Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Localisation of mRNA encoding the protein precursor of galanin in the monkey hypothalamus and basal forebrain

The hypothalamic and basal forebrain sites of synthesis of preprogalanin mRNA were identified in three adult monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by in situ hybridisation performed with a radiolabelled cRNA probe transcribed from human preprogalanin cDNA. With stringent hybridisation conditions, the cRNA probe was hybridised to free‐floating sections containing structures contiguous with the rostral hypothalamus through to the caudal limit of the hypothalamus as defined by the mammillary bodies. Specific hybridisation of the preprogalanin cRNA probe occurred throughout the hypothalamus but was particularly intense in the arcuate, paraventricular (parvicellular and magnocellular portions), and dorsomedial nuclei. Moderate hybridisation was found in the periventricular nucleus and scattered hybridisation in the medial preoptic nucleus. The medial preoptic area and the anterior and lateral hypothalmic areas showed moderate to intense hybridisation in scattered cells. A few cells in the tuberal portion and dorsal cap of the anterior portion of the supraoptic nucleus were labelled. Isolated cells were also labelled in the zona incerta. There was little labelling in the dorsal hypothalamic area but moderate labelling in the posterior hypothalamic area. Structures contiguous with the rostral hypothalamus including the diagonal band of Broca, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, substantia innominata, and basal nucleus of Meynert showed intense hybridisation. These data indicate a widespread distribution of preprogalanin mRNA in the monkey hypothalamus. A comparison with the previously reported distribution of preprogalanin mRNA in the rat, as well as with the distribution of galanin‐like immunoreactivity in the rat and human, suggests some important species differences. Of particular interest were differences in the supraoptic, suprachiasmatic, and dorsomedial nuclei. The intense hybridisation throughout the paraventricular nucleus and in the rostral arcuate nucleus suggests that galanin may play a role in the regulation of both posterior and anterior pituitary function. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Culturable Populations of Sporomusa spp. and Desulfovibrio spp. in the Anoxic Bulk Soil of Flooded Rice Microcosms

ABSTRACT Most-probable-number (MPN) counts were made of homoacetogenic and other bacteria present in the anoxic flooded bulk soil of laboratory microcosms containing 90- to 95-day-old rice plants. MPN counts with substrates known to be useful for the selective enrichment or the cultivation of homoacetogenic bacteria (betaine, ethylene glycol, 2,3-butanediol, and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate) gave counts of 2.3 × 103 to 2.8 × 105 cells per g of dry soil. Homoacetogens isolated from the terminal positive steps of these dilution cultures belonged to the genus Sporomusa. Counts with succinate, ethanol, and lactate gave much higher MPNs of 5.9 × 105 to 3.4 × 107 cells per g of dry soil and led to the isolation of Desulfovibrio spp. Counting experiments on lactate and ethanol which includedMethanospirillum hungatei in the medium gave MPNs of 2.3 × 106 to 7.5 × 108 cells per g of dry soil and led to the isolation of Sporomusa spp. The latter strains could grow with betaine, ethylene glycol, 2,3-butanediol, and/or 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate, but apparently most cells of Sporomusa spp. did not initiate growth in counting experiments with those substrates. Spores apparently accounted for 2.2% or less of the culturable bacteria. It appears that culturableDesulfovibrio spp. and Sporomusa spp. were present in approximately equal numbers in the bulk soil. Multiple, phylogenetically-distinct, phenotypically-different, strains of each genus were found in the same soil system.
Effect of Moist vs. Dry Bonding to Normal vs. Caries-affected Dentin with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus

Recent research in dentin bonding demonstrated the superiority of moist bonding over dry bonding on normal dentin, but it is unclear if this technique is also superior in bonding to caries-affected dentin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the SEM appearance and bond strength of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (SMPP) to normal vs. caries-affected dentin bonded under moist vs. dry conditions, with and without polyalkenoic acid in the primer. Extracted carious human third molars were ground down by means of 600-grit SiC paper until the carious dentin no longer stained with caries detector solution. The flat surfaces were then primed, bonded, and built up with resin composite. After soaking in water for 1 day, the teeth were serially sectioned vertically into 5 or 6 slabs 0.7 mm thick. The bonded caries-affected areas were isolated by means of an ultrafine diamond bur to create an hourglass configuration with a cross-sectional area of 0.9 mm2. Bonded normal dentin was isolated the same way. Each specimen was attached to a Bencor device and tested in tension to failure. SMPP bonds to dry, normal dentin were only half as strong (21 ± 10 MPa, x ± SD) as those made to moist, normal dentin (42 ± 9 MPa, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between bonds made to normal vs. caries-affected dentin by means of the moist technique (42 ± 9 vs. 48 ± 4 MPa, respectively). Removal of the polyalkenoic acid from the primer lowered (p < 0.05) the bond strength of SMPP to caries-affected dentin (38 ± 8 MPa). The benefits of moist bonding extend to caries-affected dentin. The polyalkenoic acid in the SMPP primer contributes to the high bond strength that can be achieved to caries-affected dentin.
Off-label Prescribing Trends for ADHD Medications in Very Young Children.

OBJECTIVE This study examines off-label medication prescribing use and trends in children on Medicaid with ADHD with particular focus on the very young (under age 6 years). METHODS This was an observational cohort study and retrospective analysis of ADHD medication prescriptions from Oregon Medicaid records (N = 83,190) in 2012. Manufacturer prescribing information was used to determine off-label designation. Children ages 3 to 18 years at the time of prescription who had continuous Medicaid enrollment of at least 10 months during the index year of 2012 were included in the sample frame. RESULTS Children with ADHD were prescribed off-label medications primarily at the ages of 5 years and younger. Among children ages 3 to 5 years, 91.4% of prescriptions were off-label. After the age of 5 years, the percentage of off-label prescriptions dropped notably to 21%, reflecting the increase in availability of approved medications for the treatment of ADHD starting at age 6 years. In the 3- to 5-year-old age group, specific off-label and concerning medication-related observations included a high frequency of alpha agonist (e.g., guanfacine, clonidine) prescribing; the prescribing of untested formulations such as clonidine patches; prescribing of atomoxetine; and prescribing of large doses of stimulant medications. CONCLUSIONS Most ADHD drugs prescribed for very young children are off-label, which is concerning owing to lack of safety and efficacy data in this vulnerable population.
Factors influencing the selection of standardized tests for the diagnosis of specific language impairment.

PURPOSE Standardized tests are one of the primary assessment tools used by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to diagnose child language impairment. Numerous child language tests are commercially available; however, it is unknown what factors lead clinicians to select particular tests to use in clinical practice. This study investigated whether the quality of standardized tests, as measured by the test's psychometric properties, is related to how frequently the tests are used in clinical practice. METHOD A total of 364 SLPs completed a survey regarding how frequently they used specific standardized tests when diagnosing suspected specific language impairment (SLI). The test manuals for 55 tests were reviewed to determine whether test characteristics, such as test reliability, validity, and accuracy, correlated with the frequency of test use. RESULTS The most frequently used standardized tests were omnibus measures (e.g., Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Fourth Edition [Semel, Wiig, & Secord, 2003], Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition [Zimmerman, Steiner, & Pond, 2002]) and single-word vocabulary measures (e.g., Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Fourth Edition [Dunn & Dunn, 2007]). Publication year was the only test characteristic that correlated significantly with the frequency of test use. CONCLUSION The quality of a standardized test, as measured by the test's psychometric properties, does not appear to influence how frequently a test is used. These results highlight the need for increased evidence-based practice when diagnosing children with language impairment.
V antigen of Yersinia pestis inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis.

