Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performing the Feast: Visual Display and Suprahousehold Commensalism in the Puebloan Southwest

Ceramic bowls from the Greater Southwest are used to show how changes in the exterior decoration of serving vessels are associated with the proxemics of ritual performances. Across the northern Southwest the first use of exterior designs and polychrome ceramics is during the Pueblo III period, which corresponds to a shift in settlement aggregation and the use of open plaza spaces. With the transition to the more enclosed plazas of the Early Pueblo IV period, smaller and less visible exterior designs were used. The trend reversed itself with the use of larger plazas at later Pueblo IV period sites, where serving bowls with greater visual impact were used. Panregional trends are bolstered by a case study from the Mogollon Rim region of Arizona to show how changes in the visual performance characteristics of bowls are associated with the spatial and social proxemics of suprahousehold feasting rituals. I use several characteristics of serving bowls including their size, slip colors, paint and slip contrasts, and the size of exterior designs. These are related to the size and diversity of performance spaces, including plazas, and to other evidence for changes in feasting practices, such as roasting features and faunal remains. I conclude that the changes seen in serving vessels are important for looking at shifts in the scale, visibility, and diversity of public gatherings within Ancestral Pueblo social and ritual trajectories.
Platelet-activating factor: evidence against a role in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

The mechanism of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) remains unknown. The platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist WEB 2086 attenuated HPV in the isolated lung model of the rat. We evaluated the effect of WEB 2086 on HPV in an intact animal. Pigs were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and had their hemodynamic variables monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter and arterial line. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution. Initial studies determined that PAF (0.03 to 1.0 micrograms) injected iv dose-dependently increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with a 262 +/- 58% increase in PVR 5 min after a dose of 1.0 microgram. WEB 2086 (25 mg/kg iv) completely blocked the increase in PVR caused by iv PAF. Additionally, indomethacin (2 mg/kg followed by 2 mg/kg.h iv) treatment of the animals attenuated the PAF-induced increase in PVR. To evaluate the effect of WEB 2086 on HPV, animals were alternately ventilated with 21% oxygen and 10-min periods of 10% oxygen to induce HPV. After three initial control episodes of hypoxic ventilation, WEB 2086 (25 mg/kg) was injected iv and two more episodes of ventilation with 10% oxygen were given. During the three control HPV episodes the increases in PVR were 80 +/- 10%, 108 +/- 10%, and 107 +/- 22% (n = 5). After WEB 2086, the increase in PVR during two episodes of hypoxia were 96 +/- 28% and 99 +/- 19%, respectively, which was not significantly different from the control response to hypoxia. We conclude that iv PAF dose dependently increases PVR in pigs, and can be blocked by WEB 2086, that its effect is partially mediated through cyclooxygenase products, and that PAF does not appear to mediate HPV in this species.
EFFECTS OF ENTOMOPATHOGENS ON VERTEBRATES

Concern over pollution of our environment, toxic residues, and potential teratogenicity or carcinogenicity of current chemical insecticides stimulated industry to look for new kinds of insecticides. Because of their natural occurrence, efficacy, and relative specificity, entomopathogens (insect pathogens) are considered likely candidates for development into microbial insecticides. Over one thousand entomopathogens were described, and over 100 species were mass propagated for field use.51,55,68 Use of entomopathogens to control insects is not new. HOWever, it is only within the last two decades, largely a result of industrial attempts to develop microbial insecticides, that extensive studies of safety of entomopathogens were initiated.4j39. 41~52 Indirect evidence of safety, for example, contact with laboratory personnel, ubiquitous presence in the environment, and the presence on food, indicates that many entomopathogens are probably harmless to vertebrates. As previously stated, however,51 “an indirect inference of safety should be corroborated by direct evidence even when we are satisfied that a particular insect pathogen is probably not hazardous. ” Objectives of this review are twofold: to delineate the type of studies that were used to evaluate safety of entomopathogens; and to summarize the resul! s of published and unpublished reports that were specifically designed to evaluate the safety of entomopathogenic fungi, protozoans, bacteria, viruses, and rickettsiae to vertebrates.
Effect of low dose daily aspirin on serum urate levels and urinary excretion in patients receiving probenecid for gouty arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To determine if low dose daily enteric coated aspirin significantly affects the therapeutic actions of probenecid with respect to serum urate levels or urinary urate excretion. METHODS Patients with gouty arthritis taking a stable dose of probenecid for at least 3 months were enrolled in a prospective crossover study. Twenty-four hour urinary and serum uric acid levels were measured after 14 days in patients crossed over to receive probenecid alone; probenecid and aspirin 325 mg taken concomitantly; and probenecid followed by aspirin 325 mg at 6 hours. RESULTS Eleven patients completed the crossover study. The addition of aspirin to a stable dose of probenecid had no significant effect upon serum urate levels or 24 h urinary urate excretion (p > 0.05, paired t test). CONCLUSION Low dose daily enteric coated aspirin does not significantly interfere with the uricosuric effects of probenecid in patients with gouty arthritis.
Optimization algorithm for rate equations with an application to epitaxial graphene

