Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age and Diet Affect the Composition of Porcine Colonic Mucins

ABSTRACT: Colonic mucins may serve as a defense mechanism by binding bacterial, viral, or dietary lectins, thereby preventing them from attaching to the intestinal epithelium. Presumably, the composition of the mucins would be responsible for this phenomenon, and the composition of mucins from mature mammals would be the most effective in binding lectins. To determine whether differences in diet and/or age affect the composition of colonic mucins, we scraped fresh colonic mucosae from pigs at 0 (n = 3), 7 (n = 3), 21 (n = 3), and 180 (n = 3) d of age and purified the mucins from these mucosal scrapings. Mucins were purified by ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease digestion, high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, and cesium chloride density-gradient ultracentrifugation. The 180-d-old pig was considered mature. No changes were observed in any of the variables analyzed in the 7-d-old animals. No changes were observed in quantities of galactosamine and galactose. The amounts of fucose and glucosamine increased by 165 and 37%, respectively, (p < 0.05) from d 0 to d 21 in the sow-fed animals, at which time fucose and glucosamine content were 48 and 22% greater, respectively, than in the 21-d-old, artificially fed group (p < 0.05). A further significant increase in fucose content was observed in the mucins from mature animals. The sulfate content in the 21-d-old, sow-fed animals was significantly lower than in both the newborn and the 21-d-old artificially fed animals. The sulfate content in all three of these groups, however, was significantly higher than that observed in the mucins of mature animals. At 21 d of age, the protein content was significantly lower than at birth for both diet groups but significantly higher than in the mucins of mature pigs. The evidence indicates that the composition of colonic mucins in 21-d-old sow-fed pigs was more mature than that in the artificially fed counterparts, with respect to fucose, glucosamine, and sulfate. Therefore, if a mature mucin composition is, in fact, a more effective defense against intestinal infection, young breast-fed animals may have an advantage over young artificially fed animals.
Academic Language and Learning (ALL) in Australia: An endangered or evolving species?

This paper reflects on our findings from a survey designed to explore a shift in the roles and responsibilities of Academic Language and Learning (ALL) practitioners in the 21st century and to consider what this shift might mean for our professional future. With the trend towards increasing collaborations among ALL, AD, educational designers and discipline lecturers, many of us hope this may mitigate the marginalisation commonly expressed by ALL practitioners, although a merging of roles may also risk devaluing of the particular knowledge, skills, values and purposes that have shaped ALL work. Our research aimed to discover how our colleagues are situated in this shift, and its implications for their sense of purpose, possibility, and satisfaction in their work. Closed questions obtained information on the educational and cultural experiences that have brought colleagues into the field, and how their work is positioned currently in their institutions. Open questions elicited their thoughts on how their education and experience have shaped their work and the field more broadly, and how current trends are likely to impact their commitment and satisfaction in ALL work.
When to consider cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement?

Purpose of review To discuss the relevant techniques as well as the recent evidence that enhance the understanding of the reader on the applications of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). With different cardiac imaging modalities available as well as the advent of TAVR, it is important to define when CMR can be helpful in the periprocedural evaluation. Recent findings The topics of interest covered in this review are CMR evaluation of aortic stenosis/regurgitation, TAVR sizing, vascular measurements for access planning, postimplantation paravalvular regurgitation (PVR), and the potential role of delayed enhancement assessment in patients undergoing TAVR. Summary CMR is a complementary modality in the assessment of TAVR candidates. The ability of CMR to assess the hemodynamic significance of aortic stenosis and other valvulopathies, as well as to assess accurately the left ventricular ejection fraction and vascular anatomy, makes this technique well rounded. The roles of delayed enhancement for myocardial scar in the evaluation of TAVR candidates and PVR assessment in the postimplant patient are promising, but still yet to be fully defined.
Terminal differentiation of human keratinocytes and stratum corneum formation is associated with caspase-14 activation.

