Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COPD_A_206111 1411..1421

Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig AöR, Leipzig, Germany; Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft GmbH, Schmallenberg Grafschaft, Germany; Pneumologie/Intensivmedizin/Infektiologie, Marienkrankenhaus Kassel, Kassel, Germany; Medizinische Klinik III, RoMed Klinikum Rosenheim, Rosenheim, Germany; Krankenhaus Bethanien gGmbH, Klinik für Pneumologie und Allergologie, Zentrum für Schlafund Beatmungsmedizin, Solingen, Germany; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University Nuernberg, General Hospital Nuernberg, Nürnberg, Germany; Intensivmedizin und Beatmungsmedizin, Klinik für Atemwegs-, Lungenund Thoraxmedizin, Asklepios Klinikum Harburg, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Klinik für Pneumologie, Kardiologie, Schlafund Beatmungsmedizin, Malteser Krankenhaus Seliger Gerhard, Bonn/Rhein-Sieg, Bonn, Germany; Zentralklinik Bad Berka GmbH, Klinik für Pneumologie, Bad Berka, Germany; Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum Vest Paracelsus-Klinik Marl, Marl, Germany; Clinical Trial Centre Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Background: Despite the encouraging results of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in chronic
Soil Protection and Anti-Erosion Techniques for Cotton Irrigation

In the Republic of Uzbekistan, irrigation erosion is one of the most commonly occurring problems adversely affecting agricultural productivity. This environmentally dangerous phenomenon is spread for over 660 thousand hectares in the country. In order to prevent the negative effects of irrigation, it has been developed an anti-erosion technique for cotton irrigation on eroded soils. A zigzag furrow irrigation technique was seen as the most productive and efficient way to prevent soil erosion and subsequently, increase the production. The results reveal that using zigzag furrow irrigation practices, the yield of cotton reached to 3.35 tons/ha, about 0.6 ton/ha more than the traditional straight furrow irrigation. Furthermore, this technique significantly contributed to the improvement of agrophysical properties of the soil in the experimental stations of the Uzbek Research Institute of Cotton Growing.
THE INTERACTION BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL PLATES UNDER TRANSVERSE LOADING, BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE

This paper focuses on the design of steel plated girders under combinations of transverse loading, bending moment and shear force. In the member states of the European Union the design of slender steel plates is covered by EN 1993-1-5:2006. Although conclusions from literature show a rather significant interaction between transverse loading and shear force (F-V), no consideration of this type of interaction is made in Section 7.2 of EN 1993-1-5:2006. In order to close that gap experimental and numerical studies were undertaken to analyse the stability behaviour and to identify the influence of key parameters. Based on that an F-V proposal is developed which is completed by the consideration of a bending moment so that finally a fully usable F-M-V interaction equation is proposed.
Fine‐Scale Features of the Sun's Atmosphere

We present an overview of fine-scale features in the Sun’s atmosphere, with a focus on spicules and jets. We consider older and newer observations and theories for chromospheric spicules and coronal jets. We also consider the connection between these features and some other solar atmospheric phenomena. We then discuss the possibility that there is a continuum of jet-like features ranging from spicules to large-scale CME-producing eruptions, all driven by similar magnetic processes operating on differing corresponding size scales. Future observational and theoretical studies will help clarify further the nature of these solar events, and elucidate possible connections between them.
Effects of education on economic growth:Evidence from Guatemala

This paper examines the determinants of economic growth in Guatemala, with a particular focus on schooling. Results based on the error-correction methodology show a better educated labour force has a positive and significant impact on economic growth during 1951-2002. Consistent with micro evidence for Guatemala primary education is more important than secondary and tertiary education. These findings are robust while changing the conditioning variables, controlling for data issues and endogeneity. Due to social and political conflicts and the need for institutional environment conducive to growth, the growth rate of output in Guatemala has been low.
An audit of the impact of a clinical pharmacist on Rational drug use at Kenyatta National Hospital

