Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
H2O ABUNDANCES IN THE ATMOSPHERES OF THREE HOT JUPITERS

The core accretion theory for giant planet formation predicts enrichment of elemental abundances in planetary envelopes caused by runaway accretion of planetesimals, which is consistent with measured super-solar abundances of C, N, P, S, Xe, and Ar in Jupiter's atmosphere. However, the abundance of O, which is expected to be the most dominant constituent of planetesimals, is unknown for solar system giant planets, owing to the condensation of water in their ultra-cold atmospheres, thereby posing a key unknown in solar system formation. On the other hand, hundreds of extrasolar “hot Jupiters” are known with very high temperatures (⩾1000 K), making them excellent targets to measure H2O abundances and, hence, oxygen in their atmospheres. We constrain the atmospheric H2O abundances in three hot Jupiters (HD 189733b, HD 209458b, and WASP-12b), spanning a wide temperature range (1200–2500 K), using their near-infrared transmission spectra obtained using the Wide Field Camera 3 instrument on board the Hubble Space Telescope. We report conclusive measurements of H2O in HD 189733b and HD 209458b, while that in WASP-12b is not well constrained by present data. The data allow nearly solar as well as significantly sub-solar abundances in HD 189733b and WASP-12b. However, for HD 209458b, we report the most precise H2O measurement in an exoplanet to date that suggests a ∼20–135 × sub-solar H2O abundance. We discuss the implications of our results on the formation conditions of hot Jupiters and on the likelihood of clouds in their atmospheres. Our results highlight the critical importance of high-precision spectra of hot Jupiters for deriving their H2O abundances.
Towards to Psychological-based Recommenders Systems: A survey on Recommender Systems

This paper describes a brief survey of Psychological-based Recommender System describing the state of the art of the area. Firstly we briefly define the Recommender Systems, followed by the description of the approaches usually used in order to implement them. Next, we present the strengths and weaknesses of the recommendation techniques, followed by some examples. Next, we present the preliminary work developed considering Psychological-based Recommender Systems. In this paper we detail an experiment illustrating the scenario where we apply a Personality-based Recommender System. Finally we present some conclusions.
Investigating the potential of Aucoumea klaineana Pierre sapwood and heartwood wastes to produce cellulosic ethanol

This work investigates for the first time the different reactivity exhibited by sapwood and heartwood wastes under two conditions: They were pretreated with catalyzed ethanol organosolv in the presence of sulfuric acid and their pulps underwent enzymatic hydrolysis by Trichoderma reesei which causes them to release neutral sugars for the production of cellulosic ethanol. Aucoumea klaineana Pierre (Okoume) wood wastes were used for the experiment. Organosolv pretreatment was performed to investigate how to harness the benefits of fermentable sugars and lignin, which were reacted at varying defined severity levels as follows: 160°C≤T≤210°C and 0%≤[H2SO4]≤2% (w/w). The highest ethanol organosolv lignin content was obtained at T=160°C and [H2SO4]=1% for sapwood (18.10%) and heartwood (19.46%) (w/w). Enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated wood samples displayed that sapwood and heartwood pulps released their highest sugars content under free acid pretreatment conditions. The maximum neutral sugar released by heartwood pulps pretreated at T=160°C and [H2SO4]=0% was 0.126 g/L while that from sapwood pretreated at T=185°C and [H2SO4]=0% was 0.125 g/L. It is noteworthy that, the neutral sugars from sapwood and heartwood do not have the same sensitivity to temperature increase. When pretreated at T=160°C and [H2SO4]=0%, sapwood pulps yielded the following neutral sugars: Xyl< Ara»Gal < Man < Glu, while heartwood was: Ara < Gal < Xyl < Man < Glu. However, with increased temperature ( T=185°C and [H2SO4]=0%), sapwood yielded the following neutral sugars: Ara < Gal < Xyl < Man < Glu, while heartwood yielded the following: Xyl < Ara»Gal < Man < Glu. Similar trend was observed in both sapwood and heartwood pulps when sulfuric acid concentration was increased. Key words: Aucoumea klaineana Pierre, wood wastes, ethanol organosolv lignin, enzymatic hydrolysis, bioethanol.
Child Labor, Home Production and the Family Labor Supply

