Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
After facial nerve damage, regenerating axons become aberrant throughout the length of the nerve and not only at the site of the lesion: an experimental study

After facial nerve trauma, aberrant regeneration is associated with synkinesis. Animal models of mechanical nerve guides or reparative cell transplants at the site of a lesion have not been shown to improve disorganized regeneration. We examined whether this is because regenerating axons become disorganized throughout the length of the nerve and not only at the site of the lesion. In rats (n = 12), retrograde fluorescent tracer techniques were used to establish that most of the temporal branch fibres were carried in the superior half of the facial nerve trunk. In two further groups of rats (n = 24) a complete proximal facial nerve lesion was made, and the nerve immediately repaired by suture. After 4 weeks, at a second operation, the superior half of the facial nerve trunk was cut, either proximal or distal to the original lesion, and retrograde tracers were applied to distal branches of the nerve. It was possible to localize the points at which regenerating fibres became aberrant in their course by studying the number of labelled motoneurons in the facial nucleus after application of the tracer to the temporal branch of the nerve: this was similar in the distal and proximal hemisection groups, suggesting that aberrant axonal development occurred throughout the length of the nerve. Future strategies aimed at improving the organization of regeneration need to provide guidance cues not only at the site of the lesion as previously thought, but also throughout the length of the nerve.
First demonstration of vertical Ga2O3 MOSFET: Planar structure with a current aperture

β-Ga<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> is being actively pursued for power devices owing to its wide bandgap of 4.5 eV and the availability of melt-grown native substrates for high quality epitaxy. Depletion and enhancement mode Ga<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETS) reported to date have been implemented as lateral devices. For high voltage and high power ratings, vertical topologies are preferred since chip area utilization is more efficient and device operation is insensitive to surface effects. This paper presents the first experimental demonstration of a vertical Ga<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> MOSFET, wherein the source was electrically isolated from the drain by a current blocking layer (CBL) except at an aperture opening through which drain current (I<inf>DS</inf>) was conducted [1]. Modulation of I<inf>DS</inf> was effected by gating a channel above the CBL. Similar to Si and SiC technologies, this planar device structure was fabricated with no regrowth steps. The buried CBL, which acted as a back barrier for the channel, was formed by Mg-ion (Mg<sup>++</sup>) implantation doping in light of the anticipated deep acceptor nature of Mg in β-Ga<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>. Despite large source-drain leakage due to an unoptimized CBL, successful transistor action was realized.
Profitability of Backyard Poultry Farming in Sokoto Metropolis, Sokoto State, North-West, Nigeria

The study was carried out to determine the profitability of backyard poultry production in Sokoto metropolis. Multistage sampling was used to draw 100 samples of backyard poultry farmers used for the study. Data were obtained using structured questionnaire. Data analyses were done using descriptive statistics, farm budgeting and linear regression. Results showed that majority of the backyard poultry farmers were aged between 21-30 years (57.14%). Most of them were male (62%) and have acquired tertiary education (82%). The flock size owned by the majority (64%) was between the ranges of 10-50 birds. The major source of investment capital of the enterprise was personal savings (82%). The results further showed that variable costs were the most important costs accounting for 88.41% of the total cost and the net farm income per respondent was N48, 745.58 per annum. The linear regression result revealed that cost of chicks (P< 0.01), housing (P< 0.1) and drinkers (P< 0.1) had significant positive contribution while cost of heating (P< 0.01) had significant negative contribution to output generation from the enterprise. Disease outbreak was the most serious problem affecting backyard poultry production in the study area. It is concluded that the enterprise was profitable and it was dominated by male who were mostly married. There was no credit availability to boost the enterprise and farmers in the business were faced with the problem of disease outbreak. These invariably affected the overall performance of the enterprise. It was therefore, recommended that credit institutions be encouraged to make loan available to those people engaged in the enterprise.
The promise of early intervention

The focus of this review is the research and clinical work in early psychosis and early intervention which over the past 10–15 years has had a tremendous impact on the field of schizophrenia. Unparalleled progress has been made in programme and service development with a wide range of reported research results, outcome studies, treatment approaches and new initiatives. Traditional areas are being explored in the first episode that can add to our knowledge of schizophrenia. New areas that have a specific relevance for early intervention such as the duration of untreated psychosis and pathways to care are being widely studied. Despite the criticism of the lack of randomized controlled trials, there is a wealth of positive outcome from both effectiveness studies and limited controlled trials. However, there are still many unanswered issues which are in developing stages or which require further investigation.
Importance of Spontaneous Micronucleated Erythrocytes in Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) to Marine Toxicology Studies

