Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[Suppression of blood pressure increases during intubation: lidocaine or fentanyl?].

The hypertensive response to anesthetic induction with endotracheal intubation may be harmful in patients with cardiovascular disease, increased intracranial pressure, or anomalies of the cerebral vessels. Recommendations for attenuating the reflex hypertension and tachycardia elicited by upper airway irritation are therefore manifold. Besides minimizing the cardiovascular response, anesthesia induction for patients at risk must also satisfy the following requirements: it must be applicable regardless of patient collaboration, prevent impairment of cerebral blood flow, and avoid arousal of the patient; it should neither be time-consuming nor affect the duration or modality of the ensuing anesthesia. Among the recommended procedures, intravenous lidocaine or fentanyl appear to best fulfill the above mentioned criteria. However, our own equivocal observations and controversial results in the literature concerning the efficacy of intravenous lidocaine prompted us to reinvestigate the issue in two well-defined patient groups. In 46 patients with intracranial vessel malformations and 78 patients with brain tumors, blood pressure responses to endotracheal intubation were studied under anesthesia induction with 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine or 6 micrograms/kg fentanyl i.v. 30 s before thiopental injection or 2-3 min before intubation. The two equally simple induction procedures were compared to anesthesia induction with thiopental alone. In both patient groups no significant effect of lidocaine on the pressure response could be observed. Fentanyl lowered the pressure response slightly though significantly in brain-tumor patients only (p less than 0.05), but showed a significant pressure-lowering action persisting over the whole observation period in all patients. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Venture Capitalists’ Decision to Syndicate

Financial theory, access to deal flow, selection, and monitoring skills are used to explain syndication in venture capital firms in six European countries. In contrast with U.S. findings, portfolio management motives are more important for syndication than individual deal management motives. Risk sharing, portfolio diversification, and access to larger deals are more important than selection and monitoring of deals. This holds for later stage and for early stage investors. Value adding is a stronger motive for syndication for early stage investors than for later stage investors, however. Nonlead investors join syndicates for the selection and value–adding skills of the syndicate partners.
Hurricane Iniki: measuring the long-term economic impact of a natural disaster using synthetic control

Abstract The long-term impacts of disasters are ‘hidden’ as it becomes increasingly difficult over time to attribute them to a singular event. We use a synthetic control methodology, formalized in Abadie, A. et al. (2010), Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: estimating the effect of California's tobacco control program, Journal of the American Statistical Association105(490): 493–505, to estimate the long-term impacts of a 1992 hurricane on the Hawaiian island of Kauai. Hurricane Iniki, the strongest storm to hit Hawaii in many years, wrought an estimated US$ 7.4 billion (2008) in direct damages. Since the unaffected Hawaiian Islands provide a control group, the case of Iniki is uniquely suited to provide insight into the long-term impact of natural disasters. We show that Kauai's economy has yet to recover, 18 years after this event. We estimate the island's current population to be 12 per cent smaller than it would have been had the hurricane not occurred. Similarly, aggregate personal income and the number of private sector jobs are proportionally lower.
Human monoamine oxidase A and B genes exhibit identical exon-intron organization.

Monoamine oxidases A and B [MAOA and MAOB; amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) (flavin-containing), EC 1.4. 3.4] play important roles in the metabolism of neuroactive, vasoactive amines and the Parkinsonism-producing neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Human MAOA and MAOB genes isolated from X chromosome-specific libraries span at least 60 kilobases, consist of 15 exons, and exhibit identical exon-intron organization. Exon 12 codes for the covalent FAD-binding-site and is the most conserved exon; the MAOA and MAOB exon 12 products share 93.9% peptide identity. These results suggest that MAOA and MAOB are derived from duplication of a common ancestral gene and provide insight on the structural/functional relationship of the enzyme products.
The prospect and potential challenges of teaching Englishes in Pakistan

