Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Mathematical Study Develop Logical Thinking?: Testing the Theory of Formal Discipline

Mathematics has long had acknowledgement as a worthwhile area of study, including that of many outside mathematics itself. Plato, Francis Bacon, John Locke and Simone Weil are just a few of those who have who expressed views along the lines that the study of mathematics advantages students outside the immediate knowledge that they learn. Today we might put this by saying that mathematics develops generic skills such as logical thought, a capacity for analysing issues based on reason, and an awareness of how underlying assumptions may affect the conclusions of analysis or thought. Such a position is referred to by the authors of this book as ‘The Theory of Formal Discipline’ (TFD). The TFD predicts that mathematics study increases the level of normative logical responses —that is, responses corresponding to the standard logic underlying mathematics. It would seem that the TFD is endorsed widely by the mathematical community, even if mostly at an implicit level. However, psychological research has been sceptical of the TFD and of the possibility of transferring skills from one context to another (see [2], and subsequent literature). The main rival to the TFD is the Filtering Hypothesis, which says that better reasoning skills in a student are due to an initial propensity for mathematical study rather than a consequence of it. However, the TFD has continued to be influential on education policy, although every so often it is challenged at the public and policy level.
FAKTOR RISIKO KEJADIAN PENYAKIT MENULAR SEKSUAL (PMS) PADA KOMUNITAS GAY MITRA STRATEGIS PERKUMPULAN KELUARGA BERENCANA INDONESIA (PKBI) YOGYAKARTA

FAKTOR RISIKO KEJADIAN PENYAKIT PENULAR SEKSUAL (PMS) PADA KOMUNITAS GAY MITRA STRATEGIS PERKUMPULAN KELUARGA BERENCANA INDONESIA (PKBI) YOGYAKARTA xv + 54 + 6 Komunitas gay merupakan kelompok yang mempunyai risiko tinggi terhadap penularan PMS. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor risiko terhadap kejadian PMS pada komunitas gay mitra strategis PKBI Yogyakarta. Metode penelitian menggunakan rancangan observasional dengan pendekatan case control. Subjek penelitian ini adalah komunitas gay yang menjadi mitra PKBI. Pemilihan sampel dengan teknik Exhautive sebanyak 11 orang sebagai kasus dan Simpel random sampling sebanyak 22 orang sebagai kontrol. Uji statistik menggunakan Fixer Exact Test dengan menggunakan program komputer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara umur (p=0,270; OR=0,389; 95% CI=0,088-1,722), pendidikan (p=0,067; OR=5,4; 95% CI=0,941-30,980), pekerjaan (p=0,719; OR=0,686; 95% CI=0,155-3,036), pengetahuan kesehatan reproduksi (p=0,709; OR=1,524; 95 CI=0,312-7,442), perilaku pemeliharaan organ reproduksi (p=0,270; OR=2,571; 95% CI=0,581-11,384) dan ada hubungan antara lama menjadi gay (p=0,052; OR=5,95; 95% CI=1,223-28,951), perilaku seksual berisiko (p=0,009; OR=9,06; 95% CI=1,724-47,675) terhadap kejadian PMS pada gay mitra strategis PKBI Yogyakarta.
Comparison between two methods to record occlusal contacts in habitual maximal intercuspation

This research evaluated two techniques to record the occlusal contacts in habitual maximal intercuspation obtained in models mounted in semi adjustable articulator and in the mouth using an eight-micrometer carbon paper and sensors (T-Scan II). It was selected a sample of twenty five people, male and female, ages between twenty and twenty five years old with natural dentition. The collected data were visually and statistically evaluated by means of the Spearman coefficient. The results showed that the carbon paper as material used for the occlusal contact records enabled to determine exactly the quantity and its locations in the occlusal surface. However, it did not provide the information on the sequence, time and intensity on how these occur. The T-Scan system enabled to determine the quantity, the sequence and the exact time that they occur, however the system did not determine the exact location of the contacts over the teeth occlusal surface. It was observed that in both methods, the quantity of the occlusal contacts recorded in the mouth was higher than the ones obtained in the articulator and that the sensor thickness did not interfere in the reproduction of the quantity of dental contacts in comparison to the carbon paper.
Performance of Cox Proportional Hazard and Accelerated Failure Time Models in the Analysis of HIV/TB Co-infection Survival Data

