Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flipped optical systems

In the standard refraction routine, a Jackson cross‐cylinder is reversed in front of the eye by the process of flipping it about its handle. Reverse telescopes have applications in low vision. In ophthalmoscopy, the practitioner views a patient's retina using light that traverses the eye in a direction opposite to that involved in vision. These represent examples of flipped systems that are involved in optometry. The purpose of this paper is to examine what happens to the optical character of an arbitrary optical system when it is flipped in this manner. The analysis is in terms of the ray transference of the system and, because the transference completely characterises the first‐order optics of a system, is complete within the limitations of linear optics. It allows for elements in the system to be astigmatic and decentred. An expression is derived for the transference of the flipped system in terms of the transference of the system itself. Expressions are also obtained for the fundamental first‐order optical properties and the dioptric power of the flipped system. Three numerical examples are given in the Appendix .
Naming versus matching and the stability of unique hues

It is known that there is a distortion of hue and saturation in the peripheral visual field. In a previous study, when an asymmetric matching paradigm was used, four hues in the blue, red, yellow and green regions of colour space were unchanged and these were referred to as peripherally invariant (Parry et al., J Opt Soc Am A, 23, 2006, 1586). Three of these invariant hues were similar to unique blue, red and yellow. However, for most observers there was a marked difference between unique and invariant green. To investigate this apparent paradox, we have measured unique hues using a range of eccentricities and colourimetric purities. An asymmetric matching and a 4‐AFC paradigm were used to establish peripherally invariant and unique hues, respectively. In the asymmetric matching task the observer matched a peripheral spot with a para‐foveal spot, for 24 different hues at 18° eccentricity. In the 4‐AFC paradigm, 41 hues were presented 20 times at three purities (0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) and three eccentricities (18°, 10° and 1°). The observer had to name the hues as red, blue, green or yellow. Unique hues were found to be constant with eccentricity and purity. The unique green, established with 4‐AFC, was found to differ from the invariant green, determined using the matching task. However, red, blue and yellow invariant hues correspond well with unique hues. The data suggest that different mechanisms mediate the matching of green compared with the identification of unique hues. This is similar to the difference between detection and discrimination of spectral stimuli: the detection process is dominated by the cone opponent mechanisms and is most sensitive, whereas more central processes, serving unique hues, influence discrimination.
Discourse and innovation journeys: the case of low energy housing in the UK

The paper examines the role of discourse in innovation journeys using the example of low energy housing in the UK. Discourse is shown to be influential within innovation journeys in two main ways: first, discourse unites the often disparate organisations involved in innovation, and thereby gives structure and direction to the innovation journey; second, discourse has the power to retrospectively ‘reframe’ the course of an innovation journey, leaving out inconsistent parts and ignoring twists and turns, so past innovation journeys are in effect reconstructed in the present. This discursive remapping of innovation journeys has implications for current and future pathways of innovation. Further, there is a two-way relationship between discourse and technology development. It is discussed how pioneering low energy housing developments have themselves become a significant part of low carbon housing discourse, acting as powerful ‘storylines’.
Balancing old and new organisational forms: changing dynamics of government, industry and university interaction in South Africa

The paper considers changing triple helix relations in the South African context after 1994. The organisational form of university–industry partnership, stimulated by government incentives, is emerging. However, old and new organisational forms, shaped by a tension between financial and intellectual imperatives, co-exist in the shifting relationship between university, industry and government. The capacity to harness the potential of research for innovation by creating new institutional interface structures is evident on a significant scale in a small number of universities, and in isolated pockets in others. Old forms tend to prevail, and may have counter-productive implications. Creating new forms of knowledge-intensive networks requires analysis of the complex inter-dependence between firms, universities and government intermediaries. The paper considers implications for universities, arguing for a strategic balance of old and new forms of partnership across more institutions, taking into account the diversity of university contexts, knowledge fields, industrial sectors and technology platforms.
An examination on the perception of violence and its relation to self-esteem among Turkish women

Violence is a type of behavior that takes different forms and is also directed at different groups. This is one of the major societal problems. The main objective of the present study is to examine the relationship between the perception of violence and self-esteem levels in Turkish women. The Personal Information Form asked some questions concerning Turkish women’s perception of violence, the kinds of violence they are exposed to; the frequency of violence they are exposed to and their reactions to the violent behavior. This was administered to 212 Turkish women, using the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Scale. The findings revealed that most of the women (70%) perceive violence most intensely as physical violence. Another significant finding of this study revealed that when the self-esteem of women increases, the sensitivity to the kinds of violence also increases. The findings are also discussed in the light of similar research findings and finally some suggestions are made.
Effectiveness of teaching programme on knowledge of mothers regarding the effect of family conflicts on school children