The management and use of drugs has clinical, economic, and environmental implications. Irrational use of drugs has been recognized not only as a cause of poor health outcomes but also an important factor of increased health care costs. Furthermore, irrational drug use also increases risks of medication errors, adverse drug reactions and events. World Health Organization (WHO) and the First International Conference on Improving Use of Medicines (ICIUM), held in Thailand in 1997, recommended regular drug use audits since detection of problems is the first step in evaluating the underlying causes before taking remedial action. A preliminary report of a baseline audit on rational drug use (ROU) carried out at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) between January and February 2009 using the WHOIDAP manual 'How to investigate drug use in healthfacilities' showed high incidences of irrational drug use in all the clinical areas. As part of the various strategies to combat irrational and inappropriate drug use, the department of pharmacy medicine and information centre, in collaboration with the clinical pharmacist, made medication interventions and repeated the audit to assess the impact on rational drug use. The audit utilized a cross-sectional study design with pre-intervention and post-intervention study arms. The clinical pharmacist took part in medical ward round on alternate days in the intervention wards and in the course of provision of "pharmaceutical care" made medication interventions which were classified using a scheme adapted from Hatoum et al,. The outcomes and the reason for the intervention were also recorded. One hundred and fifty six interventions were made in a period of one month. Interventions pertaining to unavailability of prescribed drugs were most frequent at 29.5%. Other interventions included; Clarification of treatment in cases where prescription was illegible (16.7%), Dose ,frequency and duration of treatment (14.1 %), Choice of treatment (11.5%), Adverse drug reaction or interaction (8.3%), Recommendation of alternative therapy (8.3%), Transcription error (5.1%), Administration or formulation or route (4.5%) and cost (2.6%). Only 1.3% of the interventions were rejected.
Personality Measurement and Employment Decisions. Questions and Answers.

The invisible college of psychologists who do research with measures of normal personality now largely agrees about the structure of personality; this group also agrees that competently developed personality measures are valid predictors of real world performance. Outside that college, however, there is still considerable skepticism regarding the meaning and validity of these measures. This article attempts to summarize the data needed to answer the most frequent questions about the use of personality measures in applied contexts. Our major conclusions are that (a) well-constructed measures of normal personality are valid predictors of performance in virtually all occupations, (b) they do not result in adverse impact for job applicants from minority groups, and (c) using well-developed personality measures for preemployment screening is a way to promote social justice and increase organ izationalproductivity.
ABAS®-3) Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Third Edition

BENEFITS Provides a complete assessment of adaptive skills across the life span AGES Birth to 89 years ADMIN TIME 15 to 20 minutes FORMAT Behavior rating scale typically completed by parent, caregiver, and/or teacher; self-rating option for adults SCORES For the 11 skill areas assessed—norm-referenced scaled scores. For the 3 adaptive domains and the General Adaptive Composite (GAC)—norm-referenced standard scores, confidence intervals for standard scores, and percentile ranks. In addition, all scores can be categorized descriptively PUBLISH DATE 2015
Nitric oxide scavenging ability of ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata (Linn.)

The nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activities of Chromolaena odorata (Linn) King and Robinson, was investigated and compared with standard Plant Phenolic antioxidant Quercetin. Disodium pentacyanonitrosyl ferrate (2) dihydrate (sodium nitroprusside) was used as a nitric oxide donor. On disintegration at a physiological pH (7.2), 5 mmol/l of sodium nitroprusside generated a time dependent nitric oxide concentration which was scavenged in vitro by the extract. Inhibition of nitrite formation by Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Methanolic Extract of C. odorata (EAFCO), showed a dose-dependent response. Ability of EAFCO to scavenge nitric oxide radicals in vitro was compared to a standard Plant phenolic compound (Quercetin). Quercetin and EAFCO had IC50 = 50 and 380 μg/ml respectively and an IC100 of 2000 and 2800 μg/ml respectively. The overall result showed that the plant C. odorata is a good nitric oxide radical scavenger. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of chromolaena odorata extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Quantitative determination of total phenolic content shows that the EAFCO contains an appreciable amount of phenolic compounds and may be responsible for the observed potential.
ENHANCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAVEL AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS VIA THE INCLUSION OF THEORETICAL-BASED CONTENT

Travel awareness campaigns are one of the most commonly used 'mobility management interventions', which aim to change individuals' travel choices and behaviour to more sustainable transport modes. However, despite the widespread uptake of this measure and associated costs, the extent to which awareness campaigns work, and also how they can be best designed to increase their effectiveness, remains unclear. We begin by providing an overview of current understanding of individuals' modal choice decision making processes, and how this knowledge can be ap- plied to the design of awareness campaigns. To illustrate the benefits of including psychological-based content in the design of travel awareness messaging, an overview of a theoretical-based randomised controlled personalised travel planning intervention study conducted in Hammersmith, UK, is presented. The results obtained show that those peo- ple who were exposed to theoretical-based materials reported a significantly greater change in behaviour and theo- retical stage-movement, compared to those who received non-theoretical materials and also the control group. Based on the results of this study, we conclude by suggesting how future awareness campaigns can be improved via the inclusion of theoretical-based content.
Transitions in a West African Labour Market : The Role of Social Networks

