Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A symbiosis expressed non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase from a mutualistic fungal endophyte of perennial ryegrass confers protection to the symbiotum from insect herbivory

While much is known about the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by filamentous fungi their biological role is often less clear. The assumption is these pathways have adaptive value to the organism but often the evidence to support this role is lacking. We provide the first genetic evidence that the fungal produced secondary metabolite, peramine, protects a host plant from insect herbivory. Peramine is a potent insect feeding deterrent synthesized by Epichloë/Neotyphodium mutualistic endophytes in association with their grass hosts. The structure of peramine, a pyrrolopyrazine, suggests that it is the product of a reaction catalysed by a two‐module non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). Candidate sequences for a peramine synthetase were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Four unique NRPS products were identified, two of which were preferentially expressed in planta. One of these hybridized to known peramine producing strains. This clone was used to isolate an Epichloë festucae cosmid that contained a two‐module NRPS, designated perA. Nine additional genes, which show striking conservation of microsynteny with Fusarium graminearum and other fungal genomes, were identified on the perA‐containing cosmid. Associations between perennial ryegrass and an E. festucae mutant deleted for perA lack detectable levels of peramine. A wild‐type copy of perA complemented the deletion mutant, confirming that perA is a NRPS required for peramine biosynthesis. In a choice bioassay, plant material containing the perA mutant was as susceptible to Argentine stem weevil (ASW) (Listronotus bonariensis) feeding damage as endophyte‐free plants confirming that peramine is the E. festucae metabolite responsible for ASW feeding deterrent activity.
Essays on the Facial Nerve: Part I. Microanatomy

Background: Facial nerve explorations and microstimulation of distal nerve branches during facial reanimation procedures by the senior author (J.K.T.) have yielded various observations. This prompted the authors to quantify the surgical findings with an anatomical study and a subsequent analysis of the electrophysiologic intraoperative data. The present report details the microanatomical observations. Methods: Ten fresh cadaveric hemiface dissections (five specimens) were performed. The facial nerve branches were traced distally under the operating microscope and mapped with India ink. A number of nerve branches exited the parotid at approximately 9 ± 0.85 cm from the facial nerve trunk division, and their distribution was noted. Photographic documentation was obtained. Results: The mean number of nerve branches was 7.70 ± 1.05 at the anterior parotid border and 13.80 ± 1.81 distally. Differences in the number and configuration of nerve branches existed even between the two sides of the face. The frontal branch had a mean nerve number of 2.80 ± 0.63; the zygomatic branch, 4.40 ± 1.34, the buccal branch, 3.20 ± 0.78; and the marginal mandibular branch, 2.30 ± 0.48. In 70 percent of specimens, the buccal branches originated from both upper and lower nerve divisions and interconnected with the marginal mandibular branch in 50 percent of specimens. Distally, connectivity was found between buccal branches and the infraorbital nerve, the marginal mandibular branches, and the mental nerve. A constant lower zygomatic or zygomaticobuccal branch reached the procerus and corrugator supercilii muscles. A twig from the frontal branch reached the corrugator muscle in 60 percent of cases. Conclusions: Diversity of facial nerve anatomy is recognized and documented. Specific anatomical relationships are clarified and demonstrated as a guiding map.
Sports Injuries During the Summer Olympic Games 2008

Background Standardized assessment of sports injuries provides important epidemiological information and also directions for injury prevention. Purpose To analyze the frequency, characteristics, and causes of injuries incurred during the Summer Olympic Games 2008. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods The chief physicians and/or chief medical officers of the national teams were asked to report daily all injuries newly incurred during the Olympic Games on a standardized injury report form. In addition, injuries were reported daily by the physicians at the medical stations at the different Olympic venues and at the polyclinic in the Olympic Village. Results Physicians and/or therapists of 92 national teams covering 88% of the 10 977 registered athletes took part in the study. In total, 1055 injuries were reported, resulting in an incidence of 96.1 injuries per 1000 registered athletes. Half of the injuries (49.6%) were expected to prevent the athlete from participating in competition or training. The most prevalent diagnoses were ankle sprains and thigh strains. The majority (72.5%) of injuries were incurred in competition. One third of the injuries were caused by contact with another athlete, followed by overuse (22%) and noncontact incidences (20%). Injuries were reported from all sports, but their incidence and characteristics varied substantially. In relation to the number of registered athletes, the risk of incurring an injury was highest in soccer, taekwondo, hockey, handball, weightlifting, and boxing (all ≥15% of the athletes) and lowest for sailing, canoeing/kayaking, rowing, synchronized swimming, diving, fencing, and swimming. Conclusion The data indicate that the injury surveillance system covered almost all of the participating athletes, and the results highlight areas of high risk for sport injury such as the in-competition period, the ankle and thigh, and specific sports. The identification of these factors should stimulate future research and subsequent policy change to prevent injury in elite athletes.
Institutional Culture and OER Policy: How Structure, Culture, and Agency Mediate OER Policy Potential in South African Universities

