Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Charm decay in slow-jet supernovae as the origin of the IceCube ultra-high energy neutrino events

We investigate whether the recent ultra-high energy neutrino events detected at the IceCube neutrino observatory could come from the decay of charmed mesons produced within the mildly relativistic jets of supernova-like astrophysical sources. We demonstrate that the allowed region in the astrophysical and QCD parameter spaces permit an explanation of the 5. 7σ excess of neutrinos observed by IceCube in the energy range 30 TeV–2 PeV as a diffuse flux of neutrinos produced in such slow-jet supernovae. We discuss the theoretical uncertainties inherent in the evaluation of charm production in high energy hadronic collisions, as well as some of the astrophysical uncertainties associated with slow-jet supernova sources. These sources result in a diffuse neutrino spectrum that exhibits a sharp drop at energies above a few PeV. We incorporate the effect of energy dependence in the spectrum-weighted charm production and decay cross sections and show that this has a very significant effect on the shape, magnitude and cutoff energies for the diffuse neutrino flux.
Muscular anatomy of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Iguana i. iguana (Squamata: Iguanidae)

Green iguana has arboreal and terrestrial habits. It is widely distributed in Central and South America, inhabiting several biomes in Brazil. Some researches were focused on this species, however, morphological information are still limited. With that in sight, we aimed to add data to the anatomical knowledge. Two post mortem specimen of Iguana i. iguana were acquired, donated by a scientific breeding, and dissected. To describe the muscles we refuted the skin and removed the fascias, individualizing the muscles. We identified the following muscles: pectoralis, deltoideus clavicularis, deltoideus scapularis, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, coracobrachialis brevis, coracobrachialis longus, serratus thoracis, levator scapulae, biceps brachii and triceps brachii. Some of them, like coracobrachialis brevis, present conservative anatomy, originating from the ventral surface of the coracoid and inserting onto the proximal humerus. Some, like trapezius and biceps brachii, are similar to other reptile species, trapezius takes its origin from the thoracodorsal fascia and biceps arises by two heads and inserts on the radial tuberosity. Deltoideus clavicularis and deltoideus scapularis share a common insertion tendon. Pectoralis varies its origin and divisions, however, the insertion always occur on the deltopectoral crest. Triceps brachii is comprised of four heads. Its long medial head originates via a tendinous arc, feature described only in crocodilians. We conclude that Iguana i. iguana forelimb musculature is similar to other reptiles, presenting its own characteristics that reflect its habits.
On the formation of hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

Abstract. Magmatic sill intrusions into organic-rich sediments cause the release of thermogenic CH4 and CO2. Pore fluids from the Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California), a sedimentary basin with recent magmatic activity, were investigated to constrain the link between sill intrusions and fluid seepage as well as the timing of sill-induced hydrothermal activity. Sampling sites were close to a hydrothermal vent field at the northern rift axis and at cold seeps located up to 30 km away from the rift. Pore fluids close to the active hydrothermal vent field showed a slight imprint by hydrothermal fluids and indicated a shallow circulation system transporting seawater to the hydrothermal catchment area. Geochemical data of pore fluids at cold seeps showed a mainly ambient diagenetic fluid composition without any imprint related to high temperature processes at greater depth. Seep communities at the seafloor were mainly sustained by microbial methane, which rose along pathways formed earlier by hydrothermal activity, driving the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and the formation of authigenic carbonates. Overall, our data from the cold seep sites suggest that at present, sill-induced hydrothermalism is not active away from the ridge axis, and the vigorous venting of hydrothermal fluids is restricted to the ridge axis. Using the sediment thickness above extinct conduits and carbonate dating, we calculated that deep fluid and thermogenic gas flow ceased 28 to 7 kyr ago. These findings imply a short lifetime of hydrothermal systems, limiting the time of unhindered carbon release as suggested in previous modeling studies. Consequently, activation and deactivation mechanisms of these systems need to be better constrained for the use in climate modeling approaches.
An empirical study of serial correlation in stock returns : cause-effect relationship for excess returns from momentum trading in the Norwegian market

This paper documents the maximum theoretical excess return on the market to 3.8% monthly from momentum trading in Norway and estimates the economical excess return to be marginally higher than 1% per month when accounting for microstructure influences. We find that the excess returns of various momentum strategies are not explained by systematic risk or exposure to other factors such as size or book‐to‐market value. We uncover a positive correlation between types of investor and the degree of momentum in the market. Studying business cycles has provided evidence of reversals following bust periods which are in‐line with behavioral theories of overreaction.
Will climate change increase ozone depletion from low-energy-electron precipitation?

