Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella spp in dairy herds.

OBJECTIVE To estimate prevalence of Salmonella spp in Ohio dairy farms and to identify potential risk factors for fecal shedding of salmonellae. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION 105 Ohio dairy farms. PROCEDURE Individual fecal samples from all mature cows in study herds were tested for Salmonella spp by use of standard bacteriologic culture procedures. Herds were identified as infected if at least 1 cow was shedding Salmonella spp. Information regarding herd characteristics, management practices, and health history were collected. Potential risk factors for herd-level Salmonella infection were identified. RESULTS In 31% of the study herds (95% confidence interval, 22 to 40%), at least 1 cow was shedding Salmonella spp. Six percent of 7,776 fecal samples contained Salmonella organisms; prevalence within infected herds ranged from < 1 to 97%. Herd size, use of free stalls for lactating and nonlactating cows, and use of straw bedding in nonlactating cows were significantly associated with fecal shedding of Salmonella spp, as determined by use of univariate analysis. By use of multivariate analysis, large herds were more likely to be infected than smaller herds; however, no other factors were associated with Salmonella infection after adjustment for herd size. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Subclinical shedding of Salmonella spp is common in Ohio dairy herds, although we could not identify specific interventions that may influence the prevalence of Salmonella spp on dairy farms. It appears that large herd size and intensive management may provide an environment conducive to Salmonella shedding and chronic dairy herd infection.
Therapeutic response to a novel enzyme-targeting radiosensitization treatment (Kochi Oxydol-Radiation Therapy for Unresectable Carcinomas) in patients with recurrent breast cancer

Linear accelerator-based radiotherapy has little effect on the majority of locally advanced neoplasms. Thus, the novel radiosensitizer Kochi Oxydol Radiation Therapy for Unresectable Carcinomas, Type II (KORTUC II), which contains hydrogen peroxide and sodium hyaluronate, was developed. The effectiveness of KORTUC II for the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant supraclavicular lymph node metastases has been previously demonstrated. The present study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of KORTUC II in patients with recurrent breast cancer. A total of 20 patients (age range, 39–84 years) were enrolled in the study. The majority of patients underwent positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) examinations prior to and 1–7 months following KORTUC II treatment, and every 6 months thereafter when possible. The radiotherapy regimen was 2.75 Gy/fraction, 5 fractions/week, for 16–18 fractions, with a total radiation dose of 44.00–49.50 Gy (X-ray irradiation), or 4.00 Gy/fraction, 3 fractions/week, for 10–12 fractions, with a total radiation dose of 40.00–48.00 Gy (electron beam irradiation). The injection of 3–6 ml of the KORTUC II agent was initiated at the fifth radiotherapy fraction, and was performed twice/week under ultrasonographic guidance. The therapeutic effects were evaluated by PET-CT examinations prior and subsequent to KORTUC II treatment, which was observed to be well tolerated with minimal adverse effects. Of the 24 lesions presented by the 20 patients, 18 exhibited complete response, 5 partial response, 0 stable disease and 1 progressive disease. The overall survival rate was 100% at 1 year and 95% at 2 years. The mean duration of follow-up at the end of June 2014 was 51 months. Based on the results of the PET-CT studies conducted, KORTUC II treatment demonstrated marked therapeutic effects, with satisfactory treatment outcomes and acceptable adverse events.
Reexamining the Relationship Between Fiscal Stress and Outsourcing

ABSTRACT The determinants of outsourcing in local government are widely studied from a variety of frameworks. One concept consistently used to explain local government outsourcing is fiscal condition, with many noting that outsourcing is more likely when a local government’s fiscal condition declines into fiscal stress. Despite the ubiquity of this expectation in the outsourcing literature, several articles reviewed suggest that the findings for this relationship remain uncertain. As a result, the research presented in this article sought to examine and extend what is known about the relationship between fiscal stress and outsourcing in U.S. municipalities. The research includes previous measures of fiscal stress and adds new measures. In addition, it tries to overcome the limited theoretical testing of the relationship between fiscal stress and outsourcing by examining both direct and indirect effects of fiscal stress on outsourcing. It finds that municipalities in the United States that are experiencing fiscal stress are more likely to engage in outsourcing, particularly municipalities that are experiencing fiscal stress and have a positive evaluation of the external market to provide services.
Fiscal Rules and the Selection of Politicians: Evidence from Italian Municipalities

