Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of the heliospheric interface on the interplanetary Lyman $\alpha$ glow seen at 1 AU from the Sun

This work presents multiple scattering computations of interplanetary background line profiles using Angle Dependent Partial Frequency Redistribution to model the scattering process as explained by Quemerais (2000). The density and velocity distribution of hydrogen atoms in the heliosphere was computed using a self-consistent model of the solar wind interaction with the two-component (H atoms and plasma) interstellar plasma (Izmodenov et al. 2001). We show that the main difference of the heliospheric interface model as compared to the classical hot model lies in the existence of three populations of H atoms in the heliosphere. These populations are primary interstellar atoms, secondary interstellar atoms created by charge exchange in the outer heliosheath and a hot component (around 150000 K) created in the inner heliosheath. The two interstellar components provide additional asymmetry in the backscattered Lyα profile at 1 AU, which is not expected from the classical hot model. At the Earth orbit in the upwind direction, the hot component of the backscattered intensity represents less than 5% of the total intensity. It reaches 15% in the downwind direction. Although the heliospheric interface has some effect on the upwind to downwind ratio of total backscattered Lyα intensity, on the apparent velocity and apparent temperature of interplanetary line profiles, they are difficult to discriminate from the results of the variations of the solar parameters. Therefore our following models should include time-dependence effects on the interplanetary hydrogen distribution. Finally, it is concluded that measurements of interplanetary Lyα profiles in the inner heliosphere may serve as a good diagnostic of the heliospheric interface. The existence of a faint hot component in the Lyman α backscattered profiles would serve as a new tool to study the heliospheric interface.
The 1-way on-line coupled model system MECO(n) – Part 4: Chemical evaluation (based on MESSy v2.52)

Abstract. For the first time, a simulation incorporating tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry using the newly developed MECO(n) model system is performed. MECO(n) is short for MESSy-fied ECHAM and COSMO models nested n times. It features an online coupling of the COSMO-CLM model, equipped with the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) interface (called COSMO/MESSy), with the global atmospheric chemistry model ECHAM5/MESSy for Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC). This online coupling allows a consistent model chain with respect to chemical and meteorological boundary conditions from the global scale down to the regional kilometre scale. A MECO(2) simulation incorporating one regional instance over Europe with 50 km resolution and one instance over Germany with 12 km resolution is conducted for the evaluation of MECO(n) with respect to tropospheric gas-phase chemistry. The main goal of this evaluation is to ensure that the chemistry-related MESSy submodels and the online coupling with respect to the chemistry are correctly implemented. This evaluation is a prerequisite for the further usage of MECO(n) in atmospheric chemistry-related studies. Results of EMAC and the two COSMO/MESSy instances are compared with satellite, ground-based and aircraft in situ observations, focusing on ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. Further, the methane lifetimes in EMAC and the two COSMO/MESSy instances are analysed in view of the tropospheric oxidation capacity. From this evaluation, we conclude that the chemistry-related submodels and the online coupling with respect to the chemistry are correctly implemented. In comparison with observations, both EMAC and COSMO/MESSy show strengths and weaknesses. Especially in comparison to aircraft in situ observations, COSMO/MESSy shows very promising results. However, the amplitude of the diurnal cycle of ground-level ozone measurements is underestimated. Most of the differences between COSMO/MESSy and EMAC can be attributed to differences in the dynamics of both models, which are subject to further model developments.
Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Domestic Innovation Performance: Evidence from China Abstract: Recent years have witnessed substantial outward foreign direct investment (OFDI)

Recent years have witnessed substantial outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from many emerging economies. Should the governments of these economies encourage OFDI in order to promote domestic innovation? Much OFDI by emerging economy multinational enterprises (EMNEs) has been undertaken to acquire strategic assets overseas, but do these acquisitions bring innovation benefits at home? The empirical analysis presented in this paper considers the effects of OFDI on regional innovation performance, using a panel of Chinese provinces, and finds that OFDI has a very significant impact on domestic innovation. Furthermore, we also identify three contingent factors absorptive capacity, foreign presence, and the competition intensity of the local market that moderate the impact of OFDI on innovation performance.
Appropriate levels of taxonomic discrimination in deep-sea studies: species vs family

