Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the sources of p-mode frequency shifts in the CoRoT target HD 49933

Oscillations of the solar-like star HD 49933 have been thoroughly observed by CoRot. Two dozen frequency shifts, which are closely related to the change in magnetic activity, have been measured. To explore the effects of magnetic activity on frequency shifts, we calculate frequency shifts for the radial and l = 1 p-modes of HD 49933 with the general variational method, which evaluates the shifts using a spatial integral of the product of a kernel and some sources. The theoretical frequency shifts reproduce the observation well. The magnitudes and positions of the sources are determined according to a χ2 criterion. We predict the source that contributes to both the l = 0 and l = 1 modes is located 0.48 – 0.62 Mm below the surface of the star. In addition, based on the assumption that A0 is proportional to the change in the MgII activity index ΔiMgII, we obtain that the change in MgII index between the minimum and maximum of the cycle during the period of HD 49933 is about 0.665. The magnitude of the frequency shifts compared to the Sun already demonstrates that HD 49933 is much more active than the Sun, which is further confirmed in this paper. Furthermore, our calculation of the frequency shifts for l = 1 modes indicates the variation of turbulent velocity in the stellar convective zone may be an important source for the l = 1 shifts.
The elliptical galaxy NGC 720: An unequal-mass galaxy merger remnant

The stellar population of the central region of the galaxy NGC 720 has been investigated through longslit optical spectroscopy. The velocity dispersion and 13 Lick indices were obtained as a function of the radius along the semimajor axis of the galaxy. The Mg 2 index presents a gradient of d Mg 2 / d log r = -0.079 which behaves similarly to the Fe I lines, indicating no enhancement of Mg 2 in relation to Fe I. The stellar population ages and metallicities were derived by a population synthesis method using available evolutive spectrophotometric models. The synthesis indicates a strong age gradient along the semimajor axis of NGC 720. In the central region a 13 Gyr and solar metallicity stellar population dominates the flux at 5870 A; the contribution of this component vanishes at a radius of 0.73 kpc, where the total flux is accounted for by a younger, 5 Gyr and solar metallicity stellar population. For distances larger than 1 kpc a 2.5 Gyr component becomes very important. Moreover, NGC 720 is probably overabundant in CN in the center with respect to the solar abundance. The estimated total mass (3.29x 10 11 M ○. ) and the Mg 2 gradient values suggest that this galaxy might have undergone a merger event. The correspondence between the J-band brightness profile decomposition and the result of the spectral synthesis shows that this galaxy is formed by an old (13-5 Gyr), bulge-like, small-scale and massive spheroid and a younger (5-2.5 Gyr), large-scale disk component. We discuss our results in comparison with available numerical simulations and propose that the merger event must have occurred about 4 Gyr ago.
Experimental Investigation of Pressure Fluctuation, Vibration, and Noise in a Multistage Pump

In order to measure the pressure pulsation, vibration, and noise characteristics of multistage centrifugal pump in different flow rates, a five-stage centrifugal pump was chosen as research object. The results show that the main frequency of pressure pulsation was BPF1, 9APF, BPF2, BPF2, and 9APF. According to the order of monitoring points, the intensity of the pressure fluctuation increased and then decreased, with the strongest fluctuation at monitoring point P2. The peak value of pressure fluctuation in monitoring point P2 was obviously higher than the other monitoring points. The main characteristic frequency of vibration is 4APF, BPF2, 9APF, 2BPF2, 3BPF1, 4BPF1, and 4BPF2. The number of characteristic frequencies at the outlet flange was significantly more than the number of characteristic frequencies at the inlet flange. As the flow rate increased, the vibration of motor gradually increased and the vibration of pump increased at first and then decreased. It reached the minimum vibration level in the design flow rate. Motor contributed the largest amount of noise caused by the pump unit. The noise level of measure point which is close to motor is higher than that of other measure points. As the flow rate increased, the noise incrementally increased, and the difference in noise level between measure points decreased gradationally. When the flow rate was 120 m3/h, the maximum difference value of different noise monitoring points was only 1.7 dB.
Chromosome 6U from Aegilops geniculata Roth Carrying Powdery Mildew Resistance in Bread Wheat

The production and isolation of a wheat—Aegilops geniculata disomic addition line and of monosomic substitution line resistant to powdery mildew at the seedling and adult plant stages are described. Cytological analysis revealed the presence of an acrocentric chromosome in the resistant derivatives. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis indicated differences in the β-zone of the reduced by mercaptoethanol treatment seed protein pattern between the wheat parent cv. Trakya and the resistant derivatives. A component with a high staining intensity in the β-zone was assumed to be a marker for the chromosome 6 of Ae. geniculata. The isoenzyme activity at the Got-1 and Est-4 loci of the lines was lower than that of wheat. By analyzing the isoenzymes of the Amp-1 locus of the addition plants, a quantitative marker of Ae. geniculata 6U chromosome was identified. The progeny of the plants with the 2n = 43 and 2n = 42 chromosomes carrying the chromosome 6U added or mono-substituted for the wheat 6D chromosome segregated for powdery mildew resistance. The mono-and/or double conditions for this chromosome could be maintained by selecting resistant plants in the segregated populations.
Governance Interventions in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries

