Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction to a Series of Studies on Abused, Delinquent, Violent, and Homicidal Youth and Adults

To study the risks of abuse and homicide, 5 studies of unique groups of abused, delinquent, violent, homicidal, and criminal cases representing ages from infancy to adulthood are presented with areas (AUCs) under the receiver operating curves (ROCs) and odds ratios (OK) for commission of homicide. Delinquent samples compared show changes in risks since the early 1900s. Probation-parole tests contrasted reformed offenders with recidivists. Current data substantively extended examination of risks to infants and to female cases, increasing accuracy of prediction from the previous best AUCs = 0.69−0.76 to AUCs = 0.74−0.97. Empirically supported treatments may reduce onset of delinquency or reoffense beyond 10 to 40% if targeted to developmental risks among at-risk youth and within high-homicide urban areas. Parental costs of raising an abused, delinquent, or violent youth from birth to 17 years were double those of controls and, for a youth who committed murder, 23 times higher. Use of risk-based screening and empirical treatments are legal under U.S., British, and European constitutions and the U.N. Charter.
Intravacuolar Membrane Lysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The integral membrane protein Cvt17/Aut5p is a putative lipase essential for intravacuolar lysis of autophagic bodies. It is localized at the endoplasmic reticulum, from which it is targeted via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway to intravacuolar MVB vesicles. Proteinase protection experiments now demonstrate that the Aut5 amino terminus is located in the cytosol, and the carboxyl terminus is located inside the ER lumen. In contrast to procarboxypeptidase S, targeting of Cvt17/Aut5p to MVB vesicles is not blocked in cells lacking the ubiquitin ligase Tul1p or the deubiquitinating enzyme Doa4p. Also, truncation of the amino-terminal cytosolic Cvt17/Aut5p domain does not inhibit its targeting to MVB vesicles. These findings suggest that similar to Sna3p sorting of Cvt17/Aut5p to MVB vesicles is independent of ubiquitination. By fusing the ER retention/retrieval signal HDEL to the carboxyl terminus of Cvt17/Aut5p, we generated a construct that is held back at the ER. Detailed analysis of this construct suggests an essential role of vacuolar targeting of Cvt17/Aut5p for its function. Consistently,aut5Δ cells are found impaired in vacuolar degradation of autophagocytosed peroxisomes. Importantly, biochemical and morphological data further suggest involvement of Cvt17/Aut5p in disintegration of intravacuolar MVB vesicles. This points to a general function of Cvt17/Aut5p in intravacuolar membrane breakdown.
Treatment of rice with diatomaceous earth and effects on the mortality of the Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Diatomaceous earth has been demonstrated in Australia, Germany, and the USA to protect stored products from infestation by insect pests. However, application of diatomaceous earth has rarely been used in Asian countries for the protection of stored grain from insect damage. These facts and the paucity of existing data from the tropics prompted the present study of storage with diatomaceous earth. We exposed rice treated with the diatomaceous earth product Fossil Shield® to infestation by Tribolium castaneum Herbst. During the dry season, when tests were conducted, the mean temperature was 29 ± 2 °C and relative humidity was 80 ± 3 %. The population of T. castaneum in rice was significantly reduced after treatment with Fossil Shield®. Diatomaceous earth at 1 g and 2 g per kilogram rice reduced population growth of T. castaneum to a coefficient of 0.27, and 0.02 respectively after 42 days. Fossil Shield® at 0.5 g per kilogram rice increased the mortality of T. castaneum, but did not stop population growth.
A New Technique for the Assessment and Modification of Feigned Memory Deficit

The two-alternative forced-choice technique has been successful in the assessment of functional sensory deficits because it has the power to assess deception or exaggeration. This report describes how the procedure can be used for the assessment and modification of a memory complaint. Three case studies are presented. In two cases the supposed deficit was judged to be functional. In a third case a brain-injured patient “cheated” to obtain correct answers, suggesting that he was trying to hide a deficit and not attempting to obtain compensation.
Computational Study of Alternative Methods for Static Traffic Equilibrium Assignment

