Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Harvesting undelimbed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from first thinnings for integrated production of kraft pulp and energy

The present study evaluates the feasibility of undelimbed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) for integrated production of pulp and energy in a kraft pulp mill from the technical, economic and environmental points of view, focusing on the potential of bundle harvesting. The feasibility of tree sections for pulp production was tested by conducting an industrial wood-handling experiment, laboratory cooking and bleaching trials, using conventional small-diameter Scots pine pulpwood as a reference. These trials showed that undelimbed Scots pine sections can be processed in favourable conditions as a blend with conventional small-diameter pulpwood without reducing the pulp quality. However, fibre losses at various phases of the process may increase when using undelimbed material. In the economic evaluation, both pulp production and wood procurement costs were considered, using the relative wood paying capability of a kraft pulp mill as a determinant. The calculations were made for three Scots pine first-thinning stands with the breast-height diameter of the removal (6–12 cm) as the main distinctive factor. The supply chains included in the comparison were based on cut-to-length harvesting, whole-tree harvesting and bundle harvesting (whole-tree bundling). With the current ratio of pulp and energy prices, the wood paying capability declines with an increase in the proportion of the energy fraction of the raw material. The supply system based on the cut-to-length method was the most efficient option, resulting in the highest residual value at stump in most cases. A decline in the pulp price and an increase in the energy price improved the competitiveness of the whole-tree systems. With short truck transportation distances and low pulp prices, however, the harvesting of loose whole trees can result in higher residual value at stump in small-diameter stands. While savings in transportation costs did not compensate for the high cutting and compaction costs by the second prototype of the bundle harvester, an increase in transportation distances improved its competitiveness. Since harvesting undelimbed assortments increases nutrient export from the site, which can affect soil productivity, the whole-tree alternatives included in the present study cannot be recommended on infertile peatlands and mineral soils. The harvesting of loose whole trees or bundled whole trees implies a reduction in protective logging residues and an increase in site traffic or payloads. These factors increase the risk of soil damage, especially on peat soils with poor bearing capacity. Within the wood procurement parameters which were examined, the CO2 emissions of the supply systems varied from 13–27 kg m 3. Compaction of whole trees into bundles reduced emissions from transportation by 30–39%, but these reductions were insufficient to compensate for the increased emissions from cutting and compaction.
Accretion and activity on the post-common-envelope binary RR Caeli

Context. Current scenarios for the evolution of interacting close binaries – such as cataclysmic variables (CVs) – rely mainly on our understanding of low-mass star angular momentum loss (AML) mechanisms. The coupling of stellar wind with its magnetic field, i.e., magnetic braking, is the most promising mechanism believed to drive AML in these stars. There are basically two properties thought to drive magnetic braking: the stellar magnetic field and the stellar wind. Understanding the mechanisms that drive AML therefore requires a comprehensive understanding of these two properties as well. Aims. RR Cae is a well-known nearby (d = 20pc) eclipsing DA+M binary with an orbital period of P = 7.29h. The system harbors a metal-rich cool DA white dwarf (WD) and a highly active M-dwarf locked in synchronous rotation. The metallicity of the WD suggests that wind accretion is taking place, which provides a good opportunity to obtain the mass-loss rate of the M-dwarf component. We aim to reach a better understanding of the AML mechanisms in close binaries by characterizing the relevant properties of the M-dwarf component of this system. Methods. We analyzed multi-epoch time-resolved high-resolution spectra of RR Cae in search for traces of magnetic activity and accretion. We selected a number of well-known chromospheric activity indicators and studied their phasedependence and long-term behavior. Indirect-imaging tomographic techniques were also applied to provide the surface brightness distribution of the magnetically active M-dwarf. The blue part of the spectrum was modeled using a stateof-the-art atmosphere model to constrain the WD properties and its metal enrichment. The latter was used to improve the determination of the mass-accretion rate from the M-dwarf wind. Results. Doppler imaging of the M-dwarf component of RR Cae reveals a polar feature similar to those observed in fast-rotating solar-type stars. Analysis of tomographic reconstruction of the Hα emission line reveals two components, one traces the motion of the M dwarf and is generated by chromospheric activity, while the other clearly follows the motion of the WD. The presence of metals in the WD spectrum suggests that this component arises from accretion of the M-dwarf wind. A model fit to the WD spectrum provides Teff = (7260 ± 250)K and log g = (7.8 ± 0.1)dex with a metallicity of < log[X/X ] >= (−2.8±0.1)dex. This maps into a mass-accretion rate of Ṁacc = (7±2)×10−16M ·yr−1 onto the surface of the WD.
Body, text, and talk in Maroua Fulbe Qur'anic schooling

