Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Memory Systems Access to Information in Connective and Communal Transactive

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Diagnostic Pathology of Parasitic Infections with Clinical Correlations

The current revolution in molecular parasitology often makes us forget about the subtleties of host-parasite ecology, i.e., how the whole parasite interacts with its vertebrate host. Dr. Gutierrez's book reminds us of what we are missing. Its pages represent a scholar's lifetime of devotion to the disease processes caused by the helminths, protozoa, and arthropods that infect man. Although written for the histopathologist and designed to serve as a diagnostic aid for identifying a parasite in tissue section, the book goes beyond its original purpose. Dr. Gutierrez includes details regarding life cycles and unusual pathophysiological mechanisms, providing the reader with a thorough understanding of the organism and its associated disease process. The chapters on helminths, especially nematodes, are particularly good. It is unusual to find thorough discussions of some of the less common species such as Oesophagosto-mum spp. and Angiostrongylus spp. Unusual sequelae of common parasitic infections are also given excellent treatment. One seldom finds mention elsewhere of Ancylo-stoma hookworm infection, for example, in association with eosinophilic myositis and vertical transmission. Chapters are well referenced with excellent bibliographies. The chapters on protozoan parasites are also of high quality, with important sections on opportunistic pathogens in AIDS, e.g., Cryptosporidium, Microsporidium, and Pneumocystis carinii. References include items as recent as last year. The quality of the photographs is generally good. Only black and white plates are used; color photographs would be preferable, but the price of such an undertaking would place the book out of the range of most physicians and scientists. Although targeted for the anatomic pathologist, this book will also be a useful reference for the research scientist and graduate student who need a better clinical foundation in parasitology. Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist is a provocative new book by Harvard Professor Emeritus of Zoology Ernst Mayr. It is an examination of the concept of biological evolution from the critical perspective of historian, philosopher, and biologist, which Mayr has masterfully synthesized throughout the book. The volume is a collection of 28 essays, covering topics of the philosophy
Prediction of significant fibrosis in HBeAg‐positive patients with chronic hepatitis B by a noninvasive model

A model was constructed consisting of clinical and serum variables to discriminate between hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with and without significant fibrosis (stages 2‐4 vs. stages 0‐1). Consecutive treatment‐naive CHB patients who underwent liver biopsy were divided into 2 sequential groups: a training group (n = 200) and a validation group (n = 172). Multivariate analysis identified α2‐macroglobulin, age, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, and hyaluronic acid as independent predictors of fibrosis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.84 for the training group and 0.77 for the validation group. Using a cutoff score of <3.0, the presence of significant fibrosis (F2 to F4) could be excluded with high accuracy (86.1% negative predictive value [NPV], 70.1% positive predictive value [PPV], and 94.8% sensitivity) in 43 (21.5%) of 200 patients in the training group, and with the same certainty (90.9% NPV, 64.7% PPV, and 98.0% sensitivity) in 22 (12.8%) of 172 patients in the validation group. Similarly, applying a cutoff score of >8.7, the presence of significant fibrosis could be correctly identified with high accuracy (91.1% PPV, 51.6% NPV, and 95.2% specificity) in 41 (20.5%) of 200 patients in the training group, and with the same certainty (84.8% PPV, 52.4% NPV, and 90.4% specificity) in 39 (22.7%) of 172 patients of the validation group. In conclusion, a predictive model with a combination of easily accessible variables identified HBeAg‐positive CHB patients with and without significant fibrosis with a high degree of accuracy. Application of this model may decrease the need for liver biopsy in staging of 35.5% CHB. (HEPATOLOGY 2005;42:1437–1445.)
Literacy in English Gypsy Communities: Cultural Capital Manifested as Negative Assets

