Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structure and Conceptual Design of a Water-Hammering-Type Honsang for Restoration

We analyzed the manufacturing procedure, specifications, repair history, and details of celestial movements of the waterhammering type Honsang (celestial globe). Results from our study on the remaining Honsangs in China and Japan and on the reconstruction models in Korea were applied to our conceptual design of the water-hammering type Honsang. A Honui (armillary sphere) and Honsang using the water-hammering method were manufactured in Joseon in 1435 (the 17th year of King Sejong). Jang Yeong-Sil developed the Honsang system based on the water-operation method of Shui yün i hsiang t’ai in China. Water-operation means driving water wheels using a water flow. The most important factor in this type of operation is the precision of the water clock and the control of the water wheel movement. The water-hammering type Honsang in Joseon probably adopted the Cheonhyeong (天衡; oriental escapement device) system of Shui yün i hsiang t’ai in China and the overflow mechanism of Jagyeongnu (striking clepsydra) in Joseon, etc. In addition to the Cheonryun system, more gear instruments were needed to stage the rotation of the Honsang globe and the sun’s movement. In this study, the waterhammering mechanism is analyzed in the structure of a water clock, a water wheel, the Cheonhyeong system, and the Giryun system, as an organically working operation mechanism. We expect that this study will serve as an essential basis for studies on Heumgyeonggaknu, the water-operating astronomical clock, and other astronomical clocks in the middle and latter parts of the Joseon dynasty.
THE FOCUSING NLS EQUATION WITH PERIODIC DIRICHLET DATA: ADMISSIBLE NEUMANN VALUES AND LONG-TIME ASYMPTOTICS

We consider the initial boundary value problem for the focusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation in the quarter plane x > 0, t > 0 in the case of decaying initial data (for t = 0, as x ! +1) and Dirichlet boundary data (for x = 0) approaching a periodic (single-frequency) background ae 2i! t as t ! +1. We rst provide admissibility conditions for the normal derivative of the solution on the boundary, under the assumption that it behaves asymptotically in a similar (single-frequency) manner. We then show that for the range ! a 2 2 , the long-time asymptotics of the solution inside the quarter plane exhibits decaying oscillations of Zakharov{Manakov type.
Impedance Spectroscopy on Carbonates

With impedance spectroscopy (IS), or spectral induc ed polarization (SIP) as it is also termed, the complex electrical conductivity of rock s is measured over a wide frequency range, typically ranging from 1 mHz to 10 kHz. Originally developed for the exploration of ore deposits, today’s SIP measurements are used for a wide range of applications within geophysics. On the field scale, this techniq ue is (e.g.) used to characterize the hydraulics of shallow aquifers, to assess pollution for environmental protection purposes, or even to support archaeological investigations. O n the laboratory scale, SIP is commonly used for the investigation of electric roc k properties for clastic reservoir rocks in general, and sandstones in particular. The frequency dependent complex electrical conductivity gives access to an advanced rock characterization, even beyond a more qualitati ve and in most cases general pore space characterization. Parameters particularly rel evant for hydraulics ‐ as for example specific internal surface, (dominant) pore size and permeability ‐ can be estimated. Some robust empirical relations between induced polariza tion (IP) parameters and petrophysical parameters (BET surface, surface conductivity, cati on exchange capacity) have been identified for sandstones and sandy material. Howev er, for carbonates these relations do not seem to work and some of the resulting paramete rs show a quite different behavior. More systematic studies are needed to evaluate the potential of SIP for characterization of carbonates. The authors would like to show the resu lts of a first case study on a limestone sample set originating from shallow wells of the Tu shka area, south Western Desert, Egypt. Besides basic principles of SIP in general, adaptation of theory and evaluation technique will be highlighted in particular.
The relative importance of selected factors

The relative importance of selected factors controlling the oxygen dynamics in the water column of the Baltic Sea S. Miladinova and A. Stips CEC Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra (VA), Italy Received: 4 August 2009 – Accepted: 26 August 2009 – Published: 15 September 2009 Correspondence to: S. Miladinova (svetla.miladinova@jrc.ec.europa.eu) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.
Revision of criteria for the classification of postovulatory follicles degeneration, for the Bay of Biscay anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L.)

