Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Revitalization of Trust in Local Government after Wenchuan Earthquake: Constraints and Strategies

Government trust is an important manifestation of the legitimacy of government, which can reduce the cost of recovery policy implementation and improve the efficiency of reconstruction after natural hazards. Local government is the main force of post-disaster reconstruction in China. The villagers’ trust in local government plays an important role in post-disaster reconstruction. Therefore, enhancing the villagers’ trust in local government will greatly benefit the resilience of post-disaster reconstruction and the sustainable development of the disaster area. Through analyzing the data collected from a three-year (2009–2012) follow-up survey in Wenchuan after it was struck by an earthquake, we found that villagers’ trust toward the local government witnessed a significant decline. Low fairness in policy implementation, dense networks, and particularistic trust were the constraints that hindered the revitalization of trust in the local government. However, the economic improvement had no impact on the “trust in local government”. These results suggest that post-disaster recovery should involve more than the reconstruction of the economic performance, such as the fairness of policy implementation and the relief of negative effects of villagers’ social networks. Only when considering all of these factors will the sustainability of trust in local government be promoted and the reconstruction efficiency be enhanced in the process of disaster recovery.
Big brother is watching you--the ethical implications of electronic surveillance measures in the elderly with dementia and in adults with learning difficulties

Electronic surveillance has insidiously seeped into the fabric of society with little public debate about its moral implications. Perceived by some as a sinister Orwellian tool of repression and social control, the new technologies offer comfort and security to others; a benevolent parental watchful eye. Nervousness at being watched has been replaced increasingly by nervousness if we're not. These technologies are now becoming widely available to health care professionals who have had little opportunity to consider their ethical and moral ramifications. Electronic tagging and tracking devices may be seen as a way of creating a more secure environment for vulnerable individuals such as the elderly with dementia or people with learning disabilities. However, the proponents of surveillance devices have met with considerable resistance and opposition, from those who perceive it as contrary to human dignity and freedom, with its connotations of criminal surveillance. In addition, they cite increased opportunity for abuse through, for example, the withdrawal of staff and financial resources from the care of people with complex needs. Implementing these technologies, therefore, has ethical implications for human rights and civil liberties. Optional alternatives to long-term and/or restrictive care, in the context of the practical difficulties involved in caring for those who represent a risk to themselves from wandering, demands rigorous exploration of pragmatic questions of morality, with reference to risk versus benefit strategies. Like reproductive cloning techniques, the mere existence of surveillance technologies is morally neutral. Rather it is the use (in this instance that of health and social care settings) to which it is put which has the potential for good or bad.
The futures of privately protected areas

Privately protected areas deserve far greater recognition and support than is the case at the moment. Private conservation efforts can often fill important gaps in national policies in terms of both geographic cover and speed of response to conservation challenges, yet they remain a hidden resource: ignored by governments, omitted from international conservation reporting mechanisms and left out of regional conservation strategies. To date, the large majority of protected areas have been created on state-owned lands and waters, and while such initiatives are invaluable, they will not be enough to achieve the targets set by the Convention of Biological Diversity: 17 per cent of land and freshwater area and 12 per cent of coastal and marine areas. With this report, another major governance type, protected areas under private ownership, is receiving long-overdue recognition, and the hope is that it will bring them fully into the mainstream of global conservation practice.
The Value of Political Connections in the Post-Transition Period: Evidence from the Czech Republic

This paper analyzes a novel data set on all corporate political donations made in a post-transition country, the Czech Republic, between 1995 and 2014. Using these donations as a proxy for political connections, I assess the relationship between being connected to a political party and the financial performance of the connected firms. In line with the theoretical predictions, I find that firms successfully use political connections to gain advantage over their non-connected peers. The results show that connected firms perform significantly better in the years around the establishment of a connection, and that the effect is stronger for firms that work closely with the public sector. Furthermore, I present evidence that firms that donations seem to represent actual measures of the level of connectedness, and firms that have contributed more outperform other connected firms. I then develop a dynamic approach to match connected firms with their non-connected but otherwise similar peers and conservatively estimate that being politically connected is associated with 20 to 30 % higher profitability than that of non-connected firms. I also find that non-connected firms that receive public money perform similarly to connected firms, suggesting that other sources of connections, such as personal ties, have played a significant role during the post-transition period in the Czech Republic.
Competition and coexistence of sulfate-reducing and methanogenic populations in anaerobic biofilms

