Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMPETITION CAN MAINTAIN GENETIC BUT NOT ENVIRONMENTAL VARIANCE IN THE PRESENCE OF STABILIZING SELECTION

Abstract A population in which there is stabilizing selection acting on quantitative traits toward an intermediate optimum becomes monomorphic in the absence of mutation. Further, genotypes that show least environmental variation are also favored, such that selection is likely to reduce both genetic and environmental components of phenotypic variance. In contrast, intraspecific competition for resources is more severe between phenotypically similar individuals, such that those deviating from prevailing phenotypes have a selective advantage. It has been shown previously that polymorphism and phenotypic variance can be maintained if competition between individuals is “effectively” stronger than stabilizing selection. Environmental variance is generally observed in quantitative traits, so mechanisms to explain its maintenance are sought, but the impact of competition on its magnitude has not previously been studied. Here we assume that a quantitative trait is subject to selection for an optimal value and to selection due to competition. Further, we assume that both the mean and variance of the phenotypic value depend on genotype, such that both may be affected by selection. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations reveal that environmental variance can be maintained only when the genetic variance (in mean phenotypic value) is constrained to a very low level. Environmental variance will be replaced entirely by genotypic variance if a range of genotypes that vary widely in mean phenotype are present or become so by mutation. The distribution of mean phenotypic values is discrete when competition is strong relative to stabilizing selection; but more genotypes segregate and the distribution can approach continuity as competition becomes extremely strong. If the magnitude of the environmental variance is not under genetic control, there is a complementary relationship between the levels of environmental and genetic variance such that the level of phenotypic variance is little affected.
Hydrogen-bonding patterns in two structural isomers of 3,6-bis(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine.

Two structural isomers, 3,6-bis(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, (I), and 3,5-bis(2-chlorophenyl)-4-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (II), both C(14)H(10)Cl(2)N(4), form chain-like structures in the solid state, stabilized by N-H.N and N-H.Cl hydrogen bonds. A contribution from weak interactions to the strong hydrogen-bond network is observed in both structures. The secondary graph sets for intermolecular hydrogen bonds [R(2)(2)(11) for (I) and R(2)(2)(12) for (II)] indicate the similarity between the networks.
A Case Study of the Impact of Secondary Administrators' Leadership Styles, Management of Instructional Programs, and Professional Development in Maintaining High Performing Schools

i Dedication . iii Acknowlegments. iv Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Background, Context, History, and Conceptual Framework for the Problem . 3 Statement of the Problem . 6 Purpose of the Study . 7 Research Questions . 7 Rationale, Relevance, and Significance of the Study . 8 Definitions of Terms . 9 Assumptions, Delimitations, and Limitations . 11 Chapter 1 Summary . 11 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature . 13 Introduction to the Literature Review . 13 Conceptual Framework . 32 Review of Research Literature and Methodological Literature . 33 Review of Methodological Issues . 35 Synthesis of Research Findings . 36 Critique of Previous Research . 37 Chapter 2 Summary . 38 Chapter 3: Methodology . 39 Introduction to Chapter 3 . 39
Was bringen kommunale Gebietsreformen?

Zusammenfassung Seit Jahrzehnten werden kommunale Gebietskörperschaften fusioniert, in der Hoffnung auf Kosteneinsparungen und eine höhere Leistungsfähigkeit der Verwaltung. In diesem Beitrag geben Sebastian Blesse und Felix Rösel einen Überblick über die bestehende kausale Evidenz zu den Effekten von Gebietsreformen auf öffentliche Ausgaben, Effizienz und Qualität der Verwaltung sowie zu den möglichen politischen Folgen der Zusammenschlüsse. Sie zeigen, dass Evaluationsstudien selten Effizienzrenditen von Gebietsreformen nachweisen. Allerdings ergeben sich unbeabsichtigte Nebenwirkungen auf die politische Partizipation: Die Bürger sind weniger zufrieden mit der Demokratie und gehen seltener zur Wahl, und die Ungleichheit zwischen den Ortsteilen nimmt zu. Vor diesem Hintergrund erörtern die Autoren alternative Instrumente wie interkommunale Zusammenarbeit, Funktionalreformen und Maßnahmen der Verwaltungsmodernisierung.
Reflective Self-Awareness and Conscious States: PET Evidence for a Common Midline Parietofrontal Core

