Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Privacy Amplification by Mixing and Diffusion Mechanisms

A fundamental result in differential privacy states that the privacy guarantees of a mechanism are preserved by any post-processing of its output. In this paper we investigate under what conditions stochastic post-processing can amplify the privacy of a mechanism. By interpreting post-processing as the application of a Markov operator, we first give a series of amplification results in terms of uniform mixing properties of the Markov process defined by said operator. Next we provide amplification bounds in terms of coupling arguments which can be applied in cases where uniform mixing is not available. Finally, we introduce a new family of mechanisms based on diffusion processes which are closed under post-processing, and analyze their privacy via a novel heat flow argument. On the applied side, we generalize the analysis of "privacy amplification by iteration" in Noisy SGD and show it admits an exponential improvement in the strongly convex case, and study a mechanism based on the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck diffusion process which contains the Gaussian mechanism with optimal post-processing on bounded inputs as a special case.
High Star Formation Rates of Low Eddington Ratio Quasars at z ≳ 6

Recent simulation studies suggest that the supermassive black hole (SMBH) growth in the early universe may precede prolonged intense star formation within its host galaxy, rather than quasars appearing after the obscured dusty star formation phase. If so, high-redshift quasars with low Eddington ratios ( ) would be found in actively star-forming hosts with a star formation rate (SFR) of >100 M⊙ yr−1. We present the submillimeter observations of IMS J2204+0112, a faint quasar with a quasar bolometric luminosity of and a low of only 0.1 at z ∼ 6, carried out with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). From its submillimeter fluxes, we measure the rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) luminosity of – . Interestingly, the derived host galaxy’s SFR is – yr−1, an order of magnitude higher than those of the -matched z ≳ 6 quasars with high . Similar FIR excesses are also found for five z ≳ 6 low- quasars ( ) in the literature. We show that the overall SFR, , and distributions of these and other submillimeter-detected quasars at z ≳ 6 can be explained with the evolutionary track of high-redshift quasars in a simulation study, where low and high SFR quasars are expected at the end of the SMBH growth. This suggests that the nuclear activities of the low , high quasars are on the brink of being turned off, while their host galaxies continue to form the bulk of their stars at SFR >100 M⊙ yr−1.
An Improved Convergence Analysis of Stochastic Variance-Reduced Policy Gradient

We revisit the stochastic variance-reduced policy gradient (SVRPG) method proposed by Papini et al. (2018) for reinforcement learning. We provide an improved convergence analysis of SVRPG and show that it can find an $\epsilon$-approximate stationary point of the performance function within $O(1/\epsilon^{5/3})$ trajectories. This sample complexity improves upon the best known result $O(1/\epsilon^2)$ by a factor of $O(1/\epsilon^{1/3})$. At the core of our analysis is (i) a tighter upper bound for the variance of importance sampling weights, where we prove that the variance can be controlled by the parameter distance between different policies; and (ii) a fine-grained analysis of the epoch length and batch size parameters such that we can significantly reduce the number of trajectories required in each iteration of SVRPG. We also empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of our theoretical claims of batch sizes on reinforcement learning benchmark tasks.
Tight recovery guarantees for orthogonal matching pursuit under Gaussian noise

Orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) is a popular algorithm to estimate an unknown sparse vector from multiple linear measurements of it. Assuming exact sparsity and that the measurements are corrupted by additive Gaussian noise, the success of OMP is often formulated as exactly recovering the support of the sparse vector. Several authors derived a sufficient condition for exact support recovery by OMP with high probability depending on the signal-to-noise ratio, defined as the magnitude of the smallest non-zero coefficient of the vector divided by the noise level. We make two contributions. First, we derive a slightly sharper sufficient condition for two variants of OMP, in which either the sparsity level or the noise level is known. Next, we show that this sharper sufficient condition is tight, in the following sense: for a wide range of problem parameters, there exist a dictionary of linear measurements and a sparse vector with a signal-to-noise ratio slightly below that of the sufficient condition, for which with high probability OMP fails to recover its support. Finally, we present simulations that illustrate that our condition is tight for a much broader range of dictionaries.
Functorial filtrations for homotopy categories of some generalisations of gentle algebras

We consider algebras defined over a complete, local and noetherian ground ring. They are gentle algebras in case the ground ring is a field. The unbounded homotopy category of complexes of projective modules is considered. Complexes with finitely-generated homogeneous components are shown to be isomorphic to direct sums of indecomposable string and band complexes. The corresponding isoclasses are described, and the Krull-Remak-Schmidt-Azumaya property is verified. This classification problem is solved using the idea of functorial filtrations.
Prophylactic antibiotics in chronic umbilical artery catheterization in respiratory distress syndrome.