Background: Conflict within home has been found to have a negative effect on many aspects of children′s functioning. The incident rate of abnormal behavior and poor scholastic performance is high among the children with conflict in their family. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of planned teaching program in terms of gain in knowledge of mothers regarding effects of family conflicts on children. Materials and Methods: This study involved pre-experimental one group pretest and post-test design. A sample of 50 mothers was selected by non-probability purposive sampling technique in the Talapady area. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the pretest and post-test knowledge. Results: Regarding effectiveness of teaching program, the overall mean percentage of knowledge score was 46.25% in the pre-test and 80% in the post-test. The enhancement in the mean percentage knowledge score was found to be significant. Discussion: Research conducted in this area suggested that conflict between parents is a consistent predictor for increasing anxiety in children, which needs to be prevented by educating the parents.
Peripheral refraction in myopia corrected with spectacles versus contact lenses

Citation information: Backhouse S, Fox S, Ibrahim B & Phillips JR. Peripheral refraction in myopia corrected with spectacles versus contact lenses. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2012, 32, 294–303. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2012. 00912.x
Spatial design as a facilitator for people with less visible impairments

Health Environments are commonly understood to be specially designed environments for patients or individuals at risk due to their medical conditions. In addition the role of the environment, although recognised anecdotally as an influencing variable, is generally only perceived as a setting or locality because greater importance is given to the significance of treatments, care regimes and managerial systems for a person to regain his or her health. In contrast, this paper deliberately positions the everyday environments as critical for maximizing the wellbeing of people who have impairments which are not readily visible to the incidental observer. These people need or desire to live their lives in the community. Specifically, the discussion focuses on the implications for individuals with autism, acquired brain injury (ABI) and other forms of cognitive impairment. Therefore, the question is raised: What are the considerations (beyond the realm of the medical model) that are needed when we design everyday environments that these people inhabit to positively facilitate their wellbeing, and as a consequence, health. Three casestudies are drawn upon to highlight the relationship between the environment and people with autism/ASD and/or cognitive impairment. Thereby, the potential to positively facilitate their lives by modifying the environment is demonstrated. As a result the propositions raised have implications for all ages and life styles as such impairments are increasingly present across all strata of our society.
Alignment of market orientation and innovation as a success factor: a five-country study

The traditional perception of market orientation – as the satisfaction of expressed customer needs – is considered to be too customer-led, thus producing no radical but only incremental innovation. The present study deals with the second facet of market orientation – proactive market orientation, i.e. the discovery and satisfaction of latent customer needs – and investigates the relationship of firm performance with both market orientation facets in conjunction with incremental and radical innovation. We test interaction effects based on survey data from 737 firms from Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Thailand and the USA, and conduct a cross-cultural comparison of the results. The empirical results indicate significant relationships between market orientations and market effectiveness and reveal significant interactions between each market orientation facet and the corresponding innovation focus. These findings suggest that firms across cultures benefit when they act in a market-oriented way and when they align their market orientation with their innovation strategy.
A Study on Pre School Education and Supplementary Nutrition Program of ICDS for Children in Punjab

The present study was carried out to evaluate the pre-school education and supplementary nutrition ration components of Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) in Barnala district of Punjab. The results revealed that a majority 60% of AWWs faced different problems in organizing pre-school education activities and about 63.33% of the AWWs did not receive help from the Supervisor at all for organizing pre-school education activities at AWCs. It was found that only half Anganwadi workers were getting regular SN ration in time. Combining the entire three ICDS project, it was found that a high majority (76.66%) of AWWs did not distribute SN ration 300 days in a year as per national norms. Only 45.42% of the total beneficiary children were enrolled in register of AWWs for pre-school education and supplementary nutrition ration. It is recommended that vigorous campaigns need to be launched by the Government using T.V. , drama, folk songs, theater and other media to create awareness especially amongst the rural population about the long term benefit of the pre-school education and supplementary nutrition rationprogrammeof ICDS scheme.
MBNQA criteria in education: assigning weights from a Malaysian perspective and proposition for an alternative evaluation scheme

