Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Annual variations of atmospheric VOC concentrations in a boreal forest

Ambient atmospheric concentrations of monoterpene compounds were measured above a boreal forest in Hyytiälä, Finland during 2000–2007. For most of the time, two samples per week were collected, although there are some gaps in the data due to analytical or other issues. The monoterpene concentrations reached their maximum in summer, although they were found to be quite high also during winter. The main compounds found during winter were α-pinene, Δ-carene, β-pinene and camphene. In summer 1,8-cineol and sabinene were also present in the samples. The concentrations of α-pinene, β-pinene/myrcene, camphene, Δ-carene increased during the measurement period both in winter and in summer. This increase cannot be explained by meteorological conditions. The possible explanations could be human activities in the vicinity of the sampling site in addition to forest growth. The seasonal cycles of daytime concentrations were found to follow emission fl uxes modeled using a simple temperature dependent parameterisation. The measured monoterpene concentrations were used, together with emission rate measurements, for estimating ambient atmospheric β-caryophyllene concentration which cannot be directly measured due to its high reactivity against ozone.
Hybrid Finite-Volume-Particle Method for Dusty Gas Flows

We first study the one-dimensional dusty gas flow modeled by the two-phase system composed of a gaseous carrier (gas phase) and a particulate suspended phase (dust phase). The gas phase is modeled by the compressible Euler equations of gas dynamics and the dust phase is modeled by the pressureless gas dynamics equations. These two sets of conservation laws are coupled through source terms that model momentum and heat transfers between the phases. When an Eulerian method is adopted for this model, one can notice the obtained numerical results are typically significantly affected by numerical diffusion. This phenomenon occurs since the pressureless gas equations are nonstrictly hyperbolic and have degenerate structure in which singular delta shocks are formed, and these strong singularities are vulnerable to the numerical diffusion. We introduce a low dissipative hybrid finite-volume-particle method in which the compressible Euler equations for the gas phase are solved by a central-upwind scheme, while the pressureless gas dynamics equations for the dust phase are solved by a sticky particle method. The obtained numerical results demonstrate that our hybrid method provides a sharp resolution even when a relatively small number of particle is used. We then extend the hybrid finite-volume-particle method to the three-dimensional dusty gas flows with axial symmetry. In the studied model, gravitational effects are taken into account. This brings an additional level of complexity to the development of the finite-volume-particle method since a delicate balance between the flux and gravitational source terms should be respected at the discrete level. We test the proposed method on a number of numerical examples including the one that models volcanic eruptions. Math. classification. 65M08, 76M12, 76M28, 86-08, 76M25, 35L65.
In-service Development For Graduate Teaching Assistants: A Blended-learning And Formative Approach

Graduate Teaching Assistants (GTAs) are front-line facilitators with first-hand contact with students. They play an important role in providing an engaging learning experience for undergraduate and postgraduate students. However, most of them have not received adequate training and guidance in teaching. This paper reports on an intensive and compulsory education development course for postgraduate students, which aims to prepare them for their upcoming teaching role whilst they are still research students; The course provides an introduction to the basic theoretical knowledge and practical skills required before they begin to take up teaching responsibilities at the University, in a Chinese (Hong Kong/Mainland China) and English Medium Instruction context. Blended learning technologies, active learning strategies, formative assessment and an outcomes-based approach are extensively used throughout the course to enable and encourage participation and collaboration. To measure the outcome performance of the course in alignment with the University’s strategic goals, a number of key performance indicators are assessed. The result shows that students found the course very useful and the blended instructional methods used facilitated the achievement of the Intended Learning Outcomes.
Compositional and dynamic Laffer effects in models with constant returns to scale

