Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An African Success Story: Botswana

Botswana has had the highest rate of per capita growth of any country in the world in the last 35 years. This occurred despite adverse initial conditions, including minimal investment during the colonial period and high inequality. Botswana achieved this rapid development by following orthodox economic policies. How Botswana sustained these policies is a puzzle because typically in Africa, ‘good economics’ has proved not to be politically feasible. In this Paper we suggest that good policies were chosen in Botswana because good institutions, which we refer to as institutions of private property, were in place. Why did institutions of private property arise in Botswana, but not other African nations? We conjecture that the following factors were important. First, Botswana possessed relatively inclusive pre-colonial institutions, placing constraints on political elites. Second, the effect of British colonialism on Botswana was minimal, and did not destroy these institutions. Third, following independence, maintaining and strengthening institutions of private property were in the economic interests of the elite. Fourth, Botswana is very rich in diamonds, which created enough rents that no group wanted to challenge the status quo at the expense of ‘rocking the boat’. Finally, we emphasize that this situation was reinforced by a number of critical decisions made by the post-independence leaders, particularly Presidents Khama and Masire.
Developmental Changes in Children's Measurement Errors

Children as old as 4th graders still make fundamental measurement errors. Specifically, some children begin measuring from the number 1 on a ruler instead of from the end of the ruler (0), an error of cardinality. The present study investigated developmental changes in children’s measurement errors in 1st and 3rd graders via a 6-task testing session devised to emphasize measurement errors children tend to make. Each task made the cardinality error (measuring from 1 instead of 0) increasingly more salient to the children in an effort to facilitate recognition of their measurement errors. However, the results revealed that children do not understand the measurement principle of cardinality, and thus tend to be stable in their measurement strategies despite evidence indicating that such strategies yield incorrect answers. KIMBERLY M. KIKER
Kinematics and Sedimentary Balance of the Sub-Himalayan Zone, Western Nepal

The Sub-Himalayan Zone constitutes a tectonic wedge of synorogenic sediments along the southern edge of the Himalayan Belt. Sediments are incorporated into the prism from the foreland Indo-Gangetic plain, undergo a tectonic cycle within it, and eventually are eroded. The structural sketch map exhibits westward-plunging arcuate structures on the foremost location of the Outer Belt. Investigations from spatial imagery and digital elevation modeling (DEM), together with kinematic data, allow us to calculate velocities for the geomorphologic development. Four velocities rule the general evolution of the wedge. The foremost geomorphic structure (ridge) is the assemblage of elementary structures. The lateral ridge propagation velocity is estimated to be 40 cm/yr, which supports a general cylindrical development of the Outer Belt, in spite of the asymmetrical development of each independent elbow-shaped structure. The sediment's burial history can be quantified from geometric and kinematic data. We emphasize that because of the cylindrical behavior of the prism, extrapolation of the sediment transfer to the entire western Nepal Siwalik is valid. Burial in the foreland basin takes two times longer than the entire tectonic cycle, which only lasts for about 6.5 m.y. Sediments reaching 6 105 km3 per year and per linear kilometer accrete along the Siwalik range. About 21% of the flowing material within the wedge is captured and withdrawn from it as subducted duplexes. Assuming a steady-state development of the wedge, and according to the Coulomb-wedge theory for the Siwalik, mean erosion rates are estimated to be about 1.9 mm/yr, which is in accord with previous estimates. We emphasize that this consistency supports the overall estimates for the general development of the wedge.
The evaporation of intercepted rainfall from a forest stand: An analysis by simulation

A model of the energy exchange between the atmosphere and a vegetated surface has been developed and used to investigate the sources of energy available for evaporation of precipitation intercepted by a forest canopy. Simulations with this model have demonstrated that a forest canopy wetted by rainfall will partition more of the absorbed radiant energy into latent heat exchange than an unwetted canopy in the same environment. This energy diversion creates a decrease in sensible heat transfer from the canopy to the atmosphere and a smaller decrease in a long-wave radiation emitted by the canopy.
Comparison of methods for positional analysis: Structural and general equivalences

This paper explores the conceptualization and measurement of social position in relational data. It is argued that social positions are evidenced in the interactions among individuals, which are encoded in measured social relations. Given a set of measured relations the task is to reveal social positions which consist of groups of individuals with similar patterns of relations. Methods based on two alternative approaches are discussed. The first set of approaches is based on structural equivalence, and locates groups of similar individuals based on the extent to which they share identical ties with identical others. A second set of approaches, here called general equivalences, locates groups of similar individuals based on their sharing of " types" of ties with " types" of others. Procedures based on these different approaches are described and applied to actual data and to a constructed example. Results suggest that these different approaches identify different kinds of social groups. It is argued that structural equivalence is an unsuitable basis for analysis of relational data if the goal is detection of social positions.
Facilitating Factors and Barriers for Intention to Get HPV Vaccine among Young Female in Hanoi, Vietnam

