Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Co-contamination of Nigerian Cocoa and Cocoa-Based Powder Beverages Destined for Human Consumption by Mycotoxins

Abstract A total of sixty-four (64) samples consisting of cocoa (processed and non-processed) and cocoa based powder beverages were collected from fields, stores and markets in different areas in south-western Nigeria and screened for the five major mycotoxins-aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FBs). Mycotoxins analyses were done after extraction by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which showed contamination of the food commodities by major mycotoxins (AFs, OTA, DON, ZEA and FBs) at different incidences and concentration ranges. Results from HPLC analysis showed concentration of AFs, OTA, fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), ZEA and DON up to 16. 01μg/kg, 884. 8μg/kg, 440μg/kg, 20. 2μg/kg, 2364. 7μg/kg and 8. 5μg/kg respectively in the different food samples analysed. The contamination and co-contamination of these food commodities by some of these mycotoxins at concentrations above the different set regulatory limits by the EU and other countries is of concern with attendant health risks, particularly for Nigerians who consume these contaminated cocoa and cocoa products as part of their diets.
Comparison of rotating stall characteristics between the viscid and inviscid two-dimensional model

To study the rotating stall phenomenon, a two-dimensional numerical analysis of the vaneless diffuser core flow is performed, where the influence of the wall boundary layers is neglected. Therefore, a commercial code with standard incompressible viscous flow solver is applied to model the vaneless diffuser core flow in the plane parallel to the diffuser walls. By assuming the rotating jet-wake velocity pattern at the diffuser inlet, and constant static pressure at the diffuser outlet, a two-dimensional rotating instability was obtained, which is associated with the rotating stall phenomenon in wide vaneless radial diffusers. In this paper, results of the two-dimensional numerical model are compared with those of the two-dimensional inviscid flow analysis, which is performed to study the vaneless diffuser core flow instability. Similar relations are obtained with both models for the critical flow angle, number of rotating cells and their propagation speed versus the diffuser radius ratio. Besides comparing the rotating stall characteristics, also the velocity and pressure fluctuation fields were compared. Again, good agreement is found between the two models.
Business Model Dynamics and Innovation: (Re)establishing the Missing Linkages

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the need to dynamize the existing conceptualization of business model, and proposes a new typology to distinguish different types of business model change.Design/methodology/approach – The paper integrates basic insights of innovation, business process and routine research into the concept of business model. The main focus of the paper is on strategic and terminological issues.Findings – The paper offers a new, process‐based conceptualization of business model, which recognizes and integrates the role of individual agency. Based on this, it distinguishes and specifies four different types of business model change: business model creation, extension, revision, and termination. Each type of business model change is associated with specific challenges.Practical implications – The proposed typology can serve as a basis for developing a management tool to evaluate the impact of specific changes to a firm's business model. Such a tool would be particularly useful in identify.
Reply to comment by Cao and Hu on “Long waves in erodible channels and morphodynamic influence”

[1] We thank Cao and Hu [2008] very much for their comment. We must honestly say that at first sight, we felt that their point, reproducing that raised by Cao and Carling [2003] to challenge the formulation of the 1-D governing equations proposed by Lisle et al. [2001], had already been proven to be erroneous by Cui et al. [2005]. However, after more careful examination of the matter, we have concluded that both the final forms of the continuity equation derived by Cao and Hu [2008] (hereinafter referred to as CH) and Lanzoni et al. [2006] (hereinafter denoted as LSFS) are not wholly correct. Indeed, while the main point raised by CH is definitely correct, they reach slightly incorrect conclusions, employing a framework which ignores the distinction between bed load and suspended load. On the other hand, the LSFS derivation is also incorrect in that it will be seen to ignore the defect of water flux due to the presence of particles transported as bed load, an effect which turns out to be of the same order of magnitude as that of the retained contributions. This effect modifies the final form of the continuity equation for the fluid phase which does indeed include a sediment transport correction, whose structure will be seen to be intermediate between the one derived by LSFS and that suggested by CH. While, as shown in section 4, this modification does not affect the treatment of one-dimensional long sediment waves presented by LSFS, the issue is of conceptual importance.We are therefore grateful to CH for motivating us to provide a hopefully more conclusive clarification of the matter. We are confident that the analysis presented below will be instructive for the reader, as it was for us.
Evaluation of the smoke-injection height from wild-land fires using remote-sensing data

