Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Midlatitude Resolution Capability of Sea Level Fields Constructed from Single and Multiple Satellite Altimeter Datasets

Abstract A formalism recently developed for determining the effects of sampling errors on objectively smoothed fields constructed from an irregularly sampled dataset is applied to investigate the relative merits of single and multiple satellite altimeter missions. For small smoothing parameters, the expected squared error of smoothed fields of sea surface height (SSH) varies geographically at any particular time and temporally at any particular location. The philosophy proposed here for determining the resolution capability of SSH fields constructed from altimeter data is to identify smoothing parameters that are sufficiently large to satisfy two criteria: 1) the expected squared errors of the estimates of smoothed SSH over the space–time estimation grid must be either spatially and temporally homogeneous to within some a priori specified degree of tolerance or smaller than some a priori specified threshold, and 2) the space–time estimation grid on which smoothed SSH estimates are constructed must satisfy.
Evaluation of Lightning Return Stroke Current Using Measured Electromagnetic Fields

The lightning return stroke current is an important parameter for considering the efiect of lightning on power lines. In this study, a numerical method is proposed to evaluate the return stroke current based on measured electromagnetic flelds at an observation point in the time domain. The proposed method considers all fleld components and the full wave shape of the current without the use of a special current model as a basic assumption compared to previous methods. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is validated using measured flelds obtained from a triggered lightning experiment. The results show a good agreement between the simulated fleld based on the evaluated currents from the proposed method and the corresponding measured fleld at a remote observation point. The proposed method can determine current wave shapes related to a greater number of lightning occurrences compared to the direct measurement of the current.
Study of the population of the symbiotic polychaete Oxydromus humesi hosted by the bivalve Scrobicularia plana in Cádiz Bay

Oxydromus humesi is a strict bivalve endobiont, probably a parasite, living in association with Tellina nymphalis in north of Pointe-Noire (Congo mangrove swamps, West Africa) and Scrobicularia plana (intertidal) and Psammotreta cumana (subtidal) in Cadiz Bay salt marshes (southern Atlantic coast of Iberian Peninsula). The symbiont shows a regular distribution (one, exceptionally two or three symbionts per host, being one male, one female and one small worm) with intraspecific competition and complex host-entering behaviour observed in experimental conditions. This work aims to study the population dynamics of the above-mentioned species hosted by S. plana in Cadiz Bay to increase knowledge on the biology of O. humesi and to contribute to the growing knowledge on symbiotic polychaetes. The population of the symbiont in the intertidal area of Rio San Pedro (Cadiz Bay) seems to reproduce actively through all the year, with a higher number of ripe females in spring and, particularly, in summer. Although S. plana is very abundant in the studied area, with a large amount of specimens having the size most preferred by the symbiont (i.e., from >26 mm to about 36 mm long), the prevalence tends to be very low (usually <5% and reaching up to ~20%). This fact, together with the presence of a highly infested population (>85% in the specimens longer than 20 mm) of P. cumana in Rio San Pedro mouth, lead us to discuss on the environmental requirements and host-specificity of O. humesi. We suggest that the studied intertidal could be at the limit of the ecological distribution of this symbiont in the Cadiz Bay region. The symbiotic hesionid seems to show a seasonal pattern of prevalence, which may be related with its reproduction (the periods with more ripe females tended to coincide with those of lower prevalence). Taking into account these data, we propose that males undertake reproductive migrations probably to improve the possibilities of fertilization, whilst the females stay throughout the whole life inside the host. The life-cycle of O. humesi remains unknown since the species’ discovery in the coasts of the Republic of Congo. However, our data allow us to suggest that its life span may be of one year, with the adults dying after reproducing
EVALUATION OF REPELLANT EFFECTS OF THE OILS FROM Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Schlecht) AND Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) AGAINST Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky)

The essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus globulus were extracted by steam distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Repellency bioassays of the oils were carried out using a Y-shape olfactometer. The oils were found to be significantly repellent against S. zeamais. Percentage repellency increased with increasing concentration of the oils. Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC co-injections with authentic samples indicated the presence of the following constituents: 1, 8-cineole, α-pinene, β-phellandrene, β-myrcene, γ-terpinene, caryophyllene and α-cardinol. Although synthetic chemicals are still widely used as repellents, natural products have the potential to provide efficient and safer repellents for humans and the environment. Keywords: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus globulus, essential oil, Sitophilus zeamais, maize, repellency.
River instantaneous peak flow estimation using daily flow

Estimation of the design flood flow for hydraulic structures is often performed by adjusting probabilistic models to daily mean flow series. In most cases, this may cause under design of the structure capacity with possible risks of failure because instantaneous peak flows may be considerably larger than the daily averages. As there is often a lack of instantaneous flow data at a given site of interest, the peak flow has to be estimated. This paper develops new machine-learning-based methods to estimate the instantaneous peak flow from mean daily flow data where long daily data series exist but the instantaneous peak data series are short. However, the presented methods cannot be used where only daily flow data are available. Developed methodologies have been successfully applied to series of flow information from different gauging stations in Iran, with important improvements compared to traditional empirical methods available in the literature. Reliable results produced by the machine-learning-based models compared to the traditional methods show the superior ability of these techniques to solve the problem of inadequate measured peak flow data periods, especially in developing countries where it is difficult to find sufficiently long instantaneous peak flow data series.
Infrastructures and productivity: an updated survey

The relationship between infrastructures and productivity has been the subject of an ongoing debate during the last two decades. The available empirical evidence is inconclusive and its interpretation is complicated by econometric problems that have not been fully solved. This paper surveys the relevant literature, focusing on studies that estimate aggregate production functions or growth regressions, and extracts some tentative conclusions. On the whole, my reading of the evidence is that there are sufficient indications that public infrastructure investment contributes significantly to productivity growth, at least for countries where a saturation point has not been reached. The returns to such investment are probably quite high in early stages, when infrastructures are scarce and basic networks have not been completed, but fall sharply thereafter. Hence, appropriate infrastructure provision is probably a key input for development policy, even if it does not hold the key to rapid productivity growth in advanced countries where transportation and communications needs are already adequately served.
Printed Antennas Tuned by Transversely Magnetized Ferrite Operating at a Novel Resonant Mode

The excitation of a novel single mode in the negative "efi area is studied for rectangular patch antenna printed on magnetized ferrite substrates or tuned by a ferrite inclusion. In all cases the DC magnetic fleld is considered perpendicular to the substrate plane. The ferrite inclusion-post shape is considered either cylindrical or rectangular. Numerical simulation results reveal the existence of this novel resonating mode inside the negative "efi area for both the rectangular microstrip patch printed on ferrite substrate or tuned by a rectangular ferrite post. Also, the input impedance characteristics of these patch antennas are studied. 1. INTRODUCTION A number of published works (e.g., Pozar (1)) show that in the case of patch antennas printed on transversely magnetized ferrite substrates, there is a cutofi frequency range where there is not any propagating mode in the substrate below the radiator. In this range the efiective permeabil- ity "efi of the ferrite is negative, so the corresponding wavenumber becomes imaginary leading to an evanescent mode. The resonant frequency of circular and ring patch antennas printed on transversely magnetized ferrite substrate was analytically studied in our previous works (2,3). The analysis was performed using the perfect magnetic walls approximation and the ferrite losses were also taken into account. Closed form expressions were given for all the geometries studied. By including ferrite losses in our analysis and with the proper mathematical handling of the involved Bessel functions, the solution of the characteristic equation in the negative "efi area became possible revealing a novel single propagating mode. There is only one similar work published in the litera- ture reporting on this mode as propagating in a grounded ferrite substrate (4). Baccarelli etal. (4) have also considered a lossy ferrite substrate, but biased with an HDC parallel to the ground plane. Assuming propagation along the substrate, but in a direction transverse to the HDC, they indeed found a single mode denoted as TE1+ in the region of negative "efi . Our previous studies on axially symmetric patches proved that the novel mode exists in the negative "efi range independent of the speciflc patch shape or the tuning ferrite inclusion. This observation motivated us to study the rectangular patch printed on transversely magnetized ferrite substrate and the same patch tuned by a circular or rectangular ferrite post. Thus, the aim of the present work is to identify the existence of any resonant mode in the negative "efi range, for rectangular patch radiators.
Assessing the Organic Pollution and Aquaculture Activity of Surface water at Shatt-Al-Arab Estuary Southern of Iraq

