Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Field Based Evaluation of Household Arsenic Removal Technologies for the Treatment of Drinking Water

Seven household treatment technologies for the removal of arsenic (Alcan, BUET, DPHE/DANIDA, Garnet, Sono, Stevens, Tetrahedron) were each evaluated using water from 63 different tube wells taken from 3 different regions of Bangladesh. The technologies that were evaluated were chosen from those that appeared user friendly, readily available and whose promoters were open to participate in the study. Arsenic concentrations in feed and treated waters were analysed by the PeCo 75 arsenic field test kit, AA-hydride generation and ICP-AES. Feed water arsenic concentrations were found to be up to 600 µg l−1. The more advanced treatment methods using: activated alumina (Alcan, BUET); metallic iron (Sono); anionic exchange resin (Tetrahedron) and iron coagulation (Stevens) were found to be most easily used and efficiently reduced arsenic concentrations to below the Bangladesh drinking water standard (0.05 mg As l−1). The use of aluminium sulphate coagulants and permanganate oxidants in the DPHE/DANIDA technology introduced unacceptably high concentrations of aluminium and manganese into the treated waters and are not recommended in household water treatment applications. While arsenic concentrations were initially considered to be of paramount importance, it became clear that such technologies can increase the risk of bacterial contamination in the treated water and this needs serious consideration as this could create a hazard much greater than the arsenic contained in the water. Ground waters sampled during the course of this study were mostly found to be bacteria free. To minimize any risks relating to bacterial contamination the addition of hypochlorite or the boiling of water is necessary.
Differential gene expression profile of MAGE family in taiwanese patients with colorectal cancer

The melanoma‐associated antigen (MAGE) gene family consists of different expression patterns in various tumor types. They are considered tumor‐specific antigens and are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy. The purpose of this study is to identify the expression profiles of the MAGE family genes in Taiwanese colorectal cancer patients.
The Ubiquitin Regulatory X (UBX) Domain-containing Protein TUG Regulates the p97 ATPase and Resides at the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Golgi Intermediate Compartment*

Background: TUG controls a specialized membrane trafficking pathway in adipocytes but is widely expressed. Results: TUG converts p97 ATPase hexamers into monomers and controls Golgi membrane dynamics. Conclusion: Localized disassembly of p97 hexamers may control a generalized trafficking pathway in eukaryotic cells. Significance: Understanding how TUG and p97 function provides insight into regulation of both generalized and specialized membrane trafficking. p97/VCP is a hexameric ATPase that is coupled to diverse cellular processes, such as membrane fusion and proteolysis. How p97 activity is regulated is not fully understood. Here we studied the potential role of TUG, a widely expressed protein containing a UBX domain, to control mammalian p97. In HEK293 cells, the vast majority of TUG was bound to p97. Surprisingly, the TUG UBX domain was neither necessary nor sufficient for this interaction. Rather, an extended sequence, comprising three regions of TUG, bound to the p97 N-terminal domain. The TUG C terminus resembled the Arabidopsis protein PUX1. Similar to the previously described action of PUX1 on AtCDC48, TUG caused the conversion of p97 hexamers into monomers. Hexamer disassembly was stoichiometric rather than catalytic and was not greatly affected by the p97 ATP-binding state or by TUG N-terminal regions in vitro. In HeLa cells, TUG localized to the endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi intermediate compartment and endoplasmic reticulum exit sites. Although siRNA-mediated TUG depletion had no marked effect on total ubiquitylated proteins or p97 localization, TUG overexpression caused an accumulation of ubiquitylated substrates and targeted both TUG and p97 to the nucleus. A physiologic role of TUG was revealed by siRNA-mediated depletion, which showed that TUG is required for efficient reassembly of the Golgi complex after brefeldin A removal. Together, these data support a model in which TUG controls p97 oligomeric status at a particular location in the early secretory pathway and in which this process regulates membrane trafficking in various cell types.
Avoiding Mazibuko: Water Security and Constitutional Rights in Southern African Case Law

The 2009 judgment by the Constitutional Court of South Africa in Mazibuko v City of Johannesburg is seen by many as a watershed in the interpretation of the fundamental constitutional right of access to water. The Constitutional Court ruled that the right of access to sufficient water does not require that the state provide every person upon demand and without more with sufficient water. Nor does the obligation confer on any person a right to claim "sufficient water" from the state immediately. Reactions to the judgment have been consistently negative, with criticisms largely focusing on the Court's apparent lack of appreciation for the situation of the very poor. It is not easy, however, to overturn a decision of the Constitutional Court and South Africa will need to work within the constraints of the precedent for many years to come. It is suggested in this article that two subsequent, recent judgments (one of the Supreme Court of Appeal in South Africa, City of Cape Town v Strumpher, 2012, and one of the High Court in Zimbabwe, Mushoriwa v City of Harare, 2014) show how it might be possible for courts to avoid the Mazibuko precedent and yet give special attention to water-related rights. Both cases concerned spoliation applications in common law, but both were decided as though access to water supply and water-related rights allow a court to give weight to factors other than the traditional grounds for a spoliation order. It can be argued that in both cases the unlawfulness necessary for a spoliation order arose from a combination of dispossession and breach of rights in respect of a very particular and special kind of property. In the arid and potentially water-stressed Southern African region, and in the context of extreme and apparently increasing poverty, there will undoubtedly be more court cases to come involving access to water. Conclusions are drawn as to how the two judgments considered might offer a way to ameliorate the harsh effects of the Mazibuko judgment.
Gender differences in the prevalence of DSM-IV and ICD-10 PTSD

