Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The localization of motoneurons supplying the hindlimb muscles of the mouse.

The method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used to localize the motoneurons that innervate the mouse hindlimb musculature. Motoneurons were labelled following either intramuscular injection of an HRP solution or application of HRP to the cut end of a muscle nerve. When intramuscular injection was used the nerves to adjacent muscles were cut and deflected from the injection site to prevent motoneurons projecting to these muscles being labelled with HRP. For some muscles this procedure was inadequate since the nerves to adjacent muscles were too short to enable adequate deflexion. The motoneurons projecting to these muscles were labelled by the method of cut nerve exposure. The motoneurons that project to a single muscle or a group of muscles were organized as longitudinal columns. The positions of such motonuclei within the lateral motor column were similar in different animals for any given muscle or muscle group. Motoneurons innervating the anterior and medial femoral muscles were located in spinal segments L1 and L2. Motoneurons innervating the remaining hindlimb muscles were found in segments L3-L5. Topographic relationships between muscle motonuclei were in general found to be similar to those described for the cat. The principal differences to be noted between the two species were that the adductors motonucleus did not overlap with the hamstrings motonucleus in the mouse. Also the motonuclei supplying the deep flexors of the crural musculature and intrinsic musculature of the foot were located more ventrally relative to the posterior crural motonucleus in the mouse as compared to the cat. Consideration of muscle homologies between vertebrate classes enabled comparisons of the localization of motonuclei between the mouse and the other species studied. It was found that topographical relations between motonuclei were similar in all the species so far studied. There was no absolute correlation between the rostrocaudal position of a motonucleus and the position in the hindlimb of the muscle that it innervated. In general, motonuclei innervating muscles derived from the dorsal muscle mass were located lateral to motonuclei innervating muscles derived from the ventral muscle mass. Furthermore, within each muscle mass there is a relationship between rostrocaudal position of a motonucleus and the anteroposterior position of the muscle it supplies. Thus there is a relation between position of a motonucleus within the spinal cord and the derivation from the embryonic muscle mass of the muscle that it supplies.
Heat content and steric height change in the Pacific Ocean

Changes in the heat content and the steric height in the Pacific Ocean were studied by comparing results from ship-based basin-scale repeat hydrographic surveys mainly conducted in the 2000s in and previous surveys conducted mostly in 1990s. The layer from the surface to a depth of 1000 m accounted for 90% of the increased heat content. In this layer, heat content increased in the western Pacific, with large increases in the western Pacific warm pool and near New Zealand, and decreased in the eastern Pacific. In the bottom layers, below 5000 m the heat content increased in almost entire Pacific. There is a notable heat content increase along the pathway of Lower Circumpolar Deep Water and we can also see the trend toward the northwest. The steric height below 2000 dbar increased in the western Pacific and decreased in the eastern Pacific. The largest increase was seen in the Southern Oceans and as well as the western boundary region off the coast of Japan.
Novel Parasitic Micro Strip Arrays for Low-Cost Active Phased Array Applications

In this paper, a novel idea is proposed to construct low-cost phased arrays by using the multi-port property of array elements. The operating principles are illustrated and explained in detail. A three-element patch subarray with a periodic lattice is conceived according to the proposed idea. In the subarray, one patch antenna with multiple ports is designed as an active element which is directly fed through the excitation port by a feeding network. The other two parasitic patches are fed by the coupling ports of the active element. Good agreements between simulations and measurements of a two-subarray phased array prototype successfully verify the proposed idea. Then, comparisons to a conventional phased array are performed to highlight its advantages, e.g., high aperture efficiency and low cost. Finally, a second design example is given for more references.
Optimal computer folding of large RNA sequences using thermodynamics and auxiliary information

This paper presents a new computer method for folding an RNA molecule that finds a conformation of minimum free energy using published values of stacking and destabilizing energies. It is based on a dynamic programming algorithm from applied mathematics, and is much more efficient, faster, and can fold larger molecules than procedures which have appeared up to now in the biological literature. Its power is demonstrated in the folding of a 459 nucleotide immunoglobulin gamma 1 heavy chain messenger RNA fragment. We go beyond the basic method to show how to incorporate additional information into the algorithm. This includes data on chemical reactivity and enzyme susceptibility. We illustrate this with the folding of two large fragments from the 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli.
Hypoxia symptoms in military aircrew: long-term recall vs. acute experience in training.

