Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DNA Immunization with the Gene Encoding SM21.7 Protein Protects Mice Against Schistosoma mansoni Infections

The current focus of schistosomiasis research is to develop a vaccine that will significantly reduce the incidence of disease. Immunization with DNA is a new trend in vaccine development that could enhance the safety and efficacy of currently used vaccines. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding the antigen SM21.7 was evaluated in C57 BL/6 and Swiss albino mice. The ORF of SM21.7 has been cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA 1/Amp under control of CMV late enhancer promoter. The groups of mice were vaccinated intramuscularly with SM21.7-pcDNA1 and boosted twice shown high and specific humoral response in comparison with control (blank pcDNA1/Amp). The level of anti SM21.7 antibody in immunized mice at weeks 3, 6 and 9 intervals post- immunization was significantly higher than in control group. The maximum level of antibodies was obtained at 7 weeks post - challenge infection. Sera from immunized mice could recognize the SM21.7 protein and the specific antibodies were able to mediate a significant killing of schistosomula using peritoneal macrophages as effector cells. In contrast the preimmune sera and sera control serum had no specific reactivity to SM21.7 protein. Immunization with SM21.7- pcDNA conferred a significant level of protection against challenge (41,53%) in Swiss Albino and C57BL/6 mice respectively. Histopathological examination of the vaccinated liver revealed a decreased in the number, size and change in the cellularity of the granuloma compared to the control infected liver. In addition reductions in worm viability, worm fecundity and egg hatching ability have been observed following challenge with S. mansoni cercariae. The number of eggs in the liver and intestine was reduced by 62% and 67% respectively compared to control group. The results suggested that SM21.7 might be a candidate antigen for the generation of antipathology vaccine against schistosomes. (The Journal of American Science. 2006;2(4):59-69).
Investigation the effect of real earnings management and accounting earning management on audit fees in the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange

The purpose of this study was to Investigation The effect of real earnings management and accounting earning management on audit fees in The 109 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 1389 to 1393 that using multiple regressions with controlling determinants audit fee has been tested . This study has been applied in terms of purpose and terms of the nature after event. And a sample of 478 companies listed on the Stock Exchange for the systematic removal. In all the techniques of statistical software were used Excel and Eviews. In this study, real earning management scales , abnormal operation cash flow, Abnormal production costs, abnormal Optional expense, earning management scales by Discretionary accruals, that is four hypotheses based on. the finding show that significant positive correlations between abnormal operation cash flow and abnormal Optional expense with audit fee. But abnormal production costs were not a significant impact. The finding also shows that earning management significant positive impact on audit fee.
The Effects of Organisational Culture on IFRS Adoption: Evidence from Nigerian’ Companies

This study investigates the underlying factors contributing to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption in Nigeria. The diversity of responses to IFRS adoption is a phenomenon that requires empirical investigation to understand the reasons why some companies adopt IFRS other do not. Previous studies have investigated preparers of financial statements’ compliance with IFRS. However, there is a dearth of research on the influence of cultural factors on IFRS adoption. Little has heretofore been done to examine cultural variables as determinants of IFRS adoption. This study applies a self-administered survey instrument to elicit data from four major cities in Nigeria. The analysis involves applied logistic regression to estimate the relationship between the covariates and the companies’ decisions to adopt IFRS. The results indicate companies’ professionalism, transparency, flexibility, secrecy, uniformity and statutory control are significant factors impacting IFRS adoption at different magnitudes. For example, a company that considers IFRS will increase the level of financial statements transparency is more likely to maintain some levels of secrecy. The study identifies that IFRS adoption can only be successful when accountants develop the relevant technical expertise in IFRS requirements prior to the implementation. Consequently, there is a need for more practical training in IFRS accounting valuation, recognition, measurement and disclosure of financial information to users of financial statements.
English for Special Purposes: Specialized Languages and Problems of Terminology

Abstract This paper deals with some aspects of English for professional purposes. After a short historical overview of theories related to LSP (language for special purposes), we focus on some of the linguistic peculiarities of English for Specific Purposes. Our aim is to make a synthesis of the main theories and debates upon the issue of specialized languages, as the number of articles and writings on the topic is tremendous. We also wish to make a brief presentation of the most important contributions (still, we have to admit that the list of authors and articles is much longer, we had to make a selection, due to the editorial limitations of this article). We have gathered and synthesized what authors like Cabré, Celce-Murcia, Crystal, Croitoru, Motos, Strevens and others have said and we have also tried to make a comprehensive list of the names given to specialized language or language for specific purposes over time. Still, we have to state that it is not our goal to come up with examples or conclusions regarding our own personal ESP experience and/or previous research. The goal of this present study is to make a synthesis of the theories and writings on the topic of English for specific purposes (i.e. metaelemzés/metaanalysis in Klaudy's words or szekunder kutatás/secondary research in Fóris's words).
Determinants of Changing Informal Employment in Brazil, 2000–2010

