Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PROGNOSIS FOR AMBULATION IN CEREBRAL PALSY

THE AM H u L A'IOK Y potential of chi Id re n with cerebral palsy (cP) is a concern o f both parents and health professionals involved in these children's treatment. Overall, the number of children with CP that become ambulatory is reported to be between 53 and 90 per cent' '. Early identification of factors which predict anibulation would assist in the setting of realistic goals and the development of an appropriate treatment plan. Literature from the past S O years which examined the prognosis for anibuIation in children with CP was reviewed. Possible predictors of ambulation can be divided into the following three general categories: ( 1 ) primitive reflexes and postural reactions3, 5 . x, (2) gross motor skillsl. 2. I . 5. 7 . X , and ( 3 ) type of CP' 5,7.x.
Durability of complete responses in patients with metastatic cancer treated with high-dose interleukin-2: identification of the antigens mediating response.

OBJECTIVE To determine the durability of complete responses in patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cancer treated with high-dose bolus interleukin-2 (IL-2) as well as the factors associated with the development of a complete response and the antigens mediating clinical responses. METHODS A consecutive series of 409 patients with either metastatic melanoma or renal cancer who were treated with high-dose bolus IL-2 in the Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, between September 1985 and November 1996 have been analyzed with a median potential follow-up of 7.1 years. All patients were treated with 720,000 IU/kg administered by 15-minute intravenous infusions every 8 hours for up to 5 days as clinically tolerated per cycle. Two cycles constituted a treatment course. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from melanoma patients were used to clone the genes encoding the tumor antigens responsible for clinical responsiveness. RESULTS Thirty-three of 409 (8.1%) patients treated with high-dose bolus IL-2 achieved a complete response and 37 (9%) achieved a partial response. Complete regression was seen in 6.6% and 9.3% of patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cancer, respectively. Twenty-seven of these 33 completely responding patients (82%) remain in ongoing continuous complete response from 39 to more than 148 months from the onset of treatment. Tumor regressions were seen at virtually all organ sites. The absence of prior treatment with immunotherapy, the total dose of IL-2 administered, and the maximal rebound lymphocytosis after cessation of IL-2 correlated with achieving a complete response. Expression cloning techniques have identified a series of tumor antigens that are recognized by TIL grown from resected melanomas. These antigens are mainly melanoma/ melanocyte differentiation antigens, although mutated intracellular proteins can also serve as antigens. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with high-dose bolus IL-2 mediates complete cancer regression in approximately 8% of patients with metastatic renal cancer and melanoma. The great majority of these patients will enter durable complete regressions and appear to be cured of their metastatic cancer. Thus, immunotherapy with high-dose bolus IL-2 should be considered as initial therapy for appropriately selected patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell cancer. Identification of the tumor antigens mediating clinical response is opening new therapeutic possibilities for cancer treatment.
The generation of impulses in motoneurones

It has been shown that the intracellularly recorded spike potential of motoneurones is compounded of three separate responses, each normally having an all-or-nothing character: the M spike of the medullated axon; the IS spike of the initial segment of the axon; and the SD spike of the soma-dendritic membrane (Coombs, Curtis & Eccles, 1957). With all three methods of stimulation antidromic, synaptic or direct, the IS spike precedes the SD spike (Araki & Otani, 1955; Fatt, 1957b; Fuortes, Frank & Becker, 1957; Coombs et al. 1957), but only with antidromic stimulation has the small M spike been observed to precede the IS spike and even to occur in the absence of the IS and SD spikes when antidromic transmission is depressed by various procedures (Brock, Coombs & Eccles, 1953; Coombs, Eccles & Fatt, 1955a; Coombs et al. 1957). The present paper describes an attempt to determine the factors governing the generation of spike potentials in these three components, and the way in which they are related to the discharge of an impulse down the axon of the motoneurone. The experimental procedures have been described in the previous paper (Coombs et al. 1957).
B-Cell Malignant Lymphoma Presenting as Otitis Media and Mastoiditis Associated with Sinus Thrombosis

