Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Algorithm 271: quickersort

In till(ling the+ ti~(mv(+(:i()J'S :e of +ta nXn matrix B after having fou~/d ~. he (~ig(mv:lhms X of B by an 5, of the many ~ivail~blc methods, it is ()itch dcsiv:~bh, to start from the original matrix B and not {'tom its (ransl'orm from which the Vs were 0btait~e(1. Where:ts the rcsulti)lg eigeav(! etors will still be in-itueneed by errors in t.hc Ms, the eigenvectors would not be influenced by errors in the (r,'msl'ormcd m~ttrix. @tee XI-B = A is :~ si ngul:(r matrix of rank r the problem is to find ec = n-r veegors x which form a basis of the left null space of A. Note: If the right mill space is desired the matrix A should be transposed. The following algorithm fir~ds these n-r linearly i1~dependent vectors by tile Gauss-,h)rdat/ elimination in place using the maximal available element for the pivot. The process will terminate after r steps, since the maximal available elements for p, iv0ting are then equal to zc.ro. Now, replacing these zero pivot dements by unity, the rows of the matrix, from which no nonzero element has been chosen, are the basis of tlle null space of A, that is, if x is such a row then xA = z, the zero vector of order n. The proof for this is established hy the fact th,~t ttle elimination amounts to prcmultiplying B by a matrix A', a produ(:t of elemerttary matrices, such that A'A is a matrix with ones on r of the diagonal positions and zeros everywhere else. Test results. A version of this procedure acceptable to the IBM 7094 (ALCOg-ILLINOIS 70(.)0 ALGOL Compiler) was tested. showed t.he dimension of tire null space as 3 having as a basis real max, temp; for i := 1 step 1 until n do r[i] := c[i] := 0; for m := 1 step 1 until n do begin max := 0; for }~ := 1 step 1 until n dn begin if r[k] # 0 then go to L elsc |br j := 1 step 1 until n do if c[j] = 0/~ abs(a[k, j]) > max then begin kk := k; jj := j; max := abs(a[k, j]) end j loop ; /,: endk loop; if max < eps then gn to SORT; cIjj] := kk; r[kk] := jj; temp := 1/a[kk, jj]; a[kk, jj] := 1; forj := 1 step 1 until n do …
How do emotionally disturbed children report their competencies and self-worth?

Abstract Responses of 68 children starting day psychiatric treatment (DPT) on the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale were compared with a similar group of 34 children on the Perceived Competence Scale for Children (PCSC), a measure designed to reduce a socially desirable response set. Comparisons also were made with the PCSC's normative sample. Surprisingly, both self-concept measures drew primarily positive answers from DPT children, who were impaired in many domains. They also saw themselves as significantly more skilled at athletics and as varying less across abilities than normal children. None of the demographic variables was related to self-concept ratings. Possible explanations for these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Alternative Splicing of Amelogenin mRNA from Rat Incisor Ameloblasts

Amelogenin proteins are a major component of the developing enamel matrix, and are likely to have a key role in the control of enamel biomineralization. The heterogeneity of amelogenin is in part due to alternative splicing of the amelogenin RNA transcripts. Several patterns of alternative splicing have been described in mouse, bovine, porcine, and human enamel, with all alternatively spliced products having homologous 5' and 3' sequences within the coding regions. In these studies, we have used anchored PCR to identify alternatively spliced amelogenin cDNA sequences in the rat. We found amelogenin cDNAs that could be divided into two groups based on their 3' sequence. Group 1 cDNAs had a novel terminal sequence that has not been previously identified, while group 2 cDNAs were similar to those previously identified in other animal species. We identified a sequence, identical to the novel 3' amelogenin cDNA sequence, in rat genomic DNA downstream from the previously identified exon 7. The putative amelogenin proteins predicted for the two groups differed in their predicted isoelectric points, with the novel group 1 proteins having a more basic isoelectric poi
Problem Behaviours in Early Primary School Children: Australian Normative Data using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire

