Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Costs and Benefits of Bank Capital—A Review of the Literature

In 2010, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published an assessment of the long-term economic impact (LEI) of stronger capital and liquidity requirements. This paper considers this assessment in light of estimates from later studies of the macroeconomic benefits and costs of higher capital requirements. Consistent with the Basel Committee’s original assessment, this paper finds that the net macroeconomic benefits of capital requirements are positive over a wide range of capital levels. Under certain assumptions, the literature finds that the net benefits of higher capital requirements may have been understated in the original committee assessment. Put differently, the range of estimates for the theoretically optimal level of capital requirements—where marginal benefits equal marginal costs—is likely either similar to, or higher than was originally estimated by the Basel Committee. The above conclusion is however subject to a number of important considerations. First, estimates of optimal capital are sensitive to a number of assumptions and design choices. For example, the literature differs in judgments made about the permanence of crisis effects as well as assumptions about the efficacy of post crisis reforms, such as liquidity regulations and bank resolution regimes, in reducing the probability and costs of future banking crisis. In some cases, these judgements can offset the upward tendency in the range of optimal capital. Second, differences in (net) benefit estimates can reflect different conditioning assumptions such as starting levels of capital or default thresholds (the capital ratio at which firms are assumed to fail) when estimating the impact of capital in reducing crisis probabilities. Finally, the estimates are based on capital ratios that are measured in different units. For example, some studies provide optimal capital estimates in risk-weighted ratios, others in leverage ratios. And, across the risk-weighted ratio estimates, the definition of capital and risk-weighted assets (RWAs) can also differ (e.g., tangible common equity (TCE) or Tier 1 or common equity tier 1 (CET1) capital; Basel II RWAs vs. Basel III measures of RWAs). A full standardisation of the different estimates across studies to allow for all of these considerations is not possible on the basis of the information available and lies beyond the scope of this paper. This paper also suggests a set of issues which warrant further monitoring and research. This includes the link between capital and the cost and probability of crises, accounting for the effects of liquidity regulations, resolution regimes and counter-cyclical capital buffers, and the impact of regulation on loan quantities.
An Automatic Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Segmentation Approach based on Cellular Learning Automata

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating nerve disease which for an unknown reason assumes that the immune system of the body is affected, and the immune cells begin to destroy the myelin sheath of nerve cells. In Pathology, the areas of the distributed demyelination are called lesions that are pathologic characteristics of the Multiple Sclerosis (MS) disease. In this research, the segmentation of the lesions from one another is studied by using gray scale features and the dimensions of the lesions. The brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images in three planes (T1, T2, PD)1,2,3 containing MS disease lesions have been used. Cellular Learning Automata (CLA) is applied on the MRI images with a novel trial and error approach to set penalty and reward frames for each pixel. The images were analyzed in MATLAB and the results show the MS disease lesions in white and the brain anatomy in red on a black background. The proposed approach can be considered as a supplementary or superior method for other methods such as Graph Cuts (GC), fuzzy c-means, mean-shift, k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM).
Age-Optimal Power Control for Status Update Systems With Packet-Based Transmissions

This letter investigates the average age of information (AoI) minimization in status update systems in which the update packets are transmitted with fixed rate. It is assumed that the source avoids queue-induced delay by generating and sending a new status update packet in each time slot. Assuming that the transmit power can be adapted based on the number of successive negative acknowledgments (NACKs) received, a closed-form expression for the average AoI is derived considering transmissions over block fading channel models. An optimization problem for minimizing the average AoI under average power constraints is formulated and a stochastic optimization algorithm for obtaining a feasible solution is proposed. Numerical results on the proposed power control policy show that more power is preferred to be allocated to packets after a certain number of failure packets in the low-power regime and the proposed power control reduces the average AoI compared to the constant power policy. An alternative on–off power control policy is also proposed and shown to achieve satisfactory performance.
The Impact of Intellectual Capital of Indonesian's High-Tech Company on Firm’s Financial and Market Performance

AEC (ASEAN Economic Community) enacted in ASEAN since the end of 2015. AEC is expected to improve the ASEAN to be more dynamic and competitive region. In the other hand, AEC may also make the competition between firms inside ASEAN region become increasingly competitive. This condition requires the firm to utilize its resources more effectively and efficiently so that the firm can create value added and compete on the AEC. Indonesia, as a country with the largest economy in the region, needs to address this issue so that the companies in this country can face AEC challenges. This study aims to examine the positive impact of intellectual capital on firm’s financial and market performance of high-tech companies that are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study conducted with the observation period of 2008-2014. The final sample used in this study consists of 31 companies with the total of 144 observations. This study uses panel data regression model analysis, ie. fixed effect regression and random effect regression. The results showed that intellectual capital has a positive impact on firm’s financial performance. This result indicate that the efficient and effective use of intellectual capital will make the firms able to achieve higher financial performance and will be useful for facing AEC. There’s no evidence to support the impact of intellectual capital on market performance.
International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials Science On the Feedback Mechanism of Chinese Stock Markets

