Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Blues in Two Different Spanish-Speaking Populations

Several studies investigating color discrimination across languages have shown a facilitation effect in groups that employ more than one term to refer to a given color. While Uruguayans use ‘azul’ to refer to dark blue and ‘celeste’ for light blue, Spaniards use ‘azul’ for dark blue and the compound terms ‘azul celeste’ or ‘azul claro’ for light blue. In this study, Uruguayan and Spanish participants discriminated between pairs of color stimuli that lie at different distances from each other on the blue color spectrum. Only the Uruguayans were more accurate at distinguishing between stimuli associated with different color terms. Furthermore, while both Uruguayans and Spaniards showed a category effect in response times, the effect was strongest for Uruguayans when items were closer to each other on the color spectrum (i.e., more difficult). This study is unique in that we observed different Whorfian effects in two groups that speak the same language but differ in their use of color-specific terms. Our results contribute to the discussion of whether and to what extent language or other cultural variables affect the perception of different color categories.
Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases: prevalence, risk factors of colonization and outcome.

OBJECTIVES To determine the rate and identify risk factors of Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) colonization among patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. METHODS We conducted an observational study in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases in an internal medicine department. Each week, five patients with systemic diseases were randomly selected for colonization screening. Patients complaining of recent respiratory symptoms were excluded. P. jirovecii PCR was performed on induced sputum samples. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of clinical and biological data were performed to determine predictors of Pneumocystis colonization. Pneumocystis pneumonia occurrence in P. jirovecii-positive PCR patients was recorded during a 1-year follow-up. RESULTS P. jirovecii was detected in 11/67 (16%) subjects. Comparing the features in P. jirovecii-positive and P. jirovecii-negative PCR patients, only male gender was significantly associated with Pneumocystis colonization. In multivariate analysis with regard to gender, the higher prevalence of P. jirovecii colonization in men was largely explained by higher daily CSs [odds ratio (OR) = 1.6; 95% CI 1.1, 2.3] and lower total lymphocyte level (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.8, 0.99). No P. jirovecii-positive PCR patient developed Pneumocystis pneumonia during the 1-year follow-up, but corticosteroid amounts were significantly lower at the end of follow-up than on inclusion. CONCLUSION This is the first study on P. jirovecii colonization in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. We found a high prevalence of colonization and identified CS therapy and lymphocyte counts as risk factors for colonization. We recommend screening for P. jirovecii colonization in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases receiving immunosuppressant treatment. Further studies are needed to determine the role of subclinical colonization in disease transmission and the persistence of Pneumocystis colonization.
Examining Job Crafting from an Interpersonal Perspective: Is Employee Job Crafting Related to the Well‐Being of Colleagues?

Individuals engage in job crafting to create a better fit between their job and their preferences, skills, and abilities. However, the individual focus may overlook the impact of job crafting on the job context or well-being of colleagues. Therefore, an important question that is addressed in this study is whether the crafting of one person is related to the job characteristics and well-being of a colleague. This study explores the potential negative effects of a seemingly positive strategy for the individual on a colleague. Namely, we predict that when employees decrease their hindering job demands, their colleagues will be more likely to report a higher workload and more conflict. In turn, we hypothesise that colleague reports of workload and conflict are related to colleague burnout. Data were collected among 103 dyads and analyzed with the Actor‐ Partner Interdependence Model. The results largely supported the hypothesised relationships: Decreasing hindering job demands was positively related to colleague workload and conflict, which, in turn, related positively to colleague burnout. These findings suggest that proactively decreasing hindering job demands not only relates to personal job experiences, but also to colleague job characteristics and well-being.
The human use of information-I: Signal detection for the case of the signal known exactly

