Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morbus Alzheimer and Morbus Pick

ing examples are Mitchell and Keen in neurosurgery. The average army surgeon was sent back to civilian practice a better surgeon, with an increased respect for cleanliness and ventilation of the sick-room. Women who "nursed" the wounded began to feel the need for professional training. But these were advances within the individual and not within the body of medicine as a whole. Dr. Adams has done an excellent piece of work in compressing into this one volume the mass of material available. The book abounds with fascinating bits of information, such as Surgeon-General Hammond's order to discontinue the use of calomel and tartar emetic and the uproar that this created among the Army physicians. Today we are accustomed to an adequate pre-induction physical examination for the draftee. Then, however, as the author points out, the examinations were so poorly or hastily conducted that approximately four hundred women were inducted! Physicians of today who feel that the Army physical standards are too low would recoil from the Civil War examiner who passed, with official sanction, incipient tuberculosis and secondary syphilis. The author discusses his topic under the general headings of "Confusions of 1861," "Beginnings of an Ambulance System," "Wartime Surgery," "Nurses, Staffs, and Convalescents," "Diseases and Treatments," etc. There are eight pages of excellent photographs of hospitals, ambulances, and staff. For the statistically minded or the comparative reseacher there is a comprehensive index, which tabulates wounds, diseases, etc., by place, race, date, and kind, with comparisons between Union and Confederate where possible. In writing a book of this kind, an author is faced with two types of internal organization. Either he may develop each theme separately, returning to the beginning of the war with each new topic, or he may develop the book chronologically and discuss all his topics at once, year by year. One wishes the author had made a choice. Instead he has a tendency to pick and choose his dates and chronology, with no system at all. The reader finds Surgeon-General Hammond continually being discharged, goes through first and second Manassas several times, and is kept in a state of confusion about place and date without ever being sure of where Dr. Adams is going to carry him next. For the general reader, unfamiliar with the War in detail, more discussion of purely military history would have been helpful, perhaps in a page at the beginning of each new section. However, Dr. Adams has supplied us with a splendid account of the Union medical forces in a book that must be on the shelves of every amateur in medical or Civil War history. I hope that he will soon publish a companion volume about the gallant gentlemen in grey.
Two-tier grading system for ovarian epithelial cancer: has its time arrived?

In this issue of the American Journal of Surgical Pathology, Malpica and associates validate a two-tier system for grading ovarian serous carcinoma based primarily on the assessment of nuclear atypia. Their study demonstrates that the system is easy to learn and shows excellent agreement among both gynecologic and general surgical pathologists at different institutions. The most commonly used grading system in the past was that of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). The FIGO grade is a three-tier system based on tumor architecture that divides neoplasms according to the ratio of glandular or papillary structures to solid growth. As currently applied to ovarian epithelial cancer by the Gynecologic Oncology Group, grade 1 tumors contain 5% or less solid areas, grade 2 neoplasms from 6% to 50%, and grade 3 tumors greater than 50%. The unpublished grading system of the Gynecologic Oncology Group is widely used and eclectic; both architectural and nuclear features are assessed. The criteria vary according to the histologic type of ovarian neoplasm, and the validity of the grading system has never been tested. Silverberg most recently reviewed the subject of grading of ovarian epithelial carcinoma in separate articles published in both gynecologic oncology and pathology journals. Although three or four-tier grading systems in various forms have been in vogue for grading ovarian epithelial malignancy for many decades, these systems do not currently provide optimal benefit to clinicians, who often have only 2 main therapeutic options. It is essential that information derived from pathologic examination facilitate future translational research that can lead to an improved clinical outlook for patients with ovarian cancer. To reach this goal requires refinement of classification and grading systems at appropriate intervals of time. Development of optimal systems may require sophisticated statistical methodology to correlate surgical pathologic observations with survival and molecular data. Recent evidence has demonstrated 2 distinct molecular pathways in the development of serous carcinoma with differing clinicopathologic features and survival. Low-grade serous carcinomas typically arise from low malignant potential (borderline) tumors and have a survival advantage, whereas high-grade tumors arise for the most part de novo and have a considerably worse prognosis. A recent study demonstrated that serous neoplasms of low malignant potential and low-grade serous carcinoma have KRAS and BRAF mutations in 60% of cases and p53 mutations in less than 10% of cases, whereas high-grade serous carcinomas are characterized by p53 mutations in over 50% of cases and lack KRAS and BRAF mutations. Another study found that BRAF mutations were limited to low-grade serous tumors; however, 12% of high-grade tumors had KRAS mutations. Using a two-tier grading system based primarily on the degree of nuclear atypia and secondarily on mitotic rate, a prior study from the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) showed excellent correlation between
Adopting Social Network Sites - The Role of Individual IT Culture and Privacy Concerns

