Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonoscillatory Central Schemes for Multidimensional Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

We construct, analyze, and implement a new nonoscillatory high-resolution scheme for two-dimensional hyperbolic conservation laws. The scheme is a predictor-corrector method which consists of two steps: starting with given cell averages, we first predict pointvalues which are based on nonoscillatory piecewise-linear reconstructions from the given cell averages; at the second corrector step, we use staggered averaging, together with the predicted midvalues, to realize the evolution of these averages. This results in a second-order, nonoscillatory central scheme, a natural extension of the one-dimensional second-order central scheme of Nessyahu and Tadmor [J. Comput. Phys., 87 (1990), pp. 408--448]. As in the one-dimensional case, the main feature of our two-dimensional scheme is simplicity. In particular, this central scheme does not require the intricate and time-consuming (approximate) Riemann solvers which are essential for the high-resolution upwind schemes; in fact, even the computation of the exact Jacobians can be avoided. Moreover, the central scheme is "genuinely multidimensional" in the sense that it does not necessitate dimensional splitting. We prove that the scheme satisfies the scalar maximum principle, and in the more general context of systems, our proof indicates that the scheme is positive (in the sense of Lax and Liu [CFD Journal, 5 (1996), pp. 1--24]). We demonstrate the application of our central scheme to several prototype two-dimensional Euler problems. Our numerical experiments include the resolution of shocks oblique to the computational grid; they show how our central scheme solves with high resolution the intricate wave interactions in the so-called double Mach reflection problem [J. Comput. Phys., 54 (1988), pp. 115--173] without following the characteristics; and finally we report on the accurate ray solutions of a weakly hyperbolic system [J. Comput. Appl. Math., 74 (1996), pp. 175--192], rays which otherwise are missed by the dimensional splitting approach. Thus, a considerable amount of simplicity and robustness is gained while achieving stability and high resolution.
Phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) Controls Osteoclast Numbers via Colony-stimulating Factor 1 (CSF-1)-dependent Diacylglycerol/β-Catenin/CyclinD1 Pathway*

Phospholipases Cγ (PLCγ) 1 and 2 are a class of highly homologous enzymes modulating a variety of cellular pathways through production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol (DAG). Our previous studies demonstrated the importance of PLCγ2 in osteoclast (OC) differentiation by modulating inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated calcium oscillations and the up-regulation of the transcription factor NFATc1. Surprisingly, despite being expressed throughout osteoclastogenesis, PLCγ1 did not compensate for PLCγ2 deficiency. Because both isoforms are activated during osteoclastogenesis, it is plausible that PLCγ1 modulates OC development independently of PLCγ2. Here, we utilized PLCγ1-specific shRNAs to delete PLCγ1 in OC precursors derived from wild type (WT) mice. Differently from PLCγ2, we found that PLCγ1 shRNA significantly suppresses OC differentiation by limiting colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)-dependent proliferation and β-catenin/cyclinD1 levels. Confirming the specificity toward CSF-1 signaling, PLCγ1 is recruited to the CSF-1 receptor following exposure to the cytokine. To understand how PLCγ1 controls cell proliferation, we turned to its downstream effector, DAG. By utilizing cells lacking the DAG kinase ζ, which have increased DAG levels, we demonstrate that DAG modulates CSF-1-dependent proliferation and β-catenin/cyclinD1 levels in OC precursors. Most importantly, the proliferation and osteoclastogenesis defects observed in the absence of PLCγ1 are normalized in PLCγ1/DAG kinase ζ double null cells. Taken together, our study shows that PLCγ1 controls OC numbers via a CSF-1-dependent DAG/β-catenin/cyclinD1 pathway.
Recruitment of the mecA Gene Homologue ofStaphylococcus sciuri into a Resistance Determinant and Expression of the Resistant Phenotype inStaphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT Strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have become the most important causative agents of hospital-acquired diseases worldwide. The genetic determinant of resistance, mecA, is not a gene native to S. aureus but was acquired from an extraspecies source by an unknown mechanism. We recently identified a close homologue of this gene in isolates of Staphylococcus sciuri, a taxonomically primitive staphylococcal species recovered most frequently from rodents and primitive mammals. In spite of the close sequence similarity between the mecA homologue ofS. sciuri and the antibiotic resistance determinantmecA of S. aureus, S. sciuri strains were found to be uniformly susceptible to β-lactam antibiotics. In an attempt to activate the apparently “silent” mecA gene of S. sciuri, a methicillin-resistant derivative, K1M200 (for which the MIC of methicillin is 200 μg/ml), was obtained through stepwise exposure of the parental strain S. sciuri K1 (methicillin MIC of 4 μg/ml) to increasing concentrations of methicillin. DNA sequencing of the mecA homologue from K1M200 revealed the introduction of a point mutation into the −10 consensus of the promoter: the replacement of a thymine residue at nucleotide 1577 in the susceptible strain K1 by adenine in the resistant strain K1M200, which was accompanied by a drastic increase in transcription rate and the appearance of a new protein that reacted with monoclonal antibody prepared against the penicillin-binding protein 2A (PBP2A), i.e., the gene product of S. aureus mecA. Transduction ofmecA from K1M200 (cloned into a plasmid vector) into a methicillin-susceptible S. aureus mutant resulted in a significant increase of methicillin resistance (from a methicillin MIC of 4 μg/ml to 12 and up to 50 μg/ml), the appearance of a low-affinity PBP detectable by the fluorographic assay, and the production of a protein that reacted in a Western blot with monoclonal antibody to PBP2A. Antibiotic resistance and the protein products disappeared upon removal of the plasmid-borne mecAhomologue. The observations support the proposition that themecA homologue ubiquitous in the antibiotic-susceptible animal species S. sciuri may be an evolutionary precursor of the methicillin resistance gene mecA of the pathogenic strains of MRSA.
Examinando el modelo de metas de logro 3x2 en el contexto de la Educación Física

