Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Confocal Optical Microscope Study of the Morphology of the Tooth/Restoration Interface using Scotchbond 2 Dentin Adhesive

It is difficult to avoid specimen damage when one is preparing an adhesiveladherend interface for examination using conventional optical or scanning electron microscopy. Fluorescence imaging with a confocal optical microscope has facilitated evaluation of the distribution of Scotchbond 2 dentin adhesive, in an in vitro study with P50 composite resin used as the restorative material. The adaptation of the adhesive and restoration to the tooth was excellent. Gap formation between the restoration and the tooth was observed only when the adhesive system was used incorrectly. Contributions of the primer film former (Scotchprep) and hardening film former (Scotchbond 2) to the adhesive interface with the tooth and overlying composite restoration could be identified. The dentin smear layer was incorporated by the Scotchprep and subsequently impregnated by the Scotchbond 2. Control of the film thickness was difficult. Cracking and cohesive failure within the adhesive were observed when the film thickness exceeded 70 μm, with such thicknesses easily achieved in internal line angles. The extent of the slippery air-inhibited layer was considerable, but could be reduced if the adhesive was wiped with a cotton wool pledget. The distribution of the Scotch bond 2 within the tooth was localized to the smear layer and dentin up to 50 μm deep to it. This study has shown the penetration of Scotch bond 2 dentin adhesive within the tooth and its distribution within the restoration.
Piezo-, pyro- and ferroelectrets: soft transducer materials for electromechanical energy conversion

Cellular space charge polymer electrets significantly enlarge the basis of pyro- and piezoelectric as well as ferroic materials. Since the first review of the field has been published in this journal (R. Gerhard-Multhaupt, Less can be more: Holes in polymers lead to a new paradigm of piezoelectric materials for electret transducers, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. Vol.9, pp.850-859, 2002), progress has been achieved in the understanding, preparation and characterization of cellular space charge electrets. Advanced applications arise in stacked microphones, artificial sonar systems, and in the combination of piezo- and ferroelectrets with flexible electronics. In the present survey an update of the developments since 2002 is provided
Task-Specific Somatosensory Feedback via Cortical Stimulation in Humans

Cortical stimulation through electrocorticographic (ECoG) electrodes is a potential method for providing sensory feedback in future prosthetic and rehabilitative applications. Here, we evaluate human subjects' ability to continuously modulate their motor behavior based on feedback from direct surface stimulation of the somatosensory cortex. Subjects wore a dataglove that measured their hand aperture position and received one of three stimuli over the hand sensory cortex based on their current hand position as compared to a target aperture position. Using cortical stimulation feedback, subjects adjusted their hand aperture to move towards the target aperture region. One subject was able to achieve accuracies and R2 values well above chance (best performance: R2 = 0.93; accuracy = 0.76/1). Performance dropped during the catch trial (same stimulus independent of the position) to below chance levels, suggesting that the subject had been using the varied sensory feedback to modulate their motor behavior. To our knowledge, this study represents one of the first demonstrations of using direct cortical surface stimulation of the human sensory cortex to perform a motor task, and is a first step towards developing closed-loop human sensorimotor brain-computer interfaces.
Periodic points and homoclinic classes

We prove that there is a residual subset $\mathcal{I}$ of ${\rm Diff}^1({\it M})$ such that any homoclinic class of a diffeomorphism $f\in \mathcal{I}$ having saddles of indices $\alpha$ and $\beta$ contains a dense subset of saddles of index $\tau$ for every $\tau\in [\alpha,\beta]\cap \mathbb{N}$. We also derive some consequences from this result about the Lyapunov exponents of periodic points and the sort of bifurcations inside homoclinic classes of $C^1$-generic diffeomorphisms.
Peer Victimization, Rumination, and Problem Solving as Risk Contributors to Adolescents' Depressive Symptoms

