Post-discharge impact of healthcare-associated infections in a developing country: A cohort study

considered to represent asymptomatic bacteriuria. One month before identification of the first CRAB, the patients overlapped at DHMC for 8 days on different units. Potential epidemiologic links included radiology and wound care. Both patients had radiographs taken on the same day; one patient traveled to the radiology department, whereas the other had a portable radiograph. Observations of portable radiology technicians revealed consistent and adequate low-level disinfection of equipment and reliable hand hygiene. One wound-care nurse provided care to both patients on the same day. Observations of the wound-care team indicated opportunities to improve hand hygiene prior to donning and after doffing gloves; the use of single-use scissors on multiple patients; and inconsistent cleaning of a mobile device used to photograph open wounds. Discussion with the patients’ outpatient providers showed that their suprapubic and wound care supplies were obtained from different companies. Molecular analyses of the 2 patients’ isolates were indistinguishable by PFGE using the restriction enzymes AscI and ApaI. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that both isolates were susceptible to colistin and resistant to all carbapenems tested. Both harbored OXA-23–like genes according to a Research Use Only assay performed at CDC. While OXA-23-like enzymes are novel in Colorado, they were first identified in Scotland in 1985 and are the most common carbapenemase enzyme detected worldwide, accounting for 63% of nosocomial CRAB in Argentina, 42%–100% in Brazil, 98% in Colombia, and 55%–80% in Saudi Arabia. OXA-23–like enzymes are almost exclusively found in Acinetobacter baumannii and can be encoded by genes located on either a chromosome or plasmid. OXA-23–like enzymes do not require the presence of other resistance mechanisms (eg, porin mutations or efflux pumps) to confer carbapenem resistance. However, when a bacterial strain also carries an efflux pump, the bacteria exhibit higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to carbapenems as well as resistance to multiple antibiotics, complicating the detection of the gene variant through phenotypic surveillance. We suspect that the organisms were transmitted during the overlapping hospital admission, although we could not determine where the organism originated or the route of transmission. On the facility level, opportunities to improve hand hygiene and lowlevel disinfection were identified and addressed. The charts were flagged to indicate that the patients harbored an MDR organism and would require contact precautions upon arrival. Infection preventionists notified clinics when upcoming outpatient appointments were detected. The clinics scheduled these patients to be the last of the clinic session when possible to allow for a thorough environmental cleaning after the clinic visit. On a regional level, CDPHE epidemiologists contacted other healthcare facilities where these patients frequently sought care and encouraged these facilities to also electronically flag medical records and to ensure effective infection control measures. While no further cases of CRAB have been identified to date at DHMC, 1 additional OXA-23–producing CRAB case, without epidemiologic links to the previous 2 patients, has been identified in Colorado since this cluster. The emergence of previously undetected carbapenemases in Colorado is of great public health concern. Active collaboration and communication between public health and healthcare facilities is critical to halt transmission of novel regional pathogens.