Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have greater muscle strength irrespective of body composition

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare metabolic parameters, body composition (BC) and muscle strength of women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This was a case–control study that evaluated 40 women with PCOS and 40 controls. Androgens and insulin resistance were measured. BC was based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Isometric handgrip and maximal dynamic muscle strength (1-RM) strength tests were performed. Median total testosterone (p < 0.01), free androgen index (p < 0.01), insulin (p < 0.01) and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (p = 0.02) were higher and sex hormone binding globulin (SBHG) (p = 0.04) was lower in the PCOS group. Normoweight women with PCOS had higher percentages of android body fat. However, the prevalence of android fat distribution was higher in the PCOS than in the control group (p = 0.04). The strength 1-RM in bench press (p < 0.01), muscle strength relative to lean muscle mass in the dominant lower limb (p = 0.04) and isometric handgrip strength tests (p = 0.03) was higher in the PCOS group. PCOS was a determinant of strength in the bench press exercise (p = 0.04). The hyperandrogenism was a predictor of increased strength in biceps curl exercises (p = 0.03) in the dominant lower limb (p = 0.02) and isometric handgrip strength (p = 0.03). In conclusion, women with PCOS have greater muscle strength and a higher prevalence of central obesity, but no difference in BC. Muscle strength may be related to high androgen levels in these women.
Cultivating Positive Attitudes and Higher Achievement in Middle Level Mathematics and Science

Prior articles in this column (Irvin, 2004) discussed the far-reaching influence of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 (2002) that prescribes performance accountability of all members of the school community. Due in part to requirements of NCLB, students’ learning is generally judged on the basis of one standardized test per year. Teachers are evaluated on the basis of static criteria, including appropriate licensure area, participation in professional development, and academic degree. While all of these criteria are informative, none address the dynamics of the classroom environment that have the capacity to influence student success or failure. Positive classroom environments in which students and teachers have the freedom to explore ideas, ask questions, and synthesize personal understanding have the potential to cultivate academic achievement and lifelong interest in disciplines such as mathematics and science. Standards documents in science (National Research Council, 1996) and mathematics (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2000) are designed for all students. However, standardized test scores in these two areas are lagging behind achievement levels in reading and writing. While some middle grades classrooms have implemented student-centered approaches to teaching mathematics and science, many classrooms rely on traditional approaches such as presenting vast bodies of factual information and neglecting to make connections between important concepts and the interests and experiences of students. Research indicates, however, that by implementing authentic pedagogy, academic press, and a positive classroom climate, teachers can cultivate both achievement and interest in science and mathematics.
1 1 Protein kinase C coordinates histone H 3 phosphorylation and acetylation 2 3 4

1 Protein kinase C coordinates histone H3 phosphorylation and acetylation 2 3 4 Zoulfia Darieva, Aaron Webber, Stacey Warwood, and Andrew D. Sharrocks 5 6 Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford 7 Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. 8 Corresponding author: A.D. Sharrocks 9 10 11 A.D. Sharrocks 12 Tel: 0044-161 275 5979 13 Fax: 0044-161 275 5082 14 E-mail: a.d.sharrocks@manchester.ac. uk 15 16 17 Running title: Pkc1 integrates H3 histone modifications. 18 19
Controlled trial comparing the efficacy of 88% phenol versus 10% sodium hydroxide for chemical matricectomy in the management of ingrown toenail.

BACKGROUND Partial nail avulsion with lateral chemical matricectomy is the treatment of choice for ingrown toenails. Phenol (88%) is the most widely used chemical agent but prolonged postoperative drainage and collateral damage are common. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 10% has fewer side-effects. METHODS Adult, consenting patients with ingrown toenails were alternately allocated into two treatment groups in the order of their joining the study, to receive either 88% phenol (Group 1, n = 26) or 10% NaOH (Group 0, n = 23) chemical matricectomy. The patients as well as the statistician were blinded to the agent being used. Post-procedure follow-up evaluated median duration of pain, discharge, and healing along with recurrence, if any, in both the groups. The group wise data was statistically analyzed. RESULTS Both the groups responded well to treatment with the median duration of postoperative pain being 7.92 days in Group 0 and 16.25 days in Group 1 (P < 0.202). Postoperative discharge continued for a median period of 15.42 days (Group 0) and 18.13 days (Group 1) (P < 0.203). The tissue condition normalized in 7.50 days (Group 0) and 15.63 days (Group 1) (P < 0.007). LIMITATIONS Limited postsurgical follow up of 6 months is a limitation of the study. CONCLUSION Chemical matricectomy using NaOH is as efficacious as phenolisation, with the advantage of faster tissue normalization.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN PAKISTAN

