Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the viricidal efficacy of commercially used disinfectants against Newcastle disease virus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the viricidal action of fourteen commonly used and commercially available disinfectants on poultry farms and are belonging to different groups of biocides against Velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Evaluation was carried on two different surfaces (cement and rubber) contaminated experimentally with Newcastle disease virus. Reliable disinfectants should pass the test if at least 2.8 log reductions were achieved, and no recoverable viruses were isolated after the treatment, the last point is very important in the evaluation as although the direct reduction in virus titer is critically needed in terminal disinfection, the recovered virus after disinfection or shed virus after vaccination will be always capable of introducing infections. Our results revealed that three disinfectants out of fourteen were able to achieve the previous test criteria 1. Calcium hypochlorite (5.5 log reduction on cement coupons, and 4.38 on rubber coupons) 2. Halamid ® (5.5 log reduction on cement coupons, and 4.38 on rubber coupons) and 3. ZixVirox ® (5.5 log reduction on cement coupons, and 4.38 on rubber coupons) while Virkon S ® , PIQuat 20 ® , Synergize ® +Formalin, and GroundZero ® had only achieved the required log reduction on both surfaces but failed to stop viral propagation, it’s also worth to mention that disinfectants Aquazix E52 ® and FumagriEffisafe ® achieved the required log reduction on cement surface only but also failed to stop viral replication, disinfectants Synergize ® , Formic, and Citric acid neither achieved the required log reduction on both surfaces, nor stopped the virus propagation after treatment. © 2017 @ author (s).
Ordovician ostracods from East Central Iran

Ordovician ostracods are described for the first time from Iran, enhancing the record of this group from the Lower Palaeozoic of the Middle East. The ostracods occur in the Shirgesht Formation, in the east central part of the country, and comprise Ogmoopsis achaemenid sp. nov., Cerninella aryana sp. nov., Ordovizona amyitisae sp. nov., cf. Aechmina? ventadorni, Vogdesella sp. , and podocope taxa tentatively identified as species of Longiscula, Pullvillites, and Rectella. These taxa were hitherto unknown from this region. The ostracod−bearing interval is associated with trilobites (Neseu− retinus) and brachiopods (Nicolella) that suggest a late Middle Ordovician age. Although the ostracod fauna is small, it demonstrates biogeographical links at genus−level, and possibly at species−level, with the fauna of the late Middle Ordo− vician Travesout Formation of western France, which also lay in a peri−Gondwanan palaeogeographical setting. It also suggests the potential use of some ostracods as stratigraphical tools for correlating Ordovician rock successions between Europe and the Middle East.
A prospective study of insulin resistance among infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Background: Insulin plays a key role in producing hyperandronism and suppression of insulin secretion in women with PCOS is associated with decreased cytochrome P450c17α. cytochrome P450c17α is a bifunctional enzyme present in ovary is a key enzyme for androgen synthesis. Various studies have been conducted regarding association of insulin resistance with PCOS in infertile patients but there is no study is available about this in our area. So we have designed this study to evaluate insulin resistance in infertile patients with PCOS in rural Andhra Pradesh.Methods: The study population include 180 untreated patients who attended the infertility clinic in outpatient department of obstetrics with infertility due to different cause that include polycystic ovarian disorder also. They have been selected for this study randomly based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: The mean value of glucose insulin ratio was 5.146+2.611 in group A and 8.62 + 5.55 in group B the P value was 0.004909. The mean of LH/FSH ratio was 1.78+0.423 in group A and 1.02 +0.042 in group B. The P value was <0.00001. The mean of HOMA IR was 8.375+ 2.68 in group A and 3.03+ 1.09 in group B, with P value <0.00001. The mean value of QUICKI was 0.2815+ 0.0002875 in group A and 0.347+0.10 in group B with P value <0.00001. Mean serum DHEAS level was 275.59 + 53.48 in infertile patient with PCOS and 208.48 + 36.11 in infertile patients without PCOS. The p value was 0.00012. Conclusions: Based on present study we would like to conclude that the body mass index was high among infertile women with PCOS and a greater number of women presented with acanthosis. There was decrease insulin sensitivity and increase insulin resistance among infertile women with poly cystic ovarian disease, in rural area of Andhra Pradesh and that is not different from the study of other part of world.
Putting the S(ensational) back into sociology - developing strategies for enhancing teaching and learning for first year student teachers in large classes

