Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sectoral Efficiency of the Indian Stock Market and the Impact of Global Financial Crisis

In a first of its kind, this paper examines the issue of sectoral efficiency of the Indian Stock Market. For this, daily data for 11 sectoral indices on NSE viz. Auto, Bank, Energy, Finance, FMCG, IT, Media, Metal, Pharma, PSU Banks and Realty Index have been used. The study period spans from Jan 2004 to Jan 2014 covering a comprehensive 10 years including the recent global financial crisis. The analysis is done using unit root tests (Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP) and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS)] and Variance ratio tests [Chow Denning Joint Test, LoMackinlay Test and Wright (2000) Test based on Ranks and Signs]. The results suggest that although overall Indian stock market seems to be weak form efficient, but different sectors comprising it are not, especially during total study period. Further we find evidence of increased inefficiency in Bank, Metal, PSU Bank and Realty sectors in the post-crisis period. This may be due to investor’s overreaction in Indian stock market. Tripathi and Aggarwal (2009) have reported that Indian investors tend to overreact to bad news and hence post crisis, the price discovery mechanism was not so efficient. The findings on sectoral efficiency in India have important implications for policy makers, mutual funds, portfolio managers and investors at large. Weak form inefficiency in Bank, Metal, PSU Bank and Realty sectors is suggestive of exploitable arbitrage opportunities in these sectors. The regulators and policy makers must also note that overall market efficiency may not imply efficiency at the sectoral level; for this more efforts and sector specific reforms need to be taken.
A consultative itinerant approach to service delivery: considerations for the early childhood community.

PURPOSE This article, written by experts in itinerant early childhood special education, describes and differentiates approaches to itinerant early childhood special education as a primary service delivery option. Consultative itinerant early childhood special education services, in particular, are a means of ensuring that young children with disabilities have access to the general early childhood curriculum as offered in community-based programs. METHOD A discussion of the empirical literature that supports a consultative approach, literature that focuses on behavioral consultation and principles of distributed practice and embedded learning opportunities, is included. In addition, this article outlines a set of assumptions that program personnel make when implementing a consultative itinerant approach to service delivery. The need for and challenges associated with a consultative itinerant approach are discussed. CONCLUSION Itinerant early childhood special educators face similar challenges as speech-language pathologists with regard to providing high-quality interventions to children in inclusive settings.
Sleep in the Neurological Intensive Care Unit: Feasibility of Quantifying Sleep After Melatonin Supplementation With Environmental Light and Noise Reduction

Purpose: Sleep deprivation may be particularly detrimental to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Polysomnography has demonstrated abnormal sleep in medical and surgical ICU populations. Both environmental factors and circadian disruption have been implicated. We hypothesized that patients in a neurologic ICU would demonstrate similar sleep disturbances and that a combination of sleep-promoting interventions would increase sleep time. Methods: Twelve patients were enrolled in this pilot-randomized, controlled, study in a neurologic ICU. For adult patients undergoing continuous EEG for clinical purposes, noise-cancelling headphones and eye masks were worn, and an oral dose of melatonin was administered for 3 days, or until EEG was stopped. Sleep was scored according to standard criteria; EEG was characterized and analyzed quantitatively. Results: Sixty-five percent of the patients' recordings were unscorable based on accepted standardized criteria; therefore, sleep measures could not be compared. For those with sleep that could be scored, total sleep time was normal, although sleep was fragmented and time spent in slow-wave or rapid eye movement sleep was notably decreased. Patients with unscorable recordings had worse injury severity measures, absent or significantly slower posterior dominant rhythm, and less coherence of posterior faster frequencies. Clinical outcomes were similar between intervention and control groups. Conclusions: Although sleep-promoting interventions were feasible, sleep quantification based on currently accepted criteria limited the ability to score sleep. Similar to other ICUs, sleep in the neurologic ICU is abnormal; patients with unscorable sleep-like states have greater injury severity. This study was limited by strict enrollment criteria. A reliable method to quantify sleep and sleep-like states in the ICU is needed.
Cloning of genes encoding extracellular metalloproteases from Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16

A 14-kilobase BamHI-EcoRI DNA fragment cloned from Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 contained a gene encoding a metalloprotease inhibitor as well as three tandem prt genes encoding metalloproteases. The prt genes were separated from the inhibitor gene by a ca. 4-kilobase region that was necessary for extracellular secretion of the proteases. When individually subcloned downstream from vector promoters, the three prt genes each led to substantial extracellular secretion of the proteases by Escherichia coli cells, provided that the 4-kilobase required region was supplied in cis or trans. One of the protease structural genes, prtC, was sequenced and had high homology to a metalloprotease gene previously described from Serratia species as well as to the prtB gene of E. chrysanthemi B374. Marker exchange mutants of E. chrysanthemi EC16 defective in production of one or all of the extracellular proteases were not impaired in virulence on plant tissue.
Subject, topic and Sesotho passive

