Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Search predicts and changes patience in intertemporal choice

Significance People often make decisions with consequences that unfold over time. When facing such intertemporal choices, people use different search strategies. We examine how these search strategies differ and how they relate to patience in intertemporal choice. We demonstrate that search varies substantially across individuals and identify two main search strategies—comparative or integrative search. Importantly, comparative search correlates with greater patience and higher susceptibility to contextual influences on choice. We manipulated search using an unobtrusive technique, revealing a causal relationship between strategy and choice. Comparative searchers make more patient choices and exhibit larger framing effects than integrative searchers. An understanding of how differences in psychological processes change discounting can inform the design of behavioral interventions to improve consumer welfare. Intertemporal choice impacts many important outcomes, such as decisions about health, education, wealth, and the environment. However, the psychological processes underlying decisions involving outcomes at different points in time remain unclear, limiting opportunities to intervene and improve people’s patience. This research examines information-search strategies used during intertemporal choice and their impact on decisions. In experiment 1, we demonstrate that search strategies vary substantially across individuals. We subsequently identify two distinct search strategies across individuals. Comparative searchers, who compare features across options, discount future options less and are more susceptible to acceleration versus delay framing than integrative searchers, who integrate the features of an option. Experiment 2 manipulates search using an unobtrusive method to establish a causal relationship between strategy and choice, randomly assigning participants to conditions promoting either comparative or integrative search. Again, comparative search promotes greater patience than integrative search. Additionally, when participants adopt a comparative search strategy, they also exhibit greater effects of acceleration versus delay framing. Although most participants reported that the manipulation did not change their behavior, promoting comparative search decreased discounting of future rewards substantially and speeded patient choices. These findings highlight the central role that heterogeneity in psychological processes plays in shaping intertemporal choice. Importantly, these results indicate that theories that ignore variability in search strategies may be inadvertently aggregating over different subpopulations that use very different processes. The findings also inform interventions in choice architecture to increase patience and improve consumer welfare.
Antibody reactivity against human and guinea pig tissue transglutaminase in children with celiac disease.

BACKGROUND Highly discriminatory markers for celiac disease are needed to identify children with early mucosal lesions. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the clinical potential of circulating anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) immunoglobulin (Ig)A antibodies in the diagnosis of childhood celiac disease and to investigate the extent of autoreactivity of these antibodies. METHODS Included in this retrospective study were samples from 22 children with biopsy-verified celiac disease, 23 control subjects with disease, and 22 healthy control subjects without any known gastrointestinal or inflammatory disorders. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum levels of IgA antibodies specific for human and guinea pig tTGs. All samples were also analyzed for antibodies to gliadin and endomysium (EMA). RESULTS The concentrations of IgA specific for human and guinea pig tTGs correlated with the small intestinal villous structure and the serum levels of IgA EMA. The tTG ELISAs exhibited a high specificity and sensitivity for detection of untreated celiac disease. The human erythrocyte IgA tTG ELISA had the highest sensitivity (100%) and a specificity of 98%. The IgA EMA method had a sensitivity of 95% and the highest specificity (100%) of all tests. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide additional support to the concept that anti-tTG IgA antibodies can be used as a highly discriminatory serologic marker for celiac disease and that measurements of these autoreactive antibodies may in the future be used as an alternative to the EMA test.
Hormonal Responses to Synthetic Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Man

The effects of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, synthetic decapeptide luteinizing hormone/follicle stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (LH/FSH-RH), have been studied in 18 normal men and five women in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Rapid and dose-dependent (25 to 100 μg) increases in serum immunoreactive LH were seen, which reached a peak 20 to 30 minutes after a rapid intravenous injection. Similar but much smaller increases in serum immunoreactive FSH were seen. These conclusions have been validated by using two different immunoassay systems for each hormone. The LH/FSH-RH therefore causes both LH and FSH release in man as in animals but does not affect growth hormone, thyrotrophin, or ACTH. The gonadotrophin responses were the same in the women as in the men but were insufficient in the men to cause statistically significant changes in the serum levels of the gonadal steroid hormones, testosterone or oestradiol, or in their precursors 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone or progesterone. In the women, however, there was a rise in oestradiol after the 100-μg doses. The use of LH/FSH-RH will provide an important test to define the level of the lesion in hypogonadal patients and also should be valuable in the treatment of some types of male and female infertility. A simple and clinically useful LH/FSH-RH test of pituitary function is described (100 μg given intravenously), and the provisional normal responses of LH and FSH at 20 and 60 minutes are given.
Super Size Me: Product Size as a Signal of Status

