Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Speaker Sensitive Response Evaluation Model

Automatic evaluation of open-domain dialogue response generation is very challenging because there are many appropriate responses for a given context. Existing evaluation models merely compare the generated response with the ground truth response and rate many of the appropriate responses as inappropriate if they deviate from the ground truth. One approach to resolve this problem is to consider the similarity of the generated response with the conversational context. In this paper, we propose an automatic evaluation model based on that idea and learn the model parameters from an unlabeled conversation corpus. Our approach considers the speakers in defining the different levels of similar context. We use a Twitter conversation corpus that contains many speakers and conversations to test our evaluation model. Experiments show that our model outperforms the other existing evaluation metrics in terms of high correlation with human annotation scores. We also show that our model trained on Twitter can be applied to movie dialogues without any additional training. We provide our code and the learned parameters so that they can be used for automatic evaluation of dialogue response generation models.
Survey of the morphogenetic dynamics of the ventricular surface of the developing mouse neocortex

To understand the morphogenetic dynamics of the inner surface of the embryonic pallial (neocortical) wall, we immunohistochemically surveyed the cellular endfeet facing the lateral ventricle and found that the average endfoot area was minimal at embryonic day (E)12 in mice. This endfoot narrowing at E12 may represent a change in the mode of cell production at the surface from a purely proliferative mode that retains all daughter cells to a more differentiation‐directed mode that allows some daughter cells to leave the surface. The apices of cells undergoing mitosis were 1.5–3.9 times larger than the overall cell apices and 6.7–8.7 times smaller than the cross‐sectional area of mitotic somata. En face time‐lapse monitoring of each endfoot permitted observation of its cell cycle‐dependent size changes, division, and relationships with neighboring endfeet. Planar divisions oriented along the lateral–medial axis were less abundant than those oriented along the rostral–caudal axis at E10 and E11, but basal body distribution in each endfoot was random. Developmental Dynamics 236:3061–3070, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transmission Efficiency, Preference and Behavior of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and MED under the Influence of Tomato Chlorosis Virus

Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV, genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) is an economically important virus in more than 20 countries. In China, ToCV was first detected in 2013 and has already spread throughout the country. ToCV is transmitted in a semi-persistent manner by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, but not seed. In the past two decades, the most invasive MEAM1 and MED have replaced the indigenous B. tabaci in China, and currently MED is the most dominant cryptic species. To better understand the prevalence of ToCV with their vectors, we tested the hypothesis that the rapid spread of ToCV in China is closely related to the dominance of MED. ToCV acquisition and accumulation rate following transmission was significantly higher by MED than MEAM1. In addition, ToCV persisted for more than 4 days in MED but only 2 days in MEAM1. Viruliferous MED preferred non-infected over virus-infected plants, although MED performed better on infected than on non-infected plants. Our combined results support the initial hypothesis that the rapid spread of ToCV is associated with the spread of B. tabaci MED in China.
translational physiology Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the kidney

Eddy, Allison A. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 283: F209–F220, 2002; 10.1152/ajprenal.00032. 2002. —Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a serine protease inhibitor that was isolated 20 years ago. First recognized as an inhibitor of intravascular fibrinolysis, it is now evident that PAI-1 is a multifunctional protein with actions that may be dependent on or independent of its protease inhibitory effects. The latter often involve interactions between PAI-1 and vitronectin or the urokinase receptor. The protease-inhibitory actions of PAI-1 extend beyond fibrinolysis and include extracellular matrix turnover and activation of several proenzymes and latent growth factors. PAI-1 has been implicated in several renal pathogenetic processes, including thrombotic microangiopathies and proliferative and/or crescentic glomerulopathies. Most recently, it has become clear that PAI-1 also plays a pivotal role in progressive renal disease, both glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. An active area of present research interest, untold stories are likely to be uncovered soon.
Mortality in kidney disease patients treated with phosphate binders: a randomized study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dietary phosphorous overload and excessive calcium intake from calcium-containing phosphate binders promote coronary artery calcification (CAC) that may contribute to high mortality of dialysis patients. CAC has been found in patients in early stages of nondialysis-dependent CKD. In this population, no study has evaluated the potential role of phosphorus binders on mortality. This study aimed to evaluate all-cause mortality as the primary end point in nondialysis-dependent CKD patients randomized to different phosphate binders; secondary end points were dialysis inception and the composite end point of all-cause mortality and dialysis inception. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS This is a randomized, multicenter, nonblinded pilot study. Consecutive outpatients (n=212; stage 3-4 CKD) were randomized to either sevelamer (n=107) or calcium carbonate (n=105). Phosphorus concentration was maintained between 2.7 and 4.6 mg/dl for patients with stage 3-4 CKD and between 3.5 and 5.5 mg/dl for patients with stage 5 CKD. The CAC score was assessed by computed tomography at study entry and after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. All-cause mortality, dialysis inception, and the composite end point were recorded for up to 36 months. RESULTS In patients randomized to sevelamer, all-cause mortality and the composite end point were lower; a nonsignificant trend was noted for dialysis inception. CONCLUSIONS Sevelamer provided benefits in all-cause mortality and in the composite end point of death or dialysis inception but not advantages in dialysis inception. Larger studies are needed to confirm these results.
The quest for Y‐chromosomal markers – methodological strategies for mammalian non‐model organisms

