Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incidence of tardive dyskinesia in first-episode psychosis patients treated with low-dose haloperidol.

BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that the risk of tardive dyskinesia is increased with higher doses of conventional antipsychotics. This study evaluates the 12-month incidence of tardive dyskinesia in subjects with first-episode psychosis who were treated with very low doses of haloperidol. METHOD Fifty-seven subjects with first-episode psychosis and a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder were treated according to a fixed protocol with a mean dose of haloperidol of 1.68 mg/day and prospectively studied for 12 months. Subjects were assessed for extrapyramidal symptoms and psychiatric symptoms at 3-month intervals. Data were gathered from 1999 to 2001. RESULTS Twelve-month incidence of probable or persistent tardive dyskinesia according to Schooler and Kane criteria was 12.3% (N = 7). Subjects with tardive dyskinesia did not differ from the rest of the sample regarding gender, race, duration of untreated psychosis, or baseline clinical characteristics. Subjects with tardive dyskinesia were older compared with subjects without tardive dyskinesia (37.14 +/- 9.23 vs. 27.30 +/- 8.09 years, respectively; t = -2.77, df = 30, p = .01) and received higher mean doses of haloperidol at 12 months (2.80 +/- 1.64 vs. 1.39 +/- 0.69 mg/day, respectively; t = -3.13, df = 25, p = .004). Cox regression analysis revealed that age at inclusion (p = .031), percentage change in negative symptoms (p = .028), and dose of haloperidol at 12 months (p = .016) were significant predictors of risk for tardive dyskinesia. CONCLUSION Incidence of tardive dyskinesia was at least as high as in other samples treated with standard doses of conventional antipsychotics. Subjects at risk for tardive dyskinesia could not be identified on the basis of initial clinical features or acute treatment response. Risk of tardive dyskinesia was related to age, antipsychotic dose, and worsening of negative, depressive, and parkinsonian symptoms.
Ocular injuries: an analytical study in a teaching general hospital.

A total of 319 cases of ocular injuries were examined in a period of 3 years by us. Out of these only 108 cases needed hospitalization. The total incidence among patients attending the ophthalmic O.P.D. was 1.43%. The patients had many different modes of injuries and the ocular tissue involved differed in many ways but notably injuries among stone crushers were in abundance (157 cases) in this region The injuries lead to partial blindness in 52.3% and total blindness in 11.6% of cases
A prospective study of escitalopram in the treatment of major depressive episodes in the presence or absence of anxiety

This open, multicenter, prospective study in France assessed the efficacy and tolerability of escitalopram in patients with depression, with or without comorbid anxiety. Escitalopram was administered over a 12‐week treatment period to 790 depressed patients, including 482 patients with at least one concomitant anxiety disorder. The study was completed by 649 patients. At baseline, the mean Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score was 31.5 and decreased to 12.4 at end point (last observation carried forward [LOCF]). The MADRS score decreased by 20.5 points in patients with no anxiety disorder and by 18.3 points in patients with at least one concomitant anxiety disorder. The mean Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A) total score at baseline was 25.6, which decreased to 10.8 at end point (LOCF). The HAM‐A score decreased by 13.8 points in patients with no anxiety disorder and by 15.5 points in patients with at least one anxiety disorder. Adverse events were reported by 246 patients (31%). The most frequent adverse events were nausea in 65 patients (8%) and headache in 38 patients (5%); 61 patients (8%) discontinued treatment due to adverse events. Escitalopram was well tolerated and efficacious in reducing symptoms of depression in patients with or without comorbid anxiety over a 12‐week treatment period. Depression and Anxiety 24:318–324, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Eustress Concept : Problems and Outlooks

The concepts of eustress and allostasis are discussed in terms of their inter-relationship and penetration. Historical research on general adaptation syndrome is examined from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach in which the effects of stress are manifested in four areas: physiology, behaviour, subjective experience and cognitive functions. This article provides a review of eustress concepts. The key problems and contradictions of eustress concept are disclosed and discussed. The authors propose an approach to eustress from the position of the adaptation process. The definition of eustress is substantiated as a form of stress after which a person’s adaptive capacity increases. The ways and mechanisms of eustress are described. The role of eustress is reviewed in the context of allostasis, a form of adaptation more complex than homeostasis. The authors propose the working hypothesis of allostatic states to describe the phenomena of distress and eustress.
Determinants of adolescents’ soft drink consumption

