Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is the Focus on Food Deserts Fruitless? Retail Access and Food Purchases Across the Socioeconomic Spectrum

Despite an absence of causal evidence showing that limited access to healthy foods is to blame for unhealthful consumption, policies aimed at improving poor diets by improving access are ubiquitous. In this paper, we use novel data describing both the healthfulness of household food purchases and the retail landscapes facing consumers to measure the role that access plays in explaining why some people in the United States eat more nutritious foods than others. We first confirm that household s with lower income and education purchase less healthful foods. We then measure the spatial variation in the average nutritional quality of available food products across local markets, revealing that healthy foods are less likely to be available in low-income neighborhoods. Though significant, spatial differences in access are small relative to the spatial differences in store sales and explain only a fraction of the variation that we observe in the nutritional content of household purchases. Systematic socioeconomic disparities in household purchases persist after access is equated: even in the same store, wealthier and more educated households purchase more healthful foods. Consistent with this result, we further find that the nutritional quality of household purchases responds very little to changes in their retail environment, especially among households with low levels of income and education. Together, our results indicate that even if spatial disparities in access are entirely resolved, over two-thirds o f the existing socioeconomic disparities in consumption would remain.
THE DARK ENERGY SURVEY: PROSPECTS FOR RESOLVED STELLAR POPULATIONS

Wide angle and deep surveys, regardless of their primary purpose, always sample a large number of stars in the Galaxy and in its satellite system. Here we make a forecast of the expected stellar sample resulting from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and the perspectives that it will open for studies of Galactic structure and resolved stellar populations in general. An estimated 1.2 × 108 stars will be sampled in DES grizY filters in the southern equatorial hemisphere. This roughly corresponds to 20% of all DES sources. Most of these stars belong to the stellar thick disk and halo of the Galaxy. DES will probe low-mass stellar and sub-stellar objects at depths from three to eight times larger than those in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The faint end of the main sequence (MS) will be densely sampled beyond 10 kpc. The slope of the low mass end of the stellar initial mass function (IMF) will be constrained to within a few hundredths of dex, even in the thick disk and halo. In the sub-stellar mass regime, the IMF slope will be potentially constrained to within dlog ϕ(m)/dlog m ≃ 0.1. About 3 × 104 brown dwarf candidates and at least 7.6 × 105 white dwarf candidates will be selected, the latter embedded into the thick disk and halo, for future follow-up. The stellar halo flattening will also be constrained to within a few percent. DES will probe the MS of new Milky Way satellites and halo clusters for distances out to ≃ 120 kpc, therefore yielding stellar surface density contrasts 1.6–1.7 times larger than those attainable with SDSS. It will also allow detection of these objects in the far reaches of the stellar halo, substantially increasing the number and quality of probes to the Galactic potential. Combined with northern samples, such as the SDSS, the DES stellar sample will yield constraints on the structure and stellar populations of Galactic components in unprecedented detail. In particular, the combined sample from both hemispheres will allow detailed studies of halo and thick disk asymmetries and triaxiality.
THE OPTICAL DEPTH OF H ii REGIONS IN THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS

We exploit ionization-parameter mapping (IPM) as a powerful tool to measure the optical depth of star-forming H ii regions. Our simulations using the photoionization code Cloudy and our new, SurfBright surface-brightness simulator demonstrate that this technique can directly diagnose most density-bounded, optically thin nebulae using spatially resolved emission-line data. We apply this method to the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC), using the data from the Magellanic Clouds Emission Line Survey. We generate new H ii region catalogs based on photoionization criteria set by the observed ionization structure in the [S ii]/[O iii] ratio and Hα surface brightness. The luminosity functions from these catalogs generally agree with those from Hα-only surveys. We then use IPM to crudely classify all the nebulae into optically thick versus optically thin categories, yielding fundamental new insights into Lyman-continuum (LyC) radiation transfer. We find that in both galaxies, the frequency of optically thin objects correlates with Hα luminosity, and that the numbers of these objects dominate above log L/(erg s−1) ⩾ 37.0. The frequencies of optically thin objects are 40% and 33% in the LMC and SMC, respectively. Similarly, the frequency of optically thick regions correlates with H i column density, with optically thin objects dominating at the lowest N(H i). The integrated escape luminosity of ionizing radiation is dominated by the largest regions and corresponds to luminosity-weighted, ionizing escape fractions from the H ii region population of ⩾0.42 and ⩾0.40 in the LMC and SMC, respectively. These values correspond to global galactic escape fractions of 4% and 11%, respectively. This is sufficient to power the ionization rate of the observed diffuse ionized gas in both galaxies. Since our optical depth estimates tend to be underestimates, and also omit the contribution from field stars without nebulae, our results suggest the possibility of significant galactic escape fractions of LyC radiation.
SELF-ORGANIZATION OF RECONNECTING PLASMAS TO MARGINAL COLLISIONALITY IN THE SOLAR CORONA

We explore the suggestions by Uzdensky and Cassak et al. that coronal loops heated by magnetic reconnection should self-organize to a state of marginal collisionality. We discuss their model of coronal loop dynamics with a one-dimensional hydrodynamic calculation. We assume that many current sheets are present, with a distribution of thicknesses, but that only current sheets thinner than the ion skin depth can rapidly reconnect. This assumption naturally causes a density-dependent heating rate which is actively regulated by the plasma. We report nine numerical simulation results of coronal loop hydrodynamics in which the absolute values of the heating rates are different but their density dependences are the same. We find two regimes of behavior, depending on the amplitude of the heating rate. In the case that the amplitude of heating is below a threshold value, the loop is in stable equilibrium. Typically, the upper and less dense part of a coronal loop is collisionlessly heated and conductively cooled. When the amplitude of heating is above the threshold, the conductive flux to the lower atmosphere required to balance collisionless heating drives an evaporative flow which quenches fast reconnection, ultimately cooling and draining the loop until the cycle begins again. The key elements of this cycle are gravity and the density dependence of the heating function. Some additional factors are present, including pressure-driven flows from the loop top, which carry a large enthalpy flux and play an important role in reducing the density. We find that on average the density of the system is close to the marginally collisionless value.
Wertschaffung durch strategische Desinvestitionen

In den vergangenen Jahren haben zahlreiche deutsche Unternehmen in deutlichem Umfang Akquisitionen getätigt und dadurch ihr Portfolio von strategischen Geschäftseinheiten abgerundet. Desinvestitionen, d. h. Verkäufe von einzelnen Tochtergesellschaften bis hin zu ganzen Geschäftsfeldern, hatten hingegen einen wesentlich geringeren Stellenwert und häufig kein zugrunde liegendes strategisches Kalkül. Aufgrund dieser unabgestimmten Portfoliostrategie sind bei vielen deutschen Unternehmen bunt zusammengewürfelte Geschäftsportfolios entstanden, die den Anforderungen der Globalisierung und den Erwartungen der Investoren und Analysten nicht entsprechen können und nur noch schwer führbar sind. Ausgehend von der geringen Bedeutung von Unternehemensverkäufen in Kontinentaleuropa, wurde in einer Kooperation des Institutes für Betriebswirtschaft an der Universität St. Gallen und der Unternehmensberatung A.T. Kearney eine Studie zu Desinvestitionen durchgeführt. Ausgangshypothese der Studie war, dass Desinvestitionen, wenn strategisch sinnvoll eingesetzt, ein wertvolles Instrument zur Optimierung des Geschäftsportfolios darstellen und einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Unternehmenswertsteigerung leisten können. Um diese Hypothese zu überprüfen wurde in einem ersten Schritt eine umfassende Datenbankanalyse vorgenommen, in der ca. 680 Desinvestitionen der 250 größten börsennotierten Unternehmen aus Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz zwischen 1993 und 1998 auf ihre Vorteilhaftigkeit untersucht und mit den Daten aus anderen europäischen Ländern sowie den USA verglichen wurden. Um des Weiteren die relevanten Erfolgsfaktoren von Desinvestitionsprojekten herauszuarbeiten, wurden konkrete Vorgehensweisen sowie Erfahrungen im Zusammenhang mit Desinvestitionen in der Paxis analysiert. Dazu wurden persönliche Interviews mit den für Desinvestitionen Verantwortlichen in den in Abb. 1 genannten Unternehmen geführt. Im Rahmen der Datenbankanalyse konnte zunächst bestätigt werden, dass der Desinvestition als strategischem Instrument zur Gestaltung des Unternehmensportfolios im anglo-amerikanischen Raum traditionell ein wesentlich höherer Stellenwert zukommt als in Kontinentaleuropa. Wie Abb. 2 verdeutlicht, fällt der Vorsprung von Großbritannien und den USA sowohl bezüglich der absoluten Anzahl der Fälle als auch bezüglich des Verhältnisses der Transaktionszahlen zum jeweiligen Bruttoinlandsprodukt sehr deutlich aus.
THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE URSA MINOR DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXY

We present an abundance analysis based on high-resolution spectra of 10 stars selected to span the full range in metallicity in the Ursa Minor (UMi) dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy. We find that [Fe/H] for the sample stars ranges from −1.35 to −3.10 dex. Combining our sample with previously published work for a total of 16 luminous UMi giants, we establish the trends of abundance ratios [X/Fe] as functions of [Fe/H] for 15 elements. In key cases, particularly for the α-elements, these trends resemble those for stars in the outer part of the Galactic halo, especially at the lowest metallicities probed. The neutron-capture elements show an r-process distribution over the full range of Fe metallicity reached in this dSph galaxy. This suggests that the duration of star formation in the UMi dSph was shorter than in other dSph galaxies. The derived ages for a larger sample of UMi stars with more uncertain metallicities also suggest a population dominated by uniformly old (∼13 Gyr) stars, with a hint of an age–metallicity relationship. Upon comparing our results for UMi, our earlier work in Draco, and published studies of more metal-rich dSph Galactic satellites, there appears to be a pattern of moving from a chemical inventory for dSph giants with [Fe/H] ≲−2 dex, which is very similar to that of stars in the outer part of the Galactic halo (enhanced α/Fe relative to the Sun, coupled with subsolar [X/Fe] for the heavy neutron-capture elements and r-process domination), switching to subsolar α-elements and super-solar s-process-dominated neutron-capture elements for the highest [Fe/H] dSph stars. The combination of low star formation rates over a varying and sometimes extended duration that produced the stellar populations in the local dSph galaxies with [Fe/H] > − 1.5 dex leads to a chemical inventory wildly discrepant from that of any component of the Milky Way. We note the presence of two UMi giants with [Fe/H] <−3.0 dex in our sample and reaffirm that the inner Galactic halo could have been formed by early accretion of Galactic satellite galaxies and dissolution of young globular clusters, while the outer halo could have formed from those satellite galaxies that accreted somewhat later.
CIRCUMSTELLAR STRUCTURE AROUND EVOLVED STARS IN THE CYGNUS-X STAR FORMATION REGION

We present observations of newly discovered 24 μm circumstellar structures detected with MIPS around three evolved stars in the Cygnus-X star-forming region. One of the objects, BD+43 3710, has a bipolar nebula, possibly due to an outflow or a torus of material. A second, HBHA 4202-22, a Wolf–Rayet candidate, shows a circular shell of 24 μm emission suggestive of either a limb-brightened shell or disk seen face-on. No diffuse emission was detected around either of these two objects in the Spitzer 3.6–8 μm IRAC bands. The third object is the luminous blue variable candidate G79.29+0.46. We resolved the previously known inner ring in all four IRAC bands. The 24 μm emission from the inner ring extends ∼1. ′2 beyond the shorter wavelength emission, well beyond what can be attributed to the difference in resolutions between MIPS and IRAC. Additionally, we have discovered an outer ring of 24 μm emission, possibly due to an earlier episode of mass loss. For the two shell stars, we present the results of radiative transfer models, constraining the stellar and dust shell parameters. The shells are composed of amorphous carbon grains, plus polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the case of G79.29+0.46. Both G79.29+0.46 and HBHA 4202-22 lie behind the main Cygnus-X cloud. Although G79.29+0.46 simply may be on the far side of the cloud, HBHA 4202-22 is unrelated to the Cygnus-X star formation region.
The Oxidation of the Platinum Metals A DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY OF THE REACTIONS INVOLVED

