Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Car sick.

The automobile is currently seen as the most desirable mode of transportation. However, this view needs to be changed since the proliferation of the automobile worldwide is leading to the poisoning of the environment and people. In the US the number of passenger cars grew 51% between 1971-86 and in the noncommunist industrialized community that figure is 71%. The gasoline and diesel fuel used to power the overwhelming majority of cars creates a variety of problems. The pollution is estimated to have a hidden cost of US $. 80/gallon. Others estimate that the pollution causes 30,000 premature deaths annually just in the US. 75% of the carbon monoxide (CO), 48% of nitrogen oxides (NO2), 13% of particulates (P), and 3% of sulfur (S) emissions come from cars in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which includes the US, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. 17% of all worldwide carbon dioxide (CO2) emission comes from the production and use of fossil fuels for cars. The single biggest problem associated with cars is the photochemical smog they create in urban areas. In 1986 75 million Americans lived in areas that failed to meet national air quality standards for CO, P, and ozone (03). The only area of major improvement has been the removal of lead from gasoline. It was known to cause problems from the beginning of its use in the 1920s, but remained for 50 years because of auto and oil company pressure. Ground 03 is estimated by the US government to cost US $4 billion in annual losses, just for corn, wheat, soybeans, and peanuts. Acid rain is the other major problem associated with cars, and its damage is estimated at US $5 billion annually. Both these problems are shortterm, their effects occur immediately; the longterm disadvantage is the build up of CO2 and its contribution to the greenhouse effect. While the US is at the forefront of regulation and many other countries are modeling their emission regulations after the US, the current system will not result in clean air. The government must not be guided by the auto and oil industries when determining the regulations to make the air clean.
What Might the Next Emerging-Market Financial Crisis Look Like?

This paper addresses the following question: If a financial crisis affecting a group of emerging economies were to take place sometime over the next three years, where would the crisis likely originate, how could it be transmitted to other economies, and which economies would be most affected by particular transmission or contagion mechanisms? A set of indicators is presented to gauge the vulnerability of individual emerging economies to various shocks, including a slowdown in import demand in both China and the United States, a fall in primary commodity prices, increased costs and lower availability of external financing, alternative patterns of exchange rate changes, and pressures operating on monetary and fiscal policies in emerging economies.
Antibiotic permeation across the OmpF channel: modulation of the affinity site in the presence of magnesium.

We characterize the rate-limiting interaction of the antibiotic enrofloxacin with OmpF, a channel from the outer cell wall of Escherichia coli . Reconstitution of a single OmpF trimer into planar lipid membranes allows measurement of the ion current through the channel. Penetration of antibiotics causes ion current blockages, and their frequency allows a conclusion on the kinetics of channel entry and exit. In contrast to other antibiotics, enrofloxacin is able to block the OmpF channel for several milliseconds, reflecting high affinities comparable to substrate-specific channels such as the maltodextrin-specific maltoporin. Surprisingly, the presence of a divalent ion such as Mg(2+) leads to fast flickering with an increase in the rates of association and dissociation. All-atom computer modeling provides the most probable pathway able to identify the relevant rate-limiting interaction during antibiotic permeation. Mg(2+) has a high affinity for the aspartic acid at the 113 position (D113) in the center of the OmpF intracellular binding site. Therefore, the presence of Mg(2+) reverses the charge and enrofloxacin may cross the constriction region in its favorable orientation with the carboxylic group first.
Climate Change and Asset Prices - Evidence on Market Inefficiency in Europe

There is an emerging consensus that the threat of global warming, as well as regulatory and market initiatives for the reduction of GHG-emissions, result in significant costs for companies today and in the future. The magnitude of these costs is unknown to investors and transforms climate change into a market-wide financial risk. An efficient stock market prices this risk and rewards investors with higher returns for assuming higher levels of systematic risk. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the efficiency of stock markets with regard to climate change induced systematic risk. To that end, a Carhart 4 Factor Model extended for industry effects is applied to a sample of 433 European companies in the years 2005 to 2009. This research thus contributes to the understanding of the behaviour of stock prices towards the financial implications of climate change. Results indicate that the stock market was inefficient in pricing all six proxies for climate change induced systematic risk applied in this study, i.e. a company's affiliation to the European Emissions Trading Scheme or high carbon industries, the existence of disclosure of GHG-emissions, the completeness of such disclosures, the absolute level GHG-emissions and GHG-efficiency. Persistent economically and statistically significant arbitrage opportunities exist when trading on publicly available information concerning these proxies. In this evidenced state of market inefficiency, investors are not rewarded for assuming higher levels of climate change induced systematic risk, but instead can achieve abnormal risk-adjusted returns by exploiting the inefficiently priced positive effects of (complete) climate change disclosure and good corporate climate change performance in the short-term. In conclusion, the financial market did not fulfil its role to correctly allocate ownership of the economy's capital stock with regard to the risk induced by the financial implications of climate change during the time period analysed in this study.
Multiple sensory modalities used by squid in successful predator evasion throughout ontogeny

