Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE ROMAN VILLA OF POSITANO

W THE VILLAS OF CAMPANIA, ESPECIALLY those of the Bay of Naples, are famous and some well-documented, the southern side of the Sorrentine peninsula overlooking the Bay of Salerno, now commonly known as the Amalfi Coast, was also a venue for maritime villas. Its topography presents high steep limestone cliffs rising to the cordillera of the Monti Lattari at an elevation of 1,400 m. The ravines – deep gorges often with perennial streams – 2 and small inlets discouraged land transport and communications except by way of mountain passes and trails, so in antiquity the sea connected the area with the wider region. The northeast-southwest axis of the mountain range protects the area and creates a mild microclimate suitable for certain agricultural products (its lemons are famous), but there is little room for agriculture or large settlements. Inhabitants have adopted versatile solutions for the exploitation of the land, ranging from terraced vineyards and orchards on the lower slopes to wider upland grazing pastures. Roman maritime villas are known along this coast at Amalfi and Minori, with the Positano villa being the westernmost. Despite being more than 20 km away from Vesuvius, and in a low position at shorelevel below the protection of the mountains to the north, the villa was initially buried under almost 2.00 m of fallout material consisting of ash and pumice in the eruption of 79 CE (Figure 7.1). Pyroclastic material entered the buildings through doors and windows, and as it accumulated on the roofs it caused them to collapse. Almost simultaneously, the large quantities of pyroclastic material that fell on the steep slopes of the Lattari Mountains slid downhill, causing lahars or volcanoclastic flows moving at high speed, with devastating consequences for whatever happened to be in their path. The accumulations destroyed the Positano villa: the ground level rose about 20 m in some places and the shoreline advanced, as attested by the identification of a fan-shaped accumulation subsequently dismantled by marine erosion. The presence of ancient material under the main church of Positano, S. Maria Assunta, had been known from spolia in structures around modern Positano and in archival documents (Figure 7.2 at A). During works to consolidate the bell tower in 1758, ancient remains were identified, and Karl Weber, the engineer of the royal Bourbon administration of Naples and the director of excavations at Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabia, was notified. On 16 April 1758, Weber started excavating beside the church to a depth of 30 palmi (c. 7.80 m), where he found a “famous old building with a fine white marble mosaic. ”Weber continued his investigations until the 20th of the month, describing in a short report the architectural features identified: small rooms with poorly preservedwall paintings depicting gryphons, small vessels, “goats” (Capricorn? ), and more; two large brick columns covered with vivid red plaster; various masonry water channels; more columns covered in white plaster belonging to a large
Development and Validation of Multi Dimensional Personality Inventory

The primary purpose of the present study was the development of an indigenous personality inventory, named as Multi Dimensional Personality Inventory (MDPI), which is according to the culture and norms of Pakistani people. The inventory focused on the Islamic perspective of personality that considers religion as the most influential aspect of personality. Four dimensions of personality were proposed namely Religiosity, Psychopathology, Mental Health and Optimism. The investigation was composed of three phases. Phase I dealt with the development of MDPI, Phase II with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Phase III with Confirmatory factor Analysis of MDPI. Initial item pool consisted of 591 statements, which was subjected to qualitative item analysis and two minor pilot studies. The remaining item pool of 394 statements was subjected to principal component analysis with oblimin rotation (N =769). Four factor solution of the inventory was approved by Scree plot explaining 50% of variance. 264 items loaded successfully on MDPI subscales i.e., above . 30 factor loading with high internal consistency of the subscales, that is, above . 90. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on a sample of N =954 respondents. Indices of model fit were gathered. Initial solution did not reach to model fit. After adding covriances a model fit was achieved i.e., Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis Fit Index (TLI) >. 90 and Root Mean Error of Approximation (RMSEA) <. 05. A total of 187 items remained in MDPI. Coefficient alpha for the sub scales ranged from . 78 to . 95, whereas, Split-Half reliability ranged from . 79 to . 91. Research hypotheses were tested on N =954 respondents. Results supported the research assumptions; there was a significant positive correlation between Religiosity, Mental Health, and Optimism Scales and negative correlation between Psychopathology, Religiosity, Mental Health, and Optimism Scales.
An analysis of the degree of concordance among international guidelines regarding alpha-1 antitrypsin de ﬁ ciency