The attribution of low literacy levels among Gypsy children to difficulties of access to schools neglects underlying sociocultural explanations. There has been little analysis in reports/studies of Gypsy attitudes toward literacy, nor of outcomes of acquisition. Informed by new literacy theory and by the discourse of previous ethnographic studies, and by acculturation theories, this article draws on findings from an ethnographic study of English Gypsies (1996–2000), and data from a follow-up study, involving original and additional participants (2005–2006). The article explores attitudes across age groups, highlighting social reasons for resistance to literacy, and argues that policy makers should consider effects on group membership and ways in which formal literacy can constitute a mechanism for disempowerment.
Microbiological bioassay using Bacillus pumilus to detect tetracycline in milk

The tetracyclines (TCs) are widely used in the treatment of several diseases of cattle and their residues may be present in milk. To control these residues it is necessary to have available inexpensive screening methods, user-friendly and capable of analysing a high number of samples. The purpose of this study was to design a bioassay of microbiological inhibition in microtiter plates with spores of Bacillus pumilus to detect TCs at concentrations corresponding to the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). Several complementary experiments were performed to design the bioassay. In the first study, we determined the concentration of spores that produce a change in the bioassay's relative absorbance in a short time period. Subsequently, we assessed the concentration of chloramphenicol required to decrease the detection limit (DL) of TCs at MRLs levels. Thereafter, specificity, DL and cross-specificity of the bioassay were estimated. The most appropriate microbiological inhibition assay had a B. pumilus concentration of 1·6 × 109 spores/ml, fortified with 2500 μg chloramphenicol/l (CAP) in Mueller Hinton culture medium using brilliant black and toluidine blue as redox indicator. This bioassay detected 117 μg chlortetracycline/l, 142 μg oxytetracycline/l and 105 μg tetracycline/l by means of a change in the indicator's colour in a period of 5 h. The method showed good specificity (97·9%) which decreased slightly (93·3%) in milk samples with high somatic cell counts (>250 000 cells/ml). Furthermore, other antimicrobials studied (except neomycin) must be present in milk at high concentrations (from >5 to >100 MRLs) to produce positive results in this assay, indicating a low cross specificity.
Radiofrequency ablation is effective for the treatment of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus after failed photodynamic therapy

Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an effective treatment for high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus in ablation-naïve patients, but no studies have evaluated its use in patients in whom ablative therapy has previously failed. We describe 14 patients with residual high-grade dysplasia following aminolevulinic acid or Photofrin (porfimer sodium) photodynamic therapy (PDT). An overall complete reversal of dysplasia was achieved in 86 % with a combination of RFA and rescue endoscopic mucosal resection. The median total follow-up is 19 months. The rate of strictures was 7 % (1/14) and there was a low rate of buried glands (0.5 % follow-up biopsies). These data suggest RFA is both safe and effective for eradication of high-grade dysplasia in patients in whom PDT has failed.
Use of polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stent for treatment of coronary artery aneurysm

Coronary artery aneurysm is an uncommon occurrence, yet it is described more often today than in the past as coronary angiography is now routinely used for diagnosis and treatment of ischemic heart disease. However, there is no therapeutic consensus regarding this finding. We present a case of giant coronary artery aneurysm and review the literature on the use of polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stents as a therapeutic option for this condition. Combined antiaggregant therapy is needed after the procedure. Randomized controlled trials of surgery versus covered stents are necessary to define the best treatment for large coronary artery aneurysms. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Impact of Video Compression on Remote Cardiac Pulse Measurement Using Imaging Photoplethysmography

Remote physiological measurement has great potential in healthcare and affective computing applications. Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) leverages digital cameras to recover the blood volume pulse from the human body. While the impact of video parameters such as resolution and frame rate on iPPG accuracy have been studied, there has not been a systematic analysis of video compression algorithms. We compared a set of commonly used video compression algorithms (x264 and x265) and varied the Constant Rate Factor (CRF) to measure pulse rate recovery for a range of bit rates (file sizes) and video qualities. We found that compression, even at a low CRF, degrades the blood volume pulse (BVP) signal-tonoise ratio considerably. However, the bit rate of a video can be substantially decreased (by a factor of over 1000) without destroying the BVP signal entirely. We found an approximately linear relationship between bit rate and BVP signal-to-noise ratio up to a CRF of 36. A faster decrease in SNR was observed for videos of the task involving larger head motions and the x265 algorithm appeared to work more effectively in these cases.
Carnitine deficiency in children receiving continuous renal replacement therapy

