Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human phase response curve to a 1 h pulse of bright white light

• The human circadian pacemaker generates near‐24‐h rhythms that set the timing of many physiological, metabolic and behavioural body rhythms, and is synchronized to environmental time primarily by the 24 h light–dark cycle. • The magnitude and direction of the resetting response of the pacemaker to light depends on the time of day of exposure, and the change in responses over the day is summarized in a phase response curve (PRC). • A previous PRC showed that a 6.7 h bright white light exposure maximally shifted the circadian pacemaker by over 3 h. • We show that a PRC to a 1 h bright white light pulse maximally shifted the circadian pacemaker by ∼2 h, despite representing only ∼15% of the exposure duration. • This study demonstrates that the circadian pacemaker is sensitive to short‐duration light pulses with a non‐linear relationship between light duration and the amount of resetting.
S-DEMETHYLATION BY MICROSOMAL ENZYMES.

The removal of methyl groups from thioethers to yield formaldehyde and free thiols by rat liver microsomal enzymes has been demonstrated. S-Demethylation requires NADP, glucose-6-phosphate, Mg++, nicotinamide, oxygen, microsomes and a soluble NADPH-generating system. NAD does not substitute for NADP. This reaction occurs predominantly in liver, but also to a very small extent in kidney and spleen. A variety of compounds of the type R—S—CH3 are S-demethylated, including compounds in which R is a purine, hydrogen, a barbiturate, benzothiazole, an amino acid and an amidine. Rat, rabbit, and mouse liver preparations demethylated 6-methylthiopurine and methylthiopseudourea, but to different degrees suggesting more than one S-demethylating enzyme. There was no significant difference in S-demethylation between male and female rats.
Prognostic roles for fibroblast growth factor receptor family members in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

Background Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are rare, highly malignant, and poorly understood sarcomas. The often poor outcome of MPNST highlights the necessity of identifying prognostic predictors for this aggressive sarcoma. Here, we investigate the role of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family members in human MPNSTs. Results aCGH and bioinformatics analysis identified frequent amplification of the FGFR1 gene. FISH analysis revealed that 26.9% MPNST samples had amplification of FGFR1, with both focal and polysomy patterns observed. IHC identified that FGFR1 protein expression was positively correlated with FGFR1 gene amplification. High expression of FGFR1 protein was associated with better overall survival (OS) and was an independent prognostic predictor for OS of MPNST patients. Additionally, combined expression of FGFR1 and FGFR2 protein characterized a subtype of MPNST with better OS. FGFR4 protein was expressed 82.3% of MPNST samples, and was associated with poor disease-free survival. Materials and Methods We performed microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) profiling of two cohorts of primary MPNST tissue samples including 25 patients treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and 26 patients from Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to validate the gene amplification detected by aCGH analysis. Another cohort of 63 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded MPNST samples (including 52 samples for FISH assay) was obtained to explore FGFR1, 2, 3, and 4 protein expression by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. Conclusions Our integrated genomic and molecular studies provide evidence that FGFRs play different prognostic roles in MPNST.
Hospital and asylum architecture in England 1840–1914: building for health care

Feel lonely? What about reading books? Book is one of the greatest friends to accompany while in your lonely time. When you have no friends and activities somewhere and sometimes, reading book can be a great choice. This is not only for spending the time, it will increase the knowledge. Of course the b=benefits to take will relate to what kind of book that you are reading. And now, we will concern you to try reading hospital and asylum architecture in england 184
Perioperative β-Blockers : Use With Caution Perioperative β Blockers in Patients Having Non-Cardiac Surgery : A Meta-Analysis

