Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The trade‐off between child labour and human capital formation: A Tanzanian case study

We investigate the degree to which there is a trade-off between child labour and human capital formation using time-log data of children from a Tanzanian household survey. We find that a tradeoff between hours of work and study exists, and hours of work tend to be more affected by social conditions than hours of study. Hours of work are negatively correlated to reading and mathematical skills through the reduction of human capital investment activities, indicating a trade-off between child labour and human capital. The results point up the complexity of the issue and the need for detailed time allocation data.
Justice Is Less Blind, and Less Legalistic, than We Thought: Evidence from an Experiment with Real Judges

We experimentally investigate the determinants of judicial decisions in a setting resembling real-world judicial decision making. We gave US federal judges 55 minutes to adjudicate a real appeals case from an international tribunal, with minor modifications to accommodate the experimental treatments. The fictitious briefs focused on one easily understandable issue of law. Our 2 × 2 between-subject factorial design crossed a weak precedent and legally irrelevant defendant characteristics. In a survey, law professors predicted that the precedent would have a stronger effect than the defendant characteristics. In actuality, the precedent had no detectable effect on the judges’ decisions, whereas the two defendants’ affirmance rates differed by 45 percent. Judges’ written reasons, on the other hand, did not mention defendant characteristics, focusing instead on the precedent and other legalistic and policy considerations.
Zinc Exchanged Carbonate Minerals: Application for in situ Treatment of Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater

Zinc Exchanged Carbonate Minerals: Application for in situ Treatment of Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater By Jonathan Aaron Pennington While over 140 million people worldwide are at risk of drinking arsenic contaminated groundwater above the WHO guideline of 10 ~giL, the need for an efficient treatment scheme in actual groundwater conditions is growing. This study examines the use of zinc carbonate minerals for in situ removal of As(V) from contaminated groundwater. Batch adsorption isotherms compare the adsorption of As(V) to reagent grade ZnC03 and freshly precipitated ZnC03 minerals on calcite particles in buffered electrolyte solution and real groundwater. Column studies examine the exchange of calcite particles for zinccarbonate minerals through injection of a zinc chloride solution and the subsequent removal of As(V). While arsenic adsorption in batch studies is greatly reduced in actual groundwater relative to synthetic solution, As(V) mobility is significantly impeded in column studies with R greater than 12,000 for both synthetic and actual groundwater. Plausible explanations for arsenic removal mechanisms are discussed.
Joint simultaneous inversion of PP and PS angle gathers

We present a new approach to the joint simultaneous inversion of PP and PS angle gathers for the estimation of Pimpedance, S-impedance and density. Our algorithm is based on three assumptions. The first is that the linearized approximation for reflectivity holds. The second is that PP and PS reflectivity as a function of angle can be given by a set of linearized equations. The third is that the background trend can be described by a linear relationship between the logarithm of P-impedance and both S-impedance and density. Given these three assumptions, we show how a final estimate of P-impedance, S-impedance and density can be found by perturbing an initial low-frequency model. After a description of the algorithm, we then apply our method to both a synthetic and real data set.
Feeding habits and niche separation among the deep-sea chimaeroid fishes Harriotta raleighana, Hydrolagus bemisi and Hydrolagus novaezealandiae

The diets of Harriotta raleighana, Hydrolagus bemisi and Hydrolagus novaezealandiae were determined from examination of digestive tract contents from specimens sampled at depths of 219 to 876 m on the submarine ridge, Chatham Rise, New Zealand. All 3 species fed predominantly on benthic epifauna and infauna. Similarity percentages indicated the diet of H. raleighana was characterised by polychaetes and molluscs, H. bemisi by crabs and polychaetes, and H. novaezealandiae by crabs and sea urchins. Multivariate analyses using distance-based linear models found the most important predictors of diet variability were a categorical predictor for the subtropical front (STF) and bottom temperature. Cluster analysis of species subgroups indicated there was a greater similarity in diet between H. raleighana and H. bemisi, and between H. bemisi and H. novaezealandiae, in similar locations, than between subgroups of H. bemisi in different locations. Generalised additive models indicated that depth was the most important spatial predictor of research trawl survey catch rates, and depth separation was most pronounced between H. raleighana and H. novaezealandiae. Other significant predictors of diet variability included longitude, and fish length or weight. In all 3 species the diet of smaller fish included more polychaetes, small crustaceans and gastropods, and the diet of larger fish contained more decapod crustaceans. The primary factor determining niche separation among the 3 species appears to be depth and distribution rather than dietary specialisation.
Mathematical Modelling and Determination of Mass Transfer Characteristics of Celeriac Slices under Vacuum Drying

