Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 82 , Number 6 , November 1976 TENSOR PRODUCTS OF UNITARY REPRESENTATIONS OF SL 2 ( R ) BY

For s G /R, e G Af, let 17 be the one-dimensional representation of MAN given by nSf€: mhfn H* e(m) • e *, m EM, n EN Let irs 6 = I n d j j j ^ î ? ^ , a principal series representation. For — 1 < a < 0, let n0 be the (unitary) complementary series representation which is inflnitesimally isomorphic to the "nonunitary principal series" representation induced from the representation of MAN given by mhfn |—• exp(a/)The representations TI0 are all irreducible, as are all the ns €, except when 5 = 0 and e E M is nontrivial. In this case, n0 € is the direct sum of two irreducible representations, denoted it J € and 7TQ e . For n G Z, define xn G K by Xn(kd) = e . For n > 2, we let Tn (resp. T~n) be the discrete series representation with lowest weight n (resp. highest weight ri). We also let Tx = 7rJe , T_x = Tt^e, the so-called "mock discrete series representations" with extreme weights 1 and — 1 respectively. The representations we have described exhaust the irreducible unitary representations of G. For details, see, e.g., Lang [2] .
Percutaneous Lateral Ligament Reconstruction with Allograft for Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability

Background: The majority of lateral ankle instability can be treated successfully with conservative method. However, if such treatments fail, surgical treatment should be considered. A wide variety of procedures have been introduced to treat chronic lateral ankle instability. The percutaneous method avoids dissection which is associated with open surgery and can lead to excessive morbidity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of percutaneous lateral ligament reconstruction with an allograft in the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability. Methods: Between October 2006 and April 2009, percutaneous lateral ligament reconstruction using an allograft was performed on 15 ankles in 13 patients for chronic lateral ankle instability. The patients included in this study satisfied at least one of the following criteria: a previously failed reconstruction of the ligament, severe ankle instability (more than 15 degrees of talar tilt, more than 10 mm of anterior drawer), general laxity of ligaments, body mass index (BMI) higher than 25. The mean followup period was 18.1 (range, 12 to 40) months. The grafted tendon was secured by double tenodeses at both the talus and calcaneus or triple tenodeses which included a fibular tenodesis. The clinical outcomes were evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, Karlsson-Peterson ankle score, and patients' subjective satisfaction. The radiological results were evaluated using the varus tilting angle and the anterior displacement distance. Results: The VAS improved from preoperative 3.7 ± 2.2 to 1.6 ± 1.3 at the last followup (p = 0.002). The Karlsson-Peterson ankle score increased from 54.2 ± 8.8 to 80.9 ± 7.2 (p = 0.001). Patients were satisfied in 13 cases (86.7%) with excellent or good results. Radiologically, the mean varus tilting angle was 15.5 ± 4.4 degrees preoperatively and 7.3 ± 3.6 at the last followup (p = 0.001). The anterior drawer distance was 10.1 ± 3.3 mm preoperatively and 7.2 ± 2.7 mm at last followup (p = 0.001). Conclusion: We believe percutaneous lateral ligament reconstruction with allograft to be a useful method as a salvage procedure for the treatment of severe and complicated types of chronic lateral ankle instability. Furthermore, the minimal invasiveness of this technique provides a good cosmetic outcome and we found it to be a technically easy and fast procedure. Level of Evidence: Comparative Case Series
Multidimensional Innovation and Productivity

Innovation is a complex process and has multiple dimensions. In assessing the linkage between innovation and productivity, most of studies, due to data limitations, use only one single indicator to measure innovation. This paper argues that this practice may systematically bias against certain groups of companies or industries since they often engage in different innovation activities to achieve their different business objectives. To better measure innovation, this paper develops an innovation index, a linear combination of multiple innovation indicators based on a latent variable model. The proposition is supported by evidence from a rich micro dataset for Canadian manufacturing firms.
Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: a review of 35 cases and an evaluation of its frequency in multiple myeloma patients

