Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Compound facial expressions of emotion

Significance Though people regularly recognize many distinct emotions, for the most part, research studies have been limited to six basic categories—happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust; the reason for this is grounded in the assumption that only these six categories are differentially represented by our cognitive and social systems. The results reported herein propound otherwise, suggesting that a larger number of categories is used by humans. Understanding the different categories of facial expressions of emotion regularly used by us is essential to gain insights into human cognition and affect as well as for the design of computational models and perceptual interfaces. Past research on facial expressions of emotion has focused on the study of six basic categories—happiness, surprise, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust. However, many more facial expressions of emotion exist and are used regularly by humans. This paper describes an important group of expressions, which we call compound emotion categories. Compound emotions are those that can be constructed by combining basic component categories to create new ones. For instance, happily surprised and angrily surprised are two distinct compound emotion categories. The present work defines 21 distinct emotion categories. Sample images of their facial expressions were collected from 230 human subjects. A Facial Action Coding System analysis shows the production of these 21 categories is different but consistent with the subordinate categories they represent (e.g., a happily surprised expression combines muscle movements observed in happiness and surprised). We show that these differences are sufficient to distinguish between the 21 defined categories. We then use a computational model of face perception to demonstrate that most of these categories are also visually discriminable from one another.
What do people need psychiatric and mental health nurses for?

The study reported here aimed to describe, by consulting with psychiatric practitioners of different disciplines, what people in contact with mental health services need nurses for, in terms of core nursing activity. Yet, recent trends have also been towards consumer-led definitions of good practice. The views of service and ex-service users can contribute much to an exploration of the role of psychiatric and mental health nurses and these perspectives were incorporated into the study. Given the lack of existing theory, a qualitative, grounded theory methodology was selected. In order to generate data rich enough for the analysis, focus groups of psychiatric nurses, social workers, service users, psychiatrists, carers and professions allied to medicine were sampled (13 groups, n=92) on the basis of the themes emerging from the data. Using critical incident technique (Flanagan 1954), the groups were invited to give examples of effective and ineffective nursing interventions, in relation to specific patient needs. The taped material was transcribed and analysed with the help of a computer package (QSR NUD.IST). This led to the selection of a core category, 'knowing you, knowing me', which described service users' and professionals' expectations that nurses are best placed to second guess the needs of patients and present themselves accordingly. Thus, nurses were expected, moment by moment, to know whether to be the patient's friend, a friendly professional, or take a more distant professional stance. The continuum entails different levels of knowledge and power, different language forms and different approaches to structuring time. Nurses themselves are most likely to prefer a position of friendly professional, from which they can move to a more intimate or distant role. Further study is needed to explore how nurses predict patients' expectations of them using a symbolic interactionist framework.
Business cycles synchronisation between the EU-15 and selected Eastern European Countries – The wavelet coherence approach

This paper strives to investigate the level of business cycles synchronisation between 8 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) and the EU-15. We use wavelet coherence and phase difference methodology as a very suitable tool that observes simultaneously the strength of business cycles’ co-movement in the aspect of time as well as in the aspect of frequency. The results indicate that the business cycles of CEECs are generally synchronised with the EU-15 business cycles, whereas distinct differences existed before, during, and after the financial crisis (2008–2009) and during the European sovereign debt crisis (2010–2011). In other words, we demonstrate that very strong business cycles synchronisation occurred in almost all CEECs during crisis periods and at higher wavelet scales, while only moderate synchronisation is recorded in relatively tranquil periods at higher frequencies. The results suggest that smaller CEECs, but also larger countries such as the Czech Republic, Hungary, and to some extent Slovakia as well have a higher level of business cycles synchronisation with the EU-15, particularly in the crisis period at short-run as well as at long-run fluctuations. However, we do not find strong business cycles co-movement in cases of Poland and Latvia via HP and BP filters at higher frequencies during the crisis, which might indicate a higher resistance of these countries to external systemic shocks.
Asset Pricing with Disagreement and Uncertainty about the Length of Business Cycles