Cox model and accelerated failure time models are widely used in the modeling of survival data for various diseases. This paper compares the performance of these two models viz. Cox Proportional Hazard Model and the Accelerated Failure Time Model using HIV/TB Co-infection Survival data. The study revealed that, the AFT model has the best predictive power compared to the Cox model based on the AIC and BIC values. Keywords: Cox proportional hazard model, Accelerated failure time model, Cox-Snell residual, HIV/TB Co-infection, CD4 cell count
More insight into the mode of action of lipophilic antitumor drugs containing a platinum (II) fragment

Cis-Diammine(1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato)platinum(II)) (Carboplatin 2) is a second generation platinum anticancer drug following Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (Cisplatin 1). In the present study Cisplatin and Carboplatin analogs are attached to the acid group of the bile acid via an ester link called as ChAPt(n)Cis and ChAPt(n)Carbo. The in vitro antitumor activity of Cisplatin 1 along with the corresponding ChAPt derivatives evaluated against a panel of five tumor cell lines of different histogenic origin. A series of biological methods starting from Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay to determine IC50, Cell cycle analysis, Annexin-V assay and Caspase assays were performed with the aim to scrutinize the anticancer mode of action on HepG2 (hepatocellular car cinoma) cell line. The compounds exerted a dose dependent antiproliferative action at micro molar concentrations and the effect of these structural variations on anticancer activity was elaborated and discussed more in detail. To summarize, several compounds revealed significant antitumor activity and surprisingly the ChAPt(11)Cis and ChAPt(11)Carbo induce programmed cell death with molecular features different from each other, suggesting that both drugs induce apoptosis through different initial pathways.
Beyond gentrification: Diversified neighbourhood upgrading in the inner city of Budapest

The concept of gentrification has been extensively used in post-socialist context in association with neighbourhood renewal processes, despite the exact meaning of the term and its social effects not always being sufficiently clarified. This paper builds upon empirical research from downtown Budapest. Our investigation primarily focused on the interplay of three groups of stakeholders involved in urban renewal: politicians, investors and residents. On the basis of our multi-dimensional analysis, we could identify three main types of upgrading: classical gentrification (with two sub-types), as well as incumbent upgrading and soft forms of revitalisation. In the studied neighbourhoods, a mixture of these forms of upgrading could be identified, reflecting a diversified rejuvenation. Gentrification was spatially limited to poverty ridden neighbourhoods subject to local government organised regeneration programmes. The predominance of soft forms of revitalisation is a function of housing market mechanisms as well as the planning control of local districts, which in general together create a healthy social mix despite pervasive regeneration activities.
Evolutionary Analysis of Tax Law: A Methodological Approach

The present paper conceptualizes a methodology of an evolutionary tax law analysis from a critical rationalist perspective. This methodology has the following characteristics: We interpret tax rules as means to achieve tax goals. Means-end-statements have an ethical and an empirical dimension. The ethical dimension implies that tax goals and tax rules and their secondary effects must be compatible with the aims of market economy regulation. The empirical dimension includes the question if tax goals are realizable and if tax rules cause secondary effects. To answer this question, we need evolutionary hypotheses of tax effects. A quasi-nomological hypothesis regarding the evolutionary effects of taxation is as follows: “If taxation changes the rank order of the relevant decision-making options according to the actors’ subjectively rational decision criteria, they decide differently if they take taxes into account than they would if they did not”. From an evolutionary point of view, freedom of choice and equality before the law are the contributions of a market economy to the common good. In our opinion, equability of taxation is compatible with the market economy goals “freedom of choice” and “equality before the law”. Equability of taxation, however, implies in principle decreasing such decision-making effects of taxation which reduce the explicit tax payment burden (in relative terms). These decision-making effects are designated here as tax avoidance decisions. We need the evolutionary tax effects framework mentioned above in order to develop tax rules which decrease such tax effects. By way of contrast, tax rules that induce or accept tax avoidance decisions conflict with equability of taxation. Such rules are sometimes driven by social goals. Thus, we have to analyze such rules from an evolutionary perspective with regard to their justification, feasibility and proportionality.
Exploring the choice between in-store and online shopping

