Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

The increasing volume of data in modern business and science calls for more complex and sophisticated tools. Although advances in data mining technology have made extensive data collection much easier, it's still always evolving and there is a constant need for new techniques and tools that can help us transform this data into useful information and knowledge. Since the previous edition's publication, great advances have been made in the field of data mining. Not only does the third of edition of Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques continue the tradition of equipping you with an understanding and application of the theory and practice of discovering patterns hidden in large data sets, it also focuses on new, important topics in the field: data warehouses and data cube technology, mining stream, mining social networks, and mining spatial, multimedia and other complex data. Each chapter is a stand-alone guide to a critical topic, presenting proven algorithms and sound implementations ready to be used directly or with strategic modification against live data. This is the resource you need if you want to apply today's most powerful data mining techniques to meet real business challenges. * Presents dozens of algorithms and implementation examples, all in pseudo-code and suitable for use in real-world, large-scale data mining projects. * Addresses advanced topics such as mining object-relational databases, spatial databases, multimedia databases, time-series databases, text databases, the World Wide Web, and applications in several fields. *Provides a comprehensive, practical look at the concepts and techniques you need to get the most out of real business data
Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth: United States, 2015-2016.

Obesity is associated with serious health risks. Monitoring obesity prevalence is relevant for public health programs that focus on reducing or preventing obesity. Between 2003–2004 and 2013–2014, there were no significant changes in childhood obesity prevalence, but adults showed an increasing trend. This report provides the most recent national estimates from 2015–2016 on obesity prevalence by sex, age, and race and Hispanic origin, and overall estimates from 1999–2000 through 2015–2016.
The role of deoxyribonucleic acid in ribonucleic acid synthesis. I. The purification and properties of ribonucleic acid polymerase.

It has become evident that several enzymatic reactions exist which lead to the incorporation of the mononucleotide moiety of the ribonucleoside triphosphates into ribonucleic acid (1). The first of these enzymes to be characterized catalyzes the addition of cytosine 5’-phosphate and adenosine 5’-phosphate to the nucleoside terminal end of soluble ribonucleic acid (2,3). The product of this reaction is a ribonucleic acid, terminated by pCpCpA, and active as an acceptor of amino acid (l-7). It is the purpose of this communication to report the method of purification and the characterization of a second enzyme. This enzyme, obtained from Escherichia coli, catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from the four ribonucleoside triphosphates, and is completely dependent on deoxyribonucleic acid. The other product of the reaction is inorganic pyrophosphate. A number of reports from different laboratories have demonstrated the wide distribution of this enzyme and have discussed various aspects of the reaction it catalyzes (S-22).
Association between Lifetime Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Drinking Water and Coronary Heart Disease in Colorado Residents

Background: Chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease (CHD), have been associated with ingestion of drinking water with high levels of inorganic arsenic (> 1,000 μg/L). However, associations have been inconclusive in populations with lower levels (< 100 μg/L) of inorganic arsenic exposure. Objectives: We conducted a case-cohort study based on individual estimates of lifetime arsenic exposure to examine the relationship between chronic low-level arsenic exposure and risk of CHD. Methods: This study included 555 participants with 96 CHD events diagnosed between 1984 and 1998 for which individual lifetime arsenic exposure estimates were determined using data from structured interviews and secondary data sources to determine lifetime residence, which was linked to a geospatial model of arsenic concentrations in drinking water. These lifetime arsenic exposure estimates were correlated with historically collected urinary arsenic concentrations. A Cox proportional-hazards model with time-dependent CHD risk factors was used to assess the association between time-weighted average (TWA) lifetime exposure to low-level inorganic arsenic in drinking water and incident CHD. Results: We estimated a positive association between low-level inorganic arsenic exposure and CHD risk [hazard ratio (HR): = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.78] per 15 μg/L while adjusting for age, sex, first-degree family history of CHD, and serum low-density lipoprotein levels. The risk of CHD increased monotonically with increasing TWAs for inorganic arsenic exposure in water relative to < 20 μg/L (HR = 1.2, 95% CI: 0.6, 2.2 for 20–30 μg/L; HR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.2, 4.0 for 30–45 μg/L; and HR = 3, 95% CI: 1.1, 9.1 for 45–88 μg/L). Conclusions: Lifetime exposure to low-level inorganic arsenic in drinking water was associated with increased risk for CHD in this population. Citation: James KA, Byers T, Hokanson JE, Meliker JR, Zerbe GO, Marshall JA. 2015. Association between lifetime exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water and coronary heart disease in Colorado residents. Environ Health Perspect 123:128–134; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/ehp.1307839
Effective shade structures

