Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Uses of Dynamic Earthquake Triggering

Dynamic triggering of earthquakes by seismic waves is a robustly observed phenomenon with well-documented examples from over 30 major earthquakes. We are now in a position to use dynamic triggering as a natural experiment to probe the reaction of faults to the known stresses from seismic waves. We show here that dynamic triggering can be used to investigate the distribution of stresses required for failure on faults. In some regions, faults appear to be uniformly distributed over their loading cycles with equal numbers at all possible stresses from failure. Regions under tectonic extension, at the interface between locked and creeping faults, or subject to anthropogenic forcing are most prone to triggered failure. Predictions of future seismicity rates based on seismic wave amplitudes are theoretically possible and may provide similar results to purely stochastic prediction schemes. The underlying mechanisms of dynamic triggering are still unknown. The prolonged triggered sequences require a multistage process such as shear failure from rate-state friction coupled to aseismic creep or continued triggering through a secondary cascade. Permeability enhancement leading to drainage or pore pressure redistribution on faults is an alternative possibility. The Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application aims to inform statisticians and quantitative methodologists, as well as all scientists and users of statistics about major methodological advances and the computational tools that allow for their implementation. It will include developments in the field of statistics, including theoretical statistical underpinnings of new methodology, as well as developments in specific application domains such as biostatistics and bioinformatics, economics, machine learning, psychology, sociology, and aspects of the physical sciences.
The petrosquamosal venous channel.

We read the article by Marsot-Dupuch et al ([1][1]), “The Petrosquamosal Sinus: CT and MR Findings of a Rare Emissary Vein,” with great interest. We would like to take this opportunity to emphasize the two following points. First, our evaluation of 13 anatomic corrosion casts of the cerebral
Do I Know What You Can See? Social Networking Sites and Privacy Management

Social networking sites invite users to share personal information with their connections, allowing individuals to easily maintain their social capital. The sharing of personal information on social networking sites can bring positive outcomes; however, it can also lead to issues such as identity theft and cyberbullying. This research examines the privacy practices of Facebook users, capturing not only their usage and perceptions of Facebook’s privacy management capabilities but also adaptations such as self-censorship of shared information. Data from the current study are compared with data collected in 2007; results suggest that Facebook users today are even more actively engaged in privacy management, are less likely to accept friend requests from unknown entities, and are more proactive in their responses to privacy incidents.
Isolation of novel heart-specific genes using the BodyMap database.

Two novel heart-specific genes, C3orf3 (chromosome 3 open reading frame 3) and MMGL (myomegalin-like), were isolated using BodyMap, a gene expression database based on site-directed 3' expressed sequence tags (3'-ESTs) which were collected from nonbiased cDNA libraries of various tissues. The cDNA of C3orf3 was 1667 bp and was composed of 12 exons within a 10-kb-long genomic sequence. MMGL consisted of 8 exons within a genomic sequence of over 70 kb, leading to four alternatively spliced transcripts. Both genes were strongly expressed in heart and also in skeletal muscle. C3orf3 and MMGL were mapped to 3p22 and 1q1, respectively. Subcellular localizations of their putative proteins were determined as being in the cytoplasm for C3orf3 and in the cytoplasm and nucleus for MMGL. This study showed that BodyMap is a useful database for the isolation of tissue-specific genes.
Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: a review.

