Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Screening histories of invasive breast cancers diagnosed 1989–2006 in the West Midlands, UK: variation with time and impact on 10-year survival

Objectives To examine variations in screening status category with time for 20,862 invasive breast cancers diagnosed in the West Midlands between 1989 and 2006, and to provide 10-year relative survival rates for each category. Method Population-based breast screening was introduced in the West Midlands from 1988. Primary invasive breast cancers diagnosed from 1 April 1989 to 31 March 2006 in women eligible for breast screening were identified from the West Midlands Cancer Intelligence Unit's cancer registration database. A screening status was determined for each case using previously published methodology. Results Screening status rates are affected initially by the gradual rollout of the screening programme and more recently by the need to wait for three years before interval cancers and cancers in lapsed and non-attenders can be identified. In the steady-state period 1994–2003, 40.6% of invasive breast cancers were screen-detected, 36.3% were interval cancers and 11.2% were cancers in non-attenders (NA). Ten-year relative survival was 89.6% for screen-detected breast cancers, 73.3% for interval cancers and 51.9% for cancers in NA. Conclusion The detection of invasive breast cancers by screening has improved over time, with an equivalent reduction in the numbers of interval cancers. This, together with a stable rate of cancers in NA and an improvement in the survival of women with interval cancers, suggests that further improvements in breast cancer mortality can be predicted. International comparisons of interval cancer rates are difficult due to interprogramme differences in the time between screens.
Handwritten Recognition Using SVM, KNN and Neural Network

Handwritten recognition (HWR) is the ability of a computer to receive and interpret intelligible handwritten input from source such as paper documents, photographs, touch-screens and other devices. In this paper we will using three (3) classification t o re cognize the handwritten which is SVM, KNN and Neural Network.
A single nucleotide polymorphism map of the mitochondrial genome of the parasitic nematode Cooperia oncophora

The 13 636 bp mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence of the trichostrongylid nematode Cooperia oncophora was determined.Sequence data have been deposited in the EMBL/GenBank Data libraries under Accession number AY265417. The single nucleotide polymorphisms have been deposited in the dbSNP Database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP) under ID numbers ss8485731-ss8486156. Like the mt genomes of other nematodes it is AT rich (76·75%) and cytidine is the least common nucleoside in the coding strand. There are 2 ribosomal RNA (rrn) genes, 22 transfer RNA (trn) genes and 12 protein coding genes. The relatively short AT-rich region (304 bp) and the lack of a non-coding region between two of the NADH dehydrogenase genes, nad3 and nad5, makes the mt genome of C. oncophora one of the smallest known to date, having only 525 bp of non-coding regions in total. The majority of the C. oncophora protein encoded genes are predicted to end in an abbreviated stop codon like T or TA. In total, 426 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were mapped on the mt genome of C. oncophora, which is an average of 1 polymorphism per 32 bp. The most common SNPs in the mt genome of C. oncophora were G/A (59·2%) and C/T (28·4%) transitions. Synonymous substitutions (86·4%) were favoured over non-synonymous substitutions. However, the degree of sequence conservation between individual protein genes of different parasitic nematode species did not always correspond to the relative number of non-synonymous SNPs. The mt genome sequence of C. oncophora presents the first mt genome of a member of the Trichostrongyloidea and will be of importance in refining phylogenetic relationships between nematodes. The, still limited, SNP map presented here provides a basis for obtaining insight into the genetic diversity present in the different protein coding genes, trn, rrn and non-coding regions. A more detailed study of the more variable regions will be of use in determining the population genetic structure of C. oncophora. Ultimately this knowledge will add to the understanding of the host–parasite relationship.
Determinants of Stock Returns in Turkey under the Impacts of Capital Inflows and Global Economic Policy Uncertainty

