Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abuse of Supraphysiologic Doses of Anabolic Steroids

The following article is a literature review of supraphysiologic doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). This article contains a brief review of the history of AAS, the chemistry of the varying forms of AAS, and proposed mechanisms of action. The article then focuses on how AAS are used in an illicit manner by the general population. Terms such as “stacking” and “pyramiding” are discussed. The article concludes by looking at the major detrimental side effects, such as liver damage and cardiovascular changes, which physicians may encounter when treating AAS abusers.
Qualidade de vida de adolescentes: revisão da literatura e perspectivas atuais

A qualidade de vida (QV) relacionada a saude do adolescente vem sendo estudada e, aos poucos, ganhando espaco na literatura cientifica. A presente investigacao objetivou realizar uma revisao sistematica da literatura, buscando identificar como a qualidade de vida tem sido estudada entre os adolescentes e avaliar as relacoes existentes entre estes dois constructos. Todos os artigos publicados entre os anos de 2006 e 2011, nas bases de dados MedLine/Pubmed e Google Cientifico, com os descritores adolescentes e qualidade de vida, foram incluidos. Foram organizados, de acordo com o ano de publicacao, titulo, autor, tipo de pesquisa, descricao da intervencao, local da coleta e os resultados evidenciados. A amostra totalizou 141 artigos, sendo que 78 (61,42%) objetivou validar os indices de QV em adolescentes, enquanto 49 (38,58%) objetivou estudar a QV em determinados grupos de adolescentes. Os principais achados revelaram que a QV apresenta melhores indices em adolescentes mais jovens, do genero masculino, com melhores condicoes sociais e boas relacoes sociais. Por fim, de modo geral, a producao da literatura relacionada a QV de adolescentes, ainda e muito incipiente, o que se reflete na pouca discussao do tema entre os profissionais de saude.
Revisiting Stimulation Mechanism at Fenton Hill and an Investigation of the Influence of Fault Heterogeneity on the Gutenberg-Richter b-value for Rate-and-State Earthquake Simulations

In this work, we developed a numerical modeling framework for application to subsurface reservoir engineering problems related to fluid flow, heat transfer, and mechanical deformation in fractured porous media. An existing reservoir simulator was extended to include poroelastic and thermoelastic effects. We introduced a novel approach to couple poroelastic and thermoelastic stresses with fracture deformation calculations. In addition, we implemented a rate-and-state friction model capable of describing the earthquake rupture process on two-dimensional heterogeneous fault surfaces. A spatial random field model was used to generate heterogeneous, spatially correlated, fractal distributions of fault properties such as stress, friction, and permeability. We applied the numerical model to investigate reservoir stimulation efforts at the Fenton Hill enhanced geothermal system test site. A geologic conceptual model of the site was developed based on several independent datasets. Several scenarios were simulated to isolate the roles of fluid pressurization of the fractures, poroelastic stress, and thermal stress. Comparing the simulation results with the actual earthquake catalog data indicates that poroelastic and thermoelastic effects likely did play a role during the Fenton Hill stimulation treatments. Our analysis also suggests that shear stimulation did not contribute to enhanced permeability at the Fenton Hill reservoir. In another study, we hypothesized that by introducing heterogeneous and spatially correlated patterns of fault properties, it would be possible to simulate earthquake sequences that exhibit power law scaling of frequency-magnitude distributions using a rate-and-state friction model. We examined the influence of heterogeneous distributions of initial shear stress, initial normal stress, dynamic friction coefficient, and permeability. Our model was able to simulate earthquake sequences exhibiting Gutenberg-Richter-type frequencymagnitude distributions with b-values close to 1 when the fault had heterogeneous stress or friction. Permeability heterogeneity did not have an effect. This study has implications for understanding how the Gutenberg-Richter b-value is influenced by natural geologic conditions and injection well operations.
Lung function following treatment of malignant tumors with surgery, radiotherapy, or cyclophosphamide in childhood. A follow‐up study after 11 to 27 years