INTRODUCTION It has been reported that many aircrew who experience hypoxia-related incidents are able to recognize hypoxia because of similarity to symptoms they experienced during hypoxia awareness training. This study aimed to explore the degree of similarity between symptoms reported after acute hypoxia and those remembered from previous hypoxia awareness training. METHODS An English-Arabic questionnaire listing 22 symptoms of hypoxia was distributed to aircrew during aviation physiology training at the beginning of the hypoxia lecture and again after hypoxia awareness training. RESULTS Cognitive and psychomotor impairment dominated the symptoms reported after acute hypoxia, as well as the symptoms remembered from previous hypoxia training. Aircrew reported a mean of 16 hypoxia symptoms on both surveys. During acute hypoxia, 65% of aircrew experienced the five symptoms they remembered to be dominant from previous training; 57% of aircrew remembered from previous training the symptoms that dominated their experience of acute hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS The level of agreement between the symptoms aircrew describe after acute hypoxia and the symptoms they remember several years later suggests that hypoxia awareness training is an effective method of allowing aircrew to recognize their personal manifestation of hypoxia (their 'hypoxia signature').
Neuroprotection by the NR3A Subunit of the NMDA Receptor

Hyperactivation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) results in excitotoxicity, contributing to damage in stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. NMDARs are generally comprised of NR1/NR2 subunits but may contain modulatory NR3 subunits. Inclusion of NR3 subunits reduces the amplitude and dramatically decreases the Ca2+ permeability of NMDAR-associated channels in heterologous expression systems and in transgenic mice. Since excessive Ca2+ influx into neurons is a crucial step for excitotoxicity, we asked whether NR3A subunits are neuroprotective. To address this question, we subjected neurons genetically lacking NR3A to various forms of excitotoxic insult. We found that cultured neurons prepared from NR3A knock-out (KO) mice displayed greater sensitivity to damage by NMDA application than wild-type (WT) neurons. In vivo, neonatal, but not adult, WT mice contain NR3A in the cortex, and neonatal NR3A KO mice manifested more damage than WT after hypoxia–ischemia. In adult retina, one location where high levels of NR3A normally persist into adulthood, injection of NMDA into the eye killed more retinal ganglion cells in adult NR3A KO than WT mice. These data suggest that endogenous NR3A is neuroprotective. We next asked whether we could decrease excitotoxicity by overexpressing NR3A. We found that cultured neurons expressing transgenic (TG) NR3A displayed greater resistance to NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity than WT neurons. Similarly in vivo, adult NR3A TG mice subjected to focal cerebral ischemia manifested less damage than WT mice. These data suggest that endogenous NR3A protects neurons, and exogenously added NR3A increases neuroprotection and could be potentially exploited as a therapeutic.
Colonoscopy Demand and Practice in a Regional Hospital over 9 Years in Hong Kong: Resource Implication for Cancer Screening

Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Hong Kong is rising. The trend of colonoscopy demand is uncertain. Aim: To investigate colonoscopy demand and practice in a Hong Kong regional hospital over the past nine years. Methods: Colonoscopy data from 1st January 1997 to 31st August 2005 were retrieved and divided into two equal periods for comparison. Colonoscopy practice and findings between the two periods were compared. Results: There was no change in the number of endoscopists and colonoscopy sessions in the two periods. The number of colonoscopy done in the two periods was 2,681 and 2,871, respectively. The indications for screening of CRC/polyp (9.3 vs. 24.7%, p < 0.0001) and surveillance of CRC/polyp (4.7 vs. 10.9%, p < 0.0001) were increased, but decreased for diarrhea (18 vs. 10.2%, p < 0.0001) and per rectal bleeding (19 vs. 8.1%, p < 0.0001). The waiting time was lengthened from 2 to 4 weeks (p < 0.0001). The percentage of colonic adenomas (19.9 vs. 27.2%, p < 0.0001) was increased. A right-shift was observed in both CRC (37 vs. 50%, p = 0.018) and adenoma (21.6 vs. 38.1%, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The number of colonoscopies performed was governed by capacity partly through lengthening of waiting time to cope with demand. Ways to improve capacity for colonoscopies is needed.
Sustained Reduction of Childhood Diarrhea-Related Mortality and Hospitalizations in Mexico After Rotavirus Vaccine Universalization.

BACKGROUND Mexico implemented routine childhood vaccination against rotavirus in 2007. We describe trends in hospitalization and deaths from diarrhea among children aged <5 years in Mexico before and 7 years after implementation of rotavirus vaccination. METHODS We obtained data on deaths and hospitalizations from diarrhea, from January 2003 through December 2014, in Mexican children <5 years of age. We compared diarrhea-related mortality and hospitalizations in the postvaccine era with the prevaccine baseline from 2003 to 2006. RESULTS Compared with the prevaccine baseline, we observed a 53% reduction (95% confidence interval [CI], 47%-58%) in diarrhea-related mortality and a 47% reduction (95% CI, 45%-48%) in diarrhea-related hospitalizations in postvaccine years, translating to 959 deaths and 5831 hospitalizations averted every year in Mexican children aged <5 years. Prevaccine peaks in diarrhea-related mortality and hospitalizations during the rotavirus season months were considerably diminished in postvaccine years, with greater declines observed during the rotavirus season compared with non-rotavirus season months. CONCLUSIONS We document a substantial and sustained decline in diarrhea-related hospitalizations and deaths in Mexican children associated with implementation of rotavirus vaccination. These results highlight the public health benefits that could result in countries that adopt rotavirus vaccination into their national immunization programs.
Overactivity of cervical premotor neurons in Parkinson’s disease

OBJECTIVES Cortical command to upper limb motor neurons is transmitted, in humans, not only through the monosynaptic corticomotor neuronal pathway, but also through cervical premotor neurons. Whether activity in this non-monosynaptic corticospinal pathway is modified in Parkinson’s disease was explored. METHODS Ongoing EMG activity recorded in wrist extensors during tonic extension of the wrist is suppressed by a volley evoked by stimulating the superficial radial nerve. It has been shown that this cutaneous induced suppression is due to inhibition of transmission of the cortical command at a premotor neuronal level. By comparing the cutaneous induced EMG depression between 45 de novo parkinsonian patients and 23 age matched controls it has been possible to appreciate if and to what extent the “non-monosynaptic” part of the cortical command is modified in these patients. RESULTS At the early stage of the illness the EMG depression, reflecting the “non-monosynaptic” part of the cortical command, was bilaterally increased despite very asymmetric clinical status. When the duration of the disease was more than 36 months, EMG depression returned to its control level. No correlation was found between the amount of the EMG depression and parkinsonian symptoms before and after levodopa treatment. CONCLUSION Increase of the relative “non-monosynaptic” part of the cortical command could reflect a compensatory motor mechanism elaborated upstream from the motor cortex
Translation, adaptation and validation of a self-care scale for type 2 diabetes patients using insulin Tradução, adaptação e validação de uma escala para o autocuidado de portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em uso de insulina