This paper examines the effect of conflict on agricultural production of small farmers. First, an inter-temporal model of agricultural production is developed in which the impact of conflict is transmitted through violent shocks and uncertainty brought about by conflict. We test the model using a unique household survey applied to 4,800 households in four micro- regions of Colombia. Our findings suggest households learn to live amid conflict, albeit at a lower income trajectory. When presence of non-state armed actors prolongs, farmers shift to activities with short-term yields and lower profitability from activities that require high investments. If violence intensifies in regions with presence of non-state armed actors, farmers concentrate on subsistence activities.
Comparison of rumination activity records of pressure sensors and acoustic sensors.

Automatic health monitoring in dairy cows is gaining more and more importance. One indicator to detect imbalances is rumination activity. Several methods have been developed for recording, e. g. time and intensity of rumination. The objective of this work was to compare rumination records of two types of rumination sensors, namely a pressure sensor, ART-MSR, and an acoustic sensor, RuminAct, with each other. Records of rumination time per 2 hours were evaluated and compared intermittently to direct observation. Records of both sensor types were correlated significantly (r = 0.58, p < 0.01, N = 527). Correlation between direct observation and ART-MSR (r = 0.99, p < 0.01, n = 18) was higher than between direct observation and RuminAct (r = 0.88, p < 0.01, n = 18). Differences in rumination records of the two tested sensor types were influenced by time of the day and the individual cow.
Niche expansion: coupled evolutionary branching of niche position and width

Question: Does evolutionary niche expansion of a consumer population from its original resource to a new resource induce coupled evolutionary branching of niche position and width? Key assumption: The position and width of an individual resource utilization pattern (niche) are evolutionary traits, which form a two-dimensional phenotype space. The resource distribution is bimodal. Methods: The possibility of evolutionary branching through resource competition was examined with adaptive dynamics theory, i.e. an extension of ESS theory. Evolutionary dynamics was also simulated using an individual-based model with sexual reproduction. Conclusion: Diversification in niche position only is suppressed by directional evolution of niche width. Nevertheless, evolutionary branching occurs almost always in this model, and involves joint diversification of niche width and niche position. When specialist strategies that initially utilize only one resource undergo evolutionary branching, the incipient branches differ strongly in niche width. Eventually, the branch with the larger niche width will develop into a specialist utilizing the new resource.
Shear Bond Strength and Adhesive Remnant of Three Protocols used for Bonding Orthodontic Brackets

Objective: To test the shear bond strength and the amount of adhesive remnant on the enamel after debonding of a conventional orthodontic composite system, a flowable composite resin, and a self-adhesive resin cement. Material and Methods: Thirty extracted bovine incisors were allocated in three groups, according to the type of adhesive: Group XT (Transbond XT), Group FL (Flow Z350), and Group RX (RelyX U100). All groups had etching with phosphoric acid. Groups XT and FL received primer before adhesive. Stainless steel metal brackets were bonded using the respective adhesive. Teeth were submitted to shear bond strength (SBS) test, followed by measurement of adhesive remnant. Intergroup comparison of SBS values were performed by one-way Anova and Tukey post-hoc test. Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used to compare adhesive remnant. Results: Transbond XT presented higher bond strength than RelyX U100 and Flow Z350; all adhesives exhibited bond failure within the adhesive. All groups showed bond failure occurring within the adhesive. Transbond XT and RelyX U100 left significantly more adhesive remnant on the tooth surface than Flow Z350. Conclusion: All three adhesive systems had bond strength above the minimum for clinical routine use. As regards to bond strength, Transbond XT performed better than the resin cement and the flowable resin. Bond failure occurred within the adhesive in all groups.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

This paper studies the relationship between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and economic growth for a cross-section of countries for the period 1960-1990. The analysis focuses on effects of IPRs on growth using a quantitative index of IPRs. The paper finds that IPRs affect economic growth indirectly by stimulating the accumulation of factor inputs like R&D and physical capital. The positive effects of IPRs on factor accumulation, particularly of R&D capital, are present even when the analysis controls for a more general measure of property rights Copyright 1997 Western Economic Association International.
Lyman-α emitters gone missing: the different evolution of the bright and faint populations

