Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of lignocellulose of Erianthus arundinaceus in relation to enzymatic saccharification efficiency

Lignin is a major component of the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, and an obstacle in the conversion of plant cell wall polysaccharides into biofuels. Erianthus spp. are large gramineous plants of interest as potential energy sources. However, lignocelluloses of Erianthus spp. have not been chemically characterized. In this study, we analysed lignins, related compounds, enzymatic saccharification efficiencies, and minerals in the ash of the inner and outer parts of the internode, leaf blade and leaf sheath of Erianthus arundinaceus. Lignins in four organs consisted of guaiacyl, syringyl, and p-hydroxyphenyl units. The ratios of syringyl to guaiacyl lignins and lignin contents ranged from 0.43 to 0.79 and 20 to 28%, respectively, with values highest in the outer part of the internode. The amounts of ferulic acid were similar (7.3–11.8 mg g−1 dry weight of cell-wall material) in all four organs, while there was more p-coumaric acid in the inner part of the internode (44.7 mg g−1 dry weight of cell-wall material) than in other organs (25.7–28.8 mg g−1 dry weight of cell-wall material). The enzymatic saccharification efficiency (24 h reaction time) of the leaf blade was 21.6%, while those of the other organs ranged from 10.0 to 15.2%. The leaf blade had the highest ash content (17.1%); the main inorganic element was silicon. This paper provides the first fundamental knowledge of E. arundinaceus lignins.
In vivo ATP production during free‐flow and ischaemic muscle contractions in humans

The aim of this study was to determine how ATP synthesis and contractility in vivo are altered by ischaemia in working human skeletal muscle. The hypotheses were: (1) glycolytic flux would be higher during ischaemic (ISC) compared to free‐flow (FF) muscle contractions, in compensation for reduced oxidative ATP synthesis, and (2) ischaemic muscle fatigue would be related to the accumulation of inhibitory metabolic by‐products rather than to the phosphorylation potential ([ATP]/[ADP][Pi]) of the muscle. Twelve healthy adults (6 men, 6 women) performed six intermittent maximal isometric contractions of the ankle dorsiflexors (12 s contract, 12 s relax), once with intact blood flow and once with local ischaemia by thigh cuff inflation to 220 Torr. Intracellular phosphorous metabolites and pH were measured non‐invasively with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and rates of ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic glycolysis, and the creatine kinase reaction were determined. The force–time integral declined more during ISC (66 ± 3% initial) than FF (75 ± 2% initial, P= 0.002), indicating greater fatigue in ISC. [ATP] was preserved in both protocols, indicating matching of ATP production and use under both conditions. Glycolytic flux (mm s−1) was similar during FF and ISC (P= 0.16). Total ATP synthesis rate was lower during ISC, despite adjustment for the greater muscle fatigue in this condition (P < 0.001). Fatigue was linearly associated with diprotonated inorganic phosphate (FF r= 0.94 ± 0.01, ISC r= 0.92 ± 0.02), but not phosphorylation potential. These data provide novel evidence that ATP supply and demand in vivo are balanced in human skeletal muscle during ischaemic work, not through higher glycolytic flux, but rather through increased metabolic economy and decreased rates of ATP consumption as fatigue ensues.
Dissolution enhancement of cefdinir with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

The solid state properties and dissolution behavior of binary systems of cefdinir (CEF) with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) were investigated. CEF-HP-β-CD interaction in the solution state was studied by phase-solubility analysis and demonstrates the ability of HP-β-CD to complex with CEF giving AL type profile with 65.28 ± 1.3 M−1 stability constant. The freeze drying technique was adopted to prepare binary systems of CEF with HP-β-CD in 1:1 molar ratio. The solid inclusion was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Aqueous solubility of CEF-HP-β-CD inclusion complex was 2.36-fold of pure CEF. The dissolution profiles of inclusion complexes were determined and compared with those of CEF alone and their physical mixtures. The dissolution rate of inclusion complex was superior than the CEF alone. These approaches indicated that CEF was able to form an inclusion complex with HP-β-CD, and the inclusion compounds exhibited different spectroscopic features and properties.
ANTIEPILEPTIC MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN CHILDREN WITH EPILEPSY AT QUEEN RANIA AL-ABDULLAH CHILDREN HOSPITAL

