Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CUTTING DOWN TRAINING MEMORY

Deep Neutral Networks(DNNs) require huge GPU memory when training on modern image/video databases. Unfortunately, the GPU memory as a hardware resource is always finite, which limits the image resolution, batch size, and learning rate that could be used for better DNN performance. In this paper, we propose a novel training approach, called Re-forwarding, that substantially reduces memory usage in training. Our approach automatically finds a subset of vertices in a DNN computation graph, and stores tensors only at these vertices during the first forward. During backward, extra local forwards (called the Re-forwarding process) are conducted to compute the missing tensors between the subset of vertices. The total memory cost becomes the sum of (1) the memory cost at the subset of vertices and (2) the maximum memory cost among local re-forwards. Re-forwarding trades training time overheads for memory and does not compromise any performance in testing. We propose theories and algorithms that achieve the optimal memory solutions for DNNs with either linear or arbitrary computation graphs. Experiments show that Re-forwarding cuts down up-to 80% of training memory on popular DNNs such as Alexnet, VGG, ResNet, Densenet and Inception net.
In vitro anthelmintic activity of the whole plant of enicostemma littorale by using various extracts.

Development of anthelmintic resistance and high cost of conventional anthelmintic drugs led to the evaluation of medicinal plants has an alternative source of anthelmintics.In the current study, experiments were conducted to evaluate the possible anthelminitic effects of various extracts of the whole plant of Enicostemma littorale. Various concentrations (25, 50,100,200mg/ml) of all extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. Albendazole was used as a reference standard and saline as a control group. Dose dependent activity was observed in all extracts Enicostemma littorale.
Climate change influences on Antarctic bird populations

Rapid changes in the major environmental variables like: temperature, wind and precipitation have occurred in the Antarctic region during the last 50 years. In this very sensitive region, even small changes can potentially lead to major environmental perturbations. Then the climate change poses a new challenge to the survival of Antarctic wildlife. As important bioindicators of changes in the ecosystem seabirds and their response to the climate perturbations have been recorded. Atmospheric warming and consequent changes in sea ice conditions have been hypothesized to differentially affect predator populations due to different predator life-history strategies and substantially altered krill recruitment dynamics.
Early above- and below-ground responses of subboreal conifer seedlings to various levels of deciduous canopy removal

We examined the growth of understory conifers, following partial or complete deciduous canopy removal, in a field study established in two regions in Canada. In central British Columbia, we studied the responses of three species (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss x Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. , and Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. ), and in northwestern Quebec, we studied one species (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. ). Stem and root diameter and height growth were measured 5 years before and 3 years after harvesting. Both root and stem diameter growth increased sharply following release but seedlings showed greater root growth, suggesting that in the short term, improvement in soil resource capture and transport, and presumably stability, may be more important than an increase in stem diameter and height growth. Response was strongly size dependent, which appears to reflect greater demand for soil resources as well as higher light levels and greater tree vigour before release for taller individuals. Growth ratios could not explain the faster response generally attributed to true fir species or the unusual swift response of spruces. Good prerelease vigour of spruces, presumably favoured by deciduous canopies, could explain their rapid response to release.
IMPORTANCE OF STREAM MICROFUNGI IN CONTROLLING BREAKDOWN RATES OF LEAF LITTER'

Breakdown of seven leaf species covering a broad range of litter qualities (lignin: 7-31% of leaf dry mass; tannin: 0.0-6.7%; nitrogen: 0.5-2.6%; phosphorus: 0.0 170.094%) and dynamics of fungal biomass and reproductive activity were studied in a softwater mountain stream. Litter breakdown proceeded at exponential rates k ranging from 0.0042 d-l (evergreen oak) to 0.0515 d-l (ash). Fungal colonization of litter was generally rapid, with the fungus-specific indicator molecule ergosterol increasing from initially negligible concentrations to 375-859 pug/g of detrital mass. Using species-specific factors relating ergosterol concentrations to mycelial dry mass, maximum fungal biomass associated with litter was estimated as 61-155 mg/g of total system mass. Minimum estimates of net mycelial production during active growth varied between 0.3 and 3.8 mg g-I d-l, and maximum sporulation rates of aquatic hyphomycetes ranged from 760 to 7500 conidia mgI d-l. Initially, reproductive activity was largely synchronized with increases in ergosterol concentrations, but it declined dramatically after peak sporulation rates were reached, whereas ergosterol concentrations levelled off or decreased at considerably slower rates. Periods of highest fungal productivity were thus limited to an initial breakdown stage of 2-8 wk. Strong correlations were found between the exponential breakdown coefficient and each of three parameters reflecting fungal activity in leaf litter, that is, maximum ergosterol concentration (P = 0.002, r = 0.96), net mycelial production (P = 0.02, r = 0.92), and sporulation rate (P < 0.001, r = 0.99). The initial lignin content of leaves was also significantly correlated with the rate constant k (P = 0.02, r = -0.83), suggesting that lignin was the primary factor determining litter quality and thus breakdown rate. The correlation was even stronger when data were logarithmically transformed (P < 0.01, r = -0.95). Tannin concentration was significantly correlated with k only when two high-lignin species were excluded from the analysis (P = 0.19, r = -0.56 compared with P = 0.05, r = -0.88), while initial concentrations of phosphorus (P = 0.17, r = 0.58) and particularly nitrogen (P = 0.82, r = 0.06) were poor predictors of litter decomposability. These results suggest that the initial lignin content of leaves controlled litter breakdown rate through a kinetic limitation of carbon sources for saprotrophic microfungi. The decomposer activity of these organisms, in turn, would then have governed breakdown rates. In doing this, fungi produced substantial amounts of both mycelial and conidial biomass that was potentially available to higher trophic levels of the food web.
BI-LIPSCHITZ MAPS AND THE CATEGORY OF APPROXIMATE RESOLUTIONS