This research proposes that consumers' preference for supersized food and drinks may have roots in the status-signaling value of larger options. An initial experiment found that consumers view larger-sized options within a set as having greater status. Because low-power consumers desire status, we manipulated power to test our core propositions. Whether induced in the lab or in the field, states of powerlessness led individuals to disproportionately choose larger food options from an assortment. Furthermore, this preference for larger-sized options was enhanced when consumption was public, reversed when the size-to-status relationship was negative (i.e., smaller was equated with greater status), and mediated by consumers' need for status. This research demonstrates that choosing a product on the basis of its relative size allows consumers to signal status, illustrates the consequences of such a choice for consumers' food consumption, and highlights the central role of a product category's size-to-status relationship in driving consumer choice.
Suckling behaviour does not measure milk intake in horses,Equus caballus


Studies of parental investment in mammals have frequently used suckling behaviour to estimate energy transfer from mother to offspring, and consequently to measure maternal input. Such studies assume that the more an offspring sucks, the more milk it will receive. This assumption has been questioned, and a review of the literature found little support for it. To test if suckling behaviour provided an accurate index of milk or energy intake we used a radioactive isotope technique to label the milk of thoroughbred mares and to measure milk transfer to foals. We found no significant linear relationship between usual measures of suckling behaviour and milk or energy intake. No behaviours associated with suckling nor with characteristics of mares and foals improved the relationship; only the number of butts associated with each suck episode even approached significance. If we had used suckling behaviour to test theories on differential maternal investment our conclusions would have been in error. For example, female foals tended to suck for longer than males did but there was no difference in the amount of milk transferred. Consequently, we show that measures of suckling behaviour do not adequately predict milk intake in the domestic horse and we suggest that conclusions about differential maternal investment in mammals based on suckling behaviour are likely to be in error. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Deep hypothermia and rewarming alters glutamate levels and glycogen content in cultured astrocytes.

BACKGROUND Deep hypothermia has been associated with an increased incidence of postoperative neurologic dysfunction after cardiac surgery in children. Recent studies suggest an excitotoxic mechanism involving overstimulation of glutamate receptors. Extracellular glutamate uptake occurs primarily by astrocytes. Astrocytes also store glycogen, which may be used to sustain the energy-consuming glutamate uptake. Extracellular glutamate and glycogen content were studied during temperature changes mimicking cardiopulmonary bypass in vivo. METHODS Primary cultures of cerebral cortical astrocytes were used in a specially designed incubator allowing continuous changes of temperature and ambient gas concentrations. The sequence of events was as follows: normothermia, rapid cooling (2.8 degrees C/min) followed by 60 min of deep hypothermia (15 degrees C), followed by rewarming (3.0 degrees C/min) and subsequent 5 h of mild hyperthermia (38.5 degrees C). Two different conditions of oxygenation were studied: (1) normoxia (25% O2, 70% N2, 5% CO2); or (2) hyperoxia (95% O2, 5% CO2). The extracellular glutamate concentrations and intracellular glycogen levels were measured at nine time points. RESULTS One hundred sixty-two cultures were studied in four independent experiments. The extracellular concentration of glutamate in the normoxic group increased significantly from 35+/-10 nM/mg protein at baseline up to 100+/-15 nM/mg protein at the end of 5 h of mild hyperthermia (P < 0.05). In contrast, extracellular glutamate levels did not vary from control in the hyperoxic group. Glycogen levels decreased significantly from 260+/-85 nM/mg protein at baseline to < 25+/-5 nM/mg protein at the end of 5 h in the normoxic group (P < 0.05) but returned to control levels after rewarming in the hyperoxic group. No morphologic changes were observed in either group. CONCLUSION The extracellular concentration of glutamate increases, whereas the intracellular glycogen content decreases when astrocytes are exposed to a sequence of deep hypothermia and rewarming. This effect of hypothermia is prevented when astrocytes are exposed to hyperoxic conditions.
High repeatability of circadian prolactin rhythm assessment results in children.

