Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Child bipolar I disorder: prospective continuity with adult bipolar I disorder; characteristics of second and third episodes; predictors of 8-year outcome.

CONTEXT Child bipolar I disorder (BP-I) is a contentious diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To investigate continuity of child and adult BP-I and characteristics of later episodes. DESIGN Inception cohort longitudinal study. Prospective, blinded, controlled, consecutive new case ascertainment. SETTING University medical school research unit. Subjects There were 115 children, enrolled from 1995 through 1998, aged 11.1 (SD, 2.6) years with first episode DSM-IV BP-I, mixed or manic phase, with 1 or both cardinal symptoms (elation or grandiosity) and score of 60 or less on the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS). All DSM-IV severity and duration criteria were fulfilled. Separate interviews were conducted of parents about their children and of children about themselves. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Washington University in St Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS); Psychosocial Schedule for School Age Children-Revised; CGAS. RESULTS Retention was 93.9% (n = 108) for completing assessments at every one of the 9 follow-up visits. Subjects spent 60.2% of weeks with any mood episodes and 39.6% of weeks with mania episodes, during 8-year follow-up. During follow-up, 87.8% recovered from mania, but 73.3% relapsed to mania. Even accounting for family psychopathology, low maternal warmth predicted relapse to mania, and more weeks ill with manic episodes was predicted by low maternal warmth and younger baseline age. Largely similar to first episodes, second and third episodes of mania were characterized by psychosis, daily (ultradian) cycling, and long duration (55.2 and 40.0 weeks, respectively), but significantly shorter than first episodes. At 8-year follow-up, 54 subjects were 18.0 years or older. Among subjects 18.0 years or older, 44.4% had manic episodes and 35.2% had substance use disorders. CONCLUSIONS In grown-up subjects with child BP-I, the 44.4% frequency of manic episodes was 13 to 44 times higher than population prevalences, strongly supporting continuity. The rate of substance use disorders in grown-up child BP-I was similar to that in adult BP-I.
Small monopole antenna with modified slot ground plane for UWB applications

A novel microstrip-fed monopole antenna with modified structure is presented for ultra wideband (UWB) applications. The main body of the antenna consists of a quasi square radiating patch with tapered steps and a modified slotted ground plane. Due to the repeatedly cutting of three notches on the radiating patch and also inserting a rectangular slot and three tapered steps on the ground plane, new resonances and a wide bandwidth are obtained. By applying two sleeves with proper sizes to the antenna structure, even wider impedance bandwidth is achieved. The antenna has a compact size of 18×12×1.6mm3 and covers the frequency range of 2.34 - 21.43 GHz (9.15:1; 160%). The impedance bandwidth improvement process of the proposed antenna is presented and discussed in detail.
Seeing the Meaning: Top–Down Effects on Letter Identification

Most models of reading agree that visual word recognition is underpinned by a highly interactive network in which both bottom–up and top–down processes contribute. What remains unknown is whether evidence of top–down effects upon letter processing are restricted to word-form level information, or whether meaning-level information also plays a role. Here we sought to investigate top–down semantic influences upon letter detection using semantic manipulations of real word imageability and semantic priming, as well as a manipulation of nonword orthographic and phonological composition which varied degree of similarity to real words. A continuous adaptive staircase procedure was used, allowing us to assess the exposure duration needed for accurate letter perception in different stimulus types. Results revealed that in terms of both exposure duration and decision reaction times, words showed an advantage over pseudohomophones and pseudowords, which in turn showed advantages over consonant strings. High imageability words were processed more efficiently than low imageability words, both in terms of the exposure duration required for accurate letter identification and also decision reaction times. The presence of a related as opposed to unrelated semantic prime significantly shortened exposure duration, but also lengthened decision reaction times. This inhibitory semantic priming effect in reaction time was attributed to the interference at the decision stage by stronger activation of the prime letters in the case of related relative to unrelated trials. Taken together, the present results establish for the first time that the semantic dimensions of imageability and semantic priming exert significant effects on letter identification, indicating meaning-level influences on the very earliest stages of written word recognition.
Endoscopic stenting of acutely obstructing colorectal cancer: a 10‐year review from a tertiary referral centre

