Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crustal accretion at the Reykjanes Ridge, 61°-62°N

We report results of a seismic, gravity, and magnetic survey of the Reykjanes Ridge spreading center at 61°–62°N, about 600 km from the center of the Iceland mantle plume. Anomalously shallow water on the ridge crest enabled us to record seismic refractions on a 2.4 km hydrophone streamer. The velocity within layer 2A is 2.4 ± 0.3 km s−1, and its mean thickness is 400 ± 100 m. The velocity at the base of layer 2A is 3.3 ± 0.3 km s−1 on the ridge axis, increasing with crustal age to ∼4.0 km s−1 at 1.5 Ma and ∼4.5 km s−1 at 5 Ma. Assuming that seismic layer 2A on the ridge axis is also the extrusive layer, i.e., the magnetic source layer, we have successfully modeled the variations in amplitude of the magnetic field. The best magnetic model includes enhanced magnetization within layer 2A at the sites of recent volcanic activity as independently recognized in side-scan sonar data. We also present a full crustal seismic model, based on wide-angle seismic recordings on digital ocean bottom hydrophones and disposable sonobuoys. The seismic model is complemented by gravity modeling, which further suggests that the ridge crest is in isostatic equilibrium. The zero age crust is 10.0 km thick, while crust of age 5 Ma is 7.8 km thick. These crustal thicknesses are greater than those of normal oceanic crust, which we attribute to the presence of anomalously hot asthenospheric mantle beneath the spreading center. We suggest that the variation in thickness between 0 Ma and 5 Ma crust is caused by temporal variation in the plume-fed asthenospheric temperature beneath the Reykjanes Ridge.
Qualifying for Europe? The Legitimacy of Football Banning Orders ‘On Complaint’ under the Principle of Proportionality

Football Banning Orders ‘on Complaint’ are now seen as an essential part of the fight against ‘hooliganism’ by English football supporters abroad. However, they have been criticised for infringing the fundamental rights of supporters who have not been convicted of any offence and as such they are only justifiable under EU law and the ECHR if they are proven to be a proportionate response to the problem. A fall in arrests at recent tournaments has led many to claim that ‘the end justifies the means’, a claim supported by the Court of Appeal’s decision in Gough . This article assesses whether Banning Orders on Complaint do indeed satisfy the principle of proportionality, questioning not only the decision in Gough but also the legitimacy and value of Banning Orders as a response to football crowd disorder more generally.
Frequency-modulated second elements of two-element alarm calls do not enhance discrimination of callers in three Eurasian ground squirrels

Alarm calls of the European Spermophilus citellus (EGS), Taurus S. taurensis (TGS) and Anatolian S. xanthoprymnus (AGS) ground squirrels share the same basic structure. They are tonal sounds consisting primarily of two different elements. The first element, often produced without the second element, has limited frequency modulation, while the second element is more frequency modulated. The present study examined whether this frequency-modulated element enhances the individual distinc- tiveness of calls, allowing calls to be ascribed with greater confidence to individual callers of the three species. Cross-validated discriminant function analysis (DFA) based on five acoustic parameters of the first element successfully classified calls to correct individuals (EGS: 90%, TGS: 98%, AGS: 96%). Cross-validated DFA based on five acoustic parameters of the second element was also successful in classifications (EGS: 88%, TGS: 86%, AGS: 96%), though discrimination of callers based on parameters of the second versus first element was the same for the AGS, lower for the EGS and significantly lower for the TGS. Cross-validated DFA based on five acoustic parameters of two-element calls also successfully classified calls to correct individu- als (EGS: 93%, TGS: 98%, AGS: 97%), though did not improve the extent to which calls could be classified to individuals be- yond that based on the first element alone. Thus, the second element does not enhance the individual distinctiveness of calls, but may convey other information such as the location of the caller (Current Zoology 58 (5): 749−757, 2012). Keywords Alarm call, Ground squirrel, Individual recognition, Spermophilus citellus, Spermophilus taurensis, Spermophilus xanthoprymnus
Zeros of L-functions outside the critical strip

