Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DCT Difference Modulation(DCTDM) Image Steganography

Many different carrier ﬁle formats can be used to pursue steganography, but digital imagesare the most popular because of their frequency over the Internet. In this work a new trans-form domain image steganography method has been proposed which embeds secret messageby modulating adjacent DCT coefﬁcient differences. This approach works for both GrayScale and RGB images in both uncompressed and lossless compressed domain , yieldinga high performance in terms of embedding capacity,imperceptibility and resistivity againstsome of the well-known steganalysis methods.Experimental results demonstrate the effec-tiveness and accuracy of the proposed technique in terms of security of hidden data andvarious image similarity metrics.
Lexical verbs in academic discourse: a corpus-driven study of learner use

The main objective of this chapter is to give a detailed description of the use of lexical verbs in L2 learners' academic writing compared to both expert and novice native writing. The investigation is based on expert and learner corpora of academic writing and the method is corpus-driven rather than corpus-based, i.e. 'relies heavily on data and (largely) automatic procedures' (De Cock 2003:197) (cf. also Tognini-Bonelli 2001). The investigation attempts to tackle the following questions: Which (categories of) verbs do learners use in their EAP writing? Is the set of EAP verbs used by L2 learners different from that of both expert and novice native users? Do L2 writers use EAP verbs in their typical lexico-grammatical patterning?
Penerapan Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasional Dalam Manajemen PAUD di Kecamatan Sidorejo Salatiga

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuktikan bahwa gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dapat diterapkan dan bagaimana penerapannya di manajemen PAUD di Kecamatan Sidorejo Salatiga. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif pengambilan sample dengan menggunakan teknik Purposive. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Banyak fenomena yang peneliti temukan di beberapa taman kanak-kanak di kota Salatiga seperti contoh : banyak guru yang mengundurkan diri setiap tahunnya, kurangnya motivasi dan kesadaran akan tugasnya sebagai guru atau melakukan tugas hanya karena imbalan atau adanya hukuman, serta kurangnya kepercayaan dan kesetiaan kepada lembaga sekolah. Dengan penerapan gaya kepemimpinan transformasional ini, memberikan beberapa dampak positif yaitu, kepala sekolah menjadi teladan, mendorong kinerja bawahan, mengharmoniskan lingkungan kerja, memberdayakan karyawan, bertindak atas sistem nilai, meningkatkan kemampuannya secara terus menerus, dan memiliki kemampuan untuk menghadapi situasi yang rumit. Jadi dengan penelitian ini, penulis berharap gaya kepemimpinan transformasional ini bisa diterapkan di lembaga sekolah yang belum menggunakan gaya kepemimpinan ini, terutama lembaga anak usia dini karena hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gaya kepemimpinan transformasional sangat efektif diterapkan pada manajemen PAUD. Kata kunci: Anak Usia Dini, Gaya Kepemimpinan, Transformasional.
A mathematical foundation for software process control

A novel approach to model the system test phase of the software life cycle is presented. This approach is based on concepts and techniques from control theory and is useful in computing the effort required to reduce the number of errors and the schedule slippage under a changing process environment. Results from these computations are used, and possibly revised, at specific checkpoints in a feedback-control structure to meet the schedule and quality objectives. The revisions are based on an algorithm to calibrate parameters of the model and to compute an estimate of the initial number of errors in a software product. The mathematical foundation of the model, and the calibration technique used, constitutes a basis to extrapolate the application of the work presented here. The model is validated both statically and dynamically. The static validation is carried out by a extremal case analysis and by a sensitivity analysis using a tensor product approach. The dynamic validation consists of two case studies. One study uses data reported by Knuth when developing TEX 78 and the second study uses data from a large commercial project. The outcome from these two studies, combined with the results from the extremal and sensitivity analysis, suggests that the proposed model might well be the first significant milestone along the road to a formal and practical theory of software process control.
Instantaneous and frequency-warped techniques for source separation and signal parametrization

This paper summarizes several contributions to the study of audio signal parameterization and source separation. The philosophy of frequency-warped signal processing provides powerful means for separating the AM and FM contributions to the MS bandwidth of a complex-valued, frequency-varying sinusoid p[n], transforming it into a signal with slowly-varying parameters. The use of frequency- and harmonic-locked loops to track the phase variation of analytic signals provides the necessary accurate instantaneous frequency information to drive frequency-warped filtering.
Selective Grammatical Convergence: Learning From Desirable Speakers