We study an economy with incomplete information in which two agents are uncertain and disagree about the length of business cycles. That is, the agents do not question whether the economy is growing or not, but instead continuously estimate how long economic cycles will last—i.e., they learn about the persistence of fundamentals. Learning about persistence generates high and persistent stock return volatility mostly during recessions, but also (to a smaller extent) during economic booms. Disagreement among agents fluctuates and earns a risk premium. A clear risk–return trade-off appears only when conditioning on the sign and magnitude of disagreement. We confirm these predictions empirically. This paper was accepted by Neng Wang, finance.
A Price-Based Distributed Algorithm for Optimal Utility-Energy Trade-Off in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are energy- constrained in nature, in this paper, we formulate the problem of data transport in sensor networks as a network utility maximization (NUM) problem, but we argue that each source utility not only depends on its source rate, but also on the consumed energy, this leads to a coupled utility model, where the utilities are functions of source rates and consumed energy. Differentiating from the classical NUM framework which usually takes the consumed energy as constraints. Our utility model regards consumed energy as one of the components of measure of the utility values, which indicates the tradeoff of source rates and consumed energy, it is a more accurate utility model for abstracting the energy characteristics for data gathering and transmission in WSNs. Due to the coupled energy utility, our optimization problem is not separable. Despite the difficulty, we present a systematic approach to decouple our NUM problem with coupled utilities by introducing into the slack variables and using dual decomposition techniques, and obtain a distributed algorithm for solving this problem. The proposed algorithm can converge to the Pareto optimal tradeoff between rates and energy for all users.
Symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder in Mothers of Premature Infants

PURPOSE:To determine whether significant symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD) are present in mothers of premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). SUBJECTS:Forty mothers of premature infants born less than 33 weeks and admitted into NICU. DESIGN:Prospective, cohort, within-subjects. METHODS:Mothers completed the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Acute Stress Disorder Interview to explore the number and severity of stress-related symptoms at 2 separate time periods, 7 to 10 days after birth, and 1 month after birth. RESULTS:Twenty-eight percent of the mothers met diagnostic criteria of ASD at 7 to 10 days after birth, and at 1 month after birth ASD symptoms persisted. The majority of the mothers described premature birth as a traumatic stressor. The most commonly met criteria were dissociation and anxiety. Significant symptoms of depression were found in 43% of mothers and persisted 1 month after birth. Rates of depression and moderate to severe symptoms of ASD were significantly related in mothers at 1 week and at 1 month after birth. CONCLUSIONS:The premature birth experience is traumatic for mothers and may lead to various emotional responses including stress-related symptoms such as depression and/or ASD. Mothers with significant symptoms of depression and those with symptoms of stress seem to be more at risk for developing symptoms of ASD.
The Relation between Cerebral Metabolic Rate and Ischemic Depolarization: A Comparison of the Effects of Hypothermia, Pentobarbital, and Isoflurane

Background Reductions in cerebral metabolic rate may increase the brain's tolerance of ischemia. However, outcome studies suggest that reductions in cerebral metabolic rate produced by anesthetics and by hypothermia may not be equally efficacious. To examine this question, we measured the effects of hypothermia, pentobarbital, and isoflurane on the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRG) and on the time to the loss of normal membrane ion gradients (terminal ischemic depolarization) of the cortex during complete global ischemia. Methods As pericranial temperature was varied between 39 and 25 degrees Celsius in normocapnic halothane‐anesthetized rats, CMRG (using14 Carbon‐deoxyglucose) or the time to depolarization (using a glass microelectrode in the cortex) after a Potassium sup + ‐induced cardiac arrest was measured. In other studies, CMRG and depolarization times were measured in normothermic animals (37.7 plus/minus 0.2 degree Celsius) anesthetized with high‐dose pentobarbital or isoflurane (both producing burst suppression on the electroencephalogram) or in halothane‐anesthetized animals whose temperatures were reduced to 27.4 plus/minus 0.3 degree Celsius. These three states were designed to produce equivalent CMRG values. Results As temperature was reduced from 39 to 25 degrees Celsius, CMRG decreased from 66 to 21 micro Meter *symbol* 100 g sup ‐1 *symbol* min1 (Q10 = 2.30), and depolarization times increased from 76 to 326 s. In similarly anesthetized animals at approximately 27 degrees Celsius, CMRG was 32 plus/minus 4 micro Meter *symbol* 100 g sup ‐1 *symbol* min sup ‐1 (mean plus/minus SD), whereas in normothermic pentobarbital‐ and isoflurane‐anesthetized rats, CMRG values were 33 plus/minus 3 and 37 plus/minus 4 micro Meter *symbol* 100 g1 *symbol* min sup ‐1, respectively (P = 0.072 by one‐way analysis of variance). Despite these similar metabolic rates, the times to depolarization were markedly different: for hypothermia it was 253 plus/minus 29 s, for pentobarbital 109 plus/minus 24 s, and for isoflurane 130 plus/minus 28 s (P < 0.0001). Conclusions The time to terminal depolarization is believed to be a measure of the rate at which energy stores are depleted. In this study there was a strong correlation between hypothermic reductions in CMRG and increases in the time to depolarization. This finding supports the belief that metabolic suppression may offer some cerebral protection. However, equivalent reductions in CMRG produced by hypothermia and by anesthesia were not equivalent in their effects on membrane failure. Whether hypothermia slows energy depletion by some unique mechanism or directly retards depolarization is unknown.
Good Jobs, Bad Jobs: What's Trade Got to Do with it?

