Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Rwandan teachers’ and learners’ perceived speaking proficiency in both Kinyarwanda and English after 2008-2011 consecutive language-in-education policy shifts

While several studies on speaking proficiency are found in various languages worldwide, there is a paucity of studies that investigated the learners’ and teachers’ speaking proficiency after language policy shifts. This article investigates the perceived speaking proficiency in English and Kinyarwanda among Rwandan lower primary school learners and their teachers after experiencing two consecutive language policy shifts, that is the shift from French-dominant medium to English-only in 2008 and the shift from English to Kinyarwanda medium in 2011. An attitudinal survey was administered among 324 learners and teachers, selected in six schools in both rural and urban settings of Rwanda. Interpreted within the lens of language preference model and integrative theories of communication competence, the main finding is that both urban and rural teachers and learners perceived themselves to have high proficiency in speaking Kinyarwanda; while their perceived proficiency in speaking English is unbalanced. The paper argues that Rwandan learners’ and teachers’ characteristics, circumstances, exposure and endoglossic ideology have all led to uneven levels of proficiency in both English and Kinyarwanda, after the two consecutive policy shifts. Keywords: Language-in-education policy shifts; teachers’ and learners’ perceived speaking proficiency; endoglossic country; Rwanda
Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business-State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

The purpose of the study is threefold (1) to examine the level of faraid awareness among university students, as well as (2)the factors that may influence it, and (3)to investigate whether there is any difference between the various groups of respondents based on gender, education level, age and country of origin. The study uses three main statistical techniques to analyse the data, namely, one sample t-test, MANOVA and multiple regression. The data was gathered by distributing the questionnaire to 150 students of International Islamic University Malaysia. The findings indicate that overall the students have good knowledge about faraid. Nevertheless, the students were found to have a misconception and misunderstanding regarding female share in inheritance in Islam. In addition, the findings show that there is significant education level difference in faraid awareness. Finally, the findings conclude that among the variables initially included in the study, only facilitating conditions is significantly influencing the level of awareness of the university students.
Among Elite Collegiate Female Athletes Prospective Correlation Between Serum Relaxin Concentration and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears

http://ajs.sagepub. com/content/39/10/2175 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/0363546511413378 2011 39: 2175 originally published online July 7, 2011 Am J Sports Med Jason L. Dragoo, Tiffany N. Castillo, Hillary J. Braun, Bethany A. Ridley, Ashleigh C. Kennedy and S. Raymond Golish Among Elite Collegiate Female Athletes Prospective Correlation Between Serum Relaxin Concentration and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears
Melatonin in Plants – Focus on a Vertebrate Night Hormone with Cytoprotective Properties

Melatonin, first described as a vertebrate hormone produced by the pineal gland, is, in fact, a ubiquitous substance found in the majority of taxa studied, from bacteria and eukaryotic unicells to fungi, pheophyceans, rhodophyceans, chlorophyceans and angiosperms. Since one of the first physiological functions discovered was that of mediation of the signal “darkness”, several studies in photoautotrophs were also focussed on this aspect, with particular attention to photoperiodism. In some species, e.g., the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium and the dicot Chenopodium, melatonin exhibits a robust circadian rhythm peaking at night. The precise role of this rhythmicity is not fully understood and may serve functions other than photoperiodic control. Circadian variations are not always detected or can be differently phased. They should be absent in dry oily seeds, which are particularly rich in melatonin. High quantities are also reported for several medicinal plants and plants exposed to intense natural UV radiation. Not all reports on melatonin levels in photoautotrophs are equally reliable, for methodological reasons. Nevertheless, high amounts found in a number of well-designed studies, also in relation to UV, indicate that cytoprotective properties known from animals may play a role in plants, too. In dry seeds, free radicals cannot be detoxified enzymatically. Therefore, melatonin’s scavenging properties could be of biological value and contribute to antioxidative protection. Elevated levels in some juicy fruits may indicate a role during fruit ripening and a function in maintenance of developmental stages that may extend to the persistence of dormancy. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
38. SEISMIC PROPERTIES OF FLOOD BASALTS FROM HOLE 917A DOWNHOLE DATA, SOUTHEAST GREENLAND VOLCANIC MARGIN 1

