Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Topological Invariants of Manifolds.

classes, form 41.1 per cent of the total, 309. This differs from the 50 percent expected when no linkage exists by 8.9 per cent. But the probable error for a population of 309 individuals is only 1.92 per cent. The observed difference is therefore 4.6 times the probable error, which shows it can scarcely be due to random sampling, since the chances for a deviation equally great are less than two in a thousand, the odds against it being about 650 to 1. We may conclude therefore that in all probability thetwo characters are linked. The notable thing about the case is the looseness of the linkage. In cases of linkage previously demonstrated in mammals, linkage is relatively close, less than 20 per cent of crossing over being found. Here it is more than twice that amount. Measured on a scale of 100, the linkage strength in this case is only 17.8 whereas in other known mammalian cases it ranges from 60 to 99. On account of the small size of mammalian chromosomes, loose linkages are not to be expected among mammals, on the chromosome hypothesis. What the cytological conditions are which are involved in this case, we can at present only conjecture. Analogous variations to those discussed in this paper, producing brown pigmeiltation and multiple albino allelomorphs, are known both in mice and in guinea-pigs but in neither of these species has linkage been reported between brown and albinism. The matter is perhaps worthy of further investigation, although it is scarcely to be expected that completely homologous chromosomes exist in forms so widely separated systematically as rabbits, guinea-pigs and mice.
Abundant Respirable Ergot Alkaloids from the Common Airborne Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus

ABSTRACT Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins that interact with several monoamine receptors, negatively affecting cardiovascular, nervous, reproductive, and immune systems of exposed humans and animals. Aspergillus fumigatus, a common airborne fungus and opportunistic human pathogen, can produce ergot alkaloids in broth culture. The objectives of this study were to determine if A. fumigatus accumulates ergot alkaloids in a respirable form in or on its conidia, to quantify ergot alkaloids associated with conidia produced on several different substrates, and to measure relevant physical properties of the conidia. We found at least four ergot alkaloids, fumigaclavine C, festuclavine, fumigaclavine A, and fumigaclavine B (in order of abundance), associated with conidia of A. fumigatus. Under environmentally relevant conditions, the total mass of ergot alkaloids often constituted >1% of the mass of the conidium. Ergot alkaloids were extracted from conidia produced on all media tested, and the greatest quantities were observed when the fungus was cultured on latex paint or cultured maize seedlings. The values for physical properties of conidia likely to affect their respirability (i.e., diameter, mass, and specific gravity) were significantly lower for A. fumigatus than for Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, and Stachybotrys chartarum. The demonstration of relatively high concentrations of ergot alkaloids associated with conidia of A. fumigatus presents opportunities for investigations of potential contributions of the toxins to adverse health effects associated with the fungus and to aspects of the biology of the fungus that contribute to its success.
Index tracking with constrained portfolios

Passive portfolio management strategies, such as index tracking, are popular in the industry, but so far little research has been done on the cardinality of such a portfolio, i.e. on how many different assets ought to be included in it. One reason for this is the computational complexity of the associated optimization problems. Traditional optimization techniques cannot deal appropriately with the discontinuities and the many local optima emerging from the introduction of explicit cardinality constraints. More recent approaches, such as heuristic methods, on the other hand, can overcome these hurdles. This paper demonstrates how one of these methods, differential evolution, can be used to solve the constrained index-tracking problem. We analyse the financial implication of cardinality constraints for a tracking portfolio using an empirical study of the Down Jones Industrial Average. We find that the index can be tracked satisfactorily with a subset of its components and, more important, that the deviation between computed actual tracking error and the theoretically achievable tracking error out of sample is negligibly affected by the portfolio's cardinality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Equivalence of care’ in prison medicine: is equivalence of process the right measure of equity?

In recent years, the principle of equivalence has been accepted in many countries as the standard against which healthcare provision for prisoners should be measured. There are several ways in which this principle can be interpreted, but current policy in the UK and elsewhere seems to focus on the measurement and achievement of equivalence in the process of healthcare provision. We argue that it is not appropriate to apply this interpretation to all aspects of prisoner healthcare, as it does not necessarily address the challenges inherent to the prisoner population and prison setting. Consequently equivalence of health outcomes should also be considered alongside processes in the interests of providing healthcare in prison that is equivalent to that outside prison.
Optical Detection of the Electromechanical Response of MEMS Micromirrors Designed for Scanning Picoprojectors