ABSTRACT Counter to findings in English, German and Hebrew, recent acquisition studies have shown that the passive is acquired early in several non-Indo-European languages. In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, this paper addresses certain typological phenomena which influence the early acquisition of passives in Sesotho, a southern Bantu language. After outlining the structure of the Sesotho passive and its syntactic and discourse functions, I examine Sesotho-speaking children's spontaneous use of passives, showing that the acquisition of passives in Sesotho is closely linked to the fact that Sesotho subjects must be discourse topics. I conclude that a detailed examination of how passive constructions interact with other components of a given linguistic system is critical for developing a coherent and universally applicable theory of how passives are acquired.
Right Hemisphere Stroke and the California Verbal Learning Test: A Preliminary Study

Abstract Method: This study examines group and individual performance on word list recall and recognition in 52 patients with unilateral right hemisphere stroke. Results: On the California Verbal Learning Test, List A, Trials 1–5, patients achieved a mean score of 30.31 (SD = 13.94), which is below the mean standard score of 50 (SD = 10) in a normal population. Patients demonstrated below-average performance on other immediate and delayed recall trials and on free- and cued-recall tasks. 67% of patients showed improved performance across learning trials. Conclusion: Results provide support for encoding deficits with reduced rate of learning and inconsistent recall across trials.
Antiacquaporin 4 antibodies detection by different techniques in neuromyelitis optica patients

Background: Antibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a water channel particularly expressed on perivascular astrocytic podocytes, are proposed as a marker for the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). However, a consensus on seroprevalence and optimal detection method has not yet been reached. Objectives: To investigate the performance of different assays to detect anti-AQP4 antibodies. Methods: We set up five different assays. Two of them were capable to detect perivascular IgG reactivity on brain tissue by immunofluorescence (NMO-IgG). Other three assays have been set to detect anti-AQP4 antibodies: immunofluorescence and flow cytometry on AQP4-expressing cells, and a radioimmunoprecipitation assay. We assessed sensitivity and specificity of these assays by interrogating sera of 33 NMO patients, 13 patients at high risk to develop NMO (hrNMO), 6 patients affected by acute partial transverse myelitis (APTM), 20 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and 67 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Results: We found that the presence of serum NMO-IgG and anti-AQP4 reactivity is almost exclusively restricted to patients with NMO and hrNMO. Seroprevalence and sensitivity ranged from 30 to 47%, depending on the assay. Specificity ranged from 95 to 100%. Comparing results obtained in the five assays, we noticed lack of concordance in some samples. Conclusions: Detection of NMO-IgG or anti-AQP4 antibodies may represent a valuable tool to assist neurologists in the differential diagnosis between patients with NMO, hrNMO, APTM, or MS. The current lack of a gold standard to detect anti-AQP4 antibodies implies the necessity to standardize the detection of these antibodies.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Turf Toe Injuries in Intercollegiate Football

Background: Turf toe is the general term for a sprain of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint complex. Previously attributed to shoe design and artificial turf, the incidence of turf toe injury has been thought to decline with the advent of newer turf designs. However, the current incidence and epidemiology remain unknown as the majority of the literature consists of small series and addresses diagnosis and treatment rather than epidemiology and prevention. Methods: We examined data from the NCAA’s Injury Surveillance System (ISS) for 5 football seasons (2004-2005 through 2008-2009), including all preseason, regular season, and postseason practice and competition data. The incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors for turf toe injury, defined as injury to the connective tissue of the first MTP joint, plantar plate complex, and/or sesamoid fracture, were determined. Results: The overall incidence of turf toe injuries in NCAA football players was 0.062 per 1000 athlete-exposures (A-Es; 95% CI 0.052, 0.072). Athletes were nearly 14 times more likely to sustain the injury during games compared to practice, with a mean days lost due to injury of 10.1 (7.9, 12.4). Fewer than 2% of turf toe injuries required operative intervention. There was a significantly higher injury rate on third-generation artificial surfaces compared to natural grass (0.087 per 1000 A-E [0.067, 0.11] vs 0.047 per 1000 A-E [0.036, 0.059]). The majority of injuries occurred as a result of contact with the playing surface (35.4%) or contact with another player (32.7%), and running backs and quarterbacks were the most common positions to suffer turf toe injury. Conclusion: Our data suggest a significantly higher incidence of turf toe injuries during games, a greater susceptibility among running backs and quarterbacks, and a significant contribution of playing surface to risk of injury. Though turf toe injuries may be less common that previously reported in elite football players, these injuries warrant appropriate acute and long-term management to prevent long-term dysfunction. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.
The Accuracy of Endoscopic Features in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The Experience in Children From Rural West Virginia

