Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why is delta endocytosis required for effective activation of notch?

A number of recent studies have shown that endocytosis of Notch ligands is required for activation of Notch. There are at least two broad models that account for how Delta endocytosis in one cell might contribute to activation of Notch in the neighboring cell. The first class of models is related to the possibility that Delta endocytosis facilitates S2 cleavage and removal of the Notch extracellular domain, a critical step in Notch activation. A second class of models is related to the possibility that Delta ubiquitylation and endocytosis facilitates interactions between Delta and Notch. In the second set of models, Delta undergoes endocytosis and its subsequent trafficking back to the surface, following modifications or some change in the context in which it is presented, makes Delta a more effective ligand. Though it is still not clear how either or both mechanisms contribute, recent evidence points to the importance of both endocytosis and recycling in Delta signaling. Developmental Dynamics 235:886–894, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dielectric Waveguide Theory

We attempt a brief and broad overview and historical perspective of the theory of lightwave propagation in dielectric waveguides. This is a subject that is now documented by extensive literature. As our review task is limited by constraints in both space and time it will be illustrative rather than comprehensive. The illustrations are intended to highlight the principal concepts and theoretical approaches and refer the reader to the literature for detailed derivations and explanations. Our story celebrates a theory with a proud history of nearly 100 years, vibrant and rich in new ideas, and serving as the base for an increasing number of powerful applications.
A Systematic Review of the Aerobic Exercise Program Variables for People with Schizophrenia

A number of studies demonstrate the positive benefits of exercise for people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders; however the exercise program variables resulting in these positive effects have not been evaluated. Therefore the aim of this systematic review was to describe the aerobic exercise program variables used in randomized controlled trials reporting the positive effect of exercise in the treatment of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Studies were analyzed for exercise frequency, intensity, session duration, exercise type, intervention duration, delivery of exercise, and level and quality of supervision and adherence. Study quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Three studies met the inclusion criteria. In general, exercise intervention variables are reported poorly. We find that aerobic exercise including treadmill walking and cycle exercise undertaken as a supervised group intervention lasting 30 to 40 min per session and undertaken 3 times weekly at moderate intensity appears to be valuable for people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Interventions ranged from 10 to 16 wk. No adverse events were reported in the included studies. Evidence suggests that aerobic exercise is safe and beneficial for people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
Cell-Cycle Dependent Dynamic Change of 26 S Proteasome Distribution in Tobacco BY-2 Cells

Yuki Yanagawa 1, , Seiichiro Hasezawa , Fumi Kumagai , Masayoshi Oka , Masahiro Fujimuro , Tae Naito , Taro Makino , Hideyoshi Yokosawa , Keiji Tanaka 4, , Atsushi Komamine , Junji Hashimoto 5, , Takahide Sato 1 and Hiroki Nakagawa 1, 9 1 Department of Bioproduction Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510 Japan 2 Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan 3 Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812 Japan 4 The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8613 Japan 5 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 1010062 Japan 6 The Research Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-0098 Japan 7 National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
Mechanotransduction of bovine articular cartilage superficial zone protein by transforming growth factor beta signaling.

OBJECTIVE Mechanical signals are key determinants in tissue morphogenesis, maintenance, and restoration strategies in regenerative medicine, although molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction remain to be elucidated. This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanotransduction process of expression of superficial zone protein (SZP), a critical joint lubricant. METHODS Regional expression of SZP was first quantified in cartilage obtained from the femoral condyles of immature bovines, using immunoblotting, and visualized by immunohistochemistry. Contact pressure mapping in whole joints was accomplished using pressure-sensitive film and a load application system for joint testing. Friction measurements on cartilage plugs were acquired under boundary lubrication conditions using a pin-on-disk tribometer modified for reciprocating sliding. Direct mechanical stimulation by shear loading of articular cartilage explants was performed with and without inhibition of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling, and SZP content in media was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS An unexpected pattern of SZP localization in knee cartilage was initially identified, with anterior regions exhibiting high levels of SZP expression. Regional SZP patterns were regulated by mechanical signals and correlated with tribological behavior. Direct relationships were demonstrated between high levels of SZP expression, maximum contact pressures, and low friction coefficients. Levels of SZP expression and accumulation were increased by applying shear stress, depending on location within the knee, and were decreased to control levels with the use of a specific inhibitor of TGFbeta receptor type I kinase and subsequent phospho-Smad2/3 activity. CONCLUSION These findings indicate a new role for TGFbeta signaling in the mechanism of cellular mechanotransduction that is especially significant for joint lubrication.
Photosynthetic responses to water deficit in six Mediterranean sclerophyll species: possible factors explaining the declining distribution of Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris, an endemic Balearic species.