We describe an algorithm that searches the parameter space of rate theories to optimize the associated rate coefficients based on a fit to experimental (or any other) data. Beginning with an initial set of parameters, which may be estimated, partially calculated, or indeed random, the algorithm follows a path, calculating the error at each point, until a minimum error is reached. We illustrate our method by correcting a previously proposed rate theory for the nucleation and growth of graphene on Ru(0 0 0 1) and Ir(1 1 1) to account for the temperature dependence of the graphene island density. This quantity shows an exponential decrease as the temperature is raised, in contrast to the power law decrease predicted by conventional nucleation theory, which indicates that a qualitatively different mechanism is operative for graphene island formation. Other applications of our method are also discussed.
The role of compartment penetration in PI-Monotherapy: the Atazanavir-Ritonavir Monomaintenance (ATARITMO) Trial

Objectives:To limit exposure to anti-HIV drugs and minimize risk of long-term side effects, studies have looked at the possibility of simplified maintenance strategies. Ritonavir-boosted protease-inhibitor (PI)-monotherapies are an attractive alternative, but limited compartmental penetration of PI remains a concern. Design:Non-comparative 24-week pilot study. Method:Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) monotherapy administered to fully suppressed patients (>3 month HIV RNA < 50 copies/ml). Plasma was obtained every 4 weeks and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and semen at W24. Results:Two patients (7%) failed ATV/r monotherapy. One patient was subsequently identified as a protocol violator since he had a previous history of treatment failure under indinavir. The second patient deliberately decided to stop treatment after W20. Excluding failing patients, individual measurements of HIV RNA in patients having occasional viral ‘blips’ was found in five patients. At W24, 3/20 patients had elevated viral loads in CSF (HIV RNA > 100 copies/ml), and 2/15 in semen, despite viral suppression in plasma (< 50 copies/ml). Samples with elevated HIV RNA (> 500 copies/ml) in CSF were all wild type. The mean ATV drug concentration ratio (CSF/blood, n = 22) was 0.9%. Indicators of altered immune activation (CD8CD38 C-reactive protein) remained unchanged. Conclusion:This study supports previous results indicating the potential use of PI-based mono-maintenance therapies. However, our results in CSF cautions against the uncontrolled use of PI-based monotherapies.
Abdominal Magnetic Resonance Elastography

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a magnetic resonance imaging-based technique for quantitatively assessing the mechanical properties of tissues based on the propagation of shear waves. Multiple studies have described many potential applications of MRE, from characterizing tumors to detecting diffuse disease processes. Studies have shown that MRE can be successfully implemented to assess abdominal organs. The first clinical application of MRE to be well documented is the detection and characterization of hepatic fibrosis, which systematically increases the stiffness of liver tissue. In this diagnostic role, it offers a safer, less expensive, and potentially more accurate alternative to invasive liver biopsy. Emerging results suggest that measurements of liver and spleen stiffness may provide an indirect way to assess portal hypertension. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that it is possible to use MRE to evaluate the mechanical properties of other abdominal structures, such as the pancreas and kidneys. Steady technical progress in developing practical protocols for applying MRE in the abdomen and the pelvis provides opportunities to explore many other potential applications of this emerging technology.
Genistein‐induced neuronal differentiation is associated with activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases and upregulation of p21 and N‐cadherin

