Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Galileo Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy Measurements at Venus

During the 1990 Galileo Venus flyby, the Near Infaied Mapping Spectrometer investigated the night-side atmosphere of Venus in the spectral range 0.7 to 5.2 micrometers. Multispectral images at high spatial resolution indicate substanmial cloud opacity variations in the lower cloud levels, centered at 50 kilometers altitude. Zonal and meridional winds were derived for this level and are consistent with motion of the upper branch of a Hadley cell. Northern and southern hemisphere clouds appear to be markedly different. Spectral profiles were used to derive lower atmosphere abundances of water vapor and other species.
Proceedings: Immunoglobulin levels during rubella in children suffering from Still's disease.

Resolution of side effect and fall of eosinophil counts and IgE levels were monitored in all patients on stopping gold. In 4 patients where gold therapy was reinstituted after a reaction, eosinophilia and raised IgE levels reappeared. Serial serum gold levels performed on all patients throughout the study confirmed the finding (Jessop and Johns, 1973 that these did not correlate therapeutic affect or the development of side effects to gold therapy. It is concluded that these results support the concept that dermatological reactions to gold salts are mediated by a type I hypersensitivity response and that serial measurements of eosinophil counts and IgE levels may be a useful therapeutic guide to their development.
Some Observations on the Development of Spirocerca lupi in its Intermediate and Definitive Hosts

1. Infective larvae of S. lupi were collected in Madras from scarabaeid beetles, (the usual intermediate host), from garden lizards and shrews. 2. The structure and relative sizes of the larvae in the 3 kinds of hosts are compared. 3. Infective larvae were given orally to 30 dogs which were autopsied at intervals and the developing worms were recovered. Their growth was measured and some observations were made on their development during the prepatent period which was found to be 121 and 124 days.
Myths and realities of the menopause.

&NA; Menopause is a reproductive milestone in a woman's life around which many different myths have developed. We reviewed three sets of myths that middle‐aged premenopausal women hold and evaluated those myths according to scientific data from our own work and that of others. First, middle‐aged women expect to experience depression, irritability, and vasomotor symptoms during the menopause. It appears that the vast majority of postmenopausal women do not experience depression, but do experience vasomotor symptoms that are uncomfortable and may have secondary effects on psychological well being, especially during the perimenopause. Second, middle‐aged women believe that holding negative expectations about the menopause affects the quality of the menopausal experience. Indeed, that appears to be the case, perhaps because myths can function as self‐fulfilling prophecy. The third myth is that there are no important changes that occur during the menopause. That is incorrect. Estrogen deficiency during the menopause sets the stage for substantial changes in risk for CHD, which becomes clinically apparent later in life. We discussed how estrogen deficiency may influence both lipids and lipoprotein levels and the magnitude of neuroendocrine and cardiovascular respond to mental stress. That latter pathway is of particular interest because middle‐aged women may be exposed more often to interpersonal stress and may respond more emotionally to it, relative to men, suggesting a potential interactive effect of the decline in reproductive hormones and co‐occurring social and psychological changes during the menopausal period. This discussion of the myths and realities of the menopause has deliberately not been exhaustive. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Intestinal Specific Overexpression of Interleukin-7 Attenuates the Alternation of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes After Total Parenteral Nutrition Administration

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), with the complete removal of enteral nutrition, results in marked changes in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) function and phenotype. Previous work shows that TPN results in a loss of intestinal epithelial cell-derived interleukin-7 (IL-7), and this loss may play an important role in development of such TPN-associated IEL changes. Methods:To further understand this relation, we generated a transgenic mouse (IL-7vill), which overexpresses IL-7 specifically in intestinal epithelial cells. We hypothesized that this localized overexpression would attenuate many of the observed TPN-associated IEL changes. Results:Our study showed that TPN administration led to significant changes in IEL phenotype, including a marked decline in the CD8αβ+, CD4+, and αβ-TCR+ populations. IEL basal proliferation decreased 1.7-fold compared with wild-type TPN mice. TPN administration in wild-type mice resulted in several changes in IEL-derived cytokine expression. IL-7vill mice given TPN, however, maintained IEL proliferation, and sustained normal IEL numbers and phenotype. Conclusions:We conclude that specific intestinal IL-7 overexpression significantly attenuated many IEL changes in phenotype and function after TPN administration. These findings suggest a mechanism by which TPN results in observed IEL changes.
Race, genes, and health--new wine in old bottles?

