Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The requirement for calcification differs between ecologically important coccolithophore species

Summary Coccolithophores are globally distributed unicellular marine algae that are characterized by their covering of calcite coccoliths. Calcification by coccolithophores contributes significantly to global biogeochemical cycles. However, the physiological requirement for calcification remains poorly understood as non‐calcifying strains of some commonly used model species, such as Emiliania huxleyi, grow normally in laboratory culture. To determine whether the requirement for calcification differs between coccolithophore species, we utilized multiple independent methodologies to disrupt calcification in two important species of coccolithophore: E. huxleyi and Coccolithus braarudii. We investigated their physiological response and used time‐lapse imaging to visualize the processes of calcification and cell division in individual cells. Disruption of calcification resulted in major growth defects in C. braarudii, but not in E. huxleyi. We found no evidence that calcification supports photosynthesis in C. braarudii, but showed that an inability to maintain an intact coccosphere results in cell cycle arrest. We found that C. braarudii is very different from E. huxleyi as it exhibits an obligate requirement for calcification. The identification of a growth defect in C. braarudii resulting from disruption of the coccosphere may be important in considering their response to future changes in ocean carbonate chemistry.
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors combined with deuterium-enriched water augment cytotoxicity in A549 lung cancer cell line via activation of apoptosis and MAPK pathways

Objective(s): Combination chemotherapy is a rational strategy to increase patient response and tolerability and to decrease adverse effects and drug resistance. Recently, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been reported to be associated with reduction in occurrence of a variety of cancers including lung cancer. On the other hand, growing evidences suggest that deuterium-enriched water (DEW, D2O) and deuterium-depleted water (DDW) play a role both in treatment and prevention of cancers. In the present study, we examined the effects of DEW and DDW in combination with two NSAIDs, celecoxib and indomethacin, on A549 human non-small lung cancer cell to identify novel treatment options. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxicity of celecoxib or indomethacin, alone and in combination with DDW and DEW was determined. The COX-2, MAPK pathway proteins, the anti-apoptotic Bcl2 and pro-apoptotic Bax proteins and caspase-3 activity were studied for cytotoxic combinations. Results: Co-administration of selective and non-selective COX-2 inhibitors with DEW led to a remarkable increase in cytotoxicity and apoptosis of A549 cells. These events were associated with activation of p38 and JNK MAPKs and decreasing pro-survival proteins Bcl-2, COX-2 and ERK1/2. Furthermore, the combination therapy activated caspase-3, and the apoptosis mediator, and disabled poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), the key DNA repair enzyme, by cleaving it. Conclusion: The combination of DEW with NSAIDs might be effective against lung cancer cells by influence on principal cell signalling pathways, and this has a potential to become a candidate for chemotherapy.
Assessing the impact of TRAP laws on abortion and women’s health in the USA: a systematic review

Introduction Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) laws impose extensive and sometimes costly requirements on abortion providers and facilities, potentially leading to barriers to care. Understanding the impact of these laws is important given their prevalence in the USA, but no review to date has summarised the available evidence. We conducted a systematic review of literature on TRAP laws and their impact on abortion trends and women’s health. Methods We searched MEDLINE, PubMed and EconLit for original, quantitative studies where the exposure was at least one TRAP policy and the outcome was abortion and/or any women’s physical or mental health outcome. Results Six articles met our inclusion criteria. The most common outcome was population-level abortion trends; studies also assessed the effect of TRAP laws on gestational age at presentation and measures of self-perceived burden. While certain TRAP laws (eg, admitting privilege requirements) appeared to have an effect on abortion outcomes, the impact of other laws – or combinations of laws – was unclear, due in part to heterogeneity between studies with respect to study design, geography, and exposure definition. Conclusions TRAP laws may have an impact on the experience of obtaining an abortion in the USA. However, our review revealed a paucity of empirical research on their population and individual-level impact, as well as some disagreement about the effect of different TRAP laws on subsequent abortion outcomes. Future research should prioritise the specific TRAP laws that may have a uniquely strong effect on state-level abortion rates and other outcomes.
Clinical symptoms, laboratory, and microbial patterns of suspected neonatal sepsis cases in a children's referral hospital in northwestern Iran

