Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Requirements of Athletes Exercising in a Hot Environment

Competition in a hot environment is not conducive for optimal sports performance as both dehydration and hyperthermia adversely affect mental and physical performance. In addition, the ability to train in heat is also impaired if the nutritional needs are inadequate. During prolonged bouts of exercise in a hot environment, an excess of 1 liter of body fluid per hour can be lost. Fluid intake strategies should be undertaken and should be of paramount concern to the athlete if the athlete has to perform more than one training or competition sessions in a single day. Fluid strategies, including hydration well prior to the exercise bout, drinking as much as is comfortable and practical during the exercise session, and rehydrating aggressively afterwards in preparation for the subsequent exercise bouts, are needed to ensure an adequate water intake to prevent chronic dehydration during competition in hot conditions as the body does not adapt to dehydration. Rapid recovery of fluid losses after an exercise bout is assisted by the replacement of some of the electrolytes losses. Carbohydrate is the main fuel used by the muscle during hard training and competition and its requirement for exercise in hot conditions is further increased due to the shift in substrate utilisation towards carbohydrate oxidation. Daily food intake should focus on replacing glycogen stores after exercise. Competition diet strategies such as enhancing carbohydrate availability (carbohydrate loading) prior to endurance competition, pre-event carbohydrate intake, intake of sports drinks in events lasting longer than 45 minutes should be undertaken in hot conditions and practised during training. Carbohydrate ingestion may not enhance performance for all events undertaken in hot environment, however, there is no disadvantage of consuming sports beverages containing the appropriate carbohydrates and electrolytes during competition and training. There is also no good evidence to suggest that specific supplementation is necessary or will improve performance in sports activities undertaken in a hot environment. In conclusion, the primary aim of athletes training in a hot environment must be to ingest a source of energy, usually carbohydrate and fluid for replacement of water lost as sweat.
Factors Influencing Gaming QoE: Lessons Learned from the Evaluation of Cloud Gaming Services

In this paper, we present initial results from the evaluation of two computer games provided by a prototypical cloud gaming service provider. An experiment is described which addresses the impact of transmission bandwidth and delay on different aspects of user-perceived quality. It is analyzed with respect to the impact of the experimental procedure and set-up. The analysis shows that the set-up of the local player software and the restriction of the transmission channel considerably impact the subjective judgments. In addition, game content impacts performance metrics as well as perceived quality. Implications of these findings for the experimental set-up of cloud gaming quality evaluation are discussed.
Effects of Air Pollution on Children's Respiratory Health in Three Chinese Cities

Abstract During the winter of 1988–1989, parents of 2,789 elementary-school students completed standardized questionnaires. The students were 5–14 y of age and were from three urban districts and one suburban district of three large Chinese cities. The 4-y average ambient levels of total suspended particles in the three cities differed greatly during the period 1985–1988: Lanzhou, 1,067 μmlg/m3; urban Wuhan, 406 μmlg/m3; Guangzhou, 296 μmlg/m3; and suburban Wuhan, 191 μmlg/m3. The authors constructed unconditional logistic-regression models to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for prevalences of several respiratory symptoms and illnesses, adjusted for district, use of coal in the home, and parental smoking status. There was a positive and significant association between total suspended particle levels and the adjusted odds ratios for cough, phlegm, hospitalization for diseases, and pneumonia. This association was derived from only the 1,784 urban children and, therefore, the authors were unable to extrapolate it to the suburban children. The results also indicated that parental smoking status was associated with cough and phlegm, and use of coal in the home was associated only with cough prevalence (α = 0.05).
Supporting ‘Film Cultural Peripheries’? The dilemmas of regional film policy in Norway

Public funding is crucial for the small Norwegian film industry. Based on an analysis of policy documents and interviews with regional film workers, this article discusses the implementation of regional film policy in Norway, and the tensions it has caused between center and periphery with respect to the allocation of funding. The creative industries discourse and the cluster concept are important for understanding this implementation; despite the new regional film policies the capital Oslo remains the undisputed hub of film production, and low production volume is still a challenge for the regions. Size, the article explains, is not only central when discussing Oslo as compared to the regions, but has also become a contentious issue within the regions. A key concern for the government, the article suggests, is how to create strong film milieus all over the country, which may entail the risk of spreading funding too thinly across the regions, resulting in a fragmented industry.
Authentic Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Healthy Work Environments