OBJECTIVES In normal conditions, prolactin (Prl) secretion manifests a circadian pattern. So far, there have only been but few studies, concerning intrasubject variability and repeatability of the circadian Prl secretion pattern, based on pulse analysis. It seems, that macroscopic analysis based on measurement of Prl concentration at nine time points every 3 hours during 24 hours is an appropriate method to assess Prl profile for clinical purposes. The aim of the study was to assess the repeatability of that circadian Prl secretion pattern in a group of short children without hormonal disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analysis comprised the results of two circadian Prl profiles, performed from 2 to 14 months in 23 prepubertal children (16 boys) with idiopathic short stature, aged: 10.3+/-2.4 yrs. RESULTS There were no statistical differences between Prl concentrations at the same time points in the two consecutive profiles, but the comparison of Prl concentrations at 8:00 gave results which were close to the border of statistical significance (p=0.055), what indicated low repeatability of measurement results at that particular time point. There were no statistical differences between the values of particular parameters in macroscopic profile analysis in the first and in the second test. CONCLUSION Circadian Prl profile, based on nine Prl concentration measurements, taken every 3 hours during one day, is characterized by high repeatability of the results and low intrasubject variability in children, despite the results of Prl concentration at 08:00 o'clock.
A triplication of the Williams–Beuren syndrome region in a patient with mental retardation, a severe expressive language delay, behavioural problems and dysmorphisms

Background Intrachromosomal triplications are rare chromosomal rearrangements. In most triplication cases the phenotype is similar to, but more severe than observed in patients with a duplication of the same region. The Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) region on 7q11.23, is prone to chromosomal rearrangements. A common deletion causes the well-characterised Williams-Beuren syndrome. The reciprocal duplication has been described in 27 families only, and is associated with a variable phenotype, including speech delay with (mild) mental retardation, autism and mild dysmorphic features. As the duplication of the WBS region is sometimes found inunaffected parents, initially some doubts have been raised about the pathogenicity of the duplication. Results and methods We here describe the first triplication of a large part of the WBS region, detected with array CGH and confirmed by MLPA and FISH. The phenotypic features include mental retardation, a severe expressive language delay, behavioural problems and dysmorphisms. Conclusion These features are remarkably similar, but seem more severe, compared to features seen in duplication patients. Therefore, our findings support the idea that an amplification of the WBS region is a disease-causing event, although the penetrance might be incomplete.
The Impact of Dementia Severity on Caregiver Burden in Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer Disease

Caregiver burden is greater in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) than in Alzheimer disease (AD). However, little is known of the impact of the 3 main clinical variants of FTD— behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), semantic dementia (SemDem), and progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA)—or the role of disease severity in caregiver burden. The Zarit Burden Inventory was used to measure caregiver burden of bvFTD (n=17), SemDem (n=20), PNFA (n=20), and AD (n=19) patients. Symptom duration, caregiver age, and relationship type were matched across groups. Moreover, a number of caregiver (mood, social network) and patient variables (functional disability, behavioral changes, relationship with caregiver, and dementia stage) were addressed to investigate their impact on caregiver burden. Caregivers of bvFTD patients reported the highest burden, whereas SemDem and PNFA caregivers reported burden similar to AD. A regression analysis revealed that caregiver burden in FTD, regardless of subtype, was explained by a model combining disease staging, relationship changes, and caregiver depression. Burden increased with disease severity in FTD. This study is the first to show that caregivers of SemDem, PNFA, and AD patients show similar burden, while confirming that bvFTD caregivers show higher burden than AD caregivers. More importantly, this study demonstrates that burden worsens with disease progression in FTD.
The UWB-OFDM Channel Analysis in Frequency

In this paper, the ultra-wideband channel with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (UWB-OFDM) is analyzed in the frequency domain. For UWB-OFDM channels with log-normal fading in the time domain, we show that the amplitude of each subcarrier can be approximated by a Nakagami-m random variable, where the fading parameter, the mean power and the correlation coefficient are expressed in terms of the following parameters: time arrival of the clusters, inter-arrival time of rays inside clusters, and power decay constants of rays and clusters.
Impaired Control of Brucella melitensisInfection in Rag1-Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT After intranasal inoculation, Brucella melitensischronically infects the mononuclear phagocyte system in BALB/c mice, but it causes no apparent illness. Adaptive immunity, which can be transferred by either T cells or antibody from immune to naive animals, confers resistance to challenge infection. The role of innate, non-B-, non-T-cell-mediated immunity in control of murine brucellosis, however, is unknown. In the present study, we documented that BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice had a similar course of infection after intranasal administration of 16M, validating the usefulness of the model in the latter mouse strain. We then compared the course of infection in Rag1knockout mice (C57BL/6 background) (referred to here as RAG-1 mice) which have no B or T cells as a consequence of deletion ofRag1 (recombination-activating gene 1), with infection in normal C57BL/6 animals after intranasal administration of B. melitensis 16M. C57BL/6 mice cleared brucellae from their lungs by 8 to 12 weeks and controlled infection in the liver and spleen at a low level. In contrast, RAG-1 mice failed to reduce the number of bacteria in any of these organs. From 1 to 4 weeks after inoculation, the number of splenic bacteria increased from 2 to 4.5 logs and remained at that level. In contrast to the consistently high numbers of brucellae observed in the spleens, the number of bacteria rose in the livers sampled for up to 20 weeks. Immunohistologic examination at 8 weeks after infection disclosed foci of persistent pneumonia and large amounts of Brucella antigen in macrophages in lung, liver, and spleen in RAG-1, but not C57BL/6, mice. These studies indicate that T- and B-cell-independent immunity can control Brucellainfection at a high level in the murine spleen, but not in the liver. Immunity mediated by T and/or B cells is required for clearance of bacteria from spleen and lung and for control of bacterial replication in the liver.
Population demographics and socioeconomic impact of osteoporotic fractures in Canada

