Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of contraction amplitude and firing history on spike‐triggered averaged trapezius motor unit potentials

The spike‐triggered averaged (STA) technique was used to examine trapezius motor unit potentials and their dependence on contraction amplitude and firing history. Individual motor unit firings were identified by a fine‐wire intramuscular electrode, while STA‐derived potentials were extracted from the simultaneously recorded surface electromyographic (SEMG) signal. Amplitude‐controlled contractions and contractions with typing tasks and mental stress were carried out. STA potentials were mostly derived from 20 s intervals of firing. Motor unit synchrony was estimated by peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs). An association between SEMG amplitude and STA‐derived motor unit potentials was found: motor unit area showed a four‐fold increase when SEMG amplitude increased from 1.5 to 10.5% of the root mean square‐detected SEMG signal at maximal voluntary contraction (%EMGmax). Low‐ and higher threshold motor unit potentials, all with recruitment thresholds <10% EMGmax, had similar area at the same contraction amplitude. A significant increase in the STA‐derived potentials was observed after 3 min of constant‐amplitude contractions; however, this difference was reduced after 10 min and no longer present after 30 min of contraction. Motor unit synchrony accounted for, on average, 2.8% additional firings within 2 ms of the triggering motor unit. We conclude that the increase in STA‐derived potentials with contraction amplitude is, to a major extent, due to motor unit synchrony, limiting the applicability of this method in postural muscles presenting wide motor unit potentials. The similar area of motor units at same SEMG amplitude may indicate that trapezius motor units recruited below 10% EMGmax are of similar size and thus not organized according to the Henneman size principle.
The Birthdate Effect

n important concept underlying educational practic and philosophy is that of readiness. Following the pioneering work of child development researchers, particularly Gesell in the 1940s, educators have accepted the notion that a child will not be successful in learning a concept or skill until he has reached a requisite stage of cognitive development i.e., until he is ready. Children who encounter difficulties in school are often described as
Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis in relation to treatment study of 850 patients

A total of 850 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma seen during the last 8 years were analyzed retrospectively for survival in relation to treatment and disease stage. A new staging scheme based on tumor size, ascites, jaundice and serum albumin was used. Clearly, the prognosis depended on disease stage. The median survival of 229 patients who received no specific treatment was 1.6 months, 0.7 month for Stage III patients, 2.0 months for Stage II, and 8.3 months for Stage I. The median survival of Stage I patients who had hepatic resection (n = 115) was 25.6 months and Stage II patients with resection (n = 42) was 12.2 months. In patients who had a small cancer (≤25% of liver area in size) the median survival was 29.0 months. Survival of the surgically treated patients, which represented a highly selected group, was better than that of medically treated patients of a comparable stage. Median survival of Stage I medically treated patients (n = 124) was 9.4 months, for Stage II (n = 290) 3.5 months, and for Stage III (n = 50) 1.6 months. Medical treatment prolonged survival in Stage II and III patients, but not in Stage I. Transcatheter arterial embolization gave a better survival compared with chemotherapy, whether intra‐arterial bolus administration of mitomycin C, systemic mitomycin C, or oral/rectal tegafur, in Stage II. Among various chemotherapeutic modalities, intra‐arterial bolus injection was superior to systemic chemotherapy in survival in Stage II. In Stage III, chemotherapy improved survival as compared with no specific treatment. The major causes of death were hepatic failure and gastrointestinal bleeding, probably due to the coexistent advanced cirrhosis. These results in survival are much improved over the past reports, and the differences are probably a result of earlier diagnosis and frequent hepatic resections.
Economic effects of community versus hospital-based faculty pneumonia care

To compare the length of stay and charges for patients with pneumonia admitted in 1995 to the teaching and nonteaching services of a Northeastern teaching hospital, we reviewed the charts of 237 patients. Patients cared for by hospital-based generalists working with housestaff (teaching service) were discharged more quickly and with lower or equivalent charges than patients cared for by community-based attending physicians working either with housestaff (private teaching service) or alone (nonteaching service). Academic teaching services staffed by general medicine faculty may provide efficient inpatient pneumonia care.
Friend and Family Support for Weight Loss in Adolescent Females.

BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity rates in children and adolescents are concerning, particularly among girls. Social support from friends has been associated with healthier eating and higher levels of physical activity, yet little is known about the relationship between social support and weight loss among adolescents. This aim of this study was to prospectively examine the relationship between baseline social support from friends and family, changes in social support, and weight loss. METHODS Sixty-five adolescent girls completed a one-year weight loss intervention trial. Data were collected at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. RESULTS At baseline, family support was higher compared to friend support; however, lower friend support at baseline and increases in friend support from baseline to 6 months and 12 months were associated with weight loss. When controlling for other predictors of weight loss, change in friend support for healthy eating was predictive of weight loss at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that weight loss interventions for adolescent females might consider including strategies to elicit or to create and promote social support for healthy eating from peers. Future studies are needed to test this relationship.
Comparison of normal tissue R1 and R  *2 modulation by oxygen and carbogen

Magnetic resonance imaging has shown promise for evaluating tissue oxygenation. In this study differences in the tissue longitudinal relaxation rate (R1) and effective transverse relaxation rate (R *2 ), induced by inhalation of pure oxygen and carbogen, were evaluated in 10 healthy subjects. Significant reductions in R1 were demonstrated following both oxygen and carbogen inhalation in the spleen (both P < 0.001), liver (P = 0.002 air vs. oxygen; P = 0.001 air vs. carbogen), skeletal muscle (both P < 0.001), and renal cortex (P = 0.005 air vs. oxygen; P = 0.008 air vs. carbogen). No significant change in R *2 occurred following pure oxygen in any organ. However, a significant increase in R *2 was observed in the spleen (P < 0.001), liver (P = 0.001), skeletal muscle (P = 0.026), and renal cortex (P = 0.001) following carbogen inhalation, an opposite effect to that observed in many studies of tumor pathophysiology. Changes in R1 and R *2 were independent of the gas administration order in the spleen and skeletal muscle. These findings suggest that the R1 and R *2 responses to hyperoxic gases are independent biomarkers of oxygen physiology. Magn Reson Med 61:75–83, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristic points, rectifiability and perimeter measure on stratified groups

We establish an explicit formula between the perimeter measure of an open set $E$ with $C^1$ boundary and the spherical Hausdorff measure $\cS^{Q-1}$ restricted to $\der E$, when the ambient space is a stratified group endowed with a left invariant sub-Riemannian metric and $Q$ denotes the Hausdorff dimension of the group. Our formula implies that the perimeter measure of $E$ is less than or equal to $\cS^{Q-1}(\der E)$ up to a dimensional factor. The validity of this estimate positively answers a conjecture raised by Danielli, Garofalo and Nhieu. The crucial ingredient of this result is the negligibility of ``characte\-ristic points" of the boundary. We introduce the notion of ``horizontal point", which extends the notion of characteristic point to arbitrary submanifolds and we prove that the set of horizontal points of a $k$-codimensional submanifold is $\cS^{Q-k}$-negligible. We propose an intrinsic notion of rectifiability for subsets of higher codimension, namely, $(\G,\R^k)$-rectifiability and we prove that Euclidean $k$-codimensional rectifiable sets are $(\G,\R^k)$-rectifiable.
Postpartum issues for expectant mothers and fathers.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the postpartum psychosocial and infant care topics that women and men who attend preparation for parenthood classes have been thinking or worrying about during the pregnancy. Furthermore, to compare the rates of endorsement of such issues for women and men so that clinicians can use this information to help plan which topics to include in preparation for parenthood classes. DESIGN A survey of expectant parents attending preparation for parenthood classes at a local public hospital. Participants completed a 17- to 19-item postpartum issues checklist devised for the study. SETTING Preparation for parenthood classes conducted in a public hospital in South Western Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS People attending the session were in their 2nd to 3rd trimester, of low to middle socioeconomic status, and 95% were expecting their first child. Eighty-five percent of women were accompanied by their male partner at the session. Data are reported from 201 women and 182 men. MEASURE A 17-item issues checklist was devised initially and later expanded to 19 items. The initial checklist covered three psychosocial issues: interpersonal, intrapersonal, and parental competency. The expanded checklist also included items on infant care issues. Participants rated each item as to the extent to which they had been thinking or worrying about it over the past few weeks. RESULTS More than half of the men and women had been thinking or worrying about their ability to cope as new parents; just less than half of both men and women endorsed the item regarding the effect having a baby would have on their relationship with their partner; approximately 40% of women had thought that they might get bored or lonely when at home with the baby, and an equal rate of men reported that their partner experiencing this sense of boredom-or loneliness was an issue for them. There were few differences between the genders in the rate of endorsement on the issues checklist. CONCLUSION That many of the issues on the checklist are prevalent in both women and men at this time in the pregnancy would suggest that these are topics that would be pertinent for inclusion at preparation for parenthood classes. Although the checklist is not exhaustive, the data reported give empirical justification for inclusion of these topics in such classes.
Removal of organic matter and nutrients from slaughterhouse wastewater by using Eichhornia crassipes and evaluation of the generated biomass composting

