Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
La imagen de la mujer en la publicidad gráfica en España en el primer tercio del siglo XX

En poco más de medio siglo, entre 1870 y 1930, la sociedad occidental registró una gran transformación, fruto de la confluencia de una multiplicidad de factores, que discurrieron de forma paralela y, en muchas ocasiones, con distintos ritmos espacio-temporales. Fue un periodo en el que se asistió al nacimiento de la sociedad de masas, en el que tuvieron lugar las innovaciones tecnológicas y sus aplicaciones productivas de la segunda revolución industrial. A lo largo de estos cerca de sesenta años las masas irrumpieron en el primer plano de la esfera política y social de los países europeos y los Estados Unidos de América, introduciendo nuevas dinámicas políticas, sociales y culturales, que encontraron una de sus máximas expresiones en la generalización del sufragio universal, en primer lugar masculino y, posteriormente, también femenino.
[A study of the difference in intestinal adaptation between the residual jejunum and the ileum in rats with short bowel syndrome].

OBJECTIVES Controversy remains regarding which residual segment, namely the jejunum or ileum, is more beneficial for intestinal adaptation in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). The aim of our study is to evaluate the residual intestinal adaptation after a massive small intestinal resection and thereby determine which of the two residual segments demonstrates a better intestinal adaptation. METHODS The SBS rats underwent about a 70% resection of either the jejunum or ileum, respectively. Sham rats underwent an ileal transection with a subsequent reanastomosis of the same portion. The body weight was measured every day after the operation. Two weeks after the operation, all rats were sacrificed. The intestinal length, the hematological and serum chemical data, and the histological findings of the residual intestine were investigated in all rats to evaluate the intestinal adaptation. RESULTS The body weight gain in the rats with the residual ileum (ileum group) was similar to that of the Sham group and better than that of the rats with residual jejunum (jejunum group). The length of the residual intestines in the jejunum group was longer than that in both the sham and ileum groups. Regarding hematological and serum chemical studies, the jejunum group tended to demonstrate more anemia and malnutrition than both the sham and ileum groups. In a histological study, the villous height in both the jejunum and ileum groups was significantly larger than in the preoperative condition. In both groups, the degree of crypt depth only significantly increased in the ileum group in comparison to the preoperative condition. Regarding the thickness of the muscular layers, a no difference was observed among all groups. CONCLUSION Based on our data, in patients with SBS, the use of the residual ileum was therefore found to be preferable to that of the residual jejunum regarding intestinal adaptation.
Determining Resident Clinical Performance: Getting Beyond the Noise

Background: Valid and reliable (dependable) assessment of resident clinical skills is essential for learning, promotion, and remediation. Competency is defined as what a physician can do, whereas performance is what a physician does in everyday practice. There is an ongoing need for valid and reliable measures of resident clinical performance. Methods: Anesthesia residents were evaluated confidentially on a weekly basis by faculty members who supervised them. The electronic evaluation form had five sections, including a rating section for absolute and relative-to-peers performance under each of the six Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies, clinical competency committee questions, rater confidence in having the resident perform cases of increasing difficulty, and comment sections. Residents and their faculty mentors were provided with the resident's formative comments on a biweekly basis. Results: From July 2008 to June 2010, 140 faculty members returned 14,469 evaluations on 108 residents. Faculty scores were pervasively positively biased and affected by idiosyncratic score range usage. These effects were eliminated by normalizing each performance score to the unique scoring characteristics of each faculty member (Z-scores). Individual Z-scores had low amounts of performance information, but signal averaging allowed determination of reliable performance scores. Average Z-scores were stable over time, related to external measures of medical knowledge, identified residents referred to the clinical competency committee, and increased when performance improved because of an intervention. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a reliable and valid clinical performance assessment system for residents at all levels of training.
A longitudinal retrospective analysis of left ventricular mass in a cohort of pediatric kidney transplant recipients

