Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Outer Space as International Space: Lessons from Antarctica

Antarctica and outer space have a lot in common. Like Antarctica, outer space is dangerous for humans; like Antarctica, outer space has a high strategic value; like Antarctica, outer space is quite interesting for research purposes. This means a lot for lawyers because the nature of a space has a great impact on its legal status. Nevertheless, for historical reasons Antarctica and outer space are rather different as far as their legal statuses are concerned. In fact, despite the existing claims by some states on Antarctica, on the one hand, and the acceptance of the nonappropriation principle of outer space, on the other, the common natural, strategic, and scientific aspects of both spaces make a comparison of their legal framework and governance very efficient. In 1959 activities in Antarctica were already important, and the Antarctic Treaty succeeded in breaking the vicious circle that impeded scientific activities on this disputed territory.1 The freezing of the claims and refusal of new claims made possible efficient scientific activities on the cold continent. Outer space activities were at their very beginning, and the cold war and a significant balance between both superpowers made possible the recognition of a legal status that in many ways was copied from the Antarctic Treaty. Both Antarctic and outer space activities were boosted by the International Geophysical Year, 1957–1958. Sputnik, the first artificial satellite of the Earth, was launched on 4 October 1957; Explorer 1 launched on 1 February 1958, opening the way to the discovery of the Van Allen belt. Fifty years later, it is interesting to go on comparing both regimes. Doing so, we must keep in mind that outer space is much more sensitive for strategy and defence than Antarctica; the vision of a dominance of the Earth through space dominance is commonplace in geostrategic theories. Economically, outer space is also quite important, for instance, in telecommunications and remote sensing. Still, on many issues, this comparison may be quite useful. For a lawyer and a specialist in space law the hypothesis for this paper is that we have a rather evolved legal framework for outer space, but we have too few cooperation mechanisms. For the time being, the treaties governing outer space are Outer Space as International Space: Lessons from Antarctica
Adult attachment styles as predictors of different types of ingroup identification.

The primary goal of the present research was to explore the relationship between adult attachment styles and four different types of identification with social groups. The results confirmed predictions and revealed that particular prototypic attachment styles are associated with an increase in only certain types of ingroup identification. People with secure attachment style had higher social identification than people with a dismissive-avoidant attachment style. Participants with secure attachment style showed higher communal identification than participants who had either a dismissive-avoidant or a fearful-avoidant attachment style. These findings supported the idea that relationship attachment style has an important effect on the way people identify with their social groups and can serve as a predictor of preferred type of ingroup identity.
Student Self-Assessment: At the Intersection of Metacognition and Authentic Assessment.

The hypothesis that task-specific criterion-referenced self-assessment can have a positive effect on students' metacognitive engagement and learning was tested. Seventh graders (n.47) were asked to invent, apply, and explain a classification system for a group of animals. Treatment subjects periodically assessed their performance in terms of a written rubric that listed the criteria for each task and gradations of quality for each criterion. Students in the control group were not asked to assess their work. Think-aloud protocols were collected and coded to provide insight into spontaneous self-assessment, the classification of self-assessment, and the influence of self-assessment on metacognitive engagement and learning. Approximately three-quarters of the students assessed themselves spontaneously. Girls in the treatment group were more metacognitive than boys, but no statistically significant differences were found for boys in treatment and control groups. Treatment students tended to outperform the control group on posttests. The rubric appeared to have a positive effect on the criteria that students used in their spontaneous self-assessments, and students who assessed their own work were remarkably willing to revise it. An appendix contains the scoring rubric given to the experimental group. (Contains 18 tables and 109 references.) (Author/SLD) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Student Self-Assessment: At the Intersection of Metacognition and Authentic Assessment Heidi Goodrich Andrade Harvard Graduate School of Education Longfellow HallProject Zero Cambridge, MA 02138 A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association April 20, 1999 Montreal, Canada U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 2. ,11(docurnent has been reproduced as received from the person or organization
Population Growth and Endogenous Technological Change: Australian Economic Growth in the Long Run

