Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Postprandial Gastrointestinal Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption: Effects of Hypoxemia in Neonatal Piglets

ABSTRACT: The effects of feeding on gastrointestinal (GI) perfusion and oxygen transport in hypoxemic neonates is unknown. We evaluated these effects in unanesthetized, spontaneously breathing newborn piglets by comparing three experimental groups: nine hypoxemic piglets (mean PaO2 26 torr) which were fed with formula, six hypoxemic piglets (mean PaO2 27 torr) which were not fed, and four normoxemic piglets (mean PaO2 79 torr) which were fed and served as controls. The control-fed group exhibited an increase in stomach and small intestinal mucosal-submucosal blood flow within 30 min following feeding which was significantly greater than that observed in the hypoxemic fed piglets. GI O2 delivery and O2 uptake rose significantly (p<0.05) following a meal secondary to increases in total GI blood flow. Oxygen extraction was unchanged postprandially in the control group. In the hypoxemic nonfed piglets, total and regional GI blood flow was unaltered during hypoxemia. Reductions in arterial O2 content led to significant decreases in GI O2 delivery. Gastrointestinal oxygen uptake remained stable with a compensatory increase in GI O2 extraction. In the hypoxemic-fed piglets, hypoxia significantly decreased stomach blood flow and led to unchanged blood flow in the remainder of the GI tract. Significant reductions in arterial O2 content and GI O2 delivery were observed, accompanied by significant increases in O2 extraction. Hypoxemic fed animals did not exhibit the expected increase in O2 uptake to meet postprandial metabolic demands. When the hypoxemic insult was terminated, fed piglets demonstrated significant total and regional GI hyperemia leading to increased GI O2 uptake when compared with hypoxemic nonfed piglets. We conclude that in the presence of hypoxemia, the newborn piglet's GI tract is subject to decreased oxygen availability. In contrast to the fasted GI tract, the fed GI tract exhibits a significant hyperemia following a limited period of severe hypoxemia and an ability to increase oxygen uptake in an attempt to meet the demands of nutrient absorption. Oxygen uptake is not increased to the same extent as in normoxemic fed animals, thus the efficiency of these mechanisms in satisfying the postprandial O2 demand remains to be determined.
Trends in the Formation of Environmental Enforcement International Non-Governmental Organizations, 1950–2010

Abstract Recent research highlights the importance of non-governmental organizations in environmental enforcement. These studies largely describe the operations of enforcement organizations locally. The present study offers an alternative perspective by considering environmental enforcement by international non-governmental organizations (INGOs). We employ the treadmill of production thesis to investigate the formation of environmental enforcement INGOs between 1950 and 2010. Prais–Winsten estimation techniques are used to investigate whether the formation of environmental enforcement INGOs is correlated with the global ecological footprint, gross world product, and/or organization density. Results confirm that there is no correlation between the ecological footprint and INGO formation. There is, however, considerable evidence of an inverted-U association between density and founding (p < .05). This discovery is important because it provides strong empirical support for the hypothesis that the global environmental enforcement culture is shaped by competitive neoliberal tendencies.
Oligodendroglioma. Histologic Evaluation and Prognosis

Abstract All oligodendrogliomas registered in Norway during a 25-year period (1953–1977) were studied to establish the frequency of different histologic features and to compare them with survival data of the patients. The minimum observation time was five years. The original tumor specimens from 208 patients were independently reexamined by two pathologists. The characteristic Oligodendroglioma of this series was of medium cell density (53% of lesions), with moderate nuclear atypia, with vascular endothelial proliferation (53%), calcification (56%), with from one to five mitotic figures per ten high power fields, and without microcystic degenerative changes (58%). Subpial tumor cell infiltration, perivascular lymphocytic infiltration and local leptomeningeal invasion were present in a minority of cases. In 11 cases autopsy material was the only source of diagnosis. Microcysts, necrosis, and cell density were the only histologic features of prognostic significance. Subpial infiltrative growth was of suggestive prognostic value. There was no significant association between the number of mitotic figures and survival. Vascular endothelial proliferation, calcification, pronounced nuclear atypia, perivascular lymphocytic infiltration and local leptomeningeal invasion were of no significant prognostic value. Age at operation did not alter these conclusions, neither did sex nor duration of preoperative symptoms.
Discovery of Diurnal Resting Sites of Phlebotomine Sand Flies in a Village in Southern Egypt

ABSTRACT In an attempt to find diurnal resting sites of adult phlebotomine sand flies, potential phlebotomine adult habitats were aspirated in the village of Bahrif in Aswan, Egypt. During this survey, sand flies were aspirated from low (30–45 cm high) irregular piles of mud bricks found under high date palm canopies between the village and the Nile River. There were 5 ♂♂ and 7 ♀♀ of Phlebotomus papatasi and 3 ♂♂ of Sergentomyia schwetzi. Six of the 7 aspirated females were engorged with blood. A total of 78 sand flies was captured on 3 glue boards placed overnight on the ground next to the mud bricks. Attempts to aspirate sand flies from adjacent walls and plants were unsuccessful. The identification of diurnal resting sites in less structured habitats may ultimately lead to more effective adult sand fly control.
Brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer patients on epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: symptom and economic burden

