Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The phrasing of dislocations in French: Comparing spontaneous speech and reading

Spoken French makes extensive use of dislocations, where one phrase, usually the subject, is set off from the main clause, and within that clause, a pronoun is used. Previous findings are conflicting about the strength of the prosodic boundary, if any, between the dislocation and the main clause. We compare productions of dislocations in conversation and in identical sentences read aloud. Both spontaneous and read tokens showed higher f0 in the syllable preceding the putative boundary, although the difference was smaller in spontaneous speech. Durational variation was estimated using two methods to control for speaker and item variation; no lengthening was found in spontaneous speech, but it was substantial in reading. These results contrast with previous suggestions [7] that lengthening may mark this boundary more robustly than f0. The variation between speech styles suggests that all dislocations cannot be analysed by the same prosodic unit. [Support from NSF BCS-1251134. ]
Nitric oxide donors.

Nitric oxide (NO) donors are pharmacologically active substances that release NO in vivo or in vitro. NO has a variety of functions such as the release of prostanoids, inhibition of platelet aggregation, effect on angiogenesis, and production of oxygen free radicals. This report discusses the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of NO donors, their effect on platelet function and cyclooxygenase, their cardiac action including myocardial infarction, and release of superoxide anions. This review stresses NO tolerance and the effect of NO donors on angiogenesis in myocardial infarction and in solid tumors.
Detection of clinically silent intracranial emboli ipsilateral to internal carotid occlusions during cerebral angiography.

OBJECTIVE Embolic ischemic events have long been suspected to occur in the cerebral arteries distal to an ipsilateral occluded internal carotid artery (ICA). Documentation of microemboli by transcranial Doppler sonography during catheter angiography in patients with ICA occlusions provides objective evidence of such distal emboli. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Seven patients undergoing carotid angiography were evaluated with transcranial Doppler sonography. Patients were also screened for ICA occlusions using carotid duplex sonography. In the seven patients, we saw five right ICA occlusions and two left ICA occlusions. Real-time visual and auditory confirmations of emboli were obtained by recognizing their specific spectral signatures and harmonic qualities. Routes of collateral flow were determined from angiography. Specific phases of the examination were correlated with embolic occurrences. RESULTS Overall, emboli were seen during all phases of arteriography. In the individual patients, emboli were identified in one to four of the eight angiographic phases we defined. Most emboli occurred during catheter flushing and contrast injection rather than during wire and catheter manipulation. The emboli were detected in the middle cerebral artery distribution ipsilateral to the occluded ICA in all seven patients. Collateral flow patterns included, in four patients, external carotid artery-to-ICA collateral flow; in all seven patients, patent anterior communicating arteries; and in three patients, patent posterior communicating arteries. CONCLUSION Emboli seen in middle cerebral arteries ipsilateral to occluded ICAs during cerebral angiography strongly indicate that emboli can occur distal to an occlusion. Our findings support the thought that emboli arising from sources proximal to an occluded ICA may reach the hemisphere distal to the occlusion, resulting in parenchymal ischemia or infarction.
Yellow perch in Lake Michigan: investigating size-selective mortality and alternative estimators of age

Yellow perch have experienced widespread recruitment failure within Lake Michigan since the early 1990s. Efforts to explain annual recruitment variability have primarily focused on the first year of growth, while the late juvenile life stage has largely been neglected. Juvenile yellow perch, age-0 through age-2, were collected annually from 2006-2010 in Illinois waters of Lake Michigan to assess temporal variability of size-at-age and size-selective mortality. Age-0 yellow perch were also sampled in Michigan waters of the lake during 2010 to compare spatial differences of age-0 total length at capture. Age-0 and age-2 total length at capture differed significantly between years, yet the greatest variability occurred spatially between Michigan and Illinois waters with yellow perch from Michigan approximately 20 mm larger, on average, than those sampled in Illinois. Overwinter mortality was not observed for any year-class, however size-specific growth, with larger individuals growing faster than smaller counterparts, was observed during the first winter for all year-classes but 2006. Strong evidence of size-selective mortality between age-1 and age-2 of the 2006 year-class was observed with yellow perch less than 70 mm at age-1 not surviving through age-2. This study represents one of the most complete investigations into the juvenile life stage of yellow perch within Lake Michigan. Though population level implications remain unknown, identification of size-selective mortality occurring later then typically observed (between age-1 and age-2) highlights the significance of rapid growth during early life and the importance of investigating whole life stages to identify factors influencing year-class strength.
Emx1 and Emx2 Show Different Patterns of Expression During Proliferation and Differentiation of the Developing Cerebral Cortex in the Mouse

