Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Faculty Development for the Operating Room: An Examination of the Effectiveness of an Intraoperative Teaching Course for Surgeons

Objective: We describe a half-day faculty development course designed to equip surgical educators with evidence-based teaching frameworks shown to promote learning in the operating room (OR). We hypothesize that participating faculty will deliver improved instruction as perceived by residents. Methods: Residents anonymously rated faculty teaching behaviors among whom they had recently worked in the OR (minimum 3 cases in preceding 6 months) using the Briefing - Intraoperative teaching - Debriefing Assessment Tool (BIDAT; 1 = never, 5 = always). Faculty then attended a half-day course. The curriculum was based on the “briefing-intraoperative teaching-debriefing” framework. Discussion and practice centered on goal setting, performance-enhancing instruction, dual task interference, and feedback. After the course, residents again evaluated the faculty. Paired-samples and independent-samples t tests were used to analyze pre and post course changes and differences between groups, respectively. Results: Nineteen faculty completed the course. Associate professors (N = 4) demonstrated improved briefing (4.32 ± 0.48 → 4.76 ± 0.45, P < 0.01), debriefing (4.30 ± 0.29 → 4.77 ± 0.43, P < 0.01), and total teaching (4.38 ± 0.78 → 4.79 ± 0.39, P < 0.05). No significant changes were observed among assistant (N = 9) or full professors (N = 6). All 3 faculty members who served as course co-instructors, regardless of rank, improved significantly in briefing (4.42 ± 0.22 → 4.98 ± 0.29, P < 0.05), debriefing (4.27 ± 0.23 → 4.98 ± 0.29, P < 0.04), and total teaching (4.37 ± 0.21 → 4.99 ± 0.02, P < 0.05). Faculty with baseline teaching scores in the bottom quartile improved teaching behaviors in all phases of instruction (P < 0.05). Teaching scores over the same period did not change among faculty who did not attend. Conclusions: A half-day course aimed at enhancing intraoperative instruction can contribute to resident-perceived improvement in structured teaching behavior among participating faculty. Initiatives directed at intraoperative instruction might be best targeted towards midlevel faculty with established technical expertise who are motivated to expand teaching efforts and those who have low levels of baseline teaching scores.
Glial vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression in rat brainstem under tolerable hypoxia: Evidence for a central chemosensitivity

The ventilatory response to hypoxia is mediated by peripheral inputs arising from the arterial chemoreceptors. In their absence, hypoxic adaptation can be achieved, possibly as a result of central cellular reorganization. To study this reorganization, we used chemodenervated rats to investigate the expression and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the brainstem. VEGF is a target gene of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) that is responsible for the morphofunctional remodeling induced by hypoxia. Intact and chemodenervated rats were subjected to normoxia or hypoxia for 6 hr (10% O2 in N2). VEGF protein was quantified in micropunches of brainstem tissue. Only chemodenervated animals showed an increased VEGF expression in response to hypoxia, whereas, in normoxia, VEGF expression was not modified by chemodenervation. The same hypoxic condition was repeated for 8 days before immunocytochemical staining with anti‐VEGF; antiglial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of astrocytes; and anti‐rat endothelial cell antigen‐1 (anti‐RECA‐1) that recognizes endothelial cells. Confocal analysis showed a cellular colocalization of GFAP and VEGF, indicating that VEGF was overexpressed predominantly in astrocytes. Increased RECA‐1 immunolabeling indicated an enhanced angiogenesis in chemodenervated rats subjected to hypoxia. These results indicate that glial cells and the vascular network contribute to the brainstem remodeling. The peripheral chemodenervation reveals a central O2 chemosensitivity involving a cascade of gene expression triggered by hypoxia, which in intact animals may act synergically with peripheral chemosensory inputs. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles of Tyrosine-Rich Precursor Glycoproteins and Dityrosine- and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine-Mediated Protein Cross-Linking in Development of the Oocyst Wall in the Coccidian Parasite Eimeria maxima

