Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Jugular Bulb Oxygen Saturation Under Propofol or Sevoflurane/Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia During Deliberate Mild Hypothermia in Neurosurgical Patients

Sevoflurane and propofol have been widely used as anesthetic agents for neurosurgery. Recent evidence has suggested that the influence of these anesthetics on cerebral oxygenation may differ. In the present study, the authors investigated jugular bulb oxygen saturation (SjO2) during propofol and sevoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia under mildly hypothermic conditions. After institutional approval and informed consent, 20 patients undergoing elective craniotomy were studied. Patients were randomly divided to the group S/N2O (sevoflurane/nitrous oxide/fentanyl anesthesia) or the group P (propofol/fentanyl anesthesia). After induction of anesthesia, the catheter was inserted retrograde into the jugular bulb and SjO2 was analyzed. During the operation, patients were cooled and tympanic membrane temperature was maintained at 34.5°C. SjO2 was measured at normocapnia during mild hypothermia and at hypocapnia during mild hypothermia. There were no statistically significant differences in demographic variables between the groups. During mild hypothermia, SjO2 values were significantly lower in group P than in group S/N2O. The incidence of SjO2 less than 50% under mild hypothermic-hypocapnic conditions was significantly higher in group P than in group S/N2O. These results suggest that hyperventilation should be more cautiously applied during mild hypothermia in patients anesthetized with propofol and fentanyl versus sevoflurane/nitrous oxide/fentanyl.
Block-Iterative Algorithms with Underrelaxed Bregman Projections

The notion of relaxation is well understood for orthogonal projections onto convex sets. For general Bregman projections it was considered only for hyperplanes, and the question of how to relax Bregman projections onto convex sets that are not linear (i.e., not hyperplanes or half-spaces) has remained open. A definition of the underrelaxation of Bregman projections onto general convex sets is given here, which includes as special cases the underrelaxed orthogonal projections and the underrelaxed Bregman projections onto linear sets as given by De Pierro and Iusem [J. Optim. Theory Appl. , 51 (1986), pp. 421--440]. With this new definition, we construct a block-iterative projection algorithmic scheme and prove its convergence to a solution of the convex feasibility problem. The practical importance of relaxation parameters in the application of such projection algorithms to real-world problems is demonstrated on a problem of image reconstruction from projections.
Corporate Social Reporting in European Banks: The Effects on a Firm's Market Value

Despite the increasing level of interest in CSR issues, it is not yet clear what real value the market assigns to social reporting. By applying the value relevance analysis to a sample of 130 European-listed banks, the present work proposes a key to understanding the relationship between social reporting and the value that the market attributes to banks that publicize their commitment to CSR through social reporting. The analysis for the entire sample does not provide evidence that investors attribute value relevance to social reporting (i.e. there is not a significant correlation between the publication of a social report and the stock price). Cross-country analysis shows that in some countries the social report is value-relevant, and positively affects the stock price; in others it remains value-relevant but negatively affects the stock price. Our findings could have several implications for banks, investors, and policymakers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Application of Biogeography based optimization in tuning a PID controller for nonlinear systems

This paper is dedicated to present the newly developed evolutionary algorithm: Biogeography based optimization (BBO). It is based on the migration of information between habitats like in Biogeography. The BBO is then used to tune a PID controller of nonlinear systems where the parameters are optimized. Simulations of the proposed algorithm are carried out over an inverted pendulum and second on mass-spring damper system. Performances of the BBO are compared to those of genetic algorithm in PID tuning problem and the BBO gives acceptable results even best then GA.
Variations in the Platelet Arginine/Nitric Oxide Pathway during the Ovarian Cycle in Females Affected by Menstrual Migraine

