Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Creatine-dextrose and protein-dextrose induce similar strength gains during training.

BACKGROUND Creatine supplementation during resistance exercise training has been reported to induce greater increases in fat-free mass (FFM), muscle fiber area, and strength when compared with a placebo. We have recently shown that timing of nutrient delivery in the postexercise period can have positive effects on whole body protein turnover (B. D. Roy et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc. 32(8):1412-1418, 2000). PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that a postexercise protein-carbohydrate supplement would result in similar increases in FFM, muscle fiber area, and strength as compared with creatine monohydrate (CM), during a supervised 2-month resistance exercise training program in untrained men. METHODS Young healthy male subjects were randomized to receive either CM and glucose (N = 11; CM 10 g + glucose 75 g [CR-CHO] (CELL-Tech)) or protein and glucose (N = 8; casein 10 g + glucose 75 g [PRO+CHO]), using double-blinded allocation. Participants performed 8 wk of whole body split-routine straight set weight training, 1 h.d(-1), 6 d.wk(-1). Measurements, pre- and post-training were made of fat-free mass (FFM; DEXA), total body mass, muscle fiber area, isokinetic knee extension strength (45 and 240 degrees.s(-1)), and 1 repetition maximal (1RM) strength for 16 weight training exercises. RESULTS Total body mass increased more for CR-CHO (+4.3 kg, 5.4%) as compared with PRO-CHO (+1.9 kg, 2.4%) (P < 0.05 for interaction) and FFM increased after training (P < 0.01) but was not significantly different between the groups (CR-CHO = +4.0 kg, 6.4%; PRO-CHO = +2.6 kg, 4.1%) (P = 0.11 for interaction). Muscle fiber area increased similarly after training for both groups (approximately 20%; P < 0.05). Training resulted in an increase in 1RM for each of the 16 activities (range = 14.2-39.9%) (P < 0.001), isokinetic knee extension torque (P < 0.01), with no treatment effects upon any of the variables. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that postexercise supplementation with PRO-CHO resulted in similar increases in strength after a resistance exercise training program as compared with CR-CHO. However, the greater gains in total mass for the CR-CHO group may have implications for sport-specific performance.
Estimation And Market Valuation Of Environmental Liabilities Relating To Superfund Sites

This paper aims to contribute to our understanding of financial reporting issues related to environmental liabilities in two ways. First, we investigate whether characteristics known at various points in a Federal Superfund site's regulatory history are significant in explaining cleanup cost estimates. We analyze cost estimates because actual cleanup costs generally are not known; at most sites cleanup is incomplete and there is no central tracking of cleanup costs. We estimate the relation between engineering cost estimates and site characteristics known prior to the availability of these estimates, and use this model to estimate cleanup costs for sites without cost estimates. We base measures of firms' environmental liabilities on these estimates.
The validity of self-reported antiretroviral use in persons living with HIV: a population-based study

Objective: To assess the validity of self-reported antiretroviral therapy use (ART) using population-based cohort data. Methods: Self-reported ART use and nonuse was compared with a validated laboratory assay in 557 HIV-positive participants in the Rakai Community Cohort Study surveyed between September and December 2011 in Rakai, Uganda. The study population included participants from seven communities, including one fishing community with high HIV prevalence (∼41%). ART use was assayed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, which detects 20 antiretroviral drugs. HIV viral load measurements were also obtained. Individuals with at least two antiretroviral drugs detected were considered to be using ART. Results: One hundred and fifty-three (27%) participants self-reported ART use of whom 148 (97%) had at least two antiretroviral drugs detected. There were at least two antiretroviral drugs detected in 11% (n = 44/404) of individuals with no self-reported ART use. Overall, the specificity of self-reported ART use was 99% (95% CI 97–100%) and the sensitivity was 77% (70–83%). Positive and negative predictive values were 97% (95% CI 93–99%) and 89% (95% CI 86–92%), respectively. Nondisclosure of ART use was significantly more common in younger persons (<30 years) and among those in trading occupations. Conclusion: Self-reported ART use has high specificity and moderate sensitivity providing reasonable, but conservative estimates of population-based ART use. There is more under-reporting of ART use among younger persons and traders suggesting a need for more research on barriers to self-reporting of ART use in these sub-groups.
Blood component therapy: Which, when and how much

Blood transfusion refers to the perioperative administration of blood and blood components. Adherence to proper indications for blood component therapy is essential because of its potential adverse effects and costs of transfusion. Over the years, the significance of blood components in treating certain diseases or conditions has been recognized. In this article, the most commonly used blood components along with the new developments in component therapy have been discussed. Recommendations by different academic and clinical trials and studies have been presented for quick reference. The individual coagulation factors are discussed in brief.
Knowledge Management Across Cultural Boundaries: Global Organizational Knowledge-Sharing

