Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium landscapes of the western Andean mountain front (10 ° s­ 33 Os): Long-term responses to along-strike changes in dimate

INTRODUCTION Mountain front landscapes are the result of the interactions between surface processes and tectonic processes. We examine the western mountain front of the central Andes (Figure 1) in an effort to measure the evolution of distinct mountain front landscapes that are the consequence of along-strike and altitudinal changes in climate from Mediterranean to hyper-arid. The geomorphology of the western mountain front of the Andes between 10 and 33°S shows marked contrasts along its more than 3000 km N-S trend and a strong correlation between
A review of the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of university students concerning HIV/AIDS

Research related to HIV/AIDS among university students has focused mainly upon the assessment of knowledge attitudes and behaviors and to a lesser extent upon the effectiveness of educational interventions. However ensuring the greatest success requires a multifaceted and coordinated approach which brings together faculty administration students health education professionals and the external community of students. Any program which targets HIV/AIDS can be included in a more comprehensive initiative for improving and maintaining student health. The skills learned to reduce the risk of HIV infection are transferable to other health issues and involve empowering students to take control and responsibility for their actions. Social research can contribute to the achievement of safer sex behavior by describing the range of the problem detecting the most dominant factors which affect the acceptance or rejection of recommended health behaviors and evaluating the effectiveness of educational interventions by monitoring changes in health beliefs and behaviors especially with regard to specific methods of intervention. Repeated surveys and evaluation studies are necessary since beliefs and behavior change over time. Based upon the findings of such studies health promotion should be planned implemented and continuously evaluated updated and changed.
Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC): Times series evidence from Portugal

The paper provides empirical evidence of an EKC – a relationship between income and environmental degradation for Portugal by applying autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) to times series data. In order to capture Portugal’s historical experience, demographic changes, and international trade on CO2 emissions, we assess the traditional income-emissions model with variables such as energy consumption, urbanization, and trade openness in time series framework. There is evidence of an EKC in both the short and long-run approaches. All variables carry the expected sign except trade openness which has the wrong sign and is statistically insignificant in both the short-run and long-run. Despite the success of Portugal in containing CO2 emissions so far, it is important to note that in recent years, emissions have risen. In order to comply with the 1992 Kyoto Protocol on CO2 emissions, there is need for policies that focus on the top five sectors responsible for about 55 percent of CO2 emissions are due to the extraction of crude petroleum, manufacturing of refined products, electricity distribution, construction, land transport and transport via pipeline services.
IN FIELD ASSESSMENT ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVE RADIATION (PAR) AND GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION TRANSMITTANCE THROUGH DISCONTINUOUS CANOPIES

In many crop models, the process of radiation transmittance through the canopy is normally described as an exponential attenuation process (Beer’s Law equation), which is assumed to be valid for canopies covering the ground with a random spatial distribution of leaves. However, for discontinuous canopies, where a distinctive row pattern of plant exists, there is a more complex situation because of the presence of gaps between individual plants. This must be accounted for when characterizing radiation relationships for these kinds of systems, in particular when short time-scales are of interest. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance (τPAR) is more commonly studied and reported than global solar radiation (Sg) transmittance (τSg). However, both PAR and Sg are important in radiative transfer sub-models used in plant growth simulation. In this work simultaneous measurements of τSg and τPAR under discontinuous canopies were performed, and the hourly changes in radiation transmittance for PAR and global solar radiation were characterized. Two methods were assessed to transform between τSg and τPAR. The two methods yielded similar results for low values of transmittance, but disagreement occurred for higher values of transmittance. The method based on a fixed value for the ratio of extinction coefficients for PAR and S g outperformed the method based on a linear relationship between τPAR and τSg with average relative errors (RE) of 7.97% vs. 13.29% and 2.84% vs. 7.77% for hourly and daily time-scale, respectively.
Effect of family Interaction pattern on High and Low Achievers of Secondary School Students: A Comparative study

The present study aims to explore the relationship between family interaction pattern and academic achievement of high and low achiever secondary school students of Bhagalpur district in Bihar (India). It involved 288 sample consisting 86 high and 202 low achievers further classified by gender. Family Interaction Pattern Scale (FIPS) developed by Bhatti (1986) was used. Hypotheses were tested using mean, standard deviation and ANOVA at the 0.01 and 0.05 level of significance. Result showed that family interaction pattern has significant effect on student’s academic achievement (F value-54.94> F- critical-1.57). It also showed that there is a significant difference in family interaction pattern on the basis of gender (F value-935.16>F-critical-6.74). Based on the findings, it is recommended that parents should interact with their children and they should get appropriate guidance and counseling for developing good home environment for better understanding of their wards.
Novel Screen for Investigating In Situ Rhizosphere Production of the Antibiotic 2,4‐Diacetylphloroglucinol by Bacterial Inocula

