Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A novel computational method to determine subject-specific bite force and occlusal loading during mastication

Abstract The evaluation of three-dimensional occlusal loading during biting and chewing may assist in development of new dental materials, in designing effective and long-lasting restorations such as crowns and bridges, and for evaluating functional performance of prosthodontic components such as dental and/or maxillofacial implants. At present, little is known about the dynamic force and pressure distributions at the occlusal surface during mastication, as these quantities cannot be measured directly. The aim of this study was to evaluate subject-specific occlusal loading forces during mastication using accurate jaw motion measurements. Motion data was obtained from experiments in which an individual performed maximal effort dynamic chewing cycles on a rubber sample with known mechanical properties. A finite element model simulation of one recorded chewing cycle was then performed to evaluate the deformation of the rubber. This was achieved by imposing the measured jaw motions on a three-dimensional geometric surface model of the subject’s dental impressions. Based on the rubber’s deformation and its material behaviour, the simulation was used to compute the resulting stresses within the rubber as well as the contact pressures and forces on the occlusal surfaces. An advantage of this novel modelling approach is that dynamic occlusal pressure maps and biting forces may be predicted with high accuracy and resolution at each time step throughout the chewing cycle. Depending on the motion capture technique and the speed of simulation, the methodology may be automated in such a way that it can be performed chair-side. The present study demonstrates a novel modelling methodology for evaluating dynamic occlusal loading during biting or chewing.
Identification of differentially expressed proteins in the gastric mucosal atypical hyperplasia tissue microenvironment

In the present study, the interaction of proteins in the microenvironment of gastric mucosal atypical hyperplasia was analyzed. The stromata of normal gastric mucosa (NGM) and gastric mucosal atypical hyperplasia (GMAH) tissues were purified with laser capture microdissection (LCM). The differentially expressed GMAH proteins of the NGM and GMAH tissues were identified by quantitative proteomic techniques with isotope labeling. The cross-talk between differentially expressed proteins in NGM and GMAH tissues was then analyzed by bioinformatics. There were 165 differentially expressed proteins identified from the stromata of NGM and GMAH tissues. Among them, 99 proteins were upregulated and 66 were downregulated in GMAH tissue. The present study demonstrated that these proteins in gastric mucosal atypical hyperplasia were involved in cancer-associated signaling pathways, including the p53, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), cell cycle and apoptosis signaling pathways, and were involved in cellular growth, cellular proliferation, apoptosis and the humoral immune response. The results of the present study suggest that the 165 differentially expressed proteins, including S100 calcium-binding protein A6 (S100A6) and superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) in the microenvironment of gastric mucosal atypical hyperplasia, are involved in the p53, MAPK, cell cycle and apoptosis signaling pathways, and serve a function in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer.
Patient Safety Culture Associated With Patient Safety Competencies Among Registered Nurses

PURPOSE To investigate the relationships between registered nurses' (RNs') perceptions of the culture of patient safety in their workplace and their patient safety competency-attitudes, skills, and knowledge. DESIGN A cross-sectional study design was used. Data were collected by using a self-reported survey from 343 RNs working in a university hospital in Seoul, South Korea. METHODS Patient safety culture was measured using the Korean version of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (Hospital SOPSTM). Patient safety competency was measured using the Patient Safety Competency Self-Evaluation tool. Multiple regression analysis was performed using Stata version 14 to examine the relationships between patient safety culture and RNs' patient safety competency, while adjusting for the RNs nested in their units. FINDINGS Of the 10 specific aspects of patient safety culture, only teamwork within units was significantly related to overall safety competency. In relation to each of the three patient safety competencies, teamwork within and across units and supervisor or manager expectations were significantly related to attitudes, while teamwork within units and learning were significantly related to skills. Only organizational learning was significantly related to knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Although teamwork, leadership, and continuous learning in the nursing unit were major factors influencing RNs' safety competency, the relationships of these factors to patient safety attitudes, skills, and knowledge among RNs were varied. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Creating a unit-specific patient safety culture that is tailored to the competencies of the unit's RNs in patient safety practice would be essential to enhance and maintain high levels of patient safety attitudes, skills, and knowledge among the unit's RNs, which would ultimately affect patient safety.
Biodiversity and human health: mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces

Introduction Natural environments and green spaces provide ecosystem services that enhance human health and well-being. They improve mental health, mitigate allergies and reduce all-cause, respiratory, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. The presence, accessibility, proximity and greenness of green spaces determine the magnitude of their positive health effects, but the role of biodiversity (including species and ecosystem diversity) within green spaces remains underexplored. This review describes mechanisms and evidence of effects of biodiversity in nature and green spaces on human health. Sources of data We identified studies listed in PubMed and Web of Science using combinations of keywords including 'biodiversity', 'diversity', 'species richness', 'human health', 'mental health' and 'well-being' with no restrictions on the year of publication. Papers were considered for detailed evaluation if they were written in English and reported data on levels of biodiversity and health outcomes. Areas of agreement There is evidence for positive associations between species diversity and well-being (psychological and physical) and between ecosystem diversity and immune system regulation. Areas of concern There is a very limited number of studies that relate measured biodiversity to human health. There is more evidence for self-reported psychological well-being than for well-defined clinical outcomes. High species diversity has been associated with both reduced and increased vector-borne disease risk. Growing points Biodiversity supports ecosystem services mitigating heat, noise and air pollution, which all mediate the positive health effects of green spaces, but direct and long-term health outcomes of species diversity have been insufficiently studied so far. Areas timely for research Additional research and newly developed methods are needed to quantify short- and long-term health effects of exposure to perceived and objectively measured species diversity, including health effects of nature-based solutions and exposure to microbiota.
Development of Self-Esteem From Age 4 to 94 Years: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies

To investigate the normative trajectory of self-esteem across the life span, this meta-analysis synthesizes the available longitudinal data on mean-level change in self-esteem. The analyses were based on 331 independent samples, including data from 164,868 participants. As effect size measure, we used the standardized mean change d per year. The mean age associated with the effect sizes ranged from 4 to 94 years. Results showed that average levels of self-esteem increased from age 4 to 11 years (cumulative d = 0.34; cumulative ds are relative to age 4), remained stable from age 11 to 15, increased strongly until age 30 (cumulative d = 1.05), continued to increase until age 60 (cumulative d = 1.30), peaked at age 60 and remained constant until age 70, declined slightly until age 90 (cumulative d = 1.15), and declined more strongly until age 94 (cumulative d = 0.76). Moderator analyses were conducted for the full set of samples and for the subset of samples between ages 10 to 20 years. Although the measure of self-esteem accounted for differences in effect sizes, the moderator analyses suggested that the pattern of mean-level change held across gender, country, ethnicity, sample type, and birth cohort. The meta-analytic findings clarify previously unresolved issues about the nature and magnitude of self-esteem change in specific developmental periods (i.e., childhood, adolescence, and old age) and draw a much more precise picture of the life span trajectory of self-esteem.
Association between serum ferritin and mortality: findings from the USA, Japan and European Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study

ABSTRACT Background The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines have cautioned against administering intravenous (IV) iron to hemodialysis patients with high serum ferritin levels due to safety concerns, but prior research has shown that the association between high ferritin and mortality could be attributed to confounding by malnutrition and inflammation. Our goal was to better understand the ferritin–mortality association and relative influence of IV iron and inflammation in the USA, where ferritin levels have recently increased dramatically, and in Europe and Japan, where ferritin levels are lower and anemia management practices differ. Methods Data from 18 261 patients in Phases 4 and 5 (2009–15) of the international Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study, a prospective cohort study, were analyzed. Using Cox regression, we modeled the association between baseline ferritin and 1-year mortality with restricted cubic splines and assessed the impact of potential confounders. Results Median ferritin levels were 718 ng/mL in the USA, 405 in Europe and 83 in Japan. High ferritin levels were associated with elevated mortality (relative to region-specific medians) in all three regions. The strength of this association was attenuated more by adjustment for malnutrition and inflammation than by IV iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agent dose in each region. Conclusion The utility of high ferritin as a biomarker for clinical risk due to excess iron stores may be limited, although caution regarding IV iron dosing to higher upper ferritin targets remains warranted. Research to resolve biomarker criteria for iron dosing, and whether optimal anemia management strategies differ internationally, is still needed.
Impacts of Recurrent Hitchhiking on Divergence and Demographic Inference in Drosophila

