Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Social Modeling, Gender, and Empathy on Treatment Side Effects.

Background Social modeling has the capacity to shape treatment outcomes, including side effects. Purpose This study investigated the influence of social modeling of treatment side effects, gender, and participant empathy, on side effects of a placebo treatment. Methods Ninety-six participants (48 females) completed a study purportedly investigating the influence of modafinil (actually placebo) on alertness and fatigue. The participants were randomly seated with a male or female confederate and saw this confederate report experiencing side effects or no side effects. Participant empathy was assessed at baseline. Changes in modeled and general symptoms, and misattribution of symptoms, were assessed during the session and at 24-hr follow-up. Results During the experimental session, seeing side effect modeling significantly increased modeled symptoms (p = .023, d = 0.56) but not general or misattributed symptoms. Regardless of modeling condition, female participants seated with a female model reported significantly more general symptoms during the session. However, response to social modeling did not differ significantly by model or participant gender. At follow-up, the effect of social modeling of side effects had generalized to other symptoms, resulting in significantly higher rates of modeled symptoms (p = .023, d = 0.48), general symptoms (p = .013, d = 0.49), and misattributed symptoms (p = .022, d = 0.50). The experience of modeled symptoms in response to social modeling was predicted by participants' levels of baseline empathy. Conclusions Social modeling of symptoms can increase the side effects following treatment, and this effect appears to generalize to a broader range of symptoms and symptom misattribution over time. Higher baseline empathy seems to increase response to social modeling.
Multivariate Analysis of Students Perception on Teaching with Client Based and Non-Client Based Team Projects

The classroom experience has evolved from traditional lecture, PowerPoint and whiteboards to a more active environment where students and instructors work together on hands-on activities to achieve the course objectives. Various names have been given to this pedagogy; experiential learning, project based learning (client based versus non-client based), active learning, and problem based learning are a handful of names used to describe this evolving pedagogy. The main challenge faced by educators in educating undergraduate students to be independent thinkers and problem solvers has been the driving force fueling the shift in pedagogy. This research looks into student’s perception on project based learning with client based and non-client based projects in terms of: the project as a learning device, contribution to research knowledge, motivation to learn, contribution to skills and personal benefits, and their effects on student evaluation of teaching and motivation to learn. From the study, both project types motivate students, but, the non-client based had a higher statistically significant mean than the client based projects. Keywords—active learning, project-based learning, team projects, experiential learning
Improvement on Partial Discharge Resistance of Epoxy/Al2O3 Nanocomposites by Irradiation With 7.5 MeV Electron Beam

Epoxy resin used as insulating material in electrical and electronic devices is often subjected to a great risk of deterioration induced by partial discharge (PD). The resistance to PD becomes a key factor that influences the lifetime of the epoxy resin. Nano-sized inorganic filler doping has been reported to have a positive effect on improving the PD resistance by forming epoxy based nanocomposites with proper type and content of nano-fillers. In this work, attempts have been made to further improve the PD resistance of epoxy nanocomposites through high energy irradiation method. The epoxy/Al2O3 nanocomposites have been prepared with the filler content of 4 wt%. The neat epoxy and the nanocomposites were both irradiated by a 7.5 MeV electron beam with the total dose of 500 kGy. PD erosion of the material was introduced by means of needle-to-plate electrode system, and the PD resistance was estimated through the measurement of maximum erosion depth occurring on the sample surface. Frequency dependent relative permittivity, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and fourier transform infrared spectrum have been employed to assist in the analysis of radiation induced variation in sample’s resistance to PD. Obtained results indicated that after irradiated by the electron beam with 500 kGy, the samples exhibited remarkable enhancement in PD resistance compared with the un-irradiated samples. It suggests that the PD resistance of the nanocomposites is dependent upon the molecular structure of the base polymer, which could be modified by the irradiation induced crosslinking reaction.
Identification of a Rhythmic Firing Pattern in the Enteric Nervous System That Generates Rhythmic Electrical Activity in Smooth Muscle