There is a renewed interest in the dynamic effects of tax cuts on government revenue. The possibility of tax cuts paying for themselves over time definitely seems like an attractive option for policy makers. This paper looks at what conditions are required for reductions in capital taxes to be fully self-financing. This is done in a model with constant returns to scale in broad capital. Such a framework exhibits growth; the scope for self-financing tax cuts is therefore different than in the neoclassical growth model, most recently studied by Mankiw and Weinzierl (2006). Compared to previous literature, I make a methodological contribution in the definition of "Laffer effects" and clarify the role of compositional and dynamic effects in making tax cuts self-financing. I also provide simple analytical expressions for what tax rates are required for tax cuts to be fully self-financing. The results show that large distortions are required to get Laffer effects. Introducing a labor/leisure choice into the model opens up a new avenue for such effects, however.
Technology adoption and training needs of sericulture farmers – A case study in NGO

Sericulture is a labour intensive, employment creating and income generating agro based cottage industry. The silk industry by its nature is a cluster of many non-farm and on-farm activities and has a strong need for many forward and backward linkages. The NGOs are one of the four important agencies supporting the silk industry. They play a crucial role in mobilizing and motivating the rural poor to take advantage of on-going projects through their meaningful participation.and socio economic development. The data collected from the respondents reveal that greater numbers of respondents were of middle age; majority of the respondents had medium level of knowledge and adoption. The constraints for not adopting technologies are lack of knowledge, non-availability and high cost of the technology. All the respondents have undergone training conducted by BIRD-K on the topic ‘Dry land Sericulture. The role of NGO in improving the yield potentiality of the cocoons cannot be ignored. Therefore the DOS (Department of Sericulture) should provide training and timely technical advice to the NGOs. This will help not only for better and quicker diffusion of technologies but also for building better rapport of NGO among the beneficiaries.
Modeling Phosphorus Capture by Plants Growing in a Multispecies Riparian Buffer

The NST 3.0 mechanistic nutrient uptake model was used to explore P uptake to a depth of 120 cm over a 126 d growing season in simulated buffer communities composed of mixtures of cottonwood (Populus deltoids Bartr.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), and smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss). Model estimates of P uptake from pure stands of smooth brome and cottonwood were 18.9 and 24.5 kg ha−1, respectively. Uptake estimates for mixed stands of trees and grasses were intermediate to pure stands. A single factor sensitivity analysis of parameters used to calculate P uptake for each cover type indicated that , k, , and were consistently the most responsive to changes ranging from −50% to
DEVELOPMENT OF CDIO ACADEMY IN RUSSIA

The CDIO approach to modernization of engineering education is becoming more and more popular in Russian HEIs. In the period of 2011-2014, 12 Russian HEIs have joined the CDIO Initiative. The objectives of the CDIO Initiative in educating and training of a new generation of engineers correspond exactly to the tasks of modernization of Russian engineering education. Tomsk Polytechnic University (TPU) and Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) with assistance of Chalmers University of Technology and other participants of CDIO Initiative have launched the Russian “CDIO Academy” - the joined project aimed at proper preparation of managers and faculty staff at Russian HEIs to implement the CDIO Standards. In frame of the project the professional development programme “Applying CDIO Standards in Engineering Education” was designed and piloted in 2014. The paper describes the structure, the content, implementation technology and approbation results of the programme “Applying CDIO Standards in Engineering Education”. The focus of the paper is given to the upgrading of the programme based on:  programme evaluation and feedback of the trainees,  reviews of the programme teachers on trainees’ performance,  survey results amongst representatives of the Russian Universities on their challenges and tasks in CDIO implementation.
VIVEKANANDA GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR

5. Objective and Scope of the Research Investigation (Approx. 500 words): (Clearly state and explain your research idea. This may take the form of a hypothesis. Provide a short over view of your proposed researchthe key issue(s) that you wish to investigate. Ph.D. is an original piece of research, so you should demonstrate that your proposed topic has not been studied before or you are taking new perspective on the issue. )
MULTI-POLY-BERNOULLI NUMBERS AND RELATED ZETA FUNCTIONS

