Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Volunteer motives and retention in community sport organizations

The retention of volunteers has been identified as a significant organisational challenge for community sport organisations. However, little is known about the relationship between volunteer motives and their intentions to remain with an organisation. In this study, 402 volunteers from community rugby clubs were surveyed about their motivations to volunteer and intention to remain as volunteers. The results indicate that while volunteer motivations are primarily based on altruistic values, intentions of volunteers to remain with their club are only moderately affected by these motives.
Identification of novel and downregulated biomarkers for alcoholism by surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization‐mass spectrometry

Since personal and verbal reporting of alcohol use is not necessarily accurate, objective markers to assess alcohol consumption are required. The currently available markers, however, are limited in sensitivity and specificity for screening of excessive alcohol drinkers. Therefore, searches for novel markers are warranted. Recently, surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry (SELDI‐TOF‐MS) has been successfully used to detect disease‐associated proteins in complex biological specimens. We used the ProteinChip SELDI technology to generate comparative protein profiles of the consecutive serum samples obtained during abstinence from a total of 16 chronic alcoholic patients hospitalized for a rehabilitation program. We recognized two peaks (5.9 and 7.8 kDa), both of which had been downregulated on admission, the expression level of which significantly increased after a one‐week abstinence. These changes were also seen in nonresponders of γ‐glutamyltransferase. These two proteins were partially purified and subjected to amino acid sequencing. The 5.9 kDa protein was identified as a fragment of fibrinogen αE chain and the 7.8 kDa was a fragment of apoprotein A‐II. These novel protein fragments may be promising biomarkers for excessive alcohol drinking.
Website Fingerprinting: Attacks and Defenses

Website fingerprinting attacks allow a local, passive eavesdropper to determine a client’s web activity by leveraging features from her packet sequence. These attacks break the privacy expected by users of privacy technologies, including low-latency anonymity networks such as proxies, VPNs, or Tor. As a discipline, website fingerprinting is an application of machine learning techniques to the diverse field of privacy. To perform a website fingerprinting attack, the eavesdropping attacker passively records the time, direction, and size of the client’s packets. Then, he uses a machine learning algorithm to classify the packet sequence so as to determine the web page it came from. In this work we construct and evaluate three new website fingerprinting attacks: Wa-OSAD, an attack using a modified edit distance as the kernel of a Support Vector Machine, achieving greater accuracy than attacks before it; Wa-FLev, an attack that quickly approximates an edit distance computation, allowing a low-resource attacker to deanonymize many clients at once; and Wa-kNN, the current state-of-the-art attack, which is effective and fast, with a very low false positive rate in the openworld scenario. While our new attacks perform well in theoretical scenarios, there are significant differences between the situation in the wild and in the laboratory. Specifically, we tackle concerns regarding the freshness of the training set, splitting packet sequences so that each part corresponds to one web page access (for easy classification), and removing misleading noise from the packet sequence. To defend ourselves against such attacks, we need defenses that are both efficient and provable. We rigorously define and motivate the notion of a provable defense in this work, and we present three new provable defenses: Tamaraw, which is a relatively efficient way to flood the channel with fixed-rate packet scheduling; Supersequence, which uses smallest common supersequences to save on bandwidth overhead; and Walkie-Talkie, which uses half-duplex communication to significantly reduce both bandwidth and time overhead, allowing a truly efficient yet provable defense.
Objective Confirmation of Subjective Measures of Human Well-Being: Evidence from the U.S.A.

The Best Things in Life Are Free? Does money buy happiness? Answers to this question differ, depending, in part, on whether one asks an economist or a psychologist. The former would point to correlations between higher incomes and greater self-reported well-being, whereas the latter would argue that happiness shows little correlation with absolute material goods and is instead dictated largely by an individual's so-called set-point. Another strand of research invokes a hedonic treadmill, whereby income matters until subsistence requirements are met, at which point comparisons with one's neighbors are what influence one's sense of life satisfaction. Oswald and Wu (p. 576, published online 17 December; see the Perspective by Layard) establish that the subjective responses from 1 million adults, collected within health surveys conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, do indeed correlate with objective measures of quality of life. Subjective life-satisfaction scores agree with objective measures of well-being across 50 American states. A huge research literature, across the behavioral and social sciences, uses information on individuals’ subjective well-being. These are responses to questions—asked by survey interviewers or medical personnel—such as, “How happy do you feel on a scale from 1 to 4? ” Yet there is little scientific evidence that such data are meaningful. This study examines a 2005–2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System random sample of 1.3 million U.S. citizens. Life satisfaction in each U.S. state is measured. Across America, people’s answers trace out the same pattern of quality of life as previously estimated, from solely nonsubjective data, in one branch of economics (so-called “compensating differentials” neoclassical theory, originally from Adam Smith). There is a state-by-state match (r = 0.6, P < 0.001) between subjective and objective well-being. This result has some potential to help to unify disciplines.
ABO blood group, hypercoagulability, and cardiovascular and cancer risk

