Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global-scale transport of carbon dioxide in the troposphere

[1] An atmospheric transport model was used to examine the roles of variously scaled atmospheric transport processes (Lagrangian mean motions, large-scale eddies, and parameterized vertical diffusion and convective transport) in the spatiotemporal distributions of tropospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The mean and eddy transports were analyzed using the mass-weighted isentropic zonal mean. We found several differences in the dominant transport processes for tropospheric CO2 distributions between the extratropics of both hemispheres and the tropics. (1) In the northern extratropics in boreal autumn to spring, CO2 emitted by anthropogenic and biospheric sources is uplifted and dispersed through quasi-isentropic eddy mixing associated with baroclinic waves and accumulates in the extratropical low-isentropic troposphere (in “cold pocket” below 300K). (2) High-CO2 air is transported from the northern extratropics into the tropics through low-level mean meridional flow. It is uplifted together with CO2 emitted by tropical vegetation through deep convection and diabatic eddies in the tropics during boreal winter to spring. (3) During summer at the northern midlatitudes, the low mixing ratio of CO2 produced by biospheric uptake is uplifted into the upper troposphere by convection and is strongly isolated from the lower latitudes. (4) The CO2 emitted in the Northern Hemisphere and the tropics is transported into the Southern Hemisphere via the tropical upper troposphere due to eddy mixing during boreal winter to spring and mean divergent flow of Hadley circulation during boreal summer. (5) In the Southern Hemisphere, an upward gradient of CO2 forms by upper tropospheric southward advection during boreal spring-autumn.
Evaluating take-over requests with directional audio: Assessing the effect of ipsilateral and contralateral verbal stimuli on response times and visual behavior

Taking over control from an automated vehicle may take a substantial amount of time if the driver is not engaged in the driving task. Take-over requests containing directional information of hazardous surrounding cars could aid the driver in taking over the vehicle faster. However, whether the directional information should be presented ipsilaterally or contralaterally is still inconclusive. In this study, 34 participants were presented with animated video clips of traffic situations on a three-lane road, ending with a near-collision in front after 1,3, or 6 seconds. In each video, one lane was free to maneuver to safely. Participants were instructed to make a safe lane-change by pressing the left or right arrow key. At the start of each video, participants were provided with verbal auditory feedback: (1) ‘Go left/right’ (ipsilateral), (2) ‘Danger left/right’ (contralateral), and (3) Non-directional beeps as a baseline. 80% of the trials provided valid auditory feedback (i.e., relevant to the video situation). 20% of the trials provided invalid auditory feedback (i.e., feedback opposite to the video situation, so left instead of right and vice versa). Auditory feedback ‘Go/Danger left’ was always presented from the left speaker, and ‘Go/Danger right’ was always presented from the right speaker, whereas the non-directional beeps were presented from both speakers. Participants’ keyboard responses and first gazes were recorded in each trial. It was hypothesized that when there was 1-second to respond, ipsilateral feedback (‘Go’) would lead to fastest responses because little time is available to detect the hazard. For 3 and 6-second-to-respond situations, it was hypothesized that contralateral feedback (‘Danger’) would lead to a faster detection time of the hazard, because it facilitates visual detection. The results showed that for 1 and 3-second videos, ipsilateral feedback led to significantly faster responses compared to the baseline, and for 3 and 6-second videos contralateral feedback ‘Danger’ led to significantly faster responses compared to the baseline. ‘Go’ and ‘Danger’ did not yield a significant difference in response time between each other in all videos. First fixations seem to be placed on the most salient visual stimuli, independent of the audio feedback. In 1-second time-to-respond videos this was the center of the road (the location where the potential collision is happening. In 3-seconds, this was the hazard coming from the left or right lane. And for 6 seconds the first fixations were more distributed. In conclusion, verbal auditory feedback ‘Go’ and ‘Danger’ can aid in taking over a vehicle, by reducing the take-over response time compared to baseline warnings. However, this may not be the result of facilitation of the visual detection of the hazard, because visual behavior seems to be influenced mainly by visual stimuli, independent of auditory stimuli.
Changes of Numeraire for Pricing Futures, Forwards, and Options

A change of numeraire argument is used to derive a general option parity, or equivalence, result relating American call and put prices, and to obtain new expressions for futures and forward prices. The general parity result unifies and extends a number of existing results. The new futures and forward pricing formulas are often simpler to compute in multifactor models than existing alternatives. We also extend previous work by deriving a general formula relating exchange options to ordinary call options. A number of applications to diffusion models, including stochastic volatility, stochastic interest rate, and stochastic dividend rate models, and jump-diffusion models are examined. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
The effect of limiting feeding time by three and six hours per day during the starter period on broiler performance