Abstract In this article, I present a language socialization approach to the study of Qur'anic schooling. Integrating insights from holistic study of the community and the institution, analysis of video recordings of Qur'anic school interaction, and video playback and interviews with community members, I describe the apprenticeship of Fulbe children into Qur'anic orality and literacy as a gradual transfer of responsibility for rendering the sacred text. I describe the organization of Qur'anic schooling at three levels: the stages of the curriculum, the phases of a lesson, and the turn-by-turn organization of child–teacher interaction. I present fine-grained analysis of video to illustrate how teachers and children used specific practices of body positioning, pointing, and eye gaze in conjunction with the written text and utterances in Arabic and Fulfulde to manage the transfer of the text during the first phase of a lesson. I then discuss perspectives on these multimodal practices articulated by Fulbe concerning how these practices contributed to the achievement of desired outcomes of Qur'anic schooling. I conclude by discussing how the language socialization perspective and attention to multiple modalities increase our understanding of Qur'anic schooling as an activity setting in which Muslim subjectivities come into being.
A General Analytical Model for Hydraulic Computation of Open Channels with Steady State Uniform Flow

In this paper, a mathematical generalised model is developed, which allows for definition in a unit manner an analytical solution of the complex problems of hydraulic computation for the steady state flow open channels. These problems include the design and operational examination for the channels with linear crosssection (trapezoidal, rectangular, and triangular), the channels with curved cross-section (semi-circular, parabolic, and semi-elliptic), as well as the channels with flat sides and a cylindrical bottom. The conditions on hydraulically optimal sections for these channel-types are determined by the authors. The proposed model is programmed easily on microcomputers. Therefore, two computer programs are performed in the FORTRAN programming language for PC-compatible systems, with a view to increase the accuracy and computational efficiency. The advantages to use the proposed programs are explained from two numerical applications for different constructive variants employed in practical engineering.
Photodecomposition of Methylmercury in Atmospheric Waters

Experiments were conducted to empirically examine net changes in methylmercury concentration of atmospheric waters as function of irradiance. Methods were developed to allow experiments to be conducted at atmospherically relevant concentrations using trace metal clean techniques, over a range of aqueous matrices. Rain water was collected at Devil’s Lake State Park, WI, and simulated cloud water was created by water extraction of particulate matter collected at the same site. These waters were spiked with methyl mercury chloride and mercuric chloride and exposed to sunlight on the roof of a building. Experiments were conducted during typical summer conditions with respect to temperature, sunlight intensity and sunlight duration. For all cases, exposure to sunlight resulted in net loss of methylmercury: –0.022 ± 0.002 1/hr in rainwater at a total UVB flux of 8 kWhrs/m 2 ; –0.008 ± 0.001 1/hr in simulated cloud water at a total UVB flux of 5.5 kWhrs/m 2 . For dark cases, no statistically significant formation in methylmercury from inorganic mercury was detected. Furthermore, laboratory experiments to form methylmercury from mercuric-acetate complexes did not give detectable yields. Given the results of this study, and the results of studies cited in this article, it is unlikely that homogeneous MeHg formation is fast enough to lead to the net formation of MeHg in atmospheric waters exposed to sunlight.
Nutritional composition of immature pods in selected cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genotypes in South Africa

