Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN THREE PATIENTS WITH COLOSTOMY AND ILEOSTOMY.

It is generally believed that calcium and phosphorus are absorbed from the small intestine and excreted through the kidneys and the colon. The chief factors which influence the absorption from the small intestine are the hydrogen ion concentration of the content of the bowel, the peristaltic rate, and the proportion of the various types of food in the diet. Macfadyen, Nencki and Sieber in 1891 (1), McClendon in 1915 (2) and numerous investigators (3, 4, 5) more recently found the content of the small intestine to be acid most of the time. The strength of the acidity decreases from a pH of about 1.5 in the stomach to approximate neutrality at the ileocecal valve. In spite of this experimental work, one commonly encounters the statement that the content of the small intestine is alkaline. The pancreatic and biliary secretions are in fact alkaline, but these secretions are readily neutralized by excess of acid secretion from the stomach and intestine. The peristaltic rate, or rate of propulsion of the intestinal content, is largely controlled by the nature and bulk of ingested food. A marked increase in the rate of propulsion of content would decrease the time for absorption of calcium and phosphorus as well as other minerals and foodstuffs and would increase the amount of materials retained in the lumen. Diets containing large amounts of fats, excesses of either calcium or phosphorus and highly alkaline diets have been shown by Farquharson, Salter, Tibbets and Aub (6) and others to decrease calcium and phosphorus absorption from the bowel, while acid foodstuffs and proper calcium-phosphorus ratios lead to increased calcium and phosphorus absorption. In man it has not been possible heretofore to study calcium and phosphorus exchange in the small bowel independent of colonic excretion, due to the difficulty of distinguishing dietary calcium and phosphorus retained in the stool from that excreted into the intestine. An unusual opportunity for study of the interchange of calcium and phosphorus through the small intestine independent of colonic excretion was afforded by three patients in whomtumor of the cecum necessitated both ileostomy and colostomy, thereby permitting separate collection of colonic and ileal excretion.
Classifier Transferability in the Detection of Error Related Potentials from Observation to Interaction

A challenge in brain computer interface (BCI) applications is the reduction of time required for the acquisition of training data, which is needed for a user specific calibration of a BCI. This paper proposes an application oriented approach to minimize the calibration time by transferring a classifier between different types of error related potentials (ErrPs). A classifier trained to detect a certain brain pattern is used to later detect a brain pattern which is expected to be similar to the first one. In the here presented approach, two different tasks (interaction task/observation task) are performed within one scenario which is developed to generate two types of ErrPs: interaction ErrPs and observation ErrPs. Since almost twice as much training data can be generated while performing the observation task compared to the interaction task within the same calibration time, we use the classifier trained on the data containing observation ErrPs to evaluate it's performance on the data containing the interaction ErrPs. Presented results support our approach. We show that a single trial detection of interaction ErrPs using the classifier trained on observation ErrPs is possible and results on average in a high detection performance of 0.77 balanced accuracy [(TPR+TNR)/2], i.e., an average of recognition rate of correct and erroneous trials of 77%. Without such classifier transfer, the classification performance of observation and interaction ErrPs is on average slightly higher (0.80 and 0.81 balanced accuracy, respectively). Our results suggest that classifier transfer is feasible and reduces calibration time. This is a relevant result from the perspective of applying an ErrP-based brain-computer interface in a realistic scenario in robotics.
Boosting Neural Machine Translation with Similar Translations

This paper explores data augmentation methods for training Neural Machine Translation to make use of similar translations, in a comparable way a human translator employs fuzzy matches. In particular, we show how we can simply present the neural model with information of both source and target sides of the fuzzy matches, we also extend the similarity to include semantically related translations retrieved using sentence distributed representations. We show that translations based on fuzzy matching provide the model with “copy” information while translations based on embedding similarities tend to extend the translation “context”. Results indicate that the effect from both similar sentences are adding up to further boost accuracy, combine naturally with model fine-tuning and are providing dynamic adaptation for unseen translation pairs. Tests on multiple data sets and domains show consistent accuracy improvements. To foster research around these techniques, we also release an Open-Source toolkit with efficient and flexible fuzzy-match implementation.
Sport team loyalty: integrating relationship marketing and a hierarchy of effects

