Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Total NO column amount over Athens , Greece in 2 1996 – 97

Ž . This paper reports the total NO column TNC measurements performed in Athens, Greece 2 during the period 1996–97. The measurements used a solid-state spectrometer and were based on the spectral absorption of beam solar irradiance in the visible region. This study investigates the diurnal and seasonal variations of the total NO column in the atmosphere above Athens. It is 2 Ž . found to be in the range 1–160 matm-cm average values , with large daily and seasonal variations. The highly probable link between this variability and synoptic conditions over Athens is discussed. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A Positive Approach to Taxpayer Compliance

Noncompliant taxpayers have better attitudes toward the tax administration and toward honest tax reporting when they receive information about free taxpayer services by the government rather than information about taxpayer penalties. Given that the government has repeatedly relied on penalties to deter taxpayer noncompliance and given that noncompliance continues to be a multibillion dollar problem, positive attitudes are associated with awareness of free taxpayer services.
Micro-Entrepreneurs: Motivations, Success Factors, and Challenges

In this paper, we delve into the Pakistani small business sector to investigate the motivations, perceived success factors, and challenges for the micro-entrepreneurs. The study was conducted in Bahawalpur, a major city of southern Punjab, Pakistan. In-depth interviewing was employed to gain insights from 26 micro-entrepreneurs. The results partially acquiesce to previous studies conducted in the similar markets. The microentrepreneurs reveal that, at the time of entering into the venture, they are driven mainly by the pecuniary motives. They perceive customer service and relative business experience as the key success factors. Lack of access to financial capital, bureaucratic hurdles, and environmental uncertainty are the major barricades. The study augments the literature on an under-researched Pakistani market.
Excitatory Inputs to the RVLM in the Context of the Baroreceptor Reflex

Abstract: The central neural circuit mediating baroreceptor control of sympathetic vasomotor outflow involves an excitatory projection from arterial baroreceptors to nucleus tractus solitarius, an excitatory projection from nucleus tractus solitarius to the caudal ventrolateral medulla, an inhibitory projection from the caudal ventrolateral medulla to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and an excitatory projection from the RVLM to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. For this circuit to be operational, the relevant neurons in the RVLM must be tonically active. Indeed, numerous studies have demonstrated that RVLM vasomotor neurons are tonically active; however, little is known regarding the nature of the tonic excitatory drive to these neurons. We present a model in which RVLM vasomotor neurons are tonically excited by inputs to the RVLM that can be blocked by the excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist, kynurenic acid, as well as an input from the caudal ventrolateral medulla that is not sensitive to kynurenic acid.
N . 201 June 2005 Market Size , Trade , and Productivity

We develop a monopolistically competitive model of trade with firm heterogeneity in terms of productivity differences and endogenous differences in the ‘toughness’ of competition across markets in terms of the number and average productivity of competing firms. We analyze how these features vary across markets of different size that are not perfectly integrated through trade; we then study the effects of different trade liberalization policies. In our model, market size and trade affect the toughness of competition, which then feeds back into the selection of heterogeneous producers and exporters in that market. Aggregate productivity and average markups thus respond to both the size of a market and the extent of its integration through trade (larger, more integrated markets exhibit higher productivity and lower markups). Our model remains highly tractable, even when extended to a general framework with multiple asymmetric countries integrated to different extents through asymmetric trade costs. We believe this provides a useful modeling framework that is particularly well suited to the analysis of trade and regional integration policy scenarios in an environment with heterogeneous firms and endogenous markups.
Policy Coordination in an International Payment System

Given the increasing interdependence of both financial systems and attendant payment and settlement systems a vital question is what form should optimal policy take when there are two connected payment systems with separate regulators. In this paper I show that two central banks operating in a non-cooperative way will not have an incentive to achieve the optimal allocation of goods. I further show that this non-cooperative outcome will be supported by a zero intraday interest rate and constant fixed exchange rate. This is in contrast to recent research; which has shown that domestically a zero intraday interest rate will achieve a social optimum and that the central bank has an incentive to achieve it.
The Politics of Experience and the Bird of Paradise

