Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes

A recent dispersal of modern humans out of Africa is now widely accepted, but the routes taken across Eurasia are still disputed. We show that mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated “relict” populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa, most likely via a southern coastal route, through India and onward into southeast Asia and Australasia. There was an early offshoot, leading ultimately to the settlement of the Near East and Europe, but the main dispersal from India to Australia ∼65,000 years ago was rapid, most likely taking only a few thousand years.
Fault diagnosis in discrete-event systems: incorporating timing information

A framework is introduced for fault diagnosis in timed discrete-event systems. In this approach, the required estimates for system condition are updated only when the output changes or when deadlines associated with output changes expire. Thus updates at every clock tick are not required. This in many cases results in reduction in online computing requirements and in the size of the diagnosis system, at the expense of more offline design calculations. The issue of failure diagnosability is also discussed.
Verification of Nonconflict of Supervisors Using Abstractions

This paper presents an efficient test that uses abstractions to detect conflict in composed systems controlled by local supervisors. This test, called nonconflict test, is not applied over the languages generated by the supervisors, but over abstractions of the supervisors with some specific characteristics. The concept of observer and the definition of the set of relevant events are the basis for the approach. Two strategies to define the set of relevant events are presented, along with illustrative examples. The paper also introduces a combined strategy, which consists of applying the two strategies in sequence leading, in many cases, to better reductions than when applying each strategy independently. An example is presented to illustrate the combined strategy.
Medical management of glaucoma: Principles and practice

Glaucoma care is more an art than science. The introduction of several new classes of glaucoma medications and the completion of many large randomized clinical trials have not changed this fact. While we now have better choices when initiating glaucoma therapy relative to our predecessors, the principles of glaucoma therapy have not changed much during this period. Debates continue regarding the utility of concepts such as “the monocular therapeutic trial,” “target intraocular pressure (IOP),” and “maximal medical therapy. ” Our tools for detecting and following glaucomatous disease have improved but are not precise enough for us to prospectively predict which patients will do better or worse than others. Much attention has been given to disease stage, rate of progression, and compliance with medications but regular patient follow-up, an area that has received little attention, may be among the most important predictors of patient outcomes.
Comparison of the 585 nm pulse dye laser and the short pulsed CO2 laser in the treatment of striae distensae in skin types IV and VI.

BACKGROUND Striae distensae, or stretch marks, are a very common cosmetic problem. The successful management of stretch marks has long been a source of frustration and curiosity for both the clinician and the researcher. Recent studies suggest lasers may have a role in their management. As yet, no study has reported on the effects of either of these lasers in the treatment of stretch marks on persons with skin types 4 to 6. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of short pulsed CO2 laser and pulsed dye laser for the treatment of stretch marks in skin types 4, 5, and 6. METHODS Four patients were initially enrolled in the study. All were female with abdominal stretch marks, present for a range of 8 to 19 years. The patients had skin types ranging from 4 to 6. The test area consisted of a stretch mark long enough to be divided into three contiguous 2 cm sections, labeled A, B, and C. Section A served as the short pulsed CO2 test site, section B served as a control, while section C served as the 585 nm pulsed dye site. Patients were seen for evaluation after 1 week, then every 4 weeks for a total of 20 weeks. Patients were evaluated subjectively by the investigators, and the patients' own self-evaluation was reported as well. RESULTS Following the 585 nm pulse dye laser, at 20 week follow-up patients with type 4 skin showed no improvement, while type 6 skin showed hyperpigmentation. The short pulsed CO2 test site showed persistent erythema in type 4 skin and marked hyperpigmentation in type 6 skin. CONCLUSIONS For patients with types 4, 5, and 6 skin, laser treatment of striae should be avoided or used with great caution.
A Study of Prescribing Patterns with Special Reference to Drug Use Indicators in Dar es Salaam Region, Tanzania

