Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lying, Spying, Sabotaging: Procedures and Consequences

Do individuals prefer to compete fairly, or unfairly with an opponent? We study individuals who can choose how to compete for one ex-post nonzero payoff. They can either nudge themselves into a fair set of rules where they have the same information and actions as their opponent, or into unfair rules where they spy, sabotage or fabricate their opponent's action. In an experiment, we observe significant altruism under rules which allow for fabrication and sabotage, but not under rules which allow for spying. We provide direct evidence that this altruism emanates from an ethical concern purely about the rules of the game. How individuals deal with this concern - whether they nudge themselves into fabrication-free, spying-free, or sabotage-free rules, or whether they assume the power to fabricate or sabotage to compensate their opponent by giving all payoff away - varies along with individuals' attitudes towards power.
Stock Splits: Real Effects or Just a Question of Maths? An Empirical Analysis of the Portuguese Case

Stock splits are conceptually a very simple corporate event that consists in the division of each share into a higher number of shares of smaller par value. These operations have long been a part of financial markets. Portugal witnessed 26 of these operations from 1999 (the year the euro was introduced) to June 2003 essentially due to a legislative change that took place when the corporate law was adapted for the introduction of the euro. In this paper stock splits are analyzed in terms of liquidity, risk, signaling and ideal price range explanations that could justify the sizeable cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) that we document around both announcement (5-day CAR of 3.8%) and ex-dates (5-day CAR of 7.5%). Our evidence shows no significant increase in trading volume (in EUR) although the number of trades does seem to increase, suggesting that trading by small investors is increased post-split. Our results also uncover an increase in the relative bid-ask spread but only for a sample subset of firms with the lowest pre- or post-split relative spreads. Our results also suggest, however, that liquidity reasons do not seem to be sufficient to explain the observed abnormal returns around the ex-date. A surprising feature is that the observed significant price increases were mainly concentrated around the ex-date, in contrast to most available evidence. The signaling hypotheses tested were not supported by the evidence presented in this study. These operations also cannot be explained by a placement of share prices levels closer to those of other Eurozone stock markets as Portuguese share prices levels are clearly much lower than the levels observable in those markets. We also conducted a survey directed at splitting firm. This confirmed that liquidity increases were indeed one of the main objectives pretended by the managers of these firms. Most companies, however, considered that this had not been accomplished. Another stated objective deemed important by managers was share capital simplification. This is puzzling since it is difficult to explain the sizeable wealth effects documented with simple changes in the par value itself. Our survey did not support signaling as a justification on the part of managers for the decision to split.
Anatomic variations of pulmonary vessels relevant with regard to lung tissue resections - literature review and personal experiences

The less invasive methods of lung tissue resection are becoming a clinical standard. This obligates surgeons to be well trained in the field of anatomy. Thus, we decided to create a comprehensive description of normal anatomy as well as anatomical variations of pulmonary vessels for the purpose of thoracic surgery procedures. We also retrospectively analyzed a database of 642 patients with lung cancer who underwent lung tissue resection at the Department of Surgery of the National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute in Warsaw (Poland), searching for descriptions of the anatomic variations observed during the surgical procedures. The results were subsequently compared to existing literature data. Variations of the arterial system were found in 8.72% of cases. Variations of the venous system were described in 3.12%. The frequency of variations in our database is lower than previously suspected based on the literature data. Nevertheless, several rare and potentially dangerous variations were described.
AVALIAÇÃO AGRONÔMICA E MOLECULAR DE ACESSOS

The utilization efficiency of maize germplasm accessions that consist of a core collection can be incremented using molecular and morpho-agronomical characteristics, getting more detailed descriptions about these accessions. The objective of this work was to valorize maize core collection, sub-group endosperm flint of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), through the use of morphological descriptors and AFLP molecular markers. Fifty-eight accessions from the core collection were used, thirty-two morpho93 Avaliação agronômica e molecular de . Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo, v.3, n.1, p.92-107, 2004 agronomical descriptors considered, and six AFLP primers combinations were tested to obtain the genetic patterns. The most contributions of morpho-agronomical variables for core collection genetic divergence were grain thousand weight (31.0%), ear height (21.7%) and ear weight (16.4%). The core collection principal component analysis was done with 14 morphoagronomical variables and indicated that variance accumulated by the first three components was 70.57%. The six primers AFLP combinations used in 58 accessions generated 207 bands, with 32.8 polymorphic bands average. Dendrograms of core collection showed similar general structure and did not indicate homogeneous group formation. The observed allele number average was 1.95, allele effective number average was 1.47 and the heterosigosity (h), (Nei’s index of genetic diversity) used for polymorphic information content evaluation was 0.28. Molecular characterization allowed valorization of each accession, indicating new information on the core collection genetic structure, and confirming high variability among accessions.
Eulerian idempotent, pre-Lie logarithm and combinatorics of trees

