Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Note–Taking and Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities: Challenges and Solutions

As more secondary students with learning disabilities (LD) enroll in advanced content–area classes and are expected to pass state exams, they are faced with the challenge of mastering difficult concepts and abstract vocabulary while learning content. Once in these classes, students must learn from lectures that move at a quick pace, record accurate and complete notes, and then demonstrate their mastery of the content on tests. This article provides an overview of the challenges faced by students with LD in content–area classes and discusses the problems that students have learning from lectures and recording notes. Further, the article discusses theory and research related to note–taking and presents note–taking interventions that teachers can use to help students improve their note–taking skills, and ultimately, improve their achievement in these classes.
Letter to the...

To The Editor: The authors (Yoshimoto T, Sakamoto T, Watanabe T, Tanaka S, Suzuki J: Experimental Cerebral Infarction. Part 3: Protective Effect of Mannitol in Thalamic Infarction in Dogs. Stroke 9: 217, 1978) are grateful to Dr. D. G. Hardy for his comment (Letters, Stroke 9: 524, 1978). The article by Dr. Hardy (The effect of intracarotid mannitol on the cerebral blood flow) and referred to by him evaluates only the effect of mannitol in improving cerebral blood flow during arterial occlusion and does not present the relationship between the changes of blood flow and infarctions. In any study to determine whether or not a drug can effectively prevent infarction in ischemic brain tissue, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug by histological studies, postischemic infarction, necrosis, etc. If the discussion by Dr. Hardy was intended to infer indirectly that by improving cerebral circulation, infarction can be prevented, we are pleased that his work may help to elucidate our belief. The latter was originally presented in the preliminary stage with documented evidence in the Presidential Address by J. Suzuki at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Neurosurgical Society, Sendai, Japan, Oct. 22, 1974.
Effects of genetic background on tumorigenesis in p53‐deficient mice

Mice with disrupted germline p53 alleles have been engineered by us and others and have been shown to have enhanced susceptibility to spontaneous tumors of various types. We monitored a large number of p53‐deficient mice(p53+/− and p53−/−) and their wild‐type littermates(p53+/+) of two different genetic backgrounds(129/5v and mixed C57BL/6 × 129/5v) up to 2 yr of age.p53+/− and p53−/− 129/Sv mice show accelerated tumorigenesis rates compared with their p53‐deficient counterparts of mixed C57BL/6 × 129/Sv genetic background. The tumor spectra of the two strains of mice are similar except that almost half of 129/Sv p53−/− males develop malignant teratomas, whereas these tumors are rarely observed in C57BL/6 × 129/Sv mice and never in 129/Sv p53+/− males. In the study reported here, we further characterized the lymphomas that arose in the p53‐nullizygous mice and found that over three‐quarters of the lymphomas were of thymic origin and contained primarily immature(CD4+/CD8+) T‐cells, whereas the remainder originated in the spleen and peripheral lymph nodes and were of B‐cell type. The high incidence of early‐onset lymphomas in the nullizygous mice makes these animals a good lymphoma model, whereas the heterozygous mice may be a useful model for Li‐Fraumeni syndrome, a human inherited cancer predisposition. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Male and Female Reproduction1

Abstract In Westernized societies, average consumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) far exceeds nutritional requirements. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs is generally >10:1 whereas on a primitive human diet it was closer to 1:1. Diets fed to intensively farmed livestock have followed a similar trend. Both n-6 and n-3 PUFAs can influence reproductive processes through a variety of mechanisms. They provide the precursors for prostaglandin synthesis and can modulate the expression patterns of many key enzymes involved in both prostaglandin and steroid metabolism. They are essential components of all cell membranes. The proportions of different PUFAs in tissues of the reproductive tract reflect dietary consumption. PUFA supplements (particularly n-3 PUFAs in fish oil) are promoted for general health reasons. Fish oils may also benefit fertility in cattle and reduce the risk of preterm labor in women, but in both cases current evidence to support this is inconclusive. Gamma-linolenic acid containing oils can alter the types of prostaglandins produced by cells in vitro, but published data to support claims relating to effects on reproductive health are lacking. Spermatozoa require a high PUFA content to provide the plasma membrane with the fluidity essential at fertilization. However, this makes spermatozoa particularly vulnerable to attack by reactive oxygen species, and lifestyle factors promoting oxidative stress have clear associations with reduced fertility. Adequately powered trials that control for the ratios of different PUFAs consumed are required to determine the extent to which this aspect of our diets does influence our fertility.
Needle in the neural haystack: EEG signatures of concept learning while viewing naturalistic educational materials