Drug prescribing patterns were studied in 720 retrospective and 779 prospective outpatient prescriptions from 20 dispensaries in Dar es Salaam region, and these revealed a mean drug exposure of 2.0 and 2.3, respectively. The percentage of patients leaving the dispensaries with no prescribed drugs was 1.3% and 0.7%, respectively. Prescriptions containing antibiotics were 36.8% (retrospective) and 39.8% (prospective), while injections accounted for 24.6% and 34% of the total encounters, respectively. Over 70% of prescriptions conformed to the Tanzania essential drug list (EDP) and/or standard treatment guidelines and consisted of 83.9% and 79.1% generic prescriptions, respectively. Interestingly, only 15% of the surveyed dispensaries had an EDP book and/or calendar. Despite the consulting and dispensing times being short (2.98 min and 77.7 s, respectively), 70% of the patients could remember the dosing instructions. Only 64% of the patients had a minimum physical examination.
The Multiple Factor Theory of the Control of Respiratory Ventilation.

This outstanding mathematics textbook, now in its second edition, combines analytic geometry and calculus in a simple and logical manner. The essentials of these subjects are thoroughly covered, yet the student is not burdened with a mass of easily forgotten detail. More than 1800 problems provide ample practice material. Among the many praiseworthy features of this distinctive book are the early introduction of calculus and the inclusion of vector analysis and complex numbers. Published May 1946.
Illumination Decomposition for Photograph With Multiple Light Sources

Illumination decomposition for a single photograph is an important and challenging problem in image editing operation. In this paper, we present a novel coarse-to-fine strategy to perform illumination decomposition for photograph with multiple light sources. We first reconstruct the lighting environment of the image using the estimated geometry structure of the scene. With the position of lights, we detect the shadow regions as well as the highlights in the projected image for each light. Then, using the illumination cues from shadows, we estimate the coarse illumination decomposed image emitted by each light source. Finally, we present a light-aware illumination optimization model, which efficiently produces the finer illumination decomposition results, as well as recover the texture detail under the shadow. We validate our approach on a number of examples, and our method effectively decomposes the input image into multiple components corresponding to different light sources.
Modifications électro-physiologiques chez la personne aphasique : : de l’étude des réseaux du langage en TMS à la prédiction de la récupération de l’aphasie

L’aphasie est un symptome frequent apres un AVC et a un impact majeur social, economique, medical et psychologique sur les patients. Des etudes recentes ont tente avec peu de succes de rechercher des criteres pronostiques cliniques precoces de recuperation d’une aphasie. L’enjeu de cette possibilite de prediction est un enjeu majeur clinique et scientifique et peut influencer la prise en charge re-educative decidee des les premiers jours apres l’AVC. De plus, l’etude clinico-physiologique de la recuperation du langage permettrait de mieux comprendre les mecanismes de plasticite cerebrale mis en jeux. Tout d’abord, nous allons nous interesser chez le sujet sain a l’implication du cortex moteur dans des tâches de perception, renforcant l’idee que cette structure anatomique jouerait un role plus etendu que celui auquel elle a ete releguee pendant de nombreuses annees, puis nous allons explorer des facteurs predictifs de la recuperation de l’aphasie, les facteurs langagiers dans un premier temps et des facteurs electrophysiologiques, notamment via la TMS explorant l’integrite du cortex moteur, et leur contribution dans la prediction de la recuperation.
Electron-paramagnetic-resonance studies on nitrate reductase from Escherichia coli K12.

