Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of Causal Attributions of Tax Evasion in Portugal

Un estudio realizado en Espana (Salgado, 1998) sugirio que las atribuciones de la evasion fiscal tienen dos dimensiones independientes: (a) control de la evasion fiscal, y (b) las creencias sobre el sistema fiscal. A fin de comprobar si la percepcion de las causas de la evasion fiscal son generalizables transculturalmente, este articulo presenta una investigacion realizada en Portugal utilizando las mismas atribuciones causales usadas en la investigacion espanola. A una muestra de 497 hombres y mujeres portugueses, de diferentes puestos de trabajo, se les pregunto acerca de sus percepciones causales de la evasion fiscal. Se llevo a cabo un analisis factorial y los resultados mostraron una estructura factorial que reproduce la estructura factorial espanola. Los coeficientes de congruencia confirmaron la similitud de las dos estructuras. Estos resultados confirmaron que las dos dimensiones pueden explicar la estructura de la percepcion de las causas de la evasion fiscal. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados y se sugieren investigaciones futuras.
Motivating a Supplier to Test Product Quality

type="main"> This paper considers a supplier that offers a buyer a new product of unknown quality. The supplier can run a test that partially reveals unverifiable information concerning the quality, and the buyer can learn the actual quality after agreeing to buy the new product. I identify two main features of a contract for motivating the supplier to run the test. First, the contract may specify an upward or downward quantity distortion. Second, the contract may include slotting allowances, which may be welfare reducing when they discriminate against financially constrained suppliers.
A Review of the Capabilities of Current Low-Cost Virtual Reality Technology and Its Potential to Enhance the Design Process

In the past few years, there have been some significant advances in consumer virtual reality (VR) devices. Devices such as the Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, Leap Motion Controller, and Microsoft Kinect R are bringing immersive VR experiences into the homes of consumers with much lower cost and space requirements than previous generations of VR hardware. These new devices are also lowering the barrier to entry for VR engineering applications. Past research has suggested that there are significant opportunities for using VR during design tasks to improve results and reduce development time. This work reviews the latest generation of VR hardware and reviews research studying VR in the design process. Additionally, this work extracts the major themes from the reviews and discusses how the latest technology and research may affect the engineering design process. We conclude that these new devices have the potential to significantly improve portions of the design process. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4036921]
Records of geomagnetic reversals from volcanic islands of French Polynesia : 2. Paleomagnetic study of a flow sequence (1.2-0.6 Ma) from the island of Tahiti and discussion of reversal models

A volcanic sequence almost 700 meters thick has been sampled in the Punaruu valley on the island of Tahiti, southern central Pacific Ocean. Detailed paleomagnetic results have been obtained from 123 sites. Three reversals are recorded in this sequence. Age determinations (K-Ar) indicate that the youngest reversal corresponds to the Matuyama-Brunhes transition while the two other transitions limit the Jaramillo normal polarity subchron. An apparent R-T-R excursion has been identified lower in the volcanic sequence and K-Ar age determinations around 1.1 Ma suggest that it corresponds to the Cobb Mountain subchron, but no normal paleomagnetic directions were discovered. The Matuyama-Brunhes and the lower Jaramillo transition are defined by only a few intermediate directions while many intermediate directions are observed for the upper Jaramillo transition and the Cobb Mountain excursion. We attribute these differences to variations in the rate of eruption of the volcanic rocks. The lower Jaramillo record is characterized by a steepening of the inclination at the beginning of the reversal suggesting a possible axisymmetric control of the field at this stage. However, the transition path for the most detailed record (upper Jaramillo) is characterized by large loops; this prevents simple modeling of the transition by low order zonal harmonics at all stages of a reversal. Paleointensity determinations were attempted on 48 samples with reliable results obtained for 26 of them. Paleointensities for the transitional field range from 3 to 8 μT. Such very low field strengths were first suggested by the low intensity of the natural remanent magnetization associated with intermediate directions. An analysis of the variation of the intensity of magnetization with the angular departure from the central axial field, including all other available data from Polynesia, indicates that (1) a paleomagnetic direction should be considered as intermediate when it is more than 30° from the expected axial dipole direction, and (2) the average transitional geomagnetic field intensity is about 1/5 of its value during stable polarity states. Comparison of these results observed in Polynesia with previous studies from Iceland suggests an increase of the average intensity of the intermediate field with latitude.
Level of selected fitness abilities of pupils at practical elementary schools in relation to the aetiology of their intellectual disability