A theory of visual detection is developed, based on the model provided by the theory of signal detectability,2 and, more generally, by the theory of statistical decision. Two experiments are reported which test some predictions of the theory for the case of the signal-known-exactly. These experiments demonstrate that the human observer tends toward optimum behavior, where optimum behavior is defined as that behavior which maximizes the expected gain from the decision. Their results show the proportion of correct detections to be dependent upon the proportion of false alarms; they indicate that neural activity is a power function of signal intensity. The data also demand a re-evaluation of the threshhold concept. Predictions are made for the data obtained using two different methods of response, forced-choice end yes-no, and the internal consistency of the theory is demonstrated. The predictions of the theory are compared with contrasting predictions of conventional sensory theory; the data are also related to conventional theory.
Cardioprotective effect of early dexrazoxane use in anthracycline treated pediatric patients

Abstract Anthracyclines play a major role in chemotherapeutic regimens for a variety of pediatric cancers, but produce undesirable dose-related cardiotoxicity. Dexrazoxane reduces early myocardial injury during anthracycline treatment, but data remain insufficient to fully understand its cardioprotective effectiveness in treating pediatric cancers and additional research is necessary to find efficient methods of dexrazoxane administration. Therefore, we retrospectively evaluated the cardioprotective effect of dexrazoxane against anthracyclines in 258 pediatric cancer patients who had received any anthracyclines from January 1997 to May 2005 at a tertiary teaching hospital in Korea. The results of this study suggest that the early use of dexrazoxane protects against the development of cardiotoxicity during anthracycline treatment in pediatric cancer patients. Further studies involving larger pediatric cancer patients are needed to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of dexrazoxane at higher cumulative doses of anthracyclines and on late-onset cardiotoxicity in long-term survivors.
Reduction of Early Graft Loss After Intraportal Porcine Islet Transplantation in Monkeys

Background. Pig islets constitute a possible resolution to the shortage of human islets for transplantation. After intraportal infusion of porcine islets in primates, many islets are lost through what has been termed the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR). We report on our experience with IBMIR. Methods. Ten monkeys underwent intraportal porcine islet transplantation. Immunosuppressive therapy was with conventional agents (n=3) or based on costimulation blockade (n=7). Treatment specific for IBMIR was administered in eight monkeys; two additional monkeys received no such therapy (group 1). Cobra venom factor completely inhibited complement activity in four (group 2) and dextran sulfate provided anticoagulation in four (group 3). Islet graft function was monitored by following blood glucose, insulin requirement, and porcine C-peptide values. Results. In monkeys that received neither cobra venom factor nor dextran sulfate (group 1), there was rapid destruction of islets indicated by severe hypoglycemia and the need for dextrose infusion; C-peptide levels were initially low and further reduction occurred within the first five days. In both groups 2 and 3, there was significantly less destruction of islets and some reversal of diabetes. However, when 40,000 IEQ/kg were infused, normoglycemia was lost within five days, but when 80,000 IEQ/kg were infused in one case, normoglycemia was more persistent. We observed that even when C-peptide levels were in the normal range for healthy nondiabetic pigs, these were not sufficient to maintain normoglycemia in the monkeys. Conclusions. Although pretransplantation complement depletion or anticoagulation reduces porcine islet xenograft loss significantly, neither alone is sufficient to prevent IBMIR.
The Addition of Platelet-Rich Plasma to Facial Lipofilling: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial

Background: Lipofilling is a treatment modality to restore tissue volume, but it may also rejuvenate the aging skin. Platelet-rich plasma has been reported to augment the efficacy of lipofilling, both on graft take and rejuvenation, by altering the adipose-derived stem cells. The authors hypothesized that addition of platelet-rich plasma would increase the rejuvenating effect and shorten recovery time. Methods: The study conducted was a single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial (2012 to 2015). In total, a well-defined cohort of 32 healthy female patients enrolled in the study, with 25 completing the follow-up. All patients underwent aesthetic facial lipofilling with either saline or platelet-rich plasma added. Outcome was determined by changes in skin elasticity, volumetric changes of the nasolabial fold, recovery time, and patient satisfaction during follow-up (1 year). Results: Platelet-rich plasma did not improve the outcome of facial lipofilling when looking at skin elasticity improvement, graft volume maintenance in the nasolabial fold. Reversal of the correlation between age and elasticity, however, might suggest a small effect size, and thus might not be significant with our small study population. Conclusions: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study clearly has shown that platelet-rich plasma significantly reduces postoperative recovery time but does not improve patient outcome when looking at skin elasticity, improvement of the nasolabial fold, or patient satisfaction. The reversal of the correlation between age and elasticity might indicate some effect on skin but requires more power in future studies. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, II.
Tramadol for the treatment of fibromyalgia