Insertion of self‐expanding metallic stents for obstructing colorectal cancer (CRC) is a potential alternative to emergency resection, but evidence regarding efficacy is inconclusive. We aim to assess local efficacy of stent insertion for obstructing CRC, and to establish whether the service could be offered regionally.
ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC AND NEUROMUSCULAR FATIGUE THRESHOLDS AS CONCEPTS OF FATIGUE

The aim of this study was to investigate the concepts of electromyographic (EMG) threshold (EMGT) by integrated EMG (iEMG) signals and neuromuscular fatigue threshold (NMFT) concepts in trained male athletes. Nine competitive national-level male rowers (21.8 ± 4.4 years; 186.2 ± 4.6 cm; 79.6 ± 8.4 kg) took part in this investigation. Subjects were asked to participate in the graded exercise test to volitional exhaustion and 500-, 1,000-, and 2,000-m all-out rowing ergometer tests on a rowing ergometer. During all tests, oxygen consumption parameters, average power, and iEMG of the musculus vastus lateralis were recorded. The second ventilatory threshold (248.9 ± 26.67 W) and EMGT (258.89 ± 27.13 W) were not significantly different but were significantly lower than the NMFT (302.25 ± 45.10 W). During 1,000- and 2,000-m all-out distances, &OV0312;O2 increased during the first minute and then leveled on a plateau with a slight decrease at the end of the exercise. Vastus lateralis activity showed a slight increase during all distances that was accompanied by a remarkable increase towards the end of the distance. All measured threshold values were significantly correlated (r < 0.70; p > 0.05) to the rowing ergometer performance characteristics. It was concluded that EMGT is closely related to the aerobic-anaerobic transition phase, because NMFT represents the local fatigue accumulation in the muscle. NMFT indicates the performance capacity of the muscles; therefore, it helps coaches to better predict top athletes' performance.
Making internal audits business-relevant

Internal management system audits are sometimes seen as policing activities focusing on compliance and documentation rather than something that contributes to improvements. Previous research has focused on what to change in order to make auditing more business-relevant; fewer studies provide focus on how these changes can be operationalised. The purpose of this paper is to understand how internal audits can be carried out in a way that is perceived to add value beyond verifying compliance towards a standard. This study is based on action research in a global company in the consumer electronics sector. The study confirms that internal audits can add value beyond verifying compliance, acting as a generative mechanism for business-relevant improvements. However, this requires both short- and long-term changes in the auditing process; examples of changes are decreased time from audit to report, closer dialogue with management by the establishment of a sponsor role linking management and auditors, and giving up the cyclic audit programme in favour of a programme aligned with business objectives, strategies, and risks.
Patterns of cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis

Background: Although it is known that rheumatoid arthritis is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the pattern of this risk is not clear. This study investigated the relative risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and CVD mortality in adults with rheumatoid arthritis compared with adults without rheumatoid arthritis across age groups, sex and prior CVD event status. Methods: We conducted a cohort study among all residents aged ⩾18 years residing in British Columbia between 1999 and 2003. Residents who had visited the doctor at least thrice for rheumatoid arthritis (International Classification of Disease = 714) were considered to have rheumatoid arthritis. A non-rheumatoid arthritis cohort was matched to the rheumatoid arthritis cohort by age, sex and start of follow-up. The primary composite end point was a hospital admission for myocardial infarction, stroke or CVD mortality. Results: 25 385 adults who had at least three diagnoses for rheumatoid arthritis during the study period were identified. During the 5-year study period, 375 patients with rheumatoid arthritis had a hospital admission for myocardial infarction, 363 had a hospitalisation for stroke, 437 died from cardiovascular causes and 1042 had one of these outcomes. The rate ratio for a CVD event in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was 1.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 1.7), and the rate difference was 5.7 (95% CI 4.9 to 6.4) per 1000 person-years. The rate ratio decreased with age, from 3.3 in patients aged 18–39 years to 1.6 in those aged ⩾75 years. However, the rate difference was 1.2 per 1000 person-years in the youngest age group and increased to 19.7 per 1000 person-years in those aged ⩾75 years. Among patients with a prior CVD event, the rate ratios and rate differences were not increased in rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusions: This study confirms that rheumatoid arthritis is a risk factor for CVD events and shows that the rate ratio for CVD events among subjects with rheumatoid arthritis is highest in young adults and those without known prior CVD events. However, in absolute terms, the difference in event rates is highest in older adults.
Bilan démographique. La croissance démographique portée par les naissances