Childhood end‐stage kidney disease is associated with increased risk for early adulthood cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Increased LVM is an early indicator of CV disease. Previous studies have suggested that LVM decreases after kidney transplantation; however, trends have been inconsistent. A single center retrospective longitudinal cohort analysis of LVM, documented annually, starting before kidney transplantation for up to 10 yr after transplantation was performed. BP documented by annual 24‐h ambulatory monitoring studies, and BMI values were also reviewed. Twenty‐seven children followed for a mean period of 5.3 yr were included. Depending on definition of LVH, its prevalence pretransplant and in the first years post‐transplant was up to 33% dropping to 0–25% thereafter. Individual longitudinal LVM z‐score trends were highly variable but generally trended toward the mean immediately after transplant and toward negative values in the following years. BP was stable during the follow‐up period while mean annual BMI increased in the first‐year post‐transplant but declined thereafter. In a cohort of pediatric renal transplant recipients, prevalence of LVH decreased after transplant; however, individual longitudinal LVM trends were highly variable among patients. Prospective studies are needed to correlate individual LVM trends with outcomes.
Polynucleotide Homologies of Brucella Deoxyribonucleic Acids

Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA's) extracted from organisms presently placed in the genus Brucella (B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. neotomae, and B. suis) possessed very similar polynucleotide sequences. Unlabeled, single-stranded DNA fragments from B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. neotomae, and B. suis were equally effective in competing with the interaction of corresponding radiolabeled, single-stranded DNA fragments with their homologous DNA-agars. Unlabeled fragments of B. ovis, however, did not compete as effectively as the homologous, unlabeled DNA's, and this organism, therefore, had a detectably different polynucleotide composition. The mole percentages of guanine plus cytosine in Brucella DNA's (56 to 58%) were also similar. DNA's from Francisella tularensis, Escherichia coli, and the slow loris did not compete.
COMPARATIVE UTILIZATION IMPACT OF VARIOUS DIETARY LIPIDS, ON GROWTH INDICES, IN STRIPED MURREL, CHANNA STRIATUS (BLOCH) FINGERLINGS

A 84-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the utilization impact of dietary omega-3 HUFA as a dietary energy source by fingerlings of striped murrel, Channa striatus on the growth study and tissue composition. There were seven treatments (L3HUF, H3HUF, MUSOL, LINOL, MIXOL, SATOL and NATFO), each having two replicates, stocked with 100 fingerlings in circular plastic pools (300l capacity). The six feeds were formulated with basic ingredients (Soybean meal, 41%; soluble starch, 25%; Casein, 20%; carboxy-methyl-cellulose, 2%; papain, 0.5%; vitamin and mineral mix, 3.5%) with iso-energetic (19.3 kJ/g, F1-F6 ) diets and results were compared with natural food fed fishes. The isocaloric diets were formulated from semi-purified ingredients with six different types of oil supplement which were fed to replicate groups of fishes ad libitum. Based on the protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR), average per day increment (PI) and food conversion ratio (FCR), and, it was observed that C. striatus fingerlings utilized dietary lipid. The LINOL showing best growth performance followed by H3HUF, MUSOL on the basis of SGR and PER were significantly (P<0.05) influenced in striped murrel, Channa striatus. But lower SGR levels were obtained with diets containing L3HUF, MIXOL, SATOL and NATFO. This study suggests that the lipid from unsaturated origins could be effectively utilized by striped murrel fry with a better resultant growth.
Freeze- and Thaw-Based Procedures for Extracting DNA from Activated Sludge

