Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of lipid oxidation during manufacturing of horse mackerel surimi

When fatty fish are transformed into surimi, lipid oxidation takes place, decreasing the quality of the product. This study was aimed to identify the critical stages of the process in terms of the development of lipid oxidation. Horse mackerels were transformed into surimi on a pilot line and samples taken (hand-skinned fillets = minced fillets, mince, washed and refined minces, paste, surimi and washing water). Most of the lipids were removed during the process and neutral lipids were lost in higher proportion than polar lipids. As a consequence, total lipids of surimi contained more polyunsaturated fatty acids (338 ± 19 g kg -1 ) than total lipids of the minced fillets (220 ± 8 g kg -1 ). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was higher in the minced fillets than in the mince because less subcutaneous fat and dark muscle were removed during hand-mincing, indicating that the settings of the skinning-deboning machine can strongly influence the final quality of the product. Concentrations of lipid oxidation products increased significantly during the next stages of surimi processing. The increase was more pronounced for TBARS than hydroperoxides. Concentrations in hydroperoxides were similar in mince and washed mince (15.3 ± 2.8 and 16.6 ± 2.8 mmoles kg -1
The effects of acutely administered cocaine on responding maintained by a progressive-ratio schedule of food presentation

Lever pressing in rats (N=5) was reinforced under a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of food presentation, in which the number of responses required increased exponentially. The session was terminated when 1 h passed without completion of the scheduled ratio. Doses of cocaine (5.6–42.0 mg/kg; one subject received a dose of 56.0 mg/kg) as well as saline were administered i.p. prior to the session.Under non-drug conditions, breakpoints were typically less than 100, and substantial responding usually occurred only during about the first 10 min of the session. The rate of responding usually increased over the first 2–8 reinforcers and then decreased for the last few reinforcers obtained. For four of five rats, breakpoint, overall rate of response, and session duration were first increased above control and vehicle levels by increasing doses of cocaine. Larger doses produced smaller increases, no effect, or decreases. Cocaine, in the range of doses near the apex of the breakpoint dose–effect functions, suppressed rates of responding at the small ratios present at the beginning of the session.It is suggested that cocaine increases low rates of response if: (1) rates are low due to extinction; and (2) the stimuli present are those present when the response is reinforced.
Health risks after cessation of postmenopausal hormone therapy

The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) investigators have produced another article, which probably marks the opening of another set of publications, in which the consequences of a further 2.4-year follow-up (after cessation of the study medication) on the estrogenþ progestogen (Eþ P) cohort are reported. The WHI participants stopped their assigned medications prematurely in July 2002 after 5.6 years, but kept their scheduled visits until the end of March 2005. Only 4% of women who were receiving Eþ P during the initial WHI study restarted hormone therapy (HT) during the follow-up period, which reaffirms the fact that the WHI cohort mainly included asymptomatic, elderly women. Based on the follow-up data, the WHI investigators concluded that, by the end of the post-intervention period, the global index, a newly formed and unvalidated tool used in the WHI trial, was still higher in women randomly assigned to receive Eþ P compared with placebo, mainly because of the continuation of breast cancer and thromboembolism risk. Osteoprotection seemed to be lost once HT was stopped. However, the results for the post-intervention period were not statistically significant for many components of the WHI global index. ‘‘After such long and painful debates over the results of the WHI study and the perception that age is a very important determinant of the benefit–risk evaluation, it is really a pity that once again the current information on the extended follow-up period is presented in an unsatisfactory way’’, says Professor Amos Pines, the President of the International Menopause Society. It seems that the following mistakes were repeated: (1) There is no mention of the results by age groups and yet, for the age group 50–59 years, the data recorded for the active phase of the WHI Eþ P arm showed no significant increase in risk of coronary events, strokes and breast cancer in the early postmenopause period. Also, there is no breakdown of the data by years of follow-up. It would be extremely important to know whether the results for the first year post cessation of therapy are similar to those for year 2 and year 3 of follow-up. (2) The breast cancer results for first-time users of Eþ P were not presented, whereas breast cancer risk during the active phase of the WHI was similar to that of the placebo group in women with no prior use of Eþ P. (3) There is little relevance in the presentation of the combined results for the active phase and the follow-up phase, since it has no real scientific importance. Combining the two periods and grouping the outcomes (all cancers, all cardiovascular events) ‘helped’ the authors to show significance in some of the variables. However, the overall differences in the annualized rates between the Eþ P arm and the placebo arm were in the order of 1.5 cardiovascular events per 1000 women/year and 1.2 cancers per 1000 women/year. Again, no data were shown for the younger age group.
A Multimodal Framework for Analyzing Websites as Cultural Expressions

