Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From vanA Enterococcus hirae tovanA Enterococcus faecium: a Study of Feed Supplementation with Avoparcin and Tylosin in Young Chickens

ABSTRACT Fifteen newborn chickens were isolated in separate cages after 1 month of living together, divided into three groups, and challenged for 5 weeks with seed food which either was supplemented with avoparcin (10 mg/kg of animal food) or tylosin (40 mg/kg) or was nonsupplemented. At 9 weeks of age and after the 5-week challenge, all chickens received nonsupplemented feed for 4 additional weeks. At 4, 9, and 13 weeks of life, feces were collected and inoculated on M-Enterococcusagar plates with and without vancomycin (4 μg/ml). vanA-containing Enterococcus hirae was isolated from 11 of 15 chickens before antibiotic challenge, without detection of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. At 9 weeks of age and after the 5-week avoparcin challenge, vanA E. hiraestrains were no longer detected, but five of five chickens now hadvanA E. faecium. At a lower frequency, vanA E. faecium had also displaced vanA E. hirae in both the tylosin group (one of four chickens) and the control group (two of five chickens). One month after avoparcin discontinuation, the number of chickens colonized with vanA E. faecium decreased from five to one. All vanA-containing E. hirae strains detected in the first month of life and most of thevanA-containing E. faecium strains detected in the second month of life showed identical ApaI andSmaI restriction patterns, respectively, when analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All vanA E. hiraeisolates transferred glycopeptide and macrolide resistance toEnterococcus faecalis JH2-2 in vitro; the level of glycopeptide resistance was higher in the transconjugants than in the donor E. hirae strains. These data suggest that E. hirae may be a significant source of vanAdeterminants with the potential of transfer to other enterococcal species from humans or animals.
Membrane-Trafficking System Missing Pieces of an Ancient Puzzle : Evolution of the Eukaryotic

Subject Collection The Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes Bacterial Influences on Animal Origins Rosanna A. Alegado and Nicole King Phylogenomic Perspective The Archaeal Legacy of Eukaryotes: A Lionel Guy, Jimmy H. Saw and Thijs J.G. Ettema the Eukaryotic Membrane-Trafficking System Missing Pieces of an Ancient Puzzle: Evolution of Klute, et al. Alexander Schlacht, Emily K. Herman, Mary J. Organelles Cytoskeleton in the Network of Eukaryotic Origin and Evolution of the Self-Organizing Gáspár Jékely
Professionalization of New Zealand Rugby Union: Historical Background, Structural Changes and Competitive Balance*

The transformation of rugby union from an amateur to a professional sport since 1995 has led to significant changes in the structure of the game. This paper documents the changes in the organizational structures that have occurred since professionalization, with a particular focus on New Zealand. We provide a brief historical overview of the development of rugby union in New Zealand, including a discussion of the forces that led to professionalization. We outline the changes that have occurred in the labour market and to the organization of competitions, including the new cross-national franchise-based Super 12 and Tri-Nations competitions and their relationship to the more traditional National Provincial Championship (NPC). The roles and objectives of the various national and cross-national organizing bodies are examined. The main focus is on the degree of competitive balance in the different competitions under the current organizational structure and any effects this has had on the overall performance of New Zealand’s national team, the All Blacks. Current issues of relevance to administrators of rugby in New Zealand (such as financial and competitive balance in the NPC and possible reconfiguration of the Super 12 competition) are also discussed.
Cabergoline in Prevention of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome and Its Effect on Outcome In Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Cycles

Background: The most serious and potentially life threatening iatrogenic complication of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) is a severe form of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). It complicates less than 0.5-2% of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) cycles which cause mortality in 1/45000 - 1/50000 per infertile women receiving gonadotrophins. The diagnosis and severity of OHSS were determined using standard criteria. OHSS has been treated empirically over the years, because it is Pathophysiology remained unknown. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a powerful mediator of vascular permeability; it is also strongly implicated in the initiation and development of angiogenesis in the developing embryo and in adult tissue undergoing profound angiogenesis, such as cycling endometrium and the luteinizing follicle. It also plays an important role in the growth and maintenance of ovarian follicles and corpus luteum by mediating angiogenesis. Objectives: To compare the effects of cabergoline in the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in high-risk women underwent ICSI. Study design: Prospective randomized trial. Patients and Methods: The study included an intervention and a control group. Cabergoline group: 30 patient's received 0.25mg cabergoline tablet per day starting on day of hCG injection and continued for 8 days. Control group: cabergoline tablet was not given after hCG injection in 30 patients. Results: There was no significant difference between baseline characteristics or ovarian stimulation parameters from the two groups. The incidence of OHSS in the cabergoline-treated group, was significantly (P=0.01) lower than that in the control group (12% vs. 36%). Higher rates of clinical and chemical pregnancy were observed after cabergoline administration in ICSI cycles. Conclusions: The present study showed that cabergoline reduces the incidence of OHSS in ICSI cycles. Women at high risk of OHSS, cabergoline can be administered as soon as the hCG injection to prevent early OHSS. Higher rates of clinical and chemical pregnancy were observed after cabergoline administration in ICSI cycles. (Hazem Ismail Mohamed, Ahmed Yousif Rezk, Mohamed Abdel Hadi Farag and Ahmed Sabra Ibrahim Mohamed. Cabergoline in Prevention of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome and Its Effect on Outcome In Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Cycles. J Am Sci 2014;10(3):94-97). (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience. org . 12
Book-to-Market and the Cross-Section ofExpected Returns in International Stock Markets