The purpose of this article is to showcase the relationship among authentic leadership, organizational culture, and healthy work environments using a stress and coping lens. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted to determine what situations contribute to nurse manager stress, what coping strategies they utilize, what health outcomes they report, and what decision-making processes they follow to address stressful situations in their roles. A purposive sample of 21 nurse managers employed at 3 US acute care hospitals completed a demographic questionnaire and 14-question interview incorporating components of the Critical Decision Method. A secondary analysis of the data was conducted to identify differences in nurse manager narratives based upon differences in the organizational cultures where the managers worked. Of the 21 nurse managers studied, differences were evident in the organizational cultures reported. Nurse managers working in the positive organizational cultures (n = 12) generally worked in healthy work environments and engaged in more authentic leadership behaviors. Conversely, nurse managers working in the negative organizational cultures (n = 9) worked in unhealthy work environments and reported less optimism and more challenges engaging in authentic leadership practices. Organizational culture and leadership matter in creating and sustaining healthy work environments. Nurse managers play a pivotal role in creating these environments, yet they need supportive structures and resources to more effectively execute their roles.
Co-Production as a Political Form

The concept of co-production is gaining ground rapidly in the political and administrative sciences. Generally speaking, it is about involving citizens and users in the production of the same services they consume. Although the reforms and initiatives related to co-production have been considered as having many democratizing features, they also have the tendency to narrow and reduce the area of political discussion. This is mainly because individualized and personalized forms of governance seem to make it difficult to discern the structural issues underlying these forms. The article investigates how co-productional practices both open up and close down the opportunities for political deliberation and debate. In other words, how it both politicizes and depoliticizes political and administrative questions.
Notch2 expression negatively correlates with glial differentiation in the postnatal mouse brain.

Notch family molecules are thought to be negative regulators of neuronal differentiation in early brain development. After expression in the embryonic period, Notch2 continues to be expressed postnatally in the specific regions in the rodent brain. Here, we examined Notch2 expression in the postnatal mouse brain using lacZ knockin animals at the Notch2 locus. Notch2 expression was observed in the developing cerebellum and hippocampus, characteristic regions where neurogenesis persists after birth. Double staining of sections revealed that Notch2 was expressed by Bergmann glia in the cerebellum, radial glia in the hippocampus, and some astrocytes in both regions. Notch2 expression by glial cells was clearly confirmed in dissociated cell cultures. Interestingly, neocortical glia, many of which did not express Notch2 in vivo, did express Notch2 in a dissociated culture condition. The triple staining of dissociated cell cultures revealed that stronger Notch2 expression correlated with the immature type of glial gene expressions: stronger vimentin and weaker glial fibrillary acidic protein expressions. In addition, Notch2 expression correlated with the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, these findings demonstrate that Notch2 is expressed not only by neuronal cells in the embryonic brain, but also by glial cells in the postnatal brain, and that its expression negatively correlates with glial differentiation, proposing its novel function as a negative regulator of glial differentiation in mammalian brain development.
Evaluation of the BACTEC radiometric method for detection of 1% resistant populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

BACTEC and conventional methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing were compared with the use of artificial mixtures of 1% resistant and 99% susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Inocula for the assays were prepared on the basis of radiometric readings. A total of 40 resistant strains were tested: 18 were resistant to isoniazid, 16 to rifampin, 5 to streptomycin, and 1 to ethambutol. The BACTEC method detected 27 of 39 strains at the greater than 0.5% resistance level, whereas the conventional plate method detected only 8 of 40. In addition, the results of the BACTEC assay were closer to the expected 1% resistance level (0.7%) than were the data obtained with the proportional plate method (0.3%; P = 0.001). This difference was most striking with the isoniazid-resistant strains. The precision of the assay methods was quite different (coefficients of variation, 26% for BACTEC and 54% for plates; P = 0.0002). Streptomycin-resistant strains had the highest variability in both assay methods. A 1-day delay in calculating the BACTEC data after the control vial reading was equal to or greater than 30 resulted in a 25% reduction in the calculated level of resistance (0.7 to 0.53). By adhering exactly to the recommended procedures for the BACTEC test method and by using log-phase inocula, this method shows better precision and accuracy at the 1% resistance level than does the proportional plate method.
ACTIVITIES TOWARD MODEL CYP 2 D 6 SUBSTRATES DEXTROMETHORPHAN , BUFURALOL , AND DEBRISOQUINE

Over 50 allelic variants of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) encoding fully functional, reduced-activity, or nonfunctional proteins have been described. Compared with Caucasians, studies in black populations demonstrate a tendency toward slower CYP2D6 activity, attributed in part to the presence of a variant allele associated with reduced activity, the CYP2D6*17 allele. To investigate the kinetic characteristics of this variant protein, expression constructs coding for CYP2D6.1, CYP2D6.2, and CYP2D6.17 gene products were prepared and transfected into mammalian COS-7 and insect (Trichoplusia ni) cells for expression. Microsomal fractions containing the expressed proteins were used to determine the kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, and intrinsic clearance (Clint) for the model substrates dextromethorphan, bufuralol, and debrisoquine. Relative to the wild-type CYP2D6.1 protein expressed in COS-7 cells, CYP2D6.17 exhibited a 2-fold higher Km and a 50% reduction in Vmax using dextromethorphan as the substrate. In contrast, no appreciable change in bufuralol Km was observed with CYP2D6.17 whereas Vmax was decreased by 50%. When expressed in the baculovirus expression system, CYP2D6.17 exhibited a 6-fold increase in Km but no change in Vmax with dextromethorphan as the substrate, a 2-fold higher Km and 50% reduction in Vmax with bufuralol, and a 3-fold increase in Km and no change in Vmax with debrisoquine relative to CYP2D6.1. These data indicate that CYP2D6.17 exhibits reduced metabolic activity toward all three commonly used CYP2D6 substrates, although specific effects on substrate affinity and turnover demonstrate some substrate de-
Network structural dynamics and infectious disease propagation

