Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating areal snowmelt infiltration into frozen soils

An algorithm for estimating areal snowmelt infiltration into frozen soils is developed. Frozen soils are grouped into classes according to surface entry condition as: (a) Restricted—water entry is impeded by surface conditions, (b) Limited–capillary flow predominates and water entry is influenced primarily by soil physical properties, and (c) Unlimited—gravity flow predominates and most of the meltwater infiltrates. For Limited soils cumulative infiltration over time is estimated by a parametric equation from surface saturation, initial soil moisture content (water + ice), initial soil temperature and infiltration opportunity time. Total infiltration into Unlimited and Limited soils is constrained by the available water storage capacity. This constraint is also used to determine when Limited soils have thawed.
Effects of Using a Web-Based Individualized Education Program Decision-Making Tutorial

This study explored the effects of a web-based decision support system (Tutorial) for writing standards-based Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). A total of 35 teachers and 154 students participated across two academic years. Participants were assigned to one of three intervention groups based on level of Tutorial access: Full, Partial, or Comparison. Direct effects of the intervention on procedural and substantive elements of IEPs revealed that, although all groups had initial IEPs of similar quality, the Full Intervention group’s post-Tutorial IEPs had a significantly higher proportion of substantive items rated as adequate than did the IEPs of other groups. The intervention’s indirect effects were examined using student scores on the State Reading Assessment. The Full Intervention group demonstrated a higher rate of reading score gain than the other two groups during the academic year in which the IEP prepared with access to the Tutorial was implemented. Implications for educational practices and future research directions are discussed.
SPLICE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE LHC MAIN SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET CIRCUITS BY THE NEW QUENCH PROTECTION SYSTEM

Z. Charifoulline, K. Dahlerup-Petersen, R. Denz, A. Siemko, J. Steckert, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract The interconnections between the LHC main magnets are made of soldered joints (splices) of two superconducting cables stabilized by a copper bus-bar. After the 2008 LHC incident, caused by a defective interconnection, a new layer of high resolution magnet circuit quench protection (nQPS) has been developed and integrated with the existing systems. It allowed mapping of the resistances of all superconducting splices during the 2009 commissioning campaign. Since April 2010, when the LHC was successfully restarted at 3.5 TeV, every bus bar interconnection is constantly monitored by the nQPS electronics. The acquired data are saved to the LHC Logging Database. The paper will briefly describe the data analysis method and will present the results from the two years of resistance measurements. Although no splice was found with resistance higher than 3.3 n and no significant degradation in time was observed so far, the monitoring of splices will stay active till the end of LHC 4 TeV run. The detected outliers will be repaired during the Splice Consolidation Campaign in 2013-2014.
Ni(NH3)2(NO3)2—A 3-D Network through Bridging Nitrate Units Isolated from the Thermal Decomposition of Nickel Hexammine Dinitrate

Nickel nitrate diammine, Ni(NH3)2(NO3)2, can be synthesised from the thermal decomposition of nickel nitrate hexammine, Ni[(NH3)6](NO3)2. The hexammine decomposes in two distinct major stages; the first releases 4 equivalents of ammonia while the second involves the release of NOx, N2, and H2O to yield NiO. The intermediate diammine compound can be isolated following the first deammoniation step or synthesised as a single phase from the hexammine under vacuum. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXD) experiments have allowed the structure of Ni(NH3)2(NO3)2 to be solved for the first time. The compound crystallises in orthorhombic space group Pca21 (a = 11.0628 (5) A, b = 6.0454 (3) A, c = 9.3526 (4) A; Z = 4) and contains 11 non-hydrogen atoms in the asymmetric unit. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrates that the bonding in the ammine is consistent with the structure determined by PXD.
Major declines of woody plant species ranges under climate change in Yunnan, China

A wide range of forests distributed across steep environmental gradients are found in Yunnan, southwest China. Climate change could profoundly change these forests by affecting species ranges. We produce predictions about species suitable habitat shifts and use these to (1) evaluate species range size change, loss and turn‐over under no‐ and full‐dispersal and nine climate change scenarios and (2) identify environmental variables responsible for current species richness and future local species losses.
Contribution of Biomass Burning to Carbonaceous Aerosols in Mexico City during May 2013

