Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sites of Ribosomal RNAs Involved in the Subunit Association of Tight and Loose Couple Ribosomes*

It was demonstrated previously by kethoxal treatment studies that tight (TC) and loose (LC) couple ribosomes use different sites of the 16 S and 23 S RNAs for subunit association (Burma, D. P., Srivastava, A. K., Srivastava, S., and Dash, D. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 10517-10525). To localize these sites, a number of oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the suspected sites of the 16 S and 23 S RNAs were synthesized, and their binding to ribosomes and effects on subunit association were studied. Some of the probes inhibit the association of both TC and LC ribosomes, some inhibit the association of TC but not LC ribosomes, and some inhibit the association of LC but not TC ribosomes. It appears that both TC and LC ribosomes use one common site of association, bases 818-823 of the 16 S and 2308-2313 of the 23 S RNA. The second site, 788-793 of the 16 S RNA and 2753-2758 of the 23 S RNA for TC ribosomes, and 783-791 of the 16 S RNA and 2295-2303 of the 23 S RNA for LC ribosomes, is not shared. This suggests a spatial movement of the ribosomal subunits with respect to one another and lends further support to the model of translocation based on the interconversion of TC and LC ribosomes.
Human rabies in Lebanon: lessons for control

Human rabies is known to be endemic in countries bordering Lebanon, but its prevalence in Lebanon has not been studied before. All eight cases of human rabies reported to the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health between 1991 and 1999 were reviewed, as well as three other cases admitted to the American University of Beirut Medical Center. A total of 1102 cases of animal bites to humans, the majority of which were dog bites, were reported to the Ministry of Public Health between 1991 and 1996. In this period, 2487 doses of rabies vaccine were administered to the above group, as post-exposure prophylaxis. Veterinarians, a high risk and educated group, were interviewed, and only 7 out of 72 were found to have been vaccinated. Major improvements in surveillance and reporting, better control of animal rabies, more awareness especially among high risk groups, and regional cooperation, are all needed to prevent and control this deadly infection.
Bax distribution into mitochondrial detergent‐resistant microdomains is related to ceramide and cholesterol content in postischemic hearts

Diverse changes have been described in mitochondria of apoptotic cells: the phospholipid content is modified, ceramide and GD3 concentrations increase, the cristae structure is modified, and nonresident proteins are recruited into the mitochondrial membranes. In particular, Bax, a Bcl‐2 family member protein, moves from the cytosol to the mitochondria, inducing cytochrome c release. Modifications of the content and distribution of specific lipids in the mitochondrial membranes, along with the well‐known participation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in triggering apoptosis, led us to propose that lipid microdomains in mitochondria could coexist as structural elements with some of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore‐forming proteins and with members of the Bcl‐2 family. In this work, we demonstrated that Bax was associated preferentially with mitochondrial detergent‐resistant membranes (mDRMs) in reperfused rat hearts, a well‐known apoptotic model. Bax insertion into mDRMs correlated with cytochrome c release from such mitochondria. Bax location in mDRMs was associated with both the voltage‐dependent anion channel and the adenine nucleotide translocator, two mitochondrial permeability transition pore‐forming proteins. Interestingly, the voltage‐dependent anion channel was more abundant in the mDRM fraction than in the Triton X‐100‐soluble fraction. Ceramide and cholesterol contents were higher in mDRMs from reperfused hearts. Our results suggest that membrane microenvironments enriched in cholesterol and ceramide in mitochondria favor Bax translocation to this organelle, fostering propagation of the apoptotic cascade.
The Legal Protection of Geographical Indication

The geographical indication is an importam intellectual property right. The International society concludes a special International treaty to protect the geographical indication. The foreign legislation protects it by use of such three modes as trade mark law, special law and unfair competition law. It is necessary for us to further perfect the geographic indication, set up the protect framework for the geographic indication that conforms to the situation of our country.
Exploring thermal anisotropy of cortical bone using temperature measurements in drilling.

