Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2 Cue Combination Within a Bayesian Framework

To interact effectively with the world, the brain must optimize its perception of the objects and events in the environment, many of which are signaled by more than one sense. Optimal perception requires the brain to integrate redundant cues from the different senses as efficiently as possible. One effective model of cue combination is maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), a Bayesian model that deals with the fundamental uncertainty and noise associated with sensory signals and provides a statistically optimal way to integrate them. MLE achieves this through a weighted linear sum of two or more cues in which each cue is weighted inversely to its variance or “uncertainty. ” This produces an integrated sensory estimate with minimal uncertainty and thus maximized perceptual precision. Many studies show that adults integrate redundant sensory information consistent with MLE predictions. When the MLE model is tested in school-aged children, it is found that predictions for multisensory integration are confirmed in older children (>10 years) but not in younger children. Younger children show unisensory dominance and do not exploit the statistical benefits of multisensory integration, even when their dominant sense is far less precise than the other. This curious finding may result from each sensory system having an inherent specialization, with each specialist sense tuning the other senses, such as vision calibrating audition for space (or audition calibrating vision for time). This cross-sensory tuning would preclude useful combination of two senses until calibration is complete, after which MLE integration provides an excellent model of multisensory cue combination. D. Alais (*) School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia e-mail: David.Alais@sydney.edu. au D. Burr Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy Department of Neuroscience, University of Florence, Florence, Italy e-mail: Dave@in.cnr. it
VARIATIONS OF SEA SURFACE FLUXES IN THE COASTAL REGION

In this paper we examine the validity of bulk parameterization schemes (we used the COARE algorithm) for estimation of surface turbulent fluxes and their spatial variability in a costal region. This is a critical issue in numerical models in order to predict correctly the boundary layer evolution in a complex environment like costal areas. In the area of measurements (Monterey Bay, California) intense topographical effects like flow channeling due to coastal topography and thermal flows between land and sea in combination with stratocumulus cloud and coastal upwelling contribute to the complexity of the wind flow near the coast. High-rate 10 Hz measurements of turbulence were obtained with the CIRPAS/NPS Twin Otter aircraft in Monterey Bay throughout the year 2003 in the framework of Autonomous Ocean Sampling Network (AOSN-II) project. Data include about forty flights carried out during midday with a flight pattern consisting of dense near sea surface (30 m above sea surface) straight legs and slant soundings north and south of the coverage area. Wind turbulence was estimated from radome data after a careful calibration using flight maneuvers (Kalogiros and Wang 2002). Fast temperature and humidity measurements were obtained with a Rosemount platinum resistance thermometer and an IRGA sensor, respectively. A variety of different patterns of near surface flow was recorded including downcoast and upcoast strong or weak flow as well as offshore flow. Measured surface turbulent fluxes were systematically lower than bulk estimations probably due to the significant non-homogeneity of the flow and limited validity of surface similarity functions or roughness length parameterization especially under stable atmospheric conditions in the coastal area.
Akademia Baru Deputy Principals ’ Self-Efficacy in Dealing with Bullying in Malaysian Secondary Schools

With the increased use of the internet and social media, students are now being bullied in all locations, at all times. Bullying among students seems unstoppable. As second in command in the structure of secondary schools, the Deputy Principals have to face and deal with this problem. As Deputy Principals remain to be one of the least understood roles among schools of contemporary education systems, scant attention was paid to their self-efficacy regarding dealing with bullying. The purpose of this study is to identify the levels of secondary schools Deputy Principals’ self-efficacy (Behavioral, Cognitive, and Emotional) in terms of dealing with bullying among students. 960 inservice Deputy Principals, 3748 students, and 798 parents from 240 secondary schools throughout Malaysia were involved in this study. Based on the finding of this study, Behavioral Self-Efficacy has the highest overall mean. However, the level of agreement towards Deputy Principals’ Behavioral Efficacy in dealing with bullying, from both students and parents involved in this study is considered quite low. With better training opportunities and ongoing professional development for Deputy Principals in order to enhance their behavioral, cognitive, and emotional efficacy in dealing with bullying, hopefully will help to ease the problem of bullying among students in schools. Copyright © 2016 Penerbit Akademia Baru All rights reserved.
Title: Match rigging and the favorite long-shot bias in the Italian football betting

In this empirical study we compared the results of the matches played in the Italian football league “Serie A” with the odds offered by the bookmakers. We found that the market odds are good predictors of the actual game results but we also found that the distribution of returns for odds’ subgroups displayed the so-called “favorite long-shot” bias. Given the evidence of match-rigging in Italian football, we investigated if this bias was caused by a strategic behavior of bookmakers who were expecting to deal with insiders. Our results confirm that match rigging was associated with a larger F/L bias.
Study on herbicide ( thiobencarb ) in Clarias gariepinus in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate ,

