Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pupil Absenteeism , Measurement , and Menstruation : Evidence from Kenya

Impact evaluations focused on school absenteeism commonly use school records of untested quality or expensive spot-check data. We use a large dataset on more than 30,000 unannounced random spot-checks for 6,000 female and male students across 30 schools in Western Kenya, with equivalent school record entries. First, we confirm that while absenteeism is common overall, pubescent girls miss more schooldays than boys because of high incidence of school transfers. Second, we test the quality of school records using Cohen’s kappa-coefficient, revealing non-random inconsistencies across the two data sets. Lastly, we conducted a three-arm cluster randomized control trial that provided sanitary products to schoolgirls to reduce absenteeism. Using the school record data, we would draw erroneous conclusions regarding the program treatment effects. Using the spot-check data, we confirm that providing sanitary pads reduces absenteeism by 5.4 percentage points. *Corresponding author Anja Benshaul-Tolonen: atolonen@barnard.edu. Thanks to KEMRI staff who conducted study on day to day. The paper benefited from comments from seminar participants at Fordham University, Princeton University, Columbia University, and the CU Menstrual Health and Gender Justice Working Group. We are grateful for comments from Marc Conte, Alex Eble, Lauren Houghton, Subha Mani, Randall Reback, Marni Sommers, Maria Micaela Sviatschi, Rebecca Thornton, and Inga Winkler, and excellent research assistance by Omaymah Al-Harasheh and Natalia Shalaby.
7.13 A MODIFIED SEBAL MODEL FOR SPATIALLY ESTIMATING PECAN CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE FOR LAS CRUCES, NEW MEXICO

1. ABSTRACT Pecan is an important cash crop in arid southern New Mexico, west Texas and Arizona. However, water use by pecan trees is greater than that of most row crops, except alfalfa. Estimating pecan water use is an important research objective in these arid areas to guide water management. Unfortunately, the point measurement of water use in one pecan orchard cannot provide a complete and accurate estimate for all the orchards in a large area such as a county or state. Numerous point measurements will also be costly and unpractical. A modified SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) spatially estimates pecan water use for Las Cruces New Mexico from available ASTER satellite data. The modified SEBAL model estimates evapotranspiration ( ET ) in terms of energy balance equations. Using the surface temperature and reflectance data from ASTER satellite and weather data from local weather station, the model calculates net radiation, soil and sensible heat flux, and evapotranspiration. Compared with point ET measurements of pecan and alfalfa from 2002 to 2004, the modified SEBAL provides accurate information. The average relative error was 11%, and the average absolute error was 0.47 mm/day. This model provides guidelines for farmers and the government on how to evaluate current water-use schemes.
Virulence Repertoire and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolated from Some Poultry Farms in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt

Received: Revised: Accepted: Published online: August 31, 2018 October 28, 2018 October 29, 2018 January 24, 2019 Poultry are considered the primary source of Campylobacter species infections in people. We aimed to detect various virulence factors of Campylobacter species, using PCR and evaluation of antimicrobial resistance patterns, in a total of 350 samples collected from chickens: 300 samples from dead birds with postmortem lesions, 50 from normal birds. Overall, 170/350 (48.57%) were culture positive for Campylobacter species Among these, 25 (14.7%) isolates were identified as C. jejuni and five (2.94%) as C. coli. All 25 isolates of C. jejuni were confirmed by the presence of 23S rRNA and the species-specific gene mapA; the five C. coli isolates were confirmed by the presence of ceuE. Simplex and multiplex PCR protocols were used to analyze the C. jejuni isolates for the presence of six putative virulence genes: the flagellum encoding gene flaA, the invasion-associated genes iamA and virB11, and the cytotoxin genes cdtA, B and C. These were identified in 3/25 (12%), 2/25 (8%), 3/25 (12%), 25/25 (100%), 0/25 (0.0%), and 0/25 (0.0%), respectively. Among the five C. coli isolates, two (40%) harbored virB11. The 30 Campylobacter isolates were classified into seven groups according to the exhibited antimicrobial resistance patterns, both species expressed high indices of antimicrobial resistance (0.67-0.89). The most effective antimicrobial against both species was amikacin while ciprofloxacin and doxycycline were effective against C. jejuni. Hence, both C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from diseased or healthy poultry constitute a public health concern because of the harbored virulence genes and high resistance to antimicrobials. ©2018 PVJ. All rights reserved
Eudaimonia in the Contemporary Science of Subjective Well-Being: Psychological Well-Being, Self-Determination, and Meaning in Life

