Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Female Advantage in the Imitation of Gestures by Preschool Children

Adult research has suggested a sex difference in the neuroanatomical organization and efficiency of the limb praxis system. The present study used a videotape analysis of movement errors to investigate whether a sex difference in limb praxis can be identified in childhood. Preschool girls (n = 33) committed fewer “praxic” errors than boys (n = 31) (i.e., errors that resemble those seen in limb apraxia) when imitating non-representational gestures and when imitating common, everyday gestures with representational content. In none of the conditions did the female advantage generalize to “nonpraxic” error categories. The findings were not explained by a female advantage in cognitive development. The current study supports the hypothesis of a sex difference in limb praxis that is present from an early age.
Obesity, tamoxifen use, and outcomes in women with estrogen receptor-positive early-stage breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with both increased breast cancer risk and poorer prognosis after disease onset. However, little is known about the effect of obesity on treatment efficacy. We evaluated the association of obesity with outcomes and with tamoxifen efficacy in women with early-stage, hormone-responsive breast cancer participating in a multicenter cancer cooperative group clinical trial. METHODS The cohort consisted of 3385 women enrolled in National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) protocol B-14, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating tamoxifen for lymph node-negative, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Hazards of breast cancer recurrence, contralateral breast tumors, other new primary cancers, and several mortality endpoints were evaluated in relation to body mass index (BMI), using statistical modeling to adjust for other prognostic factors. Median follow-up time was 166 months. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The hazard of breast cancer recurrence was the same among obese (BMI > or =30.0 kg/m2) women as compared with underweight and normal-weight women (BMI <25.0; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.80 to 1.18). Contralateral breast cancer hazard was higher in obese women than in underweight/normal-weight women (HR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.10 to 2.25), as was the risk of other primary cancers (HR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.16 to 2.24). Compared with normal-weight women, obese women had greater all-cause mortality (HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.54) and greater risk of deaths due to causes unrelated to breast cancer (HR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.15 to 1.92). Breast cancer mortality was not statistically significantly increased for obese women (HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.97 to 1.49). Tamoxifen reduced breast cancer recurrence and mortality, regardless of BMI. CONCLUSIONS For women with lymph node-negative, ER-positive breast cancer, obesity was not associated with a material increase in recurrence risk or a change in tamoxifen efficacy. However, because obesity was associated with increased risks of contralateral breast cancer, of other primary cancers, and of overall mortality, it may influence long-term outcomes for breast cancer survivors.
INFLUENCIA DE LA FIDELIDAD DE LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN EN LA EFICACIA DE UN PROGRAMA DE PROMOCIÓN DE LA SALUD SEXUAL CON ADOLESCENTES

La fidelidad de la implementacion de un programa hace referencia al grado en que es aplicado de la misma manera en que fue disenado y validado. Este concepto esta estrechamente relacionado con la eficacia y obtencion de los resultados esperados. Sin embargo, en Espana existen escasos estudios que midan la fidelidad de la implementacion en programas de promocion de habitos sexuales saludables. El primer objetivo de este estudio es examinar el nivel de fidelidad de la implementacion del programa iCuidate! en poblacion adolescente espanola. Se analizan las dimensiones dosis y adherencia del programa. En segundo lugar, se evaluan los resultados del programa en funcion del grado de fidelidad. Los participantes fueron 626 adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 16 anos (47.1 % chicos ). El 48.72% recibio el programa iCuidate! y el 51.28% sirvieron como grupo control. Se evaluo el comportamiento sexual, la intencion de uso de preservativo, los conocimientos acerca de las infecciones de transmision sexual, y la actitud hacia el VIH. Los resultados indican una elevada implementacion del programa. Se observan mejores resultados en conocimientos, actitudes hacia el VIH y uso consistente del preservativo en los participantes que reciben intervencion. El grupo que recibe el programa con mayor fidelidad presenta un aumento del uso del preservativo en las relaciones sexuales con penetracion. Se aportan datos empiricos sobre los efectos positivos de aplicar los programas preventivos con la maxima fidelidad de implementacion.
Kinematics and Shoulder Belt Position of Child Anthropomorphic Test Devices During Steering Maneuvers

