Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA IN PATIENTS WITH ANEURYSMAL SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, REFRACTORY INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION, OR CEREBRAL VASOSPASM

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the feasibility and safety of mild hypothermia treatment in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) who are experiencing intracranial hypertension and/or cerebral vasospasm (CVS). METHODSOf 441 consecutive patients with SAH, 100 developed elevated intracranial pressure and/or symptomatic CVS refractory to conventional treatment. Hypothermia (33–34°C) was induced and maintained until intracranial pressure normalized, CVS resolved, or severe side effects occurred. RESULTSThirteen patients were treated with hypothermia alone, and 87 were treated with hypothermia in combination with barbiturate coma. Sixty-six patients experienced poor-grade SAH (Hunt and Hess Grades IV and V) and 92 had Fisher Grade 3 and 4 bleedings. The mean duration of hypothermia was 169 ± 104 hours, with a maximum of 16.4 days. The outcome after 1 year was evaluated in 90 of 100 patients. Thirty-two patients (35.6%) survived with good functional outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale [GOS] score, 4 and 5), 14 (15.5%) were severely disabled (GOS score, 3), 1 (1.1%) was in a vegetative state (GOS score, 2), and 43 (47.8%) died (GOS score, 1). The most frequent side effects were electrolyte disorders (77%), pneumonia (52%), thrombocytopenia (47%), and septic shock syndrome (40%). Of 93 patients with severe side effects, 6 (6.5%) died as a result of respiratory or multi-organ failure. CONCLUSIONProlonged systemic hypothermia may be considered as a last-resort option for a carefully selected group of SAH patients with intracranial hypertension or CVS resistant to conventional treatment. However, complications associated with hypothermia require elaborate protocols in general intensive care unit management.
The impact of interpersonal relationships on customer satisfaction and loyalty to the service provider

The focus on ongoing customer relationships is the most distinctive aspect of relationship marketing. To date we still have a poor understanding of the role played by interpersonal‐related factors in gaining and developing customer loyalty. This paper explores the impact of interpersonal relationships (both with a firm employee and with another customer) on customer satisfaction and loyalty towards the firm. Based on a review of different streams of research, the paper develops and empirically tests an original multi‐level and multi‐subject model. The findings show that customer‐to‐employee and customer‐to‐customer relationships contribute differently to the development of customer loyalty. Finally, the paper discusses managerial implications and directions for future research.
The Determinants of Banking Crises in Developing and Developed Countries

The paper studies the factors associated with the emergence of systemic banking crises in a large sample of developed and developing countries in 1980-94 using a multivariate logit econometric model. The results suggest that crises tend to erupt when the macroeconomic environment is weak, particularly when growth is low and inflation is high. Also, high real interest rates are clearly associated with systemic banking sector problems, and there is some evidence that vulnerability to balance of payments crises has played a role. Countries with an explicit deposit insurance scheme were particularly at risk, as were countries with weak law enforcement.
Procedural justice, strategic decision making, and the knowledge economy

Collective knowledge building is a key strategic task for firms' success today. But creating and sharing knowledge are intangible activities that can neither be supervised nor forced out of people. They happen only when individuals cooperate voluntarily. A key challenge facing strategic management is obtaining the voluntary cooperation of individuals as firms formulate and implement their strategic decisions. This essay draws on the rich body of procedural justice research to address this critical issue. We argue that when people feel their strategic decision-making processes are fair, they display a high level of voluntary cooperation based on their attitudes of trust and commitment. Conversely, when people feel that the processes are unfair, they refuse to cooperate by hoarding ideas and dragging their feet in conceiving and executing strategic decisions. We further develop this argument into team performance wherein the attitudinal and behavioral effects of procedural justice are corroborated with theory and initial evidence of their bottom-line performance consequences. We then build a theory, which we call intellectual and emotional recognition theory, that can explain why procedural justice invokes the side of human behavior that goes beyond outcome-driven self-interests and that is so critical in the knowledge economy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Credit Policies in a Housing Debt Crisis

Consumption, income, and home prices fell simultaneously during the financial crisis, compounding recessionary conditions with liquidity constraints and mortgage distress. We develop a framework to guide government policy in response to crises in cases when government may intervene to support distressed mortgages. Our results emphasize three aspects of efficient mortgage modifications. First, when households are constrained in their borrowing, government resources should support household liquidity up-front. This implies modifying loans to reduce payments during the crisis rather than reducing payments over the life of the mortgage contract, such as via debt reduction. Second, while governments will not find it efficient to directly write down the debt of borrowers, in many cases it will be in the best interest of lenders to do so, because reducing debt is an effective way to reduce strategic default. Moreover, the lenders who bear the credit default risk have a direct incentive to partially write down debt and avoid a full loan loss due to default. Finally, a well-designed mortgage contract should take these considerations into account, reducing payments during recessions and reducing debt when home prices fall. We propose an automatic stabilizer mortgage contract which does both by converting mortgages into lower-rate adjustable-rate mortgages when interest rates fall during a downturn—reducing payments and lowering the present value of borrowers’ debt.
The role of openness in explaining innovation performance among UK manufacturing firms