On gentle heating in air or in oxygen all six of the platinum metals develop thin tarnish films, visible or invisible, on their surfaces. On exceeding individual critical temperatures these j l m s disappear, exposing clean metal, the change having the characteristics of a low-energy phase transformation. The mechanisms involued are examined in this survey and their effects on the stability, strength and surface reactivity of the platinum metals and their alloys are discussed.
Epidemic ranaviral disease in imported captive frogs (Dendrobates and Phyllobates spp.), Japan, 2012: a first report

Introduction: Ranavirus infection is associated with mass die‐off and population decline in amphibians worldwide, and is listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as a notifiable disease under the Aquatic Animal Health Code. Work is ongoing to control the spread of ranavirus, because this agent is considered an emerging pathogen of amphibians. In Japan, ranaviral diseases have been detected at each episode of die‐off of wild bullfrog juveniles since 2008. However, ranaviral disease has not been found in captive anurans. Case presentation: Epidemic and lethal ranaviral disease in captive Dendrobates and Phyllobates species imported from the Netherlands is reported. Poison dart frogs of three genera were imported from the Netherlands in March 2012. Disease and death were noted approximately 10 days after importation. Fifty‐three adults of five species died in about 1 month, including frogs that had been kept previously. Microscopic examination revealed necrosis and intracytoplasmic basophilic inclusion bodies in the parenchyma of multiple organs. Electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic ranavirus‐like particles within haematopoietic cells of the kidney. These particles were icosahedral, with a diameter of approximately 144 nm. Thirty‐three of 41 dead frogs showed positive PCR results for the major capsid protein gene of Ranavirus. The sequence obtained from five frogs was identical and did not match the registered sequence of any ranavirus. Conclusion: This is the first report, to our knowledge, of ranaviral disease in imported anurans of the family Dendrobatidae and genera Phyllobates and Dendrobates in Japan.
CysLT 1 receptor-induced human airway smooth muscle cells proliferation requires ROS generation , EGF receptor transactivation and ERK 1 / 2 phosphorylation

Background: Cysteine-containing leukotrienes (cysteinyl-LTs) are pivotal inflammatory mediators that play important roles in the pathophysiology of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and other inflammatory conditions. In particular, cysteinyl-LTs exert a variety of effects with relevance to the aetiology of asthma such as smooth muscle contraction, eosinophil recruitment, increased microvascular permeability, enhanced mucus secretion and decreased mucus transport and, finally, airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) proliferation. We used human ASMC (HASMC) to identify the signal transduction pathway(s) of the leukotriene D4 (LTD4)-induced DNA synthesis. Methods: Proliferation of primary HASMC was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Phosphorylation of EGF receptor (EGF-R) and ERK1/2 was assessed with a polyclonal anti-EGF-R or antiphosphoERKl/2 monoclonal antibody. A Ras pull-down assay kit was used to evaluate Ras activation. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was estimated by measuring dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) oxidation. Results: We demonstrate that in HASMC LTD4-stimulated thymidine incorporation and potentiation of EGF-induced mitogenic signaling mostly depends upon EGF-R transactivation through the stimulation of CysLT1-R. Accordingly, we found that LTD4 stimulation was able to trigger the increase of Ras-GTP and, in turn, to activate ERK1/2. We show here that EGF-R transactivation was sensitive to pertussis toxin (PTX) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors and that it occurred independently from Src activity, despite the observation of a strong impairment of LTD4-induced DNA synthesis following Src inhibition. More interestingly, CysLT1-R stimulation increased the production of ROS and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) abolished LTD4-induced EGF-R phosphorylation and thymidine incorporation. Conclusion: Collectively, our data demonstrate that in HASMC LTD4 stimulation of a Gi/o coupled CysLT1-R triggers the transactivation of the EGF-R through the intervention of PI3K and ROS. While PI3K and ROS involvement is an early event, the activation of Src occurs downstream of EGF-R activation and is followed by the classical Ras-ERK1/2 signaling pathway to control G1 progression and cell proliferation. Published: 22 March 2006 Respiratory Research 2006, 7:42 doi:10.1186/1465-9921-7-42 Received: 13 January 2006 Accepted: 22 March 2006 This article is available from: http://respiratory-research.com/content/7/1/42 © 2006 Ravasi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ethos and Error: How Business People React to Errors