The objective of the work was to characterize the presence of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (MNES) from peripheral blood of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) to evaluate the possibility to use this species as potential bioindicator of genotoxic compounds. Forty-eight blood samples from 12 bottlenose dolphins were obtain from three Mexican dolphinariums, and from 10 dolphins was possible to obtain more than one sample at different sampling times. Smears were processed and observed with an epifluorescence microscope. The average of MNES and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) from the 48 samples was 24.3 ± 6.1 MNES/10,000 total erythrocytes (TE), and 9.1 ± 5.5 PCE/1,000 TE. MNES and PCE number did not show differences between gender and age. No variations in the MNES values of the bottlenose dolphins that were sampled more than one occasion were found. Comparisons among dolphinariums revealed differences in MNES frequency, with the highest significant frequency observed in dolphins from dolphinarium “A” (26.0 ± 5.9 MNES/10,000 TE) than dolphinarium “B” (19.5 ± 3.1 MNES/10,000 TE) (p < 0.05) and dolphinarium “C” (18.6 ± 3.5 MNES/10,000 TE) (p < 0.007). The presence of MNES and PCE in the bottlenose dolphin may provide a useful marine mammal model to detect DNA damage by means of micronuclei test in peripheral blood erythrocytes to evaluate genotoxicity and cytotoxicity expositions.
Marker effects in the genetic transduction of tryptophan mutants of E. coli.

Recombination frequencies have been determined in crosses involving 28 mutant strains for 20 of which the site of the alteration is known from studies of amino-acid substitutions in the protein products. Three of these mutants showed especially high frequencies of recombination when crossed to other single mutants or when crossed to a strain carrying two alterations at opposite ends of the trpA gene. There is no obvious molecular explanation of the high recombination of these three mutants. They include one missense mutant, one amber and one ochre. The low-frequency recombination mutants include all these same classes as well as frameshift mutants. There is nothing unique about the intragenic location of the high-recombination mutants; in each case there is at least one low-recombination mutant in the same codon. -Crosses involving mutants which were isolated in an altered wild type have shown that the behavior of a high-recombination mutant does not result from its molecular configuration alone, but from its combination with the homologous wild-type sequence from the other parent. -Several lines of evidence indicate that recombination in this system frequently involves closely-spaced double exchanges (about 40 codons apart).
G Protein‐Coupled Receptor 101 mRNA Expression in the Mouse Brain: Altered Expression in the Posterior Hypothalamus and Amygdala By Energetic Challenges

GPCR101 is a recently identified orphan G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) expressed abundantly in the human and mouse hypothalamus. In the absence of a ligand, a direct approach to determine the function(s) of this receptor is not possible. However, clues to the possible functions of GPCR101 may yield from information on the distribution of the receptor and the effect of in vivo manipulation upon the expression level of the receptor. In situ hybridisation on mouse brain sections revealed GPCR101 expression in a number of nuclei, including the amygdala, lateral parabrachial nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract, as well as in the arcuate nucleus, posterior hypothalamus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Food‐deprivation was found to increase GPCR101 mRNA level in the posterior hypothalamus and amygdala. In obese mice bearing the ob gene mutation, GPCR101 mRNA level decreased in the posterior hypothalamus and remained unaltered in the amygdala. By contrast, in both nuclei, GPCR101 mRNA level did not change significantly in obese ob/ob mice after intraperitoneal injection of leptin or in mice fed with a high fat diet. These data suggest that GPCR101 mRNA expression in the posterior hypothalamus and amygdala is regulated by a factor(s) other than leptin. Dual in situ hybridisation was used to establish the relationship between GPCR101 and neuropeptides expressed in the hypothalamus. In the arcuate nucleus, GPCR101 mRNA was expressed in approximately half of the population of neurones expressing the mRNA for the anorexigenic neuropeptide, pro‐opiomelanocortin, which suggests a potential functional relationship.
Rational use of medicines: prescribing indicators at different levels of health care

This multicenter study aimed to investigate prescribing patterns of drugs at different levels of health care delivery in university-affiliated outpatient clinics located in eight cities in the South and Midwest of Brazil. All prescriptions collected were analyzed for various items, including WHO prescribing indicators. A total of 2,411 prescriptions were analyzed, and 469 drugs were identified. The number of drugs prescribed per encounter, the frequency of polypharmacy, and the percentage of encounters with at least one injection or antibiotic prescribed were higher in centers providing primary health care services, compared to those where this type of care is not provided. Most drugs (86.1%) were prescribed by generic name. In centers with primary health care services, drug availability was higher, drugs included in the National and Municipal Lists of Essential Medicines were more frequently prescribed, and patients were given more instructions. However, warnings and non-pharmacological measures were less frequently recommended. This study reveals trends in drug prescribing at different levels of health care delivery in university-affiliated outpatient clinics and indicates possible areas for improvement in prescribing practices.
The enigma of low birth weight and race.

