Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STUDY ON THE GROWTH PROSPECTS OF PRIVATE LABELS TO THAT OF NATIONAL BRANDS IN THE FMCG RETAIL SECTOR IN COIMBATORE

With many international, national and regional players trying to tap the market, retail is one of the most dynamic, fast paced upcoming sectors in India. Growth of organized retail chains in India has also led to a growth of Private Labels. Private Labels also offer retailers greater control over the supply chain, negotiating margins with National Brands manufacturers or companies; Opportunity to launch customized and innovative products. Hence, they build a platform for store loyalty and increase footfalls. This research sets out to study the factors affecting the sales growth of private labels in India and also determining & comparing customer’s attitude towards National brand and Private Label with respective different attributes. Furthermore it also discusses the preference pattern with respect to demographic profile of respondents for Private Label brand and national brand. The methodology proposed to achieve this objective consisted of examining the data of three categories of private labels, namely food and non food FMCG, Apparel and consumer durables. Data for study was collected from customers of top 5 retail outlets in Coimbatore. As the study explores the factors which affect the sales growth of private labels, it will ultimately assist retailers in developing and implementing effective marketing programs in respect of Private Labels. Copyright © IJEBF, all rights reserved.
Personal Saving Behavior among Malaysian Employees: Socio Demographic Comparison

The purpose of this study are to identify the relationships of selected demographic variables, (i.e., gender, ethnic, age, education, income and financial literacy) with saving behavior and to determine factors affecting saving behavior among Malaysian’s employees. Results of the study indicated significant differences of financial behavior according to age, education, income and financial literacy. Furthermore financial literacy, income, and marital status were found to be the most influential predictors of saving behavior. Keywords-component; Saving Behavior, Financial Literacy, and Socio Demographic
Lactate Response To Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Matches Across Time

The purpose of this study was to investigate the lactate response to two Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) matches and to determine whether there is a correlation in the lactate responses across both matches. Twenty-one BJJ black belt athletes performed two 8-min matches separated by 48 hrs. To assess lactate responses, blood samples were obtained at rest, post warm-up, and after the BJJ matches (1 min, 5 min, and 10 min post-match). There was a statistically significant increase in blood lactate concentrations after both matches compared to the pre-values (Match 1: Pre-value, 0.9 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1; Peak-value, 10.1 ± 1.7 mmol·L-1, and Match 2: Pre-value, 0.9 ± 0.1 mmol·L-1; Peak-value, 9.6 ± 0.9 mmol·L-1) (P<0.05). No significant difference in blood lactate concentration was detected for the same moments after both matches. There were weak but significant correlations in blood lactate responses at 1 min (r = 0.47), 5 min (r = 0.44), and 10 min (r = 0.47) post-match for both matches (P<0.05). High peak blood lactate concentrations of similar magnitude were detected after both BJJ matches that indicates a strong energy contribution from glycolytic metabolism. Also, the lactate responses to each match were correlated, which suggests similar individual responses across successive matches of equal duration. Still, the metabolic and physiological responses to matches may vary in actual competition due to the unpredictability of combat sports and differences in match durations.
Credit News around Seasoned Equity Offerings: Evidence from the Credit Default Swap Market

In this paper we investigate the Credit Default Swap (CDS) market behaviour around Seasoned Equity Offerings (SEOs). We find that the CDS market is relatively efficient in incorporating the information impounded in the announcement of equity issues. According to the capital structure theory, we find that the most negative CDS market response is associated with SEO announcements of over-leveraged firms. We provide evidence that the reaction of the CDS spreads is also determined by leverage reduction, asymmetric information, and change in growth prospects.
Effects of Phenolic Compound on the Viability of Leishmania tropica promastigotes: A comparative in vitro study

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Caffeic acid against the viability of Leishmania tropica promastigotes in vitro. The result showed that Caffeic acid had a fatal effect on the viability of Leishmania tropica promastigotes with the use of different concentrations leading to a gradual decreasing of living promastigotes number with the increase of Caffeic acid concentration. The mean parasiticidal effect of Caffeic acid was (24Ã—104, 30Ã—104, 38Ã—104, 44Ã—104, 53Ã—104) promastigote /ml at concentrations (10, 15, 20, 25, 30) mg/ml respectively after three days of incubation. It can be concluded that Caffeic acid posses a cidal effect on the Leishmania tropica promastigotes in vitro. " P < 0.01 ".
Targets missed: three case studies exploiting the linked SHARE-RV data

