Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CHANG-ES. III. UGC 10288—AN EDGE-ON GALAXY WITH A BACKGROUND DOUBLE-LOBED RADIO SOURCE

This third paper in the Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies—an EVLA Survey (CHANG-ES) series shows the first results from our regular data taken with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. The edge-on galaxy, UGC 10288, has been observed in the B, C, and D configurations at L band (1.5 GHz) and in the C and D configurations at C band (6 GHz) in all polarization products. We show the first spatially resolved images of this galaxy in these bands, the first polarization images, and the first composed image at an intermediate frequency (4.1 GHz) which has been formed from a combination of all data sets. A surprising new result is the presence of a strong, polarized, double-lobed extragalactic radio source (CHANG-ES A) almost immediately behind the galaxy and perpendicular to its disk. The core of CHANG-ES A has an optical counterpart (SDSS J161423.28−001211.8) at a photometric redshift of zphot = 0.39; the southern radio lobe is behind the disk of UGC 10288 and the northern lobe is behind the halo region. This background “probe” has allowed us to do a preliminary Faraday rotation analysis of the foreground galaxy, putting limits on the regular magnetic field and electron density in the halo of UGC 10288 in regions in which there is no direct detection of a radio continuum halo. We have revised the flux densities of the two sources individually as well as the star formation rate (SFR) for UGC 10288. The SFR is low (0.4–0.5 M☉ yr−1) and the galaxy has a high thermal fraction (44% at 6 GHz), as estimated using both the thermal and non-thermal SFR calibrations of Murphy et al. UGC 10288 would have fallen well below the CHANG-ES flux density cutoff, had it been considered without the brighter contribution of the background source. UGC 10288 shows discrete high-latitude radio continuum features, but it does not have a global radio continuum halo (exponential scale heights are typically ≈1 kpc averaged over regions with and without extensions). One prominent feature appears to form a large arc to the north of the galaxy on its east side, extending to 3.5 kpc above the plane. The total minimum magnetic field strength at a sample position in the arc is ∼10 μG. Thus, this galaxy still appears to be able to form substantial high latitude, localized features in spite of its relatively low SFR.
Variable effects of termite mounds on African savanna grass communities across a rainfall gradient

Questions: Termite mounds of the genus Macrotermes are prominent features in African savannas, forming nutrient hotspots that support greater plant diversity, which is of higher nutritional value than the surrounding savanna matrix. However, little is known about grass communities on and around mounds or how the functional importance of mounds varies across sites. As mean annual rainfall increases, savannas in southern Africa become increasingly dystrophic through increased denitrification (including pyrodenitrification) and the leaching of soil nutrients. The functional importance of mounds is concomitantly expected to increase as the difference in foliar nutrient levels between mounds and the savanna matrix increases. We tested this prediction on grass communities across a rainfall gradient to: (i) determine the degree to which grass assemblages differ between termite mounds and the savanna matrix; (ii) determine the spatial extent to which mounds influence grass communities; and (iii) investigate whether these patterns differ across savanna types.
Tooth Undercutting of Beveloid Gears

A beveloid gear can be viewed as an involute gear of which the profile-shifted coefficient linearly decreases from the heel to the toe. Therefore, tooth undercutting occurs and singular points appear on the tooth surfaces near the toe. When undercutting occurs, the gear tooth is comparatively weak. In this study, the conditions of tooth undercutting of beveloid gears were derived and specific phenomena were also investigated by numerical illustrated examples. In addition, according to the characteristics of tooth undercutting on the beveloid gear tooth surface, two practicable methods were also proposed to avoid the tooth undercutting of beveloid gears.
BLENDED LEARNING MODEL IMPLEMENTATION TO IMPROVE CRITICAL THINKING SKILL IN HISTORY LEARNING

