Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Different Overhead Work Conditions on the Neck and Shoulder Muscles

[Purpose] This study investigated the upper trapezius muscle and sternocleidomastoid muscle activities during overhead work performed under three different conditions. [Subjects] Ten young overhead workers (five males, five females), aged 22–32 years, were recruited. [Methods] We measured the right side upper trapezius muscle activity and right side sternocleidomastoid muscle activity of all subjects while they performed overhead work under the following conditions: 1) one hand doing overhead work and a fixed neutral neck posture; 2) one hand doing overhead work with maximal neck extension; and 3) two hands doing overhead work with maximal neck extension. [Results] In Condition 3 there was a significant increase in the upper trapezius muscle activity compared to Condition 1;There was also a significant increase in the sternocleidomastoid muscle activity compared to Condition 1 and Condition 2. [Conclusion] Overhead workers should only be asked to do one-handed work that requires a neutral neck posture. A neutral neck posture and a device, such as a monitor or mirror, would reduce the risk of muscle strain from overhead work.
The Impacts of Growth and Environmental Parameters on Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence at Seasonal and Diurnal Scales

Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is considered to be a potential indicator of photosynthesis. However, the impact of growth and environmental parameters on SIF at different time-scales remains unclear, which has greatly restricted the application of SIF in detecting photosynthesis variations. Thus, in this study, the impact of growth and environmental parameters on SIF was thoroughly clarified. Here, continuous time series of canopy SIF (760 nm, F760) over wheat and maize was measured based on an automated spectroscopy system. Meanwhile, field measurements of growth and environmental parameters were also collected using commercial-grade devices. Relationships of these parameters with F760, apparent SIF (F760/solar radiance, AF760), and SIF yield (F760/canopy radiance of 685 nm, Fy760) were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation to reveal their impacts on SIF. Results showed that F760 at seasonal and diurnal scales were mainly driven by solar radiation (SWR), leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (Chl), mean leaf inclination angle (MTA), and relative water content (RWC). Other environmental parameters, including air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (Rh), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and soil moisture (SM), contribute less to the variation of seasonal or diurnal F760. AF760 and Fy760 are likely to be less dependent on Ta, Rh, and VPD due to the removal of the impact from SWR, but an enhanced relationship of AF760 (and Fy760) with SM was observed, particularly under water stress. Compared with F760, wheat AF760 was better correlated to LAI and RWC as expected, while maize AF760 did not show an enhanced relationship with all growth parameters, probably due to its complicated canopy structure. The relationship of wheat Fy760 with canopy structure parameters was further reduced, except for maize measurements. Furthermore, SM-induced water stress and phenological stages should be taken into consideration when we interpret the seasonal and diurnal patterns of SIF since they were closely related to photosynthesis and plant growth (e.g., LAI in our study). To our knowledge, this is the first exploration of the impacts of growth and environmental parameters on SIF based on continuous ground measurements, not only at a seasonal scale but also at a diurnal scale. Our results could provide deep insight into the variation of SIF signals and also promote the further application of SIF in the health assessments of terrestrial ecosystems.
Community Perception and Pangolins (Manis spp.) Conservation in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park, North West Cameroon

This study was undertaken in 2017 with the aim to bring out community perception that can contribute to the conservation of pangolins in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP). A survey was used for data collection with questionnaires administered, semi-structured interviews and focused group discussions. Results showed that, 58% of respondents reported Smutsia gigantea as the most abundant pangolin species followed by Phataginus tricuspis (27%) and Phatagimus tetradactyla (15%). Hunters’ interviews revealed that 35% of hunted animal species in the Park were pangolins and about 1664 pangolins were killed annually in the seven villages surveyed. An average small pangolin in K-FNP area costs 2,500CFA. This showed a low cost-value of pangolins in the K-FNP compared with 550,000 to 625,000CFA (1100-1250USD) in countries like China. This probably explains the high poaching and the unwillingness of the good number of respondents (55%, n=117) who expressed negative attitudes towards Pangolins conservation with some stating that they have no means to alternative sources of livelihood. This means that, effective support for domestication of animals and frequent sensitization campaign should be actively undertaken around the K-FNP to divert the minds of the villagers from illegal hunting of pangolins toward their conservation. Keywords— Conservation, Pangolin, Socio-economic activities, Traditional knowledge.
Ground Deformation Revealed by Sentinel-1 MSBAS-InSAR Time-Series over Karamay Oilfield, China

