Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microstructural evidence for seismic and aseismic slips along clay‐bearing, carbonate faults

In this multimethodological study, microstructural observations of fault rocks are combined with micromechanical property analyses (contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR‐AFM)) and with rotary friction experiments (Slow‐ to High‐Velocity rotary‐shear friction Apparatus apparatus) to find evidence of seismic to aseismic slip and understand the nanoscale rheology of clay‐bearing, carbonate‐hosted faults. Fluidized structures, truncated clasts, pores and vesicles, and phyllosilicate nanosized spherules and tubes suggest fast deformation events occurred during seismic slip, whereas clay‐assisted pressure‐solution processes, clumped clasts, foliation surfaces, and mantled clasts indicate slow deformation events occurred during postseismic/interseismic periods. CR‐AFM measurements show that the occurrence of ~5 wt % of clay within the carbonate‐hosted gouges can significantly reduce the fault core stiffness at nanoscale. In addition, during high‐velocity friction experiments simulating seismic slip conditions, the presence of ultrathin phyllosilicate‐bearing (≤3 wt %) layers within calcite gouges, as those observed in the natural fault, show faster dynamic weakening than that of pure calcite gouges. The weak behavior of such layers could facilitate the upward propagation of seismic slip during earthquakes, thus possibly enhancing surface faulting. Microstructural observations and experimental evidence fit some well‐known geophysical and geodetic observations on the short‐ to long‐term mechanical behavior of faults such as postseismic/interseismic aseismic creep, interseismic fault locking, and seismic slip propagation up to the Earth's surface.
Compliance Dynamics Within a Simulated Friendship Network I: The Effects of Agency, Tactic, and Node Centrality

This study investigated the structural causes of perceptions of power and the way that these perceptions create expectations regarding influence attempts. It applied measures derived from dynamic social impact theory to model predictions of target compliance and agent response to an influence attempt. Sociograms provided the structure within which compliancedynamicswereinvestigated.Resultsfromanexperiment(N = 458)showedthat structural positions with greater eigenvector and betweenness centrality generated stronger perceivedpower,andthatobservers’attributionsregardingresponsestoacompliancerequest follow a systematic three-step process—agent acts, target responds, and agent reacts. The model, reflecting agency, influence tactic, and power, formalizes the attributional process that observers employ when evaluating compliance requests.
A Project-based Learning Approach in Teaching Simulation to Undergraduate and Graduate Students

In this study, application of experiential learning into graduate and undergraduate curricula of a industrial system simulation course is presented. Simulation has been among the courses against which students feel uncomfortable or frightened due to heavy software use, prerequisite of probability, and statistics knowledge, and its application requirements. To minimize this fear and improve student’s understanding about the subject matters and have them develop ample skills to build complex models, a project-based learning approach is proposed and used in undergraduate and graduate teaching settings. To achieve the project-based learning goals, a 15-week curriculum is designed to have a balanced lecture and lab sessions, which are specifically designed to address the needs of the term project as the semester continues. In the term project, groups of 2-3 students were asked to form a group, where each group was expected to work on a real system to 1) understand, conceptualize, and model the existing system as a mental, then software-model; 2) validate the existing system model statistically; 3) identify areas for improvement (in addition to the ones given by the supervisor); 4) complete the project with testing out system improvement scenarios and conducting cost/benefit analysis. The effectiveness of project-based learning is surveyed and studied based on the course learning outcomes. The results indicated that the proposed project-based learning approach was found to be effective in students’ learning experience and critically supportive on reaching the learning outcomes, and it was found that students’ learning and skills of simulation modeling and application are improved regardless of their grade.
Competition and exclusion in Islamic and Non-Islamic societies: an essay on purity and power

The link between purity and power in African systems of ideas can be direct: one may lose one’s (ritual) power, for example, the ability to utter a potent curse or an efficient blessing, by not maintaining a standard of purity, for example by violating a food avoidance rule. Social hierarchies between clans with and without specific ritual or political powers and between professional groups of high and low status are constructed along such lines. In other contexts, the relationship between purity and power is not direct but mediated by moral notions: ritual compliance is seen as an indicator of a moral standard that qualifies a person for political power. Conversely, non-compliance leads to exclusion from power. Competition for the forms of power, which are legitimised in this way, may lead to the rapid rigidification of beliefs and ritual practice. Examples can be found in recent developments within Islam and Christianity. Purity tends to go along with rhetorical exclusion of the “impure”. 1 Gunther Schlee, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, PO Box 11 03 51, 06017 Halle/Saale, Germany, Tel. : +49-345-29 27 100, Fax: +49-345-29 27 102, Email: schlee@eth.mpg. de This paper was presented at the Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology, University of Ljubljana, May 2003. It has evolved from a contribution to the Second International Conference on ‘Hierarchy and Power in the History of Civilizations’, St. Petersburg, July 4-7, 2002. I thank Fernanda Pirie, Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi and Bettina Mann for their careful reading of this paper and for helpful comments.
Cognitive Trainings Reduce Implicit Social Rejection Associations

