Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY TO INACTIVATION OF NUR AND NUR+ STRAINS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AT SIX SELECTED WAVELENGTHS IN THE UVA, UVB AND UVC RANGES *

The radiation response of stationary‐phase cells of Escherichia coli strains RT4 (nur+) and RT2 (nur) was measured at 6 selected wavelengths between 254 and 405 ran. The relative response of the nur+. and nur strains was almost the same at 254 and 290 nm. However, the differential sensitivity of the RT4 and RT2 strains (ratio of the initial F37 values of the nur+ to the nur strains) was 2.7 at 313 nm, 3.2 at 334 nm, 3.1 at 365 nm, and 2.3 at 405 nm. Thus, the fluence enhancing effect of the nur genotype extends over the wavelength range of approximately 300 to 420 nm. The substantial effect of nur at 313 nm strongly suggests that the increased sensitivity of the nur strain is the consequence of a repair deficiency that reduces the efficiency of mending DNA lesions produced by UVA (320–400 nm) and UVB (290–320 nm), but not UVC (200–290 nm) radiation.
The contribution of enzymes and process chemicals to the life cycle of ethanol

Most life cycle studies of biofuels have not examined the impact of process chemicals and enzymes, both necessary inputs to biochemical production and which vary depending upon the technology platform (feedstock, pretreatment and hydrolysis system). We examine whether this omission is warranted for sugar-platform technologies. We develop life cycle (‘well-to-tank’) case studies for a corn dry-mill and for one ‘mature’ and two near-term lignocellulosic ethanol technologies. Process chemical and enzyme inputs contribute only 3% of fossil energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for corn ethanol. Assuming considerable improvement compared to current enzyme performance, the inputs for the near-term lignocellulosic technologies studied are found to be responsible for 30%–40% of fossil energy use and 30%–35% of GHG emissions, not an insignificant fraction given that these models represent technology developers’ nth plant performance. Mature technologies which assume lower chemical and enzyme loadings, high enzyme specific activity and on-site production utilizing renewable energy would significantly improve performance. Although the lignocellulosic technologies modeled offer benefits over today’s corn ethanol through reducing life cycle fossil energy demand and GHG emissions by factors of three and six, achieving those performance levels requires continued research into and development of the manufacture of low dose, high specific activity enzyme systems. Realizing the benefits of low carbon fuels through biological conversion will otherwise not be possible. Tracking the technological performance of process conversion materials remains an important step in measuring the life cycle performance of biofuels.
The Week-End Effect in Common Stock Returns: The International Evidence

This paper examines the daily stock market returns for four foreign countries. We find a so-called "week-end effect" in each country. In addition, the lowest mean returns for the Japanese and Australian stock markets occur on Tuesday. The remainder of the paper answers four questions. Are seasonal patterns in foreign stock markets independent of those previously reported in the U.S.? Do Japan and Australia exhibit a seasonal one day out of phase due to different time zones? Do settlement procedures across countries bias week-end effects? Does the seasonal pattern in foreign exchange offset the week-end effect in stocks for Americans investing overseas? SOME OF THE MOST ANOMALOUS empirical findings in finance are associated with the sample distributions of daily common stock returns. Cross [1], French [2], Gibbons and Hess [3], and Keim and Stambaugh [4] have documented that the average return on Friday is abnormally high, and the average return on Monday is abnormally low. To our knowledge, this so-called "day-of-the-week effect" or "week-end effect" has yet to be explained. Because this anomaly has been reported primarily for U.S. stock returns, it is appropriate to investigate whether similar results occur for other countries. Positive findings would strongly support the proposition that the weekly seasonal effect is a general, world-wide phenomenon rather than the result of a special type of institutional arrangement in the U.S. To shed more light on this proposition, our paper examines stock market returns in the U.K., Japan, Canada, and Australia. Since we find a week-end effect in each country, we can examine a set of interesting questions. For example, are these seasonals independent of the previously reported seasonal in the U.S.? Due to different time zones, do Far Eastern countries exhibit a seasonal one day out of phase? Do different settlement procedures across countries influence weekend effects? Does the seasonal in foreign exchange fluctuations (see McFarland, Pettit, and Sung [7] and Levi [6]) offset the week-end effect in stock market returns for Americans investing overseas?
Uncovered Interest Parity Revisited

A standard empirical finding in international finance is that countries with high nominal interest rates experience appreciations of their currencies, in contrast to predictions based on uncovered interest parity (UIP). However, tests of UIP have almost exclusively relied on data on short-term interest rates. In this paper, UIP is tested on long-term government bond yields. Since the presence of coupon payments induces a measurement error between the observed data and true returns, several different proxies for the latter are constructed. Furthermore, instrumental variable techniques are used. In contrast to the typical finding, the results are rather favorable to UIP. Copyright 2001 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
The Market Reward for Achieving Analyst Earnings Expectations: Does Managing Expectations or Earnings Matter?

