Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reactivation of Rate Remapping in CA3

The hippocampus is thought to contribute to episodic memory by creating, storing, and reactivating patterns that are unique to each experience, including different experiences that happen at the same location. Hippocampus can combine spatial and contextual/episodic information using a dual coding scheme known as “global” and “rate” remapping. Global remapping selects which set of neurons can activate at a given location. Rate remapping readjusts the firing rates of this set depending on current experience, thus expressing experience-unique patterns at each location. But can the experience-unique component be retrieved spontaneously? Whereas reactivation of recent, spatially selective patterns in hippocampus is well established, it is never perfect, raising the issue of whether the experiential component might be absent. This question is key to the hypothesis that hippocampus can assist memory consolidation by reactivating and broadcasting experience-specific “index codes” to neocortex. In CA3, global remapping exhibits attractor-like dynamics, whereas rate remapping apparently does not, leading to the hypothesis that only the former can be retrieved associatively and casting doubt on the general consolidation hypothesis. Therefore, we studied whether the rate component is reactivated spontaneously during sleep. We conducted neural ensemble recordings from CA3 while rats ran on a circular track in different directions (in different sessions) and while they slept. It was shown previously that the two directions of running result in strong rate remapping. During sleep, the most recent rate distribution was reactivated preferentially. Therefore, CA3 can retrieve patterns spontaneously that are unique to both the location and the content of recent experience. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The hippocampus is required for memory of events and their spatial contexts. The primary correlate of hippocampal activity is location in space, but multiple memories can occur in the same location. To be useful for distinguishing these memories, the hippocampus must be able, not only to express, but also to retrieve both spatial and nonspatial information about events. Whether it can retrieve nonspatial information has been challenged recently. We exposed rats to two different experiences (running in different directions) in the same locations and showed that even the nonspatial components of hippocampal cell firing are reactivated spontaneously during sleep, supporting the conclusion that both types of information about a recent experience can be retrieved.
Australian prescribers' perspectives on ART initiation in the era of “treatment as prevention”

This study explores Australian prescribers' attitudes towards Treatment as Prevention (TasP) and their practices around initiating combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) for HIV. A brief online survey was conducted nationally amongst antiretroviral treatment (ART) prescribers in Australia. The sample broadly represented ART prescribers in Australia (N = 108), with 40.7% general practitioners (GPs), 25.9% sexual health clinic-based physicians and 21.3% hospital-based infectious diseases physicians. About 60% of respondents had been treating HIV-positive patients for more than 10 years. Respondents estimated that about 70–80% of all their HIV-positive patients were receiving ART. Over half of the prescribers agreed very strongly that their primary concern in recommending cART initiation was clinical benefit to individual patients rather than any population benefit. A majority of the prescribers (68.5%) strongly endorsed cART initiation before CD4+ T-cell count drops below 350 cells/mm3, and a further 22.2% strongly endorsed cART initiation before CD4+ T-cell count drops below 500 cells/mm3. Regarding the optimal timing of cART initiation, this study shows that prescribers in Australia in 2012 focus primarily on the benefits for their individual patients. Prescribers may need more convincing evidence of individual health benefits or increased knowledge about the population health benefits for a TasP approach to be effective in Australia.
MONITORING COLLEAGUES AT WORK: PROFIT SHARING, EMPLOYEE OWNERSHIP, BROAD-BASED STOCK OPTIONS AND WORKPLACE PERFORMANCE IN THE UNITED STATES

This study seeks to increase our understanding of worker reactions to shirking by analyzing two new questions on shirking from the 2002 General Social Science Survey (GSS). We developed the questions in order to illuminate the factors that enable some shared capitalist enterprises to overcome the free rider or 1/N dilemma. Our guiding principle is the notion that for profit-sharing, worker ownership, and broad-based stock options to produce economic benefits, workers must “buy into” shared arrangements and create a workplace culture that discourages shirking.
Hiding Information in Open Auctions with Jump Bids