Abstract Sepsis is the systemic response to infection manifested as hyperthermia or hypothermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and shock. This condition represents a major life-threatening factor in all age groups, particularly in neonatal period. The present study aimed to examine the results of blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine culture tests in suspected neonatal sepsis cases in northwestern Iran. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on suspected neonatal sepsis cases hospitalized in Tabriz Children's Hospital. All subjects underwent complete blood count with white blood differential, C-reactive protein, blood culture and, if deemed necessary, CSF and urine culture tests and analyses. Laboratory findings in positive culture cases were scored based on the hematological scoring system (HSS) for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. The data were then collected, entered into SPSS v18 and analyzed. Among 838 suspected neonatal sepsis cases, 102 (12.17%) neonates with positive cultures were examined; 59.8% of whom were male with a mean age of 9.9 days, gestational age of 36.91 weeks, and mean weight of 2.966 kg. 76.47% of neonates with positive culture were term, 69.6% had normal birth weights, 68.6% were diagnoses with late-onset sepsis, 65.68% had positive blood culture, 38.23% had positive urine culture with no positive CSF culture case. Poor feeding (39.21%) and lethargy (35.29%) were the most common clinical symptoms and previous history of hospital stay (40.19%) and surgery (21.56%) the most common risk factors for neonatal sepsis development. Results revealed that 50 (49.01%) neonates achieved HSS scores equal or greater than 2 (HSS ≥2), and that the mean HSS score in deceased positive blood culture neonates was significantly higher than that of survived ones (2.21 vs 1.37). In this study, coagulase-negative staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus represented the most common bacteria isolated from blood with 37.31% and 12.43%, respectively. Fungi (38.5%) and Klebsiella (28.20%) were the most common microorganic urine isolates. The results suggested that only a small percentage of suspected neonatal sepsis cases had positive blood and/or urine cultures (12.17%) and that coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) and S aureus were highly prevalent in positive blood cultures, whereas fungi and Klebsiella were the most common microorganisms found in positive urine cultures.
Mini‐review: Update on the genetics of schizophrenia

A number of important findings have recently emerged relevant to identifying genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Findings using common variants point towards gene sets of interest and also demonstrate an overlap with other psychiatric and nonpsychiatric disorders. Imputation of variants of the gene for complement component 4 (C4) from GWAS data has shown that the predicted expression of the C4A product is associated with schizophrenia risk. Very rare variants disrupting SETD1A, RBM12 or NRXN1 have a large effect on risk. Other rare, damaging variants are enriched in genes that are loss of function intolerant and/or whose products localise to the synapse. These and particular copy number variants can result in increased risk of schizophrenia but also of other neurodevelopmental disorders. The findings for C4 and NRXN1 may be especially helpful for elucidating the biological mechanisms that can lead to disease.
Alteration of the subducting oceanic lithosphere at the southern central Chile trench–outer rise

Hydrothermal circulation and brittle faulting processes affecting the oceanic lithosphere are usually confined to the upper crust for oceanic lithosphere created at intermediate to fast spreading rates. Lower crust and mantle rocks are therefore relatively dry and undeformed. However, recent studies at subduction zones suggest that hydration of the oceanic plate is most vigorous at the trench–outer rise, where extensional bending‐related faulting affects the hydrogeology of the oceanic crust and mantle. To understand the degree of hydration, we studied the seismic velocity structure of the incoming Nazca plate offshore of southern central Chile (∼43°S); here the deep‐sea trench is heavily filled with up to 2 km of sediments. Seismic refraction and wide‐angle data, complemented by seismic reflection imaging of sediments, are used to derive a two‐dimensional velocity model using joint refraction and reflection traveltime tomography. The seismic profile runs perpendicular to the spreading ridge and trench axes. The velocity model derived from the tomography inversion consists of a ∼5.3‐km‐thick oceanic crust and shows P wave velocities typical for mature fast spreading crust in the seaward section of the profile, with uppermost mantle velocities as fast as ∼8.3 km/s. Approaching the Chile trench, seismic velocities are significantly reduced, however, suggesting that the structures of both the oceanic crust and uppermost mantle have been altered, possibly due to a certain degree of fracturing and hydration. The decrease of the velocities roughly starts at the outer rise, ∼120 km from the deformation front, and continues into the trench. Even though the trench is filled with sediment, basement outcrops in the outer rise frequently pierce the sedimentary blanket. Anomalously low heat flow values near outcropping basement highs indicate an efficient inflow of cold seawater into the oceanic crust. Hydration and crustal cracks activated by extensional bending‐related faulting are suggested to govern the reduced velocities in the vicinity of the trench. Considering typical flow distances of 50 km, water might be redistributed over most of the trench–outer rise area. Where trapped in faults, seawater may migrate down to mantle depth, causing up to ∼9% of serpentinization in at least the uppermost ∼2 km of the mantle between the outer rise and the trench axis.
Outcomes of beta blocker use in cocaine-associated chest pain: a meta-analysis