The antigens of the ABO system (A, B, and H determinants, respectively) consist of complex carbohydrate molecules. It has been known for nearly half a century that the ABO blood group exerts a major influence on plasma levels of the von Willebrand factor (VWF)-factor VIII (FVIII) complex and that normal group O individuals have significantly lower levels of VWF and FVIII than do non-O individuals. As a consequence, several investigators have studied the association between ABO blood group and the risk of developing bleeding or thrombotic events. A number of epidemiological studies have also analyzed the biologic relevance of this interaction by assessing whether the ABO blood group could influence human longevity through the regulation of VWF-FVIII plasma levels. In this review, the molecular mechanisms by which the ABO blood group determines plasma VWF and consequently, FVIII levels, the possible clinical implications, and the current knowledge on the association between the ABO blood group and the risk of developing certain cancers will be reviewed.
THE INFLUENCE OF SHORT-TERM FASTING ON SERUM LEPTIN LEVELS, AND SELECTED HORMONAL AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS IN MORBIDLY OBESE AND LEAN FEMALES

The aim of our study was to compare the changes of serum leptin levels after 24-h fasting in morbidly obese and lean females and to search for hormonal and metabolic factors responsible for the changes in serum leptin levels. Fourteen morbidly obese and twelve lean females were included in the study. The blood for leptin, insulin, cortisol, blood glucose (BG), β-OH-butyrate (β-OH), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulphate (DHEA-S) measurements was withdrawn before and after a 24-h fast. Basal body mass index (BMI), serum leptin, insulin and β-OH levels were significantly higher in the obese compared to the lean group. The 24-h fasting decreased significantly BMI, serum leptin (by 20% in obese vs. 62% in lean subjects), insulin (by 23.3% in obese vs. 23.1% in lean subjects) and increased β-OH (by 36% in obese vs. 1300% in lean subjects). Basal serum leptin levels correlated positively with BMI in both groups and with insulin levels in the obese group. The multiple regression analysis using Δ leptin as dependent and the basal values of the rest of studied parameters as independent variables revealed that in lean subjects serum cortisol together with DHEA-S and BMI accounted for 71% of variations of the change of serum leptin levels (Δ leptin = 0.31 − 0.0101 cortisol + 0.0012 DHEA-S + 0.37 BMI). In obese subjects the 43.9% of variations of the change of serum leptin levels was explained by BMI together with age and DHEA-S levels (Δ leptin} = 36.09 + 0.35 BMI − 0.717 age − 0.008 DHEA-S). The drop of serum leptin levels after 24-h starvation is significantly blunted in obese compared to lean subjects. The reason for the difference is probably the insulin resistance possibly further modified by different DHEA-S levels.
A Review of Occupational Stress Interventions in Australia

The authors investigated empirical research into occupational stress interventions conducted in Australia within the past 10 years. They focused on evidence published and the quality of the evidence base. All intervention studies were conducted in the public sector. Only 1 study reached the gold standard in evidence-based research. Most interventions were individually focused, despite the preponderance of research identifying risky work environment stressors. Results suggest a paucity of published information regarding what works with occupational stress interventions in Australia and an urgent need for further research in the area, particularly focusing on the private sector, rural workers, and scientific evaluation. The impact of stress in the workplace is well recognized, with both human and financial costs investigated in the literature. In Australia, employees are entitled to workers’ compensation for stress when the claimant’s employment significantly contributes to stress; this does not include situations in which reasonable disciplinary action or failure to obtain a promotion, transfer, or other benefit in relation to employment occurred. Most states in Australia report an increasing number of stress claims per annum, and although the percentage relative to all other claims is low, the cost per claim is generally much higher, as is the time absent from work (Dollard, Winefield, & Winefield, 2001). The cost and prevalence of stress
Out‐group threats and distress as antecedents of common in‐group identity among majority and minority group members in the aftermath of a natural disaster

The aim of the present study was to examine the role of out-group threats in fostering one-group perceptions directly and indirectly via post-traumatic stress symptoms in the aftermath of a natural disaster. We also tested whether these relationships differ depending on the ethnic group of belonging (majority vs. minority). Participants were 589 Italians and 122 immigrants from a region strongly affected by the earthquakes that struck Northern Italy in 2012. Results revealed that among Italians threat stemming from negative out-group behaviour was associated positively with post-traumatic stress symptoms and negatively with perceptions of being a common group with immigrant survivors. Among immigrants, threat posed by the out-group for economic resources was positively associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms and, indirectly, with higher one-group perceptions.
High power density EMI filter design with consideration of self-parasitic

A compact EMI filter becomes one of the critical issue for a high power density converter design especially in transportation applications. This paper proposed a design procedure for a more compact EMI filter with consideration of both the low frequency and high frequency attenuation requirement. For simplicity purpose, EMI filter transfer gain is utilized to conduct the analysis. With the proposed method, the best stage number and components value can be systematically derived given a fixed operating point.
Cognitive Defusion Predicts More Approach and Less Avoidance Coping With Stress, Independent of Threat and Self-Efficacy Appraisals.