Insights into the complex structure of the forebrain and its regulation have recently come from the analysis of the expression of genes that are likely to be involved in regionalization of this structure. We cloned four new homeo box genes, Emx1, Emx2, Otx1 and Otx2, and we showed that in day 10 mouse embryos their expression domains are continuous regions of the developing brain contained within each other in the sequence Emx1 < Emx2 < Otx1 < Otx2. Recently Otx1 has been found to be specifically expressed during neurogenesis of layers 5 and 6 in the developing cerebral cortex. In order to better understand the role of Emx1 and Emx2 in the maturation of the cortex we analysed by in situ hybridization their expression patterns in the developing mouse cerebral cortex, from embryonic day 12.5 to adulthood. We found that Emx2 is expressed exclusively in proliferating cells of the ventricular zone whereas Emx1 is expressed in both proliferating and differentiated neurons, throughout the cortical layers and during all the developmental stages examined. Therefore, Emx2 gene products might control some biological parameters of the proliferation of cortical neuroblasts or of the subsequent cell migration of postmitotic neurons, leaving the cortical germinal zone. Conversely, Emx1 expression, which is confined exclusively to the dorsal telencephalon, characterizes most cortical neurons during proliferation, differentiation, migration and postnatal development and maturation.
Environmental signals and regulatory pathways that influence biofilm formation

In nature, bacteria often exist as biofilms. Here, we discuss the environmental signals and regulatory proteins that affect both the initiation of bacterial biofilm formation and the nature of the mature biofilm structure. Current research suggests that the environmental signals regulating whether bacterial cells will initiate a biofilm differ from one bacterial species to another. This may allow each bacterial species to colonize its preferred environment efficiently. In contrast, some of the environmental signals that have currently been identified to regulate the structure of a mature biofilm are nutrient availability and quorum sensing, and are not species specific. These environmental signals evoke changes in the nature of the mature biofilm that may ensure optimal nutrient acquisition. Nutrient availability regulates the depth of the biofilm in such a way that the maximal number of cells in a biofilm appears to occur at suboptimal nutrient concentrations. At either extreme, nutrient‐rich or very nutrient‐poor conditions, greater numbers of cells are in the planktonic phase where they have greater access to the local nutrients or can be distributed to a new environment. Similarly, quorum‐sensing control of the formation of channels and pillar‐like structures may ensure efficient nutrient delivery to cells in a biofilm.
Iterative B-spline estimator using superimposed training in doubly-selective fading channels

An iterative channel estimator combining B-spline approximation and superimposed training is proposed for estimating doubly-selective fading channels in a turbo receiver. An MMSE approach based on dividing the transmitted data block into sub-blocks is applied to calculate spline coefficients. The iterative channel estimation greatly improves the detection performance by feeding the output of the data decoder back to the estimator. Systems with Rake receiver and MMSE equalizer, using either convolutional or turbo code, are considered. The mean square error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER) performance of the iterative scheme is investigated by simulation. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can provide accurate estimation of doubly-selective channels, and the BER performance close to the case of the perfect channel knowledge.
Environmental factors in cancer of the larynx. A second look

During a retrospective case‐control study of recent laryngeal cancer patients, several associated factors were studied to determine possible changes in the epidemiology of laryngeal cancer between 1956 and 1974. The large sex difference noted in the early survey (male: female ratio of 14.9:1) diminished considerably in the present sample (4.6:1) because more women are cigarette smokers in the cancer age group today than was the case 20 years ago. Laryngeal cancer patients tended to be less educated than the controls and included a smaller proportion of Jews and more Catholics than the control group. The risk for developing laryngeal cancer was considerably lower for exsmokers and long‐term (10+ years) filter cigarette smokers as compared with non‐filter smokers. At each level of alcohol consumption, the risk increased as exposure to tobacco increased. Occupations associated with wood exposure were found to affect the development of laryngeai cancer, independently of smoking status. Future studies should include an extensive study of nutritional deficiencies associated with alcoholism to determine if a correlation exists between such deficiencies, socioeconomic status, and an increased risk of laryngeal cancer.
In silico phylogenetic analysis of Vibrio cholerae isolates based on three housekeeping genes

Vibrio cholera, a gram-negative bacterium, has been categorised into clinical and environmental species. Phylogenetic studies have been performed to investigate the relationships of the V. cholerae populations in worldwide. In this study, phylogenetic relationship between V. cholerae isolates from Iran and other regions of the world was determined, based on three housekeeping genes analysis. Results for Iranian strains showed that congruency of asd and hlyA phylogenetic trees were remarkably higher than recA tree. Iranian strains displayed 2-3%, 1-14% and 3-5% deference in asd, hlyA and recA nucleotide sequences, respectively. Sequence similarity degrees were variable between Iranian and other region's strains. Furthermore, the non-congruence in the phylogeny of the pathogenic clones in cladograms is probably due to horizontal gene transfer. Finally, results of this study suggest that monitoring of surface waters for housekeeping genes of V. cholerae in the cholera endemic areas may be valuable for forecasting the expected cholera outbreaks.
Scoping review of potential quality indicators for hip fracture patient care