Programmed cell death of epidermal keratinocytes (KC) results in the formation of cornified cells, which constitute the outermost skin layer, the stratum corneum. Here we show by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry that epidermal KC express caspase-14, a member of the caspase family of pro-apoptotic proteases, in a tissue-specific manner. Caspase-14 protein abundance strongly increases during terminal differentiation of KC in vivo and in vitro. Under conditions that lead to stratum corneum formation caspase-14 cleavage products, which indicate proenzyme activation, appeared in the KC lysates. Cleavage of the enzyme was also detected in lysates from normal human epidermis and in extracts of stratum corneum. Our findings demonstrate that caspase-14 is activated during KC differentiation and strongly suggest that it is involved in the formation of the human skin barrier.J Invest Dermatol 115:1148-1151 2000
Yip1 domain family, member 6 (Yipf6) mutation induces spontaneous intestinal inflammation in mice

Using an environmentally sensitized genetic screen we identified mutations that cause inflammatory colitis in mice. The X-linked Klein-Zschocher (KLZ) mutation created a null allele of Yipf6, a member of a gene family believed to regulate vesicular transport in yeast, but without known functions in mammals. Yipf6 is a five transmembrane-spanning protein associated with Golgi compartments. Klein-Zschocher mutants were extremely sensitive to colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and developed spontaneous ileitis and colitis after 16 mo of age in specific pathogen-free housing conditions. Electron microscopy, gene expression, and immunocytochemistry analyses provided evidence that impaired intestinal homeostasis stemmed from defective formation and secretion of large secretory granules from Paneth and goblet cells. These studies support a tissue- and organ-specific function for Yipf6 in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and implicate the orthologous human gene as a disease susceptibility locus.
Effects on Reading Performance of Indention Patterns in a Chinese Sign

This study investigated the effects of the use of indention in a public Chinese sign which can provide the reader with cues for the appropriate eye direction for reading a sign which facilitates reading. The between-subjects design had repeated observations on the indention design. The right or left column was indented in a Chinese sign of only two columns. 144 college students in Taiwan who served as subjects were divided into two groups by their reading comprehension and shown stimuli in a tachistoscope. Analysis showed that an indented design significantly reduced reading time but did not change accuracy rate. This result was consistent with the results of Duchnicky and Kolers' 1983 study and indicated that a reader can maintain accuracy while reducing reading time when reading a text designed with different kinds of indention layout. These results might aid designers of Chinese warning signs, especially for readers with lower reading scores.
Ethnic Disparity in Skin Complications following Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid Implantation

Objectives Sound processor loading after implantation of a bone-anchored hearing aid is often delayed by skin-site complications. This study examined the frequency of skin-site complications in various ethnic groups and determined factors that may lead to higher rates of skin-site complications resulting in delayed processor loading. Methods Adult, English-speaking patients who underwent implantation of a bone-anchored hearing aid between 2007 and 2010 were reviewed. Demographic data including ethnicity, tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, and long-term steroid use were determined. Major and minor skin-site complications and the time to processor loading were recorded. Results The mean time to processor loading was 9.5 weeks, and the mean follow-up time was 23 months. There were no cases of osseointegration failure. African American patients had a significantly higher rate of major skin-site complications (p < 0.005) and a longer time to processor loading (mean, 17.6 weeks; p < 0.05) than the other ethnic groups. There was no significant difference in minor skin complication rates. There was no correlation between diabetes mellitus, long-term immunosuppression, or tobacco use and skin-site complications. Conclusions Skin complications can delay processor loading following implantation of a bone-anchored hearing aid. There is a higher rate of major skin-site complications in African American patients, and these often delay processor loading. The risk of skin-site complications is not correlated with smoking, diabetes mellitus, or immunosuppression. An increased risk of skin-site complications is an important consideration for preoperative counseling.
Elections as Causes of Democratization: Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective

The theory of democratization by elections holds that elections—even when flawed—can, over time, have an independent causal effect on democratic transitions. Despite the recent growth of this literature, questions remain about the global scope of the argument and its structural preconditions. We show that, in Southeast Asia, elections are almost always the culmination rather than the cause of democratization, and use case materials from seven Southeast Asian countries to illustrate the mechanisms that lead from democratization to elections. Our argument has implications both for Southeast Asian democratization and for existing scholarship from other world regions.
Retrospective Review of Pars Plana Versus Anterior Chamber Placement of Baerveldt Glaucoma Drainage Device

Purpose:To evaluate outcomes of pars plana (PP) versus anterior chamber (AC) placement of Baerveldt glaucoma drainage device (GDD). Methods:This study is a nonrandomized, retrospective case series evaluating 63 eyes that underwent GDD insertion with Baerveldt 350 device under the supervision of 2 surgeons at 5 centers. The drainage tube was either inserted into the AC or through the PP into the vitreous cavity where eyes had been vitrectomized. Surgery was conducted between 2003 and 2010 with minimum patient follow-up of 6 months. Data on postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, number of hypotensive medications, and surgical complications were recorded. Results:Of the 63 drainage device surgeries, 34 tubes were placed in the AC and 29 were placed into the posterior segment through the PP. Preoperative mean IOP was 32.3±20.3 mm Hg in the AC group and 32.8±18.4 mm Hg in the PP group. Postoperative mean IOP was reduced at all follow-up time points in both the groups. Postoperative mean IOP in the anterior tube group was 14.0, 12.9, and 14.0 mm Hg and in the PP group was 14.2, 14.2, and 14.0 mm Hg, at the 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow-up, respectively. The qualified success rate at 2 years was 94% for the PP group and 91% for the AC group, whereas absolute success was 35% for the PP group and 27% for the AC group at 2-year follow-up. Conclusions:Insertion of the tube of the Baerveldt GDD into the PP is a safe and effective method for IOP control in aphakic, pseudophakic, and vitrectomized eyes where there is a need to avoid anterior tube placement such as coexisting corneal pathology. IOP control results appear comparable to conventional AC placement.
Immunochemical comparison of phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase among the Enterobacteriaceae

The bifunctional enzyme of the tryptophan operon, phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase (PRAI-InGPS;EC 4.1.1.48), was characterized by an immunochemical study of six representative members of the Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Erwinia carotovora, and Proteus vulgaris. PRAI-InGPS was purified from E. coli, and antisera were prepared in rabbits. These antisera were utilized in quantitative microcomplement fixation allowing for a comparison of the overall antigenic surface structure of the various homologous enzymes. These data showed E. coli PRAI-InGPS and S. marcescens and E. carotovora PRAI-InGPS (taken as a group) to have an index of dissimilarity of approximately 10, whereas the other organisms had values intermediate. In addition, antiserum to E. coli tryptophan synthetase beta2 subunit was used in microcomplement fixation to extend the previous comparison of this subunit (Rocha, Crawford, and Mills, 1972) to E. carotovora and P. vulgaris. Indexes of dissimilarity for E. coli compared to P. vulgaris of E. carotovora were 1.0 and 1.7, respectively. Agar immunodiffusion using PRAI-Ingps antisera showed significant cross-reaction among E. coli, E. aerogenes, S. typhimurium, and P. vulgaris whereas the enzymes from S. marcescens and E. carotovora cross-reacted to a lesser extent, with the latter reaction being quite weak. Comparative enzyme neutralization using E. coli PRAI-InGPS antisera showed significant cross-reactions among the enzymes in that all were neutralized at least 25%. The data taken together indicate that the trpC gene products in the Enterobacteriaceae are a homologous group of proteins, that the genetic divergene of the trpC gene is basically the same as the trpA gene, and that both are less conserved than the trpB gene. Furthermore, the PRAI-InGPS, enzyme active site appears to represent a more evolutionarily conserved region of the protein. These findings indicate that, with respect to PRAI-InGPS, similarity to E. coli among the organisms examined is in the following order: (E. aerogenes, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris) greater than (S. marcescens, E. carotovora).
Latent transition models with latent class predictors: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes and high school marijuana use

