Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Infant i's Look on Trial t: Race-Face Preference Depends on i's Looking Style

When employing between-infant designs young infants' looking style is related to their development: Short looking (SL) infants are cognitively accelerated over their long looking (LL) peers. In fact, looking style is a within-infant variable, and depends on infant i's look distribution over trials. For the paired array setting, a model is provided which specifies the probability, πi ∈ [0, 1], that i is SL. The model is employed in a face preference study; 74 Caucasian infants were longitudinally assessed at 3, 6, and 9 months. Each i viewed same race (Caucasian) vs. other race (African) faces. Infants become SL with development, but there are huge individual differences in rate of change over age. Three month LL infants, π^i<1/2, preferred other race faces. SL infants, π^i>1/2, preferring same race faces at 3, and other race faces at 6 and 9 months. Looking style changes precede and may control changes in face preference. Ignoring looking style can be misleading: Without considering looking style, 3 month infants show no face preference.
Leukocyte depletion attenuates expression of neutrophil adhesion molecules during cardiopulmonary bypass in human beings.

BACKGROUND On the basis of scanty information, the effects of a leukocyte filter during cardiac operations in human beings have been examined from the viewpoint of the expression of neutrophil adhesion molecules. This study was therefore designed to determine whether leukocyte depletion during cardiopulmonary bypass may interfere with neutrophil adhesion properties. METHODS Twenty-four patients undergoing elective heart operations were randomly allocated to a leukocyte-depletion group or a control group. Blood samples were collected at 7 points: before sternotomy, at 10, 30, and 60 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass, at termination of cardiopulmonary bypass, 5 minutes after protamine administration, and 2 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass. The expression of the neutrophil surface adhesion molecules L-selectin and beta2-integrins was determined by flow cytometric analysis in whole blood. RESULTS (1) CD11a expression did not change significantly in either group. There were no significant differences between control and leukocyte-depletion groups (P =.63). (2) There was a significantly higher expression of CD11b on the neutrophils during cardiopulmonary bypass in the control group than in the leukocyte-depletion group (P =.01). (3) CD11c expression was initially up-regulated from the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass, reaching a peak at 60 minutes after bypass in the control group (P =.02). The expression of CD11c did not differ significantly between groups (P =.23). (4) L-selectin expression was significantly lower in the leukocyte-depletion group than in the control group (P =.03). CONCLUSIONS The major findings of the present study in human subjects undergoing elective cardiac operations with cardiopulmonary bypass are as follows: (1) bypass was associated with an up-regulation of the adhesion molecules L-selectin, CD11b, and CD11c but with no significant change in CD11a expression, and (2) the clinical use of a leukocyte-depleting filter could down-regulate the expression of CD11b and L-selectin.
Practitioner review: maternal mood in pregnancy and child development--implications for child psychology and psychiatry.

BACKGROUND The empirical base suggesting a link between prenatal maternal anxiety, stress or depression and cognitive, behavioral, and biological outcomes in the infant and child has increased dramatically in the past 10 years. METHODS In this review, we consider the relevance of prenatal maternal mood for child mental health practitioners; the empirical base for a likely causal impact of the link between prenatal anxiety, depression, or stress and child outcomes; the degree to which the available evidence is sufficient for informing or altering clinical practice; and the possible role of prenatal interventions for promoting child health and development. A selective review of PubMed, Cochrane Library and other sources was undertaken. FINDINGS Clinically significant links between maternal prenatal distress and child behavioral and cognitive outcomes have been reported; predictions to stress physiology, immunology, and neurodevelopment have been reported but the effect sizes and clinical significance is less clear. Several candidate mechanisms have been proposed, with some supporting evidence. Many behavioral treatments for prenatal maternal distress exist, but their application to promoting child health is largely unknown. CONCLUSIONS Research on maternal prenatal distress is a good example of translational research and offers a strong paradigm for promoting interdisciplinary clinical research on child health and development.
Prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal non-malignant lesions in the western Sicilian population.

