Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Initial Description of the C-Form

This chapter seeks to enhance organizational theory's current typology of organizational architectures to explain a flourishing modern architecture that has developed utilizing the inexpensive communication paths created by technology such as the Internet and wireless networks. As communication and coordination costs have dropped, new organizing methods have grown that are difficult to understand using the traditional organizational architectures. In this chapter, we introduce a new community architecture, the “C-form,” which is categorized by (1) fluid, informal peripheral boundaries of membership; (2) significant incorporation of voluntary labor; (3) information-based product output; and (4) significantly open sharing of knowledge. Although the domain of open source software (OSS) is frequently cited as an example of such communities, we argue that the form expands well beyond the domain of software to a wide variety of information-based products. Drawing on a culture frame, we develop an initial set of principles of C-forms and finally explore the implications of the C-form for the modern organizational world.
The resource curse: which institutions matter?

Two types of models are dominant in the current resource curse literature. One type of model studies the selection of entrepreneurs into rent-seeking versus productive activities. The other type analyses the use of patronage by politicians seeking re-election. The policy implications of the two models are quite different. The first model suggests that institutions governing the private sector ought to be improved. The second model suggests that institutions governing the public sector should be emphasized. This article empirically tests the impact of the private versus public sector institutions on the resource curse, using cross-country data from Sachs and Warner (1997a) and Polity IV. The main result is that only improved private sector institutions ameliorate the resource curse.
Measurements of Water Potential and Water Content in Unsaturated Cystalline Rock

A water desaturation zone develops around a tunnel in water-saturated rock when the evaporative water loss at the rock surface is larger than the water flow from the surrounding saturated region of restricted permeability. We describe the methods with which such water desaturation processes in rock materials can be quantified. The water retention characteristic theta(psi) of crystalline rock samples was determined with a pressure membrane apparatus. The negative water potential, identical to the capillary pressure, psi, below the tensiometric range (psi < -0.1 MPa) can be measured with thermocouple psychrometers (TP), and the volumetric water contents, theta, by means of time domain reflectometry (TDR). These standard methods were adapted for measuring the water status in a macroscopically unfissured granodiorite with a total porosity of approximately 0.01. The measured water retention curve of granodiorite samples from the Grimsel test site (central Switzerland) exhibits a shape which is typical for bimodal pore size distributions. The measured bimodality is probably an artifact of a large surface ratio of solid/voids. The thermocouples were installed without a metallic screen using the cavity drilled into the granodiorite as a measuring chamber. The water potentials observed in a cylindrical granodiorite monolith ranged between -0.1 and -3.0 MPa; those near the wall in a ventilated tunnel between -0.1 and -2.2 MPa. Two types of three-rod TDR Probes were used, one as a depth probe inserted into the rock, the other as a surface probe using three copper stripes attached to the surface for detecting water content changes in the rock-to-air boundary. The TDR signal was smoothed with a low-pass filter, and the signal length determined based on the first derivative of the trace. Despite the low porosity of crystalline rock these standard methods are applicable to describe the unsaturated zone in solid rock and may also be used in other consolidated materials such as concrete.
ASP Flooding: Theory and Practice Progress in China

In low oil price era, it seems that ASP flooding has little market. However, ASP progress in China shows that ASP flooding is good technology to help oil companies thrive and make profit. Since 2014, ASP flooding has entered industrial application in Daqing oilfield. ASP flooding production in 2015 is 3.5 million ton, 9% of the oilfield’s total production of Daqing oilfield. There are 22 ASP flooding blocks in Daqing, containing 7231 wells and 3 are new blocks in 2016. Obviously, more and more ASP flooding is being carried out. Another large ASP flooding field test in high temperature (80°C) in Henan oilfield has got staged incremental oil recovery of 7.7%. Latest theory and application in ASP flooding in China are reviewed to help ASP flooding go from success to more application. Weak alkali is better than strong alkali ASP flooding. Relation between viscosity and IFT is discussed. This paper also explains why weak alkali ASP flooding is promoted in Daqing after 12 field tests on strong alkali one. ASP flooding can be a great help to survive low oil price.
Atomic data for astrophysics: improved collision strengths for Fe viii

