Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Lived Experiences of Adolescent Secondary School Learners from Child-Headed Households: A Case Study of Cranborne Boys High School, Harare, Zimbabwe

This study focused on adolescent secondary school learners living in child-headed households. It was carried out at Cranborne Boys High School in Harare, Zimbabwe. Qualitative research methodology was used in which a case study was adopted. Purposive sampling was done which resulted in eight adolescents from child-headed households participating after they agreed to take part. Semi-structured questionnaires, interviews and Focus Group Discussion were used as data collection instruments. The study found out that the participants faced a lot of challenges in their households. The challenges included inadequate basic needs like food, clothing and accommodation as well as having limited or no access to health facilities. They also do not attend school regularly and resorted to seeking part time employment for their daily survival. It was also revealed that the extended family no longer provides a reliable safety net for these adolescents. It is recommended that adolescents living in child-headed households be given psychosocial support both at school and in their communities. Professional counselling, exemptions from paying fees coupled with peer support programmes can improve their coping mechanisms. School teachers should be readily available to offer support to adolescent learners from child-headed households. Finally, a lot more needs to be researched on child-headed households as evidence suggests that they are on the increase.
FAST COMPRESSION OF LASER BEAMS TO HIGHLY OVERCRITICAL POWERS

Laser beams can be strongly compressed in a plasma by stimulated Raman backscattering in a time short compared to the time scale for filamentation instabilities to develop. Such a compression should make feasible multi-MJ multi-exawatt-laser pulses technologically challenging by other means. The compression efficiency can reach nearly 100% at the Langmuir wave breaking limit. [S0031-9007(99)09280-7]
Government Size and Stock Market Performance in the G7 Countries: Some Robust Bilateral Causality Tests

This paper performs robust bilateral Granger causality tests between government size and stock market performance for the G7 countries. The robust test procedures involve the use of recently developed time series analysis of non-stationary data with possible structural breaks. Applying such tests, the paper finds the underlying data to be generally non-stationary and non-cointegrated, even after allowing for possible breaks in the data, thus implying that the standard bilateral Granger causality tests conducted in the first differences of the variables are robust. The empirical results indicate the presence of one-way causality from the stock market to government size for all the countries in the sample. Thus, we find no evidence that government size matters to the performance of the stock market. In addition, to the extent that stock prices discount future economic performance, our findings show that, if anything, it is economic prosperity that determines government size. Our findings thus refute some recent assertions that the current financial crisis is an expression of the market angst regarding the growing size of the public sector in recent decades. Key words: Stock market performance; Government size; Time-series data
Yield of Male Contact DNA Evidence in an Assault Simulation Model

The conditions under which contact DNA analysis yields useful recovery of materials is not well known. Using simulated models of grabbing and struggling, the recovery of male contact DNA transferred from male “assailants” to female “victims” was investigated. The upper and lower arm areas of female subjects (sites for the modeled assaults) were swabbed for male DNA. Extracted DNA was quantified using the Quantifiler® Duo DNA Quantification kit and amplified using the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler® and the AmpFlSTR® YfilerTM PCR Amplification kits. The qPCR quantification results detected male “assailant” DNA from the female “victims”. However, no viable male profiles were obtained when the DNA was subjected to short tandem repeat (STR) analysis with the Identifiler® and Yfiler™ kits. The grab and struggle scenarios yielded up to 20 pg/μL and 40 pg/μL of male contact DNA from female subjects, respectively, DNA amounts which are below the detection threshold of most commercial human STR identification kits. Although contact DNA levels are highly variable, this study showed that the likelihood of DNA deposition on skin from assailant to victim was substantially greater when a struggle ensues. The results of the present study are limited by small sample size, but imply that further research for improving recovery and amplification techniques of contact DNA should be sought to increase the probative value of this evidence in sexual assault investigations.
On the modulus of weakly compact operators and strongly additive vector measures

Aliprantis and Burkinshaw proved that each weakly compact operator from an AL-space into a KB-space has a weakly compact modulus. In the present paper it is shown that this is also true for weakly compact operators from a Banach lattice having an order continuous dual normn into an order complete AM-space with unit. A corresponding result is obtained for strontgly additive vector measures.
Structure of Supercooled Aqueous Zinc(II) Bromide Solutions by Raman and X-Ray Scattering Methods

