Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatio‐temporal patterns of fish assemblages in a large regulated alluvial river

Summary 1. The River Durance, the last alpine tributary of the River Rhone, is a large, braided alluvial hydrosystem. Following large-scale regulation, flow downstream of the Serre-Poncon dam has been maintained at 1/40th of previous annual mean discharge. To assess the effects of historical disturbances, fish assemblages and habitat use were analysed during five summers in a representative reach of the middle Durance. 2. Habitat availability and use were assessed with a multi-scale approach including the variables water depth, current velocity, roughness height of substratum, amount of woody debris and lateral/longitudinal location. Eighteen fish species were sampled by electrofishing in 289 habitat sample units. 3. Partial least square (PLS) regression showed that taxa were mainly distributed according to relationships between their total length and water depth/velocity variables. Fish assemblage composition was also related to roughness height as well as distance from the bank or to the nearest large woody debris. However, PLS regression revealed no significant differences in habitat selection between two periods of varying hydromorphological stability. 4. Fish distribution patterns and density were related to proximity to the bank and cover, indicating that local scale variables need to be considered in conservation and restoration programmes.
Differential effects of single versus multiple administrations of haloperidol and risperidone on functional outcome after experimental brain trauma

Objectives:Antipsychotics are routinely administered to patients with traumatic brain injury, even though the benefits vs. risks of this approach on behavioral recovery are unclear. To clarify the issue, the present study evaluated the effect of single and multiple administrations of haloperidol and risperidone on functional outcome after traumatic brain injury. Design:Prospective and randomized study in rodents. Setting:Experimental research laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh. Subjects:A total of 60 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 300–325 g. Interventions:Anesthetized rats received either a cortical impact or sham injury and then were randomly assigned to five traumatic brain injury groups (0.045 mg/kg, 0.45 mg/kg, or 4.5 mg/kg risperidone; 0.5 mg/kg haloperidol; or 1 mL/kg vehicle) or three sham groups (4.5 mg/kg risperidone, 0.5 mg/kg haloperidol, or 1 mL/kg vehicle). The experiment consisted of three phases. In the first phase, a single treatment was provided (intraperitoneally) 24 hrs after surgery, and motor and cognitive function was assessed on postoperative days 1–5 and 14–18, respectively. During the second phase, after completion of the initial behavioral tasks, the same rats were treated once daily for 5 days and behavior was reevaluated. During the third phase, treatments were discontinued, and 3 days later, the rats were assessed one final time. Measurements and Main Results:Time (seconds) to maintain beam balance, traverse an elevated beam, and to locate a submerged platform in a Morris water maze was recorded. Neither motor nor cognitive performance was affected after a single treatment, regardless of group assignment (p > .05). In contrast, both behavioral deficits reoccurred after daily treatments of risperidone (4.5 mg/kg) and haloperidol (p < .05). The cognitive deficits persisted even after a 3-day washout period during the third phase. Conclusions:These data suggest that although single or multiple low doses of risperidone and haloperidol may be innocuous to subsequent recovery after traumatic brain injury, chronic high-dose treatments are detrimental.
Comparative Analysis of Three Algorithms for Two-Channel Common Frequency Sinewave Parameter Estimation: Ellipse Fit, Seven Parameter Sine Fit and Spectral Sinc Fit

In this paper, a comparison analysis of three different algorithms for the estimation of sine signal parameters in two-channel common frequency situations is presented. The relevance of this situation is clearly understood in multiple applications where the algorithms have been applied. They include impedance measurements, eddy currents testing, laser anemometry and radio receiver testing for example. The three algorithms belong to different categories because they are based on different approaches. The ellipse fit algorithm is a parametric fit based on the XY plot of the samples of both signals. The seven parameter sine fit algorithm is a least-squares algorithm based on the time domain fitting of a single tone sinewave model to the acquired samples. The spectral sinc fit performs a fitting in the frequency domain of the exact model of an acquired sinewave on the acquired spectrum. Multiple simulation situations and real measurements are included in the comparison to demonstrate the weaknesses and strong points of each algorithm.
Management of flexible transactions using semantics in multidatabase systems

We propose a multidatabase transaction management scheme using the flexible transaction model. In our approach, global subtransactions can be committed unilaterally at local sites before the global commit. Since such executions may not guarantee the traditional atomicity requirement of global transactions, a new correctness criterion is proposed. We also present a semantics-based concurrency control scheme and a commit protocol which ensure the proposed correctness criterion without requiring local DBMSs to provide prepare-to-commit operations.
In vivo formation of sigma-methyl- and sigma-phenyl-ferric complexes of hemoglobin and liver-cytochrome P-450 upon treatment of rats with methyl- and phenylhydrazine.