Abstract Objective: Translate, adapt and validate the Appraisal of Self-care Agency Scale-Revised (ASAS-R) for Brazil. Methods: A descriptive method for adapting measurement instruments was used with 150 diabetes mellitus patients. The instrument underwent translation, synthesis of independent translations, evaluation by a committee of judges, back-translation and submittal of back-translation to original authors, semantic validation, submittal of the adapted version to original authors, and pretesting.Results: The ASAS-R maintained semantic, cultural and conceptual equivalence. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.74; the intraclass correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was 0.81; and interobserver agreement was 0.84. Conclusion: The Brazilian-Portuguese version maintained conceptual, semantic and cultural validity, as compared to the original version. In the discriminant validity, there was correlation between capacity for self-care, depression and perceived health, but not social support. There were significant differences between groups regarding age, education levels and insulin self-application.
Board 1-Nursing diagnoses and interventions for a child with congenital heart disease in the postoperative period

Objective: to describe the nursing clinical judgment as a basis for ND identifi cation and development of a NIC treatment plan for a child after cardiac surgery under intensive care. Method: a case study with data retrospectively collected from charts. Results: Three nurses identifi ed NANDA-I diagnoses and NIC interventions. A 6-month-old child submitted to cardiac surgery, requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the postoperative period. Four main nursing diagnoses were identifi ed, towards which ten interventions were directed. The proposal of interventions to respond to the priority human responses of the child was optimized by the use of standard terminologies. Every nursing diagnosis was supported by diagnostic indicators; every intervention was scientifi cally supported. Conclusion: there must be an expectation that nurses address not only physiological responses, but also those within psychosocial domains.
Development of an assay method for activities of serine/threonine protein phosphatase type 2B (calcineurin) in crude extracts.

Despite the physiological importance of serine/threonine protein phosphatase type 2B (PP2B/calcineurin), an accurate assay method of PP2B in crude tissue extracts has not been established. By using recombinant protein phosphatase inhibitor-1 as a substrate and ascorbic acid as an antioxidant, we developed an improved assay method for PP2B activity in crude extracts from mouse tissues and investigated tissue distribution of its activity. Under the assay conditions, the PP2B activities were stable for at least 30 min with more than 100-fold higher sensitivity than those previously reported. The specific activities of PP2B were 22.3, 0.85, 2.9, 0.36, and 1.5 mU/mg protein in mouse brain, heart, spleen, liver, and testis, respectively, and furthermore in each region of the brain they were 26.1, 13.7, 42.8, 40.5, 15.1, and 8.6 mU/mg protein in cerebrum, midbrain plus interbrain, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brain stem, respectively. This is the first paper to demonstrate a close correlation between tissue distributions and content of PP2B. These results showed that the present assay method is extremely powerful for precise measurement of a wide range of PP2B activities including not only high PP2B activity in the brain but also low PP2B activities in other tissues.
Explaining the low use of health services by the poor: costs, attitudes, or delivery systems?

The poor, especially children, continue to receivefewer health services relative to need than the affluent. Explanations have traditionally focused on cost constraints or on cultural differences. This paper provides empirical evidence that such explanations do not fully account for income trends in preventive and symptomatic use. A third explanation, based on inadequacies in delivery systems used by the poor, is required. Factors representing each explanation are added sequentially to a multivariate model in order to shed light on their role in the income-use relationships. Particularly instructive are changes in estimates when types of delivery systems are added, since system differences have been ignored in much previous research. The importance of factors promoting use among the poorly. e.g., public assistance, is underestimated, while the role of individual characteristics, e.g., attitudes, is overestimated. Results suggest that neither financial access nor health education, without accompanying improvements in delivery systems, will eliminate income differentials in use.
Beschreibung von 71 Bockkafern aus Asien, vorwiegend aus China, Laos, Thailand und Indien (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

[Description of 71 new Longhorn Beetles from Asia, mostly from China, Laos, Thailand, and India. ] Described and illustrated are new species from Israel (1), China (32, and 1 new genus), Taiwan (2), Vietnam (6), Laos (12), Thailand (7), India (5), Nepal (2), Malaysia (3), and Sumatra (1). Strangalina subapicalis Gressitt is transferred to Parastrangalis; the subgenus Microdymasius Pic is raised to genus level, therefore Microdymasius angustatus (Pic) n.comb. ; Xoanodera interrupta is considered an independent species and not a synonym of X.vitticollis Gahan; Sikimpaza Heyrovský is considered a synonym of Kurarua Gressitt, Sikimpaza pedongensis Heyrovský is therefore transferred to Kurarua; Anaespogonius omeimontis is transferred to the genus Eupogoniopsis, and Exocentrus pici Breuning is a superfluous name and synonym to E.m-signatus Pic; a key for the genus Paramimistena is established.
NEW DATA ON THE LINKAGE MAP OF STREPTOMYCES COELICOLOR.

