Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An over-massive black hole in a typical star-forming galaxy, 2 billion years after the Big Bang

Black hole out of kilter with theory It is believed that black holes and their host galaxies coevolve, with the feedback from the black hole inducing star formation. Such a scenario requires certain timing and mass constraints for the black hole and the star-forming gas. Trakhtenbrot et al. looked at high–red shift galaxies, when the universe was only about 2 billion years old. They found a black hole that developed to maturity much earlier than would be expected and was about 10% of the total galactic mass—much more than expected. Moreover, star formation continued after it would have been expected to stop. Science, this issue p. 168 Observations reveal that the growth of black holes and star formation do not always occur together. Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies are generally thought to coevolve, so that the SMBH achieves up to about 0.2 to 0.5% of the host galaxy mass in the present day. The radiation emitted from the growing SMBH is expected to affect star formation throughout the host galaxy. The relevance of this scenario at early cosmic epochs is not yet established. We present spectroscopic observations of a galaxy at redshift z = 3.328, which hosts an actively accreting, extremely massive BH, in its final stages of growth. The SMBH mass is roughly one-tenth the mass of the entire host galaxy, suggesting that it has grown much more efficiently than the host, contrary to models of synchronized coevolution. The host galaxy is forming stars at an intense rate, despite the presence of a SMBH-driven gas outflow.
Differential Y‐chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic

The earliest Neolithic sites of Europe are located in Crete and mainland Greece. A debate persists concerning whether these farmers originated in neighboring Anatolia and the role of maritime colonization. To address these issues 171 samples were collected from areas near three known early Neolithic settlements in Greece together with 193 samples from Crete. An analysis of Y‐chromosome haplogroups determined that the samples from the Greek Neolithic sites showed strong affinity to Balkan data, while Crete shows affinity with central/Mediterranean Anatolia. Haplogroup J2b‐M12 was frequent in Thessaly and Greek Macedonia while haplogroup J2a‐M410 was scarce. Alternatively, Crete, like Anatolia showed a high frequency of J2a‐M410 and a low frequency of J2b‐M12. This dichotomy parallels archaeobotanical evidence, specifically that while bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is known from Neolithic Anatolia, Crete and southern Italy; it is absent from earliest Neolithic Greece. The expansion time of YSTR variation for haplogroup E3b1a2‐V13, in the Peloponnese was consistent with an indigenous Mesolithic presence. In turn, two distinctive haplogroups, J2a1h‐M319 and J2a1b1‐M92, have demographic properties consistent with Bronze Age expansions in Crete, arguably from NW/W Anatolia and Syro‐Palestine, while a later mainland (Mycenaean) contribution to Crete is indicated by relative frequencies of V13.
Using graph‐based assessments within socratic tutorials to reveal and refine students' analytical thinking about molecular networks

Biological systems, from the molecular to the ecological, involve dynamic interaction networks. To examine student thinking about networks we used graphical responses, since they are easier to evaluate for implied, but unarticulated assumptions. Senior college level molecular biology students were presented with simple molecular level scenarios; surprisingly, most students failed to articulate the basic assumptions needed to generate reasonable graphical representations; their graphs often contradicted their explicit assumptions. We then developed a tiered Socratic tutorial based on leading questions designed to provoke metacognitive reflection. The activity is characterized by leading questions (prompts) designed to provoke meta‐cognitive reflection. When applied in a group or individual setting, there was clear improvement in targeted areas. Our results highlight the promise of using graphical responses and Socratic prompts in a tutorial context as both a formative assessment for students and an informative feedback system for instructors, in part because graphical responses are relatively easy to evaluate for implied, but unarticulated assumptions.
Understanding the career choices of grade 12 female learners studying technical subjects.

