Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ketamine and the conscious mind

The introduction first of phencyclidine (Sernyl), and then of its derivative ketamine (CI-581, Ketalar), has heralded a new phase in anaesthesia. The ideal anaesthetic would be one which induced only the first phase of the action of phencyclidine, in which the patient was awake, tranquil and somatically analgesic, without the initial hypertension and the severe psychomimetic phase which followed and precluded the further use of this drug in man. The analgesia produced by phencyclidine and ketamine resembles the analgesic state arising naturally in man, usually under stress. This is often associated with a mystical or transcendental state; for example St Bernadette of Lourdes when entranced by a vision of Our Lady was able to tolerate a villager holding a lighted candle beneath her hand. Ketamine can be depended upon to produce a state of profound somatic analgesia in a light plane of sleep which is accompanied by an initial hypertension. The occasional purposeless jerking of the limbs during anaesthesia, the long recovery time, the unpredictable intensity of the numerous disturbing emergence phenomena together with a comparatively high incidence of vomiting, have given the drug only a small place in anaesthesia in the adult, but its value in certain special situations is well recognised2. It is of use in repeated anaesthesia for burn dressings and radiotherapy, in emergency field work (for example after train crashes and in war conditions) and, even though some suppression of protective laryngeal closure reflexes has been demonstrated, in cases where intubation is difficult or impossible 394. Recovery from intravenous ketamine can be disturbing to the patient. Vivid dreaming has been described BS ‘peculiar’, ‘psychedelic’, ‘another world’ and some patients have asked if they had been given LSD. It is a matter of opinion whether or not a chemically induced transcendental experience should be available to anyone who desires it, but to induce such a state when it is not requested by the patient is a different ethical problem.
Flying Under the Radar: The Effects of Short-Sale Disclosure Rules on Investor Behavior and Stock Prices

This paper analyzes how newly introduced transparency requirements for short positions affect investors' behavior and security prices. Employing a unique data set, which contains both public positions above and confidential positions below the regulatory disclosure threshold, we offer several novel insights. Positions accumulate just below the threshold, indicating that a sizable fraction of short sellers are reluctant to disclose their positions publicly. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the transparency measures effectively represent a short-sale constraint for secretive investors, which results in stocks to be overpriced. Specifically, when this constraint is potentially binding, stocks subsequently exhibit a negative abnormal return of 1.0-1.4% on a monthly basis. Different placebo tests verify that the short-sale constraint originates from the disclosure threshold. Overall, these findings suggest that short sellers' evasive behavior in response to the transparency regulation imposes a negative externality on stock market efficiency.
Arginine Availability Controls the N‐Methyl‐d‐Aspartate‐Induced Nitric Oxide Synthesis: Involvement of a Glial‐Neuronal Arginine Transfer

Abstract: The neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase generates NO from arginine. NO mediates its physiological effects mainly by stimulating the synthesis of cyclic GMP. We have investigated the role of the arginine availability on the NMDA‐induced cyclic GMP accumulation in immature rat brain slices. The effect of NMDA was blocked by the inhibitor of the NO synthase, NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine, and by the antagonist of ionotropic non‐NMDA receptors, 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX). This inhibition was not due to a direct interaction of CNQX with the NMDA receptor, and it was overcome by the presence of exogenously applied arginine. CNQX also blocked the NMDA‐evoked release of [3H]arginine from cerebellar slices. Moreover, the arginine uptake inhibitor l‐lysine reduced the cyclic GMP response to NMDA significantly. Therefore, the extracellular arginine availability, which is dependent on the activation of ionotropic non‐NMDA receptors, determines the rate of the NO biosynthesis by the neuronal NO synthase. Together with the reported release of arginine from glial cells upon activation of glial ionotropic non‐NMDA receptors and the predominant glial localization of arginine, these data provide the first evidence of an essential role of the arginine transfer from glial cells to neurons for the biosynthesis of NO.
Managing The Potato Production System

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A Holistic approach to assess older adults' wellness using e-health technologies.

OBJECTIVES To date, methodologies are lacking that address a holistic assessment of wellness in older adults. Technology applications may provide a platform for such an assessment, but have not been validated. We set out to demonstrate whether e-health applications could support the assessment of older adults' wellness in community-dwelling older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-seven residents of independent retirement community were followed over 8 weeks. Subjects engaged in the use of diverse technologies to assess cognitive performance, physiological and functional variables, as well as psychometric components of wellness. Data were integrated from various e-health sources into one study database. Correlations were assessed between different parameters, and hierarchical cluster analysis was used to explore the validity of the wellness model. RESULTS We found strong associations across multiple parameters of wellness within the conceptual model, including cognitive, functional, and physical. However, spirituality did not correlate with any other parameter studied in contrast to prior studies of older adults. Participants expressed overall positive attitudes toward the e-health tools and the holistic approach to the assessment of wellness, without expressing any privacy concerns. CONCLUSIONS Parameters were highly correlated across multiple domains of wellness. Important clusters were noted to be formed across cognitive and physiological domains, giving further evidence of need for an integrated approach to the assessment of wellness. This finding warrants further replication in larger and more diverse samples of older adults to standardize and deploy these technologies across population groups.
Pharmacy education in developing countries: need for a change.