Fluid extraction or injection into underground reservoirs may cause ground deformation, manifested as subsidence or uplift. Excessive deformation may threaten the infrastructure of the oilfield and its surroundings and may even induce earthquakes. Therefore, the monitoring of surface deformation caused by oil production activities is important for the safe production of oilfields and safety assessments of surrounding infrastructure. Karamay oilfield is one of the major oil and gas fields in China. In this study, we take the Karamay oilfield in Xinjiang as a case study to detect surface deformation caused by subsurface fluid injection. Sentinel-1A images of 32 ascending (Path 114) and 34 descending (Path 165) tracks spanning March 2017 to August 2018, were used to derive vertical and horizontal deformation over Karamay oilfield using the MSBAS-InSAR method. The observed two-dimensional deformation exhibited significant vertical and east-west deformation in this region. The maximum uplift and horizontal velocity was approximately 160 mm/year and 65 mm/year, respectively. We also modeled one of the typical deformation zones using a dislocation model in a homogenous elastic half-space.
A New Perspective for Dipolarization Front Dynamics: Electromagnetic Effects of Velocity Inhomogeneity

The stability of a quasi‐static near‐Earth dipolarization front (DF) is investigated with a two‐dimensional electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell model. Strongly localized ambipolar electric fields self‐consistently generate a highly sheared dawnward E→×B→ electron drift on the kinetic scale in the DF. Electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell simulations based on the observed DF thickness and gradients of plasma/magnetic field parameters reveal that the DF is susceptible to the kinetic electron‐ion hybrid (EIH) instability driven by the strong velocity inhomogeneity. The excited waves show a broadband spectrum in the lower hybrid (LH) frequency range, which has been often observed at DFs. The wavelength is comparable to the shear scale length, and the growth rate is also in the LH frequency range, which are consistent with the EIH theory. As a result of the LH wave emissions, the velocity shear is relaxed, and the DF is broadened. When the plasma beta increases, the wave mode shifts to longer wavelengths with reduced growth rates and enhanced magnetic fluctuations although the wave power is mostly in the electrostatic regime. This study highlights the role of velocity inhomogeneity in the dynamics of DF which has been long neglected. The EIH instability is suggested to be an important mechanism for the wave emissions and steady‐state structure at the DF.
Eruption of Permanent Teeth among the Chakhesang Children of Sodzulhou Village, Dimapur District, Nagaland

The purpose of the present study is to examine the timing and sequence of eruption of the permanent teeth among the Chakhesang children ofSodzulhou village, Dimapur District, Nagaland. A total sample of105 boys and 110 girls aged between 5 and 15 years were orally examined. The statistical tabulations like percentages, frequencies and median ages were used for analytical purposes. The earliest tooth to erupt is mandibular first molar and the last is the maxillary second molar in both the sexes. Boys are ahead of the girls with regards to the eruption ages of the permanent teeth. All the permanent teeth tend to erupt earlier in the mandible than in maxilla in both the boys and girls. An overall comparison of the median ages of the permanent tooth emergence of the Chakhesang population with some other Indian populations shows that, in the Chakhesang population, the eruption timing is distinctly delayed in the maxillary as well as mandibular second molars, maxillary lateral incisors and canines as compared to other populations. However, the maxillary first premolars and mandibular lateral incisors emerged earlier among the Chakhesang population than among the other Indian populations.
Zircon Petrochronology of the Meghri-Ordubad Pluton, Lesser Caucasus: Fingerprinting Igneous Processes and Implications for the Exploration of Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposits

