Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discontinuous Gas‐Exchange Cycles in Scarabaeus Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): Mass‐Scaling and Temperature Dependence

Although discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGC) are known from many insects, the effects of body size and temperature on DGC have not been widely examined. Here, these effects are investigated in five Scarabaeus dung beetle species from mesic and xeric habitats. The investigation tests two hypotheses: that previous estimates of the scaling exponents for the DGC and its characteristics are more broadly applicable to insects, and that, in response to temperature, both DGC frequency and the quantity of CO2 emitted during the open (O) phase (O‐phase emission volume) are modulated. Like previous workers, we find that V̇co2 scaled as mass0.968 and that O‐phase emission volume scaled as mass0.833. However, temperature‐associated increases in V̇co2 (Q10's of 2.19–2.65) were modulated mostly by increases in DGC frequency since O‐phase volumes remained constant across temperature. Flutter (F)‐phase and O‐phase durations were closely coupled to DGC duration, although the relationship between closed (C)‐phase duration and DGC duration was less pronounced. We show that ventilation phase coefficients, previously considered a measure of the proportional duration of each phase of the DGC, calculated from the slopes of these relationships are a measure of change in phase duration with change in DGC duration and not a measure of the way in which total DGC duration is apportioned among phases. We suggest that proportions be used to estimate the contribution of each of the phases to the total duration of the DGC.
Double Boosted Protease Inhibitors, Saquinavir, and Lopinavir/Ritonavir, in Nucleoside Pretreated Children at 48 Weeks

Objectives: To assess the 48-week efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and resistance of double boosted protease inhibitors (PI), saquinavir (SQV), and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), in children who have failed nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors /non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors-based regimens. Methods: Fifty children at 2 sites in Thailand were treated with standard dosing of SQV and LPV/r. CD4, HIV-RNA viral load (VL), plasma drug concentrations and safety laboratory evaluations were monitored. Virologic failure was defined as having 2 consecutive VL >400 copies/mL after week 12 of therapy. Intention to treat analysis was performed. Results: Baseline data were a median age of 9.3 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 7.1–11.2), Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification N:A:B:C 4%:14%:68%:14%, VL 4.8 log10 (IQR: 4.5–5.1), CD4 7% (IQR: 3–9.5). At 48 weeks, 3 had died of bacterial infection but no cases had progressed CDC classification. Median CD4% rise was 9 (IQR: 5–16) and median HIV RNA reduction was −2.8 log10 (IQR: −3.2 to −1.4), both P < 0.001. Thirty-nine (78%) and 32 (64%) children had VL <400 and <50 with significant differences between the 2 sites. Five children (10%) had VL failure as a result of poor adherence to the drug regimen but no one had major PI mutations. Median serum cholesterol and triglyceride increased significantly (+35 mg/dL, +37 mg/dL, respectively, both P < 0.001). Mean minimum plasma concentrations (Cmin) of LPV and SQV were 4.6 and 1.24 mg/L, respectively. Conclusions: Double boosted SQV/LPV/r resulted in significant CD4 rise and VL decline at 48 weeks. Hyperlipidemia was common. Cmin of both PIs exceeded therapeutic concentrations. Poor adherence caused failure in 10%. No major PI mutations were found.
Identify Delirium, Then Investigate for Underlying Etiology.

86 www.pccmjournal. org January 2018 • Volume 19 • Number 1 to keep the volume of fluids similar so that the differences, if any, in the outcome could be attributed to the rate of fluid administration alone. It is not puzzling that few did not require further boluses in first 6 hours after the initial resuscitation because they were the ones who did not tolerate 60 ml/kg fluid bolus (or even lesser volumes) and were only on inotropes thereafter. Inotrope score is unsually high in our set up because the children progress rapidly once they are fluid refractory and the maximum doses of inotropes required are often supranormal in such children. The authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.
au Choosing a qualitative data analysis tool : A comparison of NVivo and

As the use and availability of qualitative software analysis tools increases so does ambiguity regarding the choice of the most appropriate software in sport management research. This paper uses NVivo and Leximancer to analyse the same set of data derived from interviews with sport management experts on high performance sport to showcase the differences in findings depending on the type of software used. The findings alert sport management and social science researchers to the importance of closely examining the choice of software for qualitative data analysis. Researchers may base their decision on aspects such as the type and size of data set, their competence and skills in data interpretation and the level of engagement with data analysis they plan on undertaking. This paper discusses the implications for researchers in the sport management field using these tools for data analysis and highlights the value that software can add to the research effort.
The results of surgery for benign tumors of the cavernous sinus.