The focus of the issues that raised in this thesis was motivated by the researcher’s experience based on the preliminary observations result which indicate that the learning process by using only discussions or assignments through e-learning that produces essay without discussion proved to be successful in improving students’ critical thinking skills. The discussions developed to promote cooperation among students, while the critical thinking skills was barely touched. Likewise, the assignment through e-learning, although what out come seems good, but it seemed to be a “copy and paste” work. So it raises the doubts on the assignment result originality. Thus the researchers tought to answer the following research questions: 1) How to plan a blended-learning to improve the critical thinking skills in learning history? 2) How does the implementation of blended-learning models to improve the critical thinking skills in the learning of history? 3) How to overcome the obstacles that rise in blended-learning model implementation in order to improve critical thinking skills? This study used qualitative approach with Classroom Action Research model. The results conclusion included: first, at the planning stage the preparation are syllabus, lecturing events unit, format field notes, observation checklist, as well as the Learning Management System (LMS) by using software moodle provided by the Direktorat TIK UPI. LMS used as an evaluation tool and observation tool of the learning process through e-learning. Second, the implementation of blended learning models could improve the critical thinking skills in learning history through three cycles. Third,. The obstacle emerged in this study was particularly the technical constraints on the essay assignment that must be collected online which is overcome by using a CD.
Assembly and maintenance of subtidal habitat heterogeneity: synergistic effects of light penetration and sedimentation

I experimentally separated the positive and negative effects of light penetration and sedimentation on the assembly and maintenance of 3 subtidal habitats whose heterogeneity charac- terizes much of the world's temperate coastline; encrusting (non-geniculate) coralline algae, articu- lated (geniculate) coralline algae and filamentous, turf-forming algae. The ability of encrusting corallines to monopolize and retain space without overgrowth depended on the presence of shade (positive effect) if sediment deposition was below that observed on coast characterized by high rates of sedimentation (negative effect). In contrast, the growth and persistence of articulated corallines depended on the absence of shade (negative effect) and high levels of sediment accumulation observed on human-dominated coast (positive effect). The recruitment of filamentous-turfs was facil- itated by full light, but was not strongly affected by sedimentation. Instead, filamentous-turfs toler- ated heavy sediment accumulation, a factor thought to explain the concomitant increase in spatial dominance of algal-turfs and loss of canopy-forming algae on reefs with heavy sedimentation. Impor- tantly, different habitats will assemble or be maintained to match the environmental conditions in which they are most extensive, demonstrating the key role of physical factors associated with habi- tat-formers (kelp forests) and human-dominated coast (heavy sedimentation). These results also demonstrate that an appreciation of the integrated roles of physical processes may assist the devel- opment of predictive models about the assembly and maintenance of heterogeneity of natural com- munities, and their potential disruption by humans.
Large vertical gradient of reactive nitrogen oxides in the boundary layer: Modeling analysis of DISCOVER‐AQ 2011 observations

An often used assumption in air pollution studies is a well‐mixed boundary layer (BL), where pollutants are evenly distributed. Because of the difficulty in obtaining vertically resolved measurements, the validity of the assumption has not been thoroughly evaluated. In this study, we use more than 200 vertical profiles observed in the Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER‐AQ) aircraft campaign in July 2011 to examine the vertical distributions of pollutants over the Washington‐Baltimore area. While many long‐lived species are well mixed in daytime, the observed average vertical profile of NOx shows a large negative gradient with increasing altitude in the BL. Our analysis suggests that the magnitude of the NOx gradient is highly sensitive to atmospheric stability. We investigate how parameterizations of the BL and land‐surface processes impact vertical profiles in a 1‐D chemical transport model, using three BL schemes (Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 (ACM2), Yonsei University (YSU), and Mellor‐Yamada‐Janjic (MYJ)) and two land‐surface schemes (Noah and Rapid Update Cycle (RUC)). The model reasonably reproduces the median vertical profiles of NOx under different BL stability conditions within 30% of observations, classified based on potential temperature gradient and BL height. Comparisons with NOx observations for individual vertical profiles reveal that while YSU performs better in the turbulent and deep BL case, in general, ACM2 (RMSE = 2.0 ppbv) outperforms YSU (RMSE = 2.5 ppbv) and MYJ (RMSE = 2.2 ppbv). Results also indicate that the land‐surface schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model have a small impact on the NOx gradient. Using model simulations, we analyze the impact of BL NOx gradient on the calculation of the ozone production rate and satellite NO2 retrieval. We show that using surface measurements and the well‐mixed BL assumption causes a ~45% high bias in the estimated BL ozone production rate and that the variability of NO2 vertical profiles is responsible for 5–10% variability in the retrieved NO2 tropospheric vertical columns.
Protozoa evolution in Rusitec fermenters fed diets differing in forage to concentrate ratio and forage type