Abstract The rhizosphere is a complex zone of multitrophic interactions comprising plant roots, associated bacteria, fungi, and micro‐, meso‐, and macro‐fauna. Of considerable importance in this system is the production of antibiotics by root‐associated or “rhizo” bacteria. This is a widespread phenomenon of which a much‐studied exemplar is the production by pseudomonads of 2,4‐diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), known to be effective in the suppression of soil‐borne fungal pathogens. Rapid advances in understanding the molecular and biochemical bases of antibiotic (particularly DAPG) production have been made. However, our understanding of in situ antibiotic production currently lags behind this. There is therefore a need for a rapid soil‐based screen with which to identify antibiotic producers under rhizosphere C‐flow conditions. Here, a novel “rhizocosm,” comprising porous pipe and Rhizon sampler®, was superior to a simple, nonperfusing incubation‐type microcosm with respect to supporting a rhizobacterial inoculum. Its use as a screening tool is illustrated by screening known DAPG‐producing inocula in soil continuously supplied with simulated rhizosphere carbon flow. The DAPG was then extracted from soil using acetone and quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Simple sugars (glucose and fructose) stimulated the greatest DAPG production, while glucose with an additional organic or amino acid, or with a signal molecule, resulted in strongly variable DAPG expression.
Modelling a Dual-Fuelled Multi-Cylinder HCCI Engine Using a PDF Based Engine Cycle Simulator

Operating the HCCI engine with dual fuels with a large difference in auto-ignition characteristics (octane number) is one way to control the HCCI operation. The effect of octane number on combustion, emissions and engine performance in a 6 cylinder SCANIA truck engine, fuelled with n-heptane and isooctane, and running in HCCI mode, are investigated numerically and compared with measurements taken from Olsson et al. [SAE 2000-01-2867]. To correctly simulate the HCCI engine operation, we implement a probability density function (PDF) based stochastic reactor model (including detailed chemical kinetics and accounting for inhomogeneities in composition and temperature) coupled with GT-POWER, a 1-D fluid dynamics based engine cycle simulator. Such a coupling proves to be ideal for the understanding of the combustion phenomenon as well as the gas dynamics processes intrinsic to the engine cycle. The convective heat transfer in the engine cylinder is modeled as a stochastic jump process and accounts for the fluctuations and fluid-wall interaction effects. Curl's coalescence-dispersion model is used to describe turbulent mixing. A good agreement is observed between the predicted values and measurements for in-cylinder pressure, auto-ignition timing and CO, HC as well as NOx emissions for the base case. The advanced PDF-based engine cycle simulator clearly outperforms the widely used homogeneous model based full cycle engine simulator. The trends in combustion characteristics such as ignition crank angle degree and combustion duration with respect to varying octane numbers are predicted well as compared to measurements. The integrated model provides reliable predictions for in-cylinder temperature, CO, HC as well as NOx emissions over a wide range of octane numbers studied.
The Distribution of Wealth: Theoretical Microfoundations and Empirical Evidence

This paper studies the equilibrium distribution of wealth in an economy where dynasties with different wealth have constant marginal saving rates, firms’ productivities are subject to idiosyncratic shocks, returns on factors are determined in competitive markets and within each dynasty wealth is equally shared among its members. Government imposes taxes on capital and labour incomes and equally redistributes the collected resources to individuals. The equilibrium distribution of wealth is explicitly calculated and it follows a Paretian law in the top tail. The Pareto exponent depends on the saving rate, on the net return on capital, on the growth rate of population and on the degree of portfolio diversification. On the contrary, the bottom tail of the distribution of wealth mostly depends on the characteristics of the labour market. The analysis also suggests a positive relationship between growth and wealth inequality. The theoretical predictions find a corroboration in the empirical evidence of Italy and United States in the period 1987-2004.
The Macroeconomic Effects of Progressive Taxes and Welfare

We analyze the positive and normative effects of a progressive tax on wages in a nonlinear New Keynesian DSGE model in the presence of demand and technology shocks. The non-linearity allows us to disentangle the effects of the progressive tax on the volatility and the level of macroeconomic variables, for both intertemporally optimizing ("Ricardian") and non-Ricardian ("rule-of-thumb") households. We find that the interaction of the two household types is of crucial importance. When only Ricardian households are considered, progressive taxes increase welfare (compared to at taxes) in the presence of technology shocks. Aggregate welfare falls, however, when rule-of-thumb households are added to the analysis. The progressive tax increases the welfare of the latter household by lowering its consumption volatility, but this is overcompensated for by the destabilization of Ricardian household consumption. Under demand shocks, progressive taxes reduce the welfare of both household types, with the welfare of rule-of-thumb households falling despite a decline in their consumption volatility. The reason is a lower average consumption level which is related to the changed curvature of the marginal cost function.
Cyanobacteria community in two tropical eutrophic reservoirs in northeastern Brazil