The Australian growth experience appears to be a three-act phenomenon, with higher per capita income and living standards before 1890 and after 1940, disconnected by a 50-year period of no trend improvement in between. This paper examines the roles of technological progress and population growth in Australian productivity growth over the past two centuries. The empirical results confirm that while population growth had a negative effect, innovative activity had a positive effect on productivity growth. Furthermore, the estimates strongly support the Schumpeterian growth hypothesis, which predicts that productivity growth is driven by the levels of research intensity in the economy.
Using Atomic Changes to Explain Pointcut Deltas

Aspect oriented programming has been proposed as a way to improve modularity of software systems by allowing encapsulation of cross-cutting concerns. To do so, aspects specify where new functionality should apply using pointcuts. Unfortunately expressions written using todays mainstream pointcut languages are fragile, as non-local changes may easily change pointcut semantics. This is a major obstacle for evolution of aspect oriented software. This technical report extends pointcut delta analysis proposed in earlier work to lighten these problems and allow programmers informed decisions if matching behavior changed expectedly or not.
Numerical analysis of the relationship between time-variant coda-Q and the variation in crustal stress

SUMMARY Coda-Q is a stochastic parameter reflecting the heterogeneities of medium that seismic waves travel through. We confirmed that coda-Q would vary with the stress loaded to an elastic medium using numerical simulations of seismic wave propagation. When the stress is loaded, cracks in the crust could either close or newly open. The closure and opening of the cracks are not random but depending on the magnitude and the direction of the stress and the crack aspect ratio. The cracks in the medium after loading stress could be aligned in a specific orientation, and elastic wave velocity field would become anisotropic due to the alignment of specific crack orientations. Elastic wave velocity is in general faster along the direction corresponding with the crack orientation while slower along the perpendicular direction. In the numerical simulation, the effect of anisotropy in elastic wave velocity field due to the selective closure and opening of the cracks is calculated using a 2-D finite difference method assuming elastic wave velocity to be a function of the magnitude of loaded stress. The coda-Q calculated from seismic waves simulated for a model varies when the averaged normal stress changes. Our simulation indicated that the sensitivity of coda-Q −1 , that is the reciprocal of the coda-Q, would be 1.0 × 10 −2 (1.0MPa ‐1 ) against the magnitude of the confining pressure and 1.0 × 10 −3 (1.0 deg ‐1 ) against the direction of principal stress. We would like to conclude that coda-Q, a stochastic parameter reflecting heterogeneities of subsurface medium, could become a quantitative state indicator of the stress field of the medium where seismic waves propagate through. Spatiotemporal variation of coda-Q reflects change in the stress field in the crust.
Economics of Goat Farming in Agra District of Uttar Pradesh

The economic study of goat farming from different herd size groups (Small, Medium and Large) of barbari and local breed has been conducted. The study was undertaken in randomly selected villages of Saiya, Akola, Bichpuri and Fathepur Sekari Block of Agra District of Uttar-Pradesh during 2010. The goat keepers (household) of selected villages were divided in to two groups maintaining barbari and local breeds. The study revealed that the net income derived from different herd size groups of goats was much higher among barbari breed group than local breed group. The study clearly shows large herd size group of goat keepers achieved higher profits than small and medium herd size groups in both breed of goats. The overall net annual income per goat was worked out to be Rs. 1183.66 in barbari breed and Rs. 894.06 in local breed of goats. The annual income of barbari breed of different herd size groups was higher in comparison to local breed of goats. This shows that the improved breed of barbari goats have positive impact on the income of goat keepers.
Bioremediation efficacy-comparison of nutrient removal from an anaerobic digest waste-based medium by an algal consortium before and after cryopreservation