To the Editor: I would like to further elaborate on the ongoing debate regarding issues in pharmacy education in developing countries as discussed in 2 previous letters.1,2 More institutions and even whole countries in the developing world are switching their system of pharmacy education, often blindly, to align with the changes taking place in the West. In this current scenario, many of the western countries have transformed their existing straight-forward bachelor of science or bachelor of pharmacy degree programs to doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) programs. This change has not taken place over night but has occurred after years of thinking and endurance. The situation we are seeing in the developing countries is more of a copycat trend. There are more important issues in higher-education in third-world countries than simply increasing the duration of programs just for the sake of putting a title of “Dr” in front of the names of all of the new graduates without determining whether they even deserve it or not.
Fluconazole Assists Berberine To Kill Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans

ABSTRACT It was found in our previous study that berberine (BBR) and fluconazole (FLC) used concomitantly exhibited a synergism against FLC-resistant Candida albicans in vitro. The aim of the present study was to clarify how BBR and FLC worked synergistically and the underlying mechanism. Antifungal time-kill curves indicated that the synergistic effect of the two drugs was BBR dose dependent rather than FLC dose dependent. In addition, we found that BBR accumulated in C. albicans cells, especially in the nucleus, and resulted in cell cycle arrest and significant change in the transcription of cell cycle-related genes. Besides BBR, other DNA intercalators, including methylene blue, sanguinarine, and acridine orange, were all found to synergize with FLC against FLC-resistant C. albicans. Detection of intracellular BBR accumulation by fluorescence measurement showed that FLC played a role in increasing intracellular BBR concentration, probably due to its effect in disrupting the fungal cell membrane. Similar to the case with FLC, other antifungal agents acting on the cell membrane were able to synergize with BBR. Interestingly, we found that the efflux of intracellular BBR was FLC independent but strongly glucose dependent and associated with the drug efflux pump Cdr2p. These results suggest that BBR plays a major antifungal role in the synergism of FLC and BBR, while FLC plays a role in increasing the intracellular BBR concentration.
Failures in governance of a not-for-profit organization: a case study of a housing association

This paper is a case study of a Registered Social Landlord (Housing Association) in Wales which came to the brink of collapse as the result of poor governance and weak internal control. The 2-year case study raises specific questions with regard to the functional independence of directors, the role and reliability of external audit, and the quality of regulatory oversight. The stewardship of public funds is an additional issue of concern. The paper is written from the perspective of an insider as the author was asked to join the Board after serious problems of leadership and viability of the Association became evident. Outlined are the major causes of the relatively sudden deterioration of this RSL, and actions subsequently taken by the Board and key staff to reverse the situation. Highlighted in the discussion is the tendency for accountability to become dominated by calculative processes that may displace responsibility. The research identifies limits to accounting as the basis of formal accountability and what Collier (2005) terms the sense-making narrative, identifying a space where governance can be lost. Contributions of the study include an exploration of the ambiguity and contestability of the concept of accountability, and a demonstration of the limits as a tool to managerial oversight. The research identifies limits of accounting and accountability and emphasizes the inadequacy of the narrative.
Education, Elderly Health, and Differential Population Aging in South Korea: A Demographic Approach

Background: Population aging proceeds with other socioeconomic developments, including educational expansion. Improvements in educational attainment lead to changes in demographic behaviors such as assortative mating, fertility, and the intergenerational transmission of education, which change the health of the elderly and the education of their offspring generation. Objective: We examine such a jointly-changing process in South Korea. Methods: We apply a recursive demographic model (Mare and Maralani 2006) by using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). Results: First, improvements in education lead to improvements in health among the elderly. Intermediate demographic factors make positive contributions to this improvement. Second, improvements in education lead to a decline in the ratios of offspring to the elderly because better-educated people have fewer children. However, this decrease is not substantial. Third, improvements in education increase the ratio of college-educated offspring to the unhealthy elderly because of improvements in both offspring‘s education and elderly health. Conclusions: The results suggest that improvements in education change configurations of the elderly and their offspring‘s generations, mitigating the negative consequences of population aging, such as increasing burdens of elderly support.
Economics Of Natural Resources And The Environment

