Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rietveld Refinement of Non-Hydrogen Atomic Positions in Kaolinite

The structure of kaolinite (non-hydrogen atoms only) from Keokuk, Iowa, was refined in space group C1 using CuKα X-ray powder diffraction data and Rietveld refinement techniques (Rwp = 12.3%). A distance least-squares (DLS) model for the initial atomic coordinates avoided a false minimum and unrealistic results characteristic of previous Rietveld refinements of kaolinite. All Keokuk samples examined contain small amounts of dickite. The profile of the mixture was calculated using a fixed set of dickite atomic parameters and by constraining the dickite profile parameters to those refined for kaolinite. Results indicate that the individual kaolinite layer is very similar to the dickite layer; bond distances, which are similar to dickite and nacrite, are: Si-O, 1.60-1.63 Å; Al-O, 1.87-1.97 Å. The tetrahedral rotation angle is 6.9°, compared with 7.3° for dickite and 7.4° for nacrite. Previous Rietveld refinements apparently suffered from poor preferred orientation models, failure to consider the presence of dickite as a second phase, and, most importantly, refinement to a false-minimum structure. The conclusions based on the earlier refinements must therefore be reevaluated, especially regarding the kaolinite space group and hydrogen positions. Existing X-ray and electron diffraction and spectroscopic data support the presence of C-centering in kaolinite.
Pseudoretinoblastoma of 9 enucleated eyes simulating retinoblastoma in 70 enucleated eyes.

OBJECTIVE To describe pathological features and determine the types and frequency of pseudoretinoblastoma simulating retinoblastoma in 70 enucleated eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective histopathologic analysis of consecutively enucleated eyes for presumed intraocular retinoblastoma during the past 11 years in the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province in China. RESULTS 9 of the 70 cases were found to be pseudoretinoblastoma on histological analysis. 4 cases were Coat's disease, 2 cases were uveitis and the rest 3 cases were respectively identified as vitreous hemorrhage, toxocariasis and retinal dysplasia. Clinical features and pathological features of these cases were described in detail. CONCLUSIONS Coat's disease accounted for the most common conditions (44.5%) of pseudoretinoblastoma, uveitis (22.2%) accounted for less common conditions, toxocariasis (11.1%), vitreous hemorrhage (11.1%) and retinal dysplasia (11.1%) presented in a sporadic form in our pseudoretinoblastoma series. They have distinctive histopathological features to differentiate from retinoblastoma.
The Contribution of Systemic Thought to Critical Realism

Abstract Critical realism, especially as developed by Roy Bhaskar, embodies at its heart systemic and holistic concepts such as totality, emergence, open systems, stratification, autopoiesis and holistic causality. These concepts have their own long history of development in disciplines such as systems thinking and cybernetics, but there is an absence in Bhaskar's writings, and that absence is a lack of any reference to the corresponding systems literature. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (i) to demonstrate the extent of this correspondence; (ii) to show that critical realism can benefit from an exposure to these other discourses; and (iii) to show that systems thinking too can gain philosophically from critical realism.
Multiple Testing and the Distributional Effects of Accountability Incentives in Education

Abstract This article proposes bootstrap-based multiple testing procedures for quantile treatment effect (QTE) heterogeneity under the assumption of selection on observables, and shows its asymptotic validity. Our procedure can be used to detect the quantiles and subgroups exhibiting treatment effect heterogeneity. We apply the multiple testing procedures to data from a large-scale Pakistani school report card experiment, and uncover evidence of policy-relevant heterogeneous effects from information provision on child test scores. Furthermore, our analysis reinforces the importance of preventing the inflation of false positive conclusions because 63% of statistically significant QTEs become insignificant once corrections for multiple testing are applied.
Does Land Use Planning shape Regional Economies

Why has job growth over the past decades been weaker in the Dutch Randstad area than in surrounding regions? In a simultaneous equations analysis, we find that employment adjusts to the regional supply of labour. Net internal migration is predominantly determined by regional housing supply and not by employment growth. Growth of the regional housing stock responds only moderately to changes in the number of people and jobs. This lack of responsiveness to demand conditions is plausibly related to restrictions on residential development, implying that the regional distribution of economic activity in the Netherlands reflects land use planning decisions. This discussion paper resulted in a publication in the Journal of Housing Economics , 2009, 18(4), 294-310.
The 4-day wave in the Antarctic mesosphere

A zonal wave number one eastward propagating planetary wave observed in the high latitude winter stratosphere with a period near 4 days has been studied by a number of previous authors. Radar observations coupled with stratospheric analyses are here used to demonstrate that this wave, known as the 4-day wave, extends into the Antarctic upper mesosphere. Previous workers have asserted that the wave is a manifestation of the observation of warm pools rotating in the polar vortex, and that the pool seems to behave in a quasi-nondispersive manner. The observation of the 4-day wave in the upper mesosophere presented here appears to validate previous claims that the warm pools are being maintained by wavelike dynamics, rather than simple advection.
Prevalence and genotypes of Candida albicans from necrotising periodontal disease and the tongue