We analyse a rationale for hiding information in open ascending auction formats. We focus on the incentives for a bidder to call a price higher than the highest standing one in order to prevent the remaining active bidders from aggregating more accurate information by observing the exact dropout values of the opponents who exit the auction. We show that the decision whether to allow jump bids or not can have a drastic impact on revenue and efficiency.
Peroxidase Reaction as a Parameter for Discrimination of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus

425 strains of mutans streptococci and 12 reference strains were investigated by membrane fatty acid spectra (MFAS) and peroxidase reaction (PR) after aerobic and anaerobic incubation. 423 strains were identified as Streptococcus mutans. The remaining 2 strains were identified as Streptococcus sobrinus. The PR of 29 strains was doubtful; immediately after anaerobic incubation a negative PR changed into a slightly positive PR. To test the diagnostic value of PR the strains were additionally investigated by means of species–specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The species–specific PCRs were developed on the basis of the respective genes of 16S rRNA of the pathogens S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Specificity and sensitivity were tested on reference strains (n = 17) and negative control strains (n = 39). The results of this investigation showed that an anaerobic incubation regime could lead to false–positive (S. mutans) or false–negative (S. sobrinus) PR. The 425 MS strains were classified as either S. mutans (n = 420) or S. sobrinus (n = 5). The findings on the reference strains required a reclassification of S. mutans V 100 into S. sobrinus V 100. Summarising, it is possible now to differentiate strains of mutans streptococci by MFAS and PR after aerobic incubation.
BOOMING SECTOR AND WAGE EFFECTS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ON NORWEGIAN DATA

Within the framework of a segmented labor model and under the assumption of market clearing wages in all submarkets, this paper analyzes demand and cost-of-living effects which a booming sector may create. The tests are based on data before and after the most intensive building-up period of the Norwegian petroleum sector. The empirical results indicate significant demand effects for the most petroleum relevant occupations and also positive cost-of-living effects in areas which are regionally close to this sector. Overall there is evidence that the Norwegian petroleum sector has caused weak manufacturing performance. Copyright 1997 by Royal Economic Society.
A moral economy of corruption in Africa?

As far as corruption in Africa is both conspicuous and generalised, it has to be studied from the viewpoint of the participants. This article starts with six general theses on corruption in Africa, which place it within a broader ‘corruption complex’, and emphasise its routine nature, the stigmatisation of corruption despite the absence of effective sanctions, its apparent irreversibility, the absence of correlation with regime types and its legitimacy to its perpetrators. Corruption is then shown to be socially embedded in ‘logics’ of negotiation, gift-giving, solidarity, predatory authority and redistributive accumulation. Any anti-corruption policy must face up to these realities.
Credit Rating Agencies and the IPE: Not as influential as thought?

ABSTRACT Do Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) affect national policy? This study critically examines assertions of a possible convergence to neo-liberal standards induced by sovereign bond ratings. By arguing that the role of the agencies in the global political economy has been exaggerated, the study finds that CRAs do not have a direct causal effect on domestic economic reforms. Employing a sample that covers the great majority of rated countries, it is shown that there is a robust trend towards deregulation and reform in accordance with neo-liberal standards. Nevertheless, sovereign bond ratings are not directly related to this process. Lower rated countries, or those more frequently downgraded, do not differ significantly from the highly rated countries in their pattern of policy reform. This result holds for policy domains such as regulation of credit, labour and business, inflation levels, legal structure and security of property rights, and the size of the public sector. It is concluded that the role of the CRAs as potential instigators of domestic reform is limited.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN UNIVERSITIES AND THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY: WHAT INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES LIMIT THESE ASSOCIATIONS?

