Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Financial and Mission Factors to the Level of Uncompensated Care Provided in California Hospitals

&NA; Community hospitals in the United States have experienced a substantial rise in the burden of uncompensated care over the past few years. Debate continues, however, about whether hospitals, especially private not‐for‐profits, are providing sufficient levels of uncompensated care. Increased scrutiny regarding uncompensated care and the community benefit of not‐for‐profit hospitals may be fueled in part by the growing profitability of community hospitals. This study assesses how and whether a hospital's financial performance, mission characteristics, or other significant factors influence its provision of uncompensated care. The study sample consists of 193 short‐term, private, acute care community hos hospitals in California. Results from multivariate regression suggest that free cash flow is positively associated with the provision of uncompensated care in not‐for‐profit hospitals, whereas a higher level of debt is related to a lower level of uncompensated care. Ownership type (for‐profit versus private not‐for‐profit) does not make a signifi significant difference in the provision of uncompensated care, and overall levels of uncom uncompensated care in the local market are positively associated with a hospital's level of uncompensated care.
Clinical Evaluation and Parental Satisfaction with Pediatric Zirconia Anterior Crowns.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical success of and parental satisfaction with anterior pediatric zirconia crowns. METHODS A retrospective analysis of maxillary anterior pediatric zirconia crowns was performed. Crowns were evaluated for retention, gingival health, color match, contour, marginal integrity, and opposing tooth wear. Parental satisfaction regarding the esthetics of the crowns and parental perception of the impact of treatment on the child's appearance and oral health were evaluated by questionnaire. RESULTS Fifty-seven crowns were evaluated in 18 children. Eight teeth were lost to exfoliation, three were extracted due to pathology, and two crowns debonded, leaving 44 available for examination. The average crown age at time of examination was 20.8 months. Sixteen crowns (36 percent) displayed gingival inflammation and color mismatch. No recurrent caries or opposing tooth wear was noted. Parents reported high satisfaction with the color, size, and shape of the crowns. The majority of parents reported that crowns improved the appearance and oral health of their child (78 percent and 83 percent, respectively). Eight-nine percent of parents reported that they would highly recommend these crowns. CONCLUSIONS Zirconia crowns are clinically acceptable restorations in the primary maxillary anterior dentition. Parental satisfaction with zirconia crowns is high.
A highly potent and selective farnesyltransferase inhibitor ABT-100 in preclinical studies

Ras mutation has been detected in approximately 20–30% of all human carcinomas, primarily in pancreatic, colorectal, lung and bladder carcinomas. The indirect inhibition of Ras activity by inhibiting farnesyltransferase (FTase) function is one therapeutic intervention to control tumor growth. Here we report the preclinical anti-tumor activity of our most advanced FTase inhibitor (FTI), ABT-100, and a direct comparison with the current clinical candidates. ABT-100 is a highly selective, potent and orally bioavailable FTI. It broadly inhibits the growth of solid tumors in preclinical animal models. Thus, ABT-100 is an attractive candidate for further clinical evaluation. In addition, our results provide plausible insights to explain the impressive potency and selectivity of ABT-100. Finally, we have demonstrated that ABT-100 significantly suppresses the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and secretion of VEGF protein, as well as inhibiting angiogenesis in the animal model.
Human capital and collegiality in academic beehives: Theory and analysis of European Economics faculties

This study investigates the importance of the quality of human capital investment and collegiality (i.e., good colleagues) in achieving the type of acclaim in economics captured by receipt of the Yrjo Jahnsson Award, arguably the second-most prestigious award that a European economist can receive as recognition of the importance of his or her research endeavors. We provide an economic model as a foundation for both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Our results indicate that four institutions, namely the Toulouse School of Economics, University College London, University of Oxford and the London School of Economics generally rank highest in supporting a position of acclaim among academic economics faculties in Europe.
Rehabilitation for Community-Dwelling People with Stroke: Home or Centre Based? a Systematic Review

