Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic and environmental influences on conduct disorder: symptom, domain and full-scale analyses.

BACKGROUND We used variable threshold models which accounted for age and gender differences to investigate the genetic and environmental influences on DSM-IV conduct disorder (CD) at the level of symptoms, aggressive versus non-aggressive domains, and full-scale. METHOD A community sample of 1100 twin pairs (age 11-18) was interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. RESULTS Behavior genetic model fitting suggested that genetic and environmental influences on individual symptoms varied by symptom. The best-fitting models for aggressive and non-aggressive domains, and full-scale CD included additive genetic effects and unique environmental effects only (AE models). These effects could be constrained across age cohorts and sex. The results suggest that using models that incorporate age- and gender-appropriate thresholds specific to each subject we can account for prevalence differences between cohorts. Heritability estimates were . 49, . 55 and . 53 for the aggressive domain, non-aggressive domain, and full-scales, respectively. These results are in contrast to previous research on antisocial behavior measured with the CBCL reporting higher heritability for aggressive versus non-aggressive domains. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that individual symptoms of CD may be differentially heritable. Additionally, CD assessed using DSM-IV criteria may show differing patterns of heritability compared with estimates obtained for other measures of antisocial behavior such as the CBCL.
Towards easily reproducible nano-structured SERS substrates

In this paper we present a quick and easy method for producing relatively large areas of substrate that enhance the Raman effect, using standard semiconductor processing techniques such as reactive ion etching of silicon and electron beam metal deposition. As standard cleanroom processes are used, it is possible to narrowly control the parameters of the fabrication process to create silicon nano-pillars with controlled heights and spacing. The silicon nano-pillars are coated by thin films of silver and/or gold to create surfaces that greatly enhance the Raman effect. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has numerous applications in chemical sensing, with high sensitivity and fast analysis speed seen as the main advantages, and these novel substrates are believed to be able to make SERS more applicable.
Sound speed and thermophysical properties of liquid iron and nickel.

An electrical-pulse-heating technique has been used to heat iron and nickel to high temperatures to measure thermophysical properties in the liquid state. A dynamic technique was used because static techniques, which are capable of greater precision, fail at a relatively low temperature. Measurements have been made, and results are shown for enthalpy, temperature, density, electrical resistivity, and sound speed up to 3950 K in iron and 4250 K in nickel.
Preferential responses in amygdala and insula during presentation of facial contempt and disgust

Some authors consider contempt to be a basic emotion while others consider it a variant of disgust. The neural correlates of contempt have not so far been specifically contrasted with disgust. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the neural networks involved in the processing of facial contempt and disgust in 24 healthy subjects. Facial recognition of contempt was lower than that of disgust and of neutral faces. The imaging data indicated significant activity in the amygdala and in globus pallidus and putamen during processing of contemptuous faces. Bilateral insula and caudate nuclei and left as well as right inferior frontal gyrus were engaged during processing of disgusted faces. Moreover, direct comparisons of contempt vs. disgust yielded significantly different activations in the amygdala. On the other hand, disgusted faces elicited greater activation than contemptuous faces in the right insula and caudate. Our findings suggest preferential involvement of different neural substrates in the processing of facial emotional expressions of contempt and disgust.
Salt Bridge Switching from Arg 290 / Glu 167 to Arg 290 / ATP Promotes the Closed-to-Open Transition of the P 2 X 2 Receptor s