This paper sheds light on the role of social networks in the dynamics of a West African labour market, i.e. in the transitions from unemployment to employment, from wage employment to self-employment, and from self-employment to wage employment. It investigates the effects of three dimensions of the social network on these transitions: its structure, the strength of ties and the resources embedded in the network. For this purpose, we use a first-hand survey conducted in Ouagadougou on a representative sample of 2000 households. Using event history data and very detailed information on social networks, we estimate proportional hazard models for discrete-time data. We find that social networks have a significant effect on the dynamics of workers in the labour market and that this effect differs depending on the type of transition and the considered dimension of the social network. The network size appears to not matter much in the labour market dynamics. Strong ties however play a stabilizing role by limiting large transitions. Their negative effect on transitions is reinforced when they are combined with high level of resources embedded in the network.
Identifying Fixed Export Costs and their Impact on Firm-Level Export Behavior ∗

The literature on trade and firm heterogeneity emphasizes two parameters that affect firmlevel export decisions: productivity and fixed trade costs. The importance of productivity has been extensively documented in empirical studies, whereas much less is known about the empirical relevance of fixed trade costs and how the two parameters interact with each other. Using total export expenses collected by the Annual National Industrial Survey of Chile, we estimate a schedule of fixed trade costs for all industries, regions, and years in Chile, which helps to pinpoint the fixed trade costs that any firm would pay if it wants to export. Based on this schedule, we reach three findings. First, fixed trade costs discourage exports. Other factors held constant, a change in fixed trade costs from the 25th percentile to the 75th percentile of the schedule reduces export propensity by approximately 5%. Second, given the same export propensity, higher productivity and lower fixed trade costs are substitutable, and the substitution becomes weaker as productivity rises. Third, high-productivity non-exporters are associated with high fixed trade costs.
At-issueness 6= anaphoric availability

The at-issue status of a proposition and its availability for anaphora have been tightly linked in the literature (e.g., Tonhauser 2012; Syrett & Koev 2014). In particular, a frequently used diagnostic for at-issueness crucially relies on propositional anaphora. I argue that two different QUD-based diagnostics from Tonhauser 2012—which do not rely on anaphora—more reliably identify at-issueness. I use these diagnostics to show that neither at-issueness nor availability for anaphora reliably determine one another.
The Balance between Life and Death: Defining a Role for Apoptosis in Aging

Aging is associated with a progressive deterioration of tissues and organs. Although many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the aging process, the exact mechanisms involved are not well defined. One characteristic common to aging tissues is cell loss and alterations in cell death signaling cascades could lead to cell loss and underlie a number of age-related organ-specific cellular degenerations. This review focuses on apoptosis and discusses how dysregulation of the apoptotic signaling cascade may be involved in aging and age-related pathologies. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a process that begins during development and continues throughout adulthood. There is evidence that advanced age is associated with dysregulation of apoptosis. We discuss studies that show age-related changes in the proteins that regulate apoptosis and demonstrate that aging enhances apoptosis and increases the susceptibility of several different cell types to apoptosis. Alterations in apoptotic signaling may help to explain the age- associated decrease in immunity and cardiac function in the elderly, as well as the increases in neurodegenerative diseases in aging humans.
Changing domains in human capital measurement

Orientation: The management context is dynamic; this is especially evident in human capital as the primary source of value creation as opposed to physical and natural resources. In response, measurement methodologies have moved from a transactional approach (strategy implementation) to a transformational approach (human capital contribution paradigm), as well as diverging into different purposes. To date, there has been little overlap on recent domains to consider in managing and measuring the contribution of the human resource function and employees, and how to unlock and add value. Research purpose: The aim of the study was to explore and describe changing domains within human capital management to be managed and measured. Motivation for the study: The motivation was to advance the understanding of changing measurement domains to aid practitioners to manage and measure the contribution of the human resource function and employees, in order to unlock and add value and ultimately contribute to the success of an organisation. Research design, approach and method: Unstructured, in-depth interview data of purposively selected cases from a selected panel of human resource practitioners specialising in human capital measurement was thematically analysed in this exploratory-descriptive investigation. Main findings: Findings suggested that seven domains should be managed and measured. These domains highlight new areas of impact and levels of management. In addition, crossdomain relationships in measurement allow for an understanding of the impact and potential value on which to capitalise. Practical/managerial implications: New domains to manage and measure focus the attention of practitioners beyond the transactional performance management paradigm to a transformational approach to influence the business strategy. Higher education institutions need to develop students’ cognitive skills to facilitate systems thinking. Contribution: This study suggests a new approach to managing and measuring the human capital function and the workforce.
Two new transient radio phenomena: RRATs and Intermittent Pulsars

