Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
International experiences and domestic opportunities of applying unconventional monetary policy tools

This paper provides an overview of the impact of unconventional central bank instruments, the relevant international experiences and the room for application in Hungary. The use of unconventional instruments may be justified by the existence of financial market friction, turmoil, failure or constraint, when instruments that change the size and/or composition of central bank balance sheets may be more efficient in achieving monetary policy objectives than traditional interest rate policy. Empirical analyses found the unconventional instruments applied in developed countries successful in easing market tensions, increasing market liquidity and reducing yields. Although they proved to be unsuccessful in providing a boost to economic growth, they were able to mitigate the fall in lending and output. Vulnerable emerging countries with a lower credit rating and high external debt have much less room for manoeuvre to apply non-conventional instruments. Even liquidity providing instruments, which are otherwise considered the least risky, may result in exchange rate depreciation and flight of capital during a crisis. The interventions that involve risk taking by the government may add to market concerns about fiscal sustainability. Due to Hungary’s vulnerability, high country risk premium and large foreign exchange exposure, most of the instruments applied in other countries would entail financial stability risks at home. In theory, the sharp reduction in the supply of bank credit could provide sound justification for the use of unconventional central bank instruments in Hungary. It should be noted, however, that insufficient credit supply is mainly attributable to a lack of willingness by banks to lend, which can be less influenced by the Bank, rather than to any lack of capacity to lend. In addition to banks’ high risk aversion, uncertain macroeconomic environment and economic policy measures affecting the banking sector also decreased willingness to lend, which is beyond the authority of the central bank. Therefore, these instruments at most may have a role in preventing a possible future deterioration in banks’ lending capacity from becoming an obstacle to lending in a turbulent period.
Cellular and Molecular Deviations in Bovine In Vitro-Produced Embryos Are Related to the Large Offspring Syndrome1

Abstract The large offspring syndrome (LOS) is observed in bovine and ovine offspring following transfer of in vitro-produced (IVP) or cloned embryos and is characterized by a multitude of pathologic changes, of which extended gestation length and increased birthweight are predominant features. In the present study, we used bovine blastocysts to analyze cellular parameters, i.e., the number of cells in Day 7 blastocysts and the size of Day 12 elongating blastocysts, and molecular parameters, i.e., the relative abundance of developmentally important genes: glucose transporter (Glut) 1, Glut-2, Glut-3, Glut-4, heat shock protein (Hsp) 70.1, Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), histone H4.1, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I receptor (R), and IGFII-R. Some blastocysts were produced by in vitro maturation and fertilization followed by in vitro culture in synthetic oviduct fluid medium supplemented with BSA or human serum or by in vivo culture in the sheep oviduct. Other blastocysts were derived in vivo from the uterine horns of superovulated donors. The findings made in the early embryos were related to a representative number of calves obtained from each production system and from artificial insemination (AI). In vitro culture of bovine embryos in the presence of high concentrations of serum or BSA significantly increased the number of cells in Day 7 blastocysts, the size of blastocysts on Day 12, and the relative abundance of the transcripts for Hsp70.1, Cu/Zn-SOD, Glut-3, Glut-4, bFGF, and IGFI-R when compared with embryos from the in vivo production groups. Birthweights of calves derived from IVP embryos were significantly higher than those of calves derived from sheep oviduct culture, superovulation, or AI. The results support the hypothesis that persistence of early deviations in development is causally involved in the incidence of LOS, in particular in increased birthweights. The cellular and molecular parameters analyzed in this study can be considered early markers of LOS in cattle.
Dividend Persistence and Dividend Behaviour

This article demonstrates how a spurious regression problem caused by dividend persistence is compounded by a spurious correlation problem when the dependent and independent variables in dividend behaviour regressions are ratios composed of common component variables. This article utilises a simulation procedure to take account of these problems, with the findings implying that extreme care should be taken when using ratios as predictor or explanatory variables in time series regression. This article introduces a reformulated Lintner first difference dividend behaviour model that is not subject to spurious regression in which past prices predict subsequent changes in dividends.
Challenges to community participation in watershed management: an analysis of fish farming activities at Saguling Reservoir, West Java - Indonesia

Community participation is a precondition of integrated watershed management. However, during the implementation phases, some people may not participate in or share the benefits of watershed management. There are several reasons for this and the following paper seeks to show the response by fish farmers from Saguling Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia, to environmental problems and the concept of integrated watershed management. The study indicates that while farmers have a moderate understanding of interrelated environmental problems, there is little willingness to share the benefits of investment in watershed management. Nevertheless participation in solving local environmental problems can be developed and incorporated in watershed management plans.
Malpractice litigation and nursing home quality of care.

