Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Common Trends and Shocks to Top Incomes: A Structural Breaks Approach

Abstract We use newly compiled top income data and structural breaks techniques to estimate common trends and breaks in inequality across countries over the twentieth century. Our results both confirm earlier findings and offer new insights. In particular, the division into an Anglo-Saxon and a Continental European experience is not as clear-cut as previously suggested. Some Continental European countries seem to have, experienced increases in top income shares, just as Anglo-Saxon countries have, but typically with a lag. Most notably, Nordic countries display a marked Anglo-Saxon pattern, with sharply increased top income shares, especially when including realized capital gains. Our results help inform theories about the causes of the recent rise in inequality.
Near-coastal circulation in the Northern Humboldt Current System from shipboard ADCP data

[1] The near-coastal circulation of the Northern Humboldt Current System is described analyzing ∼8700 velocity profiles acquired by a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (SADCP) during 21 surveys realized between 2008 and 2012 along the Peruvian coast. This data set permits observation of (i) part of the Peru Coastal Current and the Peru Oceanic Current that flow equatorward in near-surface layers close to the coast and farther than ∼150 km from the coast, respectively; (ii) the Peru-Chile Undercurrent (PCUC) flowing poleward in subsurface layers along the outer continental shelf and inner slope; (iii) the near-surfacing Equatorial Undercurrent renamed as Ecuador-Peru Coastal Current that feeds the PCUC; and (iv) a deep equatorward current, referred to as the Chile-Peru Deep Coastal Current, flowing below the PCUC. A focus in the PCUC core layer shows that this current exhibits typical velocities of 5–10 cm s−1. The PCUC deepens with an increasing thickness poleward, consistent with the alongshore conservation of potential vorticity. The PCUC mass transport increases from ∼1.8 Sv at 5°S to a maximum value of ∼5.2 Sv at 15°S, partly explained by the Sverdrup balance. The PCUC experiences relatively weak seasonal variability and the confluence of eddy-like structures and coastal currents strongly complicates the circulation. The PCUC intensity is also affected by the southward propagation of coastally trapped waves, as revealed by a strong PCUC intensification in March 2010 coincident with the passage of a downwelling coastal wave associated with a weak El Nino event.
Thyroglobulin molecules internalized by thyrocytes are sorted in early endosomes and partially recycled back to the follicular lumen.

Thyroglobulin (Tg) molecules stored in thyroid follicle lumens are heterogeneous in terms of iodine and hormone contents. It has been suggested that thyroid hormone is preferentially produced from the most highly iodinated Tg molecules and that thyrocytes are capable of selecting these molecules. The cellular localization as well as the molecular basis of such a selection process are not known. The present work was undertaken to determine whether there is selectivity at the step of endocytosis and, if not, to discover other possible mechanisms. Studies were conducted on reconstituted thyroid follicles (RTF) in culture. We compared the ability of thyrocytes to internalize Tg and an exogenous protein, BSA, which is neither iodinated nor glycosylated. To identify the protein, Tg and BSA were coupled to gold particles of different size and microinjected in a fixed ratio into the lumen of RTF. Neither of the two protein gold probes detected by transmission electron microscope bound at the cell surface, and both entered the cells at a similar rate and were concentrated in early endosomes. After 20 min, both Tg-G and BSA-G were segregated into distinct vacuolar structures. At 60 min, the intracellular content of BSA-G (mainly in prelysosomes and lysosomes) was 2- to 3-fold higher than that of Tg-G. At the same time, there was a marked reduction in the BSA-G/Tg-G ratio in the lumen. The differences between the Tg-G and BSA-G distribution patterns that were amplified in TSH-treated RTF are in keeping with a back-transfer of internalized Tg toward the lumen. The existence of a cell to lumen transport of previously endocytosed Tg was further documented using intralumenal [125I]Tg as a marker. RTF pulse labeled with tracer amounts of [125I]iodide were shortly incubated with TSH to induce [125I]Tg endocytosis, and the fate of internalized [125I] Tg was studied in a chase incubation period of up to 4 h. At 20 C, where the degradation of internalized Tg is blocked, we observed a time-dependent decrease in intracellular [125I]Tg and a corresponding increase in the lumenal [125I]Tg content. This cell to lumen [125I]Tg transfer was inhibited by primaquine. In conclusion, our data show that 1) the thyroid apical endocytic process does not exhibit selectivity for Tg; 2) the thyrocyte possesses a sorting machinery for endocytosed ligands; and 3) internalized Tg molecules can be recycled back to the follicular lumen. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Interaction of Instrumental and Goal-Directed Learning Modulates Prediction Error Representations in the Ventral Striatum

