Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hopes, Fears, and Other Grammatical Scarecrows

Many thanks to Kyle Blumberg, Kara Dreher, Cian Dorr, Harvey Lederman, Peter van Elswyk, and Crispin Wright for helpful comments and discussion. I am especially grateful to Ben Holguı́n and Jim Pryor for invaluable comments on several drafts, and (most of all) to Stephen Schiffer for guidance and encouragement in early stages of this work. 1. A typographical note: I use italics to quote and mention object-language expressions—except for full sentences, which I surround in quotation marks or indent as numbered examples—and when emphasizing or introducing a term. To avoid confusion, I do not italicize when using foreign phrases.
The Pursuit of Hysteresis in Polycrystalline Ferromagnetic Materials Under Stress

External stresses alter the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials such as iron and steel, a fact that has been the basis of substantial study in nondestructive testing. Existing theories and models have so far not proven reliable or accurate enough to develop a practical means of using the developed theory relating stress and magnetization to measure biaxial strains without prior knowledge of the strain or magnetic history of the sample. A deterministic model of ferromagnetic hysteresis and the effects of external stresses in materials such as iron and steel is introduced by this study. Changes in hysteresis loops due to stress are explained via changes in the magnetocrystalline anisotropy at the crystal-unit level, and are extended to the macroscopic effects that are seen in experiments. An original equation is presented which accurately describes experimentally acquired major hysteresis loops and directly relates two parameters to the two perpendicular principal strain axes thereby providing a technique able to determine the absolute stress/strain experienced by the sample. This model will potentially enable quantitative, nondestructive stress measuring devices to be developed.
Confluent monolayers of cultured human fetal retinal pigment epithelium exhibit morphology and physiology of native tissue.

PURPOSE Provide a reproducible method for culturing confluent monolayers of hfRPE cells that exhibit morphology, physiology, polarity, and protein expression patterns similar to native tissue. METHODS Human fetal eyes were dissected on arrival, and RPE cell sheets were mechanically separated from the choroid and cultured in a specifically designed medium comprised entirely of commercially available components. Physiology experiments were performed with previously described techniques. Standard techniques were used for immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and cytokine measurement by ELISA. RESULTS Confluent monolayers of RPE cell cultures exhibited epithelial morphology and heavy pigmentation, and electron microscopy showed extensive apical membrane microvilli. The junctional complexes were identified with immunofluorescence labeling of various tight junction proteins. The mean transepithelial potential (TEP) was 2.6 +/- 0.8 mV, apical positive, and the mean transepithelial resistance (R(T)) was 501 +/- 138 Omega . cm(2) (mean +/- SD; n = 35). Addition of 100 microM adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the apical bath increased net fluid absorption from 13.6 +/- 2.6 to 18.8 +/- 4.6 microL . cm(-2) per hour (mean +/- SD; n = 4). In other experiments, VEGF was mainly secreted into the basal bath (n = 10), whereas PEDF was mainly secreted into the apical bath (n = 10). CONCLUSIONS A new cell culture procedure has been developed that produces confluent primary hfRPE cultures with morphological and physiological characteristics of the native tissue. Epithelial polarity and function of these easily reproducible primary cultures closely resemble previously studied native human fetal and bovine RPE-choroid explants.
Understanding what residents want and what residents need: the challenge of cultural training in pediatrics

Background: There is increasing recognition of the need for sophistication in the way culture is understood and taught in medicine. Method: A two-phase study designed to understand how best to approach cultural training with pediatric residents was conducted. A needs assessment, consisting of resident and faculty focus groups, was carried out from which a workshop was developed for pediatric residents. The aims were to increase knowledge of local cultures and resources as well as to encourage self-reflection and awareness of cultural issues. Results: Focus group participants were consistent in identifying needs for training in: (1) a specific knowledge base of local cultural groups; (2) skills to better negotiate cultural encounters; (3) reconciling general cultural knowledge with an understanding of individual patient/family beliefs and practices. Analysis of focus group and workshop data suggests that culture is seen as both an obstacle and challenge. Cultural training in medicine uncovers a clash of epistemologies: the promotion of culturally-centered medicine is ‘strange’ to learners situated within a pedagogical tradition based on a ‘familiar’ reductionistic view of health. Conclusion: Reconciling these divergent epistemologies requires a paradigm shift in how medicine understands culture and cultural training. These findings raise questions for consideration in other residency programs. Practice points Residents and teaching faculty identify culturally sensitive care as a challenge in medical pratice. Residents and faculty identify a specific knowledge base of local cultural groups’ beliefs and practices as well as skill building as important curricular elements in cultural competency training. Cultural competency educational interventions that presents information on cultural groups’ beliefs and practices may inadvertently lead to increased stereotyping unless also accompanied by a conceptual/anthropological understanding of culture. In order to be successful, curricula must be aware of the “epistemological clash” that occurs when a reductionist view of health meets this conceptual understanding. Training in culturally sensitive care should focus on fostering attitudes, knowledge and skills to negotiate complex transcultural encounters.
Métastases cérébrales des cellules du cancer du sein : étude in vitro des mécanismes responsables du passage au travers de la Barrière Hémato Encéphalique

