way to evaluate sea level trend and variability and partition the causes of such sea level changes at both global and regional scales. Here, we review recent utilization of reanalyses for steric sea level trend investigations. State-of-the-science ocean reanalysis products are then used to further infer steric sea level changes. In particular, we used an ensemble of centennial reanalyses at moderate spatial resolution (between 0.5 × 0.5 and 1 × 1 degree) and an ensemble of eddy-permitting reanalyses to quantify the trends and their uncertainty over the last century and the last two decades, respectively. All the datasets showed good performance in reproducing sea level changes. Centennial reanalyses reveal a 1900–2010 trend of steric sea level equal to 0.47 ± 0.04 mm year−1, in agreement with previous studies, with unprecedented rise since the mid-1990s. During the altimetry era, the latest vintage of reanalyses is shown to outperform the previous ones in terms of skill scores against the independent satellite data. They consistently reproduce global and regional upper ocean steric expansion and the association with climate variability, such as ENSO. However, the mass contribution to the global mean sea level rise is varying with products and its representability needs to be improved, as well as the contribution of deep and abyssal waters to the steric sea level rise. Similarly, high-resolution regional reanalyses for the European seas provide valuable information on sea level trends, their patterns, and their causes.
Uitdam, the Netherlands: test site for soft fibrous peat

Subsoil strata in the most densely populated areas of the Netherlands typically contain peat layers. Consequently, knowledge is required about the complex mechanical behaviour of peats for the purposes of the geotechnical design and maintenance of infrastructure. A test site was set up for a dike reinforcement project, primarily in order to determine the operational undrained shear strength of peats. The field trials, and extensive laboratory and field probe testing, showed that, although margins of uncertainty in the individual measurements are large, the combination of different testing techniques provides a clear image of the strength behaviour of peats. Additional testing of large samples showed the relevance of size effects for peat tests. The back analysis of the tests produced operational undrained shear strength values that concur closely with laboratory and field probe testing. These test results provide a direction for future research targeting the development of constitutive models to predict the stress—strain behaviour of peats correctly.
Tree growth divergence from winter temperature in the Gongga Mountains, southeastern Tibetan Plateau

ABSTRACT The reduced sensitivity of tree growth to temperature in recent decades, commonly known as the tree-ring “divergence problem”, has been observed in many places of the world, which challenges the validity of dendroclimatic reconstructions. The manifestation and specific causes of the divergence vary in different environments, yet few studies have attempted to investigate its occurrence on the Tibetan Plateau. Here we report two temperature-sensitive ring-width chronologies of Abies georgei Orr and Sabina tibetica in the Gongga Mountains, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Significant positive correlations were detected between tree-rings and minimum temperatures, in particular in the prior winter (previous December to current March). Pronounced warming of local temperature was identified in the late twentieth century, with the minimum temperature increasing more rapidly than the mean and maximum temperatures. Concurrently, the tree-ring divergence problem was observed after 2003 at our sampling sites. A loss of sensitivity to winter temperature is coincident with a strengthening of positive (negative) response to the current (previous) growing season temperatures, indicating the complexity and possible multi-causality of the divergence at our sites.
Validation of AERONET-Estimated Upward Broadband Solar Fluxes at the Top-Of-The-Atmosphere with CERES Measurements

The AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) global network provides estimations of broadband solar radiative fluxes at the surface and at the TOA (Top-Of-the-Atmosphere). This paper reports on the validation of AERONET flux estimations at the TOA with the CERES (Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System) instrument. The validation was made at eight AERONET sites worldwide with at least seven years of Level 2.0 and Version 3 data and representatives of mineral dust, biomass burning, background continental, and urban-industrial aerosol regimes. To co-locate in time and space the AERONET and CERES fluxes, several criteria based on time and distance differences and cloud coverage were defined. When the strictest criterion was applied to all sites, the linear relationship between the observed and estimated fluxes (y = 1.04x – 3.67 Wm−2) was very close to the 1:1 ideal line. The correlation coefficient was 0.96 and nearly all points were contained in the ±15% region around the 1:1 line. The average flux difference was –2.52 Wm−2 (–0.84% in relative terms). AERONET overestimations were observed at two sites and were correlated with large aerosol optical depth (AOD) (>0.2) Underestimations were observed at one desert site and were correlated with large surface albedos (>0.2).
Voice command based android java code generator

The world is moving toward voiced based interaction with devices. A voice based code generator can make the work of a developer much easier and faster as well as bring hope for physically challenged programmers. Moreover, children can learn programming from very early age with the help of voice based code generator. So, we propose a new approach on mobile based application “Vocal - A voice based Code Generator”. This voice based code generator is going to be an Android app so that people can use it whenever they want. Our “Vocal” will take voice based instructions from the user and then detect the intention of the user. Depending on the commands, it will create variable, loops, print statement, methods, condition etc. There will be some basic instructions for the user to make the proper command.
Worldwide lake level trends and responses to background climate
variation

