Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Product systems over right-angled Artin semigroups

We build upon Mac Lane's definition of a tensor category to introduce the concept of a product system that takes values in a tensor groupoid G. We show that the existing notions of product systems fit into our categorical framework, as do the k-graphs of Kumjian and Pask. We then specialize to product systems over right-angled Artin semigroups; these are semigroups that interpolate between free semigroups and free abelian semigroups. For such a semigroup we characterize all product systems which take values in a given tensor groupoid G. In particular, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions under which a collection of k 1-graphs form the coordinate graphs of a k-graph.
An approach to fixed-point theorems on uniform spaces

Diaz and Metcalf [2] have some interesting results on the set of successive approximations of a self mapping which is either a nonexpansion or a contraction on a metric space with respect to the set of fixed points of the mapping. We have extended most of these results to a Hausdorff uniform space. We have also proved a Banach’s contraction mapping principle on a complete Hausdorff uniform space and indicated some applications in locally convex linear topological spaces.
Cognitive Comprehension of “Beyond & Behind”: An Experimental Study of Baghdad University

The present study analyzes two locative English prepositions behind and beyond from the cognitive semantic point of view. These prepositions pose a problem experienced by Iraqi undergraduates. The complexity of these two prepositions encourages the researcher to use the cognitive linguistics (CL) approach and its insights as developed by Evans and Tyler 2003 to test its validity and help the Iraqi students. The data analysis is quantitatively-based. Seventy second-year university students participate in this experimental study. The pre-test and post-test data are analyzed through SPSS statistical editor and the results show a progress of more than (0.05≤). The results of the questionnaire show a noticeable positive change in the students’ attitude toward CL approach and display the main source of difficulty that is related to perplexity in the usage of these prepositions. The effectiveness of CL approach in getting accurate comprehension of the English prepositions behind and beyond is proved by the results of this experiment.
Modelling nasal airflow using a Fourier descriptor representation of geometry

Procedures capable of providing both compact representations and rational simplifications of complex anatomical flow conduits are essential to explore how form and function are related in the respiratory, cardiovascular and other physiological flow systems. This study focuses on flow in the human nasal cavity. Methods to derive the cavity wall boundary from medical images are first outlined. Anisotropic smoothing of the boundary surface is shown to provide less geometric distortion in regions of high curvature, such as at the ends of the narrow nasal passages. A reversible decomposition of the surface into a stack of planar contours is then effected using an implicit function formulation. Fourier descriptors provide a continuous representation of each contour as a modal expansion and permit simplification of the geometry by retaining only dominant modes via filtering.
Pathological and Immunohistochemical Investigation of Naturally Occurring Systemic Candida albicans Infection in Dogs

Systemic candidiasis is a rare disease of animals. In this study, the clinical course, and cultural and pathological findings of systemic candidiasis are described and presumed predisposing factors are investigated in 3 dogs. Pathologically, pyogranulomatous lesions in various organs were present in all dogs. Blastospores, pseudohyphae, and true hyphae of Candida albicans were observed with periodic acid Schiff, Gomori's methenamine silver, and immunohistochemistry. Administrations of broad-spectrum antibiotics and corticosteroids and, in one dog, parvoviral infection were thought to be predisposing factors leading to opportunistic infection. The combined effect of immunosuppressants and antibiotics might have led to Candida colonization and dissemination in these dogs.
Relaxation property of the adaptivity technique for some ill-posed problems

Adaptive Finite Element Method (adaptivity) is known to be an effective numerical tool for some ill-posed problems. The key advantage of the adaptivity is the image improvement with local mesh refinements. A rigorous proof of this property is the central part of this paper. In terms of Coefficient Inverse Problems with single measurement data, the authors consider the adaptivity as the second stage of a two-stage numerical procedure. The first stage delivers a good approximation of the exact coefficient without an advanced knowledge of a small neighborhood of that coefficient. This is a necessary element for the adaptivity to start iterations from. Numerical results for the two-stage procedure are presented for both computationally simulated and experimental data.
Fifty years of infant vowel discrimination research: what have we learned?

