Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXPO, an Exocyst-Positive Organelle Distinct from Multivesicular Endosomes and Autophagosomes, Mediates Cytosol to Cell Wall Exocytosis in Arabidopsis and Tobacco Cells[C][W]

Protein secretion in plant cells is generally thought to be achieved by vesicle-mediated traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, and the plasma membrane. This study describes an unconventional secretory pathway involving a double-membrane exocyst-positive organelle that mediates exocytosis directly from the cytosol to cell wall. The exocyst protein complex mediates vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. By expressing an (X)FP-tagged Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of the exocyst protein Exo70 in suspension-cultured Arabidopsis and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY-2 cells, and using antibodies specific for Exo70, we detected a compartment, which we term EXPO (for exocyst positive organelles). Standard markers for the Golgi apparatus, the trans-Golgi network/early endosome, and the multivesicular body/late endosome in plants do not colocalize with EXPO. Inhibitors of the secretory and endocytic pathways also do not affect EXPO. Exo70E2-(X)FP also locates to the plasma membrane (PM) as discrete punctae and is secreted outside of the cells. Immunogold labeling of sections cut from high-pressure frozen samples reveal EXPO to be spherical double membrane structures resembling autophagosomes. However, unlike autophagosomes, EXPOs are not induced by starvation and do not fuse with the lytic compartment or with endosomes. Instead, they fuse with the PM, releasing a single membrane vesicle into the cell wall. EXPOs are also found in other cell types, including root tips, root hair cells, and pollen grains. EXPOs therefore represent a form of unconventional secretion unique to plants.
Forecasting Economic Time Series With Structural and Box-Jenkins Models: A Case Study

The basic structural model is a univariate time series model consisting of a slowly changing trend component, a slowly changing seasonal component, and a random irregular component. It is part of a class of models that have a number of advantages over the seasonal ARIMA models adopted by Box and Jenkins (1976). This article reports the results of an exercise in which the basic structural model was estimated for six U.K. macroeconomic time series and the forecasting performance compared with that of ARIMA models previously fitted by Prothero and Wallis (1976).
Financialisation and the coupon pool

This article aims to extend our understanding of the role of capital markets in present day capitalism. It starts from a critical examination of established terms, shareholder value, corporate governance and financialisation, before suggesting a new generic term, coupon pool capitalism. The second half aims to demonstrate that, unlike the other terms, the coupon pool concept distinctively emphasises the generation of contradictions and instabilities. Empirical evidence is used to support the concept and explore dynamics.
Wage Appreciation and Depreciation: A Test of Neoclassical Economic Explanations of Occupational Sex Segregation

I test two explanations of occupational sex segregation that have been generated from the neoclassical theory of human capital. Polachek argues that segregation results because women whose employment is intermittent maximize lifetime earnings by choosing occupations with low depreciation during time spent at home. Zellner hypothesizes that many women optimize lifetime earnings by choosing occupations with high starting wages but low wage appreciation, while men optimize in occupations with high appreciation. Both theses assert that men and women have a pecuniary reason to choose occupations traditional for their sex. Regression analyses using 1974 data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics refute both theses. Controlling for education and experience, women have higher lifetime earnings if they work in predominantly male occupations. Any theory of socioeconomic differences between women and men must have the sex segregation of jobs as its focus. Recent scholarship reflects this consensus on the importance of segregation (England, b), but our understanding of its causes has advanced little. The problem is not a lack of theoretically grounded propositions. On the contrary, virtually every perspective in the social sciences has spawned a theory about the causes of the sex segregation of jobs. Social psychologists focus on sex role socialization to explain sex-typical job choices (Marini and Brinton). Institutionalist economists and structuralist sociologists point to segmented labor markets and mobility ladders that perpetuate any segregation that occurs at firms' ports of entry (Blau and Jusenius; Roos and Reskin). Marxists argue that
Housing Booms and Busts, Labor Market Opportunities, and College Attendance

We study how the recent housing boom and bust affected college enrollment during the 2000s. We exploit cross-city variation in local housing booms, which improved labor market opportunities for young men and women. We find that the boom lowered college enrollment, with effects concentrated at two-year colleges. The decline in enrollment during the boom was generally reversed during the bust; however, attainment remains persistently low for particular cohorts, suggesting that reduced educational attainment is an enduring effect of the recent housing cycle. The housing boom can account for approximately 25 percent of the recent slowdown in college attainment. (JEL I23, I25, J24, J31, R21, R31)
How Managers Protect Intellectual Property Rights in China Using De Facto Strategies