Tracing maternal and paternal lineages independently to explore breeding systems and dispersal strategies in natural populations has been high on the wish‐list of evolutionary biologists. As males are the heterogametic sex in mammals, such sex‐specific patterns can be indirectly observed when Y chromosome polymorphism is combined with mitochondrial sequence information. Over the past decade, Y‐chromosomal markers applied to human populations have revealed remarkable differences in the demographic history and behaviour between the sexes. However, with a few exceptions, genetic data tracing the paternal line are lacking in most other mammalian species. This deficit can be attributed to the difficulty of developing Y‐specific genetic markers in non‐model organisms and the general low levels of polymorphisms observed on the Y chromosome. Here, we present an overview of the currently employed strategies for developing paternal markers in mammals. Moreover, we review the practical feasibility and requirements of various methodological strategies and highlight their future prospects when combined with new molecular techniques such as next generation sequencing.
A Randomized Linear Programming Method for Computing Network Bid Prices

We analyze a randomized version of the deterministic linear programming (DLP) method for computing network bid prices. The method consists of simulating a sequence of realizations of itinerary demand and solving deterministic linear programs to allocate capacity to itineraries for each realization. The dual prices from this sequence are then averaged to form a bid price approximation. This randomized linear programming (RLP) method is only slightly more complicated to implement than the DLP method. We show that the RLP method can be viewed as a procedure for estimating the gradient of the expected perfect information (PI) network revenue. That is, the expected revenue obtained with full information on future demand realizations. The expected PI revenue can, in turn, be viewed as an approximation to the optimal value function. We establish conditions under which the RLP procedure provides an unbiased estimator of the gradient of the expected PI revenue. Computational tests are performed to evaluate the revenue performance of the RLP method compared to the DLP.
Benign and malignant sacrococcygeal teratomas

tant tumors of early infancy and child hood. In order to clarify some of the problems which are regularly encoun tered in the diagnosis and treatment of these tumors, our experience with 49 sacrococcygeal teratomas has been com pared with a review of 54 cases from the literature. Clinical features which differentiate the malignant from the benign teratomas have been found to relate closely to the age of the patient at the time of discovery of the tumor and to the presence or absence of the symptoms of bowel or bladder obstruc tion. The surgical procedures necessary for the removal of the benign tera tomas, the use of combination methods for treatment of the malignant tumors, and the prognosis for cure in both groups of tumors are outlined in this report. Presenting Symptoms Contrary to what might be expected, the majority of benign sacrococcygeal teratomas produce no functional diffi culties even when there is a consider able intrapelvic extension. Progressive growth filling the whole pelvis may cause mild obstructive symptoms, but when the obstruction is severe, the tu
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-17 Synergistically Promote Viral Persistence by Inhibiting Cellular Apoptosis and Cytotoxic T Cell Function

ABSTRACT Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important role in the development and progression of inflammatory responses, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Many viral infections, including Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), result in the vigorous production of IL-6. However, the role of IL-6 in the development of virus-induced inflammatory responses is unclear. The infection of susceptible mice with TMEV induces the development of chronic demyelinating disease, which is considered a relevant infectious model for multiple sclerosis. In this study, we demonstrate that resistant C57BL/6 mice carrying an IL-6 transgene (IL-6 Tg) develop a TMEV-induced demyelinating disease accompanied by an increase in viral persistence and an elevated Th17 cell response in the central nervous system. Either IL-6 or IL-17 induced the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL at a high concentration. The upregulated expression of prosurvival molecules in turn inhibited target cell destruction by virus-specific CD8+ T cells. More interestingly, IL-6 and IL-17 synergistically promoted the expression of these prosurvival molecules, preventing cellular apoptosis at a much lower (<5-fold) concentration. The signals involved in the synergy appear to include the activation of both STAT3 and NF-κB via distinct cytokine-dependent pathways. Thus, the excessive IL-6 promotes the generation of Th17 cells, and the resulting IL-6 and IL-17 synergistically promote viral persistence by protecting virus-infected cells from apoptosis and CD8+ T cell-mediated target destruction. These results suggest that blocking both IL-6 and IL-17 functions are important considerations for therapies of chronic viral diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. IMPORTANCE This study indicates that an excessive level of IL-6 cytokine produced following viral infection promotes the development of IL-17-producing pathogenic helper T cells. We demonstrate here for the first time that IL-6 together with IL-17 synergistically enhances the expression of survival molecules to hinder critical host defense mechanisms removing virus-infected cells. This finding has an important implication in controlling not only chronic viral infections but also autoimmune diseases and cancers, which are associated with prolonged cell survival.
Increase in the quantum yield of photoinhibition contributes to copper toxicity in vivo

