Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changing oral health status of 6- and 12-year-old schoolchildren in Portugal.

AIMS To assess the actual oral health status of Portuguese schoolchildren aged 6 and 12 years according to gender and urbanisation, to highlight the trend over time in dental caries prevalence of children, to assess the dental care habits and the provision of preventive services to children, and to analyse the effect of dental care habits on caries experience. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN Clinical examinations of oral health status were carried out in 1999 according to WHO criteria and included dental caries, enamel lesions, oral hygiene status (OHI-S) and Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Structured questionnaires for interviewing children on dental care habits and participation in preventive programmes at school were used. The study comprised 799 6 year olds and 800 12 year olds. RESULTS In 1999, the prevalence proportion rates of dental caries were 46.9% in 6 year olds and 52.9% in 12 year olds. Dental caries experience was 2.1 dmf-t and 1.5 DMF-T, respectively. Significant reductions in caries prevalence rates took place over time; in 1984 the mean dmf-t of 6 year olds was 5.2 and for 12 year olds it was 3.7 DMF-T. Enamel opacities were found for 7.2% of children and 2.1% had moderate dental fluorosis. At age 12, 90% of children had poor oral hygiene, i.e. CPI Score 2 (bleeding and calculus). Toothbrushing twice a day was reported for 31% of 6-year-olds and 55.6% of 12-year-olds; 17.8% of children aged 6 had seen a dentist during the past year and this was found to be 58.3% at age 12. Substantial proportions of the children received preventive dental services in school. Multivariate analysis of dental caries experience showed that gender, location, nationality, dental visits and frequency of toothbrushing were significant independent variables. CONCLUSIONS Further implementation of school based oral health promotion and application of population-directed preventive strategies are needed in Portugal.
Asymmetric Pilot Subcarrier Allocation for OFDMA-Based Regenerative Dual-Hop Links

An asymmetric pilot subcarrier allocation scheme (APSA) is proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems which use regenerative relays. To achieve the best performance of regenerative relay systems, the performance of each hop should be balanced. When there is a direct link between the source and destination, APSA allocates pilot subcarriers asymmetrically to each hop to balance the performance. We show that APSA can improve the performance of the system based on the symbol error rate (SER) analysis and simulation results.
Current availability of cerebral function monitoring and hypothermia therapy in UK neonatal units

Perinatal asphyxia remains a serious cause of mortality and morbidity in term and near term infants. Many reports show the benefits of routine cerebral function monitoring (CFM) in neonatal encephalopathy.1 2 Mounting recent data support the use of hypothermia therapy for improving neurodevelopmental outcome after perinatal asphyxia.3 4 At present, information is lacking regarding the availability of equipment for neonatal brain monitoring and active hypothermia therapy in UK neonatal units. The aim was to therefore …
A Conceptual Lemon: Theta Burst Stimulation to the Left Anterior Temporal Lobe Untangles Object Representation and Its Canonical Color

Object recognition benefits greatly from our knowledge of typical color (e.g., a lemon is usually yellow). Most research on object color knowledge focuses on whether both knowledge and perception of object color recruit the well-established neural substrates of color vision (the V4 complex). Compared with the intensive investigation of the V4 complex, we know little about where and how neural mechanisms beyond V4 contribute to color knowledge. The anterior temporal lobe (ATL) is thought to act as a “hub” that supports semantic memory by integrating different modality-specific contents into a meaningful entity at a supramodal conceptual level, making it a good candidate zone for mediating the mappings between object attributes. Here, we explore whether the ATL is critical for integrating typical color with other object attributes (object shape and name), akin to its role in combining nonperceptual semantic representations. In separate experimental sessions, we applied TMS to disrupt neural processing in the left ATL and a control site (the occipital pole). Participants performed an object naming task that probes color knowledge and elicits a reliable color congruency effect as well as a control quantity naming task that also elicits a cognitive congruency effect but involves no conceptual integration. Critically, ATL stimulation eliminated the otherwise robust color congruency effect but had no impact on the numerical congruency effect, indicating a selective disruption of object color knowledge. Neither color nor numerical congruency effects were affected by stimulation at the control occipital site, ruling out nonspecific effects of cortical stimulation. Our findings suggest that the ATL is involved in the representation of object concepts that include their canonical colors.
Toward as Model of Political Trust: A Causal Analysis