Goal: We assessed the accuracy of esophageal endoscopic features in children with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) living in rural communities in West Virginia. Background: Specific esophageal endoscopic features for EoE disease have been identified in children and adults. In the published reports, the sensitivity of these features ranged between 19% and 56%. The accuracy of these features in children with EoE living in rural communities has not been published. Results: A total of 271 patients’ charts were reviewed of whom 53 children had EoE, 103 had gastroesophageal reflux disease, and 115 had normal esophagus. The calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy rate for the presence of any mucosal feature for EoE disease were 88% (95% CI, 76-95), 98% (95% CI, 92-99), 96% (95% CI, 84-99), 94% (95% CI, 87-97), and 94.8%, respectively. The odds ratios for endoscopic furrows and erythema in EoE and gastroesophageal reflux disease patients were 155.4 (95% CI: 33.5, 719.8) and 13.4 (95% CI: 5.9, 30.5), respectively. When EoE patients were compared with normal patients, the odds ratio for erythema was 95.8 (95% CI: 31.4, 292.6). Dysphagia and choking were significantly more common in EoE children compared with control groups (P<0.001). Conclusions: Esophageal features of EoE in children living in rural communities have a high accuracy rate for the diagnosis of EoE compared with the data reported from children living in urban/semiurban communities. We suggest that in a proper clinical scenario, therapeutic measurement could be started before histology results are available. Future investigation of the phenotypic presentation of EoE disease in children from rural communities is warranted.
Opportunistic bacteria in dental unit waterlines: assessment and characteristics.

AIM The study aimed to determine qualitative and quantitative contamination of dental unit reservoir water with aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria, with regards to health risk to dental staff and patients. MATERIALS & METHODS The study material included water samples from 107 unit reservoirs. Conventional microbiological methods were used. The isolated bacteria were divided into three groups according to pathogenic mechanisms. RESULTS Dental unit water contamination was widespread. The isolated bacteria average concentration was 1.1 × 10(5) CFU/ml, with Ralstonia pickettii as the prevailing species (49.33%). The total potentially pathogenic bacteria were 54.54% of all the isolated bacteria. Bacteria causing infectious and invasive diseases constituted over one-half of this group, while allergizing and immunotoxic bacteria occurred in smaller quantities. CONCLUSION The presence of over 50% potentially pathogenic microorganisms among the isolated bacteria and their very high concentrations call for the daily use of effective methods to reduce dental unit water contamination and health risk.
Ultrastructural studies of initial stages of mineralization of long bones and vertebrae in human fetuses.

We studied 27 embryos of 5-12 weeks gestational age where pregnancy was interrupted due to paramedical reasons, in order to find the developmental stages at which matrix vesicles appear in cartilage, and whether they are involved in the mineralization process. Specimens of long bones, lumbar and thoracic vertebral column were prepared for light, transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies. In the cartilaginous models of long bones, matrix vesicles were found amongst maturing and hypertrophic chondrocytes already by the 6th week after fertilization. By that stage, bone rudiments consisted of only cartilage that was not yet mineralized. In the vertebral column matrix, vesicles were found in the vertebral bodies amongst maturing and hypertrophic chondrocytes at the beginning of the 8th week. At that stage, although hypertrophy of chondrocytes was observed, mineralization was still absent. No matrix vesicles were found in the perichondrium, investing mesenchyme and intervertebral discs. Mineralization of cartilage in long bone rudiments started in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals within or around the matrix vesicles at 7 weeks of age and in the vertebral column at 11 weeks. As mineralization progressed, more hydroxyapatite crystals were observed around the matrix vesicles, forming typical calcospherites . Mineralization then progressed in the form described in other animals.
Local action of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 on intracranial meningeal nociceptors

Background: Peripheral nociceptive action of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous pain syndromes. An increase in the level of these cytokines in jugular venous blood has been reported during migraine attacks, suggesting their potential involvement in mediating the intracranial headache of migraine. Methods: In this work we examined, using in vivo single-unit recording of meningeal nociceptors in the trigeminal ganglion of anesthetized rats, whether the peripheral actions of IL-1β and IL-6 can promote the activation and sensitization of nociceptors that innervate the intracranial meninges, two neural processes that are believed to play a key role in promoting the intracranial throbbing pain of migraine. Results: We found that meningeal application of IL-1β leads to the activation and mechanical sensitization of about 70% and 45% of the nociceptors respectively. In contrast, IL-6 was a very poor modulator of meningeal nociceptors’ response properties affecting overall only about 20% of the nociceptors. Conclusions: Our study provides for the first time in vivo electrophysiological evidence that meningeal action of IL-1β can promote the activation and increased mechanosensitivity of intracranial meningeal nociceptors and that IL-6 generally lacks these properties. Future studies are required to examine the mechanism that plays a role in mediating the nociceptive effects of IL-1β on meningeal nociceptors, which may serve as a target for migraine therapy.
Effects of Arteriovenous Fistula on Clinical, Laboratory and Echocardiographic Findings in Renal Allograft Recipients

