Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON MULTILEVEL SELECTION AND KIN SELECTION: CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS MEETS DIRECT FITNESS

When Hamilton defined the concept of inclusive fitness, he specifically was looking to define the fitness of an individual in terms of that individual's behavior, and the effects of its’ behavior on other related individuals. Although an intuitively attractive concept, issues of accounting for fitness, and correctly assigning it to the appropriate individual make this approach difficult to implement. The direct fitness approach has been suggested as a means of modeling kin selection while avoiding these issues. Whereas Hamilton's inclusive fitness approach assigns to the focal individual the fitness effects of its behavior on other related individuals, the direct fitness approach assigns the fitness effects of other actors to the focal individual. Contextual analysis was independently developed as a quantitative genetic approach for measuring multilevel selection in natural populations. Although the direct fitness approach and contextual analysis come from very different traditions, both methods rely on the same underlying equation, with the primary difference between the two approaches being that the direct fitness approach uses fitness optimization modeling, whereas with contextual analysis, the same equation is used to solve for the change in fitness associated with a change in phenotype when the population is away from the optimal phenotype.
Genetic ancestry modifies fatty acid concentrations in different adipose tissue depots and milk fat

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cow genetic strain on fatty acid (FA) profiles in adipose tissue and milk. Adipose samples from two subcutaneous (shoulder and tail-head) and three visceral (kidney channel, mesenteric and omental) depots were obtained post mortem from New Zealand (NZ; n = 8) and North American (NA; n = 8) Holstein–Friesian cows. At the time of slaughter cows were in similar body condition (NZ: 4·0 ± 0·03, NA: 4·0 ± 0·02; ±sd) and stage of lactation (NZ: 90 ± 11·2 d; NA: 83 ± 4·3 d; ±sd). Milk was collected during the a.m. milking prior to slaughter and milk fat was extracted. Adipose and milk fat FA were quantified using gas chromatography. NZ cows had a lower proportion of saturated FA in shoulder, tail-head and omental adipose tissue and a greater proportion of mono-unsaturated FA and an elevated Δ9-desaturase index in shoulder and tail-head adipose tissue. The proportions of individual FA differed between adipose depots, with proportions of de-novo FA greater in subcutaneous compared with visceral adipose depots. Milk from NZ cows contained greater concentrations of short chain FA (C8 : 0–12 : 0) and CLA, and less cis-9 18 : 1 than milk from NA cows. Regression analysis identified moderate associations between milk FA and shoulder adipose tissue FA for 18 : 2 (R2 = 0·24), 18 : 3 n − 3 (R2 = 0·39), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (R2 = 0·38). Results from this study support the hypothesis that genetic strain dictates FA profiles in adipose tissue and milk and may alter the metabolic status of the various adipose depots differently. The data further support the premise that genetic strain affects the metabolic status of the various adipose depots differently. Elucidating the mechanisms that regulate the different adipose depots in the NZ and NA strains will increase our understanding of tissue mobilization and replenishment.
Gallstones were associated with the gastrointestinal adverse events of cinacalcet in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the association of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events of cinacalcet with gallstones in the hemodialysis (HD) patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). A total of 23 HD patients under the treatment with cinacalcet and 101 control patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. We investigated the prevalence of gallstones and the association of GI adverse events of cinacalcet with gallstones. The prevalence of gallstones was significantly higher in the HD patients with cinacalcet compared with the controls (47.8% vs. 15.8%). The longer time on HD, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and elevated parathyroid hormone level were observed in the HD patients with cinacalcet. Besides, GI adverse events of cinacalcet were observed more frequently in the HD patients with gallstones compared with those without gallstones (odds ratio 13.5, 95% CI: 1.80–101). Therefore, screening for gallstones before dosing cinacalcet may reduce the risk of GI adverse events in SHPT patients.
Infantile colic associated with childhood migraine: A prospective cohort study

Purpose To explore the association between infantile colic and adolescent migraine. Method In a randomized general population sample, families expecting their first child were prospectively followed for infantile colic and adolescent migraine. Results Colic was diagnosed in 160 (13%) of 1267 infants until the age of 3 months. Migraine was ascertained in 129 (16%) of 787 adolescents at age 18 years. History of infantile colic was identified in 96 (12%) of 787 adolescents and no such history in 658 (88%) of 787 adolescents. Migraine was present in 22 (23%)/96 adolescents who had a history of infantile colic, but in only 74 (11%)/658 ones who had no such history. Of the 22 adolescents, 14 (64%) had migraine without aura and eight (36%) had migraine with aura. Infants with colic had an almost three-fold risk (risk ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.2–6.5) for adolescent migraine without aura, but no increased risk for migraine with aura (0.8, 0.3–2.2). Discussion and conclusions Infantile colic seems to be associated with an increased risk for migraine without aura, but not for migraine with aura. Whether infantile colic per se is a type of infantile migraine or an antecedent of future migraine remains to be answered by further research.
Significance of bladder trabeculation in postmenopausal women with severe pelvic organ prolapse : clinical and urodynamic assessments