Non-adherence to medication is main cause of unsuccessful drug treatment for epilepsy is due to poor adherence to prescribed medication.this study isdetermining the percentage of adherence to anti-epileptic medication (AED) in pediatric clinic in Queen Rania Children Hospital (QRCH); and identify the factors the affect adherence. 112 pediatric patients’ diagnosis of epilepsy and initiation of antiepileptic drug therapy; age between 2 to 14 years; absence of developmental disorders or comorbid chronic illnesses requiring daily medication. Data was collected from children primary caregiver with epilepsy seen at neurology clinic at QRCH during the period January-August 2015. Medication adherence has been assessed based on selfreporting questionnaire. Utilized 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Conclusion: 79.5 % of the patients display some adherence to antiepileptic medication, while 20.5% of the patients do not display adherence to their antiepileptic medication. 23 patients (20.5%) have low adherence, 56 patients (50%) have medium adherence, and 33 patients (29.4%) have high adherence. The top three reasons for non-adherence are: forget to take medication (52.2%), side effects of medications (33.8%), and being improvement and seizure free for a period (30.4%). The least rated reason for non-adherence is related to child refusal to take medication (13.1%).
Analysis of coupled anisotropic optical waveguides

In this paper, a semi-analytical method based on a Fourier expansion technique and transmission line modeling is applied to the full-wave modal analysis of coupled optical waveguides. By the use of this method, mode field distributions and effective indices of even and odd modes of some typical anisotropic coupled optical waveguides are determined. Moreover, the effect of crystal orientation on the coupling length of an anisotropic parallel rib waveguide coupler is investigated.
AtERF14, a Member of the ERF Family of Transcription Factors, Plays a Nonredundant Role in Plant Defense1[C][W][OA]

We had previously shown that several transcription factors of the ethylene (ET) response factor (ERF) family were induced with different but overlapping kinetics following challenge of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (avrRpt2). One of these genes, a transcriptional activator, AtERF14, was induced at the same time as ERF-target genes (ChiB, basic chitinase). To unravel the potential function of AtERF14 in regulating the plant defense response, we have analyzed gain- and loss-of-function mutants. We show here that AtERF14 has a prominent role in the plant defense response, since overexpression of AtERF14 had dramatic effects on both plant phenotype and defense gene expression and AtERF14 loss-of-function mutants showed impaired induction of defense genes following exogenous ET treatment and increased susceptibility to Fusarium oxysporum. Moreover, the expression of other ERF genes involved in defense and ET/jasmonic acid responses, such as ERF1 and AtERF2, depends on AtERF14 expression. A number of ERFs have been shown to function in the defense response through overexpression. However, the effect of loss of AtERF14 function on defense gene expression, pathogen resistance, and regulation of the expression of other ERF genes is unique thus far. These results suggest a unique role for AtERF14 in regulating the plant defense response.
SORPTION OF HERBICIDES IN RELATION TO SOIL VARIABILITY AND LANDSCAPE POSITION

Using the soil-water sorption partitioning coefficient (Kd), this study quantified the spatial variation of 2,4-D sorption by soil in an undulating-to-hummocky terrain landscape near Minnedosa, MB, Canada. Herbicide sorptionwas most strongly related to soil organic matter content and slope position, with greatest sorption occurring in lower landscape positions with greater soil organic matter content. The relation between sorption and slope position was more pronounced under conventional tillage (CT) than under long-term zerotillage (ZT). Using multivariate regression and three independent variables (soil organic matter content, soil clay content and soil pH), the prediction of herbicide sorption by soil was very good for CT (R2 = 0.89) and adequately for ZT (R2 = 0.53).
A Quantum Approach to Gravitational Waves

In light of the Gravitational Waves observation and the discrete structure of spacetime at high scales M_QG, we investigate the behavior of Gravitational Waves and the spacetime deformation patterns in terms of gravitons and derive the effective results with respect to photons. Using the GW150914 data and related signals, we probe the underlying quantum scale M_QG 10_6 GeV.
Taste and the regulation of food intake: it's not just about flavor.

Body weight is physiologically regulated by a homeostatic sys-tem that tends to maintain remarkably stable levels of adiposityover long time periods, especially resisting volitional weight loss(1). To achieve this, the energy homeostasis system modulatesenergy expenditure and food intake. The latter consists cumula-tively of the number and size of individual meals. Meal frequencyis governed in vertebrates primarily by external environmentalfactors, such as the times of day when food is safely availablein the wild or the habitual schedule of meal times in civil society.Hence, the main biological determinant of food intake in mosthigher-order animals is meal size, which is controlled by satia-tion: the feeling offullness thatinﬂuenceswhen wedecide to stopeating a meal (2). A simpliﬁed model of satiation is that it results primarily from 2categoriesofsignalstransmittedfromthegastrointestinaltracttothebrain (3). The ﬁrst relates to gastric distension, detected by mech-anoreceptors sensitive to tension, stretch, and volume—signals re-layed to the hindbrain via vagal and spinal nerves. The secondarises from intestinal nutrient sensing and metabolism, which trig-ger release from enteroendocrine cells of an array of gut peptides—cholecystokinin (CCK),
Evaluation of reproducibility of a vessel wall movement detector system for assessment of large artery properties.

