Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EMLA Versus Ice as a Topical Anesthetic

BACKGROUND There are many different topical anesthetics available. Ice is an easy to use and inexpensive topical anesthetic. There are studies comparing different topical anesthetics but none have used ice. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy between EMLA (2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine cream) and ice prior to injection with a 30-gauge needle containing a painful stimuli. METHOD A fingertip amount of EMLA cream was placed on the upper left arm and occluded with a bandage for an average of 52 minutes. Ice in a rubber glove was placed on the right upper arm for 1–2 minutes. The EMLA site, ice site, and a control site without anesthetic were tested for cutaneous analgesia with an injection of 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine through a 30-gauge needle using a 3 cc syringe. Discomfort was recorded using a visual acuity scale (VAS). Analysis of data was performed using a t test paired sample of two means. RESULTS Statistically there was a significant difference in pain control between EMLA and ice (P < .05), EMLA and control (P < .01), and ice and control (P < .01). Clinically patients felt that EMLA performed slightly better as an analgesic than ice, and both EMLA and ice were more efficacious than the control. CONCLUSION Both EMLA and ice decreased the discomfort associated with needle injection. Although EMLA performed better in pain control, ice has advantages in ease of use, fast action, and is less expensive than EMLA. Both EMLA and ice were good topical anesthetics, each with advantages and disadvantages in clinical use.
Population genetics of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the agent of sleeping sickness in Western Africa

Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, occurs in Western and Central Africa. T. brucei s.l. displays a huge diversity of adaptations and host specificities, and questions about its reproductive mode, dispersal abilities, and effective size remain under debate. We have investigated genetic variation at 8 microsatellite loci of T. b. gambiense strains isolated from human African trypanosomiasis patients in the Ivory Coast and Guinea, with the aim of knowing how genetic information was partitioned within and between individuals in both temporal and spatial scales. The results indicate that (i) migration of T. b. gambiense group 1 strains does not occur at the scale of West Africa, and that even at a finer scale (e.g., within Guinea) migration is restricted; (ii) effective population sizes of trypanosomes, as reflected by infected hosts, are probably higher than what the epidemiological surveys suggest; and (iii) T. b. gambiense group 1 is most likely a strictly clonally reproducing organism.
Application Of Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) For Long Term Prediction Of Rainfall In Sarawak, Malaysia

Long-term prediction of rainfall over a catchment is a challenge for hydrologists. It is required for water resources management, hydropower energy forecasting and flood risks assessment in river basins. Several large scale climate phenomena affect the occurrence of rainfall around the world i.e El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are most famous for their effect on India, North and South America and Australia. This study is motivated to evaluate the performance of Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) developed by annual and monthly sub models for rainfall downscaling from Global Climate Models (GCMs) over the two districts in Sarawak. It is noted that the monthly sub-models have better performance over the annual sub-models. However, both monthly and annual sub-models have poor correlation with the recorded rainfall for the calibration and validation period. Results indicate that both stations show increasing trend in the future annual rainfall under H3A2 and H3B2 scenarios of HadCM3. SDSM predict that the annual rainfall at Belaga and Limbang is expected to increase by 37.8% and 22.7% respectively by 2074. Overall the SDSM approximates the average rainfall very well during the calibration and validation period but the correlation between observed and forecasted rainfall was not so good. And there is a need to improve the statistical downscaling modelling to develop better correlation between predictand and predictors to have better model performance over the wet regions like Sarawak.
Effect of plant sterol‐enriched margarine on plasma lipids and sterols in subjects heterozygous for phytosterolaemia

Abstract. Stalenhoef AFH, Hectors M, Demacker PNM (University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands). Effect of plant sterol‐enriched margarine on plasma lipids and sterols in subjects heterozygous for phytosterolaemia. J Intern Med 2001; 249: 163–166.
C/EBPβ binds the P1 promoter of the Runx2 gene and up‐regulates Runx2 transcription in osteoblastic cells