This work was conducted in order to investigate the impact of herbicide thiobencarb on Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus) immunity. Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) was detected, it was 160 μg. l -1 . Four groups were distributed in 12 glass aquaria 1 st water had no addition 0% control, 2 nd 5%, 3 rd 10% and 4 th 15% of thiobencarb LC50. LC50 96 hours was 160 μg. l -1 . the highest thiobencarb residue was detected in gills followed by liver while muscles had the lowest residues. Thiobencarb chronic toxicity had an impact on SR% and it was decreased in linear manner 86.7, 73.3, 63.3 and 46.67 respectively. Haemogram of C. gariepinus RBCs WBCs HB and PCV MCV was decreased and MCHC had the same trend of HB and PCV while thiobencarb had no effect on MCH. Liver enzyme AST and ALT showed significant increase parallel to increased thiobencarb concentration and TP had decreased while Cholesterol and creatinine had a significant increase. Antioxidant activities GPx and CAT of C. gariepinus showed a significant increase along with increased thiobencarb concentration. Immune of C. gariepinus was drastically impacted as showed in glass adhesion test and serum bactericidal activities test. It was concluded that thiobencarb had an adverse effect on C. gariepinus health and anti oxidant (GPx and CAT) could be used as bioindicator for toxicity.
THE LAST DEGLACIATION OF ALASKA

We review available chronologies that constrain the timing of glacier fluctuations during the last deglaciation in Alaska. We address three questions relating to the last glacial termination: (i) How did the timing of glacier recession relate to buildup of global CO 2 , such as during the onset of CO 2 rise at ~18 ka? (ii) Did glaciers fluctuate in synchrony with Heinrich Stadial 1 (18-14.6 ka)? And, (iii) what is the spatio-temporal pattern of glacier change during the climatically turbulent late glacial interval (14.6-11.7 ka)? The existing record is incomplete, yet reveals that most Alaskan glaciers experienced significant retreat (~40% of their Last Glacial Maximum lengths) prior to the onset of CO 2 rise ~18 ka. This points to stronger insolation forcing of Alaskan glaciers compared to mid-latitude glaciers. Despite some glacier re-advances and standstills during Heinrich Stadial 1, most glaciers continued to recede. This suggests that glaciers in Alaska were relatively immune to the far-field effects of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Finally, the majority of glaciers (9 out of 14 available records) were up-valley of their late Holocene glacier extents during the Younger Dryas. Most of the sites with evidence for relatively extensive glaciers during the Younger Dryas are in southern Alaska, which may relate to moisture changes associated with the flooding of Bering Strait as much as it does to changes in North Atlantic Ocean circulation.
Modeling hydraulic fracture of glaciers using continuum damage mechanics

The presence of water-filled crevasses is known to increase the penetration depth of crevasses and this has been hypothesized to play an important role controlling iceberg calving rate. Here, we develop a continuum-damage-based poro-mechanics formulation that enables the simulation of water-filled basal and surface crevasse propagation. The formulation incorporates a scalar isotropic damage variable into a Maxwell-type viscoelastic constitutive model for glacial ice, and the effect of the water pressure on fracture propagation using the concept of effective solid stress. We illustrate the model by simulating quasi-static hydrofracture in idealized rectangular slabs of ice in contact with the ocean. Our results indicate that water-filled basal crevasses only propagate when the water pressure is sufficiently large, and that the interaction between simultaneously propagating water-filled surface and basal crevasses can have a mutually positive influence leading to deeper crevasse propagation, which can critically affect glacial stability. Therefore, this study supports the hypothesis that hydraulic fracture is a plausible mechanism for the accelerated breakdown of glaciers.
Predictions of Toddlers ’ Development of Effortful Control with Parental Beliefs about Children ’ s Emotion

The results of this study indicate the critical role of parents’ emotion-related beliefs in toddlers’ development of effortful control (EC). We assessed EC and negative affectivity characteristics of 94 Taiwanese children through their parents’ reports on the scales of the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire at two different points in time: at 24 and 30 months of age. When the children were 24 months old, we also assessed their parents’ emotion-related beliefs through the Parent’s Beliefs about Children’s Emotions (PBACE) questionnaire. The PBACE predicted the change in EC six months later, controlled for the children’s EC and negative affects at 24 months old. Three different aspects of PBACE significantly predicted the development in EC: parental beliefs about the value of /acceptance of children’s negative emotions, manipulative nature of the emotions of children, and autonomy of children’s emotions (non-supportive metaemotions). While parental beliefs about the manipulative nature and autonomy of children’s emotions decreased the growth of EC, valuing and/or accepting children’s negative emotions positively predicted an increase in EC. In seeking to promote young children’s development of EC, it is important for parental and care giving educators to point out the importance of supportive emotion-related beliefs, whereas non-supportive meta-emotions may hinder the growth of emotion regulatory capability in early childhood.
Liquidity management and banks performance in Nigeria