A central part of the innovation process concerns the way firms go about organizing search for new ideas that have commercial potential. New models of innovation have suggested that many innovative firms have changed the way they search for new ideas, adopting open search strategies that involve the use of a wide range of external actors and sources to help them achieve and sustain innovation. Using a large -scale sample of industrial firms, this paper links search strategy to innovative performance, finding that searching widely and deeply is curvilinearly (taking an inverted U-shape) related to performance.
Comparison of natural crosslinking agents for the stabilization of xenogenic articular cartilage

Osteochondral xenografts are potentially inexpensive, widely available alternatives to fresh allografts. However, antigen removal from xenogenic cartilage may damage the extracellular matrix and reduce compressive stiffness. Non‐crosslinked xenogenic cartilage may also undergo rapid enzymatic degradation in vivo. We hypothesized that natural crosslinking agents could be used in place of glutaraldehyde to improve the mechanical properties and enzymatic resistance of decellularized cartilage. This study compared the effects of genipin (GNP), proanthocyanidin (PA), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), on the physical and mechanical properties of decellularized porcine cartilage. Glutaraldehyde (GA) served as a positive control. Porcine articular cartilage discs were decellularized in 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate and DNase I followed by fixation in 0.25% GNP, 0.25% PA, 0.25% EGCG, or 2.5% GA. Decellularization decreased DNA by 15% and GAG by 35%. For natural crosslinkers, the average degree of crosslinking ranged from approximately 50% (EGCG) to 78% (GNP), as compared to 83% for the GA control. Among the natural crosslinkers, only GNP significantly affected the disc diameter, and shrinkage was under 2%. GA fixation had no significant effect on disc diameter. Decellularization decreased aggregate modulus; GA and GNP, but not EGCG and PA, were able to restore it to its original level. GNP, PA, and GA conferred a similar, almost complete resistance to collagenase degradation. EGCG also conferred substantial resistance but to a lesser degree. Overall, the data support our hypothesis and suggest that natural crosslinkers may be suitable alternatives to glutaraldehyde for stabilization of decellularized cartilage. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1037–1046, 2016.
Localization of the Lipid Receptors CD36 and CLA-1/SR-BI in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: Towards the Identification of Receptors Mediating the Intestinal Absorption of Dietary Lipids

The scavenger receptors CLA-1/SR-BI and CD36 interact with native and modified lipoproteins and with some anionic phospholipids. In addition, CD36 binds/transports long-chain free fatty acids. Recent biochemical evidences indicates that the rabbit CLA-1/SR-BI receptor can be detected in enterocytes, and previous studies showed the presence of mRNA for both CLA-1/SR-BI and CD36 in some segments of the intestinal tract. These findings prompted us to study their respective localization and distribution from the human stomach to the colorectal segments, using immunohistochemical methods. Their expression in the colorectal carcinoma-derived cell line Caco-2 was analyzed by Northern blotting. In the human intestinal tract, CLA-1/SR-BI was found in the brush-border membrane of enterocytes from the duodenum to the rectum. However, CD36 was found only in the duodenal and jejunal epithelium, whereas enterocytes from other intestinal segments were not stained. In the duodenum and jejunum, CD36 co-localized with CLA-1/SR-BI in the apical membrane of enterocytes. The gastric epithelium was immunonegative for both glycoproteins. We also found that CLA-1/SR-BI mRNA was expressed in Caco-2 cells and that its expression levels increased concomitantly with their differentiation. In contrast, the CD36 transcript was not found in this colon cell line, in agreement with the absence of this protein in colon epithelium. The specific localization of CLA-1/SR-BI and CD36 along the human gastrointestinal tract and their ability to interact with a large variety of lipids strongly support a physiological role for them in absorption of dietary lipids.
Nexus Marketing Culture, Values of Owners/Managers and Ethical Position in Business and Survival of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMES) in Tanzania: A case of Southern Highlands

This study was intended to examine the relationship between Marketing culture, Values of SMEs owners/ managers, Moral reasoning and the Survival of SMEs in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Results in this study revealed that marketing culture and values of owners/ managers were significant predictors of survival of SMEs explaining almost 29% of the variance. The study recommends that owners/managers of SMEs should place much emphasis on service quality, organization and internal communication commitment to ensure survival of their SMEs. Other factors included creativity; honesty and integrity need more attention for the survival of the SMEs.
Serum Neurofilament Light Chain in NMOSD and Related Disorders: Comparison According to Aquaporin-4 and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibodies Status