In this paper, we examine the role of the concepts of Individual IT Culture (IITC) and Privacy Concerns in IT adoption using the example of the social network site (SNS) Facebook. Analyzing data from a large online survey with Partial Least Squares (PLS), we show that IITC is an antecedent for Privacy Concerns and the TAM sub-constructs Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and Perceived Usefulness (PU). However, contrary to our hypothesis, Privacy Concerns do not have a significant negative effect on the Intention to Use Facebook. The remaining relationships in the TAM (PEOU PU; PEOU Intention; PU Intention, Intention Usage) are confirmed. Besides, we contribute to better validate the assessment instrument for IITC as we show by means of a reflective first-order formative second-order construct that six sub-constructs of IITC do have a significant influence on IITC whereas one sub-construct does not.
A 2.37Gb/s 284.8mW rate-compatible (491,3,6) LDPC-CC decoder

In this paper, a (491, 3, 6) time-varying LDPC-CC decoder chip supporting five code-rates is implemented in 90nm CMOS technology. The decoder containing 5 processors occupies 2.24mm2 and provides twice faster decoding convergence speed. Maximum throughput 2.37Gb/s is measured under 1.2V supply with a 0.024nJ/bit/proc energy efficiency.
The E. Donnall Thomas Lecture 2001. Improve the outcome of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation!

B B & M T INTRODUCTION Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) is a frequently used treatment modality for children and adult patients with hematologic malignancies and selected solid tumors. The conditions for which AHCT has been employed successfully are listed in Table 1. Note that “clinical use” is not synonymous with “established superior therapy. ” In the United States, approximately 14,000 patients were treated with AHCT during the year 2000 (M.M. Horowitz, MD, oral communication, 2001). In other parts of the world where AHCT is offered to cancer patients, a similar number of patients received this treatment, according to this author’s estimate, so that last year the total number of AHCT recipients ranged from 25,000 to 35,000. Published data from numerous transplantation centers indicate that long-term disease-free survival (DFS) rates vary from approximately 20% to more than 80% depending on the patient’s remission status at the time when preparation for AHCT is begun. Relapse of the underlying disease is the major source of treatment failure. The clinical use of AHCT with all of its potential risks and side effects is justified only when 3 conditions are met: that the overall treatment approach is optimized, that patients receive treatment according to clinical research protocols, and that outcome data are reported in the scientific literature and/or to organized transplantation registries (Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant Registry in the United States [ABMT], European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation [EBMT]). Several opportunities that either singly or in combination can contribute to improved outcome results of AHCT are listed in Table 2. The following discussion is intended to demonstrate that advances made through successful translational research have led to favorable results in the area of AHCT, with treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) serving as an example.
The spatial properties of the human electroretinogram.

Abstract : A technique was developed for recording the electroretinogram of any small region of the human retina. Responses to stray light and suppressed by steady illumination of the whole retina outside the geometrical image of the stimulus. The technique is easily capable of detecting the blind spot, and of examining the electrical response to a stimulus of 2 degree diameter centered on the fixation point. For stimuli larger than several square degrees, the electroretinogram shows exact spatial additivity. On a finer scale it is at least roughly additive. The foveal electroretinogram differs in shape from the extrafoveal. The electroretinograms of different regions of the extrafoveal retina differ greatly one from another in their amplitude per unit area of retina, but little if at all in their shape. (Author)
Opioid-Induced Gastrointestinal Dysfunction (OGD): A Questionnaire Survey of Chronic Opioid Users

In order to gain insight into the symptoms of opioid-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction, we conducted a questionnaire survey among 119 daily prescription-opioid users, also to understand how they deal with the dysfunction, with or without physician assistance, using the abundantly available, over-the-counter constipation remedies. Almost 80% had constipation, as opposed to almost 20% before taking opioids, and more than 60% had constipation despite the use of constipation remedies. More than half had bowel movements 1 to 3 times per week, which was the case in slightly over 20% before taking opioids. Despite the use of constipation remedies, straining, incomplete evacuation, rectal impaction, and hard stool were common. Of these symptoms, hard stool was considered to be the most bothersome, followed by flatulence, abdominal discomfort/pain, false alarm, and abdominal bloating. Relatively serious complications of the constipation, such as hemorrhoids, anal fissures, rectal impaction, and rectal prolapse, were reported by 20% to 40% of patients. Of the stomach symptoms per se, anorexia and acid reflux were relatively common, warranting the term opioid-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction.
Compromised Arterial Oxygen Saturation in Elderly Asthma Sufferers Results in Selective Cognitive Impairment