An algal consortium was isolated from an integrated steelmaking site at TATA Steel Strip Products Ltd. in Port Talbot, UK, and its bioremediation capacity tested. Excellent Bbioremediation^ was observed when the mixed culture was Bapplied^ to diluted effluent from an enhanced anaerobic digestion plant at Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water at Port Talbot, UK. After 5 days of cultivation in a 600-L photobioreactor, 99% of the total nitrogen (initial level, 4500 μmol L) and total phosphorus (initial level, 690.4 μmol L) were removed from the waste stream. The consortium was deposited in the Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP), an international depository authority for microalgal patents, as CCAP 293/1. This material has been successfully cryopreserved using a two-step cryopreservation protocol with dimethyl sulphoxide (5% v/v) used as a cryoprotectant. On recovery of samples after 3 months storage at −196 °C, the specific bioremediation activity of the revived consortium was tested. The capacity of the revived culture to bioremediate effluent was not significantly different (p < 0.05) from a non-cryopreserved control, with 99% of total nitrogen and phosphorus remediated by day 4. Although non-axenic algal cultures have previously been cryopreserved, this is the first report of the successful cryopreservation of mixed algal consortium, with validation of its ability to bioremediate after thawing comparing noncryopreserved cultures with a revived post-thaw algal consortium. The study also highlights the need to ensure the long-term security and the requirement to validate the functionality of conserved inocula with biotechnological/ bioremediation potential.
Variable Uptake and Accumulation of Essential and Heavy Metals in Maize (Zea mays L.) Grains of Six Maize Varieties

Six maize varieties and their soil were analysed for their variable absorption and accumulation of metals in different maize varieties on the basis of their genetic character in the same agricultural land by using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results of the current research showed that the dominants concentration of Na, Ca, and Fe Agaiti-2; Zinc in Golden; K, Mg, Mn and Cu in Sultan among all varieties. The comparative study of eight investigated elements indicate their values in range: K (2687.4-3492.6); Mg (524.96-725.76); Na (230.11-404.07); Zn (16.26-31.16); Fe (6.27- 10.73; Mn (3.59-9.33); Ca (3.74-4.13); Cu (1.09-1.97) mg/kg respectively in descending order. The level of K, Zn, Fe were within permissible limit where as Mg, Mn slightly higher; Na, Ca and Cu slightly lower than that of permissible limit given by WHO. Wet digestion method was used during the preparation of samples.
The Use of Electronic Diaries in Respiratory Studies

Background Electronic diary cards have advantages over paper diaries for daily collection of data on lung function and symptoms in patients with respiratory disorders. The suitability of a pen-based electronic diary (Apple MessagePad) for this purpose was assessed in a clinical trial setting. Methods Two studies were carried out in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease: 1. An open randomized two-period crossover study comparing electronic and paper diaries in 22 clinic outpatients aged 18–70. Data were collected for four weeks on each type of diary, and 2. An open study in 37 patients in general practice aged 13–80. Data were collected for four weeks on electronic diaries only. Results In Study 1, 59% of patients preferred the electronic diary and 18% preferred paper. Both paper and electronic diaries were found to be easy to use. There were fewer problematic data from the electronic diaries (0.24% of data points) compared with paper (5.6%), resulting in improved data reliability. There were more missing data, however, with electronic diaries (8.9% vs 0.2%; p = 0.0001) which probably relates to the fact that the electronic diary did not permit retrospective entry. Data handling procedures were greatly simplified for the electronic diaries. Problems occurred with battery life and power management. Study 2 confirmed the acceptability of electronic diaries in this patient group, and showed no battery problems using a later model of the hardware (MP 110). Conclusions Pen-based electronic diaries are acceptable to patients, and offer major benefits in terms of data reliability and simplification of data handling.
Magnetoelectricity in multiferroic particulate composites with arbitrary crystallographic orientation

This paper studies the magnetoelectricity (ME) of a spherical particulate composite made of piezoelectric and piezomagnetic phases. The effects of crystallographic orientations and the volume fraction of inclusion are investigated by a micromechanical approach. The solutions are in good agreement with predictions by finite element analysis. Based on this micromechanical method, we show that, for the CoFe2O4–LiNbO3 particulate composite, the effective ME voltage coefficient can be enhanced at the optimal orientation as compared to those at normal cut orientation. Further, we observe that the ME coupling is sensitive to the piezoelectric constant e15. The optimal orientation of the ME voltage coefficient is near that of the piezoelectric constant e15.
The composite Kortrijk section (W Belgium): a key reference for mid-Ypresian (Early Eocene) stratigraphy in the southern North Sea Basin

