Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Charity for Profit? Exploring Factors Associated with the Commercialization of Human Service Nonprofits

Human service nonprofits are becoming increasingly involved with selling services and other commercial activities. There has been a debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the transition of human service nonprofits. A path model was constructed to understand factors associated with the commercialization of human service nonprofits. The model was tested using the data collected from 67 human service nonprofits. The model showed an overall statistical fit. It was found that commercial revenues were negatively associated with donative revenues. Higher levels of commercial income can significantly contribute to an organization's self-sufficiency, ability to attract and retain staff, and reputation. However, commercial revenues do not make a significant contribution to the organization's ability to attract donors and volunteers, mission, and service delivery when the effects of other variables are controlled for. Limitations of the data and methodology used for this study are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
Psychosocial working conditions and work-related stressors among UK veterinary surgeons.

BACKGROUND Anecdotally, veterinary surgeons report high levels of work-related stress. AIMS To investigate psychosocial working conditions, self-reported causes of work-related stress and satisfaction among a representative sample of vets practising in the UK. METHODS A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire mailed to a stratified random sample of 3200 vets. The Health & Safety Executive Management Standards Indicator Tool and a series of bespoke questions were embedded in a 120 item questionnaire, which also assessed anxiety and depressive symptoms, alcohol consumption, suicidal ideation, positive mental well-being and work-home interaction. RESULTS A total of 1796 useable questionnaires were returned (response rate 56%). Number of hours worked and making professional mistakes were the main reported contributors to stress. Good clinical outcomes and relationships with colleagues were the greatest sources of satisfaction. Anxiety and depressive symptoms are associated with less favourable working conditions. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the general population, the sample reported higher risk of work-related stress for demands and managerial support but lower risk for relationships and change. The results could be used to inform the development of targeted interventions.
Binding between the Junctional Proteins Afadin and PLEKHA7 and Implication in the Formation of Adherens Junction in Epithelial Cells*

Background: Afadin is an important regulator of cell-cell adhesion. Results: PLEKHA7 binds to afadin and this binding is required for the proper formation of adherens junction (AJ). Conclusion: PLEKHA7 plays a cooperative role with nectin and afadin in the proper formation of AJ in epithelial cells. Significance: The result indicates a novel regulatory mechanism for the formation of cell-cell adhesion. Adherens junction (AJ) is a specialized cell-cell junction structure that plays a role in mechanically connecting adjacent cells to resist strong contractile forces and to maintain tissue structure, particularly in the epithelium. AJ is mainly comprised of cell adhesion molecules cadherin and nectin and their associating cytoplasmic proteins including β-catenin, α-catenin, p120ctn, and afadin. Our series of studies have revealed that nectin first forms cell-cell adhesion and then recruits cadherin to form AJ. The recruitment of cadherin by nectin is mediated by the binding of α-catenin and p120ctn to afadin. Recent studies showed that PLEKHA7 binds to p120ctn, which is associated with E-cadherin, and maintains the integrity of AJ in epithelial cells. In this study, we showed that PLEKHA7 bound to afadin in addition to p120ctn and was recruited to the nectin-3α-based cell-cell adhesion site in a manner dependent on afadin, but not on p120ctn. The binding of PLEKHA7 to afadin was required for the proper formation of AJ, but not for the formation of tight junction, in EpH4 mouse mammary gland epithelial cells. These results indicate that PLEKHA7 plays a cooperative role with nectin and afadin in the proper formation of AJ in epithelial cells.
Human Lactoferrin Supplementation of Infant Formulas Increases Thymidine Incorporation into the DNA of Rat Crypt Cells

Lactoferrin has been identified as the factor in human colostrum that accounts for the increased incorporation of thymidine into DNA in a rat crypt enterocyte bioassay. Commercially available infant formulas used in the refeeding of infants who have severe dietary intolerance associated with mucosal atrophy were tested in this bioassay. In contrast to human milk, no stimulation was observed with these formulas in the assay. All formulas inhibited basal thymidine incorporation. The degree of inhibition of the basal assay progressed from 14% with cow's-milk formula to 30% with soy-based formulas to 45% with hydrolyzed casein formulas. When the formulas were supplemented with lactoferrin to match the level of that in human milk, the result was a 35% relative increase in thymidine incorporation into DNA. The quantitative level of response was primarily influenced by the baseline inhibitions associated with the specific formulas. The most profound effect was observed with the hydrolyzed casein formula, when lactoferrin supplementation reversed the baseline inhibition but did not result in a response greater than that seen in control basal bioassays. The supplementation of infant formulas with lactoferrin improved the thymidine incorporation in rat crypt enterocytes; a response equivalent to that of human milk, however, would require a redesign of other formula components to reduce basal inhibition.
Tolling and Economic Efficiency

