Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TEACHING GRAMMAR AND WHAT STUDENT ERRORS IN THE USE OF THE ENGLISH AUXILIARY ‘BE’ CAN TELL US

In teaching grammar, teachers often are faced with the dilemma of either emphasising the formal properties of the language or its meaning aspect. One of the more popular language teaching approaches of the last three decades has been the communicative approach. This approach has had a significant impact on the teaching of grammar as its objective of communicative competence has led to a diminished role for grammar teaching. However, of late, numerous voices have advocated a more prominent role for grammar in achieving this objective. The question of whether to emphasise form or meaning remains central. Several theorists have attempted to reconcile the differences between the two emphases. This paper, however, suggests that the errors that learners make can inform teachers on whether a relatively stronger emphasis on form or meaning is required. This paper will focus on one particular grammatical structure – i.e. the auxiliary be – and suggest specific teaching techniques that may be appropriate based on the kinds of errors students make. It will use language data from an available corpus of the language of Malaysian English language students to examine the use of the auxiliary be. Learner errors will be analysed according to possible intended meanings and sources of errors. The paper will also attempt to provide a taxonomy of different types of grammar teaching based on learner errors and extend the discussion of grammar teaching to the development of appropriate curricular treatment of grammatical structures.
Detailed SZ study of 19 LoCuSS galaxy clusters: masses and temperatures out to the virial radius

We present 16-GHz AMI SZ observations of 19 clusters with L_X >7x10^37 W (h50=1) selected from the LoCuS survey (0.142<z<0.295) and of A1758b, in the FoV of A1758a. We detect 17 clusters with 5-23sigma peak surface brightnesses. Cluster parameters are obtained using a Bayesian cluster analysis. We fit isothermal beta-models to our data and assume the clusters are virialized (with all the kinetic energy in gas internal energy). Our gas temperature, T_AMI, is derived from AMI SZ data, not from X-ray spectroscopy. Cluster parameters internal to r500 are derived assuming HSE. We find: (i) Different gNFW parameterizations yield significantly different parameter degeneracies. (ii) For h70 = 1, we find the virial radius r200 to be typically 1.6+/-0.1 Mpc and the total mass M_T(r200) typically to be 2.0-2. 5xM_T(r500). (iii) Where we have found M_T X-ray (X) and weak-lensing (WL) values in the literature, there is good agreement between WL and AMI estimates (with M_{T,AMI}/M_{T,WL} =1.2^{+0.2}_{-0.3} and =1.0+/-0.1 for r500 and r200, respectively). In comparison, most Suzaku/Chandra estimates are higher than for AMI (with M_{T,X}/M_{T,AMI}=1.7+/-0.2 within r500), particularly for the stronger mergers. (iv) Comparison of T_AMI to T_X sheds light on high X-ray masses: even at large r, T_X can substantially exceed T_AMI in mergers. The use of these higher T_X values will give higher X-ray masses. We stress that large-r T_SZ and T_X data are scarce and must be increased. (v) Despite the paucity of data, there is an indication of a relation between merger activity and SZ ellipticity. (vi) At small radius (but away from any cooling flow) the SZ signal (and T_AMI) is less sensitive to ICM disturbance than the X-ray signal (and T_X) and, even at high r, mergers affect n^2-weighted X-ray data more than n-weighted SZ, implying significant shocking or clumping or both occur even in the outer parts of mergers.
Epidemiologic Study of Melanin Pigmentation in the Attached Gingiva in Relation to Cigarette Smoking

The purpose of this study was to explore the association of melanin pigmentation in attached gingiva and cigrarette smoking. Oral examinations and a questionnaire concerning smoking habits were administered to 317 male employees of two companies. Among them, 48% of subjects were current smokers, 11% were former smokers, and 41% had never smoked. Melanin pigmentation was assessed in the labial aspects of attached gingiva in the frontal region, and was found in 57% of the subjects. The presence of the pigmentation was 82% among current smokers, 51% among former smokers, and 29% among those who had never smoked. The odds ratio of the pigmentation between current smokers and those who had never smoked was 11.6 (P<0.001). This trend was similar in both companies. The melanin index, which is an indicator of the degree of pigmentation in the labial aspect of the frontal region, was positively correlated to daily number of cigarettes smoked, and the number of years of smoking, and lifetime exposure to smoking (P<0.001). The index was also correlated closely to the number of sextants having gingival melanin pigmentation (r=0.922. N=163). These result indicate that gingival melanin pigmentation is strongly associated with cigarette smoking habits.
Teaching in a Multimedia Cost Accounting Classroom: Do Learning Styles Matter?

