Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anti‐inflammatory effect of augmented nitric oxide production in chronic lung infection

Chronic infection of the lungs with Pseudomonas aeruginosa complicates many long‐term lung diseases including cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive lung disease, and mechanical ventilation. In acute inflammatory lung diseases, increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS‐2) expression leads to excess nitric oxide (NO) production, resulting in the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates, which contribute to tissue damage. In contrast, the contribution of NO to pulmonary damage in chronic Pseudomonas infection of the lung has not been directly examined and is unclear. Although NOS‐2 expression is increased in this condition, NO production is not abnormally elevated. It was hypothesized that chronic infection of the airways does not cause increased NO production but, in contrast, leads to inappropriately low NO concentrations that are pro‐inflammatory. A rodent model of chronic airway infection was used to examine the effects on lung damage of augmenting or inhibiting NO production after airway infection with P. aeruginosa was well established. Three days post‐infection, L‐arginine, which augments NO production, or L‐NAME, an inhibitor of NO production, was administered in drinking water. Lung damage was assessed 12 days later. L‐arginine treatment reduced tissue damage, inhibited neutrophil recruitment, and reduced the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐1β. Treatment with L‐NAME caused loss of alveolar walls, greater vascular damage, and increased levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐6. Thus, in chronic airway infection, inhibition of NO production worsened lung damage, whereas augmenting NO ameliorated this damage. This is the first demonstration that augmenting endogenous NO production in chronic infective lung disease caused by P. aeruginosa is anti‐inflammatory. Given that infection with this organism complicates many chronic lung diseases, most notoriously cystic fibrosis, these findings have important clinical implications. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ballistics and Gunshot Wounds: Effects on Musculoskeletal Tissues

&NA; As a result of the increasing number of weapons in this country, as many as 500,000 missile wounds occur annually, resulting in 50,000 deaths, significant morbidity, and striking socioeconomic costs. Wounds are generally classified as low‐velocity (less than 2,000 ft/sec) or high‐velocity (more than 2,000 ft/sec). However, these terms can be misleading; more important than velocity is the efficiency of energy transfer, which is dependent on the physical characteristics of the projectile, as well as kinetic energy, stability, entrance profile and path traveled through the body, and the biologic characteristics of the tissues injured. Although bullets are not sterilized on discharge, most low‐velocity gunshot wounds can be safely treated nonoperatively with local wound care and outpatient management. Typically, associated fractures are treated according to accepted protocols for each area of injury. Treatment of low‐velocity, low‐energy fractures is generally dictated by the osseous injuries, as these are similar in many regards to closed fractures. Soft tissues play a more critical role in highvelocity and shotgun fractures, which are essentially open injuries. Aside from perioperative prophylaxis, antibiotics are probably required only for grossly contaminated wounds; however, because contamination is not always apparent, most authors still recommend routine prophylaxis. High‐energy injuries and grossly contaminated wounds mandate aggressive irrigation and debridement, including a thorough search for foreign material. Open fracture protocols including external fixation or intramedullary nailing and intravenous antibiotic therapy for 48 to 72 hours should be instituted. If there is vascular damage, exploration and repair are best performed after prompt fracture stabilization. Evaluation of the “four Cs”—color, consistency, contractility, and capacity to bleed—provides valuable information regarding the viability of muscle. Skin grafting is preferable when tension is required for wound closure, although other soft‐tissue procedures, such as use of local rotation flaps or free tissue transfer, may be necessary, especially for shotgun wounds. Distal neurologic deficit alone is not an indication for exploration, as it often resolves without surgical intervention.
Understanding the heterogeneity of cooperation on innovation: Firm-level evidence from Europe