: The human pursuit of well-being occupies space that extends beyond simply seeking pleasure, feeling good, and being satisfied. In philosophy, Aristotle introduced the concept of “eudaimonia” to reflect human flourishing as a reflection of virtue and the development of one’s full potential, in contrast to pleasure-centered hedonic well-being. Within psychological science, traditional conceptualizations of subjective well-being have also been expanded to include constructs that capture a more holistic version of well-being. The goal of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of psychological theory and research regarding eudaimonic well-being. I will first briefly review the philosophical underpinnings of eudaimonia. I will then shift focus to the utilization of eudaimonia within modern psychology, first reviewing the ranging definitions and operationalizations of this concept used across the field. Next, I will review theoretical and empirical examinations of eudaimonic well-being in comparison to hedonic conceptualizations of well-being and discussions of limitations to the existing work in this area. In the next section of this chapter, I will provide an overview of the active debate in the field regarding the value vs. costs of maintaining a distinction between eudaimonic and hedonic well-being within psychological science. To end, I will highlight major areas of psychological research falling under the umbrella of eudaimonic well-being, including psychological well-being theory, self-determination theory, and meaning in life. Finally, I will discuss several areas of future research focusing on eudaimonic well-being.
A persistent Metopic Suture – Incidence and Influence on the Frontal Sinus Development (Preliminary Data)

1 Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 2 Department of Scientific Computations, Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 3 Department of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Analysis, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
Development of Strength for CalciumAluminate CementMortars Blended with GGBS

In the present study, the development of strength in different calcium aluminate cement (CAC) mixture mortars with granulated ground blast-furnace slag (GGBS) was investigated. /e substitution of GGBS levels was 0, 20, 40, and 60% weight of binder, of which the CAC used in this study naturally contained C2AS clinker as a secondary phase. To activate a hydraulic nature of the phase, in addition to the mineral additive, all specimens were cured at 35± 2°C for the first 24 hours and then stored in a 95% humidity chamber at 25± 2°C. /e penetration resistance of fresh mortar was measured immediately after pouring, and the mortar compressive strength was monitored for 365 days. Simultaneously, to evaluate the hydration kinetics at early ages, in terms of heat evolution, the calorimetric analysis was performed at the isothermal condition (35°C) for 24 hours. /e hydration behavior in the long term was characterized by X-ray diffraction, which was supported by microscopic observation using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Furthermore, an examination of the pore structure was accompanied to quantify the porosity. As a result, it was found that an increase in the GGBS content in the mixture resulted in an increased setting time, as well as total heat evolved for 24 hours in normalized calorimetry curves. In addition, the strength development of mortar showed a continuous increased value up to 365 days, accounting 43.8–57.5MPa for the mixtures, due to a formation of stratlingite, which was identified at the pastes cured for 365 days using chemical and microscopic analysis. However, GGBS replacement did not affect on the pore size distribution in the cement matrix, except for total intrusion volume.
Al(He) 3+ N Clusters:A Theoretical Study

The geometries and electronic structure of molecular ions containing helium (He) atoms complexed to sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg) and aluminium (Al) cations have been studied computationally using density functional and wavefunction-based methods. The complexation of He atoms depends on the charge on the metal centre. While complexation with Na and Mg is very weak, that with Al is found to be strong. The highest coordination number (N) for AlHe N is found to be 11, which is a true minimum in the potential energy surface. Topological analysis within the realm of quantum theory of atoms in molecules reveals closed-shell interaction in these systems.
A QUANTILE REGRESSION APPROACH WITH MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS

The major perspective of this paper is to provide more evidence into the empirical determinants of capital structure adjustment in different macroeconomics states by focusing and discussing the relative importance of firm-specific and macroeconomic characteristics from an alternative scope in U.S. This study extends the empirical research on the topic of capital structure by focusing on a quantile regression method to investigate the behavior of firm-specific characteristics and macroeconomic variables across all quantiles of distribution of leverage (total debt, long-terms debt and short-terms debt). Thus, based on a partial adjustment model, we find that long-term and short-term debt ratios varying regarding their partial adjustment speeds; the short-term debt raises up while the long-term debt ratio slows down for same periods.
Translaminar Reinforcements in Fiber Composites

Translaminar reinforcements (TLR) are effective means of improving the interlaminar fracture toughness of laminated fiber composites. The three methods to provide such reinforcements are: stitching, z-pinning and three-dimensional weaving. Although TLR are effective in improving the interlaminar fracture toughness, there is an optimum amount of reinforcement that can be provided to a given laminated structure. Excessive reinforcement may weaken the laminate. On the other hand weak reinforcements could be detrimental as they could lead to lowering the stiffness of the structure as the crack propagates. In this paper we review some of the analytical, numerical and experimental methods used to understand the effectiveness of TLR.
Human-Wildlife Conflict in and Around Borena Sayint National Park, Northern Ethiopia