Single-axis rotational micromirrors actuated by comb finger structures have been designed in view of their application in reflective scanning picoprojectors for laser beam displacement along two perpendicular directions to obtain a raster scan scheme. A resonant mirror operating at a frequency around 25 kHz, suitable for horizontal scans, as well as a linear mirror, suitable for vertical scan at the typical video refresh rate (60 Hz), have been fabricated by Silicon-on-Insulator technology and are illustrated in this paper. We have in particular exploited the potentialities of semiconductor laser self-mixing interferometry, a powerful technique for characterizing the dynamic response of MEMS, for detecting the electromechanical response of both kinds of micromirrors. We report the results of the spot optical measurements performed on resonant and linear mirrors aimed at detecting the frequency of the fundamental rotational mode as well as of the in-plane and out-of-plane modes, close in frequency to the fundamental mode. We have experimentally demonstrated that the fabricated devices are suitable for high-resolution miniaturized projectors, in terms of frequency response and scanning angle.
Human Metapneumovirus: A New Player among Respiratory Viruses

Abstract The human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly described member of the Paramyxoviridae family belonging to the Metapneumovirus genus. Since its initial description in 2001, hMPV has been reported in most parts of the world and isolated from the respiratory tract of subjects from all age groups. Despite the fact that prospective and case-control studies have been limited, the epidemiology and clinical manifestations associated with hMPV have been found to be reminiscent of those of the human respiratory syncytial virus, with most severe respiratory tract infections occurring in infants, elderly subjects, and immunocompromised hosts. Additional research is needed to define the pathogenesis of this viral infection and the host's specific immune response.
Quantitative Assessment of Cochlear Histopathologic Findings in Patients With Suppurative Labyrinthitis.

IMPORTANCE Better understanding of the effects of suppurative labyrinthitis (SL) on cochlear elements will aid the development of new approaches to treat its sequelae and complications in the ear. OBJECTIVE To quantitatively evaluate the effects of SL on cochlear elements in humans. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A comparative study was conducted at a tertiary academic medical center from October 20, 2014, to January 3, 2015, of the histopathologic characteristics of 28 archived human temporal bone samples from 19 deceased patients with SL and 20 temporal bone samples from 14 deceased, age-matched controls. EXPOSURES Evaluation of archived human temporal bone samples. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The locations of SL in the inner ear and the degree of endolymphatic hydrops were noted; the area of the stria vascularis and the spiral ligament in all turns of the cochlea at the midmodiolar level and in the adjacent 2 sections were measured; and the number of remaining outer and inner hair cells of the cochlea were counted to calculate the loss of both types of cells. To evaluate the loss of fibrocytes in the spiral ligament, a rating scale in each cochlear turn was used. For each segment of the cochlea, the number of spiral ganglion cells was determined. Outcomes between the group with SL and the control group were compared. RESULTS Of the 28 temporal bone samples from the 19 deceased patients (16 men and 3 women; mean [SD] age, 23.1 [24.6] years) with SL, all showed SL in the scala tympani of the basal turn. In the group with SL vs the control group, the mean (SD) loss of outer hair cells was significantly higher in the lower (28.6% [11.4%] vs 12.4% [6.2%]; P = .02) and upper (22.3% [9.7%] vs 8.8% [3.2%]; P = .01) basal cochlear turn, the mean (SD) loss of inner hair cells was significantly higher in the lower (15.4% [6.7%] vs 2.6% [1.1%]; P = .02) and upper (10.6% [4.6%] vs 2.2% [0.7%]; P = .03) basal cochlear turn, the mean (SD) total number of spiral ganglion cells (28,132 [2068] vs 30,358 [2036]; P = .001) and the mean (SD) number of spiral ganglion cells in segment I (3554 [847] vs 4223 [649]; P = .003) was significantly decreased, the mean (SD) degree of atrophy of the stria vascularis in the lower (8455 [924] vs 9368 [1049] μm2; P = .003) and upper (7911 [837] vs 8474 [813] μm2; P = .02) basal cochlear turn was significantly greater, and the degree of endolymphatic hydrops was significantly greater (10 bone samples [36%] vs 1 [5%]; P = .006). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in the number of fibrocytes and in the presence of atrophy of the spiral ligament in any cochlear turn. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study demonstrates that SL can lead to cochlear damage, especially in the basal turn of the cochlea. These pathological observations have formed the basis for clinical findings of hearing loss and tinnitus detected in those patients with SL.
Lateral dual‐photon absorptiometry: A new technique to measure the bone mineral density at the lumbar spine

