Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nature and regulation of energy metabolism in the epidermis.

Epidermal slices can produce ATP by both glycolytic and respiratory reactions. Via glycolysis, ATP is produced at a maximal rate of about 0.1 μmole/hr/mg of fresh tissue when slices are incubated in the presence of glucose at concentrations equivalent to normal blood levels. Most of the glucose is converted to lactate, and only a small percentage of the glucose metabolites are oxidized. Respiration generates the majority of the energy for the epidermis, producing ATP at a rate of 0.5 μmole/hr/mg of tissue. The main respiratory reactions of the epidermis in vitro are β-oxidation of lipids and the Krebs cycle. Slices of human epidermis in culture show a relatively constant rate of respiration for several hours in the absence of added substrate, and endogenous components are the main substrates of respiration even in the presence of added nutrients. Cellular phospholipids are probably the major endogenous nutrients for this oxidation. The constant rate of epidermal respiration, the limited oxidation of glucose metabolites, and the Pasteur effect indicate that epidermal energy metabolism is subject to a strong and complex control by biochemical factors. These factors are more prominently expressed in the intact epidermis than in homogenates or extracts. Data are cited which suggest that nucleotide cofactors, particularly ATP, play an important part in energy control by modifying key enzymes of the energy pathways. In light of these data and current concepts of biochemical regulation, an hypothesis is presented in which nucleotides and other intermediates synchronize the rates of glycolysis and respiration, markedly limiting the oxidation of pyruvate by the Krebs cycle. They also may contribute to the accumulation of glycogen, which is observed in wounds and psoriatic epithelium.
Methodological Issues in Nurse Staffing Research

The purpose of this article is to identify and describe four issues in nurse staffing research that must be addressed before the evidence base for the relationship between nurse staffing and quality of care can be said to be theoretically and empirically sufficient. The issues are the need to build well-developed theory, use valid and reliable databases, appropriate risk-adjustment systems, and address issues of causal inference in nonexperimental research.
Increased expression of and sensitivity to transforming growth factor‐α: A promotive role during rat liver carcinogenesis

The influence of the tumor promoter 2‐acetylaminofluorene (2‐AAF) on cell proliferation and on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) system was assessed in normal and nodular rat livers. DNA replication in vivo was inhibited below the detection level after 8 d of dietary 2‐AAF treatment of previously unexposed rats. The 2‐AAF‐induced growth inhibition was accompanied by downregulation of the number of epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐binding sites and decreased levels of EGFR transcripts, whereas no changes in the transforming growth factor‐α (TGF‐α) mRNA levels were observed. The persistent liver nodules generated by intermittent 2‐AAF feeding had a 30‐ to 35‐fold higher replicating cell fraction than normal liver. Treatment with 2‐AAF in vivo reduced the replicating cell fraction to one third in nodules after 14 d of 2‐AAF treatment. The initial EGFR mRNA levels and number of EGF binding sites in nodules before 2‐AAF administration was about 60% that of control livers and was slightly reduced by 2‐AAF feeding. The levels of EGFR mRNA after 14 d of 2‐AAF feeding were thus similar in the nodules and in the 2‐AAF‐treated control livers, whereas the fraction of proliferating cells in nodules after the 2‐AAF treatment was much larger than in normal liver. The TGF‐α mRNA level in the nodules Was found to be 1.4‐fold and in malignant hepatomas 1.7‐fold the level in normal liver. Primary hepatocytes isolated from control livers were four to five times more sensitive to replicative stimulation with EGF than with TGF‐α, whereas nodular cells responded at lower concentrations than control cells and equally well to both EGF and TGF‐α. We conclude that the decreased amounts of EGFR in the nodular cells with respect to proliferate stimulation could be more than compensated for by elevated synthesis of TGF‐α combined with an increased TGF‐α sensitivity. Collectively, these changes implicate TGF‐α in sustaining cell proliferation during chemically induced rat liver carcinogenesis. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Renal cell and transitional cell carcinoma in a Japanese population undergoing maintenance dialysis.