Bard, H. , Albert, G. , Teasdale, F. , Doray, B. , and Martineau, B. (1973). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 48, 630. Prophylactic antibiotics in chronic umbilical artery catheterization in respiratory distress syndrome. The use of prophylactic antibiotics with indwelling umbilical artery catheters under continuous perfusion in 75 high risk newborns with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was evaluated. These infants were divided alternatively into 'treated' and 'nontreated' groups. The incidence of bacteraemia during chronic catheterization was 1 3 %, and the incidence of septic complications probably related to the catheterization was 2 6%. There was a total of 11 7% colonization of catheter tips with pathogens, with no significant difference between the nontreated and the treated group. There was no difference in mortality or morbidity between the two groups. One nontreated infant showed a bacteraemia while an indwelling catheter was present, and a second was found to be septicaemic two days after removal. 2 infants, 1 from each group, developed a localized skin infection, probably related to catheterization. Antibiotic coverage during chronic umbilical artery catheterization in infants with RDS has dubious prophylactic value.
The relationship between viscoelasticity and elasticity

Soft materials that are subjected to large deformations exhibit an extremely rich phenomenology, with properties lying in between those of simple fluids and those of elastic solids. In the continuum description of these systems, one typically follows either the route of solid mechanics (Lagrangian description) or the route of fluid mechanics (Eulerian description). The purpose of this review is to highlight the relationship between the theories of viscoelasticity and of elasticity, and to leverage this connection in contemporary soft matter problems. We review the principles governing models for viscoelastic liquids, for example solutions of flexible polymers. Such materials are characterized by a relaxation time λ, over which stresses relax. We recall the kinematics and elastic response of large deformations, and show which polymer models do (and which do not) correspond to a nonlinear elastic solid in the limit λ → ∞. With this insight, we split the work done by elastic stresses into reversible and dissipative parts, and establish the general form of the conservation law for the total energy. The elastic correspondence can offer an insightful tool for a broad class of problems; as an illustration, we show how the presence or absence of an elastic limit determines the fate of an elastic thread during capillary instability.
Predictive Modeling with Learned Constitutive Laws from Indirect Observations

We present a new end-to-end framework for predictive modeling and its uncertainty quantification directly from observation data for physical systems, in which the coarse-grained models in the conservation laws are modeled with neural networks. Its counterparts, like response surfaces, are also compared in the present study, and the strength of neural networks is explored. The training process and the predictive process in this framework seamlessly combine the finite element method, neural networks and automatic differentiation. It also provides guaranteed convergence under mild assumptions and allows an efficient model form uncertainty quantification analysis. Numerical examples on a multiscale fiber reinforced plate problem and a highly nonlinear rubbery membrane problem from solid mechanics demonstrate substantial effectiveness of the framework.
Effect of proanthocyanidin and bamboo salt on the push-out bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to sodium hypochlorite-treated root dentin: An in vitro study

Background: In endodontic therapy, final irrigation is often done with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). This jeopardizes the bond strength between the epoxy resin sealer, used subsequently in obturation and radicular dentin. This study aimed to analyze the effect of natural antioxidants, 6.5% proanthocyanidin (PA) and 25% bamboo salt (BS) on the reversal of NaOCl-induced reduced bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to dentin. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three single-rooted extracted human teeth were randomly divided into three groups based on the final irrigation protocol: group 1 (saline), Group 2 (6.5% PA), and Group 3 (25% BS). The canals were cleaned, shaped, and obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. 1.5 mm-thick root slices made from coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the canal were subjected to push-out bond strength (PBS) testing. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's post hoc test (P < 0.05). Results: 5.25% NaOCl significantly decreased the bond strength of AH Plus to dentin (P < 0.05). Both 6.5% PA and 25% BS were capable of reversing the compromised PBS of AH Plus to NaOCl-treated dentin. Conclusion: Final irrigation with antioxidants such as PA and BS eliminates the risk of reduced bond strength of AH Plus to root canal walls, which ensues following the use of NaOCl as an irrigant.
Knowledge, awareness, and attitude regarding teledentistry among postgraduate dental students of Kanpur city, India: A questionnaire study

BACKGROUND: Teledentistry is a rapidly forming subset of dentistry being used extensively in urban as well as rural areas addressing problems related to cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and quality in delivering oral health-care services. The present study aims to evaluate the knowledge, awareness, and attitudes regarding teledentistry among the dental postgraduates of Kanpur city, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was carried out on a total of 120 postgraduate students. A pretested, self-structured, close-ended questionnaire was administered that consisted of 20 questions were included. The data collected was compiled in a systemic manner and analyzed in terms of frequency (yes/no). RESULTS: Only 77 postgraduate students responded, and it was observed that 74.4% of students had knowledge regarding teledentistry and 79.2% of students contemplated to practice teledentistry in the future. The overall awareness and attitudes regarding teledentistry were found to be 71.7%. CONCLUSION: The knowledge, awareness, and attitudes were found to be satisfactory among the postgraduate dental students.
Aerodynamics of stratovolcanoes during multiphase processes