A recent meta-analysis has shown precuneus, angular gyri, anterior cingulate gyri, and adjacent structures to be highly metabolically active in support of resting consciousness. We hypothesize that these regions constitute a functional network of reflective self-awareness thought to be a core function of consciousness. Seven normal volunteers were asked to think intensely on how they would describe the personality traits and physical appearance of themselves and a neutral reference person known to all the subjects (the Danish Queen). During each of the four conditions cerebral blood flow distribution was measured by the intravenous H(2)(15)O PET scanning technique. During scanning, no sensory or motor activity was intended. After each scan, the subjects reported the contents of their thoughts during the scan to ascertain that the instructions had been followed. The results confirmed our hypothesis: Statistical parametric mapping showed differential activity in precuneus and angular gyri during reflection on own personality traits and in anterior cingulate gyri during reflection on own physical traits. Connectivity analysis of synchrony showed these regions to be functionally connected during reflective self-awareness. The commonality between the neural networks of the resting conscious state and self-awareness reflects the phenomenological concept of a fundamental contribution of reflective self-awareness to the contents and coherence of the conscious state.
Thematic roles in sentence parsing.

Two eyetracking experiments examined the reading of sentences like "While the police/truck stopped the Datsun disappeared into the night. " A paper by L. Stowe (Thematic structures and sentence comprehension. In G. N. Carlson and M. K. Tanenhaus (Eds.), Linguistic structure in language processing, 1989) indicated that an inanimate subject ("truck" in "After the truck stopped the Datsun disappeared .") is taken as theme of the ergative verb ("stop"), preventing the assignment of the postverbal noun phrase ("the Datsun") as direct object. This eliminates the disruption of reading that is normally observed on the disambiguating verb ("disappear"). The present experiments found the pattern of results reported by Stowe when looking at the disambiguating region of a sentence. However, the results for earlier regions suggest that the postverbal noun phrase was initially taken as direct object of an ergative verb even when the subject was inanimate. It appears that the inanimacy of the subject may not have guided the initial syntactic analysis, but rather facilitated the revision of an initial misanalysis.
Phenotype/Genotype Correlations in a DFNB1 Cohort With Ethnical Diversity

Objectives/Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to 1) determine the prevalence of DFNB1 in a cohort of children with prelingual nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (HL), 2) study phenotype/genotype correlations, and 3) establish guidelines for genetic counseling of DFNB1.
Making Sense of a Story: Illustrations from a Case Study of Enterprise Risk Management

The concern of this paper is methodological. It reports on how methodology and methods are coupled with the theory used in a case study. This is illustrated from my study on transformation of management control from a monologic form to a heterogenic one through the implementation of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) in an Egyptian firm. Having stimulated by the critiques developed against positivistic research in management, this paper explains what philosophical rationales justified this methodological choice and how a particular theoretical framework advanced an argument about how the above transformation occurs. The paper concludes that case study research can only be acceptable if the story is suitably theorised to make contribution to knowledge.
Regularised extreme learning machine with misclassification cost and rejection cost for gene expression data classification

