Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coordinate Expression of the Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter and Choline Acetyltransferase Following Septohippocampal Pathway Lesions

Abstract: The gene for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was recently cloned and found to be located within a 5′ noncoding intron of the gene for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). There appear to be several shared and unique promoters for each gene, suggesting that control of expression of these two genes can be either coordinated or independent. Two lesions, axotomy and immunotoxin, directed at the well defined septohippocampal cholinergic pathway were used to determine VAChT and ChAT protein expression in the degenerating terminal fields in the hippocampus and the cell bodies of the medial septum nucleus after injury. Two weeks after lesioning, decreases of up to 90% in VAChT were found in the affected hippocampus by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry, similar to ChAT activity. The number of VAChT‐ and ChAT‐immunopositive neurons in the medial septum decreased by up to 95%. Eight weeks following axotomy, the number of VAChT‐ and ChAT‐immunopositive neurons had increased to almost 50% in fimbria‐fornix‐lesioned animals, indicating coordinate reexpression of both cholinergic markers in recovered neurons. There was no recovery of either VAChT or ChAT immunoreactivity after the irreversible immunotoxin lesions. Thus, with use of immunological techniques, there appears to be coordinate expression of VAChT and ChAT in the septohippocampal pathway following either unilateral fimbria‐fornix or bilateral immunotoxin lesion.
Influence of Coinfecting Pathogens on HIV Expression: Evidence for a Role of Toll-Like Receptors1

Immune activation of HIV gene expression as a consequence of the host response to coinfecting pathogens has been implicated as an important factor in AIDS progression. Immune responsiveness to many of the infectious agents associated with HIV has been demonstrated to depend on a family of innate recognition molecules, known as Toll-like receptors (TLR). Therefore, TLR-pathogen interactions could play an indirect role in regulating HIV-associated disease. In this review, we summarize emerging evidence for the influence of TLR recognition on HIV gene activation and AIDS progression.
Lipschütz Genital Ulceration Associated with Mumps

Lipschütz ulcers are characterised by a first flare of non-sexually related acute genital ulcers (AGU) occurring in adolescent girls. Epstein-Barr primary infection is the most frequently reported aetiology but other infectious agents are probably implicated. We report the first case of mumps associated with an AGU in a 21-year-old girl. She presented a bilateral parotitis with genital ulcers, and serology confirmed she had mumps. As in our case, most Lipschütz ulcers heal spontaneously within a couple of weeks and the diagnosis should be reconsidered in case of recurrence.
A Goal-Directed Approach to Gaining Compliance

This research examines how particular face threats intrinsic to compliance gaining goals constrain compliance gaining behaviors, finding that (a) threats to certain negative and positive face wants differentiate compliance gaining goals from each other; (b) compliance gaining goals are distinct from each other in their arrangements of the number and kind of both appropriate and inappropriate, and efficient and inefficient, compliance gaining behaviors, particularly the goals of stopping an annoying habit, getting a date, asking a favor, and ending a relationship; and (c) a compliance gaining goal’s restriction of cointeractants’ autonomy accounts for differences in which compliance gaining behaviors are judged more and less appropriate, and which more and less efficient, for different compliance gaining goals. Although compliance gaining goals differentially threaten aspects of both negative and positive face, a goal’s autonomy restriction, although not its negative affect potential, relates systematically to the appropriateness and efficiency arrangements of compliance gaining behaviors.
Recurrent urinary tract infection in the female