ABSTRACTDuring the springtime fire season, wildfires and agricultural burning represent a potentially large contribution to air quality degradation in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). PM10 filter samples were collected at six different stations in May 2013, the month with the maximum reported regional fire counts from 2002 to 2013. Two regimes were identified considering changes in predominant wind direction and precipitation patterns inside MCMA. The filter samples were analyzed for water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and the biomass burning tracers including levoglucosan (LEV) and water-soluble potassium (WSK+). LEV concentrations correlated positively with ambient concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 (R2 = 0.61 and R2 = 0.46, respectively). Strong correlations were also found between WSOC and LEV (R2 = 0.94) and between WSK+ and LEV (R2 = 0.75). PM2.5 accounted for 60% of the PM10 mass concentrations. Our speciated measurements accounted for 37% of the total PM10 mass concentration and ~60% of the PM2.5 mass concentrations; the missing mass was attributed to crustal material (soil or dust) and carbonaceous aerosols that were not segregated into the WSOC fraction. Average LEV/WSOC ratios ranged from 0.015 in the first, smokier and drier part of the month, to 0.006 during the rainier end of the measurement period. Using previously reported LEV/WSOC emissions ratios, the estimated biomass burning contributions to WSOC ranged from 7–23% assuming LEV is stable in the atmosphere, and 8–57% when accounting for LEV photochemical degradation in the atmosphere. Thus, our findings indicate that primary emissions from biomass burning sources represent significant contributions to ambient WSOC and PM in MCMA during the springtime fire season.
Talaromyces aculeatus from acidic environment as a new fungal biosorbent for removal of some reactive textile dyes

Biosorption potential of Talaromayces aculeatus AMDC-14 (KF588645) as low-cost biosorbent for different dyes (Reactive Blue 13, Reactive Blue 72, Reactive Yellow 85 and Reactive Orange 13) removal from aqueous medium was studied. Experiments were performed to determine effect of initial solution pH (1-7), biosorbent dose (0.1-2.5 g L -1 ), time (15-1440 min), dye concentration (10-200 ppm) and temperature (25-40 °C) onto Talaromayces aculeatus biosorption . Biosorption equilibrium data were described very well for Reactive Blue 13, Reactive Blue 72, Reactive Yellow 85 and Reactive Orange 13 by Langmuir isotherm model than Freundlich isotherm model with maximum biosorption capacities which are 32.10, 71.30, 20.67 and 31.30 mg g -1 , respectively. Biosorption of investigated dyes fitted to kinetic model of pseudo-second-order for all dyes. Gibbs free energies (ΔG°) of biosorption processes were calculated and the results indicated that all selected dyes biosorption onto Talaromayces aculeatus AMDC-14 were spontaneous in this study. And also biosorption processes had endothermic enthalpy values except Reactive Blue 72.
Overview on Crop Genetic Engineering for Drought-prone Environments

Population growth and climate change present crop researchers and plant breeders with one of the great grand challenges of the 21 century to productively grow nutritious crops in water-scarce environments (Pimentel et al. 2004). Agriculture currently uses 75% of the total global consumption of water (Molden 2007). Some of the crop technologies that were able to feed the growing world in the 20 century were highly dependent on inputs including water resources, whose use in agriculture almost treble from the beginning of the 1940s to the end of the century. About a third of the current global population lives in water-stressed locations and this may increase to two thirds within the next 25 years. Consumptive water use (or transpired water) by all food and fodder crops will, therefore, need to increase from its present estimated level (7,000-12,586 km year) to be capable of feeding adequately the 9.3 billion population of 2050 (Falkenmark and Rockstrom 2004). Water use efficiency varies substantially between crops, for example, to produce 1 kg of grain on average requires 900 liters for wheat (Triticum spp.), 1400 liters for maize (Zea mays) and 1900 liters for rice (Oriza sativa) (Pimentel 1997). In addition, there are great prospects for increasing the water use efficiency of specific genotypes within each crop.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TIMBER-FRAME HOUSES RESISTANT TO DYNAMIC LOADS – STUDY ON MODELS OF EXTERIOR WALLS

The aim of this paper is to show the numeric representation of experimental studies concerning the behaviour of exterior wall models of a timber-frame house under harmonic loading. A single wall model according to traditional technology of timberframe house walls (filling with mineral wool) was tested. The analysis was conducted for the following frequencies: 0.5 Hz, 1.0 Hz, 2.0 Hz and 5.0 Hz for various values of the specified displacement. A number of hysteresis loops were obtained for each of the tests. Based on them, the damping ratio as well as stiffness were calculated. The skeleton model filled with mineral wool (traditional technology) experienced serious damage under larger displacements. The results of the study have been used to propose a numerical model of wall filled with mineral wool. The proposed numerical model is consistent with the results for the values obtained during the experimental study, which proves the correctness of the adopted solution.
Near-surface snow particle dynamics from particle tracking velocimetry and turbulence measurements during alpine blowing snow storms