A group of 40 individuals were restudied at a median follow‐up time of 18 years after chest surgery, chest irradiation, or cyclophosphamide treatment. Their median age at diagnosis was 4.5 years. Nineteen subjects were operated on in the chest area. Radiotherapy of the chest had been used in 21 and cyclophosphamide in 35 patients. Chest deformity was evident in 17 subjects. Chest radiographs showed some evidence of fibrosis in eight subjects and late effects of surgery in three subjects. In nine subjects some evidence of fixed obstruction was seen in spirometry. In three subjects pulmonary diffusion capacity was abnormal. Spirometry commonly showed a restrictive pattern of findings. The incidence of abnormalities in pulmonary function was highest among the patients diagnosed before age 3 years. Spirometry was more likely to reveal abnormalities in patients who had received irradiation to the chest. However, abnormalities in pulmonary function were fewer than anticipated.
“Malaria And Typhoid Co-Infection In India: A Diagnostic Difficulty’’

Malaria and Typhoid remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Various factors predispose the co infection of typhoid and Malaria. This study was planned to determine the actual number of cases suffering from typhoid malaria co-infection in our set-up and also to evaluate the efficacy of various tests for diagnosis of typhoid malaria co-infection in febrile patients in New Delhi. Overall 3010 patients were tested for Malaria and Typhoid, out of which 2260 (75%) were males and 750 (25%) were females. Out of 60/3010 cases of blood culture positive for Salmonella typhi, 48/60 were also positive for malaria parasite ( 36 Plasmodium vivaxand 12 Plasmodium falciparum) by peripheral smear examination, so the rate of co-infection by using Gold Standards for both the infections was 1.59% (48/3010). No coinfection was recorded between S. paratyphi and malaria. On using serological techniques for estimation of typho malaria co infection, 105 samples were positive by widal and RDT (68 Plasmodium vivax and 37Plasmodium falciparum) and rate of co infection was found to be 3.48% (105/3010). However, on comparing results of typhi dot with RDT it was observed that 120 samples were positive for typhoid and malaria (77Plasmodium vivax and 43Plasmodium falciparum) both by typhi dot and RDT yielding co infection rate to be 4%.
Practice-based depression case management in primary care: a qualitative study on family doctors' perspectives.

BACKGROUND Case management provided by health care assistants (HCAs) is effective in improving primary care for depressive patients. Little is known on the implementation-related aspects of case management performed in small family practices. OBJECTIVE To explore family doctors' perspectives on clinical and organizational aspects of implementation of case management and perceived practice-related aspects associated with patient care after 1 year's experience of HCAs providing case management for depressive patients in their practices. METHODS This qualitative study was nested in a cluster-randomized trial on case management provided by practice-based HCAs for patients with major depression in Germany. We used semi-structured interview guides and performed audio-taped interviews with family doctors. Full transcription and thematic content analysis were carried out. RESULTS Twenty-three family doctors were interviewed. The family doctors perceived case management as beneficial to patients and reported that it improved their consultation styles and doctor-patient relationships. They implemented case management elements into their everyday day work using 'concrete', 'subsumed' or 'progressive' implementation styles. CONCLUSIONS Family doctors perceived practice-based case management by HCAs as beneficial for patient care. Different implementation styles may be appropriate, depending on the health care setting, and this requires further evaluation.
Anti-Resonant Reflecting Guidance in Silica Tube for High Temperature Sensing