*Corresponding Author Email: idakinyele@gmail.com The issue of liquidity and profitability management is a paramount one in the banking industry. The problem becomes pronounced when the commercial banks try to maximize their profit at the expense of liquidity. This causes technical and financial hardship in bank management and performance. This study was carried out on four deposit money banks in Nigeria between 2007 and 2016, using Pearson correlation co-efficient technique. The empirical results revealed that there is a statistically significant relationship between banks’ liquidity, return on asset and return on equity. However, the relationship is not all that statistically significant when return on asset was used as proxy for profitability. It was suggested that the banks should evaluate and redesign their liquidity management strategy so that it will optimize returns to shareholders equity and also optimize the use of the assets. The study showed that good management and control of factors influencing the liquidity of commercials banks in the country could improve the financial performance of banks.
WP 4 / 02 SEARCH WORKING PAPER Technological catching up among European regions

Europe’s 2020 strategy and the initiative “Innovation Union” call for a particular attention to the territorial dimension of innovation and knowledge creation. To this end, this paper investigates the nature of knowledge production and diffusion among regions in 29 EU countries and tries to assess its effectiveness. Data Envelopment Analysis is thus applied to assess how efficiently European regions use internal and external inputs for the production of new knowledge and ideas. The analysis produces a ranking of the innovative performance of EU regions for two points in time: the beginning of the current century and the second part of this decade. This ranking is then evaluated through the Malmquist productivity index in order to assess the relative importance of its main components. The Data Envelopment Analysis provides further evidence of a dualistic (centre vs. periphery) pattern in the regional innovation activities, with the most efficient territories located in the most central or economically strategic areas of the continent. The application of the Malmquist productivity index shows that both the magnitude and intrinsic features of the productivity dynamics are extremely differentiated across regions. Again, we observe important differences between the core and periphery of Europe and, more specifically, between the rich and industrialized countries which form the so called “Old Europe” and the relatively poorer ones which have entered the European Union quite recently. This scenario provides some interesting lessons for European neighbouring countries and regions which are going to play the role of the New Europe in the foreseeable future.
ENHANCED AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION

Nowadays official documents have to be made available in many languages, like for example in the EU with its 20 official languages. Therefore, the need for effective tools to aid the multitude of human translators in their work becomes easily apparent. An ASR system, enabling the human translator to speak his translation in an unrestricted manner, instead of typing it, constitutes such a tool. In this work we improve the recognition performance of such an ASR system on the target language of the human translator by taking advantage of an either written or spoken source language representation. To do so, machine translation techniques are used to translate between the different languages and then the invovled ASR systems are biased towards the gained knowledge. We present an iterative approach for ASR improvement and outperform our baseline system by a relative word error rate reduction of 35.8% / 29.9% in the case of a written / spoken source language representation. Further, we show how multiple target languages, as for example provided by different simultaneous translators during European Parliament debates, can be incorporated into our system design for an improvement of all involved ASR systems.
Religious Coping, Depression, and Quality of Life in People Living with HIV/AIDS

Religious Coping, Depression, and Quality of Life in People with HIV Minsun Lee, M.A. Arthur M. Nezu, Ph.D., ABPP Although religious coping is an essential part of dealing with the unique stressors related to HIV, surprisingly little research exists in this population. Particularly, the impact of negative aspects of religious coping in people with HIV has received little attention. The aims of this study were to examine the differential effects of positive and negative dimensions of religious coping on depression and quality of life, and to investigate the mediating role of benefit finding in the link between religious coping and psychological outcomes. One hundred and ninety eight individuals with an HIV or AIDS diagnosis in the eastern urban area of Philadelphia were included in the study. Positive and negative religious coping styles, depressive symptoms, quality of life, and benefit finding were measured in addition to demographic and clinical characteristics including ethnicity, education, religious affiliation, current mental treatment, CD4 cell count, and time since diagnosis. As hypothesized, negative religious coping was significantly associated with a high level of depressive symptoms and a lower level of quality of life after controlling for relevant demographic and clinical variables. Positive religious coping was significantly associated with positive domains of outcome measures such as positive affect, life satisfaction, and provider trust, although there was no significant association between positive religious coping and overall depressive symptoms or quality of life. A mediation analysis revealed that benefit finding fully mediates the relationship between positive
Better Patient Decisions at the Point of Care : What Payers and Delivery Systems