Abstract The structure of aqueous zinc(II) bromide solutions with [H2O/[ZnBr2] molar ratios 5 and 10 in the supercooled state and at ambient temperature has been investigated by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray scattering. Raman spectra of glassy solutions have also been measured for comparison. The Raman and X-ray data suggest that tetrabromo and hexaaqua zinc(II) complexes are favoured in the supercooled and glassy state, while dibromo- and tribromozinc(II) complexes are formed as main species in the solutions at ambient temperature. Probably the reactions and occur in the supercooled and glassy solutions. These equilibrium shifts are discussed.
Electrical Characteristics and Annealing Effect on Al/n-GaSb Schottky DiodeDoped Using DMTe (Dimethyltellurium)

The electrical properties of Al/n-GaSb Schottky diodes, doped with 1.4 × 1018 cm−3 (tellurium) were examined. C-V (capacitance-voltage) measurements at 300 K show barrier heights of 0.63 eV, compared to 0.59 eV determined from room temperature I-V (current-voltage) measurements. The voltage and frequency dependence on the capacitance is due to the ideality factor of the Schottky barrier and due to a high series resistance. At low frequency the measured capacitance is dominated by the depletion capacitance of the Al/n-GaSb Schottky diode which is bias-dependent and frequency-dependent. The diode shows a strong temperature dependence of ideality factor from approximately 3.6 at room temperature to as high as 6.7 at 140 K. There may be a small portion of the device nonideality attributable to generation-recombination currents due to deep levels in GaSb. The barrier height decreased from 0.57 eV to 0.35 eV for the sample annealed at 300oC for 1 minute. Keywords: Schottky diode, Electrical properties, Annealing, Doping DMTe(Dimethyltellurium) Abstrak Sifat-sifat listrik dari diode Schottky Al/n-GaSb yang didadah dengan tellurium 1.4 × 1018 cm−3 dikaji dalam penelitian ini. Pengukuran C-V (kapasitansi-tegangan) pada suhu 300 K menunjukkan bahwa besarnya energi halang (barrier height) sebesar 0,63 dan dibandingkan dengan hasil pengukuran I-V (arus-tegangan) pada suhu kamar adalah sebesar 0,59 eV. Ketergantungan kapasitansi terhadap tegangan dan frekuensi adalah disebabkan oleh factor idealitas (ideality factor) energi halang dari diode Schottky dan juga disebabkan oleh resistansi seri yang tinggi. Pada frekuensi rendah kapasitansi yang terukur didominasi oleh kapasitansi deplesi dari diode Schottky Al/n-GaSb yang tergantung dari tegangan bias dan frekuensi. Faktor idealitas diode menunjukkan ketergantungan yang sangat kuat terhadap suhu, dari sekitar 3,6 pada suhu kamar sampai sebesar 6,7 untuk suhu 140o. Ketidak-idelan divais munculnya dari arus generasi-rekombinasi karena tingkatan energy dalam GaSb. Energi halangnya menurun dari 0,57 eV menjadi 0,35 eV untuk sampel dianil pada suhu 300oC selama 1 menit. Kata kunci : Diode Schottky, Sifat listrik, Penganilan, Pendadahan DMTe(Dimethyltellurium)
Confusion reigns? A review of marine megafauna interactions with tidal-stream environments

Energetic tidal-stream environments are characterized by frequent, variable, yet broadly predictable currents containing ephemeral flow structures that change across multiple spatio-temporal scales. Marine mammals and seabirds (marine megafauna) often frequent such sites, but increasingly these locations are targeted for renewable energy extraction; little is known, however, about how marine megafauna use these habitats and any potential impacts. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge concerning usage by marine megafauna and considers their wider ecological significance. The review describes the physical processes occurring within tidal-stream environments that generate the oceanographic structures of potential ecological relevance, such as jets, boils, eddies, and fronts. Important physical features of these environments include lateral transport, turbulence-driven 3-dimensional flow structure at various spatial scales, and upwelling. Foraging opportunities appear to be the main attractor to marine megafauna, likely driven by enhanced prey abundance, vulnerability, or diversity. Many megafauna associate with particular tidal phases, current strengths, and flow structures, most likely in response to tidally forced prey distribution and behaviours. Occupancy patterns, distributions, and foraging behaviours are discussed. Local site fidelity by ‘tidal-stream experts’ suggest non-uniform conservation risks within larger metapopulations. The review discusses data-gathering techniques and associated challenges, the significance of scaling, and information gaps.
EFFECTS OF STRATEGY INSTRUCTION FOCUS ACTIVITIES ON STUDENTS' READING STRATEGY USE