Esta investigacion examina el modelo de metas de logro 3x2(Elliot, Murayama y Pekrum, 2011) en el contexto de la Educacion Fisica.Este modelo se fundamenta en las dimensiones de&nicion y valencia de lacompetencia, y se compone de seis constructos de meta. En el estudio 1, seelaboro un instrumento especi&co, el Cuestionario de Metas de Logro 3x2en Educacion Fisica (CML 3x2-EF), y fue completado por una muestra de150 estudiantes (75 varones y 75 mujeres) con una edad media de 13.97anos (DT = 1.23). Los resultados del Analisis Factorial Con&rmatorio apoyaroncon &rmeza el modelo hipotetico. La validez y consistencia internafueron satisfactorias. El modelo hipotetico, comparado con otros 10 modelosalternativos, produjo el mejor ajuste a los datos. En el estudio 2 (N= 366)se reexamino el modelo y se realizaron analisis de regresion para explorarlas metas de logro como predictoras de variables dependientes: motivacionautodeterminada, competencia percibida, autoconcepto (subescalas habilidad,atractivo fisico y condicion fisica), metas de amistad (aproximacion yevitacion). Los datos se ajustaron a las predicciones y produjeron evidenciasde patrones predictivos diferenciales entre las metas basadas en la tarea y lasmetas basadas en el yo.
Study of the Resistive Superconducting Transition in a Granular Multidoped $\text{Y}_{0.25}\text{Gd}_{0.25}\text{Er}_{0.25}\text{Nd}_{0.25}\text{Ba}_{2}\text{Cu}_{3}\text{O}_{7-\delta}$ Superconductor

We have experimentally studied the electrical conductivity near the normal-superconducting transition of two Y<sub>0.25</sub>Gd<sub>0.25</sub>Er<sub>0.25</sub>Nd<sub>0.25</sub>Ba<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-δ</sub> polycrystalline samples with different oxygen contents. The oxygen content for one of the samples is close to the optimum. The oxygen content of the other sample is slightly less than the optimum. The results show that resistive transition proceeds in two stages, as shown by the temperature derivative of the resistivity near T<sub>C</sub>. Fluctuations in electrical conductivity were investigated by the determination of the logarithmic temperature derivative of the conductivity. In the normal phase, i.e., above T<sub>C</sub>, Gaussian fluctuation regimes were identified. On approaching the zero-resistance state we observed, for both samples, a power-law behavior that corresponds to a phase transition from a paracoherent to a coherent state of the granular array. In general, our results could suggest that partial substitution of Y by Gd, Er, and Nd, in polycrystalline YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-δ</sub>, produces or magnifies granularity effects at microscopic length scale in a manner relevant to the criticality. In addition, the results indicate that the degree of oxygen is relevant below T<sub>C</sub>, where predominate the effects related to the grain coupling phenomenology.
Expression pattern and clinical prognostic relevance of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in human gliomas.