Activated sludge treatment is one of the most popular biological processes for wastewater treatment. Detection of activated sludge structures from complex substrates such as soil and water is not easy. A rapid and effective method for extracting high molecular weight amplifiable DNA from activated sludge was modified. Five nanogram quantities of DNA per milligram activated sludge were recovered with SDS-based and freeze-and-thaw procedures. The ratio of absorbance at 260 nm to absorbance at 280 nm varies between 1.6 and 2, which is an indicator of the purity of DNA. Gel electrophoresis of the isolated DNA further showed intact genomic DNA bands of high molecular weight (greater than 12,000 base pairs) with no RNA contamination. The quality of obtained DNA was verified by PCR amplification reactions and restriction enzyme digestion. A comparison of the optimized protocol with commercial dBioZol DNA isolation kit suggested that the method described in this report would be more efficient in removing PCR inhibitors from activated sludge samples. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns demonstrated the genetic diversity of activated sludge samples. A 542-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene of the bacterial isolates was amplified. PCR using primers targeting 16S rDNA shows promise in the enumeration of gram-positive bacteria in activated sludge samples. The current protocol can be used to efficiently monitor the presence of microorganisms in sludge from effluent treatment plants.
Elaborating to Learn and Learning to Elaborate

Two types of elaboration are reviewed as potent strategies for the learning disabled and for poor child learners in general. Both elaborative strategy teaching and elaborate materials modifications are discussed. In addition, a model of autonomous and flexible strategy use is presented with an emphasis on how strategy instruction can be conducted to promote efficient strategy application.
Transcranial doppler sonography and internal jugular bulb saturation during hyperventilation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure

Mechanical hyperventilation is often used to postpone or ameliorate intracranial hypertension in patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Because such treatment may critically reduce cerebral blood flow (CBF), bedside techniques to monitor CBF are warranted. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and internal jugular bulb saturation (svJO2) to determine relative changes in CBF during mechanical hyperventilation in 8 patients with FHF (median age, 40 years; range, 20 to 54 years). We found that TCD and svJO2 decreased during hyperventilation in parallel with CBF, determined by the xenon 133 (133Xe) washout technique. Quantitatively, the TCD method was less accurate to determine carbon dioxide (CO2) reactivity compared with svJO2 and the 133Xe technique. This indicates a slight change in MCA diameter during hyperventilation. We conclude that TCD and svJO2 monitoring may give valuable information on relative changes in CBF during hyperventilation. However, the TCD method appears less accurate for quantitative estimation of CO2 reactivity in patients with FHF. (Liver Transpal 2001;7:352‐358.)
Involvement of BCRP (ABCG2) in the Biliary Excretion of Pitavastatin

Pitavastatin, a novel potent 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, is distributed selectively to the liver and excreted into bile in unchanged form in rats. We reported previously that the hepatic uptake is mainly mediated by organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, whereas the biliary excretion mechanism remains to be clarified. In the present study, we investigated the role of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in the biliary excretion of pitavastatin. The ATP-dependent uptake of pitavastatin by human and mouse BCRP-expressing membrane vesicles was significantly higher compared with that by control vesicles with Km values of 5.73 and 4.77 μM, respectively. The biliary excretion clearance of pitavastatin in Bcrp1(-/-) mice was decreased to one-tenth of that in control mice. The biliary excretion of pitavastatin was unchanged between control and Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats, indicating a minor contribution of multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp) 2. This observation differs radically from that for a more hydrophilic statin, pravastatin, of which biliary excretion is largely mediated by Mrp2. These data suggest that the biliary clearance of pitavastatin can be largely accounted for by BCRP in mice. In the case of humans, transcellular transport of pitavastatin was determined in the Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells expressing OATP1B1 and human canalicular efflux transporters. A significant basal-to-apical transport of pitavastatin was observed in OATP1B1/MDR1 and OATP1B1/MRP2 double transfectants as well as OATP1B1/BCRP double transfectants, implying the involvement of multiple transporters in the biliary excretion of pitavastatin in humans. This is in contrast to a previous belief that the biliary excretion of statins is mediated mainly by MRP2.
Transmit Impairments Influence on the Performance of MIMO Receivers and Precoders

This work focuses on the impact of residual transmit impairments on the performance of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems with linear and non-linear receivers and precoders. We show that transmit noise significantly affects the performance of systems using precoding. Also, we show that non-linear MIMO receivers and precoders are more sensitive to transmit noise than their respective linear counterpart. Nevertheless, performance degradation can be noticeably alleviated if transmit noise is considered into filter optimization.
GENETIC STUDY: Dopamine receptor genes (DRD2, DRD3 and DRD4) and gene–gene interactions associated with smoking‐related behaviors