Purpose of review Recurrent urinary tract infection is a common problem and can affect women of all ages, particularly the elderly and pregnant women. Obstetricians and gynaecologists need to have up-to-date knowledge of the diagnosis, pathophysiology and management of this condition. Recent findings The diagnosis of urinary tract infection is made on the basis of symptoms and bacteriuria of more than 103 bacteria per ml. Host and bacterial virulence factors are important in the pathogenesis of recurrent urinary tract infections. General host factors predisposing to recurrent infection are genetic factors, ageing, the menopause, urogenital dysfunction, sexual behaviour, and previous pelvic surgery. Urinary tract infection is common in pregnancy, and recent studies have suggested an association with mental retardation and developmental delay. Women with recurrent urinary tract infection in pregnancy should be considered for long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. Intravaginal oestrogens and cranberry juice have been found to be effective for prevention, although more research is required. Women with recurrent urinary tract infection should have at least a 3-day course of trimethoprim or cotrimoxazole, or a 5-day course of β-lactams or nitrofurantoin, with perhaps a 10-day course in the elderly. Women with frequent urinary tract infection (more than three episodes per year) should be offered prophylactic antibiotics, which can be patient-initiated, postcoital, or long-term low-dose therapy. In the future, vaccines against specific uropathogenic bacteria may be useful in urinary tract infection prophylaxis. Summary More research is required, by all medical disciplines, on various aspects of urinary tract infection.
Dissociation between muscle tricarboxylic acid cycle pool size and aerobic energy provision during prolonged exercise in humans

It has been suggested that a decrease in the total concentration of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (TCAIs) ‐ secondary to a reduction in glycogen availability ‐ compromises oxidative energy provision in skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise. However, no study has directly tested this hypothesis. We therefore studied six men (28 ± 2 years) during 90 min of leg kicking exercise at an intensity equivalent to 70 % of maximum. Biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained at rest and after 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 90 min of exercise, and thigh oxygen uptake (VO2,thigh) was calculated according to the Fick principle. The sum of six measured TCAIs (≈95 % of total pool size) was 1.30 ± 0.15 mmol (kg dry wt)−1 at rest and increased (P≤ 0.05) rapidly during exercise to a peak value of 3.15 ± 0.23 mmol (kg dry wt)−1 after 10 min. Thereafter, the [TCAI] declined to 2.14 ± 0.23, 1.73 ± 0.32 and 1.62 ± 0.10 mmol (kg dry wt)−1 after 30, 60 and 90 min, respectively (P≤ 0.05vs.10 min). Despite the 50 % decrease in [TCAI], aerobic energy provision was not compromised, as evidenced by stable VO2,thigh values throughout the entire exercise bout and little change in muscle [phosphocreatine] after 10 min. The largest decrease in [TCAI] (Δ+ 1.00 ± 0.24 mmol (kg dry wt)−1) occurred from 10 to 30 min of exercise despite the fact that muscle [glycogen] remained relatively high at this point in exercise (≈274 ± 24 mmol (kg dry wt)−1 after 30 min; ≈65 % of rest value). Conversely, there was little change in [TCAI] during the final 30 min of exercise (Δ+ 0.11 ± 0.29 mmol (kg dry wt)−1) despite a decrease in [glycogen] to ≈72 ± 3 mmol (kg dry wt)−1 after 90 min (≈13 % of rest value). We conclude that there is a progressive decrease in muscle [TCAI] during prolonged exercise in humans; however this decrease does not compromise aerobic energy provision and is not attributable to the depletion of muscle [glycogen].
Effect of pulsatilla on polycystic ovarian syndrome and its associated cancer

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is one of the most common female endocrine. Many papers reported the correlation between infertility that most eminently predisposes towards cancer in PCOS women from many years. From both clinical and experimental research one can conclude that correlation between PCOS and endometrial cancer is the strongest. Most studies on correlation between PCOS and ovarian cancer as well as breast cancer failed to show a link though Pulsatilla have a strong effect on it. Various synthetic drugs which mainly used in the treatment of PCOS and endometrial cancer but here the problem is those drugs has lots of side effect/Adverse effect so we should go with the natural product Pulsatilla Sp. Which is used on PCOS and various cancer. Pulsatilla is a well establish drug for PCOS with unknown mechanism of action. Deoxypodophyllotoxin, which was isolated from the roots of P. koreana, was found to inhibit the tube-like formation of HUVECs (human umbilical venous endothelial cells) and have a potent antitumor effect. The chemical constituent saponin D present in Pulsatilla root is responsible for the anti tumor activity. The results, which are expressed as Pulsatilla saponin D has such a potent antitumor effect (IR, 82%) on a solid tumor, which is higher than Adriamycin (IR, 64%). 23-Hydroxybetulinic acid synthesized from Pulsatilla chinensis also shows anti tumoral activity. Though the potency of pulsatilla sp. are less than synthetic marketed drugs but by structural modification we may get potent anti canceral agent with least toxicity by Pulsatilla.
The Application of Genetic Information for Regulatory Standard Setting Under the Clean Air Act: A Decision‐Analytic Approach

