Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Pressure Based Euler Scheme for Transonic Internal and External Flow Simulation

SUMMARY The development of a pressure-based Euler scheme, based on a collocated grid arrangement and solving for Cartesian mass flux components is described. An implicit numerical dissipation model, which includes second and fourth difference terms expressed in pressure, is demonstrated. A smoothing function, which includes a two-level filter, is used to adjust the second order-dissipation. The successful calculations for the inviscid transonic aerodynamic flow around airfoil NACA0012 are presented. The transonic quasi-one-dimensional flow calculation in a converging-diverging nozzle is chosen as an example of an internal flow simulation.
Should we screen for hypothyroidism in patients with cardiovascular disease?

This editorial refers to ‘Clinical outcomes of patients with hypothyroidism undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention’[†][1], by A. Lerman et al . , on page 2055. In contrast to overt dysfunction, the screening and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism has been controversial for >20 years.1 Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level above the upper limit of the reference ranges with normal free thyroxine (T4) concentrations.2 The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism increases with ageing, reaching up to 10% in the elderly.3 The evidence on the cardiovascular risks of subclinical hypothyroidism has been recently investigated in several individual participant data (IPD) analyses of prospective cohorts.4–6 The Thyroid Studies Collaboration pooled IPD of 50 953 patients with euthyroidism and 3348 with subclinical hypothyroidism from seven countries and 10 cohorts, and found a significant increase in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, especially in those with high levels of TSH ≥10.0 mIU/L ( Figure 1 ). 4 The same observations were found for CHD events, including non-fatal and fatal myocardial infarction (MI) events and heart failure (HF) events ( Figure 1 ). 4,6 These associations persisted after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and after excluding those with thyroid medications or previous cardiovascular disease. IPD analysis is the most robust method to summarize data across observational studies, as it allows the analysis of reduced heterogeneity and the analysis of subgroups without ecological bias. Figure 1 Hazard ratios (HRs) for coronary heart disease mortality (black) and heart failure event (red) according to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.4–6 Age- and sex-adjusted HRs and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are represented by squares. … [1]: #fn-2
Comparison of Olfactory Thresholds between Elderly with Parkinson Disease and Controls 

Introduction: Olfactory dysfunction is an early warning and most common symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is a promising marker mainly at the early stage of the disease for PD. The purpose of the survey was to evaluate the deficits in odor detection in Elderly with PD. We hypothesized that trigeminal sensitivity dysfunction would be less important than olfactory sensitivity impairment in elderly with PD and could improve diagnostic accuracy. Experimental procedure: Olfactory detection thresholds to Phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) [activating only the olfactory system] and n- Butanol (BUT) [activating both olfactory and trigeminal systems], were determined in twenty four patients with PD aged over 65 years old [mean age: 75 +/-4.5 years, range: 70-86 years] and in twenty-four healthy controls who were matched for age and gender [mean age: 73 +/-7.1 years, range: 65- 84 years]. The study also included neuropsychological evaluations and stage of PD estimations. Results: Results show a trend towards an impaired olfactory (CN I) detection sensitivity in relation to PEA thresholds in patients with PD compared to controls independently of age and stage of PD, although no significant difference was observed. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed for BUT thresholds between PD’s patients and controls. PEA and BUT thresholds were significantly correlated in both patients with PD and controls. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the olfactory senescence and decreased detection threshold in elderly (both patients with PD and controls) may influence our results by reducing detection olfactory threshold differential between the two groups, contrary to previous findings in young adults with PD and controls. Trigeminal sensitivity seems to be preserved in Elderly with PD. Future investigations should focus on odorants with higher properties to highlight a potential difference between the two groups.
Iodine status worldwide: WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. The named editors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. In issuing this document, the World Health Organization welcomes comments from experts and institutions for further advice for future updating of the document. Front cover photos from WHO photo library.
Operation Brain Trauma Therapy

