Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examining Hybrid-Gift Philanthropy in Division I Intercollegiate Athletics: A Mixed Methods Study

Over the past few decades, the money and attention associated with Intercollegiate Athletics (ICA) has exploded. At the same time, however, many ICA departments claim to be at a financial crossroads with coaching salaries and operational costs soaring upwards. Not surprisingly, ICA departments are responding by focusing on increasing their fundraising in innovative ways. Perhaps the most interesting of these is in the area of hybrid—or blended—giving, which combines cash with a deferred gift. While these gifts have the potential to help generate substantially more revenue for ICA, unfortunately there is limited empirical research surrounding them. In an effort to broaden this research base, this study examined hybrid gifts in Division I ICA at both the macro and micro levels. Specifically, an explanatory sequential mixed methods design was used to assess the state of hybrid-gift development among all 346 Division I ICA departments. This was accomplished through an online survey of the senior development director at every Division I ICA department; the 33question survey had a 64% response rate and employed demographic, Likert-style, and open-ended questions. Following this mapping of the current Division I ICA hybrid-gift landscape, two purposely selected comparative case studies of Division I ICA departments were undertaken to better explain the complexity of hybrid gifts by digging deeper into the nuances of ICA philanthropy and hybrid-gift development. Analysis of the data indicates hybrid-gift development is trending upward with a number of unique and new opportunities. Findings centered on building a culture of philanthropy and strategic process that includes education, communication, and collaboration; identifying the trajectory of hybrid-gift donors; and the new opportunities that hybrid gifts create, such as both shortand long-term approaches, re-cultivation of donors, and elevated partnerships. Further analysis used the lens of behavioral economics, specifically, framing, anchoring, loss aversion, and what you see is all there is to enrich the findings. Taken together, the study responds to a yawning gap in the literature on philanthropy. In particular, the study informs best practices for ICA development, leaders, and donors, and generates potentially transferable philanthropic insights into higher education and nonprofit philanthropy.
Nursing shaping and influencing health and social care policy.

AIM This paper seeks to consider how nursing as a profession in the United Kingdom is developing its role in shaping and influencing policy using lessons learnt from a policy study tour undertaken in the United States of America and extensive experience as a senior nurse within the government, the health service and more recently within a Professional Organization. BACKGROUND The nursing profession faces major changes in health and health care and nurses need to be visible in the public debate about future models of health and health care. METHODS This paper critically reviews recent UK and USA literature and policy with relevance to nursing. RESULTS Strategies that support nurses and nursing to influence policy are in place but more needs to be done to address all levels of nursing in order to find creative solutions that promote and increase the participation of nurses in the political process and health policy. There are lessons to be learnt in the UK from the US nursing experience. These need to be considered in the context of the UK and devolution. CONCLUSIONS Although much has been achieved in positioning nurses and nursing as an influencer in the arena of policy and political decision-making, there is a need for greater co-ordination of action to ensure that nursing is actively supported in influencing and shaping health and health care policy. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT All leaders and other stakeholders require to play their part in considering how the actions set out in this article can be taken forward and how gaps such as education, fellowship experience and media engagement can be addressed in the future.
Cerebral haemodynamics in patients with chronic renal failure: effects of haemodialysis.