Through a survey of the literature and an analysis of selected national and regional statistics, a review of the incidence of osteoporosis and its consequences was performed. Results illustrate that the consequences of osteoporosis are preventable and should sensitize clinicians to the importance of early detection and the identification of risk factors for disease prevention and to early treatment once disease has been established. A marked increase in the annual incidence of hip fractures in all Canadians is noted. Whereas the incidence was less than 20,000 in 1981, the incidence of hip fracture grew to 27,342 in 1995, with 73% occurring in women. It is estimated that in Canada at least one in four women older than 50 years will have one or more osteoporosis-related fractures in their lifetimes. The consequences of these fractures are considerable, both for patients and healthcare services. Only half of all victims regain total autonomy, and the total direct costs in Canada stemming from osteoporosis are estimated to be $1.3 billion per year.
Median effective dose of remifentanil for awake laryngoscopy and intubation.

BACKGROUND Awake intubation requires an anesthetic management that provides sufficient patient safety and comfort, adequate intubating conditions, and stable hemodynamics. In this prospective clinical study, our aim was to determine the median effective dose (ED(50)) of remifentanil in combination with midazolam and airway topical anesthesia for awake laryngoscopy and intubation. METHODS Thirty-six female adult patients, scheduled for elective plastic surgery under general anesthesia requiring orotracheal intubation were included in this study. Ten minutes after intravenous administration of midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, patients were assigned to receive remifentanil in bolus, followed by a continuous infusion. The bolus dose and infusion rate of remifentanil were adjusted by a modified Dixon's up-and-down method. Patient's reaction score at laryngoscopy and an Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S) were used to determine whether the remifentanil dosage regimen was accepted. During laryngoscopy, 2% lidocaine was sprayed into the airway to provide the topical anesthesia. ED(50) of remifentanil was calculated by the modified Dixon up-and-down method, and the probit analysis was then used to confirm the results obtained from the modified Dixon's up-and-down method. In the patients who were scored as "accept", patient's OAA/S and reaction scores at different observed points, intubating condition score and patient's tolerance to the endotracheal tube after intubation were evaluated and recorded. Blood pressure and heart rate at different measuring points were also noted. RESULTS ED(50) of remifentanil for awake laryngoscopy and intubation obtained by the modified Dixon's up-and-down method was (0.62 +/- 0.02) microg/kg. Using probit analysis, ED(50) and ED(95) of remifentanil were 0.63 microg/kg (95% CI, 0.54 - 0.70) and 0.83 microg/kg (95% CI, 0.73 - 2.59), respectively. Nineteen patients who were scored as "accept" had an OAA/S of > 15 and tolerated well laryngoscopy without significant discomfort or gagging. The mean intubating condition score was 1.8 +/- 0.8. The endotracheal tube was well tolerated. During awake laryngoscopy and intubation, blood pressure and heart rate were also kept stable. The postoperative follow up showed that no patient recalled discomfort and pain for airway manipulation. CONCLUSIONS When combined with midazolam 0.1 mg/kg and airway topical anesthesia, ED(50) of remifentanil for successful awake laryngoscopy and intubation is 0.62 microg/kg in bolus followed by continuous infusion of 0.062 microg*kg(-1)*min(-1). This sedation and analgesia regimen can provide patient safety and comfort, ensure adequate intubating conditions, maintain hemodynamic stability, and prevent negative recall of the airway procedure.