Traffic equilibrium problem, also known as the traffic assignment problem, is the core of many important transportation models. The traditional Frank-Wolfe (FW) algorithm has been criticized for its slow convergence speed to approach high precision level. Recently, various traffic equilibrium algorithms have been developed in literature. Basically, they can be classified into three main categories, i.e. link-based algorithms, path-based algorithms and origin-based algorithms, depending on the solution variables adopted in the problem. These new algorithms are expected to fulfill the requirement of the implementations of more advanced and comprehensive transportation models and analysis, which desire rapid convergence speed and highly precise equilibrium solutions. Nowadays, distributed computing is getting popular in many fields, due to the increasing power of the computer hardware. Multiple machines, machines with multiple processors, or processor with multiple cores become more widely available and more affordable in recent years. Therefore, it is also desired to examine the possibility and efficiency of incorporating the power of distributed computing with the newly developed algorithms in order to further improve the performance of solving traffic equilibrium problems. In this paper, a new computational study of alternative traffic equilibrium algorithms is conducted. Comparing with the results in literature, our implementation with a proprietary data process enables the applicability of the algorithms on real size networks in planning practice. The numerical study shows that the improved link-based algorithms and path-based algorithms we implemented are able to reach highly precise equilibrium solution in modest computational time. It also reveals that the path-based algorithm begins to outperform the link-based algorithms after reaching certain level of precision. For the ‘best in practice’ converge level, i.e. relative gap 1e-4, the improved link based and path based algorithms converge much quicker than the original FW algorithm and comparable with the origin based algorithm. Furthermore, the effects of combining the distributed computing technology with the alternative traffic assignment algorithms are explored. Comparing with the path/origin-based algorithms, whose high convergence speed relies on the sequentially process of origins or OD pairs (i.e. property of order dependency), the test results demonstrate that the improved link-based algorithms are able to reach even higher efficiency by taking advantage of the increased power of distributed computing. This is due to their inherent parallelism of the algorithm structure, where each origin or each OD pair is implicitly treated equally.
Long‐Term Denervation in Humans Causes Degeneration of Both Contractile and Excitation‐Contraction Coupling Apparatus, Which Is Reversible by Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES): A Role for Myofiber Regeneration?

Over the last 30 years there has been considerable interest in the use of functional electrical stimulation (FES) to restore movement to the limbs of paralyzed patients. Spinal cord injury causes a rapid loss in both muscle mass and contractile force. The atrophy is especially severe when the injury involves lower motoneurons because many months after spinal cord injury, atrophy is complicated by fibrosis and fat substitution. In this study we describe the effects of long-term lower motoneuron denervation of human muscle and present the structural results of muscle trained using FES. By means of an antibody for embryonic myosin, we demonstrate that many regenerative events continue to spontaneously occur in human long-term denervated and degenerated muscle (DDM). In addition, using electron microscopy, we describe i) the overall structure of fibers and myofibrils in long-term denervated and degenerated muscle, including the effects of FES, and ii) the structure and localization of calcium release units, or triads; the structures reputed to activate muscle contraction during excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). Both apparatus undergo disarrangement and re-organization following long-term denervation and FES, respectively. The poor excitability of human long-term DDM fibers, which extends to the first periods of FES training, may be explained in terms of the spatial disorder of the ECC apparatus. Its disorganization and re-organization following long-term denervation and FES, respectively, may play a key role in the parallel disarrangement and re-organization of the myofibrils that characterize denervation and FES training. The present structural studies demonstrate that the protocol used during FES training is effective in reverting long-term denervation atrophy and dystrophy. The mean fiber diameter in FES biopsies is 42.2 ± 14.8 SD (p < 0.0001 vs DDM 14.9 ± 6.0 SD); the mean percentile of myofiber area of the biopsy is 94.3 ± 5.7 SD (p < 0.0001 vs DDM 25.7 ± 23.7 SD); the mean percentile fat area is 2.1 ± 2.4 SD (p < 0.001 vs DDM 12.8 ± 12.1 SD); and the mean percentile connective tissue area is 3.6 ± 4.6 SD (p < 0.001 vs DDM 61.6 ± 20.1 SD). In DDM biopsies more than 50% of myofibers have diameter smaller than 10 μm, while the FES-trained subjects have more that 50% of myofibers larger than 30 μm. The recovery of muscle mass seems to be the result of both a size increase of the surviving fibers and the regeneration of new myofibers.
Trends in liver transplantation in the United States.