ABSTRACT The oocyst wall of apicomplexan parasites protects them from the harsh external environment, preserving their survival prior to transmission to the next host. If oocyst wall formation could be disrupted, then logically, the cycle of disease transmission could be stopped, and strategies to control infection by several organisms of medical and veterinary importance such as Eimeria, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cyclospora, and Neospora could be developed. Here, we show that two tyrosine-rich precursor glycoproteins, gam56 and gam82, found in specialized organelles (wall-forming bodies) in the sexual stage (macrogamete) of Eimeria maxima are proteolytically processed into smaller glycoproteins, which are then incorporated into the developing oocyst wall. The identification of high concentrations of dityrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in oocyst extracts by high-pressure liquid chromatography, together with the detection of a UV autofluorescence in intact oocysts, implicates dityrosine- and possibly DOPA-protein cross-links in oocyst wall hardening. In addition, the identification of peroxidase activity in the wall-forming bodies of macrogametes supports the hypothesis that dityrosine- and DOPA-mediated cross-linking might be an enzyme-catalyzed event. As such, the mechanism of oocyst wall formation in Eimeria, is analogous to the underlying mechanisms involved in the stabilization of extracellular matrices in a number of organisms, widely distributed in nature, including insect resilin, nematode cuticles, yeast cell walls, mussel byssal threads, and sea urchin fertilization membranes.
GÊNERO E PRISÃO: O ENCARCERAMENTO DE MULHERES NO SISTEMA PENITENCIARIO BRASILEIRO PELO CRIME DE TRÁFICO DE DROGAS

A populacao absoluta de mulheres encarceradas no sistema penitenciario cresceu de forma vertiginosa, sendo esse movimento de encarceramento irrefutavel e cada vez mais consistente. Existe, contudo, uma omissao do Estado com relacao ao aumento destes numeros. A entrada de mulheres em atividades criminosas e descrita como subordinada a participacao dos homens nessas mesmas atividades. Esta enfase retira o protagonismo e reforca a invisibilidade feminina na pratica de crimes violentos e atividades ilicitas. O contexto social em que as presidiarias se encontram, bem como as discriminacoes relativas ao genero que elas enfrentam dentro da prisao sao fundamentais para se entender a relacao da mulher com o carcere. Sobre a mulher presa corrobora-se a ideia de que a mesma faz parte das estatisticas da marginalidade e exclusao, sendo a maioria negra, com filhos, nivel minimo de escolaridade e pobre. Nao obstante, mais da metade dessas mulheres responde pelo crime de trafico de drogas. O impulso nas condenacoes de mulheres por trafico de drogas causou um aumento significativamente preocupante no numero de mulheres encarceradas, passando, este, a ser considerado o crime responsavel por colocar cada vez mais mulheres atras das grades. O objetivo do trabalho sera compreender como a opressao de genero vivenciada por mulheres inseridas no sistema prisional brasileiro e o trafico de drogas influenciam a criminalidade feminina e proporcionam aumento do percentual de encarceramento de mulheres.
Associations between a single nucleotide polymorphism of the FTO Gene (rs9939609) and obesity-related characteristics over time during puberty in a Dutch children cohort.

BACKGROUND The influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the FTO gene has been shown to change over time. OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the relationship between a SNP of the FTO gene (rs9939609) and obesity-related characteristics longitudinally during childhood and puberty. DESIGN From 101 children (58 boys and 43 girls), the FTO (rs9939609) genotype and yearly anthropometric data from birth to age 7 yr were determined. From ages 12 to 17 yr, we measured anthropometry, body composition, leptin concentrations, physical activity, hours watching television, and attitude toward eating yearly; parental characteristics were determined as well. RESULTS At age 17 yr, 20% of the children were overweight/obese, and 88% of the overweight/obese children had the A allele in contrast to 45% of the lean children (P < 0.001). The A allele carriers had a higher fat mass index (kilograms per square meter) and higher leptin concentrations (micrograms per liter) during puberty, except at age 14 yr. Multiple regression analyses with body mass index (BMI; kilograms per square meter) as the dependent variable showed that at ages 12 and 17 yr, dietary restraint score, disinhibition score, BMI of the mother, and the FTO A allele significantly contributed to the model (R(2) = 0.29, P < 0.002; and R(2) = 0.39, P < 0.001). At age 14 yr, dietary restraint score, disinhibition score, and leptin concentrations per kilogram of fat mass significantly contributed to the model (R(2) = 0.25; P < 0.02). CONCLUSION The FTO A allele (rs9939609) is associated with higher BMI, fat mass index, and leptin concentrations from the age of 12 yr, whereas the associations show a dip at ages 13-14 yr and become stronger at age 17 yr. The dip is presumably caused by the dominating endocrinological changes at midpuberty.
Analysis of O‐glycosylation site occupancy in bovine κ‐casein glycoforms separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis

The ability of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) to separate glycoproteins was exploited to separate distinct glycoforms of κ‐casein that differed only in the number of O‐glycans that were attached. To determine where the glycans were attached, the individual glycoforms were digested in‐gel with pepsin and the released glycopeptides were identified from characteristic sugar ions in the tandem mass spectrometry (MS) spectra. The O‐glycosylation sites were identified by tandem MS after replacement of the glycans with ammonia / aminoethanethiol. The results showed that glycans were not randomly distributed among the five potential glycosylation sites in κ‐casein. Rather, glycosylation of the monoglycoform could only be detected at a single site, T152. Similarly the diglycoform appeared to be modified exclusively at T152 and T163, while the triglycoform was modified at T152, T163 and T154. While low levels of glycosylation at other sites cannot be excluded the hierarchy of site occupation between glycoforms was clearly evident and argues for an ordered addition of glycans to the protein. Since all five potential O‐glycosylation sites can be glycosylated in vivo, it would appear that certain sites remain latent until other sites are occupied. The determination of glycosylation site occupancy in individual glycoforms separated by 2‐DE revealed a distinct pattern of in vivo glycosylation that has not been recognized previously.
Revisiting farm size-productivity relationship: New empirical evidence from Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Are small farms more productive? With this question in mind, this study revisits the farm size–productivity relationship and explores potential explanations using a unique plot-level data from predominantly wheat producers in Ethiopia. Overall, we find that small plots are more productive than large plots. We next test the conventional explanations hypothesised in the literature – labour market imperfection related to costly monitoring of hired workers and omitted variable bias related to soil quality – and find that neither of them essentially explains the inverse relationship. More importantly, we account for agricultural intensification and found no relationship between plot size and productivity. This suggests that the inverse relationship posited in the literature could simply arise from neglecting the impact of agricultural intensification.
Clonality of Campylobacter sputorum bv. paraureolyticus determined by macrorestriction profiling and biotyping, and evidence for long-term persistent infection in cattle

Eighteen strains of Campylobacter sputorum bv. paraureolyticus (isolated over a 12-month period from seven dairy cows contained in a single herd) were examined by resistotyping, and macrorestriction profiling using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The resistotypes of these strains were identical, although repeat testing indicated resistance to metronidazole was not a reliable trait for typing purposes. Five SmaI-derived genotypes were identified among the 18 strains. In 5 of 7 cows, isolates obtained from the same animal, but from different time periods, were genotypically indistinguishable, indicating persistence of infection. Macrorestriction profiles of 5 strains representing the 5 SmaI genotypes and 8 other strains of C. sputorum from various sources, were prepared using 4 endonucleases (SmaI, SalI, BamHI and KpnI). The only other strain of C. sputorum bv. paraureolyticus examined (a Canadian isolate from human faeces), was found to have a SmaI macrorestriction profile identical with one of the five clones isolated from the cattle. Moreover, SalI and BamHI profiles of all bv. paraureolyticus strains were similar, while digestion with KpnI was not observed. By contrast, the seven strains of C. sputorum bv. sputorum yielded various macrorestriction profiles with all the enzymes used, and features distinguishing the two biovars studied could be identified. This study indicates that C. sputorum can persist in cattle for at least 12 months and exhibits a clonal population genetic structure.
Identification and Putative Roles of Distinct Subtypes of Intestinal Dendritic Cells in Neuroimmune Communication: What can be Learned from Other Organ Systems?