We construct and study a certain zeta function which interpolates multi-poly-Bernoulli numbers at nonpositive integers and whose values at positive integers are linear combinations of multiple zeta values. This function can be regarded as the one to be paired up with the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D709}$ -function defined by Arakawa and Kaneko. We show that both are closely related to the multiple zeta functions. Further we define multi-indexed poly-Bernoulli numbers, and generalize the duality formulas for poly-Bernoulli numbers by introducing more general zeta functions.
Verb movement in Faroese: New perspectives on an old question

The question of whether verb movement out of the VP in non-V2 contexts (“V-to-I”) is still part of the grammar of contemporary Faroese is a matter of some contention in the literature. There is a degree of consensus that some speakers do not allow V-to-I; however there is considerable debate whether there are other speakers who have it as one option. In this paper we review some of the background to this question, focussing on its theoretical significance; we then present some recent empirical work and discuss its potential and its limitations in addressing the questions raised by this type of variable data.
Nutritional supplementation of low-fat frozen yoghurt incorporated with carrot pulp

Yoghurt is a fermented milk product which is produced by adding a mixed culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcous thermophilus. Fermentation of milk sugar produce lactic acid, which acts on milk protein to give yoghurt its texture and its characteristics taste. The present study was carried out with different levels (2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) of carrot pulp. Frozen yoghurt mix was standardisation to 12 % sugar, 12 % SNF, @ 2% culture, Fat (0.5%, 1.5% and 3.0%) and Stabilizer (0.5%) adjusted to 26% total solids for frozen yoghurt. The low fat frozen yoghurt samples of different treatments were analyzed for organoleptic characteristics (flavour, body & texture, general appearance and overall acceptability) and nutritional characteristics (moisture, ash, fat, protein, acidity, pH & total solids). The data obtained on various parameters were statistically analyzed. Based on the results, it was concluded that the low fat frozen flavoured yoghurt with 3% carrot pulp, 0.5%, 3.0% fat (T3F3) are high as comparable with other treatments in the organoleptic characteristics (Flavour & taste, Body & texture, Colour & appearance and Overall acceptability) and nutritional characteristics (moisture, ash, fat, protein, acidity, pH & total solids).
Developing Guidelines for an Ideal Eco-label for Wood and Paper Products in the U.S.

Taman tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kehittaa suositukset puu- ja paperituotteiden ymparistomerkkijarjestelmalle Yhdysvaltain markkinoille. Metaregressio-analyysilla selvitettiin mitka tekijat vaikuttavat kuluttajien maksuhalukkuuteen ymparistomerkityista puu- ja paperituotteista. Kuluttajien suosimia ymparistomerkin ominaisuuksia kartoitettiin systemaattisella kirjallisuuskatsauksella. Tulokset osoittavat etta yhdysvaltalaiset kuluttajat ovat halukkaita maksamaan vahemman ymparistomerkityista puu- ja paperituotteista kuin eurooppalaiset kuluttajat. Ymparistomerkityista puisista ja kaytossa kestavista tuotteista ollaan valmiita maksamaan suurempi hintapreemio kuin ymparistomerkityista puu- ja paperituotteista, joilla on lyhyt kayttoaika. Mita enemman tietoa ymparistomerkit antavat kuluttajalle, sita suurempi on niista saatava hintapreemio. Kuluttajan ominaisuuksiin liittyvista muuttujista ian huomattiin olevan positiivisesti korreloitunut maksuhalukkuuden kanssa. Kuluttajat kokevat ymparistomerkin myontajan yhteystiedot ja tiedon tuotteen ymparistovaikutuksista tarkeina osina tuotteeseen liitettya ymparistomerkkia. Kuluttajat arvostavat myos ymparistomerkkia, joka mahdollistaa eri tuotteiden ymparistovaikutusten vertailun. Kirjallisuuden perusteella kuluttajat luottavat ymparistojarjestojen myontamiin ymparistomerkkeihin enemman kuin muiden tahojen myontamiin merkkeihin.
The strength of hard-rock pillars