Innovation is new combination of productive means that are internal or external to a firm. Arrangements to cooperate on innovation facilitate access to these external sources of knowledge. Using large micro datasets from the Third and Fourth Community Innovation Surveys in sixteen European countries, including nine new EU members, we examine the heterogeneity of relationships between various characteristics of firms, given by size, ownership or capabilities, and their propensity to cooperate on innovation with domestic as compared to foreign partners, with different types of organizations and how these patterns differ across countries. Econometric estimates of univariate, multivariate and multinomial probit (or logit) models indicate differences between domestic and foreign cooperation, but not between the various types of partners. Strong differences have been found along the level of economic development. Size of the country and openness to globalization proved relevant for explaining cooperation of firms on innovation abroad. Nevertheless, the results reveal that the context matters for interpretation of the cooperation variables themselves, because some of these arrangements may signal limited internal capabilities of firms, rather than virtuous systemic interactions, which complicates comparative studies of this data.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ALKYLPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS ON ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO

This study was undertaken to compare the sensitivity of screening test methods and to investigate the structure-activity relationships of the estrogenic activity of alkylphenolic compounds (APs) using in vitro and in vivo assays. Two in vitro systems, MCF-7 cell proliferation (E-screen assay) and competitive binding assay to estrogen receptor (ER), were selected to evaluate the estrogenic effects. Uterotrophic assay and Calbindin-D (CaBP9K 9K) mRNA expression were also examined in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley female rats. A series of APs with various alkyl groups were examined, namely, 4-propylphenol, 4-butylphenol, 4- t -butylphenol, 4-pentylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, 4-octylphenol, 4- t -octylphenol, and 4-phenylphenol, and 17 g -estradiol (E2) was used as a positive control. In the E-screen assay, E2 was found to induce maximum proliferation of MCF-7 cells at 1 n M . Among the APs, 4- t -octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol were found to be considerably more potent than any other compound and estrogenic effects were detectable at 1 and 10 µ M , respectively. 4- t -Octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol inhibited the binding of E2 to the ER of MCF-7 cells in a competitive ER binding assay. The uterotrophic effects to APs (10, 50, 200, and 400 mg/kg/d) were compared to E2 (1 µg/kg) in ovariectomized rats after treatment for 3 d. 4-Nonylphenol, 4- t -octylphenol, and 4-phenylphenol produced dose-dependent increases in the uterine weights of ovariectomized rats. In the CaBP-9K mRNA expression test, CaBP-9K mRNA levels were detected in the uteri of ovariectomized rats treated with 4-pentylphenol (400 mg/kg), 4-nonylphenol, 4-phenylphenol (200 and 400 mg/kg), and 4- t -octylphenol (50 mg/kg and above), respectively. In the dot blot assay, CaBP-9K mRNA levels were significantly increased in rats exposed to 4- t -octylphenol (200 and 400 mg/kg), 4-pentylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, and 4-phenylphenol (400 mg/kg), respectively. Among the APs, compounds with bulky alkyl groups or higher carbon numbers possessed higher estrogenic capacity. In addition, the pattern of CaBP9K expression correlated with that of the 3-d uterotrophic assay. Therefore, our results suggest that the CaBP-9K gene might be used as a potential biomarker for the screening of endocrine disruptors.
The Influence Of CEO Departure And Board Characteristics On Firm Performance

This paper uses panel data from 271 U.S. firms to empirically examine the relationship between the departure of a firmâ€™s CEO and that firmâ€™s performance. Results of our analysis reveal a significant relationship between CEO departure type and firm performance. Specifically, we found that the departure of entrenched CEOs negatively affects current and future firm performance. Results also demonstrate that board size and the presence of independent administrators moderates the relationship between CEO departure type and firm performance. This suggests that entrenched CEOs can have informal associations with independent administrators.
Cognitive dysfunction following subcortical infarction.

