Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE: COORDINATION IN DYNAMIC EXPECTATIONS MODELS: LEARNING AND SUNSPOTS

The title speaks for itself: This special issue focuses attention on dynamical models in which expectations matter and in which expectational coordination is not taken for granted. This is a subject that has generated a lot of research in the past 20 years; the sample of papers presented here is witness to the present activity and the ongoing progress of our understanding. Here, as in previous research, the rational expectations construct remains the anchor of the analysis of expectational coordination, but it is subject to the additional critical scrutiny for which the present state of our knowledge calls more and more.
Discounting procedures for environmental (and other) projects: A comment on Kolb and Scheraga

We compare two alternative methods to discount the costs and benefits of environmental projects. These are (1) the shadow price of capital, which can be practically expressed by using the cost of capital and thus the discount rate on government bonds, and (2) the two-stage discounting procedure advocated by Kolb and Scheraga. We suggest that the two-stage approach is in many cases inconsistent with the shadow price of capital approach and will therefore lead to misallocations of resources. We further argue that the use of the cost of capital as the discount rate will be easier than the two-stage procedure, will yield results that are consistent with the shadow price of capital approach, and will be justified by the potential Pareto criterion. Finally, use of the shadow price of capital approach has a potential for achieving considerable consensus in practice as well as in theory, a result that could considerably enhance project evaluation.
The Role of the Principal in Improving Student Achievement in Low-Wealth Rural Elementary Schools

Increased levels of accountability, mandated implementation of common core learning standards, and shrinking state funds for public schools have created unique challenges for principals seeking to increase student achievement levels. Schools located in states receiving Race to the Top (RTT) funds must measure teacher and principal growth by adopting evaluation systems based on student achievement measures. These issues are more significant for rural school administrators, who must pair these demands with the confining nature of small-town life; the multiple and sometimes conflicting tasks; and the lack of opportunity for professional camaraderie and growth. Although a large body of literature has identified principal behaviors that can lead to improved student achievement, few studies have focused on contextual factors in New York State rural schools. Using Leithwood’s four core leadership practices as a framework, this study examined the perspectives of principals in low-wealth New York rural elementary schools. The study used a qualitative research design including a phenomenological strategy to learn about the lived experiences of 10 New York State rural elementary school principals. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews. Analysis of transcripts identified principal core and specific practices related to improving student achievement. Understanding the impact that principals’ practices have on student achievement can provide guidance to school leaders in low-wealth rural elementary schools intent on improving. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Education (EdD) Department Executive Leadership First Supervisor Marie Cianca Second Supervisor Diane Reed Subject Categories Education This dissertation is available at Fisher Digital Publications: http://fisherpub.sjfc. edu/education_etd/182 The Role of the Principal in Improving Student Achievement in Low-Wealth Rural Elementary Schools
An evaluation of the prognostic significance of HLA-DR expression in axillary-node-negative breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Adjuvant treatment for node-negative breast cancer remains controversial. It is important to pick out the high-risk groups who may benefit from adjuvant systemic therapy and avoid the unnecessary additional therapy for the favorable prognostic groups. METHODS AND MATERIAL Retrospective study of immunohistochemical staining for HLA-DR on tumor cells from paraffin-embedded tissue specimens of 32 patients with node-negative invasive breast cancer at this hospital from 1986 to 1991 was performed with the aim to investigate its prognostic significance. RESULTS HLA-DR staining was positive in nine (28%) patients and negative in twenty-three (72%) patients. One (11%) was a recurrence, and no (0%) death occurred in the positive group, compared with nine (39%) recurrences and five (22%) deaths in the negative group. The multivariate analysis failed to show that HLA-DR expression is an independent prognostic factor. However, with univariate analysis, the 5-year disease-free survival rate (87%) of the positive group was significantly better than that (35%) of the negative group (p = 0.04). The 5-year overall survival rate (100%) of the positive group was also better than that (66%) of the negative group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Furthermore, when combination of the HLA-DR expression and estrogen receptor status was used, both the 5-year disease-free and overall survival rate (81% and 100%, respectively) of group A (positive staining for either HLA-DR or estrogen receptor and positive staining for both) were significantly better than those (33% and 58%, respectively) of group B (negative staining for both HLA-DR and estrogen receptor). CONCLUSIONS We believe HLA-DR expression may be a promising, additive predictive factor to node-negative breast cancer and deserves further investigation based on these preliminary results.
Equilibrium Product Bundling

