Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-term cumulative detection of human papillomavirus among HIV seropositive women

Objective:To estimate the effects of infection by HIV on the type-specific cumulative detection of cervicovaginal infection by human papillomavirus (HPV). Design:Retrospective assessment of prospectively collected data in a multicenter US cohort. Methods:HIV-seropositive and at-risk seronegative participants in the Women's Interagency HIV Study were followed semiannually for up to 11 years. HPV typing was determined from cervicovaginal lavage specimens by PCR; types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68 were considered carcinogenic. Results:Among the 3438 women enrolled (2543 HIV-seropositive, 895 seronegative), the cumulative detection of any HPV infection rose among HIV-seropositive women from 53% at baseline to 92% at 8 years, and among seronegative women from 22 to 66% (P < 0.0001 for HIV-seropositive vs. seronegative women). The 8-year cumulative detection of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic HPV was 67 and 89% among HIV-seropositive, and 36 and 56% among seronegative women (P = 0.001 for both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic HPV). The 8-year cumulative detection of HPV16 and HPV18 was 15.2 and 15.0% in HIV-seropositive, and 6.7 and 6.1% in HIV-seronegative women (P < 0.0001 for both). In multivariable regression analyses, lower CD4+ cell count, age under 30 years, and smoking, but not number of lifetime sexual partners, were significant correlates of cumulative HPV detection. Conclusion:More than 90% of the HIV-seropositive women have HPV detected during a long follow-up. The rates are lower among at-risk HIV-seronegative women, though most also develop HPV infections.
The role of co-evolutionary development and value change debt in navigating transitioning cultural landscapes: the case of Southern Transylvania

Cultural landscapes and their social–ecological values are threatened by changing lifestyles, policies and land-use practices, making their appropriate management a key sustainability challenge. Drawing on five years of interdisciplinary research in Transylvania, we conceptualise the notion of a ‘landscape interface’ – the intersection between the ecological and social subsystems, which through time, shapes and is shaped by the local value system. The landscape interface is a source of system continuity and stability. In Transylvania, many locals still act according to the value system associated with a disappearing landscape interface, a phenomenon we term a ‘value change debt. ’ We argue that the erosion of the old value system, together with the weakening of the landscape interface, threatens sustainability – whereas reconnecting social–ecological feedback and thus strengthening the landscape interface could foster sustainability. The new conceptual perspective proposed here could foster greater understanding of cultural landscapes, including the social dimension of human–environment interactions.
Blastic variant of mantle cell lymphoma shows a heterogenous pattern of somatic mutations of the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain variable genes

Mantle cell lymphoma is a distinct clinicopathological entity associated with t(11;14) and cyclin D1 overexpression. The majority of cases show uniform morphological and phenotypic features characterized by a monotonous proliferation of small‐to‐medium‐sized irregular B cells that express CD5 and bright surface immunoglobulin IgM and IgD. By sequence analysis of the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain variable genes (VH), it has been shown that these lymphoma cells carry little if no somatic mutations, as described for the fetal CD5+ cells or B1 cells. Besides mantle cell lymphoma with classic histological features, a morphological variant of mantle cell lymphoma with blastic features and a more aggressive clinical course has been described. To investigate whether this variant is closely related, by the cell of origin, to typical cases, we analysed the presence and the pattern of somatic mutations of the VH genes in a series of nine cases diagnosed as such. Our cases of blastic mantle cell lymphomas rearrange most frequently VH4 and VH3 family genes. In three cases there was a complete homology to published germline genes, and a near complete homology was documented in another three. In contrast, the remaining three cases showed somatic mutations in their rearranged VH genes. Mutation analysis revealed evidence for antigen selection in one of these three cases. Taken together, these data are similar to those of normal adult‐type B1 cells and those described for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) but slightly different to those reported for classic mantle cell lymphoma. It is likely that blastic mantle cell lymphoma as well as CLL originates from adult‐type B1 cells. More cases will need to be studied to determine whether classic mantle cell lymphoma is different from the blastic subtype and if it arises from fetal‐type B1 cells.
Key practices of equality within long parental leaves

