Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the effectiveness of two oral phenytoin products and chronopharmacokinetics of phenytoin

A cross–over study was carried out in 14 epileptic patients to compare the steady–state serum phenytoin concentrations produced by two phenytoin formulations (Phenytoin Sodium® and Epanutin®). Differences in steady–state phenytoin concentrations following a change from one product to the other were not significant, indicating that the two brands manifest equivalent therapeutic efficacy. The results suggest that no overall dosage adjustments are required when switching from one brand to the other. Chronopharmacokinetic parameters of a single 300–mg dose of phenytoin, given at 08.00 and 20.00 hours, were studied in 10 healthy, male volunteers under controlled conditions. No evidence was found that circadian rhythms influenced absorption and disposition.
Object Segmentation with Visual Memory

This paper addresses the task of segmenting moving objects in unconstrained videos. We introduce a novel two-stream neural network with an explicit memory module to achieve this. The two streams of the network encode spatial and temporal features in a video sequence respectively, while the memory module captures the evolution of objects over time. The module to build a “visual memory” in video, i.e., a joint representation of all the video frames, is realized with a convolutional recurrent unit learned from a small number of training video sequences. Given a video frame as input, our approach assigns each pixel an object or background label based on the learned spatio-temporal features as well as the “visual memory” specific to the video, acquired automatically without any manually-annotated frames. The visual memory is implemented with convolutional gated recurrent units, which allows to propagate spatial information over time. We evaluate our method extensively on two benchmarks, DAVIS and Freiburg-Berkeley motion segmentation datasets, and show state-of-the-art results. For example, our approach outperforms the top method on the DAVIS dataset by nearly 6%. We also provide an extensive ablative analysis to investigate the influence of each component in the proposed framework.
Is axis position within tree architecture a determinant of axis morphology, branching, flowering and fruiting? An essay in mango.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Growth and reproductive strategies of plants are often related to particular, although usually poorly characterized, spatial distributions of shoots within the plant's architecture. In this study it is therefore hypothesized that a close relationship exists between architectural position, axis morphology (length, diameter, leaf area), and functional behaviour (branching, flowering and fruiting). The study focused on the architectural position of mango growth units, defined here as being the relative position, apical or lateral, on the parent growth unit, i.e. growing from the apical or a lateral meristem, respectively. METHODS Stem length and leaf characteristics (area, dry weight) were measured on apical and lateral growth units of four mango cultivars over two years. Branching, flowering and fruiting were assessed for both growth unit types using an exhaustive description of tree vegetative and reproductive growth over two years. The relationships between growth unit diameter and flowering and fruiting were assessed for one of the four cultivars. KEY RESULTS A pronounced morphological dimorphism was observed for the four cultivars. Across cultivars, stem length was significantly 1.31-1.34 times longer and total leaf area was 2.54-3.47 times larger in apical compared to lateral growth units. Apical growth units tended to branch, flower and fruit more than lateral growth units. The relationship between growth unit diameter and flowering rate was quadratic and dependent on growth unit position. The relationship between growth unit diameter and fruiting rate was linear and independent of growth unit position. CONCLUSIONS Morphological traits of mango growth units were clearly involved in the determinism of flowering and fruiting, although in different ways. The results, however, showed that current hypotheses of flowering, such as carbohydrate availability and florigenic promoters, are not sufficient in themselves if they neglect the hierarchical relationships between axes, i.e. their relative position, apical or lateral.
Human soluble E‐selectin immunoadhesin inhibits leukemic monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells

Immunoadhesins are immunoglobulin (Ig)‐like chimeric proteins comprised of target‐binding regions fused to the Fc‐hinge region of Ig, and are designed to have a long half‐life and antibody‐like properties. In an effort to find a good candidate for therapeutic use for inflammatory responses, we constructed a soluble human E‐selectin immunoadhesin containing the extracellular region of human E‐selectin fused to the Fc‐hinge region of human IgG, and determined its effects on leukocyte adhesion and rolling in vitro. Our results revealed that the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells was efficiently inhibited in the presence of 50 nM E‐selectin immunoadhesin. In addition, the E‐selectin immunoadhesin significantly inhibited leukocyte rolling on endothelial cells in perfusion experiments performed at 1.0 dyne/cm2 wall shear stress. These findings indicate that our E‐selectin immunoadhesin decreases leukocyte attachment and rolling in vitro, suggesting that this immunoadhesin may be a promising candidate for therapeutic anti‐inflammatory use. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective and persistent effect of foetal sex on cognition in pregnant women

Despite widespread anecdotal complaints of impairment, systematic research addressing cognition in gestating women has yielded equivocal results. One way that ambiguous findings could arise is if male and female foetuses affect maternal cognition in different ways. Using a longitudinal within-participants design, we tracked women's cognitive performance from early pregnancy through to postnatal resumption of menstruation. On several cognitive tests, the sex of the foetus was unrelated to maternal performance. But specifically on difficult tests of working memory and spatial ability, a large and enduring effect of foetal sex was evident: women pregnant with boys consistently outperformed women pregnant with girls. A foetal-derived factor that differs in type or concentration between male and female foetuses may thus influence mothers' cognition.
Dinamica del plural en purepecha

En purepecha, en un contexto de pluralidad nominal, ninguno de los substantivos recibe la marca del plural. Esta marca esta sometida a caracteristicas especificas ligadas a categorias semantico-referenciales: la humanitud (humano, animado, inanimado), la definitud (definido, indefinido) y la enumeracion (discreto, compacto, denso). Cada categoria se presenta en una forma escalar. El analisis de los contextos de presencia y ausencia de la marca del plural muestra un juego de interferencias entre los diferentes criterios en el cual se perfila una cierta jerarquia. La presencia diferencial de la marca del plural muestra une situacion dinamica en la cual las variaciones son importantes: solamente dos zonas presentan una estabilida y estan situadas en los dos extremos del continuum. Por una parte, una zona de obligatoriedad en la cual diferentes categorias interfieren (humanitud y definitud) y por otra parte una zona estable de imposibilidad que lleva implicita una categoria (enumeracion). Este estudio se divide en dos partes: en primer lugar se ven los procesos morfologicos (forma, posicion, concordancia y coexistencia) que presiden a la aparicion del plural y en segundo lugar, se analizan los factores semantico-referenciales que intervienen en la presencia de la marca: se presentara la situacion en el siglo XVI y despues se estudiara en detalle la sincronia dinamica de la situacion actual. Este doble acercamiento diacronico y sincronico permite apreciar la evolucion de la presencia de la marca en un poco mas de un siglo, asi como la dinamica actual.
Antepartum Depression Severity is Increased During Seasonally Longer Nights: Relationship to Melatonin and Cortisol Timing and Quantity

Current research suggests that mood varies from season to season in some individuals, in conjunction with light-modulated alterations in chronobiologic indices such as melatonin and cortisol. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of seasonal variations in darkness on mood in depressed antepartum women, and to determine the relationship of seasonal mood variations to contemporaneous blood melatonin and cortisol measures; a secondary aim was to evaluate the influence of seasonal factors on measures of melancholic versus atypical depressive symptoms. We obtained measures of mood and overnight concentrations of plasma melatonin and serum cortisol in 19 depressed patients (DP) and 12 healthy control (HC) antepartum women, during on-going seasonal variations in daylight/darkness, in a cross-sectional design. Analyses of variance showed that in DP, but not HC, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRSD) scores were significantly higher in women tested during seasonally longer versus shorter nights. This exacerbation of depressive symptoms occurred when the dim light melatonin onset, the melatonin synthesis offset, and the time of maximum cortisol secretion (acrophase) were phase-advanced (temporally shifted earlier), and melatonin quantity was reduced, in DP but not HC. Serum cortisol increased across gestational weeks in both the HC and DP groups, which did not differ significantly in cortisol concentration. Nevertheless, serum cortisol concentration correlated positively with HRSD score in DP but not HC; notably, HC showed neither significant mood changes nor altered melatonin and cortisol timing or quantity in association with seasonal variations. These findings suggest that depression severity during pregnancy may become elevated in association with seasonally related phase advances in melatonin and cortisol timing and reduced melatonin quantity that occur in DP, but not HC. Thus, women who experience antepartum depression may be more susceptible than their nondepressed counterparts to phase alterations in melatonin and cortisol timing during seasonally longer nights. Interventions that phase delay melatonin and/or cortisol timing—for example, increased exposure to bright evening light—might serve as an effective intervention for antepartum depressions whose severity is increased during seasonally longer nights.
Recent Trends in Dental Caries in U.S. Children and the Effect of Water Fluoridation