The main purpose of traditional classification algorithms on bioinformatics application is to acquire better classification accuracy. However, these algorithms cannot meet the requirement that minimises the average misclassification cost. In this paper, a new algorithm of cost-sensitive regularised extreme learning machine (CS-RELM) was proposed by using probability estimation and misclassification cost to reconstruct the classification results. By improving the classification accuracy of a group of small sample which higher misclassification cost, the new CS-RELM can minimise the classification cost. The 'rejection cost' was integrated into CS-RELM algorithm to further reduce the average misclassification cost. By using Colon Tumour dataset and SRBCT (Small Round Blue Cells Tumour) dataset, CS-RELM was compared with other cost-sensitive algorithms such as extreme learning machine (ELM), cost-sensitive extreme learning machine, regularised extreme learning machine, cost-sensitive support vector machine (SVM). The results of experiments show that CS-RELM with embedded rejection cost could reduce the average cost of misclassification and made more credible classification decision than others.
A procedure for preparing oxazolines of highly unsaturated fatty acids to determine double bond positions by mass spectrometry Published, JLR Papers in Press, February 16, 2003. DOI 10.1194/jlr.D200046-JLR200

A convenient, mild, reliable method has been developed for preparing oxazolines of fatty acids and for using these derivatives to determine double bond locations in long-chain polyunsaturated and polyconjugated fatty acids. Fatty acyl mixed anhydrides are prepared using isobutylchloroformate and then converted to their ethanolamides by treatment with ethanolamine. Ethanolamides are subsequently cyclized to the corresponding oxazolines in ⩾85% yields by treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride under mild conditions (>50° for 30–60 min). This general protocol can also be used to synthesize 4,4-dimethyloxazoline and benzoxazole derivatives of fatty acids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of oxazoline derivatives of fatty acids yields prominent ions diagnostic of the structures of the parent fatty acids and, in the case of unsaturated fatty acids, indicating the positions of the double bonds. The utility of the method is illustrated with several fatty acids, including the conjugated 4E,6E,8E,10E,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosaheptaenoic acid.
Effects of feeding fish meal to cows on digestibility, milk production, and milk composition.

Holstein cows in early lactation, producing about 30 kg/d of milk, were fed high energy diets containing 5% Megalac. Three protein treatments, soybean meal diet (16% CP), fish meal diet (16% CP), and soybean meal-fish meal diet (20% CP) were compared in a change-over design. Digestibilities of DM, gross energy, CP, and ADF were not affected significantly by protein treatments. The fish meal diet decreased DMI but increased milk and SCM production compared with the soybean meal diet. Daily production of milk, SCM, and milk components (fat, protein, and lactose) were highest and BW gain lowest for the high protein soybean meal-fish meal diet. The fish meal and soybean meal-fish meal diets increased fat percentage but decreased lactose percentage of milk compared with soybean meal diet. This suggests that, for each diet, the energy supply was adequate, and the observed changes were the effects of protein (i.e., AA) supply to the cows. Thus, there seems to be good reason to feed a good quality undegradable protein like fish meal to cows producing more than 30 kg/d of milk.
Phlebotomid sandflies.

The article presents a synthesis of present knowledge concerning sandflies of the family Phlebotomidae in relation to leishmaniasis. Over 500 species of Phlebotominae are known, most of which belong to the genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia in the Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World. Phlebotomus is the dominant genus in the palaearctic region, extending also into the other regions of the Old World where Sergentomyia is the principal genus. Sandflies are of little importance in temperate North America but in tropical America Lutzomyia is the main genus and is found over large areas. The distribution of sandflies largely determines the occurrence of leishmaniasis. Certain species of Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia transmit dermal leishmaniasis in large areas of the palaearctic and neotropical regions. Visceral leishmaniasis is transmitted by some species of Phlebotomus in much of the palaearctic region, except desert areas of North Africa, and in limited areas of Africa and India, and by a species of Lutzomyia in north-eastern Brazil. Sandflies are quite likely to bite man in the open country of much of the Old World; they tend however to be localized in distribution on account of their need for a suitable microhabitat (e.g., the burrow of the Central Asian large gerbil, which has been extensively studied in relation to dermal leishmaniasis). It is noted that the distribution of sandflies and leishmaniasis appears to be changing.A few species of sandfly are regarded as proved vectors of human leishmaniasis according to five criteria; other species which are the only man-biting sandflies in the area are probably vectors. Although it is not possible to make a clear-cut list of vectors, a table of some proved and suspected vectors is included.
Pharmacokinetics of cefepime dihydrochloride arginine in subjects with renal impairment

