Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A short history of the study of the interAction between oculomotor control And shifts of visuAl Attention

The study of the neural mechanisms underlying visual attention has been bound up with the study of oculomotor control for almost as long as both have been investigated scientifically. Before the 1970s, most knowledge about the neural mechanisms of visual attention and oculomotor control was derived from lesion studies in animals and from clinical case reports. The phenomenon of contralateral inattention following posterior parietal lobe injury in humans was well documented, but it did not seem possible to approach the study of the neural substrates of visual attention directly, given the technological limitations of the time. However, in the early 1970s, several laboratories began the study of the activity of single neurons in monkeys that were alert and performing learned behavioral tasks, including tasks involving voluntary eye movements and involving shifts of visual attention. A group at Johns Hopkins proposed that 43 oculomotor control and shifts of Visual attention some neurons in posterior parietal cortex participated in the initiation and control of visually-guided saccadic eye movements and visual pursuit movements, while another group argued that all neural activity in the posterior parietal lobe was related to visual attention rather than oculomotor control, and that only the frontal eye field, located in prefrontal association cortex, participated in active oculomotor control. From this difference of interpretation grew more than thirty years of active investigation and discussion that has involved many different laboratories as they worked toward further understanding of the neural circuitry underlying visual attention and oculomotor control. Neurophysiological, neuroanatomical, and functional imaging studies have led to the present concept of cortico-cortical networks which incorporate nodes that play a role in both oculomotor and visual attention functions. In fact, recent research results suggest that the functions of visual attention and oculomotor control may be inextricably linked with one another perhaps two sides of the same coin. The present paper is intended to be a brief historical overview of the development of some of the current concepts of the interaction between the neural mechanisms of attention and those of oculomotor control.
Effects of two weeks of daily apnea training on diving response, spleen contraction, and erythropoiesis in novel subjects

Three potentially protective responses to hypoxia have been reported to be enhanced in divers: (1) the diving response, (2) the blood‐boosting spleen contraction, and (3) a long‐term enhancement of hemoglobin concentration (Hb). Longitudinal studies, however, have been lacking except concerning the diving response. Ten untrained subjects followed a 2‐week training program with 10 maximal effort apneas per day, with pre‐ and posttraining measurements during three maximal duration apneas, and an additional post‐training series when the apneic duration was kept identical to that before training. Cardiorespiratory parameters and venous blood samples were collected across tests, and spleen diameters were measured via ultrasound imaging. Maximal apneic duration increased by 44 s (P < 0.05). Diving bradycardia developed 3 s earlier and was more pronounced after training (P < 0.05). Spleen contraction during apneas was similar during all tests. The arterial hemoglobin desaturation (SaO2) nadir after apnea was 84% pretraining and 89% after the duration‐mimicked apneas post‐training (P < 0.05), while it was 72% (P < 0.05) after maximal apneas post‐training. Baseline Hb remained unchanged after training, but reticulocyte count increased by 15% (P < 0.05). We concluded that the attenuated SaO2 decrease during mimic apneas was due mainly to the earlier and more pronounced diving bradycardia, as no enhancement of spleen contraction or Hb had occurred. Increased reticulocyte count suggests augmented erythropoiesis.
Effect of chlorhexidine cavity disinfection on microleakage in cavities restored with composite using a self-etching single bottle adhesive

Aims: This study evaluated the effect of 2% chlorhexidine cavity disinfectant on microleakage in class II cavities restored with light cured composites using a single bottle adhesive in an in vitro model. Materials and Methods: Proximal box cavities were prepared on mesial and distal surfaces of 40 non carious mandibular third molars, resulting in total of 80 cavities. Forty cavities on were rinsed with normal saline and 40 cavities were rinsed with 2% chlorhexidine cavity disinfectant. All cavities were restored with a single bottle adhesive and nano hybrid composite resin. Microleakage was evaluated at the gingival margin using methylene blue dye penetration method. Results and Conclusion: Chlorhexidine cavity disinfectants produced significantly higher microleakage while restoring the cavities using a self-etching single bottle adhesive.
Neural stem cell self‐renewal requires the Mrj co‐chaperone