6 paginas, 4 tablas. -- Contributed to: 13. International Seminar of the FAO-CIHEAM Sub-Network on Sheep and Goat Nutrition: Challenging strategies to promote the sheep and goat sector in the current global context (Leon, Spain, oct 14-16, 2009 2009/10/14-16, Leon (Spain)).
Video-rate or high-precision: a flexible range imaging camera

A range imaging camera produces an output similar to a digital photograph, but every pixel in the image contains distance information as well as intensity. This is useful for measuring the shape, size and location of objects in a scene, hence is well suited to certain machine vision applications. Previously we demonstrated a heterodyne range imaging system operating in a relatively high resolution (512-by-512) pixels and high precision (0.4 mm best case) configuration, but with a slow measurement rate (one every 10 s). Although this high precision range imaging is useful for some applications, the low acquisition speed is limiting in many situations. The system's frame rate and length of acquisition is fully configurable in software, which means the measurement rate can be increased by compromising precision and image resolution. In this paper we demonstrate the flexibility of our range imaging system by showing examples of high precision ranging at slow acquisition speeds and video-rate ranging with reduced ranging precision and image resolution. We also show that the heterodyne approach and the use of more than four samples per beat cycle provides better linearity than the traditional homodyne quadrature detection approach. Finally, we comment on practical issues of frame rate and beat signal frequency selection.
Status of backyard chicken reared by women in Chitral [Pakistan]

Information from 150 females was obtained during the year 1998-99 to investigate status of backyard chicken in Chitral. Estimated human population and number of backyard birds in Chitral were 0.295 and 0.747 million, respectively. Average household flock size was 23.14 ± 1.97 birds, representing 8.04 ± 1.23, 6.83 ± 1.13, 5.67 ± 0.85 and 2.60 ± 0.27 number of Saso, Desi (non-descript indigenous chicken), Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Fayumi birds, respectively. Household flock size and per capita available birds were higher in double than in transitional crop zone. Training status of the farmers, vaccination schedule and crop production zone affected egg production and mortality in backyard chickens. Average mortality in a flock was 13.56 ± 1.38%, representing higher mortality (P<0.05) in Saso as compared to non-descript indigenous Desi chicken. Total annual number of eggs obtained by a household from backyard chicken was 2975.95 ± 71.22 eggs, representing 378.28 ± 17.45 and 128.61 ± 21.14 eggs per capita and per bird, respectively. Saso chicken (176.22 ± 21.23 eggs) as compared to non-descript indigenous Desi chicken (58.83 ± 5.27 eggs) produced higher number of eggs per bird. Average number of eggs used for hatching purpose and per capita eggs consumed was 56.34 ± 3.37 and 137.68 ± 23.61, respectively. Mixed rearing practice of exotic birds with Desi chicken resulted in non-broodiness problem that adversely affected hatching performance as reported by most of the farmers. Proper health coverage, provision of training in poultry production, higher flock size, introduction of exotic birds, avoiding haphazard breeding and reduction in mortality were suggested as key factors for better backyard chicken productivity in Chitral.
The Multi-Bang Universe: The Never-Ending Realm of Galaxies