This study explores the market response to achieving analyst earnings expectations, distinguishing between expectations achieved through earnings forecast guidance and earnings management. We consider three earnings management tools: real earnings management, working capital accruals management, and classification shifting. Analysis indicates that UK firms use earnings forecast guidance and classification shifting to achieve analyst expectations. The market does not reward firms that achieve expectations through forecast guidance, and achievers that classification shift receive a lower market reward than genuine achievers. The market response aligns with information on future profitability and rational pricing tests show that there is no overall mispricing of achievers. Evidence of stock price incentives to engage in earnings forecast guidance is found only within more opportunistic downward forecast revisions mainly driven by high market growth expectations.
Molecular characterization of a cDNA encoding vitellogenin in the banana shrimp, Penaeus (Litopenaeus) merguiensis and sites of vitellogenin mRNA expression

In order to determine the primary structure of banana shrimp, Penaeus merguiensis, vitellogenin (Vg), we previously purified vitellin (Vt) from the ovaries of vitellogenic females, and chemically analyzed the N‐terminal amino acid sequence of its 78 kDa subunit. In this study, a cDNA from this species encoding Vg was cloned based on the N‐terminal amino acid sequence of the major 78 kDa subunit of Vt and conserved sequences of Vg/Vt from other crustacean species. The complete nucleotide sequence of Vg cDNA was achieved by RT‐PCR and 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches. The full‐length Vg cDNA consisted of 7,961 nucleotides. The open reading frame of this cDNA encoding a precursor peptide was comprised of 2,586 amino acid residues, with a putative processing site, R‐X‐K/R‐R, recognized by subtilisin‐like endoproteases. The deduced amino acid sequence was obtained from the Vg cDNA and its amino acid composition showed a high similarity to that of purified Vt. The deduced primary structure, of P. merguiensis Vg was 91.4% identical to the Vg of Penaeus semisulcatus and was also related to the Vg sequences of six other crustacean species with identities that ranged from 86.9% to 36.6%. In addition, the amino acid sequences corresponding to the signal peptide, N‐terminal region and C‐terminal region of P. merguiensis Vg were almost identical to the same sequences of the seven other reported crustacean species. Results from RT‐PCR analysis showed that Vg mRNA expression was present in both the ovary and hepatopancreas of vitellogenic females but was not detected in other tissues including muscle, heart, and intestine of females or in the hepatopancreas of mature males. These results indicate that the Vg gene may be expressed only by mature P. merguiensis females and that both the ovary and hepatopancreas are possible sites for Vg synthesis in this species of shrimp. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of the IS-MP-IA Model and the Taylor Rule to Korea and Policy Implications *

This paper uses extended versions of the IS-MP-IA model (Hall and Taylor, 1997; Romer, 2000; Taylor, 2001) and the Taylor rule (1993, 1998, 1999) to conduct theoretical and empirical analyses of possible impacts of changes in exogenous macroeconomic variables on equilibrium output in Korea. Equilibrium output is found to be negatively associated with the expected inflation rate and the world interest rate, and positively influenced by deficit spending, home currency depreciation, and world output. The central bank plays a major role in determining the direction and magnitude of these impacts. Empirical findings enable us to better understand macroeconomic relationships and monetary policy in Korea.
A technique for designing robotic control systems based on Petri nets

Traditional techniques for designing the software of complex real-time control systems offer limited support for validating design before producing final code. The need of early validation of the design of control software is increasing, due to the growing complexity of the software components. This is especially the case of advanced robot controllers, due to the strict timing requirements of run time elaboration of information from exteroceptive sensors. The use of formal methods can increase the possibility of validating the design. This paper presents an approach for designing software for robotic controllers based on the use of a specialized notation formally defined by means of Petri nets (CONTROL NETS). The proposed notation is easy to use in the specific domain and it benefits from the validation techniques available for Petri nets. Benefits of CONTROL NETS, with respect to a traditional approach based on structured analysis techniques, are assessed through a case study.
The Nature of Conflict

This research establishes that the emergence, prevalence, recurrence, and severity of intrastate conflicts in the modern era reflect the long shadow of prehistory. Exploiting variations across national populations, it demonstrates that genetic diversity, as determined predominantly during the exodus of humans from Africa tens of thousands of years ago, has contributed significantly to the frequency, incidence, and onset of both overall and ethnic civil conflict over the last half-century, accounting for a large set of geographical and institutional correlates of conflict, as well as measures of economic development. Furthermore, the analysis establishes the significant contribution of genetic diversity to the intensity of social unrest and to the incidence of intragroup factional conflict. These findings arguably reflect the contribution of genetic diversity to the degree of fractionalization and polarization across ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups in the national population; the adverse influence of genetic diversity on interpersonal trust and cooperation; the contribution of genetic diversity to divergence in preferences for public goods and redistributive policies; and the potential impact of genetic diversity on economic inequality within a society.
Effects of DMO Coordination on Destination Brand Identity