Nitrate reductase was purified from anaerobically grown Escherichia coli K12 by a method based on the Triton X-100 extraction procedure of Clegg[(1976) Biochem. J.153, 533-541], but hydrophobic interaction chromatography was used in the final stage. E.p.r. spectra obtained from the enzyme under a variety of conditions are well resolved and were interpreted with the help of the computer-simulation procedures of Lowe [(1978) Biochem. J.171, 649-651]. Parameters for five molybdenum(V) species from the enzyme are given. The low-pH species (g(av.) 1.9827) is in pH-dependent equilibrium with the high-pH species (g(av.) 1.9762), the pK for interconversion of the species being 8.26. Of a variety of anions tested, only nitrate and nitrite formed complexes with the enzyme (in the low-pH form), giving modified molybdenum(V) e.p.r. spectra. These complexes, as well as the low-pH form of the free enzyme, showed interaction of molybdenum with a single exchangeable proton. The fifth molybdenum(V) species, sometimes detected in small amounts, appears not to be due to functional nitrate reductase. After full reduction of the enzyme with dithionite, addition of nitrate caused reoxidation of molybdenum to the quinquivalent state, in a time less than the enzyme turnover. Activity of the enzyme in the pH range 6-10 is controlled by a pK of 8.2. It is suggested that the low-pH signal-giving species is the form of the enzyme involved in the catalytic cycle. Iron-sulphur and other e.p.r. signals from the enzyme are briefly described and the enzymic reaction mechanism is discussed.
A Molecular Mechanism for the Requirement of PAT-4 (Integrin-linked Kinase (ILK)) for the Localization of UNC-112 (Kindlin) to Integrin Adhesion Sites*

Background: PAT-4 (ILK) is required for localization of UNC-112 (kindlin) to integrin adhesion sites. Results: N- and C-terminal halves of UNC-112 interact, and mutations abolishing this interaction restore the ability of a mutant UNC-112 that cannot bind PAT-4 to localize. Conclusion: UNC-112 exists in two conformations, and binding to PAT-4 converts UNC-112 to an open state. Significance: This molecular mechanism may be conserved among kindlins. Caenorhabditis elegans muscle cells attach to basement membrane through adhesion plaques. PAT-3 (β-integrin), UNC-112 (kindlin), and PAT-4 (integrin-linked kinase) are associated with these structures. Genetic analysis indicated that PAT-4 is required for UNC-112 to be properly localized. We investigated the molecular basis of this requirement. We show that the cytoplasmic tail of PAT-3 binds to full-length UNC-112 and that the N- and C-terminal halves of UNC-112 bind to each other. We demonstrate competition between the UNC-112 C-terminal half and PAT-4 for binding to the UNC-112 N-terminal half. The D382V mutation results in lack of binding to PAT-4 and lack of localization to adhesion structures. T346A or E349K mutations, which abolish interaction of the N- and C-terminal halves, permit D382V UNC-112 to localize to adhesion structures. The following model is proposed. UNC-112 exists in closed inactive and open active conformations, and upon binding of PAT-4 to the UNC-112 N-terminal half, UNC-112 is converted into the open state, able to bind to PAT-3.
Highly Efficient Packaged 11–13 GHz Power Amplifier in SiGe-Technology With 37.3% of PAE

A power amplifier for a frequency range of 11-13 GHz that is incorporated in 0.35 μm SiGe-technology is presented in this letter. The two-stage push-pull amplifier uses monolithically integrated transformers for input and interstage matching and a monolithically integrated modified LC-balun as an output-matching network. For stabilization purposes and gain improvement in the operating frequency range a passive frequency selective feedback in parallel to the base-collector was introduced. The power amplifier is mounted on a 7 × 7 mm VQFN package. From a single 1.8 V voltage supply, the amplifier has a power-added efficiency of greater than 30% from 11.2 to 13 GHz with a maximum of 37.3% at 12.5 GHz. The maximum output power is 23.4 dBm (saturation), as measured in the continuous mode.
The mechanism of development of resistance to lysozyme by some gram-positive bacteria and its results.

