Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dual Angiotensin Receptor and Neprilysin Inhibition with Sacubitril/Valsartan in Chronic Systolic Heart Failure

Objective: To evaluate the clinical role of sacubitril/valsartan, a novel angiotensin–neprilysin inhibitor, for the treatment of chronic heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Data Sources: A search of PubMed was conducted using a combination of the search terms sacubitril, valsartan, LCZ696, neprilysin inhibition, natriuretic peptide system, renin-angiotensin system, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Bibliographies of all retrieved articles were reviewed for relevant literature. All references included were published between 1980 and May 2015. Study Selection/Data Extraction: All studies and review articles that contained data describing the use of sacubitril/valsartan in HFrEF were reviewed. Data Synthesis: HFrEF remains a disease of high morbidity and mortality. Natriuretic peptide (NP) augmentation has emerged as a most promising neurohormonal target in HFrEF. NPs provide vasodilatory, natriuretic, diuretic, and antiproliferative actions to help support the failing heart. Neprilysin, a neutral endopeptidase, is a primary pathway for NP metabolism. Combined inhibition of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system and neprilysin augments the beneficial natriuretic peptide pathway while providing direct antagonism to increases in angiotensin II. In the landmark PARADIGM HF trial, the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril added to valsartan significantly improved morbidity and mortality over enalapril, a standard of care in HFrEF. Application of these results to clinical practice requires careful considerations of trial design, study patient population, and clinical monitoring. Conclusions: Sacubitril/valsartan significantly improved morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic HFrEF but will require careful application to “real-world” populations of HFrEF.
Physiological Demands of Flat Horse Racing Jockeys

Abstract Cullen, S, O'Loughlin, G, McGoldrick, A, Smyth, B, May, G, and Warrington, GD. Physiological demands of flat horse racing jockeys. J Strength Cond Res 29(11): 3060–3066, 2015—The physiological demands of jockeys during competition remain largely unknown, thereby creating challenges when attempting to prescribe sport-specific nutrition and training guidelines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological demands and energy requirements of jockeys during flat racing. Oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2) and heart rate (HR) were assessed in 18 male trainee jockeys during a race simulation trial on a mechanical horse racing simulator for the typical time duration to cover a common flat race distance of 1,400 m. In addition, 8 male apprentice jockeys participated in a competitive race, over distances ranging from 1,200 to 1,600 m, during which HR and respiratory rate (RR) were assessed. All participants performed a maximal incremental cycle ergometer test. During the simulated race, peak V[Combining Dot Above]O2 was 42.74 ± 5.6 ml·kg−1·min−1 (75 ± 11% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak) and below the mean ventilatory threshold (81 ± 5% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak) reported in the maximal incremental cycle test. Peak HR was 161 ± 16 b·min−1 (86 ± 7% of HRpeak). Energy expenditure was estimated as 92.5 ± 18.8 kJ with an associated value of 9.4 metabolic equivalents. During the competitive race trial, peak HR reached 189 ± 5 b·min−1 (103 ± 4% of HRpeak) and peak RR was 50 ± 7 breaths per minute. Results suggest that horse racing is a physically demanding sport, requiring jockeys to perform close to their physiological limit to be successful. These findings may provide a useful insight when developing sport-specific nutrition and training strategies to optimally equip and prepare jockeys physically for the physiological demands of horse racing.
Phosphorus sorption capacity and exchange by soils from mitigated and late successional bottomland forest wetlands