Objectives: The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the kinematics and shoulder belt position of child anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) during emergency steering maneuvers. Furthermore, the ATDs were compared to the results from child volunteers aged 4 to 12 in the same test setup (Bohman, Stockman, et al. 2011). Methods: A driving study was conducted on a test track comprising 4 ATDs: the Q6, Q10, and Hybrid III (HIII) 6- and 10-year-old ATDs restrained in the rear seat of a passenger vehicle. The ATDs were exposed to 2 repeated steering maneuvers in each restraint system. The Q6 and HIII 6-year-old were restrained on booster cushions as well as high-back booster seats. The Q10 and HIII 10-year-old were restrained on booster cushions or restrained by 3-point seat belts directly on the seat. Lateral motion of the forehead and upper sternum was determined, as well as shoulder belt movement on shoulder and torso tilting angle. Results: All ATDs began to move approximately at the same point in time corresponding to a vehicle lateral acceleration of just below 0.2 g. In the later phase of the maneuver, Q10 had moved 26 percent less than the children when restrained by seat belt only and 35 percent less when on a booster cushion. Corresponding numbers for the HIII 10-year-old were 43 and 44 percent higher than for children. Compared to children, the Q6 had moved 34 percent less when restrained on a high-back booster seat and 31 percent less when on a booster cushion. Corresponding numbers for HIII 6-year-old were 7 and 28 percent higher than for children. Due to extensive variety of lateral displacements observed in the children, child performance range covers both ATD families for the evaluated sizes of 6- and 10-year-old ATDs. Conclusions: Compared to children, the HIII ATDs were closer with regards to mean values in the initial phase of the maneuver and the Q ATDs were closer in the end of the ramping phase of the lateral acceleration. The question regarding which ATD replicates better the behavior of children exposed to steering maneuvers still remains open. As shown in this study, it depends on the focus of the comparison and on what phase of the maneuver is of interest. This study provides valuable knowledge on how representative the current ATDs are for replicating potential precrash postures of children as a result of vehicle emergency steering maneuvers for a variety of restraint systems and ATD sizes.
A Novel Mgp-Cre Knock-In Mouse Reveals an Anticalcification/Antistiffness Candidate Gene in the Trabecular Meshwork and Peripapillary Scleral Region.

PURPOSE Soft tissue calcification is a pathological condition. Matrix Gla (MGP) is a potent mineralization inhibitor secreted by cartilage chondrocytes and arteries' vascular smooth muscle cells. Mgp knock-out mice die at 6 weeks due to massive arterial calcification. Arterial calcification results in arterial stiffness and higher systolic blood pressure. Intriguingly, MGP was highly abundant in trabecular meshwork (TM). Because tissue stiffness is relevant to glaucoma, we investigated which additional eye tissues use Mgp's function using knock-in mice. METHODS An Mgp-Cre-recombinase coding sequence (Cre) knock-in mouse, containing Mgp DNA plus an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-Cre-cassette was generated by homologous recombination. Founders were crossed with Cre-mediated reporter mouse R26R-lacZ. Their offspring expresses lacZ where Mgp is transcribed. Eyes from MgpCre/+;R26RlacZ/+ (Mgp-lacZ knock-in) and controls, 1 to 8 months were assayed for β-gal enzyme histochemistry. RESULTS As expected, Mgp-lacZ knock-in's TM was intensely blue. In addition, this mouse revealed high specific expression in the sclera, particularly in the peripapillary scleral region (ppSC). Ciliary muscle and sclera above the TM were also positive. Scleral staining was located immediately underneath the choroid (chondrocyte layer), began midsclera and was remarkably high in the ppSC. Cornea, iris, lens, ciliary body, and retina were negative. All mice exhibited similar staining patterns. All controls were negative. CONCLUSIONS Matrix Gla's restricted expression to glaucoma-associated tissues from anterior and posterior segments suggests its involvement in the development of the disease. Matrix Gla's anticalcification/antistiffness properties in the vascular tissue, together with its high TM and ppCS expression, place this gene as a strong candidate for TM's softness and sclera's stiffness regulation in glaucoma.
Precise characterization and quantification of infantile spasms

