Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The different baryonic Tully-Fisher relations at low masses.

We compare the Baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR) of simulations and observations of galaxies ranging from dwarfs to spirals, using various measures of rotational velocity Vrot. We explore the BTFR when measuring Vrot at the flat part of the rotation curve, Vflat, at the extent of H i gas, Vlast, and using 20 per cent (W20) and 50 per cent (W50) of the width of H i line profiles. We also compare with the maximum circular velocity of the parent halo, [Formula: see text], within dark matter only simulations. The different BTFRs increasingly diverge as galaxy mass decreases. Using Vlast one obtains a power law over four orders of magnitude in baryonic mass, with slope similar to the observed BTFR. Measuring Vflat gives similar results as Vlast when galaxies with rising rotation curves are excluded. However, higher rotation velocities would be found for low-mass galaxies if the cold gas extended far enough for Vrot to reach a maximum. W20 gives a similar slope as Vlast but with slightly lower values of Vrot for low-mass galaxies, although this may depend on the extent of the gas in your galaxy sample. W50 bends away from these other relations towards low velocities at low masses. By contrast, [Formula: see text] bends towards high velocities for low-mass galaxies, as cold gas does not extend out to the radius at which haloes reach [Formula: see text]. Our study highlights the need for careful comparisons between observations and models: one needs to be consistent about the particular method of measuring Vrot, and precise about the radius at which velocities are measured.
Review Article: Cystic Degeneration/Spongiosis Hepatis in Rats

Cystic degeneration/spongiosis hepatis in rats has been proposed to be a preneoplastic and/or neoplastic lesion by some authors, because of its proliferative properties and persistent increased cell turnover rate in stop experiments using hepatocarcinogens , and the assumption that it can develop into a sarcoma. The neoplastic potential of cystic degeneration is questioned in this review article. Cystic degeneration, which appears to derive from altered Ito cells, does not have neoplastic histomorphologi c characteristics, although it may be composed of cells with an increased mitotic index. In this regard, persistent proliferation is also seen with other nonneoplastic lesions. Arguments are presented to show that the induced, probably extremely rare sarcoma that was associated with cystic degeneration most likely derives from the very rare induced spherical Ito-cell aggregate with an unusually high cellular turnover rate in rats treated with hepatocarcinogens , and not from cystic degeneration. Also, in none of 12 referenced standard oncogenicity studies with chemically induced cystic degeneration was the lesion associated with mesenchymal (Ito-cell) tumors. Consequently, evidence is lacking that cystic degeneration in rats should be classifi ed as a preneoplastic or neoplastic lesion. The 12 oncogenicity studies in rats with induced cystic degeneration showed a marked sex predilection, with males more likely to develop either spontaneous or chemically induced lesions. In these 12 studies, cystic degeneration was more often associated with hepatocellular hypertrophy or hepatotoxicity, rather than hepatocarcinogenicity. Thus, it is concluded that hepatocarcinogens induce cystic degeneration, not because they are carcinogenic, but because they have other effects on the liver, and that cystic degeneration may be a secondary/reparative change. Cystic degeneration in fi sh parallels the situation in rats in many respects, yet the existence of the lesion in other species, including man, is not as well supported. Based on the data presented in this review, spontaneous and induced cystic degeneration in rats and fi sh is not a preneoplastic or neoplastic lesion and risk assessment for man can be based on no-effect levels and safety margins, as for other nonneoplasti c adverse effects that have no counterpart in man.
Self-assessment of Croatian elementary school pupils on the entrepreneurial initiative