LET'S NOT WORRY ABOUT THAT In March 2005, the conference “Medical education towards 2010: shared visions and common goals” was held in Canberra. Sponsored by the Committee of Deans of Australian Medical Schools and the Australian Medical Council, it was attended by nearly 200 delegates from Australian medical schools, clinical colleges, postgraduate education bodies and other stakeholders. Its ambitious agenda tackled issues such as forging links between medical education and health systems; professionalism in education and practice; and curriculum development, assessment and review. Recently, a detailed conference report was released, along with a raft of recommendations. These included calls for yet more reviews of clinical teaching and learning and potential teaching environments; marrying medical education with other health workforce needs; and provisions for rational processes in career development. The Canberra conference’s recommendations are not new. Since the groundbreaking Flexner Report of 1910 which endorsed modern medical education principles, there have been innumerable reviews. What is remarkable is the repetitiveness and constancy of their recommendations: the need for medical education to reflect societal needs; to address medical workforce issues; to cope with burgeoning medical knowledge; and the need for generalism. Recommendations consistently advocate teaching in ambulatory care; an emphasis on social and behavioural sciences; the teaching of lifelong learning and self-learning skills; and centralising curriculum control. But there is a problem. Educational reform is heavy on rhetoric and recommendations, but light on hard evidence on whether educational reforms lead to better clinical outcomes or better doctors. It seems that the need for evidence is taught, but not pursued. Is research for rigorous evidence in medical education just too hard, or does its absence reflect a “let’s not worry about that” attitude?
A First Study on Genetic Algorithms Based-Evolvable Motivation Model for Virtual Agents

In video games, it's very important to model a virtual agent with motivation variables. In previous researches, a virtual agent's motivation variables are always static. An evolvable motivation system for a virtual agent is set up, priority sequence of an agent's behaviors is decided by the priority sequence of its motivations, the priority sequences of an agent 's motivations are determined by genetic algorithms, the demo system shows that virtual agents can adapt to the environment better.
Factors Affecting Specialty Choice Among Osteopathic Medical Students

Purpose The availability of primary care directly and favorable affects the health status of local communities. This study shows the predictors and characteristics of osteopathic medical students who chose a primary care specialty (PCS). Method The authors surveyed 2,345 fourth-year osteopathic medical students during 2003–2004. A total of 1,882 (80%) responded. By means of their survey, the authors examined many aspects of the students’ experiences and other factors in relation to choice of a PCS versus a nonprimary nonsurgical specialty (NPCS) and compared their findings against findings in the allopathic specialty-choice literature. Results Dealing with people was favored by those entering a PCS, whereas the NPCS group cited technical skills, prestige and income, and lifestyle as being highly influential. Both PCS and NPCS respondents favored dually accredited programs (American Osteopathic Association–Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education). Women showed a slightly greater preference for a PCS, whereas men overwhelmingly chose an NPCS. Those who anticipated practicing in cities of fewer than 100,000 citizens tended to choose a PCS. Those individuals choosing a PCS expect their income to be less than those choosing an NPCS. Debt showed a monotonic influence on specialty choice, with respondents who had greater debt favoring NPCSs. Conclusions No single factor reliably predicts specialty choice; it is a complex decision-making process. There are modifiable factors (debt) and nonmodifiable factors (gender) that influence specialty choice. The study’s findings suggest that positively influencing the modifiable risk factors will increase the probability but not the certainty of osteopathic medical students’ choosing a PCS.
Renoprotective effect of rosuvastatin in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.

BACKGROUND Pleiotropic effects of statins represent potential mechanisms for the treatment of end organ damage in hypertension. This study has investigated the effects of rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) on renal function impairment, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive (DSH) rat. METHODS Rats were implanted with DOCA strips (200 mg/kg) on 1 week after unilateral nephrectomy. Rats received a controlled diet with or without rosuvastatin. Three weeks after DOCA implantation, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by tail-cuff method. The glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis was determined by Masson's trichrome stain. The tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), monocyte chemoattractant protein1 (MCP1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of ED-1, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was determined in the kidney by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In DSH rats, SBP was increased, which was not affected by rosuvastatin treatment. Creatinine clearance was decreased while urinary albumin excretion ratio was increased in DSH rats compared with controls, which were attenuated by rosuvastatin treatment. Glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in DSH rats were attenuated by rosuvastatin treatment. The messenger RNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, MCP1, ICAM-1 and ET-1 was increased in DSH, which was attenuated by rosuvastatin treatment. The expression of ED-1, TGF-beta and CTGF was increased in the kidney of DSH, which was counteracted by rosuvastatin treatment. CONCLUSION Rosuvastatin is effective in preventing progression of renal injury in DSH, the mechanism of which is associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects.
Antral-type mucosa in the gastric incisura, body, and fundus (antralization): a link between Helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal metaplasia?