In this paper we consider biLipschitz maps between com- pact spaces with the metrics which are induced by given approximate reso- lutions. More precisely, we characterize biLipschitz maps in terms of condi- tions on any approximate resolutions of the maps. We then show that the box-counting dimension for approximate resolutions which was introduced earlier is invariant under approximate maps corresponding to biLipschitz maps. Moreover, we construct categories whose objects are approximate resolutions and in which the box-counting dimension is invariant.
A Model of Rossby Waves Linked to Submonthly Convection over the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Equatorward-propagating wave trains in the upper troposphere are observed to be associated with deep convection over the eastern tropical Pacific on the submonthly timescale during northern winter. The convection occurs in the regions of ascent and reduced static stability ahead of cyclonic anomalies in the wave train. In this study an atmospheric primitive equation model is used to examine the roles of the dry wave dynamics and the diabatic heating associated with the convection. Many features of a dry integration initialized with a localized wave train in the African‐Asian jet on a threedimensional climatological basic state quantitatively agree with the observations, including the zonal wavenumber 6‐7 scale of the waves, the time period of approximately 12 days, and the cross-equatorial Rossby wave propagation over the eastern Pacific. There is ascent and reduced static stability ahead of the cyclonic anomalies, consistent with the interpretation that the waves force the convection. The spatial scale of the waves appears to be set by the basic state; baroclinic growth upstream in the Asian jet favors waves with zonal wavenumber 6. On reaching the Pacific sector, lower-wavenumber components of the wave train are not refracted so strongly equatorward, while higher-wavenumber components are advected quickly along the Pacific jet before they can propagate equatorward. Once over the Pacific, the wave train approximately obeys barotropic Rossby wave dynamics. The observed lower-tropospheric anomalies include an equatorial Rossby wave that propagates westward from the region of cross-equatorial wave propagation and tropical convection. However, this equatorial Rossby wave is not forced directly by the dry equatorward-propagating wave train but appears in a separate integration as a forced response to the observed diabatic heating associated with the tropical convection.
Isolation and characterization of sheep salmonellae in and around Bangladesh Agricultural University campus

The study was carried out for isolation of Salmonella spp. and their characterization from sheep during the period from November 2006 to May 2007. For this study a total number of 63 rectal swab samples of sheep were collected. Out of 63 samples, 9 samples were identified as positive for Salmonella and each positive sample was treated as one isolate. All the Salmonella isolates revealed the same morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. In the stab culture on TSI agar slant, all of the isolated Salmonella isolates produced acid (yellow) and gas in the butt, the production of hydrogen sulfide gas in both butt and slant, and the alkaline (red) reaction in the slant. For the slide agglutination test, Salmonella agglutinating antiserum (poly ‘O’ and poly ‘H’) was used which agglutinated all the isolates and thereby identified the organism as Salmonella. The pathogenicity of the isolates was studied in mice and it revealed that the isolates were pathogenic. After isolation of Salmonella, eight commonly used antibiotics were used for the antibiogram study of isolated Salmonella. Among the isolates, 77.78% were highly sensitive and 22.22% were moderately sensitive to ciprofloxacin and spiramycin, 66.67% were highly sensitive and 33.33% were moderately sensitive to gentamicin. 55.56% were moderately sensitive and 44.44% were less sensitive to oxytetracycline and streptomycin, 33.33% were moderately sensitive and 66.67% were less sensitive to amoxycillin, 11.11% were moderately sensitive, 33.33% were less sensitive and 66.67% were resistant to sulphamethoxazole, 11.11% were less sensitive and 88.89% were resistant to penicillin-G. From the results it may be concluded that the prevalence of Salmonella organisms in sheep of this country is remarkable and isolated Salmonella spp. are pathogenic for laboratory animals and highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, spiramycin and gentamicin. From the results it also may be concluded that slide agglutination test can be used for the rapid detection of Salmonella organism.
Why Is Active Learning so Difficult to Implement: The Turkish Case.