The growing use of English by its L2 users for intra-national and international communication has created a need for dramatic changes in ELT (English Language Teaching). One of the major changes that scholars have called for is the need to incorporate the diversity of the form, user and culture of English into the existing ELT curriculum. However, this still remains at a theoretical level. Although some studies have attempted to uncover the practicality of this call, they are mostly based in Inner Circle and Expanding Circle countries as opposed to Outer Circle countries with a colonial past. Therefore, this study explores in detail the prospect and potential challenges of teaching Englishes in Pakistan. For this purpose, a qualitative method was used to examine postgraduate linguistics students’ responses or views when introduced to different varieties of English in five-day workshops at a university in Pakistan. The results indicate that some of the students displayed deficit perspectives when introduced to the diversity of the forms of English language and its users outside the context of Inner Circle countries. These perspectives seemed to echo the powerful voices of the teachers and Pakistan Army who play very influential roles in maintaining the status of English as a product of Inner Circle countries (British and American English only) in Pakistan. Despite these, the workshops were to some extent successful, managing to inspire students to challenge their deficit perspectives and to learn to take ownership of their own use of English.
Motor conduction studies in guillain‐barré syndrome: Description and prognostic value

The North American study of plasmapheresis in Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) included early, standardized electrodiagnostic testing in 210 of the 245 patients. To determine the types of abnormalities and the relation to outcome, we analyzed the prospectively collected motor conduction data obtained during the first 30 days of illness. For each parameter of motor conduction data, means were computed based on institutional normal data. Mean distal motor and F wave latencies commonly were abnormal in these early studies. In univariate analysis, mean compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude from distal and proximal stimulation and mean motor conduction velocity were found to be related to the four predetermined outcome measures. In multivariate analysis of the motor conduction velocity were found to be related to the four predetermined outcome measures. In multivariate analysis of the motor conduction parameters, mean distal CMAP amplitude was the single best predictor of prognosis; other measures did not add to its predictive value. In further multivariate analysis of all factors relating to outcome, mean distal CMAP amplitude was determined to be the most powerful predictor of outcome, followed by plasmapheresis. These two factors were always statistically significant over and above all other variables. Our results indicate that prognostic information can be obtained from motor conduction studies even when performed early in the course of GBS; a mean distal CMAP amplitude of 0 to 20% of the lower limit of normal is associated with a markedly increased probability of a poor outcome. Nevertheless, even in patients with a low mean distal CMAP amplitude, the predicted outcome is improved with plasmapheresis therapy.
ACESSIBILIDADE DO HOMEM AOS SERVIÇOS DA ATENÇÃO BÁSICA: UMA APROXIMAÇÃO COM A BIOÉTICA DA PROTEÇÃO

This bibliographic study aimed to analyze studies on the issue of men’s accessibility to the Primary Care Services following the implementation of the National Comprehensive Healthcare Policy for Men, engaging this topic with the bioethics of protection. 10 studies were analyzed, from the period 2009 – 2012, published in the databases indexed in the Virtual Health Library. The discussion of the information was structured in two themes: Difficulties in accessing the Primary Care Services revealed by the men and The man’s accessibility to the Primary Care Services: an ethical problem. The material reviewed evidences the existence of factors related to the functioning of the services and to the stereotype of masculinity constructed culturally, both of which hinder men’s access to the services. It is considered beneficial to address bio-ethics in the context of this accessibility, as the issue represents, effectively, an ethical problem in the field of public health.
The (Un-) Importance of Chapter 7 Wealth Exemption Levels

