Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Duration and seriousness of running mechanics alterations after maximal cycling in triathletes. Influence of the performance level.

BACKGROUND Non-experienced triathletes use to complain about the difficulty to run after cycling. We tested the hypothesis that elite triathletes have lower and/or shorter alterations in running mechanics following a maximal cycling exercise than their less efficient counterparts. METHODS The mechanical alterations in running after exhaustive cycling exercise were studied in eight elite (E) and 18 middle-level (M) triathletes. Before and after maximal cycling exercise, the subjects completed two 7-min runs on a treadmill at a velocity corresponding to that sustained during a triathlon. External mechanical cost was quantified during the first and last minute of each run from displacements of the centre of mass using a kinematic arm. RESULTS The effect of cycling on the potential, kinetic and mechanical costs (respectively, 7.1+/-6.0% and 0.4+/-6.9% increase for M and E) during the first minute of running appeared to be more adverse (p<0.05) for M than E. The mechanical changes between pre- and postcycling exercise were similar among the two groups at the 6th minute, suggesting that the mechanical alterations due to a cycling fatigue in M are brief. CONCLUSIONS Since the needs to run efficiently immediately after cycling are associated with performance in triathlon, the results of the present study have practical implications for training.
A role for the prefrontal cortex in recall of recent and remote memories

Declarative memories are thought to be initially stored in the hippocampus, and then transferred to the neocortex. This is a key feature of the standard model of consolidation and is supported by studies reporting a requirement for activity within the neocortex for recall of remote, but not recent, hippocampal-dependent memories. New evidence from our and other laboratories, however, suggests that, for trace fear conditioning, memories are stored in the rodent medial prefrontal cortex and in the hippocampus from the time of training. Consistent with this, we show that activity in the medial prefrontal cortex is necessary for retrieval of recent and remote memories, suggesting that information stored in this neocortical structure from the time of training is necessary for memory recall.
Why Do French Civil-Law Countries Have Higher Levels of Financial Efficiency?

The dominance of English common-law countries in prospects for financial development in the legal-origins debate has been debunked by recent findings. Using exchange rate regimes and economic/monetary integration oriented hypotheses, this paper proposes an “inflation uncertainty theory” in providing theoretical justification and empirical validity as to why French civil-law countries have higher levels of financial allocation efficiency. Inflation uncertainty, typical of floating exchange rate regimes accounts for the allocation inefficiency of financial intermediary institutions in English common-law countries. As a policy implication, results support the benefits of fixed exchange rate regimes in financial intermediary allocation efficiency.
Colorectal cancer in young and elderly patients.

UNLABELLED The aim of the study was to answer the question whether there are differences in the progression of the disease and its morphology, dependent of the patient's age, as well as show colorectal cancer differences between young and elderly patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS During the period between 2009 and 2011, 747 patients with rectal carcinoma, and 478 with colon cancer underwent surgery at the Department of General and Colorectal Surgery. The study group comprised patients under the age of 40 years (56 patients) and >80 years (90 patients). The following were subject to analysis: gender, tumor location, percentage of radical and palliative procedures, clinical and histopathological staging, as well the differences in the morphology of the tumor. The χ2 test and Yates' correction were used for statistical analysis. p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS A higher incidence of rectal carcinoma was observed in younger patients (p=0.004). Amongst the younger patients 30.3% were diagnosed with stage III cancer, while 35.7% with stage IV. In case of elderly patients 30.6% were diagnosed with stage III cancer, while 30.7% with stage IV. In 53.3% of young patients, local lymph node metastases were observed, while in the elderly 41.8%. No statistically significant difference was observed, considering the total number of lymph nodes metastases. However, in case of stage N2, results were unfavorable for young patients 31.8% vs 17% in case of the elderly. Mucogenic adenocarcinoma incidence was similar in both groups. In case of patients< 40 years we observed a higher incidence of poorly differentiated tumors, as compared to the elderly patients (>80 years). CONCLUSIONS 1. It is necessary to create appropriate prevention programs for young community, and improvement of public awareness in this age group. 2. Colorectal cancer (CRC) in young patients is often recognized in advanced stage. 3. A high percentage of unresectable tumors in group of elderly patients shows that CRC is still diagnosed too late in Poland.
Innervation zone and propagation velocity in human muscle.