A Single Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT) was used in three internet studies in order to assess the malleability of automatic rejection associations in socially anxious participants. Study 1 and Study 2 explored whether automatic rejection associations could be reduced by an evaluative conditioning task that combined social situations with acceptance. Results showed that the conditioning task reduced rejection associations in the group that completed the ST-IAT shortly after the conditioning task. In contrast, rejection associations were not significantly different from a control group when the ST-IAT was assessed with a one week interval after the conditioning task. Explicit social rejection measures were not, or only marginally, affected by the conditioning task. Study 3 used an attentional training task that fosters sensitivity to positive social feedback (Dandeneau, Baldwin, Baccus, Sakellaropoulo, & Pruessner, 2007). After one week of daily training, implicit but not explicit social rejectio.
Synergistic effects of dual parasitism in Daphnia magna under nutrient limitation

Human-induced increases in the bioavailability of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have the potential to alter the context for host-parasite dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. Given that both eutrophication and infectious diseases are becoming more prominent, it is essential to disentangle the factors that determine virulence expression in keystone grazers. Here, we focus on the impact of nutrient limitation in single versus dual parasite exposure in the water flea Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Branchiopoda). For this, we fed specimens of D. magna with algae differing in C:N:P ratios and exposed them to two virulent parasites, Pasteuria ramosa (bacteria) and the agent causing White Fat Cell (WFCD, unknown classification), both in single and dual parasite exposure treatments. Exposure to the two parasites synergistically reduced host survival, mainly driven by WFCD exposure, especially under severe nutrient limitation. Under these conditions individuals of D. magna began reproducing earlier, which resulted in a higher reproductive output upon dual parasite exposure. We here discuss these results within the framework of host stress responses, nutrient allocation and energy budgets, and conclude that the way food quality interferes with host-parasite interactions varies, depending on the parasite species involved, the nutrient requirements of all actors and the trait investigated.
The Influence Of Tax Fairness, Ethical Attitudes And Commitment On Taxpayer Compliance Behavior

The aim of this study is to examine the direct and indirect effect of tax faimess, ethical attitudes and commitment on taxpayer compliance behavior. This study was conducted in Surabaya, East Java. The respondents of the study are individual taxpayer working in service industries. Eighty six taxpayers participated in this study. The ﬁndings of this study show that: (1) the direct effect tax faimess on taxpayer compliance behavior is positive and signiﬁcant (2) the indirect effect of tax faimess on taxpayer compliance behavior through ethical attitudes is positive and signiﬁcant (3) the indirect effect of tax faimess on taxpayer compliance behavior through commitment is positive and signiﬁcant. This study contribute not only to the research literature but also to help govemment to develop strategies toward improving compliance. Keywords: tax faimess, ethical attitudes, commitment, taxpayer compliance behavior.
Genetic diversity and phenotype characterization of native rabbit in Middle-Egypt

Survey of native rabbit populations were conducted in three governorates; Fayum (FY), Bani-Suef (BN) and Minya (MN) in Middle-Egypt region . The phenotype data and samples of Native Middle-Egypt rabbits (NMER) were collected randomly from 8 cities in these governorates. Phenotype pattern of NMER rabbit population was included body parts, coat color and body dimension in rabbit. Samples from the same city were considered as a population. Eight microsatellite loci were used to provide a comprehensive insight into the genetic status and relationship among 8 NMER rabbit populations. A total of 92 rabbits from 8 cities of Middle-Egypt region were studied. Standard statistics parameters of genetic variability within and between populations were calculated. The observed heterozygosity, unbiased expected heterozygosity and the effective number of alleles were used to assess the genetic variation of each indigenous breed. Results show a moderate genetic diversity and observed heterozygosity ranged between 0.062 and 0.428. The FST values between pairs of breeds, using all data; indicate a generally high level of genetic differentiation, ranging from 0.026 to 1.743 which indicated a little connection between FY and MN governorate result to the long geographical distance and nature barriers. We can conclude that Phenotype pattern of NMER populations had common model in body parts but their coat color follows different models. NMER populations are a small to medium-sized breed. The current study is the first detailed analysis of the genetic diversity of native rabbit populations. The data generated here provides valuable information about the genetic structure of the 8 rabbit populations and this can be used to designate priorities for their conservation. It is needed to increase numbers the samples and the microsatellite investigated and more genetic studies by using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data for rabbit in Egypt. keys words Survey, rabbit populations, Egypt, Native, phenotype.
Soybean Oil: How Good or How Bad in Comparison with Other Dietary Oils in the Context of Colon Cancer

