Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brain microdialysis of GABA and glutamate: What does it signify?

Microdialysis has become a frequently used method to study extracellular levels of GABA and glutamate in the central nervous system. However, the fact that the major part of GABA and glutamate as measured by microdialysis does not fulfill the classical criteria for exocytotic release questions the vesicular origin of the amino acids in dialysates. Glial metabolism or reversal of the (re)uptake sites has been suggested to be responsible for the pool of nonexocytotically released amino‐acid transmitters that seem to predominate over the neuronal exocytotic pool. The origin of extracellular GABA and glutamate levels and, as a consequence, the implications of changes in these levels upon manipulations are therefore obscure. This review critically analyzes what microdialysis data signify, i.e., whether amino‐acid neurotransmitters sampled by microdialysis represent synaptic release, carrier‐mediated release, or glial metabolism. The basal levels of GABA and glutamate are virtually tetrodotoxin‐ and calcium‐independent. Given the fact that evidence for nonexocytotic release mediated by reversal of the uptake sites as a release mechanism relevant for normal neurotransmission is so far limited to conditions of “excessive stimulation,” basal levels most likely reflect a nonneuronal pool of amino acids. Extracellular GABA and glutamate concentrations can be enhanced by a wide variety of pharmacological and physiological manipulations. However, it is presently impossible to ascertain that the stimulated GABA and glutamate in dialysates are of neuronal origin. On the other hand, under certain stimulatory conditions, increases in amino‐acid transmitters can be obtained in the presence of tetrodotoxin, again suggesting that aspecific factors not directly related to neurotransmission underlie these changes in extracellular levels. It is concluded that synaptic transmission of GABA and glutamate is strictly compartmentalized and as a result, these amino acids can hardly leak out of the synaptic cleft and reach the extracellular space where the dialysis probe samples. Synapse 27:242–261, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review of parasitic zoonotic infections in Egypt

Zoonoses are diseases and infections that are transmitted in nature between vertebrates and humans. Zoonoses consist of an interaction among at least three species: one pathogen and two hosts − animals and humans. This review aimed at shedding in depth light on zoonotic parasitic diseases in Egypt, with special reference to their relative incidence between humans, reservoir animals, sources of human infection and control policies. According to the available literature, many parasitic zoonoses are endemic in Egypt. In rural areas, intestinal parasitic zoonoses are widespread and are the leading cause of diarrhea, particularly among children. Some parasitic zoonoses are mainly found in certain areas in Egypt, for example, cutaneous leishmaniasis and zoonotic babesiosis in Sinai. Other locations in Egypt have a history of certain parasitic zoonoses, such as visceral leishmaniasis in the El Agamy area in Alexandria. Fortunately, control programs have led to a dramatic decrease in the prevalence of other zoonoses, such as intestinal schistosomiasis and fascioliasis in the country. In Egypt, animal reservoirs of parasitic zoonoses have been identified. These include rodents, stray dogs, and cats as well as domestic and farm animals and birds. Many vectors have also been revealed, typically mosquitoes and ticks, which pose real threats for disease transmission. Strict control strategies are needed to upgrade and complement current efforts at eradicating parasitic zoonoses in Egypt.
Ocio deportivo juvenil: relación entre satisfacción e implicación organizativa

El articulo parte de la hipotesis de que aquellos jovenes que tienen un mayor grado de responsabilidad en la organizacion de sus actividades de ocio deportivas presentan mayores niveles de satisfaccion con la practica, favoreciendo que estas sean actividades relevantes en sus estilos de vida. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: (a) identificar las modalidades de ocio deportivo mas significativas y su relacion con el genero; (b) comprobar si estas modalidades inciden en la satisfaccion y significacion vital de las mismas; y por ultimo, (c) conocer el efecto de la participacion en la organizacion de actividades de ocio deportivo, en la satisfaccion y la identificacion de experiencias valiosas. Se recogieron datos a traves de un cuestionario sobre la organizacion de los tiempos academicos y de ocio aplicado a estudiantes de Ensenanza Secundaria Postobligatoria de centros publicos, concertados y privados del estado espanol. Los resultados indican que el tipo de ocio mas significativo para la juventud espanola es el ocio deportivo, (a) las modalidades mas importantes son la de cooperacion y oposicion, la actividad fisica individual, siendo el genero un factor determinante en la eleccion de la modalidad deportiva mas significativa;(b) la modalidad deportiva tratada como variable independiente, no incide en los niveles de satisfaccion, pero si en la significacion de esa actividad en el estilo de vida en ocio; y (c) por el contrario, la participacion en la organizacion de actividades de ocio deportivo tiene efecto tanto en la satisfaccion como en la relevancia vital de dicha actividad.
Microcephaly, jejunal atresia, aberrant right bronchus, ocular anomalies, and XY sex reversal