Summary. The innervation of the brachial biceps was found to be localised to a narrow band in the proximal third of the short head and in the distal third of the long head. Counts of terminal nerve endings showed that 67 per cent of all endings were situated within 10 per cent of the muscle length. The action potential recorded with an electrode placed within the zone of innervation had an abrupt onset, and with two or more electrodes placed in the innervation zone near fibres of the same motor unit, the initial deflection of the action potential was simultaneous within 0.5 msec. This was seen up to electrode distances of 40 mm, along the longitudinal axis of the muscle, and indicates that the end plates of the same unit are scattered over this area. It excludes furthermore that propagation over the thin terminal nerve branches contributes to the action potential duration. When care was taken to place the electrodes distal to the site of innervation and an identical threshold to electrical stimulation had ensured that the electrodes led off from the same muscle fibres, the propagation velocity of the spike of the action potential released by voluntary effort varied over a narrow range. The mean value was 4.7 m/sec. with a maximal variation of 1.3 m/sec. within the same muscle (36.57° C). The small variation in velocity was unexpected in view of the threefold variation in diameter, but could be accounted for by the influence of the external resistance which was shown to be localised mainly in the interspaces between inactive fibres in situ. The propagation velocity during voluntary effort exceeded the velocity of electrically activated fibres by 0.7 m/sec. Differences in action potential duration during voluntary effort can mainly be attributed to the spatial dispersion of the site of innervation for the different fibres of the motor unit.
A Steady‐State Evaluation of the Effects of Propantheline Bromide and Cholestyramine on the Bioavailability of Digoxin When Administered as Tablets or Capsules

Drug interactions can profoundly alter the absorption of digoxin in tablet form. This study evaluated whether digoxin solution in capsules, a new dosage form with 90% to 100% bioavailability, would reduce such alterations, specifically those caused by cholestyramine and propantheline bromide. The investigation used a six‐treatment, steady‐state, balanced, incomplete block design with 18 healthy adults studied for four continuous two‐week treatment periods. Treatments were either two 0.25 mg digoxin tablets or two 0.20 mg digoxin capsules administered alone, with propantheline, 15 mg qid, or with cholestyramine, 8 g qd. Bioavailability was determined from steady‐state, 24‐hour area under the serum concentration‐time curve (AUC, ng × h/mL) and from 0‐ and 24‐hour trough serum digoxin concentrations (ng/mL). The AUCs for tablets alone, with cholestyramine, and with propantheline were 32.8 ± 13.3 (± SD), 22.4 ± 12.1, and 40.6 ± 13.9, respectively, while corresponding values for capsules were 31.7 ± 9.3, 24.7 ± 7.9, and 35.9 ± 12.8. The trough concentrations for tablets alone, with cholestyramine, and with propantheline were 0.88 ± 0.47, 0.61 ± 0.38, and 1.09 ± 0.35, respectively; trough concentrations for capsules were 0.77 ± 0.28, 0.74 ± 0.28, and 0.96 ± 0.48, respectively. The only significant differences in AUC were seen when comparing tablets alone versus tablets with cholestyramine (P < .0005) and tablets with propantheline (P < .01). A significant finding was also observed when comparing trough concentrations for tablets alone versus tablets with cholestyramine (P < .005). The results confirm (1) bioequivalence of 0.20 mg capsules versus 0.25 mg tablets, (2) significant alterations in tablet bioavailability due to cholestyramine and propantheline, and (3) reduction of these alterations by the capsule dosage form. These findings suggest that digoxin capsules may offer clinical advantages over digoxin tablets in achieving predictable, consistent serum digoxin concentrations in patients receiving cholestyramine, propantheline, and similar drugs.
Structure of HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase bound to a novel 38‐mer hairpin template‐primer DNA aptamer