ABSTRACT Squid rely on multiple sensory systems for predator detection. In this study we examine the role of two sensory systems, the lateral line analogue and vision, in successful predator evasion throughout ontogeny. Squid Doryteuthis pealeii and Lolliguncula brevis were recorded using high-speed videography in the presence of natural predators under light and dark conditions with their lateral line analogue intact or ablated via a pharmacological technique. Paralarval squid showed reduced escape responses when ablated; however, no differences were found between light and dark conditions in non-ablated paralarvae, as was previously shown in juveniles and adults, indicating that the lateral line analogue is integral for predator detection early in life. However, vision does play a role in survival because ablated squid in dark conditions had lower levels of survival than all other treatments. Throughout ontogeny, squid oriented themselves anteriorly towards the oncoming predator, maximizing sensory input to the lateral line analogue system and providing better positioning for tail-first escape jetting, the preferred escape mode. Ablated juveniles and adults had lower response times, escape velocities and peak acceleration than non-ablated individuals, indicating that the lateral line analogue enables squid to respond quicker and with more powerful jets to a predator and maximize escape success. Our findings reveal that the lateral line analogue plays a role in predator detection and successful escape response at the earliest life stages, and continues to contribute to successful evasion by aiding visual cues in juvenile and adult squid. Summary: The lateral line analogue of squid contributes to successful escape response at the earliest life stages and continues to increase successful evasion by aiding visual cues in juvenile and adult squid.
Liquidity and Investment Horizon

The paper investigates the relationship between the investment holding horizon and liquidity. I confirm and expand earlier findings on this issue: less liquid stocks are held by long term investors. Further, I find that stocks held for a short period carry more of liquidity risk. This means that short term investors load on liquidity risk when making investment decisions, which is an extension of the earlier findings of Teo (2011) for hedge funds.
The Cyclin A1-CDK2 Complex Regulates DNA Double-Strand Break Repair

ABSTRACT Vertebrates express two A-type cyclins; both associate with and activate the CDK2 protein kinase. Cyclin A1 is required in the male germ line, but its molecular functions are incompletely understood. We observed specific induction of cyclin A1 expression and promoter activity after UV and γ-irradiation which was mediated by p53. cyclin A1−/− cells showed increased radiosensitivity. To unravel a potential role of cyclin A1 in DNA repair, we performed a yeast triple hybrid screen and identified the Ku70 DNA repair protein as a binding partner and substrate of the cyclin A1-CDK2 complex. DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair was deficient in cyclin A1−/− cells. Further experiments indicated that A-type cyclins activate DNA DSB repair by mechanisms that depend on CDK2 activity and Ku proteins. Both cyclin A1 and cyclin A2 enhanced DSB repair by homologous recombination, but only cyclin A1 significantly activated nonhomologous end joining. DNA DSB repair was specific for A-type cyclins because cyclin E was ineffective. These findings establish a novel function for cyclin A1 and CDK2 in DNA DSB repair following radiation damage.
The role of the cranial base in facial growth: experimental craniofacial synostosis in the rabbit.

Craniofacial synostosis designates premature fusion in sutures of the cranial vault (calvarium). When craniofacial synostosis is associated with a syndrome (e.g., Apert, Crouzon), premature fusion of the cranial base has been postulated to occur as well. This study was designed to determine whether the primary growth disturbance in craniofacial synostosis is located at the cranial base (i.e., spheno-occipital synchondrosis) or the calvarial vault (i.e., coronal and sagittal sutures) or both. Sixty newborn New Zealand White rabbits were randomly assigned to six groups: (I) calvarial control, (II) cranial base control, (III) cranial base immobilization, (IV) coronal suture immobilization, (V) coronal and sagittal suture immobilization, and (VI) cranial base and coronal and sagittal suture immobilization. An anterior cervical microsurgical approach to the cranial base was used, while cranial vault sutures were exposed through a bicoronal scalp incision. All sutures were fused by periosteal abrasion and application of methyl cyanoacrylate. Cephalograms were taken at 30, 60, and 90 days postoperatively to assess craniofacial growth. Linear and angular measurements of facial, calvarial, and basicranial growth were subjected to multivariate analysis. Analysis indicated that (1) craniofacial length was shortened most significantly by cranial base fusion, (2) cranial base fusion and cranial vault fusion had an additive effect on craniofacial length restriction, (3) the anterior cranial base was significantly shortened by cranial base and cranial vault fusion (p < 0.05), (4) the posterior cranial base was shortened by cranial base fusion only (p < 0.05), and (5) cranial base fusion alone significantly flattened the cranial base angle (p < 0.05), whereas cranial vault fusion alone did not. These results suggest that cranial base fusion alone may account for many dysmorphic features seen in craniofacial synostosis. This model is consistent with the findings of other investigators and confirms both a primary directive and translational role of the cranial base in craniofacial growth.
Phishing Attack Victims Likely Targets for Identity Theft