Tramadol is a novel, synthetic opioid receptor agonist with serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor properties that is often prescribed acutely for painful conditions. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic painful condition that is difficult to treat and until more recently has had no approved medical treatments. Currently, the only US FDA-approved medications for FM include duloxetine, milnacipran and pregabalin. No opioid is approved for use in the treatment of FM. This paper specifically reviews the literature on tramadol use in FM and concludes that there is a fair evidence base to support its use as a second-line treatment for more resistant cases.
Comparison of self-reports and parent proxy-reports of function and quality of life of children with below-the-elbow deficiency.

BACKGROUND The agreement between children's self-reports and parent proxy-reports has not been established for function and quality-of-life measures for children with musculoskeletal diagnoses, including unilateral congenital below-the-elbow deficiency. Factors influencing parent-child agreement in this population have yet to be determined. METHODS Ten hospitals administered the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) prospectively to children and adolescents with a unilateral congenital below-the-elbow deficiency in order to assess their function and quality of life. Two-thirds of the subjects wore a prosthesis. These children's and adolescents' self-reports were compared with their parents' proxy-reports for the PODCI (n = 179) and the PedsQL (n = 364). RESULTS Parents underestimated their children's/adolescents' self-report scores for the upper extremity physical function domain of the PODCI (p < 0.001) and overestimated the scores for comfort in the pain/comfort domain of the PODCI (p < 0.05). Parents also reported a lower social functioning score on the PedsQL than did the children and adolescents (p < 0.001). Greater agreement with regard to the social functioning domain of the PedsQL was observed between parents and children than between parents and adolescents (p < 0.05) and between parents and subjects who did not wear a prosthesis than between parents and subjects who wore a prosthesis (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Although the absolute differences are small, children with a unilateral congenital below-the-elbow deficiency report better upper-extremity function and quality of life than their parents perceive, but they may also be experiencing more pain. Factors influencing parent-child agreement on measures of quality of life include age and use of a prosthesis. Parents' reports of function may provide a helpful counterbalance to children's and adolescents' reports, but because quality of life is subjective by nature, the child's or adolescent's report is the gold standard. As a result of variability in agreement, PODCI and PedsQL parent reports cannot be considered true proxies for the self-reports of children or adolescents with unilateral congenital below-the-elbow deficiency or, possibly, of those with other musculoskeletal diagnoses.
The experimental induction of gynogenesis in the mouse I. Irradiation of the sperm by X-rays

Sperm of the mouse, Mus musculus, was X-irradiated in vitro before fertilization. Dosages were between 100 and 50000r. With increasing irradiation of the sperm, the chromosome complement of embryos, scored at 3½ days’ gestation, declined from diploid to haploid. Higher dosages increasingly retarded embryonic development, 30000 and 50000r restricting development to the first cleavage. Gynogenetic development was very abortive. X-irradiation did not usually prevent male pronucleus formation or syngamy. Loss of paternal chromosomes occurred in the embryos during development, probably by the loss of chromosome fragments into sub-nuclei. After 30000 or 50000r, abnormal pronuclear relationships were found. In some eggs, sperm entry and the growth of the male pronucleus did not stimulate completion of the second maturation division. In other eggs, the single pronucleus was probably female, the male pronucleus having degenerated. Polyspermy occurred at the same dosage. 1000r almost completely suppressed implantation. 500r caused considerable embryonic mortality. Irradiation damage to the centriole or cytoplasm of the sperm in addition to destruction of its chromosomes may have caused the retarded development of the embryos.
Parents' education and children's educational aspirations and achievements.

