Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF THE HACK INDEX - OR STREAM LENGTH-GRADIENT INDEX (SL INDEX) - TO THE TRACUNHAÉM RIVER WATERSHED, PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL

For a long time geomorphology has made use of morphological analysis for the study of evolution and interpretation of landforms. In this context, Empirical methods were the major source for the understanding of morphogenetic processes. Notwithstanding, several physical and mathematical methods were envisaged and applied by many authors, mainly after the 1950’s decade. Among such methods one was put forward by Hack (1957, 1973) known as Stream Length-Gradient Index (SL Index). In Brazil this method is also referred to as the relation between slope angle and channel extension index (RDE). In this research, this index was applied to the watershed of the Tracunhaem River, one of the coastal drainages of the State of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. The index was applied along the channel of the two most important rivers within the watershed: the Tracunhaem and the Orobo. The data used on the construction of the DTM (Digital Terrain Model) of the basin were obtained from the SB-25-Y-C chart, and the SRTM project, compatible to a 1:250.000 scale. Following, an interpolating method was applied in order to generate the contour lines with 50 m intervals. A drainage raster file was created, compatible with larger numerical scales (1:100.000 e 1:25.000). After, the morphometric index was applied to the channel within reaches limited by the 20 m contour intervals, which generated a spreadsheet with numerical data that later were used to build graphs and charts demonstrating the existence of anomalous zones along the stream channel. Based on the application of this method it was possible to identify the regional knick-point of the basin
IBM Research System at MADE 2018: Detecting Adverse Drug Events from Electronic Health Records

Adverse Drug Events (ADEs) are common and occur in approximately 2-5% of hospitalized adult patients. Each ADE is estimated to increase healthcare cost by more than $3,200. Severe ADEs rank among the top 5 or 6 leading causes of death in the United States. Prevention, early detection and mitigation of ADEs could save both lives and dollars. Employing Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques on Electronic Health Records (EHRs) provides an effective way of real-time pharmacovigilance and drug safety surveillance. Thus, in this research, we developed a system for three different NLP tasks namely: Named Entity Recognition (NER), Relation Identification and Integrated task (integrative system to conduct NER and relation identification together). Our system achieved F-1 measures of 0.829 for Named Entity Recognition, 0.840 for Relation Identification and 0.617 for Integrated task. Our system ranked 1st in the integrated task and 2nd in both entity extraction and relation identification tasks.
The sizes, maturity stages and biomass of mayfly assemblages colonizing disturbed stream bed patches in central Kenya

The sizes, maturity stages and biomass of may£y species colonizing disturbed patches on the stream bed surface of the Naro Moru River, Kenya, were determined from June1993 to January1994. All maturity stages I^VI þ were present in the pre-disturbance may£y assemblages. Colo- nization of the disturbed patches by may£ies of diierent maturity stages was continuous, but slow or fast depend- ing on the season and species. The overall post-dis- turbance maturity structure of the may£ies colonizing the disturbed patches did not demonstrate any distinct pattern. The majority of Caenis nymphs colonizing the patches in wet season II (November^January) were in emerging maturity stage VI þ , whilst the majority of the individuals of Afronurus and Choroterpes (Euthraulus) populations matured from stage I in the wet seasons to stage VI þ in the dry season. Furthermore, the majority of the individuals of Baetis (Nigrobaetis) sp.1were matur- ing to stages IV^VI during the wet seasons. Small-sized may£y individuals (body length <3.0 mm) of all may£ies colonized the disturbed patches in the majority of num- bers. However, although having the highest densities, they contributed a very low biomass compared with the fewer large-sized nymphs. There was no size gradation in the colonization of the disturbed patches, since all sizes were sampled at all times but in diiering proportions. Colonization of the patches by may£ies was not size- or maturity stage-speci¢c. Size distribution patterns could be useful in assessing which may£y size-spectra are more or less susceptible to disturbance in streams.
The Anisotropic Noise in Stochastic Gradient Descent: Its Behavior of Escaping from Sharp Minima and Regularization Effects

Understanding the behavior of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) in the context of deep neural networks has raised lots of concerns recently. Along this line, we study a general form of gradient based optimization dynamics with unbiased noise, which unifies SGD and standard Langevin dynamics. Through investigating this general optimization dynamics, we analyze the behavior of SGD on escaping from minima and its regularization effects. A novel indicator is derived to characterize the efficiency of escaping from minima through measuring the alignment of noise covariance and the curvature of loss function. Based on this indicator, two conditions are established to show which type of noise structure is superior to isotropic noise in term of escaping efficiency. We further show that the anisotropic noise in SGD satisfies the two conditions, and thus helps to escape from sharp and poor minima effectively, towards more stable and flat minima that typically generalize well. We systematically design various experiments to verify the benefits of the anisotropic noise, compared with full gradient descent plus isotropic diffusion (i.e. Langevin dynamics).
A Paternalistic Duty to Protect? Predicting Men’s Decisions to Confront Sexism