Previous studies have reported the existence of an arginine/nitric oxide (NO) pathway and the involvement of a Ca2+, NADPH-dependent nitric oxide synthase enzyme (NOS) in the generation of NO in human platelets. In the present research, we determined the rate of production of NO and cGMP in the cytosol of platelets stimulated by collagen in 20 females with menstrual migraine (MM), (age range 2440 years), assessed in the follicular and luteal phases, interictally and ictally in the latter period. The same patients were also assessed at mid-cycle. At the same time, the variations in the collagen response of platelets were evaluated. Moreover, these parameters were determined in the same periods in 20 age-matched control females and in 20 females affected by non-menstrually related migraine (nMM). The collagen-stimulated production of NO in the cytosol of the platelet cytosol was significantly higher in migraine patients with MM than in the control subjects. In MM patients, the increase was greater in the luteal phase of the cycle than during the follicular phase (p<0.005). A rise in NO production in platelets was also present, although to a lesser extent, in females affected by nMM compared to the healthy females, but this rise was most evident at ovulation (p<0.001). A slight but significant increase was also observed at mid-cycle in control women, but this increase did not reach the values determined in the migraine groups (p<0.02). NO production in platelets stimulated by collagen was significantly increased during attacks with respect to the interictal period in both patient groups. Similar variations were observed in the production of cGMP in MM and nMM patients. The increase in NO production was accompanied by a decrease in platelet aggregation in the migraine groups compared with the control group; this decrease was most evident at mid-cycle in nMM patients and in the luteal phase in MM patients. These data suggest an activation of the L-arginine/ NO pathway in MM and nMM patients which could explain the modifications in the platelet response to collagen evidenced in migraine-free periods and during attacks. The activation of this pathway is more accentuated in the luteal phase in MM patients, and this could be the cause of the increased susceptibility to migraine attacks in premenstrual and menstrual periods in these patients.
Effects of pedal frequency on VO2 and work output at lactate threshold (LT), fixed blood lactate concentrations of 2 mM and 4 mM, and max in competitive cyclists.

To determine the effects of differing pedal frequencies on VO2 and work output values at the lactate threshold (LT), fixed blood lactate concentrations of 2 mM and 4 mM (2 mM, 4 mM), and at max, nine male competitive road racing cyclists (USCF category I or II) completed three VO2 max tests; on a Monark bicycle ergometer, at pedal frequencies of 60, 90, and 120 rpm. Each stage was 3 min in duration, starting at 0 kgm/min with subsequent stages increased by either 180 kgm/min (60 and 120 rpm) or 178 kgm/min (90 rpm). Blood samples were taken during the last 30 s of each stage. VO2 and work output at LT, 2 mM, and 4 mM were determined from individual blood lactate-work rate and VO2-work rate relationships. VO2 max and maximal work output were chosen as the peak values observed during the VO2 max tests. Results indicated that work output at LT, 2 mM, and 4 mM was affected by choice of pedal frequency (1278, 1140, 999 kgm/min at LT; 1533, 1450, 1182 kgm/min at 2 mM; 1780, 1703, 1487 kgm/min at 4 mM; for 60, 90, and 120 rpm, respectively, P less than 0.05). Max work output at 60 and 90 rpm was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than at 120 rpm (2035, 2053, 1879 kgm/min for 60, 90, and 120 rpm, respectively). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lipophilic character and biological activity of drugs. II. The parabolic case.

In the first part of this review (l), examples were considered in which there was a linear relationship between the response to drug action and the relative lipophilic character of the drug. Relative drug response was defined in terms of log 1/C (pC), where C is the molar concentration of drug producing a standard response; relative lipophilic character was defined by log P, where P is the octanol-water partition coefficient. The present review extends this survey to the more general problem of the nonlinear relationship between pC and log P. The term “drug” is difficult to define. In these discussions it is employed in the widest sense possible. A drug is considered to be any chemical capable of causing a biochemical or biological response. A better term might be pharmacon, which has been employed by Ariens (2). Ever since Meyer (3) and Overton (4) discovered that the narcotic potency of the members of a set of congeners tends to increase as their oil-water partition coefficients increase, there has been interest in defining “lipophilic character” and its role in the activity of drugs. The analyses in this review are all based on the operational definition of lipophilic character by log P from the octanol-water system. There is, of course, great advantage in using a single reference system. The reasons behind the choice of octanol-water were discussed previously (1, 5) . It is possible to compare work in other solvent systems with that obtained in octanol-water oiu Eq. 1 :
Biochemical nutritional indicators in children with protein energy malnutrition attending Kanti Children Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.

