Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Galileo AltBOC Receiver

Alternative BOC, AltBOC(15,10) modulation on E5, is one of the most advanced and promising signals the Galileo satellites will transmit. Galileo receivers capable of tracking this signal will benefit from unequalled performance in terms of measurement accuracy and multipath suppression. However, the signal processing techniques required to process the AltBOC modulation are much more challenging than those for the traditional BPSK or even for the usual BOC modulation. This stems from the extremely large bandwidth and from the complex interaction of 4 components of the spreading code. Despite a high number of publications on the tracking of other Galileo signals, little has been published yet on the tracking of AltBOC. The purpose of this paper is to present the principles of tracking and receiver-side processing for the AltBOC(15,10) signal . First, the signal structure is discussed in detail. Then the principle of demodulation and the architecture of the tracking channel are discussed alongside with related algorithms. The hardware implementation of the prototype receiver is presented as well. Finally, the impact of various error sources on the tracking performance is evaluated. INTRODUCTION Galileo is to transmit four different signals in the E5 band. Two of them will carry navigation messages whilst two are data-free pilot channels. Signal component Modulation Data Center frequency E5aI BPSK(10) Yes 1176.45MHz E5aQ BPSK(10) No E5bI BPSK(10) Yes 1207.14MHz E5bQ BPSK(10) No Table 1 Main characteristics of the four components of the E5 signal band. In this paper, it is assumed that the four signal components in the E5 band are modulated as a single wideband signal generated following the AltBOC(15,10) 8-PSK modulation as described and analysed in [1, 2, 3]. This wideband signal is centered at the E5 frequency of 1191.795MHz, and has a bandwidth of at least 70 MHz. The AltBOC modulation offers the advantage that the E5a (I&Q) and E5b (I&Q) bands can be processed independently, as traditional BPSK(10) signals, or together, leading to tremendous performances in terms of tracking noise and multipath. Unlike most previous publications, this paper focuses on the AltBOC signal from a receiver perspective. After a brief description of the AltBOC modulation and demodulation principle, the noise and multipath errors are evaluated on both the code and carrier measurements, and the influence of the receiver frontend bandwidth is assessed. Also, the signal distortion due to the ionosphere dispersion within the E5 band is analysed. AltBOC SIGNAL STRUCTURE For the derivation of the demodulation principle of the AltBOC modulation, it is sufficient to approximate the baseband AltBOC signal by its AltLOC counterpart:         ) 2 / . ( 4 ) 2 / . ( 3 . . 2 2 . . 1 1 . ) ( . ) ( ) (      
Towards E cient Methods for Training Robust Deep Neural Networks

In recent years, it has been shown that neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, i.e., specially crafted inputs that look visually similar to humans yet cause machine learning models to make incorrect predictions. A lot of research has been focused on training robust models models immune to adversarial examples. One such method is Adversarial Training, in which the model continuously trains on adversarially perturbed inputs. However, since these inputs require signi cant computation time to create, Adversarial Training is often much slower than vanilla training. In this work, we explore two approaches to increase the e ciency of Adversarial Training. First, we study whether faster yet less accurate methods for generating adversarially perturbed inputs su ce to train a robust model. Second, we devise a method for asynchronous parallel Adversarial Training and analyze a phenomenon of independent interest that arises staleness. Taken together, these two techniques enable comparable robustness on the MNIST dataset to prior art with a 26× reduction in training time from 4 hours to just 9 minutes.
eview n overview of odoriferous marine seaweeds of the Dictyopteris enus : insights into their chemical diversity , biological potential and cological roles abriele

Since the middle of the twentieth century the marine algae have attracted attention as a source of new drugs. Dictyopteris is an important group of marine seaweeds and is widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. This genus is known by its characteristic “ocean smell”. Some species show a distinct phytochemistry, with specific secondary metabolites, including C11-hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds and quinone derivatives, not usually found in marine seaweeds and described for the first time in the literature. Furthermore, several terpenes, steroids and halogenated compounds have been described. This chemical diversity gives it interesting biological properties, including cytotoxic, 11-hydrocarbons esquiterpene quinones ulfur compounds antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-herbivory activities. These findings highlight the importance to continue investigations on this genus and the need to compile the data available so far, since the species are quite heterogeneous, notably in relation to the chemical constitution. This paper reviews the literature on the Dictyopteris genus, focusing on its secondary metabolites and biological activities, in order to build the base for further studies. © 2018 Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open he CC access article under t
Longitudinal analysis of understory spruce growth : Results from a 44-year study

