Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Economic Integration in Africa: Eectiveness of Regional Agreements

Classic economic theory predicts that trade ‡ows will increase when barriers are reduced. Using gravity equation models, I show that African economic integration agreements do not follow this presumption. While trade ‡ows have been studied extensively, relatively little work has looked at Africa, the least developed continent. The regional economic communities have faced di¢ culties and their success is still an open question. With the African Economic Community planning to build economic integration through the use of regional blocs, it is important to understand
The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI - Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections

We present the final data release of observations of ? 21-cm emission from Galactic neutral hydrogen over the entire sky, merging the Leiden/Dwingeloo Survey (LDS: Hartmann & Burton 1997, Atlas of Galactic Neutral Hydrogen) of the sky north of ? = ? 30? with the Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia Survey (IAR: Arnal et al. 2000, AA and Bajaja et al. 2005, A&A, 440, 767) of the sky south of ? = ? 25? The angular resolution of the combined material is HPBW ? 0. 6. The LSR velocity coverage spans the interval ? 450 km s? 1 to +400 km s? 1, at a resolution of 1.3 kms? 1. The data were corrected for stray radiation at the Institute for Radioastronomy of the University of Bonn, refining the original correction applied to the LDS. The rms brightness-temperature noise of the merged database is 0.07? 0.09 K. Residual errors in the profile wings due to defects in the correction for stray radiation are for most of the data below a level of 20? 40 mK. It would be necessary to construct a telescope with a main beam efficiency of ? MB >? 99% to achieve the same accuracy. The merged and refined material entering the LAB Survey of Galactic HI is intended to be a general resource useful to a wide range of studies of the physical and structural characteristices of the Galactic interstellar environment. The LAB Survey is the most sensitive Milky Way HI survey to date, with the most extensive coverage both spatially and kinematically.
Preventing Carbon Leakage with Consumption-Based Emission Policies?

Steep and rapid reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are required from the industrialized countries. An important policy concern is that these emission reductions could lead to increases in emissions elsewhere. This leakage effect can be avoided by suitable choice of policies.I study the greenhouse gas abatement policy of a large coalition of countries that faces competition from countries with laxer emission policies, comparing the changes in emissions from the rest of the world and in competitiveness of dirty industries caused by different policy options. My analysis is based on a two-region, two-good model of endogenous growth with directed technical change.I compare two approaches to allocation of emissions associated with the supply of internationally traded goods and services: production-based and consumption-based accounting. When technical change and complementary policies are omitted, emission constraints based on either approach cause emissions in the rest of the world to increase, although through different mechanisms. However, an emission constraint creates incentives for energy-saving innovation and countries' emission policies can include various complementary measures in addition to the emission constraint. These factors can cause also the rest of the world to reduce emissions. Models that omit these factors yield too low recommendations on emission reduction targets.In order to maximize global emission reductions achieved with unilateral policy, production-based emission constraints should be applied on sectors where there are good possibilities to substitute other inputs for fossil energy, and there are decreasing returns to scale in carbon intensive activities. Consumption-based emission constraints achieve larger global emission reductions in sectors in which fossil energy and other inputs are strongly complementary and returns to scale on the regional level are not strongly decreasing.Complementary policies, such as subsidies to energy efficiency investments, subsidies to R&D of energy-saving technologies, transfer of technology to developing countries and relaxing the protection of intellectual property rights, can reduce or reverse carbon leakage. Each of these policies only reduces global emissions under specific conditions. Choosing suitable policies and differentiating between economic sectors is of great importance.If border measures are applied on imported carbon-intensive goods, it is important to account for the relative carbon intensity of individual producers. A regular border tax levied per tonne of product does not encourage producers in the rest of the world to clean up their production.
Quantum Oscillations in Hole-Doped Cuprates

One of the leading challenges of condensed matter physics in the past few decades is an understanding of the high-temperature copper-oxide superconductors. Although the d-wave character of the superconducting state is well understood, the normal state in the underdoped regime has eluded understanding. Here, we review the past few years of quantum oscillation measurements performed in the underdoped cuprates that have culminated in an understanding of the normal ground state of these materials. A nodal electron pocket created by charge order is found to characterize the normal ground state in YBa2Cu3O6+δ and is likely universal to a majority of the cuprate superconductors. An open question remains regarding the origin of the suppression of the antinodal density of states at the Fermi energy in the underdoped normal state, either from mainly charge correlations or, more likely, from mainly pairing and/or magnetic correlations that precede charge order.
DO HIGHER DIVIDENDS LEAD TO HIGHER EARNINGS GROWTH