This study proposes a detailed histological key for the examination of the postovulatory follicle’s (POF’s) degeneration for the Bay of Biscay anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus). Such key was established uniquely on the basis of histological features not regarding to the time of capture of the samples. The objective of this procedure is to overcome the difficulties associated to the estimation of the Spawning Frequency on the basis of the determination of POF’s degeneration stages that have been traditionally divided into three great stages corresponding to daily spawning cohorts. The 7 stages presently proposed suppose a better differentiation and resolution of the different phases of POF’s degeneration. This fact allows separating the staging of POF’s from that of ageing. In that way, samples obtained at any time throughout the day can be used and not only those sampled during a discrete period of the day.
An Investigation of the Levels of Mathematics Anxiety in BA ISAGO Foundation Students

This research attempts to investigate the levels of mathematics fear, popularly known as mathematics anxiety in BA ISAGO University College (BIUC) students. The students are registered for various modules that include financial mathematics and quantitative methods as well as other mathematics related subjects such as Economics and Accounting. In their first sitting in November 2013, the majority of the students, constituting about 95%, failed the financial mathematics module, some scoring as low as 5%. This trend repeated itself in 2014 with indications that the same would manifest again in 2015 and beyond. This has prompted the current research to be urgently undertaken in order to try and investigate the causes of this high failure rate. Preliminary and informal discussions with the affected students have revealed that they generally have a phobia for mathematics. They also indicate that their phobia for the subject developed way back in high school and even in primary and pre-schools. This research therefore asks the question “What makes these students fear mathematics? ” The methodology for this study involves soliciting information/data from students pertaining to mathematics anxiety inherent in them. 255, three-section questionnaires were administered during class time. The analysis of the results have shown that (1) the majority of students (79%) scored grades C and D at high school, a not too desirable result for students embarking on a Bachelor’s degree in Commerce; (2) most students (81%) attended Government High Schools and (3) there were mixed feelings on how mathematics was “hard” (48%) or “easy” (14%) as well as those who “cannot tell” (38%). The implications for further study are also discussed.
Thyroid Profile of the Reference United States Population: Data from NHANES 2007-2012

Objectives: This study was undertaken to describe the thyroid profile of reference U.S. population including generating reference ranges for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free and total triiodothyronine (FT3, TT3), free and total thyroxine (FT4, TT4), and thyroglobulin. Design and methods: Publically available data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the cycles 2007-2012 were analyzed for this purpose. Results: The prevalence rate of clinical hypothyroidism in general U.S. population was 2.4%. Non-Hispanic white had the highest prevalence of 2.9% and non-Hispanic black the lowest at 0.6%. Females had higher prevalence (2.7%) than males (2%). Median TSH level in 2007-2012 was 1.5 mIU/L as compared to the median for 1988-1994 which was 1.37 mIU/L. The upper half of the distribution (meaning at or above 50th percentile) for TT4 has shifted to the left during 2007-2012 (median for U.S. population = 7.4 μg/dL) as compared to 1988-1994 (median for U.S. population = 8.48 μg/dL) resulting in lower median levels. Conclusion: The rise in TSH levels and a decrease in total thyroxine levels in 2007-2012 as compared to 1988-1994 levels should be of concern because higher TSH levels even within normal range are associated with adverse cardiovascular and other events.
Learning from what might have been 1 Running head: Learning from what might have been Learning from what might have been: Lessons learned (or not learned) from accidents and near-accidents

