Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examining Enjoyment of Casual Videogames.

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the processes leading to enjoyment of casual videogames on both mobile devices and console systems. Building upon a foundation in mental models theory and the psychology of play, the study focuses on how performance and experience-based variables impact enjoyment of casual videogames played on mobile devices and console devices. The grounding assumption of this research is that playing videogames produces enjoyment that contributes to mental health in the form of a brief distraction from the stress of daily life, social connections with family and friends through casual gameplay, and, in some cases, a compelling reason to engage in physical activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A student sample of players (n=363) played a variety of casual games on mobile (iPad(®) or iPod(®) Touch(®) [Apple, Cupertino, CA]) or console (Wii™ [Nintendo, Japan], Xbox(®) 360 Kinect(®) [Microsoft, Redmond, WA], or PS3™ Move [Sony, Tokyo, Japan]) platforms. They then answered a questionnaire assessing their evaluations of the game's interactivity level, their sense of spatial presence in the game, their perception of the game's realism, and, most importantly, their enjoyment. Path analysis demonstrated the interrelationships among these variables. RESULTS The results show that spatial presence is a powerful predictor of videogame enjoyment for both console- and mobile-based casual games. Patterns of prediction for games on each platform, as demonstrated using path analysis, were similar and aligned with predictions based on mental models and the psychology of play. CONCLUSIONS The psychological theory of play and the mental models perspective offer firm theoretical grounds for understanding how enjoyment is wrought in the process of playing casual games. The relationships among interactivity, spatial presence, perceived reality, and enjoyment hold for games played on handheld or console devices. Furthermore, this study is one of the first to demonstrate these relationships and test them simultaneously, breaking new ground in research on game enjoyment.
Host specificity shapes population structure of pinworm parasites in Caribbean reptiles

Host specificity is one of the potential factors affecting parasite diversification because gene flow may be facilitated or constrained by the number of host species that a parasite can exploit. We test this hypothesis using a costructure approach, comparing two sympatric pinworm parasites that differ in host specificity – Parapharyngodon cubensis and Spauligodon anolis – on the Puerto Rican Bank and St. Croix in the Caribbean. Spauligodon anolis specializes on Anolis lizards, whereas P. cubensis parasitizes Anolis lizards as well as many other species of lizards and snakes. We collected lizards from across the Puerto Rican Bank and St. Croix, sampled them for S. anolis and P. cubensis and generated nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from the parasites. We used these data to show that P. cubensis is comprised of multiple cryptic species that exhibit limited population structure relative to S. anolis, which is consistent with our prediction based on their host specificity. We also provide evidence that the distribution of P. cubensis species is maintained by competitive exclusion, and in contrast to previous theoretical work, the parasites with the greatest number of host species also reach the highest prevalence rates. Overall, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that host specificity shapes parasite diversification, and suggest that even moderate differences in host specificity may contribute to substantial differences in diversification.
Molecular characterization of trophic ecology within an island radiation of insect herbivores (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Cratopus)

The phytophagous beetle family Curculionidae is the most species‐rich insect family known, with much of this diversity having been attributed to both co‐evolution with food plants and host shifts at key points within the early evolutionary history of the group. Less well understood is the extent to which patterns of host use vary within or among related species, largely because of the technical difficulties associated with quantifying this. Here we develop a recently characterized molecular approach to quantify diet within and between two closely related species of weevil occurring primarily within dry forests on the island of Mauritius. Our aim is to quantify dietary variation across populations and assess adaptive and nonadaptive explanations for this and to characterize the nature of a trophic shift within an ecologically distinct population within one of the species. We find that our study species are polyphagous, consuming a much wider range of plants than would be suggested by the literature. Our data suggest that local diet variation is largely explained by food availability, and locally specialist populations consume food plants that are not phylogenetically novel, but do appear to represent a novel preference. Our results demonstrate the power of molecular methods to unambiguously quantify dietary variation across populations of insect herbivores, providing a valuable approach to understanding trophic interactions within and among local plant and insect herbivore communities.
Perfusion analysis using a wide coverage flat-panel volume CT: feasibility study

