Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Judicial Independence in Unstable Environments, Argentina 1935-1998

Argentina's constitution and electoral rules promote a fragmented polity. It is in those environments that inde- pendent judiciaries develop. Instead, most analysts do not consider the Argentina judiciary as independent. In this article we attempt to explain this contradiction by showing that this perception is inappropriate. We de- velop a test of the hypothesis that the judiciary is independent by empiri- cally examining the political incen- tives faced by individual justices in their decision making. Our results show an often-defiant Court subject to constraints. Our measure of defi- ance is the probability of a non- aligned justice voting against the government. We find that judicial decision making was strategic. The probability of voting against the gov- ernment falls the stronger the control of the president over the legislature, but increases the less aligned the justice is with the President. Thus,
Explaining officer compliance: The importance of procedural justice and trust inside a police organization

The extent to which police officers obey instructions and policies is of permanent concern to police leaders and the community. This is especially the case when it comes to preventing police misconduct, such as the use of excessive force. In the current study we examined officer compliance from a procedural justice and social exchange perspective. Using data collected among 536 police officers of the Metropolitana Police in Buenos Aires, we explored to what extent internal procedural justice and trust are related to: (1) officer compliance with supervisors and policies; and (2) officer endorsement of regulations on the use of force. The results indicate that perceptions of fair treatment by supervisors and trust in supervisors are positively associated with (stated) compliance. Our findings suggest that a procedural justice approach may facilitate the implementation of police policies and contribute to preventing police violence.
Consumer perceptions of wine brand names

◦Purpose: The purpose of this study was to categorise wine brand names and examine consumer perceptions of these categories in terms of quality and price, as well as their purchase intentions, ability to pronounce and comfort in asking for the brand name in a store or restaurant. ◦Design/methodology/approach: This study provided examples from seven wine brand name categories to respondents via an online questionnaire. ◦Findings: This paper provides evidence that a brand name, in the absence of other product information, influences consumer perceptions of quality and price, and their purchase intentions.
Variability of French Bean in the Western Mid Hills of Nepal

Variability was studied among 18 exotic and indigenous French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes collected from research centers, agro-vets and traditional farming villages of the western hills of Nepal. The collected genotypes were field evaluated at the Agriculture Research Station, Malepatan, Pokhara at 848 m above sea level during the summer season of 2010 with the objectives to assess the variability in the exotic and indigenous genotypes and their potential for utilization in improvement programs. The results of the study showed that the variability was higher in adaptation, vegetative growth, floral and pod characteristics. The plant survival at harvest was higher in pole-type than in bush-type beans ranging from 97.92 to 54.17% with means of 83.71% and 79.80%, respectively. Bush-type beans were earlier in flowering than pole-type beans ranging from 32 to 174.33 d with a mean of 35.76 and 76.61 d, respectively. Pod length and width were higher in pole- type beans than in bush-type beans ranging from 20.45 to 7.67 cm in length and 33.53 to 7.37 mm in width. The variability indicated that the collected genotypes were distinctly different. The results revealed that the French bean genotype in the mid hills of Nepal is highly diverse and could be considered as the secondary center of genetic diversity. The diverse genotypes should be conserved and utilized for varietal improvement.
A Meta-analysis of Ruminal Outflow of Nitrogen Fractions in Dairy Cows

Data from the scientific literature and statistical methods were used to estimate the magnitude and significance of the effects of the amount and source of dietary crude protein (CP) supplements on the supply of N fractions passing to the small intestine of lactating dairy cows. The passage of total N and nonammonia N from the rumen was influenced by the source of CP in the control diet and only marginally by the source of ruminally un-degradable protein (RUP) in the dietary treatment. Even though NH3N did not appear to limit growth of the microbes, overall flow of microbial N from the rumen was depressed when RUP partially replaced other sources of CP in the diet. This response tended to be affected by the source of RUP in the dietary treatment. The passage of nonammonia, nonmicrobial N to the duodenum increased when cows consumed diets that contained RUP supplements. The magnitude of this response, however, was distinctly altered by the source of CP in the control diet with which the RUP treatment was compared. In addition, the proportion and source of total CP supplied by RUP in the treatment diet tended to modulate the response. Feeding RUP resulted in a significant increase in the ruminal outflow of total and essential amino acids but the magnitude of this response depended on the source of RUP. Feeding some RUP sources quantitatively improved the delivery of methionine and lysine to the small intestine. Therefore, variability exists in the ruminal outflow of N fractions when different sources of RUP are fed to cows. A portion of this variation is explained by the source of CP in the control diet, the source of RUP in the dietary treatment, the amino acid composition of the dietary CP, and the CP percentage of the diet.
Preliminary Impact Studies Using Global Positioning System Radio Occultation Profiles at NCEP

