Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Associative learning in male rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus): conditioned behavioural response to an egg cue from walleye (Sander vitreus)

Chemical communication governs a diversity of life processes in aquatic organisms. Crayfish use chemoreception during reproduction, social hierarchy formation, predation avoidance, and resource localization. Fish eggs release recogniz- able chemoattractants for vertebrate predators of eggs that can motivate crayfish to engage in egg predation as well. We hy- pothesized that male rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus (Girard, 1852)) from a lake free of walleye (Sander vitreus (Mitchill, 1818)) would not possess an innate recognition of a walleye egg cue. However, if conditioned by employing a sin- gle 2 h paired stimulus exposure (known food cue + egg cue), then male rusty crayfish would be attracted to the same egg cue upon subsequent exposure. Using a Y-maze behavioural arena we discovered that once conditioned, crayfish took signif- icantly less time to choose the arm containing the egg cue alone relative to a control. Our study suggests that male rusty crayfish exhibit second-order conditioning through associative learning, allowing them to quickly and easily learn to identify novel odour stimuli from fish eggs under laboratory conditions. Resume : La communication chimique controle une diversite de processus vitaux chez les organismes aquatiques. Les ecre- visses utilisent la chimioreception durant la reproduction, la formation de la hierarchie sociale, l'evitement des predateurs et la recherche des ressources. Les œufs de poissons emettent des composes chimiques d'attraction perceptibles par les preda- teurs vertebres d'œufs, qui peuvent aussi inciter les ecrevisses a proceder a la predation des œufs. Nous emettons l'hypo- these selon laquelle un mâle de l'ecrevisse a taches rouges (Orconectes rusticus (Girard, 1852)) provenant d'un lac sans dore jaune (Sander vitreus (Mitchill, 1818)) ne possede pas de reconnaissance innee du signal d'un œuf de dore. Cependant, une fois conditionne par une seule exposition de 2 h a des stimulus apparies (soit un signal connu de nourriture + un signal d'œuf), le mâle d'ecrevisse a taches rouges devrait etre attire par ce meme signal de l'œuf lors d'une exposition subse- quente. Dans une arene de comportement avec un labyrinthe en Y, l'ecrevisse, une fois conditionnee, prend significative- ment moins de temps a choisir la branche qui contient uniquement le signal de l'œuf par comparaison a un temoin. Notre etude laisse croire que le mâle d'ecrevisse a taches rouges affiche un conditionnement de second ordre par apprentissage par association, ce qui lui permet d'apprendre rapidement et facilement a identifier de nouveaux stimulus olfactifs emis par les œufs de poissons dans des conditions de laboratoire. (Traduit par la Redaction)
An Examination of Homelessness and Mental Illness: The Argument for Better Affordable Housing Policy

What contributes to the homeless crisis in the United States? Why are some people chronically homeless? How does mental illness impact homelessness? The purpose of this paper is to summarize and critically analyze existing literature and policies regarding the topic of homelessness while specifically focusing on one of the most vulnerable subgroups of the chronically homeless population, the mentally ill. Additionally, San Francisco will be used as a case study in order to determine if the city as a whole fits within the trends explained across the literature reviewed. Policy recommendations are explained in Section 3. Running Head: HOMELESSNESS, MENTAL ILLNESS, & HOUSING 3
Intravenous Contrast Medium-Induced Acute Kidney Injury from a Feared Complication to Non-Existence.