The Mrj co‐chaperone is expressed throughout the mouse conceptus, yet its requirement for placental development has prohibited a full understanding of its embryonic function. Here, we show that Mrj−/− embryos exhibit neural tube defects independent of the placenta phenotype, including exencephaly and thin‐walled neural tubes. Molecular analyses revealed fewer proliferating cells and a down‐regulation of early neural progenitor (Pax6, Olig2, Hes5) and neuronal (Nscl2, SCG10) cell markers in Mrj−/− neuroepithelial cells. Furthermore, Mrj−/− neurospheres are significantly smaller and form fewer secondary neurospheres indicating that Mrj is necessary for self‐renewal of neural stem cells. However, the molecular function of Mrj in this context remains elusive because Mrj does not colocalize with Bmi‐1, a self‐renewal protein. Furthermore, unlike in Mrj−/− placentas, intermediate filament‐containing aggregates do not accumulate in Mrj−/− neuroepithelium, ruling out nestin as a substrate for Mrj. Regardless, Mrj plays an important role in neural stem cell self‐renewal. Developmental Dynamics 238:2564–2574, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long non-coding RNA repertoire and regulation by nuclear exosome, cytoplasmic exonuclease and RNAi in fission yeast

Transcriptomes feature pervasive, but poorly defined long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). We identify 5775 novel lncRNAs in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, nearly 4-times the previously annotated lncRNAs. Most lncRNAs become derepressed under genetic and physiological perturbations, especially during late meiosis. These lncRNAs are targeted by three RNA-processing pathways: the nuclear exosome, cytoplasmic exonuclease and RNAi, with substantial coordination and redundancy among pathways. We classify lncRNAs into cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs), Xrn1-sensitive unstable transcripts (XUTs), and Dicer-sensitive unstable transcripts (DUTs). XUTs and DUTs are enriched for antisense lncRNAs, while CUTs are often bidirectional and actively translated. The cytoplasmic exonuclease and RNAi repress thousands of meiotically induced RNAs. Antisense lncRNA and sense mRNA expression often negatively correlate in the physiological, but not the genetic conditions. Intergenic and bidirectional lncRNAs emerge from nucleosome-depleted regions, upstream of positioned nucleosomes. This broad survey of the S. pombe lncRNA repertoire and characteristics provides a rich resource for functional analyses.
Differential structural status of the RNA counterpart of an undecamer quasi-palindromic DNA sequence present in LCR of human β-globin gene cluster

Our previous work on structural polymorphism shown at a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (A→G) site located on HS4 region of locus control region (LCR) of β-globin gene has established a hairpin→duplex equilibrium corresponding to A→B like DNA transition (Kaushik M, Kukreti, R., Grover, D., Brahmachari, S.K. and Kukreti S. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003; Kaushik M, Kukreti S. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006). The G-allele of A→G SNP has been shown to be significantly associated with the occurrence of β-thalassemia. Considering the significance of this 11-nt long quasi-palindromic sequence [5′-TGGGG(G/A)CCCCA; HP(G/A)11] of β-globin gene LCR, we further explored the differential behavior of the same DNA sequence with its RNA counterpart, using various biophysical and biochemical techniques. In contrast to its DNA counterpart exhibiting a A→B structural transition and an equilibrium between duplex and hairpin forms, the studied RNA oligonucleotide sequence [5′-UGGGG(G/A)CCCCA; RHP(G/A)11] existed only in duplex form (A-conformation) and did not form hairpin. The single residue difference from A to G led to the unusual thermal stability of the RNA structure formed by the studied sequence. Since, naturally occurring mutations and various SNP sites may stabilize or destabilize the local DNA/RNA secondary structures, these structural transitions may affect the gene expression by a change in the protein–DNA recognition patterns.
Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotion by Patients with Dementia of the Alzheimer Type