Goal-directed and instrumental learning are both important controllers of human behavior. Learning about which stimulus event occurs in the environment and the reward associated with them allows humans to seek out the most valuable stimulus and move through the environment in a goal-directed manner. Stimulus–response associations are characteristic of instrumental learning, whereas response–outcome associations are the hallmark of goal-directed learning. Here we provide behavioral, computational, and neuroimaging results from a novel task in which stimulus–response and response–outcome associations are learned simultaneously but dominate behavior at different stages of the experiment. We found that prediction error representations in the ventral striatum depend on which type of learning dominates. Furthermore, the amygdala tracks the time-dependent weighting of stimulus–response versus response–outcome learning. Our findings suggest that the goal-directed and instrumental controllers dynamically engage the ventral striatum in representing prediction errors whenever one of them is dominating choice behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Converging evidence in human neuroimaging studies has shown that the reward prediction errors are correlated with activity in the ventral striatum. Our results demonstrate that this region is simultaneously correlated with a stimulus prediction error. Furthermore, the learning system that is currently dominating behavioral choice dynamically engages the ventral striatum for computing its prediction errors. This demonstrates that the prediction error representations are highly dynamic and influenced by various experimental context. This finding points to a general role of the ventral striatum in detecting expectancy violations and encoding error signals regardless of the specific nature of the reinforcer itself.
A Method for Prevention of Arterialized Venous Flap Necrosis

The authors used a delayed arteriovenous (A-V) shunt method to prevent congestion and necrosis of arterialized venous flaps. Two weeks before elevating the flap, an A-V shunt between the central artery and vein was created at the more proximal flap end. Twelve rabbits (24 flaps) were used for this experiment. Flaps were followed for 4 weeks. Twelve of 24 flaps survived completely; another 10 flaps showed partial necrosis; and two flaps became completely necrotic. These results demonstrated that this method is superior to a simple A-V shunt in preventing congestion and necrosis in the arterialized venous flap.
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide are reduced in patients with untreated newly diagnosed temporal lobe epilepsy

Purpose: The endocannabinoid system is involved in excitatory/inhibitory balance mechanisms within the central nervous system (CNS). Growing evidence shows that its perturbation leads to development of epileptic seizures in experimental models, thus indicating that endocannabinoids play an intrinsic protective role in suppressing pathologic neuronal excitability. Experimental data also demonstrate that the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) can antagonize epileptic discharges in hippocampal tissue. The objective of our study was to measure endocannabinoids levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of drug‐naive patients affected by temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).
Review of the mutagenicity of ethylene oxide

Ethylene oxide has been shown to be on effective mutagen in a variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to mammalian cells. There is also an association between ethylene oxide exposure and human somatic cell cytogenetic damage. Furthermore, ethylene oxide has been shown to alkylate protein and DNA at exposure levels that have been encountered occupationally. Ethylene oxide is not only effective at producing somatic cell mutations but also at inducing genetic damage in germ cells. While it is clear that ethylene oxide is a germ cell mutagen in whole mammals, the mechanism(s) by which it produces genetic lesions in germ cells is uncertain.
An antigenic difference between intracellular and extracellular rabbitpox virus.