Abstract Objective To identify determinants of adolescents’ consumption of carbonated soft drinks (regular and diet), both of total consumption and of consumption at school. Design/Setting/Subjects Regular and diet soft drink consumption was measured by food frequency questions that were dichotomised. Several potential environmental and personal determinants of consumption were measured. A total of 2870 (participation rate: 85%) 9th and 10th graders, within 33 Norwegian schools, participated in the study. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were preformed for total soft drink consumption (twice a week or more vs. less) and for consumption at school (once a week or more vs. less). Results A total of 63% and 27% of the participants reported to drink respectively regular and diet soft drinks twice a week or more, and 24% and 8%, respectively, reported to drink soft drinks once a week or more at school. Preferences, accessibility, modelling and attitudes were the strongest determinants of both regular and diet soft drink consumption. In addition, gender, educational plans and dieting were related to both total soft drink consumption and consumption at school. Pupils with longer distance from school to shop and those in schools with rules concerning soft drink consumption tended to have lower odds of drinking both regular and diet soft drinks at school. Conclusion This study shows that gender, educational plans, dieting, accessibility, modelling, attitudes and preferences all seem to be strong determinants of adolescents’ soft drink consumption. Parents and the home environment appear as great potential intervention targets.
[The anti-aging effect of EPO and the preliminary probe into its mechanisms].

OBJECTIVE To study whether erythropoietin ( EPO) has the anti-aging effect and the mechanisms of how it effects. METHODS 5% D-galactose hypodermic injection for 6 weeks to establish the aging model. Divided rats into 5 groups randomly: the normal control (group A), the aging model (group B), the low dosage (1 000 U/ (kg x d)) of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) intervene (group C), the middle dosage (3 000 U/(kg x d)) of rhEPO intervene (group D) and the high dosage (5 000 U/(kg x d)) of rhEPO intervene (group E), 10 rats in each group. Morris water maze was used to comparing the behavioral indexes. After decapitating the rats, the malonaldehyde (MDA), Na(+)-K+ ATPase, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of brain tissue were tested. One rat from each group was selected randomly to observe the hippocampal ultramicrostructure. RESULTS (1) Compared with group A, the learning and memory ability of group B reduced, the level of MDA, the Na(+)-K+ ATPase, T-AOC and the SOD activities of brain tissue decreased (P < 0.05), besides, a series of aging changes were observed in the hippocampal ultramicro-structure in group B. (2) Compared with group B, an improved learning and memory ability of group D, a reduced MDA content and an increased activity of Na(+)-K+ ATPase, T-AOC and the SOD activities of brain tissue in group D were also observed with a improved hippocampal ultramicro-structure. (3) The low dosage of rhEPO intervention could against the decrease of the activities of brain Na(+)-K+ ATPase, SOD of aging rat (P < 0.05), but had no significant effects on the rest of the indicators. The high dosage of rhEPO intervention had no significant improvements on various indicators of aging rats in high dosage of rhEPO intervention group was noticed (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The middle dosage of EPO has the anti-aging effect, and its mechanisms may be related to enhancing the antioxidant enzymes activity and increasing the antioxidant capacity.
Optimization in the Medical Applications of Discrete Tomography

An overview and some computational challenges in intensity modulated radiation therapy are presented. Experience with a mixed-integer programming treatment planning model is described. The MIP model allows simultaneous optimization over the space of beamlet intensity weights and beam and couch angles. The model uses two classes of decision variables to capture the beam configuration and intensities simultaneously. Binary (0/1) variables are used to capture “on” or “off” or “yes” or “no” decisions for each field, and nonnegative continuous variables are used to represent intensities of beamlets. Binary and continuous variables are also used for each voxel to capture dose level and dose deviation from target bounds. The treatment planning model was designed to explicitly incorporate the following planning constraints: (a) upper/lower/mean dose-based constraints, (b) dosevolume and equivalent-uniform-dose constraints for critical structures, (c) homogeneity constraints (underdose/overdose) for the planning target volume (PTV), (d) coverage constraints for PTV, and (e) maximum number of beams allowed. Results of applying the MIP Model to a patient case are presented. Brief discussions of recent linear programming and nonlinear programming treatment planning models are also described, as is an MIP approach for direct aperture optimization.
Predicting the therapeutic alliance in alcoholism treatment.

