Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physical examination. Its role as a single screening modality in the Canadian national breast screening study

Although often recommended as an important component in screening for breast cancer, physical examination of the breasts (PE) by medical professionals has not been well evaluated. The Canadian National Breast Screening Study (NBSS) permits estimation of sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of PE alone as performed by screen‐examiners because 50% of the 89,835 NBSS participants did not receive mammography. There were 19,965 women aged from 50 to 59 years who were eligible to receive four or five annual PEs from 77 nurse‐examiners, in 12 screen centers outside Quebec province and 58 physician‐examiners in three screen centers in Quebec. The gold standard was histologically proven breast cancer. When a test was positive the participant was referred to the study surgeon for review. For screens one to five, sensitivity was 83, 71, 57, 83, and 77; specificity was 88, 94, 96, 96, and 96; and PPV was 3,3,4,3, and 4, respectively. For 25,620 women aged 40 to 49 years who were eligible to receive only one PE, sensitivity was 71, specificity 84, and PPV 1.5. Using a binomial regression model, X2 for heterogeneity suggested there was no difference between nurse and physician examiners (P = 0.6879). Similar estimates made for the surgeons who performed 8914 reviews showed that sensitivity and PPV were higher than for the screen examiners and specificity was lower. These results support the conclusion that physical examination of the breasts by trained nurses is a useful component in screening for breast cancer.
Cutting Edge: A Transcriptional Repressor and Corepressor Induced by the STAT3-Regulated Anti-Inflammatory Signaling Pathway1

IL-10 regulates anti-inflammatory signaling via the activation of STAT3, which in turn controls the induction of a gene expression program whose products execute inhibitory effects on proinflammatory mediator production. In this study we show that IL-10 induces the expression of an ETS family transcriptional repressor, ETV3, and a helicase family corepressor, Strawberry notch homologue 2 (SBNO2), in mouse and human macrophages. IL-10-mediated induction of ETV3 and SBNO2 expression was dependent upon both STAT3 and a stimulus through the TLR pathway. We also observed that ETV3 expression was strongly induced by the STAT3 pathway regulated by IL-10 but not by STAT3 signaling activated by IL-6, which cannot activate the anti-inflammatory signaling pathway. ETV3 and SBNO2 repressed NF-κB- but not IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)-activated transcriptional reporters. Collectively our data suggest that ETV3 and SBNO2 are components of the pathways that contribute to the downstream anti-inflammatory effects of IL-10.
V‐shaped structure of glutamyl‐tRNA reductase, the first enzyme of tRNA‐dependent tetrapyrrole biosynthesis

Processes vital to life such as respiration and photosynthesis critically depend on the availability of tetrapyrroles including hemes and chlorophylls. tRNA‐dependent catalysis generally is associated with protein biosynthesis. An exception is the reduction of glutamyl‐tRNA to glutamate‐1‐semialdehyde by the enzyme glutamyl‐tRNA reductase. This reaction is the indispensable initiating step of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in plants and most prokaryotes. The crystal structure of glutamyl‐tRNA reductase from the archaeon Methanopyrus kandleri in complex with the substrate‐like inhibitor glutamycin at 1.9 Å resolution reveals an extended yet planar V‐shaped dimer. The well defined interactions of the inhibitor with the active site support a thioester‐mediated reduction process. Modeling the glutamyl‐tRNA onto each monomer reveals an extensive protein–tRNA interface. We furthermore propose a model whereby the large void of glutamyl‐tRNA reductase is occupied by glutamate‐1‐semialdehyde‐1,2‐mutase, the subsequent enzyme of this pathway, allowing for the efficient synthesis of 5‐aminolevulinic acid, the common precursor of all tetrapyrroles.
Group Decision-Making and Voting in Ultimatum Bargaining: An Experimental Study