The enteric nervous system (ENS) contains millions of neurons essential for organization of motor behavior of the intestine. It is well established that the large intestine requires ENS activity to drive propulsive motor behaviors. However, the firing pattern of the ENS underlying propagating neurogenic contractions of the large intestine remains unknown. To identify this, we used high-resolution neuronal imaging with electrophysiology from neighboring smooth muscle. Myoelectric activity underlying propagating neurogenic contractions along murine large intestine [also referred to as colonic migrating motor complexes, (CMMCs)] consisted of prolonged bursts of rhythmic depolarizations at a frequency of ∼2 Hz. Temporal coordination of this activity in the smooth muscle over large spatial fields (∼7 mm, longitudinally) was dependent on the ENS. During quiescent periods between neurogenic contractions, recordings from large populations of enteric neurons, in mice of either sex, revealed ongoing activity. The onset of neurogenic contractions was characterized by the emergence of temporally synchronized activity across large populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. This neuronal firing pattern was rhythmic and temporally synchronized across large numbers of ganglia at ∼2 Hz. ENS activation preceded smooth muscle depolarization, indicating rhythmic depolarizations in smooth muscle were controlled by firing of enteric neurons. The cyclical emergence of temporally coordinated firing of large populations of enteric neurons represents a unique neural motor pattern outside the CNS. This is the first direct observation of rhythmic firing in the ENS underlying rhythmic electrical depolarizations in smooth muscle. The pattern of neuronal activity we identified underlies the generation of CMMCs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT How the enteric nervous system (ENS) generates neurogenic contractions of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has been a long-standing mystery in vertebrates. It is well known that myogenic pacemaker cells exist in the GI tract [called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs)] that generate rhythmic myogenic contractions. However, the mechanisms underlying the generation of rhythmic neurogenic contractions of smooth muscle in the GI tract remains unknown. We developed a high-resolution neuronal imaging method with electrophysiology to address this issue. This technique revealed a novel pattern of rhythmic coordinated neuronal firing in the ENS that has never been identified. Rhythmic neuronal firing in the ENS was found to generate rhythmic neurogenic depolarizations in smooth muscle that underlie contraction of the GI tract.
Quantifying uncertainty due to fission–fusion dynamics as a component of social complexity

Groups of animals (including humans) may show flexible grouping patterns, in which temporary aggregations or subgroups come together and split, changing composition over short temporal scales, (i.e. fission and fusion). A high degree of fission–fusion dynamics may constrain the regulation of social relationships, introducing uncertainty in interactions between group members. Here we use Shannon's entropy to quantify the predictability of subgroup composition for three species known to differ in the way their subgroups come together and split over time: spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and geladas (Theropithecus gelada). We formulate a random expectation of entropy that considers subgroup size variation and sample size, against which the observed entropy in subgroup composition can be compared. Using the theory of set partitioning, we also develop a method to estimate the number of subgroups that the group is likely to be divided into, based on the composition and size of single focal subgroups. Our results indicate that Shannon's entropy and the estimated number of subgroups present at a given time provide quantitative metrics of uncertainty in the social environment (within which social relationships must be regulated) for groups with different degrees of fission–fusion dynamics. These metrics also represent an indirect quantification of the cognitive challenges posed by socially dynamic environments. Overall, our novel methodological approach provides new insight for understanding the evolution of social complexity and the mechanisms to cope with the uncertainty that results from fission–fusion dynamics.
Quantitative Assessment of Muscle Activity and Joint Load in Braced and Unbraced Osteoarthritis Knee by External Strain Gauge Sensor.

