Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DRAFT Binders Unbound

Implementors of compilers, program refactorers, theorem provers, proof checkers, and other systems that manipulate syntax know that dealing with name binding is difficult to do well. Operations such as α-equivalence and capture-avoiding substitution seem simple, yet subtle bugs often go undetected. Furthermore, their implementations are tedious, requiring “boilerplate” code that must be updated whenever the object language definition changes. Many researchers have therefore sought to specify binding syntax declaratively, so that tools can correctly handle the details behind the scenes. This idea has been the inspiration for many new systems (such as Beluga, Delphin, FreshML, FreshOCaml, Cαml, FreshLib, and Ott) but there is still room for improvement in expressivity, simplicity and convenience. In this paper, we present a new domain-specific language, UNBOUND, for specifying binding structure. Our language is particularly expressive—it supports multiple atom types, pattern binders, type annotations, recursive binders, and nested binding (necessary for telescopes, a feature found in dependently-typed languages). However, our specification language is also simple, consisting of just five basic combinators. We provide a formal semantics for this language derived from a locally nameless representation and prove that it satisfies a number of desirable properties. We also present an implementation of our binding specification language as a GHC Haskell library implementing an embedded domain specific language (EDSL). By using Haskell type constructors to represent binding combinators, we implement the EDSL succinctly using datatype-generic programming. Our implementation supports a number of features necessary for practical programming, including flexibility in the treatment of user-defined types, besteffort name preservation (for error messages), and integration with Haskell’s monad transformer library.
Effect of mother presence on children's reaction to aversive procedures.

What effect does the mother's presence have on young children's response to stressful medical procedures? The literature on "attachment" of children to their mothers emphasizes that young children, like the young of other species, engage in many behaviors such as crying when the mother leaves which have the effect of maintaining proximity of the mother to the child (Ainsworth, 1964). Attachment theory implies also that the mother's pres­ ence helps the child cope more comfortably with novel or frightening ex­ periences, presumably including painful medical procedures. Behavior theory, in contrast, views the infant's crying on mother's departure simply as a learned behavior, reinforced by the mother's intermittent response of returning when the child cries (Gewirtz, 1976). Behavior theory might pre­ dict that the child's crying in response to pain would be more likely to be rewarded by effective comforting and would thus be more likely to occur if the mother were present than if she were absent. Thus, at least on the surface, these two theoretical approaches seem to make different predic­ tions about the effect of the mother's presence on young children's crying after medical procedures such as injections.
Chlorhexidine allergy in four specialist allergy centres in the United Kingdom, 2009–13: clinical features and diagnostic tests

We describe an observational survey of diagnostic pathways in 104 patients attending four specialist allergy clinics in the United Kingdom following perioperative hypersensitivity reactions to chlorhexidine reactions. The majority were life‐threatening. Men undergoing urological or cardiothoracic surgery predominated. Skin prick testing and specific immunoglobulin (sIg)E testing were the most common tests used for diagnosis. Fifty‐three per cent of diagnoses were made on the basis of a single positive test. Where multiple tests were performed the sensitivity of intradermal, basophil activation and skin prick testing was 68% (50–86%), 50% (10–90%) and 35% (17–55%), respectively. Seven per cent were negative on screening tests initially, and 12 cases were only positive for a single test despite multiple testing. Intradermal tests appeared most sensitive in this context. Additional sensitization to other substances used perioperatively, particularly neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA), was found in 28 patients, emphasizing the need to test for possible allergy to all drugs to which the patient was exposed even where chlorhexidine is positive.
Genetic and environmental effects on coronary heart disease risk factors in Northern Norway. The cardiovascular disease study in Finnmark

