Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Amphetamine, but Not Methylphenidate, Predicts Antidepressant Efficacy

Several researchers have explored the possibility that acute stimulant response may predict eventual improvement after specific antidepressants. This review analyzes the relationship between stimulant response and nonspecific antidepressant response. In five studies, amphetamine responders were found to eventually improve after antidepressant treatment in 85% of the cases, while nonresponders improved in 43% of the cases. In contrast, acute methylphenidate responders and nonresponders eventually improved on antidepressants at equivalent rates. Amphetamine sensitivity appears to be a trait (possibly pharmacodynamic) that is independent of depressive illness but predictive of tricyclic responsiveness. Other evidence has suggested that amphetamine and methylphenidate cause similar behavioral and symptomatic effects through distinct mechanisms of potential clinical relevance. The most effective method for administering an amphetamine challenge and its appropriate clinical use remain unclear. (J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988;8:177–183)
Prognosis and epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Analysis of a clinic population, 1997–2011

Summary Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a disease with highly variable clinical features and prognosis. We analyzed the prognostic indicators of age, sex, bulbar or spinal onset, body mass index (BMI), and forced vital capacity (FVC) for 728 deceased patients from the Emory ALS Clinic. The median overall survival was 29.8 months from symptom onset, 15.8 months from diagnosis, and 14.3 months from the initial clinic visit. While univariate analyses revealed that each of the identified clinical features was strongly associated with patient survival, in multivariable analyses only age, BMI, and FVC measured at the first clinic visit were independent prognostic indicators; bulbar onset and sex were not significantly associated with survival prognosis after adjustment for the other clinical features.
Nanostructured TiO2 Schottky diode with large surface area for chemical sensors

Despite decades of research, achieving high sensitivity for chemical sensors still remain a challenge. This paper presents a technique for fabricating nanostructured TiO2 Schottky diodes with a large surface area for chemical sensing applications. The technique is based on hydrothermal synthesis, where the crystallographic phase and surface morphology of the sensing film can be controlled via NaOH concentration during fabrication and post-fabrication annealing temperature. Material properties are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Diode I-V characteristics and barrier height, which corresponds to its turn-on voltage, have been measured and analyzed. Unlike conventional diode implementations, the fabricated Schottky diode exhibits a barrier height that ranges from 1.10 to 1.19 eV, due to the formation of different crystallographic phases and surface morphologies of the TiO2 nanostructures. Large surface area and low turn-on voltage holds great potential for high-sensitivity, low-power chemical sensing applications.
Speech Perception and Motor Control in Children with Down Syndrome

Twelve children with and without Down syndrome (DS) performed eight subtests of an apraxia battery to determine under what conditions children with DS had difficulty performing representational and nonrepresentational gestures. Participants with DS also completed a dichotic listening test. Participants with DS performed just as well as control participants on all aspects of the apraxia battery except a subtest in which they were required to pantomime tool use from verbal instruction. This suggests that children with DS have difficulty generating an action from memory following verbal instruction. Given the sufficient context or visual demonstration, children with DS performed similar to the other participants. As well, there was a great deal of within-group variability for dichotic listening ear advantage. Participants with a greater left ear advantage on the dichotic listening test committed more errors on an imitation test that also included a verbal component than participants with a greater right ear advantage.
The effect of endometriosis on in vitro fertilisation outcome: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Endometriosis is found in 0.5–5% of fertile women and 25–40% of infertile women. It is known that endometriosis is associated with infertility, but there is uncertainty whether women with endometriosis have adverse pregnancy outcomes in in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment.
Validation of a Chinese version of the dental anxiety inventory.

OBJECTIVES To translate the English version of Dental Anxiety Inventory (DAxI) and its short-form (SDAxI) and to validate their use in Hong Kong Chinese. METHODS The DAxI and SDAxI were translated into Chinese. A total of 500 adults (18-64 years) were interviewed, the Chinese DAxI, Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were completed. Based on their initial DAxI scores, 135 interviewees were invited to attend a dental examination 1 month later. Then, the subjects completed the DAxI again, together with Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) which measured the state anxiety level of the participants. Two months after the initial interview, all 500 subjects were asked to complete the DAxI again. Another 300 adults were recruited and interviewed for the SDAxI validation. RESULTS Cronbach's alpha of the Chinese DAxI and SDAxI were 0.77 and 0.80 and the test-retest correlation coefficients were 0.90 and 0.84, respectively. High correlation between BAI and DAxI scores and its stability over time supported construct validity of the Chinese DAxI. Small positive correlations between the DAxI and other subscales of the SCL-90, DASS and STAI supported discriminant validity of the instrument. The SDAxI demonstrated comparable validity and reliability with DAxI. CONCLUSION The translated Chinese DAxI demonstrated good validity and reliability. It is available for use in dental anxiety research in adult Chinese. In situations where a short-form is desirable, the Chinese SDAxI is a simple, valid, reliable and interpretable scale for measuring dental anxiety in both research and dental practice.
A Three-Year Evaluation of the Know Your Body Program in Inner-City Schoolchildren