Forty elderly patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) were compared to a comparison group of forty age-matched healthy volunteers on a range of measures of cognitive performance, and levels of arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation recorded. Members of the patient group were found to have significantly lower oxygen saturation compared to the comparison group, and performed significantly poorer on tests of delayed word recall and serial subtractions, but not on other tasks. Correlational analysis between participants’ oxygen saturation levels and test scores across the whole sample indicated significant positive relationships existed for the digit symbol substitution and serial subtractions tasks. The results are discussed in terms of cerebral oxygen delivery, glucose metabolism, age related cognitive decline, and relative task demands. This study was supported by GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, UK.
A Survey of the Different Types of Vector Space Partitions

A {\it vector space partition} is here a collection $\mathcal P$ of subspaces of a finite vector space $V(n,q)$, of dimension $n$ over a finite field with $q$ elements, with the property that every non zero vector is contained in a unique member of $\mathcal P$. Vector space partitions relates to finite projective planes, design theory and error correcting codes. In the first part of the talk I will discuss some relations between vector space partitions and other branches of mathematics. The other part of the talk contains a survey of known results on the type of a vector space partition, more precisely: the theorem of Beutelspacher and Heden on $\mathrm{T}$-partitions, rather recent results of El-Zanati et al. on the different types that appear in the spaces V(n,2), for $n\leq8$, a result of Heden and Lehmann on vector space partitions and maximal partial spreads including their new necessary condition for the existence of a vector space partition, and furthermore, I will give a theorem of Heden on the length of the tail of a vector space partition. Finally, I will also give a few historical remarks.
Pinacidil's Effects on Defibrillation Outcomes: Role of Increased Potassium Conductance Via the KATP Channel

Background: It has been shown that the inhibition of potassium ion conductance decreases defibrillation threshold. We postulated that if potassium conductance is a primary mechanism affecting defibrillation threshold values, then increasing potassium ion conductance will increase defibrillation values. The primary objective of this study was to determine if the ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channel opener pinacidil would increase defibrillation threshold values. The second objective was to prove that the observed changes were due to potassium conductance by using the KATP inhibitor, glyburide, to reverse the electrophysio logic actions of pinacidil. The third objective was to determine if the electrophysiology actions of pinacidil correlate with changes in defibrillation threshold value. Methods and Results: Domestic farm swine (n = 14) were anesthetized and intubated. Subsequently, they were instrumented with monophasic action potential catheters and epi cardial defibrillation patches. Defibrillation threshold values, action potential duration, effective refractory period, and ventricular fibrillation cycle length were determined at base line and during treatment phase 1 and treatment phase 2. Pigs were randomized into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 6) received D5W in treatment phase one followed by D5W in treatment phase 2 and group 2 (n = 8) received pinacidil in treatment phase one followed by the addi tion of glyburide in treatment phase two. DFTED50 did not change at baseline, treatment phase one or treatment phase two for group 1 (10.5 ± 2, 11.1 ± 1.7, 10.5 ± 1.0 J) or for group 2 (10.1 ± 2.2, 11.4 ± 4.2, 11.4 ± 3.0 J). Electrophysiologic parameters (QRS, effec tive refractory period, action potential duration 90, and ventricular fibrillation cycle length) were not significantly changed from baseline in group 1. In contrast, effective refractory period, action potential duration90, and ventricular fibrillation cycle length significantly decreased at all recorded sites after the administration of pinacidil in group 2 (range of 7-13%, 6-9%, and 12-17%, respectively). However, pinacidil did not change the basal level of dispersion in effective refractory period, action potential duration, and ventricular fibrillation cycle length during paced rhythm or ventricular fibrillation. Glyburide reversed pinacidil's electrophysiologic actions. Conclusions: Pinacidil does not alter defibrillation threshold, but it reduces effective refractory period, action potential duration, and ventricular fibrillation cycle length and does not increase electrical heterogeneity. Therefore, changes in potassium channel conductance as well as short ening repolarization are unlikely primary mechanisms for elevating defibrillation threshold.
Efficacy of fluticasone nasal spray for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.

OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that a 6-week course of a nasal glucocorticoid spray would decrease the severity of obstructive sleep apnea in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a randomized, triple-blind, placebocontrolled, parallel-group trial of nasal fluticasone propionate versus placebo in 25 children aged 1 to 10 years with obstructive sleep apnea proven on polysomnography. The primary outcome was the change from baseline in the frequency of mixed and obstructive apneas and hypopneas. RESULTS Thirteen children received fluticasone, and 12 received placebo. The mixed/obstructive apnea/hypopnea index decreased from 10.7 +/- 2.6 (SE) to 5.8 +/- 2.2 in the fluticasone group but increased from 10.9 +/- 2.3 to 13.1 +/- 3.6 in the placebo group, P =. 04. The mixed/obstructive apnea/hypopnea index decreased in 12 of 13 subjects treated with fluticasone versus 6 of 12 treated with placebo, P =. 03. The frequencies of hemoglobin desaturation and respiratory movement/arousals also decreased more in the fluticasone group. Changes from baseline in tonsillar size, adenoidal size, and symptom score were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION Nasal fluticasone decreased the frequency of mixed and obstructive apneas and hypopneas, suggesting that topical corticosteroids may be helpful in ameliorating pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.
Osteopontin: a new addition to the constellation of cytokines which drive T helper cell type 1 responses in Crohn’s disease