The goal of this study is to take major steps toward bridging the gap between research and practice by more directly exploring the relationship between instruction and learning. This involves applying tools from neuroscience to provide fine-grained analysis of learners’ neural responses to instructional materials as they are presented in real-time. Specifically, we have piloted an experiment where college-age participants view pre-recorded human anatomy lectures during wireless electroencephalograph recording (EEG) and concurrent eye tracking. Learning was assessed using a pre-post multiple-choice test of basic concepts presented during instruction. This allowed us to look for reliable electrophysiological differences at the time of instruction between participants who learn and do not learn the same material. By identifying the neural markers that accompany successful knowledge encoding using realistic educational materials, we may ultimately use these markers to explore additional instructional context effects on, and infer neural and cognitive processes involved in student learning.
A mathematical model of liver metabolism: from steady state to dynamic

The increase in Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders has led to an intense focus on the areas of research related to metabolism. Because the liver is essential in regulating metabolite concentrations that maintain life, it is especially important to have good knowledge of the functions within this organ. In silico mathematical models that can adequately describe metabolite concentrations, flux and transport rates in the liver in vivo can be a useful predictive tool. Fully dynamic models, which contain expressions for Michaelis-Menten reaction kinetics can be utilized to investigate different metabolic states, for example exercise, fed or starved state. In this paper we describe a two compartment (blood and tissue) spatially lumped liver metabolism model. First, we use Bayesian Flux Balance Analysis (BFBA) to estimate the values of flux and transport rates at steady state, which agree closely with values from the literature. These values are then used to find a set of Michaelis-Menten parameters and initial concentrations which identify a dynamic model that can be used for exploring different metabolic states. In particular, we investigate the effect of doubling the concentration of lactate entering the system via the hepatic artery and portal vein. This change in lactate concentration forces the system to a new steady state, where glucose production is increased.
Justice through participation: student engagement in Nordic classrooms

ABSTRACT In this article, we approach large questions regarding justice and equality in the Nordic classrooms. A substantial body of previous research emphasises the importance of student engagement in teaching and learning. Drawing on video data from Norway, Sweden and Finland, we focus on whole-class teaching, i.e. situations in which the teacher addresses the class from the front of the classroom, to investigate justice trough participation. We have approached our topic through two concerns: student participation in classroom discourse and student engagement as providing access to content. Our findings seem to pose some serious challenges for the Nordic welfare society vision of classrooms as core societal hubs for justice and equality. While whole-class teaching is one of the primary tools available for attempting to achieve justice and equality for all, this interaction format seems to contain inherent constraints that do not support equitable student engagement. Further, the way the Nordic classrooms have responded so far to the massive digitisation in their societies seems to pose serious questions rather than provide comforting answers.
Are Major Dissociative Disorders Characterized by a Qualitatively Different Kind of Dissociation?

A total of 66 patients with a major dissociative disorder, 54 patients with nondissociative disorders, and 30 nonclinical controls were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Dissociative Disorders–Revised, the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation, and the Symptom Checklist 90–Revised. Dissociative patients reported significantly more dissociative and nondissociative symptoms than did nondissociative patients and nonclinical controls. When general psychopathology was controlled, the dissociation scores of dissociative patients were still significantly higher than those of both other groups, whereas the dissociation scores of nondissociative patients and nonclinical controls no longer differed. These findings appear to be congruent with a typological model of dissociation that distinguishes between 2 qualitatively different kinds of dissociation. Specifically, the results of this study suggest that the dissociation that occurs in major dissociative disorders (i.e., dissociative identity disorder [DID] and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified, Type 1 [DDNOS-1]) is qualitatively different from the dissociation that occurs in persons who do not have a dissociative disorder. In contrast to previous research, the dissociation of persons who do not have a dissociative disorder is not limited to absorption; it covers a much wider range of phenomena. The authors hypothesize that different mechanisms produce the dissociation of persons with DID and DDNOS-1 as opposed to the dissociation of persons who do not have a dissociative disorder.
Sensitivity of 14-3-3 protein test varies in subtypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Background: The increase of the 14-3-3 protein in CSF is used as a diagnostic test in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), but the sensitivity and specificity of the 14-3-3 test are disputed. One reason for the dispute may be the recently established heterogeneity of sporadic CJD. The relationship between CSF 14-3-3 protein and sporadic CJD subtypes, distinguished by electrophoretic mobility of proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrPSc) and genotype at codon 129 of the prion protein gene, has not been elucidated. Methods: The authors examined the 14-3-3 protein test in 90 patients with sporadic CJD. PrPSc type (type 1 or type 2) and the genotype at polymorphic codon 129 were determined in each patient. Mutations were excluded by prion gene sequencing. Results: The authors’ findings indicate that the sensitivity of the 14-3-3 test is higher in patients with molecular features of the classic sporadic CJD than in patients with the nonclassic CJD subtypes. The difference appears to be related to the PrPSc type and not to the codon 129 genotype. Disease duration before 14-3-3 testing might also have an influence because it was shorter in classic sporadic CJD. Conclusion: The Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease clinical subtype should be considered when interpreting results of the 14-3-3 test.
Exact determination of the phase in neutron reflectometry.

