Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Danger of HIV / AIDS Prevalence among Street Children on the Public in Kenya : Experiences from Eldoret Municipality

Street children are a reality in many urban centers in developing countries and have remained a major impediment to their social and economic development. While on the streets, HIV/AIDS infection among street children continues to be a significant challenge despite the progress that has been made in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment at the national level. As they pursue their livelihoods on the streets, street children embrace a street culture that habitually influences sexual risky behaviors. The circumstances in which street children live and the challenges to which they are subjected to, increase their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and predispose the public to more danger. This can be explained partly by the drives of economics of survival, little or absence of information about the dangers of contracting HIV/AIDS and the risks associated with it, inadequate health facilities attending to street children and inadequate awareness programmes targeting the street children community. This paper argues that for street children to enhance their survival mechanisms on the streets, sexual activities among themselves and/with outsiders on the streets are rife and not safe. Moreover, the attitude of hopelessness about their lives encourages them to engage in unprotected sex, while little information and low level of awareness limits street children from adopting HIV/AIDS preventive measures. Female street children who are also HIV positive engage in sex with unsuspected men who eventually contract the disease. The paper concludes by recommending that those interventions working with street children if they want to succeed in their activities, they should have a holistic approach and also be based on a scientific assessment on the circumstances the street children find themselves in as well as their felt needs. There is also need for street educators and/or counselors to communicate prevention messages to all categories of street children at the same time impart in them a sense that life is worth safeguarding.
What Company Do Semantically Ambiguous Words Keep? Insights from Distributional Word Vectors

The diversity of a word’s contexts affects its acquisition and processing. Can differences between word types such as monosemes (unambiguous words), polysemes (multiple related senses), and homonyms (multiple unrelated meanings) be related to distributional properties of these words? We tested for traces of number and relatedness of meaning in vector representations by comparing the distance between words of each type and vector representations of various “contexts”: their dictionary definitions (an extreme disambiguating context), their use in film subtitles (a natural context), and their semantic neighbours in vector space (a vector-space-internal context). Whereas dictionary definitions reveal a three-way split between our word types, the other two contexts produced a two-way split between ambiguous and unambiguous words. These inconsistencies align with some discrepancies in behavioural studies and present a paradox regarding how models learn meaning relatedness despite natural contexts seemingly lacking such relatedness. We argue that viewing ambiguity as a continuum could resolve many of these issues.
An Economic Analysis of Household Energy Consumption of Urban Odisha

Energy in the household sector is used for various purposes like lighting, cooling, running of electrical appliances, cooking, water heating and running of vehicles etc. Further the amount of energy consumption in the household sector is found to vary with income, family size, age of the family members, and number of literate persons in the family. This paper analyses the impact of income on the pattern of household energy consumption in the urban municipal area of Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha. For this the households in the study area were categorised in different income groups. It was found that families having high income consume more energy. Analysing consumption of energy in the household sector it was further found that consumption of electricity for running electrical appliances(for the purpose of cooling, lighting, refrigeration, entertainment and water heating) and consumption of oil mainly for running of vehicles is highest among the households of high income group. While the consumption of fuel in the form of both kerosene and LPG for the purpose of cooking was found to be the highest among middle income group. Households of low income group are the highest consumer of kerosene for the purpose of lighting.
Lions in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park: modelling the effect of human-caused mortality

An age-structured demographic matrix model is developed to determine the long-term viability of the Southern African Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park lion ( Panthera leo) population that is subjected to persecution along the park boundaries. In doing so, maximum sustainable persecution rates are established, so that efficient conservation measures may be taken, if required, to ensure the continued survival of the species in the park. Sensitivity analyses indicate that adult female survival ability alone is the most important component of the model in terms of long-term population survival. Furthermore, these analyses show that the boundary prides of the park are able to increase their chances of survival and are able to sustain significantly higher human-caused mortality rates by inducing birth-sex ratio biases in favour of females. The model suggests that the persecution rate experienced by the study population over the period 1998–2001 cannot be sustained in the long term, provided that there is no immigration of adult females into the population from the park interior. To ensure the survival of existing park boundary prides, adult lionesses should, as far as possible, be afforded protection from persecution, so that park boundary populations do not merely serve as population sinks for lions from elsewhere, or become extinct.
Environmental risk from Lyme disease in central and eastern Canada: a summary of recent surveillance information.