BACKGROUNG The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of oral mucosal non-malignant lesions in the Sicilian population. In addition, we evaluated the association between each oral lesion and its risk factors. METHODS This study analyzed a total of 2539 consecutive patients, attending the Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines of Palermo University, who were examined for the presence of various oral lesions during the period from January 2012 and February 2015. RESULTS The sample consisted of 1330 (52%) female and 1209 (48%) male. The age ranged from 13-86 years with a mean age of 47.16 years. Among these subjects 1495 (58%), presented one or more lesions. All subjects were Caucasian. The most common lesion diagnosed was coated/hairy tongue affecting 16.7% of the subjects, followed by: lingual varices (16.3%), secondary herpes lesions (8.1%), aphthous ulcers (7.9%), fordyce granules (7.2%), frictional keratosis (5%), candidosis (4.9%), fibroepithelial hyperplasia (4.6%), squamous papilloma (3.8%), traumatic ulcers (3.7%), leukoplakia (3.2%), fissured tongue (3.2%), hemangiomas (2.7%), morsicatio buccarum (2.5%), melanin pigmentation (2.5%), lichen planus (2.5%), leukoedema (2.1%), petechiae (1.1%), geographic tongue (1%), actinic cheilitis (0.8%), and erythroplakia (0.1%). Overall, the prevalence of oral mucosal non-malignant lesions was linked to age, gender, diseases, and risk habits. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence necessitates adequate awareness of these lesions in the general population. The dental clinicians should also be knowledgeable about the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of these lesions.
Vasopressin-Containing Neurons of the Hypothalamic Parvocellular Paraventricular Nucleus of the Jerboa: Plasticity Related to Immobilization Stress

The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons of the hypothalamic parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have a high potential for phenotypical plasticity, allowing them to rapidly modify their neuroendocrine output, depending upon the type of stressors. Indeed, these neurons coexpress other neuropeptides, such as cholecystokinin (CCK), vasopressin (VP), and neurotensin, subserving an eventual complementary function to CRH in the regulation of the pituitary. Unlike in rats, our previous data showed that in jerboas, CCK is not coexpressed within CRH neurons in control as well as stressed animals. The present study explored an eventual VP participation in the phenotypic plasticity of CRH neurons in the jerboa. We analyzed the VP expression within the PVN by immunocytochemistry in male jerboas submitted to acute stress. Our results showed that, contrary to CRH and CCK, no significant change concerned the number of VP-immunoreactive neurons following a 30-min immobilization. The VP/CRH coexpression within PVN and median eminence was investigated by double immunocytochemistry. In control as well as stressed animals, the CRH-immunopositive neurons coexpressed VP within cell bodies and terminals. No significant difference in the number of VP/CRH double-labeled cells was found between both groups. However, such coexpression was quantitatively more important into the posterior PVN as compared with the anterior PVN. This suggests an eventual autocrine/paracrine or endocrine role for jerboa parvocellular VP which is not correlated with acute immobilization stress. VP-immunoreactive neurons also coexpressed CCK within PVN and median eminence of control and stressed jerboas. Such coexpression was more important into the anterior PVN as compared with the posterior PVN. These results showed the occurrence of at least two VP neuronal populations within the jerboa PVN. In addition, the VP expression did not depend upon acute immobilization stress. These data highlight differences in the neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms of the stress response involving CRH/CCK or VP. They also underline that adaptative physiological mechanisms to stress might vary from one mammal species to another.
The revolution of counting “tops”: Two decades of the disector principle in morphological research

Twenty years have passed since the publication of the seminal paper enunciating the disector principle by an author using the pseudonym D.C. Sterio. During this time, methods based on the revolutionary principle of counting “tops” have become progressively better known and have been included in several commercially available systems for quantitative morphology. Analysis of the number of published studies citing Sterio's paper on the ISI Web of Knowledge® database showed that its scientific “impact factor” has almost continuously risen since its publication, indicating the growing knowledge about disector‐based methods in the various scientific fields where morphological quantification is required. This report briefly reviews the first two decades of disector use, pointing to its advantages as well as to shortcomings that have recently been addressed in critical papers and have given rise to a lively debate on the role of counting tops in quantitative morphology today. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:270–274, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Density-functional exchange-energy approximation with correct asymptotic behavior.

Current gradient-corrected density-functional approximations for the exchange energies of atomic and molecular systems fail to reproduce the correct 1/r asymptotic behavior of the exchange-energy density. Here we report a gradient-corrected exchange-energy functional with the proper asymptotic limit. Our functional, containing only one parameter, fits the exact Hartree-Fock exchange energies of a wide variety of atomic systems with remarkable accuracy, surpassing the performance of previous functionals containing two parameters or more.
Lateral impact motor vehicle collisions: significant cause of blunt traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta.

BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta (TRA) and the direction of impact at the time of motor vehicle crash. METHODS Retrospective review of TRA patients from two different databases over a 4.5-year period (January 1, 1991 to June 30, 1995): (1) Ontario Coroner's Office records of motor vehicle deaths from Metropolitan Toronto, and (2) the trauma registries of Sunnybrook Health Science Centre and St. Michael's Hospital in Metropolitan Toronto. RESULTS Ninety-seven patients (81 from the coroner's database and 16 from the adult trauma unit registries) sustained traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. Forty-eight cases (49.5%) were a result of lateral impact crashes. Twenty-eight drivers (22 ipsilateral and six contralateral) and 20 passengers (16 ipsilateral and four contralateral) sustained TRA from lateral impact crashes. Ninety-one TRAs (94%) occurred at the peri-isthmic region. CONCLUSION Lateral impact crashes are a significant cause of TRA. Traumatic rupture of the aorta should be considered with a high index of suspicion after serious lateral impact crashes, just as physicians now consider patients at high risk of TRA after serious frontal impact crashes.
Visual scanning and cognitive performance in prediagnostic and early‐stage Huntington's disease

The objective of this study was to evaluate visual scanning strategies in carriers of the Huntington disease (HD) gene expansion and to test whether there is an association between measures of visual scanning and cognitive performance. The study sample included control (NC, n = 23), prediagnostic (PDHD, n = 21), and subjects recently diagnosed with HD (HD, n = 19). All participants completed a uniform clinical evaluation that included examination by neurologist and molecular testing. Eye movements were recorded during completion of the Digit Symbol Subscale (DS) test. Quantitative measures of the subject's visual scanning were evaluated using joint analysis of eye movements and performance on the DS test. All participants employed a simple visual scanning strategy when completing the DS test. There was a significant group effect and a linear trend of decreasing frequency and regularity of visual scanning from NC to PDHD to HD. The performance of all groups improved slightly and in a parallel fashion across the duration of the DS test. There was a strong correlation between visual scanning measures and the DS cognitive scores. While all individuals employed a similar visual scanning strategy, the visual scanning measures grew progressively worse from NC to PDHD to HD. The deficits in visual scanning accounted, at least in part, for the decrease in the DS score. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
A 28fJ/conv-step CT ΔΣ modulator with 78dB DR and 18MHz BW in 28nm CMOS using a highly digital multibit quantizer

Recently reported continuous-time (CT) ΔΣ modulators with opamp bandwidth compensation and high-order single-opamp integrators have achieved FoM values well below 100fJ/conv-step [1-3]. With loop-filter power greatly reduced, power dissipation in multibit quantizers becomes especially significant. For example, the quantizer in [2] accounts for 2.8mW of 8.5mW total power dissipation. Also, the input capacitance of multibit quantizers and the output parasitics of excess loop delay (ELD) compensation DACs result in increased power demand for summing circuits. To minimize power dissipation, two recent works use 1b quantizers with FIR DACs and replace ELD compensation DACs with a DAC followed by analog filter [3] or with feedback to the pre-amplifier [4]. ELD compensation may also be realized using digital logic following the quantizer [5]. This paper presents a low-power solution based on a highly digital multibit quantizer with embedded feedback to compensate for finite opamp bandwidth along with ELD. The quantizer consumes less than 10% of the total power and simplifies the analog circuits into a single DAC plus a feedforward loop filter with relaxed opamp requirements. Digital correction at the modulator output suggested by early work [6] is employed to shape DAC mismatch with the inherent noise transfer function (NTF) and to further relax circuit constraints. These digitally assisted techniques enable a CT ΔΣ modulator to achieve an FoM below 28fJ/conv-step.
Evidence of bias affecting the interpretation of the results of local anaesthetic nerve blocks when assessing lameness in horses

Eighteen observers were influenced to different extents in the grades of lameness they allocated to eight horses by whether they knew that a nerve block had been administered; on a scale from 0 to 10 the mean difference in grade allocated once the observer knew a horse had been nerve-blocked was increased by 0·4. The consistency of the assessments made by the individual observers was good, with a an average of 0·6 of a grade difference when grading the same horse on two occasions. The agreement between the assessments of four orthopaedic experts was reasonable (±1 grade), but significantly poorer for four non-experts and 10 final year veterinary students.
Human Cytomegalovirus pp28 (UL99) Localizes to a Cytoplasmic Compartment Which Overlaps the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Golgi-Intermediate Compartment

ABSTRACT Although the assembly of herpesviruses has remained an active area of investigation, considerable controversy continues to surround the cellular location of tegument and envelope acquisition. This controversy is particularly evident when the proposed pathways for α- and β-herpesvirus assembly are compared. We have approached this aspect of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) assembly, specifically, envelopment, by investigating the intracellular trafficking of viral tegument proteins which localize in the cytoplasms of infected cells. In this study we have demonstrated that the virion tegument protein pp28 (UL99), a true late protein, was membrane associated as a result of myristoylation. A mutation in this protein which prevented incorporation of [3H]myristic acid also altered the detergent solubility and intracellular distribution of the protein when it was expressed in transfected cells. Using a panel of markers for intracellular compartments, we could localize the expression of wild-type pp28 to an intracellular compartment which colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi-intermediate compartment (ERGIC), a dynamic compartment of the secretory pathway which interfaces with both the ER and Golgi apparatus. The localization of this viral tegument protein within an early secretory compartment of the cell provided further evidence that the assembly of the HCMV tegument likely includes a cytoplasmic phase. Because pp28 has been shown to be localized to a cytoplasmic assembly compartment in HCMV-infected cells, our findings also suggested that viral tegument protein interactions within the secretory pathway may have an important role in the assembly of the virion.
Comparison of early and delayed lymphoscintigraphy images of early breast cancer patients undergoing sentinel node mapping