OBJECTIVE To determine the association between computed tomographic scan findings of subcortical infarction, periventricular lucency, and ventricular enlargement and a patient's performance on a range of neuropsychological tests. DESIGN Prospective study of patients in whom computed tomographic scanning identified discrete areas of subcortical lucency that were consistent with multiple subcortical infarcts and in whom there was no evidence for additional cerebral computer tomographic pathology. SETTING Hospital practice that included both inpatients and ambulatory patients. PATIENTS One hundred forty-seven consecutive appropriate computed tomographic scans were identified. Sixty-two patients were excluded because of concomitant medical disorders, and eight refused participation. We describe 77 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Performance on a battery of neuropsychological tests. RESULTS The number of infarcts but not the volume of infarction, periventricular lucency, and cerebral ventricular enlargement but not cortical atrophy were significantly associated with impaired performance on neuropsychological tests. The number of infarcts correlated with impaired performance on tests, and this impaired performance was thought to be dependent on the function of frontal systems, while periventricular lucency and ventricular enlargement correlated with impaired performance on a wider range of tests, including tests that depended on memory and language. CONCLUSIONS The number of infarcts, periventricular lucency, and ventricular enlargement are the computed tomographic head scan parameters that correlated with severity of impaired performance on neuropsychological tests in patients with subcortical infarction. Cognitive impairment is presumed to be the result of cortical disconnection following disruption of the connections between the subcortical regions and the frontal cortex.
Thigh mass in a 6-year-old girl.

The parents of a 6-year-old girl reported a right thigh mass in their daughter that had increased in size for 10 months before presenting to our institution. The patient previously had been evaluated at another institution, where plain radiographs and MR images of her right thigh were taken. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a soft tissue mass, and the patient was referred to our institution for additional evaluation and treatment. At the time of presentation, the patient had a large right thigh mass that made her right thigh visibly larger than her left. The child was otherwise healthy with no previous major illnesses, injuries, surgeries, or hospitalizations. She was the product of a full-term, uncomplicated pregnancy, and her developmental and family histories were noncontributory. There was no family history of masses or neurofibromatosis. On physical examination, the patient seemed healthy and could localize a mass in her right thigh. Her gait was normal. The neurovascular examination was normal. The patient had full ROM of the right knee and right hip. There was a soft tissue mass approximately 6 cm above the knee in the lateral aspect of the right thigh in the region of the vastus lateralis muscle. The mass was large (7 × 13 cm), soft, nontender, mobile, and deep-seated in the muscle. There was no increased warmth, swelling, or erythema over the area. Her abdomen was soft and nontender without masses or hepatosplenomegaly. There was no lymphadenopathy seen. Magnetic resonance imaging scans of the patient’s right thigh are shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3. Based on the history, physical findings, and imaging studies, what is the differential diagnosis? From the *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA. Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the reporting of this case report, that all investigations were conducted in conformity with ethical principles of research. Correspondence to: John P. Dormans, MD, Chief, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 2nd Floor Wood Center, 34th & Civic Center Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399. Phone: 215-5901534; Fax: 215-590-1501; E-mail: dormans@email.CHOP. edu. DOI: 10.1097/01.blo. 0000141672.75572. 3a CLINICAL ORTHOPAEDICS AND RELATED RESEARCH Number 426, pp. 274–280 © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Ecotourism in Costa Rica: a conceptual framework.

Ecotourism, or nature-oriented travel, is a rapidly growing phenomenon. Developing countries can realize many economic and environmental benefits through a combination of ecotourism, parks management and community development. Ecotourism can play a significant role, providing community benefits that in turn provide incentives for nature conservation. This paper presents a conceptual framework for the understanding of ecotourism. The framework describes the interrelationships among natural resources, the service industry, and the tourists. The framework has been applied to Costa Rica, a small Central American country with a dynamic and growing ecotourism industry.
Neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer disease with Lewy bodies: two subgroups.

