Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Natural Anticoagulants in the Pathogenesis and Management of Systemic Activation of Coagulation and Inflammation in Critically Ill Patients

Critically ill patients often have systemic activation of both inflammatory systems and coagulation. Increasing evidence points to an extensive cross-talk between these two systems, whereby inflammation leads to activation of coagulation and coagulation considerably affects inflammatory activity. The intricate relationship between inflammation and coagulation may have major consequences for the pathogenesis of microvascular failure and subsequent multiple organ failure, as a result of severe infection and the associated systemic inflammatory response. Molecular pathways that contribute to inflammation-induced activation of coagulation have been precisely identified. Activation of the coagulation system and ensuing thrombin generation is dependent on an interleukin-6-induced expression of tissue factor on activated mononuclear cells and endothelial cells and is insufficiently counteracted by tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Simultaneously, endothelial-bound anticoagulant mechanisms, in particular the protein C system and the antithrombin system, are shut off by proinflammatory cytokines. Modulation of inflammatory activity by activation of coagulation also occurs by various mechanisms. Activated coagulation proteases, such as the tissue factor-factor VIIa complex, factor Xa, and thrombin, can bind to protease-activated receptors on various cells, and the ensuing intracellular signaling leads to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Activated protein C can bind to the protein C receptor on endothelial cells and mononuclear cells, thereby affecting NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and subsequently influencing inflammatory gene expression and inhibition of tissue factor expression on mononuclear cells. Observations in experimental models of targeted disruption of the protein C gene and restoration of the downregulated protein C pathway by administration of recombinant activated protein C support this notion.
Reactivation of human herpesvirus (HHV) family members other than HHV‐6 in drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome

Background Drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) is characterized by a severe multiorgan hypersensitivity reaction that usually appears after a 3–6‐week exposure to certain drugs, including anticonvulsants. There are some reports showing that serum IgG levels often decrease at the early stage of DIHS. Reactivation of human herpesvirus (HHV)‐6 has been reported in patients with DIHS, and some other DIHS patients showed reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).
Effect of PDE 5 inhibition on the modulation of sympathetic α-adrenergic 1 vasoconstriction in contracting skeletal muscle of young and older recreationally 2 active humans

Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Department of 8 Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis, United States of America Department of 9 Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern 10 Denmark, Denmark The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical 11 Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 12 Denmark 13
Age, sex, educational attainment, and race/ethnicity in relation to consumption of specific foods contributing to the atherogenic potential of diet.

BACKGROUND We examined which specific foods contributed to the atherogenic potential of diet in population segments defined by age, sex, educational attainment, and race/ethnicity. Data from the 1989 New York State Healthy Heart Program baseline survey were analyzed. METHODS This telephone survey was conducted in eight communities (total population approximately 1.24 million people) in New York State. Response rate was 65.5% (N = 4,179); 3,606 subjects ages 20 to 64 years who reported their level of educational attainment with self-described ethnicity of white (N = 1,935), black (N = 1,035), or Hispanic (N = 636) were retained in the analysis. Diet was assessed using a 17-item food frequency questionnaire which focused on commonly eaten food high in saturated fat and cholesterol. Connor's cholesterol/saturated-fat index was used as a scale of the atherogenic potential of the diet. RESULTS Eggs, whole milk, cheese, beef, and butter/margarine were the foods contributing most to the cholesterol/saturated-fat index score in all age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific population segments examined, together contributing a total of 52 to 72% of the cholesterol/saturated-fat index score as measured by the 17-item diet questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS The implication for public health campaigns directed at reducing the atherogenic potential of diet atherogenicity and for primary care practitioners seeking to influence the diet of patients with high blood cholesterol is that substitutions of less atherogenic food choices for these five foods would appear to be appropriate for most adults.
Role of MCP-1 in tumor necrosis factor- (cid:1) -induced endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice

Role of MCP-1 in tumor necrosis factor- (cid:1) induced endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice. Am Physiol Physiol 297: H1208–H1216, 2009. (TNF- (cid:1) ) upregulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and adhesion molecules in type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that TNF- (cid:1) and MCP-1 may interact to contribute to the evolution of vascular inﬂammation and endothelial dysfunction in coronary arterioles in type 2 diabetes. To test this hypothesis, we administered anti-MCP-1 to block MCP-1 signaling in genetically modiﬁed mice with type 2 diabetes (Lepr db ) and in heterozygote (m Lepr db ) lean control. Anti-MCP-1 partially restored vasodilation to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine in isolated, cannu-lated, and pressurized coronary arterioles in Lepr db mice but did not affect vasodilation in m Lepr db mice. Anti-MCP-1 attenuated superoxide production and the protein expression of nitrotyrosine, which is an indicator of peroxynitrite production, in isolated coronary arterioles of Lepr db mice. Immunostaining results showed that the expression of MCP-1 and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 is colocalized with endothelial cells and macrophages. Anti-TNF- (cid:1) or anti-MCP-1 mark-edly reduced macrophage inﬁltration and the number of MCP-1-positive endothelium in Lepr db mice. The neutralization of TNF- (cid:1) or anti-MCP-1 reduced the expression of adhesion molecules, suggesting that proinﬂammatory cytokines interact to amplify the signaling process that leads to vascular dysfunction. These ﬁndings demonstrate that the endothelial dysfunction occurring in type 2 diabetes is the result of the effects of the inﬂammatory cytokine TNF- (cid:1) and TNF- (cid:1) -related signaling, including the expression of MCP-1 and adhesion molecules, which further exacerbates vessel inﬂammation and oxidative stress. leptin in Lepr food deprivation stressful; this precluded a fasting protocol). The serum cholesterol level was measured with the Cholesterol/Cholesteryl Ester Quantitation kit (Biovision), and insulin was measured with the use of a commercial kit, Insulin (Mouse) Ultrasensitive EIA (ALPCO Diagnostics) with the use of spectrophotometry (Multiskan MCC, Fisher Scientiﬁc). Measurement of superoxide by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Superoxide (O 2 • (cid:4) ) quantitation from the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra was determined in the homogenate (4–6 isolated coronary arterioles) by double integration of the peaks, with reference to a standard curve from horseradish peroxidase generation of the anion from standard solutions of hydrogen peroxide, using p -acetamidophenol as the cosubstrate (22, 29) and then normalized to the mean value of lean control (m Lepr db ). (cid:1) attenuated MCP-1 expression, and antibody neutralization of MCP-1 attenuated ONOO (cid:4) and O 2• (cid:4) generation and formation of N-Tyr in Lepr db mice.
Reduction of breast biopsies with a modified self-organizing map

A modified self-organizing map with nonlinear weight adjustments has been applied to reduce the number of breast biopsies necessary for breast cancer diagnosis. Tissue features representing texture information from digital sonographic breast images were extracted from sonograms of benign and malignant breast tumors. The resulting hyperspace of data points was then used in a modified self-organizing map that objectively segments population distributions of lesions and accurately establishes benign and malignant regions. These methods were applied to a group of 102 problematic breast cases with sonographic images, including 34 with malignant lesions. All lesions were substantiated by excisional biopsy. The system can isolate clusters of purely benign lesions from other clusters containing both benign and malignant lesions. The hybrid neural network defined a region in which about 60% of the benign lesions were located exclusive of any malignant lesions. The experimental results also suggest that the modified self-organizing map provides more accurate population distribution maps than conventional Kohonen maps.
The Theory of Corporate Governance: A Transaction Cost Economics - Firm Lifecycle Approach

This paper presents a theoretical model of corporate governance which is based on insights from both Transaction Cost Economics and the Lifecycle Theory of the firm. The model is built with the purpose of investigating whether corporate governance affects firm performance in the context of U.S. institutions. The theoretical model describes how corporate governance develops through the various stages of the lifecycle of the firm. The model predicts that the managements of financially autonomous firms who are also entrenched will tend to over-invest and that as a consequence their firms will have comparative low valuations.
Wood anatomy of Myoporaceae: ecological and systematic considerations

Quantitative and qualitative features are presented for 28 collections of three genera (Bonhia, Er emophila, Myoporum); data on Oflia are also included since it is sometimes referred to Myoporaceae. Wood of all Myoporaceae represents variation on a basic plan: woods diffuse porous or semi-ringporous; vessels with simple perforation plates; lateral wall pits of vessels alternate and circular, with grooves interconnecting some pit apertures; vessels grouped to various degrees into radial multiples; imperforate tracheary elements all fiber-tracheids with pit cavities 1—5 m in diameter (wider on contacts with ray cells), nonseptate; axial parenchyma vasicentric scanty plus, in some species, tan gential paratracheal bands (sometimes terminal); rays multiseriate plus uniseriate (unisenate almost exclusively in two species of Eremophila); ray cells procumbent exclusively, upright and square in uniseriate rays and in tips of multiseriate rays; rays storied in some species of Eremophila, axial parenchyma variously storied; crystals present in ray cells of some species of Eremophila and in fibers of E. polyclada; amorphous deposits and starch often present in parenchyma. Oflia differs from Myoporaceae by having: septate libriform fibers rather than fiber-tracheids; large pits on vessel walls; axial parenchyma nearly absent; and erect cells predominant in rays. Ofha may be placed in Scroph ulariaceae. Leucophyllum differs from Myoporaceae by having: helical thickenings in vessels; vasi centric tracheids transitional from vascular tracheids; scarce axial parenchyma; and erect cells pre dominant in rays. Leucophyllum may be excluded from Myoporaceae. Wood anatomy ofMyoporaceae shows relationship between Myoporaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Gesneriaceae, and is also indicative of derivation from woody ancestors. Wood of Myoporaceae reflects xeromorphy, especially in Ere mophila, but the foliar apparatus may partially preempt the role of wood in promoting safety, which is connoted by growth rings, narrow and numerous vessels, and grouped vessels.
Socioeconomic status and health in Australia