Au 1er janvier 2014, la population de Provence-Alpes-Cote d’Azur est estimee a 4 964 859 habitants, en progression de + 0,3 % par an depuis 2007. L’excedent des naissances sur les deces est l’unique moteur de cette croissance. En 2013, 60 034 bebes sont nes dans la region. Avec 2,07 enfants par femme, Provence-Alpes-Cote d’Azur est la deuxieme region la plus feconde avec Pays-de-la-Loire et derriere Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Le nombre de deces s’etablit a 47 041 en 2013, au meme niveau que celui de 2003, annee marquee d’un episode caniculaire. Ce nombre eleve s’explique par le vieillissement de la population, notamment l’arrivee des baby-boomers au 3e âge. L’esperance de vie est plus longue en Paca qu’au niveau national, pour les femmes comme pour les hommes. En 2013, les plus de 60 ans representent un quart de la population. En 2013, 31 279 couples se sont unis dans la region par le biais d’un mariage ou d’un Pacs. Ainsi, 18 744 mariages ont ete celebres. Avec 12 535 contrats conclus, le nombre de Pacs augmente de nouveau en 2013.
Synthesis of the Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Price Level Determination: Evidence from Pakistan

Price stability is one of the key objective of public policy. Ever increasing prices have negative implications for economic growth and poverty. The present study attempts to analyze; how prices in Pakistan are affected by monetary and fiscal policies. It analyzes the interaction of domestic debt, fiscal deficit, money supply and exchange rate with the price level, by applying the VAR decomposition, Granger causality and Impulse response models. The study uses data for the period 1973 to 2010. The results reveal that in Pakistan both Monetary and Fiscal policies play significant role in determination of prices. However, the role of fiscal policy is comparatively stronger than monetary policy as it has both direct and indirect impacts on prices. As the fiscal deficit and domestic debt also affects prices through money supply. Furthermore, the effects of inflationary expectations on prices are highest in magnitude. The study suggests that to cope with increasing prices the coordination between fiscal and monetary policies is necessary.
Effects of Diode Laser Debonding of Ceramic Brackets on Enamel Surface and Pulpal Temperature.

AIM Debonding of ceramic brackets due to their high bond strength and low fracture toughness is one of the most challenging complications of orthodontic clinicians. Application of lasers might be effective in the debonding of ceramic brackets as they reduce bond strength of resins and, therefore, can eliminate the risk of enamel damage. However, the thermal effects of laser radiation on dental tissue can cause undesirable results. The aim of this study is to evaluate the enamel surface characteristics and pulpal temperature changes of teeth after debonding of ceramic brackets with or without laser light. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty polycrystalline brackets were bonded to 30 intact extracted premolars, and later debonded conventionally or through a diode laser (2.5 W, 980 nm). The laser was applied for 10 seconds with sweeping movement. After debonding, the adhesive remnant index (ARI), the lengths and frequency of enamel cracks were compared among the groups. The increase in intrapulpal temperature was also measured. The collected data were analyzed by Chi-squared test and paired t-test using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. RESULTS There was no case of enamel fracture in none of the groups. Laser debonding caused a significant decrease in the frequency and lengths of enamel cracks, compared to conventional debonding. In laser debonding group, the increase in intrapulpal temperature (1.46°C) was significantly below the benchmark of 5.5°C for all the specimens. No significant difference was observed in ARI scores among the groups. CONCLUSION Laser-assisted debonding of ceramic brackets could reduce the risk of enamel damage, without causing thermal damage to the pulp. However, some increases in the length and frequency of enamel cracks should be expected with all debonding methods.
Talent Management Practices in IT Companies from Emerging Markets: A Comparative Analysis of Russia, India, and China