Recent research has discovered that the market payout ratio is a good forecaster of future growth in market earnings. This runs counter to the thought that higher growth in earnings will naturally follow from higher, and astute, re-investment of earnings. This paper adds support to the extant research on this topic by testing for and finding a relationship between the payout ratio and future real growth in earnings for the TSX Composite. The strength of this relationship is robust to various tests; however, this paper also finds periods of time where the relationship does not hold. l o my wife, Lira, ~h has supported m throughout this pro~ra" and to my daughter) Emma, w h was born midway through it.
Factors controlling ionospheric outflows as observed at intermediate altitudes

[1] Data acquired by the Fast Auroral Snapshot (FAST) Small Explorer during the 24–25 September 1998 geomagnetic storm have been used to determine the controlling parameters for ionospheric outflows. The data were restricted to dayside magnetic local times. Two primary sources of ion outflows are considered: ion heating through dissipation of downward Poynting flux and electron heating through soft electron precipitation. Ion outflows are shown to be correlated with both, although ion outflows have a higher correlation with soft electrons, measured by the density of precipitating electrons. At 4000 km altitude it is found that fi = 1.022 × 109±0.341nep2. 200±0.489, where fi is the ion flux in cm−2 s−1 and nep is precipitating electron density, with a correlation coefficient r = 0.855, based on log-log regression. This scaling law can be mapped to other altitudes by scaling the flux and density with the magnetic field magnitude. The ion flux is also correlated with the Poynting flux, fi = 2.142 × 107±0.242S1. 265±0.445, where S is the Poynting flux at 4000 km altitude in mW m−2 and r = 0.721. Either of these two scaling laws can be used specify ion outflow fluxes, since there is a strong intercorrelation between the various parameters. In particular the present study cannot completely eliminate either of the two candidate processes (ion versus electron heating in the ionosphere, corresponding to Poynting flux versus soft electron precipitation). Soft electron precipitation does have a higher correlation coefficient, however, and if possible the precipitating electron density scaling law should be used. Since Poynting flux may be more easily specified in global simulations, for example, this scaling law is a useful alternate. For the interval under study the ion outflows were dominated by oxygen ions, predominantly in the form of ion conics, with a characteristic energy of order 10–30 eV.
Kinetic approach to fatigue phenomenon in ferroelectrics

We propose an approach to the explanation of the fatigue effect as an evolution of the switching area during cyclic switching as a result of self-organized domain kinetics due to retardation of bulk screening of the depolarization field. The formation of spatially nonuniform internal bias field during cycling (kinetic imprint effect) slows the domain kinetics in some regions leading to formation of the kinetically frozen domains. Presented fatigue and rejuvenation experimental data measured in sol-gel PbZrxTi1−xO3 thin films are in accordance with the results of computer simulation.
Biogeochemical Impact of Snow Cover and Cyclonic Intrusions on the Winter Weddell Sea Ice Pack

Sea ice is a dynamic biogeochemical reactor and a double interface actively interacting with both the atmosphere and the ocean. However, proper understanding of its annual impact on exchanges, and therefore potentially on the climate, notably suffer from the paucity of autumnal and winter data sets. Here we present the results of physical and biogeochemical investigations on winter Antarctic pack ice in the Weddell Sea (R.V. Polarstern AWECS cruise, July-August 2013) which are compared with those from two similar studies conducted in the area in 1986 and 1992. The winter 2013 was characterized by a warm sea ice cover due to the combined effects of deep snow and frequent warm cyclones events penetrating southwards from the open Southern Ocean. These conditions were favorable to high ice permeability and cyclic events of brine movements within the sea ice cover (brine tubes), favoring relatively high chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations. We discuss the timing of this algal activity showing that arguments can be presented in favor of continued activity during the winter due to the specific physical conditions. Large-scale sea ice model simulations also suggest a context of increasingly deep snow, warm ice and large brine fractions across the three observational years, despite the fact that the model is forced with a snowfall climatology. This lends support to the claim that more severe Antarctic sea ice conditions, characterized by a longer ice season, thicker and more concentrated ice are sufficient to increase the snow depth and, somehow counter-intuitively, to warm the ice.
Observations of warming on the Western Australian continental shelf