Consistent with international evidence, the findings of Australian research show that socioeconomically disadvantaged groups experience significantly higher mortality and morbidity rates. Despite marked improvements in the health of all segments of the Australian population in recent decades, during this same period there has also been an increase in socioeconomically related mortality inequalities for some conditions. Socioeconomically disadvantaged groups are more likely to engage in health‐damaging behaviours, experience poorer psychosocial health, make less use of the healthcare system for preventive purposes, and have a more adverse risk factor profile. These are the main contributing factors to the poorer physiological health of low socioeconomic groups. At present, our knowledge of how socioeconomic status and health are related is limited. A necessary step in improving our understanding of this issue is to draw together all the empirical evidence and use it as the basis for developing a theory of socioeconomic health inequalities. We present a conceptual framework to facilitate this process.
The High Prevalence of Multiple Psychiatric Disorders in Stable Outpatients With Coronary Heart Disease

Objecetive: There is accumulating evidence of high prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). However, most of these studies focused on one psychiatric disorder or one set of psychological symptoms and detected psychiatric disorders in acutely ill CHD patients. To date, no systematic comprehensive psychiatric diagnostic evaluation has been performed in a consecutive sample of stable CHD outpatients. Methods: One hundred stable CHD outpatients of the Cardiology Division outpatient clinic at the Massachusetts General Hospital were included in the study. Psychiatric diagnoses were established by using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (axes I-V). Results: Frequent comorbid psychiatric diagnoses were detected, including single past major depressive episode (29%), current dysthymic disorder (15%), recurrent major depressive disorder with current major depressive episode (31%), current alcohol abuse (19%), posttraumatic stress disorder (29%), current generalized anxiety disorder (24%), current binge-eating disorder (10%), and current primary insomnia (13%). The mean number of comorbid clinical psychiatric disorders per subject was 1.7. Conclusion: The findings suggest high prevalence rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders as well as a broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders in stable CHD outpatients. However, larger epidemiological studies are needed in order to determine the true prevalence of these disorders in CHD patients. CHD = coronary heart disease; MGH = Massachusetts General Hospital; IRB = Institutional Review Board; MI = myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CHF = congestive heart failure; SCID = structured clinical interview for DSM; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; PD = personality disorder; MDE = major depressive episode; MDD = major depressive disorder; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; BMI = body mass index; GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning Scale.
Humidity, anxiety, and test performance: Maintaining equity in Tropical climates

With the advent of global warming, psychological tests are increasingly administered under high levels of environmental humidity, which may combine with test anxiety to disadvantage millions students worldwide. With temperature held constant, 42 Northern Territory (Australian) undergraduates took basic Digit Span and Stroop tests, under conditions of high/low humidity and high/low test rapport (which operationally defined test anxiety). Digit Span performance was significantly depressed both by anxiety and humidity, while Stroop performance was depressed by test anxiety, and marginally affected by an interaction between anxiety and humidity (the latter attenuating negative impact from the former). In the Tropics, the impact of test environment may vary substantially depending on the type of cognitive demands made by the particular assessment task.
Ship detection performance assessment for simulated RCM SAR data