A central tenet of wetland mitigation is that replacement wetlands can sequester nutrients and perform other functions at the same level as natural wetlands. This study evaluated phosphorus (P) sorption capacity and P exchange in flooded soil microcosms obtained from eight early successional (ES) mitigated and eight late successional (LS) bottomland forest wetlands in western Kentucky, USA. The LS soils had three times greater capacity to remove and retain soluble inorganic P than ES soils, which was mostly due to higher amounts of amorphous aluminum (Al) oxides (oxalate extractable), organically-bound Al (CuCl2 extractable), and organic carbon in LS soils. Phosphorus exchange rates between the soil and water column were not significantly different in LS and ES microcosms, but rates in both systems were strongly related to the molar ratio of Mehlich III extractable P to Al + Fe in the soil (r2=0.64). Relationships between P sorption/exchange and organic C, Mehlich III- and oxalate-extractable forms of P, Al, and Fe determined in this study could be useful for (i) identifying suitable mitigation sites that would be P sinks rather than P sources to the water column and (ii) determining replacement ratios that would fairly compensate for P retention capacity losses caused by destruction/alteration of Kentucky bottomland hardwood forest wetlands.
DETECTION OF ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI IN CHIGGERS AND TISSUES OF SMALL MAMMALS USING POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS

This study is to detect the presence of Orientia tsutsugamushi in chiggers and host target organs of scrub typhus such as liver, spleen as well as blood. Nine locations of Peninsular Malaysia were chosen; Slim River, Perak; Janda Baik, Pahang; Seremban, Negeri Sembilan; Hulu Langat, Selangor; Raub, Pahang; Bukit Panchor, Pulau Pinang; Gunung Inas, and Ulu Sedim, Kedah and Setiu, Terengganu. Collection sites included oil palm plantations, rubber estates, secondary forests, housing estates and coastal areas. All samples were processed by a standard method for extraction of DNA, followed by amplification of DNA using nested polymerase chain reactions (PCR) and then visualized by gel electrophoresis. A total of 465 chiggers, Leptotrombidium deliense extracted from 11 species of hosts Callosciurus spp, Leopoldamys sabanus, Maxomys rajah, Maxomys whiteheadi, Niviventor cremoriventori, Rattus rattus, Rattus tanezumi, Rattus tiomanicus, Rhinosciurus laticaudatus, Sundamys muelleri, Tupaia glis and Tupaia minor. All chiggers and animal tissues were found negative with scrub typhus except for a blood sample from a rodent, L. sabanus from Sungai Sedim, Kedah. The finding showed that the prevalence of scrub typhus in Peninsular Malaysia was very low. More study and survey need to be done.
Change in macular thickness in a case of refractory diabetic macular edema with dexamethasone intravitreal implant in comparison to intravitreal bevacizumab: A case report

We report on the significant improvement of central macular thickness in a case of clinically significant macular edema after dexamethasone 0.7 mg sustained-release intravitreal implant (Ozurdex®; Allergan, Inc, Irvine, CA, USA). Patient presented to us with persistent clinically significant macular edema (CSME) in both eyes. Right eye received dexamethasone implant and left eye received two intravitreal bevacizumab injections 1.25 mg/0.05 mL (Avastin®; Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA) with an interval of four weeks. After six weeks of follow-up, dexamethasone implant in the right eye showed normal macular thickness whereas persistent macular edema (ME) was found even after second intravitreal bevacizumab injection in the left eye.
Fecal chymotrypsin and trypsin determinations.

Trypsin and chymotrypsin concentrations were determined in 180 spot stool specimens from 110 control patients in hospital. The lower limit of normality for each enzyme was placed at the 5% level: 95% of this population excreted feces containing more than 100 mug. of chymotrypsin and 30 mug. of trypsin per g. of feces. Chymotrypsin concentrations appeared to be a more reliable guide to pancreatic function than trypsin concentrations.Fecal chymotrypsin concentrations were subnormal in five patients with chronic pancreatitis, borderline in one patient with relapsing pancreatitis, subnormal in one patient after pancreatectomy, and subnormal in five of nine with carcinoma of the pancreas. Subnormal concentrations of fecal chymotrypsin were found in seven of 21 patients with chronic liver disease related to alcoholism, eight of 32 with a partial gastrectomy, three of 10 with adult celiac disease and five of 16 with psoriasis.It appears that the determination of fecal chymotrypsin concentrations provides a valuable screening test for pancreatic exocrine deficiency. However, normal results may be found in some patients with pancreatic disease and subnormal values may occur in some patients with other conditions.
General State of Health and Psychological Well-Being in Patients after Surgery for Urological Malignant Neoplasms