This article uses crash data, highway classification, and traffic statistics to estimate the crash cost per truck vehicle mile traveled (VMT) from 2002 to 2006 for trucks that diverted from the Ohio Turnpike to avoid paying higher toll rates imposed by the Ohio Turnpike Authority. The data show that the truck crash cost per VMT is lowest for rural interstates such as the Turnpike and highest for the roads to which truck traffic diverted. Using the elasticity of demand for truck use of toll roads, we then estimate that the crash cost of trucks diverted from the Ohio Turnpike to other roads during 2004 at more than US$38 million, which far exceeds the revenue benefit. The article discusses implications of these results for road infrastructure pricing.
Return Evaluation in FTSE100 to be Used Momentum Strategies

This dissertation paper examines the return evaluation of momentum investment strategy and analytical control of trading volume for top listed companies in FTSE100 of London Stock Exchange. This paper observed the Lee and Swaminathan (2000) approach, all independent ranks of portfolios on past returns and past trading volume is assemble. All stocks are allocated to one of three portfolios based on trading volume and one of five portfolios based on pest returns all over the sample periods. The report shows that the strong momentum strategy effect for FTSE100 sample over the formulation periods. It is an important role in distributing information about the stock price and volume. The finding supports the idea that traders will get better result from FTSE100 sample. In the dissertation paper number of firms is so small, but it is more effective for momentum strategy. Even this dissertation has followed the Lee and Swaminathan (2000) theory. This theory is so much complicated and more practical. The result of this paper is very sample analytical.
Developmental proteomic profiling of porcine skeletal muscle during postnatal development

In this study, we have compared the skeletal muscle proteome at various stages of porcine postnatal development. Korean native pigs were divided into five postnatal stages of 30, 70, 130, 170 and 300 d and their loin muscles were analyzed for muscle proteome by using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. We found 5 proteins showing a consistent pattern during skeletal muscle growth. Four proteins were identified as myosin light chain 1 slow-twitch (MLC1sa) isoform, troponin T, triosephosphate isomerase (TIP) and DJ-1 protein. The remaining protein was not identified. Two muscle fiber proteins of MLC1sa isoform and troponin T showed a high expression level at an early postnatal stage and then their levels were decreased markedly during growth stages. On the other hand, the expression of TIP and DJ-1 protein, which are well known as catalysis enzyme and antioxidant-related protein, respectively, were linearly increased during growth stages. Thus, the stage-related muscle proteins may be useful as parameters for understanding the developmental characteristics of biochemical and physiological properties in Korean native pig skeletal muscle.
Pathologic Features of Uterine Leiomyomas Following Uterine Artery Embolization

Bilateral uterine artery embolization has recently been employed as an alternative to operational treatment of uterine leiomyomas. The pathologic features induced by uterine artery embolization have not been previously described in detail. Usually patients experience symptomatic improvement with a reduction in size of the leiomyomas. This report describes the pathologic features in a series of 10 uterine leiomyomas where tissue was available for histologic examination following uterine artery embolization. Characteristic histologic features within the leiomyomas included massive necrosis, sometimes with dystrophic calcification, vascular thrombosis, and intravascular foreign material that elicited a histiocytic and foreign-body giant cell reaction. In some cases, intravascular foreign material was present elsewhere in the myometrium, the cervix, or paraovarian region. In occasional cases, there were foci of myometrial necrosis and microabscess formation beyond the confines of the leiomyomas. Foci of extrauterine inflammation were also occasionally identified. Histopathologists should be aware of these findings because the use of uterine artery embolization will possibly become more widespread in the future.
Climate change and Indonesia: in honour of Panglaykim

Abstract This paper examines Indonesia's vulnerability to climate change, and her position in the global climate change mitigation effort as a significant emitter with large potential for reducing emissions from forestry. It highlights the scope for Australia and Indonesia—both large emitters, one a developed country and potential buyer of emissions permits, the other a developing country and potential seller of per-mits—to play complementary roles in the global effort. The discussion outlines ways in which the two countries can cooperate with each other and with regional neighbours in mitigation initiatives and climate change adaptation. It suggests that their efforts could serve as a model for cooperation between developed and developing countries. The paper notes that the current global financial crisis is a short-term problem, while climate change has its effects over the long term. The recessionary effect of the financial crisis is not a good reason for delaying climate change mitigation efforts by Indonesia and other countries.
Incentive for Peer‐to‐Peer Knowledge Sharing among Farmers in Developing Economies