Although the growth in liver transplantations (LTX) recorded by the Pitt-UNOS Liver Transplant Registry since October 1987 continues, the rate of increase has been declining in recent years. Among children, the number of procedures reached a peak in 1990 and declined each year thereafter. The number of centers performing LTX continued to increase. However, in 1992, compared with previous years, the greatest proportion of centers had a decreased volume of procedures, and the fewest number of new centers were opened. Upon examining characteristics of pediatric recipients from 1987 through 1992, no significant trends were noted for sex, race, age, or nationality. The distribution of functional status in 1992 was similar to that prior to 1991. Compared with recipients in the other 2 time periods, recipients in 1991 were more likely to be in the best functional status and least likely to be in the ICU. The most common indication for LTX in children was biliary atresia, though the proportion of recipients with this primary liver disease decreased significantly over the study period. Significant increases were noted in the proportions of pediatric recipients with autoimmune disease (though this remains a relatively uncommon indication) and fulminant liver failure. There have been trends in many of the characteristics examined for adult recipients. The proportion of male recipients grew significantly between 1987 and 1992. Decreasing proportions of White recipients and increases among Hispanics and Asians were found. The mean and median ages of adult recipients peaked in 1990, with a slight decrease in 1992 reflecting a slight rise in the proportion of the youngest age group and a slight decline for the oldest age group. Adult recipients had better functional status in 1991 than earlier recipients, and the distribution in 1992 was very similar to that in 1991. The trend in the proportion of recipients with positive CMV serology followed very closely the pattern in age distribution, peaking in 1991 and dropping slightly in 1992. The proportions of multiorgan recipients were similar in all 3 time periods. However, in 1992, contrasting with previous years, most multiorgan procedures involved only a kidney. Alcoholic cirrhosis continued to be the most common reason for LTX, though the combination of non-A, non-B hepatitis and hepatitis C accounted for only 20 fewer recipients. The proportions of recipients with hepatitis B and malignancies (the indications with the poorest survival) declined significantly. The cumulative probability of patient (retransplantation-free) survival 5 years after initial transplantation was 0.7 (0.58) for pediatric recipients. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Feynman's Propagator Applied to Network Models of Localization

Network models of dirty electronic systems are mapped onto an interacting field theory of lower dimensionality by interpreting one space dimension as time. This is accomplished via Feynman’s interpretation of antiparticles as particles moving backwards in time. The method developed maps calculation of the moments of the Landauer conductance onto calculation of correlation functions of an interacting field theory of bosons and fermions. The resulting field theories are supersymmetric and closely related to the supersymmetric spin-chain representations of network models recently discussed by various authors. As an application of the method, the two-edge Chalker-Coddington model is shown to be Anderson localized, and a delocalization transition in a related two-edge network model ~recently discussed by Balents and Fisher! is studied by calculation of the average Landauer conductance. @S0163-1829~97! 04047-2#
The Association Between Refractive Errors and Cataract: The Tehran Eye Study

