Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learned Helplessness among Newly Hired Salespeople and the Influence of Leadership

This article investigates the sales force socialization process, wherein newly hired salespeople often face failure-prone environments. Drawing from the learned helplessness paradigm, the authors hypothesize that cumulative periods of sales performance failure are associated with sales-oriented behavior intentions. In addition, the authors examine the influence of leadership, expecting core transformational leadership to have a diminishing effect as unmet sales goals accumulate. Study 1 finds support for these hypotheses using panel survey data from 221 new hires during six months of a furniture retailer's sales force socialization process. Then, aiming to uncover the underlying mechanism driving salesperson helplessness and a managerial approach that has a sustained impact, the authors conduct Study 2, a scenario-based experiment focused on the business-to-business insurance industry. The authors find that perceived task difficulty mediates the focal relationship and that error management enables core transformational leadership to have a lasting effect such that new hires have the lowest sales-oriented behavior intentions when transformational sales managers encourage them to make errors during their interactions with customers and to actively learn from their failures.
The Corporate Sector Dynamics of Systemic Financial Crises

This paper puts together a set of stylized facts of the corporate sector dynamics of systemic financial crises based on recent crisis episodes with a view to identifying the key issues and their policy implications. The evidence suggests that corporate crisis dynamics are triggered by a cutoff of capital inflows and are amplified into an historically severe recession by exchange rate depreciation, high interest rates, and current account adjustment. The adverse consequences of these dynamics can be forestalled and assuaged by policies that improve monitoring of the corporate sector and boost nonbank sources of corporate financing.
Impact of Dividends on Share Price Performance of Companies in Indian Context

The study aims at finding the impact of dividends (cash and stock) on share price performance of companies in the Indian context. A sample of 67 fast moving consumer goods companies who made dividend announcements from April 2007 to August 2011 are taken. In this study, the Market Model Event Study Methodology has been employed to measure the effect of dividend announcements and its impact on the share price with a 41-day event window is taken. The stock price data is collected for 20 days prior to the dividend announcement, the share price on the announcement date ( An date ) t 0 and 20 days post the dividend announcement. The findings indicate that the market is found to react positively to dividend announcements and with a significantly positive Average Abnormal Returns (AAR) around the announcement date.
Consumer switching costs: A typology, antecedents, and consequences

The management of customer switching costs has been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive typology for conceptualizing, categorizing, and measuring consumers' perceptions of these costs. This research develops a switching cost typology that identifies three types of switching costs: (1) procedural switching costs, primarily involving the loss of time and effort; (2) financial switching costs, involving the loss of financially quantifiable resources; and (3) relational switching costs, involving psychological or emotional discomfort due to the loss of identity and the breaking of bonds. The research then examines the antecedents and consequences of switching costs. The results suggest that consumers' perceptions of product complexity and provider heterogeneity, their breadth of product use, and their alternative provider and switching experience drive the switching costs they perceive. Furthermore, all three switching cost types significantly influence consumers' intentions to stay with their current service provider, explaining more variance than does satisfaction.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

We performed a meta-analysis to identify the association between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and preterm birth. In this study, we studied the effects of SLE, SLE disease activity, a history of nephritis and active nephritis on preterm birth. Searches were conducted before 20 May 2016 of PubMed, Embase, Medline and Cochrane Library of literature and article reference lists. Eleven observational case–control studies and thirteen cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled relative risk (RR) for the risk of preterm birth in SLE patients versus controls was 2.05 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.72–3.32); for active SLE patients versus inactive was 2.98 (95% CI: 2.32–3.83); for SLE patients with a history of lupus nephritis versus those without nephritis it was 1.62 (95% CI: 1.35–1.95); and for SLE patients with active nephritis versus those with quiescent nephritis it was 1.78 (95% CI: 1.17–2.70). In summary, this study identified a significant association in the above results. This association was more significant in active SLE patients versus inactive. With respect to SLE itself, active inflammation (such as disease activity) may be more hazardous for the management of the pregnancy. This suggests that it is essential to control disease activity in order to achieve a better outcome of SLE pregnancy.
Taxation Changes and the Cross-Border Pricing of REITs Web Appendix