This paper aims at explaining the choice between online and in-store shopping for experi- ence (groceries) and search (electronic appliances) goods in Zurich, Switzerland, applying an integrated choice and latent variable (ICLV) modeling approach: In a stated preference experiment 339 participants were requested to trade-off different attributes related to their choice between online and in-store shopping, with a separate questionnaire asking for their feelings and attitudes towards online shopping. The first alternative-specific Hybrid Choice model in this research field is presented here, including one latent variable reflecting the acceptance level of online shopping which itself depends on basic socio-economic characteristics. An increased acceptance level implies a significantly higher shopping cost sensitivity, which can be explained by the expanded choice set when considering both alternatives as possible shopping channels. The relatively high value of travel time savings (VTTS) obtained of about 40 Swiss Francs per hour indicates a potential for new online shopping services when compared to the relatively low value of delivery time savings (VDTS) of less than 16 Swiss Francs per time unit, depending on shopping purpose and time interval.
Migration in the Face of Unemployment and Unemployment Risk: a Case Study of Temporal and Regional Effects

In diesem Artikel wird ein ausgearbeitetes Modell zu Migrationsentscheidungen und Migrationsverhalten verwendet, um den Einfluss individuell erlebter Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiken zu analysieren. Mithilfe eines Kontrast-Gruppen-Designs werden Befragte aus zwei deutschen Stadten mit unterschiedlichem okonomischem Wohlstandsniveau verglichen, mittels Ereignisdaten-Analyse auf Grundlage einer masgeschneiderten Panelstudie. Gemas mikrookonomischen Modellen der Migration ist zu erwarten, dass sich Befragte aus einer okonomisch deprivierten Stadt eher als solche aus einer prosperierenden Stadt fur einen Wegzug entscheiden und tatsachlich migrieren, weil sie ihre Moglichkeiten haufiger andernorts als besser einstufen als an ihrem aktuellen Wohnort. Daruber hinaus kann man erwarten, dass das antizipierte Risiko, in naher Zukunft arbeitslos zu werden, einen Wohnortwechsel eher in deprivierten Wohnregionen forciert, da Schwierigkeiten bei der Arbeitsplatzsuche am derzeitigen Wohnort antizipiert werden. Andererseits betonen die Neue Haushaltsokonomie und die Theorie sozialer Netzwerke die Bedeutsamkeit des Mesolevels. Individuen entscheiden sich nur selten allein fur oder gegen eine Migration; diese Entscheidungen werden eher gemeinschaftlich von der Familie getroffen. Die bisherige Forschung hat gezeigt, dass soziale Netzwerke fur Arbeitslose eine Hauptquelle sozialer Unterstutzung und daher besonders wichtig sind. Es gibt empirische Hinweise darauf, dass soziale Netzwerke Personen in deprivierten Regionen starker vom Wandern abhalten als in anderen Regionen. Diese theoretischen Uberlegungen und Erkenntnisse fuhren zu der Erwartung, dass Menschen, die in einer deprivierten Region bereits arbeitslos sind, diese selten verlassen – was im Gegensatz zu den Erwartungen der mikrookonomischen Theorie steht. Die Analyse zeigt, dass ein wahrgenommenes Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko in der deprivierten Stadt tatsachlich die Entscheidung zugunsten eines Wohnortwechsels forciert, wohingegen Personen, die bereits arbeitslos sind, einen Wohnortwechsel nicht haufiger in Betracht ziehen oder planen als Beschaftigte. Nichtsdestotrotz konnen Paarbeziehung oder Familie am Wohnort den Effekt eines wahrgenommenen Arbeitslosigkeitsrisikos auf die Entscheidung zugunsten eines Wegzugs deutlich verringern. Wenn es darum geht, Migrationsplane in die Tat umzusetzen, zeigt sich, dass dies Arbeitslosen in der deprivierten Stadt deutlich seltener gelingt als Arbeitslosen, die in der prosperierenden Stadt leben. Die Analyse legt nahe, dass dies hauptsachlich in einer raumlichen Konzentration sozialer Netzwerke am Wohnort begrundet ist.
Design of an Electroflotation System for the Concentration and Harvesting of Freshwater Microalgae