In this study, the safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of a single 1-g intravenous dose of cefepime (BMY-28142) were investigated. Twenty-three volunteers with various degrees of renal function were assigned to four trial groups according to glomerular filtration rates (GFR). Group IV consisted of five patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing treatment with hemodialysis. Cefepime concentrations in samples from plasma, urine, and infusion solutions were assayed with high-pressure liquid chromatography. The volume of distribution corresponded to the assumed extracellular fluid volume and did not differ significantly between the four groups. The area under the concentration-time curve increased as renal function decreased; in group II (GFR, 31 to 80 ml/[min x 1.73 m2]; n = 6), it was already three times higher than in group I (GFR, > or = 80 ml/[min x 1.73 m2]; n = 5). Mean residence time was 2.4, 6.8, 11.4, and 31.6 h for the four groups, respectively. Total clearance decreased (97.2, 34.6, 19.8, and 6.3 ml/[min x 1.73 m2]) with decreasing renal function, and a linear relationship between total plasma clearance and GFR was found with the regression equation y = 0.92x-2.0 (r = 0.991). Renal clearance was linearly correlated to GFR with the regression equation y = 0.87x-6.1 (r = 0.989), indicating that renal elimination is mainly by glomerular filtration. During hemodialysis, the extraction ratios were between 0.40 and 0.65. Dialysis clearance varied between 69.9 and 94.6 ml/(min x 1.73 m2).
Reliability of Local Scale Human Pressure Modeling at the Seafloor of the Baltic Sea

ABSTRACT Efforts to understand anthropogenic stress in marine environments have introduced methods of cumulative human pressure modeling in the broad-scale mapping of large sea areas. This paper examines the usability of such modeling in the shallow seafloor and complex shoreline conditions of the Archipelago Sea in the northern Baltic Sea. We employed public spatial data sources to describe the spatial patterns of 24 different human pressures with their normalized values in a 20 m × 20 m pixel size. Public data were also used to classify the seafloor into six different environmental types. The model output was assessed against environmental data from regular seafloor monitoring. Visual examination shows general agreement between the cumulative human pressure model and the health of the benthic fauna, seabed oxygen and, to a degree, also the tributyltin. However, although none of these field parameters show high statistical correlation with the cumulative pressure status, multiple parameters assessed simultaneously could provide a sufficient reference. Local-scale disagreements between the cumulative model and the field parameters particularly occur near the largest harbor in the region where regular dredging is practiced. Model sensitivity to different input variables was further tested by comparing 36 dissimilar variants. The comparisons reveal a general stability across the inclusion, exclusion, or modification of such spatially restricted human pressure data, which only induced local-scale details. High instabilities occurred when the tested input data had a large spatial coverage. As the cumulative human impact model reduces several human pressures into one index, it should be considered as a broad scale descriptor of the likely overall health status of the sea. When implemented with accurate local-scale data it can help coastal and marine spatial planning but it should not be considered as a predictive depiction of any particular environmental characteristic. The cumulative pressure map is particularly powerful in providing unforeseen insights into the distributions of overall anthropogenic influences within the study region, and through these it can also contribute to environmental policies.
Evaluation of sudomotor function in diabetes using the dynamic sweat test

