Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stable patterns of upper limb muscle activation in different conditions of human walking

Background:Â Arm swing during human gait is associated with contractions of upper limb muscles, which have been examined rarely. Aim: This study aims to identify basic temporal patterns of upper limb muscle activation during walking conditions involving different modes of arm swing. Method: Twenty volunteers were examined during (a) normal forward walking, (b) walking with immobilized arms, (c) walking while carrying loads in one or in both hands. Electromyographic (EMG) data were collected for the trapezius (TRAP), anterior (AD) and posterior deltoid (PD), biceps (BIC), triceps (TRI), latissimus dorsi (LD) and lumbar erector spinae (ES) muscles. Results: Principal components analyses identified two basic patterns of muscle activation that remained stable across gait conditions. Some rhythmical EMG signals of arm and shoulder muscles (TRAP, PD, TRI, LD) persisted during walking with immobilized arms, indicating coupled activation of leg and arm muscles. Carrying a load in one hand resulted in stronger ipsilateral EMG activity (TRAP, AD, PD, BIC, TRI) than splitting the same load between both hands. Interpretation: Although the amount of upper limb muscle activity varies markedly between different conditions of human walking (with/without arm sing; with/without load carriage), basic temporal activation patterns remain stable, indicating a common motor control strategy.
Paleogeography and Sedimentation Settings during Permian-Triassic Reorganizations in Biosphere

Origination and growing aridity of Pangea and transition from glacial to ice-free climate led in the Permian-Early Triassic to substantial reorganization in all biosphere subsystems. Lithological-paleogeo- graphic maps drawn for the late Sakmarian-early Artinskian and late Kazanian-early Toarcian periods of the Permian and for the Induan Age of the Early Triassic illustrate main paleogeographic changes that were related to the Pangea uplift, successive regression of epicontinental seas, disappearance of glacial sedimentation areas, progradation of arid and semiarid sedimentation, expansion and multiplication of closed basins, and reduced surficial but enhanced groundwater discharge into shelf seas surrounding Pangea. This distorted the global bal- ance of mineral exchange between land and ocean and reduced the terrigenous influx of nutrients and primary productivity in ocean that could destruct the former feeding chains and represent one of possible factors respon- sible for mass extinction at the end of the Permian.
The Impact of Investor Sentiment on Stock Returns in Emerging Markets: The Case of Central European Markets

This article studies the effect of investor sentiment on stock returns in three Central European markets: the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. The results show that sentiment is a key variable in the prices of stocks traded on these markets, and has a stronger impact here than in more developed European markets. This effect is linked to stock characteristics, particularly those considered to make stocks more prone to the influence of investor sentiment. The evidence shows that the effect is not uniform across countries, since higher levels are found for Poland and the Czech Republic, thus confirming the role of country-specific factors in the impact of investor sentiment on stock prices. The results also confirm that sentiment is a twofold (global and local) phenomenon, in which the global dimension has much greater impact than the local dimension, at least in the markets considered. Finally, the article shows that sentiment does not spread, at least to any significant degree, through the movement of capital between markets. This strengthens the argument that sentiment is transmitted through a behavioral mechanism. If this argument proves correct, there is little likelihood of local regulatory action being very effective in limiting the perverse impact of asset bubbles.
PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH OF MALAYSIAN BANKS: FOREIGN-OWNED ISLAMIC BANKS AND ISLAMIC BANK SUBSIDIARIES

The paper examines the productivity of a sample of Islamic and conventional banks in Malaysia for the period 2000 to 2008, using a generalised Malmquist productivity index, and mainly focuses on the foreignowned Islamic bank and Islamic banking subsidiaries. We decompose productivity change into efficiency, technical, and scale change. Both foreign full-fledged Islamic banks and conventional banks with Islamic bank subsidiary exhibited negative productivity change, attributed to negative rate of technical change and scale change effects. Despite the flexibility in operation, the newly converted bank subsidiary may need sometimes to develop technology, while foreign Islamic banks may need more time to overcome their output disadvantages.
EXAMINING THE RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS USING PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING (PLS-SEM)

Understanding teacher’s behavioural intention in teaching science becomes a foundation to improve teacher education programme. Prior to the evaluation of the interrelation between teacher self-efficacy beliefs, teaching motivation, attitudes towards teaching science, and behavioural intention in teaching science, this research examines the reliability and validity of instruments used to measure the constructs. ‘Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument-Form B’ (STEBI-B) was used to measure pre-service science teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs. ‘Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers’ (WTMST) was used to measure teaching motivation. ‘Dimensions of Attitude towards Science’ (DAS) was used to measure attitudes towards teaching science whereas the ‘Behavioural Intention Scale’ was used to measure behavioural intention in teaching science among pre-service science teachers. Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling approach was used to evaluate the reliability and validity of the instruments. Research findings concluded all instruments are valid and reliable to be used in future research.
The role of food stamps in consumption stabilization