A 44-year-old experiment was used to address the long-term effects of establishment methods and timing, scarification and overstory density on understory spruce growth. Height growth was highest for planted seedlings on scarified sites. Treatments effects varied between planted, seeded and naturally regenerated trees. The effect of overstory density differed depending on the life period. Early growth of trees was not affected by overstory density while 44 year-old trees were advantaged by a reduced overstory density. Scarification has a variable effect depending on site, but generally enhanced tree growth. Establishment season had no effect on seedling and sapling growth. In Northern British Columbia, stands that have been attacked by the Mountain Pine Beetle might provide excellent regeneration opportunities for interior spruce in the understory.
Pharmacokinetic , bioavailability and tissue residues of apramycin in broiler chickens

The pharmacokinetics (after single oral, i.m. and i.v. administration) and tissue residues after repeated oral (daily for five days) and i.m. (daily for two days) administration of apramycin were investigated in healthy broiler chickens. Apramycin was administered at a dose level of 25 mg/kg b. wt. (for oral and i.m. administration) and at 10 mg/kg b. wt. for i.v. injection. Seventy clinically healthy Hubbard chickens of 1.65~2 kg b.wt. and of 45 days old, were used in the current study. The maximum plasma concentrations of apramycin were achieved 0.18 and 0.70 h after oral and i.m. administration with an absorption half-life (t1/2ab.) of 0.11 and 0.18 h and an elimination half-life (t1/2β) of 1.23 and 2.33 h, respectively. The systemic bioavailability was 2.5 and 60.5 % after oral and i.m. administration, respectively, indicating poor oral absorption of apramycin. After i.v. injection, the pharmacokinetics of apramycin was best described by a two-compartment open model with a t1/2α of 1.55 h, tl/2β of 2.15 h, Vdss of 4.85 litre/kg and Clβ of 1.9 litre/kg/h. The plasma protein binding of apramycin was 25.0 ± 2.45 %. The highest tissue concentrations of apramycin were present in kidneys and liver. No apramycin residues were detected in tissues after 6 h except in liver and kidneys following oral dosing.
Potential risk of cadmium in a soil-plant system as a result of long-term (10 years) pig manure application

Animal manure may be a primary source of cadmium (Cd) to Chinese farmlands because abnormally high values of Cd were observed in various manures. In this study, we evaluated the potential risk of Cd in soil-plant (maize and soybean) system as a result of the long-term (10 years) application of pig manure (PM). During 10 years, the loading rate of Cd through PM application ranged from 26.33–131.50 g/ha/year, while the crops removal rate of Cd was relatively small in comparison to the quantity of Cd supplied by PM application (1.03–4.36 g/ha/year). The PM application significantly increased total Cd concentration in soil. Although the Cd levels did not exceed the Chinese soil quality criteria (1.0 mg/kg dry matter (DM)), it would only take less than two years to reach this limit at high PM application rate. The same trend was also observed for the Cd concentration in maize and soybean. More seriously, Cd concentration in grain of soybean was higher than the threshold values for animal and human ingestion (0.2 mg/kg DM). Based on a mass balance calculation, we found that atmospheric deposition was also an important source of Cd in the experimental area (10.27 g/ha/year). Moreover, the application of PM enhanced the leaching loss of Cd, but they were still fairly small (0.34–0.73 g/ha/year).
Weak and strong convergence criteria of Noor iterations for asymptotically nonexpansive mappi

In this paper, weak and strong convergence theorems are established for a three-step scheme for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces. Mann-type and Ishikaw iterations are included by the new iterative scheme. The results obtained in this paper exte improve the recent ones announced by Xu and Noor, Glowinski and Le Tallec, Noor, Ishikaw many others.  2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
QUALITY OF COMMERCIAL FROZEN CONCENTRATED ORANGE JUICE AND ORANGE JUICE FROM CONCENTRATE SURVEYED MONTHLY FROM CURRENT FLORIDA PRODUCTION FROM 1983-1985

