Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Displacement and Empowerment: Reflections on the Concept and Practice of the Council of Europe Approach to Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality

This article measures one of the foundational texts of gender mainstreaming, namely, the final report of the Group of Specialists on Mainstreaming (Council of Europe 1998) against theoretical concepts of displacement and empowerment. While the Council of Europe process approach is shown to be a fundamental "displacing" asset, there are important shortcomings, such as its consensualist premise, lack of space for oppositional politics, and general technocratic understanding of gender mainstreaming, hindering empowerment. The ambivalence of its articulation of the goal of gender equality is particularly problematic in view of the logic of the dual agenda in gender mainstreaming. More explicit power analyses are highly needed.
Numerical model of crustal accretion and cooling rates of fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges

Abstract. We designed a thermo-mechanical numerical model for fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge with variable viscosity, hydrothermal cooling, latent heat release, sheeted dyke layer, and variable melt intrusion possibilities. The model allows for modulating several accretion possibilities such as the "gabbro glacier" (G), the "sheeted sills" (S) or the "mixed shallow and MTZ lenses" (M). These three crustal accretion modes have been explored assuming viscosity contrasts of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude between strong and weak phases and various hydrothermal cooling conditions depending on the cracking temperatures value. Mass conservation (stream-function), momentum (vorticity) and temperature equations are solved in 2-D cartesian geometry using 2-D, alternate direction, implicit and semi-implicit finite-difference scheme. In a first step, an Eulerian approach is used solving iteratively the motion and temperature equations until reaching steady states. With this procedure, the temperature patterns and motions that are obtained for the various crustal intrusion modes and hydrothermal cooling hypotheses display significant differences near the mid-ocean ridge axis. In a second step, a Lagrangian approach is used, recording the thermal histories and cooling rates of tracers travelling from the ridge axis to their final emplacements in the crust far from the mid-ocean ridge axis. The results show that the tracer's thermal histories are depending on the temperature patterns and the crustal accretion modes near the mid-ocean ridge axis. The instantaneous cooling rates obtained from these thermal histories betray these discrepancies and might therefore be used to characterize the crustal accretion mode at the ridge axis. These deciphering effects are even more pronounced if we consider the average cooling rates occurring over a prescribed temperature range. Two situations were tested at 1275–1125 °C and 1050–850 °C. The first temperature range covers mainly the crystallization range that is characteristic of the high temperature areas in the model (i.e. the near-mid-oceanic-ridge axis). The second temperature range corresponds to areas in the model where the motion is mainly laminar and the vertical temperature profiles are closer to conductive. Thus, this situation results in less discriminating efficiency among the crustal accretion modes since the thermal and dynamic properties that are described are common to all the crustal accretion modes far from the ridge axis. The results show that numerical modeling of thermo-mechanical properties of the lower crusts may bring useful information to characterize the ridge accretion structure, hydrothermal cooling and thermal state at the fast-spreading ridges and may open discussions with petrological cooling rate results.
Low‐frequency ocean bottom pressure variations in the North Pacific in response to time‐variable surface winds

One decade of time-variable gravity field observations from the GRACE satellite mission reveals low-frequency ocean bottom pressure (OBP) variability of up to 2.5 hPa centered at the northern flank of the subtropical gyre in the North Pacific. From a 145 year-long simulation with a coupled chemistry climate model, OBP variability is found to be related to the prevailing atmospheric sea-level pressure and surface wind conditions in the larger North Pacific area. The dominating atmospheric pressure patterns obtained from the climate model run allow in combination with ERA-Interim sea-level pressure and surface winds a reconstruction of the OBP variability in the North Pacific from atmospheric model data only, which correlates favorably (r=0.7) with GRACE ocean bottom pressure observations. The regression results indicate that GRACE-based OBP observations are indeed sensitive to changes in the prevailing sea-level pressure and thus surface wind conditions in the North Pacific, thereby opening opportunities to constrain atmospheric models from satellite gravity observations over the oceans.
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY AND POLLINATION OF THE BRAZIL NUT TREE (Bertholletia excelsa HUMB. & BONPL. LECYTHIDACEAE) IN EASTERN AMAZONIA

The brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. Lecythidaceae) is an economically important fruit tree, endemic to the Amazon Region. Investigations of the reproductive phenology and insect pollinators of B. excelsa were carried out in the orchards of Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, in Belem (1o27’S 48o29’W) and in the experimental Field Station of CapitaoPoco (1o27’S 48o29’W), in the eastern region of Para State, Brazil. The main flowering period occurred from August to November, during the driest months of the year and the main fruiting period lasted from October to December. The maturation period extended throughout the following year with the ripening and dissemination occurring in the rainy season, from February to April. The pollen:ovule ratio was 26,755.29. Indicating obligate xenogamy. The main pollinators are medium- to large-sized bees, belonging to the following species: Xylocopa frontalis, X. aurulenta, Epicharis rustica, E. affinis, Centris similis, Eulaema nigrita, E. cingulata, Bombus brevivillus, B. transversalis . From this study it was concluded that B. excelsa is a mellitophilous species dependent on the pollinators activity to ensure its fruit production.
The Relationship between Shareholder Gender and Earnings Management in Private Italian Companies