Bone mineral density (BMD) measurement of the lumbar spine by dual‐photon absorptiometry (DPA) using a radioactive source and more recently an x‐ray tube (DEXA) is a useful noninvasive technique to assess bone loss in vertebral osteoporosis. Because an anteroposterior (AP) projection is used, DPA measures not only the mainly trabecular bone of the vertebral body but also the cortical bone of the posterior processes, which does not contribute to the development of crushed fractures. Using a DPA apparatus equipped with a 153 Gd source coupled with an 18‐detector system that provides better collection efficiency for the narrow beam of 153 Gd radiation, we have developed a technique measuring the BMD of the vertebral body of L2, L3, and L4 on a lateral projection based on previous studies using radiographic photodensitometry for lateral spine. The precision of the method — 1.7% in vivo and 0.88% in vitro — is similar to that obtained with the AP projection (respectively, 1.7 and 1.0%). Lateral BMD decreased with age in 143 normal women and was best accounted for by a cubic curve (r = −0.51, p < 0.001). The age‐related bone loss between 30 and 80 years of age was much higher with the lateral (‐44%) than with the AP (‐22%) projection, a pattern consistent with the greater trabecular than cortical age‐related bone loss. When osteoporotics (OP) were compared to age‐matched normal women, the decreased in BMD was larger with the lateral (‐30%) than with the AP projection (‐23%), but in terms of Z scores, no difference could be found between both projections. Correlation between AP and lateral BMD was highly significant in the normal women (r = 0.58, p < 0.001) but not in the OP (r = 0.22, NS), indicating a predominant loss of the spongy bone in patients with vertebral osteoporosis. The influence of an osteoarthritis of the posterior processes on BMD according to the projection was assessed in 15 patients; expressed in Z score, the mean value was high with the AP projection (+1.26 SD) but normal (+0.20 SD) with the lateral projection, confirming that posterior OA interferes substantially with AP BMD.
T-trees, vertical partitioning and distributed association rule mining

We consider a technique (DATA-VP) for distributed (and parallel) association rule mining that makes use of a vertical partitioning technique to distribute the input data, amongst processors. The proposed vertical partitioning is facilitated by a novel compressed set enumeration tree data structure (the T-tree), and an associated mining algorithm (Apriori-T), that allows for computationally effective distributed/parallel ARM when compared with existing approaches.
Histochemical studies on the Acanthocephala. II. The distribution of glycogen and fatty substances

Numerous studies have been made oii the morphological distribution of glycogen in parasitic helminths. Brault and Loeper ( '04), Busch ( ' O S ) , v. Kemiiitx ( ' la), Afartini ( 'H), and Giovannola ( '36) found glycogen in nematodes to be most concentrated in the hypodermis and non-contractile portion of the body musculature. Considerable amounts of glycogen were also found in the gonads, particularly of the female. I n trematodes Ortner-Schoenbach ( '13), Preiiant ( '22), and v. Brand ('33) found the glycogen distribution to be similar to that of the trematodes with the parenchyma and the muscles coiitaining the greater part of the carbohydrate stores. It was not until 1939, however, that any work appeared on the morphology of glycogen in an acanthocephalan. At that time von Brand ( '39a, b ; '40) published a series of papers on the chemistry and morphology of glycogen, fat , and other substances in the Acanthocephala. Most . of his work was done with ;Ilacracanthorliviichus hirudinaceus of the pig but some observations were reported on Echiiiorhynchus coregoni and
Representations in learning new faces: Evidence from prosopagnosia

Abstract We report the performance of a prosopagnosic patient on face learning tasks under different encoding instructions (i.e., levels of processing manipulations). R.J. performs at chance when given no encoding instructions or when given “shallow” encoding instructions to focus on facial features. By contrast, he performs relatively well with “deep” encoding instructions to rate faces in terms of personality traits or when provided with semantic and name information during the study phase. We propose that the improvement associated with deep encoding instructions may be related to the establishment of distinct visually derived and identity-specific semantic codes. The benefit associated with deep encoding in R.J., however, was found to be restricted to the specific view of the face presented at study and did not generalize to other views of the same face. These observations suggest that deep encoding instructions may enhance memory for concrete or pictorial representations of faces in patients with prosopagnosia, but that these patients cannot compensate for the inability to construct abstract structural codes that normally allow faces to be recognized from different orientations. We postulate further that R.J.'s poor performance on face learning tasks may be attributable to excessive reliance on a feature-based left hemisphere face processing system that operates primarily on view-specific representations. (JINS, 1996, 2, 240–248.)
Significance-Aware Program Execution on Unreliable Hardware