This study examines the peer‐to‐Peer interactions among farmers when both knowledge learning and sharing are available. We construct a stylized model in which heterogeneous farmers are endowed with their initial production capabilities and can post questions in the platform for help. A representative expert regularly monitors the forum and provides answers to the farmers’ questions, but may be non‐responsive sometimes due to the limited capacity. A knowledgeable core user (farmer) can choose to be silent or responsive, and is allowed to strategically determine the informativeness of her answers. The farmers face the minimum quantity restriction for attracting the buyers, and must make production before the time of sales. We show that in equilibrium the core user never provides answers that are more informative than the expert's, irrespective of her ex ante knowledge level. Redesigning or restructuring the platform does not help eliminate this inefficient knowledge provision. We also find that hiring more staff to frequently monitor the forum turns out to be detrimental for the peer‐to‐peer interactions. Moreover, the competition on knowledge sharing between the platform expert and the core user features strategic complementarity sometimes but strategic substitution at other times. Third, charging for the platform usage may discourage uninformative answers, but it could also discourage the core user from sharing knowledge with other farmers.
The Price Effects of Rights Offerings

In the theoretical literature of finance, it has been assumed for some time that capital markets are efficient, with security prices reflecting all available information [10]. One purpose of this paper is to consider market efficiency in the context of rights offerings. It has recently been suggested, for example, that rights offerings afford positive abnormal returns [17,18]. This view was immediately countered by the comment that the number of rights issued, and inversely the issue price, cannot affect the market value of the total exrights equity market [21, p. 44]. No empirical evidence was offered on either side, however.
Comparative study of CT appearances in renal oncocytoma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

Background Renal oncocytoma (RO) and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) share histologic and some imaging features. Purpose To investigate the multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) characteristics of these two tumor types. Material and Methods Fifty-six patients with RO and 54 patients with ChRCC were studied retrospectively. MDCT was undertaken to investigate differences in tumor characteristics. Results Calcifications were visible in 24 (42.8%) patients with RO and in 11 (20.4%) patients with ChRCC (P = 0.011). 26 patients with RO had stellate scars as did 14 patients with ChRCC (P = 0.025). Spoken-wheel-like enhancement was visible in 41 patients with RO and in 11 with ChRCC (P < 0.001). Thirty-nine (69.6%) patients with RO and nine (16.7%) patients with ChRCC showed segmental inversion (P < 0.001). Two patients with RO had retroperitoneal lymph node enlargement as did 13 patients with ChRCC (P = 0.002). Combined evaluation of stellate scar, spoken-wheel-like enhancement, and segmental enhancement inversion features were found to have a sensitivity of 99.1% (106 of 107), a speciﬁcity of 100% (3 of 3), a positive predictive value of 100% (106 of 106), and a negative predictive value of 75% (3 of 4). The attenuation of RO tumors was greater than that of ChRCC tumors, normal renal parenchyma on unenhanced CT (P = 0.031). Enhancement was higher with RO than with ChRCC tumors in all phases (P = 0.021, < 0.001, and 0.007, respectively). Conclusion CT imaging features such as stellate scar, spoken-wheel-like enhancement, and segmental enhancement inversion were more common in RO and they may help in differentiating RO from ChRCC.
A convolutional spreading CDMA scheme with cyclic prefix for downlink transmission

In synchronous DS-CDMA systems the multi-user interference (MUI) caused by multipath propagation degrades the system performance. To overcome this, MUI-free schemes, such as Suehiro's CDMA in N. Suehori (1994) and H.H. Chen et al. (2001) and CIBS-CDMA in S. Zhou et al. (2002) are introduced. In this paper a new class of cyclic prefix (CP) based convolutional spreading CDMA (CS-CDMA/CP) scheme employing zero correlation zone (ZCZ) codes [P.Z. Fan et al., May 1999] is proposed. We show that above two MUI-free schemes are special cases of CS-CDMA/CP and they only difference comes from the particular employed ZCZ code. A comparison in terms of PAPR and transmission power loss for the CS-CDMA schemes is given. We consider a pilot aided downlink CS-CDMA/CP employing equalizers, and compare its performance with the conventional DS-CDMA system employing RAKE receivers via simulation. Our simulation results show that, CS-CDMA/CP performs better than DS-CDMA when system has many users.
Banking and Commerce: A Liquidity Approach

This paper looks at the advantages and disadvantages of mixing banking and commerce, using the "liquidity" approach to financial intermediation. Bringing a non-financial firm into a banking conglomerate may be advantageous because it may make it easier for the bank to dispose of assets seized in a loan default. The internal market formed inside the banking and commerce conglomerate increases the liquidity of such assets and improves the bank's ability to perform financial intermediation. More generally, owning a non-financial firm may act either as a substitute or a complement to commercial lending. In some cases, a bank will voluntarily refrain from making loans, choosing to become a non-bank bank in an unregulated environment.
Factors influencing Chinese female expatriates' performance in international assignments

The current literature is mixed regarding what factors determine expatriate performance. In this study, we developed and tested a model to examine the relationship among family problems, expatriate–efficacy, host-country nationals' (HCNs') prejudice against women, perceived organizational support (POS) and Chinese female expatriate performance in international assignments. Our results indicated that HCNs' prejudice against women had a significant negative relationship and expatriate–efficacy had a significant positive relationship with female expatriate performance. POS and family problems moderated the relationship between HCNs' prejudice against women and female expatriate performance. However, family problems were not significantly related to female expatriate performance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Do Capital Adequacy Requirements Matter for Monetary Policy?