Abstract. Many blowing snow conceptual and predictive models have been based on simplified two-phase flow dynamics derived from time-averaged observations of bulk flow conditions in blowing snow storms. Measurements from the first outdoor application of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) of near-surface blowing snow yield new information on mechanisms for blowing snow initiation, entrainment, and rebound, whilst also confirming some findings from wind tunnel observations. Blowing snow particle movement is influenced by complex surface flow dynamics, including saltation development from creep that has not previously been measured for snow. Comparisons with 3-D atmospheric turbulence measurements show that blowing snow particle motion immediately above the snow surface responds strongly to high-frequency turbulent motions. Momentum exchange from wind to the dense near-surface particle-laden flow appears significant and makes an important contribution to blowing snow mass flux and saltation initiation dynamics. The more complete and accurate description of near-surface snow particle motions observable using PTV may prove useful for improving blowing snow model realism and accuracy.
Anxiety in Schizophrenia: Treatment with Pregabalin

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Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Cover crops retain post-harvest nutrients but how they impact non-growing season nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions is unclear. Therefore, we quantified how cover crop type (fall rye [Secale cereale L.] or oilseed radish [Raphanus sativus L.]) and fertilizer source (compost or inorganic fertilizer) affected N₂O emissions, soil water-extractable organic C (WEOC) and nitrate (NO₃) dynamics over two non-growing seasons. A treatment with no fertilizer or cover crop was also included. Weekly, N₂O fluxes were determined using vented static chambers; soil WEOC and NO₃–N concentrations were measured monthly. Each non-growing season, mean N₂O fluxes were 74 to 450% greater in the winter (21 December–20 March) than spring (21 March–20 June) or fall (22 September–20 December). In winter 2014–2015, oilseed radish increased the mean N₂O flux by 39 and 323% compared with fall rye and no cover crop, respectively, while the mean N₂O fluxes were strongly correlated to the pre-winter (16 Dec. 2014) NO₃ concentrations (r = 0.96; P < 0.001), indicating NO₃ levels < 6 mg NO₃–N kg–¹ limited N₂O fluxes. In 2014–2015, fall rye and oilseed radish had 76 and 154% greater cumulative N₂O emissions than amended soils with no cover crop, respectively. Across both winters, an exponential model explained 67% of variability between the pre-winter WEOC to NO₃ ratio and N₂O fluxes, indicating that organic C and NO₃ controlled over-winter N₂O fluxes. Non-legume cover crops increased non-growing season N₂O emissions, suggesting that cover crops concentrate denitrification substrates in root-associated soil to enhance N₂O fluxes.
Microbiota of anaerobic digesters in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant

Abstract Anaerobic digestion is an important technology for the bio-based economy. The stability of the process is crucial for its successful implementation and depends on the structure and functional stability of the microbial community. In this study, the total microbial community was analyzed during mesophilic fermentation of sewage sludge in full-scale digesters. The digesters operated at 34–35°C, and a mixture of primary and excess sludge at a ratio of 2:1 was added to the digesters at 550 m3/d, for a sludge load of 0.054 m3/(m3·d). The amount and composition of biogas were determined. The microbial structure of the biomass from the digesters was investigated with use of next-generation sequencing. The percentage of methanogens in the biomass reached 21%, resulting in high quality biogas (over 61% methane content). The abundance of syntrophic bacteria was 4.47%, and stable methane production occurred at a Methanomicrobia to Synergistia ratio of 4.6:1.0. The two most numerous genera of methanogens (about 11% total) were Methanosaeta and Methanolinea, indicating that, at the low substrate loading in the digester, the acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic paths of methane production were equally important. The high abundance of the order Bacteroidetes, including the class Cytophagia (11.6% of all sequences), indicated the high potential of the biomass for efficient degradation of lignocellulitic substances, and for degradation of protein and amino acids to acetate and ammonia. This study sheds light on the ecology of microbial groups that are involved in mesophilic fermentation in mature, stably-performing microbiota in full-scale reactors fed with sewage sludge under low substrate loading.
Preface: International Conference on Science and Applied Science (ICSAS) 2018

This research describes the implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) assessment on physics learning at Senior High School which covers the understanding of physics teachers related to HOTS, the implementation of HOTS asessment, and the media employed to administrate HOTS assessment. The research subjects were physics teachers from 30 senior high schools in Special Region of Yogyakarta. The subjects were selected randomly by considering the level of school. The data were collected by using questionaires, observation form, dan interview guidelines. The data collected were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis. The four categorical data (polytomous) were analyzed using the percentation of each category and supported by the interview report. The result of the research indicated that, in general, the HOTS understanding of physics teachers were low. It was considered to be low and very low, with the score respectively 9.77% and 76.44%. There were 13.79% teachers included in high level, but no one considered to have very high level of understanding (See Figure 1). Figure 2 shows that the implementation of HOTS assessment was in very low and low level with the score respectively 29.06% and 62.07%. There were 8.87% included in high level and no one in very high level. Therefore, the implementation of HOTS assessment were considered to be low. The assessment media used were paper and pencil test (PPT), Computer Based Test (CBT), and Computer Adaptive Test (CAT). Figure 3 shows that most of teachers were using PPT, rarely use CBT and nearly never use CAT.
Magnetic susceptibility variations in Upper Pleistocene deep-sea sediments of the NE Atlantic: implications for ice-rafting and paleocirculation at the last glacial maximum

