Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automated Detection of Toxigenic Clostridium difficile in Clinical Samples: Isothermal tcdB Amplification Coupled to Array-Based Detection

ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile can carry a genetically variable pathogenicity locus (PaLoc), which encodes clostridial toxins A and B. In hospitals and in the community at large, this organism is increasingly identified as a pathogen. To develop a diagnostic test that combines the strengths of immunoassays (cost) and DNA amplification assays (sensitivity/specificity), we targeted a genetically stable PaLoc region, amplifying tcdB sequences and detecting them by hybridization capture. The assay employs a hot-start isothermal method coupled to a multiplexed chip-based readout, creating a manual assay that detects toxigenic C. difficile with high sensitivity and specificity within 1 h. Assay automation on an electromechanical instrument produced an analytical sensitivity of 10 CFU (95% probability of detection) of C. difficile in fecal samples, along with discrimination against other enteric bacteria. To verify automated assay function, 130 patient samples were tested: 31/32 positive samples (97% sensitive; 95% confidence interval [CI], 82 to 99%) and 98/98 negative samples (100% specific; 95% CI, 95 to 100%) were scored correctly. Large-scale clinical studies are now planned to determine clinical sensitivity and specificity.
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis of Microbiologic Techniques for Differentiating Staphylococci Directly from Blood Culture Bottles

ABSTRACT Differentiating staphylococci in blood cultures is a critical issue, particularly when only one of two cultures is positive by Gram staining for staphylococci. New tests for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus allow faster results and definitive treatment compared to the tube coagulase test interpreted at 24 h (TCT24). These newer tests, peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) and real-time PCR (RT-PCR), offer improved sensitivity at higher cost. Data suggest that the tube coagulase test may be interpreted at 4 h (TCT4) with little loss of sensitivity. The impact of variability in turnaround time, sensitivity, specificity, and cost on comparative cost-effectiveness is unknown. Our aim was to establish the cost-effectiveness of TCT24, PNA-FISH, RT-PCR, and TCT4 for direct identification of staphylococci in blood cultures. Decision analysis comparing these strategies was done from the institutional perspective. Besides test variables, other variables included patient risk factors, empirical treatment, and follow-up cultures. Probability and cost estimates came from the literature and institutional data. Base case estimates were derived from institutional rates of 73% contamination when coagulase-negative staphylococci were identified, 67.6% prevalence of risk factors, and 12.4% prevalence of S. aureus when one of two cultures yielded staphylococci. Sensitivity analysis was done across a range of probabilities and costs. In the base case, TCT4 and TCT24 were more cost-effective than RT-PCR and PNA-FISH ($78 versus $120 versus $165 per patient, respectively). The advantage of TCT4 and TCT24 remained robust upon sensitivity analysis. TCT4 should be further evaluated as a rapid, cost-effective means for identification of S. aureus in blood cultures.
Reemergence of Enterovirus 71 in 2008 in Taiwan: Dynamics of Genetic and Antigenic Evolution from 1998 to 2008

ABSTRACT In recent years, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been a cause of numerous outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, with severe neurological complications in the Asia-Pacific region. The reemergence in Taiwan of EV71 genotype B5 in 2008 resulted in the largest outbreak of EV71 in Taiwan in the past 11 years. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that dominant genotype changes from B to C or C to B occurred at least three times between 1986 and 2008. Furthermore, antigenic cartography of EV71 by using neutralization tests revealed that the reemerging EV71 genotype B5 strains formed a separate cluster which was antigenically distinct from the B4 and C genotypes. Moreover, analyses of full-length genomic sequences of EV71 circulating in Taiwan during this period showed the occurrence of intra- and interserotypic recombination. Therefore, continuous surveillance of EV71 including the monitoring of genetic evolution and antigenic changes is recommended and may contribute to the development of a vaccine for EV71.
Deny, Distance, or Dismantle? How White Americans Manage a Privileged Identity

