Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Homological Theory of Maximal Cohen-Macaulay Approximations

Soclete Mathematlque de FranceMemoire n° 38, 1989, p.5-37.THE HOMOLOGICAL THEORYOFMAXIMAL COHEN-MACAULAY APPROXIMATIONSbyMaurice Auslander (Brandeis) and Ragnar-Olaf Buchweitz (Toronto)Summary. Let R be a commutative noetherian Cohen-Macaulay ring which admits adualizing module. We show that for any finitely generated R-module N there exists amaximal Cohen-Macaulay R-module M which surjects onto N and such that any othersurjection from a maximal Cohen-Macaulay module onto N factors over it. Dually, thereis a finitely generated R-module I of finite injective dimension into which N embeds,universal for such embeddings. We prove and investigate these results in the broadercontext of abelian categories with a suitable subcategory of "maximal Cohen-Macaulayobjects" extracting for this purpose those ingredients of Grothendieck-Serre duality theorywhich are needed.resume: Soit R un anneau commutatif, noetherien et de Cohen-Macaulay, tel que unmodule dualisant existe pour R. On demontre que pour chaque R-module N de type finiil existe un R-module M de profondeur maximale et un homomorphisme surjectif de Msur N, tel que toute autre surjection d'un tel module sur N s'en factorise. De maniereduale, il existe aussi un plongement de N dans un R-module 1 de type fini et dedimension injective finie, universelle pour telles plongements. Nous demontrons etexaminons ces resultats dans Ie cadre des categories abeliennes avec une sous-categorieconvenable des "objets de Cohen-Macaulay maximaux", a cet effet mettant en evidence lesproprietes de la theorie de dualite de Grothendieck-Serre dont on a besoin. §0. A Commutative IntroductionThe aim of this work is to analyze the framework in which the theory ofmaximal Cohen-Macaulay approximations can be developed. Instead of outlining rightaway the abstract results, we want to start by describing the situation in the classicalcase of a commutative local noetherian ring R with maximal ideal m and residue classfield k == R/m.Assume that R admits a dualizing module u. Then R is Cohen-Macaulay, andthe finitely generated R-modules M which are maximal Cohen-Macaulay in the sense thatdepthn»M = dimR can be characterized homologically as those modules for whichExt^(M,&;) == 0 for i ^ 0.Our main result can then be paraphrased as saying that R-mod, the category offinitely generated R-modules, is obtained by glueing together the orthogonal subcategories
Case Study Using Online Homework in Undergraduate Organic Chemistry: Results and Student Attitudes

Managing student needs for effective learning in a large-enrollment, introductory organic chemistry course can be a challenging task. Because instructor time is at a premium, it is imperative to find resources that engage the students in active learning and provide them with feedback about their understanding of course content. Appropriately designed online homework systems can provide this level of engagement. Here we describe our experience with using the Sapling Learning online homework system in an organic chemistry course for prepharmacy majors. Based on the literature describing the effectiveness of online homework in general chemistry and other courses, we hypothesized that student engagement in the online homework would be associated with students’ performance in the course, but that studying with the textbook problems would provide a greater benefit because the material was more sophisticated. We found that engagement in using the system was positively correlated with course grade, and that stude.
Descent into Chaos

Internasjonal Politikk | Årgang 68 | Nr. 1 | 2010 antologi, men det gir kanskje et godt bilde på hvor kompleks og sammensatt den moderne europeiske sikkerhetsvirkeligheten er. Nye utfordringer for europeisk sikkerhetspolitikk tjener primært som en bred innføringsbok om europeisk sikkerhetspolitikk. Den gir imidlertid også en oppdatert drøfting av aktuelle spørsmål på feltet, som vil være av interesse for lesere med gode kunnskaper på fagområdet.
GENETIC MANIPULATION OF THE CELL WALL COMPOSITION OF