Bu makalenin amaci global ekonomik politika belirsizligi altinda Turkiye’de hisse senedi getirilerinin belirleyicilerinin hangi makroekonomik degiskenler oldugunu ARDL metodu ve 1997:M1-2018:M6 doneminde aylik veriler kullanarak belirlemektir. Calismada; bagimli degisken olarak Borsa Istanbul’un BIST100, BIST Financial (BISTFIN) ve Endustri endeksleri (BISTIND) ve bagimsiz degiskenler olarak da Turkiye imalat sanayi endeksi (IP), reel efektif doviz kuru (RER), tuketici fiyat endeksi (CPI), faiz orani (INTR), yabanci dogrudan sermaye yatirimlari ve portfoy yatirimlari toplamindan olusan sermaye girisi verisi (FDIPORT) ve global ekonomik politika belirsizligi endeksi (GEPU) verilerinden yararlanilmistir. ARDL tahmin sonuclari, uzun donemde BIST hisse senedi getirilerinin belirleyicilerinin pozitif olarak IP, RER, CPI ve FDIPORT; negatif olarak da GEPU oldugunu ortaya koymaktadir. Uzun donemde ise IPI, RER ve CPI’daki degismeler pozitif, GEPU’daki degismeler ise hisse senedi getirilerine negatif etki etmektedir. Ekonometrik tahmin sonuclari, faiz oranlarindaki degismelerin (INTR) etkisinin olmadigini, Reel doviz kurundaki (RER) degismelerin ise BIST100 ve BISTFIN getirilerinde pozitif, fakat BISTIND getirilerinde istatistiki etkisinin olmadigini ortaya koymaktadir. Test sonuclari BIST hisse getirilerinin en onemli belirleyicilerinin sermaye girisleri ve global ekonomik politika belirsizligi oldugunu gostermektedir.
Alcohol tax design

[preliminary work in progress please do not cite] We study optimal taxation in the alcohol market. We allow for marginal externalities that vary with total ethanol demand, and therefore across consumers, and we consider consumer demand over the differentiated products in the market. We show that differentiating tax rates across alcohol products can improve on the Diamond (1973) optimal tax rate applied to ethanol. The product level system exploits correlation in consumers’ demands for individual products with their overall ethanol demand. By specifying and estimating an empirical model of consumer behaviour in the market we use our optimal tax results to numerically solve for the optimal system. We find that moving to an optimal system that differentiates rates across different alcohol types (allowing, for instance, for different rates on vodka, gin, ale and so on) would close 49% of the welfare gap between the UK system and the first best.
Alcohol consumption and burden of disease in the Americas in 2012: implications for alcohol policy.

OBJECTIVE To describe the volume and patterns of alcohol consumption up to and including 2012, and to estimate the burden of disease attributable to alcohol consumption as measured in deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost in the Americas in 2012. METHODS Measures of alcohol consumption were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH). The burden of alcohol consumption was estimated in both deaths and DALYs lost based on mortality data obtained from WHO, using alcohol-attributable fractions. Regional groupings for the Americas were based on the WHO classifications for 2004 (according to child and adult mortality). RESULTS Regional variations were observed in the overall volume of alcohol consumed, the proportion of the alcohol market attributable to unrecorded alcohol consumption, drinking patterns, prevalence of drinking, and prevalence of heavy episodic drinking, with inhabitants of the Americas consuming more alcohol (8.4 L of pure alcohol per adult in 2012) compared to the world average. The Americas also experienced a high burden of disease attributable to alcohol consumption (4.7% of all deaths and 6.7% of all DALYs lost), especially in terms of injuries attributable to alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol is consumed in a harmful manner in the Americas, leading to a high burden of disease, especially in terms of injuries. New cost-effective alcohol policies, such as increasing alcohol taxation, increasing the minimum legal age to purchase alcohol, and decreasing the maximum legal blood alcohol content while driving, should be implemented to decrease the harmful consumption of alcohol and the resulting burden of disease.
ZnO nanoparticles: Crosslink between cytotoxicity on liver cell lines and In Vivo biosafety on different mice organs

Nahla Nabil Kamel1*, Maha Zaki Rizk1, Walaa Gamal Hozayen2, Abdel-Hamid Zaki Abdel-Hamid1 1Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. 2 Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt and Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
Incidence and clinical impact of respiratory viruses in adults with cystic fibrosis

Background Viral respiratory infection (VRI) is a common cause of pulmonary exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The importance of VRI in adult CF populations is unclear. Objective To determine the incidence and clinical impact of VRI among adults with CF. Methods One hundred adults with CF were followed up prospectively for 12 months. Sputum, nose swabs and throat swabs were collected every 2 months and at onset of pulmonary exacerbation. PCR assays for adenovirus, influenza A&B, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza 1–3, respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus were performed on each sample. Symptom scores, spirometry and inflammatory markers were measured at each visit. Results One or more respiratory viruses were detected in 191/626 (30.5%) visits. Human rhinovirus accounted for 72.5% of viruses. Overall incidence of VRI was 1.66 (95% CI 1.39 to 1.92) cases/patient-year. VRI was associated with increased risk of pulmonary exacerbation (OR=2.19; 95% CI 1.56 to 3.08; p<0.001) and prescription of antibiotics (OR=2.26; 95% CI 1.63 to 3.13; p<0.001). Virus-positive visits were associated with higher respiratory symptom scores and greater C-reactive protein levels. Virus-positive exacerbations had a lower acute fall in FEV1 than virus-negative exacerbations (12.7% vs 15.6%; p=0.040). The incidence of exacerbations, but not VRI, was associated with greater lung function decline over 12 months (−1.79% per pulmonary exacerbation/year; 95% CI −3.4 to −0.23; p=0.025). Conclusion VRI is common in adults with CF and is associated with substantial morbidity. Respiratory viruses are a potential therapeutic target in CF lung disease.
FDML: A Collaborative Machine Learning Framework for Distributed Features