In a completely randomized design, one hundred and twenty one- day old (Arbor acres) broiler chicks were randomly distributed in three treatments, five replicates with eight chicks per a replicate. The treatments were: 24 h ad libitum feeding (A), B feed removal from 9:00 to 12:00 noon (3 fasting hours) and C feed removal from 9:00 to 3:00 pm (6 fasting hours). Feed restriction was applied from 8 to 28 days of age. The experiment lasted from 8 to 37 days of age. The results showed that fasting birds for three and six hours had significantly (p<0.05) no effect on body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio at 37 days of age. Key words: Broilers; feed removal; starter period; performance.
Electrical resistivity method for the measurement of density changes near a probe

In order to investigate changes in porosity in saturated silica sand, an electrical resistivity probe for physical model testing was developed. For non-conducting particles, electrical resistivity measurements in porous media actually measure the resistivity of the pore water, changes of which are directly related to porosity change. The sensor has been integrated in a measurement probe and a model pile to measure density changes continuously during penetration. This first implementation used in the geotechnical centrifuge shows the feasibility of the method, although the initial results also show some systematic errors resulting from the construction of the probe and the measurement method itself.
Early childhood development : situation analysis for Malawi

Teenage pregnancies have potential negative consequences on the next generation. Children born to adolescent mothers are particularly at risk in terms of health, nutrition, cognitive and socio-emotional development. Evidence shows that the early years especially the first 1,000 days are crucially important for lifetime health, learning, and productivity. Particularly for the most vulnerable children and families, early childhood development (ECD) is a high return investment. This policy brief presents evidence on the health, nutrition and overall development of children in Malawi with a focus on those born to adolescent mothers. Analysis of issues such as infant and child mortality, malnutrition, incidence of illness, healthcare seeking behaviors, protective practices, and late entry for school, pre-school experience and development are discussed.
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for malaria diagnosis and intradermal measurements

The biomarkers of many diseases such as malaria can be found in intradermal measurements. We will present two surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based methods for the detection of malaria biomarkers in blood, which are comparable to or outperform the standard clinical method. To eliminate the need of drawing blood, we will also report a stainless-steel microneedle based probe for direct intradermal SERS measurements. Moreover, we developed a deformable agarose needle to reduce the risk of sharp injury and cross contamination due to needle reuse. Tests in skin phantoms for glucose measurements demonstrated accuracy comparable to those traditional methods requiring blood drawing.
Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life ARSENIC

rsenic (As) is a metalloid that is considere nonessential to living organisms. It is stable four oxidation states (+5, +3, 0, and -3) that ca exist simultaneously in aquatic systems in a variety inorganic and organic forms. The dominant form inorganic As in oxygenated freshwater and mari systems is arsenate (As ; AsO4 ). Other forms of As that may also be present are arsenite (As ; AsO3 ) and organic species, such as monomethylarso acid, dimethylarsinic acid, and arsenobetaine, trimethylarsonic compound (Ferguson and Gavis 197 Cullen and Reimer 1989; Shiomi 1994). Elemental A (As) rarely occurs, and the reduced species, As , only exists under extremely low reducing conditions (Fergus and Gavis 1972).
Structural heterogeneity of dengue virus particles: implications for vaccine design

Dengue virus infection continues to pose serious public health threat in tropical regions around the world. Existing countermeasures against mosquito vectors of dengue viruses are limited and largely ineffective in the long term basis. A tetravalent live, attenuated vaccine candidate is currently tested in phase III clinical trial. Additional candidates in various forms are being generated with a common goal of obtaining safe, effi cacious and accessible dengue vaccine for general use. Recent studies on the structure of dengue virus particles and specifi c immunological responses induced during natural infection reveal a complex mixture of extracellular virus particles at different maturation levels that may play an essential role the generation of predominantly crossreactive B cell responses in infected individuals. Applications of these fi ndings in the design of newer vaccine candidates will be crucial to the development of effective dengue vaccine in the future. Chiang Mai Medical Journal 2012;51(1):21-28.
Time-dependent $CP$ asymmetries in $D$ and $B$ decays

The measurement of time-dependent CP asymmetries in charm decays can provide a unique insight into the flavor changing structure of the Standard Model. We examine a number of different CP eigenstate decays of D mesons and describe a method that can be used to measure time-dependent CP asymmetries at existing and future experiments, with a preliminary assessment, based on statistical considerations, of their various capabilities. Any asymmetry observed in time-dependent analysis of neutral D mesons could signify new physics. We discuss the measurements required to perform direct and indirect tests of the charm unitarity triangle and the relationship between this and the B_d unitarity triangle. We also highlight that current experimental bounds on DeltaGamma(B_d) translate into a significant systematic uncertainty on the measurement of beta from b to c c-bar s decays.
The effects of traffic noise on memory and auditory-verbal learning in Persian language children