We show that by using a known reference layer having three tunable values of scattering density, an exact determination of the complex amplitude {ital R}=Re{ital R}+{ital i} Im{ital R} for neutron specular reflection can be made for any unknown real potential (i.e., no absorption). This straightforward yet remarkable general result is valid even in the dynamical regime (where the conventional Born approximation fails) and makes it feasible to consider direct inversion methods for obtaining the scattering length density profile normal to the reflecting surface.
Far-Ultraviolet Observations of the Ophiuchus Region with SPEAR

We present the first far-ultraviolet (FUV; 1370-1670 Å) image of the Ophiuchus molecular cloud region, observed with the SPEAR imaging spectrograph. The flux levels of the diffuse FUV continuum are in reasonable agreement with those of the Voyager observations in the shorter FUV wavelengths (912-1216 Å), provided that the diffuse FUV emission is dominated by the spectra from late O- and early B-type stars. The observed region of the present study was divided into five subregions according to their FUV intensities, and the spectrum was obtained for each subregion with prominent H2 fluorescent emission lines. A synthetic model of the H2 fluorescent emission indicates that the molecular cloud has more or less uniform physical parameters over the Ophiuchus region, with a hydrogen density nH of 500 cm−3 and a H2 column density N(H2) of 2 × 1020 cm−2. It is notable that the observed diffuse FUV continuum is well reproduced by a single-scattering model with scattered starlight from the dust cloud located at ~120-130 pc, except at a couple of regions with high optical depth. The model also gives reasonable properties of the dust grains of the cloud with an albedo a of 0.36 ± 0.20 and a phase function asymmetry factor g of 0.52 ± 0.22.
Whole genome analysis of the action of interferon-beta.

OBJECTIVES To characterize the IFNbeta1a-regulated gene expression on leukocytes of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients using microarrays with whole human genome representation. METHODS Genes differentially expressed by interferon-beta were identified by a microarray in vitro study performed in leukocytes obtained from 5 MS relapsing-remitting patients. RESULTS Following the culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS relapsing-remitting patients for 24 hs with IFNbeta1a, the expression of 868 genes was modified: 545 increased (including CXCL11, CCL8, INDO, IFI27, CFB, CXCL10 and IFIT1) and 323 diminished (including RBP7, SEPT5, RNF8, ADORA2B and FOS). CONCLUSIONS Since many of them were previously recognized as involved in MS pathogenesis, the IFNbeta1a mechanism of action could imply a compensatory regulation of systems deregulated in MS.
Capturing the Four-Factor Structure of Psychopathy in College Students Via Self-Report

A number of self-report psychopathy scales have been used successfully in both clinical and nonclinical settings. However, their factor structure does not adequately capture the four factors (Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, and Antisocial) recently identified in the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 2003) and related measures. This deficit was addressed by upgrading the Self Report Psychopathy Scale (SRP-II; Hare, Hemphill, & Harpur, 1989). In Study 1 (N = 249), an exploratory factor analysis of this experimental version revealed oblique factors similar to those outlined by Hare (2003). In Study 2 (N = 274), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed this structure, that is, four distinct but intercorrelated factors. The factors exhibited appropriate construct validity in a nomological network of related personality measures. Links with self-reports of offensive activities (including entertainment preferences and behavior) also supported the construct validity of the oblique four-factor model.
The early summertime Saharan heat low: sensitivity of the radiation budget and atmospheric heating to water vapour and dust aerosol

