Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Atomic model of the human cardiac muscle myosin filament

Of all the myosin filaments in muscle, the most important in terms of human health, and so far the least studied, are those in the human heart. Here we report a 3D single-particle analysis of electron micrograph images of negatively stained myosin filaments isolated from human cardiac muscle in the normal (undiseased) relaxed state. The resulting 28-Å resolution 3D reconstruction shows axial and azimuthal (no radial) myosin head perturbations within the 429-Å axial repeat, with rotations between successive 132 Å-, 148 Å-, and 149 Å-spaced crowns of heads close to 60°, 35°, and 25° (all would be 40° in an unperturbed three-stranded helix). We have defined the myosin head atomic arrangements within the three crown levels and have modeled the organization of myosin subfragment 2 and the possible locations of the 39 Å-spaced domains of titin and the cardiac isoform of myosin-binding protein-C on the surface of the myosin filament backbone. Best fits were obtained with head conformations on all crowns close to the structure of the two-headed myosin molecule of vertebrate chicken smooth muscle in the dephosphorylated relaxed state. Individual crowns show differences in head-pair tilts and subfragment 2 orientations, which, together with the observed perturbations, result in different intercrown head interactions, including one not reported before. Analysis of the interactions between the myosin heads, the cardiac isoform of myosin-binding protein-C, and titin will aid in understanding of the structural effects of mutations in these proteins known to be associated with human cardiomyopathies.
The Stage-specific Testicular Germ Cell Apoptotic Response to Low-dose Radiation and 2,5-hexanedione Combined Exposure. II

Testicular effects of chemical mixtures may differ from those of the individual chemical constituents. This study assessed the co-exposure effects of the model germ cell- and Sertoli cell-specific toxicants, X-irradiation (x-ray), and 2,5-hexanedione (HD), respectively. In high-dose studies, HD has been shown to attenuate x-ray-induced germ cell apoptosis. Adult rats were exposed to different levels of x-ray (0.5 Gy, 1 Gy, and 2 Gy) or HD (0.33%), either alone or in combination. To assess cell type-specific attenuation of x-ray effects with HD co-exposure, we used laser capture microdissection (LCM) to enrich the targeted cell population and examine a panel of apoptosis-related transcripts using PCR arrays. The apoptosis PCR arrays identified significant dose-dependent treatment effects on several genes, with downregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5), Naip2, Sphk2, Casp7, Aven, Birc3, and upregulation of Fas. The greatest difference in transcript response to exposure was seen with 0.5 Gy x-ray exposure, and the attenuation effect seen with the combined high-dose x-ray and HD did not persist into the low-dose range. Examination of protein levels in staged tubules revealed a significant upregulation in DR5, following high-dose co-exposure. These results provide insight into the testis cell-specific apoptotic response to low-dose co-exposures of model testicular toxicants.
Atypical interhemispheric communication in left-handed individuals

The relative latencies of evoked electroencephalogram potentials to lateralized visual stimuli were used to calculate the interhemispheric transfer time (IHTT) in right-handed and left-handed males. We confirmed earlier observations of a directional asymmetry in right-handed males. That is, IHTT from the right to the left hemisphere is significantly shorter than from the left to the right. We showed for the first time, however, that this directional asymmetry is not seen in left-handed males. It is suggested that differences in the cytoarchitechtonics of the right and left hemisphere (differences that may result in lateralization of function per se) underlie the asymmetric IHTT in right handers, and that these differences are less pronounced in left handers.
Evidence on the Existence and Determinants of Inter-Industry Differences in Leverage

question of the existence of optimal capital structure. Under certain assumptions,' Miller demonstrates that, while a unique optimal level of aggregate debt exists for the corporate sector as a whole, leverage and value at the individual firm level are independent. In a recent paper, DeAngelo and Masulis (DM) [3] generalize the Miller leverage irrelevancy theorem to incorporate risky debt. The theorem is shown to hold under alter-
Energy Cost of Advertisements in Mobile Games on the Android Platform