Background: Given the high prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD), there continues to be great interest in minimally invasive ways to evaluate for coronary stenoses. Currently, CT coronary angiography is being used with increasing frequency, but its sensitivity and specificity are still unclear. Objective: To determine the accuracy of CT angiography as compared to conventional coronary angiography in patients at high risk for CAD. Design: Prospective, multicenter, international diagnostic study. Participants: To be eligible, patients had to be aged at least 40 years and be referred for coronary angiography for suspected symptomatic heart disease. Patients were not eligible if they had undergone cardiac surgery, had decreased renal function, or had elevated coronary calcium scoring (Agatston score >600). Methods: Each patient underwent coronary calcium scoring and CT coronary angiography (with 64-row scanners) before also undergoing cardiac catheterization. For CT images, 2 independent observers quantitated the degree of stenosis, and a reading was performed with an available software program. Similar segments of artery were identified and measured with conventional coronary angiography. Obstructive lesions were considered clinically important if >50%. Results: 291 patients were enrolled (median age, 59 years; 74% were male). Median time between CT study and conventional angiography was 10 hours. Overall, 56% of patients were found to have significant obstructive CAD. The sensitivity for CT angiography was 85% and specificity was 90%. For this population with a 56% prevalence, the positive-predictive value was 91% and the negative-predictive value was 83%. In a secondary analysis, CT angiography compared favorably with conventional angiography in predicting the need for coronary interventions. Only 2 patients had serious reactions to contrast dye, requiring hospitalization, and there were no cases of renal failure reported. Conclusions: CT coronary angiography can identify significant coronary stenoses in patients at high risk for heart disease. However, 17% of patients with a negative study were found to have significant obstruction on conventional angiography, making it unlikely that CT has adequate accuracy to replace conventional angiography. Reviewer's Comments: The accompanying editorial offers strong words on the judicious (or lack thereof) use of new technologies, offering concern over the quick adaption and use of unproven diagnostic tests. At this point, the most clearly defined role for CT angiography has been to quickly "rule out" significant disease in lower-risk patients presenting with chest symptoms (partly as a way to avoid need for hospitalization). Now we have further information on patients at higher risk. Clearly, the test has the capacity to identify many patients with CAD. However, it remains unclear to me that it has any use in this high-risk population. (Reviewer-Mark E. Pasanen, MD).
Two‐step activation of T cells, clonal expansion and subsequent Th1 cytokine production, is essential for the development of clinical autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Lewis rats immunized with guinea pig myelin basic protein (GPBP) emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) do not develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, we found that GPBP/IFA with pertussis toxin (PT) administration induced full‐blown EAE. By comparing the immunological status of rats immunized with GPBP/IFA plus PT [PT (+) rats] with that of rats immunized with GPBP/IFA alone [PT (–) rats], we tried to elucidate the pathomechanisms of EAE. Analysis of the TCR clonality by CDR3 spectratyping revealed that Vβ8. 2 and Vβ10 expansion of T cells occurred in both PT (–) and PT (+) rats, indicating that activation of T cells at this level is not sufficient for the development of clinical EAE. Quantitaion of cytokine mRNA and protein revealed that PT (–) rats showed a Th2‐dominant, while PT (+) rats showed a Th1‐dominant, cytokine profile. Furthermore, administration of IL‐12, but not of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α, induced clinical EAE in GPBP/IFA‐immunized animals. Taken together, two‐step activation, activation of T cells bearing a particular type of TCR by antigen immunization and subsequent overproduction of Th1 cytokines, mainlyIL‐12 production, induced by appropriate adjuvants is essential for the development of clinical EAE.
There was a long pause: influencing turn-taking behaviour in human-human and human-computer spoken dialogues

We report an experiment designed to compare human-human spoken dialogues with human-computer spoken dialogues. Our primary purpose was to collect data on protocols that were used to control the interaction. Three groups of subjects (35 total) were each asked to complete tasks over the phone. The experimental procedure was a new variation on the Wizard of Oz simulation technique that allowed much clearer comparisons to be made between human-human and human-computer interactions.Previous studies have shown that there are significant differences between human-human and human-computer interactions. While some effects can be attributed to the beliefs about computers the subjects bring to the task, others appear to be connected with the ongoing interaction styles of the speakers. Our study focuses on effects created by differences in interaction style. An important feature of the study is the use of two wizards, a technique which resulted in a realistically degraded communication channel.A second important feature of this study is the emphasis on computational models of spoken dialogue processing. One of the aims of Wizard of Oz studies is to identify language restrictions that will make the understanding task easier yet still be acceptable to the users. We observed that subjects could indeed successfully carry out their task with a restricted turn-taking protocol. More importantly, however, the experiment pointed us in the direction of a less restricted protocol and provided the data for a more sophisticated computational model of turn-taking.An important aspect of our study is the light it appears to shed on conflicting results in the literature. We discuss how these conflicts can be explained in terms of differences in interlocution style. We argue that ongoing interlocution style has a significant effect on the dialogue and over-rides a priori models of interlocutor ability.
Early Sexual Abuse and Clinical Depression in Adult Life

Sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence was studied in 286 working-class mothers living in Islington, who were contacted on three occasions over a two-year period. The sample was collected primarily to study current vulnerability factors in the onset of depression, but childhood measures were also included to look at longer-term risk factors. Twenty-five women – 9% of the sample – reported sexual abuse involving physical contact before age 17 and, of these, 64% had case depression in a three-year period (which included the year before first interview). While such abuse was related to other earlier stressful experiences such as parental indifference, violence to the child and institutional stay, it was associated with an increased risk of depression over and above these factors. Sexual abuse before age 17 also related to having been divorced/separated or never having married/cohabited.
The effect of transfer function estimation errors on the filtered-x LMS algorithm

The filtered-x LMS algorithm, which is commonly implemented in active noise and vibration control systems, requires an estimate of the cancellation path transfer function to maintain algorithm stability. This correspondence considers the effect of errors in this estimate on the stability of the algorithm implemented in the time domain, concluding that while a maximum phase error of /spl plusmn/90/spl deg/ is a bound for stability, there is no simple relationship between error and stability within this region. >
Industrial application of uncapped Al2O3 and firing-through Al-BSF in open rear passivated solar cells