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) has been a great concern since the 1970s and considered a leading cause of hospital-acquired AKI as late as 2002. This has now been questioned, especially following contrast medium-enhanced CT. Though the nephrotoxicity of previous high osmolar contrast media (CM) has been proven in randomized studies, several recent propensity score-matched controlled observational studies have failed to show any association between AKI and modern CM, which may be true for iso-osmolar but not for low osmolar CM. The studies have been criticized due to their retrospective nature, which makes selection bias a serious concern, and their evidence value has been graded as low. We are concerned regarding the recently revised European and American guidelines lowering the CI-AKI risk threshold to 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and omitting nonrenal risk factors based on such studies. The lack of association between AKI and modern CM given intravenously at CT may also be a result of a better adherence to existing guidelines with proper patient selection and preventive measures We advocate prospective studies with careful analysis of the etiology of AKI in individual cases, propensity matching of patients with different CM dose/GFR ratio or controlled studies in patients who as a routine are planned for CT with and without CM.
In the Right Place at the Right Time: Submarkets and Entry Timing Advantages in the US Comic Books Industry

In this work, we investigate the role that submarkets play in the emergence of early movers and later entrants survival advantages in the US Comic Book industry from its inception in 1935 through 2005. Consistent with the past literature, we find evidence of survival advantages for early movers that is driven by density delay effects. Moreover, within each cohort of entrants, a fundamental determinant of survival is the focus on submarkets that dominate the industry in the same period. The same effect does not hold for incumbents competing in the same period and also for all the submarkets irrespectively of the industry era.
Theory and Practice in Language Studies

This study focuses on the problems in teaching tenses to Turkish students at university level in Turkey. Some of the problematic and confusing tenses such as Past Simple and Present Perfect Tense, Present Continuous and Present Simple, Past Simple and Past Continuous Tense Teaching grammar have been handled throughout this study with the data obtained from the written exams of the learners. Most frequently occurred errors have been listed and they have been analyzed in detail. The findings reveal that the reasons for these errors mostly derive from mother tongue interference and lack of adequate linguistic background. The other component of this article is to offer remedial teaching activities for foreign language learners to compensate the shortcomings.
Endogenous trade policies, the location of production and inter-industry input-output linkages. ∗

This paper explores the role of trade policy in a new economic geography model based on intermediate input linkages within as well as between industries. In a Krugman and Venables (1996) model modified to allow for asymmetric trade cost levels across sectors and countries, the effects of unilateral trade policies on the international production and trade pattern are identified. Also, the national welfare consequences of different trade-policy strategies are obtained in order to identify the endogenous trade-policy positions of the countr ies when trade policies are used as strategies in a game between benevolent governments. The identified Nash-equilibria are characterised by strategies that are either free-trade positions or highly protectionist. In particular, while free-trade equilibrium strategies can generate locational equilibria characterised by the complete dispersion or concentration of industry categories, protectionist equilibrium strategies always generates a locational equilibrium characterised by a complete international specialisation of production. Furthermore, it is revealed that the presence of inter-industry input-output linkages between fi rms has two counteracting effects on the international production pattern in the presence of trade costs. First, the fact that an international specialisation of production increases intermediate input costs for producers in both industries works counter to the agglomeration forces. Second, the existence of inter-industry inputoutput linkages implies that the reduced producer prices caused by firm concentration leads to lower intermediate input prices that further reduces the equilibrium producer prices, thereby increasing the gains from specialisation.
Forage sward structure of Mulato grass (Brachiaria hybrid ssp.) subjected to rotational stocking strategies

The pasture structure is the point of origin and convergence of plants and grazing animal responses, which makes its knowledge essential in the planning of grazing management strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate and describe the variation in sward structure of mulato grass subjected to stocking strategies. The treatments corresponded to combinations between the postgrazing height (15 and 20 cm) and the pre-grazing targets (95% and maximum light interception during regrowth: LI95% and LIMax). Sward height, light interception, forage mass, morphological composition, and vertical structure were evaluated. There was no difficulty maintaining the set post-grazing heights in the pastures managed with the LI95% target, which was not observed in the pastures managed with the LIMax target, especially for the post-grazing of 15 cm. For pre-grazing, the LI95% and LIMax targets corresponded to the heights of 30 and 40 cm, respectively. Overall, the pastures managed with the LI 95% target showed a lower height and a lower forage mass with a greater percentage of leaves pre-grazing. For post-grazing, the pastures managed with the LI95% target displayed a greater light interception and a lower forage mass with a higher percentage of leaves, as well as a lower percentage of dead material than the pastures managed under the LIMax. Based on the results, we conclude that grazing performed according to the LI95% pre-grazing target (30 cm), irrespective of the adopted post-grazing height (15 or 20-cm), resulted in adequate control of the sward structure, and this management strategy provides good pasture growth with important features for maximum forage intake and nutrients by grazing animals.
Genetic characterization among some Austrian and Hungarian cattle breeds