We identified causes, impact, and traditional management measures of human– wildlife conflict (HWC) in and around Borena Sayint National Park, Ethiopia. We employed questionnaires, focus group discussions, direct observations, and key informant interviews to collect data. The respondents perceived an increase in the number of wildlife population (56 respondents; 42.4%) followed by human proximity to park areas (44 respondents; 33.3%) as the main causes of HWC. The respondents perceived leopards (Panthera pardus) and spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) among the top livestock depredators while grivet monkeys (Cercopethicus aethiops) and porcupines (Hystrix cristata) were perceived as notorious crop raiders. Gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) were identified as both crop raiding and livestock depredator wildlife species. A majority of the respondents (113; 85.6%) perceived both crop and livestock damage as impact of wildlife on humans. Guarding was reported as the main traditional measure of conflict management. The incidents have caused economic loss to the livelihood of the local community and have adverse impacts on wildlife conservation. We recommend community-based ecotourism to mitigate the conflict.
A Note on Using the Nonparametric Levene Test When Population Means Are Unequal

This computer simulation study evaluates the robustness of the nonparametric Levene test of equal variances (Nordstokke & Zumbo, 2010) when sampling from populations with unequal (and unknown) means. Testing for population mean differences when population variances are unknown and possibly unequal is often referred to as the Behrens-Fisher problem when the populations are normally distributed, and the generalized Behrens-Fisher problem when the populations are nonnormal. The nonparametric Levene test was developed to overcome reductions in power of the original Levene test of equal variances in the case of the generalized Behrens-Fisher problem. We use a Monte Carlo computer simulation to demonstrate that sampling from populations with unequal and unknown means can lead to incorrect (either inflated or decreased) Type I error rates of the nonparametric Levene test. Centering samples using either sample means or medians does not correct the Type I error rates. This note is intended to make applied researchers aware of this problem when testing for the equality of population variances with the NPL test and in general.
Dynamical footprint of falcipain-2 catalytic triad in hemoglobin-β-bound state

Falcipain-2 (FP-2) is a member of papain family of cysteine proteases and the major hemoglobinase of the hemoglobin detoxification and hemozoin polymerization complex localized in the food vacuole of the plasmodium species. FP-2 is currently gaining clinical significance as the drug target of choice in combating malaria epidemic. Here, a theoretical FP-2/hemoglobin complex has been proposed and the dynamical footprint and energetics of binding have been investigated using molecular and quantum mechanics approaches. The mapped interaction interface comprises residues 34–51 of hemoglobin and cysteine-42/histidine-174/glutamine-36/asparagine-173/204 and subsites S1, S1′, and S3 of FP-2. In hemoglobin-bound FP-2, asparagine-173 preferentially partners histidine-174, while glutamine-36 is preferred in ligand-free state. Cysteine-42 exhibits dihedral switch from 110° to 30° in free and bound states, respectively, with exclusion of water from the binding core upon hemoglobin binding. Hemoglobin similarly exhibits high occupancy within . 2 nm distance with charged amido acid-rich subsites S1 and S3 of FP-2 functioning in tandem to reduce conformational flexibility of hemoglobin and facilitate the formation of a stabilizing anti-parallel β-sheet between Leucine-172-valine-176 of FP-2 and phenylalanine-45-asparate-47 of hemoglobin and to overcome the + 1.13e + 5 eV activation energy required to optimize the FP-2/hemoglobin-β conformation that precedes hydrolysis.
Major Dietary Patterns among Female Adolescent Girls of Talaat Intelligent Guidance School, Tabriz, Iran

Background Increasingly nutritional experts express the necessity of research on dietary patterns to identify numerous modifiable risk factors of disease. This study was conducted to identify major dietary patterns among adolescent girls in Talaat intelligent guidance school, Tabriz, Iran. Methods Among 257 adolescent girls aged 11-15 years, usual dietary intakes were assessed using a 162-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Factor analysis was used to identify major dietary patterns in this Turkish population. Results We identified 6 major dietary patterns:(1) Western pattern high in pizza, meats and fruit juice; (2) Sweat junk foods pattern high in dried fruits, jams, honey and sugar; (3) Asian pattern high in legumes, potato and other vegetables; (4) Salty junk foods pattern high in carrot, puffs and potato chips and (6) Iranian traditional dietary pattern high in hydrogenated fats, garlic and broth. Conclusion Our findings suggested that among the 6 major dietary patterns, Asian-like food was the healthiest one.
Effect of “Following” on Contributions to Open Source Communities