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, just like the skin and the airways, is constantly exposed to both harmless and pathogenic organisms and hence requires a tightly regulated immune homeostasis to function properly. A central role in the regulation of this balance is played by the dendritic cells (DCs), a heterogeneous population of antigen‐presenting cells that can be further divided into distinct subsets with different functions depending on the tissue they reside in. In recent years, the DC population in the lamina propria (LP) of the intestine has emerged as a key player in immune surveillance. Given the extensive innervation of the GI mucosa, these DC subsets possibly are also regulated by interactions with neuronal components. Current knowledge, be it still fragmentary, indicates that dysregulation of this neuroimmune communication leads to the onset of pathological disorders. The present review article deals with the identification and interaction of distinct subtypes of mouse intestinal LP DCs with elements of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in normal and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, the question is addressed whether any parallels can be drawn between intestinal LP DCs and DCs residing in the skin and lung in order to gain a better insight into common or clearly distinct mechanistic pathways and the possible impact of the mucosal components in the microenvironment. The exact way in which the ENS is serving its immunomodulatory roles in the GI tract is still largely unknown, although there are significant indications for a crosstalk between LP DCs and components of the ENS. This review clearly shows that in the three different organ systems the same neurotransmitters (i.e., SP, CGRP, and VIP) reoccur, serving similar functions. Mechanistic lessons learned from other organ systems, such as the skin and lung, may be of substantial help in further exploring the nature of the neuroimmune communication between GI innervation and LP DCs. Anat Rec, 298:903–916, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender differences in pain and healthcare utilization for adult sickle cell patients: The PiSCES Project.

BACKGROUND Many studies have found gender differences in frequency and intensity of pain. Women often report lower pain thresholds, higher pain ratings, and lower tolerance for pain. People with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience both chronic and acute pain throughout life. OBJECTIVES To compare adult men and women with SCD in terms of reported pain, crises, healthcare utilization, and opioid usage. METHODS Two hundred twenty-six adults with SCD in Virginia were enrolled in a prospective cohort study of pain and completed daily diaries for 1-6 months. Subjects reported for the previous day their maximum SCD-related pain, distress, and interference (0-9 scale), whether they were in a sickle cell crisis, had unplanned utilization (clinic, emergency room, or hospitalization), or used opioids. Episodes of pain, crisis, or utilization were defined as consecutive days of such. Men and women were compared, using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for age, SCD genotype, depression, and education. RESULTS There were no significant differences between men and women in the percentage of days subjects experienced pain (men 58.6% vs. women 56.5%) or the number of pain episodes/6 months (7.7 vs. 9.6). Mean pain scores were comparable, when subjects were in crisis (5.5 vs. 5.6) or not (2.5 vs. 2.2). Distress and interference results were similar. Men with the SS genotype reported a higher percentage of days with crisis(18.5% vs. 11.6%) and utilization (5.1% vs. 2.7%) than women with the SS genotype. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to many studies of pain, particularly chronic pain, men and women with SCD reported generally similar pain experiences.
Stromelysin-2 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 10) Is Inducible in Lymphoma Cells and Accelerates the Growth of Lymphoid Tumors In Vivo1

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 10 (stromelysin-2) is known to degrade various components of the extracellular matrix; however, the signals that regulate its expression and its role in lymphoma growth remain unknown. In the present work, we report the up-regulated expression of MMP10 in T lymphoma cells following contact with endothelial cells. The induction of MMP10 was found to be dependent on the specific interaction between LFA-1 and ICAM-1, which play a central role in regulating the expression of genes involved in the rate-limiting steps of lymphoma development. MMP10, but not MMP3 (stromelysin-1), was also up-regulated in human B lymphoma cells following exposure to IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13, but not to IL-1. To gain further insight into the role of MMP10 in lymphoma development, we generated lymphoma cell lines constitutively expressing high levels of MMP10 and studied these cells for their ability to form thymic lymphoma in vivo. Mice injected with lymphoma cells constitutively expressing MMP10 developed thymic lymphoma more rapidly than those injected with control lymphoma cells. These results provide the first in vivo evidence that overexpression of MMP10 promotes tumor development, and indicate that MMP10 induction is an important pathway activated not only upon ICAM-1/LFA-1-mediated intercellular contact, but also following activation of tumor cells with inflammatory cytokines.
Light and Electron Microscopic Observation of Regenerated Fungiform Taste Buds in Patients with Recovered Taste Function after Severing Chorda Tympani Nerve

