Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE CONCEPT OF ‘DANGEROUSNESS’ IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CIHINA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS

Throughout the history of the People's Republic of China criminal process and administrative sanc tions have been viewed as a medium for the exercise of coercive state power against those who would undermine the existing political order, and Chinese socialist political ideology has consistently justified this position. Dangerousness is a concept informed by those political considerations necessary to maintain order in a one-party socialist state. Dangerousness forms an element of both criminality and sentencing in China. Dangerousness to society is an explicit component of liability under the Criminal Law and liability for administrative punishment. It is also a major factor in determining sentences. The Chinese system's preoccupation with dangerousness to society is also demonstrated by the use of regular anti-crime campaigns which target activities viewed as being particularly dangerous to society at a given time. While the concept of individual dangerousness is not codified, Chinese scholars have in recent years argued that it is an implicit element in determining the appropriate sentence for individual offenders. In fact, individual dangerousness is also an importantfactor in deciding whether or not to commit a person to Re-education Through Labour or Forced Job Placement, which are administrative sanctions. The concept of dangerousness also plays a role in the differentiation between various categories of incarceratedpersons and their treatment. Prisons and remote labour camps are thus reserved for counter revolutionaries,prisoners serving at least ten-year sentences or with knowledge of state secrets, recidi vists, those who resist reform and the like. Treatment of individual prisoners and detainees also depends on perceived levels of the dangerousness they pose to society and each other, whether in the reform tech nique employed during incarceration or in deciding on early release and Forced Job Placement. Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China (China), both the criminal process and administrative detention have been justified as tools of coercive state power against elements who challenge or undermine the political establishment. 'Dangerousness' is both an ingredient of criminality and a criterion in sentencing in China. It is a concept informed by the same political considerations necessary to maintain order in a one-party socialist state. There are two concepts of 'dangerousness' in the criminal justice system of China. First, 'dangerousness to society', shehui weihaixing, is regarded as a fundamental characteristic of crime. Thus conduct constitutes a crime only if it poses a sufficiently serious 'dangerousness to society',1 measured in terms of harmful social consequences or, if no actual harm resulted, the state of danger the conduct created (Gao 1986: 88 9). The degree of'dangerousness to society' also determines the severity of punishment. * Edward J. Epstein is a Solicitor and Manager of the China Practice Group at Clifford Chance, London. From
Late-onset granulomatous prostatitis following intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin therapy: case report

Bacille Calmette-Guerin intravesical treatment is the most effective treatment for reducing the recurrence of non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas. This treatment can sometimes have side effects and serious complications. Granulomatous prostatitis is a common histological finding but it rarely has a clinical presentation. We report a case of a 75-year-old, type 2 diabetic, male patient who was diagnosed with urothelial in situ carcinoma, for which he began treatment with Bacille Calmette-Guerin instillations. Five years later the patient presented nocturia, pollakiuria, severe urgency, and intense and recurrent perineal pain associated with marked elevation of prostatic specific antigen. A prostatic biopsy was performed that showed a moderate to severe granulomatous prostatitis related to bacille Calmette-Guerin. The patient received full antituberculosis combination drugs with a favorable clinical response.
Importance of Treating Compensatory Hypertrophy of Inferior Turbinate in Cases of Septal Deviation Causing Nasal Obstruction

150 patients of Deviated nasal septum with compensatory hypertrophy of inferior turbinate on the contra lateral side were taken in the study. Compensatory hypertrophy was established by Endoscopic methods as well as radiologically (X-ray and CT scans were done) Since no definite criteria of nasal obstruction is available in literature hence a criteria of 4 mm nasal patency [3] was taken as adequate and less than that was considered as nasal obstruction (associated with symptoms) Patients were evaluated for a period of one year postoperatively for the regression of compensatory hypertrophy and mostly endoscopy was done for evaluation of postoperative results during that period. Patients were put in two groups: GROUP-A=Treated Compensatory hypertrophy (n=75) and GROUP-B=Compensatory hypertrophy not treated (n=75)
Comprehension and Decoding: Patterns of Association in Children With Reading Difficulties

Comparisons of reading measures from a sample of 361 children aged 7.5 to 9.5, including many with reading difficulties, showed high correlations between word reading and nonword reading, and between each of these abilities and reading comprehension. These results, together with other findings from these children, showed that skill in word identification was almost inseparable from the phonologically analytic decoding process that is tapped by nonword reading, and, correspondingly, differences in reading comprehension were closely associated with differences in decoding skill. The findings support the conclusion that bottom-up skills largely drive the reading process in this age group. Only a small number of children departed from the norm in showing better reading comprehension than would be expected from their decoding skills, and those with the opposite discrepancy accounted for even fewer.
Sparse Cholesky factorization on a local-memory multiprocessor