The concept of political trust occupies a critical position in much of the literature of modern democratic theory. ' Aberbach and Walker have discussed the normative and practical implications of political trust for a democratic society. Normatively, they point out, the existence of distrustful citizens is a barrier to the realization of the "democratic idea. " Practically, they believe that leaders in a representative democracy cannot be successful unless they have gained the trust of the citizens. They state, "if distrustful groups are denied access to decision-makers, or if institutions are too rigid to change, destructive conflict and a breakdown in the social ord,r are possible. "2 Exploring this same theme, Iglitzin argues that system confidence "engenders peaceful and willing support of that system. But when that confidence changes to apathy, mistrust, and cynicism, little is required to convert these attitudes into uncontrolled behavior. "3 Dah has argued that trust favors "polarchy" (democracy) while distrust favors "hegemony" (despotism), for at least three reasons: (1) trust increases the mutual communication essential for a democratic regime; (2) trust makes possible organizations through which citizens can promote their goals; (3) conflicts are more threatening, and thus democracy is imperilled, among people who distrust one another.4 Despite the importance attributed to political trust, the precise nature of
Sport, Educational Engagement and Positive Youth Development: Reflections of Aboriginal Former Youth Sports Participants

Participation in sport during high school has been linked with a range of educational and developmental benefits. However, there is limited research investigating the benefits of participation in sport from the perspective of Aboriginal former youth sports participants. The purpose of the current research was to investigate how participation in sports impacted on the educational engagement, aspirations and development of Aboriginal former youth sports participants. Interpretive phenomenological analysis of semistructured interviews with six participants was conducted. Analysis was conducted utilising the Positive Youth Development asset framework. Participants reported a positive influence for their participation in youth sport on key education related assets including, achievement motivation, school engagement and relationships with teachers. Participants also reflected upon the role of participation in youth sports in the development of empowerment and positive identity assets. For these participants, involvement in youth sport had clear educational and developmental benefits. It is concluded that youth sports participation is one developmental context with the potential to have a positive influence on the educational and developmental trajectory of Aboriginal youth.
Cost-effective analysis of dual therapy in epilepsy, a study from India

Background and Objective: For improving overall care in epileptic patients, careful evaluation of pharmacotherapy, seizure control, quality of life (QOL) and cost effectiveness are helpful but such data are relatively meagre from developing countries. The present study was undertaken to audit all these said factors with different drug combinations comparing older with newer drugs in the setting of a tertiary care epilepsy hospital in India. Methods: Forty patients were divided into four treatment groups, of ten each which were valproic acid + lamotrigine (Group-I), valproic acid+ clonazepam (Group-II), oxcarbazepine + clobazam (Group-III) and phenobarbitone + phenytoin (Group-IV), based on most commonly used dual therapy in local clinical practice. The patients were followed at monthly intervals for six months. Effi cacy was assessed by reduction in seizure frequency, QOL was assessed by using an adapted version of 31- items questionnaire QOLIE-31 (quality of life in epilepsy) and cost effectiveness was calculated as ratio of direct cost of medicine and improvement in quality of life. Results: There was a signifi cant reduction in seizure frequency and improvement in QOL in all four groups at 2 nd and 6 th months. Cost-effectiveness analysis at the end showed that group-IV paid the least for same improvement in QOL. Conclusion: Older drugs are equally effi cacious as compared to newer in controlling seizure frequency and improving QOL, but are more cost effective.
The competitiveness of domestic rice production in East Africa: A domestic resource cost approach in Uganda

The rapid increase of rice imports in sub-Saharan Africa under the unstable situation in the world rice market during the 2000s has made it an important policy target for the countries in the region to increase self-sufficiency in rice in order to enhance food security. Whether domestic rice production can be competitive with imported rice is a serious question in East African countries that lie close, just across the Arabian Sea, to major rice exportingcountries in South Asia. This study investigates the international competitiveness of domestic rice production in Uganda in terms of the domestic resource cost ratio. The results show that rainfed rice cultivation, which accounts for 95% of domestic rice production, does not have a comparative advantage with respect to rice imported from Pakistan, the largest supplier of imported rice to Uganda. However, the degree of non-competitiveness is not serious, and a high possibility exists for Uganda’s rainfed rice cultivation to become internationally competitive by improving yield levels by applying more modern inputs and enhancing labour productivity. Irrigated rice cultivation, though very limited in area, is competitive even under the present input-output structure when the cost of irrigation infrastructure is treated as a sunk cost. If the cost of installing irrigation infrastructure and its operation and maintenance is taken into account, the types of irrigation development that are economically feasible are not large-scale irrigation projects, but are small- and microscale projects for lowland rice cultivation and rain-water harvesting for upland rice cultivation.
Determinants of investment behaviour of investors towards mutual funds