This study aimed at mathematical modelling and determination of mass transfer parameters of celeriac slices during vacuum drying at different temperatures and vacuum pressures. The usefulness of eight mathematical thin layer models to simulate the drying kinetics was examined and the Midilli-Kucuk model best described the drying curves with the minimum values of root mean square error and some of squares error. The effective diffusivity of the samples was obtained in the range of 2.1908 × 10 -10 − 8.9304 × 10 -10 (m 2 /s). Diffusivity increased with increasing drying temperature and decreasing vacuum pressure. The obtained results showed that the convective mass transfer coefficient had ascendant trend during the drying process. Any increment in the drying temperature and vacuum pressure led to an increment and decrement in the convective mass transfer coefficient, respectively.
ARTICLES: Studying Cognition in Flux: A Historical Treatment of Fu in the Shifting Structure of Oksapmin Mathematics

This article extends a framework for the study of culture-cognition relations to problems of historical research and diachronic analysis. As an illustrative case, we focus on mathematics in Oksapmin communities located in a remote highland area in central New Guinea. The Oksapmin, like their neighboring Mountain-Ok groups to the West, traditionally use a 27-body-part counting system for number, and there is no evidence that Oksapmin used arithmetic in prehistory. We present a coordinated analysis of shifts in functions of a word form based on field studies completed in 1978, 1980, and 2001. These shifts are related to changing collective practices of economic exchange in which arithmetical activities are increasingly important. The word form fu has changed from its use as an intensive quantifier that means "a complete group of plenty" to one that means double a numerical value. We show how the analytic framework affords a multilevel inquiry into genetic processes of change in the Oksapmin case and argue that the approach is useful for understanding the interplay between cultural and developmental processes in cognition more generally.
Critique of Modern Oort Comet Theory

The Oort comet theory proposed in 1950 has been extended and modified by modern research. Creationists have used short-period comets as a young-age indicator and suggested that comets caused impacts on the moon and the earth. The original ideas of Jan Oort from 1950 have been modified by scientists today to deal with difficul ties in Oort’s original proposals. This paper reviews modern theories on comets, especially regarding the orbital dynamics of the different types of comets. Short-period comets are considered as two separate groups: the Jupiter-family comets and the Halley-type comets. Both groups of short-period comets have a limited “lifetime. ” Long-period comets and near-parabolic comets also are considered as the original rationale for the Oort theory. A young-age view suggests that long-period and near-parabolic comets may have been created along their current orbits, headed inbound toward the sun. Naturalistic comet theories have experienced difficulties related to explaining how comets could make the necessary transitions from one type of orbit to another. The Oort theory is also believed to apply to extrasolar planetary systems. This implies that it should be possible to observe interstellar extrasolar comets, yet none have been observed. These issues show that though it is widely accepted by astronomers, the Oort comet theory has not been successful.
δ 18 O water isotope in the i LOVECLIM model (version 1.0) – Part 2: Evaluation of model results against observed δ 18 O in water samples

Abstract. The H218O stable isotope was previously introduced in the three coupled components of the earth system model iLOVECLIM: atmosphere, ocean and vegetation. The results of a long (5000 yr) pre-industrial equilibrium simulation are presented and evaluated against measurement of H218O abundance in present-day water for the atmospheric and oceanic components. For the atmosphere, it is found that the model reproduces the observed spatial distribution and relationships to climate variables with some merit, though limitations following our approach are highlighted. Indeed, we obtain the main gradients with a robust representation of the Rayleigh distillation but caveats appear in Antarctica and around the Mediterranean region due to model limitation. For the oceanic component, the agreement between the modelled and observed distribution of water δ18O is found to be very good. Mean ocean surface latitudinal gradients are faithfully reproduced as well as the mark of the main intermediate and deep water masses. This opens large prospects for the applications in palaeoclimatic context.
Absorptive Capacity and Its Role for the Company Growth and Competitive Advantage: The Case of Frauenthal Automotive Toruń Company

The aim of the paper is to study the role of absorptive capacity for the company growth and competitive advantage through open innovations. The case of Frauenthal Automotive Torun is used to explore how the routines and best practices associated with the firm absorptive capacity contribute to its success. The case study is to validate the thesis that through developing skills to recognize valuable knowledge in the environment, acquire this knowledge, assimilate, transform and develop it companies are able to apply and benefit from open innovations in order to grow and strengthen their competitive advantages. In order to achieve the aim of the paper the following research objectives have been set: (1) to identify the lessons and best practices applied in Frauenthal Automotive Torun in relation to the company absorptive capacity; (2) to analyze the relationships between the concepts of absorptive capacity and open innovation; (3) to exemplify and discuss the outcomes of the company absorptive capacity in regard to innovations, company growth and competitive advantage.
Analysis of Potential Evapotranspiration of different Citiesof Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is an important index of hydrologic budgets at different spatial scales and is a critical variable for understanding regional biological processes. It is often an important variable in estimating actual evapotranspiration (AET) in rainfall-runoff and ecosystem modelling. The Present work deals with Computation of Potential Evapotranspiration under different climatic conditions in Saudi Arabia using Temperature based empirical equation- Thornthwaite method. Weather data for Riyadh representing arid climate, Jeddah representing humid climate and Abha representing moderate climate were analyzed. These data contained Mean Temperature and heat index. The result shows that Jeddah has highest evapotranspiration rate per year because of humid climate followed by Riyadh which is having arid climate and the least value is found for Abha city due to moderate climate
Serum Calcium and Incident Diabetes : An Observational Study and Meta-Analysis Running title : Calcium and diabetes