On November 21, 2005 the Canadian government announced a reduction in the tax on dividends in an effort to neutralize the tax system’s bias in favour of income trusts. Eleven months later, on October 31, 2006, a new government changed direction and eliminated the tax deductibility of income trust distributions altogether. Exempted from this change in policy was the real estate investment trust (REIT) sector. 116 The BRC Academy Journal of Business Vol. 6, No. 1 This present study examines the return behaviour of both Canadian and U.S. REITs around the time of these announcements in an effort to inform the ongoing discussion about REIT taxation design in the United States and abroad. Ordinary least squares with dummy variables are used to estimate Canadian REIT returns using a variant of the market model on the event date and the day after. Both equally-weighted and value-weighted portfolios are created in order to check the robustness of the results. In addition, the relationships between Canadian REIT returns and U.S. REIT returns are examined for each event. Test results indicate statistically significant abnormal returns for the Canadian REITs relative to their U.S. counterparts on both dates.
Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments

Examines the strategic postures, competitive tactics, and organization structures of small manufacturing firms that are associated with high performance in both hostile and benign environments. Hostile environments have such characteristics as difficult business climates, intense competition, and few opportunities, making such environments difficult for smaller, resource poor firms, and such environments are increasingly common in manufacturing. Two hypotheses suggest that the relationships between the organization structure and strategic posture can be determined by the level of hostility in the environment. Data were collected via surveys sent to single-industry, independently owned firms in western Pennsylvania, of which 161 responses were analyzed from among those in business for at least five years. Findings indicate that: (1) small firms with organic structures perform best in hostile environments, while small firms with mechanistic structures perform best in more benign environments; and (2) entrepreneurial firms perform better in hostile environments, while small conservative firms perform best in more benign environments. (SFL)
The Impact of Earnings Announcements on Stock Prices: An Event Study for the London Stock Exchange

The period of 2010-2012 was characterized by information uncertainty and market volatility. Information uncertainty is a critical characteristic of financial market behavior. The ability to absorb and distribute information is central to financial market efficiency. Uncertain corporate earnings information causes stock price volatility which in turn impacts stock price equilibrium levels. An event study shows a picture in time of stock price impacts when information isreleased to financial markets. This picture can give indications of the levels of financial market efficiency. This event study focusses on the earnings announcements and investigates financial market efficiency, post earnings announcement drift and the presence of abnormal returns during the assessed period. This study seeks to add to the existing literature of event studies.
TOP EXECUTIVE COMMITMENT TO THE STATUS QUO: SOME TESTS OF ITS DETERMINANTS

Some top executives are more committed to the status quo—particularly to their organization's current strategy and leadership profile—than are others. Most empirical research on upper echelons treats psychological phenomena as a ‘black box’—the unobserved intervening mechanisms—that causes associations between more observable executive characteristics and organizational outcomes. In contrast, this paper attempts to directly examine the determinants of an important element of an executive's psychological orientation—commitment to the status quo (CSQ). We focus on a select set of variables which have been posited in prior research as determinants of executive CSQ, but which have not been directly tested for such a relationship. Based on a large-scale survey methodology, results suggest that an executive's tenure in an industry is a pronounced determinant of CSQ, and has significantly more impact than organizational tenure. As expected, the firm's current performance was found to be positively related to CSQ; this relationship was stronger in high-discretion than in low-discretion industries. Finally, the project reaffirms a well known human tendency: incumbent CEOs tend to believe that their eventual successors should be just like them.
The T cell antigen receptor: insights into organelle biology.

STRUCTURE OF THE T CELL ANTI GEN RECEPTOR . 405 Subunits oj the T Cell Antigen Receptor . 405 Subunit Interactions. 410 Assembly oj the T Cell Antigen Receptor Complex . 411
Representation of African Americans in Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Commercials: A Content Analysis With Implications for Health Disparities

While direct-to-consumer (DTC) pharmaceutical drug advertising has been the center of controversy, proponents argue these ads provide educational and social benefits. This study explores the potential of these ads to address one of the proposed social benefits of reducing racial health disparities, particularly for African Americans. To examine this issue, a content analysis was conducted on DTC pharmaceutical television commercials assessing the presence and role portrayal of Black models in the ads. Findings revealed that Blacks were well represented overall but appeared to serve a token role and were underrepresented in ads for some of the most serious health conditions.
Does market orientation matter?: a test of the relationship between positional advantage and performance

A recent series of articles in the Strategic Management Journal has discussed the potential value of an organization developing a market orientation in its quest to achieve success. We posit that market orientation can enhance success, but that its potential value should not be considered in isolation. Specifically, we draw on the resource-based view of the firm to suggest that four capabilities—market orientation, entrepreneurship, innovativeness, and organizational learning—each contribute to the creation of positional advantages for some firms. The data used are drawn from 181 large multinational corporations (MNC). The results indicate that positional advantages arising from the confluence of market orientation, entrepreneurship, innovativeness, and organizational learning have a positive effect on MNC performance (five-year average change in ROI, income, and stock price). Overall, the results support the contention that market orientation can enhance success, albeit within the context of other important phenomena. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparing Graduates for Work in the Creative Industries

