Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Production potential and water use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars under different dates of seeding and irrigation levels

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1995 96 and 1996 97 on sandy loam soil of Ranchi, to study the production potential and water use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori Paol.) cultivars under different dates of seeding and irrigation level. Yield, yield attributes and water use efficiency of HUW 234 and K 9006 were significantly higher when crop was sown timely on 21 November. The crop which received 4 irrigations showed maximum grain yield and water use efficiency. Both the above cultivars did not show any significant difference in for yield and yield attributing characters, but cultivar HUW 234 showed higher water use efficiency (7.54 kg grainlha mm) than cultivar K 9006 (7.14 kg grainlha mm).
Continuous positive airway pressure delivered with a “helmet”: Effects on carbon dioxide rebreathing*

Objective:The “helmet” has been used as a novel interface to deliver noninvasive ventilation without applying direct pressure on the face. However, due to its large volume, the helmet may predispose to Co2 rebreathing. We hypothesized that breathing with the helmet is similar to breathing in a semiclosed environment, and therefore the Pco2 inside the helmet is primarily a function of the subject’s Co2 production and the flow of fresh gas through the helmet. Design:Human volunteer study. Setting:Laboratory in a university teaching hospital. Subjects:Eight healthy volunteers. Interventions:We delivered continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with the helmet under a variety of ventilatory conditions in a lung model and in volunteers. Measurements and Main Results:Gas flow and Co2 concentration at the airway were measured continuously. End-tidal Pco2, Co2 production, and ventilatory variables were subsequently computed. We found that a) when CPAP was delivered with a ventilator, the inspired Co2 of the volunteers was high (12.4 ± 3.2 torr [1.7 ± 0.4 kPa]); b) when CPAP was delivered with a continuous high flow system, inspired Co2 of the volunteers was low (2.5 ± 1.2 torr [0.3 ± 0.2 kPa]); and c) the inspired Co2 calculated mathematically for a semiclosed system model of Co2 rebreathing was highly correlated with the values measured in a lung model (r2 = .97, slope = 0.92, intercept = −1.17, p < .001) and in the volunteers (r2 = .94, slope = 0.96, intercept = 0.90, p < .001). Conclusions:a) The helmet predisposes to Co2 rebreathing and should not be used to deliver CPAP with a ventilator; b) continuous high flow minimizes Co2 rebreathing during CPAP with the helmet; and c) minute ventilation and Pco2 should be monitored during CPAP with the helmet.
Molecular Analysis of an Alternative N-Glycosylation Machinery by Functional Transfer from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to Escherichia coli*

Background: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae N-glycosyltransferase is a cytoplasmic glycosyltransferase catalyzing N-glycosylation of polypeptides. Results: In depth analysis of a reconstituted A. pleuropneumoniae glycosylation system in Escherichia coli showed a surprisingly relaxed peptide substrate specificity of N-glycosyltransferase. Conclusion: N-Glycosyltransferase constitutes a general glycosylation system with a preference for autotransporters. Significance: Our study could provide the basis for a novel route for the engineering of N-glycoproteins in bacteria. N-Linked protein glycosylation is a frequent post-translational modification that can be found in all three domains of life. In a canonical, highly conserved pathway, an oligosaccharide is transferred by a membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferase from a lipid donor to asparagines in the sequon NX(S/T) of secreted polypeptides. The δ-proteobacterium Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae encodes an unusual pathway for N-linked protein glycosylation. This pathway takes place in the cytoplasm and is mediated by a soluble N-glycosyltransferase (NGT) that uses nucleotide-activated monosaccharides to glycosylate asparagine residues. To characterize the process of cytoplasmic N-glycosylation in more detail, we studied the glycosylation in A. pleuropneumoniae and functionally transferred the glycosylation system to Escherichia coli. N-Linked glucose specific human sera were used for the analysis of the glycosylation process. We identified autotransporter adhesins as the preferred protein substrate of NGT in vivo, and in depth analysis of the modified sites in E. coli revealed a surprisingly relaxed peptide substrate specificity. Although NX(S/T) is the preferred acceptor sequon, we detected glycosylation of alternative sequons, including modification of glutamine and serine residues. We also demonstrate the use of NGT to glycosylate heterologous proteins. Therefore, our study could provide the basis for a novel route for the engineering of N-glycoproteins in bacteria.
Reflux-Inducing Dietary Factors and Risk ofAdenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the strongest known risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. For long-term sufferers with severe symptoms, the excess risk may exceed 40-fold. GER has also been shown to increase the risk of cancers of the gastric cardia more than fourfold. Several foods, including dietary fat, chocolate, mints, coffee, onions, citrus fruit, and tomatoes, have been associated with temporary symptoms of reflux, most likely through a relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Our aim was to determine whether these foods are associated with risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastric cardia. We studied intakes of LES-relaxing foods and other dietary habits potentially associated with reflux in a nationwide population-based case-control study in Sweden, with 185 and 258 cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, respectively, and 815 controls. We found no association between LES-relaxing foods and symptoms of chronic reflux, although this might be due to avoidance of these foods among sufferers. In addition, we found no association between dietary factors known to cause LES relaxation and the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastric cardia. Our findings indicate that dietary factors associated with LES relaxation and transient GER (but perhaps not severe chronic reflux) are not associated with any important risk of esophageal malignancy.
Re-Examining the Involvement of Converts in Islamist Terrorism: A Comparison of the U.S. and U.K.