OBJECTIVES:Helicobacter pylori is a carcinogen; gastric carcinoma involves a multistep process from chronic gastritis to atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia. The aims of this study were to determine the types of mucosa at different gastric sites in H. pylori-infected and uninfected patients, and whether the presence of antral-type mucosa in the incisura, body, and fundus is associated with gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia.METHODS:Two hundred and sixty-eight patients with dyspepsia were enrolled. Eight biopsies (i.e., antrum ×3, body ×2, fundus ×2, and incisura ×1) were obtained. One antral biopsy was used for the CLO-test. Three (each from the antrum, body, and fundus) were cultured. The remaining biopsies were examined histologically according to the updated Sydney System after staining with hematoxylin and eosin and Giemsa. A validated serological test was also applied.RESULTS:Overall, 113 (42%) patients were infected with H. pylori. At the incisura, antral-type mucosa was more prevalent in infected than in uninfected patients (84% vs 18%; odds ratio [OR] = 23.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.5–45.8; p < 0.001). Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia at the incisura was present in 19.5% and 13.3%, respectively, of infected, and 4.5% and 3.2%, respectively, of uninfected patients (both p < 0.01). Moreover, atrophic gastritis at the incisura was associated with the presence of antral-type mucosa at the site (termed antralization); the prevalence of atrophic gastritis was 19.5% (24/123) in the presence of antralization, whereas the rate was 2.1% (3/145) without antralization (OR = 11.4, 95% CI 3.4–39.2; p < 0.001). Similarly, at the incisura, 16.3% (20/123) of “antralized” cases and 1.4% (2/145) of “unantralized” cases had intestinal metaplasia (OR = 13.8, 95% CI, 3.2–60.7; p < 0.001). The association between antralization at gastric body and fundus also appeared to be associated with atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia at these sites.CONCLUSIONS:Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia occurs predominantly at the gastric antrum and incisura with H. pylori infection. Antralization of the gastric incisura is a common event in H. pylori-infected patients, and appears to be associated with an increased risk of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia.
Applying a Mix Word-Pair Identifier to the Chinese Syllable-to-Word Conversion Problem

This paper describes a mix word-pair mix-WP) identifier to resolve homo-nym/segmentation ambiguities as well as perform STW conversion effectively for Chinese input. The mix-WP identifier includes a specific word-pair (SWP) identifier and a common word-pair (CWP) identifier. It is designed as a supporting processing with Chinese input systems. Our experiments show that by applying the mix-WP identifier, together with the Microsoft input method editor 2003 (MSIME) and an optimized bigram model (BiGram), the tonal and toneless STW performance of the two input systems can be improved.
NPC 15669 blocks neutrophil CD18 increase and lung injury during cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs

During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), neutrophils become activated due to contact with extracorporeal surfaces and binding of complement fragments C3a and C5a, leading to extravasation and subsequent tissue damage. In this study, the effects of the leumedin NPC 15669 (N [9H - (2,7 dimethylfluorenyl - 9 - methoxy) car bonyl]-L-leucine), a leukocyte recruitment inhibitor, were evaluated in a pig model of CPB. NPC 15669 caused significant inhibition of CPB associated increase in CD18 upregulation, lung tissue myeloperoxidase content, and percentage wet weight compared to controls. Lung histology revealed clear airways and minimal neutrophil infiltration in treated animals vs. significant oedema and cellular infiltration in controls. It is concluded that CPB causes a dramatic increase in neutrophil CD18, and that leumedins are effective in inhibiting neutrophil activation and subsequent tissue injury when administered during CPB.
Exploration of Iranian intensive care nurses' experience of end-of-life care: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND A challenge for intensive care nurses is providing the best possible care to patients in an end-of-life stage. The fact that some patients will die despite the efforts of the health care team can affect the psychological state of the nurses and families. Lack of attention to such an issue can bring about unpleasant consequences for both patients and nurses. AIM Using a qualitative design, the aim is this article explores the experiences of intensive care nurses providing care for end-of-life patients. METHODS The data were collected through in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of 10 nurses working at intensive care units (ICUs). Interviews were transcribed and finally analysed through the conventional content analysis. FINDINGS Two themes emerged out of the experience of providing care to the end-of-life patients. The findings revealed that for Iranian intensive care nurses providing care to such patients was accompanied by emotional burden and values and beliefs. CONCLUSION The results of the study have increased the current knowledge over the experience of providing care to end-of-life patients at ICUs. It also has revealed the need for providing the nurses with psychological support, accommodating the possibility for offering a complete care, attending to and managing the conditions of the patient and their families and engaging nurses in decision making about end-of-life patients. RELEVANCE TO PRACTICE Managers ought to provide specialized units for providing care to end-of-life patients. Nurses working on these units will require emotional support.
Inhibition of Apoptosome Formation by Suppression of Hsp90β Phosphorylation in Tyrosine Kinase-Induced Leukemias