Purpose – Given its importance in the brand management of sport teams, the present research initiative primarily concerns the investigation of the formation process of sport team loyalty. By integrating a hierarchy of effects model into a relational perspective, the study aims to investigate the role of sport consumers' involvement, self-expression, trust and attachment with a sport team in building loyal relationships. A conceptual model is proposed and tested in the context of professional soccer teams. Design/methodology/approach – The data of the study comes from 287 consumers of a South East European country. The fit of the model is tested using structural equation modeling and the statistical program LISREL. Findings – The results confirm that: all the hypothesized constructs constitute either direct or indirect determinants of sport team loyalty; a hierarchy of effects approach, cognition-affect-conation, can explain how strong consumers-team relationships can be developed; and team attachment acts.
Solving IBC-CFIE With Dual Basis Functions

The surface integral equation method is applied to solve electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional imperfectly conducting objects modeled with the Leontovitch impedance boundary condition (IBC). Dual basis functions are used to remove previously reported difficulties associated with the solution of the combined field integral equation for objects with the IBC. By expanding the magnetic current with quasi-curl conforming dual functions and the electric current with divergence conforming primary (RWG) functions leads to a stable discretization procedure for the rotation (n ×) operator required by the IBC.
Detection of pneumococcus by PCR

New rapid methods for sensitive and specific detection of pneumococci are not only needed to improve the diagnosis of pneumococcal disease but are also essential for vaccine and carriage studies. The purpose of this study was to develop sensitive PCR methods for the detection and quantification of S. pneumoniae and to study the applicability of these methods to detecting pneumococci in clinical
Comparative Analysis of Rural and Urban Consumers on Milk Consumption

India ranked second in the world after the United States of America in milk production. The per capita milk availability in India was only 200 grams per day in 1996-97 against the 220 grams requirement as recommended by the ICMR and National Institute of Nutrition. With a constant increase in disposable incomes among the strong middle-income class, the scope of marketing of milk is wider. It could be noted that the demand for milk and milk products depends on consumer's willingness and capacity to buy. Since the consumers are not homogeneous, the consumption pattern of milk likes quantum of purchase, mode of purchase, source of purchase, brand preference etc., are changing from consumer to consumer. The socio-economic profile of the consumers namely income status, occupational position, educational level, sex, age and region are the major determinants of the consumption pattern of milk. The study of consumer behavior is inevitable to position the right product in right market at right time. The milk is not the exception to this. Hence, the present study focus on the profile of consumers, their consumption pattern in milk consumption and its correlates.
Effects of entrepreneurial orientation on online retail performance

The importance of entrepreneurial orientation on performance is widely recognised, but little is known about the relationships between the individual dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. The present paper investigates how the dimensions (innovativeness, proactiveness and risk taking) of entrepreneurial orientation vary and how they impact online retail performance. Survey data from retail firms were analysed using structural equation modelling. The findings suggest that the dimensions of EO vary independently and that they have opposing effects on firm performance. Proactiveness was found to have a statistical significant positive impact on performance, while the effects of innovativeness and risk taking were negative. The findings have managerial implications for online retailing.
Minimum Wage Policy in Malaysia: Its Impact and the Readiness of Firms

The minimum wage policy in Malaysia was announced in 2012 and it is expected to be implemented in all stages by the year 2013. The implementation of this policy is postponed among small m the challenges that might be faced by SMEs; and the potential opportunities and benefits gain from this policy. It is an exploratory research to have better comprehension of the nature of the issue.
IEA-Task 31 WAKEBENCH: Towards a protocol for wind farm flow model evaluation. Part 2: Wind farm wake models

Researchers within the International Energy Agency (IEA) Task 31: Wakebench have created a framework for the evaluation of wind farm flow models operating at the microscale level. The framework consists of a model evaluation protocol integrated with a web-based portal for model benchmarking (www.windbench.net). This paper provides an overview of the building-block validation approach applied to wind farm wake models, including best practices for the benchmarking and data processing procedures for validation datasets from wind farm SCADA and meteorological databases. A hierarchy of test cases has been proposed for wake model evaluation, from similarity theory of the axisymmetric wake and idealized infinite wind farm, to single-wake wind tunnel (UMN-EPFL) and field experiments (Sexbierum), to wind farm arrays in offshore (Horns Rev, Lillgrund) and complex terrain conditions (San Gregorio). A summary of results from the axisymmetric wake, Sexbierum, Horns Rev and Lillgrund benchmarks are used to discuss the state-of-the-art of wake model validation and highlight the most relevant issues for future development.
Retail attributes' differential effects on utilitarian versus hedonic shopping value