Carnitine deficiency is known to occur in chronic hemodialysis; however, the effect of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on carnitine homeostasis has not been studied. We hypothesized that children receiving CRRT are at risk for deficiency because of continuous removal, absent intake, decreased production, and comorbidities related to critical illness. Records of patients with acute kidney injury receiving CRRT at Children's National Health System between 2011 and 2014 were reviewed for total carnitine (TC), free carnitine (FC), feeding modality, severity of illness, and survival outcome. The proportion of carnitine‐deficient patients at baseline, 1, 2, and ≥3 weeks on CRRT were compared by chi‐square, and relationships with other variables assessed by Pearson's correlation and logistic regression. The study group included 42 CRRT patients, age 7.9 + 1.1 years. At baseline, 30.7% and 35.7% of patients were TC and FC deficient. Within 1 week, 64.5% (P = 0.03) and 70% (P = 0.03) were TC and FC deficient, and prevalence of deficiency increased to 80% (P = 0.01) and 90% (P = 0.008) by 2 weeks; 100% of patients were TC and FC deficient after being on CRRT for ≥3 weeks (P = 0.005 and P = 0.01, respectively, vs. baseline). TC and FC levels negatively correlated with days on CRRT (r = −0.39, P = 0.001 and r = −0.35, P = 0.005). Patients with TC and FC deficiency had 5.9 and 4.9 greater odds of death than those with normal levels (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03). Carnitine is significantly and rapidly depleted with longer time on CRRT, and carnitine deficiency is associated with increased mortality. Consequences of deficiency and benefits of supplementation in the pediatric CRRT population should be investigated.
On the distribution of random walk hitting times in random trees

The hitting time Hxy between two vertices x and y of a graph is the average time that the standard simple random walk takes to get from x to y. In this paper, we study the distribution of the hitting time between two randomly chosen vertices of a random tree. We consider both uniformly random labelled trees and a more general model with vertex weights akin to simply generated trees. We show that the r-th moment of the hitting time is of asymptotic order n3r/2 in trees of order n, and we describe the limiting distribution upon normalisation by means of its moments. Moreover, we also obtain joint moments with the distance between the two selected vertices. Finally, we discuss a somewhat different model of randomness, namely random recursive trees. In this setup, the root is of special importance, and so we study the hitting time from the root to a random vertex or from a random vertex to the root. Interestingly, the hitting time from the root is of order n log n, with a normal limit law, while the hitting time to the root is only of linear order and has a non-Gaussian limit law.
Effects of aripiprazole once-monthly on symptoms of schizophrenia in patients switched from oral antipsychotics

Objective To assess the effects of aripiprazole once-monthly 400 mg (AOM 400) on clinical symptoms and global improvement in schizophrenia after switching from an oral antipsychotic. Methods In a multicenter, open-label, mirror-image, naturalistic study in patients with schizophrenia (>1 year, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision [DSM-IV-TR] criteria), changes in efficacy measures were assessed during prospective treatment (6 months) with AOM 400 after switching from standard-of-care oral antipsychotics. During prospective treatment, patients were cross-titrated to oral aripiprazole monotherapy (1–4) weeks followed by open-label AOM 400 (24 weeks). Mean change from baseline of the open-label AOM 400 phase in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores (total, positive and negative subscales) and Clinical Global Impression–Severity (CGI-S) scores; mean CGI–Improvement (CGI-I) score; and proportion of responders (≥30% decrease from baseline in PANSS total score or CGI-I score of 1 [very much improved] or 2 [much improved]) were assessed. Results PANSS and CGI-S scores improved from baseline (P<0.0001) and CGI-I demonstrated improvement at all time points. By the end of the study, 49.0% of patients were PANSS or CGI-I responders. Conclusions In a community setting, patients with schizophrenia who were stabilized at baseline and switched to AOM 400 from oral antipsychotics showed clear improvements in clinical symptoms.
High-molecular-weight hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. A cholesterol-lowering agent.

