Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
City of Minneapolis, Minnesota Municipal Tree Resource Analysis

We conduct research that demonstrates new ways in which trees add value to your community, converting results into financial terms to assist you in stimulating more investment in trees. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape , etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at: (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write:Tree Trust) coordinated data collection with trained volunteers. Resource Group) assisted with volunteer training and reference city data collection. James Ho and Kelaine Vargas (Forest Service, Center for Urban Forest Research) assisted with data collection and analysis. Department of Natural Resources) provided invaluable support for this project. Thank you all. The modeling and analysis tools used in this study have been subjected to peer-review through the publication process. However, this technical report relies on data obtained from other organizations and it has not been subjected to the full peer-review process.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study of Root and Canal Morphology of Maxillary first Molar in an Iranian Population

Background: The success of endodontic treatment depends on detection of all root canals so that they could be cleaned, shaped and obturated appropriately. To achieve this, it is essential to know root canals complexities such as the number of canals and types of each root canal, which are genetically determined. Besides, the highest failure rates occur in maxillary first molars. Objectives: Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the root and canal morphology of maxillary first molars in an Iranian population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: In this study, images of 156 extracted maxillary first molars placed in the waxed blocks were produced using CBCT. Two professional investigators checked images by NNT software in New Tom 3G system. Axial view and cross section of 1 mm thickness were used. The number of roots, canals, each roots canal, MB 1 -MB 2 orifice distances and canal types of the Vertucci classification were recorded. Finally, data was analyzed using SPSS16 software. Results: We found 100% of cases with three separated roots, from which 69.23% had four canals including MB 2 and 30.77% with three canals. 71.3% of mesiobuccal roots were two canals of type two Vertucci and 28.7% type 4 with the mean distance value of 2.55 ± 0.57 mm between MB 1 and MB 2 orifice. Conclusions: Most extracted maxillary first molars were three rooted and four canals. CBCT has relatively high reproducibility and accuracy of distinguishing MB 2 canal.
Gender and language use in scientific grant writing

Women in science, technology, engineering, and math are not equally represented across tenure-track career stages, and this extends to grant funding, where women applicants often have lower success rates compared with men. While gender bias in reviewers has been documented, it is currently unknown whether written language in grant applications varies predictably with gender to elicit bias against women. Here we analyse the text of ∼2000 public research summaries from the 2016 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) individual Discovery Grant (DG) program. We explore the relationship between language variables, inferred gender and career stage, and funding levels. We also analyse aggregated data from the 2012–2018 NSERC DG competitions to determine whether gender impacted the probability of receiving a grant for early-career researchers. We document a marginally significant gender difference in funding levels for successful grants, with women receiving $1756 less than men, and a large and significant difference in rejection rates among early-career applicants (women: 40.4% rejection; men: 33.0% rejection rate). Language variables had little ability to predict gender or funding level using predictive modelling. Our results indicate that NSERC funding levels and success rates differ between men and women, but we find no evidence that gendered language use affected funding outcomes.
Scale to measure tourist value of destination restaurant service

Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop a measurement scale to explain how international tourists, as consumers at destination restaurants, evaluate their dining experiences. Design/methodology/approach The measurement scale was developed using a three-stage process: initial item generation, scale development and scale evaluation. A total of 369 self-administered questionnaires validated the developed scale. Findings The results showed five dimensions of value of destination restaurant services: service quality value, authentic experience value, emotional experience value, social value and utility value. The scale, comprising 40 items, was reliable and valid for assessing the value of destination restaurant services. Research limitations/implications This scale revealed new items that help explain the value of various destination restaurant services among international tourists. The developed scale could be used to extend the research model with antecedents of value and consequences of value for destination restaurant services. Practical implications Considering the popularity of food tourism among international tourists, the developed scale should be useful in assessing how tourists value destination restaurant services, thereby helping restaurant managers create effective marketing strategies. Originality/value This study contributes with a new, reliable and valid measurement scale that was specifically developed to address the unique value of destination restaurant services.
Liquidity Risk Drivers and Bank Business Models