therapy' are being practised. These methods reflect the depersonalising forces working in society as a whole. Thus a radical and forthright book dealing honestly with relationships between persons in a social context is an event of importance. Dr. Laing's new book is such an event and will, if widely read, reinforce the striking impact which this original and creative psychiatrist has made in his own field, and also far beyond it. Dr. Laing's work on schizophrenia is widely known and, in my view, constitutes the most important advance that has been made in this area of psychiatric thought and practice for many years. The chapter in the present book called The schizophrenic experience' expounds this approach and may be summed up in the author's words: '. it seems to us that without exception the experience and behaviour that gets labelled schizophrenic is a special strategy that a person invents in order to live in an unlivable situation. ' One of the most important chapters in the book seems to me to be the one on transcendental experience. Here Dr. Laing reaches beyond the psychiatric viewpoint and gives an account of mystical truths which relate to the ground of all true human being, as it is directly experienced. And this is done clearly without recourse to muddle, mystification or reliance on
The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review

The purpose of this study was to summarize the effects of physical activity and exercise on peripheral brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy humans. Experimental and observational studies were identified from PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and SPORT Discus. A total of 32 articles met the inclusion criteria. Evidence from experimental studies suggested that peripheral BDNF concentrations were elevated by acute and chronic aerobic exercise. The majority of the studies suggested that strength training had no influence on peripheral BDNF. The results from most observational studies suggested an inverse relationship between the peripheral BDNF level and habitual physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness. More research is needed to confirm the findings from the observational studies.
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis with Multiorgan Involvement in a Teenage Male after Lymphoma, Ewing's Sarcoma, End-Stage Renal Disease, and Hemodialysis

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a rare condition that always occurs after acute or chronic renal failure with or without dialysis. The vast majority of cases in the literature are adults, and postmortem findings have been reported in only 5 cases. We report a 15-year-old male who developed NSF with multiorgan involvement after successful treatment of renal lymphoma and a subsequent sacral Ewing's sarcoma, and end-stage renal disease treated with hemodialysis. At autopsy, he was found to have diffuse dural osseous metaplasia, transmural bronchiolar fibrosis, diaphragmatic central tendon fibrosis, and fibrous plaques of the mitral valve. These previously unreported findings expand the spectrum of multiorgan involvement in NSF providing additional evidence that it is an emerging systemic disorder.
Characterization of fatty acid composition in Eurasian badger (Meles meles)

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PuFAs, lA and AlA) are not synthesized in mammals in the absence of their essential fatty acid precursors. however, hibernating animals and animals sleeping through the winter need sufficiently high amounts of these acids. The eurasian badger does not hibernate, but sleeps over winter. In the autumn the body weight of adult badgers increases even twofold, since they put on fat before the winter. Fat is deposited primarily in the subcutaneous layer of adipose tissue, and much less commonly in the muscles, liver and around the intestines. The percentage composition of fatty acids (Saturated fatty acids -SFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids-MuFAs, PuFAs) is different in particular types of tissue. The lipids isolated from depot adipose tissues (suet, subcutaneous, perirenal, periintestinal fat) are dominated by monounsaturated fatty acids (on average 41.25%), followed by saturated fatty acids (33.53%). Polyun - saturated FAs have the lowest proportion in this groups of tissues, on average 17.75% of total FAs. on the other hand, liver lipids contain over 44% PuFAs. The fatty acid composition of lipids in badgers tissue includes considerable quantities of essential unsaturated n-6 and n-3 fatty acids of great pharmacological significance.
Selling Mechanisms and The Australian Housing Market

This thesis examines selling mechanisms relevant mainly to auctions and applicable in the context of the housing market. In the first two chapters a context is described in which the seller of an object has private information about its value that is important to potential buyers. If the seller is unable to reveal this information to the buyers at no cost, the problem of adverse selection arises. Among other examples, auctions of arts, wines, and residential properties are most relevant to the current study. The sellers in these markets observe some private characteristics of their objects that are important to buyers but not revealable to them at no cost. In the first chapter we study some common selling mechanisms in this setting. Specifically, we study an ascending auction with two different reserve price regimes for the seller: first, disclosing the reserve price at the beginning of the auction; and second, keeping the reserve price secret and reserving the right to accept or reject the auction price after the bidding ends. We also study the common posted-price mechanism for the purposes of comparison. Throughout this chapter the assumption is that the seller chooses the mechanism from the ex ante point of view-that is, before observing her signal. Thus, the choice of mechanism itself does not reveal any further information to the buyers. The results in the first chapter suggest that in a one-shot game the seller can realise a higher ex ante expected payoff by choosing the secret reserve price regime than the other two mechanisms. At the end this chapter a dynamic setting is studied to examine the possibility of an extension of these static results to a dynamic case. Most of the results for the one-shot game are extendable to the proposed dynamic game. In the second chapter we study an informed seller’s best interest among the two previously mentioned reserve price regimes at the interim stagethat is, after the seller has observed her private information. We study how the seller’s expected payoff could change if she observes the signal and then chooses the reserve price mechanism. In this case the choice of mechanism itself could reveal some information to buyers. The results show the conditions under which an informed seller, after observing her signal, chooses to keep the reserve price secret or discloses the reserve price.
Axioms of Relationship Management

