Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility and Transformational Leadership on Brand Community

Not much work has been done to study the impact of various organizational variables on brand communities around various brands and consequently we have limited knowledge on how to build brand communities. Strong brand communities can be of tremendous value to organizations by generating increased customer loyalty towards their brands. This study attempts to examine the impact of corporate social responsibility and transformational leadership on brand community. The study employed a scenario based 2 × 2 experimental design, with corporate social responsibility and transformational leadership as the manipulated variables. The sample consisted of 118 graduate students doing the first year of their MBA programme in a leading management institute in India. Due to lack of availability of any standard measure, an instrument was developed to measure brand communities. Results of 2 × 2 factored analysis of variance show that brand community is enhanced by both corporate social responsibility and transformational leadership. The implications of these findings for firms and their top management are discussed.
SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF THE ISPIM INNOVATION MANAGEMENT COMMUNITY IN 2009–2011

Scientific communities are bound together by common purpose and interests, and tangible evidence of the structure of such communities may be found by investigating co-authorship networks. We utilise social network analysis to examine the network structure of International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM), using co-authorship data from six ISPIM events during the years 2009–2011. We find interesting evidence of the network structure, illustrating vividly the central authors and sub-components of the network. Related to this, results reveal surprisingly tight clustering based on geographical and institutional boundaries. We also find evidence of high performing authors which span these boundaries via significantly different strategies. Overall, the results help to uncover the underlying structure of the scholarly network behind ISPIM, which helps to better understand the key contributors and their networks, and also the development points and promising research collaboration opportunities.
Determinants of Voluntary Audit Committee Formation in a Two-Tier Board System of a Post-transitional Economy – The Case of Slovenia

This paper investigates the determinants of voluntary audit committee (AC) formation in a setting characterized by: (i) a two-tier board system; (ii) a post-transitional economy. Both factors may affect the system of incentives that influences the decision to form an AC and both factors distinguish this paper from existing studies that are usually done under a unitary-board system in a developed capital market. Only a minority (17%) of companies in our sample had voluntarily established ACs by the time ACs had become mandatory by law. We find that larger firms, firms with larger supervisory boards and firms with less debt (rather than more) are more likely to have voluntarily established an AC. Although the inverse relationship between debt and AC formation contradicts the debt holder–manager conflict it can be explained in the context of a post-transitional economy, where the ownership structure appears not to have stabilized yet and where debt has been used as a means of achieving effective control of firms by insiders.
Mg and Ca deficiencies additively increase the Zn concentrations and metallothionein expression in the rat liver

Mg deficiency increases the concentration of Zn in the liver. We investigated the effect of Mg deficiency on the expression of Zn-regulating factors such as Zn transporters and metallothionein (MT) in the rat liver. Because Ca deficiency alleviates some of the effects of Mg deficiency, we also investigated the interactions associated with Ca and Mg deficiencies. Growing male rats were given a control diet, an Mg-deficient diet, a Ca-deficient diet, and an Mgand Ca-deficient diet for 3 weeks. Mg and Ca deficiencies additively increased the mRNA levels of MT-1 and MT-2, the MT protein concentration, and the concentration of Zn in the liver. The hepatic level of Zip14 mRNA increased with Mg deficiency but not with Ca deficiency. The dietary treatments did not affect the mRNA levels of other Zn transporters such as Zip1, Zip5, ZnT1, ZnT5, and ZnT6 in the liver. Ca deficiency was found to decrease the amount of femoral Zn and increase the serum Zn concentration. This did not occur in the case of Mg deficiency. These results suggest that Mg deficiency enhances hepatic Zn uptake by up-regulation of Zip14 expression and increases the hepatic Zn concentration, leading to the enhancement of the MT expression. Ca deficiency causes a transfer of Zn from the bone to the liver, which increases the hepatic Zn concentration and, in turn, up-regulates the expression of MT. Because Mg and Ca deficiencies increase the hepatic Zn concentration and increase MT expression by different mechanisms, their effects are additive.
An Economic Analysis of Delayed Primary School Enrollment in a Low Income Country: The Role of Early Childhood Nutrition

This paper investigates why children in low income countries often delay primary school enrollment, despite the prediction of human capital theory that schooling will begin at the earliest possible age. We explore several explanations for delayed enrollment, but focus on the hypothesis that delays are rational responses to early childhood malnutrition. We test these alternative hypotheses using recent data from Ghana. Our estimates, which address a number of previously ignored econometric issues, firmly support the hypothesis that early childhood malnutrition causes delayed enrollment. We find little or no support for alternative explanations based on borrowing constraints and the rationing of places in school. Copyright 1995 by MIT Press.
Slippage in Futures Markets: Evidence from the Sydney Futures Exchange