Objective The purpose of this study is to identify existing or potential quality of care indicators (ie, current indicators as well as process and outcome measures) in the acute or postacute period, or across the continuum of care for older adults with hip fracture. Design Scoping review. Setting All care settings. Search strategy English peer-reviewed studies published from January 2000 to January 2016 were included. Literature search strategies were developed, and the search was peer-reviewed. Two reviewers independently piloted all forms, and all articles were screened in duplicate. Results The search yielded 2729 unique articles, of which 302 articles were included (11.1%). When indicators (eg, in-hospital mortality, acute care length of stay) and potential indicators (eg, comorbidities developed in hospital, walking ability) were grouped by the outcome or process construct they were trying to measure, the most common constructs were measures of mortality (outcome), length of stay (process) and time-sensitive measures (process). There was heterogeneity in definitions within constructs between studies. There was also a paucity of indicators and potential indicators in the postacute period. Conclusions To improve quality of care for patients with hip fracture and create a more efficient healthcare system, mechanisms for the measurement of quality of care across the entire continuum, not just during the acute period, are required. Future research should focus on decreasing the heterogeneity in definitions of quality indicators and the development and implementation of quality indicators for the postacute period.
A New Foundation for the Propensity Interpretation of Fitness

The propensity interpretation of fitness (PIF) is commonly taken to be subject to a set of simple counterexamples. We argue that three of the most important of these are not counterexamples to the PIF itself, but only to the traditional mathematical model of this propensity: fitness as expected number of offspring. They fail to demonstrate that a new mathematical model of the PIF could not succeed where this older model fails. We then propose a new formalization of the PIF that avoids these (and other) counterexamples. By producing a counterexample-free model of the PIF, we call into question one of the primary motivations for adopting the statisticalist interpretation of fitness. In addition, this new model has the benefit of being more closely allied with contemporary mathematical biology than the traditional model of the PIF. 1 Introduction 1.1 The ‘Generality Problem’ 1.2 Counterexamples to the PIF 1.2.1 The moments problem 1.2. 2 The delayed selection problem 1.2. 3 Timing of reproduction 1.3 The need for a new model 2 A New Formalization 2.1 The new model and biological theory 3 Possible Objections to 3.1 Objection 1: Natural selection is short term 3.2 Objection 2: Descendants are only minimally related to ancestors 3.3 Objection 3: Evolutionary time scale is pragmatically determined 3.4 Objection 4: Long-term fitness is lineage fitness 3.5 Objection 5: The theory of evolution by natural selection fundamentally concerns trait fitness, not individual fitness 4 Response to Counterexamples 4.1 Timing of reproduction 4.2 Delayed selection 4.3 The moments problem 5 Conclusion 1 Introduction 1.1 The ‘Generality Problem’ 1.2 Counterexamples to the PIF 1.2.1 The moments problem 1.2. 2 The delayed selection problem 1.2. 3 Timing of reproduction 1.3 The need for a new model 1.1 The ‘Generality Problem’ 1.2 Counterexamples to the PIF 1.2.1 The moments problem 1.2. 2 The delayed selection problem 1.2. 3 Timing of reproduction 1.2.1 The moments problem 1.2. 2 The delayed selection problem 1.2. 3 Timing of reproduction 1.3 The need for a new model 2 A New Formalization 2.1 The new model and biological theory 2.1 The new model and biological theory 3 Possible Objections to 3.1 Objection 1: Natural selection is short term 3.2 Objection 2: Descendants are only minimally related to ancestors 3.3 Objection 3: Evolutionary time scale is pragmatically determined 3.4 Objection 4: Long-term fitness is lineage fitness 3.5 Objection 5: The theory of evolution by natural selection fundamentally concerns trait fitness, not individual fitness 3.1 Objection 1: Natural selection is short term 3.2 Objection 2: Descendants are only minimally related to ancestors 3.3 Objection 3: Evolutionary time scale is pragmatically determined 3.4 Objection 4: Long-term fitness is lineage fitness 3.5 Objection 5: The theory of evolution by natural selection fundamentally concerns trait fitness, not individual fitness 4 Response to Counterexamples 4.1 Timing of reproduction 4.2 Delayed selection 4.3 The moments problem 4.1 Timing of reproduction 4.2 Delayed selection 4.3 The moments problem 5 Conclusion
DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part III: development and reliability testing of a cross-cutting symptom assessment for DSM-5.

