Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Imaging Dyskinesias in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterised by the motor features of tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia. These features are associated with the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and a subsequent deficiency in striatal DA, which is required for the effective control of movements. However, there is evidence of a more diffuse pathology in PD (Braak et al., 2004) with other, non-DA neutotransmitter systems possibly playing a role (Kish et al., 2003, 2008; Remy et al., 2005; Albin et al., 2008; Politis et al., 2010a). To date, regular administration of the direct metabolic precursor for DA, L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) remains the most effective treatment of PD symptomatology. L-DOPA therapy is most optimally effective in the early stages of the disease and long term use leads to the appearance of motor complications such as involuntary movements, so-called L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). LID represents a debilitating complication of L-DOPA therapy in PD and is experienced by the vast majority of patients (estimates range between 40-90% between 4 and 10 years after initiation of LDOPA therapy) (Racol et al, 2000; Ahlskog and Muenter, 2001). The mechanisms underlying LID remain obscure. It is known that LID is observed following DA therapy and that there is a time-lag between the initiation of DA therapy and the emergence of LID. Risk factors commonly associated with the development of LID include PD severity, L-DOPA dose and duration of L-DOPA therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging provides a useful tool for assessing in vivo functionality of basal ganglia in the PD brain. As such, the use of specific radiotracers permits insight into the integrity of both preand postsynaptic DA function, which could help elucidate some of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying LID. Furthermore, over the last decade or so, PET studies have provided evidence that non-DA neurotransmitter systems may be involved in the development of LID. For example, PET has been used to investigate the role of different neuropeptides in LID, such as opioids and NK1, preliminary findings implicating the role of adenosine A2A receptors and more recently promising results have emerged suggesting that the serotonergic system may possess a valuable role in the emergence of LID in PD. Taken together, the in vivo findings to date have provided valuable information regarding the function of various neurotransmitter systems in the occurrence of LID and support the use of PET brain imaging to further explore these investigations. Considering the promising evidence suggesting that non-DA neurotransmitter systems may have a role in the pathogenesis of LID, further manipulation of these systems may offer an alternative
Fitness Effects and Resistance Mechanisms of Beneficial Mutations in 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa'

Beneficial mutations are the fuel for adaptation but remain poorly studied. Extreme value theory has been used extensively as a model for understanding the distribution of fitness effects (DFE) among beneficial mutations prior to selection, however there is little empirical data available to test the most compelling predictions of the theory. This thesis aims to test the prediction that the DFE among beneficial mutations is a negative exponential, with many mutations of small effect and few of large effect. To do this, I collected a wide range of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants resistant to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin and measured their fitness in the absence of the drug. I reject the exponential as an adequate descriptor of the data and show that the DFE among beneficial mutations is better described as being located in the Weibull domain of attraction, which is characterised by having a right-hand bound on the magnitude of the largest fitness effects. I also sequenced a number of genes known to be targets of fluoroquinolone resistance to shed light on the range and number of genetic targets involved in resistance. I found a number of mutations, and often multiple mutations, in known genetic targets. Evidence suggests that mutations in regions of the genome not sequenced are also important in determining fitness under permissive conditions. Taken together, these results provide valuable insight into one of the most fundamental problems in evolution, the nature and fitness effects of beneficial mutations.
High transverse momentum meson production in p+p, d+Au, and Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV

Inclusive transverse momentum spectra of eta mesons in the range p(T)approximate to 2-12 GeV/c have been measured at midrapidity (vertical bar eta vertical bar gamma gamma channel for the three colliding systems as well as through the eta ->pi(0)pi(+)pi(-) decay mode in p+p and d+Au collisions. The nuclear modification factor in d+Au collisions, R-dAu(p(T))approximate to 1.0-1.1, suggests at most only modest p(T) broadening ("Cronin enhancement"). In central Au+Au reactions, the eta yields are significantly suppressed, with R-AuAu(p(T))approximate to 0.2. The ratio of eta to pi(0) yields is approximately constant as a function of p(T) for the three colliding systems in agreement with the high-p(T) world average of R-eta/pi(0)approximate to 0.5 in hadron-hadron, hadron-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions for a wide range of center-of-mass energies (root sNN approximate to 3-1800 GeV) as well as, for high scaled momentum x(p), in e(+)e(-) annihilations at root s=91.2 GeV. These results are consistent with a scenario where high-p(T) eta production in nuclear collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider is largely unaffected by initial-state effects but where light-quark mesons (pi(0),eta) are equally suppressed due to final-state interactions of the parent partons in the dense medium produced in Au+Au reactions.
Attitude towards Mathematics of the Students Studying in Diploma Engineering Institute (Polytechnic) of Sikkim

