Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do the Burdens to Being Public Affect the Investment and Innovation of Newly Public Firms?

We examine how regulatory burdens affect the investment and innovation of newly public firms. To do so, we exploit the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act, which eliminates certain disclosure, auditing, and governance requirements for a subset of newly public firms. Firms treated with these reduced burdens invest more and more efficiently after going public relative to untreated firms. These findings are concentrated in innovative investments and are nonexistent in dual-class firms. Overall, our findings suggest that the burdens to being public exacerbate agency frictions, which lead managers to take on fewer risky projects. This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting.
Hemodialyzer Membranes and Configurations: A Historical Perspective

The principle of hemodialysis (HD) was first described over a century ago while the first human HD treatment was performed in 1923 with collodion tubes. Since that time, a variety of different hemodialyzer configurations and membranes have been used. The purpose of this article is to provide a historical review of these various configurations and membranes. The rotating drum, coil, parallel flow, and hollow fiber artificial kidneys are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the factors that have influenced the shaping of the contemporary HD market.
An exploratory study of enterprise resource planning adoption in Greek companies

Purpose – To examine enterprise resource planning (ERP) adoption in Greek companies, and explore the effects of uncertainty on the performance of these systems and the methods used to cope with uncertainty.Design/methodology/approach – This research was exploratory and six case studies were generated. This work was part of a larger project on the adoption, implementation and integration of ERP systems in Greek enterprises. A taxonomy of ERP adoption research was developed from the literature review and used to underpin the issues investigated in these cases. The results were compared with the literature on ERP adoption in the USA and UK.Findings – There were major differences between ERP adoption in Greek companies and companies in other countries. The adoption, implementation and integration of ERP systems were fragmented in Greek companies. This fragmentation demonstrated that the internal enterprise's culture, resources available, skills of employees, and the way ERP systems are perceived, treated and .
Deletion of M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Increases Amyloid Pathology In Vitro and In Vivo

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that causes dementia and poses a major public health crisis as the population ages. Aberrant processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is strongly implicated as a proximal event in AD pathophysiology, but the neurochemical signals that regulate APP processing in the brain are not completely understood. Activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) has been shown to affect APP processing and AD pathology, but less is known about the roles of specific mAChR subtypes. In this study, we used M1 mAChR knock-out mice (M1KO) to isolate the effects of the M1 mAChR on APP processing in primary neurons and on the development of amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model of AD. We demonstrate that the loss of M1 mAChRs increases amyloidogenic APP processing in neurons, as evidenced by decreased agonist-regulated shedding of the neuroprotective APP ectodomain APPsα and increased production of toxic Aβ peptides. Expression of M1 mAChRs on the M1KO background rescued this phenotype, indicating that M1 mAChRs are sufficient to modulate nonamyloidogenic APP processing. In APPSwe/Ind transgenic mice, the loss of M1 mAChRs resulted in increased levels of brain Aβ and greater accumulation of amyloid plaque pathology. Analysis of APP metabolites in APPSwe/Ind brain tissue indicates that the loss of M1 mAChRs increases amyloidogenic APP processing. These results indicate that the M1 mAChR is an important regulator of amyloidogenesis in the brain and provide strong support for targeting the M1 mAChR as a therapeutic candidate in AD.
Rapid, continuous cycling and psychiatric co-morbidity in pediatric bipolar I disorder.