Academic literature has paid little attention to stakeholder coordination and branding from a supply-side perspective. This article tries to fill this gap by applying the concept of internal brand strength to destination brands and analyzing whether stakeholder coordination has an impact on the destination brand. A mixed-method design involving stakeholders working within Edinburgh, Scotland, revealed that within the city there is mixed commitment to the brand, and some coordination mechanisms appear more useful than others for ensuring that stakeholders are committed to and adopt brand values in their work. This article makes apparent that internal communication and “socialization” processes are fundamental activities to which destination marketing organization (DMO) managers should pay attention if they want stakeholders to become committed to the destination brand values and adopt them in their work.
Hip heritage: The boutique hotel business in Singapore

The paper deals with the boutique hotel phenomenon, discussing definitions and overall trends as well as circumstances in Singapore where there has been heightened commercial activity in recent years. Circumstances in Singapore, although distinctive, yield insights into the qualities of boutique hotels in general and their development in the South East Asian region. Heritage is seen to make an important contribution to the city state’s boutique hotels, many of which are the result of the adaptive reuse of old buildings, but is increasingly being combined with modern design in endeavours to cultivate an ambience of hip heritage. The future prospects of boutique hotels with a heritage component thus partly depends on the protection of built heritage, suggesting an alignment of commercial and conservation interests.
Pimavanserin tartrate: a 5-HT2A inverse agonist with potential for treating various neuropsychiatric disorders.

BACKGROUND Pimavanserin tartrate is the first 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist to enter clinical trials as a treatment for L-dopa-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease and for augmentation of low-dose risperidone treatment in schizophrenia. Pimavanserin is also being evaluated as a possible anti-insomnia drug. OBJECTIVE To discuss the potential of pimavanserin to fill multiple therapeutic needs. METHODS The problems with currently approved antipsychotics and sleep agents are explored to highlight how pimavanserin might address some longstanding issues in the treatment of psychosis and insomnia. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS In Phase II clinical trials, pimavanserin seemed to be safe, well-tolerated and efficacious in treating L-dopa-induced psychosis without worsening motor symptoms. Pimavanserin also potentiated the therapeutic effects of low-dose risperidone, reduced haloperidol-induced akathisia, and increased slow-wave sleep in older individuals.
Litchi Fruit LcNAC1 is a Target of LcMYC2 and Regulator of Fruit Senescence Through its Interaction with LcWRKY1

Senescence is a key factor resulting in deterioration of non-climacteric fruit. NAC transcription factors are important regulators in plant development and abiotic stress responses, yet little information regarding the role of NACs in regulating non-climacteric fruit senescence is available. In this study, we cloned 13 NAC genes from litchi (Litchi chinensis) fruit, and analyzed subcellular localization and expression profiles of these genes during post-harvest natural and low-temperature-delayed senescence. Of the 13 NAC genes, expression of LcNAC1 was up-regulated in the pericarp and pulp as senescence progressed, and was significantly higher in senescence-delayed fruit than that in naturally senescent fruit. LcNAC1 was induced by exogenous ABA and hydrogen peroxide. Yeast one-hybrid analysis and transient dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that LcNAC1 was positively regulated by the LcMYC2 transcription factor. LcNAC1 activated the expression of LcAOX1a, a gene associated with reactive oxygen species regulation and energy metabolism, whereas LcWRKY1 repressed LcAOX1a expression. In addition, LcNAC1 interacted with LcWRKY1 in vitro and in vivo. These results indicated that LcNAC1 and LcWRKY1 form a complex to regulate the expression of LcAOX1a antagonistically. Taken together, the results reveal a hierarchical and co-ordinated regulatory network in senescence of harvested litchi fruit.
Effect of Investor Category Trading Imbalances on Stock Returns

Trading is the mechanism of the economist's 'invisible hand', the means by which price discovery occurs. We use daily shareholdings data from the Australian equities clearinghouse to investigate the impact of the trading imbalances of investor categories on stock returns. Our evidence does not contradict the behavioral finance assumption that the trading of individual investors contributes to price discovery. Furthermore, we find that, while the trading of all investor categories Granger-causes returns, returns Granger-cause trading only for the individual investor category. That is, in the short term of up to 1 month, only individual investors engage in feedback trading.
The Extent and Role of Domestic Tourism in a Small Island

