Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Breastfeeding Attitudes and Reported Problems in a National Sample of WIC Participants

Recent reports indicate that breastfeeding rates continue to be dramatically lower among WIC participants, compared with other US mothers. The WIC Infant Feeding Practices Study was a nationally representative 1-year longitudinal study of WIC participants that obtained information about attitudes regarding infant feeding and about infant-feeding practices. Hispanic mothers were most likely to agree with statements about benefits of breastfeeding, and Black mothers were most likely to agree with statements about barriers. Concern about insufficient milk was common in all ethnic groups. Perceived benefits were associated with breastfeeding initiation (P < .05), longer breastfeeding duration (P < .01), and later formula initiation (P < .01); for barriers, the opposite pattern was found. Breastfeeding mothers who reported concern about insufficient milk breastfed for shorter durations (P < .001) and initiated formula earlier (P < .01). These results suggest possible messages that should be communicated as part of a re-energized WIC breastfeeding promotion campaign. In particular, maternal anxiety about insufficient breast milk must be addressed. J Hum Lact. 23(4):314-324. Reportes recientes indican que los índices de lactancia materna continúan siendo dramáticamente bajos entre las madres participantes del programa WIC comparado con otras madres en los Estados Unidos. El Estudio de prácticas alimenticias del WIC fue un estudio representativo longitudinal de 1 año entre las participantes del programa WIC que obtuvo información sobre actitudes sobre alimentación infantil y sobre las prácticas actuales. Las madres Hispanas estaban en acuerdo con la afirmación sobre los beneficios de la lactancia materna y las madres afro americanas estaban en acuerdo con la afirmación sobre las barreras. La preocupación sobre producción insuficiente de leche fue común en todos los grupos étnicos. El comprender los beneficios se asocio a la iniciación de la lactancia (P < .05), mayor duración de la lactancia (P < .01), e iniciación tardía de formula (P < .01); para barreras, se encontró un patrón opuesto. Las madres que reportaron preocupación de producción insuficiente de leche amamantaron por periodos mas cortos e iniciaron alimentación con formula mas tempranamente. Estos resultados sugieren mensajes que se deben comunicar para revigorizar la campaña de promoción de la lactancia materna del programa WIC. Se debe hacer mayor énfasis en la ansiedad materna sobre producción insuficiente de leche.
Depression of cellular immunity in patients with malignant and premalignant lesions of the oral cavity.

The cellular immunity of cases with carcinoma of the oral cavity and leukoplakia were tested by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to DNCB, PPD and Candida extract. Overall cellular immunity was depressed in carcinoma and leukoplakia patients and more so in carcinoma patients. It was further noted that impairment of cellular immunity was more marked with advance of the disease (JPMA 30201, 1980).
Update on antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial isolates from canine and feline otitis externa.

The in vitro susceptibility of a total of 1819 bacterial isolates from canine and 103 isolates from feline otitis externa cases to 13 antimicrobial drugs over a 5-year period was evaluated. Among topically used drugs, 90% of isolates were susceptible to gentamicin. Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to gentamicin was 85%, and to polymyxin B 100%. For isolates other than the Pseudomonas sp. , susceptibility was highest to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.
Ziffern-Tripel-Test: Sprachverständlichkeitstest über das Telefon

Oftmals wird die Diagnose einer Schwerhorigkeit verzogert, weil der Besuch beim HNO-Arzt oder HorgerateAkustiker zu aufwendig und evtl. auch zu verbindlich scheint. Daher ist die Motivation, einen Screening-Hortest uber das Telefon zu realisieren. Dieser kann anonym von zu Hause aus durchgefuhrt werden und bringt eine Einschatzung der Horfahigkeit aus unabhangiger Quelle. Bei Sprachverstandlichkeitstests werden dem Probanden meist Worter oder Satze vorgespielt, die entweder wiederholt oder aus einer Anzahl von Antwortalternativen ausgewahlt werden sollen. Bei der Durchfuhrung uber das Telefon bietet sich die Telefontastatur als Eingabemedium der Antwort an. Daher wurde von Smits et al. (2004) ein niederlandischer Sprachtest uber das Telefon entwickelt, der als Sprachmaterial Zifferntripel bestehend aus einsilbigen Ziffern verwendet. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Ubertragung dieses Tests in die deutsche Sprache und die Optimierung des Tests.
Xp11 Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma in Adults: Expanded Clinical, Pathologic, and Genetic Spectrum

