Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ron increase in GaN HEMTs — Temperature or trapping effects

The on-state resistance Ron of GaN devices can be affected by charge trapping as well as temperature effects. For the reliable application of the devices it is useful to distinguish between these two effects and understand the cause of power losses. In this work, three state-of-the-art GaN power transistors are investigated. An obvious Ron increase by trapping occurs in the GaN normally-off devices, whereas the normally-on device has no trapping issues. Trapping mechanisms and the Ron increase with the temperature have similar time constants, which makes it difficult to separate the effects. A feasible approach is to compare a high frequency switching mode to a constant conduction operation that causes the same losses. Furthermore, the contrary dependency of both effects on the duty cycle is used to identify accumulation of trapping. Finally, the increase of the on-state resistance is investigated in a buck converter application.
Posterior shoulder dislocation in infants with neonatal brachial plexus palsy.

BACKGROUND Glenoid dysplasia and posterior shoulder subluxation with resultant shoulder stiffness is a well-recognized complication in infants with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. It is generally considered to be the result of a slowly progressive glenohumeral deformation secondary to muscle imbalance, physeal trauma, or both. Recent publications about infantile posterior shoulder dislocation have suggested that the onset of dysplasia occurs at an earlier age than has been previously recognized. The prevalence of early dislocation in infants with this disorder has not been previously reported, to our knowledge. METHODS We studied 134 consecutive infants with neonatal brachial plexus palsy who were seen at our institution over a period of two years. All infants were examined at monthly intervals to assess neurological recovery and the status of the upper extremity until recovery occurred or a treatment plan was established. The type of brachial plexus involvement was classified. Specific clinical signs associated with subluxation and dislocation were recorded. These included asymmetry of skin folds of the axilla or the proximal aspect of the arm, apparent shortening of the humeral segment, a palpable asymmetric fullness in the posterior region of the shoulder, or a palpable click during shoulder manipulation. The infants who were identified as having these clinical signs were evaluated with ultrasonographic imaging studies. RESULTS Eleven (8%) of the 134 infants had a posterior shoulder dislocation. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was six months (range, three to ten months). There was no correlation between the occurrence of dislocation and the type of initial neurological deficit. A rapid loss of passive external rotation between monthly examinations indicated a posterior shoulder dislocation. CONCLUSIONS Posterior shoulder dislocation can occur earlier (before the age of one year) and more rapidly in infants with neonatal brachial plexus palsy than has been appreciated previously. As with developmental dysplasia of the hip, a high index of suspicion, recognition of clinical signs, and the use of ultrasonography will allow the diagnosis to be established. Following early diagnosis, attention should be focused on improving the stability and congruency of the shoulder joint.
Review of familial cerebral cavernous malformations and report of seven additional families

Cerebral cavernous malformations are vascular anomalies of the central nervous system characterized by clusters of enlarged, leaky capillaries. They are caused by loss‐of‐function mutations in KRIT1, CCM2, or PDCD10. The proteins encoded by these genes are involved in four partially interconnected signaling pathways that control angiogenesis and endothelial permeability. Cerebral cavernous malformations can occur sporadically, or as a familial autosomal dominant disorder (FCCM) with incomplete clinical and neuroradiological penetrance and great inter‐individual variability. Although the clinical course is unpredictable, symptoms typically present during adult life and include headaches, focal neurological deficits, seizures, and potentially fatal stroke. In addition to neural lesions, extraneural cavernous malformations have been described in familial disease in several tissues, in particular the skin. We here present seven novel FCCM families with neurologic and cutaneous lesions. We review histopathological and clinical features and provide an update on the pathophysiology of cerebral cavernous malformations and associated cutaneous vascular lesions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlations with Patients' Perspectives of the Result of Lower-Extremity Amputation*