[1] Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) are gas-particle flows generated during explosive eruptions, which are often erupted over the flanks of stratovolcanoes. These volcanoes may have different shapes, which can affect the flow aerodynamics and hence the depositional processes. Here, multiphase numerical simulations are carried out in order to define semiquantitative relationships among the PDC behavior, particle response, and deposit formation. Three stratovolcano shapes are used: straight, convex and concave, and, by means of numerical simulations, their effects both on the flow structure and depositional processes are highlighted. The current starts moving as a homogeneous flow, and then it rapidly evolves to a turbulent boundary layer moving in contact with the ground, overlaid by a companion wake region. Results show that thin boundary layers produce thick deposits of massive layers, whereas thick boundary layers produce thin laminated deposits. Moreover, concave wake regions would produce thick massive deposits of fine ash, whereas convex wake regions would produce thin ash deposits.
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met and brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met gene polymorphisms in paraphilic sexual offenders

Background: Child sexual abuse (CSA) is an important problem worldwide. The reason of sex abuse is considered as multifactorial. Genetic contribution reported by recent studies is a significant evidence for this pathologic behavior. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) is an enzyme in the metabolic inactivation of catecholamine and substances containing catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. COMT polymorphism causes functional changes in COMT enzyme activity. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophic factor usually synthesized from central nervous system neurons. With the effect of BDNF, dopamine and serotonin play important roles on neurogenesis, survival, and synaptic plasticity. Aim: This study aims to examine COMT Val158Met (rs4680) and BDNF Val66Met (rs6265) polymorphisms in CSA. Settings and Design: This was a case–control study. Materials and Methods: Seventy paraphilic child sexual abuser patients and seventy age- and gender-matched healthy controls participated in this study. COMT Val158Met and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms were genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Results: COMT Val158Met genotype frequencies were determined as GG 31.4%, GA 45.7%, and AA 22.9% in patients; GG 24.3%, GA 45.7%, and AA 8.6% in controls; and exhibited a positive relationship between the groups (P = 0.018). BDNF Val66Met genotype frequencies were determined as GG 77.1%, GA 21.4%, and AA 1.4% in patients; GG 65.7%, GA 31.4%, AA 2.9% in controls; and no significant relationship was observed between the groups (P = 0.317). Conclusions: This research investigated COMT (Val158Met) and BDNF (Val66Met) in paraphilic child sexual offenders. A positive relationship was found for COMT gene; however, no significant relation was observed for BDNF gene between paraphilic sexual offenders and controls.
The Reliability and Validity of a Self-Report Measure of Cognitive Abilities in Older Adults: More Personality than Cognitive Function

The development of brief, reliable and valid self-report measures of cognitive abilities would facilitate research in areas including cognitive ageing. This is due to both practical and economic limitations of formal cognitive testing procedures. This study examined the reliability and validity of the newly developed Self-Report Measure of Cognitive Abilities (SRMCA; Jacobs & Roodenburg, 2014); a multi-item self-report tool designed to assess cognitive function in the ability areas of fluid reasoning (Gf), comprehension-knowledge (Gc) and visual processing (Gv). Participants were (n = 93) cognitively healthy older adults aged between 52 and 82 years who completed the SRMCA, the Big Five Inventory and a battery of cognitive tasks. Results revealed adequate reliability for the SRMCA and convergent validity for the Gc domain but not for Gf or Gv. Moreover, significant personality bias was evident with Extraversion (positively), Openness to Experience (positively) and Neuroticism (negatively) predicting SRMCA responses independently of actual cognitive performance. Thus, although the SRMCA appears to be reliable in older adults, personality was a stronger predictor of self-estimated cognitive abilities than actual cognitive performance, questioning the utility of this tool as a subjective measure of cognitive ability.
Integrating perioperative medicine with anaesthesia in India: Can the best be achieved? A review

