Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using Social Media in the Wine Business – An Exploratory Study from Germany

Purpose: Today, a vast number of books and studies are being published about social media in general, but less is known about their usage and effectiveness in the wine industry. Therefore, we conducted two studies in which we investigated the use of social media tools by wineries in Germany and assessed the impact of Facebook membership on customers by comparing them with customers who were not members. Design: The first study was conducted among 321 German wineries. It focused on the attitudes and preferences of the winemakers regarding social media, and it analysed the daily use of this new communication tool. The second study took place in August 2012, and it set out to define the value that accrued to a winery from having Facebook fans. This analysis was based on an online survey with customers of the winery as well as on a comparative analysis of the buying patterns of customers who were Facebook fans and those who were not. The analysis compared the turnover from the purchases of both groups over a period of three years. Findings: It was determined that 60% of German wineries did communicate with their customers using social media. Facebook was the most important social media channel, followed by Twitter and YouTube. Of the winemakers interviewed, 40% planned, in the near future, to implement additional activities involving social media. The consumer study proved that Facebook fans had a higher turnover compared to the non-Facebook fans of the winery studied. This finding emphasises the loyalty of Facebook fans. In addition, the study revealed that Facebook fans are open to receiving sales offers from the company which they support. Practical implications: Winery owners should be aware of the effectiveness of this modern communication tool. This is not only because Facebook fans generate a much higher turnover but also because of the possibility that they are interested in additional special offers on Facebook, which could mean an expansion of the available sales channels.
Split-Sample Instrumental Variables Estimates of the Return to Schooling

This article reevaluates recent instrumental variables (IV) estimates of the returns to schooling in light of the fact that two-stage least squares is biased in the same direction as ordinary least squares (OLS) even in very large samples. We propose a split-sample instrumental variables (SSIV) estimator that is not biased toward OLS. SSIV uses one-half of a sample to estimate parameters of the first-stage equation. Estimated first-stage parameters are then used to construct fitted values and second-stage parameter estimates in the other half sample. SSIV is biased toward 0, but this bias can be corrected. The splt-sample estimators confirm and reinforce some previous findings on the returns to schooling but fail to confirm others.
comparing the two Iranian and Indian groups. To determine the relationship between Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, Pearson Correlation

Initially, this chapter provides a summary of results of research and then with focused on the background of accomplished researches in this field; the researcher discussed and interpreted the findings. In conclusion, in order to go for further researches and investigations, some aroused suggestions from research and some recommendations for other researchers will be rendered. Therefore, with attention to this point that the discussion and comment on the strengths and weaknesses of research findings require the comparison of these findings with similar findings, so it is essential to compare this research with the previous studies. At least according to researcher’s studies, no research has been done ever in connection with Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, is not accomplished in the University and higher educational institutions, especially Colleges and Departments of Physical Educations. Thus, with the consideration of this point, direct comparison of results of these studies with similar results was impossible and this comparison is going to be done with great precautions.
Prevalence of microbial contamination of fresh seafood product sold in Constantine, Algeria

The seafood products are considered as an important element in the Mediterranean diet and play a significant role in the appearance of diseases and food poisoning. Forty samples of seafood products from various provenances of eastern coast of Algeria were randomly collected from several retail markets at the Constantine region. Total bacterial counts of Aerobic Mesophilic bacteria, Salmonella spp. , total and fecal coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Sulphite reducing anaerobes bacteria, Vibrio spp. , were measured. 39 samples (97.5%) of the seafood product analysed, were inappropriate for human consumption, solely one sample 2.5 % of sardines were suitable for human consumption. Salmonella spp. , was detected in one sample (3% of Sardines), Total and fecal coliforms were detected in 39 samples, Clostridium spp. were detected in 5 samples. No strain of Staphylococcus aureus and vibrio were detected. The results of this study constitute an indicator of bacteriological contamination and showed that samples markets were contaminated with potential pathogenic microorganisms.
Airline Quality Rating 2003

The Airline Quality Rating (AQR) is an objective method of comparing the quality of airlines, based on combined multiple performance criteria. This report presents monthly AQR scores for 2002. These AQR scores are based on 15 elements that focus on airline performance areas important to air travel consumers. Month-by-month quality ratings are presented for the 10 largest U.S. airlines operating during 2002. Using the AQR system of weighted averages and monthly performance data in the areas of on-time arrivals, involuntary denied boardings, mishandled baggage, and a combination of 12 customer complaint categories, the comparative performance of the airlines for calendar year 2002 is reported. The report contains a brief summary of the AQR methodology, detailed data and charts that track comparative quality for domestic airline operations for the 12-month period of 2002, and industry average results. Also, comparative AQR data for 2001 are included for each airline to provide historical perspective regarding performance quality in the industry.
Nutritional consequences of a change in diet from native to agricultural fruits for the Samoan fruit bat

