Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stresses Experienced By Psychiatrists and Their Role in Burnout: a National Follow-Up Study

Background: Many studies have looked at sources of stress in psychiatrists, yet the role played by different factors in the causation of burnout in psychiatrists remains unclear. We had two aims, first, to develop a predictive model for the onset of burnout. Second, we aimed to study the differences in the perception of what caused stress between psychiatrists who rated themselves high on Emotional Exhaustion compared to those who rated themselves as low on Emotional Exhaustion. Methods: A previously described questionnaire that identified stressors relevant to consultant psychiatrists was mailed out to 426 psychiatrists, with 240 replies. Scores on the Emotional Exhaustion dimension of the Maslach Burnout Inventory were available for 131 respondents. Results: Based on an earlier literature review, the Sources of Stress Questionnaire (SOS-Q) used in the study had 45 factors, categorized into predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating and protective factors for burnout in psychiatrists. Of these, factor analysis identified 11 non-correlated factors which were used in the final analysis of this study. Four factors emerged as associated with burnout in psychiatrists in New Zealand: too much work; working long hours; an aggressive administrative environment; and lacking support from management. Two factors negatively correlated with Emotional Exhaustion were a high level of job satisfaction and/or enjoyment, and low pay compared to other countries. Conclusions: Most factors associated with burnout are preventable and can be managed jointly between psychiatrists and administrators. Service providers need to address burnout seriously.
A Polynomial Algorithm for Balancing Acyclic Data Flow Graphs

Data flow machines whose task graphs are acyclic can be transformed into synchronous machines, thereby increasing pipelining and throughput. This is achieved by introducing delays or buffers on certain lines, so that the resulting graph is balanced, i.e., travel times along any two paths with common endpoints are the same. The buffer assignment problem is how to balance a rooted acyclic data flow graph with a minimum number of buffer units. Recently, an integer programming decomposition procedure was proposed for this problem. The decomposition was introduced in an attempt to circumvent the exponential blowup typical of integer programming algorithms. It is shown that the buffer assignment problem can in fact be solved to optimality in low-degree polynomial time. The result is obtained by a sequence of reformulations of the problem, leading to models to which simple and efficient network flow procedures can be successfully applied. >
Migrants referring to the Bologna Transcultural Psychiatric Team: Reasons for drop-out

Background: Recent immigrants face various difficulties in adjusting to western countries and show a high prevalence of mental disorders. Access to a culturally appropriate community mental health centre (CMHC) is crucial for immigrants (Bhui et al., 2007). The Bologna West Transcultural Psychiatric Team (BoTPT, Tarricone et al., 2009) is one of the first projects in Italy that prioritizes cultural competence care. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of this service and to describe what characteristics of patient and psychiatric intervention are related to ‘drop-out’. Method: All migrants who consecutively attended the BoTPT between 1 July 1999 and 30 June 2008 were included and evaluated at first contact and again six months later. Results: After six months we followed up 162 patients; 32 (17.9%) of these had interrupted treatment. Non-Asian origin, a recent history of migration and not receiving social intervention were the strongest predictors of drop-out cases. Conclusion: Psychiatric consultation services to migrants could be made more effective by enhancing: (a) cultural competence, through cultural mediator involvement; and (b) social support from the first psychiatric contact. These two characteristics of psychiatric consultation could be developed from resources ordinarily present in the context of a CMHC and could then become a cost-effective strategy for addressing mental health needs among first-generation immigrants.
Constructions of religiosity, subjective well-being, anxiety, and depression in two cultures: Kuwait and USA

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to explore the associations of religiosity with subjective well-being (SWB) and psychopathology (anxiety and depression) among college students recruited from two different cultures, Kuwait (n = 192) and the USA (n = 158). Method: The students responded to the following scales in their native languages, Arabic and English, respectively: the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, the Love of Life Scale, the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale and the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale. They also responded to six self-rating scales assessing happiness, satisfaction with life, mental health, physical health, religiosity and strength of religious belief. Results: The Kuwaiti students obtained higher mean scores on religiosity, religious belief and depression than did their American counterparts, whereas American students had higher mean scores on happiness and love of life. Two factors were extracted: ‘SWB versus psychopathology’ and ‘Religiosity’. Conclusion: Based on the responses of the present two samples, it was concluded that those who consider themselves as religious experienced greater well-being.
Parallel Testing for Pattern-Sensitive Faults in Semiconductor Random-Access Memories