Using US local labor markets between 1990 and 2010, we analyze the heterogeneous impact of rising trade exposure on employment growth of 'good' and 'bad' jobs. Three salient findings emerge. First, rising local exposure to import competition, via falling US tariffs or rising Chinese import penetration, reduces (increases) employment growth of bad (good) jobs. Conversely, improved local access to export markets, via falling foreign tariffs, increases (reduces) employment growth of bad (good) jobs. Second, falling US tariff protection is substantially more important, economically and statistically, than rising Chinese import penetration. Third, globalization generates occupational polarization but not job polarization.
Variability in Results of the Microscopic Agglutination Test in Dogs with Clinical Leptospirosis and Dogs Vaccinated against Leptospirosis

Background: The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is commonly used for the diagnosis of canine leptospirosis. In dogs it is sometimes suggested that the serogroup with the highest MAT titer is the infecting serogroup; however, this is not true in humans with confirmed leptospirosis. We sought to investigate the value of MAT results in predicting the infecting serogroup by comparing results across several laboratories and within individual dogs over time. Objectives: To examine the variability in MAT results across different laboratories in dogs recently vaccinated against leptospirosis, and in dogs with clinical leptospirosis, and to investigate variability over time in MAT results in individual dogs with leptospirosis. Animals: Eighteen dogs from a research colony, 9 of which had been vaccinated against leptospirosis, and 17 dogs clinically diagnosed with leptospirosis. Methods: Serum samples were submitted to up to 5 veterinary diagnostic laboratories for MAT titers from each dog on at least 1 occasion. MAT results also were followed over time in 6 dogs diagnosed with leptospirosis. Results: MAT results were discordant across different laboratories in dogs recently vaccinated against leptospirosis and in dogs with clinical leptospirosis. MAT results varied over time in individual dogs with the disease. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The MAT is a valuable test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in dogs, but it is unlikely that test results can be used to predict the infecting serogroup. Laboratories offering the MAT should consider participation in a proficiency scheme.
Assessing democratic representation in multi-level democracies

Abstract This article introduces the special issue ‘Assessing democratic representation in multi-level democracies’ from a conceptual perspective. It adapts Powell’s chain of responsiveness – as a model of the democratic process on the national level – to the context of multi-level systems and discusses conditions that might facilitate or hamper responsiveness in regional democracies. The theoretical reasoning identifies added complexity, multiple actors sharing the same label and cross-level interdependent decisions as the key challenges to multi-level democracy. Empirical illustrations focus on the first stage of the representation process. Here voters should form rational policy preferences and take informed voting decisions, and parties are expected to offer coherent policy platforms that are tailored to the specifics of the regional level. While the analysis of party manifesto data suggests that regional parties cover regional issues, and strategic incentives to focus on other levels appear limited, survey-based information illustrates the cognitive burden of multi-level democracy on voters. In combination with a synopsis of the other contributions assembled in this issue, the findings suggest that information, responsibility and accountability problems may be particular obstacles to responsiveness in multi-level systems.
Riding Two Horses at Once: The Combined Roles of Mastery and Performance Climates in Implementing Creative Ideas

Not all creative ideas end up being implemented. Drawing on micro-innovation literature and achievement goal theory, we propose that the interplay of two types of work motivational climates (mastery and performance) moderates a curvilinear relationship between the frequency of idea-generation and idea-implementation behavior. Field studies in two non-Western countries (China, with a study of 117 employees nested within 21 groups, and Slovenia, with a study of 240 employees nested within 34 groups) revealed a three-way interaction of idea generation, performance climate, and mastery climate as joint predictors of idea implementation. Specifically, results of random coefficient modeling show that when combined, mastery and performance climates transform the relationship between the frequency of idea generation and idea implementation from an inverse U-shaped curvilinear relationship to a positive and more linear one. These findings suggest that ideas are most frequently implemented in organizational contexts characterized by both high-mastery and high-performance climates. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Could the polypill improve adherence? The patient perspective.

