Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using Chat and Text Technologies to Answer Sexual and Reproductive Health Questions: Planned Parenthood Pilot Study

Background Teens and young adults in the United States are in need of sexual and reproductive health information, as evidenced by elevated rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), pregnancy, and births among this population. In-person sexuality education programs are helpful, but they are unlikely to rapidly accommodate teens and young adults in a moment of crisis. Evidence suggests that technologies such as instant messaging (IM) and text messaging may be effective ways to provide teens and young adults with sexual and reproductive health information. In September 2010, Planned Parenthood Federation of America launched a text and IM program designed to provide immediate answers to urgent sexual and reproductive health questions from a reliable and confidential source and to link young people to sexual and reproductive health services if needed. Objective To assess whether this program is successful in reaching the target population, whether user characteristics vary by mode (IM vs text), and whether mode is associated with reaching individuals with high levels of worry or reducing worry postchat. Methods Data were collected from prechat and postchat surveys for all IM and text message conversations between September 2010 and August 2011. A bivariate analysis was conducted using chi-square tests for differences in the main covariates by mode of conversation. In the multivariable analysis, logistic regression was used to identify factors that were independently associated with prechat levels of worry and changes in worry postchat. Results A total of 32,589 conversations occurred during the program’s first year. The odds of feeling very worried prechat were highest for IM users (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.43, 95% CI 1.20-1.72), users 17 years and younger (AOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.50-1.74), Latino/Hispanic users (AOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.27-1.46), and black users (AOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.30-1.50). After controlling for the study covariates, there was no significant difference in the odds of feeling better (less worried) postchat between IM and text message users. Feeling better postchat was associated with being younger (≤17 years: AOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.17-1.72; 18-24 years: AOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.02-1.42), being Latino/Hispanic (AOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.10-1.55), reporting that the service was very helpful (AOR 3.47, 95% CI 3.24-4.32), and asking about emergency contraception (AOR 1.35, 95% CI 1.13-1.61). The odds of feeling better were lowest for users with questions about STIs (AOR 0.61, 95% CI 0.47-0.78). Conclusions The results from the process evaluation suggest that the program was able to provide informational support to vulnerable groups, such as teens and racial minorities, in moments of particular worry. Differences between the IM and text message users reveal that each mode appeals to a different population and that both are necessary to reach a diverse audience.
The Neuroinvasiveness of a Murine Retrovirus Is Influenced by a Dileucine-Containing Sequence in the Cytoplasmic Tail of Glycosylated Gag

ABSTRACT The tempo and intensity of retroviral neuropathogenesis are dependent on the capacity of the virus to invade the central nervous system. For murine leukemia viruses, an important determinant of neuroinvasiveness is the virus-encoded protein glycosylated Gag, the function of which in the virus life cycle is not known. While this protein is dispensable for virus replication, mutations which prevent its expression slow the spread of virus in vivo and restrict virus dissemination to the brain. To further explore the function of this protein, we compared two viruses, CasFrKP (KP) and CasFrKP41 (KP41), which differ dramatically in neurovirulence. KP expresses high early viremia titers, is neuroinvasive, and induces clinical neurologic disease in 100% of neonatally inoculated mice, with an incubation period of 18 to 23 days. In contrast, KP41 expresses early viremia titers 100- fold lower than those of KP, exhibits attenuated neuroinvasiveness, and induces clinical neurologic disease infrequently, with a relatively long incubation period. The genomes of these two viruses differ by only 10 nucleotides, resulting in differences at five residues, all located within the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail of glycosylated Gag. In this study, using KP as the parental virus, we systematically mutated each of the five amino acid residues to those of KP41 and found that substitution mutation of two membrane-proximal residues, E53 and L56, to K and P, respectively produced the greatest effect on early viremia kinetics and neurovirulence. These mutations disrupted the KP sequence E53FLL56, the leucine dipeptide of which suggests the possibility that it may represent a sorting signal for glycosylated Gag. Supporting this idea was the finding that alteration of this sequence motif increased the level of cell surface expression of the protein, which suggests that analysis of the intracellular trafficking of glycosylated Gag may provide further clues to its function.
Functional status of adults with cerebral palsy and implications for treatment of children

