Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Foreland Structures on Hinterland Cooling: Evaluating the Drivers of Exhumation in the Eastern Bhutan Himalaya

Understanding, and ideally quantifying, the relative roles of climatic and tectonic processes during orogenic exhumation is critical to resolving the dynamics of mountain building. However, vastly differing opinions regarding proposed drivers often complicate how thermochronometric ages are interpreted, particularly from the hinterland portions of thrust belts. Here we integrate three possible cross‐section geometries and kinematics along a transect through the eastern Bhutan Himalaya with a thermal model (Pecube‐D) to calculate the resulting thermal field and predict potential ages. We compare predicted ages to a suite of new and published cooling ages. Our results argue for ramp‐focused exhumation of the Main Central thrust from 16 to 14 Ma at shortening rates of 40–55 mm/year, followed by slower rates (25 mm/year) during the last 50 km of Main Central thrust displacement and growth of the Lesser Himalayan duplex from 14 to 11 Ma. Emplacement of frontal Lesser Himalayan thrust sheets occurred rapidly (55–70 mm/year) between ~11 and 9 Ma, followed by a decrease in shortening rates to ~10 mm/year during motion on the Main Boundary thrust. Modern shortening rates (17 mm/year) and out‐of‐sequence motion on the Main Boundary thrust from 0.5 Ma to present reproduce the young cooling ages near the Main Boundary thrust. We show that the dominant control on exhumation patterns in a fold‐thrust belt results from the evolution of ramps and emphasize that the geometry and kinematics of structures driving hinterland exhumation need to be evaluated with their linked foreland structures to ensure the viability of the proposed geometry, kinematics, and thus cooling history.
Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Rural Economy: Evidence from China and India

We extend the Becker-Tomes (1986) model of intergenerational educational mobility to a rural economy characterized by occupational dualism (farm vs. nonfarm) and provide a comparative analysis of rural India and rural China. Using two exceptional data-sets, we estimate father-sons intergenerational educational persistence in farm and nonfarm households free of truncation bias due to coresidency. The sons in rural India faced lower educational mobility compared to the sons in rural China in the 1990s and earlier. Father’s nonfarm occupation and education were complementary in determining a son’s schooling in India, but separable in China. However, the separability observed for the older cohorts in rural China broke down for the younger cohort. Evidence from supplementary data on economic mechanisms shows that the extended Becker-Tomes model provides plausible explanations for both the cross-country heterogeneity (India vs. China), and the evolution of mobility across cohorts in China.
Talpiden (Mammalia, Insectívora) aus dem Orleanium und Astaracium Bayerns

The moles from the fissure fillings of the Franconian Alb, Petersbuch 2, Erkertshofen 2, Er­ kertshofen 1, and from the calcareous lake deposits of Steinberg in the Nordlinger Ries are stu­ died. Further material from the sites in the lower part of the Upper Freshwater Molasse at Rauscherod, Rembach and Puttenhausen are presented. The investigations are based on some 500 teeth, partly isolated, partly in situ, and on more than 250 well preserved or partly damaged humeri. The localities span the time from the middle Orleanian (M N 4) to the lower Astaracian (MN 6). Four new species and one new genus have been erected: Desmanella engesseri n. sp. , Proscapanus intercedens n. sp . ,P alnrotrichus hutchisoni n. g. n. sp. , and Desmanodon antiquns n. sp. Partly, they are connecting links between well known older and younger taxa, partly, it is possible to extend existing evolutionary lines. Due to lack of specific criteria three species only can be determined as members of the tribe Talpini. *) Dr. R. ZlEGLER, Institut für Palaeoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedi­ zin der Universität München, Schellingstraße 10/2, 8000 München 40.
Effect of mound-building termites on soil physicochemical properties and sugarcane stalk heights