Although the Food Stamp Program is the largest universal entitlement program in the social safety net, little is known about its stabilizing role in household income and consumption. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics spanning 1980-99, we estimate the volatility of income with and without food stamps coupled with a variance decomposition of consumption. Among families at high ex ante risk of food stamp participation food stamps reduced income volatility by about 12 percent and food-consumption volatility by about 14 percent. There was, however, a marked decline in consumption-smoothing benefits of the program in the early 1990s relative to the 1980s.
'The bearer of the mechanism of change': small-firm inventiveness and patenting in Norway

Firm-size is one of several variables within a larger system where technology, institutions, demand, strategic decisions and random processes play central roles in shaping overall economic outcomes (Sutton, 1998). This chapter starts from the premise that the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) - and the conditions for their participation - is especially important for small open economies like the Norwegian case where firm demographics are dominated by relatively small companies. The role these firms play in knowledge generation and the problems they meet have implications for the working of the innovation system as a whole and for policies that address these. The chapter draws on some aspects the unresolved (-able? ) small versus big debate which traces back to disparate positions taken by Schumpeter. In this controversy, we are not primarily interested in the headline issue of which size-classes may or may not contribute most to technological progress. The purpose is to explore the role that different size classes play and to consider some implications to the working of the innovation system as a whole. We explore the contribution of the small firm to inventive activity in line with the Schumpeter's early conjecture (Schumpeter, 1912; 1989), and consider problems this set of firms seem to face in managing their intellectual property in the growing 'market for technology', (Arora, Fosuri, Gambardella, 2000).
DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED RANKS

Probabilities and odds, derived from vectors of ranks, are here compared as measures of efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs). These measures are computed with the goal of providing preliminary information before starting a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) or the application of any other evaluation or composition of preferences methodology. Preferences, quality and productivity evaluations are usually measured with errors or subject to influence of other random disturbances. Reducing evaluations to ranks and treating the ranks as estimates of location parameters of random variables, we are able to compute the probability of each DMU being classified as the best according to the consumption of each input and the production of each output. Employing the probabilities of being the best as efficiency measures, we stretch distances between the most efficient units. We combine these partial probabilities in a global efficiency score determined in terms of proximity to the efficiency frontier.
Apparent break in earthquake scaling due to path and site effects on deep borehole recordings

[1] We reexamine the scaling of stress drop and apparent stress, rigidity times the ratio between seismically radiated energy to seismic moment, with earthquake size for a set of microearthquakes recorded in a deep borehole in Long Valley, California. In the first set of calculations, we assume a constant Q and solve for the corner frequency and seismic moment. In the second set of calculations, we model the spectral ratio of nearby events to determine the same quantities. We find that the spectral ratio technique, which can account for path and site effects or nonconstant Q, yields higher stress drops, particularly for the smaller events in the data set. The measurements determined from spectral ratios indicate no departure from constant stress drop scaling down to the smallest events in our data set (Mw 0.8). Our results indicate that propagation effects can contaminate measurements of source parameters even in the relatively clean recording environment of a deep borehole, just as they do at the Earth's surface. The scaling of source properties of microearthquakes made from deep borehole recordings may need to be reevaluated.
Apollo 17 regolith, 71501,262: A record of impact events and mare volcanism in lunar glasses

Abstract— Thirteen glasses from Apollo 17 regolith 71501,262 have been chemically analyzed by electron microprobe and isotopically dated with the 40Ar/39Ar dating method. We report here the first isotopic age obtained for the Apollo 17 very low titanium (VLT) volcanic glasses, 3630 ± 40 Ma. Twelve impact glasses that span a wide compositional range have been found to record ages ranging from 102 ± 20 Ma to 3740 ± 50 Ma. The compositions of these impact glasses show that some have been produced by impact events within the Apollo 17 region, whereas others appear to be exotic to the landing site. As the data sets that include compositions and ages of lunar impact glasses increase, the impact history in the Earth‐Moon system will become better constrained.
A Complicated Case of Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis: A Case Report and Literature Review

C l i n M e d International Library Citation: Mlinšek G, Jerman A, Kovač D, Lindič J, Mihelič M, et al. (2015) A Complicated Case of Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Int J Transplant Res Med 1:010 Received: September 18, 2015: Accepted: October 19, 2015: Published: October 22, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Mlinšek G. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Mlinšek et al. Int J Transplant Res Med 2015, 1:2
The Jaw Mechanism During Growth of a Generalized Haplochromis Species: H. Elegans Trewavas 1933 (Pisces, Cichlidae)

