Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Subseasonal Coastal‐Trapped Wave Propagations in the Southeastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans: 1. A New Approach to Estimate Wave Amplitude

The Humboldt and the Benguela upwelling systems are connected to the equatorial variability through the coastal waveguide, so that a large variance of the coastal sea level and current variability can be described as an infinite sum of orthonormal free Coastal-Trapped Wave (CTW) modes. The objective of this study is to infer the CTW mode contributions to the coastal variability in both systems at subseasonal timescales (<120 days) from regional ocean circulation model simulations. We develop and validate twin regional model configurations of the southeastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Cross-shore spatial structures of the first four free CTW modes are then derived from model mean stratification and topography along the southwestern African and South American continents. We introduce and validate a new methodology to estimate the gravest CTW mode contributions to model pressure and alongshore current. Our formulation draws on the orthonormality of the CTW modal structures, and uses a simple projection of the coastal and bottom model pressure onto each CTW structure. Results give confidence in the ability of this modal decomposition methodology to disentangle CTW mode contributions from complex nonlinear coastal processes that control the coastal subseasonal variability. In both systems, it allows to successfully extract the gravest poleward propagating CTW modes with velocities close to the theoretical values and amplitudes consistent with the solutions of a simple multimode linear CTW model. Furthermore, results show that both systems exhibit relatively different CTW dynamics and forcings which are discussed in the companion paper (Illig et al., 2018). Plain Language Summary Coastal-trapped waves propagate in the ocean along the continental shelves, with the coast on their left in the southern hemisphere. They exert an important influence on the coastal circulation and mixing, with notable implications for productive ecosystems. We introduce a new methodology to estimate the amplitude of these waves and their contribution to the coastal sea level and alongshore current variability. It benefits from a relatively simple implementation and is adapted to ocean model solutions. We validate this method using twin regional ocean model configurations of the southeastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This novel approach allows to successfully extract the contribution of the southward propagating coastal waves in these two different systems, with velocities close to the theoretical values and amplitudes consistent with the dynamics of a simple linear coastal model. This gives confidence in the ability of this new technique to disentangle coastal wave contributions from complex nonlinear processes that control the ocean variability in coastal fringes. Furthermore, results show that both systems exhibit drastic differences in the coastal wave dynamics at subseasonal timescales (<120 days) which are discussed in the companion paper (Illig et al., 2018).
Retailers ’ strategies to promote healthier food purchases in grocery stores : space management and display communication

The growing interest in diet issues has increased consumers‟ attention towards nutritional information. Nevertheless, maintaining healthy eating behaviours is made more difficult by an environment where convenient and cheap ready-to-eat foods of low nutritional value are readily available and frequently advertised. While there is a wide literature explaining the mechanisms supporting healthy choices, fewer are the contributions about the role of retailers in promoting healthy eating through instore marketing levers. Considering that a majority of consumers' food purchases occurs in grocery retailing and that the probability of unplanned purchases in grocery stores is very high, the point of sale is a potentially important opportunity to promote healthy eating through nutrition education and environment modification. Thus, exploring how grocery retailers could improve food choice inside the store is of paramount important to promote healthier living. Recently some authors have focused their attention on the instore marketing levers which can help consumers to choose healthily. Specifically, some of them have studied how to promote healthy categories like fruit and vegetables, educate consumers through nutritional posters and put tags referred to single products on the shelves. However, there are no contributions that consider the space management as a way to help consumers to quickly identify healthy food products on the shelf, during their shopping expedition. Starting from these considerations, our work intends to explore how the space management and the display communication could influence shopping decisions at the point of sale by driving consumers towards healthy choices. With reference to a specific category (cookies), we have created a new display based on nutritional segmentation criteria. Thanks to a nutrition information system, we have rated the overall nutritional profile of packaged cookies assigning it a rating from 1 (scarce nutritional quality) to 4 (high nutritional quality), depending on calories, fat, sodium, sugar, proteins, fibers, content of fruit and nuts. Each item have been assigned to a specific segment (4 = very high nutritional quality; 3 = high nutritional quality; 2 = medium nutritional quality; 1= scarce nutritional quality) according the nutrition information system. Then, we have created the new display in two different communication alternatives: stars (more rational) versus silhouettes (more emotional). The empirical research has combined two qualitative methods. First, a focus groups analysis has been conducted in order to investigate thoughts and attitudes towards the new display. Subsequently, an experiment has been carried out in order to understand how and to what extent customers are willing to change their decisions. Our findings could provide suggestions for retailers about which kind of communication is more effective and what are the implications in terms of changes in shoppers‟ purchases.
Psychometric Properties of the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence (IBIPV)