In order to understand and manipulate carbon flux to sucrose one needs to consider not only its biosynthetic pathways, but also the competing sinks for carbon in various parts of the plant and at different stages of development. The cell wall and sucrose is known to be the major sinks for carbon in young and mature tissues of sugarcane. UDP-Glucose is a central metabolite in the synthesis of both sucrose and most of the cell wall polysaccharides (including cellulose, hemicellulose and pectic polymers) and manipulation of the flux into either of the cell wall components could therefore cause an increase of flux toward one or more of the competing sinks. In the present study UDP-Glucose dehydrogenase (UGD) activity was chosen for down regulation as it catalyzes the rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of the precursors of both hemicellulose and pectin, a major competing sink for assimilated carbon. Transgenic sugarcane lines with repressed UGD activity showed significantly increased sucrose accumulation in all internodes which was highly correlated with reduced UGD activity. Sucrose phosphate synthase had increased activation which suggests an alteration in carbon flux toward sucrose. The reduction of carbon flux through UGD was compensated for by an increase in the activity of the myo-inositol oxygenation pathway (MIOP), an alternative pathway for the synthesis of cell wall matrix precursors. The increased activity of the MIOP resulted in increased total uronic acids and pentoses in the cell wall. Total cell wall glucose was also increased which is a further indication of altered carbon metabolism.
Identification of QTL Controlling Thermal Properties of Maize Starch

ABSTRACT Starch has many uses and some of these uses would be facilitated by altering its thermal properties. Genetic manipulation of starch thermal properties will be facilitated by a better understanding of the genetic control of starch gelatinization. We used differential scanning calorimetry to characterize the gelatinization parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) kernel starch prepared from two populations of recombinant inbred lines, an intermated B73xMo17 population (IBM) and an F6:7 Mo17xH99 population. The traits examined were the onset and peak temperatures of gelatinization and the enthalpy of gelatinization. These traits were measured for both native starch and for gelatinized starch allowed to recrystallize, a process called retrogradation. Substantial variation in these traits was found in spite of the narrow genetic base of the populations. We identified several quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling traits of interest in each population. In the IBM population, a significant QTL for the peak .
An invited review following the soujinkai award : Cytochrome P450-generated metabolites of ω-3 fatty acids ameliorate choroidal neovascularization

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the primary cause of blindness in elderly individuals of industrialized countries, with a projected 50% increase in prevalence by 2020. There is an urgent need for new nutritional or pharmacological interventions that are safe over the long term for the treatment or prevention of AMD. Prospective clinical studies have suggested that dietary intake of ω-3 longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) may protect against AMD. We recently characterized a mechanism by which dietary ω-3 LCPUFAs promote regression of choroidal neovessels in a well-characterized mouse model of neovascular AMD. The concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were increased in serum of mice fed a diet enriched in these ω-3 LCPUFAs. Cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze the epoxidation of these primary ω-3 LCPUFAs to form 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 19,20-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid, respectively, and intraperitoneal injection of these epoxyeicosanoids mimicked the beneficial effects of dietary ω-3 LCPUFAs on CNV resolution. Dietary intake of ω-3 LCPUFAs also suppressed leukocyte recruitment to CNV lesions by down-regulating endothelial expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and E-selectin as well as leukocyte expression of the ICAM-1 ligands CD11b and CD18. Bioactive lipid metabolites derived from ω-3 LCPUFAs thus show potential for the treatment or prevention of AMD.
Diagnostic utility of thoracoscopic pleural biopsy in histopathological confirmation of undiagnosed pleural effusions cases