Cigarette smoking, like many addictive behaviors, has a genetic component, and the dopamine D2‐like receptor genes (DRD2, DRD3 and DRD4) are candidates for contributing to these behaviors. Phenotypic information concerning smoking‐related behaviors from a nationally representative sample of research volunteers was analyzed for association with polymorphisms in these genes. Genotype status at the DRD2 intron 2 simple tandem repeat was related to cigarettes per day (P = 0.035) and heaviness of smoking index (P = 0.049). The presence of the glycine allele at the S9G polymorphism of the DRD3 gene was associated with frequency/quantity measures of smoking [log‐transformed time to first cigarette (P = 0.031) and heaviness of smoking index (P = 0.035)]. There was a trend for DRD4 long alleles of the variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism to be associated with reduced severity of three withdrawal symptoms [desire/craving (P = 0.054); anger/irritability (P = 0.10); and trouble sleeping (P = 0.068)]. Interactions between genotypes at all three genes were associated with nervousness (P = 0.020) and trouble sleeping (P = 0.015). An interaction between DRD2 and DRD3 was found for trouble concentrating (P = 0.020). These relationships present possible dopamine‐related responses to nicotine that warrant further study.
Feasibility of a pedometer-based walking program for survivors of breast and head and neck cancer undergoing radiation therapy.

PURPOSE This pilot study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a pedometer-based walking program for people with breast cancer and head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing radiation therapy treatment. METHODS Participants were given a pedometer and prescribed a home-based walking program that included an individualized weekly step-count goal during the 3- to 5-week course of radiation therapy. Feasibility was determined by calculating recruitment rate, completion rate, and rate of adherence. Secondary outcomes included 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distance, step count, physical activity level, and psychological outcomes of depression, happiness, self-esteem, and sleep quality. RESULTS A total of 21 participants were recruited. All participants completed the study; adherence to prescribed step counts was 91% at follow-up. Analysis found a significant improvement in happiness, as measured by the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (mean difference 0.3, p=0.003), and a borderline significant improvement in 6MWT distance (mean difference 35 m, p=0.008). CONCLUSION This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of a pedometer-based walking program for survivors of breast cancer and HNC undergoing radiation therapy.
Significance of real-time quantitative PCR detection of p16 gene deletions in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

We show that real-time polymerase chain reaction can detect the majority (40/55; 80%) of patients with homozygous deletion of the p16 gene as well as those with germline p16 configuration. The remaining samples (11/55; 20%) should be interpreted with caution. Patients with p16 deletion show a worse prognosis and TEL/AML1-positive children do not accumulate in any p16-defined group.
Myopic Agency

I consider a repeated principal-agent setting in which the agent repeatedly chooses between hidden “long-term” and “short-term” actions. Relative to the long-term action, the short-term action boosts output today but hurts output tomorrow. The optimal contract inducing long-term actions provides a fresh perspective on upward sloping pay scales, severance pay and high-watermark contracts. The myopic agency model is unlike traditional agency models that ignore action persistence. I show ignoring action persistence can significantly distort optimality. For example, traditional optimal contracts typically reward something like high average output whereas the myopic agency optimal contract rewards sustained high output.
The relationship between enamelling on ceramics and on glass in the Islamic world

In a recent paper, Mason et al. (2001) demonstrated that enamels on mina’i ware, a Persian ceramic of the 12th century, were applied using a special firing of short duration. A similar principle was exploited to enamel glass, beginning in Syria in about the same period. This gives new credence to the long-standing idea that the origin of enamelling on glass resulted in part from an interaction between glass workers and potters.
Sleep behaviour in preterm children from birth to age 10 years: A longitudinal study

