Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bilingual Language Development & Disorders in Spanish-English Speakers

Because dual language learners are the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. student population and the majority speak Spanish as a first language the new generation of SLPs must have comprehensive knowledge of how to work effectively with bilingual speakers. That's what they'll get in the second edition of this book, an ideal graduate-level text and an essential resource for every practicing SLP. Fully updated with five new chapters on hot topics (see below), an expanded age range that includes infants and toddlers, and cutting-edge research findings, this book arms SLPs with the most current information on language development and disorders of Spanish-English bilingual children. More than 25 leading researchers give SLPs in-depth, high-level coverage of a broad range of critical topics, including social-cultural factors affecting language acquisition diagnosis of language disorders effective professional development infant/toddler language development first language loss bilingual lexical development semantic development verbal morphology and vocabulary morphosyntactic development code-switching grammatical impairments narrative development and disorders phonological development and disorders fluency SLPs will have the sophisticated knowledge they need to accurately distinguish language disorders from typical bilingual development, and they'll get a complete language intervention framework they can use as a guide for their own practice. Whether used as a graduate text or a trusted reference, this book will help SLPs fully understand the complexity of language development in bilingual children, diagnose disorders accurately, and conduct effective assessment and intervention for the growing number of Spanish English bilingual speakers. With 5 new chapters! Literacy Language Processing and Production in Infants & Toddlers Cross-Linguistic Influence & Code-Switching Language and the Educational Setting Professional Development "
Second Language Writing: Reading–writing connections: toward a description for second language learners

Decisions about English as a second language (ESL) writing class activities are aimed at providing a language environment in which the ESL writer can begin to construct text that is clearly recognizable as written English. Teachers wrestle with the usefulness of classroom work focusing on, for example, transition words, sentence structure, paragraph development, or rhetorical patterns. It is understandable, then, that many of the questions that shape ESL writing classroom practices center on the issue of what constitutes the relevant language input from which second language learners construct their hypotheses about second language (L2) written text. Traditionally the answer has been reading. Reading in the writing classroom is understood as the appropriate input for acquisition of writing skills because it is generally assumed that reading passages will somehow function as primary models from which writing skills can be learned, or at least inferred. The nature of this reading–writing link, though not well-defined, is often thought to be like Krashen's notions about second language acquisition. In fact, Krashen (1984) claims that the development of writing ability and of second language proficiency occur in the same way: via comprehensible input with a low affective filter. He theorizes that writing competence derives from large amounts of self-motivated reading for interest and/or pleasure. “It is reading that gives the writer the ‘feel’ for the look and texture of reader-based prose” (p. 20).
Dependently Typed Meta-programming

Dependent types and multi stage programming have both been used, separately, as implementation techniques for programming languages. Each technique has its own advantages — with dependent types, we can verify aspects of interpreters and compilers such as type safety and stack invariants. Multi stage programming, on the other hand, can give the implementor access to underlying compiler technology; a staged interpreter is a translator. In this paper, we investigate how we might combine these techniques to implement a compiler for a resource-safe functional programming language for embedded systems.
Mortalitat per càncer de mama a Europa l'any 2005 i projeccions per a l'any 2015

El treball presentat en aquesta tesi es centra en l'analisi de la mortalitat per cancer de mama a Europa. Concretament, hem realitzat una analisi estadistica i epidemiologica de la tendencia de la mortalitat, per a un conjunt de 32 paisos europeus, en els darrers 10 anys disponibles (fins a l'any 2005) i tambe hem proporcionat les projeccions per a les taxes de mortalitat per a l'any 2015. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que, en general, la tendencia de la mortalitat a Europa es decreixent, situant-se al voltant d'un decrement del 2% anual. Tanmateix, en la majoria de paisos de l'Europa del Centre i de l'Est, nomes s'observa aquesta disminucio per als grups de dones mes joves, podent-se constatar tendencies fins i tot creixents per a les dones d'edat mes avancada. Hem estimat que a Europa, l'any 2015 hi haura 127.983 defuncions per cancer de mama en dones majors de 35 anys, el que representa un augment del 4,68% respecte les dades absolutes de l'any 2005. D'aquestes defuncions, 10.288 (8,04%) correspondran a dones entre 35 i 49 anys, 54.226 (42,37%) a dones entre 50 i 69 anys i,finalment, 63.469 (49,59%) a dones majors de 70 anys. El major nombre de defuncions s'observara en paisos de l'Europa de l'Est i del Centre (38,69%), seguit per dones de l'Europa de l'Oest (30,19%) i, en una magnitud menor, dones del Sud i del Nord d'Europa (17,98% i 13,14% respectivament). Pel que fa a l'augment del nombre de defuncions de l'any 2015 respecte l'any 2005 en un 4,68%, aquest pot descomposar-se en tres parts: un augment del 5,28% degut a un creixement de la poblacio europea, un augment del 6,20% degut a un envelliment d'aquesta poblacio i, finalment, un decrement del 6,8% atribuible a una disminucio del risc de morir per aquesta malaltia. D'aquesta forma hem pogut constatar que el risc de morir per cancer de mama disminuira de forma important, essent aquest decrement del 14% al Nord d'Europa, del 10,61% i 7,37% a l'Europa de l'Oest i del Sud respectivament, i per a l'Europa del Centre i Est es constata un augment del risc del 0,49%. Pel que fa a la metodologia estadistica, en aquesta tesi aportem un marc de modelitzacio que permet analitzar eficientment dades de mortalitat o d'incidencia durant un periode de temps i, mitjancant models edat-periode, obtindre projeccions en el futur. L'estrategia de modelitzacio ha donat lloc a uns resultats raonablement acceptables per a analitzar la mortalitat per cancer de mama a Europa. Hem desenvolupat un conjunt de funcions en el programa "R" que son lliurement accessibles i que permeten reproduir els resultats o be aplicar la metodologia en altres ambits i dades. Tambe s'ha implementat una eina web que permet analitzar quina part de les diferencies observades en la mortalitat o incidencia d'una malaltia entre dos moments son degudes a factors demografics respecte el risc de desenvolupar o morir per la malaltia.
Learning Through Interacting with Students' Ways of Thinking