The birth of a child often reinforces an unequal division of employment and care work among heterosexual couples. Parental leave programmes that foster long leaves tend to increase this inequality within couples. However, by investigating a particularly long parental leave system, we show that specific practices enable parents to share care work equally. Our ethnographic study includes interviews with heterosexual couples, observations in prenatal classes and information material available to parents. Specific sets of practices – managing economic security, negotiating employment, sharing information with peers and feeding practices – involved parents who shared care work equally and parents who divided care work unequally. Contingent on specific situated practices, the arrangement of care work shifted in an equal or unequal direction. Even within long parental leaves, equality between parents was facilitated when economic security was provided through means other than income, when work hours were flexible, mothers had a close relationship to work, information on sharing equally was available and children were bottle-fed. Consequently, an equal share of care work is not the effect of solely structural, individual, cultural or normative matters, but of their entanglement in practices.
The technical report on sodium intake and cardiovascular disease in low- and middle-income countries by the joint working group of the World Heart Federation, the European Society of Hypertension and the European Public Health Association.

Ingestion of sodium is essential to health, but excess sodium intake is a risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Defining an optimal range of sodium intake in populations has been challenging and controversial. Clinical trials evaluating the effect of sodium reduction on blood pressure have shown blood pressure lowering effects down to sodium intake of less than 1.5 g/day. Findings from these blood pressure trials form the basis for current guideline recommendations to reduce sodium intake to less than 2.3 g/day. However, these clinical trials employed interventions that are not feasible for population-wide implementation (i.e. feeding studies or intensive behavioural interventions), particularly in low and middle-income countries. Prospective cohort studies have identified the optimal range of sodium intake to reside in the moderate range (3-5 g/day), where the risk of cardiovascular disease and death is lowest. Therefore, there is consistent evidence from clinical trials and observational studies to support reducing sodium intake to less than 5 g/day in populations, but inconsistent evidence for further reductions below a moderate intake range (3-5 g/day). Unfortunately, there are no large randomized controlled trials comparing low sodium intake (< 3 g/day) to moderate sodium intake (3-5 g/day) in general populations to determine the net clinical effects of low sodium intake. Until such trials are completed, it is likely that controversy about optimal sodium intake range will continue. This working group calls for the completion of large definitive clinical trials to clarify the range of sodium intake for optimal cardiovascular health within the moderate to low intake range. We support interventions to reduce sodium intake in populations who consume high sodium intake (> 5 g/day), which should be embedded within an overall healthy dietary pattern.
Chlorpyrifos and lambda cyhalothrin-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes

Pesticides are one of the most potentially harmful chemicals introduced into the environment, and their adverse impacts on non-target organisms can be significant. The present study was conducted to shed light on effects of locally used insecticides chlorpyrifos (CPF) and lambda cyhalothrin (LCT) on oxidative stress biomarkers in human erythrocytes. The activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and protein contents as well as the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and osmotic fragility (OF) were measured in human erythrocytes exposed to CPF at concentrations of 0, 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm and LCT at concentrations of 0, 100, 300, 600, and 800 ppm for 1 h and 3 h at 37°C. MDA levels and OF of erythrocytes were significantly higher in erythrocytes incubated with CPF and LCT at increasing concentrations of both insecticides and increased incubation time. However, erythrocyte CAT and SOD activities were decreased at all concentrations of CPF and LCT tested. Protein oxidation products were decreased at lower doses of CPF (100 and 500 ppm); at higher doses (1000 and 2000 ppm), total protein content was increased compared with control. In contrast LCT was associated with decreased in protein contents at all the concentrations. These results clearly demonstrated that CPF and LCT can induce oxidative stress in human erythrocytes (in vitro).
The Community Treatment Order: Clinical and Ethical Issues

