Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Protostellar collapse: radiative and magnetic feedbacks on small-scale fragmentation

Context. Both radiative transfer and magnetic field are understood to have strong impacts on the collapse and the fragmentation of prestellar dense cores, but no consistent calculation exists on these scales. Aims. We perform the first radiation-magneto-hydrodynamics numerical calculations on a prestellar core scale. Methods. We present original AMR calculations including that of a magnetic field (in the ideal MHD limit) and radiative transfer, within the flux-limited diffusion approximation, of the collapse of a 1 M ⊙ dense core. We compare the results with calculations performed with a barotropic EOS. Results. We show that radiative transfer has an important impact on the collapse and the fragmentation, by means of the cooling or heating of the gas, and its importance depends on the magnetic field. A stronger field yields a more significant magnetic braking, increasing the accretion rate and thus the effect of the radiative feedback. Even for a strongly magnetized core, where the dynamics of the collapse is dominated by the magnetic field, radiative transfer is crucial to determine the temperature and optical depth distributions, two potentially accessible observational diagnostics. A barotropic EOS cannot account for realistic fragmentation. The diffusivity of the numerical scheme, however, is found to strongly affect the output of the collapse, leading eventually to spurious fragmentation. Conclusions. Both radiative transfer and magnetic field must be included in numerical calculations of star formation to obtain realistic collapse configurations and observable signatures. Nevertheless, the numerical resolution and the robustness of the solver are of prime importance to obtain reliable results. When using an accurate solver, the fragmentation is found to always remain inhibited by the magnetic field, at least in the ideal MHD limit, even when radiative transfer is included.
Walking and Cycling Tests in Neurogenic and Intermittent Claudication

The walking and cycling tolerance of 19 patients with neurogenic claudication and 11 with intermittent claudication was assessed, first in the upright and then in 30° of flexion, repeating the tests on a second day. The flexed posture improved the walking and cycling distance, respectively, in 11 and six patients with neurogenic claudication. In two of the 11 patients, this posture significantly improved by more than 100% of both walking and cycling distances. In addition, one patient had claudication pain when he was walking, but could cycle unlimited distance. Only one of the patients with intermittent claudication could walk or cycle further in the flexed position. Although some patients with neurogenic claudication increase their walking distance by flexing forwards, we conclude that posture-related walking and cycling are insufficiently sensitive tests to distinguish between neurogenic and intermittent claudication.
Late stage treatment with arimoclomol delays disease progression and prevents protein aggregation in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motoneuron degeneration, resulting in muscle paralysis and death, typically within 1–5 years of diagnosis. Although the pathogenesis of ALS remains unclear, there is evidence for the involvement of proteasome dysfunction and heat shock proteins in the disease. We have previously shown that treatment with a co‐inducer of the heat shock response called arimoclomol is effective in the SODG93A mouse model of ALS, delaying disease progression and extending the lifespan of SODG93A mice ( Kieran et al. 2004 ). However, this previous study only examined the effects arimoclomol when treatment was initiated in pre‐ or early symptomatic stages of the disease. Clearly, to be of benefit to the majority of ALS patients, any therapy must be effective after symptom onset. In order to establish whether post‐symptomatic treatment with arimoclomol is effective, in this study we carried out a systematic assessment of different treatment regimes in SODG93A mice. Treatment with arimoclomol from early (75 days) or late (90 days) symptomatic stages significantly improved muscle function. Treatment from 75 days also significantly increased the lifespan of SODG93A mice, although treatment from 90 days has no significant effect on lifespan. The mechanism of action of arimoclomol involves potentiation of the heat shock response, and treatment with arimoclomol increased Hsp70 expression. Interestingly, this up‐regulation in Hsp70 was accompanied by a decrease in the number of ubiquitin‐positive aggregates in the spinal cord of treated SODG93A mice, suggesting that arimoclomol directly effects protein aggregation and degradation.
A HARD GAMMA-RAY FLARE FROM 3C 279 IN 2013 DECEMBER