Objective: Bladder trabeculation (BT) is a secondary result of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), which may result from severe pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and cause lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among clinical manifestations, urodynamic findings, and BT in women with severe POP. Methods:We reviewed the medical records of patients with stage 3 or stage 4 POPwho underwent prolapse surgical operation in a tertiary hospital between 2005 and 2011. All patients received preoperative evaluations, including urodynamic studies, cystoscopy, and a structured urogynecological questionnaire. Demographics, LUTS, pelvic floor symptoms, and urodynamic findings were compared between women with BT and women without BT. Results: Of the 308 women included, 54.9% had BT and 12.7% were diagnosed with BOO (maximal flow rate G 12 mL/s; detrusor pressure at maximal flow 920 cm H2O). Mean age, prevalence of urgency, urge incontinence, voiding difficulty, detrusor overactivity, and postvoid residual greater than 100 mL were significantly higher in women with BT than in women without BT. In addition, severe BT had significantly higher prevalences of detrusor overactivity, BOO, lower maximal cystometric capacity, urge incontinence, and anterior vaginal prolapse. Logistic regression demonstrated that detrusor overactivity was the only variable associated with BT. Conclusions:More than half of the women with severe POP have BT, which, when compared with women without BT, indicates higher incidences of LUTS, detrusor overactivity, and urinary retention. An objective evaluation of BT should become a prerequisite examination for women with severe POPwho would undergo prolapse surgical operation.
Tinea Versicolor: A Scanning Electron Microscopic View

Tinea versicolor (TV) infections were studied in the scanning electron microscope utilizing several different sampling and preparatory techniques. Scalpel scrapings provided information only on the morphology of individual spores and hyphae, while biopsies and cyanoacrylate adhesive slides demonstrated the topography of the disease as well as providing information on how the infection spreads and recurs. Critical point drying was necessary to maintain the fine ultrastructure previously described. The deep follicular location of the spores seen in this study probably explains the tendency for TV to recur. The follicular packing was specific, since the eccrine pores seem to be exempt from the infection.
Statistical Analysis of Semi-Supervised Learning: The Limit of Infinite Unlabelled Data

We study the behavior of the popular Laplacian Regularization method for Semi-Supervised Learning at the regime of a fixed number of labeled points but a large number of unlabeled points. We show that in $\R^d$, $d \geq 2$, the method is actually not well-posed, and as the number of unlabeled points increases the solution degenerates to a noninformative function. We also contrast the method with the Laplacian Eigenvector method, and discuss the ``smoothness assumptions associated with this alternate method.
The contribution of stress, cultural factors, and sexual identity on the substance abuse, violence, HIV, and depression syndemic among Hispanic men.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to confirm the substance abuse, violence, HIV, and depression syndemic among Hispanic men, and to test whether stress and sociocultural factors, including acculturation, family support, and sexual orientation, predict this syndemic. METHOD A cross-sectional survey was administered to 164 Hispanic men using standardized measures for Hispanic Stress (Cervantes, Padilla, & Salgado de Snyder, 1991), substance abuse (Kelly et al., 1994), violence (Peragallo et al., 2005), risk for HIV (González-Guarda, Peragallo, Urrutia, Vasquez, & Mitrani, 2008), and depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Scale, CES-D; Radloff, 1977). RESULTS Results from Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) supported the syndemic factor among Hispanic men. While family/cultural stress and homosexual identity were risk factors for the syndemic factor, family support was protective. CONCLUSIONS More longitudinal research is needed to identify influences on the syndemic factor among diverse Hispanic communities. Interventions that address stress and enhance family supports may show promise in addressing and preventing syndemics among Hispanic men. (PsycINFO Database Record
Interpretation of and preference for probability expressions among Japanese patients and physicians.