Interest in the use of collaborative learning strategies in higher education is growing as educators seek better ways to prepare students for the workplace. In design education, teamwork and creativity are particularly valued; successful collaborative learning depends on knowledge sharing between students, and there is increasing recognition that the goals of individuals affect their perception of the costs and benefits of knowledge sharing. In a team that is functioning well, members commit to the collaborative achievement of the group's goals; however, students see knowledge as a personal resource that is often used to assess their performance and this may affect their goals. In this paper the authors describe a learning intervention, developed to support creative design by collaborative processes, which has been modelled on the knowledge-sharing practices of design experts. A design-based research methodology, which blends empirical data with the theory-driven design of learning, has been adopted; real-world evidence from experts has also been considered. In evaluating this intervention, iterative cycles have been applied and the motivations and goals of students have been considered. The patterns and principles that characterize this educational intervention are described.
Did Postoperative Mortality Increase After the Implementation of the Medicare Balanced Budget Act?

Background:The Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 was a cost-saving measure designed to reduce Medicare reimbursements by $116.4 billion from 1998 to 2002. Resulting financial strain could adversely affect the quality of patient care in hospitals. Objective:We sought to determine whether 30-day mortality rates for surgical patients who developed complications changed at different rates in hospitals under different levels of financial strain from the BBA. Methods:Pennsylvania hospital discharge data, financial data, and death certificate data from 1997 to 2001 were obtained. A retrospective multivariate analysis examined whether 30-day mortality rates from 8 postoperative complications varied based on degree of hospital financial strain. Results:The average magnitude of Medicare payment reduction on overall hospital net revenues was estimated at 1.8% for hospitals with low BBA impact and 3.5% for hospitals with high impact in 1998, worsening to 2.0% and 4.8%, respectively, by 2001. Mortality rates changed at similar rates for high- and low-impact hospitals from 1997 to 1999, but from 1997 to 2000 mortality rates increased more among patients in high-impact compared with low-impact hospitals (P < 0.05). From 2000 to 2001, mortality rates among impact groups converged. There were no statistically significant differences based on BBA impact in changes in nursing staff or length of stay. Conclusions:The mortality of surgical patients who developed postoperative complications increased to a greater degree in the short term in hospitals affected more by BBA. Measuring the quality impact of reimbursement cuts is necessary to understand cost-quality tradeoffs that may accompany cost-saving reforms.
Extrinsic Cues and Consumer Judgments of Food Product Introductions: The Case of Pangasius in Norway

In this article, the authors explore how the extrinsic cues corporate social responsibility, endorsement, and country of origin affect consumer evaluations of product quality, value, and expected product popularity for frozen Pangasius filets, a farmed fish product just recently introduced into the Norwegian market. The effects of these three variables are tested on purchase intentions. By means of a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment in combination with survey data, the authors find that the three extrinsic cues under study had different effects on the evaluative variables. Furthermore, these variables all had positive and significant effects on purchase intentions. Hence, the general conclusion is that importers of new food products like Pangasius can benefit from focusing on extrinsic cues when the intrinsic cues are hard to evaluate or are unknown. Through the indirect effect on purchase intentions, extrinsic cues play an important role when consumers judge unfamiliar and new products.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Mechanisms of Resistance in Shigella and Salmonella Isolates from Children under Five Years of Age with Diarrhea in Rural Mozambique

ABSTRACT The antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance of 109 Shigella and 40 Salmonella isolates from children with diarrhea in southern Mozambique were assessed. The susceptibility to seven antimicrobial agents was tested by disk diffusion, and mechanisms of resistance were searched by PCR or colorimetric method. A high proportion of Shigella isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol (Chl) (52%), ampicillin (Amp) (56%), tetracycline (Tet) (66%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Sxt) (84%). Sixty-five percent of the isolates were multidrug resistant. Shigella flexneri isolates were more resistant than those of Shigella sonnei to Amp (66% versus 0.0%, P < 0.001) and Chl (61% versus 0.0%, P < 0.001), whereas S. sonnei isolates presented higher resistance to Tet than S. flexneri isolates (93% versus 64%, P = 0.02). Resistance among Salmonella isolates was as follows: Tet and Chl, 15% each; Sxt, 18%; and Amp, 25%. Only 3% of Salmonella isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid (Nal), and none to ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone (Cro). Among Salmonella isolates, multiresistance was found in 23%. Among Shigella isolates, antibiotic resistance was related mainly to the presence of oxa-1-like β-lactamases for Amp, dfrA1 genes for Sxt, tetB genes for Tet, and Chl acetyltransferase (CAT) activity for Chl. Among Salmonella isolates, resistance was conferred by tem-like β-lactamases for Amp, floR genes and CAT activity for Chl, tetA genes for Tet, and dfrA1 genes for Sxt. Our data show that Shigella isolates are resistant mostly to the most available, inexpensive antibiotics by various molecular mechanisms but remain susceptible to ciprofloxacin, Cro, and Nal, which is the first line for empirical treatment of shigellosis in the country.
The Effect of Prior Joint Work Experience on New Venture Performance