In this paper we describe the recent discovery of two new pulsar-related transient phenomena, both of which will provide important information on the physical processes occurring in neutron star magnetospheres. Rotating RAdio Transients (RRATs) are a recently identified class of transient radio sources which were discovered in the largest-scale search ever performed for transient radio sources (McLaughlin et al 2006). Eleven of these new sources have been found and are characterized by isolated dispersed radio bursts with durations between 2 and 30 ms, peak flux densities at 1400MHz of between 0.1 and 3.6 Jy and average intervals between bursts ranging from 4 minutes to 3 hours. So far, no periodicities have been detected in their emission using standard search techniques, although, through an arrival-time analysis of the bursts, we have identified periodicities in the range of 0.4 to 7 s in 10 of the 11 objects. Period derivatives have been measured for three RRATs; one with a spin period of 4.3 s has an inferred surface dipole magnetic field strength of 0.5× 1014 G, perhaps indicating a close relationship between this source and the high-energy magnetars (Woods & Thompson 2004). Why these ephemeral objects emit for a total of only perhaps 0.1 second during a day is not clear. The second class of object is that of the Intermittent Pulsars, exemplified by PSR B1931+24, whose emission switches ON and OFF on timescales of weeks and greater (Kramer et al. 2006). This Intermittent Pulsar shows a slowdown rate which is ∼1.5 times greater when ON than OFF, showing for the first time that magnetospheric particle currents play a significant role in both the slowdown and emission processes. Four other Intermittent Pulsars have been identified and are being studied and, as a class, offer a possible new window on neutron star magnetospheric physics.
Corporate governance and capital flows

Today’s financial regulation is founded on the assumption that more transparency, accountability, regulation, alignment of interests of directors with long-term objectives, less corruption makes the system safe. Thus, after the recent financial and economic crisis these themes are considered necessary to restore confidence in the financial markets, to reformulate the existing corporate governance systems and mechanisms that have been inadequate, and, finally, to rethink the relationship between ethics and economy. The announcement of setting a ceiling on executive remunerations (of financial institutions that receive aid from the government) coincides with the popular disapproval of the plans on the manager incentives. The so-called golden salaries of top managers raised a number of critical questions: considering the present economic recession is it correct award bonuses and privileges to managers? considering the manager-performance ratio is right that managers receive incentives even when the targets are not met? In the light of this debate the aim of this paper is to critically analyze existing corporate governance rules which are just born with the aim to regulate and control this type of problems. Thus, a possible solution might be to make existing rules more effective o in alternative to rethink corporate governance rule? The purpose of this research is to identify the factors determining the corporate governance systems and mechanisms in a global economy. This analysis confirms the economic theory that less open countries are characterized by stronger ownership’ restrictions and a weak corporate governance’s mechanism. Conversely, Open market and investment regimes are particularly powerful instruments to attract investment in general and FDI in particular.
Tariff and Equilibrium Indeterminacy

We study the effect of tariffs in a one-sector small open economy that imports oil. We find that (1) the model may exhibit local indeterminacy and sunspots when tariff rates are endogenously determined by a balanced-budget rule with a constant level of government expenditures (or lump-sum tansfers); and (2) indeterminacy disappears if the government finances endogenous public spending and transfers with fixed tariff rates. Under the first type of balanced budget formulation, we provide numerical (calibration) examples to illustate that the government shouldn't distort the oil price paid by firms with tariffs in order to avoid aggregate instability. Under the second type of balanced budget formulation, we prove that the economy exhibits equilibrium uniqueness, regardless of the existence of lump-sum transfers.
What Can Be Learned About the Development of the Bulgarian Rose Oil Industry by Employing the Cluster Approach

This academic work discusses the factors which affect the development of the Bulgarian rose oil industry by undertaking a cluster approach. The author identifies a list of central, literature-driven factors derived from cluster approaches, which hypothetically influence the abovementioned agglomeration of rose oil producers and related organizations and institutions. Further on, he examines them empirically by conducting seven semi-structured interviews with key players from that economic sector. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding on geographical dependencies by providing a case study for the rose oil industry in the Rose Valley region, Bulgaria. The research finds that, indeed, there are some factors related to the cluster approach which affect the development of the rose oil industry. The most dominant are the labor market, fair competition, the evolution of the legislation and the scientific work and innovation. Nevertheless, the governmental institutions and the historical persistency of the cluster are viewed as liability. Moreover, the author recognizes a rather specific type of knowledge transfer between the key players which are part of Bulgarian National Association Essential oils, Perfumery and Cosmetics and those who are not. The study provides a model which illustrates these connections. (Less)