Abstract Targeting is an important aim of social policy. Three case studies in this paper reflect typical short-comings in the targeting design of pension reforms. The first case study examines how well work disability and receipt of disability insurance match in Germany. We show that the 2001 reform has not systematically improved target quality. The second case study examines whether the 2014 introduction of a new pathway of early retirement without actuarial adjustments has reached individuals who are less healthy because they have worked a long time in an arduous job. We find that the target population is actually healthier than the comparison group. Third, a much discussed supplemental pension benefit for households in the risk of poverty will miss its target population in both relevant directions: Regarding the first, 23% of those pensioners who are not eligible are nevertheless poor in the sense of the new law. Regarding the other direction, 21% of the eligible pensioners belong to the wealthier half of German pensioners. Since similar reforms are currently debated in many European countries, the three German case studies may serve as examples of how to better target public pension policies.
A Comparative Evaluation of Depression and Anxiety Rate Among Native and Non-native Students of Dentistry School at Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences

In addition to stresses relating to educational settings, dentistry students are also exposed to stresses of clinical settings. Anxiety and depression are two very important issues in everyone’s life. This is due undoubtedly to exposure to stress and tensions, and it is the individuals’ variability that determines to what extent they are influenced by environmental conditions. Through this cross-comparative study conducted in May 2014, we tried to determine to what extent the individuals behavior is affected by the environment. The research hypothesis holds that the extent of anxiety and depression among non-native male students of Dentistry School at Ahvaz Jundi Shapour University of Medical Science was much higher than that of their native counterparts. To this end, Beck Depression Inventory and Cattell Anxiety test were used. Then, reliability and validity of the questionnaire were reassessed, and then the population was determined through studying total of 123 male studentsthat 62 (31 non-native and 31 native) students were randomized easily, in addition, they had spent more than 2 years studying dentistry, and their family economic situation was also relatively moderate. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, frequency, mode, mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, and independent t-test and Pearson Correlation using statistical software SPSS21. Finally, the results indicated that depression and anxiety among native and non-native students were not significantly different, therefore, the hypothesis was rejected.
The Financial Accelerator, Wages and Optimal Simple Monetary Policy Rules

The paper investigates welfare costs of monetary policy in form of implementable simple rules in a frictional financial intermediation framework with an endogenous financial accelerator. The results are twofold. First, inflation stabilization implies high welfare costs. This effect stems from a flat sloped price Phillips curve induced by financial frictions amplifying the rigidity of prices. Second, stabilizing nominal wage growth simultaneously closes the gap in output and reduces the volatility of the credit spread. The advantage of a nominal wage target is based on the absence of a trade-off between closing the output gap and stabilizing wage inflation. Central bank’s interest rate response is more pronounced due to a higher volatility of nominal wages. Combined with a relative rise in inflation the real risk free rate drops more, the credit spread is narrowed and henceforth the financial accelerating mechanism is mitigated.
The Usage and Distributional Pattern of Metadiscourse Features in Research Articles in Applied Linguistics Based on Hyland’s Classification

Academic Writing as one the four major skills of learning a foreign language has always been of paramount importance (Abdalla, 2009). It is in, scientific terms, defined as a “kind of writing in which the writers of an academic community try to inform their colleagues about their findings” (Nasiri, 2013, p. 67). Academic writing is important in that it is “a valuable tool for communicating one’s thoughts to others” (Salem, 2013, p. 71). In other words, academic writing with a special focus on genre of the research articles is a precondition for an affective writing. In this regard, one of the elements of grammaticality which have significant role in academic writing is the proper use of metadiscourse features (Akbas, 2012). ABSTRACT
Examining the Challenges Concerning Communicative Competence Within Japan

While The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture (MEXT) in Japan continues to promote Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), approaches to English on the local level remains relatively unchanged as linguistic knowledge is given focus instead of communicative competence which can result in language ‘learners’ instead of language ‘users’ (Ellis, 1991; Kubota, 2011). Through an examination of the components of communicative competence within the Japanese English language system, high stakes testing seems to be the cause of a negative and controlling washback effect where linguistic competence is shown to be the major, if not only, developmental focus (Kubota, 2011). Furthermore, unlike European countries, Japan is isolated geographically and does not share similar sociocultural norms found in English speaking countries which can also hinder the development of other components of communicative competence, such as sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence (Canale & Swain, 1980; Rosadoa, Aparicib & Perera, 2014). While these conditions present challenges that are not easily solvable, Japanese universities are in a position where they are outside the influence of high stakes testing where it is possible to utilize their students’ linguistic knowledge as a foundation and develop their weaker areas. Three studies by Schmidt (1983), Xue (2013), and Gilmore (2011) are discussed where they reveal that the components of communicative competence are shown to be separate in their development, benefit from group work, and are hindered by the use of textbooks instead of authentic materials. While these studies act as pedagogical suggestions for English teachers to correct student imbalances, further investigation is required to examine communicative competence more specifically at the university level. Thus, this article proposes research into communicative competence through investigations into communication breakdowns within group work settings where participants share the same L1 and how interacting with exchange students can benefit aspects of communicative competence for Japanese learners.
Job Satisfaction and Coworker Pay in Canadian Firms

