Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Labour Market Prospects for Pakistani and Bangladeshi Women

This paper examines change and diversity in the lives of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women using qualitative interviews based in Oldham and secondary analysis of the Fourth National Ethnic Minority Survey. There was clear evidence of change across generations. Most of the older women had not been born in the UK and many were limited in their ability to speak English. This, together with a lack of formal qualifications, posed a considerable barrier to seeking paid work outside the home. In addition, many women had heavy family responsibilities that were compounded by material hardship. However, younger women who had been educated in the UK and had no language barrier saw paid work as a means to independence and self-esteem. Multivariate models showed that women with higher qualifications were much more likely to be economically active than women without qualifications or with overseas qualifications. However, the presence of dependent children had a strong negative effect. These factors also influenced the economic activity of white women but with much smaller differentials. Even with higher-level qualifications, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women experience considerable barriers to employment and have high levels of unemployment. Whilst most women subscribed strongly to the centrality of the family, it is clear that the majority will follow very different routes through the life-course from their mothers. Adherence to the lslamic faith was not, of itself, seen as a deterrent to women's participation in the labour market.
Behavioral Economics and Institutional Innovation

Behavioral economics has played a fundamental role historically in innovation in economic institutions, even long before behavioral economics was recognized as a discipline. Examples from history, notably that of the invention of workers' compensation, illustrate this point. Though scholarly discussion develops over decades, actual innovation tends to occur episodically, particularly at times of economic crisis. Fortunately, some of the major professional societies, the Verein fur Sozialpolitik, the American Economic Association and their successors, have managed to keep a broad discourse going, involving a variety of research methods including some that may be described today as behavioral economics, thereby maintaining an environment friendly to institutional innovation. Further, the broad expansion of behavioral economics that is going on today can be expected to yield even more such important institutional innovations.
Analysing value added as an indicator of intellectual capital and its consequences on company performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of value added (VA) as an indicator of intellectual capital (IC), and its impact on the firm's economic, financial and stock market performance.Design/methodology/approach – The value added intellectual coefficient (VAIC™) method is used on 300 UK companies divided into three groups of industries: high‐tech, traditional and services. Data require to calculate VAIC™ method are obtained from the “Value Added Scoreboard” provided by the UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). Empirical analysis is conducted using correlation and linear multiple regression analysis.Findings – The results show that companies' IC has a positive impact on economic and financial performance. However, the association between IC and stock market performance is only significant for high‐tech industries. The results also indicate that capital employed remains a major determinant of financial and stock market performance although it has a negative impact on economic perform.
Influence of yeast culture on feeder calves and lambs.

Four experiments were conducted to determine the influence of yeast culture on 1) the health and performance of feeder calves, 2) the response of calves to an infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) infection, and 3) nutrient utilization in lambs fasted for 3 d. In Exp. 1, 108 feeder calves were transported from Tennessee to Texas (1,600 km) and fed receiving diets containing 0 or . 75% yeast culture and . 35 or . 69% P in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. In Exp. 2, 101 calves were transported 950 kg from Austin, TX to Bushland, TX and fed receiving diets containing 0, . 75, 1.125, or 1.5% yeast culture. Yeast culture did not significantly affect the health or performance of calves in either experiment, although morbid calves fed yeast culture required fewer (P less than .05) days of antibiotic therapy in Exp. 2. In Exp. 3, feeder steers were fed diets containing 0 or . 75% yeast culture and challenged intranasally with IBRV. Calves fed yeast culture tended to maintain heavier weights and higher DMI during IBRV infection than did steers fed the control diet. In Exp. 4, feeder lambs were fasted for 3 d and refed diets containing 0, . 75, 1.125, or 1.5% yeast culture during a N and mineral balance trial. Lambs fed yeast culture had greater (P less than .08) N balance and tended to have greater Zn and Fe balance than control lambs. Results of these studies are interpreted to suggest that supplementation of morbid calves with yeast culture can have beneficial effects (fewer sick days, higher feed intakes) and that these effects may be mediated by improved N, Zn, and Fe metabolism.
Lessons from Liebeck

Debate about blame and contributory negligence raged when a jury in New Mexico awarded Stella Liebeck $160,000 in compensatory damages and $2.7 million in punitive damages after she spilled a cup of McDonald's coffee in her lap. The coffee was served from a drive-through window at a temperature exceeding 180°F (82°C) and caused third-degree burns. Even though similar burn accidents (and settlements) had preceded this celebrated case, McDonald's (and possibly other QSRs) had apparently not sufficiently reduced the service temperature of its coffee from the industry standard of 185°F. A two-year study of a convenience sample of QSR restaurants (including McDonald's) in the U.S. Pacific northwest region following the Liebeck verdict found a mean coffee temperature of 167°F (75°C) and a range of 132° to 195°F (55° to 90°C). Moreover, some restaurants offered oral or written warnings, albeit not universally.
Histone deacetylases (HDAC)-induced histone modifications in the amygdala: a role in rapid tolerance to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol.