Departing from a broad conceptualization of culture and the need for a more adapted and sophisticated tool to disclose the internet as a rich cultural data source, this article provides the foundations of a multimodal framework for analyzing websites from both a medium specific and socio-cultural perspective. The 6-phased framework of website signifiers contains both a structured repository of potential cultural signifiers and a methodology for moving from salient aspects to more implicit meanings. While the framework may help researchers to make more and better use of the many layers of potential meaning that reside in the rich multimodal nature of websites it does not provide a shortcut to determine the cultural meaning of these signifiers and their interrelated effects. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Progressive Stiffness Loss Analysis of Symmetric Laminated Plates due to Transverse Cracks Using the MLGFM

With the purpose to create high strength advanced structures, new materials are being developed presenting favorable characteristics for specific applications. Composite Materials are examples of these developments. They can be formed by high strength long fibers, conveniently oriented in a matrix, to form a lamina of composite material. The lamina presents high strength in the fiber direction, but, since it is slender, does not have enough rigidity, what makes impossible the use of an isolated lamina. Piling up and gluing a set of laminas, a laminate is formed which one presents better characteristics than original and isolated materials. The main strength of each lamina is oriented according to the fiber directions. Thus, micro cracks can be produced if sufficient tension is applied in the transverse direction of the fibers, as shown in figure 1, since the resistance of the lamina in these directions depends only on the matrix material. The rise of several transverse cracks produces loss of stiffness in the laminate.
Are Institutions Informed About News?

This paper combines daily buy and sell institutional trading volume with all news announcements from Reuters. Using institutional order flow (buy volume minus sell volume) we find a variety of evidence that institutions are informed. Institutional trading volume predicts the occurrence of news announcements. Institutional order flow predicts (i) the sentiment of the news; (ii) the stock market reaction on news announcement days; (iii) the stock market reaction on crisis news days; and (iv) earnings announcement surprises. These results suggest that significant price discovery related to news stories occurs through institutional trading prior to the news announcement date.
A novel latency-active promoter is contained within the herpes simplex virus type 1 UL flanking repeats

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) expresses a unique series of RNA molecules, the latency-associated transcripts or LATs, during latent infection of neuronal tissues. Previous studies by others have described a TATA box-containing latency-active promoter, referred to here as LAP1, located approximately 700 bp upstream of the 5' end of the major 2.0-kb LAT. In this report, transient gene expression assays were employed to identify a second, novel latency-active promoter (LAP2) present within a region downstream of LAP1 and 5' proximal to the major 2.0-kb LAT. In contrast to LAP1, this promoter lacks a TATA box but possesses cis-acting regulatory elements and other features frequently observed within eukaryotic housekeeping gene promoters. Unlike most other HSV promoters, LAP2 was down-regulated by the viral transcriptional activators ICP4 and ICP0. The majority of LAP2-positive regulatory elements were located within sequences from -257 to -58 relative to the 5' end of the 2.0-kb LAT, and the basal promoter mapped within sequences from -14 to +28. RNase protection experiments demonstrated that chimeric LAT-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase transcripts produced in the transient assays initiated at or near the 5' end of the major 2-kb LAT. Tn5 insertional mutagenesis of the ICP4 regulatory gene determined that down-regulation of LAP2 required the ICP4 transactivating domain and targeted the minimal promoter region as the site of action by ICP4. Replicating recombinant viruses containing a LAP2-lacZ reporter gene cassette in an ectopic site (glycoprotein C locus) were shown to be active in mouse trigeminal ganglia. Taken together, these experiments suggest that the LAT region of the HSV-1 genome contains at least two latency-active promoters which may play different roles in expressing the various LATs. Alternatively, these promoters may comprise a larger promoter-regulatory complex which may influence transcription during latency.
Grüneisen parameters and isothermal equations of state

Abstract The Grüneisen parameter (γ) is of considerable importance to Earth scientists because it sets limitations on the thermoelastic properties of the lower mantle and core. However, there are several formulations of the Grüneisen parameter in frequent use which not only give different values for γ at ambient pressure but also predict a varying dependence of γ as a function of compression. The Grüneisen parameter is directly related to the equation of state (EOS), yet it is often the case that both the form of γ and the EOS are chosen independently of each other and somewhat arbitrarily. In this paper we have assessed some of the more common definitions of the Grüneisen parameter and the EOS, and have applied them to a test material. Of the EOS considered, when compared against ab initio compressional data for hcp-Fe as our exemplar, we find that the fourth order logarithmic and Vinet relations describe the material with the highest accuracy. Of the expressions for γ considered, it has been suggested, on theoretical grounds, that the modified free-volume formulation should be expected to give the most realistic description of the thermoelastic behavior of a material. However, when we use the fourth order logarithmic EOS to obtain the compressional behavior of the various Grüneisen parameters, we find that there is, in fact, poor agreement between the modifiedfree- volume formulation and the Mie-Grüneisen parameter obtained directly from ab initio free energy calculations on hcp-Fe. We conclude that none of the analytical forms of gamma are sufficiently sophisticated to describe the thermoelastic behavior of real materials with great accuracy, and care must therefore be taken when attempting to model the thermoelastic behavior of solids to ensure that the appropriate γ (ideally obtained from experiments or ab initio calculations) and equations of state are used
Reconciling Corporation Book and Tax Net Income, Tax Years 1996-1998