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Pakistan is one of the major external sources of funding to meet obligations of resources gap and goal achievement. FDI has played a vital role in the economic growth of Pakistan. FDI contributed significantly in the human resources development, capital formation, and organizational and managerial skills of the people in the country. Total foreign investment was $ 6.0 billion, of which FDI amounted to $ 4.16 billion in the year 2007. The present research study empirically analyzed the impact of FDI on Pakistani imports and exports through time series data. The study applied the Unit Roots test to check the stationarity of the data series used in the analysis. Cointegration technique was used to analyze the long run relationship among the variables. Error Correction Model was used for further analysis. The results of the import model showed that FDI positively impacted real demand for imports in the short run and in the long run. In case of one percent increase in FDI; real demand for import would increase by 0.08 percent in the short-run and 0.52 in the long run. The results of export model showed that FDI has negative relation with real exports in the short-run and positive relation in the long run. The export model estimations indicated that with one percent increase in FDI, real export decreased by -0.08 percent in the short-run and increased by 1.62 percent in the long run.
The effect of light on the tricarboxylic Acid cycle in green leaves: I. Relative rates of the cycle in the dark and the light.

Excised green leaves of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus L. var. Mungo) were used to determine the effect of light on the rate of endogenous respiration via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Illumination with white light at an intensity of 0.043 gram calories cm(-2)min(-1) (approximately 8600 lux) of visible radiation (400-700 nm) gave a rate of apparent photosynthesis, measured as net CO(2) uptake, of 21 mg CO(2) dm(-2)hr(-1) which was about 11-fold greater than the rate of dark respiration. The feeding of (14)CO(2) or (14)C-labeled acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the dark for 2 hours was established as a suitable method for labeling mitochondrial pools of cycle intermediates.At a concentration of 0.1 mm 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, apparent photosynthesis was inhibited 82%, and the refixation of (14)CO(2) derived internally from endogenous respiration was largely prevented. In the presence of this inhibitor endogenous respiration, measured as (14)CO(2) evolution, continued in the light at a rate comparable to that in the dark. Consequently, under these conditions light-induced nonphotosynthetic processes have no significant effect on endogenous dark respiration. Inhibitors of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, malonate and fluoroacetate, were used to determine the relative rates of carbon flux through the cycle in the dark and in the light by measuring the rate of accumulation of (14)C in either succinate or citrate. Results were interpreted to indicate that the tricarboxylic acid cycle functions in the light at a rate similar to that in the dark except for a brief initial inhibition on transition from dark to light. Evidence was obtained that succinate dehydrogenase as well as aconitase, was inhibited in the presence of fluoroacetate.
The Political Economy of State Failure

Rapid decolonization created many arbitrary countries. In contrast to those states which had emerged through a quasi-Darwinian process of selection, some of these new countries had structural characteristics which gravely impeded the provision of public goods. Their lack of a unifying sense of shared identity made cooperation difficult, and their tiny economic size left them unable to reap scale economies. Two public goods, security and accountability, are particularly important for development and so, where they could not be provided, states failed. The cause of a problem is not necessarily a guide to its solution: Darwinian struggle among failing states is not something to be encouraged. Solutions lie partly in a phase of international provision of the key public goods, partly in enhanced regional pooling of sovereignty, and partly in institutional innovation to make the domestic provision of public goods less demanding of the state. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Coping Behavior of International Late Adolescent Students in Selected Australian Educational Institutions

