Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prediction of rectified diffusion during nonlinear bubble pulsations at biomedical frequencies.

A computer study of rectified diffusion was made over the biomedical frequency range (1-10 MHz). Solutions of the Gilmore-Akulichev [E. Cramer, in Cavitation and Inhomogeneities in Underwater Acoustics, edited by W. Lauterborn (Springer, New York, 1980), pp. 54-63] formulation for bubble dynamics were combined with the Eller-Flynn [A. Eller and H.G. Flynn, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37, 493-503 (1965)] approach to rectified diffusion in order to calculate thresholds and growth rates. It is found that: (1) for frequencies above 1 MHz, the widely held view that small bubbles grow by rectified diffusion to "resonance size" and then collapse violently is true only for narrow ranges of bubbles; (2) growth rates in the low megahertz range can be quite high for medically relevant pressures, approximately 20 micron/s at 1 MHz, 1 bar; (3) thresholds derived analytically are accurate for low frequencies over a wide range of bubble radii but, for high frequencies, only near the fundamental resonance radius; and (4) thresholds are quite sensitive to dissolved gas concentration at low frequencies.
Efficacy and safety of switching from infliximab to adalimumab: a comparative controlled study

Objective: To describe the efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had previously discontinued infliximab treatment. Methods: 24 patients with RA who discontinued treatment with infliximab (switchers) were treated with adalimumab (40 mg every 2 weeks, subcutaneously) for 12 months. The results were compared with those for 25 patients with RA receiving adalimumab who had not previously used an anti-tumour necrosis factor α inhibitor (controls). Disease activity was measured with the 28 joint count Disease Activity Score (DAS28), and clinical response with the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20% response criteria. Results: At baseline there were no differences in demographic, clinical, and laboratory features between the two groups. After 12 months’ adalimumab treatment, clinical improvement was similar in both groups. More specifically, ACR 20% response criteria were achieved by 18/24 (75%) switchers and by 19/25 (76%) subjects in the control group. Four switchers discontinued the study—two because of adverse events and two because of lack of efficacy, while three control patients discontinued the study—one because of lack of efficacy and two owing to side effects. Conclusion: Adalimumab is a well tolerated and effective treatment for patients with RA, even when infliximab has been discontinued.
Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in myocardial reactive hyperemia.

In pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized dogs we investigated the role of the endothelium-derived nitric oxide and adenosine in the regulation of the coronary blood flow during myocardial reactive hyperemia. Repayments of flow debt after 10-, 20- and 60-s occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) were measured before and after infusion of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; n = 15), 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT; n = 5), and both L-NMMA and 8-PT (n = 5) into the LCX. Infusion of L-NMMA (2 mumol/min, for 20 min) reduced repayments of flow debt after 10-, 20-, and 60-s LCX occlusion by 30 +/- 4 (P less than 0.01), 34 +/- 3 (P less than 0.01), and 14 +/- 3% (P less than 0.01), respectively. Infusion of 8-PT (0.75 mumol/min for 15 min) also reduced these repayments of flow debt by 31 +/- 7 (P less than 0.01), 30 +/- 7 (P less than 0.01), and 34 +/- 6% (P less than 0.01), respectively. Simultaneous infusion of L-NMMA and 8-PT significantly attenuated the peak reactive flow rate and reduced repayment of flow debt after 20-s LCX occlusion by 57 +/- 1% (P less than 0.001), and this reduction in repayment of flow debt was significantly greater than each of those by the individual administration of L-NMMA and 8-PT (both P less than 0.01). The suppressive effect of L-NMMA on repayment of flow debt after 20-s LCX occlusion was quickly reversed by the infusion of L-arginine (3 mg/min for 10 min; n = 5). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fundamental Considerations in Pacing of the Diaphragm for Chronic Ventilatory Insufficiency: A Multi‐Center Study