Technology related subjects and careers have historically been dominated by boys and men and these careers are highly valued and well remunerated. The objective of this study was to examine the career choices of grade 12 female learners studying technical subjects. This necessitates understanding of and taking into account, the intricacies of growing up as girls and women within the South African socio-structural and historical context. The study was located at a technical school in KwaZulu Natal and employed mixed methods within an interpretive research paradigm. The sample comprised twenty four grade twelve female learners who completed the questionnaire that explored reasons for selection of technical subjects in school and their subsequent projected career choices. On the basis of their responses on the questionnaire 7 female learners who indicated projected choices of non-technical careers were selected for participation in semi-structured interviews that explored reasons for this. This study draws on social constructivism as a theoretical approach that guided its design, methods and analysis of data. The data from the questionnaire and interviews were interrogated in response to the three critical questions addressed in this study, namely: Why do grade 12 female learners choose technical subjects? What are the projected career choices of grade 12 female learners studying technical subjects? Why do grade 12 female learners studying technical subjects intend choosing non-technical careers? The main findings suggest that there are multiple social and institutional forces that shape female learners choices and experiences in a traditionally male dominated field of study and work. The data from this study suggest that interventions should not view young women in isolation but in continual relation with the female learners’ background. Both are a source for female learners’ challenges and opportunities. There is a need to acknowledge the fluidity of gender constructions by accepting that they are not static constructions but rather dynamic interactions.
Kynurenine metabolism in multiple sclerosis

Objective – Excitatory amino acid receptors are involved in the normal physiology of the brain, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc. It has been demonstrated that the blockade of one of these receptors ameliorates the symptoms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). In a recent study, a decreased level of kynurenic acid was found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with MS. The only known endogenous excitotoxin receptor antagonist is the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid. Another metabolite is quinolinic acid, which exerts different action: it is an excitotoxin receptor agonist. The ratio of these two metabolites is determined by the activities of kynurenine aminotransferase I and II (KAT I and KAT II). In this study, we measured the activities of these enzymes and the concentration of kynurenic acid in the red blood cells (RBC) and in the plasma of patients with MS. KAT activities were detected both in the RBC and in the plasma. As compared with the control subjects, the KAT I and KAT II activities were significantly higher in the RBC of the patients. The concentration of kynurenic acid is elevated in the plasma of MS patients, and there is a tendency to an elevation in the RBC. These changes may indicate a compensatory protective mechanism against excitatory neurotoxic effects. Our data demonstrate the involvement of the kynurenine system in the pathogenesis of MS, which may predict a novel therapeutic intervention.
A prospective, randomized trial of endoscopic hemoclip placement and distilled water injection for treatment of high-risk bleeding ulcers.

BACKGROUND Although endoscopic hemoclip therapy is widely used in the treatment of GI bleeding, there are few prospective trials that assess its efficacy. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of hemoclip placement and distilled water injection for the treatment of high-risk bleeding ulcers. METHODS Seventy-nine patients with major stigmata of ulcer hemorrhage were randomly assigned to either endoscopic hemoclip placement (n = 39) or injection with distilled water (n = 40). RESULTS Initial hemostasis was achieved in all patients treated with hemoclips and 39 treated by distilled water injection (respectively, 100.0% vs. 97.5%; p = 1.00). Bleeding recurred in 4 and 11 of patients, respectively, in the hemoclip and water injection groups. It occurred significantly more frequently in the injection group (hemoclip, 10.3%; injection, 28.2%; p = 0.04). No major procedure-related complication occurred in either group. Emergency operations were performed in 5.1% of patients treated with hemoclips versus 12.5% of those in the water injection group (p = 0.43). Hospital days and mortality rate were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION Endoscopic hemoclip placement is a safe and effective hemostatic method that is superior to distilled water injection for treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer.
Regulation of Type 1 Diabetes by NKT Cells

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease due to the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are a T-cell subset that links the innate and adaptive immune systems. NKT cells play a key regulatory role in type 1 diabetes. The absence of NKT cells correlates with exacerbation of type 1 diabetes, whereas an increased frequency and/or activation of NKT cells prevents β-cell autoimmunity. Various mechanisms are involved in the protective effect of NKT cells. The goal is now to translate knowledge gained from mouse models into human therapeutics.
Effect of abortion vs. carrying to term on a woman's relationship with the man involved in the pregnancy.