OBJECTIVE Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is normally expressed in the embryo promoting the development of several organs. Aberrant expression of BMP-2 occurs in various tumors. However, a correlation between BMP-2 expression in human gliomas and patients' prognosis has not been reported. To address this question, this study was to investigate the BMP-2 expression pattern in human gliomas and to evaluate its prognostic relevance. METHODS We analyzed the expression of the BMP-2 antigen in a series of 98 gliomas of various grade and histology by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections. Then, the correlation of BMP-2 expression pattern with clinical-pathological features of patients and its prognostic relevance were determined. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis with anti-BMP-2 antibody revealed dense and spotty staining in the tumor cells and its expression levels became significantly higher as the gliomas' grade advanced (P < 0.001). The median survival of patients with intensively positive BMP-2 expression was significantly shorter than that with negative expression (318 vs. 1197 days, P < 0.0001). The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the BMP-2 expression was not only a significant predictor of survival in high-grade gliomas (grade IV, P = 0.02), but also in lower-grade gliomas (grades II and III, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that BMP-2 is a highly sensitive marker for gliomas prognosis and suggest that the expression level of BMP-2 may be a potent tool for the clinical prognosis of gliomas patients.
Care home managers' knowledge of palliative care: a Northern Irish study.

AIM The aim of this study was to determine care home managers' knowledge of palliative care using the palliative care quiz for nursing (PCQN). BACKGROUND Palliative care is strongly advocated for all people living with advancing incurable illness. Within a care home setting there should be a particular emphasis on the importance of palliative care, particularly for those residents who, because of their advancing age, are likely to live with non-malignant diseases such as dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or heart failure to name a few. METHODS Before the beginning of a workshop on optimising palliative care for people living in care homes, 56 care home managers (all nurses) completed the PCQN, a validated questionnaire that is used to assess a nurse's knowledge of palliative care, as part of a learning exercise. RESULTS The quiz consisted of 20 questions for which participants could answer true, false or don't know. The average score was 12.89 correct answers out of a possible 20 (64.45%). CONCLUSION This study highlights the need to develop the knowledge and competence of care home managers in relation to palliative care. This is particularly important given the increasing number of people who are living with non-malignant disease within a care home setting.
Comparative study of drain and gate low-frequency noise in nMOSFETs with hafnium-based gate dielectrics

In this paper, complementary measurements of the drain and the gate low-frequency noise are used as a powerful probe for sensing the hafnium-related defects in nMOSFETs with high-k gate stacks and polysilicon gate electrode. Drain noise measurements indicate that for low hafnium content (23%) and thin high-k thickness (2nm), the defect density at the substrate/dielectrics interface is similar to the case of conventional SiO/sub 2/. Gate-noise measurements suggest that the defect density in the bulk of the high-k gate stacks and at the gate/dielectrics interface is strongly degraded by the hafnium content.
Evaluation of a Latex Agglutination Kit (Virogen Rotatest) for Detection of Bovine Rotavirus in Fecal Samples

