Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acute isoniazid exposures and antidote availability.

BACKGROUND Over the past 10 years the reported incidence of acute isoniazid (INH)-related poisonings has increased, with 507 cases reported in 1996. Parenteral pyridoxine is the antidote for INH-induced seizures, but 5-g aliquot recommended to treat an ingestion of unknown quantity of INH is not always readily available to emergency physicians. OBJECTIVE To determine the hospital availability of pyridoxine. METHODS One hundred thirty questionnaires were distributed nationwide to the pharmacies and emergency departments (ED) of hospitals containing pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellowships and/or emergency medicine (EM) residencies. Questions were posed regarding the availability, quantity, location, and deemed importance of pyridoxine at each institution. RESULTS Responses were received from 81% of the hospitals with fellowships and 80% of the hospitals with residencies. Half of the former and one third of the latter reported not having the recommended 5-g aliquot available. Eighty percent of the hospitals with PEM programs and 71% with EM residencies with an adequate stock store it in the hospital's pharmacy, as opposed to in the ED. Thirty-four states were represented, 18 of which have experienced an increase in tuberculosis (TB) from 1993 to 1994; 6/18 (33%) of those did not have the pyridoxine available, and 7/18 (39%) did not deem it necessary. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that between one third and one half of the respondents would be ill-equipped to treat acute INH neurotoxicity. Establishing regional distribution centers may alleviate this deficiency, specifically in urban areas with a high incidence or a positive percent increase in TB.
Latent class analysis permits unbiased estimates of the validity of DAT for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis

Summary background Substantial uncertainty surrounds the specificity of the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in clinical suspects, since no good gold standard exists for unequivocally identifying diseased subjects. We explored the Latent Class Analysis (LCA) modelling technique to circumvent this problem.
Political Affiliation and Pay Slice: Do Blue CEOs Accept Less Green?

We examine the relationship between CEO political alignment, compensation, and pay disparity (relative to other high-earning executives) and find that Democratic CEOs accept less pay and a significantly lower pay slice. That is, left-leaning CEOs put their money where their mouth is regarding the Democratic ideology of economic and social equity. This smaller pay gap is not a function of variations in managerial ability; if anything Democratic CEOs are more talented than Republican CEOs. Results suggest that Democratic CEOs may be more effective at running firms in which collaboration among top executives is more valuable than are the potential gains from tournament incentives.
Does School Accountability Pressure Improve School Quality

Does school accountability pressure improve school quality? Barbara Hanisch-Cerda This dissertation evaluates the impact of accountability pressure on a context where there is school choice. The Chilean context provides a unique opportunity for this purpose since it constitutes a system with school choice since the 1980s and since 2008 there is a policy that introduces a means-tested voucher that introduces incentives to schools to improve their performance. Under this policy, schools are classified based on students’ test scores and other school factors (such as teacher evaluations, approval rates, retention rates), and are linked to punishments and rewards. I assess the impact of accountability pressure on outcomes that have consequences attached (high-stakes outcomes), and other outcomes that may reflect the quality of the school but do not have direct consequences attached (low-stakes outcomes). I use a fuzzy regression discontinuity to estimate the effect of receiving different school classifications on high-stakes test scores, low-stakes test scores, school behavioral responses, and student and teacher body composition. Estimates of the effects on 4 and 8 grade math, language and science are never significantly different from zero. There is also no evidence of parental or
NANDA Diagnoses, NIC Interventions, and NOC Outcomes used in an Electronic Health Record with Elementary School Children

This is a report of a secondary analysis of data from a published quasi-experimental feasibility study of the effects of implementing diagnoses from North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, interventions from the Nursing Interventions Classification, and outcomes from the Nursing Outcomes Classification (referred to as NNN) on nurses’ power and children's health outcomes. For this study, the NNN terms that were frequently used by nurses in the original study were identified through the nurses’ printed reports of health-related visits (N = 766) with 103 New York City children in the 4th and 5th grades in six schools. The findings indicate that a large majority of nurses’ efforts were focused on health promotion and management of risk states. Health problems such as pain and ineffective airway clearance were identified and were treated when present. Findings from this study can be combined with findings from previous studies to identify the diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes that are relevant for school settings. Use of the relevant NNN terms will provide data to support evidenced-based school nursing practice, education of school nurses, development of policies, and communication of the value of school nursing practice to stakeholders.
Cohort size and transitions into the labour market