Current bottlenecks for industrial application of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) on open rear passivated solar cells are low growth rate, firing stability of thin and uncapped layers, and Firing-through BSF formation during co-firing. Long term stability results on the performance of a high throughput ALD prototype, the Levitrack, are presented. Excellent passivation properties have been obtained after firing: for 12 nm thick films deposited on p-Fz (1.8 Ω·cm) a T<inf>eff</inf> of 2.2 ms (Δn=3×10<sup>15</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>) was obtained that remained constant over a period of 20 weeks. Furthermore, we report on the passivation quality of the firing-through BSF and Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> coating as function of wafer peak temperatures between 790 and 845°C. Bifacial cells covered for 50% Al contacts resulted in local BSF thicknesses of 5 to 7 μm and FF of 78% and 77% for the best mc and mono crystalline cell respectively. For this study 12 nm uncapped aluminum oxide layers are deposited on the rear of p-type mc and mono bifacial cells. LBIC measurements confirm literature reports that uncapped Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> passivation in general is heavily dependent on the wafer peak temperatures during firing in the investigated range.
How Does Advertising Depend on Competition? Evidence from U.S. Brewing

The relationship between market structure and advertising has been extensively studied, but has generated sharply opposing theoretical predictions, as well as inconclusive empirical findings, likely because of severe endogeneity concerns. We exploit the 2008 merger of Miller and Coors in the U.S. brewing industry to examine how changes in local concentration affect firms’ advertising behavior. Well-established regional preferences over beer brands, and the sharp increase in concentration from the merger, make this an excellent setting to analyze this question. We find a significant positive effect of local market concentration on advertising expenditures: a 100-point increase in the Herfindahl–Hirschmann Index measure of concentration increases advertising per capita by about 5%. Our findings shed light on how and when firms choose to deploy advertising. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017. 2889. This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing.
Structure and function of endosomes in plant cells

Summary Endosomes are a heterogeneous collection of organelles that function in the sorting and delivery of internalized material from the cell surface and the transport of materials from the Golgi to the lysosome or vacuole. Plant endosomes have some unique features, with an organization distinct from that of yeast or animal cells. Two clearly defined endosomal compartments have been studied in plant cells, the trans-Golgi network (equivalent to the early endosome) and the multivesicular body (equivalent to the late endosome), with additional endosome types (recycling endosome, late prevacuolar compartment) also a possibility. A model has been proposed in which the trans-Golgi network matures into a multivesicular body, which then fuses with the vacuole to release its cargo. In addition to basic trafficking functions, endosomes in plant cells are known to function in maintenance of cell polarity by polar localization of hormone transporters and in signaling pathways after internalization of ligand-bound receptors. These signaling functions are exemplified by the BRI1 brassinosteroid hormone receptor and by receptors for pathogen elicitors that activate defense responses. After endocytosis of these receptors from the plasma membrane, endosomes act as a signaling platform, thus playing an essential role in plant growth, development and defense responses. Here we describe the key features of plant endosomes and their differences from those of other organisms and discuss the role of these organelles in cell polarity and signaling pathways.
Factors Influencing Physicians' Acceptance of e-Health in Developing Country: An Empirical Study

E-Health is one of the solutions to provide better access for patients and physician to healthcare facilities. In developing countries, e-Health is particularly important due to a shortage of physician and medical workers. Although most physicians in developing countries like Bangladesh acknowledge the benefits of e-Health, low adoption is not uncommon. The objective of this study is to identify the critical factors affecting e-Health adoption among physicians in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey questionnaire method was used for this study. The structural equation modeling SEM with the partial least square PLS approach was used to analyze the data. The study found that Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence and Personal Innovativeness had a significant impact on the behavioral intention to use e-Health, while Facilitating Conditions had no significant effect. The findings of this study will facilitate the degree of more acceptance of new technology by the physicians for their own betterment.
Fine tuning of olfactory orientation behaviour by the interaction of oscillatory and single neuronal activity

