Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RESISTANCE OF FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER MORTARS IN SULFURIC ACID

The present paper reports the experimental results of a study conducted to assess the resistance of fly ash based Geopolymer mortar specimens in sulfuric acid. The program consisted immersion of geopolymer mortar samples having percentage Na2O ranging from 5% to 8% of fly ash in a 10% Sulfuric acid solution up to a period of 18 weeks and evaluation of its resistance in terms of visual appearance, residual alkalinity, changes in weight and compressive strength at regular intervals. Visual inspection of Geopolymer mortar samples did not reveal any recognizable change in colour and remained structurally intact though the exposed surface turned slightly softer. Through Optical microscope, corroded surface could be seen which increased with time of exposure. After exposure in the acid solution for 18 weeks, the Geopolymer samples almost lost its alkalinity and showed very low weight loss in the range from 0.41% to 1.23% of initial weight. Loss of weight was found higher for specimen with higher percent of Na2O. Compressive strength loss at the end of test was 52% for specimen with 5% Na2O and 28% for specimens with 8% Na2O. Results obtained in the present study indicate that Geopolymers are highly resistant to sulfuric acid.
Mathematical model of MMR inversion for geophysical data

Yooyuanyong, S. In this paper, we present an analysis of the solution to a number of geophysical inverse problems which are generally non-unique. The mathematical inverse problem that arises is commonly ill-posed in the sense that small changes in the data lead to large changes in the solution. We conduct the inversion algorithm to explore the conductivity for the ground structure. The algorithm uses the data in the form of magnetic field measurements for magnetometric resistivity (MMR). The inversion example is performed to investigate the conductivity ground profile that best fits the observed data. The result is compared with the true model and discussed to show the efficiency of the method. The model for the inversion example with the apparent conductivity and the true conductivity are plotted to show the convergence of the algorithm.
University of Birmingham Foundations of character : methodological aspects of a study of character development in three-to six-year-old children with a focus on sharing behaviours

: This article focuses on methodological issues arising in a study of character development, using illustrations of ‘ sharing behaviours. ’ Based primarily in six early years settings in southeast England the research records naturalistic observations of peer interactions for 55 children aged three to six years. Applying grounded theory to the processes of observing, analysing and interpreting evidence required a cautious and collectively re ﬂ ective approach. The methodology sought to moderate the in ﬂ uence of the researchers ’ prior knowledge of ‘ grand theories ’ of moral development and assumptions about relevance to the observation records. The study ’ s originality lay in the exploration of moral development without reference to any particular grand theory as an explanatory framework; and in the reluctance to be drawn to potentially simplistic rationalisations of the children ’ s intentions on the basis of their observed behaviours. Exploring young children ’ s subjective experiences, this research provides insights into the intricacy of this process, steering away from ‘ neat ’ ﬁ ndings and attempting to re ﬂ ect the sophistication of the children ’ s skilful and sometimes surprising negotiations of moral dilemmas. Implications for practice relate to the complexities involved in attempts to unravel the developing moral characters of young children and the practice through which this may be nurtured.
Optimality-Theoretic Syntax: A Declarative Approach

With this book, Jonas Kuhn greatly advances optimality theory (OT) by clarifying the significant choices in the design of a formally precise OT approach to syntax. Building on OT work that uses the representation structures of lexical functional grammar (OT-LFG), Kuhn defines the notion of an OT-syntactic grammar in a declarative, non-derivational way. Along with the standard OT architecture, which is based on a generation metaphor, Kuhn also formalizes parsing-based OT, and goes on to discuss possible combinations of these two architectures. This is followed by an examination of assumptions under which the computational tasks of generation and parsing are decidable for an OT-syntactic grammar.
Strong sunward propagating flow bursts in the night sector during quiet solar wind conditions: SuperDARN and satellite observations

Abstract. High-time resolution data from the two Iceland SuperDARN HF radars show very strong nightside convection activity during a prolonged period of low geomagnetic activity and northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Flows bursts with velocities ranging from 0.8 to 1.7 km/s are observed to propagate in the sunward direction with phase velocities up to 1.5 km/s. These bursts occur over several hours of MLT in the 20:00–01:00 MLT sector, in the evening-side sunward convection. Data from a simultaneous DMSP pass and POLAR UVI images show a very contracted polar cap and extended regions of auroral particle precipitation from the magnetospheric boundaries. A DMSP pass over the Iceland-West field-of-view while one of these sporadic bursts of enhanced flow is observed, indicates that the flow bursts appear within the plasma sheet and at its outward edge, which excludes Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities at the magnetopause boundary as the generation mechanism. In the nightside region, the precipitation is more spot-like and the convection organizes itself as clockwise U-shaped structures. We interpret these flow bursts as the convective transport following plasma injection events from the tail into the night-side ionosphere. We show that during this period, where the IMF clock angle is around 70°, the dayside magnetosphere is not completely closed. Key words. Ionosphere (Auroral ionosphere; Ionospheremagnetosphere interactions; Particle precipitation)
FISCAL POLICY AND THE REAL EXCHANGE RATE

