Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum. 2. the Salivary Gland Complex

The salivary gland complex of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), consists of 4 pairs of glands: principal, accessory, mandibular, and maxillary glands. The principal glands are divisible into an anterior membranous part and a posterior glandular portion. The anterior part is capped by fine innervation from the suboesophageal ganglion. The accessory glands are located close to the principal glands. The duct from the accessory gland unites with the duct from the principal gland at the point of its origin and forms the salivary duct. The salivary ducts from either side join to form a single common salivary duct which opens at the base of maxillary stylets. The common ducts of the mandibular and maxillary glands unite before opening into the salivary channel of the maxillary stylets. Thus, there are 2 separate ducts opening into the salivary channel, one formed by the union of ducts from principal and accessory glands, and the other by the union of common ducts from mandibular and maxillary glands. There is no well-developed salivary pump. Histological and cytological details of the 4 pairs of glands and their ducts are described. The mechanism of salivary secretion and the chemical nature and possible functions of the stylet sheath are discussed.
Handedness- and Hemisphere-Related Differences in Small-World Brain Networks: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography Study

Previous behavioral and scanning studies have suggested that handedness is associated with differences in brain morphology as well as in anatomical and functional lateralization. However, little is known about the topological organization of the white matter (WM) structural networks related to handedness. We employed diffusion tensor imaging tractography to investigate handedness- and hemisphere-related differences in the topological organization of the human cortical anatomical network. After constructing left hemispheric/right hemispheric weighted structural networks in 32 right-handed and 24 left-handed healthy individuals, we analyzed the networks by graph theoretic analysis. We found that both the right and left hemispheric WM structural networks in the two groups possessed small-world attributes (high local clustering and short paths between nodes), findings which are consistent with recent results from whole-brain structural networks. In addition, the right hemisphere tended to be more efficient than the left hemisphere, suggesting a high efficiency of general information processing in the right hemisphere. Finally, we found that the right-handed subjects had significant asymmetries in small-world properties (normalized clustering coefficient γ, normalized path length λ, and small-worldness σ), while left-handed subjects had fewer asymmetries. Our findings from large-scale brain networks aid in understanding the structural substrates underlying handedness-related and hemisphere-related differences in cognition and behavior.
Phenotypic Divergence of Indigenous and Translocated Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Populations in Maine

30 Introduction 30 Objectives 33 Methods 34 Fish Collection and Processing 34 Stocking History & Lake Characteristics 35 Shape Analysis 36 Rate of Divergence 37 Growth 37 Gill Raker Morphology 38 Diet 38 Isotope Analysis 39 Results 41 Shape Analysis 41 Rate of Divergence 43 Size-at-age 43 Gill Raker Morphology 44 Diet 45 Isotope Analysis 46 Discussion 47 CHAPTER 4 MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS 54 Diet and Habitat 55 Uniqueness of Charr within Maine 56 Conservation Strategies 57 BIBLIOGRAPHY 60 APPENDIX 67 BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR 68
Identifying and Predicting Offending Trajectories among Poor Children

Using data from the Seattle Social Development Project, we identify childhood predictors of offending trajectories among poor children. Five trajectories are identified: nonoffenders, late onsetters, desisters, escalators, and chronic offenders. Among initial nonoffenders, late onsetters are distinguished from nonoffenders by early alcohol drinking. Among youths already delinquent at age 13, escalators are distinguished from desisters by poor family management, family conflict, association with antisocial peers, the presence of troubled children in their neighborhoods, and drug availability. In contrast to prior findings for a general urban sample, family factors significantly predict desistance from offending by age 18 in children from low‐income families.
Effect of amount and source of manganese and/or phytase supplementation on productive and reproductive performance and some physiological traits of dual purpose cross-bred hens in the tropics

1. The effect of different amounts of added manganese (Mn) (0, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) in inorganic and organic form and phytase (0 and 300 U) was investigated on productive, reproductive and haematological traits on 480 hens and 60 cocks (Inchas breeds) divided into 12 groups: 10 and 20 Mn × 0 and 300 phytase × 2 Mn sources (8 groups), two negative controls (0 Mn × 2 levels of phytase) and two positive controls (40 Mn × 2 Mn sources). 2. Phytase supplementation increased laying rate by 1·1% and egg weight by 0·4 g. 3. Manganese supplementation at 10 mg/kg over dietary sources improved hatchability, at 20 mg/kg decreased death embryos and abnormality as those of hens supplemented with 40 mg/kg Mn. Inorganic Mn at 10 mg/kg significantly increased egg mass compared to the organic form. Inorganic Mn was more efficient in decreasing abnormal chicks than organic Mn. Phytase supplementation significantly increased hatchability of fertile eggs and decreased the number of abnormal chicks of groups fed on diets unsupplemented with Mn and those supplemented with 10 mg/kg Mn. 4. Mn supplementation at 10 mg/kg over dietary sources significantly improved sperm mass motility and decreased abnormal sperm. Phytase significantly decreased lymphocyte cells and plasma AST. 5. Mn supplementation of the control diet (containing only 16 mg/kg from raw materials) with 20 mg/kg of Mn from either organic or inorganic source is adequate to support egg production traits, egg quality, reproductive traits and economic efficiency of dual purpose cross-bred hens; however, phytase supplementation may reduce the required Mn supplementation to 10 mg/kg.
Comparison of methods for dealing with missing values in the EPV‐R