THE mechanism by which micro-organisms become resistant to the action of drugs is uncertain in the majority of instances. A notable exception is the production of the enzyme penicillinase by certain penicillin resistant bacteria. One of the major difficulties in the investigation of the problem of bacterial resistance is that the site and mode of action of many of the commonly used antibiotics is unknown. The morphological changes which result from lysozyme action were studied by electron- microscopy. By setting up a number of identical tests it was possible to study the changes produced by lysozyme at varying intervals of time. To stop the action of the enzyme a few drops of 2 per cent osmic acid were added and the preparation rapidly cooled to 00. After concentration by centrifugation, the bacteria were fixed, dehydrated and embedded in butyl methacrylate. Sections were cut with the ultramicrotome.
Association of Genetic Polymorphisms of N-Acetyltransferase 2 and Susceptibility to Esophageal Cancer in North Indian Population

Esophageal cancer is multifactorial disease involving environmental and genetic risk factors. Tobacco smoke and alcohol are strong environmental risk factors. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is known to metabolize heterocyclic amine carcinogens in tobacco smoke. The purpose of this study was to determine whether genetic polymorphism in the NAT2 and their interaction with environmental factors influence the susceptibility for esophageal cancer. For our study, 126 patients and 164 controls were genotyped for NAT2 2 * 5, 2 * 6 and 2 * 7 polymorphisms using PCR-RFLP method. In a case-control study, NAT2 slow acetylator genotype was not significantly associated with risk of esophageal cancer (OR 1.3, 95%CI = 0.78–2.2, P = 0.28). There was significant linkage disequilibrium between 2 * 5–2 * 6 and 2 * 5–2*7 (P < 0.05). Using expectation maximization algorithm, 6 haplotypes were obtained but none of them revealed any significant contribution to disease susceptibility. In case only analysis, the smokers with rapid acetylator were at slightly higher risk of esophageal cancer (OR 1.3, 95%CI = 0.62–3.0, P = 0.43) which was not statistically significant. NAT2 slow or fast genotypes did not affect the risk of esophageal cancer in patients with alcohol consumption or occupational exposure. These results suggest that NAT2 acetylator genotypes did not influence the susceptibility to esophageal cancer. NAT2 polymorphism did not significantly modulate the cancer risk after interaction with environmental factors like tobacco, alcohol or occupational exposure.
The Energy Metabolism of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) When Exposed to Salt Stress: An Increase in Energy Expenditure or Effects of Starvation?

Stenohaline common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were chronically exposed to the two main osmoregulatory ions, Na+ and Cl−, at levels close to their isoosmotic value for 28 d (171 mM NaCl; 324 mosm kg−1; 10‰). The aim of this study was to assess whether or not the disturbed ion and osmoregulation affected the energy demand and the energy stores of the exposed fish. Salt exposure reduced food intake by 70% and had adverse effects on growth and survival. Although food consumption decreased and growth was seriously affected, routine oxygen consumption of the exposed fish did not drop, indicating a reallocation of energy expenditure from growth toward other processes. A stress‐induced increase in plasma glucose was observed. As a result of low food intake, lower levels of protein were used for fuel. Protein use itself was probably replaced by the use of carbohydrates. These effects were confirmed by the depletion of both muscle and liver glycogen stores during the experimental period. We conclude that, besides the effects of reduced feeding, stress induced extra energy requirements leading to the depletion of energy stores.
Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park

Amphibians are a bellwether for environmental degradation, even in natural ecosystems such as Yellowstone National Park in the western United States, where species have been actively protected longer than anywhere else on Earth. We document that recent climatic warming and resultant wetland desiccation are causing severe declines in 4 once-common amphibian species native to Yellowstone. Climate monitoring over 6 decades, remote sensing, and repeated surveys of 49 ponds indicate that decreasing annual precipitation and increasing temperatures during the warmest months of the year have significantly altered the landscape and the local biological communities. Drought is now more common and more severe than at any time in the past century. Compared with 16 years ago, the number of permanently dry ponds in northern Yellowstone has increased 4-fold. Of the ponds that remain, the proportion supporting amphibians has declined significantly, as has the number of species found in each location. Our results indicate that climatic warming already has disrupted one of the best-protected ecosystems on our planet and that current assessments of species' vulnerability do not adequately consider such impacts.
Random coding theorems for the general discrete memoryless broadcast channel