BACKGROUND Bone drilling is widely used in orthopaedics for fracture treatment, reconstructive surgery and bone biopsy. Heat generation in bone drilling can cause rise in bone temperature resulting in prolonged healing time or loosening of fixation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate thermal anisotropy of bone by measuring the level of temperature in bone drilling with and without cooling conditions in two anatomical directions. METHODS Drilling tests were performed on bovine cortical bone. A total of fifteen specimens were used to obtain data for statistical analysis. Temperature near the cutting zone was measured in two anatomical directions. i.e. along the longitudinal and circumferential direction. Temperature distribution was also found in the two prescribed directions. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify significant drilling parameter affecting bone temperature. RESULTS Drilling speed, feed rate and drill size were found influential parameters affecting bone temperature. Higher drilling speed, feed rate, and large drill size were found to cause elevated temperature in bone. Much lower temperature was measured in bone when cooling fluid was supplied to the drilling region. Experimental results revealed lower temperatures in the circumferential direction compared to the longitudinal direction. CONCLUSIONS Thermal anisotropy for heat transport was found in the bone. This study recommends lower drilling speed and feed rate and cooling for controlling rise in bone temperature.
TRH-induced TSH and prolactin responses in the elderly.

Since there are divergencies in the thyrotropin (TSH) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in old age, and since a hypothalamopituitary dysfunction has been suggested in the elderly, we have studied the thyroid function and the TRH responsiveness of TSH and prolactin (PRL) in 56 euthyroid patients over 70 years old, grouped according to age (70-79, 80-89, 90 or more years) and sex. Results were compared to those of 15 postmenopausal women and 11 men. In the elderly patients there was a decrease in plasma tri-iodothyronine (T3) and an increase in reverse T3 (rT3) levels while thyroxine (T4), basal TSH and PRL levels remained normal. The mean TSH and PRL responses to TRH (250 micrograms i.v.) were reduced but there was no age effect within the elderly. Only a sex effect was detected, TSH and PRL responses being appreciably lowered in men. In eight patients without severe disease or malnutrition, the response of TSH was not significant. We conclude that despite an apparent euthyroid status, TSH and PRL responses are blunted in elderly patients, and more in men than in women. These data, consistent with a hypothetical hypothalamopituitary dysfunction, indicate the difficulties of thyroid status assessment in the elderly.
Poor CD4 T cell restoration after suppression of HIV-1 replication may reflect lower thymic function

ObjectiveTo characterize immune phenotype and thymic function in HIV-1-infected adults with excellent virologic and poor immunologic responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). MethodsCross-sectional study of patients with CD4 T cell rises of ⩾ 200 × 106 cells/l (CD4 responders; n = 10) or < 100 × 106 cells/l (poor responders; n = 12) in the first year of therapy. ResultsPoor responders were older than CD4 responders (46 versus 38 years;P < 0.01) and, before HAART, had higher CD4 cell counts (170 versus 35 × 106 cells/l;P = 0.11) and CD8 cell counts (780 versus 536 × 106 cells/l ; P = 0.02). After a median of 160 weeks of therapy, CD4 responders had more circulating naive phenotype (CD45+CD62L+) CD4 cells (227 versus 44 × 106 cells/l ; P = 0.001) and naive phenotype CD8 cells (487 versus 174 × 106 cells/l ; P = 0.004) than did poor responders (after 130 weeks). Computed tomographic scans showed minimal thymic tissue in 11/12 poor responders and abundant tissue in 7/10 responders (P = 0.006). Poor responders had fewer CD4 cells containing T cell receptor excision circles (TREC) compared with CD4 responders (2.12 versus 27.5 × 106 cells/l ; P = 0.004) and had shorter telomeres in CD4 cells (3.8 versus 5.3 kb ; P = 0.05). Metabolic labeling studies with deuterated glucose indicated that the lower frequency of TREC-containing lymphocytes in poor responders was not caused by accelerated proliferation kinetics. ConclusionPoor CD4 T cell increases observed in some patients with good virologic response to HAART may be caused by failure of thymic T cell production.
Geminin: A good prognostic factor in high‐grade astrocytic brain tumors