The microbial population structure and function of natural anaerobic communities maintained in laboratory fixed-bed biofilm reactors were tracked before and after a major perturbation, which involved the addition of sulfate to the influent of a reactor that had previously been fed only glucose (methanogenic), while sulfate was withheld from a reactor that had been fed both glucose and sulfate (sulfidogenic). The population structure, determined by using phylogenetically based oligonucleotide probes for methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria, was linked to the functional performance of the biofilm reactors. Before the perturbation, the methanogenic reactor contained up to 25% methanogens as well as 15% sulfate-reducing bacteria, even though sulfate was not present in the influent of this reactor. Methanobacteriales and Desulfovibrio spp. were the most abundant methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria, respectively. The presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (primarily Desulfovibrio spp. and Desulfobacterium spp.) in the absence of sulfate may be explained by their ability to function as proton-reducing acetogens and/or fermenters. Sulfate reduction began immediately following the addition of sulfate consistent with the presence of significant levels of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the methanogenic reactor, and levels of sulfate-reducing bacteria increased to a new steady-state level of 30 to 40%; coincidentally, effluent acetate concentrations decreased. Notably, some sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfococcus/Desulfosarcina/Desulfobotulus group) were more competitive without sulfate. Methane production decreased immediately following the addition of sulfate; this was later followed by a decrease in the relative concentration of methanogens, which reached a new steady-state level of approximately 8%. The changeover to sulfate-free medium in the sulfidogenic reactor did not cause a rapid shift to methanogenesis. Methane production and a substantial increase in the levels of methanogens were observed only after approximately 50 days following the perturbation.
Reliability of Mean Power Recorded During Indoor and Outdoor Self-Paced 40 km Cycling Time-Trials

The purpose of this study was to assess reliability of both indoor and outdoor 40 km time-trial cycling performance. Eight trained cyclists completed three indoor 40 km time-trials on an air-braked ergometer (Kingcycle) and three outdoor 40 km time-trials on a local course. Power output was measured for all trials using the SRM powermeter. Mean performance time across three indoor trials was 54.21 +/- 2.59 (min:sec) and was significantly different (P<0.05) to mean time across three outdoor trials (57.29 +/- 3.22 min:sec). However, there was no significant difference (P = 0.34) for mean power across three indoor trials (303+/-35W) when compared to outdoor performances (312 +/- 23 W). Within-subject variation for mean power output expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV) improved in both indoors and outdoors for trials 2 and 3 (CV = 1.9%, 95% CI 1.0 - 3.4 and CV = 2.1 %, 95 % CI 1.1 - 3.8) when compared to trials 1 and 2 (CV=2.1%, 95% CI 1.2-3.8 and CV=2.4%, 95% CI 1.3-4.3). These findings indicate that power output measured using the SRM powermeter is highly reproducible for both laboratory-based and actual 40 km time-trial cycling performance.
Subtelomeric chromosome aberrations: still a lot to learn

Cryptic subtelomeric chromosome aberrations are a significant cause of mental retardation (MR). More than 4000 patients have been investigated, and the mean overall prevalence of subtelomeric rearrangements has been found to be 5.2%. In order to contribute to knowledge on the clinical presentation of subtelomeric rearrangements, we retrospectively studied patients with unexplained MR who had been evaluated for subtelomeric abnormalities by different fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. Hundred and two patients had an unexplained combination of MR with dysmorphism, congenital anomalies, and/or a positive family history and were investigated by total subtelomeric (TS) FISH (89/102), or by total painting (TP) in an obligate carrier in the case of familial MR (13/102). In 59 additional patients, a sequence‐specific FISH was performed on clinical indication. In the 102 patients studied by TS or TP, six pathogenic aberrations (5.9%) were found in addition to one polymorphism. In total, eight clinically significant subtelomeric aberrations were found in the 161 index patients; four of these eight aberrations were familial. We report on the clinical presentation of all patients with an aberration and review the relevant literature. Factors complicating the interpretation of subtelomeric rearrangements are discussed, such as the occurrence of variants, clinical variability, and limited knowledge of the phenotype.
Thoracoscopic surgical approaches for treating various thoracic spinal region diseases.

AIM Minimally invasive surgery is currently a goal for surgical intervention in the spine. The effectiveness of endoscopic thoracic spine surgery and technological improvements are two factors that are always under consideration in the practice of spinal surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS We present twenty-five patients whose thoracoscopic spinal surgeries were performed between 2002 and 2008 for the treatment of various spinal diseases. Eleven patients with thoracic disc herniation, five patients with traumatic thoracic spinal compressive fracture, six patients with metastatic thoracic spinal tumors and three patients with tubercular spondylitis underwent thoracoscopic spine surgery. Clinical evaluations were performed at 3, 6,12 and 24 months post-surgery. The Oswestry disability questionnaire and linear visual analog scale (VAS) were used for the evaluation of pain. RESULTS Postoperatively, two patients had lung contusions, one patient had pneumonia and one patient had instability. There were significant initial improvements in both the Oswestry score and the VAS pain score up to 6 months (p<0.05). The average relative difference in pain scores in all groups was not significant at 12 and 24 months (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The favorable results of thoracoscopic spinal surgery encourage its application to situations in which a conventional thoracic approach is indicated. Thoracoscopic spine surgery is applicable to all patients with various spinal diseases.
DOLLO'S LAW AND THE IRREVERSIBILITY OF DIGIT LOSS IN BACHIA