This study examined the evolution of individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) from childhood to adulthood. Seventy‐two adults with a diagnosis of CP born between 1934 and 1980 were studied. Individuals were recruited and data comprehensively collected using case notes and through direct assessments of the majority of participants from three rehabilitation units in Bologna, Padua, and Rovigo in Italy. The main findings can be summarized as follows: contact with health and rehabilitation services was radically reduced once individuals reached adulthood; more individuals who were integrated into mainstream schools achieved and maintained literacy than those who had attended special schools; in a high number of participants, motor performance deteriorated once into adulthood. Independent walking or other forms of supported locomotion were lost in many on reaching adulthood. Of those who continued to walk, walking deteriorated in terms of distance. It was concluded that even though CP has been considered as predominantly a childhood pathological condition, the evolution of the effects of CP do not stop at 16 or 18 years of age. For this reason, the traditional child‐ (or infant‐) oriented approach concentrating mainly or exclusively on the achievement of independent walking, may not be an ideal approach to children with CP. Instead a more independence‐oriented therapeutic approach would be appropriate.
The Accessibility of Family and Peer Norms in Young Adolescent Risk Behavior

The accessibility of attitudes and norms (i.e., how quickly they are activated from memory) has been shown to predict young adult cigarette smoking, but prior work has not examined this effect in young adolescents or with other health risk behaviors. In this study, the accessibility of attitudes and norms was used to predict young adolescent (N = 325, age M = 14.97, SD = .73) self-reported behavior and behavior intention for cigarette smoking, alcohol use, marijuana smoking, and sexual behavior. The accessibility of attitudes and the accessibility of injunctive norms were significantly related to adolescents’ health risk behavior. When controlling for current behavior, the accessibility of attitudes and of family norms were significantly related to intent to engage in these behaviors in the future. In contrast, the accessibility of peer norms was only related to reports of current behavior, not future behavior intention. This finding replicates across four behaviors when controlling for age, gender, and race, and provides strong evidence that the accessibility of relevant attitudes and social norms are important factors in young adolescent risk behavior. Implications for communication interventions to reduce teen health risk behavior are discussed.
Gender Participation in Economic Activities and Decision Making in Keffi Area of Nigeria

The study assessed gender participation and decision making role in economic activities using data collected from 120 respondents. The results revealed that female participation was frequent in crop post-harvest activities and poultry management while male participation was frequent in crop pre-harvest operations only. Female respondents participated occasionally in home gardening, goat rearing, hair dressing and food processing. Educational level, years of experience, personal income and credit obtained significantly influenced the level of gender participation in economic activities. The Males always made decisions on selection of crop variety, spending money, saving money, buying of necessities, and children‟s education, while females always made decision on types of food for home consumption only. Age and income of respondents were the significant factors that influenced the level of gender involvement in decision making. Provision of credit facilities, sensitization on the importance of women involvement in decision making and mobilization of farmers to form co-operative societies are necessary impetus for improving women participation in economic activities and decision making.
Left ventricular filling pattern in beta-thalassaemia major--a Doppler echocardiographic study.

The pattern of left ventricular filling was assessed by Doppler echocardiography in 38 adult beta-thalassaemia major patients; 28 with normal (age 25.2 +/- 5.3 years) and 10 with abnormal (age 24.5 +/- 8.8 years) left ventricular systolic function. The findings were compared with those obtained from 38 age and sex matched normal individuals. In patients with normal left ventricular systolic function, peak flow velocity in early diastole was higher than in the controls (94 +/- 16 vs 79 +/- 12 cm.s-1, P < 0.001). The peak flow velocity in late diastole was also greater (60 +/- 18 vs 46 +/- 9 cm.s-1, P < 0.001), but the ratio between the early and late (atrial) peaks was approximately the same in both groups (1.74 +/- 0.72 vs 1.70 +/- 0.30). There was no difference in deceleration time and rate between the two groups (152 +/- 32 vs 151 +/- 21 ms and 504 +/- 93 vs 508 +/- 115 cm.s-2 respectively). None of the patients had atrial predominant left ventricular inflow pattern. In patients with congestive heart failure the peak flow velocity in early diastole was greater than in the controls (96 +/- 10 vs 79 +/- 2 cm.s-1 P < 0.001) while in late diastole it was smaller (39 +/- 6 vs 44 +/- 2 cm.s-1, P < 0.05). The ratio between the early and late peaks was greater in the patients than in the controls (2.5 +/- 0.35 vs 1.8 +/- 0.08, P < 0.001). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rôle de l'environnement cellulaire sur les canaux sensibles à l'étirement dans l'hypertension pulmonaire