Summary Extracellular rabbitpox virus released naturally from infected cells differed antigenically from intracellular virus released by artificial disruption of cells. Intracellular virus was neutralized by antiserum prepared against live rabbitpox virus and by antiserum against inactivated vaccinia virus. In contrast, extracellular virus was neutralized only by rabbitpox antiserum. The antibodies responsible for the neutralization of intracellular and extracellular virus could be absorbed separately from rabbitpox antiserum. Morphologically, extracellular virus differed from intracellular virus in possessing an outer envelope. This envelope was probably the site of the virus antigen characteristic of extracellular virus, and fluorescent antibody staining of infected cells suggested that it was derived from the modified host cell membrane. Antibody directed against extracellular virus was responsible for the ability of rabbitpox antiserum to control the spread of rabbitpox virus in tissue culture and probably for its ability to protect rabbits from rabbitpox infection. Extracellular virus should therefore be used as the test virus in titrations of neutralizing antibody if these are to assess the protective activity of an antiserum.
A dosimetric algorithm for patient-specific 131I therapy of thyroid cancer based on a prescribed target-mass reduction

131I therapy is used in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer both to ablate the post-surgical thyroid remnant and to treat recurrent or metastatic cancer. The optimum administered activity for ablation remains controversial: the most commonly used method is the administration of a fixed radioiodine activity (1110–3700 MBq or more); an alternative is the administration of an activity individually calculated to deliver a prescribed absorbed dose (usually 300 Gy for remnant ablation and 80 Gy for treatment of metastasis). Neither of these two approaches is based on a theoretical model and for this reason the debate on the optimization of 131I therapy of thyroid cancer could have a weak grounding. In this paper, the meaning of the fixed value of target absorbed dose (Gy) is discussed and a mathematical model for remnant/metastasis optimum absorbed dose calculation is presented. This model is based on the desired reduction of the volume of the target (remnant or metastasis) and allows one to calculate individually the value of the optimum target absorbed dose (Gy) and consequently the optimum therapeutic activity to administer to the patient.
Effects of a 902 MHz mobile phone on cerebral blood flow in humans: a PET study

Fourteen healthy right-handed subjects were scanned using PET with a [15O]water tracer during exposure to electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by a mobile phone and a sham-exposure under double-blind conditions. During scanning, the subjects performed a visual working memory task. Exposure to an active mobile phone produced a relative decrease in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) bilaterally in the auditory cortex but no rCBF changes were observed in the area of maximum EMF. It is possible that these remote findings were caused by the EMF emitted by the active mobile phone. A more likely interpretation of the present findings were a result of an auditory signal from the active mobile phone. Therefore, it is not reasoned to attribute this finding to the EMF emitted by the phone. Further study on human rCBF during exposure to EMF of a mobile phone is needed.
Cisplatin and hyperthermia treatment of a C3H mammary carcinoma in vivo. Importance of sequence, interval, drug dose, and temperature.

The effect of combining cisplatin and hyperthermia was investigated in a C3H mammary carcinoma in vivo, using a regrowth delay assay. Cisplatin (6 mg/kg) was given i.p. at intervals ranging from 24 h before to 24 h after a 43.5 degrees C/60 min treatment. A supra-additive effect was obtained by giving cisplatin 15 min before heat, whereas an additive effect was obtained at all other intervals. The importance of cisplatin dose and heating temperature were investigated by giving variable cisplatin doses (2-8 mg/kg) 4 h or 15 min before a 60 min heating at temperatures in the range 40.5-43.5 degrees C. Linear relationships between length of regrowth delay and cisplatin dose were obtained both for cisplatin alone and for the combined treatment. The effect of the combined treatment could therefore be quantitated by a ratio (ER) between the slopes of dose-response curves. The ER values for cisplatin give 4 h before a 60 min heating at 42.5 or 43.5 degrees C were not significantly different from 1 (p greater than 0.5). In contrast, significant ER values were obtained above 40.5 degrees C (p less than 0.05) for cisplatin given 15 min before heat. The data demonstrates the possibility of achieving chemosensitization at clinically relevant temperatures.
Effectiveness of perioperative bupivacaine infiltration in tonsillectomy patients.