Advertisements (ads) are a common source of revenue for monetizing free mobile applications, but increase the energy consumption of a mobile device because the advertisement have to be fetched and displayed. In particular, the radio communication needed for the data transfer is power hungry and therefore advertisement sponsored free applications consume more energy than paid apps. This energy cost can be justified for Internet and social-applications but not for standalone games where always-on Internet connectivity is not necessarily required. In this paper, we analyze the energy consumed by mobile advertisements in an Android Phone. We measure the energy consumption by comparing the power usage of mobile phone games with and without advertisements. Our results show that advertisements in general consume significant amount of energy, but the consumption depends on how frequently advertisements are requested from the advertisement server(Ad Mob Server). In applications where advertisements are fetched frequently the energy consumed is higher, while in applications where advertisements are fetched rarely, it is lower. Moreover, we observe that the Ad Mob Server does not always send a new advertisement for each request but responds with a HTTP 304 (Resource Not Modified) leading to unnecessary usage of network and energy.
Principal-Agent Problems in S&L Salvage

New legislation and traditional FDIC insolvency-resolution procedures transform and intensify the principal-agent problems most responsible for the FSLIC mess. These problems explain counterproductive constraints on the governance and operating policies of the agency responsible for rescuing and salvaging assets in insolvent thrifts: the Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC). The constraints slow insolvency resolution, increase interim financing costs, and undermine RTC recovery of asset value. Operationalizing its task as preserving evanescent and economically misconceived "franchise values," the RTC allows insolvents to seek financing on an unconsolidated basis, initiates bidding for one institution at a time, holds back seriously troubled assets, and recruits an overly narrow range of bidders. Copyright 1990 by American Finance Association.
Abacavir/lamivudine versus tenofovir DF/emtricitabine as part of combination regimens for initial treatment of HIV: final results.

BACKGROUND AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5202 compared blinded abacavir/lamivudine (ABC/3TC) to tenofovir DF/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) with efavirenz (EFV) or atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected treatment-naive patients, stratified by screening HIV RNA (< or ≥ 10(5) copies/mL). Due to higher virologic failure with ABC/3TC in the high HIV RNA stratum, blinded treatment was stopped in this group, but study follow-up continued for all patients. METHODS Primary endpoints were times to virologic failure, regimen modification, and safety event. RESULTS In the low HIV RNA stratum, time to virologic failure was similar for ABC/3TC vs TDF/FTC with ATV/r (hazard ratio [HR] 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76, 2.05) or EFV (HR 1.23, 95% CI 0.77, 1.96), with significantly shorter times to regimen modification for ABC/3TC with EFV or ATV/r and to safety events with EFV. Prior to stopping blinded treatment in the high stratum, higher virologic failure rates were seen with ABC/3TC with EFV (HR 2.46, 95% CI 1.20, 5.05) or ATV/r (HR 2.22, 95% CI 1.19, 4.14). CONCLUSIONS In the low HIV RNA stratum, times to virologic failure for ABC/3TC or TDF/FTC were not different with EFV or ATV/r. In the high stratum, virologic failure rate was significantly higher for ABC/3TC than for TDF/FTC when given with either EFV or ATV/r.
Students Learn How Nonprofits Utilize Volunteers Through Inquiry-Based Learning

This article highlights how undergraduate students implemented inquiry-based learning strategies to learn how nonprofit organizations utilize volunteers. In inquiry-based learning, students begin with a problem or question with some degree of focus or structure provided by the professor. The student inquiry showcased in this article was based on a questionnaire used in an interview with the chief executive officer of a local nonprofit organization. The data collected by students participating in the inquiry-based project contribute to a study that may be used to guide student learning outcomes as they prepare for careers in the nonprofit sector. Inquiry-based learning is a useful approach to focus student learning outcomes and engage students in authentic, active research.
Cultural Control and the `Culture Manager': Employment Practices in a Consultancy