Purpose: To determine the association between refractive errors and different types of cataract in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional survey with a stratified cluster sampling approach, refractive errors were tested under cycloplegia. Myopia and hyperopia were defined as a spherical equivalent refractive error <-0.5 diopters (D) and more than +0.5 D, respectively. Cataract was graded according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III classification and the association between refractive errors and cataract was assessed. Of 1434 participants over the age of 40 years who participated in the study, data from 1313 right eyes were analyzed. Results: The mean age of the participants was 52.7 ± 10.0 years, and 58.3% (n = 767) were female. Overall, myopia was more prevalent among those with cataract (odds ratio [OR]: 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38–2.89). Based on the type of cataract and refractive errors, the odds of myopia was significantly higher with nuclear cataracts (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.14–2.87). The odds of myopia was higher for cases of nuclear cataract with some degrees of posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.42–7.80). Of nine participants with cortical cataract, seven participants had hyperopia (OR: 3.77, 95% CI: 0.78–18.31). Conclusion: Individuals with nuclear and PSC showed a significantly higher prevalence of myopia while the prevalence of hyperopia was lower in those with cataract. High myopia was seen in higher grades of nuclear cataract. The high percentage of hyperopia was also significant in patients with cortical cataract. More studies are necessary to clarify the correlation between cortical cataract and hyperopia.
A performance cost evaluation of aspect weaving

Aspect-Oriented Software Development (AOSD) facilitates the modularisation of different crosscutting concerns in software development. In AOSD, aspect weaving is the composition mechanism that combines aspects and components in an aspect-oriented application. Aspect weaving can be performed statically, at load time or at runtime. These different kinds of weavers may entail a runtime performance and a memory consumption cost, compared to the classical object-oriented approach. Using the Dynamic and Static Aspect Weaving (DSAW) AOSD platform, we have implemented three different scenarios of security issues in distributed systems (access control/data flow, encryption of transmissions, and FTP clientserver). These scenarios were developed in both the aspect-oriented and object-oriented paradigms in order to evaluate the cost introduced by static and dynamic aspect weavers. A detailed quantitative evaluation of runtime performance and memory consumption is presented.
Decreased Pulmonary Radiation Resistance of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD)-Deficient Mice is Corrected by Human Manganese Superoxide Dismutase-Plasmid/Liposome (SOD2-PL) Intratracheal Gene Therapy

Abstract Epperly, M. W. , Epstein, C. J., Travis, E. L. and Greenberger, J. S. Decreased Pulmonary Radiation Resistance of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD)-Deficient Mice is Corrected by Human Manganese Superoxide Dismutase-Plasmid/Liposome (SOD2-PL) Intratracheal Gene Therapy. The pulmonary ionizing radiation sensitivity of C57BL/6 Sod2+/– mice heterozygous for MnSOD deficiency was compared to that Sod2+/+ control littermates. Embryo fibroblast cell lines from Sod2–/– (neonatal lethal) or Sod2+/– mice produced less biochemically active MnSOD and demonstrated a significantly greater in vitro radiosensitivity. No G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest after 5 Gy was observed in Sod2–/– cells compared to the Sod2+/– or Sod2+/+ lines. Subclonal Sod2–/– or Sod2+/– embryo fibroblast lines expressing the human SOD2 transgene showed increased biochemical activity of MnSOD and radioresistance. Sod2+/– mice receiving 18 Gy whole-lung irradiation died sooner and had an increased percentage of lung with organizing alveolitis between 100 and 160 days compared to Sod2+/+ wild-type littermates. Both Sod2+/– and Sod2+/+ littermates injected intratracheally with human manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposome (SOD2-PL) complex 24 h prior to whole-lung irradiation showed decreased DNA strand breaks and improved survival with decreased organizing alveolitis. Thus underexpression of MnSOD in the lungs of heterozygous Sod2+/– knockout mice is associated with increased pulmonary radiation sensitivity and parallels increased radiation sensitivity of embryo fibroblast cell lines in vitro. The restoration of cellular radioresistance in vitro and in lungs in vivo by SOD2-PL transgene expression supports a potential role for SOD2-PL gene therapy in organ-specific radioprotection.
Colorectal cancer in young patients under 40 years of age. Comparison with old patients in a well defined Jordanian population.