This article offers an equilibrium theory of product bundling by rival firms. In several models where a primary good is produced in a duopoly market and one or more other goods is produced under perfectly competitive conditions, bundling is shown to emerge as an equilibrium strategy of one or both of the duopolists for its role as a product-differentiation device. When the rival firms can commit to bundling sales, their profits are higher but social welfare is reduced. Copyright 1997 by University of Chicago Press.
Sport policy in Norway

Norwegian sport policy and organization leans on a historically developed model of the division of labour between public authorities and voluntary sport organizations. State policy for sport is administered by the Department of Sport Policy in the Ministry of Cultural Affairs. The state funds sport facilities and supports voluntary sport organizations. It articulates various justifications for supporting sport, which relate to health, education and culture. The voluntary sport sector consists of the umbrella organization – The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports – and its network of national special sport organizations, district sport organizations, regional special sport organizations, local sport councils and over 12,000 sport clubs. The vast majority of the work in sport clubs is voluntarily conducted. The established form of organization and the autonomy of the sport clubs create challenges for the implementation of sport policies. The state lacks adequate policy tools to use to assist in the implementation of its various policy goals through the voluntary system. In that respect, it is suggested that future directions for sport policy should build on a better understanding of (1) the local sport clubs providing sport activities and (2) youth – often the target group for policy intervention.
Ontogeny of Excitatory Spinal Neurons Processing Distinct Somatic Sensory Modalities

Spatial and temporal cues govern the genesis of a diverse array of neurons located in the dorsal spinal cord, including dI1-dI6, dILA, and dILB subtypes, but their physiological functions are poorly understood. Here we generated a new line of conditional knock-out (CKO) mice, in which the homeobox gene Tlx3 was removed in dI5 and dILB cells. In these CKO mice, development of a subset of excitatory neurons located in laminae I and II was impaired, including itch-related GRPR-expressing neurons, PKCγ-expressing neurons, and neurons expressing three neuropeptide genes: somatostatin, preprotachykinin 1, and the gastrin-releasing peptide. These CKO mice displayed marked deficits in generating nocifensive motor behaviors evoked by a range of pain-related or itch-related stimuli. The mutants also failed to exhibit escape response evoked by dynamic mechanical stimuli but retained the ability to sense innocuous cooling and/or warm. Thus, our studies provide new insight into the ontogeny of spinal neurons processing distinct sensory modalities.
Skills development in South Africa's very small and micro enterprise sector

Abstract This article explores the state of skills development for smaller enterprises in South Africa through a consideration of two recent empirical studies of very small and micro enterprises (VSMEs – those with 2-10 employees). It provides new evidence about the complexity of the VSME sector and the mixed performance of state attempts to engage with it in the area of skills development. The study suggests that there are relatively high levels of informal training occurring in these enterprises and reasonable take up of a number of elements of the 2001-04 National Skills Development Strategy. However, the study shows that there has been negligible involvement with the National Qualifications Framework. It reinforces international arguments that levy-grant systems are, at best, a difficult tool to use, and that their ability to balance the needs of larger and smaller firms is far from proven. The South African experience also raises a question about the appropriateness of a sectoral approach to skills needs, particularly for smaller enterprises.
Depletion of β-Arrestin-2 Promotes Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Lung Cancer1

Arrestins are adaptor/scaffold proteins that complex with activated and phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptor to terminate G protein activation and signal transduction. These complexes also mediate downstream signaling, independently of G protein activation. We have previously shown that β-arrestin-2 (βarr2) depletion promotes CXCR2-mediated cellular signaling, including angiogenesis and excisional wound closure. This study was designed to investigate the role of βarr2 in tumorigenesis using a murine model of lung cancer. To that end, heterotopic murine Lewis lung cancer and tail vein metastasis tumor model systems in βarr2-deficient mice (βarr2−/−) and control littermates (βarr2+/+) were used. βarr2−/− mice exhibited a significant increase in Lewis lung cancer tumor growth and metastasis relative to βarr2+/+ mice. This correlated with decreased number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes but with elevated levels of the ELR+ chemokines (CXCL1/keratinocyte-derived chemokine and CXCL2/MIP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor, and microvessel density. NF-κB activity was also enhanced in βarr2−/− mice, whereas hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression was decreased. Inhibition of CXCR2 or NF-κB reduced tumor growth in both βarr2−/− and βarr2+/+ mice. NF-κB inhibition also decreased ELR+ chemokines and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Altogether, the data suggest that βarr2 modulates tumorigenesis by regulating inflammation and angiogenesis through activation of CXCR2 and NF-κB.
The Impact of Public Officials’ Corruption on the Size and Allocation of U.S. State Spending

