Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Splitting Hairs: The Eleventh Circuit’s Take on Workplace Bans Against Black Women’s Natural Hair in EEOC v. Catastrophe Management Solutions

What does hair have to do with African descendant women’s employment opportunities in the 21st century? In this Article, Professor Greene demonstrates that Black women's natural hair has much to do with their ability to obtain and maintain employment as well as their enjoyment of dignity, equality, and agency in contemporary workplaces. When Black women wear natural hairstyles like afros, locks, twists, braids, they are often subjected to harassment, demotions, discipline, termination and denial of employment for which they are qualified. However, when Black women have challenged natural hairstyle bans as race discrimination violative of federal laws like Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, federal courts have issued hair splitting decisions that decree: federal anti-discrimination law protects African descendants when they are discriminated against for adorning afros but statutory protection ceases once they grow their naturally textured or curly hair long or don it in braids, twists, or locks. Thus, generally, Black women subjected to discrimination because of their natural hair lack any form of legal redress. The 11th Circuit Court of Appeals recent decision in EEOC v. Catastrophe Management Solutions (2016) preserved this status quo by holding that an employer’s revocation of a job offer to an African American woman for refusing to cut off her dreadlocks did not violate Title VII because locks are not an “immutable” racial characteristic of African descendants presumably like an afro. Professor Greene explains that federal courts’ strict application of this “legal fiction” known as the immutability doctrine—and the biological notion of race that informs it—have greatly contributed to this incoherency in anti-discrimination law that triggers troubling, tangible consequences in the lives of Black women. Indeed, natural hairstyle bans effectively require Black women to wear straightened hairstyles, which Black women often achieve through costly, time-consuming, and physically damaging procedures like weaves, wigs, hair extensions, chemical relaxers and/or the application of extreme heat to their hair. Thus, workplace bans against natural hair are not a superficial matter; they can negatively impact Black women's physical, economic, and emotional well being. Moreover, Professor Greene argues that the 11th Circuit's recent dismissal of the EEOC’s case, which affirms the legality of straight hair mandates imposed upon Black women, exacerbates the “hyper-regulation of Black women’s bodies via their hair” in the 21st century workplace.
Energetic ions scattered into the loss cone with observations of the Cluster satellite

Abstract. In this paper, we report in situ observations by the Cluster spacecraft of energetic ions scattered into the loss cone during the inbound pass from the plasma sheet into the plasmasphere. During the inbound pass of the plasma sheet, Cluster observed the isotropy ratio of energetic ions to gradually decrease from unity and the isotropic boundary extended to lower L value for higher-energy ions, implying that the field line curvature scattering mechanism is responsible for the scattered ions into the loss cone from the plasma sheet. In the outer boundary of a plasmasphere plume, Cluster 3 observed the increase of the isotropy ratio of energetic ions accompanied by enhancements of Pc2 waves with frequencies between the He + ion gyrofrequency and O + ion gyrofrequency estimated in the equatorial plane. Those Pc2 waves were left-hand circularly polarized and identified as electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. Using the observed parameters, the calculations of the pitch angle diffusion coefficients for ring current protons demonstrate that EMIC waves could be responsible for the ions scattering and loss-cone filling. Our observations provide in situ evidence of energetic ion loss in the plasma sheet and the plasmasphere plume. Our results suggest that energetic ions scattering into the loss cone in the central plasma sheet and the outer boundary of the plasmaspheric plume are attributed to the field line curvature scattering mechanism and EMIC wave scattering mechanism, respectively.
The Effect of Creating an Artificial Night On Physiological Changes in Preterm Infants

Introduction Preterm infants are exposed to irregular light for several weeks or months in the Neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU). This lack of maternal entrainment, the exposure to irregular extrauterine lighting and care in the nursery may contribute to the disturbances in body temperature, sleep and physiological changes that are commonly experienced by preterm infants. Materials and Methods This is a randomized clinical trial dual group study, 38 preterm infants (gestational age of 30-34 weeks) due to prematurity hospitalized at NICU of Ghaem Hospital, Iran, were evaluated within 10 days. Infants were divided into two groups of 1200-1700 and 1701-2200g based on the weight and the weight of each group were randomized into artificial night (dark period was from 19 to 7 during incubator was covered with linen cloth & light period was from 7 to 19 removed the cover) and control groups (continuous lighting). Mothers & infants through questionnaires, interviews, observation & document completion, changes in physiologic & weight before entering the study & then physiologic changes twice a day, weight & feeding tolerance were collected daily. Data were analyzed using SPSS version16 software. Results The two groups were matched in terms of other variables. Mean gestational age was (31.39+1.39) weeks in both groups, mean weight at study entry in period light of the (1415.8+ 263.46) and (1471.6 + 244.47) was in continuous lighting. The difference in oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, respectively, higher and lower in the intervention group than the control group. Result of the statistical analysis of repeated measures suggests that the difference between the two groups was significant (P<0.05(. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the effect of artificial night on physiological stabilization of preterm infants is positive. In order to create a favorable and efficient environment to help better growth, prevent complications of prematurity and impaired circadian rhythms in infants, pay more attention to the care conditions of infants is recommended.
3D-Numerical simulation of a mine using cohesion-softening, friction-softening and hardening behavior

