Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Prosody in the Identification of Persian Sentence Types: Declarative or Wh-question?

Abstract It has been reported that prosody contributes to the identification of utterances which lack lexico-syntactic indicators of interrogativity but do have characteristic prosodic correlates (e.g. Vion and Colas 2006. Pitch cues for the recognition of yes-no questions in French. Journal of Psycholinguistics Research 35. 427–445). In Persian wh-in-situ questions, the interrogativity device (the wh-phrase) does not move to the sentence-initial position, and the pre-wh part is characterized by specific prosodic correlates (Shiamizadeh et al. 2016. Do Persian native speakers prosodically mark wh-in-situ questions? Manuscript submitted for publication). The current experiment investigates the role of prosody in the perception of Persian wh-in-situ questions as opposed to declaratives. To this end, an experiment was designed in which Persian native speakers were asked to choose the correct sentence type after hearing only the pre-wh part of a sentence. We hypothesized that prosody guides perception of wh-in-situ questions independent of wh-phrase type. The results of the experiment corroborate our hypothesis. The outcome is discussed in terms of Ohala´s frequency code, and Bolinger´s claim about the universal dichotomous association between relaxation and declarativity on the one hand and tension and interrogativity on the other hand.
Size Selectivity, Injury, Handling Time, and Determinants of Initial Hooking Mortality in Recreational Angling for Northern Pike: The Influence of Type and Size of Bait

Abstract We examined the relationship between bait and lure size and type and body size, injury, and handling time for northern pike Esox lucius, an important recreational fisheries resource in much of North America and Europe. Bait type and size were significantly related to the size of fish captured and hooking location. Hooking in critical locations (i.e., gills, gullet) was more likely to occur with natural bait, soft plastic shads and jigs, and spoons than with spinners and wobblers (i.e., plugs). Small baits (<75 mm) were more likely to hook the fish in the gills and less likely to hook the fish in the upper jaw than larger baits. It took longer to remove hooks from gills than from other hooking locations. Frequency of bleeding was related to depth of hooking but was unrelated to fish size, bait type, bait size, or fishing method. Initial mortality of northern pike was low (mean ± 95% confidence interval = 2.4 ± 1.5%), and hooking mortality was significantly related to the level of bleeding as a pro.
Long-term Therapies for Diabetic Macular Edema

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is one of the main causes of visual loss in diabetic patients. Although photocoagulation and intensive control of systemic metabolic factors have achieved improved outcomes, improvement is slow and some patients with DME continue to lose vision despite treatment. Pharmacological treatment options for DME include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antagonists such as ranibizumab, bevacizumab and pegaptanib and corticosteroids, whose multiple mechanisms of action include reduction of VEGF expression. Intravitreal delivery of these agents has shown efficacy in the treatment of DME but is associated with adverse effects including cataract progression and sustained rises in intraocular pressure. The physical characteristics and potent anti-inflammatory properties of fluocinolone acetonide (FAc) have led to its use in intravitreal implants. A number of intravitreal implants have been evaluated, of which the most effective at providing sustained drug release with an acceptable safety profile is the ILUVIEN® implant. This FAc intravitreal implant provides significant, long-lasting improvements in visual acuity for patients with chronic DME and has a manageable safety profile.
The effect of probiotics potentiated with polyunsaturated fatty acids on the digestive tract of germ-free piglets

Oil with higher a content of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was administered for 4 weeks to experimental germ-free piglets and from 21 days of age the piglets were inoculated perorally with probiotic micro- organisms Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei. Control piglets were administered saline solution in identical doses and starting from the fourth week were also supplemented with probiotics. At the age of 28 days, the number of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei that had adhered to jejunal mucosa of experimental piglets was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to that in the control group. The differences in the number of lactobacilli, which colonised mucosa of the ileum and colon of experimental and control piglets, were insignificant. With the exception of the stomach, the pH level in the digestive tract of piglets was lower in the experimental piglets. Significantly higher levels of propionic ( P < 0.05), acetoacetic and succinic ( P < 0.01) acids were observed in germ-free experimental piglets in colon. The differences in the level of lactic and acetic acid were insignificant. PUFA-potentiated pro - biotics positively affected the adhesion of lactobacilli, pH and the level of organic acids in the digestive tract of germ-free piglets. Supplementation of oil containing ω-3 PUFA significantly increased the blood level of α-lino - lenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in experimental piglets at the expense of arachidonic acid in comparison with the control.
Hyperspectral Unmixing Using Sparsity-Constrained Deep Nonnegative Matrix Factorization With Total Variation