This paper explores possible causal determinants of changing wage and salary informality over the period 2000–2010 in Brazil. We utilize demographic census and other institutional data sources from the opening and closing years of the decade, informality regressions in both years that exploit variation across workers and municipalities in informality rates and their causal determinants, and a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition of changing mean informality rates over the decade. Among the determinants considered are: changes in labor law enforcement, a near doubling of the real value of the minimum wage, the emergence and growth of conditional cash transfer programs, and changing industry composition and labor force demographics. We find that two of the most important policy changes over this period – the increase in the real value of the minimum wage and the dramatic expansion of conditional cash transfer programs – contribute positively, not negatively to informality. Among the factors accounting for the decline in mean informality rates over this time are rising rates of labor law enforcement, rising education levels, increased numbers of workers with spouses in the formal sector, and changes in industry composition, which explain between 16% and 57% of the mean decline in informality over the period. However, most of the decline is accounted for by the changing estimated coefficients on the industry categorical variables – that is, by the changing way in which industrial composition translates into informality.
The Study of Critical Eco-Linguistic in Green Discourse: Prospective Eco-Linguistic Analysis

Eco-linguistic studies are influenced by one of the other interdisciplinary sciences, namely critical discourse analysis. The combination of these two sciences is called critical eco-linguistic studies. Critical eco-linguistic examines the discourse about the environment and various forms of discourse and their ideology which concerns people and the environment. The environmental discourse with all its manifestations (oral text, written text) is called green discourse. To that end, critical eco-linguistic dictates the linguistic aspects contained in the green discourse. Utilization of lingual units in green discourse will affect the sense and logic of people involved in the discourse, ie the writers and readers or the speakers and the speakers. What is recorded in their cognition, will affect their attitudes and actions to the environment. If green discourse is constructive, then their attitude and actions to the environment are constructive. Conversely, if green discourse is more destructive and exploitative, then their attitudes and actions towards the environment will also be affected towards destruction and exploitation. For this reason, critical eco-linguistic studies in green discourse deserve to be given space as a form of prospective eco-linguistic analysis.
Analysis of spherical indentation of linear viscoelastic materials

In this article, the time-dependent spherical indentation response of a linear, isotropic, viscoelastic material to different load histories is studied. To this end, finite element computations and depth-sensing microindentation experiments using polymethyl methacrylate specimens are undertaken. The validity of viscoelastic indentation theories is assessed by comparing with the finite element and experimental results. Finally, the creep response function is extracted from the experimentally recorded indentation displacement histories and is compared with that obtained from a conventional mechanical test. It is shown that accurate characterization of viscoelastic response of materials is possible from depth-sensing indentation, which has potential applications to components with small size scales such as thin films and biological tissues.
Dental emergencies in public health services: what is the role of the Dental Surgeon?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the opinions of Brazilian dental surgeons (DS) about their roles in Public Emergency Dental Services (PEDS). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with an intentional sample of 44 DS who worked at the PEDS in a large municipality in the central-western region of Brazil, in 2013. To collect data we designed, pretested and applied a self-administered questionnaire with Likert scale assertions about the DS duties, referral of patients and execution of dental procedures in PEDS. Post-hoc tests revealed an instrument’s reliability of 91%. RESULTS: As their main duty, DS pointed out providing relief to patients’ complaints in cases of dental pain and trauma. Regarding referral of patients, they considered typically that they should refer to services at a higher complexity level those patients exhibiting infections in advanced stages under risk of disseminations. Most of them disagreed with performing dental restorations in emergency consultations, while the majority stated that they should mainly perform intraoral abscesses drainage, alveolitis and haemorrhage treatment. CONCLUSION: To provide pain and trauma relief to patients was pointed out by DS as their key role in PEDS, as well as to refer at-risk patients to high-level complexity services and to perform procedures aimed at solving emergency situations, instead of providing restorative treatment to patients.
Modeling the Determinants of Time-to-age at First Marriage in Ethiopian Women: A Comparison of Various Parametric Shared Frailty Models

