Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accomplishing multilingual lessons: code-switching in South African rural classrooms

This study examines code-switching (CS) practices in South African rural classrooms. In particular, it studies isiXhosa, isiMpondo and English CS in Mpondoland. Its central question investigates whether or not a Conversation Analytic (CA) approach to bi/multilingual talk is a viable methodological and theoretical framework with which to explain classroom multilingualism in whole-class formats of interaction. The study examines CS practices in English Second Language (L2) and English L2-medium content lessons in two secondary schools. It draws primarily on close analysis of transcripts, but also on ethnographic knowledge of the setting, participant observation, teacher interviews, and quantitative techniques to explore the following questions: How is CS used to accomplish lessons? Can a CA approach explain observed CS practices? How is classroom bi/multilingual talk similar to and different from ordinary conversation? To what extent can observed practices be explained in terms of classroom type, viz., English-language vs. English L2-medium Social Science vs. English L2-medium Technology classroom? To what extent can patterns of CS be explained in terms of individual differences in teachers’ communicative styles and attitudes to CS? The study finds that lessons are accomplished in five patterns of language use, viz., separate/divergent bilingualism, convergent bilingualism, mixed/flexible multilingualism, isiXhosa-isiMpondo-only, and English-only. It concludes that although CA is a powerful approach for discovering how participants orient to different varieties used in classrooms and therefore for establishing what counts as language and CS in interaction, it is not, on its own, an adequate methodological and theoretical framework with which to explain what goes in multilingual classrooms. This is because the multilingual practices of classroom participants cannot be satisfactorily interpreted without reference to extra-sequential factors such as institutional goals, the roles of participants, and the broader sociolinguistic context in which their practices are embedded.
Rupture of coliform pyosalpinx in a nine-year old girl.

The authors report on an atypical clinical picture of an acute abdomen syndrome caused by the rupture of an atypically located pyosalpinx in a 9-year old girl.A perforated right-sided pyosalpinx was found at two locations, firmly adhering to a vesicouterine excavation. Right-sided salpingectomy, appendectomy, pelvic cavity lavage and drainage of the Douglas cavity were performed. The pathohistology indicated a perforated pyosalpinx and catarrhal appendicitis. On bacteriological analysis, Escherichia coli was isolated from the vaginal discharge and from the pus collected from the small pelvis.
Polymerization depths of contemporary light-curing units using microhardness.

PURPOSE This research investigated composite depths of cure using a variety of light-curing units and exposure protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS Composite (Herculite XRV, shade A2, Kerr, Orange, California) was exposed in opaque compules to conventional quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) units, soft-start units, high-intensity QTH and plasma arc (PAC) curing lights, and one argon laser. Cured compules were sonicated to remove uncured composite and were sectioned and polished along the long axis to expose cured composite. Knoop hardness was measured 0.5 mm from the irradiated, top surface and then at 1.0 mm and in 1.0-mm increments until reliable readings could no longer be obtained. Hardness values were compared by analysis of variance at similar depths within a specific curing-light classification, using the hardness of the standard 40-second conventional QTH exposure as comparison (Dunnett's t-test). Depth of cure was defined as the deepest hardness value found equivalent to that at 0.5-mm depth for a specific curing light and scenario. RESULTS Conventional QTH lights provided similar hardness profiles. At 2-mm depth, use of a different unit or curing tip made no difference in hardness compared with the standard. At this depth, soft-start (pulse-delay and step-cure) methods yielded hardness similar to that of the standard. High-intensity QTH lights provided similar hardness at 2-mm depth in 10 seconds to that of the standard 40-second exposure. Plasma arc exposure for less than 10 seconds produced inferior hardness compared with the standard. A 10-second PAC and a 5-second laser exposure gave hardness at 2-mm depth equivalent to that of the 40-second standard. Depth of cure for almost all curing scenarios was not greater than 2 mm. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Similar-type conventional QTH lights with different tip diameter (8 and 12 mm) provide similar composite cure characteristics. Soft-start techniques provide similar cure profiles to those achieved with conventional QTH technique when used according to manufacturer's recommendations. High-intensity QTH units and the argon laser can reduce exposure time while providing composite with similar hardness to that of conventional QTH curing. Plasma arc exposure should be at least of 10 seconds duration to provide hardness equivalent to that achieved with conventional 40-second QTH exposure. Even with consideration of high-intensity curing units, composite increments should still be no greater than 2 mm to provide homogeneous hardness.
Essays on Information and Markets