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the association of serum calcium, including serum total calcium and albumin-corrected calcium, with incident diabetes in Hong Kong Chinese. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study in 6096 participants aged 20 or above and free of diabetes at baseline. Serum calcium was measured at baseline. Incident diabetes was determined from several electronic databases. We also searched relevant databases for studies on serum calcium and incident diabetes and conducted a meta-analysis using fixedeffect modelling. 3 Results During 59130.9 person-years of follow-up, 631 participants developed diabetes. Serum total calcium and albumin-corrected calcium were associated with incident diabetes in the unadjusted model. After adjusting for demographic and clinical variables, the association remained significant only for serum total calcium (HR 1.32, 95%CI 1.02-1.70, highest vs. lowest quartile). In a meta-analysis of four studies including the current study, both serum total calcium (pooled RR 1.38; 95%CI 1.15-1.65; I=5%, comparing extreme quantiles) and albumin-corrected calcium (pooled RR 1.29; 95%CI 1.03-1.61; I=0%, comparing extreme quantiles) were associated with incident diabetes. Penalized regression splines showed that the association of incident diabetes with serum total calcium and albumin-correlated calcium was non-linear and linear, respectively. Conclusions Elevated serum calcium concentration is associated with incident diabetes. The mechanism underlying this association warrants further investigation.
Market Discipline Mechanism: A Quantitative Approach (The Study of Islamic Banking in Indonesia 2011-2014)

Transparency of information are the main requirement of market discipline mechanism which is described by an adequate disclosure. Through the quantitative approach, the customer will attract an investment funds (giro, savings, deposits) if the bank takes a high risk action based on information that disclosed on financial statements. In a theoretical view, Islamic banks with the principle of profit-loss sharing (PLS) have a higher risk than conventional banks with a fixed rate of interest, so that customers of Islamic banks should have a higher sensitivity than conventional bank customers. The next question, whether the customers of Islamic banks would react to the disclosure of financial statements through changes in the number of funds invested? This research aimed to examine the effect of the level of disclosure of financial statements to changes in the number of third party funds in Indonesia Islamic Banking on the period 2011-2014. Data were analyzed using a regression model. The study states that the level of disclosure of financial statements significant positive effect on changes in the number of third-party funds were indicates that there is a mechanism of market discipline on Islamic Banks in Indonesia. However, this result must to be strengthened by data of risk disclosure and ability to absorb information from customers, analysis of determinants were affecting customers behavior, then as well as the comparison test with conventional commercial banks. Keywords: market discipline, the level of disclosure, third party funds, Islamic bank
The attitudes and degree of awareness about MERS-CoV among Saudis of different ages

Background: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that causes MERS disease was first identified in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. Since that cases have spread within the Kingdom and some cases were transmitted to other Middle Eastern countries, Europe and the United States. However, KSA remains the epicenter of this serious respiratory infection that is associated with high mortality rates. This accentuates the public health concerns because Saudi Arabia receives millions of pilgrims from all over the world. Aims: This study investigated the attitudes and degree of awareness about MERS-CoV among Saudis of different ages. Patients and methods: Structured anonymous closed ended dichometous questionnaires were distributed to a large population of Saudi men and women of different ages. The questionnaires included questions aboutmodes of transmission of corona virus, clinical features, and outcome of infection, the impact of infection on pilgrimage, methods of prevention, the governmental efforts to combat spread, the availability of information. Results: Respondents were recruited for the study by random selection. Sixty-eight percent of respondents have good knowledge about the mode of transmission, 82% were aware about the seriousness of the infection, 51% responded positively to non availability of curative treatment or vaccine. 74% knew the modes of prevention and 93% believed that the government efforts were successful. Of the respondents, 41% considered MERS-CoV was a serious risk during Hajj or Umrah. Government media, the Saudi Ministry of health posters, radio and television, the social media was the main source of information among young adults and older participants. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the level of awareness about MERS-Cov in among this Saudipopulation is high and the level of perception reasonable. The governmental health education campaign is critical for increasing MERS-Cov infection awareness.
Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia Coli Isolated from a Stream near Two Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Edmond, Oklahoma