This article examines the market‐impact cost of trades executed in futures markets, which is commonly referred to as slippage. With the use of a unique data set provided by the Sydney Futures Exchange, this article documents that slippage costs incurred in executing packages of trades in stock‐index and interest‐rate futures markets are significantly smaller than market‐impact costs documented previously for equity markets. Furthermore, in contrast to research based on equity markets, there is little evidence that trade packages executed in futures markets convey information, or that purchases and sales behave differently. In fact, the evidence presented in this article implies that slippage in futures markets is entirely a liquidity cost, and symmetrical for purchases and sales. This is consistent with previous work, which conjectures that there is an absence of private information in stock‐index and interest‐rate futures markets. Finally, analogously to previous research, there is some evidence that trade size and the identity of traders are determinants of slippage; however, these variables explain less than 10% of the total variation in slippage. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 25:1129–1146, 2005
The Nature of Colitis in Chronic Granulomatous Disease

BackgroundPatients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) may have gastrointestinal manifestations, commonly colitis. The etiology, prevalence, and inflammatory process of CGD colitis are unclear. ObjectivesTo characterize the inflammatory process of CGD colitis and to compare it with other inflammatory bowel disorders. MethodsColonic mucosal biopsies from 8 CGD patients were immunostained for eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and adhesion molecules (ICAM; VCAM, E-selectin) and compared with normal and diseased controls (allergic colitis, ulcerative colitis, and melanosis coli). Cell types were counted and expressed as cell/mm2 ResultsThe inflammatory infiltrate in CGD colitis differed from the normal controls by an increase in eosinophils (110; 48–176 [median and range] versus 14.5; 3–30;P < 0.005) and macrophages (291.5; 203–480 versus 38.5; 27–64;P < 0.005). There was a paucity of neutrophils compared to ulcerative colitis (10; 0–101 versus 315.5; 78–688;P < 0.005). Expression of HLA-DR was increased in the epithelium and vascular endothelium in CGD compared with normal controls. Patterns of expression of the adhesion molecules differed significantly in CGD from those in other inflammatory bowel diseases: intracellular adhesion molecule-1 was more strongly expressed in the lamina propria, vascular adhesion molecule-1 was more patchily expressed, and E-selectin was present only in the small vessels. ConclusionsThe mechanism of inflammation and profile of inflammatory mediators in CGD colitis differs from that in other inflammatory bowel diseases.
Stable Electrical Operation of 6H–SiC JFETs and ICs for Thousands of Hours at 500 $^{\circ}\hbox{C}$

The fabrication and testing of the first semiconductor transistors and small-scale integrated circuits (ICs) to achieve up to 3000 h of stable electrical operation at 500degC in air ambient is reported. These devices are based on an epitaxial 6H-SiC junction field-effect transistor process that successfully integrated high-temperature ohmic contacts, dielectric passivation, and ceramic packaging. Important device and circuit parameters exhibited less than 10% of change over the course of the 500degC operational testing. These results establish a new technology foundation for realizing durable 500degC ICs for combustion-engine sensing and control, deep-well drilling, and other harsh-environment applications.
Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions

When Saddam Hussein's army invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990, the United States took the lead in organizing stringent economic sanctions against Iraq. Since unilateral sanctions rarely succeed, "coercive co-operation" was a necessity. This innovative study shows that multilateral, or co-operative, sanctions are coercive not only in their pressure on their target but also in their origin: the sanctions themselves frequently result from coercive policies, with one interested state attempting to convince other through persuasion, threats and promises. To analyze this process, Lisa Martin uses a methodology combining game-theoretic models, statistical analysis, and case studies. She tests her hypotheses against 99 cases of economic sanctions since 1945 and then against 4 detailed case studies - the U.S.-led pipeline embargo, high-technology sanctions against the Soviet Union, U.S. sanctions against Latin American nations for human rights violations, and British sanctions against Argentina during the Falklands War. Martin emphasizes that credible commitments gain international co-operation, and she concludes that the involvement of international institutions and the willingness of the main "sender" to bear heavy costs are the central factors influencing credibility.
Deciphering Tax Avoidance: Evidence from Credit Rating Disagreements

This study investigates the role of tax avoidance in the credit rating process and whether differences exist in how rating agencies account for the risk relevance of tax avoidance. Using a sample of initial credit ratings assigned to public debt issuances during the 1994-2013 period, our evidence is consistent with credit rating agencies assessing the costs and benefits associated with tax avoidance differently, resulting in more frequent and pronounced rating agency disagreement. Rating agency disagreement over tax avoidance is most prominent when it is accompanied by relatively high levels of uncertain tax positions, foreign activities, or research and development activities, as well as lower quality tax footnote disclosures. We also find evidence that changes in tax avoidance (tax footnote disclosures) are negatively (positively) associated with the convergence of split ratings, suggesting that firms can exacerbate or mitigate rating agency disagreement subsequent to bond issuance. Our study complements prior research by examining why sophisticated information intermediaries disagree about the risk relevance of tax avoidance and sheds light on how firms can impact rating agencies’ understanding of tax avoidance.
Exploring supportive and developmental career management through business strategies and coaching