PURPOSE We verified differences in the incidence, clinical characteristics and outcomes between patients on chronic dialysis for end stage renal disease with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and those with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Data regarding RCC and TCC were reviewed in the medical records of 6,201 patients with end stage renal disease who underwent chronic dialysis between January 1990 and June 2003 in our 38 affiliated dialysis centers, and data were compared with those reported in Australia and New Zealand. RESULTS Among the patients RCC developed in 38 (0.61%) and TCC developed in 16 (0.26%) during maintenance dialysis. The primary renal disease was chronic glomerulonephritis in patients with RCC (68.4%) and diabetic nephropathy in patients with TCC (43.8%, p = 0.002). Mean patient age at initiation of dialysis was 45 years for those with RCC and 63 for those with TCC (p < 0.001). Mean interval from dialysis induction to tumor diagnosis was 143 months for patients with RCC and 54 months for patients with TCC (p < 0.001). Of 38 RCCs 23 (60.5%) were incidentally detected by regular abdominal imaging examinations while painless gross hematuria was the cardinal symptom in 13 (81.2%) of 16 TCCs. Overall and cancer specific survivals after tumor diagnosis were significantly superior in patients with RCC compared to those with TCC (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0003, respectively), and the cancer specific 5-year survival was 88.9% for RCC and 29.5% for TCC. In both cancers tumor stage significantly increased the risk of cancer specific death. Compared with patients from Australia and New Zealand, the incidence of RCC was higher and that of TCC was lower in our patients (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS In the Japanese population on dialysis RCC is more common than TCC. Since long-term dialysis is a risk factor for RCC, regular imaging examinations may have contributed to the favorable outcome of our patients on dialysis with RCC. In contrast, the unfavorable outcome of TCC suggests the need for effective diagnostic measures for early detection of TCC in patients on dialysis.
Hotel general managers’ perceptions of CSR culture: A research note

The lodging industry has recently placed a greater emphasis on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in an effort to present itself as a responsible global citizen. The objective of the study was to identify hotel general managers’ (GM) perceptions of their corporate-level Corporate Social Responsibility culture. The data were collected via an online survey of Florida hotel general managers using a CSR scale developed by Turker in the year 2009 and a Social Attitude Scale. A total of 123 surveys were returned and deemed usable, equating to a 22% response rate. The overall results indicated that GMs had a positive perception of their corporation’s CSR culture. In addition, the results of the study indicated that there was a positive correlation between the GMs’ personal attitudes toward CSR and their perception of their corporation’s CSR culture. Also, GMs of smaller hotels tended to have a more positive perception of their corporation’s CSR culture, although there was no difference based upon ownership structure. This study contributes to the general CSR research body of knowledge and is unique in terms of providing a number of benchmarks for the hospitality industry.
Renoprotective Effects of Captopril in Hypertension Induced by Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition in Experimental Nephritis

Objective: To investigate effects of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition in experimental nephritis during chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Methods: Rats with and without autoimmune Heymann nephritis were treated with a NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (50 mg/100 ml) and/or an ACE inhibitor captopril (20 mg/100 ml) in drinking water for 12 weeks. Urinary cGMP excretion was used as an indirect measure of NO activity. Blood pressure, urinary albumin, nitrite and nitrate levels, plasma ANP, and plasma renin activity were measured. Kidneys were examined with light microscopy and immunohistochemical methods. Results: Captopril treatment protected rats receiving L-NAME and none of the captopril-treated rats died. Mortality was greatest in the nephritis-L-NAME (57%) and L-NAME (43%) groups. Captopril normalized cGMP excretion, blood pressure, and prevented partly the appearance of albuminuria. Peritubular infiltration of mononuclear cells was clearly enhanced in the nephritis-L-NAME group (found in 80% of the rats) as compared with the nephritis (20%), L-NAME (40%), and control (0%) groups. The peritubular cell infiltration caused by L-NAME was prevented by captopril treatment. L-NAME-induced hypertension was associated with cardiac hypertrophy and this was prevented by captopril. Conclusions: NO may play an important renoprotective role in disease progression of chronic membranous glomerulonephritis. Captopril prevents L-NAME-induced hypertension, improves survival, and ameliorates renal damage in this type of nephritis. Dysfunction of renal NO pathways may be an important factor causing progressive renal damage in chronic nephritis. Our results suggest that the dysfunctional renal NO system may be beneficially activated by ACE inhibitors.
Facts and fallacies concerning the prevention of contrast medium–induced nephropathy