The focus of the r esearch was to develop a model for effective learning and teaching of sociology in a large class to promote active engagement with first year undergraduate student teachers and encourage deep learning. By seeking regular feedback from students and recording their own reflections on each lecture, the teaching team and co - researchers have sought to develop opportunities for authentic and meaningful dialogue to improve teaching and learning in a large class. What initially began as an investigation into strategies for promoting good teaching and learning in large classes has evolved into a wider discussion and exploration of the pedagogy of teaching and learning particularly in relation to teaching sociology as part of an undergraduate teacher education degree.
EFFECT OF FIBROLYTIC ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION AND FIBER CONTENT OF TOTAL MIXED RATION ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING BUFFALOES

Thirty multiparous lactating buffaloes weighing 500 to 600 kg were fed three levels of fiber with or without fibrolytic enzyme (cel lulase and xylanase) treated roughage. rations were formulated from berseem hay, corn silages and rice straw, yellow corn grain, soybean meal, wheat bran, minerals, and vitamins. The contents of crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid deter gent fiber (ADF) were 21.95, 49.48 and 32.21% (high), 19.50, 45.46 and 29.20% (medium) and 16.97, 41.14 and 26.01% (low) for rations contained 75, 62.5, and 50% roughage consisted of 40% berseem hay, 40% corn silage and 20% rice straw (on DM basis), respectively. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) and nutritive values decreased significantly (P 0.05) by dietary fiber content. Feed conversion improved significantly (P<0.05) with fibrolytic enzyme supple mentation. Average daily feed cost, feed cost/ kg 7% FCM and output of 7% FCM decreased significantly (P<0.05), but economic efficiency increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing dietary fiber content. Feed cost/ kg 7% FCM decreased significantly (P<0.05), but output of 7% FCM and economic efficiency increased significantly (P<0.05) with fibrolytic enzyme supplementation. It could be concluded that using high fiber total mixed ration due to increasing forage level was economically effective in buffaloes feeding and fibrolytic enzymes supplementation improved productive performance.
Crime place and pollution: expanding crime reduction options through a regulatory approach

John E. Eck and Emily Eck (2012 issue) challenge two fundamental assumptions of crime policy by asking the following questions: First, why are offender-centric, as opposed to place-centric, crime policies generally the sole focus of governments’ efforts to reduce crime? Second, why do governments feel obligated to bear the full cost of the burden for fighting crime? On the first assumption, although it is unlikely that crime policies have ever focused solely on offenders and not on places, it is fair to say that the preponderance of crime policies have, over many years, focused on offender-centric policies rather than on policies aimed at reducing the criminogenic conditions of high-risk places. Eck and Eck thus provide a compelling and well-documented set of arguments that demonstrate why policy makers need to consider more carefully the importance of “place” in crime control policy. As converts to the importance of place in understanding the causes of crime, this is not a hard pill to swallow. The second assumption, however, seems to suggest that it is novel for policy makers to think about alternative tools and techniques for harnessing other entities to share the cost of crime reduction. For Eck and Eck, the novel tools and techniques are adopted largely from environmental policy approaches to pollution control. This policy essay argues that governments, and in particular police agencies, do not, and have not ever, really borne the full cost of crime control. User-pays schemes, for example, such as when event organizers pay for police presence at sporting fixtures, are arguably
The joint effects of persuasion and implementation intentions : an investigation using the theory of planned behavior.