BACKGROUND Patients and physicians often communicate using qualitative probability expressions that describe expected outcomes or risks of a medical intervention without knowing whether or not they share the same understanding. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine interpretations of qualitative probability expressions in clinical settings by Japanese patients and physicians as well as their assessments and preferences about physicians' use of such expressions. METHODS One hundred and sixty-eight consecutive patients aged 16 years or older, who attended a university hospital during a 2-week period in 1999, and 156 physicians recruited through the Japanese General Medicine Research Network participated in this cross-sectional survey, using a self-administered questionnaire. Participants were asked to assign numerical interpretations as a percentage to 10 qualitative expressions of probability in two clinical situations related to prescribing a medicine for a cold and an anti-cancer drug. They were also asked which type of expression, qualitative or quantitative, they usually use when communicating probabilistic clinical information and which they prefer. RESULTS The estimates of probability expressions showed wide variations, especially among patients. Patients tended to assign lower and higher values to highly positive and negative probability expressions, respectively, than physicians. Clinical context also influenced the estimation: both groups tended to assign higher estimates in the anti-cancer drug situation than in the cold treatment situation. Factor analysis revealed three psychologically meaningful factors in each situation. More patients than physicians (64.6% versus 50.3%) thought that physicians do not use numbers in routine practice. More than 20% of both patients and physicians considered that the actual use of qualitative terms by physicians is undesirable. Nevertheless, a sizable number of patients (41.4%) and physicians (15.2%) considered it preferable that physicians do not use numbers. CONCLUSION Since interpretation of qualitative expressions of probability in Japanese is subject to large interpersonal variability and differences between patients and physicians, as well as context dependence, the use of qualitative expressions alone might cause misunderstanding among the parties involved. However, the majority of patients prefer words to numbers at present. Therefore, physicians, at least in Japan, ought to provide patients with both numbers and words when critical decisions need to be communicated.
Influence of protein kinase C (PKC) on the prognosis of diabetic nephropathy patients.

AIMS To investigate the association between protein kinase C (PKC) and the prognosis of patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). METHODS 92 patients with DN who had received treatments with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin-receptor blockade (ARB) were collected. The clinicopathologic characteristics were recorded and a 4-year follow-up with the final result of impaired renal functions (eGFR < 40 mL/min) was conducted. The expression of PKC was detected by immunohistochemical assay. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis were performed to estimate the effects of PKC on DN prognosis. RESULTS According to immunohistochemical analysis, there were 54 cases with positive expression of PKC (positive rate 58.7%). Meanwhile, during the follow-up, the urine protein, mean serum creatinine and eGFR in patients with positive PKC were all higher than those in negative expression group (P < 0.05). The expression of PKC was influenced by age (P < 0.001), course of disease (P < 0.001), blood pressure (P = 0.002), blood glucose (P < 0.001), HbA1c (P = 0.002), renal functions of patients before (P = 0.011) and after (P = 0.041) the biopsy. Besides, the Kaplan-Meier curve revealed that patients with positive PKC expression had shorter survival time than those with negative PKC expression (P < 0.001). Cox regression analysis indicated that HbA1c (P = 0.009), renal functions of patients after the biopsy (P = 0.002) and PKC (P = 0.028) were important factors in the prognosis of DN and they might be independent prognostic markers. CONCLUSION The expression of PKC is relatively higher in DN patients than in healthy controls. And PKC may be a valuable prognostic marker for patients with DN.
Phase field modeling and simulation of three-phase flows

Abstract. In this paper, we derive a thermodynamically consistent pha se-field model for flows containing three (or more) liquid components. The model is based on a Navier-S tokes (NS) and Cahn-Hilliard system (CH) which accounts for surface tension among the different component s a d three-phase contact lines. We develop a stable conservative, second order accurate fully implicit discre tization of the NS and three-phase (ternary) CH system. We use a nonlinear multigrid method to efficiently solve the dis crete ternary CH system at the implicit time-level and then couple it to a multigrid/projection method that is used to solve the NS equation. We demonstrate convergence of our scheme numerically and perform numerical simulation s to show the accuracy, flexibility, and robustness of this approach. In particular, we simulate a three interface contact angle resulting from a spreading liquid lens on an interface, a buoyancy-driven compound drop, and the Rayl eigh-Taylor instability of a flow with three partially miscible components.
INFLUENCE OF THE CONCENTRATION OF IRON ON THE PRODUCTION OF FLUORESCIN BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Numerous studies have been made to determine the specific stimuli for pigment production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related species, but the process still appears to be incompletely understood (Sullivan, 1905; Young, 1947; King et al., 1948). Since pyocyanine is thought to be a respiratory pigment (Friedheim, 1931), it seemed likely that it or fluorescin, a closely related substance, might appear as a partial substitute for iron containing cytochrome and related systems when some precursor of the latter compounds is limiting. We have studied quantitatively the relation of the concentration of iron in the medium to the production of fluorescent pigment by P. aeruginosa. Preliminary observations have been extended also to P. fluore8cens which behaved in a manner very similar to P. aeruginosa. A reciprocal relation between available iron and fluorescent pigment was found, and use was made of the observation to study possible relationships of several bacterial growth inhibitors to the metabolism of iron. Cultures in broth containing chloromycetin, streptomycin, penicillin, or 8-hydroxyquinoline together with sufficient iron to suppress the formation of pigment were compared with standard cultures containing graded levels of iron under pH conditions in which the fluorescent pigment is readily visible. King and co-workers (1948) have studied mineral requirements for the production of fluorescin using P. aeruginosa. They also found a relation of iron content to the production of fluorescin, but some of our results are not fully in agreement with theirs.
Antifungal Activity of Apple Cider Vinegar on Candida Species Involved in Denture Stomatitis.