A new cosmological model is proposed for the dynamics of the Universe and the formation and evolution of galaxies. It is shown that the matter of the Universe contracts and expands in cycles, and that galaxies in a particular cycle may have imprints from the previous cycle. It is proposed that RHIC’s liquid gets trapped in the cores of galaxies in the beginning of each cycle and is liberated throughout time and is, thus, the power engine of AGNs. It is also proposed that the large-scale structure is a permanent property of the Universe, and thus, it is not created. It is proposed that spiral galaxies and elliptical galaxies are formed by mergers of nucleon vortices (vorteons) at the time of the big squeeze and immediately afterwards and that the merging process, in general, lasts an extremely long time, of many billion years. The origin of quasars is explained and the evaporation rate of RHIC’s liquid is calculated. The large mass at the center of quasar PDS 456 is calculated and agrees in order of magnitude with that attributed to a supposed black hole. It is concluded that the Universe is eternal and that space should be infinite or almost.
Are We Aware of What Is Going on in a Student’s Mind? Understanding Wrong Answers about Plant Tropisms and Connection between Student’s Conceptions and Metacognition in Teacher and Learner Minds

Problems with understanding concepts and mechanisms connected to plant movements have been diagnosed among biology students. Alternative conceptions in understanding these phenomena are marginally studied. The diagnosis was based on a sample survey of university students and their lecturers, which was quantitatively and qualitatively exploratory in nature (via a questionnaire). The research was performed in two stages, before and after the lectures and laboratory on plant movements. We diagnosed eight alternative conceptions before the academic training started. After the classes, most were not been verified, and in addition, 12 new conceptions were diagnosed. Additionally, we report that teachers are not aware of students’ possible misunderstandings. They do not perceive students’ troubles with switching between levels of representations, nor their alternative conceptions. A case of “curse of knowledge” was observed and academic teacher training is recommended. Additionally, the need for metacognition as a crucial element in laboratory activities seems supported by our presented results. Such metacognition refers to students as well as teachers, which leads to the conclusion that teachers should be aware of students’ way of thinking and the development of knowledge in one’s own mind.
An Investigation on Pollen Viability, Germination and Tube Growth in Some Stone Fruits

In this study, the viability, germination and tube growth of pollen from apricot ( Prunus armeniaca L.) (in five cultivars), sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L). (in four cultivars) and sour cherry ( Prunus cerasus L.) (in one cultivar) were investigated. Three stain tests (TTC, IKI and safranin) and two in vitrogermination tests (hanging drop and agar-plate) were used to estimate pollen viability and germination in these species. The viability, germination and tube growth of pollens varied significantly according to species, cultivars and tests. However, pollen viability in the safranin test was generally higher than in the others. The highest pollen germination was obtained with the 15% sucrose solution in the hanging drop and agar plate tests in all cultivars except Sekerpare. The pollen germination rates in this solution in hanging drop and agar-plate tests varied between 49.77-72.90% and 57.83-84.42% in apricot; 47.92-57.38% and 52.40-66.60% in sweet cherry and 49.16% and 53.82% in sour cherry, respectively. The pollen germination in the agar-plate method was higher than in the hanging drop method. The IKI stain test and pollen germination in apricot and sweet cherry were positively and significantly correlated (r=0.686 ** and r=0.704 * ). The highest length of pollen tube in sweet cherry and sour cherry was obtained in the agar plate test at 15% sucrose solution but it varied in apricot cultivars.
Nutritional Analysis and Quality Evaluation in Muscle of Crucifix Crab Charybdis feriatus From Three Wild Populations