V antigen (V), a secreted protein encoded by the 70 kb low-calcium response plasmid of Yersinia pestis, is an essential virulence factor. In animal models, it inhibits the early host inflammatory response to infection which is associated with decreased blood and tissue levels of proinflammatory cytokine synthesis. To elucidate further the pathogenetic mechanism(s) of V, in vitrosystems are needed to measure and analyse relevant functional activities of V. We studied the effect of V on the migration of neutrophils to a chemoattractant both in vivo and in vitro. Peripheral injection of V was associated with a reduction in the number of PMN migrating into s.c. sponges and i.p. exudates. Similarly, pre-incubating human peripheral blood neutrophils with >/=ng/ml V significantly inhibited the in vitro chemotactic response to the peptide chemoattractant FMLP. The inhibitory activity of V was inactivated by heat and was neutralized by rabbit polyclonal anti-V IgG as well as by sera from mice surviving infection with Y. pestis. Recombinant polyhistidine-tagged V fusion proteins retained biological activity compared to V proteins lacking the tag. Inhibition of chemotaxis appears to be the first demonstration of an in vitro biological effect of V and may be a useful model to elucidate its molecular mechanism of action.
Les Orycteropodidae (Mammalia ; Tubulidentata) du Mio-Plio-Quaternaire d'Afrique

La famille des Orycteropodidae a longtemps ete l'objet de discussions sur son statut, son origine et sa position au sein du clade des Mammiferes. Ces etudes sont souvent handicapees par la connaissance tres partielle de l'histoire evolutive des Tubulidentata et de la seule espece vivante de l'ordre : Orycteropus afer. Cette etude est la premiere revision systematique et phylogenetique de l'ordre des Tubulidentata a l'echelle du continent africain. L'etude de nombreux specimens d'O. Afer permet de remettre en question la validite des 18 sous-especes et de proposer trois ecotypes. L'estimation de la variabilite intra-specifique montre l'absence de dimorphisme sexuel et permet de definir les stades ontogeniques. La revision systematique des Orycteropodidae du Mio-Plio-Pleistocene d'Afrique beneficie de la decouverte des premiers specimens d'Afrique Centrale (Tchad). Ces squelettes sub-complets apportent des informations majeures pour l'etude des formes fossiles. Trois nouvelles especes sont mises en evidences a la suite de la description des specimens inedits du Tchad et du Kenya. Les affinites de ces formes sont etudiees a l'aide de la premiere analyse cladistique realisee pour l'ordre. Cette etude conduit, d'une part, a reorganiser les especes de Tubulidentata en creant un nouveau genre et, d'autre part, permet d'exclure le genre malgache Plesiorycteropus de l'ordre des Tubulidentata. Dans le cadre des recherches menees sur l'environnement des hominides anciens, et a partir des resultats de l'analyse phylogenetique, l'interet biochronologique et paleobiogeographique des Tubulidentata est reevalue. Des phenomenes de dispersions intercontinentales sont mis en evidences au sein des Tubulidentata. Les adaptations au fouissage et au regime myrmecophage sont analysees d'un point de vue morphologique.
Cerebral hypoxia in severely brain-injured patients is associated with admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, computed tomographic severity, cerebral perfusion pressure, and survival.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of cerebral hypoxia with admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, brain computed tomographic (CT) severity, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and survival in patients with severe brain injury. METHODS CPP and noninvasive transcranial oximetry (Stco2) were recorded hourly for 6 days in patients with a GCS score < or = 8 (3,722 observations). CT score was derived from midline shift (0/1) plus abnormal cisterns (0/1) plus subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (0/1) (range, 0-3). RESULTS Brain CT results were as follows: shift, 10 (56%); abnormal cisterns, 14 (78%); SAH, 9 (50%); epidural hematoma, 2 (11%); subdural hematoma, 11 (61%); and contusion, 17 (94%). The incidences of Stco2 < 60 were: GCS score 3-4, 26.5%; GCS score 5-7, 12.4%; and GCS score 8, 2.8% (p < 0.0001); CT score 2/3, 26.4%; and CT score 0/1, 10.0% (p < 0.0001); nonsurvivors 36.1%; and survivors 16.3% (p < 0.0001). For incidence of CPP < 70, the results were as follows: Stco2 < 60%, 33% of observations; Stco2 > or = 60%, 10% of observations (odds ratio, 4.3; p < 0.01). Despite CPP > or = 70, Stco2 < 60 incidence was 16% of observations. CONCLUSION Cerebral hypoxia is common, even with CPP > or = 70, and is associated with GCS score, CT scan severity, and mortality. Cerebral hypoxia is related to cerebral hypoperfusion. Additional studies may prove that Stco2 monitoring will enhance the treatment of severe brain injury.
Gamma knife surgery of superficially located meningioma.

