Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive imaging of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel photoreceptor mosaic

Abstract Ground squirrels are an increasingly important model for studying visual processing, retinal circuitry, and cone photoreceptor function. Here, we demonstrate that the photoreceptor mosaic can be longitudinally imaged noninvasively in the 13-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) using confocal and nonconfocal split-detection adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscopy using 790 nm light. Photoreceptor density, spacing, and Voronoi analysis are consistent with that of the human cone mosaic. The high imaging success rate and consistent image quality in this study reinforce the ground squirrel as a practical model to aid drug discovery and testing through longitudinal imaging on the cellular scale.
Acupuncture and the Treatment of Irritative Bladder Symptoms

The conventional management of irritative bladder symptoms, namely urgency, urge incontinence, frequency and nocturia, with anticholinergic medication is limited by the side effects of treatment. Acupuncture is shown to be as effective in the management of irritative bladder symptoms as conventional anticholinergic therapy, with few side effects and a high degree of patient acceptability and compliance.
Intact metabolite spectrum mining by deep learning in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain

To develop a robust method for brain metabolite quantification in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) using a convolutional neural network (CNN) that maps in vivo brain spectra that are typically degraded by low SNR, line broadening, and spectral baseline into noise‐free, line‐narrowed, baseline‐removed intact metabolite spectra.
WELL-POSEDNESS ELEMENT

The goal of this paper is to prove the well-posedness for the governing equations which are used for cylindrical cloaking simulation. A new time-domain ﬁnite element scheme is developed to solve the governing equa- tions. Numerical results demonstrating the cloaking phenomenon with the cylindrical cloak are presented. We ﬁnally extend the analysis and simulation to an elliptical cloak model.
Physiotherapy and lumbar facet joint injections as a combination treatment for chronic low back pain. A narrative review of lumbar facet joint injections, lumbar spinal mobilizations, soft tissue massage and lower back mobility exercises.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to summarize the available evidence on lumbar facet joint injections and the physiotherapy treatments, land-based lower back mobility exercise, soft tissue massage and lumbar spinal mobilizations for chronic low back pain (CLBP). The plausibility of physiotherapy and lumbar facet joint injections as a combination treatment is discussed. METHODS Using a systematic process, an online electronic search was performed using key words utilizing all available databases and hand searching reference lists. Using a critical appraisal tool from the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP), the literature was screened to include primary research. The main aspects of the research were summarized. RESULTS The evidence for lumbar facet joint injections suggests an overall short-term positive effect on CLBP. Land-based lower back mobility exercise and soft tissue massage appear to have a positive effect on CLBP in the short term and possibly in the longer term. There is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions for lumbar spinal mobilizations. CONCLUSION The review indicates that lumbar facet joint injections create a short period when pain is reduced. Physiotherapy treatments including land-based lower back mobility exercise and soft tissue massage may be of benefit during this time to improve the longer-term outcomes of patients with CLBP. It is not possible to make generalizations or firm conclusions. The current review highlights the need for further research. A randomized controlled trial is recommended to assess the impact of physiotherapy in combination with lumbar facet joint injections on CLBP.
POLIOMYELITIS FOLLOWING TONSILLECTOMY IN FIVE MEMBERS OF A FAMILY: AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY

The K family of Akron, Ohio, consisted of father, mother and six children, E11, R9, J8, B7, M6 and L2 ½. In August 1941 they were well and active. On August 22 the five oldest children were subjected to tonsillectomy; the four oldest also had teeth extracted. On August 31 B7 took sick and became progressively worse. By September 5 the five children who had been operated on were acutely ill; all developed severe bulbar poliomyelitis, and by September 9 three of them had died. Two survived. The father, mother and one child who had not been operated on showed no signs of illness. These facts were reported by Krill and Toomey. 1 The association of recent tonsillectomy and the bulbar form of poliomyelitis during prevalences of the disease has been recently summarized by Aycock. 2 In the present instance, however, the city of Akron (population about 270,000) was relatively
Real-time tissue elastography versus FibroScan for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease.

PURPOSE Transient elastography (FibroScan, [TE]) and serum fibrosis markers such as the FibroTest (FT) are established methods for the noninvasive staging of liver fibrosis. A study using real-time elastography (HI-RTE), which is integrated in a conventional ultrasound system, was recently published with comparable results to transient elastography. The aim of the present study was to validate real-time elastography using the formulas calculated in previous studies and to compare the results to transient elastography and FibroTest for the noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and thirty-four patients with chronic liver disease and either histological assessment of liver fibrosis (n = 112) or proven liver cirrhosis (n = 22) were included in the study. All patients received TE, HI-RTE, and biochemical evaluation on the same day as presentation. The calculation of the elasticity score of real-time elastography was performed in accordance with the two previously published studies. RESULTS The Spearman correlation coefficient between transient elastography, real-time elastography and FibroTest with the histological Chevallier score was statistically significant with 0.78, 0.34, and 0.67, respectively (p < 0.01). The diagnostic accuracy expressed as areas under ROC curves was 0.84, 0.69 and 0.85 for the diagnosis of significant fibrosis (F > or = 2), and 0.97, 0.65, and 0.83 for the diagnosis of cirrhosis, respectively. CONCLUSION Real-time elastography in its present form cannot replace transient elastography for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis.
Postoperative Patient Education in Physiotherapy after Hip Arthroplasty: Patients' Perspective

OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to explore postoperative patient education in physiotherapy from total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients' perspectives, which has been a little-studied area of research. The usefulness of rehabilitation protocols after THA has been debated over the years, and there are no clear guidelines for physiotherapy after THA METHODS: The data for the present qualitative study were collected from nine patients with THA by using individual interviews at the hospital after surgery. The interviews were audio-recorded and analysed by using a phenomenographic method RESULTS: Four different categories of postoperative patient education in physiotherapy after hip arthroplasty were produced: trust while in hospital; preparing for going home; managing at home; and regaining physical fitness. These categories were analysed through the following themes: moving; exercising; and interaction between the patient and the physiotherapist CONCLUSIONS: The postoperative patient education in physiotherapy was constructed hierarchically. According to patients' conceptions, the combination of moving and exercising elements that focused on recovery at home after the operation was essential. This requires a trusting relationship between the patient and the physiotherapist. Two critical aspects can be identified: (i) how the role of moving could shift towards preparing for going home and (ii) widening the perspective from preparing for going home to managing at home. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
University of Birmingham Claspin promotes normal replication fork rates in human cells

The S phase-speciﬁc adaptor protein Claspin mediates the checkpoint response to replication stress by facilitating phosphorylation of Chk1 by ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR). Evidence suggests that these components of the ATR pathway also play a critical role during physiological S phase. Chk1 is required for high rates of global replication fork progression, and Claspin interacts with the replication machinery and might therefore monitor normal DNA replication. Here, we have used DNA ﬁber labeling to investigate, for the ﬁrst time, whether human Claspin is required for high rates of replication fork progression during normal S phase. We report that Claspin-depleted HeLa and HCT116 cells display levels of replication fork slowing similar to those observed in Chk1-depleted cells. This was also true in primary human 1BR3 ﬁbroblasts, albeit to a lesser extent, suggesting that Claspin is a universal requirement for high replication fork rates in human cells. Interestingly, Claspin-depleted cells retained signiﬁcant levels of Chk1 phosphorylation at both Ser317 and Ser345, raising the possibility that Claspin function during normal fork progression may extend beyond facilitating phosphorylation of either individual residue. Consistent with this possibility, depletion of Chk1 and Claspin together doubled the percentage of very slow forks, compared with depletion of either protein alone.
Minorities and Disease Prevention in Pharmacy Practice

Minority populations tend to have a disproportionately higher incidence of several chronic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Knowing disease prevalence information about certain minority populations can help pharmacists and other health care professionals focus disease prevention strategies. In addition, knowing which factors influence participation and adherence to lifestyle intervention strategies can aid health care professionals when designing programs that can effectively work to prevent and control chronic diseases. Given the current timing and discussion on health care reform, pharmacists should take this opportunity to design inter-professional programs aimed at reducing the burdens of chronic disease with the use of lifestyle intervention strategies. This article presents these issues in greater detail.
Calcium economy in human pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy and lactation are times of additional demand for Ca. Ca is transferred across the placenta for fetal skeletal mineralisation, and supplied to the mammary gland for secretion into breast milk. In theory, these additional maternal requirements could be met through mobilisation of Ca from the skeleton, increased intestinal Ca absorption efficiency, enhanced renal Ca retention or greater dietary Ca intake. The extent to which any or all of these apply, the underpinning biological mechanisms and the possible consequences for maternal and infant bone health in the short and long term are the focus of the present review. The complexities in the methodological aspects of interpreting the literature in this area are highlighted and the inter-individual variation in the response to pregnancy and lactation is reviewed. In summary, human pregnancy and lactation are associated with changes in Ca and bone metabolism that support the transfer of Ca between mother and child. The changes generally appear to be independent of maternal Ca supply in populations where Ca intakes are close to current recommendations. Evidence suggests that the processes are physiological in humans and that they provide sufficient Ca for fetal growth and breast-milk production, without relying on an increase in dietary Ca intake or compromising long-term maternal bone health. Further research is needed to determine the limitations of the maternal response to the Ca demands of pregnancy and lactation, especially among mothers with marginal and low dietary Ca intake, and to define vitamin D adequacy for reproductive women.
Training residents in pediatric literacy: impact on knowledge, attitudes and practice