Numerical modeling is a potent tool to evaluate stability and to assist in long term planning of a mine along with predictive modeling of planned mining situations. However, selection of proper input properties regarding the rock mass still intrigues the Rock Mechanics community. A well-documented case study of a hard rock mine situated in moderately high stress regime practicing sublevel open stoping has been simulated using 3D finite difference method (FLAC3D). The mine was modeled using three types of constitutive material model – Mohr-Coulomb with strain-softening post peak, bi-linear MohrCoulomb with strain-softening post peak, Mohr-Coulomb with cohesion softening/friction hardening (CSFH) post peak. Outcome of all approaches have been compared with actual ground conditions. The comparison revealed that the numerical models using the bi-linear Mohr-Coulomb with strain-softening post peak provides most realistic match to the observations in the mine including instability of the crown pillars. Keywords— cohesion softening; friction softening; strain softening; spalling; breakouts;
Sampling Procedure and Temporal-Spatial Distribution of the Cabbage Aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on Canola

To estimate population density of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), a stratified random sampling was conducted in two unsprayed canola fields in Isfahan (central Iran) during 2011-2012. Population density was determined for apterous, and alates, as well as the total population, at two plant growth phases (PGP1: From plant emergence to the end of rosette, and PGP2: From the beginning of stem elongation to ripening) on the whole plant as the sampling unit. Sources of variation in the sampling procedure were analyzed with a nested analysis of variance (NANOVA). In PGP2, aphid density in upper (10-15 cm upper part of stem) and lower (the rest of stem) parts were compared using Student’s t-test. Temporal changes in spatial pattern during the growth season were evaluated using 1/k (aggregation index) and Lloyd’s Patchiness Index. Results showed that differences among fields accounted for the majority of total variation observed in aphid densities and the aphids significantly preferred upper parts of canola plants. Among different indices used for analyzing spatial distribution of the aphid, Taylor’s Power Law (TPL) described well the relationship between variance and mean of the population. In both PGPs spatial patterns of apterous, alates, and total population were aggregated, random, and aggregated, respectively. Estimates of 1/k and changes in the value of patchiness index revealed that the aphid population was aggregated at the beginning of rosette stage and became more dispersed with time.
Acoustic scattering by fractal screens: mathematical formulations and wavenumber-explicit continuity and coercivity estimates

We consider time-harmonic acoustic scattering by planar sound-soft (Dirichlet) and sound-hard (Neumann) screens. In contrast to previous studies, in which the domain occupied by the screen is assumed to be Lipschitz or smoother, we consider screens occupying an arbitrary bounded open set in the plane. Thus our study includes cases where the closure of the domain occupied by the screen has larger planar Lebesgue measure than the screen, as can happen, for example, when the screen has a fractal boundary. We show how to formulate well-posed boundary value problems for such scattering problems, our arguments depending on results on the coercivity of the acoustic single-layer and hypersingular boundary integral operators, and on properties of Sobolev spaces on general open sets which appear to be new. Our analysis teases out the explicit wavenumber dependence of the continuity and coercivity constants of the boundary integral operators, viewed as mappings between fractional Sobolev spaces, this in part extending previous results of Ha-Duong [18, 19]. We also consider the complementary problem of propagation through a bounded aperture in an infinite planar screen.
A MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSION IN 47 TUCANAE

Using images from the Hubble Space Telescope Wide-Field Camera 3, we measure the rate of diffusion of stars through the core of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae (47 Tuc) using a sample of young white dwarfs that were identified in these observations. This is the first direct measurement of diffusion due to gravitational relaxation. We find that the diffusion rate κ ≈ 10 − 13 ? > arcsec2 Myr−1 is consistent with theoretical estimates of the relaxation time in the core of 47 Tuc of about 70 Myr.
High-Frequency Trading around Large Institutional Orders 1

Hello world. High-Frequency Trading around Large Institutional Orders Liquidity suppliers lean against the wind. We analyze whether high-frequency traders (HFTs) lean against large institutional orders that execute through a series of child orders. The alternative is that HFTs go “with the wind” and trade in the same direction. We find that HFTs initially lean against orders but eventually turn around and go with them for long-lasting orders. This pattern explains why institutional trading cost is 46% lower when HFTs lean against the order (by one standard deviation) but 169% higher when they go with it. Further analysis supports recent theory, suggesting HFTs “back-run” on informed orders. (for internet appendix click http://goo.gl/mzfUh0)
The Chandra Deep Group Survey – cool core evolution in groups and clusters of galaxies