Global temperature datasets indicate a warming trend in the south-eastern Indian Ocean of ∼0.02 ◦ C year −1 . This is supported by in situ temperature measurements at a coastal monitoring station on the Western Australian continental shelf that have shown a mean temperature rise of 0.013 ◦ C year −1 since 1951, corresponding to ∼0.6 ◦ C over the past 5 decades. Measurements from three other shallow stations between 1985 and 2004 indicated warming trends of 0.026- 0.034 ◦ C year −1 . It is suggested that enhanced air-sea heat flux into the south-eastern Indian Ocean may be a key factor in the rising temperature trend. There has also been a steady rise in salinity over the past half-century. At interannual scales, coherent temperature variability at the various stations indicates that larger-scale processes are influencing the shelf waters and are linked with El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related events in coastal sea level and hence the Leeuwin Current.
Genetic diversity and population structure of the non-native Eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) in Mediterranean streams

Mosquitofish is a small, voracious, highly fecund freshwater fish species originated from northeaster America, that was introduced worldwide to control mosquito populations. In this thesis we have studied the genetics of the invasion of Mediterranean streams by the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) to discover some of the aspects that drive their successfully invasive life history. Comparison of introduced populations with the American sources of invasion indicated that there was no loss of genetic diversity due to the invasion process. Local genetic diversity levels and overall population structure were maintained among generations in introduced populations. We observed adaptive response to pollutants in the Flix reservoir, Ebro River, but that human perturbations do not prevent mosquitofish dispersal along rivers. Finally, unregulated human-assisted translocations probably increase the opportunities for colonization of new environments, and therefore need to be controlled. La gambusia es un peix molt vorac i fecund originari de les masses d’aigua dolca del nord-est d’America, que va a ser introduida en tot el mon pel control biologic de les poblacions de mosquit. En aquesta tesis se analitzen els processos genetics relacionats amb l’exit invasor de la gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki) en les conques mediterranies. Les poblacions de gambusia introduides catalanes mantenen els nivells de diversitat genetica presents a les poblacions Americanes que van ser les fonts dels invasors de Europa. En aquestas poblacions introduides, els nivells locals i patrons hidrografics de diversitat genetica es mantenen entre generacions. Hi a una resposta selectiva als contaminants en les poblacions de gamusia a l’embassament de Flix, riu Ebro, pero aquestes pertorbacions humanes no limiten la dispersio de la gambusia. Finalment, les translocacions d’exemplars per l’home augmenten les oportunitats de colonitzar nous ambients i per aixo han de ser controlats.
Prevalence of Salmonella spp. from Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) by using improvement isolation methods

Catfish is an important freshwater fish used in food supply may be infected by pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. Due to its public health implications; an enhanced method of isolation of Salmonella spp. is desirable. A total of 60 samples (15 of whole-body of catfish, 15 of gills, 15 of intestines and 15 of water samples) collected from wet market in Penang (Malaysia) were examined. The aim of this study was to compare a pellet method to the conventional method (non-pellet method) of isolation of Salmonella spp. from different parts of catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) and water samples. In this study, the pellet method was assessed and compared to conventional method (non-pellet method). Three selective agars, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar (XLD), Xylose-Lysine-Tergitol 4 (XLT4), Bismuth Sulfite Agar (BSA), were used. Pellet method found to show significant difference (p<0.05) on a total of 15 catfish samples. Higher prevalence obtained in pellet method was 53.33%, 80%, 40% growth on XLD, XLT4 and BSA, respectively. By using non-pellet method, the prevalence was 46.67%, 53.33%, 13.33% on XLD, XLT4 and BSA, respectively. Salmonella spp. presented on whole-body of catfish, gills, intestine and water for 80%, 40% 20% and 6.67%, respectively. This result indicates that the pellet method can isolate Salmonella sp. higher compared to non-pellet method.
Zero-bias molecular electronics: Exchange-correlation corrections to Landauer's formula

Institute of Nanotechnology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany(Dated: February 2, 2008)We show, that standard ﬁrst principles calculations of transport through single molecules missexchange-correlation corrections to the Landauer formula—the conductance is calculated at theHartree level. Furthermore, the lack of derivative discontinuity in approximations can cause largeerrors for molecules weakly coupled to the electrodes. From Kubo response theory, both the Lan-dauer formula and these corrections in the limit of zero bias are derived and calculations presented.
Physical quality changes of pre-cooked shrimps during frozen storage

The physical quality (texture and color), moisture content, water holding capacity, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transverse relaxation T2 data and the correlation among these indexes in pre-cooked (boiled for 5 min) Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis during frozen storage were investigated. The moisture content, water holding capacity, and springiness decreased with the storage time increasing, while L*, a*, b* and hardness increased. The correlation analysis result showed that the hardness, L*, a* and b* value were direct proportion to P2b, the springiness was direct proportion to P21 and P22, respectively, moisture content was inverse proportion to hardness, while direct proportion to springiness. The changes of water mobility and distribution of pre-cooked Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis resulted in the changes of apparent quality(color and texture).
The Challenges Faced by Integrating Islamic Corporate Governance in Companies of Gulf Countries with Non-Islamic Companies Across Border through Merger and Acquisition