Research suggests that women weigh the perceived costs and benefits when deciding whether to confront sexism on behalf of themselves or other women. Novel to the present research, we tested whether men similarly weigh the anticipated costs and benefits when deciding whether to confront sexism on behalf of women. Using path analysis across 2 correlational studies, we also investigated how endorsement of a masculine protection ideology predicted frequency of confronting sexism on behalf of socially close (e.g., girlfriend, sister) versus distant (e.g., acquaintance, stranger) women. Results from Study 1 (N = 148 undergraduate men) revealed that men were motivated by the perceived benefit, but not the perceived cost, when deciding whether to confront sexism. In both studies (Study 2 N = 205 male MTurk workers), the extent to which men endorsed a masculine ideology of protection positively predicted their frequency of confronting for socially close, but not distant women. We conclude that in some cases paternalistic masculinity may promote antisexist behavior (confronting on behalf of socially close women), although the impact of those confrontations for sexism reduction remains to be tested.
Diagnostic Yield of Colonoscopy in Patients Presenting with Per Rectum Bleeding at a Tertiary Care Centre

Background & Objective: Per rectal (PR) bleeding is a common reason for hospitalization and is defined as bleeding that emanates from a source distal to the ligament of Treitz. Although bleeding ceases spontaneously in 80% cases, 25% risk of re-bleed persists along with a difficulty of identifying the bleeding source. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the diagnostic yield of colonoscopy and assess the detection rate of different lesions in patients with PR bleeding as seen in our hospital. Methods: Fifty adult patients with PR bleed, irrespective of their gender were selected from general medical OPD and general medical wards. All patients were subjected to fibre-optic colonoscopy after necessary preparation and findings were recorded. Biopsies taken from suspected lesions were clinically indicated. Results: Study population included 50 patients, 28 males (56%) and 22 females (44%) with a mean age of 47.16±18.08 years. Findings at colonoscopy were; hemorrhoids (48%), polyp (6%), growth (6%), diverticular disease (6%), ulceration (4%), fissure (2%), fistula (2%), inflammatory bowel disease i.e., IBD (2%) and telangiectasia (2%). Normal findings were reported in 22% cases. Conclusion: Colonoscopy has very high diagnostic yield and would be recommended in the workup of patients presenting with bleeding per rectum.
Lifecycle Funds and Wealth Accumulation for Retirement: Evidence for a More Conservative Asset Allocation as Retirement Approaches

A line of recent studies cast doubt on the efficacy of the lifecycle investment strategy, which calls for switching into a more conservative investment portfolio as retirement approaches, as a suitable way to provide for the retirement needs of workers with defined-contribution pensions. After comparing simulation outcomes for lifecycle and fixed asset allocation strategies, we determine that the lifecycle strategy can be justified even in a framework including only financial wealth. We find that investors with very reasonable amounts of risk aversion may prefer the lifecycle approach, despite the tendency for aggressive fixed allocation strategies to produce larger expected wealth.
Film Dynamics and Lubricant Depletion by Droplets Moving on Lubricated Surfaces

Lubricated surfaces have shown promise in numerous applications where impinging foreign droplets must be removed easily; however, before they can be widely adopted, the problem of lubricant depletion, which eventually leads to decreased performance, must be solved. Despite recent progress, a quantitative mechanistic explanation for lubricant depletion is still lacking. Here, we first explained the shape of a droplet on a lubricated surface by balancing the Laplace pressures across interfaces. We then showed that the lubricant film thicknesses beneath, behind, and wrapping around a moving droplet change dynamically with droplet's speed---analogous to the classical Landau-Levich-Derjaguin problem. The interconnected lubricant dynamics results in the growth of the wetting ridge around the droplet, which is the dominant source of lubricant depletion. We then developed an analytic expression for the maximum amount of lubricant that can be depleted by a single droplet. Counter-intuitively, faster moving droplets subjected to higher driving forces deplete less lubricant than their slower moving counterparts. The insights developed in this work will inform future work and the design of longer-lasting lubricated surfaces.
Phylogenetic alpha and beta diversities of butterfly communities correlate with climate in the western Swiss Alps

