Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Building blocks for social-ecological transformations: identifying and building on governance successes for small-scale fisheries

We introduce building blocks as an approach to assess deliberative transformation pathways in linked systems of people and nature (i.e., small-scale fishery systems). In doing so, we address a knowledge gap about the maintenance and replication of governance processes that support transformative change, with a particular focus on small-scale fisheries that are facing ecological decline. Recent introduction of comanaged territorial use rights for small-scale fishers in the Cau Hai Lagoon, Vietnam has shown promise for alleviating ecological impacts from overfishing and reduced conflicts among fishers. We use this setting to inductively identify building blocks in two case study sites, and highlight the lessons for replicating successes in similar small-scale coastal fisheries. The investigation revealed five building blocks that were instrumental to success in the two case study communities: fisher approval of ecological conservation, cooperation among fishers, support from local government, secure funding, and effective leadership. These findings demonstrate site-level specificity of what governance attributes are already contributing to more durable and transformative change, and how these attributes can be augmented in other communities in the Cau Hai Lagoon. Key lessons for governance of transformations are that (1) building blocks do not need to be identical from case to case, and (2) further consideration needs to be given to how building blocks may nest or fit together. Our research contributes to a relatively new body of literature on deliberative transformations and offers guidance on a way to support and enhance transformations of small-scale fisheries.
Can morphological borrowing be an effect of codeswitching? Evidence from the inflectional morphology of borrowed nouns in Friulian

Abstract This article investigates how morphological borrowing can take place in situations of language contact, and which factors play a role in this process. The author proposes that synthetic languages can use three strategies to form the plural of borrowed nouns and adjectives: oikomorphological, xenomorphological, and allomorphological. Data collected for varieties of Friulian in contact with different languages show that borrowed nouns can undergo all three types of morphological integration. The use of the xenomorphological strategy, which consists of forming the plural as in the donor language, is becoming widespread through generations of speakers of Friulian living in Italy. Basing on a comparison with the inflection of nouns and adjectives that Friulian has borrowed directly and indirectly from Italian and other languages, the author suggests that, in bilingual communities, the insertional codeswitching of inflected nouns and adjectives could be the “Trojan horse” that makes possible inflectional morphological borrowing.
The potential of, and threat to, the transfer of ecological knowledge in urban areas: the case of community-based woodland management in Tokyo, Japan

Urban dwellers often have little knowledge of local ecosystems, but community groups that actively manage local ecosystems can acquire a rich ecological knowledge. Understanding the knowledge transfer process within community groups contributes to the continuous improvement of urban ecosystem management. In this paper, we address three main questions: (1) How is ecological knowledge acquisition linked to boundary and intra-group interactions? (2) Does holding knowledge mean the involvement in actual management activities? (3) Does the aging of community group members threaten the continuity of activities? We selected satoyama woodlands (seminatural woodlands) in peri-urban Tokyo, Japan as a study site. We used a mixed method approach that combined a qualitative interview with a quantitative questionnaire. We found that boundary interactions were particularly important at the start of an urban ecological management process, to obtain basic knowledge relating to management activities. Intra-group interaction contributed to knowledge transfer after the starting period. We found that participants possessing considerable ecological knowledge do not necessarily participate in management activities. Findings also indicated that the aging of group members in groups established for more than 10 years was an area of concern for the continuity of group activities. New members did not necessarily solve this aging issue. We conclude that further measures and actions are needed to ensure long-term knowledge transfer among the participants of community groups in urban ecosystem management.
It Makes Me Sick: Heterosexism, homophobia and the health of gay and bisexual men

The third edition of Making it Count [MiC III] (Hickson et al. 2003a) develops our collective approach to HIV prevention for homosexually active men by placing greater emphasis on the social contexts and structural factors contributing to HIV exposure and transmission. It argues that the health and well-being of Gay men and Bisexual men is compromised by pervasive social discrimination. It prioritises tackling homophobic and heterosexist practices at personal, institutional and structural levels and describes the roles of individuals, communities, services and policy makers in doing so. In this way, it forges a link between the HIV prevention needs of individuals, social inequality and their broader health. This paper explores the relationship between heterosexism, homophobia, social inequality and the health of homosexually active men. This section critically examines our current understandings of terms such as homophobia and heterosexism, highlighting theoretical and practical difficulties. Section 2 examines research on inequalities and discrimination within a range of settings. Section 3 considers research evidence for linking discrimination to reduced health outcomes among homosexually active men. Finally, Section 4 discusses the ways in which limitations in our understanding in this area give rise to a narrow set of health promotion interventions.
Entrepreneurs’ Education and Different Variable Pay Schemes in Italian Firms

