Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regulation of striatal dopamine receptors by estrogen

The ability of estrogen to modulate the expression of ventral and dorsal striatal dopamine receptors D1, D2, and D3 was examined in vivo using semi‐quantitative in situ hybridization and ligand binding autoradiography. Two‐week treatment with subcutaneous pellets of 17β‐estradiol (25 mg) downregulated D2 dopamine receptor mRNA in both dorsal and ventral striatum (shell and core regions of nucleus accumbens). No significant changes in D1 or D3 mRNA expression were detected. Ligand binding autoradiography did not reveal changes in D1, D2, or D3 receptor protein expression. We also assessed the ability of 17β‐estradiol to regulate D2 gene promoter activity in NB41A3 neuroblastoma cells that express this gene endogenously using co‐transfections with an estrogen receptor expression vector. While a small fragment of the D2 promoter could be activated 2.5‐fold by estrogen, a larger portion of the D2 gene was not regulated by this treatment. Estrogens do not appear to have a net effect on striatal dopamine receptor expression. The observed downregulation of D2 receptor mRNA in the dorsal and ventral striatum in vivo could be secondary to the increased striatal dopamine release induced by estrogen. Synapse 34:222–227, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exchange-rate variations and the rate of inflation in emerging economies

This paper develops a structural general equilibrium model to analyse the reactions of the nominal exchange rate and the domestic price level to three types of external shock in emerging economies that have limited access to world capital markets. Although the results depend crucially on the type of external shock, each of the two national balance-sheet parameters considered here —the risk premium and the ratio of external indebtedness— exacerbates the reactions of the two endogenous variables without altering the degree of exchange-rate pass-through (erpt). Moreover, flatter Phillips curves, as observed today in many economies, tend to increase erpt. On the basis of these results, the authorities of emerging economies seeking to stabilize markets and limit erpt are advised to minimize the two risk parameters by applying a flexible inflation-targeting regime.
Prediction of Psychological Disorders Based on Meta-cognitive Components in the Elderly of Tehran

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to predict disorders in the elderly with respect to psychological disorders. Method: The method used for the research was descriptive correlational analysis. The statistical population of this study included all the Tehran's elderly during 2018, among which 300 were selected by stratified random sampling method. The measurement instruments were the psychological Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90-R) and the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire of Wells (MCQ). Multiple regression analysis was used as the statistical method to analyze the data. Results: Results revealed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of meta-cognition and psychological disorders. The components of positive beliefs, uncontrollable beliefs and cognitive beliefs were significant for all the components of psychological disorders. However, the components of negative beliefs did not have a significant effect on physical complaints and aggression, and the cognitive component had no significant effect on sensitivity in relationships and aggression. Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, it is concluded that metacognitive beliefs play an important role in the prediction of mental disorders in the elderly.
A Conceptual Framework for the Automated Generalization of Geological Maps Based on Multiple Agents and Workflow

For the complex semantic features of objects in a geological map, maintaining a hierarchy between different geological objects is a big challenge when automatically generalizing the geological map. The typical methods focus on automation of geological map generalization or pay more attention to the hierarchical relation between geological objects, which reduces the accuracy of the geological map generalization result. Therefore, a conceptual framework that focuses on both the automated process and the geological objects is particularly important in developing an efficient software designed for automated generalization of geological maps. In this paper, we design a compound conceptual framework for automated generalization of geological maps based on multiple agents and workflow. In this framework, the process is divided into three stages: structure analysis, map generalization, and style standardization. The map objects in the source geological map are abstracted as diverse agents with different properties and behaviors, and the agents can communicate with each other when they are activated. Thus, the relationship of the map objects is coordinated in geological map generalization, avoiding the conflict between the different operation levels. The workflow technology is used to manage the automated process. We discuss the task, modeling method, and specific operation in every stage based on the current conceptual framework and the characteristics of a geological map. Finally, we use a simple geological map for experimental studies that verify the proposed conceptual framework. The result shows that it is advantageous to design the software for automated generalization of geological maps based on the proposed compound conceptual framework.
A Learning Community of Colleagues Enhancing Practice

Abstract This article shares a promising practice: collegial visits. During collegial visits, educators watch a colleague teach a lesson about a predetermined focus as a form of professional development. Educators, including the host teacher, debrief after the lesson. These visits are part of a cycle of learning that moves from theory to practice, and the model is grounded in the research about professional learning communities. Collegial visits help foster a culture of sharing and collective ownership, while empowering teacher leadership.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in pregnancy.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is predominantly a genetically determined heart muscle disorder that is characterized by fibro-fatty replacement of the right ventricular (RV) myocardium. (1)) The clinical spectrum of ARVC may represent from asymptomatic premature ventricular complexes to ventricular tachycardia (VT) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). It is a well-known leading cause of SCD in young adults. (2,3))There is no general consensus on the management of ARVC in pregnancy, and the preferred mode of delivery is uncertain. Herein, we report a case of ARVC diagnosed at 20 weeks of gestation following a sustained VT and treated with an implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD). We also reviewed the current knowledge and approach to ARVC in pregnancy since the literature on this condition is based on case reports.
Activation of MEF2 by muscle activity is mediated through a calcineurin‐dependent pathway