We developed a Flat-panel detector based Volume CT (VCT) prototype scanner with large z-coverage. In that prototype scanner a Varian 4030CB a-Si flat-panel detector was mounted in a multi slice CT-gantry (Siemens Medical Solutions) which provides a 25 cm field of view with 18 cm z-coverage at isocenter. The large volume covered in one rotation can be used for visualization of complete organs of small animals, e.g. rabbits. By implementing a mode with continuous scanning, we are able to reconstruct the complete volume at any point in time during the propagation of a contrast bolus. Multiple volumetric reconstructions over time elucidate the first pass dynamics of a bolus of contrast resulting in 4-D angiography and potentially allowing whole organ perfusion analysis. We studied to which extent pixel based permeability and blood volume calculation with a modified Patlak approach was possible. Experimental validation was performed by imaging evolution of contrast bolus in New Zealand rabbits. Despite the short circulation time of a rabbit, the temporal resolution was sufficient to visually resolve various phases of the first pass of the contrast bolus. Perfusion imaging required substantial spatial smoothing but allowed a qualitative discrimination of different types of parenchyma in brain and liver. If a true quantitative analysis is possible, requires further studies.
Tracing horizontal Wolbachia movements among bees (Anthophila): a combined approach using multilocus sequence typing data and host phylogeny

The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia enhances its spread via vertical transmission by generating reproductive effects in its hosts, most notably cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Additionally, frequent interspecific horizontal transfer is evident from a lack of phylogenetic congruence between Wolbachia and its hosts. The mechanisms of this lateral transfer are largely unclear. To identify potential pathways of Wolbachia movements, we performed multilocus sequence typing of Wolbachia strains from bees (Anthophila). Using a host phylogeny and ecological data, we tested various models of horizontal endosymbiont transmission. In general, Wolbachia strains seem to be randomly distributed among bee hosts. Kleptoparasite‐host associations among bees as well as other ecological links could not be supported as sole basis for the spread of Wolbachia. However, cophylogenetic analyses and divergence time estimations suggest that Wolbachia may persist within a host lineage over considerable timescales and that strictly vertical transmission and subsequent random loss of infections across lineages may have had a greater impact on Wolbachia strain distribution than previously estimated. Although general conclusions about Wolbachia movements among arthropod hosts cannot be made, we present a framework by which precise assumptions about shared evolutionary histories of Wolbachia and a host taxon can be modelled and tested.
Effects of parasitism on aphid nutritional and protective symbioses

Insects often carry heritable symbionts that negotiate interactions with food plants or natural enemies. All pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, require infection with the nutritional symbiont Buchnera, and many are also infected with Hamiltonella, which protects against the parasitoid Aphidius ervi. Hamiltonella‐based protection requires bacteriophages called APSEs with protection levels varying by strain and associated APSE. Endoparasitoids, including A. ervi, may benefit from protecting the nutritional symbiosis and suppressing the protective one, while the aphid and its heritable symbionts have aligned interests when attacked by the wasp. We investigated the effects of parasitism on the abundance of aphid nutritional and protective symbionts. First, we determined strength of protection associated with multiple symbiont strains and aphid genotypes as these likely impact symbiont responses. Unexpectedly, some A. pisum genotypes cured of facultative symbionts were resistant to parasitism and resistant aphid lines carried Hamiltonella strains that conferred no additional protection. Susceptible aphid clones carried protective strains. qPCR estimates show that parasitism significantly influenced both Buchnera and Hamiltonella titres, with multiple factors contributing to variation. In susceptible lines, parasitism led to increases in Buchnera near the time of larval wasp emergence consistent with parasite manipulation, but effects were variable in resistant lines. Parasitism also resulted in increases in APSE and subsequent decreases in Hamiltonella, and we discuss how this response may relate to the protective phenotype. In summary, we show that parasitism alters the within‐host ecology of both nutritional and protective symbioses with effects likely significant for all players in this antagonistic interaction.
Phylogeography and niche modelling of the relict plant Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae) reveal multiple Pleistocene refugia in New Caledonia

