Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inappropriate self-medication among adolescents and its association with lower medication literacy and substance use

Background While self-medication is common, inappropriate self-medication has potential risks. This study assesses inappropriate self-medication among adolescents and examines the relationships among medication literacy, substance use, and inappropriate self-medication. Method In 2016, a national representative sample of 6,226 students from 99 primary, middle, and high schools completed an online self-administered questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors related to inappropriate self-medication. Results The prevalence of self-medication in the past year among the adolescents surveyed was 45.8%, and the most frequently reported drugs for self-medication included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or pain relievers (prevalence = 31.1%), cold or cough medicines (prevalence = 21.6%), analgesics (prevalence = 19.3%), and antacids (prevalence = 17.3%). Of the participants who practiced self-medication, the prevalence of inappropriate self-medication behaviors included not reading drug labels or instructions (10.1%), using excessive dosages (21.6%), and using prescription and nonprescription medicine simultaneously without advice from a health provider (polypharmacy) (30.3%). The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for school level, gender, and chronic diseases, the participants with lower medication knowledge, lower self-efficacy, lower medication literacy, and who consumed tobacco or alcohol were more likely to engage in inappropriate self-medication. Conclusion Lower medication literacy and substance use were associated with inappropriate self-medication among adolescents.
Assessing similarity models for human‐motion retrieval applications

The development of motion capturing devices poses new challenges in the exploitation of human‐motion data for various application fields, such as computer animation, visual surveillance, sports, or physical medicine. Recently, a number of approaches dealing with motion data have been proposed, suggesting characteristic motion features to be extracted and compared on the basis of similarity. Unfortunately, almost each approach defines its own set of motion features and comparison methods; thus, it is hard to fairly decide which similarity model is the most suitable for a given kind of human‐motion retrieval application. To cope with this problem, we propose the human motion model evaluator, which is a generic framework for assessing candidate similarity models with respect to the purpose of the target application. The application purpose is specified by a user in form of a representative sample of categorized motion data. Respecting such categorization, the similarity models are assessed from the effectiveness and efficiency points of view using a set of space‐complexity, information‐retrieval, and performance measures. The usability of the framework is demonstrated by case studies of three practical examples of retrieval applications focusing on recognition of actions, detection of similar events, and identification of subjects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Heart Sound for Automated Diagnosis of Cardiac Disorders.

Body auscultation one of the main common clinical diagnostic technique for assessment of cardiac disorders. This clinical method is cheap and effective and requires professional doctors to understand and interpret the heart sound for diagnosis of cardiac diseases. This paper presents basic analysis and comparison of heart sounds recorded from healthy and unhealthy subjects for automated screening of cardiac disorders. Some characteristics of heart sounds such as probability distribution of amplitude and frequency contents are quantified using signal processing to automate the diagnosis of cardiac disorders. Experiments were carried on the Heart sounds database created under National Institute of Health (National Center for Research Resources) and results are encouraging. The experiment results indicates enough discrimination between heart sounds from healthy and unhealthy heart sounds for automated screening of cardiac disorders using signal processing.
Dietary cholestin (red yeast extract) reduces toxicity of oxidized cholesterol in rats

This study focused on the effects of dietary cholestin (red yeast extract) on the toxicity of oxidized cholesterol in rats. The rats were divided into eight groups and fed with or without supplement of 1% cholestin and 3% oxidized cholesterol in their diets for 8 weeks. It was found that cholestin could improve the body weight decrease and the glutathione (GSH) level in the liver, and increase of liver and kidney weight to body weight ratio, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level in the liver of rats caused by oxidized cholesterol (P＜0.05). It also reduced the plasma content of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), indicating that cholestin could prevent the hepatotoxicity induced by oxidized cholesterol (P＜0.05). In addition, cholestin possessed recovering effect and a short-term preventing effect on the toxicity of oxidized cholesterol in rats. Taking all these data together, cholestin may play an important role in diminishing the toxic effects of oxidized cholesterol in rats.
COMPARACIÓN DE LOS MODELOS SCORE Y REGICOR PARA EL CÁLCULO DEL RIESGO CARDIOVASCULAR EN SUJETOS SIN ENFERMEDAD CARDIOVASCULAR ATENDIDOS EN UN CENTRO DE