Background. Gender differences in the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder were examined by analysing discrepancies between the DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnostic systems. Method. Data from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (n=10641) were analysed at the diagnostic, criterion and symptom level for DSM-IV and ICD-10 PTSD for males versus females. Results. While there was a significant gender difference in the prevalence of PTSD for ICD-10, no such difference was found for DSM-IV. The pattern of gender difference at the diagnostic level was mirrored in the pattern of gender differences at the criterion level for both DSM-IV and ICD-10. Females only endorsed three symptoms at a significantly higher rate than males. For all other symptoms, endorsement was equal. This apparently small gender difference at the symptom level was sufficient to cause the gender difference at the diagnostic level for ICD-10, but not DSM-IV because of the different manner in which symptoms are configured into criteria in each of the diagnostic systems. Conclusions. Gender differences in ICD-10 PTSD but not in DSM PTSD diagnoses are attributable in this study to different patterns of endorsement of symptoms by males and females. Possible reasons for the differential endorsement of symptoms and implications for the use of epidemiological instruments are discussed.
The Efficient Market, Random Walk, and the Ohlson (1995) Model

Though the efficient market and random walk are closely related to each other, the gaining of risk free return (the result of risk free price change) indicated in efficient market needs to be compromised with random walk. Ohlson (1995) demonstrates the price change model, which illustrates that next period’s price change plus dividend is predictable with current price. According to Ohlson (1995), if the results of current price as an independent variable equals next period’s dividend, the next period’s price change is zero. This implies that a shareholder obtains risk free rate profit as indicated in efficient market and the next period’s price change (beyond dividend) is zero. In this context, Ohlson (1995) indicates that equity price change in efficient markets is independent as indicated in random walk, and the abnormal gain on the information associated with the historical equity prices seems not realistic.
S100-alarmins: potential therapeutic targets for arthritis

ABSTRACT Introduction: In arthritis, inflammatory processes are triggered by numerous factors that are released from joint tissues, promoting joint destruction and pathological progression. During inflammation, a novel family of pro-inflammatory molecules called alarmins is released, amplifying inflammation and joint damage. Areas covered: With regard to the role of the alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 in the pathogenesis of arthritis, recent advances and the future prospects in terms of therapeutic implications are considered. Expert opinion: There is still an urgent need for novel treatment strategies addressing the local mechanisms of joint inflammation and tissue destruction, offering promising therapeutic alternatives. S100A8 and S100A9, which are the most up-regulated alarmins during arthritis, are endogenous triggers of inflammation, defining these proteins as promising targets for local suppression of arthritis. In murine models, the blockade of S100A8/S100A9 ameliorates inflammatory processes, including arthritis, and there are several lines of evidence that S100-alarmins may already be targeted in therapeutic approaches in man.
Direct cost of rheumatoid arthritis during the first six years: a cost-of-illness study.

The objective was to estimate the annual direct disease-related cost of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during the first 6 yr and to determine which socio-demographic and clinical characteristics relate to these costs. The study population consisted of 424 RA patients who had participated in a (population-based) trial on therapeutic strategies for early RA since 1990 and were not lost to follow-up in April 1996. A questionnaire on costs due to RA was sent to these patients; 363 (86%) completed questionnaires were analysed. The total annual direct cost per patient was estimated by adding up the costs of health care workers, days admitted to care facilities, medication, monitoring for side-effects, alternative medicine, adaptations in the home, devices, and other direct costs such as travelling expenses. The mean annual direct cost due to RA was estimated to be Dfl. 11,550 per patient. An obvious increase in direct cost with increasing disease duration was not found. Patients with higher disease activity exhibited significantly higher costs compared to patients with lower disease activity. A multiple logistic regression model showed that greater disability and lower age increased the odds for high costs. The annual direct cost of RA averaged out at Dfl. 11,550 per patient (i.e. Pound Sterling 3680). A high total direct cost in the first 6 yr of disease is related to severe functional disability and lower age.
High frequency of isolation of defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and heterogeneity of viral gene expression in clones of infected U-937 cells