OBJECTIVES Altered biomechanics leads to the development of degenerative joint disease. The joint pressure and dynamic loading varies during activities of daily living. The study was undertaken to assess the muscle activation pattern of the medial and lateral knee compartments (tibiofemoral joint) during gait in osteoarthritis subjects without and with knee brace undergoing either exercise therapy or balance therapy. The joint load was assessed by the strain gauge transducer and the weight shift pattern is taken as an indicator for the muscle activation pattern. METHODS In a prospective design study on 57 male subjects diagnosed osteoarthritis knee with Kellagren-Lawrennce scale walked barefooted with and without designed offloader knee brace on a level surface for three minutes. The subjects were allocated in two different study groups i.e. Conventional (exercise therapy) (Control Group, n=31) and Structured Neuromuscular Postural Training (SNPT) group (Balance therapy) (Study Group, n=26). The subjects were sub grouped as pre-elderly (40-60 Years) and elderly (>61 years) group in both. The quantitative assessment of muscle activity and joint loading with and without knee brace was done using designed strain gauge sensor instrument. The pressure changes of strain gauges of muscles around the knee joint viz. vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), semi membranosus/tendinosus (Medial Hamstring) (MH), Biceps Femoris (Lateral Hamstring) (LH), gastro-soleus (GS) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles during normal gait were observed at baseline and 6 weeks follow up after undergoing exercise therapy or balance therapy treatment as per allocation of study groups. The digital values from MATLAB were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS At the end of 6 weeks conventional/SNPT (structured neuromuscular postural training) treatments, medial hamstring muscle activity showed significant difference (p<0.001) in pre-elderly subgroup, while significant difference was seen in vastus laterals (VL), medial hamstring (MH) (p<0.005) and lateral hamstring (LH) muscles (p<0.001) in elderly subgroup. Further, the muscle co-contraction has been higher for vastus medialis-medial hamstring (VM-MH) pair compared to vastus lateralis-lateral hamstring (VL-LH) pair without brace at baseline. The application of offloader valgus knee brace significantly increases VL-LH co-contractions in magnitude and decreases in VM-MH co-contractions at 6 weeks follow up. CONCLUSION Muscle activity increased in medial hamstring both in pre-elderly and elderly subjects. While, Vastus Laterals and lateral hamstring showed increased activities in elderly subjects. Hence, balance training and the application of off loader knee brace will be helpful to redistribute the load on medial tibiofemoral compartment.
Box A RESPIROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FUEL USE DURING AEROBIC SWIMMING AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES IN RAINBOW TROUT ( ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS )

n, Instantaneous fuel usage at 5 °C or 15 °C was assessed by measurement of rates of O2 consumption (M . O∑), CO2 excretion (M . CO∑) and nitrogenous waste excretion ( M . nitrogen =ammonia-N + urea-N) in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ) at rest and during swimming at 45 % and 75 % of aerobic capacity ( Ucrit ). After 2 weeks of training at approximately 1 body length s−1 (BL s−1), critical swimming speeds (approximately 3.0 BL s −1) and wholebody energy stores (total protein, lipids and carbohydrates) were identical in fish acclimated to 5 °C or 15 °C. M . O∑ and M . CO∑ increased with swimming speed at both temperatures and were higher at 15 °C than at 5 °C at all speeds, but the overall Q10 values (1.23–1.48) were low in these long-term (6 weeks) acclimated fish. The respiratory quotient (M . CO∑/M . O∑, approximately 0.85) was independent of both temperature and swimming speed. In contrast to M . O∑ and M . CO∑, the rate of ammonia excretion was independent of swimming speed, but more strongly influenced by temperature (Q10 1.4–2.8). Urea excretion accounted for 15–20 % of M . nitrogen, was unaffected by swimming speed and showed a tendency ( P<0.07) to be positively influenced by temperature at one speed only (45 %Ucrit ). Nitrogen quotients (NQ M . nitrogen/M . O∑) were generally higher in warm-acclimated fish, remaining independent of swimming speed at 15 °C (0.08), but decreased from about 0.08 at rest to 0.04 during swimming at 5 °C. Instantaneous aerobic fuel use calculations based on standard respirometric theory showed that both acclimation temperature and swimming speed markedly influenced the relative and absolute use of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by trout. At rest, cold-acclimated trout used similar proportions of carbohydrates and lipids and only 27 % protein. During swimming, protein use decreased to 15 % at both speeds while the relative contributions of both lipid and carbohydrate increased (to more than 40 %). On an absolute basis, carbohydrate was the most important fuel for fish swimming at 5 °C. In contrast, resting fish acclimated to 15 °C utilized 55 % lipid, 30 % protein and only 15 % carbohydrate. However, as swimming speed increased, the relative contribution of carbohydrate increased to 25 %, while the protein contribution remained unchanged at approximately 30 %, and lipid use decreased slightly (to 45 %). On an absolute basis, lipid remained the most important fuel in fish swimming at 15 °C. These results support the concept that lipids are a major fuel of aerobic exercise in fish, but demonstrate that the contribution of protein oxidation is much smaller than commonly believed, while that of carbohydrate oxidation is much larger, especially at higher swimming speeds and colder temperature.
Comprehensive Profiling of DNA Repair Defects in Breast Cancer Identifies a Novel Class of Endocrine Therapy Resistance Drivers

