Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Solar Illumination Dependence of the Auroral Electrojet Intensity: Interplay Between the Solar Zenith Angle and Dipole Tilt

The present study investigates the dependence of the local auroral electrojet (AEJ) intensity on solar illumination by statistically examining northward geomagnetic disturbances in the auroral zone in terms of the solar zenith angle χ. It is found that on the dayside, both westward and eastward electrojets (WEJ and EEJ) are more intense for smaller χ, suggesting that the solar extreme ultraviolet‐induced conductance is the dominant factor for the AEJ intensity. On the nightside, in contrast, the χ dependence of the AEJ intensity, if sorted solely by the magnetic local time, apparently depends on the station longitude and hemisphere. However, if additionally sorted by the dipole tilt angle ψ, a consistent pattern emerges. That is, although χ and ψ are correlated, the solar zenith angle and dipole tilt angle have physically different effects on the AEJ intensity. The nightside AEJ, especially the WEJ, tends to be more intense for smaller |ψ|. Moreover, whereas the WEJ is statistically more intense when the ionosphere is dark, the EEJ is more intense when it is sunlit. The preference of the WEJ for the dark ionosphere prevails widely in magnetic local time from premidnight to dawn, and therefore, it cannot be attributed to the previously proposed processes of the preferred monoenergetic or broadband auroral precipitation in the dark ionosphere. Instead, it may be explained, at least morphologically, in terms of the conductance enhancement due to the diffuse auroral precipitation, which is also prevalent from premidnight to dawn and is more intense in the dark hemisphere.
Are EEP Events Important for the Tertiary Ozone Maximum?

Energetic particle precipitation (EPP) increases the production of odd hydrogen (HOX) species in the mesosphere, which catalytically destroy ozone (O3) in sunlight. Hence, the EPP‐HOX impact on the tertiary O3 maximum (TOM) depends on a complex geometry of a geographic‐oriented TOM, geomagnetic‐oriented auroral zone, producing short‐lived HOX species, and a destruction process depending on the solar zenith angle (SZA). Particle observations from the Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detectors telescopes aboard the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites, and hydroxyl (OH) and O3 mixing ratios from Aura microwave limb sounder (MLS) are used to investigate the potential limitations of using the MLS observations to study EPP‐OH impact on the TOM in the Northern Hemisphere. Our results show limited overlap between the auroral zone and the TOM at twilight conditions. A composite analysis indicates O3 mixing ratio decrease over the auroral zone lagged by ∼1 day compared to the maximum energetic electron precipitation (EEP)‐OH impact. Hence, MLS is predominantly observing a lagged and lower estimate of the response of O3 to EEP‐OH at SZA > 95°. The EEP impact region within the TOM is smaller than the overlap region, strongly modulated by the background atmospheric dynamics. The results, although limited by the satellites viewing conditions, imply that the importance of EEP upon O3 mixing ratio is strongly influenced by the background atmosphere, both in terms of chemistry and dynamics. Multisatellite observations at different solar local times are required to separate the direct from the lagged EEP‐OH impact on O3.
Ag-Pb-Sb Sulfosalts and Se-rich Mineralization of Anthony of Padua Mine near Poličany—Model Example of the Mineralization of Silver Lodes in the Historic Kutná Hora Ag-Pb Ore District, Czech Republic