The objective of the study was to determine the level of the selected fitness abilities of 153 pupils (aged 10.62 ± 0.56 years) at practical elementary schools in Prague in relation to the aetiology of their intellectual disability. A unifittest battery (6-60) was used to assess the level of motor performance with regard to fitness abilities. Clear differences were found between pupils with polygenetically determined lower intellectual abilities in combination with an unstimulating upbringing or neglect, who achieved the best results, and pupils with multiple disabilities, who recorded the lowest motor performance.
Factors Affecting the Behavior of Pregnant Women toward Avoiding Polluted Air

Introduction: Pregnant women are highly vulnerable to air pollution, which has a significant impact on the health of the pregnant women and their fetus. Objective: The present study aimed at determining the factors affecting the behavior of pregnant women in Arak, Iran toward avoiding exposure to polluted air. Materials and Methods: In this analytic cross-sectional study, 208 pregnant women who were referred to health centers in Arak city were selected using multistage random sampling method. The data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire, completed after determining its validity and reliability. This questionnaire included demographic characteristics of the mother, knowledge and the behavior of some of the mothers toward avoiding exposure to polluted air, and was scored on 100 points. Data were analyzed using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and T-test. Results: The mean age of mothers was 26.48 ± 4.77 years, mean gestational age was 14.88 ± 5.9 weeks, and mean knowledge score was 40.56 ± 16.91. There was a positive and significant correlation between knowledge and mother’s age (r = 0.279), husband’s age (r = 0.222), and number of smokers in the family (r = 0.178) and a negative and significant correlation with gestational age (r = -0.168) (p = 0.05). Also, there was a significant association between educational level of mother and husband, husband’s job and income with knowledge and behavior (p = 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, mothers’ knowledge was less than average. It is thus suggested to develop and implement educational programs for pregnant women advanced in age and during the end of pregnancy to improve their behavior toward avoiding polluted air.
A Dual Pathway of Student Motivation: Combining an Implicit and Explicit Measure of Student Motivation.

Abundant research in social psychology shows human behaviour is guided by beliefs through two pathways, a deliberate and automatic pathway. Research on student motivation has thus far focused mostly on the deliberate pathway and consequently almost exclusively relied on explicit measures (i.e. self-reports of motivation) to assess student motivation and subsequently predict student behaviour and achievement. The purpose of this study was to examine whether student motivation is associated with students’ behavioural engagement and school grades through dual pathways by assessing motivation with a newly developed implicit measure and an explicit measure. Participants were 139 students in year 3 of secondary education (58% female, M = 14.8 years). Motivation was assessed with an implicit association test (IAT) as well as an explicit measure (self-report). Behavioural engagement was assessed by teacher ratings, and school grades were reported by students. The explicit and implicit measures of student motivation were not significantly correlated, suggesting that both measures tap into different aspects of student motivation. Furthermore, structural equation analyses revealed that students’ explicit and implicit motivation were positively associated with school grades. Neither motivation measure was associated with teacher ratings of behavioural engagement. This study contributes to existing research by showing that an implicit measure of student motivation can predict unique variation in school grades in addition to an explicit measure. As such, the current study provides initial support for a dual pathway model of student motivation.
The Incidence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Rural Area

This study was conducted to investigate the incidence rate of metabolic syndrome, and the related factors were examined. 620 persons who had participated in both initial and second survey were selected. Initial survey was performed at the year of 2006 and second survey was performed at the year of 2010. Among them, 460 persons who didn't initially have a metabolic syndrome were selected as the final study subjects. They were classified into 2 categories; stationary normal group (352, 76.5%), and metabolic syndrome incidence group (108, 23.5%). The incidence rate of metabolic syndrome for the subjects was 25.2 per 1,000 person years. Sex, obesity, and smoking had significant effect on the incidence of metabolic syndrome. In multiple logistic regression analysis,after controlling variables, obesity index was found to be major factor in the incidence of metabolic syndrome. The risk of metabolic syndrome was increased by overweight or obesity. The strategy to control body weight should be emphasized for prevention of metabolic syndrome.
Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Pest Management in Rice Farming Communities of southeastern Luzon, Philippines

The paper presents the traditional pest management systems in the rice-growing areas of the southeastern part of Luzon, Philippines, particularly in the province of Camarines Sur. These systems have been proven to be productive, sustainable, ecologically sound, and attuned to the social, economic, and cultural features of the food-poor small farmers in the said province. The various indigenous pest control strategies were recorded and classified into cultural, physical, biological, mechanical, and chemical. A mixture of qualitative techniques such as interview guides and Focus Group Discussions were used in the survey. Results indicate that, despite the increasing modernization and commercialization of agriculture, the great majority of respondents who are peasants or marginal farmers still strongly embrace and patronize the use of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) that they have inherited from their ancestors many decades ago. IK on pest management have helped them control and sustainably manage pest problems and meet their subsistence needs without depending on costly energy-based inputs. IK should therefore be recorded and used to devise innovative research for agricultural researchers, extension workers, development practitioners, and environmentalists for sustainable pest management before this wealth of practical knowledge is lost forever since most of the indigenous management techniques for rice pest control are rapidly disappearing as affected by major social, economic, and political pressures.
Multinational Conglomerates and the Financing Choices of U.S. Firms