Objective: This study provides normative and clinical levels of problem behaviours from a large community sample of Australian early primary school children. Method: From a large community sample (n = 1928) of children aged 5 to 10 years (mean = 7.70, SD = 0.89) normative data are provided using the teacher-reported version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). A response rate of 88% ensures the data are representative. Results: Mean scores on total difficulties between this Australian sample and UK norms were comparable. Some differences in the clinical cut-off scores are evident in the Australian sample, and adjusted clinical cut-offs are provided. Australian teacher reports of problem behaviour revealed lower clinical levels of emotional problems. Boys had significantly greater problems than girls on the Conduct, Hyperactivity, Peer and Prosocial scales. Overall, 5.3% of boys had scores in the clinical range on four of the five subscales. Comparisons of the factor structure revealed that for boys the Peer scale has two interpretations, with two items loading with Conduct problems and associated with greater problem behaviours. For girls, conduct problems are more strongly associated with poorer prosocial skills. Conclusions: Teachers are able provide valuable predictive information on externalizing behaviours. Australian normative comparisons reveal minor variations in teacher interpretation of items. The present data is representative of the Australian community and should be used to assess behaviour difficulties in early primary school children. Future studies on older age children are required to understand the developmental progression of problem behaviours in the community.
The role of OLR1 polymorphisms in determining the risk and prognosis of ischemic stroke in a Chinese population.

AIM To explore the role of rs11053646 polymorphism of oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR-1) gene in the susceptibility and prognosis of ischemic stoke (IS). METHODS A total of 304 IS patients and 377 age and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. Patients were followed up for 6 months for recovery evaluation of stroke. Genotyping analyses of the rs11053646 G > C polymorphisms of OLR1 gene were performed. RESULTS The genotype frequencies and alleles frequencies at rs11053646 were significantly differed between stroke subjects and control subjects (both P < 0.001). The presence of CC genotype was significantly higher in IS subjects than in controls (38% vs. 25%, P = 0.001). Similarly, the C allele carriage in IS was significantly higher than controls (59% vs. 49%, P < 0.001). Regression analysis showed the CC homozygote had a significantly increased risk for stroke (adjusted OR = 2.080; P = 0.001). The genotype of rs11053646 were not associated with the IS subtype and severity at admission, but determine the clinical outcome at 6 months after discharge from hospital. CONCLUSION The rs11053646 polymorphism of OLR1 gene be used as a molecular marker for the susceptibility and prognosis of IS in Chinese population.
Postmastectomy radiation therapy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: review and interpretation of available data

Postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) has been shown to decrease locoregional recurrence and improve overall survival in patients with tumors greater than 5 cm or positive nodes. Because neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) can cause significant downstaging, the indications for PMRT in the setting of NAC remain controversial and thus careful consideration of clinical stage at presentation, pathologic response to NAC, and other clinical characteristics, such as grade and biomarker status is required. The current review synthesizes both prospective and retrospective data to provide evidence for recommending PMRT after NAC for patients presenting with cT3–4 disease, cN2–3 disease, and residual nodal disease, as well as rationale for omitting PMRT in patients with cT1-2N0-1 disease who achieve a pathologic complete response. Other scenarios, including nodal complete response in the presence of other risk factors, are also explored. The topics of pre-NAC clinical staging and pathologic axillary nodal staging are reviewed, and radiation portal design is briefly discussed.
Calculation of New Cases of Tuberculosis from the Consumption of Antituberculosis Medications; Comparison with Notification Rates