George Plesko is the Class of 1922 Assistant Professor of Management at the Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This article was prepared under the direction of Karen Cys, Chief, Corporation Statistics Branch. Madeline Boerner helped in the preparation of the tables. Rebecca Zarutskie and Jonathan Zinman assisted in preparing the tables and figures. I ncome measurement for tax reporting follows a separate set of rules than that used for financial reporting. The goal of financial reporting, as outlined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in its 1978 Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 1, is to provide external users with “information that is useful in investment and credit decisions [1]. ” In contrast, tax reporting is intended to facilitate the collection of revenues in an equitable and efficient manner, and tax authorities, while identified by the FASB as potential users, have the authority to require companies to supply the information necessary to administer the tax code. Further, while companies can exercise substantial discretion in applying the financial accounting rules to their businesses, the tax code generally proscribes a fixed set of rules with little room for managerial judgment. Schedule M-1 of the Form 1120 series of corporation income tax returns requires corporations to reconcile financial reporting of book net income with tax net income. While the sources and magnitudes of the differences between financial and tax measures of income may be useful as part of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audit process, the differences between the two measures has also been of interest to those making tax policy. The corporate “alternative minimum tax,” enacted as part of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, included as a “tax preference” item subject to that tax one-half of the difference between the amounts of income reported under each system [2]. Recently, increases in the difference between the amount of income reported under each system have raised concern that the corporate tax base may be eroding, and that corporations may have become more aggressive in reducing their tax liabilities [3]. Further, the extent and sources of differences between tax and financial reporting measures of income have been the focus of numerous academic studies evaluating the corporate tax system and corporations’ responses to changes in tax rules [4]. This article presents a summary of information tabulated from Schedule M-1 and provides information on the magnitude of the various components of the differences by industrial division. These data, for active corporations other than those filing Forms 1120S, 1120-REIT, and 1120-RIC, supplement annual return data published in the Statistics of Income Bulletin and the Source Book of Statistics of Income--Corporation Income Tax Returns. Specifically, the tabulations presented here match the same group of returns published annually in Statistics of Income--Corporation Income Tax Returns. Tables are provided for 3 return years, 1996 to 1998 [5].
The effects of hypertonicity on tension and intracellular calcium concentration in ferret ventricular muscle.

1. Tension and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) were measured in isolated ferret papillary muscles exposed to hypertonic solutions. [Ca2+]i was measured with aequorin which was microinjected into surface cells of the preparation. Correction was made for the effects of ionic strength on aequorin sensitivity to Ca2+. 2. Application of 100 mM‐mannitol increased both developed tension and the intracellular Ca2+ signals on contraction (the Ca2+ transients). 300 mM‐mannitol increased the Ca2+ transients further but led to a decrease in developed tension. 3. Mannitol caused a concentration‐dependent slowing in the time course of a stimulated contraction but had no effect on that of the Ca2+ transient. 4. As the mannitol concentration was increased, the muscles exhibited increased viscosity which was demonstrated by measuring the tension response to a sudden stretch during diastole. This is probably a consequence of cell shrinkage and may cause the slower time course of the contraction. 5. In the presence of 300 mM‐mannitol, oscillations of diastolic [Ca2+]i were detectable in both stimulated and quiescent preparations. However, in stimulated preparations the oscillations in mannitol were smaller than when a Ca2+ transient of similar amplitude was achieved by other means. 6. Immediately after the application or removal of mannitol large spontaneous Ca2+ signals were often observed. These signals were even larger in Na+‐free solutions, suggesting that they cannot be attributed to Na+‐Ca2+ exchange. 7. The increase in developed tension in 100 mM‐mannitol can be accounted for by the increased Ca2+ transients in combination with the inhibitory effects of ionic strength on myofibrillar tension production (Kentish, 1984). The decrease in developed tension at 300 mM‐mannitol is dominated by the inhibitory effect of increased ionic strength on maximum Ca2+‐activated tension.
THE REPORTS OF MY DEATH ARE GREATLY EXAGGERATED ” — EXPERT SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN ACCOUNTING