Amborella trichopoda Baill. (Amborellaceae, Amborellales), the sole living member of the sister group to all other extant angiosperms, is endemic to New Caledonia. We addressed the intraspecific phylogeography of Amborella by investigating whether its present population genetic structure could be related to its current and past habitats. We found moderate range‐wide genetic diversity based on nuclear microsatellite data and detected four well‐differentiated, geographically distinct genetic groups using Bayesian clustering analyses. We modelled the ecological niche of Amborella based on the current climatic and environmental conditions. The predictive ability of the model was very good throughout the Central East mainland zone, but Amborella was predicted in the northern part of the island where this plant has not been reported. Furthermore, no significant barrier was detected based on habitat suitability that could explain the genetic differentiation across the area. Conversely, we found that the main genetic clusters could be related to the distribution of the suitable habitat at the last glacial maximum (LGM, c. 21 000 years BP), when Amborella experienced a dramatic 96.5% reduction in suitable area. At least two lineages survived in distinct putative refugia located in the Massif des Lèvres and in the vicinity of Mount Aoupinié. Our findings finally confirmed the importance of LGM rainforest refugia in shaping the current intra‐ and interspecific diversity in New Caledonian plants and revealed the possibility of an as yet unreported refugium. The combination of niche modelling and population genetics thereby offered novel insight into the biogeographical history of an emblematic taxon.
Classifying Network Protocols: A ‘2 Way’ Flow Approach

: The identiﬁcation and classiﬁcation of network trafﬁc and protocols is a vital step in many quality of service and security systems. Trafﬁc classiﬁcation strategies must evolve, alongside the protocols utilising the Internet, to overcome the use of ephemeral or masquerading port numbers and transport layer encryption. This research expands the concept of using machine learning on the initial statistics of ﬂow of packets to determine its underlying protocol. Recognising the need for efﬁcient training / retraining of a classiﬁer and the requirement for fast classiﬁcation, the authors investigate a new application of k -means clustering referred to as ‘two-way’ classiﬁcation. The ‘two-way’ classiﬁcation uniquely analyses a bidirectional ﬂow as two unidirectional ﬂows and is shown, through experiments on real network trafﬁc, to improve classiﬁcation accuracy by as much as 18% when measured against similar proposals. It achieves this accuracy while generating fewer clusters, that is, fewer comparisons are needed to classify a ﬂow. A ‘two-way’ classiﬁcation offers a new way to improve accuracy and efﬁciency of machine learning statistical classiﬁers while still maintaining the fast training times associated with the k -means.
Population divergences despite long pelagic larval stages: lessons from crocodile icefishes (Channichthyidae)

Dispersal via pelagic larval stages plays a key role in population connectivity of many marine species. The degree of connectivity is often correlated with the time that larvae spend in the water column. The Antarctic notothenioid fishes develop through an unusually long pelagic larval phase often exceeding 1 year. Notothenioids thus represent a prime model system for studying the influence of prolonged larval phases on population structure in otherwise demersal species. Here, we compare the population genetic structure and demographic history of two sub‐Antarctic crocodile icefish species (Chaenocephalus aceratus and Champsocephalus gunnari) from the Scotia Arc and Bouvet Island in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean to delineate the relative importance of species‐specific, oceanographic and paleoclimatic factors to gene flow. Based on 7 (C. aceratus) and 8 (C. gunnari) microsatellites, as well as two mitochondrial DNA markers (cytochrome b, D‐loop), we detect pronounced population genetic structure in both species (amova FSTs range from 0.04 to 0.53). High genetic similarities were found concordantly in the populations sampled at the Southern Scotia Arc between Elephant Island and South Orkney Islands, whereas the populations from Bouvet Island, which is located far to the east of the Scotia Arc, are substantially differentiated from those of the Scotia Arc region. Nonetheless, haplotype genealogies and Bayesian cluster analyses suggest occasional gene flow over thousands of kilometres. Higher divergences between populations of C. gunnari as compared to C. aceratus are probably caused by lower dispersal capabilities and demographic effects. Bayesian skyline plots reveal population size reductions during past glacial events in both species with an estimated onset of population expansions about 25 000 years ago.
Guaranteeing the timely transmission of periodic messages with arbitrary deadline constraints using the timed token media access control protocol