A high temperature fiber sensor based on silica tube is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor consists of a short section of silica tube spliced between single-mode fibers. Due to the anti-resonant reflecting effect in the silica tube, the transmission spectrum of the structure exhibits periodic notches. When the sensor is exposed in increasing temperatures, the transmission notches shift toward longer wavelength. A temperature sensitivity of 20.31 pm/°C is obtained between room temperature and 1000 °C. The sensor structure is simple, compact with good spectrum repeatability, which can find applications in harsh environments.
Kinetics of ferroelectric switching in ultrathin films

dependence on the field and temperature that is normally associated with extrinsic switching by domain nucleation and growth. We show that the critical behavior arises naturally from the dynamics of homogeneous intrinsic switching in the context of mean-field theory. These results have important implications for the modeling and control of the ferroelectric films in nonvolatile computer memories and solid-state data storage media. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.68. 094113 PACS number~s! : 77.80. Fm, 77.80. Dj, 77.80. Bh, 77.22. Ej A ferroelectric crystal maintains a permanent electric polarization that can be repeatedly switched between two stable states by an external electric field, thus exhibiting a polarization-electric field hysteresis loop analogous to the magnetization-magnetic field hysteresis loop exhibited by ferromagnetic crystals. The hysteresis loops are characterized by the magnitude of the remanent polarization achieved after saturation with a large electric field and by the magnitude of the coercive field, the minimum value of the electric field necessary to reverse, or switch, the polarization state. From the early studies of the kinetics of switching in ferroelectric crystals, 1,2 it has been apparent that switching is almost invariably an extrinsic process involving the inhomogeneous nucleation of small domains of reversed polarization, usually initiated at crystal boundaries or defects, and subsequent growth of these domains to fill the crystal. Nucleation-limited extrinsic switching is characterized by an exponential increase in the switching rate with increased temperature and electric field, 1 characteristic of an activated process, 3 and is usually achieved with external fields in the range 0.1 to 50 MV/m. 4 Strictly speaking, extrinsic switching does not have a true threshold coercive field because the activation of nucleation permits switching at arbitrarily small fields, given enough time, but switching experiments are typically carried out with an ac field and so the apparent coercive field is actually a function of frequency. 5 In the absence of nucleation, switching an ideal ferroelectric crystal with uniform polarization requires the application of an enormous coercive field. We call this the intrinsic switching mechanism, and the associated threshold field the intrinsic coercive field. 4,6 The expected value of the intrinsic coercive field is of order 100 MV/m in most ferroelectrics. 4
Effects of l‐dopa and other amino acids against paraquat‐induced nigrostriatal degeneration

Exposure to the herbicide paraquat causes selective nigrostriatal degeneration and aggregation of α‐synuclein in the mouse brain. The purpose of this study was to assess mechanisms of paraquat entry into the CNS and, in particular, the effects of substrates of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) neutral amino acid transporter (System L carrier) on paraquat accumulation and neurotoxicity. Using a paraquat antibody, robust immunoreactivity was observed in the midbrain of mice injected with the herbicide. This immunoreactivity was abolished by administration of l‐valine or l‐phenylalanine, two System L substrates, immediately before paraquat exposure. Pre‐treatment with these amino acids completely protected against paraquat‐induced loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic cells and formation of thioflavine S‐positive intracellular deposits. Interestingly, the anti‐parkinsonian drug l‐dopa, which is transported across the BBB through the same neutral amino acid carrier, was also neuroprotective when administered 30 min prior to paraquat. In contrast, paraquat‐induced toxicity was unaffected if animals (i) were pre‐treated with d‐valine, the biologically inactive d‐isomer of l‐valine, or with l‐lysine, a substrate of the basic rather than the neutral amino acid carrier, or (ii) were injected with l‐dopa 24 h after paraquat exposure. Data are consistent with a critical role of uptake across the BBB in paraquat neurotoxicity, and suggest that dietary elements (e.g. amino acids) or therapeutic agents (e.g. l‐dopa) may modify the effects of toxicants targeting the nigrostriatal system.
How knowledge workers use the web

We report on a diary study of how and why knowledge workers use the World Wide Web. By examining in detail a complete two-day set of Web activities from each of 24 people, we construct a framework with which to describe the different tasks knowledge workers undertake. By looking at the characteristics of each type of activity, we can see how certain activities are unsuited to particular kinds of technologies (e.g., mobile devices); how Web tools might be incrementally improved; and how we might better support knowledge workers' Web tasks in the future
Effects of gate structures on the RF performance in PD SOI MOSFETs