Foreign firms trying to protect their intellectual property rights (IPRs) in emerging economies are suffering real pressures because these economies usually offer little or no enforcement of IPR. Foreign firms therefore have to resort to approaches unlike those they use in developed countries. This paper explores what managers of foreign firms in China have already tried in their efforts to achieve effective IPR protection - specifically, they have crafted de facto strategies that can protect IPR without using China's legal system or engaging in lawsuits against imitators. These strategies work, and this paper explains how and why, thus offering a potential template for IPR protection in other economies with weak appropriability systems.
The business cycle implications of the euro adoption in Poland

This article analyses the macroeconomic impact of the loss of autonomous monetary policy after the euro adoption in Poland. Using a two-country Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model with sticky prices and wages, we find that the euro adoption will have a noticeable impact on the magnitude of economic fluctuations. In particular, the volatility of output, interest rate, consumption and employment is expected to increase while the volatility of inflation should decrease. Also, in order to quantify the effect of the euro adoption, we compute the welfare effect of this monetary policy change. Our findings suggest that the welfare cost is not large.
CYP2E1 gene rs6413420 polymorphism was first found in the Bouyei ethnic group of China.

BACKGROUND China is a multinational country. The relationship between gene polymorphisms of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and national ethnicity has not previously investigated among Chinese people. The aim of this study was to investigate distributions of CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms in five ethnic groups of China. METHODS 829 blood samples were collected from five ethnic groups (Han, Shui, Miao, Zhuang, Bouyei). Taqman-MGB probe was used in Real-time PCR to test the gene polymorphisms of CYP1A1 (rs1048943 and rs4646903) and CYP2E1 (rs2031920 and rs6413420). We further validate the SNP genotyping results through DNA sequencing. RESULTS The genotype distribution of all four SNPs was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except the genotype distribution of rs4646903 in Han and Bouyei ethnic groups (p=0.013 and 0.0005, respectively). CYP2E1 gene rs6413420 polymorphism was first found in the Bouyei ethnic group in China. The results of DNA sequencing were entirely in line with the SNP genotyping assay. CONCLUSIONS The CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms were different in different ethnic groups in China. CYP2E1 gene rs6413420 polymorphism was first found in the Bouyei ethnic group of China.
Change in facial shape in two cohorts of Japanese adult female students twenty years apart.

INTRODUCTION Secular changes in the head and body dimensions of the Japanese population were recorded during the last century, but studies on Japanese adult facial shape were poorly documented. This study aimed to document the secular changes in facial shape and their association with craniofacial measures of Japanese adult female students. METHODS Data were collected from 1998-2001 and 1975-1979 from institutions in Tokyo and Kyoto. The prosopic index (PI) was derived from morphological facial height (n-gn) and bizygomatic breadth (zy-zy). Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the association between PI (facial form) and craniofacial measures. RESULTS Larger mean values for morphological facial height (n-gn) and for PI, but smaller values for bizygomatic breadth (zy-zy) and bigonial breadth (go-go) were observed in the current sample compared to their predecessors 21 years ago. The most prevalent facial shapes were mesoprosopic (30.53 percent) and euryprosopic (45.14 percent) for the current and previous series, respectively. There was a significant positive relationship between the PI and head length (g-op) (p less than 0.01), head breadth (eu-eu) (p less than 0.01) and head height (v-po) (p less than 0.05), and a negative relationship between the PI and head circumference (g-g) (p less than 0.01) and minimum frontal breadth (ft-ft) (p less than 0.01). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that a narrowing of facial shape has been occurring for approximately 21 years in adult Japanese females. The best predictor variables for PI were head length, head circumference, head breadth, minimum frontal breadth and head height.
Profit Sharing and Outsourcing Under Labor Market Imperfection

When the wage rate is set by the labor union, profit sharing and outsourcing is combined in this paper to analyze how the implementation of profit sharing affects individual effort and wage and thus outsourcing. The findings show that profit sharing and wage have an individual effort‐augmenting effect and therefore increase productivity. It is also found that the wage effect of profit sharing in general is ambiguous. There is a wage decreasing substitution effect, but in contrast, there is a wage increasing effect via labor demand elasticity and effort so that outsourcing and employment effects are also ambiguous. Furthermore, it is shown under which condition a firm will implement a profit sharing scheme.
Genetic Analysis of the Vaccinia Virus I6 Telomere-Binding Protein Uncovers a Key Role in Genome Encapsidation

