Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The association between socioeconomic factors and breast cancer-specific survival varies by race

Although racial disparity is well described for oncologic outcomes, factors associated with survival within racial groups remains unexplored. The objective of this study is to determine whether breast cancer survival among White or Black patients is associated with differing patient factors. Women diagnosed with breast cancer from 1998 through 2012 were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Cox proportional hazard logistic regression was used to estimate cause-specific survival in the combined cohort, and separate cohorts of Black or White patients only. Main outcomes included cause-specific survival in cohorts of Black only, White only, or all patients adjusted for demographic and oncologic factors. A total of 406,907 Black (10.8%) or White (89.2%) patients diagnosed with breast cancer from 1998 through 2012 were isolated. Cancer-specific survival analysis of the combined cohort showed significantly decreased hazard ratio (H.R.) in patients from the higher economic quartiles (Q1: 1.0 (ref), Q2: 0.95 (p<0.01), Q3: 0.94 (p<0.01), Q4: 0.87 (p<0.001)). Analysis of the White only cohort showed a similar relationship with income (Q1: 1.0 (ref), Q2: 0.95 (p<0.01), Q3: 0.95 (p<0.01), Q4: 0.86 (p<0.001)). However, analysis of the Black only cohort did not show a relationship with income (Q1: 1.0 (ref), Q2: 1.04 (p = 0.34), Q3: 0.97 (p = 0.53), Q4: 1.04 (p = 0.47)). A test of interaction confirmed that the association between income and cancer-specific survival is dependent on patient race, both with and without adjustment for demographic and oncologic characteristics (p<0.01). While median county income is positively associated with cancer-specific survival among White patients, this is not the case with Black patients. Similar findings were noted for education level. These findings suggest that the association between socioeconomic status and breast cancer survival commonly reported in the literature is specific to White patients. These findings provide insight into differences between White and Black patients in cancer-specific survival.
Nitric oxide generation and hypoxic vasoconstriction in buffer-perfused rabbit lungs.

Nitric oxide generation and hypoxic vasoconstriction in buffer-perfused rabbit lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 78(4): 1509-1515, 1995. --We investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) generation in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in buffer-perfused rabbit lungs. Exhaled NO was detected by chemiluminescence, and intravascular NO release was quantified as perfusate accumulation of nitrite, peroxynitrite, and nitrate (NOx). Under baseline conditions, exhaled NO was 45.3 +/- 4.1 parts per billion (1.8 +/- 0.2 nmol/min), and lung NOx release into the perfusate was 4.1 +/- 0.4 nmol/min. Alveolar hypoxia (alveolar PO2 of approximately 23 Torr) induced readily reproducible pressor responses preceded by a sharp drop in exhaled NO concentration. In contrast, perfusate NOx accumulation was not affected. Vasoconstrictor responses to U-46619 and angiotensin II were not accompanied by a decrease in NO exhalation. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine dose-dependently suppressed NO exhalation and amplified pressor responses to hypoxia > U-46619 and angiotensin II. In conclusion, portions of baseline NO generation originating from sites with ready access to the gaseous space sharply decrease in response to alveolar hypoxia, whereas the intravascular release of NO is unchanged. Such differential regulation of lung NO synthesis in response to hypoxia may suggest a complex role in the regulation or modulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
Clinical and Epidemiological Factors Associated with Mortality in Parkinson's Disease in a Brazilian Cohort

Background. Prognosis of PD is variable. Most studies show higher mortality rates in PD patients compared to the general population. Clinical and epidemiologic factors predicting mortality are poorly understood. Methods. Clinical and epidemiologic features including patient history and physical, functional, and cognitive scores were collected from a hospital-based cohort of PD patients using standardized protocols and clinical scales. Data on comorbidities and mortality were collected on follow-up. Results. During a mean follow-up of 4.71 years (range 1–10), 43 (20.9%) of the 206 patients died. Those who died had higher mean age at disease onset than those still alive at the last follow-up (67.7 years versus 56.3 years; p < 0.01). In the univariate analysis, age at baseline was associated with decreased survival. In the adjusted Cox proportional hazards model, age at disease onset and race/ethnicity were predictors of mortality. Conclusions. Late age at disease onset and advanced chronological age are associated with decreased survival. Comorbidities and PD characteristics were not associated with decreased survival in our sample. Race/ethnicity was found in our study to be associated with increased hazard of mortality. Our findings indicate the importance of studying survival among different populations of PD patients.
Sudden Stops, Time Inconsistency, and the Duration of Sovereign Debt

