Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A cephalic projection neuron involved in locomotion is dye coupled to the dopaminergic neural network in the medicinal leech

SUMMARY It is widely appreciated that the selection and modulation of locomotor circuits are dependent on the actions of higher-order projection neurons. In the leech, Hirudo medicinalis, locomotion is modulated by a number of cephalic projection neurons that descend from the subesophageal ganglion in the head. Specifically, descending brain interneuron Tr2 functions as a command-like neuron that can terminate or sometimes trigger fictive swimming. In this study, we demonstrate that Tr2 is dye coupled to the dopaminergic neural network distributed in the head brain. These findings represent the first anatomical evidence in support of dopamine (DA) playing a role in the modulation of locomotion in the leech. In addition, we have determined that bath application of DA to the brain and entire nerve cord reliably and rapidly terminates swimming in all preparations exhibiting fictive swimming. By contrast, DA application to nerve cords expressing ongoing fictive crawling does not inhibit this motor rhythm. Furthermore, we show that Tr2 receives rhythmic feedback from the crawl central pattern generator. For example, Tr2 receives inhibitory post-synaptic potentials during the elongation phase of each crawl cycle. When crawling is not expressed, spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic potentials in Tr2 correlate in time with spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic potentials in the CV motor neuron, a circular muscle excitor that bursts during the elongation phase of crawling. Our data are consistent with the idea that DA biases the nervous system to produce locomotion in the form of crawling.
Segmentation non supervisee d'images multi-spectrales par chaines de markov cachees

Cette these est consacree a la segmentation non supervisee d'images multi-spectrales par chaines de markov cachees et plus particulierement a l'etude de l'etape d'estimation. L'objet de ce travail est de concevoir des methodes permettant d'estimer des melanges de lois generalises. Ces methodes d'estimation fondees sur l'algorithme ice permettent de detecter parmi un ensemble de lois, celles qui sont le plus fideles a la realite et d'estimer les parametres correspondant a chacune des lois detectees. Les etudes comparatives des differentes methodes mises au point avec les methodes classiques em et ice, sur des chaines simulees puis sur des images, montrent l'efficacite des algorithmes generalises. Nous etudions egalement la segmentation multi-spectrale en considerant des canaux independants pour traiter les melanges generalises et des canaux correles dans le cas de melanges gaussiens. Nous mettons ainsi en evidence l'interet ou non de l'ajout de canaux d'observations. Dans ce cadre de la fusion de donnees, nous nous interessons a la theorie de l'evidence. Nous introduisons alors la notion de chaine de markov cachee evidentielle et nous developpons les methodes de segmentation qui lui sont associee. Les etudes effectuees sur des chaines montrent l'interet de cette modelisation mais egalement ses difficultes de mise en uvre dans un cadre non supervisee
Are Carbon Prices Redundant in the 2030 EU Climate and Energy Policy Package?

In 2018, an agreement between the key EU institutions—the Commission, the European Parliament, and the European Council—was reached after a long-lasting discourse over the 2030 EU climate and energy policy package. This paper offers a comprehensive assessment of the EU package, with its three main targets: lower greenhouse gas emissions, higher renewable share in final energy consumption, and improved energy efficiency. We find that the renewable and energy efficiency targets have been set so high that the derived emissions reduction (50 percent) exceeds the EU climate target (40 percent). Hence, there is no need for an EU climate policy, for example, to use carbon prices to reach the EU climate goals. It is, however, not cost-efficient to achieve the climate target by imposing the three EU targets. We demonstrate that a cost-efficient policy that obtains a 50 percent GHG emissions reduction would increase annual welfare (relative to the Reference scenario) by an amount corresponding to 0.6 percent of GDP in Europe.
Lysozyme localization in normal and diseased human gastric and colonic mucosa