Background: Acoustic noise is one of the universal pollutants of modern society. Although the high level of noise adverse effects on human hearing has been known for many years, non-auditory effects of noise such as effects on cognition, learning, memory and reading, especially on children, have been less considered. Factors which have negative impact on these features can also have a negative effect on learning and education development. In the present study, the effects of traffic noise were studied as pollutant on memory and auditory verbal learning of elementary school children. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 166 normal children aged 9-11 years. Eighty children were selected from noisy areas (Leq> 50 dBA) and compared with 86 children from low noise areas (Leq <50 dBA). Using Persian version of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, various aspects of memory were studied in low noise and noisy environments. Results: A significant difference was observed between two groups in all steps of the Rey test (p=0.00). There was a significant difference between two genders in various steps of Rey test (p=0.00). The average score of recognition was higher in the low noise group than the noisy one (p=0.00). Conclusions: Traffic noise had an adverse effect on the auditory verbal learning and memory of the studied students. Its effect is more on boys than girls. Since learning is very important in the development of students’ education and social skills, therefore, it is necessary to reduce the noise exposure of students in schools.
Impact of varying lidar measurement and data processing techniques in evaluating cirrus cloud and aerosol direct radiative effects

Abstract. In the past 2 decades, ground-based lidar networks have drastically increased in scope and relevance, thanks primarily to the advent of lidar observations from space and their need for validation. Lidar observations of aerosol and cloud geometrical, optical and microphysical atmospheric properties are subsequently used to evaluate their direct radiative effects on climate. However, the retrievals are strongly dependent on the lidar instrument measurement technique and subsequent data processing methodologies. In this paper, we evaluate the discrepancies between the use of Raman and elastic lidar measurement techniques and corresponding data processing methods for two aerosol layers in the free troposphere and for two cirrus clouds with different optical depths. Results show that the different lidar techniques are responsible for discrepancies in the model-derived direct radiative effects for biomass burning (0.05 W m −2 at surface and 0.007 W m −2 at top of the atmosphere) and dust aerosol layers (0.7 W m −2 at surface and 0.85 W m −2 at top of the atmosphere). Data processing is further responsible for discrepancies in both thin (0.55 W m −2 at surface and 2.7 W m −2 at top of the atmosphere) and opaque (7.7 W m −2 at surface and 11.8 W m −2 at top of the atmosphere) cirrus clouds. Direct radiative effect discrepancies can be attributed to the larger variability of the lidar ratio for aerosols (20–150 sr) than for clouds (20–35 sr). For this reason, the influence of the applied lidar technique plays a more fundamental role in aerosol monitoring because the lidar ratio must be retrieved with relatively high accuracy. In contrast, for cirrus clouds, with the lidar ratio being much less variable, the data processing is critical because smoothing it modifies the aerosol and cloud vertically resolved extinction profile that is used as input to compute direct radiative effect calculations.
Satiation, Escaping Satiation, and Structural Change: Some Evidence from the Evolution of Engel Curves ⁄

Certain properties of Engel curves have been linked to the occurrence of structural change in the economy (Pasinetti 1981, Metcalfe et al. 2006, Saviotti 2001). From an empirical perspective, however, very little has been done to examine (i) whether indeed satiation is a general property of Engel curves; (ii) whether the rate at which Engel curves converge to satiation may significantly change over time; and (iii) how stable Engel curves are across time such that it may be appropriate to use them to make predictions about structural change. Using data from the UK Family Expenditure Survey, this paper examines these three issues. Length 25 pages
An Analytical Equation of State Extended to Copolymers

An analytical equation of state (EOS) entitled Ihm-Song-Mason (ISM) has been previously employed to calculate some thermodynamic properties of molten polymers including specific volume and isothermal compressibility (S.M. Hoseini, Physical Chemistry & Electrochemistry, 2 (2014) 56-65). This work extended that EOS to predict the volumetric properties of some molten ethylene copolymers including ethylene/1-octene, ethylene/1-butene (xethylene equal to 0.8543 and 0.563), ethylene/propene. The ability of the extended EOS was checked by comparing the results with 738 literature data points for the specific volumes over the temperature range from 422.35-505.89 K and pressure range from 0.1 up to 200 MPa. The average absolute deviation (AAD) of the calculated specific volumes from literature data was found to be 1.12%. The isothermal compressibility coefficients, κT have also been predicted using ISM EOS. From 180 data points examined, the AAD of estimated κT was equal to 8.48%. Our calculations on the volumetric and thermodynamic properties of studied copolymers reproduced the literature data with reasonably good accuracy.
Streptococcus mutans et les streptocoques buccaux dans la plaque dentaire