OBJECTIVE Recent evidence suggests that the way in which individuals relate to their aversive thoughts predicts behavioral effectiveness more than the content of such thoughts. This article is among the first to explore whether this is true for coping with stressful events. METHOD Three studies with emerging adults (Study 1, N = 202) and adults (Study 2, N = 201; Study 3, N = 141) tested whether changes in how individuals relate to their stress-related thoughts, measured using the individual-difference construct of cognitive defusion, predicted more approach and less avoidance coping behavior, controlling for stress-related appraisals. RESULTS We found that cognitive defusion predicted more approach coping (Studies 1 and 3) and less avoidance coping (Studies 2 and 3) following laboratory-induced stress (Study 1), naturally occurring monthly stress (Study 2), and daily stress (Study 3). These effects occurred independently of the effects of threat appraisals (Studies 1-3) and self-efficacy appraisals (Study 3) on coping responses. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive defusion may be an important individual-difference predictor of coping behavior, adding to established theories of coping such as Lazarus and Folkman's (1987) transactional theory.
The influence of the Traction Force due to Inertia of the Brain Mass on Traumatic Brain Injury during SUV-to-Pedestrian Impact

The objective of this study is to present a potential mechanism for traumatic brain injury resulting from a lateral blunt impact to the head during SUV-to-pedestrian impact. An AM50th percentile model of the human head was developed, and the mechanical response predicted by the model was validated against available cadaveric test data. It was found that the traction force due to the inertia of the brain mass plays a key role in brainstem lesion prior to the primary contact as well as the local stress/strain distribution around the lateral ventricle immediately after the contact with a vehicle. For the covering abstract see ITRD E141569.
Comparison of dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp., Viscaceae) in the western United States with mistletoes (Amyema spp., Loranthaceae) in Australia—ecological analogs and reciprocal models for ecosystem management

Whereas the biology, physiology and systematics of mistletoes have been explored in considerable detail, their ecology has received less attention and our understanding is highly fragmentary. A conspicuous exception is the dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp.)—a genus that exclusively parasitises coniferous trees, including many commercially valuable species in the forests of the western United States. Accordingly, these plants have been the subjects of intensive cross-disciplinary research for the past five decades, initially from a control and management perspective but extending into most aspects of their ecology and life history. This review summarises our understanding of dwarf mistletoes, focusing on recent developments in the areas of mistletoe–wildlife interactions, fire, ecosystem ecology and conservation biology. We also compare dwarf mistletoes with Australian mistletoes in the genus Amyema, a diverse suite of species found throughout the continent. Despite fundamental differences in their evolutionary origin and most aspects of their autecology and life history, the genera exhibit many similarities in terms of their ecological role in forests and woodlands, and their influence on stand- and forest-scale dynamics. In particular, both groups provide nesting resources for a range of birds and mammals, and nutritional resources for a diverse assemblage of species. Both also interact with fire, potentially leading to changes in successional dynamics at the stand scale. At an applied level, both groups are widely considered as pests but, as our understanding of these keystone species improves, they have the potential to serve as sensitive ecological indicators for their respective ecosystems. Key research priorities are identified for further research on both groups of mistletoes and more explicit comparative research, with Arceuthobium serving as a valuable template for future work on Amyema and Australian mistletoes in general.
A three‐way proteomics strategy allows differential analysis of yeast mitochondrial membrane protein complexes under anaerobic and aerobic conditions

To investigate the effect of anaerobiosis on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial proteome and the formation of respiratory chain and other protein complexes, we analyzed mitochondrial protein extracts that were enriched from lysates of aerobic and anaerobic steady‐state chemostat cultures. We chose an innovative approach in which native mitochondrial membrane protein complexes were separated by 1‐D blue native PAGE, which was combined with quantitative analysis of each complex subunit using stable isotope labeling. LC‐FT(ICR)‐MS/MS analysis was applied to identify and quantify the mitochondrial proteins. In addition, to establish if changes in mitochondrial complex composition occurred under anaerobiosis, we investigated the 1‐D blue native PAGE protein migration patterns by Pearson correlation analysis. Surprisingly, we discovered that under anaerobic conditions, where the yeast respiratory chain is not active, the respiratory chain supercomplexes, such as complex V dimer, complex (III)2(IV)2 and complex (III)2(IV) were still present, although at reduced levels. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the composition of the mitochondrial complexes was unchanged under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, with the exception of complex II. In addition, this latter approach allowed screening for possible novel complex interaction partners, since for example protein Aim38p, with a yet unknown function, was identified as a possible component of respiratory chain complex IV.
An application of Fishbein and Ajzen's attitudes-subjective norms model to the study of drug use.