Gray et al. (2014) examined the productivity of expert systems/artificial intelligence research in accounting and came to the conclusion that both research on and practice use of expert systems/artificial intelligence had waned since the late 1990s. In our study, we reconsider these findings based on a broader view that is ‘artificial intelligence’ centric versus ‘expert systems’ centric. The results show that while there was a bit of a lull in the late 1990s, artificial intelligence research in accounting has continued to steadily increase over the past 30 years. Further consideration of artificial intelligence techniques as embedded modules in integrated audit support systems further suggest that use by practice continues to be robust. Based on these findings, we make a call for much more research on the usability, and use, of artificial intelligence techniques in accounting domains. Contrary to earlier perceptions, the research domain remains vibrant and holds great potential for AIS researchers to take a leadership role in advancing the field.
Differential Pulmonary Inflammation and In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Size-Fractionated Fly Ash Particles from Pulverized Coal Combustion

Abstract Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) has been associated with adverse health effects in humans. Pulmonary inflammatory responses were examined in CD1 mice after intratracheal instillation of 25 or 100 μg of ultrafine (<0.2 μm), fine (<2.5 μm), and coarse (>2.5 μm) coal fly ash from a combusted Montana subbituminous coal, and of fine and coarse fractions from a combusted western Kentucky bituminous coal. After 18 hr, the lungs were lavaged and the bronchoalveolar fluid was assessed for cellular influx, biochemical markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The responses were compared with saline and endotoxin as negative and positive controls, respectively. On an equal mass basis, the ultrafine particles from combusted Montana coal induced a higher degree of neutrophil inflammation and cytokine levels than did the fine or coarse PM. The western Kentucky fine PM caused a moderate degree of inflammation and protein levels in bronchoalveolar fluid that were higher than the Montana fine PM. Coarse PM did not produce any significant effects. In vitro experiments with rat alveolar macrophages showed that of the particles tested, only the Montana ultrafine displayed significant cytotoxicity. It is concluded that fly ash toxicity is inversely related with particle size and is associated with increased sulfur and trace element content.
Results of termino‐lateral neurorrhaphy to original and adjacent nerves

In this comprehensive investigation, we studied three different neurorrhaphy models in an attempt to elucidate the potential of termino‐lateral nerve repair to original and adjacent nerves. In experimental group 1, the peroneal nerve was sectioned and then attached to the posterior tibial nerve in a termino‐lateral fashion. In experiment group 2, the motor nerves to the gastrocnemius muscle were sectioned and then attached to the posterior tibial nerve in a termino‐lateral fashion. In experimental group 3, the obturator nerve (L2–4) was sectioned and attached to the sciatic nerve (L4–6) in a termino‐lateral fashion. For the control in each group, the same type of nerve used in each respective group was transected without repair. Experimental groups 1 and 2 showed viable axons in the peroneal nerve distal to the neurorrhaphy site. Experimental group 3 showed no viable axons at these sites. No regeneration was observed in the transected nerve without repair in all three control groups. This study suggests that termino‐lateral neurorrhaphy is a viable means of repairing damaged nerves if the distal segment of the sectioned nerve is reattached to its original trunk distal to its original branch point. However, the results from experimental group 3 demonstrate that termino‐lateral neurorrhaphy cannot be used to repair nerves when the donor and recipient nerves originate from different spinal cord levels. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 18:276–281, 1998
Comparative phylogeography of two coastal polychaete tubeworms in the Northeast Atlantic supports shared history and vicariant events

The historic processes which have led to the present‐day patterns of genetic structure in the marine coastal fauna of the Northeast Atlantic are still poorly understood. While tectonic uplifts and changes in sea level may have caused large‐scale vicariance, warmer conditions during glacial maxima may have allowed pockets of diversity to persist to a much wider extent than in the Northwestern Atlantic. The large‐scale geographic distribution of deeply divergent lineages of the coastal polychaete tubeworms Pectinaria koreni (two clades) and Owenia fusiformis (three clades) were compared using a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCOI). All lineages were present along the biogeographic transition zone on the north coast of Brittany (France) and we found evidence pointing towards congruence in the timing of cladogenic events between Pectinaria sp. (P. auricoma/P. belgica and P. koreni) and Owenia sp. , suggesting a shared history of vicariant events. More conserved 16SrRNA sequences obtained from four species of Pectinariidae together with mtCOI sequences of P. koreni seem consistent with an initial establishment of pectinariids in the north, and a southward colonization of the Northeast Atlantic. Phylogeographic patterns in O. fusiformis were also consistent with a north/south pattern of lineage splitting and congruent levels of divergence were detected between lineages of both species. We observed signatures of both persistence in small northern glacial refugia, and of northwards range expansion from regions situated closer to the Mediterranean. However, whether the recolonization of the Northeast Atlantic by both species actually reflects separate interglacial periods is unclear with regards to the lack of molecular clock calibration in coastal polychaete species.