Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of level and degradability of dietary protein on ruminal fermentation and concentrations of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen in ruminal and omasal digesta of Hanwoo steers

Four ruminally fistulated Hanwoo steers were used to determine the effects of level and degradability of dietary protein on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and concentration of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD). Experiments were conducted in a 4x4 Latin square design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were protein supplements with two ruminal crude protein (CP) degradabilities, corn gluten meal (CGM) that was low in degradability (rumen-degraded protein (RDP), 23.4% CP) or soybean meal (SBM) that was high in degradability (RDP, 62.1% CP), and two feeding levels of CP (12.2 or 15.9% dry matter). Ruminal fermentation rates and plasma metabolite concentrations were determined from the RD collected at 2-h intervals and from the blood taken by jugular puncture, respectively. The SNAN fractions (free amino acid, peptide and soluble protein) in RD and OD collected at 2-h intervals were assessed by ninhydrin assay. Mean ruminal ammonia concentrations were 40.5, 74.8, 103.4 and 127.0 mg/L for low CGM, high CGM, low SBM and high SBM, respectively, with statistically significant differences (p<0.01 for CP level and p<0.001 for CP degradability). Blood urea nitrogen concentrations were increased by high CP level (p<0.001) but unaffected by CP degradability. There was a significant (p<0.05) interaction between level and degradability of CP on blood albumin concentrations. Albumin was decreased to a greater extent by increasing degradability of low CP diets (0.26 g/dl) compared with high CP diets (0.02 g/dl). Concentrations of each SNAN fraction in RD (p<0.01) and OD (p<0.05) for high CP diets were higher than those for low CP diets, except for peptides but concentrations of the sum of peptide and free amino acid in RD and OD were significantly higher (p<0.05) for high CP diets than for low CP diets. Soybean meal diets increased free amino acid and peptide concentrations in both RD (p<0.01) and OD (p<0.05) compared to CGM diets. High level and greater degradability of CP increased (p<0.001) mean concentrations of total SNAN in RD and OD. These results suggest that RDP contents, increased by higher level and degradability of dietary protein, may increase release of free amino acids, peptides and soluble proteins in the rumen and omasum from ruminal degradation and solubilization of dietary proteins. Because SNAN in OD indicates the terminal product of ruminal metabolism, increasing CP level and degradability appears to increase the amount of intestine-available nitrogen in the liquid phase.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) by Hck Regulates Macrophage Function*

Background: Tyrosine phosphorylation of WASP is required for macrophage functions. Results: WASP phosphorylation is dependent on the Src tyrosine kinase Hck. Conclusion: Hck is the predominant kinase that phosphorylates WASP in cells and is required for WASP-dependent functions. Significance: Although many tyrosine kinases can phosphorylate WASP, Hck appears to be the predominant kinase to phosphorylate WASP in macrophages in response to physiological ligands. We have shown previously that tyrosine phosphorylation of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is important for diverse macrophage functions including phagocytosis, chemotaxis, podosome dynamics, and matrix degradation. However, the specific tyrosine kinase mediating WASP phosphorylation is still unclear. Here, we provide evidence that Hck, which is predominantly expressed in leukocytes, can tyrosine phosphorylate WASP and regulates WASP-mediated macrophage functions. We demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation of WASP in response to stimulation with CX3CL1 or via Fcγ receptor ligation were severely reduced in Hck−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) or in RAW/LR5 macrophages in which Hck expression was silenced using RNA-mediated interference (Hck shRNA). Consistent with reduced WASP tyrosine phosphorylation, phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and matrix degradation are reduced in Hck−/− BMMs or Hck shRNA cells. In particular, WASP phosphorylation was primarily mediated by the p61 isoform of Hck. Our studies also show that Hck and WASP are required for passage through a dense three-dimensional matrix and transendothelial migration, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation of WASP by Hck may play a role in tissue infiltration of macrophages. Consistent with a role for this pathway in invasion, WASP−/− BMMs do not invade into tumor spheroids with the same efficiency as WT BMMs and cells expressing phospho-deficient WASP have reduced ability to promote carcinoma cell invasion. Altogether, our results indicate that tyrosine phosphorylation of WASP by Hck is required for proper macrophage functions.
Respiratory and Immunologic Consequences of Marijuana Smoking

