Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis Resurrected: Purchase Acceleration, Illusionary Goal Progress, and Customer Retention

The goal-gradient hypothesis denotes the classic finding from behaviorism that animals expend more effort as they approach a reward. Building on this hypothesis, the authors generate new propositions for the human psychology of rewards. They test these propositions using field experiments, secondary customer data, paper-and-pencil problems, and Tobit and logit models. The key findings indicate that (1) participants in a real café reward program purchase coffee more frequently the closer they are to earning a free coffee; (2) Internet users who rate songs in return for reward certificates visit the rating Web site more often, rate more songs per visit, and persist longer in the rating effort as they approach the reward goal; (3) the illusion of progress toward the goal induces purchase acceleration (e.g., customers who receive a 12-stamp coffee card with 2 preexisting “bonus” stamps complete the 10 required purchases faster than customers who receive a “regular” 10-stamp card); and (4) a stronger tendency to accelerate toward the goal predicts greater retention and faster reengagement in the program. The conceptualization and empirical findings are captured by a parsimonious goal-distance model, in which effort investment is a function of the proportion of original distance remaining to the goal. In addition, using statistical and experimental controls, the authors rule out alternative explanations for the observed goal gradients. They discuss the theoretical significance of their findings and the managerial implications for incentive systems, promotions, and customer retention.
EEG Analysis Applied to Sleep

Summary The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a complex signal and an important brain state indicator (e.g. waking, sleep, seizure). Modern brain research is intimately linked to the feasibility to record the EEG and to its quantitative analysis. EEG spectral analysis (decomposing a signal into its constituent frequency components) is an important method to investigate brain activity. Basic principals of signal analysis (filtering, sampling, and spectral analysis) are reviewed and illustrated with applications to the sleep EEG. Epileptologie 2009; 26: 28 – 33
A Precursory Signal for the Dipole Mode of Winter Temperature Anomaly over Eastern China

In this study,the dominant modes of winter temperature over eastern China(to the east of 100°E) are analyzed using the monthly temperature data recorded at 160 stations in China,National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) reanalysis data,National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration–Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences(NOAA–CIRES) 20 th century reanalysis data,and NOAA Sea Surface Temperature(SST) data.The formation mechanism and precursory signals for the second(dipole) mode are primarily studied.Moreover,the prediction method for the second mode is explored by using the winter of 2012-2013 as an example.The results indicate that in addition to the unanimously colder or warmer first mode,the dipole mode,which is characterized as a colder(warmer) region over northern China and to the east of 110°E accompanied by a warmer(colder) region over southern China and to the west of 110°E,is also a main mode dominating the region over eastern China.The winter of 2012–2013 belongs to the second mode.The first mode is related mainly to the SST anomalies in the tropical eastern and central Pacific,the snow cover anomalies over the northern Asian continent,and the sea ice concentration anomalies in the Arctic Ocean along northern Asia during the previous autumn.For the second(dipole) mode,the SST anomalies have no clear influence; however the snow cover anomalies over the middle latitudes over East Asia,the sea ice concentration anomalies from the Svalbard archipelago to the Franz Josef Land archipelago of the Arctic Ocean during the previous autumn,and the surface air temperature pattern of the Arctic Ocean–East Asian temperature contrast caused by the aforementioned snow cover and sea ice anomalies seem to be important.The previous autumn Arctic Ocean–East Asian temperature contrast(AE) index,which involves the synthesized signals of snow cover and sea ice concentration,is closely related to the second mode and should be considered as an important predictor.In the autumn of 2012,several previous signals,such as the normal SST state in the equatorial Eastern and central Pacific,the warmer surface air temperature over the Arctic Ocean,and the colder surface air temperature over the middle latitudes of East Asia,are not conducive to the first mode but are favorable for the second(northern-colder–southern-warmer) mode.By using the previous AE index,the anomalous temperature pattern over eastern China in the winter of 2012–2013 can be effectively predicted.
MIBG uptake in the hypertensive-diabetic rat heart

Failure of the cardiovascular system, which is further exacerbated in the presence of hypertension, is considered the leading cause of death in diabetic individuals. Our aim in this study was to investigate the cardiac adrenergic neuronal changes induced by diabetes and hypertension, and then to correlate these changes with the contractile state of the myocardium. By using the radioactive agent, 1-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), which has the same uptake, storage and release mechanism as norepinephrine (NE), a non-invasive measurement of the integrity of the adrenergic nerve endings in heart and spleen was investigated. One week following streptozotocin (STZ) injection (55 mg/kg), male SpragueDawley rats were divided into two groups. They were given subcutaneous injections of either deoxycorticosterone-acetate (DOCA, 25 mg/kg) or DOCA vehicle twice weekly for 3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks, and received 0.9% saline with 0.5% KCI to drink. Rats were designated by their respective treatments for each time period: CON, DOCA, STZ, and STZ-DOCA. After 3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks of commencing DOCA or DOCA-vehicle treatment, MIBG was injected intravenously (15 mCi/mg). Five hours later the heart and spleen were dissected and counted with a gamma counter. Results were expressed as % Kg Dose and % Kg Dose/g. In similarly treated animals, after 12 weeks, the contractile function of the myocardium was studied using left ventricular papillary muscle preparations. Cardiac NE concentration was determined using HPLC with electrochemical detection. i i
Psychological determinants of financial buffer saving: the influence of financial risk tolerance and regulatory focus