What do people learn from accidents and near-accidents? Experience with accidents tends to make us more cautious, whereas near-accidents are inherently ambiguous: On the one hand they signal that margins were good enough, on the other hand, they contain information that could induce increased caution. To explore these issues, participants (N = 614) reported on their experiences with traffic accidents and near-accidents, assessing changes in cautiousness as well as cognitive (i.e., counterfactual thinking) and emotional mechanisms possibly involved in learning from such experience. The results indicate that people become more cautious after accidents and even more so from repeated exposures to accidents, but near-accidents had little effect on cautiousness. Downward counterfactuals, thinking about worse possible consequences, do not appear to directly motivate corrective action following near-accidents, but near-accidents leads to cautiousness when people feel personally responsible for causing the incident.
Paleoceanography of the North Atlantic Ocean (68°-76°N) during the past 450 ky deduced from planktic foraminifera] assemblages and stable isotopes

Polar and subpolar planktic foraminifera and the stable oxygen and carbon isotopes of Neogloboqllndrina pachyderma (s) from the Nordic seas are analyzed for the time period since oxygen isotope Stage 12, with special emphasis on interglacial time slices Stages 11,5e (Eeinian), and 1 (Holocene). A comparison of relative ("/I,) and absolute test concentratioi~sf rom two different size fractions reveals a complex downcore pattern for the morphogroup N. pnclzyderma. Ratios of small-sized N. pacllyderr? ln (s) to N. ~vrclzyderrrla (d) vary between Stage 11, the Eemian and the Holocene, due to changes ill test concentrations of N. pachydernla (s) only. As revealed in the downcore records, both coiling varieties of N, paclzydcri7zn are somehow related to each other, but the use of percent data as surface water mass proxy appears to be limited. The most doininant subpolar species, Elrborotalitn qtlinqt~eloba and Globigerinn bulloides, mainly occurred during the Holocene, the Eemian, and Stage 11. Both species are inversely related to N. pnch! jder17za (s) in that their abundai~ces steadily increased during all three interglacials. During these times, C. blllloill~s remained always restricted to the eastern area of the Nordic seas with dominant Atlantic water masses. In contrast T. qutnqllelobn exhibited a much wider distributional pattern. From stable isotopes and faunal variability it is inferred that the entire Nordic seas was covered by sea-ice during the cold seasons in Stage 11 resulting in both, highest test concentrations of N. pnchyderma (s) and highest 613C values observed tluoughout the past 450 ky. For the last two interglacials, oxygen isotope values and test coi~centrationsof T. q~li~zquelobinad icate that warmer surface waters must have prevailed in the western Iceland Sea in the Eeinian compared with any time during the Holocene time interval.
Suspension-feeding behaviour in tropical bivalve molluscs: Perna viridis Crassostrea belcheri Crassostrea iradelei Saccostrea cucculata and Pinctada margarifera

Filter-feeding behaviours of the mussel Perna viridis and the oysters Crassostrea belchen, Crassostl-ea ~radelei, Saccostrea cucculata and Pinctada mal-garifera were compared during natural tidal vanations in the concentration (6 to 40 dry mg total particulate mass I') and organic content (6 to 2 2 % ) of seston available in the Merbok mangrove system, Malaysia. In P. viridis, C. belcheriand S. cucculata, declining retention eff~ciencles for the largest available particle slze classes of more than 6 to 12 pm diameter were associated w t h an overall organic enrichment of filtered relative to available matter. As seston avdilab~lity increased, a ~ n i n ~ m u m average of 71°,. of the additional filtered matter was rejected by each species as pseudofaeces prior to ingestion. And in all 5 species, preferential rejection as pseudofaeces of filtered particles with higher average inorganic content resulted in the net organic enrichment of ingested relative to filtered matter. In P. viridis and C. belcheri, the efficiency of that net organic selection declined for seston of lower organlc content. Combining all data from each species, absorption efficiencies from ingested organics increased exponent~ally with the organic content of ingested matter Collective findings suggest that key interrelations between component processes of nutrient acquisition were similar to those that have been established for the modeling of feeding, growth and environmental ~mpact among filter-feeding bivalves froin temperate latitudes However, especially fasl growth in P viridis stemmed from higher average (* 2 SE) clearance rates (13.2 A 7.0 l h-' g-' when particulate organic matter c 1 mg I-'), greater average organic enrichment of filtered relative to available matter (0.99 + 0.67) and greater average organic enrichment of ingested relative to filtered matter (0.63 * 0.03) than have hitherto been recorded in any species of bivalve filterfeeder. In contrast, P. margarifera was least well adapted for the pre-ingestive selection of organic matter, with no differential retention on the gill and little selective rejection as pseudofaeces, representing at least part of the physiological basis for characteristically slow growth in pearl oysters.
EFFECT OF SORTING ON SELECTED REARING FACTORS OF PIKEPERCH SANDER LUCIOPERCA ( L . )