We present a patient with microcephaly, jejunal atresia, aberrant right tracheobronchial tree, mild left blepharoptosis, and corectopia (irregular pupil), left sectoral iris stromal hypoplasia and peripheral anterior synechia, and 46,XY sex reversal. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels were within normal limits for a male infant at 3 weeks of age. Gonadectomy at age 18 months revealed immature testis tissue and no evidence of Müllerian structures. PCR amplification of the androgen receptor (AR) gene and flanking genomic regions revealed no evidence for deletion. Array‐comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) for assessment of gene dosage in other regions of the genome was normal. This patient represents a multiple anomaly disorder similar to intestinal atresia—ocular anomalies—microcephaly syndrome (MIM#243605) but incorporating 46,XY sex reversal with testicular tissue, demonstrating a defect in the sexual differentiation pathway. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ribavirin in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

Ribavirin is a purine nucleoside analogue that was discovered by ICN Pharmaceuticals in 1970. It prevents the replication of a large number of RNA and DNA viruses in vitro, including myxo-, paramyxo-, arena-, bunya-, herpes-, adeno-, poxand retroviruses. Although the antiviral mechanism of action is not fully defined, ribavirin competitively inhibits the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which is required for the synthesis of guanosine, and thereby interferes with nucleic acid synthesis resulting in ‘lethal mutagenesis’ of the RNA genome. The active metabolite of the drug, ribavirin triphosphate, concentrates in erythrocytes and erythrocyte levels gradually decrease with an apparent T /2 of 40 days. Ribavirin is primarily eliminated by renal excretion and dose reduction is required in patients with renal insufficiency. Ribavirin can be given orally (with a bioavailability of 40 to 50%), intravenously or as an aerosol. Aerolised ribavirin is approved in the Netherlands and the United States for treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis and pneumonia in hospitalised children, but its use is limited by concerns regarding efficacy, risk of occupational exposure and cost. Ribavirin has a variable effect on shortening the duration of virus shedding and improves certain clinical measures relative to that of placebo in infants hospitalised with RSV pneumonia, including high-risk infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia or congenital heart disease. In infants receiving mechanical ventilation for RSV-related respiratory failure, no consistent benefits on duration of ventilatory support or mortality have been documented. In a Cochrane meta-analysis a trend was found towards a reduction in the length of stay and days of ventilation dependence. Despite these discouraging data, the American Academy of Paediatrics still advises that ribavirin is considered in severe cases of bronchiolitis, as well as in ventilated infants and infants with underlying diseases. In patients with Lassa fever, intravenous or oral ribavirin significantly reduces mortality, especially when therapy is initiated during the first six days of illness. In adults with chronic hepatitis C, long-term oral ribavirin reversibly reduces serum transaminase elevations, hepatic inflammation on biopsy and fatigue without significantly affecting serum HCV-RNA concentrations. This suggests the existence of immunomodulatory properties that may in part account for the antiviral activities in vivo. Combination therapy with interferon-alpha-2b significantly increases the frequency of biochemical and virological response during and after cessation of therapy. Systemic ribavirin causes dose-related anaemia due to extravascular haemolysis and, at higher doses, suppression of bone marrow release of erythroid elements. Reversible
The effect of L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion on human growth hormone secretion after strength training

This study aimed to examine the effect of L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion on serum growth hormone secretion response after strength training in young men who did not regularly engage in high intensity exercise. Ten healthy young males without workout habits (age: 22.2 +/- 1.0 yr). Subjects performed biceps curl strength training after L-ornithine hydro- chloride and placebo ingestions. They participated in both of the above conditions randomly with a week interval in between. Serum growth hormone and ornithine levels were measured before L-ornithine hydrochloride or placebo ingestions and at 30 minutes after strength training. Serum growth hormone and ornithine level were measured. A change magnitude of serum growth hormone was significantly larger in the L-ornithine hydrochloride condition than in the placebo condition, and the effect size was also large (t = 1.91, p = .044, ES = .75). A significant interaction (F = 280.98, p = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.96) was found in serum ornithine and a multiple comparison test showed that it was greater in the L-ornithine hydrochloride condition. Serum growth hormone level after strength training increases by L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion in untrained young males.
Antecedentes do engajamento em boca a boca eletrônico positivo entre turistas