The Runx2 factor is an essential component of the regulatory mechanisms that control transcription during skeletogenesis. Runx2/p57 expression in osteoblastic cells is controlled by the P1 promoter, which is recognized by key regulators of osteoblast differentiation including homeodomain factors and Wnt‐ and BMP‐signaling mediators. Here, we report that the transcription factor C/EBPβ up‐regulates Runx2/p57 expression by directly binding to the Runx2 P1 promoter in mesenchymal, pre‐osteoblastic, and osteoblastic cells. This C/EBPβ‐mediated up‐regulation is principally dependent on C/EBP site II that is located within the first 180 bp of the proximal P1 promoter region and is highly conserved among mouse, rat, and human Runx2 genes. Our studies reveal how the C/EBPβ factor, known to have a key role during osteogenesis, contributes to regulating the expression of Runx2, the master regulator of osteoblast differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 3043–3052, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emotion Words: Adding Face Value

Despite a growing number of studies suggesting that emotion words affect perceptual judgments of emotional stimuli, little is known about how emotion words affect perceptual memory for emotional faces. In Experiments 1 and 2 we tested how emotion words (compared with control words) affected participants’ abilities to select a target emotional face from among distractor faces. Participants were generally more likely to false alarm to distractor emotional faces when primed with an emotion word congruent with the face (compared with a control word). Moreover, participants showed both decreased sensitivity (d′) to discriminate between target and distractor faces, as well as altered response biases (c; more likely to answer “yes”) when primed with an emotion word (compared with a control word). In Experiment 3 we showed that emotion words had more of an effect on perceptual memory judgments when the structural information in the target face was limited, as well as when participants were only able to categorize the face with a partially congruent emotion word. The overall results are consistent with the idea that emotion words affect the encoding of emotional faces in perceptual memory.
Total Hip Replacement for Coxarthrosis Secondary to Congenital Dysplasia and Dislocation of the Hip. Long-Term Results*

Between 1970 and 1982, sixty-six total hip replacements were performed with cement, without bone-grafting, in fifty-three patients who had congenital dysplasia and dislocation of the hip. Preoperatively, the patients had had Crowe type-II, III, or IV subluxation. Current information was available for fifty-nine hips in forty-six patients after an average duration of follow-up of sixteen years (range, ten to twenty-one years). The average age of the patients at the time of the operation was fifty-three years (range, twenty-three to seventy-three years). The average Harris hip score at the most recent examination was 92 points (range, 61 to 100 points). Eight hips were revised. The reason for the revision was infection in two hips, fracture of the femoral stem in two, and loosening of the acetabular component in four. The rate of revision for aseptic loosening, therefore, was 10 per cent (six hips). In the unrevised hips for which radiographs were available, the rate of radiographic loosening of the femoral component was 5 per cent (two hips) and that of the acetabular component was 32 per cent (twelve hips). We did not find a relationship between the amount of horizontal or vertical displacement of the center of the femoral head and the rate of loosening. Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis with revision as the end point predicted a rate of survival of 85 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 75 to 95 per cent) at fifteen years. With radiographic loosening as the end point, the predicted rate of survival was 68 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 54 to 81 per cent) at fifteen years. We concluded that, for patients who have Crowe type-II, III, or IV congenital dysplasia of the hip, good long-term results can be obtained with insertion of a femoral stem with cement. The high rate of loosening of cemented acetabular components is a concern.
Metallo‐β‐lactamase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates at a Taiwanese hospital: lack of distinctive phenotypes for screening

Liao I‐C, Chen H‐M, Wu J‐J, Tsai P‐F, Wang L‐R, Yan J‐J. Metallo‐β‐lactamase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates at a Taiwanese hospital: lack of distinctive phenotypes for screening. APMIS 2011; 119: 543–50.
Surveillance for ectopic pregnancy--United States, 1970-1989.