Background: The development of an effective instrument to assess the risk of partner violence is a topic of great social relevance. This study evaluates the scale of “Predicción del Riesgo de Violencia Grave Contra la Pareja” ‐Revisada‐ (EPV‐R ‐ Severe Intimate Partner Violence Risk Prediction Scale‐Revised), a tool developed in Spain, which is facing the problem of how to treat the high rate of missing values, as is usual in this type of scale. Method: First, responses to the EPV‐R in a sample of 1215 male abusers who were reported to the police were used to analyze the patterns of occurrence of missing values, as well as the factor structure. Second, we analyzed the performance of various imputation methods using simulated data that emulates the missing data mechanism found in the empirical database. Results: The imputation procedure originally proposed by the authors of the scale provides acceptable results, although the application of a method based on the Item Response Theory could provide greater accuracy and offers some additional advantages. Conclusions: Item Response Theory appears to be a useful tool for imputing missing data in this type of questionnaire. Resumen Comparación de métodos para el tratamiento de valores perdidos en la EPV‐R. Antecedentes: el desarrollo de un instrumento eficaz para evaluar el riesgo de violencia contra la pareja representa un tema de gran relevancia social. En el presente estudio se evalúa la escala de Predicción del Riesgo de Violencia Grave Contra la Pareja ‐Revisada‐ (EPV‐R), una herramienta desarrollada en nuestro contexto, que se enfrenta al problema de cómo tratar la elevada tasa de valores perdidos, que es usual en este tipo de escalas. Método: en primer lugar, se estudia en una muestra empírica (N = 1215) el patrón de aparición de los valores perdidos, así como la estructura factorial del EPV‐R. En segundo lugar, se analiza el funcionamiento de distintos métodos de imputación en datos simulados en los que se emula el mecanismo de pérdida de datos encontrado para la base de datos empírica. Resultados: el procedimiento de imputación originalmente propuesto por los autores de la escala ofrece resultados aceptables, si bien la aplicación de un método basado en la Teoría de la Respuesta al Ítem podría proporcionar una mayor precisión y ofrece algunas ventajas adicionales. Conclusiones: la Teoría de la Respuesta al Ítem demuestra ser una herramienta útil para la imputación de respuestas en este tipo de cuestionarios.
Mercury Exposure from Fish Consumption Within the Japanese and Korean Communities

Public health guidance pertaining to fish consumption requires that we be cognizant of the health concerns associated with eating contaminated fish and the nutritional benefits obtained from fish consumption. In doing so, a need exists for an improved understanding of the extent of contamination within various fish species consumed by populations of concern and the extent of exposure to contamination by these populations. As part of the Arsenic Mercury Intake Biometric Study involving the Japanese and Korean communities, it was possible to obtain fish intake data, determine mercury (Hg) fish tissue concentrations for various species consumed, and examine hair for Hg levels of study participants. This longitudinal study (n = 214) included 106 Japanese and 108 Korean women of childbearing age. Hair Hg levels for the two populations and weight-normalized, species-specific, individual-consumption pattern data that estimated Hg intake levels were compared with published National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. Sensitivity analyses and population-specific probabilistic assessments of exposure were conducted. The estimated Hg intake levels for the Japanese (0.09 μg/kg/d) and Koreans (0.05 μg/kg/d) were above the NHANES estimates (0.02 μg/kg/d), as were the hair Hg levels (1.23, 0.61, 0.2 ppm, respectively). Results indicate that (1) there are significant differences between the fish-species-consumption behavior of these two populations; (2) even when fish-consumption rates are equal between two populations, Hg intakes between them can vary significantly; and (3) these population and Hg intake differences present public health challenges when attempting to provide fish consumption guidance.
The Progressive Changes of Nasal Symmetry and Growth after Nasoalveolar Molding: A Three-Year Follow-Up Study

