Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity in the Internationalization of R&D: Implications for Anomalies in Finance and Macroeconomics

Empirical evidence suggests that investments in research and development (R&D) by older and larger firms are more spread out internationally than R&D investments by younger and smaller firms. In this paper, I explore the quantitative implications of this type of heterogeneity by assuming that incumbents, i.e. current monopolists engaging in incremental innovation, have a higher degree of internationalization in their R&D technologies than entrants, i.e. new firms engaging in radical innovation, in a two-country endogenous growth general equilibrium model. In particular, this assumption allows the model to break the perfect correlation between incumbents' and entrants' innovation probabilities and to match the empirical counterpart exactly.
Evolving hierarchical preferences and behavioral economic policies

This paper critically discusses the standard concept of hierarchical preferences, which presupposes that a stable system of higher- and lower-order preferences exists, wherein the former contains an individual’s fundamental purposes and values, while the latter guides everyday choices. It is argued that systems of hierarchical preferences suffer from problems similar to those of standard preferences, in terms of rationality, that they also are potentially unstable and can change, for example, in response to individual experiences. It is furthermore argued that higher-order preferences may not be coherent internally, because their different parts result from different kinds of reasoning. Finally, it is argued that behavioral economic policies, such as soft paternalism, easily can endanger the autonomy and integrity of an individual as a person.
Quantum operation for one non-Markovian qubit via AC control

This paper studies the simple alternating-current (AC) control strategy for performing quantum state manipulation under a non-Markovian environment (consisting of a cluster of two-level systems). Genetic algorithm is adopted to optimize the parameters of the AC control to fulfil one-qubit quantum operations, such as the NOT gate, the Z gate, and the Hadamard gate. Theoretical analysis and simulations show that our method can keep the Rabi frequency of the system away from the noise band so as to suppress low-frequency 1/ƒ noise. In the meantime, the strategy can also drive the quantum state to the target state with high fidelities.
Proteolytic activation of heparin‐binding EGF‐like growth factor by membrane‐type matrix metalloproteinase‐1 in ovarian carcinoma cells

Increased expression of heparin‐binding EGF‐like growth factor (HB‐EGF) and membrane‐type matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MT1‐MMP) is frequently associated with various types of malignant tumor. HB EGF‐like growth factor has been reported to promote the malignant progression of ovarian carcinoma. Based on this finding, inhibition of HB‐EGF activity with CRM197 is now under phase I clinical evaluation. On the other hand, MT1‐MMP expressed in ovarian carcinoma cells is thought to promote invasion and growth of tumor cells by degrading the extracellular matrix. However, we recently demonstrated that co‐expression of MT1‐MMP and HB‐EGF in gastric carcinoma cells leads to cleavage of HB‐EGF within its N‐terminal heparin‐binding region, converting it into a potent heparin‐independent growth factor. In this study, we evaluated the importance of regulation of HB‐EGF by MT1‐MMP in clinical samples of ovarian carcinoma. We detected co‐expression of HB‐EGF and MT1‐MMP in clear cell ovarian carcinoma tissues, particularly at the invasion front and in tumor cells that had disseminated into the ascites, whereas HB‐EGF alone was expressed in non‐invasive borderline ovarian tumor tissue. Furthermore, a soluble HB‐EGF fragment that corresponds to that processed by MT1‐MMP was detected in malignant ascites obtained from patients with metastatic ovarian carcinoma. Ovarian carcinoma cells that express MT1‐MMP and HB‐EGF exhibited enhanced cell growth in a 3D‐collagen matrix and anchorage‐independent growth in suspension. These results indicate that MT1‐MMP co‐expressed with HB‐EGF in ovarian carcinoma cells potentiates the activity of HB‐EGF to promote invasive tumor growth and spreading in vivo. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 111–116)
The Catalytic Effect of Internationalization on Innovation

This paper examines how internationalization spurs corporate innovation. Internationalization heightens the competitive environment of firms, while increasing financial flexibility. The increased competition reduces agency problems, and motivates innovation projects which are supported by improved financial flexibility. We obtain robust evidence with difference-in-differences and instrumental variable approaches. The passage of anti-takeover laws and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are treated as exogenous variations to corporate governance; shocks on firm capital supply measured by mutual fund redemptions are also considered. A less positive finding is that internationalization motivates firms to focus on the appropriability of the innovation rather than on basic research.
Competencies and problems of poor and non-poor American emerging adults