espanolThis study analysed the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence (IBIPV) which is designed to measure general and specific attitudes to violence against women in intimate relationships. The participants were 1169 people aged from 18 to 77 years. We found that the IBIPV has a three-factor structure, the factors identified were: a) Justifying Partner Violence (JPV), b) Victims Responsible for Violence (VRV) and c) Abuser Responsible for Violence (ARV). Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed three levels of measurement invariance across gender: configural, metric and scalar invariance. As expected, evidence of the convergent and divergent validity of the inventory was provided by comparisons with the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and Ambivalence toward Men Inventory (AMI). Potential applications of the scale in the field of partner violence are discussed. EnglishEste estudio analiza las propiedades psicometricas del Inventario de Creencias sobre la violencia de pareja. En concreto, este inventario mide actitudes generales y especificas hacia la violencia contra las mujeres dentro de las relaciones de pareja. En el estudio participan 1169 personas con una edad comprendida entre 18 y 77 anos. Los resultados muestran tres factores: a) Justificacion de la violencia de genero, b) Responsabilidad de la victima y c) Responsabilidad del maltratador. El analisis factorial confirmatorio mostro indices de ajuste apropiados: CFI = . 952, NFI = . 942 y RMSEA = . 062 (90% CI [.058 - .065]). Ademas, los resultados muestran validez convergente y divergente con el sexismo ambivalente hacia las mujeres y hacia los hombres. Se discute la utilidad de esta escala en el ambito de la violencia contra la pareja.
Analysis of ice shelf flexure and its InSAR representation in the grounding zone of the southern McMurdo Ice Shelf

Abstract. We examine tidal flexure in the grounding zone of the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, using a combination of TerraSAR-X repeat-pass radar interferometry, a precise digital elevation model, and GPS ground validation data. Satellite and field data were acquired in tandem between October and December 2014. Our GPS data show a horizontal modulation of up to 60 % of the vertical displacement amplitude at tidal periods within a few kilometres of the grounding line. We ascribe the observed oscillatory horizontal motion to varying bending stresses and account for it using a simple elastic beam model. The horizontal surface strain is removed from nine differential interferograms to obtain precise bending curves. They reveal a fixed (as opposed to tidally migrating) grounding-line position and eliminate the possibility of significant upstream bending at this location. The consequence of apparent vertical motion due to uncorrected horizontal strain in interferometric data is a systematic mislocation of the interferometric grounding line by up to the order of one ice thickness, or several hundred metres. While our field site was selected due to its simple boundary conditions and low background velocity, our findings are relevant to other grounding zones studied by satellite interferometry, particularly studies looking at tidally induced velocity changes or interpreting satellite-based flexure profiles.
Student understanding of causation in History in relation to specific subject matter – causes behind the scramble for Africa

The purpose behind this paper is to contribute with knowledge for what students might need to learn to master casual reasoning regarding specific subject matter (the scramble for Africa). The History-didactical framework used originates from the Historical Thinking-tradition. Data has been derived from a Learning Study and consists of a total of 138 pre- and post-assessments. Results showed that the following aspects were critical for the participating students’ capability to reason on causation in relation to the scramble: (1) Discern that the scramble had causes; (2) Discern that claims for what caused the scramble need support from evidence; (3) Discern that the scramble had both long-term and short-term causes; (4) Discern the chronological structure relating to the scramble not to confuse causes and consequences; (5) Discern that the scramble had composed causes of differing importance; and (6) Discern that the scramble was caused by interaction between societal structures and the actions from historical actors. A value in these findings is that they can contribute with empirically tested knowledge for what students might need to learn when causation is investigated in relation to specific subject matter. Another value is that the critical aspects found are extracted from a composed analysis originating from the character of the subject, curricular demands and analysis of students’ conceptions before and after research-lessons. Thereby findings can hopefully support planning and implementation of teaching.
Leaf demography and phenology in Amazonian rain forest : a census of 40,000 leaves of 23 tree species