Most current distributed machine learning systems try to scale up model training by using a data-parallel architecture that divides the computation for different samples among workers. We study distributed machine learning from a different motivation, where the information about the same samples, e.g., users and objects, are owned by several parities that wish to collaborate but do not want to share raw data with each other. We propose an asynchronous stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm for such a feature distributed machine learning (FDML) problem, to jointly learn from distributed features, with theoretical convergence guarantees under bounded asynchrony. Our algorithm does not require sharing the original features or even local model parameters between parties, thus preserving the data locality. The system can also easily incorporate differential privacy mechanisms to preserve a higher level of privacy. We implement the FDML system in a parameter server architecture and compare our system with fully centralized learning (which violates data locality) and learning based on only local features, through extensive experiments performed on both a public data set a9a, and a large dataset of 5,000,000 records and 8700 decentralized features from three collaborating apps at Tencent including Tencent MyApp, Tecent QQ Browser and Tencent Mobile Safeguard. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed FDML system can be used to significantly enhance app recommendation in Tencent MyApp by leveraging user and item features from other apps, while preserving the locality and privacy of features in each individual app to a high degree.
The Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility on Service Innovation Performance: The Role of Dynamic Capability for Sustainability

The effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on product and technological innovation have been thoroughly examined. However, the relationship between CSR and service innovation remains largely unexplored. We examined the relationship between community and environmental CSR and service innovation performance, with further exploration of the mediating mechanism between them. Based on social capital and dynamic capability theory, we developed a model revealing that CSR improves the performance of service innovation through an advanced dynamic capability to address rapidly changing environments. Through the use of structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression analyses, we tested the conceptual model with a data set of 298 small- and medium-sized enterprises in China. The results demonstrate that the positive influence of community CSR on service innovation performance is partially mediated by dynamic capability, whereas this effect of environmental CSR is fully mediated by dynamic capability. These findings have important implications for both CSR and service innovation practice and theory.
Fatigue-related adaptations in muscle coordination during a cyclic exercise in humans

SUMMARY Muscle fatigue is an exercise-induced reduction in the capability of a muscle to generate force. A possible strategy to counteract the effects of fatigue is to modify muscle coordination. We designed this study to quantify the effect of fatigue on muscle coordination during a cyclic exercise involving numerous muscles. Nine human subjects were tested during a constant-load rowing exercise (mean power output: 217.9±32.4 W) performed until task failure. The forces exerted at the handle and the foot-stretcher were measured continuously and were synchronized with surface electromyographic (EMG) signals measured in 23 muscles. In addition to a classical analysis of individual EMG data (EMG profile and EMG activity level), a non-negative matrix factorization algorithm was used to identify the muscle synergies at the start and the end of the test. Among the 23 muscles tested, 16 showed no change in their mean activity level across the rowing cycle, five (biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, trapezius medius and vastus medialis) showed a significant increase and two (gastrocnemius lateralis and longissimus) showed a significant decrease. We found no change in the number of synergies during the fatiguing test, i.e. three synergies accounted for more than 90% of variance accounted for at the start (92.4±1.5%) and at the end (91.0±1.8%) of the exercise. Very slight modifications at the level of individual EMG profiles, synergy activation coefficients and muscle synergy vectors were observed. These results suggest that fatigue during a cyclic task preferentially induces an adaptation in muscle activity level rather than changes in the modular organization of the muscle coordination.
Characteristics of HIV-infected adults in the Deep South and their utilization of mental health services: A rural vs. urban comparison

Abstract Insufficient utilization of mental health services has been described among HIV-infected individuals in urban areas; however, little is known about utilization of mental health services among rural-living HIV-infected individuals. This article examines use of mental health services by HIV-infected adults in the Southern U.S., where approximately two-thirds of rural HIV cases reside, and compares mental health services use between those in rural and urban areas. Data were obtained from surveys of HIV-infected individuals receiving care at tertiary Infectious Diseases clinics in the Southern U.S. (n = 474). Study findings indicated that participants living in areas with a higher proportion of rural-living individuals were less likely to report seeing a mental health provider (p<.001) in the last year even though there were no differences in level of psychological distress by degree of rurality. Participants living in more rural areas also reported significantly fewer mental health visits in the previous month (p=.025). Furthermore, rural living was significantly associated with being African-American, heterosexual, less educated, and having minor children in the home. Due to differences in characteristics and mental health services use by degree of rurality, efforts are needed to assess and address the specific mental health and other needs of HIV-infected individuals in rural areas.
Profiles of VGF Peptides in the Rat Brain and Their Modulations after Phencyclidine Treatment