RESUMEN Fundamento: No se dispone de estudios que hayan comparadoSCORE, REGICOR y Framingham. El objetivo de este trabajo esestudiar como clasifican el riesgo cardiovascular las funcionesREGICOR y SCORE, su correlacion y concordancia respecto a Fra-mingham (1998) y si presentan diferencias respecto a los factores deriesgo cardiovascular en los casos de riesgo alto. Metodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en atencion pri-maria. Se incluyo a 851 personas entre 35-74 anos, libres de enferme-dades cardiovasculares y seleccionadas por muestreo aleatorio simple.Se estudio la proporcion de pacientes de riesgo alto con Framingham(≥20% a 10 anos), SCORE ( ≥5% a 10 anos) y REGICOR con puntos decorte ≥20%, ≥15%, ≥10% y ≥5% a 10 anos, ya que con REGICOR≥20% apenas hay casos con riesgo alto. Se comparo la correlacion (r dePearson) y concordancia (coeficiente Kappa) de las personas de riesgoalto de REGICOR y SCORE respecto a Framingham.Resultados: Presentaron riesgo alto 23,3% con Framingham,15,2% con SCORE y un 1,4%, 5,8%, 17,6% y 57,0% con REGICORcon los puntos de corte descritos, respectivamente. REGICOR tuvouna correlacion de 0,99 y SCORE de 0,78. REGICOR ≥10% tuvomejor concordancia (Kappa 0,83) que SCORE (Kappa 0,61). Alcomparar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular de los casos con ries-go alto (≥20% Framingham, ≥5% SCORE y ≥10% REGICOR), elsegundo presento mayor prevalencia de diabetes y menor de hiper-colesterolemia (p<0,05). Conclusiones: REGICOR presento una buena correlacion conFramingham. Con el punto de corte ≥10% clasifica como riesgo altoa un numero de personas similar a SCORE e inferior a Framingham.El modelo SCORE trataria con hipolipemiantes a un numero pareci-do de pacientes que el modelo REGICOR ≥10%, pero con menorevidencia de efectividad del tratamiento. Palabras clave: Estudios de Validacion [Tipo de Publicacion]. Factores de riesgo. Enfermedades cardiovasculares.
Comparison of biomarker strategies for rapid rule out of myocardial infarction in the emergency department using ACC/ESC diagnostic criteria

Objective: Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) mass and rate of change of CK-MB have been proposed as superior to cardiac troponin measurement for very early exclusion of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). All three markers were examined prospectively in patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) for rule out of AMI. Methods: Consecutive admissions to the ED with undifferentiated chest pain were initially assessed clinically and by electrocardiography. A total of 786 patients (490 male, median age 52.5 years) considered at low risk of AMI had blood drawn on admission. If the first sample was less than 12 h from onset of chest pain, a second sample was then drawn at least 2 h later and at least 6 h from onset of chest pain. CK-MB mass was measured on the first sample and CK-MB mass and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) were measured on the second sample. Measurement of cTnT was using an Elecsys 2010 with the third generation assay (Roche Diagnostics, Lewes, UK). Assay coefficient of variation (CV) was 5.8% and 5.7% at 0.47 and 11.5 µg/L, respectively, with measuring range 0.01-25.0 µg/L; analytical sensitivity of 0.01 µg/L and functional sensitivity of 0.03 µg/L. CK-MB (mass) was measured by electrochemiluminesence using an Elecsys 2010 (Roche Diagnostics). The assay CV was 4.0% at 5.89 µg/L and 4.1% at 60.5 µg/L, with a detection limit of 0.1 µg/L and an upper measuring limit of 500 µg/L. Myocardial infarction was diagnosed if either sample had a CK-MB of more than 5 µg/L, if there was a change in CK-MB (∆CK-MB) of more than 1.5 µg/L or if the cTnT was more than 0.05 µg/L. When AMI was excluded, patients proceeded to stress electrocardiography and reattended 72 h from presentation for follow up phlebotomy for cTnT measurement. A final diagnosis of AMI was made according to American College of Cardiology/ European Society of Cardiology criteria using a cut-off of 0.05 μg/L cTnT in any of the samples. Diagnostic efficiency was compared by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with comparison of area under the curve (AUC) for four strategies: admission CK-MB measurement; 6-h post-pain CK-MB measurement; ∆CK-MB; and 6-h post-pain cTnT measurement. Results: On admission the AUC for CK-MB was 0.830 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.757-0.904). At 6 h post pain the respective values were: CK-MB 0.939 (95% CI 0.889-0.988); -CK-MB 0.948 (95% CI 0.906-0.990); and cTnT 0.989 (95% CI 0.966-1.0). Conclusion: cTnT at 6 h has high diagnostic sensitivity for AMI and is superior to CK-MB mass and ∆CK-MB even using a low cut-off value.
Rapid detection of positive blood cultures