We aimed to relate dynamic changes in risk-network (sex and/or injecting drug) structure to observe STD/HIV transmission. We analysed macroand micro-structural elements in 2 heterosexual networks, augmented by ethnographic observations. In a Colorado cohort of injecting drug users (n=595), measures of subgroup formation and of density of activity show decrease of network cohesion over time; only one HIV transmission was observed in 3 years. In a group of adolescent heterosexuals in Georgia (n=99), the reverse process (increase in structural cohesion) was associated with efficient syphilis transmission: 10 cases were observed. Changes in personal risk behaviours over time were modest. STD/HIV transmission patterns were associated with intensification or diminution of network cohesion. Network and ethnographic data suggest that enhanced connectivity facilitates transmission while segmentation impedes it, suggesting opportunities for interventions. These data also emphasize the need to re-evaluate purely behavioural explanations of STD/HIV transmission.
Robust edge-based visual odometry using machine-learned edges

In this work, we present a real-time robust edge-based visual odometry framework for RGBD sensors (REVO). Even though our method is independent of the edge detection algorithm, we show that the use of state-of-the-art machine-learned edges gives significant improvements in terms of robustness and accuracy compared to standard edge detection methods. In contrast to approaches that heavily rely on the photo-consistency assumption, edges are less influenced by lighting changes and the sparse edge representation offers a larger convergence basin while the pose estimates are also very fast to compute. Further, we introduce a measure for tracking quality, which we use to determine when to insert a new key frame. We show the feasibility of our system on real-world datasets and extensively evaluate on standard benchmark sequences to demonstrate the performance in a wide variety of scenes and camera motions. Our framework runs in real-time on the CPU of a laptop computer and is available online.
Parkinsonism genes: culprits and clues

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a unique clinical constellation that includes: slowness, rigidity, gait difficulty, and tremor at rest. Pathological studies have linked this presentation to the loss of midbrain dopamine neurons ( Gelb et al. 1999 ) although other neuronal populations are also targeted in PD. Epidemiological data implicate both genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of the disease. The identification of a series of genes that underlie relatively rare, familial forms of Parkinsonism (a clinical term that encompasses ‘sporadic’ PD, familial Parkinson's‐like forms, as well as other related syndromes) has brought excitement to the field. Three of the mutated familial Parkinsonism (FP) genes: Parkin, DJ‐1, and PINK1, typically present with apparent autosomal recessive inheritance and are implicated in mitochondria and oxidative stress‐related survival pathways. Two other FP genes: α‐Synuclein (αSyn) and LRRK2, present in an autosomal dominant pattern and are associated with prominent intracellular protein inclusions. A series of recent publications suggest novel pathways that may link the FP genes.
Managing Occupational Stress in a High-Risk Industry

Occupational stress is an increasing health problem for the high-risk industries. The occupation of correctional officers has received relatively scant attention, contributing to a recent increase in formal occupational stress claims. This research evaluates the ability of the Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model to predict strain in 132 Australian correctional officers. A specific measure of job demands predicts the psychological outcome (job satisfaction) to a greater extent than the generic (JDCS) demands measure. The ability of supervisor support to moderate the consequences of these job demands is also demonstrated and has implications for the training of correctional supervisors. Arguments for including sample-specific measures of job demands are discussed.
Phase II trial of trastuzumab followed by weekly paclitaxel/carboplatin as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic breast cancer.