Several scholars and organizations suggest that institutional policy is a key enabling factor for academics to contribute their teaching materials as open educational resources (OER). But given the diversity of institutions comprising the higher education sector—and the administrative and financial challenges facing many institutions in the Global South—it is not always clear which type of policy would work best in a given context. Some policies might act simply as a “hygienic” factor (a necessary but not sufficient variable in promoting OER activity) while others might act as a “motivating” factor (incentivizing OER activity either among individual academics or the institution as a whole). In this paper, we argue that the key determination in whether a policy acts as a hygienic or motivating factor depends on the type of institutional culture into which it is embedded. This means that the success of a proposed OER-related policy intervention is mediated by an institution’s existing policy structure, its prevailing social culture and academics’ own agency (the three components of what we’re calling “institutional culture”). Thus, understanding how structure, culture, and agency interact at an institution offers insights into how OER policy development could proceed there, if at all. Based on our research at three South African universities, each with their distinct institutional cultures, we explore which type of interventions might actually work best for motivating OER activity in these differing institutional contexts.
Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens and May–Thurner Syndrome in the first trimester of Pregnancy

Abstract Background Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Case A young, gravid patient presented with a cyanotic, edematous left lower extremity with no distal pulses palpable. She was emergently taken to the operating room and was found to have extensive iliofemoral thrombosis requiring femoral angioplasty and embolectomy with 43.7-rad intraoperative radiation exposure. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens and May–Thurner syndrome were diagnosed. Conclusion Timely diagnosis and prompt surgical management are necessary due to the limb-threatening nature of this condition. Despite maternal radiation exposure, the nature and extent of fetal effects depends upon radiation dose and gestational age.
Leverage, liquidity and information in commercial property prices

Abstract Transactions volume and property cash flows appear to have little, if any, predictive value for commercial property price appreciation in the US during 2001 to mid-2015. Price appreciation is predicted by both credit tightening and the market share of highly active investors. Buyer composition (introduced by this study) appears to proxy informational content in the transactions market, as trading patterns for highly active investors are consistent with those possessing informational advantages. Underwriting restrictiveness adversely affects asset prices. Apart from buyer composition and credit policy, aggregate price movement appears largely produced by cycles of investment momentum rather than cycles in commercial property fundamentals.
Repeated Contrast Administration Is Associated With Low Risk of Postcontrast Acute Kidney Injury and Long‐Term Complications in Patients With Severe Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently require radiographic examinations. We investigated the impact of repeated contrast administrations on short‐ and long‐term kidney function and mortality in kidney transplantation candidates. In a prospective study, 81 predialysis transplantation candidates underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) and invasive coronary angiography (ICA) as part of a pretransplant cardiovascular evaluation. Postcontrast plasma creatinine (P‐creatinine) changes were compared with a precontrast control period. We identified postcontrast acute kidney injury (AKI) in 10 patients (13%) after CTA and in two patients (3%) after ICA. Compared with the control period, relative changes in P‐creatinine were significantly higher after CTA (p < 0.001) and ICA (p < 0.01). Diabetic kidney failure (p < 0.05) and contrast dose >0.8 mL/kg (p < 0.001) were associated with increases in P‐creatinine. All cases of postcontrast AKI were reversible, and we found no differences between the progression rates of the kidney failure during 12 months before and after contrast exposure (p = 0.56). In a Cox regression analysis, creatinine changes after CTA or ICA were not associated with increased need for dialysis treatment or mortality. Contrast exposure and transient postcontrast AKI did not increase the risk of accelerated CKD progression or the time to initiation of dialysis or death.
Behavior of the Electrocardiographic T Peak to End Interval in Childhood

Background: The T‐wave peak to T‐wave end (TpTe) interval reflects spatial and transmural dispersion in repolarization and serves as an arrhythmogenic index. Normal TpTe interval data in children are lacking. We evaluated the effects of age, gender, heart rate, leads (II and V5) on TpTe and T‐wave voltage.
EFFECT OF VASOACTIVE PEPTIDES ON TETRAHYMENA. CHEMOTACTIC PROPERTIES OF ENDOTHELINS (ET‐1, ET‐2, ET‐3, FRAGMENT 11–21 OF ET‐1 AND BIG ENDOTHELIN‐1): A SHORT‐TERM INDUCIBLE SIGNALLING MECHANISM OF CHEMOTAXIS