PURPOSE To determine the effectiveness of perioperative local anesthesia in tonsillectomy patients. DESIGN Two-group prospective, blinded, randomized study. Patients in one group received a local infiltration of 10 mL 0.5% bupivacaine solution, and in the other group they were infiltrated with 10 mL of normal saline. RESULTS Thirty-four adults agreed to participate in the study over a 2-year period, with 20 patients returning completed questionnaire forms. Regarding pain intensity over a 10-day period, oral analgesic use after surgery, and oral intake after surgery, there were no differences between the two groups, with P values of . 25, . 32, and . 34, respectively. CONCLUSION The effect of perioperative local marcain infiltration in tonsillectomy patients was similar to placebo.
Comparison of the Humphrey Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm (SITA) and Full Threshold Strategies

Purpose: To compare the Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm (SITA) strategy with the full threshold strategy in routine clinical practice. Methods: Using the Humphrey visual field analyzer model 750 (Allergan Humphrey, San Leandro, CA), 108 subjects were tested with 24–2 SITA (version A9) and 24–2 full threshold strategies. Test results were compared for time taken and reliability and on the basis of seven criteria of abnormality. Results: The SITA required on average 48.8% less time than the full threshold strategy. Patient reliability parameters were somewhat better with SITA. There was a strong correlation between mean deviation and pattern standard deviation. Average threshold sensitivity at each point was increased by 1.31 dB with SITA, but greater differences were seen at points with lower sensitivity. Using the full threshold strategy as our standard for comparison, the sensitivity of SITA varied from 83.0% to 93.2% in detecting the variously defined abnormalities. Fields shown as normal with full threshold strategy corresponded with those found to be normal with SITA in 79.0 to 96.3% cases depending on criteria for abnormality. There were a few cases in which SITA suggested an early abnormality but results of full threshold testing remained normal. On average, the size and depth of scotomas decreased slightly with SITA, but this difference was not statistically significant. Of the 70 patients surveyed about their preference, 65 (92.9%) preferred SITA. Conclusion: Full threshold and SITA strategies are comparable in detecting glaucomatous defects. The SITA strategy requires significantly less time to perform and is a satisfactory alternative to full threshold algorithms in clinical practice for diagnosis and management of glaucoma.
Urine Output during Cardiopulmonary Bypass Predicts Acute Kidney Injury after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the relationship between the amount of urinary output during cardiopulmonary bypass and acute kidney injury in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS Two hundred patients with normal preoperative serum creatinine levels, operated on with isolated CABG between 2012-2014 were investigated retrospectively. The RIFLE (Risk, injury, failure, loss of function, and end-stage renal disease) risk scores were calculated for each patient in the third postoperative day. Patients were distributed into two groups in relation to the presence of acute kidney injury or not and these two groups were compared. RESULTS The urinary output (mL/kg/hour) during cardiopulmonary bypass in the acute kidney injury negative group was significantly higher than in the acute kidney injury positive group (P = .022). In case of a urinary output value 3.70 and lower to predict acute kidney injury positivity, sensitivity was detected as 71.43%. Results of the analysis for urinary output predict positivity of acute kidney injury. CONCLUSION We suggest that urine output during cardiopulmonary bypass is a significant criteria that could predict acute kidney injury following coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. Attempts to increase the urine output during cardiopulmonary bypass could help to maintain the renal functions during and after surgery.
People with gender dysphoria who self-prescribe cross-sex hormones: prevalence, sources, and side effects knowledge.