The author examined the integration of 2 studies of literature on the development of depressive symptoms in adolescents, addressing ruminative coping styles and peer victimization. In particular, the author tested whether increasing levels of victimization and rumination along with perceived problem solving skills in Turkish adolescents are predictive of depressive symptoms. Participants were 250 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 years. The author conducted hierarchical multiple regression analyses to examine the joint and separate predictive power of problem solving, rumination, and victimization on depressive symptoms on each gender. The results of the analyses indicate that rumination accounts for a significant fraction of depressive symptoms on both genders. However, victimization made a significant contribution to the depressive symptoms only for boys. The author found no interaction effect on depressive symptoms and discusses the results in light of related literature.
Tiliacora triandra (Colebr.) Diels leaf extract enhances spatial learning and learning flexibility, and prevents dentate gyrus neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice

Objective: The present study investigated the effects of a local Thai vegetable, Tiliacora triandra (Colebr.) Diels, also known as Yanang, against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Materials and Methods: Thirty male ICR mice were divided into three experimental groups of BLCCAO + 10% Tween 80, BLCCAO + T. triandra 300 mg/kg, and BLCCAO + T. triandra 600 mg/kg. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion was induced by three minutes of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BLCCAO) followed by 18 days of reperfusion. Leaf extract was administered orally 24 hours after arterial occlusion and continued for 18 consecutive days. Cognitive abilities were evaluated using the Morris water maze. Histological analysis was conducted in the dorsal hippocampus subregions CA1, CA3, and DG and white matter regions (the corpus callosum, internal capsule, and optic tract) using 0.1 % cresyl violet and 0.1% Luxol fast blue staining. Results: Results showed that T. triandra leaf extract at the doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg significantly enhanced spatial learning, and learning flexibility, and prevented neuronal death in the DG of mice following ischemia/reperfusion. Conclusion: T. triandra leaf extract enhanced spatial learning, and learning flexibility, and prevented DG neuronal death in a mice model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.
Low levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in plasma, and reduced sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycaemia in premenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis

Objectives: To evaluate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathoadrenal system in premenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia (0.1 IU/kg) was produced in 15 glucocorticoid-naive patients with long term RA with low disease activity and in 14 healthy women matched for age and body mass index. Concentrations of glucose, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, Δ4-androstenedione (ASD), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) were analysed in plasma. Results: Patients had comparable responses of glucose, cortisol, ACTH, ASD, and 17OHP to hypoglycaemia, without any signs of hypothalamic insufficiency. Patients had lower basal DHEAS than controls (3.03 (0.37) μmol/l v 5.1 (0.9) μmol/l, respectively; p<0.05); borderline lower basal DHEA levels (p = 0.067); while the response of DHEA to hypoglycaemia was comparable to that of controls. Patients with RA had lower EPI (p = 0.005) and NE (p<0.001) responses to hypoglycaemia. TNFα and IL6 were higher (p<0.05) in patients with RA (TNFα 8 (2.8) pg/ml in RA v 1.1 (0.5) pg/ml in controls and IL6 15.1 (6.7) pg/ml v 1.4 (0.7) pg/ml). Conclusions: Lower basal DHEAS levels, without concomitant differences or changes in DHEA, ASD, 17OHP, and cortisol responses to hypoglycaemia in patients with RA, indicate an isolated decrease in adrenal androgen production. Significantly lower responses of EPI and NE to hypoglycaemia may suggest sympathoadrenal hyporeactivity in patients with RA.
Spaceflight induces changes in splenocyte subpopulations: effectiveness of ground-based models.