When students struggle with reading comprehension they are at a severe disadvantage. They do not retain what has been read and eventually become dissuaded by reading altogether. The purpose of this action research was to discover which guided reading strategies should be implemented to help develop comprehension skills. Educational professionals and theorists have determined that focused intensive instruction of reading strategies will improve reading comprehension. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of explicit direct instruction and cooperative learning on reading comprehension in fourth grade students. A quasi-experimental design was used. There were six cognitive and three affective measures used to collect quantitative data. The between and within the group analyses revealed that both groups had similar reading profiles before and after treatment, and neither group showed significant changes in the strategy use. The analysis of the SIFA Feedback Sheets, post treatment interviews, and three cases imply that strategy instruction can have a positive impact on students’ strategy use.
What's in and What's Out: Questions on the Boundaries of the Attitude Construct

While reasonably comprehensive in nature, Cohen and Reed's integrative attitude model may benefit from an articulation of the boundaries of the attitude construct. As evidence, the present comment focuses on the extent to which attitudes can or should account for hot affect-based brand relationships and stronger forms of behaviors consumers reveal with brands. The authors recommend that the boundary conditions of the attitude construct can be elucidated by differentiating attitudes from a construct termed "emotional attachment. " Potential differences between these two constructs are articulated. (c) 2006 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc.
The global nonlinear stability of the Minkowski space

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Heat input effect on the microstructural transformation and mechanical properties in GTAW welds of a 409L ferritic stainless steel

Welds without filler metal and welds using a conventional austenitic stainless steel filler metal (ER308L) were performed to join a ferritic stainless steel with Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process (GTAW). Welding parameters were adjusted to obtain three different heat input values. Microstructure reveals the presence of coarse ferritic matrix and martensite laths in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). Dilution between filler and base metal was correlated with the presence of austenite, martensite and ferrite in the weld metal. Weld thermal cycles were measured to correlate the microstructural transformation in the HAZ. Microhardness measurements (maps and profiles) allow to identify the different zones of the welded joints (weld metal, HAZ, and base metal). Comparing the base metal with the weld metal and the HAZ, a hardness increment (~172 HV 0.5 to ~350 HV 0.5 and ~310 HV 0.5 , respectively) was observed, which has been attributed to the martensite formation. Tensile strength of the welded joints without filler metal increased moderately with respect to base metal. In contrast, ductility was approximately 25% higher than base metal, which provided a toughness improvement of the welded joints.
Environmental Tax, Trade, and Privatization

The analysis presented in this paper explores the interaction among privatization, environmental, and trade policies. In particular, we consider the optimal environmental tax and tariff, and the effects of privatization of a public firm in international duopolistic markets with environmental damage. There are three main results. First, the optimal environmental tax is lower than the marginal environmental damage and the optimal tariff is strictly positive regardless of whether or not the home public firm is privatized. Second, privatization leads to the increase in the optimal environmental taxes and tariffs in both countries. Third, under the optimal environmental tax and tariff, privatization results in the reduction of social welfare and in environmental improvement.
A novel gridding algorithm to create regional trace gas maps from satellite observations

Abstract. The recent increase in spatial resolution for satellite instruments has made it feasible to study distributions of trace gas column densities on a regional scale. For this application a new gridding algorithm was developed to map measurements from the instrument's frame of reference (level 2) onto a longitude–latitude grid (level 3). The algorithm is designed for the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and can easily be employed for similar instruments – for example, the upcoming TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). Trace gas distributions are reconstructed by a continuous parabolic spline surface. The algorithm explicitly considers the spatially varying sensitivity of the sensor resulting from the instrument function. At the swath edge, the inverse problem of computing the spline coefficients is very sensitive to measurement errors and is regularised by a second-order difference matrix. Since this regularisation corresponds to the penalty term for smoothing splines, it similarly attenuates the effect of measurement noise over the entire swath width. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to study the performance of the algorithm for different distributions of trace gas column densities. The optimal weight of the penalty term is found to be proportional to the measurement uncertainty and the width of the instrument function. A comparison with an established gridding algorithm shows improved performance for small to moderate measurement errors due to better parametrisation of the distribution. The resulting maps are smoother and extreme values are more accurately reconstructed. The performance improvement is further illustrated with high-resolution distributions obtained from a regional chemistry model. The new algorithm is applied to tropospheric NO2 column densities measured by OMI. Examples of regional NO2 maps are shown for densely populated areas in China, Europe and the United States of America. This work demonstrates that the newly developed gridding algorithm improves regional trace gas maps; its application could be very helpful for the study of satellite-derived trace gas distributions.
What Impedes Saudi Science Teachers from Using ICT