Purpose: This study was undertaken to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the role of DNA damage repair (DDR) defects in poor outcome ER+ disease. Experimental Design: Expression and mutational status of DDR genes in ER+ breast tumors were correlated with proliferative response in neoadjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy trials (discovery dataset), with outcomes in METABRIC, TCGA, and Loi datasets (validation datasets), and in patient-derived xenografts. A causal relationship between candidate DDR genes and endocrine treatment response, and the underlying mechanism, was then tested in ER+ breast cancer cell lines. Results: Correlations between loss of expression of three genes: CETN2 (P < 0.001) and ERCC1 (P = 0.01) from the nucleotide excision repair (NER) and NEIL2 (P = 0.04) from the base excision repair (BER) pathways were associated with endocrine treatment resistance in discovery dataset, and subsequently validated in independent patient cohorts. Complementary mutation analysis supported associations between mutations in NER and BER genes and reduced endocrine treatment response. A causal role for CETN2, NEIL2, and ERCC1 loss in intrinsic endocrine resistance was experimentally validated in ER+ breast cancer cell lines, and in ER+ patient-derived xenograft models. Loss of CETN2, NEIL2, or ERCC1 induced endocrine treatment resistance by dysregulating G1–S transition, and therefore, increased sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors. A combined DDR signature score was developed that predicted poor outcome in multiple patient cohorts. Conclusions: This report identifies DDR defects as a new class of endocrine treatment resistance drivers and indicates new avenues for predicting efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibition in the adjuvant treatment setting. Clin Cancer Res; 24(19); 4887–99. ©2018 AACR.
The number of parents who are patients attending adult psychiatric services

Purpose of review Having a parent with a mental illness is a major risk to children's wellbeing. The first step in developing policies and procedures that could assist these children is to determine the numbers of parents attending adult psychiatric services. This is the first systematic examination of the literature regarding the prevalence and family circumstances of parents attending adult psychiatric services. Recent findings Nine peer reviewed publications showed parent prevalence in adult services ranging from 12.2 to 45.0%. Prevalence variability is associated with the type of adult service (e.g. inpatient and outpatient), sampling (e.g. single service versus whole of state) and parent characteristics (e.g. sex, diagnosis, relationship status, family information). Summary A large minority of adult psychiatric service patients are parents. Given the prevention and early intervention benefits for parents and their families, adult psychiatric services need to be responsive to their needs. Future research should distinguish the type of service being audited, parent sex and diagnosis and the family circumstances that imbue greater risks to families, as well as opportunities to support children.
Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia in White-Throated and White-Crowned Sparrows: A New Technique for Rapid Glucose Measurement in the Field