The upper part of the Kortrijk Clay Formation (the Roubaix Clay and Aalbeke Clay Members of mid-Ypresian age) has been exposed in road and canal cuttings and clay quarries in the Kortrijk area (western Belgium), and penetrated by several cored boreholes. It is overlain disconformably by the Mont-Panisel Sand Member of the Hyon Sand Formation (upper middle Ypresian). The Roubaix Clay Member contains diverse and well-preserved calcareous nannofossils, dinoflagellate cysts, foraminifera, ostracods and other calcitic microfossils, and less well-preserved mollusc assemblages, while the Aalbeke Clay Member is secondarily decalcified. The calcareous nannofossil subdivision of upper NP11 and lower NP12 has been recognised in the Kortrijk area, and calibrated with the NW European mid-Ypresian dinoflagellate cyst, ostracod and planktonic foraminiferal zones and datums (e.g. Subbotina influx). Several medium-scale depositional sequences, with an estimated duration of 400 kyr or less, have been recorded. Their respective boundaries coincide with the resistivity maxima identified on the majority of the wireline log profiles of the Belgian Ypresian. Integrated biostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic analysis enables correlation with other areas in Belgium, with the London Clay Formation of southern England, and with the standard chronostratigraphic scale. A marine erosion surface has been identified at the base of Unit 20 in the Kortrijk area (mid-Ypresian, early Biochron NP12, middle C24n.1n, ~ 52.8 Ma), corresponding to the first occurrence of estuarine channel-fill units in southern England. This indicates a brief but profound sea-level fall, either eustatically or tectonically controlled. The composite Kortrijk section is proposed as a reference section for the middle Ypresian in the southern North Sea Basin, and for similar settings in midto high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (e.g. Kazakhstan and Crimea).
Al-Khriet Agricultural Waste Adsorbent, for Removal Lead and Cadmium Ion from Aqueous Solutions

The availability of low- cost adsorbent namely Al-Khriet ( a substance found in the legs of Typha Domingensis) as an agricultural waste material, for the removal of lead and cadmium from aqueous solution was investigated. In the batch tests experimental parameters were studied, including adsorbent dosage between (0.2-1) g, initial metal ions concentration between (50-200) ppm (single and binary) and contact time (1/2-6) h. The removal percentage of each ion onto Al-Khriet reached equilibrium in about 4 hours. The highest adsorption capacity was for lead (96%) while for cadmium it was (90%) with 50 ppm ions concentration, 1 g dosage of adsorbent and pH 5.5. Adsorption capacity in the binary mixture were reduce at about 8% for lead and 12 % for cadmium, which was attributed to competitive adsorption. The adsorption parameters were analyzed using both the Freundlich and Langmuir. Al-Khriet was best fitted by the Freundlich isotherm comparing with Langmuir model, and the rate constant was found to be 1.305 and 0.621 ((mg/g)(L/mg) 1/n ) for lead and cadmium respectively , while the kinetic of adsorption obeyed a second order rate equation and the rate constants were found to be (0.0161) for lead and ( 0.0125) mg.g -1 . min -1 for cadmium.
Origin of macrocrysts and gabbro-nodules in Hengill, SW Iceland