THE JOINT EFFECTS OF PERSUASION AND IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS: AN INVESTIGATION USING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR. FEBRUARY 2006 MARK MANNING, B.A., BROWN UNIVERSTY M.S., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Dr, Icek Ajzen The effects of exposure to a persuasive message regarding donating blood and fomiing an implementation intention to donate blood was investigated in the context of the theory of planned behavior. A theorized model built on the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991) and the model of action phases (Gollwitzer, 1996). hypothesized two phases, one susceptible to effects of exposure to persuasive messages (deliberative phase) and the other to the effects of implementation intentions (implemental phase). ANOVA indicated no main effect or interaction of either implementation intentions or persuasive messages on attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control or intentions to donate blood. Also, no effects were found on the target behavior of attending a blood drive. In an internal analysis utilizing regressions, an interaction was found between the goal intention to donate blood and forming an implementation intention in that implementation intentions strengthened the relationship between goal intentions and behavior. A main effect was also found for exposure to a persuasive message on the accessibility of intentions to donate blood as measured by response latencies. A measure of self identity as a person who donates blood was found to be mediated by commitment
HHV-6 DNA and Antibody Detection in Plasma and PBMC of Multiple Sclerosis Patients in North of Iran

Background and Aims: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is defined by the presence of inflammatory demyelinating plaques in the central nervous system (CNS). It has been indicated that human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) may play role in pathogenesis of MS. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of HHV-6 DNA and anti HHV-6 IgG in MS patients and controls. Materials and Methods: Blood samples from 59 patients with MS and 59 healthy controls were collected. DNA extraction and real-time PCR based on (Syber Green) were done in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in plasma specimens. Anti-HHV-6 IgG was measured by ELISA technique. Demographic and clinical data were collected and entered in SPSS 16 and analyzed. Results: HHV-6 DNA was found in the plasma sample of 1 (1.7%) of 59 MS patients. There was no HHV-6 DNA in PBMCs of the MS patients and controls and in plasma of control group. AntiHHV-6 IgG antibody was present in 84.7% of MS patients and 82.1% of control group. Conclusion: There was no significant relation based on presence of HHV-6 DNA and antibody between MS patients and controls in north of Iran.
Non-Markovian Dynamics of a Damped Driven Two-State System

We study a driven two-state system interacting with a generic structured environment. We outline the derivation of the time-local microscopic non-Markovian master equation, in the limit of weak coupling between the system and the reservoir, and we derive its analytic solution for general reservoir spectra in the regime of validity of the secular approximation. We also consider the non-Markovian master equation without the secular approximation and study the effect of nonsecular terms on the system dynamics for two classes of reservoir spectra: the Ohmic and the Lorentzian reservoir. Finally, we derive the analytic conditions for complete positivity of the dynamical map, with and without the secular approximation. Interestingly, the complete positivity conditions have a transparent physical interpretation in terms of the characteristic time scales of phase diffusion and relaxation processes.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF GINGIVAL RECESSION WITH SOFT TISSUE GRAFT PROCEDURE

Periodontal plastic surgery is part of mucogingival therapy. The aim of this surgical procedure is to prevent or correct anatomic, developmental, traumatic or disease-induced defects of the gingiva, alveolar mucosa or bone. This definition includes various softand hard-tissue procedures aimed at gingival augmentation, root coverage, correction of mucosal defects at implants, crown lengthening, gingival preservation at ectopic tooth eruption, removal of aberrant frenum, prevention of ridge collapse associated with tooth extraction and augmentation of the edentulous ridge. This review focuses on gingival recession defects, their diagnosis and prognosis and the surgical procedures for root coverage. Etiology of gingival recession is multifactorial and include: anatomical, physiological and pathological factors. The treatment of gingival recession defects is indicated for esthetic reasons, to reduce root hypersensitivity and to create or augment keratinized tissue. Gingival recession can be treated with various surgical procedures, and root coverage can be obtained irrespective of the surgical approach adopted.
Summer diet selection of snowshoe hares: a test of nutritional hypotheses