Background: Patients' perceptions of the result of lower-extremity amputation vary widely, yet the factors associated with this variability are not well understood. Our objective was to identify important correlations with the perceived result that may help to indicate the factors that deserve particular emphasis in the management of patients who have had an amputation. Methods: In this retrospective study, 148 patients who had had a major lower-extremity amputation completed a standardized questionnaire designed to assess the demographic characteristics, comorbidities, amputation characteristics, prosthetic function, and social function at a mean of seven years after surgery. We correlated each of these variables with four result metrics: general satisfaction, quality of life, freedom from frustration, and walking distance. Results: The four result metrics were significantly and strongly correlated with (1) the comfort of the residual limb; (2) the condition of the contralateral limb; (3) the comfort, function, and appearance of the prosthesis; (4) social factors; and (5) the ability to exercise recreationally (p < 0.0001). Interestingly, the level and laterality of the amputation were not significantly correlated with the patients' perceived result. Conclusions: The perceived result of amputation is not associated with the amount of the limb that was amputated but rather with factors that may be optimized by surgical, prosthetic, and social management.
Evaluation of sulphur amino acid requirement of male Korean native ducklings from hatch to 21 day of age

ABSTRACT 1. A dose-response experiment was conducted with male Korean native ducklings (KND) to evaluate the total sulphur amino acid (TSAA) requirement from hatch to 21 d of age. 2. A completely randomised design with 7 dietary TSAA concentrations (0.62%, 0.65%, 0.68%, 0.71%, 0.74%, 0.77% and 0.80%) were used with 6 replications per treatment. 3. Body weight (BW) and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). One duckling per pen (n = 6) was killed by cervical dislocation to weigh empty body and drumsticks at the conclusion of experiment. 4. BW was improved significantly with increasing TSAA content, in a non-linear manner. A significant decrease of FCR was shown with increasing TSAA contents. TSAA requirement was determined by taking a mean value after fitting the data to both a linear-plateau and a quadratic-plateau model. Estimated TSAA requirements were 0.70%, 0.70%, 0.66% and 0.70% for the maximum BW, ADG and ADFI and for the minimum FCR, respectively. Increasing TSAA content improved quantity of full body weight (FBW), empty body weight (EBW) and drumstick weight (DSW), but there was no effect on proportion of DSW in relation to EBW and proportion of EBW to FBW. 5. In conclusion, the growth of male KND during 1 to 21 d of age was improved with increasing TSAA content, suggesting optimal TSAA requirements estimated by two analysis models.
Geographic distribution of human rotavirus VP4 genotypes and VP7 serotypes in five South African regions

The rotavirus outer capsid proteins elicit the production of neutralizing antibodies and are known to play a role in inducing resistance to disease. In this study, cDNA probes directed at the six most common human rotavirus VP7 serotypes (G1 to G4, G8, and G9) and five human rotavirus VP4 genotypes (P4, P6, P8, P9, and P10) were utilized. Hybridization analysis of 572 human rotavirus strains collected from five regions in South Africa was performed to determine the distribution of the VP7 serotypes and VP4 genotypes in nature. VP7 serotype G1 was identified most frequently, occurring in 51% of the rotavirus strains tested. VP7 serotypes G2 and G4 occurred in similar numbers, although their distribution varied regionally. Few serotype G3 strains and no G8 or G9 strains were identified. The P8 VP4 genotype occurred most frequently overall (66%), and the P4 genotype was detected next most frequently. The P6 genotype was identified in 28 symptomatically infected neonates and in 8 symptomatic infants. Few P9 strains were identified. The potential for reassortment events was demonstrated by dual infections with different viruses.
DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY AND LEVEL OF RISK TAKING IN GROUPS.

