Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Systems Approach to Language Planning: The Case of Namibia

SOMMAIREUne approche "par systemes" de la politique linguistique:le cas de la NamibieL'Afrikaans (l'une des deux langues officielles de la Republique Sud-Africaine) est employe comme langue officielle et comme lingua fianca en Namibie. Apres l'independance de la Namibie, l'anglais (qui est parle par moins de 5% de la population) deviendra la nouvelle langue officielle. L'un des objectifs principaux de cette politique linguistique (ou planning linguistique) est de reunir les diverses races et communautes linguistiques de la Namibie en une seule entite nationale. Le probleme le plus evident qui se pose a ce programme est celui de savoir comment faire acceder la population a l'anglophonie le plus rapidement possible, avec les fonds disponibles et sans detruire les langues indigenes. Les approches traditionnelles en planning linguistique se concentrent principalement sur des problemes d'ordre linguistique, au point d'occulter les variables non-linguistiques essentielles qui pourraient contribuer a etendre et a entretenir une variete. Cet article propose une approche "par systemes" qui remplacerait la metaphore de la structure par la metaphore du reseau et qui permettrait au planificateur linguistique de percevoir les rapports entre son plan et les autres forces a l'oeuvre dans la societe. Par exemple, le role des professionnels du langage dans la mise en oeuvre de la politique linguistique namibienne s'en trouverait accentue. Au demeurant, l'unite nationale ne s'obtient pas grâce au seul planning linguistique, mais egalement par d'autres moyens politiques.RESUMOSistemika aliro al lingvoplanado: la kazo de NamibioLa afrikansa (unu el la oficialaj lingvoj de la Respubliko Sudafriko) estas uzata kiel oficiala lingvo kaj kiel interlingvo en Namibio. Post la namibia sendependigo, la angla (kiun parolas kiel gepatran lingvon malpli ol kvin procentoj de la enlogantoj) farigos la nova oficiala lingvo. Unu el la cefaj celoj de tiu lingva plano estas unuecigi la diversajn rasojn kaj parolkomunumojn de Namibio en unu nacian enton. Evidente la plej granda lingvoplanada problemo estos decidi kiel enkonduki al la enloĝantaro la anglan lingvon per plej granda rapideco, kaj kiel fari ĉion ĉi per limigitaj financaj rimedoj sen detrui la indiĝenajn lingvojn. Tradiciaj aliroj al lingvoplanado koncentrigas je lingvaj problemoj kaj tial ne identigas la decidajn nelingvajn variablojn, kiuj povus helpi disvastigi kaj konservi difinitan idiomon. La aŭtoro proponas sistemikan aliron al la demando, en kiu reta metaforo anstataŭas strukturan metaforon kaj ebligas, ke la lingvo-plananto rimarku la rilatojn inter sia plano kaj aliaj sociaj fortoj. La aŭtoro ekzemple emfazas la rolon de la lingvaj profesioj en realigo de la namibia lingva plano. Cetere, nacian unuecon oni atingos ne nur per lingvoplanado, sed ankaŭ per aliaj rimedoj.
Applying the concept of figural goodness for automatic design of dataset visualization

Many approaches to automatic design of graphical presentation are focused on creating graphical presentation for a given data type, often without considering actual instances of data. This is due to the fact that they aim to be general purpose solutions. In this study a method which draws attention to characteristics of the actual data to be presented is adopted. Knowing characteristics of data that will be shown to the observer in advance, allows much more customized approach and better performance of constructed visualization. Visualisation performance in this case is understood as an ability to identify and recognize presented objects quickly and easily. Construction of the method relies heavily on research in the area of data visualization and perceptual psychology – with special emphasis on figural goodness.
Mitigating the Effects of Optimistic Replication in a Distributed File System

