Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magma chamber evolution of the Ardestan pluton, Central Iran: evidence from mineral chemistry, zircon composition and crystal size distribution

Abstract The Oligo–Miocene Ardestan quartz diorite to tonalite is part of widespread Cenozoic magmatism within the Urumieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Assemblage of Iran. The Ardestan pluton is composed mainly of varying proportions of plagioclase feldspar (normally zoned from bytownite to andesine), amphibole (magnesio-hornblende) and biotite. Biotite exhibits a range of Al values (~2–2.8 apfu) over very restricted Fe# ratios (0.42–0.56) which are characteristic of continental arc magmatic suites. High Ti2O contents of biotite (<6.1 wt.%) suggest a magmatic origin. Ti-in-biotite geothermometery gives a mean crystallisation temperature of 730 ± 56°C, slightly higher than calculated TZr.Ti°C (716 ± 50°C) and similar to the average TZr.sat°C (735 ± 26°C). These results are consistent with the low bulk-rock SiO2 contents, which provide minimum estimates of temperature and indicate zircon crystallised from a fractionated magma. Zircons from the Ardestan pluton have high (Sm/La)N (>10) ratios suggesting a magmatic origin. T–$f_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2}}$ calculations of oxygen fugacity between –13.6 to –16.9 indicate oxidising crystallisation conditions between the Ni–NiO (NNO) and Fe2O3–Fe3O4 (HM) buffers. Tight linear trends of log (XF/XOH), log (XCl/XOH) and log (XCl/XOH) vs. XMg represent a narrow range of $f_{{\rm H}_2O}$, fHF and fHCl, clearly indicating that physico-chemical conditions were essentially constant throughout the formation of magmatic biotite. The shape of crystal size distribution curves along with the medium Al and Mg contents in amphibole and biotite, respectively, are consistent with a history of magma mixing involving injections of basic magma into the evolving felsic chamber. Calculated residence time for Ardestan plagioclase crystals of ~630 years support field evidence that these plutons were emplaced at shallow depths.
Soil Respiration in the Profiles of Forest Soils in Inland Dunes

Forest soil profiles of two dunes within the European belt of inland dunes were analysed in the laboratory. We carried out respirometric measurements of carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption for every horizon of the studied soils while simultaneously quantifying the organic matter and humidity. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide excretion decreased exponentially with depth. The oxygen consumption decrease was less rapid than the decrease in carbon dioxide production. We found a statistical significant linear dependence between oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide excretion, and organic matter content and soil water capacity. Respiration processes in the profiles were divided into two strata; oxygen respiration dominated in the first and fermentation processes in the second. We estimated total respiration in the studied profiles for an area of 1 m2 down to around 1 m depth. We concluded that when assessing the soil’s role in carbon cycling in an ecosystem, it is necessary to consider both the respiratory and fermentation strata, as both produce large quantities of carbon dioxide. The main factor determining carbon dioxide production intensity is organic matter content; thus the distribution of organic matter in the soil profile determines carbon cycling intensity.
Thermoplastic polyurethane composites for railway applications: Experimental and numerical study of hybrid laminates with improved impact resistance

Due to the introduction of highly restrictive safety and pollution legislations in the railway industry, weight reduction has become an increasingly important topic over the last decade. Carbon fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) constitute an excellent alternative to traditional materials, due to their highly specific in-plane mechanical properties. Their use in railway industry, however, is currently hindered by their weak out-of-plane properties. Bogies and underframes are often subjected to impact loadings caused by objects and debris surrounding the tracks (i.e. ice, ballast) that become airborne during the train transit and impact lower part of the carriage. While metal structures absorb impact energy via plastic deformation, barely visible impact damage can occur in CFRP, weakening the component, and often leading to catastrophic failures. This work proposes a method for the improvement of impact absorption performance of railway composite structures via the addition of a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) coating to CFRP laminates. The thermomechanical behaviour of the thermoplastic layer was investigated with dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis to optimize the manufacturing process, while damping tests were carried out to demonstrate its unaltered energy absorption ability in the final manufactured structure. TPU/CFRP plates (150 × 100 mm2 of in-plane size) were subjected to 2, 3 and 5 J impacts, and the results were compared with those of traditional CFRP laminates. Non-destructive test (NDT; i.e. C-scan, phased array) and compression-after-impact test were carried out on the impacted samples to assess the damaged area and residual in-plane mechanical properties. Results show that the TPU layer modifies the energy absorption mechanism, preventing the propagation of damage within the CFRP and resulting in undamaged samples even at the highest energy. To predict the TPU/CFRP impact behaviour and identify the best process parameters to optimize impact energy absorption, a finite element model was developed and validated using experimental data. The comparison showed good correlation, and a fine approximation of the different impact mechanisms was observed with a maximum error of 5% between experimental and simulated output values. The experimental and numerical results show that the TPU/CFRP laminates constitute a novel solution for the manufacturing of lighter and safer railway composite structures.
Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous Deformation in the Western Yanshan Fold‐Thrust Belt: Insights From Syntectonic Sedimentation in the Chicheng Basin, North China