Ferric sigma-phenyl complexes of hemoglobin and liver cytochrome P-450 are formed in vivo upon administration of C6H5NHNH2 to rats. Small amounts of the sigma-methyl complex of hemoglobin were also detected in vivo upon treatment of rats with CH3NHNH2. At the doses used for CH3NHNH2 (25 and 50 mg/kg) the states and levels of hemoglobin in the blood and spleen, and of cytochrome P-450 in the liver were almost unchanged. On the contrary, C6H5NHNH2 (25-100 mg/kg) led to a decrease of the HbO2 blood level (10-50%), together with an increase in the HbFe(III) level and the appearance of the HbFe(III)-C6H5 complex. The concentration of this complex reaches its maximum value (2 mM) 1 h after C6H5NHNH2 administration (20% of total hemoglobin). At the same time large amounts of HbO2, HbFe(III) and HbFe(III)-C6H5 appeared in the spleen, and remained high up to 24 h after treatment. Treatment of rats with C6H5NHNH2 (25-100 mg/kg) led to a significant decrease in the level of liver cytochrome P-450 (a 70% decrease 2 h after treatment with 100 mg/kg C6H5NHNH2). About 15% of the remaining cytochrome P-450 existed as a cyt. -P-450-Fe(III)-C6H5 complex, a new example of cytochrome P-450-Fe-metabolite complex which is stable in vivo.
Preparation and Characterization of Quercetin and Rutin Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study is to prepare and characterize cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of quercetin and rutin to improve their aqueous solubility and dissolution properties. Inclusion complexes of quercetin and rutin with ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) and hydroxyl propyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD) were prepared by kneading and coevaporation methods. Characterization of inclusion complexes was done by phase solubility analysis and was supported by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform infra red spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Inclusion complexes exhibited higher rates of dissolution than the corresponding physical mixtures and pure drug. Higher dissolution rates were observed with HP-ß-CD kneaded complexes in comparison to the products with ß-CD.
Docetaxel in advanced gastric cancer

Standard chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer remains undefined. Two of the most popular regimens—ECF [epirubicin–cisplatin–5-fluorouracil (5-FU)] and PELF (cisplatin–epirubicin–5-FU–leucovorin)—have been shown to be active, but each has limitations. Phase II trials show that single-agent docetaxel is an active agent in advanced gastric cancer, producing overall response rates (ORRs) of 17.5–24%. Docetaxel has also been shown to lack cross-resistance with other drugs in gastric cancer, and is likely to be at least additive to cisplatin and 5-FU. Phase II results of docetaxel combinations in advanced gastric cancer are encouraging. Docetaxel–cisplatin has yielded response rates similar to those achieved by ECF and PELF. Adding 5-FU to docetaxel–cisplatin has achieved an ORR of 52 versus 45% for docetaxel–cisplatin in a randomized phase II trial. Docetaxel-based regimens demonstrate acceptable tolerability despite predictable hematotoxicity. Neutropenia, the major toxicity, is manageable by dose modification or by using prophylactic granulocyte colony stimulating factor. Several phase III trials are now ongoing, including a large-scale trial of docetaxel–cisplatin–5-FU versus cisplatin–5-FU. Results will show whether docetaxel improves overall response and survival, as suggested in the phase II setting.
Dietary fatty acids and lymphocyte functions