Over a period of 28 months, we observed five cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in cancer patients treated with bisphosphonates (BP) at our institution. This prompted us to undertake a retrospective, multicenter study to analyse the characteristics of patients who exhibited ONJ and to define the frequency of ONJ in multiple myeloma (MM). We identified 35 cases in Gruppo Italiano Studio Linfomi centers during the period 2002 – 05. The median time from cancer diagnosis to the clinical onset of ONJ was 70 months. In these 35 cases of ONJ, 24 appeared 20 – 60 months after starting BP treatment. The time for the onset of ONJ was significantly shorter for patients treated with zoledronic acid alone than for those treated with pamidronate followed by zoledronic acid. The frequency of ONJ in the MM group during the study period was 1.9%, although the nature of the present study may have resulted in an underestimation of ONJ cases. Our analysis strongly suggested an association between the use of BP and the occurrence of ONJ, although we were unable to identify any definite risk factors with a retrospective study. The most frequently ONJ-associated clinical characteristics were chemotherapy treatment, steroid treatment, advanced age, female sex, anemia, parodonthopaties/dental procedures and thalidomide (in the case of MM patients).
Recall and response of smokers and recent quitters to the Australian National Tobacco Campaign

Objective: To track national population indices of recall and response among smokers and recent quitters to an ongoing national televised anti-smoking campaign in Australia. Method: National cross sectional population telephone surveys of adults. Main outcome measures: Unprompted recall of advertising; recognition of advertising; campaign attributed encouragement to quit or stay quit; unprompted awareness of smoking related health effects; new learning about smoking and health; and agreement with campaign related attitudes. Results: Campaign advertising continued to be highly memorable over the period of study, with 88% having confirmed recognition in 2000. Campaign advertising was consistently thought by half of smokers who had seen it to make them more likely to quit (49% in 2000). Specific changes between surveys in unprompted awareness of smoking related health effects, new learning about smoking and health, and agreement with campaign related attitudes were observed in relation to the main messages of the advertisements, which were time sensitive according to the year of launch of the advert. The “artery” advertisement was associated with the largest and most consistent positive change in all of these parameters. The proportion of respondents who disagreed that the dangers of smoking had been exaggerated increased significantly from 59% in May 1997 to 68% in November 2000. Conclusion: A national campaign using graphic advertising to emphasise the health risks of smoking can make significant population wide contributions to improving new learning about smoking damage and positively influence attitudes about smoking risks.
What Type of Resources? Household Effects and Female Electoral Participation

Mechanisms behind partner effects are contingent on women's individual resource endowment. While low and medium educated women most strongly profit from higher educational partner resources, i.e. from a compensatory mechanism, the resource “time” seems to particularly confine political involvement of women with both high professional status or no employment.
Limitations of clinical utility of growth hormone stimulating tests in diagnosing children with short stature.

OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) is routinely based on the results of two stimulating tests performed with different stimuli. Arbitrarily established, equal cutoff levels for the tests with different pharmacological stimuli, as well as a relatively high incidence of falsely decreased (FD) response in the tests have been reported. Falsely decreased GH response in one of the two performed tests does not exclude FD response in the second one, so, it seems very important to assess the incidence of FD response in both GH stimulating tests. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The analysis comprised the results of two GH stimulating tests (the 1st one with clonidine, the 2nd one with either insulin or glucagon) performed in 780 short children. RESULTS The mean GH peak in the test with clonidine was significantly higher than that in both other tests (p<0.01). The rate of decreased GH secretion was 48.7 % in the test with clonidine, 80.5 % in the test with insulin and 81.5 % in the test with glucagon. Similar frequency of normal and subnormal test results was obtained for the cut-off value for the tests with insulin and with glucagon at the level of 6.4 ng/ml. The correlation between the results of the two tests as performed in particular patients was weak (r=0.27; p<0.05). Following cases of test results were found: 1. both results normal (1st NT, 2nd NT) in 117 patients (15.0 %), 2. 1st result normal, while the 2nd one falsely decreased (1st NT, 2nd FD) in 283 (36.3 %), 3. reverse situation (1st FD, 2nd NT) in 62 (7.9 %), 4. both results decreased in 318 (40.8 %), either truly (1st TD, 2nd TD) or falsely (1st FD, 2nd FD) - with unknown incidence. The following incidences (probabilities - P) result from the above data: A. P(1st NT, 2nd NT) = P(1st NT) intersection P(2nd NT) = 0.150; B. P(1st NT, 2nd FD) = P(1st NT) intersection P(2nd FD) = 0.363; C. P(1st FD, 2nd NT) = P(1st FD) intersection P(2nd NT) = 0.079. The expression (B intersection C)/A was calculated by transforming the right side of the equations: (B x C)/A = 0.192. Thus, 19.2 %, out of all 780 patients, i.e., 150 children (47.2 % of 318 patients, assessed as GH-deficient), could have both test results FD. CONCLUSIONS The observed differences in GH response to particular pharmacological stimuli, as well as the high incidence of falsely decreased GH response in the two stimulating tests, should be taken into account in qualifying short children to GH therapy.
The Effect of Vertically Differentiated Entry Under Retail-Minus Access Pricing

Abstract We examine the effect of vertically differentiated entry under retail-minus access pricing. Unlike the existing studies, we show that retail-minus regulation could obtain the intended result of reducing the retail price. This concurs to a great extent with conventional wisdom, which has been criticized, but not entirely, because the price-reducing effect in our model is not driven by competition. Such an effect is more obvious in the case of inferior-quality entry, where the lower incumbent price can help the entrant expand the market. The key is that the retail-minus rule offers the incumbent an incentive to reduce its price in order to utilize the value created by the entrant. The outcome relies on the combination of a differentiated entry and the retail-minus rule. Differentiated entry under the retail-minus rule could benefit both the incumbent and consumers because the rule protects the incumbent from business stealing while allowing value creation by the entrant.
Silicic acid leakage from the Southern Ocean: Opposing effects of nutrient uptake and oceanic circulation

Studies invoking the silicic acid leakage hypothesis to explain events of high biogenic opal deposition at low latitudes did not consider variations in formation rate of Southern Ocean intermediate waters. Comparison of δ30Si records from the Southern Ocean to records of biogenic opal accumulation from low‐latitude upwelling systems indicates a strong negative correlation between the silicic acid content of Southern Ocean surface waters and opal deposition at low latitudes during the last 80 kyr BP. This implies that Si leakage was somehow rendered ineffective when the silicic acid content of Southern Ocean waters was high. Comparison of opal accumulation records with records of intermediate water formation rates suggests that lower rates of intermediate water formation offset the higher silicic acid content of these water masses during glacial periods. This indicates that physical processes that control intermediate water transport dominate over biological processes that set the silicic acid content of Antarctic surface waters in determining the magnitude of silicic acid leakage from the Southern Ocean.
Effect of Iron Deficiency on Placental Cytokine Expression and Fetal Growth in the Pregnant Rat1

Abstract Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder in the world. Anemia is especially serious during pregnancy, with deleterious consequences for both the mother and her developing fetus. We have developed a model to investigate the mechanisms whereby fetal growth and development are affected by maternal anemia. Weanling rats were fed a control or iron-deficient diet before and throughout pregnancy and were killed at Day 21. Dams on the deficient diet had lower hematocrits, serum iron concentrations, and liver iron levels. Similar results were recorded in the fetus, except that the degree of deficiency was markedly less, indicating compensation by the placenta. No effect was observed on maternal weight or the number and viability of fetuses. The fetuses from iron-deficient dams, however, were smaller than controls, with higher placental:fetal ratios and relatively smaller livers. Iron deficiency increased levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) only in the trophoblast giant cells of the placenta. In contrast, levels of type 1 TNFα receptor increased significantly in giant cells, labyrinth, cytotrophoblast, and fetal vessels. Leptin levels increased significantly in labyrinth and marginally (P = 0.054) in trophoblast giant cells. No change was observed in leptin receptor levels in any region of the placentas from iron-deficient dams. The data show that iron deficiency not only has direct effects on iron levels and metabolism but also on other regulators of growth and development, such as placental cytokines, and that these changes may, in part at least, explain the deleterious consequences of maternal iron deficiency during pregnancy.
Numerical Information Format and Investment Decisions: Implications for the Disposition Effect and the Status Quo Bias

