Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Effects Do Text-based Tasks Promoting Generation Have on Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition?

A large proportion of vocabulary is acquired incidentally from written contexts However, in text-based studies promoting generaUve processing, it is not dear if, or to what extent, generation influences incidental vocabulary learning This study examined the effects of text-based tasks and background knowledge (pnor vocabulary knowledge and a disposiuon to use generative learning tactics when tackling new vocabulary) on incidental vocabulary acquisition Fortyeight adult ESL learners were randomly assigned to one of three treatments (a) reading and retelling a text with explicit generative training and without access to the text during recall, (b) reading and retelling a text without explicit generative training but with access to the text during recall, and (c) neither reading nor retelling a text All subjects sat a pre-test (individual interviews and a read and retell task) and post-tests (individual interviews and two mukiplechoice tests) designed to tap partial vocabulary knowledge gams Results indicated that the process of reading and retelling a text promotes incidental vocabulary learning and that generative processing enhances vocabulary learning with greater levels of generative processing leading to greater vocabulary gams for unknown words
Tissue-specific mercury concentrations in two catfish species from the Brazilian coast

Algumas regioes do Brasil apresentam, altos niveis de emissoes de mercurio (Hg) devido as atividades industriais, e suas especies de peixes podem, portanto, estar expostos a elevados niveis de contaminacao por meio da bioacumulacao. Neste trabalho avaliamos a contaminacao por Hg no musculo, figado, brânquias e sangue de duas especies de bagres coletados nos estuarios de Cananeia e Santos-Sao Vicente, Sao Paulo, Brasil. Peixes amostrados no local mais poluido (Santos-Sao Vicente) mostraram maiores concentracoes de Hg em ambas as especies (Cathorops spixii - figado: 1530 µg Kg-1, musculo: 327 µg Kg-1 e brânquias: 101 µg Kg-1; Genidens genidens - figado: 2617 µg Kg-1, musculo: 393 µg Kg-1 e brânquias: 118 µg Kg-1). Analises multivariadas revelaram a importância e influencia das principais variaveis biologicas (tamanho, condicao, etc.) no teor geral de Hg e sua distribuicao nos diferentes tecidos.
On approximations of the curve shortening flow and of the mean curvature flow based on the DeTurck trick

In this paper we discuss novel numerical schemes for the computation of the curve shortening and mean curvature flows that are based on special reparametrizations. The main idea is to use special solutions to the harmonic map heat flow in order to reparametrize the equations of motion. This idea is widely known from the Ricci flow as the DeTurck trick. By introducing a variable time scale for the harmonic map heat flow, we obtain families of numerical schemes for the reparametrized flows. For the curve shortening flow this family unveils a surprising geometric connection between the numerical schemes in [5] and [9]. For the mean curvature flow we obtain families of schemes with good mesh properties similar to those in [3]. We prove error estimates for the semi-discrete scheme of the curve shortening flow. The behaviour of the fully-discrete schemes with respect to the redistribution of mesh points is studied in numerical experiments. We also discuss possible generalizations of our ideas to other extrinsic flows.
DASE: Document-Assisted Symbolic Execution for Improving Automated Test Generation

Software testing is crucial for uncovering software defects and ensuring software reliability. Symbolic execution has been utilized for automatic test generation to improve testing effectiveness. However, existing test generation techniques based on symbolic execution fail to take full advantage of programs’ rich amount of documentation specifying their input constraints, which can further enhance the effectiveness of test generation. In this thesis we propose a general approach, Document-Assisted Symbolic Execution (DASE), to improve automated test generation and bug detection. DASE leverages natural language processing techniques and heuristics to analyze programs’ readily available documentation and extract input constraints. The input constraints are then used as pruning criteria; inputs far from being valid are trimmed off. In this way, DASE guides symbolic execution to focus on those inputs that are semantically more important. We evaluated DASE on 88 programs from 5 mature real-world software suites: GNU Coreutils, GNU findutils, GNU grep, GNU Binutils, and elftoolchain. Compared to symbolic execution without input constraints, DASE increases line coverage, branch coverage, and call coverage by 5.27–22.10%, 5.83–21.25% and 2.81–21.43% respectively. In addition, DASE detected 13 previously unknown bugs, 6 of which have already been confirmed by the developers.
Victimisation, Well�?Being and Compensation: Using Panel Data to Estimate the Costs of Violent Crime

