Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Survey on Latest Routing Algorithms in Opportunistic Networks

In the past wireless LANS and Cellular networks were used for communication. But there were some problems with these networks, in terms of coverage and capacity. In case of cellular networks the coverage is unlimited but capacity is small and in wireless networks coverage is limited and capacity is unlimited. In case of wireless networks if the nodes are mobile then Manets (mobile ad-hoc networks) can be used for communication. But this is only possible when distance between the nodes is small, if the distance increases then it is not possible to communicate so to remove this limitation opportunistic networks were developed. With this network nodes can communicate irrespective of the distance and the type of node Opportunistic networking tries to remove the assumption of physical end- to-end connectivity while providing connectivity opportunities to pervasive devices when no direct access to the Internet is available. Pervasive devices, can opportunistically exploit their mobility and contacts for data delivery. In this kind of network if a node moves towards another node then this is also taken as advantage in transmitting data. In this paper various routing schemes used in these kinds of networks are briefly explained. The routing schemes are classified based on their routing behavior and we will also present comparison among them.
Estimating Climatological Bias Errors for the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP)

AbstractA procedure is described to estimate bias errors for mean precipitation by using multiple estimates from different algorithms, satellite sources, and merged products. The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly product is used as a base precipitation estimate, with other input products included when they are within ±50% of the GPCP estimates on a zonal-mean basis (ocean and land separately). The standard deviation σ of the included products is then taken to be the estimated systematic, or bias, error. The results allow one to examine monthly climatologies and the annual climatology, producing maps of estimated bias errors, zonal-mean errors, and estimated errors over large areas such as ocean and land for both the tropics and the globe. For ocean areas, where there is the largest question as to absolute magnitude of precipitation, the analysis shows spatial variations in the estimated bias errors, indicating areas where one should have more or less confidence in the mean precipitat.
Improving Forecasting Accuracy Through the Influence of Time Series Representations and Clustering

Time series data is the type of data that is produced in large amounts. Sensors, web traffic, the economy, and business are all resources of time series data. One of the main tasks of time series data mining is forecasting future values given current observations. The energetics domain is one of the many forecasting use cases. For more accurate decision making and control in the energetics domain, sensors called smart meters are deployed in countries that creates a large amount of time series data. These data have also characteristics, besides volume, of variety and velocity. A large number of patterns and the data acquisition rate are significant factors that influence a processing of smart meter data. For this reason, the thesis is focused on taking advantage of smart meter data as much as possible regarding above mentioned problems. For solving these problems, we are using and proposing new time series data mining methods as time series representations and clustering for improving forecasting accuracy of electricity consumption.
Children’s Emotion Understanding: Preliminary Data from the Italian Validation Project of Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC)

Children’s understanding of emotions is an aspect or ability which has met with special attention within the body of research devoted to the development of emotional competence, that is the set of skills that help recognize, understand, and respond consistently to other people’s emotions as well as regulate the expression of one’s own (Saarni, 1999). With respect to that, the literature produced in the field of developmental psychology falls within the theoretical framework of studies on children’s theory of mind and meta-representational skills (Astington, Harris, Olson, 1988; Harris, 1989). Based on the extensive investigations conducted in the last two decades (e.g. Harris, 1983;1991; Harris, Olthof, Meerum Terwogt, 1981; Harris, Donnelly, Guz, Pitt-Watson, 1986; Bretherton, Fritz, Zahn-Waxler, Ridgeway, 1986; Kestenbaum, Gelman, 1995; Lagattuta, Wellman, Flavell, 1997; Lagattuta, Wellman, 2001; Pons, Lawson, Harris, deRosnay, 2003; for a review: Grazzani, Antoniotti in press), several authors have described well-identified developmental stages and outlined their hierarchical relations in the development of emotion understanding (Pons, Doudin, Harris, deRosnay, 2002). The chapter by Pons, Doudin, Harris and deRosnay included in this book extensively illustrates the hierarchical model, emphasising nine distinct components concerning the nature, the causes and the regulation of emotions. Children develop an understanding of the different components between three and eleven years of age. As put forward in the above-mentioned chapter, three different stages may be identified (external, mental, reflective) according to which children perform experimental tasks connected, at each stage, to the understanding of a few specific interrelated components (Pons, Harris, deRosnay, 2004).
Awareness on Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness Among Antenatal Care Clients in Federal Police Referral Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Birth-preparedness and complication readiness is a comprehensive strategy aimed at promoting the timely utilization of skilled maternal and neonatal health care and encouraging women, households and communities to make arrangements. This paper aimed to assess knowledge and practices on birth preparedness and complication readiness and related factors among antenatal clients in Federal Police Referral Hospital. Institutional based cross-Sectional study was conducted on 224 sampled pregnant women from September 14, 2014- October, 24 2014 who were attending Ante Natal Care in Federal Referral Police Hospital, Addis Ababa. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Different rates, as well as relevant associations were computed to see statistical significant. P-value less than 0.05 was taken as a cut of point to declare significant association. Multiple logistic regression analysis was also done to control for possible confounding variables. In this study the proportion of respondents considered as knowledgeable for key dangerous signs were 152(67.8%), 140 (62.1%), 118 (52.2%) during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum respectively About 126(56.3 %) of the women were considered as prepared for birth and its complication. Maternal age of less than 20 years (COR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.07, 11.66). Mothers who knew the key danger sign of pregnancy, child birth andpost-partum were almost three times more likely to be prepared for birth and its complications than mothers who didn’t know (COR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.47, 4.65); (COR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.56, 4.74) and (COR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.54, 4.53) respectively. When the age of the client from socio demographic variables; knowledge on key danger signs of pregnancy, labor and post-partum were adjusted no one significantly associated with birth preparedness and complication readiness. In this study about 56.3 % women were prepared for birth and its complication which is relatively fair. Knowledge of key dangers signs of pregnancy, labor and delivery and postpartum were found to be the main factors affecting birth preparedness and complication readiness. Improving ANC education on BP/CR, giving special emphasis to comprehensive knowledge of key danger signs is recommended.
Learning outcomes and critical thinking – good intentions in conflict

