Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Working Papers Paper 60 , November 2012 Re-launching migration systems

The concept of the migration system, first popularised in the 1970s, has remained a staple component of any review of migration theory. Since then, it has been cast somewhat adrift from its conceptual moorings; today in the literature migration systems are generally either conflated with migrant networks or elevated to the heights of macro-level abstraction which divorces them from any empirical basis. At the same time, by taking on board more sophisticated notions of agency, emergence, and social mechanisms, the broader concept of the social system has moved on from the rather discredited structural-functionalist marina where it was first launched. In recent years, having been rejected by many social theorists, the social system has been subject to major reconstruction prior to its re-launch as a respectable and valuable area of social enquiry. This paper argues that, for the most part, these developments in systems theory have been ignored by those applying the concept of systems to the analysis of migration. It addresses the question of how the concept of the migration system can be reformulated in the light of these theoretical advances and what implications this may have for our research and analysis. Non-technical summary In recent years debates about the idea of the ‘social system’ have been reinvigorated by accounts drawing on notions of agency, emergence, and social mechanisms. This paper argues that these developments in systems theory have largely been ignored by those applying the concept of systems to the analysis of migration. The paper addresses the question of how the concept of the migration system can be reformulated in the light of these theoretical advances and what implications this may have for our research and analysis.
Fixed Points of Almost Generalized ( α , ψ )-Contractive Type Maps in G-Metric Spaces

In this paper, we introduce almost generalized (α, ψ)-contractive type mappings and prove the existence of fixed points for such mappings in G-metric spaces. Further, we define ‘Condition (H)’ and under this additional assumption, we prove uniqueness of fixed point. Our results generalize the results of Alghamdi and Karapinar [1] and Mustafa and Sims [2].
Effect of Tax Rate, Taxation Technology and Information, Possibility of Fraud Detection, and Tax Fairnesson Taxpayer Perception of Tax Fraud Ethics

This research is aimed to examine effect of tax rate, taxation technology and information, possibility of fraud detection, and tax fairness on taxpayer perception of tax fraud ethics. This research uses primary data by questioners. Data are analyzed by using multiple regression with 105 respondents of individual taxpayers (wajib pajak orang pribadi) listed in Kantor Pelayanan Pajak (KPP) Pratama Senapelan Pekanbaru, KPP Dumai Kota, KPP Rokan Hilir, Riau, Indonesia. Results show that tax rate has effect on taxpayer perce ption of tax f raud ethics, taxation technology and information has effect on taxpayer perception of tax fraud ethics, possibility of fraud detection has effect on taxpayer perception of tax fraud ethics, tax f airness has effect on taxpayer perception of tax fraud ethics.
Effect of the welding environment and storage time of electrodes on the diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal

In the study the glycerin displacement method was used for determination of diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal. Specimens were welded in the air and in the water with covered rutile electrodes. The first part of the specimens was made immediately after opening the package of the electrodes. The electrodes were then stored in opened packages in laboratory conditions that allowed for contact with the air for three years. After that time, the second part of the samples was made. The results of the measurements of the diffusible hydrogen amount in deposited metal ranged from 32.61 to 39.95 ml/100 g for specimens welded in the air and from 51.50 to 61.34 ml/100 g for specimens made in the water. The statistical analyses were performed in a Statistical software package using the ANOVA module (one-way analysis of variance) with an assumed significance level α = 0.05. The assumption of normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The homogeneity of variance was verified by the Levene test. In the next step, post-hoc analyzes were made. The aim was to determine which averages are significantly different. Scheffe, Tukey, NIR Fisher, Newman-Keuls and Duncan tests were used. Possible changes in the diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal resulting from storage time of electrodes (3 years) were verified by Student’s t-test. All of the statistical analysis shows that the storage time of the electrodes has no significant influence on the diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal regardless of the welding environment.
Environment te of aluminium released by sacrificial anodes – ntamination of marine sediments by environmentally ailable compounds

