Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors Related to Prevalence of Hallux Valgus in Female University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background We investigated the prevalence of hallux valgus (HV) and examined its association with various factors in a cross-sectional study of Japanese female university students. Methods A questionnaire survey of foot symptoms, lifestyle, and body mass index (BMI) was administered to 343 women who provided informed consent at a women’s university. Footprints were obtained and bone density was measured. Associations of HV with various factors were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Results Big toe pain was reported in 26.5% of the women. HV (HV angle, ≥15°) was present in the left foot in 22.4%, the right foot in 20.7%, and unilaterally or bilaterally in 29.7% of women. Mild HV (HV angle, ≥15° to <20°) was noted in the left foot and right foot in 13.4% and 13.1% of women, respectively; no severe HV (HV angle, ≥40°) was observed. HV was associated with big toe pain (adjusted OR: 3.56, 95% CI: 2.01–6.32), history of HV in the mother or maternal grandmother (adjusted OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.19–5.02), and history of HV in other family members (adjusted OR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.35–7.06). Moderate HV was associated with big toe pain (adjusted OR: 4.58, 95% CI: 2.17–9.66) and history of HV in the mother or maternal grandmother (adjusted OR: 3.36, 95% CI: 1.40–8.07). The proportion of women with big toe pain increased significantly with HV severity. Conclusions HV was present in about 30% of female university students. Young women with big toe pain or a family history of HV should be evaluated for HV.
Nuclear Brachyury Expression Is Consistent in Chordoma, Common in Germ Cell Tumors and Small Cell Carcinomas, and Rare in Other Carcinomas and Sarcomas: An Immunohistochemical Study of 5229 Cases

Brachyury is a transcription factor of the T-box family typically expressed in notochord and chordoma. Some studies report brachyury as highly specific for chordoma, whereas others have concluded that brachyury is expressed in many types of common carcinomas by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry and could be involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic process. In this study, we immunohistochemically evaluated 5229 different tumors for nuclear brachyury expression using a new rabbit monoclonal antibody and automated immunostaining (Leica Bond Max). Only nuclear labeling was scored, and antibody dilution of 1:2000 was used. In normal tissues, only rare cells in seminiferous tubules were labeled; all other organs were negative. All chordomas (75/76), except a sarcomatous one, were positive, whereas chondrosarcomas were negative. Among epithelial tumors, positivity was often detected in embryonal carcinoma (74%) and seminoma (45%). Pulmonary small cell carcinoma was often positive (41%), whereas pulmonary and pancreatic adenocarcinomas only rarely showed nuclear brachyury positivity (3% to 4%). Common carcinomas such as ductal carcinomas of the breast or adenocarcinomas of the prostate only exceptionally showed nuclear positivity (<1%). No colorectal, hepatocellular, renal cell, squamous cell, thyroid or urothelial carcinoma, or mesothelioma showed nuclear brachyury positivity. Among mesenchymal and neuroectodermal tumors, only isolated cases of melanoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and follicular lymphoma showed nuclear expression. However, as shown previously with lung carcinoma, experiments with lower antibody dilutions (1:200 to 1:500) showed weak cytoplasmic and nuclear labeling in breast cancers. In addition to chordoma, we show here for the first time that nuclear brachyury expression is prevalent in embryonal carcinoma, seminoma, and small cell carcinoma of the lung but very rare in common carcinomas, sarcomas, and melanoma. With these reservations, we have demonstrated the presence of nuclear brachyury immunoreactivity to be a sensitive and fairly specific marker for chordoma.
What's Ethnicity got to do with it? The Workplace Lived Experience of Ethnic Minority (IJAW) Women in the Nigerian Civil Service

This thesis examines gender and ethnic inequalities in the Nigerian civil service through the lived experience of Ijaw women and the strategies they adopt to combat perceived discrimination. A theoretical framework of structure, culture, agency, intersectionality, and social identity theory underpinned this research. Hermeneutic phenomenological methodology was adopted within which 40 in-depth semi-structures interviews were conducted. Findings indicate that for most respondents, ethnicity is a politicised identity while gender identity tends to be passive. Other emerging identities were revealed such as language, age and indigeneship (having historical ties to one’s state of residence). Civil service organisations were found to legitimise inequality regimes with respect to gender and ethnicity. These inequality regimes are definitive of Ijaw women’s workplace lived experience. While some participants identified as traditionalists, others adopted strategies such as ‘Awaiting Divine Intervention’, Masking, Exiting the organisation, Assimilating, Performing, Negotiating and Reforming the system, to combat perceived discrimination in their organisation.
The role of United States Visa Waiver Program on cross-border travel