We sought to explain the declining distribution in the Balearic Islands of the endemic shrub Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris R. Chodat, by comparing its photosynthetic response to drought with that of several widely distributed, competing Mediterranean species (R. alaternus L., Quercus ilex L., Pistacia lentiscus L., Q. humilis Mill. and P. terebinthus L.). All of the study species, except for the two Rhamnus species, avoided desiccation by rapidly adjusting their stomatal conductance at the onset of drought, and maintaining constant leaf relative water content. The two Rhamnus species showed desiccation-tolerant behavior; i.e., as drought progressed, their predawn leaf relative water content decreased simultaneously with stomatal closure. All four desiccation-avoiding species showed a significant positive correlation between leaf thermal dissipation (estimated by the fluorescence parameter NPQ (non-photochemical quenching)) and the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle (DPS). The two Rhamnus species exhibited maximum DPS regardless of treatment, but only R. alaternus increased NPQ in response to drought. Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris had a high ratio of photorespiration to photosynthesis and a low intrinsic water-use efficiency; traits that are likely to be unfavorable for plant productivity under arid conditions. It also had the lowest DPS and thermal dissipation among the six species. We conclude that the photosynthetic traits of R. ludovici-salvatoris account for its limited ability to compete with other species in the Mediterranean region.
Building real-time unconstrained eye tracking with deep learning

Eye tracking is an important tool with applications in many domains. e ability to measure where a person is looking can be used for psychological studies, medical diagnoses, and human–computer interaction techniques. Existing high-accuracy solutions require custom and expensive hardware, limiting their reach. Amore accurate low-cost solution is proposed to bring real-time unconstrained eye tracking to mobile devices. A deep convolutional neural network is used to determine gaze using only an image acquired from the front-facing camera found on modern phones and tablets. As with most deep learning approaches, the model requires a large volume of training data to perform well. Existing gaze datasets su er from too few subjects or too little variety. is is largely due to the di culty in conducting such experiments on a large scale. To overcome this data limitation, a crowdsourcing technique is introduced along with an unprecedentedly-large dataset, both in terms of the number of subjects and in variability. With this dataset, the trained model achieves state-of-the-art accuracy by a signi cant margin. Furthermore, it is robust to various lighting conditions and di erent user poses. rough an extensive evaluation, a variety of approaches to further improve the model’s accuracy are demonstrated. Finally, to enable real-world mobile application of our model, the computation time and memory usage are optimized while maintaining high accuracy. is end-to-end design of an eye tracking system represents how modern computer vision and machine learning techniques can be used to make signi cant progress in appearance-based problems. ese novel contributions represent a signi cant leap forward for eye tracking and should better equip the next generation of researchers and innovators. Index words: Gaze estimation, Eye tracking, Deep learning, Big data, Crowdsourcing, Computer vision, Computer science Building Real-Time Unconstrained Eye Tracking with Deep Learning
Monoamine Oxidase A Genotype, Childhood Trauma, and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: A Twin Study

Objective A functional promoter polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders and also moderates the association between early-life stress and mental disorders, which often co-occur with cardiovascular disease. No study has examined the relationship between MAOA genotype, childhood trauma, and subclinical atherosclerosis. The objective of this investigation was to examine whether childhood trauma moderates the association between MAOA genotype and subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods A sample including 289 middle-aged male twin pairs was studied. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) using ultrasound. Childhood trauma, before age 18 years, was measured with the Early Trauma Inventory and included physical, emotional, and sexual abuse as well as general trauma. Generalized estimating equation models were used to test the main and interactive effects of the MAOA genotype and each domain of childhood trauma on FMD, adjusting for known risk factors. Results General trauma was the most prevalent childhood trauma (28.4%), followed by physical abuse (25.0%), emotional abuse (19.4%), and sexual abuse (11.6%). MAOA genotype was not associated with any domain of childhood trauma. There was no significant evidence for a main effect for the MAOA genotype (&bgr; = .02, p = .82) or childhood trauma (.005 < &bgr; < .10, p > .54) FMD. However, a significant interaction was observed between MAOA genotype and physical (&bgr;interaction = .37, p = .026) or emotional abuse (&bgr;interaction = .43, p = .025) on subclinical atherosclerosis. Conclusions Childhood trauma modulates the impact of MAOA variant on subclinical atherosclerosis, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
Incidence of postpartum depression in Olmsted County, Minnesota. A population-based, retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE To provide population-based data on the recognition of postpartum depression by reviewing diagnostic and treatment practices of all physicians caring for pregnant and postpartum women in Olmsted County, Minnesota. STUDY DESIGN We reviewed the medical charts of a random sample of 403 Olmsted County women who gave birth in 1993. Using outpatient and hospital medical records, we recorded all documented symptoms and diagnoses of depression, drug therapy for depression and variables that were previously associated with postpartum depression, during pregnancy and for one year postpartum. RESULTS Fifteen (3.7%) of the women were identified as having postpartum depression during the year following delivery. Two (0.5%) other women had preexisting depression that did not remit before delivery. We found significant associations between postpartum depression and young maternal age, single marital status, hyperemesis gravidarum, tobacco or illegal drug use during pregnancy, history of substance abuse, high utilization of emergency department services and previous affective disorder. Using multivariate analysis with stepwise logistic regression, only single marital status, previous affective disorder and high utilization of emergency services remained associated with postpartum depression. CONCLUSION The incidence of postpartum depression was significantly below incidences seen in prospective studies. Systematic screening for postpartum depression may be appropriate in this population.
Factors associated with participation in a campaign of mass treatment against lymphatic filariasis, in Leogane, Haiti