Information on genetic variability among genotypes is useful in crop improvement programmes. The study was carried out to determine the variability of nutritional composition in the immature pods of selected cowpea genotypes for use in breeding for nutritional qualities. A total of 11 mineral elements (K, Ca, P, Mg, Na, Fe Mn, B, Al, Zn, Cu) and total protein content were determined for the green immature pods of 22 cowpea genotypes collected from Nigeria and South Africa. The univariate analysis revealed significant differences among the genotypes for the traits evaluated. Genotype ITOOK-1060 has the highest value of Mg (4262.00 mg kg), Na (329.33 mg kg) Mn (47.72 mg kg-1), B (14.31 mg kg), Al (78.61 mg kg), Zn (56.25 mg kg) and Cu (9.00 mg kg). TVU-14196 has the highest values for Fe (97.78 mg kg) while 98K-5301 has the highest values for K (24078.00 mg kg), Ca (8677.70 mg kg), P (5375.30 mg kg) and protein (28.54%). The multivariate analysis showed wide genetic variability among the genotypes which could be exploited in selecting suitable parents when breeding for nutritional qualities. High heritability estimates were also observed in most of the traits evaluated indicating potential genetic gain when breeding for these traits. The present study revealed the genetic potential of the genotypes studied and their importance for use in the breeding programme aimed towards combating nutritional deficiencies and food insecurity in South Africa.
Fauna 1 and geochemical evidence for changes in intermediate water temperature and salinity in the western Coral Sea ( northeast Australia ) during the Late Quaternary

Ostracod assemblages and geochemical analyses of valves of specific ostracod taxa are used to reconstruct, both qualitatively and quantitatively, bottom-water temperatures (BWT) for the last 100,000 years in the western Coral Sea. The investigated core (51GC21) is situated in the lower reaches of the Antarctic Intermediate Water, at 1630 m water depth. First, we ran a Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) of 42 surface samples from the Coral Sea, and then compared fossil assemblages with results of the PCoA. In addition, we selected well preserved specimens of the two genera Krithe and Bythocypris for Mg/Ca analyses. The Mg/Ca is used to infer past changes in BWT for intermediate waters of the western Coral Sea; results indicate large temperature fluctuations over the last 100,000 years. Of interest is the documentation that the BWT was similar to the present-day temperature during part of Isotope Stage 3. Comparison between our temperature record and the benthic foraminifer #*O record of core SlGC21, and with the 6’*0 variations in seawater, as reconstructed by Labeyrie et al. (1987), allowed assessment of past changes in BWT salinity and density. Thus, we identify for the western Coral Sea three distinct periods on the basis of water mass density changes (i.e. for Isotope Stage 1, Stages 2, 3 and 4, and Stage 5). Our temperature record also indicates a good correlation with the 60”s summer insolation calculations for the period between 25,000 yr B.P. and 75,000 yr B.P. Comparison of our results from this study with other records from the western Pacific (the Ontong Java Plateau in particular) reveal the role of New Guinea as an oceanographic barrier. A wet phase recorded on continental Australia coincides with our high bottom-water temperature record for isotopic Stage 3.
Ammonium requirements of fast-growing ephemeral macroalgae in a nutrient-enriched marine embayment (Port Phillip Bay, Australia)

The observed high biomass of fast-growing macroalgae in Port Phillip Bay (PPB), Aus- tralia is of concern and may represent a shift from perennial macrophytes (e.g. kelps and seagrasses) to a dominance by fast-growing macroalgae. This study examined the limiting and optimum external ammonium-nitrogen concentrations for the growth of 3 fast-growing macroalgae that dominate reefs in northern Port Phillip Bay, Australia. The relationships between growth and tissue nutrients and the capacity of these algae to assimilate, store and survive on nutrients was examined. Winter and sum- mer experiments aimed to determine the effects of tissue nutrient status on growth responses. An absence of any seasonal variation in critical N thresholds and N subsistence quotas in any of the spe- cies examined suggests that all species are able to tolerate low N availability. The utilisation of N reserves to support non-limited growth of Hincksia sordida (Clayton) and Polysiphonia decipiens (Montagne) was about 2- to 5-fold shorter in summer than winter, indicating potential N-limitation during summer. A high requirement for N by both H. sordida and Ulva sp. means that internal N reserves could support reduced growth for shorter periods compared to P. decipiens. Such high demands for N by H. sordida and Ulva sp. makes these taxa susceptible to N-limitation in summer, when inputs of N to coastal waters are low. Elevated nutrient inputs into PPB may allow these taxa to become nutrient-sufficient and colonise larger areas of nearshore reefs.
Dynamic modeling and simulation of a thermoelectric-solar hybrid energy system using an inverse dynamic analysis input shaper