A number of lava flows in Iceland contain large plagioclase phenocrysts and some contain abundant olivines (picrites). The origin of these macrocrysts and their relationship to their host magmas are of fundamental petrologic importance. Two separate pillow/hyaloclastite formations, Maelifell and Midfell, in the Hengill Central Volcano in SW Iceland contain macrocrysts (large phenocrysts) of olivine, plagioclase and clinopyroxene and gabbro nodules with the same mineralogy. The composition of the macrophenocrysts and the gabbro minerals are similar and within a relatively narrow range. These are embedded in a primitive basalt matrix, best represented in pillow-rim glasses. Closely adjacent is the highly plagioclase porphyritic formation of Sandfell also included in the present study. Strontium isotope ratios, Sr/Sr, are easily measurable in the glasses and there is also enough Sr in the plagioclase macrophenocrysts so that Sr/Sr can be measured with the same precision in individual crystals. Sr isotopic ratios were measured in two sample sets, macrocrysts and plagioclase from the gabbros. The results were compared with Sr/Sr ratios from the pillow rim glasses, previously published by Magna et al. (2011). For Sandfell only plagioclase was included as it has no nodules. The long half-life of Rb, parental to Sr, and the low abundance of Rb in Icelandic basalts means that any differences in Sr/Sr detected should be a long term one and not related to or caused by any recent petrologic processes but reflecting different mantle differences. The resulting data show that the glasses are significantly different from both the macrocrysts and gabbro plagioclases. The plagioclase macrocysts and the gabbro show no significant difference. The main conclusion is therefore that the macrocrysts and host magma are genetically unrelated. The Sr/Sr ratios of the xenoliths and megacrysts resemble the average crustal ratios of the Reykjanes Peninsula (Sr/Sr = 0.703099-0.703164). Their origins are most likely from deep intrusions of olivine-tholeiite at the base of the crust. Their carrying magmas have a more primitive isotopic signature (Sr/Sr = 0.7030070.703089). They are a collection of melt aggregates from a dynamic melting column in the upwelling mantle beneath Iceland.
Point‐scale energy and mass balance snowpack simulations in the upper Karasu basin, Turkey

Since snowmelt runoff is important in the mountainous parts of the world, substantial efforts have been made to develop snowmelt models with many different levels of complexity to simulate the processes at the ground (soil–vegetation), within the snow, and at the interface with the atmosphere. Snow modifies the exchange of energy between the land surface and atmosphere and significantly affects the distribution of heating in the atmosphere by changing the surface albedo and regulating turbulent heat and momentum fluxes at the surface. Thus, for computing the amount of melt, the only strictly correct way is using an energy budget. A two‐layer point model (SNOBAL) was applied to calculate the energy and mass balance of snowmelt in the upper Karasu basin, in eastern Turkey, during the 2002–04 snow seasons. The data on snow and climate were provided from automated snow and meteorological stations installed and upgraded to collect high‐quality time series data of snow and meteorological variables, such as snow water equivalent, snow depth, precipitation and radiation, with automated data transfer. A number of analyses of snowpack energy and mass balance were carried out to understand the key processes that have major impacts on the snow simulation. Each form of energy transfer was evaluated during snow accumulation and ablation periods using a 2 h computational time step. The model results are appraised with respect both to temporal distribution (the model application for three consecutive snow seasons at one site) and to areal evaluation (the model application to three different sites for one season). The model performance is evaluated by comparing the results with observed snow water equivalent, snow depth and lysimeter yield. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of firm specific factors on the stock prices: Empirical evidence from Belgrade stock exchange

This study aims to examine the impact of certain determinants of stock prices on the capital market in development, with a special focus on companies in the Financial and Insurance Activities Sector whose shares are listed on the Belgrade Stock Exchange. The study uses data from individual companies from 2008 to 2014 and employed ordinary least squares method. Generally speaking, the study found that accounting information, in particular, return on assets, book value per share, trust rate and company size measured by market capitalization, are relevant for explaining the stocks prices in Serbia. This study contributes to the current discussion of specific factors affecting the price of stocks in the emerging market with a special focus on the Belgrade Stock Exchange. Cluster analysis of companies according to key determinants of share prices suggests to investors that there is the possibility of portfolio diversification. The reliability in the study is ensured by including nearly 95% of the companies listed on the Belgrade Stock Exchange, ie shares of companies classified in K Financial and Insurance Activities Sector on the Belgrade Stock Exchange.