Lymphocytes are the cells that specifically recognize and respond to foreign antigens. They are present as circulating cells in blood and lymph, as anatomically-defined collec-tions of cells in lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes) or as scattered cells in other tissues. Lymphocytes exist as distinct subsets that have quite different functions and protein products, although they appear to be morpho-logically similar. The principal types of lymphocytes are T and B lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells; along with monocytes, lymphocytes are termed mononuclear cells. on the DTH response to seven recall antigens applied intradermally . Studies in human subjects.
Value of urinary survivin as a diagnostic marker in bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVE To study the value of urinary survivin as a diagnostic marker for diagnosis of bladder cancer as compared to urine cytology. STUDY DESIGN This study was carried out on 40 patients presenting with bladder cancer and 20 patients presenting with benign urological disorders. RESULTS For bladder cancer diagnosis, urine cytology has lower sensitivity, accuracy, and negative predictive values as compared to survivin, while it has higher specificity and positive predictive value than survivin. On the other hand, the sensitivity, specificity, and the accuracy of combined survivin and urine cytology were 100%, 95% and 97%, respectively. Positive urine cytology and survivin were significantly higher in cases showing advanced stage and high grade as compared to cases presented with superficial stage and low grade. CONCLUSION Urinary survivin appears to be a reliable, noninvasive diagnostic test to identify patients with bladder cancer. The sensitivity of survivin test was superior to that of urine cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer, especially in cases presenting with superficial stage or low grade. Combined evaluation of both survivin and urine cytology gave better sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for bladder cancer diagnosis.
The Tyrosine Kinase BMX Is an Essential Mediator of Inflammatory Arthritis in a Kinase-Independent Manner

Inflammatory cytokines like TNF play a central role in autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. We identified the tyrosine kinase bone marrow kinase on chromosome X (BMX) as an essential component of a shared inflammatory signaling pathway. Transient depletion of BMX strongly reduced secretion of IL-8 in cell lines and primary human cells stimulated by TNF, IL-1β, or TLR agonists. BMX was required for phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK, as well as activation of NF-κB. The following epistasis analysis indicated that BMX acts downstream of or at the same level as the complex TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1)–TAK1 binding protein. At the cellular level, regulation of the IL-8 promoter required the pleckstrin homology domain of BMX, which could be replaced by an ectopic myristylation signal, indicating a requirement for BMX membrane association. In addition, activation of the IL-8 promoter by in vitro BMX overexpression required its catalytic activity. Genetic ablation of BMX conferred protection in the mouse arthritis model of passive K/BxN serum transfer, confirming that BMX is an essential mediator of inflammation in vivo. However, genetic replacement with a catalytically inactive BMX allele was not protective in the same arthritis animal model. We conclude that BMX is an essential component of inflammatory cytokine signaling and that catalytic, as well as noncatalytic functions of BMX are involved.
Reading and Function of a Histone Code Involved in Targeting Corepressor Complexes for Repression

ABSTRACT A central question in histone code theory is how various codes are recognized and utilized in vivo. Here we show that TBL1 and TBLR1, two WD-40 repeat proteins in the corepressor SMRT/N-CoR complexes, are functionally redundant and essential for transcriptional repression by unliganded thyroid hormone receptors (TR) but not essential for transcriptional activation by liganded TR. TBL1 and TBLR1 bind preferentially to hypoacetylated histones H2B and H4 in vitro and have a critical role in targeting the corepressor complexes to chromatin in vivo. We show that targeting SMRT/N-CoR complexes to the deiodinase 1 gene (D1) requires at least two interactions, one between unliganded TR and SMRT/N-CoR and the other between TBL1/TBLR1 and hypoacetylated histones. Neither interaction alone is sufficient for the stable association of the corepressor complexes with the D1 promoter. Our data support a feed-forward working model in which deacetylation exerted by initial unstable recruitment of SMRT/N-CoR complexes via their interaction with unliganded TR generates a histone code that serves to stabilize their own recruitment. Similarly, we find that targeting of the Sin3 complex to pericentric heterochromatin may also follow this model. Our studies provide an in vivo example that a histone code is not read independently but is recognized in the context of other interactions.
The discharges of cerebellar Golgi cells during locomotion in the cat.

