Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expression prosodique du focus et du donné au sein des groupes nominaux [N A] du français

Dans cet article, nous rapportons les resultats d'une etude acoustique des correlats prosodiques de l'expression de la structure de l'information au sein de groupes nominaux composes d'un nom et d'un adjectif. Au moyen d’une tâche inspiree du « jeu d'animaux » du QUIS (Skopeteas et al. 2006, Swerts et al. 2002) et adaptee au francais, nous avons teste l'hypothese selon laquelle cette langue se distingue des langues germaniques en ce que le statut discursif du nom et de l'adjectif ne sont pas refletes par le degre d'emphase de ces elements. Les resultats obtenus suggerent que bien que les locuteurs produisent des indices acoustiques indiquant un degre d'emphase plus important du nom et de l'adjectif lorsqu'ils sont focalises que lorsqu'ils sont donnes, ces indices sont moindres et distinguent clairement le francais des langues germaniques. Ils suggerent egalement que les locuteurs francophones ont davantage tendance a avoir recours a des differences de regroupements prosodiques pour indiquer la structure focale du groupe nominal. Afin de rendre compte de nos observations, nous proposons le modele qui suit. En francais, un nom suivi d'un adjectif forme avec lui un syntagme prosodique ou syntagme-p (p-phrase), soit (N A) ;l a position finale de ce syntagme-p etant la position ou l'accent primaire est realise et constitue la position privilegiee du focus. Selon nous, les resultats obtenus suggerent que lorsqu'il est focalise, le nom peut former son propre syntagme-p au sein du syntagme-p qu'il constitue avec l'adjectif, donnant lieu a la structure prosodique suivante : ((N) A). Ceci nous parait particulierement visible du fait de l'augmentation d'intensite du nom et de la tendance des pauses a etre plus longues dans ce contexte. Lorsque les deux elements sont simultanement focalises, il se peut que l'adjectif tende egalement a former son propre syntagme-p, donnant lieu a la structure prosodique ((N) (A)). Ceci permettrait de rendre compte du fait que les pauses soient plus frequentes et plus longues dans cette condition et surtout, que le nom soit plus long, ce qui a ete constate dans nos deux groupes de donnees (intonation finale descendante et intonation finale montante).
Knowing where they're going: destination-specific pregaming behaviors in a multiethnic sample of college students.

OBJECTIVES To examine how legal age status, gender, and self-reported reasons for pregaming are linked to pregaming for two common drinking contexts: a bar and a Greek party. METHOD Participants who reported pregaming at least once a month (n = 2888 students aged 18-25 years) were recruited from 30 colleges/universities across the United States. RESULTS Many students pregame for social reasons regardless of pregaming destination. Multivariate analyses indicated that legal age students were more likely than underage students to pregame before going to a bar, whereas the opposite was true with respect to pregaming for a Greek party. Women were more likely than men to pregame before going to a bar or a Greek party, whereas men reported higher levels of consumption while pregaming for these destinations compared with women. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest areas for targeted intervention efforts and promising avenues for research on context-specific pregaming behaviors among college students.
Igh-6−/−(B-Cell-Deficient) Mice Fail To Mount Solid Acquired Resistance to Oral Challenge with Virulent Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Show Impaired Th1 T-Cell Responses toSalmonella Antigens

