Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coupling of the hemispheres in observations and simulations of glacial climate change

We combine reconstructions, climate model simulations and a conceptual model of glacial climate change on millennial time scales to examine the relation between the high latitudes of both hemispheres. A lead-lag analysis of synchronised proxy records indicates that temperature changes in Greenland preceded changes of the opposite sign in Antarctica by 400–500 yr: A composite record of the Dansgaard–Oeschger events shows that rapid warming (cooling) in Greenland was followed by a slow cooling (warming) phase in Antarctica. The amplitudes, rates of change and time lag of the interhemispheric temperature changes found in the reconstructions are in excellent agreement with climate model simulations in which the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water is perturbed. The simulated time lag between high northern and southern latitudes is mainly determined by the slow meridional propagation of the signal in the Southern Ocean. Our climate model simulations also show that increased deep water formation in the North Atlantic leads to a reduction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current through diminishing meridional density gradients in the Southern Ocean. We construct a simple conceptual model of interhemispheric Dansgaard–Oeschger oscillations. This model explains major features of the recorded temperature changes in Antarctica as well as the general shape of the north–south phase relation found in the observations including a broad peak of positive correlations for a lead of Antarctica over Greenland by 1000–2000 yr: The existence of this peak is due to the regularity of the oscillations and does not imply a southern hemisphere trigger mechanism, contrary to previous suggestions. Our findings thus further emphasise the role of the thermohaline circulation in millennial scale climate variability. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Supporting the need for rigorous enforceable disclosure policies for scientific journals.

John Davies is UK Editor in Chief of Addiction Research and Theory. He is a member of the special health board, National Health Service Quality Improvement Scotland. In the last 3 years he has been in receipt of a Scottish Government grant to measure the social and cultural impact of the Scottish Smokefree legislation, in collaboration with the Universities of Stirling and Central Lancashire. He is a non-executive director of the Glasgow Council on Alcohol. In April 2008 he gave a talk on the concept of addiction to a JTI scientific workshop, for which he was paid. He believes the concept of ‘addiction’ is confused and self-handicapping and has expressed that view in a variety of contexts. Frederick Rotgers is US Editor in Chief of Addiction Research and Theory. He is a member of the New Jersey State Division of Addiction Services Professional Advisory Committee. He has presented numerous workshops on treatment methods and has been paid for those presentations. He will present a workshop at the American Psychological Association Annual Convention in August, 2009, for which he will be paid. He is a strong proponent of harm reduction approaches toward the negative consequences of human substance use, and believes that substance use and misuse need to be addressed from the perspective of the whole person, not primarily as a ‘brain disease’ or other biological entity.
Time-Lapse Analysis Reveals a Series of Events by Which Cranial Neural Crest Cells Reroute around Physical Barriers

Segmentation is crucial to the development of the vertebrate body plan. Underlying segmentation in the head is further revealed when cranial neural crest cells emerge from even numbered rhombomeres in the hindbrain to form three stereotypical migratory streams that lead to the peripheral branchial arches. To test the role of intrinsic versus extrinsic cues in influencing an individual cell’s trajectory, we implanted physical barriers in the chick mesoderm, distal to emerging neural crest cell stream fronts. We analyzed the spatio-temporal dynamics as individual neural crest cells encountered and responded to the barriers, using time-lapse confocal imaging. We find the majority of neural crest cells reach the branchial arch destinations following a repeatable series of events by which the cells overcome the barriers. Even though the lead cells become temporarily blocked by a barrier, cells that follow from behind find a novel pathway around a barrier and become de novo leaders of a new stream. Surprisingly, quantitative analyses of cell trajectories show that cells that encounter an r3 barrier migrate significantly faster but less directly than cells that encounter an r4 barrier, which migrate normally. Interestingly, we also find that cells temporarily blocked by the barrier migrate slightly faster and change direction more often. In addition, we show that cells can be forced to migrate into normally repulsive territory. These results suggest that cranial neural crest cell trajectories are not intrinsically determined, that cells can respond to minor alterations in the environment and re-target a peripheral destination, and that both intrinsic and extrinsic cues are important in patterning.
Polygyny as myth. Towards understanding extramarital relations in Lesotho.