The Yanshan fold‐thrust belt is a significant intraplate deformation belt along the northern margin of North China Craton and records multiple phases of deformation during the Mesozoic. However, the specific tectonic evolution of the Yanshan belt during the Mesozoic has long been debated. In particular, many arguments exit regarding whether a contractional or extensional context dominated the Yanshan belt in the Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous. One reason for this argument is the poor understanding of the tectono‐sedimentary relationship preserved in the sedimentary records. A lack of evidence of syntectonic sediments makes it more difficult to reconstruct this relationship. The Chicheng basin in the western Yanshan belt contains complete Upper Jurassic‐Lower Cretaceous succession and is bounded by marginal faults. New regional geological mapping, detailed sedimentary facies analysis, and recognition of two growth strata packages help reconstruct the tectono‐sedimentary relationship in the Chicheng basin. Additionally, zircon U‐Pb dating provides constraints on the timing of the deformation. Our results suggest that the dynamic sediment dispersal system in the Chicheng basin during the Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous were controlled by two phases of thrusting, including the activities of the Shangyi‐Pingquan fault during 162–147 Ma, and the Fengning‐Longhua fault during 140–135 Ma. Therefore, we propose that the western Yanshan belt was in a contractional context during the Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous. Our findings indicate that the tectonic setting of the Yanshan belt experienced a prominent transition from E‐W trending structures to NE‐SW trending structures and that this transition was probably related to subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific plate beneath the East Asian continent.
Water Mass Evolution and Circulation of the Northeastern Chukchi Sea in Summer: Implications for Nutrient Distributions

Synoptic and historical shipboard data, spanning the period 1981–2017, are used to investigate the seasonal evolution of water masses on the northeastern Chukchi shelf and quantify the circulation patterns and their impact on nutrient distributions. We find that Alaskan coastal water extends to Barrow Canyon along the coastal pathway, with peak presence in September, while the Pacific Winter Water (WW) continually drains off the shelf through the summer. The depth‐averaged circulation under light winds is characterized by a strong Alaskan Coastal Current (ACC) and northward flow through Central Channel. A portion of the Central Channel flow recirculates anticyclonically to join the ACC, while the remainder progresses northeastward to Hanna Shoal where it bifurcates around both sides of the shoal. All of the branches converge southeast of the shoal and eventually join the ACC. The wind‐forced response has two regimes: In the coastal region the circulation depends on wind direction, while on the interior shelf the circulation is sensitive to wind stress curl. In the most common wind‐forced state—northeasterly winds and anticyclonic wind stress curl—the ACC reverses, the Central Channel flow penetrates farther north, and there is mass exchange between the interior and coastal regions. In September and October, the region southeast of Hanna Shoal is characterized by elevated amounts of WW, a shallower pycnocline, and higher concentrations of nitrate. Sustained late‐season phytoplankton growth spurred by this pooling of nutrients could result in enhanced vertical export of carbon to the seafloor, contributing to the maintenance of benthic hotspots in this region. Plain Language Summary Using data from eight cruises to the Chukchi Sea, along with historical data spanning the period 1981–2017, we find that the warmest Pacific water predominantly follows the coastal pathway adjacent to Alaska, with a peak presence in September, while the coldest water continually drains from the shelf during the summer. The circulation under light winds is characterized by a strong coastal jet and another pathway through the central shelf. The latter pathway veers to the east and flows around both sides of a shoal on the northeast shelf, known as Hanna Shoal, before joining the coastal pathway. This circulation pattern is strongly altered under strong winds. In the most common wind condition, the coastal pathway is reversed and the central pathway extends farther to the north, with exchange between the interior shelf and coastal regions. In September and October, the region southeast of Hanna Shoal is characterized by elevated amounts cold Pacific water and nitrate, in part because of the circulation pattern. Sustained late‐season phytoplankton growth spurred by this local pooling of nutrients could result in enhanced vertical export of carbon to the seafloor, contributing to the high benthic biological activity observed in this region.
Habitat selection by Cape mountain zebras in the Mountain Zebra National Park

Selection by Cape mountain zebras Equus zebra zebra of 20 plant communities in the Mountain Zebra National Park was investigated. Breeding herds preferred nine communities in summer, seven in winter and three in both seasons. No habitat preference by bachelor groups could be demonstrated. Selection of the communities may not be primarily for the vegetation but possibly also for shelter, drinking places and mineral licks. Zebra distribution was associated with the rainfall pattern.
Data classification using genetic programming.