This article demonstrates the impact of public officials’ corruption on the size and allocation of U.S. state spending. Extending two theories of “excessive” government expansion, the authors argue that public officials’ corruption should cause state spending to be artificially elevated. Corruption increased state spending over the period 1997–2008. During that time, the 10 most corrupt states could have reduced their total annual expenditure by an average of $1,308 per capita—5.2 percent of the mean per capita state expenditure—if corruption had been at the average level of the states. Moreover, at the expense of social sectors, corruption is likely to distort states’ public resource allocations in favor of higher-potential “bribe-generating” spending and items directly beneficial to public officials, such as capital, construction, highways, borrowing, and total salaries and wages. The authors use an objective, concrete, and consistent measurement of corruption, the number of convictions.
Efficiency and frontier technology in the aftermath of recessions: International evidence

The relationship between recessions and productivity has been the focus of an important body of theoretical and empirical research in the last two decades. We contribute to this literature by presenting new evidence on the evolution of productivity in the aftermath of recessions. Our method allows us to distinguish between frontier technology and (in-)efficiency effects of recessions. We present international evidence for a panel of 70 countries for the 1960-2000 period. Our results reveal that the average cumulative impact of recessions on productivity up to four years after its end is negative and signifcant. This, however, results from a mixture of mechanisms. The level of frontier productivity increases, but the rate of technical progress decreases, leading to a fall in frontier productivity. Efficiency also falls, lending support for the idea that recessions tend to reduce, rather than increase, economic restructuring. Long and deep recessions are also shown to have distinctive impacts on productivity.
Controlling Information Premia by Repackaging Asset-Backed Securities

Securities created from a base of underlying receivables are sold to uninformed "individual" and "institutional" hedgers. Institutions are more sophisticated than individuals because they are aware of the information-based transactions costs of all currently open markets and minimize transaction costs by trading in optimal portfolios. We show that profits earned from individuals can be optimized by changing the correlation coefficient between sets of receivables backing different securities, but profits earned from institutions are immune to changes in the correlation and can be controlled only by altering the number of securities created.
Psychological Distress and Widespread Pain Contribute to the Variance of the Central Sensitization Inventory: A Cross‐Sectional Study in Patients with Chronic Pain

Central sensitization (CS) implies increased sensitivity of the nervous system, resulting in increased pain sensitivity as well as widespread pain. Recently, the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) was developed to assess symptoms of CS and central sensitivity syndromes. The aim of this study was to examine the convergent validity of the CSI by comparing the outcome to psychosocial factors and clinical features of CS.
Reduced Content of Lysyl-Phosphatidylglycerol in the Cytoplasmic Membrane Affects Susceptibility to Moenomycin, as Well as Vancomycin, Gentamicin, and Antimicrobial Peptides, in Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT An association between moenomycin resistance and vancomycin intermediate resistance in Staphylococcus aureus was demonstrated previously. Thus, to elucidate the mechanism of vancomycin intermediate resistance, we searched for factors contributing to moenomycin resistance. Random Tn551 insertional mutagenesis of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain COL yielded three mutants with decreased susceptibilities to moenomycin. Correspondingly, these mutants also exhibited slightly decreased susceptibilities to vancomycin. Genetic analysis revealed that two of the mutants had Tn551 insertions in the fmtC (mprF) gene, which is associated with the synthesis of lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol. The third Tn551 insertion was located in the lysC gene, which is involved in the biosynthesis of lysine from aspartic acid. Consequently, mutations in both of these loci reduced the lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol content in the cell membrane, giving it a more negative net charge. The positively charged antibiotic gentamicin and cationic antimicrobial peptides such as β-defensins and CAP18 were more effective against the mutants. The levels of moenomycin and vancomycin binding to intact cells was also greater in the mutants than in the wild type, while the binding affinity was not altered when cells boiled in sodium dodecyl sulfate were used, indicating that both agents had higher affinities for the negatively charged membranes of the mutants. Therefore, the membrane charge of S. aureus appears to influence the efficacies of moenomycin, vancomycin, and other cationic antimicrobial agents.
Supply risk perceptions and practices: An exploratory comparison of German and US supply management professionals