要旨:本稿では,乳幼児の母音弁別に関するこれまでの研究を,四つのテーマに沿ってレビューする。 まず 方法論的な問題を取り上げ,母音の提示方法の違いによって実験結果がどのように変化するかを明らかにす る。 次に,広範な言語経験にさらされる以前の母音表象に関する研究に触れ,この時期においてさえ ,母音 弁別が頑健に行われていること,しかし母音コントラストの種類によって弁別の正確性に差がある場合もあ ること,さらに,乳幼児はカテゴリー内の変化も知覚可能だが ,その弁別成績は,二音間の物理的性質の差 に対して線形に変化するわけではないことを示す。 続いて発達に関する研究をまとめ,発達経験による変化 の存在は,行動および神経指標の双方から明らかだが,その変化が生じる正確な年齢については,研究間で いくらかのばらつきがあることを示す。 最後に,標準的な発達とそれ以外のケース(言語発達障害リスクと バイリンガル)との比較について述べる。
What Drives Online Repurchase Intention? A Replication of the Moderating Role of Perceived Effectiveness of E-Commerce Institutional Mechanisms

Online retailing is growing rapidly and customer retention has become increasingly important, especially trust and ecommerce institutional mechanisms such as online credit card guarantees, escrow services, and privacy protection, which have become more significant and the subject of recent research (Fang et al., 2014). We conducted a methodological replication of first insights and a model of the relation between satisfaction, trust, repurchase intention and the perceived effectiveness of such e-commerce institutional mechanisms (PEEIM). As we were unable to support the original findings, we provide an alternative reasoning relevant to today’s role of PEEIM for online repurchases and discuss implications for research and practice.
Relationship between the genetic expression of WTAP and bladder cancer and patient prognosis

The relationship between the gene expression of Wilms tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP) and bladder cancer was investigated to study the effect of its expression on patient prognosis. Sixty-two fresh specimens of bladder transitional cell cancer tissues were collected as the bladder cancer group, while 20 normal bladder mucosa specimens comprised the control group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was conducted to detect the pathological differences between the groups and the immunohistochemistry was used to test the expression levels of WTAP in the tissues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of WTAP. Moreover, western blot analysis was used to examine the WTAP expression levels. At the same time, Cox regression multi-factor survival analysis was conducted for the related factors to the prognoses of bladder cancer patients. The structures of cells in the bladder cancer group were destroyed as was evident by the shrunken cell nuclei, while the tissues in the control group were intact. WTAP expression in the bladder cancer group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group. A small number of mRNAs and proteins were higher in the bladder cancer group than that in the control group. The differences in WTAP expression between the bladder cancer and control groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were obvious differences in the postoperative recurrence risk between the patients with a negative WTAP protein expression and those with a positive one (P<0.05). In conclusion, WTAP may play an important role in the occurrence and development of bladder cancer and can be considered as a potential target for bladder cancer treatment, providing a new basis for clinical diagnoses.
Amplification of the optical absorption cross section for aerosols of soot with a nonabsorbing coating from photoacoustic measurements

Amplification of the optical absorption cross section for aerosols of soot with a nonabsorbing coating from photoacoustic measurements P.A. Bueno , D.K. Havey , G.W. Mulholland , J.T. Hodges, K.A. Gillis, R.R. Dickerson, and M.R. Zachariah 2† University of Maryland, College Park, MD National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA
Implementing Green Practices as Sustainable Innovation Among Herbal-Based SME Entrepreneurs

