Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Sources of Revenues for Wisconsin Native American Casinos: Implications for Casino Gaming as a Regional Economic Development Tool

This paper ascertains the sources of revenues for Native American casinos in Wisconsin. Based on an examination of the sources, implications for casino gaming as a statewide economic development tool are discussed. The analysis is based on interviews of visitors to several casinos in 1994. Among the findings are that: noncasino areas in Wisconsin experience a net loss of funds to areas containing the casinos; expenditures in other businesses in the areas containing the casinos are likely displaced; and lower-income individuals and the unemployed are more adversely affected by the availability of casino gambling in the state than others.
The evolutionary status of EK Cephei: rotating and standard models

The evolutionary status of the double-lined eclipsing binary EK Cep is reanalysed. Due to problems with the empirical determination of its effective temperatures, we have used a different approach to compare the observations with theoretical models: we have adopted the effective temperature ratio, which is a better determined parameter from light curve analysis, instead of their absolute values. Such an approach is supported observationally by the inconsistency found in the photometric distances for both components of EK Cep. By using the effective temperature ratio, masses, radii, apsidal-motion rate and lithium depletion, we have found that standard models are able to fit the physical properties of EK Cep simultaneously at the same isochrone. In the case of rotating models, we have also found acceptable solutions without the need for a very fast rotating core. On the other hand, the apsidal-motion rate of EK Cep is critically revised.
Comparison between Numerical and Analytical Analysis of the Dynamic Behavior of Circular Tunnels

Dynamic behavior of underground structures is controlled by the strain field imposed by wave propagation and by the interaction between rock mass and structures. Shear and pressure waves propagating in the plane of the cross-section of the tunnel generate ground distortions, which tend to cause ovaling deformations of the lining. In this paper, the seismic response of a circular tunnel subjected respectively to shear waves and pressure waves will be analyzed both analytically and numerically at first, and then a complete 3D analysis will be given to show the overall effects on a tunnel induced by seismic events considering seismic inputs in three directions.
The Wealth Effects of Reducing Private Placement Resale Restrictions

Recently, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission reduced resale restrictions on Rule 144 private placements from 12 months to 6 months with the intention of lowering the cost of equity capital for issuing firms. In Canada, similar regulatory changes were adopted several years ago, providing a unique opportunity to test the wealth effects of reducing private placement resale restrictions. We find that shortening resale restrictions reduces the liquidity portion of offer price discounts, and thus lowers the cost of equity capital for issuing firms, but has no significant effect on announcement-period abnormal returns after controlling for issuer type. However, there is a fundamental shift in the types of firms making private placements of common stock after the legislation-induced easing of resale restrictions. Specifically, we find that smaller firms and firms with greater information asymmetry are less likely to issue privately placed common stock after the legislative change, suggesting that the easing of resale restrictions reduces the costly signal that helps to overcome the Myers and Majluf (1984) underinvestment problem.
Low frequency oscillations in a plasma with spatially variable field-aligned flow

The effects of a transverse gradient in the plasma flow velocity parallel to the ambient magnetic field are analyzed. A transverse velocity gradient in the parallel ion flow, even in small magnitude, can increase the parallel phase speed of the ion-acoustic waves sufficiently to reduce ion Landau damping. This results in a significantly lower threshold current for the current driven ion acoustic instability. Ion flow gradients can also give rise to a new class of ion cyclotron waves via inverse cyclotron damping. A broadband wave spectrum with multiple cyclotron harmonics is possible. A combination of the multiple cyclotron harmonic waves can result in spiky electric field structures with their peaks separated by an ion cyclotron period. A spatial gradient in the parallel electron flow is also considered but it is found to play a minimal role in the low frequency regime. Relevance of these to natural plasma environments is discussed.
The Determinants of Households’ Savings During Recession: Evidence from Greece