A study of 16,108 blood cultures investigated the value of performing early smears in addition to the inspection of early subcultures after 12 h of incubation. The early smear and subculture detected 44.6% of 1,236 positive cultures; of those detected by the early subculture, 57.3% grew after 12 h of incubation.
Optimum breakdown charge for maximum dielectric strength in spark conditioning in vacuum under a non-uniform electric field

Spark conditioning is an effective method of increasing the dielectric strength in vacuum. In this paper, we determined the breakdown (BD) charge dependence for spark conditioning in vacuum under various non-uniform electric fields and with different anode materials. We discuss the BD mechanism in terms of BD arising from anode heating or cathode heating. Experimental results revealed that for anode heating BD, the longer the gap distance, the larger the BD charge needed to obtain maximum dielectric strength. In contrast, for cathode heating BD, the BD charge for maximum dielectric strength was smaller than that for anode heating BD. From these results, we estimated the optimal BD charge to maximize the 50% BD electric field strength, i.e. the dielectric strength, for spark conditioning in vacuum.
In Vitro Analysis of ISEcp1B-Mediated Mobilization of Naturally Occurring β-Lactamase Gene blaCTX-M of Kluyvera ascorbata

ABSTRACT ISEcp1B has been reported to be associated with and to mobilize the emerging expanded-spectrum β-lactamase blaCTX-M genes in Enterobacteriaceae. Thus, the ability of this insertion sequence to mobilize the blaCTX-M-2 gene was tested from its progenitor, Kluyvera ascorbata. Insertions of ISEcp1B upstream of the blaCTX-M-2 gene in K. ascorbata reference strain CIP7953 were first selected with cefotaxime (0.5 and 2 μg/ml). In those cases, ISEcp1B brought promoter sequences enhancing blaCTX-M-2 expression in K. ascorbata. Then, ISEcp1B-mediated mobilization of the blaCTX-M-2 gene from K. ascorbata to Escherichia coli J53 was attempted. The transposition frequency of ISEcp1B-blaCTX-M-2 occurred at (6.4 ± 0.5) × 10−7 in E. coli. Cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and piperacillin enhanced transposition, whereas amoxicillin, cefuroxime, and nalidixic acid did not. Transposition was also enhanced when studied at 40°C.
Prevalence, severity and underdiagnosis of COPD in the primary care setting

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease with a steadily increasing prevalence and mortality. However, recent epidemiological estimates differ depending on the population studied and methods used. Aim: To investigate the prevalence, severity and burden of COPD in a primary care setting. Methods: From 4730 patients registered in a single primary care practice, all 2250 patients aged 40 years or more were invited to participate. Participants completed a questionnaire on smoking, respiratory symptoms, education and social status. A physical examination was followed by pre- and post-bronchodilator (BD) spirometry. Results: Of the eligible patients, 1960 (87%) participated. 92% of spirometric tests met the ATS criteria. Airflow limitation was demonstrated in 299 (15%) of the participants pre-BD and in 211 (11%) post-BD. COPD was diagnosed in 183 patients (9.3%). Of these patients, the degree of post-BD airflow limitation was mild in 30.6%, moderate in 51.4%, severe in 15.3% and very severe in 2.7%. Only 18.6% of these patients had previously been diagnosed with COPD; almost all of these had severe or very severe airflow limitation. As a result of the study, a diagnosis of asthma was made in 122 patients. Conclusions: The prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD in adult patients in this primary care setting made case finding worthwhile. Large numbers of newly detected patients were symptomatic and needed treatment. Limiting investigations to smokers would have reduced the number of COPD diagnoses by 26%.
Effects of gestational age on physical findings of immaturity, body weight, and survival in neonatal alpacas (2002-2010).

