Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An innovative educational approach in using instructional videos to teach dental local anaesthetic skills

OBJECTIVE Good clinical skills are crucial for all dental practitioners. The transfer of knowledge from didactic lectures to daily clinical application can be challenging for current millennial learners. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using instructional videos to teach dental local anaesthesia in an undergraduate oral health programme in 2017. METHODS The philosophical basis of this study relies on the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) course which has been proven effective in practical education. Video clips were made in 3 different formats, with the addition of a quiz-embedded version to reinforce learning and revision for practical assessments. RESULTS All the students agreed that their motivation to watch the videos was to refresh their memories before assessments. 90% of students agreed the videos helped them to learn psychomotor skills that required accuracy. There was a statistically significant correlation between the number of views of the videos on the administration of block injections and the marks received for practical assessment (r = 0.36, P = 0.05), and correlation between participating in online quizzes and theory assessment (r = 0.371, P = 0.044). Videos with narration and background music were found to be popular amongst oral health students. CONCLUSION The use of instructional videos has been found effective in complementing the ATLS approach for teaching psychomotor skills in the administration of local anaesthetics by oral health students. Further studies are required to measure the students' retention of knowledge and application of skills on a patient in clinical settings.
Cold Water in a Warm World: Investigating the Origin of the Nordic Seas' Unique Surface Properties During MIS 11

Surface waters in the Nordic Seas were colder and fresher throughout the marine isotope stage (MIS) 11 interglacial compared to present day. This has been previously attributed to the continuous delivery of freshwater sourced from large ice structures characteristic of the preceding glacial interval, MIS 12. While it is conventionally believed that high-latitude surface freshening can trigger a reduction of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), multiple lines of evidence suggest a vigorous AMOC despite elevated freshwater forcing in the Nordic Seas. Here, we review and reanalyze evidence for sea surface properties throughout the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic. We find that surface waters in the Nordic Seas experienced an unusually variable inception of interglacial temperature conditions with multiple high-magnitude cold excursions. While cold events in the North Atlantic were frequently associated with in situ meltwater deposition as reconstructed by ice-rafted debris, this proxy was virtually uncorrelated with cold events in the Nordic Seas. Additionally, stable nitrogen analysis revealed variable levels of nutrient utilization in the Nordic Seas’ surface layer throughout MIS 11. This may reflect a dynamic structure of the upper ocean concomitant with an intermittent rate of freshwater delivery. Based on this combination of evidence, we suggest that the colder and fresher surface layer in the Nordic Seas was supplied from higher latitudes, rather than from locally-sourced iceberg meltwater as is characteristic of North Atlantic forcing. Pairing proxy-based evidence with recent numerical simulations further decouples surface freshening in the Nordic Seas and Greenland meltwater input, discrediting Greenland as a source of freshwater to this region during the later phase of MIS 11. Because the origin of freshwater has implications for its rate of delivery, our study might help to explain the active AMOC despite surface freshening during MIS 11 and should be recognized when considering this interglacial as an analogue for near-future climate change scenarios.
Prenatal maternal stress, fetal programming, and mechanisms underlying later psychopathology—A global perspective

Abstract There is clear evidence that the mother's stress, anxiety, or depression during pregnancy can alter the development of her fetus and her child, with an increased risk for later psychopathology. We are starting to understand some of the underlying mechanisms including the role of the placenta, gene–environment interactions, epigenetics, and specific systems including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and cytokines. In this review we also consider how these effects may be different, and potentially exacerbated, in different parts of the world. There can be many reasons for elevated prenatal stress, as in communities at war. There may be raised pregnancy-specific anxiety with high levels of maternal and infant death. There can be raised interpersonal violence (in Afghanistan 90.2% of women thought that “wife beating” was justified compared with 2.0% in Argentina). There may be interactions with nutritional deficiencies or with extremes of temperature. Prenatal stress alters the microbiome, and this can differ in different countries. Genetic differences in different ethnic groups may make some more vulnerable or more resilient to the effects of prenatal stress on child neurodevelopment. Most research on these questions has been in predominantly Caucasian samples from high-income countries. It is now time to understand more about prenatal stress and psychopathology, and the role of both social and biological differences, in the rest of the world.
Prospective Intraindividual Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Gadoxetic Acid and Extracellular Contrast for Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinomas Using the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System