Few studies have investigated use of higher-level taxonomy, e.g. family, to analyse macrobenthic infaunal communities in the deep sea. This study uses multivariate analyses of poly- chaete macrofauna and environmental variables from 15 stations (depth 150 to 1000 m) situated in the Faroe-Shetland Channel (NE Atlantic). The data were analysed at species and family levels in order to determine the degree of taxonomic sufficiency required to discriminate between stations. There was little difference in results between species and family when using non-metric multi- dimensional scaling, however, cluster analysis and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed marked differences between the 2 taxonomic levels. Similarity between stations was markedly lower at species than family level. The ability of CCA to separate the families into defined groups along the 2 ordination axes was more apparent than at species level. Families also tended to be more closely aggregated near the centre of the ordination plot. It is concluded that in the deep-sea, species-level identification of polychaetes is preferable to that of family-level identification.
Open access to living books on the internet: a new chance to bridge the linguistic gap for at-risk preschoolers?

The Dutch website Bereslim (http:// www.bereslim.nl) provides digital picture storybooks for three- to seven-year-olds for daily use. The present study investigates whether this new opportunity to enhance linguistic development actively assists preschool children from low- and high-educated families in an equal manner. We looked closely at the characteristics of the 1781 persons who visited the Bereslim website between March and October 2006, when the digital books were available free of charge. To get access, visitors had to complete a brief questionnaire about characteristics of the child (date of birth, gender, school and grade) and parents (educational level, membership library, number of storybooks bought in the last six months, and how they found the website), how the child spent his or her leisure time, whether he or she used (new) media (i.e. amount of time and content of shows/ games/books and favourite websites, programs and books), whether the parents participated in different activities from their children and if their children already are familiar with the five books on the site. We found that the bulk of low-educated families who most need this additional opportunity of literacy enhancement were absent. Attempts to create new chances for at-risk children from low-educated families have often failed, as it did this time in another natural experiment.
INCREASING POTASSIUM (K) RELEASE FROM K-CONTAINING MINERALS IN THE PRESENCE OF INSOLUBLE PHOSPHATE BY BACTERIA

Introduction: Phosphorus and potassium are major essential macronutrients for biological growth and development. Application of soil microorganisms is one approach to enhance crop growth. Some bacteria are efficient in releasing K and solubilizing P from mineral sources but their behavior was not studied more in presence together. Materials and methods: In this study the ability of seven bacterial strains, including Pseudomonas putida P13, P. putida Tabriz, P. fluorescens Tabriz, P. fluorescens Chao, Pantoea agglomerans P5, Azotobacter sp. and Bacillus megaterium JK3 to release mineral K from muscovite and biotite with application of insoluble (Ca3(PO4)2) or soluble (Na2HPO4) P-sources was investigated. Nutrient Broth was used to prepare an overnight culture of bacteria to inoculate in Aleksandrov medium, which was used to study the dissolution of silicate minerals. It should be mentioned that Aleksandrov medium was used to determine the amount of released P from tricalcium phosphate (TCP) while muscovite was added to the medium as a sole source of potassium. Concentration of P was determined spectrophotometrically by ammonium-vanadate-molybdate method and K was determined by flame photometry. Results: The insoluble P-source led to a significantly increased released K into assay medium (66%), and the net release of K from the biotite was significantly enhanced. Among bacterial strains, the highest mean of released K was observed with P. putida P13 which released more K (27%) than the control. The amounts of released K from micas in the presence of insoluble and soluble phosphate by P. putida P13 were 8.25 and 4.87 mg/g, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: Application of insoluble phosphate could increase K release from mica minerals. The enhanced releasing of mineral K might be attributed to the release of organic acids from the bacteria, a mechanism which plays a pivotal role in solubilizing phosphate from inorganic source of phosphate.
Physical controls on deep water coral communities on the George V Land slope, East Antarctica