In an article in this issue of the Journal, 1 David and Collins examine the relation of race to birth weight among blacks and whites. Their laudable but difficult undertaking is welcome. Clearly, the human and economic toll exacted by poor pregnancy outcome is enormous, and answers are needed. The authors note, and I concur, that their findings do not support the theory that racial differences in birth weight — the lower mean birth weight of black as compared with white infants — in the United States have a genetic cause. The clinical implications and the difficulties inherent in resolving this .
Diagnostic Controversy: Gestational Diabetes and the Meaning of Risk for Pima Indian Women

ABSTRACT Gestational diabetes is the one form of this well known, chronic disease of development that disappears. After the birth of the child, the mother's glucose levels typically return to normal. As a harbinger of things to come, gestational diabetes conveys greater risk for later type 2 (previously “non-insulin dependent”) diabetes in both the mother and child. Thus, pregnant women have become a central target for prevention of this disease in the entire Pima population. Based on ethnographic interviews conducted between 1999 and 2000, I discuss the negotiated meanings of risk, “borderline” diabetes, and women's personal knowledge and experiences of diabetes, particularly during the highly surveilled period of pregnancy. I also highlight the heterogeneity of professional discourse pertaining to gestational diabetes, most notably the debate surrounding its diagnosis. Significantly, women's narratives reveal the same set of questions as is raised in the professional debate. Implications for diabetes prevention and for balancing the increased surveillance of pregnant women with clinical strategies that privilege their experience and perspectives are also discussed.
Association between phytoplankton and Vibrio spp. along the southwest coast of India: a mesocosm experiment

We report the results from a mesocosm study investigating the interrelationship between microalgae and vibrios. The mesocosms were inoculated with plankton, plankton + sedi- ment, or sediment. We followed the diatom bloom and increases in the abundance of Vibrio spp. and V. parahaemolyticus in conjunction with several environmental variables in all mesocosms and at a reference site. The dominating diatom genera were also identified. Temperature, salinity, and pH were nearly invariant in the mesocosms and did not contribute to the results. The principal environ- mental variables that correlated to vibrio abundance were total bacterial plate counts, phosphorus and ammonia (positive relationship), and oxygen and silica (negative). Nitrate, total bacterial counts and chlorophyll a (chl a) did not correlate with vibrio growth. The highest diatom abundances were followed by increases in vibrios in all mesocosms. This was also observed in field sampling. Together, these results suggest that diatom blooms could support Vibrio spp. growth. V. parahaemolyticus was initially favoured by sediment. The contribution of V. parahaemolyticus to the total bacterial popula- tion was low, on average 0.5%, but constituted a rather high proportion of the vibrio population in the mesocosm systems, i.e. on average 18%. Some of the identified diatom genera, e.g. Chaetoceros and Skeletonema, were negatively correlated to vibrios, while Coscinodiscus was positively correlated. The results indicate that phytoplankton blooms, when recorded as high levels of chl a, should be used with caution as predictors for future vibrio epidemics, since the origin of the chl a might have a significant effect on vibrio abundance.
Phagocyte‐induced oxidative stress in patients with haemodialysis treatment and organ transplantation

The aim of the study was to examine the phagocyte‐derived production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipoperoxidation and the total radical‐trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) in patients undergoing regular haemodialysis (HD) followed by kidney transplantation (n=13). A significant increase in both spontaneous and activated ROS generation was found during the post‐transplantation period in days 1–3. This effect was caused mainly by an increased number of neutrophils. On the other hand, the TRAP parameter was decreased in HD patients. After kidney transplantation, the TRAP parameter increased, reaching the level of healthy controls at the end of the first week after surgery. Increase in MDA level was determined after HD and kidney transplantation. It can be concluded from the results obtained that phagocyte mobilisation and increased oxidative stress after HD and kidney transplantation were associated with the insufficient activity of extracellular antioxidant mechanisms resulting in increased lipid peroxidation.
Efficacy of Orally Delivered Cochleates Containing Amphotericin B in a Murine Model of Aspergillosis

ABSTRACT Cochleates containing amphotericin B (CAMB) were administered orally at doses ranging from 0 to 40 mg/kg of body weight/day for 14 days in a murine model of systemic aspergillosis. The administration of oral doses of CAMB (20 and 40 mg/kg/day) resulted in a survival rate of 70% and a reduction in colony counts of more than 2 logs in lungs, livers, and kidneys. Orally administered CAMB shows promise for the treatment of aspergillosis.
More efficient soft decoding of the Golay codes

The authors present an algorithm for maximum-likelihood soft decision decoding of the binary (24, 12, 8) Golay code. The algorithm involves projecting the codewords of the binary Golay code onto the codewords of the (6, 3, 4) code over GF(4)-the hexacode. The complexity of the proposed algorithm is at most 651 real operations. Along similar lines the tetracode may be employed for decoding the ternary (12, 6, 6) Golay code with only 530 real operations. The proposed algorithm also implies a reduction in the number of computations required for decoding of the Leech lattice. <<ETX>>
Table of the Zeros and Weight Factors of the First Twenty