Background: A large body of empirical research supports that fiscal policy measures have potential long term savings consequences on the households. However, a number of related issues have not yet been fully examined in the literature. A few of these studies, for instance, have addressed whether a recession leads the socio-demographic parameters to have a different impact on consumer behavior. This paper assesses empirically the relationship between the socioeconomic characteristics and the level of households’ savings in Greece due to the financial crisis in Greece. Methods: Data were drawn from 800 responders through a field survey in 2011 using the random stratified sampling technique. The empirical analysis was based on the estimation of OLS, 2SLS and Tobit regression models. Following strategies of cross section data, an anonymous structured questionnaire including information on personal and family characteristics was distributed. Results: In particular, three categories of independent variables were used in this paper, namely: a) demographic characteristics, b) economic variables and c) psychological factors. It was concluded that income is the most significant variable for saving. Furthermore, the results suggested that other statistically significant variables are marital status, educational level, type of employment and economic situation. More specifically, gender was found to be associated with the level of savings. Men were found to save more money than women. It was also estimated that more educated consumers save more. In addition, married consumers save less money while employers of the private sector used to save more money than other professional categories. Basically, this is implied because their income had not decreased this period due to the fiscal measures. Finally, psychological parameters as the consumers’ feelings of inability of covering their expenses and the pessimistic attitude about the future influence the behaviour towards households’ savings.Conclusions: Strong associations were found between demographic, socioeconomic and psychological parameters and consumer attitude in saving experimentation.
Sound production as an indicator of red hind density at a spawning aggregation

Annual spawning aggregations of red hind Epinephelus guttatus form at predictable times and locations and have historically succumbed to overfishing. Monitoring the status and res- toration of aggregations is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of fishery management meas- ures. Passive acoustic and diver-based underwater visual census (UVC) techniques were used to develop an efficient method for estimating red hind density from sound production at spawning aggregations. Red hind sound production was recorded from November 2010 to April 2011 at Abrir la Sierra, Puerto Rico. UVC surveys were conducted during the spawning season to assess changes in red hind density over a fixed time and area. Sound recorded from 18:00 to 19:00 h Atlantic Standard Time (UTC � 4) was representative of total daily changes in red hind sound pro- duction and was selected for the development of an efficient density estimation model. Pro- nounced daily changes in sound production and density were observed after the December 2010 and January 2011 full moons. Two hourly sound level measurements were compared to densities estimated by UVC surveys, yielding significant linear regressions, which were used to predict changes in fish density as measured at the aggregation site. Passive acoustic methods allowed to predict changes in red hind density and habitat use at a higher temporal resolution than previ- ously possible with traditional methods. Red hind sound production and inferred densities can be monitored and analyzed efficiently for multiple aggregation sites simultaneously, documenting short-term and long-term changes in red hind densities at spawning aggregation sites and provid- ing important information for the support or development of management strategies.
A realist diagnostic workshop

The realist approach can now be said to be part of the repertoire of evaluation methods. There has been a corresponding shift in methodological focus. Polemical thrust and counter-thrust about the realist contribution as compared to that of other evaluative approaches such as randomized trials and meta-analysis has given way to closer examination of its practice ‘on the ground’. This article seeks to make a contribution to the literature on how to conduct realist inquiry through a constructive critique of recently published ‘realist evaluations’.
Seed priming effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi against induced drought in rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is most susceptible to water deficit (Lafitte and Bennet, 2003). Water requirement of paddy is approximately 1200 mm in flooded, puddled condition. In total, world rice production uses about 1,578 km of water, which is 30% of the fresh water used worldwide (Trijatmiko, 2005). Due to changing climate, failure or delayed onset of monsoon etc., water scarcity is ever increasing worldwide and threatens the sustainability of rice ecosystem. Various adaptation and mitigation strategies were followed worldwide to resolve this abiotic stress. Microbial mitigation using PPFM, AMF and PGPR is one among the method used to alleviate drought. The present investigation was aimed to increase the drought sustaining capacity of rice through priming with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). Here the drought was induced by PEG 6000 and the effect of AMF on increased drought resistance was assessed in vitro. PEG 6000 was given at different concentration viz., 0%, 5%,10%,15%,20%, 25%, 30% and 35% and AMF was given as seed treatment. AMF treated plants withstand up to 35% PEG concentration for longer duration compared to control and sporulation of AMF also observed up to 30% PEG concentration. The study will be further up scaled to field level to assess the real-time impact of AMF
Sensitivity of interglacial Greenland temperature and δ 18 O: ice core data, orbital and increased CO 2 climate simulations