This thesis provides new equilibrium existence results for markets with information asymmetries and relates them in a novel way to the role of economic intermediation. Under atomless uncertainty, single market linear price equilibria are known not to exist prevalently even when agents are risk averse expected utility maximizers. The notion of prevalence involves essentially picking an economy at random. Bypassing the nonexistence problem is one of the achievements of the nonlinear price decentralization theory. This thesis contributes by reconciling the nonlinear price decentralization theory to a large extent with certain competitive market structures. We do this in Chapter 1 by defining linear price equilibrium with multiple markets and establishing its existence. Each market has its own price vector (linear functional), and agents’ involvement in various markets is heterogeneous. As a result, price differences across markets may prevail in equilibrium. We present an example in which single market linear price equilibrium does not exist but certain corresponding equilibrium with two markets does. Our equilibrium with multiple markets has a more standard economic interpretation than equilibrium with nonlinear prices used in nonlinear decentralization theory. Our framework can potentially accommodate even more nonlinearities if economic intermediaries are explicitly introduced into the model. Despite the nonexistence problem, single market linear price equilibrium with infinitely many states is still known to exist under restrictive assumptions on the information structure. In Chapter 2, we introduce two new results on the existence of single market linear price (Radner) equilibrium with infinitely many states under economically meaningful conditions. Our first result requires that agents have independent information, while the second assumes that the total endowment of the economy is common knowledge. In Chapter 3, we explore how economic agents can test the scope of their knowledge and, in particular, the informational content of equilibrium prices under asymmetric information. We show that one can go far in arguing that equilibrium prices tend to be fully revealing.
Income inequality in America : an analysis of trends

1. The Income Distribution: Incomes as Outcomes: Popular Impressions, One's Position in the Income Distribution, How the Income Distribution Changes, Summary. 2. Concepts and Methods of Inequality: Measuring Income and Income Inequality, Data and Data Issues, Conclusion. 3. Inequality in the Post-World War II: An Overview, 1947 to 1973: Rapid Income Growth, Stable Income Inequality, 1973-1996: Slow Income Growth, Rising Inequality, Trends in Other Indicators, Summing Up. 4. Trends in Earnings and Earnings Inequality The Changing Nature of the Labor Market, Trends in Labor Market Earnings, Growing Inequality in the Earnings Distribution, Characteristics of High Earners and Low Earners, A Final Comment. 5. Suggested Causes of Growing Inequality: The Public's View and the Economists' View, Early Explanations, Relative Wage Differences, Growing Inequality Within Groups, Trade vs. Technology, From Labor Market Earnings to Household Income, No Simple Explanations. 6. Inequality Before 1950: Some Economic History, Earnings and Wage Inequality, Income Inequality, Discussion. 7. International Comparison: The Emerging World Economy, Measuring Inequality Across Nations, Cross-National Studies of Inequality, Closing Remarks. 8. The Future: How Much More inequality? Can the Trend Level Off? An Improved Perspective on Inequality. Appendixes: A. Inequality Measures B. Changes in the Current Population Survey C. Statistics.
Spatial Modulation Exploited in Non-Reciprocal Two-Way Relay Channels: Efficient Protocols and Capacity Analysis

In this paper, the concept of spatial modulation is exploited in two-way relay channels, where two single-antenna source terminals exchange information through an assisting multi-antenna relay node, and thereby two novel transmission strategies are proposed based on the decode-and-forward protocol, aiming to achieve high throughput. One strategy is to simply engage spatial modulation in the transmissions of the relay node, whereas the other is to develop transmit diversity with spatial modulation for further benefiting from the feature of two-way relaying. Neither of the strategies requires channel state information at the transmitter and, therefore, the assumption of channel reciprocity that is commonly used in two-way relay channels can be released herein. To evaluate the performance of both proposed strategies, their capacity behaviors are analyzed and numerical comparisons are established in the metrics of achievable rate region and sum-rate. Subsequently, the first strategy, simple spatial modulation, is generalized into the two-way relaying with multi-antenna source terminals to improve the flexibility in system design and demonstrate the tractability of spatial modulation. Illustrative discussions on bit error rate not only substantiate the validity of the proposed strategies but also provide useful tools for the two-way relaying layout without the restriction of channel reciprocity.
Work integrated learning benefits for student career prospects - mixed mode analysis