Habitual smoking of marijuana has a number of effects on the respiratory and immune systems that may be clinically relevant. These include alterations in lung function ranging from no to mild airflow obstruction without evidence of diffusion impairment, an increased prevalence of acute and chronic bronchitis, striking endoscopic findings of airway injury (erythema, edema, and increased secretions) that correlate with histopathological alterations in bronchial biopsies, and dysregulated growth of the bronchial epithelium associated with altered expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins involved in the pathogenesis of bronchogenic carcinoma. Other consequences of regular marijuana use include ultrastructual abnormalities in human alveolar macrophages along with impairment of their cytokine production, antimicrobial activity, and tumoricidal function. Cannabinoid receptor expression is altered in leukocytes collected from the blood of chronic smokers, and experimental models support a role for Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol in suppressing T cell function and cell‐mediated immunity. The potential for marijuana smoking to predispose to the development of respiratory malignancy is suggested by several lines of evidence, including the presence of potent carcinogens in marijuana smoke and their resulting deposition in the lung, the occurrence of premalignant changes in bronchial biopsies obtained from smokers of marijuana in the absence of tobacco, impairment of antitumor immune defenses by Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, and several clinical case series in which marijuana smokers were disproportionately overrepresented among young individuals who developed upper or lower respiratory tract cancer. Additional well‐designed epidemiological and immune monitoring studies are required to determine the potential causal relationship between marijuana use and the development of respiratory infection and/or cancer.
Life Events Preceding Relapse of Schizophrenia

In this study, retrospective assessment of life events over a period of one year was carried out in two groups of schizophrenic patients. Each group had 30 patients. One group comprised "relapsing" schizophrenics and the other consisted of "stable" patients. The group of "relapsing" schizophrenics had experienced a significantly greater number of life events and also had a significantly higher stress score than the "stable" group. However, analysis of the distribution of life events over the study period of one year showed no increase in the frequency of occurrence of life events in the three months prior to relapse. Similarly, no such significant increase in the stress score was seen in the same period of time in the group which had relapsed. Treatment cornpliance and stress scores accountod for nearly 40% of the variance of the data in the "rciapsing" group. Implications of the findings are highlighted.
Peritonitis Attributable to Kocuria rosea in a Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Patient

1. Kiefer T, Schenk U, Weber J, Hübel E, Kuhlmann U. Incidence and significance of pneumoperitoneum in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1993; 22:30–5. 2. Chang JJ, Yeun JY, Hasbargen JA. Pneumoperitoneum in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25:297–301. 3. Suresh KR, Port FK. Air under the diaphragm in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Perit Dial Int 1989; 9:309–11. 4. Cancarini GC, Manili L, Cristinelli MR, Bracchi M, Carli O, Maiorca R. Pneumoperitoneum and pneumomediastinum in a CAPD patient with peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17:389–91. 5. Hussain S, Piraino B. Peritonitis associated with massive pneumoperitoneum from failure to flush. Perit Dial Int 1998; 18:80–2. 6. Wakeen MJ, Zimmerman SW, Bidwel D. Viscus perforation in peritoneal dialysis patients: diagnosis and outcome. Perit Dial Int 1994; 14:371–7. 7. Huang JW, Peng YS, Wu MS, Tsai TJ. Pneumoperitoneum caused by a perforated peptic ulcer in a peritoneal dialysis patient: difficulty in diagnosis. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33:e6. 8. Simsek S, ter Wee PM. Klebsiella pneumoniae and pneumoperitoneum. lancet 2004; 364:1172. doi:10.3747/pdi.011. 00304
Multiple transcription factors of the FNR family in denitrifying Pseudomonas stutzeri : characterization of four fnr‐like genes, regulatory responses and cognate metabolic processes