Surface water samples were collected monthly from December, 2012 to November, 2013 at the middle part of Shatt Al-Arab Estuary at Ba s rah city during the low tide period to assess the organic pollution status using the Organic Pollution Index (OPI), and the aquaculture activities using Minimum Operator Concept (MOC) . Results of biological oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), ammonium, nitrite and orthophosphate were used to calculate OPI, while dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphate and turbidity were used to calculate MOC. Results showed that OPI values range from 4.5 - 4.75 referred to weak organic–non organic pollution status. On the other hand, the water of Shatt Al-Arab Estuary can be considered as medium–excellent water for aquaculture activity according to the MOC range ( 66.67 - 93.33). Keywords : Estuary, Surface water, Organic Pollution Index, Aquaculture activity, Minimum Operator Concept
Macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams and rivers of a highly developed region (Lake Taihu Basin, China)

The Lake Taihu Basin, one of the most highly developed regions in China, suffers from severe water pollution and habitat degradation as a result of economic development and urbanization. However, little research has been conducted on the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages and their environmental relationships. We studied the community structure of ben- thic macroinvertebrates in this area and explored possible factors regulating their structure, diver- sity, and distribution. We recorded a total of 104 taxa; Bellamya aeruginosa had the highest fre- quency of occurrence (71 out of 93 sites), followed by Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (49) and Corbicula fluminea (42). Oligochaeta was the most abundant taxonomic group, accounting for 89.42% of total macroinvertebrate abundance. Benthic communities were mainly characterized by pollution- tolerant taxa, such as L. hoffmeisteri (Oligochaeta), B. aeruginosa (Gastropoda), and Polypedilum scalaenum (Chironomidae), indicating severe anthropogenic disturbance and habitat degrada- tion. The macroinvertebrate diversity decreased from the western hills to the eastern plains aquatic ecoregions; the Shannon-Wiener and Margalef indices differed significantly between the two ecoregions. The abundances (%) of gathering collectors increased from upstream to down- stream, but scrapers showed the opposite trend, consistent with the river continuum concept. Community structure and spatial patterns of macroinvertebrates in the Lake Taihu Basin were strongly correlated with habitat diversity, nutrient loads, and aquatic vegetation coverage. These results provide valuable information for effective management practices of biodiversity conserva- tion in stream and river ecosystems of the Lake Taihu Basin.
Improving the Quality of Health Care when Health Workers are in Short Supply

A number of low- and middle-income countries have a severe shortage of health workers. This paper studies how health workers' choices of labour supply and work effort impact on the quality of health services when health workers are in short supply. We analyse how policy measures such as monetary incentives, monitoring, provisions of quality-enhancing inputs, and the building of professionalism and organizational identity can improve the quality of health care in the presence of a health worker shortage. We find that to pay health workers based on the number of patients may have a positive impact on the quality of health care even if quality does not affect demand. Furthermore, provision of quality-enhancing drugs and equipment may reduce health workers' effort in delivering quality care, thus diminishing the positive impact of such interventions. Our most surprising result is that if the actual quality of health care is far below a professional standard, measures to build a professional mindset among health workers may reduce the quality of care.
Loci Underlying SDS and SCN Resistance Mapped in the 'Essex' by 'Forrest' Soybean Recombinant Inbred Lines.