ABSTRACT This study investigates the role of the United States Visa Waiver Program on inbound travel. We employ Difference-in-Difference estimation using panel data on US inbound travel. We conclude, ceteris paribus, that admitting a country to the programme increases inbound travel from the origin country to the US by between 29% and 44% depending on the specification.
The private credit market of the Cape Colony, 1673-1834 : wealth, property rights, and social networks

A well-developed financial sector is important for economic development. Historical evidence has shown financial transactions have been around for more than 5 000 years. This research into historical financial markets often shows that, contrary to popular belief, these markets were a sign of prosperity, rather than of struggling growth and poverty. Yet, only scattered evidence exists on the historical financial market of South Africa. This is the main aim of this dissertation: to investigate the historical financial market of the Cape Colony, specifically the private credit market. The main database used for the research is the probate inventories, also known as the MOOC 8 series. These inventories listed all the assets of the individual, as well as their debts and credits. The second chapter is focused on the descriptive statistics and characteristics of borrowers at the Cape and looks at various historical results to be tested using the complete series. The first research question is focused on describing the market and investigates previous historical claims in light of recent international literature. Conclusions from this chapter are that the role of the Company (the government at the time), church and Orphan Chamber has been greatly overestimated. Also, rather than borrowing for survival, debt was made for productive investment, specifically land purchases. The strongest characteristic of borrowers at the Cape was wealth. The richest thus had more debt than their poor counterparts. The long period over which these probate inventories were captured presents an opportunity to study intergenerational wealth mobility at the Cape for this pre-industrial period. Literature on intergenerational wealth in developing regions and their history is scarce due to data limitations. But this dissertation gives new insight into this literature. For this early period of development, high wealth mobility (measured through land, slaves, and debt) existed at the Cape, disputing claims that development at the Cape was limited to an elite few. It is also contrary to the assertion by historians that the system of partible inheritance were detrimental to development. Another aspect important for private credit transactions is the social network an individual formed part of. Two separate chapters look at the role of social networks and trading on credit, with specific reference to homophily and centralities. By using network analysis, the basic human interactions which determine not only development but also the formation of institutions can be studied. The centrality measures show that wealth had little influence on an individual’s position in the network and that central families tended to stay central for much longer than individuals. There was also a central role for the three main institutions in connecting individuals into the larger network. Modern literature suggests that people bind together in groups with ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
[Two-level logistic modeling analysis on the factors that influence birth in hospitals in poor rural areas of Sichuan province].

OBJECTIVE To identify the determinants of birth in hospitals in the poor rural areas. METHODS A questionnaire survey in eight poor counties in Sichuan province was conducted. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors that influenced birth in hospitals. RESULTS Hospitals delivered 61.4% of babies in the selected counties. Education, eligibility to poverty relief, numbers of pre-natal examinations and abnormalities found in pre-natal examinations had a significant impact on birth in hospitals. CONCLUSION Education of women and medical relief in the poor rural areas need to be strengthened to increase the proportion of babies delivered in hospitals in the poor rural areas. Systematic management of pregnant women and increased pre-natal examinations could also contribute to hospital delivery of babies.
Binding of antibodies to virion-associated gp120 molecules of primary-like human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates: effect on HIV-1 infection of macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Using immunobiochemical approaches we previously studied the conformation and surface exposure of different immunodominant regions within the oligomeric, virion-associated form of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (L Stamatatos and C. Cheng-Mayer (1995) J. Virol. 69, 6191-6198). These studies allowed us to determine to what extent epitopes within these immunodominant regions of the oligomeric gp120 are occluded or accessible to antibody binding on the virion surface of two primary-like (HIV-1SF162 and HIV-1SF128A) and one. T-cell-line-adapted (HIV-1SF2) isolates. Here, we investigate whether binding of anti-gp120 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to exposed epitopes of the immunodominant regions of oligomeric gp120 results in neutralization of HIV-1 infection and whether certain exposed sites are better targets for neutralization than others. We also test whether proposed mechanisms for antibody-mediated neutralization of T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1 isolates, e.g., antibody-mediated gp120-virion dissociation, are applicable to primary-like HIV-1 isolates. We assess the neutralization potential of anti-V2 loop, anti-V3 loop, and anti-CD4 binding site MAbs using human primary macrophages or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as target cells and HIV-1SF162 and HIV-1SF128A as infecting isolates. Our data indicate that: (i) not every exposed epitope of the immunodominant regions of gp120 oligomers on the virion surface is a target for neutralization; (ii) during virus-cell fusion specific exposure of previously occluded V3 loop epitopes within gp120 oligomers occurs, which may become targets for neutralization; (iii) antibody-mediated gp120-virion dissociation does not appear to be a major mechanism of neutralization for the primary-like HIV-1 isolates tested here; and (iv) infection of macrophages is more sensitive to neutralization by anti-gp120 monoclonal antibodies than PBMC. We also report that binding of one of the two anti-CD4 binding site MAbs tested mediated enhancement of macrophage cell infection in a concentration-dependent fashion, while binding of the other anti-CD4 binding site MAb resulted in efficient neutralization of infection of both macrophages and PBMC.
Day Case Cleft Lip Surgery in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: The correction of cleft lip deformity has included overnight admission and postoperative ward admission from 5 to 7 days. In developing countries, increasing cost of treatment and medical insurance and shortage of bed space have led to a reduction in the length of hospitalization or its elimination for some cases of surgery. Objective: To assess the feasibility and complications associated with day case cleft lip surgery in our center. Methods: A prospective study of patients undergoing day case cleft lip repair at three hospitals from 1995 to 2005. Results: A total of 43 patients were seen. Twenty seven (63.8%) were treated as day case, and 16 (37.2%) were operated as inpatients. The mean age for patients treated as day case was 1.32 ± 1.45 years. Fifteen (55.6%) of these patients had severe associated nasal deformities, six (22.2%) had moderate nasal deformity, and four (14.83%) had mild nasal deformity. The only complication was a nasovestibular fistula that occurred in one of the day case patients. From 27 patients operated on as day cases, eight calls were received. Two (7.4%) mothers called to report febrile illness in their children on the first postoperative day. Two mothers (7.4%) reported excessive crying. The most frequent reason for postoperative consultation was obstruction of the modified nasal retainer, which occurred in four patients (14.8%). Conclusion: Day case surgery for cleft lip can be said to be safe, with a 2.3% rate of complications in selected patients. Day case surgery was a cheaper alternative to admission.
A sense of coherence and health. Salutogenesis in a societal context: Åland, a special case?