Abstract. The sensitivity of interglacial Greenland temperature to orbital and CO2 forcing is investigated using the NorthGRIP ice core data and coupled ocean-atmosphere IPSL-CM4 model simulations. These simulations were conducted in response to different interglacial orbital configurations, and to increased CO2 concentrations. These different forcings cause very distinct simulated seasonal and latitudinal temperature and water cycle changes, limiting the analogies between the last interglacial and future climate. However, the IPSL-CM4 model shows similar magnitudes of Arctic summer warming and climate feedbacks in response to 2 × CO2 and orbital forcing of the last interglacial period (126 000 years ago). The IPSL-CM4 model produces a remarkably linear relationship between TOA incoming summer solar radiation and simulated changes in summer and annual mean central Greenland temperature. This contrasts with the stable isotope record from the Greenland ice cores, showing a multi-millennial lagged response to summer insolation. During the early part of interglacials, the observed lags may be explained by ice sheet-ocean feedbacks linked with changes in ice sheet elevation and the impact of meltwater on ocean circulation, as investigated with sensitivity studies. A quantitative comparison between ice core data and climate simulations requires stability of the stable isotope – temperature relationship to be explored. Atmospheric simulations including water stable isotopes have been conducted with the LMDZiso model under different boundary conditions. This set of simulations allows calculation of a temporal Greenland isotope-temperature slope (0.3–0.4‰ per °C) during warmer-than-present Arctic climates, in response to increased CO2, increased ocean temperature and orbital forcing. This temporal slope appears half as large as the modern spatial gradient and is consistent with other ice core estimates. It may, however, be model-dependent, as indicated by preliminary comparison with other models. This suggests that further simulations and detailed inter-model comparisons are also likely to be of benefit. Comparisons with Greenland ice core stable isotope data reveals that IPSL-CM4/LMDZiso simulations strongly underestimate the amplitude of the ice core signal during the last interglacial, which could reach +8–10 °C at fixed-elevation. While the model-data mismatch may result from missing positive feedbacks (e.g. vegetation), it could also be explained by a reduced elevation of the central Greenland ice sheet surface by 300–400 m.
Sub‐basin scale dust source geomorphology detected using MODIS

The spatial and temporal variability of dust emissions from different surfaces in the Lake Eyre Basin, Australia is determined using MODIS data. For 2003–6 the sources of 529 dust plumes were classified: overall 37% of plumes originated in areas of aeolian deposits, 30% from alluvial deposits and floodplains and 29% from ephemeral lakes or playas. At this sub‐basin scale, the relative importance of different dust source geomorphologies varied primarily in response to sediment supply and availability and was not related to aeolian transport capacity, suggesting the Lake Eyre Basin is a supply‐limited system.
PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION OF YOGURT WITH WATERMELON (CITRULLUS LANATUS) JUICE