Significant selenium enrichment associated with selenides and previously unknown Ag-Pb-Sb, Ag-Sb and Pb-Sb sulfosalts has been discovered in hydrothermal ore veins in the Anthony of Padua mine near Poličany, Kutná Hora ore district, central Bohemia, Czech Republic. The ore mineralogy and crystal chemistry of more than twenty silver minerals are studied here. Selenium mineralization is evidenced by a) the occurrence of selenium minerals, and b) significantly increased selenium contents in sulfosalts. Identified selenium minerals include aguilarite and selenides naumannite and clausthalite. The previously unknown sulfosalts from Kutná Hora are identified: Ag-excess fizélyite, fizélyite, andorite IV, andorite VI, unnamed Ag-poor Ag-Pb-Sb sulfosalts, semseyite, stephanite, polybasite, unnamed Ag-Cu-S mineral phases and uytenbogaardtite. Among the newly identified sulfides is argyrodite; germanium is a new chemical element in geochemistry of Kutná Hora. Three types of ore were recognized in the vein assemblage: the Pb-rich black ore (i) in quartz; the Ag-rich red ore (ii) in kutnohorite-quartz gangue; and the Ag-rich ore (iii) in milky quartz without sulfides. The general succession scheme runs for the Pb-rich black ore (i) as follows: galena – boulangerite (– jamesonite) – owyheeite – fizélyite – Ag-exces fizélyite – andorite IV – andorite VI – freieslebenite – diaphorite – miargyrite – freibergite. For the Ag-rich red ore (ii) and ore (iii) the most prominent pattern is: galena – diaphorite – freibergite – miargyrite – pyragyrite – stephanite – polybasite – acanthite. The parallel succession scheme progresses from Se-poor to Se-rich phases, i.e., galena – members of galena – clausthalite solid solution – clausthalite; miargyrite – Se-rich miargyrite; acanthite – aguilarite – naumannite. A likely source of selenium is in the serpentinized ultrabasic bodies, known in the area of “silver” lodes in the South of the ore district, which may enable to pre-concentrate selenium, released into hydrothermal fluids during tectonic events. The origin of the studied ore mineralization is primarily bound to the youngest stage of mineralization of the whole ore district, corresponding to the Ag-Sb sequence of the ´eb´ ore type of the Freiberg ore district in Saxony (Germany) and shows mineralogical and geochemical similarities to low-sulfidation epithermal-style Ag-Au mineralization.
Mitigation of nickel stress by the exogenous application of salicylic acid and nitric oxide in wheat

Nitric oxide and salicylic acid are signaling and ubiquitous bioactive molecules that regulate cellular mechanism in plants under abiotic stress. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to study the interactive effect of NO and/or SA in tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Samma) to nickel stress. The treatments were given as follows: (1) Ni0 mM + NO0 mM+ SA0 mM (control), (2) Ni1 mM + NO0 mM+ SA0 mM, (3) Ni0 mM + NO0.5 mM+ SA0 mM, (4) Ni0 mM + NO0 mM+ SA0.5mM, (5) Ni1 mM + NO0.5 mM+ SA0 mM, (6) Ni1 mM + NO0 mM+ SA0.5 mM, (7) Ni0 mM + NO0.5 mM+ SA0.5 mM, (8) Ni1 mM + NO0.5 mM+ SA0.5 mM. The results showed Ni-fed plants exhibited moderate reduction in growth characteristics (PH, FW, DW and LA). Also, the application of Ni inhibited CA activity, content of essential elements (N, P, K) and Chl. Plants showed higher accumulation of Ni and MDA under Ni stress. Under Ni stress, the combined application of NO and SA induced the activities of enzymes (CA, SOD, POD, CAT) and accumulation of osmoprotectant proline (Pro). Also, combined application of SA and NO improved the photosynthetic pigments (Chl a and Chl b) and maintained nutrients homeostasis in plants under Ni-stress. Application of NO and SA together was more effective in suppression of deleterious effect of Ni stress by reducing MDA formation in plants. The present study reveals that application of NO and SA together improved plant growth and development by improving activity of antioxidant enzymes, CA and balance supply of nutrients.
Ontogeny and shape change of the phacopid trilobite Calyptaulax

Abstract. Major transitions in trilobite ontogeny have historically been defined based on the number and distribution of trunk segments, and articulation between the trunk and cephalon. This study documents additional morphological change across the meraspid-holaspid transition on the Ordovician phacopid trilobite Calyptaulax strasburgensis. An extensive dataset of silicified cranidia and pygidia collected from the mid-Ordovician Edinburg Formation of Virginia was subjected to a series of multivariate analyses, with a primary focus on the intersections and termini of furrows. Multivariate regression of partial warp scores demonstrates statistically significant change in allometric growth patterns over the course of development. These changes are concentrated in earlier instars, but are coincident in cranidia and pygidia. This sharp decrease in the rate of allometry, present in both tagmata, is expressed as significant breakpoints derived from a segmented regression, with the largest portion of allometric change found in the pre-breakpoint individuals. The term holeidos is proposed to describe the completion of form during trilobite development, independent of the completion of the thorax. The most dramatic change in shape during this period of ontogeny includes lateral glabellar expansion through deflection of the axial and palpebral furrows, possibly reflecting a change in the feeding habit during later development. Other morphological changes include the development of a more angular appearance to the anterior portion of the glabella, and anterior migration of the pygidial anterior margin. The appearance of these growth patterns in Calyptaulax extends the temporal range of these changes, some of which have only been documented in Devonian phacopids.
Seismic fragility assessment of concrete gravity dams using meta-model-based multivariate functions