Objective:The aim of this article is to extract from recent medical literature and nephrologic practice the facts and fallacies concerning the possible prophylaxis of contrast medium–induced nephropathy. Data Sources, Study Selection, and Data Extraction:A MEDLINE/PubMed search (1985 to January 2006) was conducted, including all relevant articles investigating the pathogenesis and prevention of contrast medium–induced nephropathy from a nephrologic critical point of view. Data Synthesis:Considerable efforts have been made to develop pharmacologic therapy for the prevention of contrast medium–induced nephropathy, especially in patients at risk, such as elderly subjects and those with preexisting renal impairment, hypovolemia, or dehydration. There is general consensus that hydration protocols implemented before and after imaging with contrast medium may be effective in preventing contrast medium–induced nephropathy. However, definitive and convincing data related to amounts to be infused, infusion timing, and type of solutions (half-isotonic, isotonic saline solution, or bicarbonate) are lacking. Forced diuresis with furosemide or mannitol and use of dopamine, together with concomitant hydration, have been proved to be ineffective or even more risky in the event of inadequate maintenance of euvolemia. Various direct or indirect vasodilators have been investigated (atrial natriuretic peptide, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and endothelin receptor antagonists), yet results have been inconsistent and inconclusive. Recent large meta-analyses concerning the protective role of antioxidant action of N-acetylcysteine have led to the conclusion that the statistical significance of the results is borderline. Preventive hemodialysis has not proved to be useful; on the contrary, it might worsen the clinical conditions by inducing hypotension. Hemofiltration, despite some positive studies, is too complex and cannot be used extensively. Conclusions:It is believed that prevention is actually achieved by correcting hypovolemia, dehydration, or both. Normalization of body fluids is probably the true objective to be achieved by preventive measures in all patients, not only in those at risk. Because limited data have been collected in intensive care units, at present, no firm or specific recommendations can yet be provided for the critically ill. LEARNING OBJECTIVESOn completion of this article, the reader should be able to: Identify risk factors for contrast medium-induced nephropathy (CMIN). Describe effective prophylaxis for CMIN. Use this information in a clinical setting. All authors have disclosed that they have no financial relationships with or interests in any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. Lippincott CME Institute, Inc., has identified and resolved all faculty conflicts of interest regarding this educational activity. Visit the Critical Care Medicine Web site (www.ccmjournal.org) for information on obtaining continuing medical education credit.
Tetanus toxin L chain is processed by major histocompatibility complex class I and class II pathways and recognized by CD8+ or CD4+ T lymphocytes

Tetanus toxin (TeNT) is a heterodimeric protein antigen, whose light chain (L) is translocated in the cytosol of neuronal target cells specifically to cleave its substrates, vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 (VAMP-2, or synaptobrevin) or cellubrevin. We report that the L chain behaves as a nominal antigen recognized by specific T-cell clones upon either class I- or II-restricted presentation. Three types of responses are observed: (i) a TeNT- and L-specific CD8+ T-cell response, that can be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the proteasome inhibitor clasto-Lactacystin beta-lactone; (ii) a CD4+ T-cell response specific for L but not TeNT, with recognition of a determinant processed in a chloroquine-sensitive and brefeldin A-resistant compartment; (iii) a CD4+ T-cell response against both L and TeNT, with processing in a brefeldin A-sensitive compartment. The L chain processing was investigated in U937 cells by internalization and localization of L chain by separation of the cell content by differential centrifugation experiments. After incubation with TeNT or L chain in the presence of H chain, the L chain was predominantly distributed in the cytosolic fraction, whereas incubation with L alone led to localization in a lysosome/membrane fraction. The distribution of the TeNT L chain in both cytosolic and endocytic compartments of the antigen-presenting cell accounted for its processing by both class I and class II pathways. Furthermore, an epitope overlapping with the zinc-binding region was recognized by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
The Waterloo-Stanford Group C (WSGC) scale of hypnotic susceptibility: normative and comparative data.

The Waterloo-Stanford Group C (WSGC) hypnotic susceptibility scale was developed as a substitute for the individually administered Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C). A first investigation with WSGC reports normative data on 259 subjects, and the results indicate that it is comparable in most important respects to the norms of SHSS:C. A second investigation directly compared WSGC and SHSS:C in a counterbalanced design on 65 subjects, and the two scales correlated . 85. It is argued that, when used as a follow-up to the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A, WSGC provides a valid criterion of hypnotic ability.
Morphometry of intracellularly labeled neurons of the auditory nerve: Correlations with functional properties

Single auditory‐nerve fibers were injected with horseradish peroxidase after their tuning properties, characteristic frequencies, and spontaneous discharge rates were measured. From these functional properties virtually all other aspects of auditory‐nerve response can be predicted. Labeled fibers were reconstructed from the point of peripheral termination on cochlear hair cells to the point at which they enter the cochlear nucleus. Several morphological properties were measured at the light‐microscopic level, including axonal diameter, axonal length, internodal distances, cell‐body area, and cell‐body shape. All of these parameters were correlated, though some weakly, with characteristic frequency. However, only axonal diameter was correlated with spontaneous discharge rate.
Strategic bidding in a private value experimental auction with positive and negative bids

We treat a difference in initial bids for two private goods as an endogenous “induced” value. Results from follow up auctions eliciting positive or negative bids to exchange one good for the other suggest that positive WTP bids are demand revealing while subjects tended to overbid (in absolute value) negative WTA values. Controlling for risk attitude in WTA bids is shown to partially explain the WTA overbidding. WTA bids tended to be lower in a random nth price auction compared to those elicited in a 5th price auction.
Changes in the weight, collagen concentration and content of the uterus and cervix of the ewe during pregnancy.