To protect their steel structures from corrosion by cathodic protection, many harbours use aluminium sacrificial anodes, which induces aluminium release and potential contamination of the surrounding waters and sediments. To study the impact on Al mobility, a natural marine sediment was artificially contaminated with aluminium from different sources: sulphate or chloride salts, or sacrificial anodes. To estimate Al mobility in sediments, single (HCl) and sequential (F6) extractions were performed; they highlighted that aluminium is poorly mobile in natural sediment (HCl-leachable: 2% and F6-leachable: 9%). Contamination by aluminium salts inhibits HCl-leachability ( 2%), whereas the Al F6-leachability is intensified up to 18%, suggesting that the additional aluminium is scavenged in a mobile fraction that HCl is not able to solubilise. In case of aluminium anode contamination, sediments present surging Al HCl-leachable (15%) and F6-leachable (32%) fractions, which are related to aluminium mineralogical speciation. Indeed, contrary to the Al naturally present or introduced by salts, Al released by anodes is partly bound to the acid-soluble fraction, probably because of the integration of the released Al into the calcareous deposit produced at the anodes surfaces that finally comes away and gets mixed up with the sediment. The presence of aluminium in the acid-soluble fraction of sediments could have an important environmental impact as this fraction is easily available. Indeed, Al scavenged in the acid-soluble fraction of sediments participates in enhancing Al lability near the sacrificial anodes and may affect the surrounding
ERRATUM: Factors Affecting Seed Dormancy and Germination of Greater Bur-Parsley (Turgenia latifolia)

ABSTRACT Our knowledge about seed dormancy breaking and environmental factors affecting seed germination of greater bur-parsley (Turgenia latifolia) is restricted. This study has addressed some seed dormancy breaking techniques, including different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3), leaching duration, physical scarification as well as some environmental factors effective on seed germination such as salt and drought stresses, pH and seed planting depth. Seed germination was promoted with lower concentrations of KNO3 (0.01 to 0.02 g L-1), while higher concentrations reduced germination percentage. Seed dormancy was declined by low concentrations of GA3 up to 100 ppm. Seeds of greater bur-parsley germinated in a range of pH from 3 to 7. With enhancement of drought and salt stresses, seed germination decreased. Also, there was no seed germination in a high level of stresses. Seedling emergence reduced as planting depth increased. Use of GA3, KNO3, leaching and physical scarification had a positive effect on seed dormancy breaking of greater bur-parsley. The information from the study increases our knowledge about seed dormancy breaking techniques, response of germination to drought and salt stresses and also determination of distribution regions of greater bur-parsley in the future.
Second wind for innovation: strategies and intended innovation outcomes in a mature process industry

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The role of interchange fees in two-sided markets : An empirical investigation on payment cards

We study the impact of reductions in interchange fees on payment card services. We find that consumer and merchant acceptance and transaction volumes increased when interchange fees were reduced. Our results suggest that a 10 percent reduction in the rate of decline per quarter in the average interchange fee by an acquirer resulted in a rate of increase in merchant acceptance per quarter of up to 1.4 percent. Additionally, a 10 percent increase in the rate of interaction of merchant acceptance and the total number of cards increased the rate of quarterly issuer transaction volumes up to 1.7 percent.
Efficient Secure Three-Party Sorting with Applications to Data Analysis and Heavy Hitters

We present a three-party sorting protocol secure against passive and active adversaries in the honest majority setting. The protocol can be easily combined with other secure protocols which work on shared data, and thus enable different data analysis tasks, such as private set intersection of shared data, deduplication, and the identification of heavy hitters. The new protocol computes a stable sort. It is based on radix sort and is asymptotically better than previous secure sorting protocols. It improves on previous radix sort protocols by not having to shuffle the entire length of the items after each comparison step. We implemented our sorting protocol with different optimizations and achieved concretely fast performance. For example, sorting one million items with 32-bit keys and 32-bit values takes less than 2 seconds with semi-honest security and about 3.5 seconds with malicious security. Finding the heavy hitters among hundreds of thousands of 256-bit values takes only a few seconds, compared to close to an hour in previous work.
Inter and intra-host variability of hepatitis C virus genotype 1 a hypervariable envelope coding domains followed for a 4 – 11 year of human immunode fi ciency virus coinfection and highly active antiretroviral therapy

The evolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies in patients with HIV-1 coinfection is not fully understood. The HCV-1a quasispecies heterogeneity was analyzed at inter and intra-host levels along 7.6 years in 21 coinfected patients that showed different virological and immunological responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Two to nine serial samples were subjected to direct and clonal sequence analyses of the envelope glycoprotein 2 (E2) gene. E2-based phylogenies, intra-host HCV evolution and evolutionary rates, as well as dynamics of the quasispecies heterogeneity parameters were evaluated. Bayesian coalescent phylogenies indicated complex evolutionary histories, revealing some viral lineages that persisted along the follow up and others that were detectable at a single or some sampling times, suggesting the occurrence of emergence–extinction cycles. HCV quasispecies underwent very rapid evolution in HAART-treated patients ( 3.1 10 2 sub/site/year) following the recovery of the host immunocompetence irrespectively of the virological response to HAART. & 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ADAS: A High Computational Utilization Dynamic Reconfigurable Hardware Accelerator for Super Resolution

Super-resolution (SR) based on deep learning has obtained superior performance in image reconstruction. Recently, various algorithm efforts have been committed to improving image reconstruction quality and speed. However, the inference of SR contains huge amounts of computation and data access, leading to low hardware implementation efficiency. For instance, the up-sampling with the deconvolution process requires considerable computation resources. In addition, the sizes of output feature maps of several middle layers are extraordinarily large, which is challenging to optimize, causing serious data access issues. In this work, we present an all-on-chip hardware architecture based on the deconvolution scheme and feature map segmentation strategy, namely ADAS, where all the generated data by the middle layers are buffered on-chip to avoid large data movements between on- and off-chip. In ADAS, we develop a hardware-friendly and efficient deconvolution scheme to accelerate the computation. Also, the dynamic reconfigurable process element (PE) combined with efficient mapping is proposed to enhance PE utilization up to nearly 100% and support multiple scaling factors. Based on our experimental results, ADAS demonstrates real-time image SR and better image reconstruction quality with PSNR (37.15 dB) and SSIM (0.9587). Compared to baseline and validated with the FPGA platform, ADAS can support scaling factors of 2, 3, and 4, achieving 2.68 ×, 5.02 ×, and 8.28 × speedup.
From imitation to innovation: Skill upgrading through adaptation

This study discusses whether imitation leads to innovation by investigating how the heterogeneity of imitation is associated with skill upgrading. I distinguish imitation strategies into two kinds: replication and adaptation. Unlike replication aiming at copying exactly the target, adaptation aims to modify and to integrate elements of the target. In order to adapt, firms need to use information not only from the target but also from other sources, such as internal R&D, customers, and suppliers. I argue that while imitating, changes at the organizational level occurred to the imitating firms. In addition, adaptation anchors the direction of such an organizational change. That is to say, the organizational change due to adaptation increases imitating firms’ demand for workers with better skills in analyzing and synthesizing information, which is fundamental to innovate. Empirical evidence based on firms in nine developing countries supports the expectation. The analysis finds that adaptation and the organizational change are complementary, in terms of their effects on skill upgrading.
Exposing the Rat in the Tunnel: Using Traffic Analysis for Tor-based Malware Detection

Tor~\citetor is the most widely used anonymous communication network with millions of daily users~\citetormetrics. Since Tor provides server and client anonymity, hundreds of malware binaries found in the wild rely on it to hide their presence and hinder Command & Control (C&C) takedown operations. We believe Tor is a paramount tool enabling online freedom and privacy, and blocking it to defend against such malware is infeasible for both users and organizations. In this work, we present effective traffic analysis approaches that can accurately identify Tor-based malware communication. We collect hundreds of Tor-based malware binaries, execute and examine more than 47,000 active encrypted malware connections and compare them with benign browsing traffic. In addition to traditional traffic analysis features (which work at the connection level), we propose global host-level network features to capture peculiar malware communication fingerprints across host logs. Our experiments confirm that our models are able to detect "zero-day'' malware connections with 0.7% FPR even when malware connections constitute less than 5% of Tor traces in the test set. Using multi-labeling approaches, we are able to accurately detect the malware behavior-based classes (grayware, ransomware, etc). Finally, we evaluate the robustness of our models on real-world enterprise logs and show that the classifiers can identify infected hosts even with missing features.
Antioxidant Activity Index of Sponge and Soft Corals-Associated Fungi of the Red Sea , Egypt