BACKGROUND We measured middle cerebral artery (MCA) flow velocity (FV), dynamic pressure autoregulation, and carbon dioxide reactivity (CRCO(2)) in patients with chronic renal failure before and after haemodialysis using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. METHODS Twelve patients on long-term haemodialysis were recruited. MCA FV was measured continuously. The transient hyperaemic response test was used to assess cerebral autoregulation, and per cent change in FV per kPa change in end-tidal carbon dioxide was calculated to assess CRCO(2). All measurements were recorded before and after haemodialysis. RESULTS MCA FV (mean [sd]) decreased from 57 (10) cm s(-1) before to 46 (13) cm s(-1) after haemodialysis (P<0.01). The transient hyperaemic response ratio (THRR) was (mean [sd]) 1.29 (0.13) before haemodialysis and did not change significantly following haemodialysis (1.36 [0.10]). CRCO(2) was 21.7 (8.3)% kPa(-1) before haemodialysis and remained unchanged afterwards (20.9 [3.8]% kPa(-1)). Values in normal subjects for MCA FV, THRR and CRCO(2) are 56 (12) cm s(-1), 1.26 (0.13) and 22 (6)% kPa(-1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS MCA FV decreases significantly after haemodialysis. Dynamic pressure autoregulation and CRCO(2) remain normal in patients with chronic renal failure, and are not altered significantly by haemodialysis.
The Rise of `Recruitmentology'

Recent debates concerning the biomedical meaning and significance of race have paid relatively little attention to the practical implications of new policies in the US mandating the inclusion of racial and ethnic minorities (along with other `underrepresented groups') as research subjects in clinical studies. I argue that pressures to enroll underrepresented groups have stimulated the development in the US of an auxiliary science I term `recruitmentology': an empirical body of studies scientifically evaluating the efficacy of various social, cultural, psychological, technological, and economic means of convincing people (especially members of `hard-to-recruit populations') that they want to become, and remain, human subjects. Via the filtering of social scientific frameworks into the clinical research domain, recruitmentology has promoted hybrid ways of thinking about race — awkward encounters in which depictions of race as a bounded, quasi-biological medical and administrative category sit uneasily alongside an interest in understanding racial identities and communities as sociocultural phenomena. I analyze how recruitmentologists, in addressing the mandate to recruit racially diverse subject populations, conceptualize race while simultaneously grappling with problems of trust, collective memory, and participation. I also examine how the increasingly transnational character of biomedical research is intensifying the exploitative dimensions of recruitment while further transforming the racialized character of human experimentation. This analysis highlights the tensions underlying projects to eliminate health disparities by race.
Apoptosis induced by para‐phenylenediamine involves formation of ROS and activation of p38 and JNK in chang liver cells

para‐phenylenediamine (p‐PD) is a suspected carcinogen, but it has been widely used as a component in permanent hair dyes. In this study, the mechanism of p‐PD‐induced cell death in normal Chang liver cells was investigated. The results demonstrated that p‐PD decreased cell viability in a dose‐dependent manner. Cell death via apoptosis was confirmed by enhanced DNA damage and increased cell number in the sub‐G1 phase of the cell cycle, using Hoechst 33258 dye staining and flow cytometry analysis. Apoptosis via reactive oxygen species generation was detected by the dichlorofluorescin diacetate staining method. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was assessed by western blot analysis and revealed that p‐PD activated not only stress‐activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNK) and p38 MAPK but also extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by p‐PD were markedly enhanced by ERK activation and selectively inhibited by ERK inhibitor PD98059, thus indicating a negative role of ERK. In contrast, inhibition of p38 MAPK activity with the p38‐specific inhibitor SB203580 moderately inhibited cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by p‐PD. Similarly, SP600125, an inhibitor of SAPK/JNK, moderately inhibited cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by p‐PD, thus implying that p38 MAPK and SAPK/JNK had a partial role in p‐PD‐induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis revealed that p‐PD significantly increased phosphorylation of p38 and SAPK/JNK and decreased phosphorylation of ERK. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that SAPK/JNK and p38 cooperatively participate in apoptosis induced by p‐PD and that a decreased ERK signal contributes to growth inhibition or apoptosis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 981–990, 2014.
The EU as a Global Actor: United We Stand, Divided We Fall