The distribution of lysozyme in normal and pathological human gastric and colonic mucosa was studied by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical techniques and compared with histological and histochemical features. Lysozyme was localized in pyloric glandular epithelial cells, mucous neck cells of fundic glands, Paneth cells and some crypt cells of the mature colonic mucosa. In addition, lysozyme was detected in a large spectrum of “immature” or “regenerative” epithelium: neck cells of the gastric regenerative zone, undifferentiated columnar cells of surface and hyperplastic interfoveolar crests of the stomach, regenerative cells in a healed gastric ulcer, some goblet cells in incomplete intestinal metaplasia, cells of the regenerative zone at the bottom of colonic crypts and, finally, fetal intestinal epithelium. Electron microscopically, we localized lysozyme in the central core of mucous granules in the pyloric gastric glandular epithelium and in the dense mucous granules in gastric mucous neck cells. Lysozyme was also detected in some immature mucin‐producing cells of the gastric regenerative zone and in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of surface hyperplastic columnar gastric cells. At the electron microscopic level, a peculiar correlation between the immunopattern of lysozyme and the morphology of mucous granules has been postulated. All our data support and extend the view that the presence of lysozyme may be related to cell immaturity as well as to a regenerative state of the cell. Finally, the lysozyme distribution and its relation to mucosubstances in gastric and colonic carcinoma suggest that lysozyme should not be considered an exclusive marker of cells of gastric derivation.
Do All Parties Die “The Same”? Using Hierarchical Competing Risks Models for Cross-National Research on Party Mortality

This case study highlights the advantages and challenges of using hierarchical competing risks models to analyze the determinants of party mortality from a comparative perspective. I review how these models can be used to simultaneously examine the impact of electoral, political, and institutional factors on two distinct but potentially correlated forms of party death, dissolution, and merger, while controlling for other observed and unobserved characteristics of the parties and of the democracies in which these operate. I illustrate the workings of this model by examining a data set covering the complete life cycles of 184 new parties that entered 21 consolidated democracies between 1968 and 2016. A key issue with hierarchical competing risks models is that standard statistical techniques and software packages for survival analysis either impose the assumption that the hazards (probabilities or risks) of both types of death are independent, or only model their dependence at the party or country level (but not both). Overcoming these limitations was the most important technical challenge faced during the project. In addition, over the course of the investigation, the members of the research team had to make several important methodological choices, such as how to select the parties to be included in the analysis, how to operationalize the different types of death, and how to deal with potential collinearity between the explanatory variables. I discuss how these challenges were handled in practice, and draw some lessons for researchers interested in party mortality and survival analysis more generally.
The evaluation of anticancer drugs in dogs and monkeys for the prediction of qualitative toxicities in man

The usefulness of dogs and monkeys in predicting potential qualitative drug toxicity in man was examined retrospectively for twenty‐five anticancer compounds of diverse chemical and functional classification. It was found that the large animal screen served to alert the physician to a significant proportion of the total spectrum of drug effects, which were encountered during the clinical use of a new toxic compound. The dog and monkey correctly predicted bone marrow depression, gastrointestinal disturbance, and hepatotoxicity for each drug producing these effects in the clinic; in the case of renal, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular toxicity, however, the large animal screen failed in each instance to predict one drug that produced these toxicities in man. The correct predictions were accomplished at the expense of a high percentage of false positives, which resulted from the necessity of using severely toxic dose levels in order to demonstrate all potential toxicities inherent in any compound. While organ system toxicity observed during an animal study can never be disregarded, it should be viewed with an understanding of certain limitations of animal toxicologic data. While toxicity may develop in man in an organ system predicted susceptible by an animal, a different specific clinical or chemical parameter may be involved. The adverse reaction may appear in man at a greater or lesser dose level or may follow a different order of appearance in relationship to the total spectrum of qualitative toxicity inherent in the compound.
Hearing loss assessment in patients with pediatric rheumatic disorders

ACR 2013;18(1):24-9 24 Estudo realizado no Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – UNESP – Botucatu (SP), Brasil. (1) Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – UNESP – Botucatu (SP), Brasil. (2) Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – UNESP – Botucatu (SP), Brasil. Conflito de interesses: Não Contribuição dos autores: CFCF e CSM participaram do projeto, coleta de dados, análise, interpretação dos resultados e escrita do artigo. JCM participou da avaliação e interpretação dos testes auditivos. Todos os autores leram e aprovaram o manuscrito. Endereço para correspondência: Claudia Saad Magalhães. Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, Botucatu (SP), Brasil, CEP: 18618-970. E-mail: claudi@fmb.unesp. br Recebido em: 2/6/2012; Aceito em: 2/4/2013 Avaliação audiológica em pacientes com doenças reumáticas pediátricas
Quantitative T2′ imaging in patients with clinically isolated syndrome