Ocean Drilling Program Hole 917A penetrated 779 m of subaerially emplaced basalts and dacites near the landward edge of the seaward-dipping reflector sequences on the southeast Greenland volcanic margin. Wireline logs were recorded in a 430-m interval covering four very thin sediment units and 48 lava units with mean and maximum thickness of 8.9 m and 53 m, respectively. Seismic compressional-, shear-, and tube-wave velocities were obtained by slowness-time coherency inversion of sonic waveform data. The compressional-wave velocity log shows asymmetric cyclic variations, with velocities of 2.5 to 5.5 km/s in the brecciated and vesicular flow tops, and high velocities, 5 to 6 km/s, in the massive and fractured central and lower part o f the lavas. The variations in velocity are attributed to systematic changes in total porosity, pore geometry, and alteration. Th e shear-wave velocity log recorded in high-velocity ( Vs > 1.5 km/s) intervals correlate well with the compressional-wave velocity log. High shear-wave amplitudes identified near numerous high-impedance boundaries are related to mode-conversion within the lava pile. Vp/Vs ratios of 1.8 to 2.0 are recorded throughout the sequence, with no systematic variations. The normalized tube-wave energy log is broadly inversely proportional to the velocity logs, with low energy values in fractured massive intervals and high energy values near unit boundaries and within the top part of the lavas. Comparison of conventional logs and the Formation MicroScanner image gives high confidence to the usefulness of conventional logs in terms of recording downhole textural and lithologic variations in flood basalt terrains. The average velocity in the lava pile is 4.17 km/s, corresponding to 4.05 km/s obtained from the interpretation of seismic reflection data, and is primarily a function of the average lava unit thi ckness.
Non-trivial gravitational waves and structure formation phenomenology from dark energy

The detection of the GW170817/GRB170817A event improved the constraints on the propagation speed of gravitational waves, thus placing possible variations caused by dark energy under restraint. For models based on scalar fields belonging to the family of Horndeski Lagrangians, non-minimal derivative couplings are now severely constrained, entailing a substantially limited phenomenology. In this work we want to stress that there is still a plethora of dark energy models that get around this obstacle while still providing interesting phenomenologies able to distinguish them from the standard cosmology. We focus on a class involving vector fields as a proxy, but our discussion is extensible to a broader class of models. In particular, we show the possibility of having a non-minimal derivative coupling giving a non-trivial effect on scalar modes without affecting gravitational waves and the possibility of having a second tensor mode that can oscillate into gravitational waves. We also present a novel class of configurations breaking rotational invariance but with an energy-momentum tensor that is isotropic on-shell. This peculiar feature makes the scalar and vector sectors of the perturbations mix so that, even in a perfectly isotropic background cosmology, preferred direction effects can appear in the perturbations. We also comment on models that give rise to isotropic solutions when averaging over rapid oscillations of the vector fields. The explored models are classified according to distinctive field configurations that provide inequivalent realisations of the Cosmological Principle.
Using Exposure Tests to Examine Rouging of Stainless Steel