Defining entrepreneurship as an educational value, the educational systems and society demonstrate commitment to recognize a socio-cultural value – the entrepreneurship, and accordingly, to realize entrepreneurial competencies among pupils. The request to encourage the early development of initiative and entrepreneurial competencies is articulated at structural and procedural levels of curricular approaches and changes in educational systems. This study examines self-assessment of entrepreneurial initiative among elementary school pupils in Croatia in order to detect pupils’ entrepreneurial characteristics and preferences. Since self-assessment and pupils' attitudes indicate a potentially entrepreneurial activity, the aim of the research is to identify the components of entrepreneurial competencies that need to be optimized within the formal education system. Therefore, the research was conducted at the national level on a sample of 1,962 elementary school pupils. Research results show that pupils positively evaluated entrepreneurial initiative, seeing it as an implicit characteristic of their own activities and involvement, and not as an explicit and anticipated one. Therefore, the multidimensionality of entrepreneurial initiative self-assessment by primary school pupils was not confirmed. Nevertheless, the positive preferences of pupils were expressed, although insufficiently brought to consciousness. The survey confirmed gender and age differences that were reflected in the differences in the evaluation and entrepreneurial experience. The results indicate the need to affirm teaching entrepreneurship in their daily activities, a clearer articulation of its educational components and fostering synergy between education levels and among teaching subjects.
Optimal Laguerre series expansion of discrete volterra models

This paper is concerned with the selection of optimal Laguerre bases for the orthonormal series expansion of discrete-time Volterra models. The aim is to minimize the number of functions needed to provide a given approximation accuracy, thus simplifying the modeling and control problems associated with these models. This issue was addressed by Fu and Dumont [8] focusing on linear systems, which are equivalent to a first-order Volterra model. The present work is a generalization of the work mentioned above focusing on second-order models. The main result is an analytic strict global solution for the optimal expansion of the second-order Volterra kernel. An example is provided to illustrate some theoretical aspects of the mathematical results presented in the paper.
Sperm counts may have declined in young university students in Southern Spain

Several studies have investigated temporal trends in semen quality in Northern Europe, but none has examined this question in Southern Europe. A prior study conducted in Almeria Province (Southern Spain) reported higher sperm count and concentration among Spanish young men recruited from 2001 to 2002 compared with young men from Northern Europe. The aim of this new study was to examine whether semen quality has changed among Spanish young men in the last decade. In this cross‐sectional study, questionnaires and semen samples were collected from 215 healthy young university students from Murcia Region between 2010 and 2011. The 273 men from the Almeria study previously studied were included in a trend analysis of the two populations from Southern Spain. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the Murcia study population and these and semen variables for the Murcia and Almeria study populations were compared. Study methods and population characteristics were similar across the two studies. Therefore, we used multiple linear regression analyses on the combined population (controlling for study centre, age, ejaculation abstinence time, season, smoking, medication during the last 3 months, Body mass index (BMI), presence of varicocoele and prenatal exposure to tobacco) to look for a birth‐cohort effect over the combined study period (2001–2011). Sperm concentration and total sperm count declined significantly with year of birth in the pooled analysis (β = −0.04 and β = −0.06, respectively, both p < 0.01). Sperm counts were significantly lower in Murcia study subjects than in the Almeria participants; sperm concentration median (5th–95th) = 44.0 (8.9–129) million/mL vs. 51.0 (5.0–206) million/mL; p < 0.01 and total sperm count = 121 (17.8–400) million vs. 149 (8.0–599) million; p < 0.01. Other semen variables did not differ significantly between the two studies. Our study suggests that total sperm count and sperm concentration may have declined in young Spanish men over the last decade.
An ecology of social categories.

This article proposes that meaningful social classification emerges from an ecological dynamic that operates in two planes: feature space and label space. It takes a dynamic view of classification, allowing objects’ movements in both spaces to change the meaning of social categories. The first part of the theory argues that agents assign labels to objects based on perceptions of their similarities to existing members of a category. The second part of the theory shows that an object’s perceived similarity to members of other categories reduces its typicality in a focal category. This means that for categories with a high degree of overlap with other categories in label space (lenient categories), the link between feature-based similarities and labeling weakens. The findings suggest that social classification will likely evolve to contain both constraining and lenient categories. The theory implies that this process is self-reinforcing, so that constraining categories become more constraining, whereas lenient categories become more lenient.
Effects of frequency of static stretching on straight-leg raise in elementary school children.

AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different frequencies of a stretching exercise program on lower extremity range of motion (ROM) in prepubertal schoolchildren. METHODS A total of 62 children were divided into 3 groups (experimental groups: A, B; control group: C). Experimental group A performed hamstring stretches for 5 min during the Physical Education classes over a full school term (9 months), 2 sessions per week (31 weeks, 62 sessions of Physical Education). Experimental group B performed hamstring stretches for 5 min during the Physical Education classes and during a specific extracurricular physical activity, over a full school term (9 months), 4 sessions per week (31 weeks, 62 sessions of Physical Education and 62 sessions of after-school physical activities). Control group followed the standard class program of Physical Education classes. Hamstring flexibility was measured using the straight leg raise test before and after the program. RESULTS No significant differences were revealed in ROM before and after the Physical Education classes for the control group. However, significant improvements in ROM were shown in the two experimental groups (P<0.001). Four days per week produced a greater rate of gains in ROM (16.9 degrees) than 2 days per week (9.3 degrees). For all groups, the initial and the final ROM between the right and left sides were similar. CONCLUSION This study indicates that a full school term (9 months) incorporating static stretching as part of the Physical Education classes and the extracurricular physical activities significantly increases the ROM of the hamstrings in prepubertal schoolchildren. The study also suggests that the increase of the frequency of stretching is effective for increasing ROM.
Are Generic UX Evaluation Techniques Enough? A study on the UX Evaluation of the Edmodo Learning Management System

As technology evolves and new interaction patterns emerge, User eXperience (UX) is becoming more important. Although several UX evaluation techniques have been proposed, there is no enough evidence regarding their adequacy in the e-learning context. This paper presents an analysis of two UX evaluation techniques applied to the Edmodo Learning Management System. We performed a study with 34 students to evaluate the UX of Edmodo and the perceptions of the techniques. Results showed that Edmodo provided a positive UX. However, around 41% of the students reported that they were not able to fully evaluate their UX using the techniques, indicating a need for improvement.
Partial maxillectomy for malignant neoplasms of para nasal sinuses and hard palate.

BACKGROUND The universal application of sectional imaging to the evaluation of para nasal sinus neoplasms has indicated that many of the regions encompassed in a total maxillectomy are often uninvolved and are perhaps unnecessarily resected. METHODS A set of guidelines was formulated regarding the indications and techniques of partial maxillectomies. These guidelines were then tested on a prospective cohort of 20 cases. The adequacy was judged by histological evaluation of all resection margins. Morbidity was assessed in terms of functional parameters (trismus, swallowing disturbances, speech disturbances) and cosmetic parameters (cheek retraction). RESULTS As per the pre-formulated guidelines a partial maxillectomy (PM) was suitable in ten and was undertaken. The same was unsuitable in the other ten and these therefore had a total maxillectomy (TM). Four of ten cases in each group had an involved resection margin. All such cases had additional treatment for the microscopic residual disease. In the four cases in the PM group with involved resection margins in none was this at the area with the limited resection. The status of the resection margins in these cases would not have been different even if they had had a total maxillectomy. Morbidity in the PM group was significantly less than in the TM group. CONCLUSION By careful case- selection based on imaging, partial maxillectomy can provide for equivalent oncologic clearance as with a Total Maxillectomy, and significantly reduced morbidity.
Regulation of the human WEE1Hu CDK tyrosine 15‐kinase during the cell cycle.

In higher eukaryotes, the cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs) are negatively regulated by phosphorylation on threonine 14 (T14) and tyrosine 15 (Y15). In fission yeast, the Wee1 and mitosis inhibitory kinase 1 (Mik1) protein kinases phosphorylate Y15 in Cdc2. WEE1Hu is the only known protein kinase that can carry out this inhibitory phosphorylation on Y15 in higher eukaryotes. In the present study, we examined the endogenous products of WEE1Hu in human cells and found that the original WEE1Hu cDNA lacked 214 amino acids at the N‐terminus. The predicted full‐length protein has weak, but significant, similarity over its entire length with Mik1. Thus, we suggest that ‘WEE1Hu’ is a Mik1‐related protein rather than a Wee1 homologue. When isolated in immunoprecipitates, the endogenous WEE1Hu phosphorylated several cyclin‐associated CDKs on Y15. WEE1Hu activity increased during S and G2 phases in parallel with the level of protein. Its activity decreased at M phase when WEE1Hu became transiently hyperphosphorylated. In addition, a decrease in WEE1Hu protein level was observed at M/G1 phase. Apparently, the hyperphosphorylation and degradation in combination caused inactivation of WEE1Hu at M phase and the following G1 phase. These results suggest that the activity of WEE1Hu is regulated by phosphorylation and proteolytic degradation, and that WEE1Hu plays a role in inhibiting mitosis before M phase by phosphorylating cyclin B1‐Cdc2.
Medication noncompliance: another iceberg’s tip

