Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of adult morbidity and mortality on household welfare and the well-being of children in Soweto

Abstract This is the first description of the effects of adult morbidity and mortality on children residing in Soweto, an urban African setting in South Africa, in the era of HIV/AIDS. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional household survey in Soweto identified by a stratified, two-stage cluster sample. In total, 4912 households were surveyed: 4501 households with children and 411 households with no children under the age of 16 years. We present detailed information on 22 724 individuals. Forty-four per cent of all households were classified as sick households, i.e., had at least one sick adult. Twenty-two per cent of all adults were categorized as being sick; 12% reported being ill from an HIV/AIDS or tuberculosis (TB)-related illness in the past month. Women contributed 61% of all illness. Eleven per cent of children had lost a parent. In sick households, child health was adversely affected (increased vulnerability to disease, p < 0.0001; incomplete immunizations p = 0.02). Children from sick households were less likely to have their school fees paid (p = 0.0001); were more likely to be absent from school (p < 0.0001), be unsupervised while doing homework (p = 0.01); and go hungry (p < 0.0001). Abuse occurred more frequently in sick households (p < 0.0001). Children with deceased parents were more likely to have had HIV/AIDS-related symptoms or be HIV infected (p = 0.002), go hungry (p < 0.0001) and face abuse (p = 0.03). From this study we conclude that the health, education and welfare of children is compromised in sick households and in households where parents have died. HIV infection has impacted negatively on the children in Soweto.
Multisource Feedback in Evaluating the Performance of Doctors: The Example of the UK General Medical Council Patient and Colleague Questionnaires

Purpose Internationally, there is increasing interest in monitoring and evaluating doctors’ professional practice. Multisource feedback (MSF) offers one way of collecting information about doctors’ performance. The authors investigated the psychometric properties of two questionnaires developed for this purpose and explored the biases that may exist within data collected via such instruments. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in 11 UK health care organizations during 2008–2011. Patients (n = 30,333) and colleagues (n = 17,012) rated the professional performance of 1,065 practicing doctors, using the General Medical Council Patient Questionnaire (PQ) and Colleague Questionnaire (CQ). The psychometric properties of the questionnaires were assessed, and regression modeling was used to explore factors that influenced patient and colleague responses on the core questionnaire items. Results Although the questionnaires demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and convergent validity, patient and colleague ratings were highly skewed toward favorable impressions of doctor performance. At least 34 PQs and 15 CQs were required to achieve acceptable reliability (G > 0.70). Item ratings were influenced by characteristics of the patient and colleague respondents and the context in which their feedback was provided. Conclusions The PQ and CQ are acceptable for the provision of formative feedback on a doctor’s professional practice within an appraisal process. However, biases identified in the questionnaire data suggest that caution is required when interpreting and acting on this type of information. MSF derived from these questionnaires should not be used in isolation to inform decisions about a doctor’s fitness to practice medicine.
How Do Gender and Anxiety Affect Students’ Self-Assessment and Actual Performance on a High-Stakes Clinical Skills Examination?

Purpose Research suggests that medical students are not accurate in self-assessment, but it is not clear whether students over- or underestimate their skills or how certain characteristics correlate with accuracy in self-assessment. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of gender and anxiety on accuracy of students’ self-assessment and on actual performance in the context of a high-stakes assessment. Method Prior to their fourth year of medical school, two classes of medical students at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine completed a required clinical skills exam in fall 2010 and 2011, respectively. Two hundred two students rated their anxiety in anticipation of the exam and predicted their overall scores in the history taking and physical examination performance domains. A self-assessment deviation score was calculated by subtracting each student’s predicted score from his or her score as rated by standardized patients. Results When students self-assessed their data gathering performance, there was a weak negative correlation between their predicted scores and their actual scores on the examination. Additionally, there was an interaction effect of anxiety and gender on both self-assessment deviation scores and actual performance. Specifically, females with high anxiety were more accurate in self-assessment and achieved higher actual scores compared with males with high anxiety. No differences by gender emerged for students with moderate or low anxiety. Conclusions Educators should take into account not only gender but also the role of emotion, in this case anxiety, when planning interventions to help improve accuracy of students’ self-assessment.
A mobile high-field magnetic resonance imaging system for neurosurgery