The general objectives of the study were to assess facilitating factors and barriers for intention to get HPV vaccine among 15-25 years old females in Hanoi, Vietnam. The study used simple random sampling and cluster random sampling. Overall, 386 young female agreed to answer the questionnaire. The results explored that the facilitating factors for intention to accept HPV vaccine among young female in Vietnam are high knowledge on HPV vaccine (OR= 1.97 ) perceived benefit (OR= 3.08) and health care provider’s consultation (OR = 4.24 ). On the other hand, barriers towards their intention to get HPV vaccine include lacking of information related to HPV and HPV vaccine, being afraid of vaccine’s side effect and the cost of the vaccine. This study’s recommendations include organizing broader and more intense educational programs about knowledge on HPV and HPV vaccine.
Channel movement of meandering Indiana streams

Introduction Concepts Movement defined The sine-generated curve Moving reference axis Observed modes of movement Theoretical mechanics of movement . Impulse momentum . _. _. Channel-forming discharge . Page. Al 1 2 2 2 2 3 5 5 6 Concepts Continued Theoretical mechanics of movement Continued Channel-forming discharge redefined . Field investigation Study sites Data analysis Interpretive discussion Individual sites General conclusions Summary Selected references Page A6 7 7 9 14 14 15 17 17
The Impact of Parent Established Home Literacy Experiences on Early Childhood Literacy Acquisition

This research paper asks the question, how do parent established home literacy experiences impact early literacy acquisition? Investigation was competed in a home in Williston, New York (pseudonym) with a kindergarten girl and her mother. Through pre and post assessments, observations and a parent interview three themes emerged from the data collection. These themes focused on the level of parent engagement in literacy activities, parental background and experiences, and opportunities offered in a home environment. Through these themes it can be seen how parent established home literacy experiences impact early literacy acquisition. As a result, these findings encourage teachers to involve parents in creating effective instructional activities in their home environment as it has a huge impact on student learning. Document Type Thesis Degree Name MS in Literacy Education Department Education First Supervisor Joellen Maples Subject Categories Education This thesis is available at Fisher Digital Publications: http://fisherpub.sjfc. edu/education_ETD_masters/344 The Impact of Parent Established Home Literacy Experiences on Early Childhood Literacy Acquisition
THE EFFECTS OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI INOCULATION ON EUTERPE OLERACEA MART. (AÇAÍ) SEEDLINGS 1

2 ABSTRACT - With the objective of verifying the response of Euterpe oleracea seedlings to seven arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species, an experimental trial was carried out under greenhouse condi- tions. Seeds of E. oleracea were sown in carbonized rice husk. Germinating seeds were initially trans- ferred to plastic cups, containing fumigated Reddish Yellow Quartz Sand and inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Two months later, seedlings were transferred to 2 kg black plastic bags, containing the same soil without fumigation. Plant growth and mineral nutrients were evaluated nine months after mycorrhizal inoculation. Differential effects were observed among the species tested, with Scutellispora gilmorei being the most effective ones in promoting growth and nutrient content of E. oleracea seed- lings. The increment resulted from inoculation with S. gilmorei were 92% in total plant height, 116% in stem diameter, 361% in dry matter production, 191% in N, 664% in P, 46% in K, 562% in Ca, 363% in Mg and 350% in Zn contents, comparing to uninoculated controls. Infected root length was posi- tively correlated to nutrient content and plant growth. It was concluded that growth and nutrient up- take of E. oleracea seedlings could be significantly improved by inoculation of effective arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
DETERMINISTIC ASSESSMENT OF SLOPE FAILURE IN UNSATURATED VOLCANIC ASHES. THE CASE OF CERVINARA SLOPE

i RESUMEN . ii ACKNOWNLEDGMENTS . iii NOTATION . iv LIST OF FIGURES . x LIST OF TABLES . xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER 2: BENCH-MARK: ROUND ROBIN TEST . 3 2.1 BASIC INFORMATION . 4 2.1. 1 Small samples . 4 2.1. 2 Flume test . 6 2.1. 3 Field monitoring station . 10 CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE ANALYSIS. 12 3.1 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF THE COUPLED PROBLEM. 13 3.2 DOUBLE-POROSITY WATER RETENTION CURVE. 16 3.3 ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY CONDITION. 17 3.3.1 Gas flux. 19 3.3.2 Flux of water. 19 3.3.3 Flux of energy. 20 3.3. 4 Evapotranspiration. 21 CHAPTER 4: NUMERICAL MODELS. 23 4.1 LABORATORY SCALE. 23 4.2 FLUME TEST. 28 4.2.1 Flume test D3. 31 4.2. 2 Flume test D4. 36 4.2. 3 Flume test C4. 40 4.3 REAL SLOPE. 44 -
CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS FOR Sb ADDED TO GeSe CHALCOGENIDE GLASS