The costs of violent crime victimisation are often left to a judge, tribunal or jury to determine; leading to the potential for considerable subjectivity and variation. Using unique panel data, this paper provides compensation estimates that can help reduce the subjectivity of awards by giving a benchmark for the compensation required to offset direct and intangible costs. First, individual-area fixed-effects models allowing for adaptation to crime are estimated to assess the effects of violent crime victimisation on diverse measures of wellbeing. These results are then subsequently used to calculate the monetary compensation required to offset the wellbeing losses. Estimates allowing for the endogeneity of income suggest that A$88,000 is required to compensate the average crime victim. We find some evidence that compensation estimates are larger if the wellbeing losses of female family members are considered, and are larger for females if the perpetrator of the crime is a stranger rather than a partner, friend or relative.
Asymptotic periodicity of the iterates of Markov operators

On dit que P:L 1 →L 1 est un operateur de Markov si: 1) Pf≥0 pour f≥0 et 2) ∥Pf∥=∥f∥ si f≥0. On montre que tout operateur de Markov P a une certaine decomposition spectrale si, pout tout f∈L 1 avec f≥0 et ∥f∥=1, P n f→#7B-F quand n→∞, ou #7B-F est un sous ensemble fortement compact de L 1
A MODIFICATION OF LOUVEAU AND VELIČKOVIČ’S CONSTRUCTION FOR Fσ-IDEALS

We show that the construction of Louveau and Veličkovič can be modified to obtain an embedding of ([ω]ω ,⊂∗) into the preorder (Fσ-ideals,≤) where ≤ is the relation of Borel reducibility. The notion of reducibility appeared in [1]. Generally, reducibility is a preorder on all Borel equivalence relations in Polish spaces. We will be interested here only in one Polish space P(ω) (or P(A), where A is a countable set). We equip this space with the Tychonoff topology transfered from the Cantor cube 2. For s ∈ 2 = ⋃ n∈ω{0, 1} let ŝ = {X ⊂ ω : x ∩ dom(s) = s−1{1}}. Thus {ŝ : s ∈ 2} is a basis of the topology defined above. By [A] we will define a set of all infinite, and by [A] a set of all finite subsets of a set A. Let I be the Borel ideal in the space P(ω). Additionally we will restrict our attention only to equivalences which are of the form =I (i.e. congruences modulo ideal I). Thus we will define reducibility (in symbols ≤) and continuous reducibility (in symbols ≤c) only for ideals. The definitions look as follows: (I ≤ J) ≡ ∃F : P(ω) Borel −→ P(ω) ∀x, y ∈ P(ω)[(x4y ∈ I)⇔ (F (x)4F (y) ∈ J)] (1) and the definition of ≤c is almost the same with “Borel” replaced by “continuous”. By submeasure on a set X we mean a function μ : P(X) → [0,∞] with the following properties: ∀A,B ⊂ X [μ(A) ≤ μ(A ∪B) ≤ μ(A) + μ(B)] μ(∅) = 0, μ(X) > 0, ∀x ∈ X [μ({x}) <∞] μ(A) = sup a∈[A]<ω μ(a). (2) Let us define preorder ⊂∗ on the set P(ω) by the formula: S ⊂∗ T ⇔ S\T ∈ [ω]. Received by the editors December 9, 1997 and, in revised form, January 6, 1998 and May 4, 1998. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 04A15; Secondary 04A20.
FIRM HETEROGENEITY IN PRODUCTIVITY ACROSS EUROPE. WHAT EXPLAINS WHAT

