Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conserved charges in general relativity

We present a precise definition of a conserved quantity from an arbitrary covariantly conserved current available in a general curved space–time with Killing vectors. This definition enables us to define energy and momentum for matter by the volume integral. As a result we can compute charges of Schwarzschild and BTZ black holes by the volume integration of a delta function singularity. Employing the definition we also compute the total energy of a static compact star. It contains both the gravitational mass known as the Misner–Sharp mass in the Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation and the gravitational binding energy. We show that the gravitational binding energy has the negative contribution at maximum by 68% of the gravitational mass in the case of a constant density. We finally comment on a definition of generators associated with a vector field on a general curved manifold.
IMMATURE STAGES OF FOPIUS ARISANUS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN BACTROCERA DORSALIS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Abstract We describe all immature stages, particularly the previously undescribed instars, of Fopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an egg-pupal parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies. This is essential for quality control in mass rearing programs and for physiological studies of host-parasite interactions. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) eggs were parasitized for 24 h and serial collections of hosts were made every 24 h until adults emerged. Immature wasps were dissected from hosts and their mouthhooks and body dimensions measured. Scatter plots of the above measurements and scanning electron microscopy indicated that there are three instars. This contrasts with the four instars previously reported. There appears to be no true fourth instar because the stage immediately following the second instar is indistinguishable from that preceding the prepupal stage.
Long-term effects of progestins on bone quality and fractures

The effects of progestins on the quality of bone and their influence on the risk of fractures are reviewed. Data discussed are based on experimental studies in vivo that generally lasted for longer than one year. Information is given on the background of osteoporosis and on several means of inducing changes in bone quality. In young women who start using oral contraceptives based on progestins alone shortly after pubertal development, a significant decrease in bone quality has been documented. World Health Organization experts have concluded that this is not a real argument for restrictions on the use of these contraceptives. In postmenopausal women, no evidence has been found for a bone-protective or an estrogen-antagonistic effect of progestins. A wide range of estrogens have been used that have shown positive effects on bone, which are not antagonized by progestins. The therapeutic use of high-dose megestrol acetate may result in marked negative effects on bone, leading to severe osteoporosis, possibly due to the inherent glucocorticoid activity of this progestin. Other pharmacotherapeutic agents that can be used in postmenopausal therapy, and that clearly have beneficial effects on bone, are discussed.
Prevalence of Neuromuscular Abnormalities in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Thyroid Dysfunction

Background: Thyroid dysfunction is associated with characteristic symptoms, signs and functional alterations in many organs and systems. Central and peripheral nervous systems affection might provide the major presenting symptoms in a newly diagnosed of thyroid disease patients before starting treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate objectively the functional changes in the peripheral nervous system, muscles, and to determine the type and the prevalence of these diseases. Subjects and Methods: A newly diagnosed 89 patients with thyroid dysfunction, which involved 58 with hypothyroidism and 31 with hyperthyroidism were included in this study. An additional, 42 persons with normal thyroid function were included as control group. The electrophysiological tests of nerve conduction and electromyography were achieved at the neurophysiology unit of the teaching hospital during the period Sep. 2010 through Oct. 2012 for both groups in parallel. Results: In comparison to control group, and both hypo and hyperthyroid patients revealed deteriorated sensory conduction parameters worstly at lower limbs. The most commonly involved sensory fibers of the sural and median nerves were 43.1%, 39.6% in hypothyroid, respectively and 32.2% for both nerves in hyperthyroid patients, while sensorimotor neuropathies were less commonly seen 13.8% in hypothyroid and 3.2% in hyperthyroid patients. In electromyographic studies, the amplitude and duration of motor unit potentials in deltoid and abductor pollicis brevis muscles were performed, and myopathic changes mainly in the former muscle of the hypothyroid patients were recorded. In conclusion, revealed the early affection of the peripheral nervous system and muscles in the newly diagnosed thyroid patients pointing to the occurrence of the blamed hormonal and metabolic changes in an early disease course. Therefore, we suggest performing electrophysiological studies in those patients, even asymptomatic patients in an early course of disease before complications started.
Cloning and production of an LPS-free immunogenic protein (LCR1) from an Iranian clinical isolate of Leishmania infantum and its recognition by sera from Iranian patients with visceral leishmaniasis