This paper examines the bank liquidity risk while using a maturity mismatch indicator of loans and deposits (LTDm) during a specific period. Core banking activities that are based on the process of maturity transformation are the most exposed to liquidity risk. The financial crisis in 2007–2009 highlighted the importance of liquidity to the functioning of both the financial markets and the banking sector. We investigate how characteristics of a bank, such as size, capital, and business model, are related to liquidity risk, while using a sample of European banks in the period after the financial crisis, from 2011 to 2017. While employing a generalized method of moment two-step estimator, we find that the banking size increases the liquidity risk, whereas capital is not an effective deterrent. Moreover, our findings reveal that, for savings banks, income diversification raises the liquidity risk while investment banks reliant on non-deposit funding decrease the exposure to liquidity risk.
The Scale and Scope of Preventable Hospital Deaths

In 2008, the lack of a robust estimate for the proportion of patients experiencing preventable deaths in English acute hospitals was fuelling debate and hindering progress in tackling the underlying problems associated with serious patient harm. In this thesis a narrative literature review and a study of harm measures in a single acute hospital are used to guide the choice of method for a study to determine the proportion of preventable hospital deaths. A subsequent retrospective case record review (RCRR) of 1000 randomly sampled deaths from 10 English acute hospitals found the proportion of preventable deaths to be 5.2% (95% CI, 3.8% to 6.6%) which would equate to 11,859 (95% CI 8712 to 14 983) preventable deaths per year in NHS hospitals in England, 60% of whom had a life expectancy of less than 1 year. The proportion was lower than previous estimates based on US RCRR studies but consistent with a recent Dutch study which reviewed 3,983 hospital deaths. The majority of underlying problems in care were related to clinical monitoring, diagnostic error and drug and fluid problems, and 44% occurred during ward care. Problems were more likely to occur in surgical than medical patients (23.6% vs12.7%). Three-quarters were omissions, rather than commissions, in care and accumulated throughout the hospital episode. While there was a strong positive correlation between proportions of preventable deaths in hospitals and MRSA bacteraemia rates (r=0.73; p<0.02) there were no other significant associations with common measures of safety, including HSMR. Improvements are needed to reduce human error and to provide better quality of care for acutely ill older people to reduce serious harm in acute hospitals. A national mortality review process, based on this study, is to be rolled out across the NHS and will provide one mechanism for monitoring progress.
ABC of colorectal diseases. Pilonidal sinus.

*;> ; ; 0:; Y A pilonidal sinus consists of a characteristic midline opening or series of penings in the natal cleft about 5cm from the anus. The skin enters the '. i''-,. '' sinus, giving the opening a smooth edge. This primary track leads into a subcutaneous cavity which contains granulation tissue and usually a nest of . :*. 'f.i r:. i. '~ i i,f. hairs, which may be seen projecting through the skin opening. Many patients have secondary lateral openings 2-5 cm above the midline pit. The skin opening and superficial portion of the track are lined with squamous 0e$ R 100 cell epithelium, but the deep cavity and its extensions are not.
Empirical Testing of the Implementation of Supply Chain Management and Successful Supporting Factors of Management Accounting Information Systems

Abstract-This study aims to measure empirically tested conceptual models regarding the magnitude of intellectual capital influence, operational risk management, and business strategy on the effectiveness of management accounting information systems and their implications on the performance of a balanced scorecard based company. This research used sensus as sampling technique, it used all existing population. This research was conducted using a survey method in Banking Sectors in Indonesia based on the supply chain management. Data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach alongside a Linear Structural Relationship (Lisrel) analysis tool. The results of the study found that intellectual capital, operational risk management, and business strategy have a significant positive effect on the effectiveness of accounting information system, while its significance on the performance of balanced scorecard based company operational risk management and business strategy alone has a significant positive effect. While the effectiveness of accounting information systems are known to have significant implications on the companyâ€™s performance-based balanced scorecard.
Minority Students Severely Underrepresented in Science, Technology Engineering and Math.