OBJECT The authors analyzed tumor control rates and complications in patients with superficially located meningiomas after gamma knife surgery (GKS). METHODS Between 1998 and 2003, GKS was performed in 23 patients with 26 lesions in whom follow-up imaging for 1 year or more was available. The male/female ratio was 1:22. The mean age was 59 years. The median tumor volume was 4.7 cm3, and the mean margin dose was 16 Gy at the 50% isodose line. Peritumoral edema was revealed on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in four patients before GKS. Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical examinations were performed every 6 months after GKS. The mean follow-up duration was 32 months. The tumor shrank in eight cases, was stable in 17, and enlarged in one; thus 25 (95%) of 26 tumors were controlled. A peritumoral high signal on T2-weighted MR images was found in eight lesions and preexisting edema was aggravated in three lesions after GKS. Ten of these 11 patients complained of severe headache, and three patients experienced neurological deficits at the same time after a mean latency of 3 months; however, high signal was not demonstrated on imaging before 6 months on average. Steroid agents, when required, gave relief to all patients. The complication rate was 43% (10 of 23 cases). High signal disappeared in nine patients and decreased in the remaining two. High signal was associated with a high integral dose and a large tumor volume. Tumor shrinkage at the last follow-up examination was more prominent in the patients with symptomatic high signal (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS There was a good tumor control rate with a high complication rate. Longer follow up of more patients is needed. Adjusting the dose-volume relationship should be considered to reduce complications.
Role of protein kinase A signaling pathway in cyclosporine nephrotoxicity

Abstract Cyclosporine is an important immunosuppressive agent; however, nephrotoxicity is one of the main adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of inhibiting the protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway in nephrotoxicity caused by cyclosporine from the assessment of cell viability, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and nitric oxide (NO) production in LLC-PK1 and MDCK cell lines. Cyclosporine proved to be cytotoxic for both cell lines, as assessed by the mitochondrial enzyme activity assay (MTT), caused DNA fragmentation, determined by flow cytometry using the propidium iodide dye, and activated the PKA pathway (western blot assay). In MDCK cells, the inhibition of the PKA signaling pathway (H89 inhibitor) caused a significant reduction in DNA fragmentation. In both cell lines, the production of IL-6 proved to be a dependent PKA pathway, while TNF-α was not influenced by the inhibition of the PKA pathway. The NO production was increased when cells were pre-incubated with H89 followed by cyclosporine, and this production was dependent on the PKA pathway in LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells lines. Therefore, considering the present study's results, it can be concluded that the inhibition of PKA signaling pathway can aid in reducing the degree of nephrotoxicity caused by cyclosporine.
Is the double dose alpha-blocker treatment superior than the single dose in the management of patients suffering from acute urinary retention caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia?