Despite the wide adoption, there is little evidence on the consequences of fiscal rules for the quality of government. I use data from Italian municipalities to study how fiscal rules affect the selection of politicians. In 1999, the Italian government applied fiscal rules to all municipalities. In 2001, it removed them for municipalities with less than 5000 inhabitants. Using a Difference-in-Discontinuity design, which enables control for an institutionally mandated increase in the wage paid to politicians at the 5000 threshold, I show that fiscal rules negatively affect the level of education of politicians. The result highlights a trade-off to fiscal rules. Reducing policymaking discretion may alleviate inter-jurisdictional externalities, but it may also lower the quality of the political class.
Physiological Adaptations and Analysis of Training Content in High School Cross-Country Runners

The purposes of this study were to examine effects of a season of training on aerobic performance in cross-country distance runners and to analyze the training using subjective and objective techniques. Subjects averaged 184 minutes of running per week, with 45%, 24%, and 31% occurring in zones below, near, and above the heart rate (HR) corresponding to ventilatory threshold (VTHR), respectively (Zone 1: HR > 15 bpm below VTHR; Zone 2: HR between Zone 1 and VTHR; Zone 3: HR > VTHR). Maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2max) increased by 5.1%, 5-km race time by 46 seconds (3.7%), and 2-km time trial performance by 54 seconds (10.7%) from pre- to postseason. Results are similar to previous research demonstrating that short-term (< 3 months) endurance training elicits improvements in various physiological parameters. Findings were not consistent with previous research that suggests a discrepancy may exist between the runners' perceptions and the physiological effects of their training.
Spillovers in Space and Time: Where Spatial Econometrics and Global VAR Models Meet

We bring together the spatial and global vector autoregressive (GVAR) classes of econometric models by providing a detailed methodological review of where they meet in terms of structure, interpretation, and estimation methods. We discuss the structure of cross-section connectivity (weight) matrices used by these models and its implications for estimation. Primarily motivated by the continuously expanding literature on spillovers, we define a broad and measurable concept of spillovers. We formalize it analytically through the indirect effects used in the spatial literature and impulse responses used in the GVAR literature. Finally, we propose a practical step-by-step approach for applied researchers who need to account for the existence and strength of cross-sectional dependence in the data. This approach aims to support the selection of the appropriate modeling and estimation method and of choices that represent empirical spillovers in a clear and interpretable form. JEL Classification: C33, C38, C51
Relationship between estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER-2 and Ki67 expression and efficacy of aromatase inhibitors in advanced breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Surprisingly few data are published on the relevance of even commonly used biomarkers of response to aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in advanced breast cancer. Here, we aim to determine the effectiveness of AIs in that setting according to quantitative levels of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR) and Ki67 or human epithelial growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) status. PATIENTS AND METHODS ER, PgR, HER-2 and Ki67 protein expressions were centrally assessed in 177 archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary or locally recurrent breast tumours from women who subsequently received AI treatment of advanced disease. RESULTS Among ER-positive patients (n = 146), higher PgR, but not ER, levels were associated with increased time to AI treatment failure (TTF). Higher Ki67 staining was associated with decreased TTF. ER-positive/HER-2-positive patients showed a non-significant trend for decreased TTF compared with ER-positive/HER-2-negative patients. PgR level, but not Ki67, remained a significant predictor of TTF in multivariate analysis of ER-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS Higher PgR and Ki67 levels are significantly associated with increased and decreased TTF, respectively, in ER-positive patients receiving AI treatment of advanced disease. The higher proliferation seen in PgR-negative tumours does not explain the poorer clinical responsiveness of this subgroup.
Racism in Australia: Cultural imperialism, disempowerment and violence

Teaching about oppressions through space Young’s categorisation allows for a systematic assessment of inequality. These oppressions can be discerned in the field, assessed through "observable behaviour, status, relationships, distributions, texts and other cultural artifacts" (Young, 1990:64). In other words, Young’s five concepts are readily operationalised in social science. In this paper Young’s five categories of oppression are applied to findings from research on racism in Australia. The call for papers for this session on Geographies of Oppression expressed a three-fold interest in: examples of the five forms of oppression; ways in which those forms are played out in and through places, and; in means of addressing those mechanisms of oppression. The emphasis in this paper is on the second of those interests, though this involves a discussion of the five forms. Iris Marion Young’s identification of the five faces of oppression, published in her important book in 1990, have had a notable influence within geography. Two of the first geographical applications of Young’s framework included David Harvey’s (1993) focus on the exploitative working and living conditions of nonlegal agricultural labourers in the United States and Glenda Laws’ (1994) review of the circumstances of women within contemporary western cities. In both of these works Young’s five concepts of oppression (exploitation, marginalisation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism and violence) were used as categorical devices through which manifestations (and mechanisms) of inequality could be articulated. Both authors also applied the concepts ‘in space’. In an introductory textbook for university students Waitt and others (2000:10-4,486-7) applied the five forms of oppression to real world examples within Australia and New Zealand. The concepts can also be used to construct broad-brush stories, such as the experience of Muslim Australians (Dunn, 2000:280). Together these, and other, uses indicate the utility of Young’s categorisation for researching and teaching about oppression. Method
Endoscopic endonasal technique: treatment of paranasal and anterior skull base malignancies