Background Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the temperate world. It is emerging in central and eastern Canada due to spread of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis into and within Canada to form new areas of environmental risk known as Lyme disease-endemic areas. Identifying the geographic location of Lyme disease-endemic areas is important to identify the population at risk, target interventions, and inform the clinical diagnosis of Lyme disease patients. Objective To provide an up-to-date picture of current and emerging areas of Lyme disease risk in eastern and central Canada by summarizing recent information on Lyme disease-endemic areas, and surveillance for I. scapularis ticks. Methods Data on locations where I. scapularis have been found in field surveillance studies by a range of federal and provincial organizations were collated and mapped to obtain a fuller picture of the occurrence of I. scapularis in Canada. The geographic locations of ticks submitted in passive tick surveillance were mapped for comparison. Results The number of confirmed Lyme disease-endemic areas in southern Manitoba, southern and eastern Ontario, southern Quebec, southern New Brunswick and in some locations in Nova Scotia increased from 10 in 2009 to 22 confirmed endemic areas in 2012. The collated field surveillance data indicated that I. scapularis tick populations and Lyme disease risk are more geographically widespread than known Lyme disease-endemic areas and that the pattern of emergence of tick populations varies among provinces. There was a tenfold increase in the numbers of I. scapularis reported for passive surveillance from 2 059 submissions from 1990 to 2003 to 25 738 submissions from 2004 to 2012. Conclusions The increasing numbers of Lyme disease-endemic areas, the much wider distribution of tick populations identified by field surveillance, as well as the marked increase in numbers of ticks identified through passive surveillance suggest that the geographic scope of environmental risk of acquiring Lyme disease is expanding in central and eastern Canada, although here it still remains mostly limited to the southern parts of five provinces.
The Forensic Confirmation Bias: A Comparison Between Experts and Novices

A large body of research has described the influence of context information on forensic decision‐making. In this study, we examined the effect of context information on the search for and selection of traces by students (N = 36) and crime scene investigators (N = 58). Participants investigated an ambiguous mock crime scene and received prior information indicating suicide, a violent death or no information. Participants described their impression of the scene and wrote down which traces they wanted to secure. Results showed that context information impacted first impression of the scene and crime scene behavior, namely number of traces secured. Participants in the murder condition secured most traces. Furthermore, the students secured more crime‐related traces. Students were more confident in their first impression. This study does not indicate that experts outperform novices. We therefore argue for proper training on cognitive processes as an integral part of all forensic education.
Women’s Involvement in Income Generating Activities and Their Opinion About Its Contribution: A Study of Gazipur District, Bangladesh

The study was conducted to determine the socioeconomic characteristics ofthe respondents participating in different agricultural income generating activities, to attain the nature and extent of participation in different Income Generating Activities (IGAs) and find out the relationship between the selected characteristics of the respondents and their opinion in poverty alleviation through IGAs. An interview schedule was used to collect needed information through face to face interview from randomly selected sample size of 125 respondents. The respondents showed remarkable individual differences in their characteristics and majority (84%) of them belonged to young and middle aged category having high literacy rate (86.7%). Most of the respondents’ family size was small and medium (90.6%) and having small (96%) farm size. Most of the respondents’ (78.7 %) annual income was up to Tk 200000 and they have medium (60%) agricultural knowledge, favourable attitude (78.7%) towards participation in IGAs. Most of the respondents had higher participation (48.1%) in IGAs. The income from IGAs was high (86.7%) and opinion regarding poverty alleviation through IGAs should substantial improvement (65.3%). Education, family size, agricultural knowledge, respondent’s attitude, participation in IGAs, income from IGAs were found to have significant relationship with the respondents’ opinion on poverty alleviation through IGAS. High price of inputs, frequent absence of members in time, lack of marketing facilities and social sanction for the women for going activities outside homestead were the major problems faced by the respondents.
NeuroImage: Clinical E ﬀ ects of multisensory stimuli on inhibitory control in adolescent ADHD: It is the content of information that matters

