Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Culture in community pharmacy organisations: what can we glean from the literature?

PURPOSE The aim of this paper is to report on the findings of a systematic literature review-seeking to elicit existing evidence of the nature of organisational culture in community pharmacy organisations. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This review takes a novel approach to systematically identifying and synthesising the peer-reviewed research literature pertaining to organisational culture in this setting, its antecedents and outcomes. FINDINGS The review provides an overview of the scope of and research methods used in the identified literature, together with a narrative synthesis of its findings, framed within five dimensions of organisational culture: the professional-business role dichotomy; workload, management style, social support and autonomy; professional culture; attitudes to change and innovation; and entrepreneurial orientation. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS There is a need for more detailed and holistic exploration of organisational culture in community pharmacy, using a greater diversity of research methods and a greater focus on patient-related outcomes. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This paper demonstrates that, whilst little research has explicitly investigated organisational culture in this context, there exists a range of evidence describing aspects of that culture, some of the environmental and organisational factors helping to shape it, and its impact on the pharmacy workforce, services delivered and business outcomes. It highlights the importance of the business-professional role dichotomy in community pharmacy; the influence of individual pharmacists' characteristics and organisational setting; and the impact on pharmacists' wellbeing and job satisfaction and the services delivered. It provides less evidence of the impact of organisational culture on the quality and safety of service provision.
Evaluation of BacT/ALERT 3D System for Mycobacteria Isolates

Background: The rapid diagnosis of mycobacterial infections is essential to implement the adequate antimicrobial therapy. This study evaluates the performance of the BacT/ALERT 3D system for isolates and identification of mycobacteria from clinical samples. Methods: 1011 clinical specimens from nonsterile and sterile body sites were studied from August 2010 to December 2012 at the National Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis, IPK, Cuba. The results obtained were compared with respect to time detection of mycobacteria and contamination rates, and performance indicators of BacT/ALERT 3D were calculated. Results: The time detection of growth (TDG) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) by BacT/ALERT 3D was 16,435 and 10,956, respectively; by LJ the TDG was 33.577 for Mtb and 35.952 for NTM. By culture method used the TDG for LJ was 33,577 and 6.435 by BacT/ALERT 3D, this difference being statistically significant. The overall contamination rate (CR) for BacT/ALERT 3D was 4.6% and 7.8% for LJ. Conclusions: BacT/ALERT 3D were a suitable method for recovering mycobacteria from clinical samples. It demonstrated a shorter time to detection of mycobacteria growth; it was very useful to provide faster treatment and a better prognosis in patients AFB smear negative with HIV. The use of LJ culture and BacT/ALERT 3D System was useful to assure a total mycobacterial recovery.
STALK YIELD AND CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION OF SWEET SORGHUM ( SORGHUM BICOLOR ( L . ) MOENCH ) CULTIVARS AND LINES AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a multiple-purpose crop which has been consumed as either food or feed and recently, industrially cultivated for liquid sugar and ethanol production. Biomass and carbohydrate composition of sweet sorghum are considered as important factors for industrial productions. Thus, in this study fresh stalk yield, total sugars, sucrose content and invert sugars of five sweet sorghum cultivars and four sweet sorghum lines were evaluated. The plants were harvested at soft dough, hard dough and post grain maturity stages. The highest amount of total sugar, sucrose content, invert sugars and fresh stalk yield were obtained in cv Rio (hard dough stage), cv Rio (hard dough stage), cv Vespa (maturity) and cv Sova (hard dough) respectively. The lowest of aforementioned parameters were found in cv Turno (soft dough), cv Turno (soft dough), line IS 4546 (maturity) and line IS 4546 (soft dough) respectively. The mentioned parameters were reduced by delaying harvest time of sweet sorghum cultivars and lines. At hard dough stage, sucrose and total sugar exhibited a positive correlation, while the correlation between sucrose and glucose, fructose and maltose was negative. Mannose, galactose and arabinose were not detected in sweet sorghum juice. The obtained results showed that the optimum harvest time for all sweet sorghum cultivars and lines should be conducted before post seed maturity.
Does Ambiguity Diversification Pay?

