Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does a Probability of Breech Presentation of More Than 50% Exist Among Diseases and Medical Conditions?

Abstract The aim was to study the effect of twin gestations in a uterus with 2 bodies on the probability of breech presentation at delivery. The hypothesis was that the probability of breech presentation was not higher than 50%. A review was undertaken of MEDLINE (1966–2004) and of the article reference list for statistical analysis of presentation at delivery among twins in a normal uterus, singleton gestations in a uterus with 2 bodies, and case studies of twins in a uterus with 2 bodies. There are 10 studies of twin gestations in a normal uterus (Twin A 3036 cases, breech presentation 22.36%; Twin B 2758 cases, breech presentation 36.87%), 2 studies of singleton gestations in a uterus with 2 bodies (297 cases, breech presentation 42.09%), and 57 case report studies of twin gestations in a uterus with 2 bodies (Twin A 56 cases, breech presentation 14.29%; Twin B 54 cases, breech presentation 18.52%). The odds ratio and chi-square test for differences in probabilities show a significantly lower incidence of breech presentation for twins in a uterus with 2 bodies compared with twins in a normal uterus (Twin A, odds ratio = 0.58; χ2 = 2.08, p > .05, Twin B, odds ratio = 0.39, χ2 = 7.67, p < .05), and singleton gestations in a uterus with 2 bodies (Twin A, odds ratio = 0.23, χ2 = 15.51, p < .05; Twin B, odds ratio = 0.31, χ2 = 10.72, p < .05). Twin gestations in a uterus with 2 bodies decrease the probability of breech presentation.
Efektivitas Sistem Pembelajaran Blok Di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Kota Surabaya

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) mengetahui perbedaan kompetensi siswa yang signifikan antara siswa yang menggunakan sistem pembelajaran blok dan non blok; 2) mengetahui pengaruh yang signifikan perencanaan pembelajaran pada sistem pembelajaran blok dan non blok terhadap kompetensi siswa; 3) mengetahui pengaruh yang signifikan pelaksanaan pembelajaran pada sistem pembelajaran blok dan non blok terhadap kompetensi siswa; 4) mengetahui pengaruh yang signifikan evaluasi pembelajaran pada sistem pembelajaran blok dan non blok terhadap kompetensi siswa; 5) mengetahui efektivitas sistem pembelajaran blok dan non blok dalam meningkatkan kompetensi siswa. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian ex-post facto . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) terdapat perbedaan kompetensi siswa yang signifikan antara siswa yang menggunakan sistem pembelajaran blok dan sistem pembelajaran non blok. Kompetensi siswa pada sistem pembelajaran blok lebih tinggi dari pada sistem pembelajaran non blok; 2) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan perencanaan pembelajaran pada sistem pembelajaran blok dan non blok terhadap kompetensi siswa; 3) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pelaksanaan pembelajaran pada sistem pembelajaran blok dan non blok terhadap kompetensi siswa; 4) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan evaluasi pembelajaran pada sistem pembelajaran blok dan non blok terhadap kompetensi siswa; 5) efektivitas sistem pembelajaran blok lebih tinggi dari pada non blok dalam meningkatkan kompetensi siswa. Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
Does phacoemulsification speed the progression of diabetic retinopathy ? A meta-analysis

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the influence of phacoemulsification on postoperative progression of diabetic retinopathy and incidence of diabetic macular edema in patients with diabetes and cataract. To perform a meta-analysis for this study, the computerized databases including Medline, Embase and Cochrane library were searched to identify eligible studies, in which patients with diabetes and cataract received phacoemulsification in one eye and the non-operated contralateral eye was considered as the control group. The progression rate of diabetic retinopathy and incidence of diabetic macular edema in two study groups were extracted from the enrolled articles. Statistical analyses were performed using CMA-2 software, where dichotomous variables were expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. As a result, a total of 7 articles were eventually included in this meta-analysis. Both the progression rate of diabetic retinopathy and incidence of diabetic macular edema in the operated eye after phacoemulsification (OR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.04-2.26, P=0.03) was higher than the non-operated contralateral control (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.03-3.37, P=0.04). Heterogeneity and publication bias was measured. The results showed that phacoemulsification tends to accelerate the progression of diabetic retinopathy and increase the incidence of diabetic macular edema in patients with cataract. These findings will need to be confirmed in a large sample and long follow-up studies.
ELECTROCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND MODELING OF CARBON DIOXIDE CORROSION OF CARBON STEEL IN THE PRESENCE OF ACETIC ACID