The unicellular Tetrahymena is a sensitive model for the study of chemotaxis induced by endothelins. In short‐term chemotactic responses, ET‐2 and ET‐3 were chemorepellent, compared to the referent control (culture medium) and chemoattractant, ET‐1. These differences suggest that the change of some aromatic residues in the loop region (residues 5–9) of the ET‐1 abrogates its chemoattractant character. The response of Tetrahymena is highly selective, since substitution of two amino acids are enough to cause this alteration in (behavioural) response. Such a change seems to be more important than the loss of the entire first 10 amino acids (in ET‐1 fragment 11–21), since after this it acquires some chemoattractive effect of ET‐1. Selection with ET‐3 rigorously stimulated the cell's responsiveness to the medium, this ability was abolished by the repeated ET‐3 treatment. Big endothelin‐1 was repellent in all concentrations. These experiments demonstrate the very sensitive discriminating capacity of chemotactic responsiveness at a low level of phylogeny. Chemotactic selection with endothelins underlines the possibility that there may be separate mechanisms responsible for the short‐term chemotactic responses and the long‐lasting effects of chemotactic selection.
Indifference – in defense of orthodoxy

The aim of the present paper is to defend the classical Misesian-Rothbardian-Blockian position on indifference against its nowadays critics – be it neo-classical economists (the outstanding representative of which is Bryan Caplan) or Austrians (especially against the ingenious attempt by Hoppe, Machaj and, recently, O’ Neill). Furthermore, the paper attempts to solidify the Blockian concept of the same good (units of the same commodity), which – if conclusively solved – would halt Nozick’s challenge and would thus allow for the unproblematic formulation of the law of marginal utility.
Characteristics of phasic and tonic sympathetic ganglion cells of the guinea‐pig.

Intracellular recording techniques have been used to determine the electrophysiological properties of sympathetic neurones in ganglia of the caudal lumbar sympathetic chain (l.s.c.) and in the distal lobes of inferior mesenteric ganglia (i.m.g.) isolated from guinea‐pigs. Passage of suprathreshold depolarizing current initiated transient bursts of action potentials in 97% of l.s. c. neurones, but only 13% of i.m. g. cells ('phasic' neurones). Most i.m. g. neurones fired continuously during prolonged depolarizing pulses ('tonic' neurones). Passive membrane properties varied; mean cell input resistance was similar between groups, but phasic neurones had smaller major input time constants on average than had tonic cells. Current‐voltage relations determined under both current clamp and voltage clamp were linear around resting membrane potential (approximately 60 mV), where membrane conductance was lowest. Instantaneous and time‐dependent rectification varied in the different neurone types. The current underlying the after‐hyperpolarization following the action potential was significantly larger on average in tonic i.m. g. cells than in phasic neurones, although its time course (tau = 100 ms) was similar. Phasic neurones fired tonically when depolarized after adding the muscarinic agonist, bethanechol (10(‐5) M to 10(‐4) M), to the bathing solution. Bethanechol blocked a proportion of the maintained outward current (presumably the M‐current, IM, Adams, Brown & Constanti, 1982) in phasic neurones; this current was small or absent in tonic neurones. Transient outward currents resembling the A‐current (IA, Connor & Stevens, 1971 a) were evoked in tonic but not in phasic neurones by depolarization from resting membrane potential. IA could only be demonstrated in phasic neurones after a period of conditioning hyperpolarization. After a step depolarization to approximately ‐‐50 mV, IA reached peak amplitude at about 7 ms and then decayed with a time constant of about 25 ms in both neurone types. Activation characteristics of IA were similar for phasic and tonic neurones, but inactivation curves, although having the same shape, were shifted to more depolarized voltages in tonic neurones. That is, IA was largely inactivated at resting membrane potential in phasic, but not tonic neurones. It is concluded that the discharge patterns of the two populations of sympathetic neurones result from differences in the voltage‐dependent potassium channels present in their membranes. The anatomical occurrence of the different cell types suggests that phasic neurones are vasoconstrictor and tonic neurones are involved with visceral motility.
Momentum anomaly: evidence from the Indian stock market

Purpose - The purpose of the study is to provide insights on the profitability of momentum strategies in the Indian stock market. The study further evaluate whether momentum effect is a manifestation of size, value or illiquidity effect. Design/methodology/approach - Monthly stock return data of 470 BSE listed stocks over the sample period from January 1997 to March 2013 were used to form extreme portfolios (Winner and Loser). The returns of extreme portfolios were evaluated using t-statistics as well as using risk-adjusted measure. Further checks were imposed by controlling for other potential sources of risk including size, value and illiquidity. Findings - The study provides support in favor of momentum profitability in the Indian stock market. In contrast to the literature, momentum profitability is driven by winning stocks, and hence buying past winning stocks generates higher returns than shorting loosing stocks in the Indian stock market. Strong momentum profits were observed even after controlling for size, value and trading volume of stocks. This suggests that momentum effect in the Indian stock market is not a manifestation of small size effect, value effect or illiquidity effect. Practical implications - Considering the practitioner’s perspective, the study indicates that momentum based investment strategy in short run is still persistent and can generate potential profits in the Indian stock market. Originality/value - There is little empirical evidence on the momentum profitability especially in the Indian stock market. The study contributes to the literature by analyzing the momentum profitability even after controlling for size, value and illiquidity effect. Some aspects of momentum effect were observed to be dissimilar from those observed in literature for U.S. and other countries. Such findings justify the need of testing the momentum profitability in stock markets other than U.S.
Projected population‐level effects of thiobencarb exposure on the mysid, Americamysis bahia, and extinction probability in a concentration‐decay exposure system