The nature and extent of "bonyatsi" (marital infidelity) in Lesotho is presented through the images of population. Because the practice is not morally normative, it cannot be readily explained as part of an earlier custom or as arising from the exigencies of dependency on migrant labor, but as images of the past which are regarded as their own "traditional extramarital relations. " This gives meaning and cultural continuity to the present practice, and legitimizes the experience without condoning it. Thus there can be ideological control over a practice which was the result of political economic constraints. The account is in the tradition of rehumanization of ethnography and relates folk explanations to notions of the past. It is based on the author's experiences in Lesotho from the early 1970s to the 1980s. The exercise exemplifies Malinowski's notion of myth as social charter and Spiegel's idea that reformulated traditions are a response to changes in modern practices. Extramarital relations appeared widespread throughout Lesotho, and Bonyatsi individuals could be easily identified in Qacha's Nek villages where the author lived. The practice was recognized as a normal state of affairs only in private rather than in a public forum. Folk songs made reference to it. Bonyatsi is the abstract form, while nyatsi means paramour of any gender and linyatsi is the plural. The definition is one of a relationship, which may be longterm, between already married persons. Gifts may be exchanged between linyatsi, but this is different from the prostitute, who is an unattached woman who loves anyone anytime usually in urban areas, or botekatse (prostitution). The origins of bonyatsi were explained as being part of the Creation and a feature of all human social life. The ministers explained that the practice was a result of labor migration that might last for as long as 2 years. Women argued that this absence of regular sexual intercourse created severe psychological effects such as stopping the blood flow or losing one's sanity. There was an element of inevitability. Births were not uncommon. Other explanations are given as part of polygyny where a husband had access to other women; this was important during abstinence periods after a birth. The practice of clientship among chiefs was another, explanation, or exchange of wives for favors among chiefs. Political alliances were sometimes formed in this manner to establish friendly relations. The story of Moshoeshoe is related. Not all that was permissible is explained.
Gabapentin-induced bilateral lower extremity edema in a patient with pervasive developmental disorder and schizoaffective disorder

Gabapentin binds to the alpha-2-delta subunit of presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels and is used for a wide variety of on- and off-label indications. Gabapentin is dosed at total daily doses ranging from 300 to 3600 mg/d, which is generally divided into 3 doses. Although gabapentin is generally well tolerated, 1 potential reported adverse effect is peripheral edema. However, due to the extensive number of etiologies of peripheral edema, medication causes may be overlooked on an inpatient psychiatric unit. This is a case of delayed identification of a probable adverse drug reaction to gabapentin (Naranjo score of 5) consisting of painful, 4+ pitting bilateral edema and a clear dose relationship in a patient with pervasive developmental disorder and schizoaffective disorder.
Heme Oxygenase Inhibits Human Airway Smooth Muscle Proliferation via a Bilirubin-dependent Modulation of ERK1/2 Phosphorylation*

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the heme oxygenase (HO) pathway could modulate proliferation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) and the mechanism(s) involved in this phenomenon. In cultured human ASM cells, 10% fetal calf serum or 50 ng/ml platelet-derived growth factor AB induced cell proliferation, extracellular and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Pharmacological HO-1 induction (by 10 μm hemin or by 20 μm cobalt-protoporphyrin) and HO inhibition (by 25 μm tin-protoporphyrin or by an antisense oligonucleotide), respectively, reduced and enhanced significantly both cell proliferation and ROS production. Neither the carbon monoxide scavenger myoglobin (5–20 μm) nor the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one could reverse ASM proliferation induced by tin-protoporphyrin, making a role of the CO-cGMP pathway in HO-modulated proliferation unlikely. By contrast, bilirubin (1 μm) and the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (1 mm) significantly reduced mitogen-induced cell proliferation, ROS production, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, both bilirubin and N-acetyl-cysteine and the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 significantly reversed the effects of HO inhibition on ASM proliferation. These results could be relevant to ASM alterations observed in asthma because activation of the HO pathway prevented the increase in bronchial smooth muscle area induced by repeated ovalbumin challenge in immunized guinea pigs, whereas inhibition of HO had the opposite effect. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for an antiproliferative effect of the HO pathway in ASM in vitro and in vivo through a bilirubin-mediated redox modulation of phosphorylation of ERK1/2.
The Aesthetics of Music

Preface List of Music Examples Note to the Reader 1. Sound 2. Tone 3. Imagination and Metaphor 4. Ontology 5. Representation 6. Expression 7. Language 8. Understanding 9. Tonality 10. Form 11. Content 12. Value 13. Analysis 14. Performance 15. Culture Bibliography Acknowledgements Index
Lo oculto y las terapéuticas espiritistas del espíritu y del cuerpo en Francia (1850-1914): de la creencia al saber y vuelta

In the period examined, spiritualism developed in France with great vigour. From the very start, a “spiritualist medicine” arose -heir to its precedent, mesmerism, which was put into practice through the subject/object of spiritualistic experiences: the medium. A characteristic of this medicine is the systematic appropriation of the discoveries made by the socially recognised sciences, particularly academic medicine and physics, although often in direct conflict with these same sciences. The relationships between the spiritualistic discourse and the spiritualist in their two principal versions at the time (religion and the works of the Anglo-Saxon Societies for Psychical Research) are noted, and conflicts between spiritualist doctrine and the contemporary developments of experimental psychology, clinical neurology and psychoanalysis are shown.
The comparability of mother-report structured interviews and checklists for the quantification of youth externalizing symptoms.