Cerebral venous thrombosis as a manifestation of paraneoplastic angitis and otitis media, revealing non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma (NHBL), is extremely rare. A 57-year-old woman presented with headache, auditory disturbance and recalcitrant otitis media. Magnetic resonance imaging showed brain edema in the temporal lobe and transverse sinus thrombosis. External drainage under antibiotic treatment was repeated based on a diagnosis of invasive otitis media and mastoiditis associated with infectious sinus thrombosis, but the condition deteriorated progressively. Open surgery for otitis media was performed 6 years after the initial symptoms and after a tumorous lesion had been detected in the middle ear. Pathological findings revealed NHBL. We report a rare case of NHBL presenting as otitis media and mastoiditis associated with sinus thrombosis, and a literature review.
Screenieboppers and extreme screenies: the place of screen time in the time budgets of 10–13 year‐old Australian children

Objectives: Excessive ‘screen time’ has been associated with a range of psychosocial disturbances and increasing pediatric obesity. This study describes the magnitude, distribution, composition and time‐distribution of children's screen use; examines correlates of screen use; and characterises ‘extreme’ screen users (top quartile).
Endocsopic Decompression of Intermetatarsal Nerve (EDIN) for the Treatment of Morton's Entrapment— Multicenter Retrospective Review *

Background: The authors present the results of a four surgeon, multicenter study of endoscopic decompression for the treatment of Civinini-Morton’s entrapment of 193 interspaces. Methods: A retrospective review of 193 interspaces, which were decompressed by four different surgeons. Results: The overall success rate was high, with 92% of patients reporting a good or fair outcome. Higher success rates were reported in the 3rd interspace decompression group (95%) compared to the 2nd interspace decompression group (85%). Complications reported were minimal, with only seven cases requiring a revision with traditional neurectomy. No revisions were required in the 3rd interspace decompression group. Five of the revisions were in the 2nd interspace decompression group, with the remaining two revisions in the combined 2nd/3rd interspace decompression group. Conclusions: Endoscopic decompression for the treatment of Civinnini-Morton’s entrapment is a safe and efficacious method of treatment of this nerve entrapment, with very low complication rates and rapid return to normal activity.
The metabolites of nitric oxide in sickle‐cell disease

Summary. Plasma NOx concentrations were raised in 22 acute painful crises in SCD. We have measured blood concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) in sickle‐cell disease (SCD), and shown that they are increased compared with healthy controls (P = 0.002), and haemoglobin E/β‐thalassaemic controls (P=0.05). Concentrations in steady‐state SCD were also higher than in healthy controls (P = 0.04) but not significantly different from the concentrations at the beginning of painful crises (P = 0.34). Importantly, in 12 regularly exchanged sicklers, the mean pre‐transfusion NOx concentration did not differ significantly from the control population (P=0.52), suggesting that the changes in NO metabolism can be reversed. It is unlikely that the increased concentrations of NOx in SCD result from anaemia or haemolysis as the untransfused haemoglobin E/β‐thalassaemics did not show increased levels.
Atomic Force Microscopy of Chromatin

Atomic force microscopy or scanning tunneling microscopy (AFM/STM) is a powerful single molecule tool for the visualization of biological materials at sub-nanometer resolution. AFM is versatile because it can directly measure physical properties due to its sensitivity at picoNewton force scales, thus enabling dissection of molecular forces. STM/AFM has been considered revolutionary since its discovery 32 years ago, and a mere 7 years after its invention, Binnig and Rohrer were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, along with Ruska, inventor of the first electron microscope. In subsequent years, AFM has evolved fast, with the range of applications for STM/AFM expanding to encompass all physical sciences. Despite it’s popularity in physics, engineering, material and chemistry sciences, it has remained a less prominent tool for biologists, who are much more familiar with techniques like electron microscopy (EM), X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The relatively low cost of the microscope, the ease of sample preparation, and the lack of any requirement for staining, freezing, excessive denaturation or preservation, should make AFM an ideal tool for laboratories interested in imaging and manipulating biological samples down to macromolecules at the nanoscale. In this chapter, we will discuss how AFM can be an effective high-resolution technique for structural and molecular interaction studies in biology.
On the complexities of polymorphic stream equation systems, isomorphism of finitary inductive types, and higher homotopies in univalent universes