Feed-back models in the stock markets research imply an adjustment process toward investors’ expectation for current information and past experiences. Error-correction and cointegration are often used to evaluate the long-run relation. The Efficient Capital Market Hypothesis, which had ignored the effect of the accumulation of information, cannot explain some anomalies such as bubbles and partial predictability in the stock markets. In order to investigate the feed-back mechanism and to determine an effective model, we use daily data of the stock index of two Chinese stock markets with the expectational model, which is one kind of geometric lag models. Tests and estimations of error-correction show that long-run equilibrium seems to be seldom achieved in Chinese stock markets. Our result clearly shows the common coefficient of expectations and fourth-order autoregressive disturbance exist in the two Chinese stock markets. Furthermore, we find the same coefficient of expectations has an autoregressive effect on disturbances in the two Chinese stock markets. Therefore the presence of such feed-back is also supported in Chinese stock markets. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of [name organizer]
Ex-post Examination of Business Combination : Impacts on Retail Prices

In this paper, we analyzed the impact of business combination on retail prices between manufacturers of consumer goods on the basis of the retail scanner data collected from large-scale retail stores. The analysis was conducted for merger examples in flavor seasonings, sugar, and instant noodles markets in accordance with the ex-post evaluation method of Ashenfelter and Hosken (2008) for horizontal mergers in the U.S. As a result, it is found that, in all markets, the retail prices of each product have been trending higher as a whole after business combination and also the weighted price level of business-combined companies had been raised more than a price level rise in the markets due to business combination. In addition, the prices of primary brands of one of the business-combined companies were raised due to business combination, while the prices of brands of the other company had remained unchanged or lowered.
MITIGATION OF TOXIC EFFECTS CAUSED BY TARTRAZINE IN WISTAR RATS THROUGH ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MELON SEED OIL

Food additives enhance various attributes of food like flavor, color and taste (Himri et al., 2011). Food dyes are frequently employed in food industries across the globe to make the foods attractive for consumers (Kaur et al., 2010). Food coloring compounds can be artificial or natural. Due to low price, greater choice and better processing characteristics of colors, synthetic food coloring compounds are replacing the natural ones in many food items such as beverages, sweets and candies (Schuster and Gratzfeld-Hüsgen. 1995; Alves et al., 2008). Tartrazine, an azo food coloring compound (trisodium1(4-sulfonatophenyl)4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo) 5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate) is frequently and extensively used in different industries and many foods and food by products such as juices, soft drinks, sauces, ice creams, biscuits, coatings and cheeses. For human consumption, acceptable daily intake (ADI) of this dye is 0-7.5 mg/ kg.bw/day (Walton et al., 1999; Mehedi et al., 2013; Li et al., 2014). The mechanisms of its toxicity are not clear and are still under debate concerning its possible toxic effects on public health. It is reported that its consumption at higher doses can result in antagonistic health effects in the presence of different other chemicals (Ward, 1997; Amin et al., 2010). Different adverse effects of tartrazine including allergic reactions and others such as urticaria and asthma in consumers have been reported (Moutinhoet al., 2007). Tartrazine induces carcinogenic effects and has genotoxic potential to lymphocytes and can bind to DNA (Walton et al., 1999; Mpountoukas et al., 2010). Reports are available about its aphylactic potential, chromosomal aberrations and carcinogenic role in consumers (Collins et al.,1990; Giri et Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 56(2), 435-442; 2019 ISSN (Print) 0552-9034, ISSN (Online) 2076-0906 DOI: 10.21162/PAKJAS/19.6782 http://www.pakjas. com.pk
COGNITIVE FUSION'S PREDICTIVE POWER OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS

Cognitive fusion refers to the dominance of verbal processes over behavior regulation, in detriment of being sensitive to contextual contingencies and pursuing valued life goals. It is a core process within Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and seems to have a crucial role in the development and maintenance of psychopathology. The first goal of this investigation was to explore the factor structure, factorial invariance and psychometrics of the Portuguese version of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ). A multigroup confirmatory factor analysis attested the invariant one-dimensional factor structure of the CFQ across three samples from the general population (n = 408; n = 291; n = 101) with different demographic characteristics. Additionally, the CFQ showed to be a psychometrically robust and reliable measure. A second major goal was to investigate the convergent and incremental validity of this version of CFQ (n = 408). Convergent validity was explored and attested with several psychological indicators. Regarding incremental validity, the predictive power of depressive symptoms of cognitive fusion and three related processes, with origin in different conceptual frameworks, was tested. Results showed that even when the effects of decentering, mindfulness and metacognitions were controlled for, cognitive fusion consistently maintained a significant and unique predictive power over depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that these processes relate differentially and independently with depressive symptoms and, moreover, that cognitive fusion has a superior contribution to its explanation. Given the evidence that cognitive fusion plays an important role in the comprehension of depressive symptoms, conceptual and clinical implications were discussed.
Earning their keep? Fostering, children's education, and work in north-western Tanzania