ABSTRACT In the present study we evaluated the role of B cells in acquired immunity to Salmonella infection by using gene-targeted B-cell-deficient innately susceptible mice on a C57BL/6 background (Igh-6−/−). Igh-6−/− mice immunized with a live, attenuated aroA Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine strain showed impaired long-term acquired resistance against the virulent serovar Typhimurium strain C5.Igh-6−/− mice were able to control a primary infection and to clear the inoculum from the reticuloendothelial system. However, Igh-6−/− mice, unlikeIgh-6+/+ C57BL/6 controls, did not survive an oral challenge with strain C5 at 4 months after vaccination. Transfer of immune serum did not restore resistance inIgh-6−/− mice. Total splenocytes and purified CD4+ T cells obtained fromIgh-6−/− mice 4 months after vaccination showed reduced ability to release Th1-type cytokines (interleukin 2 and gamma interferon) upon in vitro restimulation with serovar Typhimurium soluble cell extracts compared to cells obtained fromIgh-6+/+ C57BL/6 control mice. Therefore, the impaired resistance to oral challenge with virulent serovar Typhimurium observed in B-cell-deficient mice, which cannot be restored by passive transfer of Salmonella-immune serum, may be in part due to a reduced serovar Typhimurium-specific T-cell response following primary immunization.
Measuring Levels of Privacy Concern: Context and Trade-offs Between Competing Desires

Individual privacy is often viewed as something that is under threat. The proliferation of computers, networks, electronic information services and digital data has increased concern about privacy. This is the view portrayed in international literature, particularly from the United States. But how concerned are New Zealanders about privacy? This study examines New Zealanders’ privacy attitudes related to the use of technologies. Using Alan Westin’s privacy index to measure the level of concern about privacy, this study found that the level of concern amongst New Zealanders was low compared to that of the United States and UK. The large majority of respondents were neither concerned nor unconcerned about privacy but were pragmatic about the privacy issues associated with the use of technology. This study showed that while privacy is a consideration in the use of technologies, it was clear that many respondents valued the convenience and benefits of technology more than privacy when presented with these choices in specific contexts.
Culture Conditions for Stimulating Cholera Toxin Production by Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor

A method that stimulates cholera toxin (CT) production by Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor (El Tor vibrios) to the level of several micrograms per ml in the culture fluid was established. Such a large amount of CT was obtained by the following method: El Tor vibrios were cultured in AKI medium (1.5% Bacto peptone, 0.4% yeast extract‐Difco, 0.5% NaCl, 0.3% NaHCO3) at 37 C for 4 hr in a stationary test tube and then for 16 hr in a shaken flask, with inoculum sizes of 105 to 107/ml. With this method, 35 strains out of 60 examined produced 2 to 16 μg/ml of CT as determined by the reversed passive latex agglutination test (RPLA). Thirty‐three randomly selected strains out of the 60 produced reasonable amounts of rabbit skin vascular permeability factor, reflecting the amount of CT titrated with RPLA.
Regulation of leukemic cell differentiation and retinoid-induced gene expression by statins

There is emerging evidence that, beyond their cholesterol-lowering properties, statins exhibit important antileukemic effects in vitro and in vivo, but the precise mechanisms by which they generate such responses remain to be determined. We have previously shown that statins promote differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells and enhance generation of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)–dependent antileukemic responses. We now provide evidence that statin-dependent leukemic cell differentiation requires engagement and activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase kinase pathway. In addition, in experiments, to define the molecular targets and mediators of statin-induced differentiation, we found a remarkable effect of statins on ATRA-dependent gene transcription, evidenced by the selective induction of over 400 genes by the combination of atorvastatin and ATRA. Altogether, our studies identify novel statin molecular targets linked to differentiation, establish that statins modulate ATRA-dependent transcription, and suggest that combined use of statins with retinoids may provide a novel approach to enhance antileukemic responses in acute promyelocytic leukemia and possibly other leukemias. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(3):615–25]
A Model to Select System Core and Its Application

The theory of system core is given a method to determine key elements of the system based on graph theory, but it is difficult to apply in practice for the question of how to change a system to a graph and multi-core in a system. This paper gives a method to change a system to a graph based on correlation analysis, and gives a modle to select system core based on cluster analysis. More, in the case of the real estate system of Wuhan, a diffusion index curve is given based on the elements of system core selected by the model, the result illustrates that Wuhan real estate arises in 1991 and to its peak in 1993, and then declines to the bottom in 1996; next, it fluctuates in a small range and becomes smooth since 1999, but a slight upward trend during 2000, this conclusion is consistent with the actual development status of the real estate in Wuhan and prove the validity of the model.
Human factors in the development of complications of airway management: preliminary evaluation of an interview tool