The recently recognized Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), all of which bear gene fusions involving the TFE3 transcription factor gene, comprise at least one-third of pediatric RCC. Only rare adult cases have been reported, without detailed pathologic analysis. We identified and analyzed 28 Xp11 translocation RCC in patients over the age of 20 years. All cases were confirmed by TFE3 immunohistochemistry, a sensitive and specific marker of neoplasms with TFE3 gene fusions, which can be applied to archival material. Three cases were also confirmed genetically. Patients ranged from ages 22 to 78 years, with a strong female predominance (F:M=22:6). These cancers tended to present at advanced stage; 14 of 28 presented at stage 4, whereas lymph nodes were involved by metastatic carcinoma in 11 of 13 cases in which they were resected. Previously not described and distinctive clinical presentations included dense tumor calcifications such that the tumor mimicked renal lithiasis, and obstruction of the renal pelvis promoting extensive obscuring xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Previously unreported morphologic variants included tumor giant cells, fascicles of spindle cells, and a biphasic appearance that simulated the RCC characterized by a t(6;11)(p21;q12) chromosome translocation. One case harbored a novel variant translocation, t(X;3)(p11;q23). Five of 6 patients with 1 or more years of follow-up developed hematogenous metastases, with 2 dying within 1 year of diagnosis. Xp11 translocation RCC can occur in adults, and may be aggressive cancers that require morphologic distinction from clear cell and papillary RCC. Although they may be uncommon on a percentage basis, given the vast predominance of RCC in adults compared with children, adult Xp11 translocation RCC may well outnumber their pediatric counterparts.
Influence of innate cytokine production capacity on clinical manifestation and severity of pediatric meningococcal disease

Objective: To analyze the role of the innate production capacity for tumor necrosis factor, interleukin‐1[beta], interleukin‐12, and interleukin‐10 in the clinical presentation and severity of meningococcal disease. Design: Whole blood cultures from survivors of severe meningococcal disease obtained median 5.4 yrs after hospitalization were stimulated with meningococcal lipopolysaccharide and heat‐killed Neisseria meningitidis bacteria. Setting: Intensive care unit in academic hospital. Patients: A total of 111 children were included. We classified these patients according to clinical manifestation in four groups: shock (n = 43); both shock and meningitis (n = 11); bacteremia (neither shock nor meningitis, n = 24); and distinct meningitis (n = 33). Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: The classification into four groups stratifies these patients according to disease severity. No differences in whole blood cytokine production were found between the patients in these four groups. However, within the group of patients who had presented with shock, interleukin‐1[beta] and the interleukin‐1[beta]/interleukin‐10 ratio were negatively correlated with disease severity (R = ‐.35, p = .03 and R = ‐.33, p = .04, respectively; Pediatric Risk of Mortality score). Conclusions: Clinical manifestation of meningococcal disease cannot be explained by the innate production capacity of whole blood cultures for the cytokines tumor necrosis factor, interleukin‐1[beta], interleukin‐10, and interleukin‐12. In patients who presented with shock, a low production capacity for interleukin‐1[beta] and a low interleukin‐1[beta]/interleukin‐10 production ratio was associated with more severe disease.
Preoperative Prognostic Score for Predicting Survival After Hepatic Resection for Colorectal Liver Metastases