The impact of the Know Your Body (KYB) comprehensive school health education program was evaluated in a sample of first through sixth-grade students from New York City, using two analytic strategies: a longitudinal cohort and a "posttest only" cohort. In both cohorts, program impact was examined between condition (i.e., KYB vs. no-treatment comparison group) as well as within condition (i.e., low, moderate, and high student exposure). Students in the longitudinal cohort (n = 1,209) who were exposed to high implementation teachers had significantly (p < .05) lower total plasma cholesterol and systolic blood pressure at 3-year posttest than comparison students. Students in the posttest only cohort (n = 3,066) who had high implementation teachers showed significantly (p < .05) lower total plasma cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, self-reported intake of meat and desserts, as well as higher health knowledge and self-reported intake of "heart healthy" foods and vegetables than comparison students. In both cohorts, program effects for several outcome variables were linearly related to level of student exposure to the curriculum, suggesting a dose-response effect. While several methodologic limitations may have influenced study outcomes, these data nonetheless appear to confirm that the KYB program can have a significant positive impact on the knowledge, behavior, and selected risk factors of students in primary grades and that efforts to disseminate and evaluate school health education programs should include strategies to monitor and enhance teacher implementation.
Does Gastroesophageal Reflux Cause Apnea in Preterm Infants?

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and apnea are both common occurrences in premature infants but their relationship is controversial. We present the evidence for and against an association between GER and apnea and discuss the merits and limitations of the various methodologies employed in characterizing such a relationship. Overall, GER and apnea do not appear temporally related in preterm infants, despite strong physiologic evidence that stimulation of laryngeal afferents elicits central apnea and laryngeal adduction. In a subpopulation of infants with neurodevelopmental compromise, there may be an increased incidence of both apnea and GER, although the direct association between GER and apnea in this population is unclear. Therefore, we believe there is no evidence to support widespread use of anti-reflux medications in the treatment of apnea in preterm infants. Further studies are needed to clarify the existence of a small subpopulation of infants who may have GER-induced apnea, to identify potential triggering mechanisms, and to document benefit from newer pharmacological approaches.
Endo-Perio Dilemma: A Brief Review

The actual relationship between periodontal and pulpal disease was first described by Simring and Goldberg in 1964. Since then, the term “perio-endo” lesion has been used to describe lesions due to inflammatory products found in varying degrees in both the periodontium and the pulpal tissues. The pulp and periodontium have embryonic, anatomic and functional inter-relationships. The simultaneous existence of pulpal problems and inflammatory periodontal disease can complicate diagnosis and treatment planning. A perio-endo lesion can have a varied pathogenesis which ranges from quite simple to relatively complex one. Knowledge of these disease processes is essential in coming to the correct diagnosis. This is achievable by careful history taking, examination and the use of special tests. The prognosis and treatment of each endodontic-periodontal disease type varies. Primary periodontal disease with secondary endodontic involvement and true combined endodontic-periodontal diseases require both endodontic and periodontal therapies. The prognosis of these cases depends on the severity of periodontal disease and the response to periodontal treatment. This enables the operator to construct a suitable treatment plan where unnecessary, prolonged or even detrimental treatment is avoided.
Factors determining the outcome of treatment of adult smear-positive tuberculosis cases in The Gambia.

SETTING Health centres in The Gambia, West Africa. OBJECTIVES To identify factors determining the outcome of treatment of adult tuberculosis cases in a Tuberculosis Control Programme using directly observed treatment. DESIGN Information on the outcome of treatment was collected on all tuberculosis cases registered with the Tuberculosis Control Programme in 1994 and 1995 and treated under supervision by tuberculosis control staff, nurses or village health workers. Treatment outcome was recorded as cured, completed treatment, failed, defaulted or died. Transferred-out patients were traced and their treatment outcome recorded at the health centre where they had last been seen. RESULTS Data were analysed for 1357 adult smear-positive tuberculosis cases. Sputum smear conversion 2 months after the start of treatment was observed in 90% of smear-positive cases and was more likely to occur if the initial bacterial load in the sputum was low. The total cure rate was 74.6%. Female tuberculosis patients were more likely to achieve cure than males. Adjusting for sex, the cure rate was higher when treatment was provided by tuberculosis control staff in the main health centres rather than by nurses or village health workers at the peripheral level (odds ratio [OR] = 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-2.09). The absence of sputum smear conversion after 2 months of chemotherapy was associated with defaulting later during treatment (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.15-3.57). Adjusting for age and sex, the death rate during treatment was higher in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive than in HIV-negative tuberculosis patients. CONCLUSION Directly observed treatment is an effective intervention for improving adherence of tuberculosis patients to treatment in a resource-poor country, provided that drugs are effectively delivered to the most peripheral level, and that health staff are adequately trained and regularly supervised. Patients with high bacterial load in initial sputum smears need to be closely supervised, as they are more likely to default from treatment.
Coordinated development of muscles and tendons of the Drosophila leg