Work integrated learning (WIL) aims to strategically inspire students to embrace prospective future careers, thereby contributing to economic innovation and growth. Higher Education is mandated to integrate WIL into curricula and qualifications in order to promote student career development. This is an invaluable opportunity for academics to not only integrate theory and practice, but to expose graduates-to-be to the world of work and assess their experiential learning. Most academics seem to shy away from WIL implementation due to perceived increase in workload, denying themselves and their students the benefits of WIL, especially for student career prospects. This empirical article reports on a transdisciplinary exploration into the benefits of two discipline-specific WIL projects using a mixed model analysis approach. A comparative, triangulated study of the Marketing qualitative and Human Resource quantitative data reveals that the students enjoy their WIL experience, gain additional knowledge and skills, and are exposed to various career opportunities.
VideoGIS data retrieval based on multi-feature fusion

With the rapid development of smart cities and the advance of city safety and defense demands, the question that how to accurately discover and retrieve the data that users request from VideoGIS data faces a series of bottleneck problems. VideoGIS data retrieval is one of the important ways to solve above problems. In order to accelerate the rate of feature matching and improve the efficiency of the video retrieval, a new method of VideoGIS data retrieval based on multi-feature fusion is proposed in this paper. The method firstly use video frame difference based on Euclidean distance to extract the key frames under the spatial and temporal sampling of the video. On the basis of this, the global features (e.g. color, shape, texture) are fused by different weighted coefficients, then the feature vector, as the video multi-feature fusion representation, can be constructed by fusing the global features and local features. Based on the multi-feature fusion, correlation between video features is made full use. Compared with the method of single feature and two-feature fusion, the experimental results indicate that the proposed retrieval method has better retrieval effect.
Knowing, Doing, and Becoming: Professional Identity Construction among Public Affairs Doctoral Students

Abstract Public administration scholars have long examined how doctoral students in public affairs are trained to become researchers. Our study adds to this body of knowledge by examining socialization and professional identity construction processes among doctoral students conducting public affairs research. We develop a multilevel model of the organizational, relational, and individual level tactics through which they learn to become researchers. In particular, our study offers insight into the interactions between students and faculty that contribute to their development, as well as into students’ own proactivity. Our study uses interview data from doctoral students in multiple disciplines who are conducting research in public affairs. We conclude with a discussion of our model and recommendations for doctoral programs.
Comparative evaluation of the immunogenicity of combined hepatitis A and B vaccine by a prospective and retrospective trial

In the past, immunogenicity of hepatitis A and B vaccines needed to be questioned in persons of advanced age, especially in those of 40 years and older. We performed a comparative multicenter prospective and retrospective study with the combined hepatitis A and B vaccine Twinrix® to identify factors influencing the results of the vaccination in a population of all age groups. Out of 489 subjects enrolled, 241 were vaccinated in a prospective study (group 1) and 248 subjects in a retrospective study (group 2) in 17 German centers with median age of 40.1 (14-79) years. Following three applications of the combined hepatitis A/B vaccine we found 96.2% with protective antibodies against HAV and 88.7% were protected against HBV. With increasing age the subjects developed decreasing anti-HBs antibody levels whereas the seroprotection rate was significantly reduced by age (p
Online Geocoding Services: A Benchmarking Analysis to Some European Cities

Geocoding is the computational process that allows to transforming an address of a place into a location on the Earth's surface using geographic coordinates. The quality of geocoding have a relevant importance in spatial analysis. Furthermore, in recent years we seen an enormous spread of Web technologies that involved a growing number of users. At the same time have been born many Online Geocoding Service that support the increasingly WebGIS consumer applications. For these reasons, we present GFgeocoder, a tool based on a methodology capable to benchmark efficiently Online Geocoding Services. GFgeocoder analyzes geocoding result obtained by some Online Geocoding Services. The tool is written in Java language and it allow to make parallel requests to the Online Geocoding Services, passing in input the files containing strings of addresses. We used as input results of geocoding strings of addresses, published by some European local governments in their open data portals.
Risk estimation of second primary cancers after breast radiotherapy