Objective: In the light of recent legislation, this paper reviews the implementation of the Community Treatment Order (CTO) in terms of clinical efficacy and ethical issues involved in its use. The debate surrounding the introduction of CTOs in other countries is explored. Method: A Medline search was conducted and references of recent articles followed up, with attention to Australian, New Zealand and international trends. A review of relevant legislation and government reports was conducted. Results: There has been limited debate in the Australian and New Zealand literature concerning the operation of CTOs. Despite their increasing and widespread use, there is a paucity of research on the efficacy of CTOs. Concerns about their negative effects on civil liberties have been stressed in the United Kingdom and American literature. Conclusions: If the continued use of CTO is to be justified, both clinically and from the civil liberties perspective, controlled research needs to be carried out to identify whether CTOs are more effective than comprehensive assertive community outreach programs in reducing relapse rates and hospitalisation, and increasing compliance. Clinical guidelines concerning who is most likely to respond to such orders need to be developed. Alternatives to the CTO are explored, and future directions in research are outlined.
Poor Agreement between Respiratory Variations in Pulse Oximetry Photoplethysmographic Waveform Amplitude and Pulse Pressure in Intensive Care Unit Patients

Background: To identify fluid responsiveness, a correlation between respiratory variations in pulse pressure (&Dgr;PP) and respiratory variations in pulse oximetry photoplethysmographic waveform amplitude (&Dgr;POP) in mechanically ventilated patients has been demonstrated. To evaluate the agreement between the two methods, knowledge about the repeatability of the methods is imperative. However, no such data exist. Based on knowledge of slow oscillation in skin blood flow, the authors hypothesized that the variability of &Dgr;POP would be larger than that of &Dgr;PP when calculations were performed continuously over a long recording period. Methods: Respiration, continuous invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and skin microcirculation were recorded in 14 mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. No intravenous fluid challenges were given, and no other interventions were performed during the measurements. Seventy consecutive comparisons between &Dgr;PP and &Dgr;POP were calculated for each of the 14 patients. Results: For all patients, &Dgr;POP was 13.7 ± 5.8% and &Dgr;PP was 5.8 ± 2.6% (P < 0.001). There was a larger intraindividual (8.94 vs. 1.29; P < 0.001) and interindividual (26.01 vs. 5.57; P < 0.001) variance of &Dgr;POP than of &Dgr;PP. In six patients, there was no significant correlation between &Dgr;PP and &Dgr;POP. A Bland–Altman plot showed poor agreement between the two methods. Conclusion: A large variability of &Dgr;POP and a poor agreement between &Dgr;PP and &Dgr;POP limits &Dgr;POP as a tool for evaluation of fluid responsiveness in intensive care unit patients. This is in contrast to &Dgr;PP, which shows a small variability.
To segment or not? That is the question

While a plethora of studies exist identifying tourism segments, limited attention has been directed towards consideration of segment validation. Practically, such an assessment involves carefully thinking about appropriateness of segment selection. Failing to consider whether targeting segments is appropriate based on key criteria limits marketing potential as resources can be wasted targeting differences which are not meaningful. This article involves an assessment of segments using Kotler’s (1988) four criteria to ascertain whether pursuit of different segments is warranted. A total of 2500 winter Northern Norway vacationers’ data was analysed using TwoStep cluster analysis. Two segments were identified but close inspection of the segments using targeting criteria indicated the segments were not actionable. Managerial and research implications are outlined in addition to a research agenda to advance segmentation science.
Design of robust PID controllers