Limiting-dilution techniques were employed to derive single-cell clones from U-937 cells that had been chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. All clones thus obtained were positive for the presence of viral antigens; however, not all of the clones produced infectious progeny virus, as detected by the presence of reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in culture fluids. Six of these clones were monitored over time to determine whether their phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression was stable. Three clones maintained production of RT activity at a high level and showed a very high percentage of cells positive for viral p24 antigen, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence. The other three clones showed variations in either their levels of RT activity or the number of cells positive for p24, after which they stabilized. Infectious virus could be recovered from only three clones, as assessed by coculture experiments with different cell types. Two other clones were shown to produce noninfectious viruses. Molecular analyses at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels showed extensive variations between the viral isolates recovered from each clone.
Histological, molecular and functional subtypes of breast cancers

Increased understanding of the molecular heterogeneity that is intrinsic to the various subtypes of breast cancer will likely shape the future of breast cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Advances in the field over the last several decades have been remarkable and have clearly translated into better patient care as evidenced by the earlier detection, better prognosis, and new targeted therapies. There have been two recent advances in the breast cancer research field that have lead to paradigm shifts: first, the identification of intrinsic breast tumor subtypes, which has changed the way we think about breast cancer and second, the recent characterization of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are suspected to be responsible for tumor initiation, recurrence and resistance to therapy, have opened new exciting avenues to think about breast cancer therapeutic strategies. While these advances constitute major paradigm shifts within the research realm, the clinical arena has yet to adopt and apply our understanding of the molecular basis of the disease to early diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of breast cancers. Here, we will review the current clinical approach to classification of breast cancers, newer molecular-based classification schemes, and potential future of biomarkers representing a functional classification of breast cancer.
How Civil Society Influences Policy: A Comparative Analysis of the CIVICUS Civil Society Index in Post-Communist Europe

This working paper, a collaboration between CIVICUS and ODI, presents an analysis of the policy-relevant findings of the CIVICUS Civil Society Index in a group of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia: Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Georgia, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Ukraine.
Oily fish intake during pregnancy--association with lower hyperactivity but not with higher full-scale IQ in offspring.

BACKGROUND Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are thought to be important for fetal neurodevelopment. Animal studies suggest that a deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids may lead to behavioural or cognitive deficits. As oily fish is a major dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids, it is possible that low intake of fish during pregnancy may have adverse effects on the developing fetal brain. METHODS We used the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence to assess behavioural problems and intelligence in 217 nine-year-old children. The mothers of these children had participated in a study of nutrition during pregnancy during which fish intake was assessed in early and late gestation. RESULTS Children whose mothers had eaten oily fish in early pregnancy had a reduced risk of hyperactivity compared to those whose mothers did not eat oily fish: OR . 34, 95% CI . 15 to . 78, after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Children whose mothers had eaten fish (whether oily or non-oily) in late pregnancy had a verbal IQ that was 7.55 points higher (95% CI .75 to 14.4) than those whose mothers did not eat fish. There were, however, no significant associations between fish intake in pregnancy and other behavioural problems or full-scale and performance intelligence, after adjustment for potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Although maternal fish intake in pregnancy was associated with hyperactivity scores and verbal IQ in children, in general, how much fish women ate during pregnancy appeared to have little long-term relation with neurodevelopmental outcomes in their child.
Immunogenicity and Safety of a 9-Valent HPV Vaccine

OBJECTIVES: Prophylactic vaccination of youngwomen aged 16 to 26 years with the 9-valent (6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particle (9vHPV) vaccine prevents infection and disease. We conducted a noninferiority immunogenicity study to bridge the findings in young women to girls and boys aged 9 to 15 years. METHODS: Subjects (N = 3066) received a 3-dose regimen of 9vHPV vaccine administered at day 1, month 2, and month 6. Anti-HPV serologic assays were performed at day 1 and month 7. Noninferiority required that the lower bound of 2-sided 95% confidence intervals of geometric mean titer ratios (boys:young women or girls:young women) be >0.67 for each HPV type. Systemic and injection-site adverse experiences (AEs) and serious AEs were monitored. RESULTS: At 4 weeks after dose 3, >99% of girls, boys, and young women seroconverted for each vaccine HPV type. Increases in geometric mean titers to HPV types 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58 were elicited in all vaccine groups. Responses in girls and boys were noninferior to those of young women. Persistence of anti-HPV responses was demonstrated through 2.5 years after dose 3. Administration of the 9vHPV vaccine was generally well tolerated. A lower proportion of girls (81.9%) and boys (72.8%) than young women (85.4%) reported injection-site AEs, most of which were mild to moderate in intensity. CONCLUSIONS: These data support bridging the efficacy findings with 9vHPV vaccine in young women 16 to 26 years of age to girls and boys 9 to 15 years of age and implementing gender-neutral HPV vaccination programs in preadolescents and adolescents.
In vivo Comparison of Changes in Glenohumeral Translation after Arthroscopic Capsulolabral Reconstructions