BACKGROUND Rapid tolerance to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol appears to be an important factor in the development of alcoholism. Here, we investigated the involvement of amygdaloid histone deacetylases (HDAC)-induced epigenetic changes in rapid ethanol tolerance (RET). METHODS RET in rats was induced by 2 ethanol injections administered 24 hours apart. Both ethanol-tolerant and control rats were treated with the HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), and anxiety-like behaviors were measured. HDAC activity, histone (H3 and H4) acetylation, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the amygdala of these rats were also measured. RESULTS A single ethanol exposure was able to produce an anxiolytic response, inhibit amygdaloid HDAC activity, and increase both histone acetylation and NPY expression (mRNA and protein levels) in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) and medial nucleus of amygdala (MeA) of rats. In contrast, 2 exposures of the same dose of ethanol (24 hours apart) neither elicited a similar anxiolytic response nor modulated HDAC activity, histone acetylation, or NPY expression in the amygdala. However, exposure to a higher dose of ethanol on the second day was able to produce an anxiolytic response and also inhibit amygdaloid HDAC activity. TSA treatment caused the reversal of RET by inhibiting HDAC activity, thereby increasing histone acetylation and NPY expression in the CeA and MeA. CONCLUSIONS Cellular tolerance to the initial acute ethanol-induced inhibition of HDAC activity and the subsequent upregulation of histone acetylation and NPY expression in the amygdala may be involved in the mechanisms underlying rapid tolerance to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol.
Immunization of high-risk infants younger than 18 months of age with split-product influenza vaccine.

Influenza is an important cause of serious illness in very young children with cardiopulmonary disease. A 4-year study was conducted at two centers to assess immunogenicity and safety of influenza split-product vaccine in children aged 3 to 18 months with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and congenital heart disease. A total of 113 children were studied: 62 children 3 to 5 months of age and 51 children 6 to 18 months of age. Sera were drawn prior to first and second immunization and 3 weeks after second immunization and were tested by hemagglutination inhibition; protection was defined as greater than 1:32. Ninety-five children were surveyed for adverse reactions. Seroresponses were age and antigen specific. Best responses for all ages were to A/Mississippi (H3N2) (97%). Children older than 6 months of age had better seroresponses to A/Leningrad (H3N2) (73%, P less than .03) and B/Victoria (62%, P less than .02) than did children younger than 6 months of age. Seroconversion rates to the remaining antigens were low. Only 9% of children experienced adverse reactions; all but one were mild. The immunologic mechanisms responsible for preventing serious influenzal disease and more effective immunization strategies need to be defined for very young high-risk children.
The Determinants of Cluster Activities in the Australian Wine and Tourism Industries

This paper discusses wine and tourism clusters and the recent innovation of wine tourism in which businesses operate within both industries. The concept of micro-clusters is examined in terms of trust, networking, collaboration and other activities, all of which are argued to depend on the concepts of game theory and sunk costs. The study involved both interviews and a questionnaire. Conceptual variables are created from the questionnaire responses using factor analysis. The determinants of cluster activities are modelled using regression analysis. The effects of industry, place and respondents' entrepreneurial characteristics are used as exogenous variables. The study finds that industry does seem to be more important than place in the determination of networking and cooperative cluster activities, and that members of the wine tourism industry participate more in these activities than members of the tourism or hospitality industries. The addition of three variables that embody the entrepreneurial characteristics of the respondents approximately doubles the explanatory power of the original models. There is evidence to suggest that cluster activities are idiosyncratic for each industry–place cluster. The effects of firm size on cluster activities are also examined. No evidence is found of cooperative activities depending on cluster size. The main results support the contention that sunk costs are important in the determination of cluster activities.
Public Attitudes toward Climate Science and Climate Policy in Federal Systems: Canada and the United States Compared†

Despite a great deal of scientific evidence in support of global warming, the public remains deeply divided on whether global warming is occurring and on what policies should be enacted in response. In the context of wide variation in climate policy at both national and sub-federal levels, this paper utilizes an original data set to examine public attitudes and perceptions toward climate science and climate change policy in two federal systems. Using national and provincial/state level data from telephone surveys administered to random probability samples in Canada and the U.S. during 2010 and 2011, the paper provides insight into where the public stands on the climate change issue in two of the most carbon-intensive federal systems in the world. The paper includes the first directly comparable public opinion data on how Canadians and Americans form their opinions regarding climate matters, and provides insight into the preferences of these two populations regarding climate policies at both the national and sub- national levels. Building on previous studies of public opinion in the U.S., which finds strong associations between political predispositions, on the one hand, and views on climate change, on the other, the paper further examines the determinants of individual beliefs in cross-national perspective. Key findings are examined in the context of growing policy experiments at the sub-federal level in both countries and limited national level progress in the adoption of climate change legislation.
The Binary Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin as a Protein Delivery System