Bilateral amygdala damage has been linked with an inability to recognise facial expressions of emotion, particularly the expression of fear. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suffer from atrophy of the amygdala at an early stage of the disease. It was therefore predicted that AD patients would have more difficulty in two tasks of processing facial expressions of emotion. Thirteen patients diagnosed with probable AD referred to the Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA) and 13 age-matched controls enrolled in the programme participated in the study. Participants were shown two tasks, one involved recognising and labelling a target expression, the other matching a target expression with one of four others. The results showed that compared with the controls, the patients were not impaired in recognising any facial expressions of emotion in the labelling task, but were impaired in matching three facial expressions of emotion in the second task. It was speculated that the impairment in the matching task could have been a result of visuospatial dysfunction rather than one of processing emotions.
Marine Radiocarbon Evidence for the Mechanism of Deglacial Atmospheric CO2 Rise

We reconstructed the radiocarbon activity of intermediate waters in the eastern North Pacific over the past 38,000 years. Radiocarbon activity paralleled that of the atmosphere, except during deglaciation, when intermediate-water values fell by more than 300 per mil. Such a large decrease requires a deglacial injection of very old waters from a deep-ocean carbon reservoir that was previously well isolated from the atmosphere. The timing of intermediate-water radiocarbon depletion closely matches that of atmospheric carbon dioxide rise and effectively traces the redistribution of carbon from the deep ocean to the atmosphere during deglaciation.
GODARD BLIND EQUALIZER ERROR SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS : WHITE , ZERO-MEAN , BINARY SOURCE CASE

We study the Godard/CMA error surface in adapting the impulse response coefficients of a finite-length, tapped-delay-line filter to equalize a white, zero-mean, binary (21) source that suffers IS1 due to a linear channel. Our results arise primarily from examination of the expressions for the gradient and the Hessian in the baud-spaced equalizer parameter space of the cost-function in this particular setting. This paper presents results useful in topological assessment of procedures for initializing a gradient descent algorithm on this multimodal surface in the equalizer parameter space.
Prevalence of periodontal conditions among public-funded dental patients in Australia.

BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to describe periodontal health status by gender, type of care, geographic location and age and to investigate associations of these factors with tooth loss. METHODS In 1995-96, state and territory dental services surveyed a random sample of 6,109 public-funded patients. Dentists recorded oral health status at the initial visit of a course of care, using written instructions but without formal calibration. Periodontal status was assessed using the community periodontal index of treatment needs. RESULTS Prevalence of periodontal conditions among dentate patients was higher among older, male, emergency and urban patients (chi2; p<0.05). Age-specific edentulism was lower for male, emergency and urban patients (chi2; p<0.05). Numbers of missing teeth were lower for younger, non-emergency and urban patients (Anova; p<0.05). Prevalence of periodontal pockets 6mm or more was associated with gender, type of care, geographic location, age and number of missing teeth (logistic regression; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of severe periodontal conditions was lower in 1995-96 compared with public-funded patients in 1984 and 1992-93, but prevalence of periodontal health remained lower than the general population in 1987-88. A survivor effect may result in lower recording of severe periodontal conditions among subgroups with higher tooth loss.
Sensitivity of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) early life stages to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐P‐dioxin and 3,3′,4,4′,5‐pentachlorobiphenyl