Background: Practice guidelines (PGs) attempt to standardize practice to optimize care. For uncommon lung diseases like alpha-1 antitrypsin de ﬁ ciency (AATD), a paucity of de ﬁ nitive studies and geographic variation in prevalence may hamper guideline generation. The current study assembled and assesses the degree of concordance among available PGs regarding AATD. Methods: To assess concordance, 15 eligible guidelines focused on AATD were evaluated regarding recommendations surrounding 24 key clinical issues. A Delphi process achieved consensus on ratings for each statement among 3 reviewers. Agreement was quanti ﬁ ed as the proportion of guideline comparisons with a matching rating. Results: The overall level of agreement was 47% (1190/2520 comparisons). The overall “ af ﬁ rmative agreement percentage ” (ie, when guidelines agreed in endorsing a practice), was 42% (501/1190 comparisons). The agreement for individual clinical statements ranged from 26% to 75%. A broad consensus was seen in the recommendation to test all patients with a history of ﬁ xed obstruction on pulmonary function testing (either from asthma or COPD). Given that AATD is an under-recognized disease and that diagnosis often occurs at a late stage, the authors are encouraged by this consensus. Where overall the guidelines were less explicit was when to refer to a specialist or AATD center. Deciding on a treatment strategy requires a thorough understanding of the alpha 1 serum level, genotype, pulmonary function testing, and imaging, and therefore the authors feel that all patients would bene ﬁ t from a specialty referral if the diagnosis of AATD is being considered. Conclusion: Available guidelines regarding AATD frequently disagreed in management recommendations. Possible explanations for discordance include differences in regional prevalence, availability of augmentation therapy, and insurance environments. Attempts to harmonize the various guidelines by empaneling a broadly representative international group of disease experts should be considered for AATD. Similar comparisons among guidelines for other diseases are recommended.
The Prevalence and Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella typhi among Patients Attending Tertiary Care Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Typhoid fever is a life-threatening systemic illness caused by serovar of human-adapted pathogen, Salmonella enterica (Crump et al., 2010). The disease is caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi, a pathogen specific only to humans and up-to-date remains an important public health problem (Crump et al., 2015). Morphologically it is non-spore-forming, facultative anaerobic, gram-negative rods and predominantly motile by means of peritrichous flagella with diameters of around 0.7-1. 5μm and lengths of 2-5μm with a few exceptions. Colonies are generally lactose non-fermenters. Recent global incidence of enteric fever has been reported to range from 11.9 million to 26.9 million per year with approximate case fatality rate of 1% (Crump et al., 2015; Steele et al., 2016). It is prevalent in developing countries of Africa as a result of poor sanitary conditions related to rapid population growth, increased urbanization, inadequate human waste treatment, limited water supply and overburdened health care systems (Eibach et al., 2016). In Nigeria, the prevalence is between 12%-16% in patients presenting with febrile illness (Akinyemi et al., 2005 and Ogunleye et al., 2005). Typhoid fever caused by multi drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi has become one of the most challenging problems in medical therapeutics and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality over recent years. These strains have also caused out breaks throughout the world, especially in South America, Indian subcontinent, Africa and South-East Asia (Idowu et al., 2017). The fluoroquinolones are potent, broad-spectrum antibiotics that have been used in medical practice for the treatment of severe or resistant infections since the late 1980s. As their name suggests, Quinolones are a group of antimicrobials with a 4-quinolone nucleus (Guan et al., 2013). Fluoroquinolones differ from quinolones by the replacement of the eighth carbon atom of the backbone with a nitrogen atom and the addition of a fluorine atom at the sixth position, giving them more potent antibiotic action and a broader spectrum of activity (Klemm et al., 2018). Their spectrum of efficacy against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic AB STRAC T
PII: S0377-0273(00)00231-6

The features of hydrothermal mineral phases hosted in ankaramite basalts from the lower part of the Taganana area (northside Anaga, Tenerife) are studied in this work. This area, known as aArco de Tagananao, constitutes a volcanic rift zone that is overturned to the northwest and now identi®ed by a dense NE±SW striking dyke swarm with a distinct SE dip. The most recent K±Ar data indicate a mid-upper Miocene age for the emplacement of the dykes. The rocks are intensely altered, usually brecciated, and are deeply eroded. This allows us to look at the roots of a volcanic edi®ce that has almost disappeared. Basaltic pyroclastic deposits and lava ̄ows, as well as salic breccias, associated to the emplacement of salic domes, unconformably overly these rocks. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the mineralization as well as isotopic data are reported in this paper. Some mineral paragenesis and isotopic data re ̄ect submarine conditions of alteration. Mineralogy was studied by transmitted and re ̄ected light microscopy, XRD, SEM and electron microprobe. In general terms, the mineralization consists of major jasper (quartz and opal) and celadonite, in association with minor hematite, magnetite, Fe ^ Ca, Mg carbonates, Kaersutite, calcite and traces of ilmenite, which is always associated with magnetite. Four paragenetic stages were recognized in the studied area; two of them exhibit hydrothermal mineralization. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Taxonomy of Gastropods of the Families Ranellidae (= Gymatiidae) and Bursidae Part 5. Early History of the Families, with Four New Genera and Recognition of the Family Personidae

