Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of seasonal variations on the occurrence of certain mycotoxins inconcentrate feeds for cattle collected from some provinces in Turkey

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of seasonal variations on the occurrence of total aflatoxin (AFTotal), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and total fumonisin (Ftotal) in the commercially mixed ruminant feed obtained from feed mills located in Ankara, Kirikkale, Cankiri, Corum, and Kirsehir provinces using the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) method. To represent the annual production, 22 samples were collected every quarter over 1 year (a total of 88 samples) starting in September 2012. AFTotal and AFB1 were detected in 72 samples (81.81%), OTA in 84 samples (95.45%), and Ftotal in 83 samples (94.31%). When seasonal changes were taken into consideration, the highest levels of AFTotal, AFB1, and Ftotal (13.57 ± 8.78 ppb, 8.54 ± 6.02 ppb, and 0.70 ± 0.88 ppm, respectively) were found in the summer, while the highest OTA level (57.69 ± 14.59 ppb) was observed in the spring. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography methods confirmed the results of the ELISA method. Consequently, although most of the feed samples were contaminated with mycotoxins, all the amounts were within the limits allowed for feedstuffs in Turkey.
The genetic diversity of Sardinian myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) populations

Background: The myrtle ( Myrtus communis ) is a common shrub widespread in the Mediterranean Basin. Its fruit and leaves exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties, and are used for their content of essential oils and for their medicinal properties, but most commonly as an ingredient in locally made liquor. The uncontrolled exploitation of natural stands has reduced both the species' geographical coverage and the size of individual populations. The selection of genotypes for controlled cultivation requires a characterization of the genetic diversity present both within and between populations. Results: Genotypic variation was evaluated using ISSR profiling and genetic diversity characterized using standard population genetics approaches. Two major clusters were identified: one capturing all the candidate cultivars selected from various Sardinian localities, and the other wild individuals collected from Asinara, Corsica and Surigheddu. A moderate level of gene flow between the Sardinian and Corsican populations was identified. Discriminant analysis of principal components revealed a level of separation among the wild populations, confirming the population structure identified by the clustering methods. Conclusions: The wild accessions were well differentiated from the candidate cultivars. The level of genetic variability was high. The genetic data were compatible with the notion that myrtle has a mixed pollination system, including both out-pollination by insects and self-pollination. The candidate cultivars are suggested to represent an appropriate basis for directed breeding.
Towards a dynamics-based estimate of the extent of HR 8799's unresolved warm debris belt

In many ways, the HR 8799 planetary system resembles our Solar system more closely than any other discovered to date – albeit significantly younger, and on a larger and more dramatic scale. The system features four giant planets and two debris belts. The first of these belts lies beyond the orbit of the outermost planet, and mirrors the location of our Solar system’s Edgeworth-Kuiper belt. The second, which has yet to be fully observationally characterised, lies interior to the orbit of the innermost known planet, HR8799 e, and is an analogue to our Asteroid Belt. With such a similar architecture, the system is a valuable laboratory for examining exoplanetary dynamics, and the interaction between debris disks and giant planets. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the characterisation of the outer of HR8799’s debris disks, primarily using the Herschel Space Observatory. In contrast, the inner disk, which lies too close to its host star to be spatially resolved by that instrument, remains poorly understood. This, in turn, leaves significant questions over both the location of the planetesimals responsible for producing the observed dust, and the physical properties of those grains. We have performed the most extensive simulations to date of the inner, unresolved debris belt around HR 8799, using UNSW Australia's supercomputing facility, Katana. In this work, we present the results of integrations following the evolution of a belt of dynamically hot debris interior to the innermost planet, HR8799 e, for a period of 60 million years, using an initial population of 500,000 massless test particles. These simulations have enabled the characterisation of the extent and structure of the inner belt, revealing that its outer edge must lie interior to the 3:1 mean-motion resonance with HR8799 e, at approximately 7.5 au, and highlighting the presence of fine structure analogous to the Solar system’s Kirkwood gaps. In the future, our results will also allow us to calculate a first estimate of the small-body impact rate and water delivery prospects for any potential terrestrial planet(s) that might lurk, undetected, in the inner system.
SAR Induced by Low and High Directivity Antenna Apertures at Distances Greater than 25 mm from the Body