BACKGROUND We assessed the efficacy of a high-molecular-weight hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (K8515) as a cholesterol-lowering agent, the dose-response profile of its action, and the ability of adult subjects to tolerate its ingestion at effective doses. METHODS These studies were conducted at the Clinical Research Center of The University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor. Efficacy was assessed in 10 normal and 12 mildly hyperlipidemic subjects in double-blind, randomized crossover trials of 1 and 2 weeks' duration, respectively. The dose-response profile was studied in 12 mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects in a nonrandomized control trial with doses given in escalating order. Tolerance was assessed by a questionnaire of adverse effects and bowel movement habits in all subjects. RESULTS We found that 10 g of K8515 ingested in a prehydrated form three times a day with meals lowered total cholesterol levels by an average of 1.45 mmol/L (56 mg/dL) (32%) in normal subjects within 1 week. In two studies in subjects with mildly elevated cholesterol levels (with entry levels ranging from 5.35 mmol/L [207 mg/dL] to 6.70 mmol/L [260 mg/dL]), average reductions of 1.00 mmol/L (39 mg/dL) (18%) and 1.15 mmol/L (45 mg/dL) (20%) were observed within the same period. The effect was primarily due to a reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Low-density lipoprotein levels in normal subjects were an average of 1.10 mmol/L (42 mg/dL) (38%) lower after a week of 10 g of K8515 three times a day with meals, and in the two studies in subjects with mild hyperlipidemia, the reductions in low-density lipoprotein levels after 1 week were 0.95 mmol/L (37 mg/dL) (23%) and 1.05 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) (25%). Although there was a tendency for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels to decrease, this was significant only in normal subjects. Decreases in cholesterol levels were not accompanied by any rise in triglyceride levels. Dose-response studies in those with mildly elevated cholesterol levels indicated that it is possible to achieve a 15% decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels within 1 week at a dose of 6.7 g three times a day, with minimal adverse effects. CONCLUSION These results suggest a role for high-molecular-weight hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in the clinical treatment of mild hypercholesterolemia.
Sensory involvement in spinal‐bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease)

Spinal‐bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a rare X‐linked neuronopathy associated with an abnormal representation of androgen receptors in the nervous system. Standard nerve conduction and histopathological studies have disclosed the involvement of large myelinated sensory fibers in the spinal nerves of SBMA patients. Little is known about the involvement of small sensory neurons and trigeminal nerves. Laser evoked potentials (LEPs) were studied in 6 unrelated patients with SBMA; 5 of these patients also underwent trigeminal reflex recordings, and 3 a sural nerve biopsy. LEPs were markedly abnormal, indicating a dysfunction in pain pathways. Given the sparing of small fibers in the sural nerve specimens, we hypothesize a dysfunction in spinothalamic cells, possibly due to an abnormal representation of the androgen receptors. Except for the jaw‐jerk, all the trigeminal reflexes were markedly abnormal. Since the afferents for the jaw‐jerk have their cell body within the central nervous system instead of the ganglion, the selective sparing of the jaw‐jerk indicates a trigeminal ganglionopathy. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 23: 252–258, 2000.
Interactions between Alcohol and the HIV Entry Inhibitor Maraviroc

Background: Alcohol use is common among people with HIV, and beliefs about alcohol interactions with medications predict decreased medication adherence, risking drug-resistant mutations. Maraviroc is an HIV entry inhibitor approved for treatment of both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant HIV strains. The present study evaluated the effects of alcohol on maraviroc pharmacokinetics and the effects of maraviroc on alcohol pharmacokinetics. Methods: Ten healthy adults completed alcohol (1 g/kg) and placebo alcohol pharmacokinetics sessions before and after 7 days of maraviroc administration. Results: Alcohol concentrations increased 12% following maraviroc. Maraviroc pharmacokinetics were unaffected by alcohol. Conclusions: Maraviroc treatment should not be interrupted if alcohol is consumed.
Reduced metabolic rate during beta-adrenergic blockade in humans.