The periodicity, synchrony, and causes of variability in the demography of tree leaves in ecosystems with relatively aseasonal climates, such as tropical rain forests, is still poorly understood. To address this issue, we surveyed the timing of birth and death of . 40 000 leaves of 1445 individuals of 23 evergreen rain forest species in several late primary and early secondary successional plant communities at San Carlos de Rio Negro, Venezuela, in the northern Amazon basin. In all species, the mortality rate generally in- creased with leaf age. However, in many species, deceleration of death rates with extreme leaf age was noted. In general, for each species, the age structure of leaf populations and the frequency distribution of leaf life span were broad. Species differed substantially in their leaf demography. Measured in their native habitats, seven species common to disturbed open sites had shorter median life spans (0.7 yr) than five species common to open but infertile Bana primary communities (1.9 yr average) or six species common to two tall primary forest communities (Tierra Firme and Caatinga), when measured in high-light conditions in the canopy (2.0 yr average). Variation in light availability had consistent effects on leaf life span in all species. Species native to Tierra Firme forest had average leaf life spans of 3.2, 1.9, and 1.6 yr, respectively, in deeply shaded understory microsites, in small gaps, and in sunlit mature tree canopies. Species native to Caatinga forest had average leaf life spans of 4.2, 3.4, and 2.5 yr, respectively, in these same microsite types. Two species common in gaps and in disturbed sites had much longer leaf life span in shaded understory than in open, disturbed microsites. For all species, responses were similar when trees were planted in sites differing in light availability, as when trees naturally established across light gradients. The rate of leaf production, the risk of leaf mortality, and the leaf life span were not periodic or related consistently to seasonality of climate. Negligible relationships existed between the mild annual dry season and either leaf production or leaf mortality in all species. Thus, leaf phenology and demography were essentially aseasonal in this tropical forest environment.
Predicting the Destiny after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury; Multi OrganDysfunction Syndrome (MODS) or Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA)?

Purpose: To compare the outcome prediction ability of SOFA and MOD scoring systems, in the subset of ICU patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Materials and Methods: We performed a descriptive analytic study at Poursina hospital, a tertiary care trauma center. A number of 83 patients with severe traumatic brain injury who admitted to ICU between November 2012 and December 2013 were included. SOFA and MOD scores were calculated for each patient on a daily basis and areas under receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compare the discriminative ability of two scoring systems. Results: Out of 83 patients, 23 died (27.71%). AUROC curve for SOFA and MOD score were 0.514 and 0.510 respectively on admission, 0.587 and 0.512 on the second day of admission, 0.779 and 0.749 on the fourth day of admission and 0.978 and 0.824 after two weeks. Both systems were unreliable predictors of death for first 48 hours of admission. After 96 hours of admission, both systems represented an acceptable prediction ability, with no statistically significant difference between two tools (P value=0.850). In terms of outcome prediction, MOD scoring system performed good on fourteenth day with a significant difference when compared to excellent discriminant function of SOFA (P value=0.027). Conclusions: During the 48 hours of admission, none of scoring tools showed a reliable function of predicting the ICU mortality. They represented an acceptable discriminative ability after the fourth day of admission and better predictive ability after the fourteenth day of admission. After two weeks of admission, SOFA is superior to MODS in outcome prediction.
Effects of different plant hormones on callus induction and plant regeneration of miniature roses (Rosa hybrida L.)

Miniature roses (Rosa hybrida L.) are perennial evergreen or deciduous shrubs and a new variety of the rose family. A number of species, hybrids and cultivars of genus Rosa are widely used as garden plants, cut flowers, potted plants and for the perfume industry.1,2 In Europe, potted miniature roses are of great interest and their popularity is increasing in North America as well.3,4 In Denmark, approximately 35 million potted rose plants have been produced annually during the last 5 years.5 Moreover, due to the low maintenance requirement and extended flowering time, it has been proved to be attractive to consumers globally. Although extensive efforts have been made to enhance the quality and production of these plants since 1990s, but still a lot of improvement can be done.6,7 To date, studies on the factors controlling in vitro rooting have been limited to a few species.8 The frequency of establishment of rooted plants in field triasl was low and highly inconsistent.9–11 Callus induction is a powerful tool to regenerate plants. Callus is a disorganized mass of undifferentiated tissue comprised of actively dividing cells. The cells of callus dedifferentiate and thus regain their meristematic properties, including rapid proliferation.12
Multiple scale modeling for cortical bone fracture in tension using X-FEM

We present a multiple scale method for modeling multiple crack growth in cortical bone under tension. The four phase composite Haversian microstructure is discretized by a Finite Element Method. The geometrical and mechanical bone parameters obtained by experiments mimic the heterogeneity of bone at the micro scale. The cracks are initiated at the micro scale where a critical elastic-damage strain driven criterion is met and are grown until complete failure in heterogeneous linear elastic media when a critical stress intensity factor criterion is reached. The cracks are modeled by the eXtended Finite Element Method. The simulations provide the global response at the macroscopic level and stress and strain fields at the microscopic level. The model emphasizes the importance of the microstructure on bone failure in assessing the fracture risk.
The Political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics

This essay offers a rational political explanation for the notorious inefficiency of pork barrel projects with an optimization model of legislative behavior and legislative institutions. The model emphasizes the (economically arbitrary, from a welfare point of view) importance of the geographic incidence of benefits and costs owing to the geographic basis for political representation. We explore the implications of a legislator's objective function and derive conditions under which a representative legislature will select an omnibus of projects each of which exceeds the efficient scale.
Male Involvement on Skilled Delivery Care Utilization in Mareka Woreda, Southern Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross Sectional Study

Back ground: Skilled care for pregnancy and childbirth are the most important issues of reproductive health affected by male partners, however, how male involvement affects maternal health care utilization is lacking. So the study aimed to assess factors for male involvement and skilled delivery care utilization in Mareka woreda. Methods: This cross-sectional study used stratified sampling in Mareka district south east Ethiopia to select 676 couples currently in union who have less than one year old child. A structured questionnaire used to assess male involvement on skilled delivery utilization and associated factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed in SPSS version 16.0 to analyze independently associated factors. That factor with p value < 0.05 was declared as statistically significant at final model. Result: Overall, 32.9% of women used skilled delivery care and 41.3% of husbands’ involved on skilled delivery care utilization on their recent child birth. Women assisted by skilled birth attendants in their recent delivery were educated AOR=0.01(0.001-0.10), knowledgeable on danger sign AOR= 3.44(1.34-8.79), had favorable attitude for skilled delivery care AOR=2.21(1.11-4.41), and those their husbands’ participated on skilled delivery care use AOR=2.35(1.18-4.66). And husbands’ who participated on skilled delivery care utilization were educated AOR 1.77(1.13- 2.50)], younger AOR 1.77(1.19-2.62), prefers health facility for delivery AOR 1.85(1.24-2.75) and have had positive perception on importance of skilled delivery care AOR 1.68(1.13, 3.29). CONCLUSION: male involvement on skilled delivery care utilization has a significant effect on women’s’ use of skilled birth attendants at birth. Finding of our study implies improving awareness of communities on benefit of skilled delivery care and male involvement are needed.
The Relationship between Iranian EFL Learners' Creativity and Their Lexical Reception and Production Knowledge

This study aimed to determine the relationship between creativity on one hand and lexical reception and production knowledge of Iranian EFL students on the other hand. The data were collected using three tests: a creativity test (Torrance, 1990), the Vocabulary Levels Test (Schmitt, Schmitt, & Clapham, 2001), and the Productive Version of the Vocabulary Levels Test (Laufer & Nation, 1995) which were administered to a group of 141 Iranian undergraduate students majoring in English Translation and Literature at Arak and Qom universities. The results demonstrated that there was not a high correlation between creativity on one hand and lexical reception and production on the other hand. The learners' passive and active vocabulary knowledge in the tests as a whole and at different word-frequency level were highly correlated. Passive vocabulary was always larger than active vocabulary at all levels; however, the gap between the two increased at lower word-frequency levels.
Variations in phonological working memory: Linking early language experiences and language learning outcomes

ABSTRACT In order to build complex language from perceptual input, children must have access to a powerful information processing system that can analyze, store, and use regularities in the signal to which the child is exposed. In this article, we propose that one of the most important parts of this underlying machinery is the linked set of cognitive and language processing components that comprise the child's developing working memory (WM). To examine this hypothesis, we explore how variations in the timing, quality, and quantity of language input during the earliest stages of development are related to variations in WM, especially phonological WM (PWM), and in turn language learning outcomes. In order to tease apart the relationships between early language experience, WM, and language development, we review research findings from studies of groups of language learners who clearly differ with respect to these aspects of input. Specifically, we consider the development of PWM in children with delayed exposure to language, that is, children born profoundly deaf and exposed to oral language following cochlear implantation and internationally adopted children who have delayed exposed to the adoption language; children who experience impoverished language input, that is, children who experience early bouts of otitis media and signing deaf children born to nonsigning hearing parents; and children with enriched early language input, that is, simultaneous bilinguals and second language learners.
Current Status of Colorectal Cancer: From Prevention to Treatment

C l i n M e d International Library Citation: Domínguez-Ayala M, Totoricaguena AL, Aretxabala IdH, Vergara BU, Achabal IV, et al. (2016) Current Status of Colorectal Cancer: From Prevention to Treatment. J Clin Gastroenterol Treat 2:034 Received: August 08, 2016: Accepted: October 01, 2016: Published: October 04, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Domínguez-Ayala M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Domínguez-Ayala et al. J Clin Gastroenterol Treat 2016, 2:034