P2X receptors are trimeric adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP)gated cation channels involved in fast signal transduction in many cell types. In this study, we used homology modeling of the rat P2X2 receptor with the zebrafish P2X4 X-ray template to determine that the side chains of the Glu167 and Arg290 residues are in close spatial vicinity within the ATP-binding pocket when the rat P2X2 channel is closed. Through charge reversal mutation analysis and mutant cycle analysis, we obtained evidence that Glu167 and Arg290 form an electrostatic interaction. In addition, disulfide trapping indicated the close proximity of Glu167 and Arg290 when the channel is in the closed state, but not in the ATP-bound open state. Consistent with a gating-induced movement that disrupts the Glu167/ Arg290 salt bridge, a comparison of the closed and open rat P2X2 receptor models revealed a significant rearrangement of the protein backbone and the side chains of the Glu167 and Arg290 residues during the closed-to-open transition. The associated release of the Glu167/Arg290 salt bridge during channel opening allows a strong ionic interaction between Arg290 and a g-phosphate oxygen of ATP. We conclude from these results that the state-dependent salt bridge switching from Arg290/Glu167 to Arg290/ATP fulfills a dual role: to destabilize the closed state of the receptor and to promote the ionic coordination of ATP in the ATP-binding pocket.
Gerontechnology acceptance by elderly Hong Kong Chinese: a senior technology acceptance model (STAM)

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a senior technology acceptance model (STAM) aimed at understanding the acceptance of gerontechnology by older Hong Kong Chinese people. The proposed STAM extended previous technology acceptance models and theories by adding age-related health and ability characteristics of older people. The proposed STAM was empirically tested using a cross-sectional questionnaire survey with a sample of 1012 seniors aged 55 and over in Hong Kong. The result showed that STAM was strongly supported and could explain 68% of the variance in the use of gerontechnology. For older Hong Kong Chinese, individual attributes, which include age, gender, education, gerontechnology self-efficacy and anxiety, and health and ability characteristics, as well as facilitating conditions explicitly and directly affected technology acceptance. These were better predictors of gerontechnology usage behaviour (UB) than the conventionally used attitudinal factors (usefulness and ease of use). Practitioner Summary: Previous studies have not given much consideration to age-related health and associated abilities when examining acceptance of technology by the ageing population. By encompassing conventional technology acceptance constructs together with age-related health and ability characteristics, the present study was able to identify more factors affecting gerontechnology acceptance by older Hong Kong Chinese.
Nonendoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy: Outcome in 134 eyes

Aims: To evaluate the outcome of nonendoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (NEN-DCR) in patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) in India. Methods: Retrospective case series of NEN-DCR between July 2012 and October 2014. All patients had follow-up >3 months. Success was defined anatomically as patency on irrigation and functionally as relief from epiphora. Statistical Analysis Used: Fischer's exact test and Chi-square test. Results: A total of 122 patients (134 eyes; 81 female; mean age 37 ± 18 years) were included. Indications were primary acquired NLDO in 92 (68%) eyes of adults (>18 years), NLDO in children (<18 years) in 22 eyes (16%), acute dacryocystitis in 13 eyes, failed prior DCR in six eyes, and secondary acquired NLDO in one eye. Mean duration of surgery was 36 min (range: 16–92). At a median follow-up of 6 months (range: 3–15), 86% eyes had functional success and 85% had anatomical success. Revision NEN-DCR was successful in 13/16 eyes. All patients with acute dacryocystitis were completely symptom-free at final visit. In children, (17/22) 77% achieved functional success after primary NEN-DCR which improved to 100% after one revision. Tube-related epiphora and granuloma in ten eyes resolved after removal. Conclusion: NEN-DCR gives good outcome in primary NLDO and is also effective in those with acute dacryocystitis and in children with NLDO. The technique obviates the need for an endoscope and has an acceptable safety profile and thus may be particularly suited for the developing nations.
The choice of freely preferred cadence by trained nonprofessional cyclists may not be characterized by mechanical efficiency