This paper studies the time allocation of all family members, including the children, where it is assumed that parents distribute their time between market work and household work, and the children may work in the labor market, do the household chores or study. In this framework, I propose that wages and shadow prices play an important role in the allocation of time of household members. Since empirical papers cannot find a clear relationship between child labor, wages and exogenous income, the theoretical model presented here sheds light on the relationship between those variables.
Seasonal patterns of litterfall in the floodplain forest of a large Mediterranean river

Litterfall is a key process controlling trophic and nutrient dynamics in coupled river-floodplain ecosystems. Litterfall quantity, quality and timing may be partly controlled by the local hydrology and forest structure. In the Middle Ebro (a large Mediterranean river in NE Spain), the importance of those factors has recently been assessed for litterfall quantity and quality but never for litterfall timing. In this study, the litterfall seasonal patterns (i.e., the intra-annual phenology of total vertical litterfall, the contribution of different species as well as the litter fractions and their nutrient concentration) in the floodplain forest of the Middle Ebro in 2007 were described to assess the role of their controlling factors. To that end, litterfall was collected monthly in a series of 12 plots representing the variety (in terms of forest structure and hydroperiod) of forest patches existing in the floodplain. The sampled material was sorted by litter fractions and species, and their C, N and P concentrations were analysed. The results showed that, as in most deciduous temperate forests, the bulk of litterfall occurred in autumn (42 % of total) with leaf fall (57 % of all litter fractions) for the 6 dominant tree species. However, the amount of litterfall collected during the rest of the year (especially in spring = 25 % and summer = 20 %) and from other litter components (woody = 22 % and reproductive = 10 %, with significantly higher N and P concentrations) was not negligible. This litterfall leads to seasonal imbalances in the quantity and quality of litter inputs to the riparian system throughout the year, which consequently might control the detritus-based community structure, food webs and nutrient cycling. Two species of Populus (P nigra and P alba) exhibited a second leaf fall peak in the summer. However, cross correlation analyses showed that the temporal dynamics of litter and leaf fall were similar between plots and dominant tree species. This result suggests that, unlike litterfall quantity and quality, litterfall phenology was not controlled by the differences in forest structure and hydrology at the patch level but rather by some other factors operating at a broader spatial scale, such as the regional climate.
A Newly Recorded Sea Star of the Genus Luidia (Asteroidea:Paxillosida: Luidiidae) from the Korea Strait, Korea

Asteroid specimens of the genus Luidia were collected at a depth of 95 - 100 m in the Korea Strait by bottom trawling in April 2016. The specimens were identified as Luidia avicularia Fisher, 1913 (Luidiidae: Paxillosida) based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses, and the species is new to the Korean fauna. A 648­bp partial nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (mt­ COI ) gene was obtained from Korea, and then was compared to sequences of related species stored in GenBank using molecular phylogenetic analyses. No sequence differences were detected between the L. avicularia mt­ COI gene sequences from Korea and China, and the species described in this report was clearly distinct from L. maculata , which was previously reported in Korean fauna. Three Luidia species have been reported in Korea.
Warm Molecular Hydrogen in the Spitzer SINGS Galaxy Sample

Results on the properties of warm molecular hydrogen in 57 normal galaxies are derived from measurements of H2 rotational transitions, obtained as part of SINGS. This study extends previous extragalactic surveys of emission lines of H2 to fainter and more common systems (LFIR = 107-6 × 1010 L☉). The 17 μm S(1) transition is securely detected in the nuclear regions of 86% of galaxies with stellar masses above 109.5 M☉. The derived column densities of warm H2 (T ≥ 100 K), although averaged over kiloparsec-scale areas, are commensurate with values observed in resolved photodissociation regions. They amount to between 1% and >30% of the total H2. The power emitted in the three lowest energy transitions is on average 30% of the power of the bright [Si II] cooling line (34.8 μm) and about 4 × 10-4 of the total infrared power for star-forming galaxies, which is consistent with excitation in PDRs. The fact that the H2 line intensities scale tightly with the aromatic band emission, even though the average radiation field intensity varies by a factor of 10, can also be understood if both tracers originate predominantly in PDRs, either dense or diffuse. Many of the 25 LINER/Seyfert targets strongly depart from the rest of the sample, in having warmer excited H2 and excess H2 rotational power with respect to the dust emission. We propose a threshold in H2-to-aromatic band power ratios, allowing the identification of low-luminosity AGNs by an excess H2 excitation. A dominant contribution from shock heating is favored in these objects. Finally, we detect in nearly half the star-forming targets nonequilibrium ortho-to-para ratios, consistent with the effects of FUV pumping combined with incomplete ortho-para thermalization, or possibly nonequilibrium photodissociation fronts.
Impact of thermal shock on forest soils affected by fires of different severity and recurrence