With the use of a time‐synchronized video and polygraphic recording system, 5,042 infantile spasms were monitored and analyzed in 24 infants aged 1 to 43 months. Of these, 33.9% were flexor, 22.5% extensor, and 42.0% mixed flexor‐extensor. Sometimes the spasms were followed by a period of akinesia and diminished responsiveness lasting up to 90 seconds, and rarely (1.0%) this “arrest” effect constituted the entire seizure. More than one type of seizure occurred in 21 of the 24 infants. In the same number, 78.3% of the seizures occurred in clusters, and the intensity and frequency of the spasms in each cluster often increased to a peak, then progressively decreased until they stopped. Predominantly, the clusters occurred soon after arousal from sleep. The number of seizures occurring at night (55.2%) was similar to the diurnal number (44.8%). The electroencephalographic seizure pattern was variable, but a marked generalized attenuation of electrical activity was a feature of 71.7% of the attacks. Attenuation episodes of similar degree and duration occurred with no evidence of a seizure.
Postoperative Spinal Wound Infections

Abstract Surgical site infection is a common adverse event and a significant source of morbidity after any spinal procedure. A patient who presents with postoperative infection often requires prolonged hospitalization, revision surgical procedures, and long‐term intravenous antibiotics. Awareness of risk factors and preventive measures can lead to improved outcomes. Infection after spinal surgery may pose diagnostic challenges and difficult management questions. Postoperative spinal infections present with a diverse degree of severity, from superficial skin incision infections to deep subfascial infections with myonecrosis. Definitive management is based on etiology, clinical course, and patient risk factors.
Effect of vitamins C and E on antioxidant status of breast‐cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

What is known and Objective: Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species generated by antineoplastic agents are prime suspects for the toxic side‐effects of acute or chronic chemotherapy. The present study was undertaken to test whether vitamins C and E (VCE) supplementation protect against some of the harmful effects of commonly used anticancer drugs in breast‐cancer patients.
Knowledge and Attitudes of Students in a Caribbean Medical School towards HIV/AIDS

Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is seen as one of the most devastating infection/disease known to have attacked the human population. This study is aimed at assessing the level of knowledge, attitudes and misconceptions of the medical students in a Caribbean Medical School towards HIV/AIDS. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collate information. Out of 150 questionnaires distributed, 130 were filled, showing a response rate of 87% . The ages of the respondents ranged from 19-45 years with mean age of 26. Our finding shows that the knowledge of HIV/AIDS is high: 97.7%. HIV/AIDS associated beliefs: 22.3% sees the disease as a punishment for unfaithfulness or immorality. A negative attitude towards condom use was seen in 3.8% of the respondents. Risky behaviours were identified but the prevalence of such behaviours is low. Religion was identified to play an important role in the conception and misconception about condom usage and possibly transmission of the virus. Behaviour modification programmes is recommended to correct misconceptions among medical students. (Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 11: 137 - 143) Key Words; HIV/AIDS, Knowledge, Attitudes, Students, Caribbean, Medical School, Saint Lucia.
The Chiang Mai Chronicle

For seven centuries, Chiang Mai has been the center of a lively culture and civilization in the hills of what is now northern Thailand. "The Chiang Mai Chronicle," one of the most important histories of the region, was written in 1827 to explain the growth and strength of the Kingdom of Lan Na which Chiang Mai dominated, and to foresee a glorious future after a generation of warfare. This translation of "The Chiang Mai Chronicle" was prepared from a palm-leaf manuscript. Extensive indexes and annotations have been added, and maps have been drawn especially for this edition.David Wyatt is the John Stambaugh Professor of History at Cornell University, and Aroonrut Wichienkeeo teaches at Chiang Mai Rajabhat Insitute.
The Use of a Video to Convey Preanesthetic Information to Patients Undergoing Ambulatory Surgery