Abstract In this study, we estimate the effect of “online following,” a basic form of online social interaction, on members’ contributions in open source software (OSS) communities, using a unique longitudinal data set containing information on over 4 million OSS developers and their social interactions over 7 years. We find that obtaining new followers in the previous month has a significant positive effect on developers’ level of contribution in the current month. The effect carries over to the next month although the marginal effect decreases. We further find that the effect of new followers on their contribution level is much stronger for freelancers than those with company affiliation. In contrast to the previous literature that posited the existence of non-monetary incentives for developers who contribute to the OSS communities, our result suggests the existence of incentives that are tied to future monetary rewards for developers on these platforms. Our findings have important implications for the OSS platforms as well as the OSS community. OSS platform designers may consult our results to learn about the social features that affect members’ contribution. We also encourage OSS community to use the “following” feature more prominently on OSS platforms to incentivize higher contribution levels to the projects.
Olympus Mountain Marathon and Participants Willingness to Pay for CO 2 Offsetting : The Mediation Effect of Pro-Environmental Consciousness

Background There are sporting events that are held in nature, such as the trail marathons which are one type of small-scale sporting event (SSSE) and have been growing rapidly during the past decade (Peterson et al., 2013). During their training and participation at the event (Du Preez & Heath, 2016), mountain marathon runners interact numerous hours with nature and its features. Runners’ activities can degrade significantly the environmental quality of their running environment. At the same time, the quality of the environment shapes runners’ biospheric values and meanings, through their experiences and connections with it (Jorgensen, 2016; Stern, 2000). However, given the constant exposure of runners to the natural environment and their degree of bonding with it, not enough is known about their pro-environmental consciousness (PEC) levels and behaviors towards environmentalism. Therefore, it is critical to understand how a natural setting determines peoples’ intentions to protect the natural environment and how is forming their PEC. As it has been recorded in the literature, the most effective pro-environmental behavior is the voluntary carbon offsetting (VCO) (Mair, 2011; Peterson et al., 2013), and therefore, the willingness to pay (WTP) for VCO represented the behavioral intentions of people in this study (Ajzen, 1991).
Puberty suppression in adolescents with gender identity disorder: a prospective follow-up study.

INTRODUCTION Puberty suppression by means of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) is used for young transsexuals between 12 and 16 years of age. The purpose of this intervention is to relieve the suffering caused by the development of secondary sex characteristics and to provide time to make a balanced decision regarding actual gender reassignment. AIM To compare psychological functioning and gender dysphoria before and after puberty suppression in gender dysphoric adolescents. METHODS Of the first 70 eligible candidates who received puberty suppression between 2000 and 2008, psychological functioning and gender dysphoria were assessed twice: at T0, when attending the gender identity clinic, before the start of GnRHa; and at T1, shortly before the start of cross-sex hormone treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Behavioral and emotional problems (Child Behavior Checklist and the Youth-Self Report), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety and anger (the Spielberger Trait Anxiety and Anger Scales), general functioning (the clinician's rated Children's Global Assessment Scale), gender dysphoria (the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale), and body satisfaction (the Body Image Scale) were assessed. RESULTS Behavioral and emotional problems and depressive symptoms decreased, while general functioning improved significantly during puberty suppression. Feelings of anxiety and anger did not change between T0 and T1. While changes over time were equal for both sexes, compared with natal males, natal females were older when they started puberty suppression and showed more problem behavior at both T0 and T1. Gender dysphoria and body satisfaction did not change between T0 and T1. No adolescent withdrew from puberty suppression, and all started cross-sex hormone treatment, the first step of actual gender reassignment. CONCLUSION Puberty suppression may be considered a valuable contribution in the clinical management of gender dysphoria in adolescents.
Color Doppler Imaging of the Orbital Vessels in Ankylosing Spondylitis

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the hemodynamic features of orbital blood flow velocities using Doppler ultrasonography in ankylosing spondiylitis (AS) patients, as well as to compare these results with those of healthy controls. Methods: 33 AS patients and 32 healthy controls were consecutively included in the study groups. The same radiologist performed ocular blood flow measurements. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistive index (RI) were measured in the central retinal artery (CRA), posterior ciliary arteries (PCAs), and ophthalmic artery (OA). Resistive index was used to assess arterial resistance; it was automatically calculated as RI [(PSV–EDV)/PSV]. Results: There were no significant differences in the PSV, EDV, and RI of the OA, CRA, and PCAs between AS patients and controls. Conclusion: This result suggests no possible contributory role of vascular structures in formation of uveitis in AS. We believe that our preliminary results need to be complemented with further studies, particularly including AS patients with uveitis and rheumatic diseases with other ocular involvement.
SUBSCRIBED POWER – TESTING NEW POWER BASED NETWORK TARIFFS STIMULATING FOR DEMAND RESPONSE

This paper describes results from the national research and demonstration project DeVID (Demonstration and Verification of Intelligent Distribution Grids) in Norway. The project aims at demonstrating new smart grid technologies and methods for distribution networks, including how Demand Response can be realized through economic incentives, technologies and a new network tariff called "Subscribed power". Results from the testing of the network tariff "subscribed power" at household customers in two different locations in Norway are described in this paper.