Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gendered Contexts

We use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (13,186 respondents in 30 states) to develop a unique state-level measure of the gendered context in order to examine the influence of gender normative attitudes and behaviors on state rates of suicidal ideation and individual-level suicidal ideation for female and male youth (ages 13 to 22). The findings demonstrate the negative consequences for youth, especially females who report feminine-typical traits, who live in contexts defined by restrictive gender norms at both the ecological and individual levels. This study points to the importance of fatalistic suicide for female youth and suggests possible mechanisms to explain this association.
Effects of olive leaf extract and its main component oleuroepin on acute ultraviolet B irradiation‐induced skin changes in C57BL/6J mice

Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves have long been used in folk medicine and herbal tea in Europe and the Mediterranean area. The Mediterranean climate is characterized by high temperatures, and by strong ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation causing the skin to age, increasing wrinkling, pigmentation and skin thickness. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an olive leaf extract and its component oleuropein on skin damage caused by acute UVB irradiation in C57BL/6J mice. The extract (300 or 1000 mg/kg) and oleuropein (25 or 85 mg/kg) were administered orally twice daily for 14 days. UVB was administered daily at a dose of 120 mJ/cm2 for the first 5 days and then every other day for 9 days. Both treatments inhibited the increases in skin thickness induced by radiation. They also inhibited increases in the Ki‐67‐ and 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine‐positive cell numbers, melanin granule area and matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13) expression. These preventive effects on UVB‐induced skin damage might be caused in part by inhibiting the degradation of extracellular matrixes in the corium, and by the proliferation of epidermal cells through the inhibition of increases in MMP‐13 levels and reactive oxygen species induced by irradiation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Program for Device Model Parameter Extraction from Gate Capacitance and Current of Ultrathin$hboxSiO_2$and High-$kappa$Gate Stacks

A modeling tool is demonstrated for fast and automatic gate dielectric characterization and parameter extraction for the 45-nm CMOS technology node and beyond. The model incorporates a nonlinear least squares fitting program with the ability to extract nanometer-scale equivalent oxide thicknesses (EOTs) SiO2 and high-dielectric-constant (high-kappa) gate dielectrics from experimental gate capacitance (Cg-Vg) and gate leakage current (Ig-Vg) with high accuracy and efficiency. A modified Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was used as the optimization approach. Improvements were made to reduce the chances of becoming stuck in local minima. A previously reported computationally efficient and accurate physically based compact model of self-consistent Cg-Vg and Ig-Vg model for both ultrathin SiO2 and high-kappa gate stacks of EOT down to ~ 0.5 nm is used as the basis for translating experimental Cg -Vg and Ig-Vg data to material and device parameters. In just a few seconds, for single and double layer gate dielectrics, device parameters such as EOTs, surface substrate doping concentrations, flatband voltages, and polysilicon doping concentrations (if applicable) can be extracted from measured gate capacitance data, and parameters such as physical thickness, band offsets, dielectric constants, and tunneling masses for the gate dielectrics can be extracted from measured gate current data. It was found that significant correlation exists between the effects of certain combinations of model parameters, especially for gate tunneling current. Thus, in this program, parameters can be fixed selectively for those already obtained with high confidence from other measurements. Box constraints can also be imposed, at the price of somewhat longer extraction time (up to ~ 1-7 min), for parameters to be optimized to improve the possibility of finding the correct parameters
Impact of parent monitoring on initiation of drug use through late childhood.

OBJECTIVE To examine whether parental supervision and monitoring in middle childhood might have a sustained impact on risk of drug use later in childhood and adolescence. METHOD An epidemiological sample of 926 urban-dwelling youths were individually interviewed annually, beginning in 1989 when the children were 8 to 10 years old, continuing through 1992. Standardized questions measured drug use, parenting behaviors, and other suspected determinants of drug use. RESULTS Survival analysis estimates indicated that children in the lowest quartile of parent monitoring initiated drug use at earlier ages. The contrast in risk of initiating alcohol, tobacco, or other drug use across levels of parent monitoring was greatest when children were under 11 years old; at older ages there was no difference in risk. However, in analyses focused specifically on marijuana, cocaine, and inhalant drugs, we observed a sustained higher risk of starting to use these drugs among youths who had been monitored at the lowest levels in middle childhood. CONCLUSION These results add to the chain of inference that effective supervision and monitoring in middle childhood by parents or guardians might induce a delay or prevent onset of drug use among youths living in urban areas, a hypothesis that now ought to be tested in rigorous field experiments.
A multiple triangulation analysis on the role of product development activities on product success