Background The objective of this study was to quantify anteroposterior glenohumeral translation of patients undergoing arthroscopic capsulolabral repairs using cutaneous electromagnetic position sensors. Hypothesis Anteroposterior translation will be restored after arthroscopic capsulolabral repairs to values similar to the contralateral or uninjured shoulder. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods With use of an electromagnetic tracking system, preoperative anteroposterior translation was measured in the injured and uninvolved shoulders of 32 patients with a diagnosis of glenohumeral labral tears. Testing was done with patients placed in the supine position with the arm suspended in 90° of abduction and neutral rotation. The American Shoulder and Elbow Society index and range of motion were also measured. Patients with capsulolabral injuries requiring arthroscopic repair were reexamined at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Results In patients with anteroinferior/posteroinferior capsulolabral repairs, glenohumeral translation at 3 and 6 months postoperative (P < .0001) was significantly decreased compared with preoperative values (P = .0007) and the uninvolved side (preoperative, P = .04; postoperative, P = .002). In patients with superior capsulolabral (superior labral anterior-posterior) repairs, the mean glenohumeral translation at 3 and 6 months postoperative was decreased significantly compared with the preoperative value; however, no significant differences were found between the uninvolved side (preoperative, P = .5) and the operative shoulder (postoperative, P = .2). By 6-month follow-up, no significant difference existed in external rotation when compared with preoperative values for either repair group. Conclusion Arthroscopic superior capsulolabral reconstructions successfully restored anteroposterior translation. However, arthroscopic capsulolabral techniques for treating recurrent anterior or posterior instability resulted in decreased anteroposterior translation compared to the uninvolved side while restoring external rotation.
DEINDUSTRIALISASI SEBUAH ANCAMAN KEGAGALAN TRIPLE TRACK STRATEGY PEMBANGUNAN DI INDONESIA

SBY government work effort through the triple-track strategy namely pro-growth, pro jobs and pro-poor developments will be doomed to fail because of a deindustrialization inIndonesia. The phenomenon of deindustrialization is characterized by the continued decline of industrial contribution mainly manufacture industrial sektor to the value added, employment, exports and contribution to GDP growth, would obviously be a serious threat to the government in its efforts to achieve economic growth to reduce unemployment and poverty. Industrial sektor at this time was no longer regarded as a leading sektor in the national and regional development, so that if eagerly handled will have a negative impact more and could threaten the stability of the economic development of Indonesia.
Golimumab in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Despite Methotrexate Therapy: Results Through 2 Years of the GO-FORWARD Study Extension

Objective. To assess the longterm efficacy and safety of golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) despite methotrexate (MTX) therapy. Methods. We randomized 444 RA patients with inadequate response to MTX (3:3:2:2) to placebo + MTX (Group 1), golimumab 100 mg + placebo (Group 2), golimumab 50 mg + MTX (Group 3), or golimumab 100 mg + MTX (Group 4). Subcutaneous golimumab/placebo was injected every 4 weeks. Patients could escape early (Group 1 added golimumab 50 mg, Group 2 added MTX, Group 3 increased golimumab to 100 mg, Group 4 continued 100 mg) based on Week 16 swollen and tender joint counts. From Week 24, Group 1 patients received golimumab 50 mg + MTX. After the Week 52 database lock, patients in the longterm extension received golimumab 50–100 mg ± MTX. Coprimary endpoints [Week 14 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)20, Week 24 Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI)] and Week 52 findings have been published; 2-year findings (observed data by randomized group, no imputation) are presented. Results. Of 444 randomized patients, 392 continued from Week 52 (Group 1: n = 116, Group 2: n = 116, Group 3: n = 84, Group 4: n = 76). Clinical improvement was maintained through Week 104; ∼75% and 72% of patients randomized to golimumab 50 mg + MTX and 100 mg + MTX achieved ACR20 response, respectively. The majority [88% (105/120)] of golimumab + MTX–treated patients with Week 24 HAQ-DI improvement ≥ 0.25 maintained improved physical function through Week 104. Group 1 patients with delayed golimumab treatment exhibited more Week 104 radiographic progression (mean change score = 1.15) than golimumab + MTX-randomized patients (0.52). Incidences of serious infections were 2.24, 4.77, 5.78/100 patient-years of followup for golimumab 50 mg + MTX, 100 mg + placebo, and 100 mg + MTX, respectively. Conclusion. Clinical improvement was maintained and no new safety signals were identified with 2 years of golimumab + MTX. Golimumab efficacy and safety, including serious infections, will continue to be monitored through 5 years (Clinical Trial No. NCT00264550).