Hyperspectral unmixing is an important processing step for many hyperspectral applications, mainly including: 1) estimation of pure spectral signatures (endmembers) and 2) estimation of the abundance of each endmember in each pixel of the image. In recent years, nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) has been highly attractive for this purpose due to the nonnegativity constraint that is often imposed in the abundance estimation step. However, most of the existing NMF-based methods only consider the information in a single layer while neglecting the hierarchical features with hidden information. To alleviate such limitation, in this paper, we propose a new sparsity-constrained deep NMF with total variation (SDNMF-TV) technique for hyperspectral unmixing. First, by adopting the concept of deep learning, the NMF algorithm is extended to deep NMF model. The proposed model consists of pretraining stage and fine-tuning stage, where the former pretrains all factors layer by layer and the latter is used to reduce the total reconstruction error. Second, in order to exploit adequately the spectral and spatial information included in the original hyperspectral image, we enforce two constraints on the abundance matrix. Specifically, the $L_{1/2}$ constraint is adopted, since the distribution of each endmember is sparse in the 2-D space. The TV regularizer is further introduced to promote piecewise smoothness in abundance maps. For the optimization of the proposed model, multiplicative update rules are derived using the gradient descent method. The effectiveness and superiority of the SDNMF-TV algorithm are demonstrated by comparing with other unmixing methods on both synthetic and real data sets.
Reproductive cycle of the sand lizard ( Lacerta agilis ) in its southwestern range

The reproductive cycle of Lacerta agilis was studied in the Pyrenees at the southwestern boundary of the species range. The activity period is short (about 4.5 months). Males attain sexual maturity at smaller sizes than females and show mixed type spermatogenesis and spring spermiogenesis. Vitellogenesis in females is rapid (45 days for the whole population) with a long period of oviductal retention. Clutches are laid at the beginning of summer. During the reproductive period males mobilise reserves during the mating activities. Females deplete more fat reserves but later in the season than males and they are at their lowest after egg production. In both sexes, energy resources are mobilised from the fat bodies and also from the liver and the proximal part of the tail. Clutch sizeincreases with female size but also depends on other factors. Theshort activity period does not appear to affect the reproductive cycle of this species. The gonad cycles and clutch traits do not show substantial differences from other European populations, perhaps with the exception of slight variation in the timing of reproductive events and, to a lesser extent, clutch frequency. This evidence strongly suggests that the limited southwestern range of Lacerta agilis is not due to environmental constraints but to very recent colonization.
CEO Attributes, Compensation, and Firm Value: Evidence from a Structural Estimation

I present and estimate a dynamic model of chief executive officer (CEO) compensation and effort provision. I find that variation in CEO attributes explains the majority of variation in compensation (equity and total) but little of the variation in firm value. The primary drivers of cross-sectional compensation are risk aversion and influence on the board. Additionally, I estimate the magnitude of CEO agency issues. Removing CEO influence increases shareholder value in the typical firm by 1.74%, making CEOs risk neutral increases shareholder value by 16.12%, and removing all agency frictions increases shareholder value by 28.99%.
Hidden MODY—Looking for a Needle in a Haystack

MODY (Maturity onset diabetes of the young) is a specific type of diabetes caused by mutation in a single gene, involved in the development and function of the β-cells, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner (1). Out of fourteen, up to date discovered, MODY genes (2) the most often affected ones include GCK (gene encoding glucokinase enzyme) and HNF1A (encoding the transcription factor—hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α), which altogether account for approximately 80% of all MODY cases (3). Mutations in other genes (e.g., HNF4A or HNF1B—hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α and 1β), occur rarely (4). Although MODY represents a rather scarce diabetes type (1), searching for MODY among much more prevalent forms of diabetes is important and desirable for its clear impact on clinical practice—for appropriate diabetes management with the most suitable treatment (accompanied with improved quality of life) (5, 6), for assessing the real risk of development and progression of specific diabetic complications in each MODY type, as well as for early diagnosis in the patient's relatives and offspring. Nevertheless, overwhelming majority of MODY patients worldwide remains misdiagnosed (3, 7). Moreover, no unitary and up-to-date diagnostic guidelines have been established so far, and also it is not obvious, which approach to correct identification of MODY patients is optimal. The aim of this communication is to present our experiences with searching for patients with MODY in the context of current diagnostic proceedings and actual study outputs available.
Impact of exercise on quality of life, body awareness, kinesiophobia and the risk of falling among young older adults