Marriage is an important part of human life and age at first marriage is the age at which individuals get married. This varies across communities and individuals in different country. Ethiopia is one of the Sub-Saharan Africa in which highest at early marriage and a small number of delayed marriages are occurred. Survival analysis is a statistical method for data analysis where the outcome variable of interest is the time to the occurrence of an event. Frailty model is an extension of Cox's proportional hazard model in which the hazard function depends upon an unobservable random quantity, the so-called frailty. Regional states of the women were used as a clustering effect in all frailty models. The study aimed to model the determinants of time-to-age at first marriage in Ethiopia. The data source for the analysis was the 2011 EDHS data collected during September 2010 through January 2011 from which the survival information of 12208 woman on age at first marriage. The gamma and inverse Gaussian shared frailty with exponential, Weibull and log-logistic baseline models was employed to analyze risk factors associated with age at first marriage using socio-economic and demographic factors. All the fitted models were compared by using AIC. Out of the total, about 69.3% of women were married and 30.7% were not married at different age of marriage. The median of age at first marriage was 17 years. The log-logistic with inverse Gaussian shared frailty model had minimum value of AIC when compared with other models for age at first marriage dataset. The clustering effect was significant for modeling the determinants of time-to-age at first marriage dataset. Based on the result of log-logistic-inverse Gaussian shared frailty model, women educational level, head/parents occupation, place of residence, educational level of head/parents, access to media and respondent work status were found to be the most significant determinants of age at first marriage. The estimated acceleration factor for the group of women's who had secondary and higher educational level were highly prolonged age at first marriage by the factor of ϕ=1.0796 and ϕ=1.1497 respectively. The log-logistic with inverse Gaussian shared frailty model described age at first marriage dataset better than other models and there was heterogeneity between the regions on age at first marriage. Improving girls and young women access to education was an important avenue for rising women's age at first marriage and for empowering women.
Retaining non‐traditional students: lessons learnt from Pasifika students in New Zealand

As New Zealand tertiary education has undergone extensive review processes, debate has centred not only on the need to extend the participation rates of groups previously under‐represented, but also how to retain these under‐represented groups once they are recruited into tertiary programmes. This paper draws on a large‐scale study of the factors that influence successful completion of tertiary qualifications for Pasifika students. Using a diverse range of data sources throughout New Zealand, the study identified a range of factors that impede retention, as well as positive factors that help increase retention. Its findings support the contention that the capacity of educational facilities to retain students is a function of the interface between student and institution, and the institution and the community.
Coronal holes and the solar polar field reversal

The relationship between the solar polar magnetic field reversal and coronal hole evolution is investigated for the time interval from 1996 to 2001. The distribution of coronal holes shows some evolutionary changes in relation to the polarity reversals, and these changes appear to be coordinated with changes in the global magnetic field structure, suggesting that the polar reversal originates from global processes. There are periods when the character of the coronal hole distribution on the solar disk changes significantly, indicating that the magnetic field structure changes. These can be interpreted as periods of rearrangement of the multipole magnetic field structure. It is found that the evolution of the geometric structure of the photospheric magnetic field during these periods is not characterized by a continuous transition from one dominant structure to another, but by relatively sudden rearrangement of the dominant geometrical structure of the magnetic field. These coronal holes and photospheric magnetic field rearrangements coincide with the polar photospheric magnetic field strength variations. The minimum phase of the solar cycle is dominated by the dipole component of the global solar magnetic field. The zonal magnetic field structure and zonal non-polar coronal hole distribution existed at that time. The sectorial magnetic field structure appears when the polar field strength reaches 0.7 of its maximum value in the corresponding hemisphere. This structure was established at dierent times in each hemisphere. In the north hemisphere it has existed since November 1998 and in the south hemisphere it has existed since October 1997. The rearrangement from one configuration to another occurs during a short time period, about 1 2 solar rotations. The coronal hole number and area evolution indicates a redistribution of positive-polarity and negative-polarity photospheric magnetic fields inside these longitudinal sectors, which reflects the solar polar field reversal.
DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF PESTS AND PREDATORS OF HONEYBEES IN HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA

An intensive survey was conducted in 30 apiaries, located in different agro climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh reveals, among invertebrates, insects and arachnids were the most prominent pest of honeybees. Hymenoptera (17), Diptera (3), Lepidoptera (2) and Coleoptera (2) and Orthoptera (1), Dictyoptera (1), Odonata (1) and Thysanura (1) were prominent. The Arachnids, consisted of Acarina (13) and Araneae (3) and Pseudoscorpionida (1). Besides insects and arachnids, 3 species of molluscs were also observed invading the bee colonies. Not only invertebrates, but, honey bee colonies were also invaded by vertebrates which included 2 species of reptiles, apes and mammals, and 1 of amphibians.
Investment drivers of shareholder value creation in large publicly traded Russian companies

Modern financial theory maintains that it is the investment decisions that act as the major source of shareholder value creation. The article presents results of empirical study of the impact the investments in different kinds of assets have on shareholder value creation. The study is based on panel data; the sample is formed by data covering the 2004-2012 period for the largest public companies representing nonfinancial sector of Russian economy. The results obtained show that investments in new equipment are associated with higher comparative market value of a company but not with higher total shareholder return. At the same time, companies most actively increasing investment in working capital are traded with certain discount. Active investment in intangible assets makes it possible to obtain higher shareholder returns. Long-term financial assets are negatively related to both comparative market value of the company and the level of shareholder return, while no statistically significant influence of investment in short-term financial assets over company value is discovered. It is also shown that individual characteristics of companies are essential in their comparative valuation by the market and are of much less importance in explanation of shareholder returns. The applied relevance of analysis performed lies in its role in making possible for managers to single out value drivers for companies in an incomplete financial market.
GSB STUDENT’S CONTRIBUTION HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT EDUCATION: AN ANALYSIS OF CHINESE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ MOTIVES AND INSTITUTION CHOICE CRITERIA

The expansion of Hospitality and Tourism Management (HTM) higher education in China and abroad has increased choices for Chinese students, but also brought along fierce competition among HTM institutions. To achieve sustainable competitive advantages in the global educational market, HTM institutions need to clearly understand the decision-making process of prospective students. A better grasp of the motives for opting for an HTM program and choice criteria considered will facilitate the planning of effective marketing strategies. A vast majority of the previous research on students’ decision-making was conducted in the West and it was found that only little of it focused exclusively on HTM students in China. This latter point is precisely what prompted this study. Its purpose is thus (1) to investigate Chinese students’ motives for studying HTM after high school, (2) identify the choice criteria Chinese students applied when selecting HTM higher educational institutions, and (3) explore Chinese students’ desire to study abroad, their preferred countries as well as the factors influencing this choice. 390 freshly-enrolled Chinese HTM undergraduates at Fujian Normal University, Minjiang University, and Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University were selected as the sample. Based on the findings, managerial suggestions are provided to HTM educational institutions.
Knowledge as a Critical Resource in Innovation among Small Furniture Companies in Indonesia: An Exploration

The furniture industry makes a significant contribution to the Indonesian economy but is exposed to an intensifying competitive environment and to emerging shortages of raw material. These circumstances have prompted small furniture manufacturers in the district of Jepara to undertake several types of innovation. It appears that of all first ranked innovations, product innovation is the largest category. In the overall pattern of innovations, market innovation and logistics innovation are also important, a situation that can be explained by the typical character and current circumstances of the furniture industry in this area. The innovation process concerned mainly relies on traditional knowledge sources, namely in-house learning-by-doing and experimentation, and buyers (customers). However, the manufacturers show willingness to use other knowledge sources in the near future, particularly more formal and globally oriented ones, such as exhibitions, research institutions, and the Internet. What tends to hamper such progress is that the manufacturers’ capability to access these knowledge sources is limited by financial obstacles and to a smaller extent by complexity and language obstacles. The paper concludes with a few policy recommendations and potential directions of future research. One of the policy recommendations aims at a combination of the traditional way of knowledge generation through in-house learning-by-doing and experimentation with knowledge from modern and formal sources.
Preschool teachers’ views on children's learning: an international perspective

This comparative study investigated the perspectives of preschool teachers in Australia, Denmark, Estonia, German, Greece and Sweden about learning and participation in preschool. A structured survey questionnaire investigated four main questions: What situations can be characterised as learning? What activities are important for learning? What are the best conditions for children's learning? How do preschool teachers understand participation in relation to children's learning in preschool? Results suggest that play, interactions with other children and adults, the provision of different activities and teacher support are important for children's learning. While similarities were noted, results indicate some disparity between countries and a further in-depth interview-style study is recommended to provide a deeper understanding of teachers’ perspectives and practices around children's learning.