This study investigated the effect of seasonality on the Cyanobacteria community in two tropical eutrophic reservoirs in northeastern Brazil. Monthly samplings were conducted in the sub-surface of reservoirs. The following abiotic variables were analyzed: apparent color, turbidity, conductivity, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfate, total phosphorous, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, chlorides, total hardness and chlorophyll-a, according to APHA (2012). Cyanobacteria density was quantified through biomass. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Redundancy Analysis (RDA). Higher mean values of Cyanobacteria biomass occurred in the dry (9.9mm 3 L -1 ) and rainy (19.0mm 3 L -1 ) season in Jucazinho and Carpina reservoirs, respectively, especially Planktothrix agardhii, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Geiterinema amphibium, which occurred in 100% of the samples. RDA analysis revealed that the variables nitrite, ammonia, conductivity, calcium, sulfate, chlorides and alkalinity influenced most the Cyanobacteria community in both reservoirs. High trophic state index was observed throughout the year. Seasonality affected both biotic and abiotic variables.
Extended Lyα emission around quasars with eclipsing damped Lyα systems

We present spectroscopic observations of six high redshift ($z_{\rm em}$ $>$ 2) quasars, which have been selected for their Lyman $\alpha$ (Ly$\alpha$) emission region being only partially covered by a strong proximate ($z_{\rm abs}$ $\sim$ $z_{\rm em}$) coronagraphic damped Ly$\alpha$ system (DLA). We detected spatially extended Ly$\alpha$ emission envelopes surrounding these six quasars, with projected spatial extent in the range 26 $\le$ $d_{\rm Ly\alpha}$ $\le$ 51 kpc. No correlation is found between the quasar ionizing luminosity and the Ly$\alpha$ luminosity of their extended envelopes. This could be related to the limited covering factor of the extended gas and/or due to the AGN being obscured in other directions than towards the observer. Indeed, we find a strong correlation between the luminosity of the envelope and its spatial extent, which suggests that the envelopes are probably ionized by the AGN. The metallicity of the coronagraphic DLAs is low and varies in the range $-$1.75 $<$ [Si/H] $<$ $-$0.63. Highly ionized gas is observed to be associated with most of these DLAs, probably indicating ionization by the central AGN. One of these DLAs has the highest AlIII/SiII ratio ever reported for any intervening and/or proximate DLA. Most of these DLAs are redshifted with respect to the quasar, implying that they might represent infalling gas probably accreted onto the quasar host galaxies through filaments.
Modelling diameter distribution of Tetraclinis articulata in Tunisia using normal and Weibull distributions with parameters depending on stand variables

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of both Normal and two-parameter Weibull distributions in describing diameter distribution of Tetraclinis articulata stands in north-east Tunisia. The parameters of the Weibull function were estimated using the moments method and maximum likelihood approaches. The data used in this study came from temporary plots. The three diameter distribution models were compared firstly by estimating the parameters of the distribution directly from individual tree measurements taken in each plot (parameter estimation method), and secondly by predicting the same parameters from stand variables (parameter prediction method). The comparison was based on bias, mean absolute error, mean square error and the Reynolds’ index error (as a percentage). On the basis of the parameter estimation method, the Normal distribution gave slightly better results, whereas the Weibull distribution with the maximum likelihood approach gave the best results for the parameter prediction method. Hence, in the latter case, the Weibull distribution with the maximum likelihood approach appears to be the most suitable to estimate the parameters for reducing the different comparison criteria for the distribution of trees by diameter class in Tetraclinis articulata forests in Tunisia.
Annealing-tabu PAES: a multi-objective hybrid meta-heuristic

