Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Second malignant neoplasms after cancer in childhood and adolescence: A population‐based case‐control study in the 5 nordic countries

Our purpose was to assess the risk of developing a second malignant neoplasm (SMN) after cancer in childhood and adolescence associated with different treatment modalities. Our investigation was performed as a nested case‐control study within a Nordic cohort of 25,120 patients younger than 20 years old at first malignant neoplasm (FMN) diagnosed in 1960 through 1987. SMNs were diagnosed in 1960 through 1991. For each case of SMN, 3 controls were sampled, matched by sex, age, calendar year of diagnosis and length of follow‐up. For the final analysis, there were 234 cases and 678 controls. Relative risks (RRs) of various exposures were estimated by means of conditional logistic regression, with non‐exposed as the reference. The RR of developing SMN in the radiated volume was 4.3 (95% confidence interval 3.0–6.2). The risk was highest in children diagnosed before the age of 5 years; it increased with the dose of radiation and with increasing follow‐up time after FMN. Chemotherapy alone was not associated with an increased RR, but it significantly potentiated the effect of radiotherapy. RRs were unchanged between the periods 1960–1973 and 1974–1987, and since the use of chemotherapy increased in the latter period, the number of SMNs may increase. Hereditary factors were important for the occurrence of SMN independently of therapy. We conclude that radiation was the most important treatment‐related risk factor for the development of SMN. Chemotherapy appeared to play only an accessory role during the study period, potentiating the carcinogenic effect of radiotherapy. Int. J. Cancer 88:672–678, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low Back Pain Recollection Versus Concurrent Accounts: Outcomes Analysis

Study Design. Patients with low back pain were asked to recall the pain and impaired functioning that they reported 5–10 years previously as part of the National Low Back Pain prospective follow-up study. In 1998, patients completed an additional follow-up. Objectives. To compare outcomes using patient-recalled data and prospectively collected data from patients with low back pain and to identify simple, symptom-specific questions that yield reliable responses over an extended period of time. Summary of Background Data. Outcome assessment based on patient recall may be influenced by a patient’s age, gender, reporting tendency, and current health status. The impact of data collected retrospectively on outcome analyses in spinal patients has not been addressed. Methods. Patients enrolled in the National Low Back Pain study from 1986 to 1991 completed a self-administered questionnaire at their initial visit. A sample was interviewed by telephone in 1996 and asked to recall pain characteristics and impaired functioning reported at initial examination. A 10-year follow-up (1998) on current health status was conducted by mail. The 1998 follow-up response was separately compared with recalled and initial responses, such that two patient outcome status values were calculated for each question. Agreement was evaluated using Cohen’s kappa. Results. The follow-up evaluation was completed by 144 patients, with a mean interval of 9.4 years. The overall simple kappa was 0.37, indicating “fair” agreement between outcomes based on initial and recalled accounts of pain. Questions on location of pain had kappa values of 0.12–0.58, radicular symptoms 0.28–0.48, and severity of pain 0.11–0.30. Conclusions. “Fair” to “moderate” agreement was found between outcomes determined by recalled versus initial reports. Accuracy was greatest for queries on frequency, location of pain, and activities affecting pain. Discrepancies were noted for queries on severity of pain, with error bias toward less pain when using the recalled data. Careful selection of questions may yield more accurate outcome measures.
The Dorsal Metatarsal Artery Perforator Flap