Abstract. A new methodology for the estimation of smoke-injection height from wild-land fires is proposed and evaluated. It is demonstrated that the approaches developed for estimating the plume rise from stacks, such as the formulas of G. Briggs, can be formally written in terms characterising the wild-land fires: fire energy, size and temperature. However, these semi-empirical methods still perform quite poorly because the physical processes controlling the uplift of the wildfire plumes differ from those controlling the plume rise from stacks. The proposed new methodology considers wildfire plumes in a way similar to Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) computations. The new formulations are applied to a dataset collected within the MISR Plume Height Project for about 2000 fire plumes in North America and Siberia. The estimates of the new method are compared with remote-sensing observations of the plume top by the MISR instrument, with two versions of the Briggs' plume-rise formulas, with the 1-D plume-rise model BUOYANT, and with the prescribed plume-top position (the approach widely used in dispersion modelling). The new method has performed significantly better than all these approaches. For two-thirds of the cases, its predictions deviated from the MISR observations by less than 500 m, which is the uncertainty of the observations themselves. It is shown that the fraction of "good" predictions is much higher (>80%) for the plumes reaching the free troposphere.
Gas kinematics, morphology and angular momentum in the FIRE simulations

Author(s): El-Badry, K; Quataert, E; Wetzel, A; Hopkins, PF; Weisz, DR; Chan, TK; Fitts, A; Boylan-Kolchin, M; Keres, D; Faucher-Giguere, CA; Garrison-Kimmel, S | Abstract: © 2017 The Author(s). We study the z = 0 gas kinematics, morphology and angular momentum content of isolated galaxies in a suite of cosmological zoom-in simulations from the FIRE project spanning Mstar = 106-11M⊙. Gas becomes increasingly rotationally supported with increasing galaxy mass. In the lowest mass galaxies (Mstar l 108M⊙), gas fails to form a morphological disc and is primarily dispersion and pressure supported. At intermediate masses (Mstar = 108-10M⊙), galaxies display a wide range of gas kinematics and morphologies, from thin, rotating discs to irregular spheroids with negligible net rotation. All the high-mass (Mstar = 1010-11M⊙) galaxies form rotationally supported gas discs. Many of the haloes whose galaxies fail to form discs harbour high angular momentum gas in their circumgalactic medium. The ratio of the specific angular momentum of gas in the central galaxy to that of the dark matter halo increases significantly with galaxy mass, from 〈jgas〉/〈jDM〉 ~ 0.1 at Mstar = 106-7M⊙ to 〈jgas〉/〈jDM〉 ~ 2 at Mstar = 1010-11M⊙. The reduced rotational support in the lowest mass galaxies owes to (a) stellar feedback and the UV background suppressing the accretion of high angular momentum gas at late times, and (b) stellar feedback driving large non-circular gas motions. We broadly reproduce the observed scaling relations between galaxy mass, gas rotation velocity, size and angular momentum, but may somewhat underpredict the incidence of disky, high angular momentum galaxies at the lowest observed masses (Mstar = (106- 2 × 107) M⊙). Stars form preferentially from low angular momentum gas near the galactic centre and are less rotationally supported than gas. The common assumption that stars follow the same rotation curve as gas thus substantially overestimates the simulated galaxies' stellar angular momentum, particularly at low masses.
Effect of Juzentaihoto/Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang on malignant progression and metastasis of tumor cells

