Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arrhythmias Associated with Reperfusion: Basic Insights and Clinical Relevance

Arrhythmias associated with reperfusion of is-chemic myocardium may be a major progenitor for sudden cardiac death in man. The electrophysiological basis for arrhythmias associated with reperfusion appears to be heterogenous electrical recovery, but the precise alterations responsible for malignant versus nonmalignant arrhythmias are unknown. In experimental animals, the highest incidence of malignant arrhythmias after reperfusion occurs after 20 to 30 min of preceding ischemia, a critical time period in which both reversibly and irreversibly injured cells are present, with reperfusion resulting in maximal heterogeneity of recovery of electrical parameters. Although changes in K+, Pco2, and intracellular Ca2+ may be critical in arrhythmogenesis during reperfusion, direct cause-and-effect relationships have not been established. Increases in both α-adrenergic responsivity and the density of α1-adrenergic receptors appear to mediate important influences on these malignant arrhythmias, including changes in intracellular calcium. Recent findings also suggest that the accumulation of lysophosphatides in ischemic myocardium may be the responsible moiety for the increase in α1-adrenergic receptors.
On the welfare cost of bank concentration

We build a model of bank concentration. Banks and entrepreneurs meet in a credit market characterized by search frictions and negotiate repayment rates a la Nash. Banks are large in the sense that they allocate credit to more than one entrepreneur through branches and there is bank heterogeneity in terms of their cost structure. Banks have incentives to overlend, generating a scale inefficiency and overconcentration of banks. We find that this friction also generates too much concentration on the goods market, lowering aggregate output and welfare. We calibrate the model with data on the distribution of branches across banks in the US and available estimates on X-efficiency in the banking sector to assess the quantitative importance of this effect. We find that aggregate output would increase by 2.4% had the scale inefficiency been absent, while loan rates would decrease by 1.2%. JEL classiffications: E44; G21; G28. Key words: Keywords: Bank concentration; Bargaining; Search; Scale inefficiency; X-efficiency.
Impact of Internal Marketing Practices on the Organizational Commitment of the employees of the insurance companies in Jordan

The study aimed to investigate the impact of Internal Marketing Practices on the Organizational Commitment of the employees of the insurance companies in Jordan, five practices of the Internal Marketing were handled by this study namely (rewards and incentives, managerial support, internal communication, training programs, and empowerment ), the organizational commitment was the dependent variable which consists three dimensions namely (Continuous commitment, Emotional commitment, Normative commitment). The study population consists of employees of the insurance companies in Jordan, A sample was taken from the population comprises 400 subjects, 374 returned valid for analysis. To collect data from the study sample a questionnaire was used built based on the previous studies . To achieve the study objective, and test the hypotheses a statistical program SPSS was used. Results for the study indicated that all internal marketing practices (Rewards and incentives, Managerial support, Internal communication, Training programs, and Empowerment) have the effect of improving the organizational commitment of staff in the insurance companies in Jordan, and was the highest-dimensional effect in terms of rewards and incentives. Based on the study results, the researchers recommend the managers and decision makers of insurance companies in Jordan to enhance training programs practice by dispatching International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2016, Vol. 5, No. 4 ISSN: 2226-3624 169 www.hrmars. com staff in the external and internal training programs and promotes the principle of the exchange of experiences between the old and new staff.
The use of Caco-2 cells in defining nutrient bioavailability: application to iron bioavailability of foods

In vitro models can be useful tools in developing objectives that warrant testing in animal and human subjects. For nutrient absorption studies, Caco-2 cell monolayers have been widely used for defining certain aspects of nutrient uptake and transfer across epithelial cells. For a practical example, Caco-2 cell monolayers have been applied as a screening tool to address the food factors associated with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). IDA is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide and is primarily due to poor dietary Fe bioavailability. Development of foods with improved iron bioavailability is essential to alleviating this critical deficiency. Human and animal studies of iron absorption from food are time-consuming, expensive and offer limited capacity to address luminal interactions of iron and food ingredients. These factors have led scientists to pursue rapid, high-throughput in vitro methods that enable analysis of food-iron interactions and prediction of Fe bioavailability for humans. As a result, a simulation of in vitro digestion combined with Caco-2 cell monolayers was developed. The primary reason for this evolution of methodology is the fact that Fe solubility does not always correlate with Fe availability. Addition of the Caco-2 cell monolayer adds a living component to the model system that in theory should reflect the key step in iron bioavailability (i.e. uptake of iron by the enterocyte). In vitro digestion and Caco-2 cell culture conditions can vary significantly, and if proper physiological and cell culture principles are not applied, then the in vitro method can generate results that are not a true reflection of in vivo effects. Therefore, it is critical that an in vitro model be assessed under a broad range of conditions and validated against known effects in humans. This review summarizes the development, validation, and application of currently the most broadly applied in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model, providing it as an example of how epithelial cell lines can be used in practical nutrition research.
Comparison of Psychophysical and Physical Measurements of Real Ear to Coupler Differences