We intraindividually compared the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with extracellular contrast agents (ECA‐MRI) and MRI with hepatobiliary agents (HBA‐MRI) for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS). Between November 2016 and November 2017, we enrolled 91 patients with chronic liver disease who underwent both ECA‐MRI and HBA‐MRI within a 1‐month interval for a first detected hepatic nodule on ultrasound. In total, 117 observations (95 HCCs, 19 benign lesions, and 3 other malignancies; median size, 18 mm) were identified with surgical resection. Two observers assessed two MRIs based on LI‐RADS v2017, with consensus by a third observer. We then compared the diagnostic performance of LR‐5 according to LI‐RADS and modified LI‐RADS. ECA‐MRI had higher sensitivity (77.9% versus 66.3%) and accuracy (82.1% versus 72.6%) than HBA‐MRI in the LR‐5 category (P < 0.001). When applying either modified washout on the portal venous phase (PVP)/transitional phase (TP) of HBA‐MRI or isointensity with a capsule during the PVP/delayed phase of ECA‐MRI (illusional washout), 13 HCCs on HBA‐MRI and 11 HCCs on ECA‐MRI were correctly classified as HCC, while achieving 100% specificity. One cholangiocarcinoma was accurately classified only with HBA‐MRI due to its targetoid appearance in the TP and hepatobiliary phase. Conclusion: ECA‐MRI showed better sensitivity and accuracy than HBA‐MRI for the diagnosis of HCC with LI‐RADS. We achieved better diagnostic performance when applying a modified washout on PVP/TP HBA‐MRI and an illusional washout on ECA‐MRI than we did with conventional criteria.
A framework to diagnose factors influencing proenvironmental behaviors in water-sensitive urban design

Significance Urban stormwater runoff contributes significantly to water-quality problems in freshwater systems worldwide. Water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) typically addresses this through construction of ecologically sensitive infrastructure but rarely considers how encouraging change in human behaviors could contribute to improving water quality. The effectiveness of WSUD can be increased by encouraging adoption of proenvironmental behaviors that prevent water-quality deterioration at the source and improve the quality of water leaving stormwater systems, in turn reducing the investment needed in water-related infrastructure. The VAIL (values, awareness, identity, lifestyle) framework presented in this paper enables context-specific identification of factors that influence adoption of proenvironmental behaviors and can inform design of actions that seek to increase adoption of these behaviors. The ongoing challenge of maintaining and improving the quality of water that leaves urban stormwater systems is often addressed using technical rather than social solutions. The need for investment in often expensive water infrastructure can be reduced through better investing in promoting human behaviors that protect water quality as part of water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) initiatives. Successfully achieving this requires understanding factors that influence adoption of proenvironmental behaviors. We review past studies examining this topic and identify that factors influencing adoption of proenvironmental behaviors relevant to WSUD commonly fall into four domains: proenvironmental values and norms, awareness and knowledge of environmental problems and the actions that can address them, proximity and place-based identity, and life-stage and lifestyle factors. We propose the VAIL (values, awareness, identify, lifestyle) framework, based on these four domains and able to be contextualized to specific water-quality problems and individual communities, to assist in diagnosing factors influencing adoption of proenvironmental behaviors. We demonstrate the applicability of the framework in a case study examining adoption of gardening practices that support water quality in Canberra, Australia. We developed 22 locally relevant VAIL indicators and surveyed 3,334 residents to understand engagement in four water-friendly gardening behaviors that help improve water quality in local lakes. In regression modeling, the indicators explained a significant amount of variance in these behaviors and suggested avenues for supporting greater adoption of these behaviors. Predictor variables across all four VAIL domains were significant, highlighting the importance of a multidomain framework.
Brain activation during the voiding phase of micturition in healthy adults: A meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies

Several studies have used a variety of neuroimaging techniques to measure brain activity during the voiding phase of micturition. However, there is a lack of consensus on which regions of the brain are activated during voiding. The aim of this meta‐analysis is to identify the brain regions that are consistently activated during voiding in healthy adults across different studies. We searched the literature for neuroimaging studies that reported brain co‐ordinates that were activated during voiding. We excluded studies that reported co‐ordinates only for bladder filling, during pelvic floor contraction only, and studies that focused on abnormal bladder states such as the neurogenic bladder. We used the activation‐likelihood estimation (ALE) approach to create a statistical map of the brain and identify the brain co‐ordinates that were activated across different studies. We identified nine studies that reported brain activation during the task of voiding in 91 healthy subjects. Together, these studies reported 117 foci for ALE analysis. Our ALE map yielded six clusters of activation in the pons, cerebellum, insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), thalamus, and the inferior frontal gyrus. Regions of the brain involved in executive control (frontal cortex), interoception (ACC, insula), motor control (cerebellum, thalamus), and brainstem (pons) are involved in micturition. This analysis provides insight into the supraspinal control of voiding in healthy adults and provides a framework to understand dysfunctional voiding. Clin. Anat. , 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Active modules identification in multilayer intracellular networks