This paper analyses the TFP heterogeneity of a sample of manufacturing firms operating in seven EU countries (Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain and UK). TFP data refer to 2008. The empirical setting is based on the multilevel modelling which provides two main results. Firstly, we show that TFP heterogeneity is largely due to firm-specific features (85% of TFP variability in the empty-model). Interestingly, we find that some key-drivers of TFP (size, family-management, group membership, innovations and human capital) influence heterogeneity in productivity with the expect sign, but do not, on the whole, absorb much of firm-TFP variance, implying that differences in productivity are due to sizable yet unobservable firm characteristics. Secondly, as far the role of localization is concerned, we demonstrate that country-effect is more influential than region-effect in explaining individual productivity. Net of the country-effect, the localisation in different European regions explains about 5% of TFP firm heterogeneity. When considering the case of three individual countries (France, Italy and Spain), location in different regions explains 4.7% of TFP heterogeneity in Italy, while this proportion is lower (2.9%) in France and higher (7.6%) in Spain.
Communication Strategies in the Written Medium: The Effect of Language Proficiency

Although much has been written on 'communication strategies' (CS), in the sense of potentially conscious plans for solving problems encountered in reaching particular communicative goals, there still remain large gaps in our knowledge in this respect. One area worthy of attention, and not totally clarified, is whether these strategies are applied and workable in writing as frequently as they are in speaking tasks. Accordingly, the present study aimed at pitting the use of CS against language proficiency level in argumentative writing of Iranian university students. The results of the Chi-Square tests run for the purpose of investigating the hypotheses showed that language proficiency was highly related with the use of more Reconceptualization Strategies which are thought to be psycho linguistically more demanding compared with Substitution Strategies.
Interaction between Race and Gender on Implicit Racial Bias against Blacks

Background and aims: Exposure and vulnerability to racial discrimination is not solely a function of race but the intersection of race and gender, with Black men experiencing more discrimination than Black women. This phenomenon is explained by the subordinate male target hypothesis, suggesting that majority men specifically target men of color. If that is the case, implicit bias would be most common among the majority men. The current cross-sectional study investigated race by gender differences in implicit bias against Blacks. Methods: Data came from Harvard University’s Project Implicit, an online survey, conducted during 2006-2016. Data included 444422 implicit association tests (IATs) which were taken by Blacks (n=56384) and Whites (n=388038). Using IAT, the dependent variable was implicit bias against Blacks. Independent variables were race, gender, and age. Using SPSS, linear regressions were utilized to test the additive and multiplicative effects of race and gender on implicit bias against Blacks. Results: Race (b = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.38-0.39) and gender (b = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.05-0.05) were associated with IAT score suggesting higher implicit bias against Blacks among Whites and men. A significant interaction was found between race and gender (b = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.04-0.07), suggesting the highest level of implicit bias against Blacks among White men. Conclusion: It is not solely race and gender but their intersection that shapes social distribution of implicit bias against Blacks. This finding extends the previous literature showing that not solely race or gender but their intersection influences exposure to discrimination. Keywords: Ethnic groups, Racism, Racial discrimination, Race, Whites, Blacks, African Americans, Gender, Bias, Implicit bias
Bayesian nonparametric learning of switching dynamics in cohort physiological time series: application in critical care patient monitoring

The time series of vital signs, such as heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP), can exhibit complex dynamic behaviors as a result of internally and externallyinduced changes in the state of the underlying control systems [1, 2, 3]. For instance, time series of BP can exhibit oscillations on the order of seconds (e.g., due to the variations in sympathovagal balance), to minutes (e.g., as a consequence of fever, blood loss, or behavioral factors), to hours (e.g., due to humoral variations, sleep-wake cycle, or circadian effects) [4, 5]. A question of interest is whether “similar” dynamical patterns can be automatically identified across a heterogeneous patient cohort, and be used for prognosis of patients’ health and progress.
Inertial $h$-cobordisms with finite cyclic fundamental group