The shift toward individualistic career management requires a supportive and developmental career approach. Using coaching practices as a manifestation of such an approach, this study reports on coaching and other career practices that are part of supportive and developmental career management in a Belgium sample (n = 154). Three other types of career management were identified as well. Supportive and developmental career management was most present in organizations that had a past or current prospector strategy, and was the least present in past or current defenders. The type of business strategy organizations indicated to pursue in the future did not have an influence on the type of career management they currently had. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Association Between Trading Recommendations and Broker-Analysts' Earnings Forecasts

This study examines analyst forecast errors within the context of stock recommendations. We predict positive forecast error (i.e., optimism) for buy recommendations and negative forecast error (i.e., pessimism) for sell recommendations. We offer two explanations for this prediction: (1) the unconscious tendency to process information in a manner that supports one’s goal, which we refer to as the “objectivity illusion” hypothesis, and (2) the economic incentive to boost trade, which we refer to as the “trade boosting” hypothesis. The pattern of analyst forecast bias we predict (i.e., optimism for buys and pessimism for sells) is opposite in direction to that predicted by the management relations hypothesis—a commonly cited hypothesis for analyst forecast bias. We find broker‐analyst earnings forecast errors are significantly optimistic for buy recommendations and significantly pessimistic for sell recommendations, consistent with the objectivity illusion and trade boosting hypotheses. Our study indicates that the pattern of results reported in prior research (i.e., increasingly optimistic earnings forecasts as the stock recommendation becomes less favorable) is likely driven by a correlated omitted variable, actual earnings. Results of an analysis to distinguish between trade boosting and objectivity illusion appear more consistent with the objectivity illusion.
Clinical Utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT in Assessing the Neck After Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Locoregional Advanced Head and Neck Cancer

For patients with locoregional advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), concurrent chemoradiotherapy is a widely accepted treatment, but the need for subsequent neck dissection remains controversial. We investigated the clinical utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT in this setting. Methods: In this Institutional Review Board (IRB)–approved and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)–compliant retrospective study, we reviewed the records of patients with HNSCC who were treated by concurrent chemoradiation therapy between March 2002 and December 2004. Patients with lymph node metastases who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT ≥ 8 wk after the end of therapy were included. 18F-FDG PET/CT findings were validated by biopsy, histopathology of neck dissection specimens (n = 18), or clinical and imaging follow-up (median, 37 mo). Results: Sixty-five patients with a total of 84 heminecks could be evaluated. 18F-FDG PET/CT (visual analysis) detected residual nodal disease with a sensitivity of 71%, a specificity of 89%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 38%, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 97%, and an accuracy of 88%. Twenty-nine heminecks contained residual enlarged lymph nodes (diameter, ≥1.0 cm), but viable tumor was found in only 5 of them. 18F-FDG PET/CT was true-positive in 4 and false-positive in 6 heminecks, but the NPV was high at 94%. Fifty-five heminecks contained no residual enlarged nodes, and PET/CT was true-negative in 50 of these, yielding a specificity of 96% and an NPV of 98%. Lack of residual lymphadenopathy on CT had an NPV of 96%. Finally, normal 18F-FDG PET/CT excluded residual disease at the primary site with a specificity of 95%, an NPV of 97%, and an accuracy of 92%. Conclusion: In patients with HNSCC, normal 18F-FDG PET/CT after chemoradiotherapy has a high NPV and specificity for excluding residual locoregional disease. In patients without residual lymphadenopathy, neck dissection may be withheld safely. In patients with residual lymphadenopathy, a lack of abnormal 18F-FDG uptake in these nodes also excludes viable tumor with high certainty, but confirmation of these data in a prospective study may be necessary before negative 18F-FDG PET/CT may become the only, or at least most-decisive, criterion in the management of the neck after chemoradiotherapy.
Growth and poverty in India: emerging dimensions of the tertiary sector

The economic reforms of the 1990s have accelerated the tertiarisation of the Indian economy. New activities both in the manufacturing and tertiary sectors have emerged and also seem to have generated employment opportunities that did not exist earlier. Though many such opportunities are available only to the highly skilled and/or educated workforce, the indirect effects are of considerable significance in that they manifest the percolation effects of growth. In this context, the present study aims at examining the nature and composition of the tertiary sector's growth across the major states in India and relates such growth patterns to changes in poverty. On the whole, results are indicative that a large tertiary sector is not as superfluous as is often said to be. It has the potential to enhance economic growth and therefore contribute to poverty reduction.
Abnormal Returns From the Common Stock Investments of Members of the U.S. House of Representatives