This thesis is composed of three separate parts. The first part deals with definability and productivity issues of equational systems defining polymorphic stream functions. The main result consists of showing such systems composed of only unary stream functions complete with respect to specifying computable unary polymorphic stream functions. The second part deals with syntactic and semantic notions of isomorphism of finitary inductive types and associated decidability issues. We show isomorphism of so-called guarded types decidable in the set and syntactic model, verifying that the answers coincide. The third part deals with homotopy levels of hierarchical univalent universes in homotopy type theory, showing that the n-th universe of n-types has truncation level strictly n+1.
A Remark on the Szarek–Talagrand Theorem

A sharper form of the Szarek–Talagrand ‘isomorphic’ version of the Sauer–Shelah lemma is proved. Also we prove an analogous ‘isomorphic’ version of the Karpovsky–Milman lemma, which is a generalization of that due to Sauer and Shelah.
A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Oral Antibiotic Therapy Following Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy for Postpartum Endometritis

One hundred thirty-six patients were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin) versus placebo following successful intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy for postpartum endometritis. No subjects were readmitted to the hospital for recurrent endometritis and there were no wound infections or recurrent fevers. Minor side effects were seen in 10% of those taking amoxicillin and 14% of those taking placebo. Compliance was fair; only 52% of those taking amoxicillin and 65% of those taking placebo completed therapy. The lack of infectious complications in this high-risk population suggests that oral antibiotic therapy is unnecessary after successful IV antibiotic therapy for endometritis.
Saline lakes around the world : Unique systems with unique values, 10th ISSLR conference and 2008 FRIENDS of Great Salt Lake forum, May 11-16, 2008, University of Utah, Salt Lake CIty

Benthic organisms and substrates in Great Salt Lake, Utah, were sampled to measure selenium concentrations of prey organisms of the birds that utilize the lake for nesting and during migrations. The sampling was focused on stromatolite biostromes, as these solid reef-like structures cover approximately 23% of the oxic benthic area of the lake and are the principal habitat for brine fly (Ephydra cinerea) larvae and pupae. Samples were taken at depths of 1-5 m along two transects in Gilbert Bay where salinities ranged from 116–126 g l. Periphyton on the biostromes had chlorophyll levels of 700 mg m, and contained approximately 68% of the chlorophyll in the lake’s phytoplankton. Consequently, the biostromes represent a significant component of the lake’s primary production. A pumped-bucket sampler effectively sampled brine flies on horizontal surfaces of the biostromes, but not on the sides of the mounded ones encountered in the southern part of the bay. Brine fly larvae and pupae were far more abundant on the biostromes than on the soft substrates, with respective mean densities of 9100 m, 530 m and 240 m, on biostromes, sand and mud. Total brine fly biomass on biostromes averaged 5.9 g m, which is about 30% of the biomass present in brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) in the water column. The mean selenium concentration in the combined organic matter-inorganic substrates of biostromes sampled in 2007 was 0.3 ± 0.1 g g dry weight. However, when the inorganic carbonates were removed with acid, the remaining organic matter had selenium concentrations of 1.0 ± 0.1 g g dry weight. Mean Se concentrations in larvae, pupae and adult brine flies were 1.3, 1.5 and 1.8 g g dry weight, respectively, but the differences were not significant. Although there was a 2500X bioconcentration factor between total dissolved Se (mean = 0.40 g l) in the overlying water and in the periphyton of the biostromes, the limited data suggested that there was little biomagnification between the periphyton and the brine flies. A review of the diets of birds utilizing Great Salt Lake and other saline lakes suggests that brine fly produced on biostromes are an important diet component for goldeneye ducks (Bucephala clangula), American avocets (Recurvirostra americana), black-necked stilts (Himantopus mexicanus) and California gulls (Larus californicus) and perhaps other birds utilizing the lake. Consequently the benthic food web may be important route for uptake of metal contaminants in these birds in Great Salt Lake. The high selenium concentrations in goldeneye ducks that feed on brine flies suggests that proposed increases in the loading of this contaminant should be reviewed carefully by managers. High mercury levels in goldeneyes suggest that the food web on the lake’s biostromes may be an important pathway for other metals into birds.
Neurocognitive Enhancement: Ethical Considerations for an Emerging Subspecialty