Background:Despite indications for resection of colorectal liver metastases having expanded, debate continues about identifying patients that may benefit from surgery. Methods:Clinicopathologic data from a total of 700 patients was gathered between January 1993 and January 2006 from a prospectively maintained dataset. Of these, 687 patients underwent resection for colorectal liver metastases. Results:The median age of patient was 64 years and 36.8% of patients had synchronous disease. The overall 5-year survival was 45%. The presence of an inflammatory response to tumor (IRT), defined by an elevated C-reactive protein (>10 mg/L) or a neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio of >5:1, was noted in 24.5% of cases. Only the number of metastases and the presence or absence of an IRT influenced both overall and disease-free survival on multivariable analysis. A preoperative prognostic score was derived: 0 = less than 8 metastases and absence of IRT; 1 = 8 or more metastases or IRT, and 2 = 8 or more metastases and IRT—from the results of the multivariable analysis. The 5-year survival of those scoring 0 was 49% compared with 34% for those scoring 1. None of the patients that scored 2 were alive at 5 years. Conclusion:The preoperative prognostic score is a simple and effective system allowing preoperative stratification.
Aging or comorbid conditions - what is the main cause of kidney damage?

BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is widespread in the general population. It is generally accepted that worsening renal function is common with aging. However, the question still remains whether it is caused by the natural process of aging or whether coexisting chronic diseases and comorbid conditions contribute to deteriorating renal function. METHODS The frequency of albuminuria-the marker of early kidney damage-was evaluated according to different coexisting conditions in younger (18/64 years old, n=2,074) and elderly (=65 years old, n=395) participants of the Polish study PolNef on early detection of CKD. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify associations between elevated levels of albuminuria, age and coexisting conditions. RESULTS 12% of the younger group demonstrated albuminuria compared to 18% of the elderly. Independent predictors of detecting an elevated level of albuminuria for the whole examined population were male gender (2.48, 1.59-3.88), hypertension ineffectively treated (1.8, 1.34-2.4), diabetes (1.67, 1.11-2.49), and age (1.56, 0.97-2.52) at border levels of significance. Moreover, elevated levels of albuminuria occurred more frequently in the obese elderly group (1.89, 0.98-3.63, p=0.058). The following predictors were found based on gender: for men, hypertension regardless of efficacy of treatment, diabetes, smoking, and age at border level of significance, in contrast to women who had the sole predictor of ineffectively treated hypertension. CONCLUSIONS The influence of aging alone on kidney damage is not evident. Moreover, it is different in males and females. Hypertension is the only coexisting comorbid condition contributing to kidney damage in both males and females. Advanced age together with comorbid conditions is more harmful to the kidney in males.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE END CELLS IN SRF CAVITIES

field in a cell with length L, where λ π ω z z E t E E z z 2 cos ) ( cos = = takes into account the transit time factor. One of the possibilities to increase Eacc is the optimization of the cavity shape [2]. The limit of the accelerating gradient is imposed by E H acc pk , a ratio that is fixed by geometry, because Hpk is bounded above by the critical magnetic field Hcrit,RF, above which superconductivity breaks down [1, 3]. E E acc pk may also impose a limit because Epk being too high would cause the danger of field emission [3]. However, since the limit of Epk can be raised by better cleanliness and high power processing while Hpk is a hard limit, it is justifiable to reduce Hpk by sacrificing Epk up to a certain bound. Previous optimization has been done for the inner cells in SRF cavities to reduce E H acc pk for given values of E E acc pk [2, 4]. However, there is yet to be a systematic description of the optimization of the end cells in SRF cavities. Unlike the optimization of the inner cells, it is more reasonable to consider maximizing Vacc with the optimization of the end cells. This is because the electric field, in theory, extends to infinity in the tube (but with converging integral) and the definition of Eacc becomes dependent on the tube length. The physically significant
Management of persistent allergic rhinitis: evidence-based treatment with levocetirizine