We study the sovereign debt duration chosen by the government in the context of a standard model of sovereign default. The government balances off increasing the duration of its debt to mitigate rollover risk and lowering duration to mitigate the debt dilution problem. We present two main results. First, when the government decides the debt duration on a sequential basis, sudden stop risk increases the average duration by 1 year. Second, we illustrate the time inconsistency problem in the choice of sovereign debt duration: governments would like to commit to a duration that is 1.7 years shorter than the one they choose when decisions are made sequentially.
The predictive value of interim earnings

This study empirically examines the value of interim earnings in predicting annual earnings. I find that analysts’ annual earnings forecast revisions are positively associated with interim earnings forecast error when the interim earnings are relatively persistent. The change in analysts’ annual earnings forecast dispersion is positively (negatively) associated with interim earnings forecast-error (persistence).
In vitro mutagenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans cuticle collagens identifies a potential subtilisin-like protease cleavage site and demonstrates that carboxyl domain disulfide bonding is required for normal function but not assembly

The importance of conserved amino acids in the amino and carboxyl non-Gly-X-Y domains of Caenorhabditis elegans cuticle collagens was examined by analyzing site-directed mutations of the sqt-1 and rol-6 collagen genes in transgenic animals. Altered collagen genes on transgenic arrays were shown to produce appropriate phenotypes by injecting in vivo cloned mutant alleles. Equivalent alterations in sqt-1 and rol-6 generally produced the same phenotypes, indicating that conserved amino acids in these two collagens have similar functions. Serine substitutions for either of two conserved carboxyl domain cysteines produced LRol phenotypes. Substitution for both cysteines in sqt-1 also resulted in an LRol phenotype, demonstrating that disulfide bonding is important for normal function but not required for assembly. Arg-1 or Arg-4 to Cys mutations in homology block A (HBA; consensus, 1-RXRRQ-5; in the amino non-Gly-X-Y domain) caused RRol phenotypes, while the same alteration at Arg-3 had no effect, indicating that Arg-3 is functionally different from Arg-1 and Arg-4. Substitutions of Arg-4 with Ser, Leu, or Glu also produced the RRol phenotype, while Lys substitutions for Arg-1 or Arg-4 did not generate any abnormal phenotypes. His substitutions for Arg-1 or Arg-4 caused somewhat less severe RRol phenotypes. Therefore, strong positively charged residues, Arg or Lys, are required at positions 1 and 4 for normal function. The conserved pattern of arginines in HBA matches the cleavage sites of the subtilisin-like endoproteinases. HBA may be a cleavage site for a subtilisin-like protease, and cleavage may be important for cuticle collagen processing.
What role for the general practitioner in child protection?

BACKGROUND New government guidance on cooperation in child protection confirms the importance of the general practitioner (GP) contribution. While research highlights the concerns of others about their role in the multi-agency process, relatively little is known about the views and experiences of GPs themselves. AIM To examine the understanding that each of the key professional groups had of its own and each other's roles in child protection to identify those factors seen to enhance or inhibit the effective performance of these roles. METHOD The research formed part of a larger investigation of the role of health professionals in child protection, which combined case study investigations of child protection networks in three health authority sites with a regional survey of Area Child Protection Committee members. RESULTS A lack of correspondence was identified between GPs' perception and performance of their role in child protection and the expectations placed upon them by other child protection professionals and government guidance. CONCLUSION The study identifies the need for more explicit discussion of the nature and extent of the GP role in local interagency child protection networks.
Some Hematological-Studice ON Diabetic RATS treated with certain hypoglycemic plants

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of some antidiabetic plants on the hematological parameters in aloxan induced diabetes in albino rats. Eighty adult albino rats (120-±20 gm b.wt) were randomly divided into eight groups ten on each group, the first group conserved as control group. The remaining rats were injected with alloxan to induce diabetes. The second group conserved as diabetic group. The third group was diabetic rats treated with a mixture consists of Nigella Sativa, Aloe Vera, Ferula assa-foetida , Boswelli Carteri, Commiphora Myrrha. (0.1ml/100gm b.wt), Fourth group treated with 0.1ml/100gm b.w of Nigella Sativa, Fifth group treated with 0.05ml/100gm b.w of Aloe Vera,Sixth group treated with 0.1ml/100gm b.w of Ferula assa- foetida, Seventh group treated with 0.1ml/100gm b.w of Boswelli Carteri, Eighth group treated with 0.1ml/100gm b.w of Commiphora Myrrha. Haematological parameters includes: red blood cell count (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit value (Hct%), total and differential white blood cell cont (WBCs) were done after 30 days of treatment and after 15 days of recovery period. The result of RBCs count, Hb concentration and Hct value were significantly decreased in diabetic, Nigella Sativa and Aloe Vera treated groups, throughout the experiment, except Aloe Vera treated group showed insignificant change after the recovery period.while insignificant changes was recorded in the remnant groups during the experimental period. WBCs count, lymphocyte and neutrophil percentage were highly significant increased in diabetic and Ferula assa-foetida treated rats after treatment and recovery periods. While insignificant differences were observed in the other treated groups. Moreover, no significant changes were recorded in eosinophils and monocytes in all groups throughout the study period. Diabetes mellitus in experimental animal can be treated with some plants which have antidiabetic effect, the present investigation was designed to illustrate any hazard effect of these plants on some hematological parameter. Further investigations on each plant and their mixture are needed to role out its effect on both diabetes and the vital parameters.
Biochemical analysis of the p30's of N-, B-, and B leads to NB-tropic murine leukemia viruses of BALB/c origin