Abstract : Operation brain trauma therapy (OBTT) is a multicenter, pre-clinical, drug screening and brain injury biomarker development consortium for TBI. OBTT includes investigators at the Safar Center (University of Pittsburgh), the University of Miami, WRAIR, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Banyan Biomarkers. Three rodent models (controlled cortical impact, parasagittal fluid percussion, and penetrating ballistic-like brain injury) are used for drug screening with the most promising candidates tested in a micropig model. We have completed studies with nicotinamide, erypthropoietin (EPO), and cyclosporine-A (CsA), and have just begun testing of simvastatin. We plan to test Minocycline and levetiracetam this year of funding. Studies with nicotinamide suggest some benefit of 50 mg/kg on motor outcomes, but variable benefit on cognitive outcomes. Studies with EPO did not appear promising. Studies with CsA have been completed; data analysis is ongoing. Studies of the serum brain injury biomarker GFAP from these rats have provided the first ever cross-model biomarker comparison and suggest that GFAP may be useful for drug screening, since nicotinamide treatment significantly reduced serum GFAP levels in two models. A consortium overview was published in Journal of Trauma and numerous abstracts were presented at the 2011 ATACCC, the 2012 NNT congress, and the 2012 MHSRS conference.
Shorter Oxford textbook of psychiatry

This Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry succeeds the Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, third edition (1996). It continues in the tradition of providing clear, comprehensive and practical coverage of clinical psychiatry specifically tailored to the needs of trainees, as well as providing a useful reference work for psychiatrists in practice and general practitioners. This new edition has been extensively revised and updated with the help of a team of expert advisors. The revision pays particular attention to the considerable advances in knowledge derived from the field of neuroscience, as well as emphasizing an evidence-based approach to practice and attention to ethical issues. In addition, there are new chapters on somatoform and dissociative disorders, neuropsychiatry and sleep disorders and eating disorders. The text and layout have been redesigned with greater use of illustrations, tables, lists and summary boxes, and the comprehensive reference section has been brought right up to date. Reviews of previous editions: 'This is a well-written textbook with a pragmatic orientation toward practice, chock-full of hard-to-find clinical tidbits. Overall, Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry is a sound textbook for clinical psychiatrists. Its strength lies in its historical underpinnings and the different perspectives from standard US viewpoints. ' Journal of the American Medical Association 'It will undoubtedly be useful to the trainee psychiatrist early in his or her career and later during revision for professional examinations.it will also be read with profit by all medical practitioners who are interested in keeping their knowledge of mental illness and its management up to date. ' The Lancet 'A crisply written, compact, consistent and thoughtful introduction to the field. ' New England Journal of Medicine 'The Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry is one of the best examples of the genre. The layout is clear and it is comprehensive without being obscure. Most importantly it is fluent. If I were about to sit postgraduate examinations in psychiatry, I would choose this book. ' British Journal of Psychiatry
Prevalence of anemia amongst overweight and obese children in NCT of Delhi

Introduction: Anemia amongst children has been associated with impaired cognitive functions, developmental delays, behavioral and learning disturbances. Young children from high-income groups could be also being affected from anemia. Objective: To assess the prevalence of anemia amongst overweight and obese children in the age group of 5-18 years residing in National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. Material and Methods: Total of 413 children was included in the present study. The hemoglobin (Hb) estimation was done by cyanmethemoglobin method. Results: In the age group of 5-11 years, the prevalence of anemia amongst overweight and obese children was found to be 38.4% and 29.2%. And in the age group of 12-18 years, the prevalence of anemia amongst overweight and obese children was found to be 33.3% and 21.7%; respectively. Conclusion: The findings of the present study revealed that there is a high prevalence of anemia amongst overweight and obese children in the age group of 5-18 years in NCT, Delhi.
Self‐rated health after kidney transplantation and change in graft function

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between self-rated health (SRH) in patients after kidney transplantation (KT) as well as graft function over time. METHODS The sample consisted of 42 patients who were examined in the 3rd month (T1) and the 12th month after KT (T2). Sociodemographic data and data on glomerular function (GF) (Cockroft-Gault) were collected. Patients completed the SF-36 questionnaire measuring SRH. Linear regression was used to identify predictors of SRH at T2. Age, gender, change in GF, and SRH at T1 were set as the independent variables. RESULTS SRH and GF improved slightly over time. The first model, consisting of age, gender, SRH at T1, and GF at T2, explained 49.9% of the variance in SRH at T2; GF at T2 did not significantly contribute to the model. The second model, consisting of age (β = –0.26, 95% CI 1.087;–0.035, p ≤ 0.05), change in GF between T2 and T1 (β = 0.31, 95% CI 9.267;63.643, p ≤ 0.01), and SRH at T1 (β= 0.5, 95% CI 0.247;0,68, p ≤ 0.001), explained 54.6% of the variance in SRH at T2. CONCLUSIONS Although SRH after transplantation is not associated with absolute levels of GF, there is a signifi-cant association with the change in GF over time.
Childhood pneumonia and under-five morbidity and mortality at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital- a situational analysis.