This article introduces a significance-centric programming model and runtime support that sets the supply voltage in a multicore CPU to sub-nominal values to reduce the energy footprint and provide mechanisms to control output quality. The developers specify the significance of application tasks respecting their contribution to the output quality and provide check and repair functions for handling faults. On a multicore system, we evaluate five benchmarks using an energy model that quantifies the energy reduction. When executing the least-significant tasks unreliably, our approach leads to 20% CPU energy reduction with respect to a reliable execution and has minimal quality degradation.
Morphologic features of basal cell carcinoma using the en‐face mode in frequency domain optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become a valuable non‐invasive tool in the in vivo diagnosis of non‐melanoma skin cancer, especially of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Due to an updated software‐supported algorithm, a new en‐face mode – similar to the horizontal en‐face mode in high‐definition OCT and reflectance confocal microscopy – surface‐parallel imaging is possible which, in combination with the established slice mode of frequency domain (FD‐)OCT, may offer additional information in the diagnosis of BCC.
Otitis Media and Its Sequelae in Kenyan Schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to obtain representative Kenyan data on the point prevalence of acute otitis media (AOM) and its sequelae (otitis media with effusion [OME] and chronic suppurative otitis media [CSOM]), a major cause of preventable hearing loss in children in developing countries. In Africa, there are limited studies on the prevalence of AOM and its sequelae in children. METHODS Study subjects were children aged 2 to 15 years and were enrolled from randomly selected preprimary and primary schools. After parental or guardian consent, subjects had a questionnaire administered, otoscopy and tympanometry were done, and audiometry was performed on those with ear problems detected on these examinations. RESULTS A total of 9825 (75%) children was from rural schools. The prevalence of CSOM was 15 of 1000, OME was 15 of 1000, and AOM was 7 of 1000 children. Rural Rift Valley schoolchildren had the highest prevalence of CSOM (24 of 1000) compared with other regions (12 of 1000; P < .0001). Ear discharge occurred before 3.5 years in 50% of 901 children with ear discharge. A history of ear discharge was associated with abnormal tympanograms (odds ratio [OR], 11.9-19.2) and mild-to-severe hearing loss (OR, 21.6-38.6), even in children without ear disease (OR, 10.7-24.4). CONCLUSIONS The burden of AOM sequelae in Kenyan preschool and schoolchildren is significant, and it occurs mostly in the first 4 years of life. By preventing early recurrent AOM, pneumococcal vaccination might partly avert nonreversible sequelae.
The Rab GTPase-Activating Protein TBC1D4/AS160 Contains an Atypical Phosphotyrosine-Binding Domain That Interacts with Plasma Membrane Phospholipids To Facilitate GLUT4 Trafficking in Adipocytes

ABSTRACT The Rab GTPase-activating protein TBC1D4/AS160 regulates GLUT4 trafficking in adipocytes. Nonphosphorylated AS160 binds to GLUT4 vesicles and inhibits GLUT4 translocation, and AS160 phosphorylation overcomes this inhibitory effect. In the present study we detected several new functional features of AS160. The second phosphotyrosine-binding domain in AS160 encodes a phospholipid-binding domain that facilitates plasma membrane (PM) targeting of AS160, and this function is conserved in other related RabGAP/Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC) proteins and an AS160 ortholog in Drosophila. This region also contains a nonoverlapping intracellular GLUT4-containing storage vesicle (GSV) cargo-binding site. The interaction of AS160 with GSVs and not with the PM confers the inhibitory effect of AS160 on insulin-dependent GLUT4 translocation. Constitutive targeting of AS160 to the PM increased the surface GLUT4 levels, and this was attributed to both enhanced AS160 phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding and inhibition of AS160 GAP activity. We propose a model wherein AS160 acts as a regulatory switch in the docking and/or fusion of GSVs with the PM.
A Hope scale applicable to verbal samples.

A Hope scale is described, applicable to the content analysis of verbal samples. Percentile Hope scores are provided from a normative sample of children (109), adults (91), and a group of psychiatric outpatients (68). Construct validation studies indicated significant negative correlations between Hope scores and psychiatric ratings from the BPRS Depression and Anergia factor scores, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale factors of Anxiety-Depression and Sleep Disturbance and, also, with scores from the Jacobs Ego Weakness Scale. Significant positive correlations occurred with scores from the Anant Belongingness Scale. Hope scores were found capable of predicting favorable outcome among patients in a Mental Health Crisis Clinic, survival time in patients with terminal cancer, patients likely to follow treatment recommendations, and improvement in the BPRS Depression factor in acute schizophrenic patients after a single dose of thioridazine.
Extension homework and classroom assignments

This study was conducted to determine whether different types of homework assignments influenced the acquisition of vocabulary knowledge and understanding and if the students provided with extension homework acquired vocabulary better than those just given the classroom assignments. The study took place in the public high schools in Chavar, Ilam. The participants were 120 high school students. A pre-test was administered to determine the homogeneity of the groups. The mean scores of the groups were 24.5 and 25 out of 50, for the experimental and control groups, respectively, and t-observed (0.41) was much smaller than t-critical (1.67), so they were nearly homogeneous. Both groups were assigned classroom activities that were based on practicing skills covered during the lesson, but the experimental group was assigned extension homework. After two-month period, a post-test was administered to determine if extension homework had an effect on their understanding of the vocabulary. The mean scores for two groups were 34.5 and 30.65 out of 50, for experimental and control groups, respectively. A t-test was used to analyze the data, and it was determined that the students who received extension homework had a better understanding of taught vocabulary than those who received just classroom assignments. The t-observed (9.077) was much larger than t-critical (1.67), so the hypotheses were safely rejected.