Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multidrug ATP‐binding cassette transporters are essential for hepatic development of Plasmodium sporozoites

Multidrug resistance‐associated proteins (MRPs) belong to the C‐family of ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transport proteins and are known to transport a variety of physiologically important compounds and to be involved in the extrusion of pharmaceuticals. Rodent malaria parasites encode a single ABC transporter subfamily C protein, whereas human parasites encode two: MRP1 and MRP2. Although associated with drug resistance, their biological function and substrates remain unknown. To elucidate the role of MRP throughout the parasite life cycle, Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum mutants lacking MRP expression were generated. P. berghei mutants lacking expression of the single MRP as well as P. falciparum mutants lacking MRP1, MRP2 or both proteins have similar blood stage growth kinetics and drug‐sensitivity profiles as wild type parasites. We show that MRP1‐deficient parasites readily invade primary human hepatocytes and develop into mature liver stages. In contrast, both P. falciparum MRP2‐deficient parasites and P. berghei mutants lacking MRP protein expression abort in mid to late liver stage development, failing to produce mature liver stages. The combined P. berghei and P. falciparum data are the first demonstration of a critical role of an ABC transporter during Plasmodium liver stage development.
Constructing Economically Justied Aggregates: An Application to the Early Origins of Health

This paper presents classical and novel Bayesian econometric methods for reducing high-dimensional data into low-dimensional aggregates using factor models to examine the eect of early-life conditions and education on health. These methods are applied to the 1970 British Cohort Study within a life course framework to analyze the eect of childhood cognitive ability and psychosocial traits on education and adult health in a model where individuals select into education on the basis of their gains. We nd that, while the structure of personality and cognition is gender-invariant, the importance of these factors for adult outcomes varies considerably. Noncognitive factors developed by age ten are more important determinants of adult outcomes for males than for females. We also nd that education accounts for three quarters of the observed health disparities at age 30 for males, but only for half or less for females. We then show that individuals select into education on the basis of both market and non-market gains, and that the average eect of education for females at dierent
The Costs and Benefits of Nonoperative Management for Adult Scoliosis

Study Design. A prospective cohort of adult scoliosis patients treated nonoperatively had a minimum of 2-year follow-up during which time data were collected on the type and quantity of nonoperative treatment used. Objective. To quantify the use, cost, and effectiveness of nonoperative treatment for adult scoliosis. Summary of Background Data. A 2007 systematic review of nonsurgical treatment in adult scoliosis revealed minimal data, and concluded that evidence for nonoperative care was lacking. Methods. Duration of use and frequency of visits were collected for 8 specific treatment methods: medication, physical therapy, exercise, injections/blocks, chiropractic care, pain management, bracing, and bed rest. Costs for each intervention were determined using the Medicare Fee schedule. Outcome measures were the SRS-22, SF-12, and ODI. Analysis was performed for the entire group, and for subsets of high (ODI, >40), mid (ODI = 21–40) and low (ODI, ≤20) symptom patients. Results. A total of 123 patients (111 females, 12 males) with a mean age of 53.3 (18–79) years were evaluated. In 55 scoliosis patients who received no treatment, the only significant change in HRQOL measures over the 2-year period was in SRS satisfaction subscore (0.3 points, P = 0.014). Among the 68 adult scoliosis patients who used nonoperative resources, there was no significant change in any of the HRQOL outcome parameters. Mean treatment cost over the 2-year period was $10,815. Mean cost over the 2-year period averaged $9704 in the low symptom patients, $11,116 in the mid symptom, and $14,022 in the high symptom patients. Conclusion. This study questions the value of nonoperative treatment commonly used for adult scoliosis patients. Documented costs are substantial and no improvement in health status was observed. An important caveat is that treatment was not randomized and therefore the treatment group might have deteriorated if not for the treatment they received.
Variable-rate speech coding: Replacing unvoiced excitations by linear prediction residues of different phonemes

In order to reduce the bit rate of speech transmission while maintaining the speech quality we are developing a vocoder which uses different methods for coding voiced and unvoiced frames. Within this framework we present an idea for expressing fricative and plosive phonemes with only 20 bits per frame (tD 20ms). We show that they can be represented by LP(Linear Prediction) coefficients and a residual signal where this residue is always taken from a fixed phoneme of a test speaker known at the receiver station of the coding system (see figure 1). Algorithms ensuring smooth transitions to other speech-frame categories are also described below. Using this technique the transmission rate of unvoiced frames can be considerably reduced (down to 1 kbit/s) getting better listening results than using CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction) variants at 4 kbit/s instead. The resulting ‘Multi-Class Vocoder’ (voiced frames are coded by Harmonic Coding at 4 kbit/s) has a variable rate of less than 3 kbit/s on the average.
THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN SUBSIDIARY FIRMS

