Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of double‐gloving in obstetrics and gynaecology

allowed women to be treated at their first attendance to colposcopy clinics if pre-invasive disease is suspected and the transformation zone fully seen. Some workers are of the opinion that treatment performed at or shortly after menstruation will predispose to haemorrhagic morbidity (Claman & Lee 1974; Rubio et al. 1975). Whether or not it is prudent to treat at this time has never been assessed adequately. We accept that one of the problems of this study was the infrequent occurrence of secondary haemorrhage, one of the outcome measures. We cannot therefore exclude the possibility that this has diminished the sensitivity in detecting small effects. We can, however, feel confident that if there were a clinically significant effect of treating patients in the first 7 days of the cycle then this should have been demonstrated by this study. The reasons for secondary haemorrhage probably include secondary infection. We do not apply bacteriostatic cream routinely to the treated cervix nor do we routinely prescribe antibiotics following treatment. We believe that the observed infrequent occurrence of possible infection-related morbidity does not justify this approach. In conclusion, we have been unable to demonstrate any adverse effect in terms of post treatment morbidity in relation to the patient’s age, parity, contraceptive method, depth of excision, size of lesion or the day of the cycle on which treatment was performed. There are no grounds for postponing excisional treatment should a patient present in the first week of the menstrual cycle.
Recrystallization of plane strain compressed Al–1 wt.% Mn alloy single crystals of typical unstable orientations

A systematic study of crystal lattice reorientation in early stages of recrystallization has been carried out to correlate the orientations of recrystallization nuclei with the deformation microtexture and with slip systems. Microstructure and texture of Al–1 wt. % Mn single crystals of unstable initial orientations of {112}〈111〉, {100}〈001〉 and {001}〈110〉 have been examined by high‐resolution field‐emission gun scanning electron microscope local orientation measurements. All single crystals were channel‐die deformed at room temperature and then annealed for a short time. It was shown that often observed presence of the 〈112〉 directions as rotation axes in the formation of new nuclei orientation directly suggested a close link with the deformation process.
The Impact of Targets’ Social Performance on Acquisition Premiums

This paper examines whether the corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance of target firms influences the acquisition premiums paid by the acquirers. Using U.S. public merger and acquisition (M&A) deals, I find that acquisition premiums increase in the targets’ perceived CSR quality, an effect incremental to previously-documented drivers of such premiums. These findings are also robust to (1) using different proxies for CSR measures and acquisition premiums, and (2) considering various dimensions of CSR (environment, community, employee, product, and diversity). Additional analysis reveals that the positive association between target firms’ CSR quality and acquisition premiums is stronger for high-CSR acquirers and larger targets. Overall, I combine the CSR and M&A literature by demonstrating that superior quality CSR performance affects acquisition premiums positively and thus expand our understanding of the value-driven role of CSR initiatives in a unique way.
Photosynthetic Trichomes Contain a Specific Rubisco with a Modified pH-Dependent Activity1[OPEN]

Secretory cells contain a specific Rubisco, the small subunit of which belongs to a so-far-uncharacterized phylogenetic cluster and confers a modified pH-dependent activity. Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is the most abundant enzyme in plants and is responsible for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis. This enzyme is assembled from eight large subunits (RbcL) encoded by a single chloroplast gene and eight small subunits (RbcS) encoded by a nuclear gene family. Rubisco is primarily found in the chloroplasts of mesophyll (C3 plants), bundle-sheath (C4 plants), and guard cells. In certain species, photosynthesis also takes place in the secretory cells of glandular trichomes, which are epidermal outgrowths (hairs) involved in the secretion of specialized metabolites. However, photosynthesis and, in particular, Rubisco have not been characterized in trichomes. Here, we show that tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) trichomes contain a specific Rubisco small subunit, NtRbcS-T, which belongs to an uncharacterized phylogenetic cluster (T). This cluster contains RbcS from at least 33 species, including monocots, many of which are known to possess glandular trichomes. Cluster T is distinct from the cluster M, which includes the abundant, functionally characterized RbcS isoforms expressed in mesophyll or bundle-sheath cells. Expression of NtRbcS-T in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and purification of the full Rubisco complex showed that this isoform conferred higher Vmax and Km values as well as higher acidic pH-dependent activity than NtRbcS-M, an isoform expressed in the mesophyll. This observation was confirmed with trichome extracts. These data show that an ancient divergence allowed for the emergence of a so-far-uncharacterized RbcS cluster. We propose that secretory trichomes have a particular Rubisco uniquely adapted to secretory cells where CO2 is released by the active specialized metabolism.
Advance directives in skilled nursing facility residents transferred to emergency departments.

