Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring resilience in multi-carrier emergency and critical telecommunications systems

The ability to provide critical communications, particularly during disasters, is essential for national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP). The authors present a quantitative study of the resilience of IP-based NS/EP services for the National Communications System (NCS). This analysis builds on a previous study of the survivability of a single carrierpsilas telecommunications network by extending it to a multi-carrier network. The authors quantify the differences in the ability to communicate depending on whether or not the carriers modify their internetwork routing policies to allow use of another carrier for transit by NS/EP traffic. The carrier network topologies used in the analysis are similar to major ISP backbones. The authors used IP-SURVIV, a Noblis network resiliency analysis tool, to analyze the throughput and connectivity of a multi-carrier network topology as network elements are disabled. Numerical results from random failure scenarios show that modifying internetwork routing policies to allow transit routing does improve network survivability, and should be considered for NS/EP traffic. This work also has broader application to resilience analysis of other critical communication systems on multi-carrier IP networks.
12 years of Unsupervised Dependency Parsing

In the last 12 years, there has been a big progress in the field of unsupervised dependency parsing. Different approaches however sometimes differ in motivation and definition of the problem. Some of them allow using resources that are forbidden by others, since they are treated as a kind of supervision. The goal of this paper is to define all the variants of unsupervised dependency parsing problem and show their motivation, progress, and the best results. We also discuss the usefulness of the unsupervised parsing generally, both for the formal linguistics and for the applications.
Cesárea: percepções da puérpera frente à escolha do tipo de parto

Verifica-se em nossa realidade diaria a grande incidencia de cesarea, apesar do incentivo para a realizacao do parto normal e humanizado. Este e um estudo descritivo, prospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa cujo objetivo foi identificar o conhecimento da puerpera sobre os tipos de parto e as orientacoes ministradas no pre-natal referentes a tal assunto. Realizou-se em uma maternidade, no municipio de Araraquara - SP, em 2002, com puerperas assistidas pelo sistema particular. A coleta de dados se deu durante dois meses e a amostra totalizou 44 puerperas. Foi aplicado um questionario contendo informacoes sobre dados pessoais, reprodutivos, tipo de parto e orientacoes recebidas no pre-natal. A media etaria foi 27,5 anos, todas as mulheres fizeram pre-natal, 50 por cento nao receberam informacoes sobre os tipos de parto durante a gestacao e o motivo da cesaria foi por escolha em 84,1 por cento. (AU)
What Blood Won't Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America

Is race something we know when we see it? In 1857, Alexina Morrison, a slave in Louisiana, ran away from her master and surrendered herself to the parish jail for protection. Blue-eyed and blond, Morrison successfully convinced white society that she was one of them. When she sued for her freedom, witnesses assured the jury that she was white, and that they would have known if she had a drop of African blood. Morrison's court trial - and many others over the last 150 years - involved high stakes: freedom, property, and civil rights. And they all turned on the question of racial identity.Over the past two centuries, individuals and groups (among them Mexican Americans, Indians, Asian immigrants, and Melungeons) have fought to establish their whiteness in order to lay claim to full citizenship in local courtrooms, administrative and legislative hearings, and the U.S. Supreme Court. Like Morrison's case, these trials have often turned less on legal definitions of race as percentages of blood or ancestry than on the way people presented themselves to society and demonstrated their moral and civic character.Unearthing the legal history of racial identity, Ariela Gross' book examines the paradoxical and often circular relationship of race and the perceived capacity for citizenship in American society. This book reminds us that the imaginary connection between racial identity and fitness for citizenship remains potent today and continues to impede racial justice and equality.
The Home Field Advantage in Athletics : A Meta-Analysis