Due in part to recent tragedies such as the terrorist events of September 11 and the widespread effects of Hurricanes Rita and Katrina, there has been a growing body of research examining supply risk and supply disruptions. However, to date, most of these studies have either relied on qualitative tools for better understanding risk, or have created simulations to replicate the effects of these disruptions. Further, most of these studies have focused on specific company practices or the viewpoints from a single country or culture. To address this research gap, the purpose of this exploratory study is to examine the effects of supply disruption occurrence, how supply risk is perceived and managed, and if differences exist between supply management professionals from the USA and Germany. The preliminary findings indicate that some differences in risk perceptions and management do exist between US and German supply management professionals, which may be explained, in part, from cultural orientation and practices.
Competing Institutional Logics? Local Accountability and Scale and Efficiency in an Expanding Non-Profit Housing Sector

Housing associations provide an example of the non-profit sector taking a major role in public service provision. This article tracks the implications for public accountability of their growth over the past 25 years to become the main providers of social housing. It uses the concept of institutional logics to highlight the conflicting accountability drivers they face and the organisational choices this is forcing them to make. Two competing logics are dominant in the current period: scale and efficiency and local accountability. Case studies map the impact of these competing logics on organisational change. The future development of the sector could involve displacement of one logic by the other, continued co-existence of the two logics or fragmentation of the field. A fourth possibility is that existing logics will be transformed by private sector market entry.
Case Reports of Sleep Phenotypes of ADHD

Objective: Five sleep ADHD phenotypes have been hypothesized: (a) the hypo-arousal state of the “primary” form of ADHD, (b) the sleep phase advanced disorder, (c) sleep disordered breathing (SDB), (d) restless legs syndrome and/or periodic limb movements disorder (PLMD), and (e) epilepsy. Method: Five case reports are presented; each child but one underwent video-polysomnography. Results: The first case report is an example of ADHD and SDB, with improvement of hypersomnolence after resolution of sleep apnea. The second case shows the impact of delayed sleep onset latency in the pathogenesis of ADHD, and the efficacy of melatonin. The third case report describes the association with PLMD, with amelioration after iron supplementation. The other two cases are examples of ADHD and epilepsy, with clinical improvement after antiepileptic treatment was started. Conclusion: A diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm should be designed to find the best first-line treatment for ADHD and sleep problems/epilepsy.
Residue study of ivermectin in plasma, milk, and mozzarella cheese following subcutaneous administration to buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

The distribution of ivermectin in buffalo plasma and milk after administration of a single subcutaneous dose (0.2 mg kg(-)(1) b.w. ) was studied. Ivermectin reached the maximal concentration in plasma (28.5 +/- 1.7 ng mL(-)(1)) and milk (23.6 +/- 2.6 ng mL(-)(1)) after 2.4 +/- 0.32 and 2.8 +/- 0.44 days, respectively. The drug showed a parallel disposition in milk and plasma, with a ratio of 1.12 +/- 0.16. Ivermectin concentrations were detected in mozzarella cheese obtained from milk collected on days 1, 3, 4, and 20 following administration. The highest values (81.4 +/- 3.26 ng g(-)(1)) were found in the cheese produced on day 3 and were 4-fold higher than those present in the milk.
From Passive Objects to Active Subjects: Young People, Performance and Possibility

Among the varied perspectives on human development, those that view development as a social-cultural phenomenon are most consistent with innovative youth development practices. Among these practices, there is an emerging view of development that is related to human beings capacity to perform. In this view, performance, which simultaneously includes who we are and who we are becoming, can develop young people s collective capacity to become culture and community creators. The performance approach helps young people relate to themselves as producers and not simply consumers. Examples of youth development programs that put this approach into practice in US inner cities will be discussed: two after school programs developed by the All Stars Project, Inc. and the school-based mental health program. Let's Talk About It. The implication from the study of these performance-based programs is that performance is a tool that helps young people relate to themselves as active producers of their environments.
Business networks, small firm flexibility and regional development in UK business services

Since 1980, the UK has experienced a dramatic growth in firms and employment in information–intensive business services, such as management consultancy and market research. Recent expansion of new and small firms operating in these sectors is the focus of a major ESRC–sponsored research project currently under way at Cambridge University Small Business Research Centre. Small business service firms are able to compete successfully with large firms due to the imperfect nature of the market which characterizes business services demand and supply, together with specialization of expertise. The success of small business service firms depends on informal person–to–person networks, word–of–mouth recommendation and repeal business based on successful earlier assignments or personal contacts acquired, for example, while working in a large consultancy or market research company. This paper examines the types of networks utilized by small business service firms and argues that two distinct types exist: demand– and s.