Clinical neuropsychology has traditionally focused on the diagnosis and treatment of pathology. However, recent technological advances have begun to make possible the enhancement of healthy neurocognitive functioning. The potential to improve normal neurocognitive abilities, and the options for providing such improvement, raise complex ethical issues. To best serve consumers, the profession, and society, neuropsychologists must begin to consider the ethical issues related to neurocognitive enhancement. This article reviews neurocognitive enhancement methods, introduces and examines ethical issues that emerge when the enhancement of healthy neurocognitive functioning is considered, and offers recommendations for neuropsychologists entering this emerging subspecialty.
Wire-Guided Localization Biopsy for Non-Palpable Suspicious Breast Lesions

Background: About 25% - 35% of breast cancers are non-palpable at the time of diagnosis. Wire guided localization (WGL) had been considered as the standard technique for many years for excision of theses breast lesions. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of WGL biopsy in the management of non-palpable suspicious breast masses. Patients & Methods: This retrospective study concerned thirty female patients who were presented by non-palpable breast lesions as proved by mammography and complimentary ultrasonography between February 2013 and September 2014. According to BIRADS classification system, all the lesions were BIRADS III, IV and V. However, BIRADS I and II lesions and lesions proved to be benign were excluded from this study. The patients were submitted to WGL under local anesthesia. Then, they were shifted to the operating theatre, where they underwent WGL biopsy. The removed specimens were sent for radiological confirmation of complete excision. Then, it was sent for histopathological examination. Results: The mean age was 52.63 years. Eighteen patients (60%) were asymptomatic, 7 (23.3%) patients were with breast pain, and 5 patients (16.7%) had nipple discharge. Ten lesions (33.3%) were BIRADS III, 17 lesions (56.7%) were BIRADS IV, and 3 lesions (10%) were BIRADS V. The WGL was done by mammography in 19 patients (63.3%) and under ultrasonographic guidance in 11 patients (36.7%). No post-operative complications were reported. The mean tumor size was 11.23 mm and the mean safety margin of excision was 6.7 mm. IDC was found in 56.7% or cases, DCIS in 30%, and ILC in 13.3% of cases. 40% of the lesions were of grade I, 30% were of grade II, and 30% were of grade III. There were positive resection margins in 11 patients (36.7%). Conclusion: WGL biopsy is a safe and reliable surgical technique for management of non-palpable suspicious breast lesions. Special care should be paid for proper margin excision. However, WGL biopsy is technically demanding and needs learning curve for both the surgeon and the radiologist.
OFDM based high-speed wireless access for Internet applications

We present physical and MAC layer techniques for high-speed wireless access to the Internet based on OFDM. Using dynamic packet assignment (DPA) for interference avoidance based on two examples of resource definition with different time and frequency units, we demonstrate that OFDM has significant flexibility to provide high transmission rates on demand with different available bandwidths. Innovations in radio link design, such as joint channel estimation and maximum likelihood decoding as well as interference suppression can be readily applied to coded OFDM systems. Significant performance gain in packet data throughput is realized in a system with aggressive frequency reuse.
Mossy fiber Zn 2 spillover modulates heterosynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity in hippocampal CA 3 circuits