A design strategy is presented for efficient and comprehensive parallel testing of high-density, MOS random-access memories (RAMs). Parallel test algorithms for RAMs have been developed on the basis of this design-for-testability approach for a broad class of pattern-sensitive faults. Two algorithms which are significantly more efficient than previous approaches are examined. The first algorithm detects the static and dynamic pattern-sensitive faults over a neighborhood of five cells. The second algorithm tests the symmetric pattern-sensitive faults over a neighborhood of nine cells. It tests an n-bit RAM organized as a square root n* square root n array in 97 square root n memory cycles. The design-for-testability approach modifies the existing RAM architecture very little, so that it can be implemented very easily. The additional overhead is only about 2 square root n transistors. The low overhead allows high reliability, and the additional circuit for each bit line can fit within the 3 lambda -to-6 lambda pitch width in a high-density, single-transistor dynamic RAM. Although the algorithm is designed to detect pattern-sensitive faults, the modified architecture can be readily used to speed up other conventional algorithms of linear complexity by a factor of O( square root n). >
Psychological distress in Canada: The role of employment and reasons of non-employment

Background: This study investigated variations in psychological distress in a large sample of the Canadian population according to employment status, occupation, work organization conditions, reasons for non-employment, stress and support outside the work environment, family situation and individual characteristics. Methods: Data came from cycle 4 (2000–1) of the Canadian National Population Health Survey conducted by Statistics Canada. Multiple regression analyses, adjusted for the family situation, the level of support from the social network and the individual characteristics, were carried out on a sample of 7258 individuals aged from 18 to 65 years. Results: Occupation, social support at work, age, self-esteem, presence of children aged five and under and social support outside of the workplace were associated with lower levels of psychological distress, while permanent and temporary disability, psychological demands in the workplace, job insecurity, female gender, and stressful financial, marital and parental situations were related to higher levels of psychological distress. Conclusions: Findings from this study suggest that, in terms of psychological distress, having a job is not always better than non-employment, and that specific non-employment situations associate differently with psychological distress.
Stability of Streptococcus mutatis and Its Relationship to Caries in a Child Population over 2 Years

The natural history of Streptococcus mutans was studied in occlusal fissures of 238 right and 235 left lower mandibular first molars in 279 children, initially aged 6–7, over a 2-year period. S. mutans infection was endemic in this group. Results showed that the levels of S. mutans were fairly stable – an initially high level of infection tended to stay high, and vice versa. High levels of infection were more associated with subsequent development of caries. None of the 21 teeth with nondetectable levels of S. mutans developed caries, though a number of teeth with high levels of S. mutans remained sound. S. sanguis appeared to have no independent influence on whether caries developed or not.
Gender differences in the psychological impact of tsunami

Aim: The aim of this observational study was to explore gender-related differences in psychiatric morbidity during the initial three months following the December 2004 earthquake and tsunami involving the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Methods: There were 12,784 survivors sheltered across 74 relief camps with 4,684 displaced survivors in Port Blair and 8,100 non-displaced survivors in Car-Nicobar Island. All persons who accessed mental health assistance within the camps constituted the study sample. Diagnoses were made by qualified psychiatrists using the ICD-10. There were 475 patients: 188 (40%) men and 287 (60%) women. Results: There were significant gender differences in terms of displacement. There were significantly higher levels of panic disorder, unspecified anxiety disorder and somatic complaints in the displaced women while the non-displaced population showed more adjustment disorder. Conclusions: Displacement was a significant factor in the manifestations of observed pathology. Displaced women had greater psychiatric morbidity. In addition, the fact that adjustment disorder (a self-limiting disorder form of psychopathology) was more prevalent in the non-displaced group may be a reflection of the findings of overall lesser morbidity in non-displaced women. Hence, women may have to be rehabilitated in their own habitats after major disasters.
Dexrazoxane‐induced reduction in mortality in mice subjected to severe forebrain ischemia

In this study we determined whether dexrazoxane reduces mortality in mice subjected to bilateral sequential common carotid artery sectioning. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, the left common carotid artery was ligated and sectioned. In one group of experiments, 32 days later mice were injected i.p. with dexrazoxane (16, 64, 256 mg/kg) 30 min before being reanesthetized to ligate and section the right common carotid artery. In the second group of animals dexrazoxane was given, at the same doses, 15 min after ligating and sectioning the right common carotid artery. Dexrazoxane significantly decreased the cumulated mortality rate compared with controls. When given 30 min before the second surgery dexrazoxane was active only at doses of 256 mg/kg. In contrast, when given 15 min after the second ischemic insult the protective effect of dexrazoxane was already evident at 16 mg/kg, increasing dose‐dependently with an almost complete protection at 256 mg/kg during the first 24 h of observation; some degree of protection persisted up to day 4. One possible explanation for this striking difference in efficacy is that dexrazoxane passes through a compromised but not through an intact blood–brain barrier. We conclude that dexrazoxane has important neuroprotective properties against brain ischemia and that its clinical trial in stroke should be considered. Drug Dev. Res. 51:149–152, 2000. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrospective Study of the Prevalence, Predictors, and Consequences of Nonadherence With Lapatinib in Women With Metastatic Breast Cancer Who Were Previously Treated With Trastuzumab