Investment decisions are very difficult because they involve money and can impact our quality of life. According to the axioms of rationality, different but equivalent information formats should not affect investment strategies. The authors perform two experiments here, and find evidence of a strong absolute magnitude effect on investment decisions. In Experiment 1, participants (students) chose to sell a losing fund more often when returns were expressed as a percentage of variation between the buying value and the actual value (e.g., 24%) than when they were expressed as a monetary difference between the buying price and the actual price (e.g., $0.24). In the context of the experiment, the percentage format decreased the disposition effect significantly. Furthermore, describing the stock returns as ratios (e.g., ¼) increased the tendency toward the status quo bias. In Experiment 2, the authors showed that the absolute magnitude of the numbers shaped participants' satisfaction with fund returns, and was responsible for the different choices of investment strategies.
Solidarity and Reciprocity in the Social Investment State: What Can be Learned from the Case of Flemish School Allowances and Truancy?

Abstract In this article, we discuss some of the new tensions that are emerging between the different foundations of the welfare state. Several developments have led to the advent of the social investment state, in which people are being activated and empowered instead of passively protected. We argue that this social policy shift has been accompanied by a normative shift towards a more stringent interpretation of social protection in which individual responsibility and quid pro quo have become the primordial focus. Using the Belgian (Flemish) disciplinary policy on truancy and school allowances as a case in point, we demonstrate that this social policy paradigm may have detrimental consequences for society's weakest: they will not always be able to meet the newly emerged standard of reciprocity. This implies an erosion of the ideal of social protection and encourages new forms of social exclusion. As these changes in the social policy framework are not confined to the Belgian case alone, our analysis bears relevance for all European welfare states.
Potentially Human-Pathogenic Escherichia coli O26 in Norwegian Sheep Flocks

ABSTRACT A national survey of Escherichia coli O26 in Norwegian sheep flocks was conducted, using fecal samples to determine the prevalence. In total, 491 flocks were tested, and E. coli O26 was detected in 17.9% of the flocks. One hundred forty-two E. coli O26 isolates were examined for flagellar antigens (H typing) and four virulence genes, including stx and eae, to identify possible Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Most isolates (129 out of 142) were identified as E. coli O26:H11. They possessed eae and may have potential as human pathogens, although only a small fraction were identified as STEC O26:H11, giving a prevalence in sheep flocks of only 0.8%. Correspondingly, the sheep flock prevalence of atypical EPEC (aEPEC) O26:H11 was surprisingly high (15.9%). The genetic relationship between the E. coli O26:H11 isolates was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), identifying 63 distinct PFGE profiles and 22 MLVA profiles. Although the MLVA protocol was less discriminatory than PFGE and a few cases of disagreement were observed, comparison by partition mapping showed an overall good accordance between the two methods. A close relationship between a few isolates of aEPEC O26:H11 and STEC O26:H11 was identified, but all the E. coli O26:H11 isolates should be considered potentially pathogenic to humans. The present study consisted of a representative sampling of sheep flocks from all parts of Norway. This is the first large survey of sheep flocks focusing on E. coli O26 in general, including results of STEC, aEPEC, and nonpathogenic isolates.
Acceptability and Identification of Scooped Versus Molded Puréed Foods.