This study examines the relationship between students’ learning styles and their satisfaction, confidence, and performance in a multimedia-enhanced, junior-level cost accounting classroom. Understanding this relationship is an important step toward understanding how learning occurs in different multimedia environments and, therefore, how instructors can utilize multimedia tools best to further student learning. Marshall and Merritt’s (1986) Learning Style Questionnaire (LSQ) is used in this study to measure learning style instead of Kolb’s more popular, but problematic, Learning Styles Instrument. Our analysis indicates that the LSQ has very promising statistical properties warranting more complete validity testing. The findings of the hypothesis tests indicate a weak relationship between students' learning styles and their confidence in their accounting knowledge, skills and abilities. Specifically, students with the converger learning style exhibited higher confidence than other learning styles. No relationship was found between learning style and satisfaction or performance in the course, suggesting that students of different learning styles are reasonably successful at adapting to a multimedia cost accounting environment.
The influence of socio-cultural factors on growth of women-owned micro and small enterprises in Kitui County, Kenya

Entrepreneurship is all over the world emerging as gainful employment and a means of helping women to improving their economic and social status while asserting themselves in the business world. This paper examined the influence of socio-cultural factors on growth of women owned micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in rural areas of Kitui County. Growth of micro and small enterprise means increase in sales, profits, employees, production and service lines. The study used descriptive survey as the research design involving a target population of 390 women owned micro and small entrepreneurs drawn from manufacturing, agriculture, commerce and services sectors in Kitui County. Proportionate stratified sampling was used to form a sample of 194 women entrepreneurs. Simple random sampling was applied on the sample to select the respondents from each sector. Questionnaires and observation guide were used to collect data which was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results suggested that socio-cultural factors positively influenced the growth of women- owned MSEs. The study recommended for the government continuously review laws pertaining to women’s land ownership and inheritance rights, efforts to be made to educate both women and men on their respective rights while ensuring full implementation of the new constitution to empower women and be able to change their roles. Special programmes to train, capacity build and mentor women particularly in entrepreneurship should be put in place to change women mind set to make women- owned enterprises more competitive while the government should continuously work towards providing conducive business environment.
Ethnic variation in labour market outcomes among school‐leavers in the Netherlands: the role of educational qualifications and social background

In the Netherlands, unemployment among immigrants is several times higher than among the native Dutch population. Furthermore, immigrants work relatively often in low‐level jobs. This is often already the case when they first enter the labour market. In this article we explore how such disadvantages at the time of labour market entry can be accounted for. Special attention is paid to the role of educational qualifications and social background. The data used come from three large‐scale school‐leaver surveys that were conducted in 1998 among school‐leavers and graduates from all types of secondary and tertiary education in the Netherlands. Three aspects of the labour market position are analysed: paid employment, permanent employment and occupational prestige. The results of multivariate analysis show that school‐leavers from immigrant groups are less likely to have a paid job, are less likely to have a permanent job, and have a lower occupational prestige than native Dutch school‐leavers. In case of (permanent) employment chances, the effect of ethnic background cannot be ascribed to the attained level of education and social background. With respect to job security the net effect of ethnic background seems then to be related to other, specific ethnic factors. With respect to the occupational prestige achieved by school‐leavers, by contrast, the results show that educational qualifications and social background can largely account for the occupational disadvantages suffered by immigrants. When these factors are taken into account, Moroccan school‐leavers achieve even more occupational prestige than Dutch school‐leavers.
Substantial secondary organic aerosol formation in a coniferous forest: observations of both day- and nighttime chemistry

Abstract. Substantial biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) formation was investigated in a coniferous forest mountain region in Whistler, British Columbia. A largely biogenic aerosol growth episode was observed, providing a unique opportunity to investigate BSOA formation chemistry in a forested environment with limited influence from anthropogenic emissions. Positive matrix factorization of aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) measurement identified two types of BSOA (BSOA-1 and BSOA-2), which were primarily generated by gas-phase oxidation of monoterpenes and perhaps sesquiterpenes. The temporal variations of BSOA-1 and BSOA-2 can be explained by gas–particle partitioning in response to ambient temperature and the relative importance of different oxidation mechanisms between day and night. While BSOA-1 arises from gas-phase ozonolysis and nitrate radical chemistry at night, BSOA-2 is likely less volatile than BSOA-1 and consists of products formed via gas-phase oxidation by OH radical and ozone during the day. Organic nitrates produced through nitrate radical chemistry can account for 22–33 % of BSOA-1 mass at night. The mass spectra of BSOA-1 and BSOA-2 have higher values of the mass fraction of m/z 91 (f91) compared to the background organic aerosol. Using f91 to evaluate BSOA formation pathways in this unpolluted, forested region, heterogeneous oxidation of BSOA-1 is a minor production pathway of BSOA-2.
Parenting Stress of Mothers in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Culture in Indonesia