We describe, and present the results of, a new large-scale R-matrix scattering calculation for the electron collisional excitation of Fe viii. We first discuss the limitations of the previous calculations, in particular concerning some strong EUV lines observed in the solar corona by the Hinode EUV Imaging Spectrometer. We then present a new target which represents an improvement over the previous ones for this particularly complex ion. We developed a new method, based on the use of term energy corrections within the intermediate coupling frame transformation method, to calculate the collision strengths. We compare predicted and observed line intensities using laboratory and solar spectra, finding excellent agreement for all the main soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) transitions, using the present atomic data. In particular, we show that Fe viii EUV lines observed by Hinode EIS can now be used to provide reliable electron temperatures for the solar corona.
Carbonate apatite formation on novel multiphase CaO-SiO 2P 2 O 5-MgO glass-ceramics in TRIS-HCl bu ff er

The main purpose of the presented article is the preparation of novel glass-ceramics in CaO-SiO2-P2O5-MgO system and evaluation of carbonate apatite formation after soaking in TRIS-HCl buffer solution for 14 days. The investigated samples were prepared via sol-gel method and structure of the obtained samples was studied using XRD, FTIR, SEM, XPS and ICP-AES. XRD of the thermally treated samples showed that the presence of some crystalline phases is depended on the gel composition. FTIR revealed the existence of all characteristic bands for the observed crystalline phases. SEM monitored the presence of particles with different morphology. After soaking in TRIS-HCl solution, FTIR confirmed that carbonate apatite was formed on the soaked surface. The obtained data are in a good agreement with XPS analysis. The change of ions concentrations in TRIS-HCl buffer solution after immersion of the prepared glass-ceramics was recorded by ICP-AES measurements.
Estimating Mass of Harvested Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer from Images

Total of 1072 Asian seabass or barramundi (Lates calcarifer) were harvested at two different locations in Queensland, Australia. Each fish was digitally photographed and weighed. A subsample of 200 images (100 from each location) were manually segmented to extract the fish-body area (S in cm2), excluding all fins. After scaling the segmented images to 1mm per pixel, the fish mass values (M in grams) were fitted by a single-factor model (M=aS1.5, a=0.1695 )achieving the coefficient of determination (R2) and the Mean Absolute Relative Error (MARE) of R2=0.9819 and MARE=5.1%, respectively. A segmentation Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained on the 200 hand-segmented images, and then applied to the rest of the available images. The CNN predicted fish-body areas were used to fit the mass-area estimation models: the single-factor model, M=aS1.5, a=0.170, R2=0.9819, MARE=5.1%; and the two-factor model, M= aSb, a=0.124, b=0.155, R2=0.9834, MARE=4.5%.
Who to Blame and What's to Gain? Reflections on Space, State, and Violence in Kenya and South Africa

The ethnically and xenophobically motivated violence in Kenya and South Africa in the first half of 2008 has raised questions about its causes, the role of the state and the reality of current African societies. This article therefore analyses this violence, stating that although the violence in both countries had historical origins, there were also fundamental differences regarding the reasons for and the objectives of the violence. As a result, the less controlled violence in South Africa was somehow even more dangerous, because it contested state power itself.
Effects of management on species dynamics of Canadian aspen parkland pastures

