Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Delphi survey of opinion on interventions, service principles and service organisation for severe mental illness and substance misuse problems

As the evidence for the efficacy of treatment programmes for substance misuse and severe mental illness is very limited, a national three stage Delphi survey was conducted to try and achieve consensus of views amongst a panel of 154 experts in the UK. The panel reached consensus on the best ways to identify those with severe mental illness and substance misuse problems, on principles essential for a service and on training and research. There was also consensus on interventions/techniques considered the most important, and on those considered less important. There was no consensus on how services should be organised. The survey reflects the best evidence so far as to the views of those in the UK who are involved in this challenging area. The consensus items offer useful and realistic guidance for practitioners on the identification and treatment of those with severe mental illness and substance misuse problems.
Non-classical light for quantum information

Title of dissertation: NON-CLASSICAL LIGHT FOR QUANTUM INFORMATION Elizabeth Anne Goldschmidt Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Dissertation directed by: Professor Steven Rolston Dr. Alan Migdall Department of Physics Non-classical light is both easily encoded with quantum information and robust against decoherence, making it a key resource that enables many quantum information applications including quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum metrology. We present a wide range of experimental and theoretical research toward the generation, detection, characterization, and storage of nonclassical states of light with an eye toward quantum information applications. To provide a basis for the rest of the work, we begin by discussing theoretically the role of photon number statistics in optical quantum information and the use of second-order optical coherence to characterize non-classical light. Building on that, we present an original tool for the difficult problem of reconstructing the underlying mode distribution of multi-mode optical fields using simple measurements of higherorder optical coherence. We then move on to the problem of generating and storing single photons. We do this in a solid-state medium, a rare-earth ion-doped crystal, with a long-lived spin transition ideal for storing quantum information. We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of this concept by showing correlations between the optical fields that herald storage and retrieval of collective excitations. This scheme can be used for the two important and distinct applications of generating single photons on-demand and storing quantum information and entanglement. The detection of non-classical light is a task as important as its generation. To this end, we study detectors with near unity detection efficiency and photon number resolution for use in quantum-enabled metrology. We use such a detector to experimentally demonstrate compression of spatial fringes and investigate the possibility of improving measurement resolution with classical and non-classical light. Finally, we report a set of experiments using photon number statistics to characterize classical and non-classical light. We measure suppression of unwanted multiphoton emission in a heralded single photon source based on four-wave mixing in microstructure optical fiber. And we, for the first time, experimentally demonstrate reconstruction of multi-mode classical and non-classical light from measured photon number statistics. NON-CLASSICAL LIGHT FOR QUANTUM INFORMATION
Epidemiology of alcohol and medication as aids to sleep in early adulthood.

STUDY OBJECTIVES In a representative sample of adults 18-45 years of age, this study addressed three questions about the use of sleep aids in the general population: (1) what are the past-year prevalences of the use of alcohol, over-the-counter medication and prescription medication to facilitate sleep? (2) among those who use these substances for sleep problems, what are the patterns of use? and (3) are there social factors, independent of sleep characteristics, that increase the likelihood of alcohol and medication use to aid sleep? DESIGN The 1996 Detroit Area Survey was a random-digit-dial, computer-assisted survey of a representative sample of 2,181 adults ages 18-45 in the Detroit primary metropolitan statistical area. Eligible household response rate was 86.8%. RESULTS In the general population, use of alcohol and medication as sleep aids in the past year was found to be fairly common: 13% used alcohol, 18% used medications and 5% used both. The prevalence of any substance use to aid sleep was 26%. The duration of use was short for the majority of users, less than 1 week. However, duration of use was greater for the majority of those using prescription sleep aids. A substantial minority of users report regular use lasting longer than 1 month: 15%, 9%, and 36% for alcohol, OTC medications, and prescription medications, respectively. Both sociodemographic and sleep characteristics were associated with alcohol and medication use to aid sleep. Difficulty falling asleep was the factor most strongly associated with use of substances to improve sleep. Sex, race/ethnicity, work shift, marital status and education were also significantly associated with one or more types of sleep aid use adjusting for difficulty falling asleep.
Slower V̇O₂ Kinetics in Older Individuals: Is It Inevitable?

