Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selection patterns on restorer-like genes reveal a conflict between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes throughout angiosperm evolution

Eukaryotic cells have harbored mitochondria for at least 1.5 billion years in an apparently mutually beneficial symbiosis. Studies on the agronomically important crop trait cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) have suggested the semblance of a host–parasite relationship between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, but molecular evidence for this is lacking. Key players in CMS systems are the fertility restorer (Rf) genes required for the development of a functional male gametophyte in plants carrying a mitochondrial CMS gene. In the majority of cases, Rf genes encode pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins. We show that most angiosperms for which extensive genomic sequence data exist contain multiple PPR genes related to Rf genes. These Rf-like genes show a number of characteristic features compared with other PPR genes, including chromosomal clustering and unique patterns of evolution, notably high rates of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions, suggesting diversifying selection. The highest probabilities of diversifying selection were seen for amino acid residues 1, 3, and 6 within the PPR motif. PPR proteins are involved in RNA processing, and mapping the selection data to a predicted consensus structure of an array of PPR motifs suggests that these residues are likely to form base-specific contacts to the RNA ligand. We suggest that the selection patterns on Rf-like genes reveal a molecular “arms-race” between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes that has persisted throughout most of the evolutionary history of angiosperms.
Suicide by Drowning in Uusimaa Province in Southern Finland

This study investigates drownings in Uusimaa province in Finland in order to form a picture of the people who end their lives in this way. The material consisted of 285 successive drownings, which were subject to autopsy at the Helsinki University Department of Forensic Medicine between 1978 and 1986 and for whom diatom analysis was carried out. There were 51 definitive cases of suicide by drowning. For these, an analysis was made of age and sex distribution, alcohol and drugs, scene of the incident, significant diseases, social group, place of residence, information on suicide notes, previous suicide attempts, treatment for mental problems, depression preceding the suicide, talk of suicide and heavy use of alcohol. According to this material the typical Finnish drowning suicide is a man from 21 to 30 years old, who belongs to the lowest social group, is unmarried, and lives in Helsinki. He drowns sober during June in the shallow water off the coast of the Gulf of Finland, has previously attempted suicide, received treatment for mental problems, and has been depressed recently.
Predictors of treatment outcome for major depression in primary care

Background. A randomized controlled clinical trial compared three treatments for major depression in primary care. Ninety-one patients were randomized to receive either problem-solving, or amitriptyline with standard clinical management, or drug placebo with standard clinical management. This paper examines the possible predictive value of a range of demographic clinical and personality variables in determining outcome. Methods. To examine the interaction between treatment group and predictor variables, analyses of co-variants were carried out for two outcome measures: the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Beck Depression Inventory. Predictor variables were also entered into a stepwise forward logistic regression in which patients were categorized as recovered or not recovered. Results. None of the predictor variables examined interacted with treatment to predict outcome. Patients with a longer duration of illness, chronic social difficulties, or definite, as opposed to probable, major depression had a poorer outcome at the end of treatment, irrespective of treatment group. Conclusions. The findings in this study do not enable clear guidelines to be given as to which patients with major depression in primary care might benefit from either a psychological or pharmacological treatment.
Adenosine receptor inhibition attenuates the decrease in cutaneous vascular conductance during whole‐body cooling from hyperthermia

• What is the central question of this study? Adenosine has been implicated in mediating both vasoconstriction and vasodilatation in a variety of tissues throughout the body. No study has yet examined its influence in cutaneous vasoconstriction elicited by whole‐body cooling from normothermia or from hyperthermia. • What is the main finding and its importance? Through the use of the non‐selective adenosine receptor antagonist, theophylline, a role for adenosine in the control of the cutaneous circulation when cooling from a state of hyperthermia is suggested.
Inactivation and Disassembly of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex during Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Is Associated with Degradation of the APC5 and APC4 Subunits and Does Not Require UL97-Mediated Phosphorylation of Cdh1