The effects of grazing, fertilizing, and seeding on persistence of herbaceous species was monitored by point quadrat about every second year from 1975 to 1989 in a low-fertility pasture in the aspen parkland vegetation zone of east-central Saskatchewan, Canada. Ground cover response to continuous grazing was contrasted with that of 4- and 6-paddock rotationally-grazed areas fertilized in the fall of every other year with 90 kg N, 45 kg P2O5, 10 kg S ha-1. The original vegetation in 2 paddocks of the 6-paddock system was replaced with Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski) in 1976, and in 1 of the other 4 paddocks in turn with smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.)-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in 1979 and 1981, crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. ) in 1983, and a meadow brome (Bromus riparius Rehm.)-alfalfa mix in 1985. Initially, smooth brome and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) dominated the vegetation with ground cover estimates of 10-20% and 40-60%, respectively. Alfalfa ground cover was less than 1%. With the changes in management, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) replaced creeping red fescue. Alfalfa increased until 1980 and then declined to its original level, apparently in response to precipitation trends. Russian wildrye almost died out and was replaced by brome and Kentucky bluegrass. Reseeding with smooth bromegrass-alfalfa did not consistently increase brome ground cover beyond that obtained by rotational grazing and fertilization, and increased alfalfa only temporarily. Cultivation during the summer before spring seeding resulted in partial recovery of the old vegetation and invasion by Kentucky blue-grass. Total ground cover varied from year to year in response to spring precipitation. Forbs usually increased after reseeding, but declined to their original levels within 5 years.
Microbiology Risk Factors and Outcomes of Peritonitis in Tunisian Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Background: Peritonitis is a major complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD), accounting for considerable mortality and hospitalization among PD patients. We have performed a single unit study examining rate of peritonitis, causative organisms, clinical outcomes and impact on technique failure and patient survival. Methods: It was a retrospective review of the medical records of 182 PD patients who were followed up from January 2006 through June 2016. We have listed 186 episodes of peritonitis. Results: The overall incidence of peritonitis during the 10-year study period was one episode every 27.25 month-patient. The mean time to first peritonitis after beginning PD was 14.25 ± 16 months (0 - 65). Gram-positive organisms were the main implicated agents and caused 27.92% of peritonitis. In multivariate Cox regression, no correlation was associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and residual renal function at baseline. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the peritonitis group was not correlated with more loss of residual renal function. More dropouts from PD were observed compared to the peritonitis-free group (P < 0.000), but no influence with patient survival. Conclusion: Gram-positive organisms were the main causative agents. And peritonitis was associated to technique failure but not with patient survival.Z World J Nephrol Urol. 2018;7(2):45-52 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/wjnu349w
Soil-Climate-Plant Relationships in the Etiology of Grass Tetany (Chapter 6)

Hypomagnesemia is a metabolic disorder of ruminants not receiving adequate utilizable magnesium, either because of low Mg concentration in the forage or because of complicating factors affecting Mg availability. The disorder is more likely to affect cattle than sheep or goats and generally affects older, lactating animals. Magnesium deficiency may result in decreased milk or beef production (Grunes & Mayland, 1975; Grunes et al., 1970). An intensified hypomagnesemia, known as grass tetany, has caused a large number of cattle deaths in the temperate regions of the United States and other countries, resulting in losses of up to 3% in dairy or beef herds in a bad year (Baker & Gould, 1976; Grunes et al., 1970; Mansfield et al., 1975; Molloy, 1971). In some individual herds in some years losses have been even higher. Reid et al. (1978a) estimated annual losses in the United States at 1 to 2% of mature grazing animals. The severity of the problem is quite sporadic. Many factors affect Mg uptake by plants and its subsequent availability to animals. It is our objective to discuss the soil, climate, and plant factors that may ultimately affect Mg intake and availability to ruminants.
Why Does Foreign Direct Investment Go Where It Goes?: New Evidence From African Countries