The observation of non-random phylogenetic distribution of traits in communities provides evidence for niche-based community assembly. Environment may influence the phylogenetic structure of communities because traits determining how species respond to prevailing conditions can be phylogenetically conserved. In this study, we investigate the variation of butterfly species richness and of phylogenetic - and -diversities along temperature and plant species richness gradients. Our study indicates that butterfly richness is independently positively correlated to temperature and plant species richness in the study area. However, the variation of phylogenetic - and -diversities is only correlated to temperature. The significant phylogenetic clustering at high elevation suggests that cold temperature filters butterfly lineages, leading to communities mostly composed of closely related species adapted to those climatic conditions. These results suggest that in colder and more severe conditions at high elevations deterministic processes and not purely stochastic events drive the assemblage of butterfly communities.
Long-Term Memory in Stock Market Prices

A test for long-run memory that is robust to short-range dependence is developed. It is a simple extension of Mandelbrot's "range over standard deviation" or R/S statistic, for which the relevant asymptotic sampling theory is derived via functional central limit theory. This test is applied to daily, weekly, monthly, and annual stock returns indexes over several different time periods. Contrary to previous findings, there is no evidence of long-range dependence in any of the indexes over any sample period or sub-period once short-term autocorrelations are taken into account. Illustrative Monte Carlo experiments indicate that the modified R/S test has power against at least two specific models of long-run memory, suggesting that stochastic models of short-range dependence may adequately capture the time series behavior of stock returns.
Informal music learning, improvisation and teacher education

This paper1 explores firstly the sense in which improvisation might be conceived of as an informal music education process and, secondly, the effects of a course in free improvisation on student teachers' perceptions in relation to themselves as musicians, music as a school subject and children as musicians. The results of a study conducted in two Greek universities are presented. Using a narrative methodology, examples of data from the reflective diaries or learning journals which 91 trainee teachers kept as part of their participation in an improvisation module are presented and discussed. The argument is made that improvisation, as a particular type of informal music learning process, has an important role to play in fostering the qualities required of teachers to work with informal pedagogies in music education. Furthermore, we would suggest that such musical experiences might gradually lead to the development of a critical perspective on both music education theories and practices. Improvisation might emerge as a moment and a practice of rupture with linearity of progress, working against reification of knowledge and glorification of received information. The findings suggest that improvisation might offer a route for creating an intimate, powerful, evolving dialogue between students' identities as learners, their attitudes towards children and their creative potential, and the interrelationships of the notions of expressive technique and culture, thus becoming ‘an act of transcendence’ (Allsup, 1997, p. 81). We propose that the issue of connecting informal learning and improvisation might be resolved by regarding improvisation as an exemplary case of creating a communicative context where most representations/conceptualisations/struggles to solve problems are left implicit. Such experiences for pupils and teachers alike might further extend the social and personal effectiveness of informal learning as music pedagogy.
The Power of Tests for Pareto Efficiency Within the Family

Empirical studies of the allocation of consumption within the family have often failed to reject the null hypothesis of Pareto efficiency. To study the power of these tests, I construct two models of public goods allocation. One model is cooperative and leads to efficient allocations, and the other is noncooperative and leads to inefficient allocations. In the noncooperative models, variations in the economic or social circumstances outside of the household (“distribution factors”) cause variations in implicit property rights within the household. If these variations go unobserved by the econometrician, then noncooperative models imply the same restrictions on household demand as do the cooperative ones. Therefore, many tests in the literature cannot identify inefficiency when it is present. I then show that without restrictions on preferences or data on individual consumption, the hypothesis of Pareto efficiency is not well-separated from the noncooperative alternative. So in a nonparametric setting, there can be no tests that both reject all inefficient models and do not reject any efficient models. However, if the effective wealth of each partner is observed without error and satisfies a large support condition, and if the consumption of a public good and at least one assignable private good can be observed, then it is possible to reject efficiency. ∗email: jnaidoo@uchicago.edu. I thank Azeem Shaikh, Alessandra Voena, Robert Garlick, Chen Yeh, Elisa Olivieri, Alex Frankel, Stephane Bonhomme, Magne Mogstad, Philip Barrett and especially Derek Neal for their comments and for their support. All errors are my own.
Autonomous innervation of the cecum in cats

Institute of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, P. J. Šafárik University, Tr. SNP 1, SK-04066, Košice, Slovakia; tel. : ++421 95 6424606, fax: ++421 95 420253 Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, P. J. Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, SK-04001, Košice, Slovakia University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, SK-04001, Košice, Slovakia Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, P. J. Šafárik University, Tr. SNP 1, SK-04066, Košice, Slovakia
Response of phytoplankton communities to nitrogen input reduction in mesocosm experiments

