Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coding left and right.

The present study compared the processing of direction for up and down arrows and for left and right arrows in visual displays. Experiment 1 demonstrated that it is more difficult to deal with left and right than with up and down when the two directions must be discriminated but not when they must simply be oriented to. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that telling left from right is harder regardless of whether the responses are manual or verbal. Experiment 4 showed that left-right discriminations take longer than up-down discriminations for judgments of position as well as direction. In Experiment 5 it was found that position information can intrude on direction judgments both within a dimension (e.g., a left arrow to the left of fixation is judged faster than a left arrow to the right of fixation) and across dimensions (e.g., judging vertically positioned left and right arrows is more difficult than judging horizontally positioned left and right arrows). There was indirect evidence in these experiments that although the spatial codes for up and down are symmetrical, the codes for left and right may be less so; this in turn could account for the greater difficulty of discriminating left from right.
A Truncated Tropo-Myosine-Related Kinase B Receptor, T1, Regulates Glial Cell Morphology via Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor 1

Through tropo-myosine-related kinase B (TrkB) receptors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) performs many biological functions such as neural survival, differentiation, and plasticity. T1, an isoform of TrkB receptors that lacks a tyrosine kinase, predominates in the adult mammalian CNS, yet its role remains controversial. In this study, to examine whether T1 transduces a signal and to determine its function, we first performed an affinity purification of T1-binding protein with the T1-specific C-terminal peptide and identified Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 1 (GDI1), a GDP dissociation inhibitor of Rho small G-proteins, as a signaling protein directly associated with T1. The binding of BDNF to T1 caused Rho GDI1 to dissociate from the C-terminal tail of T1. Astrocytes cultured for 30 d expressed only endogenous T1 among the BDNF receptors. In 30 d cultured astrocytes, Rho GDI1, when dissociated in a BDNF-dependent manner, controlled the activities of the Rho GTPases, which resulted in rapid changes in astrocytic morphology. Furthermore, using 2 d cultured astrocytes that were transfected with T1, a T1 deletion mutant, or cyan fluorescent protein fusion protein of the T1-specific C-terminal sequence, we demonstrated that T1-Rho GDI1 signaling was indispensable for regulating the activities of Rho GTPases and for the subsequent morphological changes among astrocytes. Therefore, these findings indicate that the T1 signaling cascade can alter astrocytic morphology via regulation of Rho GTPase activity.
The DNA-dependent protein kinase

The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA–PK) is anuclear serine/threonine protein kinase that is activatedupon association with DNA. Biochemical and geneticdata have revealed DNA–PK to be composed of a largecatalytic subunit, termed DNA–PKcs, and a regulatoryfactor termed Ku. In recent years, mammalian DNA–PKhas been shown to be a crucial component of both theDNA double-strand break (DSB) repair machinery andthe
Hamburger-associated Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Las Vegas: a hidden epidemic.

OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether a multistate fast food hamburger-associated outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection involved Las Vegas residents as well and, if so, why public health officials had not detected it. METHODS A matched case-control study was conducted among persons with bloody diarrhea and their healthy meal companions. Hamburger production, distribution, and cooking methods were reviewed. Unused hamburger patties were cultured, and E. coli O157:H7 isolates were characterized. Local laboratory stool culture practices were reviewed. RESULTS Fifty-eight cases of bloody diarrhea were identified. Illness was associated with eating regular hamburgers (matched odds ratio [OR] = 9.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02,433.4), but 25% of ill persons reported eating only jumbo hamburgers. Regular and jumbo hamburger patties yielded E. coli O157:H7 indistinguishable from the lone clinical isolate. No local laboratory cultured routinely for E. coli O157:H7 until after the outbreak. CONCLUSIONS A large outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infections escaped timely notice in Las Vegas because local laboratories did not culture for this pathogen. Health officials should encourage laboratories to screen at least all bloody stools on sorbitol-MacConkey medium.
SELOVS: Brain MRSI localization based on highly selective T1‐ and B1‐insensitive outer‐volume suppression at 3T

In vivo, high‐field MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) profits from signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) gain and increased spectral resolution. However, bandwidth limitations of slice‐selective excitation and refocusing pulses lead to strong chemical‐shift displacement at high field strength when using conventional MRSI localization based on PRESS. Consequential metabolic information, particularly of border regions such as cortical brain tissue, is distorted. In addition, lipid contamination remains a major confound. To address these problems it is proposed to abandon PRESS selection and rely on a novel scheme of highly selective T1‐ and B1‐insensitive outer‐volume suppression in combination with slice‐selective spin‐echo acquisition for brain MRSI. Multiple cycles of overlapping suppression slabs are applied with flip angles optimized to account for tissue‐dependent T1 relaxation times and band crossings. Broadband frequency modulated saturation pulses with polynomial phase‐response are utilized in order to minimize chemical‐shift displacement. Efficacy of the outer‐volume suppression sequence was simulated and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Brain MRSI localization at 3T was significantly improved and reliable suppression of short‐range lipid contamination enabled, leading to substantial enhancement of spectral quality, particularly in cortical tissue. Hence, the new method holds potential to expand the applicability of high‐field MRSI to the entire brain. Magn Reson Med, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human papillomavirus vaccine information, motivation, and behavioral skills among young adult US women