Background: Pleural diseases affect over 3000 people per million populations each year worldwide and present a significant contribution to the workload in clinical settings. About 20% to 25% of pleural effusions remain undiagnosed despite repeated thoracocentesis and closed needle biopsy. Objective: To analyze the outcome of medical thoracoscopy in undiagnosed pleural effusions and evaluate complications with this procedure. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted with an aim to study the diagnostic yield of medical thoracoscopy in cases of undiagnosed pleural effusion. This was a cross sectional descriptive study in 25 patients of undiagnosed pleural effusion. The pleural effusion cases which remained undiagnosed after routine pleural fluid analysis were subjected for the medical thoracoscopy using semi-rigid thoracoscope. Results: Medical thoracoscopy using semi-rigid thoracoscope in undiagnosed pleural effusion cases has diagnostic yield of 88% in our study. Diagnostic yield of the medical thoracoscopy in malignant suspect cases was 88.88% and in tubercular suspect cases was 85.71%. Medical thorcaoscopy with nodular lesions and sago grain lesions has got good diagnostic yield. Medical thoracoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure with very low complication rates. Conclusions: Medical thoracoscopy is a relatively simple and safe procedure for a definite and histopathological confirmation of pleural effusion of unknown etiology. This should be considered in patients with lymphocytic predominant, exudative, effusions where tuberculosis and malignant pleural effusion are clinical possibilities with inconclusive initial pleural fluid analysis, so that wrong treatment can be avoided.
Street foods contribute to nutrient intakes among children from rural communities in Winneba and Techiman municipalities, Ghana

The contribution of Street Foods (SF) to the energy and nutrient intakes of young children in rural African communities has been understudied. Under the Enhancing Child Nutrition through Animal Source Food Management (ENAM) project, a microcredit and nutrition education intervention with caregivers of children 2-to 5- years old in rural Ghana, the prevalence of SF consumption by young children and the contribution SF make to children’s energy, nutrient and Animal Source Food (ASF) intakes were assessed. A simple random sample of 172 caregiver-child pairs residing in the ENAM intervention communities in Winneba and Techiman municipalities participated in this study. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview caregivers about SF purchased for their 2- to 5-years old children in the previous week. During two non-consecutive 12-hour home observations, all foods consumed by a subsample of the children (n=45) were weighed. Energy and nutrient content of weighed foods were estimated using the Ghanaian food composition table. About 80% of caregivers purchased SF for their child at least once that previous week. Most (76%) SF purchased were grain-based and were purchased as complete meals. The children’s total ASF intake was 69.9 ± 11.0 g; quantity of ASF consumed was similar but their sources of ASF differed between the two municipalities. In Techiman, SF contributed 36% of the ASF consumed over the two observation days compared to 4.2% in Winneba (P=0.003). Overall, SF contributed 35% of energy, 43% of vitamin A, 20% of vitamin B12, 30% of zinc, 34% of iron, and 54% of calcium consumed by children. The contribution of SF to young children’s dietary intakes, especially their ASF intakes and hence micronutrient intakes, may improve overall dietary quality. This study provides evidence that, SF is an important part of children’s diets in rural Ghana and could be an important target for food-based interventions to enhance nutrition in young children.
Dynamic rupture processes inferred from laboratory microearthquakes

We report macroscopic stick‐slip events in saw‐cut Westerly granite samples deformed under controlled upper crustal stress conditions in the laboratory. Experiments were conducted under triaxial loading (σ1>σ2=σ3) at confining pressures (σ3) ranging from 10 to 100 MPa. A high‐frequency acoustic monitoring array recorded particle acceleration during macroscopic stick‐slip events allowing us to estimate rupture speed. In addition, we record the stress drop dynamically and we show that the dynamic stress drop measured locally close to the fault plane is almost total in the breakdown zone (for normal stress >75 MPa), while the friction f recovers to values of f > 0.4 within only a few hundred microseconds. Enhanced dynamic weakening is observed to be linked to the melting of asperities which can be well explained by flash heating theory in agreement with our postmortem microstructural analysis. Relationships between initial state of stress, rupture velocities, stress drop, and energy budget suggest that at high normal stress (leading to supershear rupture velocities), the rupture processes are more dissipative. Our observations question the current dichotomy between the fracture energy and the frictional energy in terms of rupture processes. A power law scaling of the fracture energy with final slip is observed over 8 orders of magnitude in slip, from a few microns to tens of meters.
Lagrangian study of tropical instability vortices in the Atlantic