Developmental perspectives emphasize understanding the etiology of offending across the life course and in relation to other analogous behaviors (i.e. mental illness, substance use, academic failure, social problems). Two prominent DLC theories---Moffitt's (1993) Developmental Taxonomy and Sampson and Laub's (1993) Age Graded Theory (AGT) of Informal Social Control---offer differing perspectives on the etiology of offending. Moffitt (1993) contends that four types of offenders can be identified in the general population based on various individual deficits, family problems and analogous behaviors. Sampson and Laub (1993) argue offending is a consequence of opportunities to offend and the inability of society to exert proper control over individuals' hedonistic desires. I use the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) to compare the efficacy of the two theories for explaining offending among contemporary American emerging adults aged 18-25 years old. Consistent with developmental perspectives, factors affecting life circumstances of emerging adults are also examined as risk (poverty) and buffers (neighborhood cohesion, economic emerging adults exhibit low levels of offending and analogous problems. Yet, 55% of emerging adults in the low offending group (exhibiting normal behavior) reported driving under the influence of alcohol in the past year. Thus, substance related offending appears to be a common phenomenon among emerging adults. Being very poor is associated with more than twice the relative risk of being in a multiple problem profile that includes high levels of offending and serious concomitant problems such as mental illness, substance dependence, arrests and academic failure. The belief that religion is important---but not church attendance, economic supports, or neighborhood cohesion---protects emerging adults from offending, analogous problems, and problematic overall functioning, regardless of economic status. I found support for a number of the propositions shared by AGT and the Developmental Taxonomy. However, because of its inability to account for between individual differences in severity and types of offending there is less support for AGT than for the Developmental Taxonomy. Implications for future theoretical elaboration and advancing the study of offending among American emerging adults are discussed.
A pillar of community: Local newspapers, community capital, and impact on readership and advertising

ABSTRACT With the advent of the Internet, once prosperous local newspapers are now faced with closure as the number of subscriptions decreases and advertising revenue continues to wane. The purpose of this article is to investigate how a newspaper’s role is perceived by its local community. This perception is conceptualized as community capital and influences subscription/readership of the newspaper and willingness to visit local retailers that advertise in the newspaper. A midsize local market in the US was surveyed to examine the perceived importance of the newspaper as local community capital with various measurements including readership and advertising impacts. Results suggest that subscribers tend to perceive the newspaper’s community capital to be higher than nonsubscribers. Also, subscribers were more likely than nonsubscribers to visit businesses that advertise in the local newspaper.
Fate of phosphorus in dairy wastewater and poultry litter applied on grassland.

Large and repeated manure applications can exceed the P sorption capacity of soil and increase P leaching and losses through subsurface drainage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fate of P applied with increasing N rates in dairy wastewater or poultry litter on grassland during a 4-yr period. In addition to P recovery in forage, soil-test phosphorus (STP) was monitored at depths to 180 cm in a Darco loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults) twice annually. A split-plot arrangement of a randomized complete block design comprised four annual N rates (0, 250, 500, and 1000 kg ha(-1)) for each nutrient source on coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. ] over-seeded with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L. cv. TAM90). Increasing annual rates of N and P in wastewater and poultry litter increased P removal in forage (P = 0.001). At the highest N rate of each nutrient source, less than 13% of applied P was recovered in forage. The highest N rates delivered 8 times more P in wastewater or 15 times more P in poultry litter than was removed in forage harvests during an average year. Compared with controls, annual P rates up to 188 kg ha(-1) in dairy wastewater did not increase STP concentrations at depths below 30 cm. In contrast, the highest annual P rate (590 kg ha(-1)) in poultry litter increased STP above that of controls at depth intervals to 120 cm during the first year of sampling. Increases in STP at depths below 30 cm in the Darco soil were indicative of excessive P rates that could contribute to nonpoint-source pollution in outflows from subsoil through subsurface drainage.
Exploring the Contributing Factors to Labor Market Assimilation Outcomes Across Refugee Groups in the United States

Upon arrival in the United States, refugees suffer from a substantial disadvantage in the US labor market when compared to non-refugee immigrants and natives. However, over time, labor market assimilation occurs for refugees as their employment outcomes improve, but the degrees and rates of assimilation vary greatly among refugee groups. This paper aims to analyze why some refugee groups perform worse than others in the US labor market do when human capital differences have been accounted for. This paper has two foci; firstly, it looks at how source country-specific characteristics as measured by the source country’s GDP per capita impact the labor market performance among refugee groups. The second focus broadens the scope to identify non-human capital factors that affect wage gaps between refugees and non-refugee immigrants with similar backgrounds. Using the 2011-2015 American Community Survey data, I conducted both descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Squares regression analyses to compare labor market outcomes of refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Romania, Russia and other USSR states, Laos, Iraq, and Somalia. Refugee Labor Market Assimilation Outcomes in the US 2
Common variants of LRRK2 are not associated with sporadic Parkinson's disease