PURPOSE To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of apple cider vinegar on Candida spp. involved in denture stomatitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The microdilution technique was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of apple cider vinegar containing 4% maleic acid, and nystatin (control). Further tests of microbial kinetics and inhibition of adherence to acrylic resin were performed testing different concentrations (MIC, MICx2, MICx4) of the products at time intervals of 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. A roughness meter was used to measure the changes in surface roughness; color change of the acrylic resin specimens exposed to the test products in different concentrations and time intervals were also evaluated. RESULTS Apple cider vinegar (4%) showed MIC of 2500 μg/ml and MFC of 2500, 5000, and 10,000 μg/ml depending on the strain tested. Nystatin showed MIC of 3.125 μg/ml and strain-dependent MFC values ranging from 3.125 to 12.5 μg/ml. The microbial kinetic assay showed a statistical difference between apple cider vinegar and nystatin (p < 0.0001). After 30 minutes of exposure, apple cider vinegar showed fungicidal effect at MICx4, whereas nystatin maintained its fungistatic effect. Apple cider vinegar showed greater inhibition of adherence (p < 0.001) compared to control. Apple cider vinegar did not significantly alter the surface roughness of the acrylic resin specimens compared to nystatin (p > 0.05), and both had no influence on their color. CONCLUSION Apple cider vinegar showed antifungal properties against Candida spp. , thus representing a possible therapeutic alternative for patients with denture stomatitis.
A political history of the Brazilian transition from military dictatorship to democracy 1

This article discusses Brazilian political history, from the military-political coup in 1964 through Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s second presidential term. Written in the form of an explanatory summary, three themes are joined in a narrative on the transition from a military dictatorship to a liberal democratic regime: the military, the political and the bureaucratic. We seek to establish causal inferences linking content, methods and the reasons for and meaning of political change beginning in 1974 with the quality of the democratic regime as it emerged during the 1990s. Our explanation is premised on the need to analyze two different but interconnected spaces of the political: transformation in the institutional systems of the State apparatus and the evolution of the broader political scenario. We conclude that neo-liberal economic reforms not only dispensed with true political reform able to increase representation and with reform of the State in ways that would favor participation. Neo-liberal reforms also continued to be premised on authoritarian arrangements of governing processes inherited from the previous political
Oral Bioavailability and Disposition Characteristics of Irbesartan, an Angiotensin Antagonist, in Healthy Volunteers

Absolute oral bioavailability and disposition characteristics of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, were investigated in 18 healthy young male volunteers. Subjects received [14C] irbesartan as a 30‐minute intravenous infusion (50 mg), [14C] irbesartan orally as a solution (50 mg or 150 mg), or irbesartan capsule (50 mg). Irbesartan was rapidly and almost completely absorbed after oral administration, and exhibited a mean absolute oral bioavailability of 60% to 80%. Mean total body clearance was approximately 157 mL/min, and renal clearance was 3.0 mL/min. Volume of distribution at steady state was 53 L to 93 L, and terminal elimination half‐life was approximately 13 to 16 hours. Hepatic extraction ratio was low (0.2). There were no major circulating metabolites, and approximately 80% of total plasma radioactivity was attributable to unchanged irbesartan. Regardless of route of administration, approximately 20% of dose was recovered in urine and the remainder in feces.
Re: “Stener-like” lesion in the little finger

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Fault diagnosis method for power distribution systems based on multi-source information

Considering that the information uploaded by fault indicator devices is often lost or wrong in actual operation, a fault diagnosis method for distribution networks based on multi-source information is developed in this paper. The multi-source information includes information from distribution automation terminals and the customer electric information acquisition system (CEIAS). Firstly, using the information uploaded from the remote terminal unit of distribution automation system, the fault hypothesis set is formed based on the immune algorithm. Then the fault hypothesis set is further judged by the information collected from CEIAS to get the correct fault section and the incorrect alarms. The correct conclusion can also be obtained by using this method in case of that the key information is incorrect or there are many incorrect or missing alarms at the same time. The validity and accuracy of the proposed method are verified by the simulation of F1 feeder in IEEE RBTS BUS-2 distribution system.