For a wide class of Dirichlet series associated to automorphic forms, we show that those without Euler products must have zeros within the region of absolute convergence. For instance, we prove that if f is a classical holomorphic modular form whose L-function does not vanish for Re(s) > (k+1)/2, then f is a Hecke eigenform. Our proof adapts and extends work of Saias and Weingartner, who proved a similar result for degree 1 L-functions.
Using Numbered Head Together to Improve The Student’s Reading Comprehension in Narrative Text

The aim of this research was to find out whether Number Head Together as one of the cooperative learning strategy can improve the students’ reading comprehension. The design of this research was Classroom Action Research (CAR) since this research focus on the teaching and learning activities in the classroom. This research was conducted at the eight grade of SMPN 1 Rejoso Kabupaten Pasuruan that consists of 27 students for D class. The result of this research can be said success because there was a progress improvement from each cycles conducted. It was proven by the result of the test in the cycle one 52% and cycle two 84% from the criteria of success which was standardized 80% from all students got minimal standard score 76.
Synchronization in International Relations: Triangular interactions between China, Latin American and the United States Sincronización en Relaciones Internacionales: Las relaciones triangulares entre China, Latinoamérica y Estados Unidos

Currently, there is an active debate about whether China’s rise is leading to it strengthening relations with other states around the world, and about what the implications of that are for the United States’ interests as the current global superpower. Concretely, the arrival of China in Latin America—the “backyard” of the US—has raised questions about triangular interactions. Despite the increasing attention being paid to empirical cases of triangular interaction, on the one hand, the interactions between three states ‐ or triangular interactions- have been far neglected in International Relations (IR) theories and also there still lack suitable methodological instruments for their evaluation. On the other hand, there is not enough empirical evidence currently available that can explain how and to what degree states in triangular interactions may be synchronized. In order to overcome the aforementioned theoretical and empirical gaps, this article proposes: (1) to incorporate the principles of Physics—and specifically of Synchronization Theory—into IR; (2) empirically analyze the interactions between China, Latin American countries and the US from the Synchronization perspective.
SPACE-TIME DEPENDENCE OF JATROPHA GROWTH PARAMETERS GROWN IN BRAZILIAN SEMIARID

Jatropha has emerged as a source of power generation in the semiarid region of Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate, using geostatistics, the spatial variability of stem diameter, plant height and seed weight of jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) grown under rain fed conditions in Serra Talhada, Pernambuco state, Brazil. At 545, 905 and 1265 days after sowing (DAS), the stem diameter and plant height of 340 plants were measured with a digital caliper and a tape measure. At 545 DAS, the fruits of 306 plants were collected, the seeds extracted and their weights measured with a precision balance. For each date analyzed, the spatial dependence of the plant characteristics was evaluated from the adjustment of the experimental semivariogram. The spherical model was adjusted for modeling the spatial distribution of cultural parameters. The range of plant height reduced by an average of 37% from 545 DAS when compared to 905 and 1265 DAS, while for the stem diameter this parameter remained practically constant. Geostatistics can be employed to assist in future sampling and to identify areas with different patterns that can occur in the jatropha planting.
Sensitivity to angular and radial source movements in anechoic and echoic single- and multi-source scenarios for listeners with normal and impaired hearing

So far, very little is known about the perception of spatially dynamic sounds, especially under more complex acoustic conditions. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of reverberation and the number of concurrent sources on movement perception of listeners with normal and impaired hearing. Virtual listening environments were simulated with the help of a higher-order Ambisonics-based system that allows rendering complex scenarios with high physical accuracy. Natural environmental sounds were used as the stimuli. Both radial (near-far) and angular (left-right) movement perception were considered. The complexity of the scenarios was varied by adding stationary sound sources as well as reverberation. As expected, hearing-impaired listeners were less sensitive to source movements than normal-hearing listeners, but only for the more complex acoustic conditions. Furthermore, adding sound sources generally resulted in reduced sensitivity to both angular and radial source movements. Reverberation influenced only radial movement detection, for which elevated thresholds were observed. Altogether, these results illustrate the basic utility of the developed test setup for studying factors related to spatial awareness perception.
INTERSTELLAR HYDROGEN FLUXES MEASURED BY IBEX-LO IN 2009: NUMERICAL MODELING AND COMPARISON WITH THE DATA