Abstract Background: Most cycling studies involve professional cyclists. Because training may affect riding style, it is of interest to determine the physiological basis for the personal choice of cycling cadence in nonprofessional cyclists. Methods: Eleven nonprofessional (5.2±1.7-year-riding experience) male road cyclists, aged 35.0±11.0 years, underwent four separate laboratory test sessions. The first two sessions included habituation, anthropometry, V˙O2max,$\dot V{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{max}},$ and lactate threshold (LaTH) measurements. Freely preferred cadence at LaTH was determined during the second session (mean±SD=94.7±2.9 rev·min−1). During the third and fourth sessions participants performed LaTH tests at 60 and 95 rev·min−1 in a randomized order, with power output (PO) increments of 25 W every 4 min, up to ~90% of V˙O2max. $\dot V{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{max}}{\text{. }}$ Results: V˙O2,$\dot V{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}},$ expired ventilation (V˙E),$({\dot V_E}),$ blood lactate (La), and calculated net mechanical efficiency (MEnet) rose with increased PO. At 95 rev·min−1, V˙O2, V˙E,$\dot V{{\text{O}}_2},{\text{ }}{\dot V_{\text{E}}},$ and La were significantly higher than at 60 rev·min−1 at all POs. MEnet at 95 rev·min−1 was lower than at 60 rev·min−1. Mean PO attained at LaTh did not differ significantly between 60 and 95 rev·min−1 (220.9±29.0 and 214.5±9.2 W, respectively). La values at LaTH were higher at 95 rev·min−1 than at 60 rev·min−1 (3.01±0.17 vs. 2.10±0.13 mM, p<0.05, respectively). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that mechanical and physiological efficiencies may not determine the choice of cycling cadence by nonprofessional cyclists. This choice may reflect the need to maintain endurance at the expense of riding at a lower than optimal riding efficiency.
Segmental Motion and Instability

Seventy-eight patients were categorized as having degenerative instability in the lumbar spine, based on clinical symptoms and radiologic signs. Biplanar radiography was used to measure the angular and translational intersegmental motion components of flexion and extension of the lumbar spine. A comparison was made between this measured motion, the clinical symptoms, response to facet joint injection of anesthetic, and radiologic appearance of disc space and facets. The magnitude of the flexion motion and the magnitude of the anteroposterior (AP) shear motion accompanying the flexion was slightly less at symptomatic compared with nonsymptomatic levels. In most patients the AP shear motion at all levels was less than 3 mm (maximum 7 mm). The amount of forward shear motion correlated positively with the amount of flexion motion (r=0.3). The shear-flexion ratio was significantly reduced at symptomatic levels of patients. Although this group of patients, taken as a whole, showed a tendency toward abnormal intersegmental motion of the lumbar spine, it was found that flexion-extension biplanar radiography was not useful in the diagnosis of lumbar instability.
To Tell or Not to Tell

The underreporting of rape is well known; however, there is less information on women who fail to disclose to anyone. This online study suggests that 24% of 242 women who were non-disclosing compared with those who had disclosed were significantly less likely to seek treatment for emotional injuries. Also, almost two thirds of non-disclosing women believed that the abuse was their fault versus 39.1% of women with prior disclosure. Of clinical interest is that regardless of disclosure pattern, there was no significant difference in reports of depression, anxiety, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the majority of respondents endorsed support for online counseling over telephone or individual contact.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding Protein Inhibits Responses to Cell-bound LPS*

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) is an acute phase reactant that may play a dual role in vivo, both potentiating and decreasing cell responses to bacterial LPS. Whereas low concentrations of LBP potentiate cell stimulation by transferring LPS to CD14, high LBP concentrations inhibit cell responses to LPS. One inhibitory mechanism involves the ability of LBP to neutralize LPS by transferring it to plasma lipoproteins, whereas other inhibitory mechanisms, such as the one described here, do not require exogenous lipoproteins. Here we show that LBP can inhibit monocyte responses to LPS that has already bound to membrane-bound CD14 (mCD14) on the cell surface. LBP caused rapid dissociation of LPS from mCD14 as measured by the ability of LBP to inhibit cross-linking of a radioiodinated, photoactivatable LPS derivative to mCD14. Whereas LBP removed up to 75% of the mCD14-bound LPS in 10 min, this was not accompanied by extensive release of the LPS from the cells. The cross-linking data suggest that much of the LPS that remained bound to the cells was associated with LBP. The ability of LBP to inhibit cell responses could not be explained by its effect on LPS internalization, because LBP did not significantly increase the internalization of the cell-bound LPS. In cell-free LPS cross-linking experiments, LBP inhibited the transfer of LPS from soluble CD14 to soluble MD-2. Our data support the hypothesis that LBP can inhibit cell responses to LPS by inhibiting LPS transfer from mCD14 to the Toll-like receptor 4-MD-2 signaling receptor.
The unity of haptic touch