Models of language learning often assume that we learn from all the input we receive. This assumption is particularly strong in the domain of short-term and long-term grammatical convergence, where researchers argue that grammatical convergence is mostly an automatic process insulated from social factors. This article shows that the degree to which individuals learn from grammatical input is modulated by social and contextual factors, such as the degree to which the speaker is liked and their social standing. Furthermore, such modulation is found in experiments that test generalized learning rather than convergence during the interaction. This article thus shows the importance of the social context in grammatical learning and indicates that the social context should be integrated into models of language learning.
Reconciling university teacher beliefs to create learning designs for LMS environments

Learning management systems (LMS) serve as the primary online technology for student learning in many universities. Although they are only one 'solution', they are often regarded as all encompassing. How university teachers reconcile their beliefs about such technologies with their pedagogical beliefs remains a relatively unexplored area. This study draws on three cases from various disciplines to uncover faculty beliefs about the roles, affordances and limitations of these technologies and how each teacher adapted these to their learning designs within an LMS environment. The overall aim is to reveal the relationship between teacher beliefs and learning designs for web technologies such as LMS. This research contributes to the conceptual understandings that underpin faculty teacher development for technology integration. It provides insightful accounts of the kinds of teacher beliefs that underlie effective learning designs for quite large classes. The resultant stories themselves hold great potential to promote reflection and discourse on the use of technologies in university teaching.
Conservative decision-making and interference in uncertain dynamical systems

The demand for automated decision making, learning and inference in uncertain, risk sensitive and dynamically changing situations presents a challenge: to design computational approaches that promise to be widely deployable and flexible to adapt on the one hand, while offering reliable guarantees on safety on the other. The tension between these desiderata has created a gap that, in spite of intensive research and contributions made from a wide range of communities, remains to be filled. This represents an intriguing challenge that provided motivation for much of the work presented in this thesis. With these desiderata in mind, this thesis makes a number of contributions towards the development of algorithms for automated decision-making and inference under uncertainty. To facilitate inference over unobserved effects of actions, we develop machine learning approaches that are suitable for the construction of models over dynamical laws that provide uncertainty bounds around their predictions. As an example application for conservative decision-making, we apply our learning and inference methods to control in uncertain dynamical systems. Owing to the uncertainty bounds, we can derive performance guarantees of the resulting learning-based controllers. Furthermore, our simulations demonstrate that the resulting decision-making algorithms are effective in learning and controlling under uncertain dynamics and can outperform alternative methods. Another set of contributions is made in multi-agent decision-making which we cast in the general framework of optimisation with interaction constraints. The constraints necessitate coordination, for which we develop several methods. As a particularly challenging application domain, our exposition focusses on collision avoidance. Here we consider coordination both in discrete-time and continuous-time dynamical systems. In the continuous-time case, inference is required to ensure that decisions are made that avoid collisions with adjustably high certainty even when computation is inevitably finite. In both discrete-time and finite-time settings, we introduce conservative decision-making. That is, even with finite computation, a coordination outcome is guaranteed to satisfy collision-avoidance constraints with adjustably high confidence relative to the current uncertain model. Our methods are illustrated in simulations in the context of collision avoidance in graphs, multi-commodity flow problems, distributed stochastic model-predictive control, as well as in collision-prediction and avoidance in stochastic differential systems. Finally, we provide an example of how to combine some of our different methods into a multi-agent predictive controller that coordinates learning agents with uncertain beliefs over their dynamics. Utilising the guarantees established for our learning algorithms, the resulting mechanism can provide collision avoidance guarantees relative to the a posteriori epistemic beliefs over the agents’ dynamics.
Human Head Size and SAR Characteristics for Handset Exposure

Using scaled models for an anatomical head model and a simple head model, we investigated the effects of head size on specific absorption rate characteristics for two mobile phones operating at 835 MHz and 1765 MHz. Our results showed that a larger head produced a higher localized SAR at 835 MHz. However, at 1765 MHz, the differences among the head models were insignificant since the superficial absorption was dominant over the effects of head shape and size. A larger head produced a lower whole‐head averaged SAR at both frequencies.
Improving the delivery quality of MPEG video streams by using Differentiated Services

The MPEG format is becoming attractive for the distribution of audio and video over the Internet because of its wide adoption. Nevertheless, the quality perceived by a user of a video transmission may be strongly degraded by indiscriminate discards of packets under the best-effort model. The Differentiated Services (DS) architecture proposes to overcome the limitations for quality of service (QoS) provisioning of today's best-effort Internet. This paper provides a quantitative study and assessment through simulation on how a DS mechanism can improve the delivery quality of MPEG video streams. We use a drop differentiation mechanism to avoid the error propagation effect of a dropped packet in the hierarchical structure of frames in MPEG systems. Results show that the drop differentiation mechanism improves the delivery quality of MPEG video streams while avoiding the waste of network resources, even under heavy load conditions.
ORTEP , A Fortran Thermal-Ellipsoids Plot Program for Crystal Structure Illustrations