The effect of copper on photoinhibition of photosystem II in vivo was studied in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Dufrix). The plants were grown hydroponically in the presence of various concentrations of Cu2+ ranging from the optimum 0.3 &mgr;m (control) to 15 &mgr;m. The copper concentration of leaves varied according to the nutrient medium from a control value of 13 mg kg-1 dry weight to 76 mg kg-1 dry weight. Leaf samples were illuminated in the presence and absence of lincomycin at different light intensities (500-1500 &mgr;mol photons m-2 s-1). Lincomycin prevents the concurrent repair of photoinhibitory damage by blocking chloroplast protein synthesis. The photoinhibitory decrease in the light-saturated rate of O2 evolution measured from thylakoids isolated from treated leaves correlated well with the decrease in the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence measured from the leaf discs; therefore, the fluorescence ratio was used as a routine measurement of photoinhibition in vivo. Excess copper was found to affect the equilibrium between photoinhibition and repair, resulting in a decrease in the steady-state concentration of active photosystem II centers of illuminated leaves. This shift in equilibrium apparently resulted from an increase in the quantum yield of photoinhibition (PhiPI) induced by excess copper. The kinetic pattern of photoinhibition and the independence of PhiPI on photon flux density were not affected by excess copper. An increase in PhiPI may contribute substantially to Cu2+ toxicity in certain plant species.
β-glucan extraction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast using Actinomyces rutgersensis 88 yeast lyzing enzymatic complex

β-glucan is a polymer of glucose which is produced by many different organisms – bacteria, fungi, plants. In this natural polymer glucose monomers are linked by β glycosidic bonds. Nowadays non-cellulosic, fungal β-glucans are being broadly investigated. The main reason being that these biological polymers are recognized as potent immunological stimulators for human immune system. Experimental data show that β-glucans protect mammals from different infections and increase immune system cells cytotoxicity against cancer. One of these immunomodulating substances is yeast β-glucan extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A large part of fungal cells mass consists of β-glucans. β-glucan is a major structural component of various yeast cells and is vital for cell functions. In the present paper we describe a simple β-glucan extraction procedure using Actinomyces rutgersensis 88 yeast lysing enzymatic complex for yeast cell lysis and soft alkaline β-glucan extraction in further steps.
Comparisons of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences (16S rRNA gene) between oviparous and viviparous strains of Lacerta vivipara: a preliminary study

The lizard Lacerta vivipara has allopatric oviparous and viviparous populations. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene coding for the 16S rRNA was sequenced for several viviparous lizard populations from France, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, The Netherlands, Sweden, and for oviparous lizard populations from the Pyrenean and Cantabric Mountains. Seven distinct groups (three oviparous and four viviparous) were identified. The net nucleotide divergence between oviparous and viviparous haplotypes was 1.3% ± 0.5 (mean ± standard deviation). These results on mtDNA, together with other data obtained previously, led us to formulate a biogeographical scenario that could be tested by further research.
A case-based reasoning approach to the reusability of CWM metadata

A decisional process is usually held by one or more expert users having different viewpoints. That is, they manipulate several knowledge and know-how with different objectives, preferences, competencies, and different visions on the data warehouse entities. In this paper, we propose to establish coordination and knowledge sharing between users of a decisional process based on the Common Warehouse Metamodel (CWM) standard to enhance reusability in terms of viewpoint within a system and to promote a good coordination between users of a multi-view analysis. After a brief review of our approach of viewpoint in CWM, we will first model and formalize interaction and interdependence between various analyses according to different viewpoints through introducing a set of relations between viewpoints. These relations allow us to ensure coordination and mutual understanding between different users of a decisional process based on the CWM. Then, based on those relations, we propose a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) process with the aim to improve reusability of users' analysis and experiences, and to guide novice users during the exploitation of the decisional process in terms of viewpoint.
Maternal dietary patterns and associated nutrient intakes during each trimester of pregnancy