Gene expression in skeletal muscles of adult vertebrates is altered profoundly by changing patterns of contractile work. Here we observed that the functional activity of MEF2 transcription factors is stimulated by sustained periods of endurance exercise or motor nerve pacing, as assessed by expression in trans genic mice of a MEF2‐dependent reporter gene (desMEF2‐lacZ). This response is accompanied by transformation of specialized myofiber subtypes, and is blocked either by cyclosporin A, a specific chemical inhibitor of calcineurin, or by forced expression of the endogenous calcineurin inhibitory protein, myocyte‐enriched calcineurin interacting protein 1. Calcineurin removes phosphate groups from MEF2, and augments the potency of the transcriptional activation domain of MEF2 fused to a heterologous DNA binding domain. Across a broad range, the enzymatic activity of calcineurin correlates directly with expression of endogenous genes that are transcriptionally activated by muscle contractions. These results delineate a molecular pathway in which calcineurin and MEF2 participate in the adaptive mechanisms by which skeletal myofibers acquire specialized contractile and metabolic properties as a function of changing patterns of muscle contraction.
Beer à no-go: learning to stop responding to alcohol cues reduces alcohol intake via reduced affective associations rather than increased response inhibition.

AIMS Previous research has shown that consistently not responding to alcohol-related stimuli in a go/no-go training procedure reduces drinking behaviour. This study aimed to examine further the mechanisms underlying this go/no-go training effect. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Fifty-seven heavy drinkers were assigned randomly to two training conditions: in the beer/no-go condition, alcohol-related stimuli were always paired with a stopping response, while in the beer/go condition participants always responded to alcohol-related stimuli. Participants were tested individually in a laboratory at Maastricht University. MEASUREMENTS Weekly alcohol intake, implicit attitudes towards beer, approach-avoidance action tendencies towards beer and response inhibition were measured before and after the training. FINDINGS Results showed a significant reduction in both implicit attitudes (P = 0.03) and alcohol intake (P = 0.02) in the beer/no-go condition, but not in the beer/go condition. There were no significant training effects on action tendencies or response inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Repeatedly stopping pre-potent responses towards alcohol-related stimuli reduces excessive alcohol use via a devaluation of alcohol-related stimuli rather than via increased inhibitory control over alcohol-related responses.
The Fountain of Privilege: Political Foundations of Markets in Old Regime France and England

This text applies contemporary economic and political theory to answer long-standing historical questions about modernization. It contrasts political stability in Georgian England with the collapse of the Old Regime in France. Why did a century of economic expansion rupture France's political foundations while leaving those of Britain intact? Comparing the political and financial institutions of the two states, Root argues that the French monarchy's tight control of markets created unresolvable social conflicts whereas England's broader power base permitted the wider distribution of economic favours, resulting in more flexible and efficient markets.
Integrated Disinfection By-Products Mixtures Research: Concentration by Reverse Osmosis Membrane Techniques of Disinfection By-Products from Water Disinfected by Chlorination and Ozonation/Postchlorination

To conduct the health-effect studies described in subsequent articles in this series, concentrated aqueous mixtures of disinfection by-products were required for the two water treatment trains described in the preceding article (Miltner et al., 2008). To accomplish this, the finished drinking waters from each treatment train were sent through cation-exchange resin columns to remove hardness and free chlorine. Reverse osmosis membranes were then used to concentrate approximately 2400 L of each finished water down to approximately 18 L. The resulting volumetric concentration factors for the chlorinated and ozonated/postchlorinated waters were 136- and 124-fold, respectively. The concentrates were spiked with select disinfection by-products (DBPs) that were lost during the concentration effort. The results, along with the rationale for choosing the method of concentration, are presented. After reintroduction of a select list of lost DBPs, the concentration methodology used herein was able to produce concentrates that retained large percentages of the DBPs that were in the initial finished drinking waters. Further, the distributions of the DBPs in the concentrates matched those found in the finished drinking waters.
CONTRACT DESIGN WITH MOTIVATED AGENTS: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

Do employers take advantage of workers’ intrinsic motivation by oering lower wages? Do they treat monetary incentives and the choice of job characteristics (i.e., the mission) as substitutes to motivate eort? I address these questions in a laboratory experiment in which principals can pay the agents to work for either their preferred charity or that of the principal. The results show that: a) conditional on wage, agents exert more effort when they work for their preferred charity; b) the principals anticipate the agents’ intrinsic motivation and use it to oer
Technical change and the elasticity of factor substitution