Technological advances that make it possible to identify nucleotide variants on a large scale are having an enormous impact on many fields in biology. This incursion of genetics is even being felt in the previously remote fields of epidemiology and public health. Yet while measuring the molecular basis of genetic variation will undoubtedly alter our understanding of the biological world, the implications for public health are much less clear. One of the most contentious areas involves the role of genetics in shaping health patterns among populations. In the ‘pre-genomic’ era race was the surrogate for genetic effects at the population level, and it must follow that molecular research will now largely transform that agenda. Although we are at the earliest stages several critical issues have already emerged, and a burgeoning literature exists in both epidemiology and genetics on the application of the new molecular technology to the study of race and health. While many new and unexpected findings have begun to emerge, there is also
A dynamic programming approach to constrained portfolios

This paper studies constrained portfolio problems that may involve constraints on the probability or the expected size of a shortfall of wealth or consumption. Our first contribution is that we solve the problems by dynamic programming, which is in contrast to the existing literature that applies the martingale method. More precisely, we construct the non-separable value function by formalizing the optimal constrained terminal wealth to be a (conjectured) contingent claim on the optimal non-constrained terminal wealth. This is relevant by itself, but also opens up the opportunity to derive new solutions to constrained problems. As a second contribution, we thus derive new results for non-strict constraints on the shortfall of intermediate wealth and/or consumption. JEL Classifications: G11
El club de valientes de la comunidad de aprendizaje CPI Sansomendi PI

El club de valientes de la Comunidad de Aprendizaje CPI Sansomendi IPI surge a raiz de la motivacion por implementar actuaciones de exito en la prevencion de la violencia de genero entre iguales. Dicha actuacion ha reducido los conflictos exhaustivamente y el alumnado mas valorado entre los propios iguales es el que se posiciona contra la violencia. El alumnado ya no considera chivato a quien denuncia, sino valiente.
Tocotrienol-rich fraction from palm oil prevents oxidative damage in diabetic rats.

OBJECTIVES This study was carried out to determine the effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) (200 mg/Kg) on biomarkers of oxidative stress on erythrocyte membranes and leukocyte deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Male rats (n = 40) were divided randomly into four groups of 10: a normal group; a normal group with TRF; a diabetic group, and a diabetic group with TRF. Following four weeks of treatment, fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, oxidative stress markers and the antioxidant status of the erythrocytes were measured. RESULTS FBG levels for the STZ-induced diabetic rats were significantly increased (P <0.001) when compared to the normal group and erythrocyte malondialdehyde levels were also significantly higher (P <0.0001) in this group. Decreased levels of reduced glutathione and increased levels of oxidised glutathione (P <0.001) were observed in STZ-induced diabetic rats when compared to the control group and diabetic group with TRF. The results of the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly lower in the STZ-induced diabetic rats than in the normal group (P <0.001). The levels of DNA damage, measured by the tail length and tail moment of the leukocyte, were significantly higher in STZ-induced diabetic (P <0.0001). TRF supplementation managed to normalise the level of DNA damage in diabetic rats treated with TRF. CONCLUSION Daily supplementation with 200 mg/Kg of TRF for four weeks was found to reduce levels of oxidative stress markers by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increasing the levels of antioxidant status in a prevention trial for STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Zeb1 and twist are more commonly expressed in metastatic than primary lung tumours and show inverse associations with claudins

Background Zeb1 and twist regulate expression of genes which take part in epitheliomesenchymal transition (EMT). Claudins are tight junctional proteins regulating polarity and paracellular permeability of epithelial cells. Aims and methods To study Zeb1 and twist in 289 primary and 54 metastatic lung tumours and their relation to expression of claudins 1–5 and 7 by immunohistochemistry. Results Metastatic tumours showed a significantly lower expression of zeb1 and twist (33.0% and 38.0% vs 5.0% and 14.5%, p<0.001 for both) and they also had a significantly lower expression of claudin 1 (p<0.001), claudin 4 (p<0.001), claudin 5 (p=0.001) and claudin 7 (p<0.001) than did primary tumours. Primary lung tumours showed a strong inverse association between zeb1 and claudin 1 (p=0.024) and claudin 2 (p=0.003). For twist an inverse association was found with claudin 5 (p=0.007). In metastatic tumours zeb1 was inversely associated with claudin 7 (p=0.050) and twist with claudin 5 (p=0.025). Overexpression of claudin 5 was associated with decreased survival (p=0.017). For zeb1 or twist, no association with survival was observed in primary or metastatic tumours. Conclusions According to protein expression, involvement of zeb1 and twist in EMT in primary lung tumours is relatively infrequent. Carcinomas metastatic to the lung showed a significantly higher expression of these transcriptional factors than primary lung tumours, indicating their probable importance in the metastatic process. Zeb1 and twist were inversely associated with several claudins, indicating a role in their down-regulation.
A difference in perspective--the North American and European interpretations of tooth wear.