C l i n M e d International Library Citation: Blignaut E, Phiri R (2017) Prevalence and Genotypes of Candida albicans from Necrotising Periodontal Disease and the Tongue. Int J Oral Dent Health 3:038 Received: August 05, 2016: Accepted: February 09, 2017: Published: February 13, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Blignaut E, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Blignaut and Phiri. Int J Oral Dent Health 2017, 3:038
J EXTENSIONS OF P-PROPERTY , R 0-PROPERTY AND SEMIDEFINITE LINEAR COMPLEMENTARITY PROBLEMS

In this manuscript, we present some new results for the semidefinite linear complementarity problem in the context of three notions for linear transformations, viz., pseudo w-P property, pseudo Jordan w-P property, and pseudo SSM property. Interconnections with the P#-property (proposed recently in the literature) are presented. We also study the R#-property of a linear transformation, extending the rather well known notion of an R0-matrix. In particular, results are presented for the Lyapunov, Stein, and the multiplicative transformations.
Educational Systems and the Trade-Off between Labor Market Allocation and Equality of Educational Opportunity

Educational systems with a high level of tracking and vocational orientation have been shown to improve the allocation of school-leavers in the labor market. However, tracked educational systems are also known to increase inequality of educational opportunity. This presumed trade-off between equality and labor market preparation is clearly rooted in two different perspectives on the origin of differentiation in educational systems, dating back to the nineteenth century. Tracking was seen both as a way to prepare students for an industrializing labor market and as a way for the elite to formalize social distances in the educational system. We empirically study the trade-off with newly developed country-level indicators for tracking and vocational orientation. Our country-level regressions largely support the existence of the trade-off between labor market allocation and equality of opportunity.
Duty cycle of the radio galaxy B2 0258+35

Context. Radio loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) are episodic in nature, cycling through periods of activity and quiescence. The study of this duty cycle has recently gained new relevance because of the importance of AGN feedback for galaxy evolution. Aims. In this work we investigate the duty cycle of the radio galaxy B2 0258+35, which was previously suggested to be a restarted radio galaxy based on its morphology. The radio source consists of a pair of kpc-scale jets embedded in two large-scale lobes (∼240 kpc) with relaxed shape and very low surface brightness, which resemble remnants of a past AGN activity. Methods. We have combined new LOFAR data at 145 MHz and new Sardinia Radio Telescope data at 6600 MHz with available WSRT data at 1400 MHz to investigate the spectral properties of the outer lobes and derive their age. Results. Interestingly, the spectrum of both the outer northern and southern lobes is not ultra-steep as expected for an old ageing plasma with spectral index values equal to α1451400 = 0.48 ± 0.11 and α14006600 = 0.69 ± 0.20 in the outer northern lobe, and α1451400 = 0.73 ± 0.07 in the outer southern lobe. Moreover, despite the wide frequency coverage available for the outer northern lobe (145–6600 MHz), we do not identify a significant spectral curvature (SPC ≃ 0.2 ± 0.2). Conclusions. While mechanisms such as in-situ particle reacceleration, mixing or compression can temporarily play a role in preventing the spectrum from steepening, in no case seem the outer lobes to be compatible with being very old remnants of past activity as previously suggested (with age ≳ 80 Myr). We conclude that either the large-scale lobes are still fuelled by the nuclear engine or the jets have switched off no more than a few tens of Myr ago, allowing us to observe both the inner and outer structure simultaneously. Our study shows the importance of combining morphological and spectral properties to reliably classify the evolutionary stage of low surface brightness, diffuse emission that low frequency observations are revealing around a growing number of radio sources.
Effect of optical brighteners on the insecticidal activity of a nucleopolyhedrovirus in three instars of Spodoptera frugiperda

Certain optical brighteners are effective UV protectants, and can improve the insecticidal activity of baculoviruses. We evaluated the effect of 10 optical brighteners, from four chemically different groups, on the insecticidal activity of a nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV) in third instar Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The most effective optical brighteners were Blankophor BBH and Calcofluor M2R, both of which are stilbenes. The distyryl‐biphenyl derivative, Tinopal CBS, had no effect, whereas the stilbenes, Blankophor CLE and Leucophor SAC and the styryl‐benzenic derivative, Blankophor ER, resulted in a decrease in virus induced mortality compared to larvae infected with SfMNPV alone. Mixtures of SfMNPV + 0.1% Calcofluor M2R had relative potencies of 2.7, 6.5, and 61.6 in the second, third, and fourth instars, respectively. The mean time to death differed with instar, but was not affected by the addition of 0.1% Calcofluor M2R. Analysis of published studies indicated that the concentration of Calcofluor M2R‐related stilbenes was positively correlated with the relative potency observed in mixtures with homologous NPVs. The average magnitude of optical brightener activity did not differ significantly between early instars of 10 species of Lepidoptera. We conclude that virus formulations containing optical brighteners may be valuable for control of late instar lepidopteran pests.
Intraspecific variation of temperature-induced effects on metamorphosis in the pool frog (Rana lessonae)