The network analysis has become a basic tool to gain insights on evolution and organization of living organisms in computational system biology. Since a group of genes may get involved into a biological process other than act alone, identifying modules from biological networks has been a central challenge to this field in the past decade. Several representative methods have been proposed to search such important modules using different intuitions while no unified framework exists yet, especially for multilayer networks, which can model gene expression dynamics and species conservation. This thesis provides a comprehensive study on active modules identification in multilayer intracellular networks, with the following main contributions: - An improvement on a heuristic method for identifying active modules from protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. - A new objective of active modules to incorporate the topological structure and active property on the single layer and multilayer dynamic PPI network, and a convex optimization algorithm to solve it. - A new definition for active modules in single layer and multilayer gene co-expression networks and a novel algorithm which achieves the state-of-the-art performance. - A framework to conduct networks comparison via modules differentiation analysis, which can find condition-specific modules as well as conserved modules.
A Universal Scaling Relation for Defining Power Spectral Bands in Mammalian Heart Rate Variability Analysis

Background: Power spectral density (PSD) analysis of the heartbeat intervals in the three main frequency bands [very low frequency (VLF), low frequency (LF), and high frequency (HF)] provides a quantitative non-invasive tool for assessing the function of the cardiovascular control system. In humans, these frequency bands were standardized following years of empirical evidence. However, no quantitative approach has justified the frequency cutoffs of these bands and how they might be adapted to other mammals. Defining mammal-specific frequency bands is necessary if the PSD analysis of the HR is to be used as a proxy for measuring the autonomic nervous system activity in animal models. Methods: We first describe the distribution of prominent frequency peaks found in the normalized PSD of mammalian data using a Gaussian mixture model while assuming three components corresponding to the traditional VLF, LF and HF bands. We trained the algorithm on a database of human electrocardiogram recordings (n = 18) and validated it on databases of dogs (n = 17) and mice (n = 8). Finally, we tested it to predict the bands for rabbits (n = 4) for the first time. Results: Double-logarithmic analysis demonstrates a scaling law between the GMM-identified cutoff frequencies and the typical heart rate (HRm): fVLF-LF = 0.0037⋅HRm0.58, fLF-HF = 0.0017⋅HRm1.01 and fHFup = 0.0128⋅HRm0.86. We found that the band cutoff frequencies and Gaussian mean scale with a power law of 1/4 or 1/8 of the typical body mass (BMm), thus revealing allometric power laws. Conclusion: Our automated data-driven approach allowed us to define the frequency bands in PSD analysis of beat-to-beat time series from different mammals. The scaling law between the band frequency cutoffs and the HRm can be used to approximate the PSD bands in other mammals.
Imaginary Kinematics

We introduce a class of adjustment rules for a collection of beliefs, extending Lewis' Imaging to absorb probabilistic evidence in generalized settings. Unlike standard tools for belief revision, our proposals may be used when information is inconsistent with an agent's belief base. We show the functionals we introduce are based on the Imaginary counterparts of Probability Kinematics for standard belief revision, and prove they satisfy all standard postulates for belief revision, under certain conditions.
Perinatal Maternal Depressive Symptoms as an Issue for Population Health.

The importance of maternal depression for child outcomes is well established, and impairments in psychosocial function and parenting are as severe in women with high subsyndromal levels of depressive symptoms as they are in women with clinical depression. The author conducted a systematic review that explored the association between maternal depressive symptoms and child neurodevelopmental outcomes, including in neuroimaging studies. The results strongly suggest that the influences of maternal depressive symptoms operate across a continuum to influence child outcomes, implying that maternal depression may appropriately be considered an issue of population health. This conclusion is strengthened by recent findings that reveal distinct influences of positive maternal mental health on parenting and child outcomes. [AJP AT 175: Remembering Our Past As We Envision Our Future April 1851: Fleetwood Churchill, "On the Mental Disorders of Pregnancy and Childbed" "Women affected with any degree of mental derangement during pregnancy are more disposed than others to puerperal mania. But the serious character of these attacks is even deepened by the fact, abundantly established, that the evil is not limited to the mother. Not only may organic diseases of the body be transmitted to the infant, but a predisposition to insanity, thus multiplying the distress in a most alarming ratio. " (Am J Psychiatry 1851; 7:297-317 )].
Lensfree dynamic super-resolved phase imaging based on active micro-scanning.