This article aims to report how teacher education may promote active learning which is demanded by the current educational reform of Turkish teacher education (TE). This article also examines the effectiveness of the recent reforms in Turkey from a student's perspective, and provides an understanding of the concept of active learning, how it is applied and what the obstacles are to achieving it. The data were collected through open-ended questions on an electronic platform. Student teachers (n = 316) in the Faculty of Education at Erciyes University responded to the questions. The data were analysed qualitatively through content analysis. The results clearly indicated a big gap between the formal and applied curricula in the Faculty of Education. Many indicators of active learning can be observed, but there are still many obstacles to be overcome.
The Influence of Executive Functions and Emotion Regulation on Teacher-Rated Social Behaviors in Middle Childhood

THE INFLUENCE OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS AND EMOTION REGULATION ON TEACHER-RATED SOCIAL BEHAVIORS IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD Tennisha Natasha Riley, M.A. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University 2015 Director: Zewelanji Serpell, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychology Department of Psychology Early social interactions are important to developing and maintaining positive social relationships in childhood. It is well understood that the social development is dependent on a number of developmental changes in both cognition and emotion. While most research has focused on cognitive and emotional models of social behaviors separately, a consideration for research investigating social behaviors is to examine cognitive processing and emotional processing concurrently. The current work focuses on the relationship between the executive processes involved in cognition and emotion regulation, and the influence on adaptive (social skills) and maladaptive (aggressive behavior) social behaviors. Specifically, the reformulated social behavioral model developed by Lemerise & Arsenio (2000) , as well as integrative model of social-cognitive-affective behavior (Beauchamp & Anderson, 2010) will guide this work and help specify the relationship between specific executive functions (working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility), emotion regulation, and children’s social behaviors in middle childhood.
Shallow Learning For Deep Networks

Shallow supervised 1-hidden layer neural networks have a number of favorable properties that make them easier to interpret, analyze, and optimize than their deep counterparts, but lack their representational power. Here we use 1-hidden layer learning problems to sequentially build deep networks layer by layer, which can inherit properties from shallow networks. Contrary to previous approaches using shallow networks, we focus on problems where deep learning is reported as critical for success. We thus study CNNs on image recognition tasks using the large-scale ImageNet dataset and the CIFAR-10 dataset. Using a simple set of ideas for architecture and training we find that solving sequential 1-hidden-layer auxiliary problems leads to a CNN that exceeds AlexNet performance on ImageNet. Extending our training methodology to construct individual layers by solving 2and-3-hidden layer auxiliary problems, we obtain an 11-layer network that exceeds VGG-11 on ImageNet obtaining 89.8% top-5 single crop. To our knowledge, this is the first competitive alternative to end-to-end training of CNNs that can scale to ImageNet. We conduct a wide range of experiments to study the properties this induces on the intermediate layers.
An Improved Absorption Ångström Exponent (AAE)-Based Method for Evaluating the Contribution of Light Absorption from Brown Carbon with a High-Time Resolution

ABSTRACT While brown carbon (BrC) might play a substantially important role in radiative forcing, an estimation of its light absorption contribution with high-time resolution is still challenging. In this study, a multi-wavelength (370–950 nm) Aethalometer was applied to obtain the wavelength dependent light absorption coefficient (σabs) of aerosols both before and after being heated to 250°C. An improved absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE)-based method was developed to evaluate the contribution of BrC to light absorption at a wavelength of 370 nm (σabs,BrC/σabs,370nm). The σabs,BC at 370 nm was determined from the field measured AAE values for the wavelengths from 880 to 950 nm with a one-hour resolution. The simultaneous measurements of heated aerosols help confirm the negligible influence of BrC on the σabs values across the range of 880–950 nm. Meanwhile, σabs,BrC/σabs,370nm was also estimated with previously reported methods by assuming that the AAE was equal to 1 (Method I) as well as a new approach based on the light absorption enhancement (Method II). While the estimated σabs,BrC/σabs,370nm based on our developed method and Method I is highly correlated (r2 = 0.78), the difference could be as large as > 20% on average. The obtained mean σabs,BrC/σabs,370nm was negative with Method II, indicating the net production of BrC when the aerosols were heated. The difference between the values for σabs,BrC/σabs,370nm obtained by our developed method and by Method II was ~40% on average and much higher (> 50%) during the noon hour, when secondary organic aerosols and sulfate were abundant. We propose that it is more suitable to use an AAE around 0.7 for “pure” BC to evaluate the contribution of BrC to light absorption in the PRD region. The developed method thus helps improve our understanding of the light absorption and climate forcing of BrC.
Tropical drought regions in global warming and El Niño teleconnections