Background Neurofilament light chain (NF-L) levels reflect axonal damage in different conditions, including demyelinating disorders. Objectives We aimed to compare serum NF-L levels in patients with aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-Ab), myelin oligodendrocyte antibodies (MOG-Ab) and seronegative cases with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and related disorders. Methods We analysed AQP4-Ab and MOG-Ab with cell-based assay and NF-L with ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results Median NF-L levels were increased in 25 AQP4-Ab-positive patients (59 pg/ml) as compared with 22 MOG-Ab-positive cases (25 pg/ml), 52 seronegative patients (18 pg/ml), 25 multiple sclerosis patients (12 pg/ml) and 14 healthy controls (12 pg/ml). Conclusions Increased serum levels of NF-L in patients with AQP4-Ab or MOG-Ab might reflect an ongoing axonal damage and a more malignant disease course.
Customers' comparative loyalty to retail and manufacturer brands

Purpose – Owing to the increasing market presence and financial success of retail brands, this study seeks to examine the comparative influence of manufacturer brands and retail brands on customers' purchase behaviors.Design/methodology/approach – The survey was administered to 1,120 samples (of which 200 were returned), with data analyzed using structural equation modeling to test the study's hypotheses.Findings – The study revealed that customers' loyalty to retail brand(s) has greater influence on their purchase behavior than manufacturer brand(s). It also revealed that attitude toward store brands directly influences one's propensity to switch to retail brands, and mediates relationships between loyalty to manufacturer/retail brands and one's propensity to switch to retail brand(s). Research limitations/implications – Only one type of retailer was employed in the study. The samples are individuals that have either purchased an item(s) from the retailer, or have at least visited one of their retail site.
The DINOUS parser

This paper deals with the development of parsing techniques for the analysis of natural language sentences. We present a paradigm of a multi- path shift-reduce parser which combines two differently structured computational subsystems. The first uses information concerning native speakers' preferences, and the second deals with the linguistic knowledge. To apply preferences on parsing, we propose a method to rank the alternative partial analyses on the basis of parse context and frequency of use effects. The method is mainly based on psycholinguistic evidence, since we hope eventually to build a parser working as closely as possible to the way native speakers analyse natural sentences. We also discuss in detail techniques for optimizing the effectiveness of the proposed model. The system has worked successfully in parsing sentences in Modern Greek, a language where the relatively free word order characteristic results in many ambiguity problems. The proposed parsing model is consistent with many directions in the field of preference-based parsing, and it is proved to be adequate in building effective and maintainable natural language analysers. It is believed that this model can also be used in parsing sentences in languages other than Greek.
Relationship Marketing and Customer Loyalty: Evidence from Banking Sector in Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to provide an insight into the impact of relationship marketing strategy on customer loyalty of retail bank sector in Pakistan and to examines whether these relationship strengthen through improvements in banking relationship. A questionnaire derived from previous studies and relevant literature was completed by 100 university students having accounts in different banks and Convenience sampling used. Multiple regression analysis assessed the impact on customer loyalty of four key construct of relationship marketing (Trust, Commitment, Communication and conflict handling). Results indicate that four variables have significant effect and predict good proportion of variance in customer loyalty.It is reasonable to conclude, on this evidence, that customer loyalty can be created, reinforced and retained by marketing plans aimed at building trust, demonstrating commitment to service, communicating with customers in a timely, reliable and proactive fashion, and handling conflict efficiently.
Written narrative characteristics in adults with language impairment.

PURPOSE Adults with language-based disabilities are known to have deficits in oral language; however, less is known about their written language skills. Two studies were designed to characterize the writing of adults with language-based disabilities. METHOD In Study 1, 60 adults, 30 with language impairment and 30 with typical language, completed written narratives. Forty-one written language measures were analyzed. In Study 2, the measures that had the most potential for reliably indexing deficits were analyzed in an additional 77 adults. RESULTS Three measures that showed significant between-group differences and had robust effect sizes in Study 1, total number of verbs, 1-part verbs, and errors, were applied to the samples in Study 2. A group difference for percentage of errors was replicated in the second sample. A discriminant analysis identified 75% of the adults with language impairment and 30% of the adults with typical language as having an impairment based on the percent of written errors. CONCLUSIONS The writing task revealed consistent group differences in written errors and is clinically applicable in describing a client's writing. However, the number of written errors was not robust enough to identify whether an adult had a language impairment or not.
MRI and quantitative autoradiographic studies following bolus injections of unlabeled and 14C‐labeled gadolinium‐diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid in a rat model of stroke yield similar distribution volumes and blood‐to‐brain influx rate constants