─ A comprehensive SAR study of low and high directivity antennas operated at distances greater than 25 mm but less than 200 mm from a large homogeneous elliptical phantom is presented. The study considers antennas, such as dipoles, monopoles, planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs), IFAs, patches, patch arrays, and dipole arrays. SAR estimation methods for low directivity antennas for both near and far field conditions are proposed and elucidated. For directive antennas and arrays radiating directly towards the phantom interesting phenomena are observed that require more detailed investigation. Index Terms ─ Antennas, arrays, directive, RF exposure, small antennas, specific absorption rate (SAR).
Structural Alterations among Water Molecules after Bioinfluence of Dimitar Risimanski

This paper deals with the review of the results for influence on water for restructuring of water molecules. The aim is improvement the quality of water for positive biophysical effects in human body. There are appears structural fluctuations in water samples after bioinfluence of Risimanski. The deionized water after the bioinfluence of Risimanski has the energy at E = -0.1387 eV; there is the local extremum with f(E) value measured at 76.9 ±3.8 eV -1 . The mountain water after the bioinfluence of Risimanski has the energy at E = -0.1387 eV; there was the local extremum with f(E) value measured at 93.1±4.7 eV -1 . Additionally, by using IR, NES, and DNES methods were investigated various samples of water from Bulgarian water springs: the melt water from Glacier Rosenlaui, Swiss Alps, as well as the human blood serum of people with excellent health and cancer patients between 50 and 70 years old. The aim is describing of local extremums of water molecules, which are useful for human health. Other experiments were performed on deionized and mountain water with bioinfluence of Dimitar Risimanski. As an estimation factor in NES and DNES was measured the values ​​of the average energy of hydrogen bonds (∆E H . O ) among H 2 O molecules in water samples, as well as a local extremums in the NES and DNES-spectra of various samples of water and the human blood serum at E = -0.1387 eV and λ = 8.95 μm. For a group of people in critical condition of life and patients with malignant tumors the greatest values ​​of local extremums in IR-, DNES-spectra were shifted to lower energies relative to the control healthy group. Further we applied this method for calculation of percent distribution of H 2 O molecules in all studied water samples according to energies of hydrogen bonds ranged from (-0.08 to -0.1387 eV). It was shown that mountain water is among the most important factors for human longevity and human health. The variety of ions (K + , Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Zn 2+ , SO 4 2- , Cl - , HCO 3 - , CO 3 2- ), the chemical-physical parameters (pH, electroconductivity) and the decreased content of deuterium in studied water samples renders beneficial effects of these types of water on human health. In frames of the research was carried out the computer calculation of elemental polyhedral water nanoclusters with a formula (Н 2 О) n , where n = 3–20. Based on this data some important physical characteristics of water were obtained, e.g. the average energy of hydrogen bonding between Н 2 О molecules in the process of cluster formation was measured by the DNES method compiles -0.1067 ± 0.0011 eV. The research is performed with Method of color coronal spectral analysis. There are studied water samples with deionized water before and after influence of Risimanski. Keywords : longevity, mountain water, IR, NES, DNES, coronal discharge
A novel antioxidant: 6,6'-(butane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-methylbenzene-1,2-diol)

A novel compound, 6,6'-(butane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-methylbenzene-1,2-diol) (BMB), was synthesized through an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between 4-methylcatechol (HPC) and butyraldehyde. When evaluated by the Rancimat and deep frying methods, BMB exhibited a stronger antioxidant activity than TBHQ. Its DPPH radical scavenging activity was also fairly higher than TBHQ, but lower compared to its mother phenol, HPC, due to its relative ease of binding DPPH•. BMB had the strongest scavenging ability of the 4-methylcatechol analogues reported to date. It could be used effectively to retard lipid peroxidation in both moderate and high temperature food preparations.
Club Convergence: Some Empirical Issues ∗