"This paper estimates the effect that the size of an individual's labour-market entry cohort has on the subsequent duration of search for employment. Survival-analysis methods are applied to empirically assess this relationship using a sample of apprenticeship graduates who entered the German labour market between 1999 and 2012. The results suggest that apprentices from larger graduation cohorts take less time to find employment, but this effect appears to be significant only for a period of up to six months after graduation. These results therefore do not support the cohort-crowding hypothesis that members of larger cohorts face depressed labour-market outcomes. Moreover, there is no evidence that shorter search durations are the result of graduates being pushed into lower-quality employment. The finding that graduating as part of a larger cohort leads to shorter search durations is in line with those parts of the cohort-size literature that find larger youth cohorts being associated with lower unemployment rates. A possible explanation is that firms react to an anticipated increase in the number of graduates by creating jobs. " (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Corporate Sustainability and Financial Performance of Chinese Banks

Purpose This paper analyzes the connection between the sustainability performance of Chinese banks and their financial indicators to explore whether sustainability regulations can be implemented without decreasing the financial performance of the banking sector. Design/methodology/approach The study examined reports and websites of Chinese banks, categorized different corporate sustainability aspects and conducted panel regression and Granger causality to analyze cause and effect variables. Findings The environmental and social performance of Chinese banks increased significantly between 2009 and 2013. Furthermore, a bi-directional causality between financial performance and sustainability performance of Chinese banks has been found. Based on institutional theory, this interaction may be influenced by the Chinese Green Credit Policy. Research limitations/implications The findings suggest that corporate sustainability performance and financial performance are not a trade-off but correlate positively. Further research is needed to analyze the effect of financial regulations, such as the Chinese Green Credit Policy. Practical implications According to the good management theory by Waddock and Graves (1997) that claims a positive impact of corporate social performance on financial performance, Chinese banks can invest in corporate sustainability to increase their financial success and re-invest parts of the additional returns – also called slack resources – in sustainability activities. Social implications Chinese banks are able to influence the economy to become greener and less polluting without sacrificing financial returns. Originality/value This is the first study to explore the sustainability performance of Chinese banks, including their products and services.
Hematotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of dichlorvos at sublethal dosages in rats

The present study was designed to understand the effects of sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos (DIC) on hematological constituent [red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles (WBC), mean cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, platelet counts, hemoglobin and hematocrite levels] and serum damage marker enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanin aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase) in rats at subacute period under laboratory conditions. DIC at dosages of 5 and 10 ppm was administered orally to six male rats ad libitum during the tests for 4 weeks consecutively. According to the results, DIC treatments increased significantly the levels of serum marker enzyme activities, whereas they did not change hematologic constituent except for WBC number treated with both dosages of DIC. The observations presented led us to conclude that the administrations of subacute DIC induced the levels of damage marker enzymes and leukocytosis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
Osteoclast Ruffled Border Has Distinct Subdomains for Secretion and Degraded Matrix Uptake

Subosteoclastic bone resorption is a result of HCl and proteinase secretion through a late endosome‐like bone facing membrane domain called ruffled border. As bone matrix is degraded, it enters osteoclasts' transcytotic vesicles for further processing and is then finally exocytosed to the intercellular space. The present study clarifies the spatial relationship between these vesicle fusion and matrix uptake processes at the ruffled border. Our results show the presence of vacuolar H+‐ATPase, small GTPase rab7 as well as dense aggregates of F‐actin at the peripheral ruffled border, where basolaterally endocytosed transferrin and cathepsin K are delivered. On the contrary, rhodamine‐labeled bone matrix enters transcytotic vesicles at the central ruffled border, where the vesicle budding proteins such as clathrin, AP‐2 and dynamin II are also localized. We present a model for the mechanism of ruffled border turnover and suggest that, due to its late endosomal characteristics, the ruffled border serves as a valuable model for studying the dynamic organization of other endosomal compartments as well.
Lateral Collateral Ligament Repair Restores the Initial Varus Stability of the Elbow: An In Vitro Biomechanical Study

Objective: Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) repair of the elbow is commonly performed in the management of unstable dislocations and fracture dislocations of the elbow. The appropriateness of clinically employed techniques of LCL repair in restoring elbow kinematics and stability has not been reported. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effectiveness of LCL transosseous sutures repair and the influence of ligament tensioning on the initial kinematics and stability of the elbow. Methods: Six cadaveric upper extremities were mounted in a motion simulator with tracking system, which enabled both passive and simulated active elbow flexion while measuring the motion of the ulna relative to the humerus. Transosseous sutures were placed in the LCL and passed through a humeral bone tunnel entering at the center of curvature of the capitellum near the lateral epicondyle with exit holes in the lateral supracondylar ridge. With the arm slightly flexed, an actuator pulled on the sutures to achieve 20, 40, and 60 N of LCL repair tension, and the sutures were then secured at that tension. Results: Transosseous repair of the LCL restored the initial kinematics of the elbow at 20 N of tension. Greater magnitudes of initial repair tension in vitro overcorrected the varus instability causing the elbows to track in excessive valgus and internal rotation. Conclusions: These in vitro data suggest that LCL repair using transosseous sutures is a useful technique to restore the initial kinematics of the elbow. An LCL repair tension of 20 N or perhaps slightly less should be employed in clinical studies to confirm these laboratory observations.
Viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in German children: Prevalence and molecular diversity

