Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative in vitro activities of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cephalexin, and cephalothin against trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from stools of children attending day-care centers

A high prevalence of fecal colonization with trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli was found in diapered children attending day-care centers in Houston, Tex. In the present study, 100 isolates of E. coli resistant to multiple antibiotics, including trimethoprim (100%), sulfisoxazole (100%), streptomycin (94%), and ampicillin (87%), were obtained over a 5-month period from stool samples of diapered children attending four day-care centers and tested for their susceptibilities to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cephalexin, and cephalothin. The MICs for 50 and 90% of strains tested were 16 and 32 micrograms/ml, respectively, for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 4 and 16 micrograms/ml, respectively, for cefuroxime, 4 and 64 micrograms/ml, respectively, for cephalexin, and 32 and greater than 64 micrograms/ml, respectively, for cephalothin. Although all three oral beta-lactams tested were generally active at concentrations likely to be achieved in urine, cefuroxime and cephalexin were more potent and are thus more likely to be inhibitory at the concentrations needed for systemic infections.
Understanding the link between poverty and food insecurity among children: Does the definition of poverty matter?

This paper examines the association between poverty and food insecurity among children, using two different definitions of poverty – the official poverty measure (OPM) and the new supplemental poverty measure (SPM) of the Census Bureau, which is based on a more inclusive definition of family resources and needs. Our analysis is based on data from the 2001–2011 Current Population Survey and shows that food insecurity and very low food security among children decline as income-to-needs ratio increases. The point estimates show that the associations are stronger as measured by the new supplemental measure of income-to-needs ratio than when estimated through the official measure. Statistical tests reject the hypothesis that poor households' odds of experiencing low food security are the same whether the SPM or OPM measure is used; but the tests do not reject the hypothesis when very low food security is the outcome.
Is it Shameful to Be an Accountant? GenMe Perception(S) of Accountants' Ethics

The function that accountants fulfil in the economic system is dependent on their ability to maintain the perception of high ethical standards. Building on the idea that birth cohorts, otherwise known as generations, are a useful proxy for the socio-cultural environment of different time periods, we focus on the so-called ‘GenMe’, that is, students and young workers born in the 1980s and 1990s. In particular, combining the accounting and business ethics literature, the purpose of our paper is to contribute to an increased awareness of the GenMe perceptions of accountants, with special attention given to ethical aspects. We believe that the perceptions of this age group are particularly crucial for the future of the accounting profession as it is these young people who will either become professional accountants or the accountants' future clients. Using an extensive database of 1,794 questionnaires, results show that the impression of the accountant as a corrupt professional is not dominant among GenMe and seem to suggest the existence of a multifaceted perception of accountants' ethics. Specifically, the factors that contribute to influencing GenMe perceptions of accountants' ethics are level of education, having attended an accounting course at high school level, gender, and belonging to the accounting profession. Finally, our study indicates that there is room for improving public perceptions of accountants' ethics through university courses in ethics, continuing education programs, and focused communication strategies by accounting firms and professional bodies.
Great Expectations? Remittances and Asset Accumulation in Pakistan

This study examines asset accumulation patterns of the recipients of foreign and domestic remittances. Using the representative 2010-11 Pakistani householdsâ€™ survey and employing a number of matching routines, we analyse stocks of consumer, productive, housing and financial assets among migrantsâ€™ stay-behind households. We find that asset accumulation among remittance-receiving households depends upon the nature and magnitude of remittances as well as the economic situation and geographical location of the recipient households. Foreign remittances lead to a substantial increase in household assets while no significant change results from domestic remittances. Households receiving foreign remittances hold a higher stock of assets for all categories of assets, even though the increase in productive assets is low. Moreover, rural and poor recipients of foreign remittances accumulate more assets than their non-recipient counterparts. Asset accumulation also increases with the amount of remittance received. Findings show that foreign remittances are considered as a mainly transitory income, and are used to generate precautionary savings in cash and kind.
A meta-analysis of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest alone versus with adjunctive selective antegrade cerebral perfusion.

INTRODUCTION Recognizing the importance of neuroprotection in aortic arch surgery, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) now underpins operative practice as it minimizes cerebral metabolic activity. When prolonged periods of circulatory arrest are required, selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (SACP) is supplemented as an adjunct. However, concerns exist over the risks of SACP in introducing embolism and hypo- and hyper-perfusing the brain. The present meta-analysis aims to compare postoperative outcomes in arch surgery using DHCA alone or DHCA + SACP as neuroprotection strategies. METHODS Electronic searches were performed using six databases from their inception to January 2013. Two reviewers independently identified all relevant studies comparing DHCA alone with DHCA + SACP. Data were extracted and meta-analyzed according to pre-defined clinical endpoints. RESULTS Nine comparative studies were identified in the present meta-analysis, with 648 patients employing DHCA alone and 370 utilizing DHCA + SACP. No significant differences in temporary or permanent neurological outcomes were identified. DHCA + SACP was associated with significantly better survival outcomes (P=0.008, I(2)=0%), despite longer cardiopulmonary bypass time. Infrequent and inconsistent reporting of other clinical results precluded analysis of systemic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis indicate the superiority of DHCA + SACP in terms of mortality outcomes.
Dose ranging study of cefpimizole (U-63196E) for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in men