This article deals with the problem of factoring a large sparse positive definite matrix on a multiprocessor system. The processors are assumed to have substantial local memory but no globally shared memory. They communicate among themselves and with a host processor through message passing. Our primary interest is in designing an algorithm which exploits parallelism, rather than in exploiting features of the underlying topology of the hardware. However, part of our study is aimed at determining, for certain sparse matrix problems, whether hardware based on the binary hypercube topology adequately supports the communication requirements for such problems. Numerical results from experiments conducted on a hypercube multiprocessor are included.
From Framingham to Hunt 2: 60 Years Blaming the Wrong Culprit?

Thromboxanes are members of the eicosanoids signalling molecules which are the result of oxidation. Thromboxanes are vasoconstrictors, causing platelet aggregation as well as agglutination of red blood cells. Leukotrienes and prostaglandins are also fatty acid signalling molecules that are strongly involved in inflammatory responses. Each of these 3 proinflammatory fatty acids are inhibited by adequate cholesterol [3,4]. Low density lipo-protein (LDL) is the “carrier” of cholesterol, sending out cholesterol to various parts of the body where needed. High density lipo-protein takes cholesterol back to the liver. If there is high LDL, this indicates that there is a greater need for cholesterol in the tissues of the body. Calling LDL “bad” does nothing to address what is really happening. Why is LDL elevated? In such a case, there are most likely pro-inflammatory conditions taking place in the body, which require additional cholesterol to halt excessive inflammation in the tissues. Basically, cholesterol is doing exactly what it is supposed to be doing, protecting you from harmful free radicals and cellular death. But the real question should be: why is there inflammation in the tissues? High serum cholesterol could be solely a risk marker that is secondary to the real causes [5].
Acute effects of auditory stimulation with heavy metal music on heart rate responses

Aim. Investigate the acute effects of heavy metal musical auditory stimulation on cardiac autonomic regulation. Material and methods. This is a prospective study conducted on 22 healthy women between 18 and 30 years old. All procedures were performed in the same soundproof room. The volunteers remained at rest for 20 minutes and subsequently were exposed to heavy metal (75-84 dB) music for 20 minutes. We analysed the following HRV indices: SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, LF, HF and LF/HF ratio, RRTri, TINN, SD1, SD2 and SD1/SD2 ratio. Results. During exposure to heavy metal music auditory stimulation we observed that the LF (ms2 ) tended to increase (p=0,06) and reduce HF (nu) (p=0,07) and the LF/HF ratio increased (p=0,05). No significant changes were found for SDNN, pNN50, RMSSD, SDNN/RMSSD ratio, TINN, RRTri, SD1, SD2 and SD1/SD2 ratio. Conclusion. Auditory stimulation with the selected heavy metal musical style acutely decreased HRV.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infection among Patients Undergoing Dialysis

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in Pakistani population and their influence is considerable in patients suffering from kidney diseases and undergoing dialysis (Haemodialysis/ Peritoneal). This study considered the total number of dialysis a patient received and the number of dialysis in a week with the chances of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B infection. This cross sectional study was conducted to determine the frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in patients undergoing either haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Serum sample was extracted from the blood of 60 patients. All the patients were suffering from either chronic kidney disease or acute renal failure. Screening was performed by strip method, which is based on Immuno-chromatographic technique for the detection of antibodies against HBsAg and HCV in patients on dialysis (haemodialysis/ peritoneal dialysis). The patients undergoing haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis were randomly selected, out of which 43 were males and 17 were females. The association of HCV and HBV infection was calculated in relation to frequency per week of dialysis and total number of dialysis. There is significant correlation between HCV infection and total numbers of haemodialysis a patient has. Increase in the frequency of HCV infection was observed as the number of dialysis increased.
Modeling the Mind and the Milieu

Theorists in management and organizational science rarely use computational modeling to support theoretical development or refinement, particularly at the micro level of analysis. This article argues that organizational scholars, who strive to understand dynamic behavior in a complex context, are particularly in need of the support computational models offer. Moreover, organizational scholars can build on (a) the plethora of informal theories extant in the literature and (b) the computational architectures and model building platforms developed in recent years. To increase the number of organizational scholars building and evaluating computational models, the article provides a tutorial in model building and simulation. Specifically, a new computational model is built and assessed. Surprising realizations emerge in the process. There is also an extensive section on model evaluation involving empirical observations.
Speech synthesis by rule using an optimal selection of non-uniform synthesis units