Using the Adolescent Coping Scale, ACS (Frydenberg & Lewis, 1993) we surveyed 45 randomly selected foreign adolescents in Australian schools. The coping strategies used most by the participants were: focus on solving the problem; seeking relaxing diversions; focusing on the positive; seeking social support; worry; seeking to belong; investing in close friends; wishful thinking; and keep to self (Table 4). With regard to coping styles, the most widely used was the productive coping followed by non-productive coping while the least used style was reference to others (Table 4). In terms of both genders the four coping strategies used most often were: work hard to achieve; seeking relaxing diversions; focus on solving the problem; and focus on the positive (Table 5). The most noticeable gender difference was the use of the physical recreation coping strategy in which male students engaged more (Fig 1). The usage of four coping strategies (solving problem; work hard; focus on positive; and social support) was higher for students who have been away from family more than once as compared to those who have been away once only while the usage of seeking relaxing diversions was higher for the first timers (Table 6). No significant differences were obtained on the sample’s performance on the ACS subscales by gender (Table 7), frequency of leaving own country (Table 8), country of origin (Table 9), and length of stay in Australia (Table 11). However, foundation students scored significantly higher on the reference to others variable than their secondary school peers (Table 10). We recommended counseling for students with high support needs and further large-scale mixed-methods research to gain additional insights.
Regulation of anaerobic citrate metabolism in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Three enzymes are specifically required for uptake and catabolism of citrate by Klebsiella pneumoniae under anaerobic conditions: a Na+‐dependent citrate carrier (CitS), citrate lyase (CitDEF), and the Na+ pump oxalo‐acetate decarboxylase (OadGAB). The corresponding genes are clustered on the chromosome, with the citCDEFG genes located upstream and divergent to the citS—oadGAB genes. We found that expression of citS from its native promoter in Escherichia coli requires the DNA region downstream of oadB. Nucleotide sequence analysis of this region revealed the presence of two adjacent genes, citA and citB, By sequence similarity, the predicted CitA and CitB proteins were identified as members of the two‐component regulatory systems. The sensor kinase CitA contained, in the N‐terminal half, two putative transmembrane helices which enclosed a presumably periplasmic domain of about 130 amino acids. The C‐terminal half of the response regulator CitB harboured a helix‐turn‐helix motif typical of DNA‐binding proteins. K. pneumoniaecitB null mutants were unable to grow anaerobically with citrate as the sole carbon and energy source (Cit− phenotype). When cultivated anaerobically with citrate plus glycerol, all of the citrate‐specific fermentation enzymes were synthesized in the wild type, but not in the citB mutants. This showed that citS, oadGAB and citDEF required the CitB protein for expression and therefore are part of a regulon. In the wild type, synthesis of CitS, oxalo‐acetate decarboxylase and citrate lyase was dependent on the presence of citrate, sodium ions and a low oxygen tension. In a citA null mutant which expressed citB constitutively at high levels, none of these signals was required for the formation of the citrate fermentation enzymes. This result suggested that citrate, Na+, and oxygen exerted their regulatory effects via the CitA/CitB system. In the presence of these signals, the citAB gene products induced their own synthesis. The positive autoregulation occurred via co‐transcription of citAB with citS and oadGAB.
Bacteria in the ECHAM5-HAM global climate model

Abstract. Some bacteria are among the most active ice nuclei found in nature due to the ice nucleation active proteins on their surface, which serve as active sites for ice nucleation. Their potential impact on clouds and precipitation is not well known and needs to be investigated. Bacteria as a new aerosol species were introduced into the global climate model (GCM) ECHAM5-HAM. The inclusion of bacteria acting as ice nuclei in a GCM leads to only minor changes in cloud formation and precipitation on a global level, however, changes in the liquid water path and ice water path are simulated, specifically in the boreal regions where tundra and forests act as sources of bacteria. Although bacteria contribute to heterogeneous freezing, their impact is reduced by their low numbers compared to other heterogeneous IN. This result confirms the outcome of several previous studies.
A validated decision model for treating the anaemia of myelodysplastic syndromes with erythropoietin + granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor: significant effects on quality of life

Summary. We have published previously a prototype of a decision model for anaemic patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), in which transfusion need and serum erythropoietin (S‐Epo) were used to define three groups with different probabilities of erythroid response to treatment with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) + Epo. S‐Epo ≤ 500 U/l and a transfusion need of < 2 units/month predicted a high probability of response to treatment, S‐Epo > 500 U/l and ≥ 2 units/month for a poor response, whereas the presence of only one negative prognostic marker predicted an intermediate response. A total of 53 patients from a prospective study were included in our evaluation sample. Patients with good or intermediate probability of response were treated with G‐CSF + Epo. The overall response rate was 42% with 28·3% achieving a complete and 13·2% a partial response to treatment. The response rates were 61% and 14% in the good and intermediate predictive groups respectively. The model retained a significant predictive value in the evaluation sample (P < 0·001). Median duration of response was 23 months. Scores for global health and quality of life (QOL) were significantly lower in MDS patients than in a reference population, and fatigue and dyspnoea was significantly more prominent. Global QOL improved in patients responding to treatment (P = 0·01). The validated decision model defined a subgroup of patients with a response rate of 61% (95% confidence interval 48–74%) to treatment with G‐CSF + Epo. The majority of these patients have shown complete and durable responses.
A field investigation of homeless men in Stockholm.