Genetic programming (GP), a field of artificial intelligence, is an evolutionary algorithm which evolves a population of trees which represent programs. These programs are used to solve problems. This dissertation investigates the use of genetic programming for data classification. In machine learning, data classification is the process of allocating a class label to an instance of data. A classifier is created in order to perform these allocations. Several studies have investigated the use of GP to solve data classification problems. These studies have shown that GP is able to create classifiers with high classification accuracies. However, there are certain aspects which have not previously been investigated. Five areas were investigated in this dissertation. The first was an investigation into how discretisation could be incorporated into a GP algorithm. An adaptive discretisation algorithm was proposed, and outperformed certain existing methods. The second was a comparison of GP representations for binary data classification. The findings indicated that from the representations examined (arithmetic trees, decision trees, and logical trees), the decision trees performed the best. The third was to investigate the use of the encapsulation genetic operator and its effect on data classification. The findings revealed that an improvement in both training and test results was achieved when encapsulation was incorporated. The fourth was an investigative analysis of several hybridisations of a GP algorithm with a genetic algorithm in order to evolve a population of ensembles. Four methods were proposed and these methods outperformed certain existing GP and ensemble methods. Finally, the fifth area was to investigate an ensemble construction method for classification. In this approach GP evolved a single ensemble. The proposed method resulted in an improvement in training and test accuracy when compared to the standard GP algorithm. The methods proposed in this dissertation were tested on publicly available data sets, and the results were statistically tested in order to determine the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Learning in vision and robotics

Barrett, Daniel P. PhD, Purdue University, May 2016. Learning in Vision and Robotics. Major Professor: Jeffrey M. Siskind. I present my work on learning from video and robotic input. This is an important problem, with numerous potential applications. The use of machine learning makes it possible to obtain models which can handle noise and variation without explicitly programming them. It also raises the possibility of robots which can interact more seamlessly with humans rather than only exhibiting hard-coded behaviors. I will present my work in two areas: video action recognition, and robot navigation. First, I present a video action recognition method which represents actions in video by sequences of retinotopic appearance and motion detectors, learns such models automatically from training data, and allow actions in new video to be recognized and localized completely automatically. Second, I present a new method which allows a mobile robot to learn word meanings from a combination of robot sensor measurements and sentential descriptions corresponding to a set of robotically driven paths. These word meanings support automatic driving from sentential input, and generation of sentential description of new paths. Finally, I also present work on a new action recognition dataset, and comparisons of the performance of recent methods on this dataset and others.
To laugh or not to laugh? The use of laughter to mark discourse structure

A number of cues, both linguistic and non-linguistic, have been found to mark discourse structure in conversation. This paper investigates the role of laughter, one of the most encountered non-verbal vocalizations in human communication, in the signalling of turn boundaries. We employ a corpus of informal dyadic conversations to determine the likelihood of laughter at the end of speaker turns and to establish the potential role of laughter in discourse organization. Our results show that, on average, about 10% of the turns are marked by laughter, but also that the marking is subject to individual variation, as well as effects of other factors, such as the type of relationship between speakers. More importantly, we find that turn ends are twice more likely than transition relevance places to be marked by laughter, suggesting that, indeed, laughter plays a role in marking discourse structure.
Text Zoning of Theater Reviews: How Different are Journalistic from Blogger Reviews?

This paper aims at modeling the structure of theater reviews based on contemporary London performances by using text zoning. Text zoning consists in tagging sentences so as to reveal text structure. More than 40 000 theater reviews going from 2010 to 2020 were collected to analyze two different types of reception (journalistic vs digital). We present our annotation scheme and the classifiers used to perform the text zoning task, aiming at tagging reviews at the sentence level. We obtain the best results using the random forest algorithm, and show that this approach makes it possible to give a first insight of the similarities and differences between our two subcorpora.
Cu+-containing physically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels with shape memory

Physically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels have better biocompatibility and possess unique functional character-istics but suffer from poor mechanical properties. In the current study, we prepared Cu + -containing physically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels by exploiting ammonia fumigation and reduction of Cu 2+ by NaHSO 3 . The content of Cu + in the prepared hydrogels was in a low range of 4.88–29.27 μmol/g. The mechanical strength of the CTS-Cu + /NH 3 hydrogels was remarkably improved up to 0.25 MPa and the elongation at break increased with rising content of Cu + due to the dynamic crosslinks between chitosan and Cu + . Moreover, the CTS-Cu + /NH 3 hydrogels demonstrated evident shape memory after exposure to air by exploiting the different coordination number of Cu 2+ and Cu + . Thus, the prepared hydrogels may have good potential ap-plications as biomedical materials.
Healthcare seeking behaviour for common infectious syndromes among people in three administrative regions of Johannesburg, South Africa, 2015: a cross-sectional study