PROBLEM/CONDITION From 1970 through 1989, hospitalizations for ectopic pregnancy have increased in the United States; the number of cases has increased fivefold, from 17,800 to 88,400. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED 1970-1989. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM Reported ectopic pregnancies were estimated from data collected by CDC's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) as part of the ongoing National Hospital Discharge Survey. Data from responding hospitals were weighted to represent national estimates. The number of deaths resulting from ectopic pregnancy was based on U.S. vital statistics collected by NCHS. Denominators for calculating ectopic pregnancy rates were the total number of reported pregnancies, which includes live births, legal induced abortions, and ectopic pregnancies. Data for live births were obtained from NCHS natality statistics and data for legal induced abortions from CDC's Division of Reproductive Health. RESULTS From 1970 through 1989, more than one million ectopic pregnancies were estimated to have occurred among women in the United States; the rate increased by almost fourfold, from 4.5 to 16.0 ectopic pregnancies per 1,000 reported pregnancies. Although ectopic pregnancies accounted for < 2% of all reported pregnancies during this period, complications of this condition were associated with approximately 13% of all pregnancy-related deaths. During this period, the risk of death associated with ectopic pregnancy decreased by 90%: the case-fatality rate declined from 35.5 deaths per 10,000 ectopic pregnancies in 1970 to 3.8 in 1989. The risks of ectopic pregnancy and death from its complications were consistently higher for blacks and other racial/ethnic minorities than for whites throughout the period. INTERPRETATION Although the general trend has been for the numbers and rates of ectopic pregnancy to increase over the 20-year period, the variability of the data does not permit meaningful conclusions to be made about year-to-year changes in the estimates of ectopic pregnancies, especially for the years 1988 and 1989. ACTIONS TAKEN These findings indicate the need to characterize behaviors and risk factors that may respond to preventive interventions. Until these risks factors are better characterized, early detection and appropriate management of ectopic pregnancies will remain the most effective means of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.
Estimating Nairu for the Turkish Economy Using Extended Kalman Filter Approach

This paper estimates NAIRU (Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment) for the Turkish economy as an unobserved stochastic variable by systems approach. Based on a Phillips curve equation combined with an Okun law for output gap and unemployment gap, the systems approach imposes stochastic laws of motion for NAIRU and potential output and also assumes the parameters to be time-varying. However, the requirement to simultaneously estimate parameters and to solve the state space problem introduces nonlinearity, which requires the use of Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Estimation results suggest that NAIRU moves in tandem with the actual unemployment, but it follows a more volatile path than the latter. Accordingly, the estimated NAIRU series reacts more sharply to the crises than the actual unemployment. This observation is in line with the prior studies reporting the relatively persistent nature of actual unemployment in comparison to the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment. Furthermore, all of the derived series are plausible and capture the significant turning points of the economy. As for the coefficients, the time-varying parameters indicate a stable, yet quite a weak link between unemployment and inflation. Meanwhile, the coefficient of exchange rate in the Phillips curve equation suggests a declining, but significant pass-through to inflation. Moreover, estimation results also point to the presence of considerable inertia in inflation. To sum up, findings of this paper provide guidance for future research on NAIRU, which is an important tool for monetary policy. The paper findings also lay the basis for prospective work that may adopt EKF. But most importantly, this paper confirms the view that the conduct of monetary policy should be based on a flexible and comprehensive framework.
Re-defining the Concept of Model Species: An Experimental Approach on a Range of Marine Animals