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho da macrofita aquatica Eichhornia crassipes, aplicada in situ em sistema de tratamento de abatedouro e frigorifico, localizado no Oeste do Parana, com relacao a remocao de nutrientes e materia orgânica, bem como obter dados da producao, de praticas de manejo e de compostagem da biomassa gerada no sistema. Durante 11 meses de desenvolvimento das macrofitas na lagoa, realizou-se o monitoramento de parâmetros fisico-quimicos e controlou-se a densidade das plantas, retirando-se periodicamente a biomassa em excesso por meio do acompanhamento semanal da densidade de plantas, expressa em kg de aguape por m2 de area liquida coberta. Avaliou-se, em escala-piloto, a degradacao das macrofitas retiradas do sistema de tratamento, montando-se oito leiras de compostagem com aproximadamente 0,60 m3, com quatro tratamentos distintos e duas repeticoes, sendo: T1- aguape (Eichhornia crassipes); T2 - aguape e dejeto suino; T3 - aguape, dejeto suino e terra, e T4 - aguape, dejeto suino e tripa celulosica, por periodo de 90 dias. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram as eficiencias maximas de remocoes: DQO de 77,2%; DBO de 77,8%; nitrogenio total de 87,9%; nitrogenio amoniacal de 47,5% e fosforo total de 38,9%, para o tempo de detencao de cinco dias. Quanto a estabilizacao da biomassa via processo de compostagem, considerando a relacao C:N como indicador da maturidade do composto, observou-se que o tratamento T4 obteve o menor periodo de estabilizacao: 60 dias. Nao houve diferenca significativa a 5%, pelo teste F, para a taxa de bioestabilizacao.
The acquisition of auxiliary syntax: a longitudinal elicitation study. Part 1: auxiliary BE.

PURPOSE The question of how and when English-speaking children acquire auxiliaries is the subject of extensive debate. Some researchers posit the existence of innately given Universal Grammar principles to guide acquisition, although some aspects of the auxiliary system must be learned from the input. Others suggest that auxiliaries can be learned without Universal Grammar, citing evidence of piecemeal learning in their support. This study represents a unique attempt to trace the development of auxiliary syntax by using a longitudinal elicitation methodology. METHOD Twelve English-speaking children participated in 3 tasks designed to elicit auxiliary BE in declaratives and yes/no and wh-questions. They completed each task 6 times in total between the ages of 2;10 (years;months) and 3;6. RESULTS The children's levels of correct use of 2 forms of BE (is, are) differed according to auxiliary form and sentence structure, and these relations changed over development. An analysis of the children's errors also revealed complex interactions between these factors. CONCLUSION These data are problematic for existing accounts of auxiliary acquisition and highlight the need for researchers working within both generativist and constructivist frameworks to develop more detailed theories of acquisition that directly predict the pattern of acquisition observed.
Association of obesity and treated hypertension and diabetes with cognitive ability in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