The consequences of dam failure can be substantial, in terms of casualties, economic and environmental damage. Moreover, the safety of dams and hydroelectric developments is a major concern in Quebec given that over half the population lives in potential flood zone. There are about 933 large dams in Canada and 333 or slightly more are located in Quebec. Among them, many have been built more than 50 years ago. During that time, important advances in the methodologies for evaluating the natural hazards have been made. Although total failure of a concrete dam following an earthquake is rare, earthquakes are a major cause of damage at different degrees of severity. Consequently, the combination ageing and its associated problems with new methods for estimating seismic loads, have resulted in the need to review and upgrade the methods of seismic analysis for dams. In recent decades, probabilistic-based tools, have become increasingly popular for the seismic assessment of dams. However, such methods often require a large number of nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex finite element models. As a result the trade-off between the accuracy of the numerical model and the computational burden render unviable this type of analysis. However, the seismic assessment of dams can be enhanced by including seismic and modeling parameters uncertainties and expedited by reducing the substantial computational time with the use of machine learning techniques to develop surrogate or meta-models to predict the response of the dam. The proposed research addresses direct gaps in the seismic performance assessment of dams, while also shedding new light on the use of machine learning to support fragility modeling of complex systems like dams. Accordingly, the main objective of this research was to develop a method for assessing the seismic safety of gravity dam-type structures through a fragility analysis, conducted with the implementation of meta-models and by properly identifying the seismic scenario likely to be present at the dam site. The methodology is applied to a case study gravity dam located in eastern Canada, whose fragility is assessed through comparison with previous studies and current safety guidelines. It is observed that the more accurate procedure presented herein to select ground motions produces less conservative fragility estimates for the case study dam. Likewise, the 4th order polynomial response surface came up as the best performing meta-model, and it was used to generate multivariate fragility functions to account for the most critical model parameter variation influencing the dam seismic fragility. From the analysis of these models, practical design recommendations could be formulated and it was observed that the modelling parameter affecting the fragility analysis the most was the concrete–rock cohesion.
The Impact of the Direct Effect of Aerosols on Meteorology and Air Quality Using Aerosol Optical Depth Assimilation During the KORUS‐AQ Campaign

To quantify the impact of the direct aerosol effect accurately, this study incorporated the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) aerosol optical depth (AOD) into a coupled meteorology‐chemistry model. We designed three model simulations to observe the impact of AOD assimilation and aerosol feedback during the KORUS‐AQ campaign (May–June 2016). By assimilating the GOCI AOD with high temporal and spatial resolutions, we improve the statistics from the comparison AOD and AERONET data (root‐mean‐square error: 0.12, R: 0.77, index of agreement: 0.69, mean‐absolute error: 0.08). The inclusion of the direct effect of aerosols produces the best model performance (root‐mean‐square error: 0.10, R: 0.86, index of agreement: 0.72, mean‐absolute error: 0.07). AOD values increased as much as 0.15, which is associated with an average reduction in solar radiation of ‐31.39 W/m2, a planetary boundary layer height (‐104.70 m), an air temperature (‐0.58 °C), and a surface wind speed (‐0.07 m/s) over land. In addition, concentrations of major gaseous and particulate pollutants at the surface (SO2, NO2, NH3, SO42− , NO3− , NH4+ , and PM2.5) increase by 7.87–34%, while OH concentration decreases by ‐4.58%. Changes in meteorology and air quality appear to be more significant in high‐aerosol loading areas. The integrated process rate analysis shows decelerated vertical transport, resulting in an accumulation of air pollutants near the surface and the amount of nitrate, which is higher than that of sulfate because of its response to reduced temperature. We conclude that constraining aerosol concentrations using geostationary satellite data is a prerequisite for quantifying the impact of aerosols on meteorology and air quality.
ORIGIN OF CRETACEOUS HIGH MAGNESIAN ANDESITES FROM SOUTHEAST KALIMANTAN