ABSTRACT The linear, double-stranded DNA genome of vaccinia virus contains covalently closed hairpin termini. These hairpin termini comprise a terminal loop and an A+T-rich duplex stem that has 12 extrahelical bases. DeMasi et al. have shown previously that proteins present in infected cells and in virions form distinct complexes with the telomeric hairpins and that these interactions require the extrahelical bases. The vaccinia virus I6 protein was identified as the protein showing the greatest specificity and affinity for interaction with the viral hairpins (J. DeMasi, S. Du, D. Lennon, and P. Traktman, J. Virol. 75:10090-10105, 2001). To gain insight into the role of I6 in vivo, we generated eight recombinant viruses bearing altered alleles of I6 in which clusters of charged amino acids were changed to alanine residues. One allele (temperature-sensitive I6-12 [tsI6-12]) conferred a tight ts phenotype and was used to examine the stage(s) of the viral life cycle that was affected at the nonpermissive temperature. Gene expression, DNA replication, and genome resolution proceeded normally in this mutant. However, proteolytic processing of structural proteins, which accompanies virus maturation, was incomplete. Electron microscopic studies confirmed a severe block in morphogenesis in which immature, but no mature, virions were observed. Instead, aberrant spherical virions and large crystalloids were seen. When purified, these aberrant virions were found to have normal protein content but to be devoid of viral DNA. We propose that the binding of I6 to viral telomeres directs genome encapsidation into the virus particle.
Effect of presentation level on diagnosis of dead regions using the threshold equalizing noise test

The effect of the level of threshold equalizing noise (TEN) on the diagnosis of dead regions (DRs) was investigated. Participants comprised 23 adults with sensorineural hearing impairment. Masked thresholds were measured monaurally with TEN at 60, 70, 80, and 90 dB HL/ERBN. Absolute and masked thresholds (with TEN at 80 dB HL/ERBN) were retested. The diagnosis was unaffected by TEN level at any frequency for eight of the 13 participants who met the criteria for a DR. For four of the latter, increasing the TEN level changed the diagnosis from DR to no DR, mainly at 1.5 kHz, corresponding to the edge frequency, fe, of the DR. For one participant with a low-frequency DR, increasing the TEN level changed the diagnosis from no DR to DR, only at 1 kHz. The changes with level were too large to be explained in terms of test repeatability. Overall, the results of the TEN test are usually not affected by TEN level, except for test frequencies close to fe when absolute thresholds are near-normal for frequencies adjacent to fe.
The rural/urban wage gap in the industrialisation of Russia, 1884–1910

This article presents econometric evidence of integration in rural and urban wages in Russia's Northwest in the late tsarist era. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to co-integration and error correction modelling, we show the flexibility of the rural wage in response to the lagged rural/urban wage ratio. Applying the model developed by Boyer and Hatton (1994) and Hatton and Williamson (1991a, 1991b, 1992), we show the similarity of the wage gap in northwest Russia in the late tsarist era to that during industrialisation in the US, England and Western Europe. Although our evidence does not necessarily describe countrywide trends, it does support for an industrialising region the more positive view of the degree and nature of late tsarist economic growth. Growth was not slowing down, and there is little evidence of constraints on migration by traditional agrarian institutions.
Time varying equity market beta as an index of financial openness?

From the data consisting of over a century, there has been a significant relationship between capital account liberalization and increasing correlation among national stock markets of different countries (Quinn and Voth, 2008). In this research we propose a price based de facto measure of financial integration/openness that can be used to rank selected Asian economies solely on the basis of standardized co-movements of their equity markets in relation to the representative world markets. We call this new measure as time varying equity market beta (TVEMB). Significant degree of correlation with some major and complex indices and the ability to show dynamic de facto situations of financial openness, supported by several evidences, allow us to use TVEMB as an alternative measure in conjunction with other indicators of financial openness/integration.
Near‐global impact of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation on rainfall

The accuracy of synoptic‐based weather forecasting deteriorates rapidly after five days and is not routinely available beyond 10 days. Conversely, climate forecasts are generally not feasible for periods of less than 3 months, resulting in a weather‐climate gap. The tropical atmospheric phenomenon known as the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) has a return interval of 30 to 80 days that might partly fill this gap. Our near‐global analysis demonstrates that the MJO is a significant phenomenon that can influence daily rainfall patterns, even at higher latitudes, via teleconnections with broadscale mean sea level pressure (MSLP) patterns. These weather states provide a mechanistic basis for an MJO‐based forecasting capacity that bridges the weather‐climate divide. Knowledge of these tropical and extra‐tropical MJO‐associated weather states can significantly improve the tactical management of climate‐sensitive systems such as agriculture.
Innovation and market dynamics in the EPO market

We have estimated the demand of erythropoietin (EPO) on market data from the Nordic countries. Assuming that prices are set in a Nash-Bertrand game we determine the degree of competition in this Nordic market. We also report the impact of product innovation on welfare, e.g on consumer and producer surplus. The product innovation is the entry of Aranesp in the Nordic market. We find a positive effect related to the introduction of Aranesp in the EPO market. The high increase in consumer surplus however seems not to be accompanied by a great increase in producer surplus, whose growth is slight. Some time after the introduction of the innovation, the surplus growth does not seem to increase, it remains more or less the same (or decreases a bit). An important conclusion in our paper is that although there are few firms competing in the Nordic market for EPO, the estimated long run market power is low.
Ex-Dividend Day Trading: Who, How, and Why?