Considered in the review are 16 studies on the stability of aggressive behavior and reaction patterns. There is great variation among the studies in sample composition, in definition of variables, in method of data collection, and in the ages and intervals studied. Generally, the size of a (disattenuated) stability coefficient tends to decrease linearly as the interval between the two times of measurement (T2— 7\) increases. Furthermore, the degree of stability can be broadly described as a positive linear function of the interval covered and the subject's age at the time of first measurement, expressed in the age ratio T-^/T^,. The degree of stability that exists in the area of aggression was found to be quite substantial; it was, in fact, not much lower than the stability typically found in the domain of intelligence testing. Marked individual differences in habitual aggression level manifest themselves early in life, certainly by the age of 3. It was generally concluded that (a) the degree of longitudinal consistency in aggressive behavior patterns is much greater than has been maintained by proponents of a behavioral specificity position, and (b) important determinants of the observed longitudinal consistency are to be found in relatively stable, individual-differentiating reaction tendencies or motive systems (personality variables) within individuals.
Preliminary evidence for a structural benefit of the new bisphosphonate zoledronic acid in early rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE Bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclast activity, which is central to the development of bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to assess whether treatment with zoledronic acid, compared with placebo, could achieve a > or = 50% reduction in the development of new erosions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with early RA. METHODS In this proof-of-concept study, 39 patients with early RA and clinical synovitis of the hand/wrist were randomized to receive infusions with either zoledronic acid (5 mg) or placebo, administered at baseline and week 13. Patients in both groups received methotrexate (MTX) at a dosage of 7.5-20 mg/week. MRI and plain radiography were performed at baseline and week 26. RESULTS At week 26, the mean +/- SD change in MRI hand and wrist erosions was 61% lower in the zoledronic acid group compared with the placebo group (0.9 +/- 1.63 versus 2.3 +/- 3.09; P = 0.176). The mean +/- SD increase in the number of hand and wrist bones with erosions was 0.3 +/- 0.75 for zoledronic acid compared with 1.4 +/- 1.77 for placebo (P = 0.029). The proportion of patients in whom new MRI-visualized bone edema developed was smaller in the zoledronic acid group compared with the placebo group (33% versus 58%; P = 0.121). The zoledronic acid group had a mean change in the number of radiographic erosions of 0.1 compared with 0.5 for the placebo group (P = 0.677). The safety profile of zoledronic acid was similar to that of placebo. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest a structural benefit associated with zoledronic acid therapy in patients with RA, as demonstrated by consistent results in structural end points in favor of zoledronic acid plus MTX compared with MTX alone.
Characteristics of the binding of a bacterial expansin (BsEXLX1) to microcrystalline cellulose

Plant expansin proteins induce plant cell wall extension and have the ability to extend and disrupt cellulose. In addition, these proteins show synergistic activity with cellulases during cellulose hydrolysis. BsEXLX1 originating from Bacillus subtilis is a structural homolog of a β‐expansin produced by Zea mays (ZmEXPB1). The Langmuir isotherm for binding of BsEXLX1 to microcrystalline cellulose (i.e., Avicel) revealed that the equilibrium binding constant of BsEXLX1 to Avicel was similar to those of other Type A surface‐binding carbohydrate‐binding modules (CBMs) to microcrystalline cellulose, and the maximum number of binding sites on Avicel for BsEXLX1 was also comparable to those on microcrystalline cellulose for other Type A CBMs. BsEXLX1 did not bind to cellooligosaccharides, which is consistent with the typical binding behavior of Type A CBMs. The preferential binding pattern of a plant expansin, ZmEXPB1, to xylan, compared to cellulose was not exhibited by BsEXLX1. In addition, the binding capacities of cellulose and xylan for BsEXLX1 were much lower than those for CtCBD3. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 401–407. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in carotenoid intake from fruit and vegetables in the Spanish population over the period 1964–2004