Leishmania (L.) infantum and L. chagasi are the causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). LCR1 is an immuno- genic protein in a mouse model, discovered in L. chagasi. There is little data available concerning the human immune response to LCR1. The aim of our study was to clone lcr1 from an Iranian clinical isolate of L. infantum, produce its recombinant protein and study the human immune response to this protein. PCR using lcr1 specific primers was performed for amplification of the lcr1 sequence which was then cloned into a pRSETA plasmid. E. coli BL21(DE3)plysS was then transformed by the lcr1-containing plasmid for expression of the recombinant LCR1 protein. Expression of the recombinant LCR1 was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using an anti His-tag antibody. Conditions for optimized expression of the recombinant protein were de- termined. The recombinant LCR1 protein was purified using an Ni 2+ precharged resin. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was depleted from LCR1 recombinant protein by the technique known as "Triton X-114 phase separation". Sera from Iranian VL patients recognized the recombinant LCR1 protein in immunoblot analysis. Our results show that we achieved production of LPS-free recombinant LCR1 protein and also that there is an antibody response against this protein in Iranian VL patients.
Multidimensional continued fractions and symbolic codings of toral translations

It has been a long standing problem to find good symbolic codings for translations on the $d$-dimensional torus that enjoy the beautiful properties of Sturmian sequences like low complexity and good local discrepancy properties (i.e., bounded remainder sets of any scale). Inspired by Rauzy's approach we construct such codings in terms of multidimensional continued fraction algorithms that are realized by sequences of substitutions. In particular, given any strongly convergent continued fraction algorithm, these sequences lead to renormalization schemes which produce symbolic codings and bounded remainder sets at all scales in a natural way. As strong convergence of a continued fraction algorithm results in a Pisot type property of the attached symbolic dynamical systems, our approach provides a systematic way to confirm purely discrete spectrum results for wide classes of dynamical systems. Indeed, as our examples illustrate, we are able to confirm the Pisot conjecture for many well-known families of sequences of substitutions. These examples comprise classical algorithms like the Jacobi-Perron, Brun, Cassainge-Selmer, and Arnoux-Rauzy algorithms. As a consequence, we gain symbolic codings of almost all translations of the $2$-dimensional torus having subword complexity $2n+1$ that are balanced on all factors (and hence, bounded remainder sets at all scales). Using the Brun algorithm, we also give symbolic codings of almost all $3$-dimensional torus translations with multi-scale bounded remainder sets.
Mechanisms of spontaneous cytosolic Ca2+ transients in differentiated human neuronal cells

We have studied Ca2+ homeostasis in a unique model of human neurons, the NT2N cell, which differentiates from a human teratocarcinoma cell line, NTera2/C1.D1 by retinoic acid treatment. When perifused with Krebs–HEPES buffer containing 2.5 mm CaCl2, fura‐2 loaded NT2N cells produced spontaneous cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations, or Ca2+ transients. These cytosolic Ca2+ transients were not blocked by antagonists of glutamate (6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione and d(–)‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonopentanoic acid) or muscarinic (atropine) receptors. Omission of extracellular Ca2+ completely abolished Ca2+ oscillations and decreased the average Ca2+ level from 106 ± 14 nm to 59 ± 8 nm. Addition of the L‐type Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine (1 or 10 μm) or of the N‐type inhibitor ω‐conotoxin GVIA (5 μm) significantly, although incompletely, suppressed Ca2+ oscillations, while ω‐conotoxin MVIIC (5 μm), a selective antagonist of P‐ and Q‐channels, had no effect. Ni2+, at 100 μm, a concentration selective for T‐type channels, did not inhibit Ca2+ transients. Non‐specific blockage of Ca2+ channels by higher concentrations of Ni2+ (2–5 mm) or Co2+ (1 mm) abolished Ca2+ oscillations completely. The endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase inhibitor, thapsigargin (1 μm), slightly decreased Ca2+ oscillation frequency, and induced a small transitory increase in the average cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. The mRNAs of L‐ (α1D subunit) and N‐type (α1B subunit) Ca2+ channel were present in NT2N cells, while that of a T‐type Ca2+ channel (α1‐subunit) was not present in the NT2N cells as shown by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. In conclusion, NT2N neuronal cells generate cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations mainly by influx of extracellular Ca2+ through multiple channels, which include L‐ and N‐type channels, and do not require activation of glutamate or muscarinic receptors.
Iron Age chronology : A reply to I. Finkelstein