With governments redistributing more responsibilities unto citizens, individuals have an increasing need for financial resources acting as a buffer against life’s setbacks and unexpected expenditures. The purpose of this study was to examine psychological determinants of saving for a financial buffer, for which a theoretical model was formulated based on the theory of planned behaviour with three new, domain-specific psychological constructs: financial risk tolerance, regulatory focus and perceived saving barriers. Data were collected with an online questionnaire that utilised convenience and snowball sampling to target both students and working individuals (N = 272). Regression analyses offered support for the proposed model, showing that participants’ financial risk tolerance (i.e. an individual’s attitude towards financial risk taking) was significantly associated with their subjective financial knowledge and regulatory focus. Furthermore, perceived financial self-efficacy and financial risk tolerance both predicted participants’ intention to save for a financial buffer. In turn, perceived financial selfefficacy and saving intention predicted self-reported saving behaviour. Importantly, perceived saving barriers mediated the relationship between saving intention and self-reported saving behaviour. In line with the proposed model, results also showed that a specific attitude-based construct (financial risk tolerance) is a considerably better predictor of saving intention than general measures of attitude towards saving. This study is also the first to demonstrate that regulatory focus influences financial risk tolerance. Implications of these findings for stimulating saving behaviour are discussed.
Microreactors New Technology For Modern Chemistry

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ANALYZING STEMMING AND SENTENCE SIMPLIFICATION METHODOLOGIES FOR TURKISH MULTI-DOCUMENT TEXT SUMMARIZATION

ANALYZING STEMMING AND SENTENCE SIMPLIFICATION METHODOLOGIES FOR TURKISH MULTI-DOCUMENT TEXT SUMMARIZATION Automatic text summarization is the task of generating a compact and coherent version of a given text document or a set of text documents. Although there is a vast number of studies for automatic document summarization on English, there is only a limited number of studies for other languages, especially for Turkish. Text simplification aims to reduce the grammatical or lexical complexities of the sentences. Automatic text simplification systems can be an important part of any NLP task to improve system performance. In this thesis, we analyzed the effects of applying different levels of stemming approaches such as fixed-length word truncation and morphological analysis and the effects of applying text simplification techniques for multi-document summarization (MDS) on Turkish, which is an agglutinative and morphologically rich language. We constructed a manually annotated MDS data set, and to the best of our knowledge, reported the first results on Turkish MDS. Additionally, we developed a rule-based text simplification system for Turkish that utilizes the syntactic features of the sentences to identify simplification patterns. Our results show that a simple fixedlength word truncation approach performs slightly better than no stemming, whereas applying complex morphological analysis does not improve Turkish MDS in terms of ROUGE scores. Applying simplification rules that split complex sentences to individual simpler sentences as a preprocessing step slightly improves summarization performance, whereas applying a compression-based simplification approach relying solely on rule matching decreases the obtained ROUGE scores.
Early Identification of Left Ventricular Dysfunction Induced by Trastuzumab

trastuzumab. The authors might consider providing a baseline image before chemotherapy for comparison. The paper describes baseline CMR, including T2-weighted imaging, in the Methods section, but does not report results. Our own experience with CMR imaging after trastuzumab therapy instead points to reversibly impaired LV function without LGE lesions, corresponding to previous findings in echocardiography (5). So far, the authors are the first to report LGE lesions after trastuzumab; therefore, confirmatory studies by other groups are required. CMR might have the potential to visualize tissue changes after chemotherapy independent from changes in LV function and thereby guiding patient management.
Peers and Culture

We analyze the evolution of culture when parents socialize children to the cultural variants that maximize child lifetime utility. Parents invest in cultural transmission by taking into account that children are also influenced by peers. We model the influence of peers by assuming that children observe different cultural variants in their peer group, assign merit to them and adopt one variant, following a probabilistic adoption rule. We show that cultural diversity is sustainable even if all parents strive to transmit the same variant. We also show that a parental demand for cultural pluralism does not guarantee cultural diversity.
ASAC 2009