1. Extracellular recordings have been obtained from 134 units in the paravermal cortex of lobule V in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum in free‐to‐move cats. Each unit discharged action potentials in a characteristic pattern with no complex spikes. Previous investigators have described such discharges and have assigned them to Golgi cells. We provide further evidence to support this identification. 2. In cats which were sitting quietly, each putative Golgi cell discharged tonically at a low rate (overall mean (+/‐ S.D.) was 14.5 +/‐ 7.3 spikes/s). Eighty‐one of the neurones were also recorded during steady walking on a moving belt and the discharge rate then averaged 17.7 (S.D. +/‐ 19.4) spikes/s. 3. All eighty‐one putative Golgi cells discharged rhythmically during locomotion. Many different patterns of discharge were seen but as a population the neurons were most active in early stance and at the onset of the swing phase of the step cycle in the ipsilateral forelimb. 4. Over a range of different walking speeds (0.5‐0.9 m/s) and of different uphill inclines (0‐25 deg), putative Golgi cells discharged with similar patterns and rates, despite large changes in the vigour of the locomotor movements and in the amplitude of limb muscle electromyograms. 5. Groups of putative Golgi cells and of Purkinje cells recorded from restricted cortical regions produced discharges which fluctuated approximately in parallel during locomotion. However, a comparison of the activity patterns of pairs of closely adjacent Golgi and Purkinje cells revealed a wide variety of phase relations. The possible role of Golgi cells in determining the Purkinje cell output is discussed in the light of these findings.
Behaviour Therapy versus Drug Therapy in the Treatment of Phobic Neurosis

Une etude portant sur l'efficacite du phenelzine dans le nevrose phobique en comparaison avec trois differentes formes de therapie de comportement et un groupe de controle soumis au placebo a ete completee.Cinq groupes de 10 patients chacun ont ete evalues. Un questionnaire psychiatrique standardise, plusieurs tests psychometriques ainsi que deux livrets d'auto-evaluation confirmaient surtout l'existence d'une nevrose phobique mais aussi l'existence de d'autres symptomes nevrotiques et d'inadaptation sociale dans chacun des groupes. Les trois groupes de therapie de comportement: La desensibilisation systematique (systematic desensitization) (DS), soulagement de l'aversion (aversion relief) (A) et l'immersion (Flooding) (I) ont recu 12 heures de therapie pendant une periode de trois mois. Les deux autres groupes soit, celui recevant le phenelzine (P-BP) et l'autre groupe de controle recevant un placebo (PI-BP), ont recu a tous les jours, trois tablettes de phenelzine ou placebo pendant une duree de trois m.
Dynamics of nitric oxide during simulated ischaemia‐reperfusion in rat striatal slices measured using an intrinsic biosensor, soluble guanylyl cyclase

Nitric oxide (NO) may act as a toxin in several neuropathologies, including the brain damage resulting from cerebral ischaemia. Rat striatal slices were used to determine the mechanism of enhanced NO release following simulated ischaemia and, for estimating the NO concentrations, the activity of guanylyl cyclase served as a biosensor. Exposure of the slices for 10 min to an oxygen‐ and glucose‐free medium caused a 70% fall in cGMP levels. On recovery, cGMP increased 2‐fold above basal, where it remained for 40 min before declining. The pattern of changes matched those of cGMP or NO oxidation products measured during and after brain ischaemia in vivo. The increase observed during the recovery period was blocked by inhibition of NO synthase or NMDA receptors and was curtailed by tetrodotoxin, implying that it was caused by glutamate release leading to activation of the NMDA receptor‐NO synthase pathway. Calibration of the cGMP levels against NO‐stimulated guanylyl cyclase yielded a basal NO concentration of 0.6 nm. The peak NO concentration achieved on recovery from simulated ischaemia was estimated as 0.8 nm. These values are compatible with the low micromolar concentrations of NO oxidation products (chiefly nitrate) found by microdialysis in vivo, providing the NO inactivation rate (forming nitrate) is accounted for. NO at a concentration around 1 nm is unlikely to be toxic to cells. However, if the NO inactivation mechanism were to fail (as it can) the NO production rate normally providing only subnanomolar NO could readily generate toxic (µM) NO concentrations.
Pretreatment plasma levels of testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin binding capacity in relation to clinical staging and survival in prostatic cancer patients