A Japanese herbal (Kampo, [INSIDE:1]) medicine, [INSIDE:2] (juzentaihoto/Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang), is one of the nourishing agents, a so-called “[INSIDE:3] (Hozai/Bu-Ji),” that is used for improving disturbance and imbalances in the homeostatic condition of the body. This formulation is orally administered to patients in various weakened states, including postsurgery patients and patients with chronic illness, where it can alleviate general symptoms such as extreme fatigue, pale complexion, loss of appetite, dry or scaly skin, night sweating, and dryness of the mouth. Recently, juzentaihoto/Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang has been shown to have a variety of biological activities, including activation of natural killer cells and macrophages, cytokine induction, antibody production, antitumor effects in combination with surgical excision or other drugs, and protection against the adverse effects of anticancer drugs and radiation, including immunosuppression and bone marrow toxicity. This article focuses on the antitumor and antimetastatic properties of some Kampo medicines and mainly describes the effects of juzentaihoto and its related formulations on tumor development, progression, and metastasis in vivo. We also discuss the inhibitory mechanism of action and the importance of the prescription and constituent crude drugs in determining the efficacy.
An analysis of the usefulness to investors of managers’ fair value estimates of firm assets: Evidence from IAS 36 "Impairment of Assets" and IAS 40 "Investment Property"

Firms’ adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has been increasing worldwide. Even the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is considering direct incorporation of IFRS into the U.S. financial reporting regime in the foreseeable future. With the adoption of IFRS, reports of managers’ fair value estimates of a firm’s assets in financial statements became more pervasive than under local generally accepted accounting principles (GAAPs) and is likely to become increasingly important over the coming years. However, managers’ fair value estimates are subject to measurement errors that might reduce the faithful representation of accounting numbers. Using publicly available managers’ fair value estimates of cash generating units and investment properties, this empirical study analyzes the usefulness to investors of these estimates. The analysis is based on two standards of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB): International Accounting Standard (IAS) 36 "Impairment of Assets" and International Accounting Standard (IAS) 40 "Investment Property. "
SPECIATION OF ARSENIC ACROSS WATER-SEDIMENT INTERFACE OF FALGU RIVER

Two predominant species of arsenic compounds, As(III) and As(V), are found in soils and natural water and they have been classified as carcinogens. The focus of the present study was to examine the speciation of Arsenic (As) across the water-sediment interface at the confluence of drainage for Gaya city and the Falgu River. Gas Chromatography (GC) coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to analyze the organic arsenic species while the inorganic arsenic species, As(III) and As(V), were analyzed by Anion Exchange Chromatography (AEC) coupled with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The determination of total arsenic load was carried out by colorimetric method using silver diethyldithiocarbamate and was measured at 535 nm. Results revealed that the waters contained Monomethylarsine (MMA), Dimethylarsine (DMA), Trimethylarsine (TMA), As(III) as Arsenite (AsO3-3) and As(V) as Arsenate (AsO4-3). However, the methylated species were found in much higher concentrations in pore water from the sediment as compared to in the free water. The high levels of arsenic compounds found at the drainage sites pose a threat to human health and as such should be monitored and remediated promptly by the local and state governments.
Successional cocoa agroforests of the Amazon–Orinoco–Guiana shield

Cocoa was used as a fruit in its native range. Cocoa fruits were harvested from “wild” cocoa stands embedded into the forests growing on the high terraces of the Amazon and Orinoco river systems and in the Guiana shield. “Wild” cocoa stands resulting from human intervention and disturbance of the local forest ecosystem are called sub-spontaneous cocoa stands. We propose that these sub-spontaneous cocoa forests are a new type of cocoa production system that we propose to call “successional cocoa agroforest. ” This article (1) describes the history of extractive cocoa in the Amazon basin, (2) outlines the possible historic path of domestication and use of cocoa sub-spontaneous stands, (3) specifies the biophysical and cultural processes that determine the creation–destruction–regeneration of the successional cocoa agroforest, (4) proposes a model for the functioning of this cocoa production system, and (5) documents the scarce information available on the changes in both the forest vegetation and biomass, and cocoa population numbers along the course of forest succession. This study shows the need to broaden the popular five classes classification of coffee and cocoa production systems (open sun cultivation, specialized shade, commercial shade, mixed shade, and rustic systems) to include a sixth type, the “successional cocoa agroforest. ”
Assessment of Different Saccharification and Fermentation Configurations for Ethanol Production from Agave lechuguilla