The 4th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society (NAP4) analysed reports of serious events arising from airway management during anaesthesia, intensive care and the emergency department. We conducted supplementary telephone interviews with 12 anaesthetists who had reported to NAP4, aiming to identify causal factors using a method based on the Human Factors Investigation Tool (HFIT). We identified contributing human factors in all cases (median [range] 4.5 [1–10] per case). The most frequent related to: situation awareness (failures to anticipate, wrong decision) (nine cases); job factors (e.g. task difficulty; staffing, time pressure) (eight cases); and person factors (e.g. tiredness, hunger, stress) (six cases). Protective factors, such as teamwork and communication, were also revealed. The post‐report HFIT interview method identified relevant human factors and this approach merits further testing as part of the investigation of anaesthetic incidents.
The Aurignacian in the Zagros region: new research at Yafteh Cave, Lorestan, Iran

The Yafteh cave in Iran has an intact Aurignacian sequence over 2m deep. First explored by Frank Hole and Kent Flannery in the 1960s, its strata and assemblage are here re-evaluated at first hand by a new international team. The authors show that the assemblage is genuine Aurignacian and dates back to about 35.5K uncal BP. They propose it as emerging locally and even as providing a culture of origin for modern humans in West Asia and Europe.
The relationships between mood disturbances and pain, hope, and quality of life in hospitalized cancer patients with pain on regularly scheduled opioid analgesic.

OBJECTIVE The study purposes were to describe the percentage of patients in one of four mood groups (i.e., neither anxiety nor depression [NEITHER], only anxiety [ANX], only depression [DEP], both anxiety and depression [BOTH]) and to evaluate how differences in mood states are related to pain, hope, and quality of life (QOL). METHODS Oncology inpatients (n = 225) completed Brief Pain Inventory, Herth Hope Index (HHI), and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core QOL Questionnaire-C30. Research nurses completed Symptom Severity Checklist, Karnofsky Performance Status score, and medical record reviews. Data were analyzed using chi(2), Kruskal-Wallis, one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs), and analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS Thirty-two percent of patients were categorized in the NEITHER group, 12% in the ANX group, 12% in the DEP group, and 44% in the BOTH group. Younger patients and women were more likely to be in the BOTH group. While only minimal differences were found among the mood groups on pain intensity scores, patients in the NEITHER group in general, reported lower pain interference scores than those in the other three groups. Significant differences were found in HHI scores between the patients in the NEITHER group and the BOTH group. In addition, patients with both mood disorders reported significantly poorer QOL scores. CONCLUSIONS Because 44% of the patients had both anxiety and depression, clinicians need to evaluate patients for the co-occurrence of these two symptoms, evaluate its impact on pain management, hope, and QOL, and develop appropriate interventions to manage these symptoms.
Composite Bacterial Hopanoids and Their Microbial Producers across Oxygen Gradients in the Water Column of the California Current

ABSTRACT Hopanoids are pentacyclic triterpenoid lipids produced by many prokaryotes as cell membrane components. The structural variations of composite hopanoids, or bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs), produced by various bacterial genera make them potentially useful molecular biomarkers of bacterial communities and metabolic processes in both modern and ancient environments. Building on previous work suggesting that organisms in low-oxygen environments are important contributors to BHP production in the marine water column and that there may be physiological roles for BHPs specific to these environments, this study investigated the relationship between trends in BHP structural diversity and abundance and the genetic diversity of BHP producers for the first time in a low-oxygen environment of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific. Amplification of the hopanoid biosynthesis gene for squalene hopene cyclase (sqhC) indicated far greater genetic diversity than would be predicted by examining BHP structural diversity alone and that greater sqhC genetic diversity exists in the marine environment than is represented by cultured representatives and most marine metagenomes. In addition, the genetic relationships in this data set suggest microaerophilic environments as potential “hot spots” of BHP production. Finally, structural analysis of BHPs showed that an isomer of the commonly observed BHP bacteriohopanetetrol may be linked to a producer that is more abundant in low-oxygen environments. Results of this study increase the known diversity of BHP producers and provide a detailed phylogeny with implications for the role of hopanoids in modern bacteria, as well as the evolutionary history of hopanoid biosynthesis, both of which are important considerations for future interpretations of the marine sedimentary record.
Prosocial Spending and Happiness