In this paper, we perform numerical modeling of the interstellar hydrogen fluxes measured by IBEX-Lo during orbit 23 (spring 2009) using a state-of-the-art kinetic model of the interstellar neutral hydrogen distribution in the heliosphere. This model takes into account the temporal and heliolatitudinal variations of the solar parameters as well as the non-Maxwellian kinetic properties of the hydrogen distribution due to charge exchange in the heliospheric interface. We found that there is a qualitative difference between the IBEX-Lo data and the modeling results obtained with the three-dimensional, time-dependent model. Namely, the model predicts a larger count rate in energy bin 2 (20–41 eV) than in energy bin 1 (11–21 eV), while the data shows the opposite case. We perform study of the model parameter effects on the IBEX-Lo fluxes and the ratio of fluxes in two energy channels. We show that the most important parameter, which has a major influence on the ratio of the fluxes in the two energy bins, is the solar radiation pressure. The parameter fitting procedure shows that the best agreement between the model result and the data occurs when the ratio of the solar radiation pressure to the solar gravitation, μ0, is 1.26 − 0.076 + 0.06 , ? > and the total ionization rate of hydrogen at 1 AU is β E , 0 = 3.7 − 0.35 + 0.39 × 10 − 7 ? > s−1. We have found that the value of μ0 is much larger than μ0 = 0.89, which is the value derived from the integrated solar Lyα flux data for the period of time studied. We discuss possible reasons for the differences.
AKalman-Yakubovich-Popov-type lemma for systemswith certain state-dependentconstraints ⋆

In this note, a result is presented that may be considered an extension of the classical Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov (KYP) lemma. Motivated by problems in the design of switched systems, we wish to infer the existence of a quadratic Lyapunov function (QLF) for a nonlinear system in the case where a matrix defining one system is a rank-1 perturbation of the other and where switching between the systems is orchestrated according to a conic partitioning of the state space IRn. We show that a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a QLF reduces to checking a single constraint on a sum of transfer functions irrespective of problem dimension. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our conditions reduce to the classical KYP lemma when the conic partition of the state space is IRn, with the transfer function condition reducing to the condition of Strict Positive Realness.
Acoustical performance of an innovative dry-wall facade system with high thermal properties

INTESA (INTegrazione ed elevata Efficienza con sistemi a Secco per l'Abitare, Integration and high efficiency with drywall technology for building envelopes) is an innovative solu-tion of a drywall facade embedding electrical, plumbing and HVAC systems, especially de-signed for residential needs. The INTESA system is usable either for new and retrofit design and is competitive with the traditional wet technology made of clay bricks or blocks. Since the early stage of the project, an integrated approach has been the key element to design the wall system in order to obtain an easy and efficient way of assembling, a perfect integration of the plants, as well as high thermal and acoustical performances. In-field INTESA perfor-mances were tested in laboratory and in a real case study through the construction of a proto-type building located in Calliano d'Asti, near Turin, where the following acoustical parame-ters were measured: the apparent sound reduction index (R'), the standardized sound level difference of a facade (D2m,nT) and the vibration sound reduction index (Kij), a quantity relat-ed to the vibrational power transmission over a junction between structural elements
Replacing Unknown Words from Authentic Texts Problems of too Many Unknown