Objective: To evaluate the general state of health and the psychological well-being in a group of 155 patients after surgery for urological malignant neoplasms. Materials and Methods: Surgery was performed in 55 patients for renal cell carcinoma, in 54 for invasive bladder carcinoma, in 30 for adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and in 16 for squamous penile carcinoma. All patients were invited to self-compile the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) – 12 items according to Goldberg and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results were compared with those in a group of patients who underwent retropubic prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Results and Conclusion: The general state of health was significantly more impaired in neoplastic patients than in the control group. Levels of anxiety were significantly higher but depression levels were similar in both groups. As far as the type of tumor is concerned, patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma and those treated with partial penectomy for squamous penile carcinoma showed a significant impairment of the general state of health compared with controls. Higher levels of anxiety were observed in patients who underwent ileal conduit after radical cystectomy, in those treated with radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer and in those who underwent partial penectomy. Significantly higher levels of depression than in the control group were observed only in patients with ileal conduit.
The effectiveness of Practical Guides on Burden ' s Coping Strategies among Caregiver of Children Undergoing Hemodialysis

Background: Family caregivers of children with chronic kidney disease face many challenges in managing illness. So, the burden impact on physical, emotional, spiritual and social health. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of practical guides for burden's coping strategies intervention with caregivers of chronic hemodialysis children on their burden. Methods: Subjects: A convenient sample compromised 50 caregivers of chronic hemodialysis children were selected, in hemodialysis units at The Menofuia University Hospital at Shebin El-kom city, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt and Tanta University Hospital at Tanta city, El-karbeia Governorate, Egypt. Instruments: It consisted of three tools; 1) questionnaire for socio demographic data. 2) Paediatric Renal Caregiver Burden Scale (PR-CBS). 3) Ways of coping questionnaire. All tools were used for pre-post intervention. The results: The study showed regarding to total burden scores, there was a highly statistically significant reduction in total burden scores after intervention (97.54 ±13.51) compared with (120.02 ±16.34) before intervention. Regarding total coping scores, there was highly statistically significant improvement in total coping scores after intervention (58.86 ±6.65) compared with (51.66 ±8.81) before intervention. Conclusion: the application of practical guides for burden's coping strategies intervention with caregivers of chronic hemodialysis children reduced their burden and has succeeded in achieving significant improvement in caregivers' coping strategies. Recommendations: implementation of practical guide for burden's coping strategies intervention for all caregivers' chronic disease patients.
A picture of search

We survey many of the measures used to describe and evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of large-scale search services. These measures, herein visualized versus verbalized, reveal a domain rich in complexity and scale. We cover six principle facets of search: the query space, users' query sessions, user behavior, operational requirements, the content space, and user demographics. While this paper focuses on measures, the measurements themselves raise questions and suggest avenues of further investigation.
Information retrieval commands for CD-ROM: a comparison of SPIRS, OnDisc and ISI-CD with NISO/ISO standards

This paper deals with standardising commands for CD‐ROM searching, such as NISO Z 39.58 and ISO 8777, and the command languages evolved through EasyNet and Euronet. The standard commands are also compared with the software from database providers SilverPlatter, Dialog, and ISI. Apart from a discussion on the various attempts towards standardising search software, the groundwork for command languages and their implementation, the influence of the command languages on the evolving CD products is also highlighted.
Relative efficacy of some prokinetic drugs in morphine-induced gastrointestinal transit delay in mice.