This study investigated soil factors responsible for localised patches of enhanced sugarcane growth on the remains of termite (Macrotermes natalensis) mounds observed on predominantly coarse-textured soils (weak sands) of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Soil samples (0–20 cm depth) were collected and sugarcane stalk heights determined from termite-mounds and their immediate surrounds located in the North Coast and Midlands South regions (three per location). Mean clay and total carbon levels were 45 and 3.9 g kg−1 higher, respectively, in the termite-mounds relative to the immediate surrounding soils. In addition, termite-mound soil had lower acid saturations and higher pH, calcium, magnesium, zinc, nitrogen and silicon contents than surrounding soils. Although interactions between sampling regions and position (termite-mounds vs surrounds) showed no signifi- cant differences, a greater impact of termite activity associated with higher clay content was observed on the North Coast. These results suggested that increasing organic matter facilitated by activity of termites may improve the fertility of the ‘weak sands’ and thus increase the growth of sugarcane.
Stress-strain-sorption behaviour and permeability evolution in clay-rich rocks under CO2 storage conditions

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a promising method in the portfolio of negative CO2 emission techniques. It involves capture of CO2 from industrial units (e.g. power plants and cement factories), followed by transport and then injection of the captured CO2 into underground reservoirs, such as saline aquifers, or depleted oil and gas reservoirs, for geological storage. Long-term safe containment of stored CO2 relies on the sealing integrity of the overlying caprock overlying the storage reservoir, as well as any pre-existing faults bounding the system. For many existing and potential CO2 storage sites, clay-rich shales and mudstones form the primary caprock. To assess the leakage risk of CO2 through clay-rich caprocks and along initially sealed faults, the interactions between the caprock material and CO2-rich fluid, and its effect on sealing integrity must be well understood under CO2 storage conditions. In many clay-rich caprocks, swelling clays, such as smectites, are pervasively present. It is known that upon interaction with CO2 and/or water, these clays swell. However, it has not yet been investigated how their swelling behavior impacts caprock and fault integrity under in-situ conditions. This thesis addresses an experimentally-based study on the self-stressing effect in smectite clays induced by volumetric swelling of the smectite due to interactions with CO2 and H2O. Furthermore, it investigates the effect of stress-strain-sorption behaviour of smectites on the transport properties of smectite-bearing shale and fault-filling gouge.
Auto-tuning Shallow water simulations on GPUs

Graphic processing units (GPUs) have gained popularity in scientific computing the recent years. This is because of the massive computing power they can provide for parallel tasks, and while GPUs are powerful, it is also hard to fully utilize their power. A part of this difficulty comes from the many parameters available, and tuning of these is necessary to maximize performance. Tuning consists of finding the best possible combination of those parameters. Separate tuning is needed even for GPUs from the same vendor and same hardware generation. Manually tuning these parameters is tedious and time consuming, and we therefore explore automatic tuning of such parameters. In this thesis we explore this problem for a shallow water simulator. We have successfully applied auto-tuning, making the program do the required tuning by itself. This has yielded an increase of 10-30% in performance, over manual tuning, on different NVIDIA GPU models. In addition we have implemented other mathematical approaches for solving the equations, and shown that which approach that is the fastest is different for different GPUs. A way of automatically selecting the best approach was also implemented.
Extreme Daily Rainfall in Central-Southern Chile and Its Relationship with Low-Level Horizontal Water Vapor Fluxes