This study presents the behavioral model of thermal temperature and power generation of a thermoelectric-solar hybrid energy system exposed to dynamic transient sources. In the development of thermoelectric-solar hybrid energy system, studies have focused on the regulation of both systems separately. In practice, a separate control system affects hardware pricing. In this study, an inverse dynamic analysis shaping technique based on exponential function is applied to a solar array (SA) to stabilize output voltage before this technique is combined with a thermoelectric module (TEM). This method can be used to estimate the maximum power point of the hybrid system by initially shaping the input voltage of SA. The behavior of the overall system can be estimated by controlling the behavior of SA, such that SA can follow the output voltage of TEM as the time constant of TEM is greater than that of SA. Moreover, by employing a continuous and differentiable function, the acquired output behavior of the hybrid system can be attained. Data showing the model is obtained from current experiments with predicted values of temperature, internal resistance, and current attributes of TEM. The simulation results show that the proposed input shaper can be used to trigger the output voltage of SA to follow the TEM behavior under transient conditions.
Estimators of Binary Spatial Autoregressive Models: A Monte Carlo Study

The goal of this paper is to provide a cohesive description and a critical comparison of the main estimators proposed in the literature for spatial binary choice models. The properties of such estimators are investigated using a theoretical and simulation study, followed by an empirical application. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper that provides a comprehensive Monte Carlo study of the estimators' properties. This simulation study shows that the Gibbs estimator performs best for low spatial autocorrelation, while the recursive importance sampler performs best for high spatial autocorrelation. The same results are obtained by increasing the sample size. Finally, the linearized general method of moments estimator is the fastest algorithm that provides accurate estimates for low spatial autocorrelation and large sample size.
Late‐time drainage from a sloping Boussinesq aquifer

Numerical solutions to the nonlinear Boussinesq equation, applied to a steeply sloping aquifer and assuming uniform hydraulic conductivity, indicate that late‐time recession discharge decreases nearly linearly in time. When recession discharge is characterized by −dQ/dt = aQb, this is equivalent to constant dQ/dt or b = 0. This result suggests that a previously reported exponential decrease with time (b = 1) of modeled recession discharge from a similar sloping aquifer represented by the same equation appears to be an artifact of the numerical solution scheme and its interpretation. Because the linearly decreasing recession discharge (b = 0) is not known from field studies, these findings challenge the application of a nonlinear Boussinesq framework assuming uniform conductivity and geometric similarity to infer hydraulic properties of sloping aquifers from observations of streamflow. This finding also questions the validity of the physical interpretation of the exponential decline in late time resulting from the commonly used linearized form of the Boussinesq equation, opposed to the full nonlinear equation, when applied under these conditions. For this reason, application of the linearized equation to infer hydraulic properties of sloping aquifers is also challenged, even if the observed recession is consistent with that of the linearized Boussinesq equation.
Remote Camera-based Pulse Oximetry

The oxygen concentration in the blood is a very important physiological parameter. This variable is ordinarily monitored using a pulse oximeter, a device that measures the proportion of Hemoglobin that carries oxygen. Although noninvasive, this device needs constant contact with the patient’s skin. The possibility of performing the same measurement without contact using a color camera and ambient light is investigated in this work. Particularly, the presence of signals necessary to oximetry measurement on recorded videos is evaluated. It was found that photo-plethysmographic signals are present at two color channels simultaneously, depending on the analyzed region of the videos. Thus, remote camera-based oximetry is possible in principle. Such a device could find numerous applications for patient monitoring, either at the hospital or at home. Keywords-pulse oximetry; contactless; camera; SpO2.
Solid phase microextraction as an efficient method for characterization of the interaction of pesticides with different soil types