Understanding the factors that affect the process of metamorphosis in species with complex life cycles, and in particular their variation within and among populations, has been rarely explored until recently. We examined the effects of temperature environment on several metamorphic characteristics in three populations of the pool frog (Rana lessonae Camerano, 1882) by rearing individuals at two temperature environments (20 and 25 8C). Higher temperature shortened the metamorphic period and reduced the absolute mass loss, although there was no difference between the temperatures in the percentage of mass lost. No differences among the populations were detected, but there was significant intrapopulation variation both in the mean and in the plasticity for the duration of metamorphosis. These results indicate that several as- pects of metamorphosis are plastic in amphibians, these traits may have considerable intrapopulation variation, and that temperature is a strong factor affecting the process of metamorphosis.
An extensive subglacial lake and canyon system in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica

The subglacial landscape of Princess Elizabeth Land (PEL) in East Antarctica is poorly known due to a paucity of ice thickness measurements. This is problematic given its importance for understanding ice sheet dynamics and landscape and climate evolution. To address this issue, we describe the topography beneath the ice sheet by assuming that ice surface expressions in satellite imagery relate to large-scale subglacial features. We find evidence that a large, previously undiscovered subglacial drainage network is hidden beneath the ice sheet in PEL. We interpret a discrete feature that is 140 × 20 km in plan form, and multiple narrow sinuous features that extend over a distance of ∼1100 km. We hypothesize that these are tectonically controlled and relate to a large subglacial basin containing a deep-water lake in the interior of PEL linked to a series of long, deep canyons. The presence of 1-km-deep canyons is confirmed at a few localities by radio-echo sounding data, and drainage analysis suggests that these canyons will direct subglacial meltwater to the coast between the Vestfold Hills and the West Ice Shelf.
Total and phytoplankton mediated bottom-up control of bacterioplankton change with temperature in NE Atlantic shelf waters

Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Aquatic Microbial Ecology 58 (2010): 229-239, doi:10.3354/ame01374.
International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning Motivation and Knowledge: Pre-Assessment and Post-Assessment of MOOC Participants From an Energy and Sustainability Project

open online course (MOOC) is an important research topic, as attrition rates remain high for this environment. Motivation and digital skills have been identified as aspects promoting student engagement in a MOOC, and they are considered necessary for success. However, evaluation of these factors has often relied on tools for which the psychometric properties have not been explored; this suggests that researchers may be working with potentially inaccurate information for judging participants’ profiles. Through a set of analyses (t-test, exploratory factor analysis, correlation), this study explores the relationship between information collected by administering valid and reliable pre and post instruments to measure traits of MOOC attendees. The findings from this study support previously reported outcomes concerning the strong relationships among motivation, previous knowledge, and perceived satisfaction factors for MOOC completers. Moreover, this study provides evidence of the feasibility of developing valid assessments for evaluation purposes.
Molecular gas in AzTEC/C159: a star-forming disk galaxy 1.3 Gyr after the Big Bang

We studied the molecular gas properties of AzTEC/C159, a star-forming disk galaxy at z = 4.567, in order to better constrain the nature of the high-redshift end of the submillimeter-selected galaxy (SMG) population. We secured 12CO molecular line detections for the J = 2 →1 and J = 5 →4 transitions using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) interferometer. The broad (FWHM ~ 750 km s−1) and tentative double-peaked profiles of the two 12CO lines are consistent with an extended molecular gas reservoir, which is distributed in a rotating disk, as previously revealed from [CII] 158 μm line observations. Based on the 12CO(2 →1) emission line, we derived L′CO=(3.4±0.6)×1010 K km s−1 pc2, which yields a molecular gas mass of MH2(αCO/4.3)=(1.5±0.3)×1011 M⊙ and unveils a gas-rich system with μgas(αCO/4.3)≡MH2/M⋆=3.3±0.7. The extreme star formation efficiency of AzTEC/C159, parametrized by the ratio LIR/L′CO=(216±80) L⊙ (K km s−1 pc2)−1, is comparable to merger-driven starbursts such as local ultra-luminous infrared galaxies and SMGs. Likewise, the 12CO(5 →4)/CO(2 →1) line brightness temperature ratio of r52 = 0.55 ± 0.15 is consistent with high-excitation conditions as observed in SMGs. Based on mass budget considerations, we constrained the value for the L′CO – H2 mass conversion factor in AzTEC/C159, that is, αCO=3.9−1.3+2.7 M⊙ K−1 km−1 s pc−2, which is consistent with a self-gravitating molecular gas distribution as observed in local star-forming disk galaxies. Cold gas streams from cosmological filaments might be fueling a gravitationally unstable gas-rich disk in AzTEC/C159, which breaks into giant clumps and forms stars as efficiently as in merger-driven systems and generates high gas excitation. These results support the evolutionary connection between AzTEC/C159-like systems and massive quiescent disk galaxies at z ~ 2.
Long-lived radionuclides in the environment: On the radioecology of Iodine-129