Social scientists have traditionally argued that whiteness—the attribute of being recognized and treated as a White person in society—is powerful because it is invisible. On this view, members of the racially dominant group have the unique luxury of rarely noticing their race or the privileges it confers. This article challenges this “invisibility thesis,” arguing that Whites frequently regard themselves as racial actors. We further argue that whiteness defines a problematic social identity that confronts Whites with 2 psychological threats: the possibility that their accomplishments in life were not fully earned (meritocratic threat) and the association with a group that benefits from unfair social advantages (group-image threat). We theorize that Whites manage their racial identity to dispel these threats. According to our deny, distance, or dismantle (3D) model of White identity management, dominant-group members have three strategies at their disposal: deny the existence of privilege, distance their own self-concepts from the White category, or strive to dismantle systems of privilege. Whereas denial and distancing promote insensitivity and inaction with respect to racial inequality, dismantling reduces threat by relinquishing privileges. We suggest that interventions aimed at reducing inequality should attempt to leverage dismantling as a strategy of White identity management.
Glycaemic index: Relevance for health, dietary recommendations and food labelling

The glycaemic index (GI) concept is based on the difference in blood glucose response after ingestion of the same amount of carbohydrates from different foods, and possible implications of these differences for health, performance and well-being. GI is defined as the incremental blood glucose area (0_2 h) following ingestion of 50 g of available carbohydrates in the test product as a percentage of the corresponding area following an equivalent amount of carbohydrate from a reference product. A high GI is generally accompanied by a high insulin response. The glycaemic load (GL) is the GI_/the amount (g) of carbohydrate in the food/100. Many factors affect the GI of foods, and GI values in published tables are indicative only, and cannot be applied directly to individual foods. Properly determined GI values for individual foods have been used successfully to predict the glycaemic response of a meal, while table values have not. An internationally recognised method f or GI determination is available, and work is in progress to improve inter- and intra-laboratory performance. Some epidemiological studies and intervention studies indicate that low GI diets may favourably influence the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart disease, although further well-controlled studies are needed for more definite conclusions. Low GI diets have been demonstrated to improve the blood glucose control, LDL-cholesterol and a risk factor for thrombosis in intervention studies with diabetes patients, but the effect in free-living conditions remains to be shown. The impact of GI in weight reduction and maintenance as well as exercise performance also needs further investigation. The GI concept should be applied only to foods providing at least 15 g and preferably 20 g of available carbohydrates per normal serving, and comparisons should be kept within the same food group. For healthy people, the significance of GI is still unclear and gen e ral labelling is therefore not recommended. If introduced, labelling should be product-specific and considered on a case-by-case basis. Keywords: body weight; carbohydrates; disease risk; starch; sugars
A General Software Defect-Proneness Prediction Framework

BACKGROUND - Predicting defect-prone software components is an economically important activity and so has received a good deal of attention. However, making sense of the many, and sometimes seemingly inconsistent, results is difficult. OBJECTIVE - We propose and evaluate a general framework for software defect prediction that supports 1) unbiased and 2) comprehensive comparison between competing prediction systems. METHOD - The framework is comprised of 1) scheme evaluation and 2) defect prediction components. The scheme evaluation analyzes the prediction performance of competing learning schemes for given historical data sets. The defect predictor builds models according to the evaluated learning scheme and predicts software defects with new data according to the constructed model. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed framework, we use both simulation and publicly available software defect data sets. RESULTS - The results show that we should choose different learning schemes for different data sets (i.e., no scheme dominates), that small details in conducting how evaluations are conducted can completely reverse findings, and last, that our proposed framework is more effective and less prone to bias than previous approaches. CONCLUSIONS - Failure to properly or fully evaluate a learning scheme can be misleading; however, these problems may be overcome by our proposed framework.
Conservation of Information: Software’sHidden Clockwork?

In this paper it is proposed that the Conservation of Hartley-Shannon Information (hereafter contracted to H-S Information) plays the same role in discrete systems as the Conservation of Energy does in physical systems. In particular, using a variational approach, it is shown that the symmetry of scale-invariance, power-laws and the Conservation of H-S Information are intimately related and lead to the prediction that the component sizes of any software system assembled from components made from discrete tokens always asymptote to a scale-free power-law distribution in the unique alphabet of tokens used to construct each component. This is then validated to a very high degree of significance on some 100 million lines of software in seven different programming languages independently of how the software was produced, what it does, who produced it or what stage of maturity it has reached. A further implication of the theory presented here is that the average size of components depends only on their unique alphabet, independently of the package they appear in. This too is demonstrated on the main data set and also on 24 additional Fortran 90 packages.
A Comment on Eerland et al. (2016)

