Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lactate Contents From Cerebrospinal Fluid in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Well Correlate With Vasospasm: Ongoing and Neurologic Status

The role of lactate composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with vasospasm severity and rabbit neurologic status in subarachnoid hemorrhage was determined. The neurologic status of 20 New Zealand rabbits were graded initially and then, anesthetized and basal angiograms were performed. Then 1.0 mL of CSF was withdrawn through cisterna magna and then 1 mL autologous arterial blood was injected in all rabbits over 1 minute. After 5 days, neurologic severity score (NSS) and vertebrobasilar angiograms of all rabbits were repeated. Rabbits without radiologic vasospasm or spasm under 50% (n=7) were termed as group 1. Rabbits whose cerebral vasospasm were 50% or over 50% (n=7) and NSS is lesser than 3 were termed as groups 2, and rabbits whose cerebral vasospasm were 50% or above 50% (n=7) and NSS is greater than 3 were termed groups 3. On day 7, the CSF lactate values of each group were significantly different (P<0.05) with each other. But when compared with only CSF baseline lactate values groups 2 and 3 were significantly different (P<0.05). However, the NSSs were similar in groups 1 and 2, but group 3 significantly differed from groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). All groups significantly differed from baseline NSSs (P<0.05). The data showed clearly that the degree of vasospasm correlates not only with neurologic status but also with CSF lactate levels. We suggest that CSF lactate level may be useful as a surrogate marker of cerebral vasospasm degree after subarachnoid hemorrhage in clinics where invasive cerebral angiography could not be assessed for whatever reasons.
Choosing Your Future: Temporal Distance and the Balance between Self-Control and Indulgence

This article investigates how temporal distance influences consumers' self-control. We demonstrate that self-control is dependent on the content of currently active information in decisions for the future. When indulgence information is currently active, decisions for the future tend to be oriented toward self-control. When self-control information is currently active, decisions for the future tend to be oriented toward indulgence. In four experiments investigating two self-control domains (healthy eating and saving money), we find evidence for an information activation/inhibition account of the influence of temporal distance on self-control decisions. (c) 2009 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc.
Beyond Affective Influences on Deontological Moral Judgment

Past research suggests that deontological judgments, which condemn deliberate harm no matter what the beneficial consequences, typically arise from emotional and intuitive reactions to the harm, whereas utilitarian judgments, which acknowledge the potential benefits of deliberate harm, typically arise from rational deliberation about whether these benefits outweigh the costs. The present research explores whether specific motivational orientations might, at times, increase the likelihood of deontological judgments without increasing emotional reactions. A meta-analysis of 10 newly conducted studies indicated that, compared with when focused on advancement (promotion), when people were focused on security (prevention) they made stronger deontological judgments in hypothetical moral dilemmas. Moreover, this effect could not be explained by participants’ differing emotional reactions to the dilemmas when prevention-focused, but instead mirrored reports of their explicit reasoning. Implications for expanding current models of deontological and utilitarian moral judgment are discussed.
The treatment of advanced chronic lower limb ischaemia with marrow stem cell autotransplantation.

INTRODUCTION Conventional methods of critical leg ischaemia treatment are of limited efficacy. Amputation, as an ultimate solution, is not so rare. The results of marrow stem cell therapy as a potential novel approach to peripheral artery disease management were presented in 2002 by Tateishi-Yuyamy. AIM To assess efficacy and safety of critical lower limb ischaemia treatment with marrow stem cell autotransplantation. METHODS Ten patients suffering from chronic leg ischaemia in Fontaine IV stadium were involved in the study. They did not require emergency amputation and had previously been unsuccessfully treated with conventional therapy. Autologic marrow stem cells were condensated by a separator from bone marrow samples taken from the iliac crest. The cells were delivered intramuscularly by repeated injections into the pedal and tibial regions. The number of CD34 and AC133 positive mononuclear cells in each sample was evaluated by flow cytometry. After two weeks and one, two, three and twelve months the following parameters were measured: Laser Doppler Flux (LDF), percutaneous oxygen partial pressure, ankle-brachial index (ABI), visual analgesic scale (VAS), analgesic therapy requirement and ulceration area. Also, lower leg angiography and scintigraphy were performed. RESULTS An improvement of the peripheral blood flow assessed by Laser Doppler Flux and percutaneous oxygen partial pressure was found. Pain severity decreased in the majority of patients. Amputation was required in three patients in whom the therapy failed. No side effects of the therapy were observed. The clinical effect of the treatment did not correlate with the amount of cells injected. CONCLUSION Marrow stem cell autotransplantation into the ischaemic lower limb seems to be a potentially effective method of peripheral perfusion enhancement. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of such improvement.
Interactions between adenosine and phorbol esters or lithium at the frog neuromuscular junction