S.H. Constantopoulos, MD, Pulmonary Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, GR-451 10 Ioannina (Greece) Dear Sir, The number of new cases of tuberculosis notified to the health authorities is commonly used as an epidemiological index [1, 2]. Notification of new cases of tuberculosis is compulsory in many countries; still many new cases are not reported [1, 3]. On the other hand, the total amount of antituberculosis medications in a given country, in any form, is known from the ‘Pharmaceutical Index’ [4]. Based on this information, we attempted to calculate the number of individuals treated for tuberculosis in Greece and thus, indirectly, the number of new cases between 1984 and 1988 and to compare this number with the official notification rate, as provided by the Greek Ministry of Health [5]. We used rifampicin as an index of antituberculosis treatment because it is used in practically all cases, it is rarely used for che-moprophylaxis, and its dose and duration of administration are well defined. None of the other antituberculosis medications share these properties. Isoniazid is used also for prophylaxis, while all others are used in only some cases and for a not well defined time. Rifampicin should be given for 6-9 months in the established ‘shortcourse’ antituberculosis regimens. Some physicians, however, still use the old 18-month regimen. Therefore, as a compromise, we assumed that 1 case of tuberculosis corresponds to the administration of 600 mg rifampicin daily for 12 months. According to our calculations, the number of individuals treated for tuberculosis in Greece between 1984 and 1988 was 21,614 versus only 7,125 new cases reported from the Greek Ministry of Health (5,118 vs. 1,977 for 1984; 5,237 vs. 1,556 for 1985; 3,525 vs. 1,567 for 1986; 3,187 vs. 1,139 for 1957, and 3,749 vs. 886 for 1988). Thus, the number of individuals treated for tuberculosis in Greece between 1984 and 1988 was three times the official notification rate. This discrepancy may have several explanations, e.g., the use of rifampicin for conditions other than tuberculosis or for periods longer than 1 year, but the most likely is gross underreporting of new cases of tuberculosis.
Duality based optical flow algorithms with applications

We consider the popular TV-L1 optical flow formulation, and the so-called duality based algorithm for minimizing the TV-L1 energy. The original formulation is extended to allow for vector valued images, and minimization results are given. In addition we consider di↵erent definitions of total variation regularization, and related formulations of the optical flow problem that may be used with a duality based algorithm. We present a highly optimized algorithmic setup to estimate optical flows, and give five novel applications. The first application is registration of medical images, where X-ray images of di↵erent hands, taken using di↵erent imaging devices are registered using a TV-L1 optical flow algorithm. We propose to regularize the input images, using sparsity enhancing regularization of the image gradient to improve registration results. The second application is registration of 2D chromatograms, where registration only have to be done in one of the two dimensions, resulting in a vector valued registration problem with values having several hundred dimensions. We propose a novel method for solving this problem, where instead of a vector valued data term, the di↵erent channels are coupled through the regularization. This results in a simple formulation of the problem, that may be solved much more e ciently than the conventional coupling. In the third application of the TV-L1 optical flow algorithm we consider the problem of interpolating frames in an image sequence. We propose to move the motion estimation from the surrounding frames directly to the unknown frame by parametrizing the optical flow objective function such that the interpolation assumption is directly modeled. This reparametrization is a powerful trick that results in a number of appealing properties, in particular the motion estimation becomes more robust to noise and large displacements, and the computational workload is more than halved compared to usual bidirectional methods. Finally we consider two applications of frame interpolation for distributed video coding. The first of these considers the use of depth data to improve interpolation, and the second considers using the information from partially decoded video frames to improve interpolation accuracy in high-motion video sequences.
Craniosynostosis in the Middle Pleistocene human Cranium 14 from the Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca, Spain

We report here a previously undescribed human Middle Pleistocene immature specimen, Cranium 14, recovered at the Sima de los Huesos (SH) site (Atapuerca, Spain), that constitutes the oldest evidence in human evolution of a very rare pathology in our own species, lambdoid single suture craniosynostosis (SSC). Both the ecto- and endo-cranial deformities observed in this specimen are severe. All of the evidence points out that this severity implies that the SSC occurred before birth, and that facial asymmetries, as well as motor/cognitive disorders, were likely to be associated with this condition. The analysis of the present etiological data of this specimen lead us to consider that Cranium 14 is a case of isolated SSC, probably of traumatic origin. The existence of this pathological individual among the SH sample represents also a fact to take into account when referring to sociobiological behavior in Middle Pleistocene humans.
Comparison of Three Commercially Available Peptide-Based Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA Assays to Microimmunofluorescence Assay for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Antibodies