Objective: Marine fungi are potential producers of bioactive compounds that may have pharmacological and medicinal applications. The present study was aimed to screen for antioxidant activity in Sponge and Soft corals associated fungi of the Red Sea coast at Hurghada and evaluate the effect of media composition on the production of active secondary active metabolite with antioxidant activity. Methods: The free radical scavenging activity was analyzed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Activity was expressed as AAI (antioxidant activity Index). Results: The Mycelial ethyl acetate Crude extract from the shake culture of media A and D and the supernatant extract from the static culture of medium D of the fungus Aspergillus sp-1 isolate showed the highest activity (71.26, 71.7 and71 % respectively) at concentration of 200μg , while the supernatant and mycelial ethyl acetate extract of the shake culture of medium A and mycelial extract of shake culture of medium C of the fungus Aspergillus sp-4 isolate exhibited low IC50 values (240.3, 19.90.4 and 23.10.07, respectively) as compared to caffeic acid (16.40.04). Extracts that show strong AAIs (< 2) are: the supernatant and mycelial extract of the shake culture of medium A and mycelial extract of shake culture of medium C of the fungus Aspergillus sp-4 isolate (with AAI= 1.16, 1.4 and 1.2, respectively) which is close to caffeic acid (AAI= 1.7). Conclusion: All extracts demonstrated variable activity . The results from the current study suggest that sponges and soft corals of the Red Sea (Hurghada, Egypt) are potential source for new metabolites with antioxidant activity. Further studies should be conducted to isolate, characterize and identify the chemical composition of the secondary metabolites also, further understand their mode of action and evaluate the effect of other environmental factors on the production of these secondary metabolites.
DISTINCT: Identity Theft using In-Browser Communications in Dual-Window Single Sign-On

Single Sign-On (SSO) protocols like OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect 1.0 are cornerstones of modern web security, and have received much academic attention. Users sign in at a trusted Identity Provider (IdP) that subsequently allows many Service Providers (SPs) to verify the users' identities. Previous research concentrated on the standardized - called textbook SSO in this paper - authentication flows, which rely on HTTP redirects to transfer identity tokens between the SP and IdP. However, modern web applications like single page apps may not be able to execute the textbook flow because they lose the local state in case of HTTP redirects. By using novel browser technologies, such as postMessage, developers designed and implemented SSO protocols that were neither documented nor analyzed thoroughly. We call them dual-window SSO flows. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive evaluation of dual-window SSO flows. In particular, we focus on the In-Browser Communication (InBC) used to exchange authentication tokens between SPs and IdPs in iframes and popups. We automate our analysis by developing Distinct - a tool that dynamically analyzes the JavaScript code executing as part of the SSO flow. Distinct translates the flow into a sequence diagram depicting all communicating entities and their exchanged messages, highlights insecure communication channels, and quantifies novel threats in dual-window SSO flows. We found that 56% of the SPs in the Tranco top 1k list support dual-window SSO. Surprisingly, 28% of the SPs implemented dual-window SSO without using official SDKs, leading to identity theft and XSS in 31% of these self-implemented SPs.
OPTIMAL TRADING STRATEGY DURING BULL AND BEAR

The “buy-and-hold” strategy based on the EMH was believed by many people to be optimal for a long time. However, there has been more criticism on the EMH since the global financial crisis in 2008. Hence many people attempt to find a trading strategy to beat “buy-and-hold”. Moreover, the financial market fluctuates a lot. Sometimes it is in a bull market, but it may be in a bear market during other periods of time, so the optimal strategy during different periods of time may vary and hence switching of strategies may be necessary. In this study, we apply Hui and Chan (2018)’s generalized time-dependent strategy on 12 Hong Kong listed stocks during the whole period of observation and two sub-periods. The results show that when the sub-period December 31, 2004 – December 31, 2008 is chosen, the strategy outperforms “buy-and-hold” by the largest extent. This reflects that the strategy is most effective during adverse market conditions. This study can help investors to apply appropriate trading strategies to earn more profits, and help property practitioners to improve their strategic property management to increase the value of their portfolio.
Firm Size and Book to Market Equity on Behavior of Stock Returns : Empirical Evidence from Colombo Stock Exchange

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine thebehaviour of stock returns of Sri Lankan companies with respect to two popularly known firm level characteristics: firm size and book-to-market equity, employing multi factor model for the period span from 2007 to 2011.Empirical findings from multiple regression analysisreveal that book-to-market equity has positive role in behavior of stock returns while firm size has expected negative direction in behavior of stock returns and not significant.