Optimistic replication strategies can significantly increase availability of data in distributed systems. However such strategies cannot guarantee global consistency in the presence of partitioned updates. The danger of conflicting partitioned updates, combined with the fear that the machinery needed to cope with conflicts might be excessively complex has prevented designers from using optimistic replication in real systems. This dissertation puts these fears to rest by showing that it is indeed practical and feasible to use optimistic replication in distributed file systems. It describes the design, implementation and evaluation of the mechanisms used to transparently resolve diverging replicas in the Coda file system. Files and directories are resolved using orthogonal mechanisms due to the difference in their structure and semantics. A server-based mechanism that uses operation logging is utilized to resolve directories, while a client-based mechanism that uses application support is utilized to resolve files. When automatic resolution fails a repair tool in conjunction with standard Unix utilities aids the user in merging the diverging replicas. The combination of these mechanisms allows the system to provide high data availability with minimal impact on its usability, scalability, security and performance. Coda has been in daily use by thirty-five users for more than three years. The system consists of ten servers storing more than four Gigabytes of data and seventy-five clients, consisting of desktop and mobile hosts. Empirical measurements show that the system has maintained usability by automatically resolving partitioned updates on more than 99% of the attempts. Furthermore, the automatic resolution facility has excellent performance, minimal overhead and is rarely noticeable in normal operation. Usage experience with the repair facility has also been positive. This dissertation makes four significant contributions: a design of simple yet novel automatic resolution techniques; a formalization of the Unix file system model and proof of correctness of the resolution methods; implementation of these methods in a system with a real user community; and measurements, showing the efficacy of the approach.
Developmental Changes in Micro-Educational Environments for Learning Handicapped and Non-Learning Handicapped Elementary School Students

A longitudinal study of the development of Micro-Educational Environments (MEEs) and microcomputer use by learning handicapped and nonhandicapped students was initiated This report describes current MEEs and microcomputer-use patterns and changes in these programs and patterns over a 2-year period. Focus is on the differences in the types of microcomputer instruction provided to special and regular education students and their response to that instruction. The design and use of instructional programs once the novelty of the technology has worn off will be explored.
Bayesian Population Analysis using WinBUGS: A Hierarchical Perspective

Bayesian statistics has exploded into biology and its sub-disciplines, such as ecology, over the past decade. The free software program WinBUGS and its open-source sister OpenBugs is currently the only flexible and general-purpose program available with which the average ecologist can conduct standard and non-standard Bayesian statistics. Comprehensive and richly-commented examples illustrate a wide range of models that are most relevant to the research of a modern population ecologist. All WinBUGS/OpenBUGS analyses are completely integrated in software R. Includes complete documentation of all R and WinBUGS code required to conduct analyses and shows all the necessary steps from having the data in a text file out of Excel to interpreting and processing the output from WinBUGS in R.
Equivalent circuit models for package level discontinuities and chip-package intersonnects

Equivalent circuit models with closed form expressions, in conjunction with a segmentation technique, have been derived to study three different aspects related to chip-package co-design issues. This technique has been successfully applied to package level discontinuities, chip-package interconnects, and the modeling of transients that affect the performance of an integrated microstrip antenna placed at the RF front end. In each case, circuit models have been developed to include coupling by the use of coupling capacitance and mutual inductance. All circuit elements are defined by closed form expressions. To analyze package level discontinuities various microstrip transmission lines placed in close proximity to each other have been considered. Typical via structures such as the single via connecting signal lines placed on either side of a ground plane, and two-via structures between transmission lines placed on different layers have also been modeled. In each case the S-matrix from the equivalent circuit model compared to that obtained using a full wave simulator shows excellent agreement, thereby establishing the validity of the model. To address chip-package co-design issues associated with RF front end a test bed consisting of a microstrip antenna with an embedded matching network has been implemented in a Multi-Layered Organic (MLO) material. The impact on the antenna's input and radiation characteristics due to neighboring circuitry is found to be significant in both the frequency and time domains. Using the equivalent circuit model the coupling has been characterized and compared with that obtained from a full wave simulator.
Practical improvements in applied spectral learning