This paper addresses the relationship between technical change and the elasticity of substitution between factors of production. It is shown how the elasticity within a CES production setting can change due to technical change. Technical change is interpreted in the spirit of horizontal differentiation as in many growth models. Cases for positive and negative returns to differentiation are analyzed which can be understood as progress or complexity congestions. It is shown how the elasticity changes due to technical choices for each of them.
Drug- and Alcohol-Related Deaths at a Pediatric Institution in the United Kingdom

AimThe study aimed to identify the incidence, clinical presentation, and demographic features of drug- and alcohol-related deaths diagnosed at a pediatric pathology department between 2004 and 2010. Material and MethodsDatabases of the histopathology and toxicology departments were searched. Three groups were defined as follows: (1) cause of death is toxicologically related; (2) drugs present are consistent with therapeutic range use; and (3) a drug was detected, but the contribution of this drug to the mechanism of death was not clear. ResultsFifty-five cases (36 males, 19 females; mean, 4.8 years; range, 2 hours to 17 years) were identified. This corresponded to 3.3% (55/1669) of all postmortems. Ten cases were group 1, 42 cases were group 2, and 3 cases were group 3. The results in group 1 were methadone (n = 2); methadone, alcohol, and dothiepin (n = 1); diazepam (n = 1); dothiepin (n = 1); carbon monoxide (n = 2); tramadol (n = 1); codeine and paracetamol (n = 1); and dihydrocodeine, citalopram, amitriptyline, and paracetamol (n = 1). The types of death were considered accidental (n = 2), suicide (n = 2), and undetermined (n = 6). ConclusionsThe presence of a toxin in lethal concentration was found in 10 (0.6%) of 1669 of any kind of postmortem examinations. This increased to 2.2% when the analysis was restricted to “sudden deaths. ” These results demonstrate the need to conduct toxicological screening in all postmortems of this sort.
Mental Health Provider Perspectives on Co-occurring Substance Use Among Severely Mentally Ill Clients

Abstract This qualitative study explores strategies used by mental health providers (N = 17) to address substance use problems among seriously mentally ill (SMI) clients and their perspectives on barriers to treatment and how treatment can be improved. Providers identified numerous strategies. yet these were countered with perceptions of multiple obstacles, leaving them frustrated, helpless, and hopeless about their clients' substance use. Results suggest that, in addition to improving access to quality dual-diagnosis treatment, larger issues of poverty and social isolation must also be addressed. Not doing so limits what providers can do for SMI clients and could reduce the effect of larger systemlevel improvements.
Change in Parenting Democracy During the Transition to Adolescence: The Roles of Young Adolescents' Noncompliance and Mothers' Perceived Influence

Objective. This study assessed the direct relation between young adolescents’ regulated noncompliance and mothers’ democratic childrearing practices as well as the potential mediating role of mothers’ perceived influence during the transition to adolescence. Design. 3 years of self-reported regulated noncompliance, perceived influence, and parenting democracy were gathered from 166 mothers and their firstborn children (55% female), ages 9 to 11 years at Time 1. Results. Longitudinal path analysis indicated a total effect between adolescents’ regulated noncompliance and higher maternal democracy. In addition, the total effect was mediated by mothers’ perceived influence, such that adolescents’ regulated noncompliance at Time 1 was associated with greater perceptions of influence at Time 2, which, in turn, was associated with greater maternal democracy at Time 3. Conclusions. Mothers with young adolescents who resist in a relatively mature, regulated manner tend to have more positive perceptions of their influence on their emerging adolescents’ behavior. In turn, mothers expecting to maintain their influence despite normative adolescent resistance are more likely to use democratic parenting strategies, granting their adolescents more input in decisions.
Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin: one-year results of 2 randomized clinical trials--TAP report. Treatment of age-related macular degeneration with photodynamic therapy (TAP) Study Group.

