Deep Sclerectomy Versus Punch Trabeculectomy with or without Phacoemulsification: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Purpose:To compare the efficacy of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy without implant with Crozafon-De Laage punch trabeculectomy, and to evaluate the effect of simultaneous temporal approach phacoemulsification on both techniques. Patients and Methods:Setting: Department of Ophthalmology of the University of Palermo. Design:Prospective randomized clinical trial. Patients and intervention procedures: Sixty-five patients (65 eyes) with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) or pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEXG): 32 eyes underwent non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS), 17 as single procedure and 15 combined with phacoemulsification (phaco-NPDS), and 33 eyes underwent punch trabeculectomy (PT), 18 single and 15 with phaco (phaco-PT). The patients were randomly assigned to each procedure. No adjuvants, such as Nd: YAG laser goniopuncture, laser suturelysis, and antimetabolites were used. Main Outcome Measures: Postoperative complications, number of antiglaucoma medications, and IOP level were checked at each control. Complete success indicated the achievement of the target IOP without antiglaucoma medications, while qualified success indicated the same goal with or without medications. These categories were assessed at two target IOP levels, namely ≤21 mm Hg and ≤17 mm Hg in all four groups. Results:The mean follow-up period was 22.5 ± 2.5 months. The mean preoperative IOP was 30.2 mm Hg in NPDS eyes, 26.8 in phaco-NPDS eyes, 32.1 in PT eyes, and 27.0 in phaco-PT ones, without significant intergroup difference. At the end point the mean IOP was 17.7 ± 0.8, 15.7 ± 0.9, 14.2 ± 1.1, and 13.8 ± 1.1 mm Hg respectively with postoperative IOP significantly lower (P = 0.005) than preoperative IOP in all groups. No difference was observed among groups at any observation time when simple and combined surgery were compared. Significant difference at the end point was found between NPDS and PT (P = 0.030). As for complete and qualified success with a ≤21 and ≤17 mm Hg target IOP no significant differences were noticed in all groups. Among postoperative complications, hypotony was significantly more frequent in both PT groups when compared with the NPDS groups. The same was true, but relating only to the single procedures, for shallow anterior chamber and choroidal detachment. The Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival curves relating to the qualified success rate in the four surgical groups for a ≤21 mm Hg target IOP (log rank, P = 0.564) and for a ≤17 mm Hg target IOP (log rank, P = 0.591) showed no significant intergroup differences. When the ≤21 mm Hg target IOP was considered, a mild positive trend in combined procedures (both phaco-NPDS and phaco-PT) was found in comparison with simple procedures. At lower IOP target (ie, ≤17 mm Hg) a better trend was found in favor of simple or combined PT procedure. Conclusions:Both techniques, NPDS and PT, without enhancements (ie, implants or antimetabolites) control IOP efficaciously at our end point. Phacoemulsification combined with penetrating and non-penetrating procedures does not seem to interfere with final results. When a lower target IOP and probability of success over time are considered, PT, single or combined, exhibits a better trend. PT, therefore, could be more suitable for higher IOP levels or longer life expectancies.