Extreme rainfall events are thought to be one of the major threats of climate change given an increase of water vapor available in the atmosphere. However, before projecting future changes in extreme rainfall events, it is mandatory to know current patterns. In this study we explore extreme daily rainfall events along central-southern Chile with emphasis in their spatial distribution and concurrent synoptic-scale circulation. Surface rain gauges and reanalysis products from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis are employed to unravel the dependency between extreme rainfall and horizontal water vapor fluxes. Results indicate that extreme rainfall events can occur everywhere, from the subtropical to extratropical latitudes, but their frequency increases where terrain has higher altitude, especially over the Andes Mountains. The majority of these events concentrate in austral winter, last a single day, and encompass a north–south band of about 200 km in length. Composited synoptic analyses identified extreme rainfall cases dominated by northwesterly (NW) and westerly (W) moisture fluxes. Some features of the NW group include a 300-hPa trough projecting from the extratropics to subtropics, a surface-level depression, and cyclonic winds at 850 hPa along the coast associated with integrated water vapor (IWV) > 30 mm. Conversely, features in the W group include both a very weak 300-hPa trough and surface depression, as well as coastal westerly winds associated with IWV > 30 mm. About half of extreme daily rainfall is associated with an atmospheric river. Extreme rainfall observed in W (NW) cases has a strong orographic (synoptic) forcing. In addition, W cases are, on average, warmer than NW cases, leading to an amplified hydrological response.
Multi‐model assessment of global temperature variability on different time scales

This study explores the near‐surface air temperature (TAS) prediction skills at different time scales via coupled climate models that were involved in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). The simulation skills of the global mean TAS are first assessed between the observations and models; then, the temporal variability is separated into three parts (the linear trend, decadal variability and inter‐annual variability), and each part is compared with the observations. It is found that the global mean TAS anomaly and the decadal variability are well captured by the model, while the inter‐annual variability is poorly presented. In all the three parts of different time scales, there are larger differences among the 18 models, and the ensemble mean of CMIP5 is the closest to the observations. Besides, the TAS decadal variability is better presented for global ocean than for global land. In the assessment of climate oscillation, it is found that the models can well reproduce the TAS decadal variation patterns correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the inter‐annual variation patterns correlated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) but poor for the decadal variation patterns related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). This study provides a reference assessing the simulation skills of climate models and an indicator evaluating the advantage of CMIP6 in comparison with CMIP5.
Application of Mössbauer spectroscopy, multidimensional discriminant analysis, and Mahalanobis distance for classification of equilibrated ordinary chondrites

Mössbauer spectra of equilibrated ordinary chondrites consist of two doublets due to paramagnetic iron present in olivines and pyroxenes and two sextets due to magnetically ordered iron present in metallic phases and troilite. The spectral areas of the different mineralogical phases found by Mössbauer spectroscopy in meteorites are proportional to the number of iron atoms in this mineralogical phase. This property of Mössbauer spectra can be the basis for constructing a method for the classification of ordinary chondrites. This idea was first explored at the Mössbauer Laboratory in Kanpur. This group suggested a qualitative method based on 2‐dimensional plots of Mössbauer spectral areas and thus classified properly some meteorites. We constructed a quantitative method using Mössbauer spectral areas, multidimensional discriminant analysis, and Mahalanobis distance (4M method) to determine the probability of a meteorite to be of type H, L, or LL. Based on 59 Mössbauer spectra, we calculated by the 4M method, Scluster, the level of similarity of the Goronyo meteorite to the clusters. On the plot of ferrosilite versus fayalite, the point representing Goronyo is located on the border between H and L areas. Calculated by the 4M method, the meteorite Goronyo is 32% similar to type H, 75% to type L, and 11% to type LL. Additional mineralogical analyses suggested that the Goronyo meteorite would be classified as type L, although it was originally reported as type H in the Meteoritical Bulletin Database.
CFD modeling two-phase flow in the rotationally symmetric bodies

Prace sumarizuje zakladni poznatky, ktere vyplývaji z numerickeho modelovani prouděni směsi vody a vzduchu suvažovanim laminarnirychlostniho profilu kapaliny v zavislosti na adhesnim souciniteli, a stupni hydrofobie povrchu. Bylo uvažovano o geometrii přimeho kruhoveho potrubi, ktere bylo uloženo ve vertikalni a horizontalni poloze. Řeseni je zaměřeno na metodu konecných prvků a nastrojem využitým k zhodnoceni výsledků je numerický program ANSYS Fluent .
Epidemiological scenario of dengue in the state of Manipur during the last 3 years