The family of characteristic polynomials of a SISO-PID loop with N representative plant operating conditions is P<sub>i</sub> = Ai(s)(K<sub>I</sub>; + Kps + K<sub>D</sub>s<sup>2</sup>) + B<sub>i</sub>(s), i = 1,2.N. A basic task of robust control design is to find the set of all parameters K<sub>I</sub>, K<sub>P</sub>, K<sub>D</sub>, that simultaneously place the roots of all P<sub>i</sub>(a) into a specified region Γ in the complex plane. For Γ in form of the left half plane it is known that the simultaneously stabilizing region in the (K<sub>D</sub>, K<sub>I</sub>)-plane consists of one or more convex polygons. This fact simplifies the tomographic rendering of the nonconvex set of all simultaneously stabilizing PID controllers by gridding of K<sub>P</sub>. A similar result holds if Γ is the shifted left half plane. In the present paper it is shown that the nice geometric property also holds for circles with arbitrary real center and radius. It is further shown, that it cannot hold for any other Γ-region. A parameter space approach shows, that the roots of a polynomial P<sub>i</sub>(s) with fixed K<sub>P</sub> can cross the imaginary axis in three ways i) at zero, ii) at infinity, iii) at a finite number of singular frequencies ω<sub>k</sub>, k = 1,2,3. M. The singular frequencies ω<sub>k</sub>(K<sub>p</sub>) are first determined as roots of a polynomial. For each ω<sub>k</sub> then a straight line with positive slope ω<sup>2</sup><sub>k</sub> is a boundary in the (K<sub>I</sub>, K<sub>D</sub>)-plane, where a pair of roots of P<sub>i</sub>(s) crosses the imaginary axis at s = ±ω<sub>k</sub>. Finally the resulting stable polygons are selected. Computationally the main task is the factorization of a polynomial for finding ω<sub>k</sub>(K<sub>P</sub>). This step can be avoided by evaluating the inverse function K<sub>P</sub>(ω<sub>k</sub>), which is explicitely given. The results are illustrated by the design of an additional PID controller for improved performance of a robustly decoupled car steering control system.
Comparison of Asymmetrically Clipped Optical OFDM and DC-Biased Optical OFDM in AWGN

We present theoretical and simulation results for the performance of asymmetrically-clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) and DC-biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) in AWGN for intensity-modulated direct-detection systems. Constellations from 4 QAM to 1024 QAM are considered. For DCO-OFDM, the optimum bias depends on the constellation size which limits its performance in adaptive systems. ACO-OFDM requires less optical power for a given data rate than DCO-OFDM for all but the largest constellations and is better suited to adaptive systems as the same structure is optimum for all constellations.
Neuronal Injury Following Electrically Induced Status Epilepticus with and without Adenosine Receptor Antagonism

Adenosine is thought to act as an endogenous anticonvulsant and neuroprotective substance in the brain. In the present study we compared neuronal death following status epilepticus (SE) induced in the presence of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (8-CPT), an A1-adenosine receptor antagonist, with that following SE induced by continuous hippocampal stimulation. Hippocampal damage was characterized using selective nerve and nonnerve cell markers. Six days after SE, both models produced similar patterns of CA1 and CA3 cell loss and selective loss of parvalbumin and hilar somatostatin-immunoreactive interneurons. Calbindin D28K-immunoreactive interneuron numbers and calbindin D28K immunoreactivity in dentate granule cells remained unchanged although calbindin D28K staining was lost in damaged CA1 neurons. Neuronal injury in these areas was also accompanied by reactive gliosis and microglial proliferation, as well as the production of basic fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 by astrocytes. Although hippocampal damage appeared to be more severe after SE induced in the presence of 8-CPT, this may be due to the increased severity of SE generated in this model.
Chromatin remodeling factor CHD5 is silenced by promoter CpG island hypermethylation in human cancer

Changes in chromatin structure are an essential mechanism for gene regulation (transcription, replication, DNA repair and recombination). ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling enzymes have previously been implicated in maintaining and regulating chromatin structure. These enzymes are divided into several groups including the SWI/SNF, ISWI and CHD families. Although the Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding protein (CHD) family members are involved in key cellular processes, the disrupted regulation of their expression has not been fully assessed. An impairment of chromatin remodeling activity, mediated by promoter CpG island hypermethylation of the described candidate genes, could be key in cancer pathology. Herein, we examine the DNA methylation profiles of CHD family members (CHD1-9) in different tumor types. For all CHDs, CpG island hypermethylation was only observed at the CHD5 promoter in human cancer cell lines and primary tumors, particularly gliomas and colon and breast carcinomas. RT-qPCR analyses correlated CHD5 loss of expression with hypermethylation of the promoter, and restoration of CHD5 mRNA levels upon treatment with a DNA demethylating agent. These results underpin the epigenetic inactivation of the chromating remodeling factor CHD5 as one contributor for the aberrant structural changes of chromatin throughout the genome of the cancer cell.
Functioning and disability in migraine