In previous studies on a rat model of transient cerebral ischemia, the blood and brain concentrations of gadolinium‐diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd‐DTPA) following intravenous bolus injection were repeatedly assessed by dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI, and blood‐to‐brain influx rate constants (Ki) were calculated from Patlak plots of the data in areas with blood–brain barrier (BBB) opening. For concurrent validation of these findings, after completing the DCE‐MRI study, radiolabeled sucrose or α‐aminoisobutyric acid was injected intravenously, and the brain disposition and Ki values were calculated by quantitative autoradiography (QAR) assay employing the single‐time equation. To overcome two of the shortcomings of this comparison, the present experiments were carried out with a radiotracer virtually identical to Gd‐DTPA, Gd‐[14C]DTPA, and Ki was calculated from both sets of data by the single‐time equation. The protocol included 3 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion and 2.5 h of reperfusion in male Wistar rats (n = 15) preceding the DCE‐MRI Gd‐DTPA and QAR Gd‐[14C]DTPA measurements. In addition to Ki, the tissue‐to‐blood concentration ratios, or volumes of distribution (VR), were calculated. The regions of BBB opening were similar on the MRI maps and autoradiograms. Within them, VR was nearly identical for Gd‐DTPA and Gd‐[14C]DTPA, and Ki was slightly, but not significantly, higher for Gd‐DTPA than for Gd‐[14C]DTPA. The Ki values were well correlated (r = 0.67; p = 0.001). When the arterial concentration–time curve of Gd‐DTPA was adjusted to match that of Gd‐[14C]DTPA, the two sets of Ki values were equal and statistically comparable with those obtained previously by Patlak plots (the preferred, less model‐dependent, approach) of the same data (p = 0.2–0.5). These findings demonstrate that this DCE‐MRI technique accurately measures the Gd‐DTPA concentration in blood and brain, and that Ki estimates based on such data are good quantitative indicators of BBB injury. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems for material harmonization measurement within the changing global accounting environment: a review

Abstract As part of the continuously changing economic environment, accounting and accounting systems, be they national or international, can not remain indifferent to the regional and/or global economic manifestation. We can appreciate that the phenomena in the global economy have generated a propagation process of their effects in the accounting and financial reporting sphere, determining in this way the existence of a global accounting environment being in a permanent modification, changing and, evidently, development. Such a state, when lacking a movement control, generates significant amplitudes in the time line evolution of the analysed environment. The effort to attenuate or to control these amplitudes is known in the international accounting sphere as harmonization. From the perspective of international accounting literature, harmonization is that process according to which an increase in the amount of accounting practices compatibilities is persuaded through delimiting a certain degree of variation (Nobes and Parker 2006). Going further, an actual issue in the international accounting harmonization sphere is that of the quantification of the degree of comparability and/or compatibility between diverse selected accounting systems, especially from the perspective of the existent practices. In these conditions we can consider that the major objective of our study is that of introducing in the scientific knowledge sphere a new approach regarding the quantification systems of the degree of compatibility through diverse accounting systems, within the context of the existence of a global accounting environment, which is permanently moving, modifying and changing. The results from our analysis can be synthesized in the idea according to which the global accounting environment interacts and reacts to the manifestations of the phenomena taking place in the global economy sphere. It generate from itself attenuation mechanisms for the financial reporting disparities, maintaining between certain boundaries, considered as normal, the difference existent between the accounting regulations and practices characteristic to each national accounting system.
Small‐world network topology of hippocampal neuronal network is lost, in an in vitro glutamate injury model of epilepsy

Neuronal network topologies and connectivity patterns were explored in control and glutamate‐injured hippocampal neuronal networks, cultured on planar multielectrode arrays. Spontaneous activity was characterized by brief episodes of synchronous firing at many sites in the array (network bursts). During such assembly activity, maximum numbers of neurons are known to interact in the network. After brief glutamate exposure followed by recovery, neuronal networks became hypersynchronous and fired network bursts at higher frequency. Connectivity maps were constructed to understand how neurons communicate during a network burst. These maps were obtained by analysing the spike trains using cross‐covariance analysis and graph theory methods. Analysis of degree distribution, which is a measure of direct connections between electrodes in a neuronal network, showed exponential and Gaussian distributions in control and glutamate‐injured networks, respectively. Although both the networks showed random features, small‐world properties in these networks were different. These results suggest that functional two‐dimensional neuronal networks in vitro are not scale‐free. After brief exposure to glutamate, normal hippocampal neuronal networks became hyperexcitable and fired a larger number of network bursts with altered network topology. The small‐world network property was lost and this was accompanied by a change from an exponential to a Gaussian network.