The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect sorting had on the effectiveness of rearing juvenile pikeperch in recirculation systems. The fish were reared in three groups – small specimens (group S – average body weight (BW) 28.5 g), large specimens (group L – BW 49.6 g), and unsorted specimens (group U – BW 38.8 g). After eight weeks of rearing, the average specific growth rate (SGR) for fish from group S was significantly higher than for those from the groups U and L (P < 0.05). A similar pattern was found for the feed conversion ratio (FCR), percentage of stock biomass gain and survival rate. However, there were no statistically significant intergroup differences between values of the rearing factors obtained in group U and in the combined sorted groups (S + L) (P > 0.05). Thus, it appears that the sorting of juvenile pikeperch does not improve the rearing effectiveness for this species. 1
Volume–area scaling vs flowline modelling in glacier volume projections

Abstract Volume–area scaling provides a practical alternative to ice-flow modelling to account for glacier size changes when modelling the future evolution of glaciers; however, uncertainties remain as to the validity of this approach under non-steady conditions. We address these uncertainties by deriving scaling exponents in the volume–area relationship from one-dimensional ice-flow modelling. We generate a set of 37 synthetic steady-state glaciers of different sizes, and then model their volume evolution due to climate warming and cooling as prescribed by negative and positive mass-balance perturbations, respectively, on a century timescale. The scaling exponent derived for the steady-state glaciers (γ = 1.56) differs from the exponents derived for the glaciers in transient (non-steady) state by up to 86%. Nevertheless, volume projections employing volume–area scaling are relatively insensitive to these differences in scaling exponents. Volume–area scaling agrees well with the results from ice-flow modelling. In addition, the scaling method is able to simulate the approach of a glacier to a new steady state, if mass-balance elevation feedback is approximated by removing or adding elevation bands at the lowest part of the glacier as the glacier retreats or advances. If area changes are approximated in the mass-balance computations in this way, our results indicate that volume–area scaling is a powerful tool for glacier volume projections on multi-century timescales.
Software Piracy among Technology Education Students: Investigating Property Rights in a Culture of Innovation

When asked about individual perceptions of “technology,” 68% of Americans primarily equate the term to the computer (International Technology Education Association, 2004). Although this perception under represents the true breadth of the field, the statistic does speak to the ubiquitous role the computer plays across many technology disciplines. Software has become the building block of all major industries and arguably, our modern civilization. Software drives the automation of manufacturing, medical research, avionics, telecommunications, engineering, and even our national defense. With software tools at the heart of design, problem-solving, and innovation for many major technology industries, technology education has accepted the essential role of software. The International Technology Education Association (ITEA) (2005, p. 25), which supports a broad range of technology disciplines, asserts that students should learn how to apply principles of computer science as early as middle school. Computer science is among the disciplines the ITEA identifies for postsecondary study and technology careers (p.27). Two of the nationallyrecognized ITEA Standards for Technological Literacy content standards (eleven and twelve) are supported by the design and problem-solving skills involved in computer programming (ITEA, 2000). In light of this commitment, has the technology education classroom kept pace with the ethical challenges presented by ever-expanding computer contexts? In recent years, the academic and popular literature has resounded with alarming software piracy statistics (see Al-Rafee & Cronan, 2006; Batson, 2007; IDC, 2007; Kruger, 2004). According to The Economist (Gottlieb, 2007) and the Wall Street Journal (Batson, 2007), illegal pirated copies of commercial software represented a loss of $39.6 billion in 2006. IDC Research (2007) estimates the loss to mount to $300 billion over the next four years. The Business Software _________________________
Cannibalistic growth polyphenism in Atlantic cod