Summary. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which is most often diagnosed in childhood with symptoms often persisting into adulthood. Elevated rates of substance use disorders have been evidenced among those with ADHD, but recent research focusing on the relationship between subtypes of ADHD and specific drugs is inconsistent. We propose a latent transition model (LTM) to guide our understanding of how drug use progresses, in particular marijuana use, while accounting for the measurement error that is often found in self‐reported substance use data. We extend the LTM to include a latent class predictor to represent empirically derived ADHD subtypes that do not rely on meeting specific diagnostic criteria. We begin by fitting two separate latent class analysis (LCA) models by using second‐order estimating equations: a longitudinal LCA model to define stages of marijuana use, and a cross‐sectional LCA model to define ADHD subtypes. The LTM model parameters describing the probability of transitioning between the LCA‐defined stages of marijuana use and the influence of the LCA‐defined ADHD subtypes on these transition rates are then estimated by using a set of first‐order estimating equations given the LCA parameter estimates. A robust estimate of the LTM parameter variance that accounts for the variation due to the estimation of the two sets of LCA parameters is proposed. Solving three sets of estimating equations enables us to determine the underlying latent class structures independently of the model for the transition rates and simplifying assumptions about the correlation structure at each stage reduces the computational complexity.
Luteal phase support in infertility treatment: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials.

BACKGROUND The addition of GnRH agonist to the treatment regimen in women undergoing IVF cycles is thought to create a luteal phase defect. In an attempt to correct for this, many practitioners supplement with a variety of steroid hormones in the luteal phase. METHODS To determine whether luteal phase support increases reproductive success in modern IVF cycles, a systematic review of the literature was performed. Meta-analyses were conducted when multiple homogeneous studies addressed a single issue. Only randomized controlled trials were included in the data analysis. The efficacy of supplementation, as well as the optimal route, formulation, dose, and length of administration were queried. RESULTS Luteal supplementation with either i.m. hCG or i.m. progesterone significantly improved fertility outcomes compared with no treatment. When comparing i.m. progesterone with i.m. hCG, no fertility differences were found. Intramuscular progesterone conferred the most benefit compared with oral or vaginal use. Addition of oral estrogen to progesterone also improved implantation rates. CONCLUSION Given the increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome associated with hCG use, i.m. progesterone is favoured for luteal phase supplementation with the addition of estrogen.
Role of Pregnane X Receptor in Obesity and Glucose Homeostasis in Male Mice*

Background: PXR is a xenobiotic nuclear receptor that defends against toxic agents. Results: In male mice fed a HFD, the mouse PXR gene promoted obesity, whereas mice lacking the PXR or possessing the human transgene were hyperglycemic. Conclusion: The impact of PXR on HFD-induced obesity and hyperglycemia is species-dependent. Significance: The current data provide in vivo significance of PXR in metabolic syndrome. Clinical obesity is a complex metabolic disorder affecting one in three adults. Recent reports suggest that pregnane X receptor (PXR), a xenobiotic nuclear receptor important for defense against toxic agents and for eliminating drugs and other xenobiotics, may be involved in obesity. Noting differences in ligand specificities between human and mouse PXRs, the role of PXR in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity was examined using male PXR-humanized (hPXR) transgenic and PXR-knock-out (PXR-KO) mice in comparison to wild-type (WT) mice. After 16 weeks on either a control diet or HFD, WT mice showed greater weight gain, whereas PXR-KO mice gained less weight due to their resistance to HFD-induced decreases in adipose tissue peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and induction of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, suggesting increased energy metabolism. Interestingly, control-fed PXR-KO mice exhibited hepatomegaly, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia but hypoadiponectinemia and lower adiponectin receptor R2 mRNA levels relative to WT mice. Evaluation of these biologic indicators in hPXR mice fed a control diet or HFD revealed further differences between the mouse and human receptors. Importantly, although HFD-fed hPXR mice were resistant to HFD-induced obesity, both PXR-KO and hPXR mice exhibited impaired induction of glucokinase involved in glucose utilization and displayed elevated fasting glucose levels and severely impaired glucose tolerance. Moreover, the basal hepatic levels of the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 were increased in hPXR mice compared with WT mice. Altogether, although the mouse PXR promotes HFD-induced obesity, the hPXR mouse carries a genetic predisposition for type 2 diabetes and thus provides a model for exploring the role of human PXR in the metabolic syndrome.
PELANGGARAN PRINSIP KERJA SAMA PERCAKAPAN DALAM ACARA MATA NAJWA DI METRO TV

