Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ionospheric signatures of plasmaspheric tails

We make direct comparisons between GPS maps of total electron content (TEC) over the North American continent, Millstone Hill radar observations of storm enhanced density, and low and high‐altitude satellite measurements of the perturbation of the outer plasmasphere during the March 31, 2001 geomagnetic storm. We find that storm enhanced density (SED) and plumes of greatly‐elevated TEC are associated with the erosion of the outer plasmasphere by strong sub‐auroral polarization electric fields. The SED/TEC plumes identified at low altitude map closely onto the magnetospheric determination of the boundaries of the plasmapause and plasmaspheric tail determined by EUV imaging from the IMAGE spacecraft. Characteristics of the SED/TEC plumes/tails for the March 31, 2001 event are: TEC ∼ 100 TECu; F‐region sunward velocity ∼1000 m/s; sunward flux ∼5*1024 ions s−1; total transport to dayside magnetopause/merging region (3‐hr event) ∼5*1028 ions.
First Report of Freesia sneak virus in Freesia spp. in Korea

In March, 2013, twenty symptomatic freesia plants (10 plants of cultivar Shiny Lemon and 10 plants of cultivar Shiny Gold), with striking virus-like symptoms were collected in Cheongju, Korea. The plants showed chlorotic, coalescing, interveinal, whitish, necrotic, mosaic, mottling or dark brown-to-purple necrotic spots on leaves. Freesia crude sap was directly analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, which potyvirus particles as well as long virus-like particles were detected. Total RNA extracts were analyzed for the infection of Freesia sneak virus (FreSV) by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with primers specific to FreSV coat protein (CP) gene based on the sequences of FreSV isolates (GenBank No. GU071089, FJ807730 and DQ885455), showing 9 of 20 plants were infected. All 1305bp RT-PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Comparisons of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences using BLAST and bioinformatics tools resulted in 99 to 100% sequence identity with FreSV isolates FOV, Virginia, and Italy, confirming FreSV in 9 symptomatic freesia plants. Of 9 determined cDNAs of FreSV isolates, sequences of 5 cDNA clones were identical (GenBank No. AB811437) and sequences of 4 cDNA clones were identical (GenBank No. AB811792). To our knowledge, this is the first report of FreSV from Freesia spp. in Korea.
Wi-Fi Networks Security and Accessing Control

As wireless networks access gains popularity in corporate, private and personal networks, the nature of wireless networks opens up new possibilities for network attacks. This paper negotiating Wi-Fi security against scanning of rogue Wi-Fi networks and other related activities and considers the monitoring of Wi-Fi traffic effects. The unauthorized access point (AP) problem has raised more attention and resulted in obtaining wireless access without subscriber permission. This work assumes Wi-Fi AP under attack specially rogue AP and/or ad-hoc client. It provides a solution for detecting and preventing this attack. In addition, it provides the required user permissions to allow/block access of the files on the user of ad-hoc client. The experiments include the rogue AP attack are maintained and the effectiveness of the proposed solution are tested.
The Effects of Implementing a Program of Nonviolent Communication on the Causes and Frequency of Conflicts among Students

The aim of this paper was to explore the effects of implementing a program based on nonviolent communication and the influence of the causes and frequency of conflict behaviour of younger school age children. A quasi-experimental research was carried out, including 180 fourth-grade primary school students. The classes were divided into the control and experimental group by using the randomization method. The groups were matched for gender, age and frequency of conflicts, as demonstrated in the pre-test stage. The research model was quasi-experimental, combining the intra- and inter-group design. For the purposes of this quasi-experimental research, a special scenario composed of 15 workshops that directly dealt with the topics related to nonviolent communication was developed, as well as a survey questionnaire, designed to assess the general modalities of nonviolent communication. The questionnaire consisted of 14 questions with different response formats, and its internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) was satisfactory (α=0.76). In the analysis of the data, the methods of descriptive statistics as well as the methods of nonparametric inferential statistics were used. In order to examine the inter-group differences, two Mann–Whitney U tests (nonparametric substitute for the independent samples t-test) and two Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (nonparametric substitute for the dependent samples t-test) were conducted, followed by four χ 2 tests. The results of the post-test point to the positive effects of implementing the contents of nonviolent communication, with the respondents from the experimental group (average rank=99.12) achieving lower scores than the respondents from the control group (average rank=81.88), suggesting that the students from the experimental group had shown a reduced tendency towardsconflict behaviour. The results related to the frequency of conflict causes, for all four quasi-experimental situations,emphasize, as the most frequent causes of conflict: insults and derogatory name-calling (in all four quasi-experimental situations – 22.44% to 44.44%), saying inappropriate things about one`s family (experimental group – initial assessment and both assessments in the control group; 26.11% to 30.00%), as well as persuading other children not to socialize with the respondent (experimental group –final assessment; 24.44%). The post-test, which assessed the frequency, confirmed the positive effects of the NVC program on the students from the experimental group in relation to the students from the control group.
Using an aggregate production simulation model with ecological interactions to explore effects of fishing and climate on a fish community