Abstract We conduct a laboratory study of the group-on group ultimatum bargaining with restricted within-group interaction. In this context, we concentrate on the effect of different within-group voting procedures on the bargaining outcomes. Our experimental observations can be summarized in two propositions. First, individual responder behavior across treatments does not show statistically significant variation across voting rules, implying that group decisions may be viewed as aggregations of independent individual decisions. Second, we observe that proposer behavior significantly depends (in the manner predicted by a simple model) on the within-group decision rule in force among the responders and is generally different from the proposer behavior in the one-on-one bargaining.
VITAMIN D METABOLITES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO AZOTAEMIC OSTEODYSTROPHY *

Bone biopsies were performed and serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites were measured in twenty‐four patients with chronic renal failure. The concentrations of three metabolites‐25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (25‐OHD). 24,25‐dihydroxyvitarnin D (24,25‐OH2D) and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25‐OH2D)‐were significantly lower in uraemic than in normal sera. There was a positive correlation between serum 24,25‐OH2D and serum 25‐OHD, whereas serum 1,25‐OH2D values, which were independent of those of the other vitamin D metabolites, were negatively correlated with serum creatinine and serum inorganic phosphate. The two major skeletal lesions, osteomalacia and parathyroid osteopathy, while coexisting in many patients, varied independently in relation to their severity and were correlated with different vitamin D metabolites. The severity of osteomalacia was negatively correlated with the serum concentrations of 25‐OHD and 24,25‐OH2D while the severity of parathyroid osteopathy was negatively correlated with serum 1,25‐OH2D values. To our knowledge these are the first systematic studies correlating skeletal histology with dihydroxylated vitamin D metabolites in renal failure in man.
Using Social Media to Detect and Locate Wildfires

Methods for detecting and tracking natural hazards continue to increase in coverage, resolution and reliability. However, information on the social impacts of natural hazards is often lacking. Here we test the feasibility of using social media data (Twitter and Instagram) to detect and map an important class of natural hazard: wildfires. We analyse social media posts associated with wildfires over several time periods and compare them with wildfire occurrence data derived from satellite-based remote sensing data and on-the-ground observations. For the whole of the contiguous United States, we find significant temporal correlations between wildfire-related social media activity and wildfire occurrence, but also that there is substantial variation in the strength of this relationship at smaller spatial scales (states and counties). We then explore the utility of social media for location of wildfire events, finding good evidence to support further development of such methods. We conclude by discussing several challenges and opportunities for application of this novel data resource to provide information on impacts of natural hazards.
Are Modern Biological Invasions an Unprecedented Form of Global Change?

Abstract: The uniqueness of the current, global mass invasion by nonindigenous species has been challenged recently by researchers who argue that modern rates and consequences of nonindigenous species establishment are comparable to episodes in the geological past. Although there is a fossil record of species invasions occurring in waves after geographic barriers had been lifted, such episodic events differ markedly from human‐assisted invasions in spatial and temporal scales and in the number and diversity of organisms involved in long‐distance dispersal. Today, every region of the planet is simultaneously affected and modern rates of invasion are several orders of magnitude higher than prehistoric rates. In terms of its rate and geographical extent, its potential for synergistic disruption and the scope of its evolutionary consequences, the current mass invasion event is without precedent and should be regarded as a unique form of global change. Prehistoric examples of biotic interchanges are nonetheless instructive and can increase our understanding of species‐area effects, evolutionary effects, biotic resistance to invasion, and the impacts of novel functional groups introduced to naïve biotas. Nevertheless, they provide only limited insight into the synergistic effects of invasions and other environmental stressors, the effect of frequent introductions of large numbers of propagules, and global homogenization, all of which characterize the current mass invasion event.
Do IRS Audits Deter Corporate Tax Avoidance

ABSTRACT: We extend research on the determinants of corporate tax avoidance to include the role of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) monitoring. Our evidence from large samples implies that U.S. public firms undertake less aggressive tax positions when tax enforcement is stricter. Reflecting its first-order economic impact on firms, our coefficient estimates imply that raising the probability of an IRS audit from 19 percent (the 25th percentile in our data) to 37 percent (the 75th percentile) increases their cash effective tax rates, on average, by nearly two percentage points, which amounts to a 7 percent increase in cash effective tax rates. These results are robust to controlling for firm size and time, which determine our primary proxy for IRS enforcement, in different ways; specifying several alternative dependent and test variables; and confronting potential endogeneity with instrumental variables and panel data estimations, among other techniques. JEL Classifications: M40; G34; G32; H25.
Are There Any Differences in Physical Fitness and Throwing Velocity Between National and International Elite Female Handball Players?