This paper reports on the ways in which one middle grade teacher listened to, supported, and learned from her students’ mathematical reasoning within the context of a modelling task in data analysis. The teacher implemented a sequence of tasks that focused on the development of rating systems through selecting, ranking, and aggregating quantities. Analyses of the teacher’s practices suggested that: (a) the teacher’s mathematical background governed her understanding of both the modelling task and the students’ reasoning; and (b) the teacher adopted new roles in her interactions with the students, including a focus on listening and observing, asking questions for understanding and clarification, pressing for explanations and justifications, and encouraging reflection on learning at a meta-level. This study illustrates the potential for using modelling tasks that provide a rich source for revealing not only the students’ thinking but also the teachers’ understanding of the students’ thinking. Such tasks provide a learning tool for teachers as they listen to, interpret, and support students’ emerging mathematical ideas.
Cross-module learnin ga s a first step towards a cognitive system concept

Despite great advances in informatio np rocessing, computing power and conceptual understandin go f biological informatio np rocessing, the goal of creating truly "intelli- gent "o r "cognitive" technical system ss till remains elusive. It seems tha tt he mere implementation of powerful but isolated functionalities does not add up to cognitive performance on the system level: we believe tha tt he principles that guide th ec ombination of multiple functionalities into systems merit attention as well. The focus o ft h ec ontribution is on a technique we term "cross-module learning" :t h ee xtensive learnin go f statistical interdependencies between syste mm odules and their exploitation fo rr obustness and system performance (assuming some degree of modularity in technical systems). We describe th ec oncept in detail and derive som ec onsequences for the design o ft echnical cognitive systems. These include a common system-wide data forma tf or information exchange, a dynamical system approach to data fusion, and a system-wide learning algorithm. As a proof-of-concept, we show experimentally that the straightforward integration o ft he principles of cross- module learning int oa large real-world object detection system (operating in complex road traffic scenes) leads to significant increases in robustness and system performance.
Effectiveness of Consciousness-Raising in Acquisition of English Dative Alternation

Three decades of research into form-focused instruction (FFI) has not been sufficient to provide researchers and teachers with a unanimous understanding of the best types of second language instruction. This study examines the effectiveness of three different types of instruction on the acquisition of a problematic syntactic structure, i.e. dative alternation of English as a foreign language (EFL). Seventy five (X) learners of EFL were selected by means of a grammaticality judgment test based on their knowledge of the target structure of dative alternation. Two consciousness-raising types (i.e. direct and indirect) were operationalized as explicit instruction plus meaningful practice and a grammar CR task, and they were checked against a control group treated based on zero grammar approach. Analysis revealed that direct CR instruction and CR task significantly fostered EFL learners’ explicit knowledge of the target structure but the effect size for the zero grammar approach was not meaningfully and practically great. Results also indicated greater effectiveness of direct CR instruction and CR task than that of zero grammar. The findings provide empirical evidence for the efficacy of both direct and indirect CR and the inadequacy of zero grammar approach in improving second language learners’ explicit knowledge of dative alternation.
Art and Transformation