With a focus on risk, classical portfolio theory assumes that probabilities of future outcomes are known. In reality, however, there is ambiguity in these probabilities. This paper studies the nature of the relationship between risk and ambiguity and proves that in most cases ambiguity cannot be diversified without increasing risk. This insight implies that holding a fully diversified portfolio is not necessarily optimal. It challenges the conventional wisdom which asserts that investors should hold such a portfolio.
Grp 78 Heterozygosity Promotes Adaptive Unfolded Protein Response and Attenuates Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance

From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania. Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts. Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in hepatitis C virus antibody ELISA‐positive blood donors according to RIBA‐2 status: A case‐control survey

Studies of blood donors positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus on enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay are probably biased by the large number of false‐positive results. We evaluated the epidemiological and biological characteristics of 177 such donors with regard to the confirmatory secondgeneration RIBA test (Ortho Diagnostic Systems) and have compared the results to those from an age‐ and sex‐matched control group of 177 donors negative for antibody to hepatitis C virus on enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Second‐generation recombinant immunoblot assay was positive in 38% of cases, indeterminate in 6% and negative in 56%. The case‐control study showed a significantly higher frequency of intravenous drug abuse (27% vs. 0%), blood transfusion (22% vs. 9%), history of jaundice (21% vs. 7%), elevated ALT level (49% vs. 4%) and HBc antibody positivity (32% vs. 7%) in second‐generation recombinant immunoblot assay–positive donors. No such differences were found between the second‐generation recombinant immunoblot assay–negative donors and their controls. The 35 second‐generation recombinant immunoblot assay–positive donors without histories of transfusion or intravenous drug abuse had a significantly higher frequency of surgery with major blood loss or prolonged stays in areas of hepatitis B virus endemicity than did their controls (20% vs. 0% and 49% vs. 26%, respectively). In conclusion, at least one risk factor for HCV infection was identified in 82% of the secondgeneration recombinant immunoblot assay–positive donors, 91% of whom could have been identified on the basis of these risk factors, ALT level and presence of HBc antibody. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;17:183–187.)
Effect of nestbox type on occupancy and breeding biology of Tree Sparrows Passer montanus in central Spain

Avian life-history studies are often conducted on populations nesting in nestboxes. However, the type of nestbox used is a potentially confounding variable, as each model shows specific characteristics. In recent decades, a new commercial model of artificial nestbox made of woodcrete, a mixture of sawdust and additives, has become popular owing to its better protection against predators compared with the classic wooden design. We assess the effect of nestbox type on the breeding ecology of Tree Sparrows Passer montanus , focusing on their thermal properties, an influential factor in nestbox selection. Occupancy rates and reproductive parameters of Tree Sparrows were compared between birds breeding in woodcrete and wooden nestboxes over 5 years. Woodcrete nestboxes had a higher occupancy rate and birds breeding in them had earlier clutches, a shorter incubation period and more reproductive attempts per season than birds nesting in wooden boxes. Clutch size and nestling condition did not differ between nestbox types, but reproductive success was higher in woodcrete nestboxes. The higher temperature in woodcrete nestboxes (1.5 ° C higher on average) might explain these differences. Such differences may bias results obtained in comparative studies where more than one nestbox type is used.
Towards Understanding of Factors Influencing User Acceptance of Mobile Payment Systems

M-payments, which refer to payments over a mobile device, have not taken off as fast as predicted. Their slow adoption rates raise many questions about what drives consumer behaviour. The aim of this study is to find out what influences the user acceptance of a new system. The user is seen here as the key to acceptance of a new m-payment procedure, hence the focus on understanding their motivations and attitudes. To predict acceptance, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been extensively used in information systems. This study is based on the belief that TAM needs to be expanded and customized to suit specific characteristics of mobile payments. This paper draws from prior studies that used TAM in fields related to mobile payments. Extensions of TAM in related fields are depicted. Analysis of suitability of various acceptance factors for mobile payments follows. The result of the analysis is a set of factors that are believed to influence the user acceptance of mobile payments: perceived ease of use, usefulness, mobility, cost, trust, and expressiveness. To measure each of these factors, multi-item scales using specific criteria are proposed. Further research will involve pilot study and possible improvement of the measuring scales, as well as further empirical validation of the model. The proposed model illustrates the level of fulfilment of each of the six acceptance factors in an m-payment system, and therefore predicts its adoption, as well as indicates areas of improvement.
Differences in Looking at Own- and Other-Race Faces Are Subtle and Analysis-Dependent: An Account of Discrepant Reports