High magnesian andesites are found in the Cretaceous Haruyan volcanics in Southeast Kalimantan. The rocks have Mg# 67 – 69, but low concentrations of Ni (44 – 60 ppm), Cr (37 – 411 ppm) and, except two samples of 95UH23C and 96UH23, ratios of Sr/ Y are also low. Geochemical and tectonic studies show that the high magnesian andesites were originated from a subduction zone-type magma similar to that of the most “normal” Haruyan volcanics. Two possible origins of the Cretaceous high magnesian andesites are proposed. First, melting of the mantle wedge above the slab to produce a basaltic magma followed by crystal fractionation, especially olivine and pyroxene, during magma ascent to the surface resulted in a derivative magma with low Ni and Cr concentrations. A collision between the pre-Mesozoic Paternoster platform (microcontinent ? ) and the Sundaland continent in the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Miocene might cause the magma ascent to pool immediately in the lower crust-upper mantle boundary. The impending magma then reacts with hot mantle peridotite to produce the high magnesian andesites. Secondly, the high magnesian andesite may resulted from a reaction between silicic magma and hot mantle peridotite. The collision may also cause lower crust melting resulted in granitic magma (? The Hajawa Granite), which then reacts with hot mantle peridotite to produce the adakite-type high magnesian magma, such as samples 95UH23C and 96UH23. Keywords : high magnesian andesites, Southeast Kalimantan, origin
Seismic Anisotropy Evidence for Ductile Deformation of the Forearc Lithospheric Mantle in Subduction Zones

Seismic anisotropy provides important information on the structure and geodynamics of the Earth. The forearc mantle wedge in subduction zones mainly exhibits trench‐parallel azimuthal anisotropy globally, which is inconsistent with the model of olivine a axis aligning with the slab‐driven corner flow. Its formation mechanism is currently unclear. Here we present high‐resolution 3‐D P wave anisotropic tomography of the Tohoku subduction zone. We suggest that ductile deformation of the forearc lithospheric mantle of the overriding plate induces the trench‐parallel azimuthal anisotropy and positive radial anisotropy (i.e., horizontal velocity > vertical velocity) in Tohoku. Our results provide the first seismic anisotropic evidence for the slab‐mantle decoupling at a common depth of ~70 km. On the basis of the high‐resolution seismic images, we propose a geodynamic model suggesting that the forearc mantle wedge anisotropy is produced via ductile deformation of dry olivine or hydrous antigorite lithospheric mantle, which accords well with the trench‐parallel shear wave splitting measurements dominant in subduction zones globally.
Thermoelastic equilibrium of fluid inclusion–host mineral systems under homogenization measurement

Microthermometric data of ﬂ uid inclusions can elucidate the physicochemical properties of lithospheric ﬂ uids, but the inclusions must satisfy several criteria to yield proper ﬂ uid information. One is the ‘ constant volume criterion ’ : the inclusion volume must remain constant after being trapped. However, volume changes of ﬂ uid inclusions occur in nature during emplacement underground or uplifting to the surface. They can also occur during sample preparation or data collection in the laboratory. Therefore, thermoelastic deformation of the crystal lattice surrounding ﬂ uid inclusions during experiments might increase uncertainty about microthermometric data. Herein, we introduce and assess a method using the equation of state of pure CO 2 and thermoelastic equilibrium between a ﬂ uid inclusion and a host mineral to estimate ﬂ uid inclusion volume changes accurately during measurements of homogenization temperature. The estimation is valid if the inclusion and host are isotropically elastic, concentric spheres. Subse-quently, we extended the equation of state to a more comprehensive Redlich and Kwong equation of state, which is applicable to more complicated ﬂ uid systems. Furthermore, for accurate treatment of the elastic e ﬀ ects involving an elastically anisotropic host mineral, we propose the method ’ s application to an anisotropic host mineral. If physical properties of the host mineral and the molar volume of the ﬂ uid inclusion at an arbitrary temperature are known, then one can use this method for accurate estimation of the molar volume at a given temperature. This microthermometric data based method can accurately elucidate characteristics of the crust and mantle – ﬂ uid activity.
Testing the Amplitude of the Deconvolution‐Based Ambient Field Green's Functions by 3‐D Simulations of Elastic Wave Propagation in Sedimentary Basins