Geminin is a nuclear protein that belongs to the DNA replication inhibitor group. It inhibits DNA replication by preventing Cdt1 from loading minichromosome maintenance protein onto chromatin, as is required for DNA replication. For this study, the authors investigated geminin expression in high‐grade astrocytic tumors, including anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), with a view to predicting clinical outcomes on this basis in patients with these malignant brain tumors.
Global Regulation of Food Supply by Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E was used as a model to develop a “phenomics” platform to investigate the ability of P. putida to grow using different carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur sources and in the presence of stress molecules. Results for growth of wild-type DOT-T1E on 90 different carbon sources revealed the existence of a number of previously uncharted catabolic pathways for compounds such as salicylate, quinate, phenylethanol, gallate, and hexanoate, among others. Subsequent screening on the subset of compounds on which wild-type DOT-TIE could grow with four knockout strains in the global regulatory genes Δcrc, Δcrp, ΔcyoB, and ΔptsN allowed analysis of the global response to nutrient supply and stress. The data revealed that most global regulator mutants could grow in a wide variety of substrates, indicating that metabolic fluxes are physiologically balanced. It was found that the Crc mutant did not differ much from the wild-type regarding the use of carbon sources. However, certain pathways are under the preferential control of one global regulator, i.e., metabolism of succinate and d-fructose is influenced by CyoB, and l -arginine is influenced by PtsN. Other pathways can be influenced by more than one global regulator; i.e., l-valine catabolism can be influenced by CyoB and Crp (cyclic AMP receptor protein) while phenylethylamine is affected by Crp, CyoB, and PtsN. These results emphasize the cross talk required in order to ensure proper growth and survival. With respect to N sources, DOT-T1E can use a wide variety of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources. As with the carbon sources, more than one global regulator affected growth with some nitrogen sources; for instance, growth with nucleotides, dipeptides, d-amino acids, and ethanolamine is influenced by Crp, CyoB, and PtsN. A surprising finding was that the Crp mutant was unable to flourish on ammonium. Results for assayed sulfur sources revealed that CyoB controls multiple points in methionine/cysteine catabolism while PtsN and Crc are needed for N-acetyl-l-cysteamine utilization. Growth of global regulator mutants was also influenced by stressors of different types (antibiotics, oxidative agents, and metals). Overall and in combination with results for growth in the presence of various stressors, these phenomics assays provide multifaceted insights into the complex decision-making process involved in nutrient supply, optimization, and survival.
Comparison of Lag Screw Versus Buttress Plate Fixation of Posterior Malleolar Fractures

Background: The goal of this study was to report the results of selective open reduction and internal fixation of fractures of the posterior malleolus with a posterolateral approach and to compare the results of the 2 techniques. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 40 patients who underwent posterior malleolar fracture fixation between 2008 and 2012. The patients were treated with a posterolateral approach. We assigned alternating patients to receive plate fixation and the next screw fixation, consecutively, based on the order in which they presented to our institution. Fixation of the posterior malleolus was made with lag screws in 20 patients and a buttress plate in 20 patients. We used American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, range of motion (ROM) of the ankle, and radiographic evaluations as the main outcome measurements. The mean follow-up was 38.2 (range, 24-51) months. Results: Full union without any loss of reduction was obtained in 38 of the 40 patients. We detected a union with a step-off of 3 mm in 1 patient in the screw group and a step-off of 2 mm in 1 patient in the plate group. At the final follow-up, the mean AOFAS score of the patients regardless of fixation type was 94.1 (range, 85-100). The statistical results showed no significant difference between the patients regardless of the fixation type of the posterior malleolus in terms of AOFAS scores and ROM of the ankle (P > .05). Conclusions: Good (AOFAS score of 94/100) and equivalent (within 3 points) results were obtained using the 2 techniques (screws or plate) for fixation after open reduction of posterior malleolar fragments. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective case series.
Important role of hypothalamic Y2 receptors in body weight regulation revealed in conditional knockout mice