Alloys of Ge2.5-x Se7.5Sbx glass system with (0.5≤ x ≤2), obtained with rapid quenching, have been thermally characterized with calorimetric measurements. The crystallization kinetics of Ge2.5-x Se7.5Sbx chalcogenide glasses are discussed under nonisothermal conditions by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The glass transition temperature (Tg), the temperature at which crystallization begins, (T0) the temperature corresponding to the maximum crystallization temperature (Tc) and the melting temp. (Tm) are determined. Studies of the crystallization kinetics using the nonisothermal single scan technique shows that the nuclei are already present and the growth occurs in two or three dimensions. The Hruby number (HR) which is the strong indicator of glass forming tendency (GFT), thermal stability parameter (S) representing resistance to divitrification are studied.
Comparison of the Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Maxillary Incisors Restored with Six Different Post and Core Systems

1 Professor, Dental Materials Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2 Associate Professor, Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 4 Dentist, Private Practice, Isfahan, Iran 5 Postgraduate Student, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Passive reconciliation in the context of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

This chapter describes the passive reconciliation process that took place between Israelis and Palestinians in the 1990's-early 2000's based on economic, environmental, health and tourism utalitarian reasons.A full-text copy can be sent by request for scholarly purposes - email the author at: rafi.nets@gmail.com
Progress of the ITER central solenoid model coil programme

The world's largest pulsed superconducting coil was successfully tested by charging up to 13 T and 46 kA with a stored energy of 640 MJ. The ITER central solenoid (CS) model coil and CS insert coil were developed and fabricated through an international collaboration, and their cooldown and charging tests were successfully carried out by international test and operation teams. In pulsed charging tests, where the original goal was 0.4 T/s up to 13 T, the CS model coil and the CS insert coil achieved ramp rates to 13 T of 0.6 T/s and 1.2 T/s, respectively. In addition, the CS insert coil was charged and discharged 10 003 times in the 13 T background field of the CS model coil and no degradation of the operational temperature margin directly coming from this cyclic operation was observed. These test results fulfilled all the goals of CS model coil development by confirming the validity of the engineering design and demonstrating that the ITER coils can now be constructed with confidence.
Thresholds for the Scrutiny of Mergers and the Problem of Joint Dominance

In this Report we consider:1. How the potential for tacit and explicit collusion associated with joint dominance can best be assessed in merger applications.2. Whether the inclusion in section 47 of the Commerce Act of the competition test proposed above in place of the existing dominance test will provide an efficient and effective means of identifying markets where tacit collusion is likely to result from joint dominance.3. Whether the evidence from Canada and the USA (where a substantial lessening of competition test is applied to mergers) supports the claim that the test proposed by the Ministry of Commerce is superior to one of pure dominance in respect of identifying joint dominance (oligopoly) problems.
Genetic parameters for test day milk yield of first lactation Holstein cows estimated by random regression using Legendre polynomials

Data comprising 263,390 test-day (TD) records of 32,448 first parity cows calving in 467 herds between 1991 and 2001 from the Brazilian Holstein Association were used to estimate genetic and permanent environmental variance components in a random regression animal model using Legendre polynomials (LP) of order three to five by REML. Residual variance was assumed to be constant in all or in some classes of lactation periods for each LP. Estimates of genetic and permanent environmental variances did not show any trend due to the increase in the LP order. Residual variance decreased as the order of LP increased when it was assumed constant, and it was highest at the beginning of lactation and relatively constant in mid lactation when assumed to vary between classes. The range for the estimates of heritability (0.27 - 0.42) was similar for all models and was higher in mid lactation. There were only slight differences between the models in both genetic and permanent environmental correlations. Genetic correlations decreased for near unity between adjacent days to values as low as 0.24 between early and late lactation. A five parameter LP to model both genetic and permanent environmental effects and assuming a homogeneous residual variance would be a parsimonious option to fit TD yields of Holstein cows in Brazil.
Compensation and Intrinsic Motivation in Nonprofit and For-Profit Organizations

We develop a theoretical model in which for-profit and nonprofit employers compete to hire a worker who derives intrinsic motivation from the nonprofit’s social mission. We also use a unique data set of California establishments to provide new evidence on sectoral differences in pay and HRM systems, finding a greater incidence of training and benefits in nonprofits, lower wages (with the wage gap increasing in skill level), and less incentive pay than in for-profits. The model is used to interpret both this new evidence and other empirical results from the literature, including the inconclusive sign of the FP-NP wage differential.
Farm Debt Use by Farms with Crop Insurance