ABSTRACT Three commercially available, peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems (Chlamydia trachomatis IgG and IgA EIA [CT-EIA; Labsystems OY, Helsinki, Finland], SeroCT IgG and IgA [SeroCT; Savyon Diagnostics Ltd., Ashdod, Israel], and Chlamydia trachomatis IgG and IgA pELISA [CT pELISA; Medac, Wedel, Germany]) were evaluated for the detection of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies specific for Chlamydia trachomatis and compared to the “gold standard” assay, the microimmunofluorescence (MIF) assay. Serological responses were analyzed in 149 women aged 20 to 30 years. Cervical swabs obtained from these women were examined for C. trachomatis by PCR, and 43 were found to be positive. The overall seroprevalence rates detected by CT-EIA, SeroCT, CT pELISA, and the MIF assay were 42, 42, 35, and 39%, respectively, for IgG and 7, 7, 3, and 7%, respectively, for IgA. The IgG seroprevalence rates for the PCR-positive women were two to three times higher than those for the PCR-negative women, i.e., 72 versus 29%, 72 versus 29%, 47 versus 26%, and 74 versus 25% for CT-EIA, SeroCT, CT pELISA, and the MIF assay, respectively. After discrepancy analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for the IgG assays; for CT-EIA they were 84.7, 98.6, 98.4, and 86.7%, respectively; for CT pELISA they were 71.4, 97.3, 96.2, and 78.3%, respectively; for SeroCT they were 84.7, 98.6, 98.4, and 86.3%, respectively; and for the MIF assay they were 79.2, 83.1, 98.3, and 83.1%, respectively. In conclusion, these peptide-based ELISA systems for the serological detection of C. trachomatis infection performed as well as the MIF assay. Since these tests are less time-consuming, less expensive, and easier to perform than the MIF assay, they might be useful in the serodiagnosis of chlamydial infection.
Arterial ischemic stroke in children: baby steps.

Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in a child can have devastating, lifelong sequelae.1 Given the infrequency of AIS (approximately 3 per 100 000 children1), primary prevention is probably not feasible in the absence of a known risk factor. However, the prevention of recurrent AIS in childhood, ie, secondary prevention, may be feasible. How can recurrent childhood AIS be prevented? Current consensus guidelines on the use of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy for AIS in children are not based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). 2,3 Detailed knowledge of the rates and predictors of AIS recurrence in children is essential before appropriate RCTs can be designed and before rational treatment guidelines can be promulgated. The article by Ganesan et al4 in this issue of Circulation provides new information in this regard. Article p 2170 Ganesan et al4 gathered longitudinal data on the rates of and risk factors for clinical and radiological recurrence of AIS in 212 children at a single large referral center (Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK). Acute AIS was defined as an acute focal neurological deficit with evidence of cerebral infarction in an arterial distribution on brain imaging, irrespective of clinical symptoms. …
Treatment modelling: The influence of micro-environmental conditions

The interest in theoretical modelling of radiation response has grown steadily from a fast method to estimate the gain of new treatment strategies to an individualisation tool that may be used as part of the treatment planning algorithms. While the advantages of biological optimisation of plans are obvious, accurate theoretical models and realistic information about the micro-environmental conditions in tissues are needed. This paper aimed to investigate the clinical implications of taking into consideration the details of the tumour microenvironmental conditions. The focus was on the availability of oxygen and other nutrients to tumour cells and the relationship between cellular energy reserves and DNA repair ability as this is thought to influence the response of the various hypoxic cells. The choice of the theoretical models for predicting the response (the linear quadratic model or the inducible repair model) was also addressed. The modelling performed in this project has shown that the postulated radiobiological differences between acute and chronic hypoxia have some important clinical implications which may help to understand the mechanism behind the current success rates of radiotherapy. The results also suggested that it is important to distinguish between the two types of hypoxia in predictive assays and other treatment simulations.
The Arabidopsis exocyst subunit SEC3A is essential for embryo development and accumulates in transient puncta at the plasma membrane.