Objective To determine whether training in emergent literacy-building techniques increases self-reported literacy-related knowledge, attitudes, and intervention with patients. Design Quasi-experimental; prepost with intervention and comparison groups. Subjects/setting Pediatric resident continuity clinics in three urban locations, serving primarily low-income patients. A total of 66 residents participated. Intervention Residents in the intervention group (n = 48) were scheduled to receive a half-hour training session as part of their clinic didactic series. In addition, some intervention residents were exposed to other literacy-related training such as Grand Rounds, readings, and individual modelling by a supervising physician related to specific clinic families. Residents in the comparison group (n = 18) received no literacy training. Measurement A demographic questionnaire was administered at pretesting. The Knowledge About Literacy Development and Attitudes Regarding Early Childhood Literacy Scales were administered prior to training and 6 months later. The Practice Activities questionnaire was administered at post-testing only. Results Relative to 18 comparison subjects, 48 residents in the intervention group exhibited trends toward more frequent assessment of literacy milestones and more frequent literacy-related anticipatory guidance. Specifically, the observation of modelling by a supervising physician was significantly related to an increased frequency of literacy-related assessment and anticipatory guidance and to a trend toward more positive attitudes. Intervention and comparison residents did not significantly differ overall in knowledge or attitude gains. However, literacy-facilitative attitudes were significantly correlated with frequency of literacy-related anticipatory guidance. Conclusions/implications for practice Residents had fairly high initial levels of general literacy-related knowledge and positive attitudes about providing guidance in this area to parents. Exposure to specific training in this area does appear to lead to an increased likelihood of addressing these issues in practice. Modeling by a supervising physician may be a particularly important component of training that can help residents learn how to integrate literacy assessment with overall developmental assessment and family guidance.
Effect of initial GnRH and duration of progesterone insert treatment on the fertility of lactating dairy cows.

The study compared response to prostaglandin F2α (PG), synchrony of ovulation and pregnancy per AI (P/AI) in a 5- vs a 7-day Ovsynch + PRID protocol and investigated whether the initial GnRH affects P/AI in lactating dairy cows. Two hundred and seventy-six cows (500 inseminations) were assigned to one of four timed-AI (TAI) protocols: (i) PRID-7G; 100 μg GnRH im, and a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) for 7 days. At PRID removal, PG (500 μg of cloprostenol) was given im. Cows received the second GnRH treatment at 60 h after PRID removal and TAI 12 h later. (ii) PRID-5G; as PRID-7G except the duration of PRID, treatment was 5 days and PG was given twice (12 h apart). (iii) PRID-7NoG; as PRID-7G except the initial GnRH, treatment was omitted. (iv) PRID-5NoG; as PRID-7NoG except the duration of PRID, treatment was 5 days. Response to treatments and pregnancy status at 32 and 60 days after TAI was determined by ultrasonography. The percentage of cows ovulating before TAI was greatest in PRID-7G (17.1%), and the percentage of cows that did not have luteal regression was greatest in PRID-5G (9.5%). The overall P/AI at 32 and 60 days did not differ among TAI protocols. However, during resynchronization, cows subjected to the 5-day protocols had greater (p < 0.05) P/AI (45.3% vs 33.6%) than cows subjected to the 7-day protocols. Pregnancy loss between 32 and 60 days tended (p = 0.10) to be greater in cows that did not receive initial GnRH (14.8%) compared to those that received GnRH (8.2%). In conclusion, the PRID-5G protocol resulted in fewer cows responding to PG, but P/AI did not differ among TAI protocols. A 5-day protocol resulted in more P/AI in resynchronized cows, and cows that did not receive initial GnRH tended to experience more pregnancy losses.
Reply to Kampf

trial of the effectiveness of chlorhexidine showers before elective plastic surgical procedures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:77-79. 2. Kampf G, Shaffer M, Hunte C. Insufficient neutralization in testing a chlorhexidine-containing ethanol-based hand rub can result in a false positive efficacy assessment. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:48. 3. Kampf G. What is left to justify the use of chlorhexidine in hand hygiene? 7 Hosp Infect 2008; 70(suppl l):27-34. 4. Reichel M, Heisig P, Kampf G. Pitfalls in efficacy testing—how important is the validation of neutralization of chlorhexidine digluconate? Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2008; 7:20. 5. Chaiyakunapruk N, Veenstra DL, Lipsky BA, Saint S. Chlorhexidine compared with povidone-iodine solution for vascular catheter-site care: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136:792-801. 6. Kampf G, Kramer A. Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:863-893.
Similarities and interactions between the ageing process and high chronic intake of added sugars