AbstractFew options exist for the resurfacing of web-space and small soft tissue defects of the dorsum of the distal foot. The study examines the anatomy of the second to fourth dorsal metatarsal arteries in 16 fresh frozen cadavers to determine if the anatomy correlates to that in the hand, permitting the design of local flaps based on perforators of these vessels. A clinical case is also presented, illustrating the efficacy of such a perforator-based flap.Sixteen Asian cadaveric lower limbs were used for this study. The specimens were prepared with latex dye injection. Dissection under loupe magnification was carried out to determine the position and caliber of the cutaneous perforators from the dorsal metatarsal arteries, and the spread of the latex dye in the skin from these cutaneous perforators. One clinical case illustration of this perforator-based flap for distal foot defect resurfacing is presented.In our cadaveric study, each second to fourth dorsal metatarsal artery had between 2 and 5 cutaneous perforators with calibers of 0.5 to 0.7 mm in diameter. The most distal cutaneous perforator was present consistently, always arising between the heads of the respective metatarsals.In conclusion, the vascular anatomy of the second to fourth dorsal metatarsal arteries is similar to that in the hand, thus allowing for the design of reliable perforator-based flaps for distal foot resurfacing.
Mannan‐ and xylooligosaccharides modulate caecal microbiota and expression of inflammatory‐related cytokines and reduce caecal Salmonella Enteritidis colonisation in young chickens

ABSTRACT Salmonella Enteritidis is a pathogen, which can infect humans and chickens. This study was designed to address the impact of two potential prebiotics, mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) and xylooligosaccharides (XOS), on the caecal microbiota and expression of cytokines in chickens infected with S. Enteritidis. Newly hatched chicks were assigned to one of five groups: (1) uninfected control, (2) infected control, (3) infected + XOS, (4) infected + MOS and (5) infected + virginiamycin. The number of S. Enteritidis recovered from the caecum was significantly lower, by 1.6 log, in the MOS, and to a less extent (1.0 log) in the XOS‐fed birds compared to the infected control. Coprococcus, Ruminococcus and Enterococcus genera were increased in response to MOS, whereas XOS enriched Clostridium, Lactobacillus and Roseburia. MOS, but not XOS, lessened the increase of lipopolysaccharide‐induced tumour necrosis factor alpha factor and interferon‐&ggr; in caecal tonsils after challenge. The canonical correspondence analysis for cytokine genes showed a correlation with the composition of the microbial community at the genus level. Thus, MOS and XOS differently changed the relative abundance of specific microbial genera and the immune response during infection, and these changes were correlated with their abilities to reduce S. Enteritidis colonisation. &NA; Graphical Abstract Figure. Prebiotics modulated caecal microbiota, immune response and caecal Salmonella Enteritidis colonisation in young chickens.
Effects of Field-of-View Restrictions on Speed and Accuracy of Manoeuvring

Effects of field-of-view restrictions on the speed and accuracy of participants performing a real-world manoeuvring task through an obstacled environment were investigated. Although field-of-view restrictions are known to affect human behaviour and to degrade performance for a range of different tasks, the relationship between human manoeuvring performance and field-of-view size is not known. This knowledge is essential to evaluate a trade-off between human performance, cost, and ergonomic aspects of field-of-view limiting devises like head-mounted displays and night vision goggles which are frequently deployed for tasks involving human motion through environments with obstacles. In this study the speed and accuracy of movement were measured in 15 participants (8 men, 7 women, 22.9 ± 2.8 yr. of age) traversing a course formed by three wall segments for different field-of-view restrictions. Analysis showed speed decreased linearly with decreasing field-of-view extent, while accuracy was consistently reduced for all restricted field-of-view conditions. Present results may be used to evaluate cost and performance trade-offs for field-of-view restricting devices deployed to perform time-limited human-locomotion tasks in complex structured environments, such as night-vision goggles and head-mounted displays.
The geometric structure of skew lattices