Observations of pillar failures in Canadian hard-rock mines indicate that the dominant mode of failure is progressive slabbing and spalling. Empirical formulas developed for the stability of hard-rock pillars suggest that the pillar strength is directly related to the pillar width-to-height ratio and that failure is seldom observed in pillars where the width-to-height ratio is greater than 2. Twodimensional finite element analyses using conventional Hoek2Brown parameters for typical hard-rock pillars (Geological Strength Index of 40, 60 and 80) predicted rib-pillar failure envelopes that did not agree with the empirical pillar-failure envelopes. It is suggested that the conventional Hoek2Brown failure envelopes over predict the strength of hard-rock pillars because the failure process is fundamentally controlled by a cohesion-loss process in which the frictional strength component is not mobilized. Twodimensional elastic analyses were carried out using the Hoek-Brown brittle parameters which only relies on the cohesive strength of the rock mass. The predicted pillar strength curves were generally found to be in agreement with the observed empirical failure envelopes. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The End of History for Corporate Law

Despite the apparent divergence in institutions of governance, share ownership, capital markets, and business culture across developed economies, the basic law of the corporate form has already achieved a high degree of uniformity, and continued convergence is likely. A principal reason for convergence is a widespread normative consensus that corporate managers should act exclusively in the economic interests of shareholders, including noncontrolling shareholders. This consensus on a shareholder-oriented model of the corporation results in part from the failure of alternative models of the corporation, including the manager-oriented model that evolved in the U.S. in the 1950's and 60's, the labor-oriented model that reached its apogee in German co-determination, and the state-oriented model that until recently was dominant in France and much of Asia. Other reasons for the new consensus include the competitive success of contemporary British and American firms, the growing influence worldwide of the academic disciplines of economics and finance, the diffusion of share ownership in developed countries, and the emergence of active shareholder representatives and interest groups in major jurisdictions. Since the dominant corporate ideology of shareholder primacy is unlikely to be undone, its success represents the "end of history" for corporate law. The ideology of shareholder primacy is likely to press all major jurisdictions toward similar rules of corporate law and practice. Although some differences may persist as a result of institutional or historical contingencies, the bulk of
Term Structure of Interest Rates in a DSGE Model with Regime Changes

We develop and estimate a model of the term structure of interest rates within the context of a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model. The model features multiple monetary policy and volatility regimes. We estimate this model by Bayesian methods. Our estimation results reveal that U.S. monetary policy has become \more active" since 1995:Q2, that during this period, the average term premium has fallen, that the price of regime shift risk is signicantly positive over time, that although the term premium explains a signicant portion of the term spread in the (\less active") rst regime, its relative importance has fallen in the second regime, and that the volatility of the technology shock accounts for most of the volatility in the term premium. (JEL C11, E43)
An efficient alternative for deletions in dynamic spatial approximation trees

Metric space searching is an emerging technique to address the problem of similarity searching in many applications. In order to efficiently answer similarity queries, the database must be indexed. In some interesting real applications dynamism is an indispensable property of the index. There are very few actually dynamic indexes that support not only searches, but also insertions and deletions of elements. The dynamic spatial approximation tree (DSAT) is a data structure specially designed for searching in metric spaces, which compares favorably against other data structures in high dimensional spaces or queries with low selectivity. Insertions are efficient and easily supported in DSAT, but deletions degrade the structure over time. Several methods are proposed to handle deletions over the DSAT. One of them has shown to be superior to the others, in the sense that it permits controlling the expected deletion cost as a proportion of the insertion cost and searches does not overly degrade after several deletions. In this paper we propose and study a new alternative deletion method, based on the better existing strategy. The outcome is a fully dynamic data structure that can be managed through insertions and deletions over arbitrarily long periods of time without any significant reorganization.
Improving engineering change processes by using lean principles