This note discusses issues related to testing for club-convergence. Specifically some empirical results from Durlauf and Johnson (1995) are presented and discussed. Finally, the note is also concerned with the problem of having a country specifi cr ate of convergence, due to variation in e.g. growth rates of the labor force.
Spinal clearance practices at a regional Australian hospital: A window to major trauma management performance outside metropolitan trauma centres

Background: Prevention of secondary spinal injury via spinal protection measures is a standard component of trauma management, and a high-quality spinal clearance process is imperative in achieving this aim. To evaluate the current practice with a view to achieving best practice, we sought to examine the spinal clearance process and outcomes at a regional Australian referral hospital, which services a large geographical catchment area. Methods: A retrospective review of medical records of all patients with major trauma who presented to an Australian regional hospital during 2014 was conducted. The primary outcome measure was missed or delayed diagnosis of spinal injury. Secondary outcome measures included compliance with internationally accepted spinal clearance process measures, timing and choice of appropriate imaging modalities, rates of spinal injury and documentation of spinal clearance. Results: Of the 112 patients with major trauma who met the study eligibility criteria and were discharged from hos.
The impact of selected immunosuppressive drugs: rapamycin,cyclosporine A and prednisone on immunolocalizationand immunoexpression of cytokeratin inprostate gland – experimental model

Rapamycin, cyclosporine A and prednisone are the most frequently used immunosuppressive drugs in medical practice. Their function is to inhibit the organism’s reaction to reject transplanted organs. Nevertheless, the use of these drugs also has side effects affecting the organism in a negative manner.
Genetic Diversity in Vietnamese Upland Rice Germplasm Revealed by SSR Markers

Tolerance to water deficit condition is an important prerequisite for optimal performance of rice in drought prone environments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity within upland rice accessions, collected from Northern part of Vietnam. Genetic diversity of the rice varieties was evalu- ated at the DNA level. Forty-one accessions were surveyed with 30 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers revealing the genetic relationship among the varieties. A total of 192 polymorphic bands were detected. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 12, with an average of 6.4. Cluster analysis based on genetic similarities grouped the rice accessions into two major groups. These groups were divided into five sub- groups. These clusters agree with origin information available on the accessions. The results suggested that a relatively small number of SSR markers could be used for analysis of genetic diversity in rice germplasm. The upland rice germplasm presents a valuable gene source and sufficient genetic background for future breeding and mapping works on drought tolerance rice in Vietnam.
A framework for internal auditors to assess ethics in a national public sector department

This study proposes a framework that can be used by the internal audit function to assess the culture of ethical behaviour of South African national government departments. The limited number of published articles on the use of ethics frameworks in government, especially in the South African context, indicated a need for such a framework. A review of the literature on the culture of ethical behaviour, related governance frameworks, and the role of the internal audit function was conducted. Based on the literature, attributes for an ethics framework were identified and tested with three interviewees from one national department. The results of the study indicated that an ethics framework could assist the internal audit function in assessing an organisation's ethical culture and help management to enhance the organisation's ethical health.
Laboratory studies of the chemical composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and oxidized primary organic aerosol (OPOA)