In this paper, we investigate the influence of the education of entrepreneurs, which we hypothesise to be a signal of talent, on the adoption of variable pay (VP) schemes in the Italian economy. We estimate to what extent differences in the diffusion of VP between Italian firms reflect differences in the quality of entrepreneurs. Our estimates, which we obtained by taking both endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity into account, validate hypotheses about the direct positive effects of entrepreneurs’ education on the adoption of VP schemes. Furthermore, we ascertain the role of entrepreneurs’ education by examining its influence on the choice between different types of VP bonuses at the individual, group, or establishment levels. Our results suggest that highly educated entrepreneurs are more likely to use individual or collective forms of VP schemes at the establishment level rather than team VP incentives.
The 2015 Gorkha earthquake: A large event illuminating the Main Himalayan Thrust fault

The 2015 Gorkha earthquake sequence provides an outstanding opportunity to better characterize the geometry of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). To overcome limitations due to unaccounted lateral heterogeneities, we perform Centroid Moment Tensor inversions in a 3‐D Earth model for the main shock and largest aftershocks. In parallel, we recompute S‐to‐P and P‐to‐S receiver functions from the Hi‐CLIMB data set. Inverted centroid locations fall within a low‐velocity zone at 10–15 km depth and corresponding to the subhorizontal portion of the MHT that ruptured during the Gorkha earthquake. North of the main shock hypocenter, receiver functions indicate a north dipping feature that likely corresponds to the midcrustal ramp connecting the flat portion to the deep part of the MHT. Our analysis of the main shock indicates that long‐period energy emanated updip of high‐frequency radiation sources previously inferred. This frequency‐dependent rupture process might be explained by different factors such as fault geometry and the presence of fluids.
DETECTION OF AN ATMOSPHERE AROUND THE SUPER-EARTH 55 CANCRI E

We report the analysis of two new spectroscopic observations in the near-infrared of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e, obtained with the WFC3 camera on board the Hubble Space Telescope. 55 Cancri e orbits so close to its parent star that temperatures much higher than 2000 K are expected on its surface. Given the brightness of 55 Cancri, the observations were obtained in scanning mode, adopting a very long scanning length and a very high scanning speed. We use our specialized pipeline to take into account systematics introduced by these observational parameters when coupled with the geometrical distortions of the instrument. We measure the transit depth per wavelength channel with an average relative uncertainty of 22 ppm per visit and find modulations that depart from a straight line model with a 6σ confidence level. These results suggest that 55 Cancri e is surrounded by an atmosphere, which is probably hydrogen-rich. Our fully Bayesian spectral retrieval code,  ? > -REx, has identified HCN to be the most likely molecular candidate able to explain the features at 1.42 and 1.54 μm. While additional spectroscopic observations in a broader wavelength range in the infrared will be needed to confirm the HCN detection, we discuss here the implications of such a result. Our chemical model, developed with combustion specialists, indicates that relatively high mixing ratios of HCN may be caused by a high C/O ratio. This result suggests this super-Earth is a carbon-rich environment even more exotic than previously thought.
Ethnobotany and Conservation of Plant Resources of Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria

The study was conducted to generate baseline data for the conservation and sustainable use of woody resources in Kainji Lake National Park. The study objectives were to document local knowledge on uses, status and sustainable management of selected woody species. Using both ethnobotanical and quantitative ecological methods, the study was carried out in the Borgu sector of the park. A total of 37 plants species belonging to 18 families were selected using a ranking and prioritization scale. Family-Fabaceae was the dominant family in terms of number of species represented. The species are multipurpose and are exploited to satisfy different subsistence needs. Among the plant-use categories, medicinal uses ranked highest (38%) followed by edible plants (25%), miscellaneous purposes (24%), and construction (13%). In terms of species status, Detarium microcarpum Guill. & Perr. has the highest mean frequency of 68.9% and a population density of 3.036 + 1.7 individuals/ha. This is followed by Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn. with 55.6% mean frequency and a population density of 2.143 + 1.7 individuals/ha. There was no significant relationship between the useful value of a species and its density rank (R= 0.047; R2 = 0.002; F= 0.783) in the study area. Thus, the study recommends a holistic approach that includes the involvement of the local people in the management of woody species.
Phosphorus sorption properties in podzolic forest soils and soil solution phosphorus concentration in undisturbed and disturbed soil profiles