People with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia are at greater risk for obesity and other cardio‐metabolic risk factors, and several prior studies have linked these risk factors to poorer cognitive ability. In a large ethnically homogenous outpatient sample, we examined associations among variables related to obesity, treated hypertension and/or diabetes and cognitive abilities in these two patient populations.
A memoryless robust stabilizing controller for a class of uncertain linear time-delay systems

The memoryless robust stabilization problem is studied for a class of uncertain linear dynamic systems with time-delays in both state and control. The uncertain time-delay systems under consideration are described by state differential equations with time-varying unknown-but-bounded uncertain parameters. A sufficient condition for the existence of a memoryless robust controller is derived and two methods are presented for synthesizing robust control laws for uncertain time-delay systems. One is to transform the robust control problem into a standard H∞ control problem via the equivalent system transformation, and the control law can be obtained by solving an algebraic Riccati equation (ARE). The other method is to transform the sufficient condition into a linear matrix inequality (LMI) problem and the control law can be obtained by solving the LMI. Finally, a numerical example is presented to show the feasibility of the obtained results
Social Media in B2B Financial Services: A Matter of Trust and Responsiveness?

This study explores satisfaction with Virtual Communities in a Financial Services setting. It presents an empirical exploration that seeks to explain how external variables, such as information quality and system quality of a VC, affect beliefs, such asusefulness, ease of use, responsiveness, and trust, which in turn shape satisfaction. As such, it contributes to the growing body of knowledge on Social Media, in particular addressing the relatively unexplored domain of Business-to-Business (B2B) when individuals act on behalf of a company instead of their own interests.
Human c-fms proto-oncogene: comparative analysis with an abnormal allele

The organization of the human c-fms proto-oncogene has been determined and compared with an abnormal allele. The human v-fms homologous genetic sequences are dispersed discontinuously and colinearly with the viral oncogene over a DNA region of ca. 32 kilobase pairs. The abnormal c-fms locus contains a small deletion in its 3' portion. DNA sequencing analysis indicated that it was 426 base pairs in size and located in close proximity to a putative c-fms exon.
On the Global Controllability of Nonlinear Systems: Fountains, Recurrence, and Applications to Hamiltonian Systems

In this paper, a form of open local accessibility for nonlinear control systems is introduced called the continuous fountain condition. Subject to the conditions that (i) the states of a system are continuous fountains and (ii) one of various recurrence conditions holds, it is established that the system state space is (globally) controllable. It is shown that these controllability results imply the controllability of certain subsets of the state space of Hamiltonian control systems called energy slices. The relations between the notion of a fountain and (i) local accessibility and (ii) the full Lie algebra rank condition for control affine systems are investigated. Finally, the results in this paper are shown to have application to hierarchical hybrid control theory in that they give conditions for a finite analytic partition to satisfy the so-called in-block controllability property; this is illustrated with a linear mass-spring system example.
Scale of Body Connection: A multi-sample construct validation study

The Scale of Body Connection (SBC) was created to address the need for a self-report measure to examine body awareness and bodily dissociation in mind-body research. Developed in the U.S.A. , it has been translated into many languages and tested for validity of scale translation. The burgeoning of mind-body research and the widespread use of the SBC scale underscored the need for critical assessment of the instrument’s measurement properties. Thus, a broader evaluation of the SBC was designed using large samples from eight international, cross-sectional studies drawn from community (i.e., non-clinical) populations. Specifically, we assessed scale distribution properties and internal consistency reliabity, and using confirmatory factory analysis we evaluated scale contruct validity and compared male/female measurement models. The results indicated acceptable reliability for both the body awareness and bodily dissociation scales, and a good fit between the proposed theoretic model and the data, providing evidence of construct validity across all samples. Mean differences in body awareness were observed for males vs. females in most samples, with females generally showing higher body awareness compared to males. Multi-group structural equation modeling demonstrated a stable latent factor structure and factor loadings, indicating equivalent measurement models for males and females. In summary, this multi-sample study demonstrated SBC construct validity that supports its use in clinical research as a brief, readily translated, easy to administer measure of body awareness and bodily dissociation.
Rural food security, subsistence agriculture, and seasonality