In this paper, we introduce the first analysis of ship detection performance using simulated RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) data in the Ship Detection, Low and Medium Resolution modes. The ship detection performance is assessed for a number of linear and compact polarimetric (CP) dual-polarimetric (dual-pol) systems data simulated from RADARSAT-2 Fine quad mode in the three RCM modes. The impact of the ship orientation with respect to the radar beam and the effect of the imaging mode incidence angle on the ship detection performance are investigated. It has been found that the compact polarimetric SAR detectors outperform the linear dual-pol ones at all RCM modes for medium to high beam incidence angle range. The study findings suggest that the three RCM modes generally and the Ship Detection mode in particular are promising compromise between high ship detection performance and the wide swath width desired for ship surveillance application when acquired with medium to high incidence angle beams.
Hormone replacement therapy may alleviate sleep apnea in menopausal women: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE The incidence of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) in women increases after menopause. Progestins alone do not alleviate SAS in menopausal women. However, progestins may require concomitant estrogen administration and estrogen alone may stimulate breathing during sleep. To test these hypotheses, we studied the effects of estrogen alone and estrogen combined with progestin on SAS in menopausal women, using a prospective, cross-over, inception cohort study. DESIGN In this pilot study, five women who developed SAS after menopause underwent 2 nights of polysomnography to obtain a baseline, then returned for polysomnography after 3-4 weeks of taking micronized 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and after 10-12 days of taking E2 combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (E2 + P). Sleep stages were scored according to Rechtshaffen and Kales, frequency and length of apneas were recorded for each subject each night, and the data were analyzed by Student's t test. RESULTS E2 and E2 + P both reduced the Respiratory Distress Index. E2 also raised the lowest oxygen desaturation associated with apneic episodes. Total minutes of rapid eye movement sleep increased, and the number of waking episodes decreased when the women were taking E2 and E2 + P, as previously reported. CONCLUSIONS Within 1 month after initiating E2 or E2 + P, SAS was reduced in all patients. The Respiratory Distress Index decreased by 25%, and the addition of progestin brought the SAS reduction to 50% in this pilot study. A randomized study in a large group of patients is justified by the findings of this study. Because SAS increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and fatal accidents, the amelioration of SAS by sex steroid hormones could have significant implications for the health of menopausal women.
Withdrawal from repeated amphetamine administration reduces NMDAR1 expression in the rat substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex

Glutamate plays a critical role in neuroadaptations induced by drugs of abuse. This study determined whether expression of the NMDAR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor is altered by repeated amphetamine administration. We quantified NMDAR1 mRNA (using in situ hybridization with 35S‐labelled oligonucleotide probes) and immunolabelling (using immunocytochemistry with 35S‐labelled secondary antibodies) in rat ventral midbrain, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex after 3 or 14 days of withdrawal from five daily injections of saline or amphetamine sulphate (5 mg/kg/day). No changes in NMDAR1 expression were observed after 3 days of withdrawal, whereas significant decreases were observed in all regions after 14 days. NMDAR1 mRNA levels in midbrain were too low for reliable quantification, but immunolabelling was decreased significantly in intermediate and caudal portions of the substantia nigra. This may indicate a reduction in excitatory drive to substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. In the nucleus accumbens, there were significant decreases in NMDAR1 mRNA levels (74.8 ± 7.7% of control, P < 0.05) and immunolabelling (76.7 ± 4.4%, P < 0.05). This may account for previously‐reported decreases in the electrophysiological responsiveness of nucleus accumbens neurons to NMDA after chronic amphetamine treatment, and contribute to dysregulation of goal‐directed behaviour. In prefrontal cortex, there was a significant decrease in NMDAR1 mRNA levels (76.1 ± 7.1%, P < 0.05) and a trend towards decreased immunolabelling (89.5 ± 7.0%). This may indicate decreased neuronal excitability within prefrontal cortex. A resultant decrease in activity of excitatory prefrontal cortical projections to nucleus accumbens or midbrain could synergize with local decreases in NMDAR1 to further reduce neuronal excitability in these latter regions.
Detecting Pilot's Engagement Using fNIRS Connectivity Features in an Automated vs. Manual Landing Scenario

Monitoring pilot's mental states is a relevant approach to mitigate human error and enhance human machine interaction. A promising brain imaging technique to perform such a continuous measure of human mental state under ecological settings is Functional Near-InfraRed Spectroscopy (fNIRS). However, to our knowledge no study has yet assessed the potential of fNIRS connectivity metrics as long as passive Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) are concerned. Therefore, we designed an experimental scenario in a realistic simulator in which 12 pilots had to perform landings under two contrasted levels of engagement (manual vs. automated). The collected data were used to benchmark the performance of classical oxygenation features (i.e., Average, Peak, Variance, Skewness, Kurtosis, Area Under the Curve, and Slope) and connectivity features (i.e., Covariance, Pearson's, and Spearman's Correlation, Spectral Coherence, and Wavelet Coherence) to discriminate these two landing conditions. Classification performance was obtained by using a shrinkage Linear Discriminant Analysis (sLDA) and a stratified cross validation using each feature alone or by combining them. Our findings disclosed that the connectivity features performed significantly better than the classical concentration metrics with a higher accuracy for the wavelet coherence (average: 65.3/59.9 %, min: 45.3/45.0, max: 80.5/74.7 computed for HbO/HbR signals respectively). A maximum classification performance was obtained by combining the area under the curve with the wavelet coherence (average: 66.9/61.6 %, min: 57.3/44.8, max: 80.0/81.3 computed for HbO/HbR signals respectively). In a general manner all connectivity measures allowed an efficient classification when computed over HbO signals. Those promising results provide methodological cues for further implementation of fNIRS-based passive BCIs.