We examined the institutionalization process of organizational culture in subsidiary firms and the interaction of the subsidiary with its environment in different levels using the institutional theory. We identified a sequence of steps and factors which influence the process of legitimating and institutionalizing the organizational culture. Finally we propose hypotheses dealing with the impact of the different factors on the process of institutionalization.
International Accounting and Multinational Enterprises

PART ONE: International Business and International Accounting International Dimensions of Accounting International Business and Multinational Strategy PART TWO: The International Accounting Environment Accounting Systems in the Global Environment International Patterns of Accounting Development Comparative International Accounting Systems and Practices Pressures for International Accounting Harmonization and Disclosure Multinational Management Perspectives on Information Disclosure and Regulation PART THREE: International Financial Reporting Issues International Business Combinations and Consolidations International Accounting for Goodwill and Intangibles International Segmental Reporting Accounting for Price Changes and Inflation Foreign Exchange and Accounting for Foreign Currency Transactions Translation of Foreign Currency Financial Statements PART FOUR: International Financial Analysis Comparative International Analysis of Financial Statements International Disclosure Trends and Financial Analysis PART FIVE: International Management Accounting and Control International Taxation Management of Control Global Operations Managerial Accounting in the Global Environment Performance Evaluation of Foreign Operations Auditing of Foreign Operations PART SIX: The Future of Global Accounting Global Accounting Issues into the 21st Century.
The Exchange Properties of Magnesium in Escherichia coli Ribosomes

Although some work has been done on the metabolism of the RNA and, to a lesser extent, of the protein in ribosomal particles (Roberts, 1960, 1961, 1962), little is known of their structure. The general physical characteristics of Escherichia coli ribosomes have been studied by Tissieres, Watson, Schlessinger & Hollingworth (1959), of yeast ribosomes by Chao & Schachman (1956), of peaseedling ribosomes by Ts'o, Bonner & Vinograd (1958) and of rat-liver ribosomes by Petermann, Hamilton, Balis, Samarth & Pecora (1958). The importance of magnesium in the structure of these particles is well known, and the dissociation of larger into small sub-units when magnesium is removed from them appears to be a general feature (Tissieres et al. 1959; Bolton, Hoyer & Ritter, 1958; Chao, 1957). Protein has also been implicated in this association (Morgan, Greenspan & Cunningham, 1963). Little attention has been paid to the properties of the magnesium bound to and involved in the structure of ribosomes. The binding of magnesium to Jensen-sarcoma ribosomes has been investigated by Petermann (1960), and shown to be dependent on the pH and ionic strength of the buffer. The exchange between free Mg2+ ions and rabbit-reticulocyte-microsomal magnesium has been studied by Edelman, Ts'o & Vinograd (1960), who found that 100% of the microsomal magnesium exchanged in about 30 min. The present work describes measurements of the exchangeability of the magnesium of some E. coli ribosomes. The results show that probably all the magnesium in E. coli ribosomes exchanges fairly quickly with free Mg2+ ions, but that the rate of exchange depends on the site of binding. The 50s ribosomes appear to be composed of 30 s sub-units. High Mg2+ ion concentrations are not essential for the stabilization of 70s ribosomes in crude extracts of E. coli.
Fiscal Policy Coordination in Asia: East Asian Infrastructure Investment Fund

East Asian countries were seriously affected by the 2008 global crisis through a steep fall in exports. This experience exposed the vulnerability of the East Asian growth model and emphasized the importance of generating regional growth by expanding domestic demand and enlarging intra-regional trade. A key factor to achieving higher regional economic growth and enlarging intra-regional trade is the better connectivity of infrastructure such as roads, ports, airports, and rail links. Although some East Asian countries have made large investments in improving their infrastructures, others still lag behind. [ADBI Working Paper 232]
Atrial flutter: a synthesis of concepts.

ATRIAL FLUTTER (AFL) is the designation applied to a group of tachyarrhythmias with atrial rates of from 240 to 360 beats/min. Distinctive in this group of arrhythmias is typical AFL, characterized by a unique consistency of atrial rate (300 ± 10 beats/min) and an electrocardiographic pattern demonstrating undulating F waves without isoelectric intervals in leads II III, and aVF. This article attempts to identify the salient factors relevant to AFL and integrate them into a comprehensive concept. This synthesis is not intended to catalogue all or refute any of the factors that might operate in AFL. The purpose is to identify a minimal set of readily demonstrable factors that, through interaction, could cause spontaneous AFL. The present discussion concerns AFL, but the same concepts are also applicable to reentrant ventricular arrhythmias.
CHRONOTYPE ASSOCIATIONS WITH DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY DISORDERS IN A LARGE COHORT STUDY