Background. Lapatinib is an oral small molecule dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been shown to improve time to progression versus capecitabine in women with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC) previously treated with trastuzumab. Objective. To describe extent, predictors, and consequences of nonadherence with lapatinib in women with MBC who were previously treated with trastuzumab. Methods. This was a retrospective observational study using data from a large health insurance claims databases spanning January 2000 to March 2010. Measures of lapatinib adherence included medication possession ratio (MPR), time to discontinuation (end of supply), time to first treatment interruption (gap during treatment of 30 days without supply), and duration of continuous therapy (time to gap of 30 days without supply or end of supply). Predictors of nonadherence to lapatinib and the association between nonadherence and outcomes, utilization, and costs were examined using multiple regression analysis. Results. A total of 666 patients met all inclusion criteria. Mean initial lapatinib dosage was 1161 mg daily; 63% received index lapatinib in combination with capecitabine. Mean MPR was 87%; 22% of patients had MPR < 80%. Median time to lapatinib discontinuation was 9.1 months (95% confidence interval = 8.0-10.2). Twenty-seven percent of patients had one or more treatment interruptions during follow-up. Median duration of continuous therapy was 5.9 months (95% confidence interval = 5.1-6.1). Concomitant therapy with a taxane was a predictor of nonadherence (odds ratio for MPR < 80% = 10.30; P < .001). There was a statistically significant association between nonadherence to lapatinib and greater number of outpatient visits (P = .028). Conclusions. In women with MBC who were previously treated with trastuzumab, mean adherence to lapatinib in typical clinical practice is relatively high overall, although there is a small group of patients with high nonadherence. Targeted efforts to improve adherence to lapatinib in this subgroup may be warranted.
Social relationships and postpartum depression in South Asia: A systematic review

Background: Evidence suggests a much higher prevalence of postpartum depression in South Asia than in ‘western’ contexts. Aim: To conduct a rapid systematic review of evidence on the association between social relationships and postpartum depression in South Asia. Methods: Five databases were searched to identify relevant studies. Studies meeting the selection and quality criteria were analysed and integrated in a narrative review. Results: Nine mostly quantitative studies were included in the review. Low support and poor relationships with the husband and parents-in-law were associated with postpartum depression, although associations were weakened in multivariate analyses. The different dimensions of support have not yet been systematically investigated and the likely complex interrelationships between social relationship risk factors are not yet well understood. Conclusions: Findings mirror those from ‘western’ contexts, showing the key role of social relationships in the aetiology of postpartum depression. Yet, they also reinforce the hypothesis that the social and cultural context influences the association. The importance of relationships with the extended family, as well as the husband, in South Asia is highlighted. Further research is recommended to develop an understanding of these relationships to better inform interventions.
Methoxetamine: prevalence of use in the USA and UK and associated urinary problems

Abstract Background: Methoxetamine is a novel psychoactive substance and a legal alternative to ketamine in many countries, including parts of the United States. Frequent recreational ketamine use can cause lower urinary tract symptoms, whereas methoxetamine was originally marketed as “bladder friendly”. Aims: (1) To determine changes in prevalence of methoxetamine use between 2011 and 2012 in the USA and UK and (2) to investigate the prevalence of urinary symptoms in group of methoxetamine users, who had also used ketamine at least once in their lifetime. Methods: Cross-sectional, anonymous online surveys exploring patterns of drug use were conducted in late 2011 (n = 15 200) and late 2012 (n = 22 289). Results: Reported lifetime, past 12 months, and last month methoxetamine use significantly increased in the USA between 2011 and 2012; whereas, during the same period, past 12 months and last month methoxetamine use significantly decreased in the UK. Of the methoxetamine users questioned in the 2012 survey, 23.0% (n = 98) reported experiencing urinary symptoms. Prevalence of at least one urinary symptom was related to frequency of methoxetamine use in the last month. Conclusions: Methoxetamine use appeared to increase in the United States and decrease in the UK between 2011 and 2012. Approximately, one-quarter of methoxetamine users questioned reported urinary symptoms; however, previous ketamine use cannot be ruled out as the cause of the symptoms.
Spirodiclofen and spirotetramat bioassays for monitoring resistance in citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae).