Multiple mutations in the gene for the leucine‐rich repeat kinase (LRRK2) cause autosomal dominant late‐onset parkinsonism (PARK8). The Gly2019Ser mutation appears to be common in different populations. To investigate whether this novel gene influences the non‐Mendelian sporadic form of Parkinson's disease, we genotyped 121 single nucleotide polymorphisms comprehensively covering the entire LRRK2 gene region in a set of 340 Parkinson's disease patients and 680 matched control subjects from Germany. No association could be demonstrated. We have therefore no evidence for the existence of a common variant in LRRK2 that has a strong influence on Parkinson's disease risk. Ann Neurol 2005
RELIGIOSITY, FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE, AND FINANCIAL BEHAVIOR INFLUENCE ON PERSONAL FINANCIAL DISTRESS AMONG MILLENNIAL GENERATION

This study attempts to examine the personal financial distress among Malaysians millennial generation by scrutinizing religiosity, financial knowledge, and financial behavior as the influencing antecedents. The study adopted social learning theory (SLT) to underpin and explain the conceptual framework. The data were collected from millennial generations in Malaysia and analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling. The findings suggest that all claimed hypotheses were partially supported. Implication and contribution of the study were later discussed to justify the significance of this research. The findings revealed that behavioral traits to have a stronger impact on the incidence of personal financial distress than religiosity or financial knowledge. The results suggested the government should implement policy that could be oriented towards improving the financial habits and mitigating the impact of behavioral characteristics on personal finances
Effect of MTAD on the shear bond strength of self-etch adhesives to dentin

Background: As the use of different irrigants to eliminate residual debris and smear layer in the field of endodontic is unavoidable, by considering the effect of irrigants on the bond strength of resin composite restorations, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of a mixture of a tetracycline isomer, an acid, and a detergent (MTAD) on the shear bond strength of two self-etch adhesives, Clearfil SE Bond and Adper Prompt L- Pop to dentin. Materials and Methods: The crowns of 80 extracted premolars were transversally sectioned to expose dentin. Flat dentin surfaces were wet abraded with 320-grit abrasive paper and randomly assigned to eight groups according to two self-etch adhesive and four dentin surface treatments: direct application over smear layer (no treatment), etching with 35% phosphoric acid for 15s, 1 min 5.25% NaOCl/1 min MTAD and 20min 1.3% NaOCl/5min MTAD. Shear bond strength was tested 24 h after storage in distilled water at 37°C in incubator. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by duncan post-hoc (α=0.05). Results: Phosphoric acid etching prior to SE Bond application significantly decreased the shear bond strength to dentin (P<0.05). Application of MTAD clinical protocol (20min 1.3% NaOCl/5min MTAD) did not significantly decrease the shear bond strength of self-etch adhesives to dentin (P=0.745) Conclusions: Based on the results of present investigation, it seems that the use of clinical protocol of 1.3% NaOCl as a root canal irrigant and a 5-min application of MTAD as a final rinse to remove the smear layer has no adverse effect on the shear bond strength of self-etch adhesives to dentin.
Prediction of transporter family from protein sequence by support vector machine approach

Transporters play key roles in cellular transport and metabolic processes, and in facilitating drug delivery and excretion. These proteins are classified into families based on the transporter classification (TC) system. Determination of the TC family of transporters facilitates the study of their cellular and pharmacological functions. Methods for predicting TC family without sequence alignments or clustering are particularly useful for studying novel transporters whose function cannot be determined by sequence similarity. This work explores the use of a machine learning method, support vector machines (SVMs), for predicting the family of transporters from their sequence without the use of sequence similarity. A total of 10,636 transporters in 13 TC subclasses, 1914 transporters in eight TC families, and 168,341 nontransporter proteins are used to train and test the SVM prediction system. Testing results by using a separate set of 4351 transporters and 83,151 nontransporter proteins show that the overall accuracy for predicting members of these TC subclasses and families is 83.4% and 88.0%, respectively, and that of nonmembers is 99.3% and 96.6%, respectively. The accuracies for predicting members and nonmembers of individual TC subclasses are in the range of 70.7–96.1% and 97.6–99.9%, respectively, and those of individual TC families are in the range of 60.6–97.1% and 91.5–99.4%, respectively. A further test by using 26,139 transmembrane proteins outside each of the 13 TC subclasses shows that 90.4–99.6% of these are correctly predicted. Our study suggests that the SVM is potentially useful for facilitating functional study of transporters irrespective of sequence similarity. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization and characterization of endothelin receptors in human gliomas: a growth factor?