Population‐level effects of the mysid, Americamysis bahia, exposed to varying thiobencarb concentrations were estimated using stage‐structured matrix models. A deterministic density‐independent matrix model estimated the decrease in population growth rate (λ) with increasing thiobencarb concentration. An elasticity analysis determined that survival of middle stages provided the largest contribution to λ. Decomposing the effects of λ in terms of changes in the matrix components determined that reduced reproduction had a large influence on population dynamics at lower thiobencarb concentrations, whereas reduced survivorship had the largest impact on populations at higher concentrations. A simulation model of a concentration‐decay system was developed to demonstrate the importance of integrating chemical half‐life and management practices in determining population viability. In this model, mysids were originally exposed to a high thiobencarb concentration (300 μg/L) that decayed an order of magnitude in the number of mysid generations corresponding to thiobencarb half‐life values under three different exposure regimes. Environmental stochasticity was added to the model to estimate the cumulative extinction probability of mysids exposed to fluctuating concentrations of thiobencarb in random environments. The cumulative extinction probability increased with thiobencarb half‐life, stochasticity, and concentration present at the time of a new exposure. The model demonstrated the expansion of population projection models in determining the ecological impact of a population exposed to pesticides.
Motor–vehicle injury in pregnancy and subsequent feto-maternal outcomes: of grave concern

Abstract Objectives: (1) To evaluate maternal and fetal outcome after motor-vehicle injury during pregnancy. (2) To determine if there was prenatal care provider counseling for seat belt use. Methods: Retrospective chart analysis of materno-fetal outcome following motor vehicle injury in 728 pregnant women between 2009 and 2012. Women attending antenatal clinics over these years were asked if they were counseled regarding correct seat belt use by prenatal health care providers during their antenatal visits. Results: In these pregnant women, 80 (11%) sustained minor injuries/sprains. 648 women (89%) had severe adverse materno-fetal pregnancy outcomes. Important causes being: (1) placental abruption 58.8%; (2) preterm labor (40%); and (3) uterine rupture (1.6%). There were 100 (13.7%) maternal and 78 (10.7%) fetal deaths. 91 (12.5%) perimortem cesarean deliveries were performed and 74 (81%) fetus survived, as did 31 women. Prenatal care provider counseling for seat belt use occurred in 44.8% of prenatal visit. Only 125 (21%) were using seat belt during the accident. Conclusion: Important causes of adverse pregnancy outcome were: abruptio placenta, preterm labor and uterine rupture. There were 100 maternal and 78 fetal deaths with 97 preterm births. Counseling occurred in 44.8% of women. Those using seat belts during the accidents sustained minor injuries.
Acute pulmonary oedema in pregnant women

Acute pulmonary oedema in pregnant women is an uncommon but life‐threatening event. The aims of this review are to address why pulmonary oedema occurs in pregnant women and to discuss immediate management. We performed a systematic literature search of electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library, using the key words obstetrics, pregnancy, acute pulmonary oedema, pregnancy complications, maternal, cardiac function and haemodynamics. We present a simple clinical classification of acute pulmonary oedema in pregnancy into pulmonary oedema occurring in normotensive or hypotensive women (i.e. without hypertension), and acute pulmonary oedema occurring in hypertensive women, which allows focused management. Pre‐eclampsia remains an important cause of hypertensive acute pulmonary oedema in pregnancy and preventive strategies include close clinical monitoring and restricted fluid administration. Immediate management of acute pulmonary oedema includes oxygenation, ventilation and circulation control with venodilators. Pregnancy‐specific issues include consideration of the physiological changes of pregnancy, the risk of aspiration and difficult airway, reduced respiratory and metabolic reserve, avoidance of aortocaval compression and delivery of the fetus.
Use of endobronchial valve insertion to treat relapsing pneumothorax: a case report and literature review

Backgorund and Aims: Unidirectional endobronchial valves have recently been shown to be beneficial as treatment for persistent air leaks. This report presents a first case of endobronchial valve implantation to treat relapsing pneumothorax in a Chinese patient, and also presents a review of the literature on the use of one‐way valve insertion for the treatment of persistent air leaks.