CONTEXT When a woman who seeks an abortion cannot obtain one, having a child may reshape her relationship with the man involved in the pregnancy. No research has compared how relationship trajectories are affected by different outcomes of an unwanted pregnancy. METHODS Data from the Turnaway Study, a prospective longitudinal study of women who sought abortion in 2008-2010 at one of 30 U.S. facilities, are used to assess relationships over two years among 862 women who had abortions or were denied them because they had passed the facility's gestational age limit. Mixed-effects models analyze effects of abortion or birth on women's relationships with the men involved. RESULTS At conception, most women (80%) were in romantic relationships with the men involved. One week after seeking abortion, 61% were; two years later, 37% were. Compared with women who obtained an abortion near the facility's gestational age limit, women who gave birth had greater odds of having ongoing contact with the man (odds ratio at two years, 1.7). The odds of romantic involvement at two years did not differ by group; however, the decline in romantic involvement was initially slower among those giving birth. Relationship quality did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Giving birth temporarily prolonged romantic relationships of women in this study; most romantic relationships ended soon, whether or not the woman had an abortion. However, giving birth increased the odds of nonromantic contact between women and the men involved throughout the ensuing two years.
Cat-scratch disease-associated arthropathy.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the articular manifestations of cat-scratch disease (CSD) and to evaluate the long-term clinical outcome of those manifestations. METHODS A community- and hospital-based surveillance study of CSD was conducted in Israel between 1991 and 2002. CSD was defined as present in a patient when a compatible clinical syndrome and a positive confirmatory finding of Bartonella henselae (by serology and/or polymerase chain reaction) were identified. CSD patients with arthropathy (arthritis/arthralgia) that limited or precluded usual activities of daily living constituted the study group. Patients were followed up until > or =6 weeks after resolution of symptoms, or if symptoms persisted, for >/=12 months. CSD patients without arthropathy served as controls. RESULTS Among 841 CSD patients, 24 (2.9%) had rheumatoid factor-negative arthropathy that was often severe and disabling. Both univariate and multivariate analyses identified female sex (67% of arthropathy patients versus 40% of controls; relative risk [RR] 2.5, P = 0.047), age older than 20 years (100% of arthropathy patients versus 43% of controls; RR 4.9, P = 0.001), and erythema nodosum (21% of arthropathy patients versus 2% of controls; RR 7.9, P = 0.001) as variables significantly associated with arthropathy. Knee, wrist, ankle, and elbow joints were most frequently affected. Ten patients (42%) had severe arthropathy in the weight-bearing joints, which substantially limited their ability to walk, and 4 of these patients were hospitalized. All of the patients had regional lymphadenopathy, 37.5% had nocturnal joint pain, and 25% had morning stiffness. Nineteen patients (79.2%) recovered after a median duration of 6 weeks (range 1-24 weeks), whereas 5 patients (20.8%) developed chronic disease persisting 16-53 months (median 30 months) after the onset of arthropathy. CONCLUSION This is the first comprehensive study of arthropathy in CSD. CSD-associated arthropathy is an uncommon syndrome affecting mostly young and middle-age women. It is often severe and disabling, and may take a chronic course.
Parents – child role reversal in trilogue play: Case studies of trajectories from pregnancy to toddlerhood

Abstract Role reversal, whereby a child attempts to meet her parent's adult needs for parenting, intimacy, or companionship, has been identified as a risk factor for developmental disturbances. It has been defined from diverse perspectives as a child attachment strategy, a parent – toddler relational disturbance, and a boundary disturbance between parents and child. The recently discovered infant's triangular capacity, namely the sharing of her attention and affects with both parents, allows one to analyse the infant's contribution to early family dynamics. Role reversal was detected in 4 out of 45 father – mother – infant interactions observed in trilogue play from pregnancy to toddlerhood. The developmental trajectories towards role reversal are explored by means of case analyses. Results are compared with cases of problematic triangulation encountered in the same sample. In role reversal, family interactions are rigidly organized around a “two against one” coalition, whereby the normative hierarchy between parents and child is reversed. The child's triangular capacity is overactivated, controlling the tension between her parents by provocation – animation strategies.
The coat morphogenetic protein SpoVID is necessary for spore encasement in Bacillus subtilis