Thermal treatments in the laboratory were conducted using </span><span style="font-size: small;">unburned and burned samples of two soils affected by low- or high severity fires</span><span style="font-size: small;"> in order to study their impact on forests ecosystems with different fire regimes (severity, recurrence). Soils samples were heated in a furnace for 15 minutes at </span><span style="font-size: small;">50 ºC, 75 ºC, 100 ºC, 125 ºC, 150 ºC, 175 ºC, 200 ºC and 300 ºC to simulate different fire intensities; the process was repeated after a 1 month incubation of the burned, rewetted samples in order to simulate fire recurrence. The soil temperature was measured with thermocouples at the surface and 1 cm depth. The maximum temperature reached (Tmax) and the amount of heat supplied to the samples (degree-hour, DH) were calculated from the temperature-time curves. </span><span style="font-size: small;">A total of 128 temperature-time curves (4 soil field samples x 8 heating temperatures x 2 depths x 2 successive heat treatments) were analyzed and the estimation of several soil physical and chemical properties (color, moisture content, pH, total C, total N, soluble C) was carried out in the different soil treatments. H</span><span style="font-size: small;">igh-severity burning provoked significant changes on these physical and chemical properties, whereas slight modifications or even no changes were due to low-severity burning or soil heating under laboratory conditions. The thermal properties exhibited a higher sensitivity for the detection of the fire regime impact than the physical and chemical properties. The results showed that the </span><span style="font-size: small;">temperature-time curves and derived parameters (slope, Tmax, DH) can be successfully used to quantify the impact of thermal shocks at low and high temperatures and to evaluate the effect of fire/heating recurrence on forests ecosystems.
Subnational trade flows and state-level energy intensity: an empirical analysis

In one strand of research, analysts examine the trends and determinants of energy usage and intensity. In the second strand, researchers analyse the impact of trade flows on environmental outcomes. Recently, Cole (2006) bridges this gap, analysing the impact of trade intensity on energy usage utilizing panel data at the country level. In line with Cole (2006), we analyse the impact of subnational trade flows across US states on state-level energy usage and intensity, controlling for the endogeneity of trade flows. The model treating trade as endogenous confirms the cross-country result in Cole (2006); trade causes energy intensity to rise on average. However, the impact is not homogeneous across sectors as the increase in intensity is concentrated in the industrial and transportation sectors.
Biology and natural enemies of Cydalima perspectalis in Asia: Is there biological control potential in Europe?

The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a native pest of box trees (Buxus spp.) in Asia, was first detected in Germany and the Netherlands in 2007 and has since rapidly spread throughout Europe causing severe damage to ornamental and native box trees. To date, sustainable control strategies for C. perspectalis in Europe are lacking, primarily owing to the inadequate information regarding the biology and the ecology of this recent invader. Several studies conducted in Asia, however, may provide important information for the development of management strategies against C. perspectalis, which are urgently needed to preserve the natural box tree forests in Europe. The current literatures on the biological characteristics, host plants, phenology, distribution and control options of the box tree moth in Asia are reviewed, preliminary data on the parasitism of C. perspectalis in Europe are provided, and options for sustainable long‐term solutions for the management of the invasive pest in Europe are discussed.
Quantifying phosphorus and light effects in stream algae