Climate model global warming simulations predict large regional changes in tropical rainfall, including regions of drought. Qualitatively similar changes occur during El Niño interannual variability. Using an intermediate climate model, we have identified a mechanism that creates regional reductions in precipitation at the margins of convection zones during warming. In this “upped‐ante mechanism”, a warm troposphere increases the value of surface boundary layer moisture required for convection to occur. In regions of plentiful moisture supply, moisture simply rises to maintain precipitation, but this increases the moisture gradient relative to neighboring subsidence regions. Reductions in rainfall then result for those margins of convection zones that have strong inflow of air from the subsidence regions and less frequently meet the increased “ante” for convection. In simulations analyzed here, this new mechanism is the leading cause of tropical drought in the global warming case and is dominant in certain El Niño drought regions.
PRIMUS Problems , Resources , and Issues in Mathematics Undergraduate Studies

Flipping the classroom refers to moving lectures outside of the classroom to incorporate other activities into a class during its standard meeting time. This pedagogical modality has recently gained traction as a way to center the learning on students in mathematics classrooms. In an effort to better understand the efficacy of this approach, we implemented a controlled study at a small liberal arts college. We compared two sections of the entry-level course applied multivariable calculus I, with one section taught in a traditional lecture-based format and the other taught as a flipped classroom. During our study, we collected and analyzed data related to student performance, as well as perceptions of the approach and attitude toward mathematics in general. Students in both classes scored similarly on graded components of the course, and the majority of students were comfortable with the format of each section. However, some student perceptions and study habits differed.
Treatment Supporters and Their Impact on Treatment Outcomes In Routine Tuberculosis Program Conditions In District Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of mortality and is affecting millions of people in third world countries. In DOTS patients are monitored facility based and treatment supporter based; by these two ways patients are observed for the treatment. The aim of the study was to explore the role of treatment supporters and their impact on the treatment outcomes. Material and Method: The study was a cross-sectional survey within routine TB control program operational context. All sputum smear positive TB patients diagnosed, registered in public sector, urban and rural diagnostic centre during year 2008 with available outcomes were included in the study. Data was collected during August- October 2010 from 15 health facilities of 451 patients. Results: The majority of the patients (89.6%) were provided with treatment supporters. In 404 (89.6%) cases in which treatment supporters were provided, 203 (50.2%) were lady health worker, 46 (11.4%) were community health worker and health facility worker, and 155 (38.4%) were family member and community volunteer. 384 (85.1%) were categorized as “treatment success”, 31 (6.9%), as “transferred out”, 17 (3.8%), as “dead”, 16 (3.5%) as “defaulted” and three (0.7%) as “treatment failure”. The treatment success rates in patients supervised by lady health worker, community health worker and health facility worker, and family member and community volunteer was 93.1%, 89.1% and 73.5%, respectively. Conclusions: We found a significantly higher treatment success (93.1%) in patients supervised by lady health workers compared to other types of treatment support. The overall treatment success rate was 85.1%. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/jom.v14i1. 14535 J MEDICINE 2013; 14 : 40-46
Structure-Functional Insight Into Transmembrane Helix Dimerization

Membrane proteins, constituting ~30% of proteins encoded by whole genomes (Krogh et al., 2001), are heavily implicated in all fundamental cellular processes and, therefore, represent up to 60% of targets for all currently marketed drugs (Overington et al., 2006). Nevertheless, in spite of their significance, only few tens of spatial structures of membrane proteins have been obtained so far, while design of new types of drugs targeting membrane proteins requires precise structural information about this class of objects. Hydrophobic ┙-helices represent a dominant structural motif found in membrane-spanning domains of proteins, excluding membrane ┚-barrels. So, a membrane part a large variety of membrane proteins is formed by ┙-helical bundle (polytopic proteins) or just by single ┙-helix (bitopic proteins) (Fig. 1). Besides structural switching, oligomerization of helical membrane proteins forms the basis for various functions in the living cell including reception of extracellular signals, signal transduction, ion transfer, catalysis, energy conversion and so on (UbarretxenaBelandia & Engelman, 2001). The mechanisms, by which helical membrane proteins fold into native structures and functionally oligomerize, are beginning to be understood from a confluence of structural and biochemical studies. Folding determinants of a membrane protein can be partially understood by dissecting its structure into pairs of interacting transmembrane (TM) helices, which, together with the connecting loops and extramembrane domains, comprise the overall structure. Obviously, the fold of helical membrane proteins along with their biological activity is largely determined by proper interactions of membrane-embedded helices. Either destroying or enhancing such helix-helix interactions can result in many diseases (developmental, oncogenic, neurodegenerative, immune, cardiovascular, and so on) related to dysfunction of different tissues in the human body.