Background: Phenotypic variability in Atlantic cod in the Canadian Arctic is characterized by a distinctive resource polymorphism manifest by the co-existence of cannibalistic and noncannibalistic individuals in the same populations. Questions: What are the fitness consequences of this variation in foraging tactic? What maintains the two phenotypes? Method: Measure and compare condition and growth trajectories between the two morphs from three meromictic lakes on Baffin Island, Canada. Use life-history invariants to estimate natural mortality and other components of fitness. Results: Compared with non-cannibals, cannibals are predicted to achieve greater maximum size, experience higher mortality in early life, and mature at a larger size, albeit at the same age. Growth trajectories of cannibals and non-cannibals diverge as early as one year of age. Condition indices do not differ between forage morphs. The evidence does not support a genetic difference between cannibals and non-cannibals. Conclusion: The co-existence of alternative foraging tactics by cod within Arctic lake populations can be explained as phenotypic variability maintained by environments that pose similar fitness consequences to cannibalistic and non-cannibalistic individuals.
Psychological and Health Outcomes of Perceived Information Overload

The rapid growth and transmission of information in the digital age poses new challenges for individuals coping with the onslaught of communications from multiple sources. This research (a) conceptualizes and measures perceived information overload from cyber-based and place-based sources, (b) tests the reliability and validity of a newly developed Perceived Information Overload Scale, and (c) tests hypotheses concerning the psychological and health outcomes of information overload. A repeated-measures panel study design was used to test the proposed hypotheses. Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for the hypothesized two-factor model of perceived information overload, encompassing cyber-based and place-based sources of stimulation. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that higher levels of perceived cyber-based overload significantly predicted self-reports of greater stress, poorer health, and less time devoted to contemplative activities, controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and baseline measures of stress and health status. Participants’ sensation-seeking levels were found to significantly moderate the relationships between cyber-based, place-based, and composite perceived information overload and stress. Directions for further study are discussed.
Preview : Published ahead of advance online publication Differentiating lipedema and

BACKGROUND: People with lipedema or Dercum’s disease (DD) can have a similar distribution of excess painful nodular subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) making them difficult to differentiate. METHODS: Case series of 94 patients with DD, 160 with lipedema and 18 with both diagnoses (Lip+DD) from a single clinic in an academic medical center to improve identification and differentiation of these disorders by comparison of clinical findings, prevalence of type 2 diabetes (DM2), hypermobility by the Beighton score, and assessment of a marker of inflammation, Total complement activity (CH50). RESULTS: Differences between groups were by Student’s t-test with  of 0.05. The Lipedema Group had significantly greater weight, body mass index (BMI), gynoid distributed nodular SAT, and fibrotic and heavy tissue than the DD Group. Hypermobility was significantly higher in the Lipedema (58± 0.5%) than DD Group (23 ± 0.4%; P<0.0001). DM2 was significantly greater in the DD (16 ± 0.2%; P=0.0007) than the Lipedema Group (6 ± 0.2%). Average pain by an analog scale was significantly higher in the DD (6 ± 2.5%) than the Lipedema Group (4 ± 2.1%; P<0.0001). Fatigue and swelling were common in both groups. Easy bruising was more common in the Lipedema Group whereas abdominal pain, shortness of breath, fibromyalgia, migraines and lipomas were more prevalent in the DD Group. The percentage of patients with elevated CH50 was significantly positive in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The significantly lower prevalence of DM2 in people with lipedema compared to DD may be due to the greater amount of gynoid fat known to be protective against metabolic disorders. The high percentage of hypermobility in lipedema patients indicates that it © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. may be a co-morbid condition. The location of fat, high average daily pain, presence of lipomas and co-morbid painful disorders in DD patients may help differentiate from lipedema. © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.