ABSTRACT In this article, the authors review talent management practices in information technology (IT) companies from Russia, India, and China, discussing their differences and similarities. Using the emerging market context, the authors debate the factors influencing talent management, specifically in IT companies. The article examines the relevant research on the main talent management issues in Russia, India, and China, and offers one of the first intercountry comparative analyses of talent management practices in IT companies from emerging markets. The authors argue that although talent management practices are influenced by different institutional and cultural factors, there are similarities and differences that can be explained by the emerging market and industry-specific contexts.
Lack of mitochondrial DNA divergence between chromosome races of the common shrew, Sorex araneus, in Sweden. Implications for interpreting chromosomal evolution and colonization history

The common shrew, Sorex araneus, has one of the most variable karyotypes among mammals, displaying numerous chromosome races throughout its distribution. The six chromosome races present in Sweden can be categorized in two different karyotypic groups, the west and north European karyotypic groups (western and northern). Three races belonging to the western group are considered to have arisen through whole arm reciprocal translocations (WARTs). Race formation through this process requires a bottleneck event. In the present study we sequenced a part of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome to investigate molecular differences between the chromosome races in Sweden. We found no mtDNA differentiation between the mainland chromosome races or the karyotypic groups. Genetic variation is as large between populations within a race as between populations among the races or karyotypic groups, suggesting that the karyotypic groups might have originated in a common glacial refugium. The noticeable exception is the Öland race, which shows higher mtDNA diversity compared to the other Swedish races, indicating a divergent origin difficult to explain. Mitochondrial DNA variation in Sweden suggests that most haplotypes arose in situ and that the populations has undergone a rapid size expansion. Altogether, the mtDNA data are in agreement with the WART hypothesis, which still holds as the most plausible variant of karyotype evolution for three of the chromosome races of the common shrew in Sweden.
Insurance of Household Risks and the Rebalancing of the Chinese Economy: Health Insurance, Health Expenses and Household Savings

This paper studies the effects of a public insurance system, the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) on household savings in rural China. We develop a theoretical model in which we explain the impact of health insurance on savings through the impact of health insurance on out‐of‐pocket (OOP) health expense given the household level of wealth and seriousness of illness. We test the model empirically using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. We run endogenous and exogenous quantile regressions to evaluate the effects of NCMS participation on the distributions of household savings and OOP health expense. The impact of NCMS varies with the seriousness of illness. The NCMS induces an increase in OOP health expense for mild illness and, inversely, a decrease in health payments for more serious illnesses. The NCMS also leads to a higher incidence of catastrophic healthcare spending. The impact of the NCMS, given a certain state of illness, also varies with the household level of wealth. Poor households face health expense for both mild and serious illnesses. As the NCMS has opposite effects on the OOP expense for these two kinds of illness, we observe no effect on poor households’ precautionary savings. Because the decrease in OOP health expense for mild illness is larger for less poor households, the NCMS induces a decrease in their savings. For the most affluent households, the higher decrease in OOP spending on most moderate illness is dominated by a sharp increase in catastrophic expense, causing an increase in savings. To significantly reduce household savings and enhance household consumption, the NCMS has to offer better coverage against both serious and catastrophic health risks.
Metoclopramide improves gastric but not gallbladder emptying in cardiac surgery patients with early intragastric enteral feeding: randomized controlled trial.