The authors' goal was to place a mobile, 1.5 tesla magnetic resonance (MR) imaging system into a neurosurgical operating room without adversely affecting established neurosurgical management. The system would help to plan accurate surgical corridors, confirm the accomplishment of operative objectives, and detect acute complications such as hemorrhage or ischemia. The authors used an actively shielded 1.5 tesla magnet, together with 15 m tesla/m gradients, MR console computers, gradient amplifiers, a titanium, hydraulic-controlled operating table, and a radio frequency coil that can be disassembled. The magnet is moved to and from the surgical field by using overhead crane technology. To date, the system has provided unfettered access to 46 neurosurgical patients. In all patients, high-definition T 1 - and/or T 2 -weighted images were rapidly and reproducibly acquired at various stages of the surgical procedures. Eleven patients underwent craniotomy that was optimized after pre-incisional imaging. In four patients who harbored subtotally resected tumor, intraoperative MR imaging allowed removal of remaining tumor. Interestingly, the intraoperative administration of gadolinium in the management of patients with malignant glioma demonstrated a dynamic expansion of enhancement beyond the preoperative contrast contour. These zones of new enhancement proved, on examination of biopsy sample, to be tumor. The authors have demonstrated that high-quality MR images can be obtained within reasonable time constraints in the operating room. Procedures can be conducted without compromising or altering traditional neurosurgical, nursing, or anesthetic techniques. It is feasible that within the next decade intraoperative MR imaging may become the standard of care in neurosurgery.
Improving the Quality of the Surgical Morbidity and Mortality Conference: A Prospective Intervention Study

Purpose Surgical morbidity and mortality conferences (M&MCs) provide surgeons with an opportunity to confront medical errors, discuss adverse events, and learn from their mistakes. Yet, no standardized format for these conferences exists. The authors hypothesized that introducing a standardized presentation format using a validated framework would improve presentation quality and educational outcomes for all attendees. Method Following a review of the literature and the solicitation of experts’ opinions, the authors adapted a validated communication tool—the SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendations) framework. In 2010, they then introduced this novel standardized presentation format into the surgical M&MCs at the Oregon Health & Science University. The authors assessed three outcome measures—user satisfaction, presentation quality, and education outcomes—before and after implementation of their standardized presentation format. Results Over the six-month study period, residents delivered 66 presentations to 197 faculty, resident, and medical student attendees. Attendees’ performance on the multiple-choice questionnaires improved after the intervention, indicating an improvement in their knowledge. Presentation quality also improved significantly after the intervention, according to evaluations by trained faculty assessors. They noted specific improvements in the quality of the Background, Assessment, and Recommendation sections. Conclusions The M&MC plays a pivotal role in educating residents and improving patient safety. Standardizing the M&MC presentation format using an adapted SBAR framework improved the quality of residents’ presentations and attendees’ educational outcomes. The authors recommend using such a standardized presentation format to enhance the educational value of M&MCs, with the goal of improving surgeons’ knowledge, skills, and patient care practices.
Suicide by hanging : a study of 334 cases

Global suicide rates have increased 60% in the past 45 years. Its incidence is also high in Bangladesh and the mode of suicide is hanging in majority of cases. This study summarizes the post mortem examinations on 334 cases of suicide by hanging during 2010 to 2012 in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka. The focus was on its epidemiology in Bangladesh and to identify factors that contributed to suicide. Among the 334 cases, 69.2% were male and 56.0% were married. Most (62.3%) were between 20 to 40 years. Most of the victims were from middle socioeconomic group. Regarding motive for committing the suicide by hanging, family disputes were most common motive (38.9%) in male and in female the most common motive was harassment particularly in married women (23.1%). The high incidence of suicidal hanging among young adults imposes a huge socioeconomic burden on our society. Private nature of hanging and easy availability of ligature materials and ligature points makes prevention of suicide by hanging a difficult task. Social, legal and psychiatric interventions are required to prevent suicide. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bmj.v43i2. 21390 Bangladesh Med J. 2014 May; 43 (2): 90-93
An Investigation on Current Work Situation of Psychological Teachers in Primary and Secondary School

Understanding psychological teachers' current work situation is a prerequisite of improving the level of mental health education in primary and secondary school. Using questionnaires developed by Institute of Educational Psychology and School Counseling of Beijing Normal University, the study surveyed 103 psychological teachers and 16954 students from 72 primary and secondary schools of eight provinces/cities in China. It focused on four aspects referring to psychological teachers' work situation: the basic information of psychological teachers, their work content and time distribution, the professional training system, and the student feedback for mental health education. Based on the survey results, recommendations were put forward, including increasing the number of full-time psychological teachers, strengthening the in-service professional training, as well as expanding the influence of school mental health education. Index Terms - psychological teachers, primary and secondary school, current work situation, student feedback
The Liking-Similarity Effect: Perceptions of Similarity as a Function of Liking

