Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Market Entry Strategies in Emerging Markets: An Institutional Study in the BRIC Countries

This article addresses two of the strategically important questions of market entry strategies in emerging markets: how to enter and when to enter. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between market entry strategies and market success. On the basis of the institutional theory, we develop hypotheses that are tested against data collected from 564 foreign firms with operations in the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), using an online survey. Our findings suggest that market entry strategies have a significant effect on market success, showing the greatest market success in India and the lowest in China. We also find that entry mode and length of operation exhibit a significant positive effect on market success. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Breast tissue classification using x-ray scattering measurements and multivariate data analysis

This study utilized two radiation scatter interactions in order to differentiate malignant from non-malignant breast tissue. These two interactions were Compton scatter, used to measure the electron density of the tissues, and coherent scatter to obtain a measure of structure. Measurements of these parameters were made using a laboratory experimental set-up comprising an x-ray tube and HPGe detector. The breast tissue samples investigated comprise five different tissue classifications: adipose, malignancy, fibroadenoma, normal fibrous tissue and tissue that had undergone fibrocystic change. The coherent scatter spectra were analysed using a peak fitting routine, and a technique involving multivariate analysis was used to combine the peak fitted scatter profile spectra and the electron density values into a tissue classification model. The number of variables used in the model was refined by finding the sensitivity and specificity of each model and concentrating on differentiating between two tissues at a time. The best model that was formulated had a sensitivity of 54% and a specificity of 100%.
Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although the majority of individuals who develop CRC have sporadic disease, up to 20% may have a genetic predisposition. Survival is strongly related to the stage of the disease at diagnosis. Where the cancer is locally confined, survival of over 90% has been reported. Randomised controlled trials have shown that screening programmes using faecal occult blood and flexible sigmoidoscopy reduce mortality from CRC by early cancer detection as well as detecting advanced adenomas which are likely to develop into cancers. Case-controlled trials have shown decreased mortality from CRC using colonoscopy as screening tool, and there are on-going randomised trials to study this.
Hands, Arms, and Minds: Interactions Between Posture and Thought

Based on earlier reports of inconsistent postural preferences in psychiatric populations, we assessed armfolding (AF) and hand clasping (HC) postures in 361 healthy right-handers with different degrees of magical ideation (MI). Subjects generally preferred the congruent combination of a left-arm-top (AF) and a left-thumb-top position (HC). Incongruent subjects, in particular those with a right-arm-top/left-thumb-top position, scored higher on MI than did congruent subjects. Our main finding was thus an association between a style of thinking (MI) and lateral preferences for limb postures, inconsistent across distal (primarily contralaterally innervated) and more proximal (more bilaterally innervated) parts of the body. This association is interpreted in the frame of lesser hemispheric asymmetries in subjects bordering to schizotypal personalities.
Product Complexity and Economic Development

We rank 5,107 products and 124 countries according to the Hidalgo and Hausmann (2009) measures of complexity. We find that: (1) the most complex products are in machinery, chemicals, and metals, while the least complex products are raw materials and commodities, wood, textiles, and agricultural products; (2) the most complex economies in the world are Japan, Germany, and Sweden, and the least complex, Cambodia, Papua New Guinea, and Nigeria; (3) the major exporters of the more complex products are the high-income countries, while the major exporters of the less complex products are the low-income countries; and (4) export shares of the more complex products increase with income, while export shares of the less complex products decrease with income. Finally, we relate the measure of product complexity with the concept of Complex Products and Systems, and find a high degree of conformity between them.
Relationship between intranasal cocaine self‐administration and subject‐rated effects: predictors of cocaine taking on progressive‐ratio schedules

Subject‐rated measures and drug self‐administration represent two of the most commonly used methods of assessing abuse potential of drugs, as well as screening intervention efficacy in the human laboratory. Although the results from these methods are often consistent, dissociations between subject‐rated and self‐administration data have been observed. The purpose of the present retrospective analysis was to examine the relationship between subject‐rated effects and intranasal cocaine self‐administration to help guide future research design and intervention assessment.
Clinical, radiological and pathological study of 88 cases of typical and complicated scleroma

Background: Scleroma is a chronic specific granulomatous disease. It is considered endemic in Central America, Egypt, tropical Africa, India, and Indonesia. The most common complaint is nasal obstruction, other symptoms include; rhinorrhea, epistaxis, dysphagia, stridor, and dysphonia.
Intrafollicular and Circulating Concentrations of Leptin Do Not Predict the Outcome in IVF-ICSI Cycles

