Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface Flux Equilibrium Theory Explains an Empirical Estimate of Water‐Limited Daily Evapotranspiration

Evapotranspiration (ET) plays a central role in the water, energy, and carbon cycles but is difficult to model and estimate due to its dependence on the heterogeneous land surface. Recent studies suggest that standard weather station atmospheric observations alone may be sufficient to estimate ET. This is surprising since ET over land is often strongly constrained by the land surface, for instance, by water limitation. While these studies have been empirically successful, a physical explanation for why this is possible has been lacking. Here, we provide a physical explanation for why one of these approaches—the ET from Relative Humidity at Equilibrium (ETRHEQ) method—works, using a simple model of a steady‐state idealized atmospheric boundary layer. We show that, across a wide range of plausible parameter values, this model reproduces ETRHEQ, suggesting that it contains the essential physics that lead to ETRHEQ. We derive a closed‐form expression for ETRHEQ at steady state and use it to show that ETRHEQ can be explained in terms of the near‐surface relative humidity (RH) budget of the idealized model: in particular, it is equivalent to assuming a balance between surface moistening and heating terms in the RH budget. Negative feedbacks between surface fluxes (constrained by the surface energy budget) and atmospheric temperature and humidity mean that these terms typically balance, explaining the empirical success of ETRHEQ over a wide range of conditions. We define this state—in which the moistening and heating terms balance in the RH budget—as “surface flux equilibrium. ”
Instrumental Variables Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) vs. Maximum Likelihood Structural Equation Modeling of Causal Effects in Linear Regression Models

In the presence of omitted variables or similar validity threats, regression estimates are biased. Unbiased estimates (the causal effects) can be obtained in large samples by fitting instead the Instrumental Variables Regression (IVR) model. The IVR model can be estimated using structural equation modeling (SEM) software or using Econometric estimators such as two-stage least squares (2SLS). We describe 2SLS using SEM terminology, and report a simulation study in which we generated data according to a regression model in the presence of omitted variables and fitted (a) a regression model using ordinary least squares, (b) an IVR model using maximum likelihood (ML) as implemented in SEM software, and (c) an IVR model using 2SLS. Coverage rates of the causal effect using regression methods are always unacceptably low (often 0). When using the IVR model, accurate coverage is obtained across all conditions when N = 500. Even when the IVR model is misspecified, better coverage than regression is generally obtained. Differences between 2SLS and ML are small and favor 2SLS in small samples (N ≤ 100).
A Simple, Compact Filtering Patch Antenna Based on Mode Analysis With Wide Out-of-Band Suppression

A simple, compact filtering patch antenna with wide out-of-band suppression is presented, where the filtering mechanism is first analyzed and implemented based on mode analysis of a conventional patch antenna. According to the mode analysis, undesired higher-order modes can be effectively suppressed by selecting a proper length ratio of two sides of the patch and the feeding position, thus realizing a wide upper stopband. To further enhance the filtering response, another two simple filtering structures loaded on the patch antenna are also proposed. First, a split-ring-shaped slot is etched on the patch to generate a radiation null at the lower-band edge for improving skirt selectivity. Second, a U-shaped strip is etched underneath the patch and connected with the feeding probe, which can introduce another null at the upper band edge. As a result, a high suppression level of 23 dB in lower and upper stopbands can be realized, respectively, for the proposed filtering antenna, while the upper stopband can extend up to $2.3 f_{0}(f_{0}$ is the center frequency of the antenna). Furthermore, wide passband response can also be achieved by the extra in-band resonances existing in the slot and the strip. A filtering antenna prototype is fabricated and measured for demonstration. Good agreements between the simulated and the measured results are observed, indicating a large impedance bandwidth of 22.6%, high antenna efficiency of 95.6%, and an average gain of about 7.4 dBi. Compared with the reported filtering antennas, the proposed filtering antenna can achieve better wideband filtering response but with a simpler configuration.
Use of R-Squared in Accounting Research: Measuring Changes in Value Relevance Over the Last Four Decades

This study examines the properties of the R-squared metric frequently used in accounting research as a measure of value relevance. Analytical results show that the metric is unreliable in the presence of scale effects. Specifically, we show that the metric is upwardly biased for accounting studies, and the bias is increasing in the scale factor's coefficient of variation. We conclude that it is invalid to make cross-sample comparisons of R-squared, whether the samples are drawn cross-sectionally or over time, unless the researcher controls for differences in the coefficient of variation across the samples. Applying this theory empirically, our results show that the finding of increasing value relevance in Collins, Maydew, and Weiss (1997) and Francis and Schipper (1998) are attributable to over time increases in the coefficient of variation of scale. After controlling for these effects, we find that there has been a decline in value relevance as measured by R-squared.
Performance Enhancement for Dual-band Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna using Under-slot EBG Structure