Although the relationship between the type and characteristics of shareholders and earnings management practices is a topic that has been extensively investigated in the literature, the specific relationship between shareholder gender and earnings management practices has been overlooked by scholars. To contribute to filling this knowledge gap, this study investigates whether and how shareholder gender is related to the magnitude of abnormal (or discretionary) accruals in private Italian companies. It shows that the relationship between female ownership and the magnitude of abnormal accruals is not linear (and negative), but quadratic. This means that the practice of manipulating accruals is not contrasted by the presence of female ownership but by the presence of gender heterogeneity in the ownership structure.
The Determinants and Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria

This paper examines the determinants and impact of FDI in Nigeria from 1970 through 2009. As a tool for economic development and means of bridging the gaps between the rich and poor nations, emerging economies grant special incentives to attract FDI, but the empirical literature is controversial about the effect of FDI on the growth and development of emerging economies. This study utilizes the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to examine this issue. Granger causality methodology was used to analyze and establish the nature of relationship (if any) between FDI and its determinants on one side and economic development on the other. Our empirical analysis reveals that macroeconomic variables (exchange rate, interest rate, inflation) and openness of the economy are among the major and important factors that determine the inflow of FDI into Nigeria during these periods. The GDP and government size exhibited positive but insignificant influence on FDI. The analysis revealed the presence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between FDI and GDP, but FDI does not have any significant effect on the growth as well as the development of Nigeria economy during this period. The study therefore recommends that government should ensure stable macroeconomic policies (as motivating factor for the attraction of FDI into Nigeria) and also increase its expenditure in the area of infrastructural development as ways to accelerate the growth of Nigerian economy which will reduce the excessive dependence of Nigeria on FDI.
1987 The Shrew Tenrecs of Madagascar : Systematic Revision and Holocene Distribution of Microgale ( Tenrecidae , Insectivora )

The shrew tenrecs of Madagascar-Microgale and the allied nominal genera Leptogale, Paramicrogale, and Nesogale-have never been formally revised. Examination of all relevant type material reveals that only 10 of the 22 nominal species-group names ofshrew tenrecs deserve recognition. The large number of synonyms is principally due to authors' repeated commission of two substantial errors: (1) failing to recognize the juvenile status of many "adult" specimens used as holotypes, and (2) failing to appreciate the marked degree of within-group variation in these insectivores. Analysis of a range of metric and nonmetric traits further reveals that there are only three or four distinctively different morphological clusters of shrew tenrecs in the modern fauna, and that all species clusters can be comfortably accommodated in one genus, Microgale. Illustrations of deciduous and adult dentitions and a key to recognized and reorganized species are provided. Revision permits, for the first time, an approximate idea of the true ranges and habitat preferences of shrew tenrec species. Although the majority of species appear to be restricted to the comparatively moist and equable conditions ofthe eastern rain forest, several species occur in forest islands and other favorable habitat in the eastern part of the highlands, and two (M. pusilla and brevicaudata) have occupied the dry, highly seasonal western side of the island in recent times. Despite its morphological primitiveness, Microgale can be aptly described as adaptively resilient. Colonization of the highlands and the far west presumably occurred by pioneering groups moving out from the eastern forest belt during times ofclimatic amelioration and forest expansion; isolation of these groups would have occurred when conditions deteriorated in the center. Emigration events could have occurred repeatedly, although the nature of Malagasy environmental dynamics ' Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. 27710. Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 1987 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $4.75 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES is not known in detail before about 10,000 BP, and not at all before 35,000 BP. In any event, it is no longer necessary to believe that all known disjunctions in the species ranges ofMalagasy vertebrates occurred simultaneously about 2000 years ago, when the island was first settled by humans.
A Survey of Musculoskeletal Injury among Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga Practitioners

Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga is a popular and physically demanding Yoga style. Although there is growing concern about the potential risk of injury from Yoga practice, there has been no research to date on the relationship between this form of Yoga and musculoskeletal injuries. Objectives: The first objective of this survey was to determine the proportion of Ashtanga Vinyasa practitioners who are injured and the injury rate per 1,000 hours of practice. The secondary objective was to determine the location, type, and outcome of musculoskeletal injuries. Design: Data was collected via a survey questionnaire from two Yoga centers in Helsinki, Finland and one Yoga center in Tampere, Finland in 2005. All Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga practitioners at these centers (estimated total of 300) were invited to complete the survey, whether or not they had suffered from injuries. Setting: Certified and authorized Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga teachers teach at these centers, and they all follow the Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga method as authorized by the Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga Research Institute (Director Sri K Pattabhi Jois). Participants: Practitioners (approximate total N = 300) from three different Finnish Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga centers were invited to complete the questionnaires. Of these, 110 (37%) completed surveys were received. Main outcome measurements: Primary outcome measurements were the number of injured practitioners and injury rate per 1,000 hours of practice. Secondary outcome measurements were the location, type, and outcome of injuries. Results: Of the 110 practitioners surveyed, 68 (62%) reported having had at least one injury lasting longer than one month, and some practitioners reported more than one injury. A total of 107 musculoskeletal injuries were reported. The rate of new practice-related injuries was 1.18 injuries per 1,000 hours of practice. If recurrence of pre-existing injury and non-specific low back pain of unknown origin were included, the injury rate became 1.45 injuries per 1,000 hours of practice. Injuries related to the practice of Yoga were most common in the lower extremities, especially in the hamstrings or knees. None of the practitioners reported suffering permanent impairment from their injuries; however, this may be a consequence of the sampling procedure (see Limitations of the sample and survey, below). Conclusions: Musculoskeletal injuries generally occur during activity, and Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga is no exception. 62% of survey participants had suffered one or more musculoskeletal injuries that lasted in excess of one month. The three most common injury locations were hamstring, knee, and low back. Implications for Yoga teachers and practitioners are discussed.
Spatial patterns of groundwater‐lake exchange – implications for acid neutralization processes in an acid mine lake

Exchange of groundwater and lake water with typically quite different chemical composition is an important driver for biogeochemical processes at the groundwater‐lake interface, which can affect the water quality of lakes. This is of particular relevance in mine lakes where anoxic and slightly acidic groundwater mixes with oxic and acidic lake water (pH < 3). To identify links between groundwater‐lake exchange rates and acid neutralization processes in the sediments, exchange rates were quantified and related to pore‐water pH, sulfate and iron concentrations as well as sulfate reduction rates within the sediment. Seepage rates measured with seepage meters (−2.5 to 5.8 L m‐2 d‐1) were in reasonable agreement with rates inverted from modeled chloride profiles (−1.8 to 8.1 L m‐2 d‐1). Large‐scale exchange patterns were defined by the (hydro)geologic setting but superimposed by smaller scale variations caused by variability in sediment texture. Sites characterized by groundwater upwelling (flow into the lake) and sites where flow alternated between upwelling and downwelling were identified. Observed chloride profiles at the alternating sites reflected the transient flow regime. Seepage direction, as well as seepage rate, were found to influence pH, sulfate and iron profiles and the associated sulfate reduction rates. Under alternating conditions proton‐consuming processes, for example, sulfate reduction, were slowed. In the uppermost layer of the sediment (max. 5 cm), sulfate reduction rates were significantly higher at upwelling (>330 nmol g‐1 d‐1) compared to alternating sites (<220 nmol g‐1 d‐1). Although differences in sulfate reduction rates could not be explained solely by different flux rates, they were clearly related to the prevailing groundwater‐lake exchange patterns and the associated pH conditions. Our findings strongly suggest that groundwater‐lake exchange has significant effects on the biogeochemical processes that are coupled to sulfate reduction such as acidity retention and precipitation of iron sulfides. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast demagnetization in the sp-d model: A theoretical study

We propose and analyze a theoretical model of ultrafast light-induced magnetization dynamics in systems of localized spins that are coupled to carriers' spins by sp-d exchange interaction. A prominent example of a class of materials falling into this category are ferromagnetic (III, Mn)V semiconductors, in which ultrafast demagnetization has been recently observed. In the proposed model, light excitation heats up the population of carriers, taking it out of equilibrium with the localized spins. This triggers the process of energy and angular momentum exchange between the two spin systems, which lasts for the duration of the energy relaxation of the carriers. We derive the master equation for the density matrix of a localized spin interacting with the hot carriers and couple it with a phenomenological treatment of the carrier dynamics. We develop a general theory within the sp-d model and we apply it to the ferromagnetic semiconductors, taking into account the valence band structure of these materials. We show that the fast spin relaxation of the carriers can sustain the flow of polarization between the localized and itinerant spins leading to significant demagnetization of the localized spin system, observed in (III, Mn)V materials.
Bioslurry: a supreme fertilizer. Positive effects of bioslurry on crops

Bioslurry is used to improve soil fertility, soil structure, and crop productivity and it can be an excellent fertilizer. However, not many farmers are familiar with the advantages of bioslurry. This article brings together the main findings of available research on bioslurry as well as information from the field in Hivos’ and SNV’s biodigester programmes.
fermentation and retention time ofthe digesta in growing cattle ofthe breeds