This paper examines the effects of the Chapter 7 wealth exemption level on welfare, bankruptcy filings, debt, and on asset holdings. I build a heterogeneous agent life cycle model which features uninsurable income and expense shocks. Moreover, households can borrow and save simultaneously. When a borrower defaults on her debt by filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, she can keep her assets up to the wealth exemption level. Wealth exemption levels are important for two reasons. First, they explain the extensive and intensive margin of the credit card debt puzzle. Around thirty percent of borrowers, both in the model and in the data, who borrow at high interest rates simultaneously save at low interest rates. However, these borrowers borrow and save only relatively small amounts, a few thousand U.S. Dollars. Second, ignoring the exemption level biases results because it overstates the costs of defaulting. The welfare gains from Chapter 7 compared to the European system, where debt is not discharged, are twice as high when exemption levels are positive compared to when they are ignored. At the same time, wealth exemption levels are unimportant in the sense that they have an impact only at low exemption levels. The effects of increases in the exemption level fade out very quickly. There is no strong positive relationship between exemption levels, which vary across U.S. states, and default rates in the model. This is in contrast to the previous literature, but consistent with the data. The reason is that those borrowers who might default do not own much wealth. Therefore, only very few households are affected by increases in the exemption level.
Critical Spaces for Critical Times: Global Conversations in Literacy Research as an Open Professional Development and Practices Resource

This paper reflects an OER (Open Educational Resources) critical literacy project, Global Conversations in Literacy Research (GCLR), ( www.globalconversationsinliteracy.wordpress.com ), now in its fourth year. GCLR annually hosts seven web seminars presented by internationally recognized literacy and education scholars. We outline key dimensions of GCLR not only as an OER but as an open educational practice (OEP) (Andrade et al., 2011) that through its design, not only provides open access to scholarship, but also understands the critical nexus among resources, practices and theory. Informed by data from a longitudinal study, this paper situates these dimensions within professional development literature, and outlines GCLR as a critical space designed for critical times, and the importance of intentionality when accessing OER. Like scholars before us, we argue that that availability is not the only consideration when using OER (Andrade et al., 2011); OER must be considered in relation to pedagogical considerations and how OER are used as a critical component to online professional development.
A Markov regime‐switching ARMA approach for hedging stock indices

This study considers the hedging effectiveness of applying the N‐state Markov regime‐switching autoregressive moving‐average (MRS‐ARMA) model to the S&P‐500 and FTSE‐100 markets. The distinguishingfeature of this study is to incorporate the observations of serially correlated stockreturns into the hedging analysis. To resolve the problem of N-super-T possible routes induced by the presence of MA parameters associated with the algorithm of Hamilton JD ( 1989 ) and a sample of size T, we propose an algorithm by combining the ideas of Hamilton JD ( 1989 ) and Gray SF ( 1996 ). We find that the hedging performances of the three proposed MRS‐MA(1) strategies herein are superior to their corresponding MRS counterparts considered in Alizadeh A and Nomikos N ( 2004 ) over the out‐of‐sample periods, even when we realistically track the transaction costs generated from rebalancing the hedged portfolios. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 31:165–191, 2011
Non-standard employment relations and wages among school leavers in the Netherlands

Non-standard (alternatively, flexible) employment has become common in the Netherlands, and viewed as an important weapon for combating youth unemployment. However, if such jobs are ‘bad’, non-standard employment becomes a matter of concern. In addition, non-standard employment may hit the least qualified, excluding them from the primary segment of the labour market, where ‘good’ jobs are found. We first examine whether less-educated school leavers more often end up in a job with a non-standard employment contract than the higher educated. Then, we investigate the effect of having a non-standard employment contract on job advantages in terms of wages. The data come from three large-scale Dutch school leaver surveys as held in 2001.The results show: (a) less-educated school leavers indeed are more likely to have a non-standard contract than more highly educated ones, while (b) those in non-standard employment earn less in their jobs. A substantial part of these differences can be ascribed to the segment of the labour market in which school leavers work.
Optimisation of FTSE 100 tracker funds: A comparison of genetic algorithms and quadratic programming