Abstract Objective To determine the main dietary patterns of pregnant women during each of the three trimesters of pregnancy and to examine associated nutrient intakes. Design Participants completed a 3 d food diary during each trimester of pregnancy. Thirty-six food groups were created and dietary patterns were derived using k-means cluster analysis. Setting National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Subjects Two hundred and eighty-five healthy pregnant women aged between 20 and 41 years. Results Two dietary patterns were identified at each time point. They were labelled ‘Unhealthy’ (n 143, 150 and 155 at trimester 1, 2 and 3, respectively) and ‘Health Conscious’ (n 142, 135 and 130 at trimester 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Women in the ‘Health Conscious’ cluster were significantly older, had lower BMI and were higher educated than those in the ‘Unhealthy’ cluster. Of those in the ‘Unhealthy’ cluster in the first trimester (n 143), 103 (72·0 %) continued in this dietary pattern into trimester 2 and eighty-one (56·6 %) continued into trimester 3. Of those in the ‘Health Conscious’ cluster in trimester 1 (n 142), ninety-five (66·9 %) continued in this dietary pattern into trimester 2 and sixty-nine (48·6 %) continued into trimester 3. Conclusions Cluster analysis produced two clearly defined dietary patterns at each stage of pregnancy. Knowledge of maternal dietary patterns is important for the development of pregnancy-specific dietary guidelines. Identifying women with an ‘Unhealthy’ dietary pattern in early pregnancy affords the opportunity for a dietary intervention which may positively impact both maternal and infant health.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF ANKISTRODESMUS FALCATUS AND CHLORELLA VULGARIS TO COPPER

The physiological and biochemical responses of two green algae Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Chlorella vulgaris to copper sulphate were investigated. In this experiment both Ankistrodesmus and Chlorella cultures were treated with copper sulphate concentrations ranging from 0. 5 to 250 μM. The influence of copper on growth and metabolism was determined. Ankistrodesmus grown at 250 μM copper sulphate, while Chlorella grown at 100 μM copper sulphate. Low copper sulphate concentrations (0.5, 5, 10 μM) induced growth, pigments, all metabolites (Total carbohydrates, total proteins, total free amino acids, and phenolic compounds) and nitrate reductase activity in Ankistrodesmus cells and then they were decreased with increasing copper sulphate concentrations. In Chlorella the above parameters were decreased under all doses of copper used . In Ankistrodesmus, soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins and proline were decreased until 10 μM copper then they increased with increasing copper levels. While in Chlorella they increased in all copper concentrations. SDS-PAGE analysis of Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Chlorella vulgaris grown in different copper sulphate concentrations caused appearance of new polypeptides and disappearance of others. The treatments of Ankistrodesmus with high copper levels (250 μM) caused the synthesis of twenty new polypeptides bands. The numbers of polypeptides bands in Chlorella cells were decreased at all copper concentrations when compared with control. There are a differential responses to copper treatments between Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Chlorella vulgaris. Chlorella vulgaris more sensitive to copper toxicity than Ankistrodesmus falcatus
Human genetic factors in tuberculosis: an update

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major threat to human health, especially in many developing countries. Human genetic variability has been recognised to be of great relevance in host responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and in regulating both the establishment and the progression of the disease. An increasing number of candidate gene and genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have focused on human genetic factors contributing to susceptibility or resistance to TB. To update previous reviews on human genetic factors in TB we searched the MEDLINE database and PubMed for articles from 1 January 2014 through 31 March 2017 and reviewed the role of human genetic variability in TB. Search terms applied in various combinations were ‘tuberculosis’, ‘human genetics’, ‘candidate gene studies’, ‘genome‐wide association studies’ and ‘Mycobacterium tuberculosis’. Articles in English retrieved and relevant references cited in these articles were reviewed. Abstracts and reports from meetings were also included. This review provides a recent summary of associations of polymorphisms of human genes with susceptibility/resistance to TB.
Relative contribution of gravity to pulmonary perfusion heterogeneity.

We designed a series of experiments and analyses to quantify the contribution of gravity to pulmonary perfusion heterogeneity. Regional pulmonary perfusion was measured in five anesthetized and ventilated dogs in both supine and prone positions by use of radiolabeled microspheres injected during apnea at functional residual capacity. Measurements of flow were repeated in each position, and the sequence of positions was prospectively designed to nullify any effect of order. The lungs of each animal were excised, perfused with saline until clear, dried at an inflation pressure of 25 cmH2O, and cut into 1.9-cm3 pieces. Each piece was weighed and the radioactivity determined in a scintillation counter. Measurement errors were minimized by excluding lung pieces that had greater than 25% airway and weighed less than 10 mg or greater than 60 mg. Weight-normalized flows in each position and repetition were determined for each lung piece. An analysis of variance model was used to identify the percentage of variation in regional flow that was due to position (supine vs. prone), to random error and time (measurement and repetition), and to structure, where structure was defined as the component of flow that remained constant across position and replication. The contributions of position, error/time, and structure to the total variability of flow across the five dogs were 7.8 +/- 0.6, 8.4 +/- 8.3, and 83.8 +/- 8.4%, (SD), respectively. Because the contribution of position represents the additive effect of gravity between two opposite positions, the contribution of gravity to perfusion heterogeneity in one position may be as little as 4%. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)