In a prospective, randomized, single-blind trial, we assessed the effectiveness of a preoperative video as a source of additional patient information before ambulatory surgery. One hundred twenty-seven patients were allocated to either treatment (video) or control (nonvideo) groups. Of the 127, 17 (13%) patients correctly answered all process, risk, and misconception statements using a questionnaire. Overall, the video group was 2-16 times more likely to recall all knowledge questions correctly than the non-video group after adjusting for previous general anesthesia experience, state (how one feels at the moment), and trait (how one generally feels) anxiety levels (relative risk 6.36, 95% confidence interval 2.01-15.82). The predictors of correct risk knowledge were those who had a video intervention (relative risk 7.12, 95% confidence interval 3.70 to 10.07) and low trait anxiety scores (relative risk 5.88, 95% confidence interval 1.69 to 25.00). A video could be an important additional component of the preoperative interview, but anesthesiologists will still need to provide patient-specific information. Implications: This study randomly allocated adults to see a video about anesthesia before scheduled ambulatory surgery. The video group had better recall of information. The video was a useful adjunct to routine preoperative consultations. (Anesth Analg 1998;87:531-6)
Sensitivity of a Diagnostic Test for Amphibian Ranavirus Varies with Sampling Protocol

Field samples are commonly used to estimate disease prevalence in wild populations. Our confidence in these estimates requires understanding the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic tests. We assessed the sensitivity of the most commonly used diagnostic tests for amphibian Ranavirus by infecting salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum; Amphibia, Caudata) with Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV) and then sampling euthanized animals (whole animal) and noneuthanized animals (tail clip) at five time intervals after exposure. We used a standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol to screen for ATV. Agreement between test results from whole-animal and tail-clip samples increased with time postexposure. This indicates that the ability to identify infected animals increases following exposure, leading to a more accurate estimate of prevalence in a population. Our results indicate that tail-clip sampling can underestimate the true prevalence of ATV in wild amphibian populations.
Gender differences in advanced mathematical problem solving.

Strategy flexibility in mathematical problem solving was investigated. In Studies 1 and 2, high school juniors and seniors solved Scholastic Assessment Test-Mathematics (SAT-M) problems classified as conventional or unconventional. Algorithmic solution strategies were students' default choice for both types of problems across conditions that manipulated item format and solution time. Use of intuitive strategies on unconventional problems was evident only for high-ability students. Male students were more likely than female students to successfully match strategies to problem characteristics. In Study 3, a revised taxonomy of problems based on cognitive solution demands was predictive of gender differences on Graduate Record Examination-Quantitative (GRE-Q) items. Men outperformed women overall, but the difference was greater on items requiring spatial skills, shortcuts, or multiple solution paths than on problems requiring verbal skills or mastery of classroom-based content. Results suggest that strategy flexibility is a source of gender differences in mathematical ability assessed by SAT-M and GRE-Q problem solving.
A Europe of Regions: Reflections on the Historiography of Sub-National Places in Modern Times