The year 2016 has been termed the ‘annus horribilis’ (Leonard, 2017) for the European Union (EU) from a number of perspectives: the United Kingdom decided to leave the club in June 2016, refugee inflows have continued and the migration issue divided member states, terrorist attacks hit Brussels, Nice and Berlin, while domestic politics have been marred by the rise of radical nationalist parties and threats to democracy, human rights and rule of law within and outside the Union. Although all of these issues have repercussions for Europe as a global actor, 2016 did not embody a low point in the EU’s foreign policy. In contrast to previous years when internal bickering and divergences slowed much of the progress, 2016 has in fact shown that when there is a common will among member states and across EU institutions, the EU can act relatively fast even when faced with a challenging environment. As much as in other policy areas, 2016 has proven that European unity is a key to successful crafting and swift execution of a joint action in EU foreign policy. The presentation and subsequent implementation of the EU Global Strategy (EUGS) in the areas of defence and security through the EU’s ‘Winter Package’ is a case in point. In fact, it could be argued that within a span of several months, the EU has achieved in defence and security what has been sitting on its plate for a number of years thanks to its unified approach. On the other hand, 2016 has also exposed three negative trends that have impacted and may continue to influence the EU’s external action in the future. First, discord among, but also within, EU member states can lead to contestation of policies that have been considered a cornerstone of European integration. The drama around the EU–Canada free trade agreement and emerging doubts over the EU’s ability to conclude any bilateral trade deal have cast a shadow over the EU’s most long-standing external pillar, the Common Commercial Policy (Article 207 TFEU). Similarly, albeit at the international level, the inability to co-ordinate both among member states and within a member state led to an unexpected outcome during the selection of the next UN Secretary General. Second, the EU can no longer take old alliances and friends for granted, which pertains not only to the UK and Brexit, but also to the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States. Trump questioned the merits of the EU throughout his electoral campaign in 2016 and it is unclear to what extent he will follow through on his campaigning rhetoric with action while in office. At the same time, 2016 also highlighted the fact that the EU cannot go it alone. EU diplomacy depends on its partners, whether
Contributions of ERP systems in Jordan

Research in the area of information systems performance indicates contradictory results with respect to the value and gains of enterprise resource planning systems ERP systems. Performance of information systems is measured in three main categories: efficiency, effectiveness and quality. This paper explores the value of ERP systems in the business environment and uses an empirical test to support the findings of this research. Six major predictors of the satisfaction level of managers using ERP systems are: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, financial improvements, operational improvements, quality of system, and quality of information. While all variables were significantly associated with satisfaction except financial improvements, results indicated a dominance of operational improvements and quality of information in influencing the satisfaction level when regressed together. Conclusions and future work are stated at the end.
Controlling the unruly agents – linkages between accountability and corruption within the executive structures of Botswana

ABSTRACT Representative democracy entails delegation of power to representatives and other actors within the political system. Oftentimes, the delegating party has little insight into the actions of the person(s) to whom power is delegated. Ensuring that the power-holder does not misuse his/her powers is, therefore, a challenge. This article analyses accountability mechanisms through which the delegating party can prevent and detect misuse of power in the form of corruption. The article argues that political institutions contribute towards such mechanisms being available/unavailable to the delegating party. The analysis focuses on the case of Botswana, where executive structures stipulate the accountability mechanisms available to principals. As shown by the analysis, principals have formal access to many such mechanisms. Oftentimes, however, these mechanisms are not applied. The analysis shows that accountability alone cannot explain levels of corruption within executive structures of Botswana but that informal rules also explain the presence/absence of corrupt practices.
Natural Experiment Evidence on the Effect of Migration on Blood Pressure and Hypertension

Over 200 million people worldwide live outside their country of birth and typically experience large gains in material well-being by moving to where wages are higher. But, the effect of this migration on other dimensions of well-being such as health are less clear and existing evidence is ambiguous because of potential for self-selection bias. In this paper, we use a natural experiment, comparing successful and unsuccessful applicants to a migration lottery to experimentally estimate the impact of migration on measured blood pressure and hypertension. Hypertension is a leading global health problem, as well as being an important health measure that responds quickly to migration. We use various econometric estimators to form bounds on the treatment effects because there appears to be selective non-compliance in the natural experiment. Even with these bounds, the results suggest significant and persistent increases in blood pressure and hypertension, which are likely to have implications for future health budgets given recent increases in developing to developed country migration.
Smad3 signaling in the regenerating liver: implications for the regulation of IL‐6 expression