This article explores the use of `company culture' as a means of management control. It reports on research conducted in a consultancy that aimed to secure loyalty from its employees through a conscious policy of organised `play' at company socials. Employees were given a certain amount of freedom over their working lives in exchange for accepting company regulation of their social time. Here it is argued that this normative control differs from historical attempts to ensure that employees were of good moral character. In earlier interventions social and community obligations were emphasised, now every `virtue' encouraged is designed to be exercised in the workplace, often at the expense of the individual or the community. Further, that while control through organisational culture does have some of the advantages claimed for it in the prescriptive literature, it also extends the employment contract to areas previously outside the managerial prerogative.
How Do Powerful CEOs View Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)? An Empirical Note

We explore how powerful CEOs view investments in corporate social responsibility (CSR). The agency view suggests that CEOs invest in CSR to enhance their own private benefits. On the contrary, the conflict resolution view argues that CSR investments are made to resolve the conflicts among various stakeholders. Using Bebchuk et al. (2011) CEO Pay Slice (CPS) to measure CEO power, we show that the association between CEO power and CSR is non-monotonic. When the CEO is relatively less powerful, an increase in CEO power leads to more CSR engagement. However, as the CEO becomes substantially more powerful, he is more entrenched and no longer invests more in CSR. In fact, when CEO power goes beyond a certain threshold, more powerful CEOs significantly reduce CSR investments.
Calcitropic Hormones, Bone Turnover, and Lead Exposure Among Female Smelter Workers

To study the association between levels of lead in blood and bone among female former smelter workers in Bunker Hill, Idaho, the authors performed a longitudinal study using home-ostatic regulators of calcium and biomarkers of bone turnover. The authors measured participants' blood lead levels (by means of a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer) and tibia-bone lead levels (by means of the 109Cd K x-ray fluorescence system) in 1994 and again in 2000; serum ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, urinary deoxypyridinoline, pyridinoline, and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured. After controlling for weight and age, significant predictors of changes in blood lead levels from 1994 to 2000 in postmenopausal women were duration of employment, higher ionized calcium levels, alcohol consumption, and higher parathyroid hormone levels. Predictors of change in tibia-bone lead levels in the same group of women were employment in a technical job such as mining and higher urinary pyridinoline levels (p < .05). Changes in blood and bone lead levels over time were associated with increased bone resorption, especially among postmenopausal women.
Post-Crisis Potential Output in the Western Balkans

Abstract Spurred by the recent global economic crisis, there has been a resurgence of research on output gaps. As the crisis caused a decline in potential GDP due to a strong contraction in demand, it is expected that the recovery of potential output will be especially difficult in demand-driven small open economies, such as the Western Balkan countries, where recovery will strongly depend on global international trade recovery. The purpose of this research is to calculate and compare pre and post-crisis potential GDPs and GDP gaps for the Western Balkan countries. The symmetric filter method developed by Hodrick and Prescott is used to de-trend GDP time series data by decomposing it into growth and cyclical components. The results point to a strong decrease in potential output growth compared to the pre-crisis potential output growth of the Western Balkans.
Price determinants of American Depositary Receipts (ADR): a cross-sectional analysis of panel data

Evidence on ADR price discovery is provided using data for a large sample from 13 different countries for the period 1990 to 2000. Using Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) and Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) models that incorporate both contemporaneous and lagged factors as exogenous variables in a cross-sectional panel data the findings indicate that movements in the underlying shares are the most influential factor affecting ADR prices. Further and contrary to the evidence provided in previous studies, the findings suggest that changes in the exchange rate significantly influence ADR prices. The results confirm previous findings that ADR price discovery occurs in the US stock market where they are listed and traded. Although, innovations in the home stock market do contribute to the ADR price discovery, its impact is not as strong as the one found for the innovations in the US stock market.
Change and recovery of coastal mesozooplankton community structure during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