Since Miller's morphological description, the Drosophila leg musculature and its formation has not been revisited. Here, using a set of GFP markers and confocal microscopy, we analyse Drosophila leg muscle development, and describe all the muscles and tendons present in the adult leg. Importantly, we provide for the first time evidence for tendons located internally within leg segments. By visualising muscle and tendon precursors, we demonstrate that leg muscle development is closely associated with the formation of internal tendons. In the third instars discs, in the vicinity of tendon progenitors, some Twist-positive myoblasts start to express the muscle founder cell marker dumbfounded (duf). Slightly later, in the early pupa, epithelial tendon precursors invaginate inside the developing leg segments, giving rise to the internal string-like tendons. The tendon-associated duf-lacZ-expressing muscle founders are distributed along the invaginating tendon precursors and then fuse with surrounding myoblasts to form syncytial myotubes. At mid-pupation, these myotubes grow towards their epithelial insertion sites, apodemes, and form links between internally located tendons and the leg epithelium. This leads to a stereotyped pattern of multifibre muscles that ensures movement of the adult leg.
Malaria transmission dynamics in central Côte d'Ivoire: the influence of changing patterns of irrigated rice agriculture

Abstract. The dynamics of malaria transmission was studied comparatively in the villages of Zatta and Tiémélékro, central Côte d'Ivoire, from February 2002 to August 2003. Prominent agroecosystems in these villages are irrigated rice growing and vegetable farming, respectively. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were collected on human bait at night and by pyrethrum knock‐down spray sheet collections at four randomly selected sentinel sites in each village. In 2002, for a total of 96 man‐nights per village, 7716 mosquitoes were collected in Zatta and 3308 in Tiémélékro. In 2003, with half the sampling effort, 859 and 2056 mosquitoes were collected in Zatta and Tiémélékro, respectively. Anopheles gambiae Giles s.l. was the predominant mosquito and the key malaria vector throughout, followed by An. funestus Giles. Anthropophily among adult female Anopheles exceeded 95% in both villages. Comparison between years revealed that the biting rate of An. gambiae s.l. in Zatta decreased several‐fold from 49.3 bites per person per night (b/p/n) in 2002 to 7.9 b/p/n in 2003 (likelihood ratio test (LRT) = 1072.66; P < 0.001). Although the biting rate remained fairly constant in Tiémélékro, the difference between years was significant (16.1 vs. 18.2 b/p/n; LRT = 148.06; P < 0.001). These observations were paralleled by a marked decrease in the infective rate of An. gambiae s.l. in Zatta (4.6–1.2%), and an increase in Tiémélékro (3.1–7.6%). Meanwhile, the entomological inoculation rate of An. gambiae s.l. decreased 21‐fold in Zatta, from 789 to 38 infective bites per person per year (ib/p/y), whereas it remained high in Tiémélékro (233 vs. 342 ib/p/y). The interruption of irrigated rice growing in Zatta in 2003, consequential to a farmers' conflict over land, might be the underlying cause for the significant reduction in malaria transmission, whereas more stable conditions occurred in Tiémélékro.
Preterminal Gasping During Hypoxic Cardiac Arrest Increases Cardiac Function in Immature Rats