© 2004 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction of this publication in any form without prior written permission is forbidden. The information contained herein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Gartner disclaims all warranties as to the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of such information. Gartner shall have no liability for errors, omissions or inadequacies in the information contained herein or for interpretations thereof. The reader assumes sole responsibility for the selection of these materials to achieve its intended results. The opinions expressed herein are subject to change without notice. Phishing Attack Victims Likely Targets for Identity Theft
Expropriation, Regulation, and Firm Value: Evidence from Events in China

In this study, we examine the wealth effect of regulatory changes intended to improve corporate governance and protect minority shareholders from expropriation by controlling shareholders. Using data on publicly traded Chinese firms, we find strong evidence supporting the claim that better investor protection in the form of sharemarket regulation can create substantial value for minority shareholders in a country with weak judicial enforcement. Furthermore, our results suggest that, in this environment, regulation in the form of simple “bright-line rules” is more effective than in the form of “broad standards. ” Finally, we find that firms with poor corporate governance benefit disproportionately from the regulatory changes relative to firms with good corporate governance. JEL classification: G32; G34; G38
Primary thyroid lymphoma: a clinical review.

CONTEXT Although primary thyroid lymphoma is a rare cause of both thyroid malignancy and extranodal lymphoma, awareness of this disease is important in order to achieve an early diagnosis and implement treatment. We review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of this rare disorder. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This review is based on a search of PubMed and MDConsult for English language articles containing the term "primary thyroid lymphoma. " The authors reviewed original and review articles and case series from all years of publication but focused on those published within the last 5 years. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Primary thyroid lymphoma should be suspected in patients with a rapidly enlarging neck mass, especially in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Certain ultrasound features such as enhanced posterior echoes can suggest the diagnosis, but biopsy for confirmation is ultimately needed. With advances in immunophenotypic analysis, fine-needle aspiration can be used for diagnosis in the hands of experienced physicians. The most common type of primary thyroid lymphoma is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, which behaves in a more aggressive manner than mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Radiation therapy can be employed for treatment of localized mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, but a combination of chemotherapy and radiation is needed for disseminated disease or aggressive histological subtypes. CONCLUSIONS It is important to consider the diagnosis of primary thyroid lymphoma in patients presenting with an enlarging neck mass and a history of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Advances in both diagnosis and treatment in recent years have altered our approach to the management of this disease.
Parametric Gain and Conversion Efficiency in Nanophotonic Waveguides With Dispersive Propagation Coefficients and Loss

Nanophotonic waveguides can be engineered in order to exhibit slow mode propagation thereby enhancing the nonlinear responses. In such waveguides, loss and nonlinear coefficients are strongly wavelength dependent, a property that must be considered when the signal to pump detuning is large. Exact formulas for the parametric gain and conversion efficiency, accounting for the dispersion of losses and nonlinearity, are derived here. They can be applied to any waveguide presenting such features; in particular they have been calculated for a III-V semiconductor photonic crystal waveguide, where narrow- and broad-band amplification are predicted. The asymmetry of losses causes major asymmetries in the gain and conversion efficiency, which are no longer simply related as in the case of waveguides in which loss do not depend on the wavelength.
Natural aphrodisiacs.