Scientific research extensively uses model organisms to address biological, ecological and evolutionary issues. Research employs a limited variety of organisms, ranging from bacteria to complex metazoans, to answer scientific questions and investigate natural aspects. We define “Model Organisms” this small fraction of the biological biodiversity. Generally, they are a simplified tractable system used to study larger scientific questions and to answer complex problems. Researchers expect that results obtained through experiments on these MOs will be applicable to other, more complex, organisms, or to complex communities and ecosystems. Model organisms are sometimes a scarcely representative sample of the global physiological, biochemical and genetic biodiversity and the answers that they can provide could not be easily applicable and transferred to other species. This Ph.D. thesis aims at re-defining the concept of “model species” on an objective point of view. I analysed a standard range of common characteristics that can describe and rank selected model organisms on the basis of their unique features, advantages and disadvantages. I have taken into consideration various “practical” features, such as size and feeding, their reproduction and the optimization of the culture techniques; their use in some scientific fields, such as chemical ecology, stress responses and apoptosis, and the availability of molecular tools and sequenced genomes. A set of laboratory analyses was applied to test the power of selected species to answer our questions and an arbitrary score was assigned to each species for each parameter according to our results and to the data available in scientific literature. The information collected was used to objectively rank the considered model organisms, for improving future experimental approaches and indicate a possible strategy to choose adequate models for selected research.
Reduction of Gas Bubbles and Improved Critical Current Density in Bi-2212 Round Wire by Swaging

Bi-2212 round wire is made by the powder-in-tube technique. An unavoidable property of powder-in-tube conductors is that there is about 30% void space in the as-drawn wire. We have recently shown that the gas present in the as-drawn Bi-2212 wire agglomerates into large bubbles and that they are presently the most deleterious current-limiting mechanism. By densifying short 2212 wires before reaction through cold isostatic pressing, the void space was almost removed and the gas bubble density was reduced significantly, resulting in a doubled engineering critical current density (JE) of 810 A/mm2 at 5 T, 4.2 K. Here we report on densifying Bi-2212 wire by swaging, which increased JE (4.2 K, 5 T) from 486 A/mm2 for as-drawn wire to 808 A/mm2 for swaged wire. This result further confirms that enhancing the filament packing density is of great importance for making major JE improvements in this round-wire magnet conductor.
PENTINGNYA PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI OLEH GURU BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING

ABSTRAK Teknologi informasi merupakan faktor penting dalam proses pelayanan BK. Adanya pemanfaatan teknologi informasi diharapkan dapat mendorong guru BK/konselor untuk lebih kreatif, inovatif, variatif dalam mencari informasi terbaru dalam proses pelayanan. Oleh sebab itu, teknologi hasus dimanfaatkan dengan sebaik dan seoptimal mungkin oleh guru BK/konselor agar pelayanan yang diberikan bisa memberikan hasil yang optimal. Agar teknologi bisa dimanfaatkan secara optimal maka tidak akan terlepas dari kemauan, pengetahuan, dan keterampilan guru BK/konselor dalam memanfatkannya untuk proses pelayanan. Guru BK/konselor yang memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan maka akan cenderung memanfatkan teknologi informasi dalam pelayanan bimbingan dan konseling . Kata Kunci: Teknologi informasi, guru, bimbingan dan konseling. THE IMPORTANCE OF UTILIZING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BY TEACHER AND CONSELING TEACHERS ABSTRACT Technology information is an important factor in the process of guidance and counselling services. The existence of the utilization of technology information is expected to encourage teachers of guidance and counseling for a more creative, innovative, and varied in finding and providing the latest information in the process of counselling. Therefore, technology should be put to my best optimal and perhaps by the teacher guidance and counseling so that the given service can give you optimal results. However, the situation there is still the fact teacher guidance and counselling have yet to utilize technology information optimally. While technology information is one of the factors supporting the ministry of guidance and counseling. So the technology can be utilized optimally then there will be regardless of the will, knowledge, and skills of the teacher guidance and counseling in the figure for service of process. Teacher guidance and counselling have the willingness, knowledge, and skills it will tend to also take advantage of technology information in the service of guidance and counseling. Keyword: Technology information, teacher, guidance and counseling.
International Student Migration to Norway. Who stays and who leaves