The chronotype, being a morning or an evening type, can influence an individual's psychological health. Studies have shown a link between depressed mood and being an evening type; however, most studies have used symptom scales and not diagnostic criteria, and confounding factors such as sleep patterns and somatic health factors have often not been considered. This study aims to examine the association between chronotype and depressive (major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia) and anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and social phobia) disorders diagnosed using clinical interviews, while taking into account relevant sociodemographic, clinical, somatic health, and sleep parameters.
The Determinants and Effects of CEO–Employee Relative Pay

We study the determinants and effects of the relative compensation of top executives and lower-level employees. First, we show that CEO–employee pay ratio depends on the balance of power between the CEO (relative to the board) and ordinary employees (relative to management). Second, our results suggest that employees do not perceive higher pay ratios as an inequitable outcome to be redressed via costly behaviors that lower productivity. We do not find a negative relation between relative pay and employee productivity, either in the full sample or in subsamples where employees are well-informed about executive pay and are protected against retaliatory managerial actions. Rather, we find that productivity increases with relative pay when the firm has fewer employees who are well-informed, and when promotion decisions are predominantly merit-based. We also find that firm value and operating performance both increase with relative pay. We conclude that ordinary employees appear to perceive an opportunity in higher pay ratios but the extent to which such perception incentivizes them depends on the likelihood of success in a promotion tournament.
Statin use and the risk of breast cancer: a population-based case–control study

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of statins was associated with breast cancer risk. Background: Experimental studies have shown that statins have potential protective effects against cancer. Methods: We conducted a population-based case–control study in Taiwan. Cases consisted of all patients who were aged 50 years and older and had a first-time diagnosis of breast cancer for the period between 2004 and 2011. The controls were matched to cases by age, sex and index date. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were estimated by using multiple logistic regression. Results: We examined 565 breast cancer cases and 2260 controls. The unadjusted OR for any statin prescription was 1.19 (95% CI = 0.95 – 1.49) and the adjusted OR was 1.13 (95% CI = 0.84 – 1.51). Compared with no use of statins, the adjusted ORs were 1.02 (95% CI = 0.61 – 1.69) for the group with cumulative defined daily doses (DDDs) below 44.67 DDDs, 1.21 (95% CI = 0.83 – 1.76) for the group with cumulative dose between 44.68 DDDs and 308 DDDs, and 1.10 (95% CI = 0.66 – 1.83) for the group with the highest cumulative dose (> 308 DDDs). Conclusions: The present data do not provide evidence to support either beneficial or harmful associations between statin use and breast cancer risk.
Transition to University and Vigorous Physical Activity: Implications for Health and Psychological Well-Being

The authors investigated vigorous physical activity and psychological well-being during transition from high school to first-year university in a sample of 145 Canadian undergraduates. Participants completed retrospective measures assessing vigorous physical activity during their first 2 months at university and their last 2 months at high school as well as measures assessing psychological well-being. According to nationally recommended (US Department of Health and Human Services) standards, two thirds (66.2%) of students reported adequate levels of vigorous activity in high school, whereas significantly fewer (44.1%) met the standard during their first 8 weeks at university. One third of students were active in high school but became insufficiently active once at university; 33% were active at both times; 23% consistently fell short of recommended levels; and only 11% became active once at university. Students who had become insufficiently active reported higher levels of fatigue and lower levels of vigor compared with those who continued to be active.
Employees' Belief Regarding Training Benefits and Organizational Commitment: A Case in Banking Sector of Pakistan

2 Abstract: The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between Employees' belief about training benefits including personal, job and career related benefits and their impact on organizational commitment in banking sector of Pakistan. The empirical analysis of this study will help management to learn how they can use training programs particularly designing and implementation phases as effective tactical instrument to enhance commitment level of employees in this period of recession. Workforce of Pakistan is not delivering effectively, which, among other factors, may be attributed to lack of desired level of training (designing and implementation) and career development. Corporations are experiencing problems due to the absence or in- adequate application of training management policies while maintaining its relationship with commitment level. Establishing employees' belief with respect to training benefits and its link with commitment in the banking sector of Pakistan is also an area lacking due research coverage in the past. It has been tested that employee's belief with regard to (1) personal benefits; (2) career related benefits; and (3) job-related benefits of training is positively linked with organizational commitment. This is a quantitative study measuring belief of employees for training benefits and its effect on their commitment level. For this purpose, survey was conducted from 155 officers rank employees on the basis of probability sampling technique from banks of two major cities (Lahore and Faisalabad) of Pakistan. The results include that there is significant positive relationship between employee perception of training benefits and organizational commitment. Furthermore, results revealed that the employees who are having positive attitude towards training as they perceive that they will get different benefits from training and who expect that they will get benefits by participating in training programs, they are likely to be more committed with their employers than those who perceive training a leisure activity.
An Analysis of Italian Bad Loans: Determinants, Forecasts and Transmission to the Real Economy