This study elicited the information needs, motivations, and behavioral skills related to human papillomavirus vaccine decision-making among young adult women. Interviews were conducted with college women, aged 18–26 years, and stratified by recently vaccinated (N = 25) and unvaccinated (N = 25). Comparative thematic analysis using the Information, Motivation, and Behavioral Skills Model was conducted. Healthcare providers were identified as the most trusted sources for information. While unvaccinated women did not have experience receiving the vaccine, they reported the same procedural knowledge for vaccination. These findings suggest that young adult women have the information and procedural knowledge for human papillomavirus vaccination, but motivations may influence their decision-making.
Control of Blood Pressure and the Distribution of Blood Flow

Systemic blood pressure (BP) is the product of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Cardiac output is controlled by the heart rate, myocardial contractility, preload, and afterload. Vascular resistance (vascular hindrance × viscosity) is under local autoregulation and general neurohumoral control through sympathetic adrenergic innervation and circulating catecholamines. Sympathetic innovation predominates in organs receivingflowin excess of their metabolic demands (skin, splanchnic organs, kidney), while innervation is poor and autoregulation predominates in the brain and heart. The distribution of blood flow depends on the relative resistances of the organ circulations. During stress (hypoxia, low cardiac output), a raise in adrenergic tone and in circulating catecholamines leads to preferential vasoconstriction in highly innervated organs, so that blood flow is directed to the brain and heart. Catecholamines also control the levels of the vasoconstrictors renin, angiotensin II, and vasopressin. These general principles also apply to the neonate.
Cyclic Guanosine-3′,5′-Monophosphate and Biopteridine Biosynthesis in Nocardia sp

ABSTRACT Nocardia sp. strain NRRL 5646 contains a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme system capable of generating nitric oxide (NO) from arginine and arginine-containing peptides. To explain possible roles of the NOS system in this bacterium, guanylate cyclase (GC) and tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) biosynthetic enzymes were identified in cell extracts and in culture media. Cell extracts contained GC activity, as measured by the conversion of GTP to cyclic guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) at 9.56 pmol of cGMP h−1 mg of protein−1. Concentrations of extracellular cGMP in culture media were significantly increased, from average control levels of 45 pmol cGMP liter−1 to a maximum of 315 pmol liter−1, in response to additions of GTP, l-arginine, H4B, and sodium nitroprusside to growing Nocardia cultures. On the other hand, the NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine and the GC inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one both dramatically decreased extracellular cGMP levels. Activities for GTP-cyclohydrase-1,6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase and sepiapterin reductase, enzymes essential for H4B biosynthesis, were present in Nocardia culture extracts at 77.5 pmol of neopterin and 45.8 pmol of biopterin h−1 mg of protein−1, respectively. In Nocardia spp. , as in mammals, GTP is a key intermediate in H4B biosynthesis, and GTP is converted to cGMP by a GC enzyme system that is activated by NO.
Analisis Prediksi Kecelakaan Pengguna Sepeda di Kota Surabaya, Jawa Timur

The developing of infrastructure and residential areas have a relative impact on traffic. The increasing number of the volume of traffic is directly proportional to the increasing number of an accident. Based on the data from Polda Jawa Timur, in 2014 namely 26 bicycle accidents and increased to 36 bicycle accidents in the year 2015, while in 2016 was decreased, namely to 24 bicycle accidents. To get a better understanding about bicycle accidnets, this study was conducted to know characteristic of traffic accident involving bicycle users in Surabaya. The method of analysis used is descriptive analysis frequency to find characteristic bicycle users involved accident and the characteristics of accidents involving bicycle users. Generalized linear model to make an accident prediction model that can happen on condition geometric and the traffic particular. Primary data consisting of the volume of traffic , speed and geometric conditions in the study locations. Secondary data obtained from related institution which is from Polda Jawa Timur, Bappeda Surabaya , and Dinas Perhubungan in Surabaya City. The analysis said that accident occurs has the majority of bicycle users involved accident in the city surabaya is man by 69,9% with age 15-20 year by 14,6 % and have a job as private sector workers. While characteristic of accidents involving bicycle users in the Surabaya is happening most in 06.00-11.59 WIB about 37,6 % with the double accident. Then the majority of injury was minor injuries at 38,2 % with a loss of < Rp. 200.000 at a good. An accident prediction model in Surabaya is McA = McA= 1,061 where: McA = number of accidents, Flow = traffic ( smp / hours ).
Exploring corporate marketing optimisation strategies for the KwaZulu-Natal manufacturing sector : a corporate social responsibility perspective