This study reports evidence supporting the following propositions: (1) Group discussion and consensus concerning decisions that involve actual risk ana payoffs lead to greater risk taking than occurs in the absence of such discussion and consensus. (2) The mechanism that underlies this group-induced shift toward greater risk taking consists of a diffusion or spreading of responsibility. Using risks and payoffs based on monetary gain and loss for problem-solving performance, the above propositions received strong confirmation for male college subjects. The results of various experimental manipulations provided positive support for viewing diffusion of responsibility as the causal factor at work.
Adhesion molecules as determinants of disease: From molecular biology to surgical research

Cellular adhesion is mediated by distinct cell surface receptors (adhesion molecules) and plays a pivotal role in the biological processes of morphogenesis, cell migration and cell‐cell communication. During the past decade many adhesion molecules have been identified and structurally analysed. This has allowed an understanding of their role in the pathophysiology of disease, including inflammation and sepsis, ischaemia and reperfusion, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis and thrombosis, angiogenesis and wound healing, as well as carcinogenesis and tumour metastasis. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cellular communication is not only vital for advances in surgical pathophysiology, it also has the potential to widen the spectrum of diagnosis and therapy of disease. Analysis of expression of individual surface molecules may help in the diagnosis of transplant rejection and allow a prognostic determination of tumour progression and metastasis formation. Moreover, manipulation of adhesion molecule function by monoclonal antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides or single gene products may open the door for novel therapeutic regimens to prevent transplant rejection and ischaemia‐, sepsis‐ and shock‐induced tissue injury.
A performance comparison: USMG-FMG attending physicians.

To determine whether patterns of differences in performance exist between United States Medical Graduate and Foreign Medical Graduate attending Physicians, two types of inpatient hospital audits (Payne Process Audit and the Joint Committee on Accreditation of Hospitals' Performance Evaluation Program-P.E.P. Audit) were conducted in 22 Maryland and Pennsylvania non-federal, short-term hospitals. A total of 6,980 medical records were abstracted from eight diagnostic categories for 1,321 attending physicians; 985 of which were USMGs and 331 were FMGs. The results from both audits indicate that while there is evidence of a strong hospital-type of physician interaction for many of the diagnoses, there was no significant overall difference in performance between USMG and FMG attending physicians. The largest and most consistent differences in physician performance were associated with hospital characteristics, not physician characteristics.
A Gel Partition Model for Organic Desorption from a Pond Sediment

Adsorption at the water-sediment interface has been correlated with the organic carbon content of natural sediment samples and with water-octanol partitioning equilibria. In deriving a new model for sorption in sediment, it is assumed that adsorption is due to humin-kerogen polymers associated with the clay component in the sediment. The model includes solubility parameter theory applied to solute-gel-liquid interactions and a theory of the liquid-polymer interactions that control gel swelling. Partially swollen gels are expected to exhibit impeded diffusion. These concepts are able to explain observations of limited desorption of certain organic compounds from natural sediments and soil minerals. Experiments were performed in which extractive solvents flowed through a liquid chromatographic column packed with dried estuarine and pond sediment samples and the effluent was analyzed for a test lipophilic compound, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The model predicts that the maximum desorption rate and the maximum extent of gel swelling should coincide and, conversely, that the desorption rate should be diffusion-limited if the polymer gel is only partially swollen. The conditions for maximum desorption and for diffusion-limited desorption were both observed experimentally.
Mental models of privacy and security

The mental models approach could significantly improve risk communication in the case of computer security. The particular mental models that will be discussed here are: physical, medical, criminal, warfare, and market models. Our strongest conclusion is that mental models can be used to improve risk communication. The second, untested, conclusion is that the best model may be the medical model.
A Novel Protein Tightly Bound to Bacterial Magnetic Particles in Magnetospirillum magneticum Strain AMB-1*