BACKGROUND Nutrition is the science of food and its relationship to health. Nutritional status is one of the key indicators of health Nutritional status of Nepal is not satisfactory. Especially Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) in Nepal is a very common problem in children under fi ve years of age. There are number biochemical parameters which become altered during protein energy malnutrition. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study are to determine biochemical nutritional indicators among children suffering from PEM and to compare all biochemical parameters with well nourished children and also to determine the factors affecting PEM among children under five years. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study design was cross sectional, descriptive study with control. Children between ages 6 to 59 months attending outpatient department (OPD) and wards of Kanti Children's Hospital (KCH), Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal were purposively selected. The sample size was calculated by using prevalence of malnutrition in Nepalese context and allowable error of 10 %, a total of 120 cases which include 60 PEM cases and 60 controls were selected. They were grouped into two groups based on whether they are above or below the 80% of 50th percentile of weight for height based on growth chart of National Centre of Health Statistics (NCHS), USA. RESULTS The educational status of parents of children with PEM was found to be significantly less (p<0.05) as compared to their non-PEM counterparts. Occupations of parents whose children were in PEM group include mainly housewives and labourers. Larger proportions of children in our study were born at home and exact birth weights of children were not known. Most of the children are colostrum fed. Most of the children in our study were immunized. Almost equal proportion of children belonged to nuclear family type and joint family type. The mean serum glucose, sodium, potassium, cholesterol, haemoglobin was not significantly different in both groups while mean total protein, albumin, and calcium were significantly (p<0.05) low in PEM group when compared to well nourished children (control). There was significantly (p<0.05) higher incidence of hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminaemia, and hypocalcaemia, in PEM group when compared to control group. CONCLUSION A significant proportion of children with protein energy malnutrition had altered biochemical parameters which were related to food intake and biochemical metabolism mandatory during growth and development of children less than five years of age. There was significantly higher proportion of hypoglycaemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminaemia, anaemia, hypocholesterolemia and hypocalcaemia in children with PEM when compared to normally nourished children.
Psychosocial Treatments for People with Co‐occurring Severe Mental Illnesses and Substance Use Disorders (Dual Diagnosis): A Review of Empirical Evidence

&NA; Considerable research documents the health consequences of psychosis and co‐occurring substance use disorders. Results of randomized controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for persons with dual diagnoses are equivocal but encouraging. Many studies are hampered by small, heterogeneous samples, high attrition rates, short follow‐up periods, and unclear description of treatment components. The treatments available for this group of patients (which can be tailored to individual needs) include motivational interviewing, cognitive‐behavioral therapy, contingency management, relapse prevention, case management, and skills training. Regardless of whether services follow integrated or parallel models, they should be well coordinated, take a team approach, be multidisciplinary, have specialist‐trained personnel (including 24‐hour access), include a range of program types, and provide for long‐term follow‐up. Interventions for substance reduction may need to be further developed and adapted for people with serious mental illnesses. Further quality trials in this area will contribute to the growing body of data of effective interventions.
Expressed emotion, attributions and depression in mothers of children with problem behaviour.

BACKGROUND This was an initial study seeking to examine the relationship between Expressed Emotion (EE), spontaneous causal attributions and depression in mothers of children referred for problem behaviour. METHOD Sixty-one mothers were interviewed using the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI). The CFI was coded for maternal EE and spontaneous causal attributions regarding the child's behaviour. Self-report measures of child problem behaviour and maternal depressive symptoms were also completed. RESULTS Consistent with previous research, high EE mothers, compared to low EE mothers, were more likely to make attributions thatjudged the cause of problem behaviour to be personal to and controllable by the child and also made more 'child-blaming' attributions than low EE mothers. Mothers' scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were found to be associated with 'child-blaming' attributions and higher levels of EE. Regression analyses did not support the hypothesised role of attributions as a mediator between depression and EE but did identify EE as a potential mediator in the relationship between maternal depressed mood and ratings of child problem behaviour. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the relevance of both EE and attributions in mothers of children with problem behaviour and suggest that maternal depressed mood is an important factor which is related to both of these.
The role of rhinovirus infections in the development of early childhood asthma