Purpose – This study aims to examine grocery shoppers' beliefs about store attributes as antecedents to shopping value by exploring whether dimensions of store attribute beliefs have differential effects (i.e. strength and direction) on hedonic versus utilitarian shopping value.Design/methodology/approach – Shoppers at three grocery outlets in a Norwegian city were approached. After they had agreed to participate in the survey, they received a package containing an information letter, the questionnaire, and the pre‐paid return envelope. A total of 572 (60 per cent response rate) questionnaires were returned within two weeks of delivery.Findings – Findings from a survey of grocery shoppers suggest that one unique store attribute (e.g. personal interaction) can relate negatively to utilitarian shopping value and positively relate to hedonic shopping value, while others (e.g. physical aspects) may have the opposite valence, or direction to the different dimensions of shopping value.Research limitations/impli.
Determinants of Working Capital Investment: A Study of Malaysian PublicListed Firms

The paper examines the determinants of the level of investment in net operating working capital by firms in Malaysia. Data from 192 companies spanning a period of 8 years (20002007) are analysed using the OLS regression technique for this purpose. The study finds that in times of economic expansion, younger and smaller firms with less tangible assets, low leverage, high immediate sales growth, high operating cash flows, less volatile revenues and low levels of asymmetric information are likely to have the highest investments in operating working capital. Board characteristics, namely size and the independence of the board, are not found to have any significant influence on the working capital investment of firms.
Asian corporate recovery : findings from firm-level surveys in five countries

'The main complaint of the firms in all countries, with the exception of the Philippines, was the collapse of domestic demand for their products. This complaint is mirrored by the macroeconomic data showing a sharp decline in investment and consumption. ' Macroeconomic studies investigating the causes of the crisis in East Asia abound. However, until now, there have been few systematic microeconomic explanations of the last two years' events. Recognizing the importance of filling this information gap, the governments of Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand, with the technical assistance of the World Bank, undertook an extensive survey of 4,000 firms between November 1998 and February 1999. 'Asian Corporate Recovery' reports the findings of the surveys and explores the impact of the crisis by looking at changes in capacity utilization, export performance, and employment practices. It examines the causes for the decline from the perspective of the surveyed firms and discusses credit availability issues at length. It presents a data set that provides information on the financial position of small and medium enterprises and unlisted large companies. In addition, it relates the extent of the firms' leverage and their reliance on different sources of capital to their reported access to credit. This publication will be of interest to public and private sector economists, bankers, and academics.
The Relationship Between Control and Partner Learning in Learning-Related Joint Ventures

The model developed draws on resource-based, information-processing, and organizational learning theories to show how JV control processes affect the dynamics of interpartner learning. According to the model, firms forming learning-related JVs match with partners in line with their differences in capability and other requirements; the result is referred to as the asymmetry-need configuration. A satisfactory post-negotiation match implies a balance in perceived bargaining power, enabling both partners to institute controls appropriate for the specific types of learning undertaken. The model stresses that appropriate controls are essential for learning to take place, yet dissimilar learning needs or learning capabilities of the two partners may nonetheless result in unequal learning rates. Such unequal learning sets into motion a continual reconfiguration of the original relationship between the two partners, including modification of the initial asymmetry-need configuration and perception of bargaining power. The model emphasizes that JVs with learning objectives are inherently and inevitably dynamic because of these internal processes. However, control mechanisms themselves are an important means for diagnosing these processes and realigning the relationship.The formulation of such a process model helps to integrate many aspects of the JV relationship, including initial configuration, partner bargaining power, JV controls, and interpartner learning. In addition, the model captures the evolution of the partner relationship over the life of the JV. The focus on JV control processes in this research complements the insights gained from previous work that has looked at JV learning mainly in relation to the characteristics of the partners.
Competitive Effects on Technology Diffusion

This article takes as its central concern the diffusion of high technology innovation among business organizations. A set of propositions is developed that focuses on the competitive factors influencing diffusion. The article suggests how the supply-side competitive environment and the adopter industry competitive environment both affect diffusion of new technologies. The article seeks to extend the current behavioral paradigm for studying innovation diffusion by incorporating competitive factors as explanatory variables.
The Impact of Online Shopping Experience on Risk Perceptions and Online Purchase Intentions: Does Product Category Matter?