Neuronal differentiation in the mammalian CNS is driven by multiple events. When treated with retinoic acid (RA), hNTera‐2 (NT‐2) cells undergo postmitotic neuronal differentiation. Here, we show that a prolonged exposure of NT‐2 cells with non‐cytotoxic doses of genistein, a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, induced differentiation of NT‐2 cells. Additionally, genistein enhanced RA‐induced neuronal differentiation by increasing the activation of extracellular signal‐related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) via phosphorylation at Thr183 and Tyr185 in 3–7 days. Meanwhile, genistein also upregulated N‐cadherin and p21 (a Cdk inhibitor), but downregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein (PCNA). MEK1/2 inhibitors, such as PD98059 and U0126, reduced RA‐induced ERK1/2 activity, but could not block the genistein effects. Our observations indicate that genistein‐induced neuronal differentiation is not dependent of the MEK‐ERK signaling cascade. Instead, genistein‐upregulated ERK activation is likely due to this chemical's direct effect on chromosome and gene transcription, rather than its inhibition on tyrosine kinases. Failure of inhibition of ERK1/2 activation by the MEK1/2 inhibitors PD98059 and U0126 suggests presence of an unknown activator for ERK1/2 in neuronal cells. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unmet demands for health care among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: indications for underuse?

OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of unmet health care demands among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and to determine if these unmet demands indicate underuse. METHODS A total of 679 patients with RA participated in a questionnaire survey and clinical examination. Unmet health care demands and health care use were assessed for orthopedic care, allied health care, home care, and psychosocial care. Indications for underuse were determined by comparing health outcomes of patients with unmet health care demands and of health care users. RESULTS Of the 679 patients, 28.7% had an unmet demand for 1 of the 4 services: 13.4% for allied health care, 9.7% for orthopedic care, 9.4% for home care, and 6.2% for psychosocial care. Underuse of allied health care, home care and psychosocial care was observed. CONCLUSION Unmet demands for health care are frequent among RA patients. Most unmet demands indicate underuse. Health care professionals should therefore be more responsive to the demands of patients.
Anatomy for anaesthetists. (1) The antecubital fossa.

Part 1: The Respiratory Pathway: The Mouth The Nose The Pharynx The Larynx The Trachea The Main Bronchi The Pleura The Lungs Part 2: The Heart: The Pericardium The Heart Developmental Anatomy Part 3: The Vertebral Canal and Its Contents: The Vertebrae and Sacrum The Spinal Meninges The Spinal Cord Part 4: The Peripheral Nerves: The Spinal Nerves The Cervical Plexus The Brachial Plexus The Thoracic Nerves The Lumbar Plexus The Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses Part 5: The Autonomic Nervous System: Introduction The Sympathetic System The Parasympathetic System Part 6: The Cranial Nerves: Introduction The Olfactory Nerve The Optic Nerve The Oculomotor Nerve The Trochlear Nerve The Trigeminal Nerve The Abducent Nerve The Facial Nerve The Auditory Nerve The Glossopharyngeal Nerve The Vagus Nerve The Accessory Nerve The Hypoglossal Nerve Part 7: The Anatomy of Pain: Introduction Classification of Pain Peripheral Receptors and Afferent Fibres The Spinal Cord and Central Projections Modulation of Pain The Gate Control Theory of Pain The Sympathetic Nervous System and Pain Part 8: Zones of Anaesthetic Interest: The Thoracic Inlet The Diaphragm The Intercostal Spaces The Abdominal Wall The Antecubital Fossa The Great Veins of the Neck Index
Evaluation of placental prostate specific antigen, estradiol and interleukin-6 and their significance in preeclampsia