Abstract. Microsatellite analysis was used to estimate genetic diversity and relationship of 180 individuals belonging to two native endangered Austrian cattle breeds, Carinthian Blond (CB) and Waldviertler Blond (WV), and Hungarian Grey (HU) from Hungary. Twenty-five markers were used, and a total of 213 alleles were detected, of which 54 alleles (~25 %) were private alleles. Three breeds are clearly separated from each other with a correct assignment higher than 90 %. No bottlenecks were detected in any of the populations. A small amount of gene flow among the three populations occurred in the past. The closest genetic relationship is between Carinthian Blond and Waldviertler Blond (NEI et al.’s distance DA, [1983]; DA=0.11). However, Carinthian Blond showed higher mean number of alleles per locus (6.76), number of private alleles (17) and expected heterozygosity (0.663) than Waldviertler Blond (6.04, 9 and 0.631, respectively). The negative values of fixation index FIS (−0.018 and −0.037 for CB and WV, respectively) indicated that inbreeding is avoided, a sign for a successful conservation breeding program.
A new approach in urban traffic control systems

The paper proposes some new methods for traffic control systems design. The goal was to find solutions that make possible to give constraints in course of the estimation process of the road traffic parameters and the traffic controller system design. The proposed solutions are built on the constrained Moving Horizon Estimation and the Fault Detection Filter technique.
Meaning in Context and Nature of Translation

The study of meaning is closely related to the research of context. One cannot understand the accurate meaning of a sentence without the study of context. Translation can only be conducted on the basis of right understanding of meaning in context. The paper explores culture from the aspects of context of culture (genre) and context of situation (register). Based on the ideas of functionalism, the paper tries to explain the term “equivalence” in translation in a more scientific way.
Performance of tropical maize hybrids under conditions of low and optimum levels of nitrogen fertilizer application - grain yield, biomass production and nitrogen accumulation

Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting mineral nutrient in the soils of the major maize producing areas of West and Central Africa. Low soil N and sub-optimal application of N fertilizers lead to N deficiency and poor grain yield (GY) in maize. Maize varieties with improved grain yield under low soil N and increased performance under optimal N availability could be beneficial to low input agriculture. This study evaluated the performance of a selection of experimental and commercial hybrids under suboptimal and optimal N fertilizer applications. Significant differences were observed among the hybrids, as well as significant interactions between hybrid and N level for GY and other measured attributes, with the severity of variation increasing as the level of N decreases. Mean GY reductions across the years was 76.5% at no-N and 35.4% at low-N. Depending on N treatment, GY varied from 0.48 to 4.42 Mg ha-1, grain N content from 0.17 to 1.26 g plant-1, total N content at harvest from 0.33 to 2.00 g plant-1, above ground biomass at silking from 30.6 to 91.2 g plant-1 and at maturity from 39.9 to 191.1 g plant-1. Number of kernels was the GY component most severely reduced by N stress and had significant (p = 0.001) positive correlation with GY at all N levels. Six hybrids (4001/4008, KU1409/4008, KU1409/9613, 4008/1808, 4058/Fun 47-4, and 1824/9432) which showed consistent above average grain yields under no-N, low-N, high-N and across N levels were found and their use could further be investigated.
In vitro propagation of endemic and endangered Muscari mirum from different explant types