The aim of this paper is to bring together the three objects in the title. Recall that, given a Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, the Eulerian idempotent is a canonical projection from the enveloping algebra $U(\mathfrak{g})$ to $\mathfrak{g}$. The Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff product and the Magnus expansion can both be expressed in terms of the Eulerian idempotent, which makes it interesting to establish explicit formulas for the latter. We show how to reduce the computation of the Eulerian idempotent to the computation of a logarithm in a certain pre-Lie algebra of planar, binary, rooted trees. The problem of finding formulas for the pre-Lie logarithm, which is interesting in its own right -- being related to operad theory, numerical analysis and renormalization -- is addressed using techniques inspired by umbral calculus. As a consequence of our analysis, we find formulas both for the Eulerian idempotent and the pre-Lie logarithm in terms of the combinatorics of trees.
Analytic determination of high-order post-Newtonian self-force contributions to gravitational spin precession

Continuing our analytic computation of the first-order self-force contribution to the "geodetic" spin precession frequency of a small spinning body orbiting a large (non-spinning) body we provide the exact expressions of the tenth and tenth-and-a-half post-Newtonian terms. We also introduce a new approach to the analytic computation of self-force regularization parameters based on a WKB analysis of the radial and angular equations satisfied by the metric perturbations.
How do parent-child interactions predict and maintain depression in childhood and adolescence? A critical review of the literature

Background and Objective: Negative parent-child interaction patterns have been linked to youth depression, with a causal influence being assumed. However, the majority of empirical studies examining this issue have used self-report methods to assess parent-child relationships, which cannot capture the temporal dynamics of dyadic interactions and may be subject to reporting bias. This review considers the association between parent-child interactions and youth depression with a specific focus on observational methodology. Method: A literature search was conducted including studies that investigated the association between observed parent-child interactions and youth depressive symptomology. Literature was obtained using database searches, citation searches and screening of recent reviews. Results and Conclusion: Maternal disengagement, reduced adolescent autonomy granting, adolescent maladaptive emotion regulation, parental suppression of adolescent positivity and incongruent parent-child communication styles were relatively consistently related to youth depression. Nonetheless, there were conflicting findings and several studies demonstrated little or no contribution of parent-child interaction factors to youth depression. Overall, the evidence suggests that causal influences are likely to be modest. The majority of studies relate to maternal versus paternal interactions. Furthermore, the factors that mediate the association between parent-child interactions and youth depression remain largely unknown. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
Asymmetric Information and Food Safety: Maize in Kenya

When quality is not observable by prospective buyers, theory predicts that the quality of marketed goods will suffer, and the volume of trade will be depressed. Using data from more than 2,000 maize samples collected in four Kenyan provinces, we show that the presence of aflatoxin, an invisible and dangerous fungal contaminant, is not reflected in maize prices but does affect how maize is used. This apparent market failure reduces the quality of maize available on the market. In addition, we show that self-produced maize is a normal good.
On Using an Efficiency Matrix in Analysing Profit per Employee (on the Basis of the Estonian SME Software Sector)

Service companies earn their profit mainly due to their employees’ intellectual skills, therefore, increasing profit per employee is one opportunity to increase profit and thereby also the company’s market value. In this article the number of employees, the value of owners’ equity and loan capital, operating expenses, net sales and profit before income tax have been used to analyse the change in profit per employee of the Estonian software small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector in total, and for small and medium-sized companies separately in the years 2009–2013. Furthermore, this article demonstrates that the efficiency matrix methodology and its developments that were refined in Estonia and Russia from the 1960s to the 1990s can be deployed nowadays as well. Of all the components, profit margin and owners’ equity per employee showed the most rapid growth during the analysed period. Profit per employee was higher in the small enterprises segment and lowest among medium-sized enterprises, where owners’ equity per employee, net sales to operating expenses, and profit margin were lower than in small enterprises over the whole period analysed.
Prandtl Number Signature on Flow Patterns of Electrically Conducting Fluid in Square Enclosure