This article explores the role of converts in the ‘Global Salafi Jihad’ based on a sample of 75 American and 47 British converts who became involved in Islamist terrorism between 1980 and September 11 th , 2013. Converts are compared to non-coverts on a variety of demographic, operational and investigative variables, and each sample is further divided into those who mobilized before and after 9/11 in order to allow assessment of changes over time. Contrary to previous research, results show that American converts in particular constitute a “jihadi underclass” that is markedly disadvantaged compared to the rest of the U.S. sample. They also present a generally less capable terrorism threat and are especially likely to be caught in sting operations. British converts, whilst also clearly disadvantaged and less capable, are much less distinct compared to non-converts in the U.K. Practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation in patients with retinoblastoma.

OBJECTIVE To report the visual outcome and complications after extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in eyes that underwent external beam radiotherapy for the treatment of retinoblastoma. METHODS Eleven eyes of 8 patients aged 1.5 to 8.0 years at the time of surgery for irradiation-induced cataract were observed for 6 to 39 months (mean [+/-SD], 20+/-10 months). A standard technique of extracapsular cataract extraction, posterior chamber IOL implantation, pars plana posterior capsulotomy, and pars plana anterior vitrectomy was performed in 9 eyes, and secondary IOL placement was performed in 2 eyes. RESULTS All eyes that underwent primary IOL implantation achieved visual acuities equal to or better than those best ever recorded prior to the development of the cataract. There were no postoperative complications, and all eyes experienced minimal postoperative inflammation. The 2 eyes that underwent secondary IOL implantation achieved their best-corrected aphakic visual acuities but experienced a prolonged course of postoperative inflammation. CONCLUSION Intraocular lens placement in the posterior chamber of eyes with regressed retinoblastoma and irradiation-induced cataract seems to be a safe and effective method for the correction of aphakia.
Laterodorsal tegmental stimulation elicits dopamine efflux in the rat nucleus accumbens by activation of acetylcholine and glutamate receptors in the ventral tegmental area

Cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT) and neighbouring mesopontine nuclei are thought to influence mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity involved in goal‐directed behaviours. We measured the changes in dopamine oxidation current (corresponding with dopamine efflux) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in response to electrical stimulation of the LDT using in vivo chronoamperometry in urethane‐anaesthetized rats. LDT stimulation (35 Hz pulse trains for 60 s, 1 s intertrain interval) evoked a three‐component change in dopamine efflux in the NAc: (i) an initial stimulation time‐locked increase in the dopamine signal above baseline, followed by (ii) an immediate decrease below baseline, and thereafter by (iii) a prolonged increase in the dopamine signal above baseline. Intra‐VTA infusion of the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (5 μg/0.5 μL) or the ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenate (10 μg/μL) attenuated the first LDT‐elicited component. The second suppressive component was abolished by intra‐LDT infusions of either the nonselective or the M2‐selective muscarinic receptor antagonists scopolamine (100 μg/μL) and methoctramine (50 μg/μL), respectively. In contrast, intra‐VTA infusions of scopolamine (200 μg/μL) resulted in a selective attenuation of the third facilitatory component, whereas both second and third components were abolished by systemic injections of scopolamine (5 mg/kg). These results suggest that the initial increase, subsequent decrease, and final prolonged increase in extracellular dopamine levels in the NAc are selectively mediated by LDT‐elicited activation of (i) nicotinic and glutamatergic receptors in the VTA, (ii) muscarinic M2 autoreceptors on LDT cell bodies, and (iii) muscarinic receptors in the VTA, respectively.
Relief of chronic partial ureteral obstruction attenuates salt‐sensitive hypertension in rats

Aim: The incidence of hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction is approx. 0.5%. During the last decade, the management of non‐symptomatic hydronephrosis has become much more conservative, but the long‐term physiological consequences of this policy are not clear. Previously, we have shown that animals with chronic partial unilateral ureteral obstruction develop salt‐sensitive hypertension. In this study, the effects of ipsilateral and contralateral nephrectomy and ureterovesicostomy on blood pressure were studied in hydronephrotic animals.
A levels alone are a poor predictor of performance at medical school