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SarA Is a Repressor of hla (α-Hemolysin) Transcription in Staphylococcus aureus: Its Apparent Role as an Activator of hla in the Prototype Strain NCTC 8325 Depends on Reduced Expression of sarS

ABSTRACT In most Staphylococcus aureus strains, inactivation of sarA increases hla transcription, indicating that sarA is a repressor. However, in S. aureus NCTC 8325 and its derivatives, used for most studies of hla regulation, inactivation of sarA resulted in decreased hla transcription. The disparate phenotype of strain NCTC 8325 seems to be associated with its rsbU mutation, which leads to σB deficiency. This has now been verified by the demonstration that sarA repressed hla transcription in an rsbU+ derivative of strain 8325-4 (SH1000). That sarA could act as a repressor of hla in an 8325-4 background was confirmed by the observation that inactivation of sarA in an agr sarS rot triple mutant dramatically increased hla transcription to wild-type levels. However, the apparent role of sarA as an activator of hla in 8325-4 was not a result of the rsbU mutation alone, as inactivation of sarA in another rsbU mutant, strain V8, led to increased hla transcription. Northern blot analysis revealed much higher levels of sarS mRNA in strain V8 than in 8325-4, which was likely due to the mutation in the sarS activator, tcaR, in 8325-4, which was not found in strain V8. On the other hand, the relative increase in sarS transcription upon the inactivation of sarA was 15-fold higher in 8325-4 than in strain V8. Because of this, inactivation of sarA in 8325-4 means a net increase in repressor activity, whereas in strain V8, inactivation of sarA means a net decrease in repressor activity and, therefore, enhanced hla transcription.
Symptoms in advanced renal disease: a cross-sectional survey of symptom prevalence in stage 5 chronic kidney disease managed without dialysis.

BACKGROUND Numbers of patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) managed conservatively (without dialysis) are increasing steadily but prevalence and severity of symptoms in this population are not yet known. AIM To describe symptom prevalence, symptom severity, and total symptom burden in patients with stage 5 CKD managed conservatively. METHOD A cross-sectional survey of patients with stage 5 CKD managed conservatively, in three U.K. renal units. Symptoms were assessed using the patient-completed Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale Short Form (MSAS-SF), with additional renal symptoms. RESULTS Sixty-six patients were recruited (response rate, 62%), with mean age 82 years (standard deviation [SD] +/- 6.6), and mean estimated glomerular filtration rate 11.2 mL/min (SD +/- 2.8). Symptoms reported by more than one third or 33% of patients were (95% confidence intervals shown in parentheses): lack of energy, 76% (66%-84%); pruritus, 74% (65%-82%); drowsiness, 65% (54%-74%); dyspnea, 61% (50%-70%); edema, 58% (47%-66%); pain, 53% (42%-63%); dry mouth, 50% (39%-60%); muscle cramps, 50% (39%-60%); restless legs, 48% (38%-58%); lack of appetite, 47% (37%-58%); poor concentration, 44% (34%-54%); dry skin, 42% (32%-53%); sleep disturbance, 41% (32%-51%); and constipation, 35% (26%-45%). Mean number of symptoms reported on MSAS-SF was 11.58 (SD +/- 5.2), with an additional 2.77 (SD +/- 1.7) renal symptoms. Symptoms were also most severe in the more prevalent symptoms. Pain was an exception, with disproportionately greater severity (32% of all patients reported moderate/severe pain). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that patients with stage 5 CKD have considerable symptom control needs, similar to advanced cancer populations, but with different patterns of individual symptoms and severity, particularly pain. Implications for palliative care, hospice, and nephrology services in planning and providing care are discussed.
Angle Closure in Caucasians—A Pilot, General Ophthalmology Clinic-based Study