A skew lattice is a noncommutative associative analogue of a lattice and as such may be viewed both as an algebraic object and as a geometric ob- ject. Whereas recent papers on skew lattices primarily treated algebraic aspects of skew lattices, this article investigates their intrinsic geometry. This geometry is obtained by considering how the coset geometries of the maximal primitive subalgebras combine to form a global geometry on the skew lattice. While this geometry is derived from the algebraic operations, it can be given a description that is independent of these operations, but which in turn induces them. Var- ious aspects of this geometry are investigated including: its general properties; algebraic and numerical consequences of these properties; connectedness; the geometry of skew lattices in rings; connections between primitive skew lattices and completely simple semigroups; and finally, this geometry is used to help classify symmetric skew lattices on two generators. Recall that a band is a semigroup satisfying the idempotent law: xx = x. Upon examining bands which are multiplicative subsemigroups of rings, one uncovers classes of bands which also possess an idempotent countermultipli- cation. This leads one to define a skew lattice to be an algebra with a pair of associative idempotent binary operations, the join and the meet, which are con- nected by a set of absorption laws (see 1.1). While skew lattices of idempotents in rings remain important sources of motivation, the results of (10-12) make it clear that skew lattices can sustain mathematical life on their own. Perhaps the most natural way to think about a skew lattice is as a noncommutative ana- logue of a lattice. As such, a skew lattice is not only an algebraic object, but also a geometric object. Thus far most of the research given in (10-12) has emphasized the algebraic side of skew lattices. The purpose of this paper is to investigate their geometric aspects and in particular the role of the natural partial order in determining their algebraic structure, much as a lattice is deter- mined by its natural partial ordering. It is not our goal, however, to reinvent lattice theory. Hence the geometry of a skew lattice will be studied relative to the fixed structure of its underlying lattice. Saying this entails an implicit refer- ence to the fundamental Clifford-McLean Theorem which in effect provides a first sketch of a skew lattice: a congruence is defined on each skew lattice (called natural equivalence) which induces its maximal lattice image and whose equiv-
Designing and Implementing an RN Refresher Course for the Acute Care Hospital: Development of the Nurses’ Critical Thinking Skills

With today’s nursing shortage, hospitals are seeking creative strategies to recruit nurses. The task of recruiting inactive nurses has been more difficult because of the challenges faced by hospital-based nurses in this era of managed care and increased acuity of patients. This article describes a unique 8-week course, which provides the nurses with an update of technical skills and emphasizes the development of the critical-thinking skills necessary to deliver safe, competent patient care.
Expression of MMP-7 and MT1-MMP in peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS In this study, we examined the expression of MMP-2, MMP-7, and MT1-MMP in peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer, so as to clarify a possible role of these MMPs in developing peritoneal dissemination, using culture cells and an animal model with peritoneal dissemination. METHODOLOGY Total RNA was extracted from tumor tissues of disseminated foci from 7 patients with gastric cancer and human gastric cancer cell lines of STSA, STKM-1, MKN-28, MKN-45, and KATOIII. Expressions of mRNA for MMP-2, MMP-7, and MT1-MMP were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. To examine relationships between the expression of these mRNAs and the ability to establish peritoneal dissemination, nude mice were injected into the intraperitoneal cavity with 106 cultured cells of those 5 gastric cancer cell lines. RESULTS MMP-7 was expressed in 6 of 7 tissues (85.7%) and MT1-MMP in 2 of 7 tissues (28.6%), while MMP-2 was not detected in any of 7 tumor tissues. All 7 tumors had either MMP-7 or MT1-MMP. MMP-7 was recognized in 4 of 5 cells (80%) and MT1-MMP in 2 of 5 cells (40%), while MMP-2 was not found at all. All 5 cancer cells expressed at least one MMP mRNA. In the animal experiments, nude mice inoculated with STKM-1 or MKN-45 cells developed peritoneal dissemination, while those with other cell lines did not. MMP-7 was found both in STSA and MKN-28 (dissemination negative), and in STKM-1 and MKN-45 (dissemination positive). MT1-MMP mRNA was detected in one of two dissemination positive cell lines and in one of three dissemination negative ones. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested the importance of MMP-7 and MT1-MMP in the peritoneal metastases of gastric cancer, however, it has to be further dissected what role these MMPs might play in detaching of cancer cells from the gastric wall and establishing peritoneal disseminating foci.
ERK5 regulation in naïve T‐cell activation and survival