Stroke rehabilitation for people living in the community is commonly delivered either in a centre, outpatient or day hospital setting. More recently, services may be offered in the actual home of the person as home-based or domiciliary rehabilitation. There are differing reports of the benefits and barriers of home-based vs. centre-based community rehabilitation. This systematic review sought to pool data from all retrieved studies that compared the functional benefits of home-based vs. centre for community-dwelling people with stroke. A comprehensive search strategy was implemented in all major databases (Cochrane library, Medline, AMED, Embase, Ageline, Cinahl, PEDro) for randomised controlled trials investigating this question in relation to functional benefits as a primary outcome and carer, cost or other benefits as secondary outcomes. There were no language or date limits. Eleven trials were found and results pooled for the Barthel Index, the measure of functional independence used consistently across the majority of retrieved studies. There was a significant effect in favour of home-based rehabilitation at 6 weeks (P = 0·03) and 3–6 months (P = 0·01). The effects were less clear at 6 months, although this was using the less sensitive version of the Barthel Index (P = 0·27 or adjusted P = 0·04). Individual studies reported cost benefits and increased carer satisfaction in favour of home-based rehabilitation. The provision of rehabilitation for people living in the community should trend towards home-based. Further research is required into adverse events and the experiences of all stakeholders.
A New, High-Efficacy, Noninvasive Transcranial Electric Stimulation Tuned to Local Neurodynamics

In this paper, we pose the following working hypothesis: in humans, transcranial electric stimulation (tES) with a time course that mimics the endogenous activity of its target is capable of altering the target's excitability. In our case, the target was the primary motor cortex (M1). We identified the endogenous neurodynamics of hand M1's subgroups of pyramidal neuronal pools in each of our subjects by applying Functional Source Separation (FSS) to their EEG recordings. We then tested whether the corticospinal excitability of the hand representation under the above described stimulation, which we named transcranial individual neurodynamics stimulation (tIDS), was higher than in the absence of stimulation (baseline). As a check, we compared tIDS with the most efficient noninvasive facilitatory corticospinal tES known so far, which is 20 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). The control conditions were as follows: (1) sham, (2) transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) in the same frequency range as tIDS (1–250 Hz), and (3) a low current tIDS (tIDSlow). Corticospinal excitability was measured with motor-evoked potentials under transcranial magnetic stimulation. The mean motor-evoked potential amplitude increase was 31% of the baseline during tIDS (p < 0.001), and it was 15% during tACS (p = 0.096). tRNS, tIDSlow, and sham induced no effects. Whereas tACS did not produce an enhancement in any subject at the individual level, tIDS was successful in producing an enhancement in 8 of the 16 subjects. The results of the present proof-of-principle study showed that proper exploitation of local neurodynamics can enhance the efficacy of personalized tES. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study demonstrated that, in humans, transcranial individual neurodynamics stimulation (tIDS), which mimics the endogenous dynamics of the target neuronal pools, effectively changes the excitability of these pools. tIDS holds promise for high-efficacy personalized neuromodulations based on individual local neurodynamics.
Vestibular neurons in the rat contain imidazoleacetic acid‐ribotide, a putative neurotransmitter involved in blood pressure regulation