Frozen concentrated orange juice production from up to 17 Florida plants was surveyed monthly for flavor, color, °Brix, percent acid and °Brix to percent acid ratio during the 1983 through 1985 citrus seasons. Orange juice from concen trate was surveyed for the same quality factors from up to three Florida plants from January 1984 July 1985. Means, standard deviations and ranges are presented for the various factors for both products. For both surveys, correlation analysis of the data for the several factors studied revealed significant relationships; ANOVA analysis showed month-to-month, year-to-year and plant-to-plant variations among several of the factors. For the 1984-85 citrus season, 118.5 million gal of fro zen orange concentrate (41.8°Brix) and 229.2 million gal of chilled orange juice were produced in Florida (5). Pre sumably, all of the above production underwent continu ous United States Department of Agriculture inspection and was graded as per federal and Florida quality stan dards (9, 10, 11). The major characteristics taken into con sideration included appearance, flavor, color, defects, °Brix, the ratio of °Brix to percent acid (hereafter referred to as ratio), oil content, and for Florida frozen concen trated orange juice (FCOJ) only, sinking or bottom pulp. Some typical data for sensory, physical and chemical characteristics of Florida-produced FCOJ obtained at the plants were presented and discussed by Attaway et al. (1), Huggart et al. (6), Moore et al. (8) and Wenzel (12). Fellers et al. (3) presented similar data for FCOJ obtained from the U.S. retail market. Quality characteristics of orange juice from concentrate (OJFC) were documented by Fellers et al. (4). Objectives of the present research were to determine: flavor and certain other quality attributes of Florida's FCOJ and OJFC production; the relationships between the factors studied; how the factors varied by month, year and plant. These objectives were in the wake of: 1. five devas tating freezes in the citrus-producing areas of Florida from 1980-1985; 2. an influx of Brazilian orange juice into Flor ida for processing uses; and 3. a lowering of °Brix in FCOJ in steps from 44.8 to 41.8, the final effect taking place 1 Dec. 1981 (9). Materials and Methods Sample collection and storage. As close to the first of each month as was practical, current samples of FCOJ and OJFC production were collected by Florida Department of Citrus personnel with the aid of the United States Depart ment of Agriculture and plant personnel. FCOJ samples were stored at — 18°C and OJFC samples at about 5°C until
THE INFLUENCE OF VAT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

Ștefan Gabriel Guran, Delia Florina Cataramă ABSTRACT In order to keep pace with today’s fast changing economy, the world’s tax systems must continuously adapt. Tax equilibrium is hard to obtain due to the dynamic nature of the economy. Taxes must be set so that governments fulfill their objectives without creating economic distortions. VAT might be a solution in this way, since it only limits consumption and not production or investments. Therefore, in this paper we analyze VAT from two perspectives: the business environment, measuring the impact of VAT on economic growth, and the Government, determining an optimal VAT rate. Our results indicate that the negative influence of other taxes on the economy are greater than those of VAT, also depending on the way Government resources are used. The optimal VAT rate determined is above the average VAT rate in the EU, indicating that tax evasion is caused mostly by other factors than a VAT rate that is too high. University of Economic Studies of Bucharest
Implicit learning in adult second language acquisition : abstractness and awareness 1

Research into how people learn non-linguistic artificial grammars suggests that participants use rule knowledge, without being aware of it. More recent evidence suggests that they are actually using surface information, allowing them to behave as if they had learnt rules. Therefore they have no awareness of the rules because they do not know them at all. These two interpretations represent two dimensions: awareness and abstractness. Both are considered in this paper.
Antioxidant Potential, Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Effect of Curcumin in a Rat Model of Hepatotoxicity

Curcumin [1,7bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)1,6heptadiene3,5-dione] was shown to exert potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties. This study was done to investigate the protective effects of curcumin in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic injury in rats. Thirty-six male albino rats were divided into three equal groups. Group I (normal control group). Group II (TAA-intoxicated group): rats received thioacetamide (50 mg/kg b. wt. ip) twice weekly for 6 weeks. Group III (TAA + curcumin co-treated group): rats received thioacetamide (50 mg/kg b. wt.) and simultaneously administered curcumin (200 mg/kg b. wt./daily/orally) for 6 weeks (end of experiment). All animals were sacrificed after 6 weeks. TAA administration induced liver damage manifested by the significant increases in serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin compared with control group. Oxidative stress in the group II was manifested by a significant rise in L-MDA levels with a marked reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes like GST, catalase CAT and depletion of GSH content in liver tissues as compared with the control group. On the other hand, TAA significantly affected the inflammation markers represented by elevation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities and upregulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression levels in liver tissues. The coadministration of curcumin and thioacetamide (protection modality) prevented liver injury by normalizing the biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation index and improving the protein oxidation, inflammatory markers and the antioxidant status. These findings suggested that, liver injury could be curtailed by the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin and the normal status of the liver could be preserved.
Changes in Flavour-related Volatile Production during Post-harvest Handling of Apple and Pear Fruit