The decline in dental caries in U.S. schoolchildren, first observed nationwide in 1979–1980, was confirmed further by a second national epidemiological survey completed in 1987. Mean DMFS scores in persons aged 5–17 years had decreased about 36% during the interval, and, in 1987, approximately 50% of children were caries-free in the permanent dentition. Children who had always been exposed to community water fluoridation had mean DMFS scores about 18% lower than those who had never lived in fluoridated communities. When some of the “background” effect of topical fluoride was controlled, this difference increased to 25%. The results suggest that water fluoridation has played a dominant role in the decline in caries and must continue to be a major prevention methodology.
Rethinking Assumptions in Deep Anomaly Detection

Though anomaly detection (AD) can be viewed as a classification problem (nominal vs. anomalous) it is usually treated in an unsupervised manner since one typically does not have access to, or it is infeasible to utilize, a dataset that sufficiently characterizes what it means to be "anomalous. " In this paper we present results demonstrating that this intuition surprisingly does not extend to deep AD on images. For a recent AD benchmark on ImageNet, classifiers trained to discern between normal samples and just a few (64) random natural images are able to outperform the current state of the art in deep AD. We find that this approach is also very effective at other common image AD benchmarks. Experimentally we discover that the multiscale structure of image data makes example anomalies exceptionally informative.
Influence of temperature and plumbing material selection on biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable water system containing complex microbial flora

Survival and growth of Legionella pneumophila in both biofilm and planktonic phases were determined with a two-stage model system. The model used filter-sterilized tap water as the sole source of nutrient to culture a naturally occurring mixed population of microorganisms including virulent L. pneumophila. At 20 degrees C, L. pneumophila accounted for a low proportion of biofilm flora on polybutylene and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, but was absent from copper surfaces. The pathogen was most abundant on biofilms on plastics at 40 degrees C, where it accounted for up to 50% of the total biofilm flora. Copper surfaces were inhibitory to total biofouling and included only low numbers of L. pneumophila organisms. The pathogen was able to survive in biofilms on the surface of the plastic materials at 50 degrees C, but was absent from the copper surfaces at the same temperature. L. pneumophila could not be detected in the model system at 60 degrees C. In the presence of copper surfaces, biofilms forming on adjacent control glass surfaces were found to incorporate copper ions which subsequently inhibited colonization of their surfaces. This work suggests that the use of copper tubing in water systems may help to limit the colonization of water systems by L. pneumophila.
Leukocyte Subpopulations in the Uteri of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Knockout Mice During Early Pregnancy1