The response of mesozooplankton community structure to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the northern Gulf of Mexico was investigated using data from a long-term plankton survey off the coast of Alabama (USA). Environmental conditions observed in the study area during the oil spill (2010) were compared to historical observations (2005–2009), to support the contention that variations observed in zooplankton assemblage structure may be attributed to the oil spill, as opposed to natural climatic or environmental variations. Zooplankton assemblage structure observed during the oil spill period (May–August) in 2010 was then compared to historical observations from the same period (2005–2009). Significant variations were detected in assemblage structure in May and June 2010, but these changes were no longer significant by July 2010. The density of ostracods, cladocerans and echinoderm larvae were responsible for most of the differences observed, but patterns differed depending on taxa and months. Many taxa had higher densities during the oil spill year, including calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, ostracods, bivalve larvae and cladocerans, among others. Although this result is somewhat surprising, it is possible that increased microbial activity related to the infusion of oil carbon may have stimulated secondary production through microbial-zooplankton trophic linkages. Overall, results suggest that, although changes in zooplankton community composition were observed during the oil spill, variations were weak and recovery was rapid.
Mutational and kinetic analyses of the GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-p21 interaction: the C-terminal domain of GAP is not sufficient for full activity

The GTPase-activating protein (GAP) stimulates the GTPase reaction of p21 by 5 orders of magnitude such that the kcat of the reaction is increased to 19 s-1. Mutations of residues in loop L1 (Gly-12 and Gly-13), in loop L2 (Thr-35 and Asp-38), and in loop L4 (Gln-61 and Glu-63) influence the reaction in different ways, but all of these mutant p21 proteins still form complexes with GAP. The C-terminal domain of the human GAP gene product, GAP334, which comprises residues 714 to 1047, is 20 times less active than full-length GAP on a molar basis and has a fourfold lower affinity. This finding indicates that the N terminus of GAP containing the SH2 domains modifies the interaction between the catalytic domain and p21.
Dual Sensory Impairment in Older Age

Objectives: Hearing and visual impairments are commonly viewed separately in research and service provision, but they often occur together as dual sensory impairment or DSI in older populations. This article examines the frequency and effects of DSI in older age and notes limitations in the evidence. Methods: Search of electronic databases of published papers. Results: DSI diminishes communication and well-being and can cause social isolation, depression, reduced independence, mortality, and cognitive impairment. Discussion: Although intuitively DSI may be expected to have additional impacts over single sensory impairment, research findings are inconclusive. Services and supports required by people with DSI are simply a combination of those required by people with single vision and hearing loss, taking account of the unique communication difficulties posed by DSI.
Indexes of United States Stock Prices from 1802 to 1987

Monthly stock returns from Smith and Cole [1935], Macaulay [1938] and Cowles [1939J are compared and contrasted with the returns to the CRSP value and equal-weighted portfolios of New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) stocks. Daily stock returns from Dow Jones [1972] and Standard & Poor's [1986] are compared and contrasted with the returns to the CRSP value and equal-weighted portfolios of NYSE and American Stock Exchange (AMEX) stocks. Effects of dividends, nonsynchronous trading and time-averaging are analyzed. Splicing together the best indexes gives monthly data from 1802-1987 (2,227) observations) and daily data from 1885-1987 (28,884 observations.) This working paper was produced incompletely - several pages of the original were missing and others were duplicated. To see a complete version of this paper click here
Economic reforms, determinants and stability of dividends in a dynamic setting

Purpose – This study aims to find whether the Indian private corporate sector follow stable cash dividend policies, whether dividends smoothen earnings, estimate the implicit target dividend ratio, and examine the determinants along with speed of adjustment of dividends towards a long run target ratio.Design/methodology/approach – The study uses the instrumental variable (IV) approach for dynamic panel data for 1971‐2010 periods controlling for economic reforms. The GMM‐in‐levels model, GMM‐in‐first‐differences and GMM‐in‐systems are alternatively estimated to include other lag structures.Findings – In the post‐reform period lower dividends are consistent with rapid growth in the economic environment and the tendency to smoothen dividends has considerably decreased over time. The estimated model suggests dividends substitute for less opportunity for internal growth and increased general likening to relatively retain their earnings and finance their growth, unlike the past.Research limitations/implications.
Development of titanium-dioxide-based aerogel catalyst with tunable nanoporosity and photocatalytic activity