PURPOSE There is considerable interest in the European dental research literature about the problem of tooth wear and specifically about dental erosion, but this interest does not appear to be matched in North America based on the volume of the literature there. The purpose of this article is to consider the possible explanations for this difference. MATERIALS AND METHODS This article examines the reasons for this disparity and attempts to explain the difference by reviewing the North American and European literature on the etiology, pathogenesis, and prevalence of tooth wear. RESULTS It would appear from the literature that the reason for the difference in interest between the 2 continents is a reflection of how the appearance, etiology, and terminology are interpreted and used to define tooth wear, attrition, and erosion. CONCLUSION Attrition is the wear of teeth against teeth; therefore, by definition any worn surface that does not contact the opposing tooth must have another etiology. An appropriate descriptive term is "tooth wear" when the etiology is multifactorial or cannot be determined. A search of the literature shows more studies in the European literature of the etiology and prevalence of tooth wear than in the North American literature. The thrust of the European studies supports the view that erosion is more important than attrition in the etiology of tooth wear.
Rural-urban differences in depression prevalence: implications for family medicine.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Rural populations experience more adverse living circumstances than urban populations, but the evidence regarding the prevalence of mental health disorders in rural areas is contradictory. We examined the prevalence of depression in rural versus urban areas. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study using the 1999 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). In face-to-face interviews, the NHIS administered the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form (CIDI-SF) depression scale to a nationally representative sample of 30,801 adults, ages 18 and over. RESULTS An estimated 2.6 million rural adults suffer from depression. The unadjusted prevalence of depression was significantly higher among rural than urban populations (6.1% versus 5.2% ). After adjusting for rural/urban population characteristics, however, the odds of depression did not differ by residence. Depression risk was higher among persons likely to be encountered in a primary care setting: those with fair or poor self-reported health, hypertension, with limitations in daily activities, or whose health status changed during the previous year. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of depression is slightly but significantly higher in residents of rural areas compared to urban areas, possibly due to differing population characteristics.
Levels of linkage disequilibrium in a wild bird population

Population-based mapping approaches are attractive for tracing the genetic background to phenotypic traits in wild species, given that it is often difficult to gather extensive and well-defined pedigrees needed for quantitative trait locus analysis. However, the feasibility of association or hitch-hiking mapping is dependent on the degree of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the population, on which there is yet limited information for wild species. Here we use single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from 23 genes in a recently established linkage map of the Z chromosome of the collared flycatcher, to study the extent of LD in a natural bird population. In most but not all cases we find SNPs within the same intron (less than 500 bp) to be in perfect LD. However, LD then decays to background level at a distance 1 cM or 400–500 kb. Although LD seems more extensive than in other species, if the observed pattern is representative for other regions of the genome and turns out to be a general feature of natural bird populations, dense marker maps might be needed for genome scans aimed at identifying association between marker and trait loci.
Hepatitis and Copper Accumulation in Skye Terriers

Livers of nine related Skye terriers with liver disease were evaluated for histological changes and copper content. Lesions ranged from hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis (zone 3) with intracanalicular cholestasis and mild inflammation, to chronic hepatitis with cholangioplasia and cirrhosis. Excess copper (801–2,257 μg/g) was related to the severity of cholestasis. Skye terrier hepatitis is a distinct disease entity and may be derived from a disorder of intracellular bile metabolism culminating in disturbed bile secretion and the accumulation of copper.
Use of computer, internet, and library OPACs among rural and urban postgraduates in Indian universities

Purpose – The purpose of the present study is to take an overview of the use of computers, internet, computer skills and information searching behaviour on the web as well as the OPAC in a university setting among students at the postgraduate level from rural and urban backgrounds in a comparative analogue.Design/methodology/approach – This survey‐based study utilized the questionnaire as its major data collection instrument. However, the interview method and general observations were also used, whenever required, to supplement the data and make the information more explicit. The data, thus collected, were analysed with the aid of SPSS statistical software. The Chi‐square test was also performed to identify significant comparability among urban and rural background students.Findings – The study revealed that most postgraduates (95.5 per cent) belonging to rural areas were computer literate. Further, most of them had accessed the web for communication purposes and for locating general and academic informat.
The Anatomy of the Facial Vein: Implications for Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Procedures