Linkage data, obtained by a combination of selective analysis of haploid recombinants and analysis of segregating heterozygotes, are given for twenty-eight loci in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). This brings the total known loci for the organism to thirty-nine. The two linkage groups previously recognized remain separate, and their lengths have been increased to about 60 and 70 recombination units respectively. Whether the two linkage groups correspond to two chromosomes remains an open question. Three further examples of close linkage of pairs of functionally related loci have been found (a trio of such loci was already known), and three other pairs provide possible examples of the same phenomenon. Some loci which are clustered in Salmonella are unlinked in Streptomyces .
Treatment patterns for schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia among Medicaid patients.

OBJECTIVE This study compared background characteristics, pharmacologic treatment, and service use of adults treated for schizoaffective disorder and adults treated for schizophrenia. METHODS Medicaid claims data from two states were analyzed with a focus on adults treated for schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia. Patient groups were compared regarding demographic characteristics, pharmacologic treatment, and health service use during 180 days before and after a claim for either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. RESULTS A larger proportion of patients were treated for schizophrenia (N=38,760; 70.1%) than for schizoaffective disorder (N=16,570; 29.9%). During the 180 days before the index diagnosis claim, significantly more patients with schizoaffective disorder than those with schizophrenia were treated for depressive disorder (19.6% versus 11.4%, p<.001), bipolar disorder (14.8% versus 5.8%, p<.001), substance use disorder (11.8% versus 9.7%, p<.001), and anxiety disorder (6.9% versus 5.3%, p<.001). After the index claim, a similar proportion of both diagnostic groups were treated with antipsychotic medications (schizoaffective disorder, 87.3%; schizophrenia, 87.0%), although patients with schizoaffective disorder were significantly more likely than patients with schizophrenia to receive antidepressants (61.7% versus 44.0%, p<.001), mood stabilizers (55.2% versus 34.4%, p<.001), and anxiolytics (43.2% versus 35.1%, p<.001). Patients with schizoaffective disorder were also significantly more likely than patients with schizophrenia to receive psychotherapy (23.4% versus 13.0%, p<.001) and inpatient mental health care (9.4% versus 6.2%, p<.001), although the latter was not significant after the analysis controlled for background characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Schizoaffective disorder is commonly diagnosed among Medicaid beneficiaries. These patients often receive complex pharmacologic regimens, and many also receive treatment for mood disorders. Differences in service use patterns between schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia argue for separate consideration of their health care needs.
Use of a Hypodense Sodium Fluorescein Solution for the Endoscopic Repair of Rhinogenic Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulae

Background Hypodense fluorescein solution can be used intrathecally to facilitate and accelerate the identification of the fistulous site. Methods Eighteen patients were submitted for nasal endoscopic correction of rhinogenic cerebrospinal fluid fistulas after their identification with a hypodense sodium fluorescein solution. Results Intrathecal injection of hypodense fluorescein permitted a rapid and safe identification of the leak and did not present significant side effects. The fistulous site was identified in all patients, and the time needed for staining was <30 minutes in all cases. Surgery was successful in 88% of the patients after only one intervention, with the rate reaching 100% after a secondary intervention in cases of recurrence. Conclusion Intrathecal injection of a hypodense sodium fluorescein solution permits a more precise, rapid, and safe endoscopic approach, with no need to place the patient in the Trendelenburg position or to wait for a long period of time before starting the surgical procedure.