Abstract. Lakes provide many important benefits to society including drinking water, flood attenuation, nutrition, and recreation. Anthropogenic environmental changes may affect these benefits by altering lake water levels. However, background climate oscillations such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation, and the North Atlantic Oscillation can obscure long-term trends in water levels, creating uncertainty over the strength and ubiquity of anthropogenic effects on lakes. Here we account for the effects of background climate variation and test for long-term (1992–2019) trends in water levels in 117 globally-distributed large lakes using satellite altimetry data. On average, 27 % of water level variation in individual lakes was associated with background climate variation. The relative influence of specific axes of background climate variation on water levels varied substantially across and within regions. After removing the effects of background climate variation on water levels, long-term water level trend estimates were lower (+1.0 cm year−1) than calculated from raw water level data (+1.4 cm year−1). However, the trends became more statistically significant in 76 % of lakes after removing the effects of background climate variation (the median p-value of trends changed from 0.12 to 0.02). Thus, robust tests for long-term trends in lake water levels which may or may not be anthropogenic will require prior isolation and removal of the effects of background climate variation. Our findings suggest that background climate variation often masks long-term trends in environmental variables, but can be accounted for through more comprehensive statistical analyses.
Small and Full-Scale Fatigue Testing of Lead Cable Sheathing

The fatigue behavior of a PbSnSb alloy used in subsea power cable sheathing was studied using smalland full-scale experiments. The aim of the work was to understand the transferability between the scales and suitable testing methods. Creep phenomena are addressed by considering the cyclic strain rate as well as the small-scale loading mode. The fatigue test results show significant difference between different loading modes and scales. It is also evident that fatiguecreep interaction is highly important.
On the Chemical Identification and Classification of Minerals

To univocally identify mineral species on the basis of their formula, the IMA-CNMNC recommends the use of the dominant-valency rule and/or the site-total-charge approach, which can be considered two procedures complementary to each other for mineral identification. In this regard, several worked examples are provided in this study along with some simple suggestions for a more consistent terminology and a straightforward use of mineral formulae. IMA-CNMNC guidelines subordinate the mineral structure to the mineral chemistry in the hierarchical scheme adopted for classification. Indeed, a contradiction appears when we first classify mineral species to form classes (based on their chemistry) and subsequently we group together them to form supergroups (based on their structure topology): To date, more than half of recognized mineral supergroups include species with different anions or anionic complexes. This observation is in contrast to the current use of chemical composition as the distinguishing factor at the highest level of mineral classification.
Working-hour Trends in the Nordic Countries: Convergence or Divergence?

In this article, we investigate changes in usual working hours and part-time work in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden in recent decades. We analyze whether convergence or divergence occurred between countries, between men and women, and between men and women in each country. We use annual data from the European Labor Force Survey to identify trends between 1996 and 2016 (N = 730,133), while controlling for a set of structural factors. The findings suggest a degree of divergence between countries: usual working hours and the incidence of part-time work were relatively stable in Finland and Sweden, while working hours decreased in Denmark and Norway. The latter is partly driven by a decline among the 15–29 age group. The gender gap in working hours and part-time work was closed somewhat, in particular due to a rise in part-time work among men and a decline among women in Norway and Sweden.
Cladoceran (Crustacea) Niches, Sex, and Sun Bathing—A Long-Term Record of Tundra Lake (Lapland) Functioning and Paleo-Optics

Under fundamental ecosystem changes in high latitude lakes, a functional paleolimnological approach may increase holistic understanding of lake responses and resilience to climate warming. A ~2000-year sediment record from Lake Loažžejávri in the tundra of northern Finnish Lapland was examined for fossil Cladocera assemblages to examine long-term environmental controls on aquatic communities. In addition, cladoceran functional attributes, including functional diversity (FD), UV absorbance (ABSUV) of Alona carapaces, and sexual reproduction (ephippia) in Bosmina and Chydoridae were analyzed. Cladoceran communities responded to a major change in benthic habitat quality, reflected as elevated (increasingly benthic) sediment organic matter δ13C signal since the 17th century. FD fluctuations showed association with climate oscillation, FD being generally higher during warm climate periods. These ecological changes were likely attributable to diversification of littoral-benthic consumer habitat space. ABSUV, irrespective of increases during the Little Ice Age (LIA) due to higher UV transparency of lake water, was lower under increasing autochthony (benthic production) suggesting establishment of physical UV refugia by the benthic vegetative substrata. Bosmina ephippia exhibited a decreasing trend associated with increasing benthic production, indicating favorable environmental regime, and, together with chydorid ephippia, transient increases during the climate cooling of the LIA driven by shorter open-water season.
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ALMONDS OF Hyphaene Guineensis OF PREFECTURE OF POINTE NOIRE IN THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO

Hyphaene guineensis is one of the Palm trees that grow in the Republic of Congo. Their almonds are high in carbohydrates (41,18%). The humidity is 37,32%; The levels of protein, fat and fiber are respectively: 5,64% 13,51% and 10.85%. The ash content is 2.35%. Among the identified ions, there are: phosphorus: 0.18%, iron: 0.06%, Calcium: 0.44% and Magnesium: 0.65%. The calculated energy is 308, 87 Kcal / 100g. The fruits have mass average of 87, 88g.