Organisms experience stressors, and the physiological response to these stressors is highly conserved. Acute stress activates both the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, increasing epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids, collectively promoting glucose mobilization. While this is well characterized in mammals, the hyperglycemic response to stress in avian and nonavian reptiles has received less attention. A number of factors, ranging from time of day to blood loss, are reported to influence the extent to which acute stress leads to hyperglycemia in birds. Here we characterized the glycemic response to acute handling stress in two species of free-living sparrows: white-throated sparrows (WTSPs: Zonotrichia albicollis) in St. Mary’s County, Maryland, and white-crowned sparrows (WCSPs: Zonotrichia leucophrys) in Tioga Pass Meadow, California. We validated a novel technique for rapid field measurement of glucose using a human blood glucose meter, FreeStyle Lite. As expected, acute handling stress elevated blood glucose at both 15 and 30 min postcapture as compared to baseline for both WTSPs and WCSPs. In addition, handling for 30 min without bleeding had the same hyperglycemic effect as handling with serial bleeds in WCSPs. Finally, body condition that was measured as abdominal fat score predicted stress-induced blood glucose in WTSPs but not in WCSPs. Our results are consistent with the mammalian literature on acute stress and energy mobilization, and we introduce a new field technique for avian field biologists.
Intestinal HIF‐1α Deletion Exacerbates Alcoholic Liver Disease through Inducing Intestinal Dysbiosis and Barrier Dysfunction

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by gut dysbiosis and increased gut permeability. Hypoxia Induced Factor 1α (HIF‐1α) has been implicated in transcriptional regulation of intestinal barrier integrity and inflammation. We aimed to test the hypothesis that HIF‐1α plays a critical role in gut microbiota homeostasis and the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity in a mouse model of ALD.
Video Description

Video description is the automatic generation of natural language sentences that describe the contents of a given video. It has applications in human-robot interaction, helping the visually impaired and video subtitling. The past few years have seen a surge of research in this area due to the unprecedented success of deep learning in computer vision and natural language processing. Numerous methods, datasets, and evaluation metrics have been proposed in the literature, calling the need for a comprehensive survey to focus research efforts in this flourishing new direction. This article fills the gap by surveying the state-of-the-art approaches with a focus on deep learning models; comparing benchmark datasets in terms of their domains, number of classes, and repository size; and identifying the pros and cons of various evaluation metrics, such as SPICE, CIDEr, ROUGE, BLEU, METEOR, and WMD. Classical video description approaches combined subject, object, and verb detection with template-based language models to generate sentences. However, the release of large datasets revealed that these methods cannot cope with the diversity in unconstrained open domain videos. Classical approaches were followed by a very short era of statistical methods that were soon replaced with deep learning, the current state-of-the-art in video description. Our survey shows that despite the fast-paced developments, video description research is still in its infancy due to the following reasons: Analysis of video description models is challenging, because it is difficult to ascertain the contributions towards accuracy or errors of the visual features and the adopted language model in the final description. Existing datasets neither contain adequate visual diversity nor complexity of linguistic structures. Finally, current evaluation metrics fall short of measuring the agreement between machine-generated descriptions with that of humans. We conclude our survey by listing promising future research directions.
Managerial Discretion and Variable Risk Preferences

We analyze the risk taking of insurance groups in the U.S. property and casualty insurance market. We base our predictions on the behavioral theory of the firm. Specifically, we rely on the model by March and Shapira (1992) and amend it by the moderating role of managerial discretion. We operationalize this concept by differentiating between the two predominant organizational forms in insurance markets: mutuals and stock insurers. Our analysis on the performance and risk taking of insurers between 2001 and 2014 shows strong support for the hypotheses derived from our model. While we can find a strong moderating effect of managerial discretion for risk taking above the reference point constructed from social aspirations, we find no such effects for the reference point constructed from the possibility of insurer insolvency. We draw several implications both for insurance markets and further studies of the behavioral theory of the firm.