INTRODUCTION The mechanisms controlling the rate of adjustment of oxidative phosphorylation have been debated for several years. Although disagreement exists as to what the prevailing mechanisms controlling the speed of the oxygen uptake (V̇O₂) kinetics are in both young and older individuals, it seems tenable that the slower V̇O₂ kinetics response typically observed in older adults is at least partly imposed by an O2 delivery limitation. RESULTS Several studies have demonstrated that different interventions can speed V̇O₂ kinetics in older individuals so that this response can become similar to that observed in their young counterparts. These findings have opened the debate as to whether aging per se, or other factors that accompany aging, is responsible for the slower adjustment of oxidative metabolism in the elderly. This review focuses on the slower V̇O₂ kinetics often observed in older populations and discusses potential mechanisms that might mediate the slower adjustment in oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, interventions that have been successful in speeding V̇O₂ kinetics in the elderly are described to discriminate how the controlling factors determining the adjustment of V̇O₂ might be regulated by specific perturbations. Importantly, this review shows that the slower adjustment of oxidative phosphorylation typically seen in older compared with young individuals can be completely abolished in some exceptional situations such as chronic endurance-exercise training, despite the age-related decrease in maximal V̇O₂ still being present. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this review focuses on the concept that although V̇O₂ kinetics is often slower in the elderly, this slower increase in the rise of oxygen uptake during the exercise on-transient does not need to be considered an inevitable response.
Prediction of Intrauterine Growth Retardation via Ultrasonically Measured Head/Abdominal Circumference Ratios

This prospective study examines the reliability of ultrasonically measured head/abdominal (H/A) ratios in detecting uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI)-related intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in 47 patients. Normal H/A ratios were found in 37 (79%) fetuses. None of these infants was classified as small for gestational age (SGA) on newborn pediatric evaluation. Ten fetuses (21%) had H/A ratios > +2 SD for gestational age. On this basis, UPI-related IUGR was correctly predicted in all 10 infants. It is concluded that the H/A ratio is a sensitive indicator of UPI-related IUGR. Moreover, this technique is particularly valuable in patients referred for initial scanning after 30 weeks' gestation when it is difficult to distinguish accurately between true IUGR and an “error in dates” on the basis of biparietal diameter (BPD) measurements alone.
Nonlinear analysis of EMG signals - a chaotic approach

This paper aims to present a systematic characterisation of the electromyogram (EMG) signal using a nonlinear chaotic approach. EMG signals from 10 muscles in the leg during walking and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were obtained and pre-processed using wavelet based denoising techniques. All signals were tested for non-linearity, stationarity and determinism. Chaotic characterization was done by calculating invariants such as correlation dimension (D/sub 2/), Lyapunov spectrum (/spl lambda//sub 1/) and Kaplan-Yorke dimension (D/sub KY/). The EMG signals were non-linear and short-term stationary. Determinism and structure was found in the phase-space by studying the recurrence plots. Based on the values of the chaotic invariants, EMG signals were found to exhibit signs of chaotic behaviour with a dimension between 2 and 3 for walking and 3 and 4 for MVC data.
Epidemiology and etiology of adolescent smoking

Purpose of review Despite the socioeconomic and personal health costs directly attributed to smoking, over one-half of high school seniors have used cigarettes, and over 15% of seniors are daily smokers. This review summarizes the recent research concerning the psychosocial and physiologic risk and protective factors associated with adolescent smoking. Recent findings Studies of the psychosocial risk factors have added to the evidence that stress, peers and family influences, ethnicity, and depression all serve as risk factors for the development and maintenance of smoking in adolescents. Protective factors include parental expectations and monitoring, religious activity, and sociopolitical factors, such as tobacco-related marketing bans and higher cigarette taxes. Adolescent smoking trajectories have been further defined and can be used to classify smokers in terms of dependence symptoms. Finally, neurobiological research has focused to a large extent on the concept of disinhibition as a risk factor for smoking in adolescents. Summary While rates of smoking in adolescents have declined since 1997, millions of adolescents initiate or continue smoking each year, with deleterious health and psychosocial consequences. Research into the risk and protective factors for adolescent smoking, particularly that which ties psychosocial and neurobiological factors together, is necessary to inform the development of tailored and maximally efficacious treatments for this population.
Ribosomal selection of mRNAs with degenerate initiation triplets

Abstract To assess the influence of degenerate initiation triplets on mRNA recruitment by ribosomes, five mRNAs identical but for their start codon (AUG, GUG, UUG, AUU and AUA) were offered to a limiting amount of ribosomes, alone or in competition with an identical AUGmRNA bearing a mutation conferring different electrophoretic mobility to the product. Translational efficiency and competitiveness of test mRNAs toward this AUGmRNA were determined quantifying the relative amounts of the electrophoretically separated wt and mutated products synthesized in vitro and found to be influenced to different extents by the nature of their initiation triplet and by parameters such as temperature and nutrient availability in the medium. The behaviors of AUAmRNA, UUGmRNA and AUGmRNA were the same between 20 and 40°C whereas the GUG and AUUmRNAs were less active and competed poorly with the AUGmRNA, especially at low temperature. Nutrient limitation and preferential inhibition by ppGpp severely affected activity and competitiveness of all mRNAs bearing non-AUG starts, the UUGmRNA being the least affected. Overall, our data indicate that beyond these effects exclusively due to the degenerate start codons within an optimized translational initiation region, an important role is played by the context in which the rare start codons are present.
Anticancer Agents from Natural Products