Purpose Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is frequently observed in patients with end-stage renal disease and renal allograft recipients, and is an independent and strong predictor of morbidity and mortality. Presence of a patent arteriovenous fistula (AVF) after renal transplantation may contribute to the persistent LVH. We investigated the clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic findings in patients with renal transplants with or without AVF. Methods A total of 130 renal transplant recipients were included in this study: 60 hemodialysis patients whose fistulas were still functional, 49 hemodialysis patients whose fistulas were spontaneous stopped or closed, and 21 peritoneal dialysis patients who had never had fistulas created. Laboratory parameters were measured and echocardiographic measurements were performed. Results There were no significant differences regarding smoking status, blood pressures, or NT-proBNP, hs-CRP, iPTH, and TSH levels between the study groups. Left atrial, right atrial diameters, left ventricle end-diastolic diameter, left ventricle end-systolic diameter, interventricular septum thickness (IVST), left ventricle mass index (LVMI), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), and ejection fraction were similar in the three groups. In correlation analysis, PAP was significantly correlated with serum uric acid and NT-proBNP levels. Also, there were positive and moderate correlations between the serum uric acid and the IVST. Conclusion Patent AVFs have not affected cardiovascular abnormalities such as LVH and LV mass index in patients with renal transplant. Hyperuricemia may be associated with increased PAP and high LVMI.
The Effect of Economic Factors and Firm Characteristics on the Capital Structure of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE)

The main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of economic factors and firm characteristics on capital structure of companies listed in TSE. For this purpose, 92 companies in TSE have been selected as a sample for review using sampling screening method in the period 1380-1388. To conduct this study the, relationship between variables is teste using regression models with panel data To estimate the model, at first, Chow and Hausman test is used for choosing the best model among ordinary panel data, (fixed effect and random effect). In this study, three firm characteristics including asset structure, liquidity and firm size, and economic factors including inflation and economic growth is investigated. The survey result shows that there is a negative and meaningful relation between the companies' capital structure with the liquidity and inflation. But, there is a positive and meaningful relation between the companies' capital structure with the asset structure, size and economic growth.
Comparative Study of Green Sub- and Supercritical Processes to Obtain Carnosic Acid and Carnosol-Enriched Rosemary Extracts with in Vitro Anti-Proliferative Activity on Colon Cancer Cells

In the present work, four green processes have been compared to evaluate their potential to obtain rosemary extracts with in vitro anti-proliferative activity against two colon cancer cell lines (HT-29 and HCT116). The processes, carried out under optimal conditions, were: (1) pressurized liquid extraction (PLE, using an hydroalcoholic mixture as solvent) at lab-scale; (2) Single-step supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) at pilot scale; (3) Intensified two-step sequential SFE at pilot scale; (4) Integrated PLE plus supercritical antisolvent fractionation (SAF) at pilot scale. Although higher extraction yields were achieved by using PLE (38.46% dry weight), this extract provided the lowest anti-proliferative activity with no observed cytotoxic effects at the assayed concentrations. On the other hand, extracts obtained using the PLE + SAF process provided the most active rosemary extracts against both colon cancer cell lines, with LC50 ranging from 11.2 to 12.4 µg/mL and from 21.8 to 31.9 µg/mL for HCT116 and HT-29, respectively. In general, active rosemary extracts were characterized by containing carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS) at concentrations above 263.7 and 33.9 mg/g extract, respectively. Some distinct compounds have been identified in the SAF extracts (rosmaridiphenol and safficinolide), suggesting their possible role as additional contributors to the observed strong anti-proliferative activity of CA and CS in SAF extracts.
Why Island Constraint Is Weaker in Japanese than in English: A Processing Perspective

The constraints on discontinuous dependency in a sentence have been discussed as “island constraint”. Island phenomenon can be observed in many languages; however, while the island effect is quite noticeable in English, it seems obscure in Japanese. This study thus experimentally evaluates the strength of island effect in Japanese complex sentences quantitatively and demonstrates that the island effect in Japanese is weaker than that in English. Furthermore, we attempt to attribute the difference in the strength of the island effect in these two languages to their processing characteristics; that is, the syntactic relationship between two discontinuous elements in English must be computed at the head of an island, with one of the two elements unreceived, while the syntactic computation at the head of an island in Japanese is performed with both elements received. We assume that the processing of discontinuous dependency is thus more costly in English than in Japanese, and that the strong island effect in English reflects the relative difficulty of the syntactic computation. We obtained evidence for our hypothesis from an experiment asking participants to make grammatical judgments on Japanese sentences in which we manipulated their word-order in three ways. We suggest that part of the apparent syntactic phenomenon can be attributed to processing factors.