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mean number of regenerated fungiform taste buds per papilla and perform light and electron microscopic observation of taste buds in patients with recovered taste function after severing the chorda tympani nerve during middle ear surgery. Methods: We performed a biopsy on the fungiform papillae (FP) in the midlateral region of the dorsal surface of the tongue from 5 control volunteers (33 total FP) and from 7 and 5 patients with and without taste recovery (34 and 29 FP, respectively) 3 years 6 months to 18 years after surgery. The specimens were observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. The taste function was evaluated by electrogustometry. Results: The mean number of taste buds in the FP of patients with completely recovered taste function was significantly smaller (1.9 ± 1.4 per papilla; p < 0.01) than that of the control subjects (3.8 ± 2.2 per papilla). By transmission electron microscopy, 4 distinct types of cell (type I, II, III, and basal cells) were identified in the regenerated taste buds. Nerve fibers and nerve terminals were also found in the taste buds. Conclusions: It was clarified that taste buds containing taste cells and nerve endings do regenerate in the FP of patients with recovered taste function.
Journalists' perceptions on determinants of corruption news framing / Kamaldeen Arikewuyo Ahmed and Rasaq Muhammed Adisa

The pervasiveness of corruption frames in Nigerian newspapers has called concern for studies on how people interpret, respond and evaluate corruption issues. However, attention has not been directed to the forces behind corruption frames in Nigerian newspapers. As such, this study explored journalists’ perceptions of organizational and extra media forces on corruption frames in Nigerian newspapers consequent upon the 2016 public officers’ arrests and trials on corrupt conducts. A total of 6 print registered correspondents were generated using purposive sampling in a population 27 correspondents to national newspapers found in Kwara State. Using a qualitative in-depth interview, Nvivo (10) software was used to analyze the interview responses in a thematic way. Findings revealed that ownership and economic pressures at the organizational level, and political influence and public relations at the extra media level are forces that shape and sieve corruption stories in Nigerian newspapers. Therefore, prompt payment for journalists at the organizational level and their protection from extra-media forces in their professional callings are recommended for objective corruption coverage. While this study explored the forces behind corruption frames in Nigerian newspapers, future research can attempt to explain why such forces.
ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1 of Arabidopsis Plays a Critical Role in Intracellular Trafficking and Maintenance of Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology in Arabidopsis1

ADP-ribosylation factors (Arf), a family of small GTP-binding proteins, play important roles in intracellular trafficking in animal and yeast cells. Here, we investigated the roles of two Arf homologs, Arf1 and Arf3 of Arabidopsis, in intracellular trafficking in plant cells. We generated dominant negative mutant forms of Arf 1 and Arf3 and examined their effect on trafficking of reporter proteins in protoplasts. Arf1[T31N] inhibited trafficking of H+-ATPase:green fluorescent protein (GFP) and sialyltransferase (ST):GFP to the plasma membrane and the Golgi apparatus. In addition, Arf1[T31N] caused relocalization of the Golgi reporter protein ST:GFP to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In protoplasts expressing Arf1[T31N], ST:red fluorescent protein remained in the ER, whereas H+-ATPase:GFP was mistargeted to another organelle. Also, expression of Arf1[T31N] in protoplasts resulted in profound changes in the morphology of the ER. The treatment of protoplasts with brefeldin A had exactly the same effect as Arf1[T31N] on various intracellular trafficking pathways. In contrast, Arf3[T31N] did not affect trafficking of any of these reporter proteins. Inhibition experiments using mutants with various domains swapped between Arf1 and Arf3 revealed that the N-terminal domain is interchangeable for trafficking inhibition. However, in addition to the T31N mutation, motifs in domains II, III, and IV of Arf1 were necessary for inhibition of trafficking of H+-ATPase:GFP. Together, these results strongly suggest that Arf1 plays a role in the intracellular trafficking of cargo proteins in Arabidopsis, and that Arf1 functions through a brefeldin A-sensitive factor.