La flore microbienne buccale humaine constitue un biofilm tres diversifie. Vingt-cinq especes de streptocoques buccaux resident dans la cavite buccale humaine et representent a peu pres 20 % du total des bacteries buccales. La taxonomie de ces bacteries est complexe et reste provisoire. Les streptocoques buccaux englobent a la fois des bacteries inoffensives et dangereuses. Chaque espece a developpe des proprietes specifiques pour coloniser les differents sites buccaux soumis a de constants changements de conditions, pour combattre les competiteurs et pour resister aux agressions externes (systeme immunitaire de l’hote, chocs physico-chimiques, frictions mecaniques). Les desequilibres dans la flore indigene sont la cause de maladies buccales et sous des conditions propices, des streptocoques commensaux peuvent devenir des pathogenes opportunistes initiateur de maladies et de dommages chez l’hote. Le groupe des « streptocoques mutans » inclu les principales bacteries impliquees dans la formation de la cari.
Inequalities with angular integrability and applications

We prove an extension of the Stein-Weiss weighted estimates for fractional integrals, in the context of Lp spaces with different integrability properties in the radial and the angular direction. In this way, the classical estimates can be unified with their improved radial versions. A number of consequences are obtained: in particular we deduce precised versions of weighted Sobolev embeddings, Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg estimates, and Strichartz estimates for the wave equation, which extend the radial improvements to the case of arbitrary functions. Then we apply this technology in order to give new a priori assumptions on weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation so as to be able to conclude that they are smooth. The regularity criteria are given in terms of mixed radial-angular weighted Lebesgue space norms.
Servitude with a smile: An anti-oppression analysis of emotional labour

With the rise of the service society, emotional labour has become increasingly prevalent. Emotional labour involves the production and consumption of the worker’s identity as part of the customer service experience. However, emotional labour requires the performance of appropriate or moral roles, as determined by one’s identity within interlocking gender, race and class hierarchies. Hence, there are different behavioural expectations depending on who is doing the emotional labour. These different expectations are based on ‘social norms’ which construct identities in such a way that privilege some at the expense of subordinating others. Hence, emotional labour is not a neutral act since it has the effect of naturalizing inequalities on an individual level and thus justifying oppression at large. This naturalization process also takes place at the institutional level which has largely been ignored by much of the academic literature on emotional labour. In answering the question of how emotional labour reinforces intersecting systems of gender, race and class oppression, this paper argues that emotional labour makes these inequalities appear ‘natural’ on both the individual and the institutional level. As such, this paper primarily focuses on the institutional level of this naturalization process.
The effect of the protection and stability of creditor rights on the fifth wave of M&As

In this paper, we evaluate the impact of creditor rights and political risk on both the number and the value of cross-border M&A flows in a gravity model estimated with a Poisson regression, a negative binomial model, and Heckman's two-stage selection model. Our results confirm that creditor-friendly rules and political risk decrease M&A inflows. The impact of formal legal rules is however mainly driven by politically stable countries, where those rules can be expected to hold. It therefore takes political stability for de jure rules to matter de facto.
Evaluation of Urban Surface Energy Fluxes Using an Open-Air Scale Model

Abstract The thermal behavior of an urban surface is crucial to understand, but it is difficult to predict using conventional measurement or modeling approaches. In this study, an integrated method is proposed for evaluating urban energy exchanges with an open-air scale model of a building–street canyon surface array. The technique, which potentially combines the flexibility of modeling with the reliability of empirical observation under natural turbulence and radiative loading, is tested in hot, arid summer conditions to gauge its ability for reproducing surface–atmosphere energy fluxes that are representative of diurnal patterns in actual urban settings. After identifying the inertial sublayer, which is created above the scaled roughness array at a point near its downwind edge, roughness parameters utilized in the calculation of turbulent sensible heat flux are determined for two different array configurations of varying frontal area density and compared with existing data from field studies and morphom.
Endurance assessment of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, in heavy metal contaminated site–A case study

Abstract In this study, the ability to hyper accumulate heavy metals from contaminated site by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was monitored. The heavy metal-contaminated habitat was validated by X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray elemental spectrometry analysis of the soil samples. Heavy metal contamination in soil and water; accumulation in foliar, root and bulb tissue samples were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and were monitored as a function of accumulation in different tissues. Significant differences were recorded in the bioaccumulation capability of heavy metals by different tissue. Discrete variation in protein profile of leaves and high expression of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), peroxidase (POX) and altered regulation of esterase (EST) in root tissue was observed in contaminated site grown Eichhornia. The high metal accumulation efficiency of water hyacinth due to the biomass production suggests this species as reliable organic biomarker for heavy metal contamination.