Simultaneous gradients of phosphorus and light were applied in experimental streams to develop quantitative relationships between these two important abiotic variables and the growth and composition of benthic microalgae. Algal biovolume and whole‐stream metabolism responded hyperbolically to phosphorus enrichment, increasing approximately two‐fold over the 5–300 µg L−1 range of experimental phosphorus concentrations. The saturation threshold for phosphorus effects occurred at 25 µg L−1 of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Light effects were much stronger than those of phosphorus, resulting in a nearly ten‐fold increase in algal biovolume over the 10–400 µmol photons m−2 s−1 range of experimental irradiances. Biovolume accrual was light‐saturated at 100 µmol photons m−2 s−1 (5 mol photons m−2 d−1). Light effects were diminished by low phosphorus concentrations, and phosphorus effects were diminished by low irradiances, but evidence of simultaneous limitation by both phosphorus and light at subsaturating irradiances was weak. Contrary to the light : nutrient hypothesis, algal phosphorus content was not significantly affected by light, even in the lowest SRP treatments. However, algal nitrogen content increased substantially at lower irradiances, and it was very highly correlated with algal chlorophyll a content. Phosphorus enrichment in streams is likely to have its largest effect at concentrations <25 µg L−1 SRP, but the effect of enrichment is probably minimized when streambed irradiances are kept below 2 mol photons m−2 d−1 by riparian shading or turbidity.
A 200 MHz analogue-ROM based direct digital frequency synthesiser with amplitude modulation

A novel, low power frequency synthesiser system with 60 MHz output bandwidth is reported which is suitable for integration in a single chip RF transceiver. The system is based upon a conventional DDFS architecture. However, the problems which usually arise from the non-ideal behaviour of the DAC and the high power consumption of a ROM are avoided by using a non-volatile analogue memory array. Simulation results are presented which show that the system is suitable for use in an RF transceiver.
Investigations on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine with Biodiesel (Jatropha Oil) and Its Blends

This paper presents the performance of biodiesel blends in a single-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine. All experiments were carried out at constant speed 1500 rpm and the biodiesel blends were varied from B10 to B100. The engine was equipped with variable compressions ratio (VCR) mechanism. For 100% Jatropha biodiesel, the maximum fuel consumption was 15% higher than that of diesel fuel. The brake thermal efficiency for biodiesel and its blends was found to be slightly higher than that of diesel at various load conditions. The increase in specific fuel consumption ranged from 2.75% to 15% for B10 to B100 fuels. The exhaust gas temperature increased with increased biodiesel blend. The highest exhaust gas temperature observed was 430°C with biodiesel for load conditions 1.5 kW, 2.5 kW, and 3.5 kW, where as for diesel the maximum exhaust gas temperature was 440°C. The CO2 emission from the biodiesel fuelled engine was higher by 25% than diesel fuel at full load. The CO emissions were lower with Jatropha by 15%, 13%, and 13% at 1.5 kW, 2.5 kW, and 3.5 kW load conditions, respectively. The emissions were higher by 16%, 19%, and 20% at 1.5 kW, 2.5 kW, and 3.5 kW than that of the diesel, respectively.
Role of Probiotics in Animal Nutrition

The anaerobic probiotic technology (ZAD) is a patented technique. The products are in two forms either liquid or powder. The powder products are coated so it can handle the pressure and the temperature of the extruders. They are fed as follows; 10 gm/head /day for large animals or 1 kg/ tone of fed (for ZADO). In case of Liquid (ZAD); it is fed 10 ml/head/day for large animals and 1.5 ml liter for poultry and rabbits. It decreases the aflatoxins less than 11% by inclusion rate of 7% of ZAD in 7 hours. They are helping the animals to cope with heat stress. Their ability to decrease the cholesterol and triglycerides are noticed by 21 and 19%, respectively. The birds and animal immunity is elevated too. Animal performances are improved in animals fed either form. Milk production increased in dairy cattle (1.5 kg/animal/day) and dairy buffaloes (1kg/head/day). The same trend was recorded for meat production in cattle, buffaloes, and sheep (220, 180 and 90 gm/head/day, respectively as an average daily gain). For poultry, it helped in decreasing the fattening period by 5 days. In fish, the final weight increased by 18%. For rabbits, it increased the milk production, decreased the mortality rate, increased the average daily gain, and improved all over physiological aspects of rabbits.
PRIVATE VERSUS PUBLIC DEBT: EVIDENCE FROM FIRMS THAT REPLACE BANK LOANS WITH JUNK BONDS