Although a great deal of research has shown that people with more money are somewhat happier than are people with less money, our research demonstrates that how people spend their money also matters for their happiness. In particular, both correlational and experimental studies have shown that people who spend money on others report more happiness. The benefits of such prosocial spending emerge among adults around the world, and the warm glow of giving can be detected even in toddlers. These benefits are most likely to emerge when giving satisfies one or more core human needs (relatedness, competence, and autonomy). The rewards of prosocial spending are observable in both the brain and the body and can potentially be harnessed by organizations and governments.
Racial variations in treatment for glaucoma and cataract among Medicare recipients.

PURPOSE To identify the location of barriers to treatment for glaucoma and cataract among African-American Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS We examined the receipt of eye care in general and care for glaucoma and cataract in particular among black and white Medicare beneficiaries using 1991 Medicare physician claims data. Racial differences in treatment for glaucoma and cataract were examined both for the Medicare population as a whole and for identified eye care users. The results were compared to the expected value of black-white difference based on population prevalence data for each specific condition. RESULTS Thirty percent of black beneficiaries and 45% of white Medicare beneficiaries used eye care services in 1991. After adjusting for the expected difference in prevalence, black beneficiaries were half as likely to be surgically treated for glaucoma compared to white beneficiaries, and 80% as likely for cataract. When the analysis was restricted to those using eye care services, blacks continued to have lower than expected rates of treatment for glaucoma (observed RR = 3.2, 95% confidence interval = 3.1-3.4 vs an expected RR of 4.3, 95% confidence interval = 3.5-5.4), but a higher rate of treatment for cataract (RR = 1.2, 95% confidence interval = 1.2-1.3). Among those with physician-diagnosed glaucoma and cataract, blacks were more likely to undergo surgical treatment for these conditions than whites (RR = 1.5 for glaucoma, 95% confidence interval = 1.4-1.5; RR = 1.2 for cataract, 95% confidence interval = 1.2-1.3). CONCLUSION Barriers to treatment for glaucoma and cataract among black Medicare beneficiaries involve primarily limitations in access to the eye care system. The undertreatment for glaucoma among black beneficiaries was reduced, but not eliminated, after removing the effect of unequal access to the eye care system.
On a Life-Saving Mission: Nurses’ Willingness to Encounter With Intimate Partner Abuse

The main purpose of this qualitative study was to explore in depth selected expert nurses’ experiences of the phenomenon of violence against women and the nurses’ roles as health care providers to those women. The authors adopted a grounded theory method and produced an emerging theory comprising two key themes: nurses’ personal perceptions toward intimate partner violence and nurses’ feeling equipped to intervene. The findings showed that violence against women existed in a small local community and raised pitfalls caused by nurses’ knowing the inhabitants. Furthermore, the findings indicate the devotion of nurses and the importance of their role in the care of battered women and the sharing of knowledge. Thus, the nurses compensate for a lack of training through personal maturity and security within the social context.
[Evaluation of Two Methods (Nativ-Lugol Preparation and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) for Detection of Entamoeba histolytica in Stool Samples].