Purpose of reviewTo discuss the role of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) in early childhood wheezing illnesses and how HRVs contribute to the development of childhood asthma. Recent findingsAdvanced molecular diagnostics have identified HRVs as pathogens frequently causing wheezing illnesses in infants and young children. Wheezing during HRV infection in early life identifies children at particularly high-risk of asthma development. Plausible mechanisms by which HRV could cause airway damage, promote airway remodeling, and lead to asthma development have recently been identified. SummaryHRV is a significant source of morbidity in infants and young children. The present review identifies mechanisms by which HRV lower respiratory tract infection, particularly in a susceptible host, could promote the development of childhood asthma. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the link between HRV wheezing in early childhood and subsequent asthma development, with the critical goal of identifying novel therapeutic and prevention strategies for both early childhood wheezing and asthma.
Psychiatric Disorder in Pregnancy and the First Postnatal Year

Summary We interviewed 128 women regularly during pregnancy and the first postnatal year. Psychiatric interviews identified eight ‘cases' of psychiatric disorder (6 per cent) in early pregnancy and twenty ‘cases' (16 per cent) at six weeks after birth. Postnatal affective disorder, which accounted for 15 of these cases, was significantly associated with dissatisfaction with the marital relationship and also with previous psychiatric history. The implications of the term ‘postnatal depression’ are considered in terms of the course of the disorder in the 29 women (23 per cent) who had episodes of affective disorder at some time during pregnancy and the postnatal year. We found that the majority of episodes of affective disorder could be understood in terms of previous psychiatric history and/or reaction to life-events, including the stress of childbirth itself.
Evidence for a warm interstellar medium in Fornax dwarf elliptical galaxies¿ II. FCC032, FCC206 and FCCB729

We present R-band and Hα+[N ii] narrow-band imaging of FCC032, FCC206 and FCCB729, three dwarf elliptical galaxies (dEs) in the Fornax cluster. These dEs contain significant amounts of ionized gas. FCC032 harbours a large ionized gas complex, consisting of several individual clouds, a superbubble and a filament that extends away from the galaxy centre. The ionized gas structures observed in FCC032 bear a strong resemblance to those observed in more gas-rich and more fiercely star-forming dwarf galaxies. FCC206, a very low surface brightness dE, contains one faint extended emission region and two compact clouds. In FCCB729, the only nucleated galaxy in this sample, one of the ionized gas clouds coincides with the stellar nucleus. We derive ionized gas masses of a few 102 to 103 M⊙ for these galaxies. This brings our sample of dEs with ionized gas with Hα+[N ii] narrow-band imaging to five objects. The ionized gas morphologies in these galaxies range from pure nuclear emission peaks to extended emission complexes. This morphological diversity could also indicate a diversity in ionizing processes in dEs with a warm interstellar medium (active galactic nuclei, starbursts, post-asymptotic giant branch stars, etc.). Inside FCC206, four star clusters appear to be on the verge of merging to form a nucleus in this presently non-nucleated dE. Understanding the formation of nuclei in dEs could give us important clues to the formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs).
Comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC × GC) qMS analysis of tetrachloronaphthalenes in Halowax formulations