The practice of knowledge management is becoming pervasive in the modern business world. Yet, as the corporate world globalizes at an alarming rate, the process of how knowledge is captured and shared does not address the cultural nuances of those new participants spread across nearly every global region. Academically, knowledge management itself does rely on three primary pillars for success; those being process, technology, and culture. However, the culture aspect in the formal knowledge programs is more closely aligned with influencing users to share knowledge that they would otherwise hold close as an asset of their gained expertise. While this is also key to the success of this research, the manner in which knowledge capture is performed does not address those who are already willing to share, but are unable to understand the value that they can provide due to limitations of their culture and/or background. This study looks at three things: one, the global propensity of corporate knowledge management programs, two, how participants of knowledge management programs currently in existence knowledge share with their peers in other countries through the course of their daily work routine and three, through a brief survey and qualitative analysis, whether global knowledge management programs are addressing cultural concerns of their participants as part of their defined process. In addition, recommendations for further study on this topic are discussed. GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONAL KNOWLEDGE-SHARING iii
Effect of household and commercial processing on acetamiprid, azoxystrobin and methidathion residues during crude rapeseed oil production

Rape crops with residues of acetamiprid, azoxystrobin and methidathion incurred from field trials were used to evaluate the effect of household and commercial crude rapeseed oil processing on the transfer of pesticide residues. The pesticides were applied at exaggerated dosage to quantify residue levels in processed samples. The processing procedure was conducted as closely as possible to the actual conditions in practice. The conditioning step removed at least 30% of pesticides, while azoxystrobin and methidathion were concentrated by at least 15% at the single pressing step. The residue level of methidathion was concentrated with a processing factor (PF) of 1.07, while azoxystrobin and acetamiprid decreased with PFs of 0.67 and 0.04, respectively, after all processing procedures. The overall magnitudes of acetamiprid, azoxystrobin and methidathion in rapeseed oil and meal were all decreased after processing compared with the magnitude of those in raw rapeseed.
Relationships between LH, FSH and prolactin secretion and reproductive activity in the weaned sow.

Blood samples were collected from primiparous sows via indwelling jugular cannulae at 15-min intervals for 12 h before and for 24 h (2 sows) or 48 h (10 sows) after weaning and then every 4 h until behavioural oestrus. Weaning to oestrus intervals ranged from 3 to 10 days and 2 sows showed no signs of oestrus and had not ovulated by Days 11 and 16 after weaning. Prolactin concentrations in plasma decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) and reached basal levels 1-2 h after weaning in all sows whilst plasma progesterone concentrations remained basal until approximately 30 h after the preovulatory LH surge in sows that ovulated. Elevated concentrations of prolactin or progesterone during the post-weaning period were, therefore, not responsible for delayed restoration of cyclicity. Overall, mean LH concentrations rose significantly (P less than 0.001) from 0.22 +/- 0.02 during the 12-h period before weaning to 0.38 +/- 0.03 ng/ml during the 12-h post-weaning period. After weaning, pulsatile and basal LH secretions were markedly increased for sows that showed an early return to oestrus (less than or equal to 4 days) compared with sows showing a longer weaning to oestrus interval but a correlation did not exist between either of these LH characteristics and the time taken to resume cyclicity. Mean LH concentrations before weaning were, however, inversely related (r = -0.649; P less than 0.05) to the weaning to oestrus interval. Overall, mean FSH concentrations rose significantly (P less than 0.001) from 151.1 +/- 6.2 (s.e.m.) ng/ml in the 12-h period immediately before weaning to 187.7 +/- 9.7 ng/ml in the subsequent 12-h period but there was no correlation between FSH concentrations, before or after weaning, and the interval from weaning to oestrus. However, a significant correlation was apparent between ovulation rate and peak concentrations of the rise in FSH after weaning (r = 0.746; P less than 0.05) and overall mean FSH values (r = 0.645; P less than 0.05). It is concluded that both LH and FSH concentrations in peripheral blood rose in response to removal of the suckling stimulus at weanling. The increase in LH pulse frequency associated with weaning was not directly related to the weaning to oestrus interval although a specific pattern of LH secretion was observed in sows showing an early return to oestrus (less than or equal to 4 days). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
[Electrophysiological brain-stem diagnosis in patients with a pronounced obstructive sleep apnea syndrome].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The pathophysiological basis of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a loss of tone of the oropharyngeal muscles during sleep, leading to partial and/or total collapse of the oropharyngeal muscle tube. The normal inspiration-synchronous activation (ISA) of the tongue muscles is diminished or lost in patients with OSAS. Observations of OSAS in patients with ischaemic pontomedullary lesions, syringobulbia (syringomyelia), olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy or disseminated encephalopathy have indicated that it is due to impairment of ISA. In this study systematic electrophysiological studies (EPS) were undertaken in patients with severe OSAS, as demonstrated by polysomnography, to determine whether, in addition to the central abnormality of oropharyngeal muscular tone, one can demonstrate an increased incidence of subclinical, functional disorder in the brain stem as well as any pointers to a central localization of abnormalities in OSAS. PATIENTS AND METHODS 19 patients with severe OSAS were examined for the presence of subclinical brain-stem lesions by means of acoustic evoked potentials, blinking reflex, masseter reflex, masseter silent period, electronystagmogram together with vestibular testing and magnetic evoked potentials of the tongue musculature. RESULTS Findings were unremarkable in 15 of the 19 patients. EPS gave reproducible evidence of functional left pontine (blink reflex) brain-stem lesions in two of the patients and of bilateral pontomesencephalic (masseter reflex) brain-stem lesions in the other two. CONCLUSION In the absence of systematic abnormalities our findings speak against relevant brain-stem lesions being the cause and/or consequence of OSAS.
Should medical research have a place in future clinical training?