Magnetic bacteria synthesize magnetite crystals with species-dependent morphologies. The molecular mechanisms that control nano-sized magnetite crystal formation and the generation of diverse morphologies are not well understood. From the analysis of magnetite crystal-associated proteins, several low molecular mass proteins tightly bound to bacterial magnetite were obtained from Magnetospirillum magneticumstrain AMB-1. These proteins showed common features in their amino acid sequences, which contain hydrophobic N-terminal and hydrophilic C-terminal regions. The C-terminal regions in Mms5, Mms6, Mms7, and Mms13 contain dense carboxyl and hydroxyl groups that bind iron ions. Nano-sized magnetic particles similar to those in magnetic bacteria were prepared by chemical synthesis of magnetite in the presence of the acidic protein Mms6. These proteins may be directly involved in biological magnetite crystal formation in magnetic bacteria.
S‐allylcysteine attenuates renal injury by altering the expressions of iNOS and matrix metallo proteinase‐2 during cyclosporine‐induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is the first choice immunosuppressant used for the prevention of allograft rejection in solid organ transplantation and immune‐mediated diseases. Reactive oxygen species‐induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are implicated in the pathophysiology of CsA‐induced renal injury. In this work, we have studied the effect of a garlic‐derived compound, S‐allylcysteine (SAC) on CsA‐induced nephrotoxicity. CsA‐induced nephrotoxicity was assessed in terms of increased activities of serum marker enzymes and levels of kidney markers. CsA administration induced significant elevation in lipid peroxidation along with abnormal levels of enzymic and non‐enzymic antioxidants in the kidneys of the rats. SAC administration improved renal function by bringing about a significant decrease in peroxidative levels and increase in antioxidant status. Elevated expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) due to CsA administration were reduced by SAC treatment. An increase in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) was evident in CsA‐induced groups of rats, which was moderately reduced in SAC treated rats. An increase in the levels of serum constituent's urea, uric acid and creatinine was observed in the CsA‐induced rats, which was reduced upon treatment with SAC. These results indicate that SAC has a protective action against CsA‐induced nephrotoxicity which is also supported by histopathological studies. A comparative study of the antioxidant vitamin C and SAC is more valuable to assess the efficacy of the drug that can be used for the treatment of nephrotoxicity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of human papillomavirus in p16‐positive oral cancers

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify the presence and frequency of human papillomavirus (HPV) nucleic acid in p16-positive oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), to assess whether the virus was transcriptionally active and to assess the utility of p16 overexpression as a surrogate marker for HPV in OSCC. METHODS Forty-six OSCC patients treated between 2007 and 2011 with available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens were included. Twenty-three patients were positive for p16 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and these were matched with 23 patients with p16-negative tumours. Laser capture microdissection of the FFPE OSCC tissues was undertaken to isolate invasive tumour tissue. DNA was extracted and tested for high-risk HPV types using a PCR-ELISA method based on the L1 SPF10 consensus primers, and a real-time PCR method targeting HPV-16 and HPV-18 E6 region. Genotyping of HPV-positive cases was performed using a reverse line blot hybridization assay (Inno-LiPA). RNAScope® (a chromogenic RNA in situ hybridization assay) was utilized to detect E6/E7 mRNA of known high-risk HPV types for detection of transcriptionally active virus. RESULTS HPV DNA was found in 3 OSCC cases, all of which were p16 IHC-positive. Two cases were genotyped as HPV-16 and one as HPV-33. Only one of the HPV-16 cases was confirmed to harbour transcriptionally active virus via HPV RNA ISH. CONCLUSION We have shown that the presence of transcriptionally active HPV rarely occurs in OSCC and that p16 is not an appropriate surrogate marker for HPV in OSCC cases. We propose that non-viral mechanisms are responsible for the majority of IHC p16 overexpression in OSCC.
Introducing the 3-A Grief Intervention Model for Dementia Caregivers: Acknowledge, Assess and Assist

With our aging population, it is estimated that in the near future there will be an overwhelming increase in the number of individuals dealing with Alzheimer's disease or a related dementia (ADRD). From the time that symptoms begin to insidiously emerge, it can take well over ten years for the disease to run its course. In addition to the crippling effect for those inflicted, this lengthy duration can have an ongoing debilitating effect on the family members who are grieving while providing care. Researchers have claimed that the manner in which family members experience and manage their grief reactions to the pre-death losses can influence both caregiving outcomes and adjustment to bereavement once those with the disease have died. Given the relevance of grief management, this article provides answers to such questions as: How do family caregivers of individuals with ADRD manifest their grief? How can healthcare professionals intervene in assisting with grief management? The answers are provided introducing the 3-A grief intervention model for family caregivers of individuals with ADRD. The 3-A model enfranchises the caregiver grief experience through Acknowledging, Assessing, and Assisting in grief management. In doing so, different grieving styles are identified and the role that denial and respite plays in adapting to the family caregiver's grief experience is recognized. Clinical strategies to assist in grief management are also provided.
Computer simulations of the energy dissipation rate in a fluorescence‐activated cell sorter: Implications to cells