Liver regeneration is vital for graft survival and adequate organ function. Smad activation regulates hepatocyte proliferation and macrophage function. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of Smad3 signaling during liver regeneration in the mouse. Male C57Bl/6 wild‐type (wt) mice or mice deficient in Smad3 (Smad3−/−) were subjected to a 70% partial hepatectomy (pHx) or sham surgery and sacrificed 24, 42, or 48 h later. Tissue was analyzed for TGF‐β signaling, the mitogenic cytokine response [i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF‐α; interleukin (IL)‐6], and liver regeneration. Partial hepatectomy stimulated a strong regenerative response measured by proliferating cell nuclear antigen‐positive hepatocytes 42 and 48 h post‐pHx in conjunction with an increased expression of IL‐6, TNF‐α, and Smad2/3 phosphorylation 24 h post‐pHx in both hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. Surprisingly, Smad3 deficiency led to reduced hepatocyte proliferation 42 h post‐pHx which recovered by 48 h, a process that correlated with and was preceded by significant reductions in IL‐6 expression and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation, and cyclin D1 induction 24 h post‐pHx. Loss of Smad3 signaling suppresses the expression of key mitogenic cytokines and delays hepatocellular regeneration. Therapies directed at finely regulating Smad3 activation early within the regenerating liver may prove useful in promoting liver cell proliferation and restoration of liver mass.
ToxRead: A tool to assist in read across and its use to assess mutagenicity of chemicals£

Life sciences, and toxicology in particular, are heavily impacted by the development of methods for data collection and data analysis; they are moving from an analytical approach to a modelling approach. The scarce availability of experimental data is a known bottleneck in assessing the properties of new chemicals. Even when a model is available, the resulting predictions have to be assessed by close scrutiny of the chemicals and the biological properties of the compounds concerned. To avoid unnecessary testing, a read across strategy is often suggested and used. In this paper we discuss how to improve and standardize read across activity using ad hoc visualization and data search methods which use similarity measures and fragment search to organize in a chart a picture of all the relevant information that the expert needs to make an assessment. We show in particular how to apply our system to the case of mutagenicity.
Bacteriology of complicated parapneumonic effusions

Purpose of review The bacteriology of complicated parapneumonic effusions has changed in recent decades, but the causative organisms often remain obscure in up to 40% of cases. Recently, new molecular methods have become available which might help clinical management and improve our understanding of this condition. In this review, we will consider the current bacteriological spectrum of pleural infection and look at some of the new molecular methods. Recent findings Hospital-acquired pleural infection exhibits a different bacteriology than pleural infection originating in the community. It carries a significantly higher mortality and requires different antibiotics at presentation. Streptococcal and anaerobic infections have low associated mortalities whereas staphylococcal, enterobacterial and mixed aerobic infections carry a worse prognosis. The yield of causative organisms can be significantly increased by the use of bacterial nucleic acid amplification and this may have a role in routine clinical practice in the near future. Summary The bacteriology of pleural infection has changed markedly in recent years. Mortality is highest with hospital-acquired pleural infection and infections caused by staphylococci, Enterobacteriacae and mixed aerobes. New molecular microbiological methods substantially increase bacterial yield in pleural fluid.
BML-111, a Lipoxin Receptor Agonist, Attenuates Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury in Rats