In 2002, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released an “Interim Policy on Genomics,” stating a commitment to developing guidance on the inclusion of genetic information in regulatory decision making. This statement was followed in 2004 by a document exploring the potential implications. Genetic information can play a key role in understanding and quantifying human susceptibility, an essential step in many of the risk assessments used to shape policy. For example, the federal Clean Air Act (CAA) requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for criteria pollutants at levels to protect even sensitive populations from adverse health effects with an adequate margin of safety. Asthmatics are generally regarded as a sensitive population, yet substantial research gaps in understanding genetic susceptibility and disease have hindered quantitative risk analysis. This case study assesses the potential role of genomic information regarding susceptible populations in the NAAQS process for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) under the CAA. In this initial assessment, we model the contribution of a single polymorphism to asthma risk and mortality risk; however, multiple polymorphisms and interactions (gene‐gene and gene‐environment) are known to play key roles in the disease process. We show that the impact of new information about susceptibility on estimates of population risk or average risk derived from large epidemiological studies depends on the circumstances. We also suggest that analysis of a single polymorphism, or other risk factor such as health status, may or may not change estimates of individual risk enough to alter a particular regulatory decision, but this depends on specific characteristics of the decision and risk information. We also show how new information about susceptibility in the context of the NAAQS for PM2.5 could have a large impact on the estimated distribution of individual risk. This would occur if a group were consequently identified (based on genetic and/or disease status), that accounted for a disproportionate share of observed effects. Our results highlight certain conditions under which genetic information is likely to have an impact on risk estimates and the balance of costs and benefits within groups, and highlight critical research needs. As future studies explore more fully the relationship between exposure, genetic makeup, and disease status, the opportunity for genetic information and disease status to play pivotal roles in regulation can only increase.
An Exploration of Nursing Assistants' Perceptions About Job Satisfaction

High levels of staff turnover of certified nursing assistants (CNAs) are costly and disruptive to patient care. A variety of factors contribute to a 36% turnover rate of CNAs nationwide (2015 Staffing Report, 2015). According to Stone and Wiener, high rates of turnover and staff vacancies have multilayered consequences; patient care suffers, cost of constantly replacing workers soars, and worker job dissatisfaction increases. This study examined the CNAs' beliefs about job satisfaction as an approach to prevent job turnover and retain high achieving staff in one acute care hospital in a south eastern region. The goal was to determine how CNAs define job satisfaction, evaluate their understanding of and gauge interest in the career options presented at information sessions as well as listen to their ideas on how they believe are the best approaches to achieve job satisfaction for the CNAs at this facility. A qualitative key informant design was used to interview a purposive sample of 9 nursing assistants who were currently employed at the hospital for at least 6 months and who attended a brief information session. Individual 20-minute face-to-face interviews of consented participants were recorded, transcribed, and coded for themes using constant comparative analysis. Four major categories emerged from the interviews: CNA views of job satisfaction, clinical ladder option, support services option, and what CNAs want.
Aclarubicin and Low-Dose Cytosine Arabinoside in Combination with Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Treating Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Disease and Myelodysplastic Syndrome: A Multicenter Study of 112 Chinese Patients