Osteopontin, a cytokine which promotes Th1 immune responses, is overexpressed in the gut of patients with Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. The main cellular source of this cytokine appears to be gut plasma cells. Crohn’s disease appears to be caused by an excessive CD4+ T helper cell type I response directed against undefined antigens of the commensal bacterial flora.1 T cells from affected areas of Crohn’s disease mucosa produce enhanced amounts of interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor α. Other markers of Th1 cells, such as expression of the transcription factor T-bet, the high affinity β2 chain of the interleukin 12 (IL-12) receptor, and activated STAT4, all indicate that the mucosal environment in Crohn’s disease favours Th1 polarisation.1 It is important to emphasise that CD4 T cells in normal bowel are also Th1 skewed and express T-bet, so that the differences seen in Crohn’s disease are quantitative rather than qualitative.2 Normal mucosal T cells are however susceptible to apoptosis, whereas this is not the case in Crohn’s disease,3 suggesting that it is the persistence and accumulation of Th1 cells which drives tissue injury. Factors which commit virgin T cells to the Th1 or Th2 pathway are still under investigation. T-bet appears to be of primary importance.4 It is induced by IFN-γ itself and is capable of promoting IFN-γ production, not only in Th1 cells, but also in Th2 cells. T-bet also increases expression of the IL-12Rβ2 chain. Macrophage and dendritic cell derived IL-12 is crucial in Th1 immune responses.5 The …
Angiotensin II Upregulates CaV1.2 Protein Expression in Cultured Arteries via Endothelial H2O2 Production

Background: We previously reported that angiotensin II caused an endothelial-dependent increase in L-type voltage-dependent Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel (Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2) in cultured arteries, but the signaling pathways are not clear. Methods: Endothelial damage was generated by brief intra-arterial perfusion with 0.3% CHAPS. Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2 expression, function and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> were measured by Western blot, tension recording and Amplex Red H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> assay kit, respectively. Results: Angiotensin II dose-dependently upregulated Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2 expression in endothelium-intact arteries. The angiotensin II upregulation of Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2 expression in endothelium-intact arteries was blocked by NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), apocynin, a more specific NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor gp91ds-tat and also by catalase. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> similarly upregulated Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2 expression in endothelium-intact and endothelium-damaged arteries, and the latter effect was also blocked by DPI and apocynin. Angiotensin II increased H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production by endothelium-intact but not by endothelium-damaged arteries, and this effect was blocked by apocynin, catalase and gp91ds-tat. The upregulation of Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2 by angiotensin II and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is accompanied by an increased tension response to KCl and the Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel activator FPL 64176, and this effect was also attenuated by gp91ds-tat. Conclusion: These results suggest that angiotensin II stimulates endothelial NAD(P)H oxidase-produced H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2,</sub> which may additionally act through vascular smooth muscle NAD(P)H oxidase, to upregulate vascular Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2 protein.
US protected lands mismatch biodiversity priorities

Significance The United States has one of the oldest and most sophisticated systems of protected areas in the world. Given the large amount of information on the country’s biodiversity, and the potential resources available, one might expect it to do well in protecting biodiversity. We find that it does not. The United States protected areas do not adequately cover the country’s unique species. To improve the coverage, we map priorities for multiple taxa and recommend specific areas for immediate conservation attention. These areas contain a mix of public and private land, meaning that major progress in conservation will require actions in both the public and private sectors, and will succeed only if done in the correct areas. Because habitat loss is the main cause of extinction, where and how much society chooses to protect is vital for saving species. The United States is well positioned economically and politically to pursue habitat conservation should it be a societal goal. We assessed the US protected area portfolio with respect to biodiversity in the country. New synthesis maps for terrestrial vertebrates, freshwater fish, and trees permit comparison with protected areas to identify priorities for future conservation investment. Although the total area protected is substantial, its geographic configuration is nearly the opposite of patterns of endemism within the country. Most protected lands are in the West, whereas the vulnerable species are largely in the Southeast. Private land protections are significant, but they are not concentrated where the priorities are. To adequately protect the nation’s unique biodiversity, we recommend specific areas deserving additional protection, some of them including public lands, but many others requiring private investment.