This paper examines the extent of associations between the tobacco industry and New Zealand universities, and the institutional mechanisms that have been used to limit such associations. Tobacco industry documents were searched for associations between New Zealand universities and the tobacco industry. The stratagems used by New Zealand universities, funders, professional societies and government to limit such associations were analysed, using written requests, website surveys and interviews. Philip Morris invested at least US$790,000 into research at the University of Auckland during 1988‐1996, and other associations between tobacco companies and New Zealand universities have continued until at least 2004. There are still few formal policies in New Zealand to prevent such associations. In contrast, a number of prominent Australian universities formally limit their associations with the tobacco industry. If the evidence of harm to the public interest from associations with the tobacco industry is accepted, then, despite the risk to academic freedom, formal policies to address such associations may be warranted. To be most effective, policies by research institutions and funders on tobacco industry associations should be formal and explicit, and also need to be comprehensive and effectively implemented.
The Internationalization of Family Firms

This article systematically reviews and critically examines 72 journal articles published (from 1980 to 2012) on the internationalization of family firms. Stemming from existing literature, core aspects and main gaps are identified. We aim to overcome the inconclusiveness of findings of previous research by offering an integrative theoretical model integrating the concept of socioemotional wealth with the revised Uppsala model. Our framework helps understand behaviors of internationalizing family firms by focusing on when and how they internationalize, especially related to risk attitudes, the role of knowledge and networks. Ultimately, we provide future research themes flowing from our suggested model.
Genetic analysis of functions involved in the late stages of biofilm development in Burkholderia cepacia H111

Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa often co‐exist as mixed biofilms in the lungs of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). Here, we report the isolation of 13 random mini‐Tn 5 insertion mutants of B. cepacia H111 that are defective in biofilm formation on a polystyrene surface. We show that the screening procedure used in this study is biased towards mutants defective in the late stages of biofilm development. A detailed quantitative analysis of the biofilm structures formed by wild‐type and mutant strains revealed that the isolated mutants are impaired in their abilities to develop a typical three‐dimensional biofilm structure. Molecular investigations showed that the genes required for biofilm maturation fall into several classes: (i) genes encoding for surface proteins; (ii) genes involved in the biogenesis and maintenance of an integral outer membrane; and (iii) genes encoding regulatory factors. It is shown that three of the regulatory mutants produce greatly reduced amounts of N ‐octanoylhomoserine lactone (C8‐HSL). This compound serves as the major signal molecule of the cep quorum‐sensing system. As this density‐dependent regulatory system is involved in the regulation of biofilm maturation, we investigated the interplay between the three regulatory genes and the quorum‐sensing cascade. The results of these investigations show that the identified genes encode for regulatory elements that are positioned upstream of the cep system, indicating that the quorum‐sensing system of B. cepacia is a major checkpoint for biofilm formation.
Choice, emergence, and constitutional process: a framework for positive analysis

Abstract: Constitutional theorizing typically employs a bi-level analytical framework wherein the choice of rules precedes the actions that people pursue within those rules. Constitutions are thus products of planning and are prior to the spontaneous ordering that characterizes market processes. This paper explores an alternative conceptual framework wherein rules and actions are coeval and not sequential. Hence, constitutions are subject to spontaneous ordering just as are ordinary market processes. All societies necessarily possess constitutional frameworks that frame the actions of participants; however, those frameworks are not fully settled prior to action but rather evolve through action, which means, in turn, that constitutions, like societies, are living entities and not background precepts against which societal life evolves.
The Hidden Hand of Economic Coercion

Why do policymakers consistently employ economic sanctions even though scholars consider them an ineffective tool of statecraft? Game-theoretic models of economic coercion suggest the success rate may be understated because of selection effects. When the targeted country prefers conceding to incurring the cost of sanctions, it has an incentive to acquiesce before the imposition of sanctions. The bulk of successful coercion episodes should therefore end with sanctions threatened but not imposed. This contradicts the recent literature on sanctions, which assumes that sanctions rarely, if ever, work at generating significant concessions from the targeted country and are imposed for domestic or symbolic political reasons. If the game-theoretic argument is correct, the crucial cases to study are those in which coercion is threatened but not implemented. A statistical analysis of data on sanctions in pursuit of economic or regulatory goals strongly supports the gametheoretic argument. These results suggest that the significance of economic coercion has been undervalued in the study of statecraft and international relations more generally.
Front‐line managers as agents in the HRM‐performance causal chain: theory, analysis and evidence