ABSTRACT Infection of quiescent cells by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) elicits severe cell cycle deregulation, resulting in a G1/S arrest, which can be partly attributed to the inactivation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). As we previously reported, the premature phosphorylation of its coactivator Cdh1 and/or the dissociation of the core complex can account for the inactivation. We have expanded on these results and further delineated the key components required for disabling the APC during HCMV infection. The viral protein kinase UL97 was hypothesized to phosphorylate Cdh1, and consistent with this, phosphatase assays utilizing a virus with a UL97 deletion mutation (ΔUL97 virus) indicated that Cdh1 is hypophosphorylated at early times in the infection. Mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that UL97 can phosphorylate Cdh1 in vitro, and the majority of the sites identified correlated with previously characterized cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) consensus sites. Analysis of the APC core complex during ΔUL97 virus infection showed APC dissociation occurring at the same time as during infection with wild-type virus, suggesting that the UL97-mediated phosphorylation of Cdh1 is not required for this to occur. Further investigation of the APC subunits showed a proteasome-dependent loss of the APC5 and APC4 subunits that was temporally associated with the disassembly of the APC. Immediate early viral gene expression was not sufficient for the degradation of APC4 and APC5, indicating that a viral early gene product(s), possibly in association with a de novo-synthesized cellular protein(s), is involved.
An update on parenteral lipids and immune function: only smoke, or is there any fire?

Purpose of reviewThis paper synthesizes information from recent studies on the modulation of immune responses by lipid emulsions that are applied as part of parenteral nutrition. This issue is especially relevant in light of the high rate of infectious complications and disturbed inflammatory responses in patients receiving this form of nutritional support. Recent findingsStudies reporting on novel emulsions based on olive and fish oils, structured lipids or mixed-type emulsions in which various lipid species replace conventional long-chain triglycerides indicate that these lipids are generally well tolerated. While long-chain triglycerides may promote inflammation due to conversion of n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids into arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids, structured lipids and olive oil emulsions appear more immune-neutral. Leukocyte-activating effects of medium-chain triglycerides in experimental studies await further characterization in vivo. A body of evidence shows that immune modulation by fish oil emulsions is essentially anti-inflammatory in nature. This is in line with the observation that n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil replace arachidonic acid in cell membranes as an eicosanoid substrate, resulting in a decreased production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Importantly, recent investigations indicate beneficial effects of parenteral fish oil on relevant clinical outcome measures. SummaryThe characteristics of, and mechanisms behind, the effects of various parenteral lipids on immune function are becoming increasingly well understood. The practical relevance of many of these findings is not immediately clear, however, and will have to be substantiated in adequately powered trials before we can translate these findings into a tailored approach for specific clinical situations.
Blood Pressure in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency

BACKGROUND In patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) recording of blood pressure (BP) must be included in monitoring treatment to detect hypertension. AIM To investigate the BP patterns in patients with CAH. METHODS Twenty-three children and adolescents (age 6-17 years) and 11 adult patients (age 18-26 years) were studied (21 females, 13 males; 28 salt-wasting patients). In the whole group BP in the outpatient clinic was compared with BP under hospitalisation and in 11 of the children and adolescents also with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). RESULTS BP in the ward in children and adolescents but not in adults was significantly higher than BP in the outpatient clinic, where BP was in the upper normal range. There was also a significant difference between BP in the outpatient clinic and the lower ABPM in the 11 patients tested. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in blood serum showed normal values. CONCLUSIONS BP measured in outpatients in a relaxed and calm atmosphere meets the requirements for monitoring of treatment. Measurement of BP on the ward leads to falsely high results. ABPM is not necessary. Estimation of ANP provides no additional information.
Risk of preeclampsia in relation to maternal history of migraine headaches

Objective. We examined the relationship between migraines and preeclampsia risk. Study design. Cases were 244 women with preeclampsia and controls were 470 normotensive women. Women were asked if a physician had ever told them that they had migraines. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results. A history of migraines was associated with a 1.8-fold increased risk of preeclampsia (95% CI 1.1–2.7). Women who were 30+ years old when diagnosed with migraines had the highest risk (OR 2.8, 95% CI 0.8–9.0). The migraine–preeclampsia association appeared to be modified by pre-pregnancy overweight status (p = 0.06). Overweight migrainous women, compared with lean nonmigrainous women, had a 12-fold increased preeclampsia risk (95% CI 5.9–25.7). Conclusion. Our findings are consistent with reports from six of eight previous studies on the topic. Nevertheless, prospective cohort studies are needed to further evaluate the extent to which migraines and/or its treatments are associated with preeclampsia risk.
Continued azacitidine therapy beyond time of first response improves quality of response in patients with higher‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes

In the AZA‐001 trial, azacitidine (75 mg/m2/d subcutaneously for Days 1‐7 of every 28‐day cycle) demonstrated improved survival compared with conventional care regimens in patients with International Prognostic Scoring System‐defined intermediate‐2‐ or high‐risk myelodysplastic syndrome and World Health Organization‐defined acute myeloid leukemia with 20% to 30% bone marrow blasts.
Abnormal cervical screen follow-up among low-income Latinas: Project SAFe.