In this paper, a novel circularly polarized, dual-frequency, slotted square patch is designed, implemented and measured. This patch is designed by applying electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures in the ground plane under the slots with probe feeding mechanism to operate at 2.25 GHz and 3 GHz. Five different schemes of periodic defects are applied to its ground plane and compared using 3D EM simulation. The one with periodic etched circles under the dual frequency slots is found to be the best. Hence, a parametric analysis is performed to obtain the optimum values of the antenna physical dimensions. It exhibits superior performance enhancement compared to the same antenna that was designed and optimized without applying EBG structure. The enhancement in its performance is noticed as higher gain, wider bandwidth, better VSWR and axial ratio, without degrading any other parameter. Measurements are in good agreement with simulations, which verifies the design procedure and strongly recommends the proposed element for telemetry, telecommand and control (TT&C) satellite antenna systems.
PENGARUH PROMOSI DAN PENGEMBANGAN PRODUK TERHADAP PENINGKATAN HASIL PENJUALAN

Fokus dari riset ini yaitu dalam rangka mengetahui keterhubunganan antara kegiatan promosi dan pengembangan produk terhadap peningkatan hasil penjualan pada PT.Baja Perkasa. Dalam pengumpulan data digunakan metode explanatory research dan analisis inferensian dengan sampiling jenuh sebanyak 55 responden. Jenis analisis yang dipakai menggunakan penggabungan kualitatif dan kuantitatif atau Mix Method . Adapun hasil penelitian disimpulkan sebagai berikut:Variable promosi memiliki hubungan yang positive dan significant terhadap peningkatan hasil penjualan dengan nilai correlation sebesar 0.487. Nilai coefficient determination sebesar 23,7%. Uji hipotesis sebesar Prob.Sig 0.000<0.050. Variable pengembangan produk memiliki hubungan yang positive dan significant terhadap peningkatan hasil penjualan dengan nilai correlation sebesar 0,532 dan coefficient determination sebesar 28.30%. Uji hipotesis sebesar Prob.Sig 0.000<0.050. Variable promosi dan pengembangan produk secara simultan memiliki hubungan yang positive dan significant terhadap peningkatan hasil penjualan dengan nilai correlation sebesar 0,609 dan coefficient determination sebesar 37%. Uji hipotesis sebesar Prob.Sig 0.000<0.050. Kata Kunci: Kegiatan Promosi, Pengembangan Produk dan Peningkatan Hasil Penjualan
Characterization of Neuromuscular Disorders Using Quantitative Electromyographic Techniques

This thesis presents a multifaceted effort to develop a system that allows electrodiagnostic clinicians to perform a quantitative analysis of needle detected electromyographic (EMG) signals for characterization of neuromuscular disorders. Currently, the most widely adopted practise for evaluation of patients with suspected neuromuscular disorders is based on qualitative visual and auditory assessment of EMG signals. The resulting characterizations from this qualitative assessment are criticized for being subjective and highly dependent on the skill and experience of the examiner. The proposed system can be decomposed functionally into three stages: (1) extracting relevant information from the EMG signals, (2) representing the extracted information in formats suitable for qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative assessment, and (3) supporting the clinical decision, i.e., characterizing the examined muscle by estimating the likelihood of it being affected by a specific category of neuromuscular disorders. The main contribution of the thesis to the extraction stage is the development of an automated decomposition algorithm specifically tailored for characterization of neuromuscular disorders. The algorithm focuses on identifying as many representative motor unit potential trains as possible in times comparable to the times needed to complete a qualitative assessment. The identified trains are shown to reliably capture important aspects of the motor unit potential morphology and morphological stability. With regards to the representation stage, the thesis proposes ten new quantitative EMG features that are shown to be discriminative among the different disease categories. Along with eight traditional features, the features can be grouped into subsets, where each subset reflects a different aspect of the underlying motor unit structure and/or function. A muscle characterization obtained using a feature set in which every relevant aspect is included using the most representative feature is more structured, simple, and generalizable. All the investigated features are clinically relevant. An examiner can easily validate their values by visual inspection; interpret them from an anatomical, physiological, and pathological basis; and is aware of their limitations and dependence on the acquisition setup. The second main contribution to the representation stage is the evaluation of the possibility of detecting neurogenic disorders using a newly proposed set of quantitative features
Chloride Diffusivity in Blended Cement Made from Selected Industrial and Agrowastes