Introduction Gordon M. Cragg, David G. I. Kingston, and David J. Newman Camptothecin and Its Analogs Nicolas J. Rahier, Craig J. Thomas, and Sidney M. Hecht The Discovery and Development of the Combretastatins Kevin G. Pinney, George R. Pettit, Mary Lynn Trawick, Christopher Jelinek, and David J. Chaplin Homoharringtonine and Related Compounds Hideji Itokawa, Yukio Hitotsuyanagi, and Kuo-Hsiung Lee Podophyllotoxins and Analogs Kuo-Hsiung Lee and Zhiyan Xiao Taxol and its Analogs David G. I. Kingston The Vinca Alkaloids Fanny Roussi, Francoise Gueritte, and Jacques Fahy The Bryostatins David J. Newman The Isolation, Characterization, and Development of a Novel Class of Potent Antimitotic Macrocyclic Depsipeptides: The Cryptophycins Rima S. Al-awar and Chuan Shih Chemistry and Biology of the Discodermolides, Potent Mitotic Spindle Poisons Sarath P. Gunasekera and Amy E. Wright The Dolastatins: Novel Antitumor Agents from Dolabella auricularia Erik Flahive and Jayaram Srirangam Ecteinascidin-743 (Yondelis(R)), Aplidin(R), and Irvalec(R) Carmen Cuevas, Andres Francesch, Carlos M. Galmarini, Pablo Aviles, and Simon Munt Discovery of E7389, a Fully Synthetic Macrocyclic Ketone Analog of Halichondrin B Melvin J. Yu, Yoshito Kishi, and Bruce A. Littlefield HTI-286 (Taltobulin), A Synthetic Analog of the Antimitotic Natural Product Hemiasterlin Raymond J. Andersen, David E. Williams, Wendy K. Strangman, and Michel Roberge The Actinomycins Anthony B. Mauger and Helmut Lackner Anthracyclines Federico-Maria Arcamone Ansamitocins (Maytansinoids) Tin-Wein Yu, Heinz G. Floss, Gordon M. Cragg, and David J. Newman Benzoquinone Ansamycins Kenneth M. Snader Bleomycin Group Antitumor Agents Sidney M. Hecht Biochemical and Biological Evaluation of (+)-CC-1065 Analogs and Conjugates with Polyamides Rohtash Kumar and J. William Lown Epothilone, a Myxobacterial Metabolite With Promising Antitumor Activity Gerhard Hofle and Hans Reichenbach Enediynes Philip R. Hamann, Janis Upeslacis, and Donald B. Borders The Mitomycins William A. Remers Staurosporines and Structurally Related Indolocarbazoles as Antitumor Agents Michelle Prudhomme Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Anticancer Natural Products Steven G. Van Lanen and Ben Shen Developments and Future Trends in Anticancer Natural Products Drug Discovery Gordon M. Cragg and David J. Newman Index
Homeostatic mechanisms control the overall size and composition of the mature T cell pool to keep the overall number of T cells relatively constant during life

The Rockefeller University Press $30.00 J. Exp. Med. Vol. 207 No. 6 1321-1332 www.jem. org/cgi/doi/10.1084/jem.20092253 1321 The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves the presence of one or more genetically determined defects that result in an abnormal mucosal immune system that overreacts to normal constituents of the microbiota (Elson et al., 2005; Sartor, 2006; Strober et al., 2007). The complex intestinal microbiota provides an abundant source of immunostimulatory organisms containing innate stimulatory materials and antigens that can activate innate and adaptive immune responses, respectively. In multiple experimental models of colitis, the microbiota plays a crucial role, in that the mice develop colitis with a conventional microbiota but fail to develop colitis when housed under germfree conditions (Taurog et al., 1994; Rath et al., 1996; Sellon et al., 1998; Frank et al., 2007). It is now generally accepted that commensal enteric bacteria provide constant antigenic stimulation that can activate pathogenic T cells and lead to chronic intestinal inflammation. Data from our own studies and others suggest that an excessive adaptive immune response to gut microflora antigens is indispensable for intestinal inflammation (Lodes et al., 2004; Xavier and Podolsky, 2007). Transfer of CD4+ T cells reactive to a single commensal flagellin antigen or to a single bacteria-associated antigen is able to induce colitis development in immunodeficient mice (Iqbal et al., 2002; Lodes et al., 2004; Watanabe et al., 2006). All the subsets of CD4+ effector T cells reactive to commensal bacterial antigens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. IFN-–Th1 and IL-23/IL-17–Th17 pathways are associated CORRESPONDENCE Yingzi Cong: yicong@utmb.edu
Sagittal Plane Knee Translation and Electromyographic Activity during Closed and Open Kinetic Chain Exercises in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Patients and Control Subjects