Previous research has proposed a range of factors that can assist in overcoming the challenges that explain the mortality rate of new ventures. The underlying premise of this liability of newness argument is that the lack of social interaction and social structures result in higher risk of failure but that this risk decreases as the organization ages. However, these previous studies mainly list non-social factors, e.g., firm environment, firm strategy, and individual characteristics. The purpose of this article is to address this phenomenon by focusing on prior co-worker experience. I propose that this pre-founding experience can overcome: (i) the lack of an organizational culture, (ii) the lack of internal social capital, and (iii) the lack of routines in coordinating co-workers’ activities. By using the Danish employer- employee register I am able to investigate the effect of prior co-worker experience in more detail. Based on a large and generalizable sample of 4,219 new ventures I find that priorco-worker experience has a positive effect on survival and growth.
The adoption of electronic banking technologies by US consumers

Is there an electronic banking (e‐banking) revolution in the USA? Millions of Americans are currently using a variety of e‐banking technologies and millions more are expected to come “online. ” However, millions of others have not or will not. This paper explores factors that affect the of adoption or intention to adopt three e‐banking technologies and changes in these factors over time. Using a Federal Reserve Board commissioned data set, the paper finds that relative advantage, complexity/simplicity, compatibility, observability, risk tolerance, and product involvement are associated with adoption. Income, assets, education, gender and marital status, and age also affect adoption. Adoption changed over time, but the impacts of other factors on adoption have not changed. Implications for both the banking industry and public policy are discussed.
Exploring Relationships between Ethical Consumption, Lifestyle Choices, and Social Responsibility

Despite increased discussion about “ethical consumerism”, insufficient attention has been given to consumers’ attitudes in regard to socio-ethical issues and how well they may align with their corporate social responsibility (CSR) expectations. An online survey of 1201 US consumers was conducted to determine how demographics and lifestyle choices might reflect and inform purchasing decisions. Women, younger respondents and more educated respondents were more likely to value and support environmental protection aspects of social responsibility in their consumption behaviors. Women and younger respondents were also more sensitive to animal welfare concerns, as were vegetarians and vegans, who also strongly supported environmental protection through consumption. Those who traveled, volunteered or engaged in charitable giving also reported more highly valuing the environmental, animal welfare, corporate responsibility and philanthropic dimensions of social responsibility. All demographics reported avoiding companies that used advertisements that were deceptive or depicted minorities negatively. Collectively, this analysis suggests that a wide array of ethical concerns are considered by many US consumers in their current purchasing behaviors and that the values underlying their actions may indeed hold implications for consumer perceptions of and support for corporations and their CSR initiatives.
Disrupted B‐lymphocyte development and survival in interleukin‐2‐deficient mice

Interleukin‐2‐deficient (IL‐2−/−) mice develop a spontaneous, progressive, CD4+ T‐cell‐mediated colitis with an age‐related decrease in the number of B lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms of B‐cell loss in IL‐2−/− mice. Serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) levels in 8‐week‐old IL‐2−/− mice were above normal but then decreased dramatically with advancing age. Between 8 and 11 weeks of age, the number of B‐cell progenitors (B220+ IgM−) in the bone marrow of IL‐2−/− mice was less than half of those in IL‐2+/+ littermates. By 22 weeks of age, very few progenitor cells remained in the bone marrow of most mice, and spleens were almost devoid of B cells. Likewise, B1 cells were not present in the peritoneal cavity of aged IL‐2−/− mice. Flow cytometry analysis of B‐cell differentiation in the bone marrow suggested a progressive loss of B cells from the most mature to the least mature stages, which was not dependent on IL‐2 receptor‐α (IL‐2Rα) expression. B cells transferred from normal animals had similar survival rates in IL‐2−/− and wild‐type mice. We conclude that conventional B cells in older IL‐2−/− mice are lost by attrition owing to a derangement in B‐cell development. Because B1 cells are less dependent on the bone marrow, a separate mechanism for their loss is suggested.