Synchronous bandwidth, defined as the maximum time a node is allowed to send its synchronous messages while holding the token, is a sensitive parameter for deadline guarantees of synchronous messages in a timed token network. In order to offer such guarantees, synchronous bandwidth has to be allocated carefully. The allocation of synchronous bandwidths to a general synchronous message set with the minimum message deadline ( D min ) larger than the target token rotation time is studied. A new approach for allocating synchronous bandwidth, which can be easily implemented in practice, is proposed. It is demonstrated, through simulations and numerical examples, that the proposed approach performs better than any of previously proposed local synchronous bandwidth allocation schemes, in terms of its ability in guaranteeing hard real-time traffic.
The practice of complementary feeding and associated factors among mothers of children 6-23 months of age in Enemay district, Northwest Ethiopia

Purpose – The aim of this study was to assess complementary feeding practice and identify factors associated with it among mothers of children 6-23 months of age in Enemay district, Northwest Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach – A community-based cross-sectional study design with a multi-stage sampling technique was undertaken from March to April 2013. Pre-tested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire were used to collect the data. Epi data were used for data entry and cleaning and SPSS for descriptive and logistic regression analysis. Findings – Timely complementary feeding, minimum acceptable meal frequency and minimum dietary diversity were 56.4, 60.6 and 8.5 percent among the respondents, respectively. The practice of optimal complementary feeding was 40.5 percent. Occupation, knowledge of complementary feeding and family income of the mother, and maternal healthcare services utilization were associated with optimal complementary feeding practice (OCFP). Originality/value – The proportio.
Revisiting comparisons of genetic diversity in stable and declining species: assessing genome‐wide polymorphism in North American bumble bees using RAD sequencing

Genetic variation is of key importance for a species’ evolutionary potential, and its estimation is a major component of conservation studies. New DNA sequencing technologies have enabled the analysis of large portions of the genome in nonmodel species, promising highly accurate estimates of such population genetic parameters. Restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) is used to analyse thousands of variants in the bumble bee species Bombus impatiens, which is common, and Bombus pensylvanicus, which is in decline. Previous microsatellite‐based analyses have shown that gene diversity is lower in the declining B. pensylvanicus than in B. impatiens. RADseq nucleotide diversities appear much more similar in the two species. Both species exhibit allele frequencies consistent with historical population expansions. Differences in diversity observed at microsatellites thus do not appear to have arisen from long‐term differences in population size and are either recent in origin or may result from mutational processes. Additional research is needed to explain these discrepancies and to investigate the best ways to integrate next‐generation sequencing data and more traditional molecular markers in studies of genetic diversity.
Acquisition and excretion of Bartonella quintana by the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis

Bartonella quintana is transmitted by the infected faeces of body lice. Recently, this bacterium was detected in cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) and in two humans with chronic adenopathy whose only risk factor was contact with cat fleas. In this study, a total of 960 C. felis were divided into 12 groups (2 control groups and 10 infected groups) each containing 80 fleas. The fleas were fed B. quintana‐inoculated human blood at different dilutions (≈3.6 × 104 − 8.4 × 109 bacteria) for 4 days via an artificial membrane. Subsequently, all flea groups were fed uninfected blood until day 13 postinfection (dpi). On day 3 pi, B. quintana was detected with two specific genes by quantitative PCR in 60–100% of randomly chosen fleas per dilution: 52% (26/50) in the infected fleas in Trial 1 and 90% (45/50) of the fleas in Trial 2. B. quintana was also identified by molecular and culture assays in flea faeces. The average number of B. quintana as determined by qPCR decreased until the 11th dpi and was absent in both trials at the 13th dpi. Bacteria were localized only in the flea gastrointestinal gut by specific immunohistochemistry. Our results indicate that cat fleas can acquire B. quintana by feeding and release viable organisms into their faeces. Therefore, fleas may play a role as vectors of trench fever or other clinical manifestations that are caused by B. quintana. However, the biological role of C. felis in the transmission of B. quintana under natural conditions is yet to be defined.
Salinimicrobium sediminis sp. nov., isolated from a deep-sea sediment.

Strain JC207(T) was isolated from a deep (265 m) sea sediment, and appeared as dark yellow colonies on agar plates with cells staining Gram-negative. Catalase, oxidase and caseinase were positive, while chitinase, gelatinase and amylase were negative. Major (>5 %) fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C14 : 0 and iso-C15:1G. Strain JC207(T) contained phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid, with minor amounts of five unidentified lipids. A bacterial hopane derivative, diplopterol and adenosylhopane were the major hopanoids. Genomic DNA G+C content was 47.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain JC207(T) represented a member of the genus Salinimicrobium within the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Strain JC207(T) had sequence similarity with Salinimicrobium terrae YIM-C338(T) (98%), Salinimicrobium xinjiangense BH206(T) (97.6 %) and other members of the genus Salinimicrobium (<96.8 %). However, strain JC207(T) showed an average of 23.6 ± 4 and 37 ± 4 relatedness (based on DNA-DNA hybridization) with Salinimicrobium terrae CGMCC 1.6308(T) ( = YIM-C338(T)) and Salinimicrobium xinjiangense KCTC 12883(T) ( = BH206(T)), respectively. Morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of strain JC207(T) as a representative of a novel species in the genus Salinimicrobium, for which the name Salinimicrobium sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC207(T) ( = KCTC 32444(T) = CGMCC 1.12641(T)).
A Multicenter Longitudinal Investigation of Return to Work and Community Integration Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Objectives:To characterize changes in employment status and community integration following traumatic brain injury and to investigate relationships among outcome, sociodemographic, and injury-related variables. Design:Longitudinal analyses of employment (n=42) and community Integration (n=53) were conducted, with data examined at three follow-up periods. Chi-square (x2) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to investigate the relationship between employment, time since injury, and demographic and injury-related variables. Repeated measures ANOVA and multiple regression analyses were utilized to investigate similar relationships for the community integration sample. Setting:Outpatient clinics affiliated with the TBI Model Systems programs. Participants:Patients with traumatic brain injury who received acute medical care at a Level I Trauma Center and received inpaticnt rehabilitation. Mean age of subjects was 33.9 years. The full range of injury severity was represented. Main Outcome Measures:Employment status determined through structured interview and scores on the Community Integration Questionnaire. Results:Less than 40% of persons employed before injury were employed at any follow-up interval. Fewer persons were employed at year 2 than at year 1 and years 3 or 4. Seventy-five percent of persons employed at year 1 were also employed at year 3 or 4. Fifty percent of persons unemployed at year 1 were either employed or otherwise productively engaged at year 3 or 4. Unemployed persons had longer acute hospital stays than employed persons at all follow-up intervals. Conclusions:Till has an adverse, long-term impact on employment and productivity. Findings highlight the need for postacute rehabilitation programs with particular emphasis on vocational rehabilitation. Uncertainties remain about the impact of brain injury on socialization and home activity patterns, partly because of limitations in measurement of community integration