Haptic touch is an inherently active and exploratory form of perception, involving both coordinated movements and an array of distinct sensory receptors in the skin. For this reason, some have claimed that haptic touch is not a single sense, but rather a multisensory collection of distinct sensory systems. Though this claim is often made, it relies on what I regard as a confused conception of multisensory interaction. In its place, I develop a nuanced hierarchy of multisensory involvement. According to this hierarchy, touch turns out to be a single modality in that its various receptors assign their features to the same tangible objects. When we grasp an object a range of distinct properties—shape, warmth, heft, texture, etc.—are all felt to belong to the object, just as different visual properties are associated with a visual object. Paradigm multisensory experiences, on the other hand, involve associations between distinct perceptual experiences, as when the way something looks affects the way something sounds. Thus despite its functional and physiological diversity, haptic touch can be regarded as a single sense.
Who cares for medicaid-enrolled children with chronic conditions?

OBJECTIVE To estimate generalist, pediatric subspecialist, and any subspecialist use by Medicaid-enrolled children with chronic conditions and to determine the correlates of use. METHODS We analyzed Medicaid claims data collected from 1989 to 1992 from 4 states for 57 328 children and adolescents with 11 chronic conditions. We calculated annual rates of generalist, subspecialist, and pediatric subspecialist use. We used logistic regression to determine the association of demographics, urban residence, and case-mix (Adjusted Clinical Groups) with the use of relevant pediatric and any subspecialist care. RESULTS Most children with chronic conditions had visits to generalists (range per condition: 78%-90% for children with Supplemental Security Income [SSI] and 85%-94% for children without SSI) during the year studied. Fewer children visited any relevant subspecialists (24%-59% for children with SSI and 13%-56% for children without SSI) or relevant pediatric subspecialists (10%-53% for children with SSI and 3%-37% for children without SSI). In general, children who were more likely to use pediatric subspecialists were younger, lived in urban areas, were white (only significant for non-SSI children), and had higher Adjusted Clinical Groups scores. Use of any subspecialists followed a similar pattern except that urban residence is statistically significant only for children with SSI and the youngest age group does not differ from the oldest age group for children without SSI. CONCLUSIONS Children who had chronic conditions and were enrolled in Medicaid received a majority of their care from generalist physicians. For most conditions, a majority of children did not receive any relevant subspecialty care during the year and many of these children did not receive care form providers with pediatric-specific training.
Membrane-bound TRAIL Supplements Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity Against Neuroblastoma Cells

Neuroblastoma cells have been reported to be resistant to death induced by soluble, recombinant forms of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) (CD253/TNFSF10) because of low or absent expression of caspase-8 and/or TRAIL-receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2/DR5/CD262/TNFRSF10b). However, their sensitivity to membrane-bound TRAIL on natural killer (NK) cells is not known. Comparing microarray gene expression and response to NK cell–mediated cytotoxicity, we observed a correlation between TRAIL-R2 expression and the sensitivity of 14 neuroblastoma cell lines to the cytotoxicity of NK cells activated with interleukin (IL)-2 plus IL-15. Even though most NK cytotoxicity was dependent upon perforin, the cytotoxicity was supplemented by TRAIL in 14 of 17 (82%) neuroblastoma cell lines as demonstrated using an anti-TRAIL neutralizing antibody. Similarly, a recently developed NK cell expansion system employing IL-2 plus lethally irradiated K562 feeder cells constitutively expressing membrane-bound IL-21 (K562 clone 9.mbIL21) resulted in activated NK cells derived from normal healthy donors and neuroblastoma patients that also utilized TRAIL to supplement cytotoxicity. Exogenous interferon-&ggr; upregulated expression of caspase-8 in 3 of 4 neuroblastoma cell lines and increased the contribution of TRAIL to NK cytotoxicity against 2 of the 3 lines; however, relatively little inhibition of cytotoxicity was observed when activated NK cells were treated with an anti-interferon-&ggr; neutralizing antibody. Constraining the binding of anti-TRAIL neutralizing antibody to membrane-bound TRAIL but not soluble TRAIL indicated that membrane-bound TRAIL alone was responsible for essentially all of the supplemental cytotoxicity. Together, these findings support a role for membrane-bound TRAIL in the cytotoxicity of NK cells against neuroblastoma cells.
Concise and Efficient Synthesis of 3′-O-Tetraphosphates of 2′-Deoxyadenosine and 2′-Deoxycytidine