OBJECTIVES The primary purpose of this study was to describe the clinical presentation of bipolar I disorder (BP-I) as it occurs in children and adolescents and to assess whether the manifestations of BP-I were similar in both age groups. METHOD Ninety youths between the ages of 5 and 17 years meeting full diagnostic symptom criteria for BP-I were included in this study. The diagnosis of BP-I was established for these youths based on the results of a semi-structured diagnostic interview and a clinical assessment by a child and adolescent psychiatrist. The course of a subset of these youngsters' illnesses was assessed using the Life Charting Method (LCM). Data regarding the clinical presentation, longitudinal history, psychiatric co-morbidities and parental psychopathology were also obtained. RESULTS The clinical presentation of BP-I was similar in children and adolescents. Youths meeting diagnostic criteria for BP-I developed an average of approximately 5.8 of the 7 symptoms of mania during periods of elevated or irritable mood. BP-I was found to be a cyclic disorder characterized by high rates of rapid cycling (50%) with almost no inter-episode recovery. Almost 75% of these subjects also met diagnostic symptom criteria for a disruptive behavior disorder. High rates of mood disorders were found in fathers. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the presentation of juvenile BP-I is a cyclic and valid clinical condition with manifestations on a continuum with the later-onset forms of this illness.
NMDA receptor function in mouse models of Huntington disease

Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disorder in which degeneration of medium‐sized spiny striatal neurons occurs. The HD gene and the protein it encodes, huntingtin, have been identified but their functions remain unknown. Transgenic mouse models for HD have been developed and we examined responses of medium‐sized striatal neurons recorded in vitro to application of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) in two of these. The first model (R6/2) expresses exon 1 of the human HD gene with approximately 150 CAG repeats. In the R6/2 an enhancement of currents induced by selective activation of NMDA receptors as well as an enhancement of intracellular Ca2+ flux occurred in both presymptomatic and symptomatic mice. These alterations appeared specific for the NMDA receptor because α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor‐mediated currents were reduced in symptomatic R6/2s. In R6/2 animals there were parallel increases in NMDA‐R1 and decreases in NMDA‐R2A/B subunit proteins as established by immunohistochemistry. The second model (YAC72) contains human genomic DNA spanning the full‐length gene and all its regulatory elements with 72 CAG repeats. The phenotypical expression of the disorder develops more gradually than in the R6/2. In YAC72 mice we found similar but less marked increases in responses of medium‐sized striatal neurons to NMDA. These findings indicate that alterations in NMDA receptor function may predispose striatal neurons to excitotoxic damage, leading to subsequent neuronal degeneration and underscore the functional importance of NMDA receptors in HD. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:525–539, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platelet Aggregation is not Enhanced in Patients with Prediabetes

Prediabetes [impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or impaired fasting glucose (IFG)] is a major risk factor for T2DM as well as for cardiovascular disease and mortality. In the present study, the platelet aggregation and fibrinogen levels were investigated in prediabetic subjects who had no confounding factors such as hypertension, obesity or dyslipidemia. Thirty-nine subjects with prediabetes (24 IFG and 15 IGT) and age, sex and BMI matched 36 healthy controls were enrolled. Platelet aggregation, fibrinogen and hsCRP levels, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β indexes were determined. Platelet aggregation induced by collagen, epinephrine or ADP was not different (p=0.93, p=0.90 and p=0.29, respectively) between two groups, whereas fibrinogen levels were significantly higher (p=0.006) in the prediabetics when compared to controls. hsCRP levels, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β indexes in the two groups were not different. The power of the study was calculated according to the results and established as 0.97 for collagen, 0.95 for epinephrine and 0.83 for ADP. Despite the high plasma fibrinogen levels, the platelet aggregation in prediabetics was not different when compared to healthy controls. These data suggest that platelet aggregation may not be involved in the mechanism of prothrombotic state in prediabetic state.
Supply Constraints Are Not Valid Instrumental Variables for Home Prices Because They Are Correlated with Many Demand Factors

Economists sometimes assume that strictly regulated housing markets near mountains and oceans are expensive because they are costly places to build, not because they are nice places with productive firms and workers. U.S. data show this convenient assumption to be false. Housing supply has grown more in supply-constrained markets than elsewhere over recent decades, indicating constraints are correlated with demand growth. Supply constraints are highly correlated with productivity proxies such as historical education levels, immigration, and national employment growth in locally prevalent industries. The correlation between constraints and productivity growth invalidates common uses of constraints as part of instrumental variables for home prices. The relationship between supply constraints and price volatility is much weaker after accounting for observable demand factors.
Compensatory nystagmus conditioned during adaptation to living in a rotating room.