After renal transplantation, immunosuppressive medications must be taken long-term to avoid acute rejection and the cascade of events leading to “chronic allograft dysfunction” and loss. In the past, when posttransplant immunosuppression was limited to azathioprine and prednisone, acute rejection episodes were common, and it was difficult to identify the impact of medication noncompliance. However, with more potent and effective drugs, acute rejection is uncommon, and medication noncompliance emerges as an increasingly important factor in the outcome of solid-organ transplantation. Recent studies have clearly demonstrated that medication noncompliance leads to an increased incidence of acute rejection, chronic rejection, and graft loss. Today, although a number of questions remain unanswered, new methodologies, such as electronic monitors, provide opportunities to study medication noncompliance and its risk factors, and the potential for earlier intervention to improve clinical outcomes.
Stress characteristics and stress reversal mechanism of white birch (Betula platyphylla) disks under different drying conditions

Drying stress is the main cause for the generation of drying cracks in wood disks during drying, which limits the processing and utilization of this valuable material. For this study, white birch disks with one trunk and a thickness of 30 mm were dried under three different drying conditions: 1) a very slow drying process preventing the generation of a radial moisture content (MC) gradient, 2) a drying process with slowly increasing temperature leading to a radial MC gradient, with a higher MC in the heartwood, and 3) the same heat drying process but the wood disks were partly covered with a thin plastic film prior to the drying process leading to a reversed radial MC gradient, i.e., a higher MC in the sapwood. For each drying condition, the tangential elastic strain in the wood disks was investigated for a mean MC of 26%, 18% and 10%, respectively, as a function of the radial distance from the pith in order to predict the drying stress. Furthermore, the stress characteristics and stress reversal mechanisms in wood disks are discussed in this paper with the help of stress analysis sketches.
Morphology of a two‐headed piglet

A live‐born, one‐day‐old diprosopic piglet was presented to the Ontario Veterinary College. The piglet had a normal body with two heads, joined in the occipital region. There were two complete snouts, four eyes and three ears. The lower jaws were immobile because of overlapping mandibular rami. Although there was only one vertebral column, the bodies of the vertebrae, but not the neural arches, were doubled from the axis to T8. There was one thyroid gland and one larynx and hyoid apparatus. The two tongues were joined at their base just rostral to the single epiglottis. The palate was completely split in the right head but only partially split in the left. The cranial nerves were normal and doubled except for IX, X and XI. The brains were fused at the pons‐medulla junction. An anomalous midline tag of neural tissue resembling remnants of the medial halves of two nervous systems extended from this point to the level of T8. Possible developmental mechanisms and rates of incidence are discussed.
The role of ICAM‐1/LFA‐1 and VCAM‐1/VLA‐4 interactions on T helper 2 cytokine production by lung T cells of Toxocara canis‐infected mice