Abstract Dense coral-sponge communities on the upper continental slope at 570–950 m off George V Land, East Antarctica have been identified as Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. The challenge is now to understand their probable distribution on other parts of the Antarctic margin. We propose three main factors governing their distribution on the George V margin: 1) their depth in relation to iceberg scouring, 2) the flow of organic-rich bottom waters, and 3) their location at the head of shelf cutting canyons. Icebergs scour to 500 m in this region and the lack of such disturbance is a probable factor allowing the growth of rich benthic ecosystems. In addition, the richest communities are found in the heads of canyons which receive descending plumes of Antarctic Bottom Water formed on the George V shelf, which could entrain abundant food for the benthos. The canyons harbouring rich benthos are also those that cut the shelf break. Such canyons are known sites of high productivity in other areas due to strong current flow and increased mixing with shelf waters, and the abrupt, complex topography. These proposed mechanisms provide a framework for the identification of areas where there is a higher likelihood of encountering these Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems.
Development of Microsatellite Markers by Data Mining from DNA Sequences

represent mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-nucleotide repeats, respectively. A microsatellite locus typically varies in length between 5 and 40 repeats, but longer strings of repeats are possible. Dinucleotide, trinucleotide and tetranucleotide repeats are the most common choices for molecular genetic studies. Dinucleotides are the dominant type of microsatellite repeats in most vertebrates characterized so far, although trinucleotide repeats are most abundant in plants (Beckmann & Weber, 1992; Chen et al., 2006; Kantety et al., 2002). Despitethe fact that the mechanism of microsatellite evolution and function remains unclear, SSRs were being widely employed in many fields soon after their first description (Litt & Luty1989; Tautz 1989; Weber & May 1989) because of the high variability which makes them very powerful genetic markers. Microsatellites have proven to be an extremely valuable tool for genome mapping in many organisms (Schuler et al., 1996; Knapiket al., 1998), but their applications span over different areas ranging from kinship analysis, to population genetics and conservation/management of biological resources ( Jarne & Lagoda 1996). Microsatellites can be amplified for identification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using two unique sequences which are complementary to the flanking regions as primers. This process results in production of enough DNA to be visible on agarose or polyacrylamide gels; only small amounts of DNA are needed for amplification as thermocycling in this manner creates an exponential increase in the replicated segment. With the abundance of PCR technology, primers that flank microsatellite loci are simple and quick to use, but the development of correctly functioning primers is often a tedious and costly process. However, once they are developed and characterized in an organism, microsatellites are powerful for a variety of applications because of their reproducibility, multiallelic nature, codominant inheritance, relative abundance and good genome coverage (Liu & Cordes, 2004). Unlike conserved flanking regions, microsatellite repeat sequences mutate frequently by slippage and proofreading errors during DNA replication that primarily change the number
Quality of Life and Sustainable Development

Quest for justice in the taxation seems to be the timeless problem. Complexity of issues related to the public finance – combined with the compulsory character of public duties – raises the natural question concerning fair distribution of burdens. One of the basic, undisputed rules within the theory of taxation is the principle of horizontal equity. This principle, postulating equal treatment of equals, embodies both universality and uniformity of taxation. In this sense, horizontal tax equity could be treated as a basic property of the tax system, however, there exists no widely accepted way of measuring this phenomenon. In this context measures of horizontal tax equity applied in literature are based on the decomposition of redistributive effect and the Atkinson-Plotnick-Kakwani index as an index of reranking. The aim of this paper is focus on the problem measuring of reranking among taxpayers. We compare the universally applied Atkinson-Plotnick-Kakwani index with the new suggested measures based on the changes in the ranking of taxpayers in the income distribution. The analysis is performed for the data on income and taxes, originating from one of the LowerSilesian tax offices.
Susu: A Dynamic Microfinance Phenomenon in Ghana