U.S. corporations are holding record-high amounts of cash while at the same time their investment to cash ‡ow sensitivity, often considered a proxy of …nancial constraints, is dwin- dling. Both these phenomena date back before the crisis. While dierent independent explanations for each of these two …ndings have been proposed, no systematic analysis has been undertaken on whether (and how) the two phenomena are related, and why they have prominently emerged after the mid-1990s. In this paper we show how the increasing organi- zation of production across national borders of U.S. corporations can play a role in jointly explaining these two apparently inconsistent …nancing choices.
Parenting and families

Parenting in Homo sapiens is rather different to parenting in most other primates. Our long developmental period and relatively short birth intervals mean that offspring are â€˜stackedâ€™, with mothers having to simultaneously look after several dependent children at different developmental stages. This creates a high burden of care for mothers, which mothers appear to alleviate by co-opting other relatives into helping out. This cooperative breeding strategy introduces complexity into â€˜parentalâ€™ investment: various individuals may be investing in children, not just parents, but also grandparents, older siblings of the child and potentially step-parents. The stacking of human offspring also introduces complexity into the allocation of parental investment across children within the same family, given that a number of children of different ages will be competing with one another for parental resources. This chapter surveys the relevant literature on human parental investment. It first introduces parental investment theory, and then discusses the issue of who invests in human children. Mothers clearly invest, but who else helps out? This section ends with a brief discussion of familial conflict, since family relationships may be competitive, as well as cooperative. The second half of the chapter starts by considering what is invested in children, and then moves on to a detailed examination of who is invested in, with particular reference to parental investment biases according to sex and birth order. Throughout, ecological variation in parenting and parental investment patterns are considered.
The Mediating Effect of Training Perspective on the Relationship Between Competency Potential and Career Progression of Technical Vocational Trainers

Abstract - The purpose of the study was to determine if the training perspective on trainers’ methodology had a significant mediating effect on the relationship between competency potential and career progression of the technical vocational trainers in Davao Region, Philippines. The design used was non-experimental quantitative research utilizing correlation technique. Descriptive statistics, pearson r, regression, mediation through sobel test and medgraph were the tools employed to attain the objectives of the study. The 407 respondents were found to show very high levels of competency potential, training perspective and career progression. It was found out that the three variables were significantly related. However, the result failed to achieve full mediation of training perspective on the relationship between the correlated variables. This implies that training perspective only mediated partially the relationship between competency potential and career progression. The result signifies that direct effect on career progression maybe due to the combination of competency potential and other variables not covered in the study.
Do consumers choose to stay ignorant? The role of information in the purchase of ethically certified products

The paper analyzes how consumers access information about ethical certificates and how access to this information influences consumers’ purchasing decisions. Using an experimental market game and letting consumers choose between a certified and an uncertified product, this study finds that consumers do not ignore information about the effectiveness of ethical certificates in a systematic manner. Also, as long as the access to information is costless, varying the way it is provided to consumers does not influence the purchasing decision between a certified and an uncertified product. However, consumers are extremely price sensitive: once a small cost for information is introduced, most consumers are not willing to access it, and the share of consumers buying the certified product decreases significantly.
Niche separation and nitrogen transfer in Brassica-legume intercrops.

Brassica sp. are interesting late-summer and autumn forages. Since they have high nitrogen requirements, intercropping with legumes may increase yield in low-input systems. However, brassicalegume intercrops still remain poorly documented. Using rhizotrons in a greenhouse, we compared root development of (1) forage rapeseed grown with faba bean to that of forage rapeseed monoculture and (2) fodder cabbage grown with common vetch to that of fodder cabbage monoculture. Legumes were labelled with 15N urea. Seven to eight weeks after sowing, Brassica yield and N content were higher under intercropping than in pure stand. Under intercropping, distribution of root ramifications along the taproot differed from that of monoculture, which reduced the effect of competition. In addition, N transfer from legumes to Brassica was found to be significant.
Stress and Risky Decision Making: Cognitive Reflection, Emotional Learning or Both.