Magnetic susceptibility (MS) variations are used to intercorrelate 17 Upper Pleistocene sediment cores taken from the NE Atlantic, between 40 degrees and 60 degrees N. The MS-based correlation depends on regionally consistent patterns of variation in the deposition of ice-rafted detritus (IRD) in response to Pleistocene glaciations, and especially to high-frequency ice-rafting episodes referred to in recent studies as ''Heinrich events. '' The sedimentological and rock-magnetic basis for the apparent relationship between the MS signal and IRD content of NE Atlantic sediments is examined by (1) comparing the MS profiles of selected cores with their records of coarse fraction (>150 mu m) lithic fragment abundance and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin) percentages, and (2) normalizing MS by expressing it both on a carbonate-free basis, and as a quotient with anhysteretic remanent magnetization (a parameter sensitive to magnetic mineral grain size variations). These comparisons show that variations in bulk-sediment MS are only partly driven by simple carbonate dilution (+/- productivity and dissolution) effects. Changes in both the concentration and grain size of magnetic minerals within the lithogenic noncarbonate fraction also impose a significant influence on bulk MS values. In particular, horizons rich in IRD are associated with significant increases in the relative proportion of coarse grained (multidomain) ferrimagnetic particles in the sediment. This is because ice-rafting, in contrast to most other mechanisms capable of transporting detrital magnetic minerals to pelagic environments, has a high potential for delivering large ferrimagnetic grains as components of sand-sized, polycrystalline lithic fragments. This fundamental linkage between the IRD content and MS signal of NE Atlantic sediments is used to reconstruct the patterns of variation in IRD deposition and, by inference, surface currents of the last glacial maximum (LGM, similar to 18-19 ka) relative to the present-day NE Atlantic, using the time-slice mapping approach developed by the CLIMAP project group. Our LGM/Holocene MS ratio map, based on sample pairs from over 80 deep-sea cores, confirms that there was a weak, cyclonic gyre north of the polar front in the LGM North Atlantic. The gyre comprised a sluggish warm current in the NE Atlantic flowing north between latitudes 47 degrees and 62 degrees N, partly fed by subtropical waters from south of the polar front, and carrying large numbers of icebergs derived from several sources, most of which melted between Latitudes 45 degrees and 52 degrees N. The warm current probably continued its flow into the Iceland Basin, where it fed into a south-flowing current which transported melting icebergs from Iceland and Scandinavia along the western flank of the Reykjanes Ridge.
Antifungal Activity of Selected Medicinal Plant Extract on Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtthe Causal Agent of Fusarium Wilt Disease in Tomato

The antifungal activity of ethanol and acetone extract of leaves of nine medicinal plants: Piper betel, Lowsonia inermis, Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Moringa oleifera, Mimosa pudica, Catharanthus roseus, Adhatoda vasica and Andrographis paniculata against Fusarium oxysporum the causal agent of Fusarium wilt in tomato was assessed. All the extracts inhibited mycellial growth at various levels. Among them the superior inhibition (100%) was found in 15% concentration of ethanol extract of Lowsonia inermis and Psidium guajava against Fusarium. In all plant extract there were no significant differences between 20% and 25% concentration, except Piper betel, Carica papaya, Andrographis paniculata and Lawsonia inermis. Analysis of variance results on mycelial growth in different concentration shows that the item was highly significant.
Overyielding in grassland communities: testing the sampling effect hypothesis with replicated biodiversity experiments

We derive and test some assumptions and predictions of the Sampling Effect Hypothesis (SEH) by examining the relationship between the traits of species in monoculture and their relative abundance in mixture, and by comparing polyculture performance with single-species plots. Although we found a positive relationship between production in monoculture and dominance in mixtures as predicted by the SEH, the relationship had low explanatory power. Counter to predictions, the species with the highest monoculture biomass were not able to strongly dominate all mixtures; instead the dominance of these species decreased with increasing species richness. On average, polycultures did not achieve greater biomass than (transgressively overyield) the species in each mixture, or at each site, that was most productive in monoculture. However, mixture yields did transgressively overyield both the monoculture biomass of the dominant species in the mixtures, and the weighted average of all monocultures (non-transgressive overyielding), both of which were positively related to increasing species richness. The varying responses of different overyielding tests resulted because resource partitioning and positive interactions were often counter-balanced by selection for species with lower biomass than the highest-yielding monocultures. Judging whether or not mixtures overyield therefore depends in part upon which species is the basis for comparison. We present a new general framework for overyielding analysis where every monoculture provides a potential comparison and from which the most relevant tests can be selected.