OBJECTIVE Prediction of the therapeutic alliance in alcoholism treatment (as rated by the client and by the therapist) was examined in light of a range of potentially relevant factors, including client demographics, drinking history, current drinking, current psychosocial functioning and therapist demographics. METHOD The data were gathered in Project MATCH. The present analyses were based on data from 707 outpatients and 480 aftercare clients assigned to one of the three Project MATCH treatments. Potential predictor variables were evaluated by first examining bivariate linear relationships between the variables and ratings of the alliance, and then entering blocks of these predictors into multiple linear regression equations with alliance ratings as the dependent variables. All analysis incorporated adjustments for the nonindependence of ratings pertaining to clients seen by the same therapist. RESULTS In simple regressions evaluating bivariate relationships, outpatients' ratings of the alliance were positively predicted by client age, motivational readiness to change, socialization, level of perceived social support and therapist age, and were negatively predicted by client educational level, level of depression, and meaning seeking. Therapist ratings in the outpatient sample were positively predicted by the client being female and by level of overall alcohol involvement, severity of alcohol dependence, negative consequences of alcohol use, and readiness to change. Among aftercare clients, ratings of the alliance were positively predicted by readiness to change, socialization and social support, and were negatively predicted by level of depression. Therapist ratings of the alliance in the aftercare sample were positively predicted by the client being female and therapist educational level, and were negatively predicted by pretreatment drinks per drinking day. Of the variables having significant bivariate relationships with alliance scores, only a few were identified as significant predictors in multiple regression equations. Among outpatients, client age and motivational readiness to change remained positive predictors and client education a negative predictor of client ratings of the alliance, while client gender remained a significant predictor of therapist ratings. Among aftercare clients, readiness to change and level of depression remained significant predictors of client ratings, while none of the variables remained a significant predictor of therapist ratings. CONCLUSIONS While the data indicate that several client variables predict the nature of both the client's and therapist's perception of the therapeutic alliance, the significant relationships are of modest magnitude, and few variables remain predictive after controlling for causally prior variables. The strongest relationship identified in both the outpatient and aftercare samples is that between clients' motivational readiness to change and their ratings of the alliance.
Intracellular calcium release channel expression during embryogenesis.

The release of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) via either inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) or ryanodine receptors (RyR) activates a wide variety of signaling pathways in virtually every type of cell. In the present study we demonstrate that at early stages of development IP3R mRNA and functional IP3-gated Ca2+ release channels are widely expressed in virtually all tissues in murine embryos. As organogenesis proceeds, more specialized RyR channels are expressed in many cell types and the triggering mechanisms for intracellular Ca2+ release become more diverse to include IP3-dependent and voltage-dependent and Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. As development proceeds virtually all cell types continue to express IP3R channels but in excitable cells including skeletal and cardiac muscles the major Ca2+ release channels are RyRs. This developmental switch from predominantly IP3-mediated to both IP3-mediated and IP3-independent pathways for intracellular Ca2+ release is consistent with data showing that IP3R plays an important regulatory role in cellular proliferation and apoptosis, whereas RyR is required for other cellular functions including muscle contraction.
Singular Value Decomposition for Multidimensional Matrices

Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is of great significance in theory development of mathematics and statistics. In this paper we propose the SVD for 3-dimensional (3-D) matrices and extend it to the general Multidimensional Matrices (MM). We use the basic operations associated with MM introduced by Solo to define some additional aspects of MM. We achieve SVD for 3-D matrix through these MM operations. The proposed SVD has similar characterizations as for 2-D matrices. Further we summarize various characterizations of singular values obtained through the SVD of MM. We demonstrate our results with an example and compare them with the existing method. We also develop Matlab functions to perform SVD of MM and some related MM operations.
In vivo demonstration of enzyme activity in endocrine pancreatic tumors: decarboxylation of carbon-11-DOPA to carbon-11-dopamine.

METHODS We used PET to characterize the uptake and decarboxylation of 11C-L-DOPA in vivo in two patients with endocrine pancreatic tumors: one glucagonoma and one gastrinoma. RESULTS With L-DOPA labeled with 11C in the beta position, in which the radioactive label follows the molecule through decarboxylation to dopamine, significant uptake was observed in the tumors. With L-DOPA labeled in the carboxyl group, in which the label is rapidly eliminated from the tissue as 11CO2 if decarboxylation takes place, an almost complete lack of uptake is noted. CONCLUSION This study shows that, using selective position labeling, an in vivo action of enzymatic activity can be observed with PET and that significant decarboxylation occurs in the tested endocrine pancreatic tumors. Also, marked retention of radioactivity occurs after treatment with somatostatin analogs. It is hypothesized that this is a reflection of a reduction of exocytosis which is induced by this treatment.
Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: An Old Concept with New Techniques

Abstract: The estimated cumulative cost of health care attributable to back pain exceeds $25 billion per year in the United States, and more than 200,000 spine fusion procedures are performed each year in an effort to relieve discogenic back pain and instability. These numbers are projected to rise in the face of our aging population. As new interbody grafting sources have been developed, posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is being used with increasing frequency. PLIF was once a procedure that required extensive dissection of the musculoligamentous complex of the dorsal spine. Advances in surgical technique and technology now allow access to spinal structures with minimal trauma to surrounding tissue. Knowledge of the various fusion procedures can assist nurses caring for the unique needs of patients undergoing spinal surgery.
Cre recombinase specificity defined by the tau locus