Objective. To describe functioning and disability in patients with migraine according to the model endorsed by the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF). Design. Adult patients with migraine were consecutively enrolled. The Migraine Disability Assessment score (MIDAS), the ICF checklist and the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHO-DAS II) were administered in individual sessions. Descriptive analyses were performed to report on MIDAS and WHO-DAS II scores. ICF categories reported as a problem by more than 20% of patients were described in detail. Results. One hundred two patients (mean age 43.5; 85.3% females) were enrolled. Mean MIDAS score was 28.2. WHO-DAS II was 18.7, and the most severe limitations are reported in life activities and in participation to social situations. A total of 61 ICF categories reached the threshold of 20%, 19 Body Functions and Structures, 25 Activities and Participation and 17 Environmental Factors. Conclusions. We reported information on a broad set of domains, expanding migraine-specific ones, such as pain and lost workdays that were previously reported in other studies. Our results enable to enlarge the perspective of disability in patients with migraine, considering both symptoms, activities and the role of environmental factors.
Sequence‐specific trans‐activation of the adenovirus EIIa early promoter by the viral EIV transcription unit.

The contribution of adenovirus early genes, other than that of the well‐documented EIa immediate early gene, to the transcriptional regulation of the viral EIIa early transcription unit was examined. HeLa cells were transfected with EIIa‐containing plasmids and co‐transfected with distinct plasmids bearing one of the viral regions EIa, EIII or EIV. Co‐transfection with the EIV‐recombinants, but not the EIII constructs, stimulated specific transcription from the major EIIaE start site (EIIaE1) by 5‐ to 15‐fold, as concluded from quantitative S1 nuclease analysis of cytoplasmic RNA and in vitro nuclear ‘run‐on’ transcription assays. The extent of the EIV‐induced stimulation was similar to that achieved by EIa under identical conditions. However, in contrast to our observations for EIa‐mediated stimulation, where no unique EIIaE1 promoter elements were implicated, maximal induction by EIV requires sequences between positions ‐48 and ‐19 (with respect to the EIIaE1 start site).
Formal Saving in Developing Economies Barriers, Interventions, and Effects

This paper discusses the determinants of and the barriers to formal saving both from the theoretical point of view and based on empirical evidence from various associated interventions and their possible effects at the micro and macroeconomic levels. It presents a comprehensive review of the literature based on a detailed classification of the barriers associated with supply-side factors related to access to financial products and demand-side barriers, related to the use, and frequency of use, of these products. Traditionally, the financial development literature has focused on the barriers associated with the supply of financial services that derive from high information and transaction costs. Recently published literature, however, shows how demand-side barriers, such as lack of trust, the influence of social networks, and certain cognitive biases, among other factors, might be equally important in explaining low or non-existent levels of saving. The paper concludes that such a classification and analysis of the barriers to financial inclusion leads to a deeper understanding of the question of financial inclusion and the actions that need to be taken to address it. JEL Codes: C93, D13, D14, D91, G21, O17 Keywords: barriers, experimental interventions, financial inclusion, saving * Sonia Di Giannatale: Research Professor, Economics Division, Center for Research and Teaching in Economics (CIDE), email: sonia.digiannatale@cide.edu. María José Roa Senior Researcher, Center for Latin American Monetary Studies (CEMLA), email: roa@cemla.org. The authors would like to acknowledge the excellent work carried out by research assistants Alfonsina Frías and Ignacio Garrón, as well as the comments and suggestions made by Philip Keefer, Cesar E. Tamayo, and an anonymous reviewer.