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of online shopping experience on perception of specific types of risks associated with online shopping and how each type of risk perceptions influences online purchase intentions. A conceptual model was proposed to illustrate the relationships between online shopping experience and perceptions of product, financial, and privacy risks associated with online shopping, and how both experience and risk perceptions impact online purchase intentions. The results indicate that online shopping experience is a strong positive predictor of online shoppers’ purchase intentions for the two product categories (i.e. non-digital and digital products) examined. Online shopping experience is negatively related to perceptions of product and financial risks associated with online shopping regardless of product category; but only reduce privacy risk associated with shopping non-digital products online. Interestingly, although both product and financial risks are negatively related to online purchase intentions for non-digital and marginally for digital product, privacy risk perception is not related to online shopping intentions for either of the product categories. Findings are discussed with theoretical and managerial implications.
Renoprotective Effect of Terminalia Chebula on Gentamicin Induced Toxicity in Rats

*Corresponding Author P. Hariharan pharipharma123@gmail.com An attempt was made to study the renoprotective effect of Terminalia chebula in a model of gentamicin induced toxicity in rats. Gentamicin was administered intraperitoneally at the dose of 80 mg/kg body weight once daily for seven days. Significant elevation of serum biochemical parameters like blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) occurred. Histopathological examination of kidney revealed acute tubular necrosis, protein inclusion and cast in the proximal tubules. Co-treatment with aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula significantly restored the renal hemodynamics. On histopathological evaluation, groups treated with Terminalia chebula showed restoration of kidney architecture towards normal. Thus the results of the present study suggest that Terminalia Chebula plant extract can be used as a protective agent in gentamicin induced renal toxicity.
The clinical pattern and complications of severe malaria in the Gizan region of Saudi Arabia.

may present in its most severe forms. 2,5,6,8 Despite a vigorous program of malaria control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the infection is still endemic in the southwestern area of the country. 9 As a result of continued preventive measures, the epidemiology of the disease may be changing, and the proportion of nonimmune individuals may increase. Furthermore, the emergence of chloroquine-resistant malaria in the neighboring country of Yemen has a major implication for the Gizan population. 2,4 The frequency and clinical outcome of severe malaria may provide useful, albeit indirect, information on the emergence of antimalarial drug resistance in this region. We describe the clinicopathologic profile and mortality in patients treated for severe malaria in King Fahad Central Hospital (KFCH), Gizan, Saudi Arabia.
Educational level as moderating element of long-term orientation of supply relationships

In an increasingly complex and dynamic economic and business context, the study of the relationships that firms establish with their suppliers is a very important topic. Firms must use these relationships to ensure that the inputs they acquire are the most appropriate to achieve the desired product. But since not all firms, particularly SMEs, have personnel specifically trained to manage these relationships, or even to manage the firm itself, difficulties can sometimes arise in the management of the firm's supply function. The relationship marketing literature considers it beneficial to establish lasting relationships both with customers and with suppliers. It may be that people who are less well-educated academically are not aware of this situation. Thus, the current work aims to analyse the possible influence of the educational level of the purchasing/supply manager on the long-term orientation of firm-supplier relationships. Specifically, we use a sample of Spanish firms to analyse the moderating effect of this variable on the temporal orientation. Dividing the total sample into two subsamples – "better-educated" and "less well-educated" managers responsible for the supply function – we obtain some very interesting results and implications about the effects of trust, communication, cooperation, satisfaction and commitment on the temporal orientation of such relationships.
Emergence of dorsal-ventral polarity in ESC-derived retinal tissue

We previously demonstrated that mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC)-derived retinal epithelium self-forms an optic cup-like structure. In the developing retina, the dorsal and ventral sides differ in terms of local gene expression and morphological features. This aspect has not yet been shown in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that mESC-derived retinal tissue spontaneously acquires polarity reminiscent of the dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterning of the embryonic retina. Tbx5 and Vax2 were expressed in a mutually exclusive manner, as seen in vivo. Three-dimensional morphometric analysis showed that the in vitro-formed optic cup often contains cleft structures resembling the embryonic optic fissure. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the spontaneous D-V polarization of mESC-derived retina, we examined the effects of patterning factors, and found that endogenous BMP signaling plays a predominant role in the dorsal specification. Further analysis revealed that canonical Wnt signaling, which was spontaneously activated at the proximal region, acts upstream of BMP signaling for dorsal specification. These observations suggest that D-V polarity could be established within the self-formed retinal neuroepithelium by intrinsic mechanisms involving the spatiotemporal regulation of canonical Wnt and BMP signals. Highlighted article: Intrinsic mechanisms involving the spatiotemporal regulation of canonical Wnt and BMP signals play a role in setting up DV polarity in mouse ESC-derived optic cups.