Podzol horizons (O, E, B1, B2 and C) from three undisturbed sites were analyzed for phosphorus (P) sorption, P saturation, P fractions, and P concentrations in soil solutions, and three disturbed Podzols for P in soil solution. The threshold concentrations for net sorption were 8000 μg l–1 and 700 μg l–1 for the O and E horizons, respectively, and 3–6 μg l–1 for the B1, B2 and C horizons. Consequently, if water percolates through the B horizon the risk of P leaching is low. Phosphorus saturation degree was 0.2%–25%. Fe-P dominated in the O, E, B1 and B2 horizons, and Ca-P in the C horizon. P was depleted from the E horizon (24 μg g–1) and enriched in the B1 and B2 horizons (500 and 250 μg g–1) as compared with that in the C horizon (160 μg g–1). P in soil solution increased in the topmost 3 cm of the disturbed B horizons.
International Spillovers and Local Credit Cycles

This paper studies the transmission of the Global Financial Cycle (GFC) to domestic credit market conditions in a large emerging market, Turkey, over 2003–13. We use administrative data covering the universe of corporate credit transactions matched to bank balance sheets to document four facts: (1) an easing in global financial conditions leads to lower borrowing costs and an increase in local lending; (2) domestic banks more exposed to international capital markets transmit the GFC locally; (3) the fall in local currency borrowing costs is larger than foreign currency borrowing costs due to the comovement of the uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) premium with the GFC over time; (4) data on posted collateral for new loan issuances show that collateral constraints do not relax during the boom phase of the GFC.
Shadowgraphic imaging of carbon nanotube suspensions in water and in chloroform

Carbon nanotube suspensions are known to display interesting optical limiting properties as a result of the formation of solvent or carbon-vapor bubbles that scatter the laser beam. In this study we present an original experiment that permits direct observation of the changes that occur in the focal zone in carbon nanotube suspensions by using a shadowgraphic experiment coupled with a monochromatic pump-probe experiment. We have observed a clear correlation between the radius of the scattering centers and the evolution in transmittance of the sample. We compared bubble growth in chloroform and water and found good agreement with previously obtained results. We also observed the presence of compression waves, which propagate parallel to the laser beam and can produce secondary cavitation phenomena after reflection on the cell walls. Cop. 2002 Optical Society of America.
Impact of oil prices on stock return: evidence from G7 countries

The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of oil prices on the stock market of G7 countries. Oil prices not only affect the economy of a country but also the country's stock market. The stock market affects the stock valuation or, to put in another way, the company's stock value. The stock value is associated with the discounted sum of predictable future cash flows and these flows may be distressed by macroeconomic variables including oil prices fluctuations. This study has researched the impact of oil prices' fluctuation on countries included G7, i.e. For the analysis, the most recent data is collected. In this study, the real stock return has considered as a depended variable or predict variable, while oil prices, industrial production, and short-term interest rate are as independent, or predictor variables. The study is quantitative in nature. All data was collected from OECD website with the exception of oil prices, which were taken from oil intelligence report. The model, which has been used in the study is based on Arbitrage pricing theory-APT model, where financial assets are associated with macroeconomic variables. The results showed that Industrial production is positively associated with a real stock return in the case of Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and France, while the short-term interest rate is negatively connected with a real stock return in the case of Canada, the United Kingdom, and United States of America. Oil prices have an insignificant effect on real stock markets of all considered countries. The authors provide an economic interpretation of the obtained results.
Recent Tree Mortality in the Western United States from Bark Beetles and Forest Fires

Forests are substantially influenced by disturbances, and therefore accurate information about the location, timing, and magnitude of disturbances is important for understanding effects. In the western United States, the two major disturbance agents that kill trees are wildfire and bark beetle outbreaks. Our objective was to quantify mortality area (canopy area of killed trees), which better represents impacts than affected area (by beetles) or burn perimeter area, and characterize patterns in space and time. We based our estimates on aerial surveys for bark beetles and the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity database (from satellite imagery) for fires. We found that during the last three decades, bark beetle-caused mortality area was 6.6 Mha (range of estimates, 0.64 –7.8 Mha; 7.1% [0.7– 8.4%] of the forested area in the western United States) and fire-caused mortality area was 2.7–5.9 Mha (2.9 – 6.3%). Mortality area from beetles and fire was similar to recent harvest area from a national report. Although large outbreaks and fires occurred before 2000, substantially more trees were killed since then. In several forest types, mortality area exceeded 20% of the total forest type area. Our mortality area estimates allow for comparisons among disturbance types and improved assessment of the effects of tree mortality.
Zero-Gravity Distillation with Metal Foams: A Modelling Approach