Many of the world’s food-insecure and undernourished people are smallholder farmers in developing countries. This is especially true in Africa. There is an urgent need to make smallholder agriculture and food systems more nutrition-sensitive. African farm households are known to consume a sizeable part of what they produce at home. Less is known about how much subsistence agriculture actually contributes to household diets, and how this contribution changes seasonally. We use representative data from rural Ethiopia covering every month of one full year to address this knowledge gap. On average, subsistence production accounts for 58% of rural households’ calorie consumption, that is, 42% of the calories consumed are from purchased foods. Some seasonal variation occurs. During the lean season, purchased foods account for more than half of all calories consumed. But even during the main harvest and post-harvest season, purchased foods contribute more than one-third to total calorie consumption. Markets are even more important for dietary quality. During all seasons, purchased foods play a much larger role for dietary diversity than subsistence production. These findings suggest that strengthening rural markets needs to be a key element in strategies to improve food security and dietary quality in the African small-farm sector.
The first year at school in the Western Cape : growth, development and progress.

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Paget's Disease of the Male Breast: An Unusual Case of Dermal Invasion

The Breast Journal, Volume 9, Number 3, 2003 254 Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Celia Chao, MD, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville, 315 East Broadway, Suite 312, Louisville, KY 40202, USA, or email: celia.chao@nortonhealthcare.org. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford, UK TBJ he Breast Journal 1075-122X 2 03 Blackwel Publishing M y–June 2003 93 riginal Artic e Paget’s Diseas of the Male Breast c et l. Paget’s Disease of the Male Breast: An Unusual Case of Dermal Invasion
PENDAPATAN PETANI DATARAN TINGGI SUB DAS MALINO

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Sub DAS Malino, Kel. Gantarang, Kab. Gowa yang berlangsung dari bulan Februari sampai Maret 2002. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat pendapatan petani dataran tinggi dan aspek-aspek yang mempengaruhinya. Variabel yang diamati meliputi identitas responden yang terdiri atas umur, pendidikan, jumlah tanggungan keluarga, luas lahan, sarana produksi, jumlah tenaga kerja dan besarnya pendapatan usahatani. Data yang telah dikumpulkan dianalisis secara deskriptif, selanjutnya untuk mengetahui hubungan antara variabel digunakan uji regresi linear ganda. Sumber pendapatan petani berasal dari penjualan hasil sawah dan kebun. Besarnya pendapatan berkisar antara Rp 1.058. 000,- sampai dengan Rp 5.381. 000,- dengan rata-rata pendapatan sebesar Rp 2.888. 000,-/KK/tahun atau Rp 240.666,-/KK/bulan. Pendapatan responden meliputi pendapatan yang diperoleh dari hasil sawah (padi) dan hasil kebun seperti kemiri, panili, kopi, coklat, jagung, pisang dan nangka. Padi memberikan konstribusi sebesar 58,5% dari total pendapatan terhadap peningkatan pendapatan petani, sedangkan kebun memberikan konstribusi sebesar 41,5%. Hasil uji regresi menunjukkan bahwa bertambahnya luas lahan, sarana produksi, jumlah tenaga kerja dan tingginya tingkat pendidikan dapat meningkatkan pendapatan petani. Sementara dengan bertambahnya jumlah tanggungan keluarga dan umur dapat mengurangi tingkat pendapatan petani. Hasil penelitian ini mempunyai beberapa implikasi untuk pelestarian DAS Malino serta untuk mengurangi laju erosi diantaranya adalah dengan pembuatan terassering serta penerapan pola tanam dengan sistem agroforestry .