Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF INSULAR VARIATION IN BIRD SPECIES ABUNDANCE.

*This work was supported by a grant GM 09901 from the U.S. Public Health Service. We are indebted to Dr. V. Bode for supplying H3-labeled X phage DNA. 1 Cairns, J., J. Mol. Biol., 6, 208 (1963). 2Jacob, F. , and E. L. Wollman, Symp. Soc. Exptl. Biol., 12, 75 (1958). 3 Nagata, T. , these PROCEEDINGS, 49, 551 (1963). 4Yoshikawa, H. , and N. Sueoka, these PROCEEDINGS, 49, 559 (1963). 5 Bonhoeffer, F. , and A. Gierer, J. Mol. Biol., 7, 534 (1963). 6 Maaloe, O. , and P. C. Hanawalt, J. Mol Biol., 3, 144 (1961). 7Hanawalt, P. C. , 0. Maaloe, D. J. Cummings, and M. Schaecter, J. Mol. Biol., 3, 156 (1961). 8 Lark, K. G. , T. Repko, and E. J. Hoffman, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 76, 9 (1963). 9 Watson, J. D. , and F. H. C. Crick, Nature, 171, 737 (1953). 10 Delbrick, M. , and G. Stent, in The Chemical Basis of Heredity, ed. W. D. McElroy and B. Glass (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957). 11 Meselson, M. , and F. W. Stahl, these PROCEEDINGS, 44, 671 (1958). 12 Baldwin, R. L. , and E. M. Shooter, J. Mol. Biol., 7, 511 (1963). 13 Hanawalt, P. C. , Nature, 198, 286 (1963). 14 Vinograd, J., J. Morris, N. Davidson, and W. F. Dove, Jr., these PROCEEDINGS, 49, 12 (1963). 11Pettijohn, D. E. , and P. C. Hanawalt, J. Mol. Biol., 8, 170 (1964). 16 Burgi, E. , and A. D. Hershey, Biophys J., 3, 309 (1963). 17 Hershey, A. D. , E. Burgi, and L. Ingraham, these PROCEEDINGS, 49, 748 (1963). 18 Marmur, J., J. Mol. Biol., 3, 208 (1961). 19 Cohen, S. S. , J. Cellular Comp. Physiol. , Suppl. 1, 62, 43 (1963). 20 Goldstein, A. , and B. J. Brown, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 53, 19 (1961). 21 Ben-Porat, T. , A. Steere, and A. S. Kaplan, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 61, 150 (1962). 22 Sevag, M. G. , D. B. Lackman, and J. Smolens, J. Biol. Chem. 124, 425 (1938). 23 Rolfe, R. , these PROCEEDINGS, 49, 386 (1963).
Association of Active Play-Related Parenting Behaviors, Orientations, and Practices With Preschool Sedentary Behavior

Background Parents' behaviors, practices, beliefs, and attitudes greatly influence children's active play behavior; however, little research has examined these parental influences on preschool children's sedentary behavior (SB). Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the association between parental influences on preschool SB. Methods One hundred eighty-six parents of preschoolers completed an online survey that examined the parents' own physical activity behaviors, parental practices, parental dimensions, and parental orientations. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between active play-related parenting behavior, orientations, and practices with preschool SB during the week and weekend. Results During the weekday (β = − 0.46, P < .001) and weekend (β = − 0.48, P < .001), parental control was inversely associated with preschool screen time among boys. Discussion The results of this study suggest that parental control is an independent predictor of screen time during the week and weekend for preschool boys. Future research should include sedentary-specific parenting practices and a qualitative methodology component. Translation to Health Education Practice If our findings are confirmed by future research, health educators should teach parents how to implement monitoring and control-related parenting practices to minimize preschool SB.
The Economics of Prozac: Do Employees Really Gain from Strong Employment Protection?