The binary Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin is composed of the enzyme component C2I and the binding component C2II, which are individual and non-linked proteins. Activated C2IIa mediates cell binding and translocation of C2I into the cytoplasm. C2I ADP-ribosylates G-actin at Arg-177 to depolymerize actin filaments. A fusion toxin containing the N-terminal domain of C2I (residues 1–225) transports C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase from Clostridium limosum into cells (Barth, H., Hofmann, F., Olenik, C., Just, I., and Aktories, K. (1998) Infect. Immun. 66, 1364–1369). We characterized the adaptor function of C2I and its interaction with C2IIa. The fusion toxin GST-C2I1–225-C3 was efficiently transported by C2IIa, indicating that C2IIa translocates proteins into the cytosol even when the C2I1–225 adaptor was positioned in the middle of a fusion protein. Amino acid residues 1–87 of C2I were sufficient for interaction with C2IIa and for translocation of C2I fusion toxins into HeLa cells. Residues 1–87 were the minimal part of C2I to bind to C2IIa on the cell surface, as detected by fluorescence-activated cytometry. An excess of C2I1–87(but not of further truncated C2I fragments) competed with Alexa488-labeled C2I for binding to C2IIa. Also, the fragment C2I30–431 and the fusion toxin C2I30–225-C3 competed with C2I-Alexa488 for binding to C2IIa. C2I30–225-C3 did not induce cytotoxic effects on cells when applied together with C2IIa, indicating that amino acid residues 1–29 are involved in translocation of C2I but are not absolutely essential for binding to C2IIa.
Does CEO Pay Reflect Performance? Some Australian Evidence

We examine the relation between Australian CEO pay and accounting and share price performance indicators, as well as firm size, from 1987 to 1992 inclusive. Our results show no evidence of a linkage between CEO pay and performance. This finding is robust to the use of single year or pooled tests, as well as the specific identification of CEO changes. ‘‘Long window’’ analysis of the pay-performance relation yields similar results. Possible explanations include incomplete disclosure of CEO compensation, the influence of other claimholders (e.g., debtholders), the existence of alternative monitoring mechanisms and the extent to which CEO compensation is effectively deferred. However, subject to these possibilities, our results can be interpreted as consistent with allegations that Australian CEOs have had, by international standards, a relatively small proportion of total compensation ‘‘at risk’’.
EFFECTIVE CLASSROOM PRACTICES TO SUPPORT THE ENGLISH LITERACY DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY AGED BILINGUAL STUDENTS

This paper reviews the current literature and offers recommendations for classroom practices that best support the emergent English literacy learning of bilingual students in preK through first grade. Evidence that bilingual students may be able to transfer literacy skills in their first language to literacy skills in English supports the idea of instruction or early intervention in students’ primary language. Bilingual students benefit from a balanced literacy curriculum that allows them to develop their English literacy in a non-threatening, social context while receiving individualized and differentiated instructional support. In addition, culturally relevant curriculum, home-school communication, and holistic assessment methods further support the classroom adjustment and English literacy learning of primary aged bilingual students.
RESEARCHING QUALITY OF LIFE OF OLDER PEOPLE: CONCEPTS, MEASURES AND FINDINGS

Quality of life research has emerged as a concept of intense scientific and political interest in the last 25 years. Initially, dominated by the medical establishment, limitations in the bio-medical model approach precipitated social science investigation. Additionally, a shift occurred between a reliance on objective indicators (e.g. income, crime rates, number of cars per household) to include subjective factors (e.g. happiness, life satisfaction) of quality of life. This paper presents first a background on the evolution of quality of life in current discourse. Secondly, it reviews how quality of life has been conceptualised and measured within the health and social sciences; and thirdly, it presents research findings on the relationship between the quality of life of older people and family/friends support, income, crime and health. This includes a look at both the literature and preliminary findings from a series of discussion groups connected to a current research project. The aim of this article is to be informative and to provide a practical guide to the conceptualisation and measurement of quality of life.
Ablation of Both Organic Cation Transporter (Oct)1 and Oct2 Alters Metformin Pharmacokinetics but Has No Effect on Tissue Drug Exposure and Pharmacodynamics