Objectives Beta blockers (β-blockers) remain a standard therapy in the early treatment of acute coronary syndromes. However, β-blocker therapy in patients with cocaine-associated chest pain (CACP) continues to be an area of debate due to the potential risk of unopposed α-adrenergic stimulation and coronary vasospasm. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of available studies to compare outcomes of β-blocker versus no β-blocker use among patients with CACP. Methods We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through September 2016 using the keywords ‘beta blocker’, ‘cocaine’ and commonly used β-blockers (‘atenolol’, ‘bisoprolol’, ‘carvedilol’, ‘esmolol’, ‘metoprolol’ and ‘propranolol’) to identify studies evaluating β-blocker use among patients with CACP. We specifically focused on studies comparing outcomes between β-blocker versus no β-blocker usage in patients with CACP. Studies without a comparison between β-blocker and no β-blocker use were excluded. Outcomes of interest included non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and all-cause mortality. Quantitative data synthesis was performed using a random-effects model and heterogeneity was assessed using Q and I2statistics. Results A total of five studies evaluating 1794 subjects were included. Overall, there was no significant difference on MI in patients with CACP on β-blocker versus no β-blocker (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.68 to 2.75; p=0.39). Similarly, there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality in patients on β-blocker versus no β-blocker (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.79; p=0.43). Conclusions In patients presenting with acute chest pain and underlying cocaine, β-blocker use does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of MI or all-cause mortality.
Obesity and serum uric acid in secondary school-age students of srinagarindra the princess mother school, Phayao, Thailand

Background: Obesity and hyperuricemia are the precipitating factors of multiple disease processes. Studies on the relationship between obesity and hyperuricemia in Thai adolescents are limited. Objective: The objective is to investigate the gender differences in obesity and serum uric acid as well as the relationship between obesity and serum uric acid levels in secondary school-age students. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted among 689 secondary school-age students; 313 boys and 376 girls. Body composition and fasting serum uric acid were assessed. This study defined hyperuricemia as serum uric acid >6 mg/dL in girls and >7 mg/dL in boys. Results: By body mass index (BMI) for age and percentage of body fat classification, the prevalences of obesity were 11.5% and 9.0%, respectively. Prevalence of obesity by BMI for age, 15.3% and percentage of body fat, 12.4% in boys were statistically significantly higher than those in girls, 8.2% and 6.1%, respectively. Boys in all age groups had statistically significantly higher serum uric acid levels than those in girls as well as serum uric acid levels at late adolescent period in both sexes were statistically significantly higher than those at early adolescent period. Conclusion: On multivariate analysis, the demographic factors studied showed that boys, late adolescence period, and excess body fat adolescents had higher prevalence of hyperuricemia in secondary school-age students who have their birthplace in 8 provinces of Northern Thailand. This indicated that early nutritional management and encourage obese adolescents to weight and serum uric acid reductions are important for the prevention of diet-related chronic diseases in their adult period.
Modeling garden path effects without explicit hierarchical syntax

The disambiguation of syntactically ambiguous sentences can lead to reading difﬁculty, often referred to as a garden path effect. The surprisal hypothesis suggests that this difﬁculty can be accounted for using word predictability. We tested this hypothesis using predictability estimates derived from two families of language models: grammar-based models, which explicitly encode the syntax of the language; and recurrent neural network (RNN) models, which do not. Both classes of models correctly predicted increased difﬁculty in ambiguous sentences compared to controls, suggesting that the syntactic representations induced by RNNs are sufﬁcient for this purpose. At the same time, surprisal estimates derived from all models systematically underestimated the magnitude of the effect, and failed to predict the difference between easier (NP/S) and harder (NP/Z) ambiguities. This suggests that it may not be possible to reduce garden path effects to predictability.
An Accurate and Rapid System to Identify Play Patterns in Tennis Using Video Recording Material: Break Point Situations as a Case Study

Abstract The goal of this study was to present an accurate and rapid detection system to identify patterns in tennis, based on t-pattern analysis. As a case study, the break point situations in the final matches of the clay court tournaments played during the seasons 2011 and 2012 between the tennis players Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal were chosen. The results show that Nadal achieves a higher conversion rate with respect to Djokovic in the break point situations, independent of the outcome of the match. Some repetitive patterns of both players were revealed in break point circumstances. In long rally sequences (higher than seven hits), the Spanish player won more break points, both serving and receiving, as a result of unforced errors of his opponent’s backhand. In medium rally sequences (between four and seven hits), other factors such as the type, direction or serve location have shown to play an important role in the outcome of the point. The study also reveals that Djokovic frequently commits double faults in these critical situations of the match. This is the first time that t-patterns have been used to analyze the sport of tennis. The technique is based on computer vision algorithms and video recording material to detect particular relationships between events and helps to discover the hidden mechanistic sequences of tennis players.
Deep One-Class Classification