Unlike many other contracts, employment contracts are subject to various external administrative procedures governing separations, ranging from compulsory severance payments and advance notice periods (usually seniority based), to collective layoff procedures (usually depending on the firm's size), and other forms of protections against arbitrary dismissal. These external constraints may raise the wellbeing of workers if everything remains constant, but may fail to do so once other economic channels are accounted for. Here, we explore the effect of such legislation on the firm's attitude towards insiders (i.e. protected workers), notably worker monitoring, working environment, and ultimately what we could term harassment. We show that during downturns, harassing workers in order to induce a quit is a substitute for greater dismissal freedom, and that intense monitoring and depreciated working conditions will occur. Thus, a more protected workforce may loose more than it gains from non-pecuniary pressures exerted by the firm. We test these mechanisms using data from a panel of Canadian individuals (the National Public Health Survey) including details on work-related stress and the consumption of various medications, including anti-depressants. By exploiting cross-province differences in employment protection legislation (EPL), we cannot reject the theoretical hypothesis: we even find positive links between individual employment protection and some dimensions of stress, and weaker but positive links between employment protection, depression and the consumption of various psychotropic drugs. Tenure and firm size information from another dataset is then used to generate further variance in EPL by imputation. This confirms the previous results, as well as falsification exercises: family stress for instance is not correlated with regional EPL, while financial stress is negatively correlated with EPL.
Diabetic cataracts: mechanisms and management

Diabetes mellitus is associated with a 5‐fold higher prevalence of cataracts, which remains a major cause of blindness in the world. Typical diabetic cataracts contain cortical and/or posterior subcapsular opacities. Adult onset diabetic cataracts also often contain nuclear opacities. Mechanisms of diabetic cataractogenesis have been studied in less detail than those of other diabetic complications. Both animal and human studies support important contribution of increased aldose reductase activity. Surgical extraction is the only cure of diabetic cataract today. An improved understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms, together with finding effective therapeutic agents, remain highest priority for diabetic cataract‐related research and pharmaceutical development. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of serologic responses, lymphocyte proliferative responses, and clearance from lymphatic organs after vaccination of bison with Brucella abortus strain RB51.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate clearance of the vaccine strain, immunologic responses, and potential shedding of Brucella abortus strain RB51 organisms after vaccination of bison calves. ANIMALS Fourteen 7-month-old female bison calves. PROCEDURE 10 bison calves were vaccinated SC with 1.22 x 10(10) colony-forming units of B abortus strain RB51. Four bison calves were vaccinated SC with 0.15M NaCl solution. Rectal, vaginal, nasal, and ocular swab specimens were obtained to evaluate potential shedding by vaccinated bison. The superficial cervical lymph node was biopsied to evaluate clearance of the vaccine strain. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to strain RB51 bacteria were evaluated in lymph node cells obtained from biopsy specimens and also in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS Strain RB51 was recovered from superficial cervical lymph nodes of vaccinates examined 6, 12, and 18 weeks after vaccination (4/4, 3/4, and 1/4, respectively) but not in vaccinates examined at 24 weeks (0/3) after vaccination or nonvaccinates examined at all sample collection times (n = 1 bison/sample period). Serologic, immunologic, and bacterial culture techniques failed to reveal shedding of strain RB51 by vaccinates or infection of nonvaccinated bison. Lymphocyte proliferative responses were evident in lymph node cells and blood mononuclear cells from strain RB51-vaccinated bison beginning 12 weeks after vaccination. CONCLUSION Strain RB51 was cleared from bison by 18 to 24 weeks after vaccination. Bison vaccinated with strain RB51 did not shed the vaccine strain to nonvaccinated bison housed in close proximity. Strain RB51 did not induce antibody responses in bison that would interfere with brucellosis surveillance tests, but did stimulate cell-mediated immunity.
DIAMETER STRUCTURE AND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL FREQUENCY OF A “TERRA FIRME” AMAZON FOREST, BEFORE AND AFTER SELECTIVE CUTTING