In these two studies, we examined whether the inferences people make about likable and dislikable targets align with the predictions of balance theory. We hypothesized that people exhibit a liking-similarity effect by perceiving greater similarity with a likable person than a dislikable person. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated the likability of a target person and then assessed participants’ perceptions of similarity to that target person. In both studies, people rated likable others as more similar to themselves than dislikable others across a variety of domains (e.g., attitudes, personality characteristics, behaviors). In Study 2, individual differences in self-concept clarity, self-esteem, and preference for consistency moderated the liking-similarity effect.
Unanswered Prayers: Religiosity and the God-Serving Bias

Two self-report experiments examined how religiosity affects attributions made for a target person’s death. Online adults (Study 1, N = 427) and undergraduate students (Study 2, N = 326) read about Chris who had a heart attack, used religious or health behaviors, and lived or died. Participants made attributions to Chris and God (both studies), and reported their emotions (Study 2). Participants made more attributions to Chris when he lived than when he died, but only when he used health behaviors. The highly religious made more attributions to God, but not when Chris used religious behaviors and died (the God-serving bias); they reported the most positive emotions when Chris lived after using religious behaviors (the Hallelujah effect). Directions for future research in terms of implicit religious beliefs and normative evaluations of religion are discussed.
The Effect of Effort and Weight Controllability on Perceptions of Obese Individuals

We examined the impact of offset controllability (capability of losing weight) and offset effort (efforts to lose weight) on judgments of an obese target. Participants (n = 216) read about an obese person whose body weight was controllable/uncontrollable, and who did/did not put in effort to eat healthily and exercise. Effort played a more important role than controllability in evaluations of the target. Targets who put in effort to be healthy were ascribed fewer obesity stereotypes, evoked less disgust, and were considered to have a more acceptable lifestyle. These findings extend attribution theory and have implications for strategies to reduce weight bias.
The Effect of Medical Students and Residents on Measures of Efficiency and Timeliness in an Academic Medical Center Emergency Department

Purpose Research regarding the effect of trainees on emergency department (ED) operations has demonstrated mixed results. In this study, the authors evaluated the effect of trainees on ED length of stay (LOS), door to medical provider (DTMP) time, and door to disposition decision (DTDD) time while accounting for covariates known to influence ED efficiency and timeliness. Method The authors used retrospective cohort data for ED visits to Maine Medical Center’s mixed adult and pediatric ED for the calendar years 2005 through 2009. Each visit was coded indicating the type of provider conducting the visit (student–attending, resident–attending, midlevel provider, or attending group). Ordinary least squares regression analyses were performed to examine the relationships between provider groups and ED LOS, DTMP time, and DTDD time. Hierarchical regression models were constructed to control for the confounding effects of triage acuity, time of year, laboratory testing, radiographic testing, and patient characteristics. Results The analysis of 246,142 visits found significant intergroup differences across provider groups for each outcome (P < .001). Multiple regression modeling revealed that treatment by trainees was a significant predictor of longer LOS (medical students and residents), shorter DTMP time (residents), and longer DTDD time (medical students and residents), after controlling for covariates. Conclusions Laboratory and radiographic testing accounted for a much larger proportion of variation in outcomes than did trainees. The small increases in LOS and DTDD time are balanced by the decrease in DTMP time and the intangible benefits of educating trainees.
Ultimate Publication Rate of Unpublished Manuscripts Listed on Radiology Residency Applications at One Institution

Purpose This study was designed to assess the ultimate publication rate of unpublished manuscripts listed on radiology residency applications. Method A retrospective review was performed on all 628 Electronic Residency Application Service applications submitted to a single-institution radiology residency program in 2010. Publication status of unpublished manuscripts listed as “accepted,” “in press,” “provisional accepted,” or “submitted” was assessed two years later by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and journal- or conference-specific Web sites. Manuscripts were considered “published” if they appeared in a peer-reviewed journal with the applicant as an author. Impact factors of proposed and publishing journals were compared. Results Five hundred fourteen (81.8%) of the 628 applicants listed a total of 1,431 manuscripts: 952 (66.5%) “published,” 64 (4.5%) “in press,” 95 (6.6%) “accepted,” 27 (1.9%) “provisional accepted,” and 293 (20.5%) “submitted. ” After two years, 81.3% (52/64) of “in press,” 58.9% (56/95) of “accepted,” 70.4% (19/27) of “provisional accepted,” and 43.7% (128/293) of “submitted” manuscripts were published (P < .01). The proposed and publishing journal matched in 50.8% (65/128) of “submitted” manuscripts (P < .01). The impact factor of the proposed versus publishing journal was 4.189 versus 2.898 (P < .01) for “submitted” manuscripts. Conclusions One-third of manuscripts listed on radiology residency applications were unpublished at the time of application. More than half of those listed as “submitted,” and approximately one-third of those listed as “accepted,” “in press,” or “provisional accepted,” remained unpublished after two years. Residency selection committees should consider these publication rates when assessing applicants.
Sustainable Decisions Signal Sustainable Relationships: How Purchasing Decisions Affect Perceptions and Romantic Attraction