CAVERNOUS SINUS SURGERY has been performed increasingly in the last 2 decades because of new knowledge and technologies. With increasing international expertise in cavernous sinus surgery, the results must be analyzed critically to search for accurate prognosticators of outcome. We performed a retrospective review of 124 patients (40 male, 84 female; mean age, 45 years) who underwent cavernous sinus surgery for benign tumors from 1983 to 1992. Sixty-five percent had tumors encasing the internal carotid artery. Mean follow-up was 29 months (median, 26 mo). Gross total or near-total resection was possible in 80%. Patients with neurilemomas, angiofibromas, epidermoids, chondroblastomas, and hemangiomas were more likely to have total or near-total resection (100% versus 75%, P < 0.025). Disabling complications (five cerebral infarctions, two meningitis, and one hydrocephalus with chiasmal prolapse) occurred only in patients with meningiomas or pituitary adenomas. On follow-up, excellent/good binocular vision was achieved in 53% of patients entering surgery with excellent/good function versus 25% who entered surgery with fair/poor binocular vision (P < 0.025). Ninety-three percent of patients had a Karnofsky score > or = 70 on follow-up. There were a total of 12 recurrences (10%), 6 in patients with meningiomas, 2 in patients with angiofibromas, 2 in patients with craniopharyngiomas, 1 in a patient with a pituitary adenoma, and 1 in a patient with an osteoblastoma. Patients with tumor growth or neurological symptoms indicative of progressive cavernous sinus involvement should undergo cavernous sinus exploration. This surgery has acceptable morbidity and mortality and, if the tumor can be removed easily, the surgeon should try to perform radical tumor resection. To avoid major complications, the surgeon must exercise utmost care to preserve the neurovascular structures of the cavernous sinus, with special attention to tumors that extend into the petroclival region. Better results from surgery can be expected in those patients with neurilemomas, hemangiomas, or epidermoids than in patients with meningiomas, craniopharyngiomas, or pituitary adenomas. Good functional outcome can be expected, particularly if the patient's preoperative clinical status is good. Particular attention must be paid to the reconstruction of anatomic barriers in order to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage and subsequent meningitis.
Salivary ferritin as a predictive marker of iron deficiency anemia in children.

OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to determine the salivary Ferritin levels in children with iron deficiency anemia and its reliability as a predictive marker of the disease and whether these levels could give a new hypothetical insight on the oral epithelial changes seen in patients with iron deficiency anemia. STUDY DESIGN The study comprised of 60 children of which the study group comprised of 30 individuals; aged 8-14 years with iron deficiency anemia. Venous blood was collected and hematological examination was performed to determine the hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels to confirm the diagnosis. Saliva was then collected from 30 children with iron deficiency anemia and an equal number of controls. The ferritin levels in saliva were then analyzed using solid phase ELISA. RESULT The mean value of salivary ferritin in iron deficient cases was 153.24 +/- 46.58 microg/dl and the mean ferritin levels in control subject were 93.87 +/- 30.15 microg/dl. Thus the salivary ferritin was found to be significantly higher in iron deficient subjects compared to the controls. CONCLUSION The result of our research affirms the fact that the expression of ferritin in saliva of iron deficiency anemia may be due to the enzymatic functions in the saliva and the endocytosis of ferritin which can possibly elevate the salivary ferritin. The diminished level of cytochrome oxidase, together with its relatively high Ferritin content, depicts the association of oral epithelial changes and ferritin occurring in iron deficiency anemia.
Top-down nanofabrication of silicon nanoribbon field effect transistor (Si-NR FET) for carcinoembryonic antigen detection

Sensitive and quantitative detection of tumor markers is highly required in the clinic for cancer diagnosis and consequent treatment. A field-effect transistor-based (FET-based) nanobiosensor emerges with characteristics of being label-free, real-time, having high sensitivity, and providing direct electrical readout for detection of biomarkers. In this paper, a top–down approach is proposed and implemented to fulfill a novel silicon nano-ribbon FET, which acts as biomarker sensor for future clinical application. Compared with the bottom–up approach, a top–down fabrication approach can confine width and length of the silicon FET precisely to control its electrical properties. The silicon nanoribbon (Si-NR) transistor is fabricated on a Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) substrate by a top–down approach with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible technology. After the preparation, the surface of Si-NR is functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Glutaraldehyde is utilized to bind the amino terminals of APTES and antibody on the surface. Finally, a microfluidic channel is integrated on the top of the device, acting as a flowing channel for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) solution. The Si-NR FET is 120 nm in width and 25 nm in height, with ambipolar electrical characteristics. A logarithmic relationship between the changing ratio of the current and the CEA concentration is measured in the range of 0.1–100 ng/mL. The sensitivity of detection is measured as 10 pg/mL. The top–down fabricated biochip shows feasibility in direct detecting of CEA with the benefits of real-time, low cost, and high sensitivity as a promising biosensor for tumor early diagnosis.
Basement membrane components in normal hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium

The major basement membrane (BM) components, Iaminin and type IV collagen, were studied by immunochemistry in normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic endometrium. By immunoperoxidase technique, proliferative and secretive endometrium showed capillary and epithelial cell basement membranes with linear staining with antibodies to both laminin and type IV collagen. Immunostaining of laminin and type IV collagen showed that capillaries were surrounded by a continuous perivascular sheath of these matrices in specimens of adenomatous hyperplasia and in nearly all specimens of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Laminin and type IV collagen were found to accumulate around glandular epithelial cells of adenomatous hyperplastic endometrium, but in several specimens these linear surrounding formations were defective and discontinuous. In several areas of well‐differentiated endometrial adenocarcinomas BM‐like structures were found around glandular epithelial cells as shadows without staining for laminin and type IV collagen. These basement membrane components accumulate around stromal cells to encircle each cell with a gradual, progressive, and cyclic process depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle. Laminin and type IV collagen were clearly detected around stromal cells at days 20 to 22 of the menstrual cycle and more thickly at days 26 to 28. The accumulation of these matrices around stromal cells is a progesterone/progestin‐related process. In the well‐differentiated adenocarcinoma a mid‐term treatment with progestin (Danatrol Maggioni‐Winthrop, SPA, Milan, Italy) was found to be effective on laminin and type IV collagen accumulation around stromal cells.
Perceived effectiveness of tobacco countermarketing advertisements among young adults.

OBJECTIVES To measure relative effectiveness of tobacco countermarketing advertisements by category and emotive execution style among young adults. METHODS Participants (n=1011) from 2 US 4-year colleges, one southern and one northern were surveyed before and after viewing advertisements in one of 3 categories: social norms, health consequences, or tobacco industry manipulation and with 4 emotive execution styles: drama, testimonial (negative emotive) and humor, sarcasm (positive). RESULTS Health consequences and negative emotive advertisements were rated significantly most persuasive. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to support the effectiveness of tobacco countermarketing advertisements emphasizing the negative emotive health consequences of smoking among young adults.
Three-Dimensional Morphology of the Vestibular Cleft and Its Potential Application

Hypothesis: To delineate quantitatively the spatial relationships of the utricle, saccule, and stapedial footplate, to locate the hole on the footplate, and to analyze the insertion depth into the vestibule and the direction of the piston during stapedotomy. Background: The quantitative three-dimensional (3D) configuration of the utricle, saccule, and stapedial footplate is undetermined, and the stapedotomy procedures should be improved. Methods: Four temporal bones were extracted from the fresh cadavers and were undecalcified polymer-embedded. The specimens were sectioned into serial 50-&mgr;m-thickness slices. After image processing and 3D reconstruction, a cartesian coordinate system was established to display the spatial relationships of the utricle, saccule, and stapedial footplate in the 3D Studio Max scene. The configuration of the utricle, the saccule, and the "vestibular cleft" was delineated quantitatively with the contour map method. With this contour map, any distance between one point at the surface of the footplate and another point at the surface of the utricle or saccule and its orientation can be measured. Results: There was a V-shaped cleft between the utricle and the saccule named vestibular cleft. The angle of the cleft was 50.30° ± 19.90°. The apex of the cleft always directed anterosuperiorly, whereas beneath the posteroinferior part of the footplate was an open and deep "seabed. " The vertical distances between points on the tympanic surface of the footplate and points on the surface of the utricle or saccule were measured. The vertical distance from the center point of footplate to the vestibular end organs was 2.20 ± 0.548 mm, the maximum distance being 3.0 mm, whereas the minimum distance was 1.6 mm. Conclusion: The posteroinferior area near the central point of the footplate is the optimal position for the fenestra through which the piston can be inserted relatively safely into a depth of 0.8 to 1.0 mm in the vestibule. If the deep end of the piston is inclined inferiorly and posteriorly by 8 to 10 degrees, respectively, the piston will be farther from the vestibular end organs. These manipulations may enhance surgical safety and efficiency in stapedotomy.
Dose‐dependent attenuation of auditory phantom perception (tinnitus) by PET‐guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Recent data suggest that chronic tinnitus is a “phantom auditory perception” caused by maladaptive neuroplasticity and subsequent hyperactivity in an extended neuronal network including the primary auditory cortex, higher‐order association areas, and parts of the limbic system. It was suggested that attenuation of this tinnitus‐associated hyperactivity may offer a rational option for lasting tinnitus reduction. Here, we tested the hypothesis that tinnitus loudness can be attenuated by low‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) individually navigated to cortical areas with excessive tinnitus‐related activity as assessed by [15O]H2O positron‐emission tomography (PET). Nine patients with chronic tinnitus underwent this combined functional imaging and rTMS‐study. Group analysis of the PET data showed tinnitus‐related increases of regional cerebral blood flow in the left middle and inferior temporal as well as right temporoparietal cortex and posterior cingulum. Repetitive TMS was performed at 1 Hz and 120% of the motor threshold for 5, 15, and 30 min, navigated to the individual maximum of tinnitus‐related cortical hyperactivity. A noncortical stimulation site with the same distance to the ear served as sham control. Tinnitus loudness was reduced after temporoparietal, PET‐guided low‐frequency rTMS. This reduction, lasting up to 30 min, was dependent on the number of stimuli applied, differed from sham stimulation, and was negatively correlated with the length of the medical history of tinnitus in our patients. These data show the feasibility and effectiveness of rTMS guided by individual functional imaging to induce a lasting, dose‐dependent attenuation of tinnitus. Of note, these effects were related to stimulation of cortical association areas, not primary auditory cortex, emphasizing the crucial role of higher‐order sensory processing in the pathophysiology of chronic tinnitus. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of the simultaneous production of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes from Rhodotorula glutinis under different culture conditions