Purpose – Tracker funds offer an attractive balance between risk and return, by providing the profit of the index, with the reduced risk associated with the broad market cover. An effectively designed tracker fund will achieve best tracking of the index with minimal running and trading costs. This paper aims to investigate the use of improved optimisation methods for the design and maintenance of tracker funds. Design/methodology/approach - Most current methods of tracker fund optimisation use quadratic programming (QP), due to its simple formulation and efficient solution. However, the explicit tracking of the return of the index and the optimal selection of the subset of shares composing the fund is not directly available using these methods. This paper investigates ways to overcome the shortcomings of current methods by using genetic algorithms (GA). A GA based tracker fund optimisation method is applied to Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 data using computer simulations. Findings - Tracking performance is presented and compared to QP. Results show the advantage of the new method for various conditions of tracker fund subset size and update rates. In particular, there is an improved performance when evaluating the errors in optimising returns of the index. Practical implications - The paper intentionally sets out to use commercially available software to implement the optimisation approaches, thus demonstrating that the advantages of using GAs are easily realisable and do not require tailor made software. Originality/value - The paper provides a direct comparison between the established approach of QP and a GA. The implementation uses commercially available software and is therefore easily realisable in practice.
The regulation of food intake by sheep

1. A series of experiments with adult sheep were carried out in an attempt to place on a quantitative basis the generalisation that the voluntary food intake of ruminants increases with the quality of the fodder they are given. 2. Methods of determining voluntary intake free of subjective bias were developed. It was shown that voluntary intake varied with a fractional power of body weight close to 0·734. The length of time necessary to establish stable intakes was 12–15 days and the number of times fresh food was offered each day had no apparent effect on intake. 3. It was found that voluntary intake of long fodders was related to the apparent digestibility of their energy, increasing rapidly as digestibility increased from 38% to 70% and thereafter more slowly. 4. The giving of concentrated food resulted in a drop in the voluntary intake of fodder. With high quality hay 100 g. concentrates replaced 100 g. hay. With poor quality hay, 100 g. concentrates replaced 47 g. of hay. 5. The passage of three widely different hays through the gut was measured and the poorest passed most slowly. Calculations showed that the dry matter content of gut contents was the same for all three materials irrespective of their quality. 6. It was shown that an increase in digestibility of 10 units in the range 40–60% resulted in considerable increases in the total amount of energy apparently digested and in equivalent increases in daily gain. 7. The digested energy consumed/day/kg. W 0·734 (E) can be related to voluntary intake (I) g. /day/kg. W 0·734 by the equation:— E=4·(I—31) which provides a rapid and easy method of assessing fodder quality under conditions of ad libitum supply. 8. The results are discussed and it is shown that under ad libitum feeding conditions an increase in the nutritive value of unit feed from 50 to 55, i.e. by 10%, increases body gain by 100%.
State R&D Tax Credits and High-Technology Establishments

This empirical research examines the effects of state research and development (R&D) tax credits on the size of the high-technology business sector. In addition to a description of federal and state R&D tax credit programs, this article estimates a model that relates each of the two alternate measures of high-technology establishments in each state to state R&D tax credit, controlling for other factors. The results show that the initiation of a state R&D tax credit has significant and positive effects on the number of the state's high-technology establishments relative to its population or total business establishments. This research provides empirical evidence about the role of state R&D tax incentives in technology-based economic development.
In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Phenytoin (PHT) on ATPases and [14C]‐PHT Binding in Synaptosomes and Mitochondria from Rat Cerebral Cortex