For M a PL n-manifold, n_5, let I(M) be the subset of torsions as Wh(Tr,M) such that the h-cobordism W constructed from M with torsion a has its other boundary component PL homeomorphic to M. We present three techniques dealing with the determination of I(M) and apply them when vTM=Zq. We prove: (1) If n is even, 7r,M? Z,, q odd, then I(M)= Wh(7r,M). (2) If n is odd, then there exists M with rT,M! -Z, such that I(M)=Wh(ir,M).
Inhibition Mechanism of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 by Xanthene Food Dyes

We have reported that erythrosine (ET), a xanthene dye, inhibited uridine 5-diphosphate (UDP)glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6). In order to clarify the structure-inhibition relationships of these xanthene dyes, the inhibitory effect of xanthene dye on human UGT1A6 activity was investigated, such as acid red (AR), ET, phloxine (PL), and rose bengal (RB). ET, PL, and RB strongly inhibited human UGT1A6 activity, with IC50 values = 0.05, 0.04, and 0.015 mM, respectively. Meanwhile, AR had almost no effect (IC50 value = 1.7 mM). ET, PL and RB have four halogen atoms on their xanthene backbone, unlike AR. Meanwhile, some contrast media with high halogens on those aromatic compounds, such as ioxaglic acid, iodixanol, meglumine iotalamate, and diatriazole sodium, did not inhibit human UGT1A6 activity. These results suggest that halogens enhance the inhibitory effect of xanthene dyes. In this study, it was proved that xanthene dyes had an inhibitory effect on human UGT1A6 activity by the combination of xanthene structure and halogens on its. Part of this inhibition by xanthene dyes depends the reaction of 1 O2 originated on xanthene dyes by light irradiation, because the inhibition was prevented by 1 O2 quenchers, such as NaN3 and histidine, and in the dark.
SERUM GLUCOSE, BILIRUBIN, CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, PROTEIN AND ALBUMIN CONCENTRATIONS DURING RAMADAN

Serum levels of glucose, bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, protein and albumin were measured in a group of nine healthy men before, and on the first, 10th, 20th and 29th day of Ramadan, and four weeks after Islamic fasting was terminated. There was a significant reduction in bpdy weight, a significant increase in serum bilirubin and a slight decrease in calcium during Ramadan. Serum glucose decreased on the first and 10th days of Ramadan, but increased thereafter and reached pre-Ramadan values on the 29th day. The lowest serum glucose recorded was 63 mg/dl. All changes returned to basal values four weeks after Ramadan. There was no significant change in the levels of serum phosphorus, protein or albumin. Physicians caring for Muslims during this month should be aware of these changes.
A research agenda on the leaders political intelligence for effective change management

This paper presents a construct and model of the organizational leader’s political intelligence to conceptualize the role of political intelligence in effectively managing organizational change. Pertinent approaches to political intelligence that scholars have taken were reviewed with the aim to build a theory. Basing our model on the dimensionality of political intelligence identified in light of literature, the chief proposition is that political intelligence can help facilitate organizational change effectively. The politically intelligent leader is capable of steering the stormy waters of organizational change using his political intelligence. Based on this theoretical model, a case is made for an empirical investigation. This paper sheds light on the implications of this theory for change leaders. Key words: Political intelligence, change management, leadership, change leader.
Climate Change Contribution to Forest Growth in Eastern China over Past Two Decades

China has experienced substantial climate change during past decades. To understand the response of forests to this change, we investigated the trends in forest growth and the control mechanism behind the observed variations in the NorthSouth Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC). Interpretations were made based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and temperature and precipitation data from 1982 to 2006. Our results indicated that the growing season NDVI trend showed a significant linear relationship with the mean growing season temperature and precipitation trend exhibiting inconsistent or even opposite performances from the north to south of the NSTEC. Prevalent forest greening was observed in the cold and dry regions where the climate becomes warmer and drier, while forest browning appeared to dominate in the warm and humid areas where climate turns warmer and wetter. These phenomena indicated the positive effect of growing season climates on forest growth may stall under warmer and wetter conditions in the much warmer and wetter regions. Our findings showed a difference in growth trend between needle leaf forests and broadleaf forests. In the cold and dry regions, the NDVI of most needle leaf forests showed an increasing trend, but nearly half of the broadleaf forests exhibited a negative NDVI slope while the other broadleaf forests exhibited a positive NDVI slope.
Measuring Preferences For Uncertainty