In order to improve quality and productivity among American companies, Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) was launched by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) under the Department of Commerce of US government in 1987. Over the years, the award has been proved to be effective in improving companies’ market share, customer satisfaction, employee morals and also profitability. MBNQA has been a ‘role model’ in developing national quality award for many other countries in the world. Furthermore, for organizational self-assessment, the criteria framework of MBNQA has been in use throughout the world. Presently, the award is offered in three categories: Business, Education, and Health-care. The present paper is concerned with MBNQA in Education. NIST has developed a comprehensive set of criteria to be fulfilled in order to be eligible to win the award. However, in the existing literature, it is not clear how the weights are assigned to the criteria and subcriteria. The present paper uses analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to reassign criteria weights from a Malaysian perspective. Furthermore, the paper points out the fallacy of the present evaluation scheme and proposes an alternative one based upon the absolute measurement procedure of AHP. The modified scheme is expected to enhance the fairness in evaluation of the award aspirants. The paper also shares the experiences gathered in data collection using AHP.
Vertical pricing competition in supply chains: the effect of production experience and coordination

We consider a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a single supplier (producer) and a retailer. The supplier determines the wholesale price with a production cost decreasing with experience. The retailer orders products from the supplier to meet demands. Negative effects of a vertical competition in static supply chain models are typically attributed to a double marginalization. Using an intertemporal supply chain problem, defined by a differential game, we show that in addition to the “cost” of double marginalization, the margin gained from reducing production costs affects the supply chain performance as well. In our analysis, performance is shown to deteriorate even more than the deterioration observed in static problems with no learning (experience). To improve the performance, we provide a time-variant version to the well-known, pure, two-part tariff strategy, which in its dynamic framework may coordinate the supply chain only partially. Efficient coordination in a supply chain is shown to be possible if a mixed two-part tariff strategy is employed, however.
Evolutionary policy targeting: towards a conceptual framework for effective policy intervention

This special issue reflects on innovation and industrial policy from the premise that economic growth can be based on the permanent transformation of an economic system via the emergence and/or transformation of multi-agent structures and their inherent competences and knowledge base. The process of emergence or transformation is conceived as being the result of entrepreneurial effort, or entrepreneurs reacting to external stimuli in a way that takes advantage of an evolving knowledge base. The same process, however, can be undermined by both market and institutional failures. Past research has clearly indicated the importance of institutional structures for innovation, but also that structures as they exist may not be ideal: some institutions involved in innovation may provide the wrong incentives, faulty information, or allocate insufficient resources to accomplish their goals or mandates; and they may fail to reduce uncertainty. The paper asks whether and how a targeted, co-evolutionary approach can help overcome a lack of dynamic coordination and other failures that originate in coincidence with the emergence of a complex form of industrial organisation, be it an innovation system, cluster or a new industrial sector. More specifically, it builds upon the extended industry life cycle (EILC) model and the notion of evolutionary targeting to explore the potential benefits (and drawbacks) of targeting biotechnology innovation systems (BISs).
Biometrics technology evaluating and selecting model building

Biometrics has been vigorously promoted around the world as a means to strengthen security and privacy in the IT world. Biometrics has been applied in specific areas for decades and proliferated in customer and resident electronic products to enhance security and privacy. This study evaluated biometrics through conventional technology assessment considerations combined with viewpoints from the particularity of biometric technologies and provides suggestions for selection. In order to achieve biometric technology assessment, we examined how different evaluating objects, technology assessment, biometric competence and key elements of biometric, lead to corresponding biometric technologies. The relative importance of each object was evaluated using the analytic hierarchy process. The weight of each object was adjusted separately to construct evaluating scenarios by sensitivity analysis. The results show that fingerprint recognition, iris recognition and palm print recognition are three biometric technologies that could meet the three objects requirements at the same time.
Firm ownership, industrial structure, and regional innovation performance in China's provinces

This paper uses panel data between 2000 and 2010 to explore how firm ownership and regional industrial structures contribute to regional innovation performance in Chinese provinces. Specifically, we explore how the extent of specialisation and diversification in regional industrial structures at the province level fosters both Marshall–Arrow–Romer and Jacobs spillovers, as well as how foreign and state ownership influence regional innovation. We find: (i) China's regional innovation systems benefit from Jacobs but not MAR externalities, with the former spurring higher quality innovation in the form of increased invention patenting; (ii) state-owned enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises advance local innovation, with the latter again fostering higher quality innovation; and (iii) a convergence towards a combination of low specialisation and high diversity in provincial industrial structure is taking place between China's more developed inland coastal provinces and less developed inland provinces. Implications and suggestions for policy-making and future research are discussed.
Simulation for Maintenance of Certification in Anesthesiology: The First Two Years