ABSTRACT The need for policies to foster green practices, sustainable environmental management and conservation of biodiversity has been given priority by world leaders. Various factors causing environmental degradation such as global warming, pollution, climate change, deforestation and increasingly threatened biodiversity have triggered awareness among the upstream and downstream players in the manufacturing industry, providing impetus for industries to practice sustainable manufacturing and environmentally friendly management. As a result, consumers are now increasing their demand for products that are made from natural or traditional rather resources, such as herbal based pharmaceutical products, rather than chemical-based products. The sustainability issue not only places pressure on entrepreneurs to move towards green practices, but also to meet the increasing demand for herbal-based products that are produced in a sustainable environment. This article aims to assess herbal based SME entrepreneurs’ intention to adopt green practices in their business activities. Two hundred fifty six (256) herbal based entrepreneurs were interviewed via a structural questionnaire to gather information regarding their perception of green practices and their intention to adopt them. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used as the theoretical framework to determine the relationships between TPB constructs. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the information. The results indicate that positive attitudes towards sustainability are being embraced by those who are concerned about the environment and the intention to adopt innovative green practices is realized by their possession of the caring attribute.
Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Analysis of a specific signaling molecule in the immune system has shed new light on the evolution of the immune system. The IκB kinase (IKK) complex plays a critical role in inflammation. One of its catalytic subunits, IKKβ, is essential for phosphorylation of the inhibitory IκB protein and consequent activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor. The physiological role of the other subunit, IKKα, has been less clear (see Perspective by DiDonato ). Senftleben et al. studied irradiated mice in which the bone marrow was reconstituted from stem cells lacking IKKα or with mutations in that protein. They show that IKKα is required for maturation of B cells, the formation of secondary lymphoid organs, and the normal processing of NF-κB2 (also called p100) into its mature form, p52. IKKα appears to phosphorylate NF-κB2 directly and thus stimulate its processing. This role for IKKα is similar to that of the single IKK expressed in Drosophila; however, the Drosophila protein functions in innate immune responses to bacterial infection, whereas in mammals, the duplicated forms of IKK mediate distinct processes in adaptive immunity. U. Senftleben, Y. Cao, G. Xiao, F. R. Greten, G. Krähn, G. Bonizzi, Y. Chen, Y. Hu, A. Fong, S. -C. Sun, M. Karin. Activation by IKKα of a second, evolutionary conserved, NF-κB signaling pathway. Science 293, 1495-1499 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text] J. A. DiDonato, IKKα on center stage. Science's STKE (2001), http://stke.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/OC_sigtrans;2001/97/pe1 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bloom-forming macroalgae ( Ulva spp . ) inhibit the growth of co-occurring macroalgae 1 and decrease eastern oyster larval survival 2 3 4

1 Macroalgal blooms have increased in frequency worldwide due to anthropogenic 2 activities. Algal blooms can disrupt recreational activities, interfere with fisheries, and 3 deplete oxygen during decomposition. Narragansett Bay has experienced macroalgal 4 blooms dominated by blade-forming Ulva for over a century. Evidence from other 5 systems has suggested that Ulva can negatively impact other organisms. The first 6 objective of this study was to determine whether bloom-forming Ulva compressa and U. 7 rigida inhibit the growth of co-occurring macroalgae, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, 8 Cystoclonium purpureum, and Chondrus crispus, during co-culture via laboratory-based 9 assays. We found that U. compressa and U. rigida significantly inhibited the growth of 10 all three macroalgae. We were able to verify the negative effects of Ulva compressa, but 11 not U. rigida on the growth of G. vermiculophylla in flow-through seawater tanks. Our 12 second objective was to determine if Ulva exudate decreased the survival of eastern 13 oyster larvae in laboratory challenge experiments. We documented a significant negative 14 effect of Ulva exudate on oyster survival, which depended on both the Ulva species and 15 the nutrient condition. The strongest effect on oyster larval survival was seen in larvae 16 exposed to nutrient replete Ulva compressa exudate, which had less than 30% relative 17 survival after one week. Our results indicate that bloom-forming Ulva has the potential to 18 inhibit co-occurring macroalgae and cause oyster larval mortality. 19 KEY WORDSUlva compressa, Ulva rigida, macroalgal blooms, larval mortality. 20 Introduction 21 Macroalgal blooms, generally consisting of green ulvoid macroalgae (commonly 22 referred to as “green tides”), have been increasing worldwide (Valiela et al. 1997, Nelson 23
THE EFFECT OF A NOVEL REHABILITATION DEVICE ON MUSCLE ACTIVATION DURING GAIT IN PERSONS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