Dans le monde, une femme sur neuf sera atteinte d’un cancer du sein et environ un tiers developperont alors des metastases, principalement au niveau des poumons, des os et du cerveau. Dans ce dernier cas, le pronostic de survie des patientes est extremement faible, et ce, malgre le developpement constant de nouvelles molecules anticancereuses. En effet, la majorite de ces composes sont inefficaces du fait de leur incapacite a franchir la barriere hemato-encephalique (BHE) pour aller cibler les metastases cerebrales. Ainsi, bloquer le passage des cellules tumorales vers l’endothelium cerebral peut etre envisage comme l’une des strategies therapeutiques de reduction de la formation des metastases cerebrales. Neanmoins, cette approche implique l’identification des mecanismes moleculaires mis en jeu lors des interactions entre les cellules tumorales et les cellules endotheliales de la BHE. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrivent ces travaux de doctorat en demontrant que la pertinence des resultats obtenus a partir d’etudes in vitro est largement dependante de la qualite du modele de BHE utilise. L’utilisation de differents modeles in vitro montre en effet que seul le modele genere a partir de cellules souches humaines fournit des resultats conformes aux donnees cliniques quant aux capacites d’interactions des cellules tumorales mammaires avec la BHE en fonction de leur agressivite relative. Ce modele permet ainsi l’etude specifique des mecanismes responsables des interactions entre les cellules tumorales et les cellules de la BHE lors de la formation des metastases cerebrales chez l’homme.
Structural and Chemical Alterations in the Cerebral Maldevelopment of Fetal Cerebro‐Hepato-Renal (Zellweger) Syndrome

The cerebra of four abortuses (estimated gestational age 14–22 weeks), diagnosed as cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger) syndrome in utero, were examined morphologically with light microscopic, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural techniques and biochemically with gas liquid chromatographic assays for cholesterol ester fatty acids and plasmalogens. Centrosylvian architectonic abnormalities consisting, in part, of thin cortical plates and broad subcortical heterotopic zones were found in all abortuses. Astrocytes, neuroblasts, immature neurons and radial glia contained abnormal pleomorphic cytosomes, presumably of variable lipid composition. The same areas exhibited increases in cholesterol ester very long chain fatty acids and decreased plasmalogens. A pathogenetic hypothesis, proposing that regional tissue constraints act in concert with a peroxisomal-derived biochemical abnormality to impede centrosylvian neuronal migration, is discussed.
Long-Term Outcome of Open Plantar Fascia Release

Background: Plantar fasciitis is thought to be a self-limiting condition best treated by conservative measures, but despite this many patients have a prolonged duration of symptoms and surgery may be indicated. Partial plantar fascial release is reported to have a short-term success rate of up to 80%, but anecdotally this was not thought to represent our local experience. Methods: An audit of long-term patient-reported outcomes following open partial plantar fascia release was performed. A total of 30 patients (33 feet) were identified over a 10-year period and case notes were reviewed. Patients were contacted by letter and invited to complete 2 validated patient-reported outcome score questionnaires (Visual Analog Scale–Foot and Ankle [VAS-FA] and Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire [MOXFQ]). Responses were received from 24 patients (26 feet). The average ages were 42.4 (range 24-61) for male and 46.2 (range 33-60) for female patients, with a female/male ratio of 2.7:1. The average duration of treatment prior to operative intervention was 3.1 years (range 1-5). Preoperatively, our cohort underwent a range of conservative measures. All patients were reviewed postoperatively, and average time from surgery to completion of questionnaires was 80 months (range 14-130). Results: The outcomes were worse in patients who had received preoperative steroid injections and this was found to be statistically significant. The mean MOXFQ score was 33.6 ± 3.9 (0-64). Mean VAS-FA score was 57.8 ± 4.9 (24-100). Conclusion: This study found a negative correlation between duration of follow-up and outcome, in both MOXFQ and VAS-FA, showing that patients continued to improve many years postoperatively. The authors also found worse outcomes with preoperative steroid injections, better outcomes in older patients, and a weak gender bias, suggesting results in men were better than those in women. A prolonged recovery period and generally poor outcomes leads the authors to suggest that open plantar fascia release is of questionable clinical value and that patients may improve in the natural course of the disease, in spite of surgery. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative study.
Role of ultrasound as a non-invasive method of diagnosis of chronic exertional compartment syndrome