economics of natural resources and the environment is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the economics of natural resources and the environment is universally compatible with any devices to read.
The effect of change in dividend policy on stock returns of commercial banks listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange

x 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background of the Study. 1 1.1.1 Change in Dividend Policy . 2 1.1.2 Stock Returns . 3 1.1.3 Change in Dividend Policy and Stock Returns . 4 1.1.4 Listed Commercial Banks.4 1.2 Research Problem . 5 1.3 Research Objectives . 8 1.4 Value of the Study.8 2 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW. 9 2.
Neonatal Group B Streptococcus Sepsis After Negative Screen in a Patient Taking Oral Antibiotics

BACKGROUND: Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of serious neonatal infection. Neonatal morbidity and mortality can be reduced by appropriate prenatal screening and intrapartum chemoprophylaxis. CASE: A 20-year-old primigravida was treated with oral antibiotics at 35 weeks for a recurrent urinary tract infection. Her GBS screen following the antibiotic treatment showed a negative culture. The patient, therefore, did not receive intravenous antibiotics during her induction of labor for mild preeclampsia. The infant developed early onset neonatal GBS pneumonia and sepsis. CONCLUSION: Oral antibiotics can cause a temporary negative culture in a GBS-colonized patient. Relying on a negative culture for management may not be appropriate in a patient treated with oral antibiotics. Additional studies are necessary to elucidate the effects of oral antibiotics on GBS.
A group of glutamatergic interneurons expressing high levels of both neurokinin‐1 receptors and somatostatin identifies the region of the pre‐Bötzinger complex

The pre‐Bötzinger complex (pre‐BötC) is a physiologically defined group of ventrolateral medullary neurons that plays a central role in respiratory rhythm generation. These cells are located in a portion of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) that is difficult to identify precisely for lack of a specific marker. We sought to determine whether somatostatin (SST) might be a marker for this region. The rat pre‐BötC area was defined as a 500‐μm‐long segment of ventrolateral medulla coextensive with the ventral respiratory group. This region was identified by juxtacellular labeling of neurons with respiratory‐related activity and by its location rostral to the phrenic premotor neurons. It contained most of the SST‐ir neuronal somata of the RVLM. These cells were small (107 μm2) and expressed high levels of preprosomatostatin mRNA. They were strongly neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R)‐ir and were selectively destroyed by saporin conjugated with an NK1R agonist (SSP‐SAP). Most SST‐ir neurons (>90%) contained vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) mRNA, and terminals immunoreactive for SST and VGLUT2 protein were found in their midst. Few SST‐ir neurons contained GAD‐67 mRNA (<1%) or preproenkephalin mRNA (6%). Retrograde labeling experiments demonstrated that over 75% of the SST‐ir neurons project to the contralateral pre‐BötC area, but none projects to the spinal cord. In conclusion, the RVLM contains many neurons that express preprosomatostatin mRNA. A subgroup of these cells contains high levels of SST and NK1R immunoreactivity in their somata. These glutamatergic interneurons identify a narrow region of the RVLM that appears to be coextensive with the pre‐BötC of adult rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:499–512, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acetate assimilation pathway of Methanosarcina barkeri

The pathway of acetate assimilation in Methanosarcina barkeri was determined from analysis of the position of label in alanine, aspartate, and glutamate formed in cells grown in the presence of [14C]acetate and by measurement of enzyme activities in cell extracts. The specific radioactivity of glutamate from cells grown on [1-14C]- or [2-14C]acetate was approximately twice that of aspartate. The methyl and carboxyl carbons of acetate were incorporated into aspartate and glutamate to similar extents. Degradation studies revealed that acetate was not significantly incorporated into the C1 of alanine, C1 or C4 of aspartate, or C1 of glutamate. The C5 of glutamate, however, was partially derived from the carboxyl carbon of acetate. Cell extracts were found to contain the following enzyme activities, in nanomoles per minute per milligram of protein at 37 degrees C: F420-linked pyruvate synthase, 170; citrate synthase, 0.7; aconitase, 55; oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, 75; and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked malate dehydrogenase, 76. The results indicate that M. barkeri assimilates acetate into alanine and aspartate via pyruvate and oxaloacetate and into glutamate via citrate, isocitrate, and alpha-ketoglutarate. The data reveal differences in the metabolism of M. barkeri and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and similarities in the assimilation of acetate between M. barkeri and other anaerobic bacteria, such as Clostridium kluyveri.
SELECTION OF BREEDING STOCK BY U.S. MEAT GOAT PRODUCERS

Abstract Using nationwide survey data, we investigate U.S. meat goat producer preferences and willingness to pay for meat goat breeding stock attributes. Discrete choice experiments were employed, and mixed logit and latent class models were used for analysis. Results showed that producers preferred animals that were highly masculine/feminine, had good structure and soundness, and were of the Boer breed, whereas they preferred fewer animals that were older, of Kiko and Spanish breeds, and priced higher. Significant preference heterogeneity was found among the respondents. Larger-scale producers had greater preference for high masculinity/femininity, good structure and soundness, and Boer bucks.
Banking Structure and The Effect of Monetary Policy on Bank Lending.