Abstract In October 2000, to interrupt transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti, an intense health-education campaign followed by a mass drug administration (MDA) with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole was undertaken in Leogane, Haiti. Three months after the MDA, which was the first in the study area, a knowledge–attitude–practice (KAP) survey, with a cluster-sample design and probability sampling, was undertaken, to determine the existing knowledge of the local residents, their attitudes toward the MDA, and the possible reasons for non-compliance. Questionnaire-based interviews were used to explore the KAP of 304 subjects (one randomly chosen resident aged > 14 years from each selected household) in 33 communities. Most (93%) of the interviewees were aware of filariasis and 72% knew at least one clinical sign of the disease. Awareness of the MDA was high (91%). The most frequently mentioned sources of information were other people (56%) and radio announcements (33%). More than 80% of the respondents encouraged other people to take the drugs distributed in the MDA and 63% had been treated. The primary reasons given for failing to take the drugs were absenteeism during the distribution (17%), use of contraceptive drugs (12%) and pregnancy (11%). In a multivariate analysis, being male [odds ratio (OR) = 3.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–7.4], knowing that a mosquito transmits the disease (OR = 2.6; CI = 1.2–5.4), and having learned about the MDA through posters and banners (OR = 2.9; CI = 1.2–7.5) were found to be positively associated with taking the drugs. Information from such post-treatment surveys should be useful in developing better health communication for subsequent MDA.
In vitro lingual bracket evaluation of indirect bonding with plasma arc, LED and halogen light.

OBJECTIVES Evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) of indirect bonded lingual brackets using xenon plasma arc light, light-emitting diode (LED) and conventional quartz-tungsten-halogen light. MATERIAL AND METHODS Lingual brackets were bonded indirectly to 60 premolars divided to three groups according to the curing light used: Group 1, plasma arc for 6 s; Group 2, LED for 10 s; and Group 3, halogen light for 40 s. After bonding, the specimens were subjected to a shear force until debonding. The debonding pattern was assessed and classified according to the ARI scores. The mean shear bond strengths were accessed by anova followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test for multiple comparisons. ARI scores were assessed using the chi-square test. RESULTS The three groups showed significant differences (p < 0.001), with the averages of group 1 < group 2 < group 3. Groups showed no differences regarding ARI scores. CONCLUSION Bonding lingual brackets indirectly with plasma arc, during 60% of the time used for the LED, produced lower SBS than obtained with the latter. Using LED during 25% of the time of the halogen light produced lower SBS than obtained with the latter. These differences did not influence the debonding pattern and are clinically acceptable according to the literature.
Folding of Fumarase during Mitochondrial Import Determines its Dual Targeting in Yeast*

We have previously proposed that a single translation product of the FUM1 gene encoding fumarase is distributed between the cytosol and mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and that all fumarase translation products are targeted and processed in mitochondria before distribution. Thus, fumarase processed in mitochondria returns to the cytosol. In the current work, we (i) generated mutations throughout the coding sequence which resulted in fumarases with altered conformations that are targeted to mitochondria but have lost their ability to be distributed; (ii) showed by mass spectrometry that mature cytosolic and mitochondrial fumarase isoenzymes are identical; and (iii) showed that hsp70 chaperones in the cytosol (Ssa) and mitochondria (Ssc1) can affect fumarase distribution. The results are discussed in light of our model of targeting and distribution, which suggests that rapid folding of fumarase into an import-incompetent state provides the driving force for retrograde movement of the processed protein back to the cytosol through the translocation pore.
The impact of terrorism on global equity market integration