Even though de ﬁ cits in inhibitory control and con ﬂ ict monitoring are well-known in ADHD, factors that further modulate these functions remain to be elucidated. One factor that may be of considerable importance is how inhibitory control is modulated by multisensory information processing. We examined the in ﬂ uence of con- current auditory con ﬂ icting or redundant information on visually triggered response inhibition processes in adolescent ADHD patients and healthy controls. We combined high-density event-related potential (ERP) re- cordings with source localization to delineate the functional neuroanatomical basis of the involved neurophysiological processes. In comparison to controls, response inhibition (RI) processes in ADHD were compromised in con ﬂ icting conditions, but showed no di ﬀ erences to controls when redundant or no concurrent auditory information was presented. These e ﬀ ects were re ﬂ ected by modulations at the response selection stage (P3 ERP) in the medial frontal gyrus (BA32), but not at the attentional selection (P1, N1 ERPs) or resource allocation level (P2 ERP). Con ﬂ icting information during RI exerts its in ﬂ uences in adolescent ADHD via response selection mechanisms, but not via attentional selection. It is not the mere presence of concurrent information, but the presence of con ﬂ icting information during RI that may destabilize goal shielding processes in medial frontal cortical regions, by means of increasing the automaticity of response tendencies. The occurring RI de ﬁ cits might relate to the increased impulsivity in adolescent ADHD and a corresponding vulnerability to react to an increased automaticity of pre-potent response tendencies. ADHD patients show a bias to a speci ﬁ c content of information which can modulate inhibitory control.
PACT: Parameterized Clipping Activation for Quantized Neural Networks

Deep learning algorithms achieve high classification accuracy at the expense of significant computation cost. To address this cost, a number of quantization schemeshave been proposed - but most of these techniques focused on quantizing weights, which are relatively smaller in size compared to activations. This paper proposes a novel quantization scheme for activations during training - that enables neural networks to work well with ultra low precision weights and activations without any significant accuracy degradation. This technique, PArameterized Clipping acTi-vation (PACT), uses an activation clipping parameter α that is optimized duringtraining to find the right quantization scale. PACT allows quantizing activations toarbitrary bit precisions, while achieving much better accuracy relative to publishedstate-of-the-art quantization schemes. We show, for the first time, that both weights and activations can be quantized to 4-bits of precision while still achieving accuracy comparable to full precision networks across a range of popular models and datasets. We also show that exploiting these reduced-precision computational units in hardware can enable a super-linear improvement in inferencing performance dueto a significant reduction in the area of accelerator compute engines coupled with the ability to retain the quantized model and activation data in on-chip memories.
IgLON5-mediated neurodegeneration is a differential diagnosis of CNS Whipple disease

A 49-year-old man developed cold intolerance as an isolated symptom 2 years prior to presentation. At age 48, he developed jerks in the trunk and lower limbs during the day and tapping movements in the arms during sleep. After 6 months, sleep disturbance worsened with talking and gesticulations, culminating in sleeping 1–3 hours per night with associated daytime somnolence. He developed mild slurred speech, hypersalivation, and dysphagia. He reported poor memory but was able to continue driving and working. He had been diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea 4 years prior.
Enhanced Bacteriocin Production of Lactic Acid Bacteria Obtained from Raw Meat

The objective of present study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of the LAB isolates and to enhance the bacteriocin production of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from meat samples. Antimicrobial activity of the isolated strain was tested against foodborne and spoilage producing organisms. The antimicrobial compound was obtained from LAB using different optimization conditions with growth medium. In optimization trials the growth medium i.e. de Mann Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth supplemented with 2% peptone and 6% glucose showed positive results towards antimicrobial activity against indicator organisms.
PENGARUH INFLASI,TINGKAT SUKU BUNGA DAN NILAI TUKAR RUPIAH/US DOLLAR TERHADAP RETURN SAHAM PROPERTI YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

Stock s of property are sector having high sensitivity to the chage of macro economic condition and having different stock return volatility. The aim of this research are to analyze the influence of economic macro indicator such as inflation, rate of interest and exchange rate of Rupiah / US Dollar. This research used analyzing statistic method. Independent variables are inflation, rate of interest and exchange rate of Rupiah /US Dollar Dependent variables are stock return of property. Technique sample used sensus method with listed criteria in Indonesian Stock Exchange which have a complete financial statement. Sample of research are consist of 25 property companies. Data technique analysis used in this research is double linier regression anylysis. The result of this research indicates that by parsial analysis with alpha ( a ) 0,05 find that inflation does have a significant effect to stock return of property but rate of interest. does have a significant effect to stock return of property, and exchange rate of Rupiah / US Dollar does have a significant effect to stock return of property . Keywords : inflation, interest rate, exchange rate, stock return
Internal Control Information Disclosure and Corporate Governance: Evidence from an Emerging Market