Technical and technological innovations have spearheaded the expansion of the indications for the use of endoscopic endonasal approaches to extirpate malignancies of the sinonasal tract and adjacent skull base. Objective Critical review of the available literature regarding the use of endoscopic endonasal approaches including indications, limitations, surgical techniques, oncologic outcome, and quality of life. Method Various endoscopic endonasal techniques are reviewed according to the origin and local extension of sinonasal and skull base malignancies including anterior cranial base, nasopharynx, clivus, and infratemporal fossa. In addition, the available literature is reviewed to assess outcomes. Conclusion Endoscopic endonasal approaches are an integral part of the armamentarium for the treatment of the sinonasal tract malignancies and skull base. In properly selected cases, it affords similar oncologic outcomes with lower morbidity than traditional open approaches. Nonetheless, these minimal access approaches should be considered a complement to well-established open approaches, which are still necessary in most advanced tumors.
65nm PD-SOI glitch-free Retention Flip-Flop for MTCMOS power switch applications

This work presents a partially depleted Silicon-on-Insulator (PD-SOI) low-static power consumption Retention Flip-Flop (REFF). This flip-flop is designed in order to avoid wake-up transient glitches. In addition specific leakage reduction techniques are used to compensate the extra leakage currents induced by the SOI floating body effects. This leads to a static power consumption reduced by 2 for only 6% of extra silicon area, compared to a regular floating body implementation.
Practice makes perfect: a WID approach for Human Resource Management Honours students at a South African university

Little is known about how postgraduate students should be taught to write in their discipline. This research explores how a research preparation module supported Human Resource Management Honours students to write their research reports at a South African university. The module incorporated a ‘Writing in the Disciplines’ (WID) approach, because students, who worked in groups, wrote a series of developmental assignments marked according to rubrics that made the conventions of the report explicit. Many of the developmental assignments were rewritten as components of the research report. In order to determine if rewriting the assignments improved the students’ writing, the assignments from four groups were evaluated against the students’ rubrics. The redrafted assignments met more of the criteria in the marking rubrics. Since all group members spoke English as an additional language, this approach might benefit postgraduate students in similar contexts. The findings suggest that academic staff who want to offer developmental assignments prior to the submission of a larger research text should ensure that students are supported in two ways. Firstly, the design of the assignments should provide students with the opportunity to practice writing all the components of the larger piece of research writing. Secondly, supervisors and academic literacies practitioners should collaborate more effectively so that they can use what they learn from each other to better support students to write for their disciplines. How to cite this article: ARNOLD, Laura. Practice makes perfect: a WID approach for Human Resource Management Honours students at a South African university. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South, v. 2, n. 1, p. 42-59, Apr. 2018. Available at: http://sotl-south-journal.net/? journal=sotls&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=25
Comparison of anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of xylazine or medetomidine in combination with tiletamine/zolazepam in pigs

Two different combinations of anaesthetics were evaluated and compared in a prospective randomised crossover experimental study in pigs. One of the two combinations was administered intramuscularly to each of six Landrace x Yorkshire mixed-breed pigs. The combinations were: 2.2 mg/kg xylazine and 4.4 mg/kg tiletamine/zolazepam (2.2 mg/kg tiletamine plus 2.2 mg/kg zolazepam) (XTZ); and 0.04 mg/kg medetomidine and 4.4 mg/kg tiletamine/zolazepam (MTZ). The anaesthesia and recovery times, score for anaesthetic effect and cardiopulmonary parameters were recorded for each pig. Anaesthesia was successfully induced in all of the pigs. Both drug combinations provided smooth induction and good immobilisation, and their anaesthetic effects were similar. In both treatment groups, the mean heart rate decreased significantly five minutes after the drugs were administered and remained consistent for 70 minutes, with no significant difference between the XTZ and MTZ groups. However, there were differences in cardiopulmonary effects between the groups. The arterial pressure was significantly higher in the MTZ group than in the XTZ group. The initial hypertension associated with medetomidine was more marked than the initial hypertension associated with xylazine. Arterial oxygen partial pressure and arterial oxygen saturation decreased significantly from baseline in both groups. The respiratory rates and levels of blood gases were similar in both groups. Hypoventilation and hypoxaemia were observed in both groups. The scores for anaesthetic effect, induction time, anaesthesia time and recovery times were similar in the two groups.
Emergence of cooperation and division of labor in the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata

Significance Cooperation and division of labor are two important features of eusocial insects such as ants, bees, wasps, and termites. Using the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata, we investigated the minimum requirements for the emergence of cooperation and division of labor, both reproductive and nonreproductive, and their effect on productivity (i.e., total brood of a colony). We show that (i) two wasps are adequate for the emergence of reproductive division of labor and cooperation and that three wasps are both necessary and sufficient for the additional emergence of nonreproductive division of labor and (ii) reproductive division of labor and cooperation are inadequate for increasing productivity, which comes about only with the addition of nonreproductive division of labor. In most primitively eusocial wasps new nests are initiated by a single female or by small groups of females. To study the emergence of division of labor (DOL) among the nest foundresses and to determine its possible effect on nest productivity we maintained newly eclosed females of Ropalidia marginata in small boxes with one, two, or three nestmate wasps of the same age per box. Only one wasp developed her ovaries and laid eggs in each box, while the other wasp(s) built the nest, brought food, and fed larvae, demonstrating the spontaneous emergence of reproductive DOL in the presence of more than one wasp. In nests with three wasps there was also a strong negative correlation between intranidal and extranidal work performed by the two nonreproductive workers, suggesting the spontaneous emergence of nonreproductive DOL; such nonreproductive DOL was absent in nests with two wasps. Both reproductive and nonreproductive DOL were modulated by dominance behavior (DB). In nests with two wasps the egg layer showed significantly more DB than the non-egg layer before nest initiation; in nests with three wasps queens showed significantly more DB than intranidal workers, which in turn showed significantly more DB than extranidal workers. Productivities of nests (as measured by total brood on the day of eclosion of the first adult) initiated by one or two wasps were not different from each other but were significantly lower than that of three wasps. Thus, nonreproductive DOL, and not merely reproductive DOL, is necessary for increase in productivity.
Treatment of female pattern hair loss with a combination of spironolactone and minoxidil

A 53‐year‐old woman with clinical evidence of female pattern hair loss and histological evidence of androgenetic alopecia was initially treated with the oral antiandrogen spironolactone 200 mg daily. Serial scalp photography documented hair regrowth at 12 months; however, the hair regrowth plateaued, and at 24 months there had been no further improvement in hair density. Twice daily therapy with topical minoxidil 5% solution was then introduced and further regrowth documented, confirming the additive effect of combination therapy.
Alanine-scanning Mutations in Domain 4 of Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen Reveal Residues Important for Binding to the Cellular Receptor and to a Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody*

A panel of variants with alanine substitutions in the small loop of anthrax toxin protective antigen domain 4 was created to determine individual amino acid residues critical for interactions with the cellular receptor and with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody, 14B7. Substituted protective antigen proteins were analyzed by cellular cytotoxicity assays, and their interactions with antibody were measured by plasmon surface resonance and analytical ultracentrifugation. Residue Asp683 was the most critical for cell binding and toxicity, causing an ∼1000-fold reduction in toxicity, but was not a large factor for interactions with 14B7. Substitutions in residues Tyr681, Asn682, and Pro686 also reduced toxicity significantly, by 10–100-fold. Of these, only Asn682 and Pro686 were also critical for interactions with 14B7. However, residues Lys684, Leu685, Leu687, and Tyr688 were critical for 14B7 binding without greatly affecting toxicity. The K684A and L685A variants exhibited wild type levels of toxicity in cell culture assays; the L687A and Y688A variants were reduced only 1.5- and 5-fold, respectively.
The Swedish labour market in the 1990s: The very last of the healthy jobs?

Background: The economic recession in Sweden in the 1990s influenced several aspects of the labour market, including the psychosocial work environment. This study examined psychosocial working conditions in relation to self-reported ill-health in the 1990s by means of the job strain model. Methods: The study was based on two representative cross-sectional samples of Swedish employed men and women in 1991 (n=3,292) and 2000 (n=3,010), together with a panel of employees who were included for both years (n=1,953). The main outcome measures were psychological distress and self-rated poor health. The primary method used was logistic regression. Results: The results suggested that although adverse psychosocial conditions increased during the 1990s, the association with health weakened. However, further analyses showed that poor health increased in most groups with various types of psychosocial conditions, and that reduced relative differences in poor health were discernible. Finally, a longitudinal analysis showed that long-term exposure to and experience of deteriorating psychosocial conditions was most detrimental for health at the end of the 1990s, once health status at baseline had been adjusted for. Conclusions: The increased prevalence of health problems among most groups with various psychosocial conditions during the 1990s, together with reduced relative differences in poor health, might make it more difficult for employers and policy-makers to direct health policies towards specific groups of employees, as the "healthy'' job seems to have disappeared. Another important inference of the results is that psychosocial working conditions seem to be causally related to health.