Medical schools may be picking the wrong students, who are less likely to do well in clinical medicine, by using inappropriate selection criteria, according to researchers at Nottingham University. Traditional selection procedures considering A levels, a personal statement, and references are not the best predictors of performance at medical school, according to the study recently published in the BMJ.1 Students starting at Nottingham medical school in …
Use of the GMFCS in infants with CP: the need for reclassification at age 2 years or older

The stability of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) over time is described in 77 infants (41 boys, 36 girls) with cerebral palsy (CP; mean age 19.4mo [SD 1.6 mo]; 27 unilateral spastic, 42 bilateral spastic, eight dyskinetic type) and in the same children at follow‐up at age 2 to 4 years. The overall level of agreement over time (linear weighted kappa) was 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61−0.79). The overall percentage of children whose GMFCS level changed one or two levels was 42%, of which the majority were reclassified to a less functional level (McNemar’s Chi2 test p=0.11). The chance that children initially classified in the combination of GMFCS Levels I, II, and III would subsequently be classified in the same level in early childhood was 96% (positive predictive value [PPV] 0.96, 95% CI 0.85−0.99), whereas the PPV for the combination of Levels I and II was 0.88, 95% CI 0.70−0.96. These findings indicate that GMFCS classification in infants is less precise than classification over time in older children. In conclusion, children can be classified by the GMFCS early on, but there is a need for reclassification at age 2 or older as more clinical information becomes available.
Efficient Privacy-Preserving Dual Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Secure V2V Communications in an IoV Paradigm

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) aims to provide a new convenient, comfortable, and safe driving way, and in turn enables intelligent transportation through wireless communications among road-side units, on-board units (OBUs), phones, and other devices inside a vehicle. However, significantly increasing reliance on wireless communication, control, and computing technology makes IoV more vulnerable to potential attacks, such as remote intrusion, control, and trajectory tracking. Therefore, efficient authentication solutions preventing unauthorized visitors need to be addressed to cope with these issues. Hence, in this paper we focus on the security and privacy-preserving by developing a dual authentication scheme for IoV according to its different scenarios. First, the OBU self-generates an anonymous identity and temporary encryption key to open an authentication session. Second, the legitimacy of the vehicle’s real and anonymous identity can be verified by trust authority (TA). After that, the vehicle’s reputation is evaluated according to its history interactive behavior and the session key for V2V can be finally established. There are three major advantages, including privacy-preserving and security enhancement without a burden of key management in the condition of acceptable time delay range, introducing trust evaluation into authentication protocol, as well as considering the vehicle behavior attributes in the new reputation evaluation method. In addition, we also prove the correctness of this scheme using the Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN) logic, and the performance comparison against the existing schemes is given as well.
Increasing Feature Selection Accuracy through Recursive Method in Intrusion Detection System

Artificial intelligence semi supervised-based network intrusion detection system detects and identifies various types of attacks on network data using several steps, such as: data preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. In this detection, the feature extraction is used for identifying features of attacks from the data; meanwhile the classification is applied for determining the type of attacks. Increasing the network data directly causes slow response time and low accuracy of the IDS. This research studies the implementation of wrapped-based and several classification algorithms to shorten the time of detection and increase accuracy. The wrapper is expected to select the best features of attacks in order to shorten the detection time while increasing the accuracy of detection. In line with this goal, this research also studies the effect of parameters used in the classification algorithms of the IDS. The experiment results show that wrapper is 81.275%. The result is higher than the method without wrapping which is 46.027%.
An error-oriented test methodology to improve yield with error-tolerance

The main objective of error-tolerance is to increase the effective yield of a process by identifying defective but acceptable chips. In this paper, we propose an error-oriented test methodology to support error-tolerance in scan-based digital circuits. Error-rates of defective chips are first estimated and then compared with application-specific acceptable values of error-rates to determine the suitability of each chip. A theoretical basis to estimate error-rates of chips with a specified degree of confidence is presented. We determine an appropriate upper bound on the number of test patterns needed to satisfy a given estimation accuracy. To find out the yield improvement of the proposed test methodology, we present a method to determine the error-rate distribution of defective chips, and thus predict the fraction of defective chips that are acceptable. The proposed test methodology can support product grading, i.e., chips can be classified based on their actual error-rates such that best pricing for products used in different applications can be determined. Experimental results show that the proposed method accurately estimates error-rates of faulty chips, and the estimation results can be applied to increase the effective yield of a VLSI part as a function of various values of acceptable error-rate
Increase in Mortality Rate of Liver Transplant Candidates Residing in Specific Geographic Areas: Analysis of UNOS Data