The relationship between product development process and product success remains to confound many. Although most researchers agree that product development is one of the main factors affecting product success, many case studies performed since 1980s have shown different results. Some studies find a strong relationship between a product development activity and the product success, while some others discover the opposite. There is no generic result to be referred to further study or used for practices. Therefore, this study explores further the effect of product development activities on product success by conducting a multiple triangulation approach. This approach cross-examines three methods with three different data: meta-analyses that use data from a number of case studies previously published; analytic hierarchy process that takes data from product development experts’ judgment; and resource allocation analysis that utilizes companies’ operational data. The results show that the relationship between product development process and product success is unique for every case or group of cases. The relationship can be determined by utilizing resource allocation data and experts’ judgment, as shown by a general procedure proposed.
Understanding the reasons behind the low utilisation of thrombolysis in stroke.

BACKGROUND Thrombolysis remains the only approved therapy for acute ischaemic stroke (AIS); however, its utilisation is reported to be low. AIMS This study aimed to determine the reasons for the low utilisation of thrombolysis in clinical practice. METHOD Five metropolitan hospitals comprising two tertiary referral centres and three district hospitals conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study. Researchers identified patients discharged with a principal diagnosis of AIS over a 12-month time period (July 2009-July 2010), and reviewed the medical record of systematically chosen samples. RESULTS The research team reviewed a total of 521 records (48.8% females, mean age 74.4 ± 14 years, age range 5-102 years) from the 1261 AIS patients. Sixty-nine per cent of AIS patients failed to meet eligibility criteria to receive thrombolysis because individuals arrived at the hospital later than 4.5 hours after the onset of symptoms. The factors found to be positively associated with late arrival included confusion at onset, absence of a witness at onset and waiting for improvement of symptoms. However, factors negatively associated with late arrival encompassed facial droop, slurred speech and immediately calling an ambulance. Only 14.7% of the patients arriving within 4.5 hours received thrombolysis. The main reasons for exclusion included such factors as rapidly improving symptoms (28.2%), minor symptoms (17.2%), patient receiving therapeutic anticoagulation (6.7%) and severe stroke (5.5%). CONCLUSION A late patient presentation represents the most significant barrier to utilising thrombolysis in the acute stroke setting. Thrombolysis continues to be currently underutilised in potentially eligible patients, and additional research is needed to identify more precise criteria for selecting patients for thrombolysis.
ERMs colocalize transiently with L1 during neocortical axon outgrowth

L1 is a member of the Ig superfamily of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that functions in many aspects of neuronal development including axonal outgrowth and neuronal migration. These functions require coordination between L1 and the actin cytoskeleton. Because CAMs and the cytoskeleton do not bind directly, membrane–cytoskeletal linkers (MCLs) such as ankyrin are thought to be crucial to their interactions, but data from a knockout mouse suggest that ankyrin is not necessary for the earliest events attributed to L1 function. Recent findings in hippocampal cell culture show that members of the ERM family of proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) can also serve as MCLs between L1 and actin in neurons. Here, we demonstrate that ERM proteins are expressed in extending neuronal processes in the intermediate zone of the developing cortex, a region that is densely packed with migrating neurons and growing axons. ERMs and L1 are codistributed extensively over a transient time course that coincides with rapid axon growth and cortical expansion. This codistribution is strong at embryonic day 17 and 19 but diminishes by postnatal day 0, at which time ankyrin‐L1 codistribution increases dramatically. These findings suggest that in the developing neocortex, ERMs are the predominant MCL for L1 during migration and axon extension, neither of which requires ankyrin function. Furthermore, these data suggest that there is a developmentally regulated switch in MCL function in the developing brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:438–448, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
STRESS-INDUCED IMMUNE CONDITIONING AFFECTS THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL PERITONITIS

Septic patients show individually different courses of disease that are hard to predict. Little is known about preconditioning influences that may render one person liable to have overwhelming hyperinflammatory response syndrome (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) and another from compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome. Here, we show in a murine model that chronic psychological stress before the onset of polymicrobial peritonitis influences the balance between both types of immune response. Chronically stressed mice which had increased lymphocyte apoptosis, severe functional lymphocyte defects, and an anti-inflammatory cytokine bias had a reduced mortality rate during the continuous outflow of gut content in the hyperinflammatory sepsis model of colon ascendens stent peritonitis. In contrast, they had enhanced long-lasting bacterial dissemination in a sepsis model of mild cecal ligation and puncture. Chronic stress therefore is an important preconditioning factor in the individuals' ability to cope with systemic infections after abdominal surgery. It ameliorates lethal shock responses but reduces the capacity to eradicate bacterial infection during mild peritonitis.
Multiresolution Kernel Approximation for Gaussian Process Regression