Background: The study of sudomotor function represents a useful tool to evaluate autonomic disorders. Currently available tests allow either the measurement of sweat output from the whole body or selected small skin locations over time, or quantification of the number and size of sweat drops at a fixed time after stimulation. We devised a dynamic sweat test (DST) that measures at the same time sweat gland density, distribution of active glands, and sweat rate, and applied it to the evaluation of sudomotor function in diabetes. Methods: The DST was used to evaluate sweating in the forearm of 14 asymptomatic diabetic subjects and 14 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Distal leg was also tested in 7 patients and 7 controls. The formation of the imprint of pilocarpine-induced sweating was recorded by a digital video camera through a cornstarch-powdered transparent tape used as a contrast-enhancing device. Mean sweat output per gland and per skin area and sweat gland density per cm2 were evaluated. Results: We observed a significant reduction of sweating in diabetic subjects as compared to controls; sweat gland density per cm2 (59.7 ± 18.6 vs 83.7 ± 17.3; p < 0.05) and mean sweat output (nL/min) per gland (4.7 ± 0.7 vs 8.3 ± 2.7; p = 0.01) and per skin area (261 ± 100 vs 645 ± 296; p = 0.01) were reduced in the lower limb. Values for the forearm were not significantly different from controls. Conclusions: Dynamic sweat test is an easy-to-perform, informative method to study sudomotor function. It provides the ability to detect subtle functional changes occurring in the early stages of diabetic neuropathy.
Governance of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS): accounting, rewarding, and the Paris agreement

ABSTRACT Studies show that the ‘well below 2°C’ target from the Paris Agreement will be hard to meet without large negative emissions from mid-century onwards, which means removing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing the carbon dioxide in biomass, soil, suitable geological formations, deep ocean sediments, or chemically bound to certain minerals. Biomass energy combined with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is the negative emission technology (NET) given most attention in a number of integrated assessment model studies and in the latest IPCC reports. However, less attention has been given to governance aspects of NETs. This study aims to identify pragmatic ways forward for BECCS, through synthesizing the literature relevant to accounting and rewarding BECCS, and its relation to the Paris Agreement. BECCS is divided into its two elements: biomass and CCS. Calculating net negative emissions requires accounting for sustainability and resource use related to biomass energy production, processing and use, and interactions with the global carbon cycle. Accounting for the CCS element of BECCS foremost relates to the carbon dioxide capture rate and safe underground storage. Rewarding BECCS as a NET depends on the efficiency of biomass production, transport and processing for energy use, global carbon cycle feedbacks, and safe storage of carbon dioxide, which together determine net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. Sustainable biomass production is essential, especially with regard to trade-offs with competing land use. Negative emissions have an added value compared to avoided emissions, which should be reflected in the price of negative emission ‘credits’, but must be discounted due to global carbon cycle feedbacks. BECCS development will depend on linkages to carbon trading mechanisms and biomass trading. Key policy insights A standardized framework for sustainable biomass should be adopted. Countries should agree on a standardized framework for accounting and rewarding BECCS and other negative emission technologies. Early government support is indispensable to enable BECCS development, scale-up and business engagement. BECCS projects should be designed to maximize learning across various applications and across other NETs. BECCS development should be aligned with modalities of the Paris Agreement and market mechanisms.
Engineering Consent

As the reach and influence of audience analytics tools continue to grow in newsrooms, a burgeoning body of scholarship conceptualizes them as a form of managerial surveillance that seeks to standardize journalistic work and render it more reliably profitable. While workers in many contexts have been found to resist the rationalization of their labor process, existing research suggests that journalists have become increasingly amenable to—and even powerfully fixated on—the analytics dashboards that quantitatively monitor their performance and rank them against their peers. Drawing on six months of ethnographic observation and interviews at a leading newsroom analytics startup, this article examines the discursive strategies and design elements employed by analytics companies to engineer journalists’ consent to analytics-driven labor discipline. These include performing deference to editorial judgment, professing allegiance to journalism’s institutional norms, and providing a habit-forming user experience. Such tactics enable the newsroom analytics dashboard to extract increased productivity from journalist-users—and to do so in a way that obfuscates, rather than highlights, managerial influence in the newsroom. The article concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for future research on the rationalization of journalistic work in the digital age.