A protocol for in vitro propagation of Muscari mirum Speta, an endangered geophyte of the family Hyacinthaceae, was developed. Bulb scale, scape, leaf, and immature embryo explants were cultured on different nutrient media compositions supplemented with various concentrations of plant growth regulators (BAP, NAA, TDZ, Picloram, 2,4-D). Scape explants produced callus only. Higher numbers of bulblets were obtained from bulb scale explants than embryo explants. The highest percentage of the bulb formation (23.50 per explant) were obtained from bulb scale explants consisting of 4 scale segments cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.25 mg L-1 a- naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) after 5 months of culture initiation. Rooted bulblets which were more than 5 mm in diameter were transplanted into potting mixture of soil, vermiculite and perlite (1:1:1). The chromosome number of the root cells of in vitro induced bulblets was diploid 2n = 18.
Who are the Winners and the Losers?: Relocation Effects of Emission Credit Trading

In this paper, we explore who are the winners and losers of the emission control policy via credit trading and the carbon-offset program. To focus on the long-term effects of firm relocation, we employ a two-region model of monopolistic competition and assume that the rural area has an advantage in terms of the availability of absorption sources. The main findings are as follows. First, without carbon-offset programs, strengthening the emission controls drives firms to relocate from the rural to the urban area, where the relative welfare is improved. Second, in the case with a carbon-offset program, strengthening emission controls has mixed effects, and the transport cost of firm products is a key parameter. When the transport cost is sufficiently high, the introduction of emission controls with an offsetting system lowers the firm share and the relative welfare in the urban area, while the reverse occurs when the transport cost is low. Finally, in the case allowing for labor mobility, the results are similar to the immobile-labor case with lower transport costs if the initial equilibrium is interior. This story tells us that some redistribution policies might be required under the emission control with/without carbon-offset programs.
Ameliorating Topsoil Conditions by Biosolid Application for a waste Landfill landscape

Sanitary landfills, created for the disposal of solid waste, usually are developed into parks afterthey are closed. However, soil amelioration with organic matter is usually needed to restore fertility andpromote revegetation. Sewage sludge creates a massive waste disposal problem. The use of composted sewage sludge (biosolid) as a soil conditioner might restore the soil fertility at landfill sites and simultaneously alleviate the need for sewage sludge disposal. We applied biosolid to waste landfill soil and evaluated its effects on soil properties and tree growth in a field experiment. Biosolid improved soil characteristics including moisture, organic matter, and nitrogen content and also increased tree height and diameter at breast height. Physiological measures, such as chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, showed positive responses in trees grown in biosolid treatments. Heavy metal concentrations in soil and tree leaves after applying compost did not differ from concentrations measured at control sites. Therefore, we conclude that the use of biosolid in waste landfills would be an efficient, environmentally beneficial, and cost-effective method to restore the conditions of landfill soil for plants.
Coevolution of brightest cluster galaxies and intracluster light using CLASH

We examine the stellar mass assembly in galaxy cluster cores using data from the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH). We measure the growth of brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) stellar mass, the fraction of the total cluster light which is in the intracluster light (ICL) and the numbers of mergers that occur in the BCG over the redshift range of the sample, 0.18 < z < 0.90. We find that BCGs grow in stellar mass by a factor of 1.4 on average from accretion of their companions, and this growth is reduced to a factor of 1.2 assuming 50 per cent of the accreted stellar mass becomes ICL, in line with the predictions of simulations. We find that the ICL shows significant growth over this same redshift range, growing by a factor of 4–5 in its contribution to the total cluster light. This result is in line with our previous findings for ICL at higher redshifts, however, our measured growth is somewhat steeper than is predicted by simulations of ICL assembly. We find high-mass companions and hence major merging (mergers with objects of masses ≥1/2 of the BCG) to be very rare for our sample. We conclude that minor mergers (mergers with objects with masses <1/2 of the BCG) are the dominant process for stellar mass assembly at low redshifts, with the majority of the stellar mass from interactions ending up contributing to the ICL rather than building up the BCG. From a rough estimate of the stellar mass growth of the ICL we also conclude that the majority of the ICL stars must come from galaxies which fall from outside of the core of the cluster, as predicted by simulations. It appears that the growth of the ICL is the major evolution event in galaxy cluster cores during the second half of the lifetime of the Universe.
Persistence of pyrethroid Deltamethrin and its effects on extra virgin olive oil quality

