Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Elevated iron to nitrogen recycling by mesozooplankton in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean

Low dissolved iron (DFe) concentrations limit primary production in most high‐nutrient low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) regions. Increased recycling of iron (Fe) relative to nitrogen (N) by zooplankton may help to sustain phytoplankton production in these conditions. We concurrently determined rates of DFe and ammonium (NH4+) recycling by natural mesozooplankton communities in HNLC conditions of the Northeast Atlantic. NH4+ excretion remained constant and ranged between 14.2–54.1 nmol NH4+ mg dry weight−1 h−1. Fe recycling ranged between 6–138 pmol DFe mg dry weight−1 h−1during the first hour and decreased thereafter, reflecting the transition from the loss of phytoplankton‐derived Fe to basal DFe excretion. Mesozooplankton‐driven nutrient recycling was estimated to support 6–59% and <1–13% of the respective phytoplankton requirements for DFe and N; DFe:N regeneration ratios were 5–26 times larger than those required by phytoplankton. Our data suggest that Fe recycling by grazing organisms has the potential to reduce the intensity of HNLC conditions.
Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in febrile neutropenic patients.

Eight patients with fever and neutropenia were given 2 g of ceftazidime i.v. as a bolus injection over the course of 3 min. The pharmacokinetic variables for ceftazidime were similar to those found previously in febrile, acutely ill, non-neutropenic patients. The area under the plasma-concentration-time curve was significantly smaller, and the terminal half-life (t1/2lambda(z)) significantly shorter, compared with elderly, healthy subjects (p < 0.005). Three patients survived long enough to be assayed after normalization of temperature and neutrophil counts. Glomerular filtration rates and clearances tended to be higher and the area under the curve and half-life lower on the day of fever and neutropenia. When considering our data in relation to known MIC values for common pathogens, ceftazidime administered intermittently every 6 h seems an appropriate regimen in patients with febrile neutropenia. Larger studies are needed to confirm this.
Metabolic and physiological studies of Corynebacterium glutamicum mutants.

The physiology and central carbon metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum was investigated through the study of specific disruption mutants. Mutants deficient in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PPC) and/or pyruvate kinase (PK) activity were constructed by disrupting the corresponding gene(s) via transconjugation. Standard batch fermentations were carried out with these mutants and results were evaluated in the context of intracellular flux analysis. The following were determined. (a) There is a significant reduction in the glycolytic pathway flux in the pyruvate kinase deficient mutants during growth on glucose, also evidenced by secretion of dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde. The resulting metabolic overflow is accommodated by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) acting as mechanism for dissimilating, in the form of CO(2), large amounts of accumulated intermediates. (b) The high activity through the PPP causes an overproduction of reducing power in the form of NADPH. The overproduction of biosynthetic reducing power, as well as the shortage of NADPH produced via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (as evidenced by a reduced citrate synthase flux), are compensated by an increased activity of the transhydrogenase (THD) enzyme catalyzing the reaction NADPH + NAD(+)<-->NADP(+) + NADH. The presence of active THD was also confirmed directly by enzymatic assays. (c) Specific glucose uptake rates declined during the course of fermentation and this decline was more pronounced in the case of a double mutant strain deficient in both PPC and PK. Specific ATP consumption rates similarly declined during the course of the batch. However, they were approximately the same for all strains, indicating that energetic requirements for biosynthesis and maintenance are independent of the specific genetic background of a strain. The above results underline the importance of intracellular flux analysis, not only for producing a static set of intracellular flux estimates, but also for uncovering changes occurring in the course of a batch fermentation or as result of specific genetic modifications.
The influence of wavelength-dependent absorption and temperature gradients on temperature determination in laser-heated diamond-anvil cells