This meta-analysis examined the home-field advantage in athletics, with an emphasis on potential moderators. The goal of this research was to quantify the probability of a home victory, thus only studies that included win–loss data were included in the meta-analysis. A significant advantage for home teams was observed across all conditions (Mp = .604); and time era, season length, game type, and sport moderated the effect. Furthermore, it was found that season length mediated the effect of sport such that differences between sports could be attributed to some sports having longer seasons than other sports. This research has implications for athletes, fans, and the media alike. jasp_641 1819.1848
Induction and promotion of forestomach tumors by sodium nitrite in combination with ascorbic acid or sodium ascorbate in rats with or without N‐metuyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine pre‐treatment

In experiment I, short‐term effects of combined treatment with anti‐oxidants, sodium ascorbate (NaAsA) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) on forestomach cell proliferation were examined in F344 male rats. Groups of 5 animals aged 6 weeks were treated for 4 weeks with 0.8% catechol, 0.8% hydroquinone, 1% tert butyl‐hydroquinone (TBHQ), 2% gallic acid or 2% pyrogallor alone or in combination with 0.3% NaNO2 in the drinking water and/or I % NaAsA in the diet. The thicknesses of forestomach mucosa in rats treated with anti‐oxidants and NaNO2 in combination were greater than those with antioxidant alone and additional NaAsA treatment further enhanced the thickening of mucosa. It was noteworthy that values for mucosae of animals treated with NaNO2 and NaAsA without anti‐oxidant were similar to those for anti‐oxidants. In experiment 2, effects of combined treatment with NaAsA or ascorbic acid '(AsA) and NaNO2 on carcinogenesis were examined in F344 male rats with or without N‐methyl‐N' ‐nitro‐N‐nitrosogua‐nidine (MNNG) pre‐treatment. Groups of 20 or 15 rats, respectively, aged 6 weeks, were given a single intra‐gastric administration of I SO mg/kg body weight of MNNG in DMSOwater =1:1 or the vehicle alone by stomach tube. Starting I week later, they received supplements of I % NaAsA or I % AsA in the diet and 0.3% NaNOz in drinking water in combination, each of the individual chemicals alone, or basal diet until the end of week 52. In MNNG‐treated animals, incidences of forestomach papillomas and carcinomas were significantly enhanced in the NaNO2 alone group (84 and 47%, respectively) as compared with the basal diet group (30 and 10%), with further significant increase in carcinomas occurring with additional NaAsA (79%, p < 0.05) or AsA (85%, p < 0.05) treatment. In animals without MNNG, all animals in the NaNO2 group demonstrated mild hyperplasia, additional administration of NaAsA or AsA remarkably enhancing the grade of hyperplasia, and resulting in 53% and 20% incidences, respectively, of papillomas. Thus NaNO2 was demonstrated to exert promoter action for forestomach carcinogenesis, with NaAsA and AsA acting as co‐promoters. The results strongly indicate that combined treatment with NaAsA or AsA and NaNO2 may induce forestomach carcinomas in the long term. © 1994 WUey‐Liss, Inc.
A Receptor-G Protein Coupling-independent Step in the Internalization of the Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor*