The expectation-performance gap created by the incongruity between the historical and institutional frameworks which underpin an organisational approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) poses a challenge to the optimisation of corporate marketing. In South Africa, such a gap could be created by the misalignment between the evolving nature, obligatory undertone and the entrenchment of the Ubuntu framework on the notion of CSR. This necessitated an enquiry into the effects of the aforementioned factors on the antecedents and components of CSR-related corporate identity and CSR-related consumer behavioural outcomes such as CSR expectations, consumer values, purchase behaviour and corporate reputation. Using an exploratory sequential mixed methods design, this study explored how the interplay between espoused CSR corporate identity and consumer behavioural outcomes can leverage the optimisation of corporate marketing strategies for three food manufacturing companies headquartered in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa and listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) index, now known as the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)/JSE Responsible Investment index. Based on a multiple case study design, thematic and content analyses were conducted on the qualitative data obtained from six sustainability and Corporate Social Investment (CSI) managers, the Chief Executive Officer of companies’ industry association and annual reports. Quantitative data were generated from a survey of 411 consumers across five major shopping centres/malls in Durban, which were analysed using the Partial Least Square (PLS) Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The overall findings revealed that the approach to CSR in South Africa, which is deeply rooted in the country’s history of social exclusion, has amplified consumers’ reliance on a socially coerced notion of social responsibility and organisational legitimacy. The ability to benchmark against aspirational CSR-related corporate identities, which emanate from ideal and desired identities, and earn consumer trust is pivotal for leveraging institutional legitimacy and redressing the negative effects of ill-conceived indigenous CSR-related corporate identity on the optimisation of corporate marketing. The study offers a model which guides academics, practitioners and policymakers on the cyclical trajectory of institutional legitimacy and optimal corporate marketing.
Novel current actuated piezoelectric composite model with fully dynamic electromagnetic field

In this paper we propose a novel current actuated fully dynamic piezoelectric composite model. This new model complements the existing modeling framework of deriving piezoelectric models. We show that the novel composite model is well-posed. Furthermore, we consider two approximation methods, FEM and MFEM and investigate the stabilizability properties. Finally, we include the closed-loop behaviour in the numerical results.
International renal‐cell cancer study. II. Analgesics

There has been concern about the role of analgesics in the development of renal‐cell cancer, although a few studies have reported moderately elevated risks with regular or long‐term use. In a large international case‐control study of renal‐cell cancer we examined, among other hypotheses, the effect of phenacetin‐containing and of other types of analgesics: paracetamol (acetaminophen), salicylates (mainly aspirin) and pyrazolones (e.g., antipyrine or phenazone). Relative risks, adjusted for the effects of age, sex, body‐mass index, tobacco smoking and study centre, were not significantly increased with intake of phenacetin, either when lifetime consumption was categorized at the level of >0.1 kg or when subjects were subdivided further by amount. Nor were paracetamol, salicylates or pyrazolones linked with renal‐cell cancer. No consistently increasing risks with consumption level was found. The lack of association was not altered by restricting analgesic use to that which occurred 5 or 10 years before the defined “cut‐off” date or when analysis was restricted to exclusive users of a particular type of analgesic. Neither was the risk influenced by the rate of consumption or whether the consumption had occurred at a young age. Our study provides clear evidence that aspirin is unrelated to renal‐cell cancer risk, and our findings do not support the hypothesis that analgesics containing phenacetin or paracetamol increase the risk, although the number of “regular” users and the amount of these types of analgesic consumed were too small to confidently rule out a minor carcinogenic effect of phenacetin and paracetamol. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential of Cranberry Extracts as ImmunoModulatory Agent in Organic Broiler Chicken Production

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) has received considerable attention for its putative human health benefits. Most of the focus is on its phenolic compounds including phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan 3 ols and the polymer classes of procyanidins and proanthocyanidins. Research in our laboratories has revealed that crude cranberry extracts can disrupt the cell envelope in Listeria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus, activity which parallels that of antibiotics widely used as growth promoters in the poultry industry. The plant proanthocyanidins are well known to improve nitrogen nutrition in ruminant animals and as a powerful antioxidant with beneficial effects on human health and immunity. Limited laboratory research has examined the biological effect of cranberry extract using animal models. The purpose of the present work was to discuss progress being made in evaluating the potential for utilizing cranberry as an immune-modulatory agent in organic broiler chickens production.
Life‐long protein malnutrition in the rat (Rattus norvegicus) results in altered patterns of craniofacial growth and smaller individuals