Summary: The effect of phenytoin (PHT) on Na+‐K+‐ATPase and Mg2+‐ATPase activities and on [14C]‐PHT binding in vitro to synaptosomal and mitochondrial sub cellular fractions from rat cerebral cortex was studied after chronic PHT treatment. Synaptosomal and mitochondrial fractions were characterized with plasma membrane and mitochondrial enzymatic markers. Synaptoso‐mal Na+‐K+‐ATPase was not affected in vitro by PHT 1–200 μM or by chronic treatment with 2–50 mg/kg/day of the unlabeled drug for 8 days. Mitochondria1 Mg2+‐ATPase was significantly stimulated by PHT after chronic treatment with 5 mg/kg/day for 8 days; reaching maximal effect (76%), at 10–25 mg/kg. PHT had no effect on mitochondrial Mg2+‐ATPase when added in vitro. [14C]‐PHT binding in vitro to the subcellular fractions was determined by dialysis to assess in vivo binding of the unlabeled PHT during chronic treatment. Indeed, [14C]‐PHT bound to synaptosomes was significantly reduced by chronic PHT treatment from 218 ±10 to 119 & 11 pmol/mg protein after 1 week of treatment; a similar effect was obtained after 2–3 weeks with 10 mg/kg/day. Mitochondrial fraction bound 117 ±10 pmol/mg protein labeled PHT. Chronic treatment with unlabeled PHT also reduced the amount of [14C]‐PHT bound to 19.9 ± 2.2 pmol/mg protein. These results show slow reversible PHT in vivo binding to synaptosomes and mitochondrias from rat cerebral cortex, supporting the idea that the modulatory action of PHT on Na+ and Ca2+ permeabilities are mediated through these slow reversible binding proteins. The data also suggest a possible role of intra synaptosomal mitochondria in [Ca2+]i buffering.
Do Recessions Keep Students in School? The Impact of Youth Unemployment on Enrolment in Post‐Compulsory Education in England

In this paper I assess the impact of the youth labour market on enrolment in post-compulsory education. To that end, I construct data for a panel of English regions and identify youth labour market effects using variation in youth unemployment rates across regions and over time. My estimates suggest that the youth labour market has large enrolment impacts, at least twice as large as suggested by UK estimates based on time series data. This helps to explain why enrolment growth slowed down from the mid-1990s and suggests that a weakening youth labour market could cause enrolment to increase again.
Debiasing the Outcome Effect: The Role of Instructions in an Audit Litigation Setting

The outcome effect occurs where an evaluator, who has knowledge of the outcome of a judge's decision, assesses the quality of the judgment of that decision maker. If the evaluator has knowledge of a negative outcome, then that knowledge negatively influences his or her assessment of the ex ante judgment. For instance, jurors in a lawsuit brought against an auditor for alleged negligence are informed of an undetected fraud, even though an unqualified opinion was issued. This paper reports the results of an experiment in an applied audit judgment setting that examined methods of mitigating the outcome effect by means of instructions. The results showed that simply instructing or warning the evaluator about the potential biasing effects of outcome information was only weakly effective. However, instructions that stressed either (1) the cognitive nonnormativeness of the outcome effect or (2) the seriousness and gravity of the evaluation ameliorated the effect significantly. From a theoretical perspective, the.
Beyond the line: exploring the HRM responsibilities of line managers, project managers and the HRM department in four project-oriented companies in the Netherlands, Austria, the UK and the USA

The topic of what human resource management (HRM) responsibilities are devolved from the HRM department to line managers has attracted much interest in recent years. We report findings from a study on the devolution of HRM practices in four project-oriented companies (POCs) and argue that although HRM practices are carried out beyond the HRM department, they are also carried out beyond the line. While the literature on devolving HRM responsibilities to line management is burgeoning, the HRM responsibilities of managers beyond the line organization are neglected. We make two contributions to the literature. Firstly, our study reveals that some HRM practices are the domain of the project manager rather than either the line manager or the HRM department. The complex interplay of the roles of the HRM department, line management and project management creates challenges and pitfalls where people are managed across the boundaries of the permanent and temporary organization. We identify a potentially powerful role for the HRM department in both monitoring and guiding the different players from the line and the project organizations, and in protecting the well-being of employees whose work traverses these organizational boundaries. Our second contribution is that we map the diversity of practices in different POCs for managing the interplay between the three main parties delivering HRM practices and offer project orientation as a contextual indicator that contributes to diversity in HRM practices.