Abstract The simultaneous production production of superoxide (SOD) and catalase (CAT) from Rhodotorula glutinis was studied. The effects of temperature, initial medium pH, and carbon source on the enzyme activities were investigated. Temperature and carbon sources were found to have significant effects on the enzyme activities. 10°C provided the highest specific CAT and SOD activities as 22.6 U/mg protein and 170 U/mg protein, respectively. Glycerol was found to be the best carbon source for enzyme activities, providing 113 U/mg protein for CAT and 125 U/mg protein for SOD, which were also the highest activities obtained in the present study.
BREAST CANCER TRENDS IN A NIGERIAN POPULATION: AN ANALYSIS OF CANCER REGISTRY DATA

Background: - Worldwide, breast cancer is the commonest cancer in women and characterized by regional variations and late clinical presentation in low and middle income countries including Nigeria. Objectives – The purpose of this communication is to highlight the trends of breast cancer in a Nigerian population in a way to assess the effectiveness of various control measures including mammography instituted to control the disease. Materials and Methods – Data on new cases of breast cancer registered annually at the cancer registry of the hospital over a period of 10-years were obtained and analyzed. Cancer reporting was voluntary hence data were collected by active search. Sources of information included pathology laboratories, clinics, and wards e.t. c. Information abstracted on both patients and cancer included age, sex, bases of diagnosis, incidence date, topography, (primary sites), and morphology among others. Breast cancer was coded as C50, using International Classification of Diseases 10 th edition (ICD 10 th ) of World Health Organization. Results – There were 568 new cases of breast cancer registered at the cancer registry during the 10-year period, comprising of 7(12.23%) males and 561(98.77%) females. The youngest patient aged 18 years while the oldest was 93 years and the peak age of incidence was the 5 th decade. Incidence of breast cancer in male was low and occurred at a relatively older age group. We observed steady rise in cases of breast cancer at our centre. Conclusion – The steady rise in breast cancer cases in the study population is an indication of inadequate or ineffective control measures to curtail the disease or due to diversion of global attention to HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis in the country. Therefore there is urgent need to step up activities through non-governmental agency to promote advocacy, national policy on training of personnel for clinical and self-breast examination, and nationwide screening program (mammography) in order to enhance early detection, control the upward trends and reduce the mortality rate of breast cancer.
The effects of shape, size, heterogeneity, and instructional set on the judgment of visual number.

This early work was extended by Dallenbach and his students and Fernberger and his students in the 1920's, and by Taves and by Saltzman and Garner in the 1940's, and more recently by Reese and his colleagues. During the course of this work, three separate processes in the discrimination of number have been studied: counting, estimating, and subitizing. ' In the words of Reese and his colleagues, "Estimating is what occurs when the stimulus-number is greater than six; subitizing is what occurs when the stimulus-number is less than six. " Subitizing is considerably more accurate, more rapid, and more 'confident' than estimating. With regard to the estimation of the number of objects, previous investigators report errors increase rapidly as the number of objects increases up to 100. Beyond this point, though errors increase, they do so at a slower rate. Among the factors found to influence the estimation of number are illumination," instructional set," differential reinforcement,' variations in the size of the area occupied by the pre-
Drinking patterns and problems in emergency services in Poland.

AIMS To examine drinking patterns and problems in emergency services in Poland, where both alcohol consumption and the health care system have undergone enormous recent change. METHODS A probability sample of 734 emergency service patients was breathalyzed and interviewed in a large public hospital in Warsaw, Poland. RESULTS 2.5% of the sample was breathalyzer positive; all were male and injured. Injured males were significantly more likely to report heavy problem drinking than non-injured, but no differences were found for females. Among injured males who reported drinking prior to the event, close to 50% reported feeling drunk, and over 75% attributed a causal association of their drinking with injury. CONCLUSIONS These data point to substantial alcohol-involvement on the part of injured males in this population, and suggest emergency services may be a productive venue for identifying those patients who would benefit from a brief intervention.