Leptin is involved not only in the regulation of food intake but also in other functions including reproduction. Because leptin has been demonstrated to influence ovarian steroidogenesis directly and leptin levels vary during the menstrual cycle and in stimulated cycles, we tested the hypothesis that serum or intrafollicular concentrations of leptin would correlate with reproductive outcomes in intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. Serum and follicular fluid samples were collected from 77 women undergoing ovarian stimulation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer due to male factor infertility. The concentrations of total leptin, both in serum and in pooled follicular fluid samples, did not correlate with the number of oocytes, the fertilization rate or the embryo quality. Additionally, leptin concentrations did not differ between cycles that resulted in pregnancy and those that failed. These results raise objections to the prognostic value of leptin for the outcome of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles.
The Limits of the Limits of Arbitrage

We test the limits of arbitrage argument for the survival of irrationality-induced financial anomalies by sorting securities on their individual residual variability as a proxy for idiosyncratic risk - a commonly asserted limit to arbitrage - and comparing the strength of anomalous returns in low versus high residual variability portfolios. We find no support for the limits of arbitrage argument to explain undervaluation anomalies (small value stocks, value stocks generally, recent winners, and positive earnings surprises) but strong support for the limits of arbitrage argument to explain overvaluation anomalies (small growth stocks, growth stocks generally, recent losers, and negative earnings surprises). Other tests also fail to support the limits of arbitrage argument for the survival of overvaluation anomalies and suggest that at least some of the factor premiums for size, book-to-market, and momentum are unrelated to irrationality protected by limits to arbitrage.
Technology Parks and Entrepreneurial Outcomes around the World

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study factors that affect the success of technology parks in terms of fostering entrepreneurial firm formation, growth, and financing. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a new international dataset of technology parks (tech parks) from 13 countries (eight developing countries and five developed countries), the paper relates the success of technology transfer to the legal environment within which the tech park operates, as well as the characteristics of the tenants in the tech park and the services provided by the tech park. Findings – The data indicate entrepreneurial success is more likely to be facilitated when there is better legal protection offered to companies in the jurisdiction within which the tech park is located, when there is a greater presence of foreign university- and government-affiliated companies in tech parks, and a smaller presence of foreign private companies in tech parks, particularly foreign subsidiaries. The data further indicate entre.
Intracellular Growth of Legionella pneumophila Gives Rise to a Differentiated Form Dissimilar to Stationary-Phase Forms

ABSTRACT When Legionella pneumophila grows in HeLa cells, it alternates between a replicative form and a morphologically distinct “cyst-like” form termed MIF (mature intracellular form). MIFs are also formed in natural amoebic hosts and to a lesser extent in macrophages, but they do not develop in vitro. Since MIFs accumulate at the end of each growth cycle, we investigated the possibility that they are in vivo equivalents of stationary-phase (SP) bacteria, which are enriched for virulence traits. By electron microscopy, MIFs appeared as short, stubby rods with an electron-dense, laminar outer membrane layer and a cytoplasm largely occupied by inclusions of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and laminations of internal membranes originating from the cytoplasmic membrane. These features may be responsible for the bright red appearance of MIFs by light microscopy following staining with the phenolic Giménez stain. In contrast, SP bacteria appeared as dull red rods after Giménez staining and displayed a typical gram-negative cell wall ultrastructure. Outer membranes from MIFs and SP bacteria were equivalent in terms of the content of the peptidoglycan-bound and disulfide bond cross-linked OmpS porin, although additional proteins, including Hsp60 (which acts as an invasin for HeLa cells), were detected only in preparations from MIFs. Proteomic analysis revealed differences between MIFs and SP forms; in particular, MIFs were enriched for an ∼20-kDa protein, a potential marker of development. Compared with SP bacteria, MIFs were 10-fold more infectious by plaque assay, displayed increased resistance to rifampin (3- to 5-fold) and gentamicin (10- to 1,000-fold), resisted detergent-mediated lysis, and tolerated high pH. Finally, MIFs had a very low respiration rate, consistent with a decreased metabolic activity. Collectively, these results suggest that intracellular L. pneumophila differentiates into a cyst-like, environmentally resilient, highly infectious, post-SP form that is distinct from in vitro SP bacteria. Therefore, MIFs may represent the transmissible environmental forms associated with Legionnaires' disease.
The Demand for Divisia Money in the United States: A Dynamic Flexible Demand System

This paper applies the Anderson and Blundell (1982) approach to the analysis of the demand for money and attempts to establish the nature of the relationship between Divisia money, defined from narrow to broad, and the "nested like assets" at different levels of aggregation. This is achieved by conducting the analysis within a microtheoretical framework--utilizing the demand system approach--and by estimating a sequence of nested dynamic specifications and performing tests of the nested structures as well as on economic theory to establish the most restrictive dynamic specification acceptable to the data. Copyright 1991 by Ohio State University Press.
Research Mathematicians' Participation in the MSP Program.