OBJECTIVE Ten years have passed since Congress enacted the Patient Self-Determination Act to promote the use of advance directives (ADs). This study was performed to determine the frequency, type, demographic distribution, and utility of ADs that accompany residents of skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) transferred to emergency departments (EDs). METHODS This was an observational, cross-sectional cohort of SNF residents, transferred to two urban, academic EDs. Chart review and physician interviews were conducted on consecutive patients arriving during 12-hour data collection shifts. RESULTS Among 715 patients entered, 315 [44%, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 40% to 48%] had an AD. Advance directives were significantly more prevalent among white (50%) than African American (34%) or Hispanic (39%) patients (p < 0.001), and varied from 0% to 94% among SNFs. Of the 315 patients with ADs, do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders were the most prevalent (65%, 95% CI = 58% to 69%). Although 75% (95% CI = 69% to 81%) of the DNR orders addressed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), only 12% (95% CI = 8% to 16%) addressed intubation. Among 39 patients who required intubation or CPR, 44% had ADs, 82% (95% CI = 57% to 96%) of which were deemed useful. CONCLUSIONS Despite a decade of legislation promoting their use, ADs are lacking in most SNF residents transferred to EDs for evaluation and in most settings in which a clinical indication exists for intubation or CPR. Variation in their prevalence appears to be associated with both ethnicity and SNF origin. Although about three-fourths of DNR ADs addressed CPR, only about one in ten offered guidance regarding intubation. When available, ADs are used in most instances to guide emergency care.
Structural comparison of the PhoB and OmpR DNA-binding/transactivation domains and the arrangement of PhoB molecules on the phosphate box.

PhoB is a transcriptional activator that binds to the phosphate box in the promoters of the phosphate genes of Escherichia coli. PhoB contains two functional domains, an N-terminal phosphorylation domain and a C-terminal DNA-binding/transactivation domain. Here, the three-dimensional structure of the DNA-binding/transactivation domain has been determined by NMR. It consists of an N-terminal four-stranded beta-sheet, a central three helical bundle and a C-terminal beta-hairpin. The second and third helices form a helix-turn-helix (HTH) variant containing a longer turn than the corresponding turn of the classical HTH motif. The overall architecture is very close to that of the OmpR DNA-binding/transactivation domain, however, the conformation of the long turn region of PhoB, a putative interaction site for the RNA polymerase sigma subunit, is entirely different from that of the corresponding turn of OmpR, which interacts with the alpha subunit. In addition, the third helix of PhoB is three amino acid residues longer than the corresponding helix of OmpR. The binding site of PhoB is a TGTCA sequence and the phospahte box contains the two binding sites. NMR studies of the complexes of the PhoB DNA-binding/transactivation domain bound to several different DNA molecules have revealed that two PhoB molecules bind in a tandem array on the phosphate box. In each complex of PhoB the third helix of the DNA-binding/transactivation domain is likely to recognize the TGTCA sequence from the major groove of DNA and the C-terminal beta-hairpin contacts on the minor groove of the 3' site out of the TGTCA sequence in a non-specific manner. The long turn region facing outward is likely to interact with the sigma subunit.
Initial Public Offerings Disclosure Strategy

In Sweden the authorities regulate only a minor part of the content in the IPO prospectus. Therefore, much of the information in an IPO prospectus is voluntary disclosed. An IPO is characterized by a high degree of information asymmetry, so consequently an IPO should disclose a high level of information to reduce information asymmetry between management and potential investors. This is an empirical study of disclosure in IPO prospectuses. IPO disclosure levels are compared with matching stable listed firms and the amount of information disclosed by IPOs is tested in relation to five firm characteristics. Results show that the disclosure level is significantly higher for IPOs than for stable listed firms. The disclosure level for IPOs is significant and positively related to firm size and leverage. Additionally, results indicate that IPOs disclose more information on business risks and transaction risks compared to stable listed firms.
Exploration of consumer brand name equity for established products and services : using a global marketing induced change analysis approach