The central concern of this paper is to respond to the question: why do FDI inflows go where they do in African countries? An understanding of such factors will assist African policymakers to formulate and execute policies for attracting FDI. Our estimation results from cross-country regressions for the period 1996-2008 indicate that: (i) there is a positive relationship between market size and FDI inflows; (ii) openness to trade has a positive impact on FDI flows; (iii) higher financial development has negative effect on FDI inflows; (iv) the prevalence of the rule of law increases FDI inflows; (v) higher FDI goes where foreign aid also goes; (vi) agglomeration has a strong positive impact on FDI inflows; (vi) natural resource endowment and exploitation (such as oil) attracts huge FDI; (vii) East and Southern African sub-regions appear positively disposed to obtain higher levels of inward FDI. The key policy implications are discussed.
Random composites and the generalized method of Schwarz I. Conductivity problems

Two-phase composites with non-overlapping inclusions randomly embedded in matrix are investigated. A straight forward approach is applied to estimate the effective properties of random 2D composites. First, deterministic boundary value problems are solved for all locations of inclusions, i.e., for all events of the considered probabilistic space $\mathcal C$ by the generalized method of Schwarz. Second, the effective properties are calculated in analytical form and averaged over $\mathcal C$. This method is related to the classic method based on the average probabilistic values involving the $n$-point correlation functions. However, we avoid computation of the correlation functions and compute their weighted moments of high orders by an indirect method which does not address to the correlation functions. The effective properties are exactly expressed through these moments. It is proved that the generalized method of Schwarz converges for an arbitrary multiply connected doubly periodic domain and for an arbitrary contrast parameter. The proposed method yields effective in symbolic-numeric computations formulae of high order in concentration. In particular, the Torquato--Milton parameter $\zeta_1$ is exactly written for circular inclusions.
American black bear mating behavior and chemosensation of estrus

Abstract Quantitative documentation of bear (Ursidae) mating behavior is sparse and incomplete. Understanding subtleties of mating behavior and how it differs between successful and unsuccessful mate pairings is a crucial first step to permit empirical testing of sexual selection hypotheses and to inform captive breeding efforts. Because bears possess extremely sensitive olfactory systems and are well known for marking behaviors, it is probable that they are able to sense reproductive status of conspecifics using chemosensory cues. However, very little is currently known of these phenomena in most bear species, including American black bears (Ursus americanus). Our study documents the entire consummatory phase of mating behavior and provides behavioral evidence of chemosensory communication of estrus status in American black bears. Using quantitative ethological methods, we discovered that successful mounts (with ejaculation) averaged 29-fold longer duration than unsuccessful mounts, with no overlap. Males were selective as to which specific estrus (of polyestrous females) and what day within a peak estrus they successfully mounted, and most investigated the females' anogenital region before mounting. Also, females housed together had synchronized estruses. We suggest it is feasible to estimate whether the mating activity of free-ranging bears is successful using only partial observation of the event (first 20 min). Moreover, our study supports the conclusion that chemosensory communication is used by black bears to identify conspecific estrus status. These data advance our basic understanding of bear mating behavior, are applicable to bear wildlife management and conservation efforts, and lay the foundation for further study of the ecology and evolution of sexual selection in bears.
Pathophysiology in Type 2 Diabetes – Type 2 Diabetes and Sleep-Disordered Breathing/Sleep Apnea – Role of Adipocytokines