Abstract Objective To assess changes in carotenoid intake based on the variations in the consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables in the Spanish population over the period 1964–2004. Design Consumption data of fresh fruit and vegetables from Family Budget Surveys carried out in 1964, 1980, 1990 and 2004. Consumption data (g per person per day) accounted for >90% of fruit and vegetable consumption at each time point. Quality controlled high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the carotenoid composition of Spanish fruit and vegetable was used. Subjects Randomly selected, private households throughout Spain (20 800 households in 1964, 30 311 households in 1980, 21 155 households in 1990 and 6000 households in 2004). Twelve vegetables and 16 fruits representing 89–96% of the total consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables were used. Results Individual consumption of fruit and vegetables has changed over this period, altering the total and individual intake of carotenoids. Total carotenoid intake increased from 2.5 mg per person per day in 1964 to 4.1 mg per person per day in 1990, with a decrease to 3.3 mg per person per day in 2004. These increments are due to an increase in lycopene, α- and β-carotene, while a decrease in lutein and zeaxanthin is observed during the last decade. A continuous and consistent decrease in the relative contribution of lutein in the diet is observed over the period studied. Conclusion Although the consumption of fruit and vegetables is still consistent with a Mediterranean-type pattern, modifications in the consumption of individual fruits and vegetables have provoked changes in total and specific carotenoid intake with potential relevance in human health.
Safety and efficacy of 22 weeks of treatment with sapropterin dihydrochloride in patients with phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disease characterized by phenylalanine (Phe) accumulation, which can lead to neurocognitive and neuromotor impairment. Sapropterin dihydrochloride, an FDA‐approved synthetic formulation of tetrahydrobiopterin (6R‐BH4, herein referred to as sapropterin) is effective in reducing plasma Phe concentrations in patients with hyperphenylalaninemia due to tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)‐responsive PKU, offering potential for improved metabolic control. Eighty patients, ≥8 years old, who had participated in a 6‐week, randomized, placebo‐controlled study of sapropterin, were enrolled in this 22‐week, multicenter, open‐label extension study comprising a 6‐week forced dose‐titration phase (5, 20, and 10 mg/kg/day of study drug consecutively for 2 weeks each), a 4‐week dose‐analysis phase (10 mg/kg/day), and a 12‐week fixed‐dose phase (patients received doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day based on their plasma Phe concentrations during the dose titration). Dose‐dependent reductions in plasma Phe concentrations were observed in the forced dose‐titration phase. Mean (SD) plasma Phe concentration decreased from 844.0 (398.0) µmol/L (week 0) to 645.2 (393.4) µmol/L (week 10); the mean was maintained at this level during the study's final 12 weeks (652.2 [382.5] µmol/L at week 22). Sixty‐eight (85%) patients had at least one adverse event (AE). All AEs, except one, were mild or moderate in severity. Neither the severe AE nor any of the three serious AEs was considered related to sapropterin. No AE led to treatment discontinuation. Sapropterin is effective in reducing plasma Phe concentrations in a dose‐dependent manner and is well tolerated at doses of 5–20 mg/kg/day over 22 weeks in BH4‐responsive patients with PKU. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction-Between Particles and Word Order in the ’ Comprehension and Production of Simple Sentences in Japanese Children

English is a language that relies extensively on word order to signal grammatical roles and meaning of sentences. Although studies have heavily emphasized the role of word order for children learning English, there is little information regarding children learning languages that rely less on word order and more on inflections and particles. Such data would be essential in formulating a languageuniversal theory of language acquisition. This article reports four experiments tapping comprehension, production, and imitation of simple Sentences in Japanese children between 2 and 6 years of age. Japanese children must learn a language that has a dominant subject-object-verb order yet that allows flexibility in word order due to postposed particles that signal grammatical role. Results across different tasks suggest that children learning Japanese show neither a strong reliance on word order nor on particles alone. Rather, they possess a bias for a matching between particles and the position in the sentence where they appear. c
Lacrimo‐auriculo‐dento‐digital (LADD) syndrome with renal and foot anomalies

A patient who presented with most features of lacrimo‐auriculo‐dento‐digital (LADD) syndrome, an autosomal dominant trait, is described. There was no deafness, and anomalies of the external ear and the upper limbs were discrete. Renal anomalies, consisting of progressive caliectasis with stone formation, were revealed by macroscopic hematuria. There were also skeletal anomalies of both feet, a feature not previously described. Renal and distal limb anomalies are probably features of LADD syndrome.
Explanations of Blacks’ Criminality in America: 1630s-1950s