One hundred twelve patients with geriatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML), refractory or relapsed AML, or myelodysplastic syndrome and refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation (MDS-RAEBt) were entered into this study to receive CAG (aclarubicin and low-dose cytosine arabinoside [Ara-C]in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF]) with the objective of evaluating the efficacy and tolerance of this regimen. Low-dose Ara-C was given subcutaneously at a dosage of 10 mg/m2 every 12 hours on days 1 to 14. Aclarubicin was administered intravenously at a dosage of 14 mg/m2 per day on days 1 to 4 (CAG regimen A) or 7 mg/m2 on days 1 to 8 (CAG regimen B). Recombinant G-CSF was given subcutaneously at a dosage of 200 µg/m2 per day on days 1 to 14. We demonstrated comparable overall complete remission rates for the 4 groups of patients: 30.8% (8/26) in the elderly patients, 48.4% (30/62) in the refractory AML patients, 44.4% (8/18) in the relapsed AML patients, and 38.5% (5/13) in the MDS-RAEBt patients. Of the 52 patients followed up, the 12-month progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method were 40.73% ± 8.15% and 42.85% ± 8.23%, respectively. The median PFS and OS times were 9.0 ± 2.2 months and 11.0 ± 1.6 months, respectively. Toxic effects were very rare and mainly consisted of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia due to myelo-suppression; approximately 70% to 80% of patients had neutropenia or thrombocytopenia that exceeded National Cancer Institute grade II. Nonhematologic toxicities were not observed in this study. The CAG regimen seems promising, with acceptable toxicity, for the treatment of various categories of poor-prognosis AML and MDS-RAEBt.
Solutions of time-varying TS-fuzzy-model-based dynamic equations using a shifted Chebyshev series approach

In this paper, the approach of a shifted Chebyshev series is proposed to solve the time-varying Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy-model-based dynamic equations. The new method simplifies the procedure of solving the time-varying TS-fuzzy-model-based dynamic equations into the successive solution of a system of recursive formulae only involving the matrix algebra. Based on the presented recursive formulae, an algorithm involving only straightforward algebraic computation is also proposed in this paper. The new proposed approach is non-iterative, non-differential, non-integral, straightforward, and well adapted to the computer implementation. The computational complexity can therefore be reduced remarkably. The first illustrated numerical example shows that the proposed method based on the shifted Chebyshev series can yield better and more satisfactory results than the Runge–Kutta method. The second illustrated example for the pendulum system with the vibration in the vertical direction on the pivot point is given to demonstrate the application of the proposed approach.
Age and Meanings of Violence

The first survey carried out in Finland specifically to study men’s violence against women showed that partner violence is quite common in Finland and it is directed especially toward young women. The statistical findings don’t support the idea that violence has become more widespread in Finland. Life situation factors that are usually viewed as making women vulnerable to spousal violence, such as having children, cohabiting, low educational level, and financial dependency on the male partner, failed to explain partnership violence against women inFinland as such, too. The author’s objective is to find out whether meanings of violence have changed and whether this could be one reason why young women report in a survey such cases of violence that other women would not. This could explain why violence in partnerships is so common among young women in Finland.
Tadalafil and acetazolamide versus acetazolamide for the prevention of severe high-altitude illness.

We report an open-label study comparing tadalafil and acetazolamide (n = 24) versus acetazolamide (n = 27) for prevention of high-altitude illness (HAI) at Mt. Kilimanjaro. Tadalafil group had lower rates of severe HAI compared with controls (4% vs 26%, p = 0.03), mostly because of decreased high-altitude pulmonary edema rates (4% vs 22%, p = 0.06).
The Pathogenesis of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Mallards

SUMMARY. Mallards are important natural hosts involved in the epidemiology of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). LPAIVs are mainly transmitted by a fecal-oral route and are excreted in high concentrations in the feces. We investigated the pathology, viral antigen distribution, and the expression of &agr;2,3 sialic acid (SA) influenza virus receptors in mallards after intranasal inoculation with A/Mallard/MN/199106/99 (H3N8) or A/Mallard/MN/355779/00 (H5N2). Gross lesions were not observed. Avian influenza virus (AIV) nucleoprotein (NP) antigen was detected in rare epithelial cells of the larynx and trachea only at 1-day postinoculation (dpi) in the birds infected with H3N8 LPAIV, but infection with either virus was associated with lymphocytic tracheitis and laryngitis on 1 and 2 dpi. AIV NP antigen was detected in enterocytes of the lower intestine from 1 to 4 dpi and in epithelial cells of the bursa of Fabricius from 2 to 3 dpi in birds infected with either virus. Oropharyngeal and cloacal viral shedding was detected from 1 dpi, with higher cloacal viral shedding detected at 2 and 3 dpi with both viruses. Mallards abundantly expressed &agr;2,3 sialic acid receptors in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, lower intestine, and bursa of Fabricius. Some infected birds had decreased &agr;2,3 sialic acid expression in epithelial cells of the bursa of Fabricius and in enterocytes of the ceca and colon. In conclusion, the main sites of LPAIV replication in mallards are the enterocytes of the lower intestinal tract and epithelial cells of the bursa of Fabricius in the first days after infection, when these birds are shedding AIV in high titers in the feces.
Encoding of whisker input by cerebellar Purkinje cells