1 Interactions between the effects of adenosine or 2‐chloro‐adenosine (CADO) and the effects of substances that interfere with the phosphoinositides/protein kinase C transducing system or with the adenylate cyclase transducing system, on endplate potentials (e.p.ps), were investigated. The preparation used was the innervated sartorius muscle of the frog in which twitches had been prevented with high magnesium concentrations. 2 The activator of protein kinase C, 4β‐phorbol‐12,13‐diacetate (PDAc), reversibly increased the amplitude and the quantal content of e.p.ps and attenuated the inhibitory effects of adenosine and CADO on e.p.p. amplitude. The affinity of the adenosine receptor antagonist, 8‐phenyltheophylline, was not modified by PDAc. 3 The phorbol ester 4α‐phorbol‐12,13‐didecanoate, which does not activate protein kinase C, did not modify either e.p.p. amplitude or the inhibitory effect of adenosine on e.p.ps. 4 The inhibitor of protein kinase C, polymyxin B, reversibly decreased the amplitude and the quantal content of e.p.ps, prevented the enhancement caused by PDAc on e.p.p. amplitude, but did not modify the inhibitory effect of adenosine on e.p.ps. H‐7, another inhibitor of protein kinases, also decreased e.p.p. amplitude but did not modify the effect of PDAc on the amplitude of e.p.ps. 5 Lithium chloride, which alters phosphoinositide signal transduction by inhibiting the breakdown of inositol phosphates, reversibly increased the amplitude and the quantal content of the e.p.ps. In the presence of adenosine or CADO the effect of lithium on e.p.p. amplitude was markedly attenuated. 6 The activator of adenylate cyclase, forskolin, reversibly increased the amplitude and the quantal content of the e.p.ps. MDL 12,330A, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, irreversibly decreased e.p.p. amplitude, an effect which was prevented by forskolin. Neither forskolin nor MDL 12,330A modified the inhibitory effect of adenosine on e.p.ps. 7 The results suggest that the phosphoinositides/protein kinase C transducing system, but not the adenylate cyclase transducing system, might be involved in the inhibitory effect of adenosine on neuromuscular transmission.
The psycho‐social impact of infertility on young male cancer survivors: a qualitative investigation

Intensive treatment regimes that are known to have a potential risk of infertility sometimes have to be given to boys who have aggressive malignant disease. Long‐term care must therefore include further discussion of these patients' impaired fertility. This study describes the results of a series of semi‐structured interviews with 15 young male cancer survivors regarding their experience of receiving feedback on their probable fertility status. All the interviews were conducted by a psychologist formerly uninvolved with their treatment. The interviews were analysed qualitatively using a grounded theory approach. The findings of the study are organised under four headings:
An Overview of Studies on Early Development, Cognition, and Psychosocial Well-Being in Children Born After In Vitro Fertilization

Objective: To examine whether sufficient research has been done and definite conclusions can be drawn on the psychological outcome of children born after in vitro fertilization (IVF), a review was performed of studies on early development, cognition, and psychosocial well-being in IVF children. Method: PubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched. All English language studies up to 2006 addressing these topics were included. Results: After 25 years of follow-up studies on the development, school outcome, and psychosocial well-being of IVF children, it seems that mental and psychomotor development during the first year and preschool years and cognitive development at 5 years are not deviant. At 6–12 years of age, no differences were observed in cognitive and school performance compared with naturally conceived children; however, the number of studies in this age group is limited. No studies are available that evaluate cognitive aspects and school performance at secondary school age. Overall, positive parent-child relationships were reported in IVF families. In some studies, IVF mothers report more difficulties with their child's behavior only in the child's first year. With regard to the children's psychosocial well-being, no differences were found up to the age of 8 years. Although after that age, slight indications for some socioemotional and behavioral problems emerged, a large study on the onset of puberty reported that psychosocial functioning was reassuring. Data for adolescents are still lacking. Conclusion: Psychological functioning of those born after IVF is reassuring. However, follow-up should be continued and studies should focus on specific cognitive abilities, school performance, and emotional functioning in adolescence.
The effect of social media and advertising activities on affiliate marketing

The study uses data from a service company to analyse if social media and advertising activities affect affiliate marketing results. The dataset spans a six month period, registering 611,081 ad impressions, 15,082 clicks, and 2,672 social media messages. The results from affiliates using social media are analysed and then compared to the results of affiliates not using social media. The study adds to the affiliate marketing literature by analysing the used ad media, commission amount, length of partnership, and business focus as campaign variables. Further, it adds to the multichannel literature: microblogging social media activities of affiliates positively affect the number of ad impressions and to a lesser extent the number of affiliate leads. As social media activities of affiliates affect the results of the affiliate marketing campaign, merchants may include social media data to get a more detailed picture of affiliate activities and performances.
The role of perceived supervisor support and perceived organisational support on employees? motivation to learn and develop. The case of the Greek public sector