This study comprised 1377 first degree relatives in 575 families ascertained through a comprehensive screening of the general population from 20 to 52 years of age. Path analysis using parsimonious models gave evidence of significant biologic and environmental transmission for total cholesterol (genetic and cultural heritabilities were 0·46 and 0·05, respectively), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (0·42, 0·10), triglycerides (0·21, 0·07), and systolic (0·48, 0·04) and diastolic (0·35, 0·05) blood pressure. Compared with other studies employing the same path analytic model, heritability estimates in general were among the highest reported, except for the somewhat lower genetic component in total cholesterol and triglycerides. For the first time in a single sample from the general population, lipid and blood pressure variables were investigated applying the same methodology, and good agreement was illustrated by the result that identical parsimonious models were reached for all phenotypes, with the exception of a single additional parameter for total cholesterol. About one fourth to one half of the total phenotypic variance could be ascribed to genetic sources, whereas the contribution from shared familial environment was much smaller.
Ultrasound screening for interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES As interstitial lung disease (ILD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is associated with increased mortality due to loss of diffusion capacity and pulmonary hypertension, regular screening for structural abnormalities of the lung is advised. In addition to standard radiological examination with computed x-ray tomography, ultrasound of the lung could allow non-invasive and radiation-free structural monitoring of the lung. The objective of this study was to test the frequency of abnormalities in lung sonography in patients with RA who did not have clinical signs or symptoms of lung disease. METHODS In a prospective study of 64 consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 40 healthy volunteers, we screened the pleura and the pulmonary parenchyma for sonographic abnormalities. All RA patients underwent high resolution computer tomography of the lung. RESULTS 28% of RA patients showed pleural nodules or B-line phenomena. In these patients, CT scans showed signs of incipient interstitial lung disease. Lung sonography showed sporadic abnormalities in 7% of the healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Transthoracic ultrasound of the lung is an inexpensive and safe tool to screen patients with RA for incipient pulmonary structural changes.
You scratch someone's back and we'll scratch yours: Collective reciprocity in social Q&A communities

Taking a structuration perspective and integrating reciprocity research in economics, this study examines the dynamics of reciprocal interactions in social question & answer communities. We postulate that individual users of social Q&A constantly adjust their kindness in the direction of the observed benefit and effort of others. Collective reciprocity emerges from this pattern of conditional strategy of reciprocation and helps form a structure that guides the very interactions that give birth to the structure. Based on a large sample of data from Yahoo! Answers, our empirical analysis supports the collective reciprocity premise, showing that the more effort (relative to benefit) an asker contributes to the community, the more likely the community will return the favor. On the other hand, the more benefit (relative to effort) the asker takes from the community, the less likely the community will cooperate in terms of providing answers. We conclude that a structuration view of reciprocity sheds light on the duality of social norms in online communities.
Botulinum Toxin as an Alternative to Treat the Spasm of the Near Reflex

Abstract We describe the case of an eight-year-old girl with complaints of headaches and blurred vision (uncorrected visual acuity: 0.1 decimal) that showed on examination miotic pupils, pseudomyopia, no ocular motility restrictions, and no associated neurological disease. After initial treatment with cyclopentolate for two months, pseudomyopia persisted with an intermittent and variable esotropia. Spectacles of +1 both eyes and atropine 1% one drop daily were then prescribed. The situation improved and remained stable for several weeks, with pseudomyopia and esotropia reappearing later. Finally, botulinum toxin (2.5 iu Botox®) was injected in the medial rectus muscle on two occasions and a visual therapy program based on the stimulation of fusional divergence, diplopia, and stereopsis consciousness was recommended. This prescription was combined with the use of atropine during the first few weeks. Orthotropia and corrected distance visual acuity of 1.0 were found three months after treatment. The evolution and clinical results of this case report suggest that botulinum toxin in combination with other therapeutic alternatives may be useful in the treatment of spasm of the near reflex.
Efavirenz does not meaningfully affect the single dose pharmacokinetics of 1200 mg raltegravir

Raltegravir is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor currently marketed at a dose of 400 mg twice daily (BID). Raltegravir for once daily regimen (QD) at a dose of 1200 mg (2 x 600 mg) is under development and offers a new treatment option for HIV‐1 infected treatment‐naive subjects. Since raltegravir is eliminated mainly by metabolism via an UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1 A1‐mediated glucuronidation pathway, co‐administration of UGT1A1 inducers may alter plasma levels of raltegravir. Efavirenz, an UGT1A1 inducer, was used to assess the impact of altered UGT activity on a 1200 mg QD dose of raltegravir. An open label, randomized, 2‐period fixed‐sequence Phase 1 study was performed in adult healthy male and female subjects (non‐childbearing potential) ≥ 19 and ≤55 years of age, with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 18.5 and ≤32.0 kg/m2. Subjects (n = 21) received a single oral dose of 1200 mg raltegravir at bedtime on an empty stomach on Day 1 in Period 1. After a washout period of at least 7 days, subjects received oral doses of 600 mg efavirenz QD at bedtime for 14 consecutive days in Period 2. Subjects received a single oral dose of 1200 mg raltegravir co‐administered with 600 mg efavirenz on Day 12 of Period 2. Pharmacokinetic (PK) samples were collected for 72 hours following raltegravir dosing and analyzed using a validated bioanalytical method to quantify raltegravir plasma concentrations. PK parameters were estimated using non‐compartmental analysis. Administration of single 1200 mg oral doses of raltegravir alone and co‐administered with multiple oral doses of efavirenz were generally well tolerated in healthy subjects. Co‐administration with efavirenz yielded geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and their associated 90% confidence intervals (90% CIs) for raltegravir AUC0‐∞, Cmax, and C24 of 0.86 (0.73, 1.01), 0.91 (0.70, 1.17), and 0.94 (0.76, 1.17), respectively. The results show that efavirenz modestly reduced the exposure of raltegravir. The reduction in raltegravir exposure is not considered clinically meaningful. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constitutive histone H2AX phosphorylation and ATM activation are strongly amplified during mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes

Abstract. Objectives: We recently postulated that constitutive activation of Ataxia Telangiectasia, Mutated (CAA) and constitutive histone H2AX phosphorylation (CHP) seen in cells not treated with genotoxic agents are the events triggered by DNA damage caused by endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), the product of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The aim of this study was to seek further evidence in support of this postulate, namely to test whether the levels of CAA and CHP correlate with cells metabolic activity. Materials & Methods: Peripheral blood lymphocytes are non‐cycling (G0) cells characterized by minimal rate of oxidative metabolism. A dramatic rise in transcriptional and translational activity, an increase in number of mitochondria, and induction of DNA replication, occur during their mitogenic stimulation. This classic model of cell activation was chosen to study a possible correlation between CAA and CHP versus metabolic activity and generation of ROS. Results: The levels of CAA and CHP in lymphocytes were increased many‐fold during their stimulation. This increase was paralleled by the rise in extent of endogenously generated ROS. The growth of stimulated lymphocytes in the presence glucose antimetabolite 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose led to markedly lowered translational activity, decreased ROS generation and correspondingly attenuated CHA and CAA. Conclusions: The present data are consistent with our postulate that CHP and CAA report DNA damage by endogenous oxidants whose level correlates with metabolic activity. Because cumulative DNA damage by ROS generated via oxidative metabolism is considered the key mechanism responsible for cell ageing and senescence the data imply that these processes are delayed in G0 quiescent lymphocytes or stem cells as compared with proliferating cells.
Hoxb1 Controls Cell Fate Specification and Proliferative Capacity of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells

The directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into neural stem cells (NSCs) of specific identities and the identification of endogenous pathways that may mediate expansion of NSCs are fundamental goals for the treatment of degenerative disorders and trauma of the nervous system. We report that timely induction of a Hoxb1 transgene in ESC‐derived NSCs resulted in the specification of NSCs toward a hindbrain‐specific identity through the activation of a rhombomere 4‐specific genetic program and the repression of anterior neural identity. This change was accompanied by changes in signaling pathways that pattern the dorsoventral (DV) axis of the nervous system and concomitant changes in the expression of DV neural progenitor markers. Furthermore, Hoxb1 mediated the maintenance and expansion of posterior neural progenitor cells. Hoxb1+ cells kept proliferating upon mitogen withdrawal and became transiently amplifying progenitors instead of terminally differentiating. This was partially attributed to Hoxb1‐dependent activation of the Notch signaling pathway and Notch‐dependent STAT3 phosphorylation at Ser 727, thus linking Hox gene function with maintenance of active Notch signaling and the JAK/STAT pathway. Thus, timely expression of specific Hox genes could be used to establish NSCs and neural progenitors of distinct posterior identities. ESC‐derived NSCs have a mixed DV identity that is subject to regulation by Hox genes. Finally, these findings set the stage for the elucidation of molecular pathways involved in the expansion of posterior NSCs and neural progenitors.
Addressing the risk of bacterial contamination of platelets within the United States: a history to help illuminate the future

A s was recently reviewed in this journal, a decade of interventions has reduced considerably the risks associated with bacterial contamination of platelet (PLT) units but has left us with a nontrivial residual risk that seems to defy implementation of a straightforward solution. In this context, Dr Harvey Alter pointed out that “the relative frequent transmission of bacteria by room-temperature-stored platelets was evident by 1986, but it was not until 18 years later (2004) that the routine bacteriologic testing of platelets was introduced in the United States. ” As the authors of an open letter to the blood banking community (Fig. 1) 10 years ago that appeared to play a role in galvanizing activity within the United States to address a problem that had been recognized for many years, but which the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was unsuccessful in addressing, we thought it might be useful to review the steps that participants in this drama have taken over the past decade to improve recipient safety. Whether the open letter truly served as a tipping point in the struggle to address this recognized fatal risk to patients, allowing steps to be taken to reduce the risk or whether it merely summarized the opinions of more people than had actually affixed their name to it, such a momentary event may illustrate the power of a seemingly small action occurring at the right time. While this commentary is not intended as a complete historical or scientific review, we offer this brief US perspective in the hope that some among our community will identify the opportunity to similarly seize the day and help us find a way to improve further the safety of blood product recipients both within the United States and within other regulatory environments.
A preliminary assessment of how monads are used in Haskell