Minority students, Asians excepted, are severely underrepresented in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) at the national level in the United States [23], [25], 26]. Overall, these students encounter greater difficulties in obtaining undergraduate and graduate degrees [25] and typically take longer to graduate than their Caucasian and Asian peers. Furthermore, minority students enter college less prepared than non-minority students [4], 21]. Data from the National Science Foundation as of 2006 on underrepresented minorities (URMs) receiving doctorates in STEM fields is presented in Figure 1 below. The proportion of doctorates awarded to URMs lags far behind their representation in the general US population. Only 8.34% of the STEM doctorates awarded in 2006 were given to URMs, despite making up approximately 28% of the US population. Furthermore, a report to Congress by the United States Government Accountability Office [36] noted that while the percentage of underrepresented minorities nationwide increased from 13% (1994-95) to 19% (2002-03), the total number of STEM doctorates awarded to the same group dropped during this period from 8,335 to 7,310. In response to the chronic under-representation of minorities in the sciences, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) created the Minority Opportunities in Research (MORE) Division and similar academic intervention programs. The amount of funds dedicated to these programs reflects the commitment of the MORE Division in addressing this problem. In 2007, NIGMS’ annual budget was $1.9 billion, of which nearly $126 million was spent on its MORE programs [22]. This amount includes the Minority Biomedical Research SupportResearch Initiative for Scientific Enhancement (MBRS-RISE) program, the Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC), Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP), and the Bridges to the Baccalaureate and Bridges to the PhD programs. The present study examined the components and the effectiveness of large MORE programs at three public universities which have been supported by a variety of NIH and NSF sources.
Drug regimen compliance : issues in clinical trials and patient management

Measuring Compliance in Clinical Trials and Ambulatory Care Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials of Compliance Achieving and Assessing Therapeutics Coverage Modelling and Simulation of Variable Drug Exposure Promises of a Measurement Breakthrough The Place of Microelectronic Systems in Measuring Compliance Non-compliance and Clinical Trials, Regulatory Perspectives Regulatory Issues Pharmacoeconomic Impact of Variable Compliance Rational Prescribing in Suboptimal Compliance The Role of Compliance in Clinical Care Behavioral Strategies for Long-term Survival of Organ Transplant Recipients Commercial Implications of Reliable Patient Information Index
Factors influencing ammonia metabolism during prolonged exercise in man

The studies that comprise this thesis were undertaken to obtain further information on ammonia/ammonium (NH3) metabolism during submaximal exercise and how it might be influenced by (1) exercise intensity and duration, (2) carbohydrate ingestion and (3) branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) feeding. A total of 25 subjects participated in these three studies. The first study utilised active, untrained subjects who cycled at approximately 38 and 70% peak oxygen consumption (V02peak) for 40 min. These workrates represented low intensity (LI) and moderate intensity (MI) exercise, respectively. The other studies involved endurance trained cyclists or triathletes. The second study required subjects to cycle at approximately 65% V02peak for 120 min with, or without, the ingestion of carbohydrate. In the BCAA study, subjects cycled for 60 min at 70% V02peak with, or without, prior BCAA supplementation. In all trials blood samples were taken from a forearm vein and analysed for metabolites and insulin. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest and during exercise. These samples were subsequently analysed for various metabolites.
Caribbean Mothers: Identity and experience in the U.K.

To write that black mothers in general, and Caribbean mothers in particular, have long been denied a history of their own making may seem an obvious introduction to the audience for whom this book seems intended. In fact, it is within this context that many feminist writers follow a well-used pattern of argument: they highlight the dearth of literature on the topic, they acknowledge and celebrate prior work and usually they emphasize the limitations of their own work, thereby pointing out further gaps. The recognition that feminists do not write only for one another, that black women do not only write for audiences that are black and female is the point Tracey Reynolds is making. Whether there is growing interest (or not) in writings about and by the black women of Britain, the fact that black mothers in the United Kingdom (UK) both shape and are shaped by constructions of mothering that emerge out of the societies in which they live and that their presence is not invisible is a point worth stressing. Indeed the acknowledgement of this may help to expand the book’s audience.
An evaluation of the University of Chester’s dietetic programmes: Do they enhance employment and meet the needs of the workforce?