This paper reports study findings on the diffusivity of chloride ions in potential blended cement. The cement, abbreviated as PCDC, was made from blending ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with dried calcium carbide residue and an incinerated mix of rice husks, spent bleaching earth, and broken bricks. The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of PCDC to withstand aggressive chloride environment. 10 cm × 10 cm mortar cubes were prepared using PCDC and cured for 28 days in saturated calcium hydroxide solution. The cured mortar cubes were subjected to aggressive chloride media in a laboratory set up. The test cement was subjected to chloride profile analysis with depth of cover as a function of w/c ratio and curing period in alternate dry and wet environments of 3.5 percent sodium chloride solution. The experiments were carried alongside neat OPC and OPC + 25% pulverised fuel ash (OPC + 25% PFA). Results showed that PCDC exhibited lower chloride ingress as the depth of cover increased. In conclusion, the study showed that PCDC was a potential cementitious material with high ability to withstand aggressive environment of chlorides.
Effectiveness of Training on Improved Sorghum Production Technologies, Value-Addition and Sweet Sorghum Perspectives

Training is an integral part of agricultural development process. The study was aimed to assess effectiveness of training which was imparted to improve competency of extension functionaries with latest knowledge and skills about latest sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) production technologies. In this study descriptive, correlation, regression and t-test were used and all the extension officials participated in the training was included as population (N=36). Data were collected before and after the training course through direct interview and group discussions with help of experts-tested questionnaires. Results revealed that the participants’ training needs were more of commercial-oriented like, value-addition, sweet sorghum, sorghum in rice-fallows and market-led extension. The results of Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed that there was positive significant relation between job experience, trainings exposure to the trainees, level of satisfaction about the training, their age, education and their learning from this training. These variables appeared to be the best fit in the regression model (R2= 0.99075). Majority of them (75%) had moderate level of satisfaction regarding entire training course. More than half of them (53%) had gained the knowledge almost three times more (61-80 knowledge score range) than the pre-training knowledge level (11-40 knowledge score range). The t-test results showed that there was significant difference (at the 0.01 level).
Hydrodynamic regimes induced by nanosecond pulsed discharges in air: mechanism of vorticity generation

The mechanisms controlling the hydrodynamic effects induced by nanosecond pulsed discharges applied between two pin electrodes in air at atmospheric conditions are investigated experimentally and numerically. A cylindrical plasma kernel is formed between the electrodes during the discharge. After the discharge, schlieren images show that the cylindrical kernel evolves in different ways depending on the gap distance: (1) for short gap distances (), the cylindrical kernel collapses to form a torus-like structure. In this case, the flow field presents a significant source of vorticity; (2) for larger gaps (), the kernel retains its initial cylindrical shape and cools down primarily through heat diffusion. The objective of this work is to understand the mechanisms leading to the formation of these two hydrodynamic regimes. To this end, simulations were performed and compared with the experimental schlieren images. It is shown that the main source of vorticity is the baroclinic torque caused by the cylindrical blast wave that follows the fast energy addition during the discharge. Finally, a criterion is given to predict the occurrence of the two hydrodynamic regimes. This criterion is then validated against experimental results from the literature.
Monsoon depression amplification by moist barotropic instability in a vertically sheared environment

This study makes the case that monsoon depressions over South Asia can form from a variant of moist barotropic instability. Using an idealized numerical framework in which the atmosphere is partitioned into a basic state and a perturbation, we simulate vortices resembling monsoon depressions that draw energy from the meridional shear of the monsoon trough and amplify when they interact with precipitating ascent. The influence of the basic state vertical shear on the vortex induces upward velocity, which couples precipitation with a Rossby‐wave‐like mode arising from dry barotropic growth, allowing the vortex to intensify. Sensitivity experiments reveal that both the sheared basic state and latent heating are necessary to achieve positive growth rates and that this process requires a sufficiently large initial perturbation. Trajectory analyses suggest that the combined flow of the vortex and the large‐scale monsoon transport diabatically generated potential vorticity from southwest of the vortex into the vortex center, thus enabling growth. In contrast with tropical cyclones, this mechanism does not require a feedback between surface wind speed and surface heat and moisture fluxes, though this feedback does ultimately result in a slightly stronger vortex.
Landau theory for isotropic, nematic, smectic-A, and smectic-C phases

ABSTRACT We use the Landau theory of phase transitions to describe the phase diagram of a liquid crystal displaying the isotropic (i), nematic (N), smectic-A and smectic-C phases. The order parameter of the smectic-C phase is defined as the projection of the director on the plane of the smectic layers, vanishing in the smectic-A phase. We present a detailed phase diagram that shows transition between any two of these phases, containing a triple point INA, a Lifshitz point NAC, a tricritical at the NA line, and a critical end point IAC. As one approaches the NC line from the smectic-C phase, the tilt angle approaches a nonzero value, but if the AC line is approached, the tilt angle vanishes according to the distance to the AC line to the power 1/2. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
A Vlasov-Hybrid Code with Hermite Expansion of the Distribution Function for the Study of Low Growth Rate Instabilities