Abstract Objective: This study describes the symptom and economic burden associated with brain metastases (BM) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Methods: This retrospective study included adults with ≥2 medical claims, within 90 days, for lung cancer and ≥1 administration of EGFR-TKIs. Based on ICD-9 codes, patients were stratified into cohorts by type of metastases (BM, other metastases [OM], or no metastases [NM]), and by when the metastasis diagnosis occurred (synchronous or asynchronous). Results: The population (synchronous BM [SBM] = 24, synchronous OM [SOM] = 23, asynchronous BM [ASBM] = 15, asynchronous OM [ASOM] = 49, NM = 85) was mostly female (57%), average age 69 years (SD = 11). SBM patients experienced more fatigue and nausea/vomiting compared with SOM and NM patients and more headaches and loss of appetite than NM patients. ASBM was associated with more fatigue, nausea/vomiting, headaches, pain/numbness, altered mental status, and seizures than NM, and more headaches and pain/numbness than ASOM. SBM patients experienced a greater increase in per-member-per-month all-cause total healthcare costs after diagnosis ($20,301) vs SOM ($9,131, p = .001) and NM ($2,493, p = .001). ASBM’s cost increase between baseline and follow-up ($7,867) did not differ from ASOM’s ($4,947, p = .195); both were larger than NM ($2,493, p = .001 and p = .009, respectively). Limitations: EGFR mutation status was inferred based on EGFR-TKI treatment, not by molecular testing. Patients were from US commercial insurance plans; results may not be generalizable to other populations. Conclusions: Among patients with EGFR-TKI-treated NSCLC, patients with BM experienced more symptoms and, when diagnosed synchronously, had significant increases in total medical costs vs patients with OM and NM. Therapeutic options with central nervous system activity may offer advantages in symptomatology and costs in EGFR-mutated patients with BM.
Legal Consequences of Divorce in Mixed Marriage

Divorce in a mixed marriage is a reality, even though the purpose of a marriage is to form a happy and eternal household, however as each spouse carries his/her own different habits, culture and laws, it is surely very vulnerable for disputes and quarrels occur between them, so it can lead to divorce. The legal consequences of this divorce can be about the seizure of child custody issues, the issue of the rights of ex-wife or husband, even the problem of joint property seizure. This article is a study on a normative law applying legislation and case approach. The problems discussed are regarding: 1) what are the legal consequences of divorce to the children in a mixed marriage, 2) what are the legal consequences of divorce to ex-husband/wife in a mixed marriage, and 3) what are the legal consequences of divorce to the joint properties in a mixed marriage.Based on the study and analysis the author did, it can be concluded that the legal consequences of divorce in a mixed marriage to the children custody right is awarded to the mother/ex-wife by encumbering the former husband to provide maintenance costs of the children until they are able to live independently or until the age of 18 (eighteen) years. In addition, the ex-husband is also required to provide a living to the former wife. Regarding the division of joint property acquired during the marriage, if the marriage couple is not eligible for the position as a subject of proprietorship right holder of the land in Indonesia, within a year he/she have to release or transfer of ownership of the land to others having such qualification. If this is not done, the property right shall be removed under the law and it shall be returned back to be directly controlled by the State. Keywords : Legal Consequences, Divorce, Mixed Marriage.
Manipulation of immune responses to Mycobacterium bovis by vaccination with IL‐2‐ and IL‐18‐secreting recombinant bacillus Calmette Guerin

Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) has been reported to show variable efficacy as a vaccine against tuberculosis. We demonstrated that the secretion of biologically active IL‐2 (rBCG/IL‐2), but not IL‐18 (rBCG/IL‐18), by BCG improves its ability to induce and maintain a strong type 1 immune response in BALB/c mice. rBCG/IL‐2 induced significantly higher Ag‐specific proliferative responses, high IFN‐γ production and serum titres of IgG2a 16 weeks after vaccination. This immune profile was correlated to an increased rate of clearance of non‐pathogenic mycobacteria (live BCG delivered intranasally). Surprisingly, however, this strong type 1 immune profile induced no greater protective immunity against aerosol challenge with virulent Mycobacterium bovis than that induced by normal BCG (nBCG). By comparison, vaccination with rBCG/IL‐18 was found to induce significantly less IFN‐γ production in splenic lymphocytes than nBCG. This impaired induction of IFN‐γ was correlated to a significantly lower protective efficacy against M. bovis challenge, as compared to nBCG. The data suggest that manipulation of the immune response to tuberculosis and tuberculosis vaccines will require a more complete understanding of the factors that are important in generating a protective immune response.
Role of diffusion-weighted imaging in skull base lesions: A pictorial review