Background: Antonovsky’s salutogenic concept of a sense of coherence (SOC) has proved most influential in the way that health is now perceived. Aim: To (1) describe the distribution of SOC among 40–70-year-old Ålanders; (2) examine the distribution of depression in Åland, Finland, and its relationship with SOC; and (3) discuss the findings within a salutogenic framework in a societal context. Design: A cross-sectional study design was adopted. Antonovsky’s SOC Questionnaire (13 items) and the Beck Depression Inventory (13 items) were used. In addition, in a separate questionnaire, sociodemographic information about each participant was sought, together with a question specific to this study and designed to measure self-rated health. Setting: Åland, an autonomous island province of Finland. Results: The proportion of respondents reporting good health was high (64%). The overall mean (SD) SOC was 70.7 (11.7) points, whereas for farmers and fishermen it was 73.88 (8.8) and 74.33 (9.2) points, respectively. SOC was significantly and strongly related to the self-rated health score. The higher the SOC, the better was the health of the respondents. Furthermore, the study provided clear evidence of the potential of the SOC concept as a positive mental health indicator. Conclusion: The SOC seems to be a health-promoting resource that supports the development of a positive subjective state of health.
The Successful Treatment of Pulmonary Pleomorphic Carcinoma with Pembrolizumab: A Case Report

Pulmonary pleomorphic carcinomas are rare malignant tumors, and no standard treatments have been established. We herein report the successful treatment of a patient with pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma with pembrolizumab. A 51-year-old man who was a current smoker presented to our hospital due to dyspnea and hemosputum. Chest X-ray showed right-sided pneumothorax with pleural effusion; chest tube drainage was therefore performed. Computed tomography after chest tube drainage showed a cavitary nodule in the right upper lobe and right hilar and bilateral mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Surgery was performed for the diagnosis and treatment. He was eventually diagnosed with pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma corresponding to clinical stage IVB (cT2aN2M1c [PLE, ADR, HEP]). The giant cells strongly expressed programmed death ligand-1, and the tumor proportion score was more than 50%. Therefore, pembrolizumab was introduced as the first-line therapy. After 3 cycles of pembrolizumab, his right hilar and bilateral mediastinal lymphadenopathy and pleural dissemination notably decreased. Pembrolizumab might be an effective therapy for pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma.
Diet and exercise improve chemoreflex sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea

Chemoreflex hypersensitity was caused by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study tested the hypothesis that hypocaloric diet and exercise training (D+ET) would improve peripheral and central chemoreflex sensitivity in patients with MetS and OSA.
Working with and for social enterprises: the role of the volunteer ethnographer