Abstract Granados,C, Izquierdo,M, Ibáñez,J, Ruesta,M, and Gorostiaga,EM. Are there any differences in physical fitess and throwing velocity between national and international elite female handball players? J Strength Cond Res 27(3): 723–732, 2013—This study compared physical characteristics in a 2003 national elite female team (NE; n = 16; fourth in the Spanish Championship) to the same team when it reached international level in 2009 (IE; n = 14; winner of the Spanish Championship and the European Handball Cup). Body height, body mass, body fat, and fat-free mass, 1-repetition maximum bench press (1RMBP), vertical jumping height, handball throwing velocity, power-load relationship of the leg and arm extensor muscles, 5- and 15-m sprint running time, and running endurance were measured in the second competitive mesocycle of a season. Results revealed that, compared with NE, IE players presented similar values in body mass, body height, sprint running time, handball throwing velocity, and jumping, but higher values (p < 0.01–0.05) in age (17%), 1RMBP (15%), power-load relationship of the arm (16%), and leg (10%) extensors, and endurance running velocities (7%). Significant correlations (r = 0.71–0.72, p < 0.05) were observed in IE, but not in NE, between individual values of standing throw and individual values of power at 30% of 1RMBP, and individual values of power at 60% of body mass during half-squat actions. The present results suggest that more experienced, powerful and aerobically conditioned players are at an advantage in international-level female handball. The ball throwing velocity of international elite female handball players depends on their ability to produce muscle power at submaximal loads with the upper and lower extremities. However, in lower-level players, this depends on the level of performance at maximal strength of the upper extremities.
Preterm Birth, Age at School Entry and Long Term Educational Achievement

Objective To investigate if the detrimental impact of year of entering education in preterm infants persists into adolescence. Background Preterm infants are often enrolled in school a year earlier than would be expected if this decision is based on their actual date of birth rather than their due date. Initially these infants appear to do disproportionately worse than those who do not ‘skip’ a year. However, it is unclear if this effect remains as the infants grow, to have an important effect on long term achievements in education. Design A cohort study, drawn from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). The exposure measurement was gestational age (defined as preterm (<37 weeks gestation) or term (37–42 weeks)). The primary outcome was a low score at the Key Stage 4 (KS4) educational assessment or receiving special educational needs support (both at age 16). We derived conditional regression models matching preterm to term infants on their date of birth (DOB), their expected date of delivery (EDD), or their expected date of delivery and year of school entry. Results After matching for DOB, preterm infants had an increased odds of SEN (OR 1.57 (1.33–1.86)) and the association remained after adjusting for potential confounders (OR 1.39 (1.14–1.68)). The association remained in the analysis matching for EDD (fully adjusted OR 1.43 (1.17–1.74)) but attenuated after restricting to those infants who were enrolled in school in the same year as the control infants (fully adjusted OR 1.21 (0.97–1.52)). There was less evidence for an impact of prematurity on the KS4 score (Matched for DOB; OR 1.10 (0.91 to 1.34), matched for EDD OR 1.17 (0.96 to 1.42) and EDD and same year of schooling, OR 1.00 (0.80 to 1.26)). Conclusions This modifiable effect of going to school a year earlier than predicted by their due date appears to have measurable consequences for ex-preterm infants in adolescence and is likely to limit adulthood opportunities.
Renegotiation of Troubled Debt: The Choice between Discounted Payoff and Maturity Extension