PurposeTo assess the rate of clinically significant angle closure in a predominantly Caucasian, clinic-based population, and consequently find out whether gonioscopy should be included in the routine ophthalmic examination. MethodsPatients aged ≥40 years with hyperopia ≥1 D were consecutively recruited in a community general ophthalmology clinic. Detailed darkroom gonioscopy was done, and primary angle closure was diagnosed if there was iridotrabecular apposition >180 degrees not secondary to an identifiable ocular disorder. Biometric parameters were measured and compared between the eyes with and without angle closure. ResultsEighty-four eyes from 84 patients (aged 61.3±8.9 y) were enrolled. There were 52 female (62%) and 32 male. Fourteen patients (16.7%) were diagnosed with angle closure. A statistically significant difference was observed between the eyes with and without angle closure in mean axial length (22.07±0.72 vs. 22.61±0.97, P=0.028), anterior chamber depth (ACD) (2.45±0.33 vs. 2.89±0.32, P<0.001), and lens thickness (4.97±0.3 vs. 4.62±0.4, P=0.002). Degree of hyperopia was marginally significant (3.13±2.3 vs. 2.45±1.5, P=0.09). In a logistic regression model, only ACD remained statistically significantly different (P=0.016). We tested the ability of ACD to distinguish eyes with angle closure. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.824; using a cutoff ACD value of 2.65 mm, sensitivity was 0.786 with a specificity of 0.812. ConclusionsClinically significant angle closure, mandating close follow-up or preventive procedures, may be more common in Caucasians than currently thought. We recommend that gonioscopy should be included in the routine ophthalmic examination of all adults with hyperopia.
Activating transcription factor 6 plays protective and pathological roles in steatosis due to endoplasmic reticulum stress in zebrafish

Many etiologies of fatty liver disease (FLD) are associated with the hyperactivation of one of the three pathways composing the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is a harbinger of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The UPR is mediated by pathways initiated by PRKR‐like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, inositol‐requiring 1A/X box binding protein 1, and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and each of these pathways has been implicated to have a protective or pathological role in FLD. We used zebrafish with FLD and hepatic ER stress to explore the relationship between Atf6 and steatosis. A mutation of the foie gras (foigr) gene caused FLD and hepatic ER stress. The prolonged treatment of wild‐type larvae with tunicamycin (TN), which caused chronic ER stress, phenocopied foigr. In contrast, acute exposure to a high dose of TN robustly activated the UPR but was less effective at inducing steatosis. The sterol regulatory element binding protein transcription factors were not required for steatosis in any of these models. Instead, depleting larvae of active Atf6 either through a membrane‐bound transcription factor peptidase site 1 mutation or an atf6 morpholino injection protected them against steatosis caused by chronic ER stress, but exacerbated steatosis caused by acute TN treatment. Conclusion: ER stress causes FLD. A loss of Atf6 prevents steatosis caused by chronic ER stress but can also potentiate steatosis caused by acute ER stress. This demonstrates that Atf6 can play both protective and pathological roles in FLD. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Leptin Receptor Signaling in T Cells Is Required for Th17 Differentiation

The hormone leptin plays a key role in energy homeostasis, and the absence of either leptin or its receptor (LepR) leads to severe obesity and metabolic disorders. To avoid indirect effects and to address the cell-intrinsic role of leptin signaling in the immune system, we conditionally targeted LepR in T cells. In contrast with pleiotropic immune disorders reported in obese mice with leptin or LepR deficiency, we found that LepR deficiency in CD4+ T cells resulted in a selective defect in both autoimmune and protective Th17 responses. Reduced capacity for differentiation toward a Th17 phenotype by lepr-deficient T cells was attributed to reduced activation of the STAT3 and its downstream targets. This study establishes cell-intrinsic roles for LepR signaling in the immune system and suggests that leptin signaling during T cell differentiation plays a crucial role in T cell peripheral effector function.