This article aims to characterize horizontal and diameter structure of a managed forest using graphic expression techniques. Data for this research is result of complete forest inventory (census) carried out from a block of 800 hectares, before and after selective cutting, inside Tapajos National Forest, located in the Municipality of Belterra, State of Para, Brazil. The analysis revealed that, in relation to horizontal structure, intense cutting resulted in changes of different levels mainly to phytosociological frequency of some species, such as, Manilkara huberi , Carapa guianensis and Tabebuia serratifolia . The diameter structure of some species, such as Sextonia rubra and Dipteryx odorata , revealed changes after selective cutting under technically acceptable rates, because the stock levels of some diameter classes surpassed the limits of balance observed for polycyclic systems with silviculture based on natural regeneration. The inclusion of graphics in the harvest operating plan for the 10 most important species listed in forest management, that is, before and after selective cutting, would lead to the desirable structure maintenance. Keywords : Diameter distribution; cutting cycle; forest management; Amazonian forest; graphic techniques. Resumo Estrutura diametrica e frequencia fitossociologica de uma Floresta de Terra Firme da Amazonia brasileira antes e depois do corte seletivo . O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi caracterizar a estrutura horizontal e diametrica de uma floresta manejada usando tecnicas de expressao grafica. Os dados provieram de um inventario florestal sob completa enumeracao (censo) efetuado em um bloco de 800 hectares, antes e depois de um corte seletivo dentro da Floresta Nacional do Tapajos, localizada no municipio de Belterra, Para. As analises mostraram que a intensidade de corte utilizada promoveu diferentes niveis de alteracao na estrutura horizontal, com mudancas mais significantes nas taxas de frequencia fitossociologica de algumas especies, tais como Manilkara huberi , Carapa guianensis e Tabebuia serratifolia . A estrutura diametrica de algumas especies, tais como Sextonia rubra e Dipterix odorata , apresentou alteracoes apos o corte seletivo acima de taxas tecnicamente aceitaveis, porque o nivel de estoque de algumas classes de diâmetro ultrapassou limites de balanco observado para sistemas policiclicos com silvicultura baseada na regeneracao natural. A inclusao de graficos no plano de operacao de colheita para as 10 especies mais importantes listadas no manejo, isto e, antes e depois do corte seletivo, induziria a estrutura desejada a ser mantida. Palavras-chave: Distribuicao de diâmetro; ciclo de corte; manejo florestal; Floresta Amazonica; tecnicas graficas.
The optic nerve head in glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

Primary open-angle glaucoma, the most common form of glaucoma, is characterized by irreversible loss of axons from the optic nerve. Previous research in humans and monkeys with glaucoma suggests that the site of damage to the axons is at the level of the lamina cribrosa in the optic nerve head. In the glaucomatous optic nerve head, progressive cupping of the optic disc results from compression, stretching, and remodeling of the connective tissue (extracellular matrix) of the lamina cribrosa. Astrocytes are the major cell type in the optic nerve and may participate actively in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix. There may be individual variability in the composition, structure, or reactive processes of the tissue supporting the axons in the optic nerve that may explain the variations in the nature and degree of cupping in response to intraocular pressure and in the progression of the neuropathy. We present evidence of specific changes in the extracellular matrix of the lamina cribrosa and the role of astrocytes in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Future studies focused on developing therapies directed at preventing or controling damage to the extracellular matrix may help improve the outcome of the management of glaucoma.
Relationships between micronutrient intake and biochemical indicators of nutrient adequacy in a ‘free-living’ elderly UK population

Nutritional assessments are frequently based on amounts of nutrients consumed. In the present paper the usefulness of nutrient intake data for assessing nutrient adequacy is examined in an elderly British population. Subjects were ‘free-living’ elderly aged 68-90 years (sixty men, eighty-five women) in Norwich. Forty-two of forty-nine surviving males and sixty-seven of seventy-nine surviving females were reassessed after 2 years. With few exceptions, estimated micronutrient intake was not statistically predictive of biochemical measures of nutrient adequacy. Initial biochemical measures of nutritional adequacy were compared with those found 2 years later in an attempt to assess whether initial biochemical assessment was predictive of the ‘longer term’situation. Biochemical measurements at the start of the study were correlated to the same measurements made 2 years later for: serum ferritin, haemoglobin and erythrocyte count, whole-blood Se-glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; males only), plasma Cu, alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), ascorbic acid, vitamin B6 (pyridoxal-5-phosphate), folate and vitamin B12, total erythrocyte thiamin (males only), riboflavin (erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.1) activation coefficient): but not for: erythrocyte Cu-superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) or plasma Zn. Either only small changes, or no changes, in mean values were seen over the 2 years for most of the biochemical measures. One exception was a large increase in plasma folate. The only important ‘negative’ features seen at 2-year follow up were a large fall in serum ferritin concentration and a large increase in the activity of two antioxidant defence enzymes, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. As judged by currently accepted biochemical deficiency threshold values, asmall proportion of subjects were possibly at risk of Fe (3% men; 1% women), folate (7%, 3%), thiamin (12%;3%) and vitamin C (15%; 17%) deficiency. Many more appeared to be at risk of vitamin B6 (42%; 47%) and riboflavin (77%; 79%) deficiency. It was concluded that the requirements of the elderly for vitamins B1, B2 and C, and the biochemical deficiency threshold vahes used to indicate vitamin B6 deficiency, need review
Identifying undergraduate medical students' attitudes towards communication skills learning: a pilot study