O estudo analisou a influencia da Imagem de Destinos, Satisfacao e Motivacoes na intencao de realizar Comunicacao Boca a Boca Eletronica Positiva (eWOM) entre turistas, por meio do Facebook. Alem disso, almejou especificamente levantar o perfil socio-demografico e a frequencia de publicacoes de eWOM dos respondentes, avaliou a adequacao das variaveis manifestas para composicao das dimensoes Qualidade, Satisfacao, Imagem, Motivacoes e Boca a Boca Eletronico Positivo. E, por ultimo, analisou o modelo relacional entre Qualidade, Satisfacao, Imagem e Motivacoes na explicacao do engajamento em Boca a Boca Eletronico Positivo. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo regido pela logica hipotetico-dedutiva, sendo descritivo com relacao aos seus objetivos. A abordagem analitica foi quantitativa, do tipo survey. O tipo de amostragem foi nao-probabilistica, por conveniencia, com a escolha do sujeito tendo sido realizada de forma sistematica, utilizando-se o tempo como fator de sistematizacao, numa tentativa de tornar aleatoria a selecao dos respondentes. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 355 turistas. O instrumento utilizado foi o formulario, cujas respostas foram coletadas nos principais pontos de entrada, saida e passeio de turistas na praia da Pipa/RN. A analise dos dados foi desenvolvida por meio de estatisticas descritivas e multivariadas, notadamente analise fatorial exploratoria e confirmatoria e modelagem de equacoes estruturais. Dentre os principais resultados, foi possivel confirmar que as Motivacoes, a Satisfacao e a Imagem afetam fortemente a intencao de realizar Boca a Boca Eletronico Positivo. Destaque e dado para as Motivacoes, uma vez que demonstram maior impacto na explicacao da variavel dependente, seguido pela Satisfacao e pela Imagem. Esta ultima, no entanto, de forma inversamente proporcional. Dentre as Motivacoes, aquela que apresenta maior percentual de variância explicada pela dimensao sao os Beneficios Sociais buscados pelo turista, tendo o Desejo de Ajudar outros Turistas e o de Extravasar Emocoes Positivas apresentado o mesmo percentual. As variaveis manifestas demonstram-se plenamente aceitaveis de serem tomadas como reflexos de seus respectivos fatores. As implicacoes teoricas e praticas destes resultados sao discutidas, como tambem apresentadas as principais conclusoes, limitacoes e recomendacoes deste estudo.
Trust Development in Swift Starting Action Teams

Swift starting action teams (STATs) are increasingly prevalent in organizations, and the development of trust is often a critical issue for their effectiveness. However, current theory and research do not provide a clear picture regarding how trust toward the team (i.e., the team as the target) is developed in these settings. The primary contribution of this article is to present a theoretical framework describing how individual-level trust toward one’s team is developed in STAT contexts. This article integrates several existing trust theories into one comprehensive context-specific multilevel theory of how trust develops in STATs from cognitive, affective, behavioral, and contextual perspectives. This framework furthers our understanding of the unique antecedents of initial trust in STATs, how trust attitudes are adjusted over the short amount of time the team interacts, and how the team context influences this developmental process.
Teaching with Scratch in Compulsory Secondary Education

The article analyzes the impact that the use of Scratch has in a group of students of Compulsory Secondary Education in the development of the teaching unit. For this we have studied the evolution of creative thought and analyzed the considerations made by the different actors involved, students and teachers. Qualitative and quantitative data are intended to complement the type of evidence and notes in research design followed. The tools used were the interview, field notes, diary of the researcher and the rubric adapted and created by Eduteka. The research results indicate that with the use of Scratch language students get better grades and are more motivated. As a conclusion, we can say that the application of the Scratch program improves school performance and student motivation significantly.
Relationship Between Proximal Femoral and Acetabular Alignment in Normal Hip Joints Using 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography

Background: The bony architecture of the hip depends upon functional adaptation to mechanical usage via the dynamic interaction between the acetabulum and femoral head. Acetabular retroversion is thought to be a contributing factor of pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement. Studies of pathological hip joints suggest proximal femoral anatomy compensates for acetabular retroversion. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if a predictable relationship exists between proximal femoral and acetabular angles, age, and gender in normal hip joints. We hypothesized that, through functional adaptation to mechanical loading, a complementary developmental relationship exists between the acetabulum and proximal femur. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: The femoral neck version, femoral neck shaft angle, acetabular version, acetabular inclination, and center edge angle were measured in 230 normal hip joints in 115 adults using 3-dimensional reconstruction software. Correlations between the angles, age, and gender were examined using the methods of stepwise regression and backward elimination. Results: Regarding side-to-side comparison and variability, there was no statistically significant difference between the left and right sides in the average value of each angle measurement. The correlations specifically between angles, age, and gender were similar on the left and right sides for all pairs except femoral version and acetabular inclination. Regarding significant findings of the study, a positive correlation (P < .05) was found between femoral version and acetabular version (0.38° to 1°). A positive correlation was found between femoral neck shaft angle and acetabular version (0.21° to 1°). A negative correlation was found between femoral neck shaft angle and age (–0.17° to 1°). A positive correlation was found between acetabular version and female gender (2.6° to 1°). A positive correlation was found between center edge angle and female gender (2.8° to 1°). A negative correlation was found between femoral version and acetabular inclination (–0.49° to 1°), although this latter relationship was only observed unilaterally (ie, left hip). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that a correlation exists between multiple proximal femoral and acetabular angles in normal hip joints. These findings support the hypothesis that a complementary developmental relationship occurs between the femoral head and acetabulum. Clinical Relevance: The results of this study suggest that, in some patients, what is thought to be pathological acetabular retroversion may actually be normal anatomy with a compensated femoral version. Investigating the relationship between these angles in patients with the signs and symptoms of pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement may alter a surgeon’s approach to this patient population.
Localisation and quantification of alkali‐labile sites in human spermatozoa by DNA breakage detection–fluorescence in situ hybridisation