Culture is a set of beliefs on the individual in a group. Culture also provided the means for interaction between parents and children. Cultural diversity in each country influences the way parents in caring for their children. There are some cultures that people, in general, have accepted the condition of children with autism spectrum disorders, but the community hasn’t been able to accept the presence of these children, so that will affect the acceptance and the joys of motherhood within the optimizing growing flower child. However, not all mothers are able to accept her daughter and happy with her care to experience the stress of caregiving. Indonesia with the complexity of culture also influenced the style of mothering, as two large tribes in Indonesia i.e. Batak and Javanese. The purpose of this study is to explore the issues about parenting stress and positive emotions in mother with autism spectrum disorder in Javanese and Batak culture.
Ecological pattern of lichen species abundance in mixed forests of Eastern Romania

The importance of this study consists in the knowledge of the ecological attributes characteristic to mixed forestry habitats and how they affect the structure of the lichen species abundances. The field activities were performed within five forest habitat types from Moldavia Province, characterised mainly by oak mixed forests, riparian mixed forests and mixed beech forests. The habitat variables, tree variables and the lichen species abundances were analysed to get informations on the structural disimilarities, on the one hand, and relationships on the other hand. Within this study no significant disimilarities were found out from abundance lichen species point of view. The lichen species abundances are a result of interactions between components of their microhabitat and macrohabitat. The correlation analysis pointed out the preferences of lichen species to their host trees, especially Quercus and Fraxinus, altitude and tree level variables as are aspect and mosses coverage. The regression analysis has highlighted that the changes in lichen species abundances are caused by macrohabitat level predictors such as host trees represented by Fraxinus. This study demonstrates that, structure of lichen species is influenced by attributes of mixed forest habitats; therefore maintaining the diversity of tree species and ensuring the continuous occurrence of forestry land is necessary for lichen and their habitat conservation.
Caribbean parrotfish density and size inside and outside marine protected area

The direct and indirect impacts of the increase in human population, in particular the growing demand for food, as well as various aspects of climate change pose threats to the abundance of parrotfishes (Scarinae), the main coral reef grazers. One way to reduce fishing is by forming marine protected area (MPA). MPAs tend to increase the abundance of marine fish. Well-managed MPA, with effective protection from fishing, could also benefit sex-changing fish populations. The objectives of this research are to assess effects of MPAs on parrotfish abundance and biomass and how do parrotfish abundance and size in the different life phases differ between sites within MPAs and outside MPAs. Fish surveys were conducted in eight Caribbean countries (Antigua, Bonaire, Barbados, Curaçao, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and Grenadines (SVG)) using an underwater visual census technique. The differences between parrotfish density and size within and outside MPAs were assessed. Mean parrotfish numerical density was slightly higher at MPA sites than at non-MPA sites but this was not significant. A significant difference was found between parrotfish biomass within and without the MPAs. The abundance biomass comparison (ABC) results showed that out of 33 MPA sites, 79% had a positive index and 21% a negative W-index value. In contrast, only 49% of non-MPA sites surveyed had a positive W-index. Sites within an MPA generally had higher mean parrotfish sizes than those outside the MPA, except for the juvenile phase. The present results reinforce the belief that parrotfish abundance and biomass, which where depleted by fishing, can be increased through applying significant levels of protection. However further research is needed on the effectiveness and duration of protection which are necessary to produce desired levels of improvement in parrotfish abundance, biomass and size.
Two-Part Tariffs with Quality Degradation

This paper examines a firm's incentive to sell a service that is of lower quality when the firm offers a menu of two-part tariffs. Each tariff is characterized by a fixed fee together with two screening instruments, these being a uniform per unit charge and a quality restriction. We find that allocation of quality is monotonic in type, while per unit charge might be non-monotonic. The results thus contradict one of the most established insights in nonlinear pricing, that the per unit charge should be monotonically decreasing over the type space. We show that this practice increases welfare due to increased consumption efficiency.
The semantics of possessives

We investigate what possessives mean by examining a wide range of English examples, pre-and postnominal, quantified and nonquantified, to arrive at general, systematic truth conditions for them. In the process, we delineate a rich class of paradigmatic possessives having crosslinguistic interest, exploiting characteristic semantic properties. One is that all involve (implicit or explicit) quantification over possessed entities. Another is that this quantification always carries existential import, even when the quantifier over possessed entities itself does not. We show that this property, termed possessive existential import, is intimately related to the notion of narrowing (Barker 1995). Narrowing has implications for compositionally analyzing possessives’ meaning. We apply the proposed semantics to the issues of the definiteness of possessives, negation of possessives, partitives and prenominal possessives, postnominal possessives and complements of relational nouns, freedom of the possessive relation, and the semantic relationship between pre- and postnominal possessives.
Gibrat's Law for (All) Cities