This paper deals with the jaw mechanism of Haplochromis elegans, a generalized 1 Haplochromis 2 species. The central issues are the kinematics and statics of the mechanism and the way these are influenced by its proportions. These proportions change during growth and differ in related species. A mathematical computer model is formulated to deal with the kinematics and the statics of the mechanism. A calculation procedure is developed to determine the importance of the position of anatomical points in the mechanism for force-transmission during biting. It is also possible to change the position of all relevant anatomical points gradually and thereby improve the whole mechanism for the function of biting. In this way a prediction is made about the proportions expected in a powerful biting haplochromine species such as H. nigricans. The predictions made are correct in six of the seven specialized proportions of H. nigricans. A simplified kinematical model is presented which demonstrates the essence of protrusion in cichlid fishes and in many other acanthopterygian fishes. The differences in proportions of an adult and a first free-swimming stage of H. elegans are evaluated with the computer model. It appears that some proportions are more favourable for biting in the young stage, others are unfavourable due to the relative size of the eye.
Influential Opinion Leaders

We present a two-stage coordination game in which early choices of experts with special interests are observed by followers who move in the second stage. We show that the equilibrium outcome is biased toward the experts’ interests even though followers know the distribution of expert interests and can account for it when evaluating observed experts’ actions. Expert influence is fully decentralized in the sense that each individual expert has a negligible impact. The bias in favor of experts results from a social learning effect that is multiplied through a coordination motive. The total effect can be large even if the direct social learning effect is small. We apply our results to the onset of social movements and to the diffusion of products with network externalities.
Growing a ‘cosmic beast’: observations and simulations of MACS J0717.5+3745

We present a gravitational lensing and X-ray analysis of a massive galaxy cluster and its surroundings. The core of MACS J0717.5+3745 (⁠|$M(R\lt 1\, {\rm Mpc})\sim$| |$2 \times 10^{15}\, \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$|⁠, |$z$| = 0.54) is already known to contain four merging components. We show that this is surrounded by at least seven additional substructures with masses ranging |$3.8{-}6.5\times 10^{13}\, \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$|⁠, at projected radii 1.6–4.9 Mpc. We compare MACS J0717 to mock lensing and X-ray observations of similarly rich clusters in cosmological simulations. The low gas fraction of substructures predicted by simulations turns out to match our observed values of 1–|$4{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠. Comparing our data to three similar simulated haloes, we infer a typical growth rate and substructure infall velocity. That suggests MACS J0717 could evolve into a system similar to, but more massive than, Abell 2744 by |$z$| = 0.31, and into a ∼ |$10^{16}\, \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$| supercluster by |$z$| = 0. The radial distribution of infalling substructure suggests that merger events are strongly episodic; however, we find that the smooth accretion of surrounding material remains the main source of mass growth even for such massive clusters.
Spectroscopic decomposition of the galaxy and halo of the cD galaxyNGC 3311

Information on the star-formation histories of cD galaxies and their extended stellar haloes lie in their spectra. Therefore, to determine whether these structures evolved together or through a two-phase formation, we need to spectroscopically separate the light from each component. We present a pilot study to use BUDDI to fit and extract the spectra of the cD galaxy NGC 3311 and its halo in an Integral Field Spectroscopy datacube, and carry out a simple stellar populations analysis to study their star-formation histories. Using MUSE data, we were able to isolate the light of the galaxy and its halo throughout the datacube, giving spectra representing purely the light from each of these structures. The stellar populations analysis of the two components indicates that, in this case, the bulk of the stars in both the halo and the central galaxy are very old, but the halo is more metal poor and less α-enriched than the galaxy. This result is consistent with the halo forming through the accretion of much smaller satellite galaxies with more extended star formation. It is noteworthy that the apparent gradients in age and metallicity indicators across the galaxy are entirely consistent with the radially-varying contributions of galaxy and halo components, which individually display no gradients. The success of this study is promising for its application to a larger sample of cD galaxies that are currently being observed by IFU surveys.
Vision and Cerebellum: Evaluating the Influence of Motor Control on Cognitive Execution through Multiscale Wavelet Entropy

Active vision integrates the information coming, through the retina, from the outside world with that gener- ated internally by the brain, especially by eye movements (saccades). We investigate the influence that the eyes motor con- trol might play on visual search. Thirteen cerebellar patients and twenty-five healthy subjects performed a high cognitively demanding task (Trail Making Test), we correlated the performance of eye motor control with the abilities to perform the task efficiently, and we found a strict correlation between the two factors on patients. The experimental evidence supports an indirect role of the cerebellum on cognitive performance due to noise feedback.
Taxation and Investment: Lessons from the Microeconomic Structure