Problems of too Many Unknown Words in Texts If reading passages have a high density of unknown words, the time required to read the passage, the ability to learn new words, and the degree of passage comprehension for learners can be compromised. These types of obstacles can occur whenever learners need to look up several unknown words in a dictionar y. For example, the first problem is that previous research has shown that it takes longer for learners to read passages when they look up unknown words in dictionaries (Luppescu & Day, 1993; Nesi & Meara, 1991). When performed numerous times, multiple look-ups for several unknown words can accumulate and cause a significant loss of time when reading a passage. The second problem of having to look up several unknown words in reading passages concerns the difficulty of correctly recalling word spellings and meanings of unknown words. For example, previous studies have shown that if learners must learn several unknown words to understand a text, they risk losing focus and might look up the wrong word in a dictionary (Bogaards, 1998; Luppescu & Day, 1993; Tang, 1997). As a result, the benefit of using a dictionary to learn the meanings and spellings of words can be negated. The third problem of learners having to look up several unknown words in reading passages concerns passage comprehension. Previous investigations of looking up words in a traditional dictionary while reading have indicated that this action can interfere with readers' short-term memory (Bensoussan & Laufer, 1984; Knight, 1994). Each time learners look up an unknown word in a dictionary, their attention shifts away from comprehending passage content to focusing on word meanings. This is especially the case if learners must leave a text and are unable to read both the definition of a word and the reading passage in a side by side format.
Design and evaluation of an e-learning environment to support the development and refinement of clinical reasoning and decision-making

Emerging paradigms of clinical reasoning skills are tending to veer away from linear and clinical competencies towards generic professional skills and decision making processes. In the present study, occupational therapy students have previously complained that they do not receive enough support from the university or their peers during fieldwork placements, when they are expected to demonstrate clinical reasoning skills. Supervisors have observed that occupational therapy students, as novices, have difficulty in demonstrating strong clinical reasoning skills in the fieldwork setting. In this situation, the end-user (i.e. the patient or client) may not receive the optimal level of care and it is therefore imperative to scaffold students’ reasoning skills to prepare them as working professionals. This paper will explore the design and evaluation of a moderated online forum to support the development and refinement of clinical reasoning (a form of critical thinking) skills in occupational therapy students undergoing fieldwork placements. An innovative analytic content-based instrument derived from current models of clinical reasoning is applied to a corpus of data to measure students’ skills, and on the basis of results obtained, to suggest ways of enhancing the online environment to support emerging decision-making skills among novice practitioners.
Stratifications of the moduli space of curves and related questions

We discuss results and open problem on the geometry of the moduli space of complex curves, with special emphasis on vanishing results in cohomology and in the tautological ring. The focus is on the techniques, namely algebraic stratifications, transversely real foliations and q-convex exhaustion functions. A selection of related problems in the field is also quickly mentioned.
Some quality characteristics of selected durum wheat ( Triticum durum ) landraces

Durum wheat (Triticum durum) is primarily used for the production of high-quality pasta products because of its certain superior characteristics. Wheat landraces are locally adapted diverse populations evolved through natural selection and are invaluable genetic resources for breeding programs. The search for new genetic resources all around the world has been underway to develop high-quality durum wheats. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the pasta quality-associated characteristics of 12 durum wheat landraces (Bağacak, Beyaziye, İskenderiye, Sorgül, Karakılçık, Beyaz Buğday, Ağ Buğdayı, Bintepe, Havrani, Çalıbasan, Hacı Halil, and Akçakale) compared to 2 wellestablished high-quality durum wheat cultivars, Kyle and Zenit. Protein content and quality, pigment content, activities of oxidative enzymes (lipoxygenase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase), kernel size, and endosperm vitreousness were measured as the major quality parameters. The landraces had significant differences (P < 0.05) in their quality characteristics. Of the landraces, Akçakale, Havrani, and Çalıbasan were found to be quite promising for the processing of so-called al dente cooking pasta products, as judged by their elevated protein quantity and gluten quality. With respect to pigment content and oxidative enzymes that are central to the bright yellow color of pasta products, however, the landraces Havrani, Hacı Halil, and Sorgül were found to have great potential. In brief, several landraces have potential for high-quality pasta processing, while a few others can be used for breeding purposes.
The Comparison among ARMA-GARCH, -EGARCH, -GJR, and -PGARCH models on Thailand Volatility Index