Abstract. We investigate the effects of a strengthened stratospheric/mesospheric residual circulation on the transport of nitric oxide (NO) produced by energetic particle precipitation. During periods of high geomagnetic activity, energetic electron precipitation (EEP) is responsible for winter time ozone loss in the polar middle atmosphere between 1 and 6 hPa. However, as climate change is expected to increase the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation including extratropical downwelling, the enhancements of EEP NOx concentrations are expected to be transported to lower altitudes in extratropical regions, becoming more significant in the ozone budget. Changes in the mesospheric residual circulation are also considered. We use simulations with the chemistry climate model system EMAC to compare present day effects of EEP NOx with expected effects in a climate change scenario for the year 2100. In years of strong geomagnetic activity, similar to that observed in 2003, an additional polar ozone loss of up to 0.4 μmol/mol at 5 hPa is found in the Southern Hemisphere. However, this would be approximately compensated by an ozone enhancement originating from a stronger poleward transport of ozone from lower latitudes caused by a strengthened Brewer-Dobson circulation, as well as by slower photochemical ozone loss reactions in a stratosphere cooled by risen greenhouse gas concentrations. In the Northern Hemisphere the EEP NOx effect appears to lose importance due to the different nature of the climate-change induced circulation changes.
Poor Background or Low Returns? Why Immigrant Students in Germany Perform so Poorly in Pisa

Student performance of Germans and immigrants differed greatly in the 2000 PISA study. This paper analyses why the two groups of students performed so differently by estimating educational production functions, using an extension study with imputed data. The difference in the test scores is assigned to different effects, using a Juhn-Murphy-Pierce decomposition method. The analysis shows that German students have on average more favorable characteristics and experience slightly higher returns to these characteristics in terms of test scores than immigrant students. The later enrolment of immigrant students and preferences of parents as reflected by the number of books and language spoken at home are more important than parents' education or the family setting for explaining the test score gap. Overall, the variation in test scores can be explained better by the observable characteristics for immigrant than for German students.
The structure and effect of suture zones in the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Ice shelf fractures frequently terminate where they encounter suture zones, regions of material heterogeneity that form between meteoric inflows in ice shelves. This heterogeneity can consist of marine ice, meteoric ice with modified rheological properties, or the presence of fractures. Here, we use radar observations on the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica, to investigate (i) the termination of a 25 km long rift in the Churchill Peninsula suture zone, which was found to contain ~60 m of accreted marine ice, and (ii) the along‐flow evolution of a suture zone originating at Cole Peninsula. We determine a steady state field of basal melting/freezing rates and apply it to a flowline model to delineate the along‐flow evolution of layers within the ice shelf. The thickening surface wedge of locally accumulated meteoric ice, which likely has limited lateral variation in its mechanical properties, accounts for ~60% of the total ice thickness near the calving front. Thus, we infer that the lower ~40% of the ice column and the material heterogeneities present there are responsible for resisting fracture propagation and thereby delaying tabular calving events, as demonstrated in the >40 year time series leading up to the 2004/2005 calving event for Larsen C. This likely represents a highly sensitive aspect of ice shelf stability, as changes in the oceanic forcing may lead to the loss of this heterogeneity.
NEW HORIZONS FOR MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT: A REVIEW OF COUPLED SOCIAL‐ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS MODELING