by Troels Mathiesen, Jan Rau, Jan E. Frantsen, Jorma Terava, Per-Ake Bjornstedt, and Benedikt Henkel This article presents the results of an experimental study conducted to support the basic understanding of the rouging phenomenon that often occurs on stainless steel in WFI systems. With the established exposure technique, it is shown that rouging is affected by the surface quality and composition of gas atmosphere. Introduction For many years, numerous cases of redbrown to dark violet deposits on the inside surface of distillation columns, storage vessels, and distribution systems for hot purified water and clean steam have been reported. Due to the visual appearance, those deposits were referred to as rouge. Rouge was observed in pharmaceutical Water for Injection (WFI) systems, which are typically made of austenitic CrNiMo steel grade AISI 316L. The formation of rouge is promoted by elevated temperatures above 60°C Figure 1. Since the presence of rouge is not considered as critical for the water quality as required by current pharmacopoeias, it may represent a potential risk of particulate contamination of pharmaceutical product solutions. Therefore, it may necessitate consistent repeated cleaning operations or proper installation of additional filters at the point of use. A literature survey gained a wide range of opinions as to the origin of rouge, e.g. localized corrosion in vulnerable areas of the passive film,1-9 poor welding including heat tint,4,8,10,11 and various surface contamination such as mild steel particles,2,7 grinding dust and residues from emery wheels.7,8,12 Otherwise, the literature is very focused on the various possibilities for “de-rouging” of pharmaceutical water systems.3,5,8,10,13,14 The two most widely used media for de-rouging are acids and chelants. In 1997, Jessen15 reported a strong influence of the composition of the gas atmosphere, which is in equilibrium with the boiling water and the vapor phase on the formation of rouge. Whereas carbon dioxide containing and/or oxygen depleted media strengthen the formation of rouge, saturation with oxygen inhibited the phenomenon. These findings were the basis for the initiation of a new research project in 1999. The main purpose of this project was to reproduce some of the interesting results from the earlier Project Rouge I by limiting the number of parameters within each experiment and to determine the influence of different surface treatments and alloys.
A review of the properties of Nb3Sn and their variation with A15 composition, morphology and strain state

Significant efforts can be found throughout the literature to optimize the current-carrying capacity of Nb3Sn superconducting wires. The achievable transport current density in wires depends on the A15 composition, morphology and strain state. The A15 sections in wires contain, due to compositional inhomogeneities resulting from solid-state diffusion A15 formation reactions, a distribution of superconducting properties. The A15 grain size can be different from wire to wire, and is also not necessarily homogeneous across the A15 regions. Strain is always present in composite wires, and the strain state changes as a result of thermal contraction differences and Lorentz forces in magnet systems. To optimize the transport properties, it is thus required to identify how composition, grain size and strain state influence the superconducting properties. This is not possible accurately in inhomogeneous and spatially complex systems such as wires. This article therefore gives an overview of the available literature on simplified, well-defined (quasi-)homogeneous laboratory samples. After more than 50 years of research on superconductivity in Nb3Sn, a significant amount of results are available, but these are scattered over a multitude of publications. Two reviews exist on the basic properties of A15 materials in general, but no specific review for Nb3Sn is available. This article is intended to provide such an overview. It starts with a basic description of the niobium–tin intermetallic. After that, it maps the influence of Sn content on the electron–phonon interaction strength and on the field–temperature phase boundary. The literature on the influence of Cu, Ti and Ta additions will then be summarized briefly. This is followed by a review of the effects of grain size and strain. The article concludes with a summary of the main results.
A Study to Detect Sentinel Lymph Node by Methylene Blue Dye and Histopathological Confirmation of Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patient

Background : Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) first metastasizes via lymphatic route and the first draining lymph node is Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN). SLN is identified by combine use of nuclear imaging and dye method, as nuclear imaging facility is expensive, not easily available and radioactive materials have more potential complications so dye alone can be an alternative. Aims : To assess the feasibility of using methylene blue dye (MBD) for detection of SLN in OSCC patient and using frozen section analysis to analyze metastatic status of SLN. Method : 20 patients with the histopathological diagnosis of OSCC, irrespective of stage underwent SLN identification by using a peritumoral injection of MBD. Surgery of neck was done first with reflection of subplatysmal flap to identify blue-stained node as SLN in the neck region and sent for frozen section analysis. Surgery was completed with primary resection and neck dissection. Histopathological analysis of SLN was done later. Results : SLN was identified in level Ib and II in 18 cases (identification rate=90%). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of SLN biopsy with frozen section analysis were 94%, 92.3%, 100%, 100%, 83.3% respectively. Conclusion : Methylene blue dye alone can be successfully used to detect sentinel lymph node in OSCC patient. SLN biopsy with frozen section analysis is sensitive enough to detect the metastatic status of regional lymph node.
Impingement and Dysplasia Using Computer-Assisted Measurements Interobserver and Intraobserver Reliability of the Radiographic Analysis of Femoroacetabular

http://ajs.sagepub. com/content/42/10/2393 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/0363546514542797 2014 42: 2393 originally published online August 18, 2014 Am J Sports Med Ernest L. Sink, John C. Clohisy and for the ANCHOR Study Group Jeffrey J. Nepple, John M. Martell, Young-Jo Kim, Ira Zaltz, Michael B. Millis, David A. Podeszwa, Daniel J. Sucato, Impingement and Dysplasia Using Computer-Assisted Measurements Interobserver and Intraobserver Reliability of the Radiographic Analysis of Femoroacetabular
Design of Experiments for the Monod Model - Robust and Efficient Designs