Relationships between justice perceptions and pay satisfaction were examined using Colquitt’s (2001) justice scale and Heneman and Schwab’s (1985) Pay Satisfaction Scale (PSQ). LISREL results from 151 technology professionals show distributive, procedural and informational justice are differentially related to pay level, raises, benefits and structure and administration. Implications for research and pay practices are discussed.
Non-branching geodesics and optimal maps in strong C D ( K , ∞ ) -spaces

We prove that in metric measure spaces where the entropy functional is K -convex along every Wasserstein geodesic any optimal transport between two absolutely continuous measureswithﬁnitesecondmomentslivesonanon-branchingsetofgeodesics.Asacorollary weobtainthatinthesespacesthereexistsonlyoneoptimaltransportplanbetweenanytwo absolutelycontinuousmeasureswithﬁnitesecondmomentsandthisplanisgivenbya map. The results are applicable in metric measure spaces having Riemannian Ricci curvature bounded below, and in particular they hold also for Gromov-Hausdorff limits of Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature bounded from below by some constant.
No wire? No problem: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta can be performed effectively and more rapidly with a wire-free device

BACKGROUND A wire-free device is available for resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) providing aortic occlusion (AO) without lengthy platform guide-wires and large sheaths. METHODS This was a retrospective, single-institution review of patients who received REBOA from May 2014 to September 2017. Timing of procedural steps was measured in seconds using time-stamped videography. RESULTS Seventy-four patients received REBOA: 29 with a platform guidewire, 12-Fr sheath, and balloon catheter (W group), and 45 with a 7-Fr sheath and wire-free device (WF group). Mean age (p = 0.22) and ISS (p = 0.80) were similar between groups. Fifty-nine patients received REBOA at Zone 1, 15 patients at Zone 3. There was no difference in median [interquartile range] time to common femoral artery (CFA) access between the WF (194 [98–313] seconds) and W (193 [126–280] seconds) groups (p = 0.96). Both median time to AO after CFA access (WF, 158 [109–264] seconds vs. W, 307 [222–390] seconds, p < 0.001) and median total procedural time (WF, 366 [263–596] seconds vs. W, 511 [441–597] seconds; p = 0.012) were significantly shorter with the wire-free system. The rates of percutaneous versus open CFA access was not different between groups (p = 0.48). Both groups had a similar physiologic response to AO as measured by pre- and post-AO SBP (p = 0.86). Overall mortality rate was 74%, 90% in the W group, and 64% in the WF group (p = 0.027). The procedure-related complication rate was not significantly different between groups with regard to compartment syndrome (W, 3% vs. WF, 4%, p = 1.0), access-related complications (W, 0 vs. WF, 6%, p = 0.28), or systemic complication (W, 0 vs. WF, 9%, p = 0.15). CONCLUSION Once CFA access is obtained, AO with a smaller wire-free device reduces procedural time by approximately 50%. When perfusion to proximal organs is essential, the seconds saved to achieve AO may contribute to improved mortality. Time to obtain CFA access is not dependent on introducer sheath size. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, level V.
Association of Perioperative Red Blood Cell Transfusions With Venous Thromboembolism in a North American Registry

Importance Increasing evidence supports the role of red blood cells (RBCs) in physiological hemostasis and pathologic thrombosis. Red blood cells are commonly transfused in the perioperative period; however, their association with postoperative thrombotic events remains unclear. Objective To examine the association between perioperative RBC transfusions and postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) within 30 days of surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants This analysis used prospectively collected registry data from the American College of Surgery National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database, a validated registry of 525 teaching and nonteaching hospitals in North America. Participants included patients in the ACS-NSQIP registry who underwent a surgical procedure from January 1 through December 31, 2014. Data were analyzed from July 1, 2016, through March 15, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Risk-adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. The primary outcome was the development of postoperative VTE (deep venous thrombosis [DVT] and pulmonary embolism [PE]) within 30 days of surgery that warranted therapeutic intervention; DVT and PE were also examined separately as secondary outcomes. Subgroup analyses were performed by surgical subtypes. Propensity score matching was performed for sensitivity analyses. Results Of 750 937 patients (56.8% women; median age, 58 years; interquartile range, 44-69 years), 47 410 (6.3%) received at least 1 perioperative RBC transfusion. Postoperative VTE occurred in 6309 patients (0.8%) (DVT in 4336 [0.6%]; PE in 2514 [0.3%]; both DVT and PE in 541 [0.1%]). Perioperative RBC transfusion was associated with higher odds of VTE (aOR, 2.1; 95% CI, 2.0-2.3), DVT (aOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 2.1-2.4), and PE (aOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.7-2.1), independent of various putative risk factors. A significant dose-response effect was observed with increased odds of VTE as the number of intraoperative and/or postoperative RBC transfusion events increased (aOR, 2.1 [95% CI, 2.0-2.3] for 1 event; 3.1 [95% CI, 1.7-5.7] for 2 events; and 4.5 [95% CI, 1.0-19.4] for ≥3 events vs no intraoperative or postoperative RBC transfusion; P < .001 for trend). In subgroup analyses, the association between any perioperative RBC transfusion and postoperative VTE remained statistically significant across all surgical subspecialties analyzed. The association between any perioperative RBC transfusion and the development of postoperative VTE also remained robust after 1:1 propensity score matching (47 142 matched pairs; matched OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.8-2.1). Conclusions and Relevance The results of this study suggest that perioperative RBC transfusions may be significantly associated with the development of new or progressive postoperative VTE, independent of several putative confounders. These findings, if validated, should reinforce the importance of rigorous perioperative management of blood transfusion practices.
Assigning Counter-Propagating Cores in Multi-Core Fiber Optical Networks to Suppress Inter-Core Crosstalk and Inefficiency due to Bi-directional Traffic Asymmetry