Microalgae are considered as one of the most promising alternatives for the integrated use of agro-industrial water residues and the production of metabolites of high industrial interest. This is due to algae can grow on wastewater which in turn can reduce the emission of nutrients to rivers and lakes. However, the greatest scientific-technological barrier is the concentration and separation of the biomass produced. There are several processes used at different levels (from laboratory to industrial scale) such as flocculation, centrifugation, flotation, etc. These can be very expensive or can (possibly) contaminate the biomass. Unlike the previous ones, electroflotation has been proposed as a cost-efficient method, nevertheless its final efficiency will depend heavily on the type of alga and culture medium. Taking into account the above, the present project aims to design an electroflotation system for the concentration and harvest of microalgae biomass.The effect of several factors (pH, time, voltage and distance between the electrodes) and for types of materials (Copper, Aluminium, Iron and Steel) on biomass recovery efficiency from a culture of Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803 was evaluated by the implementation of a Design of experiments (43 non-factorial design)using STATISTICA 7.0. Results show that, the materials with higher concentration efficiency were cooper and aluminium with 40 and 80% respectively, and the most relevant factors were distance between electrodes (1-2 cm), time (>20 min) and Voltage (>15V). In order to increase the efficiency of the overall process a new 43 experimental factorialdesign was proposed using as factors distance between electrodes, time, voltage and agitation. Results show that agitation positively affects the total efficiency until reaching a total concentration of the biomass (100%). It was found that a voltage close to 50V and a time greater than 25 min positively affect the final efficiency of the copper and aluminium electrodes, however aluminium has the highest efficiency (> 95%) compared to copper (
Compounds in Metathoracic Glands of Adults and Dorsal Abdominal Glands of Nymphs of the Stink Bugs, Chlorochroa uhleri, C. sayi, and C. ligata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The contents of metathoracic glands of adults and dorsal abdominal glands of nymphs of 3 Chlorochroa species, (C. sayi, C. uhleri, and C. ligata) were analyzed. Compounds were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and coupled GC-mass spectrometry, matching retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic samples. Tridecane was the major component in the defensive glands of both adults and nymphs. Other compounds identified include (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-octenyl acetate, (E)-4-oxo-2-octenal, (E)-2-decenal, undecane, dodecane, tetradecane, and pentadecane.
Morphological and Biometrical Characteristics on Otolith of Barbus tauricus Kessler, 1877 on Light and Scanning Electron Microscope

Se examino la morfologia de los otolitos, su biometria y la relacion entre el tamano de ellos y la longitud de los peces. Se registro el peso, longitud, grosor, area y perimetro para cada par de otolitos. Se calcularon y se identificaron en los graficos los valores de factor de forma, redondez, relacion de aspecto, circularidad, rectangularidad, elipticidad y las relaciones entre la longitud del otolito y los indices de la forma. De acuerdo con los resultados, la diferencia entre otolitos derechos e izquierdos fue estadisticamente significativo (P<0,05), excepto la longitud del otolito. Esta es la primera vez que se observa la diferencia de las variables de otolitos, no solo ente los pares de derecha e izquierda, sino tambien entre peces hembras y machos. Mientras que el peso de los otolitos tuvo el menor coeficiente de determinacion (R2), tales como 0,69; 0,59; 0,65, la longitud de los otolitos presento un R2 mas alto: 0,80; 0,81; 0.80, para hembras, machos y todas las muestras, respectivamente. Ademas, las imagenes de miscroscopia electronica de barrido son las primeras en mostrar los otolitos de B. tauricus para determinar la morfologia de estos.
Phosphorus availability from natural and soluble phosphate sources for irrigated corn production