Background: Fostering, raising children that are not one’s biological children, is common in many societies worldwide. Despite predicted lower investment in nonbiological offspring, numerous studies report no obvious well-being penalty for fostered children. Building on prior research, we suggest that fostering is incentivised by close relatedness between foster child and caregivers and that children’s work contributions can offset their costs to fostering households. Methods: We used multilevel logistic and fractional multinomial regression analyses to investigate the association between fostering, educational investment, and time allocation in a sample of 1,273 Sukuma children (aged 7–19) from northwestern Tanzania, where fostering is traditionally common. Results: Twenty-six per cent of children are fostered, with most having at least one living parent. Children fostered by close kin have similar educational outcomes to those living with both biological parents, though their grade for age is lower, perhaps reflecting differences in timing rather than overall level of investment. Those fostered by distant kin are less likely to be enrolled or to progress to secondary school. Overall, fostered children are more likely to do farm work; however on weekdays when work conflicts with school, differences in time allocation to work activities are not pronounced. We further find that orphans are generally not particularly disadvantaged compared to other fostered children. Conclusions: Being fostered by close kin does not appear to disadvantage children, and buffers orphans from parental death. Fostered children may offset some of their costs through increased farm work. Contribution: We extend previous work in this area through analysis of detailed time allocation data, providing insights into associations between fostering and children’s workload.
Effects of nickel fertilization on soybean growth in tropical soils

: Although nickel (Ni) is recognized as plant nutrient since the turn of the 21 st century, uncertainty remains about its optimum application rates and forms. This paper focuses on Ni application in soils, relating to its effect as a plant micronutrient. Specifically, the effect of Ni on the activity of urease in soybean plants is examined. The effects of applying four Ni rates in two different soil types were tested. A full factorial 2 × 4 blocked design experiment was established under controlled conditions. Ni rates (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg of Ni·kg –1 of soil) were applied in two soils with contrasting clay contents. The addition of Ni increased the urease activity in soybean plants but was affected by soil textural differences. The highest urease
Designing a Multipurpose Longitudinal Incentives Experiment for the Survey of Income and Program Participation

Proceedings of the 2015 Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology (FCSM) Research Conference Abstract The U.S. Census Bureau has experimented with the use of monetary incentives in the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), a demographic longitudinal survey, since the 1996 Panel. As with most surveys, the main goal of using incentives is to increase response rates, especially when facing a steady increase in nonresponse over the course of a panel. For the most recent SIPP panel, the 2014 Panel, the survey has been extensively redesigned, with households being interviewed only once a year instead of every four months. Since this redesign could have an impact on the effect of incentives, a new incentives experiment is introduced for Waves 1 and 2 of the SIPP 2014 Panel. In addition to investigating the effect of incentives on response rate, we design a way of assigning incentives using a response propensity model with the purpose of reducing nonresponse bias. This new methodology is made possible due to the longitudinal design of the SIPP. We will outline the design of the multipurpose incentives experiment for Waves 1 and 2 of the SIPP 2014 Panel and provide preliminary results.
Dihedral sieving on cluster complexes

The cyclic sieving phenomenon of Reiner, Stanton, and White characterizes the stabilizers of cyclic group actions on finite sets using q-analogue polynomials. Eu and Fu demonstrated a cyclic sieving phenomenon on generalized cluster complexes of every type using the q-Catalan numbers. In this paper, we exhibit the dihedral sieving phenomenon, introduced for odd n by Rao and Suk, on clusters of every type, and on generalized clusters of type A. In the type A case, we show that the Raney numbers count both reflection-symmetric k-angulations of an n-gon and a particular evaluation of the (q,t)-Fuss--Catalan numbers. We also introduce a sieving phenomenon for the symmetric group, and discuss possibilities for dihedral sieving for even n.
Computational approach toward targeting the interaction of porphyrin derivatives with Bcl-2

Bcl-2 protein has been identified as a potential therapeutic target of cancer. Many inhibitors which target the protein have been developed. Here, we investigated the interaction between porphyrin conjugated with anthraquinone group with variation on meso substituent either pyrazolium or pyridine, and Bcl-2 using computational molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina, while MD simulation of 50 ns was conducted using AMBER16. Our study indicates that the designed compounds interacted with crucial residues of Bcl-2 active site. Prediction of binding free energy by MM-PBSA method shows that mono-H2PzP-AQ has comparable affinity with that of cognate ligand, 1XJ. Additionally, porphyrin binding was mainly supported by electrostatic and van der Waals energies.
Gas Chemistry of Volcanic Geothermal Systems