The cerebellar cortex is crucial for sensorimotor integration. Sensorimotor inputs converge on cerebellar Purkinje cells via two afferent pathways: the climbing fibre pathway triggering complex spikes, and the mossy fibre–parallel fibre pathway, modulating the simple spike activities of Purkinje cells. We used, for the first time, the mouse whisker system as a model system to study the encoding of somatosensory input by Purkinje cells. We show that most Purkinje cells in ipsilateral crus 1 and crus 2 of awake mice respond to whisker stimulation with complex spike and/or simple spike responses. Single‐whisker stimulation in anaesthetised mice revealed that the receptive fields of complex spike and simple spike responses were strikingly different. Complex spike responses, which proved to be sensitive to the amplitude, speed and direction of whisker movement, were evoked by only one or a few whiskers. Simple spike responses, which were not affected by the direction of movement, could be evoked by many individual whiskers. The receptive fields of Purkinje cells were largely intermingled, and we suggest that this facilitates the rapid integration of sensory inputs from different sources. Furthermore, we describe that individual Purkinje cells, at least under anaesthesia, may be bound in two functional ensembles based on the receptive fields and the synchrony of the complex spike and simple spike responses. The ‘complex spike ensembles’ were oriented in the sagittal plane, following the anatomical organization of the climbing fibres, while the ‘simple spike ensembles’ were oriented in the transversal plane, as are the beams of parallel fibres.
Tinnitus as an Alarm Bell: Stress Reaction Tinnitus Model

Stress is a significant factor influencing the clinical course of tinnitus. Auditory system is particularly sensitive to the effects of different stress factors (chemical, oxidative, emotional, etc.). Different stages of reaction (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) lead to different characteristics of tinnitus and different therapeutic approaches. Individual characteristics of stress reaction may explain different aspects of tinnitus in various patients with different responses to treatment, despite similar audiological and ethiological factors. A model based on individual reactions to stress factors (stress reaction tinnitus model) could explaintinnitus as an alarm signal, just like an ‘alarm bell’, informing the patient that something potentially dangerous for subject homeostasis is happening. Tinnitus could become a disabling symptom when the subject is chronically exposed to a stress factor and is unable to switch off the alarm. Stress signals, specific for each patient, have to be identified during the ‘alarm’ phase in order to prevent an evolution toward the ‘resistance’ and ‘exhaustion’ phases. In these phases, identification of stressor is no more sufficient, due to the organization of a ‘paradoxical auditory memory’ and a ‘pathologically shifted attention to tinnitus’. Identification of stress reaction phase requires accurate otolaryngology and anamnesis combined with audiological matching tests (Feldman Masking Test, for example) and psychometric questionnaires (Tinnitus Reaction and Tinnitus Cognitive Questionnaires).
Scedosporium apiospermum Soft Tissue Infection Successfully Treated with Voriconazole: Potential Pitfalls in the Transition from Intravenous to Oral Therapy

ABSTRACT An immunocompromised patient with an invasive soft tissue infection due to Scedosporium apiospermum was successfully treated with voriconazole and surgical debridement. After transition from intravenous to oral therapy, successive adjustments of the oral dose were required to achieve complete resolution. For soft tissue infections due to molds characterized by thin, septate hyphae branching at acute angles, voriconazole should be considered a first-line antifungal agent. The potential usefulness of plasma voriconazole levels for guiding optimal therapy should be investigated.