The dry and wet weights of the uterus (caruncular and intercaruncular areas) and cervix were measured in non-pregnant (n = 5) and pregnant (n = 25) ewes post mortem; for the latter, five were obtained for each of the 5 months of gestation. The total collagen tissue content was measured in both areas of the uterus and cervix by hydroxyproline analysis and image analysis of Haematoxylin-Van Gieson stained tissue sections. Both wet and dry uterine weights increased significantly with gestational age (P < 0.001). The water content of uterine and cervical tissue remained constant, at between 83 per cent to 85 per cent and 76 per cent to 80 per cent, respectively. There was a close correlation between the two methods used to determine the collagen content (r = 0.96, P < 0.001), and between the increasing weight of the uterus during pregnancy and the total collagen content of tissues (r = 0.97, P < 0.001). At all stages, the total collagen content of the cervix [mean (SEM) 96.2 (5.4) mg g(-1)] was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than that of the caruncular mean [mean (SEM) 24.3 (1.4) mg g(-1)], and the intercaruncular areas [mean (SEM) 29.0 (1.0) mg g(-1)]. The changes in uterine and cervical weights and collagen content of the tissues were similar to those reported in other related species.
Financial Planning via Deep Reinforcement Learning AI

This paper introduces AIPlanner, a financial planner based upon deep reinforcement learning. AIPlanner provides an investment and consumption strategy intended to optimize lifetime well-being. The results of AIPlanner are very close to the precise analytical solution, as well as to the precise solution computed using stochastic dynamic programming. Deep reinforcement learning is additionally capable of delivering results for far more complicated and realistic financial models that other approaches can't handle. As an example of this capability, a bond model that includes both a yield curve and time varying interest rates is employed. Compared to other popular approaches, in one reasonable scenario, AIPlanner was found to effectively deliver approximately $1,000 to $8,000 of additional consumption per year.
Pengaruh Investasi dan Pengangguran Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi serta Kemiskinan di Provinsi Bali

Poverty and Economic Growth is an important indicator for the success of development of a country. This study aimed to analyze the presence or absence of significant influence investment and unemployment economic growth, to analyze the presence or absence of significant influence investment, unemployment and economic growth on poverty and to analyze the impact of investment and unemployment to poverty through economic growth. This study uses a period of years from 1993-2013 and using secondary data. The data obtained were tested by using path analysis (Path Analysis). The study states that, lngsung investment variable positive and impact on economic growth and unemployment are variable significant negative effect on economic growth. While variable direct investment and economic growth and a significant negative impact on poverty and unemployment are directly variable positive and significant impact on poverty. Furthermore, to influence variable investment against poverty through economic growth and a significant negative effect. For variable unemployment to poverty through economic growth and a significant positive effect.
EXPATRIATES PERFORMANCE AND PERMANENCE: ANALYSIS BY GENDER OF 124 SPANISH MANAGERS

Despite the importance of International Assignments for companies competing in global economy, research to date has not clearly identified what effectiveness means in this context. In this paper it is analyzed the possible relationship between indicators traditionally considered evidence of expatriate success: adjustment, performance and permanence; introducing the situation of the home country as potential influencer. Possible influence of gender is also explored, in order to determine if low performance of female expatriate explains its sub representation in allocations. Data from 124 Spanish expatriate managers suggest that permanence depends on adjustment and results in host country, but not the situation in Spain. Gender does not introduce significant differences in our results.
Erythrocyte Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Chinese

Robb-Smith (1941) described the post-mortem findings in patients dying with gross lung fat embolism within the first 48 hours of injury. The lungs were heavy and voluminous, and the visceral pleura presented a marbled appearance from alternating zones of haemorrhage and emphysema. Frothy bloodstained fluid exuded from the cut surfaces, and microscopy showed congestion of the capillaries with zones of emphysema and intra-alveolar haemorrhage and oedema. The mechanism of these changes associated with embolism is not understood. According to Sevitt (1962) they are not mediated by lung emboli, and he regards the evidence as pointing to a central effect of the fat emboli on the brain-stem, rather than to a local effect in the lung capillaries. Whatever the cause of the pulmonary condition the lowered arterial oxygen saturation of the blood can be explained by a combination of pulmonary oedema, perfusion of underventilated alveoli, and a reduction in lung compliance. Treatment by I.P.P.R. with added oxygen was effective in the case reported here as demonstrated by the rapid disappearance of cyanosis and reduction in the amount of frothy sputum. We were unable to draw any definite conclusions as to the value of Rheomacrodex or hypothermia. We are grateful to Dr. A. Crampton Smith for his help in the clinical management of the case and for the preparation of this report. We would also like to thank Professor Sir Robert Macintosh and Mr. J. C. Scott, Director of the Accident Service, for their advice and permission to report on the patient. The blood-gas studies were performed by Dr. M. J. Rorke, and we are grateful to Miss M. C. McLarty for preparing the diagram.