ERK5 has been implicated in regulating the MEF2‐dependent genes Klf2 and nur77 downstream of the TCR and the maintenance of expression of CD62L on peripheral T cells. Based on this data, knockout of ERK5 would be predicted to compromise T‐cell development and the maintenance of T cells in the periphery. Using an ERK5 conditional knockout, driven by CD4‐CRE or Vav‐CRE transgenes resulting in the loss of ERK5 in T cells, we have found that ERK5 is not required for T‐cell development. In addition, normal numbers of T cells were found in the spleens and lymph nodes of these mice. We also find that TCR stimulation is not a strong signal for ERK5 activation in primary murine T cells. ERK5 was found to contribute to the induction of Klf2 but not nur77 mRNA following TCR activation. Despite the reduction in Klf2 mRNA, no effect was seen in ERK5 knockouts on either the mRNA levels for the Klf2 target genes CD62L, CCR7 and S1P, or the cell surface expression of CD62L. These results suggest that while ERK5 does contribute to Klf2 regulation in T cells, it is not essential for the expression of CD62L or T‐cell survival.
Optimization of Heat Treatment of Japanese $\hbox{N}{ \rm b}_{3}\hbox{S}{\rm n}$ Conductors for Toroidal Field Coils in ITER

The optimization of the heat treatment of Nb3Sn conductors for toroidal field coils in ITER was attempted to improve the current sharing temperatures (Tcs). Using the strand, we chose the pattern at 570°C for 250 h and 650°C for 100 h as the best, which increased the critical current and maintained the residual resistivity ratio higher than 100. The behavior of the critical current of the strand vs. the magnetic field, temperature, and strain was also improved. This pattern was used on two conductors, and their performances were tested. Tcs was evaluated over 1000 electromagnetic cycles and one thermal cycle. A sharp Tcs degradation occurred at 50 cycles. Then Tcs decreased linearly. Although this tendency was similar to the conductors that were heat treated with the original pattern, the degradation rates were improved. The ac losses (Q) before cycling were approximately 10% lower than those of the original pattern. Q after cycling became almost equivalent between two patterns. The conductor was inspected after the test, which showed that the conductor under the high-magnetic-field zone had contracted by approximately 600 ppm during the test. Some clearly deformed strands were observed under the high-magnetic-field zone, which could degrade Tcs.
On the injectivity of modular mappings

Affine space-time mappings have been extensively studied for systolic array design and parallelizing compilation. However, there are practical important cases that require other types of transformations. This paper considers so-called modular mappings described by linear transformations modulo a constant vector. Sufficient conditions for these mappings to be one-to-one are investigated for rectangular domains of arbitrary dimensions. It is shown that a sufficient condition for a modular mapping to be one-to-one is that its (n/spl times/n) coefficient matrix T has entries t/sub ii/=/spl plusmn/1 and t/sub ij/=0 for i/spl supdot/j where /spl supdot/ is a total order on {1,2,, n), n=domain dimension. These conditions are strengthened and extended for particular types of rectangular domains and affine transformations modulo a constant vector. The results of this paper can be used to identify a space of valid modular mappings of specific algorithms into time and space. They are illustrated by examples which include Cannon's matrix multiplication algorithm. <<ETX>>
Hydrological processes in a humid tropical rain forest: a combined experimental and modelling approach

Evaporation losses from a watertight 6.34 ha rain forest catchment under wet maritime tropical conditions in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, were determined using complementary hydrological and micrometeorological techniques during 1996 and 1997. At 6.6 mm d−1 for 1996 and 6.0 mm d−1 for 1997, the average evapotranspiration (ET ) of the forest is exceptionally high. Rainfall interception (Ei), as evaluated from weekly throughfall measurements and an average stemflow fraction of 2.3 %, accounted for much (62–74 %) of the ET at 4.9 mm d−1 in 1996 and 3.7 mm d−1 in 1997. Average transpiration rates (Et) according to a combination of the temperature fluctuation method and the Penman-Monteith equation were modest at 2.2 mm d−1 and 2.4 mm d−1 in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Both estimates compared reasonably well with the water-budget based estimates (ET Ei) of 1.7 mm d−1 and 2.2 mm d−1. Inferred rates of wet canopy evaporation were roughly four to five times those predicted by the Penman-Monteith equation, with nighttime rates very similar to daytime rates, suggesting radiant energy is not the dominant controlling factor. A combination of advected energy from the nearby Atlantic Ocean, low aerodynamic resistance, plus frequent low-intensity rain is thought to be the most likely explanation of the observed discrepancy between measured and estimated Ei. *With: L.A. Bruijnzeel, F.N. Scatena, N.J. Bink and F. Holwerda, Accepted for publication in Water Resources Research
Barrier functions of the leptomeninges: a study of normal meninges and meningiomas in tissue culture