AIM To evaluate the effect of metoclopramide on gastric emptying in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery patients with early enteral nutrition and to evaluate the effect of metoclopramide on motility of the gallbladder in these patients. METHODS A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of 40 patients treated at cardiosurgical intensive care unit after CABG surgery. The patients were divided into two groups: metoclopramide group (20 patients; age 60-/+9 years; 85% male), and control group (20 patients; age 59-/+8 years; 70% male). In both groups, enteral feeding with isoosmotic enteral formula was initiated by nasogastric tube 18 hours after surgery. After 6 hours, feeding was stopped, and paracetamol solution (1,000 mg) and 10 mg of metoclopramide IV or 2 ml of saline IV were concurrently administered. Blood samples were obtained 15 (t(+15)), 30 (t(+30)), 60 (t(+60)), and 120 (t(+120)) minutes after the administration of paracetamol. Paracetamol absorption was assessed from the plasma paracetamol concentration and the area under the curve (AUC) from 0 to 120 minutes. Sonographic measurement of gallbladder ejection fraction was also performed 15 (t(+15)), 30 (t(+30)), 60 (t(+60)), and 120 (t(+120)) minutes after the administration of paracetamol. RESULTS The plasma paracetamol concentrations 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after the administration of paracetamol were significantly higher in metoclopramide group than in control group: (t(+15)) 5.4-/+2.7 vs 3.3-/+2.5 (Mann-Whitney U test; P=0.017); (t(+30)) 6.7-/+2.4 vs 3.7-/+2.0 (P=0.006); (t(+60)) 7.7-/+2.5 vs 5.1-/+3.2 (P=0.008); (t(+120)) 8.5-/+2.2 vs 5.2-/+2.8 (P=0.005). The AUC value was 34% larger in the metoclopramide group vs control group (574-/+296 vs 429-/+309; P=0.027). There were no significant differences in gallbladder ejection fraction between groups (group metoclopramide vs control group: (t(0)-t(+15)) -2% vs -2%; (t(+15)-t(+30)) 1% vs 4%; (t(+30)-t(+60)) 0% vs -1%; (t(+60)-t(+120)) 1% vs 3%; P=NS). CONCLUSIONS In CABG surgery patients with early enteral feeding, a single dose of intravenous metoclopramide effectively improves gastric emptying, but does not have any prokinetic effect on gallbladder motility.
Patient and proxy measurement of quality of life among general hospital in-patients with dementia

Background: We aimed to investigate quality of life ratings among people with varying severity of dementia and their carers, recruited in general hospital. Method: We recruited 109 people with dementia, and their proxies (carers), from psychiatric referrals of inpatients in two general hospitals in England. From patients, we gathered data on quality of life (QoL-AD and EQ5-D) and depressive symptoms, and from proxies we gathered data on patient quality of life (Proxy QoL-AD and EQ5-D), severity of dementia, activities of daily living, physical illness and depressive symptoms, and on carer stress. Results: Completion rates for both measures were progressively lower with increasing dementia severity. Patients rated their quality of life more highly than proxies on Qol-AD (patients = 32.2, CI = 30.7–33.7, proxies = 24.7, CI = 23.8–26.0, p < 0.001) and on EQ5D (patients = 0.71, CI = 0.64–0.77, proxies = 0.30, CI = 0.22–0.38, p < 0.001). For proxy EQ5D, impaired instrumental ADLs (p = 0.003) and more severe dementia (p = 0.019) were associated with ratings, while for proxy QoL-AD, only more severe dementia (p = 0.039) was associated with ratings. Lower patient EQ-5D scores were independently associated only with carer stress (p = 0.01). Lower patient QoL-AD scores were associated with patient depression (p = 0.001), impaired activities of daily living (p = 0.02) and proxy psychiatric symptoms (p = 0.002). Conclusions: Among patients with moderate to severe dementia in general hospital, proxy measures of quality of life are the only practical option. Patients and proxies appear to have very different concepts of quality of life in dementia.
Mean Field Games and Oil Production

In this paper we study the evolution of oil production in the long run. A first optimization model is presented, that can be solved using Euler-Lagrange tools. Because these classical tools are not the best suited to the model, we adopt a mean field games approach based on two partial differential equations. An extended model is then presented to analyze the influence of new competitors which might enter the market with energy from renewable sources. The usefulness of a subsidy to potential entrants is discussed.