A synthesis scheme is proposed for the optimal selection and extraction of synthesis units. This synthesis scheme has two advantages in the usage of speech segment units. One is the flexible use of nonuniform synthesis units and the other is the optimal choice of a unit sequence for an input phoneme string using appropriateness measures. In this synthesis system, all phoneme subsequences in each synthesis unit are also used as synthesis units. To facilitate the search for appropriate unit candidates, the phoneme sequence entry dictionary is made for a given speech set. Using this entry dictionary, all candidate unit templates are listed for a given input phoneme string. The most appropriate one is selected based on an appropriateness measure. In addition, the author presents a statistic analysis results of Japanese phoneme sequences based on distributions in the word dictionary and text corpora. This investigation provides an estimate of an appropriate number of Japanese phoneme sequences in this synthesis scheme. <<ETX>>
Motion Capture as an Extension of Web-Based Simulation

The results of researches in the area of web-based simulation, motion capture and virtual reality show that is necessary to put new technologies in the process of continual learning. Several educators try to find out the possibilities how to integrate these technologies in curriculum. In this article we deal with the results of our research which was focused on the web-based simulations (mentioned results we consider as a basis) and we deal with motion capture technology as a one possibility how to make more attractive the process of education for students.
An accurate analytical BiCMOS delay expression and its application to optimizing high-speed BiCMOS circuits

A scheme for optimizing the overall delay of BiCMOS driver circuits is proposed in this paper. Using this optimization scheme, it is found that the delay is minimized when the maximum collector current of the bipolar transistors is equal to the onset of high current effects. Using this assumption, an accurate BiCMOS delay expression is derived in terms of the bipolar and MOS device parameters. The critical device parameters are then identified and their influence on the circuit speed discussed. An overall circuit delay expression for optimizing BiCMOS buffers is derived and a comparison made with CMOS buffers. It is shown that BiCMOS circuits have a speed advantage of 1.7 or an area advantage of about 5 for 2- mu m feature sizes. In order to predict the future performance of BiCMOS circuits, a figure of merit is derived from the delay expression. Using the figure-of-merit expression, it is seen that future BiCMOS circuits can keep the speed advantage over CMOS circuits down to submicrometer dimensions under constant load capacitance assumption. >
Facebook, social integration and informal learning at university: ‘It is more for socialising and talking to friends about work than for actually doing work’

Whilst recent studies suggest that over 95% of British undergraduate students are regularly using social networking sites, we still know very little about how this phenomenon impacts on the student experience and, in particular, how it influences students’ social integration into university life. This paper explores how pre‐registration engagement with a university Facebook network influences students’ post‐registration social networks. Research was conducted with first year undergraduates at a British university using an online survey. Students reported that they specifically joined Facebook pre‐registration as a means of making new friends at university, as well as keeping in touch with friends and family at home. The survey data also illustrate that once at university, Facebook was part of the ‘social glue’ that helped students settle into university life. However, care must be taken not to over‐privilege Facebook: it is clearly only one aspect of students’ more general social networking practices and face‐to‐face interrelationships and interactions remain important. Students thought Facebook was used most importantly for social reasons, not for formal teaching purposes, although it was sometimes used informally for learning purposes.
Predicting Students' Achievement in English Language from Teachers' Classroom Behaiviour and Teaching Expeirence

The study investigated the extent to which teachers 'classroom behavior and teaching experience would predict students' achievement in English language among public senior secondary students in Ibadan Metropolis. A descriptive research design of survey type was adopted to provide answers to four research questions. The participants were 1000 S.S. II students randomly selected from 20 schools and their English language teachers Teachers'Classroom Behaviour Questionnaire (r=.76) and English Language Achievement Test(r=.72) were used in data collection. Data collected were analyzed using frequency counts simple percentage and, multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data collected. All research questions were answered at 0.05 level of significance The findings of this study showed that :Teachers' teaching experience has a significant relative contribution to students' achievement in English language (β = 0.116; t = 4.823; p< 0.05). Teachers' classroom behavior also has significant relative contribution to achievement of students in English language (β = 0.114; t = 3.202; p < 0.05). The joint contributions of teachers' teaching experience and teachers' classroom behaviour to student's achievement in English was also found to be significant (F(1,1252) = 10. 105; P <0.05). The two variables: Teachers' teaching experience (β = 0.132; t = 4.823; p <0.05) and teachers' classroom behavior (β = 0.114; t= 3.202; P< 0.05) were also found to be capable of predicting student academic achievement in English language. Consequently, it is recommended that experienced teachers should be employed to handle English language especially at senior level such as teachers who have been marking West African Examinations Council (WAEC) and National Examination council (NECO) examinations. Teacher-training programmes should be reinvigoratyed to cater for teaching skills of trainees to equip them with the basic pedagogical skills necessary for teaching English language.
Pulmonary Vein Isolation (PVI) and Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Guided by Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms (CFAEs)