We examined summer diet selection by snowshoe hares in the southwestern Yukon, Canada, and attempted to explain how plant qualities such as nutritional content (protein, energy, fiber, water) and defensive compounds affect hare food choice. Male hares were placed in enclosures in natural vegetation areas dominated by shrubs and in both open and closed spruce forests. Each site contained a variety of herbaceous plant species. After 24 h, hares were sacrificed, their stomachs collected, and the contents removed and analyzed. Of the 30 plant species recorded in the enclosures only 10 were identified in the stomach contents of the hares. The summer diet is composed predominantly of five plant species; Lupinus arcticus, Salix spp. Shepherdia canadensis, Betula glandulosa and Festuca altaica. The selection of these species changes between sampling times. Protein, energy and water contents were highest in leaf tissues of most species early in the season, and most species had an increase in fiber through the summer. Protein content consistently explains the largest amount of variation in diet selection, although protein selection is modified by extremely high concentrations of defence compounds. It is likely that hares are not protein limited and are selecting for other plant characteristics correlated with protein content such as energy content. It is significant that hares continue to ingest heavily defended species (e.g. Shepherdia canadensis, B. glandulosa and L. arcticus) when many less defended plants are available to be eaten (e.g. F. altaica, Epilobium latifolium and Anemone parviflora). Our results support the idea that hares are selecting dietary items on the basis of energy content. No single plant species can satisfy all of the hares' nutritional requirements and the selection patterns may reflect the need to balance many conflicting plant qualities.
Oxidative Stress Induced Mitochondrial Failure and Cellular Hypoperfusion: Implication in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease Uszkodzenia mitochondrialne i hypoperfuzja komórkowa indukowane stresem oksydacyjnym: wpływ na patogenezę choroby Alzheimera

Summary Alzheimer disease (AD) and cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) are two leading causes of age-related dementia. Increasing evidence supports the notion that chronic hypoperfusion is primarily responsible for the pathogenesis that underlies both disease processes. In this regard, hypoperfusion appears to induce oxidative stress, which is largely due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress in brain microvessels and/or parenchymal cells results in an accumulation of ROS, thus promoting leukocyte adhesion and increasing endothelial permeability. The chronic injury results in progressive cellular hypometabolism, which is responsible for AD and CVAs, and appear to be a central initiating factor for vascular abnormality, mitochondrial damage and an imbalance in the activity of vasoactive substances such as different isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), endothelin-1 (ET-1), oxidative stress markers, mtDNA and mitochondrial enzymes in the vascular wall and in brain parenchymal cells. Here we outline recent evidence, as well as our own experimental data, indicating that chronic injury-stimulus induces hypoperfusion in the microcirculation of vulnerable brain regions which leads to energy failure. This energy failure is manifested by damaged mitochondrial ultrastructure, formation of a large number of non-mature or “young” electron dense “hypoxic” mitochondria and overexpression of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions. Additionally, these mitochondrial abnormalities coexist with
The Environmentality of Shrines : Case of Gonde Malende (Shrine) of the Tonga People of Southern Zambia

Religious beliefs, traditional beliefs, cultural mores and practices play a crucial role for the successful conservation of the environment and specific organisms in the developing countries (Ngara & Mangizvo, 2013). This paper emerged from an investigation of the environmental value of the main shrine of the Tonga people of Zambia; the Gonde Malende. The study reveals that the shrine has been a sanctuary for both fauna and flora, and other inanimate components of the environment. Also, the conservation of various environmental entities has had a reciprocal benefit to the conserver and the conserved. Taboos, prohibitions and punishment have been the central tools enabling protection of the area from degradation. Interviews and observations were used for data collection. I recommend use of Malende as an environmental value clarifying resource, and relevant local and government authorities, and non-governmental organizations should collaborate in sustaining the grove. Also, environmental Conservation Institutions should earnestly consider infusing indigenous strategies in their work.
Weak mixing in Lake Kivu: New insights indicate increasing risk of uncontrolled gas eruption