The purpose of this study was to assess the progressive changes of nasal symmetry, growth, and relapse after presurgical nasoalveolar molding and primary cheiloplasty in unilateral complete cleft lip/palate infants. Twenty-five consecutive complete unilateral cleft lip/palate infants were included. All the infants underwent nasoalveolar molding before primary cheiloplasty. Standard 1:1 ratio basilar photographs were taken before and after nasoalveolar molding, 1 week after cheiloplasty, and yearly for 3 years. Linear measurements were made directly on the photographs. The results of this study revealed that the nasal asymmetry was significantly improved after nasoalveolar molding and was further corrected to symmetry after primary cheiloplasty. After the primary cheiloplasty, the nasal asymmetry significantly relapsed in the first year postoperatively and then remained stable and well afterward. The relapse was the result of a significant differential growth between the cleft and noncleft sides in the first year postoperatively. To compensate for relapse and differential growth, the authors recommend (1) narrowing down the alveolar cleft as well as possible by nasoalveolar molding, (2) overcorrecting the nasal vertical dimension surgically, and (3) maintaining the surgical results using a nasal conformer.
[Metabonomic variation of esophageal cancer within different ethnic groups in Xinjiang, China].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the metabonomic variation between patients with esophageal cancer (EC) and healthy controls, and to analyze the variation between patients with EC. METHODS H-MR and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was performed on 108 plasma specimens from EC patients and 50 health controls, and the metabonomic variation between patients with EC and healthy controls analyzed. RESULTS OPLS-DA analysis might correctly separate all plasma specimens from health controls and patients with EC, leucine (0.0043 +/- 0.0006, 0.0040 +/- 0.0006), alanine (0.0039 +/- 0.0007, 0.0033 +/- 0.0006), isoleucine (0.0067 +/- 0.0010, 0.0063 +/- 0.0009), valine (0.0037 +/- 0.0005, 0.0035 +/- 0.0006), glycoprotein (0.0123 +/- 0.0043, 0.0102 +/- 0.0022), lactate (0.0342 +/- 0.0113, 0.0258 +/- 0.0085), acetone (0.0027 +/- 0.0023, 0.0017 +/- 0.0008), acetate (0.0007 +/- 0.0001, 0.0006 +/- 0.0001), choline (0.0035 +/- 0.0006, 0.0029 +/- 0.0007), isobutyrate (0.0020 +/- 0.0004, 0.0018 +/- 0.0003), unsaturated lipid (0.0072 +/- 0.0013, 0.0059 +/- 0.0018), VLDL (0.1209 +/- 0.0589, 0.0879 +/- 0.0269), LDL (0.0885 +/- 0.0328, 0.0785 +/- 0.0288), 1-methylhistidine (0.0005 +/- 0.0001, 0.0004 +/- 0.0005) decreased in EC patient' s plasma with statistical significance (r total > 0.27, P < 0.05), dimethylamine (0.0004 +/- 0.0001, 0.0005 +/- 0.0001), alpha-glucose (0.0079 +/- 0.0013, 0.0081 +/- 0.0016), 3-glucose (0.0139 +/- 0.0024, 0.0142 +/- 0.0029), citric acid (0.0044 +/- 0.0008, 0.0106 +/- 0.0058) increase in the EC patient's plasma (r total < -0.27, P < 0.05). There were clear variation between Han and Kazak patients, alanine (0.0031 +/- 0.0005,0.0029 +/- 0.0004), glutamine (0.0010 +/- 0.0001, 0.0009 +/- 0.0001), tyrosine (0.0009 +/- 0.0001, 0.0008 +/- 0.0001), 1-methylhistidine (0.0005 +/- 0.0001, 0.0004 +/- 0.0001) increased in the Han patients (r > 0.35, P> 0.05), carnitine (0.0028 +/- 0.0006) was higher in Kazak patients than in Han patients (0.0025 +/- 0.0004), which had statistical significance (r = - 0.40, P < 0.05). Unsaturated lipid (0.0059 +/- 0.0018, 0.0047 +/- 0.0011), isoleucine (0.0062 +/- 0.0011, 0.0058 +/- 0.0007), alanine (0. 0032 +/- 0.0007, 0.0028 +/- 0.0004), glycoprotein (0.0096 +/- 0.0019, 0.0086 +/- 0.0011), glutamine (0.0011 +/- 0.0001, 0.0009 +/- 0.0001), tyrosine (0.0009 +/- 0.0001, 0.0008 +/- 0.0001), 1-methylhistidine (0.0005 +/- 0.0001, 0.0004 +/- 0.0001) were increased in Uygur patients as compared with Kazak patients, having statistical significance (r > 0.33, P < 0.05), carnitine (0.0027 +/- 0.0005) was higher in Kazak patients than in Uygur patients (0.0025 +/- 0.0004) (r = - 0.36, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results indicate that 1H-MR spectra of plasma analyzed by OPLS-DA statistical methods might completely separate the EC patients from health controls. The metabonomic approach should be helpful in screening of EC patients.
Comments on "Tactus ≠ Tempo: Some Dissociations Between Attentional Focus, Motor Behavior, and Tempo Judgment" by Justin London