INTRODUCTION The search for a remedy or a prescription that can enhance sexual function and/or treat male erectile dysfunction has been an obsession throughout known history. Whether it was an Eastern civilization or a Western one, religious or atheist, man's aspiration for a better or best "manhood" has been a history-time goal. AIM This review will discuss the current research done on the most popular natural aphrodisiacs and examine the weight of evidence to support or discourage the use of any of these substances to enhance sexual desire and/or function. METHODS Review of the current evidence on the use of natural substances as aphrodisiacs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Efficacy of natural aphrodisiacs in enhancing sexual function in men and women. RESULTS There is little evidence from literature to recommend the usage of natural aphrodisiacs for the enhancement of sexual desire and/or performance. Data on yohimbine's efficacy does not support the wide use of the drug, which has only mild effects in the treatment of psychogenic ED. Although there's a positive trend towards recommending ginseng as an effective aphrodisiac, however, more in depth studies involving large number of subjects and its mechanism of action are needed before definite conclusions could be reached. Data on the use of natural aphrodisiacs in women is limited. CONCLUSIONS The current body of objective evidence does not support the use of any natural aphrodisiac as an effective treatment for male or female sexual dysfunctions. Potent men and men with ED will continue the search for natural aphrodisiacs despite the current disappointing data on their effectiveness. Care should be taken regarding the fraud addition of sildenafil analogues to natural aphrodisiacs.
Brain atrophy rates predict subsequent clinical conversion in normal elderly and amnestic MCI

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the atrophy rate measured from serial MRI studies is associated with time to subsequent clinical conversion to a more impaired state in both cognitively healthy elderly subjects and in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Ninety-one healthy elderly patients and 72 patients with amnestic MCI who met inclusion criteria were identified from the Mayo Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Alzheimer’s Disease Patient Registry. Atrophy rates of four different brain structures—hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, whole brain, and ventricle—were measured from a pair of MRI studies separated by 1 to 2 years. The time of the second scan marked the beginning of the clinical observation period. Results: During follow-up, 13 healthy patients converted to MCI or Alzheimer disease (AD), whereas 39 MCI subjects converted to AD. Among those healthy at baseline, only larger ventricular annual percent volume change (APC) was associated with a higher risk of conversion (hazard ratio for a 1-SD increase 1.9, p = 0.03). Among MCI subjects, both greater ventricular volume APC (hazard ratio for a 1-SD increase 1.7, p < 0.001) and greater whole brain APC (hazard ratio for a 1-SD increase 1.4, p = 0.007) increased the risk of conversion to AD. Both ventricular APC (hazard ratio for a 1-SD increase 1.59, p = 0.001) and whole brain APC (hazard ratio for a 1-SD increase 1.32, p = 0.009) provided additional predictive information to covariate-adjusted cross-sectional hippocampal volume at baseline about the risk of converting from MCI to AD. Discussion: Higher whole brain and ventricle atrophy rates 1 to 2 years before baseline are associated with an increased hazard of conversion to a more impaired state. Combining a measure of hippocampal volume at baseline with a measure of either whole brain or ventricle atrophy rates from serial MRI scans provides complimentary predictive information about the hazard of subsequent conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease. However, overlap among those who did vs those who did not convert indicate that these measures are unlikely to provide absolute prognostic information for individual patients.
Pollution Comes Home and Gets Personal: Women's Experience of Household Chemical Exposure∗

We report on interviews conducted with participants in a novel study about environmental chemicals in body fluids and household air and dust. Interviews reveal how personal and collective environmental history influence the interpretation of exposure data, and how participants fashion an emergent understanding of environmental health problems from the articulation of science and experience. To the illness experience literature, we contribute a framework for analyzing a new category of embodied narratives—“exposure experience”—that examines the mediating role of science. We update social scientific knowledge about social responses to toxic chemicals during a period in which science alters public understanding of chemical pollution. This article is among the first published accounts of participants' responses to learning personal exposure data, research identified as critical to environmental science and public health. Our findings raise the importance of reporting even uncertain science and underscore the value of a community-based reporting strategy.
Cherry Picking

In Reply . — For the most part, this letter by Dr Brunell mirrors his recent editorial published in the newspaper Infectious Diseases in Children and republished as a guest editorial in a second newspaper, Infectious Disease News . 1,2 The editorial was so far off the mark that I wrote a response.3 Published with my response was a second diatribe by …
Collaborative Markets in B2B Relationships

Since about 2000, relationships among firms within the supply chain have been changing in order to face new threats and opportunities that have arisen from web-based technologies. In the literature, two trends are emerging: market mechanisms are emphasized through electronic catalogs, auctions, and exchanges; at the same time, web technologies support collaboration among partners within the supply chain. This divergence opens up space for the emergence of a particular typology of relationship, which can be defined as a collaborative market. In such a relationship, the flexibility of new technologies reduces costs and resources needed to communicate and coordinate with suppliers, thus allowing companies to collaborate over a short-term horizon. The aim of this research is to analyze and understand the main implications of Internet adoption in the relationships across the supply chain and to test its influence on the customer-supplier interaction. Evidence is based on a survey administered to 162 U.S. companies that investigates customer-supplier relationships before and after Internet adoption.