AIM To study the relative efficacy of cisapride, metoclopramide, domperidone, erythromycin and mosapride on gastric emptying (GE) and small intestinal transit (SIT) in morphine treated mice. METHODS Phenol red marker meal was employed to estimate GE and SIT in Swiss albino mice of either sex. The groups included were control, morphine 1 mg/kg (s.c. 15 min before test meal) alone or with (45 min before test meal p.o.) cisapride 10 mg/kg, metoclopramide 20 mg/kg, domperidone 20 mg/kg, erythromycin 6 mg/kg and mosapride 20 mg/kg. RESULTS Cisapride, metoclopramide and mosapride were effective in enhancing gastric emptying significantly (P<0.001) whereas other prokinetic agents failed to do so in normal mice. Metoclopramide completely reversed morphine induced delay in gastric emptying followed by mosapride. Metoclopramide alone was effective when given to normal mice in increasing the SIT. Cisapride, though it did not show any significant effect on SIT in normal mice, was able to reverse morphine induced delay in SIT significantly (P<0.001) followed by metoclopramide and mosapride. CONCLUSION Metoclopramide and cisapride are most effective in reversing morphine-induced delay in gastric emptying and small intestinal transit in mice respectively.
Brachial plexus birth injury: US screening for glenohumeral joint instability.

PURPOSE To prospectively evaluate the use and optimal timing of ultrasonographic (US) screening for posterior shoulder subluxation in infantswith brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Approval of the ethics committee and informed consent of guardians was obtained. This population-based prospective study included neonates with BPBI who were born in Helsinki from January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2006, and in whom BPBI was verified with sequential clinical examinations. US was performed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Size (width and height) of the humeral head and its ossification center and congruency of the shoulder (alpha angle) were measured. Frequency of BPBI and permanent changes were evaluated. This study also included patients who were referred from the tertiary catchment area. For statistical analysis, 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and analysis of variance was performed. RESULTS BPBI was seen in 132 of 41980 neonates (3.1 per 1000). In 27 cases (0.64 per 1000), BPBI did not heal during the 1st year of life and was considered permanent. The humeral head and its ossification center were smaller on the affected side in permanent BPBI. Nine patients with permanent palsy had posterior subluxation of the humeral head depicted with US (alpha angle, >30 degrees ). In five patients, posterior subluxation [corrected] was detected at 3 months. Nineteen of 21 patients with BPBI from the tertiary catchment area had permanent palsy. Ten of 19 patients developed posterior subluxation of the shoulder, which was verified with US. Altogether, three of these cases were not detected by surgeons. Posterior subluxation of the humeral head developed during the 1st year of life in one-third of patients with permanent BPBI. In more than one-half (55% [five of nine]) of the patients, posterior subluxation [corrected] was detected with US at 3 months, and in 89% (eight of nine), it was detected at 6 months. CONCLUSION US is a fast and useful tool for diagnosis of posterior subluxation of the humeral head, and examination of the glenohumeral joint should be performed at 3 and 6 months of age in infants with BPBI if symptoms persist.
Angle's Classification of Malocclusion: An Assessment of Reliability

The reliability of Angle's system of classification of malocclusion has been examined. Between-examiner errors were found to be high and there were also high within-examiner error levels in categorizing Angle Class II division 2 malocclusions. It is concluded that comparisons of the distribution of malocclusions in different communities, classified according to Angle's system, should not be made unless observations are made in each community by the same examiner. The usefulness of Angle's classification to both clinician and epidemiologist is questioned.
Quantifying Socioeconomic and Lifestyle Related Health Risks: Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Among Indian Males

Background: Non-communicable diseases account for a significant disease burden in the South East Asia region. India is facing an increased incidence of lifestyle-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. Socioeconomic and lifestyle risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been under investigated in India. This study was designed to explore risk factors contributing to the development of cardiovascular disease among Indian males. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,235 males in the age group of 18–60 years across three states of India. A household survey was used to collect demographic and socioeconomic status information in addition to lifestyle-related attributes such as smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, and physical activity. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were performed to identify the role of various factors that may be associated with the development of cardiovascular disease in this population. Results: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease among the male respondents contacted through a household survey was reported to be 9.8%. Logistic regression revealed that males with higher education and higher income were more likely to report CVD. With age as a strong predictor of CVD, the risk of CVD was found to be five times higher in the older age group. Current smokers were 1.3 times more likely to have CVD compared to those who never smoked. Those who were engaged in physical activity were less likely to have CVD; however, the adverse effects of smoking and excessive consumption of red meat showed a stronger association with CVD than the protective effects of physical activity. Conclusion: In developing countries, where the increase in earning capacity and change in lifestyle has been found to be accompanied by substantial risk of heart disease for males, public health measures like health promotion programs need to be implemented to decrease CVD burden.
Risk factors for failed vacuum extraction and associated complications in term newborn infants: a population-based cohort study