Tropical instability waves and tropical instability vortices (TIVs) exert major controls on ocean dynamics, thermodynamics, and biology on intraseasonal to seasonal time scales. To understand the fundamental mechanisms at play, a Lagrangian analysis of the 3D circulation of westward-propagating TIVs was performed in a high-resolution Atlantic Ocean simulation. The model reproduces the main temperature and velocity features of the tropical Atlantic mean state and the TIVs. Lagrangian diagnostics were used to track the water masses transported in vortices and exchanged with surrounding waters. The 3D circulation within vortices is consistent with previous observations and dominated by anticyclonic rotation with downwelling and upwelling near the leading and trailing edges of the vortex, respectively. This convergent flow creates sharp gradients at the TIV southwestern edge, where vertical mixing is most efficient. While TIVs remain highly dynamically coherent throughout their lifetime, significant exchanges occur with their surroundings, with 50% of their water being renewed over one rotation cycle. A detailed investigation of the eddies' sources and sinks reveals that they mostly transport southern water zonally, while northern waters are mostly passing through or fluxed southward in their lee. A notable source of entrained water is the Equatorial Undercurrent.
Aberystwyth University Correlation of fluvial sequences in the Mediterranean basin over the last 200 ka and their relationship to climate change

This paper presents a new correlation of Late and Middle Pleistocene ﬂuvial sedimentary sequences in Greek, Libyan and Spanish river basins and evaluates river response to climate change over the Last Interglacial–Glacial Cycle. Over the past 200,000 years there have been at least 13 major alluviation episodes in the Mediterranean, although the amplitude, frequency and possibly, duration of these events varied signiﬁcantly across the region. Parts of Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 5 appears to have been periods of pronounced landscape change in many Mediterranean catchments with major river aggradation occurring at B 109–111ka (during OIS 5d) and most notably at B 88 ka (OIS 5b/5a boundary). Other parts of OIS 5 appear to have been periods of relative ﬂuvial inactivity. OIS 2 and 3 were both characterised by an apparent increase in the number of alluviation events, and this record of river behaviour parallels many other palaeoenvironmental records in the region which also show more frequent climate ﬂuctuations between B 12 and 65 ka. There is evidence for a high degree of synchrony in major river aggradation events across the Mediterranean in catchments with very different sizes, tectonic regimes and histories. Climate-related changes in catchment hydrology and vegetation cover over the last 200ka would appear to be the primary control of large-scale (catchment wide) sedimentation over time periods of between 10 3 and 10 4 years. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Revaluation of Turkey Oak Wood (Quercus cerris L.) Through Combined Steaming and Thermo-vacuum Treatments

Turkey oak is a wood species widely distributed in Southeastern Europe and in Italy, where it is mainly present in the Apennine Mountains. Compared to other oaks, Turkey oak is less valued because of its tendency to crack, its lower technological quality, and its lower durability. The aim of the present work was to improve wood quality by treating Turkey oak through combined steaming and thermal treatment under vacuum conditions. Wood was steamed at a temperature between 100 to 110 °C and thermally treated in vacuum at 160 °C using two different technologies, i.e., the press vacuum plant and the Termovuoto® plant. The treated material was characterized in terms of mass loss, color change, hygroscopicity, and compression strength for both heartwood and sapwood. Results slightly differed according to the treatment or combination of treatments adopted. In general, a significant increase in dimensional stability and an improved color homogenization were obtained together with the maintenance of a good wood quality. Concerning mechanical properties, thermo-vacuum treatment increased the compression strength, while steaming had the opposite effect.
An integrated strategy for vehicle active suspension and anti-lock braking systems