lthough Zn 2 is contained in large amounts in the synaptic terminals of hippocampal mossy fibers (MFs), its physiological role in synaptic transmission is poorly understood. By using the newly developed high-sensitivity Zn 2 indicator ZnAF-2, the spatiotemporal dynamics of Zn 2 was monitored in rat hippocampal slices. When high-frequency stimulation was delivered to the MFs, the concentration of extracellular Zn 2 was immediately elevated in the stratum lucidum, followed by a mild increase in the stratum radiatum adjacent to the stratum lucidum, but not in the distal area of stratum radiatum. The Zn 2 increase was insensitive to a non– N -methylD -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist but was A efficiently attenuated by tetrodotoxin or Ca 2 -free medium, suggesting that Zn 2 is released by MF synaptic terminals in an activity-dependent manner, and thereafter diffuses extracellularly into the neighboring stratum radiatum. Electrophysiological analyses revealed that NMDA receptor– mediated synaptic responses in CA3 proximal stratum radiatum were inhibited in the immediate aftermath of MF activation and that this inhibition was no longer observed in the presence of a Zn 2 -chelating agent. Thus, Zn 2 serves as a spatiotemporal mediator in imprinting the history of MF activity in contiguous hippocampal networks. We predict herein a novel form of metaplasticity, i.e., an experiencedependent non-Hebbian modulation of synaptic plasticity.
Influence of blood culture results on antibiotic choice in the treatment of bacteremia.

BACKGROUND It is unclear how often blood culture results influence empiric antibiotic regimens. METHODS To assess the frequency of antibiotic modification and the rates of proper documentation of blood culture results by house staff physicians, we prospectively evaluated 226 episodes of bacteremia in 199 patients. RESULTS Antibiotics were changed in 49.6% of episodes of true bacteremias. Physicians were more likely to change therapy if gram-negative rods (odds ratio [OR], 3.19) or Staphylococcus aureus (OR, 3.12) were isolated, if the blood culture was obtained in the first 7 days of hospitalization (OR, 1.9), or if house staff physicians properly documented the culture results in the medical chart (OR, 3.8) (all P values, < .05). Documentation of positive blood culture results by house staff physicians was absent in 26% of patients, and it was observed less often in patients on the surgical service (OR, 0.35; P = .004) or if a contaminant was recovered (OR, 0.24; P < .001). Eighty-three percent of "true-positive" blood cultures, as compared with 55% of "contaminated" blood cultures, were documented with a note in the medical records (P < .0001). Rates of documentation were higher for gram-negative rods, for patients who were already receiving antibiotic therapy, and for those who had a change of therapy after the culture results became available (all P values, < .05). A multivariate logistic regression model showed that documentation of the blood culture result (OR, 1.78; P = .006) or a positive culture within 7 days of hospitalization (OR, 1.49; P = .01) was independently associated with a change in therapy. CONCLUSIONS In a significant proportion of patients with bacteremia, the blood culture result may not be the most important factor that determines antibiotic choice. Bacteremia is not adequately documented by house staff physicians in up to a quarter of patients.
The Role of Sugar Transporter Genes during Early Infection by Root-Knot Nematodes

Although pathogens such as nematodes are known to hijack nutrients from host plants, the mechanisms whereby nematodes obtain sugars from plants remain largely unknown. To determine the effects of nematode infection on host plant sugar allocation, soluble sugar (fructose, glucose, sucrose) content was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection and was found to increase significantly in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, Sl) leaves and roots during early infection by root-knot nematodes (RKNs). To further analyze whether sugar transporters played a role in this process, the expression levels of sucrose transporter (SUT/SUC), Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter (SWEET), tonoplast monosaccharide transporter (TMT), and vacuolar glucose transporter (VGT) gene family members were examined by qRT-PCR analysis after RKN infection. The results showed that three SlSUTs, 17 SlSWEETs, three SlTMTs, and SlVGT1 were upregulated in the leaves, whereas three SlSUTs, 17 SlSWEETs, two SlTMTs, and SlVGT1 were induced in the roots. To determine the function of the sugar transporters in the RKN infection process, we examined post-infection responses in the Atsuc2 mutant and pAtSUC2-GUS lines. β-glucuronidase expression was strongly induced at the infection sites, and RKN development was significantly arrested in the Atsuc2 mutant. Taken together, our analyses provide useful information for understanding the sugar transporter responses during early infection by RKNs in tomato.