Although evidence in relation to enhancing employability, readiness for practice, and meeting workforce needs, exists from previous dietetic studies in Australia, Canada, and the United States, there is a lack of research into these areas in the United Kingdom. The focus of this study, therefore, was to identify graduate and employers perceptions of the dietetic programmes offered at one of the United Kingdom’s Higher Education Institutions, namely the University of Chester. It is expected that the benefits of the findings will be twofold; firstly, they will potentially impact on the curriculum content of the University of Chester’s dietetic programme in relation to producing graduates who are fit for practice, and secondly, it is envisaged that they will improve the employability prospects and readiness to practice of dietetic graduates. Postal and email questionnaires were sent to 218 graduates from the University (response rate 27% n=59) and one-to-one semi structured taped interviews were conducted with NHS dietetic managers (n=8). Mixed research paradigms were employed. Qualitative data was analysed using SPSS (V19.0) and qualitative data analysed using thematic analysis processes. Results showed that 64% (n=38) of the graduates who responded felt satisfied that their dietetic programme ensured that they were fit for purpose as a graduate level dietitian. Significant differences existed between undergraduate and postgraduate responses in 4 skill areas namely; communication (p=0.015) interpersonal skills (p=0.013) professional attitude (p=0.015) and initiative (p=0.029). Two common themes occurred from the NHS department managers and graduate questionnaire responses, namely; the need for further development of motivational interviewing and behavioural change techniques and job application support and interview skills. In conclusion the results of this study suggest that both the needs of graduates and NHS department managers, in relation to preparedness for practice and fitness for purpose, are being met. However, graduates and NHS managers identified the development of motivational interviewing and behavioural change techniques and job application support and interview skills as an important need within the curriculum.
Research Short-term effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on breathing pattern: an interventional study in adult intensive care

Introduction Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is used in mechanically ventilated patients to increase pulmonary volume and improve gas exchange. However, in clinical practice and with respect to adult, ventilator-dependent patients, little is known about the short-term effects of PEEP on breathing patterns. Methods In 30 tracheally intubated, spontaneously breathing patients, we sequentially applied PEEP to the trachea at 0, 5 and 10 cmH 2 O, and then again at 5 cmH 2 O for 30 s each, using the automatic tube compensation mode. Results Increases in PEEP were strongly associated with drops in minute ventilation (P < 0.0001) and respiratory rate (P < 0.0001). For respiratory rate, a 1 cmH2O change in PEEP in either direction resulted in a change in rate of 0.4 breaths/min. The effects were exclusively due to changes in expiratory time. Effects began to manifest during the first breath and became fully established in the second breath for each PEEP level. Identical responses were found when PEEP levels were applied for 10 or 60 s. Post hoc analysis revealed a similar but stronger response in patients with impaired respiratory system compliance.
The Effects of Patient and Nursing Unit Characteristics on Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Illness in Thailand

The purpose of this cross-sectional correlational study was to examine the effects of patient and nursing unit characteristics on nursing-sensitive patient outcomes. The conceptual framework for this study is generated from the Quality Health Outcomes Model. The patient characteristics were patient age, gender, education, duration of illness, severity of illness, and illness representation. The nursing unit characteristics were nurse experience, nurse staffing, nursing unit competency, and group cohesion. Nursingsensitive patient outcomes were patient’s confidence in self-care and patient’s perception of being well-cared for. Stratified sampling was employed to recruit a sample of 130 hospitalized chronically ill patients in 8 medical care units of 4 hospitals in Thailand. A face-to-face questionnaire interview was used to collect data from patients. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 90. Nurse staffing data were obtained from nursing administrative data for each unit. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationships, test a mediator, and analyze the contextual effect of the study variables. Severity of illness (β = -.315, p <.01) and illness representation (β = -.234, p < .05) were significant predictors of patient’s confidence in self-care, when controlling for nursing unit characteristics. Illness representation partially mediated the relationship between severity of illness and patient’s confidence in self-care. Nursing unit characteristics were not significant predictors of patient’s confidence in self-care, when controlling for patient characteristics. There was a significant individual effect on
User generated content presenting brands on social media increases young adults’ purchase intention

Abstract On Facebook, companies not only actively spread branded content themselves, they also encourage users to do so. Hence, persuasive messages blend into the stream of content, making it increasingly difficult for users to identify and cope with this covert advertising content. In an experimental study, we confronted users to disclosed advertisements; brand; and user-generated posts allowing us to discern effects on persuasion knowledge, affective reaction and, in turn, purchase intention. Furthermore, we manipulated viewer’s attention to the posts. In line with the Persuasion Knowledge Model, we found that user-generated content did not trigger persuasion knowledge and a subsequent negative affect. Thus, user-generated content led to higher purchase intention compared to disclosed advertisement and brand posts. Surprisingly, participants’ heightened attention decreased their negative affective reaction towards the advertisement post compared to the brand post. We conclude that policy makers should consider employing advertising disclosures for user-generated content.