The blazar 3C 279 exhibited twin γ-ray flares of similar intensity in 2013 December and 2014 April. In this work, we present a detailed multi-wavelength analysis of the 2013 December flaring event. Multi-frequency observations reveal the uncorrelated variability patterns with X-ray and optical–UV fluxes peaking after the γ-ray maximum. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) at the peak of the γ-ray activity shows a rising γ-ray spectrum but a declining optical–UV flux. This observation along with the detection of uncorrelated variability behavior rules out the one-zone leptonic emission scenario. We, therefore, adopt two independent methodologies to explain the SED: a time-dependent lepto-hadronic modeling and a two-zone leptonic radiative modeling approach. In the lepto-hadronic modeling, a distribution of electrons and protons subjected to a randomly orientated magnetic field produces synchrotron radiation. Electron synchrotron is used to explain the IR to UV emission while proton synchrotron emission is used to explain the high-energy γ-ray emission. A combination of both electron synchrotron self-Compton emission and proton synchrotron emission is used to explain the X-ray spectral break seen during the later stage of the flare. In the two-zone modeling, we assume a large emission region emitting primarily in IR to X-rays and γ-rays to come primarily from a fast-moving compact emission region. We conclude by noting that within a span of four months, 3C 279 has shown the dominance of a variety of radiative processes over each other and this reflects the complexity involved in understanding the physical properties of blazar jets in general.
Influence of Environmental Exposures on Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Korea

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation and results from environmental factors and genetic factors. Although cigarette smoking is a major risk factor, other environmental exposures can influence COPD. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics of COPD according to the history of environmental exposure. Methods The study population comprised of 347 subjects with COPD who were recruited from the pulmonary clinics of 14 hospitals within the Korean Obstructive Lung Disease Study Group. We classified environmental exposures according to history of living near factory, and direct exposure history to firewood or briquette. According to living environmental exposures, we compared the frequency of respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function, quality of life, exercise capacity, and computed tomography phenotypes. Results Thirty-one subjects (8.9%) had history of living near factory, 271 (78.3%) had exposure history to briquette, and 184 (53.3%) had exposure history to firewood. Patients with history of living near a factory had a significantly longer duration of sputum, while patients with exposure to firewood tended to have lower forced expiratory volume in one second, and patients with exposure to briquette tended to have lower six minute walk distance. Conclusion COPD subjects with the history of living near factory had more frequent respiratory symptoms such as sputum. Our data suggest that environmental exposure may influence clinical phenotype of COPD.
Fiber‐type composition in the perivertebral musculature of lizards: Implications for the evolution of the diapsid trunk muscles

The perivertebral musculature of lizards is critical for the stabilization and the mobilization of the trunk during locomotion. Some trunk muscles are also involved in ventilation. This dual function of trunk muscles in locomotion and ventilation leads to a biomechanical conflict in many lizards and constrains their ability to breathe while running (“axial constraint”) which likely is reflected by their high anaerobic scope. Furthermore, different foraging and predator‐escape strategies were shown to correlate with the metabolic profile of locomotor muscles in lizards. Because knowledge of muscle's fiber‐type composition may help to reveal a muscle's functional properties, we investigated the distribution pattern of muscle fiber types in the perivertebral musculature in two small lizard species with a generalized body shape and subjected to the axial constraint (Dipsosaurus dorsalis, Acanthodactylus maculatus) and one species that circumvents the axial constraint by means of gular pumping (Varanus exanthematicus). Additionally, these species differ in their predator‐escape and foraging behaviors. Using refined enzyme‐histochemical protocols, muscle fiber types were differentiated in serial cross‐sections through the trunk, maintaining the anatomical relationships between the skeleton and the musculature. The fiber composition in Dipsosaurus and Acanthodactylus showed a highly glycolytic profile, consistent with their intermittent locomotor style and reliance on anaerobic metabolism during activity. Because early representatives of diapsids resemble these two species in several postcranial characters, we suggest that this glycolytic profile represents the plesiomorphic condition for diapsids. In Varanus, we found a high proportion of oxidative fibers in all muscles, which is in accordance with its high aerobic scope and capability of sustained locomotion. J. Morphol. , 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Female Entrepreneurial Capacity in China:A Comparative Study of Two Periods

This is a comparative study of women in China in their career choices as entrepreneurs based on self-efficacy theory, in two periods, 2002 and 2010. Existing literatures not only suggest, self-efficacy is an essential factor in career choices but also suggest that it varies considerably in genders. In addition, self-efficacy is developed through social persuasion which ultimately affects peoplei¯s career choice. Literatures also suggest that China is a country, where women face much social pressure and barriers . So study assumes, Chinese womeni¯s self-efficacy is not that much due to social suppression and aims to see whether with time there has been any increase in self-efficacy in choosing their career as entrepreneurship. Individual data of Global Entrepreneurs Monitor (GEM) and self-efficacy theory are used to test self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions, to interpret womeni¯s changing orientations towards their career as entrepreneurs compared to men, in 2002 and 2010 . The findings of the study have been drawn based on three propositions to check self-efficacy. Each proposition findings are compared among genders for the periods 2002 and 2010 to understand the change in gap, as China progressed. The results suggest, in 2010, though Chinese men are more engaged in entrepreneurship compared to women, but the gap in genders in their self-efficacy & career self -efficacy is seen to narrow in 2010 than in 2002. The findings of the research will help in recognizing the importance of the factor self-efficacy and its importance in womeni¯s career choice.
Ascites in broiler chickens.