We used a simple sensory and motor system to investigate the neuronal mechanisms of olfactory orientation behaviour. The main olfactory organs of terrestrial molluscs, the experimental animals used in this work, are located on the tips of their tentacles, which display complex movements when they explore a new environment. By reconstructing the trajectory of the tentacle tip (‘nose’) movements in three dimensions in freely moving snails, we showed that the protracted tentacles performed continuous scanning, both spontaneously and in response to odours. Odour applications elicited a brief startle‐like quiver of the tentacle in a concentration‐independent manner as well as a concentration‐dependent contraction. Previous work showed that activation of an identified cerebral motoneuron, MtC3, produces tentacle contraction. Here we showed that in semi‐intact preparations, MtC3 responded to odours in a concentration‐dependent manner, similar to the tentacle contraction response to the same odours in intact animals. This observation suggests that MtC3 is involved in the central control of the scanning area by regulating the tentacle length. Using voltage‐sensitive dyes and imaging, we demonstrated that during the hyperpolarizing phases of oscillations in the procerebral lobe, the main olfactory centre of the CNS of terrestrial molluscs, MtC3 spike frequency significantly decreased. We also showed that direct activation of the procerebral lobe resulted in the phasic inhibition of MtC3. This is therefore an example of an olfactory system in which the interaction of oscillatory and single neuronal activity plays an important role in the fine tuning of orientation behaviour to suit the particular odour environment.
Improving Vision Among Older Adults

A major problem for the rapidly growing population of older adults (age 65 and over) is age-related declines in vision, which have been associated with increased risk of falls and vehicle crashes. Research suggests that this increased risk is associated with declines in contrast sensitivity and visual acuity. We examined whether a perceptual-learning task could be used to improve age-related declines in contrast sensitivity. Older and younger adults were trained over 7 days using a forced-choice orientation-discrimination task with stimuli that varied in contrast with multiple levels of additive noise. Older adults performed as well after training as did college-age younger adults prior to training. Improvements transferred to performance for an untrained stimulus orientation and were not associated with changes in retinal illuminance. Improvements in far acuity in younger adults and in near acuity in older adults were also found. These findings indicate that behavioral interventions can greatly improve visual performance for older adults.
Phylogenetic Relationships in the Commelinaceae: II. A Cladistic Analysis of rbcL Sequences and Morphology

Abstract The chloroplast-encoded gene rbcL was sequenced in 30 genera of Commelinaceae to evaluate intergeneric relationships within the family. The Australian Cartonema was consistently placed as sister to the rest of the family. The Commelineae is monophyletic, while the monophyly of Tradescantieae is in question, due to the position of Palisota as sister to all other Tradescantieae plus Commelineae. The phylogeny supports the most recent classification of the family with monophyletic tribes Tradescantieae (minus Palisota) and Commelineae, but is highly incongruent with a morphology-based phylogeny. This incongruence is attributed to convergent evolution of morphological characters associated with pollination strategies, especially those of the androecium and inflorescence. Analysis of the combined data sets produced a phylogeny similar to the rbcL phylogeny. The combined analysis differed from the molecular one, however, in supporting the monophyly of Dichorisandrinae. The family appears to have arisen in the Old World, with one or possibly two movements to the New World in the Tradescantieae, and two (or possibly one) subsequent movements back to the Old World; the latter are required to account for the Old World distribution of Coleotrypinae and Cyanotinae, which are nested within a New World clade.
Tissue Integration of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel: An Experimental Study of Periurethral, Perivesical, and Mammary Gland Tissue in the Pig

BACKGROUND Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) is a nondegradable water-based polymer with high viscoelasticity. The gel is used as a tissue filler, the only risk being prolonged infection with anaerobic, contaminating microorganisms if not treated early with broad-spectrum antibiotics. OBJECTIVE With silicone gel as reference, PAAG tissue integration and migration was studied in a longitudinal study of the pig. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-one pigs were used. PAAG and silicone gel were injected into mammary tissue, and PAAG was injected into urethral or bladder wall or the anal canal. Tissues and regional lymph nodes were examined at 1, 1 1/2, 3, 3 1/2, 6, 12, and 14 months, and other lymph nodes and organs were examined at 1, 6, 12, and 14 months. RESULTS PAAG was invaded by macrophages and giant cells that were gradually replaced by a network of fibrous tissue. Silicone gel was seen inside these cells or as large vacuoles, surrounded by a fibrous capsule. Regional lymph nodes contained PAAG only at 1 1/2 months and silicone gel at 12 months. CONCLUSION PAAG is a stable, viscoelastic bulking agent, which unlike silicone gel is slowly integrated within its host tissue via a thin fibrous network. Long-term risk of fibrosis and migration is minimal.
Intrasellar pituitary tissue pressure, tumour size and endocrine status--an international comparison in 107 patients.

In a two-centre study, intrasellar pituitary tissue pressure was measured at transsphenoidal surgery in 107 patients with pituitary adenomas or intrasellar cysts. 'Normal' ISP in patients under anaesthesia with small microadenomas (< 5 mm diameter) or a partial empty sella was 12 +/- 3 mmHg. Raised ISP (> 15 mmHg) was found in 75% of cases. The highest pressures were recorded in tumours with parasellar invasion (30 +/- 2; p < 0.01) irrespective of size and extension in other directions. In non-invasive lesions there was no correlation between the level of raised ISP and tumour size. Hypopituitarism and stalk compression syndrome were both associated with higher ISP than patients with normal pituitary function.