The development of a modified DNA aptamer that binds HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (RT) with ultra‐high affinity has enabled the X‐ray structure determination of an HIV‐1 RT‐DNA complex to 2.3 Å resolution without the need for an antibody Fab fragment or RT‐DNA cross‐linking. The 38‐mer hairpin‐DNA aptamer has a 15 base‐pair duplex, a three‐deoxythymidine hairpin loop, and a five‐nucleotide 5′‐overhang. The aptamer binds RT in a template‐primer configuration with the 3′‐end positioned at the polymerase active site and has 2′‐O‐methyl modifications at the second and fourth duplex template nucleotides that interact with the p66 fingers and palm subdomains. This structure represents the highest resolution RT‐nucleic acid structure to date. The RT‐aptamer complex is catalytically active and can serve as a platform for studying fundamental RT mechanisms and for development of anti‐HIV inhibitors through fragment screening and other approaches. Additionally, the structure allows for a detailed look at a unique aptamer design and provides the molecular basis for its remarkably high affinity for RT.
The morphology and histology of the endocrine pancreas of the Southern Hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis gray

The location and arrangement of the pancreatic endocrine tissue in larval and adult Geotria australis (Geotriidae) differ markedly from those exhibited by the comparable stages of Northern Hemisphere lampreys (Petromyzontidae). In larval Geotria australis, the main zones of islet proliferation are located laterally between the oesophagus and the inner edge of the two large intestinal diverticula unique to this species rather than dorsal and ventral to the oesophagus. In adult Geotria australis, the islet follicles are closely packed into a single discrete capsule which could be easily removed surgically, rather than into cranial, intermediate, and caudal cords. The differences in the adult can be related to a lack of involvement of the bile duct in islet formation during metamorphosis. While B cells were found in both larval and adult islet follicles, the PI acidophilic cells and argyrophilic cells, which appeared respectively at stages 3 and 4 in metamorphosis, were present in all adult stages.
Approximating a single viewpoint in panoramic imaging devices

Panoramic cameras, which image a very large field of view, are useful devices for mobile robots that must move rapidly and securely in their environments. Recent panoramic cameras present a very wide field of view from a single viewpoint. A single viewpoint is useful in mobile robotics for a number of reasons, including perspective reprojection and stereo analysis. However, the requirement of single viewpoint for panoramic cameras restricts the optical and geometrical design of these devices. In this paper we present a method for approximating a single viewpoint in panoramic devices that allows much greater freedom in design. We illustrate the method with a compact catadioptric device using a spherical mirror and standard optics, and apply it to perspective reprojection. The resultant panoramic camera has been integrated as a surveillance device on a small mobile robot.
Pharmacokinetics Characterization of Liposomal Amphotericin B: Investigation of Clearance Process and Drug Interaction Potential

Abstract AmBisome®, a liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (CAS 1397-89-3, L-AMB), shows different pharmacokinetics from the conventional formulation, amphotericin B deoxycholate (D-AMB). To characterize the clearance process of L-AMB, the form in which it exists in rat plasma, pharmacokinetics in hepatic or renal failure rats, cellular distribution in rat liver, and placental and milk transfer in rat were investigated. Furthermore, to predict the drug-drug interaction, in vitro metabolism of amphotericin B (AMB) by rat, dog and human liver S9 fraction, and effects of L-AMB on drug-metabolizing enzyme systems were investigated. L-AMB was found to exist stably as a liposomal form in rat plasma without any notable transfer to milk or fetus in rats. After administration to hepatic failure rats, the CLtot of AMB decreased to 1/4 and the Vdss decreased to 1/8 compared with the control rat case. In contrast, after administration to renal failure rats, plasma AUC of AMB did not significantly change compared with sham-operated rats. These data suggest that hepatic clearance is the main determinant of the CLtot for L-AMB. In rat liver, L-AMB was distributed mainly to non-parenchymal cells. In the in vitro metabolism study using liver S9 fraction, no metabolite peaks were observed. After repeated administration of L-AMB to rats, there was no change in parameters related to the drug-metabolising enzyme system in liver microsomes. These data demonstrate that clinically significant metabolism-based drug interaction with L-AMB should be less likely.
Hypoxia Activates Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes Through the Receptor Clustering within Lipid Rafts