OBJECTIVE To determine if photodynamic therapy with verteporfin (Visudyne; CIBA Vision Corp, Duluth, Ga) can safely reduce the risk of vision loss in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN Two multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials. SETTING Twenty-two ophthalmology practices in Europe and North America. PARTICIPANTS Patients with subfoveal CNV lesions caused by AMD measuring 5400 microm or less in greatest linear dimension with evidence of classic CNV and best-corrected visual acuity of approximately 20/40 to 20/200. METHODS Six hundred nine patients were randomly assigned (2: 1) to verteporfin (6 mg per square meter of body surface area) or placebo (5% dextrose in water) administered via intravenous infusion of 30 mL over 10 minutes. Fifteen minutes after the start of the infusion, a laser light at 689 nm delivered 50J/cm2 at an intensity of 600 mW/cm2 over 83 seconds using a spot size with a diameter 1000 microm larger than the greatest linear dimension of the CNV lesion. At follow-up examinations every 3 months, retreatment with the same regimen was applied if angiography showed fuorescein leakage. The primary outcome was the proportion of eyes with fewer than 15 letters lost (approximately <3 lines of loss), adhering to an intent-to-treat analysis. RESULTS In each group, 94% of patients completed the month 12 examination. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and fluorescein angiographic outcomes were better in the verteporfin-treated eyes than in the placebo-treated eyes at every follow-up examination through the month 12 examination. At the month-12 examination, 246 (61%) of 402 eyes assigned to verteporfin compared with 96 (46%) of 207 eyes assigned to placebo had lost fewer than 15 letters of visual acuity from baseline (P<.001). In subgroup analyses, the visual acuity benefit (< 15 letters lost) of verteporfin therapy was clearly demonstrated (67% vs 39%; P<.001) when the area of classic CNV occupied 50% or more of the area of the entire lesion (termed predominantly classic CNV lesions), especially when there was no occult CNV. No statistically significant differences in visual acuity were noted when the area of classic CNV was more than 0% but less than 50% of the area of the entire lesion. Few ocular or other systemic adverse events were associated with verteporfin treatment, compared with placebo, including transient visual disturbances (18% vs 12%), injection-site adverse events (13% vs 3%), transient photosensitivity reactions (3% vs 0%), and infusion-related low back pain (2% vs 0%). CONCLUSIONS Since verteporfin therapy of subfoveal CNV from AMD can safely reduce the risk of vision loss, we recommend verteporfin therapy for treatment of patients with predominantly classic CNV from AMD.
Responses of mitral cells to olfactory nerve volleys in the rabbit

It has been shown in the preceding paper (Phillips, Powell & Shepherd, 1963) that the mitral cells of the rabbit's olfactory bulb are invaded by antidromic impulses when their axons are stimulated by shocks to the lateral olfactory tract. Some of those cells could also be excited synaptically, by volleys of afferent impulses evoked by shocks to small filaments of the olfactory nerve. The results of such orthodromic activation form the subject of the present paper. Synaptic excitation of the mitral cell is of particular interest because the synaptic contacts between the primary afferent fibres and dendrites of the mitral cells are confined within the olfactory glomeruli; the region of synaptic contact is separated from the soma and axon of the mitral cell by a smooth-shafted primary dendrite about 500,u in length. How does synaptic action at this remote region generate impulses which travel down the mitral axon? A second question concerns the actions of olfactory nerve impulses on the excitability of mitral cells. Olfactory nerve volleys cause long-lasting changes in excitability, comparable in their time course with the changes caused by antidromic volleys in the lateral olfactory tract. Such changes are found in cells which have not themselves discharged impulses in response to the afferent volleys in the olfactory nerve. Thus the changes have nothing to do with refractoriness of the mitral cell membrane, but are probably due to synaptic actions upon its secondary dendrites. Such actions may be due to impulses in the recurrent collaterals of neighbouring mitral cells which have been discharged by synaptic stimulation; to impulses in granule cells excited by these recurrent collaterals; or to impulses discharged by tufted cells and glomerular short-axoned cells, themselves excited synaptically by the olfactory nerve volleys. Further evidence on these possibilities will be presented in the next paper (Shepherd, 1963).
The Safety of Nurse-Administered Procedural Sedation Compared to Anesthesia Care in a Historical Cohort of Advanced Endoscopy Patients

BACKGROUND:In April 2010, in response to a change in Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services regulation placing deep sedation under hospital anesthesia services, our institution began providing anesthesia care for all advanced endoscopic procedures. Because it remains unknown whether anesthesia care reduces sedation-related complications or improves quality of care versus nurse-administered sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound patients, we retrospectively compared complications in a 5-year historical cohort before and after the policy change. METHODS:We reviewed a historical cohort of 9598 consecutive endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound examinations for adult patients at a single institution during a 5-year period (October 2007–October 2012). We compared procedures performed before and after the policy change for the incidence of sedation, endoscopic, and total complications, and for major morbidity and mortality. RESULTS:The incidence of reported sedation-related complications was 0.38% (17 of 4514) before the policy change and 0.08% (4 of 5084) after the policy change, which was statistically significant (P = 0.002, diff = 0.3, 95% confidence interval, 0.11%–0.53%). Endoscopic complications were not significantly different before versus after: 0.66% vs 0.87% (P = 0.293, diff = 0.2, 95% confidence interval, −0.16% to 0.56%). Total complications (1.11% vs 1.00%, P = 0.618) and major morbidity and mortality (0.27% vs 0.33%, P = 0.581) did not differ between the 2 time periods. CONCLUSIONS:Anesthesia care for advanced endoscopy in a high-risk population significantly reduced sedation complications compared with nurse-administered sedation. Endoscopic complications were unchanged. The sedation risk reduction did not reduce major morbidity, mortality, or total complications.