Objective measures of musical tempo are linked to a particular metrical pulse, and this is most likely true for subjective tempo as well. Therefore, tapping along with a rhythm should be predictive of relative tempo judgments. The difficulty of such judgments may lie in the choice of a particular metrical level as the referent. Multiple levels may compete and create ambiguity. Analogies are drawn with pitch perception from certain types of complex tones. Submitted 2011 January 19; accepted 2011 February 14.
Network Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine, Midazolam, Ketamine, Propofol, and Fentanyl for the Prevention of Sevoflurane-Related Emergence Agitation in Children

Sevoflurane is associated with a relatively high incidence of emergence agitation (EA) in children. Prophylactic treatment, including midazolam, dexmedetomidine, ketamine, fentanyl and propofol, has been used to prevent EA. However, the question of which prophylactic treatment should be preferred to decrease the incidence of EA is still unclear. We conducted a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to investigate the comparative efficacy of midazolam, dexmedetomidine, ketamine, fentanyl, and propofol for the prevention of sevoflurane-related EA in children. First, we used the odds ratios and 95% confidence interval as effect size. The results revealed that dexmedetomidine 0.19 (0.14–0.27), midazolam 0.22 (0.07–0.60), ketamine 0.28 (0.16–0.51), propofol 0.23 (0.10–0.53), and fentanyl 0.25 (0.17–0.36) led to a significant reduction of the incidence of EA when compared with placebo. With placebo as the standard of comparison, the degree of incoherence (a measure of how closely the entire network fits together) was small (&ohgr; = 8.66728e-08). The logor were dexmedetomidine −1.75 (−2.11 to −1.39), midazolam −1.07 (−1.54 to −0.60), ketamine −1.292 (−1.92 to −0.66), and fentanyl −1.13 (−1.56 to −0.70). When compared with dexmedetomidine, the logor were placebo 1.75 (1.39–2.11), midazolam 0.67 (0.09–1.25), ketamine 0.45 (−0.25–1.15), propofol 0.75 (0.19–1.31), and fentanyl 0.617 (0.13–1.11). When compared with ketamine, the logor were placebo 1.29 (0.66–1.92), midazolam 0.22 (−0.56 to 1.00), dexmedetomidine −0.45 (−1.15–0.25); propofol 0.29 (−0.45–1.03); and fentanyl 0.16 (−0.59–0.92). The study that showed dexmedetomidine, midazolam, ketamine, propofol, and fentanyl could significantly decrease the incidence of EA when compared with placebo. One interesting finding of this network meta-analysis is that dexmedetomidine might be the best choice to prevent EA. However, there is weak evidence that dexmedetomidine is better than ketamine for the prevention of sevoflurane-related EA in children. As a result, more studies are needed to compare dexmedetomidine with ketamine.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICA, QUÍMICA E SENSORIAL DE BISCOITOS CONFECCIONADOS COM FARINHA DE SEMENTE DE ABÓBORA (FSA) E FARINHA DE SEMENTE DE BARU (FSB) PARA CELÍACOS