BACKGROUND Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates are dramatically higher among low-income women than in the general population, in part due to poor adherence to recommended diagnostic follow-up after an index Pap test. This report describes a pilot study of the Screening Adherence Follow-Up Program (SAFe), an individualized, structured case management program designed to assess for and intervene in response to a variety of potential personal and systems barriers to follow-up adherence. Interventions included health education, counseling, and systems navigation. METHODS A clinical decision-making algorithm was used to determine service intensity and level of intervention. Services were provided to 196 low-income women, predominantly Latinas, who had either a low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL or HGSIL) abnormal Pap result. Adherence rates to at least one follow-up appointment after enrollment and baseline intervention were 83% following LGSIL and 93% for HGSIL. RESULTS Over 1 year post-enrollment, 41% of women with LGSIL were fully adherent, with 42% partially adherent; 61% of women with HGSIL were fully adherent, with 32% partially adherent. In a comparison group of 369 nonenrollees (women who refused participation or could not be located for consent), adherence rates were 58% for LGSIL and 67% for HGSIL. A survey among a random sample of women served indicated that 93% were "mostly" or "very" satisfied, overall, with SAFe services. CONCLUSIONS The intervention team--a peer counselor and a master's degreed social worker--addressed multiple psychosocial and systems navigation problems to reduce potential barriers to adherence, including knowledge, attitudinal, psychosocial, psychological distress, systems communication, and resource access problems. SAFe appears highly acceptable to women and may significantly enhance medical care management following an abnormal cervical screen for a carefully targeted group of women at risk for suboptimal follow-up adherence.
Contraceptive use and behavior in the 21st century: a comprehensive study across five European countries

Objective The choice of currently available contraceptive methods has increased considerably in recent years, offering women of reproductive age a variety of different methods dependent on their needs and lifestyle. In order to determine the pattern of use of current methods in contraception, a survey was conducted in a large population of women drawn from five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom). Method More than 12 000 randomly selected women, aged 15–49 years, were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire which addressed the use of current methods of contraception. The responses were analyzed for the total study population, and, where appropriate, by country and age. Results An oral contraceptive (OC) was confirmed as the most widely used method of contraception for women in the European study population, with an estimated 22 million users in the five countries. Women using an OC reported very high levels of satisfaction ( > 90%). Male and female sterilization were the main methods of contraception in women aged 40 years and older. One-half of the women had undergone their sterilization before the age of 35 years. More than 50% of the women who had undergone sterilization had not been adequately informed and counselled about alternative reversible contraceptive options. No method of contraception was being used currently by 23% of the European study population, and unreliable methods of contraception (including cap/diaphragm, chemical, and natural and withdrawal methods) were being used by a further 6% of the population. Although valid reasons (e.g. not in a sexual relationship, wish to become pregnant) were given by many women who were not using contraception, there still remains a large number of women who need counselling regarding the importance of using reliable contraceptive methods. The number of women aged 15–49 years in the five European countries who are considered at risk of an unwanted pregnancy is estimated to be 4.7 million (6.5%). Conclusions Differences in the use pattern of contraceptive methods were demonstrated that emphasize the social and cultural differences between the countries. The findings in the current study can be used as a baseline from which to monitor trends in contraceptive use and behavior in subsequent studies.
A study of negative-bias temperature instability of SOI and body-tied FinFETs

Negative-bias temperature-instability (NBTI) characteristics are carefully studied on SOI and body-tied pMOS FinFETs for the first time. It was observed that a narrow fin width degraded device lifetime more than a wider fin width. Electrons generated by the NBT stress are accumulated at the center of a silicon fin and cause energy-band bending. This results in an incremental hole population at the interface. The energy band is bent more steeply at the narrow fin than at the wide fin by the accumulated electrons. A body-tied FinFET shows better immunity to NBT stress due to a substrate contact.
Characteristics and risk factors for accident injury in Canada from 1986 to 1996: an analysis of the Canadian Accident Injury Reporting and Evaluation (CAIRE) database