The T2′ imaging has been shown to be sensitive to oxygen saturation changes in normal appearing white and grey matter (NAWM, NAGM) in patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). We aimed to explore the presence and extent of T2′ changes in patients with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and a possible association of T2′ with conventional magnetic resonance imaging and clinical outcomes.
Correlation of penicillin-binding protein composition with different functions of two membranes in Bacillus subtilis forespores

The distribution of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) within different membranes of sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis was examined in an effort to correlate the location of individual PBPs with their proposed involvement in either cortical or vegetative peptidoglycan synthesis. The PBP composition of forespores was determined by two methods: examination of isolated forespore membranes and assay of the in vivo accessibility of the PBPs to penicillin. In both cases, it was apparent that PBP 5*, the major PBP synthesized during sporulation, was present primarily, but not exclusively, in the forespore. The membranes from mature dormant spores were prepared by either chemically stripping the integument layers of the spores, followed by lysozyme digestion, or lysozyme digestion alone of coat-defective gerE spores. PBP 5* was detected in membranes from unstripped spores but was never found in stripped ones, which suggests that the primary location of this PBP is the outer forespore membrane. This is consistent with a role for PBP 5* exclusively in cortex synthesis. In contrast, vegetative PBPs 1 and 2A were only observed in stripped spore preparations that were greatly enriched for the inner forespore membrane, which supports the proposed requirement for these PBPs early in germination. The apparent presence of PBP 3 in both membranes of the spore reinforces the suggestion that it catalyzes a step common to both cortical and vegetative peptidoglycan synthesis.
Behavioral and physiological effects of freeze or hot-iron branding on crossbred cattle.

Twenty-seven crossbred calves (1/2 Simmental, 1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Brahman) averaging 257 +/- 11 d of age were either hot-iron-branded (H), freeze-branded (F), or sham-branded (S). Calves were blocked for temperament, weight, and sex and were randomly assigned to day and order in which treatments were applied. To reduce stress from handling at treatment time, each calf was herded through the squeeze chute daily for 5 d before the experiment. Jugular cannulas were inserted in each calf 1 d before application of treatment. Blood samples and heart rate measures were obtained at -5, -3, 0, . 5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after application of the treatments. Mean concentrations of plasma epinephrine (EPI) were higher for H calves at time . 5 min than for either S or F calves (P = .10). To account for individual differences, prebranding heart rates and hormone concentrations were subtracted from subsequent samples and were also used to calculate a proportion for each subsequent sample. Analyses of subtracted values found that EPI concentrations were greater for H calves than for either S or F calves (P = .007) at . 5 min postbranding. No other differences were found for the subtracted analyses. Analyses of proportion data also revealed that H calves had greater EPI than did either S or F calves (P = .027) at . 5 min postbranding. Only three animals vocalized during branding, one H calf and two F calves. Despite the 5-d acclimation period, handling and restraint elevated plasma cortisol concentrations and heart rate. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Strength of Social Cues in Online Impression Formation

The social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) predicts individuals in depersonalized settings associate with those with whom they share a salient social identity and disassociate from others. We challenge the strict ingroup/outgroup bifurcation used in prior research and posit that ingroup perceptions differ across distinct (i.e., moderate and extreme) outgroups. A 2 (high cues vs. low cues) × 3 (ingroup, moderate outgroup, extreme outgroup affiliation) experiment utilized 128 subjects to examine how members of an ingroup view individuals belonging to various outgroups. Findings expand SIDE research by addressing the interaction between the valence of social cues to a social group and the strength of those cues. The interaction demonstrates that ingroup members with stronger social cues are more socially identifiable than ingroup members who provided few cues to their ingroup membership, while extreme outgroup members who minimize cues to their identity are more socially identifiable to ingroup members than outgroup members who provide numerous cues.
A founder effect in three large Newfoundland families with a novel clinically variable spastic ataxia and supranuclear gaze palsy