With the formulae of Volatility Index (VIX) which was launched by the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) in 2003, SET50 Index options is applied as a Thailand Volatility Index (TVIX). We estimate ARMA-GARCH, -EGARCH, -GJR and -PGARCH models for Thailand Volatility Index (TVIX). These models are the extension of ARCH process with various features to explain the obvious characteristics of financial time series such as asymmetric and leverage effect. As we apply TVIX with these models, the comparison and forecast are performed.
The model constraints from the observed trends for the quasi-periodic oscillation in RE J1034+396

We analyze the time variability of the X-ray emission of RE J1034+396 ‐ an active galactic nucleus with the first firm detection of a quasi-periodic oscillations (QPO). Based on the results of a wavelet analysis, we find a drift in the QPO central frequency. The change in the QPO frequency correlates with the change in the X-ray flux with a short time delay. The data specifically suggest a linear dependence between the QPO period and the flux, and this gives important constraints on the QPO models. In particular, it excludes explanation in terms of the orbiting hot spot model close to a black hole. Linear structures such as shocks, spiral waves, or very distant flares are favored.
SIN 3 A and SIN 3 B differentially regulate breast cancer metastasis

SIN3 corepressor complexes play important roles in both normal development and breast cancer. Mammalian cells have two paralogs of SIN3 (SIN3A and SIN3B) that are encoded by distinct genes and have unique functions in many developmental processes. However, specific roles for SIN3A and SIN3B in breast cancer progression have not been characterized. We generated stable knockdown cells of SIN3 paralogs individually and in combination using three non-overlapping shRNA. Stable knockdown of SIN3B caused a significant decrease in transwell invasion through Matrigel and decreased the number of invasive colonies when grown in a 3D extracellular matrix. Conversely, stable knockdown of SIN3A significantly increased transwell invasion and increased the number of invasive colonies. These results were corroborated in vivo in which SIN3B knockdown significantly decreased and SIN3A knockdown increased experimental lung metastases. RNA sequencing was used to identify unique targets and biological pathways that were altered upon knockdown of SIN3A compared to SIN3B. Additionally, we analyzed microarray data sets to identify correlations of SIN3A and SIN3B expression with survival in patients with breast cancer. These data sets indicated that high mRNA expression of SIN3A as well as low mRNA expression of SIN3B correlates with longer relapse free survival specifically in patients with triple negative breast cancer which corresponds with our in vitro and in vivo data. These results demonstrate key functional differences between SIN3 paralogs in regulating the process of breast cancer metastasis and suggest metastasis suppressive roles of SIN3A and metastasis promoting roles of SIN3B.
Detecting the impact of climate and disturbances on tree-rings of Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus robur L. in a lowland forest in Cantabria, Northern Spain

L'influence relative du climat et des perturbations locales sur la croissance radiale du hetre et du chene pedoncule a ete analysee dans une vieille foret naturelle du Nord de l'Espagne. Entre 1925 et 1980, 36 % de la variance des largeurs de cernes du hetre et 29 % de celle du chene s'expliquent par le climat. Les modeles climatiques elabores montrent que la croissance radiale du hetre est limitee par les precipitations du mois de juillet de l'annee precedente, alors que celle du chene l'est par le deficit hydrique du mois de juillet de l'annee en cours. Dix periodes de perturbation de la croissance, d'origine non climatique, ont ete identifiees entre 1780 et 1997, parmi lesquelles celle de 1922-1935 a ete la plus importante. La croissance radiale des hetres apparait faible de 1800 a 1920 en raison de la fermeture du couvert forestier au cours de cette periode. Puis des perturbations survenues en 1922-1935 et 1948-1953 entrainent une augmentation de la croissance, qui devient alors superieure au signal commun. Conjointement, la reponse aux contraintes climatiques se renforce au cours des memes periodes. Chez le chene, les deviations de la croissance par rapport au signal commun sont en accord avec l'historique des perturbations locales jusqu'en 1850. Puis la croissance devient independante de ces perturbations et converge avec le signal commun. Sa reponse au climat demeure constante de 1925 a 1980.