We previously reported that 1 week of propranolol treatment (160 to 240 mg/d, orally) reduced resting metabolic rate (RMR) an average of 9% in healthy men. To determine whether this response was caused by the 25% reduction in serum triidothyronine (T3), rather than beta-adrenergic blockade, we examined the effect of nadolol on RMR in five healthy men. Nadolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic antagonist that does not affect T3 production. After 6 to 10 days of nadolol treatment (240 mg/d), mean postabsorptive RMR declined 7% (P less than .01), with no significant change in serum T3 or thyroxine (T4) concentrations. This effect is significantly different from that of a hospitalized control group that received no drug and had no change in mean RMR, and was not different from the response to propranolol (previously published data). Nadolol slightly reduced the mean thermic response to a meal (12%), but this effect was not statistically significant. Mean postprandial RMR was 8% lower after nadolol treatment (P less than .01), mainly because of the reduced postabsorptive RMR, rather than a change in the response to the meal. These data suggest that beta-adrenergic activity makes a small but significant contribution to resting energy expenditure in man.
Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase define a form of limbic encephalitis

Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been described in a few patients with temporal lobe epilepsies consistent with limbic encephalitis (LE). We studied a cohort of patients with recent‐onset temporal lobe epilepsy caused by LE to test for GAD antibody positivity and response to immunotherapies.
Emergencies encountered in the neonatal period.

Emergencies encounteredduring the newborn period are many and varied. An attempt to discuss in detail all of the hazardous situations met during this critical period would require far more space and time than are allotted to this brief paper. Table 1 is an attempt to classify these conditions on an etiologic basis. A glance at this formidable list emphasizes the fact that one must choose those conditions which promise most profitable discussion. It seems logical, then, to devote the major portion of this paper to a few of the most commonly seen pathologic pathologic conditions. A review of neonatal mortality studies published recently indicates that relatively few diseases account for most of the deaths during this period. Table 2 is a composite study of such reports.1It emphasizes the fact that the four chief causes of death are: (1) prematurity, (2) anoxia, including the various diagnoses (atelectasis, asphyxia and
Effect of air movement in building

A number of studies have examined the potential of using natural ventilation as a passive cooling system and comfort under warm conditions. Tanabe and Karma (1994) conducted an experimental work at 50% RH under different level of air speed. They found preferred speed at 28oC to be 1.0 m/s, at 29.6 oC, 1.2 m/s and at 31.3oC, 1.6 m/s. Although traditional architecture of Iran has a very good background in terms of passive building design strategies for achieving comfort condition, however, they are mostly ignored and people are concerned with the rising costs of electricity and fuel. In their buildings air conditioning is used during hot hours of the days. During the cooler hours, most people are still willing to open their windows and let fresh air in. The problems with current designs have prompted designers to rethink their designs, particularly because of an increasing awareness of sustainability. To conserve energy and reduce Co2 emissions. It is important to design energy efficient buildings. This study addresses the effectiveness of air movement on human comfort and the effectiveness of natural ventilation in building design and energy saving.
Control over communication networks: Trend and challenges in integrating control theory and information theory

With the development of theories of control, communication and information, networked control systems have attracted increasing interests of researchers and engineers. In this paper, we emphasize that there is an inevitable trend towards a joint design of communication and control in networked control systems. The basics of communication and information theory and some recent developments in networked control are summarized. In particular, our focus is on network requirements such as channel capacity and data rate for stabilization over unreliable channels with limited communications. The challenges in filling in the gap between control theory and information theory are highlighted.