Background: Childhood mortality which remains high in children under the age of 5years is largely due to infectious and other preventable causes such as Human immunodeficiency virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ((HIV/AIDS), pneumonia and malaria 1 . The prevention of pneumonia deaths is therefore an important th approach if the 4 th Millennium Development Goal (MDG4) is to be attained. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the pattern, clinical features, management and complications of pneumonia in under-five children admitted in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) and to highlight their morbidity and mortality. Methods: This was a retrospective cross sectional descriptive study of children diagnosed with pneumonia who were admitted into the children's wards between January 2007 and December 2009. The case notes of all children diagnosed of pneumonia who were admitted into the paediatric wards as recorded in the ward register, were reviewed. Results: Five hundred and ninety-two children met the inclusion criteria. The yearly number ranged from 107 in 2007 to 213 in 2009. The quarterly distribution showed a peak during the north east wind (harmattan) season. Their ages ranged from <1-168 months (mean age 13.2 months, SD=19.84). Neonates accounted for 24.5% of all cases, while 66.9% were Infants and Under-fives were 97.1%. They were 333(56.3%) males and 251(42.4%) females, with a M: F ratio of 1.3:1. Pneumonia alone was the diagnosis in 127(54 .7%) while 106(45.7 %) had pneumonia plus other associated conditions, the commonest being malaria. Heart failure was the commonest complication 69(29.7%). The children who completed their immunization in infancy according to the National program on immunization schedule were 61.2% of cases, those who were exclusively breast feeding for the first six months of life - 31.9%, while HIV/AIDS was observed in 9.1%. The case fatality rate was 9.0% with 79.2% of them as infants. Conclusion: Pneumonia which is still prevalent in underfives in this environment is associated with significant morbidity and mortality especially among infants. Efforts to address this contributor to under-five morbidity and mortality is required if MDG4 is to be attained. Keywords: Pneumonia, under-five mortality, morbidity, MDG4.
Antihypertensive effect of the oral angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor SQ 14225 in man.

We investigated the antihypertensive effect of the angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor SQ 14225 in 12 hypertensive patients for periods of three to 24 weeks. Blood pressure decreased in all patients (from 177 +/- 8/110 +/- 2 to 136 +/- 6/88 +/- 2 mm Hg--mean +/- S.E.); oral doses ranged from 400 to 1000 mg daily. Concomitant effects noted were small increases in plasma potassium concentration and pulse rate. One patient experienced a transient febrile reaction. Plasma renin activity rose during treatment, plasma aldosterone decreased, and angiotensin-converting-enzyme activity was virtually eliminated. There was no significant correlation between pretreatment plasma renin activity and degree of blood-pressure fall with SQ 14225. The exact mechanisms contributing to the blood-pressure-lowering effect of this agent remain unclear. SQ 14225 is a promising new antihypertensive agent, effective in patients refractory to traditional medical therapy.
Health Service Delivery in Hospitals: Researching Implications of Work-life Balance Practices for Nurse Employees

The Knowledge Interfaces Project is divided into three interrelated research clusters, Understanding Health , Changing Communication , and Shaping Technologies . Abstract “Work-life balance (WLB) refers to a range of flexible working arrangements that go beyond employees’ statutory leave entitlements. WLB assists employees to combine employment with their family life, caring responsibilities and with personal life outside the workplace” (The National Framework Committee for Work-Life Balance Policies, 2010 ). Work-family conflict has been shown to result in job dissatisfaction, depression, absenteeism and an overall loss of health and sense of well-being (Thomas & Ganster, 1995; Poelmans and Sahibzada, 2004, Lapierre & Allen, 2006, Beauregard & Lesley 2009). Avgar et al. (2010) states that balancing work and family is considered important to employees in most work settings, but the healthcare arena is one in which the tensions between work and family are dramatic. The type of work involved in health service delivery is particularly unique to this sector due to its intensive human capital dependency, emotional labour and the 24/7 nature of the work. Avgar et al. (2010) argue that WLB practices enhance the ability of employees and their managers to provide high quality care to their patients. Through their examination of the effects of WLB practices their results indicate that greater use of WLB practices enhances outcomes for hospitals, their employees and patients. Specifically, WLB practices were shown to positively influence hospital financial performance, reduce employee turnover intentions, and decrease errors that could harm patients and staff. Avgar et al. (2010) further highlight that while many studies have looked at work-life balance issues for physicians, less attention has been given to WLB practices for other healthcare frontline staff. The Integrated Employee and Well-being strategy 2009-2014 signals the recognition that the well-being and welfare of employees is central to delivering quality health services (HSE: 2009). 35% of health employees are in the nursing category in Ireland (Department of Health and Children 2009). Little research, apart from a few studies has been carried out in relation to the experiences of nurses and their working environment in Ireland. Studies by McCarthy et al.,
Choosing a particular oral anticoagulant and dose for stroke prevention in individual patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: part 2.

Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Hofstra North Shore/LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, USA; Division of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and University of Oslo, Norway; Division of Rhythmology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University Münster, Münster, Germany; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Thomas Jefferson University Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Clinical Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, SWBH and UHB NHS Trusts, Birmingham, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Münster, Münster, Germany; University of Birmingham, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Afdeling Cardiologie, Hartcentrum OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Imperial College London, London, UK; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; and Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Probability of diagnosing long QT syndrome in children and adolescents according to the criteria of the HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement.

AIMS The present study aimed to determine the probability of diagnosing long QT syndrome (LQTS) in children and adolescents based on the HRS/EHRA/APHRS criteria for LQTS. We used data of a school-based electrocardiographic screening programme in Japan. METHODS AND RESULTS The total numbers of subjects who participated in the screening programme between 2008 and 2013 in Kagoshima, Japan, were 33 051 first- and 34 751 seventh-grade students, aged 6 and 12 years, respectively. The screening process consisted of three steps of examination: the first screening, and the second and third examinations. Among the total subjects, 32 982 first graders (99.8% of the total) and 34 572 seventh graders (99.5% of the total) participated in the first screening. After the first, second, and third screening or examinations, the programme determined 10 first and 32 seventh graders as having a high probability of LQTS according to the HRS/EHRA/APHRS criteria for LQTS. The probability of diagnosing LQTS by the screening programme was 1:3298 (0.30/1000) and 1:1080 (0.93/1000) in first and seventh graders, respectively. During the study periods, three subjects of 7th graders were already diagnosed as having LQTS at the first grade. Therefore, the overall probability of diagnosing LQTS was 1:3298 (95% confidence interval, 1:2036 to 1:8673) and 1:988 (95% confidence interval, 1:742 to 1:1477) in first and seventh graders, respectively. CONCLUSION This study shows important data on the probability of diagnosing LQTS as ∼1:3300 in subjects aged 6 years and 1:1000 in those aged 12 years based on the HRS/EHRA/APHRS criteria.
Single and combined associations of accelerometer‐assessed physical activity and muscle‐strengthening activities on plasma homocysteine in a national sample

Aerobic exercise and resistance training (RT) are individually associated with positive health outcomes. It has been shown that combining both aerobic and RT exercise may produce greater outcomes than each type alone. Homocysteine has been shown to decrease with aerobic and RT exercise. However, no study has examined the combined effects of both types on homocysteine, which was the purpose of this study.
Cachexia and right ventricular dysfunction in chronic heart failure: what is the chicken and what the egg?

This editorial refers to ‘Intestinal congestion and right ventricular dysfunction: a link with appetite loss, inflammation, and cachexia in chronic heart failure’[†][1], by M. Valentova et al . , on page 1684. Heart failure (HF) is a major health problem with significant personal, societal, and economic implications, and can be defined as abnormalities in cardiac structure and function resulting in the inability of the heart to deliver oxygen and nutrients via the blood stream to the metabolizing tissues at an appropriate rate. Typical syndromes in HF patients are breathlessness, ankle swelling, and fatigue. Further, elevated jugular venous pressure and pulmonary crackles are prevalent in HF. In developed countries, >10% of individuals aged 70 years or older are diagnosed with HF.1 Despite significant improvements in therapy, patients suffering from HF still have a poor diagnosis. A total of 17–45% of patients hospitalized due to HF die within 1 year of admission.2 Even though historically HF was only associated with left ventricular function, it is now recognized that the right side of the heart is also affected. Furthermore, HF has significant systemic effects, which influence the outcome of patients. For example, fluids may be retained in the lungs, kidneys, and liver, thereby reducing the patient's ability to exercise, and to excrete salt and water as well as toxins from the body. In addition, the intestines become … [1]: #fn-2