Fluorescence activated cell sorting, FACS, is a widely used method to sort subpopulations of cells to high purities. To achieve relatively high sorting speeds, FACS instruments operate by forcing suspended cells to flow in a single file line through a laser(s) beam(s). Subsequently, this flow stream breaks up into individual drops which can be charged and deflected into multiple collection streams. Previous work by Ma et al. (2002) and Mollet et al. (2007; Biotechnol Bioeng 98:772–788) indicates that subjecting cells to hydrodynamic forces consisting of both high extensional and shear components in micro‐channels results in significant cell damage. Using the fluid dynamics software FLUENT®, computer simulations of typical fluid flow through the nozzle of a BD FACSVantage indicate that hydrodynamic forces, quantified using the scalar parameter energy dissipation rate, are similar in the FACS nozzle to levels reported to create significant cell damage in micro‐channels. Experimental studies in the FACSVantage, operated under the same conditions as the simulations confirmed significant cell damage in two cell lines, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) and THP1, a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 260–272. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance function for time-jittered equispaced sampling wattmeters

This paper evaluates the effect of time-jitter in the equally spaced sampling wattmeters. It has been shown that the time-jitter, which is a random fluctuation with respect to the nominal sampling time, introduces a bandwidth limitation which is a function of its variance. This bandwidth limitation has been described and compared with the other one due to the sampling strategy and filtering algorithm. <<ETX>>
The effect of NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester upon basal blood flow and endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation in the dog hindlimb

1 The role played by the endothelium‐derived relaxing factor (EDRF), nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of blood flow to the skeletal muscle vasculature of the dog skinned hindlimb has been determined by examining the effects of the NO synthase inhibitor, NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) upon (i) basal iliac artery blood flow, (ii) vasodilator responses to endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent agonists and (iii) reactive hyperaemic responses to arterial occlusion. 2 l‐NAME (0.1– 3 mg min−1) infused directly into the iliac artery dose‐dependently reduced basal iliac artery blood flow by a maximum of 48.6 ± 6.9% (n = 4) and also increased mean systemic arterial blood pressure by 25.6 ± 5.0 mmHg (n = 4) (at 3 mg min−1 l‐NAME). 3 Over the same dose range, l‐NAME also inhibited the peak vasodilator responses to intra‐arterially administered, submaximal bolus doses of the endothelium‐dependent agonists, bradykinin (3–300 ng) and acetylcholine (30–300 ng) by ∼40%. In contrast, peak vasodilator responses to the endothelium‐independent agonists, sodium azide (3–30 μg) and adenosine (0.3–1 mg), and peak reactive hyperaemic responses to arterial occlusion (60 s) were largely unaffected by l‐NAME. 4 The dose‐related effects of l‐NAME on basal iliac artery blood flow, mean systemic arterial blood pressure and endothelium‐dependent vasodilator responses were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with l‐arginine (100 mg min−1) followed by co‐infusion of l‐arginine (100 mg min−1) with l‐NAME. 5 In conclusion, these data suggest that NO plays some role in regulating basal blood flow and in mediating the vasodilator responses to the endothelium‐dependent agonists bradykinin and acetylcholine in the skeletal muscle vasculature of the dog hindlimb. The substantial component (∼60%) of the peak vasodilator responses to bradykinin and acetylcholine, unaffected by l‐NAME, may be independent of NO, or be mediated by an alternative EDRF‐dependent but l‐NAME‐insensitive mechanism.