This study examined the acute effect of a novel rehabilitation device, NewGaitTM, on muscle activation in persons with Multiple Sclerosis. Through electromyography, muscle activation of the vastus medialis (VM), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and tibialis anterior (TA) was measured in seventeen patients. Three trials were conducted in each condition: a 10 m control walk and 10 m NewGaitTM walk. Results showed a non-significant change in muscle activity with moderate effect sizes in the right VM (increase of 39.72% MVC, p=0.082, d=0.626) and right TA (decrease of 12.71% MVC, p=0.069, d=0.427). No change in muscle activation was seen when wearing the NewGaitTM device. Future research should use a larger sample and differentiate between stance phases to accurately measure the outcomes of the NewGaitTM device on muscle activation.
Impact of Desert Dust Radiative Forcing on Sahel Precipitation

The role of direct radiative forcing of desert dust aerosol in the change from wet to dry climate observed in the African Sahel region in the last half of the twentieth century is investigated using simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model. The model simulations are conducted either forced by the observed sea surface temperature (SST) or coupled with the interactive SST using the Slab Ocean Model (SOM). The simulation model uses dust that is less absorbing in the solar wavelengths and has larger particle sizes than other simulation studies. As a result, simulations show less shortwave absorption within the atmosphere and larger longwave radiative forcing by dust. Simulations using SOM show reduced precipitation over the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) including the Sahel region and increased precipitation south of the ITCZ when dust radiative forcing is included. In SST-forced simulations, on the other hand, significant precipitation changes are restricted to over North Africa. These changes are considered to be due to the cooling of global tropical oceans as well as the cooling of the troposphere over North Africa in response to dust radiative forcing. The model simulation of dust cannot capture the magnitude of the observed increase of desert dust when allowing dust to respond to changes in simulated climate, even including changes in vegetation, similar to previous studies. If the model is forced to capture observed changes in desert dust, the direct radiative forcing by the increase of North African dust can explain up to 30% of the observed precipitation reduction in the Sahel between wet and dry periods. A large part of this effect comes through atmospheric forcing of dust, and dust forcing on the Atlantic Ocean SST appears to have a smaller impact. The changes in the North and South Atlantic SSTs may account for up to 50% of the Sahel precipitation reduction. Vegetation loss in the Sahel region may explain about 10% of the observed drying, but this effect is statistically insignificant because of the small number of years in the simulation. Greenhouse gas warming seems to have an impact to increase Sahel precipitation that is opposite to the observed change. Although the estimated values of impacts are likely to be model dependent, analyses suggest the importance of direct radiative forcing of dust and feedbacks in modulating Sahel precipitation.
Perceptions of Parents on the Practice of Private Tuition in Public Learning Institutions in Kenya