Spaceflight produces changes in the immune system. The mechanisms for the alterations in immune function after spaceflight remain unclear due in part to the difficulties associated with conducting spaceflight research. The purpose of the following studies, therefore, was to create a ground-based protocol that can reproduce the immunological changes found after spaceflight, i.e., changes in splenic lymphocyte populations. Rats were exposed to either flight aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor (STS-77) or ground-based simulations of various components of the spaceflight experience. The ground-based mock spaceflight was comprised of exposure to launch and landing loads and unloading of the hindlimbs. In addition, each component of this ground-based mock spaceflight was tested separately. The results were that spaceflight reduced splenic CD4(+) T (helper/inducer) cells and CD11b(+) (neutrophils/macrophages) cells. The ground-based simulations of spaceflight did not reproduce the same pattern of splenocyte changes. In fact, exposure to landing loads alone increased splenic CD4(+) T (helper/inducer) cells. These findings support the conclusion that the ground models tested did not induce similar changes in the immune system as did spaceflight. It is possible, therefore, that stressors/factors unique to the spaceflight experience impact the immune system in ways that cannot be currently, fully modeled on the ground.
Propionic Acidemia Revisited: A Workshop Report

Propionic acidemia (PA) is one of the most frequent organic acidurias, but information on the outcome of individuals with PA is rather limited. We present data of 49 patients with PA, which were gathered from 18 metabolic centers throughout Central Europe on the occasion of an international workshop. All patients were identified by selective metabolic screening, and 86% of them were classified as having early-onset PA owing to their presentation with clinical symptoms within the first 90 days of life. Mortality rate was one third, and details of symptoms and treatment of the surviving patients are discussed. The great variation of phenotypic expression of the disease and different therapeutic strategies (especially in regard to the degree of protein restriction) used at the various institutions involved in this study imply the need for a registry of PA patients and for a multicenter prospective treatment study.
Constitutively Active SHP2 Cooperates with HoxA10 Overexpression to Induce Acute Myeloid Leukemia*

The homeodomain transcription factor HoxA10 is maximally expressed in myeloid progenitor cells. Sustained HoxA10 expression during differentiation has been described in poor prognosis human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Consistent with this, engineered overexpression of HoxA10 in murine bone marrow induces a myeloproliferative disorder that progresses to AML over time. This murine model suggests that HoxA10 overexpression is sufficient for myeloproliferation but that differentiation block, and therefore AML, requires acquisition of additional mutations. In myeloid progenitor cells, HoxA10 represses transcription of genes that encode phagocyte effector proteins such as gp91PHOX and p67PHOX. Tyrosine phosphorylation of HoxA10 during myelopoiesis decreases binding to these target genes. In immature myeloid cells, HoxA10 also activates transcription of the DUSP4 gene that encodes Mkp2, an anti-apoptotic protein. HoxA10 binding to the DUSP4 promoter decreases during myelopoiesis. Therefore, both myeloid-specific gene repression and DUSP4 activation by HoxA10 decrease during myelopoiesis. This results in phenotypic differentiation and facilitates apoptosis as differentiation proceeds. HoxA10 is de-phosphorylated by SHP2 protein-tyrosine phosphatase in myeloid progenitors. This mechanism maintains HoxA10 in a nonphosphorylated state in immature, but not differentiating, myeloid cells. Constitutively active SHP2 mutants have been described in human AML, which dephosphorylate HoxA10 throughout myelopoiesis. In this study, we hypothesize that constitutive SHP2 activation synergizes with HoxA10 overexpression to accelerate progression to AML. Because both HoxA10 overexpression and constitutive SHP2 activation are found in poor prognosis human AML, these studies contribute to understanding biochemical aspects of disease progression in myeloid malignancy.
Internationalization and competitive catch-up processes: case study evidence on Chinese multinational enterprises

This paper considers the importance of internationalization processes (inward and outward) as mechanisms of facilitating competitive catch-up by developing country MNEs, with new evidence relating to Chinese multinationals. The links between inward and outward internationalization, the speed of outward internationalization and the growing importance of outward joint ventures and acquisitions in developed countries are stressed.
BANKING INDUSTRY COMPETITION IN INDONESIA