Endospores formed by Bacillus subtilis are encased in a tough protein shell known as the coat, which consists of at least 70 different proteins. We investigated the process of spore coat morphogenesis using a library of 40 coat proteins fused to green fluorescent protein and demonstrate that two successive steps can be distinguished in coat assembly. The first step, initial localization of proteins to the spore surface, is dependent on the coat morphogenetic proteins SpoIVA and SpoVM. The second step, spore encasement, requires a third protein, SpoVID. We show that in spoVID mutant cells, most coat proteins assembled into a cap at one side of the developing spore but failed to migrate around and encase it. We also found that SpoIVA directly interacts with SpoVID. A domain analysis revealed that the N‐terminus of SpoVID is required for encasement and is a structural homologue of a virion protein, whereas the C‐terminus is necessary for the interaction with SpoIVA. Thus, SpoVM, SpoIVA and SpoVID are recruited to the spore surface in a concerted manner and form a tripartite machine that drives coat formation and spore encasement.
The effect of environmental factors on the suspended bacteria in the Welsh River Dee.

Water samples collected every 8 d from three sites on the Welsh River Dee over 29 months were examined chemically and morphologically and their heterotrophic activities assessed. Bacterial population estimates were regressed on 21 independent environmental variables using multiple linear regression analysis. Prediction equations calculated from 1975–1976 data accounted for 70% of the total variation from an upland site but only 40% for a lowland site. The validity of the prediction equations was examined by correlating the predicted and observed count data of 1977–1978. The correlations of plate count values were significant for the upper (r= 0.64, P 0.05).
The immunology of tonsils in children: The effect of bacterial load on the presence of b‐ and t‐cell subsets

Tonsil core specimens of 54 children, (3 to 12 years) with clinical evidence of chronic tonsillitis and/or “idiopathic” tonsillar hypertrophy, were studied for the effect of the magnitude of aerobic bacterial load on tonsil size and the absolute numbers of B‐ and T‐cell subsets. Tonsillar core specimens obtained from ten children with no history of ear, nose, or throat infections and normal appearing tonsils served as controls.
New Insight into Phaeodactylum tricornutum Fatty Acid Metabolism. Cloning and Functional Characterization of Plastidial and Microsomal Δ12-Fatty Acid Desaturases1,212

In contrast to 16:3 plants like rapeseed (Brassica napus), which contain α-linolenic acid (18:3Δ 9,12,15) and hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3Δ 7,10,13) as major polyunsaturated fatty acids in leaves, the silica-less diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum contains eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5Δ 5,8,11,14,17) and a different isomer of hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3Δ 6,9,12). In this report, we describe the characterization of two cDNAs having sequence homology to Δ12-fatty acid desaturases from higher plants. These cDNAs were shown to code for a microsomal and a plastidial Δ12-desaturase (PtFAD2 and PtFAD6, respectively) by heterologous expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) andSynechococcus, respectively. Using these systems in the presence of exogenously supplied fatty acids, the substrate specificities of the two desaturases were determined and compared with those of the corresponding rapeseed enzymes (BnFAD2 and BnFAD6). The microsomal desaturases were similarly specific for oleic acid (18:1Δ 9), suggesting that PtFAD2 is involved in the biosynthesis of EPA. In contrast, the plastidial desaturase from the higher plant and the diatom clearly differed. Although the rapeseed plastidial desaturase showed high activity toward the ω9-fatty acids 18:1Δ 9 and 16:1Δ 7, in line with the fatty acid composition of rapeseed leaves, the enzyme of P. tricornutum was highly specific for 16:1Δ 9. Our results indicate that in contrast to EPA, which is synthesized in the microsomes, the hexadecatrienoic acid isomer found in P. tricornutum(16:3Δ 6,9,12) is of plastidial origin.
Psychological entitlement and abusive supervision: political skill as a self-regulatory mechanism.