From the VGF precursor protein originate several low molecular weight peptides, whose distribution in the brain and blood circulation is not entirely known. Among the VGF peptides, those containing the N-terminus portion were altered in the cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) and hypothalamus of schizophrenia patients. “Hence, we aimed to better investigate the involvement of the VGF peptides in schizophrenia by studying their localization in the brain regions relevant for the disease, and revealing their possible modulations in response to certain neuronal alterations occurring in schizophrenia”. We produced antibodies against different VGF peptides encompassing the N-terminus, but also C-terminus-, TLQP-, GGGE- peptide sequences, and the so named NERP-3 and -4. These antibodies were used to carry out specific ELISA and immunolocalization studies while mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was also performed to recognize the intact brain VGF fragments. We used a schizophrenia rat model, in which alterations in the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response occurred after PCP treatment. In normal rats, all the VGF peptides studied were distributed in the brain areas examined including hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, accumbens and amygdaloid nuclei and also in the plasma. By liquid chromatography-high resolution mass, we identified different intact VGF peptide fragments, including those encompassing the N-terminus and the NERPs. PCP treatment caused behavioral changes that closely mimic schizophrenia, estimated by us as a disruption of PPI of the acoustic startle response. The PCP treatment also induced selective changes in the VGF peptide levels within certain brain areas. Indeed, an increase in VGF C-terminus and TLQP peptides was revealed in the prefrontal cortex (p < 0.01) where they were localized within parvoalbumin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) containing neurons, respectively. Conversely, in the nucleus accumbens, PCP treatment produced a down-regulation in the levels of VGF C-terminus-, N-terminus- and GGGE- peptides (p < 0.01), expressed in GABAergic- (C-terminus/GGGE) and somatostatin- (N-terminus) neurons. These results confirm that VGF peptides are widely distributed in the brain and modulated in specific areas involved in schizophrenia.
Voluntary Disclosure by Levered Firms

This paper contains a model of a public company’s manager’s voluntary disclosure decisions when the company has liabilities some of which are publicly traded and where the manager is compensated based on a weighted average of the market prices of the firm’s equity and debt. We show: 1. in general, the relationship between the firm’s traded debt and its manager’s voluntary disclosures is not monotonic: more debt leads to less voluntary disclosure if the initial level of debt is low, but more debt leads to more voluntary disclosure if the initial debt level is high; 2. increasing the weight placed on the price of the firm’s equity in the manager’s contract always induces the manager to disclose less voluntary information; 3. the managerial contract that puts equal weight on the debt and equity prices maximizes the probability the manager will disclose the private information she receives, and this contract also has the ”ModiglianiMiller property” that the manager’s disclosure policy is independent of the firm’s level of indebtedness. 1We wish to thank Sri Sridhar for conversations and comments on a previous draft of this manuscript.
When Accuracy Hurts : Reactions of Anxiously-Attached Dating Partners to a Relationship-Threatening Situation

Why are individuals who are anxious and uncertain about their partner’s love and commitment especially likely to have turbulent and unstable relationships? Guided by three theoretical perspectives—Ickes and Simpson’s (1997) model of empathic accuracy in relationships, Bowlby’s (1969, 1973) attachment theory, and Holmes and Rempel’s (1989) appraisal model of trust, we examined how one psychological process—heightened empathic accuracy in relationship-threatening situations—might be associated with personal and relational distress. The participants inferred their dating partner's thoughts and feelings from a videotaped interaction in which they and their partner rated and discussed slides of either highly attractive or less attractive opposite-sex individuals. The data revealed that the more anxious individuals were more accurate when they inferred their partner’s thoughts and feelings in this relationshipthreatening situation; however, their own reported thoughts and feelings indicated greater distress and less confidence in themselves and their partner/relationship. Following the evaluation task, the more anxious individuals reported a slight yet statistically significant decrease in the perceived closeness of their relationship. Four months later, the relationships of the more anxious individuals were more likely to have ended. These findings, along with some additional results for avoidantly attached individuals, are discussed in terms of the three theoretical perspectives from which our predictions were derived.