This paper addresses the role of taxes over the firm's investment decisions. We propose a framework that considers microeconomic decisions to evaluate aggregate effects of taxes over the economy's investment dynamics. We obtain strong results and policy recommendations. First, and contrary to other studies, we conclude that the tax system significatively affects the long run level of capital stock in the economy. Second, we indicate that the "first-best" policy is to tax retired profits rather than current profits. Third, when the "first-best" policy is not available, because it does not provide enough revenues, we should implement a tax system that minimize the distortion over the relative price of investment. This tax system is a mixture of zero investment subsidies (credit to investment and depreciation allowances) and positive, but small, corporate tax. We simulate the effects of those tax policies in an economy with heterogenous firms and, under a reasonable set of parameters, we find that the effect of a tax in current profits over the long run level of capital stock, may be as large as 43 per cent of capital stock, when we compare an economy with no distortions versus an economy with a 15 per cent corporate tax rate
Effects of Exogenous Cellulase Source on In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Production of Crop Straws and Grasses

Tang, S.X. , Zou, Y. , Wang, M. , Salem, A.Z. M. , Odongo, N.E. , Zhou, C.S. , Han, X.F. , Tan, Z.L. , Zhang, M. , Fu, Y.F. , Huang, S.Q. , He, Z.X. and Kang, J.H. 2013. Effects of exogenous cellulase source on in vitro fermentation characteristics and methane production of crop straws and grasses. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 489-505. In vitro fermentation experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of 3 sources of exogenous cellulase products (EC) at 4 dose rates (DR) (0, 12, 37 and 62 IU/g of DM) on degradation of forage and methane production by mixed rumen micro-organisms of goats. The maximum gas production (Vf) of grasses was higher (P<0.001) in Neocallimastix patriciarum (NP) group than those in Trichoderma reesei (TR) and Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TL) groups. Quadratic increases in dry matter degradation (DMD) of forage and neutral detergent fiber (NDFD) of straw were observed for all EC, with optimum DR in the low range. Supplementation of EC originated from TR and NP increased (P<0.001) DMD of forage compared to that from TL. Addition of EC originated from TR and NP also decreased pH value, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and methane (CH4) production compared to that from TL. Quadratic decreases in pH value, NH3-N and CH4 of forage were noted for EC of TR and NP, and with optimum DR in the low range. For short chain fatty acid, the EC of NP increased total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and acetate concentration and the ratio of acetate to propionate of forage compared with EC of TL and TR, and with optimum DR in the low to medium range. It was concluded that the source of EC differed in fiber degradation and methane emission, and with optimum DR of TR in the low range (from 12 to 37 U/g DM) in improving fiber degradation and decreasing methane emission.
Modelling Changing Rural Land Use in New Zealand 1997 to 2008 Using a Multinomial Logit Approach

Rural land use in New Zealand is an important driver of economic activity and has clear implications for the environment, including for biodiversity, climate change emissions and water quality. The spatial distribution and aggregate shares of rural land use is always changing, but change occurs slowly. To better understand the drivers of rural land use change, this paper addresses three questions using the popular multinomial logit modelling approach. First, do recent commodity prices have any predictive power on land use conversions? Second, is recently sold land more likely to change use? Third, does land which is marginal between uses have identifiable characteristics? The data used consists of the New Zealand Landcover Database version 3 (LCDB3), with observations in 1997, 2002 and 2008; 6 year average profitability data for dairy, sheep and beef and forestry; QVNZ land sales data; and I control for land quality and Maori tenure. In answering the first and third questions, I evaluate the predictive power of a spatially explicit land use share multinomial logit model, estimated from 2002 cross-sectional variation. To supplement the land use share multinomial logit for questions one and three, and to address question two, I use a land use transition multinomial logit, estimating the likelihood of transition from a single starting land use between 1997 and 2002, similar to Lubowski et al. (2008). Finally, I compare the two modelling approaches.
Set estimation: another bridge between statistics and geometry

Set estimation has to do with the statistical reconstruction of sets from random set of points. This theory is closely related with nonparametric functional estimation as well as with stochastic geometry. A nonexhaustive expository overview of set estimation theory is given. The aim is to present the basic ideas, some typical tools involved in the theory and a few applications. Most technicalities are omitted or summarized.
A modified scale invariant statistical theory of turbulence

A scale-invariant model of statistical mechanics is applied to present a modified statistical theory of turbulence. It is shown that a homogeneous isotropic turbulent fluid is composed of a spectrum of eddies (energy levels) each composed of a spectrum of molecular clusters with energy spectra governed by the invariant Planck distribution law and harmonious with the Kolmogorov κ 5/3 law. The stability of clusters, de Broglie wave packets, is due to a potential that acts as Poincare stress in the Schrodinger equation. Key-Words: Statistical theory of turbulence. Brownian motions. Quantum mechanics. TOE