Despite the great advances made by deep learning in many machine learning problems, there is a relative dearth of deep learning approaches for anomaly detection. Those approaches which do exist involve networks trained to perform a task other than anomaly detection, namely generative models or compression, which are in turn adapted for use in anomaly detection; they are not trained on an anomaly detection based objec-tive. In this paper we introduce a new anomaly detection method—Deep Support Vector Data Description—, which is trained on an anomaly detection based objective. The adaptation to the deep regime necessitates that our neural network and training procedure satisfy certain properties, which we demonstrate theoretically. We show the effectiveness of our method on MNIST and CIFAR-10 image benchmark datasets as well as on the detection of adversarial examples of GT-SRB stop signs.
Emergence of metachronal waves in active microtubule arrays

The physical mechanism behind the spontaneous formation of metachronal waves in microtubule arrays in a low Reynolds number fluid has been of interest for the past several years, yet is still not well understood. We present a model implementing the hydrodynamic coupling hypothesis from first principles, and use this model to simulate kinesin-driven microtubule arrays and observe their emergent behavior. The results of simulations are compared to known experimental observations by Sanchez et al. By varying parameters, we determine regimes in which the metachronal wave phenomenon emerges, and categorize other types of possible microtubule motion outside these regimes.
The effects of locomotor training in children with spinal cord injury: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Purpose: Discuss the effectiveness of locomotor training (LT) in children following spinal cord injury (SCI). This intervention was assessed following an exhaustive search of the literature using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses: The PRISMA Statement as a guideline. Method: Six databases were searched including PubMed, PEDro, CINAHL, Cochrane, PsycINFO, and Web of Knowledge in January 2016 and November 2016, without date restrictions. Inclusion criteria were: studies in English and peer-reviewed and journal articles with a primary intervention of LT in children following SCI. Results: Twelve articles, reporting eleven studies, were included. A systematic review assessing locomotor training in children with SCI published in April 2016 was also included. Participants were ages 15 months to 18 years old. Forms of LT included body-weight supported treadmill or over ground training, functional electrical stimulation, robotics, and virtual reality. Protocols differed in set-up and delivery mode, with improvements seen in ambulation for all 41 participants following LT. Conclusion: Children might benefit from LT to develop or restore ambulation following SCI. Age, completeness, and level of injury remain the most important prognostic factors to consider with this intervention. Additional benefits include improved bowel/ bladder management and control, bone density, cardiovascular endurance, and overall quality of life. Looking beyond the effects LT has just on ambulation is crucial because it can offer benefits to all children sustaining a SCI, even if restoration or development of walking is not the primary goal. Further rigorous research is required to determine the overall effectiveness of LT.
Inflammation of brown/beige adipose tissues in obesity and metabolic disease

Many of the comorbidities of obesity, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, are related to the low‐grade chronic inflammation of white adipose tissue. Under white adipocyte stress, local infiltration of immune cells and enhanced production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines together reduce metabolic flexibility and lead to insulin resistance in obesity. Whereas white adipocytes act in energy storage, brown and beige adipocytes specialize in energy expenditure. Brown and beige activity protects against obesity and associated metabolic disorders, such as hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia. Compared to white fat, brown adipose tissue depots are less susceptible to developing local inflammation in response to obesity; however, strong obesogenic insults ultimately induce a locally pro‐inflammatory environment in brown fat. This condition directly alters the thermogenic activity of brown fat by impairing its energy expenditure mechanism and uptake of glucose for use as a fuel substrate. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines also impair beige adipogenesis, which occurs mainly in subcutaneous adipose tissue. There is evidence that inflammatory processes occurring in perivascular adipose tissues alter their brown‐versus‐white plasticity, impair the extent of browning in these depots and favour the local release of vasculature damaging signals. In summary, the targeting of brown and beige adipose tissues by pro‐inflammatory signals and the subsequent impairment of their thermogenic and metabolite draining activities appears to represent obesity‐driven disturbances that contribute to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular alterations in obesity.
Predictive and generative neural networks for object functionality

Humans can predict the functionality of an object even without any surroundings, since their knowledge and experience would allow them to "hallucinate" the interaction or usage scenarios involving the object. We develop predictive and generative deep convolutional neural networks to replicate this feat. Specifically, our work focuses on functionalities of man-made 3D objects characterized by human-object or object-object interactions. Our networks are trained on a database of scene contexts, called interaction contexts, each consisting of a central object and one or more surrounding objects, that represent object functionalities. Given a 3D object in isolation, our functional similarity network (fSIM-NET), a variation of the triplet network, is trained to predict the functionality of the object by inferring functionality-revealing interaction contexts. fSIM-NET is complemented by a generative network (iGEN-NET) and a segmentation network (iSEG-NET). iGEN-NET takes a single voxelized 3D object with a functionality label and synthesizes a voxelized surround, i.e., the interaction context which visually demonstrates the corresponding functionality. iSEG-NET further separates the interacting objects into different groups according to their interaction types.