Neuropeptide Y is implicated in energy homeostasis, and contributes to obesity when hypothalamic levels remain chronically elevated. To investigate the specific role of hypothalamic Y2 receptors in this process, we used a conditional Y2 knockout model, using the Cre-lox system and adenoviral delivery of Cre-recombinase. Hypothalamus-specific Y2-deleted mice showed a significant decrease in body weight and a significant increase in food intake that was associated with increased mRNA levels for the orexigenic NPY and AgRP, as well as the anorexic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the arcuate nucleus. These hypothalamic changes persisted until at least 34 days after Y2 deletion, yet the effect on body weight and food intake subsided within this time. Plasma concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide and corticosterone were 3- to 5-fold increased in hypothalamus-specific Y2 knockout mice. Germ-line Y2 receptor knockout also produced a significant increase in plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide. However, these mice differed from conditional knockout mice in that they showed a sustained reduction in body weight and adiposity associated with increased NPY and AgRP but decreased POMC and CART mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus. The transience of the observed effects on food intake and body weight in the hypothalamus-specific Y2 knockout mice, and the difference of this model from germ-line Y2 knockout mice, underline the importance of conditional models of gene deletion, because developmental, secondary, or extrahypothalamic mechanisms may mask such effects in germ-line knockouts.
Molecule Cascades

Carbon monoxide molecules were arranged in atomically precise configurations, which we call “molecule cascades,” where the motion of one molecule causes the subsequent motion of another, and so on in a cascade of motion similar to a row of toppling dominoes. Isotopically pure cascades were assembled on a copper (111) surface with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. The hopping rate of carbon monoxide molecules in cascades was found to be independent of temperature below 6 kelvin and to exhibit a pronounced isotope effect, hallmarks of a quantum tunneling process. At higher temperatures, we observed a thermally activated hopping rate with an anomalously low Arrhenius prefactor that we interpret as tunneling from excited vibrational states. We present a cascade-based computation scheme that has all of the devices and interconnects required for the one-time computation of an arbitrary logic function. Logic gates and other devices were implemented by engineered arrangements of molecules at the intersections of cascades. We demonstrate a three-input sorter that uses several AND gates and OR gates, as well as the crossover and fan-out units needed to connect them.
Ancient genome‐wide admixture extends beyond the current hybrid zone between Macaca fascicularis and M. mulatta

Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta are two of the most commonly used laboratory macaques, yet their genetic differences at a genome‐wide level remain unclear. We analysed the multilocus DNA sequence data of 54 autosomal loci obtained from M. fascicularis samples from three different geographic origins and M. mulatta samples of Burmese origin. M. fascicularis shows high nucleotide diversity, four to five times higher than humans, and a strong geographic population structure between Indonesian‐Malaysian and Philippine macaques. The pattern of divergence and polymorphism between M. fascicularis and M. mulatta shows a footprint of genetic exchange not only within their current hybrid zone but also across a wider range for more than 1 million years. However, genetic admixture may not be a random event in the genome. Whereas randomly selected genic and intergenic regions have the same evolutionary dynamics between the species, some cytochrome oxidase P450 (CYP) genes (major chemical metabolizing genes and potential target genes for local adaptation) have a significantly larger species divergence than other genes. By surveying CYP3A5 gene sequences of more than a hundred macaques, we identified three nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms that were highly differentiated between the macaques. The mosaic pattern of species divergence in the genomes may be a consequence of genetic differentiation under ecological adaptation and may be a salient feature in the genomes of nascent species under parapatry.
Investigating medetomidine-buprenorphine as preanaesthetic medication in cats.