Abstract Conventional approaches to natural resource management are increasingly challenged by environmental problems that are embedded in highly complex systems with profound uncertainties. These so‐called social‐ecological systems (SESs) are characterized by strong links between the social and the ecological system and multiple interactions across spatial and temporal scales. New approaches are needed to manage those tightly coupled systems; however, basic understanding of their nonlinear behavior is still missing. Modeling is a traditional tool in natural resource management to study complex, dynamic systems. There is a long tradition of SES modeling, but the approach is now being more widely recognized in other fields, such as ecological and economic modeling, where issues such as nonlinear ecological dynamics and complex human decision making are receiving more attention. SES modeling is maturing as a discipline in its own right, incorporating ideas from other interdisciplinary fields such as resilience or complex systems research. In this paper, we provide an overview of the emergence and state of the art of this cross‐cutting field. Our analysis reveals the substantial potential of SES models to address issues that are of utmost importance for managing complex human‐environment relationships, such as: (i) the implications of ecological and social structure for resource management, (ii) uncertainty in natural and social systems and ways to address it, (iii) the role of coevolutionary processes in the dynamics of SESs, and (iv) the implications of microscale human decision making for sustainable resource management and conservation. The complexity of SESs and the lack of a common analytical framework, however, also pose significant challenges for this emerging field. There are clear research needs with respect to: (i) approaches that go beyond rather simple specifications of human decision making, (ii) development of coping strategies to deal with (irreducible) uncertainties, (iii) more explicit modeling of feedbacks between the social and ecological systems, and (iv) a conceptual and methodological framework for analyzing and modeling SESs. We provide ideas for tackling some of these challenges and indicate potential key focal areas for SES modeling in the future.
Tunable optical delay line based on integrated grating-assisted contradirectional couplers

Tunable optical delay lines are one of the key building blocks in optical communication and microwave systems. In this work, tunable optical delay lines based on integrated grating-assisted contradirectional couplers are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The device performance is comprehensively improved in terms of parameter optimization, apodization analysis, and electrode design. Tunable group delay lines of 50 ps at different wavelengths within the bandwidth of 12 nm are realized with a grating length of 1.8 mm. Under thermal tuning mode, the actual delay tuning range is around 20 ps at 7.2 V voltage. At last, a new scheme adopting an ultra-compact reflector for doubling group delay is proposed and verified, achieving a large group delay line of 400 ps and a large dispersion value up to 5.5×106 ps/(nm·km) within bandwidth of 12 nm. Under thermal tuning mode, the actual delay tuning range is around 100 ps at 8 V voltage.
The influence of zinc on sperm motility of common carp - a computer assisted studies

The influence of zinc on common carp sperm motility was investigated using a computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) as well as subjective microscopic measurements of time of motility. The analysis by CASA method consisted of 3 parameters - curvilinear velocity (VCL), average path velocity (VAP) and straight line velocity (VSL), The following zinc concentrations were used: 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm. Both, CASA and subjective microscopic observations of sperm motility showed that zinc decreased the motility of sperm, having lethal effects at concentrations of 500 ppm (as analysed by computer assisted methods) or 200 ppm (as evaluated using microscopic observations of time of motility). Moreover, the computer-assisted analysis demonstrated that zinc had the strongest inhibitory influence on VSL, suggesting the possibility of its negative impact on the fertilisation rate. CASA method seems to be more reliable than classical microscopic observation of sperm activity.
Demographic, Bio-Psychological and Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Recidivism at a Central Prison in Zimbabwe

The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with recidivism at a Central Prison in Zimbabwe. A descriptive quantitative cross sectional survey was done. Purposive sampling was used to draw respondents for the study. Data were collected from 30 inmates who had been re-imprisoned. A structured interview was used to collect data. The results revealed that a confluence of complex demographic, biological, economic, social and psychological factors was responsible for occurrence of recidivating or habitual relapse into crime. A recommendation calling for the Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Services to introspect, redefine its operations and refocus its mandate while collaborating with other organizations to intensify rehabilitation and re-integration programmes in prisons was projected.
Race-based Educational, Occupational and Industry Segregation and Wages Gaps in Trinidad and Tobago

As a result of its colonial history the labour market of Trinidad and Tobago is characterized by two majority racial groups of approximately equal number. During colonial times, these racial groups were highly segregated in terms of education, occupation, industry, and sector of work, and the institutionalized disparities in pay were large. This raises the question whether segregation and historical wage gaps still exist and are affected by the government in power. Using labour market survey data from 1999 to 2015, this study provides evidence of race-based educational, occupational, and industry segregation and wage gaps in Trinidad and Tobago’s private and public sectors and their development. Despite its history, aggregate racial educational and occupational segregation is low. With 7%, measured in terms of the KarmelMaclachlan index, it is even lower than respective gender-based segregation over the same period, and it has remained constant over the sample period. Furthermore, the findings suggest that most race-based occupational segregation is a result of prior educational segregation. In aggregate terms the racial wage gap was initially negligible but has been rising over time and shifting from initially favouring ATTs (citizens of Trinidad and Tobago of African origin) tofavouring ITTs (citizens of Trinidad and Tobago of Indian origin). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in segregation and wage gaps across educational attainment levels, occupations, industries, and sectors. Race-based wage gaps appear larger in the public sector, especially for women. Although we cannot control for all unobserved factors, there is also indicative evidence that the party in power affects the racial share of public sector workers and public sector wage gaps. Using quantile regression and decomposition techniques, this study also provides evidence of large heterogeneity in returns to education and a shift in the direction of the average wage gap from favouring ATTs to favouring ITTs along the entire wage distribution.
Teacher motivation for participating in school innovations-supporting factors