The objective of the study is the exploration of consumer brand name equity forestablished products and services. There is little research on consumer brandname equity for established products, despite the general assumption within theliterature of the central importance to consumers of the brand name element.To achieve isolation of the brand name element the study focuses on namechanges brought about by global marketing. Adopting both a critical realistposition and a functional based approach towards consumer brand equity, amixed methods three stage sequential study design is employed.The first stage of the research focuses on the theoretical literature relevant toconsumer brand name equity. In particular it seeks to derive a theoretical modelof the consumer impact of a change in brand name for an established product.The second stage of the research uses qualitative analysis to empiricallyexplore established product brand name functions. The model developed in thefirst stage of research is used as a framework but research is not limited to theempirical exploration of this model. The final stage of the research usesquantitative analysis to empirically explore the importance of the brand name ofestablished product to consumers.The research makes a number of contributions to the existing literature. Itempirically identifies a number of ways in which the brand name of establishedproducts can provide equity to consumers; specifically through rational,relationship, habitual and symbolic functions. One key finding is the discoverythat much of the symbolic value appears to be customer rather than corporatedriven. A further contribution from the quantitative work is an indication that theoverall importance of the brand name of established products holds significantvariance. A minority of research participants placed great importance on thebrand name element, whilst for the majority the brand name held littleimportance. This places in context the above functions of the brand nameelement.Key implications from this study are that the accepted centrality of the brandname element within branding needs qualification and the active role of theconsumer within brand equity creation requires greater recognition. In addition,whilst the research findings provide a good rationale for why corporations areable to change the brand name of their products with minimal impact for most oftheir customers, it also suggests that for a minority of customers this namechange will cause an insurmountable long term problem, which will have to beborne by the corporation.
Current Trends in Treatment Outcomes of Orbital Cellulitis in a Tertiary Hospital in Southern Nigeria

Background: Orbital cellulitis refers to the inflammation or infection of the soft tissues of the orbit located behind the orbital septum. Aim: To determine the current trends in the outcomes following the management of orbital cellulitis in a tertiary hospital in Southern Nigeria. Patients and Methods: A retrospective review of medical records of patients with orbital cellulitis from January 2008 to December 2014 was conducted. The age, sex, duration of symptoms, predisposing factors, clinical findings, laboratory/radiological investigations, treatment provided, complications, and follow-up were recorded. Results were analyzed with SPSS Version 21 program. Results: Forty-two patients were seen made of 17 (40.5%) males and 25 (59.5%) females with a mean age of 18.2 ± 18.7 years of which children <16 years constituted 24 (57.1%) of cases. Orbital cellulitis was a unilateral occurrence in 38 (90.5%) patients. Trauma and sinusitis were the common predisposing causes in 20 (47.6%) and 6 (14.3%) patients, respectively. The most common complaint was eye swelling 36 (52.9%). Most patients had visual acuities of >6/18 at presentation, 38 (82.6%) and at discharge, 39 (84.8%). The mean duration of presenting complaints was 15.5 ± 31.6 days. Patients who presented early were less likely to develop complications, P = 0.003. The most common complication was exposure keratopathy in 8 (44.4%) eyes. The only surgical intervention performed was incision and drainage of abscess in 3 (7.1%) eyes. No patient came for follow-up. Conclusion: Prompt institution of effective antibiotics and management of complications that may arise improves prognosis of orbital cellulitis.
Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector

This Report is focused on the informal or the unorganized economy which accounts for an overwhelming proportion of the poor and vulnerable population in an otherwise shining India. It concentrates on a detailed analysis of the conditions of work and lives of the unorganized workers consisting of about 92 per cent of the total workforce of about 457 million (as of 2004-05). [NCEUS Report] [http://theopendata.com/site/tag/nceus/]
Vulnerability to assaultive violence: further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder

Background. We examine potential sources of the sex differences in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the community. Methods. Data were obtained from a representative sample of 2181 persons aged 18–45 years in the Detroit primary metropolitan statistical area, which is a six-county area containing more than four million residents. A random digit dialling method was used to select the sample and a computer-assisted telephone interview was used to obtain the data. DSM-IV PTSD was assessed with respect to a randomly selected trauma from the list of qualifying traumas reported by each respondent. Results. The lifetime prevalence of exposure and the mean number of traumas were lower in females than males. The overall conditional risk of PTSD (i.e. the probability of PTSD among those exposed to a trauma) was approximately twofold higher in females than males, adjusting for the sex difference in the distribution of trauma types. The sex difference was due primarily to females' greater risk following assaultive violence. The sex difference in the avoidance and numbing symptom group following assaultive violence exceeded the sex differences in other symptom groups. Conclusions. Future research should focus on sex differences in the response to assaultive violence, including potential explanations for females' greater probability to experience avoidance and numbing.
Why Does Takeover Vulnerability Matter to Debtholders?