A substantial body of research has led to the recognition that the vestibular system participates in blood pressure modulation during active movements and changes in posture, and that this modulation is effected at least partly by the caudal vestibular nuclei. The I‐4 isomer of imidazoleacetic acid‐ribotide (IAA‐RP) is a putative neurotransmitter/modulator that is thought to be an endogenous regulator of general sympathetic drive, particularly systemic blood pressure. The present study employed immunofluorescence and light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to visualize IAA‐RP in the vestibular nuclei of adult male rats. The results demonstrate IAA‐RP immunolabeling of subpopulations of vestibular neurons in the descending nucleus and the caudal half of the medial nucleus, with scattered immunostained vestibular neurons also present more rostrally. On the basis of double immunofluorescence staining for IAA‐RP and calbindin, many of these ribotide‐immunoreactive neurons appear to be innervated by cerebellar Purkinje cell afferents. Ultrastructural observations in the caudal vestibular nuclei confirm the IAA‐RP immunolocalization in cell bodies and dendritic processes, and in some myelinated axons and presynaptic boutons. The regional distribution of IAA‐RP immunoreactivity corresponds to the location of vestibular neurons involved in autonomic functions. The presence of IAA‐RP in those neurons suggests that they participate specifically in vestibulo‐autonomic regulation of blood pressure. The localization of immunostain in processes and terminals suggests that vestibulo‐autonomic activity is subject to local feedback control. Overall, the observations offer a chemoanatomic basis for understanding the vestibular side effects commonly experienced by patients treated with clonidine and other imidazoline‐related drugs. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:568–581, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
(In)Humanity on Trial: On the Ground Perceptions of International Criminal Tribunals

The purpose of this dissertation is to understand how international criminal tribunals (ICTs) are received in different contexts. The dissertation is driven by the following puzzle: Why has there often been a negative response to international criminal tribunals (ICTs) in local communities that have been victim to the crimes that these institutions are prosecuting? I examine this puzzle through local responses to the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and Serbia, and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in Rwanda. The findings are based on three research trips to each country, including nine consecutive months of fieldwork in Rwanda and six consecutive months of fieldwork in BiH and Serbia, and over 136 successful semi-structured and open-ended interviews with a variety of local actors. My data suggest that the two ad hoc tribunals were not successful at establishing themselves as legitimate and credible mechanisms of transitional justice. The locals in each country believed that they were not the primary beneficiaries of ICTs, and that that the ICTs paid insufficient attention to the dynamics between tribunal demands and proceedings, and political events on the ground. My findings show that, first, in each case, local actors in power – those connected to past regimes who were responsible for the 1990s atrocities, and those who were part of new regimes – adapted well to the conditions set by ICTs, manipulating the tribunals for their own political goals and influencing the perception of these institutions among the local populations. Second, ICTs had a serious impact on domestic politics, feeding into power struggles between domestic and international actors and between factions on the ground. This outcome had significant implications for political transitions in the three countries, many of which were unintended and contrary to the aims and expectations of the tribunals.
VISUAL AND MORPHOLOGIC OUTCOMES OF INTRAVITREAL RANIBIZUMAB FOR DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA BASED ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY PATTERNS

Purpose: To evaluate the visual and morphologic outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) based on the morphologic pattern on optical coherence tomography. Methods: A prospective and consecutive series of 55 eyes with DME was classified according to OCT features: diffuse retinal thickening (DRT), cystoid macular edema (CME), and serous retinal detachment (SRD). Patients received three consecutive monthly injections of IVR and as needed thereafter. The primary outcome was the number of treatments undertaken by DME type over 12 months. Best-corrected visual acuity, retinal thickness, and microstructural changes were also evaluated. Results: The eyes were classified as DRT (n = 23), CME (16), or SRD (16). The mean number of injections over 12 months was significantly different among the groups: DRT (3.69), CME (5.33), and SRD (5.09; P = 0.028). Best-corrected visual acuity of SRD (20/60) was significantly worse than that of the other types (DRT = 20/38; CME = 20/43; P = 0.015) after 12 months. Conclusion: Vision gains and retinal anatomy improvement were maintained in all three types during the first year of IVR administration. Especially, DRT maintained a good response to ranibizumab in a fewer number of injections. Disruption of the photoreceptor integrity at the baseline was correlated with poorer visual outcome and occurred more frequently in SRD.
Three Essays on Competition and Cooperation in R and D Alliances