Nanostructured highly porous TiO2/WO3/Fe3+ aerogel composite photocatalysts are prepared, characterized and tested for model photocatalytic reactions. The catalyst structure is tailored to capture environmental pollutants and enable their decomposition in situ under both ultraviolet (UV) and visible light through oxidation to smaller benign molecules. A novel and green method is utilized to prepare the unique surfactant-templated aerogel composite photocatalyst that has a highly accessible porous nanostructure with high surface area and tailored pore size distribution. The sol–gel process is combined with supercritical extraction and drying. Supercritical drying with heat treatment results in titanium dioxide with anatase crystal form. Templates used further enable retention and tuning of the nanopore structure and surface properties. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using SEM, FIB, XRD and porosimetry prior to post-evaluation in model reactions. The bandgap of the catalyst particles was also determined using diffuse reflectance. The resulting aerogel TiO2/WO3/Fe3+ has similar photocatalytic capability compared to highly optimized commercial Degussa P25 under UV exposure and offers much superior photocatalytic capability under visible light exposure. The model reaction utilized employed methylene blue (MB) photooxidation under visible and UV light.
Upgrades, Tradeins, and Buybacks

We study monopoly pricing of overlapping generations of a durable good. We consider two sorts of goods: those with an active secondhand market and anonymous consumers, such as textbooks, and those with no secondhand market and consumers who can prove that they purchased the old good to qualify for a discount on the new one, such as software. In the first case we show that the monopolist may choose to either produce or repurchase the old good once the new one becomes available. In the latter case we determine when the monopolist chooses to offer upgrade discounts.
Six Cases of Women with Diethylstilbestrol in Utero Demonstrating Long-Term Manifestations and Current Evaluation Guidelines

Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a nonsteroidal estrogen, was widely used in the United States from 1940 through 1971 to prevent pregnancy loss. In the late 1960s, an association was made with an increased incidence of clear cell adenocarcinoma in young women exposed in utero to DES. Additional study of these women over the next 35 years has shown an increased risk of other health problems including intraepithelial neoplasia, ectopic pregnancy, first trimester spontaneous abortion and second trimester pregnancy loss. The National Institutes of Health continues to fund studies to follow cohorts of DES-exposed mothers, daughters, sons and third generation children. The Centers for Disease Control have conducted a large DES Education Project and have established guidelines for management. The following six cases studies illustrate common problems seen in DES exposed daughters and management of problems encountered.
Caries-preventive effects of sodium and amine fluoride dentifrices.

PURPOSE To determine the comparative effects of sodium (NaF) and amine fluoride dentifrices, as well as the effect of different silica abrasives used in NaF dentifrices, on caries formation in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Harlan Sprague Dawley mixed sex, weanling, littermate rats were fed a cariogenic diet and inoculated with S. sobrinus strain 6715 to induce caries formation. The dentifrices evaluated contained 0.31% NaF with precipitated silica I as the abrasive system; 0.31% NaF with sodium bicarbonate and hydrated silica; placebo; amine fluoride (0.14%) containing silica (Elmex); 0.31% NaF with precipitated silica II (Sensodyne F); and 0.31% NaF with hydrated silica. Dentifrice slurries were administered 7 days per week for 3 weeks at which time the animals were euthanized and the hemijaws removed, coded and stained with a murexide solution. The recovery of S. sobrinus after the 3-week study clearly showed that all of the six groups were infected with S. sobrinus. The Keyes scoring method was then used to assess the caries formation within the six groups. RESULTS Caries scores showed that all five experimental fluoride dentifrices were equally efficacious statistically in reducing caries formation when compared to the placebo with reductions ranging from 26 to 43%.