Introduction Hospital-based surveillance programs only capture people presenting to facilities and may underestimate disease burden. We conducted a healthcare utilisation survey to characterise healthcare-seeking behaviour among people with common infectious syndromes in the catchment areas of two sentinel surveillance hospitals in Johannesburg, South Africa. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted within three regions of Johannesburg from August to November 2015. Premises were randomly selected from an enumerated list with data collected on household demographics and selected syndromes using a structured questionnaire. Fisher's exact or chi-square tests were used to determine association of characteristics among different regions. Results Of 3650 selected coordinates, 3358 were eligible dwellings and 2930 (87%) households with 9850 individuals participated. Four percent of participants (431/9850) reported influenza-like illness (ILI) in the last 30 days; equal numbers of participants (0.2%, 20/9850) reported pneumonia or tuberculosis symptoms in the last year and <1% reported diarrhoea or meningitis symptoms. Sixty eight percent (295/431) of participants who reported ILI, 75% (6/8) of children with diarrhoea and all participants who reported pneumonia (20), tuberculosis (20) or meningitis (6) sought healthcare. For all syndromes most sought care at registered healthcare providers. Of these only 10% (24/237) attended sentinel hospitals, predominantly those that lived closer to the hospitals. In contrast, of patients with meningitis, 50% (3/6) sought care at sentinel hospitals. Conclusion Patterns of seeking healthcare differed by syndrome and distance from facilities. Surveillance programs are still relevant in collecting information on infectious syndromes and reflect a proportion of the hospital's catchment area.
Adaptive moment-tensor joint inversion of clustered microseismic events for monitoring geological carbon storage

Moment-tensor inversion of induced microseismic events can provide valuable information for tracking CO2 plumes at geological carbon storage sites, and study the physical mechanism of induced microseismicity. Accurate moment-tensor inversion requires a wide-azimuthal coverage of geophones. Cost-effective microseismic monitoring for geological carbon storage often uses only one geophone array within a borehole, leading to a large uncertainty in moment-tensor inversion. We develop a new adaptive moment-tensor joint inversion method to reduce the inversion uncertainty, when using limited but typical geophone receiver geometries. We first jointly invert a number of clustered microseismic events using a uniform focal mechanism to minimize the waveform misfit between observed and predicted P and S waveforms. We then invert the moment tensor for each event within a limited searching range around the joint inversion result. We apply our adaptive joint inversion method to microseismic data acquired using a single borehole geophone array at the CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery field at Aneth, Utah. We demonstrate that our inversion method is capable of reducing the inversion uncertainty caused by the limited azimuthal coverage of geophones. Our inverted strikes of focal mechanisms of microseismic events are consistent with the event spatial distribution in subparallel pre-existing fractures or geological imperfections. The large values up to 40 per cent of the CLVD components might indicate crack opening induced by CO2/wastewater injection or rupture complexity.
Observations of territorial behavior of the Antillean Crested Hummingbird (Orthorhyncus cristatus) on St. Eustatius

Abstract: Little information is available on territorial behavior of the Antillean Crested Hummingbird (Orthorhyncus cristatus). This study set out to establish a platform for future research into the territorial behavior of the Antillean Crested Hummingbird by observing the species for a total of 90 hr across three separate habitat types on the island of St. Eustatius, Caribbean Netherlands. Keywords: Caribbean Netherlands, conservation, hummingbirds, Orthorhyncus cristatus, St. Eustatius Resumen: Observaciones de la conducta territorial de Orthorhyncus cristatus en San Eustaquio—Poca información está disponible sobre la conducta territorial de Orthorhyncus cristatus. Este estudio pretende establecer una plataforma para las investigaciones futuras sobre la conducta territorial de esta especie mediante la observación de individuos por un total de 90 hr en tres hábitats separados de la isla de San Eustaquio, en el Caribe Neerlandés. Palabras clave: Caribe Neerlandés, colibríes, conservación, Orthorhyncus cristatus, San Eustaquio Résumé: Observations du comportement territorial du Colibri huppé (Orthorhyncus cristatus) sur Saint-Eustache—Il existe peu d’informations sur le comportement territorial du Colibri huppé (Orthorhyncus cristatus). La présente étude vise à établir des bases pour des recherches futures sur le comportement territorial du Colibri huppé, en observant l'espèce pendant 90 h au total dans trois types d'habitats distincts de l'île de Saint-Eustache, dans les Antilles Néerlandaises. Mots clés : Antilles Néerlandaises, colibri, conservation, Orthorhyncus cristatus, Saint-Eustache