Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the current theory base in the crowdsourcing literature

Crowdsourcing literature has been grown up to an important field of research in recent years. Many studies in different areas have paid attention to the field and various theories have been utilised in these studies. The aim of the current study is developing a big picture of the theories which have been used in this area. By reviewing 887 papers in most important scientific databases, we identified 9 theory development and 50 theory based studies in the literature and categorised them based on the focus of the study (motivation, evaluation, organization, technology, and application) and the discipline from which the used theory came from (psychology, information systems, organization studies, sociology, economics, decision science, engineering, and journalism).
Observations of a non-supercell tornadic thunderstorm from a Terminal Doppler Weather Radar

Despite numerous advances in meteorologists' understanding of severe weather and the innovations in technology that have occurred over the past 20 years, detection of nonsupercell tornadoes (NST) continues to present a difficult challenge to operational forecasters. By definition, these tornadoes are not associated with mesocyclones (i.e., they do not develop in the "top-down" sequence). The tornadic vortex is often too small or shallow to be resolved by the beam from the Weather Service Radar 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), rendering the data from the Doppler velocity moment inconclusive in detection of NSTs. As a result, some events occur with little or no lead time. An informal study of tornado occurrence within the Greer, SC (GSP) county warning area from July 1995 through August 2006 found that approximately 43% of tornadoes are not associated with deep, persistent mesocyclones. Although most NSTs are weak (F0 or F1), strong NSTs have been known to occur over the Carolinas (Lee and Jones 1998; McAvoy et al. 2000). An understanding of NSTs remains an important goal due to their relative frequency across the western Carolinas and the significant attention to them from NWS stakeholders across the region.
A model of landslide triggering by transient pressure waves

Abstract. Previous studies indicate that most rainfall-triggered shallow landslides are initiated by a spike in rainfall intensity, which does not usually occur at the beginning of a critical storm, within which the slide is triggered, but after several minutes (or hours) of the storm. The critical storm is also usually not positioned at the beginning of a rainfall season, but after several days of antecedent period. Rainfall triggers landslides via rapid increase in pore water pressure, commonly associated with the change in water content. Consequently, many hydrologic pressure wave models assume that rapid pore water pressure responses are as a result of rapid infiltration of rainwater. On the contrary, this paper argues that, based on the above timings of landslide occurrences and the knowledge that infiltration rate decays with the soil wetness, the rapid increase in pore water pressure that triggers shallow landslides is as a result of rapid introduction of additional energy into the tension saturated (or nearly saturated) zone by the intense rainfall at the ground surface, without infiltration. Antecedent and critical precipitations are significant in creating a tension saturated zone, necessary for rapid transmission of the introduced energy from the ground surface to the lower soil horizons during the critical storm. These arguments are supported by a newly proposed one-dimensional diffusion mathematical model, which, when solved for the appropriate boundary conditions, can yield pore water pressure at any time and depth of a tension-saturated soil profile, without infiltration. The newly proposed diffusion model is mathematically similar to Iverson's model (Iverson, 2000), except that the hydraulic diffusivity parameter in the latter is substituted with a newly proposed energy diffusivity coefficient in the former. A combination of the new diffusion model and the infinite slope model can predict the stability of a shallow slope as a result of transient pore water pressure.
The nutritive value for ruminants of faba bean (Vicia faba) seeds and naked oat (Avena nuda) grain cultivated in an organic farming system

The aim of the study was to determine the yield per ha, chemical composition, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), and nutritive value of faba bean seeds and naked oat grain grown in pure sowing or in mixtures (effect of cultivation method) under organic farming conditions. The experiment was carried out on two faba bean cultivars (Olga, a low tannin, traditional variety, and Optimal, a high tannin variety with terminal inflorescences), and naked oat (cv. Polar). The proportions of faba been to oat in sowing mixtures, in relation to optimum sowing density for each species grown in a pure stand (taken as 100%), were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0, respectively. The highest grain yield (3.12 t/ha) and yield of crude protein (978 kg/ha) per ha were obtained from the mixture of 75% faba bean (Optimal) and 25% oat. Increasing the proportion of oat in the mixtures decreased their crude protein content with little impact on other nutrient contents, in vitro true digestibility, UFL and PDI values. In faba bean, greater differences among analysed parameters were observed between cultivars than between cultivation methods.
Surgical outcomes for lumbar spinal canal stenosis in elderly patients