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The Future of Purchasing and Supply Management Research: About Relevance and Rigor

The Journal of Supply Chain Management (JSCM) is a hallmark in the academic field of operations and supply chain management. During the past 50 years, it has contributed substantially to the recognition and adoption of purchasing and supply management (PSM) as an academic and strategic business domain. Having been invited by the JSCM editors to provide some ideas on the future directions of PSM research, the authors discuss what can be done to further increase both its relevance and rigor. Rigor and relevance in academic research are interconnected. To improve its relevance, the authors argue that future PSM research should better reflect the strategic priorities raised in the contemporary strategic management literature. Next, future PSM research should be much better embedded in a limited number of management theories. Here, stakeholder theory, network theory, the resource-based view of the firm, dynamic capabilities theory, and the relational view could be considered as interesting candidates. Rigor is connected with robustness of academic research designs and projects. To foster its rigor, future PSM research should allow for an increase in the number of replication studies, longitudinal studies, and meta-analytical studies. Future PSM research designs should reflect a careful distinction between informants and respondents and a careful sample selection. When discussing the results of quantitative studies, future PSM research should report on effect sizes and confidence intervals, rather than p-values. Adoption of these ideas would have some important implications for both the academic PSM community and academic journal editors.
The Sun as a star: observations of white-light flares

Context. Solar flares radiate energy at all wavelengths, but the spectral distribution of this energy is still poorly known. White-light continuum emission is sometimes observed, and these flares are then called “white-light flares” (WLFs). Aims. We investigate if all flares are WLFs and how the radiated energy is distributed spectrally. Methods. We perform a superposed epoch analysis of spectral and total irradiance measurements obtained since 1996 by the SOHO and GOES spacecraft at various wavelengths, from soft X-rays to the visible domain. Results. The long-term record of solar irradiance and the excellent duty cycle of the measurements allow us to detect a signal in visible irradiance even for moderate (C-class) flares mainly during the impulsive phase. We identify this signal as continuum emission emitted by WLFs and find that it is consistent with a blackbody emission at ∼9000 K. We estimate the contribution of the WL continuum for several sets of flares and find it to be about 70% of the total radiated energy. We re-analyse the X17 flare that occurred on 28 October 2003 and find similar results. Conclusions. We show that most of the flares – if not all – are WLFs and that the white-light continuum is the main contributor to the total radiated energy; this continuum is consistent with a blackbody spectrum at ∼9000 K. These observational results are important for understanding the physical mechanisms during flares and possibly suggest a contribution of flares to the variations of the total solar irradiance (TSI).
Classification and identification of bunching onion (Allium fistulosum) varieties based on SSR markers

We investigated the correspondence between classifications based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and on morphological traits for 30 bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) varieties. We also examined applicability of an assignment test for variety identification in bunching onion. Cluster analysis based on the allele frequency data at 29 SSR loci classified most of the varieties except for ‘Iwatsuki-2’ into the predicted variety groups, ‘Kaga’, ‘Senju’ or ‘Kujo’, which were categorized based on morphological traits. Although ‘Iwatsuki-2’ has been regarded as a member of ‘Kaga’ group, molecular data suggested the variety belonging to ‘Kujo’ rather than ‘Kaga’. In the assignment test at the individual level, 89.1% of the individuals were assigned to their original variety. When the assignment was conducted based on groups each consisting of four individuals, the percentage of correct assignments was considerably improved (99.3%). These results suggested that the assignment test approach will be useful for variety identification in allogamous bunching onions, which have large within-variety genetic diversity. On the other hand, it was also suggested that sampling of true source varieties will be fundamental to avoid misjudgment.