We present in this study a numerical investigation of unsteady twodimensional natural convection of an electrically conducting fluid in a square cavity under an externally imposed magnetic field. A temperature gradient is applied between the two opposing side walls parallel to y-direction, while the floor and ceiling parallel to x-direction are adiabatic. The flow is characterized by the Rayleigh number Ra raged in 103-106, the Prandtl number Pr ranged in 0.01-10, the Hartman number Ha determined by the strength of the imposed magnetic field ranged in 0-100 and its tilting angle from x-axis ranging from 0 ̊ to 90 ̊. The coupled momentum and energy equations associated with the Lorentz retarding force as well as the buoyancy force terms are solved using the single relaxation lattice Boltzmann (LB) approach. The changes in the buoyant flow patterns and temperature contours due to the effects of varying the controlling parameters and associated heat transfer are examined. It was found that the developed thermal LB model gives excellent results by comparison with former experimental and numerical findings. Starting from the values 105 of the Rayleigh number Ra and Ha=0, the flow is unsteady multicellular for low Prandtl number typical of liquid metal. Increasing gradually Pr, the flow undergoes transition to steady bicellular, the transition occurs at a threshold value between Pr=0.01 and 0.1. Increasing more the Prandtl number, the flow structure is distorted due to the viscous forces which outweigh the buoyancy forces and a thermal stratification is clearly established. For high Hartman number, the damping effects suppress the unsteady behaviour and results in steady state with extended unicellular pattern in the direction of Lorentz force and diminishes considerably the heat transfer rate.
School Systems, Segregation and Civic Competences among Adolescents

This paper investigates whether civic competences among youngsters are linked to the social and ethnic composition of classrooms and whether these links are influenced by national education systems. Use is made of the IEA Civic Education Study among 14-year olds to investigate these relationships. We find that social segregation across classrooms is most pronounced in systems characterised by early selection and large school differentiation. Moreover, inequalities of civic competences across classes are also relatively large in such systems. The paper further finds that the social composition of the classroom primarily affects the cognitive component of civic competences (knowledge and skills). This relationship is influenced by national education systems: the less a system groups pupils on the basis of ability and the more its schools are homogenous, the weaker the link between classroom social status and civic knowledge and skills will be. However, similar regularities are not found for the attitudinal and behavioural components of civic competences. Both the social and the ethnic composition of classrooms are related in different ways to attitudes and behaviours depending on the outcome under investigation. Furthermore, these relations show no consistent pattern across education systems. I did find a positive relation between ethnic diversity and ethnic tolerance in three of the four systems, supporting the contact perspective on inter-ethnic relations. This link, however, could not be observed in the system characterizing the Mediterranean countries. In view of these inconsistent relations with regard to civic attitudes and behaviours, it is recommendable that future research remains critical of any scholars assuming that these attitudes and behaviours form a coherent syndrome of civic culture.
A Model of Central Bank's Accountability

This paper describes a mechanism by which the government manages to hold the appointed monetary authorities accountable for their policies. Asymmetric information about central bank's preferences proxies the "democratic deficit", evoked to justify the call for accountability. Three main results emerge from the model. First, a clear distinction is drawn between accountability and transparency. Accountability is modelled as an ex-post political intervention, relating to the scrutiny of monetary policy decisions by the government, and transparency is described as an ex-ante decision of the CB about its own communication strategy.Second, accountability requirements imposed by the government help mitigate the shortcomings of asymmetric information (uncertain CB's preferences), thereby moderating the "democratic deficit". Third, the "optimal" stringency of the accountability requirements is investigated.
Revisiting Information Aggregation in Asset Markets: Reflective Learning & Market Efficiency

The ability of markets to aggregate disperse information leading to prices that reflect the fundamental value of an asset is key to assessing the often-debated efficiency of markets. We study information aggregation in the experimental environment originally created by Plott and Sunder (1988). Contrary to the current belief, we find that markets do not aggregate information. The model that best describes our data, as well as data on information aggregation subsequent to Plott and Sunder (1988), is prior information (Lintner, 1969). That is, traders use their private information but fail to use market prices to infer other traders’ information. We argue that reflecting on asset prices to infer others’ information requires specific skills related to the concept of cognitive reflection. We develop a learning model in which only a subset of the traders possess this reflective capacity. We show, using both simulations and laboratory experiments, that information aggregation can only be achieved when the market is populated by highly reflective traders and this high level of cognitive reflection is commonly known to all of the traders.
Maize Yields Performance in Strip Planting Patterns with Two Plant Densities