The Samoan fruit bat Pteropus samoensis Peale, an endemic flying fox that inhabits the Samoan archipelago, prefers to forage on native fruit species. This species has recently been subjected to extreme population threats including hunting and severe storms, as well as large-scale habitat degradation. If habitat destruction continues at its present rate, P. samoensis may be forced to forage more within an agricultural matrix. In this study, we analyzed sixteen species of native fruits and four species of agricultural fruits for five organic components and eight minerals to test whether native fruits provided a higher quality diet or more varied diet than agricultural fruits. Within native fruits, we also focused on four species of figs, because these fruits are often considered an important food item for tropical frugivores. Overall, native fruits provided more variation and had higher average values for several nutrients than agricultural fruits. Native fruits were especially high in biologically important minerals (calcium, iron, and sodium), and provided up to 5 times more calcium, 10.5 times more iron, and 8 times more sodium than agricultural fruits. Figs were found to be an especially rich source of many nutrients, particularly for calcium. Thus, P. samoensis, a sequential specialist, may be better able to adjust its diet to obtain higher levels of minerals when consuming a variety of native fruits than when restricted to the consumption of only agricultural fruits. These findings suggest a need to preserve native habitat and to create parks to sustain the long term health and viability of P. samoensis.
The Lithosphere- Asthenosphere Boundary

Seismological models of upper-mantle structure are providing new constraints on the physical and chemical properties that differentiate the lithosphere from the asthenosphere. A wide variety of studies are consistent with an oceanic lithosphere that corresponds to a dry, chemically depleted layer over a hydrated, fertile asthenosphere. At the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath oceans and many Phanerozoic continental regions, observed seismic velocity gradients require a contrast in mantle hydration, fertility, and/or melt content, perhaps in combination with a vertical gradient in velocity anisotropy. Beneath cratons, evidence is growing for a deeper—but globally ubiquitous—asthenosphere. Some studies conclude that the cratonic lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is gradual enough to be matched by a purely thermal gradient, whereas others indicate a more rapid transition and a contrast in composition or perhaps melt content.
FROM CLASSROOM TO EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT - GENDER DIVERSITY IN THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FIELD

Although women earn a greater number of college degrees (58% in 2010) than men, they comprise a smaller proportion of all employees who work in the Information Technology (IT) industry. Moreover, among the top four consumer electronics categories - LCD TVs, tablets, laptops, and smartphones, women score higher than men in their likelihood of purchasing the latter three. Women also spend more time on social networking sites and conduct more internet searches than men do. Even though, the positive impacts of having more women in top management positions are well documented, they are still under-represented in the middle and upper management positions. The goal of this exploratory research is to investigate the representation of women in the IT field based on two independent and objective data sets. The first data set shows the number of women graduating with IT degrees from 1971-2009 and the second data set shows the number of women who were hired as IT leaders from 2000-2010. The results reveal that the number of women graduating with IT degrees is declining. However, the IT field seems to be doing better when comparing the number of female IT executives to female CFOs and female CEOs who were employed by the 2010 Fortune 100 firms.
The octopus fishery on Lofanga, Kingdom of Tonga

Lofanga island has an area of about 1.4 km 2 that is mostly used for crop cultivation. The island of Lofanga belongs to the noble Tupouto’a, who also owns a small piece of land at Hihifo, a settlement attached to Pangai on Lifuka, that he has allocated to the people of Lofanga as a squatter settlement. Thus, the families of Lofanga have an alternative base on Lifuka to make it easier for them to access to education, markets and medical care. While the lifestyle in Lofanga does not differ much from that in other isolated and rural coastal communities in Tonga, the community is the only one in the Ha’apai group that has yet to benefit from the national rural electrification program. Thus, dayto-day life on the island itself is limited due to the absence of electrical power. The consequences, in particular for the island’s fisheries activities, were
Inward Foreign Direct Investment, Entrepreneurial Behavior, and Outward Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from China