Abstract Objective: The aims of the present study were to investigate risk factors for failed vacuum extraction (VE), and to compare neonatal complications among infants delivered by failed VE with those delivered by successful VE. Methods: Population-based study including all women (and their newborn infants) with singleton pregnancy who gave birth at term by failed VE (n = 4747) or successful VE (n = 83 671) in Sweden between 1999 and 2010. Failed VE was defined as VE followed by an emergency cesarean section (ECS), forceps, or both forceps and ECS. We used logistic regression to examine the association between failed VE in relation to intracranial hemorrhage, subgaleal hemorrhage, Apgar scores <7 at 5 min, and neonatal convulsions. Results: Risk factors for failed VE included occipito posterior position, mid-pelvic fetal station, high birth weight, short maternal stature, epidural analgesia, and induction of labor. Compared with infants born after a successful VE, those delivered by failed VE had a higher risk of subgaleal hemorrhage OR 7.3 CI (5.5–9.7), convulsions OR 1.9 CI (1.4–2.7), and low Apgar OR 2.6 CI (2.3–3.0), but not of ICH. Conclusion: Failed VE is associated with neonatal complications. Fetal head position and station should be carefully assessed prior to the extraction.
Die Sprache der Auricher Juden. Zur Rekonstruktion westjiddischer Sprachreste in Ostfriesland

Western Yiddish, the spoken language of the traditional Jewish society in the German- and Dutch-speaking countries, was abandoned by its speakers at the end of the 18th in favour of the emerging standard varieties: Dutch and German, respectively. Remnants of Western Yiddish varieties, however, remained a medium of discourse in remote provinces and could be found well into the 19th and sometimes the 20th century in some South-western areas of Germany and Switzerland, the Alsace, some areas of the Netherlands and in parts of the German province of Westphalia. It appears that rural Jewish communities sometimes preserved in-group vernaculars, which were based on Western Yiddish. Sources discovered in 2004 in the town of Aurich prove that Jews living in East Frisia, a Low-German speaking peninsula in the North-west of Germany, used a variety based on Western Yiddish until the Second World War. It appears that until the Holocaust a number of small, close-knit Jewish communities East Frisia, which depended economically mainly on cattle-trading and butchery, kept certain specific cultural features, among them the vernacular which they spoke alongside Low German and Standard German. The sources consist of two amateur theatre plays, a memoir and two word lists written in 1902, 1928 and the 1980s, respectively. In the monograph these sources are documented and annotated as well as analyzed linguistically against the background of rural Jewish life in Northern Germany. The study focuses on traces of language contact with Low German, processes of language change and on the question of the function of the variety in day-to-day life in a rural Jewish community.
Investigating the Drivers of the Continuous Use of Social Virtual Worlds

Social virtual worlds (SVWs) have become increasingly important environments for social interaction, especially for the younger generations. For SVWs to be economically sustainable attracting users and retaining existing users is a paramount issue. This requires understanding the underlying reasons why users continuously engage in social virtual worlds and therefore we empirically investigate the world's largest SVW for teens, Habbo. We apply Technology Acceptance Model as well as IS continuance models complemented with perceived critical mass to investigate the continuous use of Habbo. The research model is empirically tested with data from 2215 Finnish Habbo users by applying structural equation modeling. Perceived enjoyment was found to be the main determinant of the continuous use intention followed by perceived critical mass. Somewhat surprisingly, satisfaction had very little influence on the continuous use intention. Moreover, perceived usefulness and ease of use had only a marginal impact on satisfaction.