While the population explosion continues to dominate the headlines, professional demographers retain a more academic interest in under-population and its causation. The author of this monograph identifies five causal factors genetics, nutritional deficiencies, physical diseases, environmental forces and, less predictably, psychopathology because of its importance as a 'fecundity depressant'. Among the conditions discussed in his review are sexual disorders, psychoses, emotional stress, alcoholism and the abuse of drugs, including nicotine. While admitting that the quality of the data too often permits of no more than 'a preliminary effort in the quest for a definitive, quantitative evaluation', McFalls succeeds in making a strong case for further research.
Atypical mycobacterial pulmonary disease and bronchial obstruction in HIV‐negative children

Atypical mycobacterial infection in HIV‐negative children usually presents with cervical lymphadenopathy. We report on 10 children who are HIV‐negative and who presented with pulmonary disease, in whom either culture‐proven atypical mycobacterium infection (four), positive avian Mantoux test (five), or lack of response to human tuberculosis treatment (one) had been observed. One case was subsequently diagnosed as chronic granulomatous disease and illustrates that children with atypical mycobacterial pulmonary infection should have their immune status fully investigated. Bronchial obstruction was observed in eight cases, and of these, endobronchial disease was found in six children. The diagnosis of atypical mycobacterial disease is difficult, and a negative avian Mantoux test does not exclude the diagnosis. The availability of clarithromycin and rifabutin has offered new therapeutic options in treating atypical mycobacterial pulmonary infection, but management of these cases can be prolonged and difficult. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998; 26:380–388. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laws and Codes for the Resource Curse

The international community assigns a high priority to helping impoverished societies, yet its efforts are currently lopsided. While it spends around U.S. $ 100 billion on aid and provides over 100,000 UN peacekeepers, to date it has largely neglected the potential of international codes and laws to raise standards of economic governance. This Essay analyzes the potential contribution of such codes and laws to increase the development impact of natural resource revenues. The current commodity booms make this a critical opportunity for assistance. This Essay reviews the evidence on the resource curse and its causes, including a prognosis for the long term consequences of the present commodity booms, concluding that where behavior patterns to stay unaltered the present booms would be a missed opportunity of quite staggering proportions. The Essay then anatomizes the decision process by which valuable natural resources in the territory of the society are harnessed for economic growth that benefits the society, delineating five key decisions and considering, for each, whether past failures were predominantly due to mistakes or to misaligned incentives. Next, the Essay turns to the scope for new international voluntary codes and discusses the potential need for new laws, the national promulgation of which would be coordinated across the OECD analogous to anti-bribery legislation. Such laws are difficult to introduce and so are a last-resort approach for the realignment of incentives.
Retinoic acid-induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells is mediated directly through the retinoic acid receptor (RAR-alpha)

Retinoic acid (RA) induces terminal granulocytic differentiation of the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line as well as certain other human myeloid leukemias. Specific RA receptors that are members of the steroid-thyroid hormone superfamily of nuclear transcription factors have recently been identified. We developed an HL-60 subclone that was relatively resistant to RA-induced differentiation. Specific nuclear RA receptors in this RA-resistant subclone had a decreased affinity for RA and exhibited a lower molecular weight compared with nuclear RA receptors from the RA-sensitive parental HL-60 cells. Retroviral vector-mediated transduction of a single copy of the RA receptor (RAR-alpha) into this RA-resistant HL-60 subclone restored the sensitivity of these cells to RA. These observations indicate that RAR-alpha plays a critical and central role in mediating RA-induced terminal differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells.
Diet-induced improvement of abnormalities in insulin and glucagon secretion and in insulin receptor binding in diabetes mellitus.

Abstract The effect of weight loss and caloric restriction on plasma glucose concentration, insulin and glucagon secretion in response to oral and iv glucose and arginine infusions, and insulin binding to mononuclear cell receptors was examined in 10 subjects with newly diagnosed maturity-onset diabetes mellitus [DM; fasting plasma glucose, 260 ± 8 mg/dl (mean ± SE)] and in 10 nondiabetic control subjects. Initially, the insulin response to glucose was absent in the DM subjects, but a distinct response occurred after iv arginine (P < 0.001). Caloric restriction and weight loss led to restoration of normal fasting plasma glucose levels in the DM patients (98 ± 4 mg/dl; P < 0.001) and little change in the control subjects. Serum insulin levels in response to glucose in DM increased significantly after weight loss compared to initial values (P < 0.01) but showed no change in response to arginine. In contrast, in the control subjects, the serum insulin responses to glucose decreased significantly (P < 0.05).
Polynomial‐time algorithms for solving a class of critical node problems on trees and series‐parallel graphs

We examine variants of the critical node problem on specially structured graphs, which aim to identify a subset of nodes whose removal will maximally disconnect the graph. These problems lie at the intersection of network interdiction and graph theory research and are relevant to several practical optimization problems. The two different connectivity metrics that we consider regard the number of maximal connected components (which we attempt to maximize) and the largest component size (which we attempt to minimize). We develop optimal polynomial‐time dynamic programming algorithms for solving these problems on tree structures and on series‐parallel graphs, corresponding to each graph‐connectivity metric. We also extend our discussion by considering node deletion costs, node weights, and solving the problems on generalizations of tree structures. Finally, we demonstrate the computational efficacy of our approach on randomly generated graph instances. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012