OBJECTIVE To assess the potential deterrent effect of nursing home litigation threat on nursing home quality. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING We use a panel dataset of litigation claims and Nursing Home Online Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) data from 1995 to 2005 in six states: Florida, Illinois, Wisconsin, New Jersey, Missouri, and Delaware, for a total of 2,245 facilities. Claims data are from Westlaw's Adverse Filings database, a proprietary legal database, on all malpractice, negligence, and personal injury/wrongful death claims filed against nursing facilities. STUDY DESIGN A lagged 2-year moving average of the county-level number of malpractice claims is used to represent the threat of litigation. We use facility fixed-effects models to examine the relationship between the threat of litigation and nursing home quality. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We find significant increases in registered nurse-to-total staffing ratios in response to rising malpractice threat, and a reduction in pressure sores among highly staffed facilities. However, the magnitude of the deterrence effect is small. CONCLUSIONS Deterrence in response to the threat of malpractice litigation is unlikely to lead to widespread improvements in nursing home quality. This should be weighed against other benefits and costs of litigation to assess the net benefit of tort reform.
Behavioral Blocks Model for Complexity-Reduced Modeling of RF Power Amplifiers

New mobile applications require the use of Radio Frequency Power Amplifiers (RF PA) in a context of reconfigurability and adaptability. In this paper, we propose a modeling study of RF PA in this context. The proposed approach is a combination of a Feedback-Wiener (FW) structure with a Memory Polynomial (MP) model, which gives a pruned Volterra series. A FIR filter is used in the FW model as a feedback path to reproduce the PA memory effects. Also, a recursive identification algorithm based on the key-term separation principle is proposed and used for an experimental characterization of an LDMOS PA (50W–500MHz to 2.5GHz), with different carrier frequencies, bandwidths and output powers. The comparison with a conventional Generalized Memory Polynomial model (GMP) shows that the proposed model presents the same performances in term of behavioral modeling, with the advantage of a reduced number of parameters.
Glass Based 3D-IPD Integrated RF ASIC in WLCSP

As mobile and handheld devices become more functionalities, required to accommodate more frequency bands, and to meet small form factor requirements. IPD (Integrated Passive Device) offers small form factor, and high performance benefits for RF solutions. To achieve a high performance RF filters, high-Q inductor is a key factor. A possible best high-Q inductor can be achieved is by Glass based solenoid inductor. In addition, 3D IPD process is another approach to reduce package size and increase functionality. In this paper, the fabrication process of IPD, based on 8" glass wafer with Through Glass Via (TGV) to form the 3D solenoid inductor is presented. In addition, the process integration between wafer level, assembly, and double-sided process are addressed. Along the process integration, a RF ASIC is integrated through wafer level and assembly process to form the 3D integrated Wafer Level Chip Scale Package (WLCSP). The quality factor of 3D solenoid inductors can achieve Q of 70~100 in this study. The TGV and package reliability results are also discussed.
B-myb Is Required for Inner Cell Mass Formation at an Early Stage of Development*

The myb gene family has three members, c-myb, A-myb, and B-myb, which have distinct expression patterns. Analyses of c-myband A-myb mutant mice have indicated that c-myband A-myb are important for hematopoiesis and spermatogenesis, respectively. However, there has been no evidence for a role for B-myb in development. To examine the role of B-myb in development, we generated B-myb-deficient mice by gene targeting. Although the heterozygous mutants were healthy, the homozygous mutants died at an early stage of development, around E4.5-E6.5. In vitroculture of blastocyst indicated that B-myb is required for inner cell mass formation. Consistent with the important role of B-myb in early embryonic development, only B-myb among myb family members was expressed in embryonic stem cells. These results indicate that each of the three members of the myb gene family plays a distinct role during development.
A major epidemic of anthrax in Zimbabwe. The experience at the Beatrice Road Infectious Diseases Hospital, Harare.

Large numbers of patients with anthrax were admitted to the Beatrice Road Infectious Diseases Hospital in Harare and many were able to give precise information on manifestations of anthrax in cattle and humans of a quality that inspired testing of hypotheses concerning insects as an infection vector and quality of statistics collected by this hospital. A table details hospital admission by district and over time from Jannary 1980 to June 1982. Mortality was low and cases were almost exclusively cutaneous. Complications were prevented in most cases by antibiotics which had little effect on skin lesions. Parenteral fluids and steroids were administered to treat dehydration and swelling. Some observations illustrated by case studies were an absence of hospital cross infection. Little damage was reported to eyes. Only 1 case of non-cutaneous anthrax was recorded. Statistical analysis performed on the data showed that the distribution of lesions analyzed in age groups support the hypothesis that fly transmission is important and that this accounts for an increased proportion of lesions on the head neck or face in the younger age groups who are not exposed to animal carcases. Non-cutaneous anthrax seems to be uncommon. Quality of hospital statistics is suggested by the close coincidence of the arrival of cases in the hospital with the 1st occurrence of anthrax in the districts of origin.
Endotracheal extubation.