Summary Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) and soybean cyst nematode (SCN) are severe diseases that cause crop losses in the United Sates. Resistance to both diseases is polygenic and controlled by a few quantitative trait loci (QTL). Our objective was to use microsatellite markers to map more SDS and SCN resistance QTL in the recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of 'Essex' by 'Forrest' (ExF; n = 100). Three new SDS resistance QTL were found in this population. Two QTL identified by the markers BARC_SATT160 (P=0.0001, R2 = 16.9%) and BARC_SATT510 (P=0.0023, R2 = 10.2%) were significantly associated with SDS resistance and located on LG F. The third QTL identified by the marker BARC_SATT285 (P = 0.0048, R2 = 10.2%) was also significantly associated with SDS resistance and located on LG J. One new QTL for SCN resistance was found in this study. The QTL identified by the marker BARC_SATT141 (P=0.0020, R2 = 6.0%) was significantly associated with SCN resistance and located on LG D1b+W. Previously identified QTL for both SDS and SCN resistances were confirmed and further delimited with new markers. A summary of a decade of SDS QTL mapping in the ExF RIL population is also presented here. These results and others showed the possibility of developing, via gene pyramiding and marker-assisted selection, soybean cultivars exhibiting dual resistance to both SDS and SCN.
SPSLs and Dilute-Nitride Optoelectronic Devices

Currently the main concern in GaAs-based dilute nitride research is the understanding of their material properties. There are many contradictory conclusions specially when it comes to the origin of the luminescence efficiency in these systems. different ideas have been put forward some more plausible than others. However there is a lack of new ideas to overcome the differences. This chapter will address such issues and then finally we will study SPSL structures as an alternative to the the random alloy quaternary GaInNAs for more efficient growth, design and manufacture of optoelectronic devices based on these alloys. One of the major issues in current studies of GaInNAs is the metastability of the material. To overcome the rather low solubility of N in GaAs or GaInAs, non-equilibrium growth conditions are required, which can be realized only by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) Kitatani et al. (1999); Kondow et al. (1996) or metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) Ougazazaden et al. (1997); Saito et al. (1998). Growing off thermal equilibrium implies a certain degree of metastability. The aim of growing GaInNAs, emitting at the telecommunication wavelengths of 1.3 μmand, also 1.55 μm, is only possible by incorporating nearly 40% In and several per cent of N. These concentrations are at the limits of feasibility in MBE and MOVPE growth on GaAs substrates. The emission wavelength of such GaInNAs layers was strongly blue-shifted when, after the growth of the actual GaInNAs layer, the growth temperature was raised for growing AlGaAs-based top layers (such as distributed Bragg reflectors in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) structures or for confinement and guiding in edge emitting laser structures). This led to a number of annealing studies which yield somewhat contradictory results Bhat et al. (1998); Francoeur et al. (1998); Gilet et al. (1999); Kitatani et al. (2000); Klar et al. (2001); Li et al. (2000); Pan et al. (2000); Polimeni et al. (2001); Rao et al. (1998); Spruytte et al. (2001a); v H G Baldassarri et al. (2001); Xin et al. (1999). This, ofcourse, is partly due to the different annealing conditions and growth conditions used, but is also a strong manifestation of the metastability of this alloy system. The full implications of the metastability are just evolving and different mechanisms causing a blue shift of the band gap have been suggested Grenouillet et al. (2002); Mussler et al. (2003); Spruytte et al. (2001b); Tournie et al. (2002); Xin et al. (1999). Nevertheless, all discussions and investigations, so far, have suggested that GaInNAs material system is a very promising candidate for telecoms and in particular datacom applications. However, for both GaNAs and GaInNAs material systems, the higher the nitrogen incorporation, the weaker the alloy luminescence efficiency. A key to the utilization of nitride-arsenide for long wavelength optoelectronic devices is obtaining low defect materials with long non-radiative 0
Predictors of Psychological Outcomes in Nonheterosexual Individuals