ABSTRACT In the pursuit of love, individuals strategically use luxury products to signal status and other attractive attributes. Might eco-friendly products also signal mate-relevant information? The current research examined inferences from eco-friendly purchases and how they predict perceived suitability for short- and long-term romantic relationships. Participants read descriptions of a stranger’s eco-friendly or luxury purchase decisions, reported their perceptions of the purchaser, and indicated their potential romantic interest in the purchaser. The influence of the relative price of the chosen product was also investigated. Compared to luxury purchasers, eco-friendly purchasers were ascribed greater warmth, competence, and good partner traits, but less physical appeal, and they were preferred for long-term but not short-term relationships. The social costs and benefits of “going green” are discussed in light of their implications for environmental sustainability efforts.
Clustering of worry appraisals among college students

ABSTRACT The present study investigated the potential clustering of worry appraisals within college social networks. Participants living in campus residence buildings responded to online surveys across the course of several months. Worry appraisals were measured 10 weeks into the fall semester and again approximately 6 months later. Analysis of sociometric data suggests that the majority of participants’ social interactions occurred within their respective residence building floors, indicating that proximity strongly influenced the development of social network ties and sources of social influence. Further, significant clustering of worry appraisals occurred across time, and more importantly, within residence building floors. The present findings compliment previous work suggesting that several physical and psychological states appear to spread and cluster within social networks. Implications for the study of emotional appraisals and future research are discussed.
Makeup your mind: The impact of styling on perceived competence and warmth of female leaders

ABSTRACT Women are still underrepresented at the highest management levels. The think-manager-think-male phenomenon suggests that leadership is associated with male rather than female attributes. Although styling has been shown to influence the evaluation of women’s leadership abilities, the relevant specific features have been left remarkably unaddressed. In a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 (skirt/pants, with/without jewelry, loose hair/braid, with/without makeup) between-subjects design, 354 participants evaluated a woman in a photograph. Women with makeup, pants, or with jewelry were rated as more competent than women without makeup, with skirts, or without jewelry. A combination of loose hair and no makeup was perceived as warmest, and women with loose hair were more likely to be hired than those with braids. In sum, even subtle changes in styling have a strong impact on how women’s leadership abilities are evaluated.
The role of rational and experiential processing in influencing the framing effect

ABSTRACT Research on individual differences and the framing effect has focused primarily on how variability in rational processing influences choice. However, we propose that measuring only rational processing presents an incomplete picture of how participants are responding to framed options, as orthogonal individual differences in experiential processing might be relevant. In two studies, we utilize the Rational Experiential Inventory, which captures individual differences in rational and experiential processing, to investigate how both processing types influence decisions. Our results show that differences in experiential processing, but not rational processing, moderated the effect of frame on choice. We suggest that future research should more closely examine the influence of experiential processing on making decisions, to gain a broader understanding of the conditions that contribute to the framing effect.
Understanding proenvironmental intentions and behaviors: The importance of considering both the behavior setting and the type of behavior

ABSTRACT To better understand the consistency of people’s proenvironmental intentions and behaviors, we set out to examine two sets of research questions. First, do people perform (1) different types of proenvironmental behaviors consistently, and (2) the same proenvironmental behavior consistently across settings? Second, are there consistent predictors of proenvironmental behavioral intentions across behavior and setting type? Participants reported four recycling and conservation behaviors across three settings, revealing significant variability in rates of behaviors across settings. Prior behavior, attitudes toward the behavior, and importance of the behaviour consistently predicted proenvironmental intentions. However, perceived behavioral control tended to predict intentions to perform proenvironmental behavior outside the home. Future research aimed at understanding and influencing different proenvironmental behaviors should carefully consider how settings affect intentions and behavior.
Our experience in congenital pouch colon

Congenital pouch colon is considered to be a malformation seen only in north india. we carried out a prospective study of congenital pouch colon from 1991 to 2005 to determine what interventions are most suited for the short and long term management of this compex malformation. anatomical details, procedures and continence outcomes were recorded. patients were managed in a private and public hospital by a single surgeon. 17 patients could be enrolled in the study. we could reconstruct 16/17 patients. with aggressive bowel management, 9/14 patients could achieve continence.