Research on the link between HRM and organisational performance has neglected the role of front-line managers, yet it is these managers who are increasingly charged with the implementation of many HR practices. Using an employee survey in 12 'excellent' companies we explore the extent to which employee commitment towards their employer and their job are influenced by the quality of leadership behaviour and by satisfaction with HR practices. Both have a strong effect on employee attitudes. The article concludes with a case study of a planned effort to improve front-line managers' skills in people management. © 2007 The Authors.
Evaluation of Life and Limb: A Theoretical Approach

None of the existing methods of evaluating loss or saving life, or assessing an increase or reduction in accidents resulting from investment projects, is satisfactory for a number of reasons. This is so chiefly because they are all inconsistent with the Pareto base of existing allocation theory and benefit-cost analysis. Strict application of the Pareto principle to changes in accidents and fatalities involves a calculation of the compensating variation associated with the changes in risk bearing regarded as external effects. Several of these external effects are discussed at length.
Insulin resistance and endocrine characteristics of the different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by oligo- or anovulation (ANOV), biochemical or clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenemia (HA) and PCOs. Four phenotypes of PCOS exist [phenotype 1 (ANOV + HA + PCO), phenotype 2 (ANOV + HA), phenotype 3 (HA + PCO) and phenotype 4 (ANOV + PCO)] but the differences between them are not well studied. We compared markers of insulin resistance (IR) and endocrine characteristics between the different PCOS phenotypes. METHODS We prospectively studied 1212 consecutive women with PCOS and 254 BMI-matched healthy women. RESULTS Phenotypes 1-4 were present in 48.2, 30.7, 9.7 and 11.4% of patients, respectively. BMI did not differ between the four phenotypes and controls. Both normal weight and overweight/obese women with phenotypes 1 and 2 were more insulin resistant than controls. Overweight/obese, but not normal weight, women with phenotype 4 were more insulin resistant than controls, while IR in women with phenotype 3 did not differ from controls regardless of obesity. In normal weight subjects, women with phenotypes 1 and 2 were more insulin resistant than women with phenotype 4. In overweight/obese subjects, women with phenotype 1 were more insulin resistant than women with phenotypes 2 and 3 and women with phenotype 4 were more insulin resistant than those with phenotype 3. Circulating androgens were higher in normal weight and overweight/obese PCOS patients with phenotypes 1-3 compared with those with phenotype 4, and higher in normal weight PCOS patients with phenotype 1 than in those with phenotype 2. CONCLUSIONS Phenotype 1 is associated with more IR and more pronounced HA than phenotype 2. Phenotypes 2 and 4 with obesity, are also characterized by IR. In contrast, phenotype 3 is not associated with IR.
Sensory‐induced Plasticity of Motor Pattern Selection in the Lobster Stomatogastric Nervous System

In a previous study, a bilateral sensory input pathway to the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system was reported to induce the functional switching of an identified motor neuron (VD) from one rhythm generating neural network (the pyloric circuit) to another (the cardiac sac network). In the present in vitro study on the spiny lobster, Palinurus vulgaris, we have shown that under certain conditions, repetitive trains of phasic stimulation (1 s; 40 Hz) of one of these sensory nerves elicits either an increase or a decrease in efficacy of the VD switching response. In preparations showing no previous sign either of increase or decrease in VD switching, either response can be induced by prior conditioning stimulation. The increasing effect can be induced by unpaired conditioning stimulation of the contralateral sensory nerve. Conversely, the decrease in switching efficacy is obtained by pairing stimulation of the sensory‐motor pathway with that applied to its contralateral partner. Both the experimentally induced increase and decrease in VD switching are long‐lasting, remaining observable for at least 20 min and in some cases up to 3 h after the original conditioning procedure. Our results suggest that this system provides a suitable ‘simple’ model for the analysis of experience‐related plasticity of the switching of a neuron from one network to another.
An Integrated Model of Capital Structure to Study the Differences in the Speed of Adjustment to Target Corporate Debt Maturity Among Developed Countries