Background The study of disease transmission of dengue fever (DF) is perplexing in the Indian subcontinent as all the four serotypes are circling. Also, there is no efficient epidemiological examination done on dengue cases in Manipur, a north-eastern territory of India. Method We utilized the dengue information extricated from the lab register of Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL) from 2016 to 2018. All presumed outpatient and inpatients dengue cases from open and private health-care facilities are incorporated into the VRDL database whose informed consent were gotten. Results A sum of 1689 instances of associated patients with dengue infection was tried for dengue ELISA test and 272 (16.10%) samples were seen as seropositive. The month-wise conveyance of dengue cases is very intriguing as the three years of study demonstrates a variation design in perception. In all the three years dengue seropositive cases were seen higher in the male populace. Be that as it may, there is no noteworthy incentive to the inspiration of dengue seropositive towards male than female. Conclusion Our examination exhibits a comparative epidemiological investigation on seroprevelance of dengue in the province of Manipur for three years. This is an endeavour to show epidemiological dengue seroprevelance in the territory of Manipur which in future would be a reference from general wellbeing worries for making up essential move intend to shorten the spread of dengue.
Heterogeneous Behavior of the Campotosto Normal Fault (Central Italy) Imaged by InSAR GPS and Strong-Motion Data: Insights from the 18 January 2017 Events

On 18 January 2017, the 2016–2017 central Italy seismic sequence reached the Campotosto area with four events with magnitude larger than 5 in three hours (major event MW 5.5). To study the slip behavior on the causative fault/faults we followed two different methodologies: (1) we use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) interferograms (Sentinel-1 satellites) and Global Positioning System (GPS) coseismic displacements to constrain the fault geometry and the cumulative slip distribution; (2) we invert near-source strong-motion, high-sampling-rate GPS waveforms, and high-rate GPS-derived static offsets to retrieve the rupture history of the two largest events. The geodetic inversion shows that the earthquake sequence occurred along the southern segment of the SW-dipping Mts. Laga normal fault system with an average slip of about 40 cm and an estimated cumulative geodetic moment of 9.29 × 1017 Nm (equivalent to a MW~6). This latter estimate is larger than the cumulative seismic moment of all the events, with MW > 4 which occurred in the corresponding time interval, suggesting that a fraction (~35%) of the overall deformation imaged by InSAR and GPS may have been released aseismically. Geodetic and seismological data agree with the geological information pointing out the Campotosto fault segment as the causative structure of the main shocks. The position of the hypocenters supports the evidence of an up-dip and northwestward rupture directivity during the major shocks of the sequence for both static and kinematic inferred slip models. The activated two main slip patches are characterized by rise time and peak slip velocity in the ranges 0.7–1.1 s and 2.3–3.2 km/s, respectively, and by ~35–50 cm of slip mainly concentrated in the shallower northern part of causative fault. Our results show that shallow slip (depth < 5 km) is required by the geodetic and seismological observations and that the inferred slip distribution is complementary with respect to the previous April 2009 seismic sequence affecting the southern half of the Campotosto fault. The recent moderate strain-release episodes (multiple M~5–5.5 earthquakes) and the paleoseismological evidence of surface-rupturing events (M~6.5) suggests therefore a heterogeneous behavior of the Campotosto fault.
Response of Soybean and Lentil to a Seed-Row Placed Starter Nitrogen-Phosphorus Fertilizer Blend in a Brown Chernozem in South-Central Saskatchewan