The trace element composition of zircon, especially in tandem with U-Pb geochronology, has become a powerful tool for tracing magmatic processes associated with the formation of porphyry copper deposits. However, the use of the redox-sensitive Eu and Ce anomalies as a potential mineral exploration proxy is controversial. This study presents a comprehensive, temporally constrained data set of zircon trace element compositions (n = 645) for three compositionally distinct magmatic series identified in the Meghri-Ordubad pluton, southernmost Lesser Caucasus. The 30 million years of Cenozoic magmatism in the Meghri-Ordubad pluton are associated with several ore-forming pulses leading to the formation of porphyry copper deposits and epithermal-style mineralization. Our zircon geochemical data constrain the thermal and chemical evolution of this complex intrusive suite and allow an evaluation of the usefulness of zircon as a mineral exploration proxy for porphyry copper deposits. Our results combined with Rayleigh fractionation modeling indicate that the trace element composition of zircon (Th/U, Hf, Ti, YbN/DyN, Eu anomalies) is influenced by the composition and the water concentration of the parental magma, as well as by co-crystallizing titanite and apatite. In contrast, the variations of Ce anomalies remain difficult to explain by magmatic processes and could rather be ascribed to relative fluctuations of the redox conditions. In the Meghri-Ordubad pluton, we do not observe any systematic patterns between the trace element composition in zircons and the different ore-forming pulses. This questions the reliability of using the trace element composition in zircon as an exploration mineral proxy, and it rather emphasizes that a good knowledge of the entire magmatic evolution of a metallogenic province is required.
Balance Disorders and Their Related Factors Among the Elderly in the Northern Rural Areas of Iran

Background: Aging is a natural and physiological process. Moreover, balance disorders frequently occur in the elderly and cause many morbidities in this population. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate balance disorders and their related factors in the healthy elderly population of the rural areas of Guilan province, in the north of Iran. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 425 individuals over 65 years old were selected by random cluster sampling method from the villages of Rasht, the capital city of Guilan province. After obtaining written consent, the subjects were examined for balance disturbance through gait and balance adjusted scale (GABS) index. The obtained results were reported as frequency. We applied the Mann-Whitney U test and non-parametric regression analysis for non-normally distributed dependent variables. The obtained data were analyzed in software version 18. Results: The Mean±SD score of GABS was 10.07±8.00 [median (IQR):7(10.5)]. A total of 425 individuals were selected, but 413 completed the research (218 males and 195 females). In total, 73.1% of the subjects reported at least one disorder among the investigated parameters, and 45.2% mentioned a disorder in at least one of the studied parameters in medical history. By modified GABS; 42.2% of the subjects reported disorders in at least one of the investigated parameters. Conclusion: Nearly half of the elderly population in the rural areas of the north of Iran suffer from balance disorder. This data was obtained by their medical history and physical examinations.
Silica minerals in cumulate eucrites: Insights into their thermal histories

Some eucrites contain up to 10 vol% silica minerals; however, silica minerals have not been studied in detail so far. We performed a mineralogical study of silica minerals in three cumulate eucrites (Moore County, Moama, and Yamato [Y] 980433). Monoclinic tridymite was common in all three samples. Moama contained orthorhombic tridymite as lamellae within monoclinic tridymite grains. Y 980433 included quartz around an impact melt vein. The presence of orthorhombic tridymite in Moama indicates that Moama cooled more rapidly than the other two samples at low temperatures (<400 °C). This result is different from the slower cooling rates of Moama (≳0.0004 °C yr−1) than that of Moore County (>0.3 °C yr−1, after the shock event) at high temperatures (>500 °C) estimated from compositional profiles of pyroxene exsolution lamellae. The difference of the cooling rates may reflect their geological settings. Y 980433 cooled slowly at low temperature, as did Moore County. Quartz in Y 980433 could be a local product transformed from monoclinic tridymite by a shock event. We suggest that silica minerals in meteorites record thermal histories at low temperatures and shock events.
Understanding the Disparities in Cervical Cancer Screening for Economically Disadvantaged Women