We generated a transgenic mouse line (tau::Cre) by targeting the Cre to the tau locus (Mapt). Based on previous reports on the expression of Tau during development, we expected the Cre recombinase to be expressed in a neuron‐specific and pan‐neuronal manner. However, intercrosses between the tau::Cre and the Cre‐activatable reporter animals resulted in offspring with recombination either restricted to the nervous system or throughout the entire conceptus, indicating expression of Tau early in development. The percentage of neuron‐specific excision was dependent on the Cre reporter used representing different Cre target sites in the mouse genome. In spite of the observed variability, our data suggest that the tau::Cre mouse line can be used for pan‐neuronal recombination of floxed alleles when it is used with caution. genesis 40:131–138, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Analysis of Health Behavior Theories Applied to Breast-Screening Behavior for Relevance With American Indian Women

This article reviews studies of the efficacy of breast-screening interventions and their related theories that have had a positive effect in influencing women to use mammography and assesses the potential of various behavioral models for use with American Indian women. The study involved a search of literature in nursing and other health fields. Both communityand practice-based interventions have incorporated elements of various theoretical models. Because of its adaptability, the modified health behavior model appears most relevant for designing interventions to encourage mammography use among American Indian women.
Bone Mineral Accrual in Osteopenic and Nonosteopenic Girls With Idiopathic Scoliosis During Bracing Treatment

Study Design. A prospective longitudinal follow-up study. Objectives. To assess the effect of standardized bracing treatment on bone mineral density (BMD) accumulation in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and to analyze the possible influencing factors of BMD accumulation during bracing treatment. Summary of Background Data. The association between osteopenia and AIS has been reported in numerous studies. Although a very recent study argued that bracing did not appear to affect BMD accumulation, the impact of initial bone mineral status on the BMD accrual during the bracing treatment has not been analyzed before. Methods. Using a dual energy radiograph absorptiometer, BMD and BMC measurements were taken initially and with a follow-up after 1 year in the lumbar spine (L2–L4, LS) and femoral neck (FN) of the nondominant side on AIS girls who were treated with braces. Differences in bone mineral accrual in initially osteopenic and nonosteopenic AIS girls were analyzed. The BMD accumulation rates were correlated with maturity status at entry, the anthropometric data, and the duration of bracing. Results. Forty-nine patients with AIS were included. At entry, osteopenia was found in 16 and 14 girls at the site of LS and FN, respectively. After an average duration of 1.1 years brace treatment, more than 94% of AIS girls had a positive bone mineral accrual. The annual accumulation rates of LS-BMD and FN-BMD were 0.054 g/(cm2·yr) and 0.076 g/(cm2·yr) respectively, and both were similar initially in osteopenic and nonosteopenic patients. Neither the total nor the daily bracing time correlated significantly with the accumulation rates at either site. The annualaccumulation rate of LS-BMD was found to be inversely correlated with maturity at entry whereas positively correlated with changes in height and weight. Conclusion. It is concluded that nearly all of AIS girls had positive bone mineral accrual at LS and FN during over-1-year brace treatment. Brace treatment and the initial bone mineral status may not play important roles in the BMD accumulation. Growth potential of AIS patients is one of the key factors influencing bone mineral accrual during brace treatment.
Migration and Mental Health among Hmong Refugees: Association of Pre‐ and Postmigration Factors with Self‐Rating Scales

To date there have been no epidemiological studies of a refugee population using selfrating scales. This method was used in a study of Hmong refugees in Minnesota. Self- reported symptoms were compared with premigration and postmigration factors to assess those characteristics associated with increased symptom reporting. Relatively few premigration factors influenced these self-reports, whereas several postmigration factors were significantly correlated with symptoms. These findings suggest certain interventions which might enhance the adjustment of subsequent refugees.
Variability In Diagnostic Criteria For Chronic Fatigue Syndrome May Result In Substantial Differences In Patterns Of Symptoms And Disability

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an illness that involves severe, prolonged exhaustion as well as neurologic, immunologic, and endocrine system pathology. Because the pathogenesis of CFS has yet to be determined, case definitions have relied on clinical observation in classifying signs and symptoms for diagnosis. The current investigation examined differences between CFS as defined by Fukuda and colleagues and a set of criteria that has been stipulated for myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). Dependent measures included psychiatric comorbidity, symptom frequency, symptom severity, and functional impairment. The ME and Fukuda et al. (1994) CFS criteria were compared with a group having chronic fatigue due to psychiatric reasons. Significant differences occurred primarily with neurologic, neuropsychiatric, fatigue/weakness, and rheumatological symptoms. These findings suggest that it might be inappropriate to synthesize results from studies of this illness that use different definitions to select study populations.
Understanding student concerns about peer physical examination using an activity theory framework

Context Peer physical examination (PPE) has been employed for several decades as part of the formal curriculum for learning clinical skills. Most of the existing studies exploring students’ attitudes towards PPE are single‐site and use quantitative methods. Currently, there is a lack of theoretical underpinning to PPE as a learning method.