Despite the wealth of literature surrounding communication curricula within undergraduate medical education, there is a dearth of research that identifies medical students' attitudes towards such curricula. To address this gap in the research literature, first-year medical students at the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom were invited to discuss their attitudes towards communication skills learning. One audiotaped focus-group discussion was conducted with five medical students. The audiotape was transcribed in full and the transcript was analysed manually using theme analysis. Three attitude-related themes emerged from the focus group discussion: (1) students' positive attitudes towards communication skills learning; (2) students' negative attitudes towards communication skills learning; and (3) relationships between students' attitudes and their education, age and communicative abilities. The findings within each of these themes are discussed in this paper and their implications for further research are outlined.
Inflammatory aortic aneurysms. A clinical review with new perspectives in pathogenesis.

OBJECTIVE The authors present a review of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) and to examine the literature on the diagnosis, operative management, and long-term survival of patients with inflammatory AAAs. Furthermore, to review current theories on the cause of inflammatory AAAs and present recent studies that provoke new thought on the cause of these aneurysms. BACKGROUND DATA Inflammatory AAAs represent 3% to 10% of all AAAs and present the surgical team with a unique challenge. Progress has occurred in the technical approach to these aneurysms, and operative morbidity and mortality have been reduced. However, the pathogenesis remains an enigma. Recent studies raise questions regarding the influence of tobacco and genetic factors that accentuate an antigen-driven inflammatory response. METHODS The authors conduct a review of the literature on both noninflammatory and inflammatory AAAs. RESULTS Review of the literature of inflammatory AAAs reveals advancement in the definition, diagnosis, management, and long-term survival of patients with inflammatory AAAs. This review found an evolution in thought regarding the cause of inflammatory AAAs. In contrast to initial reports describing a distinct clinical entity, recent evidence suggests that inflammatory AAAs arise from the same causal stimulus responsible for noninflammatory AAAs. Finally, recent studies show an influence of tobacco and genetic factors on the pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The literature supports the theory that inflammatory AAAs arise from the same or similar antigenic stimulus which is responsible for the noninflammatory AAA. Genetic and chemical factors such as tobacco use predispose certain persons to the development of noninflammatory AAAs and others to develop the extreme end of an inflammatory spectrum, the inflammatory AAA. Furthermore, inflammatory AAAs can be managed with the same operative morbidity, mortality, and long-term survival as noninflammatory AAAs.
HERSCHEL FAR-INFRARED AND SUBMILLIMETER PHOTOMETRY FOR THE KINGFISH SAMPLE OF NEARBY GALAXIES

New far-infrared and submillimeter photometry from the Herschel Space Observatory is presented for 61 nearby galaxies from the Key Insights on Nearby Galaxies: A Far-Infrared Survey with Herschel (KINGFISH) sample. The spatially integrated fluxes are largely consistent with expectations based on Spitzer far-infrared photometry and extrapolations to longer wavelengths using popular dust emission models. Dwarf irregular galaxies are notable exceptions, as already noted by other authors, as their 500 μm emission shows evidence for a submillimeter excess. In addition, the fraction of dust heating attributed to intense radiation fields associated with photodissociation regions is found to be (21 ± 4)% larger when Herschel data are included in the analysis. Dust masses obtained from the dust emission models of Draine & Li are found to be on average nearly a factor of two higher than those based on single-temperature modified blackbodies, as single blackbody curves do not capture the full range of dust temperatures inherent to any galaxy. The discrepancy is largest for galaxies exhibiting the coolest far-infrared colors.
Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Patients' Anxiety, Fear, and Depression Before ECT