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a well-recognised condition, which can result in signifi cant morbidity and limitation of activity in athletes and non-athletes alike. At present invasive intramuscular pressure (IMP) measurements are still considered the gold standard for diagnosing CECS. The non-invasive nature of ultrasound makes it an attractive alternative to direct IMP measurement. This retrospective study is a literature and case review of 34 subjects with exercise-induced leg pain who underwent ultrasound compartment measurement for CECS. Eighteen (group P) of 34 were found to be positive. Fifteen of group P demonstrated calf increases of >15 mm and an additional three with increases of <15 mm failed to return to the resting state at 10 mins after exercise. Sixteen subjects demonstrated a normal ultrasound after exercise. At follow-up (1‐2 years) a telephonic interview of 25 participants showed that 15 of the 18 with a positive confirmation of CECS had responded well to surgical decompression and 10 of the 16 negative cases had responded well to conservative treatment. This study suggests that ultrasound may be a useful tool for the assessment of CECS.
Comparative evaluation of antibacterial activity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and PLGA nanoparticle formulation by different methods

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticle and free formulations of the CAPE compound using different methods and comparing the results in the literature for the first time. In parallel with this purpose, encapsulation of CAPE with the PLGA nanoparticle system (CAPE-PLGA-NPs) and characterization of nanoparticles were carried out. Afterwards, antimicrobial activity of free CAPE and CAPE-PLGA-NPs was determined using agar well diffusion, disk diffusion, broth microdilution and reduction percentage methods. P. aeroginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were chosen as model bacteria since they have different cell wall structures. CAPE-PLGA-NPs within the range of 214.0 ± 8.80 nm particle size and with an encapsulation efficiency of 91.59 ± 4.97% were prepared using the oil-in-water (o–w) single-emulsion solvent evaporation method. The microbiological results indicated that free CAPE did not have any antimicrobial activity in any of the applied methods whereas CAPE-PLGA-NPs had significant antimicrobial activity in both broth dilution and reduction percentage methods. CAPE-PLGA-NPs showed moderate antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and MRSA strains particularly in hourly measurements at 30.63 and 61.25 μg ml−1 concentrations (both p < 0.05), whereas they failed to show antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (P. aeroginosa and E. coli, p > 0.05). In the reduction percentage method, in which the highest results of antimicrobial activity were obtained, it was observed that the antimicrobial effect on S. aureus was more long-standing (3 days) and higher in reduction percentage (over 90%). The appearance of antibacterial activity of CAPE-PLGA-NPs may be related to higher penetration into cells due to low solubility of free CAPE in the aqueous medium. Additionally, the biocompatible and biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles could be an alternative to solvents such as ethanol, methanol or DMSO. Consequently, obtained results show that the method of selection is extremely important and will influence the results. Thus, broth microdilution and reduction percentage methods can be recommended as reliable and useful screening methods for determination of antimicrobial activity of PLGA nanoparticle formulations used particularly in drug delivery systems compared to both agar well and disk diffusion methods.
[Maternal and fetal consequences of increased gestational weight gain in women of normal prepregnant weight].

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of increased gestational weight gain in women of normal prepregnant weight. PATIENTS AND METHODS We compared 174 patients gaining more than 18 kg to 174 patients gaining between 9 and 15 kg. Body mass index was normal for every woman included in the study. RESULTS Weight gain > or =18 kg was associated with increased risk of vascular complications (5.2% vs. 1.1%, P < 0.05) but not with increased risk of mellitus diabetes (5.2% vs. 4.0%, NS). Weight gain > or =18 kg prolonged labor length (414.4 +/- 147 min vs. 376.5 +/- 166.4 min, P < 0.05) and increased the rate of cesarean section (19.5% vs. 10.3%, P < 0.05). Neonatal outcome was similar in both groups, mean birth weight was greater (3413.6 +/- 427.0 g vs. 3163.4 +/- 495.1 g, P < 0.05) and the frequency of infants weighing more than 4000 g at birth was increased (8.0% vs. 4.0%, P < 0.05) among women gaining more than 18 kg. CONCLUSION Excess weight gain in pregnancy affects gestational and delivery outcomes and results in higher frequency of fetal macrosomia. These results confirm recommendations on weight gain in pregnancy as guidelines for pregnant women.
Spatiotriangulation with multisensor HR stereo-images