Prior research has documented a variety of influences on patients’ receptiveness to evidence-based recommendations during a medical encounter (Tariman et al. 2012; Ernst et al. 2013; Gibson and Watkins 2013). In this brief, we use four typical clinical cases to explore the barriers to and facilitators of patients’ decisions at the point of care. Because payers determine the benefit designs and provider financial incentives that shape the context in which these point-of-care discussions occur, we consider what roles payers can play. We also consider some of the ways delivery systems can better support patients’ decisions at the point of care.
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF SOME EXTRACTS FROM GAMMA IRRADIATED TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) POMACE

In this study, the gamma radiation processing of tomato pomace samples was carried out at dose levels of 0, 1, 3 and 5 kGy. The total phenolic content, total flavonoids content and antioxidant activity properties of both non-irradiated and irradiated samples extracted in acetone 70%, methanol and chloroform: ethyl acetate (1:1) were assessed. The obtained data showed that, the total phenolic content increased with an increase in radiation dose for all extractions. Extracted Phenolic content from tomato pomace by using acetone (70%) was higher than those extracted by other solvents, whereas the phenolic content in acetone extract was increased from 182.579 mg GAE/100 g-1 for the control sample to 191.445 mg GAE/100 g-1 for the 3 kGy radiation-processed samples. Three methods were carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of tomato pomace, the first method was the radical scavenging activity against 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), acetone extract exhibited greater scavenging activity than those extracted by other solvents. The same trend was also observed by using the second method of β- carotene bleaching assay and third method of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The Highest ratio of β- carotene reducing power was achieved with acetone extract at 3 kGy whereas reached to 61.14%. Twelve phenolic acids component were identified in both non-irradiated and irradiated at 3kGy tomato pomace extracts by HPLC. Acetone extract of gamma irradiated and non-irradiated tomato pomace was tested for this antioxidant activity against oxidative stability of sunflower oil. The overall results indicated that, the highest oxidative stability (10.6 hr.) was obtained by using gamma irradiated tomato pomace at 3 kGy extract compared with those of the other doses. Finally, the obtained data showed that, tomato pomace is a very promising source of bioactive compounds and it is a very potential natural source of antioxidant compounds.
INVESTIGATION OF TIME MANAGEMENT SKILLS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS WHO PLAY SPORTS AND DON ’ T PLAY SPORTS

Objective: Aim of this research is to determine according to some variables time management skills of athletes who play sports and don’t play sports. Methods: Participants of this research are 191 college students who study in universities in Turkey and are selected with availability sampling method. In order to collect datas, developed by Britton and Tesser and adapted to Turkish by Iscan (2008), Time Management Questionnaire was used. Statistics of the datas were performed with SPSS 22 program. To analyze the datas, Independent-Samples T-Test, One-way ANOVA, Twoway ANOVA and Pearson Correlation tests were used. Conclusions: In conclusion, it had been determined that college students who don’t play sports were more successful than college students who play sports in general time management and time planning subdimension. In research, it had been determined that there was a negative and significant relationship between grade point average and time management. As a conclusion, it was understood that if grade point average increases, time management scores decreases. It had been determined that general time management scores of college students who play sports at national team level(52.66±7.345) were higher than others athletes students (52.07±9,079) but understood that difference between groups weren’t significant(t= .377, p>0.05).
Toxicity of direct and indirect application of chemical and bioinsecticides on Chrysoperla carnea under laboratory conditions

Toxic effects of five compounds, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, Abamectin, Fipronil, Pyriproxyfen and Beauveria bassiana were evaluated on the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea under laboratory conditions by direct and indirect techniques. Indirect treatment was dependent on applying each of the tested compounds on eggs of Sitotroga carealella, then feeding C. carnea larvae on the treated eggs. Chrysoperla carnea, larval mortalities were 6.76, 26.67, 15.83, 33.33 and 26.66 % 7 days after feeding on eggs treated with B. thuringiensis, Abamectin, Fipronil, Pyriproxyfen and B. bassiana, respectively, compared to 6.67 % among the control larvae . Larval durations increased from 7.67 days in control to, 11.0, 9.33, 7.93, 9.03, 9.67 days for the treated larvae, respectively. Pupation rates were 40, 46.67, 0.0, 0.0 and 40 % also, adults emergence rates were 33.34, 28.57, 0.0, 0.0 and 66.67 %, respectively opposed to 93.34 and 92.86 % for the control. Direct treatments were made by direct spraying on C. carnea eggs with the recommended concentration of each of the five compounds. The highest hatchability percentage was 100 % in the control while the lowest was 12 % in Pyriproxyfen treatment. Also the longest incubation period was 5.33 days in B. thuringiensis treatment, while the lowest was 2.8 days in the control. Larval mortality was highest (82.5 %) in Fipronil, while the shortest 6.67 % occurred with B. thuringiensis treated eggs compared with 6.67 % in the control. Pupal mortality was highest (100 %) in Abamectin and Fipronil treatments, while it was the lowest (15 %) in B. thuringiensis treatment compared with 11.76 % in the control.