Purpose This paper considers the specific opportunities and challenges of engaging in ethnographic research with organisations in which the researcher participates as a volunteer ethnographer. Design/methodology/approach The findings in this paper are based on four years of ethnographic research within a social enterprise. Findings This paper finds that there are significant benefits of the role of the volunteer ethnographer and suggests ways to address some of the challenges. Research limitations/implications As the field of social enterprise and ethnography grows and researchers engage with methodological discussions about participant observation, the authors suggest that attention should also be paid to the specifics of the role of the volunteer ethnographer. Originality/value There is growing interest in the use of ethnography in social enterprises. This paper offers unique insight into how this methodology has been applied in the context of self-reliant groups and the importance of the engaging with discussion about the specific role of the volunteer ethnographer.
Absolute measurements of water content using magnetic resonance imaging: Preliminary findings in an in vivo focal ischemic rat model

Using a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging method, absolute measurements of in vivo brain water content were obtained in 15 male Long Evans rats that underwent a 90‐min focal cerebral ischemia. A strong linear relationship (r = 0.80) with a slope of 1 was observed when correlating MR‐measured water content to that obtained with the ex vivo wet/dry measurements. This effective spin‐density‐based method is the first‐reported in vivo absolute quantification of brain tissue water content associated with a pathophysiological state and preliminary findings suggest that a noninvasive measurement of brain water content can be obtained with MRI. Magn Reson Med 43:146–150, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Traumatic dental injuries among 8- to 12-year-old schoolchildren in Pinggu District, Beijing, China, during 2012.

BACKGROUND Although traumatic dental injuries are most common during childhood and can cause significant health problems, the literature contains few reports of the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in children in China. AIM To study the prevalence of and factors related to traumatic dental injuries among 8- to 12-year-old schoolchildren in Pinggu District, Beijing during 2012. MATERIAL AND METHODS An epidemiological survey of traumatic dental injuries was performed in all nine primary schools of Pinggu District, Beijing, China. Andreasen criteria as the diagnostic criteria were used in the study. A sample of 5165 students aged from 8 to 12 years old were examined, consisting of 2711 boys and 2454 girls. RESULTS A total of 367 students (7.1%), 251 boys and 116 girls, were found to have traumatic dental injuries, and 442 permanent teeth were involved. Maxillary central incisors were the most affected by dental injuries (378, 85.5%). Among the 52 traumatized teeth (11.8%) that were treated, endodontic treatment (55.8%) was the most common method. CONCLUSIONS The study showed a relatively low prevalence of dental injuries in Pinggu District. The treatment rate of traumatized teeth was relatively low. Schoolchildren need more medical assistance when they face accidents. Policymakers should develop a strategy for the prevention of traumatic dental injuries. Educational programs to increase the knowledge of traumatic dental injuries and prevent them should be initiated for teachers and schoolchildren.
Effect of effort‐reward imbalance and burnout on infection control among Ecuadorian nurses

Background Nurses are frequently exposed to transmissible infections, yet adherence to infection control measures is suboptimal. There has been inadequate research into how the psychosocial work environment affects compliance with infection control measures, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Aim To examine the association between effort‐reward imbalance, burnout and adherence to infection control measures among nurses in Ecuador. Introduction A cross‐sectional study linking psychosocial work environment indicators to infection control adherence. Methods The study was conducted among 333 nurses in four Ecuadorian hospitals. Self‐administered questionnaires assessed demographic variables, perceived infection risk, effort‐reward imbalance, burnout and infection control adherence. Results Increased effort‐reward imbalance was found to be a unique incremental predictor of exposure to burnout, and burnout was a negative unique incremental predictor of nurses' self‐reported adherence with infection control measures. Discussion Results suggest an effort‐reward imbalance‐burnout continuum, which, at higher levels, contributes to reduce adherence to infection control. The Ecuadorean government has made large efforts to improve universal access to health care, yet this study suggests that workplace demands on nurses remain problematic. Conclusion This study highlights the contribution of effort‐reward‐imbalance‐burnout continuum to the chain of infection by decreased adherence to infection control of nurses. Implications for Nursing Policy Health authorities should closely monitor the effect of new policies on psychosocial work environment, especially when expanding services and increasing public accessibility with limited resources. Additionally, organizational and psychosocial interventions targeting effort‐reward imbalance and burnout in nurses should be considered part of a complete infection prevention and control strategy. Further study is warranted to identify interventions that best ameliorate effort‐reward imbalance and burnout in low‐ and middle‐income settings.