This study examines ex-dividend day trading behavior of all investors in the entire Finnish stock market. Consistent with the dynamic dividend clientele explanation, investors with a preference for dividend income buy shares cum-dividend and sell ex-dividend; the reverse is true for investors with the opposite preferences. Untaxed mutual funds engage in overnight arbitrage by selling shares cum and buying ex. Studying trades at the level of an individual investor shows idiosyncratic risk to be an important determinant in the choice of tax arbitrage stock. Analysis of the proportion of tax-motivated overnight trades reveals that transaction costs and dividend yield jointly determine whether the degree of tax arbitrage activity is nonzero.
The Means and End of Greenwash

Corporate claims about environmental performance have increased rapidly in recent years, as has the incidence of greenwash, that is, communication that misleads people into forming overly positive beliefs about an organization’s environmental practices or products. References to greenwash in the literature have grown rapidly since the term was introduced more than 2 decades ago, with a sharp increase in articles since 2011. We review and synthesize this fragmented and multidisciplinary literature, showing that greenwash is a broad umbrella term that encompasses a variety of specific forms of misleading environmental communication. More research is needed that identifies and catalogues the varieties of greenwash, theorizes and models their mechanisms drawing on existing social science research, and measures their impacts on corporate performance and social welfare.
“Domed” to Fail? Diverging Stakeholder Interests in a Stadium Referendum

This paper explores the case of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1984, where a referendum to publicly fund a domed stadium failed. To do so, the interactions of stakeholders leading up to the referendum are reviewed. Examination of newspaper coverage in the Cleveland Plain Dealer focused on three events—the sale of the Cleveland Indians, the stadium development proposal, and the placement of the stadium issue on a crowded ballot. The team’s sale resulted in the mobilization of powerful stakeholders, but conflicting signals and a lack of consensus from political elites helped to defeat the proposal. Results are then discussed in terms of previous research examining stakeholder heterogeneity in order to understand why the referendum failed in this context.
Growth-Rate Heterogeneity and the Covariance Structure of Life-Cycle Earnings

Using U.S. panel data on adult males, I compare the "profile heterogeneity model" of earnings dynamics, in which the earnings/experience profile varies across individuals, to a competing model in which earnings "has a unit root. " The latter specification enjoys increasing popularity among researchers. My analysis questions this favor, suggesting the profile heterogeneity model provides a more consistent representation of the data. I also provide new estimates of the variation in earnings growth rates. Previous evidence is from relatively unrepresentative samples. Individuals one standard deviation above the mean enjoy a 20%-30% earnings advantage in just 10 years.
Board Composition and Performance in Life Insurance Companies

The past decade has witnessed a renewed emphasis on the quality of board governance worldwide. In the wake of a series of governance reports, particular interest has focused on the role and effectiveness of non-executive board members. This study seeks to add to our understanding of the governance role of non-executive directors by examining the use and usefulness of non-executives in insurance companies. The focus on the insurance industry, which includes both proprietary (stock) and mutual companies, allows us to examine the importance of board governance in the context of different ownership structures. Furthermore, by focusing our study in a period prior to the widespread adoption of the recommendations of the Cadbury Report by UK companies, our findings should more accurately capture the true role of board composition in a less-prescriptive governance environment. Our results suggest that mutual insurers utilize a greater proportion of non-executive directors and are less likely to have CEO/Chairman duality than their proprietary counterparts. This evidence is consistent with mutuals using stronger board governance to compensate for weaker ownership control. Proprietary companies, which are subject to stronger shareholder and capital market control, place less reliance on non-executive monitoring. Using a number of performance measures, we find no significant difference in the behaviour of mutual and proprietary companies with the exception of executive remuneration, (which is significantly higher for proprietary companies); furthermore there is no evidence that mutuals have outperformed their stock company rivals. Overall, our findings suggest that insurance companies emphasize different governance mechanisms depending on the specific monitoring problems they face.
Circumventing the Glass Ceiling: Women Executives in American State Governments.

able. G ender issues are now and probably will remain for the foreseeable future highly significant aspects of both the theory and the practice of public administration (Hale and Kelly, 1989; Guy, 1992). One issue, equal female representation, has been particularly prominent in organizational studies in both the public and the private sectors. This article addresses gender representation at the top levels of administration in American state governments. Our focus on women agency heads in state governments, however, extends beyond mere representative proportions. We also explore (with survey data) several common and not-socommon characteristics of women and men who head the thousands of administrative agencies, large and small, of the 50 states.