A combination of non-polar and shape selective columns in a comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC × GC) system consisting of DB-5MS and LC-50 as the 1st and 2nd dimension columns was used to separate 22 tetrachloronaphthalene isomers. These columns enabled separation of all possible isomers of tetraCN found in the technical chloronaphthalene Halowax formulations into 18 peaks covering 15 single separated isomers and 7 co-eluting in triplicate (1,2,4,6-/1,2,4,7-/1,2,5,7-tetraCN; nos. 33/34/37) and in pairs (1,2,3,7-/1,2,4,5-tetraCN; nos. 30/32 as well as 1,3,5,8-/1,3,6,8-tetraCN; nos. 43/45). Twelve isomers of tetraCN resolved as single compounds by the GC x GC system used were found in Halowax 1001, 1013, 1014 and 1099 as well as in Equi-Halowax mixture. Three other tetraCNs that could be also resolved as single compounds were not detected in these materials, while the remaining 7 tetraCNs, which co-eluted, waits a further separation. The majority of constituents of the tetraCN homologue group of the Halowax formulations are isomers such as 1,4,5,8- (no. 46), 1,2,5,8- (no. 38), 1,2,4,8-tetraCN (no. 35), co-eluting 1,3,5,8-tetraCN (no. 43 in a pair nos. 43/45) and also co-eluting 1,2,4,6-/1,2,4,7-/1,2,5,7-tetraCN (nos. 33/34/37). The less abundant by amongst of tetraCNs in these mixtures are 1,4,6,7- (no. 47) and 1,3,5,7-tetraCN (no. 42). The remaining seven isomers, i.e., 1,2,3,4- (no. 27), 1,2,3,5- (no. 28), 1,2,3,6- (no. 29), 1,2,5,6- (no. 36), 1,2,6,7- (no. 39), 1,2,6,8- (no. 40) and 1,2,7,8-tetraCN (no. 41) are usually minor by quantity, while 1,2,3,7-/1,2,4,5-tetraCN (nos. 30/32) are also minor, or one of them is absent. Three tetraCNs not found in the Halowax formulations are isomers such as 1,2,3,8-tetraCN (no. 31), 1,3,6,7-tetraCN (no. 44) and 2,3,6,7-tetraCN (no. 48).
Poor Clinical Sensitivity of Rapid Antigen Test for Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus

Influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus RNA was detected by reverse transcription–PCR in 144 clinical samples from Bonn, Germany. A common rapid antigen–based test detected the virus in only 11.1% of these samples. The paramount feature of rapid test–positive samples was high virus concentration. Antigen-based rapid tests appear unsuitable for virologic diagnostics in the current pandemic.
Sclerodermatous GVHD after Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant: a Review

Chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) is the leading cause of non-relapse mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic bone marrow transplantation (HCT) for blood malignancy in patients who survive for more than two years. cGVHD can significantly affect quality of life and cause decreased mobility amongst other grave consequences such as end-organ damage, contributing to morbidity and mortality rates for recipients of HCT. Unlike acute GVHD (aGVHD), the chronic variant of graft versus host disease (GVHD) has complex immunopathology involving both humoral and cell immunity. It typically affects the integumentary system, though is known to also affect myofascial, mucocutaneous tissues as well as cause end organ damage ultimately resulting in death. Sclerodermatous cGVHD is a type of cGVHD characterized by involvement of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and fascia without evidence of disease in the viscera. Manifestations of this disease are often evocative of autoimmune disease, which is a self-directed inflammatory reaction to the innate and adaptive immune system in various tissues or multiple organ systems. This inflammatory reaction gives rise to autoantibodies as well as B-cell and T-cell mediated direct toxicity which can cause chronic inflammatory changes of tissues ultimately resulting in tissue scarring and end organ dysfunction. We aim to review the literature on this grave disease and elucidate aspects of the immunopathology of chronic sclerodermatous GVHD in hopes that it may lead to revelations inspiring novel therapies after its diagnosis or preventative measures before stem cell transplantation for malignancy.
Observational data insufficient to change treatment

The paper by Mishra and colleagues suggests that age should not be a barrier to stroke thrombolysis,1 but caution is advised when using observational data to change clinical practice. SITS is a voluntary register, so does not include all patients who receive recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), and those who have adverse events (such as haemorrhage and death) may be omitted. VISTA is a trials registry, so includes all patients without selective loss. Therefore a …