Gaussian process regression generally does not scale to beyond a few thousands data points without applying some sort of kernel approximation method. Most approximations focus on the high eigenvalue part of the spectrum of the kernel matrix, $K$, which leads to bad performance when the length scale of the kernel is small. In this paper we introduce Multiresolution Kernel Approximation (MKA), the first true broad bandwidth kernel approximation algorithm. Important points about MKA are that it is memory efficient, and it is a direct method, which means that it also makes it easy to approximate $K^{-1}$ and $\mathop{\textrm{det}}(K)$.
Syllable-frequency effects in visual word recognition: evidence from ERPs

A lexical decision experiment was conducted while event related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The word frequency and the first syllable frequency of each word were manipulated. Results showed that, while high frequency words produced less negative amplitudes in the N400 time window than low frequency words, the inverse pattern was found for syllable frequency. Words containing high frequency syllables produced more negative amplitudes than words containing low frequency syllables. Importantly, a significant syllable frequency effect was also obtained at the P200 time window. The results are interpreted in the framework of an interactive activation model, in which high frequency syllables produce the initial activation of a larger number of lexical candidates during the analysis of orthographic or phonological representations, which have to be inhibited later to allow the identification of a unique word. These findings support the idea that, at least in languages with clear syllabic boundaries, syllables are functional sublexical units during visual word recognition.
The Role of Cash Holdings in Corporate Misconduct

We test the role of cash holdings in corporate misconduct. Consistent with the agency costs of equity overvaluation, before misconduct, investors overvalue firms’ cash holdings, and firms that commit misconduct accumulate excess cash holdings. Furthermore, consistent with the free cash flow hypothesis, the accumulated excess cash holdings at the beginning of misconduct positively predict firms’ simultaneous misconduct actions, including overinvestment decisions, the delay of bad news disclosures, and insider selling. The association of excess cash holdings with the degree of withholding bad news and insider trading occurs mainly in firms with higher managerial equity-based incentives or firms with internal control weakness. The results suggest that cash holdings are one important mechanism by which equity overvaluation leads to corporate misconduct and emphasize the importance of internal control over financial reporting in safeguarding corporate resources.
Network Marketing Strategies in Sale and Marketing Products Based on Advanced Technology in Micro-Enterprises

New products based on modern technologies (high-tech), in order to enter the market, face a number of challenges such as high investment required for research and development of these products, high cost of labor force, high cost of products, making profit at advanced stages, low life expectancy, high level of associated risks and required innovation. In terms of marketing these products, issues such as centralized decision making by the manager or the owner, dynamic environment, existence of larger competitors with higher resources and influence in the market, high expectation of customers and lack of resources are just some of the issues to mention. In this study the effects and functionality of network marketing strategies such as reduction of costs, increase in the rate of sales, brand making, job creation, effective networking, high level of innovative potentials, and increase in liquidity as the result of growth of sales; which itself is obtained by viral marketing and its expansion to a social networking site with exchanges of social capital has been investigated. The statistical population are a number of small scale companies providing microfiber Nano silver cleaning cloths based in the city of Tehran. The research method which has been used in this research is qualitative research method. The results of the research show that by providing a favorable reward plan in network marketing, microenterprises offering high-tech products can overcome many of their problems and difficulties in presenting, selling and promoting their products in the market.
Changes in Temperature and Light Alter the Flight Speed of Hornets (Vespa crabro L.)

Although the principal mechanisms of insect flight are well understood, knowledge about the influence of environmental factors on flight performance is scarce. We show that ambient temperature (TA) and illuminance have an influence on the flight performance of hornets. Moreover, the regulation of flight speed at different environmental conditions is sex specific. In roundabout experiments with tethered hornets, the flight speed of workers was independent of TA, while that of drones was negatively correlated with TA. We hypothesize that the reasons for these differences may lie in sex‐specific cooling mechanisms; workers might regulate their body temperature through forced heat loss, whereas drones might reduce their heat production rates. At low illuminance, workers reduced their flight speed, whereas drones did not. Reduced flight speed at low illuminances is probably a behavioral mechanism of compensation for disadvantages caused by changing neuronal processes in the sensory neurons in darkness.
Effect of 20-methylcholanthrene on mouse embryos. III. Strain C3H(Jax)--by caesarean section.