Spectral learning algorithms, which learn an unknown function by learning a spectral representation of the function, have been widely used in computational learning theory to prove many interesting learnability results. These algorithms have also been successfully used in real-world applications. However, previous work has left open many questions about how to best use these methods in real-world learning scenarios. This dissertation presents several significant advances in real-world spectral learning. It presents new algorithms for finding large spectral coefficients (a key sub-problem in spectral learning) that allow spectral learning methods to be applied to much larger problems and to a wider range of problems than was possible with previous approaches. It presents an empirical comparison of new and existing spectral learning methods, showing among other things that the most common approach seems to be the least effective in typical real-world settings. It also presents a multi-spectrum learning approach in which a learner makes use of multiple representations when training. Empirical results show that a multi-spectrum learner can usually match or exceed the performance of the best single-spectrum learner. Finally, this dissertation shows how a particular application, sentiment analysis, can benefit from a spectral approach, as the standard approach to the problem is significantly improved by incorporating spectral features into the learning process. Keywords: spectral learning, Fourier-based learning, Fourier transform, machine learning, search algorithms, sentiment analysis
Using SPSS for Windows: Analyzing and Understanding Data with Disk

From the Publisher: Using SPSS for Windows: Analyzing and Understanding Data offers both the beginning and advanced student and researcher a complete introduction to SPSS. In two parts, coverage proceeds from an introduction to how to use the program to advanced information on the specific SPSS techniques that are available. Special features of the book include a Student Disk including all the files students will need to work through the various lessons and topics, high level of readability and a class tested text, examples using screen shots and step-by-step procedures for successful completion of data analysis, tips which help the user in both learning SPSS and making it even easier to use, sidebars featuring material that is particularly interesting and important to understanding the analytical technique under discussion, and guidance in the selection and application of statistical techniques and interpretation, and the writing of results sections.
Tipologi Façade Rumah Tinggal Kolonial Belanda Di Kayutangan - Malang.

Daerah Kayutangan merupakan kawasan pertumbuhan perekonomian bangsa Belanda di Kota Malang. Kawasan Kayutangan ini merupakan pusat perekonomian bangsa Belanda yang kemudian menjadi pusat kebudayaan bagi bangsa Belanda yang diikuti perkembangannya oleh bangsa pribumi. Dampak dari perekonomian itu kemudian memunculkan satu pola ruang gerak masyarakat pada area belakang kawasan pertokoan Kayutangan. Masyarakat membentuk pola spasial ruang dengan mendirikan rumah tinggal yang kemudian membentuk satu pola permukiman. Permukiman yang dibentuk, secara tidak langsung mengadopsi gaya arsitektur Belanda yang memang pada masa itu menduduki dan menguasai Kota Malang. Keberadaan kawasan Kayutangan juga patut dilestarikan keberadaannya karena terdapat banyak bangunan kuno yang dapat menjadi referensi bagi konservasi kota. Pemerintah Kota Malang juga menetapkan kawasan Kayutangan sebagai pusat sejarah Kota Malang oleh sebab itu perkembangan jaman yang makin maju harus diseimbangkan dengan terjaganya peninggalan masa lampau. Facade menjadi peran media komunikasi keserbaragaman kultur budaya masyarakat. Facade bangunan merupakan salah satu titik ukur penentuan ciri dari suatu bentukan bangunan. Facade bangunan ini sangat berperan aktif pada pengidentifikasian gaya bangunan. Facade pada bangunan kolonial secara visual berbeda dengan fasade bangunan yang mengusung gaya arsitektur nusantara. Penelitian ini bertujuan menemukan tipologi fasade rumah tinggal kolonial Belanda yang ada di kawasan bersejarah Kayutangan. Penelitian ini, menggunakan metode deskriptif. Penentuan sampel dilakukan secara purposif dengan analisanya adalah fasade (atap, dinding, dan lantai) dan menggunakan metode analisa kualitatif-deskriptif dengan pendekatan tipologi. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa macam atap yang digunakan pada rumah tinggal kolonial di Kayutangan yaitu perisai, pelana, dan gevel. Tipologi dinding dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu dinding polos, dinding dengan ornamen batu kali dan dinding dengan ornamen batu tabur. Elemen bukaan pada rumah tinggal kolonial Belanda di Kayutangan, ditemukan empat jenis yaitu pintu, jendela, bouvenlight, dan lubang angin. Jenis pintu dan jendela yang paling banyak ditemui adalah jenis rangkap ganda dengan tipe gantung samping dengan bahan kayu sebagai bahan pembentukknya. Teritisan pada fasade letaknya dikelompokkan menjadi dua yaitu disepanjang lebar fasade dan diatas bukaan saja. Lantai pada keseluruhan kasus menggunakan bahan teraso dengan perbedaan ketinggian 30-60 cm dari permukaan tanah. Elemen fasade bangunan yang paling besar rentan terhadap perubahan dinding (hampir 70% berubah), sedang elemen fasade yang paling tidak rentan terhadap perubahan adalah atap.
Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction

In Ronald W. Langacker’s ongoing investigation of the grammar of language, he questions the dominant trends in linguistic theory and contemplates the nature of language as well as the most appropriate scope of linguistic theory.1 Having demonstrated the inadequacy of mainstream theories, he has been working to formulate an alternative theory known as CG (Cognitive Grammar), which is intuitively natural, insightful, and comprehensive. An overall picture of his basic ideas first took concrete shape in the two-volume FCG (Foundations of Cognitive Grammar) (Langacker (1987, 1991)). In these volumes, he proposes the symbolic nature of language as one through which we achieve an important conceptual unification of linguistic organization. The volumes deal with a vast range of topics from lexicon to grammar, clarifying the correlations between human cognition and linguistic structures. The essence is found in Langacker (1988) and his articles written in those days are published in the book Concept, Image and Symbol (Langacker (1990)). The continued development of the theory and its application to diverse linguistic phenomena can be seen in his
The Effects of Distance, Experience, and Communication Structure on Requirements Awareness in Two Distributed Industrial Software Projects

In global software development, communication is difficult due to distance between sites. How effectively do team members distributed among multiple geographical locations become aware of changes and clarifications to requirements? In a case study of two different global software development projects, we observed how requirement analysts, developers, and testers maintain awareness of changes in the project. To gather data, we attended local and remote meetings, and conducted interviews of project team members. Based on our experience with these projects, we discuss the following awareness factors in software development: distance, experience of team members, and communication structure. We present the effects on awareness, and provide some lessons learned for global software development projects. We expect these lessons learned can be used by projects with similar settings.
The Accelerated Learning Handbook: A Creative Guide to Designing and Delivering Faster, More Effective Training Programs

Part I: The Learning Revolution. Chapter 1: A Brief History of the A.L. Movement. Chapter 2: The Guiding Principles of A.L. Chapter 3: Curing the West's Educational Diseases. Part II: Natural Learning. Chapter 4: The Brain and Learning. Chapter 5: The SAVI Approach to Learning. Part III: The Four Phases of Learning. Chapter 6: A Summary of the Four Phases. Chapter 7: Phase 1: Preparation Techniques. Chapter 8: Phase 2: Presentation Techniques. Chapter 9: Phase 3: Practice Techniques. Chapter 10: Phase 4: Performance Techniques. Part IV: Additional A.L. Tools and Techniques. Chapter 11: Music for Learning. Chapter 12: Themes. Chapter 13: Pictograms. Chapter 14: Question-Raising Techniques. Chapter 15: Learning Games. Chapter 16: Imagery and Learning. Chapter 17: Natural Light. Chapter 18: Aromas. Part V: Computers and Accelerated Learning. Chapter 19: Using Technology Wisely. Chapter 20: Public Education and the Web. Chapter 21: Enhancing Technology-Based Learning. Part VI: Rapid Instructional Design (RID). Chapter 22: Rapid Design Principles. Chapter 23: The 7-Step Rapid Design Process. Part VII: The Learning Revolution and You. Chapter 24: The Soul of an A.L. Practitioner. Growing A.L. in Your Organization. Chapter 25: Growing A.L. in Your Organization. Resources: Literature, Music, Organizations.
Marking Past Tense in Second Language Acquisition: A Theoretical Model