Skull base lesions can be related to wide number of pathologies including infections, benign and malignant tumors. Accurate diagnosis and differentiation between these entities is important for prompt and appropriate treatment. However, computed tomography and routine magnetic resonance imaging techniques only provide information on the extent of the lesions, with limited ability to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. Diffusion-weighted imaging can help in many such situations by providing additional information, including help in differentiating benign from malignant lesions, so that appropriate treatment can be initiated. In this review article, we illustrate the imaging findings of the spectrum of skull base lesions, emphasizing the role of diffusion-weighted imaging in this domain.
Physician Perceptions of ADHD Stimulant Diversion and Misuse

Objective: The recent rise in ADHD has prompted concerns about adolescents with ADHD diverting and/or misusing stimulants. This is the first study to assess physician perceptions of the pervasiveness of these issues. Method: Questionnaires were mailed to a national sample of pediatric subspecialists. Responses were analyzed (n = 826; 18% response rate) using descriptive statistics and regression analyses. Results: In the past year, 59% of physicians suspected ≥1 patient(s) with ADHD diverted stimulants. Seventy-four percent believed ≥1 patient(s) feigned symptoms to obtain an initial ADHD diagnosis; 66% believed ≥1 patient(s) wanted stimulants to improve academic performance. Child and adolescent psychiatrists were most likely to suspect diversion and feigning symptoms. Thirty-nine percent of physicians believed diversion was at least “common. ” Conclusion: Although many physicians suspected stimulant diversion and misuse, a substantial number were unaware of these issues, and subspecialist perceptions varied. These findings support the potential pervasiveness of these issues and the need for increased physician awareness.
Higher skeletal muscular metabolic reserve capacity in COPD patients than healthy subjects

We investigated the interaction between skeletal muscle exercise capacity and central restrictions using exercise modalities, which recruit differing levels of muscle mass in eight patients chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) (FEV1% of predicted; 35 [SE 4%]) and eight healthy controls. Subjects performed conventional bicycling, two‐leg knee extensor (2‐KE) and single‐leg knee extensor (1‐KE) exercises. Maximal values for pulmonary V̇O2 (VO2max), power output, blood lactate, heart rate, blood pressure, and arterial oxygen saturation of hemoglobin were registered. VO2max in controls was 2453 (210), 1468 (124), and 976 (76) mL/min during bicycling, 2‐KE and 1‐KE, respectively. The COPD patients achieved 48% (P<0.05), 62% (P<0.05), and 81% (P=0.10) of the control values. The mass‐specific VO2max (VO2max/exercising muscle mass) during 1‐KE was 345 (25) and 263 (30) mL/kg/min (P<0.05) in controls and COPD patients, respectively. During 2‐KE the controls and COPD patients achieved 85% (4%) and 67% (5%) (P=0.06) of the mass‐specific V̇O2 during 1‐KE, while during bicycling they achieved 31% (2%) and 17% (1%) (P<0.05), respectively. The COPD patients have central restrictions when exercising with a relatively small muscle mass (2‐KE) and have a higher muscular metabolic reserve capacity than controls during whole body exercise.
DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE ON HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA

Drawing on 64 th round National Sample Survey unit level data – this study attempts to examine the key determinants of household expenditure on higher education in India. Based on Ordinary least square model (OLS) the studyfinds that due to huge economic burden of expenditure on higher education a typical household chooses to spend less onthe girl child. It further reveals the parental education and household income play pivotal role in determining households’ educational expenditure along with individual’s caste group – specifically, households belonging to backward caste groups spend less than general category households. Therefore, the study providesa rationale for costsharing between the state and households for inclusive higher education.
A Data-Driven ${\cal H}_{2}$ -Optimal Control Approach for Adaptive Optics

Adaptive optics (AO) is used in ground-based astronomical telescopes to improve the resolution by counteracting the effects of atmospheric turbulence. Most AO systems are based on a simple control law that neglects the temporal evolution of the distortions introduced by the atmosphere. This paper presents a data-driven control design approach that is able to exploit the spatio- temporal correlation in the wavefront, without assuming any form of decoupling. The approach consists of a dedicated subspace-identification algorithm to identify an atmospheric disturbance model from open-loop wavefront sensor data, followed by H2-optimal control design. It is shown that in the case that the deformable mirror and wavefront sensor dynamics can be represented by a delay and a two taps impulse response, it is possible to derive an analytical expression for the H2-optimal controller. Numerical simulations on AO test bench data demonstrate a performance improvement with respect to the common AO control approach.
Modernization of an anatomy class: From conceptualization to implementation. A case for integrated multimodal–multidisciplinary teaching