This paper examines the mechanisms through which government spending affects the dynamics of the real exchange rate. Using a two-sector dependent open economy model with intersectoral mobility costs for private capital, we show that public investment generates (i) a nonmonotonic U-shaped adjustment path for the real exchange rate with sharp intertemporal trade-offs and (ii) a crowding-in of private consumption, consistent with stylized facts. The effects of public consumption, however, are in sharp contrast to those of public investment. The effect of government spending on the real exchange rate depends critically on (i) the sectoral composition of public spending, (ii) the underlying financing policy, (iii) the sectoral intensity of private capital in production, (iv) the relative sectoral productivity of public infrastructure, (v) the elasticity of substitution in production, and (vi) intersectoral mobility costs for capital. In deriving these results, we identify conditions under which the predictions of the neoclassical open economy model can be reconciled with empirical regularities. Our results underscore the importance of decoupling the effects of government investment from those of government consumption in understanding the relationship between fiscal policy and the real exchange rate.
Banking and innovation: a review

ABSTRACT We summarize the major findings of empirical studies that examine the effect of banking development on innovation and highlight their relative contributions to our understanding of the various roles the banking sector plays in determining innovation. We reassess the effect of banking development and innovation, extending the scope of analysis to more granular dimensions of innovation and to Asian economies where financial markets are less developed. We find that while theoretical implications are generally indefinite about the effect of banking development on innovation, empirical findings are less ambiguous given their distinct focus of sample firms and the underlying channels investigated. The development conditions of financial markets also matter in drawing implications for the effect of financial institutions on innovation. Specifically, when the stock market is relatively less developed, as in most Asian economies, banks play a significant role in financing and promoting innovation. Therefore, it seems plausible for policy makers in these regions to strengthen the development of the banking sector and to improve the depth of the credit market.In this survey, we will summarize the major findings of the empirical studies that examine the effect of banking development on innovation and highlight their relative contributions to our understanding.
Evaluation of House Price Models Using an ECM Approach: The Case of the Netherlands

The research question of this paper is whether the Dutch housing market is overvalued or not. This is investigated by using different types of error correction models and by examining the impact of different variables that can explain house price changes in the Netherlands. The current financial crisis confirms the notion that developments in the residential property sector are important for the economy as a whole. For that reason it is important to fully understand the factors that affect the housing market. Therefore we need a long-run model approach that relates house prices to fundamentals. However the model should also be able to detect bubbles in the short run. As a first step, we look at the affordability of house prices and mortgage payments in order to check how well the housing market performs in the short run. In the medium to long-run, we estimate an error correction model relating prices to fundamentals, using variables like interest rate, labour income, financial assets of households, and household stock. The error correction model tests whether prices tend to revert to some equilibrium price level. We evaluate existing house price models for the Netherlands, which we use as a benchmark for comparison to our improved model. Finally, we try to forecast housing prices based on a few simple economic scenarios.
Analysis of the effect of GCG quality on the financial performance of Islamic banks

This research aims to know the effect of the quality of Good Corporate Governance implementation on the rate of return, measured using Return on Assets (ROA), the risk of financing, measured using Non Performing Financing (NPF), and capitals measured using Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on Islamic Banks in Indonesia. The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling method with the limi-tation of Islamic Banks registered in Bank Indonesia, publish annual report and dis-close reports of Good Corporate Governance from 2010 to 2013. The result shows that the quality of Good Corporate Governance implementation on Islamic banks in Indo-nesia is categorized good, based on the composite mean value of 1.70676. The quality of Good Corporate Governance implementation has no effect on the rate of return and the risk of financing, but it has an effect on the capital.
Statistical Approach for Optimization of Independent Variables on Alkali-Thermo Stable Protease Production from Bacillus Licheniformis Strain BIHPUR 0104

An alkalophilic and thermostable protease producing Bacillus licheniformis strain BIHPUR 0104 was isolated from poultry farm. Response surface methodology by Box-Behenken design was employed for the enhanced production of protease using independent variables selected through one variable at one time approach. Under the optimized condition of sucrose (1.5% w/v), temperature (40°C) and incubation period (24 h), the protease production from strain BIHPUR 0104 was enhanced 2 fold compared to one variable at one time approach. The protease experimental yield (483.23 U/ml) closely matched the predicted value (480.74 U/ml) by the statistical model (R2=0.9997). The p values showed that the independent variables had highly significant effect on proteolytic activity (p<0.0001) of the strain tested. The crude protease obtained from strain BIHPUR 0104 showed stability at a wide range of pH (9) and temperature (50°C) indicating thermo-alkali stable nature of the crude enzyme.
Vertical wind velocity measurements using a five-hole probe with remotely piloted aircraft to study aerosol–cloud interactions