Ryu, Wonsang. Ph.D., Purdue University, May 2016. Three Essays on Competition and Cooperation in R&D Alliances. Major Professors: Thomas H. Brush and Jeffrey J. Reuer. In this dissertation, I investigate the interplay between competition and cooperation in R&D alliances. The alliance literature on this issue has emphasized that product market rivalry (i.e., market overlap) between partnering firms aggravates cooperation hazards by increasing the private benefits from opportunism. However, drawing on the multimarket competition literature, I maintain that market overlap between alliance partners can rather curb opportunism by partners because the multimarket contact between them might increase the expected costs of opportunistic behaviors by enabling broad retaliation against such behaviors across the shared markets. Based on this argument, I theorize and corroborate that the mutual forbearance from opportunism that multimarket contact generates not only promotes the formation of R&D collaborations in Essay 1, but also substitutes for hierarchical governance structures in R&D alliances in Essay 2. In Essay 3, I also extend the prior literature on competitive aspects of R&D collaborations that has been mainly interested in knowledge protection concerns in alliances between direct rivals. I join the alliance literature with the agglomeration literature to argue and show that geographic co-location between an allying firm’s partner and the major rivals of the allying firm introduces potential indirect
Genetic polymorphisms in glutathione S‐transferases and cytochrome P450s, tobacco smoking, and risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma

We investigated variation in glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450s (CYPs), and smoking in a population‐based case‐control study of NHL including 1,115 women. Although risk of NHL was not altered by variant polymorphisms in GSTs or CYPs, it was significantly changed for DLBCL when considered in conjunction with smoking behavior, though only in nonsmokers. An increased risk of DLBCL in nonsmokers was associated with the variant G allele for GSTP1 (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.0–2.3) and CYP1A1 (OR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.0–5.7), but a decreased risk for the variant G allele for CYP1B1 (OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–1.0). Our results confer support investigation of the gene‐environment interaction in a larger study population of DLBCL. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiologic effects of electrical stimulation leg cycle exercise training in spinal cord injured persons.

The purpose of this study was to assess the physiologic training effects of functional electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer (FES-LCE) exercise in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) who were previously untrained in this activity. Ten persons with quadriplegia (C5 to C7) and eight with paraplegia (T4 to T11) performed FES-LCE training on an ERGYS I ergometer 10 to 30 minutes per day, 2 or 3 days per week for 12 to 16 weeks (36 total sessions). Training session power output (PO) ranged from 0.0W (no external resistance) to 30.6W. Each subject completed discontinuous graded FES-LCE and arm crank ergometer (ACE) tests before and after training for determinations of peak lower and upper extremity metabolic, pulmonary, and hemodynamic responses. Compared with pretraining, this SCI group exhibited significantly (p less than or equal to .05) higher posttraining peak PO (+45%), oxygen uptake ([O2], + 23%), pulmonary ventilation (+27%), heart rate (+11%), cardiac output ([Qt], + 13%) and significantly lower total peripheral resistance ([TPR], - 14%) during FES-LCE posttests. There were no significant changes in peak stroke volume (+6%), mean arterial pressure ([MAP], - 5%), or arteriovenous oxygen difference ([a-vO2diff], + 10%) during posttraining FES-LCE tests. In addition, no significant differences were noted for the peak level of any monitored variable during ACE posttests after FES-LCE training. The rise in total vascular conductance, implied by the significant decrease in posttraining TPR during FES-LCE tests, denotes that a peripheral circulatory adaptation developed in the persons with SCI during FES-LCE exercise training. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
University Students' Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Comparative Analysis of Hong Kong and Guangzhou

Based on original survey data, this paper analyses and compares the role of personal traits and networks in determining entrepreneurial intentions of students in Hong Kong and in Guangzhou. The two cities are culturally closely related but differ strongly with respect to their labor market conditions and the maturity of their legal and business environments. We find that the determinants of students' entrepreneurial intentions differ substantially between Hong Kong and Guangzhou, with the findings for Hong Kong showing much similarity with previous findings for Western economies. This suggests that differences in labor market prospects and in the maturity of their legal and business environments might be more important than cultural (dis&#8208;)similarities in identifying key factors forming students' entrepreneurial intentions.
Time-Varying Information Asymmetry and the Disposition Effect