In today's global and dynamic environment, the increasing pressure of internal and external change, the intensified competitiveness and the rapid technological advances lead many organisations, both public and private, to use training and development activities to remain competitive. The current study explores how employees? learning and development orientation in the public sector is affected by organisational factors i.e. perceived organisational support (POS) and perceived supervisor support (PSS). The responses received from a sample of 490 employees working for public organisations in Greece indicated that employees? motivation to learn and develop are significantly and positively related both to perceived organisational support and perceived supervisor support. Furthermore, the above relationships are found to be mediated by employees? level of organisational citizenship behavior (OCB).
Sports, economic performance and FDI: The impact of hosting different sports mega-events on economic growth and foreign direct investment in developed and developing countries, 1970-2016

In this paper, the effect hosting a mega sports event has on economic growth and the inflow of foreign direct investment is investigated over the period 1970 – 2016. This paper differentiates between six different mega sports events. Furthermore, it also investigates whether hosting mega sports events in developing countries has a different impact on economic growth and the inflow of foreign direct investment than if such an effect were hosted in a developed country.
Predicting Stabilizing Treatment Outcomes for Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Dissociative Identity Disorder: An Expertise-Based Prognostic Model

The purpose of this study was to develop an expertise-based prognostic model for the treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative identity disorder (DID). We developed a survey in 2 rounds: In the first round we surveyed 42 experienced therapists (22 DID and 20 complex PTSD therapists), and in the second round we surveyed a subset of 22 of the 42 therapists (13 DID and 9 complex PTSD therapists). First, we drew on therapists' knowledge of prognostic factors for stabilization-oriented treatment of complex PTSD and DID. Second, therapists prioritized a list of prognostic factors by estimating the size of each variable's prognostic effect; we clustered these factors according to content and named the clusters. Next, concept mapping methodology and statistical analyses (including principal components analyses) were used to transform individual judgments into weighted group judgments for clusters of items. A prognostic model, based on consensually determined estimates of effect sizes, of 8 clusters containing 51 factors for both complex PTSD and DID was formed. It includes the clusters lack of motivation, lack of healthy relationships, lack of healthy therapeutic relationships, lack of other internal and external resources, serious Axis I comorbidity, serious Axis II comorbidity, poor attachment, and self-destruction. In addition, a set of 5 DID-specific items was constructed. The model is supportive of the current phase-oriented treatment model, emphasizing the strengthening of the therapeutic relationship and the patient's resources in the initial stabilization phase. Further research is needed to test the model's statistical and clinical validity.
Catecholamine sensitivities of neurons related to a visual reaction time task in the monkey prefrontal cortex.

1. Using microiontophoretic techniques and conscious monkeys, sensitivities to noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) of neurons of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which showed changes in activity during a visual reaction time task, were investigated. The visual reaction time task was initiated by the pressing of a lever and consisted of four phases: an initial waiting phase of 3.0 s, a warning phase (green light of variable duration of 1.5-3.5 s), a lever release go phase (red light), and a final reward phase. 2. A total of 153 neurons, which showed changes in activity during one or two phase(s) of the task, were sampled. Of these neurons, 39 changed their activity during the warning phase, 48 changed their activity during the go phase, 38 changed their activity during both the warning and the go phases, and 28 changed their activity during the reward phase. 3. Iontophoretically applied NA and DA (with a current of 30-70 nA, but usually with a current of 50 nA) induced excitatory and/or inhibitory responses in 141 of the 153 task-related neurons. NA induced responses in 99 neurons, and these responses were predominantly inhibitory (n = 90). DA induced excitatory (n = 62) and inhibitory (n = 30) responses in 92 neurons. Fifty neurons were sensitive to both NA and DA. 4. The neurons showing changes in activity during different phases of the task showed different sensitivities to NA and DA applied with 50 nA. The warning phase-related neurons were primarily sensitive to NA (36/39), the go phase-related neurons were primarily sensitive to DA (44/48), neurons related to both the warning and go phases were sensitive to both NA and DA (33/38), and the reward phase-related neurons were primarily sensitive to NA (23/28). 5. In the neurons that showed increased changes in activity during the warning phase, NA reduced the background activity to a greater extent than the activity during the warning phase and increased the ratio of the warning phase-related activity to the background activity. In the neurons that showed decreased changes during the warning phase, NA reduced the activity during the warning phase to a great extent than the background activity, and increased ratio of the background activity to the warning phase-related activity. Furthermore, the latency of onset of the change in activity tended to become shorter by application of NA. Thus, NA enhanced the change in activity during the warning phase, irrespective of whether the direction of the change was toward an increase or a decrease. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAADP) Regulates Autophagy in Cultured Astrocytes*

Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a potent Ca2+-mobilizing messenger that in many cells releases Ca2+ from the endolysosomal system. Recent studies have shown that NAADP-induced Ca2+ mobilization is mediated by the two-pore channels (TPCs). Whether NAADP acts as a messenger in astrocytes is unclear, and downstream functional consequences have yet to be defined. Here, we show that intracellular delivery of NAADP evokes Ca2+ signals from acidic organelles in rat astrocytes and that these signals are potentiated upon overexpression of TPCs. We also show that NAADP increases acidic vesicular organelle formation and levels of the autophagic markers, LC3II and beclin-1. NAADP-mediated increases in LC3II levels were reduced in cells expressing a dominant-negative TPC2 construct. Our data provide evidence that NAADP-evoked Ca2+ signals mediated by TPCs regulate autophagy.
Gene Polymorphisms of Immunoregulatory Cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multifactorial autoimmune disease charac‐terized by loss of immune tolerance and defective immune regulatory mechanisms that leadsto B cell hyperactivity and the production of pathogenic autoantibodies directed against a widerange of autoantigens, and particularly nuclear antigens [Liossis et al., 1996; Yurasov et al.,2006; Mandik-Nayak et al., 2008]. In common, the complex interaction of genetic, environ‐mental, as well as immunological factors causes the breaking of self-tolerance of the immunesystem and leads to development of autoimmunity. The immune system has various mecha‐nisms at the cellular and molecular level that negatively regulate immune responses andcounteract establishment of chronic and destructive immunity [Nakken et al., 2012]. A numberof circulating cytokine abnormalities have been reported in SLE and recent advances haverevealed new insights in cytokine regulation of autoimmune inflammatory responses [Diveuet al., 2008]. In particular, the production of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growthfactor-β1 (TGF-β1), the two main Treg cytokines that suppress the inflammatory response, hasbeen found to be deeply deregulated in SLE patients, so they have been considered essentialelements in the etiopathology of the disease.Given the importance of cytokines in immune system regulation, these molecules are of highinterest not only in the “effector phase” of autoimmune disease in which self-tolerance hasalready been broken, but also in the “initiation phase” of autoimmunity, in which a lastingimmune response against self antigens is first generated. Recently, it has been suggested thatinitial susceptibility to autoimmune disease lies at least partly in the genetics of cytokineregulation, and that many genetic polymorphisms affecting cytokine patterns could alterthresholds for immune responses, resulting in pro-inflammatory presentation of self antigens
Effects of growth hormone on lipolysis in humans

The ability to change the rate of lipolysis rapidly is one of the key functions of adipocytes. It is well established that adipose tissue is a target for growth hormone (GH), and many studies have been performed to determine the role of GH in the regulation of lipolysis since it was shown that growth-promoting extracts given to rats reduced the fat mass (1) and that plasma fatty acids were affected by GH (2). The results of these studies, however, are conflicting, and GH apparently has very complex effects on lipolysis. In this review, several aspects of the effects of GH on lipolysis in humans are discussed.
Assessment of urban regeneration activities in the central area of Jos town, Nigeria

This paper examines land use changes and urban regeneration activities in the central area of Jos, Nigeria; the processes and forces driving those changes. The central area has been expanding into adjacent streets over the past nearly two decades due to increased pressure for commercial and retail space resulting from the fire incident that burnt the Jos Main Market in February 2002 and increase in the urban population. The research employed positivist and interpretivist approaches, where qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data. Land use changes were analyzed from satellite images and maps while questionnaires were administered to property owners and shoppers. The study area covers an area of about 183.37 hectares. Regeneration activities have increased during the period under study with private-sector-led activities accounting for 668 of a total of 797 properties (about 84% ) and covering an area of 59 hectares (about 41% of the land area). Though the processes of change are unstoppable, even desirable; these have created a number of problems such as inner city congestion due inadequate parking space, illegal motor parks and the proliferation of commercial activities unto the adjacent streets and pedestrian walkways; inadequate utilities/services; poor waste collection and management practices and a degraded urban environment. Urban regeneration was proceeding in a piecemeal and uncoordinated manner without overall planning vision towards achieving clear socio-economic and environmental objectives and bereft of community values of enhancing public safety and security.