Abstract. The Saharan heat low (SHL) is a key component of the west African climate system and an important driver of the west African monsoon across a range of timescales of variability. The physical mechanisms driving the variability in the SHL remain uncertain, although water vapour has been implicated as of primary importance. Here, we quantify the independent effects of variability in dust and water vapour on the radiation budget and atmospheric heating of the region using a radiative transfer model configured with observational input data from the Fennec field campaign at the location of Bordj Badji Mokhtar (BBM) in southern Algeria (21.4 ∘ N, 0.9 ∘ E), close to the SHL core for June 2011. Overall, we find dust aerosol and water vapour to be of similar importance in driving variability in the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation budget and therefore the column-integrated heating over the SHL ( ∼ 7 W m −2 per standard deviation of dust aerosol optical depth – AOD). As such, we infer that SHL intensity is likely to be similarly enhanced by the effects of dust and water vapour surge events. However, the details of the processes differ. Dust generates substantial radiative cooling at the surface ( ∼ 11 W m −2 per standard deviation of dust AOD), presumably leading to reduced sensible heat flux in the boundary layer, which is more than compensated by direct radiative heating from shortwave (SW) absorption by dust in the dusty boundary layer. In contrast, water vapour invokes a radiative warming at the surface of ∼ 6 W m −2 per standard deviation of column-integrated water vapour in kg m −2 . Net effects involve a pronounced net atmospheric radiative convergence with heating rates on average of 0.5 K day −1 and up to 6 K day −1 during synoptic/mesoscale dust events from monsoon surges and convective cold-pool outflows (“haboobs”). On this basis, we make inferences on the processes driving variability in the SHL associated with radiative and advective heating/cooling. Depending on the synoptic context over the region, processes driving variability involve both independent effects of water vapour and dust and compensating events in which dust and water vapour are co-varying. Forecast models typically have biases of up to 2 kg m −2 in column-integrated water vapour (equivalent to a change in 2.6 W m −2 TOA net flux) and typically lack variability in dust and thus are expected to poorly represent these couplings. An improved representation of dust and water vapour and quantification of associated radiative impact in models is thus imperative to further understand the SHL and related climate processes.
Robust controller design for the active mass driver benchmark problem

We develop a robust controller design for the active mass driver (AMD) benchmark problem. The design process is based around the D-K iteration procedure for (complex) /spl mu/ synthesis, together with a balanced truncation procedure to reduce the controller order. The final design is a third order linear controller, which utilizes only four accelerometer measurements, and has desirable rolloff properties (i.e., small required bandwidth, and a high degree of robustness). Despite the simplicity of the controller, it is able to deliver good performance, while using only modest control authority.
Preliminary experience in the use of preoperative echo-guided left stellate ganglion block in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE Pulmonary arterial (PA) vasoconstriction in cardiac surgery can originate from the action of combined humoral, endothelial, and sympathetic tone changes. The consequence of PA vasoconstriction is pulmonary hypertension (PHT) and, when present after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), can predispose to right ventricular dysfunction. Right ventricular dysfunction after CPB is a serious complication with high mortality rates. The extent to which sympathetic blockade could reduce PA vasoconstriction and reduce PHT is unknown. Pharmacologic stellate ganglion block (SGB) has been associated with a reduction in PHT, but its role and mechanism in cardiac surgery have not been described. Thus, the goal of the study was to test the hypothesis that echo-guided left SGB, performed before the induction of general anesthesia, could prevent PA pressure increases during CPB weaning. DESIGN A prospective cohort study in cardiac surgical patients. SETTING A tertiary care university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Forty cardiac surgical patients. INTERVENTIONS A left SGB was performed immediately before the induction of general anesthesia under ultrasound guidance and was compared with matched control patients. Standard hemodynamic and electrocardiographic monitoring was performed, and blood gas samples were drawn at specific predetermined time points for analysis. Rhythm disorders, echocardiographic parameters that included wall motion abnormalities, and biochemical parameters of myocardial ischemia were measured by an observer blinded to the allocated group. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Marked improvement in the PaO(2)/F(I)O(2) ratio in the SGB group was observed (mean difference = 77 mmHg, p = 0.0001). There were no differences between the groups in PA pressure over time during the procedure; central venous pressure was higher in the SGB group (p =0.0184). Reductions of right ventricular fractional area change (p = 0.0331) and tricuspid annulus displacement (p = 0.0048) were observed in the SGB group. The CK-MB was 1.5 times higher in the SGB group (p = 0.0211), but no patients developed myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS Left SBG was associated with improved oxygenation that could partially explain its mechanism in acute PHT. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the usefulness of this technique in patients with a high risk of PHT during separation from CPB.
Women's Work Plans: Contrasting Expectations and Actual Work Experience.

The authors use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Young Women in the United States to examine how young womens plans affect their subsequent work experiences and earnings. The results suggest that "eighty percent of women with work plans were in the labor force while 50 percent who did not plan to work were employed; those women with consistent work expectations earned higher wages. " (EXCERPT)