Soybeans (Glycine Max) are one of the oldest crops cultivated around the world, and in Asia soyfoods have been consumed for more than 1000 years. The soybean was popularized because of its high content of protein and good percentage of lipids. World consumption of soybeans in 2008 was over 221 million metric tons, with approximately 50% of this supply coming from US production, where over 77 million ha are planted annually. Soybeans are desired in the market as a source of protein and oil. Nowadays, soy has a huge economic importance because the beans are very versatile and can be used not only for human and animal nutrition but also for industrial products (Clemente & Cahoon 2009). Many beneficial effects of soy components such as soy protein, isoflavones, phytosterols, inositol hexaphosphate and saponins have been suggested, including the beneficial role for inhibition of tumor development in animal models (Hawrylewicz, Zapata et al. 1995). This has stimulated, in only the last 30 years, soybean introduction into western cultures and diets as different sub-products (Golbitz 1995). These products are usually fermented (tempeh, miso, soy sauces, natto, fermented tofu) or non-fermented (fresh soybeans, whole dry soybeans, soy nuts, soy sprouts, whole-fat soy flour, soymilk, tofu, soy protein, soy oil). One of the most used nonfermented subproduct is the soybean oil. The oil represents approximately 20% of the grain and is influenced by both genotype and environmental factors, and in some countries this is the main sub-product utilized in the diet (Clemente & Cahoon 2009). Soybean oil is a representative source of lipids in human nutrition. There are proposed mechanisms that explain lipids involvement in cancer development, especially colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, comparing soybean oil composition with other oils is a discussion that is relevant in the context of CRC, once this is a public health concern.
Personal Relationships and Higher Agency Costs: Study of Buyers and Suppliers in Australian Manufacturing and Service Sector

Personal relationships (i.e. friendships) have been the subject of much research in the business discipline, with the majority of literature focusing on how personal relationships yield positive firm-level outcomes. However, personal relationships are not without drawbacks and may lead to negative outcomes for the firms involved. Despite this, the current body of knowledge on this issue is relatively fragmented. This paper addresses this important gap in the literature. For exploratory purposes, the study is qualitative in nature. Based on a grounded theory approach, a model is developed describing how personal relationships embedded within inter-firm relationships lead to negative outcomes for the firms. Overall, 16 in-depth interviews with seniormanagers of buying and supplying firms were undertaken. Results from this study exhibit that managers engage in exploitation of personal relationships by demanding higher sales commission, higher bonuses and higher salaries from their respective firms, leading to higher agency costs. Firms can use these finding to understand explicitly what types of negative consequences personal relationships yield. Further, this study presents to firms specific actions that managers of buying and supplying firms engage in, when a personal relationship is present between them in the supply chain Finally, this paper concludes by providing several constructive guidelines to firms on managing personal relationships within inter-firm relationships in order to mitigate its negative firm-level
Displacement of diverse ichthyoplankton assemblages by a coastal upwelling event on the Sydney shelf

The influences of upwelling-favourable winds and thermocline displacement on the distribution of temperate/tropical lchthyoplankton assemblages were determined from vertically stratified plankton hauls across the Sydney shelf, southeastern Australia. Five stations were sampled along a shore-normal transect off Sydney. Australia, on 3 or 4 consecutive nights during January and April 1994. High taxonomic diversity (111 ichthyoplankton families) was attributed to the convergence of temperate and tropical waters in this region. Total larval abundance was higher in January than in April, reflecting the spawning times of many coastal taxa. In both months, hlghest larval density and taxononlic diversity were associated with the interface between the mixed layer and the thermocline. In April, a period of upwelling-favourable winds resulted in the offshore displacement of the nearshore mixed layer, as well as numerous shelf-spawned larvae (e.g. Centroberyx affinis, Chromis hypsilepsis, Arnpis trutta) from the nearshore region, and coincided with the injection of deeply distributed mesopelagic larvae into the nearshore zone (e g Scopelosaurus sp., Melamphaes sp.). Shelf-spawned larvae were d~splaced to the outer shelf, where they were still associated with the mixed layer/thermocline interface. Dynamic ichthyoplankton distributions are interpretable, at least at a scale of weeks, by considering larvae as tracers of the local hydrography.
Internal and external governance mechanisms: their impact on the performance of large UK public companies.