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the level of some placental parameters and their probable correlation with increased risk of preeclampsia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study included a total of fifty women, including twenty five pregnant women with preeclampsia and twenty five normotensive pregnant females. The placental biomarkers studied at delivery included prostate specific antigen (PSA), 17-β estradiol (E2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), lipid peroxidation (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and trace elements (zinc, copper and calcium). RESULTS: A significant difference was recorded in placental PSA (p<0.002), E2 (p<0.012) and IL-6 (p<0.05) levels in preeclamptic women, compared to normotensive pregnant ones. In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between placental PSA with IL-6 and E2. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated increased placental PSA and reduced E2 and IL-6 levels as PE-associated biomarkers. Furthermore, the recorded correlation between placental PSA and E2 may represent a new understanding in PE pathogenesis.
The Impact of Tracheostomy Timing on Clinical Outcome and Adverse Events in Poor-Grade Subarachnoid Hemorrhage*

Objective: The value of optimal timing of tracheostomy in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage is controversially debated. This study investigates whether early or late tracheostomy is associated with beneficial outcome or reduced rates of adverse events. Design: Retrospective observational multicentric on patients prospectively inserted into a database. Setting: Neurologic ICUs of one academic hospital and two secondary hospitals in Germany. Patients: Data of all patients admitted to the Goethe University Hospital between 2006 and 2011 with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage were prospectively entered into a database. All patients who underwent tracheostomy were included for analysis. Follow-up was maintained in primary and secondary ICUs. Interventions: Patients underwent tracheostomy upon expected long-term ventilation. Early tracheostomy was defined as performed on days 1–7 and late tracheostomy on days 8–20 after admission. Measurement and Main Results: We compared 148 consecutive patients admitted with poor-grade (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies, 3–5) subarachnoid hemorrhage. Early tracheostomy was performed in 39 patients and late tracheostomy in 109 patients. In early versus late tracheostomy groups, no significant differences were observed with regard to ICU mortality (7.7% vs 7.3%; p = 0.93) and median modified Rankin Scale after 6 months (3 vs 3; p = 0.94). Of the early group, pneumonia developed in 19 patients, whereas in the late group, pneumonia developed in 75 patients (48.7% vs 68.8%; p = 0.03; odds ratio, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.1–4.9). Six patients of the early group (15.4%) and 36 patients of the late group (33%) suffered from respiratory adverse event (p = 0.04; odds ratio, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.04–7.06). Mechanical ventilation was shorter (17.4 vs 22.3 d; p < 0.05) and decannulation occurred earlier (42 vs 54 d; p = 0.039) in the early tracheostomy group. Conclusions: Tracheostomy within 7 days of critical care admission is a feasible and safe procedure for patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. Early tracheostomy was not associated with an improvement in mortality or neurologic outcome but associated with fewer respiratory adverse events.
Disconnection of the Hippocampal–Perirhinal Cortical Circuits Severely Disrupts Object–Place Paired Associative Memory

The hippocampus and the perirhinal cortex (PR) are reciprocally connected both directly and indirectly via the entorhinal cortex. Although it has been hypothesized that the two regions should have intimate functional interactions with each other on the basis of the anatomical connectivity, many lesion studies have demonstrated functional dissociations instead between the hippocampus and PR. To show a tight functional relationship between the two regions, we used reversible inactivation techniques targeting both the hippocampus and PR within subjects, combined with a biconditional memory task in which the rat must consider information about objects and their locations. Specifically, rats were implanted with two sets of bilateral cannulas into the hippocampus and PR, and were tested in an object–place paired-associate task in a radial maze. While alternating between two arms, the rats were required to choose one of the objects exclusively associated with a given arm for food. Bilateral muscimol (MUS) injections into either the hippocampus or PR equally produced chance level performance. When a functional disconnection procedure was used to disrupt the interaction between the hippocampus and PR, contralateral MUS injections into the hippocampus and PR resulted in severe impairment in performance. However, inactivating the hippocampus and PR ipsilaterally did not affect the performance. In a simple object discrimination task, the same functional disconnection protocol with MUS did not affect the performance. The results powerfully demonstrate that the hippocampus, the PR, and their functional interactions are all indispensable when objects and their spatial locations must be processed at the same time.
Pharmacological Consequence of the A118G &mgr; Opioid Receptor Polymorphism on Morphine- and Fentanyl-mediated Modulation of Ca2+ Channels in Humanized Mouse Sensory Neurons