The aquatic food web of the Great Lakes has been contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) since the mid‐20th century. Threats of PCB exposures to long‐lived species of fish, such as lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), have been uncertain because of a lack of information on the relative sensitivity of the species. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity of early–life stage lake sturgeon to 3,3′,4,4′,5‐pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB‐126) or 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Mortality, growth, morphological and tissue pathologies, swimming performance, and activity levels were used as assessment endpoints. Pericardial and yolk sac edema, tubular heart, yolk sac hemorrhaging, and small size were the most commonly observed pathologies in both TCDD and PCB‐126 exposures, beginning as early as 4 d postfertilization, with many of these pathologies occurring in a dose‐dependent manner. Median lethal doses for PCB‐126 and TCDD in lake sturgeon were 5.4 ng/g egg (95% confidence interval, 3.9–7.4 ng/g egg) and 0.61 ng/g egg (0.47–0.82 ng/g egg), respectively. The resulting relative potency factor for PCB‐126 (0.11) was greater than the World Health Organization estimate for fish (toxic equivalency factor = 0.005), suggesting that current risk assessments may underestimate PCB toxicity toward lake sturgeon. Swimming activity and endurance were reduced in lake sturgeon survivors from the median lethal doses at 60 d postfertilization. Threshold and median toxicity values indicate that lake sturgeon, like other Acipenser species, are more sensitive to PCB and TCDD than the other genus of sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus, found in North America. Indeed, lake sturgeon populations in the Great Lakes and elsewhere are susceptible to PCB/TCDD‐induced developmental toxicity in embryos and reductions in swimming performance. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:988–998. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Association between the A107V substitution in the δ‐opioid receptors and ethanol drinking in mice selected for high and low analgesia

Experimental evidence suggests that endogenous opioids play an important role in the development of ethanol addiction. In this study, we employed two mouse lines divergently bred for opioid‐mediated stress‐induced analgesia. In comparison with HA (high analgesia line) mice, LA (low analgesia line) mice, having lower opioid receptor system activity, manifest enhanced basal as well as stress‐induced ethanol drinking. Here, we found that recently discovered C320T transition in exon 2 of the δ‐opioid receptor gene (EU446125.1), which results in an A107V substitution (ACA23171.1), leads to higher ethanol preference in CT mice compared with CC homozygotes. This genetic association is particularly evident under chronic mild stress (CMS) conditions. The interaction between stress and ethanol intake was significantly stronger in HA than in LA mice. Ethanol almost completely attenuated the pro‐depressive effect of CMS (assessed with the tail suspension test) in both the CC and CT genotypes in the HA line. In the LA mice, a lack of response to ethanol was observed in the CC genotype, whereas ethanol consumption strengthened depressive‐like behaviours in CT individuals. Our results suggest that constitutively active A107V substitution in δ‐opioid receptors may be involved in stress‐enhanced vulnerability to ethanol abuse and in the risk of ethanol dependence.
Anterior regeneration after fission in the holothurian Cladolabes schmeltzii (Dendrochirotida: Holothuroidea)

The regeneration of the anterior portion of the body after fission was studied in the holothurian Cladolabes schmeltzii using electron microscopy methods. Following fission, the posterior portion of the digestive tube, cloaca, and respiratory trees remain in the posterior fragment of the body. The regeneration comprises five stages. In the first stage, connective‐tissue thickening (an anlage of the aquapharyngeal bulb) occurs on the anterior end between the torn‐off ends of the ambulacra. Most of the lost anterior organs developed in the second and third stages. The structures of water‐vascular system and nerve ring form through dedifferentiation, proliferation, and migration of cells of the radial water‐vascular canals and the radial nerve cords, correspondently. The lost digestive system portion is restored through the formation and merging of two anlagen. The digestive epithelium of the esophagus and pharynx develops from lining cells of microcavities near the central portion of the connective‐tissue thickening, which probably migrate from the epidermis. The second gut anlage develops through transformation of the anterior gut remnant portion. The enterocytes partly dedifferentiate, but the epithelium retains integrity. The gut anlage grows down the mesentery and joins the regenerating aquapharyngeal bulb. In the fourth and fifth stages, all lost organs are formed and have nearly normal structure. The regeneration was concluded to occur through morphallactic rearrangements of the remaining parts of organs. Epithelial morphogenesis is the key development mechanism of the digestive, water‐vascular, and nervous systems.
Laparoscopic retropubic simple prostatectomy.