This paper analyzes the competition level of banking industry, prior and after the introduction of Indonesian Banking Architecture (API). Using panel data, the result shows the competition of banking decreased after the introduction of API, with large tendency to monopoly or collusive olligopoly. For the bank with niche market such as regional bank and mix bank, the introduction of API did not affect much, while the competition level for foreign bank is the lowest one. Non price variable would be the main determinant on banking competition in the future, including number of branches, wage and credit volume. Keywords : banking competition, market structure, Indonesian Banking Architecture (API). JEL Classification : C23, D40, E44, E58, G21, L11
Positive affect improves working memory: Implications for controlled cognitive processing

This study examined the effects of positive affect on working memory (WM) and short-term memory (STM). Given that WM involves both storage and controlled processing and that STM primarily involves storage processing, we hypothesised that if positive affect facilitates controlled processing, it should improve WM more than STM. The results demonstrated that positive affect, compared with neutral affect, significantly enhanced WM, as measured by the operation span task. The influence of positive affect on STM, however, was weaker. These results suggest that positive affect enhances WM, a task that involves controlled processing, not just storage processing. Additional analyses of recall and processing times and accuracy further suggest that improved WM under positive affect is not attributable to motivational differences, but results instead from improved controlled cognitive processing.
Fetal megacystis at 10–14 weeks of gestation

During the study period, 24 492 pregnant women attended the Harris Birthright Research Centre at 10–14 weeks of gestation, at which time, in addition to the measurements of nuchal translucency thickness and crown‐rump length (CRL), data on fetal abnormalities were recorded onto a computer database. Cases of megacystis were identified and the records were reviewed. Additionally, the relationship of the longitudinal bladder diameter with the CRL and the bladder diameter/CRL ratio (expressed as a percentage) were examined with the use of data from 300 normal fetuses at 10–14 weeks.
Stroke outcome in the ketogenic state – a systematic review of the animal data

As a predictor of potential clinical outcome, we performed a systematic review of controlled studies that assessed experimental stroke outcome in rodents maintained on special diets (calorie restriction and ketogenic diet) or following the direct administration of ketone bodies. Pre‐clinical studies were identified by searching web databases and the reference lists of relevant original articles and reviews. Sixteen published studies (a total of 733 experimental animals) met specific criteria and were analyzed using Cochrane Review Manager software. This resulted in objective evidence to suggest beneficial effects of the ketogenic pathway on pathological and functional outcomes following experimental stroke.
Post-Gastric Endoscopic Mucosal Resection Surveillance Biopsies: Evaluation of Mucosal Changes and Recognition of Potential Mimics of Residual Adenocarcinoma

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) offers curative treatment for patients with node-negative early gastric carcinoma of less than 2 cm without ulceration or ulceration scar. Follow-up biopsies are frequently performed to ensure the absence of residual neoplasia. We performed a retrospective analysis of post-EMR biopsies from 33 patients who underwent gastric EMR. Histologic changes included inflammation (100%), stromal edema (97.0%), foveolar hyperplasia (78.8%), ectatic vessels (66.7%), epithelial atypia (60.6%), increased glandular mitoses (57.6%), epithelial anisonucleosis (54.5%), fibrinopurulent materials (51.5%), ischemia (48.5%), stromal hemorrhage (33.3%), mucin depletion (12.1%), clear cell degeneration (15.2%), and signet-ring cell-like change (6.1%). Especially, clear cell degeneration and signet-ring cell-like change were conspicuous in the area of ischemia. Residual adenocarcinomas were noted in 4 of 33 cases, and consistently showed high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio with high glandular density. Glandular clear cell degeneration and/or signet-ring cell-like change were worrisome and sometimes difficult to be distinguished from residual neoplastic glands. However, these degenerative glands were usually embedded in a nondesmoplastic stroma and showed anisonucleosis of glandular epithelia. Mimics of residual adenocarcinoma, namely clear cell degeneration and signet-ring cell-like change should be judiciously assessed to avoid unnecessary surgery.
Decentralisation of HR Practices - A European Comparative Perspective