The exocyst is a protein complex that is essential for polarized secretion in mammals and fungi. Although the exocyst is essential for plant development, its precise function has not been elucidated. We studied the role of exocyst subunit SEC3A in plant development and its subcellular localization. T-DNA insertional mutants were identified and complemented with a SEC3A-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion construct. SEC3A-GFP localization was determined using confocal microscopy. sec3a mutants are defective in the globular to heart stage transition in embryogenesis. SEC3A-GFP has similar cell plate localization to the other plant exocyst subunits. In interphase cells, SEC3A-GFP localizes to the cytoplasm and to the plasma membrane, where it forms immobile, punctate structures with discrete lifetimes of 2-40 s. These puncta are equally distributed over the cell surface of root epidermal cells and tip growing root hairs. The density of puncta does not decrease after growth termination of these cells, but decreases strongly when exocytosis is inhibited by treatment with brefeldin A. SEC3A does not appear to be involved in polarized secretion for cell expansion in tip growing root hairs. The landmark function performed by SEC3 in mammals and yeast is likely to be conserved in plants.
Efficient solid-phase synthesis of meningococcal capsular oligosaccharides enables simple and fast chemoenzymatic vaccine production

Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A and X are among the leading causes of bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt. Glycoconjugate vaccines, consisting of an antigenic carrier protein coupled to the capsular polysaccharide of the bacterial pathogen, are the most effective strategy for prevention of meningococcal disease. However, the distribution of effective glycoconjugate vaccines in this region is limited by the high cost of cultivating pathogens and purification of their capsular polysaccharides. Moreover, chemical approaches to synthesize oligosaccharide antigens have proven challenging. In the current study, we present a chemoenzymatic approach for generating tailored oligosaccharide fractions ready for activation and coupling to the carrier protein. In a first step, the elongation modes of recombinant capsular polymerases from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A (CsaB) and X (CsxA) were characterized. We observed that CsaB is a distributive enzyme, and CsxA is a processive enzyme. Sequence comparison of these two stealth family proteins revealed a C-terminal extension in CsxA, which conferred processivity because of the existence of a second product-binding site. Deletion of the C-terminal domain converted CsxA into a distributive enzyme, allowing facile control of product length by adjusting the ratio of donor to acceptor sugars. Solid-phase fixation of the engineered capsular polymerases enabled rapid production of capsular polysaccharides with high yield and purity. In summary, the tools developed here provide critical steps toward reducing the cost of conjugate vaccine production, which will increase access in regions with the greatest need. Our work also facilitates efforts to study the relationship between oligosaccharide size and antigenicity.
Acute Glucose Elevation Is Highly Predictive of Infection and Outcome in Critically Injured Trauma Patients

Objective(s):To evaluate whether acute glucose elevation (AGE) is predictive of infection and outcome in critically injured trauma patients during the first 14 days of ICU admission. Methods:A prospective study was conducted on 2200 patients admitted to the ICU over a 2 1/2 year period. The diagnosis of infection was made via a multidisciplinary fashion utilizing CDC criteria. After early glucose stabilization occurred (no significant change for 48 hours after admission) monitoring for AGE was performed utilizing a computational and graded algorithmic model. Iatrogenic causes of AGE were excluded. Stepwise regression models were performed controlling for age, gender, mechanism of injury, diabetes, injury severity, and APACHE 2 score. ROC curves were used to evaluate the positive predictive value of the test. Results:Seventy-seven percent of the patients in the cohort were males, and were admitted for blunt injuries (n = 1870 or 85%). The mean age, Injury Severity Score, and APACHE score were 44 ± 20 years, 29 ± 13, and 13 ± 7, respectively. The mean admission serum glucose value was 141 ± 36 mg/dL (range, 64–418 mg/dL). A total of 616 (28%) patients were diagnosed with an infection during the first 14 days of admission. AGE had a 91% positive predictive value for infection diagnosis. In addition, AGE was associated with a significant increase in ventilator, ICU, and hospital days as well as mortality even when adjusted for age, injury severity, APACHE score, and diabetes (P < 0.001). Conclusions:AGE is a highly accurate predictor of infection and should stimulate clinicians to identify a new source of infection.