Late in 1984, two broiler chicken flocks in Saskatchewan suffered serious losses concurrently. The flocks had a common feed supplier and our postmortem findings were almost identical for each. These outbreaks exemplify risks which are taken when feed additives are used irresponsibly and so we feel that a brief published account of these incidents would serve a useful purpose. Within a seven day period, broilers from two flocks designated A and B were sent for postmortem examinations to the Department of Pathology at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine in Saskatoon, and the Provincial Diagnostic Laboratory in Regina. Flock A (21420 broilers) experienced abnormally high mortality by day 18, and the operator sent 15 dead birds for postmortem at day 21, and another ten dead and eight live birds at day 32. Mortality in flock B (14280 broilers in two age groups) reached abnormal levels by day 24. A total of 20 dead broilers, aged 27 and 33 days were submitted. Our pathological investigations revealed a consistent pattern of lesions. Hence 28 of 33 birds from flock A, and 18 of 20 birds from flock B had lesions consistent with the description which follows: Distended abdomens were noted before dissection. This was due to accumulation of a large volume of fluid and gelatinous clots within the abdominal cavity (Figure 1). The livers of some birds were swollen, whereas others had a small, firm nodular liver. Petechial hemorrhages were a characteristic of swollen livers. The nodular livers often had a whitish thickened opalescent capsule which was attributed to edema. The right ventricle of the heart and the vena cava were markedly dilated and thinwalled, causing significant cardiomegaly and this was often accompanied by increased clear pericardial fluid. Histopathological evaluation of sections of myocardium revealed occasional disintegrating muscle fibres. There were also diffuse degenerative changes. When compared with sections from normal broiler chickens of equal age, the myocardial fibres were swollen, and they stained less intensely with eosin. Many very large irregularly shaped nuclei were seen; these stained less intensely with hematoxylin and often appeared vesiculated. Occasional karyorrhectic nuclei were noted. The mitotic rate was increased. Sarcoplasm immediately surrounding the nuclei was granular, and a significant increase of fat and glycogen was detected within the muscle fibres. Sections of liver had necrosis of hepatocytes, hemorrhages, edema and, in some, fibrosis. In addition to these changes, livers from flock B had
Economic evaluation of therapeutic cancer vaccines and immunotherapy: A systematic review

Cancer immunotherapy is a rapidly growing field in oncology. One attractive feature of cancer immunotherapy is the purported combination of minimal toxicity and durable responses. However such treatments are often very expensive. Given the wide-spread concern over rising health care costs, it is important for all stakeholders to be well-informed on the cost and cost-effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies. We performed a comprehensive literature review of cost and cost-effectiveness research on therapeutic cancer vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, to better understand the economic impacts of these treatments. We summarized our literature searches into three tables by types of papers: systematic review of economic studies of a specific agent, cost and cost-effectiveness analysis. Our review showed that out of the sixteen immunotherapy agents approved, nine had relevant published economic studies. Five out of the nine studied immunotherapy agents had been covered in systematic reviews. Among those, only one (rituximab for non-Hodgkin lymphoma) was found to be cost-effective. Of the four immunotherapy drugs not covered in systematic reviews (alemtuzumab, ipilimumab, sipuleucel-T, ofatumumab), high incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was reported for each. Many immunotherapies have not had economic evaluations, and those that have been studied show high ICERs or frank lack of cost-effectiveness. One major hurdle in improving the cost-effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies is to identify predictive biomarkers for selecting appropriate patients as recipients of these expensive therapies. We discuss the implications surrounding the economic factors involved in cancer immunotherapies and suggest that further research on cost and cost-effectiveness of newer cancer vaccines and immunotherapies are warranted as this is a rapidly growing field with many new drugs on the horizon.
AVANCES EN EL CONOCIMIENTO DEL SISTEMA VOLCÁNICO-HIDROTERMAL DEL COPAHUE: A 100 AÑOS DEL TRABAJO PIONERO DE DON PABLO GROEBER