Susu is a popular form of savings in most developing economies. It is practiced in different forms and under different names in both developing and developed countries. In spite of its contribution to the socio-economic development of both developing and developed countries, it remains under-researched. There is therefore the need for further research into this complex financial phenomenon. This paper thus, critically examines existing literature on Susu and other micro savings phenomenon. It shows that Susu is a complex and dynamic social phenomenon. In substance, it discovered that susu shares similarities with other micro savings schemes such as rotating savings and credit schemes, accumulating savings and credit associations as well as Christmas hampers and Christmas clubs in England and the United States respectively. It establishes that similar to other micro savings schemes, the object of Susu is to help rural, poor and low income earners meet their economic, social or communal needs. Keywords: Microfinance, Susu, Ghana, Informal Finance, Micro Savings, Rural Economies
Drag Effect of Water Consumption on Urbanization—A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2000 to 2015

Urbanization is an engine of economic development, but this process is often constrained by increasingly scarce water resources. A model predicting the drag effect of water consumption on urbanization would be useful for future planning for sustainable water resource utilization and economic growth. Using panel data from 11 provinces in China’s Yangtze River economic belt (YREB) from 2000 to 2015, we apply Romer’s growth drag theory with spatial econometric models to quantitatively analyze the drag effect of water consumption on urbanization. The results show the following. (1) The drag effect of water consumption on urbanization has significant spatial correlation; the spatial Durbin model is the best model to calculate this spatial connection. (2) The spatial coefficient is 0.39 and the drag that is caused by water consumption on urbanization in the YREB is 0.574, which means that when spatial influences are considered, urbanization speed slows by 0.574% due to water consumption constraints. (3) Each region in the YREB has different water consumption patterns and structure; we further calculate each region’s water consumption drag on urbanization. We find that areas with high urbanization levels, like Shanghai (average 84.7%), have a lower water consumption drag effect (0.227), and they can avoid the “resource curse” of water resource constraints. However, some low-level urbanization provinces, like Anhui (average 39.3%), have a higher water consumption drag effect (1.352). (4) Our results indicate that the water drag effect is even greater than the drag effect of coal and land. Therefore, policies to increase urbanization should carefully consider the way that water constraints may limit growth. Likewise, our spatial model indicates that policy makers should work with neighboring provinces and construct an effective regional water cooperation mechanism.
Intravenous Administration of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in the Chicken Model

To be used in health care, the safety and effectiveness of nanoparticles needs to be tested in a living organism. The objective of this project was to develop the chicken as a convenient animal model to examine tissue targeting of intravenously (i.v.)-injected iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles. In Experiment 1, different doses of IO-COOH were i.v. injected into chickens; blood was collected at 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes post-injection; liver, spleen, lung, and kidney were collected after the last blood collection. For Experiment 2, IO-COOH and IO-PEG were i.v. injected into chickens; blood and the organs were collected at 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes postinjection. For both Experiments, IO concentration in blood was examined by iron test kit and fixed tissue sections were stained with H/E and Prussian blue stain. Portions of organs from Experiment 2 were frozen and used for preparation of homogenates and tissue-sections for immunohistochemical and/or iron-staining. For Experiment 3, the dermis of growing feathers (GF) was injected with mouse-IgG antigen (Ag); 6 hours later, IO-Ab (IO-COOH conjugated with chicken-antibody specific for mouse IgG), IO-COOH, or IO-PEG were i.v. injected into the chickens; one Ag-injected GF and one uninjected GF per chicken was collected at 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 24, and 48 hours post-i.v. -injection; organs were collected at three and seven days post-i.v. injection; and tissue sections of GFs and organs were stained with Prussian blue stain. Together, results of Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 revealed that IO-nanoparticles were taken up quickly by macrophages in liver and spleen, whereby IO-PEG was taken up at lower levels and slower pace by phagocytic cells when compared to IO-COOH. Experiment 3 was not successful in demonstrating delivery of intravenously injected IO nanoparticles to antigen-injected GFs. This may be due to the low dose of nanoparticles injected as well as the antigen-antibody system used. This is the first report describing organ-distribution and uptake of i.v. injected IO nanoparticles in the chicken system, setting the stage for using the avian model to test in vivo targeting effectiveness of nanoparticles.
The Behavior of the Fixed Effects Estimator in Nonlinear Models,