Au niveau de la circulation pulmonaire, une exposition prolongee a l’hypoxie est responsable du phenomene de vasoconstriction hypoxique pulmonaire (VHP) qui favorise les echanges gazeux. Lorsque cette VHP se generalise, elle conduit au developpement d'une hypertension pulmonaire de groupe 3 (HTP). Cette pathologie se caracterise par un remodelage vasculaire induisant une elevation progressive de la pression arterielle pulmonaire (> 25 mmHg au repos). Ceci conduit a une defaillance cardiaque droite et, a terme, a la mort. La VHP est responsable de l'etirement de la membrane des cellules musculaires lisses des arteres pulmonaires (CMLAP) et peut ainsi activer des "Stretch-Activated Channels" tels que les TRPV (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid). Il a precedemment ete decrit que les canaux TRPV1 et TRPV4, impliques dans la migration et la proliferation des cellules vasculaires pulmonaires, sont surexprimes et suractives lors de l'HTP. Cependant, ces modifications peuvent etre dues a un effet direct de l’hypoxie ou indirect, consequence d'un etirement membranaire plus important induit par la VHP. Nous avons donc etudie la contribution respective des stress hypoxique et mecanique, observes en contexte d’HTP, en utilisant des conditionnements in vitro sur des CMLAP d’animaux sains (rats et souris). Nous avons montre que l’hypoxie (1 % O2, 48 heures) induit une augmentation de la [Ca2+]i couplee a une potentialisation de la migration induite par l’activation de TRPV1 et V4. De meme, un etirement cyclique (20 %, 1 Hz, 24 heures) provoque une augmentation de la [Ca2+]i et de la proliferation. Ces resultats montrent pour la premiere fois une action directe de l'hypoxie et du stress mecanique (etirement cyclique) sur des CMLAP.
The carcinogenicity of dietary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.

Groups of 50 male and female Fischer 344 rats and male and female B6C3Fl mice were fed diets containing 6000 or 12,000 (rats) or 3000 or 6000 (mice) mg di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)/kg feed for 103 consecutive wk. Concurrent controls (50 of each sex and species) were fed diet without the addition of DEHP. Treatment with DEHP did not affect survival rates for rats or mice, nor did it alter the amount of food consumed. Mean body weight gains of treated male rats (6000 and 12,000 mg/kg), female rats (12,000 mg/kg), and female mice (3000 and 6000 mg/kg) were less than those of the corresponding controls. Seminiferous tubular degeneration and hypertrophy of cells in the anterior pituitary were observed in male rats at 12,000 mg/kg, and chronic inflammation of the kidney and seminiferous tubular degeneration were observed in male mice at 6000 mg/kg. Neither clinical signs of toxicity nor nonneoplastic lesions were detected in the other treated groups at incidences greater than in the corresponding controls.
Ganglioside GD3 enhances apoptosis by suppressing the nuclear factor‐κB‐dependent survival pathway

Cell survival reflects a balance between death and protective pathways. Because sphingolipids have emerged as putative death signals and because transcription factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) activates a survival pathway, we analyzed the role of C2‐ceramide (C2) and GD3 ganglioside (GD3) on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), NF‐ΚB activation, and survival of rat hepatocytes or HepG2 cells. Although both C2 and GD3 generated similar dose‐dependent levels of ROS derived from mitochondria, hepatocytes displayed a selective sensitivity to GD3 treatment. Consistent with this finding, C2 and GD3 differed in the activation of NF‐ΚB as C2, unlike GD3, and enhanced the DNA binding of NF‐ΚB despite the fact that both sphingolipids signaled the degradation of IΚB‐Α. Glucosylceramide (GluCer), lactosylceramide (LactCer), and ganglioside GM1 (GM1) mimicked the repressing effect of GD3 on NF‐ΚB activation, which suggests the presence of common structural features among these glycosphingolipids. Competent DNA binding NF‐ΚB complexes were observed predominantly in the cytosol of GD3‐stimulated cells, which paralleled the absence of NF‐ΚB p65 in the nuclei and indicated that GD3 blocks the nuclear translocation of NF‐ΚB complexes. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with a sublethal dose of GD3 blocked the activation of NF‐ΚB and subsequent ΚB‐dependent gene expression induced by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), which sensitized hepatocytes to TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis. Thus, gangliosides are efficient death effectors by a dual mechanism that involves mitochondrial recruitment and suppression of the NF‐κB‐dependent survival pathway, which may be of potential therapeutic use in conditions aimed to control apoptosis resistance.
Characterization of cytokines associated with Th17 cells in the eyes of horses with recurrent uveitis.