We model the transmission of the Lyman-alpha line through the circum- and intergalactic media around dark matter haloes expected to host Lyman-alpha emitters (LAEs) at z > 5.7, using the high-dynamic-range Sherwood simulations. We find very different CGM environments around more massive haloes (~10^11 M_sun) compared to less massive haloes (~10^9 M_sun) at these redshifts, which can contribute to a different evolution of the Lyman-alpha transmission from LAEs within these haloes. Additionally we confirm that part of the differential evolution could result from bright LAEs being more likely to reside in larger ionized regions. We conclude that a combination of the CGM environment and the IGM ionization structure is likely to be responsible for the differential evolution of the bright and faint ends of the LAE luminosity function at z > 6. More generally, we confirm the suggestion that the self-shielded neutral gas in the outskirts of the host halo can strongly attenuate the Lyman-alpha emission from high redshift galaxies. We find that this has a stronger effect on the more massive haloes hosting brighter LAEs. The faint-end of the LAE luminosity function is thus a more reliable probe of the average ionization state of the IGM. Comparing our model for LAEs with a range of observational data we find that the favoured reionization histories are our previously advocated `Late' and `Very Late' reionization histories, in which reionization finishes rather rapidly at around z ~ 6.
The Implications of VaR and Short-Selling Restrictions on the Portfolio Manager Performance

The ability of a portfolio manager to deliver higher returns with relatively low risk is a fundamental issue in finance. We analyze here the performance of a portfolio manager under two different types of constraints. For a manager with private information, we compare the effect of value at risk (VaR) and short-selling constraints on the relation between the expected portfolio return and the market return. We find that in more volatile market, the VaR restriction will have a stronger effect on the manager performance compared to the short-selling restriction effect. The VaR constraint also strongly affects a manager with good quality of information while the short-selling restriction moderately affects manager with any level of information quality. For the manager attitude toward the risk, a too aggressive manager will find his overall performance more affected by the VaR constraint. Therefore, financial institutions such as large investment banks and hedge-funds with a strong ability to obtain superior information could be more affected by a very strong VaR restriction than by a short-selling restriction.
Amino acids as food signals for two Arctic decapods, Hyas araneus and Eupagurus pubescens

Experiments were carried out to study the impact of two amino acids (glutamic acid and arginine) and natural food extract on the behavioural responses of two Arctic deca− pods - the great spider crab, Hyas araneus, and the hermit crab, Eupagurus pubescens, from Gronfjorden (Spitsbergen). Decapods responded to natural food extract by maxilliped movements, chela probing, movements of the first pair of walking legs and locomotion. Glutamic acid and arginine were detected by both tested decapod species, evoking in them a strong behavioural reaction. Such response shows that E. pubescens and H. araneus have the ability to react and initiate food finding processes in response to fragmentary informa− tion carried by single amino acids such as glutamic acid or arginine. Key wor ds: Arctic, decapods, chemoreception, behaviour, amino acids, chemical signals.
Pathological Changes of Dibenzo[a,l]Pyrene-Induced Peripheral T-Cell Non -Hodgkin’s -Lymphoma in Balb/C Mice

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) is one of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) family which are present in the atmosphere from combustion sources such as diesel exhaust, residential heating processes, cigarette smoke and industrial coke production. The carcinogenic effects of Dibenzo[a,l]-pyrene (DBP) in inducing lymphoma in BALB/c mice is not studied yet. The gross pathology, histopathology and immunohistochemical alterations induced by DBP in BALB/c mice were determined. Forty adult female BALB/c mice were divided equally into two groups, the first one gavaged orally using DB[a,l]P (SIGMA-ALDRICHV) dissolved in corn oil ( SIGMA-ALDRICHV) at 15mg/kg of body weight while the second group was gavaged by corn oil only as a control group. Animals sacrificed after six months using ketamin: xylazin anesthesia. All animals’ organs were examined grossly for any changes in color, size, weight and the presence of any abnormal lesions. Statically significant difference appeared in lymph nodes, spleens, livers and kidneys weight compared to the control group due to enlargement of these organs in lymphoma group. Histopathological examinations showed that lymphoma induced in almost all mice organs including lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart, stomach, skin, small and large intestine and the brain. Immunohistochemical examinations showed that lymphoma induced by DBP in all mice organs is of T type non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Leader-Follower Work Value Congruence

This study builds on the theory that transformational leadership impacts perceptions of leader-follower value congruence. The study examines intrinsic, altruistic, and social work values in a sample of 150 workers in the United States. The hypotheses tested that different levels of transformational leadership, as perceived by followers, are positively related to follower perceptions of leader-follower intrinsic, altruistic, and social work value congruence. Utilizing hierarchical multiple regression, the findings indicate that levels of perceived transformational leadership are positively related to higher levels of perceived leader-follower intrinsic, altruistic, and social work value congruency. This study used four different measurement tools to test these hypotheses and controlled for task-oriented behaviors, tenure with supervisor as well as race, gender, and age similarity with supervisor. The findings suggest that organizations involved in a restructuring or reorganization due to either internal or external circumstances should emphasize developing leadersâ€™ transformational leadership behaviors in order to capture benefits related to value congruency
The development of a comprehensive coding scheme for facial expressions of sadness