Abstract Public relations scholars who have adopted a relationship management perspective have reported that the relationship that exists between an organization and key public members influences key public member perceptions, attitudes, evaluations, and behaviors. Scholars argue that in the relationship management perspective, the role of the public relations practitioner is to support and manage organization-public relationships, not simply transfer information. However, the practice of public relations more typically employs traditional mass communication models rather than true relationship principles. The current investigation extends the axioms of interpersonal communication to an organization-public context, finding that many of the concepts, when adapted slightly, are applicable to an organization-public relationship. Understanding the axioms of organization-public relationship communication should help practitioners develop a clearer conceptualization of the role that communication and relationships play in organizational functioning, and lend more credence to the notion of public relations as relationship management.
Should Firms Consider Employee Input in Reward System Design? The Effect of Participation on Market Orientation and New Product Performance

Will increasing employee participation in reward decisions increase new product performance by first increasing a firm’s level of market orientation? Literature offers limited insight to the effects of listening to employees regarding reward system design and whether this may influence market orientation implementation and new product performance. This paper provides research to fill the gap by examining the relationship between participation-based reward systems, market orientation, and new product performance. Based on expectancy theory, a conceptual model was developed suggesting that participation-based rewards will increase market orientation by considering employees’ desires regarding performance rewards. To test the model, a mixed method was used to collect data. First, in-depth interviews were conducted with managers from 11 different firms to verify the proposed model. Then a multi-industry sample of managers from 290 firms was surveyed to maximize generalizability of the results. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling techniques to simultaneously fit the measurement and structural models. The findings show that market orientation significantly impacts objective new product performance and mediates the relationship between participation-based rewards and objective new product performance. Participation-based rewards positively affect market orientation but surprisingly affect new product performance negatively, while positively moderating the relationship between market orientation and new product performance. The results suggest that managers should include employee input in designing reward systems. However, managers should also be careful of how much input they allow employees in determining their rewards and goals as more input will improve market orientation or responding to information collected by, and disseminated throughout the firm, and that, in turn, will improve some types of new product performance. However, the direct effect of employee input can decrease new product performance suggesting that there may be a trade-off between various success measures of new products developed and introduced by the firm.
Energy transfer in "parasitic" cancer metabolism

It is now widely recognized that the tumor microenvironment promotes cancer cell growth and metastasis via changes in cytokine secretion and extracellular matrix remodeling. However, the role of tumor stromal cells in providing energy for epithelial cancer cell growth is a newly emerging paradigm. For example, we and others have recently proposed that tumor growth and metastasis is related to an energy imbalance. Host cells produce energy-rich nutrients via catabolism (through autophagy, mitophagy, and aerobic glycolysis), which are then transferred to cancer cells to fuel anabolic tumor growth. Stromal cell-derived L-lactate is taken up by cancer cells and is used for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to produce ATP efficiently. However, “parasitic” energy transfer may be a more generalized mechanism in cancer biology than previously appreciated. Two recent papers in Science and Nature Medicine now show that lipolysis in host tissues also fuels tumor growth. These studies demonstrate that free fatty acids produced by host cell lipolysis are re-used via beta-oxidation (beta-OX) in cancer cell mitochondria. Thus, stromal catabolites (such as lactate, ketones, glutamine and free fatty acids) promote tumor growth by acting as high-energy onco-metabolites. As such, host catabolism, via autophagy, mitophagy and lipolysis, may explain the pathogenesis of cancer-associated cachexia and provides exciting new druggable targets for novel therapeutic interventions. Taken together, these findings also suggest that tumor cells promote their own growth and survival by behaving as a “parasitic organism. ” Hence, we propose the term “Parasitic Cancer Metabolism” to describe this type of metabolic coupling in tumors. Targeting tumor cell mitochondria (OXPHOS and beta-OX) would effectively uncouple tumor cells from their hosts, leading to their acute starvation. In this context, we discuss new evidence that high-energy onco-metabolites (produced by the stroma) can confer drug resistance. Importantly, this metabolic chemo-resistance is reversed by blocking OXPHOS in cancer cell mitochondria with drugs like Metformin, a mitochondrial “poison. ” In summary, parasitic cancer metabolism is achieved architecturally by dividing tumor tissue into at least two well-defined opposing “metabolic compartments:” catabolic and anabolic.
Tolerance and Protection against Infection in the Genital Tract