The purpose of this study is to describe the form of violations of the principle of cooperation of conversation in the event of Mata Najwa on Metro TV. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The data source in this research is Najwa Shihab speech and its speaker in Mata Najwa on Metro TV. The data in this study were three episodes of Mata Najwa events in June, August, and December namely: the episode of "Luhut Controversy" which aired on June 1, 2016, "Miscellaneous Lawyers" which aired on August 31, 2016, and the episode "Moves Demi Hak "which aired on December 21, 2016. Data collection techniques use the documentation method. Data analysis technique in this research is done through the steps, that is transcribing data, identifying data (encoding), classifying data in table form, interpreting data, and concluding research result. The results of the study found 130 violations of the principle of conversational cooperation with details, 56 (43%) maxim quantity violations, 10 (7.8%) maxim quality violations, 34 (26.5%) maxim relevance breaches, and 30 (22.6% ) Violation of the way maxim. In this study, it was classified into two forms of violation of the principle of conversational cooperation, namely the single maxim and multiple maxim violations, with details of 75 utterances with single maximal offenses and 26 speeches with double maxim breaches. Factors behind the breach of the principle of conversational cooperation in Mata Najwa on Metro TV, namely: maximizing wisdom, maxima agreement, maxim of simplicity, maxim of generosity, maxim of appreciation, maxim of conclusion, the concept of negative face and face rescue.
Intrauterine device quo vadis? Why intrauterine device use should be revisited particularly in nulliparous women?

Background Long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods, including intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the contraceptive implant, are considered the best methods for preventing unintended pregnancies, rapid repeat pregnancy, and abortion in young women. An opinion paper of 2012 by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends Mirena and Paragard for use in nulliparous and adolescent women. However, these IUDs are not designed for young women and are not optimal as they often lead to early discontinuation. Objective This article was written with the objective to respond to the urgent need to improve intrauterine contraception as it is likely that the objectives of LARC will not be met without significant improvement of IUD design. Anatomical variations in size and shape of the uterus are not sufficiently considered, producing harm and suffering, which often lead to early removal of the IUD. Proposed problem solving The article describes why IUDs should be revisited to meet the challenge of LARC and proposes how to solve these problems. The opinion statement presented here may be considered provocative but is based on hundreds of women with IUD problems who consult or are referred to the practices of the authors of this article due to the disproportion between the IUD and their small uterine cavity. The solution is simple but requires a revision of the current design of IUDs. One-dimensional (longitudinal) IUDs are likely to be the first option. Framed devices with shortened transverse arm and IUDs which adapt to the width of the given uterus are viewed as second best. Conclusion One of the reasons of the high unintended pregnancy rate in the USA may be the paucity of suitable IUDs. Also, the legal climate in the USA seems to be a problem for developers as many lawsuits have recently been reported. Clinical studies conducted in young nulliparous and adolescent women suggest that IUDs that fit well in the uterine cavity, like a shoe, result in better tolerance, less side effects, and last but not least, higher use continuation rates.