We propose the assignment of Multi-Core Fiber (MCF) cores in a counter-propagating way to design an MCF optical network, which suppresses MCF inter-core crosstalk and reduces the capacity inefficiency caused by increasing asymmetry of bi-directional traffic. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approaches.
Confident false memories for spatial location are mediated by V1

ABSTRACT Prior functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results suggest that true memories, but not false memories, activate early sensory cortex. It is thought that false memories, which reflect conscious processing, do not activate early sensory cortex because these regions are associated with nonconscious processing. We posited that false memories may activate the earliest visual cortical processing region (i.e., V1) when task conditions are manipulated to evoke conscious processing in this region. In an fMRI experiment, abstract shapes were presented to the left or right of fixation during encoding. During retrieval, old shapes were presented at fixation and participants characterized each shape as previously on the "left" or "right" followed by an "unsure"–"sure"–"very sure" confidence rating. False memories for spatial location (i.e., "right"/left or "left"/right trials with "sure" or "very sure" confidence ratings) were associated with activity in bilateral early visual regions, including V1. In a follow-up fMRI-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiment that employed the same paradigm, we assessed whether V1 activity was necessary for false memory construction. Between the encoding phase and the retrieval phase of each run, TMS (1 Hz, 8 min) was used to target the location of false memory activity (identified in the fMRI experiment) in left V1, right V1, or the vertex (control site). Confident false memories for spatial location were significantly reduced following TMS to V1, as compared to vertex. The results of the present experiments provide convergent evidence that early sensory cortex can contribute to false memory construction under particular task conditions.
Somatotopic Representation of Second Pain in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex of Humans and Rodents

There is now compelling evidence that selective stimulation of Aδ nociceptors eliciting first pain evokes robust responses in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). In contrast, whether the C-fiber nociceptive input eliciting second pain has an organized projection to S1 remains an open question. Here, we recorded the electrocortical responses elicited by nociceptive-specific laser stimulation of the four limbs in 202 humans (both males and females, using EEG) and 12 freely moving rats (all males, using ECoG). Topographical analysis and source modeling revealed in both species, a clear gross somatotopy of the unmyelinated C-fiber input within the S1 contralateral to the stimulated side. In the human EEG, S1 activity could be isolated as an early-latency negative deflection (C-N1 wave peaking at 710–730 ms) after hand stimulation, but not after foot stimulation because of the spatiotemporal overlap with the subsequent large-amplitude supramodal vertex waves (C-N2/P2). In contrast, because of the across-species difference in the representation of the body surface within S1, S1 activity could be isolated in rat ECoG as a C-N1 after both forepaw and hindpaw stimulation. Finally, we observed a functional dissociation between the generators of the somatosensory-specific lateralized waves (C-N1) and those of the supramodal vertex waves (C-N2/P2), indicating that C-fiber unmyelinated input is processed in functionally distinct somatosensory and multimodal cortical areas. These findings demonstrated that C-fiber input conveys information about the spatial location of noxious stimulation across the body surface, a prerequisite for deploying an appropriate defensive motor repertoire. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Unmyelinated C-fibers are the evolutionarily oldest peripheral afferents responding to noxious environmental stimuli. Whether C-fiber input conveys information about the spatial location of the noxious stimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) remains an open issue. In this study, C-fibers were activated by radiant heat stimuli delivered to different parts of the body in both humans and rodents while electrical brain activity was recorded. In both species, the C-fiber peripheral input projects to different parts of the contralateral S1, coherently with the representation of the body surface within this brain region. These findings demonstrate that C-fiber input conveys information about the spatial location of noxious stimulation across the body surface, a prerequisite for deploying an appropriate defensive motor repertoire.