&NA; The ultimate goal of physician education is the application of knowledge and skills to patient care. The Maintenance of Certification (MOC) for Anesthesiologists program incorporates mannequin‐based simulation to help realize this goal. Results from the first 2 years of experience suggest that 583 physician participants transferred knowledge and skills from their simulated experiences into real‐world practice. Participants consistently found the experience educationally valuable and clinically relevant, and reported that it led to changes in practice. This first experience with mannequin‐based simulation for MOC indicates that physicians accept this teaching modality, many with enthusiasm. Simulation education addresses many of the identified intentions of current continuing medical education (CME) and can help educators realize goals for educating physician‐learners.
Caracterizaçao de um grupo de idosas hospitalizadas e seus cuidadores visando o cuidado pós alta hospitalar

No presente estudo foram estudadas 50 idosas internadas em unidade de clinica medica e seus respectivos cuidadores. Verificou-se que a maioria das idosas apresentavam dependencias diversas e, portanto, necessitavam da presenca de um cuidador para sua sobrevivencia. Os cuidadores, em sua maioria, eram do sexo feminino, pertenciam a familia da idosa, tinham algum grau de escolaridade e apontaram diversas dificuldades no cuidado da mesma. Constata-se, portanto, que durante a hospitalizacao, ha necessidade de se adotarem medidas visando ao preparo do cuidador para assumir a complexa assistencia requerida pelo idoso, principalmente apos a alta hospitalar.
Social capital approach on Enterprise 2.0: a multiple case study

The goal of Enterprise 2.0 is to create a collaborative work environment and facilitate knowledge sharing. However, organisations report both increases and decreases in productivity associated with Enterprise 2.0. The focal qualitative case study adopts the social capital approach as a theoretical lens to provide a holistic account of Enterprise 2.0. The study reveals the multilevel and multifaceted nature of Enterprise 2.0 and shows how it associates with individual employees’ behaviours, their mutual work- and non-work-related relationships and knowledge sharing patterns, as well as managerial processes. Thus, the study continues and contributes by going beyond the mere operational use and benefits of Enterprise 2.0, and approaches it as a holistic socio-technical phenomenon that largely intertwines with organisational realities and strategic management. Furthermore, the study provides a discussion on Enterprise 2.0 as a driver of social change, and what kind of managerial action and involvement is required for its success.
What influences the diffusion of grassroots innovations for sustainability? Investigating community currency niches

ABSTRACT Community action for sustainability is a promising site of socio-technical innovation. Here we test the applicability of co-evolutionary niche theories of innovation diffusion (strategic niche management, SNM) to the context of ‘grassroots innovations’ (GIs). We present new empirical findings from an international study of 12 community currency niches (such as Local Exchange Trading Schemes, time banks, and local currencies). These are parallel systems of exchange, designed to operate alongside mainstream money, meeting additional sustainability needs. Our findings confirm SNM predictions that niche-level activity correlates with diffusion success, but we highlight additional or confounding factors, and how niche theories might be adapted to better fit civil society innovations. In so doing, we develop a model of GI niche diffusion which extends existing work and tailors it to this specific context. The paper concludes with a series of theoretically informed recommendations for practitioners and policy-makers to support the development and potential of GIs.
Measurement Error in the Bank of Italy's Survey of Household Income and Wealth

This paper is aimed at evaluating the incidence of measurement error in the Bank of Italy's Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW). In the case of time-invariant variables, we assess the degree of inconsistency of answers given by panel households in subsequent survey waves. For quantities that vary with time, we estimate the incidence of measurement error by decomposing observed variability into true dynamics and error-induced noise. We apply the Heise model or the latent Markov model, depending on whether the data are continuous or categorical. We also present regression models that explain the error-generating process. Our results are relevant to researchers who use SHIW data for economic analysis, but also to data producers involved in similar income and wealth surveys. The methods we describe and test can be employed in a number of contexts to gain better understanding of data-related problems and plans for survey improvement.