Pseudomonas stutzeri is a facultative anaerobic bacterium with the capability of denitrification. In searching for regulators that control the expression of this trait in response to oxygen withdrawal, we have found an unprecedented multiplicity of four genes encoding transcription factors of the FNR family. The fnrA gene encodes a genuine FNR‐type regulator, which is expressed constitutively and controls the cytochrome cbb3‐type terminal oxidase (the cco operon), cytochrome c peroxidase (the ccp gene) and the oxygen‐independent coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (the hemN gene), in addition to its previously demonstrated role in arginine catabolism (the arc operon). The fnr homologues dnrD, dnrE and dnrS encode regulators of a new subgroup within the FNR family. Their main distinctive feature is the lack of cysteine residues for complexing the [4Fe–4S] centre of redox‐active FNR‐type regulators. However, they form a phylogenetic lineage separate from the FixK branch of FNR proteins, which also lack this cysteine signature. We have studied the expression of the dnr genes under aerobic, oxygen‐limited and denitrifying conditions. DnrD is a key regulator of denitrification by selective activation of the genes for cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductase and NO reductase. The dnrD gene is part of the 30 kb region carrying denitrification genes of P. stutzeri. Transcription of dnrD was activated in O2‐limited cells and particularly strongly in denitrifying cells, but was not under the control of FnrA. In response to denitrifying growth conditions, dnrD was transcribed as part of an operon together with genes downstream and upstream of dnrD. dnrS was found about 9 kb upstream of dnrD, next to the nrdD gene for anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase. The transcription of dnrS required FnrA in O2‐limited cells. Mutation of dnrS affected nrdD and the expression of ferredoxin I as an element of the oxidative stress response. The dnrE gene is part of the nar region encoding functions for respiratory nitrate reduction. We found the highest amount of dnrE transcripts in aerobically nitrate‐challenged cells. The gene was transcribed from two promoters, P1 and P2, of which promoter P1 was under the control of the nitrate response regulator NarL. The multiplicity of FNR factors in P. stutzeri underlines the versatility of the FNR scaffold to serve for transcriptional regulation directed at anaerobic or nitrate‐activated metabolic processes.
Effects of a cognitive‐behavioral group program for community‐dwelling elderly with minor depression

The prevalence of minor depression in the elderly community is approximately 13% (Beekman et al., 1995). Cole (2008) argued that abating the modifiable risk factors (i.e., bereavement, sleep disturbance, and functional impairment) might potentially reduce the depressive symptoms in the elderly population. Also, recent research has demonstrated elevated levels of cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines amongminor and major depressed elderly (Trzonkowski et al., 2004). It is still unknown whether effective interventions for reducing depressive symptoms will also reduce the levels of cortisol and inflammatory cytokines in elderly with minor depression. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of risk-factor based cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) on the depressive symptoms as well as the cortisol and inflammatory cytokine levels of the community-dwelling elderly with minor depression.
From personal ethos to organizational vision: narratives of visionary educational leaders

Purpose – Successful visionary educational leaders promote a shared vision with great commitment and manage to connect other organizational members to it. In spite of this, the source of their personal commitment to the organizational vision has not yet been the subject of extended study. The purpose of this paper is to correct this by investigating leaders' personal ethos; the personal experiences and values which form their motives and personality. This paper furthermore considers the influence of personal ethos on the content of the vision promoted in educational organizations. Finally, it explores the link between leaders' personal vision and the organizational vision they promote.Design/methodology/approach – Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with visionary educational leaders. These interviews were narrative in nature and aimed to explore the development process and the interrelation of personal and organizational vision in an educational framework.Findings – Data indicate that visionary edu.
Forms and Lability of Phosphorus in Humic Acid Fractions of Hord Silt Loam Soil

SSSAJ: Volume 75: Number 5 • September–October 2011 Trade or manufacturers’ names mentioned here are for information only and do not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or exclusion by the USDA-ARS. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75:1712–1722 Posted online 4 Aug. 2011 doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0355 Received 16 Sept. 2010. *Corresponding author (Zhongqi.He@ars.usda.gov). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Forms and Lability of Phosphorus in Humic Acid Fractions of Hord Silt Loam Soil Soil Chemistry
Response of Shaver Brown Laying Hens to Different Feeding Space Allowances