Escherichia coli were collected from a stream in Edmond Oklahoma that receives effluent from two wastewater treatment facilities. Esherichia coli isolates collected at effluent and downstream of effluent had significantly smaller mean zones of inhibition compared to isolates collected upstream of effluent to several antibiotics tested. The percentages of isolates resistant to at least one or more antibiotics were progressively higher at effluent and downstream of effluent compared to isolates collected upstream of effluent. Thus, the antibiotic susceptibilities of E. coli in this environment appear to be negatively impacted by wastewater treatment facility effluent. © 2012 Oklahoma Academy of Science.
The energy performance of electrochromic windows in heating-dominated geographic locations

This paper presents the results of a study investigating the energy performance of electrochromic windows in heating-dominated geographic locations under a variety of state-switching control strategies. The authors used the DOE-2.1E energy simulation program to analyze the annual heating, cooling and lighting energy use and performance as a function of glazing type, size, and electrochromic control strategy. They simulated a prototypical commercial office building module located in Madison, Wisconsin. Control strategies analyzed were based on daylight illuminance, incident total solar radiation, and space cooling load. The results show that overall energy performance is best if the electrochromic is left in its clear or bleached state during the heating season, but controlled during the cooling season using daylight illuminance as a control strategy. Even in such heating dominated locations as madison, there is still a well-defined cooling season when electrochromic switching will be beneficial. However, having the electrochromic remain in its bleached state during the winter season may result in glare and visual comfort problems for occupants much in the same way as conventional glazings.
Assessment of Mothers' Challenges, Support and Coping Strategies towards Caring for Preterm Babies Post-Discharge from Presbyterian Hospital in Bawku Municipality, Ghana

The 2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 target 3.2 – of reducing neonatal and under-5 mortalities to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and 25 per 1,000 live births respectively by 2030 [1] will be a mirage without reducing newborn mortality rates. Reducing preterm deaths is very critical part of reducing neonatal mortality since prematurity and low birth weight are direct causes of 28% of global neonatal mortality [2].
Residues from urban vegetable pruning in the production of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

Every month, about 40 tons of waste prunings of trees and grasses are wasted in Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil, occupying unimaginable volumes in the municipal landfill. This rich material has been tested for cultivation of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, rather unknown in Brazil, compared to commonly use eucalyptus sawdust. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of wasted urban vegetable pruning for the production of the G. lucidum mushroom. For so, these wastes were collected and tested with five different substrates with mixtures of tree pruning and pruning of grasses, changing the percentage content, plus a control of eucalyptus sawdust base (T) in two strains of G. lucidum, a total of 12 experimental treatments (substrates × strains) with 7 replicates each totaling 84 packages with 600 g the unit. The experimental cultivation was from August to December with 21 days of incubation over 67 days of production. Through the statistics of the Carbon/Nitrogen relation, biological efficiency, loss of organic matter and mass of fresh and dried mushroom, only the control treatment maintained a good performance. Pruning substrates trees and grasses have varied low to medium fungal biomass conversion potential. Key words: Fungi, sustainable development, solid waste.
Wave propagation in 2D elastic composites with partially debonded fibres by the null field approach

Time-harmonic plane wave propagation in a two-dimensional (2D) elastic matrix with partially debonded elastic fibres of nonclassical cross-section is investigated. The modified null field approach, taking into account the asymptotic behaviour of the solution at the interface crack-tips, is exploited to obtain the numerical results for a single scatterer. The effective medium approach based on Foldy's approximation is applied to estimate the average dynamic parameters of the composites containing randomly distributed partially debonded fibres of dilute concentration. Numerical results concern the longitudinal wave dispersion and attenuation owing to scattering by both randomly oriented and aligned fibres. The effects of the fibre shape, debonding (interface crack) size and direction of wave incidence on the effective P-wave velocity and attenuation coefficient are analysed.
Review of Efficiency and Stable Operating Range Enhancements Optionsof Centrifugal Compressors

The high demand for natural gas as an energy source leads to place more focus on designing high efficiency centrifugal compressors with wider stable ranges. However, the interaction between the aerodynamic of the single compressor components makes designing the high efficient machines with the wide flow range more complicated. Thus, this paper outlines the development trend of the aerodynamic design of the centrifugal compressors components over the decades driven by the high stage efficiency and wide stable operating range. Additionally, this study will investigate the influential aspects of the unsteady interaction between the aerodynamic stage components and the consequential effect on the compressor efficiency and stable flow range. This covers the discussion of the numerical investigation findings and the experimental observation made on the centrifugal compressor performance.