Thf origins and phylogeny of the Bursidae are obscure; the only recorded Eocene species are •i. ^f . ahia washingtoniana (Weaver, 1912) (Late Eocene, western USA), probacy 0. domenginica i Vokvs, 1939) (Middle Eocene, western USA), and Marsupina yasila (Olsson, 1930), Late Eocene, iVru. The oldest Ranellidae are six species of Sassia in Late Cretaceous rocks; the earliest is S. biiHibcnsis (Stantoi, 1893) (Turonian, western interior, USA); most others are Maastrichtian. I'mrhytriton Meek, 1864 is transferred to the neogastropod family Buccinidae, and Sassia i; r-x'arded as the stem group of all Ranellidae. The earliest, recorded undoubted member o' lUnollinae is Gyrineum (? ) judithae Zinsmeister, 1983 (Danian, Early Paleocene, California) ii|'l>arently a representative of the stem group of an Eocene radiation of Ranellinae in the north Pacific. A new species of Ranella is described from the late Paleocene Lodo Formation of ('iilifornia Western USA Eocene Ranellinae are briefly reviewed, and the new genus Ameranella in proposed for Nyctilockus kewi Dickerson, 1915 (Late Eocene, Washington and California), Fusitriton" terrysmithae Hickman, 1980 (latest Eocene, Oregon) and Triton verruculosum Sowerby, 1846 (Miocene, Chile). The earliest recorded Cymatium species are C. (Monoplex) janetae Squires, 1983 (lower Middle Eocene, California) and C. (Monoplex) washingtonianum (Weaver, 1912) (Late Eocene, Washington). The new genus Eocymatium is proposed for Murex pyraster Lamarck, 1803 (Lutetian, Paris Basin) and an unnamed Late Paleocene species from the uppermost Ranikot beds of Pakistan. The oldest recorded Distorsio species is D. ^raegranosa (Cottreau, 1922), a large, typical species from the early Campanian (Late Cretaceous) of Madagascar. Because of the appearance of Distorsw parallel to Sassia (so its inclusion in Ranellidae would make that a polyphyletic taxon) and because of its distinctive anatomy and radula, the &mall group of genera related to ftistorsio is regarded as a sixth family of Tonnoidea, Family Personidae Gray, 1854. Personella Conrad, 1865 is an earlier name for Sassia (Byramia) MacNeil, 1984 (Ranellidae) and the new genus Personopsis is proposed for the small, weakly distorted Personidae that have previously been referred to Personella. The new genus and species Kotakaia simplex is proposed for a small personid from the Mid-Late Paleocene of the Chatham Island, New Zealand.
Supplementary Material for K-Best Transformation Synchronization

As the underlying object possesses a symmetry group of size K, the second condition implies that with equal probability an edge (i, j) picks one of the K possible groundtruth transformations from Σi to Σj , and with probability 1− pg it is initially incorrectly estimated. The key idea of the proof is to divide our algorithm into an exploration stage and a final stage. In the exploration stage, our algorithm seeks to reach all input objects from the root object. The final stage assumes all input objects have been visited and our algorithm proceeds until termination. In particular, we will show that under the proposed exact recovery conditions the majority of the propagated transformations are correct after the exploration stage. Then the final stage iteratively corrects the remaining incorrect propagated transformations. Let us introduce a few notations. Based on the iteration exploretime(Ii) when an object Ii is explored for the first time, e.g., v i 6= 0 if and only if t ≥ exploretime(Ii), we can divide I into subgroups Γ0,Γ1,Γ2, . ,ΓD, where
Monetary Policy Trade-Offs in an Estimated Open-Economy DSGE Model

A scan path debugger isolates and identifies hardware and software faults in a computer system containing scan path logic. A user can readily define what information is to be examined and in what format. The user can toggle between displaying information in data-aligned format or time-aligned format. The user may temporarily suspend control of the scan path debugger to allow the system to be controlled temporarily by a different, unrelated program. The user can check the operation of the system under different microcode files. The user can also save the complete logic state of the system under test, execute one or more scan path debugger instructions while observing the results, restore the saved state, execute the same or different instructions, and observe the results.
Variance Risk Premium: Estimation, Term Structure and Equity Risk Premium Predictability

In this paper, variance risk premium and its term structure are estimated. The riskneutral variance is extracted from option prices using model-free methodology, and the physical variance is estimated using different GARCH models. The term structure of variance and variance risk premium are specified and the monotonicity of variance term structure curves are analysed. To model daily varying variance term structure curves, I propose a time-varying GARCH model to capture the stylized non-monotonicity by incorporating important macroeconomic news into classical GARCH model. Additionally, I investigate the predictability of equity risk premium with different terms via panel data regression on both VIX term structure data and variance risk premium term structure data. I confirm the prediction power of variance risk premium term structure on excess return term structure. A strong term structure leverage effect of VIX on excess return is also observed. JEL classification: G12, G13.
Director Tenure and Financial Reporting Quality: Evidence from Korea