Amac: Calisma genc yaslilarda egzersizin yasam kalitesi beden farkindaligi, kinezyofobi ve dusme riskine etkisini belirlemek amaciyla planlandi. Gerec ve Yontem: Arastirma Trabzon’daki 76 katlimci (65-74 yas araliginda) ile gerceklestirildi. Yas, cinsiyet, beden kitle indeksi, egitim durumu, aile yapisi, kimlerle yasadigi, kronik hastalik bilgilerini iceren sosyodemografik veri formu kullanildi. Katilimcilar egzersiz yapan 36 birey calisma grubu (grup I) ve egzersiz yapmayan diger 38 birey kontrol grubu (grup II) olarak ikiye ayrildi. Calisma grubuna 12 haftalik egzersiz programi uygulandi. Yasam kalitesi SF-36 Yasam kalitesi olcegi ile, vucut farkindaligi BAQ (Beden farkindalik anketi) ile, kinezyofobi durumu Tampa Kinezyofobi Anketi Kisa formu (TKO-11) ile ve dusme riski duzeyi DENN dusme riski degerlendirme olcegi ile degerlendirildi. Bulgular: Katilimcilarin yas ortalamasi 69.45 yildi. Egzersiz yapan ve yapmayan gruplar arasinda yasam kalitesi tum alt boyutlari ve bakimindan anlamli bir fark vardi. Egzersiz yapan grupta yasam kalitesi ile beden farkindaligi ve dusme riski arasinda iliski varken; egzersiz yapmayan grupta iliski yoktu. Her iki grupta da dusme riski ve kinezyofobi arasinda pozitif iliski vardi. Egzersiz yapan grupta dusme riski ile beden farkindaligi arasinda negatif iliski vardi. Sonuc: Yasli bireylerde egzersizin yasam kalitesi ve vucut farkindaligi uzerindeki olumlu etkilerinin varligi saglik profesyonellerine geriatrik rehabilitasyon programi planlamada isik tutacaktir.
Two‐Year Growth Cycle Sugarcane Crop Parameter Attributes and Their Application in Modeling

Published in Agron. J. 107:1310–1320 (2015) doi:10.2134/agronj14.0588 Copyright © 2015 by the American Society of Agronomy, 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711. All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ABSTRACT The renewed interest in the use of sugarcane (Saccharin officinarum L.) for biofuel could provide a viable market for potential Hawaiian sugarcane feedstock producers. In Hawaii, sugarcane is grown as an irrigated 2-yr cycle crop. There is however little information on crop parameter attributes of 2-yr cycle sugarcane. This field study on Maui, Hawaii, analyzed the relationship between sugarcane biomass accumulation and specific crop parameters. Overall, the high dry biomass yield (80.20 Mg ha–1) was the result of a high leaf area index (LAI, 7.50) and radiation use efficiency (RUE, 2.06 g MJ–1. The crop growth rate was highly correlated to LAI (R2, 0.86), and a light extinction coefficient (k) of 0.53 was estimated. Stalk density was estimated at 18 stalks m–2, with a maximum plant height of 3.6 m, and a rooting depth exceeding 2.0 m. When the crop parameters were incorporated into a biological model of Agricultural Land Management Alternatives with Numerical Assessment Criteria (ALMANAC) the model accurately simulated sugarcane yields across seven different soil types and multiple management scenarios of applied irrigation water, N and P fertilizer inputs and various planting and harvest dates. The mean simulation percent (%) errors ranged from –6.4% to 1.8%, while the calculated Fisher’s paired t test of 1.41 with 39 degrees of freedom, showed no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between measured and simulated yields. The ALMANAC model should be useful as a decision support tool for evaluating sugarcane management alternatives that maximize yields while optimizing water, N and P inputs.
Risk factors for gastric dilatation and volvulus in central Europe: an internet survey

The aim of this internet-based questionnaire was to determine risk factors for the development and survival of gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) in dogs in central Europe. The questionnaire focused on general information, feeding and elimination behaviour, family history, personality and routine habits, was freely distributed on the internet. Respondents were recruited by e-mail, and announcement of the survey on websites focused on dogs or breeder clubs and flyers in veterinary clinics and at dog shows. Responses from the owners of 785 dogs were analysed. Data underwent descriptive statistical and logistic regression analysis. Factors associated with an increased risk of GDV are intact male, specific breed, pet food and first-degree relative with gastric-dilatation and volvulus. In contrast, low risk was observed in spayed females, dogs eating meals with large particles, dogs with frequent defecation or in dogs kept at home. Non-survivors had a significantly longer time between food consumption and the development of clinical signs than survivors. We conclude that the risk of GDV development is associated with several factors. Some of these can be influenced by the owner or veterinarian.
Effect of Acute Exercise on Hunger in Healthy Woman 1

This study investigated the effects of different acute exercise mode on subjective hunger rating. Ten healthy woman subjects participated voluntarily in the study and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before participation. Subjects undertook four, 1,5 h trials (3exercises and 1 control) in a randomized crossover design. In the exercise trials subjects were performed three different exercise protocol (resistance, resistance+endurance, endurance). In the control trial, subjects rested for 1,5 h. Ratings of subjective feelings of hunger was reported on 100 mm visual analogue scales (VAS) at baseline (-20) and at 0, 20, 40, 60 and 90 mins after baseline. Repeated-measures, two factor ANOVA was used to examine differences between the four trials over time for hunger change. Between-trial differences at each time point were examined using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests when significant interactions were found. Two-way ANOVAs revealed significant trial (p=0.047) trial x time effects (p=0.041) and time (p=0.000) effects for hunger. Endurance+resistance exercise trial increases the feeling of hunger more than resistance exercises trial (p=0.021) and control trial (p=0.046). In conclusion, acute resistance+endurance exercise increases appetite in healthy woman.
Biologgers reveal post‐release behavioural impairments of freshwater turtles following interactions with fishing nets