The nonlinear fixed effects models in econometrics has often been avoided for two reasons one practical, one methodological. The practical obstacle relates to the difficulty of estimating nonlinear models with possibly thousands of coefficients. In fact, in a large number of models of interest to practitioners, estimation of the fixed effects model is feasible even in panels with very large numbers of groups. The more difficult, methodological question centers on the incidental parameters problem that raises questions about the statistical properties of the estimator. There is very little empirical evidence on the behavior of the fixed effects estimator. In this note, we use Monte Carlo methods to examine the small sample bias in the binary probit and logit models, the ordered probit model, the tobit model, the Poisson regression model for count data and the exponential regression model for a nonnegative random variable. We find three results of note: A widely accepted result that suggests that the probit estimator is actually relatively well behaved appears to be incorrect. Perhaps to some surprise, the tobit model, unlike the others, appears largely to be unaffected by the incidental parameters problem, save for a surprising result related to the disturbance variance estimator. Third, as apparently unexamined previously, the estimated asymptotic estimators for fixed effects estimators appear uniformly to be downward biased.
Evaluation of Lymphocytes Proliferation in Botteng Village (A High Background Radiation Area) Inhabitants Using Binucleate Index

Botteng Village in Mamuju, West Sulawesi was known for the high natural background radiation exposure. Botteng Village inhabitants exposed to high natural radiation in their daily life. Radiation exposure can inhibit the mitosis mechanism at various phases. Our previous study revealed that mitotic and nuclear division indexes in Botteng Village inhabitants were lower compared to control samples. To validate our previous study results here we evaluate the binucleate index in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Botteng Village inhabitants. Blood samples were collected from thirteen healthy adult subjects in Botteng Village and thirteen healthy adult subjects in normal background radiation area. Binucleate index was calculated as the proportion of binucleated cell (BNC) in 500 cells for each sample. The study result showed that the BI in Botteng Village was similar compared to control group (23.58 ± 9.60 vs 23.47 ± 6.24). It is possible that the small sample numbers used in this study were not adequate to represent the BI value in Botteng Village inhabitants. This study also showed that there was insignificant difference of BIin respect to gender and age for all samples. Further study using larger sample number should be conducted to verify whether the BI can be used as a marker of lymphocytes proliferation.
Height versus Weight which Cassel Parameter Determine Pulmonary Functions Fitness among the Algerians Soccer Players

Our study evaluated relationships between two surrogate measured vital capacity and aerobic capacity of predict Anthropometric Characteristics Determine the Cardiorespiratory Fitness among Soccer Players. Whereas our background confirms that weight-for-height as a relationship, were not considered in the kinematics analysis during the match. For the propose a total of 163 male soccer players under 17 years from the Algerian football championship participated in the present study. There VO2 max were estimated based on the formula Test Cooper (VO2 max =22.351 d (km)-11.288 (ml/min/kg)) where Vital capacity was calculating based on formula (vital capacity (ml)=(27.63-0.112 × age) × height(cm)). Based on the statistical applied. Our results confirm: 1) There is a strong positive relationship between maximal aerobic capacity and the Vital capacity, 2) Height is the most predictor of Vital capacity, 3) Height is the most predictor of the maximal aerobic capacity in the case of our sample.