COPYRIGHT 2016 BY PSI CHI, THE INTERNATIONAL HONOR SOCIETY IN PSYCHOLOGY (VOL. 21, NO. 2/ISSN 2164-8204) *Faculty mentor Gay, lesbian, bisexual, pansexual 1, and queer2 (GLBPQ) people have higher rates of many psychological symptoms than heterosexual people. They have elevated rates of mood and anxiety symptoms, with estimates of the increase varying widely from 50% to 570% (Almeida, Johnson, Corliss, Molnar, & Azrael, 2009; Cochran, Sullivan, & Mays, 2003; King et al., 2008). Additionally, GLBPQ men report 4.7 times the rate of panic disorder as heterosexual men (Cochran et al., 2003). GLBPQ individuals are also more likely to meet criteria for multiple disorders, with only 30% of heterosexual men and women having two or more disorders, compared to 54% of GLBPQ women and 49% of GLBPQ men (Cochran et al., 2003; Gilman et al., 2001). GLBPQ women also rated their mental health worse than heterosexual women (Cochran et al., 2003). Several studies have examined perceived stress as a predictor, but studies examining perceived ABSTRACT. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, pansexual, and queer (GLBPQ) individuals have higher rates of negative psychological outcomes, but the reasons for these trends are unclear. Gay-related stress including internalized homophobia, perceived stigma, and overt discrimination may contribute to these heightened rates, but gay identity may buffer these consequences. GLBPQ individuals (N = 1,169) completed online surveys of gay-related stress, protective factors, and outcomes including depression, anxiety, stress, nonsuicidal self-injury, and suicidality. Hierarchical regressions were used to examine predictive relationships between gay-related stress, gay identity, and negative outcomes. Among gay/lesbian participants, overt discrimination predicted all outcomes; gay identity predicted Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) depression, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) depression, and DASS stress; and internalized homophobia predicted Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) stress (p < .001). Among bisexual and pansexual participants, perceived stigma predicted CES-D depression, DASS depression, and Pereceived Stress Scale (PSS) stress, and overt discrimination predicted CES-D depression (p < .001). Gay identity predicted reduced negative outcomes among gay and lesbian people, but did not affect bisexual or pansexual people. Gay identity did not interact significantly with overt discrimination, perceived stigma, or internalized homophobia, challenging the hypothesis that it would buffer their effects. These results indicated that the factors may function differently in different populations, highlighting the need for further research on the topic. Predictors of Psychological Outcomes in Nonheterosexual Individuals
Effects of Slash, Machine Passes, and Soil Moisture on Penetration Resistance in a Cut-to-length Harvesting

Abstract Multiple entries into forest stands are often needed for fire hazard reduction and ecosystem restoration treatments in the Inland-Northwest U.S.A. region. However, soil compaction occurring from mechanized harvesting operations often remains for many years and may contribute to a decline in long-term site productivity. A controlled experiment on a silt loam soil was conducted to determine (a) the effectiveness of logging slash to buffer compaction, (b) the influence of the number of machine passes, and (c) the contribution of soil moisture to changes in penetration resistance during a cut-to-length harvest in northern Idaho. Penetration resistance was measured at three soil depths (10, 20, and 30 cm) for three different moisture contents (low, medium, and high) and slash amounts (none, light, and heavy) after each of 12 machine passes (one pass each with a harvester and an empty forwarder, and 10 passes with a fully-loaded forwarder). At all three soil depths the main effect of moisture content and machine passes on penetration resistance was significant, but slash amounts alone did not significantly affect penetration resistance. After 12 passes, we measured the greatest penetration resistance in the medium soil moisture treatment at 5 to15 cm of soil depth. When evaluated at similar moisture contents after harvesting, the soil that was driest during machine traffic (low moisture treatment) had the lowest penetration resistance. Slash was important for protecting the soil against compaction in the medium and high soil moisture treatments. Penetration resistance did not significantly increase after the second pass of a fully-loaded forwarder (31,752 kg) at any moisture content or slash level. Managing felling operations to take advantage of dry soil conditions or using slash when soils are moist may help reduce ruts and avoid long-term compaction impacts on this soil type.