One reason to be concerned about income inequality is the idea that people not only care about their own absolute income, but also their income relative to various reference groups (e.g. co-workers, friends, neighbors, relatives, etc.). We use Canadian linked employer-employee data to estimate the casual effect of co-worker pay on a worker's reported job and pay satisfaction. Since worker satisfaction can affect the worker's productivity, organizational commitment, turnover, creativity and innovation, as well as the firm's productivity and profitability, this is an issue that requires more attention and careful examination. In models that control for a rich set of workplace characteristics, we find that coworker pay has a large positive and significant effect on both pay and job satisfaction. In our preferred models with establishment-level fixed effects, the effect of coworker pay on pay satisfaction is half as large, and the effect on job satisfaction completely disappears, suggesting that part (all) of what previous studies attribute to the effect of coworker pay on worker pay (job) satisfaction is driven by unobserved heterogeneity across firms or establishments. Our results also suggest that the effect of coworker pay on worker satisfaction is much stronger for workers who leave their job during the following year. Finally, we find that while coworker pay has a positive effect on pay satisfaction among Canadian-born whites, it has a negative effect among immigrants and Canadian-born visible minorities.
Occupation Growth, Skill Prices, and Wage Inequality

We study the relationship among occupational employment, occupational wages, and wage inequality. In all occupations, entrants and leavers earn less than stayers, suggesting negative selection effects for growing occupations and positive effects for shrinking ones. We estimate a model of occupational prices and skills that includes specific skill accumulation and endogenous switching. Contrary to uncorrected wages, prices and employment growth are positively related. Forty percent of selection is due to age, as entrants and leavers have had less time to accumulate skills. The remainder is Roy-type selection. Skill prices establish a quantitative connection of occupational changes with surging wage inequality.
Disability and Multi-Dimensional Quality of Life: A Capability Approach to Health Status Assessment

This paper offers an approach to assessing quality of life, based on Sen's (1985) theory, which it uses to understand loss in quality of life due to mobility impairment. Specifically, it provides a novel theoretical analysis that is able to account for the possibility that some functionings may increase when a person's capabilities decrease, if substitution effects are large enough. We then develop new data consistent with our theoretical framework that permits comparison of quality of life between those with a disability (mobility impairment) and those without. Empirical results show that mobility impairment has widespread rather than concentrated impacts on capabilities and is associated with high psychological costs. We also find evidence that a small number of functionings are higher for those with a disability, as our theory allows. The paper concludes by discussing possible implications for policy and health assessment methods.
A Structural Empirical Model of R&D, Firm Heterogeneity, and Industry Evolution∗

This paper develops and estimates a dynamic industry equilibrium model of R&D, R&D spill-overs, and productivity evolution of manufacturing plants in the Korean electric motor industry from 1991 to 1996. Plant-level decisions for R&D, physical capital investment, entry, and exit are integrated in an equilibrium model with imperfectly competitive product market. We use a Simulated Method of Moments estimator to estimate the cost of R&D, the magnitude of the R&D spillover, adjustment costs of physical investment, and the distribution of plant scrap values. The recent approximation method of Weintraub, Benkard and Van Roy (2007) is applied. Counterfactual experiments of two policies are implemented. Increasing the elasticity of substitution between products increases plant innovation incentives and the plant turnover. In contrast, a lower entry cost does not change industry productivity. Although the market selection effect is strengthened by higher firm turnover, the plant’s incentives to invest in R&D are reduced. ∗We would like to thank Nezih Guner, Mark Roberts, James Tybout, and Gustavo Ventura for their extensive comments. We are also grateful to two anonymous referees, Allan Collard-Wexler, Boyan Jovanovic, Kala Krishna, Isabelle Perrigne, Bee-Yan Roberts, Andres Rodriguez-Clare, Quang Vuong, Neil Wallace, and especially Gabriel Weintraub for helpful discussions and comments. All remaining errors are ours.
The Value of Time and Skill Acquisition in the Long Run: Evidence from Coffee Booms and Busts

This paper examines the long-run impacts of local income shocks on completed human capital. I exploit geographic variation in coffee cultivation patterns in Colombia and real-world coffee prices at the time cohorts were of school-going age in a differences-in-differences framework. Using five decades of data, I show that cohorts who faced sharp rises in the return to coffee-related work when they were of schoolgoing age have lower educational attainment and are in lower-paid occupations. These findings suggest that transitory changes in the opportunity cost of schooling can cause permanent changes in human capital investments and not just a mere delay. JEL codes: J24; O12; O13.
Macroeconomic adjustment in commodity producing countries with limited access to financial markets : the role of storage