Study of mathematics in the 1 st year of a three-years Diploma Engineering(Polytechnic) Course is very important as it becomes the foundation for all engineering subjects.In our society it is generally believed that mathematics is a subject for boys. In this paper, the attitude of 1 st year students towards mathematics is studied. It is also studied whether there is significant difference in attitude towards mathematics between Male and Female students, or Male and Female students coming from Rural and Urban areas or Male and Female students coming from Private and Government schools.
Kinetic damping in the spectra of the spherical impedance probe

The impedance probe is a measurement device to measure plasma parameters, such as electron density. It consists of one electrode connected to a network analyzer via a coaxial cable and is immersed into a plasma. A bias potential superposed with an alternating potential is applied to the electrode and the response of the plasma is measured. Its dynamical interaction with the plasma in an electrostatic, kinetic description can be modeled in an abstract notation based on functional analytic methods. These methods provide the opportunity to derive a general solution, which is given as the response function of the probe–plasma system. It is defined by the matrix elements of the resolvent of an appropriate dynamical operator. Based on the general solution, a residual damping for vanishing pressure can be predicted and can only be explained by kinetic effects. In this paper, an explicit response function of the spherical impedance probe is derived. Therefore, the resolvent is determined by its algebraic representation based on an expansion in orthogonal basis functions. This allows one to compute an approximated response function and its corresponding spectra. These spectra show additional damping due to kinetic effects and are in good agreement with former kinetically determined spectra.
25-dihydroxycholecalciferol from Solanum glaucophyllum supports normal growth and reduces the negative effects of calcium and phosphorus restriction on broilers ’ bone tissue 1 , 25 dihidroxicolecalciferol de origem herbal ( Solanum glaucophyllum )

Feed supplementation with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) has been studied as a means to decrease the incidence of bone abnormalities in broilers and reduce dietary inclusion of calcium and phosphorus. The objective of this research was to determine the optimal level of feed supplementation with 1,25(OH)2D3 from Solanum glaucophyllum for growing broilers restricted in calcium and available phosphorus. A total of 648 day-old male chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with six dietary treatments and six replications of 18 birds. Treatments consisted of one positive control (PC: corn-soybean-meal diet formulated to reach or exceed Rostagno et al. (2011) nutritional recommendations), one negative control (NC: PC diet with 15% reduction of calcium and available phosphorus), and four NC diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 μg kg-1 of 1,25(OH)2D3. Performance and bone development characteristics were evaluated at days 21 and 33. Negative control did not modify broilers’ performance in comparison with PC, but birds fed with NC plus 1.0 μg kg-1 of 1,25(OH)2D3 showed higher (p=0.01) daily weight gain than PC at day 21. Negative control reduced (p < 0.01) tibia weight, ash, breaking strength, and Seedor index at day 21, but supplementation with 1,25(OH)2D3 mitigated all these negative effects. A quadratic effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 level was found for daily weight gain (p=0.03), tibia weight (p < 0.01), breaking strength (p < 0.01), and Seedor index (p < 0.01) at this age. At day 33, NC broilers still had lower tibia weight (p=0.01), ash (p < 0.01), and Seedor index (p < 0.01) than those fed PC. Only tibia ash did not return to the same value as that observed in PC after NC supplementation with 1,25(OH)2D3. A quadratic effect (p < 0.01) of 1,25(OH)2D3 level was found for tibia ash and Seedor index at this age. On average, dietary supplementation of 1.15 μg kg-1 of 1,25(OH)2D3 was identified as the optimal level for bone characteristics in this trial. For performance, this level was 0.98 μg kg-1. In conclusion, feed supplementation with 1,25(OH)2D3 from standardized 1 Prof., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. E-mail: fmvieites@yahoo.com. br 2 Discente, Curso de Doutorado em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil. E-mail: leli_zootecnia@hotmail.com 3 Pesquisador Associado, UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil. E-mail: vieirabs@hotmail.com 4 Profs. , UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil. E-mail: felipe.melhoramento@gmail.com; gerusacorrea@hotmail.com; caramori.ufmt@ gmail.com 5 Profs. , Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, Viçosa, MG, Brasil. E-mail: christiane_s_souza@hotmail.com; ghkmoraes@ gmail.com * Author for correspondence
Government Bonds in Domestic and Foreign Currency: The Role of Macroeconomic and Institutional Factors