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in young Jordanians and to compare the clinical and pathological characteristics with those in older patients and with those in high risk populations. METHODS Clinical and pathological data of all the patients with CRC managed at Princess Basma Teaching Hospital, Irbid, Jordan over a 10 year period (January 1990 through December 1999) were recorded. The patients were divided according to age into group one (those <40 years) and group 2 (> 40 years). The 2 groups were compared regarding sex, predisposing conditions, tumor stage at presentation, tumor differentiation, mucin secretion, tumor invasion, presentation with complications and tumor location. The data were compared with those of "high risk" Western populations and with the few reports coming from "low risk" populations, mainly from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Egypt. RESULTS Out of 202 patients evaluated, 4 were excluded. Group 1 constituted 20.2% of the patients, 17.5% of them have predisposing conditions. Comparison between group 1 and 2 revealed the following: female sex (65% versus 50.6%, p=0.104), advanced stages at presentation (65% versus 41%, p=0.005), rectal tumors (50% versus 39.2%) and right side tumors (15% versus 29.1%) (p=0.18). Mucinous and signet ring tumors (30% versus 15.8%, p=0.04), poor tumor differentiation (20% versus 18.3%, p=0.78) and presentation with complications (21% versus 22.2%, p=0.96). CONCLUSION The incidence of CRC in young Jordanians was much higher than high risk populations. Half of the tumors were rectal. Young patients have more advanced stage and more mucin secreting tumors. The relative high frequency and frequency of predisposing conditions calls for family screening and surveillance in the presence of predisposing conditions.
Guidelines for management of patients with chronic heart failure in Australia

Chronic heart failure (CHF) affects approximately 1% of people aged 50–59 years, and this high prevalence increases dramatically with age. CHF is a common reason for hospital admission and general practitioner consultation in the elderly. Common causes of CHF are ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Diagnosis of CHF is based on clinical features and objective measurement of ventricular function (eg, echocardiography). Management is directed at prevention, retarding disease progression, relief of symptoms and prolonging survival. ■ Non‐pharmacological approaches include exercise, home‐based support and risk‐factor modification. ■ Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are the cornerstone of pharmacological therapy to prevent disease progression and prolong survival. ■ ß‐Blockers prolong survival when added to ACE inhibitors in symptomatic patients. ■ Diuretics provide symptom relief and restoration or maintenance of euvolaemia. ■ Spironolactone, angiotensin II receptor antagonists and digoxin may be useful in some patients. ■ Surgical approaches in highly selected patients may include myocardial revascularisation, insertion of devices and cardiac transplantation.
Cough and glottic-stop reflex sensitivity in health and disease.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Little is known about the normal ranges and repeatability of cough reflex sensitivity measurements, or the relationship of cough reflex sensitivity to other upper airway reflexes in subjects with chronic dry cough. We set out to define the normal range of cough reflex sensitivity and its repeatability in health and disease, and to assess its relationship to the glottic-stop reflex. DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We measured capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity in 134 healthy subjects and 88 patients with respiratory disease, and assessed the repeatability over 2 weeks in a subgroup of individuals (healthy subjects, 15; chronic cough patients, 15). In another subgroup (healthy patients, 16; chronic cough patients, 14), we measured the sensitivity of the glottic-stop reflex (using inhaled ammonia). RESULTS Capsaicin cough sensitivity varied widely in the population of healthy subjects, and there was considerable overlap of cough reflex sensitivity between healthy control subjects and patients with cough. The intraclass correlation coefficients for repeatability of cough sensitivity (concentration of capsaicin that causes two coughs, and concentration of capsaicin that causes five coughs) were 0.89 and 0.88, respectively. Patients with chronic cough had a significantly more sensitive glottic-stop reflex than healthy subjects (glottic-stop sensitivity threshold, 483 ppm vs 1,029 ppm, respectively; p = 0.01), and there was a significant positive correlation between glottic-stop and cough reflex sensitivity (r = 0.5; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We have shown a wide variation of cough reflex sensitivity in healthy subjects, although the measurement does have good 2-week repeatability. There was a reasonably close relationship between cough sensitivity and glottic-stop reflex sensitivity, indicating either that the cough reflex and the glottic-stop reflex share a common pathway or that subjects who have a chronic cough have a global abnormality of upper airway reflexes.