Bycatch, the incidental capture of non‐target organisms, occurs in most commercial fisheries. Although immediate bycatch mortality is frequently documented in fisheries, detrimental sub‐lethal effects and potential post‐release mortality remain largely unknown despite the potential population‐level consequences. Turtles are captured as bycatch and their populations are vulnerable to slight increases in adult mortality. In eastern Ontario, turtles are frequently captured as bycatch in a small‐scale freshwater commercial fyke‐net fishery and, currently, the fate of discarded turtles is unknown. We wished to determine the effect of fyke‐net capture on post‐release survival and behaviour in eastern musk turtles Sternotherus odoratus and painted turtles Chrysemys picta. We used biologgers equipped with tri‐axial acceleration, depth and temperature sensors to document locomotor activity, vertical distribution, and temperature use of entrapped (exposed to forced submergence for 4 h) and control turtles upon release. Overall dynamic body acceleration was used as a measure of post‐release activity for the first hour, first 6 h, and first 48 h. Post‐release mortality was not detected. Turtles subjected to entrapment exhibited lower activity during the first 6 h following release, and their vertical distribution and temperature use differed in the first 2 h following release, but these effects disappeared after 48 h, suggesting turtles have the ability to recover. Quantifying the post‐release mortality and sub‐lethal effects of entrapment is important for estimating the population effects associated with bycatch.
Disagreement About Moral Character Is Linked to Interpersonal Costs

Impressions of moral character are among the most relevant and consequential; yet, people do not always see eye to eye with others about their moral character. Is self-other disagreement about moral character associated with interpersonal costs, and are these costs uniquely associated with moral impressions? To answer these questions, judges (N = 100) in a community sample rated several acquaintances’ (targets) moral character (e.g., compassion, honesty) and personality and indicated their liking and respect of the target (N = 587 judge–target pairs) while targets described their own moral character and personality. For most moral impressions, as the discrepancy between judges and targets increased, judges tended to like and respect targets less, particularly when targets enhanced their character relative to their judge. These effects were unique from personality ratings (e.g., agreeableness). Thus, failing to see eye to eye with others about one’s moral character is associated with negative interpersonal outcomes.
Methods matter: the relationship between strength and hypertrophy depends on methods of measurement and analysis

Purpose The relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been fully considered or quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore how different methods of measurement and analysis can affect inferences surrounding the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain. Methods Data from a previous study—in which participants performed eight weeks of elbow flexor training, followed by an eight-week period of detraining—were reanalyzed using different statistical models, including standard between-subject correlations, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear modeling. Results The associative relationship between strength and hypertrophy is highly dependent upon both method/site of measurement and analysis; large differences in variance accounted for (VAF) by the statistical models were observed (VAF = 0–24.1%). Different sites and measurements of muscle size showed a range of correlations coefficients with one another (r = 0.326–0.945). Finally, exploratory analyses revealed moderate-to-strong relationships between within-individual strength-hypertrophy relationships and strength gained over the training period (ρ = 0.36–0.55). Conclusions Methods of measurement and analysis greatly influence the conclusions that may be drawn from a given dataset. Analyses that do not account for inter-individual differences may underestimate the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain, and different methods of assessing muscle size will produce different results. It is suggested that robust experimental designs and analysis techniques, which control for different mechanistic sources of strength gain and inter-individual differences (e.g., muscle moment arms, muscle architecture, activation, and normalized muscle force), be employed in future investigations.
Perceptions of the presence and effectiveness of high involvement work systems and their relationship to employee attitudes

Purpose – Prior research has demonstrated the positive effects of high involvement work systems on various outcomes but none to date has conducted a comparative test of alternative, plausible models of these systems. This paper aims to address this issue.Design/methodology/approach – A test of five high involvement work system models was conducted. The models were tested using employee perceptions of the presence and effectiveness of the organizational practices included in these systems, whereas a majority of prior studies have measured high involvement work practices based on managers' perceptions only. Measures of eight high involvement work practices (i.e. employment security, selective hiring, extensive training, contingent compensation, teams and decentralized decision making, information sharing, reduced status distinctions, transformational leadership) were used to compare the fit of these five models using confirmatory factor analysis. 317 non‐management employees from five Canadian organizations.