Monads are a denotational approach to embed and reason about notions of computation such as mutable state, I/O, exceptions, and many others. Even though monads are technically language-agnostic, they are mostly associated to the Haskell language. Indeed, one could argue that the use of monads is one of the defining characteristic of the Haskell language. In practical terms, monadic programming in Haskell relies on the standard mtl package library, which provides 8 notions of computation: identity, error, list, state, reader, writer, RWS, and continuations. Despite their widespread use, we are not aware of any empirical investigations regarding how developers use monads. In this paper we present preliminary results of an empirical study that quantitatively describe how monads are used in a sample of the Hackage repository. Our results show that around 25% of sampled modules depend on the mtl package, whereas only 1% depend on alternative, yet compatible implementations. Nevertheless, usage patterns for each specific monad remain similar both for mtl and alternatives. Regarding usage, the state monad is by far the most used one, although all of them are used. We also report on the distribution of packages that use mtl, regarding their category and stability level.
Multiple‐Robot Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: A Review

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in unknown GPS‐denied environments is a major challenge for researchers in the field of mobile robotics. Many solutions for single‐robot SLAM exist; however, moving to a platform of multiple robots adds many challenges to the existing problems. This paper reviews state‐of‐the‐art multiple‐robot systems, with a major focus on multiple‐robot SLAM. Various issues and problems in multiple‐robot SLAM are introduced, current solutions for these problems are reviewed, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Relative lung and systemic bioavailability of sodium cromoglycate inhaled products using urinary drug excretion post inhalation

The relative lung and systemic bioavailability of sodium cromoglycate following inhalation by different methods have been determined using a urinary excretion pharmacokinetic method. On three separate randomised study days, 7 days apart, subjects inhaled (i) 4×5 mg from an Intal® metered dose inhaler (MDI), (ii) 4×5 mg from an MDI attached to a large volume spacer (MDI+SP) and (iii) 20 mg from an Intal Spinhaler® (DPI). Urine samples were provided at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 24 h post dose. The mean (S.D.) amount of sodium cromoglycate excreted in the urine during the first 30 min post inhalation was 38.1 (27.5), 222.3 (120.3) and 133.1 (92.2) μg following MDI, MDI+SP and DPI, respectively. The mean ratio (90% confidence interval) of these amounts excreted in the urine over the first 30 min for MDI+SP vs MDI, DPI vs MDI and MDI+SP vs DPI was 801.0 (358.0, 1244; p<0.002)%, 457.0 (244.0, 670.0; p<0.02)% and 262.4 (110.2, 414.5)%, respectively. Similarly for the 24 h cumulative amount of sodium cromoglycate excreted over the 24 h post inhalation the ratios were 375.4 (232.9, 517.9; p<0.005)%, 287.5 (183.4, 391.6; p<0.02)% and 211.4 (88.3, 334.5)%, respectively. The results highlight better lung deposition of sodium cromoglycate from a metered dose inhaler attached to a large volume spacer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RETRAINING RUNNING GAIT TO PREVENT LOWER EXTREMITY OVERUSE INJURIES: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Sullivan DP. Retraining Running Gait to Prevent Lower Extremity Overuse Injuries. Journal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research 2015;10(2):1-12. Purpose: Distance runners experience high rates of lower extremity overuse injuries due in part to a biomechanically inefficient gait pattern. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to determine if gait retraining can be used to effectively prevent the incidence of these overuse injuries. Methods: Articles on the subjects of risk factors for overuse injuries, biomechanical alterations contributing to the reduction of injuries, and the effects of gait retraining on injury treatment or prevention were compiled. These articles were analyzed in detail for pertinent methodologies and results relevant to the topic of this review. Results: Results showed multiple risk factors for runners including anthropometric and biomechanical, overtraining, and predisposition variables. Avoiding a rearfoot strike in favor of a midfoot or forefoot strike and increasing step rate were shown most effective in the reduction of injury-causing joint forces. The authors of many empirical studies who tested different gait retraining methods found significant reductions of joint forces absorbed by the lower limbs following gait retraining protocols. Some researchers did not find reductions in joint forces, but were able to attribute these inconsistencies with methodological flaws. Biofeedback, specifically visual feedback, proved to be a powerful method of successfully teaching a runner to alter his or her gait pattern. The authors of a case study even showed long-term retention of the new gait pattern in the participants of their study. Conclusion: Gait retraining appears to be a sound method for the prevention of running injuries.