Pretreatment plasma concentrations of total testosterone (T), sex hormone binding globulin binding capacity (SHBG), T/SHBG ratio, and free testosterone (fT) were measured in 123 patients with prostatic cancer categorized into groups according to the UICC classification. The patients were randomized to orchiectomy or estrogen therapy and the mean follow‐up time was 48 months. The mean plasma levels of T were higher in patients without metastases and with intracapsular cancer, but the differences were not statistically significant. The calculated ratio of T/SHBG was noticed to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the M0 category. The prognostic significance of pretreatment T and, more impressively, T/SHBG ratio and fT was confirmed. Low pretreatment values indicated poorer prognosis. This study supports the view that there are differences in the pretreatment T and fT levels in prostatic cancer patients in relation to the stage of tumor and that these hormone assays could be used as prognostic factors.
Fertilization and early embryology: The effect of testosterone on the maturation and developmental capacity of murine oocytes in vitro

A dose-dependent inhibition of meiotic maturation and embryonic development was observed in both cumulus-enclosed and cumulus-denuded murine oocytes following incubation in the presence of 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 microM testosterone for 18 h in vitro. Maturation to metaphase II was enhanced in cumulus-enclosed oocytes following maturation in the presence of human pre-ovulatory mural granulosa cells. However, maturation of cumulus-denuded oocytes was enhanced only when oocytes were cultured on a monolayer of human polycystic ovarian granulosa cells. The presence of cumulus cells had a significantly positive effect on both oocyte maturation (P = 0.002) and embryonic development (P < 0.001). In addition, the presence of follicular cells during maturation improved the number of fertilized oocytes reaching the blastocyst stage. These data indicate that the exposure of immature murine oocytes to testosterone during maturation significantly reduces their ability to mature and undergo normal embryonic development.
The Dynamics of Competitive Drug Detailing

The pharmaceutical industry spends more funds on drug detailing than on any other marketing instrument. Similar to the efiect of advertising, the impact of detailing expenditures spills over beyond the current period. We expect forward-looking flrms to observe this carry-over efiect and adopt a dynamic approach to determine optimal detailing levels by maximizing their long-term proflts. We develop a structural model of dynamic oligopoly competition to analyze flrms’ scheduling of detailing over time and to estimate detailing costs consistent with such scheduling. The model is estimated using a recently developed two-stage method. In the flrst stage, physician-level demand is estimated in a hierarchical Bayesian framework. Further, using a semi-parametric approach, we estimate physician-level policy functions that describe each flrm’s observed detailing actions, also in a hierarchical Bayesian framework. In the second stage, costs of detailing are estimated assuming that the observed detailing data are consistent with a Markov perfect Nash equilibrium. Our estimated demand model shows evidence of supersaturation at high levels of detailing stock. The estimated policy functions show that the optimal detailing level decreases in own detailing stock. Further, flrms escalate detailing in their rivals’ detailing stock when their rivals have low detailing stock, but cut back efiort when their rivals have high detailing stock. Our estimates of detailing costs capture all economically relevant information from flrms’ decisions on detailing, including both decisions to detail and decisions not to detail. They are substantially larger than extant industry estimates which are only based on accounting information.
Physiopathology and course of polycythemia vera as related to therapy.

I. INTRODUCTION AND POSSIBLE ETIOLOGIC FACTORS Polycythemia vera in its numerous manifestations and course lends itself readily to a discussion of physiopathologic principles. Fundamentally, the disease may be considered as a disorder of the bone marrow characterized by an excessive production of blood cells by all the marrow elements, i. e. , the nucleated red cells, the granulocytes and the megakaryocytes. To use Greek terms, there is panmyelopathy, which in turn results in pancytosis. The cause of the great and continuous blood production is obscure, but its results lead to many diverse manifestations which, as they are better understood, should lead to better control of the disease. A large body of knowledge has accumulated in recent years relating to the various substances required for erythropoiesis. Thus, iron, "liver extract factor" (now almost certainly vitamin B 12 ), certain other constituents of the vitamin B complex, including folic acid, certain amino acids and