Weight loss (WL) and linear polarization resistance (LPR) measurements have been used to verify the effect of acetic acid (HAc) on the anodic and cathodic reactions in CO2 corrosion of carbon steel. The experiments were performed using a standard rotating cylinder three-electrode system, in a 3% NaCl solution, in a temperature range of 22-60°C and at pH 4. The HAc concentration range used in the study was 0-1000 ppm. An electrochemical model has also been developed to predict the experimental potentiodynamic sweeps and corrosion rates which were compared with the weight loss and LPR measurements. In another modeling development, an additional term has been added to the latest de Waard corrosion model to account for HAc. The modified de Waard model was also compared to the experimental measurements.
Power and Efficiency Calculation in Commercial TEG and Application in Wasted Heat Recovery in Automobile

Thermoelectric generators (TEG) make use of the Seebeck effect in semiconductors for the direct conversion of heat into electrical energy, which is of particular interest for high reliability systems or for waste heat recovery. The generator efficiency, η, is determined by comparing the amount of electricity produced (Pout) to the total amount of heat induced (Qin). A measuring system and a modeling approach which takes into account the thermal contact resistances have been developed, allowing the characterization of TEG devices under various loads and temperature gradients and thus, to evaluate material properties. These results were used to identify the appropriate positions at the exhaust pipe of a midsize vehicle for the optimum recovery of the wasted heat using a commercial TEG and to establish a set of requirements for an automotive TE waste heat recovery subsystem. Results are presented and discussed. Introduction Thermoelectric generators make use of the Seebeck effect in semiconductors for the direct conversion of heat into electrical energy, which is of particular interest for systems of highest reliability or for waste heat recovery [1]. A generator usually consists of several pairs of alternating pand n-type semiconductor blocks (generator legs), which are arranged thermally parallel and connected electrically in a series circuit. The heat flow, which is partly converted into electrical power, is induced by heating one side of the arrangement while the opposite side is cooled. The conversion efficiency η is defined as the ratio of the generated electrical power PTEG and the heat input into the module QH:
Pakistani Children’s Experiences of Growing Up With Beta-Thalassemia Major

In this study, we explored the lived experiences of children with beta-thalassemia major (β-TM). We considered children as experts on their experiences in contrast to the prevalent approach of asking parents or other adults about children’s perspectives. The sample consisted of 12 children aged 8 to12 years. There were two stages to data collection. In Stage 1 we employed two focus group discussions and two role plays and analyzed the data thematically. This directly informed Stage 2, consisting of 12 in-depth interviews subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis. From our findings we show that living with β-TM involves a continuous struggle between feelings of being different and strategies to minimize these differences to strive for normalcy. We suggest that understanding the experiences of living with β-TM from children’s perspectives can provide unique insights into their experiences, which can fill the gap in the existing, predominantly adult-oriented research on chronic illness.
Fatal Transplant-Associated West Nile Virus Encephalitis and Public Health Investigation—California, 2010

Background In December 2010, a case of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis occurring in a kidney recipient shortly after organ transplantation was identified. Methods A public health investigation was initiated to determine the likely route of transmission, detect potential WNV infections among recipients from the same organ donor, and remove any potentially infected blood products or tissues. Available serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine samples from the organ donor and recipients were tested for WNV infection by nucleic acid testing and serology. Results Two additional recipients from the same organ donor were identified, their clinical and exposure histories were reviewed, and samples were obtained. WNV RNA was retrospectively detected in the organ donor’s serum. After transplantation, the left kidney recipient had serologic and molecular evidence of WNV infection and the right kidney recipient had prolonged but clinically inapparent WNV viremia. The liver recipient showed no clinical signs of infection but had flavivirus IgG antibodies; however, insufficient samples were available to determine the timing of infection. No remaining infectious products or tissues were identified. Conclusions Clinicians should suspect WNV as a cause of encephalitis in organ transplant recipients and report cases to public health departments for prompt investigation of the source of infection. Increased use of molecular testing and retaining pretransplantation sera may improve the ability to detect and diagnose transplant-associated WNV infection in organ transplant recipients.
Prevalence of obesity and overweight in urban adult Nigerians