BACKGROUND Abusive supervision in the workplace is steadily increasing. Such behavior has been linked to a host of negative individual and organizational consequences. In a health care environment particularly, such behavior can have detrimental effects. PURPOSES This study advances self-regulation theory by framing the entitlement-abusive supervision relationship in terms of a motive to obtain resources via a behavior that is not socially sanctioned. Furthermore, we argue that political skill serves as a self-regulating mechanism that reduces the motivation to secure personal resources through abusive behavior. METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Our hypotheses were tested using a sample of nurses and their supervisors who were asked to complete a survey. A final sample of 132 supervisor-subordinate dyads was obtained. FINDINGS Analysis suggests that supervisors high in psychological entitlement are more likely to be perceived by their subordinates as abusive. Political skill, however, moderated this relationship by serving as a regulatory mechanism that thwarts entitled supervisors from engaging in abusive behaviors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Our findings underscore the common concern that entitlement and abuse can be harmful for organizations. Entitled supervisors who are high in political skill may recognize that engaging in less aggressive influence behaviors may be more effective in achieving self-serving motives. Consequently, health care organizations need to be proactive in order to reduce entitlement and prevent abusive behaviors in the workplace.
Minority Nations in the Age of Uncertainty: New Paths to National Emancipation and Empowerment

Foreword by James Tully Introduction: National Cultures, Democracy, and Legitimacy 1. Linguistic Diversity, Language Policy, and the Limits of Federal Accommodation 2. New Challenges for Multinational States: Globalization and Competing Citizenship Regimes 3. The Pillars of Quebec's New Citizenship Regime: The Informal Constitution and Interculturalism 4. From Containment to Empowerment: Moving towards Positive Autonomy 5. Towards Multinational Federalism: Moving beyond the Integration-Accommodation Dyad 6. Rethinking Intercommunal Relations in Canada Conclusion: Embracing a New Politics of Dignity and Hospitality Appendix: The Dignity of Catalonia
Application of multiplex SNaPshot assay in measurement of PLAC4 RNA‐SNP allelic ratio for noninvasive prenatal detection of trisomy 21

For the samples in which the fetus was heterozygous for the placenta‐specific 4 (PLAC4) single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), our research is to develop a rapid, accurate, and cost‐effective assay for the noninvasive prenatal detection of fetal trisomy 21 (T21).
Calcium and potassium currents in ventricular myocytes isolated from diabetic rats.

1. The whole‐cell voltage‐clamp technique was applied to ventricular myocytes isolated from normal and streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat hearts to investigate the contribution of the calcium current and of the calcium‐independent potassium currents to diabetes‐induced alterations of the action potential. 2. In single calcium‐tolerant isolated myocytes diabetes induced a lengthening of the action potential similar to that previously described in intact ventricular muscles. 3. Only L‐type calcium current was present both in normal and diabetic cells. Inactivation of ICa was described in both preparations by two exponentials, whose time constants were not modified by diabetes. 4. Calcium current density‐voltage relationships and steady‐state inactivation curves were not significantly affected by diabetes. 5. Potassium background inward rectifier current was not modified by diabetes. 6. Calcium‐independent outward potassium current inactivated, in both cell types, according to a biexponential process whose time constants were not affected by diabetes. 7. The transient outward potassium current density was significantly reduced by diabetes whereas neither the voltage dependence of the inactivation nor the time dependence of recovery from inactivation was modified. 8. A 4‐aminopyridine‐insensitive potassium current was also reduced by diabetes. 9. Our results show that in isolated ventricular myocytes the lengthening of the action potential induced by diabetes results mainly from a decrease of the transmembrane calcium‐independent potassium permeability.