BACKGROUND While NFT frequency is reportedly reduced in AD+DLB, we often encounter abundant neocortical NFTs in such cases and decided to investigate this discrepancy. OBJECTIVE To compare neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) frequency in Alzheimer disease with concomitant dementia with Lewy bodies (AD+DLB) with NFT frequency in "pure" AD. METHODS Neurofibrillary tangle frequency, as well as regional staging of neurofibrillary degeneration modified from Braak, was scored in 160 autopsy cases of primary dementia (80 AD+DLB cases and 80 pure AD cases). RESULTS Neurofibrillary tangle and modified Braak scores were lower in AD+DLB, as reported previously. Yet, neocortical NFT scores assumed markedly different patterns in the 2 groups (P = .001). In pure AD, NFT scores of "frequent" were predominant: more cases exhibited frequent than moderate or sparse NFTs. In AD+DLB, the distribution of NFT scores was bimodal: NFTs were either frequent or few to absent. Neocortical NFT scores in the AD+DLB group tended to parallel the severity of other types of tau cytopathology (neuropil threads and tau-positive plaque neurites). CONCLUSIONS Cases of AD+DLB may be divided into 2 subgroups based on the extent of neocortical neurofibrillary pathology. These findings could have implications for disease pathogenesis and treatment.
Bone morphology changes around two types of bone-level implants installed in fresh extraction sockets--a histomorphometric study in Beagle dogs.

BACKGROUND Minimizing crestal bone loss following immediate implant placement is considered the most challenging aspect in implant therapy. Implant surface topography and chemical modifications have been shown to influence the success of Osseointegration. The Straumann Bone Level implant, featuring SLActive surface, has been introduced with the aim of enhancing bone apposition. Similarly, the OsseoSpeed implants from Astra Tech claim to have an enhanced osseointegration. Because of the specific features in the implant design, both companies claim that crestal resorption is minimal with these implants. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the osseointegration and crestal bone level following immediate placement of Straumann Bone Level implant and OsseoSpeed implants in fresh extraction sockets in Beagle dogs. METHOD The distal roots of the second, third and fourth premolars were extracted in both sides of the mandible. The distal roots were removed using a dental elevator. A total of 60 fixtures were installed in 10 Beagle dogs. Two types of implants were used: Straumann Bone-Level implants, which were 8 × 3.3 mm in size, and Astra Tech OsseoSpeed 3.5 S MicroThread implants, which were 8 × 3.5 mm in size. The histomorphometrical evaluation was performed at the end of 4- and 12-week healing. The implant-bone contact and bone volume percentage were assessed. RESULTS The bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and the bone volume did not show any significant changes for both types of implants. The OsseoSpeed™ implants showed 67.4% and 65.3% BIC, respectively, at 4 and 12 weeks compared with 71.7 and 73.1 for the Straumann Bone-Level implants. The bone volume around both types of implants did not differ significantly at both time periods. The crestal bone resorption was observed for both types of implants. The first BIC at buccal side and lingual side of the implants also did not differ significantly for both implant systems. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that Straumann Bone Level and OsseoSpeed implants induced similar bone response after immediate implantation at 4 and 12 weeks. The immediate implant placement resulted in peri-implant crestal bone-level changes for both types of implants.
Deep, Sticky, Transient, and Gracious: An Expanded Buyer–Supplier Relationship Typology

type="main" xml:id="jscm12081-abs-0001"> The cooperative–adversarial dichotomy has served as the prevailing buyer–supplier relationship typology in the literature. Cooperative buyer–supplier relationships have been associated with closely tied relationships, while adversarial relationships have been equated to arms-length relationships. We propose, however, that this perspective is overly simplified; a cooperative relationship is orthogonal to a closely tied relationship and an adversarial relationship to an arms-length relationship. That is, there can be a closely tied yet adversarial relationship and an arms-length yet cooperative relationship. We theorize the buyer–supplier relationship in two orthogonal aspects—(1) relational posture, that is, how two firms regard each other (as cooperative partners or as adversaries) and (2) relational intensity, that is, how much two firms’ operations are interlinked (closely tied or arms-length). By considering the two aspects concurrently, this article proposes an expanded typology of buyer–supplier relationships. We label a closely tied and cooperative buyer–supplier type as “deep”; a closely tied but adversarial type as “sticky”; an arms-length and adversarial type as “transient”; and an arms-length but cooperative type as “gracious. ” We then present an analysis that supports the orthogonality of the two relational dimensions. This analysis suggests that the expanded relationship types are associated with different relational outcome trade-offs. The data are collected from a global, large Japanese automaker and 163 of its suppliers in North America. Overall, the results provide empirical support for the expanded buyer–supplier relationship typology.
Banking in Africa