Purpose of the study: To understand surgical outcomes, based on standardized tools, after surgery of lumbar spinal canal stenosis in patients aged 65 years and older. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 58 elderly patients before and after surgery. Demographic data, procedures, perioperative comorbidities, preoperative and postoperative pain intensity, primary activities of daily living, quality of life, and fear avoidance were collected at baseline. All patients were followed up to 6 and 12 months after operation. Results: Following surgery, there was a significant reduction in the VAS scale (for pain severity) and fear avoidance beliefs (FAB) questionnaire scale (P<0.001), and a significant increase in the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) index and the Barthel Index for Activities of Daily Living (ADL), which assesses functional independence) (P<0.001). Implication: The present study suggests that surgery in elderly patients is effective for the treatment of spinal stenosis, in those patients who did not respond well to conservative treatment.
Dispersion and purification of Mo6S3I6 nanowires in organic solvents

Sedimentation measurements have been performed on dispersions of Mo6S3I6 nanowires in a range of common solvents. By far the best solvents were N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetone. Stable dispersions of purified Mo6S3I6 nanowires in DMF, with concentrations as high as 0.06gl−1, could be produced. Detailed analysis of the sedimentation curves showed that the material consisted of three phases, two insoluble phases and one which could be stably dispersed. We associate the insoluble phases with pseudospherical impurities and insoluble nanowires. The sedimenting nanowires tend to be in the form of large diameter bundles, in contrast to the dispersed phase which consists of nanowires arranged in smaller bundles. The average diameters of the nanowire bundles stably suspended in DMF are 12±14nm. The measured sedimentation time constants of the insoluble nanowires agree very well with theory allowing us to calculate the solid-fluid interaction parameter, β, to be very close to 105Pa. The material could be pur.
Developing the Scholarship of Teaching in Higher Education: A discipline-based approach

There is an international debate about the development of the scholarship of teaching. It is argued here that the scholarship of teaching needs to be developed within the context of the culture of the disciplines in which it is applied. The scholarship of teaching involves engagement with research into teaching and learning, critical reflection of practice, and communication and dissemination about the practice of one's subject. This provides a challenging agenda for the development of subject-based teaching. Implementing this agenda includes applying the principles of good practice in the disciplines; developing the status of teaching; developing the complementary nature of teaching and research; and undertaking discipline-based pedagogic research. The paper is illustrated with particular reference to the discipline of geography.
Feeding behaviour in Littorina littorea: the red seaweed Osmundea ramosissima may not prevent trematode infection

Terrestrial herbivores can use anthelmintic properties of plant secondary metabolites to decrease parasite/parasitoid infections. Secondary metabolites with potential anthelmintic prop- erties have also been described from different seaweed species, but the effects of diet on parasitism in marine herbivores has not been studied previously. In the present study, a combination of labora- tory and field experiments was used to test the hypotheses that infection by digenean trematode par- asites affects the feeding pattern of herbivorous gastropods (Littorina littorea), and that the seaweed diet prevents parasitism in the snails. Heavily infected snails consumed less of the red seaweed Osmundea ramosissima than uninfected snails, but there was no difference in consumption when snails were offered the green seaweed Ulva lactuca. Healthy snails placed in cages with different food treatments and transplanted to different field sites became infected by trematodes, but there was no significant difference in parasite resistance between snails offered different foods. Further- more, there was no significant negative relationship between infection abundance and consumption when O. ramosissima was incorporated into agar-based artificial diets, indicating that the difference in feeding pattern found in the initial consumption experiment was due to the morphology, and not the chemistry of the seaweeds. In conclusion, these preliminary results do not indicate that para- sitized L. littorea feeds on O. ramosissima to prevent parasite infection. However, the hypothesis that algal chemical compounds prevent or decrease parasite infections in herbivores should be tested using additional candidate species before drawing general conclusions about the effect of diet on parasitism in marine systems.
Polarimetric survey of main-line OH masers in star-forming regions

Context. While there is evidence for considerable circular polarization of OH masers in star-forming regions, no systematic measurements of the four Stokes parameters have been done. Determining the full polarization properties of OH emission is vital to test polarization maser models and to select targets for high-angular resolution studies of magnetic fields. Aims. The polarimetric measurements of a representative sample of star-forming regions were carried out in order to better characterize the properties of OH masers. Methods. A sample of 99 star-forming regions was observed in the OH 1665 and 1667 MHz maser transitions using the Nancąy radio telescope in full-polarization mode and high spectral resolution (0.07 km s -1 ). Results. We present a complete set of polarization spectra for all 98 and 81 sources detected at 1665 and 1667 MHz, respectively. All detections have circularly polarized features, whereas linear polarization is found in 80% and 62% of the 1665 and 1667 MHz sources, respectively. The median degree of linear polarization of 16% of both transitions is a factor of ~4 lower than that of circular polarization. In consequence, the probability of linear polarization clearly drops for sources with low total flux density because of the sensitivity limit. The linear polarization is almost always accompanied by circular polarization, i.e., elliptically polarized profiles are observed. The mean line-width at half-maximum of the linear polarization profile is 0.26 km s -1 . The polarization position angle ( χ ) shows large variations across the profile with a median amplitude close to 90°. The amplitude variations of χ decrease with increasing flux density. Large variations of the total flux density found in three sources are weakly associated with changes in polarization parameters. Conclusions. The observational characteristics of linear polarization seem to be consistent with theoretical models where narrow profiles result from the overlap of σ -components traversed regions with appreciable velocity gradient and due to off resonance amplification.
Robust Inference on Seasonal Unit Roots via a Bootstrap Applied to OECD Macroeconomic Series