One method of achieving company expansion to address new markets and access cheaper funds is through international mergers and acquisitions (MA there was diversity in the application of Islamic law within the selected countries and its effect on the international M&A. This paper can provide some insights view in controlling and organizing the M&A activities between Islamic and non-Islamic financial institutions, as the Islamic governance in practical terms, cannot be viewed as an identical homogenous practice across the Islamic domain. Cultural variations do exist.
Constipation in patients on peritoneal dialysis: a literature review

Aim Constipation is a common medical condition that can lead to a loss of quality of life and increase health care costs. The incidence of constipation rises with increasing age in both sexes. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on peritoneal dialysis (PD), constipation is associated with peritoneal catheter malfunction and peritonitis, which can result in dialysis modality failure. For patients on PD, constipation needs to be dealt with in a proactive, preventative manner rather than when it becomes a problem. Method A search of electronic nursing, medical and allied health databases including Medline, Ovid, CINAHL, PubMed, Proquest,Wiley, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Evidence-Based Resources (Joanna Briggs Institute) was performed.
Determinants of mobile phones usage in sweet potato vine business in Gulu district northern Uganda

Seed systems that provide farmers with planting materials may be divided into formal and informal systems. For the sweet potato sector, the informal seed system is the main provider of planting materials to small and medium sized farmers in developing countries. This informal system provides planting materials to smallholder farmers at the right time, place and quantity. However, for it to be effective there must be an appropriate means of communication between multipliers and buyers of sweet potato vines. This may be achieved with the use of mobile phones. Mobile phones are said to have great impact in improving trade through provision of accurate and timely information directly to farmers. However mobile phones usage in agriculture is still low. Many farmers still rely on the traditional way of accessing information which seems inadequate. This study characterized users and non-users of mobile phones and assessed factors that influenced mobile phones usage in sweet potato vines trade. A cross sectional causal comparative survey research design was used. The study obtained primary data from 140 randomly selected respondents in three purposively selected project sub-counties in Gulu district. Descriptive statistics and probit regression were used to analyse the data. Our results indicated that users and non-users of mobile phones in sweet potato vines marketing differed in a number of socio-economic characteristics. Users of mobile phone were on average younger, better educated and had bigger sweet potato fields. The Probit regression results revealed that the farmers’ age negatively influenced the decision to use mobile phones in sweet potato vines trade. On the other hand, education and household income positively influenced the decision to use mobile phones in sweet potato vine trade. Mobile phones therefore have potential for improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and should be specifically targeted to lure the youths into agriculture. Key words: Mobile phones, sweet potato vines, seed system, marketing, Gulu district.
FOLIC ACID AS A NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENT WITH MULBERRY LEAF AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMIC TRAITS OF SILKWORM (BOMBYX MORI L.).

R. Ravi Kumara and M. N. Anil Kumar. Silkworm Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, DOS in Sericulture Science, University of Mysore, ManasaGangothri, Mysore-6, Karnataka, India. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History
The Mechanism behind Environmental Inequality in Scotland: Which Came First, the Deprivation or the Landfill?

Research suggests that people living in deprived areas of the UK are more likely to be exposed to hazardous environments than those in more affluent areas, but the mechanism behind this trend is not clear. Discrimination in the siting of undesirable land uses has often been blamed, leading to claims of environmental injustice. However, environmental inequalities may also arise through postsiting processes that lead to selective migration: the presence of an undesirable land use may devalue local property, encouraging affluent households to move away and deprived households to move in to surrounding areas. Ascertaining the underlying process at work is important as this has significant implications for guiding policies aimed at delivering environmental justice. We investigated the distribution of municipal landfill sites in Scotland and local exposure to their airborne emissions. Geographical information system techniques were used to construct a wind-weighted, emissions-weighted, and distance-weighted model with which small-area exposure to landfills could be classified. This model gave the exposure classification a degree of realism not generally incorporated in similar studies. We found clear evidence of environmental inequality: socially deprived areas of Scotland are disproportionately exposed to municipal landfills and have been since at least 1981. We then asked which came first, the deprivation or the landfill? Our results suggest that both disproportionate siting and postsiting market dynamics may play a role: area deprivation may have preceded disproportionate landfill siting to some extent, particularly in the 1980s, but landfill siting also preceded a relative increase in deprivation in exposed areas. Areas that became exposed to a municipal landfill in the 1980s were subsequently 1.65 times more likely to be classified as deprived by 2001 than areas that remained unexposed.