The development of government bond markets and, in particular, their currency composition have recently received much interest, partly because of their relation with financial crises. The authors study the determinants of the size and currency composition of government bond markets for a panel of industrial and developing countries. They find that countries with larger economies, greater domestic investor bases, and more flexible exchange rate regimes have larger domestic currency bond markets, while smaller economies rely more on foreign currency bonds. Better institutional frameworks and macroeconomic fundamentals enhance both domestic currency bond markets and increase countries' ability to issue foreign currency bonds, while they raise the share of foreign exchange bonds.
Atmospheric ozone above Troll station, Antarctica observed by a ground based microwave radiometer

Abstract. This paper presents mesospheric carbon monoxide (CO) data acquired by the ground-based microwave radiometer of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS radiometer) stationed at Troll station in Antarctica (72° S, 2.5° E, 1270 m a.s.l.). The dataset covers the period from February 2008 to January 2010, however, due to very low CO concentrations below approximately 80 km altitude in summer, profiles are only presented during the Antarctic winter. CO is measured for approximately 2 h each day and profiles are retrieved approximately every half hour. The retrieved profiles, covering the pressure range from 1 to 0.01 hPa (approximately 48 to 80 km), are compared to measurements from Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite (Aura/MLS) and Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with Specified Dynamics (SD-WACCM). This intercomparison reveals a low bias of 0.5 to 1 ppmv at 0.1 hPa (approximately 64 km) and 2.5 to 3.5 ppmv at 0.01 hPa (approximately 80 km) of the BAS microwave radiometer compared to both reference datasets. One explanation for this low bias could be the known high bias of MLS which is on the same order of magnitude. The ground based radiometer shows high and significant correlation (coefficients higher than 0.9/0.7 compared to MLS/SD-WACCM) at all altitudes compared with both reference datasets. The dataset can be accessed under http://dx.doi. org/10/mhq .
Intertemporal stability of survey‐based measures of risk and time preferences

Given the importance of risk and time preferences for economics and other disciplines, we seek to examine the intertemporal stability of six related survey-based measures. Using a panel of subjects over a three-year course, between 2013 and 2015, we find aggregate stability of all six measures over the time span of our data. With few exceptions, the measures also show remarkably high individual stability over the examined period. Our results contribute to the wider adoption of survey-based measures, especially considering the ease with which such measures can be incorporated in large-scale surveys.
Well-Characterized Plasma Experiments for Validation of Computational Models

UCLA researchers have developed a well-characterized plasma experiment that is designed to provide results for computational model development and validation. This effort supports the community's goal to develop computational engineering tools for predicting the performance and lifetime of existing and next generation electric propulsion devices. The experiment uses an ion beam and a precisely-defined "Test Cell" that can be pressurized to examine heavy species (i.e., ion and neutral) interactions. The Test Cell is a simple cylindrical experimental target domain that is well-suited for computational simulation. Currents are measured at electrodes surrounding the domain, as well as upstream and downstream of the domain. UCLA researchers are also developing a physics- based, multi-species hybrid-PIC model that provides insight into the dominant mechanisms within the Test Cell to aid in the design of the experiment. Comparison of the computational and experimental results show that the data follow expected trends at lower Test Cell pressures. At higher pressures, where the mean free path of the ions is less than the Test Cell length, the results do not agree as well. This disagreement is likely caused by the need to better treat multiple sequential ion-neutral collisions. Improvements to the experiment will provide higher spatial resolution and minimize uncertainty due to secondary electrons.
Ethical Leadership in Crisis Management: The Role of University Education

Ethical leadership is a necessary ingredient for successful crisis management. The study outlines generalizable prescriptive remedial steps that can be taken by business leaders faced by crises. But these remedial steps are simply the “bricks and mortar” of effective crisis management. The “pulsating soul” of ethical leadership is required to give such remedial steps the necessary moral compass for the initiation and sustained directional focus required for successful crisis management operationalization. The study’s objective and purpose are twofold. First, it outlines a model of crisis management derived from recent case studies of best practice and briefly indicates how such practices reduce financial losses to the organizations concerned if correctly implemented by ethical leaders. Second, the study aims to show how ethical leadership required for effective crisis management might be nurtured through specific ethics-oriented postgraduate university instruction. The study suggests that these two aspects, ethical leadership and prescriptive steps to follow in the event of a crisis, are not only mutually reinforcing but also indispensable in effective crisis management.
A STUDY OF THE MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRY OF THE JUGULAR FORAMEN OF THE HUMAN DRY SKULLS