AIM To determine the attitudes of training grade (Senior House Officer - SHO, Specialist Registrar - SpR) and non-training grade doctors (both Staff Grade and senior or Consultant level) towards the place of research in the curriculum for junior doctors and also the pursuit of research by senior (but non-academic) clinicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey of a range of doctors from differing grades (above) was sent to all doctors of the employing Trust (comprising most of the regional training scheme) with a number of fixed questions but also an opportunity to provide free-text responses. Percentages of the fixed responses were estimated and free-text responses were grouped into main themes and miscellaneous items. RESULTS Despite much criticism of the current protected research time for higher trainees in psychiatry in the UK and the anticipated abolition of this within the new training structure after August 2007, we found surprising and strong support for structured research training, experience and the opportunity to pursue this at senior level even for non-academic clinical consultants. CONCLUSIONS Urgent review of the new training grade curriculum is needed with emphasis on how to address the research opportunities for trainees and seniors without compromising clinical, teaching and managerial obligations. A better use of such opportunities was strongly supported rather than the proposed abolition, which seems to be fast approaching.
Adjuvant chemotherapy followed by goserelin compared with either modality alone: the impact on amenorrhea, hot flashes, and quality of life in premenopausal patients--the International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial VIII.

PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to compare quality of life (QOL) and menopausal symptoms among premenopausal patients with lymph node-negative breast cancer receiving chemotherapy, goserelin, or their sequential combination, and to investigate differential effects by age. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated QOL data from 874 pre- and perimenopausal women with lymph node-negative breast cancer who were randomly assigned to receive six courses of classical cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil (CMF) chemotherapy, ovarian suppression with goserelin for 24 months, or six courses of classical CMF followed by 18 months of goserelin. We report QOL data collected during 3 years after random assignment in patients without disease recurrence. RESULTS Overall, patients receiving goserelin alone showed a marked improvement or less deterioration in QOL measures over the first 6 months than those patients treated with CMF. There were no differences at 3 years after random assignment according to treatment except for hot flashes. As reflected in the hot flashes scores, patients in all three treatment groups experienced induced amenorrhea, but the onset of ovarian function suppression was slightly delayed for patients receiving chemotherapy. Younger patients (< 40 years) who received goserelin alone returned to their premenopausal status at 6 months after the cessation of therapy, while those who received CMF showed marginal changes from their baseline hot flashes scores. CONCLUSION Age-adjusted risk profiles that consider patient-reported outcomes enable patients to adapt to their disease and treatment, such as considering the trade-offs between delayed endocrine symptoms, but higher risk of permanent menopause with chemotherapy, and immediate but reversible endocrine symptoms with goserelin, in younger premenopausal patients.
Two Measures for Cross-Cultural Research on Morality: Comparison and Revision

The current research assessed the reliability and validity of two Western measures of morality in a Chinese sample, namely the Community, Autonomy, and Divinity Scale (CADS) and the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ). Questionnaires were administered to 274 Chinese participants in Northern China (M age = 25.4 yr., SD = 8.50; 86% women). Confirmatory factor analysis using a structural equation model was conducted to evaluate the construct validity of the two scales. The results indicated a reasonable model fit of both the CADS and the MFQ after certain modifications. The revised versions of both measures had good internal consistency reliabilities. Correlation analysis indicated moderate correlations between the dimensions of the two scales. Regarding the content of morality, Chinese people endorsed more of the traditional ethics and foundations than people from Western cultures in other studies. In addition, participants who reported a religious affiliation scored higher on the Divinity subscale compared to those who claimed to be atheists.
Role of Perfusion CT in Assessing Tumor Blood Flow and Malignancy Level of Gastric Cancer