Integrating perioperative medicine with anaesthesia is the need of the hour. Evolution of a new superspeciality called perioperative anaesthesia can improve surgical outcomes by quality perioperative care and guarantee imminent escalation of influence and power for anaesthesiologists. All original peer-reviewed manuscripts pertaining to surgery-specific perioperative surgical home models involving preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative initiatives spanning the past 5 years have been reviewed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Whether the perioperative surgical home model is feasible or still a distant dream in the Indian perspective has been analysed.
Meta-analytical methods for estimating outcomes from overall response rate in patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is highly heterogeneous and current trials are investigating new approaches to improve outcomes. Limited data on response endpoints can confound estimation of a treatment effect when designing studies of novel agents in this setting, which can hinder study sample size calculations, especially if a net estimate is required for a ‘physician’s choice’ comparator arm. Here we estimate complete response rate (CRR), overall response rate (ORR), and extrapolate durable response rates (DRR; CR/partial response lasting ≥16 weeks) for such a comparator arm from published ORRs in DLBCL. CRR, ORR, and DRR (if reported) were obtained from published clinical trials for approved single-agent therapies in patients with relapsed/refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma after ≥2 prior therapies. Meta-analyses were performed to estimate CRR, ORR, and DRR based on ORR data reported from these studies. Published data from studies of eight monotherapies were included. Meta-analyses using fixed and random effects models showed a pooled estimate for a CRR of 12% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9−15) and 11% (95% CI: 8−15), respectively, an ORR of 30% (95% CI: 25−35) and 30% (95% CI: 24−36), respectively, and a DRR of 14% (95% CI: 11−18; same for fixed and random effects models). Bayesian meta-analysis estimated a pooled DRR of 14% (95% credible interval: 11−19). CRR estimates for a physician’s choice comparator arm in patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL were 11−12%; DRR estimates were 14% regardless of methodology. Lack of consistency in reported data and choice of endpoints can be addressed using meta-analytic approaches.
Localization of amplitude-modulated high-frequency noise.

This study investigated whether listeners can use interaural time differences (ITDs) in the amplitude envelope to localize high-frequency sounds in a free field. Localization accuracy was measured for high-frequency (7 to 14 kHz) noise with and without an imposed amplitude modulation (AM) at 20, 80 or 320 Hz. Only AM at 320 Hz led to more accurate localization relative to the nonmodulated condition. The results of a control experiment suggest that the improvement in localization accuracy was due to an increase in stimulus bandwidth, rather than the temporal cues provided by the modulation.
Pattern of Substance Abuse and Prevalence of Risk Factors of HIV and Hepatitis among Addicted Women in Western Iran

Background: Women are the first victims in most of social damages and corruptions. However, due to some social and cultural reasons, the most of the drug addiction studies in Iran target male population. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the pattern of substance abuse and prevalence of HIV and hepatitis risk factors among addicted women. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on women referred to methadone maintenance treatment centers of Western Iran (Kermanshah province). Data were collected through interview by a psychologist who is working full time in the centers. Results: A total of 138 addicted women were studied. Among whom, 50 individuals were aged >45 years old (36.2%), 135 individuals (97.8%) had a history of substance abuse in their family, and 66 individuals (40.5%) initiated drug use before age 20. The most common substances were opium and crack with a proportion of 76.8% and 9.4%, respectively. Prevalence of positive HIV and hepatitis B among addicted women were 18.8% (26 persons) and 5.0% (7persons), respectively. Three (2.1%) of addicted women with HIV also had HBV. The most commonly HIV transmission were drug injections (30.7%) and unprotected sex (11.5%). Conclusions: Although women do not constitute a significant part of substance abuse, increasing trend of women addiction, on one hand, and high prevalence of risk factors related to HIV or hepatitis in women, on the other hand; show that officials and experts are required to seriously consider prevention and harm reduction programs for women.
The minimal nutritional requirements of organisms of the genus Bordetella López.

SUMMARY: Eight strains of bronchiseptica, six strains of parapertussis and fifteen strains of pertussis were examined for their minimal nutritional requirements in defined media. All strains showed an absolute requirement for nicotinic acid and no other vitamin was required for growth. Amino acids were essential for parapertussis and pertussis, but bronchiseptica would grow in either a mixture of amino acids, or lactate or citrate. Two old laboratory strains were exceptional in that they could utilize either glutamic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, citrate, lactate, succinate or pyruvate. The amino acid requirements of the three species were relatively simple and showed some similarities. Bronchiseptica would grow in a mixture of glutamic acid, proline and leucine, while parapertussis required added cystine and methionine, and pertussis required in addition alanine, asparagine and serine. In simple amino acid mixtures glutamic acid was essential, but was replaceable by α-ketoglutaric acid. Nutritionally the species are very similar, but are quite different from the Haemophilus influenzae-parainfluenzae-canis, or the Brucella abortus-suis-melitensis groups of organisms. The nutritional evidence supports the already impressive evidence on other grounds that these three groups should be classified separately. If generic status is given to one group it should be given to all three. Lopez (1952) has proposed a new genus Bordetella, consisting of the species B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica, and this seems a reasonable solution to the present anomalous position. The three species can be differentiated by tests for inhibition. Thus B. bronchiseptica is the only species not inhibited by 20% citrate and B. pertussis the only species inhibited by colloidal copper sulphide.