Purpose – Mutual funds in India have not been as favourable investment alternatives as in developed countries, as assets under management of mutual funds to gross domestic product in India have been 7-8 per cent compared to 37 per cent globally. Further, investor base of mutual funds has been narrow, as retail investors constitute 98 per cent of folios but contributed only 58 per cent of investments in September 2014. To broaden the investor base for mutual funds in India, it remains imperative to understand the determinants of investment behaviour of investors towards mutual funds. This study aims to achieve this objective. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the theory of planned behaviour, the study examined the effect of awareness, attitude (perception for outcome) and socioeconomic conditions of an investor on his investment behaviour towards mutual funds with the logit model. The results are based on 450 valid responses from the primary survey in Delhi-NCR. Findings – The research provided that investment behaviour could be explained with awareness, perception and socioeconomic characteristics of individual investors. Better awareness related to various aspects of mutual funds will have a positive effect on investment in mutual funds. Contrary to belief, risk perception for mutual funds had no effect on the investment decision. Further, socioeconomic characteristics such as age, gender, occupation, income and education of investors had an impact on the awareness about mutual funds. Research limitations/implications – As the study has been confined to Delhi-NCR, it should be considered a pilot study and needs to be replicated in other states of India to have more robust results. Practical implications – The study has implications for mutual funds and regulators. The study highlights a lack of awareness about mutual funds among particular sections of society as a reason for non-investment in mutual funds. The mutual funds and regulators need to focus on females, older age groups and middle-income groups in their efforts to improve their awareness about mutual funds. This would improve their investor base and flow of funds in mutual funds. Furthermore, the process of investment in mutual funds needs to simplified. Originality/value – In an Indian context, this study has been the first attempt to understand the systematic relation between actual investment behaviour towards mutual funds and various determinants such as socioeconomic characteristics, awareness and attitude (perception) about mutual funds.
[Reliability and factorial validity of the Child Behavior Checklist--an analysis of a clinical and field sample].

The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability (internal consistency), the correlations of the scale scores and the factorial validity of the German version of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The analyses were performed in a sample of patients at two child and adolescent psychiatric facilities (N = 1653) and in a community sample (N = 1622). The analyses were based on the 1991 American version of the CBCL. The internal consistency of most of the scales was good to excellent (rtt > .80). The reliability of the scales "Withdrawn", "Somatic complaints" and "Social Problems" was not completely satisfactory (rtt > .70). The reliability of the syndrome scales "Thought Problems" and "Sex Problems" and the Competence Scales was unsatisfactory (rtt < .70). The internal consistency of the syndrome scales in the German and American samples was very similar. The correlations between the scales were predominantly in the lower range, with some in a medium range (rtt > .50). Factor analyses in the clinical sample confirmed that the syndrome scales had been well-designed. With the exception of the scales "Social Problems" and "Withdrawn", where the items have loadings on a common factor, the scales proved to be factorially valid.
ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI STANDAR AKUNTANSI PEMERINTAHAN BERBASIS AKRUAL DALAM PERSPEKTIF TEORI INSTITUSIONAL: STUDI KASUS PADA PEMERINTAH KOTA MALANG

This research has a purpose to perform in depth observations on the implementation of Accrual Based Government Accounting Standards in Malang government reviewed in the perspective of institutional theory. The method used in this research process is qualitative descriptive Interpretive. The existence of the state of financial reform in Indonesia, particularly in the area of government accounting standards is one of New Public Management issued by the International agency with reference to the theories in the private sector. This is because the government considered as organizations that have low quality and do not provide clear accountability to the public. However, based on research results, the implementation of Accrual Based Government Accounting Standards in Pemerintah Kota Malang made possible by the existence of a rule attached to Regulation of Permendagri No. 64 Tahun 2013, which states that the implementation of Accrual Based Government Accounting Standards should be implemented at the latest by the year 2015. In other words, Pemerintah Kota Malang implement Accrual Based Government Accounting Standards due to a pressure from the organization that has more power, in this case the state called coercive isomorphism. This condition is an institutionalization process that occurs in a government organization. Given the human resources owned by the government do not have accounting background, then one recommendation that can be given is to give an in depth education on the meaning of accrual based government accounting standards. So, later on the implementation of the policy changes in government accounting basis this can be done well, namely in terms of meaning theoretically and financial statements are produced . Keywords: Accrual Based Government Accounting Standards, Institutional Theory, Pemerintah Kota Malang
Influence of vector dose on factor IX-specific T and B cell responses in muscle-directed gene therapy.