The practice of private tuition outside normal class hours is a phenomenon which has prevailed in Kenyan basic learning institutions despite the repeated ban by the government. The purpose of the study was to establish parental perceptions on extra tuition in public schools in Kenya. Descriptive survey design was used for the study. A total of 40 parents purposively selected from a random sample of 10 schools in Makueni County participated in the study. Self administered structured questionnaires were used to collect data and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data. All the null hypotheses were tested using the t-test for independence of means at a 0.05 level of significance. The analyzed data was presented in form of frequency tables. The study found that parents had a favorable perception towards private tuition. Among the reasons for this favorable attitude towards the practice was that; private tuition helped towards improvement of children’s mean grade, improves overall school performance, facilitates syllabus coverage, leads to improvement on academic performance and in increasing knowledge in various subjects among others. Further, the findings revealed that gender of the parents does not influence their perceptions towards the practice of extra tuition (p>0.05). Similarly, the views of parents whose children participated in private tuition and those whose children did not participate in the practice were homogeneous and hence; not statistically significant (p>0.05). The study recommends that the Government of Kenya should not outlaw the practice; instead, the practice should be encouraged and taxed as is the case in Israel and Australia where in each, case, private tuition contributes to the revenues of these countries. Alternatively, the government has to overhaul the entire structure of education that places high premiums on examination grades for the practice to be controlled and to ensure children have time for leisure.
Insufficient Efficiency of Prasugrel in Diabetic Patients with Acute STEMI Undergoing pPCI of Culprit Coronary Lesion Ã¢ÂÂ Review of Current Knowledge

The activation and subsequent platelet aggregation plays a key role in the formation of arterial thrombosis and therefore is the key therapeutic target in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Dual antiplatelet therapy containing aspirin and P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonist forms currently the basis in acute ST – elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) pharmacological treatment. Nevertheless, there is a wide variability in pharmacodynamic response to administration of clopidogrel, the most frequently used P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonist. High platelet reactivity after clopidogrel administration is associated with increased risk of in - stent thrombosis and points to the suitability of laboratory monitoring of antiplatelet therapy effectivity in clinical practice. Laboratory monitoring of antiplatelet therapy by ex vivo platelet function tests may help to identify individuals with poor antiplatlet response. Recently, there is growing number of data reporting a failure in antiplatelet response following clopidogrel administration, which is specifically associated with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Prasugrel, a new, potent P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonist, provides faster and more consistent inhibition of platelet function compared with clopidogrel. Prasugrel therapy was repeatedly described as an effective method to overcome clopidogrel resistance and prasugrel resistance has not yet been reliably described. Article gives a review about prasugrel resistance and its role in acute coronary syndrome patients.
REASONABLENESS IN THE CONCEPT OF REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION 1

Reasonable accommodation is one of the pillars upon which the recognition of the rights of people with disabilities rests. It acquires its full meaning when understood in connection with the concept of universal design, since both concepts fall within the framework of universal accessibility. An accurate understanding of reasonable accommodation requires, on the one hand, clarifying its connection with universal design and accessibility, and on the other, unraveling what “reasonable” means. The reasonableness in accommodation takes to three kinds of reflections. On the one hand the one concerning non-discrimination, which requires to assess, when examining whether the adjustment is justified or not, if it entails a violation of the principle of equality (since it differentiates or it does not, in an unjustified manner, thus harming a human right such as accessibility). In this justifying test there is an essential methodological tool at hand, which shall be regarded as the second great reflection on reasonableness in accommodation: the principle of proportionality. In virtue of this principle, the reasonableness test requires facing the adjustment’s adequacy and necessity and, in addition to that, the advantages or sacrifices that produces on rights. And since both of these reflections do not ensure a single answer, reasonableness requires a last reflection on the basis of acceptability. The adjustment’s justification, or the lack of it, shall be subject to the community’s acceptance or rejection.
Histologic description of midgut in Melanogryllus desertus (Pallas, 1771) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

In this work, histologic structure of midgut of Melanogryllus desertus was investigated for the first time and some scanning electron microscope photographs were also presented. Two big and large gastric caeca anterolaterally surrounded the midgut. There were microvilli on the surface of columnar epithelial cells arranged as a single layer by forming foldings in the gastric caeca. Gastric glands consisted of cubic epithelial cells arranged as single layer were encircled by connective tissue. Because of the activities of epithelial cells, many secretory granules with different size were observed. There was a peritrophic membrane encircling food in the lumen of midgut. Cells in the basal portion of midgut were clustered and called nidi. Longitudinal and circle muscle layer encircled midgut, respectively. Pyloric valve was located at junction of midgut and hindgut.