ABSTRACT The notion of critical thinking and its theoretical complexity are used as a case for an epistemological critique of the model of intended learning outcomes. The conclusion is that three problems of learning outcomes, previously discussed in the literature, become even more challenging when seen in the light of critical thinking. The first problem concerns interpretations, as the use of learning outcomes is dependent on advanced but implicit interpretative frameworks. The second is the problem of educational goals that cannot be expressed through learning outcomes, and the third is the risk that learning outcomes may establish a ceiling for student ambitions. It is argued that the example of critical thinking shows the seriousness of the epistemological critique of learning outcomes and how the use of learning outcomes can divert teachers’ and students’ attention away from important goals.
Component Based Design of Multitolerance

The concept of multitolerance abstracts problems in system dependability and provides a basis for improved design of dependable systems. In the abstraction, each source of undependability in the system is represented as a class of faults, and the corresponding ability of the system to deal with that undependability source is represented as a type of tolerance. Multitolerance thus refers to the ability of the system to tolerate multiple fault-classes, each in a possibly di erent way. In this paper, we present a component based method for designing multitolerance. Two types of components are employed by the method, namely detectors and correctors. A theory of detectors, correctors, and their interference-free composition with intolerant programs is developed, that enables stepwise addition of components to provide tolerance to a new fault-class while preserving the tolerances to the previously added fault-classes. We illustrate the method by designing a fully distributed, multitolerant program for a token ring.
Demographic variations in discrepancies between objective and subjective measures of physical activity

Demographic effects (sex and parenthood status) on the level of association between self-reported and accelerometer assessed physical activity were examined among a large diverse sample of adults. Participants (N = 1,249, aged 20 - 65 years) wore accelerometers (Actical) for 7 days and completed an interviewer-administered physical activity recall questionnaire (IPAQ- LF) for the same period. Mean daily minutes of moderate physical activity (MPA) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were used in analyses. Linearity between methods was explored by regressing mean minutes of activity and Pearson’s correlations were performed. A weak association between IPAQ-LF and Actical minutes of MPA and MVPA per day was shown for the whole sample (rs = 0.216 – 0.260). The magnitude of association varied between males (rs = 0.265 – 0.366) and females (rs = 0.124 – 0.167), although no obvious variations in associations were evident for parenting status. The IPAQ-LF produced substantially greater variations in estimates of physical activity than that recorded by the Actical accelerometer and large discrepancies between methods were observed at an individual level. Self-report tools provide a poor proxy of overall human movement, particularly among females. Inferences made at an individual level from self-reported data, such as intervention efficacy or health outcomes, may have substantial error.
Vulnerability of Antarctic shelf biodiversity to predicted regional warming