To determine whether functional receptor-G protein coupling or signaling are required for internalization of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR), we compared the endocytosis of Gq-coupled and uncoupled receptors. A hemagglutinin epitope-tagged TRHR (HA-TRHR) was in the Gq-coupled state when bound to the agonist, MeTRH, and in a nonsignaling state when bound to the HA antibody (12CA5). 12CA5 did not induce an increase in [Ca2+]i or inositol phosphates and did not inhibit [3H]MeTRH binding or MeTRH-induced production of second messengers. Both agonist- and antibody-bound HA-TRHRs were rapidly internalized via the same pathway; internalization was sensitive to hypertonic shock, and both types of internalized receptors were sorted into lysosomes. In addition, the amino acid sequence CNC (positions 335-337) in the C-terminal tail of the TRHR, which is important in ligand-induced receptor internalization as determined by deletion mutagenesis (Nussenzveig, D. R., Heinflink, M., and Gershengorn, M. C. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 2389-2392), was also important for 12CA5-induced internalization. We expressed two truncated receptors, HA-K338STOP and HA-C335STOP, in GH12C1 pituitary cells. Both HA-TRHR and HA-K338STOP were localized at the plasma membrane of untreated cells and were translocated to intracellular vesicles after MeTRH or 12CA5 binding; however, HA-C335STOP was internalized and recycled constitutively. The intracellular localization of HA-C335STOP was not altered by MeTRH; however, 12CA5 binding induced the disappearance of internalized HA-C335STOP and caused its localization at the plasma membrane, indicating that constitutively cycling HA-C335STOP cannot be reinternalized after antibody binding. Thus, amino acids 335-337, which are important for the internalization of Gq-coupled TRHRs, are also required for the sequestration of functionally uncoupled TRHRs, and in addition, they act as an inhibitory signal that prevents constitutive receptor internalization. Specifically, the Cys residues at positions 335 and 337 are important for preventing constitutive TRHR internalization, because a mutant HA-C335S/C337S receptor was sequestered constitutively. We conclude that release from a negative regulatory internalization sequence or domain is important for HA-TRHR internalization and that the role of the CNC sequence in internalization is independent of functional TRHR-Gq coupling.
The value of trading rights, agency costs and ownership structure: Evidence from the nontradable shares reform in China

The split structure in the Chinese stock market causes a special case of separation of control rights from cash flow rights, thus controlling shareholders only undertake a minority proportion of negative corporate consequences. While controlling shareholders don't have trading rights before nontradable shares reform, they may engage in expropriating activities that would compensate for the lack of trading rights but don't care too much about stock volatility as long as idiosyncratic risks are controlled within safe range. This paper uses a special dataset that includes information about companies participating in the Chinese nontradable shares reform and investigate the change of agency costs using different proxies that would distinguish different motivations for tunneling. The findings show the scope of agency problems, test the value of trading rights and provide evidence that supports for the changes in corporate governance of companies after this financial reform, and also contribute to the privatization literatures.
The Epidemiology of Foodborne Botulism Outbreaks: A Systematic Review

Background We performed a systematic review of foodborne botulism outbreaks to describe their clinical aspects and descriptive epidemiology in order to inform public health response strategies. Methods We searched seven databases for reports of foodborne botulism outbreaks published in English from database inception to May 2015. We summarized descriptive characteristics and analyzed differences in exposure and toxin types by geographic region. We performed logistic regression to assess correlations between exposure source, implicated food, and outbreak size. Results There were 197 outbreaks reported between 1920 and 2014. The median number of cases per outbreak was 3 (range 2-97). The majority of reported outbreaks (109; 55%) occurred in the United States. Toxin types A, B, E, and F were identified as the causative agent in 34%, 16%, 17%, and 1% of outbreaks, respectively. The median duration between exposure and symptom onset was approximately 1 day. The mean percentage of cases requiring mechanical ventilation per outbreak was 34%. Seventy percent of all outbreaks and 77% of small outbreaks (≤11 cases) originated from point source exposures, while commercial foods were significantly (odds ratio, 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-21.1) associated with large outbreaks (≥12 cases). Conclusions Toxin type A accounted for half of outbreaks, and these outbreaks had a higher proportion of patient ventilatory failure. Most outbreaks were due to point source exposures, while outbreaks due to commercial food were larger. For effective responses to foodborne botulism outbreaks, these findings demonstrate the need for timely outbreak investigation and hospital surge capacity.
A long-term study of implants supporting overdentures as a model for implant success.