PURPOSE Although puréed foods are commonly recommended for individuals with dysphagia and the acceptability of these foods is often a concern, few sensory studies on puréed foods have been carried out. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of serving style (i.e., scooped vs molded), on identification and acceptability of puréed foods in younger and older adults. METHODS Acceptability of scooped versus molded puréed meats and vegetables was evaluated using the hedonic general Labeled Magnitude Scale. The younger adult panelists (n = 97; 55 F, 42 M) were recruited from the University of Florida staff and students, and the older adult panelists (n = 70; 59 F, 11 M) were recruited from the community. RESULTS The younger panelists correctly identified a higher percentage of puréed foods than did the older panelists. Scooped puréed foods were more acceptable than molded. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that puréed foods may be more acceptable and identifiable when served without molding for both younger and older adults.
Testing the Empirical Link between Tourism and Competitiveness: Evidence from Puerto Rico

This study examines the empirical relationship between tourism and the competitiveness of a destination. It uses the cointegration and error correction model (ECM) in a bivariate context as a precondition to apply the Granger causality test. This procedure was carried out in the case of Puerto Rico's tourism industry during 1960–2004. The study found cointegration in the intertemporal rather than the contemporaneous effects, as well as a one-directional causality running from changes in tourism spending to changes in competitiveness. This result highlights the long-run equilibrium spending behaviour of tourists as a major concern of destination managers.
History of xenotransplantation

Abstract: The present historical review reports the clinical experiences of transplantations from animal to human. The first transplantation attempts were made without any knowledge of the species barrier. The pioneers of xenotransplantation realized xenotransfusions as early as the 16th century, then cell and tissue xenotransplantations in the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, xenotransplantation of testicles became the latest craze. At the same time, and later in the 1960s, organ xenotransplantations were attempted, with disappointing results. Mathieu Jaboulay, Serge Voronoff, Keith Reemtsma, James Hardy, Denton Cooley, Thomas Starzl, Christiaan Barnard and Leonard Bailey were among the pionneers of xenotransplantation. Recent trials concerned above all tissue and cell xenotransplantations. Nowadays, with encapsulation, transgenesis, and cloning, great advances have been made for controling xenograft rejection, but ethical questions linked to the risk of infections have become a major pre‐occupation within the scientific community and the general population.
EFFECT OF IMIDAPRIL IN DIPPER AND NONDIPPER HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS: COMPARISON BETWEEN MORNING AND EVENING ADMINISTRATION

The purpose of the study was to identify differences in the patterns of efficacy and duration of effects of imidapril administered at different times of the day (morning versus evening) in dipper and nondipper hypertensive patients. Twenty patients with untreated hypertension were classified into two groups: dippers (n = 9) and nondippers (n = 11). Imidapril (10 mg) was given at 07:00 or 18:00 for 4 weeks in a crossover fashion. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored before and after morning and evening treatment every 30 min for 48h by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). In dipper hypertension, the mean 48h BP was reduced with both doses. The decrease in the diurnal BP was stronger when the drug was administered in the evening than morning, but without significant difference. In nondipper hypertension, the systolic BP decreased at night with both doses, but the extent of the nocturnal reduction in systolic BP was greater after morning therapy. There were no significant differences in the decrease in BP during the day or night between the morning and evening administrations. When imidapril was administered in the morning, its serum concentration reached a maximum at 16:00, and when the drug was administered in the evening, it reached a maximum at 6:00. In dipper hypertension, the time taken for the blood concentration of imidapril to reach a maximum changed depending on its time of administration, and the time when the maximum antihypertensive effect of the drug appeared was different. In nondipper hypertension, decreases in the BP were confirmed at night regardless of the time of administration; this might be caused by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors effectively blocking the BP from increasing by activating the parasympathetic nervous system. Therefore, when assessing the effectiveness of antihypertensive agents, factors such as the various patterns of BP before therapy and administration time must be considered. (Chronobiology International, 17(2), 209–219, 2000)