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to increase our understanding of the impact of corporate governance factors on the disclosure of internal control information by firms in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach – A data set from 110 firms in Ghana for the year ending of 2013 was used. Each annual report was individually examined and coded to obtain the disclosure of internal control information index. Descriptive analysis was performed to provide the background statistics of the variables examined. This was followed by regression analysis, which forms the main data analysis method. Findings – Results of the disclosure of internal control information mean of 35 per cent indicate that most of the sampled firms did not disclose sufficient internal control information in their annual reports. The low level of internal control information disclosure cannot be used by stakeholders to determine the level of corporate governance practices in the sampled companies. The results of the regression analysis indicate that board independence is a significant variable that explains the disclosure of internal control disclosure. This supports the generally held view that independent directors help to improve the quality of disclosure and increase the transparency of information. Originality/value – This is the first study in Ghana that considered the impact of corporate governance factors on internal control information disclosures. This study contributes to the literature on the relationship between corporate governance and disclosure by showing that the disclosure of internal control information in Ghana is associated with the proportion of independent board members. This findings support Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) 404 requirements, even though this is not compulsory for Ghanaian firms unlike their US counterparts. The findings of this study will help market regulators in Ghana and Sub-Saharan Africa, Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Sub-Saharan African Exchanges in evaluating the adequacy of the current disclosure regulations in their countries. Understanding the board composition and their impact on voluntary disclosure provides evidence on the sufficiency of the board of directors’ guidelines in the corporate governance code in Sub-Saharan African countries.
CONFIRMATION VIA THE CONTINUUM-FITTING METHOD THAT THE SPIN OF THE BLACK HOLE IN CYGNUS X-1 IS EXTREME

In Gou et al., we reported that the black hole primary in the X-ray binary Cygnus X-1 is a near-extreme Kerr black hole with a spin parameter a* > 0.95 (3σ). We confirm this result while setting a new and more stringent limit: a* > 0.983 at the 3σ (99.7%) confidence level. The earlier work, which was based on an analysis of all three useful spectra that were then available, was possibly biased by the presence in these spectra of a relatively strong Compton power-law component: the fraction of the thermal seed photons scattered into the power law was fs = 23%–31%, while the upper limit for reliable application of the continuum-fitting method is fs ≲ 25%. We have subsequently obtained six additional spectra of Cygnus X-1 suitable for the measurement of spin. Five of these spectra are of high quality with fs in the range 10%–19%, a regime where the continuum-fitting method has been shown to deliver reliable results. Individually, the six spectra give lower limits on the spin parameter that range from a* > 0.95 to a* > 0.98, allowing us to conservatively conclude that the spin of the black hole is a* > 0.983 (3σ).
Effects of Salinity on Growth , Hormonal and Enzymatic Status in Fish : A Review

There has recently been an increasing interest in seafood products due to the growing awareness of their nutraceutical value. However, marine-based products are highly dependent on environmental conditions. Among other factors, many studies have reported an influence of water salinity on different aspect of fish physiology. In different studies, effect of different levels of marine salinity on growth factors, hormonal and enzymatic status, tissue histopathology and related gene expression have been investigated. Changes in growth rate, which depend on salinity, result from an action on: 1. standard metabolic rate; 2. food intake; 3. food conversion; and or 4. hormonal stimulation. Numerous studies reported the best range of salinity for better fish physiology performance but these domainsin different species and different places are different. In this review, we considered all of these factors and discuss the effects of marine salinity on growth factors in different species.
Chemical diversity of the essential oils of twenty populations of Tanacetum polycephalum Sch. Bip. from Iran

Abstract Chemical diversity of the essential oils of twenty wild populations of Tanacetum polycephalum Sch. Bip. , was investigated. The aerial parts of T. polycephalum were collected at full flowering stage from West Azerbaijan Province of Iran, air-dried; hydrodistilled to produce essential oils. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of forty compounds were identified accounting for 96.4–99.9% of the total oils. The most principal compounds were cis-thujone (0–82.3%), trans-thujone (0–79.8%), camphor (1.3–75.0%), 1,8-cineole (4.5–43.3%), borneol (1.0–36.2%) and bornyl acetate (0–26.8%). Hierarchical cluster analysis based on the percentages (>0.5%) of the essential oils components was carried out to determine the chemical diversity among the populations studied. The cluster analysis resulted in the identification of four main chemotypes namely: ‘camphor + 1,8-cineole’, ‘mixed’, ‘cis-thujone’ and ‘trans-thujone’.