Flavour is a major attribute determining consumer acceptance of apples and pears. Although flavour results from a complex combination of taste and odour, it is largely determined by the production of aroma volatiles, which gives fruit much of their perceived quality. Biosynthesis of aroma volatile compounds and its contribution to eating quality of fruit are very intricate. The final aroma profile of a fruit results from the properties of each individual compound as well as from a fine balance among all compounds emitted. In addition, the involved biosynthetic pathways are influenced by many preand post-harvest factors, including harvest maturity and post-harvest handling. Thus any change in this balance will cause alterations in the volatile profile and hence will give rise to modifications in fruit flavour and acceptability. Novel post-harvest technologies have focused mostly on appearance and decay resistance of fruit, and have often neglected flavour, despite the relevance of this attribute for sensory quality. For instance, controlled-atmosphere storage is known to decrease volatile production and thus to be detrimental to aroma. The low eating quality of these fruit results accordingly in consumer dissatisfaction, frequently preventing repeated purchases. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms controlling changes in flavour is limited, and that many biochemical pathways determining this quality trait are still unknown. In order to minimise loss of flavour, a deeper knowledge of the involved pathways, mechanisms and factors is required. This review aims at summarising current information available on the production of aroma volatiles in apple and pear, and on how different factors affect the biochemical pathways involved in this process. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rethinking Social Action . Core Values in Practice The Impact of Social Media Engagement Metrics on Purchase Intention : A Study on Brand Fan Page

Research on the impact of social media users’ engagement action on purchase intention still remains in its infancy. It is necessary for a company to gauge whether or not its efforts to stimulate user activity on its fan pages are successful in generating output. This study utilized the Uses and Gratification (UGT) theory and Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) as a foundation to explore the social media engagement actions and examined the effect of users’ engagement actions alongside their purchase intention. An online survey was carried out on four popular companies’ fan page followers in various industries in Malaysia, and a total of 307 questionnaires were collected and analysed. The findings indicated a significant relationship between fan page engagement and Purchase intension. The results will help e-commerce marketers identify the importance of social media engagement on sales, while guiding e-marketers on their decision pertaining to e-marketing tools, particularly for engagement metrics in increasing sales. The study will also provide marketers with a descriptive idea on users’ activities. Overall, the study serves as a basic fundamental guideline for academicians and researchers to interpret the concept of engagement metrics and its effect on purchase intention, as well opening a vast area of unexplored researches on the subject of social media.
Supplement : Efficient Amortised Bayesian Inference for Hierarchical and Nonlinear Dynamical Systems

Structure in Variational Distributions. Independently, Ainsworth et al. (2018) developed a methodology for leveraging block factorization in factor analysis. Hierarchical models in variational inference have previous been associated with hierarchical structure within the variational distribution, as in (Ranganath et al., 2016). For nonlinear mixedeffects models, we are instead interested in hierarchical structure within the dependent variable rather than the approximate posterior. Hence, we can keep the computationally-convenient, fully factorized approximate posterior, and induce conditioning through a block-factorization. We therefore expand the formulation of NLME ODE models proposed in Karlsson et al. (2015) to consider a more general hierarchical structure.
Effect of long-term fertilization on organic nitrogen forms in a calcareous alluvial soil on the North China

In order to illustrate the change of nitrogen (N) supply capacity after long-term application of manure and chemical fertilizer, as well as to properly manage soil fertility through fertilizer application under the soil-climatic conditions of the North China Plain, organic N forms were quantified in the topsoil with different manure and chemical fertilizer treatments in a 15-year fertilizer experiment in a Chinese calcareous alluvial soil. Soil total N (TN) and various organic N forms were significantly influenced by long-term application of chemical fertilizer and manure. TN, total hydrolysable N, acid-insoluble N, amino acid N and ammonium N in the soil increased significantly ( P < 0.05) with increasing manure and fertilizer N rates, but were not influenced by increasing P rates. Also, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence either the quantity of amino sugar N or its proportion of TN. Application of manure significantly increased ( P < 0.05) hydrolysable unknown N, but adding N or P did not. In addition, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence the proportions of different soil organic N forms.
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY USING NANOFLUID JET IMPINGEMENT

An experimental investigation was carried out for studying the heat transfer performance of the water-Al2O3 (28nm average particle size) nanofluid inside a liquid evacuated impinging jet system destined to the cooling of circular target surface. Results have shown that the surface heat transfer coefficient increases considerably when the mass flow rate is increased, but is relatively insensitive to the nozzle-to heated-surface distance. It was found that the use of a nanofluid can provide a heat transfer enhancement when compared to water. Thus most practical applications of jet impingement occur in industries where the heat transfer requirements have exceeded capacity of ordinary heating and cooling techniques. This work presents and discusses the results of an experimental investigation of heat transfer between the horizontal smooth plate of impinged jets.