Stressful situations hinder judgement. Effects of stress induced by anticipated public speaking on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) were examined. The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) was used to examine the relationship between reflective thinking and IGT performance. The stress manipulation increased blood pressure and was associated with poorer IGT and CRT performance. Stressed participants were slower to avoid the disadvantageous decks. Moreover, CRT scores correlated with optimal deck selections indicating the importance of reflective thinking for good performance on the IGT. These correlations were observed in relatively early trials, which challenges the view that analytic thinking is not important when card contingencies are being learned. Data revealed that IGT performance in healthy individuals is not always optimal; stress levels impair performance. A mediation analysis was consistent with the proposal that the stress manipulation reduced IGT performance by impeding reflective thinking. Thus, reflective processing is an important explanation of IGT performance in healthy populations. It was concluded that more reflective participants appear to learn from the outcomes of their decisions even when stressed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information, Choice, and Obesity: Measuring the Impact of the New York City Calorie Labeling Mandate on Obesity

The New York City Calorie Labeling Mandate of 2008 required fast food restaurants to post calorie information for all standardized items. We estimate the impact of the mandate on the rate of obesity using data from the Selected Metropolitan/Metropolitan Area Risk Trends of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (SMART-BRFSS) from 2004 to 2010. We show that the mandate plausibly reduced the obesity rate by 2.5 percentage points - a 12% decline. Our results are robust to a variety of sensitivity checks and strengthened by various placebo tests. Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey and the American Time Use Survey, we show that our obesity result was not driven by changes in fast food frequency or expenditure but may have been driven by a large increase in the extensive margin of physical activity.
Plant Species Diversity and Composition of the Homegardens in Dilla Zuriya Woreda, Gedeo Zone, SNNPRS, Ethiopia

Homegardens are one of the most complex and diverse agroforestry systems worldwide and played an important role towards the development of early agriculture and domestication of crops and fruit trees. The study was conducted with an objective of investigating the role of homegardens for improved livelihoods and food security in Dilla Zuriya Woreda. Simple random sampling was used to obtain a study population of 120 households, to whom an interview schedule and an observation checklist was used. The average size of the homegardens of the study area ranges from 250m2 (small) to 2000m2 (large) with mean of 665.42m2. The Shannon Weaver indices of plant species in Chichu, Golla, Bulla and Shigedo homegarden were H’=3.52, H’=3.46, H’=3.34 and H’=3.37 respectively. The dominance index also shows that only a few species dominated the homegardens in Bulla (l=0.056) as compared to Chichu (l=0.048), Golla (l=0.052) and Shigedo (l=0.054) homegardens. The evenness index shows that in Chichu homegardens most of the species are equally abundant (E = 0.45). In total, 75 different plant species with trees (44%), shrubs (20%), herbs (32%) and climbers (4%) were recorded under ten use categories. Of the identified species 40% were food crops, 17.3% were crops used for income, 13.3% were medicinal, 17.3% were plants used as live fence, 20% were used for building and fuel, 10.6% were used for home materials, 4% were used as spices, 5.3% were stimulants, 10.6% were used as ornamentals and 20% plant species were used for shading. The homegaden in the study area were highly diversified with different plant species that provide multiple use for the household.
Feeding habits of omnivorous Asplanchna: comparison of diet composition among Asplanchna herricki, A. priodonta and A. girodi in pond ecosystems

Spatial distribution and the diet composition of Asplanchna species were studied in 18 water bodies in Matsuyama, Japan. The abundance of Asplanchna and other rotifers, crustaceans, phytoplankton and microbial plankton, together with basic environmental parameters, were determined between October and December 2006, and the distribution and diet composition of Asplanchna species were estimated. Three species of Asplanchna, A. herricki, A. priodonta and A. girodi were found in the present study, but A. herricki was rather less abundant than the other two species. Their diet composition was different among the species, showing that A. herricki consumed only particulate matter while the diet of A. priodonta included mainly phytoplankton, dominated by dinoflagellates. In contrast, A. girodi was rather carnivorous, and included other rotifers in its diet. Their different food habits are not explained by their morphotypes and trophi structures, suggesting this difference might be related to their feeding abilities. For A. girodi, prey selectivity (Chesson's α) for rotifer prey was negative, except for Keratella cochlearis. The amount of rotifers consumed was also low at a mean prey number of less than 3 per A. girodi gut. The result suggests that the predation impact of Asplanchna as a top-down controller of rotifer populations is species-specific and can be apparent only when Asplanchna population reaches high density in these ponds. From the present results, three Asplanchna species were found to belong to basically different feeding groups, A. herricki is detritivore while A. priodonta and A. girodi are omnivores; but A. girodi is more predacious.