Purpose: Transient hypoxia is an initial event that accentuates ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the liver. Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is largely related to innate immunity via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. However, the mechanism by which hypoxia could lead to activate TLR4 signaling remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this experimental study investigates how TLR4 signalling is activated by hypoxia. Methods: Hepatocytes were isolated from male wild-type (C57BL/6) mice (8∼12 weeks old) by an in situ collagenase (Type Ⅳ, Sigma-Aldrich) perfusion technique. In this study, using primary mouse hepatocytes in culture to 1% oxygen, detection of TLR4 translocation to the lipid rafts on the cell membrane by immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting was saught. Results: Hypoxia caused TLR4/MD2 and β2-Integrin (CD11b/CD18) translocation to lipid rafts associated with CD14 in hepatocytes. The cholesterol sequestering agent, Nystatin and Filipin prevented hypoxia-induced TLR4/MD2 translocation to lipid rafts. Consistent with a role for oxidative stress in this effect, in vitro H2O2 treatment of hepatocytes similarly caused TLR4/MD2 translocation to lipid rafts. In addition, translocation of hypoxia-induced TLR4 complex was inhibited by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) demonstrating that the activation of TLR4 signaling is dependent on ROS. Further, the cholesterol sequestering agent, nystatin, prevented hypoxia-induced high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release in hepatocytes. Conclusion: These results suggest that ROS dependent TLR4 signaling is achieved following receptor translocation to the lipid raft in hepatocytes. We hypothesized that this mechanism is required for the release of HMGB1, an early mediator of injury and inflammation in hepatic I/R injury.
Effect of Vaginal Bleeding in Early Pregnancy on Outcome

The effect of vaginal bleeding in the first half of pregnancy on fetal outcome is retrospectively analyzed in 523 cases and compared with a control group of 6706. Early-pregnancy bleeding was found to be associated with more preterm deliveries and lower birth weight. The frequency of congenital anomalies and growth-retarded infants was unaffected. Neonatal death and low Apgar scores were seen more often than expected, but stillbirth rates were not significantly increased. These data suggest that vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy is a useful indicator of risk for suboptimal outcome.
Circulating interferon in the guinea pig infected with the XJ, prototype Junín virus strain

The interferon (IFN) induction capacity of the XJ prototype strain of Junín virus (JV) was investigated in the guinea pig model. Circulating alpha IFN was detected in 50% of the animals from days 2 to 9 postinfection (pi) and in 100% at day 11 pi, when all animals were in the premortem stage.
A presumptive test for vibrios: the "string" test.

Materials and methods Stock strains of organisms maintained in the laboratory and freshly isolated strains from patients were used. The vast majority of cultures employed were vibrios-over 2000 different strains of Vibrio cholerae and more than 3000 strains of non-cholera vibrios. Also included were strains of other enteric bacteria listed in the accompanying table. The cellular morphology was determined by microscopic examination of smears stained by the Gram technique. Serological tests were conducted using sera prepared in our laboratory against cholera and non-cholera vibrios (Smith & Goodner, 1965). Cultures were streaked and isolated colonies were tested after 18-24 hours' incubation at 33°C. Cells from a single colony were smeared on two separate areas on a microscope slide. A loopful of 0.5% sodium deoxycholate in saline was added to one smear and saline to the other. The test was positive if the deoxycholate suspension lost turbidity, gave a mucoid appearance when mixed and formed a " string" when the loop was slowly withdrawn from the drop of suspended organisms (see the figure). The test was recorded as negative when the cells were evenly suspended in the deoxycholate solution plus saline and no " string" was formed. Results were recorded within one minute.
Study on zoonotic cestodes of commensal rats