Three hundred 18 week-old Shaver Brown pullets (1,477.40±7.41 g) were allotted to 5 treatment groups containing 3 replicates of 20 pullets each. The treatments consisted of five feeding space allowances (FSA): 5.60, 8.40, 11.20, 14.00 and 16.80 cm/bird. Data were collected on feed consumption, weight change, egg production and feed conversion ratio (feed: dozen eggs) for a period of 20 weeks (18 to 38 weeks of age). All data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and significant differences reported at 5% probability. Mean feed consumption, body weight change and egg weight were not significantly affected by FSA. Pullets given access to FSA of 11.20, 14.00 and 16.80 cm/bird laid the first egg at a significantly younger age compared to those given 5.60 and 8.40 cm/bird. Hen-day egg production (HDP) and egg mass increased with increasing FSA up to 14.00 cm/bird. Hen-day production did not differ between the groups given 8.40 and 16.8 cm/bird. Groups given 5.60 cm/bird consumed more feed per dozen egg produced. The lowest feed consumption per dozen eggs was recorded on 11.20 and 14.00 cm FSA per bird. These results suggest that keeping the feeding space between 11.00 and 14.00 cm/hen will improve flock uniformity and reduce cost of egg production of Shaver Brown hens in the study area.
Wwp2-Mediated Ubiquitination of the RNA Polymerase II Large Subunit in Mouse Embryonic Pluripotent Stem Cells

ABSTRACT Ubiquitination and the degradation of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II, Rpb1, is not only involved in DNA damage-induced arrest but also in other transcription-obstructing events. However, the ubiquitin ligases responsible for DNA damage-independent processes in mammalian cells remain to be identified. Here, we identified Wwp2, a mouse HECT domain ubiquitin E3 ligase, as a novel ubiquitin ligase of Rpb1. We found that Wwp2 specifically interacted with mouse Rpb1 and targeted it for ubiquitination both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the interaction with and ubiquitination of Rpb1 was dependent neither on its phosphorylation state nor on DNA damage. However, the enzymatic activity of Wwp2 was absolutely required for its ubiquitin modification of Rpb1. Furthermore, our study indicates that the interaction between Wwp2 and Rpb1 was mediated through WW domain of Wwp2 and C-terminal domain of Rpb1, respectively. Strikingly, downregulation of Wwp2 expression compromised Rpb1 ubiquitination and elevated its intracellular steady-state protein level significantly. Importantly, we identified six lysine residues in the C-terminal domain of Rpb1 as ubiquitin acceptor sites mediated by Wwp2. These results indicate that Wwp2 plays an important role in regulating expression of Rpb1 in normal physiological conditions.
The APOE gene locus in frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) locus in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and primary progressive aphasia (PPA). DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Neurology clinic, Rome, Italy. PATIENTS Eighty-six patients with a clinical diagnosis of sporadic FTD, including 32 patients with a clinical diagnosis of PPA, and 99 nondemented cognitively intact control subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Genotype analysis of the 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs449647, rs769446, and rs405509 in the promoter region of the APOE gene and of the 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs429358 and rs7412 forming the common apoE polymorphism. RESULTS Significant associations with FTD were observed for genotypes rs449647 A/T (odds ratio [OR], 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-4.5), rs769446 T/C (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.9-10.2), and APOE ε3/ε4 (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.6-10.9). Significant associations with PPA were also observed for genotypes APOE ε3/ε4 (OR, 22.5; 95% CI, 1.2-229.4) and ε4/ε4 (OR, 7.5; 95% CI, 2.6-21.6). Significant associations with FTD were observed for haplotypes A-C-G-C-C (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.4-21.5) and T-T-T-C-C (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.1-24.0). Significant associations with PPA were also observed for haplotypes A-T-T-T-C (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9) and A-T-T-C-C (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.4-19.3). CONCLUSION Although the physiological role of apoE in FTD and PPA needs further investigations, our results suggest an involvement of the APOE gene locus in the genetics of FTD and PPA.
Exhaustive experimental study of tunnel field effect transistors (TFETs): From materials to architecture