We report the results of a study which assembles deep observations with the ACIS-I instrument on the Chandra Observatory to study the evolution in the core properties of a sample of galaxy groups and clusters out to redshifts $z\approx 1.3$. A search for extended objects within these fields yields a total of 62 systems for which redshifts are available, and we added a further 24 non-X-ray-selected clusters, to investigate the impact of selection effects and improve our statistics at high redshift. Six different estimators of cool core strength are applied to these data: the entropy (K) and cooling time ($t_{cool}$) within the cluster core, the cooling time as a fraction of the age of the Universe ($t_{cool}/t_{Uni}$), and three estimators based on the cuspiness of the X-ray surface brightness profile. A variety of statistical tests are used to quantify evolutionary trends in these cool core indicators. In agreement with some previous studies, we find that there is significant evolution in $t_{cool}/t_{Uni}$, but little evolution in $t_{cool}$, suggesting that gas is accumulating within the core, but that the cooling time deep in the core is controlled by AGN feedback. We show that this result extends down to the group regime and appears to be robust against a variety of selection biases (detection bias, archival biases and biases due to the presence of central X-ray AGN) which we consider.
How Does Employee Involvement Stack Up? The Effects of Human Resource Management Policies on Performance in a Retail Firm

The impact of innovative human resource management (HRM) practices on performance is investigated using panel data for all units of a retail firm. Our rich data include measures of the operating environment, important dimensions of core inputs, and information on HRM environments, and output is measured as value added. We estimate augmented production functions, including both establishment and manager fixed effects. When employees have opportunities to participate, and receive appropriate information and feedback from their supervisors, productivity is enhanced. Thus, even in settings where employees do simple tasks and are relatively low-skilled, participatory work environments can enhance business performance.
Developing a tool for assessing elementary algebraic knowledge for teaching : a twofold perspective for understanding teachers' decision-making

This paper reports on the process of developing a questionnaire to evaluate teachers’ knowledge of elementary algebra, and presents the initial results of this process. The questionnaire is structured into three dimensions: learning activities, knowledge for teaching and categories of practices, the last one of these highlighting the influence of context on the mobilisation of teachers’ knowledge. The initial results show that although teachers acquire a certain knowledge in order to develop effective teaching environments, they do not mobilise this knowledge in certain class contexts. Their resulting decisions sometimes help and sometimes hinder students’ understanding of the key algebraic concepts.
Age validation, growth modeling, and mortality estimates for striped trumpeter (Latris lineata) from southeastern Australia: making the most of patchy data

Age estimates for striped trumpeter (Latris lineata) from Tas- manian waters were produced by counting annuli on the transverse section of sagittal otoliths and were validated by comparison of growth with known-age individuals and modal progression of a strong recruit- ment pulse. Estimated ages ranged from one to 43 years; fast growth rates were observed for the first five years. Minimal sexual dimorphism was shown to exist between length, weight, and growth characteristics of striped trumpeter. Seasonal growth variability was strong in individuals up to at least age four, and growth rates peaked approximately one month after the observed peak in sea surface temperature. A modified two-phase von Bertalanffy growth function was fitted to the length-at-age data, and the transition between growth phases was linked to apparent changes in physiological and life history traits, including offshore movement as fish approach maturity. The two-phase curve was found to represent the mean length at age in the data better than the standard von Bertalanffy growth function. Total mortality was estimated by using catch curve analysis based on the standard and two-phase von Bertalanffy growth functions, and estimates of natural mortality were calculated by using two empirical models, one based on longevity and the other based on the parameters L∞ and k from both growth functions. The interactions between an inshore gillnet fishery targeting predominately juveniles and an off- shore hook fishery targeting predomi- nately adults highlight the need to use a precautionary approach when developing harvest strategies.
Professional Competence , Pedagogical Competence and the Performance of Junior High School of Science Teachers