Records were reviewed of 477 patients who had diaphragm pacemakers implanted for treatment of chronic hypoventilation. Three groups were established for comparison. (1) Center group: 165 patients operated on in six medical centers participating in a cooperative study; (2) Noncenter group, sufficient data available: 203 patients operated on by surgeons with experience limited to a few cases; (3) Nonstudy group, minimal data available: 109 patients operated on as in group 2; vital statistics only were contributed. The protocol for data gathering was comprised of 154 major variables. Basic data on age, sex, diagnosis and etiology were analyzed for homogenicity of data among the groups. A comprehensive analysis of the pacing methods, complication and results fom the Center group yielded information on the early experience with diaphragm pacing important to its future application.
Well-Posedness Theory for a Nonconservative Burgers-Type System Arising in Dislocation Dynamics

In this work we study a system of nonconservative Burgers type in one space dimension, arising in modeling the dynamics of dislocation densities in crystals. Starting from physically relevant initial data that are of a special form, namely nondecreasing, periodic plus linear functions, we prove the global existence and uniqueness of a solution in $H^1_{loc}(\mathbb R\times[0,+\infty))$ that preserves the nature of the initial data. The approach is made by adding some viscosity to the system, obtaining energy estimates, and passing to the limit for vanishing viscosity. A comparison principle is shown for this system as well as an application in the case of the classical Burgers equation.
The Carrickshock Incident, 1831: Social Memory and an Irish cause célèbre

This article examines the ways that a violent incident in Irish history has been remembered and interpreted over the past 170 years. The event occurred on an isolated road in south Kilkenny in December 1831 when an armed police column clashed with a large crowd, resulting in the deaths of 17 people. Unlike most incidents of this kind, the majority of the victims (13) were constables. The uniqueness of the occurrence made it a cause célèbre at the time and has helped to perpetuate its memory in the locality ever since. As with larger, more familiar sites of memory, successive generations of local people have remembered the incident in various ways since the early nineteenth century. Their objects of remembrance and their understanding of the event have also shifted dramatically over time, suggesting that the process of collective memory at the micro level can be as varied and complex as on the national stage.
Prevalence Estimates of Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Critical Review

The aim of the present study was to provide a critical review of prevalence estimates of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among military personnel and veterans, and of the relevant factors that may account for the variability of estimates within and across cohorts, including methodological and conceptual factors accounting for differences in prevalence rates across nations, conflicts/wars, and studies. MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were examined for literature on combat-related PTSD. The following terms were used independently and in combinations in this search: PTSD, combat, veterans, military, epidemiology, prevalence. The point prevalence of combat-related PTSD in US military veterans since the Vietnam War ranged from approximately 2% to 17%. Studies of recent conflicts suggest that combat-related PTSD afflicts between 4% and 17% of US Iraq War veterans, but only 3–6% of returning UK Iraq War veterans. Thus, the prevalence range is narrower and tends to have a lower ceiling among combat veterans of non-US Western nations. Variability in prevalence is likely due to differences in sampling strategies; measurement strategies; inclusion and measurement of the DSM-IV clinically significant impairment criterion; timing and latency of assessment and potential for recall bias; and combat experiences. Prevalence rates are also likely affected by issues related to PTSD course, chronicity, and comorbidity; symptom overlap with other psychiatric disorders; and sociopolitical and cultural factors that may vary over time and by nation. The disorder represents a significant and costly illness to veterans, their families, and society as a whole. Further carefully conceptualized research, however, is needed to advance our understanding of disorder prevalence, as well as associated information on course, phenomenology, protective factors, treatment, and economic costs.
Phosphorylation of the Rab exchange factor Sec2p directs a switch in regulatory binding partners