Objetivou-se utilizar farinha de semente de abobora (FSA) e farinha de semente de baru (FSB) na confeccao de biscoitos para celiacos e avaliar suas propriedades fisicas, quimicas, fisico-quimicas e sensoriais. Confeccionaram-se tres tipos de biscoitos por modificacao da formulacao padrao (P), com substituicao parcial do polvilho doce pela FSA (A) e FSB (B) em 10%. As analises fisicas dos biscoitos foram determinadas pelos procedimentos descritos no metodo 10-50D da American Association of Cereal Chemists . As caracteristicas quimicas e fisico-quimicas seguiram metodologias propostas pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz. A avaliacao sensorial foi realizada por dois testes: um de aceitabilidade (teste afetivo) com escala hedonica de 9 pontos, e outro de comparacao multipla (teste discriminativo), em blocos completos balanceados casualizados. Os dados foram submetidos a analise de variância e testes de media de Tukey e de Dunnett a 5% de significância. Constatou-se que o biscoito B diferiu (p< 0,05) da formula controle, quanto a algumas caracteristicas fisicas como peso antes e pos-coccao, espessura, comprimento e largura pos-coccao. Os biscoitos diferiram (p<0,05) da formulacao controle quanto ao rendimento, volume e indice de expansao, e tambem apresentaram maior valor para umidade, cinzas, lipidios e fibras. O biscoito B teve boa aceitacao em todos os atributos. No teste discriminativo, o biscoito B obteve melhores notas. Conclui-se que a adicao parcial de FSA e FSB melhora o valor nutricional dos biscoitos, pois aumenta a fibra alimentar, proteinas, minerais e lipidios, mas, sensorialmente, o FSB apresentou melhores resultados, demonstrando a possibilidade de utilizacao dessas farinhas em formulacoes de biscoitos para celiacos, em nivel domestico e industrial. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.12957/demetra.2014. 13301
New aspects concerning ulcerative colitis and colonic carcinoma: Analysis of levels of neuropeptides, neurotrophins, and TNFalpha/TNFreceptor in plasma and mucosa in parallel with histological evaluation of the intestine

Background: The levels of neuropeptides, neurotrophins, and TNFalpha (TNF&agr;)/TNF receptor in plasma and mucosa for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and colonic carcinoma, and concerning plasma also for healthy controls, were examined. Moreover, the relationships between the different substances and the influence of mucosal derangement on the levels were analyzed. Methods: The levels of VIP, SP, CGRP, BDNF, NGF, and TNF&agr;/TNFreceptor1 were measured using ELISA/EIA. Results: Patients with UC demonstrated the highest levels of all analyzed substances in plasma, with the exception of BDNF. However, there were differences within the UC group, patients treated with corticosteroids, and/or nonsteroid antiinflammatory/immunosuppressive treatment having higher plasma levels than those not given these treatments. Patients with colonic carcinoma showed higher SP and TNFreceptor1 levels in plasma compared to healthy controls. Concerning mucosa, the levels of almost all analyzed substances were elevated for patients with UC compared to noncancerous mucosa of colonic carcinoma patients. There were correlations between many of the substances in both plasma and mucosa, especially concerning the 3 neuropeptides examined. There were also marked associations with mucosa derangement. Conclusions: Via analysis of correlations for the respective patients and via comparisons between the different patient groups, new and original information was obtained. Interestingly, the degree of mucosal affection was markedly correlated with tissue levels of the substances and the treatments were found to be of importance concerning plasma but not tissue levels of these. Combined plasma analysis of neuropeptides, neurotrophins, and TNFreceptor1 may help to distinguish UC and colonic carcinoma patients.
Low-level arginine supplementation (0.1%) of wheat-based diets in pregnancy increases the total and live-born litter sizes in gilts

The present study was conducted to test the effects of l-arginine supplementation of wheat-based diets on the pregnancy outcome of gilts. Pregnant gilts (Yorkshire × Landrace, n = 113) were assigned randomly into two groups representing dietary supplementation with 0.1% l-arginine as l-arginine-HCl or 0.17% l-alanine (isonitrogenous control) between Days 30 and 110 of pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained from the ear vein on Days 30, 70 and 90 of pregnancy. Compared with the control, arginine supplementation increased the total number of piglets born by 1.10 per litter and the number of live-born piglets by 1.10 per litter (P < 0.05). Plasma concentration of spermine was higher in gilts fed arginine diets than in those fed control diets at Day 90 of pregnancy (P < 0.05). Dietary arginine supplementation increased plasma concentration of IGF-I of gilts at Day 90 of pregnancy (P < 0.01) and plasma concentrations of arginine, proline and ornithine at Days 70 and 90 of pregnancy (P < 0.05). These results indicated that low-level supplementation (0.1%) of l-arginine–HCl of wheat-based diets beneficially enhances the reproductive performance of gilts and is feasible for use in commercial production.
Evidence for Antibody-Catalyzed Ozone Formation in Bacterial Killing and Inflammation

Recently, we showed that antibodies catalyze the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*) and water. Here, we show that this process can lead to efficient killing of bacteria, regardless of the antigen specificity of the antibody. H2O2 production by antibodies alone was found to be not sufficient for bacterial killing. Our studies suggested that the antibody-catalyzed water-oxidation pathway produced an additional molecular species with a chemical signature similar to that of ozone. This species is also generated during the oxidative burst of activated human neutrophils and during inflammation. These observations suggest that alternative pathways may exist for biological killing of bacteria that are mediated by potent oxidants previously unknown to biology.