Obesity is increasingly a major health problem in parts of the developing world. It has reached epidemic proportions among Africans living in the Western Hemisphere; similar potential may exist in urban Africa. We explored this possibility in an urban setting in Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation. A screening survey was carried out among randomly selected 998 civil servants, 581 men and 417 women, in Ibadan, a major Nigerian city. Biographical data were collected using standardized questionnaires, and measurements of anthropometric indices, blood pressures and plasma glucose concentration. Obesity and overweight were defined by body mass index based on international criteria. Prevalence of obesity was 8.82% (confidence interval [CI] = 7.13%, 10.75%), overweight 17.45% (CI = 15.12%, 19.95%), and overweight plus obesity = 26.18% (CI = 23.47%, 29.03%). Prevalence of obesity among the women was 17.27% (CI = 13.76%, 21.24%) and for men 2.75% (CI = 1.58%, 4.43%). Among the women 42% were obese or overweight compared with 15% of the male population. Obesity and overweight were associated with higher socioeconomic status. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in the study population is comparable to rates seen in many industrialized countries, and rapidly emerging urbanized populations in Africa.
Expression of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in the rat medial vestibular nucleus

The role of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in sensory signal transduction in retinal and olfactory cells is widely recognized, but there is increasing evidence that they also play more general functions in the central nervous system as downstream effectors of cyclic nucleotides. Here, we demonstrate the expression of the &agr;-subunit of rod- and olfactory-type CNG channels (CNG1 and CNG2, respectively) in the rat medial vestibular nucleus (MVN). Nested polymerase chain reaction revealed CNG channel mRNA in the MVN, and CNG1 and CNG2 proteins were also detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Finally, electrophysiological evidence is provided suggesting that CNG channels play a functional role in the MVN.
Cocaine Withdrawal Symptoms Predict Medication Response in Cocaine Users

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of cocaine withdrawal symptoms on addiction severity and treatment outcomes in methadone stabilized cocaine users who participated in pharmacotherapy trials using gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) medications. Subjects who fulfilled DSM-IV cocaine withdrawal criteria (n = 45), compared to those who did not (n = 40), showed a greater increase in cocaine free urines in response to pharmacotherapy with GABA medications. Altogether, our results and previous studies support the clinical utility of cocaine withdrawal symptoms in predicting treatment response to medications, such that low withdrawal severity may predict better treatment response to GABA medications, while high withdrawal severity may predict better response to adrenergic blockers. This hypothesis needs to be tested in prospective clinical trials.
Advantages of the Closed Testing Method in Multiple Comparisons Procedures

This article deals with the use of the Closed Testing approach in Multiple Comparison Procedures (MCPs). MCPs occur when after rejection of a global hypothesis of no effect of a given treatment, a set of pairwise comparisons between levels of that treatment are performed in order to find out significant differences between levels. Given a set of partial hypotheses, such as the pairwise comparisons of an MCP, the Closed Testing approach concentrates on testing the family of all the non empty intersections of these partial hypotheses. The results of our simulation study highlight the advantages of closed testing methods and prove that they are more powerful than other classic MCPs controlling the FWER.
Evidence for a Multidimensional Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

This series of three studies considers the multidimensionality of exercise self-efficacy by examining the psychometric characteristics of an instrument designed to assess three behavioral subdomains: task, scheduling, and coping. In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis revealed the expected factor structure in a sample of 395 students. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed these results in a second sample of 282 students. In Study 2, the generalizability of the factor structure was confirmed with CFA in a randomly selected sample of 470 community adults, and discriminant validity was supported by theoretically consistent distinctions among exercisers and nonexercisers. In Study 3, change in self-efficacy in conjunction with adoption of novel exercise was examined in a sample of 58 women over 12 weeks. Observed changes in the three self-efficacy domains appeared to be relatively independent. Together, the three studies support a multidimensional conceptualization of exercise self-efficacy that can be assessed and appears to be sensitive to change in exercise behavior.
Induction machine rapid performance tests

This paper proposes a novel technique that can significantly reduce the time required for induction machines full-load performance test by using the direct dynamometer tests of IEEE Std 112-B. The proposed technique needs only 30-min of a machine run under the full-load condition. The temperature-speed linear relationship is utilized in this research work to reduce the testing time. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm is validated by testing two small- and one medium-sized machines. The results show acceptable level of accuracy when they are compared to the corresponding 8-hour tests conducted on the same machines. The technique can save time and cost spent on the well-established dynamometer tests.
Fluorometric Assays of Phospholipase A2 Activity with Three Different Substrates in Biological Samples of Patients with Schizophrenia