V 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 Structure of the study . 2 2 Background . 4 2.1 Why Norway as a study destination . 5 2.1.1 Changes in the education system . 6 2.1. 2 Changes in the funding system . 8 2.1. 3 Tuition fee . 8 2.1. 4 Scholarships . 9 2.1. 5 Labor and Immigration policy . 10 3 Data . 11 3.1 Definitions and constraints . 11 3.2 Data sources and sample extraction . 11 3.2.1 Possible problems . 12 4 Descriptive statistics . 14 4.1 International student migration to Norway, 1990‐2010 . 14 4.1.1 International student migration to Norway, by gender (1990‐2010) . 19 4.2 Time of out‐migration . 22 5 Theoretical framework . 25 5.1 Migration decision . 25 5.1.1 The Roy model . 25 6 Empirical strategy . 27 6.1 Linear probability model . 27 6.1.1 Dependent variables . 27 6.1. 2 Independent variables . 28 6.2 Econometric model. 31 6.2.1 Assumptions of the Classical Linear Regression Model . 32 7 Results . 34 8 Conclusion . 39
Randomized Comparison of Artemether-Benflumetol and Artesunate-Mefloquine in Treatment of MultidrugResistant Falciparum Malaria

ABSTRACT An open, randomized comparison of artemether-benflumetol (CGP 56 697; Novartis) with artesunate-mefloquine was conducted in 617 patients with acute uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria on the western border of Thailand. Both treatments rapidly and reliably cleared fever and parasitemia, and there was no significant difference in the initial therapeutic response parameters. Parasite genotyping was used to distinguish recrudescences from new infections. The 63-day cure rate for artesunate-mefloquine (94%) was significantly higher than the cure rate for artemether-benflumetol (81%) (P < 0.001). Both regimens were well tolerated. Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sleep disorders, and other neurological side effects were between two and four times more common in the artesunate-mefloquine group than in the artemether-benflumetol group (P < 0.001). Artemether-benflumetol is effective and very well tolerated in the treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. A higher dose than that used in the present study may improve efficacy.
Lower intensity physical activity is advantageous for fat distribution and blood glucose among viscerally obese older adults.

OBJECTIVE The influence of daily accumulated physical activity on blood glucose among older adults with varying obesity patterns is unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the blood glucose lowering effect of daily movement is modulated by distribution of adiposity in a community-based sample of older persons. METHODS The study sample (N = 743) was mostly women (79.4%) with an average age of 74.5+/-0.3 yr. A question from the Yale Physical Activity Survey was the indicator of lower intensity physical activity. The response, answered in h x d(-1) spent in motion, was divided into tertiles (<3, 3 to <5, and > or = 5 h x d(-1)). Random blood glucose and total blood cholesterol were assessed via finger stick. The body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) delineated the categories of adiposity patterning as follows: nonobese (N = 354), BMI = 23.8+/-0.1 kg x m(-2) and WC = 80.3+/-0.4 cm; noncentral obese (N = 79), BMI = 30.8+/-0.1 kg x m(-2) and WC = 87.5+/-0.4 cm; and central obese (N = 310), BMI = 32.7+/-0.3 kg x m(-2) and WC = 103.3+/-0.5 cm. RESULTS After adjusting for age, gender, race, medication use, and postprandial state, blood glucose levels were lower with greater amounts of reported daily movement in the centrally obese, 8.6+/-0.4 mmol x L(-1), 6.6+/-0.4 mmol x L(-1), and 6.3+/-0.4 mmol x L(-1) for <3 h x d(-1), 3 to <5 h x d(-1), and > or = 5 h x d(-1), respectively (P < 0.001). As the centrally obese increased their hours of moving about, their WC was observed to be less, 105.7+/-0.8 cm, 103.4+/-0.8 cm, and 102.9+/-1.0 cm, respectively, independent of age, gender, race, and medication use (P < 0.05). Neither blood glucose nor WC differed between categories of daily movement in the noncentral obese or nonobese. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that daily accumulated, lower intensity physical activity is advantageous for abdominal fat distribution and blood glucose among viscerally obese older adults.