Significance Rab proteins control and coordinate the various biochemical reactions involved in membrane traffic. We investigate the role of phosphorylation in the regulation of Sec2p, an exchange protein that activates the Rab controlling the final stage of the secretory pathway. We show that phosphorylation directs a switch in the regulatory circuitry involving Sec2p that leads to maturation of the vesicles in preparation for fusion with the plasma membrane. This complex regulatory mechanism has been conserved from yeast to animal cells where it is used to direct the assembly of the cilium, a structure on the cell surface needed for cell signaling and the loss of which underlies a number of human diseases. Sec2p is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that promotes exocytosis by activating the Rab GTPase Sec4p. Sec2p is highly phosphorylated, and we have explored the role of phosphorylation in the regulation of its function. We have identified three phosphosites and demonstrate that phosphorylation regulates the interaction of Sec2p with its binding partners Ypt32p, Sec15p, and phosphatidyl-inositol-4-phosphate. In its nonphosphorylated form, Sec2p binds preferentially to the upstream Rab, Ypt32p-GTP, thus forming a Rab guanine nucleotide exchange factor cascade that leads to the activation of the downstream Rab, Sec4p. The nonphosphorylated form of Sec2p also binds to the Golgi-associated phosphatidyl-inositol-4-phosphate, which works in concert with Ypt32p-GTP to recruit Sec2p to Golgi-derived secretory vesicles. In contrast, the phosphorylated form of Sec2p binds preferentially to Sec15p, a downstream effector of Sec4p and a component of the exocyst tethering complex, thus forming a positive-feedback loop that prepares the secretory vesicle for fusion with the plasma membrane. Our results suggest that the phosphorylation state of Sec2p can direct a switch in its regulatory binding partners that facilitates maturation of the secretory vesicle and helps to promote the directionality of vesicular transport.
Reproductive Biology of Sceloporus consobrinus (Phrynosomatidae): Male Germ Cell Development and Reproductive Cycle Comparisons within Spiny Lizards

Abstract Reproductive cycles of lizards have long been studied in both field and laboratory scenarios. However, comparisons of spermatogenic cycles and germ cell development strategies in different populations across a large geographic range have yet to be explored. The purpose of this study is to A) describe the spermatogenic cycle and germ cell development strategy of a population of Sceloporus consobrinus in southeast Louisiana, B) compare this cycle to a more northern population of this species, and C) compare the reproductive cycles of species within Sceloporus (N = 21). In S. consobrinus from Louisiana, recrudescence begins in the fall (October and November), and the peak of spermatogenesis is reached the following spring/summer (May, June, July). This spermatogenic cycle is similar to that of a more northern population of S. consobrinus from Missouri. Within the genus Sceloporus, there are two seasonal patterns of spermatogenesis: initiation of spermatogenesis in the summer/fall and initiation of spermatogenesis in the spring. In both summer/fall and spring spermatogenic patterns, spermiogenesis occurs in the spring and may continue into the summer. The seasonal timing of recrudescence is an extremely plastic trait that has evolved multiple times throughout the Sceloporus clade. However, there appears to be an association of summer/fall and spring recrudescence with latitude. Tropical populations have a higher frequency of spring recrudescence and temperate populations have a higher frequency of summer/fall recrudescence.
USES OF STOCHASTIC MODELS IN THE EVALUATION

During the past few decades, a number of workers have considered mathematical formulations for the reproductive performance of a group of women, or for some aspect of this performance (see [1] to [20] and reviews in [21], [22], [23]). These formulations have been intended to help in the appraisal of observed data, to yield estimators of some of the biological determinants of reproduction, or to predict effects of defined contraceptive practices, sterilization programs, and so forth. To date, explicit analytic results have been obtained only with considerable simplification of the underlying concepts, different workers resorting to different kinds of simplification. Alternatively, for greater realism, computer models are being developed, as discussed in the paper by E. B. Perrin in these Proceedings [56]. Sections 2 to 4 of this present paper will summarize work, done in collaboration with E. B. Perrin, on a class of mathematical models based on a relatively simple scheme for the process of human reproduction [9], [12] and will illustrate applications pertinent to efforts to reduce birth rates. Section 5 will illustrate issues arising in efforts to 'apply the results to empirical data, by using data from a simpler organism, the laboratory mouse, obtained in collaboration with D. P. Doolittle and M. New. Section 6 will present data on conception delays of a group of women, and an extension of a model previously presented for this phenomenon in a heterogeneous population [14]. Among the implications of such w6rk, the greatest current interest probably lies in potential contributions to the evaluation of efforts to reduce birth rates-
Biocolloids of urine in health and in calculous disease. II. Electrophoretic and biochemical studies of a mucoprotein insoluble in molar sodium chloride.