Integration of information and communications technologies (ICT) in Saudi Arabia encounters some obstacles. This study comes to divulge the intrinsic and extrinsic barriers that impede Saudi male and female science teachers at the intermediate schools from using ICT in science pedagogy. A quantitative methodology was employed to obtain quantitative data from a 16-item questionnaire for which 309 replies were received participants. The findings confirm those reported in the literature that inefficient central project management and inadequate resources influence the integration of ICT in the science curriculum. The results of the questions on factors impeding integration of ICT differed somewhat between male and female science teachers.The study reveals that there are ten (10) main barriers that impede integration of ICT in science pedagogy in the schools of Saudi Arabia, where the Ministry of Education is called upon to deal with those obstacles and help integrate ICT in the science pedagogy. Keywords: Saudi, science, teachers, ICT and technology
Predictors of Seven-Day Mortality in Patients with Advanced Oncologic Liver Disease Admitted to a Palliative Care Unit

Context and objectives: A specific prognostic tool is lacking for end-stage oncological liver diseases. In addition to various factors, bilirubin, which reflects the severity of liver dysfunction, may be associated with mortality in this population. We aimed to assess how bilirubin influence survival in patients admitted in palliative care units with advanced oncologic liver diseases and to develop a prognostic model combining bilirubin with other factors. Methods: Data were collected retrospectively from 652 patients with oncologic liver diseases, accounting for 25% of all admissions in our palliative care units from 2011 to 2016. Age, gender, chronic liver diseases, infections including spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, encephalopathy, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score (ECOG), oral intake, jaundice, dyspnea, bilirubin, albumin and urea variables collected within 24 hours before or after admission were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed to identify the predictive value of bilirubin and other variables for 7-day survival. Results: Bilirubin value was collected in 398 patients. Univariate analysis showed that male sex, chronic liver diseases, encephalopathy, ECOG, oral intake, jaundice, bilirubin and urea blood levels, were associated with 7-day survival. Multivariate analysis showed that bilirubin>25 μ mol/L, urea>15 mmol/L, ECOG=4 and reduced oral intake, were independently correlated with survival. Accuracy of the model based on these factors to predict 7-day mortality is high (AUC=0.90). Conclusion: Bilirubin is an independent prognostic factor for 7 day-survival among patients with end-stage oncologic liver disease. Combining bilirubin, urea, ECOG and oral intake increases short term prognostication accuracy in this subgroup of patients.
Impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the probability of dry and wet winters in Spain

In many regions of the world, agricultural and water management is usually based on prob- abilities of seasonal or monthly rainfall, commonly grouped into 3 categories: drought, normal rainfall, and abundant rainfall. Changes in the probabilities of the occurrence of rainfall amounts within these climatic rainfall categories will influence decision-making by farmers and water managers. This study explores the changes induced by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the probability of winter rain- fall in Spain. The evolution of the NAO was divided into 3 phases: negative NAO (NAO-), neutral NAO (NAOn), and positive NAO (NAO+), and rainfall series were divided into 3 groups corresponding to each NAO phase. Resulting empirical distribution functions allow an estimate of the changes in the proba- bilities of wet and dry winters due to changes in the NAO phase. Changes in the probability of the occurrence of the rainfall categories are more complex than mere increases in rainfall amount during NAO- and decreases during NAO+ phase. The spatial distribution of impacts is asymmetric, with higher probability of extremes linked to NAO- in the western area of the Iberian Peninsula.
SIMULATION OF RAYLEIGH-BENARD CONVECTION USING A LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD

Rayleigh-Benard convection is numerically simulated in two and three dimensions using a recently developed two-component lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) method. The density field of the second component, which evolves according to the advection-diffusion equation of a passive scalar, is used to simulate the temperature field. A body force proportional to the temperature is applied, and the system satisfies the Boussinesq equation except for a slight compressibility. A no-slip, isothermal boundary condition is imposed in the vertical direction, and periodic boundary conditions are used in horizontal directions. The critical Rayleigh number for the onset of the Rayleigh-Benard convection agrees with the theoretical prediction. As the Rayleigh number is increased higher, the steady two-dimensional convection rolls become unstable. The wavy instability and aperiodic motion observed, as well as the Nusselt number as a function of the Rayleigh number, are in good agreement with experimental observations and theoretical predictions. The LBE model is found to be efficient, accurate, and numerically stable for the simulation of fluid flows with heat and mass transfer. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}