INTRODUCTION Multiple medications are recommended for the management of ischaemic heart disease. Unfortunately, increasing the number of medicines reduces adherence to medicines therapy. The concept of a polypill with a fixed dose combination of the common cardiovascular medicines (aspirin, statin, two blood pressure-lowering medicines) has been promoted. Patient perceptions about this concept have not been explored. METHODS People taking at least three cardiovascular medicines were interviewed using a semi-structured interview about their views on a polypill that could reduce the number of tablets they would need to take. FINDINGS The participants considered that the polypill would be very convenient, especially when travelling and would reduce the pill burden. If the polypill was subsidised by the government, they would have reduced dispensing fee costs. There were concerns around the inflexibility of dosing of individual components of the polypill, and some concerns about safety and efficacy. Medical practitioners were identified as having an important role in influencing participants about the acceptability of the polypill. CONCLUSION Generally the concept of the polypill was acceptable to participants, primarily because of the convenience and reduced number of tablets required daily. There were concerns about whether the polypill would be as effective and safe as the individual medicines.
A calculus for network delay, Part II: Network analysis

For pt.I see ibid., vol.37, no.1, p.114-31 (1991). A method to analyze the flow of data in a network consisting of the interconnection of network elements is presented. Assuming the data that enters the network satisfies burstiness constraints, burstiness constraints are derived for traffic flowing between network elements. These derived constraints imply bounds on network delay and buffering requirements. By example, it is shown that the use of regulator elements within the network can reduce maximum network delay. It is also found that such a use of regulator elements can enlarge the throughput region where finite bounds for delay are found. Finally, it is shown how regulator elements connected in series can be used to enforce general burstiness constraints. >
Human herpesvirus‐8 infection of umbilical cord‐blood‐derived CD34+ stem cells enhances the immunostimulatory function of their dendritic cell progeny

Abstract: CD34+ progenitor cells carrying human herpesvirus‐8, Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (HHV‐8/KSHV), have been described in the peripheral blood of AIDS patients suffering from Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). In this study, we investigated the influence of HHV‐8 on the differentiation of CD34+ progenitor cells. Native CD34+ cells derived from cord blood could be infected by a laboratory strain of HHV‐8, as shown by immunofluorescence staining and polymerase chain reaction, but no significant initial maturation/differentiation effects were observed. In addition, these infected cells were differentiated into immature and mature dendritic cells (DCs) using cytokine induction with recombinant human granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (rhGm‐CSF), recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rhTNF‐α) and recombinant human stem cell factor (rhSCF). Double immunofluorescence and flow cytometry studies demonstrated that virus infection did not impair the development of immature and mature DC populations. Subsequently, the immunostimulating capacity of DC populations was tested in a mixed lymphocyte reaction using allogeneic T‐cells. The HHV‐8‐infected CD34+ progenitor cell‐derived mature DC population showed a significantly enhanced antigen‐presenting capacity, compared to non‐infected DCs, which was not observed with the immature DCs. This suggests stimulation of DC function by HHV‐8 infection. Because there are only a small percentage of HHV‐8‐positive DCs in the preparations and because it is not clear whether infection is abortive or productive to some extent, this seems to be most likely due to an indirect viral effect.
Squeezing Suppliers or Liquidity Shortage?

This paper investigates whether the late payment problem exists among corporations in the US. Our results suggest that liquidity shortage and strategic intention are the main causes of late payments. While large firms deliberately take advantage of their market power to “squeeze suppliers”, we do not find any evidence that the same intuition exists among small firms. Instead, liquidity shortages are the main driver behind slow payments in small firms. This paper also finds that financially distressed firms are better off deferring trade credit repayment to avoid potential bankruptcy if they were paying to bank creditors late. As the legal repercussions of doing so are less severe than defaulting on other corporate bond or bank obligations.
Casein Kinase 2 Is Linked to Stress Granule Dynamics through Phosphorylation of the Stress Granule Nucleating Protein G3BP1

ABSTRACT Stress granules (SGs) are large macromolecular aggregates that contain translation initiation complexes and mRNAs. Stress granule formation coincides with translational repression, and stress granules actively signal to mediate cell fate decisions by signaling to the translation apparatus to (i) maintain translational repression, (ii) mount various transcriptional responses, including innate immunity, and (iii) repress apoptosis. Previous work showed that G3BP1 is phosphorylated at serine 149, which regulates G3BP1 oligomerization, stress granule assembly, and RNase activity intrinsic to G3BP1. However, the kinase that phosphorylates G3BP1 was not identified, leaving a key step in stress granule regulation uncharacterized. Here, using chemical inhibition, genetic depletion, and overexpression experiments, we show that casein kinase 2 (CK2) promotes stress granule dynamics. These results link CK2 activity with SG disassembly. We also show that casein kinase 2 phosphorylates G3BP1 at serine 149 in vitro and in cells. These data support a role for casein kinase 2 in regulation of protein synthesis by downregulating stress granule formation through G3BP1.