In this paper, we propose an integrated model of capital structure to study the partial adjustment process to the optimal long term debt ratio. In our analysis, we consider the characteristics of the institutional environment as a factor that influences such adjustment. We use a sample of quoted firms from Germany, Denmark, Spain, Italy, USA, Australia, Belgium, UK and France for the period 1996-2008. The key findings are that the firms follow optimal long-term debt ratios. Such optimal ratios are determined by firm characteristics identified in the trade-off, pecking order and market timing theories and by the country institutional environment. We observe that in those countries with lower cost of adjustment, essentially in those where banks are the main source of funds, firms can reach their target debt ratio in half the time needed by those countries with higher adjustment costs.
Flufenamic acid enhances current through maxi-K channels in the trabecular meshwork of the eye

Purpose. Flufenamic acid relaxes trabecular meshwork, a smooth muscle-like tissue involved in the regulation of ocular outflow in the eye. In this study, we attempted to determine if ionic channels are involved in this response. Methods. Cultured human (HTM) and bovine (BTM) trabecular meshwork cells were investigated using the patch-clamp technique. Results. In trabecular meshwork, flufenamic acid (10 -5 M) reversibly stimulated outward current to 406 ± 71% of initial outward current level in BTM (n = 10) and 294 ± 75% of initial current level in HTM (n = 12) in all cells investigated; no significant differences emerged. The response was dosage-dependent. Replacement of potassium in all solutions eliminated the response to flufenamic acid (n = 4, BTM). Blocking K ATP channels with glibenclamide (10 -5 M, n = 6) and small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels with apamin (10 -6 M, n = 5) had no effect. A direct effect on calcium channels could also not be detected. Blockage of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (maxi-K) by iberiotoxin (10 -7 M) suppressed 87 ± 9% (n = 6; HTM) and 91 ± 10% (n = 6; BTM) of the response. Depleting the cells of calcium did not significantly alter the response to flufenamic acid. Conclusions. Flufenamic acid stimulates maxi-K channels in trabecular meshwork of both human and bovine origin. This should lead to hyperpolarization, closure of L-type channels and lowered cytosolic calcium levels, possibly explaining the relaxation observed in response to this substance.
XIAP, a cellular member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, links the receptors to TAB1–TAK1 in the BMP signaling pathway

Signals elicited by transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) superfamily ligands are generated following the formation of heteromeric receptor complexes consisting of type I and type II receptors. TAK1, a member of the MAP kinase kinase kinase family, and its activator, TAB1, participate in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway involved in mesoderm induction and patterning in early Xenopus embryos. However, the events leading from receptor activation to TAK1 activation remain to be identified. A yeast interaction screen was used to search for proteins that function in the pathway linking the receptors and TAB1–TAK1. The human X‐chromosome‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) was isolated as a TAB1‐binding protein. XIAP associated not only with TAB1 but also with the BMP receptors in mammalian cells. Injection of XIAP mRNA into dorsal blastomeres enhanced the ventralization of Xenopus embryos in a TAB1–TAK1‐dependent manner. Furthermore, a truncated form of XIAP lacking the TAB1‐binding domain partially blocked the expression of ventral mesodermal marker genes induced by a constitutively active BMP type I receptor. These results suggest that XIAP participates in the BMP signaling pathway as a positive regulator linking the BMP receptors and TAB1–TAK1.