Localization and characterization of endothelin receptors in surgical specimens of human gliomas (6 benign astrocytomas and 7 glioblastomas multiforme) and in normal human cortices were studied using quantitative receptor autoradiographic methods. Low numbers of [125I]endothelin-1 [( 125I]ET-1) binding sites were detected in the gray matter of the human frontal cortex, with little binding in the white matter. Conversely, relatively high numbers of [125I]ET-1 binding sites were homogeneously present in tissue sections derived from astrocytomas, whereas higher numbers of [125I]ET-1 binding sites were heterogeneously located on groups of cells with a pseudopalisading appearance and pleomorphic astrocytes in glioblastoma multiforme. Necrotic areas within the tissue sections derived from glioblastoma were devoid of binding. Binding of [125I]ET-1 to gliomas and normal gray matter was specific. Unlabeled ET-1 and its natural analogs (ET-2 and ET-3) inhibited the binding of [125I]ET-1 to these lesions in a concentration-dependent manner and with similar high potencies. Possibly related substances, such as ion channel regulators (omega-conotoxin, apamin, and tetrodotoxin), a Ca2+ channel blocker (nicardipine), and growth factors (epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor I), did not affect the binding to tissue sections derived from gliomas or from normal frontal cortices. Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of a single class and high-affinity binding sites for endothelin in normal cortex and in gliomas. There was no significant difference in the binding affinities: dissociation constants (Kd) were 2.1 +/- 0.5 nM in 6 astrocytomas, 2.5 +/- 0.4 nM in 7 glioblastomas, and 1.4 and 1.5 nM in two normal cortices. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Proteases of Treponema denticola outer sheath and extracellular vesicles

Electron microscopical observations of the oral periodontopathogen Treponema denticola show the presence of extracellular vesicles bound to the bacterial surface or free in the surrounding medium. Extracellular vesicles from T. denticola ATCC 35404, 50 to 100 nm in diameter, were isolated and further characterized. Protein and proteolytic patterns of the vesicles were found to be very similar to those of isolated T. denticola outer sheaths. They were enriched with the major outer sheath polypeptides (molecular sizes, 113 to 234 kDa) and with outer sheath proteases of 91, 153, 173, and 228 kDa. These findings indicate that treponemal outer sheath vesicles contain the necessary adhesins and proteolytic arsenal for adherence to and damage of eucaryotic cells and mammalian matrix proteins. The major outer sheath- and vesicle-associated protease of T. denticola ATCC 35404 was purified and characterized. The purified enzyme had a molecular size of 91 kDa, and it dissociated into three polypeptides of 72, 38, and 35 kDa upon heating in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate with or without a reducing agent. The activity of the enzyme could be inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and phenylboronic acid. The value of the second-order rate constant of the protease inactivation by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was 0.48 x 10(4) M(-1) min-1. Inhibition of the enzyme by phenylboronic acid was rapid (< 1 min) and pH dependent. These data strongly suggest that this major surface proteolytic activity belongs to a family of serine proteases.
Diabetes and hyperglycemia: Strict glycemic control

Objective:To critically review recent evidence on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and control of acute and chronic hyperglycemia in medical and surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Data Source and Study Selection:A MEDLINE/PubMed search (1966 through February 2006) with manual cross-referencing was conducted, including all relevant articles published on blood glucose control in intensive care patients. An emphasis was placed on more recent clinical trials investigating the effects of tight glycemic control in ICU patients and on basic science studies investigating the pathophysiology and systemic effects of transient hyperglycemia in nondiabetic patients. Data Extraction and Synthesis:Original articles, selected reviews, letters to the editor, and chapters of selected textbooks were extracted. The reviewed information was then analyzed with respect to the prevalence of hyperglycemia in ICU patients, the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia in nondiabetics, and evidence on glycemic control in various subgroups of ICU patients. The risk of iatrogenic hypoglycemia in the ICU and potential future research directions are discussed at the end of the review. Conclusions:Recent evidence shows direct improvements in patient mortality and in-hospital morbidity with strict control of even short-term elevations of glucose levels in certain subgroups of ICU patients. However, precisely defined target glucose levels, subgroup analyses of different patient populations and treatment interventions, and the avoidance of hypoglycemic episodes during insulin therapy remain incompletely resolved and warrant future investigation.