Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence Profile of Murine Lymphocytes Stained with Fl Anti-Ig

The density of immunoglobulin (Ig) on the surface of mouse bone marrowderived (B) lymphocytes has recently been studied by two groups of investigators (1-3). Both groups attributed developmental significance to differences in the density of Ig on the surface of these cells, but Osmond and Nossal concluded that a substantially greater heterogeneity in the amount of Ig per B cell existed in the immature population vs. the mature population, whereas Sidman and Unanue indicated that immature cells have, on the average, more Ig than mature cells. The techniques employed in these studies are very tedious and are, therefore, poorly suited to a detailed analysis of the distribution of the density of surface Ig on different populations of B lymphocytes. However, the density of surface Ig on individual B lymphocytes derived from different sources is critical to the understanding of antigen-B-lymphocyte interaction and activation. The introduction of the technique of rapid flow microfluorometry (RFMF) ~ and electronic cell sorting makes possible a direct approach to the study of surface Ig density on B lymphocytes and to an evaluation of its developmental and functional significance. Using this technology, we report here the identification among splenic B lymphocytes of a large subpopulation of cells possessing a relatively low-tointermediate density of surface Ig when a fluorescein-conjugated (F1) antimouse Ig or anti-K is used to detect Ig-bearing cells. Such B lymphocytes, as
Ordered subset analysis in genetic linkage mapping of complex traits

Etiologic heterogeneity is a fundamental feature of complex disease etiology; genetic linkage analysis methods to map genes for complex traits that acknowledge the presence of genetic heterogeneity are likely to have greater power to identify subtle changes in complex biologic systems. We investigate the use of trait‐related covariates to examine evidence for linkage in the presence of heterogeneity. Ordered‐subset analysis (OSA) identifies subsets of families defined by the level of a trait‐related covariate that provide maximal evidence for linkage, without requiring a priori specification of the subset. We propose that examining evidence for linkage in the subset directly may result in a more etiologically homogeneous sample. In turn, the reduced impact of heterogeneity will result in increased overall evidence for linkage to a specific region and a more distinct lod score peak. In addition, identification of a subset defined by a specific trait‐related covariate showing increased evidence for linkage may help refine the list of candidate genes in a given region and suggest a useful sample in which to begin searching for trait‐associated polymorphisms. This method provides a means to begin to bridge the gap between initial identification of linkage and identification of the disease predisposing variant(s) within a region when mapping genes for complex diseases. We illustrate this method by analyzing data on breast cancer age of onset and chromosome 17q [Hall et al., 1990, Science 250:1684–1689]. We evaluate OSA using simulation studies under a variety of genetic models. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recognizing human action in time-sequential images using hidden Markov model

A human action recognition method based on a hidden Markov model (HMM) is proposed. It is a feature-based bottom-up approach that is characterized by its learning capability and time-scale invariability. To apply HMMs, one set of time-sequential images is transformed into an image feature vector sequence, and the sequence is converted into a symbol sequence by vector quantization. In learning human action categories, the parameters of the HMMs, one per category, are optimized so as to best describe the training sequences from the category. To recognize an observed sequence, the HMM which best matches the sequence is chosen. Experimental results for real time-sequential images of sports scenes show recognition rates higher than 90%. The recognition rate is improved by increasing the number of people used to generate the training data, indicating the possibility of establishing a person-independent action recognizer. <<ETX>>
La tasa de cambio en Colombia

“La problematica cambiaria ha ocupado un lugar preponderante en el debate economico nacional en los ultimos anos. De hecho, los efectos adversos de la revaluacion de la moneda colombiana se han sentido plenamente sobre la actividad productiva y la generacion de empleo en el pais. Este Libro contiene los resultados de una investigacion adelantada por Fedesarrollo con el proposito de explorar los determinantes de la tasa de cambio en Colombia. El estudio encuentra que el grado de sobrevaluacion es, en buena parte, atribuible al excesivo nivel de gasto publico. Por ello, un ajuste fiscal, especialmente concentrado en la burocracia estatal, permitiria mejorar la competitividad de la produccion colombiana. Pese a que el sistema de bandas vigente desde 1994 es superior al anterior regimen de minidevaluaciones diarias, el estudio propone algunas modificaciones al arreglo actual. Este trabajo tiene como proposito realizar un analisis comprehensivo de la problematica de la tasa de cambio en Colombia. El objetivo final es elaborar una serie de recomendaciones de politica para corregir la sobrevaluacion de la moneda. El libro esta dividido en cuatro capitulos. El primero analiza los determinantes de la tasa de cambio nominal, antes y despues de la sustitucion del sistema de minidevaluaciones diarias por el actual sistema de bandas cambiarias. El segundo capitulo se concentra en el analisis de los determinantes de la tasa de cambio real. El tercer capitulo discute las perspectivas de la tasa de cambio real a la luz de los desarrollos previsibles en el sector petrolero y en el cuarto encontramos una sintesis de las principales recomendaciones de politica. ”
Streptococcus mutans Can Modulate Biofilm Formation and Attenuate the Virulence of Candida albicans

Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are found together in the oral biofilms on dental surfaces, but little is known about the ecological interactions between these species. Here, we studied the effects of S. mutans UA159 on the growth and pathogencity of C. albicans. Initially, the effects of S. mutans on the biofilm formation and morphogenesis of C. albicans were tested in vitro. Next, we investigate the influence of S. mutans on pathogenicity of C. albicans using in vivo host models, in which the experimental candidiasis was induced in G. mellonella larvae and analyzed by survival curves, C. albicans count in hemolymph, and quantification of hyphae in the host tissues. In all the tests, we evaluated the direct effects of S. mutans cells, as well as the indirect effects of the subproducts secreted by this microorganism using a bacterial culture filtrate. The in vitro analysis showed that S. mutans cells favored biofilm formation by C. albicans. However, a reduction in biofilm viable cells and inhibition of hyphal growth was observed when C. albicans was in contact with the S. mutans culture filtrate. In the in vivo study, injection of S. mutans cells or S. mutans culture filtrate into G. mellonella larvae infected with C. albicans increased the survival of these animals. Furthermore, a reduction in hyphal formation was observed in larval tissues when C. albicans was associated with S. mutans culture filtrate. These findings suggest that S. mutans can secrete subproducts capable to inhibit the biofilm formation, morphogenesis and pathogenicity of C. albicans, attenuating the experimental candidiasis in G. mellonella model.
Dating Violence and Substance Use

The connection between adolescent dating violence (ADV) and substance use is important to consider because of the serious consequences for teens who engage in these behaviors. Although prior research shows that these two health problems are related, the context in which they occur is missing, including when (i.e., the timeline) in the relationship these events occur. To fill this gap, eight sex-specific focus groups were conducted with 39 high school–aged teens, all of whom had experienced prior relationship violence. Adolescents discussed using alcohol and/or drugs at the start of the dating relationship and after the relationship ended as a way to cope with the break-up. Alcohol and drugs were also used throughout to cope with being in an abusive relationship. The intersection of ADV and substance use occurred during instances when both partners were using alcohol and/or drugs, as well as when only one partner was using. These findings provide support for prevention and intervention programs that consider the intersection of ADV and substance use.
IV. Bentinck and Education I. Macaulay's Minute

The popular mind loves the dramatic and the macabre, and so it has come about that the two events of British Indian History which the man in the street is aware of are the Black Hole of Calcutta and the Great Mutiny. When there were no Mutiny horrors to contemplate, their place was taken by the legend of Tipu Sultan; even in 1831 Ram Mohan Roy was followed about by crowds in London crying Tipu Tipu. It has been a misfortune for British Indian understanding that these two events seemed discreditable to India; for though Seraja-Daula is now acquitted of responsibility for the Black Hole, and the military revolt theory of the Mutiny generally prevails, the popular legend continues. The well of Cawnpore is remembered where the well of Ujnalla is forgotten.
Making the world differentiable: on using self supervised fully recurrent neural networks for dynamic reinforcement learning and planning in non-stationary environments

First a brief introduction to reinforcement learning and to 11upervised learning with recurrent networks in non-11tationary environments' ilf given. The introduction also covers the basic principle of 'gradient descent through frozen model networks' aiJ employed by Werbolf, Jordan, Munro, Robinson and Fallside, and Nguyen and Widrow. This principle allows supervised learning techniques to be employed for reinforcement learning. 'J'hen a general algorithm for a reinforcement learning neural network with internal and e:&ternal feedback in a non-stationary reactive environment is described. Internal feedback is given by connections that allow cyclic activation flow through the network. E:&ternal feedback is given by output actions that may change the state of the environment thus influencing subsequent input activations. The network's main goal is to receive as much reinforcement {or as little lpain') as possible. In theory, arbitrary time lags between actions and ulterior consequences are possible. The 'visible' environment may be 'non-Markovian'. Although the approach is based on 'supervised' learning algorithms for fully recurrent dynamic networks, no teacher is required. An adaptive model of the environmental dynamics is . constructed which includes a model of future reinforcement to be received. This model is used for learning goal directed behavior. The algorithm may concurrently learn the model and learn to pursue the main goal. To attack certain problems with the parallel version of the algorithm, 'adaptive randomness' is introduced. The algorithm is applied to a reinforcement learning task in a n()n-Markovian environment. · ; A connection to 'meta-learning' {learning how to learn) is noted. An e:&tension of the algorithm i} described which includes a vector-valued adaptive critic element (based on Sutton's TD-methods). The possibility of using the model for learning by planning (by 'mental simulation' of the environmental dynamics) is investigated. Finally it is described how the algorithm can be augmented by dynamic curiosity and boredom. This can be done by introducing (delayed) reinforcement for controller actions that increase the model network's knowledge about the world. This in turn requires the model network to model its own ignorance, thus showing a rt~dimentary form of introspective behavior. •This work was supported by a scholarship from SIEMENS AG
Extracting angular observables without a likelihood and applications to rare decays