The objective of this research study was to evaluate the spatiotriangulation applied to multisensor high-resolution satellite stereo-images, which enabled the simultaneous geometric processing of a large number of stereo-pairs together to reduce the control point requirement. The spatiotriangulation is based on the three-dimensional physical models developed for multisensor images at the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada and on a least squares block stereo-bundle adjustment process with orbital constraints. The spatiotriangulation was applied to five along-/across-track stereo-images [panchromatic Syste/spl grave/me Pour l'Observation de la Terre 5 (SPOT-5) High-Resolution-Stereoscopy (HRS) and High-Resolution-Geometry (HRG), Ikonos, and QuickBird] acquired over Quebec, Canada. The first results of stereo/block bundle adjustment showed that the same error residuals than the input data errors (1/2 to 1-2 pixels) were obtained depending of the stereo-images, whether independently or simultaneously processed. The second and most important results were related to simultaneous stereo-bundle adjustments of the largest "master" SPOT-5 stereo-pair (either HRS or HRG) using 12 ground control points (GCPs) and the smallest "slave" stereo-pair(s) using no GCP but only stereo tie-points (TPs). Better results were normally obtained with SPOT-5-HRG (5-m resolution) as the "master" stereo-pair due to less difference in the sensors resolution than with SPOT-5 HRS. The root mean square errors, verified by independent check points (ICPs) belonging only to the "slave" stereo-pairs, were around 2 m in the three axes. However, the combined image pointing and map errors of ICPs (1-2 m) are included in these 2-m error results, and the internal accuracy of the stereo-pairs should thus be better (less than one resolution). The research study demonstrated thus the possibility to use the largest stereo-pair with a reduced number of GCPs to simultaneously adjust single or multiple stereo-pair(s) with only stereo TPs, and with no degradation in the accuracy.
Predictors of online buying behavior

Consumers worldwide can shop online 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year. Some market sectors, including insurance, financial services, computer hardware and software, travel, books, music, video, flowers, and automobiles, are experiencing rapid growth in online sales. For example, in Jan. 1999, Dell Computer Corp. was selling an average of $14 million of equipment online per day, and Amazon.com has become the third largest bookseller in the U.S., despite being in business only since 1995. With projections that the Internet will generate consumer and business-to-business sales in excess of $294 billion by 2002, online retailing raises many questions about how to market on the Net.
Streptomycin and intracellular calcium modulate the response of single guinea‐pig ventricular myocytes to axial stretch

We tested the hypothesis that both stretch‐activated channels (SACs) and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) are important in the electrical response of single guinea‐pig ventricular myocytes to axial stretch. Myocytes were attached to carbon fibre transducers and stretched, sarcomere length increased by approximately 9 %, and there was a prolongation of the action potential duration. Streptomycin, a blocker of SACs, had no effect upon the shortening, [Ca2+]i transients or action potentials of electrically stimulated, unstretched myocytes, at a concentration of 50 μm, but at 40 μm, prevented any stretch‐induced increase in action potential duration. Under action potential clamp, stretch elicited a current with a linear current‐voltage relationship that was inward at membrane potentials negative to its reversal potential of −30 mV, in 10 of 24 cells tested, and was consistent with the activation of non‐specific, cationic SACs. This current was not seen in any stretched cells that were exposed to 40 μm streptomycin. However, exposure of cells to 5 μm BAPTA‐AM, in order to reduce [Ca2+]i transients, also abolished stretch‐induced prolongation of the action potential. We conclude that both SACs and [Ca2+]i are important in the electrical response of cardiac myocytes to stretch, and propose that stretch‐induced changes in electrical activity and [Ca2+]i may be linked by inter‐dependent mechanisms.
Shedding light on the grey area of assessment in legal translation: a case study based on a holistic method

espanolEn la Traductologia, la evaluacion constituye uno de los campos de mayor controversia debido a su inherente subjetividad. En aras de comprobar la validez y fiabilidad de la evaluacion holistica en el ambito de la traduccion juridica, se diseno el estudio de caso que se presenta en este articulo. Se procedio a la traduccion de un texto juridico por parte de una estudiante de Master y esta traduccion fue evaluada, siguiendo un metodo holistico, por 10 evaluadores, que rellenaron un cuestionario despues de calificar la traduccion. Los resultados de este estudio vuelven a revelar una notable disparidad en la valoracion de la traduccion por parte de los evaluadores y a subrayar el caracter subjetivo de este tipo de evaluacion. Sin embargo, estos resultados no resultaron muy diferentes de los obtenidos al evaluarse la misma traduccion siguiendo un metodo analitico, en principio mas objetivo, lo que confirma la utilidad de la evaluacion holistica como una herramienta complementaria, especialmente en el ambito de la formacion de traductores. EnglishAssessment is a very controversial topic in Translation Studies as it is entrenched with subjectivity. In an attempt to verify the validity and reliability of holistic assessment as far as legal translation is concerned, the following case study was designed. A legal text was translated by a Master�s student and this translation was assessed holistically by 10 evaluators, who had to complete a questionnaire after grading the translation. Results show once more great disparity in the evaluators� value judgment and highlight the subjective nature of this kind of assessment. However, results did not differ much from those obtained when the same translation was assessed following an apparently more objective error-based method, which confirms the usefulness of holistic assessment as a supplementary tool, especially for translator training purposes.