ABSTRACT Criminological research about blacks’ criminality proliferated during the 1960s. Since then, a great body of knowledge about them has been produced that has attributed their criminality to various causes. However, prior to that date, such knowledge was scarce. What were the explanations of blacks’ criminality before that (roughly between 1630s-1950s)? I argue that during this period five successive explanations of their criminality emerged: popular, religious, speculative, pseudoscientific, and scientific. This mainly had to do with the gradual transformation of America from an agricultural-rural-communal-religious society to an industrial-urban-individualistic-scientific one.
The Rise and Fall of Portfolio Pumping Among U.S. Mutual Funds

Fund managers have incentives to inflate their quarterly performance by aggressively buying stocks they already own. Using intraday measures of pumping we document that sharply increased regulatory attention in late 2000 and improved market liquidity following the implementation of Regulation NMS in 2007 are associated with fewer last-minute purchases by institutions, lower price spikes in mutual fund NAVs, and a weakened link between fund holdings and stock return reversals at period ends. Our findings suggest that portfolio pumping among U.S. mutual funds was widespread until regulatory scrutiny and heightened competition drastically diminished its prevalence.
Visualization of cerebral and vascular abnormalities by NMR imaging. The effects of imaging parameters on contrast.

The relationship between data acquisition parameters and contrast in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) images was studied. NMR imaging by the pulse echo technique selectively enhanced intracranial abnormalities; imaging by the inversion recovery technique heightened the difference between cerebral gray and white matter. Using a blood flow model, the authors also showed that NMR imaging of flow in major vessels is possible.
College Women with Differential Linguistic-Quantitative Ability Patterns: Performance on two Visual Serial-Search Tasks

Two groups of 14 college women, equated on College Entrance Examination Board Scholastic Aptitude Test scores but showing a discrepancy of at least 150 points between the scores on the Verbal and Mathematical Aptitude Test, were compared on two visual serial-search tasks; a 2 × 2 mixed factorial design was used. There was a trend in the direction of more rapid visual serial-search by the low linguistic-high quantitative subjects than for the high linguistic-low quantitative subjects. Consonant with earlier findings, visual serial-search time was significantly faster for number targets than for letter targets. Between ability patterns and target characteristics there was no significant interaction. The need to include more complex visual serial-tracking tasks in any reexamination of the observed results was noted.
Pro-inflammatory effects of uric acid in the gastrointestinal tract

Uric acid can be generated in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from the breakdown of nucleotides ingested in the diet or from purines released from host cells as a result of pathogen-induced cell damage. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme that converts hypoxanthine or xanthine into uric acid, a reaction that also generates hydrogen peroxide. It has been assumed that the product of XO responsible for the pro-inflammatory effects of this enzyme is hydrogen peroxide. Recent literature on uric acid, however, has indicated that uric acid itself may have biological effects. We tested whether uric acid itself has detectable pro-inflammatory effects using an in vivo model using ligated rabbit intestinal segments (“loops”) as well as in vitro assays using cultured cells. Addition of exogenous uric acid increased the influx of heterophils into rabbit intestinal loops, as measured by myeloperoxidase activity. In addition, white blood cells adhered avidly to uric acid crystals, forming large aggregates of cells. Uric acid acts as a leukocyte chemoattractant in the GI tract. The role of uric acid in enteric infections and in non-infectious disorders of the GI tract deserves more attention.
Imaging of CTLA4 Blockade–Induced Cell Replication with 18F-FLT PET in Patients with Advanced Melanoma Treated with Tremelimumab