A method for recovering the total biocolloids of urine by a combination of dialysis and ultrafiltration has been described (1). These biocolloids have been separated into two groups on the basis of their solubility in molar sodium chloride. The electrophoretic properties of those components which are soluble in molar sodium chloride have been reported, both for normal subjects and for patients with developing renal calculi (2). The urinary biocolloids which are insoluble in molar sodium chloride form the subject for the present study.
IMEX RUNGE-KUTTA SCHEMES FOR HYPERBOLIC SYSTEMS WITH DIFFUSIVE RELAXATION

The purpose of the talk is to give a review on effective methods for the numerical solution of hyperbolic systems with parabolic relaxation. We consider mathematical models described by a set of hyperbolic equations with relaxation. As the relaxation parameter vanishes, the characteristic speeds of the system diverge, and the system reduces to a parabolic-type equation (typically a convection-diffusion equation). Several numerical schemes have been proposed in the literature, that are able to capture the limiting behavior, in spite of the divergence of the characteristic speeds. Such methods are usually based on an implicit treatment of the relaxation term and of the divergent part of the flux derivative. In general the approach leads to an explicit scheme for the underlying limit parabolic equation, thus suffering from the standard parabolic CFL restriction ∆t ∝ ∆x. We present two approaches to treat the problem. The first one, that we call partitioned, is very close to what is already available in the literature. We show that implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta methods allow the construction of high order schemes for the numerical solution of such problems. With this approach, classical implementation of IMEX-RK would lead to an explicit scheme for the limit equation. In order to overcome this difficulty, a penalization method is proposed, which consists in adding two opposite terms, and to treat one of them explicitly and one implicitly. A second approach, that we call additive is based on an explicit treatment of the flux. Because of the divergence of the characteristic speeds, an additional condition has to be satisfied by the IMEX-RK to reach consistency in the relaxation limit. The parabolic restriction can be overcome also in this case with the same penalization technique. A numerical example is presented that shows the effectiveness of both approaches. Giovanni Russo, Sebastiano Boscarino
The sorting signal of cytochrome b2 promotes early divergence from the general mitochondrial import pathway and restricts the unfoldase activity of matrix Hsp70.

Cytochrome b2 is imported into mitochondria and sorted to the intermembrane space by a bipartite N‐terminal presequence, which is a matrix targeting sequenced followed by an intermembrane space sorting signal. The N‐terminus of the mature protein forms a folded heme binding domain that depends on the unfoldase function of matrix (mt) Hsp70 for import. We report that the distance between the presequence and the heme binding domain is critical for the ability of mt‐Hsp70 to promote import of the domain. Hybrid proteins with 40 or more amino acids between the presequence and the heme binding domain are arrested in the import machinery. The translocation arrest can be overcome by unfolding of the preprotein or by inactivation of the intermembrane space sorting signal. Moreover, the sorting signal prevents backsliding of the precursor polypeptide in the import site in the initial import step, when the signal has not made contact with the matrix. The results indicate that the sorting signal interacts with component(s) of the inner membrane/intermembrane space during the initial import step and promotes an early divergence of b2 preproteins from the general matrix import pathway, precluding an unfolding role for mt‐Hsp70 in the translocation of most of the mature portions of a preprotein. We propose a sorting model of cytochrome b2 which explains the apparently divergent previous results by a unifying hypothesis.
Challenging the Public Denial of Racism for a Deeper Multiculturalism