The radio-frequency (RF) performance of PD silicon-on-insulator metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors with T-gate and H-gate structures has been investigated. Our measurement shows that H-gate devices have larger cutoff frequency and smaller minimum noise figure than T-gate devices. This improved RF performance in H-gate devices can be explained mainly by the enhancement of transconductance resulting from the gate extension induced inversion charges and the low gate resistance. We conclude that the H-gate structure is superior to the T-gate structure for the design of the low-noise amplifier (LNA).
Susceptibility of Bovine Germinal Vesicle-Stage Oocytes from Antral Follicles to Direct Effects of Heat Stress In Vitro1

Abstract Delineation of maternal versus direct effects of heat stress in reducing development at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage is challenging, because oocytes spontaneously resume meiosis after removal from antral follicles. The use of S-roscovitine (inhibitor of p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase) to hold bovine oocytes at the GV stage without compromising early embryo development was previously validated in our laboratory. The objective of the present study was to assess the direct effects of an elevated temperature commonly seen in heat-stressed dairy cows on cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) held at the GV stage using 50 μM S-roscovitine. During roscovitine culture, GV-stage COCs (antral follicle diameter, 3–8 mm) were cultured at 38.5 or 41°C. Thereafter, oocytes were removed from roscovitine medium and allowed to undergo in vitro maturation, fertilization, and culture. Zona pellucida hardening (solubility to 0.5% pronase), nuclear stage (Hoechst 33342), cortical granule type (lens culinaris agglutinin-fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC]), and early embryo development were evaluated. Culture of GV-stage COCs at 41°C increased the proportion that had type III cortical granules and reduced the proportion that progressed to metaphase II after in vitro maturation. Effects of 41°C on zona pellucida hardening, fertilization (penetration, sperm per oocyte, pronuclear formation, and monospermic and putative embryos), and cleavage of putative zygotes were not noted. However, culture of GV-stage COCs at 41°C for 6 h decreased the proportion of 8- to 16-cell embryos, whereas 41°C for 12 h reduced blastocyst development. In summary, antral follicle COCs are susceptible to direct effects of elevated body temperature, which may account in part for reduced fertility in heat-stressed cows.
89 F . Utilizing Environment Knowledge for Competitive Advantage

The business environment is increasingly becoming uncertain and complex due to many factors and as a result environmental knowledge is becoming critical for organizations to survive and remain profitable in a highly dynamic, competitive, and volatile business environment. Organizations need to continuously monitor their environment and use this knowledge for making necessary adjustments in their business moves to stay relevant and competitive in the market. The main objective of this study was to investigate the environment scanning initiatives of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Singapore and how this knowledge was processed, shared and utilized. A pre-tested questionnaire was used for collecting data and 46 SMEs, representing different industries, participated in the study. It was found that a majority of the participating companies were facing severe competition and nearly 85% of them considered environmental knowledge critical to their survival and growth. However, only one-half of the companies were regularly capturing, filtering, and disseminating the environment knowledge to their staff, while the remaining companies were undertaking these activities on an ad-hoc basis. This paper offers certain suggestions for systematic capturing and utilizing of environment knowledge by SMEs.
How strong clustering and centrality position in the alliance network impacts on innovation performance

Innovation in networks and in clusters recently attracted attention of scholars from management science and engineering. In our paper we made an attempt to find the relationship between centrality position with short path length between nodes and innovation performance. Also we examined another relationship between clustering coefficient and innovation performance. In order to find the network indexes we have constructed adjacency matrixes based on alliance data. As a sample we have used China’s automobile industry network. We have collected the data on innovation performance for 59 firms in China’s automobile industry. We used UCINET software program to get the data regarding network properties. After we ran the negative binomial regression model on Gretl software program and constructed 4 models, with total of 6 variables. According to our new findings there is no effect on innovation performance when firms have a short path length between nodes in the network and found that strong local clustering has a negative effect on innovation performance.
Sensation Seeking Level and Drug of Choice