Different strategies were assessed for the production of ethanol from Agave lechuguilla that was pretreated by autohydrolysis. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) was compared against simultaneous processes including simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and prehydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) using different solids (15%, 20%, and 25% w/w) and enzyme loadings (15 FPU/g, 20 FPU/g, and 25 FPU/g glucan). The results showed that the maximum ethanol concentration (53.7 g/L) and productivity (1.49 g/L h-1) was obtained at 36 h in the SHF configuration at the highest solids and enzyme loadings (25% w/v and 25 FPU/g glucan, respectively). The ethanol concentration and productivity obtained in the PSSF configuration at the same time were 45 g/L and 1.25 g/L h-1, respectively. The SSF configuration exhibited the lowest ethanol concentration and productivity (10.4 g/L and 0.29 g/L h-1, respectively) at 36 h. The enzyme used, Cellic CTec3, allowed for high glucose yields at the lower enzyme dosage assessed. The SHF configuration exhibited the best results. However, the PSSF configuration can be considered an attractive alternative because it eliminated the need for solid-liquid separation devices, which simplifies the industrial implementation of the process.
Development and evaluation of Methocel K15M based Theophylline floating tablets

Article history: Received on: 12/06/2013 Revised on: 15/07/2013 Accepted on: 05/08/2013 Available online: 18/09/2013 The purpose of the investigation highlights the formulation and optimization of floating tablets containing theophylline as a model drug. Formulations were optimized for different concentrations of cetyl alcohol, citrc acid and methocel K15M by direct compression method. The dissolution study of the tablet matrices of 9 different formulations were carried out in 0.1N HCl as the medium (pH 1.3) for 8 hours using USP type II dissolution apparatus. It was observed the floating lag time for the tablet was 30 seconds and the total floating time was more than 8 hours. The drug release pattern was simulated in different kinetic orders such as Zero Order, First Order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer release kinetic model. From the study, we observed that Higuchi release kinetics was predominant over other release kinetics and diffusion was the drug release mechanism from the matrices. Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics suggests that formulation F3, F4 and F9 followed Fickian type release mechanism whereas formulation F1, F2, F5, F6, F7 and F8 followed Non-Fickian type release mechanism. Thus, it is possible to design theophylline loaded Methocel K15M sustained release matrix tablets with desirable release characteristics by judicious and critical combination of Methocel K15M with other hydrophilic materials.
Bounds for some entropies and special functions

We consider a family of probability distributions depending on a real parameter and including the binomial, Poisson and negative binomial distributions. The corresponding index of coincidence satisfies a Heun differential equation and is a logarithmically convex function. Combining these facts we get bounds for the index of coincidence, and consequently for R\'{e}nyi and Tsallis entropies of order $2$.
Bank Size, Risk-taking and Capital Regulation in Bangladesh

This study examines the impact of bank size on bank regulatory capital ratios and risk-taking behavior using a panel dataset of 30 Bangladeshi commercial banks over the period 2008-2012. The relationship between bank regulatory capital ratios and bank risk-taking is also examined. For empirical analysis, generalized methods of moments (GMM) panel method are used to explore the relationships among bank size, regulatory capital ratios and risk-taking behavior. Empirical results show that large banks hold lower amount of capital and take higher level of risk. Findings also show a reverse relationship between bank capital levels and bank risk-taking; that is, banks holding higher levels of regulatory capital are significantly less risky. Findings of this study has important implications for the Bangladeshi government, policy makers, banking regulators and bank stakeholders regarding bank size, regulatory capital requirements and overall banking sector risk-taking behavior.
Between Belonging and Longing: Why do Young Rural-urban Migrants Leave Their Places of Birth, What Do They Leave Behind, and Do They Consider Moving Back?