Abstract This paper contests I. Finkelstein's proposed low chronology for the mid-twelfth to mid-eighth centuries BCE. Though indeed there are few, if any, chronological ‘anchors’ during this period, it is claimed that the suggested low chronology is based on flimsy evidence, and creates new unsolvable problems, instead of resolving the older ones. Pushing the date of the Philistine Monochrome pottery phase (local Myc. IIIC) beyond the end of the Egyptian presence in Canaan is based on a debatable assumption. It led Finkelstein to suggest a wholesale lowering of the date of later assemblages. The extension of the Iron Age I material culture into the late tenth century BCE is unjustified and leads to a distorted archaeological picture of the period of the United Monarchy, and ultimately to misleading historical conclusions. The conclusions pertaining to the ninth–eighth centuries do not allow sufficient time for the complex stratigraphic development documented at several sites, such as Hazor. The stratigra.
Electrical properties of the basolateral membrane of the straight portion of the rabbit proximal renal tubule.

1. Cell membrane potentials were measured with intracellular 3 M‐CKl microelectrodes in isolated, perfused segments of the straight portion of the rabbit proximal tubule. 2. Under in vitro conditions simulating the in vivo situation, the transepithelial potential difference was about 1.6 mV, lumen‐positive, and the basolateral membrane potential was 61 mV, cell negative. 3. Isomolar single ion substitutions in the bath (K+ for Na+, isethionate for Cl‐, N‐methyl‐D‐glucamine (NMDG+) for Na+, and Cl‐ for HCO3‐) resulted in significant basolateral membrane potential changes only when [K+] was increased and [HCO3‐] was reduced; in both cases the basolateral membrane depolarized. Cl‐ and Na+ substitutions with large monovalent ions did not change basolateral membrane potential. 4. Transepithelial potential changes in substitution experiments suggest that, at the paracellular pathway, PK greater than PNa greater than PNMDG, and PCl greater than Pisethionate. 5. It is concluded that the basolateral membrane of these cells is mainly K+‐conductive and that electrodiffusional PNa and PCl are undetectable by this technique. 6. Addition of 1 mM‐Ba2+ to the bath reduced basolateral membrane electro‐diffusional PK, as evidenced by depolarization and by a reduction of the magnitude of the change in membrane potential produced by increasing bath [K+]. 7. The depolarization produced by lowering bath [HCO3‐] appears to result from a reduction of electrodiffusional PK, since it is blocked by Ba2+. There is no need to postulate a conductive pathway for HCO3‐ or a related species.
Correlations of polyploidy and apomixis with elevation and associated environmental gradients in an alpine plant

We are presenting a study on geographical parthenogenesis, an enigmatic and much disputed phenomenon. Based on a large sampling of natural populations of Ranunculus kuepferi, it is the first quantitative, population-based assessment of mode of reproduction throughout the Alps to test for correlations to elevation and to geographical distance patterns. Surprisingly, we found a high variance in the modes of reproduction among cytotypes and can give the first evidence of apomixis in diploid natural populations. Further, a significant correlation of ploidy to elevation was found, as well as the correlations of mode of reproduction to environmental gradients.
Experimental study of first and second language morphological processing

Linguists are concerned with how language as a system works. Yet, some of them are especially interested in linguistic processing, or in other words, they wish to know what it is that people actually do when they produce and understand speech. And yet others set out to study linguistic processing in different populations of speakers – young children acquiring their first language (L1), child and adult second language (L2) acquirers, or children and adults with language impairments. The last two categories of researchers differentiate between a linguistic construct (rules postulated in a specific linguistic theory) and the actual mechanisms underlying speech production and perception, storage and retrieval of linguistic units, and conduct experiments to find out which theoretical constructs have a better fit to real speech processing observed in human speakers-hearers. In order to do so they utilize a variety of experimental techniques, which allow them to collect different types of speech data and perform analyses.1 This paper will review several experimental paradigms used in research on the processing of inflectional morphology in different languages, and also different populations of speakers. It will discuss the experimental methods, used in the studies, which contribute to the on-going debates concerning one of the most fundamental problems about human cognition, the problem of what kind of computations underlie linguistic processing and how the human mind deals with regularity and irregularity. Linguistic descriptions use symbolic rules, and formal linguistic theory assumes that linguistic processing, which is performed in the mind of the speaker-
Asset Management Fees and the Growth of Finance

From 1980 to 2006, the financial services sector of the US economy grew from 4.9 percent to 8.3 percent of GDP. A substantial share of that increase was comprised of increases in the fees paid for asset management. This paper examines the significant increase in asset management fees charged to both individual and institutional investors. One could argue that the increase in fees charged by actively managed funds could prove to be socially useful if it reflected increasing returns for investors from active management or if it was necessary to improve the efficiency of the market for investors who availed themselves of low-cost passive (index) funds. But neither of these arguments can be supported by the data. Actively managed funds of publicly traded securities have consistently underperformed index funds, and the amount of the underperformance is well approximated by the difference in the fees charged by the two types of funds. Moreover, it appears that there was no change in the efficiency of the market from 1980 to 2011. Thus, the increase in fees is likely to represent a deadweight loss for investors. Indeed, perhaps the greatest inefficiency in the stock market is in "the market" for investment advice.
Do Dividends Convey Information About Future Earnings?