Several recent studies conclude that exceptions to Dollo's law are more common than used to be thought. If the claims are true this would change our view on the role of developmental constraints in the evolution of body plans. One study claims the reevolution of lost digits in the lizard genus Bachia ( Kohlsdorf and Wagner 2006 ). We evaluate this claim. We conclude that the proposed molecular phylogenetic tree is in conflict with evolutionary mechanisms concerning the biogeography of lizards and with morphology‐based phylogenies. A reanalysis of the molecular data does not support the topology of the published tree. Furthermore, two implicit assumptions, that digit numbers are fixed and that polydactyly evolves independently from other characters, are incorrect. We conclude that there is no convincing support for reevolution of digits in Bachia. We discuss our findings in the light of the current evidence for the reversal of losses of complex traits. We conclude that in metazoans, exceptions to Dollo's law are mainly found among meristic traits that originate relatively late during embryogenesis, when developmental systems are more compartmentalized. Finally, our study shows that phylogenetic analyses should incorporate evolutionary mechanisms including constraints, variation, and selection, not only for correct phylogenetic reconstruction, but also for correct evolutionary inference.
Impact of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure: an updated, post‐TREAT meta‐analysis

Randomized clinical trials have suggested that treatment of anaemia with erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs) in patients with cancer or chronic kidney disease may increase cardiovascular risk. We therefore examined the effect of treating anaemia with an ESA in patients with heart failure in a meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials, including the recently reported TREAT study.
Understanding the association of impulsivity, obsessions, and compulsions with binge eating and purging behaviours in anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE To further refine our understanding of impulsivity, obsessions, and compulsions in anorexia nervosa (AN) by isolating which behaviours--binge eating, purging, or both--are associated with these features. METHODS We conducted regression analyses with binge eating, purging, and the interaction of binge eating with purging as individual predictors of scores for impulsivity, obsessions, and compulsions in two samples of women with AN (n = 1373). RESULTS Purging, but not binge eating, was associated with higher scores on impulsivity, obsessions, and compulsions. Purging was also associated with worst eating rituals and with worst eating preoccupations. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that purging, compared with binge eating, may be a stronger correlate of impulsivity, obsessions, and compulsions in AN.
Bioengineering Studies of the Embryo Transfer Procedure

Abstract: Embryo transfer (ET) is the final manual intervention in extracorporeal fertilization in which an embryo is transferred into the uterus by a transcervical catheter. The low rates of embryo implantation within the uterus are attributed, among other factors, to the ET technique, which depends on a multitude of anatomical, physiological, and mechanical aspects. We developed computational and experimental models to simulate ET to examine the contribution of mechanical features to the success of this procedure. The experimental model allowed laboratory simulations of the dispersion of the catheter load as a result of different injection speeds into a tilted uterine model. The mathematical model analyzed potential trajectories of the transferred embryos resulting from the interaction between the injection velocity and the intrauterine flows caused by uterine peristalsis. The simulations revealed the important contribution of mechanical parameters, such as the position of the uterus and the presence of air in the catheter load. The latter was found to increase the potential for the embryo to be near the fundal area during the time limit for implantation. Based on the results of our simulations, we recommended performing ET in a patient‐specific position in which the fundus will be the highest point above the horizon and that the load be delivered slowly, that is, not less than 10 s. We also recommended placing the tip of the catheter at the mid cavity to avoid ectopic pregnancy.
Surgical management of renal hyperparathyroidism: a preliminary series report.