Central bankers and financial supervisors can have conflicting goals. While monetary policymakers work to ensure sufficient lending activities as a foundation for high and stable economic growth, supervisors may limit banks’ lending capacities in order to prevent excessive risk taking. We show that, in theory, central bankers can avoid this potential conflict by adopting an interest rate strategy that takes accounts of capital adequacy requirements. Empirical evidence suggests that while policymakers at the Federal Reserve have adjusted their interest rate to neutralizing the procyclical impact of bank capital requirements, those in Germany and Japan have not. (JEL E52, E58, G21)
Determinants of Expected Stock Returns: Large Sample Evidence from the German Market

This paper conducts a comprehensive asset pricing study based on a unique dataset for the German stock market. For the period 1963 to 2006 we show that value characteristics and momentum explain the cross-section of stock returns. Corresponding factor portfolios have significant premiums across various double-sorted characteristic-based test assets. In a horse race of competing asset pricing models the Fama-French 3-factor model does a poor job in explaining average stock returns. The Carhart 4-factor model performs much better, but a 4-factor model containing an earnings-to-price factor instead of a size factor does even slightly better.
Leverage, Executive Incentives and Corporate Governance

type="main" xml:lang="en"> This paper analyses the effect of executive incentives and internal governance on capital structure. Using a large sample of non-financial US-listed firms over the period 1999–2005, it is found that managers have different attitudes towards leverage when offered different incentive schemes; leverage initially decreases in bonuses and stock incentives and then increases in these incentives after a certain incentive level, suggesting the existence of the entrenchment–alignment effects under these incentive schemes. In contrast, leverage initially increases in option incentives and then decreases after a certain option incentive level. When all of these incentive schemes are combined together into a single incentive package, the entrenchment–alignment effects prevail. It is also found that leverage increases in internal governance and managers behave differently under different governance regimes such that the entrenchment–alignment effects prevail under weak governance firms, whereas the alignment–entrenchment effects prevail under strong governance firms. The results also suggest that managers’ target leverage ratio is less than the one predicted by theory or preferred by firm shareholders.
Romania and EU membership in comparative perspective: A post-accession compliance problem? – The case of political conditionality

Abstract Post-accession compliance is addressed with respect to the EU's political conditions which were monitored regularly during the accession process. The satisfaction of these was crucial to both opening negotiations and eventually granting membership. The case of Romania is significant for various reasons, for it was commonly regarded as the ‘laggard’ of the post-communist countries that sought EU entry during the 2004/2007 enlargements; and, it became subject to a stricter application of this conditionality from 2004. In the latter respect, ‘safeguard clauses’ were operated against Romania (and Bulgaria) after negotiations were concluded; and, then, as a condition of allowing entry in 2007, a new sanctions regime was introduced involving a further extension of conditionality. Four hypotheses are presented and applied, firstly for comparison to Slovakia and Latvia as new member states from 2004 and then to Romania as a way of identifying possible future scenarios from 2007. In conclusion, Romania is seen as leaning more to the rationalist than constructivist interpretation. The sanctions regime may thus produce some further progress in compliance, while there is little evidence so far of social learning. Furthermore, some efforts at reversing progress during accession would not be surprising in the light of past experience and these would challenge the sanctions regime. On the other hand, some routinisation of conditionality reforms is also to be expected pointing to a positive trend.
Exchange Rate Dynamics with Sticky Prices: the Deutsch Mark, 1974-1982

This paper estimates simultaneously dynamic equations for the Deutsche Mark/Dollar exchange rate and the German wholesale price index, which emerge from a model in which German prices are sticky. This stickiness is due to price adjustment costs which take the form posited by Rotemberg(1982). The main results of the empirical analysis are two: First, the version of the model where prices are perfectly flexible is rejected. Second, real exchange rate variability is mostly accounted for by nominal exchange rate variability. We find substantial overshooting of the exchange rate to monetary innovations like those which appear to be typical in Germany.
Management of forest resources in India

Management of forest resources is a major problem area in developing countries. Basing discussion of the problem on the situation in India this article recognizes the importance of a rational pricing policy but also argues that forest administration has to be strengthened. Regeneration of forest resources has to be stimulated by price improvements and encouraging investment but regeneration and rural development involving social and agro forestry are also required. Forest administration has to be developed to cope with these different requirements. The article questions the argument concerning institution building for development forestry advanced by Guess (1982).