In order to study the effect of costimulatory signals on T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine production, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against cell adhesion molecules (CAM) were added to cells in culture obtained from the lungs of Toxocara canis (Tc)‐infected mice followed by the determination of interleukin‐5 (IL‐5) and IL‐4 in the supernatants of the culture. ES‐stimulated IL‐5 production in the supernatant of total lung cells was reduced by 25% when anti‐intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (anti‐ICAM‐1) mAb, anti‐CD11a mAb, or both anti‐ICAM‐1 and anti‐CD11a mAb together were added to the culture. The addition of anti‐CD18 mAb had no effects. Anti‐vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (anti‐VCAM‐1) mAb addition also reduced IL‐5 production by 60%, although the addition of anti‐very late activation antigen‐4 (anti‐VLA‐4) mAb or both anti‐VCAM‐1 and anti‐VLA‐4 mAb together were less effective. In the case of anti‐CD3 mAb stimulation, similar effects of mAb to CAM were observed. In contrast, IL‐4 production induced by anti‐CD3 mAb was reduced more markedly by the addition of either anti‐ICAM‐1 or anti‐CD11a mAb than the combination of anti‐VCAM‐1 and anti‐VLA‐4 mAb. Similar effects of mAb to CAM were observed on the production of IL‐5 and IL‐4 by CD4+ T cells purified using a fluorescence‐activated cell sorter. Coincubation with adherent cells was necessary for the significant production of IL‐5 and IL‐4 by CD4+ T cells. These results suggest that the VCAM‐1/VLA‐4 interaction is more important for IL‐5 production by CD4+ T cells in the lungs of Tc‐infected mice, and that the ICAM‐1/lymphocyte function‐associated antigen‐1 interaction is more important for the production of IL‐4.
Mastocytoma arising within a congenital nevocellular nevus.

To the Editor. — We report the appearance of a benign acquired solitary mastocytoma within a congenital nevocellular nevus. This observation is important because the history of a recent change in morphology of a congenital nevus may not always portend malignant degeneration. Report of a Case. — A 1-year-old boy was evaluated for the appearance of a new nodule of four weeks' duration within a nevus on the chest, which, according to the patient's mother, had been present since birth. Examination revealed an oval, homogeneous, tan, hairless plaque with a smooth surface and irregular distinct borders on the precordium. The nevus measured 5 cm in greatest diameter. A 0.5-cm flesh-colored nodule was asymmetrically placed within the borders of the nevus (Fig 1, arrows). Biopsy of the nodule revealed nests of nevus cells at the dermoepidermal junction and adjacent to eccrine ducts within the papillary and reticular dermis (Fig 2, arrows). The majority of the dermis within the nodule was infiltrated with a monomorphous sheet of spindle-shaped cells that insinuated between collagen bundles. Leder's chloracetate esterase reaction was strongly positive and clearly
The effect of O2 and CO2 on prostaglandin levels in the cat cerebral cortex.

We measured the effect of arterial hypercapnia, arterial hypocapnia, and arterial hypoxia on the concentrations of PGE2, PGF20, and 6-keto-PGFio in quickly frozen cortical tissue from anesthetized cats. In order to correlate PG levels with the effects of these alterations in blood gases on the cerebral circulation, pial arteriolar diameters were measured with a microscope during normoxic and normocapnic conditions and then after blood gas intervention, immediately before tissue freezing. PGs were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography , deuterated standards, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. During control conditions with normal arterial blood gases (Pao2 = 87 mm Hg and Paco2 = 30 mm Hg) the levels of PGE2, PGF2a, and 6-keto-PGFia were 193 ± 57, 169 ± 34, and 31 ± 4 ng/g wet weight. Lowering Paco2 to 17 mm Hg had no significant effect on PG levels and decreased arteriolar diameter by 12%. Increasing Paco2 to 56 mm Hg was associated with a significant 60% reduction on PGE2 (P < 0.05), a statistically marginal 38% reduction in PGF&, (P < 0.1), and no change in 6-keto-PGFia, while pial arterioles dilated 32%. Arterial hypoxia (Pao2 = 21 mm Hg) was associated with 45% reduction in E2 which approached statistical significance (P < 0.1), and no change in PGF2,, or 6-keto-PGFi,,, while vessel diameter increased by 32%. The results show that PG levels in brain tissue do not increase during severe arterial hypoxia or during arterial hypocapnia, while during moderate hypercapnia the level of PGE2 decreases. The results do not support previous reports that prostaglandins are mediators of the vascular responses associated with these conditions. (Ore Res 51: 652-656, 1982)