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to compare real ear to coupler difference (RECD) curves based on physical and psychophysical measures. For the physically measured RECD, the RECD was measured with real ear and coupler measurements for the ear simulator and HA1- and HA2 2-cc couplers. The psychophysically measured RECDs were derived from audiogram measures. Design: RECDs were measured in 19 normally hearing subjects. The coupler measurement was done with the probe microphone and the coupler microphone itself. Psychophysically measured RECDs were derived for all subjects by measuring the audiogram in sound field and with an ER-3A insert phone. Results: Reference data were obtained for the three coupler types. It was possible to derive the RECD curve with psychophysical methods. There was no overall statistical difference between the physically and psychophysically measured RECD curves for the HA2 2-cc coupler and the ear simulator. The standard deviation was, however, much higher for the psychophysically derived RECD, indicating that physically measured RECDs are more precise than psychophysically derived RECDs. Conclusions: For the physical RECD measurements, the coupler microphone should be used for the coupler measurement. Physically measured RECDs were validated on group level by the reliable derivation of the RECD curve from audiogram measures.
Clustering of Internet risk behaviors in a middle school student population.

BACKGROUND Internet safety is a growing public concern especially among adults and youth who live in an "instant messaging" world of technological communication. To better understand how early adolescents are using the Internet, a study was undertaken to more clearly identify the online general use, safety knowledge, and risk behaviors of middle school students. METHODS This exploratory study adapted from Finkelhor et al's (2000) Youth Internet Safety Survey to identify the usage and characteristics of online youth, solicitation of youth, and searching for pornography or delinquent behaviors. The 404 students who were recruited from public and parochial schools consisted of both boys and girls with a mean age 12 years. RESULTS These students reported the beginnings of high-risk Internet behavior, specifically, giving out personal information, using the Internet to harass or embarrass another person, and for a small number of students, chatting with strangers and starting relationships. The students who posted their picture online were more likely to have sent their picture to someone, made rude comments to others, played online jokes, harassed or embarrassed someone, and sought out pornographic sites. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that middle school students who are early adolescents are beginning risky behaviors on the Internet. Risk-taking behavior is not unique to adolescents, but the consequences can be detrimental to their development. Educators, clinicians, health care providers, and other professionals need to be informed of Internet behaviors in order to assess for children at risk, to make referrals, intervene, and to educate parents.
Signals from the IL-9 Receptor Are Critical for the Early Stages of Human Intrathymic T Cell Development1

Highly purified human CD34+ hemopoietic precursor cells differentiate into mature T cells when seeded in vitro in isolated fetal thymic lobes of SCID mice followed by fetal thymus organ culture (FTOC). Here, this chimeric human-mouse FTOC was used to address the role of IL-9 and of the α-chain of the IL-9 receptor (IL-9Rα) in early human T cell development. We report that addition of the mAb AH9R7, which recognizes and blocks selectively the human high affinity α-chain of the IL-9R, results in a profound reduction of the number of human thymocytes. Analysis of lymphoid subpopulations indicates that a highly reduced number of cells undergo maturation from CD34+ precursor cells toward CD4+CD3−CD8−CD1+ progenitor cells and subsequently toward CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes. Addition of IL-9 to the FTOC resulted in an increase in cell number, without disturbing the frequencies of the different subsets. These data suggest that IL-9Rα signaling is critical in early T lymphoid development.
Congenital Segmental Lymphedema in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex With Associated Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas Treated with Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors

Tuberous sclerosis complex is a genetic, multisystemic disorder characterized by circumscribed benign lesions (hamartomas) in several organs, including brain. This is the result of defects in the TSC1 and/or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes, encoding the hamartin-tuberin complex that inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Specific inhibitors of this pathway have been shown to reduce the volume of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas associated with tuberous sclerosis. Congenital lymphedema is rarely seen in association with tuberous sclerosis, with only a few reported cases. Although this association can be coincidental, the dysgenetic lymphatic system can represent a hamartia as a consequence of gene mutation. We describe a child with congenital lymphedema in tuberous sclerosis and associated subependymal giant cell astrocytoma who experienced lymphangitis under treatment with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors. Because our patient did not show worsening of lymphedema, congenital lymphedema does not seem to be a contraindication for this therapy.
Audit Committee Attributes and Real Activities Manipulation of Listed Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria

This paper examined the effect of audit committee attributes in deterring real activities manipulation of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria for a period of six years (2008-­2013). The study used multiple regressions to analyze the data obtained from Annual Reports and Accounts of listed manufacturing concerns in Nigeria using the residuals of Roychowdhury (2006) to determine Real Activities Manipulation (RAM). Audit committees attributes were used as exogenous variables of the study. The finding reveals that audit committee attributes especially financial literacy is effective in restraining RAM, but other audit committee characteristics like independence, meeting, and size were found to be less effective in constraining RAM practice of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Therefore, it is recommended that listed manufacturing firms should increase the proportion of members with financial acumen in the audit committee, because they are viable in constraining operational manipulative behaviour. Regulatory authorities like Securities and Exchange Commission, Nigerian Stock Exchange and Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria should embark on their surveillance and monitoring and ensure that, listed manufacturing firms are producing credible and reliable financial statements free from deception and window dressing in Nigeria for the consumption of various stakeholders.
Corporate Social Responsibility in a Professional Services Firm

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an ever-growing business concept throughout the world today. It has evolved over the years and is believed to be at its most developed stage in Western countries. On the other hand, CSR in the Middle-east and MENA countries has not reached the same level of development. This dissertation investigates CSR in the Middle-East and MENA countries, the types of CSR initiatives and activities adopted are examined. In particular, the selected CSR initiative for this research is blood donation. This dissertation examines a case study of PSF Middle-East and the blood donation initiative it has taken on. The research focuses on how PSF Middle-East currently implements activities related to this initiative and how it can be further developed or improved. The main method of data collection is quantitative; the necessary data was collected via an online questionnaire that was sent to 2,500 PSF Middle-East employees across the offices of the region. The data was analysed using predictive analytical software (PASW) and several findings were obtained. The dissertation investigates that the blood donation CSR initiative taken on by PSF Middle-East assessing the extent of its acceptance by employees and the level of interest employees in learning more about blood donation.
Anticipatory Robot Assistance for the Prevention of Human Static Joint Overloading in Human–Robot Collaboration

This letter proposes a novel human–robot collaboration (HRC) control approach to alert and reduce the static joint torque overloading of a human partner while executing shared tasks with a robot. Using a preidentified statically equivalent serial chain model, variations of the centre-of-pressure and ground reaction force are calculated, and the overloading joint torques are evaluated in real time to initially alert the human about consequent injuries. An online optimization technique is implemented to adjust the robot trajectories facilitating the human to achieve more ergonomic body poses throughout the HRC task. The optimized human configurations are calculated by taking into account the human stability, the robot, and the human workspaces, and the task constraints, and illustrated to the human in real time. The experimental evaluation of the proposed technique is achieved in a human–robot load sharing task as a representative example of coassembly or transportation scenarios in industrial settings.
Sulfatides are required for renal adaptation to chronic metabolic acidosis

Urinary ammonium excretion by the kidney is essential for renal excretion of sufficient amounts of protons and to maintain stable blood pH. Ammonium secretion by the collecting duct epithelia accounts for the majority of urinary ammonium; it is driven by an interstitium-to-lumen NH3 gradient due to the accumulation of ammonium in the medullary and papillary interstitium. Here, we demonstrate that sulfatides, highly charged anionic glycosphingolipids, are important for maintaining high papillary ammonium concentration and increased urinary acid elimination during metabolic acidosis. We disrupted sulfatide synthesis by a genetic approach along the entire renal tubule. Renal sulfatide-deficient mice had lower urinary pH accompanied by lower ammonium excretion. Upon acid diet, they showed impaired ammonuria, decreased ammonium accumulation in the papilla, and chronic hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Expression levels of ammoniagenic enzymes and Na+-K+/NH4+-2Cl− cotransporter 2 were higher, and transepithelial NH3 transport, examined by in vitro microperfusion of cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts, was unaffected in mutant mice. We therefore suggest that sulfatides act as counterions for interstitial ammonium facilitating its retention in the papilla. This study points to a seminal role of sulfatides in renal ammonium handling, urinary acidification, and acid–base homeostasis.
Common Institutional Ownership and Diffusion of Innovation