BACKGROUND Implant-supported overdentures have been a common treatment for edentulous patients for the past 20 years, achieving good clinical results. The purpose of this study was to examine survival and success rates of implants supporting overdentures in the maxilla and mandible and to examine the influence of factors related to patients, implant procedure, implant data, and follow-up period on implant success. METHODS During a 10-year period (1990 to 2000), 285 implants were placed in 62 patients to support 69 overdentures (seven patients had overdentures in both jaws). Patients ranged in age from 45 to 85 years (mean 64.5 years). The files of 61 patients, including 277 implants supporting 68 overdentures (14 maxillary and 54 mandibular), had measurable radiographic post-exposure follow-up (range 6.63 to 110.93 months, mean 37.93 months) for cervical bone loss (CBL) measurements. Bone loss was measured by radiographic examination in which the mean number of exposed threads in mesial and distal sides of the implant was considered. Implants were rehabilitated by overdentures with bar (N = 52) or ball (N = 16) attachments. RESULTS Implant survival rate was 96.1% (11/285 did not survive) and total 10-year cumulative survival rate was 95.4% (maxilla, 83.5%, mandible, 99.5%). The success rate was 70.4% (maxilla, 41.9%; mandible, 80.8%) when using Albrektsson et al. success criteria. A logistic regression analysis showed that the maxilla (P <0.0001) and a short follow-up period (up to 5 years) (P = 0.017) were the most influencing factors enhancing CBL. CONCLUSIONS 1) Survival of implants supporting overdentures was very high; 2) implants supporting overdentures in the maxilla had greater CBL than in the mandible; and 3) new criteria of implant success should be considered.
Osteogenesis imperfecta, current and future medical treatment

Physiotherapy, rehabilitation, and orthopedic surgery are the mainstay of treatment in moderate to severe forms of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Nevertheless, medical treatment with bisphosphonates can bring significant additional improvements. Benefits include decreased pain, lower fracture incidence, and better mobility. Among the various bisphosphonates, intravenous pamidronate has been studied in most detail. It is unclear whether oral bisphosphonates are as effective as intravenous pamidronate. As the effect of bisphosphonates on the skeleton is largest during growth, it appears logical to start medical therapy of OI patients as early as possible. However, the optimal treatment regimen and the long‐term consequences of pamidronate treatment in children are currently unknown. Given these uncertainties, treatment with bisphosphonates during growth should be reserved for patients who have significant clinical problems, such as vertebral compression fractures or long bone deformities. Medical therapies other than bisphosphonates, such as growth hormone and parathyroid hormone, play a minor role at present. Gene‐based therapy currently remains in the early stages of preclinical research. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Facilitated” Amino Acid Transport is Upregulated in Brain Tumors

The goal of this study was to determine the magnitude of “facilitated” amino acid transport across tumor and brain capillaries and to evaluate whether amino acid transporter expression is “upregulated” in tumor vessels compared to capillaries in contralateral brain tissue. Aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid (ACPC), a non-metabolized [14C]-labeled amino acid, and a reference molecule for passive vascular permeability, [67Ga]-gallium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Ga-DTPA), were used in these studies. Two experimental rat gliomas were studied (C6 and RG2). Brain tissue was rapidly processed for double label quantitative autoradiography 10 minutes after intravenous injection of ACPC and Ga-DTPA. Parametric images of blood-to-brain transport (K1ACPC and K1Ga-DTPA, μL/min/g) produced from the autoradiograms and the histology were obtained from the same tissue section. These three images were registered in an image array processor; regions of interest in tumor and contralateral brain were defined on morphologic criteria (histology) and were transferred to the autoradiographic images to obtain mean values. The facilitated component of ACPC transport (∂KlACPC) was calculated from the K1ACPC and K1Ga-DTPA data, and paired comparisons between tumor and contralateral brain were performed. ACPC flux, K1ACPC, across normal brain capillaries (22.6 ± 8.1 μL/g/min) was >200-fold greater than that of Ga-DTPA (0.09 ± 0.04 μL/g/min), and this difference was largely (~90%) due to facilitated ACPC transport. Substantially higher K1ACPC values compared to corresponding K1DTPA values were also measured in C6 and RG2 gliomas. The ∂K1ACPC values for C6 glioma were more than twice that of contralateral brain cortex. K1ACPC and ∂K1ACPC values for RG2 gliomas was not significantly higher than that of contralateral cortex, although a ~2-fold difference in facilitated transport is obtained after normalization for differences in capillary surface area between RG2 tumors and contralateral cortex. K1ACPC, ∂K1ACPC, and K1DTPA were directly related to tumor cell density, were higher in regions of “impending” necrosis, and the tumor/contralateral brain ACPC radio-activity ratios (0 to 10 minutes) were very similar to that obtained with 0 to 60 minutes experiments. These results indicate that facilitated transport of ACPC is upregulated across C6 and RG2 glioma capillaries, and that tumors can induce upregulation of amino acid transporter expression in their supporting vasculature. They also suggest that early imaging (e.g., 0 to 20 minutes) with radiolabeled amino acids in a clinical setting may be optimal for defining brain tumors.
From Beliefs to Attitudes: Polias, a Model of Attitude Dynamics Based on Cognitive Modeling and Field Data