People imagine criminal behavior in greater detail and ascribe more blame to criminals when a description of a crime is written using the imperfective verb aspect (Hart & Albarracín, 2011, Experiment 3). An initiative to reproduce these findings conducted by Eerland et al. (2016) yielded a lack of replication. Eerland et al. have suggested that the original effect was likely driven by a Type I error produced by methodological aspects of the experiment, including low sample size. Recent conceptual replications of Hart and Albarracín’s effect (Sherrill, Eerland, Zwaan, & Magliano, 2015), however, might imply the effect could be contingent on sample characteristics.
Rapid Group-, Serotype-, and Vaccine Strain-Specific Identification of Poliovirus Isolates by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Using Degenerate Primers and Probes Containing Deoxyinosine Residues

ABSTRACT We have adapted our previously described poliovirus diagnostic reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays to a real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) format. Our highly specific assays and rRT-PCR reagents are designed for use in the WHO Global Polio Laboratory Network for rapid and large-scale identification of poliovirus field isolates.
Through a Glass, Darkly

In this rejoinder, I respond to the comments from three sets of eminent scholars regarding my critique of the microaggression research program (MRP). I concur with Haidt (2017, this issue) that a significant shortcoming of the MRP is its insufficient emphasis on the subjective appraisal of microaggressions. I concur with Ong and Burrow (2017, this issue) that intensive longitudinal studies of microaggressions should enhance our knowledge of their short-term and long-term impact, although I urge researchers to assess microaggressions in conjunction with personality traits using a multi-informant framework. In contrast to Sue (2017, this issue), I argue that psychological science is our best hope for understanding microaggressions and that well-intentioned but untested interventions designed to reduce microaggressions may do more harm than good. I conclude that the MRP would benefit from greater modesty in its assertions and more open acknowledgment of its marked scientific limitations.
Family Satisfaction With Residential Care Provision: A Multilevel Analysis

The goal of this study was to assess the impact of staff commitment on outcomes of quality of care in residential care facilities in a sample of 260 family members of residents and 206 direct care staff from 24 residential care/assisted living (RC/AL) homes in Kansas. Quality of care was measured as family satisfaction, and individual- and facility-level predictors were used in the model. The significant predictors of family satisfaction were the family member’s age and relationship to elder. The findings suggest that both of these variables are tied to beliefs that family members have about their own responsibility for care, which may in turn influence their satisfaction with care. This hypothesis deserves further attention in future research. Also, the failure of this study to affirm an expected relationship between staff commitment and family satisfaction should prompt further research related to staff commitment and family satisfaction.
Is Psychology Moving in the Right Direction? An Analysis of the Evidentiary Value Movement

The following article considers whether psychology is moving in the right direction by exploring the evidentiary value movement. Although the author considers the movement to be a net positive, she discusses concerns regarding the scope and tone of the discussions to date. She encourages the movement to consider heretofore underrepresented subfields and to reduce the use of negative tone.
The Science and Practice of Self-Control

In 2005, we discovered that self-control “outdoes” talent in predicting academic success during adolescence. Since then, a surfeit of longitudinal evidence has affirmed the importance of self-control to achieving everyday goals that conflict with momentary temptations. In parallel, research that has “lumped” self-control with other facets of Big Five conscientiousness has shown the superior predictive power of this broad family of individual differences for diverse life outcomes. Self-control can also be “split” from related traits that in certain contexts demonstrate superior predictive power for achievement. Most important, both the “lumping” and “splitting” traditions have enhanced our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and antecedents of self-control. Collectively, progress over the past decade and a half suggests a bright future for the science and practice of self-control.
Cultural Change: The How and the Why