Previous analysis of the virion proteins of an N- and a B-tropic type C virus of BALB/c mice, of 16 N-tropic recombinants (XLPN viruses) between these viruses, and of eight NB-tropic viruses derived from the B-tropic virus suggested that among these closely related viruses N-, B-, or NB-tropism was associated with the electrophoretic mobility of p30 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and thus that p30 might determine this phenotype. To obtain further evidence for the association of structural markers of p30 with N-, B-, or NB-tropism, we have analyzed the p30's of these same viruses by using two-dimensional tryptic peptide mapping and slab gel isoelectric focusing. The results of these analyses suggest that (i) a single peptide unique to the N-tropic virus p30- is present in the p30 of all N-tropic recombinants; (ii) a single peptide unique to the B virus p30 is not present in p30's of the N-tropic recombinants, and this peptide is also absent in p30's of NB-tropic viruses derived from the B-tropic virus; and (iii) p30's of NB-tropic viruses possess a new tryptic peptide not found in the p30 of their B-tropic virus progenitors, and this new peptide is not found in the p30 of the N-tropic virus of BALB/c or the XLPN viruses. These results are consistent with the possibility that p30 may determine the N-, B-, or NB-tropism of murine leukemia viruses. In addition, these studies indicate that some of the N-tropic recombinants have experienced recombination within the p30 gene.
Theorising Values and their Study in Mathematics Education

This paper provides a critical summary of the different conceptions of “values” in mathematics education literature as compared with the more general debate about values in current educational discourse. It attempts to provide a multidimensional theoretical and methodological model for studying values that is attuned with past research in the discipline as well as value of mathematics in society. During the past decade the discourse of values has re-entered education both within the national educational debate and policy (Department of Education, Science and Training, DEST, 2003) and the academic practice and theory (Aspin, 1999). In political discourse, the term “values” is often used to refer to social goals, norms, common interests, or behavioural standards and actions that are implicated in justifications of political decisions and social policy. In particular, education, as the primary institution where the young are entrusted for their socialisation, is one that is intrinsically laden with values. Values are reflected in every statement of policy, adopted school structures, selected curriculum as well as practices of pedagogy and regimes of assessments that are not only manifestations of social values but also are practices that inevitably contribute to the development of certain values in the students. Hence, it is not a question of whether education should deal with values. Education is about values inculcation and thus education cannot escape from dealing with values. The question is what values are and ‘ought’ to be reflected and how best to deal with them. Here we take the stance that schools are not only a place where values are transmitted from one generation to another; they must be places where an explicit discussion and debate on values must take a priority. However, the construct of values remains a contested term. In this paper we will discuss issues related to theorising values, with special focus on mathematics education, and discuss some related methodological issues in their study. We draw upon a wide range of literature, both from within and outside mathematics education itself. Perspectives of Values First we note that, in educational policy and research values have been used in a wide range of meanings. For example, the Value Education Study (DEST, 2003) adopt the definition by Halstead and Taylor (2000) that define values as “the principles and fundamental convictions which act as
Probabilistic-relationships in the DVB-T2 mobile-reception signal received from a fix-reception mode broadcasting service

DVB-T2 (Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial Second Generation) standard is mainly intended to fix-reception service. Nevertheless, it is possible that some of enthusiastic users attempt to receive it in mobile environment. Therefore, formulating a technique for improving the reception quality is necessary, and exploring the received signal properties will be useful to do it. This paper presents quantitative-relationships in the received signal explored from field-observation result. The result informs that pairwise relationships between recovered picture and signal describing quantities, as well as among these quantities themselves, are more appropriate expressed probabilistically than mathematically. These quantities include CNR (carrier-to-noise ratio), pre-LDPC (low density parity check) decoding BER (bit-error-rate), and post-LDPC decoding BER. As numerical examples: (1) CNR border between successful and failed receptions is as high as about 14 dB, and (2) for probability of reception-success is as high as about 0.5, the border of these three quantities are about 18 dB, 4.5 × 10−2, and 10−5, respectively.
Spatiotemporal Variation of Snow Depth in the Northern Hemisphere from 1992 to 2016