Seven men were rotated at 5.4 revs/min in a room for 64 hr. Controlled tests before and during this interval demonstrated that disorientation and nystagmus attributable to Coriolis acceleration effects diminished markedly. A compensatory nystagmus, induced by head or whole-body movements, was recorded more than 1 hr after the rotation had ceased. Factors of possible significance in conditioning the compensatory nystagmus are: 1) otolith and proprioceptor sensory influx prior to and during discordant canal input: 2) a consistent sensory influx for each stimulus-producing movement: 3) intention in stimulus-producing movements: 4) visual inhibition. Contributions of compensatory and arousal factors to vestibular suppression are considered in relation to practical problems of transfer of habituation from one acceleration environment to another. Submitted on December 1, 1961
The BnALMT1 and BnALMT2 Genes from Rape Encode Aluminum-Activated Malate Transporters That Enhance the Aluminum Resistance of Plant Cells1

The release of organic anions from roots can protect plants from aluminum (Al) toxicity and help them overcome phosphorus (P) deficiency. Our previous findings showed that Al treatment induced malate and citrate efflux from rape (Brassica napus) roots, and that P deficiency did not induce the efflux. Since this response is similar to the malate efflux from wheat (Triticum aestivum) that is controlled by the TaALMT1 gene, we investigated whether homologs of TaALMT1 are present in rape and whether they are involved in the release of organic anions. We isolated two TaALMT1 homologs from rape designated BnALMT1 and BnALMT2 (B. napus Al-activated malate transporter). The expression of these genes was induced in roots, but not shoots, by Al treatment but P deficiency had no effect. Several other cations (lanthanum, ytterbium, and erbium) also increased BnALMT1 and BnALMT2 expression in the roots. The function of the BnALMT1 and BnALMT2 proteins was investigated by heterologous expression in cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells and in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Both transfection systems showed an enhanced capacity for malate efflux but not citrate efflux, when exposed to Al. Smaller malate fluxes were also activated by ytterbium and erbium treatment. Transgenic tobacco cells grew significantly better than control cells following an 18 h treatment with Al, indicating that the expression of BnALMT1 and BnALMT2 increased the resistance of these plant cells to Al stress. This report demonstrates that homologs of the TaALMT1 gene from wheat perform similar functions in other species.
Pengaruh E-Banking dan Kualitas Pelayanan terhadap Loyalitas Nasabah pada PT. Bank BNIâ€™46 Cabang Langsa

Untuk mengetahui pengaruh e-banking dan kualitas pelayanan terhadap loyalitas nasabah pada PT. Bank BNIâ€™46 Cabang Langsa. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi linear berganda dengan loyalitas nasabah menjadi variabel dependen dan dua variabel independen, yaitu e-banking dan kualitas pelayanan. Hasil pengolahan data telah diperoleh model LN = 2,670 + 0,275 EB + 0,155 KP. Pada koefisien regresi KP menunjukkan bahwa jika setiap kenaikan kualitas pelayanan (KP) sebesar satu satuan maka diprediksi akan meningkatkan loyalitas nasabah sebesar 0,155 satuan dan begitu juga sebaliknya. Nilai koefisien determinasi (R2) adalah 0,222, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel e-banking dan kualitas pelayanan memberikan kontribusi atau pengaruh sebesar 22,2% terhadap variabel loyalitas nasabah pada PT. Bank BNIâ€™46 Cabang Langsa. Secara parsial, hasil uji t menunjukkan bahwa secara masing-masing variabel e-banking dan kualitas pelayanan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap loyalitas nasabah pada PT. Bank BNIâ€™46 Cabang Langsa sehingga hipotesis diterima. Secara simultan, hasil uji F menunjukkan bahwa secara bersama-sama variabel e-banking dan kualitas pelayanan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap loyalitas nasabah pada PT. Bank BNIâ€™46 Cabang Langsa sehingga hipotesis diterima.
The effect of outdoor learning activities on the development of preschool children