The environmental abundances of 129 I and 127 I in Lower Saxony, Germany, and their pathways to animals and man were investigated. The iodine isotopes are in severe disequilibrium in the different environmental compartments. Today, the environmental isotope ratios range from 10 -6 to 10 -10 . The highest ratios were found in North Sea water, the lowest in deep soil samples and ground water. A differentiation by about a factor of ten between the iodine isotopes was observed for different air-borne iodine species. Time series for iodine in precipitation show a decade-long increase of 129 I fallout until the 1990ties and an ongoing constant input of 129 I with deposition densities of ~ 15 mBq m -2 per year. In surface waters, a dilution of the fall-out iodine takes place by stable iodine which is just weakly adsorbed in the soils. The isotope ratios in soils and ground waters demonstrate a high mobility and an accumulation of 129 I in the water unsaturated soil zones and an efficient migration into water saturated soil layers and ground water. The transfer into the food chain is ruled by the complex situation in the water-soil system. Given the environmental 129 I abundances, the relatively low 129 I/ 127 I ratios in human thyroid glands (2 ⋅ 10 -9 - 3 ⋅ 10 -8 ) can only be explained by additional iodine sources with low ratios in the diet.
Returnable containers: an example of reverse logistics

textabstractConsiders the application of returnable containers as an example of reverse logistics. A returnable container is a type of secondary packaging that can be used several times in the same form, in contrast with traditional cardboard boxes. For this equipment to be used, a system for the return logistics of the containers should be available: this system should guarantee that the containers are transported from the recipients to the next senders, and that they are cleaned and maintained, if necessary. Outlines several ways in which the return of these containers can be organized. Also includes a case study involving the design of such a return logistic system in The Netherlands. Also describes a quantitative model that can be used to support the related planning process.
Classroom Observations and Reflections: Using Online Streaming Video as a Tool for Overcoming Barriers and Engaging in Critical Thinking.

In typical school settings, teachers are not afforded the opportunity to observe the instructional practices of their peers. Time constraints, opportunity, and willingness to participate in observational practices are just three of the factors that may limit teachersâ engagement in this type of activity. To provide teachers with opportunities to observe a standards-based, elementary mathematics classroom, online streaming videos of instruction were disseminated to third grade teachers within a single school. As they viewed each video, the participants were presented with the opportunity to read the teacherâs introduction explaining the focus of the video and engage in discussion around each video through text. Discussions included posting their own comments, reading other participantsâ comments, or posing questions. The purpose of this research was to examine the properties and/or qualities of the online streaming video that attracted the participants to use it, to identify the remaining obstacles that prevented the participants from utilizing the technology, and to explore the potential of online streaming video for engaging teachers in critically thinking about instruction and in turn impacting beliefs. Data was gathered in the form of surveys, interviews, and online comments. Results are provided and future research directions are given.
Effect of herbage mass and allowance on sward characteristics, milk production, intake and rumen volatile fatty acid concentration

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of herbage mass and daily herbage allowance (DHA) on sward characteristics and animal performance, dry-matter intake, rumen pH and volatile fatty acid production of unsupplemented spring-calving dairy cows throughout the main grazing season. Sixty-eight Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were randomly assigned across four treatments (n = 17) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Two swards were created with different levels of pre-grazing herbage mass [allocated above 4 cm (>4 cm); 1700 kg DM ha−1 (medium; M) or 2200 kg DM ha−1 (high; H)] and two levels of DHA (>4 cm; 16 or 20 kg DM per cow d−1). An additional eight lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein–Friesian dairy cows were randomly assigned to each treatment in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Sward and animal measurements were collected across four periods each of 1 week duration in April and May (PI) and July and August (PII). Maintaining the medium-mass sward across the season improved the nutritive value of the sward in the latter part of the grazing season compared with high-mass swards, thus resulting in increased animal intakes and milk production throughout PII. The higher organic matter digestibility of the medium-compared with high-masses during PII indicates that grazing severity and herbage mass in the spring to mid-summer period will determine sward quality parameters in the late summer period.