Many contemporary artists intend to challenge the viewer's modes of perception by manipulating traditional imagery, but does this transformation of cultural stock images consti- tute a transformation in the audience? This paper will examine artists who appropriate images using reproductive technologies in an attempt to reach a large audience and initiate social change. Printmaking plays a significant role in ethical discourse. Since its inven- tion more than 500 years ago, printmaking has been the most economical way to disseminate information. Artists have been using prints to encourage social reform ever since print technology allowed. Today, with the advent of digital cameras, photocopy machines, and inexpensive computer equipment, it is easy to reproduce pre-existing images. These reproductions can then be transformed by cropping, enlarging, erasing part of the image, drawing on top of it, or combining it with other previously unrelated imagery or text. In this way, the altered works acquire new meanings as well as make reference to the original images. This kind of appropriation can be used to raise the moral consciousness of the viewer by using traditional imagery alongside contemporary text or manipulations in order to challenge social norms. The question is whether or not this transformation of cultural imagery con- stitutes a transformation in the audience. This is not an automatic process. For example, if an artist alters a reproduction in an effort to highlight dis- crimination, it does not automatically follow that the community will no longer discriminate. The art does have the potential to make the community aware of discrimination, and this can lead to discourse and the potential to change.
Six Factors to Consider when Planning Online Distance Learning Programs in Higher Education

The Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) have made the process of obtaining an education without regard to time or location easier for the student. At the same time, they have provided more challenges for the colleges providing this education. In online distance learning, not only does the instruction occur via a computer system, usually over the Internet, but other educational processes occur via the computer as well. These educational processes are student services, training, and support. The transition to online distance learning, primarily driven by social change, is creating a paradigm shift in the way colleges are viewing teaching and learning (Rogers, 2000). Administrators, faculty, staff, and students realize that in order to successfully implement ODL, their colleges will need to reassess their programs (Chen, 1997; Garrison, 1989; Inglis, Ling, & Joosten, 1999; Moodie & Nation, 1993; Rumble, 2000). This paper reviews the literature as it pertains to six factors to be considered when planning and developing an online distance learning program. These six areas are: vision and plans, curriculum, staff training and support, student services, student training and support, and copyright and intellectual property.
Risk of Masquerade Arising from the Storage of Biometrics

Biometric authentication and identification systems are increasingly being used in place of traditional security systems. The introduction of new technology brings new security vulnerabilities to computer systems. One vulnerability introduced by these systems is that of masquerade through the use of a physical or digital artefact. The possibility of masquerade through the use of an artefact created from the information contained within a stored template has in many cases been ignored, or asserted to be infeasible. This thesis examines the question of whether such an attack is possible. A generic method is proposed for the development of an artefact for masquerade based on the information contained within a stored template. This method is then applied to a specific fingerprint system, and the resulting fingerprint images are tested against a database containing the corresponding templates. A positive match for all 25 tested arch fingerprints is achieved. This indicates that it is possible to create an image of a fingerprint based on the information contained within the stored template. Thus, more attention will have to go to securing stored fingerprint data, unless the feature extraction process can be proven to be one-way. It would appear that this conclusion is generalisable to many other biometrics, and perhaps to all biometrics. The generic method proposed can be applied in order to determine whether that proposition is correct.
Improving Search in Peer-to-Peer Systems

Peer-to-peer systems have emerged as a popular way to share huge volumes of data. The usability of these systems depends on effective techniques to find and retrieve data; however, current techniques used in existing P2P systems are often very inefficient. In this paper, we present three techniques for efficient search in P2P systems. We present the design of these techniques, and then evaluate them using a combination of experiments over Gnutella, the largest open P2P system in operation, and analysis. We show that while our techniques maintain the same quality of results as currently used techniques, our techniques use up to 5 times fewer resources. In addition, we designed our techniques to be simple in design and implementation, so that they can be easily incorporated into existing systems for immediate impact.
A decompositional investigation of 3D face recognition

Automated Face Recognition is the process of determining a subject's identity from digital imagery of their face without user intervention. The term in fact encompasses two distinct tasks; Face Verficiation is the process of verifying a subject's claimed identity while Face Identification involves selecting the most likely identity from a database of subjects. This dissertation focuses on the task of Face Verification, which has a myriad of applications in security ranging from border control to personal banking. Recently the use of 3D facial imagery has found favour in the research community due to its inherent robustness to the pose and illumination variations which plague the 2D modality. The field of 3D face recognition is, however, yet to fully mature and there remain many unanswered research questions particular to the modality. The relative expense and specialty of 3D acquisition devices also means that the availability of databases of 3D face imagery lags significantly behind that of standard 2D face images. Human recognition of faces is rooted in an inherently 2D visual system and much is known regarding the use of 2D image information in the recognition of individuals. The corresponding knowledge of how discriminative information is distributed in the 3D modality is much less well defined. This dissertations addresses these issues through the use of decompositional techniques. Decomposition alleviates the problems associated with dimensionality explosion and the Small Sample Size (SSS) problem and spatial decomposition is a technique which has been widely used in face recognition. The application of decomposition in the frequency domain, however, has not received the same attention in the literature. The use of decomposition techniques allows a map ping of the regions (both spatial and frequency) which contain the discriminative information that enables recognition. In this dissertation these techniques are covered in significant detail, both in terms of practical issues in the respective domains and in terms of the underlying distributions which they expose. Significant discussion is given to the manner in which the inherent information of the human face is manifested in the 2D and 3D domains and how these two modalities inter-relate. This investigation is extended to cover also the manner in which the decomposition techniques presented can be recombined into a single decision. Two new methods for learning the weighting functions for both the sum and product rules are presented and extensive testing against established methods is presented. Knowledge acquired from these examinations is then used to create a combined technique termed Log-Gabor Templates. The proposed technique utilises both the spatial and frequency domains to extract superior performance to either in isolation. Experimentation demonstrates that the spatial and frequency domain decompositions are complimentary and can combined to give improved performance and robustness.
System Identification Via Basis Pursuit