We conducted a two-center dose ranging study to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance, and toxicity of cefpimizole, a new cephalosporin, in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in 96 males. Twelve patients at each center were treated intramuscularly with single doses of 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 g of cefpimizole. All urethral infections were cured at the highest dose, but lower doses produced progressively decreasing cure rates of 90% (0.5 g), 83% (0.25 g), and 71% (0.125 g). Treatment failures of rectal and pharyngeal infections occurred at the highest dose level. Geometric mean MICs for cefpimizole for successfully and unsuccessfully treated volunteers were 0.088 and 0.282 micrograms/ml, respectively. A prominent adverse effect was clinically significant pain at the injection site, which occurred in 57 (59%) of 96 patients. Results of the study demonstrate that cefpimizole offers no advantage over currently available antibiotics in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in men.
Lack of cyclin D‐Cdk complexes in Rb‐negative cells correlates with high levels of p16INK4/MTS1 tumour suppressor gene product.

D‐type cyclins, in association with the cyclin‐dependent kinases Cdk4 or Cdk6, regulate events in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and may contribute to the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb). However, in cells in which the function of Rb has been compromised, either by naturally arising mutations or through binding to proteins encoded by DNA tumour viruses, Cdk4 and Cdk6 are not associated with D cyclins. Instead, both kinases form binary complexes with a stable 16 kDa protein (p16) encoded by the putative tumour suppressor gene INK4/MTS1 on human chromosome 9p21. Here we show an inverse correlation between Rb status and the expression of p16. Since Rb‐negative cells express high levels of p16, we suggest that in these cells p16 competes with D cyclins for binding to Cdk4 and Cdk6 and prevents formation of active complexes. In line with these predictions, DNA tumour virus oncoproteins do not disrupt cyclin D1‐Cdk4 complexes in cells lacking p16.
Growth of Sn Whiskers under Net Compressive and Tensile Stress States

Studies of tin (Sn) whiskers have emphasized the role of compressive stress as the driving force for whisker production, thought to be a necessary condition for Sn whisker growth. The goal of this work is to characterize Sn whisker growth in film systems having measurable net compressive, zero, and tensile intrinsic stress states. The stress states were generated for the case of ~ 0.2 µm sputtered Sn films on Si (which has no interfacial intermetallic) by controlling the background Ar pressure in the magnetron sputtering system, which produces differing bond energies (and stresses) in the resultant films. Verification of the stress states was accomplished by curvature techniques using stylus profilometry and Stoney's equation. The results show that, after three months of incubation at room temperature, high whisker densities are observed under both tensile (12,000 whiskers/cm2) and compressive (16,000 whiskers/cm2) stress conditions, with a minimum whisker density generated in the zero stress (4,000 whiskers/cm2) condition. It is likely that the zero stress condition produced whiskers due to the difficulty in achieving the narrow range (7-9 mTorr) of background pressures necessary to produce the zero stress state. Relative average whisker lengths were 56µm (tensile stress); 4µm (compressive stress); and 1. 5µm (zero stress). Subsequent measurements of whisker density (currently at 96 days of incubation) show no reversals/variations in the stress-density relationship.
Indicators of injury burden: Which types are the most important?

Injury indicators are used for monitoring the impact of injury prevention initiatives on the population burden of injury. The object of the present study was to identify the types of injury responsible for the major component of the population health burden of injury in a large cohort in Manitoba, Canada. Injury cases (ICD-9-CM 800-995) aged 18 – 64 years were identified from all Manitoba hospital data between 1988 and 1991. Morbidity data were obtained from hospital discharge abstracts 12 months prior to date of injury and for 12 months post-injury. Outcomes for individuals were calculated as the difference pre- and post-injury in hospital inpatient days. Death outcomes in the 12 months post-injury were obtained by linking the cohort with the population registry. Summed outcomes across the population were stratified into injury types based on the International Code of Diseases (ICD) code of the index injury. Outcomes were also stratified by injury severity score categories where the injury severity score was obtained using ICDMAP-90©. When ranked by contribution to the cohort's cumulative hospital inpatient days in the 12 months post-injury, the six most common ICD subchapter groups accounted for 65% of the total inpatient days. These six injury types also accounted for 62% of the total number of deaths in this cohort in 12 months after injury. The suggested injury types to use as indicators of burden include fracture of the lower limb, fracture of the head and neck, poisonings, intracranial injury, fracture of the upper limb, and fracture of skull.
Clinical efficacy of 0.1% pranoprofen in treatment of dry eye patients: a multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial

Background Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the tears and the ocular surface. This study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy of a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, pranoprofen, in the treatment of dry eye. Methods It is a prospective, multi‐center, randomized, controlled, parallel group study. One hundred and fifteen patients with mild to moderate dry eye disease (55‐60 in each treatment group) participated in this multi‐center study. Patients were randomly administered with eyedrops containing 0.1% pranoprofen (PRA) plus 0.1% sodium hyaluronate (SH) or SH only, three times daily for 28 days, followed by a 1‐week after treatment observation. Dry eye symptom score (DESS), fluorescein corneal staining (FLCS), tear break‐up time (TBUT), and Shirmer 1 tear test (ST1, without anesthesia) were evaluated or conducted before treatment and at each study visit. Conjunctival impression cytology was taken from the patients treated with PRA plus SH before and after treatment and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was performed to detect the changes of human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA‐DR) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1). Results Patients treated with PRA plus SH showed gradual improvements of DESS, FLCS, and TBUT. Between‐group comparisons of FLCS and TBUT have statistically significant differences from day 14. Good tolerance with no severe adverse events was found in both groups. Patients treated with PRA plus SH had a reduced expression level of HLA‐DR and were statistically different after 28 days of therapy. Conclusions The application of PRA at a dose of 0.1% was well tolerated and benefited to the patients with mild to moderate dry eye disease. The underlying mechanism of its efficacy may be associated with the reduction of inflammatory factors of conjunctival epithelial cells.
Stroke recurrence within the time window recommended for carotid endarterectomy

Objective: In the North Dublin Population Stroke Study, we investigated the risk of recurrent stroke within the 14-day time window recommended for endarterectomy. Methods: In a population-based prospective cohort study, all ischemic stroke patients were identified over 1 year and categorized into those with (CS-positive) and without (CS-negative) ipsilateral carotid stenosis (CS) (≥50% lumen narrowing). Nonprocedural stroke recurrence was determined at 72 hours and 7 and 14 days. Results: Of 365 ischemic stroke patients with carotid imaging, 51 were excluded due to posterior circulation or nonlateralizing stroke, ipsilateral carotid occlusion, or intracranial stenosis, leaving 314 included for analysis (36 CS-positive and 278 CS-negative). Recurrent stroke occurred in 5.6% (2/36) CS-positive and 0.4% (1/278) CS-negative patients by 72 hours of symptom onset (p =0.003), 5.6% (2/36) CS-positive and 0.7% (2/278) CS-negative patients (p =0.01) by 7 days, and in 8.3% (3/36) CS-positive and 1.8% (5/278) CS-negative patients by 14 days (p =0.02). On multivariable Cox regression analysis, CS was the only independent predictor of recurrence at 72 hours (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 36.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6–837.5, p =0.03), and 7 days (HR 9.1, 1.1–79.2, p =0.05), with a trend at 14 days (HR 4.6, 0.9–22.8, p =0.06). Conclusions: Although only a minority of patients with symptomatic CS had a recurrent stroke within 14 days, early recurrent stroke risk was high, particularly within the first 72 hours. Earlier carotid revascularization or improved acute medical treatment may reduce recurrence in this high-risk group. Neurology® 2011;77:738–743
Wireless Mobility Management with Prediction, Delay Reduction and Resource Management in 802.11 Networks

In 802.11 wireless infrastructure networks, as the mobile node moves from one access point to another, the active connections will not be badly dropped if the handoff is smooth and if there are sufficient resources reserved in the target access point. In a 5x5 grid of access points, within a 6x6 grid of regions, by location tracking and data mining, we predict the mobility pattern of mobile node with good accuracy. The pre-scanning of mobile nodes, along with pre-authenticating neighbouring access points and pre-reassociation is used to reduce the scan delay, authentication delay and re-association delay respectively. The model implements first stage reservation by using prediction results and does second stage reservation based on the packet content type, so that sufficient resources can be reserved when the mobile node does the handoff to the next access point. The overall mobility management scheme thus reduces the handoff delay. The performance simulations are done to verify the proposed model.
INaP underlies intrinsic spiking and rhythm generation in networks of cultured rat spinal cord neurons