The deep waters of the East African Rift Lake Kivu contain large amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide and methane. The release of a fraction of these gases, which could be triggered by a magma eruption within the lake, would have catastrophic consequences for the two million people living on its shore. Up to now the safety assessment of the lake was based on the assumption that the gas concentrations in the deep waters are in a steady state with a residence time of 400 years. Turbulent transport was regarded as the main pathway of vertical exchange. Recent measurements and the analysis of the vertical transport processes in the lake radically change this evaluation. The vertical turbulent exchange is negligible, as documented by a spectacular set of several hundred double‐diffusive layers. Gases are mainly transported out of the deep zones by a slow upwelling with a residence time of 800–1000 years. Our results indicate that the methane production within the sediment has recently increased, leading to a gas accumulation in the deep waters and consequently decreasing the heat input needed to trigger a devastating gas release. With the estimated current CH4 production, the gas concentrations could approach saturation within this century.
Testing the feeding-niche partitioning hypothesis in the sexually dimorphic blue-footed booby

The feeding-niche partitioning hypothesis predicts that sexual size dimorphism in birds evolved as a result of disruptive selection between sexes to avoid food competition. I tested this hypothesis on breeding Blue-footed Boobies (Sula nebouxii) on Isla Lobos de Tierra, Peru, where females are 31% heavier than males. Dietary analysis was determined from regurgitations and foraging behavior was examined using dataloggers in 2002 and 2003. Bearing (60 –120o) and mean maximum foraging distances (19 - 54 km), diet composition (>79% Peruvian Anchovies, Engraulis ringens), time of arrival (mainly before dusk), number of trips per day (1 - 2), and proportion of travel time (83 - 89%) was similar between sexes. Females consumed larger (mean = 12.5 ± 1.4 cm) Peruvian anchovies than males (mean = 11.9 ± 1.6 cm), but no differences in size were found in three other prey species. Overall, females brought 1.5 times more food to the nest than males (range of mean of crop mass = 80 - 109 g). A higher number of females than males departed by mid-morning and dives were deeper around noon than at other times. Females dove deeper (mean = 4.5 ± 1.7 m) than males (mean = 3.5 ± 1.5 m). The lack of spatial and temporal segregation as well as similarities in diet composition between sexes may be explained in terms of the flocking behavior of birds at sea. It is also likely that intersexual similarities may be the result of optimal food conditions during the study period. An analysis of maximum dive depth and body mass of males and females revealed that heavier birds attained deeper depths, but the effects of sex per se and body mass were difficult to separate because the studied birds did not overlap in size. Further sex-specific comparisons of diving behavior among individuals of similar size are necessary to elucidate the effects of body mass in promoting feeding segregation in the water column.
Long‐term change of ant community structure in cacao agroforestry landscapes in Indonesia

Land‐use change and agricultural intensification can strongly affect biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Although many studies investigate management impacts, data on the long‐term change of species communities in agroecosystems are scarce. We analysed the long‐term change in diversity and composition of ant communities in cacao agroforestry systems in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia and attempted to disentangle the driving factors of this change. Ant communities were resampled in 2009 from sites for which previous surveys had been conducted either in 2001 (the rainforest‐poor Palolo region) or 2003 (the rainforest‐rich Kulawi region) using insecticide fogging. Ant community composition changed significantly over time in Palolo and Kulawi. The change in ant species richness differed between regions. Species richness increased in Kulawi, probably due to the increasing availability of nest sites and microhabitats as trees grow larger and older. In the Palolo region, species richness decreased, suggesting that the high local intensification and landscape‐wide changes may have counteracted the effects of tree age. Changes in ant communities over time were significant, but were more difficult to explain than expected, despite clear difference in management changes within and between regions. The findings suggest that the landscape‐scale differences between the two study regions play a more important role for species diversity and its composition than changes in local management. This highlights the importance of long‐term studies across contrasting landscapes for better understanding the consequences land‐use intensification has on tropical biodiversity.