Two empirical regularities concerning the size distribution of cities have repeatedly been established: Zipf's law holds (the upper tail is Pareto), and city growth is proportionate. Census 2000 data are used covering the entire size distribution, not just the upper tail. The nontruncated distribution is shown to be lognormal, rather than Pareto. This provides a simple justification for the coexistence of proportionate growth and the resulting lognormal distribution. An equilibrium theory of local externalities that can explain the empirical size distribution of cities is proposed. The driving force is a random productivity process of local economies and the perfect mobility of workers.
Effect of male age in Caspian brown trout, Salmo trutta broodstock on reproductive performance

In this study, three different age groups of male broodstocks (4, 5 and 6 years respectively) were used to fertilize eggs obtained from nine females. The results showed that 6 year old males had maximum body weight (1766 g), total length (56.3 cm) and sperm volume (31.83 ml). Results did not show significant difference in spermatocrit and spermatozoa concentration among age groups (p>0.05). Our study showed maximum fertilization rate (98.5 %), survival rate until eyes pigmentation (91.17 %), hatching rate (94.5 %) and survival rate until absorption of yolk sack (97.16 %) for 4 years treatment group. Such positive relationships were detected between sperm production characteristics (spermatozoa concentration, spermatocrit and sperm volume) and fertilization parameters. Based on our results, it can be concluded that 4 year old males have high efficiency leading to fertilization success.
Two Inseparable Facets of Technology Integration Programs: Technology and Theoretical Framework

This paper considers the process of program development aiming at technology integration for teachers. For this consideration, the paper focused on an integration program which was recently developed as part of a larger project. The participants of this program were 45 in-service teachers. The program continued four weeks and the conduct of the program was video-recorded. Along-with the video-records, the content of the program and the tools employed to document participants’ development were analyzed. The analyses were performed on the basis of four components of integration program: objectives, content, teaching-learning situations and assessment. During the analyses, theoretical framework on which the program was based and the technology employed during the program was also evaluated. Based on this evaluation, this paper argues that in the process of both design and conduct of integration programs the technology employed during the program implementation as well as the theoretical framework which informs the use of technology during the program implementation need to be considered carefully. The paper provides evidence that technology and theoretical framework are two inseparable facets of both design and conduct of integration programs and a true understanding of the benefits of these programs could only be achieved through the consideration of these two along with the four components of any integration program.
The Impact of Different Market Transparency Standards on the Success of Momentum Strategies Using the Example of the German Stock Market

This study primarily focuses on the explanation of momentum effects regarding different transparency standards of particular stock segments. Based on theories of efficient markets and information diffusion it can be expected that a momentum can rather be observed in those stock segments which do not require high transparency obligations. Regarding the results of this study on the effect of transparency, no significant correlation can be proven for the intensity of transparency obligations and the level of the momentum. Hence, the theory on the intensity of transparency obligations affecting the level of the momentum has to be rejected. However, it has to be pointed out that in contrary to the theoretical assumption, the momentum of Prime Standard has not only been most constant but also highest. Especially in times of strong market turbulences, high volatility and uncertainties in the market, investors seem to invest in titles which show highest transparency and for which a lot of public information is accessible. Thus, they regard stocks of Prime Standard as security values.
A new sample of X-ray selected narrow emission-line galaxies - I. The nature of optically elusive AGN

Using the 3XMM catalogue of serendipitous X-ray sources, and the SDSS-DR9 spectroscopic catalogue, we have obtained a new sample of X-ray selected narrow emission line galaxies. The standard optical diagnostic diagram and selection by hard X-ray luminosity expose a mismatch between the optically-based and X-ray-based classifications. The nature of these misclassified elusive AGN can be understood in terms of their broader X-ray and optical properties and leads to a division of this sub-sample into two groups. A little more than half are likely to be narrow-line Seyfert 1s (NLS1s), so misclassified because of the contribution of the Broad Line Region (BLR) to their optical spectra. The remainder have some of the properties of Seyfert 2 (Sy2) AGN; their optical elusiveness can be explained by optical dilution from the host galaxy plus a star-formation contribution and by their underluminous optical emission due to low accretion rates. Because some of the Sy2 sources have very low accretion rates, are unabsorbed, plus the fact that they lack broad optical emission lines, they are good candidates to be True Sy2 AGN.