Our goal is to obtain a complete set of angular observables arising in a generic multi-body process. We show how this can be achieved without the need to carry out a likelihood fit of the angular distribution to the measured events. Instead, we apply the method of moments that relies both on the orthogonality of angular functions and the estimation of integrals by Monte Carlo techniques. The big advantage of this method is that the joint distribution of all observables can be easily extracted, even for very few events. The method of moments is shown to be robust against mismodeling of the angular distribution. Our main result is an explicit algorithm that accounts for systematic uncertainties from detector-resolution and acceptance effects. Finally, we present the necessary process-dependent formulae needed for direct application of the method to several rare decays of interest.
No Evidence for a Susceptibility Locus Predisposing to Manic Depression in the Region of the Dopamine (D2) Receptor Gene

Recent reports of cytogenetic abnormalities linked to psychiatric illness and the localisations of the genes for the dopamine (D2) receptor and tyrosinase on the long arm of chromosome 11 have suggested that susceptibility loci for schizophrenia and manic depression might be situated in this region. We could find no evidence for linkage in five Icelandic pedigrees between manic depression and markers in this region, and we have excluded candidate genes coding for the D2 receptor and tyrosinase. We conclude that mutations at loci in this region are not a common cause of manic depression in the population studied.
Beta‐Adrenergic Receptor Polymorphisms and Cardiac Graft Function in Potential Organ Donors

Prior studies have demonstrated associations between beta‐adrenergic receptor (βAR) polymorphisms and left ventricular dysfunction—an important cause of allograft nonutilization for transplantation. We hypothesized that βAR polymorphisms predispose donor hearts to LV dysfunction after brain death. A total of 1043 organ donors managed from 2001–2006 were initially studied. The following βAR single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped: β1AR 1165C/G (Arg389Gly), β1AR 145A/G (Ser49Gly), β2AR 46G/A (Gly16Arg) and β2AR 79C/G (Gln27Glu). In multivariable regression analyses, the β2AR46 SNP was significantly associated with LV systolic dysfunction, with each minor allele additively decreasing the odds for LV ejection fraction <50%. The β1AR1165 and β2AR46 SNPs were associated with higher dopamine requirement during the donor management period: donors with the GG and AA genotypes had ORs of 2.64 (95% CI 1.52–4.57) and 2.70 (1.07–2.74) respectively for requiring >10 μg/kg/min of dopamine compared to those with the CC and GG genotypes. However, no significant associations were found between βAR SNPs and cardiac dysfunction in 364 donors managed from 2007–2008, perhaps due to changes in donor management, lack of power in this validation cohort, or the absence of a true association. βAR polymorphisms may be associated with cardiac dysfunction after brain death, but these relationships require further study in independent donor cohorts.
Management of Glenoid and Humeral Bone Loss

Glenoid and humeral head bone deficiency is a common reason for recurrent anterior shoulder instability and failure of capsulolabral reconstruction. There is a strong association between the severity of the bone defects and the number and ease of recurrent instability. Clinical evaluation, advanced imaging, examination under anesthesia, and diagnostic arthroscopy are important in decision making. Glenoid bone loss greater than 20%, an engaging Hill-Sachs lesion, or Instability Severity Index Score greater than 6 are indications for an open bony procedure to restore the glenoid articular arc. Hill-Sachs lesions greater than 30% should be directly addressed with either an arthroscopic remplissage technique or open bone grafting procedure.
Survival and Cell Cycle Control in Early Hematopoiesis: Role of Bcl-2, and the Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors P27 and P21