Recent experimental results presented in Burridge and Taylor (2001a,b, and 2003) show that, as usually implemented, the Hylleberg et al. (1990) seasonal unit root tests can be rather liberal, with true level often substantially higher than nominal level. This effect is due to the presence of any of three things: data-based lag selection in the implementation of the tests, and either or both periodic heteroscedasticity and serial correlation in the driving shocks. Burridge and Taylor (2003) demonstrate that under experimental conditions a carefully implemented bootstrap substantially corrects test level without loss of power. The present study applies their technique to a large number of publicly available series, and demonstrates conclusively that the bootstrap produces less liberal, and, given the experimental results cited above, more reliable inference. We report results for Sweden, the UK and the US, which are typical of the fifteen countries in our panel. Other results, the GAUSS code, and raw data are all available at: www.staff. city.ac. uk/p.burridge/
Bank Interest Margin and Default Risk under Basel III Capped Capital Adequacy Accord and Regulatory Deposit Insurance Fund Protection

We study the optimal bank interest margin and default risk under the capped ratio schedule of government capital instruments in the Basel III Capital Adequacy Accord and the Deposit Insurance Fund arrangement program. We show that an increase in the capped ratio (a decrease in the capped government capital injection) increases the default risk in the bank’s equity return at a reduced interest margin. Regulatory deposit insurance fund protection reinforces the reduced bank interest margin and the increased default risk. The capped ratio schedule as well as the fund protection program makes the bank more prone to loan risk-taking, thereby adversely affecting the stability of banking system. This paper suggests that the two means of government intervention in response to the recent financial crisis might be not appropriate for a bank in distress, particularly from the standpoint of bank failure.
Rate of NDF degradation

Degradation profi les for NDF were estimated for 83 samples of grass/grass-clover, 27 samples of cereal whole crop and 14 samples of maize whole crop. To examine variation in rate of degradation, degradation profi les were analysed for rate of degradation in individual incubation intervals. For grass/grass-clover and maize whole crop, rate of degradation fi rst increased and then decreased with increasing incubation time, especially for grass/grass-clover, indicating both a lag time before maximum degradation is reached, and multiple NDF pools with different rates of degradation. In contrast, whole crop cereals had a very high degradation rate in the fi rst incubation interval, and thereafter degradation rate decreased, indicating that a small fraction of the NDF in whole crop cereals is very easily degradable. The non constant rate of NDF degradation means that estimated degradation parameters will be very dependent on the degradation times used for parameterization, and therefore standardization of the method used for estimation of degradation characteristics is essential.
Workers' sons rescue genetic diversity at the sex locus in an invasive honey bee population

The hallmark of eusociality is the division of labour between reproductive (queen) and nonreproductive (worker) females. Yet in many eusocial insects, workers retain the ability to produce haploid male offspring from unfertilized eggs. The reproductive potential of workers has well‐documented consequences for the structure and function of insect colonies, but its implications at the population level are less often considered. We show that worker reproduction in honey bees can have an important role in maintaining genetic diversity at the sex locus in invasive populations. The honey bee sex locus is homozygous‐lethal, and, all else being equal, a higher allele number in the population lead to higher mean brood survival. In an invasive population of the honey bee Apis cerana in Australia, workers contribute significantly to male production: 38% of male‐producing colonies are queenless, and these contribute one‐third of all males at mating congregations. Using a model, we show that such male production by queenless workers will increase the number of sex alleles retained in nascent invasive populations following founder events, relative to a scenario in which only queens reproduce. We conclude that by rescuing sex locus diversity that would otherwise be lost, workers' sons help honey bee populations to minimize the negative effects of inbreeding after founder events and so contribute to their success as invaders.
Facilitators and barriers to supporting individuals with spinal cord injury in the community: experiences of family caregivers and care recipients