BACKGROUND Renal hyperparathyroidism (RHPT) is a frequent complication of uremic patients on hemodialysis and despite various advances in medical therapy parathyroidectomy is necessary in a semnificative number of cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed our experience (first in Romania) regarding fortythree patients with RHPT operated on in our clinic between 1994 and 2009 evaluating the diagnosis methods, surgical indications, techniques and results together with the evolution of our own therapeutical concept. The study included 22 men and 21 women of median age of 48 (range 15-67) years, performing hemodialysis (n=41) or peritoneal dialysis (n=2) from 7,7 (range 3-13) years respectively. Three patients received an unsuccessful renal graft. The diagnosis was established by anamnesis, clinical complaints (mainly osteoarticular pains, osteoporosis, fractures and skeletal deformities, muscle weakness, severe itching and mental troubles), completed by abnormal values of calcemia, phosphatemia alkaline phosphatasis and intact PTH. Ultrasonography and parathyroid scan were useful in "adenomised" parathyroids and coexistent thyroid pathology. RESULTS All the patients were operated on. Twentyfour sub-total parathyroidectomies and 19 total parathyroidectomies (6 with autotransplantation), were performed (two video-assisted). There were no deaths and the operative morbidity was 20,9% (vocal cord hemiparesis and postoperative bleeding--each one case, mild transitory hypocalcemia three cases and recurrences four cases). Pathology revealed that RHTP was due to four gland diffuse hyperplasia (n = 23) or nodular hyperplasia (n = 19). One parathyroid carcinoma (in the fourth parathyroid gland), one thymoma and two papillary thyroid microcarcinoma was identified. Clinical and biochemical cure was achieved at median term control of 38 (range 6-165) months in 79.0% (n = 34) of cases. CONCLUSION Parathyroidectomy is effective for long intervals as symptomatic therapy in cases of RHPT appearing in uremic patients on hemodialysis or after renal transplant but the optimal technique must be individualized on each case and still to be debated.
Emerging markets and private governance: the political economy of sustainable palm oil in China and India

ABSTRACT Private governance programs are now an important source of regulation in global value chains – particularly in context of North–South trade. But can these programs play a similar role in the value chains feeding into fast-growing emerging markets like China and India? Most scholars doing research on the topic draw a pessimistic picture. They argue that the scope conditions for private sustainability governance are not yet present in these markets. Our analysis of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil – a leading non-state certification program – in China and India partially confirms this view. At the same time, however, we find that emerging markets are not a unified category. We observe that sustainable palm oil is beginning to gain momentum in China, whereas uptake in India remains much weaker. We trace this back to a number of key market conditions, which we show are more favorable in China. In addition, our analysis highlights the role of the Chinese state in creating awareness of and shaping firms’ interests in sustainable palm oil.
Surface Quality of Milled Birch Wood after Thermal Treatment at Various Temperatures

The surface quality of thermally modified birch wood was examined after plane milling. The surface quality was assessed based on the arithmetic mean deviation of the assessed profile Ra. Plane milling was carried out at various cutting speeds of 20, 40, and 60 m/s and feed speeds 4, 8, and 11 m/min. Based on the results, it was concluded that thermal treatment reduced the surface roughness of milled birch wood, but the decrease was not statistically significant. The cutting speed and feed had the greatest impact on all monitored factors. Increases in cutting speed reduced the average roughness, while increases in feed speed had the opposite effect. The highest roughness was achieved after plane milling with a feed speed of 11 m/min.
Pharmacokinetic, Ambulatory, and Hyperthermic Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-Methylcathinone (Methylone) in Rats

Methylone (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone) is a synthetic cathinone analog of the recreational drug ecstasy. Although it is marketed to recreational users as relatively safe, fatalities due to hyperthermia, serotonin syndrome, and multi-organ system failure have been reported. Since psychopharmacological data remain scarce, we have focused our research on pharmacokinetics, and on a detailed evaluation of temporal effects of methylone and its metabolite nor-methylone on behavior and body temperature in rats. Methylone [5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg subcutaneously (s.c.)] and nor-methylone (10 mg/kg s.c.) were used in adolescent male Wistar rats across three behavioral/physiological procedures and in two temporal windows from administration (15 and 60 min) in order to test: locomotor effects in the open field, sensorimotor gating in the test of prepulse inhibition (PPI), and effects on rectal temperature in individually and group-housed rats. Serum and brain pharmacokinetics after 10 mg/kg s.c. over 8 h were analyzed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Serum and brain levels of methylone and nor-methylone peaked at 30 min after administration, both drugs readily penetrated the brain with serum: brain ratio 1:7.97. Methylone dose-dependently increased overall locomotion. It also decrease the amount of time spent in the center of open field arena in dose 20 mg/kg and additionally this dose induced stereotyped circling around the arena walls. The maximum of effects corresponded to the peak of its brain concentrations. Nor-methylone had approximately the same behavioral potency. Methylone also has weak potency to disturb PPI. Behavioral testing was not performed with 40 mg/kg, because it was surprisingly lethal to some animals. Methylone 10 and 20 mg/kg s.c. induced hyperthermic reaction which was more pronounced in group-housed condition relative to individually housed rats. To conclude, methylone increased exploration and/or decreased anxiety in the open field arena and with nor-methylone had short duration of action with effects typical for mixed indirect dopamine–serotonin agonists such as 3,4-metyhlenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or amphetamine. Given the fact that the toxicity was even higher than the known for MDMA and that it can cause hyperthermia it possess a threat to users with the risk for serotonin syndrome especially when used in crowded conditions.