Fruity Yogurt was prepared by adding watermelon juice with milk. The physicochemical, organoleptic and microbiological properties were analyzed to assay the quality of the Yogurts. Physicochemical properties of yoghurt samples including moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate and ash were determined at first days of storage. Acidity, pH, syneresis, water holding capacity (WHC) and sensory quality of Yogurt samples were determined on 14 days of storage. There were significantly differences between Control Yogurt and Fruity Yogurt in the pH, moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate and Total solid content (p≤ 0.05). Highest values for WHC (56.69±0.02) and lowest values for syneresis (28.78±0.29) were belonged to Yogurt with watermelon juice. The Fruity Yogurt had higher acidity (1.18 ±0.01),viscosity (715±0.42)and lower Penetration Value (440±0.65) than Control Yogurt (CY). The results showed that utilization of watermelon juice affect the Yogurt characteristics, which reached at desirable count of Lactic acid bacteria. Sensory evaluation results showed that there were no significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among the Yogurt samples. The Fruity Yogurt had the highest overall acceptability (8.2± 0.46) scores compared to control Yogurt. The results of current study demonstrated that the addition of fruits to the Yogurt significantly improved the quality of Yogurt.
Sensitivity of ozone and aerosols to precursor emissions in Europe

We modelled the air quality in Europe during January and June 2006 using the MM5/CAMx model system and studied the sensitivity of ozone and aerosol formation to precursor emissions. Increased isoprene emissions by a factor of four in summer caused an increase in afternoon ozone by up to 10%. On the other hand, the effect on secondary organic aerosols (SOA) was very small. Reductions in NO x emissions are more effective to reduce ozone in a large part of Europe whereas anthropogenic VOC emission reductions are effective only around the urban areas. Particulate nitrate and organic aerosols are the main components of modelled PM2.5 concentrations in winter. In summer, organic aerosols dominate the aerosol composition. They are mainly secondary, produced from sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes as well as oligomerisation. Inorganic aerosol formation is more sensitive to ammonia emissions in winter. In summer, effects of NO x and NH 3 emission reductions are lower because of lower ammonium nitrate concentrations.
Food, Place, and Culture in Urban Africa: Comparative Consumption in Gaborone and Blantyre

Urban food insecurity is an increasingly important research and policy challenge in urbanizing sub-Saharan Africa. There is growing concern within food security literature about the paradoxical expansion of both hunger and obesity within African cities, and yet there is insufficient research from a social science perspective to explain the coexistence of dietary deficiency, micronutrient deficiencies, and obesity in Africa’s diverse urban contexts. Locally appropriate strategies to address the multiple health effects of under- and overnutrition are developed within unique environmental conditions and constraints, different economic systems, and different cultural milieux. These factors shape what foods are available, which ones are affordable, and how urban residents subjectively experience food security. This article analyzes the Household Dietary Diversity Scores (HDDS) from a regional survey, focusing on a qualitative comparison of Gaborone, Botswana, and Blantyre, Malawi, to draw out the embedded differences in food consumption patterns in the 2 cities, raising several implications of these differences for understanding urban food security in sub-Saharan Africa. The comparison generates insights into the limitations of quantitative metrics of food security abstracted from the local context and highlights the importance of geographical observations of environment, political economy, and culture for understanding urban food security.
Heterogeneous glacier thinning patterns over the last 40 years in LangtangHimal, Nepal

Abstract. This study presents volume and mass changes of seven (five partially debris-covered, two debris-free) glaciers in the upper Langtang catchment in Nepal. We use a digital elevation model (DEM) from 1974 stereo Hexagon satellite data and seven DEMs derived from 2006–2015 stereo or tri-stereo satellite imagery (e.g., SPOT6/7). The availability of multiple independent DEM differences allows the identification of a robust signal and narrowing down of the uncertainty about recent volume changes. The volume changes calculated over several multiyear periods between 2006 and 2015 consistently indicate that glacier thinning has accelerated with respect to the period 1974–2006. We calculate an ensemble-mean elevation change rate of –0.45 ± 0.18 m a−1 for 2006–2015, while for the period 1974–2006 we compute a rate of −0.24 ± 0.08 m a−1. However, the behavior of glaciers in the study area is heterogeneous, and the presence or absence of debris does not seem to be a good predictor for mass balance trends. Debris-covered tongues have nonlinear thinning profiles, and we show that recent accelerations in thinning correlate with the presence of supraglacial cliffs and lakes. At stagnating glacier areas near the glacier front, however, thinning rates decreased with time or remained constant. The April 2015 Nepal earthquake triggered large avalanches in the study catchment. Analysis of two post-earthquake DEMs revealed that the avalanche deposit volumes remaining 6 months after the earthquake are negligible in comparison to 2006–2015 elevation changes. However, the deposits compensate about 40 % the mass loss of debris-covered tongues of 1 average year.
Fucus vesiculosus and spiralis species complex: a nested model of local adaptation at the shore level