This article focuses on quantifying the processes that govern the concentrations of the major reactive gases (CO2, H2S, H2 and CH4) in fluids in aquifers producing into wetsteam wells in the volcanic geothermal systems of Olkaria (Kenya), Mahanagdong (Philippines) and Nesjavellir, Hellisheidi and Krafla (Iceland). Many of the wells in these areas have “excess” discharge enthalpy (higher than that of vapor-saturated liquid at the aquifer temperature). In two of the wells at Krafla the elevated enthalpy is to a significant extent due to the presence of vapor in the initial aquifer fluid. In general, however, excess enthalpy is mostly caused by segregation of vapor and liquid during their flow through the depressurization zone around discharging wells. The concentrations of H2S and H2 in the initial aquifer liquid are controlled by close approach to equilibrium with specific hydrothermal mineral assemblages. Aquifer liquid CO2 concentrations at Olkaria are also controlled by such equilibria but in the other fields by their supply to the geothermal fluid. The initial aquifer fluids at Hellisheidi and Olkaria contain on average 0.5% and 0.03% vapor by weight, respectively. The vapor content of the aquifer fluid at Nesjavellir and Krafla is considerably higher, on average 0.9% and 1.2%, respectively, if we exclude two of the Krafla wells that have vapor-dominated aquifers in terms of vapor volume (5.6 and 9.6% vapor by weight). A few wells in all these areas discharge slightly degassed fluid due to steam loss in the producing aquifers. The large scatter of the H2 data from Mahanagdong makes estimation of vapor fractions in producing aquifers unreliable. When taking into account the estimated vapor fraction in the aquifer fluids, results indicate that equilibrium between H2, CH4 and CO2 is closely approached at around 300°C and that departure from equilibrium increases with decreasing temperature.
Quantification and Minimization of the Simulation-Reality-Gap on a BRIO R © Labyrinth Game

In this paper we present a new method, the so-called tunnel, that can be used to quantify the simulation-reality-gap by comparing the behavior (the state-trajectory) of a baseline system (for instance a real robotic system) and a model of this system (e.g. a physicbased simulation). With this -tunnel, the impact of a change of the model’s parameter can be analyzed. Furthermore, we present an approach to automate the optimization of these parameters and present some results obtained on a robot system that is based on a BRIO R ©labyrinth game.
Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Studies on the Tongue of Albino Mice Offspring from Cadmium Toxicated Dams Treated with Vitamin C and / or Nigella Sativa

Performance of the current study utilized a well elicited CD-1 seventy five (75) albino mice, fifty (50) of which were adult mature females, while the remaining twenty five (25) were adult mature males. The females albino mice were divided into 5 groups, 10 females in each group separated from males for one month, all groups were get the drug doses twice a week for one month before gestation and during pregnancy until delivery. For breeding purposes each 2 females were mated with 1 male from 5 pm. until 9 am. at the following day. Female mice were classified into five groups. Group I; (control group, dams were injected intramuscularly( i.m) with 0.5 ml of sterile normal saline); group II; (dams were injected i.m. with 5 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride (Cd Cl2) dissolved in 0.5 ml of sterile normal saline); group III; (were injected i.m. with Cd Cl2 as in group II, plus i.m. injection of 10 mg/ kg body weight of vitamin C. group IV; (were injected i.m. with Cd Cl2 as in group II and given 50 mg/kg body weight of Nigella sativa orally) and group V; (were injected i.m. with Cd Cl2 and vitamin C as in group III and Nigella sativa as same as in group IV). After delivery, heads of pups were decapitated. The heads were fixed in Bouin`s fixative and prepared routinely for paraffin sectioning and staining for histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations. All control group animals were normally developed, as well as the pups of the remaining groups which treated with vitamin C and / or Nigella sativa with cadmium. Immunohistochemical examination of transforming growth factor alpha(TGF-α) revealed that, control pups (group I)expressed a strong immune reaction in the lingual epithelium and lingual muscles. Cadmium treated mice (group II) revealed degenerative changes in the lining epithelium of the tongue and its muscles. The intermuscular connective tissue was oedematous. This group showed negative immune TGF-α reaction. Cadmium and vitamin C treated animals (group III) expressed moderate TGF-α reaction in the tongue epithelium and faint reaction in the underlying connective tissue cells. Animals treated with cadmium and Nigella sativa (group IV) expressed the same immune reaction as in group III. Cadmium, vitamin C and Nigella sativa treated pups (group V) expressed strong immune reaction of TGF-α similar to that of control group. [Mohamed El-Sakhawy and Sherein Saeid. Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Studies on the Tongue of Albino Mice Offspring from Cadmium Toxicated Dams Treated with Vitamin C and / or Nigella Sativa. Life Sci J 2014;11(2):322-326]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com. 44