Objective To determine whether animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is associated with reductions in fear, anxiety, and depression in psychiatric patients before electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Materials and Methods Before their scheduled ECT treatment, 35 patients were assigned on alternate days to the treatment condition, consisting of a 15-minute AAT session, and the standard (comparison) condition, consisting of 15 minutes with magazines. Visual analogue scales were used to measure anxiety, fear, and depression before and after treatment and standard conditions. Results The effect of AAT on fear was significant in both the mixed-model, repeated-measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) (p = 0.0006) and the secondary analysis (p = 0.0050), which covaried out all of the demographic conditions (gender, race, marital status, pet ownership, age), condition order, and the pretest rating. The effect of AAT on anxiety approached significance in the ANCOVA (p = 0.0982), but in the secondary analysis, the effect was not significant (p = 0.6498). The AAT effect on depression was not significant in ANCOVA (p = 0.7665) or in the secondary analysis (p = 0.9394). A least squares mean analysis showed that AAT reduced fear by 37% and anxiety by 18%. There was no demonstrated effect of AAT on depression. Conclusions Animal-assisted therapy may have a useful role in psychiatric and medical therapies in which the therapeutic procedure is inherently fear-inducing or has a negative societal perception.
Atrial fibrillation in elderly patients: prevalence and comorbidity in general practice

Patients with atrial fibrillation have an increased risk of thromboembolic complications and mortality.1 To estimate the impact of prophylactic treatment in the general population it is important to know the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in primary care. Epidemiological surveys have reported different prevalence rates, probably because of differences in study populations and methods.1 2 Generally, the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation may be significantly reduced, but treatment advice for individual patients depends on comorbidity and its consequences.3 Therefore, it is important to identify features that influence prognosis in such patients. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of atrial fibrillation and comorbidities among elderly patients in general practice. Prevalence and comorbidity were studied in patients …
AVALIAÇÃO DE FAMÍLIAS DE MEIOS-IRMÃOS DE MILHO EM DIFERENTES ESPAÇAMENTOS ENTRE LINHAS

Estudou-se o potencial genetico da populacao de milho CMS39, em arranjos distintos de semeadura, em que foram avaliadas 196 familias de meios-irmaos em diferentes espacamentos entre linhas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na area experimental do Departamento de Biologia da UFLA, em Lavras, MG, no ano agricola de 2001/2002. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos distintos e contiguos, sendo que o delineamento utilizado em ambos os casos foi o latice simples 14 x 14. No primeiro experimento, a parcela foi composta por uma fileira de quatro metros de comprimento, com espacamento de 50 centimetros entre linhas e 40 cm entre plantas. No segundo experimento, modificou-se o espacamento entre linhas, de 50 para 90 cm, e entre plantas, de 40 para 22,2 cm, mantendo-se a mesma densidade, 50.000 plantas/ha. As caracteristicas avaliadas foram peso de espigas despalhadas, altura de plantas, altura de espigas e prolificidade. A interacao espacamento-genotipo foi significativa, indicando que e mais eficiente conduzir programas de melhoramento de milho em diferentes espacamentos entre linhas para essa populacao. O espacamento de 50 cm entre linhas proporcionou melhor rendimento de peso de espigas e maior prolificidade. Os ganhos com a selecao para o peso das espigas foram similares nos dois espacamentos avaliados. Sendo assim, e mais interessante a conducao de um programa de melhoramento utilizando-se o espacamento de 50 cm entre linhas, por proporcionar a obtencao de maiores medias para as caracteristicas avaliadas.
Macronutrient concentration and remobilization in spring wheat organs during grain filling

This study was conducted with 4 bread wheat genotypes to determine the macronutrient content in different plant organs during the grain filling period. Macronutrient contents such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were determined in lower stems, peduncles, lower leaves, flag leaves, rachises, florets, and grains. High genotype effects were found for all macronutrients and plant organs. N, P, K, and Mg decreased during grain filling in all plant parts except the grain. The rate of decrease varied depending on plant organs and nutrients. Grain nutrient concentration, except nitrogen content, increased up to physiological maturity. In contrast to the other nutrients, Ca content increased or remained stable depending on the plant organs. The macronutrient remobilization order from plant organs to grain was Mg < P < N < K