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a major health problem that can significantly impair quality of life (QoL). The former classification of AR comprises seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) and perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), which do not adequately reflect the clinical course and presentation of AR. The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) classification is based on the duration of symptoms and their severity. Persistent AR (PER) is experienced for periods longer than 4 days/week and for more than 4 consecutive weeks, and may feature mild or moderate-to-severe disease based on the impairment of QoL and symptom severity. Oral antihistamines are a standard treatment option in AR. New second generation antihistamines have a rapid onset of action, are highly effective on AR symptoms, and some were even shown to relieve nasal congestion. Levocetirizine is a potent histamine H1-receptor antagonist with proven efficacy in both SAR and PAR, and it is the best studied therapeutic option in persistent AR. The Xyzal in Persistent Rhinitis Trial (XPERT™) studied 551 patients with PER, showing that levocetirizine (5 mg/day compared with placebo) significantly improved nasal symptoms as early as the first week and for the 6 months of study, with significant improvement in nasal congestion after 6 weeks of treatment. Levocetirizine also improved QoL, was well tolerated, and produced substantial societal and employer cost savings. Thus, levocetirizine is the first tested standard treatment for PER using ARIA classification, and shows prompt short-term and long-term relief of symptoms, improves patients' QoL, and provides economic benefits to employers and the society.
Isokinetic Knee Muscle Strength of Individuals with Mental Retardation, a Comparative Study

The purpose of this study was to assess differences in isokinetic muscle torque in the knee among mentally retarded individuals with Down syndrome, mentally retarded individuals without Down syndrome, and sedentary subjects without mental retardation (ns of 7, 8, and 12, respectively). Subjects performed strength tests to knee extension and flexion on a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer. The measure was peak torque at angular velocities of 60, 120, and 300 degrees/sec. For the Mentally Retarded subjects with and without Down syndrome, the test was performed on two separate days 24 hr. apart. For Sedentary subjects, testing was performed on one day. Their scores indicated significantly higher values of torque than the two other groups. Also, subjects with Down syndrome had inferior muscle torque of lower extremities than peers in the Mentally Retarded Group.
Response of patent medicine vendors in rural areas of Lagos state Nigeria to antimalarial policy change.

BACKGROUND Patent medicine vendors (PMVs) play an important role in the treatment of malaria, especially in the rural areas. Nigeria recently changed her antimalarial treatment policy from chloroquine to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). OBJECTIVES To determine the response of PMVs to the new policy. METHODS A baseline study was conducted in two local government areas (LGAs) of Lagos state Nigeria as the first phase in an intervention study aimed at improving the malarial treatment practices of PMVs in rural Lagos. A mixed method design involving a questionnaire survey of 180 PMVs and four key informant interviews were used. An antimalarial drug (AMD) audit was also performed. RESULTS More than 80% of respondents were aware of the policy change in malaria treatment, but only 23.9% sold an ACT for the last case of malaria treated in an under five child. The main determining factor of the particular AMD sold was PMV's personal choice (70.6%). About half (58.9%) of the shops stocked ACTs, the newly recommended antimalarials. CONCLUSIONS The high awareness of the policy change did not translate to a commensurate increase in the sale of the new drugs. Factors beyond the PMVs need to be addressed for a successful adoption of the new policy.
Cumulative residual entropy, a new measure of information & its application to image alignment

We use the cumulative distribution of a random variable to define the information content in it and use it to develop a novel measure of information that parallels Shannon entropy, which we dub cumulative residual entropy (CRE). The key features of CRE may be summarized as, (1) its definition is valid in both the continuous and discrete domains, (2) it is mathematically more general than the Shannon entropy and (3) its computation from sample data is easy and these computations converge asymptotically to the true values. We define the cross-CRE (CCRE) between two random variables and apply it to solve the uni- and multimodal image alignment problem for parameterized (rigid, affine and projective) transformations. The key strengths of the CCRE over using the now popular mutual information method (based on Shannon's entropy) are that the former has significantly larger noise immunity and a much larger convergence range over the field of parameterized transformations. These strengths of CCRE are demonstrated via experiments on synthesized and real image data.
Lineage-specific Signaling in Melanocytes