The results reported herein are from a series of experiments performed to elucidate the action of 20-methylcholanthrene on embryonic tissue. Earlier investigations (Savkur, Batra & Sridharan, 1960 and 1961) revealed that a minute dose of the carcinogen, when introduced into the embryonic fluid of 10-day-old mouse embryos, caused abnormalities in the young at birth, e.g. subcutaneous haemorrhages, tail and feet deformities and monstrosities. Furthermore, the litters born subsequently to the treated litters also showed the characteristic malformations. It was considered of interest, therefore, to investigate further the effects of 20-methylcholanthrene in connexion with the results obtained in the earlier experiments. The object of the present report is twofold: (a) to obtain the treated embryos by Caesarean delivery, so that there may not be loss of any, particularly as a result of the mothers eating them (Gruneberg, 1952) and (b) to eliminate the possibility of trauma during delivery being the cause of the haemorrhages observed in the young after treatment.
Corporate Social Responsibility: Motif Dan Risikonya

Organizations are exposed to increasing pressures from their constituents tointegrate Corporate Social Responsibilities principles into their ongoing businesspractices, but doing such thing is not without risks. This article explores the motivebehind implementation of Corporate Social Responsibilities(CSR) Activities. Therisks of implementing SCR and mitigation needed also discussed in this article.Keywords: CSR, Motive, Risk of CSR, Mitigating Risk of CSR
Lyapunov Exponents versus Expansivity and Sensitivity in Cellular Automata

We establish a connection between the theory of Lyapunov exponents and the properties of expansivity and sensitivity to initial conditions for a particular class of discrete time dynamical systems; cellular automata (CA). The main contribution of this paper is the proof that all expansive cellular automata have positive Lyapunov exponents for almost all the phase space configurations. In addition, we provide an elementary proof of the non-existence of expansive CA in any dimension greater than 1. In the second part of this paper we prove that expansivity in dimension greater than 1 can be recovered by restricting the phase space to asuitablesubset of the whole space. To this extent we describe a 2-dimensional CA which is expansive over adense uncountablesubset of the whole phase space. Finally, we highlight the different behavior of expansive and sensitive CA for what concerns the speed at which perturbations propagate.
Residual generation for fault detection and isolation in a class of uncertain nonlinear systems

This article studies the problem of fault detection and isolation (FDI) for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems via a residual signal generated by a novel nonlinear adaptive observer. The considered faults are modelled by a set of time-varying vectors, in which a prescribed subset of faults are specially monitored and thus separable from the other faults. In the presence of Lipschitz-like nonlinearities and modelling uncertainties, the sensitivity of the residual signal to the monitored faults and its insensitivity to the other faults are rigorously analysed. Under a persistent excitation condition, the performances of the proposed fault diagnosis scheme, including the robustness to uncertainties, the quickness of estimation, the accuracy of estimation, the sensitivity to the monitored faults and the insensitivity to the complement faults, are quantified by a series of explicit design functions relevant to the observer parameters. It turns out that the number of faults which can be completely diagnosed is independent of the number of output sensors. A simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed FDI method.
Chinese consumer perceived risk and risk relievers

Online perceived risk is an important issue in e-commerce. As China has a large Internet shopper population and online consumer spending continues to increase, better understanding Chinese online shoppers’ perceived risk and risk reduction strategies becomes particularly relevant. However, research in the Chinese context is limited. Given this reality, the purpose of this study is to (1) identify and rank Chinese consumer online perceived risk; (2) investigate consumer preferences for methods of reducing risk; and (3) present a cluster analysis of e-shoppers based on their perceived risk score. Managerially, the study intends to provide e-marketers and e-retailers with an overview of risk as perceived by Chinese online shoppers and their risk reduction strategies. It also aims to demonstrate for managers the impact of this awareness on their competitiveness by illustrating how consumer types are related to different perceived risk dimensions and risk reliever strategies on the Internet. Some results from this study are consistent with previous studies, but it is interesting to note that certain findings are different. These differences might be explained by the specificity of the Chinese Internet shopping environment and Chinese culture. Cluster analysis regrouped the Chinese e-shoppers into five groups based on their perceived risk.
An Analytical Framework for The Charaterization of Link Dynamics in MANETs Invited Paper

We present an analytical framework and statistical models to accurately characterize the lifetime of a wireless link in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). We show that the lifetime of a link can be computed through a two-state Markov model and that the analytical solution follows closely the results obtained through discrete event simulations. The proposed framework has widespread application in the modeling of medium access control protocols, routing protocols, clustering, and the optimization of MANETs