Predictions of sensitivity to climate change of polar benthos vary markedly depending on whether physiological or ecological/biodiversity criteria are considered. A realistic consensus view must be achieved as soon as possible. Having been very cool and constant for several million years, polar hotspots such as the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) are now rapidly warming. The current rate of CO, increase and, with a lag phase, temperature, is unparalleled-maybe for 10s of millions of years. Experimental evidence suggests the shallow mega- and macrobenthos is very sensitive to temperature change (stenothermal). Being warmed to about 10 degrees C kills most species tested to date but even smaller experimental rises (just 2 or 3 degrees C above normal) drastically hinders their ability to perform critical functions, Such as predator avoidance behaviour. In contrast, new evidence of bathymetric and geographic distributions shows species ranges encompass localities with varying and warmer temperatures Such as the intertidal zone or the shelf of South Georgia. This suggests, at the species level, an unexpected ability to live in areas with significantly different and raised temperature regimes. Scientists have focused on potential responses of a few species in a few areas. However, these are often atypical of fauna on the whole. Distribution assessments suffer from not knowing the capacity differences between populations and how fast they, arise. To begin meaningful estimates of how shelf mega- and macrobenthos will respond to rapid warming, where and at what should we be looking? The AP continental shelf is probably amongst the most sensitive. A more widespread evaluation of the capabilities of different species and across life-history cycles is needed. We need to compare differences between communities in the more temperature-variable and -stable sites to predict ecological scale responses to future changes.
Estimating distemper virus dynamics among wolves and grizzly bears using serology and Bayesian state‐space models

Abstract Many parasites infect multiple hosts, but estimating the transmission across host species remains a key challenge in disease ecology. We investigated the within and across host species dynamics of canine distemper virus (CDV) in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and wolves (Canis lupus) of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). We hypothesized that grizzly bears may be more likely to be exposed to CDV during outbreaks in the wolf population because grizzly bears often displace wolves while scavenging carcasses. We used serological data collected from 1984 to 2014 in conjunction with Bayesian state‐space models to infer the temporal dynamics of CDV. These models accounted for the unknown timing of pathogen exposure, and we assessed how different testing thresholds and the potential for testing errors affected our conclusions. We identified three main CDV outbreaks (1999, 2005, and 2008) in wolves, which were more obvious when we used higher diagnostic thresholds to qualify as seropositive. There was some evidence for increased exposure rates in grizzly bears in 2005, but the magnitude of the wolf effect on bear exposures was poorly estimated and depended upon our prior distributions. Grizzly bears were exposed to CDV prior to wolf reintroduction and during time periods outside of known wolf outbreaks, thus wolves are only one of several potential routes for grizzly bear exposures. Our modeling approach accounts for several of the shortcomings of serological data and is applicable to many wildlife disease systems, but is most informative when testing intervals are short. CDV circulates in a wide range of carnivore species, but it remains unclear whether the disease persists locally within the GYE carnivore community or is periodically reintroduced from distant regions with larger host populations.
The Effect of Literary vs. Non-literary Texts through Critical Reading Approach on the Reading Comprehension Development of Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners

The present study aimed at investigating the effect of literary texts vs. non-literary texts through critical reading approach on the reading comprehension development of Iranian Intermediate EFL learners. To achieve this goal, the Preliminary English Test (PET) was employed to determine the homogeneity of the participants regarding their proficiency in English. A group of sixty students with scores one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean was selected as the participants of this study who were female learners and their language proficiency level was intermediate. In both groups the critical strategies are Answering Questions, Previewing, Making Predications, Reading between Lines, Analyzing, and Pair Discussion. The difference was that the subjects in the experimental group worked on short stories as literary texts through critical reading approach but the control group worked on journal articles as non-literary texts through critical reading approach. To determine whether there was any significant difference between the performance of experimental and control group ascribed to treatment, a reading comprehension test as post test was administered. After the data were processed, the results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups. Thus, the null-hypothesis, saying literary vs. non-literary texts through critical reading approach has no significant effect on the reading comprehension development of Iranian intermediate EFL learners, was rejected.
The Biot–Savart description of Kelvin waves on a quantum vortex filament in the presence of mutual friction and a driving fluid

We study the dynamics of Kelvin waves along a quantum vortex filament in the presence of mutual friction and a driving fluid while taking into account non-local effects due to Biot–Savart integrals. The Schwarz model reduces to a nonlinear and non-local dynamical system of dimension three, the solutions of which determine the translational and rotational motion of the Kelvin waves, as well as the amplification or decay of such waves. We determine the possible qualitative behaviours of the resulting Kelvin waves. It is well known from experimental and theoretical studies that the Donnelly–Glaberson instability plays a role on the amplification or decay of Kelvin waves in the presence of a driving normal fluid velocity, and we obtain the relevant stability criterion for the non-local model. While the stability criterion is the same for local and non-local models when the wavenumber is sufficiently small, we show that large differences emerge for the large wavenumber case (tightly coiled helices). The results demonstrate that non-local effects have a stabilizing effect on the Kelvin waves, and hence larger normal fluid velocities are required for amplification of large wavenumber Kelvin waves. Additional qualitative differences between the local and non-local models are explored.
Effects of bentonite on fermentation in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) and on rumen ciliate protozoa