ABSTRACT The performance of the Virogen Rotatest latex agglutination test (LAT) was evaluated for detection of bovine rotavirus antigen. Sixty-three fecal samples from diarrheic calves were collected from November 1999 to May 2000 and screened by LAT, the Rotazyme II enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and virus isolation (VI) followed by an anti-rotavirus fluorescent-antibody (FA) test to detect the presence of group A rotavirus antigen. Of the 63 samples screened by VI-FA, 33 (58%) tested positive for rotavirus antigen. When the results from the LAT were compared to those from VI-FA, the “gold standard” for detection of bovine rotavirus in fecal samples, the sensitivity and specificity were found to be 87.8 and 73.3%, respectively. Latex agglutination compared with ELISA (the reference method) showed 100% sensitivity and 96.3% specificity, and when ELISA was compared with VI, the sensitivity was 84.8% and the specificity was 73.3%. Latex agglutination is easy to perform in a short time and does not require expensive equipment or skilled personnel, and the reagents have long shelf lives. These factors make the LAT suitable and highly efficient for use in a clinical laboratory as a rapid screening test for bovine rotavirus.
CCL18 Is Expressed in Atopic Dermatitis and Mediates Skin Homing of Human Memory T Cells

CCL18 is a human chemokine secreted by monocytes and dendritic cells. The receptor for CCL18 is not yet known and the functions of this chemokine on immune cells are not fully elucidated. In this study, we describe that CCL18 is present in skin biopsies of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients but not in normal or psoriatic skin. CCL18 was specifically expressed by APCs in the dermis and by Langerhans and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells in the epidermis. In addition, the serum levels of CCL18 and the percentages of CCL18-producing monocyte/macrophages and dendritic cells were significantly increased in AD patients compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CCL18 binds to CLA+ T cells in peripheral blood of AD patients and healthy individuals and induces migration of AD-derived memory T cells in vitro and in human skin-transplanted SCID mice. These findings highlight a unique role of CCL18 in AD and reveal a novel function of this chemokine mediating skin homing of a subpopulation of human memory T cells.
Correcting fixed varus deformity with flexion contracture during total knee arthroplasty: the "inside-out" technique: AAOS exhibit selection.

BACKGROUND Traditional methods for correcting a severe varus and flexion deformity of the knee during total knee arthroplasty can often lead to excessive release of the medial collateral ligament, hematoma formation, and reliance on constrained implants. The "inside-out" technique for correction of varus deformities involves performing a posteromedial capsulotomy at the level of the tibial cut and incising the superficial medial collateral ligament in a pie-crust manner in extension followed by serial manipulations with valgus stress. Our hypothesis was that this technique effectively corrects severe knee varus and flexion deformity with a reduced risk of complications. METHODS Thirty-one consecutive patients (thirty-four knees) with a severe fixed varus and flexion deformity (varus alignment of ≥ 15° and flexion contracture of ≥ 5°) underwent total knee arthroplasty with use of the inside-out technique between October 2006 and December 2009. Physical examination, radiographs, and multiple outcome instruments were used to evaluate the results. RESULTS The mean duration of follow-up was 3.1 ± 1.1 years (range, 1.7 to 4.9 years). There were no cases of hematoma formation, excessive release of the medial collateral ligament, or acute or delayed instability. A semi-constrained TC3 implant was used in two cases. The mean preoperative coronal alignment was 21.1° ± 4° of varus, which was corrected to 4.5° ± 1.6° of valgus after surgery. The mean preoperative flexion contracture was 10° ± 3.5°. Postoperatively, two patients (three knees) had a residual flexion contracture, which was ≤5° in all cases. The mean range of knee motion improved from 103.3° ± 14.1° preoperatively to 119.1° ± 8° at the time of final follow-up. The mean Knee Society Score pain subscore improved from 39.5 ± 12.6 to 93.2 ± 10.5, and the function subscore improved from 47.1 ± 17.8 to 78.5 ± 21.9. There was no evidence of implant loosening or osteolysis on radiographs. CONCLUSIONS The technique described was safe, reproducible, and effective in treating combined varus and flexion deformity of the knee during total knee arthroplasty. It reduced the risks of over-release of the medial collateral ligament, hematoma formation, and the need for constrained implants.
A comparison of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and somatometrics for determining body fat in rhesus macaques.