Macroeconomic volatility is a fundamental concern for developing countries, in particular for commodity exporters. In this paper we look at the macroeconomic adjustments of small open economies that produce a storable commodity to changes in the foreign interest rate. When a commodity is storable a shock in international financial markets not only has an impact via the interest rate channel but also via the price of the commodity. This additional channel comes from the fact that storable commodity prices react to changes in world interest rates as a result of investment decisions in international financial markets. We extend the previous literature by including the storage mechanism in a standard model for a small African primary-exporter economy. We show that when commodity prices are allowed to respond endogenously to muted investment situations, the dynamics of the economy are importantly impacted. Therefore the extended model provides new insights on the macroeconomic adjustments of primary-exporting economies and calls for a reassessment of the corresponding policy prescriptions.
L G ] 2 0 N ov 2 01 9 Learning Internal Representations

Probably the most important problem in machine learning is the preliminary biasing of a learner’s hypothesis space so that it is small enough to ensure good generalisation from reasonable training sets, yet large enough that it contains a good solution to the problem being learnt. In this paper a mechanism for automatically learning or biasing the learner’s hypothesis space is introduced. It works by first learning an appropriate internal representation for a learning environment and then using that representation to bias the learner’s hypothesis space for the learning of future tasks drawn from the same environment. An internal representation must be learnt by sampling from many similar tasks, not just a single task as occurs in ordinary machine learning. It is proved that the number of examples m per task required to ensure good generalisation from a representation learner obeys m = O(a+b/n) where n is the number of tasks being learnt and a and b are constants. If the tasks are learnt independently (i.e. without a common representation) then m = O(a+b). It is argued that for learning environments such as speech and character recognition b ≫ a and hence representation learning in these environments can potentially yield a drastic reduction in the number of examples required per task. It is also proved that if n = O(b) (with This work was supported by a Shell Australia Postgraduate Fellowship and an Australian Postgraduate Research Award. m = O(a+b/n)) then the representation learnt will be good for learning novel tasks from the same environment, and that the number of examples required to generalise well on a novel task will be reduced to O(a) (as opposed to O(a+ b) if no representation is used). It is shown that gradient descent can be used to train neural network representations and the results of an experiment are reported in which a neural network representation was learnt for an environment consisting of translationally invariant Boolean functions. The experiment provides strong qualitative support for the theoretical results.
Discharge Against Medical Advice in Enugu, South Eastern Nigeria – Some Ethical and Legal Aspects

Background: In exercising freedom to determine their own future without external restraints, patients admitted to hospital sometimes opt to leave against medical advice. This retrospective study was designed to determine the incidence of discharge against medical advice among medical patients and to highlight procedural pitfalls in its handling at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria. Methods: Case notes of all medical patients who left hospital against medical advice in the medical wards of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital over a period of 4 years and 6 months were examined and information relating to patient\'s age, gender, diagnosis, duration of stay and reasons for leaving the hospital against medical advice extracted. Results: One hundred and fifteen medical patients left hospital against medical advice (82 males and 33 females) and 92 of them (80%) were admitted through the accidents and emergency department of the hospital. The discharge forms were signed by the patients\' relatives in 72 cases (64.3%) and by the patients concerned in 27 cases (23.5%). The reason for leaving against medical advice was not stated in 98 cases (85.2%). Neurological lesions (31.3%) and gastrointestinal/hepatobiliary diseases (27.1%) topped the list of working diagnoses. Most of the patients (62.6%) left within the first week of admission. No follow-up arrangement was made for any of the patients. Conclusion: Discharge against medical advice is frequent among medical patients especially those admitted as emergencies. The procedure adopted by medical staff in dealing with this very sensitive medical issue with high potential for serious ethical and legal breaches needs radical reforms Keywords : Discharge against medical advice . Journal of College of Medicine Vol. 13 (1) 2008: pp. 34-38
PHMT_A_165935 131..139

Sophie Duignan Sarah L Doyle Colin J McMahon 1Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland; 2Department of Immunology, National Children’s Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland Abstract: Kawasaki disease (KD), an acute, self-limiting, medium-sized arterial vasculitis, is now the most common cause of acquired heart disease in childhood in the developed world. In this review, we discuss the diagnosis of KD, predicting resistance to traditional therapy and treatment options in refractory or high-risk disease. We also highlight ongoing clinical trials and other potential avenues of research which may prove beneficial in managing children, especially those with resistant KD.