Abstract Yes. We show that dividend changes contain information about highly persistent changes in future economic income. Three methodological differences lead us to different conclusions from the extant literature: (i) we use an “event window approach” to cleanly delineate earnings after dividend changes from those before, (ii) we use alternative earnings measures to control for endogenous investment and asset write-downs surrounding dividend changes, and (iii) we control for the nonlinear relation between dividend changes and market reactions. Our results suggest dividend announcement returns reflect information about the level of permanent earnings, though the timing of the information content is difficult to reconcile with traditional signaling models.
Top Management Turnover: An Analysis of Active Australian Investment Managers

This study examines the relationship between top management turnover (i.e. investment directors) and investment performance for actively managed Australian funds. This issue is significant given the importance of executive management in the implementation of the institution's investment strategy, the sizeable assets under their control, as well as the overall success and profitability of the funds management operation. In addition, investors, asset consultants, managed-fund ratings agencies and the financial media devote significant resources to the scrutiny of performance, the organisational activities, leadership and human capital of investment management firms. Accordingly, this study examines the impact of performance and fund-flow activity on top management turnover in both the pre-and-post replacement period. The research documents that turnover of underperforming investment managers results in significantly higher performance in the post-replacement period, while turnover coinciding with outperforming managers delivers investors significantly lower returns. The evidence also identifies significant changes in portfolio risk associated with managerial turnover. Finally, this research documents that underperforming investment managers exhibit significantly lower fund flows prior to replacement.
Expression and roles of MICA in human osteosarcoma

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Long-Term Outcomes of Physician Peer Teaching

Research conducted in 10 cities assessed long-term pediatric asthma outcomes from a peer teaching intervention for physicians to improve their asthma-related clinical and counseling skills. Hypotheses were better outcomes for patients, symptom reduction, less health care use, and enhanced view of the physician. Peers trained 53 intervention group pediatricians (seeing 418 patients); 48 pediatricians (seeing 452 patients) were controls. Patients provided baseline and 2-year follow-up data, collected by telephone interview and from medical records. Intent-to-treat analyses used Poisson regression and general estimation equations. Treatment physicians' patients gave them higher performance ratings ( P = .02). Patients had fewer sleep disruptions from asthma symptoms ( P = .03). Those with baseline health care use had fewer ED visits ( P = .005), hospitalizations (P = .03), and urgent office visits (P = .001), and they made fewer phone calls to the doctor's office (P = .02). Treatment physicians spent no more patient visit time than control physicians. Peer training increased patient's positive views of clinician's performance and reduced children's symptoms and health care use up to two years post program.
Characterization of late gene transcripts expressed during vegetative replication of human papillomavirus type 31b

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are etiologic agents of anogenital cancers. The lack of an efficient in vitro system with which to study the differentiation-dependent viral life cycle has impeded most investigations of viral transcription and gene expression. The CIN-612 clone 9E cell line latently maintains episomal copies of HPV type 31b (HPV31b). The complete replicative life cycle of HPV31b can be studied by using the organotypic (raft) culture system. A number of spliced HPV31b early gene transcripts and two late gene transcripts have been described in studies using the raft system. An HPV31b early promoter, P97, and a differentiation-induced promoter, P742, have been characterized by using this system. In this study, we used the raft system to analyze the temporal expression patterns of HPV31b late gene transcripts during the viral life cycle. The expression of late RNAs peaked at day 12 after lifting to the air-liquid interface; the levels then declined dramatically by day 16. The peak of late RNA expression was coincident with the appearance of virus particles in the raft tissues. We characterized transcripts with the potential to encode late gene products, including 19 RNAs containing the L1 region and 4 RNAs containing the E5b and L2 open reading frames. We also found evidence for two novel promoters. Transcription of both L1- and L2-containing RNAs initiated at a region upstream of the early promoter. In addition, late gene RNAs were also transcribed by using a promoter in the E4 reading frame.