A potential economic impact of federal crop insurance (FCI) on the farm sector could be through its effect on debt financing. Debate over FCI covers many potential benefits and drawbacks of the program. Amongst many other arguments, proponents note that FCI could be addressing a market failure for crop insurance because private insurance markets alone would not provide the level of crop insurance demanded by farmers and that FCI helps producers manage risk in today’s volatile commodity markets. Detractors note the high cost to taxpayers of subsidizing FCI premiums and potential distortions to planting decisions. Premium subsidies in 2012 were $6.96 billion. The focus of this article is on the relationship between farm-level debt use and FCI participation. Farm debt levels and leverage have been increasingly covered in both the farm media and popular press. Parallels are often made between rising farm sector income over the last decade and the farm boom of the 1970s, which was followed by a severe downturn. The farm sector debt crisis in the 1980s led to many farm bankruptcies and bank failures, as well as broad changes to agricultural lending practices and the creation of Farmer Mac. Although farm sector debt has been increasing, it has been outpaced by growth in farm asset values, and the farm sector debt-to-asset ratio is currently at a historic low. Many of the current concerns about farm debt are related to concentration of debt or the risk of farm leverage increasing if farm income or farm asset values decline.
Prevalence of overweight, obesity and thinness among adolescents in rural and urban areas of Enugu State, Nigeria

Background: Overweight and obesity in adolescence are powerful risk factors of chronic diseases in adulthood. Objective: To determine the prevalence of overweight, obesity and thinness among adolescents in rural and urban areas of Enugu State, Nigeria. Method: A total of 500 adolescents (10-19 years) consisting of 220 males and 280 females were randomly selected from 12 study schools in the State. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on background information of the adolescents. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) of the adolescents were obtained, and used to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI). The BMI were categorized into obesity, overweight, normal and thinness using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) reference and the WHO adult BMI classification for adolescents up to 19 years. The data obtained were coded and analyzed into means, frequencies, percentages and chi-square using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 17. Results: The prevalence of overweight, obesity and thinness among adolescents were 7.5%. 2.1% and 13.9%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity among the adolescents in urban areas was 4.1% while none of the rural adolescents was obese. There was a higher prevalence rate of obesity among males than among females. Conclusion: Obesity is creeping into traditional societies as evident in this study.
Monetary Policy Shocks and Islamic Banks' Deposits in a Dual Banking System: Empirical Evidence from Malaysia and Bahrain

The objective of this paper is to empirically explore the dynamic interrelationships between deposits of Islamic banks with monetary policy variables in Bahrain and Malaysia covering the period from January 2001 to June 2006. Both these countries are being dubbed as the worlds' largest International Islamic Financial Hubs (Qorchi, 2005). A comparative analysis between these two countries highlights the differences and similarities of the impact of monetary policy shocks on the Islamic banks' deposits. The analysis comprises of two major testing approaches. First, the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is used to examine the long-run relationship among the variables. Second, the vector error-correction model (VECM) is adopted to explore the short- and long-run dynamics among the variables. Compared to the Malaysian Islamic banks' deposits, the study finds that the Islamic banks’ deposits in Bahrain are sensitive to monetary policy changes. This implies that the Bahraini Islamic banks are less capable to offset the destabilizing impact of monetary policy as compared to its Malaysian
Exploring Factors Affecting Girls’ Education at Secondary Level: A Case of Karak District, Pakistan

The study examined the factors that affect girls’ education at secondary school level in Karak District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan). All the female heads, teachers and students serving and studying at secondary school level in Karak District constituted the population of the study. The study was delimited to only 30 girls’ secondary schools in the same district. In order to ensure adequate representation of the population, 30 heads, 120 teachers and 480 students were selected randomly as a sample. Quantitative descriptive research designed was used. Data was collected through self-developed semi-structured questionnaire designed on five Point Likert Scale. Statistical tools i.e., percentage and chi-square were used for data analysis. It was concluded that there were various factors that affect girls’ education. These were: unpunctuality of teachers; unfeasibility of school buildings; poor financial status of the parents; lack of basic facilities; marriage at early age; lack of parental attention; negative attitudes of parents about girls’ education; illiteracy of the parents; lack of competent teachers; lack of basic facilities for teachers; lack of proper security arrangement; and long distance to school etc. Based on findings, it was recommended that negative attitude towards female education should be discouraged through mass media. Early marriage culture should be banned. Secondary education should be made free and a special programme of scholarships should be lunched for female students. School buildings should be constructed on feasible and suitable places so that majority of the girls may be beneficialized. Keywords: Factors, Affecting, Girls’ education, Secondary School Level, Karak District, Pakistan