In this paper, a decentralized integrated control structure is developed based on a quarter car vehicle model including longitudinal and vertical dynamics. In this structure, the anti-lock braking system (ABS) is designed to decrease the stopping distance by regulating the longitudinal slip for improved safety during hard braking while the active suspension system (ASS) decreases the sprung mass acceleration to improve the ride comfort on irregular roads. During hard braking, it is preferred for conventional ASS to control the variations of tire deflection to improve the braking performance. How ever, in a new strategy, it is shown that if the ABS controller follows the optimal longitudinal slip varied with the vehicle speed and tire normal force instead of a constant value, the dependency of ASS and ABS is decreased. In this way, the ABS performance has high quality performance even in the presence of passive suspension. Application of ASS causes more reduction in the body vibration to provide more ride comfort during braking. As a conclusion, when the ASS is integrated with the proposed strategy of ABS, the overall ride and safety performances are simultaneously improved during hard braking on a good road spectrum.
Improving Learning in Rural Lower Primary School through Provision of Informal ECD: Lessons from an NGO Model in Uganda

Despite the importance of early childhood education in improving academic achievements in subsequent years and also in social development, it remains out of reach for majority of children in developing countries. This leaves informal education as the main preparation children in rural areas receive before entry into primary schools. This paper focuses on contributions of informal early childhood education to pupils learning in lower primary schools. Data was drawn from a three-year longitudinal study of children who had benefitted from the informal early childhood education provided by a nongovernmental organization (LABE), in Uganda. Findings show that attendance of informal home based learning improves pupils’ performance in literacy and numeracy by primary three. Children who attend the informal early childhood education performed better than those who start school direct from home. Informal early childhood education also increases children readiness for schools and helps them cope better with school. The paper recommends adaptation of the LABE model in rural areas with inadequate formal ECCE provisions. In addition, for improved supervision, linking HLC and primary schools is critical.
Using Multimedia in Teaching Agricultural Machinery Subject through Cloud Computing: A Case Study of Sot Technical Training Institute –Bomet County, Kenya

The main aim of the Project was to incorporate ICT concepts in teaching Agricultural Machinery subject through Cloud Computing. The project entailed e-content development in line with the established curriculum for training Diploma level students in Technical Institutions in Kenya. The first objective outlined the utilization of diverse multimedia – audio, text, videos and graphics to enhance comprehension of the operating principle of diverse agricultural machinery. The project recognized that this made learners more interested and provoked participation in the teaching-learning process. The second objective identified appropriate multimedia for the various topics of training in the subject. The third objective involved selection of appropriate Learning Management System. For this project, Moodle was identified as the most appropriate [1]. The e-content could be accessed by both learners and trainers via the Cloud. The fourth objective was to test the functionality of the adopted system as used in teaching Agricultural Machinery subject. This was done by generating system reports and analyzing the usage.
Spatio-temporal population genetics of the Danish pine marten (Martes martes)

A spatio-temporal study of genetic variation in the Danish pine marten (Martes martes) populations from the Jutland peninsula and from the island of Sealand was performed using 11 microsatellite markers. Samples obtained from 1892 to 2003 were subdivided into historical (prior to 1970) and recent (from 1970) groups. As compared with the historical samples, there was a significant loss of genetic variation in the recent Jutland population, but not in Sealand. Effective population sizes were estimated using Bayesian-based software (TMVP). Historical effective population sizes were 5897 (90% highest probability density, HPD, limits: 1502–6849) in Jutland and 1300 (90% HPD limits: 224–5929) in Sealand, whereas recent effective population sizes were 14.7 (90% HPD limits: 10.9–23.5) in Jutland and 802 (90% HPD limits: 51.8–5510) in Sealand. Significant genetic differentiation (FST) was found between the two historical samples, between the two recent samples, and between the historical and the recent sample in Jutland; whereas the FST value between the historical and the recent sample in Sealand was not significant. The significant genetic differentiation between the historical and the recent samples indicates changes in the genetic compositions over time, and the higher FST values between the two recent samples, as compared with the two historical samples, indicates that the populations in Sealand and Jutland have drifted apart within a short time span. No deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was found within populations, indicating no further substructuring. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 93, 457–464.