Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Light Effects on Transport and Excretion of Bilirubin in Newborns a

There is now firm evidence that phototherapy has the following effects on bilirubin metabolism in humans with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. It rather rapidly converts a substantial fraction of the normal toxic 4Z, 15Z form of bilirubin to the 4Z, 15E form, which probably is less toxic. Simultaneously it enhances the overall excretion of bilirubin by converting it to oxidation products and structural and configurational isomers that are excretable in bile and urine without the need for glucuronidation. We know that these reactions occur in vivo because we have synthesized the compounds involved and have identified them unambiguously in vivo in the tissues of jaundiced babies and rats undergoing phototherapy. It is unlikely that these photobiological effects on bilirubin metabolism and transport are restricted to babies undergoing purposeful phototherapy. All babies are exposed to visible light and all develop hyperbilirubinemia during early life, with many exhibiting jaundice. Because there is no lower intensity threshold for photochemical reactions, it seems probable that the photobiological effects described in this paper occur in most newborns to some degree. Furthermore, similar photoprocesses would be expected to occur in the approximately 2-5% of the population who have the benign condition known as Gilbert's syndrome, which is characterized by chronic mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, particularly when they sunbathe. Clearly, in the particular instance of phototherapy of neonatal jaundice, blue light is therapeutic. In some respects it acts like a drug, almost like the ideal magic bullet, because it is specific for the target molecule and safe. The main limitation of phototherapy is that it is inefficient, a limitation that seems to be imposed by transport processes in the body and the optics of skin rather than by the photochemical reactions on which it depends.
The Effects of Aggressive Notchplasty on the Normal Knee in Dogs

We assessed the possible association between an aggressive intercondylar notchplasty and histopathologic, radiographic, and gait changes to the knee. Three groups of six adult greyhounds were observed for 6 months. Group I dogs had a sham operation. Group II dogs had a 4-mm notchplasty of the lateral femoral condyle where it articulates with the lateral tibial spine. Group III dogs had a 7- to 8-mm notchplasty of the lateral femoral condyle to simulate the long-term effects of an overly aggressive notchplasty. Force plate gait analyses were not significantly different for any dogs at 3 and 6 months. Histopathologic studies (hematoxylin and eosin and safranin O stains) revealed notchplasty area remodeling with a thin layer of lamellar bone covered by fibrous connective tissue. Both Group II and III dogs had significant loss of lateral femoral condyle and trochlear groove articular surface proteoglycans. The radiographic notch width index remained unchanged throughout the study for Group I; the indexes increased immediately after surgery in Groups II and III because of the notchplasty, but after 6 months these values returned to near-preoperative measurements. An aggressive intercondylar notchplasty caused articular cartilage histopathologic changes at 6 months consistent with those found in knees with early degenerative arthritis. Significant refilling of a non-impinged notchplasty occurred by 6 months after surgery. Our results raise concern about the effects of aggressive intercondylar notch widening in humans.
All Aboard - Destination Unknown: A Sociological Discussion of Online Learning

This paper is an attempt to describe the emergence and growing popularity of online distance education over the past 30 years through changing sociological lenses. Examining the re-casting of the electronic classroom through the euphoria of techno-positivism, the power-embedded analysis of Critical Theory of Technology (CTT), and the critique of postmodernism, the paper addresses the implications suggested by each theoretical interpretation. Using the metaphor of a high-speed train, we encourage administrators, instructors and technicians to stop and reflect on the destination, rather than simply marvel at the speeds at which we are traveling and the engine that powers our ride.
Generalized Probabilities in Statistical Theories

We discuss different formal frameworks for the description of generalized probabilities in statistical theories. We analyze the particular cases of probabilities appearing in classical and quantum mechanics and the approach to generalized probabilities based on convex sets. We argue for considering quantum probabilities as the natural probabilistic assignments for rational agents dealing with contextual probabilistic models. In this way, the formal structure of quantum probabilities as a non-Boolean probabilistic calculus is endowed with a natural interpretation.
Digital forensics study of internet messenger: Line artifact analysis in Android OS

This paper provides a description of how to get artifacts generated by Line messenger applications such as user activities, contact information, chatting, and deleting the messages. It also provides correlation and interpretation of messages that are formed during the conversation scenario. This paper can be used as a guidance for investigators and forensics analysts in conducting investigation process. Furthermore, this paper also shows how the acquisition processes were done logically and physically. Android forensics processes were done in forensically sounds manner using three different models of smartphones and Android OS versions as the experiment objects.
Biological Activity in Sensitized Guinea Pigs of MPB 70, a Protein Specific for Some Strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG

MPB 70 is a protein found in large quantities in the culture filtrate (CF) of the Tokyo and some other strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and it has a remarkable degree of specificity for these strains. We estimated the molecular weight of MPB 70 to 22,000 by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). SDS‐PAGE and immunoblotting showed that MPB 70 was present in high quantities in CF from BCG Tokyo, that it could be also demonstrated in BCG Copenhagen, and that it was absent in CF from M. tuberculosis H37Rv. When the purified MPB 70 preparation used in the present study was run in SDS‐PAGE, blotted and stained with a polyclonal rabbit or a monoclonal mouse anti‐MPB 70 antibody, several bands in addition to the main 22 kDa band were seen, indicating a tendency of the MPB 70 molecules and/or fragments thereof to form very stable aggregates with themselves. The biological activity of MPB 70 was studied in groups of guinea pigs sensitized with live BCG of the Tokyo and Copenhagen strains, Guinea pigs from both groups developed reactivity to tuberculin PPD as assessed by skin tests and lymphocyte stimulation tests with peripheral blood or lymph node lymphocytes. In addition, a strong and persistent reactivity to MPB 70 was demonstrated in the BCG Tokyo group with both methods. Guinea pigs sensitized with the Copenhagen strain were only weakly reactive to MPB 70. Skin reactions in guinea pigs that had been repeatedly tested with MPB 70 and tuberculin were compared with reactions in animals tested only once. Reactions to MPB 70 in BCG Tokyo sensitized guinea pigs were suppressed by repeated tests, whereas tuberculin reactions were boosted by the interim tests. The levels of specific anti‐MPB 70 antibodies were higher in BCG Tokyo‐ than in BCG Copenhagensensitized guinea pigs. MPB 70 has a high degree of specificity and is a strongly immunogenic protein, which may prove useful in studies of mycobacterial immunology.
Psychological symptoms, somatic symptoms, and psychiatric disorder in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a prospective study in the primary care setting.

OBJECTIVE This study assessed relationships among psychological symptoms, past and current psychiatric disorder, functional impairment, somatic symptoms, chronic fatigue, and chronic fatigue syndrome. METHOD A prospective cohort study was followed by a nested case-control study. The subjects, aged 18-45 years, had been in primary care for either clinical viral infections or a range of other problems. Questionnaire measures of fatigue and psychological symptoms were completed by 1,985 subjects 6 months later; 214 subjects with chronic fatigue were then compared with 214 matched subjects without fatigue. Assessments were made with questionnaires, interviews, and medical records of fatigue, somatic symptoms, psychiatric disorder, and functional impairment. RESULTS Subjects with chronic fatigue were at greater risk than those without chronic fatigue for current psychiatric disorder assessed by standardized interview (60% versus 19%) or by questionnaire (71% versus 31%). Chronic fatigue subjects were more likely to have received psychotropic medication or experienced psychiatric disorder in the past. There was a trend for previous psychiatric disorder to be associated with comorbid rather than noncomorbid chronic fatigue. Most subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome also had current psychiatric disorder when assessed by interview (75%) or questionnaire (78%). Both the prevalence and incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome were associated with measures of previous psychiatric disorder. The number of symptoms suggested as characteristics of chronic fatigue syndrome was closely related to the total number of somatic symptoms and to measures of psychiatric disorder. Only postexertion malaise, muscle weakness, and myalgia were significantly more likely to be observed in chronic fatigue syndrome than in chronic fatigue. CONCLUSIONS Most subjects with chronic fatigue or chronic fatigue syndrome in primary care also meet criteria for a current psychiatric disorder. Both chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome are associated with previous psychiatric disorder, partly explained by high rates of current psychiatric disorder. The symptoms thought to represent a specific process in chronic fatigue syndrome may be related to the joint experience of somatic and psychological distress.
Review of Practical Urological Endoscopy

network linking the towns and cities of Britain. For example, such anomalies as the lack of a motorway link between Scotland and England on either the east or west coasts leads to motorists driving at inappropriately high speeds on dual carriageways. If the number of road traffic accidents is to be reduced realistic solutions must be put forward, allowing drivers to travel at speed between cities but ensuring safe lower speeds within communities where pedestrians and cyclists are so much at risk.
Transparently Mixing Undo Logs and Software Reversibility for State Recovery in Optimistic PDES