Understanding decision making under uncertainty is crucial for researchers in the social sciences, policymakers, and anyone trying to make sense of another’s (or their own) choices. In this dissertation, my coauthors and I make three contributions to understanding preferences for uncertainty regarding (a) how preferences are measured, (b) how these preferences may (or may not) manifest in a consequential real-world context, and (c) how different types of advice influence opinions about uncertain events. In Chapter 1, we examine methods that researchers use to study preferences for uncertainty. We find that the presence of uncertainty is often confounded with the presence of “weird” transaction features, dramatically overstating the presence of uncertainty aversion in these experiments. In Chapter 2, we show that extreme uncertainty does not exist in the context of corporate experimentation, despite speculation by pundits and researchers. In fact, people judge experiments similarly to how they would judge simple gambles, with the experiment being judged near the “expected value” of the policies it implements. In Chapter 3, we find that the format in which uncertainty is presented impacts how people combine forecasts from multiple sources. Numeric probability forecasts are averaged, while verbal forecasts are combined additively, with people making more extreme judgments as they see additional forecasts. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Operations & Information Management First Advisor Uri Simonsohn
Intracellular Radicals in N eutrophils P rocessing and Functional Implications

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte in human blood and essential components of our defense against microbial pathogens. These cells can neutralize microbial pathogens by phagocytosis, which involves engulfment and degradation of microbes intracellularly, as well as by the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are structures released from neutrophils made up of DNA and proteins that capture microbes extracellularly. One characteristic of neutrophils is that they can produce massive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon activation of a specialized enzyme system, the NADPH oxidase. The ROS can be produced at different cellular sites, inside the phagosome, intracellularly inside granules, and at the plasma membrane leading to the release of ROS extracellularly. Whereas ROS produced inside phagosomes are crucial for microbial killing, much less is known about intracellular ROS produced inside granules, which is therefore in focus in this thesis. Neutrophils contain multiple types of granules that are storage organelles for soluble proteins, receptors, and effector molecules. Part of the NADPH oxidase is found in granule membranes and upon activation, ROS can be produced inside granules where they may be processed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) to yield other types of ROS. In paper I, MPO-processing of intracellular ROS was shown to be dependent on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. However, PLA2 was not directly involved in the processing but rather indirectly by mediating the fusion of different granule types, which enables the ROS and MPO to meet inside the cell. It has previously been suggested that the autoinflammatory disorder SAPHO syndrome, characterized by neutrophil dermatosis and typically sterile inflammation of the bone, is associated with neutrophils lacking the production of intracellular ROS. In paper IV, four patients with SAPHO syndrome were investigated with respect to ROS production and other neutrophil functions. All patients, however, produced normal amounts of intracellular ROS demonstrating that decreased intracellular ROS production is not a general feature of SAPHO syndrome. In paper II and III, the role of intragranular ROS for the formation of NETs was studied. Paper II demonstrates that intragranular ROS are essential to drive active NET formation and that intracellular processing of these ROS by MPO is a critical step. Paper III shows that NETs are not only the result of an active process but can also be induced by alternative means, e.g., by cytotoxic peptides released from bacteria. Unlike the process described in the literature and in paper II, this type of NET formation was not dependent on ROS or MPO. In conclusion, the processing of intracellularly produced ROS in neutrophils has been characterized and both production and processing were found to be essential for active NET formation. Further, an alternative mechanism of NET formation was described that is independent of ROS production.