The localisation and quantification of constitutive alkali‐labile sites (ALSs) were investigated using a protocol of DNA breakage detection plus fluorescence in situ hybridisation (DBD–FISH) and alkaline single‐cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE or comet assay), in spermatozoa of infertile and fertile men. Semen samples from 10 normozoospermic patients undergoing infertility treatment and 10 fertile men were included in this study. ALSs were localised and quantified by DBD–FISH. The region most sensitive to alkali treatment in human spermatozoa was located in the basal region of the head. ALSs were more frequent in spermatozoa of infertile men than in those of fertile men. These results were confirmed by SCGE comet assays. In conclusion, the most intense localisation of hybridisation signals in human spermatozoa, representing the highest density of constitutive ALSs, was not randomly distributed and was predominantly located in the base of the head. Moreover, infertile men presented with an increase in ALS frequency. Further studies are necessary to determine the association between ALS, sperm chromatin organisation and infertility.
Tendências contemporâneas em educação superior a distância no mundo e no Brasil.

Nos ultimos anos, a Educacao a Distância (EAD) e a modalidade de ensino que tem apresentado maior crescimento no cenario da educacao superior internacional. Em todo o mundo, o numero de cursos e de matriculas em cursos superiores a distância – tanto no nivel de graduacao, quanto no de pos-graduacao – vem crescendo exponencialmente. As estatisticas relacionadas a expansao da EAD impressionam. Em paises emergentes como China e India, por exemplo, os quais tem investido pesado na massificacao de seus sistemas de ensino superior, existem megauniversidades a distância que chegam a possuir mais de tres milhoes de estudantes matriculados. No caso do Brasil, o crescimento da EAD comecou a ocorrer ao longo da ultima decada, tambem de forma massiva. Entre 2003 e 2013, o numero de matriculas e de cursos de graduacao a distância no pais aumentou mais de 2.200% e 2.300%, respectivamente. Frente ao crescimento desta modalidade de ensino, temos o objetivo, aqui, de analisar algumas tendencias nacionais e internacionais em EAD. Para tanto, utilizamos como recurso metodologico a pesquisa bibliografica e documental
AutoLog: facing log redundancy and insufficiency

Logs are valuable for failure diagnosis and software debugging in practice. However, due to the ad-hoc style of inserting logging statements, the quality of logs can hardly be guaranteed. In case of a system failure, the log file may contain a large number of irrelevant logs, while crucial clues to the root cause may still be missing. In this paper, we present an automated approach to log improvement based on the combination of information from program source code and textual logs. It selects the most relevant ones from an ocean of logs to help developers focus and reason along the causality chain, and generates additional informative logs to help developers discover the root causes of failures. We have conducted a preliminary case study using an implementation prototype to demonstrate the usefulness of our approach.
Inhibition of periodontopathogen-derived proteolytic enzymes by a high-molecular-weight fraction isolated from cranberry.

BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola are three major aetiological agents of chronic periodontitis. The strong proteolytic activities of these bacteria are critical to their survival since their energy source is obtained from peptides and amino acids derived from proteins. In addition, proteases are important factors contributing to periodontal tissue destruction by a variety of mechanisms, including direct tissue degradation and modulation of host inflammatory responses. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of non-dialysable material (NDM) prepared from cranberry juice concentrate on the proteolytic activities of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola. METHODS The effect of NDM on gingipain and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) activities of P. gingivalis, trypsin-like activity of T. forsythia and chymotrypsin-like activity of T. denticola was evaluated using synthetic chromogenic peptides. In addition, the capacity of P. gingivalis to degrade fluorescein-labelled type I collagen and fluorescein-labelled transferrin in the presence of NDM was evaluated by fluorometry. RESULTS NDM dose-dependently inhibited the proteinases of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola as well as type I collagen and transferrin degradation by P. gingivalis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NDM has the potential to reduce either the proliferation of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola in periodontal pockets or their proteinase-mediated destructive process occurring in periodontitis.