Zero-gravity distillation (ZGD) is one of the few ways to establish a small-scale distillation process. In contrast to conventional distillation columns, capillary forces, e.g. induced by metal foams, are exploited to ensure liquid flow in ZGD units. In order to strengthen the knowledge basis necessary for the ZGD equipment design, understanding of the relevant transport phenomena is necessary. In this work, a model for phenomena the ZGD processes was developed. It includes momentum, heat and species transport in both liquid and vapour phases. Evaporation and condensation impacts on momentum transfer are captured in a simplified manner, allowing an approximate local flow velocity determination. The developed model was implemented in the OpenFOAM® software and used to numerically simulate methanol/ethanol distillation processes in 2D approximation. In a first numerical study, the influence of the metal foam porosity and thickness on the velocity, temperature and mass fraction fields was numerically investigated.
What Doesn't Kill You Makes You Poorer: Adult Wages and the Early-Life Disease Environment in India

A growing literature documents links between early-life health and human capital, and between human capital and adult wages. Although most of this literature has focused on developed countries, economists have hypothesized that effects of early-life health on adult economic outcomes could be even greater in developing countries. This paper asks whether the early-life disease environment in India influences adult economic wages. The paper uses two measures of early-life disease environment to investigate this question: infant mortality rates and open defecation. A district-level differences-in-differences strategy is used to show that men born in district-years with lower infant mortality and better sanitation earned plausibly higher wages in their 20s and 30s. The effect estimates are applied to calculate the fiscal and welfare consequences of the disease environment, which are considerable. In particular, eliminating open defecation would increase tax revenue by enough to offset completely a cost to the government of over \$400 per household that stops defecating in the open. A fiscally neutral elimination of open defecation in India would increase the net present value of lifetime wages by more than \$1,800 for an average male worker born today. These large economic benefits ignore any other benefits of improved health or reduced mortality. The result suggests that the disease environment could have important effects on developing-country economic outcomes.
Effect of the storage condition of microalgae on hydrochar lipids and direct esterification-transesterification of hydrochar lipids for biodiesel production

The hydrochar product from the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of microalgae contains most of fatty acids (FAs) in the original microalgae. In the hydrochar, FAs exist in both types of bound fatty acids (BFAs) and free fatty acids (FFAs). Besides, when the microalgae paste is stored at the room temperature (25 °C) for one day, there is an increase of total fatty acids (TFAs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) in microalgae. The hydrochar from this microalgae paste was proved to have a higher amount of TFAs and a higher percentage of FFAs/TFAs compared to the ordinary hydrochar (without the additional storage step) in this research. Both of these factors favor for the subsequent acid catalyzed esterification-transesterification reaction of hydrochar lipids. In summary, a process based on a combination of the storage of fresh microalgae, the HTC of microalgae paste, and the direct esterification-transesterification of the hydrochar has been developed for biodiesel production. With the additional storage step of fresh microalgae, the total biodiesel yield has been improved of 19.3% in the optimum condition.
Factors that Delay Definitive Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in India: A survey based study

Background: In India, 134 million people suffer from Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS), an expensive and debilitating disorder. Despite Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (ESS) being an important intervention during the management of CRS, the criteria for taking a decision on when to offer surgery is poorly defined. The ambiguousness in Maximal Medical Therapy (MMT) criteria along with the lack of indication for failure of MMT represents an important gap in current healthcare delivery for CRS. This lack of clear indications for ESS is likely to contribute to surgical variation and creates the potential for inappropriate care. Methods: In order to gather information from a diverse group of Ear Nose Throat (ENT) specialists from different parts of the country, a strategy to collect information at a national level ENT conference was adopted. At Gurgaon, Haryana, ENT specialists were selected at random and those who had more than 5 years of clinical experience and see an average of 15 or more CRS cases per month were selected for a detailed interview. Results: 81 ENT specialists were interviewed who on an average see 158 cases of CRS per month. Approximately 45% of patients who are counseled for definitive surgical management in the form of ESS, do not undergo surgery immediately and delay it for varying durations of time. According to the ENT doctors that were interviewed, the reasons for patients to defer or refuse surgery are often multi factorial, majorly being cost of surgery and fear of going into surgery under General Anaesthesia (GA). Conclusion: There is a need for a minimally invasive solution for CRS that can be provided soon after MMT fails, in the outpatient setting at affordable prices. Having alternatives like these that are more economically viable and less invasive would significantly alleviate the concerns of many patients.
Moving Skills from Hands to Heads: Import of Technology and Export Performance

This paper examines the link between imported technologies and a country’s export performance, as measured by product quality. The analysis is set against the background of the process of regional integration between the EU and its neighbouring developing countries. The underlying question is whether trade integration fosters or dampens learning and technological upgrading. We find that unit values of exports from these countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe. If increases in unit values satisfactorily proxy increases in product quality, then trade integration has fostered product upgrading and technological learning in the sample countries. We find that imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have a strong bearing on this pattern. Technological inflows are captured by the degree of involvement of European companies in export flows from our sample countries (Outward Processing Trade) and by the skill content of the machines imported.