We have shown previously that rhythm generation in disinhibited spinal networks is based on intrinsic spiking, network recruitment and a network refractory period following the bursts. This refractory period is based mainly on electrogenic Na/K pump activity. In the present work, we have investigated the role of the persistent sodium current (INaP) in the generation of bursting using patch‐clamp and multielectrode array recordings. We detected INaP exclusively in the intrinsic spiking cells. The blockade of INaP by riluzole suppressed the bursting by silencing the intrinsic spiking cells and suppressing network recruitment. The blockade of the persistent sodium current produced a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential of the intrinsic spiking cells, but had no effect on non‐spiking cells. We also investigated the involvement of the hyperpolarization‐activated cationic current (Ih) in the rhythmic activity. The bath application of ZD7288, a specific Ih antagonist, slowed down the rate of the bursts by increasing the interburst intervals. Ih was present in ∼ 70% of the cells, both in the intrinsic spiking cells as well as in the non‐spiking cells. We also found both kinds of cells in which Ih was not detected. In summary, in disinhibited spinal cord cultures, a persistent sodium current underlies intrinsic spiking, which, via recurrent excitation, generates the bursting activity. The hyperpolarization‐activated cationic current contributes to intrinsic spiking and modulates the burst frequency.
Nicotinic effects on the firing pattern of midbrain dopamine neurons.

The effects of systemic administration of nicotine or the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine on the midbrain dopamine (DA) systems of the rat were studied with single cell recording techniques. Dopamine cells of the zona compacta, substantia nigra (ZC-SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were identified by their characteristic action potentials, antidromic stimulation methodology and conventional histological procedures. Firing rates as well as firing patterns were determined from computer-generated interspike interval histograms describing burst-firing in relation to single-spike firing. A larger proportion of burst-firing DA cells was found in the VTA when compared with the ZC-SN area. (-)-Nicotine bitartrate (0.5 mg kg-1 i.p.) not only increased the firing rate of ZC-SN neurons but also the amount of burst firing of the ZC-SN neurons and VTA neurons, respectively. Mecamylamine HCl (4.0 mg kg-1 i.p.) decreased the firing rate of VTA cells which, in principle, indicates a tonic nicotinic input in this area. The increase in firing rate of central DA neurons following nicotine administration was found to be associated with increased bursting of the burst firing cells whereas, in contrast, the non-bursting neurons did not respond with burst-firing. Generally, the correlation between nicotine induced changes in firing rate and in burst-firing activity, respectively, was found to be low for midbrain DA neurons. These observations, in conjunction with the previous demonstration of nicotinic receptors in these areas, indicate the existence of a nicotinic input, specifically regulating the firing pattern of these central DA cells. This neuromodulatory effect of nicotine may be significant for its behavioural stimulant action. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A SURVEY STUDY OF EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON SOCIAL PARTICIPATION OF CITIZENS, A CASE OF THE ILAM CITY

Social participation is considered as one of the essential elements to reach development. Social participation means individuals' mental and emotional attachment to the group condition for the accessing ،تسوداضر ميرک لع ي سح ي سح ن ي يمح و هداز ن هدازدباع د ٩٨ groups' commitment to the work. This study is exploratory in nature and data has been collected by questionnaires from 385 through sampling method. To explain the effective factors on social participation, the theories of weber, Durkhiem, homens, parsons, maccleland, siemel and bernschtain were used and finally parsons theoretical of model was applied for this study. The result of the research showed that, the effective factors on social participation are; education, marital status, social status, occupation, membership of social organization, public services contentment and Participating in elections. The result of multi – variant analysis showed that the independent variables which are significant in this study are about 52 percent at the variances in the dependent variables could be explained, and taking participate in election has more effect than the other variables. Thus income and social status have less effect on social participation.
The Impacts of Owning Private Companies on University Faculty: The Experiences of Biotechnology Faculty and University Administrators in One University

It has recently become rather common for life science faculty to own a private company related to university research, an extreme form of entrepreneurial activity. Yet our understanding of how this changes the experiences of the entrepreneurial scientists and administrators is limited. This thesis, based primarily on in-depth interviews with three entrepreneurial biotechnology faculty, their graduate students and employees, their department heads, and university-level administrators, reveals how scientists and administrators are responding to conflicts and others' perceptions of conflict arising from their entrepreneurial activity. The faculty and administrators organize these conflicts into five categories: issues which they consider to be genuine conflicts but do not act upon; issues which they consider to be genuine conflicts and do act upon; issues which they do not consider to pose genuine conflicts but which they act upon because others perceive those issues to be conflicts; issues which they consider to be conflicts but which none of the principals expect to be experienced at their particular university; and issues which they do not consider to raise genuine conflicts whether experienced at their university or elsewhere. This thesis also shows how entrepreneurial faculty are incorporating business into their teaching and are altering their interactions with academic peers and graduate students all due to their entrepreneurial activity. Grant Information This material is based upon work supported under a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. iii Author's Acknowledgements While completing this thesis, I received much appreciated assistance from many people. Thank to Dick Burian for all his criticism, motivation, and suggestions for improvement. Thanks to Gary Hardcastle, Gar Downey, and Carole Cramer for their invaluable assistance and suggestions. I must also thank my parents, George and Carolyn, as well as my sister, Monica, who have always provided me with support. And a very special thanks to Greig for his patience, encouragement, and help throughout.