In this Letter, we present a new active micro-scanning-based imaging platform and associated super-resolution (SR) phase retrieval method in lensfree microscopy to achieve SR dynamic phase imaging. The samples are illuminated by a nearly coherent illumination system, where two orthogonal parallel plates are inserted into the light path and rotate to achieve controllable source micro-scanning, permitting sub-pixel shifts of the holograms on x- and y-axis directions independently. Then sequential low-resolution sub-pixel-shifted holograms are processed to enhance spatial resolution and reconstruct quantitative phase images of the sample simultaneously. The reconstruction result of the benchmark quantitative phase microscopy target (QPTTM) demonstrates a half-pitch lateral resolution of 775 nm across a large field-of-view of ∼29.84 mm2, surpassing 2.15 times that of the theoretical Nyquist-Shannon sampling resolution limit imposed by the pixel size of the imaging sensor (1.67 μm). The proposed approach is also evaluated by imaging unstained HeLa cells, suggesting it is a promising toolset for high-throughput monitoring and quantitative analysis of unlabeled biological samples.
Further Evidence That Suicide Risk Is Categorical: A Taxometric Analysis of Data From an Inpatient Sample

Recent research by Witte and colleagues (2017) revealed a taxonic structure for classifying suicide risk using a sample of predominantly military outpatients. The authors sought to replicate the Witte et al. (2017) findings using data from a sample of 2,385 psychiatric inpatients who completed measures of suicidal ideation and behavior upon admission to the hospital. The comparison curve fit index values for means above minus below a cut (.80), maximum eigenvalue (.71), and latent mode (.52) showed a similar taxonic structure (i.e., dichotomous rather than continuous). Consistent with Witte et al. (2017), differences between the taxon and complement groups were larger for variables conceptually directly related to suicide risk than to broader constructs such as hopelessness or depression. Support for this categorical distinction among a sample of long-term psychiatric inpatients, who are uniformly high in symptom severity, emphasizes the need for additional research on this high-risk group and development of further assessment methods.
Visual Localizer: Outdoor Localization Based on ConvNet Descriptor and Global Optimization for Visually Impaired Pedestrians

Localization systems play an important role in assisted navigation. Precise localization renders visually impaired people aware of ambient environments and prevents them from coming across potential hazards. The majority of visual localization algorithms, which are applied to autonomous vehicles, are not adaptable completely to the scenarios of assisted navigation. Those vehicle-based approaches are vulnerable to viewpoint, appearance and route changes (between database and query images) caused by wearable cameras of assistive devices. Facing these practical challenges, we propose Visual Localizer, which is composed of ConvNet descriptor and global optimization, to achieve robust visual localization for assisted navigation. The performance of five prevailing ConvNets are comprehensively compared, and GoogLeNet is found to feature the best performance on environmental invariance. By concatenating two compressed convolutional layers of GoogLeNet, we use only thousands of bytes to represent image efficiently. To further improve the robustness of image matching, we utilize the network flow model as a global optimization of image matching. The extensive experiments using images captured by visually impaired volunteers illustrate that the system performs well in the context of assisted navigation.
Latitudinal pattern of flowering synchrony in an invasive wind-pollinated plant

Flowering synchrony can play an important role in plants' reproductive success, which is essential for the successful establishment and spread of invasive plants. Although flowering synchrony has been found to be closely related to climatic factors, the effects of variation in such factors along latitudinal gradient on flowering synchrony and the role of flowering synchrony in the reproductive success of invading populations remain largely unexplored. In a 2-year field study, we examined the latitudinal variation of flowering phenology, especially flowering synchrony, in an invasive plant, Spartina alterniflora, along coastal China, and its relationship with population seed set across three climatic zones. We found that first flowering date was delayed, and flowering synchrony increased with increasing latitude. Flowering synchrony was negatively related to temperature during flowering season but not to soil properties or precipitation, suggesting that climate has shaped the latitudinal pattern of flowering synchrony. Moreover, a positive correlation between flowering synchrony and seed set across latitudes indicates the possible role of flowering synchrony in the latitudinal pattern of sexual reproduction in S. alterniflora. These results suggest that, in addition to the effects of climate on the growth of invasive species, climatic factors can play an important role in the invasion success of alien plants by regulating the flowering synchrony and thus the reproductive success of invasive plants.