Abstract Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is transiently expressed on Day (D) 1 of pregnancy by the uterine epithelium and on D4 specifically by the glandular epithelium. The Lif knockout female mice are infertile because of uterine defects that affect embryo implantation, but pregnancy can be rescued in these mice by injections of LIF on D4 of pregnancy. Many of the specific actions of LIF in the uterus are unknown, especially with regard to uterine cell biology. Leukocytes, such as macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and eosinophils, are present in the pregnant uterus and are thought to be beneficial, because alterations in their proportions can adversely affect pregnancy. Immunocytochemistry and cell counting were used to compare the distributions and dynamics of leukocyte subpopulations in wild-type and Lif knockout mice. The percentage of macrophages was reduced by more than half in the Lif knockout mice on D3 of pregnancy, and their distribution was disrupted, suggesting that LIF is a chemokine for these cells. The NK cells were detected as early as D3 of pregnancy, but the Lif knockout mice had double the percentage of NK cells compared to wild-type mice at this time, indicating that LIF restricts the migration of NK cells to the uterus. The Lif knockout mice also had significantly higher percentages of eosinophils in the outer stroma on D3, and in the midstroma on D4, of pregnancy, suggesting that LIF also may restrict eosinophil migration to the uterus. These alterations of the uterine leukocyte subpopulations in Lif knockout mice may disrupt pregnancy and contribute to failure of implantation.
Testing the mean matrix in high‐dimensional transposable data

The structural information in high‐dimensional transposable data allows us to write the data recorded for each subject in a matrix such that both the rows and the columns correspond to variables of interest. One important problem is to test the null hypothesis that the mean matrix has a particular structure without ignoring the dependence structure among and/or between the row and column variables. To address this, we develop a generic and computationally inexpensive nonparametric testing procedure to assess the hypothesis that, in each predefined subset of columns (rows), the column (row) mean vector remains constant. In simulation studies, the proposed testing procedure seems to have good performance and, unlike simple practical approaches, it preserves the nominal size and remains powerful even if the row and/or column variables are not independent. Finally, we illustrate the use of the proposed methodology via two empirical examples from gene expression microarrays.
Is There a "Pompeii Premise" in Archaeology?

In a recent article in this journal, Binford (1981) called attention to a counterproductive "Pompeii premise" and attributed it to the present author. Drawing on two case studies of house floor assemblages from the Southwestern literature, this paper shows that an insidious Pompeii premise can be found in archaeology, but it is different from the one identified by Binford. The real Pompeii premise is not employed by this author, but by those who fail to evaluate in detail how specific house-floor assemblages were formed by cultural and noncultural processes. To promote more rigorous analyses, this paper summarizes the basic formation processes that affect the composition of house-floor assemblages and provides several provisional measures for assessing de facto refuse.
Economic Analysis of Products Liability: Theory

This chapter provides a survey of much of the recent theoretical analysis of products liability. We start by describing an idealized model and providing the specific economic assumptions which underpin it. Later sections examine the effects of relaxing these assumptions, which has been the focus of much of the theoretical work over the last few decades. These modifications include: informational differences between producers and consumers that arise over the life of a product; incorporation of endogenously-determined costs, such as those that arise from investment in care; and evaluating contractual versus mandatory liability.
The Transgenic Expression of Highly Inhibitory Monomeric Forms of Phospholamban in Mouse Heart Impairs Cardiac Contractility*

Transgenic mice were generated with cardiac-specific overexpression of the monomeric, dominant-acting, superinhibitory L37A and I40A mutant forms of phospholamban (PLN), and their phenotypes were compared with wild-type (wt) mice or 2-fold overexpressors of wt PLN (wtOE). The level of PLN monomer in cardiac microsomes was increased 11–13-fold, and the apparent affinity of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase for Ca2+ was decreased from pCa 6.22 in wt or 6.12 in wtOE to 5.81 in L37A and 5.72 in I40A. Basal physiological parameters, measured in isolated myocytes, indicated a significant reduction in the rates of shortening (+dL/dt) and relengthening (−dL/dt). Hemodynamic measurements indicated that peak systolic pressure was unaffected but that pressure changes (+dP/dt and −dP/dt) were lowered significantly in both mutant lines, and relaxation time (τ) was also lengthened significantly. Echocardiography for both mutants showed depressed systolic function and an increase in left ventricular mass of over 1.4-fold. Significant decreases in left ventricular shortening fraction and velocity of circumferential shortening and increases in ejection time were corrected by isoproterenol. The use of antibodies specific against Ser16- and Thr17-PLN peptides showed that phosphorylation of both pentameric and monomeric PLN were increased between 1.2- and 2.4-fold in both the L37A and I40A lines but not in the wtOE line. These observations show that overexpression of superinhibitory mutant forms of PLN causes depression of contractile parameters with induction of cardiac hypertrophy, as assessed with echocardiography.
A 360-degree performance evaluation of emergency medicine ward in Alzahra Hospital.