Ecosystem-based fishery management requires operating models that are capable of evaluating the effects of a triad of drivers (exploitation, ecological interactions, and the physical envi- ronment) on fish populations. We present a simple operating model, AGG-PROD, that takes into ac- count these drivers. AGG-PROD aggregates species into functional groups and applies exploitation rates to these groups, while accounting for the interactions between these groups and the environ- ment. We loosely modeled the Northeast US Large Marine Ecosystem fish community, exploring a range of harvest, ecological interactions (competition and predation), and climate effects scenarios. We examined the independent effects of each of the triad of drivers at their base levels on the 3 main functional groups. We then explored the effects of targeted harvest on specific functional groups as well as different levels of total system harvest, both with and without climate effects. Our results indi- cate that the triad of drivers can lead to unanticipated, indirect effects on groups of species, and that all 3 should be taken into account by an operating model in a Management Strategy Evaluation con- text. Harvest tends to affect groups with a slower overall growth rate the most, while groups affected by strong ecological interactions often exhibit strong competitive or predatory release when other groups are reduced in biomass. Climate effects reduce primarily the biomass of groundfishes in our model, indicating the need for more conservative exploitation under future climate projections.
Unlocking CO Depletion in Protoplanetary Disks. I. The Warm Molecular Layer

CO is commonly used as a tracer of the total gas mass in both the interstellar medium and in protoplanetary disks. Recently, there has been much debate about the utility of CO as a mass tracer in disks. Observations of CO in protoplanetary disks reveal a range of CO abundances, with measurements of low CO to dust mass ratios in numerous systems. One possibility is that carbon is removed from CO via chemistry. However, the full range of physical conditions conducive to this chemical reprocessing is not well understood. We perform a systematic survey of the time dependent chemistry in protoplanetary disks for 198 models with a range of physical conditions. We vary dust grain size distribution, temperature, comic-ray and X-ray ionization rates, disk mass, and initial water abundance, detailing what physical conditions are necessary to activate the various CO depletion mechanisms in the warm molecular layer. We focus our analysis on the warm molecular layer in two regions: the outer disk (100 au) well outside the CO snowline and the inner disk (19 au) just inside the midplane CO snowline. After 1 Myr, we find that the majority of models have a CO abundance relative to H2 less than 10−4 in the outer disk, while an abundance less than 10−5 requires the presence of cosmic-rays. Inside the CO snowline, significant depletion of CO only occurs in models with a high cosmic-ray rate. If cosmic-rays are not present in young disks, it is difficult to chemically remove carbon from CO. Additionally, removing water prior to CO depletion impedes the chemical processing of CO. Chemical processing alone cannot explain current observations of low CO abundances. Other mechanisms must also be involved.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TORCH AGENTS AND RECURRENT SPONTANEOUS ABORTION

Background:Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) (TORCH), that can cause illness in pregnant women and may cause birth defects in their newborns. These entire infectious agents induce a shift of immune response during pregnancy from Th2 to Th1 and apoptosis which can be observed clinically as an abortion process. Objective: To find out the significance of TORCH infection in patients with recurrent spontaneous pregnancy loss. Materials and method: A total of one hundred and nineteen women, ranged from the mean age (23.9 − 28.5)years, were enrolled in the current study and were further classified into three categories: Group ARecurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA): n= 62 women, with a mean age of (28.5 + 0.68);Group Bnonrecurrent spontaneous abortion (non-RSA): n= 34 women, with a mean age of (26.4 ± 0.85)and group CControl (successful pregnancy): n= 23 women, with a mean age of (23.9 ± 0.88). From each patient and control, blood sample was collected. Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA),using anti CMV/IgG and IgM ,Rubrlla/IgM/IgG ,HSV/IgM and Toxoplasma/IgM/IgG was used. Results: the current study revealed a significant difference in the levels of each of Toxoplasma gondii as well as Cytomegalovirus specific circulating IgM antibodies between group A and group C (p< 0.05) based on their respective enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) Conclusion: In TORCH infections, there was a significant difference between RSA and control in acute infection of T.gondii and in the primary infection of CMV.
Air pollution control and decreasing new particle formation lead to strong climate warming