A distinctive slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which falls under a new category of neurological diseases, the hereditary spastic ataxias (HSA), is described in three independently ascertained Newfoundland kindreds. HSA is a heterogeneous group of disorders in which pyramidal tract features overlap cerebellar characteristics. The families are assumed to have the same condition as, although apparently unrelated, all originate in a historically isolated cluster of rural communities and link to the same locus at 12p13, SAX1. Clinically the phenotype is very variable but lower limb hypertonicity and hyperreflexia are early and prominent generally preceded by eye movement abnormality, an impaired vertical downward saccade and a typical involuntary head jerk. These are followed by variable levels of ataxia, dysarthria, and dysphagia. Onset occurs in the first two decades and can be detected in most by early adulthood. Significant mobility problems are present by the fourth decade with a broad based ataxic and spastic gait. MRI scans of brain and spinal cord were normal. Neuropathology showed degeneration of corticospinal tracts and posterior columns and midbrain neuronal loss. The phenotype is striking in its diversity among and within families and the variability of expression can be observed within the same sibship. Pedigree analysis shows no evidence of anticipation or any sex differences in severity. The condition is unusually prevalent in the province of Newfoundland, which is characteristic of a founder effect followed by isolation and large family size. Fine mapping efforts have reduced the critical interval of the SAX1 locus to 1.9Mb. Identification of the SAX1 gene will help to clarify the pathogenesis of this type of HSA. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit bone healing: A review

Summary The ability of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) to inhibit bone healing has been established in experimental animal models using mice, rats, and rabbits. The mechanism of action is largely unknown but stems from prostaglandin inhibition and is likely multifactorial. In human medicine NSAID are known to prevent heterotopic ossification, however the clinical importance of their effects on bone healing remains controversial. Although a small handful of reports suggest that NSAID suppress bone healing in dogs and horses, there is little published information to direct veterinary practice in domestic species.
Identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains harboring inactive extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase antibiotic‐resistance genes

Background The extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Klebsiella pneumoniae has increasingly become a major contributor to nosocomial infections and can exhibit multiple antibiotic resistance. Previous studies have focused on the resistance genes in ESBL‐producing strains, and the resistance‐associated genetic environment of non‐ESBLproducing strains has been ignored until now. Here, we investigated the occurrence and characteristics of non‐ESBLproducing K. pneumoniae, which potentially carries unexpressed resistance genes. Methods K. pneumoniae strains were collected from five medical institutions in China from February 2010 to August 2013. The VITEK‐2 ESBL detection system was used as a primary screen to identify the ESBL‐producing phenotype, and the three primary types of ESBL‐associated genes (CTX, SHV, and TEM) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the strains presenting with a non‐ESBL‐producing phenotype. mRNA expression in the non‐ESBLproducing strains was further screened by reverse‐transcription PCR (RT‐PCR) to validate their transcriptional efficiency. Results Out of 224 clinically isolated antibiotic‐sensitive K. pneumoniae strains with a non‐ESBL‐producing phenotype, 5 (2.2%) were identified to carry inactivated ESBL blaSHV genes with intact upstream promoter regions and resistance gene sequences. Interestingly, three of the five antibiotic‐sensitive K. pneumoniae strains containing ESBL blaSHV genes still exhibited mRNA transcription of blaSHV, while the other two exhibited no mRNA transcription. Conclusion These findings suggest that inactivated ESBL genes exist in non‐ESBL‐producing antibiotic‐sensitive K. pneumoniae strains, which have the potential to transform the strain into an ESBL phenotype if an inappropriate application or overdose of antibiotics is implemented during clinical management.
Local Smoothing and Local Solvability for Third Order Dispersive Equations

Two‐dimensional deep water waves can be described by various third order dispersive equations, modifying and generalizing the KdV equations as well as nonlinear Schrodinger equations. We establish local well‐posedness for initial data $u_0\in H^{3/2}(\R^2)$ for many of the proposed models using local smoothing estimates with respect to the forcing term and the initial data.
Quantification of the physical demands and perceived wellness associated with practice and competition in NCAA division I college football players.

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Not Lack of Ability but More Choice

The pattern of gender differences in math and verbal ability may result in females having a wider choice of careers, in both science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and non-STEM fields, compared with males. The current study tested whether individuals with high math and high verbal ability in 12th grade were more or less likely to choose STEM occupations than those with high math and moderate verbal ability. The 1,490 subjects participated in two waves of a national longitudinal study; one wave was when the subjects were in 12th grade, and the other was when they were 33 years old. Results revealed that mathematically capable individuals who also had high verbal skills were less likely to pursue STEM careers than were individuals who had high math skills but moderate verbal skills. One notable finding was that the group with high math and high verbal ability included more females than males.