Abstract. The importance of vertical wind velocities (in particular positive vertical wind velocities or updrafts) in atmospheric science has motivated the need to deploy multi-hole probes developed for manned aircraft in small remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). In atmospheric research, lightweight RPAs ( 2.5 kg) are now able to accurately measure atmospheric wind vectors, even in a cloud, which provides essential observing tools for understanding aerosol–cloud interactions. The European project BACCHUS (impact of Biogenic versus Anthropogenic emissions on Clouds and Climate: towards a Holistic UnderStanding) focuses on these specific interactions. In particular, vertical wind velocity at cloud base is a key parameter for studying aerosol–cloud interactions. To measure the three components of wind, a RPA is equipped with a five-hole probe, pressure sensors, and an inertial navigation system (INS). The five-hole probe is calibrated on a multi-axis platform, and the probe–INS system is validated in a wind tunnel. Once mounted on a RPA, power spectral density (PSD) functions and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) derived from the five-hole probe are compared with sonic anemometers on a meteorological mast. During a BACCHUS field campaign at Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station (Ireland), a fleet of RPAs was deployed to profile the atmosphere and complement ground-based and satellite observations of physical and chemical properties of aerosols, clouds, and meteorological state parameters. The five-hole probe was flown on straight-and-level legs to measure vertical wind velocities within clouds. The vertical velocity measurements from the RPA are validated with vertical velocities derived from a ground-based cloud radar by showing that both measurements yield model-simulated cloud droplet number concentrations within 10 %. The updraft velocity distributions illustrate distinct relationships between vertical cloud fields in different meteorological conditions.
Analysing two potential outlets of a shrinking Pacific mantle reservoir

The Scotia Sea in the South Atlantic holds a prominent position in geodynamics, because it has been proposed as a potential outlet of asthenosphere from under the shrinking Pacific into the mantle beneath the opening Atlantic. Shear wave splitting and geochemical studies have previously tested this hypothesis. Here, we take a different approach by calculating present-day dynamic topography of the region in search for a systematic trend in dynamic topography decreasing from west to east in response to a flow-related pressure gradient in the sublithospheric mantle. To this end, we reconstruct the kinematic history of the Scotia Sea, which is characterized by complex back-arc spreading processes active on a range of time scales. Our plate reconstructions allow us to derive an oceanic age-grid and to calculate the associated residual (dynamically maintained) topography of the Scotia Sea by comparing present-day isostatically corrected topography with that predicted from our reconstruction. The results provide no indication for a systematic trend in dynamic topography and we conclude that the material needed to supply the growing subatlantic mantle must be derived from elsewhere. Chapter 1: The Scotia Sea gateway: no outlet for Pacific mantle 10 1.
Distribution, reproduction and population structure of three gulper sharks (Centrophorus, Centrophoridae) in south-east Australian waters

Gulper sharks (Centrophorus spp.) are commercially fished in all oceans but the taxonomy and biology of many species are not clearly defined, and stocks are extremely vulnerable to over-exploitation. We present distributional, size-frequency and reproductive data for three species (Centrophorus harrissoni, C. moluccensis and C. zeehaani) that fishing has largely extirpated from the south-east Australian upper continental slope. Trawl-survey catches in 1976–77 from lightly exploited stocks comprised mostly mature males with few mature females or juveniles; a 2009 long-line survey caught higher proportions of mature females and, for C. harrissoni, more juveniles. Females of the three species grew larger and reached maturity at a greater size than males and, for both sexes, maturity sizes were more than 80% of their maximum observed lengths. Reproduction was continuous but data were insufficient to determine seasonality. Ovarian and uterine fecundity were singular for C. zeehaani whereas C. harrissoni and C. moluccensis developed two oocytes and produced one or two embryos; evidence suggests that the left-side uterus is less functional than the right-side. In response to these species’ inherent low productivity and continuing reduced numbers, managers have introduced landing restrictions and area closures to enhance Centrophorus stocks in southern Australian waters.
The Allocation of Scientific Talent

I explore the efficiency properties of a decentralized labor market for scientists. I use a model where firms produce science by building labs and hiring researchers in a competitive market. Firms may invest in science to produce new scientific knowledge or to increase their absorptive capacity: the ability to use scientific knowledge produced outside of the firm. In both cases firms underinvest in labs. More interestingly, when firms' investment in science is motivated by absorptive capacity, researchers and labs may be substitutes in the revenue function, even though they are complements in the research production function. This generates a novel form of inefficiency: for any given distribution of labs, the allocation of researchers to firms is non optimal. Subsidies to the investment in labs cannot restore the first best. I show that the existence of scientists' reputation concerns, by preventing the free transfer of surplus between firms and researchers, may affect the allocation of scientists to labs and increase total welfare.
Structural Change, the Real Exchange Rate, and the Balance of Payments Constraint in Mexico