Background: Anatomical knowledge of the facial vasculature is crucial for successful plastic, reconstructive, and minimally invasive procedures of the face. Whereas the majority of previous investigations focused on facial arteries, the precise course, variability, and relationship with adjacent structures of the facial vein have been widely neglected. Methods: Seventy-two fresh frozen human cephalic cadavers (32 male and 40 female cadavers; mean age, 75.2 ± 10.9 years; mean body mass index, 24.2 ± 6.6 kg/m2; 99 percent Caucasian ethnicity) were investigated by means of layer-by-layer anatomical dissection. In addition, 10 cephalic specimens were investigated using contrast agent–enhanced computed tomographic imaging. Results: The facial vein displayed a constant course in relation to the adjacent anatomical structures. The vein was identified posterior to the facial artery, anterior to the parotid duct, and deep to the zygomaticus major muscle. The angular vein formed the lateral boundary of the deep medial cheek fat and the premaxillary space, and the medial boundary of the deep lateral cheek fat and the sub–orbicularis oculi fat. The mean distance of the inferior and superior labial veins, of the deep facial vein, and of the angular vein from the inferior orbital margin was 51.6 ± 3.1, 42.6 ± 2.3, 27.4 ± 3.0, and 4.2 ± 0.7 mm, respectively. Conclusions: This work provides detailed information on the course of the facial vein in relation to neighboring structures. The presented clinically relevant anatomical observations and descriptions of landmarks will serve as helpful information for plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgeons.
Evaluation of Immune Responses in Mice after DNA Immunization with Putative Toxoplasma gondii Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 5

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii can cause serious public health problems and economic losses worldwide. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are key mediators of T. gondii signaling pathways and are implicated as important virulence factors. In the present study, we cloned a novel T. gondii CDPK gene, named TgCDPK5, and constructed the eukaryotic expression vector pVAX-CDPK5. Then, we evaluated the immune protection induced by pVAX-CDPK5 in Kunming mice. After injection of pVAX-CDPK5 intramuscularly, immune responses, determined with lymphoproliferative assays and cytokine and antibody measurements, were monitored, and mouse survival times and brain cyst formation were evaluated following challenges with the T. gondii RH strain (genotype I) and the PRU strain (genotype II). pVAX-CDPK5 effectively induced immune responses with increased specific antibodies, a predominance of IgG2a production, and a strong lymphocyte proliferative response. The levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and IL-12(p70) and the percentages of CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD8+ cells in mice vaccinated with pVAX-CDPK5 were significantly increased. However, IL-4 and IL-10 were not produced in the vaccinated mice. These results demonstrate that pVAX-CDPK5 can elicit strong humoral and cellular Th1 immune responses. The survival time of immunized mice challenged with the T. gondii RH strain (8.67 ± 4.34 days) was slightly, but not significantly, longer than that in the control groups within 7 days (P > 0.05). The numbers of brain cysts in the mice in the pVAX-CDPK5 group were reduced by ∼40% compared with those in the control groups (P < 0.05), which provides a foundation for the further development of effective subunit vaccines against T. gondii.
Effect of Lead Acetate on Spleen and Blood Parameters in Albino Rats

Lead is a heavy metal widespread in the environment. This study was aimed at assessing the effects of lead acetate on the rat morphology, haematological parameters and microscopic appearance of the spleen. Forty male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10 rats each. The low dose group were intubated 25mg/kg body weight of lead acetate, while the high dose and recovery groups received 50 mg/kg body weight of the lead acetate solution. The control animals were administered equivalent amount of distilled deionized water at not more than 1 ml. Intubation was by oral gavage and was conducted for 28 alternate days. The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last administration, except the recovery group that were left on normal feed and water for additional 14 days for the self-recovery study. Blood was drawn for determination of lead concentration and haematological analysis and the spleen was processed partly for estimation of lead deposition and partly for haematoxylin-eosin staining. Results showed that the animals had minimal mean body weight reduction but marked splenomegaly, with mean blood lead concentration of 0.10ppm. Haematological analysis showed significant (p˂0.00) reduction in packed cell volume (PCV) but minimal change in the haemoglobin levels. The total leucocyte counts (TLC) were raised significantly (p˂0.05) in the treated rats. Histopathological effects of lead were dose-dependent hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles in the spleen which were reversed in the self-recovery group. In conclusion, lead acetate was observed to cause significant alterations in the PCV and TLC as well as splenomegaly in albino rats.