More than half a century of cross-cultural research has demonstrated group-level differences in psychological and behavioral phenomena, from values to attention to neural responses. However, cultures are not static, with several specific changes documented for cultural products, practices, and values. How and why do societies change? Here we juxtapose theory and insights from cultural evolution and social ecology. Evolutionary approaches enable an understanding of the how of cultural change, suggesting transmission mechanisms by which the contents of culture may change. Ecological approaches provide insights into the why of cultural change: They identify specific environmental pressures, which evoke shifts in psychology and thereby enable greater precision in predictions of specific cultural changes based on changes in ecological conditions. Complementary insights from the ecological and cultural evolutionary approaches can jointly clarify the process by which cultures change. We end by discussing the relevance of cultural change research for the contemporary societal shifts and by highlighting several critical challenges and future directions for the emerging field of cross-temporal research on culture and psychology.
A Review of Respiratory Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Respiratory bronchiolitis (RB) and respiratory bronchiolitis–associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD) are 2 processes that lie along the continuum of probable smoking related lung diseases. The separation of the 2 is difficult and sometimes contentious; however, the combination of clinical symptoms and suggestive pathologic findings usually allows for a distinction and the subsequent diagnosis. RB in an asymptomatic smoker is considered an incidental histologic finding consistent with prior tobacco history. RB-ILD, although histopathologically similar to RB, is characterized by more extensive pulmonary parenchymal involvement and clinical expression as defined by dyspnea or other respiratory complaints. On pulmonary function testing, RB-ILD patients often demonstrate a mixed picture of obstructive or restrictive physiology, in combination with a reduced carbon monoxide diffusion capacity. Plain chest radiography is of limited utility and can be normal in many RB-ILD patients. High-resolution computer-assisted tomography scanning in the setting of RB-ILD correlates with the extent of bronchiolitis on pathologic analysis and offers a potential role for assessing response to therapy. Thus far, bronchoscopy has demonstrated a relatively limited capacity in diagnosing RB-ILD, necessitating surgical lung biopsy to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. Treatment of RB-ILD hinges upon smoking cessation maneuvers and consideration of immunosuppressive agents in recalcitrant cases.
Culture Embrained: Going Beyond the Nature-Nurture Dichotomy

Over the past three decades, the cultural psychology literature has established that there is systematic cultural variation in the nature of agency in the domains of cognition, emotion, and motivation. This literature adopted both self-report and performance-based (or behavioral) indicators of these processes, which set the stage for a more recent systematic exploration of cultural influences at the neural and biological level. Moreover, previous work has largely focused on East-West differences, thereby calling for a systematic exploration of other ethnic groups. To address these issues, this article reviews recent work in cultural neuroscience, while paying close attention to Latino Americans—the single most rapidly growing minority group in the United States. We focus on research that has employed neural measures and show that culture has systematic influences on the brain. We also point out that, unlike more traditional self-report or performance-based measures, neural indicators of culture are reliably linked to theoretically relevant individual difference variables such as self-construal and acculturation. Cultural neuroscience offers the framework to go beyond the dichotomy between nature and nurture and to explore how they may dynamically interact.
A Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid and Its Coordination Control

This paper proposes a hybrid ac/dc micro grid to reduce the processes of multiple dc-ac-dc or ac-dc-ac conversions in an individual ac or dc grid. The hybrid grid consists of both ac and dc networks connected together by multi-bidirectional converters. AC sources and loads are connected to the ac network whereas dc sources and loads are tied to the dc network. Energy storage systems can be connected to dc or ac links. The proposed hybrid grid can operate in a grid-tied or autonomous mode. The coordination control algorithms are proposed for smooth power transfer between ac and dc links and for stable system operation under various generation and load conditions. Uncertainty and intermittent characteristics of wind speed, solar irradiation level, ambient temperature, and load are also considered in system control and operation. A small hybrid grid has been modeled and simulated using the Simulink in the MATLAB. The simulation results show that the system can maintain stable operation under the proposed coordination control schemes when the grid is switched from one operating condition to another.
Molecular Typing of Mycobacterium abscessus Based on Tandem-Repeat Polymorphism

ABSTRACT A variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) typing assay for the differentiation of Mycobacterium abscessus strains was developed. This assay showed complete reproducibility, locus stability, and a discriminatory power (Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index [HGDI] of 0.9563) that is superior to that of multilocus sequencing. It is a promising tool for the investigation of Mycobacterium abscessus epidemiology and nosocomial outbreaks.
Doing for the Greater Good: What Price, in Academe?

In discussing how merit is commonly judged in academia, my focus in this article is not on dimensions that are currently considered but on those that warrant more attention. Grounded in suggestions offered by Sternberg, I argue here for increased recognition of faculty’s commitment to intrinsic values—focused on community and relationships—and not just extrinsic ones that connote personal fame or status. I first summarize evidence of disillusionment among today’s promising young scholars and then provide exemplars of role models who have, in fact, maintained high standards in both intrinsic and extrinsic domains. I illustrate how commitment to intrinsic goals in everyday professional responsibilities (such as peer reviews or teaching) can come at the cost to personal success and suggest ways of providing appropriate recognition in faculty evaluations. At the macro level, I describe how positive work communities can enhance productivity, foster resilience, and mitigate burnout in the competitive world of contemporary academe. Finally, I underscore the critical role of psychologists in spurring greater dialogue about the messages conveyed by higher education, to the next generation, about what truly matters in making “a life well lived. ”