TERMOS, ALI AHMAD. Banking Structure and the Effect of Monetary Policy on Bank Lending. (Under the supervision of Douglas K. Pearce) This dissertation examines the role of bank structure on the effectiveness of monetary policy. Using time series data for U.S. banks, I examine the varying effect of monetary policy on bank lending for the period 1976-2003. It is found that as the banking industry gets more concentrated (through mergers and acquisitions), the effect of monetary policy transmission (through open market operations) is being mitigated. That was the result of the deregulation of the banking sector that took place in the first half of the 1990s which led to an unprecedented wave of consolidation in the banking sector. Then I investigate the lending channel evidence at the bank level. That is, how important is the cross-sectional differences in the way that banks with varying characteristics respond to policy shocks. Three bank characteristics are highlighted: bank size, liquidity and capitalization. It is found that large, more liquid, and well capitalized banks are more impervious to changes in monetary policy than other banks. Real estate loans, agriculture, commercial and industrial (C&I), and consumer loans are analyzed. The size of the bank is found to be most crucial for real estate lending, where small banks are much more sensitive to changes in the federal funds rate compared to large banks. The effect is comparatively less pronounced for C&I and consumer lending and largely disappears when it comes to agriculture lending. Finally, the question of monetary policy asymmetry is examined. As expected, monetary policy has more effect on bank lending when it tightens than when it eases interest rates. This is found to be the case for all types of loans except for real estate loans, where a decline of FFR entices more real estate lending than a rise. BANKING STRUCTURE AND THE EFFECT OF MONETARY POLICY ON BANK LENDING
Female fitness in Drosophila melanogaster: an interaction between the effect of nutrition and of encounter rate with males

Female Drosophila melanogaster were maintained at five levels of nutrition, with either continuous or intermittent exposure to males. Remating frequency increased with nutrition and was higher with continuous exposure to males. Age-specific and lifetime egg production increased with increasing nutrition, but lifespan peaked at intermediate nutrition. Females on the three highest nutritional levels showed a cost of mating in reduced survival, but only at the highest food level did this reduced lifespan lead to a significant cost of mating for lifetime egg production. The data suggest that remating frequencies in laboratory cultures may evolve to a low enough level for the cost of mating to be only weakly expressed, if at all. Further data are required to assess the importance of the cost of mating in natural populations, where the evolution of low remating frequencies might be expected to be opposed by other costs.
An Investigation of Micro-Hollow Cathode Glow Discharge Generated Optical Emission Spectroscopy for Hydrocarbon Detection and Differentiation

The analytical utility of a micro-hollow cathode glow discharge plasma for detection of varied hydrocarbons was tested using acetone, ethanol, heptane, nitrobenzene, and toluene. Differences in fragmentation pathways, reflecting parent compound molecular structure, led to differences in optical emission patterns that can then potentially serve as signatures for the species of interest. Spectral simulations were performed emphasizing the CH (A2Δ–X2Π), CH (C2∑–X2Π), and OH (A2∑+–X2Π) electronic systems. The analytical utility of selected emission lines is demonstrated by a linear relationship between optical emission spectroscopy and parent compound concentration over a wide range, with detection limits extending down to parts per billion (ppb) levels.
Response of Cell Walls of Escherichia coli to a Sudden Reduction of the Environmental Osmotic Pressure

The rate of survival after osmotic shocks was found to be dependent on the state of growth. When growing logarithmically, Escherichia coli was about 20 to 100 times more sensitive to an abrupt decrease of the environmental osmotic pressure than when it was in the stationary phase. Subjecting rapidly growing cells to such a treatment caused fingerlike extrusions to emerge from the bacterial wall. Our results suggest that underneath these extrusions the rigid layer of the wall contains weak areas which appear as discontinuities or gaps when viewed in an electron microscope. After exposure to osmotic shock, the gaps became wider. We concluded that the gaps represent sites of mucopolymer synthesis where the rigid structure has temporarily been opened by hydrolytic enzymes to allow for the insertion of new wall material into the older portions of the wall.