The objectives of this study were to describe ruminal fermentation, mean retention time (MRT) ofthe particulate digesta in the whole gastrointestinal tract and the apparent digestibility of nutrients in growing cattle of the genotypes Black-White Dairy Cattle (B), Galloway (G), and Highland (H). Two experiments were carried out in bulls aged 11-12 months (mean weight 260 kg) or 9-10 months (mean weight 210 kg) at the beginning and fed diets varying in the nutrient composition and nutrition level. B bulls had a higher rumenoreticular volume, a higher MRT when fed a low nutrition level, a higher ruminal pH and a lower acetate/propionate ratio in the rumen than G bulls (P<0.05). In comparison with H bulls, rumen pH and MRT were higher (P<0.05) and the acetate/propionate proportion, NH3 level, and the protozoa number in the rumen were smaller in B bulls. The differences between genotypes in apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) and crude cellulose were small. In some cases digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in B bulls as compared to G and H bulls. In B bulls, the digestibility of OM at 30 °C environmental temperature was 2 units lower than at 3°C or 18 °C (P<0.05). The results show that B bulls implement a more efficient ruminal digestive process than do G or H bulls.
Cloud‐fraction‐dependent bias in satellite liquid water path retrievals of shallow, non‐precipitating marine clouds

This study compares Wentz microwave liquid water path retrievals with MODIS and MISR optical estimates in shallow, non‐precipitating marine clouds. In overcast conditions, the microwave and optical estimates are comparable; however, as cloud fraction decreases microwave retrievals strongly and increasingly overestimate optical ones. This positive microwave bias cannot be explained neither by the elimination of negative values in the operational Wentz dataset, nor by the somewhat reduced sensitivity of MODIS cloud detection to small clouds.
Crowding Out Effect of Public Borrowing: A Case of Pakistan

To meet the public deficit, Government of Pakistan has been disproportionately borrowing from the scheduled banks and general public which are also the source of funding for private investment. Even the public sector corporations are doing the same. From the crowding out perspective borrowing and public expenditure are the same, as borrowing is mainly undertaken for financing expenditures. The issue of crowding out or crowding in effect of public borrowing on private investment needs considerable attention. The current study has investigated the crowding-out effect of public borrowing on private investment in the country. An investment function of three independent variables, i.e. public borrowing, GDP and lending rate has been estimated through unit root test, co-integration test and vector error correction model. The time series data of 34 years, i.e. fiscal year of 1971-72 to 2005-06, taken from Federal Bureau of Statistics and Finance Division, Government of Pakistan has been used. The results do not corroborate the crowding-out hypothesis in Pakistan explaining the market imperfections and substantial amount of excess liquidity. The results provide the evidence of crowding-in effect, which explains the direction of public expenditures towards private sector through contractors, politicians and bureaucrats, instead of public projects. The provision of subsidy, transfer payments, and substantial amount of micro-credit also explain the phenomenon of crowding-in. The evidence has important implications for fiscal management. To avoid unnecessary inflation and external indebtedness associated with deficit financing, government should rely on domestic sources. As long as excess liquidity prevails in financial system, the domestic resources, other than State Bank of Pakistan may be used to meet the deficit without hurting private investment.
Founder CEOs and new venture media coverage

Among their early key decisions, new ventures must choose whether to retain founder CEOs and how to craft a media strategy to best represent themselves to the outside world. These decisions have critical implications for firm survival and success, shaping perceptions of important external stakeholders. Our study explores the interplay between founder CEOs and media coverage and their effect on firm performance. We employ competing risk models to analyze data on 2,327 US VC-backed technology firms during the period 1985 to 2009, finding that founder CEOs enhance volume and positive tonality of media coverage, which increase the likelihood of firm IPO. Our findings provide important contributions for research into entrepreneurship and organizational reputation.
Growth of Northwest Iberian juvenile hake estimated by combining sagittal and transversal otolith microstructure analyses

Daily growth of Atlantic juvenile hake from Northwest Iberia has been estimated employing a new approach combining analyses of transversal and sagittal sections of the otoliths along the ventral radius. Age of juvenile hake ranging from 3 to 25 cm collected during a spring 2002 survey was estimated. Somatic growth followed a power fit: Fish size (TL) = 3.3254*age (r = 0.87, p < 0.001, n = 76), yielding an average individual growth rate of 0.66 mm/day (±0.06). The growth model indicates that after a year's life a juvenile can reach 25 cm. Otolith ventral radius ranged from 401 to 1842 μm and daily increments were between 104 and 387. Fish growth and otolith growth were closely related (r = 0.92 p < 0.001, n = 76). These first results of daily growth rates for the Southern stock corroborate the fast-growth hypothesis of this species. The evolution of increment widths from hatch dates onwards reveals important seasonal growth peaks during July–August and October– November. A comparison with prior data and discussion is also presented in the light of recent work on hake juveniles and tagging-recapture experiences.