BACKGROUND Although structured interviews are assumed to be scientifically superior to checklists for measuring youth psychopathology, few studies have tested this hypothesis. Interviews place a much greater burden on respondents, making it critical to determine their added value when quantifying psychiatric symptoms. METHODS Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare interviews and checklists in community (N = 251) and clinically referred (N = 406) samples of youth aged 5 to 17 years. We examined the associations between mother-reported externalizing symptoms assessed by interview versus checklist against (a) teacher-reported externalizing symptoms, and (b) child's gender, academic performance, single- versus two-parent family, and family income. Models in which associations were estimated freely were contrasted to models in which the interview and the checklist were constrained to have equal associations with the variables. Finding these models fit comparably would suggest no difference between interviews and checklists. RESULTS In the community sample, both the constrained and unconstrained models provided comparable fit to the data, suggesting no marked differences between interviews and checklists. In the clinical sample, associations with the interview were generally stronger. Reducing the number of items on the interview to match those on the 6-item checklist eliminated these differences, suggesting that the increased reliability of the interview scales, afforded by additional items, enhanced their quantification of psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous studies, interviews were not notably superior to checklists for the measurement of externalizing symptoms. When only a few items are used, small performance differences between checklists and interviews may be due to scale length.
Galanin attenuates cyclic AMP regulatory element‐binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation induced by chronic morphine and naloxone challenge in Cath.a cells and primary striatal cultures

Repeated morphine administration leads to molecular alterations of the neural circuitry in the locus coeruleus and nucleus accumbens. These changes include increased activity of several components of the cAMP signaling pathway that are thought to be associated with psychological and somatic signs of opiate withdrawal. The neuropeptide galanin has been shown to attenuate cAMP signaling in multiple cell types. The current study demonstrates that acute galanin treatment blocks the consequences of increased cAMP signaling following chronic opiate administration and withdrawal in Cath.a cells and primary cultures of striatal neurons as measured by phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP regulatory element‐binding protein (CREB). In addition, galanin‐mediated attenuation of CREB phosphorylation is independent of galanin‐induced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation in Cath.a cells. These data suggest that galanin receptors may serve as an additional potential therapeutic target for the treatment of opiate withdrawal.
Year : 2008 CD 4 + T cell count recovery in HIV type 1-infected patients is independent of class of antiretroviral therapy

BACKGROUND: In recent years, treatment options for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection have changed from nonboosted protease inhibitors (PIs) to nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and boosted PI-based antiretroviral drug regimens, but the impact on immunological recovery remains uncertain. METHODS: During January 1996 through May 2007, all patients in the Swiss HIV Cohort were included if they received the first combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and had known baseline CD4(+) T cell counts and HIV-1 RNA values ([Formula: see text]). The mean (+/-SD) duration of follow-up was [Formula: see text] months. The follow-up time was limited to the duration of the first cART. CD4(+) T cell recovery was analyzed in 3 different treatment groups: nonboosted PI, NNRTI, or boosted PI. The end point was the absolute increase of CD4(+) T cell count in the 3 treatment groups after the initiation of cART. RESULTS: Two thousand five hundred ninety individuals (78.7%) initiated a nonboosted-PI regimen, 452 (13.7%) initiated an NNRTI regimen, and 251 (7.6%) initiated a boosted-PI regimen. Absolute CD4(+) T cell count increases at 48 months were as follows: in the nonboosted-PI group, from 210 to 520 cells/muL; in the NNRTI group, from 220 to 475 cells/muL; and in the boosted-PI group, from 168 to 511 cells/muL. In a multivariate analysis, the treatment group did not affect the response of CD4(+) T cells; however, increased age, pretreatment with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, serological tests positive for hepatitis C virus, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stage C infection, lower baseline CD4(+) T cell count, and lower baseline HIV-1 RNA level were risk factors for smaller increases in CD4(+) T cell count. CONCLUSION: CD4(+) T cell recovery was similar in patients receiving nonboosted PI-, NNRTI-, and boosted PI-based cART.
Recurrent Job Loss and Mental Health Among Women