Foi desenvolvido um metodo de microextracao em fase solida (SPME) para determinacao simultânea de 20 pesticidas, pertencentes a varios grupos, em amostras de solo. Foram investigadas condicoes de extracao como tipo de fibra, temperatura e tempo de dessorcao, tempo de extracao e teor de NaCl. A deteccao e quantificacao foram realizadas por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-MS). Os resultados indicam que a maioria dos pesticidas estudados foram mais fortemente sorvidos por solos com maior teor de materia orgânica ou argila. Os valores de desvio padrao relativo (DPR) para analises multiplas de amostras de solo fortificadas com 30 μg kg -1 de cada pesticida ficaram abaixo de 19%. Os limites de deteccao (LD) para todos os compostos estudados foram menores do que 5 μg kg -1 . A solid phase microextraction (SPME) method for simultaneous determination of 20 pesticides belonging to various pesticide groups in soil samples was developed. Extraction conditions, such as fibre type, desorption temperature and time, extraction time and NaCl content were investigated. Detection and quantification were done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicate that most of the studied pesticides were more strongly sorbed by soil that has higher organic matter and/or clay content. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values for multiple analysis of soil samples fortified at 30 μg kg -1 of each pesticide were below 19%. Limits of detection (LOD) for all the compounds studied were less than 5 μg kg -1
Quality of life in diabetic elderlies

Background and Purpose: Diabetes in the elderly is mostly associated with increased risk of development and worsening of geriatric syndromes. In addition, it has a significant impact on various aspects of individuals with these syndromes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) in elderly diabetic patients. Methods: This descriptive and analytical study was conducted on 88 elderly diabetic patients (selected from 1400 diabetic patients) with medical records at diabetes centers in Kashan, Iran in 2006. The study tools were demographic questionnaire and Older People's Quality of Life Questionnaire (41-item version), applied to evaluate the general (13-52 scores), specific (27-108 scores) and total (40-160 scores) aspects of QOL. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Results: In total, 65.9% of the patients were female and 34.1% were male. In terms of the aspects of QOL (i.e., general, specific and total), 68.2%, 77.3% and 53.4% of the elderly patients had weak scores, respectively. Conclusion: Given the low QOL in the majority of elderly diabetic patients, our results indicated that these type of patients need special healthcare. In other words, this study reaffirmed the role of caring for the health of elderly diabetic patients.
TECHNOLOGICAL REGIMES AND PATTERNS OF INNOVATION IN THE

The works by Abramovitz (1956) and Solow (1957), showing the impact of tech nological change on economic growth, underline the birth of a great interest in the field of economics related to the determinants of innovation, at the industry and the firm levels. Hence, this paper assembled a conceptual framework aiming to identify the relationship between patterns of innovation and technological regimes. It is based on the information collected through a survey on technological innovation in a sample of 242 food firms at the Brazilian industry. The study identified three clusters of in novating firms, which display similar patterns of innovation. Two overall conclusions are suggested. First, technological regime, defined as the result of a particular combination of major technological features, including knowledge bases, sources and degrees of technological opportunities, conditions of appropriabili ty and forms and degrees of cumulativeness of technological advances, operates as a source of homogeneity, making up groups of innovating firms in terms of broad regularities in innovative activities. Second, since diverse patterns of innovation can be realized in the food industry, this industry should not be reduced to one analytical category in terms of technological environment. Hence, the main theoretical implication of the findings is that technological regimes are also firm specific. In other words, firms’ resources and capabilities mediate the influence of technological regime on pattern of innovation. Finally, the study confirms the existence of features in firms’ innovative activity that prevails over industrial or sectoral classification.