The goal of this paper is to present and to analyze the Tunnel FET and its specific properties (small subthreshold swing, very low OFF currents). We investigate the opportunities offered by this sub-“kT/q” swing device and review the issues that TFET has to overcome (ambipolar behaviour, low ON current) for future circuit applications. For that purpose we report on experimental results on SOI, Si1−xGexOI & GeOI TFETs, fabricated using a Fully Depleted SOI CMOS process flow with high-k & metal gate stack.
THE LYMAN CONTINUUM ESCAPE FRACTION OF THE COSMIC HORSESHOE: A TEST OF INDIRECT ESTIMATES

High-redshift star-forming galaxies are likely responsible for the reionization of the universe, yet direct detection of their escaping ionizing (Lyman continuum [LyC]) photons has proven to be extremely challenging. In this study, we search for escaping LyC of the Cosmic Horseshoe, a gravitationally lensed, star-forming galaxy at z = 2.38 with a large magnification of ∼24. Transmission at wavelengths of low-ionization interstellar absorption lines in the rest-frame ultraviolet suggests a patchy, partially transparent interstellar medium. This makes it an ideal candidate for direct detection of the LyC. We obtained a 10-orbit Hubble near-UV image using the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3)/UVIS F275W filter that probes wavelengths just below the Lyman limit at the redshift of the Horseshoe in an attempt to detect escaping LyC radiation. After fully accounting for the uncertainties in the opacity of the intergalactic medium (IGM) and accounting for the charge transfer inefficiency in the WFC3 CCDs, we find a upper limit for the relative escape fraction of . This value is a factor of five lower than the value (0.4) predicted by the 40% transmission in the low-ion absorption lines. Though possible, it is unlikely that the nondetection is due to a high-opacity line of sight through the IGM ( % chance). We discuss several possible causes for the discrepancy between the escape fraction and the covering fraction and consider the implications for future attempts at both direct LyC detection and indirect estimates of the escape fraction.
Tramadol improved the efficacy of ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia in young pigs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of premedication with tramadol on xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia in young pigs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, blinded cross-over study. ANIMALS Ten young Niger hybrid pigs: mean weight 6.1 +/- 0.6 kg. METHODS Pigs were anaesthetized twice. Xylazine (2.5 mg kg(-1)), ketamine (25 mg kg(-1)) and atropine (0.04 mg kg(-1)) were administered by intramuscular (IM) injection, 5 minutes after either tramadol (5 mg kg(-1))) (treatment XKT) or saline (treatment XKS). Time to loss of righting reflex (TLRR), duration of antinociception, duration of recumbency (DR) and recovery times (RCT) were recorded. Quality of induction of anaesthesia including ease of endotracheal intubation was assessed using a subjective ordinal rating score of 1 (worst) to 4 (best). Heart, pulse and respiratory rates, arterial oxygen saturations and rectal temperatures were determined over 60 minutes. Antinociception was assessed by the pigs' response to artery forceps applied at the interdigital space. Data were compared with Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney's test or analysis of variance (anova) for repeated measures as appropriate and are presented as mean +/- standard deviation. RESULTS The quality of anaesthetic induction was significantly better and duration of antinociception significantly longer (p < 0.05) in treatment XKT (3.1 +/- 0.7 score; 43.7 +/- 15.5 minutes) than in treatment XKS (2.8 +/- 0.6 score; 32.0 +/- 13.3 minutes). TLRR, DR and RCT did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between treatment XKT (2.1 +/- 0.8, 65.8 +/- 17.0 and 13.2 +/- 6.7 minutes) and treatment XKS (2.1 +/- 1.3, 58.0 +/- 14.8 and 10.3 +/- 5.6 minutes). Physiological measurements did not differ between the treatments. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Tramadol improved the quality of anaesthetic induction and increased the duration of antinociception in xylazine-ketamine anaesthetized young pigs without increasing duration of anaesthesia, nor causing additional depression of the physiological parameters measured.