We sought to evaluate survival of liver transplant candidates living in geographic areas with limited access to specialized transplant centers (TxC). We analyzed survival outcome among candidates listed for liver transplant in United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) Region 4 from 2004 to 2010. Candidates were stratified into three groups according to the distance from the patient's residence to the closest hospital with a liver transplant program: Group 1 (Gr 1) <30 miles (m), Group 2 (Gr 2) 30–60 m and Group 3 (Gr 3) >60 m. Of the 5673 patients included in the study, 49% resided >30 m from a TxC. Eight percent of the cohort experienced death or dropped out of the list due to medical condition deterioration, with worse outcomes for Gr 2 and Gr 3 (8.5% and 9.9%, respectively, vs. 6.5% for Gr 1 [p < 0.001]). Among patients with a MELD score <20, mortality was higher in Gr 2 and Gr 3 compared to Gr 1 (p < 0.001). We conclude that for Region 4, the mortality risk in patients living >30 m from a TxC is higher. We suggest that the variable “distance from a TxC” should be used to improve the estimate of the mortality risk for patients on the waiting list.
PD0325901, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, produces ocular toxicity in a rabbit animal model of retinal vein occlusion.

OBJECTIVE PD0325901, a selective inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), was associated with the occurrence of ocular retinal vein occlusion (RVO) during clinical trials in patients with solid tumors. As previous animal safety studies in rats and dogs did not identify the eye as a target organ of toxicity, this work was conducted to develop a rabbit model of ocular toxicity with PD0325901. METHODS Dutch-Belted rabbits were administered a single intravitreal injection of PD0325901 (0.5 or 1 mg/eye) or saline control, and ophthalmic examinations and retinal angiography were conducted over a 2-week period post-dose. In addition, mechanism of ocular toxicity was further explored in rat with microarray analysis. RESULTS PD0325901 treatment produced RVO with retinal vasculature leakage and hemorrhage within 48-h postinjection in Dutch-Belted rabbits. Subsequent retinal detachment and degeneration were also detected on day 8 postinjection. To evaluate the potential mechanism(s) of PD0325901-mediated RVO, male Brown Norway rats were orally administered PD0325901 (45 mg/kg/day) up to 5 days and retinal tissue was collected for gene array analysis. Although PD0325901 did not produce clinical evidence of RVO in rats, retinal gene expression suggested an increased oxidative stress and inflammatory response, endothelium and blood-retinal barrier damage, and prothrombotic effects. Moreover, soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR), a biomarker for RVO, was elevated in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured with PD0325901. CONCLUSIONS This work has developed a rabbit model of PD0325901-induced RVO that may be used to characterize the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this effect in humans.
A Brief Mindfulness Exercise Promotes the Correspondence Between the Implicit Affiliation Motive and Goal Setting

People often choose to pursue goals that are dissociated from their implicit motives, which jeopardizes their motivation and well-being. We hypothesized that mindfulness may attenuate this dissociation to the degree that it increases sensitivity to internal cues that signal one’s implicit preferences. We tested this hypothesis with a longitudinal repeated measures experiment. In Session 1, participants’ implicit affiliation motive was assessed. In Session 2, half of the participants completed a mindfulness exercise while the other half completed a control task before indicating their motivation toward pursuing affiliation and nonaffiliation goals. In Session 3, this procedure was repeated with reversed assignment to conditions. The results confirmed our hypothesis that, irrespective of the order of the conditions, the implicit affiliation motive predicted a preference to pursue affiliation goals immediately after the mindfulness exercise, but not after the control task. We discuss implications of these findings for satisfaction and well-being.
Who knows more about immunization?: Survey of public health nurses and physicians.

OBJECTIVE To report the findings of a knowledge survey of nurse and physician immunization providers. DESIGN Cross-sectional postal survey assessing demographic characteristics and vaccine knowledge. SETTING British Columbia (BC). PARTICIPANTS Nurse and physician immunization providers in BC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Knowledge of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccines in general, and vaccine administration and handling practices. RESULTS Survey responses were received from 256 nurses and 292 physicians (response rates of 48.6% and 18.3%, respectively). Most nurses (98.4%) reported receiving immunization training outside of the academic setting compared with 55.6% of physicians. Overall, nurse immunizers scored significantly higher than physician immunizers on all 3 domains of immunization knowledge (83.7% vs 72.8%, respectively; P < .001). Physicians scored highest on the vaccine-preventable disease domain and least well on the general vaccine domain. Nurses with more experience as health care providers scored higher. Physicians scored higher if they were female, served patient populations predominantly younger than 5 years, or received immunization training outside of academic settings. CONCLUSION In BC, nurse immunizers appear to have higher overall immunization knowledge than physicians and are more likely to receive immunization training when in practice. Physician immunizers might benefit most from further training on vaccines and vaccine administration and handling.