Intertidal rocky shores provide classic examples of habitat-driven divergent selection. We show that the species complex Fucus vesiculosus L. /F. spiralis L. is composed of 3 distinct genetic entities that have evolved along different time scales. Using assignment tests based on microsatellite markers and performed on randomly sampled individuals in 2 separate geographic regions (Portugal and France), we reveal that F. spiralis consists of 2 genetic entities that have distinct vertical distributional patterns along the intertidal gradient of selective pressures. Individuals assigned to the cluster found higher on the shore are also morphologically different. They are smaller and bushy, with dichotomous ramifications and no sterile rime around receptacles. Patterns of genetic divergence suggest different times and pathways to reproductive isolation. Divergence between F. vesiculosus and the F. spiralis complex seems to have occurred first, coinciding with divergence in reproductive mode; dioecy versus selfing hermaphroditism. Later, in the hermaphroditic lineage, parallel evolution of 2 co-occurring genetic clusters may have been driven by natural selection and facilitated by high selfing rates in the F. spiralis complex.
The Relation Between Living up to Parental Expectation and Career Decidedness: The Mediating Effect of Career Performance-avoidance Goal

본 연구에서는 대학생들의 부모기대부응과 진로결정수준의 관계에서 진로수행회피목표의 매개 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 전국의 대학생 343명을 대상으로 온라인 설문을 실시하였고, 수집된 자료에 대해 각 변인 간 상관분석과 구조방정식을 통한 매개효과 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 부모기대부응은 진로결정수준을 정적으로 예측하였고, 진로수행회피목표를 부적으로 예측하였으며, 진로수행회피목표는 진로결정수준을 부적으로 예측하였다. 둘째, 구조방정식 분석 결과, 부모기대부응이 진로결정수준을 예측하는 경로에서 진로수행회피목표가 부분매개효과를 보였다. 종합하면, 한국의 대학생들은 부모의 기대에 부응하지 못할수록 진로와 관련한 수행에 있어서 회피적인 목표를 지향하게 되는데, 이에 따라 자신의 진로를 결정하기가 어려워질 수 있다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 진로상담에서의 시사점을 논하였다.
Impact of capital and ownership structure on corporate governance and performance: Evidence from an insider system

The purpose of this paper is to present evidence on the impact of capital and ownership structure on corporate governance and firm performance of 80 German listed firms in HDAX index of Deutsche Borse Group in 2007. Based on agency and institutional theory, content analysis and simultaneous equation analysis are conducted. We find that debt ratio positively affects market to book ratio of equity and the extent of free-float negatively affects market to book ratio of equity and total shareholder return. The author provides insights regarding the extent that policies concerning debt, investment, risk, growth and ownership affect key performance measures. Our findings can be helpful to managers for selecting and implementing the appropriate business policies. Besides, analysts and investors might find the results of this study useful to identify the key corporate governance mechanisms and value/performance drivers in the developing stock exchange of the German insider system.
River sediment/pathogen interactions: importance for policy development on safe water practices

The transport and fate of pathogenic pollutants are shown to be highly influenced by their strong relationship with suspended and bed sediment particles. As such, pathogen dynamics are strongly linked to the sediment dynamics of a system. Extracellular polymeric substances, although insignificant in terms of organic mass, are shown to be an integral part of the floc and contribute to the retention of microorganisms in the environment and may play an important role in the binding of pathogens. Implications of sediment pathogen interactions on policy development for safe water practices are discussed.