n engl j med 370;13 nejm.org march 27, 2014 1266 The most fundamental difference between the findings of Alachkar et al. and our experience with abatacept is that Patients 2 through 5 in their study received belatacept. The therapeutic protocols for belatacept are very different from those for abatacept. As compared with abatacept, belatacept has markedly enhanced affinity for B7-2 (also called CD86). 1 Since podocytes do not express B7-2, and abatacept favors the inhibition of B7-1,1 the distinct differences between abatacept and belatacept informed our choice to use abatacept for the treatment of podocyte B7-1–positive proteinuric kidney disease. We agree that prospective trials are necessary to further evaluate abatacept therapy in patients with B7-1–positive proteinuric kidney disease, and indeed such efforts are under way. Anna Greka, M.D., Ph.D.
Asymmetric MRI magnet design using a hybrid numerical method.

This paper describes a hybrid numerical method for the design of asymmetric magnetic resonance imaging magnet systems. The problem is formulated as a field synthesis and the desired current density on the surface of a cylinder is first calculated by solving a Fredholm equation of the first kind. Nonlinear optimization methods are then invoked to fit practical magnet coils to the desired current density. The field calculations are performed using a semi-analytical method. A new type of asymmetric magnet is proposed in this work. The asymmetric MRI magnet allows the diameter spherical imaging volume to be positioned close to one end of the magnet. The main advantages of making the magnet asymmetric include the potential to reduce the perception of claustrophobia for the patient, better access to the patient by attending physicians, and the potential for reduced peripheral nerve stimulation due to the gradient coil configuration. The results highlight that the method can be used to obtain an asymmetric MRI magnet structure and a very homogeneous magnetic field over the central imaging volume in clinical systems of approximately 1.2 m in length. Unshielded designs are the focus of this work. This method is flexible and may be applied to magnets of other geometries.
Dynamic Equilibrium Valuation of Electricity Futures

We propose a dynamic competitive equilibrium model for pricing electricity futures. With exogenous demand and a convex function of marginal production cost, we endogenously receive a term structure of futures prices and futures price premia. The multi-period setting enables us to receive the futures price evolution until maturity and to evaluate cascade futures as they are common e. g. at Nord Pool and the European Energy Exchange. Our model allows to incorporate seasonality of electricity demand which is a major component of electricity prices. A comprehensive comparative static analysis concludes our paper.
BDNF Val66Met in preclinical Alzheimer's disease is associated with short-term changes in episodic memory and hippocampal volume but not serum mBDNF

ABSTRACT Background: The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism Met allele exacerbates amyloid (Aβ) related decline in episodic memory (EM) and hippocampal volume (HV) over 36–54 months in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the extent to which Aβ+ and BDNF Val66Met is related to circulating markers of BDNF (e.g. serum) is unknown. We aimed to determine the effect of Aβ and the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on levels of serum mBDNF, EM, and HV at baseline and over 18-months. Methods: Non-demented older adults (n = 446) underwent Aβ neuroimaging and BDNF Val66Met genotyping. EM and HV were assessed at baseline and 18 months later. Fasted blood samples were obtained from each participant at baseline and at 18-month follow-up. Aβ PET neuroimaging was used to classify participants as Aβ– or Aβ+. Results: At baseline, Aβ+ adults showed worse EM impairment and lower serum mBDNF levels relative to Aβ- adults. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism did not affect serum mBDNF, EM, or HV at baseline. When considered over 18-months, compared to Aβ– Val homozygotes, Aβ+ Val homozygotes showed significant decline in EM and HV but not serum mBDNF. Similarly, compared to Aβ+ Val homozygotes, Aβ+ Met carriers showed significant decline in EM and HV over 18-months but showed no change in serum mBDNF. Conclusion: While allelic variation in BDNF Val66Met may influence Aβ+ related neurodegeneration and memory loss over the short term, this is not related to serum mBDNF. Longer follow-up intervals may be required to further determine any relationships between serum mBDNF, EM, and HV in preclinical AD.
The role of pharmacogenetically-variable cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug abuse and dependence.