ABSTRACT Constitutively active tyrosine kinases promote leukemogenesis by increasing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. However, mechanisms underlying apoptotic inhibition have not been fully elucidated. In many settings, apoptosis occurs by mitochondrial cytochrome c release, which nucleates the Apaf-1/caspase-9 apoptosome. Here we report that the leukemogenic kinases, Bcr-Abl, FLT3/D835Y, and Tel-PDGFRβ, all can inhibit apoptosome function. In cells expressing these kinases, the previously reported apoptosome inhibitor, Hsp90β, bound strongly to Apaf-1, preventing cytochrome c-induced Apaf-1 oligomerization and caspase-9 recruitment. Hsp90β interacted weakly with the apoptosome in untransformed cells. While Hsp90β was phosphorylated at Ser 226/Ser 255 in untransformed cells, phosphorylation was absent in leukemic cells. Expression of mutant Hsp90β (S226A/S255A), which mimics the hypophosphorylated form in leukemic cells, conferred resistance to cytochrome c-induced apoptosome activation in normal cells, reflecting enhanced binding of nonphosphorylatable Hsp90β to Apaf-1. In Bcr-Abl-positive mouse bone marrow cells, nonphosphorylatable Hsp90β expression conferred imatinib (Gleevec) resistance. These data provide an explanation for apoptosome inhibition by activated leukemogenic tyrosine kinases and suggest that alterations in Hsp90β-apoptosome interactions may contribute to chemoresistance in leukemias.
The changing picture of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: lessons from European registers

Prospective population based-registers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have operated in Europe for over two decades, and have provided important insights into our understanding of ALS. Here, we review the benefits that population registers have brought to the understanding of the incidence, prevalence, phenotype and genetics of ALS and outline the core operating principles that underlie these registers and facilitate international collaboration. Going forward, we offer lessons learned from our collective experience of operating population-based ALS registers in Europe for over two decades, focusing on register design, maintenance, identification and management of bias and the value of cross-national harmonisation and integration.
Evaluating aquatic invertebrate vulnerability to insecticides based on intrinsic sensitivity, biological traits, and toxic mode of action

In the present study, the authors evaluated the vulnerability of aquatic invertebrates to insecticides based on their intrinsic sensitivity and their population‐level recovery potential. The relative sensitivity of invertebrates to 5 different classes of insecticides was calculated at the genus, family, and order levels using the acute toxicity data available in the US Environmental Protection Agency ECOTOX database. Biological trait information was linked to the calculated relative sensitivity to evaluate correlations between traits and sensitivity and to calculate a vulnerability index, which combines intrinsic sensitivity and traits describing the recovery potential of populations partially exposed to insecticides (e.g., voltinism, flying strength, occurrence in drift). The analysis shows that the relative sensitivity of arthropods depends on the insecticide mode of action. Traits such as degree of sclerotization, size, and respiration type showed good correlation to sensitivity and can be used to make predictions for invertebrate taxa without a priori sensitivity knowledge. The vulnerability analysis revealed that some of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa were vulnerable to all insecticide classes and indicated that particular gastropod and bivalve species were potentially vulnerable. Microcrustaceans (e.g., daphnids, copepods) showed low potential vulnerability, particularly in lentic ecosystems. The methods described in the present study can be used for the selection of focal species to be included as part of ecological scenarios and higher tier risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1907–1917. © 2015 SETAC
Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data.

We describe a model-based clustering method for using multilocus genotype data to infer population structure and assign individuals to populations. We assume a model in which there are K populations (where K may be unknown), each of which is characterized by a set of allele frequencies at each locus. Individuals in the sample are assigned (probabilistically) to populations, or jointly to two or more populations if their genotypes indicate that they are admixed. Our model does not assume a particular mutation process, and it can be applied to most of the commonly used genetic markers, provided that they are not closely linked. Applications of our method include demonstrating the presence of population structure, assigning individuals to populations, studying hybrid zones, and identifying migrants and admixed individuals. We show that the method can produce highly accurate assignments using modest numbers of loci-e.g. , seven microsatellite loci in an example using genotype data from an endangered bird species. The software used for this article is available from http://www.stats. ox.ac. uk/ approximately pritch/home. html.