ObjectiveWe compared early and delayed lymphoscintigraphy images using intradermal injection of 99mTc-antimony sulfide colloid, which has small particles. MethodsEighty patients with early-stage breast cancer were included into the study. Intradermal injection of 99mTc-antimony sulfide colloid was used for sentinel node mapping. After radiotracer injection, 30 min and 20 h later, lymphoscitigraphy images were obtained in lateral and anterior views. After the completion of each image sets, the location of the visible nodes in the axilla was marked on the skin. Two nuclear medicine specialists reviewed the images independently and the number and location of detected nodes were recorded. ResultsAt least one hotspot was detected in the axillary region in 78 (97.5%) and 79 (98.75%) patients on the early and delayed images, respectively. No extra-axillary drainage was noted in the patients. The number and location of detected hot spots were the same in 77 patients on both image sets. In one patient the early image did not show any axillary hot spot despite its visualization on the delayed image set and in one patient no hot spot was noted on either images. In one patient an additional axillary hot spot was noted on the delayed image, which was not apparent on the early image. ConclusionOur study showed that a delay of up to 20 h in sentinel lymph node biopsy using intradermal injection of 99mTc-antimony sulfide colloid does not result in washout of the tracer from the true sentinel node or migration of the radiotracer into second-echelon nodes.
Multiparametric Analysis of Heart Rate Variability Used for Risk Stratification Among Survivors of Acute Myocardial Infarction

A multiparametric heart rate variability analysis was performed to prove if combined heart rate variability (HRV) measures of different domains improve the result of risk stratification in patients after myocardial infarction. In this study, standard time domain, frequency domain and non‐linear dynamics measures of HRV assessment were applied to 572 survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Three parameter sets each consisting of 4 parameters were applied and compared with the standard measurement of global heart rate variability HRVi. Discriminant analysis technique and t‐test were performed to separate the high risk groups from the survivors. The predictive value of this approach was evaluated with receiver operator (ROC) and positive predictive accuracy (PPA) curves. Results ‐ The discriminant analysis shows a separation of patients suffered by all cause mortality in 80% (best single parameter 74%) and sudden arrhythmic death in 86% (73%). All parameters of set I show a high significant difference (p<0.001) between survivors and non‐survivors based on two‐tailed t‐test. The specificity level of the multivariate parameter sets is at the 70% sensitivity level (ROC) about 85–90%, whereas HRVi shows maximum levels of 70%. The PPA in the all cause mortality group is at the 70% sensitivity level twice as high as the univarihate HRV measure and increases to more than fourfold as high within the VT/VF group. In conclusion, in this population, the multiparametric approach with the combination of four parameters from all domains especially from NLD seems to be a better predictor of high arrhythmia risk than the standard measurement of global heart rate variability.
Flowing biofilms as a transport mechanism for biomass through porous media under laminar and turbulent conditions in a laboratory reactor system

Abstract Fluid flow has been shown to be important in influencing biofilm morphology and causing biofilms to flow over surfaces in flow cell experiments. However, it is not known whether similar effects may occur in porous media. Generally, it is assumed that the primary transport mechanism for biomass in porous media is through convection, as suspended particulates (cells and flocs) carried by fluid flowing through the interstices. However, the flow of biofilms over the surfaces of soils and sediment particles, may represent an important flux of biomass, and subsequently affect both biological activity and permeability. Mixed species bacterial biofilms were grown in glass flow cells packed with 1 mm diameter glass beads, under laminar or turbulent flow (porous media Reynolds number = 20 and 200 respectively). The morphology and dynamic behavior reflected those of biofilms grown in the open flow cells. The laminar biofilm was relatively uniform and after 23 d had inundated the majority of the pore spaces. Under turbulent flow the biofilm accumulated primarily in protected regions at contact points between the beads and formed streamers that trailed from the leeward face. Both biofilms caused a 2 to 3-fold increase in friction factor and in both cases there were sudden reductions in friction factor followed by rapid recovery, suggesting periodic sloughing and regrowth events. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that under both laminar and turbulent conditions biofilms flowed over the surface of the porous media. In some instances ripple structures formed. The velocity of biofilm flow was on the order of 10 μm h−1 in the turbulent flow cell and 1.0 μm h−1 in the laminar flow cell.