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and oxidized primary organic aerosol (OPOA) were produced in laboratory experiments from the oxidation of fourteen precursors representing atmospherically relevant biogenic and anthropogenic sources. The SOA and OPOA particles were generated via controlled exposure of precursors to OH radicals and/or O 3 in a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) flow reactor over timescales equivalent to 1–20 days of atmospheric aging. Aerosol mass spectra of SOA and OPOA were measured with an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). The fraction of AMS signal at m/z = 43 and m/z = 44 ( f 43 , f 44 ), the hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratio, and the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio of the SOA and OPOA were obtained, which are commonly used to characterize the level of oxidation of oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA). The results show that PAM-generated SOA and OPOA can reproduce and extend the observed f 44 – f 43 composition beyond that of ambient OOA as measured by an AMS. Van Krevelen diagrams showing H/C ratio as a function of O/C ratio suggest an oxidation mechanism involving formation of carboxylic acids concurrent with fragmentation of carbon-carbon bonds. Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of PAM-generated SOA and OPOA was measured as a function of OH exposure and characterized as a function of O/C ratio. CCN activity of the SOA and OPOA, which was characterized in the form of the hygroscopicity parameter κ org , ranged from 8.4×10 −4 to 0.28 over measured O/C ratios ranging from 0.05 to 1.42. This range of κ org and O/C ratio is significantly wider than has been previously obtained. To first order, the κ org -to-O/C relationship is well represented by a linear function of the form κ org = (0.18±0.04) ×O/C + 0.03, suggesting that a simple, semi-empirical parameterization of OOA hygroscopicity and oxidation level can be defined for use in chemistry and climate models.
ASSESSMENT OF SATELLITE PRECIPITATION PRODUCTS IN THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO

Precipitation is the most important weather parameter in the Philippines. Made up of more than 7100 islands, the Philippine archipelago is an agricultural country that depends on rain-fed crops. Located in the western rim of the North West Pacific Ocean, this tropical island country is very vulnerable to tropical cyclones that lead to severe flooding events. Recently, satellite-based precipitation estimates have improved significantly and can serve as alternatives to ground-based observations. These data can be used to fill data gaps not only for climatic studies, but can also be utilized for disaster risk reduction and management activities. This study characterized the statistical errors of daily precipitation from four satellite-based rainfall products from (1) the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), (2) the CPC Morphing technique (CMORPH) of NOAA and (3) the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMAP) and (4) Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN). Precipitation data were compared to 52 synoptic weather stations located all over the Philippines. Results show GSMAP to have over all lower bias and CMORPH with lowest Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). In addition, a dichotomous rainfall test reveals GSMAP and CMORPH have low Proportion Correct (PC) for convective and stratiform rainclouds, respectively. TRMM consistently showed high PC for almost all raincloud types. Moreover, all four satellite precipitation showed high Correct Negatives (CN) values for the north-western part of the country during the North-East monsoon and spring monsoonal transition periods.
Forcing mechanism of the seasonally asymmetric quasi-biennial oscillation secondary circulation in ERA-40 and MAECHAM5

[1] The seasonality of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and its secondary circulation is analyzed in the European Reanalysis (ERA-40) and Middle Atmosphere European Centre Hamburg Model (MAECHAM5) general circulation model data sets through the multitaper method-singular value decomposition (MTM-SVD). In agreement with previous studies, the results reveal a strong seasonal dependence of the QBO secondary circulation. This is characterized by a two-cell structure symmetric about the equator during autumn and spring. However, anomalies strongly weaken in the summer hemisphere and strengthen in the winter hemisphere, leading to an asymmetric QBO secondary circulation characterized by a single-cell structure displaced into the winter hemisphere during the solstices. In ERA-40, this asymmetry is more pronounced during the northern than during the southern winter. These results provide the first observation of the QBO secondary circulation asymmetries in the ERA-40 reanalysis data set across the full stratosphere and the lower mesosphere, up to 0.1 hPa. The MTM-SVD reconstruction of the seasonal QBO signals in the residual circulation and the QBO signals in Eliassen Palm (EP) flux divergences suggest a particular mechanism for the seasonal asymmetries of the QBO secondary circulation and its extension across the midlatitudes. The analysis shows that the QBO modulates the EP flux in the winter hemispheric surf zone poleward of the QBO jets. The zonal wind forcing by EP flux divergence is transformed by the Coriolis effect into a meridional wind signal. The seasonality in the stratospheric EP flux and the hemispheric differences in planetary wave forcing cause the observed seasonality in the QBO secondary circulation and its hemispheric differences.
Seed germination after freezing in high-mountain plant species: Implications for ski-run restoration