Preclinical models predict that blockade of the coinhibitory molecule cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) on lymphocytes results in the release of a cell cycle inhibitory checkpoint, allowing lymphocyte proliferation, tumor targeting, and regression. However, there is a paucity of data demonstrating that lymphocyte proliferation does occur in humans treated with CTLA4-blocking antibodies. Methods: We tested the role of whole-body molecular imaging in patients with advanced melanoma receiving the CTLA4-blocking antibody tremelimumab, allowing the analysis of changes in glucose metabolism using the PET probe 18F-FDG and cell replication with the PET probe 3′-deoxy-3′-18F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT). Results: PET/CT scans obtained at a median of 2 mo after initial dosing did not demonstrate significant changes in lesion size or 18F-FDG or 18F-FLT uptake when focusing on metastatic lesions. Similarly, there was no difference in 18F-FDG uptake in the non–melanoma-involved spleen. However, there were significant increases in standardized uptake values for 18F-FLT in the spleen using post- and pretremelimumab treatment scans. Conclusion: Molecular imaging with the PET probe 18F-FLT allows mapping and noninvasive imaging of cell proliferation in secondary lymphoid organs after CTLA4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma.
A Probabilistic Soft Logic Based Approach to Exploiting Latent and Global Information in Event Classification

Global information such as event-event association, and latent local information such as fine-grained entity types, are crucial to event classification. However, existing methods typically focus on sophisticated local features such as part-of-speech tags, either fully or partially ignoring the aforementioned information. By contrast, this paper focuses on fully employing them for event classification. We notice that it is difficult to encode some global information such as event-event association for previous methods. To resolve this problem, we propose a feasible approach which encodes global information in the form of logic using Probabilistic Soft Logic model. Experimental results show that, our proposed approach advances state-of-the-art methods, and achieves the best F1 score to date on the ACE data set.
Spasticity after stroke: why bother?

To the Editor: Perseveration of behavior is a significant clinical symptom among intentional disorders of organic brain disease, attributed by some authors especially to prefrontal brain impairment. However, the perseverative preoccupation of professional neurologists and therapists with the purpose of overpowering the spasticity ogre seems to be an endemic, intractably-taught delusion that afflicts both academic scholars and clinicians.1,2 In 1951, Thomas Twitchell published a 37-page analysis of the clinical course of recovery of 121 acute hemiplegic stroke patients in the Boston City Hospital.3 Early on they were examined daily, and 25 were carefully followed for weeks or months until they reached a stable status of recovery or disability. Twitchell described in great detail both the usual and exceptional patterns of functional recovery, along with the associated patterns of reflex phenomena. Following transient flaccidity associated with acute paralysis, resistance to passive stretch …
Being Bullied by Same- versus Other-Sex Peers: Does It Matter for Adolescent Victims?

The negative consequences of peer victimization on psychosocial adjustment are well documented. The consequences, however, may depend on who the bullies are. In this study, we examined the consequences of same- versus other-sex victimization. The sample consisted of 4,941 Finnish adolescents (ages 14–15; 47.7% boys). We used structural equation modeling to examine both concurrent and longitudinal associations of same- and other-sex victimization with depression, negative perception of peers, and social self-esteem. Both same- and other-sex victimization were related to psychosocial adjustment. Concurrently, the victimization experiences with same-sex peers in particular were associated with generalized cognitions about peers, whereas being bullied by other-sex peers was related to adolescents’ social self-esteem more strongly than victimization by same-sex peers. The longitudinal associations, in turn, showed that only being bullied by boys had carry-over effects on girls’ adjustment. Other-sex victimization can have serious consequences especially on girls’ psychosocial adjustment. [Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology for the following supplemental resource: Complementary information on model fit indices and the nested model chi-square difference tests. ]
Honesty Requires Time (and Lack of Justifications)

Recent research suggests that refraining from cheating in tempting situations requires self-control, which indicates that serving self-interest is an automatic tendency. However, evidence also suggests that people cheat to the extent that they can justify their unethical behavior to themselves. To merge these different lines of research, we adopted a dual-system approach that distinguished between the intuitive and deliberative cognitive systems. We suggest that for people to restrict their dishonest behavior, they need to have enough time and no justifications for self-serving unethical behavior. We employed an anonymous die-under-cup task in which participants privately rolled a die and reported the outcome to determine their pay. We manipulated the time available for participants to report their outcome (short vs. ample). The results of two experiments support our prediction, revealing that the dark side of people’s automatic self-serving tendency may be overcome when time to decide is ample and private justifications for dishonesty are not available.