As a leading foreign investor among all emerging countries, China has been developed to investigate in severalstudies by focusing on inward foreign or outward foreign investment, respectively. However, limit has been related to the relationship between Inward Foreign Direct Investment (IFDI) and Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI), relying on the evidence from China. As the conditions and variables that characterized theIFDI and OFDI have been overhauled, a new framework is required to evaluate their relationship, relating therole of entrepreneurial characteristics. In this study, on the basis of the planned behavior theory, we investigatethe relationship between IFDI, entrepreneurial behavior and OFDI in a structural contingency framework. Collecting China’s panel data set of ten main industrial areas in the period from 2003 to 2012, we first developthe panel unit root tests and Hausman test for the panel data measures. Then, applying the Pooled RegressionModel test, we secondly hypothesis and conclude that the IFDI is negatively related to OFDI in China. We alsofind evidence that OFDI is significantly influenced by the entrepreneurial behavior in China—outwards entrepreneurial behavior, “the index of entrepreneurs’ confidence (EEI)” is negatively related to OFDI while the inwards entrepreneurial behavior, “the index of business condition (BCI)” is positively related to OFDI in China.
Physical, chemical and quality properties of starfruit juice, agglomerate and drink

Starfruit juice can be converted into powder or agglomerate by the process of fluidized bed drying and agglomeration. One kilogramme of ground sugar was used as a carrier for the fluidized bed drying agglomeration process. Essential minor additives i.e. anhydrous citric acid, starfruit flavour and permitted food colour were used to boost up flavour, sugar-acid balance and eye appeal of the product. Suitable process variables used were 40 °C as the process temperature, 20 m 3 /h as the volumetric airflow rate which resulted in an air velocity of 1.5 m/s, an atomization pressure of 3 bar and a pump flow rate of 8 g/min. Fresh starfruit juice was used as a binder for the agglomeration process in the fluidized bed dryer which was sprayed at the beginning of the drying process. The juice recovery was 65.07%, the moisture content of the fruit was 90.12% and the colour values were L* = 6.31, a* = ‐ 0.22, b* = 8.76. The total titratable acidity (TTA) of the juice was 0.25%, the pH was 3.52, the total soluble solid (TSS) was 8.0 and the viscosity was 3.0 cP. The bulk density of the agglomerate was 0.63 g/ml, the moisture content ranged from 1.63 ‐1.68% for the storage period of 0 ‐12 months. As the storage time progressed, the colour changed from light yellow to a darker dull yellow. The particle size distribution of the starfruit agglomerate showed that a higher percentage of the particles were retained on the larger meshes. From the cumulative distribution plot, the median diameter for the carrier and agglomerate obtained was 350 µm and 500 µm respectively. The critical moisture content of the agglomerate was 6.0% and the equilibrium relative humidity was 58.5%. Organoleptic evaluation of starfruit drink compared to the juice for the whole storage period was based on five sensory attributes. The nutrient compositions of the agglomerate at zero month of storage did not differ much from the 12th month of storage. Microbiological quality remained the same throughout the 12 months of storage. This indicated laminated OPP/PE/AL/PP (with thickness 20 µ:15 µ:7 µ:25 µ) was suitable to be used for the storage of the starfruit agglomerate for 12 months at room temperature.
Great Expectations and the End of the Depression

What ended the Great Depression in the United States? This paper suggests that the recovery was driven by a shift in expectations. This shift was triggered by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s (FDR) policy actions. On the monetary policy side, Roosevelt abolished the gold standard and announced an explicit policy objective of inflating the price level to pre-Depression levels. On the fiscal policy side, Roosevelt expanded real and deficit spending which helped make his policy objective credible. The key to the recovery was the successful management of expectations about future policy. Roosevelt’s rise to power is modeled as a policy regime change, as in Thomas Sargent (1983) and Peter Temin and Barry Wigmore (1990). This paper formalizes Temin and Wigmore’s argument in a repeated game setting using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model and argues that the regime change can account for the recovery. In the model, a regime change means the elimination of certain “policy dogmas” that constrain the actions of the government. The regime change generates an endogenous shift in expectations due to a coordination of monetary and fiscal policy. This coordination ended the Great Depression by engineering a shift in expectations from “contractionary” (i.e., the private sector expected future economic contraction and deflation) to “expansionary” (i.e., the public expected future economic expansion and inflation). The expectation of higher future inflation lowered real interest rates, thus stimulating demand, while the expectation of higher future income stimulated demand by raising permanent income. Roosevelt was elected president in November 1932 and inaugurated in March 1933, succeeding Herbert Hoover. This was at the height of the Great Depression, when the short-term nominal Great Expectations and the End of the Depression
Macroeconomic Uncertainty in South East Asia: A Comparative Study between Malaysia and Indonesia