Errors seem to bother nonacademic readers as well as teachers. But what does it mean to be “bothered” by errors? Questions such as this help transform the study of error from mere textual issues to larger rhetorical matters of constructing meaning. Although this study of fourteen business people indicates a range of reactions to errors, the findings also reveal patterns of qualitative agreement—certain ways in which these readers constructed a negative ethos of the writer.
Response of Five Cowpea Varieties to Some Phytonematodes under Field Conditions

Five cowpea varieties viz Asomdwe, Asetenapa, Hewale, Nhyira and Videza, were evaluated for their reaction to plant parasitic nematodes under natural infestation. Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus brachyurus, and Rotylenchulus reniformis were isolated from the rhizosphere of the cowpea varieties although each of the varieties reacted differently to these nematode species. The highest number of M. incognita was recovered from the rhizosphere of Asomdwe which was 83% higher than Asetenapa which recorded the least number of M. incognita. Similarly, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between R. reniformis juveniles recovered from the rhizosphere of Hewale and all the other varieties. There was however no significant differences in the number of P. brachyurus recovered although Nhyira recorded the highest. Two of the nematode generaMeloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus brachyurus were extracted from the roots of the various varieties with varied population densities. The highest grain yield was recorded in Hewale. It out yielded Nhyira, Videza, Asomdwe and Asetenapa by (58, 49.8, 41.5 and 11.9)% respectively. Original Research Article Adomako et al.; IJPSS, 12(4): 1-5, 2016; Article no.IJPSS. 27943 2
Clinical Methods The History Physical And Laboratory Examinations

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CARBONIC ACID AS A RESERVE OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON ICY MOONS: THE FORMATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) IN A POLAR ENVIRONMENT

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been detected on the surface of several icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn via observation of the ν3 band with the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer on board the Galileo spacecraft and the Visible-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer on board the Cassini spacecraft. Interestingly, the CO2 band for several of these moons exhibits a blueshift along with a broader profile than that seen in laboratory studies and other astrophysical environments. As such, numerous attempts have been made in order to clarify this abnormal behavior; however, it currently lacks an acceptable physical or chemical explanation. We present a rather surprising result pertaining to the synthesis of carbon dioxide in a polar environment. Here, carbonic acid was synthesized in a water (H2O)–carbon dioxide (CO2) (1:5) ice mixture exposed to ionizing radiation in the form of 5 keV electrons. The irradiated ice mixture was then annealed, producing pure carbonic acid which was then subsequently irradiated, recycling water and carbon dioxide. However, the observed carbon dioxide ν3 band matches almost exactly with that observed on Callisto; subsequent temperature program desorption studies reveal that carbon dioxide synthesized under these conditions remains in solid form until 160 K, i.e., the sublimation temperature of water. Consequently, our results suggest that carbon dioxide on Callisto as well as other icy moons is indeed complexed with water rationalizing the shift in peak frequency, broad profile, and the solid state existence on these relatively warm moons.