Three different communication situations are considered for the general nondegraded discrete memoryless broadcast channel with two components. In the most general situation, common and separate information is sent to both receivers. In another situation, only separate information is sent, and in a third, one Common and one separate message is sent. For each communication situation a random coding inner bound on the capacity region is derived. An example is presented which Shows that in the most general situation the inner bound strictly dominates the family of rates obtained by time-sharing. The capacity region for the general situation is characterized by a limiting expression. The relationship with the degraded broadcast channel and the connection with other multiway channels, such as the channel with two senders and two receivers, is shown.
Role of the Cornea in Emmetropia and Myopia

The purpose of this paper is to review the available evidence concerning the role of the cornea in achieving and maintaining emmetropia, as well as its role in the development and progression of myopia. The role of the cornea in emmetropization is most evident at the two extremes of life. During infancy, when the axial length increases rapidly, both the cornea and the lens become flatter, moving the refractive state of the eye toward emmetropia; during the later years of life, when the axial length remains constant or even shortens, the cornea appears to steepen somewhat. When myopia develops, in some cases the cornea may undergo a “paradoxical” steepening, which accelerates, rather than retards, the development of myopia. The effect of the cornea on the development and progression of myopia is evident when the ratio of axial length to corneal radius—the AL/CR ratio— is considered. Recent studies suggest that a high AL/CR ratio, which has a value of approximately 3.0 in the emmetropic eye, is a risk factor for youth-onset myopia. Several studies have shown that myopic eyes have greater mean corneal powers than emmetropic eyes; this may be mostly due to greater corneal powers being a risk factor for youth-onset myopia. (Optom Vis Sci 1998;75:132-145)
Performance Evaluation of Waste Polyethylene and PVC on Hot Asphalt Mixtures

Since the forefront invention of Polyethylene and Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), it has been spasmodically used in every possible purpose which is biologically non-degradable and has a blimp environmental problem leading astringent environmental impact. Nevertheless, for such property of sustainability the polyethylene and PVC have been reused in the field of transportation engineering for enhancing the property of asphalt binder, since for having a desirable binding property. At the same time the recycling of waste polyethylene and PVC can save disposal sites and reduce the amount of inert drawn from quarries. In this investigation, waste polyethylene and PVC as the sort of polymer is used to investigate the potential prospects to enhance asphalt mixture properties and to check the design criteria of asphalt mixture using this two modifier at optimum binder content. The investigation concentrated on the test of modified binder properties and Marshall mix design was used, first to determine the optimum binder content and then further to test the modified mixture properties. The tests include the determination of unit weight, stability, flow and voids characteristics. Some of the measured properties of asphalt mixture with the modifier used in this study were within the acceptable recommended limits. On the basis of experimental results, it is concluded that the asphalt mixtures with waste polyethylene modifier up to 10% and waste PVC modifier up to 7.5% can be used for flexible pavement construction in a warmer region from the standpoint of stability, stiffness and voids characteristics.
Longitudinal associations between violence and suicidality from adolescence into adulthood.

The link between violence and suicide is well documented. Previous studies, however, largely rely on cross-sectional designs or only consider violence as an antecedent of suicide. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the longitudinal relationship between violence and suicide from adolescence into young adulthood. Data were derived from Wave II (1995-1996), Wave III (2001-2002), and Wave IV (2007-2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 8,966). We tested (2011-2013) a series of path analysis models in Mplus to determine the longitudinal associations between violence and suicidality. Results from the path analyses indicated that violence and suicidality mutually affect each other from adolescence into young adulthood. We found some evidence that the association between suicidality and violence was stronger for males compared to females, particularly in early and young adulthood. The current study confirms previous findings by demonstrating that violence is a risk factor for future suicide. We also extended the previous literature by demonstrating that a history of suicidality is associated with future risk for violence. Our findings highlight the importance of further integrating prevention efforts to reduce violence and suicidality during adolescence and early/young adulthood.