The chief use of this table of the zeros and weight factors of the Hermite polynomials is in the calculation of integrals over the interval [— °°, °° ], when the integrand is either the product of e~* and a polynomial, or may be closely approximated by e~ times a polynomial. The zeros and weight factors, xi and ai, respectively, together with the auxiliary quantities /3i = ai exp [{xf)], which are useful in computation, are all tabulated here for the first twenty Hermite polynomials. The zeros x'? ' and 0"' are given to 13 or more decimals, and the weight factors a/"' to 13 significant figures. Although other shorter tables have appeared, this present table will enable one to cope with problems requiring much higher degree and accuracy, both iii problems involving direct quadratures and those arising in the numerical solution of linear integral equations for the range [—<*>, co ]. Thus the use of this table in any direct quadrature can give exact accuracy as far as the 39th degree (the only inexactitude arising from the use of rounded values of a;'"' and ai"').
Olanzapine in the prevention of postpartum psychosis and mood episodes in bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVES The use of olanzapine (OLZ) in the prevention of postpartum psychosis (PP) and mood episodes in women with bipolar disorder was investigated in a naturalistic, prospective study. METHODS Eleven women received OLZ alone or in combination with an antidepressant or mood stabilizer, and 14 women received either antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or no medication for a minimum of 4 weeks after delivery. RESULTS Two (18.2%) of the women in the OLZ group experienced a postpartum mood episode, whereas eight (57.1%) of the women in the No-OLZ group did. CONCLUSIONS The role of OLZ in the prophylaxis of PP and mood episodes, particularly in women at high risk, clearly warrants further investigation.
Raied patients and controls Diagnostic impact of routine colonoscopy following acute diverticulitis : A multicenter study in 808

Background: The diagnosis of acute diverticulitis is mainly based on clinical, biological and computed tomography (CT)-scan findings. Elective colonoscopy is recommended after medical treatment, to rule out another diagnosis and to detect associated conditions; however, the relevance of this recommendation has been questioned. Patients and methods: Between January 2005 and December 2011, we retrospectively identified in three referral centers the consecutive patients whom underwent a colonoscopy after the medical treatment of a CT scan-proven acute diverticulitis episode. We excluded from the analysis patients with haematochezia or recent change in bowel habits. Sex and agematched asymptomatic patients undergoing a screening colonoscopy were chosen as a control group. We collected and compared the results of colonoscopy and histological findings in both groups. Results: We matched 404 patients whom underwent a colonoscopy after an episode of acute diverticulitis with 404 control patients. Their mean age was 60.9 years, with 59% being women. Colorectal adenoma, advanced adenoma and cancer detection rates in acute diverticulitis patients were 12.1%, 2.7% and 0.25%, respectively; versus 14.6% (p1⁄4 0.35), 6.7% (p1⁄4 0.01) and 0.25% respectively, in control patients. Conclusions: Diagnosis rates for adenomas and for colorectal cancer during a colonoscopy scheduled after acute diverticulitis were similar than those of control patients undergoing a screening colonoscopy, while the detection rate of advanced adenomas was lower. We suggest that colonoscopy should be indicated only in selected patients, i.e. those presenting with reasonable doubt on initial CT-scan, those with alarm symptoms, and those with identified risk factors for colorectal cancer.
Human Neurotrophin Receptor p75NTR Defines Differentiation-Oriented Skeletal Muscle Precursor Cells: Implications for Muscle Regeneration

Satellite cells are resident stem cells of adult skeletal muscle that have roles in tissue repair. Although several efforts have led to the functional characterization of distinct myogenic populations in animal models, the translation of these findings to humans has been limited. Here, we analyzed the expression and function of the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR in human skeletal muscle precursor cells. We combined histological investigations of muscle biopsies with molecular and cellular analyses of primary muscle precursor cells. p75NTR is expressed by most satellite cells in vivo and is a marker for regenerating fibers in inflamed and dystrophic muscle. p75NTR mRNA and protein are also detectable in primary myoblasts, and these levels increase transiently when cell differentiation is triggered. Transcriptome analyses of p75NTRhigh versus p75NTRlow muscle cells showed that p75NTR is the prototype marker for a precursor cell population that has a broad transcriptional repertoire associated with muscle development and maturation. Several in vitro experiments, including receptor blockade and gene silencing in myoblasts, proved that p75NTR specifically regulates myogenesis and dystrophin expression. Taken together, the results indicate that p75NTR is a novel marker of human differentiation-prone muscle precursor cells that is involved in myogenesis in vivo and in vitro.