Renegotiation of securitized debt contracts is generally a more efficient solution to default than foreclosure when there are significant deadweight costs associated with the enforcement of security rights. Recent literature shows that when renegotiation takes the form of discounted loan payoffs, it eliminates deadweight costs associated with the liquidation or transfer of assets. There is evidence, however, that, in practice, renegotiation of other contract terms such as maturity is a more common form of loan workout. This observation is puzzling because, in general, maturity renegotiation does not eliminate deadweight costs. We provide a partial answer to this puzzle by showing that maturity renegotiation better aligns the incentives of borrowers and lenders than does renegotiation of principal. Specifically, we find that borrowers who expect that lenders will renegotiate maturity in the event of default have less incentive to divert cash flow from the collateral during the term of the loan and less incentive to take on additional risk. If the lender’s cost of managing these standard agency problems is positively related to the magnitude of the borrower’s incentive, then maturity renegotiation will result in lower monitoring and enforcement costs.
Clinical validation of characteristics of the alcoholic family.

PURPOSE To validate, from a client and family perspective, the defining characteristics for the nursing diagnosis altered family processes: alcoholism; and to identify demographic, family, and selected treatment information from clients and family members. METHODS Subjects (N = 150) completed Fehring's (1987) Clinical Diagnostic Validation (CVD) Index for 110 defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis altered family processes: alcoholism. FINDINGS Alcoholic families display behaviors of alcohol abuse, loss of control of drinking, denial, nicotine addiction, impaired communication, inappropriate expression of anger, and enabling behaviors. Family feelings indicate the presence of unhappiness, hurt, frustration, guilt, moodiness, powerlessness, loneliness, mistrust, anger, anxiety, and hopelessness. CONCLUSIONS These clinically validated characteristics will complete the assessment phase of this research and direct the path to future studies to determine appropriate goals/outcomes and interventions related to alcoholic families.
LONG-RUN STRUCTURAL MODELLING

The paper develops a general framework for identification, estimation, and hypothesis testing in cointegrated systems when the cointegrating coefficients are subject to (possibly) non-linear and cross-equation restrictions, obtained from economic theory or other relevant a priori information. It provides a proof of the consistency of the quasi maximum likelihood estimators (QMLE), establishes the relative rates of convergence of the QMLE of the short-run and the long-run parameters, and derives their asymptotic distributions; thus generalizing the results already available in the literature for the linear case. The paper also develops tests of the over-identifying (possibly) non-linear restrictions on the cointegrating vectors. The estimation and hypothesis testing procedures are applied to an Almost Ideal Demand System estimated on U.K. quarterly observations. Unlike many other studies of consumer demand this application does not treat relative prices and real per capita expenditures as exogenously given.
HTLV-1 bZIP Factor–Specific CD4 T Cell Responses in Adult T Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Patients after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

We document human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) bZIP factor (HBZ)-specific CD4 T cell responses in an adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) patient after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) and identified a novel HLA-DRB1*15:01–restricted HBZ-derived naturally presented minimum epitope sequence, RRRAEKKAADVA (HBZ114–125). This peptide was also presented on HLA-DRB1*15:02, recognized by CD4 T cells. Notably, HBZ-specific CD4 T cell responses were only observed in ATL patients after allogeneic HCT (4 of 9 patients) and not in nontransplanted ATL patients (0 of 10 patients) or in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (0 of 10 carriers). In addition, in one acute-type patient, HBZ-specific CD4 T cell responses were absent in complete remission before HCT, but they became detectable after allogeneic HCT. We surmise that HTLV-1 transmission from mothers to infants through breast milk in early life induces tolerance to HBZ and results in insufficient HBZ-specific T cell responses in HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers or ATL patients. In contrast, after allogeneic HCT, the reconstituted immune system from donor-derived cells can recognize virus protein HBZ as foreign, and HBZ-specific immune responses are provoked that contribute to the graft-versus-HTLV-1 effect.
Expression of the Class II and III Beta-Tubulin in Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Lymphoid Tissues