Dietary protein is a limiting factor in mammalian growth, significantly affecting the non‐linear trajectories of skeletal growth. Young females may be particularly vulnerable to protein malnutrition if the restriction is not lifted before they become reproductive. With such early malnutrition, limited amino acids would be partitioned between two physiological objectives, successful reproduction vs. continued growth. Thus, the consequences of protein malnutrition could affect more than one generation. However, few studies have quantified these cross‐generational effects. Our objective was to test for differences in skeletal growth in a second generation of malnourished rats compared with rats malnourished only post‐weaning, the first generation and with controls. In this longitudinal study we modelled the growth of 22 craniofacial measurements with the logistic Gompertz equation, and tested for differences in the equation's parameters among the diet groups. The female offspring of post‐weaning malnourished dams did not catch up in size to the first generation or to controls, although certain aspects of their craniofacial skeleton were less affected than others. The second generation's growth trajectories resembled the longer and slower growth of the first malnourished generation. There was a complex interaction between developmental processes and early nutritional environment, which affected variation of adult size.
Control of Early Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Replication in Macrophages by Interleukin-6 Occurs in Conjunction with STAT1 Activation and Nitric Oxide Production

ABSTRACT During Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection of macrophages, it is thought that high interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels contribute to the demyelinating disease found in chronically infected SJL/J mice but absent in B10.S mice capable of clearing the infection. Therefore, IL-6 expression was measured in TMEV-susceptible SJL/J and TMEV-resistant B10.S macrophages during their infection with TMEV DA strain or responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or poly(I · C). Unexpectedly, IL-6 production was greater in B10.S macrophages than SJL/J macrophages during the first 24 h after stimulation with TMEV, LPS, or poly(I · C). Further experiments showed that in B10.S, SJL/J, and RAW264.7 macrophage cells, IL-6 expression was dependent on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and enhanced by exogenous IL-12. In SJL/J and RAW264.7 macrophages, exogenous IL-6 resulted in decreased TMEV replication, earlier activation of STAT1 and STAT3, production of nitric oxide, and earlier upregulation of several antiviral genes downstream of STAT1. However, neither inhibition of IL-6-induced nitric oxide nor knockdown of STAT1 diminished the early antiviral effect of exogenous IL-6. In addition, neutralization of endogenous IL-6 from SJL/J macrophages with Fab antibodies did not exacerbate early TMEV infection. Therefore, endogenous IL-6 expression after TMEV infection is dependent on ERK MAPK, enhanced by IL-12, but too slow to decrease viral replication during early infection. In contrast, exogenous IL-6 enhances macrophage control of TMEV infection through preemptive antiviral nitric oxide production and antiviral STAT1 activation. These results indicate that immediate-early production of IL-6 could protect macrophages from TMEV infection.
The Winds of Change for Community Banking: Headwinds, Tailwinds, and Regulation

The 12th annual Community Bankers Symposium, cosponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), was held at the Chicago Fed on November 17, 2017. During a full day of speeches and panels, a group of 125 community banking executives, financial industry practitioners, and supervisory agency professionals who work in the Seventh Federal Reserve District1 explored the changing landscape for community banking. This article summarizes the event? s key presentations and discussions.
Genome-wide association study in East Asians identifies two novel breast cancer susceptibility loci.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women worldwide. Genetic factors have been shown to play an important role in breast cancer aetiology. We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 14 224 cases and 14 829 controls of East Asian women to search for novel genetic susceptibility loci for breast cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two loci were found to be associated with breast cancer risk at the genome-wide significance level. The first locus, represented by rs12118297 at 1p22.3 (near the LMO4 gene), was associated with breast cancer risk with odds ratio (OR) and (95% confidence interval (CI)) of 0.91 (0.88-0.94) and a P-value of 4.48 × 10- 8 This association was replicated in another study, DRIVE GAME-ON Consortium, including 16 003 cases and 41 335 controls of European ancestry (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.91-0.99, P-value = 0.019). The second locus, rs16992204 at 21q22.12 (near the LINC00160 gene), was associated with breast cancer risk with OR (95% CI) of 1.13 (1.07-1.18) and a P-value of 4.63 × 10 - 8 The risk allele frequency for this SNP is zero in European-ancestry populations in 1000 Genomes Project and thus its association with breast cancer risk cannot be assessed in DRIVE GAME-ON Consortium. Functional annotation using the ENCODE data indicates that rs12118297 might be located in a repressed element and locus 21q22.12 may affect breast cancer risk through regulating LINC00160 expressions and interaction with oestrogen receptor signalling. Our findings provide additional insights into the genetics of breast cancer.