BACKGROUND Citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is a key pest of San Joaquin Valley California citrus. Spirodiclofen was registered for mite control in 2007, and spirotetramat for scale control in 2008. Because of the potential for resistance to spirodiclofen to develop in spider mites, and cross-resistance to spirotetramat used for other citrus pests, bioassay methods for resistance monitoring were developed. RESULTS The responses of four populations of adult female, egg and larval stages of P. citri to spirodiclofen were compared to determine the most robust bioassay method for this pesticide. Adult females responded with a higher LC(99) and larval stages exhibited higher control mortality and a lower slope of response compared with the egg stage. Thus, the egg stage was found to be the most suitable stage for testing. Egg production and egg shape were significantly affected by spirodiclofen treatment of adult female mites. Bioassays with the related compound spirotetramat revealed that P. citri egg hatch was less affected by this compound, requiring the assessment of mortality to be extended to 11 days after treatment when the hatched larvae succumbed to the pesticide. Discriminating concentrations of 10 ppm for spirodiclofen and 31.6 ppm for spirotetramat in an 11 day bioassay were tested against eight field populations of P. citri, and 99-100% mortality resulted. CONCLUSION These results provide a baseline for the response of P. citri to spirodiclofen and spirotetramat that will aid resistance management in California citrus.
CA-Based Byte Error-Correcting Code

This paper reports a novel approach for designing byte error-correcting codes using cellular automata (CA). A simple scheme for generation and decoding of single-byte error-correcting and double-byte error-detecting codes, referred to as CA-SbEC-DbED, is presented. Extension of the scheme to locate/correct larger number of information byte errors has been also included. The encoding and decoding algorithms have been designed with the help of a linear operator that can be conveniently realized with a maximum length group CA. The regular, modular and cascadable structure of CA can be economically built with VLSI technology. Compared to the existing architecture of the Reed-Solomon decoder chip, CA-based implementation of the proposed decoding scheme provides a simple cost effective solution. >
End‐stae dementia in adults with down syndrome

End‐stage dementia in adults with Down syndrome has not been fully investigated. Available information, 6 months prior to death, for 20 adults with Down syndrome who had died with Alzheimer's disease was reviewed. A terminal stage of severe intellectual deterioration, marked personality and mood changes, loss of sphincter control, seizure activity, immobility with hypertonia and complete loss of self‐care skills was found. These findings have important clinical and service implications.
Childhood bullying and healthcare adherence in adulthood

Background: The relationship between childhood bullying and healthcare adherence in adulthood has been rarely studied, but one published study suggests that being bullied in childhood is related to lower healthcare adherence among adolescents. This previous study examined few adherence variables and was limited to youths. Aims: In this study, we assessed five variables for childhood bullying as related to seven measures of healthcare adherence among a cohort of adult primary care outpatients. Method: Using a cross-sectional, self-report survey methodology in a sample of 263 consecutive internal medicine outpatients, we examined five aspects of bullying and seven aspects of adherence with general healthcare. Results: Being a victim of bullying, type of bullying (emotional, physical), number of years bullied and number of bullies each evidenced no statistical relationships with healthcare adherence. However, being a bully demonstrated several statistical relationships with healthcare adherence, indicating less adherence to instructions provided by healthcare professionals. Conclusions: Despite all of the deleterious psychological and physical effects of being bullied in childhood, there was no evidence that non-adherence with healthcare in adulthood is one of them. In contrast, bullies evidenced several areas of reduced healthcare adherence.
Holocaust survivors and the world of work

Work is crucial to both personal adjustment and societal attitudes toward the individual. Work defines most people’s standard of living; it is one of the major determinants of the respect in which one is held by society, and a primary source of satisfaction—or frustration—of important motives such as the needs for achievement and self-respect. Work takes up a major portion of the time, energy, thought, and affect of most adults: it is “basic to adult existence. ” All of this is perhaps particularly true for refugees. Depending on their original homeland, their sources of self-definition and social esteem might have included clan or tribal networks and status, family or personal status in the community, a secure position in the societal hierarchy, and accumulated wealth. For the most part, refugees from genocide lose these frameworks in the new society; even traditional ethnic roles, such as those of Chinese in Vietnam and Cambodia, Tutsis and Hutus in Rwanda, Jews in pre-war Poland, the mosaic of religions and ethnicities in the former Yugoslavia, and so on, are eroded in countries of refuge where such groups do not have a well-understood identity. The most salient replacement marker of one’s place in the new society becomes individual occupational success. One study of émigré survivors of the Armenian genocide concluded that professional success even mediates the long-term effects of persecution: for those who experience continued economic hardship in the new country, more than for the professionally successful, “the genocide looms as the overpowering force that has shaped their destiny. ” Dedication to family and “fulfilling work” have been seen as important in the self-healing of child survivors of genocide, and being employed is a significant contributor to satisfaction with life in the country of refuge. Governments and citizens of receiving countries consider work to be one of the most salient aspects of how newcomers fit into society. On the one hand, there is concern that they will be unable to contribute productively to the work of the country; on the other, that they will be so dedicated, hard-working, and self-denying that they will simultaneously lower employment and business opportunities for native-born citizens and also fail to participate in other aspects of the society. Journal of Genocide Research (2005), 7(2), June, 243–254