Acute gastroenteritis is a major source of morbidity and mortality among young children in developed and developing countries. Enteropathogenic viruses are regarded as particularly relevant causative agents. Between February 2001 and January 2002, fecal specimens were obtained from German children admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis and examined for rotaviruses, Noroviruses, enteric adenoviruses, and astroviruses using (RT‐)PCR methods. Of the 59% (129/217) samples positive for ≥1 viral agent, 79% (102/129) carried rotavirus, whereas Norovirus was detected in 35% (45/129), enteric adenovirus in 14% (18/129), and astrovirus in 4% (5/129). Thirty‐eight specimens contained at least two enteropathogenic viruses, with the majority of coinfections attributable to rotavirus/Norovirus dual infections. Sequence analysis revealed a cocirculation of G1, G3, G4, and G9 type rotavirus with G1 being the most common and G9 the second most common rotavirus G‐type. Emergence of G9 rotaviruses in Germany may have implications for future vaccine development. A variety of Norovirus genotypes, most belonging to GGII, were found. Apart from subgenus F, adenovirus related genetically to subgenera A–C were detected. All astroviruses belonged to genotype 1. This is the first study concerning German children admitted to hospital that assesses the relative importance of these viruses by nested (RT‐) PCR methods. J. Med. Virol. 71:82–93, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating the prognosis of hepatic resection in patients with metastatic liver tumors from colorectal cancer with special concern for the timing of hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND The effect of the time interval between colorectal and liver resection for metastatic lesions on the patient's survival remains controversial. Pretreatment classification for predicting the prognosis of this disease has not yet been reported. METHODS Nine clinical factors revealed by preoperative examinations, intraoperative screening before liver resection, and resection margin were examined in 304 patients who underwent hepatic resections for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. The patients were divided according to the timing of hepatectomy and both tumor number and maximum diameter to devise a staging system. RESULTS Tumor number and maximum tumor size were significant prognostic factors in the metachronous hepatectomy group, and resection margin was significant in the synchronous group. The following staging system was proposed: stage I, n < or = 3 and diameter < 5 cm in the metachronous hepatectomy group (n = 86); stage II, n < or = 3 and diameter > or = 5 cm in the metachronous hepatectomy group (n = 46); and stage III, n > or = 4 and diameter > 5 cm in the metachronous group and the synchronous hepatectomy group (n = 144). CONCLUSIONS The current study revealed that the factors that influenced the patient's prognosis were different between the synchronous and metachronous groups. It may be useful to develop a staging system that considers this difference.
Alcohol, smoking, and cataracts: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, and cataract. DESIGN A population-based, cross-sectional study. SETTING An urban community in the Blue Mountains, close to Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Three thousand six hundred fifty-four people aged 49 to 97 years. The participation rate was 82%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Smoking history and details of current alcohol consumption were assessed by questionnaire. Lens photographs were taken and graded for presence and severity of cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. RESULTS After adjusting for multiple potential confounders, people who had ever smoked cigarettes had a higher prevalence than nonsmokers of more severe nuclear (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.6) and posterior subcapsular (adjusted OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1) cataracts. The association between pipe smoking and nuclear cataract (adjusted OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.5-8.2) was stronger than the association with cigarette smoking. Alcohol consumption was associated with a reduced prevalence of cortical cataract: compared with people who did not drink, the adjusted OR for cortical cataract among people who drank at least 1 drink a day was 0.7 (95% CI, 0.6-0.9). Heavy alcohol consumption (> or =4 drinks a day) was associated with nuclear cataract in current smokers (adjusted OR compared with nondrinkers, 3.9; 95% CI, 0.9-16.6) but not in never smokers. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with other studies, smoking was associated with a higher prevalence of nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataracts. The only adverse effect of alcohol was among smokers: people who smoked and drank heavily had an increased prevalence of nuclear cataract.
Dysregulation of Cyclin E Gene Expression in Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Cells Requires Viral Early Gene Expression and Is Associated with Changes in the Rb-Related Protein p130