Throughout the last two decades, public administration modernisation in most countries has been characterised by two major directions strongly related to the NPM doctrine (eg. OCED 2005; Pollitt/Bouckaert 2004; Jones et al. 2004): On the one hand, decentralisation of authority/responsibility and the increase of management autonomy – especially through agencification – to improve performance and, on the other hand, efforts to strengthen accountability. Highly centralised, hierarchical organisational structures have increasingly been replaced by decentralised management environments where decisions on resource allocation and service delivery are made closer to the point of delivery. Constraints in financial and HR management are removed. Managers and organisational units are given greater freedom in operational decisions and then held accountable ex post. Such reforms have become a ubiquitous feature of public management reforms (eg. Peters/Pierre 2001; Pollitt/Bouckaert 2004, 81f).
Safety and Side Effect Profile of Liposome Bupivacaine (Exparel) in Peripheral Nerve Blocks

Background Liposome bupivacaine (Exparel) is a multivesicular liposomal formulation of bupivacaine currently approved in the United States for single-dose administration into the surgical site to provide postsurgical analgesia. This retrospective analysis examined safety data from clinical trials involving the off-label use of this formulation in peripheral nerve blocks. Methods Data from 6 controlled (phases I-III) studies were compiled involving single-injection ankle, femoral nerve, and intercostal nerve blocks (2 each). Adverse events (AEs) were monitored for 1 to 30 days after study drug administration. Results Of 575 subjects, 335 received liposome bupivacaine (2–310 mg), 33 received bupivacaine HCl (75–125 mg), and 207 received normal saline (placebo). Overall, 76% of subjects receiving liposome bupivacaine experienced 1 or more AEs compared with 61% receiving bupivacaine HCl and 76% receiving placebo. The most frequently reported AEs among subjects receiving liposome bupivacaine were nausea, pyrexia, pruritus, constipation, and vomiting. The most common treatment-related AE was hypesthesia among subjects treated with liposome bupivacaine or bupivacaine HCl. Incidence of nervous system AEs for liposome bupivacaine, bupivacaine HCl, and placebo was 21%, 27%, and 21%, respectively. Similarly, incidence of cardiac AEs was 9%, 0%, and 12%, respectively. At least 1 serious AE occurred in 8% of subjects receiving liposome bupivacaine compared with 10% of those receiving placebo (none assessed by investigators as related to study medication). Conclusions Liposome bupivacaine has a similar safety and side effect profile to bupivacaine HCl and normal saline, suggesting that most of the more common AEs are related to either opioid rescue or the surgical procedure itself.
Structural and Relational Intellectual Capital Assets Disclosure in Nigeria: An Empirical Evaluation

The study investigated the determinants of structural and relational intellectual capital assets disclosure by quoted companies in Nigeria. Specifically it examined the relationship between the level of disclosure (structural and relational) and specific characteristics, namely, company size, leverage, audit firm size, national differences of companies, age of company, profitability, ownership concentration, type of industry, foreign activity of company, and ratio of market to book value of assets. The study employed a content analysis method to examine the annual reports of the sampled companies. In this connection, the implementation and commercialization items in the Lev (2001) Value Chain Score Board were utilized as the disclosure checklist. Two models with Disclosure of structural intellectual capital assets and Disclosures of relational intellectual capital assets as dependent variables respectively were used. A panel of 157 companies in 33 industry sectors was analyzed for the period 2006 to 2010 periods. The study found that leverage was positively and significantly related to Disclosure of structural intellectual capital assets but positively related and statistically insignificant to Disclosures of relational intellectual capital assets. Foreign activities of company and size of auditing firm were positively related and statistically significant to Disclosures of relational intellectual capital assets. Size of audit firm was statistically significant with a positive relationship to Disclosure of structural intellectual capital assets. Age of company was found to be statistically significant and positively related to Disclosure of structural intellectual capital assets and Disclosures of relational intellectual capital assets. The study recommends that there should be a regulation, a framework and some other mechanisms to motivate companies to disclose intellectual capital information.