OBJECTIVE The authors sought to document, in adult and pediatric patient populations, the development, descriptive statistics,and test-retest reliability of cross-cutting symptom measures proposed for inclusion in DSM-5. METHOD Data were collected as part of the multisite DSM-5 Field Trials in large academic settings. There were seven sites focusing on adult patients and four sites focusing on child and adolescent patients.Cross-cutting symptom measures were self-completed by the patient or an informant before the test and the retest interviews, which were conducted from 4 hours to 2 weeks apart. Clinician-report measures were completed during or after the clinical diagnostic interviews. Informants included adult patients, child patients age 11 and older, parents of all child patients age 6 and older, and legal guardians for adult patients unable to self-complete the measures. Study patients were sampled in a stratified design,and sampling weights were used in data analyses. The mean scores and standard deviations were computed and pooled across adult and child sites. Reliabilities were reported as pooled intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS In adults, test-retest reliabilities of the cross-cutting symptom items generally were good to excellent. At the child and adolescent sites, parents were also reliablereporters of their children’s symptoms,with few exceptions. Reliabilities were not as uniformly good for child respondents, and ICCs for several items fell into the questionable range in this age group. Clinicians rated psychosis with good reliability in adult patients but were less reliable in assessing clinical domains related to psychosis in children and to suicide in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS These results show promising test-retest reliability results for this group of assessments, many of which are newly developed or have not been previously tested in psychiatric populations
Integrating Nonemployment into Research on Health Inequalities

An increasing proportion of the population is not currently employed; health inequalities research should include these people in analyses. Labor market position is the key determinant of health in Western societies; it is essential to clarify the independent effects of the three main components of labor market position: educational qualifications, occupational class, and employment status. These issues are addressed using national data from the British General Household Survey for 1991–1992 and two measures of ill-health: limiting long-standing illness and self-reported health. Occupational class is a stronger predictor than educational qualifications of measures of ill-health for men and long-term illness for women. When employment status is included in the models, the class gradient is weakened, suggesting that omitting the nonemployed from class analyses will produce a seeming weakening of class inequalities in health. The analyses show that class inequalities in health are somewhat greater for nonemployed than employed men, but weaker for nonemployed than employed women. In spite of older people having left the labor market many years earlier, class based on their previous occupation continues to have a major effect on their health. Class should be the primary variable in analyses of inequalities in health, and all groups of the nonemployed should be analyzed using their last main occupation.
Depression among caregivers of the disabled elderly in southern Japan

The present study was conducted in an attempt to investigate factors related to depression of caregivers who looked after the disabled elderly residing in a community in southern Japan. A questionnaire survey was carried out of 45 pairs of caregivers and the disabled elderly who received regular visits from a practice nurse, who was located in Onga County, Fukuoka, in southern Japan. Twenty‐four out of 45 caregivers (53.3%) scored above the conventional cut‐off of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D). The proportion of children‐in‐law caregivers was significantly smaller (0%vs 23.8%, P = 0.01) and the proportion of caregivers who had consulted a physician within 1 month prior to the study was greater in the depressed than that in the non‐depressed (79.2%vs 47.6%, P = 0.03). The elderly whose caregivers were depressed (group 1) had more behavioural disturbances than those of the non‐depressed caregivers (group 2) (1.92 ± 2.38 vs 0.52 ± 0.87, P = 0.01) A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that only behavioural disturbance was positively related to depression (odds ratio: 4.29, 95% confidence interval: 1.28–14.37). More behavioural disturbances led the caregivers to depression or the depressed caregivers failed to take care of the elderly, which resulted in an increase in the number of the behavioural disturbances of the elderly.
Agency Problems in Law Enforcement: Theory and Application to the U.S. Coast Guard

We study two issues in the enforcement of public law. The first is whether the system of inspections and penalties set by the regulator is effective. The second is whether a better system of inspections and penalties can be designed, given the institutional constraints under which the regulator must function. We study these issues in the context of oil spill prevention activities of the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), the agency entrusted with the enforcement of maritime pollution laws. A theoretically optimal contract that mixes penalties based on the amount of pollution ex post with penalties based on the extent of noncompliance ex ante is derived. The effectiveness of USCG inspections and penalties in reducing oil spills is then econometrically studied using microlevel data on a panel of U.S. flag tank vessels. Whether the optimal penalty can potentially improve the effectiveness of compliance inspections in reducing oil spills is examined in the light of the empirical results and recent developments in the economics and public management literature on effective incentive contracting. Among our findings is the potential for combining unilateral incentive-based methods with cooperative methods based on reciprocity to solve the complex problem of law enforcement.