The purpose of this study was to examine the involvement of higher education STEM faculty in disciplinary departments with pre-K-12 public schools. In particular, the study focused on 15 nationally funded awards, targeted at education in mathematics, in the National Science Foundation’s Math and Science Partnership (NSF MSP) Program. One important goal of the MSP Program is to further cultural change in the STEM departments. Other studies have analyzed the effectiveness of efforts to engage STEM faculty in education activities; however, the groups studied previously included those faculty whose primary research field was STEM education. Taking the view that achieving cultural change in disciplinary departments may require an attitudinal shift among disciplinary research faculty, this analysis selected only the faculty group self-identified as “mathematics researchers” for study. Various research questions were pursued, including: How many mathematics researchers have participated in these projects; How many have worked directly with pre-K-12 teachers; How directed are they toward management activities; What is their tenure status; and, How have partnerships with a high rate of participation by mathematics researchers achieved this goal? The findings show that those projects with a high percentage of involved mathematics researchers are likely to be those with a large total number of participants. Results also indicated that mathematics researchers were more likely to be engaged directly in activities with pre-K-12 teachers, and less likely to be engaged in management activities, than other faculty participants in the projects.
Market Expectations in the UK Before and after the Erm Crisis

The British pound left the ERM on 16 September 1992 after a period of turbulence. UK monetary policy soon shifted to lower short interest rates and an inflation target was announced. This paper uses daily option prices to estimate how the market's probability distribution of the future marks/pound exchange rate and UK and German interest rates changed over the summer and autumn of 1992. The results show, among other things, how various policy decisions affected the market's assessment of the probabilities of realignments and lending rate cuts.
The Search for Information by Underwriters and Its Impact on Municipal Interest Cost

AN UNDERWRITER WHO BIDS on a competitively sold, new municipal issue must search for information concerning market clearing yields prior to submitting his bid.1 This search for information is an attempt to find those buyers who are willing to purchase the bonds at the highest prices (lowest yields). The lower the discovered yields, the lower is the bid the underwriter may submit, and the greater will be his chance of winning the bidding competition. Also, ceteris paribus, the lower are yields, the lower will be municipality interest costs. Thus, it is important to discover those factors which lead to greater aggregate search and the discovery of lower yields. This paper investigates the impact of underwriter search on the interest cost of new municipal bond issues. Kessel [10] was the first to suggest that underwriter search may affect municipal interest costs. In Kessel's study, reported in section II, the number of bids received on a bond issue is used as a measure of underwriter search for price information on the issue. Section III provides a more complete explanation of underwriter search than was attempted by Kessel. The discussion suggests that aggregate underwriter search has two dimensions: the number of searchers and the intensity of search. The implications of this model for measuring aggregate underwriter search are developed in section IV. Both the number of bids and the dispersion of interest rates bid on a bond issue may reflect aspects of total underwriter search on the issue. Section V presents the methodology of this study. Section VI presents the empirical analysis. The analysis indicates that both the intensity of underwriter search and the number of searching underwriters have an independent and significant impact on municipal interest cost. A brief summary of the results is given in section VII.
Is financial development bad for growth

Is financial development good for growth? In new data, we find that the growth effect of bank credit-toGDP ratios the traditional measure for financial development is on average negative for 46 economies over 1990-2011. We explain this by the changing composition of credit. Financial development since 1990 was mostly due to growth in credit to real estate and other asset markets. The share of credit to nonfinancial business in total credit decreased sharply. We find negative growth coefficients for credit-to-GDP stocks supporting asset markets. In contrast, we estimate robustly positive growth effects of credit flows to nonfinancial business and insignificant effects of credit flows to asset markets, including real estate. The positive growth effect of credit flows diminishes at higher levels of financial development. Our findings are in line with recent suggestions that high ratios of financial capital to GDP since the 1990s may depress growth, through real negative returns to capital (Summers, 2013; Piketty, 2014). Even though credit flows may give a short-term stimulus to growth, the longer term effect of financial development is negative.
The case for international tax co‐ordination reconsidered