Background: The most common functional single nucleotide polymorphism of the human OPRM1 gene, A118G, has been shown to be associated with interindividual differences in opioid analgesic requirements, particularly with morphine, in patients with acute postoperative pain. The purpose of this study was to examine whether this polymorphism would modulate the morphine and fentanyl pharmacological profile of sensory neurons isolated from a humanized mouse model homozygous for either the 118A or 118G allele. Methods: The coupling of wild-type and mutant &mgr; opioid receptors to voltage-gated Ca2+ channels after exposure to either ligand was examined by employing the whole cell variant of the patch-clamp technique in acutely dissociated trigeminal ganglion neurons. Morphine-mediated antinociception was measured in mice carrying either the 118AA or 118GG allele. Results: The biophysical parameters (cell size, current density, and peak current amplitude potential) measured from both groups of sensory neurons were not significantly different. In 118GG neurons, morphine was approximately fivefold less potent and 26% less efficacious than that observed in 118AA neurons. On the other hand, the potency and efficacy of fentanyl were similar for both groups of neurons. Morphine-mediated analgesia in 118GG mice was significantly reduced compared with the 118AA mice. Conclusions: This study provides evidence to suggest that the diminished clinical effect observed with morphine in 118G carriers results from an alteration of the receptor's pharmacology in sensory neurons. In addition, the impaired analgesic response with morphine may explain why carriers of this receptor variant have an increased susceptibility to become addicted to opioids.
Incidência de embolia gordurosa pós-cirurgia de lipoaspiração com ou sem lipoenxertia : estudo em animais

Introducao: A lipoaspiracao e um procedimento cirurgico que consiste na retirada do excesso de tecido gorduroso localizado, em individuos saudaveis. Este procedimento, que muito aumentou nas ultimas decadas em todo o mundo, pode ser associado a lipoenxertia. Ambos sao empregados para melhora do contorno corporal. Uma das principais complicacoes relacionadas com a lipoaspiracao e a embolia gordurosa. O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar qualitativamente se existe mobilizacao intravascular da gordura apos lipoaspiracao manual pela tecnica de infiltracao superumida para pulmoes, figado, rins e cerebro, em ratos da raca Wistar, seguida ou nao de lipoenxertia. Metodo: Utilizou-se 30 modelos animais de ratos da linhagem Wistar. Os animais foram submetidos ao metodo usual da lipoaspiracao e analisados em tres diferentes grupos. Todos os animais foram anestesiados e infiltrados no subcutâneo do abdome com soro fisiologico contendo adrenalina, distribuidos da seguinte forma: no grupo A, dez animais serviram de controle, no grupo B, 10 animais foram lipoaspirados na regiao abdominal e no grupo C outros 10 animais, alem de lipoaspirados, foram lipoenxertados na regiao dorsal inferior. Uma amostra de sangue foi colhida logo apos a anestesia e apos 48h dos procedimentos em todos os grupos, para gota de esfregaco em lâmina. Esse procedimento analisou os valores da hemoglobina, bem como a oxigenacao sanguinea. Todos os animais foram submetidos a eutanasia apos 48h, e os pulmoes, rins, figado e cerebro analisados histologicamente por duas coloracoes diferentes: Hematoxilina e Eosina (H&E) e Sudan Negro. Resultado: Foram encontradas particulas de gordura nos pulmoes de tres animais do Grupo B que foram apenas lipoaspirados e, em seis animas do grupo C, lipoaspirados e lipoenxertados. Nos animais do grupo controle, nao foram identificados a presenca de particulas de gordura em nenhum orgao estudado. Conclusao: Este estudo demonstra que ha risco de mobilizacao sistemica de gordura, apos lipoaspiracao e este risco aumenta, quando o procedimento esta associado a lipoenxertia, em ratos Wistar. Abstract