Individual stocks’ expected return estimates are a key input for equity selection models. A 2008 study by Eugene Fama and Kenneth French found evidence that past changes in book equity and price contain independent information about expected cash flows that can be used to improve estimates of expected returns. This study focuses on international stock markets and re-examines whether the origins of the book-to-market ratio (BM), in terms of past changes in book equity and price, enhance the estimates of expected returns provided by BM alone. Examining all stocks, as well as subcategories of microcap, small, large, and all-butmicrocap stocks trading in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Canada, and Japan, the authors find that recent changes in book equity and price are more relevant than more distant changes in enhancing estimates of expected future cash flows and expected future returns. Their tests also show that changes in book equity say much more about expected stock returns than price changes do.
Trust in representative democracy and protest behavior : a multilevel analysis of European democracies

The relationship between trust in representative political institutions and extra-representational protest behavior is contested. For some time, scholars have assumed that distrust is a major source of protest behavior. However, another interpretation highlights that protest has become normalized over time. Thus far, empirical studies have yielded mixed and inconclusive results. This working paper contributes to the debate by linking it to recent studies on how contextual factors both affect the amount of protest and interact with individual-level predictors. More specifically, we consider the institutional and cultural openness of political systems as a key contextual factor. With a multilevel analysis of 21 European countries, we show that citizens who distrust the national parliament, a key institution of representative democracy, are indeed more likely to take part in protest activities. Moreover, in open political contexts, citizens are more likely to protest, and we find a stronger negative micro-level association between political trust and protest behavior.
Uncertainty analysis of terrestrial net primary productivity and net biome productivity in China during 1901–2005

Despite the importance of net primary productivity (NPP) and net biome productivity (NBP), estimates of NPP and NBP for China are highly uncertain. To investigate the main sources of uncertainty, we synthesized model estimates of NPP and NBP for China from published literature and the Multi‐scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP). The literature‐based results showed that total NPP and NBP in China were 3.35 ± 1.25 and 0.14 ± 0.094 Pg C yr−1, respectively. Classification and regression tree analysis based on literature data showed that model type was the primary source of the uncertainty, explaining 36% and 64% of the variance in NPP and NBP, respectively. Spatiotemporal scales, land cover conditions, inclusion of the N cycle, and effects of N addition also contributed to the overall uncertainty. Results based on the MsTMIP data suggested that model structures were overwhelmingly important (>90%) for the overall uncertainty compared to simulations with different combinations of time‐varying global change factors. The interannual pattern of NPP was similar among diverse studies and increased by 0.012 Pg C yr−1 during 1981–2000. In addition, high uncertainty in China's NPP occurred in areas with high productivity, whereas NBP showed the opposite pattern. Our results suggest that to significantly reduce uncertainty in estimated NPP and NBP, model structures should be substantially tested on the basis of empirical results. To this end, coordinated distributed experiments with multiple global change factors might be a practical approach that can validate specific structures of different models.
The population-level impact of public-sector antiretroviral therapy rollout on adult mortality in rural Malawi

BACKGROUND Recent evidence from health and demographic surveillance sites (HDSS) has shown that increasing access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is reducing mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, due to limited vital statistics registration in many of the countries most affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, there is limited evidence of the magnitude of ART’s effect outside of specific HDSS sites. This paper leverages longitudinal household/family roster data from the Malawi Longitudinal Survey of Families and Health (MLSFH) to estimate the effect of ART availability in public clinics on population-level mortality based on a geographically dispersed sample of individuals in rural Malawi. OBJECTIVE We seek to provide evidence on the population-level magnitude of the ART-associated mortality decline in rural Malawi and confirm that this population is experiencing similar declines in mortality as those seen in HDSS sites. METHODS We analyze longitudinal household/family-roster data from four waves of the MLSFH to estimate mortality change after the introduction of ART to study areas. We analyze life expectancy using the Kaplan–Meier estimator and examine how the mortality hazard changed over time by individual characteristics with Cox regression. RESULTS In the four years following rollout of ART, life expectancy at age 15 increased by 3.1 years (95% CI 1.1, 5.1), and median length of life rose by over ten years. CONTRIBUTION Our observations show that the increased availability of ART resulted in a substantial and sustained reversal of mortality trends in SSA and assuage concerns that the post-ART reversals in mortality are not occurring at the same magnitude outside of specific HDSSs.
The Information FrameWork