This paper analyses the relationship between internal and external corporate governance mechanisms and the performance of UK companies within the context of the Cadbury Committee's Code of Best Practice. The results show, first, that the market for corporate control is an effective governance mechanism that may be regarded as a substitute for the other mechanisms. Second, there is a weak relationship between the internal governance mechanisms and performance. Third, there is also little evidence that with firms in the top and bottom performance deciles have different internal governance characteristics. The results therefore raise questions about the efficacy of imposing prescriptive internal governance mechanisms on companies, particularly given that the market for corporate control has been shown to be an effective means of reducing agency costs.
Forecast Impact of Targeted Observations: Sensitivity to Observation Error and Proximity to Steep Orography

For a targeted observations case, the dependence of the size of the forecast impact on the targeted dropsonde observationerrorin the dataassimilationis assessed.The targetedobservations weremadein thelee of Greenland; the dependence of the impact on the proximity of the observations to the Greenland coast is also investigated. Experiments wereconductedusingthe MetOfficeUnifiedModel(MetUM),overalimited-area domain at 24-km grid spacing, with a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) scheme. Reducing the operational dropsonde observation errors by one-half increases the maximum forecast improvement from 5% to 7%‐10%, measured in terms of total energy. However, the largest impact is seen by replacing two dropsondes on the Greenland coast with two farther from the steep orography; this increases the maximum forecast improvement from 5% to 18% for an 18-h forecast (using operational observation errors). Forecast degradation caused by two dropsonde observations on the Greenland coast is shown to arise from spreading of data by the background errors up the steep slope of Greenland. Removing boundary layer data from these dropsondes reduces the forecast degradation, but it is only a partial solution to this problem. Although only from one case study, these results suggest that observations positioned within a correlation length scale of steep orography may degrade the forecast through the anomalous upslope spreading of analysis increments along terrain-following model levels.
E-shopping Across EU – Why Some Individuals Refuse to Adopt It?

Despite many advantages of e-commerce for both firms and buyers, it is still not equally adopted by customers in all European Union countries. According to Digital Scoreboard in countries such as United Kingdom and Denmark, nearly 90% of Internet users shop online. On the other hand, in Romania and Bulgaria, not even one-third of the Internet users buy goods and services online. Diffusion of e-shopping clearly has different pace across EU. In this article, we focus on individuals who refuse to purchase over Internet and aim to explore reasons for their behavior. To do so, we rely on Community Statistics on Information Society (CSIS) microdata for the year 2015. Individuals who report ordering and buying over the Internet more than one year ago and those who never engaged in online shopping were asked about reasons for not buying online. Potential reasons include lack of skills, privacy and security concerns, delivery concerns and problems, not having payment cards as well as habit, loyalty and preference of shopping in stores. The focus of this article is on comparison of reasons for not shopping online of individuals in EU countries that lead in adoption of e-shopping with laggard countries. We first analyze the prevalence of reasons for not buying online and compare countries in that respect. Among individuals who did not adopt e-shopping, there are those who have tried it at one point in time and did not continue to use it frequently and those who actually never engaged in buying over Internet. Both have certain reasons and constrains that prevent them from adopting this form of shopping. The analysis is followed by identification of reasons that significantly affect probability of trying online shopping, if not adopting it fully. It can be assumed that gaining true experience might contribute to increase in adoption of e-shopping among individuals. This is even more important for countries that still lag behind not just in buying online but in overall digital performance. Keywords: e-shopping, adoption, customers, European Union
Strong ground motion record selection for the reliable prediction of the mean seismic collapse capacity of a structure group

How to select a limited number of strong ground motion records (SGMRs) is an important challenge for the seismic collapse capacity assessment of structures. The collapse capacity is considered as the ground motion intensity measure corresponding to the drift‐related dynamic instability in the structural system. The goal of this paper is to select, from a general set of SGMRs, a small number of subsets such that each can be used for the reliable prediction of the mean collapse capacity of a particular group of structures, i.e. of single degree‐of‐freedom systems with a typical behaviour range. In order to achieve this goal, multivariate statistical analysis is first applied, to determine what degree of similarity exists between each selected small subset and the general set of SGMRs. Principal Component analysis is applied to identify the best way to group structures, resulting in a minimum number of SGMRs in a proposed subset. The structures were classified into six groups, and for each group a subset of eight SGMRs has been proposed. The methodology has been validated by analysing a first‐mode‐dominated three‐storey‐reinforced concrete structure by means of the proposed subsets, as well as the general set of SGMRs. The results of this analysis show that the mean seismic collapse capacity can be predicted by the proposed subsets with less dispersion than by the recently developed improved approach, which is based on scaling the response spectra of the records to match the conditional mean spectrum. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.