BACKGROUND In educational hospitals, in addition to providing care, emergency medicine department plays an important role in providing education and increasing the quality of care and education. This study was an endeavor to evaluate the performance of emergency medicine department in different areas such as education, service provision and interaction with other departments. METHODS This was a descriptive cross-sectional study performed as a 360-degree evaluation. The stakeholders taking part in this evaluation included residents, interns, attendants, administrators, nurses, and patients. Particular questionnaires for each group was developed based on the data achieved in the focus groups. Structured interviews were used to collect data from patients. Patients' medical files were investigated in order to extract performance indices of emergency medicine department. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and t-tests by SPSS. RESULTS Based on the achieved data, patients' waiting time for the first visit of the emergency physician was 13.18 minutes in average. The mean of outpatients' waiting time (29.82 minutes) was higher than that of patients requiring hospitalization. In most cases (79%), similar first and final diagnoses were made. In addition, 93.5% of patients hospitalized in the emergency ward were highly satisfied with services received from the specialists while 6.5%were averagely satisfied. The highest performance scores to the emergency medicine department were given by the interns with the mean of 4.24 out of 5 performance. CONCLUSION The results of the emergency department evaluation by different groups as well as indices showing the performance of this department revealed its overall performance in educational, clinical, and interactional areas as good. The findings of this study can be applied in Alzahra Hospital to promote the positive points and amend the negative points.
Inhibition of Alpharetrovirus Replication by a Range of Human APOBEC3 Proteins

ABSTRACT The mammalian APOBEC3 family of cytidine deaminases includes members that can act as potent inhibitors of retroviral infectivity and retrotransposon mobility. Here, we have examined whether the alpharetrovirus Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is susceptible to inhibition by a range of human APOBEC3 proteins. We report that RSV is highly susceptible to inhibition by human APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, and APOBEC3B and moderately susceptible to inhibition by human APOBEC3C and APOBEC3A. For all five proteins, inhibition of RSV infectivity was associated with selective virion incorporation and with C-to-T editing of the proviral DNA minus strand. In the case of APOBEC3G, editing appeared to be critical for effective inhibition. These data represent the first report of inhibition of retroviral infectivity and induction of proviral DNA editing by human APOBEC3A and reveal that alpharetroviruses, which do not normally encounter APOBEC3 proteins in their avian hosts, are susceptible to inhibition by all human APOBEC3 proteins tested. These data further suggest that the resistance of mammalian retroviruses to inhibition by the APOBEC3 proteins expressed in their normal host species is likely to have evolved subsequent to the appearance of this family of mammalian antiretroviral proteins some 35 million years ago; i.e., the base state of a naïve retrovirus is susceptibility to inhibition.
Temporal Aggregate Representations for Long Term Video Understanding

Future prediction requires reasoning from current and past observations and raises several fundamental questions. How much past information is necessary? What is a reasonable temporal scale to process the past? How much semantic abstraction is required? We address all of these questions with a flexible multi-granular temporal aggregation framework. We show that it is possible to achieve state-of-the-art results in both next action and dense anticipation using simple techniques such as max pooling and attention. To demonstrate the anticipation capabilities of our model, we conduct experiments on the Breakfast Actions, 50Salads and EPIC-Kitchens datasets where we achieve state-of-the-art or comparable results. We also show that our model can be used for temporal video segmentation and action recognition with minimal modifications.