Abstract The rationale of this study was to understand the complexity of kinetics of fluorogenic phospholipid substratesas well as contradictory findings of clinical papers measuring phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity using different methodologies. The aim was to recommend to clinicians and researchers what substrate in conjunction with what assay should be used. Two methods, (i) continuous fluorometric assay and (ii) high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) on microplates combined with quantitative image scanning, were studied with three different substrates (bis-BODIPY® FL C11-PC, NBDC6-HPC®, PED6®). The study demonstrates that NBD-PC is not a suitable substrate to measure PLA2 activity using a spectrofluorometer. On the other hand, NBD-PC gives the highest and most reproducible integrated light intensities (ILIs) in HPTLC studies. Slow time-dependent increases in fluorescence intensities recorded with biological samples in fluorometers, but not caused by substrate splitting, had to be classified as “perturbation kinetics”. PLA2 activities in blood samples of 26 unmedicated schizophrenia patients and 26 age-matched healthy controls were measured by the spectrofluorometric method and then compared with the activity data obtained with the HPTLC method. A significant group difference was found only with the HPTLC. In order to get more reliable results, we recommend that clinicians and researchers use NBD-phosphatidylcholines as PLA2 substrates in biological samples and start with an analytical separation of reaction products followed by image analysis of the fluorescent spots.
The Transmission of Skill

The ideas (i) that skill is a form of knowledge and (ii) that it can be taught are commonplace in both ancient philosophy and everyday life. I argue that contemporary epistemology lacks the resources to adequately accommodate them. Intellectualist and anti-intellectualist accounts of knowledge how struggle to represent the transmission of skill via teaching and learning (§II), in part because each adopts a fundamentally individualistic approach to the acquisition of skill that focuses on individual practice and experience; consequently, learning from an expert’s teaching is rendered at best peripheral (§III). An account of the transmission of skill that focuses on guided practice is shown to be immanent in an anti-individualist account of skill (§IV) that takes seriously the Aristotelian ideas that skills are rational capacities and second natures by developing the thought that doing, teaching, and practicing are three moments of an a priori unity: the life cycle of a skill (§V).
Differences in Pharmacokinetics Between Children and Adults—II. Children's Variability in Drug Elimination Half‐Lives and in Some Parameters Needed for Physiologically‐Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling

In earlier work we assembled a database of classical pharmacokinetic parameters (e.g., elimination half‐lives; volumes of distribution) in children and adults. These data were then analyzed to define mean differences between adults and children of various age groups. In this article, we first analyze the variability in half‐life observations where individual data exist. The major findings are as follows. The age groups defined in the earlier analysis of arithmetic mean data (0–1 week premature; 0–1 week full term; 1 week to 2 months; 2–6 months; 6 months to 2 years; 2–12 years; and 12–18 years) are reasonable for depicting child/adult pharmacokinetic differences, but data for some of the earliest age groups are highly variable. The fraction of individual children's half‐lives observed to exceed the adult mean half‐life by more than the 3.2‐fold uncertainty factor commonly attributed to interindividual pharmacokinetic variability is 27% (16/59) for the 0–1 week age group, and 19% (5/26) in the 1 week to 2 month age group, compared to 0/87 for all the other age groups combined between 2 months and 18 years. Children within specific age groups appear to differ from adults with respect to the amount of variability and the form of the distribution of half‐lives across the population. The data indicate departure from simple unimodal distributions, particularly in the 1 week to 2 month age group, suggesting that key developmental steps affecting drug removal tend to occur in that period. Finally, in preparation for age‐dependent physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic modeling, nationally representative NHANES III data are analyzed for distributions of body size and fat content. The data from about age 3 to age 10 reveal important departures from simple unimodal distributional forms—in the direction suggesting a subpopulation of children that are markedly heavier than those in the major mode. For risk assessment modeling, this means that analysts will need to consider “mixed” distributions (e.g., two or more normal or log‐normal modes) in which the proportions of children falling within the major versus high‐weight/fat modes in the mixture changes as a function of age. Biologically, the most natural interpretation of this is that these subpopulations represent children who have or have not to yet received particular signals for change in growth pattern. These apparently distinct subpopulations would be expected to exhibit different disposition of xenobiotics, particularly those that are highly lipophilic and poorly metabolized.