PURPOSE To compare the efficacy and safety of single (tamsulosin) and double dose (tamsulosin + alfuzosin) alpha-blocker therapy for treating catheterized patients with acute urinary retention (AUR) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy patients with AUR due to BPH were catheterized and randomized into two groups: the single dose group (0.4 mg tamsulosin, 35 patients) and the double dose group (0.4 mg tamsulosin + 10 mg alfuzosin, 35 patients). The catheter was removed after 3 days, and the patients were put on trial without catheter (TWOC). RESULTS Seventy males (mean age, 71.2 years) were randomly assigned to receive double or single dose alpha-blocker (35 patients per group). The intent-to-treat population consisted of 70 males. Twenty-seven individuals in the double dose group and 19 in the single dose group did not require re-catheterization on the day of the TWOC (77% and 54%, respectively; P = .003). Success using free-flow variables was also higher in the males who received double dose alpha-blocker compared with single dose therapy (48% vs. 40%; P = .017). CONCLUSION TWOC was more successful in males treated with double dose alpha-blockers, and the subsequent need for re-catheterization was also reduced. The side-effect profiles were similar in the single and double dose alpha-blocker groups and were consistent with the known pharmacology. These results state that double dose alpha-blocker treatment can be recommended for treating males after catheterization for AUR, which may reduce the need for re-catheterization.
Sex differences in completion of a 12-month cardiac rehabilitation programme: an analysis of 5922 women and men

Background The reasons for greater premature withdrawal from cardiac rehabilitation programmes (CRP) in women compared with men and differences in baseline predictors of withdrawal have not been extensively studied. Methods Reasons for withdrawal from a 12-month CRP in 1089 women and 4833 men were ascertained by interview. Regression analysis was used to determine demographic and baseline medical conditions that predicted noncompletion. Results Noncompletion was higher in women than men (35 vs. 29%, P < 0.001), however, multivariate regression revealed that sex was not the main driver of withdrawal but rather, other factors common to women at entry to CR could predict noncompletion (i.e. not being married, being obese, lower peak oxygen uptake, not having earlier coronary artery bypass graft surgery, being on antidepressant medication and not on lipid lowering or β-blockade medication). By interview, a greater proportion of women than men withdrew for medical issues (P < 0.001), specifically musculoskeletal conditions (P = 0.002) and multiple medical problems (P = 0.02). A greater proportion of women withdrew for transportation (P < 0.001) and family issues (P = 0.009), whereas work issues affected men more than women (P = 0.009), as did lack of interest (P = 0.009). Women were more likely to withdraw than men regardless of age (P < 0.05). Conclusion Women were significantly more likely to withdraw from CRP than men because of greater medical problems, specifically musculoskeletal and multiple medical reasons. Lack of interest and work obligations were greater barriers for men while transportation and family obligations more often affected women. Difference in withdrawal can be explained by the profile of women rather than by sex independently. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 15:698703 © 2008 The European Society of Cardiology
Surgical treatment of periodontal intrabony defects with calcium sulfate implant and barrier versus collagen barrier or open flap debridement alone: a 12-month randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND This randomized controlled clinical trial was designed to compare the clinical outcomes of guided tissue regeneration with calcium sulfate graft and membrane (CS) versus guided tissue regeneration with collagen membrane (CM) or open flap debridement (OFD) only in terms of clinical attachment gain in periodontal intrabony defects. METHODS Fifty-one systemically healthy, non-smoking subjects affected by moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were recruited. The subjects had one deep intrabony defect with a probing depth (PD) > or =6 mm and were randomly divided into three equal groups (17 subjects per group). Subjects were surgically treated with OFD (OFD group), OFD with CS (CS group), or OFD and CM (CM group). One year after surgical treatment, a complete clinical examination and a surgical reentry were performed. The pre- and post-therapy clinical parameters, including PD, clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession (GR), and intrasurgical parameters (defect bone level [DBL]), were compared. RESULTS After 1 year, the clinical and intrasurgical parameters showed statistically significant changes from baseline within each group for all of the evaluated parameters (PD and CAL, P <0.001; GR and DBL, P <0.05). Differences (PD, CAL, and DBL, P <0.001; GR, P <0.05) were also seen across the three groups. The CM and CS groups had significantly smaller PD, CAL, and DBL values than subjects treated with only OFD. Groups treated with regenerative techniques had a significantly greater PD reduction and CAL and DBL gain compared to the OFD group. No significant differences were seen between CM and CS. Conversely, the CM group showed a significantly greater GR increase compared to OFD and CS. CONCLUSIONS Both regenerative treatments produced additional clinical benefits over OFD alone. Moreover, the use of CS may minimize post-surgical recession.