HARDING, M. M. & LONG, H. A. (1968). Acta Cryst. B24, 1096. • JOHNSON, C. K. (1965). ORTEP, A Fortran ThermalEllipsoids Plot Program for Crystal Structure Illustrations. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. LAKSHIMINARAYANAN, A. V. , SASISEKHARAN, V. & RAMACHANDRAN, G. N. (1967). International Symposium of Conformation of Biopolymers. A study of the conformation of amino acids. Univ. of Madras, India. MALLIKARJUNAN, M. & THYAGARAJA RAO, S. (1969). Acta Cryst. B25, 296. PARTHASARATHY, R. (1966). Acta Cryst. 21, 422. PHILLIPS, D. C. (1954). Acta Cryst. 7, 746. THYAGARAJA RAO, S. (1968). The Molecular Structure of Amino Acids. Edited by G. U. GURSKAYA, p.35. New York: Consultants Bureau. TSUBOI, M. , TAKENISHI, T. & IITAKA, Y. (1959). Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 32, 305. WILSON, A.J . C. (1942). Nature, Lond. 150, 151.
Cross‐Layer Resource Allocation in Multi‐interface Multi‐channel Wireless Multi‐hop Networks

In this paper, an analytical framework is proposed for the optimization of network performance through joint congestion control, channel allocation, rate allocation, power control, scheduling, and routing with the consideration of fairness in multi‐channel wireless multi‐hop networks. More specifically, the framework models the network by a generalized network utility maximization (NUM) problem under an elastic link data rate and power constraints. Using the dual decomposition technique, the NUM problem is decomposed into four subproblems — flow control; next‐hop routing; rate allocation and scheduling; power control; and channel allocation — and finally solved by a low‐complexity distributed method. Simulation results show that the proposed distributed algorithm significantly improves the network throughput and energy efficiency compared with previous algorithms.
Generic Earthquake Simulator

Many of the papers in this topical issue concern earthquake simulators and their results. The goals and history of the project leading to this work are described in the preface to this topical issue. Earthquake simulators are computer programs that use physics of stress transfer and frictional resistance to describe earthquake sequences. Some are capable of generating long earthquake histories on many faults. They necessarily adopt a variety of simplifications to make computation feasible. The amount of detail computed within individual earthquakes depends on the simulator. None of those capable of generating long histories includes elastodynamics, but some make approximations of it. Nevertheless, seismic waves are not computed in any of the many‐fault simulators focused on here. The faults are typically approximated by many rectangular elements, although the future use of triangles would allow more accurate representation of curved fault surfaces. This paper briefly describes the features that are common to all of the earthquake simulators discussed in this topical issue of SRL . Following it are four papers (Pollitz, 2012; Richards‐Dinger and Dieterich, 2012; Sachs et al. , 2012; Ward, 2012) authored by each of the groups, which present features of their simulator that go beyond this generic description. Results from using these simulators are not presented in those papers but are contained within a subsequent paper (Tullis et al. , 2012) that compares the results of using these five simulators on an all‐California fault model, allcal2. A detailed description of this fault model can be found at http://scec.usc. edu/research/eqsims/, and the formats used for input and output by our group are described by Barall (2012). ### Fault Geometry and Slip Rates UCERF …
Empirical evidence and theoretical reasoning in generative grammar

Abstract In his paper “Data in generative grammar: the stick and the carrot”, Sam Featherston offers an interesting plea for a change in linguistic methodology. He criticizes the “inadequate praxis” of the majority of generative linguists to use their own intuitive judgments as evidence for their syntactic hypotheses. He claims that with this bad scientific practice, which has not changed in the thirty years after Greenbaum's (1977) harsh criticism of “dubious” empirical reasoning, generative linguists are producing unsatisfactory work and are thus undermining the reputation of syntax. On the basis of their introspective judgments, they have stated wrong empirical generalizations and, as a consequence, suggested inadequate theoretical accounts. As an alternative for the better he postulates “that theory building requires a better basis than this” and calls upon generative linguists to take more care with their data and to subject their theoretical claims to objective empirical tests such as acceptability rating experiments which are carried out with multiple informants, permit multiple degrees of well-formedness, and use multiple lexical variants of the structures to be checked. He illustrates the benefits of this empirical strategy with experiments on object-related anaphors in German as well as on that-trace and superiority effects in German, and thereby demonstrates how syntacticians have been led astray by their intuitive judgments.
Grammar and second language teaching : a book of readings