Growing instability in the labor market has led to an increase in recurrent job loss, which primarily affects women (Tamir, 2007). Numerous studies have shown that job loss is a stressful, traumatic experience that has consequences for the individuals who are laid off. However, few studies have examined how recurrent job loss affects individuals. The present study of 134 Israeli women aged 30–45 years aimed to examine how recurrent job loss affected individual women's perceptions of the event and the extent to which it generated emotional stress and psychiatric symptoms. Most of the women perceived job loss as a challenging event and their assessments of job loss had a stronger impact on the development of mental health consequences than did the number of times they had actually been laid off. The more the women perceived job loss as threatening, the more they reported emotional stress and psychiatric symptoms. Conversely, the more they perceived job loss as challenging, the lower their levels of emotional stress. Never-married women were laid-off more, and they reported more mental health symptoms following recurrent job loss than did married women. The findings suggest that perception of job loss as a threatening event might cause mental health problems as results of lay-off.
Questions in digenean systematics and evolution

SUMMARY Since the work of Dujardin (1845), attempts have been made to decipher acceptable divisions of the trematode groups at higher taxonomic levels, and yet there is still no generally accepted classification of the higher taxa of the Trematoda as there are for other groups of parasitic worms, such as the Monogenea, Cestoda, Nematoda and Acanthocephala. Why is it that workers with a wide knowledge of trematode systematics, such as Dollfus, Stunkard, Manter and especially Yamaguti, have felt unable or unwilling to comment in detail upon the phylogenetic relationships within the group at higher taxonomic levels? One of the main reasons for this state of affairs lies in the fact that, generally speaking, the group is not easily split into major subgroups by obvious, non-homoplasious morphological characters. Early attempts at division, based upon sucker arrangements, i.e. monostome, distome, amphistome and gasterostome, are not satisfactory, as distomes form the vast majority of the Digenea and both monostomes and amphistomes are certainly polyphyletic. In addition, the picture within the Digenea is complicated by the group's complex life-history patterns. Whereas early classifications all tended to be based upon adult (marital) morphology, life-history patterns are given great weight by workers such as Pearson (1972) and Bozhkov (1982). The cercarial morphology is considered the dominant feature in the classification of the group presented by La Rue (1957) and is emphasized in the phylogenetic relationships between the subgroups recognized by Cable (1974). Odening (1961), following an earlier suggestion of Lebour (1912), presented a classification, the major divisions of which were based upon the daughter-parthenita (i.e. the redia or daughter-sporocyst), a stance which he later found untenable (Odening, 1974). Consequently, the wealth of conflicting data from these and other sources has deterred the presentation both of classifications and speculations on evolutionary relationships. The classification of Odening (1974) and the recent cladistic analysis of Brooks, O'Grady & Glen (1985b) utilized data from all of the life-history stages. As the classification of Brooks et al. (1985b) is the most recent, and readily available in English, it must be a serious contender in terms of general acceptance. If it is accepted, then one would hope that this will be on its merits rather than because of its availability or the lack of viable alternatives; but, as discussed below, it is easy to find fault with this classification when it and its premises are examined in detail.
Inhibition of interferon signaling by dengue virus

Dengue virus is a worldwide-distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus with a positive strand RNA genome. Its transcribed polyprotein is cleaved by host- and virus-encoded peptidases into 10 proteins, some of which are of unknown function. Although dengue virus-infected cells seem to be resistant to the antiviral action of IFN, the viral products that mediate this resistance are unknown. Therefore, we have analyzed the ability of the 10 dengue virus-encoded proteins to antagonize the IFN response. We found that expression in human A549 cells of the dengue virus nonstructural proteins NS2A, NS4A, or NS4B enhances replication of an IFN-sensitive virus. Moreover, expression of NS4B and, to a lesser extent, of NS2A and NS4A proteins results in down-regulation of IFN-β-stimulated gene expression. Cells expressing NS4B or infected with dengue virus do not exhibit nuclear signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 on treatment with IFN-β or IFN-γ, indicating that NS4B might be involved in blocking IFN signaling during dengue virus infections. This protein, encoded by a positive strand RNA virus, is implicated as an IFN-signaling inhibitor.
Predicting the Use of Outpatient Mental Health Services: Do Modeling Approaches Make a Difference?

Studies attempting to project the impact of providing health coverage to the uninsured population have demonstrated considerable variation in the estimated costs of mental health care. Different modeling approaches to project health care use and costs have been shown to address some data characteristics well, but not all of them. Using data from Health Care for Communities, a recent national household survey, this paper attempts to estimate and predict the use of mental health outpatient services if insurance coverage were extended to the uninsured. The study employs two-part models, with the second part based on an ordinary least squares (OLS) approach and a generalized linear model (GLM), and a zero-inflated negative binomial model (ZINB). Estimates and predictions are not sensitive to the modeling approaches chosen, although the ZINB model outperforms the two-part models in terms of out-of-sample prediction.