This study investigates the relationship between director tenure and financial reporting quality. Liu and Sun (2010) argue that there is negative relationship between the proportion of long-tenured directors on the independent audit committee and earnings quality. This study extends the Liu and Sun (2010) to examine whether the tenure of directors on the board affects on the financial reporting quality. We measure financial reporting quality using performance matched modified Jones model, earnings persistent model and ERC model. Our results show that the absolute value of discretionary accruals decreases when the tenure of directors increases. Also, persistence and ERC of earnings have positive relation with the length of tenure of directors. Our study makes the following contributions. First, this paper is the first study examining the association between the tenure of board of directors and financial reporting quality. Previous studies have shown the relation between the tenure of directors on the independent audit committee and financial quality. There is no study to date that explains the director tenure’s effects on the financial reporting quality. Second, this paper extends the research on the earnings quality while Dechow et al. (2010) do not consider the demographic characteristics of decision makers as factors affecting on the earnings quality.
The Productive Government Spending Multiplier, In and Out of the Zero Lower Bound

Recently, a series of papers have argued that output multipliers of government spending can be potentially large during times when the Zero Lower Bound on nominal interest rates is binding (Christiano et al. (2011)). This literature generally considers "excess-savings" liquidity traps and identifies the reaction of real interest rates —that follows the effect of government purchases on marginal cost and, hence, inflation —as the main channel of propagation. Here, I show that taking explicitly into account the fact that government spending is productive can mitigate this result. The higher the share of productive government spending in total stimulus spending, the lower the gap between the government spending multipliers in and out of the Zero Lower Bound. Furthermore, a sufficient share of productive government spending in total stimulus spending will imply a higher multiplier when the Zero Lower Bound is not binding. It follows that the government spending multiplier need not be unusually large when the economy is in an "excess-savings" liquidity trap. In a "expectationsdriven" liquidity trap (Mertens & Ravn (2010)) however, the government spending multiplier will be larger than in normal times for a sufficient share of productive government spending. But for this to happen, a rise in inflation is still needed. While the predictions of the model with an "expectations-driven" liquidity trap are difficult to compare with the data, I show that the model with an "excess-savings" liquidity trap is at odds with recent empirical evidence on the behavior of key macroeconomic variables in a recession. In contrast, the simple New-keynesian model augmented with a sufficient share of productive government spending is qualitatively consistent with aforementioned evidence. "So I would suggest to you that in the fact that interest rates are down not up in Britain, down not up in the United States you see that it is economic weakness that is the greatest threat to the long-run fiscal health of both of our nations and that is why addressing economy weakness, in part through necessary public investment starting from cancelling imprudent and excessive slashing of public budgets has to be the first and major priority. " Larry Summers, 2012 "In a depressed economy, with the government able to borrow at very low interest rates, we should be increasing public investment. " Paul Krugman, 2012 "We can create some room to invest in things that make America stronger, like rebuilding America’s infrastructure. " Timothy F. Geithner, 2012
The Role of Transformation Leadership Style in Motivating Public Sector Employees in Libya

s: This paper is aimed at examining the relationship between dimensions of transformational leadership and employee motivation in public sector organizations in Libya. The dimensions are idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation. A quantitative approach and a correlational research design was used in this study. Four hypothesis were proposed to test the relationship between the transformational leadership style dimensions and employee motivation. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was adapted to measure the different dimensions of transformational leadership style while motivation was measured using items drawn from preexisting questionnaires. Five public sector organizations in Libya were selected for the study. A total of 128 employees constituted the sample. A convenience sampling technique was used to select the sample for this study. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between transformational leadership dimensions and employee motivation. Intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation and individualized consideration were found to be significantly related to motivation. Together they contributed 73.7% to the variation in motivation. Intellectual stimulation was found to contribute most to the variation (66.4%), followed by inspirational motivation (6.4%) and individualized consideration (0.9%). The relationship between idealized influence of managers and employee motivation was found to be not significant.
Local R&D support as a driver of network diversification? A comparative evaluation of innovation policies in neighboring prefectures in Japan

This paper compares the effects of local R&D support programs on firm performance between neighboring three prefectures in the same district in Japan. Particularly, we evaluate the policy effect on regional and sectoral diversification of transaction networks. One of these prefectures, A, has a large industrial agglomeration around world-leading manufacturers, which is not the case for the other prefectures, B and C. Empirical evaluation based on firm-level dataset available through TDB-CAREE shows that the programs in Prefectures B and C promoted market development of recipient firms in unexplored sectors or regions, whereas Prefecture A’s program did not.