Attitude is a key concept in social psychology. The paper presents a novel agent-based model to simulate attitude formation by combining a rational and an emotional components based on cognitive, psychological and social theories. Individuals of the artificial population perceive actions taken by actors such as government or brands, they form an attitude toward them and also communicate the events through a social network. The model outputs are first studied through a functional analysis in which some unique macroscopic behaviors have emerged such as the impact of social groups, the resistance of the population toward disinformation campaigns or the social pressure. We then applied our model on a real world scenario depicting the effort of French Forces in their stabilization operations in Kapisa (Afghanistan) between 2010 and 2012. We calibrated the model parameters based on this scenario and the results of opinion polls that were conducted in the area during the same period about the sentiment of the population toward the Forces. Our model was able to reproduce polls results with a global error under 3%. Based on these results, we show the different dynamics tendencies that emerged among the population by applying a non-supervised classification algorithm.
Impact of Cyclone Track Features and Tidal Phase Shift upon Surge Characteristics in the Bay of Bengal along the Bangladesh Coast

The impact of cyclone track features (e.g., cyclone translation speed, cyclone path and cyclone landfall crossing angle) in combination with tidal phase shift upon surge characteristics have been investigated at the Bay of Bengal along the Bangladesh coast. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model in a horizontal direction (2DH) coupled with a storm-surge model has been employed for the study. Numerical experiments with three different cyclone translation speeds show that when the surge height is directly forced by the cyclonic wind speed especially within the RWM (Radius of Maximum Wind), faster translation speed produces reduced surge height as the cyclone gets less time to force the water. On the other hand, at locations outside the RMW, surge waves travel as a propagating long wave where higher surges are produced by faster moving cyclones. It is found that surge arrival times are more and more affected by tidal phase when cyclone translation speed is reduced. Analysis of seven hypothetical parallel cyclone paths show that local bathymetry and complex coastline configurations strongly influence the surge height and surge arrival time along the Bangladesh coast. From the analyses of cyclone landfall crossing angles at the Khulna and Chittagong coasts, it is observed that surge durations are the smallest at both the coasts when the coastline crossing angles are the smallest.
Bioequivalence evaluation of norfloxacin 400 mg tablets (Uroxin® and Noroxin®) in healthy human volunteers

A bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of 400 mg norfloxacin was carried out in 18 healthy volunteers according to a single dose, two‐sequence, cross‐over randomized design at College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, jointly with King Khalid University Hospital. The two formulations were: Uroxin® (Julphar, United Arab Emirates) as test and Noroxin® (Merck Sharpe & Dohme, BV, Netherlands). Both test and reference formulations were administered to each subject after an overnight fasting on 2 treatment days separated by 1 week wash‐out period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 24 h. Plasma harvested from blood, was analysed for norfloxacin by a sensitive, reproducible and accurate HPLC method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0–t, AUC0–∞, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, and Kel were determined from plasma concentrations for both the formulations and found to be in good agreement with reported values. AUC0–t, AUC0–∞, and Cmax were tested for bioequivalence after log‐transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on ANOVA; 90% confidence interval for test/reference ratio of these parameters were found within a bioequivalence acceptance range of 80–125%. Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that Uroxin® is bioequivalent to Noroxin®. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.