Professional competence is competence related to the ability to master the knowledge . Teachers' pedagogical competence is the ability to manage learning , which includes planning , implementation and evaluation of learning outcomes of learners . These competencies should be owned by every teacher in order to achieve success in learning and teaching . This study aims to determine the effect of professional competence and pedagogical competence against the performance of Junior High School science teacher in Ternate . The method used in this study is a quantitative correlation method . This study was conducted in 9 Junior High School in Ternate . The samples in this study were taken from 61 science teacher of 72 science teachers using proportional stratified random sampling . The data were then analyzed using simple linear regression . The results of this study concluded that professional and pedagogical competence give positive effect on the performance of Junior High School science teacher in Ternate . To improve the professional competence and pedagogical competence of junior high science teacher in Ternate , the efforts that need to be done include : educatiing and training on a regular basis , activatig thr MGMPs (the teachers’ forum) , preparing science textbooks , continuing education , optimizing the supervision of principals , training in the use of various science teaching strategies , using of laboratory science training tool , training of IT -based media design and conducting action research. Keywords : pedagogical competence , teacher performance
Structural, Optical, Electrical and Thermal Characterizations of Pure and L-alanine Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals

Pure ammonium diyidrogen phosphate and L-alanine doped ammonium diyidrogen phosphate crystals were grown from aqueous solutions by natural evaporation process. The grown crystals are characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray, UV-visible spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis. Crystal structure has been studied by powder X-ray diffraction. Pure and doped crystals both possessed tetragonal structure. The optical transparency is found to increase with the increase of doping concentration in the grown crystals and band gap energies of all crystals have been calculated at their cut off frequencies. It is found that the optical band gap increases with doping concentrations. D.C.electrical conductivity of grown crystals along the growth axis was carried out at temperatures ranging from 35-140°C by the conventional two-probe method. The conductivity of the crystals increases with temperature and also increases with the L-alanine concentration. The decomposition temperatures and weight loss have been estimated from the Thermo Gravimetric Analysis and Differential Thermal Analysis and hardness was found from the Vicker’s microhardness measurement.
Entrepreneurship Education - a Compendium of Related Issues

Current years have witnessed the ongoing interest in entrepreneurship, which is essentially understood as the emergence and growth of new businesses (Rosa et al., 1996). A wide range of factors have contributed to the revival of interest in entrepreneurship in USA, Europe and many other countries. In recent years, many industrialized countries have suffered from economic recessions and high unemployment rates. Given the prevailing economic conditions, policy makers worldwide have now begun to recognize the instrumental role of entrepreneurship for economic growth. New and growing businesses are seen as a solution to rising unemployment rates, and as a major catalyst to national economic prosperity (Acs et al., 1999; Bruyat and Julien, 2000). As a result of the proliferating emphasis worldwide on entrepreneurship as the catalyst for economic development and job creation, policy makers have developed a wide array of measures to support entrepreneurship (Gnyawali and Fogel, 1994; Maillat, 1998). Key among these is the call for academic institutions, such as universities, to contribute through appropriate educational programs, i.e., entrepreneurship education (Laukkanen, 2000). There appears to be a consensus that entrepreneurship education and training has a major role to play in the economic development of a country (Gibb, 1996). The nature, relevance and appropriateness of entrepreneurship education have been subject to increasing scrutiny since the late 1960s (Vesper, 1985) and it has been touted as an effective means of entrepreneurial learning (Johannisson, 1991). Indeed, entrepreneurship education has become an obvious complement to venture capital and incubators as tools in propelling economic advancement (McMullan and Long, 1987). Whilst there clearly is a rise in entrepreneurial spirit and hence, an increase in entrepreneurship education across nations worldwide, information supporting these assertions and descriptions of the roles of entrepreneurship education to educate and inspire individuals remain largely scattered and sporadic. This chapter aims to consolidate and synthesize the issues surrounding university entrepreneurship education such as whether or not entrepreneurship can be taught, the structure, effectiveness, and potential growth of entrepreneurship courses, ethical issues as well as new perspectives on entrepreneurship education.
Comparison of methods for determining unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the wet range to evaluate the sensitivity of wetting front detectors

The design of passive lysimeters or wetting front detectors determines the tensions at which they collect a water sample from an unsaturated soil. When deployed in the field to help manage irrigation, it is necessary to know the minimum flux of water that can be sampled by a passive lysimeter and how this relates to the drainage flux at field capacity. This requires a good estimate of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity characteristic, K(h), in the wet range (< 10 kPa). We compared various field, laboratory and theoretical approaches for obtaining the K(h) function and compared these to a reference K(h) function derived by applying inverse modelling approaches to field drainage experimental data. The Van Genuchten model and three of the pedotransfer models produced K(h) functions with a root mean square error of less than 5% compared to the reference, and appear to be simple methods of obtaining a reasonable estimate of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. However, despite the goodness of fit, there can be a 10-fold difference in conductivity at a given tension < 10 kPa estimated from the different methods. Moreover, water content at field capacity depends entirely on whether field capacity is defined as time elapsed after saturation, a set tension or a minimum flux. Keywords: inverse modelling, instantaneous profile method, pedotransfer functions, wetting front detector, field capacity, HYDRUS-2D