The Other-Race Effect (ORE) is the robust and well-established finding that people are generally poorer at facial recognition of individuals of another race than of their own race. Over the past four decades, much research has focused on the ORE because understanding this phenomenon is expected to elucidate fundamental face processing mechanisms and the influence of experience on such mechanisms. Several recent studies of the ORE in which the eye-movements of participants viewing own- and other-race faces were tracked have, however, reported highly conflicting results regarding the presence or absence of differential patterns of eye-movements to own- versus other-race faces. This discrepancy, of course, leads to conflicting theoretical interpretations of the perceptual basis for the ORE. Here we investigate fixation patterns to own- versus other-race (African and Chinese) faces for Caucasian participants using different analysis methods. While we detect statistically significant, though subtle, differences in fixation pattern using an Area of Interest (AOI) approach, we fail to detect significant differences when applying a spatial density map approach. Though there were no significant differences in the spatial density maps, the qualitative patterns matched the results from the AOI analyses reflecting how, in certain contexts, Area of Interest (AOI) analyses can be more sensitive in detecting the differential fixation patterns than spatial density analyses, due to spatial pooling of data with AOIs. AOI analyses, however, also come with the limitation of requiring a priori specification. These findings provide evidence that the conflicting reports in the prior literature may be at least partially accounted for by the differences in the statistical sensitivity associated with the different analysis methods employed across studies. Overall, our results suggest that detection of differences in eye-movement patterns can be analysis-dependent and rests on the assumptions inherent in the given analysis.
Outcomes of stroke patients in Medicare fee for service and managed care.

CONTEXT Increasing numbers of Medicare beneficiaries have been enrolling in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) because HMO participation reduces out-of-pocket expenses, and the federal government views HMOs as a way to contain Medicare costs. However, results comparing outcomes and quality of care in HMOs vs fee for service (FFS) have been mixed, and outcomes after stroke have not been adequately assessed. OBJECTIVE To compare discharge destinations and survival rates following stroke in Medicare HMOs with similar FFS settings. DESIGN An observational study for 2 groups evaluating stroke patients' discharge destinations and survival times from the date of hospital admission. SETTING A total of 19 HMOs were selected from 12 states. The FFS sample was drawn from the same geographic areas. PATIENTS The sample included 402 HMO patients from 71 hospitals and 408 FFS patients from 60 hospitals. PROCESS AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Data were abstracted from medical records on demographics, clinical characteristics of stroke, comorbid illnesses, and discharge destinations following hospitalization. Data on survival were obtained from Medicare files and included 25 to 37 months of follow-up (median, 30.4 months, HMO; 31.1 months, FFS) from the date of hospital admission. RESULTS There were 109 patients who died during the hospitalization (49 HMO, 12.2%; 60 FFS, 14.7%), and a total of 410 patients had died by the end of follow-up (191 HMO, 47.5%; 219 FFS, 53.7%). Approximately one fourth of both groups had do-not-resuscitate orders (HMO, 25.4%; FFS, 27.9%; P=.68). After controlling for age, marital status, and characteristics of dependency at discharge, HMO patients were more likely than FFS patients to be sent to nursing homes (HMO, 41.8%; FFS, 27.9%; P=.001) and less likely to be discharged to rehabilitation hospitals or units (HMO, 16.2%; FFS, 23.4%; P=.03). At follow-up, no significant differences in relative risk of dying were found between HMO and FFS groups (relative risk, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.73-1.26; P=.77). CONCLUSIONS Patients in Medicare HMOs who experience strokes are more likely to be discharged to nursing homes and less likely to go to rehabilitation facilities following the acute event. However, they have similar survival patterns compared with comparable patients in FFS settings after adjusting for other factors.
Metastatic transmissible venereal tumour in dogs.

This report presents six cases of canine transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) in the genital organs with metastasis to extragenital locations. These extragenital sites were the skin, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, liver and lung. Foci of metastasis were found in six different organs in one case, two organs in another case and one organ in the remaining four cases. Multiple tumour nodules were, however, found in certain organs such as the skin and spleen. The extragenital tumours were identified as TVT on the basis of their histological similarity to the primary genital tumours. Metastasis appeared to be mainly by lymphatic pathways and by oral implantation. Resume. Ce rapport presente six cas de tumeur venerienne transmissible (TVT) dans les organes genitaux avec metastase aux endroits extragenitaux. Ces endroits extragenitaux etaient la peau, les nouds lymphatiques, la rate, les amygdales, le foie et les poumons. Des foyers de metastase ont ete trouves dans six organes differents dans un cas, dans deux organes dans un autre cas et dans un organe dans les quatre cas restant. On a, cependant, trouve des tumeurs multi-nodulaires dans certains organes tels que la peau et la rate. Les tumeurs extragenitales ont ete identifiees comme TVT en se basant sur leur similarite histologique aux tumeurs genitales primaires. La metastase semblait ětre principalement par voies lymphatiques et par implantation orale. Zusammenfassung. Dieser Bericht stellt sechs Falle dar von ubertragbar venerischem Hunde-Tumor (TVT) in den Geschlechtsorganen mit Metastase an extragenitalen Stellen. Diese extragenitalen Stellen waren die Haut, Lymphknoten, Milz, Mandeln, Leber und Lunge. Herden von Metastasen fand man in sechs verschiedenen Organen in einem Fall, zwei Organen in einem anderen Fall und in einem Organ in den ubrigen vier Fallen. Zahlreiche Tumorknotchen (Noduli) wurden jedoch in gewissen Organen wie Haut und Milz gefunden. Die extragenitalen Tumoren waren als TVT identifiziert auf Grund ihrer histologischen ahnlichkeit mit den primaren Geschlechtstumoren. Metastasen traten hauptsachlich durch lymphatische Bahnen und durch orale Einpflanzung ein.
The Osmorespiratory Compromise in Sculpins: Impaired Gas Exchange Is Associated with Freshwater Tolerance