Objectives - Sadness is one of the most elementary emotions humans can feel. The experience of this emotion is often reflected in facial expressions which portray sadness in a non-verbal way. Research on non-verbal facial expressions of emotion and former coding schemes strongly focus on facial muscle movements as relevant for the recognition of expressions, but sadness knows also other modes of expression that are not solely based on muscle movements. The present study aimed to develop a comprehensive and reliable coding scheme for non-verbal facial expressions of sadness that supplements former coding schemes by addressing also more subtle forms of expression that are not solely based on muscle movements. Furthermore this study investigated how the different forms are distributed in and between individual persons, as well as between women and men, and different age-groups. It was expected that women will show sadness more often and more intense forms than men and that older people will show sadness more often than younger ones. Method – By means of a previous literature study and subsequent observations of two analysts of sadness in a digital collection of oral history interviews (N=12) addressing war and violence in Croatia different forms of non-verbal facial expressions could be distinguished. Inclusion and exclusion criteria of the different forms, constituting the coding scheme were established and refined in three observation phases. Calculations of frequencies, means per minutes, and standard deviations provide information about the differences in expression in and between individuals, and between men and women, and different age-groups. Results – Five different forms of non-verbal facial expressions of sadness could be distinguished, idle glance, inner eyebrow raiser, intense inner eyebrow raiser and lip corner depressor, tearful eyes, and weeping. The different forms of expressions with their accompanying inclusion and exclusion criteria were compiled into a coding scheme and a decision tree. Besides variation in expressing sadness in and between individual persons, it was found that women showed more intense forms than men. Furthermore older persons showed more intense inner eyebrow raisers and lip corner depressors than younger persons while younger persons showed more weeping than older ones. Conclusion – The developed comprehensive coding scheme and decision tree are important innovations in the research field of non-verbal emotion expression, providing reliable tools for the detection of and differentiating between various forms of non-verbal facial expressions of sadness. Discussion – Differences in the expression in and between individuals, as well as between women and men, and different age-groups are discussed. Moreover several avenues for further research on the non-verbal facial expression of sadness are considered.
Critical exponents of nonequilibrium phase transitions in 
AdS/CFT
 correspondence

We study critical phenomena of nonequilibrium phase transitions by using the AdS/CFT correspondence. Our system consists of charged particles interacting with a heat bath of neutral gauge particles. The system is in current-driven nonequilibrium steady state, and the nonequilibrium phase transition is associated with nonlinear electric conductivity. We define a susceptibility as a response of the system to the current variation. We further define a critical exponent from the power-law divergence of the susceptibility. We find that the critical exponent and the critical amplitude ratio of the susceptibility agree with those of the Landau theory of equilibrium phase transitions, if we identify the current as the external field in the Landau theory.
Promoting the Kenyan Potato Value Chain: Can Contract Farming Help Build Trust and Reduce Transaction Risks?

African economies are increasingly confronted with changing food and commodity markets, due to globalisation, economic liberalisation and urbanisation. Subsequently, consumer preferences change. This poses new opportunities but also challenges to small-scale producers, traders and processors along agricultural value chains. The value chain is increasingly seen as an important development framework, with contract farming being viewed as an instrument for improving value chain performance by reducing transaction costs and risks and by building trust in vertical cooperation. This paper uses the case study of the potato value chain in Kenya to examine these assumptions. It is shown that contract farming can be used to reduce transaction costs and risks, and to improve the organisation and governance of value chains by creating stable business relationships. Nevertheless, it is constrained by a number of market and institutional failures.
Total area based on orthogonal vectors (TAOV) as a novel method of multi-criteria decision aid

Multi criteria decision aid (MCDA) deals with the problem of evaluating a set of finite alternatives regard to a set of finite criteria. A remarkable volume of qualitative and quantitative researches are done on decision making methods and situations, indicating its important role for managers at different organizational levels. These types of problems are applied in many different fields of human life. A challenging feature of these problems is non-existence of an optimal solution due to considering multiple criteria and the proposed methods seeking to find a satisfactory solution called efficient of Pareto-optimal. In consideration of MCDA problem, in this paper a new method is proposed for solving DM problems, consisting three fundamental steps of initialization, orthogonalization, and comparison. Thus, a new MCDA method called total area based on orthogonal vectors (TAOV) is introduced. This method is constructed on orthogonality of decision criteria. Application of TAOV method is illustrated in a decision problem and its performance is evaluated regard to other MCDA methods. Furthermore, its features are explained around the features of a desirable MCDA method. The obtained results indicate that the TAOV method can be considered as an acceptable method of handling multi-criteria decision making problems.