The Time Warp synchronization protocol for Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES) is universally considered a viable solution to exploit the intrinsic simulation model parallelism and to provide model execution speedup. Yet it leads the PDES system to execute events in an order that may generate causal inconsistencies that need to be recovered via rollback, which requires restoration of a previous (consistent) simulation state whenever a causality violation is detected. The rollback operation is so critical for the performance of a Time Warp system that it has been extensively studied in the literature for decades to find approaches suitable to optimize it. The proposed solutions can be roughly classified as based on either checkpointing or reverse computing. In this article, we explore the practical design and implementation of a fully new approach based on the runtime generation of so-called undo code blocks, which are blocks of instructions implementing the reverse memory side effects generated by the forward execution of the events. However, this is not done by recomputing the original values to be restored, as instead it occurs in reverse computing schemes. Hence, the philosophy undo code blocks rely on is similar in spirit to that of undo-logs (as a form of checkpointing). Nevertheless, they are not data logs (as instead checkpoints are); rather, they are logs of instructions. Our proposal is fully transparent, thanks to the reliance on static software instrumentation (targeting the x86 architecture and Linux systems). Also, as we show, it can be combined with classical checkpointing to further improve the runtime behavior of the state recoverability support as a function of the workload. We also present experimental results related to our implementation, which is released as free software and fully integrated into the open source ROOT-Sim package. Experimental data support the viability and effectiveness of our proposal.
Tumor promotion by metanil yellow and malachite green during rat hepatocarcinogenesis is associated with dysregulated expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins.

Metanil yellow (MY) and malachite green (MG) are textile dyes, which, despite a ban, are used as food-coloring agents. MY and MG have promoter effects on the development of hepatic preneoplastic lesions induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN). Tumor-promoting agents are not mutagenic but may alter the expression of genes whose products are associated with hyper-proliferation, tissue remodeling, and inflammation. Cell cycle controls normally function to ensure the integrity of the genome and arrest of cells at G1/S or G2/M checkpoints until all the prerequisite events are completed. In order to understand the mechanism(s) of tumor promotion by MY and MG, we have studied the levels of PCNA, a marker of cell proliferation and cell cycle regulatory proteins, cyclin D1, and its associated kinase, cdk4, cyclin B1, and associated kinase, cdc2. Immunohistochemical staining showed an elevated level of PCNA in animals administered MY and MG subsequent to DEN treatment. Western and Northern blot hybridization showed an increased expression of both cyclin D1 and its associated kinase cdk4, and cyclin B1 and its associated kinase cdc2, in livers of rats administered MY and MG after administration of DEN as compared to untreated or DEN controls. The increased level of mRNA was due to the increased rate of transcription of these genes as studied by run-on transcription assay. These data obtained by the in vivo model of liver tumor development provide strong evidence for a link between dysregulation of the two critical checkpoints of the cell cycle as one of the possible mechanism(s) during tumor promotion by malachite green and metanil yellow.
Extended Right Thoracic Approach Compared With Limited Left Thoracic Approach for Patients With Middle and Lower Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Three-year Survival of a Prospective, Randomized, Open-label Trial

Objective: To investigate whether survival is improved by using the right thoracic approach (extended lymphadenectomy) compared with the left thoracic approach (limited lymphadenectomy) for esophageal cancer. Background: The optimal surgical technique for esophageal cancer remains unclear. Methods: Between May 2010 and July 2012, 300 patients with middle and lower thoracic esophageal carcinoma were randomized to receive esophagectomy through either the right or left thoracic approach. Of these, 286 patients with squamous cell carcinoma determined by postoperative pathology were included in this analysis. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between the right (n = 146) and left thoracic groups (n = 140). Results: The median follow-up was 55.9 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 53.1–58.6]. The 3-year DFS rates were 62% and 52% in the right and left thoracic arms, respectively [hazard ratio (HR) 0.709; 95% CI, 0.506–0.995; P = 0.047, log-rank test]. The 3-year OS rates were 74% and 60%, respectively (HR, 0.663; 95% CI, 0.457–0.961; P = 0.029). Subgroup analyses revealed longer DFS in the right thoracic arm (vs left thoracic arm) in patients with lymph node involvement (HR, 0.632; 95% CI, 0.412–0.969, P = 0.034), but not in patients without lymph node involvement (HR, 0.757; 95% CI, 0.434–1.320, P = 0.325), and in patients with R1–2 resection margins (HR, 0.495; 95% CI, 0.290–0.848, P = 0.009), but not R0 margins (HR, 0.944; 95% CI, 0.603–1.477, P = 0.801). Conclusions: Compared with the left thoracic approach, the right thoracic approach associated with increased DFS and OS in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients, particularly in those with lymph node involvement and/or R1–2 resection margins.
Psychosocial Processes and Sexual Initiation Among Ghanaian Youth

This study models primary abstinence and age at first sex in a cross-sectional sample of Ghanaian youth aged 17 to 22 years. The aim is to examine how reproductive knowledge and social cognitive factors jointly affect the choice to initiate sex. Among males, the authors find that reproductive knowledge is negatively associated with abstinence. Its negative association, however, is moderated by the extent of adult support a respondent receives. Among females, reproductive knowledge is positively associated with abstinence. Its positive association is moderated by the extent of household sex communication. Correspondingly, when age at first sex is modeled, knowledge is a negative predictor among females. Its effects are mediated by household sex communication. A third social cognitive variable, perceived permissive peer attitudes about sex, is not associated with knowledge but is a protective factor for sexual initiation for both sexes. Though causal direction cannot be established, the results suggest that cognition affects sexual initiation both directly and through complex social mechanisms. The evidence provides theoretical support for comprehensive adolescent sexual and reproductive health interventions that promote abstinence and other safe sex behaviors through social as well as individual pathways.
HLA and complement C4 studies in psoriasis vulgaris.