We study firms that reduced private debt by repaying bank loans with proceeds from junk bonds. The debt contracts differ dramatically, and the contractual restrictions in bank debt are tighter. Sample firms are profitable, but experience operating earnings declines just prior to the junk bond issues. The earnings declines further tighten restrictions in bank debt, and the firms have limited borrowing capacity under their existing bank revolvers. Our tests indicate that junk bonds enabled the firms to maintain their ability to grow rapidly. Alternative explanations for the paydowns, such as managers’ desire to avoid bank monitoring, have little support. ___________ We thank for their comments: Edward Altman, Harry DeAngelo, Linda DeAngelo, Martin Fridson, Kent Hickman, Max Holmes, Chris James, Fred Joseph, Steven Kaplan, Ronald Mann, Tim Opler, Krishna Palepu, André Perold, Richard Ruback, Bill Schwert, Clifford Smith, René Stulz, Amy Sweeney, Peter Tufano, seminar participants at Dartmouth, Florida, The Federal Reserve Board (Washington, D.C.), the 1996 Financial Management Association Meetings, Harvard Business School, Maryland Annual Conference on Financial Economics and Accounting, Michigan State, NBER, The New York Federal Reserve, Pittsburgh, Rochester, and Wisconsin. We also thank Jeremy Cott, Cedric
Corrosion inhibition of 6061 aluminium alloy/SiCp composite in hydrochloric acid medium using 3-chloro-1-benzothiophene-2-carbohydrazide

The inhibitive action of 3-chloro-1-benzothiophene-2-carbohydrazide (CBTC) on the corrosion behavior of 6061 Al alloy/SiCp composite has been studied at four different temperatures (30°, 40°, 50° and 60°C) in hydrochloric acid medium (0.5 and 1 M) using Tafel extrapolation technique and weight loss method. Polarization curves indicate that CBTC acts as cathodic inhibitor. Inhibition efficiency is found to increase with increasing inhibitor concentration upto a critical value and with decreasing temperature. The inhibition efficiencies obtained by Tafel extrapolation technique and weight loss method are in good agreement. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the composite surface is found to obey Temkins’ and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The inhibition is governed by physisorption mechanism.
Contemporaneous Trachyandesitic and Calc-alkaline Volcanism of the Huerto Andesite, San Juan Volcanic Field, Colorado, USA

Locally, voluminous andesitic volcanism both preceded and followed large eruptions of silicic ash-flow tuff from many calderas in the San Juan volcanic field. The most voluminous post-collapse lava suite of the central San Juan caldera cluster is the 28Ma Huerto Andesite, a diverse assemblage erupted from at least 5–6 volcanic centres that were active around the southern margins of the La Garita caldera shortly after eruption of the Fish Canyon Tuff. These andesitic centres are inferred, in part, to represent eruptions of magma that ponded and differentiated within the crust below the La Garita caldera, thereby providing the thermal energy necessary for rejuvenation and remobilization of the Fish Canyon magma body. The multiple Huerto eruptive centres produced two magmatic series that differ in phenocryst mineralogy (hydrous vs anhydrous assemblages), whole-rock major and trace element chemistry and isotopic compositions. Hornblende-bearing lavas from three volcanic centres located close to the southeastern margin of the La Garita caldera (Eagle Mountain–Fourmile Creek, West Fork of the San Juan River, Table Mountain) define a high-K calc-alkaline series (57–65 wt % SiO2) that is oxidized, hydrous and sulphur rich. Trachyandesitic lavas from widely separated centres at Baldy Mountain–Red Lake (western margin), Sugarloaf Mountain (southern margin) and Ribbon Mesa (20 km east of the La Garita caldera) are mutually indistinguishable (55–61 wt % SiO2); they are characterized by higher and more variable concentrations of alkalis and many incompatible trace elements (e.g. Zr, Nb, heavy rare earth elements), and they contain anhydrous phenocryst assemblages (including olivine). These mildly alkaline magmas were less water rich and oxidized than the hornblende-bearing calc-alkaline suite. The same distinctions characterize the voluminous precaldera andesitic lavas of the Conejos Formation, indicating that these contrasting suites are long-term manifestations of San Juan volcanism. The favoured model for their origin involves contrasting ascent paths and differentiation histories through crustal columns with different thermal and density gradients. Magmas ascending into the main focus of the La Garita caldera were impeded, and they evolved at greater depths, retaining more of their primary volatile load. This model is supported by systematic differences in isotopic compositions suggestive of crust–magma interactions with contrasting lithologies.