Economists have long been puzzled by the tendency of investors to sell winning investments too soon and hold losing investments too long. Several behavioral explanations for this phenomenon, known as the disposition effect, have been advanced. This paper demonstrates that the disposition effect is not intrinsically at odds with rational behavior. We present a rational expectations model with asymmetrically informed investors and show that, for some parameterizations, trading strategies as predicted by the disposition effect are in fact an optimal response to dynamic changes in the information structure. We provide conditions under which the disposition effect holds and derive new empirical implications relating it to public news releases, trading volume, and stock price dynamics.
Treatment with the Oral Growth Hormone Secretagogue MK‐677 Increases Markers of Bone Formation and Bone Resorption in Obese Young Males

The effect of 2 months of treatment with the oral growth hormone (GH) secretagogue MK‐677 on markers of bone metabolism was determined in healthy obese male subjects. This was a randomized, double‐blind, parallel, placebo‐controlled study. Twenty‐four healthy obese males, 19–49 years of age, with body mass index > 30 kg/m2 were treated with MK‐677 (25 mg/day; n = 12) or placebo (n = 12) for 8 weeks. MK‐677 increased markers of bone formation; a 23% increase in the carboxy‐terminal propeptide of type I procollagen levels and a 28% increase in procollagen III peptide levels were seen with as little as 2 weeks of MK‐677 treatment (p < 0.01 and p = 0.001 vs. placebo, respectively) while a 15% increase in serum levels of osteocalcin was not detected until 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.01 vs. placebo). Markers of bone resorption were induced within 2 weeks of treatment with MK‐677; serum levels of the carboxy‐terminal cross‐linked telopeptide of type I collagen were increased 26% at 8 weeks (p = 0.001 vs. placebo), and urine hydroxyproline/creatinine and calcium/creatinine ratios at 8 weeks were increased by 23% (p < 0.05 vs. placebo) and 46% (p < 0.05 vs placebo), respectively. MK‐677 increased serum insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐5 (IGFBP‐5) by 43–44% after 2–8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.01 vs. placebo). Serum IGFBP‐4 was increased by 25% after 2 weeks of treatment (p < 0.001 vs. placebo) but no significant change from baseline was observed after 8 weeks of treatment. Plasma interleukin‐6 was not significantly changed by active treatment. In conclusion, short‐term treatment of healthy obese male volunteers with the GH secretagogue MK‐677 increases markers of both bone resorption and formation. Large increases in serum levels of IGF‐I and IGFBP‐5 and a transient increase in serum IGFBP‐4 were found. Future long‐term studies are needed to investigate if prolonged treatment with MK‐677 increases bone mass.
Do drug-free workplace programs prevent occupational injuries? Evidence from Washington State.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a publicly sponsored drug-free workplace program on reducing the risk of occupational injuries. DATA SOURCES Workers' compensation claims data from the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries covering the period 1994 through 2000 and work-hours data reported by employers served as the data sources for the analysis. STUDY DESIGN We used a pre-post design with a nonequivalent comparison group to assess the impact of the intervention on injury risk, measured in terms of differences in injury incidence rates. Two hundred and sixty-one companies that enrolled in the drug-free workplace program during the latter half of 1996 were compared with approximately 20,500 nonintervention companies. We tested autoregressive, integrated moving-average (ARIMA) models to assess the robustness of our findings. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The drug-free workplace intervention was associated (p < .05) with a statistically significant decrease in injury rates for three industry groups: construction, manufacturing, and services. It was associated (p < .05) with a reduction in the incidence rate of more serious injuries involving four or more days of lost work time for two industry groups: construction and services. The ARIMA analysis supported CONCLUSIONS The drug-free workplace program we studied was associated with a selective, industry-specific preventive effect. The strongest evidence of an intervention effect was for the construction industry. Estimated net cost savings for this industry were positive though small in magnitude.