In a world of high capital mobility, governments may be tempted to undercut each other's capital income taxes to attract capital from abroad. Since such tax competition may have detrimental effects for all countries, European policy makers have debated the introduction of a minimum capital income tax rate within the EU. This paper develops an applied general equilibrium model to estimate the effects of such tax co-ordination on resource allocation, income distribution and social welfare. The model allows for the concern of policy makers that a rise in capital taxes within the EU may cause a capital flight out of Europe. Capital flight will indeed reduce the welfare gain from tax co-ordination within Western Europe, but a positive net gain will remain, although it is likely to be well below 1% of GDP. The gain from co-ordination will be unevenly distributed across European countries, due to differences in economic structures and in the social preference for redistribution. Moreover, even if the median voter? s gain from tax co-ordination may be small, the gains for the poorer sections of society may be quite large.
Cash Holdings and Corporate Diversification

This paper studies the relation between corporate liquidity and diversification. The key finding is that multidivision firms hold significantly less cash than stand-alone firms because they are diversified in their investment opportunities. Lower cross-divisional correlations in investment opportunity and higher correlations between investment opportunity and cash flow correspond to lower cash holdings, even after controlling for cash flow volatility. The effects are strongest in financially constrained firms and in well-governed firms, and correspond to efficient fund transfers from low- to high-productivity divisions. Taken together, these results bring forth an efficient link between diversification and corporate liquidity. Copyright (c) 2010 The American Finance Association.
Testing and application of a two-dimensional hydrothermal/ transport model for a long, deep, and narrow lake with moderate Burger number

Setup, testing, and application of a 2-dimensional longitudinal–vertical hydrothermal/transport model (the transport submodel of CE-QUAL-W2) was documented for Cayuga Lake, New York, where the Rossby radius is on the order of the lake’s width. The model was supported by long-term monitoring of meteorological and hydrologic drivers and calibrated and validated using in-lake temperature measurements made at multiple temporal and spatial scales over 16 years. Measurements included (1) temperature profiles at multiple lake sites for 10 years, (2) near-surface temperatures at one end of the lake for 16 years, (3) high frequency temperature at multiple depths for 2 years, and (4) seasonal measurements of a conservative passive tracer. Seiche activity imparted prominent signatures within these measurements. The model demonstrated excellent temporal stability, maintaining good performance in uninterrupted simulations over a period of 15 years. Performance was improved when modeling was supported by on-lake versus land-based meteorological measurements. The validated model was applied through numeric tracer experiments to evaluate various features of transport of interest to water quality issues for the lake, including (1) residence times of stream inputs within the entire lake and a smaller region defined bathymetrically as a shallow shelf, (2) transport and fate of negatively buoyant streams, and (3) the extent of transport from the hypolimnion to the epilimnion. This hydrothermal/transport model is appropriate to serve as the transport submodel for a forthcoming water quality model for this lake and for other high aspect (length to width) ratio lacustrine systems for which the internal Burger number is order one or greater.
Backstepping Design of Robust State Feedback Regulators for Linear $2 \times 2$ Hyperbolic Systems

This technical note deals with the robust output regulation problem for boundary controlled linear $2 \times 2$ hyperbolic systems. Thereby, the output to be controlled can be located at one of the boundaries or is a pointwise in-domain output. By utilizing the internal model principle, a state feedback regulator is determined for a finite-dimensional signal model describing the exogenous signals. This amounts to stabilizing a hyperbolic PDE-ODE cascade coupled at an intermediate point. For this, a systematic backstepping method is developed to determine the stabilizing state feedback controller. The solvability of the considered output regulation problem can easily be verified on the basis of the nominal plant transfer behaviour. For non-destabilizing model uncertainties the robustness of the achieved output regulation is verified. An uncertain hyperbolic system with an in-domain output illustrates the results of the technical note.
Literacy Worlds of Children of Migrant Farmworker Communities Participating in a Migrant Head Start Program

Within this ethnographic case study, I examine the ways that a Migrant Head Start program failed to build on the funds of language and literacy knowledge of a group of socioculturally and linguistically marginalized preschool children. Using a literacy-as-social-practice lens, I explore the children’s early literacy knowledge by focusing on the ways that reading and writing mediate the lives of the migrant farmworker community—their parents’ and community members’ lives. Observational and interview data analysis revealed literacy practices in the migrant camps that reflected their lives of bureaucratic regulation, family and community relationships, and spirituality in the migrant camps. Participant observation in the Migrant Head Start program revealed a school-based focus on only surface features of early literacy, delivered in an unfamiliar language and reflecting culturally specific beliefs and values about literacy practice that did not match those of most of the children. Analysis also revealed the ways that literacy practice among the migrant farmworkers moved and changed as the individual life experiences of the families changed, particularly in relation to increased geographic permanence over time.