The risk of drug dependence is determined by the interaction of drug, individual and environment. 'Pharmacogenetics' is the study of the influence of heredity on the response to drugs and their fate in the body; these studies aim to improve the understanding of inter-individual variability in drug response. The authors have applied this research approach to the study of drug metabolism and dependence. Specifically the interaction of genetically variable hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and their effect on self-administration of drugs has been examined. Many drugs of abuse are substrates (e.g., amphetamines, codeine, nicotine) or inhibitors (e.g., (-)-cocaine) of polymorphic CYPs. Drug metabolism by genetically polymorphic enzymes can have significant clinical implications relating to drug toxicity, therapeutic failure, drug-drug interactions, disease susceptibility and abuse liability. There is good evidence that drug metabolism by genetically variable CYPs can influence the risk of drug dependence, the amount of drug consumed by dependent individuals and some of the toxicities associated with drug-taking behavior. It is anticipated that pharmacogenetics will be used to identify individuals at a greater risk for specific drug dependencies, provide information that can lead to novel treatment and prevention approaches as well as provide guidance for individualization of treatment choice.
Halite Precipitation From Double‐Diffusive Salt Fingers in the Dead Sea: Numerical Simulations

We employ direct numerical simulations in order to analyze the role of double‐diffusive salt fingering in halite precipitation from hypersaline lakes. Guided by field observations from the Dead Sea, which represents the only modern deep stratified lake that precipitates halite under hydrological crisis, we consider a saturated layer of warm, salty brine (epilimnion) overlying a layer of colder, less salty brine (hypolimnion) that is also saturated. The double‐diffusive instability originating in the metalimnion gives rise to an asymmetrical pattern of less salty ascending fingers, accompanied by descending salt fingers that lose heat as they propagate through the metalimnion. The net result is a strong, downward salinity flux that leads to the undersaturation of the epilimnion, while the hypolimnion becomes oversaturated and precipitates halite. These interfacial processes within deep, hypersaline water columns in warm and dry regions suggest a potential route toward the formation of thick halite layers found in the geological record.
Institutional Change and Macroeconomic Performance in OECD Countries: Evidence from Subjective Well-Being Data

This paper explores the relationship between institutional change and macroeconomic performance in 30 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). We use data on the subjective well-being (SWB) of more than 91,000 individuals in these countries to assess the well-being effects of national income growth, unemployment and inflation, and we employ the relationships found to construct an index of macroeconomic performance in terms of SWB. Applying the index to the period 1990-2009, we find that macroeconomic performance has improved in OECD overall and in the majority of countries, and that there has been a convergence of performance within the OECD. We then present evidence that OECD countries’ performance, as measured, is positively related to institutional change towards more trade openness and better institutional quality. We argue that both increased openness and improved institutional quality are correlates of economic and political integration and conclude that international integration has enhanced SWB by improving OECD countries’ national macroeconomic performance.
Obesity paradox in cardiovascular disease: where do we stand?

Abstract Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly heart failure (HF) and coronary heart disease (CHD). The mechanisms through which obesity increases CVD risk involve changes in body composition that can affect hemodynamics and alters heart structure. Pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by the adipose tissue itself which can induce cardiac dysfunction and can promote the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. When obesity and HF or CHD coexist, individuals with class I obesity present a more favorable prognosis compared to individuals who are normal or underweight. This phenomenon has been termed the “obesity paradox. ” Obesity is defined as an excess fat mass (FM), but individuals with obesity typically also present with an increased amount of lean mass (LM). The increase in LM may explain part of the obesity paradox as it is associated with improved cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), a major determinant of clinical outcomes in the general population, but particularly in those with CVD, including HF. While increased LM is a stronger prognosticator in HF compared to FM, in patients with CHD excess FM can exert protective effects particularly when not associated with increased systemic inflammation. In the present review, we discuss the mechanisms through which obesity may increase the risk for CVD, and how it may exert protective effects in the setting of established CVD, with a focus on body composition. We also highlight the importance of measuring or estimating CRF, including body composition-adjusted measures of CRF (ie, lean peak oxygen consumption) for an improved risk status stratification in patients with CVD and finally, we discuss the potential non-pharmacologic therapeutics, such as exercise training and dietary interventions, aimed at improving CRF and perhaps clinical outcomes.
Thrombocytopenia in Kawasaki Disease: A Risk Factor for the Development of Coronary Artery Aneurysms

The authors report on a 2-year-old boy with atypical Kawasaki disease (KD) and thrombocytopenia who developed 3 coronary artery aneurysms. The mechanism of thrombocytopenia in KD seems to be consumption coagulopathy. Review of the 30 reported cases of KD and thrombocytopenia revealed that this combination is more common in girls and in young age groups, and is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery aneurysm and myocardial infarction.