John Zachman's framework for information systems architecture has been widely discussed since its publication in the IBM Systems Journal in 1987. This paper shows how the development of the Information FrameWork (IFW) has built upon the ideas presented by Zachman. However, the objectives and scope of IFW are broader than that of the original Zachman framework. IFW is described and compared with the original Zachman structure, showing the evolution, changes, and the rationale behind the changes based on experiences from within the financial services industry. This paper also shows how the structure of IFW has been populated by industry-wide models and supported by a distinctive methodology. A detailed discussion of each of the six dimensions of the IFW architecture is presented.
Valuation of Radiation Dose in Lumbosacral Examination

The biological damage produce by radiation is closely related to the amount of energy absorbed in the case of x-rays. Measurement of produced ionizing is provided a useful assessment of the total energy absorbed. This study was performed in Khartoum teaching hospital in period of January to June 2014. This study performed to assess the effective dose (ED) received in lumbosacral radiographic examination and to analyze effective dose distributions among radiological departments under study. The study was performed in Khartoum teaching hospital, covering two x-ray units and a sample of 50 patients. The following parameters were recorded age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI) derived from weight (kg) and (height (m)) and exposure factors. The dose was measured for lumbosacral x-rays examination. For effective dose calculation, the entrance surface dose (ESD) values were estimated from the x-ray tube output parameters for Lumbosacral Spine AP and lateral examinations. The ED values were then calculated from the obtained ESD values using IAEA calculation methods. Effective doses were then calculated from energy imparted using ED conversion factors proposed by IAEA. The results of ED values calculated showed that patient exposure were within the normal range of exposure. The mean ED values calculated were 2.49 + 0.03 and 5.60 + 0.22 for Lumbosacral Spine AP and lateral examinations, respectively. Further studies are recommended with more number of patients and using more two modalities for comparison.
The Optimal Climate Policy of Mitigation and Adaptation: A Real Options Theory Perspective I

Climate policy can only be eective if it incorporates both mitigation and adaptation measures. However, the questions of how the two strategies can be optimally combined and how they aect each other are still far from being conclusive. To contribute to a better understanding of how uncertainty about future climate damage costs aects the climate policy design, this study analyses the decisions on adaptation and mitigation from a real options theory perspective. Real options quantify the opportunity costs of adopting policy now and making irreversible investments rather than waiting for new information to arrive, which could reduce the uncertainty. This paper develops a new framework in which the policy maker holds a portfolio of mitigation and adaptation options. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the dualistic approach to climate policy is impeded by the tension between uncertainty and economic irreversibility. They also disclose considerable asymmetry in the interaction and the magnitude of the real option values. This means that, compared with the common expected net present value approach, real options analysis places more emphasis on adaptation as the preferred measure.
Floristic Diversity and Environmental Relations in Two Valleys, South West Saudi Arabia

The study was conducted on two main sites (Ben Amer and Baida), Albaha region, South West Saudi Arabia. Floristic diversity and soil chemical analysis were studied. The study revealed the presence of seventy six species within sixty two genera of vascular plants belonging to thirty four families. Site 2 (Baida) with its two stands was found to be the most diverse in vegetation. The family Asteraceae was the richest (13 species) followed by Solanaceae (6 species), while, twenty families were represented by only one species each. Psiadia punctulata, Pulicaria crispa (Asteraceae), Lavandula pubescens, Otostegia fruticosa (Lamiaceae), Argemone ochroleuca (Papaveraceae) and Solanum incanum (Solanaceae) were the most common species in both sites. In the floristic spectrum, therophytes and phanerophytes were the most dominant life-forms (33%), while, cryptophytes and hydrophytes were the rarest lifeforms (2%). The study area was characterized by plants with different life forms such as trees, shrubs and herbs. Site 1 (Ben Amer) was dominated by tress while site 2 (Baida) was dominated by shrubs and herbs. Genus Acacia was considered as the most speciose (4 species) pursued with genus Amaranthus and genus Boerhavia, which were represented by 3 species each. The soil samples from site 2 (Baida) was very rich in organic matter content as compared with that of site 1 (Ben Amer). Both sites contained considerable amount of elements and showed high level of aluminum and low level of manganese contents.
The impact of New Jersey's Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying (HIB) legislation on the professional responsibilities of building level administrators