INTRODUCTION There is a scarcity of research into the use of non-physician-sourced cross-sex hormones in the transgender population. However, when medication is not prescribed by health professionals, users' knowledge of such medication may be adversely affected. AIMS This study aims to define the prevalence of Internet-sourced sex hormone use in a population attending for initial assessment at a gender identity clinic, to compare the prevalence between gender-dysphoric men and women, and to compare knowledge of cross-sex hormone side effects between users who source cross-sex hormones from medical doctors and those who source them elsewhere. METHODS In the first part of the study, a cross-sectional design is used to measure the overall prevalence of sex hormone use among individuals referred to a gender clinic. The second part is a questionnaire survey aiming at measuring sex hormone knowledge among individuals referred to this clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcome measures were (i) categorical data on the prevalence and source of cross-sex hormone use and (ii) knowledge of sex hormone side effects in a population referred to a gender clinic. RESULTS Cross-sex hormone use was present in 23% of gender clinic referrals, of whom 70% sourced the hormones via the Internet. Trans men using testosterone had a sex hormone usage prevalence of 6%; one-third of users sourced it from the Internet. Trans women had a sex hormone usage prevalence of 32%; approximately 70% of users sourced hormones from the Internet. Cross-sex hormone users who sourced their hormones from physicians were more aware of side effects than those who used other sources to access hormones. CONCLUSION One in four trans women self-prescribe cross-sex hormones before attending gender clinics, most commonly via the Internet. This practice is currently rare among trans men. Self-prescribing without medical advice leaves individuals without the knowledge required to minimize health risks.
On the origin of the two thermally driven relaxations in diluted spin ice Dy1.6Y0.4Ti2O7

We report quantitative analysis of the ac susceptibility of the diluted spin ice compound Dy1.6Y0. 4Ti2O7, by fitting the frequency spectra of the two observed relaxation modes with a double Cole–Cole formula. Our results suggest that both modes are thermally activated, with the same intrinsic frequency, but different activation barriers. We propose that these thermally activated relaxation modes can be attributed to correlated spin clusters.
An Expected Goals Model for Evaluating NHL Teams and Players

One difficulty with analyzing performance in hockey is the relatively low scoring rates compared to sports like basketball. Fenwick rating (shots plus missed shots) and Corsi rating (shots, missed shots, blocked shots) have been used to analyze players and teams because they have been shown to be better than goals as a predictor of future goals. In this paper, we use variables like faceoffs, hits, and other statistics as predictor variables in addition to goals, shots, missed shots, and blocked shots, to predict goals. Our models outperform previous models with regard to mean squared error of actual goals and predicted goals. The results can be interpreted as expected goals and can be used in adjusted plus-minus models instead of goals. We use ridge regression to estimate a player’s contribution to his team’s expected goals per 60 minutes, independent of his teammates, opponents, and the zone in which his shifts begin. We also give adjusted plus-minus estimates based on goals, shots, Fenwick rating, and Corsi rating and use these results alongside the results for expected goals to provide an additional means by which NHL analysts, decision-makers, and fans can measure how valuable a player is to his team.
How Entry into Parenthood Shapes Gender Role Attitudes: New Evidence from Longitudinal UK Data

Attitudes of women and men about how paid and unpaid work should be divided in the couple largely determine women's earnings and career prospects. Hence, it is important to understand how people's gender role attitudes are formed and evolve over the lifetime. In this paper, we concentrate on one of the most path-breaking events in life: becoming a parent. Using longitudinal panel data for the UK, we first show that, in general, entry into parenthood significantly shifts women's attitudes toward more conservative views, while leaving men unaffected. We also show that the impact on women emerges only after some time from the childbirth, suggesting that attitudes change relatively slowly over time and do not react immediately after becoming a parent. Finally, we show that the impact gets large and strongly significant for women and men whose prenatal attitudes were progressive. In particular, we find that the change in attitudes for such individuals increases as the postnatal arrangements are more likely to be traditional. Overall, these findings suggest that the change in attitudes is mainly driven by the emergence of a cognitive dissonance. Broad policy implications are drawn.