The sedating and arousing central nervous system effects of drugs have long been inferred to be factor in their illicit use and abuse of addictive substances. Sensation Seeking is an important global biological based trait of personality related to substance abuse; specifically preference for a particular drug is, in part, a function of arousal-seeking and stimulus-screening characteristics. The main objective of this study was to measure the level of sensation seeking among different kinds of substance abusers and non-abusers. Indian Adaptation of Sensation Seeking Scale, form S was used to assess the sensation seeking level of substance abusers and non-abusers. The study was carried out with four groups of substance abusers (N=120) namely cannabis, alcohol, heroin and multiple drug along with a control group (N=120). The results of the study suggested that substance-abused group tend to had greater arousal seeking tendencies and significantly scored higher on the Sensation Seeking Scale as compared to non-substance abused group. Results further suggested that across the four groups of substance abusers multiple drug abusers scored higher on Thrill and Adventure seeking, Experience Seeking and Disinhibiton subscales of the SSS as compared to other three groups of substance abusers. Heroin abusers scored higher on Boredom Susceptibility subscale of the SSS. Additionally, this study also found a relationship between type of substance abuse and pattern of substance consumption i.e. frequency, duration and age of onset.
Consumption of processed food dietary patterns in four African populations

Abstract Objective To identify predominant dietary patterns in four African populations and examine their association with obesity. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting/Subjects We used data from the Africa/Harvard School of Public Health Partnership for Cohort Research and Training (PaCT) pilot study established to investigate the feasibility of a multi-country longitudinal study of non-communicable chronic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. We applied principal component analysis to dietary intake data collected from an FFQ developed for PaCT to ascertain dietary patterns in Tanzania, South Africa, and peri-urban and rural Uganda. The sample consisted of 444 women and 294 men. Results We identified two dietary patterns: the Mixed Diet pattern characterized by high intakes of unprocessed foods such as vegetables and fresh fish, but also cold cuts and refined grains; and the Processed Diet pattern characterized by high intakes of salad dressing, cold cuts and sweets. Women in the highest tertile of the Processed Diet pattern score were 3·00 times more likely to be overweight (95 % CI 1·66, 5·45; prevalence=74 %) and 4·24 times more likely to be obese (95 % CI 2·23, 8·05; prevalence=44 %) than women in this pattern’s lowest tertile (both P<0·0001; prevalence=47 and 14 %, respectively). We found similarly strong associations in men. There was no association between the Mixed Diet pattern and overweight or obesity. Conclusions We identified two major dietary patterns in several African populations, a Mixed Diet pattern and a Processed Diet pattern. The Processed Diet pattern was associated with obesity.
Pharmacologic prevention of coronary plaque rupture - the major cause of acute coronary syndromes

The rupture of a vulnerable coronary atherosclerotic plaque results in coronary thrombosis, the main cause of unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Usually, a culprit plaque that ultimately ruptures does not cause significant flow-limiting stenosis, but is characterized by a typical histological structure: it contains a large necrotic lipid core and a thin fibrous cap, which separates the core from the circulating blood. The formation of such thin-cap fibroatheromata results from a reactive inflammatory response of the growing plaque to continuous accumulation of lipids derived from low-density lipoprotein. Consequently, adequate control of both lipid accumulation and inflammation in the plaque are crucial in the prevention of plaque rupture. At present, these requirements are pharmacologically best fulfilled by statins. Emerging therapies with a similar dual effect on coronary plaques include intravenous infusion of synthetic high-density lipoprotein. These therapies are likely initially to stabilize inflamed plaques and, if administered sufficiently rigorously and for a sufficiently long time, they lead to regression of lipid-laden vulnerable plaques. It is becoming increasingly evident that other cardiovascular drugs may also increase plaque stability. These agents include peroxisome proliferator activated receptor a and g agonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, and aspirin. Heart Metab. 2007;36:9–14.