A comprehensive and hemispheric-scale snow cover and snow depth analysis is a prerequisite for all related processes and interactions investigation on regional and global surface energy and water balance, weather and climate, hydrological processes, and water resources. However, such studies were limited by the lack of data products and/or valid snow retrieval algorithms. The overall objective of this study is to investigate the variation characteristics of snow depth across the Northern Hemisphere from 1992 to 2016. We developed long-term Northern Hemisphere daily snow depth (NHSnow) datasets from passive microwave remote sensing data using the support vector regression (SVR) snow depth retrieval algorithm. NHSnow is evaluated, along with GlobSnow and ERA-Interim/Land, for its accuracy across the Northern Hemisphere against meteorological station snow depth measurements. The results show that NHSnow performs comparably well with a relatively high accuracy for snow depth with a bias of −0.6 cm, mean absolute error of 16 cm, and root mean square error of 20 cm when benchmarked against the station snow depth measurements. The analysis results show that annual average snow depth decreased by 0.06 cm per year from 1992 to 2016. In the three seasons (autumn, winter, and spring), the areas with a significant decreasing trend of seasonal maximum snow depth are larger than those with a significant increasing trend. Additionally, snow cover days decreased at the rate of 0.99 day per year during 1992–2016. This study presents that the variation trends of snow cover days are, in part, not consistent with the variation trends of the annual average snow depth, of which approximately 20% of the snow cover areas show the completely opposite variation trends for these two indexes over the study period. This study provides a new perspective in snow depth variation analysis, and shows that rapid changes in snow depth have been occurring since the beginning of the 21st century, accompanied by dramatic climate warming.
TEACHER STRATEGY IN DEVELOPMENT PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF STUDENTS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Entering the digital age all information cannot be selectively displayed. Freedom in the digital age can affect the behavior patterns of students whether positive behavior or negative behavior. In an effort to prevent the emergence of negative behavior in students, it requires an environment that shapes good behavior such as prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior really needs to be developed to prevent moral degradation. The formation of prosocial behavior can be done in a student environment such as at school. This study aims to analyze the teacher's strategy in developing students' prosocial behavior in religious-based elementary schools. The research applied a qualitative approach within the case study method. The researcher involved the teacher as the research subject located in the city of Bandung. The data collection techniques used observation, interviews, and documentation. Then, the validity of the data used triangulation techniques while the data is analyzed through thematic analysis. The finding of the research showed that there is a teacher strategy to develop prosocial behavior of students in religious based elementary schools. Giving motivation and modelling strategy are the teacher’s strategy that most widely shown.
A Numerical Study of Magnetic Reconnection : A Central Scheme for Hall MHD

Over the past few years, several non-oscillatory central schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws have been proposed for approximating the solution of the Ideal MHD equations and similar astrophysical models. The simplicity, versatility, and robustness of these black-box type schemes for simulating MHD flows suggest their further development for solving MHD models with more complex wave structures. In this work we construct a non-oscillatory central scheme for the Hall MHD equations and use it to conduct a study of the magnetic reconnection phenomenon in flows governed by this model.
Drinking guidelines for exercise: What evidence is there that athletes should drink “as much as tolerable”, “to replace the weight lost during exercise” or “ad libitum”?

Abstract The most recent (1996) drinking guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) propose that athletes should drink “as much as tolerable” during exercise. Since some individuals can tolerate rates of free water ingestion that exceed their rates of free water loss during exercise, this advice has caused some to overdrink leading to water retention, weight gain and, in a few, death from exercise-associated hyponatraemic encephalopathy. The new drinking guidelines of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), recently re-published in this Journal, continue to argue that athletes must drink enough to replace all their weight lost during exercise and to ingest sodium chloride since sodium is “the electrolyte most critical to performance and health”. In this rebuttal to that Consensus Document, I argue that these new guidelines, like their predecessors, lack an adequate, scientifically proven evidence base. Nor have they been properly evaluated in appropriately controlled, randomized, prospective clinical trials. In particular, these new guidelines provide erroneous recommendations on five topics. If novel universal guidelines for fluid ingestion during exercise are to be promulgated by important international bodies including the IOC, they should first be properly evaluated in appropriately controlled, randomized, prospective clinical trials conducted under environmental and other conditions that match those found in “out-of-doors” exercise. This, and the potential influence of commercial interests on scientific independence and objectivity, are the two most important lessons to be learned from the premature adoption of those 1996 ACSM drinking guidelines that are not evidence-based. These concerns need to be addressed before the novel IOC guidelines are accepted uncritically. Otherwise the predictable consequences of the premature adoption of the 1996 ACSM guidelines will be repeated.