BACKGROUND Gestational duration is highly variable in camelids (reference range 330-360 days), and a definition for prematurity has not been established. Anecdotally, it is suggested that crias born outside of this have increased incidence of physical findings of immaturity (tendon laxity, floppy ears, and unerupted teeth) and need increased intensive support in the neonatal period. OBJECTIVES Low gestational age (<330 days) is associated with physical findings of immaturity, low birth weight, more intensive and expensive care, but not decreased short-term survival. ANIMALS A total of 130 alpacas presented to the University of Wisconsin. METHODS Retrospective study of all neonatal crias <1 month of age. RESULTS Of 130 neonatal alpacas presented, 86 (66%) had gestational age recorded (range 312-393 days). There were 16 (18.6%) crias with gestational age below 330 days. Crias born before 330 days were lighter at birth (mean 6.4 kg, SD 1.3 kg) than those born after 330 days (mean 7.4 kg, SD 1.7 kg, P = .002). Clinically immature crias had lower birth weights (mean 6.5 kg, SD 1.5 kg) than physically mature crias (mean 8.8 kg, SD 3.2 kg, P = .05). Survival rates were similar in all groups (premature 77%, mature 88%, P = .12). However, treatment costs were higher in crias born prior to 330 days with physical findings at birth consistent with immaturity compared with gestationally mature crias and those born prior to 330 days but with a physically mature appearance. CONCLUSIONS Crias born before 330 days and those with physical findings of immaturity have a good prognosis, but require more intensive care, resulting in higher treatment costs.
Expression of the yeast UB14 gene increases in response to DNA-damaging agents and in meiosis

The polyubiquitin gene, UB14, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by a variety of environmental stresses and physiological conditions. After exposure of rapidly growing yeast cells to DNA-damaging agents (4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine), intracellular levels of UB14 transcript increased rapidly. Induction of UB14 transcripts occurred within 30 to 60 min of exposure to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in RAD+, rad52, and rad6 repair-deficient yeast strains. In high-density RAD+ cultures, the effect of alkylating agents on UB14 transcript levels is attenuated, in part because of significant increases in the basal level of this message in untreated cells. We also observed that the levels of UB14 transcripts increased significantly when diploid cells were exposed to sporulation conditions. Maximal levels of UB14 transcripts were reached after 6 to 8 h in sporulation medium. Accumulation of UB14 transcripts occurred in a/alpha diploids that undergo meiosis but not in asporogenous alpha/alpha diploids exposed to the same nutritional conditions.
Effect of normothermic liver ischemic preconditioning on the expression of apoptosis-regulating genes C-jun and Bcl-XL in rats.

AIM To explore the expression of apoptosis-regulating genes C-jun and Bcl-XL after normothermic liver ischemic preconditioning and its protective effect on hepatocytes in the rat. METHODS Wistar rats are randomly divided into sham operation group (S group, n = 10), ischemic reperfusion group (IR group, n = 10) and ischemic preconditioning group (IP group, n = 10). After dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament in S group, and after 30-min reperfusion in IR group and in IP group, the samples of liver tissue were taken for studying the hepatocellular apoptosis, the expressions of C-jun mRNA, Bcl-XL mRNA and their proteins, and morphologic changes at 0, 3, 6, 20 h. Meanwhile the venous blood samples were drawn at 3, 6 and 20 h for testing ALT, AST and LDH. RESULTS The levels of ALT, AST and LDH in IR group and IP group were significantly higher than those in S group. Hepatocellular apoptosis was significantly increased in both IR group and IP group, especially in IR group. Expressions of C-jun mRNA and protein were significantly increased in IR group compared with those in both IP group and S group, but no significant difference between IP group and S group (P>0.05). Expressions of Bcl-XL mRNA and protein in IR group and S group were not significant (P>0.05), but were significantly increased in IP group compared with those in both S group and IR group. Patch necrosis of hepatocytes because of severe injury could be seen in IR group microscopically, and the ultrastructural changes were irreversible. Meanwhile in IP group, no hepatocellular necrosis occurred, and the ultrastructural changes were reversible because of mild injury. CONCLUSION (1) IP can protect the rat liver from normothermic IR injury by modulation of the expression of apoptosis-regulating genes C-jun and Bcl-XL; (2) IR injury may activate the apoptosis of hepatocytes by increasing the expression of apoptosis-inducing gene C-jun; (3) IP may prohibit the apoptosis of hepatocytes by increasing the expression of apoptosis-inhibitory gene Bcl-XL.
Action Recognition Using Ensemble of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Recent advances in machine learning have led to a more ubiquitous use of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) for image classification and more recently for action recognition. Due to the great success of DCNN in action recognition, we explore the alternatives of using DCNN for action-interaction recognition tasks using optical flow maps as input to a DCNN to train on the action-interaction dataset of the Chalearn 2014 competition. Our results are promising and competitive with respect to the validation set for the second track of the Chalearn LAP 2014 competition.
Discrete Frequency and Phase Coding Waveform for MIMO Radar

In multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar sys-tem, good orthogonality between transmitting waveforms will fairly simplify the signal processing, along with improve the targets detection as well as the parameters estimation performance of the system. In this paper, a discrete frequency and phase coding waveform (DFPCW), which attains good orthogonality by varying the carrier frequency and initial phase of each pulse in the pulse train, is designed. The theoretical derivations of ambiguity function and cross ambiguity function of the DFPCW are also given. After then, a generic algorithm is applied by optimizing the carrier frequency code sequence and initial phase code sequence to minimize both the auto-correlation sidelobe peaks and cross-correlation peaks of the waveforms. The simulation results demonstrate that DFPCW has better orthogonality and sidelobe property compared with the traditional discrete frequency coding waveform and widely employed frequency modulated continuous wave, henceforth this new waveform may become to an alternative option for MIMO radar.
Terrestriality in the bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus morio) and implications for their ecology and conservation

Aside from anecdotal evidence, terrestriality in orangutans (Pongo spp.) has not been quantified or subject to careful study and important questions remain about the extent and contexts of terrestrial behavior. Understanding the factors that influence orangutan terrestriality also has significant implications for their conservation. Here we report on a camera trapping study of terrestrial behavior in the northeastern Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio, in Wehea Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. We used 78 non‐baited camera traps set in 43 stations along roads, trails, and at mineral licks (sepans) to document the frequency of orangutan terrestriality. Habitat assessments were used to determine how terrestrial behavior was influenced by canopy connectivity. We compared camera trapping results for P. p. morio to those for a known terrestrial primate (Macaca nemestrina), and another largely arboreal species (Presbytis rubicunda) to assess the relative frequency of terrestrial behavior by P. p. morio. A combined sampling effort of 14,446 trap days resulted in photographs of at least 15 individual orangutans, with females being the most frequently recorded age sex class (N = 32) followed by flanged males (N = 26 records). P. p. morio represented the second most recorded primate (N = 110 total records) of seven primate species recorded. Capture scores for M. nemestrina (0.270) and P. p. morio (0.237) were similar and almost seven times higher than for the next most recorded primate, P. rubicunda (0.035). In addition, our results indicate that for orangutans, there was no clear relationship between canopy connectivity and terrestriality. Overall, our data suggest that terrestriality is relatively common for the orangutans in Wehea Forest and represents a regular strategy employed by individuals of all age−sex classes. As Borneo and Sumatra increasingly become characterized by mixed‐use habitats, understanding the ecological requirements and resilience in orangutans is necessary for designing optimal conservation strategies. Am. J. Primatol. 75:1129–1138, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the Xpert Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Assay, BD GeneOhm MRSA Assay, and Culture for Detection of Nasal and Cutaneous Groin Colonization by MRSA

ABSTRACT Detection of methicillin (meticillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization was assessed using combined nose and groin swabs in two commercial PCR assays (the Xpert MRSA assay and the BD GeneOhm MRSA assay). Compared to routine culture, both had similar sensitivities (87.0% versus 84.8%, respectively) and specificities (93.8% versus 92.7%, respectively). Combined PCR assays provide a rapid and more-complete assessment of colonization at a cost similar to that of single-site analysis.