The further development of Australian multiculturalism must squarely address racism, and a primary step must be the acknowledgement of racism. The Challenging Racism Project (2001–2008) data provide a clear picture of the acknowledgement of racism and of Anglo cultural privilege among Australians. Encouragingly, most Australians recognise that racism is a problem in Australian society. A little under half, however, deny that there is Anglo cultural privilege. Perhaps surprisingly, respondents from non-Anglo-Australian backgrounds, including those born in the Middle East and South Asia, were significantly more likely than those from Anglo backgrounds and Australian-born respondents to deny that racial prejudice exists in Australia. Cultural hierarchies of citizenship regulate the acknowledgement of racism, encouraging denial and deflection, and punishing ‘complaint’ from those more exposed to racism. The broader social pathology identified by this paper is an unevenness in the sense of citizenship across ethnic groups, and addressing this social weakness must be a macro-level ambition for the further development of Australian multiculturalism.
Obesity concerns, weight satisfaction and characteristics of female dieters: a study on female Taiwanese college students.

OBJECTIVE This study was designed to obtain baseline data regarding desired body weight, weight satisfaction, self-perceived weight categories, approaches to weight loss of female college students in Taiwan. The characteristics of subjects who are dieting were also assessed. METHODS One thousand, fifty-seven female college students participated in this study. Written questionnaires were used for data collection. Students' height and weight were also measured. Simple frequency and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze data. Post hoc analyses were performed with the LSD test when the F ratio for the ANOVA was significant at p<0.05. RESULTS In general, subjects perceived themselves as being heavier than their actual weight categories. The percentage of subjects who perceived they were overweight or obese was much higher than the percentage of subjects who were actually in these categories (51.4% vs. 16.2%). Above 20% of subjects in both severely underweight and underweight categories use some methods to lose weight. More than 60% of subjects in acceptable weight categories still want to lose weight. A higher percentage of subjects chose exercise than dieting as the major weight-loss method. Subjects in the DS/D (dissatisfied/dieting) group did not score higher points for knowledge and attitude in nutrition, and they tended to measure their body weight more frequently (p<0.05), spent more time for exercise (p<0.05) and for reading nutrition information (p<0.05); they also skipped lunch (p<0.05) more frequently than others. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that risk factors leading to eating disorders are common among Taiwanese college females. Dietitians, physicians and other health professionals should be on the alert to identify patients with eating disorders.
Modeling fermentations with recombinant microorganisms: Formulation of a structured model

A simple structured model is described and compared with experimental data for fermentations with recombinant. Escherichia coli. The model is a so‐called compartment, model, where the different biomass components are lumped together in a few intracellular variables. The model is able to describe, in a biologically reasonable fashion, a majority of the observations that have been made through fermentations with recombinant microorganisms. The model is especially suited for description of dynamic changes in plasmid copy number, e.g., runaway plasmid replication.
Nitric Oxide in Seawater

Nitrite photolysis at natural light intensities and normal nitrite concentrations in seawater produced detectable concentrations of nitric oxide, which was consumed rapidly by a dark chemical reaction in the laboratory. Nitric oxide was also detected in situ in nitrite-rich surface waters of the central equatorial Pacific, where it formed in daylight and disappeared rapidly at sunset. The formation and rapid cycling of nitric oxide implies the presence of other free radicals in seawater, perhaps as intermediates in ongoing autoxidation processes. The central equatorial Pacific is a nitric oxide source to the atmosphere.
Low-Energy Electron Penetration Range in Liquid Water

Abstract Meesungnoen, J., Jay-Gerin, J-P., Filali-Mouhim, A. and Mankhetkorn, S. Low-Energy Electron Penetration Range in Liquid Water. Radiat. Res. 158, 657–660 (2002). Monte Carlo simulations of electron tracks in liquid water are performed to calculate the energy dependence of the electron penetration range at initial electron energies between 0.2 eV and 150 keV, including the subexcitation electron region (<7.3 eV). Our calculated electron penetration distances are compared with available experimental data and earlier calculations as well as with the results of simulations using newly reported amorphous ice electron scattering cross sections in the range ∼1–100 eV.