We describe concise and efficient synthesis of biologically very important 3′-O-tetraphosphates namely 2′-deoxyadenosine-3′-O-tetraphosphate (2′-d-3′-A4P) and 2′-deoxycytidine-3′-O-tetra-phosphate (2′-d-3′-C4P). N6-benzoyl-5′-O-levulinoyl-2′-deoxyadenosine was converted into N6-benzoyl-5′-O-levulinoyl-2′-deoxyadenosine-3′-O-tetraphosphate in 87% yield using a one-pot synthetic methodology. One-step concurrent deprotection of N6-benzoyl and 5′-O-levulinoyl groups using concentrated aqueous ammonia resulted 2′-d-3′-A4P in 74% yield. The same synthetic strategy was successfully employed to convert N4-benzoyl-5′-O-levulinoyl-2′-deoxycytidine into 2′-d-3′-C4P in 68% yield.
Generating Variable Strength Covering Array for Combinatorial Software Testing with Greedy Strategy

Combinatorial testingis a practical and efficient software testing techniques, which could detectthe faults that triggered by interactions among factors in software. Comparedto the classic fixed strength combinatorial testing, the variable strengthcombinatorial testing usually uses less test cases to detect more interactionfaults, because it considers the actual interaction relationship in softwaresufficiently. For a model of variable strength combinatorial testing that hasbeen propose previously, two heuristic algorithms, which are based onone-test-at-a-time greedy strategy, are proposed in this paper to generatevariable strength covering arrays as test suites in software testing.Experimental results show that, compared to some existed algorithms and tools,the two proposed algorithms have advantages onboth the execution effectiveness and the optimality of the size of generatedtest suite.
Impact of an Educational Intervention to Improve Physician Adherence to Bronchiolitis Clinical Practice Guidelines: A Pre-Post Intervention Study

Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of infant hospitalizations in the United States. Despite clinical practice guidelines discouraging the utilization of non–evidence-based therapies, there continues to be wide variation in care and resource utilization. A pre-post physician focused educational intervention was conducted with the aims to reduce the use of non–evidence-based medical therapies, including bronchodilators, among patients admitted for bronchiolitis. Among patients meeting inclusion criteria (pre: n = 45; post: n = 47), bronchodilator use decreased by 50% (P < .001). Antibiotic use increased by 9% (P < .02), although results remained within published acceptable utilization rates of less than 19%. There were no statistical differences in chest X-ray, respiratory viral panel, and steroid use. There were no differences in number of pediatric intensive care unit transfers, 30-day readmission rates, and mean length of stay. The findings demonstrate that a physician-focused educational intervention highlighting American Academy of Pediatrics clinical practice guidelines resulted in reduced utilization of bronchodilators.
A Variational Approach for Image Stitching I

The main aim of this paper is to develop an algorithm for image stitching. Our idea is to propose a variational approach containing an energy functional to determine both a weighting mask function and a stitched image together. The existence of a solution of the proposed energy functional is shown. We present an alternating minimizing algorithm to solve the proposed model numerically, and we show the convergence of the algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed model works very well. We also consider a novel color correction procedure to enhance the visual quality of stitched images where source images have different lighting conditions.