Aim: Abnormal expression patterns of beta-tubulin isotypes may provide a molecular rationale for the behaviour of lymphoma subtypes. In the present study class II and III beta-tubulin expression was assessed in non-neoplastic and neoplastic lymphoid tissues with reference to potential utility as new tumour biomarkers. Methods and results: In this cross-sectional study class II and III beta-tubulin expression was assessed in 304 neoplastic and 20 normal lymphoid tissues using qualitative and semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry. Class II beta-tubulin was found to be positive in the germinal centres, mantle zone and interfollicular regions of normal lymphoid tissues. It was also expressed in 15/15 (100%) lymphoblastic lymphomas, 229/231 (99%) mature B cell lymphomas, 22/22 (100%) T/NK-cell lymphomas and 36/36(100%) classical Hodgkin lymphomas. Class III beta-tubulin in contrast was germinal centre restricted and more selective, being found mainly in classical Hodgkin lymphomas (34/36 (94%)). It was also expressed in 58/171(34%) DLBCL, 11/12 (92%) mantle cell lymphomas and 6/6 (100%) Burkitt lymphomas. Other mature B cell, T/NK cell lymphomas and precursor lymphoblastic lymphomas were usually negative. Conclusions: Class II beta-tubulin shows ubiquitous expression in neoplastic and non-neoplastic lymphoisd tissues. In contrast, Class III beta-tubulin is germinal centre-restricted. Its consistent expression in classical Hodgkin lymphomas may point to use in the identification of Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells. Its expression in a proportion of DLBCL, Burkitt and mantle cell lymphomas is of interest as this may be related to their aggressiveness.
Paradoxes of consumer independence: a critical discourse analysis of the independent traveller

The ideology of independence lies at the very core of the marketing agenda. For the free market to operate as a legitimate means of social organization, the right to be independent and to be free to enact ostensibly independent choices is to all intents and purposes sacred. Independence is an especially critical concept for marketing academics and practitioners to understand given the need to reconcile consumer demand for a sense of individuality, freedom and self, with an organization's need to commodify consumption activities in order to realize market growth. This paper examines the ways in which a sense of independence is successfully offered to consumers within paradoxically mass-market communications. The study investigates what it means to be an independent traveller by implementing a critical discourse analysis of alternative guidebooks. Findings suggest that guidebooks construct independence by reifying inaccessibility, interpreting value, and constructing inauthenticity for consumers. This promulgates a powerful myth of the independent traveller as someone who defies inaccessibility, hunts for bargains, and avoids inauthenticity. Crucially, each of these cultural practices also acts to engender an implicit relation of dependency between the text and the tourist that is found to contradict, but ultimately not threaten, the whole notion of independence that the consumption experience itself is predicated on.
Values, Conflict, and Trust in Participatory Environmental Planning

The need for greater public involvement in environmental decisionmaking has been highlighted in recent high-profile research reports and emphasized by leaders at all levels of government. In some cases, environmental agencies have opened the door to greater participation in their programs. However, there is relatively little information on what can be gained from greater public involvement and what makes some programs work while others fail. This article presents an evaluation of public participation in several cases of environmental planning in the Great Lakes region, focusing on how effectively these efforts introduced public values into government decisionmaking, resolved conflict among stakeholders, and built trust in environmental agencies. Data for the analysis came from a “case survey” method in which the authors systematically coded information from previously written case studies. The research findings support an optimistic view of public participation-although not without important caveats-and emphasize the importance of communication and commitment in the participatory process. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Women's Entrepreneurship in Iran: A GEM Based-Data Evidence

purpose of this paper is to study women's entrepreneurship in Iran based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2008 data. In this regard, the relative position of women entrepreneurs in Iran will be identified compared with those of their Iranian male counterparts as well as other GEM members. Then the main factors affecting women's entrepreneurship and the reasons behind the low rate of women entrepreneurial prevalence in Iran will be explained. In this part, the basic concept is to describe the gender gap in entrepreneurial activity in Iran rather than the Iranian women entrepreneurial gap with other countries. Finally, some useful recommendations suggestions on women's entrepreneurship are made to the entrepreneurial policy makers.