Since 2009 conditions in Italian credit market have been experiencing a dramatic worsening, reflecting the two most severe recessions since the Great Depression. Probability of default for non financial firms has reached unexpected values, while deterioration in credit portfolios has spread. This paper studies bad loans for Italian non financial firms during the last twenty years. We propose different linear and non-linear methodologies focusing on short and long-term determinants, forecasting properties and dynamic responses. Our empirical results suggest that macroeconomic and financial, but also, specified lenders and borrowers variables affect bad loans. Linear and non-linear models augmented with financial variables and asset prices produce better out-of-sample forecasts. A dynamic response analysis shows that default rates move with a cyclical pattern, falling after a positive shock in macroeconomic and financial variables. Moreover, a positive shock in bank credit or in default rate does not produce a clear feedback effect from credit to the real economy. In a non-linear framework, this happens only when the default rate is above a critical value, suggesting a possible breakdown in the transmission of credit to the real economy when credit quality is weak.
Hidden impact of paramedic interventions.

OBJECTIVE: To examine current patterns of deployment and use of emergency ambulance crews in Nottinghamshire, with particular reference to crew status (technician or paramedic), case mix, interventions performed, and operational times. METHODS: A retrospective survey of routinely collected computerised ambulance service despatch data, and patient treatment forms for 242 randomly selected emergency callouts in Nottinghamshire, during September 1994. Data were collected on patient demography, broad diagnostic group, crew status and operational times, and paramedic interventions performed. RESULTS: 170 of 242 callouts (70%) involved a paramedic crew; extended skills were used on 31 of these occasions (18%), predominantly for medical emergencies. Paramedic crews recorded significantly longer on-scene times (median time: 14.0 v 11.5 min, P = 0.04). An examination of the difference between paramedics who performed interventions and those who did not revealed that "intervening" paramedics recorded significantly longer onscene times (median time: 23 v 12 min, P < 0.001), turnaround times (median time: 28 v 18 min, P < 0.001), and total out-of-service times (median time 73 v 51 min, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The additional time taken by paramedics at the scene of an emergency incident relates to their performance of an intervention, rather than time spent assessing the patient to decide whether stabilisation or immediate evacuation would be most appropriate. Paramedic interventions were most often performed for medical emergencies. The performance of paramedic interventions also extended turnaround times and total out-of-service times.
Genetic Control of Susceptibility to Autoimmune Gastritis

A familial component to the tendency to develop autoimmune gastritis has long been recognized. Although linkage to certain HLA alleles and an association with the endocrine autoimmune diseases thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes have been reported, little further progress has been achieved in clinical studies. In contrast, the mouse model of gastritis induced in the BALB/c strain by thymectomy in the third day of life has identified four linkage regions; two on distal chromosome 4 (Gasa1 and Gasa2), one on chromosome 6 (Gasa3) and one in the H2 (Gasa4). Three of these four genes colocalize with NOD mouse diabetes susceptibility genes—the strongest concordance identified to date between any two autoimmune diseases—reflecting the association between autoimmune diabetes and type 1 gastritis in humans.
Exploring buyer-seller dyadic perceptions of technology and relationships: Implications for Sales 2.0

Purpose – This paper aims to understand an emerging paradigm for business-to-business selling, Sales 2.0, which connects various enabling technologies within leading sales processes to drive improved business and relational outcomes. In the context of Sales 2.0, this paper addresses the need for buyer–seller dyadic sales research in the literature and highlights the importance of understanding buyer and seller perspectives regarding technology expectations and relationship-building performance. Design/methodology/approach – This research utilizes a dyadic (salesperson–customer) data collection methodology, involving 74 matched salesperson and customer responses (37 dyads) to an online survey. Existing salesperson (self-report) measures of customer technology expectations and relationship-building performance with customers were utilized and adapted to provide dyadic measures to test for buyer–seller perceptual differences. Findings – The dyadic data analysis supports the presence of significant perceptual.
Influence of ethnic factors on behavior problems in indigenous Sami and majority Norwegian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between behavior problems and ethnic factors in indigenous minority Sami and Norwegian majority adolescents in northern Norway. METHOD The Youth Self-Report (YSR) was completed by 249 Sami and 210 Norwegian students in junior high school, aged 13 to 16 years. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Behavior problems were assessed in relation to ethnicity and ethnic context (geographic region and family context). RESULTS Rates of behavior problems (CBCL and YSR) were generally high in both ethnic groups and were highest among girls. Sami adolescents, particularly those living in assimilated ethnic communities, reported more behavior problems than Norwegian adolescents. CONCLUSION Ethnic factors have significant impact on behavior problems in indigenous minority adolescents living in a multiethnic context.