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate medetomidine-buprenorphine preanaesthetic medication in cats. METHODS Forty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I female cats were enrolled in this prospective, blinded, clinical study. Cats were randomised into one of four groups: group M30 were injected intramuscularly with 30 microg/kg medetomidine, groups M10+B, M30+B and M50+B received 10, 30 and 50 microg/kg of medetomidine, respectively, each in combination with 20 microg/kg buprenorphine. After 30 minutes, a sedation score was allocated. Anaesthesia was induced using intravenous propofol and maintained using isoflurane in oxygen, while cats underwent ovariohysterectomy. Heart rate, respiratory rate, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin were recorded. Atipamezole was administered intramuscularly at volatile agent discontinuation. Time taken to lift their head, sit in sternal and stand were recorded along with quality of recovery. RESULTS M30+B cats required significantly less isoflurane compared with M30 cats. Heart rate and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin were significantly lower in M50+B cats than in M30 cats. All M+B groups experienced significantly better recoveries compared with the medetomidine only M30 control group. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The addition of buprenorphine to medetomidine preanaesthetic medication in cats reduces volatile agent vaporiser setting and improves the quality of recovery from anaesthesia.
Factors Associated with Trypanosoma cruzi Exposure Among Domestic Canines in Tennessee

Abstract Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease, is enzootic in animal populations of the southeastern United States. In the United States, T. cruzi prevalence has been reported for over 20 different wildlife species, and 7 autochthonous human cases have been documented since 1955. Previous canine (Canis familiaris) serosurveys have been limited either by small sample size or confined geographic reporting areas. In this study, we report a seroprevalence of 6.4% among 860 canines from 31 counties and 5 ecoregions throughout Tennessee, using an indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA). Statistically significant associations between seropositivity and age, weight, and outdoor living were noted. Differences in seropositivity were not seen based on American Kennel Club (AKC) group, sex, habitat, land cover, and ecoregion. Greater attention should be given to possible T. cruzi transmission in Tennessee and veterinarians should consider Chagas' disease as a differential diagnosis with compatible signs.
Overhauser enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for tumor oximetry: Coregistration of tumor anatomy and tissue oxygen concentration

An efficient noninvasive method for in vivo imaging of tumor oxygenation by using a low-field magnetic resonance scanner and a paramagnetic contrast agent is described. The methodology is based on Overhauser enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (OMRI), a functional imaging technique. OMRI experiments were performed on tumor-bearing mice (squamous cell carcinoma) by i.v. administration of the contrast agent Oxo63 (a highly derivatized triarylmethyl radical) at nontoxic doses in the range of 2–7 mmol/kg either as a bolus or as a continuous infusion. Spatially resolved pO2 (oxygen concentration) images from OMRI experiments of tumor-bearing mice exhibited heterogeneous oxygenation profiles and revealed regions of hypoxia in tumors (<10 mmHg; 1 mmHg = 133 Pa). Oxygenation of tumors was enhanced on carbogen (95% O2/5% CO2) inhalation. The pO2 measurements from OMRI were found to be in agreement with those obtained by independent polarographic measurements using a pO2 Eppendorf electrode. This work illustrates that anatomically coregistered pO2 maps of tumors can be readily obtained by combining the good anatomical resolution of water proton-based MRI, and the superior pO2 sensitivity of EPR. OMRI affords the opportunity to perform noninvasive and repeated pO2 measurements of the same animal with useful spatial (≈1 mm) and temporal (2 min) resolution, making this method a powerful imaging modality for small animal research to understand tumor physiology and potentially for human applications.
Antisense transcription represses Arabidopsis seed dormancy QTL DOG1 to regulate drought tolerance

Plants have developed multiple strategies to sense the external environment and to adapt growth accordingly. Delay of germination 1 (DOG1) is a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for seed dormancy strength in Arabidopsis thaliana that is reported to be expressed exclusively in seeds. DOG1 is extensively regulated, with an antisense transcript (asDOG1) suppressing its expression in seeds. Here, we show that asDOG1 shows high levels in mature plants where it suppresses DOG1 expression under standard growth conditions. Suppression is released by shutting down antisense transcription, which is induced by the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and drought. Loss of asDOG1 results in constitutive high‐level DOG1 expression, conferring increased drought tolerance, while inactivation of DOG1 causes enhanced drought sensitivity. The unexpected role of DOG1 in environmental adaptation of mature plants is separate from its function in seed dormancy regulation. The requirement of asDOG1 to respond to ABA and drought demonstrates that antisense transcription is important for sensing and responding to environmental changes in plants.