The effects of a reduction in inorganic nitrogen input on phytoplankton communities (species composition, biomass and production) were studied in mesocosms. Experiments were conducted in 6 land-based mesocosms consisting of 3 m(3) black polyethylene tanks. Light climate, temperature, mixing regime, and P and Si input were regulated to reproduce conditions comparable to those in Dutch coastal waters. Three levels of nitrogen availability were applied to the mesocosms used as replicates in 2 experiments, of 4 wk, in May-June and June-July 1994. In Expt 1, after 10 d in all treatments, diatoms (mainly Nitzschia delicatissima) became Si-Limited and flagellates dominated phytoplankton. Within the group of flagellates, Phaeocystis sp, dominated numerically in the last week of the experiment when N was Limiting and irradiance had increased. Phaeocystis sp, concentrations were higher in the mesocosms with the highest nitrogen load. In Expt 2, after the collapse of the initial diatom bloom due to Si-Limitation (Thalassiosira sp.), an N-Limited Phaeocystis sp. bloom developed and dominated the flagellate community. The decline of the Phaeocystis sp, bloom occurred together with the development of a second diatom bloom (Leptocylindrus danicus) under N- limitation. Phytoplankton biomass and production in these experiments reached levels measured in MERL mesocosm experiment for similar N-additions. The response of primary production to N-additions was tuned by the availability of Light and other macronutrients. A saturation model could be fitted to observations with a set of parameters corresponding to representative ecophysiological characteristics. Phytoplankton species composition was related to season and resembled field communities observed in similar periods of the year. N-Limited Phaeocystis colonial blooms were observed in mesocosms where 50% of the N-pool consisted of NH4+. [KEYWORDS: nitrogen; mesocosm; primary production; nutrient limitation competition; diatoms; Phaeocystis sp.Phaeocystis-pouchetii haptophyceae; dutch coastal waters; north-sea; spring bloom; eutrophication; nutrients; dynamics; productivity; irradiance; patterns]
Modelling Extreme Maximum Rainfall Using Generalized Extreme Value Distribution: Case Study Kigali City

Extreme high Rainfall is a global phenomenon that occurs almost in all landscapes causing significant damage such as flood that can destroy infrastructure, interrupt economic activities and retard development. Early detection of Extreme High Rainfall helps to implement strategies and measures, before they occur. This research used statistical techniques to build models that can be used to predict Extreme high rainfall in Rwanda. The Methodology of EVT (Extreme Value Theory) was applied to model monthly rainfall, the forecasted results using the best model were compared with the observed data to check whether the obtained results show reasonably good agreement with the reality, this will be done by comparing difference between empiric distribution function and fitted distribution function. The model Quantile plot and return revel plot will be used to test the goodness of the model.
Corporate social responsibility reporting: illustrations from a less-developed country

This study examines the extent of corporate social reporting practice in a less developed country, Bangladesh. Annual reports from all listed companies on the Dhaka stock exchange were collected and examined using content analysis. The results provide insight into the extent and nature of corporate social reporting practice in Bangladesh. The findings show that one in every seven listed companies made corporate social disclosures. Analysis reveals that documentation of information disclosed in the annual report is mostly positive and descriptive in nature; information about ‘human resources’ is the most voluminous; most corporate social disclosures are located in the Director’s report.
Flu viruses, a lucky community and cosine graphs: The possibilities opened up by the use of a socio-political perspective to study learning in an undergraduate access course in mathematics

Abstract In this paper I present a perspective of mathematics education and learning, termed a ‘sociopolitical perspective’. Classroom mathematical activity, in which certain ways of acting, behaving and knowing are given value, is located in a wider network of socio-political practices. Learning in mathematics is regarded as coming to participate in the discourse of the community that practises the mathematics. I argue that the use of a socio-political perspective allows the researcher and teacher to view classroom mathematical activity as a product of the network of socio-political practices in which it is located, rather than as a product of individual cognitive ability. I illustrate the use of this perspective by drawing on a study of learning in a first-year university access course in Mathematics at a South African university. Fairclough's method for critical discourse analysis, supplemented with work by Sfard and Morgan in mathematics education, was used to analyse both the text of a ‘real world’ problem in mathematics and a transcript representing the activity as a group of five students solved the problem. This analysis suggests that, despite containing traces of discourses from outside of mathematics, the problem text constructs the activity as solving a mathematical problem with features of a school mathematical word problem. When solving the problem the students draw on practices associated with school mathematics and their university mathematics course, some of which enable and others constrain their participation. For example, they refer to named functions learned at school, they have difficulty making productive links between the mathematical functions and the ‘real world’ context, and they have varied opportunities for mathematical talk in the group. The study identifies as key to the students' progress the presence of an authority (in this case a tutor) who can make explicit the ways of thinking, acting, and talking that are valued in the discourse of undergraduate mathematics, and who provides opportunities for mathematical talk.