In situ temperature measurements in laser-heated diamond-anvil cells (LHDACs) are among the most fundamental experiments undertaken in high-pressure science. Despite its importance, few efforts have been made to examine the alteration of thermal radiation spectra of hot samples by wavelength-dependent absorption of the sample itself and temperature gradients within the sample and their influence on temperature measurements while laser heating. In this study, we take (Mg, Fe)O ferropericlase as an example to evaluate the effects of these two factors. Iron-rich ferropericlase shows strong wavelength-dependent absorption in the wavelength range used to determine temperature, which, together with temperature gradients can account for largely aliased apparent temperatures in some experiments obtained by Wien fitting of detected thermal radiation intensities (e.g., an offset of ∼700 K for a 3300 K melting temperature). In general, wavelength-dependent absorption and temperature gradients of samples are two key .
Telangiectatic osteogenic sarcoma: A review of twenty‐eight cases

Telangiectatic osteogenic sarcoma has been recognized as a distinct form of osteogenic sarcoma since the early part of this century. Dr. James Ewing's encouragement to study the lesion thoroughly has not resulted in what we consider an adequate published evaluation of its clinical behavior. Approximately 1480 cases of osteogenic sarcoma have been seen at the Memorial and James Ewing Hospitals between 1925 and the end of 1971. Twenty‐nine of these were diagnosed as telangiectatic osteogenic sarcoma. The 19 males and 10 females ranged in age from 5 to 62 years, with an average age of 20 years. The most common locations of the tumors were in the distal femur, proximal humerus, and proximal tibia. Five of 28 patients survived their diseases. This 18% survival rate is comparable to the results of therapy at Memorial Hospital for osteogenic sarcoma as a group. These data indicate to us that whereas telangiectatic osteogenic sarcoma is a distinct histologic entity, distinguishing this type is academic since there is no prognostic implication.
Translation from the data of clinical trials to precision medicine: limitation of the current risk score for predicting coronary thrombosis and major bleeding.

In his 2015 State of the Union address, President Obama announced that he’s launching the Precision Medicine Initiative—a bold new research effort to revolutionize how we improve health and treat disease (1). Until now, most medical treatments have been designed with a “one-size-fits-all” approach, which can be very successful for some patients but not for others. On the other hand, “precision medicine” is an innovative approach that calls for individual differences depending on people’s genes, biomarkers, environments, and lifestyles.
The management of patients over 65 years of age with proximal humerus fractures.

Background. In patients older than 65 with osteoporosis, fractures of the proximal end of the humeral bone pose a difficult clinical problem. There is a larger body of opinion, however, favoring conservative treatment, while surgical intervention is most often reserved for complicated fractures. Material and methods. We studied 186 patients treated in the Traumatology Clinic at the Center for Post-Graduate Medical Education over the last 5 years. Conclusions. Our analysis showed that in osteoporotic fractures of the proximal epiphysis of the humeral bone there are very limited indications. As a general rule the best effects are achieved by the shortest possible duration of immobilization and early intervention.
A three-dimensional quasi-optical source

A three-dimensional quasi-optical source is presented, consisting of several C-band grid oscillators mounted on a photonic-crystal cube. By allowing the grids to oscillate at a frequency along the band edge of the PC, back-radiation from each grid mutually injection-locks the others. Experimental results indicate that this structure is potentially useful for omnidirectional active antennas.
Supra-Paragraph Prose Structure: Its Specification, Perception, and Effects on Learning

The problem of the specification of the molar, or supra-paragraph structure of a prose passage is discussed in terms of unity, sequence, and hierarchy. These ideas were used to generate passages having the same paragraph units but which were organized at different levels of structure. The method of specification was validated in terms of rated structure and effects on learning. The learning effects of level of structure depend on whether the test is for main parts abstraction, within paragraph detail, or rote; and on the mode of presentation, and part-whole level used.
Substance P‐like immunoreactivity is present in the central nervous system of Limulus polyphemus