The purpose of this research was to test the usefulness of the 13 lean principles for product development by Morgan & Liker when improving an engineering change (EC) process. The EC-process was studied at four firms. The firms were active in three different industrial branches. Two of the firms are situated in Sweden and two in Finland. First an exploratory single case study was carried out at one of the Swedish firms. This study was later merged into a multiple case study involving three more firms. The single case study included a thorough investigation on lead times in three explicit EC cases. The problems found in the EC processes in the multiple case studies were compared with the lean principles. If the problem caused a violation of one or several of the principles a solution to the problem was sought in line with the principle. From the results of the studies a synthesis was done to develop a lean Information Model to be used as a framework when improving information management aspects of engineering processes. The work was done in cooperation between Swerea IVF and Aalto University School of Science (previously Helsinki University of Technology). Also a two case study was carried out involving one of the Swedish firms from the previous work and one other firm not involved in the previous work, both from the automotive industry. The purpose with this study was to study the transformation process to lean product development. The study was done in cooperation between Swerea IVF AB and Chalmers university of Technology. The result from this study was later compared with the lean principles of Morgan & Liker. The results from these studies are published in four papers and further developed in this thesis. The results show that the lean principles can be used as a means to analyze and improve an engineering change process. The conclusions are: - There is a good match between the problems connected to ECs at the studied firms and the lean principles. - Lean principles can be used as guidance when improving an EC process in the industrial context of this research. - There were no contradictions found between improvements of an EC process and the lean principles. - Lean principle one, six, eleven, twelve and thirteen explicitly and principle seven implicitly support transformation to Lean Product Development at a supplier of mechanical and electromechanical products in the vehicle industry. - A better overview of ECs and a reduction of the time for information transfer are achieved when an EC process is designed according to the lean principles.
Beyond the diffraction limit of optical/IR interferometers: I. Angular diameter and rotation parameters of Achernar from differential phases

Context. Spectrally resolved long-baseline optical/IR interferometry of rotating stars opens perspectives to investigate their fundamental parameters and the physical mechanisms that govern their interior, photosphere, and circumstellar envelope structures. Aims. Based on the signatures of stellar rotation on observed interferometric wavelength-differential phases, we aim to measure angular diameters, rotation velocities, and orientation of stellar rotation axes. Methods. We used the AMBER focal instrument at ESO-VLTI in its high-spectral resolution mode to record interferometric data on the fast rotator Achernar. Differential phases centered on the hydrogen Br γ line (K band) were obtained during four almost consecutive nights with a continuous Earth-rotation synthesis during ∼5 h/night, corresponding to ∼60° position angle coverage per baseline. These observations were interpreted with our numerical code dedicated to long-baseline interferometry of rotating stars. Results. By fitting our model to Achernar's differential phases from AMBER, we could measure its equatorial radius R e q = 11.6 ± 0.3 R ⊙ , equatorial rotation velocity V eq = 298 ± 9 km s ―1 , rotation axis inclination angle i = 101.5 ± 5.2°, and rotation axis position angle (from North to East) PA rot = 34.9 ± 1.6°. From these parameters and the stellar distance, the equatorial angular diameter ∅ eq of Achernar is found to be 2.45 ± 0.09 mas, which is compatible with previous values derived from the commonly used visibility amplitude. In particular, ∅ eq and PA rot measured in this work with VLTI/AMBER are compatible with the values previously obtained with VLTI/VINCI. Conclusions. The present paper, based on real data, demonstrates the super-resolution potential of differential interferometry for measuring sizes, rotation velocities, and orientation of rotating stars in cases where visibility amplitudes are unavailable and/or when the star is partially or poorly resolved. In particular, we showed that differential phases allow the measurement of sizes up to ∼4 times smaller than the diffraction-limited angular resolution of the interferometer.
Spaces of w-limit sets of graph maps

Let (X, f) be a dynamical system. In general the set of all ω-limit sets of f is not closed in the hyperspace of closed subsets of X. In this paper we study the case when X is a graph, and show that the family of ω-limit sets of a graph map is closed with respect to the Hausdorff metric.