PURPOSE To determine the response rate of trastuzumab as first-line therapy in patients with HER-2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. To assess the feasibility and toxicity of weekly paclitaxel/carboplatin with or without trastuzumab following initial treatment with trastuzumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-one patients received trastuzumab (8 mg/kg followed by 4 mg/kg/wk) for 8 weeks. Responding patients received 8 additional weeks of trastuzumab (4 mg/kg/wk), and then proceeded to receive trastuzumab (2 mg/kg) in combination with paclitaxel 70 mg/m(2) and carboplatin (area under the curve, 2) weekly for 6 weeks followed by 2 weeks rest. Stable patients after the initial 8 weeks of trastuzumab proceeded to treatment with trastuzumab, paclitaxel, and carboplatin. Patients with disease progression during the initial 8 weeks had the trastuzumab discontinued and were treated with weekly paclitaxel/carboplatin. RESULTS Weekly paclitaxel/carboplatin with or without trastuzumab was well tolerated. Fifty-two patients were assessable for response and all 61 patients were assessable for survival. Seventeen (33%) of 52 patients experienced a minor/partial response to single-agent trastuzumab and received 8 additional weeks of single-agent trastuzumab. Fifteen (29%) of 52 patients had stable disease and proceeded to receive paclitaxel/carboplatin/trastuzumab. Thirty-one patients with measurable disease were assessable for response after initial single-agent trastuzumab followed by paclitaxel/carboplatin/trastuzumab. An overall response rate of 84% (eight complete responses/18 partial responses), median time to progression of 14.2 months, and median overall survival of 32.2 months was reported with the triplet combination. In the patients treated with paclitaxel/carboplatin alone after disease progression on initial single-agent trastuzumab, an overall response rate of 69% (one complete response/10 partial responses), median time to progression of 8.3 months, and median overall survival of 22.2 months was reported. Median time to progression for all 61 patients is 10 months and the median overall survival is 26.7 months. CONCLUSION This trial confirms the activity and tolerability of weekly paclitaxel/carboplatin alone or in combination with trastuzumab in women with HER-2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer.
Oxygenation, Heart Rate and Temperature in Very Low Birthweight Infants during Skin‐to‐Skin Contact with Their Mothers

ABSTRACT. Fourteen very low birthweight infants were studied positioned either prone horizontal or skin‐to‐skin at 60 degree tilt between the mother's breasts. Heart rate, skin temperature and oxygenation by transcutaneous Po2 and pulse oximetry were measured. Nine of the infants had normal lungs when studied. These infants showed no change in tcPo2, or oxygen saturation but heart rate increased significantly by a mean of 6.5 beats per min during skin‐to‐skin contact. Five infants with chronic lung disease, including two on nasal catheter oxygen, showed a significant 1.0 kPa rise in tcPo2 during skin‐to‐skin contact. Back skin temperature was well maintained during skin‐to‐skin contact with the room temperature at 26 to 29°C. None of the infants had a significant apnoea or bradycardia during the study. Stable very low birthweight infants can enjoy such close contact with their mothers and the tilted position may improve pulmonary function in some cases.
Inhibition of Ciliogenesis Promotes Hedgehog Signaling, Tumorigenesis, and Metastasis in Breast Cancer

Primary cilia are chemosensors that play a dual role to either activate or repress Hedgehog signaling, depending on presence or absence of ligand, respectively. While inhibition of ciliogenesis has been shown to be characteristic of breast cancers, the functional consequence is unknown. Here, for the first time, inhibition of ciliogenesis led to earlier tumor formation, faster tumor growth rate, higher grade tumor formation, and increased metastasis in the polyoma middle T (PyMT) mouse model of breast cancer. In in vitro model systems, inhibition of ciliogenesis resulted in increased expression of Hedgehog-target genes through a mechanism involving loss of the repressor form of the GLI transcription factor (GLIR) and activation of Hedgehog target gene expression through cross-talk with TGF-alpha (TGFA) signaling. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that increased Hedgehog signaling is frequently associated with increased TGFA; signaling in patients with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), a particularly aggressive breast cancer subtype. These results identify a previously unrecognized role for inhibition of ciliogenesis in breast cancer progression. This study identifies inhibition of ciliogenesis as an important event for activation of Hedgehog signaling and progression of breast cancer to a more aggressive, metastatic disease. Implications: These findings change the way we understand how cancer cells turn on a critical signaling pathways and a provide rationale for developing novel therapeutic approaches to target noncanonical Hedgehog signaling for the treatment of breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 15(10); 1421–30. ©2017 AACR.
Test-Retest Reliability of Ankle Injury Risk Factors

Ligamentous instability, ankle muscle weakness, foot ankle alignment, and generalized joint laxity may be predisposing factors for ankle ligament injuries. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of these risk factors before and after the season in healthy individuals and to determine if any significant differ ences developed during the athletic season (range, 12 to 16 weeks). Twenty-one healthy college-aged ath letes were tested for generalized joint laxity, anatomic alignment of the foot and ankle, ligamentous stability, and isokinetic strength of the ankle muscles. This study showed that generalized joint laxity, ankle ligamentous stability, and ankle strength measurements demon strated high correlation coefficients (r > 0.75). The high correlation coefficients suggested reliable measures. Some of the range of motion measurements had lower correlation coefficients, which suggested more variabil ity in these measurements. After establishing the reli ability in 24 of the 28 measurements with standardized methods, further work is underway to evaluate the role of these factors in inversion ankle sprains.