Most real-life optimization problems require taking into account not one, but multiple objectives simultaneously. In most cases these objectives are in conflict, i.e. the improvement of some objectives implies the deterioration of others. In single-objective optimization there exists a global optimum, while in the multi-objective case no optimal solution is clearly defined, but rather a set of solutions. In the last decade most papers dealing with multi-objective optimization use the concept of Pareto-optimality. The goal of Pareto-based multi-objective strategies is to generate a front (set) of non-dominated solutions as an approximation to the true Pareto-optimal front. However, this front is unknown for problems with large and highly complex search spaces, which is why meta-heuristic methods have become important tools for solving this kind of problem. Hybridization in the multi-objective context is nowadays an open research area. This article presents a novel extension of the well-known Pareto archived evolution strategy (PAES) which combines simulated annealing and tabu search. Experiments on several mathematical problems show that this hybridization allows an improvement in the quality of the non-dominated solutions in comparison with PAES, and also with its extension M-PAES.
The near-edge structure in energy-loss spectroscopy: many-electron and magnetic effects in transition metal nitrides and carbides

We investigate the ability of the local density approximation (LDA) in density functional theory to predict the near-edge structure in electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the dipole approximation. We include screening of the core hole within the LDA using Slater's transition state theory. We find that anion K-edge threshold energies are systematically overestimated by 4.22±0.44 eV in twelve transition metal carbides and nitrides in the rock-salt (B1) structure. When we apply this `universal' many-electron correction to energy-loss spectra calculated within the transition state approximation to LDA, we find quantitative agreement with experiment to within one or two eV for TiC, TiN and VN. We compare our calculations to a simpler approach using a projected Mulliken density which honours the dipole selection rule, in place of the dipole matrix element itself. We find remarkably close agreement between these two approaches. Finally, we show an anomaly in the near-edge structure in CrN to be due to magnetic structure. In particular, we find that the N K edge in fact probes the magnetic moments and alignments of the Cr sublattice.
Relativism and the Ontological Turn within Anthropology

The “ontological turn” is a recent movement within cultural anthropology. Its proponents want to move beyond a representationalist framework, where cultures are treated as systems of belief (concepts, etc.) that provide different perspectives on a single world. Authors who write in this vein move from talk of many cultures to many “worlds,” thus appearing to affirm a form of relativism. We argue that, unlike earlier forms of relativism, the ontological turn in anthropology is not only immune to the arguments of Donald Davidson’s “The Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme,” but it affirms and develops the antirepresentationalist position of Davidson’s subsequent essays.
Hypertension Diagnosis and Physician Consult to Reduce Salt Intake

Hypertension is a pertinent global health issue with increased prevalent contributing factors such as lack of physical activity, increased BMI levels, and poor nutritional choices. Compared to other ethnicities, African Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with hypertension, more likely to have untreated hypertension, and more likely to suffer adverse clinical consequences from uncontrolled hypertension. As much as 30% of all deaths due to hypertension in African American men and 20% in women can be contributing to high blood pressure. The purpose of this study is to explore whether African Americans with and without hypertension are given proper consultation to reduce salt intake based on hypertension diagnosis from their physician. Data was analysed from the 2015 BRFFS data, a United States health survey that looks at behavioural risk factors. Analysis was restricted to 4,476 non-Hispanic African American participants with and without hypertension diagnosis and salt reduction recommendation at baseline. Hypertension and salt reduction recommendations were assed using self-reported high blood pressure and salt reduction measurements at baseline. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the differences of hypertension and the impact of physician recommendation on reduced salt intake. Compared to self-reported data of hypertension awareness, those aware of their hypertension were more likely to be women than men (58% vs 42% respectively). Adjusted differences showed those who were aware of their hypertension were not given proper consult to reduce salt intake compared to those who did receive proper consult (OR=7.53; confidence interval [CI] 5.92- 9.59). In conclusion, our results suggest that physicians can play an important role in reducing racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension control. Additionally, the study highlights the need for testing an intervention aimed at increasing provider awareness of disparities within the local health setting to improve hypertension control for high risk patients.
Tense Analysis in Rhetorical Movement of Results and Discussion Chapters of Master’s Theses in Hard Sciences

In order to gain insights into the tense profile in master theses’ Integrated Results and Discussion chapters, the present study investigated the use of tenses in obligatory rhetorical units (moves and steps) in 20 master’s theses in the hard sciences written by ESL students within a period of 10 years from 2002 to 2012. To conduct the study, a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative approaches was adopted. The quantitative analysis was conducted to locate the tenses in the identified obligatory rhetorical units of the corpus. Besides, to enhance the robustness of the methodology, the shifts in the use of the tenses and possible reasons for tense preferences in the obligatory rhetorical units were investigated qualitatively in the form of contextual analysis. The contextual analysis revealed that the simple present tense (66.03%) was the most preferred tense, followed by the use of simple past tense (28.14%). Also, the contextual analysis revealed that the contributing factors in the tense choices were temporal aspects, rhetorical unit function, nature of disciplines, the structure of the report, writer’s personal tendency, and level of generalizability of issues.