ABSTRACT We have previously shown that many cell cycle regulatory gene products are markedly affected by infection of primary fibroblasts with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) (F. M. Jault, J. M. Jault, F. Ruchti, E. A. Fortunato, C. Clark, J. Corbeil, D. D. Richman, and D. H. Spector, J. Virol. 69:6697–6704, 1995). One of these proteins, cyclin E, is a key determinant of cell cycle progression during G1, and its mRNA levels are significantly increased in HCMV-infected fibroblasts (B. S. Salvant, E. A. Fortunato, and D. H. Spector, J. Virol. 72:3729–3741, 1998). To determine the molecular basis of this effect, we have examined the events that occur at the endogenous cyclin E promoter during the course of infection. In vivo dimethyl sulfate footprinting of the cyclin E promoter revealed several regions of protection and hypersensitivity that were unique to infected cells. In accord with this observation, we find that the virus-induced cyclin E transcripts initiate downstream of the start site identified in mock-infected cells, in regions where these newly appearing protected and hypersensitive sites occur. Viral gene expression is required for this induction. However, the viral immediate-early proteins IE1-72 and IE2-86, either alone or in combination, cannot induce expression of the endogenous cyclin E. The virus must progress past the immediate-early phase and express an early gene product(s) for activation of cyclin E expression. Moreover, IE1-72 does not appear to be required, as infection of cells with an HCMV mutant containing a deletion in the IE1-72 gene leads to full upregulation of cyclin E expression. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays with infected cell extracts and a region of the cyclin E promoter that includes two previously defined E2F sites as the probe, we detected the appearance of an infection-specific banding pattern. One of the infection-specific bands contained the proteins E2F-4, DP-1, and p130, which were maintained in the infected cells as uniquely phosphorylated species. These results suggest that an altered E2F-4–DP-1–p130 complex along with viral early gene expression may play a role in the transcriptional regulation of cyclin E mRNA during HCMV infection.
Ear Acupuncture for Acute Sore Throat: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Sore throat is a common cause of pain in outpatient encounters. Battlefield auricular acupuncture (the placing of needles in specific points in the ear) is a modality used to treat acute pain associated with a variety of ailments. The aim of our study was to determine whether auricular acupuncture reduces pain, medication usage, and missed work hours when added to standard therapy in adult patients with acute sore throat. Methods: We conducted an unblinded, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial among adult, nonpregnant patients presenting to an Air Force family medicine clinic with pain from acute sore throat. A total of 54 patients were followed for 48 hours after treatment. Results: Patients receiving auricular acupuncture reported lower pain scores than those who did not at 15 minutes (6.0 [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.4–6.6] vs 2.6 [95% CI, 1.7–3.5]; P < . 0001), 6 hours (4.8 [95% CI, 4.0–5.6] vs 2.5 [95% CI, 1.6–3.4]; P = .0005), and 24 hours (4.1 [95% CI, 3.3–4.9] vs 1.3 [95% CI, 1.0–2.8]; P = .0006). They also reported taking fewer cumulative doses of pain medication at 6 hours (1.07 [95% CI, 0.69–1.45] vs 0.39 [95% CI, 0.2–0.58]; P = .003), 24 hours (2.63 [95% CI, 1.95–3.31] vs 1.37 [95% CI, 0.92–1.82]; P = .004), and 48 hours (4.07 [95% CI, 2.9–5.24] vs 2.19 [95% CI, 1.44–2.94]; P = .009). There was no difference in time missed from work between the auricular acupuncture and standard therapy groups. Conclusions: Compared with usual treatment, battlefield auricular acupuncture was associated with reduced sore throat pain for 24 hours and decreased use of pain medication for up to 48 hours. There was no apparent effect on hours missed from work.
Glucose Regulation of Insulin Gene Transcription and Pre-mRNA Processing in Human Islets

Glucose is the primary regulator of insulin granule release from pancreatic islets. In rodent islets, the role of glucose in the acute regulation of insulin gene transcription has remained unclear, primarily because the abundance and long half-life of insulin mRNA confounds analysis of transcription by traditional methods that measure steady-state mRNA levels. To investigate the nature of glucose-regulated insulin gene transcription in human islets, we first quantitated the abundance and half-lives of insulin mRNA and pre-mRNAs after addition of actinomycin D (to stop transcription). Our results indicated that intron 1–and intron 2–containing pre-mRNAs were ∼150- and 2,000-fold less abundant, respectively, than mature mRNA. 5′ intron 2–containing pre-mRNAs displayed half-lives of only ∼60 min, whereas all other transcripts displayed more extended lifetimes. In response to elevated glucose, pre-mRNA species increased within 60 min, whereas increases in mature mRNA did not occur until 48 h, suggesting that measurement of mature mRNA species does not accurately reflect the acute transcriptional response of the insulin gene to glucose. The acute increase in pre-mRNA species was preceded by a sixfold increase in histone H4 acetylation and a twofold increase in RNA polymerase II recruitment at the insulin promoter. Taken together, our data suggest that pre-mRNA species may be a more reliable reflection of acute changes to human insulin gene transcriptional rates and that glucose acutely enhances insulin transcription by a mechanism that enhances chromatin accessibility and leads to recruitment of basal transcriptional machinery.