Soybean and lentil are important legume crops in southern Saskatchewan (SK) that can supply the majority of their nitrogen (N) requirement through biological N fixation (BNF). However, the onset of BNF can be slow in cold; dry prairie soils and a small amount of seed-row placed fertilizer containing both N and phosphorus (P) may benefit the crop. Nevertheless, high rates of fertilizer in close proximity to the seed can also cause injury. This study was conducted to determine the response of lentil and soybean to a starter N-P fertilizer blend applied in the seed-row. A farm field located at the boundary of the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones in south-central Saskatchewan was selected to evaluate the effect of seed-row placed N-P fertilizer blend: 50% Urea + 50% mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP) applied at 0, 10, 20 and 30 kg N and P2O5 ha-1 on emergence, yield, and nutrient uptake. The proportion of nitrogen derived from fixation (ndff) was determined in the soybean using N-15 dilution technique. The rate of 10 kg N and P2O5 ha-1 was found to be the rate that did not significantly reduce emergence, stand count or proportion of N derived from fixation, and was sufficient to maximize yield, N and P uptake for both soybean and lentil under field conditions. Rates higher than 10 kg N ha-1 in the seed row as starter 28-26-0 blend reduced emergence and decreased the proportion of ndff.
Hydrological response characteristics of Mediterranean catchments: a review

This work examines 140 hydrological studies conducted in the Mediterranean region. It identifies key characteristics of the hydrological responses of Mediterranean catchments at various time scales and compares different methods and modelling approaches used for individualcatchment studies. The study area is divided into the northwestern (NWM), eastern (EM) and southern (SM) Mediterranean. The analysis indicates regional discrepancies in which the NWM shows the most extreme rainfall regime. A tendency for reduced water resources driven by both anthropogenic and climatic pressures and a more extreme rainfall regime are also noticeable. Catchments show very heterogeneous responses over time and space, resulting in limitations in hydrological modelling and large uncertainties in predictions. However, few models have been developed to address these issues. Additional studies are necessary to improve the knowledge of Mediterranean hydrological features and to account for regional specificities.
Evaluating an EFL Textbook: To What Extent Does The 2013 Curriculum-Based Textbook Accomplish Pedagogical Aspects?

According to Permendikbud number 71 year 2013 article 1, the government provides guide books for learning process, so pilot project schools for the 2013 curriculum must use the textbooks developed by the government. The 2013 curriculum-based English textbook for grade X is entitled “Bahasa Inggris” (BI hereafter). Since the use textbook is so significant and no textbook is completely accurate, this present study aims to verify: (1) how the 2013-based curriculum textbook “Bahasa Inggris” (BI hereafter) for grade X of senior high school accomplishes pedagogical aspects; (2) the students‟ responses toward BI textbook for grade X. It is classified as a qualitative study. BI textbook for grade X is the object of the study while SMA 1 Ponorogo and SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Ponorogo are the setting of the study. Document analysis, personal interview, and focus group discussions are the data collection techniques and the instruments are a constructed criteria rubric to analyze the textbook and two lists of interview. After analysis of data, it is found that BI textbook has strengths in aspects of methodology, presentation, design, and learner‟s factors and weaknesses in aspects of content coverage and material completeness. Moreover, BI textbook is sufficiently beneficial and challenging for the students.
Ecotype-Level Genetic Biodiversity of Five Italian Traditional Crops

Italy displays a high level of agrobiodiversity due to its diversified pedoclimatic zones. The Administrative Region of Campania includes several and divergent biomes, occurring close to each other. In fact, the distance between a sea level environment and that of high mountains can be less than 20 km. These environmental conditions allow the cultivation of many different crops and vegetables, represented by diverse ecotypes and varieties that are well adapted to the distribution range where they have been selected and grown. Efforts to maintain and further increase biodiversity in farming systems require a better understanding of the existing diversity created by traditional farming practices. The aim of our study was to identify and molecularly characterize several ecotypes belonging to five horticultural species commonly cultivated in Campania. In particular, we analysed five ecotypes of maize, two of garlic, four of onion, one of escarole, and two of courgette by means of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in order to evaluate their level of genetic biodiversity. The results reveal, for the first time, the high genetic biodiversity of horticultural ecotypes of the Campania Region. This feature is very important to improve the quality and productivity of agroecosystems.