Address for Correspondence: Dr. M.Anuradha, Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Stanley Medical College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. E-Mail: dranurac@yahoo.com Background: The jugular foramen, the bony opening is situated in the base of skull. It allows passage of important nervous and vascular elements, such as the glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory nerve and the internal jugular vein. Most of the approaches for skull base surgeries are designed to drill the bone around jugular foramen for proper exposure. Therefore the knowledge of anatomical variations of jugular foramen is important. Material and Methods: A total of 100 jugular foramina were examined from 50 adult dry skulls in the department of anatomy, Stanley Medical College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. Results: The mean anteroposterior diameter of the jugular foramen on the right and left were 12.11mm and 11.09mm; the mediolateral diameter were 15.06mm and 14.02mm on the right and left respectively. In 63% of cases the right foramina were larger than the left, in 12% of cases the left foramina were larger than the right and in 25% cases they were equal in size on both sides. The septation in the jugular foramina on the right and left side was 35% and 31% respectively. Complete septation was present in 17% on the right side and 17% on the left side. Partial septation was present in 17% and 12% on the right and left side respectively. Conclusion: Glomus tumour, schwannomas, metastatic lesions and infiltrating inflammatory processes can also occur in the jugular foramen. Hence, a detailed knowledge of the jugular foramen is important for neurosurgeons and radiologists dealing with space occupying lesions in jugular foramen.
Collection, Speciation and Aerosol Modelling for Volatile Organic Compounds

Collection, Speciation and Aerosol Modelling for Volatile Organic Compounds Kevin Alan Scott Goodman-Rendall Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 2016 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are collected on the integrated organic gas and particle sampler (IOGAPS) to measure particle loss and collection efficiency. Particle loss increases with increasing flow rate while collection efficiency is a function of alkane volatility. Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) are then analyzed and quantified using the novel technique supersonic molecular beam gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SMB-GC/MS), to develop accurate inputs in modelling the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Alkanes were segregated by carbon number (NC), number of double bond equivalents (NDBE), and chemical structure. With the most explicit compositional knowledge to date, these mixtures were modelled for their affinity towards formation of SOA. Unsaturated alkanes formed the most and relatively equal amounts of aerosol based on their NDBE while branched species formed the least. Increasing specificity in chemical structure led to increased computational demands while only general structural motifs were needed to form an accurate picture of aerosol formation.
Rotating Electric Dipole Domains as a Loss-Free Model for the Earth's Magnetic Field

Summary In the search for a model with non-dissipative currents for the excitation oftheEarth’smagnetic¢eld,stationarydipole domainsare foundto exist under high pressure.With such domains in an onion-like structure as a model for the iron-rich core, the Earth’s magnetic ¢eld can be calculated with acceptable accuracy.The magneticdipole momentispredictedtobe proportional to the angular velocity, the core-radius to the fourth power andtothesquarerootofthepressureatthecoreradius.Fieldreversalmay be explained bya low-loss reversal ofdipole orientation, keeping the stationary energy level constant. An application of the theory to other planets yields magnetic ¢elds in the observed order of magnitude with the exception of Mars and Venus, whose magnetic ¢elds are grossly overestimated; in the case of Mars presumably caused by a drop in energy content of the core, in the case of Venus possibly due to the extremely slow rotation causing hydrodynamic eiects to prevent the synchronous rotation of the charges. A tough demand deriving from the variety of planets is met by the theory: for planets diiering in mass by a factor of 5755, such as Jupiter and Mercury, the theory predicts magnetic dipole moments spanning eight orders of magnitude with acceptable accuracy.
Conservation of ancient breed small ruminants as frozen embryos.

Summary Sapundzhiev, E. , 2008. Conservation of ancient breed small ruminants as frozen embryos. Bulg. J. Vet. Med. , 11, No 4, 251 ￻255. A total of 69 sheep and goat embryos at the stage morula or blastocyst produced in vivo from endangered native Bulgarian breeds were recovered, frozen and stored in a cryobank with liquid nitrogen at ￻196 ￻C. The methods for production, recovery and deep-freezing of the preimplanted embryos are described. The specific hormonal stimulation and possibilities for freezing biotechnology as well as a long-term storage in animal biology science and stock-breeding are discussed. It is well demonstrated that embryo freezing is an approach for conservation of the animal genotype at its current status for a prolonged period.
Innovation, strategy and identity: a case study from the food industry

Purpose – Current research focuses on the interaction between innovation and strategy process, but less is known about how identity influences innovation and the formation of strategy. The purpose of this paper is therefore to investigate the relationship between organizational identities and innovation with regards to strategy.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on the current research stream on innovation and strategy process. The study is based on a longitudinal case study of strategy and innovation processes in a small Norwegian food producer. Through analyzing two different innovation and product development processes in a Norwegian food producer, one related to creative recombination and the other to reproduction of established practice, the paper illustrates how organizational identities influence sensemaking during strategy processes, and thus the inclusion of innovation in the strategy.Findings – Identity can be used as an explanation for why some actions are deemed to be strategic w.