Learning ought to be supported by both in class activities and outdoor activities contributing to structuring knowledge. Outdoor activities allow children to actively participate and to learn by doing. Learning requires a lot of work and activities. These activities, which provide primary experiences, help children to change theoretical knowledge into practice, record it in the long-term memory, and create solutions to problems they encounter in daily life, based on what they have learned. Children, especially preschoolers, can record things into their long-term memory in learning environments which stimulate all the senses. Based on these ideas, this study was directed towards revealing effects of outdoor activities on cognitive, motor, linguistic and social-emotional development of preschool children. Thirty-five preschool children living in disadvantageous districts in Izmir, Turkey, and not being able to get education, were offered ten-week preschool education involving outdoor activities. This research was designed according to one group pre-test and post-test model. The results show that outdoor activities improved cognitive, linguistic, social-emotional and motor skills of preschool children. Keywords: early childhood education; outdoor education; preschool program
Surveillance of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a neonatal intensive care unit: characteristics, risk factors, and outcome.

BACKGROUND This study determined the incidence, characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in newborns hospitalized in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in Tehran, Iran. METHODS A prospective cohort study was carried out in the NICU of Mahdieh Hospital over a period of one year, from December 2008 to November 2009, on all neonates mechanically ventilated for more than 48 hours. VAP was diagnosed in accordance with the CDC definition of nosocomial pneumonias for patients younger than 12 months. Risk factors relevant to the development of VAP were studied. Multiple logistic and Cox regression analysis were performed to determine independent predictors for VAP and survival rate, respectively. RESULTS There were 81 neonates enrolled. VAP occurred in 14 (17.3%), at a rate of 11.6/1000 days on the ventilator. Gram negative bacteria were the predominant etiologic agents. The most common bacterial isolates from the endotracheal aspirate were E. coli (21.4%), Klebsiella (21.4%), and Pseudomonas (14.1%). The only VAP predictor was sputum [odds ratio (OR) = 5.11, P = 0.02]. Mortality rate for VAP was 2/14 (14.3%). Duration of mechanical ventilation [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.96, P = 0.01], birth weight (HR = 0.81, P < 0.001), and purulent tracheal aspirate (HR = 0.25, P < 0.006) were independent predictors of overall survival. CONCLUSIONS VAP occurs at a significant rate in mechanically ventilated newborns. Additional studies are needed to accurately determine the incidence and risk factors in order to develop effective preventive and therapeutic protocols.
What were They Thinking? Using Cognitive Interviewing to Examine the Validity of Self-Reported Epistemic Beliefs

﻿We employed cognitive interviewing with a sample of secondary, college, undergraduate and graduate students to examine the cognitive validity of a popular epistemic beliefs self-report measure, the Discipline-Focused Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire [DFEBQ] (Hofer, 2000). In addition, we examined cognitive validity across two domains. Analyses of interviews revealed that cognitive validity was good, wherein students’ responses were typically within an expected range of interpretations. However, students’ interpretations of items were not always consistent with researchers’ intended meanings, interpretations sometimes differed across domains, and that the response option “3” as a neutral response was not always used as intended. To improve validity of self-report measures of epistemic beliefs more generally, we recommend that explicit anchors are used, such as “mathematician” instead of “expert,” and that definitions of the dimensions are presented to respondents to ensure interpretations align with researchers’ intended meanings. We end with broader methodological implications.
Gender and sufferings

Summary The World Health Organization describes violence against women, as the most pervasive yet least recognised human rights abuse which cuts across geographical, racial, social and economic boundaries in the world. In the present study of the 2000 women interviewed, nearly 50% reported having been physically assaulted. Age, education or socioeconomic status did not change anything but more women from nuclear families were assaulted (52%) compared with other group. Some 68% of women were assaulted by husbands and 7% by multiple perpetrators. The reasons for assault varied. Nearly 60% of those assaulted had informed someone and in around 65% of cases someone had tried to help, but in only 50% of those where help was offered, was the situation improved. The complex problem of gender violence needs to be remembered while providing healthcare because it is common. Women need to be aware of their rights and possible help. We need to progress towards a civilised society with gender equality and no violence.
Analyzing the development of vaccines for flavivirus-endemic scenarios: the case of Dengue and Dengue vaccine in Peru.