We acclimated two species of sculpin, the freshwater prickly sculpin (Cottus asper) and the closely related marine Pacific staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus) to freshwater (∼0 g/L), brackish water (15 g/L), and seawater (30 g/L) for at least 4 wk and examined the relationships between respiration, ion regulation, gill morphology, and freshwater tolerance. The prickly sculpin successfully acclimated to all three salinities and did not experience appreciable changes in plasma osmolality, [Cl−], or mortality. Gill Na+/K+‐ATPase activity was lowest in prickly sculpins acclimated to freshwater, their native salinity, and increased during acclimation to seawater. Furthermore, prickly sculpins acclimated to freshwater had a 30% higher Pcrit than fish acclimated to brackish water or seawater; Pcrit is the environmental Po2 below which an animal can no longer maintain a routine Ṁo2, and an increase in Pcrit represents a compromise of respiratory gas exchange. The higher Pcrit observed in prickly sculpins acclimated to freshwater is likely a consequence of their having small, relatively thick gills that increase in thickness (by ∼1 μm) during freshwater exposure. In contrast, the marine Pacific staghorn sculpin successfully acclimated to brackish water and seawater, but high mortality (25%) was observed after 3 wk of exposure to freshwater. Pacific staghorn sculpins exposed to freshwater suffered significant, 15%–20%, reductions in plasma osmolality and [Cl−], and these losses in plasma ions resulted in a 1.4‐fold increase in gill Na+/K+‐ATPase activity. Pacific staghorn sculpins have large, thin gills that are not modified in response to salinity acclimation, and as a result, these animals show no respiratory compromise during freshwater acclimation, as evidenced by the lack of change in Pcrit, but show significant ion regulatory disturbance. Overall, this study suggests that gill thickening and the resulting respiratory compromise are necessary for freshwater tolerance in sculpins.
Obesity and COPD: Associated Symptoms, Health-related Quality of Life, and Medication Use

Background: There is little data about the combined effects of COPD and obesity. We compared dyspnea, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), exacerbations, and inhaled medication use among patients who are overweight and obese to those of normal weight with COPD. Methods: We performed secondary data analysis on 364 Veterans with COPD. We categorized subjects by body mass index (BMI). We assessed dyspnea using the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale and HRQoL using the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire. We identified treatment for an exacerbation and inhaled medication use in the past year. We used multiple logistic and linear regression models as appropriate, with adjustment for age, COPD severity, smoking status, and co-morbidities. Results: The majority of our population was male (n = 355, 98%) and either overweight (n = 115, 32%) or obese (n = 138, 38%). Obese and overweight subjects had better lung function (obese: mean FEV1 55.4% ±19.9% predicted, overweight: mean FEV1 50.0% ±20.4% predicted) than normal weight subjects (mean FEV1 44.2% ±19.4% predicted), yet obese subjects reported increased dyspnea [adjusted OR of MRC score ≥2 = 4.91 (95% CI 1.80, 13.39], poorer HRQoL, and were prescribed more inhaled medications than normal weight subjects. There was no difference in any outcome between overweight and normal weight patients. Conclusions: Despite having less severe lung disease, obese patients reported increased dyspnea and poorer HRQoL than normal weight patients. The greater number of inhaled medications prescribed for obese patients may represent overuse. Obese patients with COPD likely need alternative strategies for symptom control in addition to those currently recommended.
School district resources and identification of children with autistic disorder.

OBJECTIVES We estimated the effect of community and school district resources on the identification of children with autistic disorder. METHODS Latent growth curve regression models were applied to school district-level data from one large state. RESULTS The rate of identification of autistic disorder increased on average by 1.0 child per 10000 per year (P<.001), with statistically significant district variation. After adjustment for district and community characteristics, each increase in decile of school revenue was associated with an increase of 0.16 per 10000 children identified with autistic disorder. The proportion of economically disadvantaged children per district was inversely associated with autistic disorder cases. CONCLUSIONS District revenue was associated with higher proportions of children identified with autistic disorder at baseline and increasing rates of identification when measured longitudinally. Economically disadvantaged communities may need assistance to identify children with autistic spectrum disorders and other developmental delays that require attention.