Author(s): Gatchell, Melissa Sue | Advisor(s): Ponce, Ninez A | Abstract: Background: Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for 22% of all deaths among women. Despite the importance of the Pap test in preventing and detecting cervical cancer, screening rates among poor women remain low. The pathways linking poverty with lower Pap test use remain unclear. The screening disparity for this low-cost test suggests that poor women may face other transaction costs, opportunity costs and barriers in accessing Pap tests that are not faced by women living above poverty. Data/Methods: The data set merged the 2005 California Health Interview Survey, 2000 Census, and safety net clinic data. I examine elements of the patient-provider interaction (racial/ethnic discrimination) and healthcare system (distance to the nearest safety net clinic) as possible mediators between individual-level poverty and Pap tests. I then examine the role of individual-level poverty in moderating the association between discrimination and Pap test use and safety net distance and Pap test use. I also examine whether the neighborhood-level poverty moderates the association between individual-level poverty and Pap tests, discrimination and Pap tests, and distance and Pap tests. The sample included women, 18-64, with a physician visit in the previous 5 years and no history of cervical cancer. Mediation was tested using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) and a weighted product-of-coefficients test. Moderation was tested using GEE and including interaction terms. Results: Poor women were significantly less likely to report a timely Pap test, had significantly higher odds of reporting discrimination, and were more likely to reside closer to a safety net clinic. Discrimination did not predict Pap tests and was not a mediator between individual-level poverty and Pap tests. Safety net distance predicted Pap tests and was a mediator between individual-level poverty and Pap tests. Neither individual-level poverty nor neighborhood-level poverty modified the proposed relationships with Pap test use. Conclusion: Racial/ethnic discrimination did not explain disparities in Pap tests. Proximity to a safety net clinic was shown to be protective against disparities and may play a role in addressing disparities in screening. Individual-level poverty and neighborhood-level poverty did not influence the role of proposed mediators in predicting Pap tests.
Planning for ecological connectivity across scales of governance in a multifunctional regional landscape

ABSTRACT Although a landscape is a single environmental system, human systems of governance at the landscape scale are often fragmented across jurisdictions and diverse stakeholders, impeding coordinated planning to maintain ecological connectivity. We sought solutions to overcome this challenge for wildlife corridor conservation in a rapidly developing, multifunctional landscape in one of North America’s most endangered ecoregions. Circuitscape modelling was used to identify key wildlife movement corridors through our study area. We then describe how the results of this modelling have informed a collaborative multi-stakeholder process leading to shared conservation objectives across scales of governance and illustrate its success with our case study. We conclude that achieving landscape-scale conservation objectives requires ongoing and coordinated collaboration facilitated by a dedicated group of individuals and informed by science. EDITED BY Davide Geneletti
How to estimate tree mortality resulting from underburning

Prescribed burning beneath standing timber is widely used to accomplish objectives such as preparing land for reforestation, reducing fuels, improving livestock range, and modifying wildlife habitat. Such burning is usually guided by written plans that set forth general objectives and a firing pattern to accomplish them. The plan typically specifies acceptable levels of mortality in standing trees and describes desired fire behavior, particularly flame length. This article offers two nomograms to facilitate effective planning and successful burning. One nomogram is intended for estimating levels of mortality for various scorch heights among tree species common to the Northwest. A second nomogram is useful for determining the flame length that will keep tree mortality within specifications. The nomograms can also be used to estimate numbers, sizes, and species of trees to leave in a partial cut and also to identify trees that will die and shou! d be salvaged after an unplanned fire.
Using ground penetrating radar to understand the failure of the Koh Ker Reservoir, Northern Cambodia