PURPOSE Open retropubic simple prostatectomy is occasionally performed for symptomatic, large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia. We describe the technique of laparoscopic simple retropubic prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Since August 2001 at our 2 institutions laparoscopic simple retropubic prostatectomy has been performed in 17 patients with symptomatic significant prostatomegaly on transrectal ultrasonography (60 gm or greater, mean 93). Essential aspects of our 5 port technique are transverse cystotomy just proximal to the prostatovesical junction, subcapsular plane development, prostatic adenomectomy, prostatic fossa trigonization and prostatic capsule suture repair. Demographic, perioperative and outcome data were recorded. RESULTS Mean operative time was 156 minutes (range 85 to 380), blood loss was 516 ml (range 100 to 2,500), hospital stay was 48 hours (range 15 to 110), and Foley catheter duration was 6.3 days (range 3 to 7). Mean specimen weight on pathological examination was 72 gm (range 32 to 120). Five patients (29%) required blood transfusion. Complications occurred in 3 patients (19%), that is intraoperative hemorrhage, catheter clot obstruction and duodenal ulcer bleeding in 1 each. All patients reported complete continence during a followup period of 1 month to 2 years. Considerable improvement from baseline was noted in American Urological Association score (preoperative vs postoperative 24.5 vs 9.9) and the maximum urine flow rate (preoperative vs postoperative 7 vs 22.8 cc per minute). CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic simple retropubic prostatectomy for large benign prostate hyperplasia is feasible. Our initial experience is presented.
A Preliminary Investigation of Energy Return on Energy Investment for Global Oil and Gas Production

Economies are fueled by energy produced in excess of the amount required to drive the energy production process. Therefore any successful society’s energy resources must be both abundant and exploitable with a high ratio of energy return on energy invested (EROI). Unfortunately most of the data kept on costs of oil and gas operations are in monetary, not energy, terms. Fortunately we can convert monetary values into approximate energy values by deriving energy intensities for monetary transactions from those few nations that keep both sets of data. We provide a preliminary assessment of EROI for the world’s most important fuels, oil and gas, based on time series of global production and estimates of energy inputs derived from monetary expenditures for all publicly traded oil and gas companies and estimates of energy intensities of those expenditures. We estimate that EROI at the wellhead was roughly 26:1 in 1992, increased to 35:1 in 1999, and then decreased to 18:1 in 2006. These trends imply that global supplies of petroleum available to do economic work are considerably less than estimates of gross reserves and that EROI is declining over time and with increased annual drilling levels. Our global estimates of EROI have a pattern similar to, but somewhat higher than, the United States, which has better data on energy costs but a more depleted resource base.
Efficacy of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment as second‐line treatment for children with moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis: evidence from a randomized, double‐blind non‐inferiority trial vs. fluticasone 0.005% ointment

Doss N, Kamoun M‐R, Dubertret L, Cambazard F, Remitz A, Lahfa M, de Prost Y. Efficacy of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment as second‐line treatment for children with moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis: evidence from a randomized, double‐blind non‐inferiority trial vs. fluticasone 0.005% ointment. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 321–329. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Organizational Failure: A Critique of Recent Research and a Proposed Integrative Framework

There is a long-running debate in the business literature on the causes of organizational failure. On the one hand, classical industrial organization (IO) and organization ecology (OE) scholars have typically assumed a deterministic role of the environment and argued that managers are constrained by exogenous industrial and environmental constraints leaving them with little real strategic choice, and hence managers' role should be ignored. On the other hand, the organization studies (OS) and organizational psychology (OP) literature takes a more voluntaristic perspective and argues that managers are the principal decision makers of the firm and, consequently, their actions and perceptions are the fundamental cause of organizational failure. This paper addresses the major deficiencies observed in the diverse body of literature covering this field, suggests an integrative framework and identifies the specific theoretical and methodological challenges ahead for researchers seeking to advance knowledge in the field of organizational failure.