El volcan Copahue ha sido intensamente estudiado durante las ultimas decadas debido a sus frecuentes erupciones desde 1990 y su potencial como recurso geotermico. Las primeras observaciones sobre este particular sistema volcanico-hidrotermal fueron realizadas por el Dr. Pablo Groeber durante sus campanas en los anos 1920 y 1921. Desde estos primeros muestreos, hasta los sistemas de adquisicion de datos instalados actualmente, el conocimiento sobre las caracteristicas del sistema volcanico-hidrotermal y su comportamiento se ha incrementado significativamente. Sin embargo, la mayoria de las observaciones realizadas en estas primeras visitas, y sus informes sobre el aprovechamiento de las areas termales, continuan siendo una importante referencia.
Design of an Always-On Deep Neural Network-Based 1- $\mu$ W Voice Activity Detector Aided With a Customized Software Model for Analog Feature Extraction

This paper presents an ultra-low-power voice activity detector (VAD). It uses analog signal processing for acoustic feature extraction (AFE) directly on the microphone output, approximate event-driven analog-to-digital conversion (ED-ADC), and digital deep neural network (DNN) for speech/non-speech classification. New circuits, including the low-noise amplifier, bandpass filter, and full-wave rectifier contribute to the more than 9<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> normalized power/channel reduction in the feature extraction front-end compared to the best prior art. The digital DNN is a three-hidden-layer binarized multilayer perceptron (MLP) with a 2-neuron output layer and a 48-neuron input layer that receives parallel event streams from the ED-ADCs. To obtain the DNN weights via off-line training, a customized front-end model written in python is constructed to accelerate feature generation in software emulation, and the model parameters are extracted from Spectre simulations. The chip, fabricated in 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS, has a core area of 1.66 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 1.52 mm<sup>2</sup> and consumes 1 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The classification measurements using the 1-hour 10-dB signal-to-noise ratio audio with restaurant background noise show a mean speech/non-speech hit rate of 84.4%/85.4% with a 1.88%/4.65% 1-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> variation across ten dies that are all loaded with the same weights.
Forecasting the Monthly Electricity Demand of Georgia using Competitive Models and Advices for the Strategic Planning

Electricity is a kind of energy that consumption increases rapidly. However, Electricity is used from the residences to the industry everywhere. This non-storable energy needs to be predicted precisely and supplied sufficiently. For this reason in this research electricity demand of Georgia is predicted using comparative models as Box Jenkins and Neural Network. By this way, an accurate model was developed to perform a strategic plan. For the calculation of significance level, MAPE is utilized to see error. It was seen that artificial neural network multilayer perceptron model provided better predictions rather than SARIMA model. Finally, some suggestions are expressed to the government of Georgia for future plans.
The effect of a chitosan–gelatin matrix and dexamethasone on the behavior of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells

Cartilage tissue has poor capability of self-repair, especially in the case of severe cartilage damage due to trauma or age-related degeneration. Cell-based tissue engineering using scaffolds has provided an option for the repair of defects in adult cartilage tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and chondrocytes are the two major cell sources for cartilage tissue engineering. The present study combined culture conditions of MSC in a chitosan–gelatin matrix in chondrogenic media to evaluate their effects on MSC viability and chondrogenesis for cartilage tissue engineering. MSC were harvested from rabbit bone marrows and cultured in chondrogenic media supplemented, or not, with dexamethasone in a chitosan–gelatin film (C–GF). The association of C–GF and dexamethasone promoted significant increase in cell adhesivity, viability and proliferation when compared to MCS cultured in media without dexamethasone or C–GF. In addition, dexamethasone promoted increase in the collagen concentration of MSC cultures. A reduction of alkaline phosphatase activity after three weeks of culture in chondrogenic media was verified. No influence of the C–GF or of dexamethasone was observed in this matter. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that biomaterial-based chitosan–gelatin and chondrogenic media supplemented with dexamethasone may stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of MSC according to the complex environmental conditions. The information presented here should be useful for the development of biomaterials to regulate the chondrogenesis of MSC suitable for cartilage tissue engineering.
Cystic Lymphangioma of the Mesentery: Difficulties of Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment Outcome

Lymphangiomas are rare benign congenital malformations of the lymphatic system. They are thought to happen due to obstruction of the local lymph flow. Lymphangiomas may arise in any part of the body. Approximately 95% of lymphangiomas are found in the head, neck and axilla, and 5% appear in other parts of the human body. Lymphangioma of the mesentery is exceptional. Lymphangiomas are usually growing slowly and patients remain asymptomatic for a long time. We report a case of a cystic lymphangioma of the mesentery lymphangioma of the peritoneum in young man treated by total excision of the cyst.