The use of pesticides in developing countries remains out of control in major cases. Consequently, it is common to find amounts of residues exceeding the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). This work intends to assess the persistence of Deltamethrin and its impact on the olive oil quality. Time of sampling and concentration of treatment were varied. Analyses were performed weekly during two months. The results show that Deltamethrin levels in oil of treated plants declined by about 50% after 15 days from insecticide application date (1.6 mg kg - 1) for samples treated with the recommended dose or below. No significant differences in oil physicochemical and nutritional parameters were observed. The sensory evaluation of oils extracted after 2 months did not show significant differences in unpleasant aromatic notes nor defects. Olive oil obtained from samples- where the recommended dose was exceeded - had a slower degradation of the active substance. Moreover, some physicochemical parameters of the latters were influenced and the sensory evaluation revealed some defects. Our results confirm that serious doubts remain about the safety and healthiness of oils extracted from drupes treated with Deltamethrin in developing countries in general, and in Tunisia in particular, where recommended doses are not usually respected. This information could evaluate the real risk in the use of this product for plant
A sequential procedure for the quantification of biologically produced polyphosphate in sediment samples

A sequential procedure for the quantification of biologically produced polyphosphate in sediment samples Polyphosphate (poly-P) is a phosphate storage compound widespread in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Its quantification, however, is not yet well developed for sediment samples because of the difficulties associated with using a single extractant to extract a specifie P compound without altering others. The present work uses an analytical procedure already developed to measure poly-P in algal cultures and later modified here for sediments to study poly-P in the sediment. The procedure uses the Ethylenediaminetetraacetic aeid (EDTA) method for sequential P-fractionation. This approach ensures that the main inorganic phosphate compounds (Le., Fe- and Ca-bound phosphate) are extracted prior to poly-P quantification. We applied this method to suspensions likely to contain biologically produced poly-P, such as laboratory cultures of Synechocystis PCC 6803 (Cyanobacteriaceae), Anabaena variabilis (Cyanobacteriaceae), and Chlorella sp. (Chlorophyceae) growing in a P­enriched medium, and activated sludge. According to this procedure, the concentrations of poly-P in Synechocystis PCC 6803, Anabaena variabilis and Chlorella cultures were 15.4, 6.2 and 7.2 % of the sum of all P-fractions, respectively, whereas activated sludge showed a lower percentage (3.7 %). Known volumes of these suspensions and a commercially available synthetic poly-P standard (Trimetaphosphate) were added to natural sediment. The P-composition of each sample was then compared in duplicate to the corresponding control samples (sediment alone). Poly-P in all control sediment samples was extremely low (0-2 ~g g-l d.w.). It increased in all sediment suspensions to which biological samples had been added. The increase was particularly noteworthy for Synechocystis (up to 220 ~g g-l d.w. of poly-P). The recovery of poly-P in sediment samples to which Anabaena cultures had been added showed some deviation from al: 1 expected:observed ratio, particularly when 2 mi of the culture were added (ratio of 0.79). However, the recovery improved to 1.12: 1 when a larger volume was added (5 mi), probably owing to the inhomogeneous nature of the cyanobacteria culture. In contrast, the addition of 500 mg of trimetaphosphate to the control sediment did not significantly increase (p > 0.05) the percentage found for the observed poly-P fraction. Consequently, biologically produced poly-P can be associated with the fraction of poly-P extracted through use of this procedure.