This study analyzed the database of Canadian Accident Injury Reporting and Evaluation (CAIRE) for the injuries reported from January 1986 to March 1996 in seven provinces at children's or general hospitals in Canada. In order to describe the characteristics of injuries, we compared the different categories of injuries by sex and by age groups, identified patterns of injuries, and detected the products causing injury to Canadian people. The results showed that there were 130,489 injury cases in Canada during the 10 years from 1986 to 1996. The 10–19 year age group had 57,582 cases, representing 44.13% of total injuries, and making it the group with the highest occurrence of injuries. The male injury rate (69.75%) was significantly higher than the female rate (30.25%) (P = 0.0001). Six areas were identified as priorities for intervention: 1) injuries occurring on playgrounds among children and youth; 2) sports and playground apparatus injuries and injuries sustained in transit among young people; 3) the top five causes of injuries; 4) diagnosis and treatment of injuries; 5) consumer products and safety; and 6) nature and physical sites of injuries. Further work is needed in: evaluating injury causes, comparing the results with reports from other countries and the necessary approaches and prevention measures to reduce and control injury occurrences to improve the quality of consumer products, and to protect the health of the population in Canada.
The effects of fresh gas flow on the amount of sevoflurane vaporized during 1 minimum alveolar concentration anaesthesia for day surgery: a clinical study

Background: Even small costs per case can become economically significant in high volume day surgical units. While general anaesthesia with higher fresh gas flow rates has technical advantages, they result in higher costs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate drug consumption and direct costs related to variations in the fresh gas flow and use of nitrous oxide at a 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) sevoflurane end‐tidal anaesthesia for day surgery.
The influence of Calmette-Guérin bacillus immunization on the booster effect of tuberculin testing in healthy young adults.

The booster or enhancement effect of repeated tuberculin skin testing in Calmette-Guérin bacillus (BCG)-vaccinated young adults was studied in 208 first-year medical, nursing, and medical technology students in Santiago, Chile, where BCG vaccine is usually administered at birth and at 6 and 14 yr of age. Thirty-three students had no BCG scar, 62 had one scar, 71 had two scars, and 42 had three scars. The mean age for each group was 19 yr. All students were healthy and had no known exposure to tuberculosis or history of tuberculosis or other mycobacterioses. The size in millimeters of induration of the first tuberculin reaction (PPD1) was clearly correlated with the number of BCG scars: 2.3 +/- 4.6 for no scars; 6.7 +/- 6.7 for one scar; 10.9 +/- 5.9 for two scars, and 13.2 +/- 5.3 for three scars. The second tuberculin reaction (PPD2), performed 2 wk later on the contralateral forearm, showed a marked increase in reactivity. The increase in reaction size was most evident in students who had BCG scars but who were initially PPD negative (less than 10 mm). Smaller increases were observed in students without BCG scars, and also in those who had BCG scars but who were initially tuberculin positive (greater than or equal to 10 mm). The persistence of the booster effect was evaluated by performing PPD3 1 yr later. PPD1-negative students with BCG scars maintained the increased level of reactivity to PPD2 after 1 yr. An immunizing effect of tuberculin testing was suggested in 11 nonimmunized students who were initially PPD negative. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Long‐term virological follow up of patients with occult hepatitis C virus infection

Patients with occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (HCV‐RNA in liver without detectable anti‐HCV and serum HCV‐RNA) may have viral RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in serum after ultracentrifugation, and may present HCV‐specific T‐cell responses, but it is unknown whether these markers persist to be detectable over time.
Rippling ultrafast dynamics of suspended 2D monolayers, graphene

Significance Rippling is an intrinsic feature of 2D materials, responsible for their structural stability, transport properties, and electron–hole charge redistribution. Modulating these ripples in a controlled manner not only provides a better understanding of their structural properties, but also has potential impact for applications. Here, we examine graphene monolayer as a prototypical 2D material. An ultrafast attenuation of the ripples intrinsically present in the graphene plane is followed by a significant enhancement of the rippling effect on a longer time scale, as driven by the successive excitation of in-plane and out-of-plane phonon modes. The methodology described is of a general nature and is suitable for the investigation of other 2D materials, where we expect to observe similar rippling effects. Here, using ultrafast electron crystallography (UEC), we report the observation of rippling dynamics in suspended monolayer graphene, the prototypical and most-studied 2D material. The high scattering cross-section for electron/matter interaction, the atomic-scale spatial resolution, and the ultrafast temporal resolution of UEC represent the key elements that make this technique a unique tool for the dynamic investigation of 2D materials, and nanostructures in general. We find that, at early time after the ultrafast optical excitation, graphene undergoes a lattice expansion on a time scale of 5 ps, which is due to the excitation of short-wavelength in-plane acoustic phonon modes that stretch the graphene plane. On a longer time scale, a slower thermal contraction with a time constant of 50 ps is observed and associated with the excitation of out-of-plane phonon modes, which drive the lattice toward thermal equilibrium with the well-known negative thermal expansion coefficient of graphene. From our results and first-principles lattice dynamics and out-of-equilibrium relaxation calculations, we quantitatively elucidate the deformation dynamics of the graphene unit cell.