Using electrogoniometry and electromyography, we measured tibial translation and muscle activation in 12 patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament injury and in 12 control subjects. Measurements were made during an active extension exercise with 0-, 4-, and 8-kg weights and during squats on two legs and on one leg where the projection of the center of gravity was placed over, behind, and in front the feet. In the uninjured subjects, tibial translation increased with increasing load except during the squat with the center of gravity behind the feet, which produced the smallest translation. For the active extension exercises, translation was greater during eccentric activity. In the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees, all squats resulted in similar translation, which was smaller than that during the active extension exercise. The highest muscle activation was seen during squats. Hamstring muscle activity was low. Increased static laxity in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee can be controlled during closed but not during open kinetic chain exercises. Coactivation of the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles seems to be important for knee stability, whereas hamstring muscle coactivation was insignificant. To minimize sagittal translation during nonoperative management of anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees, closed kinetic chain exercises are preferable to open kinetic chain exercises, and importance should be attached to the spontaneous coactivation of the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles.
Applying LCC Compensation Network to Dynamic Wireless EV Charging System

Based on the wireless power transfer (WPT) technology, dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicle (EV) is gaining increasing attentions because it promotes the popularization of EV and also serves a new form of clean transportation. In this paper, we introduce the LCC compensation network to WPT system oriented for dynamic wireless EV charging application. First, characteristics of symmetrical T-type network, which is the origin of the favorable LCC compensation network, are summarized. Then, parametric design for both the LCC network used in the secondary side and the LCC network used in the primary side is elaborated theoretically. Furthermore, neighboring effects resulting from the combination of the LCC compensation network and the inevitable inter-coupling between adjacent segments are investigated. Finally, a two-segment LCC compensated dynamic EV charging system is built up and tested with both intra-segment and inter-segment experiments. Spatially averaged output power and dc-dc efficiency of the prototype are measured to be 2.34 kW and 91.3%, respectively. High consistency of the experimental results validates the correctness of the proposed analyses and parametric design method, as well as the suitability of applying LCC network in dynamic wireless EV charging applications.
Utilización, oferta y demanda de tecnología para producción de maíz en el valle de Puebla, México

El objetivo de esta investigacion fue determinar cual es la situacion actual del uso, oferta y demanda de la tecnologia generada para incrementar la produccion de maiz en el Valle de Puebla. Se aplicaron encuestas a una muestra aleatoria de 111 productores de tres municipios del Valle de Puebla. Los resultados mostraron que los agricultores son minifundistas, y 68.6% de ellos mostraron un grado de adopcion de tecnologia alto, sobresaliendo la densidad de poblacion del cultivo con 82.8%, el nitrogeno con 77.6% y el fosforo con 63.6%. Los componentes tecnologicos menos utilizados fueron el periodo de siembra y la oportunidad de fertilizacion. El chapulin fue la plaga mas importante y solo 63.4% de los agricultores lo combatio. Otro aspecto con influencia negativa sobre el rendimiento del maiz fue que solo 25.2% de los agricultores utilizo herbicida durante el desarrollo del cultivo. A excepcion de los fertilizantes y los insecticidas, la oferta de tecnologia ha disminuido drasticamente, ya que unicamente 47.7% de los agricultores recibio recomendaciones tecnicas, debido posiblemente a la considerable disminucion de las actividades de las instituciones de apoyo al campo; de ahi que 72% de los agricultores manisfestara demanda de tecnologia para el cultivo de maiz
Anterior Pituitary Hormonal Disturbances in Patients Suffering with Traumatic Brain Injury

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Methods for categorizing a prognostic variable in a multivariable setting

The literature is filled with examples of categorization of a continuous prognostic variable in a univariable setting followed by the addition of this categorical variable to an existing multivariable model. Typically, an ‘optimal’ cutpoint for a new prognostic variable is obtained through a systematic search relating the variable to the outcome in an univariable manner. The corresponding categorical variable is then fitted in a multivariable model along with other already established prognostic covariates to assess the additional value of the new variable. This prompts the question whether the cutpoint search should have been performed in the same multivariable setting where it will ultimately be used. In this paper, we extend the univariable cutpoint search methods (split‐sample approach and two‐fold cross‐validation approach) to the multivariable setting using ‐2×log‐likelihood statistic as the correlative measure. A Monte Carlo simulation study demonstrates that both methods are more efficient in detecting the true cutpoint and in estimating the effect size under the multivariable setting as opposed to the univariable setting. The cross‐validation method performs better than the split‐sample method in univariable as well as multivariable scenarios. For the cross‐validation method in the multivariable setting, there is still a substantial loss of power when a cutpoint model is used in cases where there is a continuous relationship between the covariate and the outcome. An example is provided to illustrate the value of the multivariable cross‐validation approach. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.