OBJECTIVE Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneous disease that is the most common cause of blindness in horses, affecting up to 15% of the horse population. Th17 cells are a major cell population driving the pathogenesis in several mouse models of autoimmune inflammation, including experimental autoimmune uveitis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role a Th17 cell-mediated response plays in the pathogenesis of ERU. PROCEDURE Banked, Davidson's-fixed equine globes histopathologically diagnosed with ERU (n = 7) were compared immunohistochemically with healthy control globes (n = 7). Immunohistochemical staining was performed using a pan-Leptospira antibody and antibodies against IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23. Additionally, immunostaining was performed for T-cell (CD3) and B-cell (CD79α) markers. Specificity of immunoreactivity was confirmed by western blot analysis. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining was positive for IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23 within the cytoplasm of nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells and mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltrating the iris, and ciliary body of ERU horses (n = 7) but negative in controls (n = 7). ERU-affected eyes were CD3 positive (n = 7) and CD79α negative (n = 7). Staining for Leptospira was negative in all ERU and control globes. CONCLUSIONS Strong immunoreactivity for IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23, in conjunction with the fact that T lymphocytes are the predominating inflammatory cells present in ERU, suggests that IL-17-secreting helper T-cells play a role in the pathogenesis of ERU. These findings suggest that horses with ERU may serve as a naturally occurring animal model for autoimmune uveitis.
Performance Analysis of Optimized Medium Access Control for Wireless Sensor Network

In this work, we carried out the performance analysis of Optimized Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol for the wireless sensor network. This MAC protocol solves the energy inefficiency taking nodes latency into consideration based on the network traffic. It achieves high-energy efficiency under wide range of traffic loads and is able to adjust itself to improve the delay performance when the network traffic load is high.
The Taming of the True

1: Introduction 2: The Realism Debate 3: Irrealism 4: Against Meaning Skepticism 5: Avoiding Strict Finitism 6: Meaning as Graspable 7: Truth as Knowable 8: Analyticity and Syntheticity 9: Finding the Right Logic 10: Cognitive Significance Regained 11: Defeasibility and Constructive Falsifiability
Location of an F-pilin pool in the inner membrane

Polyacrylamide gel analysis of [35S]methionine-labeled membrane preparations from Escherichia coli has revealed the presence of five polypeptides present only in the membranes of cells containing the conjugative plasmid F. In addition to the previously reported product of traT, polypeptides migrating with apparent molecular weights of 100,000, 23,500, 12,000, and 7,000 were resolved. Membrane preparations from F traJ mutants lacked these polypeptides, indicating that all of these proteins are tra gene products. The 7,000-molecular-weight polypeptide comigrated with unlabeled purified F-pilin protein. About 4 to 5% of the total radioactive label in whole membrane preparations was present in this polypeptide, indicating the existence of a substantial pool of membrane-associated F-pilin. The polypeptide could be extracted from whole membrane preparations with Triton X-100 and was found in the inner membrane fraction of membranes separated by sucrose density centrifugation.
The Malformed fetus and stillbirth: whose patient?

Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. Plenum Press, New York. Milunsky, A. (1980) Know Your Genes. Penguin Books, London. Milunsky, A. &, Annas, G. J . (1976) Genetics and the Law Vol. 2. Plenum Press, New York, p. 6 1. Turner, G. , Daniel, A. & Frost, M. (1980) X-Linked mental retardation, macro-orchidism, and the Xq27 fragile site. J Pediatr 96,837-841. Whitehouse v. Jordan (1980) All England Reports 1, 650. Working Party on Amniocentesis (1978) An assessment of the hazards of amniocentesis. Report to the Medical Research Council. Br J Obstet Gynaeco! 85, Suppl. 2,21. Lowe, C. U. , Alexander, D. , Bryla, D. & Seigal, D. (1978) The Safety and Accuracy of Midtrimester Amniocentesis. The NICHD Amniocentesis Registry, US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, NIH Publication No. 78-190. McKusick, V. (1983) Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Catalogs of Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive and X-linked Phenotypes 6th edn, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Medical Research Council (1977) Diagnosis of Genetic Disease by Amniocentesis during the Second Trimester of Pregnancy. A Canadian Study, Report No. 5. Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa. Milunsky, A. (1979) Genetic Disorders and the Fetus,
The Neuromuscular Effects of Mivacurium Chloride During Propofol Anesthesia in Children

Previous studies examined the neuromuscular effects of mivacurium in doses up to, but not exceeding, 2.5 times 95% effective dose (ED95) in children. To determine whether larger doses offer clinical advantages, we compared the onset and duration of neuromuscular block, intubating conditions, and changes in plasma histamine concentration (PHC) after mivacurium (0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 mg/kg) with those after succinylcholine (2.0 mg/kg) during propofol/N2 O anesthesia in 48 children aged 3-10 yr. The evoked electromyograph (EMG) of the adductor digiti minimi after supramaximal train-of-four (TOF) stimulation was recorded. When T1 was 10% of control, laryngoscopy and intubation were performed. PHC was measured immediately before and at 2 and 5 min after administration of the relaxant. Venous blood was sampled for determination of plasma cholinesterase activity. Axillary temperature was measured. Increasing the dose of mivacurium from 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg accelerated the onset of block (time to 90% block, 1.6 +/- 0.2 vs 1.2 +/- 0.2 min) (P < 0.001), but did not significantly prolong recovery (time to 95% recovery, 16.0 +/- 3.8 vs 18.6 +/- 3.6 min). A further increase in dose to 0.4 mg/kg produced no significant decrement in onset time, but did prolong recovery (time to 95% recovery, 23.8 +/- 5.0 min) (P < 0.001). The duration of action of mivacurium 0.3 and 0.4 mg/kg correlated inversely with plasma cholinesterase activity. PHC increased significantly after mivacurium 0.3 and 0.4 mg/kg; however, mean arterial pressure did not change significantly. We conclude that mivacurium 0.3 mg/kg provides a relatively rapid onset and short duration of neuromuscular block in healthy children. Increasing the dose to 0.4 mg/kg does not significantly accelerate the onset of neuromuscular block. (Anesth Analg 1996;82:1170-5)
UNVEILING A POPULATION OF GALAXIES HARBORING LOW-MASS BLACK HOLES WITH X-RAYS

We report the discovery of three low-mass black hole (BH) candidates residing in the centers of low-mass galaxies at z < 0.3 in the Chandra Deep Field-South Survey. These BHs are initially identified as candidate active galactic nuclei based on their X-ray emission in deep Chandra observations. Multi-wavelength observations are used to strengthen our claim that such emission is powered by an accreting supermassive BH. While the X-ray luminosities are low at LX ∼ 1040 erg s−1 (and variable in one case), we argue that they are unlikely to be attributed to star formation based on Hα or UV fluxes. Optical spectroscopy from Keck and the VLT allows us to (1) measure accurate redshifts, (2) confirm their low stellar host mass, (3) investigate the source(s) of photo-ionization, and (4) estimate extinction. With stellar masses of M* < 3 × 109 M☉ determined from Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys imaging, the host galaxies are among the lowest mass systems known to host actively accreting BHs. We estimate BH masses MBH ∼ 2 × 105 M☉ based on scaling relations between BH mass and host properties for more luminous systems. In one case, a broad component of the Hα emission-line profile is detected, thus providing a virial mass estimate. BHs in such low-mass galaxies are of considerable interest as the low-redshift analogs to the seeds of the most massive BHs at high redshift which have remained largely elusive to date. Our study highlights the power of deep X-ray surveys to uncover such low-mass systems.