It has become increasingly apparent that no single method for teaching anatomy is able to provide supremacy over another. In an effort to consolidate and enhance learning, a modernized anatomy curriculum was devised by attempting to take advantage of and maximize the benefits from different teaching methods. Both the more traditional approaches to anatomy teaching, as well as modern, innovative educational programs were embraced in a multimodal system implemented over a decade. In this effort, traditional teaching with lectures and dissection was supplemented with models, imaging, computer‐assisted learning, problem‐based learning through clinical cases, surface anatomy, clinical correlation lectures, peer teaching and team‐based learning. Here, we review current thinking in medical education and present our transition from a passive, didactic, highly detailed anatomy course of the past, to a more interactive, as well as functionally and clinically relevant anatomy curriculum over the course of a decade. Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
The influence of school matrons on girls’ educational experience and social participation in Tanzania

A commitment to gender equity is reflected in Tanzania’s educational development policies many of which are geared towards preparing all citizens to participate fully in the civic and economic life of the nation. Despite these government aspirations, the social, economic and educational status of women remains low. In this study, I seek answers for these ongoing inequalities by investigating girls’ experiences of education, focusing specifically on the influence of school matrons on educational outcomes and social participation for girls. This qualitative case study was informed by a combination of theoretical frameworks associated with African transformative feminism and social justice philosophies. Interview and focus group data were collected from multiple sites in rural and urban areas in the Manyara and Dodoma regions of Tanzania. In the course of the study, the perspectives of key players in the education contexts of these areas were sought. These included secondary school girls and their school matrons as well as School Principals and members of women’s local community groups and national organisations. In addition, data were drawn from key educational policy documents and reports relating to the education of girls. The findings identify school matrons as having a major influence in the education of Tanzanian girls. In particular, these women are responsible for creating safe educational environments for girls and many do this by assuming a nurturing role, known in Kiswahili as ‘Malezi. ’ However, the significant structural challenges facing girls and young women combined with a severe and widespread shortage of educational resources and facilities places constraints on the ability of matrons to provide the sort of ongoing care that girls need. The matrons’ role is further complicated by socio-cultural and traditional expectations placed on girls and women in Tanzanian society. In light of these findings, I critique neoliberal approaches to Tanzanian education, arguing that understanding the impact of the psychosocial support systems on the engagement of learners within the nation’s educational institutions cannot be under-estimated, I conclude that it is time to develop a new way of thinking about gender equity and educational quality that departs from current human rights and human capital approaches.
Cost Damping in Travel Demand Models: Report of a Study for the Department for Transport

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Understanding abortion-related stigma and incidence of unsafe abortion: experiences from community members in Machakos and Trans Nzoia counties Kenya

Introduction The rate of unsafe abortions in Kenya has increased from 32 per 1000 women of reproductive age in 2002 to 48 per 1000 women in 2012. This is one of the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2010, Kenya changed its Constitution to include a more enabling provision regarding the provision of abortion services. Abortion-related stigma has been identified as a key driver in silencing women's ability to reproductive choice leading to seeking to unsafe abortion. We sought to explore abortion-related stigma at the community level as a barrier to women realizing their rights to a safe, legal abortion and compare manifestations of abortion stigma at two communities from regions with high and low incidence of unsafe abortion. Methods A qualitative study using 26 focus group discussions with general community members in Machakos and Trans Nzoia Counties. We used thematic and content analysis to analyze and compare community member's responses regarding abortion-related stigma. Results Although abortion is recognized as being very common within communities, community members expressed various ways that stigmatize women seeking an abortion. This included being labeled as killers and are perceived to be a bad influence for women especially young women. Women reported that they were poorly treated by health providers in health facilities for seeking abortion especially young unmarried women. Institutionalization of stigma especially when Ministry of Health withdrew of standards and guidelines only heightened how stigma presents at the facilities and drives women seeking an abortion to traditional birth attendants who offer unsafe abortions leading to increased morbidity and mortality as a result of abortion-related complications. Conclusion Community members located in counties in regions with high incidence of unsafe abortion also reported higher levels of how they would stigmatize a woman seeking an abortion compared to community members from counties in low incidence region. Young unmarried women bore the brunt of being stigmatized. They reported a lack of a supportive environment that provides guidance on correct information on how to prevent unwanted pregnancy and where to get help. Abortion-related stigma plays a major role in women's decision on whether to have a safe or unsafe abortion.
3D spheroid cultures improve the metabolic gene expression profiles of HepaRG cells

Apo (Apolipoprotein)B secretion, as well as albumin secretion, increased in 3D HepG2 and HepaRG spheroids. Liver metabolic gene expression was up-regulated in 3D HepaRG spheroids. These results suggest that hanging drop 3D cultures can improve hepatocellular responses as a functional liver.