Can institutional ownership act as a vehicle for the diffusion of innovation? We take this question to the data, using information on institutional ownership and patent citations over the period 1980-2010. Higher common institutional ownership is associated with a higher intensity of patent citations among firms. To address the potential omitted variables and selection problems, we resort to a difference-in-differences, regression discontinuity analysis around the entry of a stock in the Russell 1000 and 2000 indexes. As the composition of the firm’s institutional owners changes around the index entry, firms joining the Russell 1000 (2000) index receive more citations from Russell 1000 (2000) firms, and fewer from Russell 2000 (1000) firms. Our results suggest a role for institutional investors beyond the mere provision of financing, and indicate that common institutional ownership can have benefits, facilitating the spread of innovation.
Development of Rat CA1 Neurones in Acute Versus Organotypic Slices: Role of Experience in Synaptic Morphology and Activity

Despite their wide use, the physiological relevance of organotypic slices remains controversial. Such cultures are prepared at 5 days postnatal. Although some local circuitry remains intact, they develop subsequently in isolation from the animal and hence without plasticity due to experience. Development of synaptic connectivity and morphology might be expected to proceed differently under these conditions than in a behaving animal. To address these questions, patch‐clamp techniques and confocal microscopy were used in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus to compare acute slices from the third postnatal week with various stages of organotypic slices. Acute slices prepared at postnatal days (P) 14, 17 and 21 were found to be developmentally equivalent to organotypic slices cultured for 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively, in terms of development of synaptic transmission and dendritic morphology. The frequency of inhibitory and excitatory miniature synaptic currents increased in parallel. Development of dendritic length and primary branching as well as spine density and proportions of different spine types were also similar in both preparations, at these corresponding stages. The most notable difference between organotypic and acute slices was a four‐ to five‐fold increase in the absolute frequency of glutamatergic (but not GABAergic) miniature postsynaptic currents in organotypic slices. This was probably related to an increase in complexity of higher order dendritic branching in organotypic slices, as measured by fractal analysis, resulting in an increased total synapse number. Both increased excitatory miniature synaptic current frequency and dendritic complexity were already established during the first week in culture. The level of complexity then stayed constant in both preparations over subsequent stages, with synaptic frequency increasing in parallel. Thus, although connectivity was greater in organotypic slices, once this was established, development continued in both preparations at a remarkably similar rate. We conclude that, for the parameters studied, changes seem to be preprogrammed by 5 days and their subsequent development is largely independent of environment.
Pengaruh Tata Kelola Perusahaan dan Penghindaran Pajak Terhadap Manajemen Laba Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Indonesia

The Impact of Corporate Governance and Tax Avoidance on Earning Management at Indonesian Manufacturing Companies The objective of this study is to determine the impact of corporate governance and tax avoidance on earning management by Indonesian manufacturing companies listed on IDX in 2010-204. This study used board of commissioner, independent commissioner, audit committee, and managerial ownership as corporate governance’s variabel. Population of this study is Indonesian manufacturing companies listed on IDX in 2010-2014. Sample of this study are 21 companies that generated using purposive sampling method. The multiple regression analysis test showed that board of commissioner, independent commissioner and tax avoidance have positive impact on earning management. But, managerial ownership has positive impact on earning management and audit committee has no impact on earning management DOI: 10.15408/ess.v6i1. 3121
The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Screening Women at High Risk of Breast Cancer

Most women at very high risk of breast cancer because of a mutation in the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2, or a very strong family history of breast cancer, opt for intensive breast screening rather than bilateral prophylactic mastectomy. Annual screening mammography has low sensitivity in this population in part because of the greater breast density and faster tumor growth of younger women, resulting in cancers being detected at a suboptimal stage. In 11 prospective comparative studies, the addition of annual contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast to mammography demonstrated more than 90% sensitivity, more than twice that of mammography alone. False-positive rates were higher with the addition of MRI, but specificity improved on successive rounds of screening. Although survival data are not yet available, the stage distribution of these tumors predicts a significant reduction in breast cancer mortality rate compared with that of screening without MRI. Accordingly, annual MRI plus mammography is now the standard of care for screening women aged 30 years or older who are known or likely to have inherited a strong predisposition to breast cancer (based on the above evidence) and for women who received radiation therapy to the chest before the age of 30 years (based on expert opinion). Further research is necessary to define the optimal screening schedule for different subgroups. Formal studies of other high-risk populations (eg, biopsy showing lobular neoplasia or atypical ductal hyperplasia, dense breasts, and personal history of breast cancer at a young age) should be done before MRI screening is routinely adopted for these women.