Intramuscular injection of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector has resulted in vector dose-dependent, stable expression of canine factor IX (cF.IX) in hemophilia B dogs with an F.IX missense mutation (Herzog et al., Nat. Med. 1999;5:56-63). The use of a species-specific transgene allowed us to study risks and characteristics of antibody formation against the therapeutic transgene product. We analyzed seven dogs that had been injected at a single time point at multiple intramuscular sites with varying vector doses (dose per kilogram, dose per animal, dose per site). Comparison of individual animals suggests an increased likelihood of inhibitory anti-cF.IX (inhibitor) development with increased vector doses, with dose per site showing the strongest correlation with the risk of inhibitor formation. In six of seven animals, such immune responses were either absent or transient, and therefore did not prevent sustained systemic expression of cF.IX. Transient inhibitory/neutralizing anti-cF.IX responses occurred at vector doses of 2 x 10(12)/site, whereas a 6-fold higher dose resulted in a longer lasting, higher titer inhibitor. Anti-cF.IX was efficiently blocked in an eighth animal that was injected with a high vector dose per site, but in addition received transient immune suppression. Inhibitor formation was characterized by synthesis of two IgG subclasses and in vitro proliferation of lymphocytes to cF.IX antigen, indicating a helper T cell-dependent mechanism. Anti-cF.IX formation is likely influenced by the extent of local antigen presentation and may be avoided by limited vector doses or by transient immune modulation.
Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the milli-scale structure of barbs and barbules largely determines the directional pattern of reflected light; and through the macro-scale spatial structure of overlapping, curved feathers, these directional effects create the visual texture. Milli-scale and macro-scale effects determine where on the organism's body, and from what viewpoints and under what illumination, the iridescent colors are seen. Thus, the highly directional flash of brilliant color from the iridescent throat of a hummingbird is inadequately explained by its nano-scale structure alone and questions remain. From a given observation point, which milli-scale elements of the feather are oriented to reflect strongly? Do some species produce broader "windows" for observation of iridescence than others? These and similar questions may be asked about any organisms that have evolved a particular surface appearance for signaling, camouflage, or other reasons. In order to study the directional patterns of light scattering from feathers, and their relationship to the bird's milli-scale morphology, we developed a protocol for measuring light scattered from biological materials using many high-resolution photographs taken with varying illumination and viewing directions. Since we measure scattered light as a function of direction, we can observe the characteristic features in the directional distribution of light scattered from that particular feather, and because barbs and barbules are resolved in our images, we can clearly attribute the directional features to these different milli-scale structures. Keeping the specimen intact preserves the gross-scale scattering behavior seen in nature. The method described here presents a generalized protocol for analyzing spatially- and directionally-varying light scattering from complex biological materials at multiple structural scales.
Obesity: risk of venous thrombosis and the interaction with coagulation factor levels and oral contraceptive use

Summary Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common disease with an annual incidence of about 1 in 1000. Many risk factors have already been studied, both genetic and acquired. It is unclear whether obesity affects thrombotic risk in unselected patients. Obesity is common, with a prevalence of 20-25% and may therefore have a considerable impact on the overall incidence of thrombosis. We evaluated the risk of thrombosis due to overweight and obesity using data from a large population based case-control study. Four hundred and fifty-four consecutive patients with a first episode of objectively diagnosed thrombosis from three Anticoagulation Clinics in the Netherlands were enrolled in a case-control study. Controls were matched on age and sex to patients and were introduced by the patients. All patients completed a standard questionnaire and interview, with weight and height measured under standard conditions. The associations of obesity with clotting factor levels were studied to investigate possible mechanisms. Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) increased the risk of thrombosis twofold (CI95: 1.5 to 3.4), adjusted for age and sex. Obese individuals had higher levels of factor VIII and factor IX, but not of fibrinogen. The effect on risk of obesity was not changed after adjustment for coagulation factors levels (fibrinogen, F VIII, F IX, D-dimer). The relative risk estimates were similar in different age groups and in both sexes, indicating a larger absolute effect in older age groups. Evaluation of the combined effect of obesity and oral contraceptive pills among women aged 15-45 revealed that oral contraceptives further increased the effect of obesity on the risk of thrombosis, leading to 10-fold increased risk amongst women with a BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 who used oral contraceptives. Obesity is a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis. Among women with a BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 the synergistic effect with oral contraceptives should be considered when prescribing these.