Sleep is a complex behavioral state that occupies one-third of the human life span. Although viewed as a passive condition, sleep is a highly active and dynamic process. Sleep was considered to be primarily important for restoration of brain function. However, to date, there is increasing evidence that sleep also modulates the metabolic, endocrine and cardiovascular systems [Trenell, 2007; Boethel, 2002; Knutson & Van Cauter, 2007; Knutson, 2008]. It is known that if left untreated, sleep disorders can have significant impact on daytime function, including learning, memory, attention, and behavior. The approach to the treatment of these disorders (whether with or without pharmacotherapy) is dependent on a thorough evaluation of the sleep complaint and accurate diagnosis. Previous studies reported a consistent difference between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects in the number of sleep disturbances per hour, indicating possible influence of diabetes on sleep pattern [Resnick, 2003; Kawakami, 2004]. Several studies have shown that patients with T2DM sleep less than the general population [Vgontzas, 2000; Buxton, 2010]. A gradual decrease in self-reported sleep duration seems to have developed over the same period as the dramatic increase in the incidence of obesity and diabetes, including a close relationship between sleep cycle and diabetes [Van Cauter, 1997; Spiegel, 2005; Chasens, 2007; Knutson & Van Cauter, 2008]. Sleeping disorders related to T2DM include insomnia, restless leg syndrome, periodic leg movement disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleepwalking, nightmares, narcolepsy, and SDB, especially SA. T2DM and SDB/SA are both prevalent diseases that share several risk factors, including advanced age and obesity [Tishler, 2003; Young, 1993]. T2DM is associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases. There is also mounting evidence that SDB/SA is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Interest in a potential independent link between the two diseases continues to grow.
The Effects of Induced Mood on Preference Reversals and Bidding Behavior in Experimental Auction Valuation

This article contributes to the research agenda of accommodating psychological insights in conventional lab experiments. We specifically test whether inducing subjects into different mood states has a significant effect on subjects rationality (in the form of preference reversals) and on bidding behavior in homegrown value auctions. We find that mood states can significantly affect the rate of preference reversal and bidding behavior in experimental auction valuation. Specifically we find that subjects exhibit more rational behavior under a positive mood state than under a negative mood state. Subjects in a positive mood provide lower bid values than others. Regardless of mood states, males tend to commit a higher rate of preference reversal than females in mixed gender sessions. However, females tend to commit higher rate of preference reversal in female only sessions than in mixed sessions while males tend to commit a lower rate of preference reversal when in male only sessions than in mixed sessions.
Acceleration of cometary dust near the nucleus: application to 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

We present a model of cometary dust capable of simulating the dynamics within the first few tens of km of the comet surface. Recent measurements by the GIADA and COSIMA instruments on Rosetta show that the nucleus emits fluffy dust particles with porosities above 50% and sizes up to at least mm (Schulz et al. 2015, Rotundi et al. 2015, Fulle et al. 2015). Retrieval of the physical properties of these particles requires a model of the effective forces governing their dynamics. Here, we present a model capable of simulating realistic, large and porous particles using hierarchical aggregates, which shows previous extrapolations to be inadequate. The main strengths of our approach are that we can simulate very large (mm-scale) non-spherical agglomerates and can accurately determine their 1) effective cross-section and ratio of cross-section to mass, 2) gas drag coefficient, and 3) light scattering properties. In practical terms, we find that a more detailed treatment of the dust structure results in 3-5 times higher velocities for large dust particles in the inner coma than previously estimated using spherical particles of the same mass. We apply our model to the dynamics of dust in the vicinity of the nucleus of comet 67P and successfully reproduce the dust speeds reported early on when the comet was roughly 3.5 AU from the Sun. At this stage, we employ a simple spherical comet nucleus, we model activity as constant velocity gas expansion from a uniformly active surface, and use Mie scattering. We discuss pathways to improve on these simplifications in the future.
S0 galaxies are faded spirals: clues from their angular momentum content

The distribution of galaxies in the stellar specific angular momentum versus stellar mass plane (j(star)-M-star) provides key insights into their formation mechanisms. In this paper, we determine the location in this plane of a sample of 10 field/group unbarred lenticular (S0) galaxies from the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area survey. We performed a bulge-disc decomposition both photometrically and kinematically to study the stellar specific angular momentum of the disc components alone and understand the evolutionary links between S0s and other Hubble types. We found that eight of our S0 discs have a distribution in the j(star)-M-star plane that is fully compatible with that of spiral discs, while only two have values of j(star) lower than the spirals. These two outliers show signs of recent merging. Our results suggest that merger and interaction processes are not the dominant mechanisms in S0 formation in low-density environments. Instead, S0s appear to be the result of secular processes and the fading of spiral galaxies after the shutdown of star formation.