Ground penetrating radar, probing, and excavation were used to create a contour map of the topography of a buried laterite pavement forming the spillway of a large abandoned reservoir at the Angkorian‐period city of Koh Ker in Cambodia. Calculations of the flow velocity of water through the spillway, based on the topography of the laterite surface, demonstrate that this outlet was even less adequate for passing the flow of water from the Stung Rongea catchment than had been estimated previously by Lustig, Klassen, Evans, French, & Moffat (2018). We argue that this design flaw contributed substantially to the failure of the reservoir’s dike, possibly during the first rainy season after construction, which may have contributed to Koh Ker’s remarkably short‐lived tenure as the political center of the Khmer Empire.
Potassium and Thorium Abundances at the South Pole‐Aitken Basin Obtained by the Kaguya Gamma‐Ray Spectrometer

In this study, we present detailed K and Th distribution maps of the South Pole‐Aitken (SPA) basin with a (100‐km)2 resolution for the compositional and evolutional studies. These maps have been constructed for the first time from the Kaguya gamma‐ray spectrometer (KGRS) data sets acquired during SELENE (Kaguya) low‐altitude observations at 50 km. The K and Th distribution maps are compared with those obtained by KGRS high‐altitude observation and Lunar Prospector GRS high‐ and low‐altitude observations. The use of KGRS low‐altitude data sets with high energy resolution enable to obtain unambiguous counts of individual gamma‐ray lines, leading precise elemental maps of K and Th comparing to previous studies. K and Th abundances at the areas of some large impact craters infilled with mare deposits are lower than that in surrounding regions. Geologic maps of the SPA region obtained by the Kaguya Multiband Imager are assimilated and confirmed based on the K and Th distributions. The evolution hypothesis of the SPA region based on the SPA giant impact event suggested by some previous model studies is also confirmed.
Studies of reproductive health among childbearing age women in rural South India

Reproductive conditions and adverse birth outcomes disproportionately affect women in developing countries. Despite this fact, most research has been conducted with women in the United States and Europe. We sought to determine the burden and risk factors for reproductive outcomes among the 1,226 South Indian women in the Longitudinal Indian Family Health (LIFE) study. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) affected 14.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 11.9-16.4%) of women in LIFE. When diagnosis by clue cells alone was compared to Nugent’s scoring, clue cell analysis had a sensitivity of 39.8% (95% CI 36.6-43.0%) and specificity of 81.2% (95% CI 78.6-83.8%), with higher sensitivity among non-pregnant women (41.5%; 95% CI 37.8-45.2%) compared to pregnant women (29.4%; 95% CI 22.9-35.9%). Use of clue cells alone for diagnosis was found to be inadequate for screening women for BV and a validated method is recommended for future practice. We investigated several potential risk factors to determine their association with BV. In the model adjusted for religion and water source, Muslim women were more likely to have BV compared to Hindu women, though the increase was not significant (adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) 1.8; 95% CI 0.9-3.6). Women using tap water were also more likely to have BV at baseline compared to those who used purchased water (ORadj 1.4; 95% CI 0.9-2.0), though this increase was also not significant. These potentially at risk groups should be targeted for future screening programs. Consanguineous marriage (CM) occurs in up to 46% of South Indian marriages. Among women in CMs, we found a significant increase in the risk of early (<10 weeks’ gestation) spontaneous abortion (SAB) (adjusted hazards ratio (HRadj) 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-7.0). There was also a trend toward an increase in risk of late SAB (11-22 weeks’ gestation) (HRadj 1.2, 95% CI 0.4-3.7) and all SAB (HRadj 1.9, 95% CI 0.9-3.8). Women in CMs should be identified by health care providers and given counseling prior to conception and throughout pregnancy. This dissertation yields public health significance by identifying high-risk groups who should be targeted for screening and counseling programs by the clinics serving this rural South Indian population.