Abstract Purpose: Family members make an important contribution to informal and formal care, as well as the overall health and wellbeing of individuals with spinal cord injury. Caregiving often results in negative outcomes which, if not addressed, threaten the sustainability of these critical supports. We sought to explore the perceptions of individuals with spinal cord injury and their family caregivers regarding the facilitators and barriers to undertaking and sustaining the caregiving role in the community. Methods: A qualitative descriptive approach with semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was employed to determine key themes arising from individuals with spinal cord injury (n = 19) and their family members’ (n = 16) experiences. Results: The following four facilitators to caregiving were identified: access to community support services, positive coping in relationship, social support, and mastery of caregiving roles. Conversely, the following six barriers to caregiving were identified: lack of access to community resources, lack of knowledge about resources and formal training, fragmented continuity of care, negative coping in relationship, role strain, and caregiver injury or illness. Conclusions: The current study demonstrated that positive coping, social support, skills training, access to community services and continuity of care contribute significantly to the sustainability of the spinal cord injury family caregiving role. As such, the development of future caregiver interventions should consider these facilitators. Implications for Rehabilitation Family caregivers make an important contribution to the care processes and overall quality of life of individuals with spinal cord injury post-discharge into the community. The potential negative effects of caregiving could threaten the sustainability of these critical supports. Positive coping, social support, skills training, access to community services, and continuity of care contribute significantly to the sustainability of the spinal cord injury family caregiving role. This study shows the need for better integration of family members during the rehabilitation and discharge process to better prepare them for the caregiving role.
Zinc source modulates intestinal inflammation and intestinal integrity of broiler chickens challenged with coccidia and Clostridium perfringens

ABSTRACT Two dietary sources of zinc (ZnSO4 or organic Zn) were tested in chickens challenged with coccidiosis (Co) or coccidiosis plus Clostridium perfringens (CoCPF). On day 14, the chickens were orally gavaged with ˜5,000 Eimeria maxima sporulated oocysts. On day 19, 20, and 21 chickens challenged with C. perfringens were given a broth culture containing 108 cfu of this bacterium. Productive performance parameters were determined at d 14, 21, and 28. On day 21, necrotic enteritis (NE) lesions were scored, and intestinal permeability was evaluated. Jejunum and cecal tonsils were collected for morphology and gene expression analysis. On day 21, organic Zn improved BW gain by 18.6% (P = 0.07), and FCR by 12% (P = 0.09) in CoCPF challenged chickens vs. birds fed ZnSO4. From 1 to 28, organic Zn increased BW gain (P = 0.02), and improved FCR (P = 0.03) vs. birds fed ZnSO4. At 21 d, NE lesions were only observed in CoCPF birds (P < 0.001), and mortality due to NE was only observed when CoCPF birds were fed ZnSO4 (P = 0.001). Organic Zn fed birds had increased villus height in the jejunum (P = 0.005) and decreased intestinal permeability (P = 0.01) vs. ZnSO4. In the jejunum, organic Zn fed birds showed a downregulation of expression of IL‐8 (P = 0.02), and upregulation of IL‐10 (P = 0.05) in CoCPF birds vs. ZnSO4‐ CoCPF birds. As main effect, birds supplemented with organic Zn had higher mRNA expression of TLR‐2 (P = 0.02) and IgA (P = 0.01). In the cecal tonsils, organic Zn fed birds showed upregulation of iNOS (P = 0.008) in CoCPF birds vs. ZnSO4‐CoCPF birds. Organic Zn supplementation reduced intestinal permeability and attenuated intestinal inflammation of broilers co‐challenged with coccidia and C. perfringens.
Examining Effects of Self-Efficacy on Research Motivation Among Chinese University Teachers: Moderation of Leader Support and Mediation of Goal Orientations

Abstract Utilizing the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) as the theoretical framework, this study proposed a moderated mediation model investigating the complex functioning mechanisms of how self-efficacy beliefs and leader support can be related to research motivation among Chinese university teachers. A group of 310 Chinese teachers working in different universities completed an online survey. Results from structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis revealed distinct influencing paths from the predictor variables (i.e., self-efficacy and leader support) to the outcome variables (i.e., intrinsic and extrinsic research motivation). Specifically, self-efficacy beliefs predicted both mastery and performance goal orientations; mastery goal orientation, in turn, positively affected intrinsic and extrinsic research motivation. In contrast, leader support was non-significant for the both types of goal orientations, but exerted strong direct influences on the both types of research motivation. Bootstrapping methods in SEM showed that it was primarily the mastery goal orientation that mediated the relationships between self-efficacy beliefs and research motivation. Furthermore, the results from the SEM and simple slope analysis revealed that leader support moderated the association between self-efficacy and extrinsic research motivation.