Abstract. The number concentration of cloud droplets determines several climatically relevant cloud properties. A major cause for the high uncertainty in the indirect aerosol forcing is the availability of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which in turn is highly sensitive to atmospheric new particle formation. Here we present the effect of new particle formation on anthropogenic aerosol forcing in present-day (year 2000) and future (year 2100) conditions. The present-day total aerosol forcing is increased from −1.0 W m −2 to −1.6 W m −2 when nucleation is introduced into the model. Nucleation doubles the change in aerosol forcing between years 2000 and 2100, from +0.6 W m −2 to +1.4 W m −2 . Two climate feedbacks are studied, resulting in additional negative forcings of −0.1 W m −2 (+10% DMS emissions in year 2100) and −0.5 W m −2 (+50% BVOC emissions in year 2100). With the total aerosol forcing diminishing in response to air pollution control measures taking effect, warming from increased greenhouse gas concentrations can potentially increase at a very rapid rate.
The impact of Securities Transaction Tax on market quality: Evidence from France and Italy

This paper analyzes two recent securities transaction tax (STT) implementations in France and Italy in order to identify the effects of STT on market quality. The effects are observed on panel data in four periods utilizing several trading activity and market quality measures. Difference-in-Differences are estimated using several control groups including German and Spanish equities. The results suggest significant decrease in trading activity and liquidity in French taxed stocks following the STT levy. The effect of STT on volatility is statistically insignificant across different control groups and estimation periods. The need to account for seasonal effects is also demonstrated. In Italian case, the results are inconclusive due to possible contamination by political events, but the evidence points to decrease in trading activity following the reform. The evidence regarding volatility and liquidity in Italian case is mixed.
The double galaxy cluster Abell 2465 - II. Star formation in the cluster

We investigate the star formation rate and its location in the major merger cluster Abell 2465 at $z$ = 0.245. Optical properties of the cluster are described in Paper I. Measurements of the H$\alpha$ and infrared dust emission of galaxies in the cluster were made with an interference filter centred on the redshifted line at a wavelength of 817 nm and utilized data from the WISE satellite 12 $\mu$m band. Imaging in the Johnson $U$ and $B$ bands was obtained, and along with SDSS $u$ and $r$ was used to study the blue fraction, which appears enhanced, as a further signatures of star formation in the cluster. Star formation rates were calculated using standard calibrations. The total star formation rate normalized by the cluster mass, $\Sigma SFR/M_{cl}$ compared to compilations for other clusters indicate that the components of Abell 2465 lie above the mean $z$ and $M_{cl}$ relations, suggestive that interacting galaxy clusters have enhanced star formation. The projected radial distribution of the star forming galaxies does not follow a NFW profile and is relatively flat indicating that fewer star forming galaxies are in the cluster centre. The morphologies of the H$\alpha$ sources within $R_{200}$ for the cluster as a whole indicate that many are disturbed or merging, suggesting that a combination of merging or harassment is working.
A cybernetic framework to articulate the organisational complexity of users' interactions with the Jigsaw technique in an Open Sim standalone server

The purpose of this study was the utilisation of an open sim standalone server in order to articulate and propose a theoretical cybernetic framework that delineated from the requirements of: a) the systemic organisational structure of a learning process through the viable system model (VSM); b) the exploratory collaborative knowledge construction according to the ‘Jigsaw’ learning technique for handling the interior organisational complexity of cyber entities’ (avatars) interactions in this virtual world. The community empowerment may initially be amplified from the implementation of this cybernetic framework for enhancing the dynamic and interactive dimensions of users’ (students and instructors) presence in Open Sim according to the processes of cohesion, coordination and organisational processing that are quite complex during their first introduction.
Identification, by selective genotyping, of quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to Cochliobolus sativus in barley line TR 251

Ghazvini, H. 2014. Identification, by selective genotyping, of quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to Cochliobolus sativus in barley line TR 251. Crop Breeding Journal 4 (1): 35-45. Spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is one of the most damaging foliar diseases of barley around the world. Although chemical control of plant diseases is an effective tool to reduce pathogen damage, the most efficient and environmentally sound means of spot blotch control is through the deployment of resistant cultivars. The aim of this study was to elucidate the genetic basis of spot blotch resistance in barley line TR 251, a Canadian breeding line with a high level of spot blotch resistance. Infection responses induced by C. sativus isolate WRS1938 in 226 doubled haploid lines derived from the cross TR 251 × CDC Bold were analyzed, and DNA samples from the parents and bulks of 11 resistance and 11 susceptible lines were tested using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) with 376 SSR markers and 256 combinations of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Identification of the quantitative trait loci (QTL)-linked markers was done using a selective genotyping approach by both binomial distribution and hypergeometric distribution tests. Four putative loci on chromosomes 1H, 3H, 5H, and 7H were found to be associated with spot blotch resistance in line TR 251; of these, the two loci located on chromosomes 1H and 5H had not been reported in previous studies. Both of these loci are likely unique and presumably contribute to the superior C. sativus resistance of line TR 251.
Ecological aspects of endoparasite fauna of Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Lütken, 1875) (Characiformes, Acestrorhynchidae) on the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil

Fifty-one specimens of Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Lutken, 1875) collected on the Upper Parana River floodplain were analyzed from February 2000 to November 2001. Of these, 35 (68.6%) were parasitized by at least one species of endohelminth. Eight species of endoparasites were found: five nematodes (Contracaecum Type 1 larvae of Moravec, Kohn and Fernades, 1993, Contracaecum Type 2 larvae of Moravec, Kohn and Fernades, 1993, Contracaecum sp., Eustrongylides sp. and Procamallanus sp.), two digeneans (Clinostomum sp. and Rhipidocotyle gibsoni Kohn and Fernandes, 1994) and one acanthocephalan (Quadrigyrus torquatus Van Cleave, 1920). Contracaecum sp. and Q. torquatus were positively associated and also had positively correlated abundances. There was significant difference in the prevalence and abudance of infection of Q. torquatus between hosts sexes. This parasite also presented negative correlation between its intensity and host standard length. There are significant positive correlation between the prevalence of Contracaecum Type 1 and host standard length.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Teaching Mathematics and Information and Communication Technology

The submitted article supports the multidisciplinary approach to STEM (Science, Technology, Engineer, Mathematics) teaching. Pupils in many countries are showing a reduced interest in STEM studies. Should we wish to increase their interest in STEM studies, then we must increase their interest in the study of mathematics. This article concentrates on providing an illustrative demonstration of the interdisciplinary relations between mathematics and information and communication technology (ICT) that can readily be used in teaching these two subjects at primary and secondary schools. The interdisciplinary teaching approach described promotes not only a better understanding of the study of mathematics but it also develops pupils’ logical reasoning and critical thinking. The need to interconnect mathematics and ICT in teaching is documented through specific examples. Attention is focused on number translation between individual numerical systems and entering numbers in the memories of computers and calculators.
Rubus occidentalis (Rosaceae) - a new naturalized raspberry species in the Polish flora

Rubus occidentalis L. , native to eastern North America, is recorded for the first time as natu - ralized in Poland. Its spontaneous occurrence in Europe has hitherto been mentioned only from several stands in the Czech Republic and from single localities in Slovakia and Russia. The increasing popularity of black raspberry cultivation and its ability to survive under different environmental conditions suggest that the number of instances of its appearances in semi-natural habitats will grow over time. At the moment, R. occidentalis can be considered as a locally established, non-invasive neophyte.
Low Work-Function Thermionic Emission and Orbital-Motion-Limited Ion Collection at Bare-Tether Cathodic Contact

With a thin coating of low-work-function material, thermionic emission in the cathodic segment of bare tethers might be much greater than orbital-motion-limited (OML) ion collection current. The space charge of the emitted electrons decreases the electric field that accelerates them outwards, and could even reverse it for high enough emission, producing a potential hollow. In this work, at the conditions of high bias and relatively low emission that make the potential monotonic, an asymptotic analysis is carried out, extending the OML ion-collection analysis to investigate the probe response due to electrons emitted by the negatively biased cylindrical probe. At given emission, the space charge effect from emitted electrons increases with decreasing magnitude of negative probe bias. Although emitted electrons present negligible space charge far away from the probe, their effect cannot be neglected in the global analysis for the sheath structure and two thin layers in between sheath and the quasineutral region. The space-charge-limited condition is located. It is found that thermionic emission increases the range of probe radius for OML validity and is greatly more effective than ion collection for cathodic contact of tethers.
Application of the theory of planned behavior for the prevention of substance abuse among male adolescents

Background and objective: Adolescence is the most dangerous of lifetime regarding the onset of substance abuse and education is one of the most important methods to prevent this problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of an educational intervention in the prevention of substance abuse among adolescents in Qazvin city using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Materials and methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study. With multi-stage sampling method, 216 students participated in the experimental and control groups. Five focus group discussions (including 8-15 members) were presented to the experimental group mainly based on role-playing, brain storming and group discussions methods. Self-reporting questionnaires were used for data collection consisted of demographic questions, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention and preventive behavior with 5-point Likert response options. Reliability and validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and test-retest coefficient. The data collected before and 2 months after training were analyzed with SPSS 20 and Chi-square, pair and independent t-test, and Fisher's exact test. Results: The mean scores of attitude (from 26.3±17.4 to 45.7±21.6), subjective norms (from 20.4±14.6 to 33.4±15.2), perceived behavioral control (from 36.6±20.9 to 58.4±27.3), intention (from 6.24±2.2 to 11.4±3.8) and addiction related preventive behavior (from 24.11±9.5 to 40.6±13.7) were significantly improved after educational intervention among the experimental group (p Conclusion: TPB provides an appropriate framework for designing educational interventions to prevent substance abuse among adolescents and its application in health promotion programs in schools and prevention of substance abuse is recommended. Language: en