During melanocyte development, the cytokine Steel factor activates its receptor c-Kit, initiating a signal transduction cascade, which is vital for lineage determination via unknown downstream nuclear targets. c-Kit has recently been found to trigger mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Microphthalmia (Mi), a lineage-restricted transcription factor, which, like Steel factor and c-Kit, is essential for melanocyte development. This cascade results in increased Mi-dependent transcriptional reporter activity. Here we examine the mechanism by which Mi is activated by this pathway. Phosphorylation does not significantly alter Mi’s nuclear localization, DNA binding, or dimerization. However, the transcriptional coactivator p300/CBP selectively associates with mitogen-activated protein kinase-phosphorylated Mi, even under conditions in which non-MAPK phospho-Mi is more abundant. Moreover, p300/CBP coactivates Mi transcriptional activity in a manner dependent upon this phosphorylation. Mi thus joins CREB as a transcription factor whose signal-responsive phosphorylation regulates coactivator recruitment, in this case modulating lineage development in melanocytes.
Intermediate and long-acting insulins: a review of NPH insulin, insulin glargine and insulin detemir

ABSTRACT Objective: To review intermediate- and long-acting insulins with specific emphasis on the newer insulin analogs. Methods: A MEDLINE search, in English, was conducted with a cut-off of June 30, 2006, using the terms ‘NPH insulin’, ‘insulin analogs’, ‘insulin glargine’, ‘insulin detemir’ and ‘long-acting insulins’. All clinical trials from within the search period were included. Results: The insulin analogs, insulin glargine and insulin detemir, were introduced in an attempt to improve glycemic control among patients with diabetes, without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. This review indicates that both insulin analogs demonstrate better glycemic control than NPH insulin, based on measurements of HbA1c, fasting glucose and intra-subject variability in blood glucose. This was accomplished with similar or reduced risk of hypoglycemia. Also, insulin detemir appears to be associated with less body weight increase than NPH insulin or insulin glargine. Conclusion: The newer long-acting insulin analogs, insulin detemir and glargine, appear to provide better glycemic control than NPH insulin without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia.
The Impact of the Bisubstituted Aromatics Functional Groups on the Inhibition of Methane Biosynthesis (Biogas)

Inhibitory compounds are often found to be the leading cause of anaerobic reactor upset and failure since they are present in substantial concentration in wastewaters and organic solid wastes. Among these inhibitory compounds, organic compounds are mentioned and more especially aromatic compounds. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of bisubstituted aromatics functional groups on the methanogenic inhibition. The toxicity to acetoclastic methanogenic bacteria has performed in serum flasks, utilizing digested pig manure as inoculums, by measuring cumulative methane production. The results obtained indicate that some general relationships exist between the bisubstituted aromatic structures and their inhibitory effects on methanogenic bacteria. This demonstrates sufficiently that the grafting of hydrophobic or hydrophilic substituent on the benzene or monofunctional aromatic compound, make the obtained compound more or less toxic as the case and that in the same order of toxicity. A significant correlation was obtained indicating that the partitioning of bisubstituted aromatics into lipophilic membranes in bacteria may have a role in the inhibition of methane biosynthesis.
Specific and generalized neuropsychological deficits: a comparison of patients with various first-episode psychosis presentations.

OBJECTIVE Overwhelming evidence suggests that compromised neuropsychological function is frequently observed in schizophrenia. Neurocognitive dysfunction has often been reported in other psychotic disorders, although there are inconsistencies in the literature. In the context of four distinct diagnostic groups, the authors compared neuropsychological performance among patients experiencing their first psychotic episode. METHOD Data were derived from a population-based, case-control study of patients with first-episode psychosis. A neuropsychological test battery was administered to patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (N=65), bipolar disorder or mania (N=37), depressive psychosis (N=39), or other psychotic disorders (N=46) following index presentation, as well as to healthy comparison subjects (N=177). The presence of specific and generalized cognitive deficits was examined. RESULTS The schizophrenia group presented widespread neuropsychological impairments and performed significantly worse than healthy comparison subjects on most neuropsychological measures. Patients with other psychotic disorders and depressive psychosis also demonstrated widespread impairments. Deficits in patients with bipolar disorder or mania were less pervasive but evident in performance scores on verbal memory and fluency tests. Differences between the four patient groups and healthy comparison subjects and among the patient groups were attenuated after controlling for differences in general cognitive ability (IQ). CONCLUSIONS Early in their course, cognitive deficits are present in all psychotic disorders but are most severe and pervasive in schizophrenia and least pervasive in bipolar disorder and mania.