Abstract In our societies, the proportions of elderly people and of obese individuals are increasing. Both factors are associated with high health-related costs. During obesity, many authors suggest that it is a high chronic intake of added sugars (HCIAS) that triggers the shift towards pathology. However, the majority of studies were performed in young subjects and only a few were interested in the interaction with the ageing process. Our purpose was to discuss the metabolic effects of HCIAS, compare with the effects of ageing, and evaluate how deleterious the combined action of HCIAS and ageing could be. This effect of HCIAS seems mediated by fructose, targeting the liver first, which may lead to all subsequent metabolic alterations. The first basic alterations induced by fructose are increased oxidative stress, protein glycation, inflammation, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. These alterations are also present during the ageing process, and are closely related to each other, one leading to the other. These basic alterations are also involved in more complex syndromes, which are also favoured by HCIAS, and present during ageing. These include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, neurodegenerative diseases, sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Cumulative effects of ageing and HCIAS have been seldom tested and may not always be strictly additive. Data also suggest that some of the metabolic alterations that are more prevalent during ageing could be related more with nutritional habits than to intrinsic ageing. In conclusion, it is clear that HCIAS interacts with the ageing process, accelerates the accumulation of metabolic alterations, and that it should be avoided.
Immune Modulating Effects of Daily Supplementation of COLD-fX (a Proprietary Extract of North American Ginseng) in Healthy Adults

In a previous study, COLD-fX (CVT-E002), a proprietary extract of the root of North American ginseng (Panax quinuefolium), was found effective in the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) in healthy adults. The underlying mechanisms of its action, however, were not determined. The present study was carried out to explore if the effects observed could be due to COLD-fX-mediated changes in the distribution of peripheral blood leukocytes, changes in the relative distribution of lymphocyte subsets or IgA levels in plasma. At the onset of an influenza season, a total of 323 subjects between 18 and 65 years with a history of more than 2 colds in the previous year, participated in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. The participants were instructed to take 2 capsules/day of either COLD-fX or placebo for a period of 4 months. Two blood samples were collected from 42 (COLD-fX = 21; placebo = 21) of the 323 recruited volunteers. These samples were obtained before and after the treatment, and were used for determination of white blood cell differential counts, enumeration of lymphocyte subsets and measurement of plasma levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA). The distribution of colds over the 4 month period was found to be similar in both treatment and placebo groups. However although non-significant, the severity of the colds in the COLD-fX group was found to decrease over time. COLD-fX intervention increased the proportion of T-helper and natural killer (NK) cells, and decreased IgA levels in plasma to a greater extent than the placebo. It is possible, therefore, that these cells acted synergistically to reduce the severity and duration of URIs in the COLD-fX group. Further studies are warranted to determine the effects of daily supplementation of COLD-fX on the activities of T-helper and NK cells in plasma.
Early deprivation and home basal cortisol levels: A study of internationally adopted children

Abstract Animal studies reveal that early deprivation impairs regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis, potentially increasing vulnerability to stressors throughout life. To examine early deprivation effects on basal HPA axis activity in humans, basal cortisol levels were examined in 164 internationally adopted children who had experienced varying degrees of preadoption deprivation. Duration of institutional care, age at adoption, and parent ratings of preadoption neglect indexed a latent factor of Deprived Care. Adoption measures of height and weight standardized to World Health Organisation norms indexed a latent factor of Growth Delay that was viewed as another reflection of deprivation. Cortisol samples were collected 3.3–11.6 years postadoption (Md = 7.3 years) at home on 3 days approximately 30 min after wakeup and before bedtime. Both early a.m. levels and the decrease in cortisol across the day were examined. A structural equation model revealed that preadoption Deprived Care predicted Growth Delay at adoption and Growth Delay predicted higher morning cortisol levels and a larger diurnal cortisol decrease.
Condições de saúde bucal de crianças na faixa etária pré-escolar, residentes em áreas de abrangência do Programa Saúde da Família em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil

OBJECTIVES: to determine the prevalence and severity of dental caries, malocclusions and gum damage in five-year-old preschool children resident in areas covered by the Family Health Program (PSF). METHODS: a cross-cutting study was carried out with five-year-old children examined by PSF dental health teams and as part of the Collective Procedures Program of the municipal health service of the city of Salvador, in the State of Bahia, Brazil, in 2005. The diagnostic criteria established by the World Health Organization and the Dental Health Project were used and the examinations were carried out in schools, creches or the children's homes. RESULTS: the investigation involved 1,374 children. The prevalence of caries was 49.6% and the def-d (average number of decayed, extracted or filled teeth) 1.97, most of these being cases of caries (85.78%). The prevalence of gum damage was 7.40% and for slight and moderate/severe malocclusion, 24.90% and 12.70%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: there was a high prevalence of severe dental problems that are easy to prevent and control by way of more effective educational, preventive and curative action during primary care for preschool-aged children in the municipality. The service's epidemiology department could help to plan and oversee such action.