We recognize that the resolution of available mapping systems continues to be the Achilles heel of rotor mapping and ablation. Nevertheless, complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) should be found in the core region of rotors [3], although CFAEs may also arise from other processes (discharging ganglionatedplexi, heterogenous conduction, wavelet collision). In this regard, ablation of CFAEs would likely interrupt the drivers of AF, with the most dense and tenacious CFAE nests being most important to AF maintenance [4]. Dr. Nademanee at White Memorial Hospital in Los Angeles demonstrates convincingly how CFAEs may be systematically mapped and ablated, with AF slowing, organizing and finally terminating. Considering the proven benefit of standard lesion sets [5] and the ablation of certain CFAEs [4,6], tempered by the uncertain electrophysiologic origin of CFAEs, we have pursued a CFAE-guided approach to PVI and standard lesion sets during AF ablation. In this article, I would like to share our workflow for CFAE-guided PVI and AF ablation, which we anticipate improves outcomes.
A phase I/II open label study of the safely and efficacy of an anti-ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1; CD54) monoclonal antibody in early rheumatoid arthritis

Objective. Previous work suggested the potential utility of therapy with a monoclonal antibody (Mab) to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1 ; CD54) in patients with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Immunomodulatory interventions, including adhesion receptor directed therapies, might be expected to have greater efficacy in patients with less established or less aggressive disease. Therefore, we assessed the efficacy and safety of an anti-ICAM-1 Mab in patients with early RA. Methods. An open label study of a 5 day infusion of an anti-ICAM-1 Mab in 10 patients with early or indolent RA was conducted. These patients were defined as having previously used ≤ 1 disease modifying antirheumatic drug. Results. Based on composite cirteria, 7/10 patients had a marked or moderate response to therapy at one month of followup. Clinical benefit was sustained through 2 months for 5/10 patients and 3/10 had extended benefit (11, 8, and > 7 months). Clinical benefit was more likely to be obtained in patients with subacute onset of disease than in those with a fulminant onset. Conclusion. A single course of therapy with an anti-ICAM-1 Mab was associated with clinical improvement in a group of patients with early or indolent RA to an extent apparently greater than previously observed in patients with longstanding, aggressive RA.
Asymptotically optimal open-loop space-time architecture adaptive to scattering conditions

Recent results have demonstrated the enormous capacity potential of wireless communication schemes employing multiple transmit and receive antennas, in particular when the transfer functions between the various transmit and receive antenna pairs are independent. In practice, however, those functions tend to be correlated, often because the underlying propagation environment is in fact Rician. We introduce a new multi-transmit multi-receive architecture that is capable of adjusting the spatial characteristics of its radiated signals to exploit the structure of such a channel. In the limiting case of a purely specular channel, the new architecture simply defaults to beam steering. On the other hand, in the limiting case of a rich-scattering channel, it reverts to a layered space-time structure radiating multiple parallel streams of data.
Data conversion from multi-view cameras to layered light field display for aliasing-free 3D visualization

Layered light field display, which consists of a backlight and several light attenuating layers, has been attracting attentions because of its potential to simultaneously support many viewing directions and high resolution for each direction. The transmittances of the layers’ pixels can be controlled individually, and are determined inversely from expected observation for each viewing direction. The expected observations are typically represented as a set of multi-view images. We have developed a simulator of the layered light field display using computer graphics technology, and evaluated the quality of displayed images (output quality) using real multi-view images as input. An important finding from the evaluation is that aliasing artifacts are occasionally observed from the directions without input images. To prevent aliasing artifacts, it is necessary to limit the disparities between neighboring input images into ±1 pixel according to plenoptic sampling theory, which requires significantly small viewpoint intervals. However, it is not always possible to capture such dense multi-view images that would satisfy the aliasing-free condition. To tackle this problem, we propose to use image based rendering techniques for synthesizing sufficiently dense virtual multi-view images from actually photographed images. We demonstrate that by using our method, high quality visualization without aliasing artifacts is possible even when the photographed multi-view images are sparse.