Homeostasis of the hematopoietic system is maintained by proliferation and differentiation of a small number of long-term surviving, self-renewing stem cells, which give rise to the fully mature elements. The fine interplay between differentiation, proliferation and death by apoptosis determines the equilibrium of this system. Thus, genes involved in the control of these processes are very important in the regulation and development of hematopoietic cells especially in the initial stages. The interactions among cyclins, their specific cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and, a number of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) such as p27 and p21, exert a direct control on the cell cycle but can also produce other independent effects on hematopoietic differentiation. Proteins of the Bcl-2 family are also crucial in regulating the balance between entry into apoptosis and survival capacity and their roles change in the course of differentiation. In addition, a number of autocrine and paracrine soluble factors (such as TGF- β 1) modulate the behavior and differentiation potential of hematopoietic elements. Studies on a few in vitro systems of early hematopoietic differentiation have stressed the importance of Bcl-2 and of the CDKIs p27 and p21 at this stage, have confirmed cell-cycle independent effects and have demonstrated how the modulation and the effects in response to different stimuli is mostly dependent on the differentiation stage of the target cells.
ABH Antigens and Bone Marrow Transplantation

We studied the role of ABH antigens in determining graft outcome in 104 patients who received HLA‐identical bone marrow transplants for aplastic anaemia and acute leukaemia. ABH compatibility had no significant effect on incidence of graft rejection or graft‐versus‐host disease. Fifteen recipients had pre‐transplant antibodies against donor ABH antigens. In 14, large volume plasma exchange and transfusion of donor‐type erythrocytes was successful in reducing the antibody titre to low or undetectable levels. In one patient, plasma exchange was unsuccessful and red cells were removed from the marrow inoculum by unit gravity sedimentation. This approach prevented transfusion reaction, and permitted engraftment of all haematopoietic cell lines despite persistently elevated antibody titres. Parallel in vitro studies revealed that antibodies to ABH antigens failed to inhibit the growth of progenitor cells committed to both granulocyte‐macrophage (CFU‐C) and erythroid (BFU‐E) development. These findings indicate that ABH‐antigens are not clinically important transplantation antigens and suggest that ABH antigens are not operationally present on hematopoietic stem cells.
Making Capitalism Work: Fair Institutions and Trust

This study tests three hypotheses on data from a survey on employment relations conducted in Sweden in 2006. The first hypothesis implies that the extent to which an employee perceives formal institutions as fair and duly enforced increases the probability that he/she will behave cooperatively. The second hypothesis states that an employee's trust in the opposite party should have equivalent effects. The last hypothesis holds that an employee's perception of formal institutions as fair and duly enforced increases his/her trust in the opposite party. All three hypotheses are supported by the data. The interpretation is that there is indeed an effect on cooperative behavior and willingness to enter into flexible contracts from perceptions of fair and enforced institutions, but it is indirect and mediated by attitudes of trust.
Ionic effect on intestinal transport of glucose in the rat.

A loop of upper jejunum of anesthetized rats was perfused in situ with glucose (500 mg/l.) dissolved in either isosmotic Na 2 SO 4 , Li 2 SO 4 , K 2 SO 4 or MgSO 4 . Rapid glucose absorption takes place from the Na 2 SO 4 solution, whereas the glucose transport is inhibited if Na is replaced. The rate of inhibition varied: 91% with Li, 86% with K and 75% with Mg. The inhibition is reversible by the subsequent perfusion of the same gut with Na 2 SO 4 .
Abnormal Functional Network Connectivity among Resting-State Networks in Children with Frontal Lobe Epilepsy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Epilepsy is considered a disorder of neural networks. The aims of this study were to assess functional connectivity within resting-state networks and functional network connectivity across resting-state networks by use of resting-state fMRI in children with frontal lobe epilepsy and to relate changes in resting-state networks with neuropsychological function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with frontal lobe epilepsy and normal MR imaging and 14 healthy control subjects were recruited. Spatial independent component analysis was used to identify the resting-state networks, including frontal, attention, default mode network, sensorimotor, visual, and auditory networks. The Z-maps of resting-state networks were compared between patients and control subjects. The relation between abnormal connectivity and neuropsychological function was assessed. Correlations from all pair-wise combinations of independent components were performed for each group and compared between groups. RESULTS: The frontal network was the only network that showed reduced connectivity in patients relative to control subjects. The remaining 5 networks demonstrated both reduced and increased functional connectivity within resting-state networks in patients. There was a weak association between connectivity in frontal network and executive function (P = .029) and a significant association between sensorimotor network and fine motor function (P = .004). Control subjects had 79 pair-wise independent components that showed significant temporal coherence across all resting-state networks except for default mode network–auditory network. Patients had 66 pairs of independent components that showed significant temporal coherence across all resting-state networks. Group comparison showed reduced functional network connectivity between default mode network–attention, frontal-sensorimotor, and frontal-visual networks and increased functional network connectivity between frontal-attention, default mode network–sensorimotor, and frontal-visual networks in patients relative to control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: We found abnormal functional connectivity within and across resting-state networks in children with frontal lobe epilepsy. Impairment in functional connectivity was associated with impaired neuropsychological function.