We test the amplitude of deconvolution‐based ambient field Green's functions in 3‐D numerical simulations of seismic wave propagation. We first simulate strongly scattered waves in a hypothetical 3‐D sedimentary basin with small‐scale heterogeneities, which provides an ideally random environment to test various approaches of extracting the amplitude of Green's functions, as the deterministic station‐to‐station Green's functions can be computed in the given velocity structure. Our second model computes the station‐to‐station Green's functions in the Community Velocity Model (S4.26) for Southern California and compares them with the Green's functions extracted from 1 year of ambient noise data. In both models, remarkable waveform similarity among different Green's functions is obtained. In the hypothetical basin model where the wavefield is nearly random, both the correlation‐ and deconvolution‐based Green's functions contain robust amplitude information. However, large‐amplitude biases are observed in the Green's functions extracted from ambient noise in Southern California, showing a strong azimuthal dependence. The deconvolution approach in general overestimates the amplitude along the direction of noise propagation but underestimates it in other azimuths. The correlation approach with temporal normalization and spectral whitening generates similar amplitude to the deconvolution in a wide azimuthal range. Our results corroborate that the inhomogeneous distribution of noise sources biases the amplitude of Green's functions. Carefully reducing these biases is necessary to use these ambient field Green's functions in the virtual earthquake approach.
Does Adding Solar Wind Poynting Flux Improve the Optimum Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere Coupling Function?

We study the contribution of the solar wind Poynting flux S→sw to the total power input into the magnetosphere. The dominant power delivered by the solar wind is the kinetic energy flux of the particles, which is larger than Ssw by a factor of order MA2 , where MA is the Alfvén Mach number. The currents J→ flowing in the bow shock and magnetosheath and the electric field E→ of the solar wind give regions where J→. E→<0 , which are sources of Poynting flux, generated from the kinetic energy flux. For southward interplanetary magnetic field, E→ is duskward and the currents in the high‐latitude tail magnetopause are also sources of Poynting flux. We show transfer of kinetic energy into the magnetosphere is less efficient than direct entry of S→sw by a factor MA. Because MA is typically of order 10, this means that although the power density in the solar wind due to S→sw is typically only 1%, it is responsible for of order 10% of the energy input to the magnetosphere. To investigate the effect of this, we add a term to the solar wind‐magnetosphere energy coupling function that allows for S→sw and that increases the correlation with the geomagnetic am index for 1995–2017 (inclusive) from 0.908 to 0.924 for 1‐day averages and from 0.978 to 0.979 for annual means. The increase for means on daily or smaller timescales is a small improvement but is significant (at over the 3σ level), whereas the improvement for annual or Carrington rotation means is not significant.
Horizontal distribution of dominant pelagic fish eggs in West African waters

Early life stages of dominant West African pelagic fishes, most of which are commercially important, are rarely studied especially in Senegalese and Mauritanian coastal waters. The aim of the present study is to examine the horizontal distribution of pelagic fish eggs of Atlantic sardine (Sardina pilchardus), anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), sardinella (Sardinella aurita) and horse mackerels (Trachurus trachurus.) in late winter and summer. The two seasons revealed two contrasting environmental conditions. While in late winter a permanent upwelling shaped the environmental conditions, in summer a warm tropical influx of surface water towards Mauritania was observed. We collected fish eggs in both seasons along the shelf coasts of Mauritania and Senegal. These data were then related to the sea surface temperature obtained at each sampling position from a conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) instrument. This study showed that eggs of most species are concentrated in the coastal waters in front the Banc d'Arguin, in Saint-Louis and along the Petite-cote of Senegal. Moreover, it has been shown that spatial distribution of fish eggs is controlled by several factors such as temperature and also by the role of the continental shelf-break, as a mechanism of retention of fish eggs and larvae.