This paper examines the historical pattern of macroeconomic uncertainty of two developing countries in the South East Asia, namely Malaysia and Indonesia. Comparisons of macroeconomic uncertainty are also made between both countries using a selected number of indicators for macroeconomic volatility. We find that while both countries were affected by similar external sources of macroeconomic uncertainty, these countries were also subject to domestic sources of macroeconomic uncertainty which were confined to the particular country. The analyses also reveal that Indonesia experienced more fluctuations compared to Malaysia when macroeconomic uncertainty is measured by volatility as a macroeconomic outcome and domestic sources of macroeconomic volatility. Contrarily, Malaysia displayed greater fluctuations than Indonesia when macroeconomic uncertainty is measured by external sources of macroeconomic volatility. Policy implications are drawn from the findings.
Optimization of a minimal synergistic enzyme system for hydrolysis of raw cassava pulp

Cassava pulp is an underused agricultural by-product comprising residual starch granules entrapped in cell wall polysaccharides, making it unique from other lignocellulosic wastes in terms of enzymatic processing. In this study, a synergistic system comprising a minimal set of enzymes tailor-made for efficient bioprocessing of raw cassava pulp was developed. The fiber-degrading enzyme mixture comprises an endoglucanase (Cel12), β-glucosidase (BGL), endo-β-1,4-xylanase (XYN) and endo-polygalacturonase (EPG) from Aspergillus aculeatus and a cellobiohydrolase I (Cel7A) from Talaromyces cellulolyticus was initially optimized using the experimental design approach. A glucose recovery yield of 91.3% based on the total starch and cellulose content was obtained from saccharification of cassava pulp using the combination of 5.0 mg g−1 of fiber degrading enzyme mixture comprising Cel12, Cel7A, BGL, XYN and EPG in the ratio of 16.5 : 25.5 : 15.0 : 18.0 : 25.0 together with 0.5 mg g−1 of raw starch degrading enzyme Stargen™ 002 with the degree of synergy of 1.43. Efficient hydrolysis was achieved without an energy-intensive pretreatment step, showing industrial applicability on saccharification and modification of cassava pulp and for further incorporation of these enzymes into ethanologens for consolidated bioprocessing.
Time-Varying Integration and International Diversification Strategies

This paper investigates the impact of globalization and integration on the relative benefits of country and industry diversification. Unlike previous models, our factor model allows asset exposures and volatilities to vary with both structural changes and temporary fluctuations in the economic and financial environment. First, we find that globalization and integration have lead to a gradual convergence of country to industry betas, especially in Europe. Second, the structurally-driven increase in market betas is accompanied by a gradual decrease in country-specific risk. Third, even though the edge has structurally decreased, geographical diversification continues being superior to industry diversification.
Politeness phenomena in British English and Uruguayan Spanish: the case of requests’,

This paper presents an analysis of the realisation patterns of requests in British English and Uruguayan Spanish, establishing the similarities and differences between the conceptualisation of politeness by native speakers of both languages. The results obtained, based on the analysis of a discourse completion test administered to 30 native speakers of British English and 30 native speakers of Uruguayan Spanish, show that the major difference between British and Uruguayan requests is a matter of orientation. The British appear to be more inclined towards "negative" politeness, thus attaching more significance to negative aspects of "face" such as non-imposition and detachment. On the other hand, Uruguayans appear to be more inclined towards "positive" politeness thus attaching more importance to the positive aspects of "face" such as approval and involvement.
Performance of Low‐Cost Open‐Top Chambers to Study Long‐Term Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Climate under Field Conditions

Th e increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO 2 ]) and consequent increase in air temperature is expected to have signifi cant eff ects on plant growth and nutritive value. Studies examining the eff ects of elevated [CO 2 ] on plants under fi eld conditions have been limited by the inherent diffi culty to modify air composition in open air. Here we describe an effi cient and inexpensive open-top chamber (OTC) system designed to study the eff ects of elevated atmospheric [CO 2 ] and temperature on perennial alfalfa–timothy ( Medicago sativa L.)–( Phleum pratense L.) mixture. Th e design and construction of these OTCs are described in detail, along with cost estimation for each component. Eight OTCs, each with 1.2 m 2 of ground area (four with elevated [CO 2 ] and four with ambient [CO 2 ]) were fabricated and four control plots of the same dimension were established to assess the chamber eff ects on plant responses to CO 2 . Th e [CO 2 ] in elevated-CO 2 chambers fell 93% of the time within ±20% of the targeted 600 µmol mol –1 CO 2 , based on 10 min averages. Th e CO 2 consumption in elevated-CO 2 chambers averaged 3.0 kg CO 2 m –2 d –1 . To ensure that the environment within OTCs was similar to the surrounding fi eld, growing conditions were determined in all chambers and control plots. Adequate light transmission was observed compared to control plots (93%) and the temperature increase was 0.7°C on average. Aft er two growing seasons of continued use, this system has proven its eff ectiveness for studying the eff ects of CO 2 and climate change in the fi eld at low cost.