The distribution of substance P‐like immunoreactivity (substance P‐li) in the central nervous system of Limulus polyphemus was studied by using indirect immunocytochemical techniques. Six bilaterally symmetrical pairs of cell clusters in the circumesophageal connectives and the subesophageal mass contain substance P‐li. Two of those pairs are the source of a system of efferent fibers that is involved in the expression of circadian rhythms of photosensitivity by the lateral eye. Substance P‐li‐containing cells were also observed scattered along the length of the circumesophageal connectives, which contain abundant stained fibers and some terminals. Substance P‐li fibers leave through the ventral and dorsal nerves of the posterior circumesophageal ring. The neuropil of the subesophageal mass contains an abundance of stained terminals. Immunoreactive fibers can be seen throughout the length of the two longitudinal connectives of the ventral cord, in discrete fiber tracts in the lateral edges of the interganglionic connectives, and in the dorsal and ventral nerves of abdominal ganglia 1–4. Each of these ganglia contains three pairs of 3ubstance P‐immunoreactive cell body clusters: an anterolateral, a medial longitudinal, and a medial posterior cluster. Substance P‐li fibers entering through the ventral (posterior) nerves form very distinctive fascicles in each side of the ganglia, giving off fibers throughout their length. The neuropil is filled with immunoreactive terminals distributed homogeneously.
Pharmacological actions of a novel mixed opiate agonist/antagonist: naloxone benzoylhydrazone.

NalBzoH (6-desoxy-6-benzoylhydrazido-N-allyl-14-hydroxydihydronomorphin one) is a novel opiate with potent actions at both mu and kappa receptors. Analgesic studies in mice examining increasing doses of NalBzoH with a fixed dose of morphine revealed a biphasic curve. NalBzoH at doses as low as 1 microgram/kg partially antagonized morphine analgesia. Higher NalBzoH doses continued to inhibit morphine analgesia in a dose-dependent manner, with the 1-mg/kg dose antagonizing completely morphine analgesia. As the NalBzoH dose increased beyond 1 mg/kg analgesia returned. NalBzoH also prduced a similar analgesic response when administered alone in mice and also was active in rats. NalBzoH had excellent p.o. activity, with an analgesic potency in mice equivalent to s.c. administration. Naloxone reversed NalBzoH analgesia far less effectively than morphine analgesia. In contrast, Win44,441 antagonized both morphine and NalBzoH analgesia with a similar potency, consistent with a kappa mechanism for NalBzoH analgesia. Repeated administration of NalBzoH resulted in tolerance. There was no analgesic cross-tolerance between NalBzoH and either morphine or the kappa 1-selective agent U50,488H, implying a selective kappa 3 mechanism of analgesia. In addition to blocking morphine analgesia, low doses of NalBzoH also partially reversed the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in mice produced by morphine, antagonized completely morphine lethality and precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent mice, confirming its antagonist activity in mu receptors. The duration of NalBzoH's kappa and mu actions differed dramatically. In mice, analgesia typically lasted less than 2 hr whereas the same NalBzoH dose antagonized completely morphine analgesia, a mu action, for 16 hr. Full sensitivity to morphine did not return for 32 hr. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clinical assessment of nocturnal disability in Parkinson’s disease

Research by our group and by others suggests that sleep disturbances are common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and can occur at all stages of PD, and that virtually all PD patients suffer from varying levels of nocturnal disability causing sleep disruption.1–4⇓⇓⇓ The etiology is likely to be diverse, and includes degeneration of central sleep regulatory centers and the effect(s) of dopaminergic drugs.2,5⇓ The problem of nocturnal symptoms in PD is compounded by the fact that such symptoms arise from a multitude of causes, categorized as insomnia, motor, urinary, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, often with secondary daytime somnolence, and occasionally in the form of “sleep attacks,” although this remains controversial.6,7⇓ Conventional sleep assessment is based on anamnesis, caregiver or spouse reports, patients’ diaries, the usual PD rating scales, polysomnography, or video recordings.8 Currently available scales for measuring disability, such as the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS),9 do not allow a formal clinimetric approach or do not provide a holistic assessment of sleep-related problems in PD. The newly developed and validated Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS),10,11⇓ the first specific instrument designed to measure sleep disturbances in PD, aims to provide a bedside/clinical holistic measure of the nocturnal symptom complex of PD in a semi-quantitative manner. The gold standards for physiologic measurement of sleep and sleep parameters are polysomnography (PSG) and multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT). However, these tests measure sleep architecture, require measurements in specialized sleep laboratories, and are relatively expensive. Furthermore, they may not provide information on causes of sleep disabilities such as nocturnal tremor, nocturia, or akinesia. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) has been widely used but is not specific to PD and measures only daytime somnolence.12 Problems with the use of ESS in PD include intercultural …
Effects of experimental sleep restriction on caloric intake and activity energy expenditure.

BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies link short sleep duration to obesity and weight gain. Insufficient sleep appears to alter circulating levels of the hormones leptin and ghrelin, which may promote appetite, although the effects of sleep restriction on caloric intake and energy expenditure are unclear. We sought to determine the effect of 8 days/8 nights of sleep restriction on caloric intake, activity energy expenditure, and circulating levels of leptin and ghrelin. METHODS We conducted a randomized study of usual sleep vs a sleep restriction of two-thirds of normal sleep time for 8 days/8 nights in a hospital-based clinical research unit. The main outcomes were caloric intake, activity energy expenditure, and circulating levels of leptin and ghrelin. RESULTS Caloric intake in the sleep-restricted group increased by +559 kcal/d (SD, 706 kcal/d, P=.006) and decreased in the control group by -118 kcal/d (SD, 386 kcal/d, P=.51) for a net change of +677 kcal/d (95% CI, 148-1,206 kcal/d; P=.014). Sleep restriction was not associated with changes in activity energy expenditure (P=.62). No change was seen in levels of leptin (P=.27) or ghrelin (P=.21). CONCLUSIONS Sleep restriction was associated with an increase in caloric consumption with no change in activity energy expenditure or leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Increased caloric intake without any accompanying increase in energy expenditure may contribute to obesity in people who are exposed to long-term sleep restriction. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01334788; URL: www.clinicaltrials. gov.
Antibiotic use in animal agriculture

1. History of antibiotic uses, 531 5.2 Risks, 534 2. History of human health concerns 5.3 Glycopeptide resistance, 535 2.1 Residues, 532 5.4 Competitive exclusion, 535 2.2 The pool of resistance genes, 533 5.5 Residues, 536 2.3 Zoonotic pathogens, 533 5.6 Benefits, 537 3. Current uses, 533 6. Regulatory controls, 537 4. Economic considerations, 533 7. Suggestions for future research, 538 5. Risk and benefit considerations 8. References, 539 5.1 General discussion, 534
"Double burden": a qualitative study of HIV positive prisoners in Italy.

PURPOSE This paper aims to consider the influence of imprisonment on the health of prisoners with the HIV virus or AIDS and their perceptions of their quality of life. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This is a qualitative study involving adult male prisoners in three Italian prisons. A total of 19 individual semi-structured interviews were conducted. FINDINGS Life in prison for HIV positive detainees is experienced as a kind of "double burden," due to the connection between the loss of freedom and the limitations imposed by their health status. The experience of being ill and sick in prison results in the prisoner exhibiting fatalism towards the future, having a sense of alienation and marginalisation as well as being afraid of the consequences of living with HIV or AIDS. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS Prison can be considered as a "total institution" where prisoners are cut off from every role except the negative one of a prisoner deprived of freedom, and this situation greatly contributes to apathy and reinforces the inmates' antisocial behaviour. Originality/value - This paper gives a voice to the needs and views of Italian prisoners who are HIV positive or who have AIDS and presents these in the context of the international situation.
A differential PCR assay for the detection of c-erbB 2 amplification used in a prospective study of breast cancer.