OBJECTIVE Various approaches have been used to assess fat and fat distribution in nonhuman primates, including measurements of body weight, body dimensions, and estimates derived from these, such as body mass index. Methods such as tritiated water dilution and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) have also been used. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare DXA measurements and somatometrics. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Body composition of 15 adult male rhesus macaques was measured by DXA and somatometrics at four time-points over a 4-year period. Additionally, DXA precision and somatometric variability were analyzed by repeated measurements of the same subjects. RESULTS DXA estimates of body fat were positively correlated with body weight, body mass index, body circumferences, and abdominal skinfold thicknesses. DXA assessments of soft tissue composition were precise, with coefficients of variation below 3.3% for all compartments analyzed. The majority of the observed variability in somatometrics was explained by subject variance, rather than by inter- or intraobserver variability, or by observer experience level. DISCUSSION We conclude that noninvasive DXA technology provides precise estimates of nonhuman primate body composition that correlate well with the traditional somatometric measures used in primate studies.
Donor Satisfaction with a New German Blood Donor Questionnaire and Intention of the Donor to Return for Further Donations

Background: The aim of this study was to describe donor satisfaction regarding different aspects of the new German blood donor questionnaire (BDQ) and to assess whether donor satisfaction is associated with the intention to return for further donations. Methods: A random number of 6,600 blood donors, donating at the German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hessen, were asked to rate their satisfaction with four different aspects of the BDQ. Chi-square statistics was used to test for associations between satisfaction and the intention to return. Results: Most of the donors were satisfied with format and layout (72.7%) and the clarity of the questions (72.5%). However, only 39.5% of the donors were satisfied with the scope of the BDQ and 44.3% with the questions about sexual risk behavior. The lowest satisfaction seemed to be among experienced donors and among donors from small municipalities. Among experienced and very experienced donors, a significant association between the satisfaction with the different aspects and the intention to return became apparent. Conclusion: When considering the implementation of the BDQ, Blood Donor Services have to weigh up the advantages of increased deferral rates among donors with high-risk behavior against the potential drop-out of dissatisfied blood donors.
Is less intensive fetal surveillance of dichorionic twin gestations justified?

Twin gestations exhibit significantly increased perinatal morbidity and mortality rates in comparison with singleton gestations. The perinatal mortality in twins is 3±7 times higher than in singletons. While accounting for only 2.5% of the population, twins account for 12.6% of the perinatal mortality. A marked recent increase in the incidence of twinning (and other high-order multiple gestations) has occurred, reflecting widespread assisted reproductive technology (ART) modalities. As a result, approximately 50% of twin gestations currently result from infertility treatment. In addition this recent increase in the incidence of twin gestations occurs in a `skewed' fashion, with increased representation of older patients, possibly already at risk for increased uteroplacental perfusion-related, and other maternal age-related complications of pregnancy, for example, abnormal placentation. Various modalities of fetal surveillance of twins include: daily fetal kick counts, non-stress fetal testing, fetal biophysical profiles, Doppler velocimetry, ultrasonographic assessment of interval fetal growth, and enhanced surveillance of discordant twins and affected twins in twin±twin transfusion syndrome. Overall, these wide-ranging methods of increased surveillance of twins have not been investigated in a prospective fashion (randomized and stratified according to chorionicity). Accordingly, established guidelines as to the nature of testing and more specifically, currently recommended intervals between testing, are neither evidence-based or uniformly practiced. Nevertheless, most patients with antenatally detected twin gestations, are followed with increased fetal surveillance intensity in comparison with women with singleton fetuses.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDANCE FOR THE FIRST 48 HOURS AFTER THE OUTDOOR DETONATION OF AN EXPLOSIVE RADIOLOGICAL DISPERSAL DEVICE

Strategies and decisions to protect emergency responders, the public, and critical infrastructure against the effects of a radiological dispersal device detonated outdoors must be made in the planning stage, not in the early period just after an attack. This contrasts with planning for small-scale types of radiological or nuclear emergencies, or for a large-scale nuclear-power-type accident that evolves over many hours or days before radioactivity is released to the environment, such that its effects can be prospectively modeled and analyzed. By the time it is known an attack has occurred, most likely there will have been casualties, all the radioactive material will have been released, plume growth will be progressing, and there will be no time left for evaluating possible countermeasures. This paper offers guidance to planners, first responders, and senior decision makers to assist them in developing strategies for protective actions and operational procedures for the first 48 hours after an explosive radiological dispersal device has been detonated.