BACKGROUND Psoriasis vulgaris is known to be associated with the presence of certain HLA antigens and complement factors but only studies of Western populations have been reported. We investigated the HLA and complement profile in Indian patients with psoriasis vulgaris. METHODS Sixty-seven patients and 132 normal subjects were typed for class I antigens using 262 sera, and 55 patients and 104 normal subjects were typed for class II antigens using 174 sera. The sera from patients and normals were sent to Japanese laboratories for the study of class III antigens. RESULTS The study revealed that patients had an increased frequency of A1 (p < 0.0025), B17 (p < 0.0025), Cw6 (p < 0.001) DR7 (p < 0.05) and DQw3 (p < 0.005) when compared to normal controls. Analysis of two and three antigen haplotypes revealed a significant increase in the incidence of all haplotypes involving those antigens which showed a high frequency among patients. A significant association was also found with complement factors C4A6.3 and C4A6,X. However, the relative risk was high for C4BQO (10.73). CONCLUSIONS Psoriasis in Indians is associated with the A1, B17 and Cw6 but not with B13 antigens and the complement allotypes mentioned above. The strong association with C4 factors may be as a result of a close linkage between the class III region and Ir genes.
Gender Differences in the Relationships Among Major Depressive Disorder, Heavy Alcohol Use, and Mental Health Treatment Engagement Among College Students.

OBJECTIVE Although major depressive disorder (MDD) and heavy episodic drinking (HED, 4+/5+ drinks in a single sitting for women/men) are common among young adults in college, the relationship between the two remains unclear. This study examined the association between MDD and HED in this population, the effect of gender on this association, and whether comorbid MDD and heavy alcohol use are associated with higher rates of mental health treatment engagement. METHOD The study comprised 61,561 (65.3% female) undergraduate students who answered an online survey on depression, alcohol use, and treatment engagement in the past year. Hierarchical linear regressions examined the association between MDD and alcohol use (HED and peak blood alcohol concentration [pBAC]) and whether gender moderated these associations. Logistic regressions were then conducted to examine the influence of MDD, heavy alcohol use, and gender on treatment engagement. RESULTS Students with MDD reported more frequent HED and higher pBAC than did students without MDD; this was especially true for female students. Rates of treatment engagement were higher among women than men, among students with MDD than students without MDD, and among female students with HED than women without HED. CONCLUSIONS The presence of an association between MDD and heavy alcohol use suggests the need for systematic screenings of both conditions. Low rates of treatment engagement in college students with MDD and heavy alcohol use calls for the development of strategies to engage this high-risk group in treatment.
Modulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake by estrogen receptor agonists and antagonists.

Ca(2+) uptake by mitochondria is a key element in the control of cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and Ca(2+)-dependent phenomena. It has been known for many years that this Ca(2+) uptake is mediated by the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter, a specific Ca(2+) channel of the inner mitochondrial membrane. We have shown previously that this channel is strongly activated by a series of natural phytoestrogenic flavonoids. We show here that several agonists and antagonists of estrogen receptors (ERs) also modulate the activity of the uniporter. The specific alpha-ER agonist 4,4',4''-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol (PPT) was the strongest activator, increasing the rate of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake in permeabilized HeLa cells by 10-fold at 2 microM. Consistently, PPT largely increased the histamine-induced mitochondrial [Ca(2+)] peak and reduced the cytosolic one. Diethylstilbestrol and 17-beta-estradiol (but not 17-alpha-estradiol) were active at pharmacological concentrations while the beta-estrogen-receptor agonist 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN) was little effective. The ER modulators tamoxifen and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen inhibited mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake (IC(50) 2.5+/-1.5 and 2.5+/-1.4 microM, mean+/-s.d. , respectively) both in the presence and in the absence of PPT, but raloxifene and the pure estrogen antagonist ICI 182,780 produced no effect. Activation by PPT was immediate and inhibition by tamoxifen or 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen required only 5 min to reach maximum. Tamoxifen did not modify mitochondrial membrane potential and PPT induced a slow mitochondrial depolarization at higher concentrations than those required to activate mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake. These results suggest that some kind of ER or related protein located in mitochondria controls the activity of the Ca(2+) uniporter by a nongenomic mechanism. This novel mechanism of action of estrogen agonists and antagonists can provide a new interpretation for several previously reported effects of these compounds.