This research’s aims were to evaluate the mixture ratios of P fertilizers in irrigated corn yield in two seasons as well as evaluate the capacity of Resin and Mehlich 1 extractors to predict the P availability under field conditions in two soils: Hapludults and Oxisol. In the first crop, the experimental design was randomized block with four replications where two P sources, Triple Superphosphate (TSP) and Daoui Natural Phosphate (DNP), were tested in four rations (100%:0%; 67%:33%; 33%:67%; 0%:100%). The second planting was carried out in a similar manner, with some modifications to verify the residual effect of the fertilizers. DNP provided lower productivity and leaf P levels when compared to TSP in the first year but the DNP contributed with a higher residual effect through the test conditions. DNP fertilization provided higher residual effect in Hapludults than in Oxisol. Only Resin extractor, in Oxisol without TSP application in the second cultivation, was efficient in estimating the availability of P to the corn plants in the experiment conditions. In the experiment conditions, DNP provided productivity and leaf P levels similar to Triple Superphosphate in the first year and its residual effect is highly dependent on the soil type. Key words: Zea mays, fertilizing, phosphorus, extractors.
Merton model as predictor of failure probability of public banks in Indonesia

This research attempts to use Black-Schole-Merton (BSM) model based on market approach to predict default probability of publishing bank in Indonesia. This is done by using stock prices and financial report. In this effort, this study estimates the neutral risk and default probability for the publish bank. The result showed that option model can predict default status more with accurate event long before default information was published for public. It can be studied from the case of Bank Century that has been imposed as a failure bank, in which it is known as bailout bank by the Indonesian government. The model does not only provide the ordinal ranking for the bank sample but also the good early warning prediction for the public. The probability estimation based on the option model can be an innovative model to measure and manage credit risk on the future for predicting probability default in Indonesia.
Interpreting character variation in turtles: Araripemys barretoi (Pleurodira: Pelomedusoides) from the Araripe Basin, Early Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil

The Araripe Basin (Northeastern Brazil) has yielded a rich Cretaceous fossil fauna of both vertebrates and invertebrates found mainly in the Crato and Romualdo Formations, of Aptian and Albian ages respectively. Among the vertebrates, the turtles were found to be quite diverse, with several specimens retrieved and five valid species described to this date for the Romualdo Formation. There were also records of turtles from Ipubi and Crato Formations, mainly fragmentary material which precluded proper specific identification; however, Araripemys barretoi is supposed to occur on both Crato and Romualdo Formations. Here we describe thirteen specimens of A. barretoi-including the first description of an almost complete individual, bearing a skull, from the Crato Formation. We report a great amount of morphological variation, interpreted as being essentially of intraspecific nature, including individual, sexual and ontogenetic variation.
Simultaneous measurement of cosmology and intrinsic alignments using joint cosmic shear and galaxy number density correlations

Aims. Cosmic shear is a powerful method to constrain cosmology, provided that any systematic effects are under control. The intrinsic alignment of galaxies is expected to severely bias parameter estimates if not taken into account. We explore the potential of a joint analysis of tomographic galaxy ellipticity, galaxy number density, and ellipticity-number density cross-correlations to simultaneously constrain cosmology and self-calibrate unknown intrinsic alignment and galaxy bias contributions. Methods. We treat intrinsic alignments and galaxy biasing as free functions of scale and redshift and marginalise over the resulting parameter sets. Constraints on cosmology are calculated by combining the likelihoods from all two-point correlations between galaxy ellipticity and galaxy number density. The information required for these calculations is already available in a standard cosmic shear data set. We include contributions to these functions from cosmic shear, intrinsic alignments, galaxy clustering and magnification effects. Results. In a Fisher matrix analysis we compare our constraints with those from cosmic shear alone in the absence of intrinsic alignments. For a potential future large area survey, such as Euclid, the extra information from the additional correlation functions can make up for the additional free parameters in the intrinsic alignment and galaxy bias terms, depending on the flexibility in the models. For example, the dark energy task force figure of merit is recovered even when more than 100 free parameters are marginalised over. We find that the redshift quality requirements are similar to those calculated in the absence of intrinsic alignments.