This article presents a case concerning microdomestic tourism on the Isle of Man, British Isles. Despite being a small island, research highlights that considerable domestic tourism occurs (referred to as microdomestic tourism to reflect the small island size and distinguish from wider British Isles tourism), including day trips and overnight stays. Participants identified such behavior as touristic, and distinct from other leisure activities. Qualitative interviews with residents explore the nature of and reasons for microdomestic tourism within a small island. Breaks from routine, entertaining friends and family, and exploring less well known landscapes are shown to underpin. Highlighted is that microdomestic tourism has a variety of potential benefits, which may counter some of the restrictions typically faced by a small island community. Support for an otherwise ailing tourism industry may help to protect facilities and infrastructure used by the wider community, maintain tourism capacity, and provide atmosphere attractive to foreign visitors.
Boards, Incentives and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Case for a Change of Emphasis

Boards of large UK companies are devoting more time to the governance of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This is in line with the Combined Code on Corporate Governance's requirement that boards set standards and values for companies and ensure they meet their social obligations. But is board activity in this area as effective as it could be at achieving corporate compliance with CSR standards? This paper draws on the economic literature to offer an analysis of the primary causes of breaches of corporate responsibility standards. Based on a small survey of the board CSR activities of 20 of Britain's largest companies, it assesses whether boards are addressing these causes effectively. The tentative conclusion is that board activity might usefully be reoriented to do more to address the fundamental incentives problems that often cause corporate responsibility failures, namely market failure and misaligned performance management systems.
Empirical testing of the CAPM on the JSE

ABSTRACT Fama's (1970) efficient market hypothesis (EMH) and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), jointly ascribed to Markowitz (1952), Treynor (1961), Sharpe (1964), Lintner (1965) and Mossin (1966), remain the foundation of most finance and investment courses. This is surprising, given the sustained criticism of the model and its assumptions, and is a reflection of the elegance and parsimony of the theory over the empirical evidence. On the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE), several authors have examined and noted significant inadequacies relating to the single factor CAPM, particularly with regard to the dual nature (resources versus industrial shares) which characterise this bourse. Van Rensburg and Slaney (1997) advocate the use of a two factor arbitrage pricing theory (APT) model, but show that (at least for industrial shares), additional parameters are required (Van Rensburg, 2001). We revisit this ground using an improved methodology and data set over the period 31 December 1986 to 31 December 2011. We find that portfolios constructed on the basis of ranked beta exhibit a monotonic, inverse relationship to what the CAPM prescribes for most of the time-series. The use of the single beta CAPM is therefore inappropriate.
Sex‐specific mediation effect of the right fusiform face area volume on the association between variants in repeat length of AVPR1A RS3 and altruistic behavior in healthy adults

Microsatellite variants in the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A gene (AVPR1A) RS3 have been associated with normal social behaviors variation and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in a sex‐specific manner. However, neural mechanisms underlying these associations remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that AVPR1A RS3 variants affect altruistic behavior by modulating the gray matter volume (GMV) of specific brain regions in a sex‐specific manner. We investigated 278 young healthy adults using the Dictator Game to assess altruistic behavior. All subjects were genotyped and main effect of AVPR1A RS3 repeat polymorphisms and interaction of genotype‐by‐sex on the GMV were assessed in a voxel‐wise manner. We observed that male subjects with relatively short repeats allocated less money to others and exhibited a significantly smaller GMV in the right fusiform face area (FFA) compared with male long homozygotes. In male subjects, the GMV of the right FFA exhibited a significant positive correlation with altruistic behavior. A mixed mediation and moderation analysis further revealed both a significant mediation effect of the GMV of the right FFA on the association between AVPR1A RS3 repeat polymorphisms and allocation sums and a significant moderation effect of sex (only in males) on the mediation effect. Post hoc analysis showed that the GMV of the right FFA was significantly smaller in male subjects carrying allele 426 than in non‐426 carriers. These results suggest that the GMV of the right FFA may be a potential mediator whereby the genetic variants in AVPR1A RS3 affect altruistic behavior in healthy male subjects. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2700–2709, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants of the Method of Payment in Asset Sell-Off Transactions

Using a sample of asset sell-off transactions from January 1990 to April 2010, we find that the method of payment used in asset sell-off transactions is associated with several characteristics cited in the acquisitions research that reflect cash constraints of the bidder. Specifically, bidders facing more stringent cash constraints are more likely to use equity when purchasing assets, while sellers subjected to cash constraints prefer cash when selling assets. Second, we find that the variation in method of payment among asset sell-off transactions also is partially explained by variables representing asymmetric information. Third, we apply our model to an expanded sample that includes non-U.S. sellers of assets and find that an equity payment is more likely when sellers are based in countries that have relatively high country risk (more government restrictions), weak shareholder rights, and a weak legal system. Thus, it appears that bidders prefer that sellers share in the risk of the transaction under these conditions.