OBJECTIVE This study aims to compare the performance of Native-Lugol examination and EIA Antigen Detection Test using stool samples obtained from patients diagnosed as clinical gastroenteritis and submitted to the Parasitology Laboratory in Uludağ University between January 2010 and February 2011. METHODS The stool samples taken from 116 patients and sent to the laboratory of parasitology from various clinics including outpatient services have been investigated using Native-Lugol examination and EIA Antigen Detection Kit (Wampole® E. histolytica II Techlab®, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia) methods on all the samples. RESULTS In one of 116 stool samples (%0,86), E. histolytica/E. dispar cysts and/or trophozoites were detected by using direct microscobic (nativ-lugol) method. E. histolytica specific antigen was detected in 34 (29.3%) out of the sample set, and the patients were given adequate treatment. The highest rate of E. histolytica specific antigen positivity were observed in 11-19 age group. CONCLUSION On account of the fact that the sensitivity of direct microscopy is quite low, it is concluded that, from the viewpoint of preventing the amebiasis suspected patients from false diagnosis and hence from receiving inadequate treatment, the use of the ELISA method is more appropriate and advantageous, as it is cost effective and does not require highly qualified staff.
Lipopolysaccharide-Mimetic Activities of a Toll-Like Receptor 2-Stimulatory Substance(s) in Enterobacterial Lipopolysaccharide Preparations

ABSTRACT Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations are known to often contain substances which activate cells through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and it is suspected that bacterial lipoproteins are responsible for this activation. We compared the mode of action of the TLR2-stimulatory substances with that of a synthetic bacterial lipopeptide (tripalmitoyl-Cys-Ser-Ser-Asn-Ala [Pam3CSSNA]), as well as with that of peptidoglycan. Six out of eight LPS preparations tested induced NF-κB-dependent reporter activity in 293 cells expressing CD14 and TLR2. Phenol extract (PEX) prepared from Escherichia coli LPS by modified phenol extraction induced reporter activity in 293 cells expressing TLR2, and this activity was enhanced by coexpression of CD14, whereas the activity of Pam3CSSNA was not dependent on CD14. The activity of PEX, but not that of Pam3CSSNA or peptidoglycan, was also enhanced by LPS binding protein or serum and blocked by polymyxin B. In addition, the activity of PEX was inhibited by a lipid A precursor (compound 406) in 293 cells expressing CD14 and TLR2. These results indicate that E. coli LPS preparations contain LPS-mimetic TLR2-stimulatory substances which differ from bacterial lipopeptides or peptidoglycan.
Influence of host profitability and microenvironmental conditions on parasite specialization on a main and an alternative hosts

Parasite success depends on both host profitability and the microenvironment provided by the host, which together define host–parasite compatibility and can differ between hosts. We experimentally disentangled the effects of host profitability and microenvironmental conditions provided by nest material on the reproduction of a nest‐based ectoparasite when exploiting its main and an alternative avian host species. Parasite reproductive performance was similar on both hosts when breeding in nests of their own species, suggesting no difference in host–parasite compatibility between hosts. The apparent parasite specialization could therefore result from differences in host–parasite encounter processes. However, when hosts were successful, the main host produced more young in infested nests, whereas the alternative host produced less; furthermore, host reproductive performance was higher in nests of the main host species, suggesting that this nest material alleviates parasitism cost. Therefore, our results suggest different evolutionary responses to parasites of the main and alternative hosts, with either higher tolerance or higher resistance, modulated by nest material.
The meaning of place in the anthracite region of Northeastern Pennsylvania

Abstract The Anthracite Heritage Project was founded to uncover one of the most tragic incidents in US labour history, the Lattimer Massacre. Initially, this work complemented the existing commemorative practices found in the anthracite coal region of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The various communities tend to remember a coal heritage that includes the story of migration, labour and survival. Recently, a new immigrant population has entered the region, and they are facing many of the prejudices and xenophobic fears that the European immigrants faced several generations ago. The history of the Lattimer Massacre, as well as other archaeological work that focuses explicitly on issues of immigration, has enabled the Anthracite Heritage Project to use and expand heritage to confront the racist tendencies found in the established community. The use of bridging social capital is one strategy being used to help better integrate the new population in this economically depressed area of Northern Appalachia.