In species with large population sizes such as Drosophila, natural selection may have substantial effects on genetic diversity and divergence. However, the implications of this widespread non-neutrality for standard population genetic assumptions and practices remain poorly resolved. Here, we assess the consequences of recurrent hitchhiking (RHH), in which selective sweeps occur at a given rate randomly across the genome. We use forward simulations to examine two published RHH models for D. melanogaster, reflecting relatively common/weak and rare/strong selection, respectively. We find that unlike the rare/strong RHH model, the common/weak model entails a substantial degree of Hill-Robertson interference, which has implications for the rate of beneficial mutation and for the simulation of RHH models. We also find that the common/weak RHH model is more consistent with our genome-wide estimate of the proportion of substitutions fixed by natural selection between D. melanogaster and D. simulans (19%). Finally, we examine how these models of RHH might bias demographic inference. We find that RHH has relatively minor effects on the inference of recent between-population demographic parameters, while having stronger effects on inference of longer term ancestral population parameters. Thus, even for species with important genome-wide impacts of selective sweeps, neutralist demographic inference can have some utility in understanding the histories of recently-diverged populations.
Generalized Mean Apparent Propagator MRI to Measure and Image Advective and Dispersive Flows in Medicine and Biology

Water transport in biological systems spans different regimes with distinct physical behaviors: diffusion, advection, and dispersion. Identifying these regimes is of paramount importance in many in vivo applications, among them, measuring microcirculation of blood in capillary networks and cerebrospinal fluid transport in the glymphatic system. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) can be used to encode water displacements, and a Fourier transform of the acquired signal furnishes a displacement probability density function known as the propagator. This transformation normally requires the use of a fast Fourier transform (FFT), which presents major feasibility challenges when scanning in vivo, mainly because of dense signal sampling, resulting in long acquisition times. A second approach to reconstruct the propagator is by using analytical representation of the signal, overcoming many of the FFT’s limitations. In all analytical implementations of dMRI to date, the translational motion of water has been assumed to be exclusively diffusive, which is the case only in the absence of flow. However, retaining the phase information from the diffusion signal provides the ability to measure both mean coherent velocity and random diffusion from a single experiment. We implement and extend an analytical framework, mean apparent propagator (MAP), which can account for non-zero flow conditions. We call this method generalized MAP or GMAP. We describe a numerical optimization scheme and implement it on data from an MRI flow phantom constructed from a pack of 10- $\mu \text{m}$ beads. The advantages of GMAP over the FFT-based method in the context of sampling density and low-flow detection were demonstrated, and analytically derived propagator moments were shown to agree with theoretical values even after data subsampling. GMAP would enable the detection of microflow in vivo that could help elucidate many important biological processes.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Safety and Immunogenicity of Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Immunization During Pregnancy and Subsequent Infant Immune Response

Background Immunization of pregnant women with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) provides protection against pertussis to the newborn infant. Methods In a randomized, controlled, observer-blind, multicenter clinical trial, we measured the safety and immunogenicity of Tdap during pregnancy and the effect on the infant's immune response to primary vaccination at 2, 4, and 6 months and booster vaccination at 12 months of age. A total of 273 women received either Tdap or tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine in the third trimester and provided information for the safety analysis and samples for the immunogenicity analyses; 261 infants provided serum for the immunogenicity analyses. Results Rates of adverse events were similar in both groups. Infants of Tdap recipients had cord blood levels that were 21% higher than maternal levels for pertussis toxoid (PT), 13% higher for filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), 4% higher for pertactin (PRN), and 7% higher for fimbriae (FIM). These infants had significantly higher PT antibody levels at birth and at 2 months and significantly higher FHA, PRN, and FIM antibodies at birth and 2 and 4 months, but significantly lower PT and FHA antibody levels at 6 and 7 months and significantly lower PRN and FIM antibody levels at 7 months than infants whose mothers received Td. Differences persisted prebooster at 12 months for all antigens and postbooster 1 month later for PT, FHA, and FIM. Conclusions This study demonstrated that Tdap during pregnancy results in higher levels of antibodies early in infancy but lower levels after the primary vaccine series. Clinical Trials Registration NCT00553228.
IL‐1β induces increased tight junction permeability in bovine mammary epithelial cells via the IL‐1β‐ERK1/2‐MLCK axis upon blood‐milk barrier damage