OF DISSERTATION.iii DEDICATION.v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.viii LIST OF FIGURES.x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION.1 Overview of Principal’s Responsibilities.1 Evolution of New Jersey’s Anti-bullying Legislation.2 Statement of Problem.5 Purpose of Study.8 Research Questions.9 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE.11 Theoretical Framework.12 HIB Implementation Analysis.13 Bullying: An Introduction.14 Bullying Legislation: Implementation Issues.16 Principal Responsibilities.17 Case Study: Zero Tolerance Legislation.19 Impact on Bullying Legislation on Educational Leadership.21 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH DESIGN.23 Overview.23 Research Site.24 Research Participants.25 Impact of HIB Legislation on Building Level Administrators ix Data Collection Procedures.26 Data Analysis Plan.29 CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS.31 Policy Implementation.32 Human Resource Frame.46 CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION.98 HIB Implementation.99 Evolution of HIB Implementation.100 Impact of HIB on Building Level Principals.101 Implication for Practice.103 Contributions to Literature.105 Limitations of Study.106 Recommendations for Further Research.108 APPENDICES.112 REFERENCES.123 Impact of HIB Legislation on Building Level Administrators
Discovering urban citizenship in the surveillance society

Cities and urban spaces around the world are changing rapidly from their origins in the industrialising world to a post-industrial, hard wired landscape. A further embellishment is the advent of mobile media technologies supported by both existing and new communications and computing technology which claim to put the urban dweller at the heart of a new, informed and ‘liberated’ seat of participatory urban governance. This networked, sensor enabled society permits flows of information in a multitude of directions ostensibly empowering the citizenry through ‘smart’ installations such as ‘talking bus stops’ detailing services, delays, transport interconnections and even weather conditions along desired routes. However, while there is considerable potential for creative and transformative kinds of citizen participation, there is also the momentum for ‘function-creep’, whereby vast amounts of data are garnered in a broad application of urban surveillance. This kind of monitoring and capacity for surveillance connects with attempts by civic authorities to regulate, restrict, rebrand and reframe urban public spaces into governable and predictable arenas of consumption. This article considers questions around the possibilities for retaining and revitalising forms of urban citizenship, set in the context of Marshall’s original premise of civil, social and political citizenship(s) in the middle of the last century, following World War Two and the coming of the modern welfare state.
Canada-Wide Epidemic of emm74 Group A Streptococcus Invasive Disease

Abstract Background The number of invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) infections due to hitherto extremely rare type emm74 strains has increased in several Canadian provinces since late 2015. We hypothesized that the cases recorded in the different provinces are linked and caused by strains of an emm74 clone that recently emerged and expanded explosively. Methods We analyzed both active and passive surveillance data for iGAS infections and used whole-genome sequencing to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the emm74 strains responsible for these invasive infections country-wide. Results Genome analysis showed that highly clonal emm74 strains, genetically different from emm74 organisms previously circulating in Canada, were responsible for a country-wide epidemic of >160 invasive disease cases. The emerging clone belonged to multilocus sequence typing ST120. The analysis also revealed dissemination patterns of emm74 subclonal lineages across Canadian provinces. Clinical data analysis indicated that the emm74 epidemic disproportionally affected middle-aged or older male individuals. Homelessness, alcohol abuse, and intravenous drug usage were significantly associated with invasive emm74 infections. Conclusions In a period of 20 months, an emm74 GAS clone emerged and rapidly spread across several Canadian provinces located more than 4500 km apart, causing invasive infections primarily among disadvantaged persons.
Evaluation of Clinical and Perinatal Outcomes of Teenage Pregnancies: A Study of 100 Pregnancies at a Tertiary Referral Center

The aim of this study was to evaluate the maternal and foetal outcomes and complications in teenage primigravida. The present study was conducted at a tertiary referral centre in south India during the period from May 2012 to April 2015. A total of 100 cases of teenage pregnancy were prospectively included in the study. All cases with Major skeletal deformity such askyphoscoliosis, polio, Pelvicfracture, Diabetesmellitus, Knownhypertensive, Renaldisorders, Morbidobesity, all cases of molar pregnancy, Primigravida admitted for abortions are excluded. 72 of the 100 cases were unbooked pregnancies while only 28 were booked. 62% of the cases are from rural areas and 74% of the cases are from lower socioeconomic strata of the society. 43% suffered from some degree of anaemia. The incidence of antenatal complications is high. 33% had undergone emergency lower section caesarean section (LSCS) and 28% had prolonged labour. Neonatal outcomes showed that 38% of them are low birth weight (<2. 5 kgs). 21% of them are preterm deliveries. It can be interpreted that teenage primigravidae had a significant number of complications in pregnancy. Sinceteenage pregnancy is a multifaceted problem it demands multidimensional solutions. Teenage pregnancies are more common in populations with low socioeconomic statuses, due to lack of education, awareness of complications of teenage pregnancies and various other factors.