This paper takes stock of the current state of banking systems across Sub-Saharan Africa and discusses recent developments including innovations that might help Africa leapfrog more traditional banking models. Using an array of different data, the paper documents that African banking systems are shallow but stable. African banks are well capitalized and over-liquid, but lend less to the private sector than banks in non-African developing countries. African enterprises and households are less likely to use financial services than their peers in other developing countries. The paper also describes a number of financial innovations across the continent that can help overcome different barriers to financial inclusion and have helped to expand the bankable and the banked population.
The Financial Crisis and Corporate Debt Maturity

This paper shows the relevance of the financial crisis on firm- and country-level determinants on debt maturity structure for 39 countries during the period 1995-2012. Corporate debt maturity declined during the financial crisis. However, the financial crisis had a positive effect on the corporate debt maturity of smaller firms. Cross-firm and cross-country differences exerted an influence on the effect of the financial crisis on corporate debt maturity. Legal enforcement and bank concentration reduced the negative impact of the financial crisis on debt maturity in line with the efficiency of the legal system and relationship banking reducing the firm’s credit constraints following the financial crisis. We also show that the effect of the financial crisis on debt maturity increased with the decline in economic activity during the crisis.
Reappraisal of p53 mutations in human malignant astrocytic neoplasms by p53 functional assay: Comparison with conventional structural analyses

We previously reported clonal expansion of p53 mutations in malignant astrocytic tumors detected with a yeast p53 functional assay that measures mutant p53 alleles quantitatively and loss of p53 transcriptional competence qualitatively (Tada et al., Int J Cancer 67:447–450, 1996). This method selectively detects inactivating mutations and is relatively insensitive to contamination of tumor samples with normal tissue. To determine whether the mutation frequency and spectrum detected in this way differ from those seen with conventional techniques, 54 malignant astrocytomas were tested with the yeast assay, and the abnormalities detected were characterized by DNA sequencing. Inactivating p53 mutations were found in 67% of anaplastic astrocytomas and 41% of glioblastomas. Overall, mutations were found in 48% of tumors, compared with only 29% in previous studies (P < 0.005), a difference that probably reflects the greater sensitivity of the yeast assay than of conventional techniques. The frequency of mutations in anaplastic astrocytomas (in our study plus published studies) was significantly higher than in glioblastomas (39% vs 29%; P < 0.05). This suggests that acquisition of p53 mutations is not rate limiting for progression to glioblastoma and that many glioblastomas develop by p53‐independent pathways. Sequencing of mutant p53 cDNAs rescued from yeast showed that the mutation spectrum for functionally inactive mutants was nearly identical to the spectra from previous studies on structural mutants, indicating that transcriptional activity is the critical biological target of p53 mutation in malignant astrocytomas. Mol. Carcinog. 18:171–176, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deposit Insurance Without Commitment: Wall St. Versus Main St

This paper studies the provision of deposit insurance without commitment in an economy with heterogenous households. When households are identical, deposit insurance will be provided ex post to reap insurance gains. But the ex post provision of deposit insurance redistributes consumption when households differ in their claims on the banking system as well as in their tax obligations to finance the deposit insurance. Deposit insurance will not be provided ex post if it requires a (socially) undesirable redistribution of consumption which outweighs insurance gains.