Bovine mastitis occurs frequently in dairy cows and is often caused by various aetiological organisms, for example, Escherichia coli. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key virulence factor of E. coli. In this study, we stimulated bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) with LPS to investigate the global transcriptional response and identify specific proinflammatory factors that play important roles in blood‐milk barrier damage during mastitis caused by E. coli. By performing RNA‐seq, we identified a large number of significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the LPS‐treated BMECs and the control cells. Among the DEGs, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) was selected because its messenger RNA expression was induced by LPS and its enrichment is involved in multiple inflammatory signal pathways, and its roles in blood‐milk barrier damage during the process of mastitis were investigated. Exogenous IL‐1β treatment damaged the integrity of the blood‐milk barrier, as indicated by the increased BMEC tight junction (TJ) permeability and confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Furthermore, the IL‐1β–induced increase in the BMEC TJ permeability was mediated by the IL‐1β‐ERK1/2‐MLCK axis pathway. Our data provide insights into the functions of IL‐1β in blood‐milk barrier damage caused by mastitis in dairy cows.
Growth of ovarian cancer xenografts causes loss of muscle and bone mass: a new model for the study of cancer cachexia

Cachexia frequently occurs in women with advanced ovarian cancer (OC), along with enhanced inflammation. Despite being responsible for one third of all cancer deaths, cachexia is generally under‐studied in OC due to a limited number of pre‐clinical animal models. We aimed to address this gap by characterizing the cachectic phenotype in a mouse model of OC.
Sport and dance interventions for healthy young people (15–24 years) to promote subjective well-being: a systematic review

Objective To review and assess effectiveness of sport and dance participation on subjective well-being outcomes among healthy young people aged 15–24 years. Design Systematic review. Methods We searched for studies published in any language between January 2006 and September 2016 on PsychINFO, Ovid MEDLINE, Eric, Web of Science (Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Social Science and Science Citation Index), Scopus, PILOTS, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and International Index to Performing Arts. Additionally, we searched for unpublished (grey) literature via an online call for evidence, expert contribution, searches of key organisation websites and the British Library EThOS database, and a keyword Google search. Published studies of sport or dance interventions for healthy young people aged 15–24 years where subjective well-being was measured were included. Studies were excluded if participants were paid professionals or elite athletes, or if the intervention was clinical sport/dance therapy. Two researchers extracted data and assessed strength and quality of evidence using criteria in the What Works Centre for Wellbeing methods guide and GRADE, and using standardised reporting forms. Due to clinical heterogeneity between studies, meta-analysis was not appropriate. Grey literature in the form of final evaluation reports on empirical data relating to sport or dance interventions were included. Results Eleven out of 6587 articles were included (7 randomised controlled trials and 1 cohort study, and 3 unpublished grey evaluation reports). Published literature suggests meditative physical activity (yoga and Baduanjin Qigong) and group-based or peer-supported sport and dance has some potential to improve subjective well-being. Grey literature suggests sport and dance improve subjective well-being but identify negative feelings of competency and capability. The amount and quality of published evidence on sport and dance interventions to enhance subjective well-being is low. Conclusions Meditative activities, group and peer-supported sport and dance may promote subjective well-being enhancement in youth. Evidence is limited. Better designed studies are needed. Trial registration number CRD42016048745; Results.
Importance of clinical educators to research use and suggestions for better efficiency and effectiveness: results of a cross-sectional survey of care aides in Canadian long-term care facilities

Objective This study explored the effect of clinical educators as facilitators of research use and how it may be modified by organisational context in the settings. Design Cross-sectional observational study. Setting A representative sample of 91 residential long-term care (LTC) facilities across Western Canada. Participants We used surveys to collect data from the frontline care aides and information about the organisational context of the care units. Outcome measure and explanatory variables We assessed research use (the outcome) with the Conceptual Research Utilization (CRU) scale. Explanatory variables in the multiple regression analysis were facilitation, organisational context and the interaction terms. Facilitation was measured by the frequency of contacts between care aides and clinical educator or person who brings new ideas about resident care. Three core organisational context variables were measured using the Alberta Context Tool. Results We included data of 3873 care aides from 294 care units in the LTC facilities. We found significant associations between CRU and facilitation, leadership, culture and evaluation. Interactions of facilitation x leadership and facilitation x culture were negative. The coefficient of the facilitation x evaluation term in the regression model was positive (0.019, 95% CI 0.012 to 0.026), suggesting synergistic effects between facilitation and a well-developed process to evaluate care quality using relevant data. Conclusions Findings indicate clinical educators are effective facilitators of research use among the care aides, but the effect is modified by organisational context. For greatest impact, managers can direct efforts of the clinical educators to care units where leadership and culture ratings are lowest, but a proficient feedback and evaluation process is in place. This understanding enables managers to deploy clinical educators (a scarce resource in LTC settings) most efficiently.