The construction of a ski slope implies a strong environmental impact as a result of the removal of the vegetation cover. The need to protect the soil requires a rapid restoration of vegetation, which is often done with commercial seed mixtures that can cause a negative impact on these high mountain ecosystems. Thus, the use of seeds of native species is essential, especially in areas rich in endemic species. The compaction of snow as a result of the preparation of the ski slopes causes the soil to freeze. This hinders the germination of seeds, especially those of shrub species. This paper analyzes, under laboratory conditions, how freezing and phytohormone application affect the seed germination of three endemic shrubby species used in the restoration of the ski slopes on Sierra Nevada (S. Spain). Freezing considerably reduced the germination of all species. However, when seeds were previously subjected to phytohormones, the germination percentage increased up to 10-fold with respect to seeds not treated with growth regulators. The results suggest that treating seeds with phytohormones could improve the restoration of the ski slopes with native species.
Tocochromanol content in commercially prepared  fried foods 

In the scientific literature, there is not reliable information about the vitamin E content of commercially prepared fried foods. Therefore, tocochromanols were determined in 44 samples of french fries and 33 samples of potato chips and similar fried snacks. The total tocochromanol content of the french fries varied in the range of 1.7–96.9 mg/kg, α-tocopherol 0.3–76.1 mg/kg, and vitamin E (expressed in α-tocopherol equivalents) 0.6–76.4 mg/kg. The total content of tocochromanols in the fried snack products varied in the range of 39.9–204.6 mg/kg, α-tocopherol 20.4–133.7 mg kg, and vitamin E 29.8–134.6 mg α-tocopherol equivalent/kg. After a comparison of fat content, and taking into account the reference intake of fat and vitamin E, the french fries were generally a worse source of vitamin E than fat. The fried snack products were usually a better source of vitamin E than fat. In the both types of fried foods, the total content of tocochromanols was most influenced by the total content of fat. The content of α-tocopherol and the vitamin E content were mainly affected by the kind of fat (oil) used for frying.
Investigating Students' Conceptual Knowledge and Procedural Skills in the Learning of College Level Trigonometry

This research study investigated 51 Pre-University (or College level) students' difficulties in solving trigonometric function problems. It sets to determine the correlation of conceptual knowledge and procedural skills of students' trigonometry test achievements using pre, post and delayed-post tests on six selected trigonometric questions. Results from the three tests revealed that there were improvements in the questions that tested on procedural skills; however, they did not perform as well as was predicted in the conceptual questions due to the lack in the conceptual knowledge of trigonometry. In contrast, there was evidence on the retention of procedural skills from the delayed-post tests. This indicated that learning had taken place for the students. However, it was noticed that there was also a slight decrease on conceptual knowledge. The greatest obstacle was that students memorize the sequence or steps. The common misconceptions depicted were misinterpreted language, distorted definition and technical mechanical error.
Hydrogen implantation effects on the electrical and optical properties of InSe thin films

The effects of hydrogen ion implantation on the structural, electrical and optical properties of amorphous InSe thin films have been investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed no change in the structure of the films. An implantation of 7.3 × 10 18 ions/cm 2 decreased the electrical conductivity by three orders of magnitude at 300 K. Similarly, the conductivity activation energy, which was calculated in the temperature range of 300-420 K, decreased from 210 to 78 meV by H-ion implantation. The optical measurements showed that the direct allowed transitions energy band gap of amorphous InSe films has decreased from 1.50 to 0.97 eV by implantation. Furthermore, significant decreases in the dispersion and oscillator energy, static refractive index and static dielectric constants are also observed by hydrogen implantation.