Recent work documents that firms that are more vulnerable to takeover have higher borrowing costs. This paper investigates the reasons behind this stylized fact. My results show that firms with few antitakeover defenses face a higher cost of debt because lenders are concerned that takeovers may result in leverage increases. Specifically, I find that takeover vulnerability does not increase loan spreads when the loan deal contains covenants restricting leverage. In order to identify the effect of covenants on spreads, I use two instruments to control for the endogeneity of covenants, which arises from the fact that lenders are more likely to include covenants when lending to riskier firms. My first instrument exploits exogenous supply-side variation in the contracting strictness of the lead-arranger lender, induced by lender-specific factors such as the rate of past defaults suffered by the bank in unrelated loans. My second instrument makes use of the relation between syndicate size and the likelihood that a given loan includes covenants. This instrument exploits exogenous variation in the contribution of the deal to the idiosyncratic risk of the lead bank’s loan portfolio. The identifying assumption is that lead banks tend to include covenants in those loans whose risk has a higher correlation with the risk of their existing portfolio, so that they can syndicate a larger share of such loans. Overall, my findings show how debt covenants can successfully resolve agency conflicts between shareholders and debtholders. In the absence of covenants, takeover defenses have opposite effects on the cost of equity and debt capital. Yet this difference disappears when debt deals contain leverage-limiting covenants.
Efficacy of Amantadine Treatment on Symptoms and Neurocognitive Performance Among Adolescents Following Sports-Related Concussion

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of amantadine in the treatment of symptoms and neurocognitive performance in adolescents following sports-related concussion. Participants:A clinical sample of 25 male (n = 11) and female (n = 14) adolescent subjects with an age-, sex-, and concussion history–matched group of 25 male (n = 11) and female (n = 14) control subjects. Setting:Outpatient concussion clinic. Intervention:Retrospective, case-control design. Treatment group consisted of patients treated with 100 mg of amantadine twice daily (200 mg total per day) following a period of rest. Matched controls were evaluated and treated conservatively without medication at the same concussion program prior to the start of the current amantadine protocol. Main Outcome Measures:Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Test computerized neurocognitive test battery and symptom report. Results:Results support significantly greater improvements from pre- to posttest in reported symptoms, verbal memory, and reaction time performance for the amantadine group than the matched controls. There were no significant differences for visual memory or visual motor processing speed. Conclusion:This study provides empirical support for amantadine as an effective pharmacologic treatment of certain concussion-related cognitive deficits and symptoms in athletes with protracted recovery of more than 3 weeks.
Additional Tests on the Efficacy of Ginger Root Oil in Enhancing the Mating Competitiveness of Sterile Males of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

4 USDA-ARS, 2727 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822. Abstract. Recent studies have shown that exposure to the aroma of ginger root oil (Zingiber officinale Roscoe; termed GRO hereafter) increases the mating competitive- ness of males of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). This result suggests that pre-release exposure of sterile males to GRO might increase the effectiveness of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) against this important agricul- tural pest. Here, we present the results of two experiments that further investigate the utility of GRO in medfly SIT. In the first, we compare the effectiveness of GRO ob- tained from three different suppliers in enhancing the mating success of sterile males relative to wild-like males in competition for wild-like females. Following adult expo- sure to GRO in large, holding boxes, we found significant variation in the mating success of sterile males exposed to GRO from different sources. However, regardless of the source, GRO-exposed males obtained significantly more matings than control, non-exposed males. In the second experiment, we found that the introduction of GRO (using two different doses) to closed, paper buckets at the time of pupal placement resulted in increased mating success of subsequently emerged sterile males. The use of GRO in SIT programs is discussed in light of these findings.