The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is the most important maize production region in China. To further investigate the improvement of maize yield by changing the planting pattern combined with two plant densities in this region, field experiments involving four planting patterns (three-row strip, four-row strip, five-row strip and a conventional uniform row spacing pattern (the control) under two plant densities (67,500 and 82,500 plants/ha) were conducted in 2011 and 2012. Only the plant density, not the planting pattern, significantly influenced the leaf area index at R1 stage and the total leaf area duration. The radiation use efficiency and the above-ground biomass at R5 were both higher under the three strip planting patterns than under the control, but the differences were not statistically significant. The effects of the planting patterns on the grain yield were significant in both years and the yields were 16.7, 6.1 and 10.7%, respectively higher in 2011 and 17.2, 12.1 and 10.6%, respectively higher in 2012 under the three-, fourand five-row strip treatments, respectively, compared with the control. However, grain yield was affected by neither plant density nor the interaction between planting pattern and plant density. Therefore, optimal strip planting pattern could not be better estimated by considering plant density.
The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among women with normal vaginal delivery in Zahedan city

Mahboubeh Firouzkouhi Moghadam1 alireza shamsi2 Fatemeh Hajizadeh Moro3: 1Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Baharan Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. : 2Department of Psychiatry, Ali ibnabitaleb Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. : 3Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. Wilderman Medicine Professional Corporation, Thornhill, Ontario, Canada. Correspondence email: akram.etemadi@yahoo.com Aim: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among postpartum women in Zahedan city, Iran. Method: Data in this cross-sectional study were gathered from healthcare centres of Zahedan, a city in south-east Iran. Four-hundred women with childbirth experience over the past few months were selected; between 6 and 24 weeks had passed since their delivery. We used three questionnaires in order to evaluate the demographic data, PTSD symptoms and traumatic childbirth experience. Results: The mean parity was 3.40±2.55 children and the mean duration of pain was 19.44±9.16 hours. Overall, 7.8%, 36% and 0.5% of the subjects had a previous history of curettage, episiotomy and vacuum evacuation, respectively. In total, 32% of the participants showed PTSD symptoms. Prevalence of PTSD was not significantly associated with parity, pain duration, education level or employment status. Significant correlation with PTSD was found with the mode of delivery (P=0.013), curettage (P=0.005) and length of hospitalization. Also, prevalence of PTSD was substantially associated with the type of pregnancy (planned or unintended) (P=0.011). Conclusion: Women with PTSD were not significantly different from those without PTSD in terms of parity, pain duration, education level or employment status. History of curettage, episiotomy and vacuum evacuation increased the incidence of PTSD in postpartum women. Moreover, unwanted pregnancy was more common among women with PTSD compared with normal subjects and length of hospitalization was longer.
Teachers Attitude on Inclusive Education and Learners with Disabilities in Kisumu County, Kenya

Attitudinal disposition of teachers towards inclusive education in primary schools has drawn diverse reactions from educationist and parents alike. Positive attitude by teachers enhances success of inclusion while negative attitude is an impediment. Teachers play a pivotal role in curriculum implementation hence the significance of their attitude. The study was carried out in Kisumu County in Western Kenya to explore the influence of teacher’s attitude towards inclusion and learners with disabilities in inclusive classrooms. Using descriptive survey design, it targeted 25 schools practicing inclusive education, 270 teachers including head teachers and 14 education managers. Both purposive and saturated sampling techniques were used to sample the units of analysis. The study findings indicated that teachers teaching in inclusive classrooms express negative attitude towards inclusion and children with disabilities and this impacts adversely on curriculum implementation. The study recommended a paradigm shift in teacher’s attitude towards inclusion by reviewing the pre service curriculum to equip them with the right knowledge and skills.
Assessing the Competitiveness of Malaysia and IndonesiaPalm Oil Related Industry

This study aims to examine the comparative advantage of palm oil related products in Malaysia and Indonesia using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) approach introduced by Balassa (1989). Our findings based on 20 related palm oil products show the following. Firstly, the RCA indexes for these products in both countries are unstable during the analytical period. Secondly, Malaysia is more competitive than Indonesia in most of the downstream palm oil related industries such as S3-42229, S3-42249, S3- 43122, S3-51217, S3-51222 and S3-55419. Thirdly, in some industrial activities, both countries show that the development of certain palm oil industrial products are consistent with the product life cycle (PLC) theory. They are mainly upstream industrial products such as the S3-08138, S3-42221, S3- 42231, S3-42239, and S3-42241 commodities. As the biggest producers of palm oil, both countries should put more emphasis on downstream industrial products--which are of higher value-added--taking the benefit of their comparative advantage in upstream industries.