This thesis considers the application of basis pursuit to several problems in system identification. After reviewing some key results in the theory of basis pursuit and compressed sensing, numerical experiments are presented that explore the application of basis pursuit to the black-box identification of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems with both finite (FIR) and infinite (IIR) impulse responses, temporal systems modeled by ordinary differential equations (ODE), and spatio-temporal systems modeled by partial differential equations (PDE). For LTI systems, the experimental results illustrate existing theory for identification of LTI FIR systems. It is seen that basis pursuit does not identify sparse LTI IIR systems, but it does identify alternate systems with nearly identical magnitude response characteristics when there are small numbers of non-zero coefficients. For ODE systems, the experimental results are consistent with earlier research for differential equations that are polynomials in the system variables, illustrating feasibility of the approach for small numbers of non-zero terms. For PDE systems, it is demonstrated that basis pursuit can be applied to system identification, along with a comparison in performance with another existing method. In all cases the impact of measurement noise on identification performance is considered, and it is empirically observed that high signal-to-noise ratio is required for successful application of basis pursuit to system identification problems.
Splash: Data synchronization in unmanaged, untrusted peer-to-peer networks

Peer-to-peer networks rely on gossip algorithms to spread information about the peer activity and the network status. State-of-the-art gossip algorithms are not sufficient to spread the information widely, as the size and the complexity of the unmanaged networks grow. They suffer from high bandwidth utilization and lack mechanisms to verify the validity of the transferred information. We set the following questions for research: How can we achieve high coverage ratio for all the peers in the network while using as little bandwidth as possible? How can such a mechanism scale to millions of nodes? How can we reduce the effects of high churn rates? And finally, how we secure that the data transmitted are genuine? We develop Splash, a data synchronization algorithm with emphasis on high data coverage and efficient bandwidth usage. Our solution is based on Bloom filters and allows both partial and full synchronizations while avoiding the transmission of duplicate information. We propose two schemes to synchronize current and historical data between peers, over unmanaged and untrusted peer-to-peer networks. We use a SyncLog to keep the state of the synchronization algorithm to a minimum. For scalability we categorize data based on their origin, as local or global, and we investigate the use of different synchronization policies. Finally we discuss mechanisms that validate data to prevent the spread to invalid information. Through a series of experiments we present the effectiveness of this solution in networks with different sizes and churn effects. In simulation Splash achieves 95% data coverage for all the peers in the network, which is 5 times more compared to BarterCast. Additionally Splash uses 107 times less bandwidth compared to BarterCast to achieve the same data coverage.g
Ülkemizin Önemli Peynir Çeşitlerinin Mineral Madde Düzeyi ve Kalori Değerleri

Bu arastirmada ulkemizde yaygin olarak yapilan ve tuketime sunulan bes peynir cesidinin ozellikle mineral madde bilesimi uzerinde durulmustur. Mineral maddelerden kalsiyum, fosfor, magnezyum, sodyum ve potasyum analiz edilmis ve ayrica rutin bilesimi incelenerek buradan peynirlerin ortalama enerji degerleri hesaplanmistir. Alinan sonuclara gore peynirlerimizden kasar, mihalic ve beyaz peynirler kalsiyum oranlari yonunden ustunluk gostermislerdir. Bes peynir cesidimizde fosfor oranlari birbirine yakin sonuc vermisler, salamurada tuzlanan beyaz, otlu ve ozellikle mihalic peynirlerinin sodyum miktarlari yuksek duzeyde bulunmustur. Potasyum yonunden de beyaz ve otlu peynirleri yakin degerler gostermis ve digerlerinden oldukca yuksek cikmistir. Magnezyum mihalic de en yuksek cikarken beyaz peynir de en dusuk bulunmustur. Peynirlerimizden ozellikle mihalic, tulum ve kasar oldukca yuksek enerji degeri gosterirken, beyaz ve otlu peynirler nisbi olarak dusuk ve birbirine yakin degerler gostermislerdir.