Newborn animals are more resistant to anoxia than older animals, partly due to an increased tolerance of the immature heart to anoxia. Newborn animals also have a more robust preterminal gasp. We investigated the relationship between gasping and cardiac function in immature and maturing rats exposed to anoxia. Immature postnatal day 7 (PND7) rats (n = 13) and maturing PND17 rats (n = 13) were exposed to 100% nitrogen (anoxia) for 10 min. Echocardiography was used to calculate cardiac contractility (CC) by left ventricular shortening fraction and cardiac output (CO) from Doppler velocity recordings of pulmonary artery blood flow. In a separate group of PND7 rats, CC and CO were recorded after the paralytic agent pancuronium was used to prevent gasping. Anoxia decreased CC and CO in PND7 and PND17 rats, followed by a partial and transient recovery. Gasping preceded recovery of CO and was required to sustain CO. Gasping in PND7 rats lasted longer (541 s versus 351 s, p < 0.01) and resulted in a greater recovery of CC and CO. Anoxia-induced gasping and the associated recovery of cardiac function were abolished by paralysis. Thus, anoxia-induced gasping transiently improves cardiac function, and more robust gasping in immature rats is associated with increased cardiac anoxic tolerance.
Postoperative adverse events in teaching and nonteaching hospitals.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES With the recent attention on quality of care and residency training, teaching hospitals are coming under greater scrutiny. Despite several studies, there is still no consensus on whether teaching hospitals deliver higher quality of care than nonteaching hospitals. METHODS This was a retrospective cross-sectional study, using national hospital data. The sample consisted of 3,818 acute care hospitals in the National Inpatient Sample from 1990-1996. The quality indicators were postoperative adverse events, including venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (DVT/PE), pulmonary compromise, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection (UTI). Hospitals were classified as major teaching, other teaching, and nonteaching. Quality indicator rates of hospital types were compared and multivariate regression performed to control for specific hospital characteristics. RESULTS Teaching hospitals had higher rates of postoperative DVT/PE and pulmonary compromise but lower rates of UTI, compared with nonteaching hospitals. In the multivariate analysis, teaching hospitals were more likely to have higher postoperative DVT/PE rates, and other teaching hospitals had higher rates of pulmonary compromise and UTI. Postoperative pneumonia rates were higher in major teaching hospitals than nonteaching hospitals. CONCLUSIONS Rates of postoperative adverse events were higher in teaching hospitals compared to nonteaching hospitals. These findings suggest that quality of care, as measured by postoperative adverse events, may not be higher in teaching hospitals.
Discussion of Accrual Accounting and Equity Valuation

At the heart of the analysis of "Accrual Accounting and Equity Valuation" by James A. Ohlson and Xiao-Jun Zhang is the suggestion that there exists an algebraic transformation of financial accounting transactions which, if followed systematically, allows firm value to be expressed exclusively in terms of the firm's residual earnings and net operating assets. If one interprets the algebraic transformation as an "accounting process," which is not unreasonable, then this suggests that there exist accounting processes that result in firm value being expressed without reference to underlying cash flows and/or other noncash information that affects valuation (e.g., credit sales and purchases). In other words, there exist accounting processes that allow firm value to be expressed "parsimoniously. "l Demonstrating the existence of an accounting process (i.e., an algebraic relation) that results in firm value being expressed exclusively in terms of earnings and assets is a very simple idea, and not inelegant. It is an idea, however, with no economic context. Based on the questions that arose during the conference discussion of the paper, this seemed to be the focal point of the debate concerning the paper's contribution. For example, the premise underlying the paper is that firm value, as expressed in terms of cash flows and other noncash information, is common knowledge. If firm value is common knowledge, however, why does anyone care whether it can be summarized as an expression that involves
Macho Man: Narcissism, Homophobia, Agency, Communion, and Authoritarianism—A Comparative Study Among Israeli Bodybuilders and a Control Group

The present study quantitatively examined the ethnographic social‐psychological profile suggested by A. M. Klein (1993) for American bodybuilders using Israeli bodybuilders. Eighty male gym trainees and 80 men who have never trained completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Bem’s Sex Role Inventory, the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality (AHS) and the Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) Scales, and a demographic questionnaire. The bodybuilders showed the highest levels of narcissism and traits socially desirable for men and exhibited the highest scores on both agenetic and communal traits. Their AHS and RWA scores did not significantly differ from the other 2 groups, but their political affiliation was significantly more right wing. Cultural and methodological differences between Klein’s study and the present study as well as personality factors involved in bodybuilding are discussed. Bodybuilding is a subculture of hyperbole. In its headlong rush to accrue flesh, everything about this subculture exploits grandiosity and excess. Not only are the bodies in this world large, but also even descriptions of them are extravagan t. There is nothing new about compensating for self-perceived weaknesses. Probably most of us seek to conceal flaws or insecurities . Formen, it is often the use of the body, and in particular muscles, that is relied upon to compensate . Although masculinity is socially, not biologically, determined, use is made of certain biological conditions, in this instance the male physical form as a means of assisting in the determination of masculinity. (Klein, 1993, pp. 3‐4)
A Novel Signaling Pathway Mediates the Inhibition of CCL3/4 Expression by Prostaglandin E2*

In response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, dendritic cells initiate an innate immune response characterized by expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The extent of the inflammatory response is limited by various endogenous factors, including lipid mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). We described previously the inhibitory effect of PGE2 on the expression and release of the inflammatory chemokines CCL3 and CCL4 from activated dendritic cells. In this study we describe a novel PGE2 signaling pathway that proceeds through EP-2 → cAMP → EPAC → phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase → protein kinase B → GSK-3 and results in increased DNA binding of the CCAAT displacement protein (CDP), a potent mammalian transcriptional repressor. The direct link between CDP and CCL3/4 transcription was established in knock-down experiments using CDP small interference RNA.