Summary The present investigation examined the applicability of Fishbein and Ajzen's attitudes-subjective norms model to the study of drug use for four substances. Participants in the study were 349 male and female undergraduates at a large Southeastern university in the United States in 1977. Results strongly supported the model, with multiple R's of . 69, . 66, . 51, and . 70 for marijuana, amphetamines, minor tranquilizers, and beer, respectively. In all but one case (minor tranquilizers), both a measure of attitude toward the act and of subjective norm were significant predictors of frequency of use. An additional measure—attitude toward outcomes of use—did not significantly increase the predictability of any of the drugs studied.
Glycemic control in diabetic CAPD patients assessed by continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS).

INTRODUCTION From 20% to 40% of all patients commencing dialysis are diabetic. The quality of glycemic control is an important determinant of outcome. The aims of this study were to investigate the use of the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) to assess overall 24-hour glycemic control and the effects of both nonglucose containing and more biocompatible alternative peritoneal dialysis solutions in insulin-treated continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. METHODS We studied 8 insulin treated diabetic CAPD patients. A CGMS probe was inserted [allowing automatic measurement of interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose every 5 minutes, for a 72-hour period]. The patients were then allowed home with CGMS monitoring to assess the effect on glycemic control of three differing peritoneal dialysis regimes. Phase 1 consisted of three exchanges of 1.36% glucose and one of 3.86% glucose, utilizing a lactate/bicarbonate buffer. Phase 2 was identical but used lactate-buffered fluid alone. Phase 3 utilized a minimally glycemic combination of one amino acid, one icodextrin, and two 1.36% glucose lactate/bicarbonate-containing exchanges. RESULTS ISF glucose measured by CGMS correlated well with venous glucose measurements (r2 = 0.82, P < 0.0001). There was a statistically significant difference in the mean ISF glucose between all three phases (P < 0.0001). The variation in glycemic control was tighter during phase 3 [mean coefficient of variation (CV) 0.21 +/- 0.03]. CONCLUSION CGMS appears to be a clinically useful tool to gain additional insights into the glycemic control of diabetic CAPD patients. More biocompatible and nonglucose-containing dialysis fluids seem to be associated with improvements in glycemic control in this group of patients.
High Rate of Protein Coding Sequence Evolution and Species Diversification in the Lycaenids

Understanding the variations in the rate of molecular evolution among lineages may provide clues on the processes that molded extant biodiversity. Here, we report the high rate of molecular evolution in Lycaenidae and Riodinidae compared to other families of butterflies (Papilionoidea). We assembled a phylogeny of butterflies using eight molecular markers and comprising 4891 species. We found that the rate of molecular evolution is higher in Lycaenidae and Riodinidae compared to the other families, but only the nuclear gene Wingless showed a marked difference, while Elongation factor 1-alpha showed a more moderate difference. In contrast, the gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit 1 showed no difference between lycaenids as well as riodinids, and other butterflies. In parallel, we calculated the rates of diversification in all subfamilies of the Papilionoidea using the method-of-moments estimator for stem-group ages, which does not require a fully solved phylogeny for the target clades. We found that the Nemeobiinae and Lycaeninae, from the Riodinidae and Lycaenidae families, respectively, had the highest rate of diversification among all subfamilies. Among the life-history traits that could explain differences in molecular evolution and diversification rate, lycaenids display mutualistic or antagonistic interactions with ants, a higher level of host plant specialization and reduced dispersal abilities compared to other butterfly families. Since the current study is limited by the unique event of apparition of myrmecophily analyzed, the relationship with traits cannot be evaluated statistically. Future studies should measure myrmecophily and dispersal abilities quantitatively across a more detailed phylogeny of lycaenids to test for an association between shifts in the strength of mutualism, rates of molecular evolution and the diversification of lineages.
Effective size of certain macroscopic quantum superpositions.

Several experiments and experimental proposals for the production of macroscopic superpositions naturally lead to states of the general form /phi(1)>( multiply sign in circle N)+/phi 2 >( multiply sign in circle N), where the number of subsystems N is very large, but the states of the individual subsystems have large overlap, // 2=1-epsilon 2. We propose two different methods for assigning an effective particle number to such states, using ideal Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states of the form /0>( multiply sign in circle n)+/1>( multiply sign in circle n) as a standard of comparison. The two methods are based on decoherence and on a distillation protocol, respectively. Both lead to an effective size n of the order of N epsilon 2.