Aim: To study clinically relevant aspects of sleep behaviour in preterm children in comparison to term children. Methods: Longitudinal sleep behaviour data were collected prospectively by structured interviews in 130 preterm and 75 control term children from birth to age 10 y. Results: No significant differences in sleep duration (time in bed per 24 h), bedsharing, night wakings, bedtime resistance and sleep‐onset difficulties were found between preterm and term children.
Dangers of Noncritical Use of Historical Plague Data

Researchers have published several articles using historical data sets on plague epidemics using impressive digital databases that contain thousands of recorded outbreaks across Europe over the past several centuries. Through the digitization of preexisting data sets, scholars have unprecedented access to the historical record of plague occurrences. However, although these databases offer new research opportunities, noncritical use and reproduction of preexisting data sets can also limit our understanding of how infectious diseases evolved. Many scholars have performed investigations using Jean-Noël Biraben’s data, which contains information on mentions of plague from various kinds of sources, many of which were not cited. When scholars fail to apply source criticism or do not reflect on the content of the data they use, the reliability of their results becomes highly questionable. Researchers using these databases going forward need to verify and restrict content spatially and temporally, and historians should be encouraged to compile the work.
Evaluation and outcome of young children with chronic cough.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of an adult-based algorithmic approach to chronic cough in a cohort of children with a history of > 3 weeks of cough and to describe the etiology of chronic cough in this cohort. METHODS A prospective cohort study of children referred to a tertiary hospital with a history of > 3 weeks of cough between June 2002 and June 2004. All included children followed a pathway of investigation (including flexible bronchoscopy and evaluation of airway cytology via BAL) until diagnosis was made and/or their cough resolved. RESULTS In our cohort of 108 young children (median age 2.6 years), the majority had wet cough (n = 96; 89%), and BAL fluid samples obtained during bronchoscopy led to a diagnosis in 45.4% (n = 49). The most common final diagnosis was protracted bacterial bronchitis (n = 43; 39.8%). These patients had neutrophil levels on BAL samples that were significantly higher than those in other diagnostic groups (p < 0.0001). Asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), which are common causes of chronic cough in adults, were found in < 10% of the cohort (n = 10). CONCLUSIONS The adult-based anatomic pathway, which involves the investigation and treatment of patients with asthma, GERD, and UACS first is largely unsuitable for use in the management of chronic cough in young children as the common etiologies of chronic cough in children are different from those in adults.
Association between AKI and long-term renal and cardiovascular outcomes in United States veterans.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES AKI is associated with major adverse kidney events (MAKE): death, new dialysis, and worsened renal function. CKD (arising from worsened renal function) is associated with a higher risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE): myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and heart failure. Therefore, the study hypothesis was that veterans who develop AKI during hospitalization for an MI would be at higher risk of subsequent MACE and MAKE. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Patients in the Veterans Affairs (VA) database who had a discharge diagnosis with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, code of 584.xx (AKI) or 410.xx (MI) and were admitted to a VA facility from October 1999 through December 2005 were selected for analysis. Three groups of patients were created on the basis of the index admission diagnosis and serum creatinine values: AKI, MI, or MI with AKI. Patients with mean baseline estimated GFR<45 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) were excluded. The primary outcomes assessed were mortality, MAKE, and MACE during the study period (maximum of 6 years). The combination of MAKE and MACE-major adverse renocardiovascular events (MARCE)-was also assessed. RESULTS A total of 36,980 patients were available for analysis. Mean age±SD was 66.8±11.4 years. The most deaths occurred in the MI+AKI group (57.5%), and the fewest (32.3%) occurred in patients with an uncomplicated MI admission. In both the unadjusted and adjusted time-to-event analyses, patients with AKI and AKI+MI had worse MARCE outcomes than those who had MI alone (adjusted hazard ratios, 1.37 [95% confidence interval, 1.32 to 1.42] and 1.92 [1.86 to 1.99], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Veterans who develop AKI in the setting of MI have worse long-term outcomes than those with AKI or MI alone. Veterans with AKI alone have worse outcomes than those diagnosed with an MI in the absence of AKI.