Abstract Aims: There is evidence towards the induction of second primary cancers (SPCs) after breast radiotherapy (RT). Organs, such as the lungs and the esophagus, have been identified as common sites for SPC formation. As a result, the current study investigated the risk of secondary carcinogenesis associated with particular RT techniques for breast cancer; including whole breast, segmented breast, partial breast and mammosite brachytherapy. Methods: In this study, seven breast cancer patients had all major organs contoured on their planning computed tomography (CT) images. Whole breast, segmented breast, accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) and mammosite boost treatment plans were generated for each patient using Pinnacle3 treatment planning system. Differential dose-volume histograms were generated for a number of critical structures: bladder, brain and central nervous system (CNS), breast, colon, liver, lung, mouth and pharynx, esophagus, ovary, salivary gland, small intestine, stomach, and uterus. The lifetime attributed risk (LAR) of cancer induction was estimated using the Schneider et al. excess absolute risk models and dose-volume histograms for the above organs. Results: The sites with the highest LAR estimates were the ipsilateral and contralateral lungs, and contralateral breast for all treatment techniques. For all sites, the LAR estimates for the segmented breast and mammosite treatments were lower than those for the whole breast and APBI treatments. For right-sided target volumes the liver also resulted in high LAR estimates, with all techniques having a LAR greater than 20 per 10 000 person-years (PY), except for mammosite with a mean LAR estimate of 13.2 per 10 000 PY. For left-sided target volumes the stomach also resulted in high LAR estimates, with both whole breast and APBI having a LAR greater than 20 per 10 000 PY, and mammosite the lowest with a LAR of 8.3 per 10 000 PY. Conclusion: It is concluded that the lungs and contralateral breast showed high LAR estimates.
Intraspecific variation of venom injected by fish-hunting Conus snails

SUMMARY Venom peptides from two species of fish-hunting cone snails (Conus striatus and Conus catus) were characterized using microbore liquid chromatography coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization-ion trap-mass spectrometry. Both crude venom isolated from the venom duct and injected venom obtained by milking were studied. Based on analysis of injected venom samples from individual snails, significant intraspecific variation (i.e. between individuals) in the peptide complement is observed. The mixture of peptides in injected venom is simpler than that in the crude duct venom from the same snail, and the composition of crude venom is more consistent from snail to snail. While there is animal-to-animal variation in the peptides present in the injected venom, the composition of any individual's injected venom remains relatively constant over time in captivity. Most of the Conus striatus individuals tested injected predominantly a combination of two neuroexcitatory peptides (s4a and s4b), while a few individuals had unique injected-venom profiles consisting of a combination of peptides, including several previously characterized from the venom duct of this species. Seven novel peptides were also putatively identified based on matches of their empirically derived masses to those predicted by published cDNA sequences. Profiling injected venom of Conus catus individuals using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry demonstrates that intraspecific variation in the mixture of peptides extends to other species of piscivorous cone snails. The results of this study imply that novel regulatory mechanisms exist to select specific venom peptides for injection into prey.
Comparative development of fiber in wild and cultivated cotton

SUMMARY One of the most striking examples of plant hairs is the single‐celled epidermal seed trichome of cultivated cotton. The developmental morphology of these commercial “fibers” has been well‐characterized in Gossypium hirsutum, but little is known about the pattern and tempo of fiber development in wild Gossypium species, all of which have short, agronomically inferior fiber. To identify developmental differences that account for variation in fiber length, and to place these differences in a phylogenetic context, we conducted SEM studies of ovules at and near the time of flowering, and generated growth curves for cultivated and wild diploid and tetraploid species. Trichome initiation was found to be similar in all taxa, with few notable differences in trichome density or early growth. Developmental profiles of the fibers of most wild species are similar, with fiber elongation terminating at about two weeks post‐anthesis. In contrast, growth is extended to three weeks in the A‐ and F‐genome diploids. This prolonged elongation period is diagnosed as a key evolutionary event in the origin of long fiber. A second evolutionary innovation is that absolute growth rate is higher in species with long fibers. Domestication of species is associated with a further prolongation of elongation at both the diploid and allopolyploid levels, suggesting the effects of parallel artificial selection. Comparative analysis of fiber growth curves lends developmental support to previous quantitative genetic suggestions that genes for fiber “improvement” in tetraploid cotton were contributed by the agronomically inferior D‐genome diploid parent.
Disarming the mustard oil bomb

Plants are attacked by a broad array of herbivores and pathogens. In response, plants deploy an arsenal of defensive traits. In Brassicaceae, the glucosinolate–myrosinase complex is a sophisticated two-component system to ward off opponents. However, this so-called “mustard oil bomb” is disarmed by a glucosinolate sulfatase of a crucifer specialist insect, diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Sulfatase activity of this enzyme largely prevents the formation of toxic hydrolysis products arising from this plant defense system. Importantly, the enzyme acts on all major classes of glucosinolates, thus enabling diamondback moths to use a broad range of cruciferous host plants.