AIMS: To establish a robust differential polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of c-erbB 2 amplification in breast cancer that can be used in a routine pathology laboratory. Once established, the assay was used in a prospective study of breast tumours to investigate the relation between c-erbB 2 amplification and both recognised prognostic features and short term clinical outcome. METHODS: The differential PCR was used for the co-amplification of c-erbB 2 and a reference gene from 48 tumour DNA samples and control DNA samples. The ratio of the two genes was determined by image analysis of the PCR products electrophoresed on a highly resolving agarose gel. RESULTS: The differential PCR assay was shown to be accurate and reproducible using the conditions outlined. Twenty six per cent of the breast cancer patients were shown to have c-erbB 2 amplification in their tumour biopsies. Twenty eight per cent of the patients died of their disease or had disease recurrence during the follow up period and 73% of these patients had amplification of c-erbB 2. CONCLUSIONS: A significant association was found between c-erbB 2 amplification and early disease recurrence. This assay could be used to provide a marker for poor prognosis in breast cancer.
Comparison of distal sympathetic with vagal function in diabetic neuropathy

We measured distal sympathetic and vagal function in 73 consecutive patients with diabetic neuropathy seen at the Mayo Autonomic Reflex Laboratory. Postganglionic sympathetic failure measured proximally within the foot occurred as commonly as vagal failure (58% and 55%, respectively) and‐occurred much more frequently than did orthostatic hypotension (26%). Either vagal or distal sympathetic abnormalities occurred in isolation in about one in six patients with diabetic neuropathy. We conclude that distal sympathetic failure and vagal failure occur with equal frequency when sensitive and quantitative recording methods are used and that it is advantageous to test both systems, as only one may be involved in some patients.
[Aortic dissection among blacks. Report of 6 Congolese cases].

INTRODUCTION The authors report on six cases of aortic dissection (AD). The work intended to bring out AD characteristics and attempt to define a profile of African patients who manifested this disease. The diagnosis of AD was determined on the basis of: clinical and radiological criteria (six cases); echocardiographic data (five cases); aortographic and surgical informations (two cases). PATIENTS AND METHODS There were three males and three females with an average age of 40.2 years, with a variation of +/- 10.6 years (from 17 to 49). The frequency of AD was estimated at 1.8/10,000 admissions considering all causes and 5.4/10,000 for cardiovascular disease. Strain was the only triggering factor--noted in two cases (Observations 2 and 3). All patients suffered from severe arterial hypertension (AHT) of which there was one case of renovascular AHT based on the Takayasu arteritis. All symptoms and physical findings were the same described in literature. Operations were successful on two patients. The four unoperated patients died (tamponade: two cases, undetermined cause: two cases). CONCLUSION The authors conclude as to the similarity of the AD charts described in the literature. However they stress the almost exclusive role of AHT in African studies series as well as that, in rare cases, of Takayasu's disease. They recommend preventing AD through the sustained and effective treatment of AHT.
Reported side effects to chloroquine, chloroquine plus proguanil, and mefloquine as chemoprophylaxis against malaria in Danish travelers.

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to provide data on the relative frequency of reported symptoms in travelers using chloroquine, chloroquine plus proguanil, and mefloquine. METHOD The study was an open, nonrandomized study recording self-reported events in travelers recruited consecutively from two travel clinics in Copenhagen, Denmark. The main outcome measures were the relative proportion of travelers reporting particular symptoms in the three prophylaxis groups, compliance, hospitalization and premature termination of the travel. RESULTS From May 1996 to April 1998 5, 446 travelers were included and 4,158 questionnaires (76.3%) returned. Compliance was significantly better in mefloquine users with 83.3% of short term travelers compared to 76.3% in chloroquine plus proguanil users. Also, 84.8%, 59.3% and 69.5% using chloroquine, chloroquine plus proguanil, and mefloquine respectively reported no symptoms and 0.6%, 1.1% and 2.8% reported "unacceptable" symptoms. Compared to chloroquine, mefloquine users had a significantly higher risk of reporting depression, RR 5.06 (95% CI 2.71 - 9.45), "strange thoughts," RR 6.36 (95% CI 2.52 - 16.05) and altered spatial perception, RR 3.00 (95% CI 1.41 - 6.41). CONCLUSION Overall mefloquine is tolerated at least as well as chloroquine plus proguanil and shows better compliance, however, symptoms related to the central nervous system are more prevalent in mefloquine users and when symptoms develop, they are perceived as more severe.