Within turbulence there are many phenomena which are currently unsolved. In the solar wind temperature anisotropies and low growth rates instability have a dominant role in defining the turbulent behaviour of plasma. Due to the non linearity of the equations involved in the description of the physics of plasmas numerical simulations are a fundamental tool to study the dynamics of turbulent phenomena. In particular, hybrid codes are widely used in space plasma applications due to their ability to simulate large regions of volume maintaining some kinetic effects. However, due to the sensitivity to the initial level of noise in the simulation, low growth rate instabilities are particularly difficult to simulate. Particle in Cell-hybrid simulations require too many particles to reduce the initial noise, while Vlasovhybrid simulations require too many grid points to fully discretize spatial and velocity phase spaces. We present here a Vlasov-hybrid algorithm and code implementation where the distribution function is expanded in series of Hermite functions. Thanks to the properties of these it is possible to project the Vlasov equation to find an equation for each coefficient of the expansion. These coefficients are advanced in time using a Current Advance Method algorithm with splitting method for the Vlasov operator. The former is treated explicitly, while the latter is treated implicitly with a GMRES solver. The current is advanced with a temporal ODE derived taking moments of the Vlasov equation. A 1D3V code is implemented, tested and used to study low growth rate instabilities such as a proton cyclotron instability and a ion/ion right hand resonant instability with small relative velocity drift between beam and core populations. The results are compared with existing hybrid algorithms that we implemented. A 2D3V parallelized version of the code is implemented and described here. Initial results are presented and future improvements are discussed.
Strong coupling of qubits to spectrally structured media using superconducting circuits

The advent of superconducting quantum circuits as a robust scientific platform and contender for quantum computing applications is the result of decades of research in light-matter interaction, low-temperature physics, and microwave engineering. There is growing interest to use this advancing technology to study domains of light-matter interaction that were previously thought to be beyond experimental reach. Our work is part of an initiative to explore non-equilibrium condensed matter physics using photons instead of atoms. Open questions in this area currently pose significant challenges theoretically due to analytical complexity and system sizes which prohibit complete numerical simulations, thus experiment-based research has the potential to lead to significant advancements in this field. Here we examine phenomena that arise when moving beyond standard single-mode strong coupling towards the realm of many-body physics with light in two distinct directions. First we study multimode strong coupling, where a single artificial atom or qubit is simultaneously strongly coupled to a large, but discrete number of non-degenerate photonic modes of a cavity with coupling strengths comparable to the free spectral range. This domain, which falls in between small, discrete and continuum Hilbert spaces, is experimentally realized by coupling a qubit to a low fundamental frequency coplanar waveguide cavity. In this system we report on resonance fluorescence and narrow linewidth emission directly resulting from complex qubit mediated mode-mode interactions. In the second part we explore qubits strongly coupled to photonic crystals, which give rise to exotic physical scenarios, beginning with single and multi-excitation qubitphoton dressed bound states comprising induced, spatially localized photonic modes, centered around the qubits, and the qubits themselves. The localization of these states changes with qubit detuning from the band-edge, offering an avenue of in situ control of bound state interaction. Due to their localization-dependent interaction, iii these states offer the ability to create one-dimensional chains of bound states with tunable interactions that preserve the qubits’ spatial organization, a key criterion for realization of certain quantum many-body models. The unique domains of light-matter interaction discussed here are a subset of exciting research initiatives growing our general understanding of complex, strongly coupled quantum systems.
Using Global Complexity Measures to Assess Second Language Proficiency: Comparing CLIL and non-CLIL learners of Dutch and English in French-speaking Belgium

This study falls within the framework of an interdisciplinary project on Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in Frenchspeaking Belgium. One of the project’s aims is to compare the L2 language proficiency of CLIL and non-CLIL French-speaking learners of English and Dutch. In the present paper we focus on learners’ global proficiency and use of different types of metrics to assess syntactic and lexical complexity in the learners’ written productions. Using various computational tools, we extracted lexical and syntactic complexity scores for texts written by CLIL and non-CLIL pupils in their L2 (English or Dutch) and their L1 (French). These scores were then compared to investigate the potential influence of CLIL education on the pupils’ language proficiency as CLIL programs provide more target language input than non-CLIL programs. We therefore hypothesized that CLIL pupils would display a more native-like competence in the target language, i.e. a more native-like level of syntactic and lexical complexity in their writing. As for the influence of CLIL programs on the L1, we did not expect any difference between the two groups. Our results show that our first hypothesis is only partly confirmed as the effect of CLIL on L2 complexity varies according to the language: while the Dutch texts written by CLIL pupils turn out to be more complex for nearly all measures, this was only the case for half of the measures in the English 2 Amélie Bulon, Hendrikx, Meunier, Van Goethem texts. As initially expected for our second hypothesis, we found no influence of CLIL on the complexity of the pupils’ L1.