SUMMARY Bentonite (2 g/day) was added to four vessels in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) and the effects on the fermentation were compared with four control vessels over a 21-day period. Vessels in both groups were supplied with 20 g/day of a diet containing, per kg, 500 g hay, 299·5 g barley, 100 g molasses, 91 g fishmeal and 9·5 g of mineral/vitamin mix. Numbers of ciliate protozoa were reduced by 69% (40 v. 12·8 ×103/ml) in vessels receiving bentonite. The viable count of bacteria was increased by one-third in these vessels (4·8 v. 3·6 × 108/ml), and ammonia production was 54·7 and 76·7 mg/day in the bentonite and control vessels, respectively. Other effects on fermentation products and metabolic activities were minor, except that the rate of breakdown of [14C]leucine-labelled Selenomonas ruminantium protein was 47% lower in fluid taken from vessels receiving bentonite. Bentonite did not affect the rate of bacterial breakdown by protozoa immediately when it was added to rumen fluid in vitro, although a decline in activity was becoming apparent after 4 h incubation. Microscopic examination of rumen fluid to which bentonite was added indicated that some bentonite was ingested by protozoa, but that its main toxic effect was at the cell surface, causing interference with the motion of cilia and thereby preventing motility of protozoa, particularly the holotrichs.
MSSEG Challenge Proceedings: Multiple Sclerosis Lesions Segmentation Challenge Using a Data Management and Processing Infrastructure

This proceedings book gathers methodological papers of segmentation methods evaluated at the first MICCAI Challenge on Multiple Sclerosis Lesions Segmentation Challenge Using a Data Management and Processing Infrastructure. This challenge took place as part of an effort of the OFSEP (French registry on mul- tiple sclerosis aiming at gathering, for research purposes, imaging data, clinical data and biological samples from the French population of multiple sclerosis sub- jects) and FLI (France Life Imaging, devoted to setup a national distributed e-infrastructure to manage and process medical imaging data). These joint ef- forts are directed towards automatic segmentation of MRI scans of MS patients to help clinicians in their daily practice. This challenge took place at the MICCAI 2016 conference, on October 21st 2016. More precisely, the goals of this challenge were multiple. It first aimed at evaluating state-of-the-art and advanced segmentation methods from the participants on a database following a standard protocol. For this, both lesion detection (how many lesions are detected) and lesion segmentation (how pre- cise the lesions are delineated) were evaluated on a multi-centric database (38 patients from four different centers, imaged on 1.5 or 3T scanners, each patient being manually annotated by seven experts from three different French centers, located in Bordeaux, Lyon and Rennes). This challenge was also the occasion to perform this advanced evaluation on a common infrastructure, provided by FLI. As such, challengers were asked to provide their pipeline as a Docker container image. After integration in the VIP platform, the challengers pipelines were then evaluated independently by the challenge organization team, the testing data and evaluation results being queried and stored in a Shanoir database. This infrastructure enabled a fair comparison of the algorithms in terms of running time comparison and ensuring all algorithms were run with the same parameters for each patient (which is required for a truly automatic segmentation). These proceedings do not include results of the evaluation, rather the evaluated methods descriptions. Evaluation results are available on the challenge website6 from the day of the challenge. As a conclusion note, the organizers of the challenge are welcoming new pipelines to be evaluated after the challenge itself. Interested teams may go on the challenge website to register their new method and evaluate it on our data.
Bakerian lecture.—On the constitution of the copper-tin series of alloys

This paper is an attempt to fill a very serious gap in the study of alloys. As a rule, an alloy begins to be interesting when the temperature of the liquid alloy has fallen to its freezing point. This point, which records the moment when solid first appears in the liquid, is easily observed on account of the evolution of latent heat that occurs on the formation of solid, and if the freezing points of all the alloys of a series are determined, we can plot the freezing-point curve. Many such curves have been traced in the last ten years: that of the copper-tin alloys is given by the upper line in our diagram. The curve consists of several branches cutting each other in angular points. The one thing that these curves record without ambiguity is the number of different solids that can crystallise out of the liquid alloys, for each branch corresponds to the crystallisation of a different substance. But this is almost all that such curves tell us with certainty. They do not tell us whether the solids forming are the pure metals, or pure compounds, or crystalline solid solutions of the metals. Other experiments are needed to decide such questions.