A previous study suggests that U.S. Senators trade common stock with a substantial informational advantage compared to ordinary investors and even corporate insiders. We apply precisely the same methods to test for abnormal returns from the common stock investments of Members of the U.S. House of Representatives. We measure abnormal returns for more than 16,000 common stock transactions made by approximately 300 House delegates from 1985 to 2001. Consistent with the study of Senatorial trading activity, we find stocks purchased by Representatives also earn significant positive abnormal returns (albeit considerably smaller returns). A portfolio that mimics the purchases of House Members beats the market by 55 basis points per month (approximately 6% annually).
The effects of happiness on productivity: Panel evidence from the United Kingdom

This paper examines the causal effects of happiness on productivity, using cross sectional time series (panel) data from the UK, spanning the years 1996 to 2008. Innovations in this paper include the use of total compensation instead of wage rates as a proxy for productivity, the use of overall happiness instead of operationalized measures of happiness, and the use of GIS-derived bioclimate variables to instrument for happiness. The main result of the paper finds that happiness has a significant negative effect on productivity, in contrast to a large body of existing literature.
Field Study of Growth and Calcification Rates of Three Species of Articulated Coralline Algae in British Columbia, Canada

Ocean acidification caused by rising atmospheric CO2 is predicted to negatively impact growth and calcification rates of coralline algae. Decreases in coralline abundance may have cascading effects on marine ecosystems and on carbon sequestration worldwide. In this study, we measured growth and calcification rates of three common species of articulated coralline algae (Bossiella plumosa, Calliarthron tuberculosum, and Corallina vancouveriensis) at an intertidal field site in British Columbia. Linear growth rates measured in the field were slow, although Bossiella grew significantly faster (0.22 cm mon−1) than Calliarthron and Corallina (0.17 and 0.15 cm mon−1, respectively). Growth rates in the field were generally slower than growth rates in the laboratory, suggesting that data generated in the laboratory may not be representative of natural field conditions. Growth rates did not decrease as fronds approached their maximum observed size, suggesting that maximum frond size might be determined not by intrinsic factors but by external factors such as wave-induced drag forces. Using growth data, we estimate that the largest observed Bossiella frond (20 cm2) and Calliarthron frond (40 cm2) were about 4- and 11-years-old, respectively, and had deposited approximately 1 and 6 g CaCO3 in that time. Given the great abundance of coralline algae along the coast of British Columbia, deposition rates of CaCO3 are expected to play a significant but poorly characterized role in carbon sequestration.
Fundamental Economic Variables, Expected Returns, and Bond Fund Performance

In this article, the authors develop relative pricing (APT) models that are successful in explaining expected returns in the bond market. They utilize indexes as well as unanticipated changes in economic variables as factors driving security returns. An innovation in this article is the measurement of the economic factors as changes in forecasts. The return indexes are the most important variables in explaining the time series of returns. However the addition of the economic variables leads to a large improvement in the explanation of the cross-section of expected returns. The authors utilize their relative pricing models to examine the performance of bond funds. Copyright 1995 by American Finance Association.
An analysis of the debt‐equity structure of leading hotel chains in India

Purpose – The article seeks to evaluate the capital structure of leading hotel chains of India to examine the role of financing decision in the overall performance of companies. It aims to analyze the debt‐equity structure of these hotels, try to discover the industry benchmark and scrutinize how capital structure plays a momentous role in the company's overall growth.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on financial data collected on leading hotel chains in India. The consolidated financial results of the hotels have been considered for selecting these hotel companies.Findings – From the financial perspective, capital structure is one of the most important determinants of a company's sustainable growth. Leverage seems to be working only for a few companies, whilst affecting others negatively. Firms that have been moderately geared have been able to generate a good return on equity.Practical implications – The paper would be of specific use for top and middle level management of the selected h.
Political Variables as Instruments for the Minimum Wage

Abstract A number of recent empirical studies have found no evidence that the minimum wage adversely affects employment. Explanations for such non-negative estimates include new theoretical approaches, empirical identification and data issues. In this paper we examine the robustness of such estimates to concerns about bias arising from the simultaneous determination of employment and the minimum wage. We use a number of novel political variables as instruments to control for this source of endogeneity. We exploit the personal characteristics of the politicians voting on minimum wage bills, their voting behavior and their electoral process. Our main conclusion is that the weak relationship between minimum wages and employment does not appear to be driven by endogeneity.