A study on the prevalence of cestodes in three species of rats, R. rattus, R.norvegicus and M. musculus revealed 36% (n=50) of infection in four city structures of Dehradun, during April 2011 to December 2011. Two to four adult cestodes belonging to three species (H. diminuta, T. taeniaeformis and Diphyllobothrium sp.) were recorded from each infected rat. R. norvegicus were highly infected with cestodes (46.1%) followed by R. rattus (37.5%). No cestode was obtained from M. musculus. The association between rat species and cestodes was significant (P>0.05). Mean worm burden of T. taeniaeformis was high in both the rat species, R. rattus and R. norvegicus (3.3 and 2.8) respectively. Mixed infection of nematodes and cestodes was observed in 58% of captured rats.
Mother's early perception of her infant's difficult temperament, parenting stress and early mother–infant interaction

The current study investigated factors contributing to mother's early perception of her infant's difficult temperament. One hundred and twenty-four mother–infant dyads participated in the study. Mother's perception of the infant's temperament was assessed with the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire (ICQ). The influence of mother–infant interaction, mother's mental health and parenting stress were investigated. Mother–infant interaction was videotaped during a face-to-face interaction and analysed using the Global Rating Scale. Mother's mental health was assessed through a structured interview (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, SCID) and parenting stress was examined by a questionnaire (Parenting Stress Index). First, the difficultness scale of the ICQ was used as a continuous variable and factors contributing to mother's perception of her infant's temperament as more or less difficult were examined. Secondly, infants were categorized into difficult and non-difficult, and factors increasing the infant's risk of being perceived as difficult were examined. The model including mother's mental health and parental distress accounted for 24% of the variance in perceived infant difficultness, with parental distress in particular being an influential contributor. When infants categorized as difficult were examined, mother's intrusiveness and infant's poor interactive behaviour in early mother–infant interaction as well as parental distress significantly increased the infant's risk of being perceived as difficult.
ON MODELINGAn evolving map of design practice and design research

How Is the Map Organized? The design research map is defined and described by two intersecting dimensions: One is defined by approach and the other is defined by mind-set. Approaches to design research have come from a research-led perspective (shown at the bottom of the map) and from a design-led perspective (shown at the top of the map). The research-led perspective has the longest history and has been driven by applied psychologists, anthropologists, sociologists, and engineers. The design-led perspective, on the other hand, has come into view more recently. (See Figure 1.) There are two opposing mind-sets evident in the practice of design research today. The left side of the map describes a culture characterized by an expert mind-set. Design researchers here are involved with designing for people. These design researchers consider themselves to be the experts, and they see and refer to people as “subjects,” “users,” “consumers,” etc. The right side of the map describes a culture characterized by a participatory mind-set. Design researchers on this side design with people. They see the people as the true experts in domains of experience such as living, learning, working, etc. Design researchers who have a participatory mind-set value people as co-creators in the design process. It is difficult for many people to move from the left to the right side of the map (or vice versa), as this shift entails a significant cultural change. (See Figure 2.) The largest and most developed of the areas on Design research is in a state of flux. The design research landscape has been the focus of a tremendous amount of exploration and growth over the past five to 10 years. It is currently a jumble of approaches that, while competing as well as complementary, nonetheless share a common goal: to drive, inspire, and inform the design development process. Conflict and confusion within the design research space are evident in the turf battles between researchers and designers. Online communities reveal the philosophical differences between the applied psychologists and the applied anthropologists, as well as the general discontent at the borders between disciplines. At the same time, collaboration is evident in the sharing of ideas, tools, methods, and resources in online design research communities. We can also see an increase in the number and quality of global design research events and a growing emphasis on collaborative projects between industry and the universities, particularly in Europe.