TO THE EDITOR—We read with great interest the phase 1 clinical trial published by Durbin and colleagues in the Journal of Infectious Diseases [1] in which a new tetravalent vaccine (TV003) proved to be safe with a balanced immunogenic response for the 4 serotypes of Dengue virus (DENV) in a North American adult population seronegative for DENV, yellow fever (YF), and other flaviviruses, including West Nile virus. These positive results and the promising single-dose regimen are exciting. We look forward to seeing the results of future studies with this candidate vaccine and its potential benefits to endemic areas like Peru [2, 3]. DENV and YF currently both circulate in our country as in many other Latin American countries [4, 5]. Previous evidence suggests that preexisting immunity against YF influences the immune response to DENV [6]. The YF vaccine is a part of the routine vaccination schedule in endemic countries [5]. Future trials should include subjects who live in areas where both infections are present. Additionally, children are the most affected population [7] in hyperendemic DENV and YF countries. Therefore, it is important to include them in future studies of this promising new vaccine [1]. Lanata and colleagues [8] conducted a recent study in northern Peru, an area highly affected by dengue, and reported a safety profile and immunogenicity for a live-attenuated, tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV) in children aged 2–11 who were previously exposed to the YF vaccine. After the third CD-TDV dose, they found a seropositivity rate of 94.1% against 4 serotypes and 98.4% against 3 or more serotypes of dengue [8]. Although Lanata’s and Durbin’s studies are not comparable in terms of target population and study objectives (since phase 1 trials aim to prove safety among healthy individuals, and phase 2 trials aim to fine-tune the testing protocol), the Lanata et al [8] study is more applicable to dengue endemic countries because of the coexistence of both flaviviruses and the inclusion of children, a high-risk population. We believe that future phases of the Durbin et al trial [1], and other studies regarding new dengue vaccines, should be oriented in this direction. Therefore, for future studies of this new and promising vaccine [1], we recommend gradually including more subjects that better represent the population that will most likely receive these vaccines, as other dengue vaccine studies have done previously [9, 10].
Application limestone forms and doses for alfalfa in no-tillage system.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) requires good soil fertility. Brazil is characterized by acidic soils which reduce the potential of the crop. Generally, liming is incorporated into the soil, but in tillage systems it is inadvisable. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the lime application method and dose on pH, Al+3, V % and Ca+Mg in the soil and on dry matter yield of alfalfa cultivated under a consolidated no-tillage system. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of Parana Agronomic Institute, located in Pato Branco city, in Parana state. The plots consisted of the types of lime application (plowing+harrowing, subsoil and surface), the sub-plots was the lime dose (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 Mg ha-1) and the sub-sub-plots were the sampled soil depth (0-5; 5-10; 10-20 and 20-30 cm). The results show the application of lime, even superficially, caused increases in pH, concentration of Ca and Mg and base saturation of the soil, while also reducing the concentration of Al, especially in the surface layers of the soil. The practice of plowing and harrowing or of subsoiling, with the aim of lime incorporation in a consolidated no-tillage system is unnecessary. If it is required, the application of lime to the soil should be done superficially for alfalfa cultivated in this system.
Long-term Safety and Efficacy of Abatacept in Koreans with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Seoul St Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine 4 , Daegu, Seoul National University Hospital 5 , Seoul, Korea, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton 6 , New Jersey, USA