Three wild populations of crucifix crab Charybdis feriatus were sampled and muscle was analyzed for proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition, aimed to quantify and compare the nutritional quality from three different locations in China. Results showed that crude protein content in muscle of female crucifix crab C. feriatus from Zhoushan (ZS) and Xiapu (XP) (84.84%-88.35%) were significantly higher than that of crucifix crab C. feriatus from Qionghai (QH) (74.33%), while there was no significant difference in terms of crude fat content (3.82%-4.07%). The highest content of ash was found in muscle of crucifix crab C. feriatus from QH (5.36%). The muscle of crucifix crab C. feriatus from ZS and XP had significantly higher contents of total amino acids, essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and delicious amino acids than those of QH group ( P < 0.05). The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content in the muscle of crucifix crab C. feriatus from three wild populations showed significant difference ( P < 0.05). The ZS group had highest content of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (33.64%) and total content of EPA and DHA (22.85%) as well, followed by XP and QH group ( P < 0.05). Overall, the differences in chemical composition in muscle of C. feriatus from different locations could be attributed to environmental variables and maturation stage.
The effect of various vertical discretization schemes and horizontal diffusion parameterization on the performance of a 3-D ocean model: the Black Sea case study

Abstract. Results of a sensitivity study are presented from various configurations of the NEMO ocean model in the Black Sea. The standard choices of vertical discretization, viz. z levels, s coordinates and enveloped s coordinates, all show their limitations in the areas of complex topography. Two new hybrid vertical coordinate schemes are presented: the "s-on-top-of-z" and its enveloped version. The hybrid grids use s coordinates or enveloped s coordinates in the upper layer, from the sea surface to the depth of the shelf break, and z-coordinates are set below this level. The study is carried out for a number of idealised and real world settings. The hybrid schemes help reduce errors generated by the standard schemes in the areas of steep topography. Results of sensitivity tests with various horizontal diffusion formulations are used to identify the optimum value of Smagorinsky diffusivity coefficient to best represent the mesoscale activity.
Investigating If Multidisciplinary or Homogenous Teams Are More Innovative in a Higher Education Setting

Investigating if Multidisciplinary or Homogenous Teams Are More Innovative in a Higher Education Setting Blake Howard Hoover School of Technology, BYU Master of Science This study is derived from the claim that multidisciplinary groups are more innovative than homogeneous groups; a claim that has flooded the business industry and has become criteria for accreditation in higher education. However, the impact of disciplinary diversity in work groups is a growing area of research; therefore, it is yet to be thoroughly understood. The purpose of this study is to answer the question: are multidisciplinary teams more innovative than homogenous teams. To accomplish this university students from differing majors were sorted into multidisciplinary and homogeneous groups while participating in a two-day innovation course. The course taught the students about divergent thinking, and invited them to work as teams to develop an innovative product, system or service. Each groups’ final product was independently judged by three experts using the Creative Solutions Diagnosis Scale (CSDS) measuring the innovativeness (functional creativity) of student work. The homogeneous groups out scored the multidisciplinary groups in every category. Group dynamics have been assessed as also playing a vital role in the successfulness of a diverse group. The Teamwork Quality Questionnaire (TWQ) was used to measure the quality of team interactions, student sentiments, and student attitude. These self-evaluations were used to assess if the group dynamics played a significant role in the functional creativity of the end product by checking for correlation with the results of the CSDS. The findings were inconclusive, meaning they did not correlate. Despite the findings not aligning with past research, they should be considered important. At a minimum, they describe a context and environment where multidisciplinary groups do not function at the same level as homogenous groups. Accordingly, there is a need to further investigate group formations and function in regards to innovation and creativity production. We recommend for future research performing a similar study on a larger scale to discover if the findings from this study would vary when tested under similar or varying contexts. It would also be important to analyze how the make up of the group is affecting the students understanding and learning.
A Family of Ultra-Thin, Polarization-Insensitive, Multi-Band, Highly Absorbing Metamaterial Structures

The systematic design of size-conflned, polarization- independent metamaterial absorbers that operate in the microwave regime is presented in this paper. The novel unit cell is additionally implemented to create e-cient multi-band and broadband structures by exploiting the scalability property of metamaterials. Numerical simulations along with experimental results from fabricated prototypes verify the highly absorptive performance of the devices, so developed. Moreover, a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis is provided in order to attain a more intuitive and sound physical interpretation of the underlying absorption mechanism. The assets of the proposed concept, applied to the design of difierent patterns, appear to be potentially instructive for various EMI/EMC conflgurations.