ABSTRACT Mechanical ventilation can cause structural and functional disturbances in the lung termed ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether BML-111, a lipoxin receptor agonist, could attenuate VILI. Following induction of anesthesia and tracheostomy, Sprague-Dawley rats were ventilated with low tidal volume (6 mL/kg) or high tidal volume (20 mL/kg, HVT) for 4 h. Some rats subjected to HVT ventilation received BML-111 or vehicle (saline) by intraperitoneal injection. Some rats subjected to HVT and BML-111(1 mg/kg) received BOC-2 (a FPR2/ALX antagonist) intraperitoneally 30 min before BML-111. Sham rats were tracheotomized without ventilation. Treatment with BML-111 attenuated VILI, as evidenced by improved oxygenation and reduced histological injury compared with HVT-induced lung injury. BML-111 decreased indices of inflammation such as interleukin 1&bgr;, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor &agr;, and bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophil infiltration. Administration with BML-111 suppressed the decrement of the nuclear factor &kgr;B (NF-&kgr;B) inhibitor I&kgr;B-&agr;, diminished NF-&kgr;B activation, and reduced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in VILI. This study indicates that BML-111 attenuated VILI via a NF-&kgr;B and mitogen-activated protein kinase dependent mechanism. BML-111 may be a promising strategy for alleviation of VILI in patients subjected to mechanical ventilation.
Ocular responses and visual performance after emergent acceleration stress.

PURPOSE To evaluate visual function after emergent acceleration stress. METHODS Sixteen subjects were enrolled in this study. Human ejection seat trainer was used to induce six times gravitational force in the head-to-toe (z-axis) direction (+6 Gz). Visual performance was evaluated using the visual chart and contrast sensitivity (CS) at indicated times. Ocular reactions were assessed with biomicroscopy and topographic mapping. RESULTS Temporary visual acuity reduction (0.02 ± 0.05 vs. 0.18 ± 0.08 logMAR visual acuity [VA]; P < 0.05) and ocular reactions were observed after ejection. These reactions included changes in increasing anterior chamber depth (ACD; 3.18 ± 0.29 vs. 4.48 ± 0.32 mm; P < 0.05) and pupillary dilation (PD; 3.56 ± 0.72 vs. 5.64 ± 0.56 mm; P < 0.05). The ACD deepening continued at 15 minutes (4.37 ± 0.26 mm; P < 0.05), and PD persisted at 30 minutes after the gravitational stress (5.42 ± 0.54 mm, P < 0.05). CS decreased significantly at all spatial frequencies immediately after ejection. However, CS returned to the initial range at high spatial frequency by 30 minutes. CONCLUSIONS Emergent acceleration force induces significant ocular responses and visual fluctuation. Prolonged ACD deepening (>15 minutes) and PD (>30 minutes) were noted, but cornea and refraction remain stable. CS at all spatial frequencies revealed remarkable reduction immediately after ejection, and recovered to baseline levels within 30 minutes only at high spatial frequency. Neuroretinal function may involve visual fluctuation after acceleration stress, because visual fluctuation corresponds with the characters of neuroretinal function. However, further studies are necessary.
PRECLINICAL INVESTIGATION OF INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE STAINING AND PEELING USING INTRAVITREAL BRILLIANT BLUE G

Purpose: To investigate the effects of intravitreal brilliant blue G (BBG) on the morphology and functions of the retina and its possible use for staining and peeling of the internal limiting membrane (ILM). Methods: Rat eyes (n = 78) underwent gas compression vitrectomy. BBG solution was then injected into the vitreous cavity. The eyes were enucleated at 2 weeks and 2 months. Light as well as electron microscopy, terminal nick-end labeling staining, and electroretinography (ERG) were used to investigate retinal damage and function. To test the clinical potential of BBG, ILM staining was evaluated in primate eyes after pars plana vitrectomy followed by ILM peeling. Results: In the rat eyes, no pathologic changes were observed with light microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed that high doses of BBG induced vacuolization in the inner retinal cells, but apoptosis was not detected. There was no reduction in the amplitude of the ERG waves. In the primate eyes, the ILM was clearly visualized after the intravitreous injection of BBG and was peeled off easily from the retina. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that BBG, which has low potential for toxicity, high staining ability, and ease of handling, is a good candidate dye for ILM peeling.