In this paper we investigate the short-term contagion and long-term integration effects of terrorist activity on national stock markets. Using the partially integrated model of Bekaert et al. (Bekaert G, Harvey C and Ng A (2005) Market integration and contagion. Journal of Business 78: 39–69), we examine whether changes in cross-border relationships surrounding recent terrorist events are caused by changes in exposure to common risk factors and investigate whether these findings are similar across both developed and emerging market securities. Our research concludes that terrorism induces substantial contagion and market integration effects on national equity markets. Specifically, we provide strong evidence that major terrorist attacks induce substantial contagion consequences, particularly for developed nation equity markets. In terms of longer-term integration effects, a strong increase in cross-market correlation is observed from the pre to post-9/11 period. However, we find little evidence of an increase in the risk exposures of national markets to common risk factors, suggesting that this heightened correlation is driven by an increase in global risk factor uncertainty. This finding is consistent with the argument that an increase in the risk aversion of market participants is associated with terrorist attacks.
Linkage analysis in bipolar pedigrees adds support for a susceptibility locus on 21q22

Several studies provide suggestive evidence of a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder at chromosome 21q22-23. In an attempt to replicate these findings, we have analyzed linkage to 11 polymorphic markers from this region in 18 Bulgarian pedigrees with affective disorder. Two-point linkage analysis under assumption of homogeneity and a dominant model with reduced penetrance produced modest positive values for some of the markers tested under a ‘narrow’ phenotype definition, including bipolar I and II, and schizoaffective disorder. The maximum two-point score (lod=1.76, &thetas;=0.00) was at marker D21S1919. Non-parametric linkage analysis under the same phenotype model, yielded positive NPLall values (P<0.05) over the region between markers D21S211 and D21S416, with a peak at D21S1252 (NPL Zall=2.32, P=0.0003). The multipoint lod score (GENEHUNTER) reached a suggestive value for linkage (lod=2.10) also at marker D21S1252. The results under a recessive model were completely negative. These data add to the evidence for the existence of a susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 21q22.
Galectin-1 Interacts with the α5β1 Fibronectin Receptor to Restrict Carcinoma Cell Growth via Induction of p21 and p27*

Surface binding of galectin family members has the potential to link distinct glycan structures to growth regulation. Therefore, we addressed the antiproliferative potential of galectin-1 (Gal-1) in a panel of carcinoma cell lines. We discovered growth inhibition by Gal-1 in epithelial tumor cell lines from different origins and provide evidence that this effect requires functional interaction with the α5β1 integrin. Antiproliferative effects result from inhibition of the Ras-MEK-ERK pathway and consecutive transcriptional induction of p27. We have further identified two Sp1-binding sites in the p27 promoter as crucial for Gal-1 responsiveness. Inhibition of the Ras-MEK-ERK cascade by Gal-1 increased Sp1 transactivation and DNA binding due to reduced threonine phosphorylation of Sp1. Furthermore, Gal-1 induced p21 transcription and selectively increased p27 protein stability. Gal-1-mediated accumulation of p27 and p21 inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity and ultimately resulted in G1 cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition. These data define a novel mechanism whereby Gal-1 regulates epithelial tumor cell homeostasis via carbohydrate-dependent interaction with the α5β1 integrin.
A Prospective Randomized Study to Test the Transfer of Basic Psychomotor Skills From Virtual Reality to Physical Reality in a Comparable Training Setting

Objective:To test whether basic skills acquired on a virtual endoscopic surgery simulator are transferable from virtual reality to physical reality in a comparable training setting. Summary Background Data:For surgical training in laparoscopic surgery, new training methods have to be developed that allow surgeons to first practice in a simulated setting before operating on real patients. A virtual endoscopic surgery trainer (VEST) has been developed within the framework of a joint project. Because of principal limitations of simulation techniques, it is essential to know whether training with this simulator is comparable to conventional training. Methods:Devices used were the VEST system and a conventional video trainer (CVT). Two basic training tasks were constructed identically (a) as virtual tasks and (b) as mechanical models for the CVT. Test persons were divided into 2 groups each consisting of 12 novices and 4 experts. Each group carried out a defined training program over the course of 4 consecutive days on the VEST or the CVT, respectively. To test the transfer of skills, the groups switched devices on the 5th day. The main parameter was task completion time. Results:The novices in both groups showed similar learning curves. The mean task completion times decreased significantly over the 4 training days of the study. The task completion times for the control task on Day 5 were significantly lower than on Days 1 and 2. The experts’ task completion times were much lower than those of the novices. Conclusions:This study showed that training with a computer simulator, just as with the CVT, resulted in a reproducible training effect. The control task showed that skills learned in virtual reality are transferable to the physical reality of a CVT. The fact that the experts showed little improvement demonstrates that the simulation trains surgeons in basic laparoscopic skills learned in years of practice.