The anatomical arrangement of the pia mater suggests that it may act as a regulatory interface between cerebrospinal fluid and the surface of the brain and between arterioles within the brain and the surrounding neural tissue. However, the functional aspects of such a barrier are difficult to evaluate in vivo. In the present study, the enzymic content and endocytotic capacities of normal leptomeningeal cells in situ and meningioma cells in confluent tissue culture are examined in relation to barrier functions of meningeal cells. Growth of cells in culture was obtained from human fetal and newborn rat leptomeninges and from 9/13 meningiomas. But, in only two meningiomas were the cultured cells characterized as meningeal in origin by using the strict criteria of desmosomes identified by immunocytochemistry or by electron microscopy. These two tumours had high (8–8.7%) Ki‐67 labelling indices. Glutamine synthetase activity is present in normal meninges and in meningioma cells in culture; this enzyme together with catechol‐O‐methyltransferase could play a role in limiting the diffusion of neurotransmitters into brain tissue. A steady rate of endocytosis of carbon particles and fluorescent latex beads, 0.2–1 urn in diameter, was observed in cultured meningioma cells. Such endocytosis was inhibited by cyto‐chalasin B indicating the active participation of intracellular microfilaments. Similar endocytosis has been observed in normal leptomeninges in vivo. The results of this study suggest that meningioma cells in culture reflect the barrier functions of the pia mater and may be used as a model to further investigate the functions of the pia mater.
Neoliberalism Revised? A Critical Account of World Bank Conceptions of Good Governance and Market Friendly Intervention

This article examines recent World Bank reports on the role of the state in the development process, with particular reference to the rise of the East Asian newly industrializing countries and the crisis of “governance” in sub-Saharan Africa. The concepts of market friendly intervention and good governance are critically discussed, and are found to be inadequate as explanations for East Asian “success” and African “failure. ” The author presents an alternative explanation for the rise of the newly industrializing countries, which draws out some of the implications for the developing world.
Variability among Deese-Roediger-McDermott Lists in Eliciting False Recall for People's Names

According to previous research, the variability of lists in eliciting false recall in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm is large. A list structure made by Mukai, in which people's names were used as critical lures, was used to investigate the variability of lists. The materials were composed of 6 pairs of lists, in which the critical lure and its contextually associated study item (referred to as critical presented item) were assumed to play an important role in eliciting false recall. 80 participants (M age = 21.7 yr.; SD = 2.6) were tested. The difference of the list pair in eliciting false recall was positively correlated with list pair differences in free association rate from critical presented item to critical lure (r = .82, p <.05) and negatively correlated with the length of critical lure (r = −.94, p < .01). It was shown that the variability of lists in eliciting false recall can be explained by these two factors. Moreover, the length of the lure was also negatively correlated with an index of unsuccessful source monitoring (r = −.87, p < .05). The results were discussed in terms of the activation/monitoring theory.
Interpretations of Online Anonymity in Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous

How do individuals in twelve-step fellowships like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) interpret and enact "anonymity? " In this paper, we answer this question through a mixed-methods investigation. Through secondary analysis of interview data from 26 participants and an online questionnaire (N=285) we found three major interpretations of anonymity among AA and NA members: "unidentifiability," "social contract," and "program over individual. " While unidentifiability has been the focus of computing investigations, the other interpretations provide a significant and novel lens on anonymity. To understand how and when the unidentifiability interpretation was most likely to be enacted, we conducted a quantitative analysis of traces of activity in a large online recovery community. We observed that members were less likely to enact "unidentifiability" if they were more connected to the particular community and had more time in recovery. We provide implications for future research on context-specific anonymity and implications for design in online recovery spaces and similar sensitive contexts.