This study is based on telephone interviews in 2012 with 25 arbitrarily chosen adolescents between 20-27 years who had recently migrated from the rural Danish municipality of Lemvig, supplemented with results from a 2011 survey (n=120). Within a theoretical framework of belonging (Cohen, 1982) combined with Bourdieu’s (1986) general theory of the economy of practices, the purpose is to shed light on three, interrelated questions: Why do young rural-urban migrants leave their places of birth, what do they leave behind, and do they consider moving back later in life? The new empirical contribution is to shed light on the latter, important question, which has been somewhat overlooked within rural studies. In line with previous studies, adolescents’ decision to move was often complex, although achieving legitimate cultural (educational) capital in urban areas was crucial. However, most of them still felt a strong emotional attachment – belonging – to their local area, mainly to family, friends, local community and place. In what regards potential return migration, difficulties in getting a good job and thus securing good incomes and social recognition seemed to be the main obstacle for moving back. Hence, many seemed trapped between two ‘competing’ sets of emotions – security/warmth and personal pride/ambition – that is, between their belonging to a specific local field characterized by ‘survival’ networks (Corbett, 2013) and their longing for a non-specific, other place where they could achieve, and capitalize upon, highly state recognized forms of educational and symbolic capital targeted at the national ‘field of fields’ (cf. Hektner, 1995; Johnson et al., 2005; Bourdieu, 2014). At the macro level, the rural-to-urban migration trend mirrors an unequal distribution of legitimate symbolic capital in space, i.e. the rural-urban power divide, reinforced by a negative discourse of rurality (Winther and Svendsen, 2012).
Pelagic squid associationswith a warm-core eddy of the East Australian Current

Cephalopods were sampled at night by midwater trawling in the upper 500 m in and near warm- core eddy F during summer. In all, 29 species (1019 specimens) were caught. Of the five dominant species, the squid Pterygioteuthis giardi and Brachioteuthis riisei were most numerous inside the eddy and Abraliopsis gilchristi and Pterygioteuthis gemmata had length-frequency distributions that were significantly larger outside than inside the eddy. A. gilchristi was also concentrated in warmer water and Pyroteuthis margaritifera was more common at 250 m than at shallower depths. Cluster analysis established a clear association of overall composition and relative abundances of cephalopod species with water temperature and location with respect to the eddy.
THE TIME‐VARYING EQUITY PREMIUM AND THE S&P 500 IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

I present a new hindcast stock market index for the United States over the twentieth century. This is constructed by calibrating a rational asset pricing model that allows for a time-varying equity premium driven by heteroskedasticity in consumption growth. By incorporating this variation in risk, the mean square error of the generated index series, when compared to the observed levels of the S&P 500, is significantly reduced. The model also explains the broad magnitudes and timings of the major bull and bear markets of the twentieth century, particularly before 1973, and the excess volatility puzzle is largely resolved. © 2011 The Southern Finance Association and the Southwestern Finance Association.
A constructivist grounded theory approach to semantic metadata interoperability in digital libraries: preliminary reflections

This paper highlights the problems of semantic metadata interoperability in digital libraries. It argues that the prevalence of the plethora of standards and the lack of semantic interoperability is partly attributed to the absence of theoretical foundations to underpin current metadata approaches and solutions. The absence of such theories is a general problem in the library and information domain (Andersen & Skouvig, 2006; Floridi, 2000; Hjorland, 2000; Lehmann, 2010). The paper emphasises that present metadata interoperability approaches are mainly top-down and hierarchical which fail to take into account the diversity of cultural, linguistic and local perspectives. In this regard, the paper argues that a social constructivist approach should be adopted as libraries and cultural heritage institutions house information objects which need to be enriched with metadata that reflects diversity of views and perspectives of their users. In this paper, following on Charmaz (2006), a constructivist grounded theory method is adopted. The method allows an active interplay between the researcher and the participants who are library and information science researchers, librarians and actual library users. From the first phase of data collection, preliminary analysis is presented on how library and information science professionals view current metadata practises especially as used in academic library contexts.