In this paper the problem of designing experiments for a model which is called Monod model and is frequently used in microbiology is studied. The model is defined implicitly by a differential equation and has numerous applications in microbial growth kinetics, environmental research, pharmacokinetics, and plant physiology. The designs presented so far in the literature are locally optimal designs, which depend sensitively on a preliminary guess of the unknown parameters, and are for this reason in many cases not robust with respect to their misspecification. Uniform designs and maximin optimal designs are considered as a strategy to obtain robust and efficient designs for parameter estimation. In particular standardized maximin D- and E- optimal designs are determined and compared with uniform designs, which are usually applied in these microbiological models. It is shown that standardized maximin optimal designs are always supported on a finite number of points and it is demonstrated that maximin optimal designs are substantially more efficient than uniform designs. Parameter variances can be decreased by a factor two by simply sampling at optimal times during the experiment. Moreover, the maximin optimal designs usually provide the possibility for the experimenter to check the model assumptions, because they have more support points than parameters in the Monod model.
The Absorption and Metabolism of Heavy Metals and Mineral Matters in the Halophyte Plant Artemisia aucheri

To our knowledge there has been no research on Artemisia aucheri as a halophyte plant, when grown in cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils. We tried to quantify the ability of A. aucheri in uptake of Cd and some nutrients in contaminated soil. In a pot culture experiment, five levels of Cd concentration were tested by adding 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 mg of Cd per kilogram of dried soil. Plants were harvested and analyzed for Cd, N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn uptake. Depression in biomass production of plants as a result of excess Cd was observed. Cadmium concentration in plant shoots plant increased with increasing Cd supply significantly affecting the content of plant nutrients. Cd excess amounts increased macronutrients and decreased micronutrients concentrations in plant.
Limiting the rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) damage on guava (Psidium guajava) and mango (Mangifera indica) with an ultrasonic sound player in a farmland of Faislabad, Pakistan.

This paper provides information regarding the damage of rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri: Scopoli) on guava (Psidium guajava L.) and mango (Mangifera indica L.) with an ultrasonic sound player in an urban garden of Faisalabad. The rose-ringed parakeet, with the status of a serious vertebrate pest throughout the region of Central Punjab, Pakistan, with the availability of suitable roosts and nests on various trees, damages and destroys both cultivated and fruit crops and incurs in substantial damage to farmers and commercial fruit growers. There was also a marked reduction in the numbers of parakeet visitations on the two fruits in the presence of the acoustic player. Seemingly, the roosts of the rose-ringed parakeet occur closely to the food sources and as such, lower levels of energy budgets are required to manifest with frequent visitations from and to their roosts throughout the day, inflicting damage and economic losses to them. Therefore, it seems plausible to use similar bird repellents on a variety of crops to reduce the bird depredatory attacks to improve on economic losses and augment the crop quality and production in the productive agro-ecosystems of Punjab, Pakistan. Key words: Rose-ringed parakeet, guava, fruit orchards, sound player, management.
Computerized Neurocognitive Tests : ANAM , Axon Sports , and ImPACT Rates and Predictors of Invalid Baseline Test Performance in High School and Collegiate Athletes for

http://ajs.sagepub. com/content/43/8/2018 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/0363546515587714 2015 43: 2018 originally published online June 9, 2015 Am J Sports Med Lindsay D. Nelson, Adam Y. Pfaller, Lisa E. Rein and Michael A. McCrea 3 Computerized Neurocognitive Tests: ANAM, Axon Sports, and ImPACT Rates and Predictors of Invalid Baseline Test Performance in High School and Collegiate Athletes for
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISMS OF ALKALI-CARBONATE REACTION PART I. CHEMICAL REACTIONS

AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS OF ALKALI-CARBONATE ROCK REACTION WHICH RESULT IN EXPANSION OF CONCRETE IS OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE IN DEALING WITH THE RESULTANT PROBLEMS ON A PRACTICAL LEVEL. THIS PAPER REPORTS RESULTS OF LABORATORY STUDIES MADE TO DETERMINE THE CONTRIBUTORY CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT MAY TAKE PLACE. RESULTS OF PARALLEL STUDIES ON SUCH PHYSICAL ASPECTS AS INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF AND ACCESS OF ALKALIES INTO VARIOUS CARBONATE ROCK TYPES ARE NOT INCLUDED, BUT WILL BE PUBLISHED AT A LATER DATE. THE METHOD OF APPROACH HAS BEEN TO CONSIDER EACH OF THE THREE MAJOR MINERALS OR GROUPS OF MINERALS THAT NORMALLY MAKE UP CARBONATE ROCKS; I.E., QUARTZ, CLAYS AND CARBONATES. THESE WERE INVESTIGATED THROUGH STUDIES OF PURE MINERALS, AS WELL AS REACTIVE AND NON-REACTIVE ROCKS, TO DETERMINE WHAT POSSIBLE ROLE EACH MIGHT PLAY IN OBSERVED EXPANSION IN THE COMPOSITE SYSTEM. THESE MAJOR CONSTITUENTS WERE ANALYZED AND MEASURED BY A VARIETY OF METHODS TO DETERMINE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, PHASE COMPOSITION, AND VOLUME AND MASS OF THE MATERIALS BEFORE AND AFTER EXPOSURE TO SODIUM AND POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS. /MASS AND WEIGHT ARE USED INTERCHANGEABLY THROUGHOUT THIS PAPER. / EVIDENCES OF REACTIONS NOTED DURING THIS PORTION OF THE STUDY WERE THEN SOUGHT IN THIN SECTIONS, TEST PRISMS, AND IN AGGREGATE FROM LABORATORY AND FIELD CONCRETE. /AUTHOR/
Colonization of Greek olive cultivars' root system by arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus: root morphology, growth, and mineral nutrition of olive plants

Rooted leafy cuttings of three Greek olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (Koroneiki, Kothreiki and Chondrolia Chalkidikis) were grown for six months in three soil types, in an experimental greenhouse, in order to investigate: i) if their root system was colonized by arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus (AMF) genus and, ii) if genotypic differences concerning growth and mineral nutrition of olive plants existed. Gigaspora sp. colonized the root system of the three cultivars studied, while Glomus sp. colonized only the root system of 'Koroneiki'. Furthermore, in most cases root colonization by AMF differed among cultivars and soil types. The maximum root colonization, in all soils, was found in 'Chondrolia Chalkidikis'. In the three soils studied, the ratio shoot dry weight (SDW)/ root dry weight (RDW) was higher in 'Chondrolia Chalkidikis' than in the other two cultivars. Furthermore, root system morphology of the three olive cultivars was completely different, irrespectively of soil type. Leaf Mn, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K and P concentrations, as well as total per plant nutrient content and nutrient use efficiency, differed among cultivars under the same soil conditions. These differences concerning root morphology, SDW/RDW, as well as nutrient uptake and use efficiency, could be possibly ascribed to the differential AMF colonization by Glomus sp. and Gigaspora sp.
Comparative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis to Platelet-Rich Plasma and Control Bone Marrow Concentrate Improves Early Cartilage Phase Maturation of the Scaffold Plug : A

http://ajs.sagepub. com/content/early/2015/11/13/0363546515609597 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/0363546515609597 published online November 16, 2015 Am J Sports Med Riley J. Williams III Aaron J. Krych, Danyal H. Nawabi, Nadja A. Farshad-Amacker, Kristofer J. Jones, Travis G. Maak, Hollis G. Potter and Comparative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis to Platelet-Rich Plasma and Control Bone Marrow Concentrate Improves Early Cartilage Phase Maturation of the Scaffold Plug: A