Organic cation transporter (OCT)1 and OCT2 mediate hepatic uptake and secretory renal clearance of metformin, respectively. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) implications of simultaneous impairment of both transporters, such as by systemic pan-OCT inhibition, have not been studied directly. At present metformin PK/PD, distribution, and excretion were studied in Oct1/Oct2-knockout mice. Metformin clearance was reduced 4.5-fold from renal blood flow to unbound glomerular filtration rate, and volume of distribution was reduced 3.5-fold in Oct1/Oct2-knockout mice. Oral bioavailability was not affected (F = 64 ± 4 versus 59 ± 11; knockout versus wild type). Liver- and kidney-to-plasma concentration ratios were decreased in Oct1/Oct2-knockout mice 4.2- and 2.5-fold, respectively. The 2.9-fold increase in oral metformin exposure and reduced tissue partitioning yielded little to no net change in tissue drug concentrations. Absolute kidney exposure was unchanged (knockout/wild type = 1.1 ± 0.2), and liver exposure was only modestly decreased (knockout/wild type = 0.6 ± 0.1). Oral glucose area under the curve (AUC) lowering by metformin was not impaired in Oct1/Oct2-knockout mice at the five dose levels tested (ED50 = 151 versus 110 mg/kg; glucose lowering at highest dose = 42 ± 1 versus 39 ± 4%; knockout versus wild type); however, higher systemic metformin exposures were necessary in knockout mice to elicit the same effect (half-maximal efficacious AUC = 70 versus 26 μg · h/ml). Despite major changes in metformin clearance and volume of distribution in Oct1/Oct2-knockout mice, tissue drug exposure and PD were not affected. These findings challenge the presumption that systemic OCT inhibition will affect metformin pharmacology.
New perspectives on innovative entrepreneurship and path dependence – a regional approach

This paper uses path dependence as an interpretive lens to examine the relationship between innovative entrepreneurship and regional development. A literature review of path dependence explains why that concept is relevant for this paper. This paper reaches four conclusions about the relationship. First, in the study of innovative entrepreneurship in a regional context, the technological, social and cognitive dimensions should be taken into consideration. Second, the effect of the different types of innovative entrepreneurship on path dependence depends on specific, regional situations. Third, the dominant regional network forms an institutional foundation that may either hinder or support innovative entrepreneurship. Fourth, innovative entrepreneurs who introduce new knowledge from outside the region are more likely to alter the regional path.
Roaming in the Mobile Internet

With the acquisition of UMTS licenses Mobile Operators (MOs), have often been obliged to deploy 3G network infrastructures covering at least a given percentage of users by a given date. This paper discusses the rationale for imposing these minimum coverage requirements by regulatory bodies. To that end, a model is built, which studies the incentives for MOs to compete for market share and over coverage within an unregulated environment where MOs are assumed to be free to enter sharing agreements and to negotiate a reciprocal roaming charge. Within this framework, it is first shown that MOs would deploy their infrastructure to guarantee the coverage of the entire territory (population), but they would avoid any network duplication in order to maximize rents from roaming revenues. It is then discussed whether a minimum coverage requirement is the best policy to reduce these excess rents, or whether alternative measures could be adopted which could serve other goals as well, such as the avoidance of network duplication.
Exploring the Strategic Integration of Sustainability Initiatives: Opportunities for Accounting Research

SYNOPSIS: We report the results of a survey of 178 corporate responsibility officers designed to explore how accountants can add value to sustainability initiatives. Specifically, we examine how three areas of accounting expertise (risk identification and measurement, financial reporting, and independent review/assurance) contribute to the strategic integration of sustainability initiatives (cf. Porter and Kramer 2006; IIRC 2011). Our results indicate that accounting professionals are rarely involved in sustainability initiatives, but their involvement is highly associated with strategic integration. This finding suggests that increased involvement likely would provide significant benefits to organizations and their stakeholders. We use these and other important insights into a series of research questions for future accounting or interdisciplinary research in sustainability. These insights about accountants' ability to enhance the strategic integration of sustainability initiatives also should be of inte.
Managing North American Major Professional Sport Teams in the New Millennium: A Focus on Building Brand Equity

Following a decade that produced astonishing player salaries, continued player mobility, widespread corporate involvement, and skyrocketing ticket prices and broadcast rights fees, North American major league professional sport teams enter the 21st century encountering a number of significant challenges. An analysis of the aforementioned trends yields valuable insight into the future of professional team sport management in North America and leads to the identification of a primary concern of team owners and operators, that of managing the franchise's brand equity. With team owners increasingly reaping profits from the long-term appreciation of the team's value while continuing to lose money on a yearly basis, there will be an increased focus on strengthening team brands. This new focus will lead management to build and maintain brand equity through two primary means: the acquisition of assets and the enhancement of customer relationships. Each of these predictions is explained in depth in this paper and .