Contents Foreword, Dalila Ayoun Author's Foreword 1. Learning Spanish Past Tense Aspect 2. Delimiting Lexical and Grammatical Aspect 3. Hypotheses about the L2 Development of Tense-Aspect 4. A Lexico-Discursive Definition of Tense-Aspect 5. Final Thoughts.
An Analysis of Shifts in the Translation of English Participial Adjectives into Indonesian in Novel “The Twilight Saga: New Moon”

Shift means the small linguistic changes that occur in translating source text into target text. In this research, the writer analyzed shifts in the translation of English participial adjectives into Indonesian in Novel “The Twilight Saga: New Moon”. The data, which are shifts of participial adjectives, are taken from a fiction novel “The Twilight Saga: New Moon” written by Stephenie Meyer and its Indonesian translation “New Moon: DuaCinta” translated by Monica DwiChresnayani. The aims of this research are: (1) to describe the kinds of English participial adjectives in novel “The Twilight Saga: New Moon”; (2) to elaborate the kinds of shifts in the translation of English participial adjectives in the novel; also, (3) to find out the most dominant shift found in the translation of English participial adjectives in the novel.Through this research which has been completed by qualitative method, the writer draws conclusions as: (1) There are two kinds of participial adjectives found in novel “The Twilight Saga: New Moon”, they are present participial adjectives and past participial adjectives. (2) There are three kinds of shifts which are found in the novel, namely structure shifts, class shifts, and unit shifts. From 100 (100%) data of present participial adjectives, there are 9 (9%) structure shifts, 57 (57%) class shifts, and 34 (34%) unit shifts. Meanwhile, there are 8 (18,181818%) structure shifts, 10 (22,727273%) class shifts, and 26 (59,090909%) unit shifts from 44 (100%) data of past participial adjectives. (3) The most dominant shift found in the translation of English present participial adjectives in the novel is class shift that consists of 57 shifts or 57% of the data. Moreover, the most dominant shift found in the translation of English past participial adjectives in the novel is unit shift that consists of 26 shifts or 59,090909% of the data.
Accuracy of Automated Analysis of Language Samples from Persons with Deafness or Hearing Impairment

ACCURACY OF AUTOMATED GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE SAMPLES FROM PERSONS WITH DEAFNESS OR HEARING IMPAIRMENT Anne M. Hasting Department of Communication Disorders Master of Science Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS) and the Language Assessment, Remediation, and Screening Procedure (LARSP) are among the more common analyses for syntax and morphology, and automated versions of these analyses have been shown to be effective. This study measured the accuracy of automated DSS and LARSP on the written English output of six prelingually deaf young adults, ranging in age from 18 to 32 years. The samples were analyzed using the DSS and LARSP programs on Computerized Profiling; manual analysis was then performed on the samples. Point-bypoint accuracy for DSS and for each level of LARSP was reported. Characteristics of the participants’ language at the clause, phrase, and word levels were described and discussed, including the implications for clinicians working with this population. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Channell for all of his guidance and support with my thesis and with life in general. He has helped me keep my head above water and always made me laugh. Thanks to my committee members, Drs. Fujiki and Harris, for their valuable input and for helping me to think critically about my project. I would also like to thank Elayne Fife for her help and support. Much thanks to Tim Grotegut for encouraging me to pursue this topic for my thesis project. Lastly, thanks to Maureen Coen, who forced me to overcome my fears and doubts and return to school.