The genital tract is a unique immunological environment that must support the reproductive function and resist infection. Particularly in the female tract, immunoregulatory and immunosuppressive activities that permit the growth of the fetus create an environment that can readily be exploited by microbes that have become well-adapted to this location. Cellular and molecular mediators of immune responses differ from those found at other mucosal surfaces. Mechanisms of immune response induction and delivery, as well as immune effector functions at the genital mucosae need to be considered in the development of vaccines against infections of the genital tract.
Laboratory Detection and Clinical Implication of Oxacillinase-48 like Carbapenemase: The Hidden Threat

Carbapenemase producing Gram-negative pathogen is of great concern for physician. The challenging aspects are treatment option and infection control. Monitoring of respective carbapenemase resistance mechanism is necessary to prevent the outbreaks. Currently, the rapid emergence of oxacillinase (OXA-48) like is alarming. Increasing frequency of OXA-48 is seen than the classical carbapenemase (KPC, NDM, IMP, and VIM) across the world. The blaOXA-48 gene is commonly identified in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The transferrable plasmid of OXA-48 is associated with rapid spread and inter-species dissemination. In general, OXA-48-like enzymes weakly hydrolyzes both carbapenem and broad spectrum cephalosporins. Except OXA-163, which effectively hydrolyze cephalosporin. This poor hydrolytic profile obscures the detection of OXA-48-like. It may go undetected in routine diagnosis and complicates the treatment option. Co-production of OXA-48-like with CTX-M-15 and other carbapenemase (NDM, VIM) leads to the emergence of multidrug resistant strains.
Look at Me Now: What Attracts U.S. Shareholders?

This paper investigates the underlying determinants of home bias using a comprehensive data set on U.S. investors' aggregate holdings of every foreign stock. Among those foreign stocks that are not listed on U.S. exchanges, which account for more than 96 percent of our usable data sample, we find that U.S. investors prefer firms with characteristics associated with greater information transparency, such as stronger home-country accounting standards. We document that a U.S. cross-listing is economically important, as U.S. ownership of a foreign firm roughly doubles upon cross-listing in the United States. We explore the cross-sectional variation in this "cross-listing effect" and find that the increase in U.S. investment is greatest for firms that are from weak accounting backgrounds and are otherwise informationally opaque, suggesting that the key effect of cross-listing is improvements in disclosure that are valued by U.S. investors. By contrast, cross-listing does not increase the appeal of stocks from countries with weak shareholder rights, suggesting that U.S. cross-listing cannot substitute for legal protections in the home country. Nor does the cross-listing effect appear to be driven simply by increased "familiarity"A‚Â? with the stock or lowered cross-border transactions costs.
Crowded Positions: An Overlooked Systemic Risk for Central Clearing Parties

Counterparty risk could hamper trade and worsen a financial crisis. A central clearing party (CCP) insures traders against counterparty default and thus benefits trade. Default of the CCP however becomes a new systemic risk. CCP risk management does not account for risks associated with crowded positions. This paper proposes a CCP exposure measure based on tail risk in trader portfolios. It identifies and measures crowded risk and assigns it to traders according to the polluter pays principle. CCP data show that crowded positions increase CCP exposure most (about one-third) on turbulent days, when exposure is high already.Received October 08, 2016; editorial decision March 13, 2017 by Editor Wayne Ferson