EUROPE, SO WE READ WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY, has always been and remains "very much a continent of regional identities. "' This notion has insinuated itself into a wide range of debates on the future of Europe. Whether the context is an analysis of the final crisis of the nation-state or a description of the structure of committees in the European Community, recognition of the significant role that regions and regionalism play in Europe today has quietly, undramatically taken hold. In 1992, Tom Nairn wrote in the New Statesman that regions had become a "key part" of the discussion about European union.2 Two years later, Rolf Lindner argued, in a collection devoted to the "return of the regional" that "quite obviously we are now confronted with a new regionalism. "3 And in 1997, John Newhouse stated in Foreign Affairs that "regionalism, whether within or across national borders, is Europe's current and future dynamic. "4 Moreover, far from being a product of the post-Communist, post-Maastricht Treaty era in European affairs, this attention to a resurgent or a renewed or a reinvented or a rediscovered regionality in fact stretches back through several decades of Euro-punditry. In 1984, Hans Mommsen wrote, with somewhat more drama than is usual to these discussions, that "the nation is dead, long live the region. " In 1981, Rainer Elkar asked whether regional restlessness might not be the "new specter haunting Europe. " And in 1980, responding to a decade or more of regional unrest, Jochen Blaschke published a "handbook of European regional movements," designed to guide the confused through a thicket of Basques, Slovenes, Sorbs, Serbs, Scots, Lapps, Walloons, Flemish, Bretons, Croats, Magyars, Cypriots, South Tiroleans, Madeiran Islanders, Catalans, Occitans, and others.5
Antiplatelet agents and anaesthesia

Antiplatelet agents are increasingly being used in the management of all types of atherosclerotic disease, and, accordingly, patients on them are presenting more frequently for anaesthesia. Presentations range from elective patients taking aspirin as monotherapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular morbidity, to those maintained on multiple therapies requiring salvage surgery after a cardiovascular catastrophe. The use of such antiplatelet regimens raises a number of questions for preoperative preparation, surgery, anaesthesia, and postoperative care. This article will look briefly at the pharmacology of the common agents in use, the emerging concept of ‘resistance’, ways in which the effects of antiplatelet drugs can be monitored, and the implications they have for clinical practice.
Quantitative genetic correlation between trait and preference supports a sexually selected sperm process

Sperm show patterns of rapid and divergent evolution that are characteristic of sexual selection. Sperm competition has been proposed as an important selective agent in the evolution of sperm morphology. However, several comparative analyses have revealed evolutionary associations between sperm length and female reproductive tract morphology that suggest patterns of male–female coevolution. In the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus, males with short sperm have a fertilization advantage that depends on the size of the female's sperm storage organ, the spermatheca; large spermathecae select for short sperm. Sperm length is heritable and is genetically correlated with male condition. Here we report significant additive genetic variation and heritability for spermatheca size and genetic covariance between spermatheca size and sperm length predicted by both the “good-sperm” and “sexy-sperm” models of postcopulatory female preference. Our data thus provide quantitative genetic support for the role of a sexually selected sperm process in the evolutionary divergence of sperm morphology, in much the same manner as precopulatory female preferences drive the evolutionary divergence of male secondary sexual traits.
Bisphosphonate use and the risk of adverse jaw outcomes: a medical claims study of 714,217 people.

BACKGROUND While osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) has been associated with the prolonged use of bisphosphonates (BPs), there is limited information about the risk of ONJ among users of oral BPs or about the magnitude of the risk among users of intravenous (IV) BPs. METHODS The authors studied medical claims data from 714,217 people with osteoporosis or cancer to identify diagnostic codes or procedure codes for three outcomes: inflammatory conditions of the jaws, including osteonecrosis; major jaw surgery necessitated by necrotic or inflammatory indications; and jaw surgeries necessitated by a malignant process. The authors calculated stratified odds ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals. RESULTS The results indicate that oral administration of BPs decreases the risk of adverse bone outcomes. In contrast, IV administration strongly and significantly increases the risk (P < .05) of adverse jaw outcomes or surgery. Across both osteoporosis and cancer, patients receiving IV BPs had a fourfold increased risk of having inflammatory jaw conditions and a greater than sixfold increased risk of having undergone major surgical resection in the jaw. CONCLUSIONS Mode of bisphosphonate use results in different risk profiles for adverse jaw outcomes. While the authors documented an increased risk of inflammatory conditions and surgical procedures of the jaw for users of IV BPs, they did not find these observed increases for users of oral BPs. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Physicians and dentists must be aware of the higher frequency of adverse jaw effects in patients receiving IV BPs, especially osteonecrosis of the jaw. While the authors' results have internal consistency, more clinical studies are needed to replicate and clarify the observed associations over long follow-up periods.