Background/Aims: Intratumoral hemodynamics or tumor perfusion is useful in understanding the pathological background of the cancer. A parameter for a non-invasive, preoperative assessment of tumor perfusion has yet to be developed. Methods: The study included 50 patients who underwent surgery for gastric cancer. Perfusion computed tomography (P-CT) was performed using a 16-row multidetector CT, and tumor blood flow (ml/min/100 g tissue) values were measured. We compared blood flow with histopathological characteristics and evaluated its correlation with microvessel density and tumor stromal density and calculated the ratio of vessels and stromal tissue. Results: There was a significant decrease in blood flow in advanced tumor depth, peritoneal dissemination and undifferentiated subtypes. Cases with Lauren’s diffuse type carcinoma were found to have decreased blood flow compared to the mixed or intestinal type. As for the stromal structure, despite the lack of correlation with microvessel density, blood flow significantly decreased with increased stromal density. Conclusions: Decreased blood flow value acquired from P-CT may reflect a progressive state of gastric cancer. The pathological background for this relation involves the tumor stroma. Tumor perfusion decreased as the stage and malignant character of the tumor advanced, and therefore P-CT could be a better strategy to estimate the malignancy level of cancer.
Biliary tract cytology in specimens obtained by direct cholangiographic procedures: A study of 74 cases

A retrospective review of bile (BL) and biliary tract brushings (Br) obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) was undertaken to determine the sensitivity and specificity of cytology in the diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary malignancies. A total of 104 cytologic specimens (PTC‐BL 15, PTC‐Br 13, ERCP‐BL 8, ERCP‐Br 68) received between 1990 and mid‐1994 from 77 patients who had undergone ERCP and/or PTC primarily for biliary stricture were reviewed. Specimens were unsatisfactory/inadequate in 11 (10.6%), benign in 41 (39.4%), suspicious in 25 (24%), and positive for malignant cells in 27 (26%). Follow‐up was available in 74/77 patients; 46 (59.7%) had tissue confirmation while 28 (32.5%) had adequate clinical follow‐up based on chart review. Of those with histologic confirmation, there were 32 malignant and 14 benign cases. The overall sensitivity and specificity of PTC‐ and ERCP‐obtained cytologic specimens were 88.9 and 95.7% respectively. There was only one false positive case (ERCP‐Br). Overall positive predictive value was 96%, negative predictive value 88%, and accuracy 96%. PTC had a significantly lower sensitivity rate (42.8%) and higher rate for unsatisfactory specimens (21%) compared with ERCP‐obtained material (100 and 1.9%). Bile obtained by PTC or ERCP appeared less sensitive in detecting malignancies compared with endoscopic brushing using either technique (BL 50% vs. Br 100%). All three false negative cases were PTC‐BL specimens. Of the 17 suspicious cases, eight were confirmed histologically as malignant, four were clinically consistent with malignancy, and five showed marked inflammatory atypia on biopsy. Positive predictive value and accuracy rate of a “suspicious cytology” diagnosis were 69 and 80.5%, respectively. Inadequate specimen, poor cellular preservation, and cells obscured by bile all interfere with proper cytologic evaluation. Experience is necessary to appreciate subtle malignant changes in well differentiated carcinomas. Communication between the cytopathologist and the clinician is critical in the accurate interpretation and proper management of the patients. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;14:334–348. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interplay between Flavodiiron Proteins and Photorespiration in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803*

Flavodiiron (Flv) proteins are involved in detoxification of O2 and NO in anaerobic bacteria and archaea. Cyanobacterial Flv proteins, on the contrary, function in oxygenic environment and possess an extra NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase module. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 has four genes (sll1521, sll0219, sll0550, and sll0217) encoding Flv proteins (Flv1, Flv2, Flv3, and Flv4). Previous in vitro studies with recombinant Flv3 protein from Synechocystis provided evidence that it functions as a NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase, and subsequent in vivo studies with Synechocystis confirmed the role of Flv1 and Flv3 proteins in the Mehler reaction (photoreduction of O2 to H2O). Interestingly, homologous proteins to Flv1 and Flv3 can be found also in green algae, mosses, and Selaginella. Here, we addressed the function of Flv1 and Flv3 in Synechocystis using the Δflv1, Δflv3, and Δflv1/Δflv3 mutants and applying inorganic carbon (Ci)-deprivation conditions. We propose that only the Flv1/Flv3 heterodimer form is functional in the Mehler reaction in vivo. 18O2 labeling was used to discriminate between O2 evolution in photosynthetic water splitting and O2 consumption. In wild type, ∼20% of electrons originated from water was targeted to O2 under air level CO2 conditions but increased up to 60% in severe limitation of Ci. Gas exchange experiments with Δflv1, Δflv3, and Δflv1/Δflv3 mutants demonstrated that a considerable amount of electrons in these mutants is directed to photorespiration under Ci deprivation. This assumption is in line with increased transcript abundance of photorespiratory genes and accumulation of photorespiratory intermediates in the WT and to a higher extent in mutant cells under Ci deprivation.