tion. First, not all bird songs are genetically imprinted. The song of the bullfinch, for instance, is learned from its father, no matter what that song may be (Lewontin et al., 1984, p. 256). Second, as I understand the principles of genetics, the idea in reproducing is to create heterogeneity in the gene pool. Consanguinity, as the royal houses of Europe have discovered, ultimately gives rise to recessive diseases. Wouldn't the gene responsible for reproduction, assuming there is such a gene, want us to breed with outsiders to enhance the vigor of the gene pool rather than constrain us to our own kind? Moreover, if all humans are genetically identical for a particular trait, as Scovel assumes for accentless speech, it is impossible to empirically verify the existence of the responsible gene, again assuming one exists. For genetics to detect the presence of a gene, mutations must arise in the population. In this case the mutants would be individuals who successfully acquired accentless speech after puberty. But Scovel rejects the existence of precisely these individuals in the general population and discredits those studies that attest to their presence. Thus, if there are no mutants, Scovel's claim on the genetic origins of accentless speech is empirically unverifiable. To be fair, he does reluctantly acknowledge the statistical possibility that . 13% of the population might be free of critical period constraints, and, thus, somewhat serendipitously, allows for a minute number of the requisite mutants.
An Emerging Picture of Mathematicians' Use of Electronic Resources

ABSTRACT This study presents the results of an e-mail survey of mathematics faculty, instructors and graduate students concerning the effect of the withdrawal of print volumes of core mathematics journals from the University of Arizona Science-Engineering Library that are available through JSTOR. Reported use and preferences for access of these core mathematics journals are given. Comments are included from those mathematicians who reported being affected by the removal of print journals from the library in the context of assumptions about how mathematicians locate and use information. Results of this study reiterate the results of the previous studies on the preferences and usage of electronic resources. In this regard, the responses of the University of Arizona mathematics community is typical of mathematicians elsewhere, especially at research institutions.
Creating Microworlds for Exploring Mathematical Understandings in the Early Years of School

This article will describe the strategies and interactions of pairs of Year 2 children (average age 7 years 4 months) while they worked on novel tasks in a computer microworld embedded in a mathematics curriculum. The curriculum encouraged the active exploration of ideas in both on and off computer tasks, which complemented each other. Observations of the children supported the notion that the active construction of knowledge in a computer supported collaborative learning context, enabled the children to engage with powerful ideas and use metastrategic strategies. Further their spontaneous comments and persistence with tasks indicated a high level of interest and enthusiasm for these tasks in preference to those that traditionally characterize mathematical activity.
COMPUTER FAMILIARITY AND TEST PERFORMANCE ON A COMPUTER-BASED CLOZE ESL READING ASSESSMENT

Researchers have raised questions regarding the connection between learner familiarity with computers and performance on computerized tests virtually since interest arose in studying the applicability of computers for assessment purposes. However, despite this longstanding attention, at present, there has been a surprising lack of research that explores the connection between computer familiarity and performance on computerized tests that fall outside of the traditional multiple-choice discrete-point tests that have historically predominated in the fielf of testing and
Perceived importance of native language use in service encounters

Despite the importance of interactions in services, the role language plays in services is an under-researched field. This paper outlines for which services language is especially important. Consistent across studies in three countries (Belgium, Canada and Finland), the findings suggest that bilingual consumers find it particularly important to be served in their native language in high-involvement services. Moreover, for high-involvement services, all consumers find it important to be served in their native language. For low-involvement services, elderly consumers are less willing to switch language than young consumers. The importance of native language use did not differ between males and females.
Information systems issues in a global society: a comparison between the US and India

Key management information systems (MIS) issues in the US are compared to those in India. The important MIS issues in India are more operational in nature compared to the issues in the US, which are more strategic. Specifically, various critical issues such as the education of managers and MIS personnel, lack of human resources, and problems of hardware, software and data were ranked in order of importance by knowledgeable groups in the two countries. They consisted of top-level and middle-level Indian managers knowledgeable in computers and MIS, US information system executives and corporate general managers. <<ETX>>
Basic English Writing: A Classroom Experiment In Student-Oriented Design And Textbook

Basic English Writing (BEW) courses have been part of English learning curricula in many universities. Some research has been conducted to investigate various class designs for English language courses. However, class designs for English writing are not yet abundantly developed to provide more experimental results. The purpose of this study was to experiment with a class design in accordance with a student-orient textbook. It explored the learning effect of beginning writers who participated in an experiment of the student-oriented class design and textbook. Participants included native Chinese seniors, taking Basic English Writing (BEW) classes. They were intermediate level students in terms of English proficiency. The study was conducted with two groups and it lasted 18 weeks. The two groups were evaluated by a final writing test. The final writing test was analyzed with four variables included in text analysis and an untried variable included in grammar. The results indicated that the class design helped the participants learn basic writing skills and apply them more frequently in their compositions at the end of the experiment. This design and textbook may be an easier and more systematic teaching strategy for BEW teachers.