OBJECTIVE Arterial distensibility (DC) and compliance (CC) are vessel wall properties of large arteries that can be measured non-invasively with a custom made vessel wall movement detector system (VWMDS). This study investigated the reproducibility of this device in 10 volunteers. METHODS To investigate intraobserver intrasession and intraobserver intersession variability, arterial diameter (D) and relative change in diameter during the heart cycle (delta D/D) were measured in the elastic common carotid artery, and in the muscular femoral and brachial arteries. Interobserver intrasession variability was examined in common carotid artery by two observers, while interobserver variability on the same image was assessed for common carotid and femoral arteries. Variability was expressed as the coefficient of variation. RESULTS For common carotid artery, intraobserver intrasession variability was 7.9(SEM 1.6)% (delta D/D), 4.5(1.1)% (D), 8.3(1.3)% (DC), and 9.1(2.6)% (CC), respectively. In femoral artery it was 12.4(2.2)% (delta D/D), 2.7(0.6)% (DC), 13.4(2.2)% (DC), and 12.5(2.1)% (CC). For brachial artery it was 13.4(2.8)% (delta D/D), 2.5(0.5)% (D), 16.1(2.5)% (DC), and 15.6(2.6)% (CC). Intraobserver intersession variability was comparable to intraobserver intrasession variability for all vessels. Interobserver intrasession variability for common carotid artery was 11.3(2.6)% (delta D/D) and 8.6(1.9)% (D), but was larger for DC and CC. Interobserver variability on the same image was < 5% for common carotid and femoral arteries. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the vessel wall movement detector system has a good technical reproducibility. Intraobserver intrasession and intersession variability are comparable, and are larger in muscular arteries. This might be due to a larger variation in tone of these arteries, which are under permanent neurohumoral control. Interobserver intrasession variability was larger than intraobserver variability and might be influenced by differences in observers' skill and spontaneous variation in vessel wall properties.
Negative Mood Mediates the Effect of Poor Sleep on Pain Among Chronic Pain Patients

ObjectivesSleep disturbances and increased negative mood are common among chronic pain patients. Research suggests that sleep disruption can contribute to increased pain; however, the role of negative mood in this relationship is unclear. The present study investigated the relationship among sleep disturbance, negative mood, and pain within a large sample of chronic pain patients. It was hypothesized that negative mood would mediate the relationship between sleep and pain. MethodsIn all, 292 chronic pain patients (116 facial pain, 55 back pain, 121 fibromyalgia) between 18 and 65 years of age (M=46.67) were recruited from 3 chronic pain clinics at a large tertiary care hospital. Patients completed validated measures of pain, negative mood, and sleep during a routine clinical assessment. Structural equation modeling examined the relationship between sleep, negative mood, and pain. ResultsAll 3 groups of patients reported sleep disturbances, with these being highest among back pain and fibromyalgia patients. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed a significant direct relationship between poor sleep and pain, and further demonstrated that negative mood mediated the relationship between poor sleep and pain in this sample of chronic pain patients. DiscussionThese findings suggest that addressing negative mood directly, or by addressing sleep disturbances in chronic pain patients, may have a beneficial impact on patients' pain. As sleep disturbance may be causing negative mood, treating the sleep disturbance may also be beneficial among chronic pain patients. Negative mood may perpetuate the impact of sleep disturbances on pain, possibly through increased arousal or disruptions in diurnal patterns.
The Qualities of the Good English Teacher as Perceived by Saudi and Yemeni College Students of English

This paper is about a study on the qualities of the good English teacher as perceived by Saudi and Yemeni college students of English. The researcher (teacher) selected the samples purposively from students of English in both countries. He collected Data by asking the students an open-ended question to list the qualities of the good English teacher. The study tried to answer five questions related to: 1) the general qualities of the good English teacher, 2) qualities that are specific only to English, 3) gender differences, 4) level of students’ differences, and finally 5) differences regarding contexts (Saudi vs Yemeni). The researcher categorized the findings categorized under four main groups: English proficiency, pedagogical knowledge, socio-affective skills and organization and communication. Though there was disagreement among the groups for the priority of the four categories, it was the socio-affective category which was characteristic of all the different samples with preponderance towards the Yemeni samples. Qualities under the socio-affective category are that the good English teacher is patient, relaxed, good tempered, fair, helpful, encouraging, respectful, kind, loving and caring. It was also found that there were eight qualities that were English specific. No major differences regarding gender were found. Differences related to level were also limited. There were some differences between the Yemeni and Saudi samples. The Saudis, for example, wanted more translation in class; they wanted teacher to give simple tests and assignments and they want him/her to give them chance to talk to him/her.
Neuropathy associated with hyperlipidemia