This paper provides complete estimates of a model of balance-of-payments-constrained growth for Mexico, with disaggregated exports (manufactured and non-manufactured) and imports (final and intermediate goods), in which manufactured exports are treated as endogenous. Alternative estimations with and without real exchange rate effects included are provided, but most of the qualitative results do not depend on this distinction. Obtaining statistically adequate estimates of the import and export functions required us to take into account a variety of structural breaks, implying a division of our overall sample period (1960–2012) into four subperiods. Generally, our results imply that a tightening of the balance-of-payments constraint cannot account for the slowdown in Mexico’s actual growth during the early phase of trade liberalization and macro stabilization policies (1987–2000), but a tightening of this constraint is consistent with the further slowdown in actual growth in the 2001–12 period.
Cosmic rays, gas and dust in nearby anticentre clouds : I -- CO-to-H2 conversion factors and dust opacities

We aim to explore the capabilities of dust emission and rays for probing the properties of the interstellar medium in the nearby anti-centre region, using gamma-ray observations with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), and the thermal dust optical depth inferred from Planck and IRAS observations. In particular, we aim at quantifying potential variations in cosmic-ray density and dust properties per gas nucleon across the different gas phases and different clouds, and at measuring the CO-to-H2 conversion factor, X$_{CO}$ , in different environments. We have separated six nearby anti-centre clouds that are coherent in velocities and distances, from the Galactic-disc background in HI 21-cm and $^{12}$CO 2.6-mm line emission. We have jointly modelled the gamma-ray intensity recorded between 0.4 and 100 GeV, and the dust optical depth at 353 GHz as a combination of HI-bright, CO-bright, and ionised gas components. The complementary information from dust emission and gamma rays was used to reveal the gas not seen, or poorly traced, by HI , free-free, and $^{12}$CO emissions, namely (i) the opaque HI and diffuse H$_2$ present in the Dark Neutral Medium at the atomic-molecular transition, and (ii) the dense H$_2$ to be added where $^{12}$CO lines saturate. The measured interstellar gamma-ray spectra support a uniform penetration of the cosmic rays with energies above a few GeV through the clouds. We find a gradual increase in grain opacity as the gas becomes more dense. The increase reaches a factor of four to six in the cold molecular regions that are well shielded from stellar radiation. Consequently, the X$_{CO}$ factor derived from dust is systematically larger by 30% to 130% than the gamma-ray estimate. We also evaluate the average gamma-ray X$_{CO}$ factorfor each cloud, and find that X$_{CO}$ tends to decrease from diffuse to more compact molecular clouds, as expected from theory.
Atmospheric rivers moisture transport from a Lagrangian perspective

The manuscript presents an analysis of the evaporation-minus-precipitation (E-P) signature along atmospheric river (AR) trajectories of hydrological relevance to various sectors of west Europe. The detection of AR is based on an existing method introduced in Lavers et al. (2012) with refinements to facilitate applications to different geographical sectors. Analysis of AR trajectories is based on a Lagrangian dataset produced by a global simulation of the FLEXPART model widely used in the community. The ERA-Interim reanalysis is used for the detection of ARs, and for forcing the FLEXPART model. The methods used are reasonable, and the results represent a useful contribution to the ongoing understanding (sometimes debate) of the moisture sources and transport associated with ARs.
The Effect of Cultural Infrastructure in Business Management: Comparison of Turkish and Japanese Business Cultures

By the influence of globalization, standardized set of rules which is production and consumption behaviour of people has been accepted but by considering these principles, communities who reflect the characteristics of the social culture and can integrate the technique with them have been successful. Activities which are conducted in these organizations that are forms of behaviour, harmonization with systematic study which is standardized especially in the Western World and the cultural construction has added considerable gains to management literature. In this study, development process of Japanese and Turkish Business Cultures and by examining the characteristic cultural values, differences and similarities in management has been tried to establish and the key points behind the success of Japanese enterprises and the culture features of Turkish business have been scrutinized.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIET AND OCEAN CONDITIONS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF AUKLETS ON ST LAWRENCE ISLAND, ALASKA

1USGS–Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA (Sheffield.Lisa@gmail.com) 2Current address: 11539 Corliss Avenue N, Seattle, Washington, 98133, USA 3Current address: ABR, Inc., PO Box 80410, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99708, USA 4Migratory Bird Management, US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska, 99503, USA