We describe six patients with painful polyneuropathy associated with hyperlipidemia. Each had mild, slowly progressive neuropathy characterized by pain in feet, without proximal extension or involvement of hands. Weakness and autonomic symptoms and signs were absent. Three patients had normal tendon reflexes; three others had decreased ankle reflexes. Serum cholesterol levels were moderately increased; serum triglyceride levels were exceedingly high. In one patient, symptoms resolved with correction of hypertriglyceridemia. No other cause of peripheral neuropathy was found. Marked increases in serum triglycerides may cause painful small-fiber neuropathy.
Usefulness of Brush Cytology Combined With Pancreatic Juice Cytology in the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer: Significance of Pancreatic Juice Cytology After Brushing

Objectives Pancreatic juice cytology (PJC) and brush cytology (BC) performed during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography could make a definite diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to improve the diagnostic value of cytology performed during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Methods The subjects comprised 127 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and 74 with benign pancreatic duct stricture mimicking PDAC. Final diagnosis was confirmed based on histopathology by resection or on more than 1 year of follow up. Pancreatic juice cytology was examined before and after BC. And the sensitivity of PJC combined with BC was examined. Results No malignancy was detected by PJC or by BC in patients with benign pancreatic duct strictures (specificity, 100%). In those with PDAC, the sensitivity of PJC before and after brushing was 21.3% and 40.9%, respectively; that of BC was 48.8%. Of 65 patients with PDAC, in whom neither PJC before brushing nor BC indicated malignancy, 16 were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer using PJC after brushing. Brush cytology combined with PJC after brushing significantly raised the diagnostic sensitivity for PDAC to 61.4%. Conclusions Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer based on BC combined with PJC after brushing was more reliable than PJC before brushing or BC.
Survey of forkhead domain encoding genes in the Drosophila genome: Classification and embryonic expression patterns

Genetic approaches in Drosophila led to the identification of Forkhead, the prototype of forkhead domain transcription factors that are now known to comprise an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins with essential roles in development and differentiation. Sequence analysis of the recently published genomic scaffold sequence from Drosophila melanogaster has allowed us to determine the presumably full complement of forkhead domain encoding genes in this species. We show herein that the Drosophila genome contains 17 forkhead domain encoding genes; 13 of these genes have orthologs in chordate species, and their products can be assigned to 10 of the 17 forkhead domain subclasses known from chordates. One Drosophila forkhead domain gene only has a Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog and may represent a subclass that is absent in chordates, while the remaining three cannot be classified. We present the mRNA expression patterns of seven previously uncharacterized members of this gene family and show that they are expressed in tissues from all three germ layers, including central and peripheral nervous system, epidermis, salivary gland primordia, endoderm, somatic mesoderm, and hemocyte progenitors. Furthermore, the expression patterns of two of these genes, fd19B and fd102C, suggest a role for them as gap genes during early embryonic head segmentation. Developmental Dynamics 229:357–366, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer: why the association matters?

Pancreatic cancer (PaC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. It has a dismal 5 year survival rate of <5%, which is the result of a combination of factors including our inability to screen for sporadic PaC, frequent presentation with advanced malignancy at the time of clinical presentation, and lack of effective treatment options. Efforts to improve these poor clinical outcomes require additional understanding of PaC risk factors, and mechanisms of carcinogenesis and tumor migration. One interesting clinical observation in PaC is its frequent association with diabetes mellitus (DM), which may be an important clue needed to make progress. The interaction between DM and PaC as regards its etiology and risk factors is complex (Figure). Here we will focus on the bidirectional association which suggests that while DM is a risk factor for the development of PaC, the cancer also causes DM as a paraneoplastic syndrome. Figure The bidirectional association between pancreatic cancer and diabetes mellitus is complex. In their systematic review, Raghavan and colleagues provide an extensive description of clinical data examining the association between DM and PaC including the risk for developing PaC, postoperative complications, and postoperative survival1. Their review consolidates studies published from a variety of vantage points including epidemiology, gastroenterology, oncology, and surgery. To accurately interpret these studies it is important to recognize the significant heterogeneity in regards to study design, including definitions of DM, duration of DM, and post-operative complications. There is also wide variability in confounding variables considered in statistical analyses (e.g., operative tumor and medication data), so the use of pooled estimates and collective frequencies are not necessarily reliable. Nevertheless, the reader is easily able to appreciate the range and consistent effect of DM in the individual studies. We have selected six key conclusions, and highlight their implications for clinical practice and future investigations.