Abstract Following the successful launch of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) satellites in April 2006, NCEP’s Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) is planning to use the COSMIC data in its next-generation Global Data Assimilation System. In preparation for the assimilation of GPS radio occultation (RO) data from COSMIC and other missions, NCEP/EMC has developed the infrastructure necessary to use profiles of refractivity and bending angle in an operational framework. In both forward operators, horizontal gradients of refractivity have been neglected and each operator has been tuned with its corresponding quality control checks and error characterization. In this paper, the benefits of the assimilation of profiles of GPS RO on top of the current observations being regularly used in operations are analyzed. In addition, differences between the assimilation of bending angle and refractivity are discussed. To avoid unrealistic increments within the higher mode.
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Corporate financial structures in India

In this paper, we document the financial structure of a large sample of Indian companies using a unique new company accounts dataset. The data form a panel consisting of the published accounts of more than 1000 Indian companies that reported every year during the period 19891999. They consist of non-financial companies; and, in a new departure within the literature, they include quoted and unquoted companies. We use this dataset to document and characterise developments in company financing in India over the last decade. We compare the sources-uses approach to analysing company financial structures with the asset and liability approach. We use both approaches to compare the financial structures of companies: over time; as between quoted and unquoted companies; and as between companies which belong to a business group and those which do not. Finally, we compare our results to those obtained previously for India and for the major industrial countries in recent studies. Overall, the paper provides a wealth of new information about corporate financial structures in the Indian economy.
Comparing the EKF and FastSLAM solutions to the problem of monocular Simultaneous Localization and Mapping.

This paper presents a comparison of the extended Kalman lter (EKF-SLAM) and FastSLAM algorithms, the two most popular solutions to the simultaneous localization and mapping problem (SLAM). We focus strictly on the class of monocular indoor mobile robots. Because the extended Kalman lter only maintains one solution, it is known to be very fragile to incorrect data-associations. FastSLAM, on the other hand, has it’s background in particle ltering, in which it tracks multiple hypotheses at the same time, which enable it do be robust under incorrect data-associations. Most papers comparing the two algorithms do this by means of simulation, or on real-world data with poor ground truth, making it dicult to estimate the performance of the lter. We however compare
Rotifers in Lake Orta: a potential ecological and evolutionary model system

Lake Orta experienced for a few decades a unique history of chronic pollution, with extreme changes in pH and copper concentration. Currently, the lake has recovered to its almost pristine oligotrophic conditions, but its sediments still preserve the record of all the changes that happened since the establishment of the first polluting factories in the 1920s, through to the liming activities in 1989-1990, and to the recovery phase that is still going on. Here we review the current knowledge for Lake Orta regarding rotifers, a diverse component of the zooplankton of the lake, through studies on living organisms and on their resting stages accumulated in the sediments. We also report a brief review of what is known in general on the effects of changes in pH and copper concentration on rotifers at the population, species and community level, providing expectations for such effects on the rotifers of Lake Orta. Then, we conclude our review with a perspective on the potential use of rotifers hatched from the resting stages in the sediment of Lake Orta with the description of experiments that can be performed in the future in the framework of resurrection ecology, in order to understand the mechanisms of past and future changes in the environment.
Molecular study of intraspecific differences among Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. from Indonesia revealed by ITS region variability

ABSTRACT DNA sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was exploited for its applications in the authentication of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. as raw-material herbal medicine and supplement. Leaf samples from 12 different geographic locations in Indonesia were collected. Twelve DNA sequences from the samples were analysed. The sequences were trimmed before sequence alignment. The sequences ranged from 626 to 664 bp in length after trimming. Based on the multiple sequence alignment, a phylogenetic tree was generated using the MrBayes program. It consisted of two groups: one group comprised sequences from Trawas and the other one comprised sequences from Batu, Trawas and Surabaya. These results strongly suggest that ITS sequence analysis is a valuable tool for distinguishing intraspecific differences among S. androgynus cultivars from Indonesia.
Resilience Against Traumatic Stress: Current Developments and Future Directions

Given the high prevalence of stress-related mental disorders, their impact on person, family, and society and the paucity of treatment options for most of these disorders, there is currently a pressing need for innovative approaches to deal with these issues and enhance well-being. One approach which has received increasing attention over the last decade is to shift our scientific and clinical focus from risk factors for psychopathology to factors promoting resilience and mental well-being. In order to summarize and evaluate the current state of scientific affairs on the biological basis of resilience, we provide an overview of the literature on animal and human studies of resilience. Because resilience can only truly be operationalized through longitudinal data collection and analyses, we focus primarily on longitudinal studies. This review shows that the concept of resilience is currently being operationalized, measured and even defined in widely variable manners, both within animal and human studies. We further provide an overview of existing and new strategies that could help promote resilience and which are proposed to be implemented more often in clinical situations. Finally, we summarize the challenges the field is facing and provide recommendations for future research.
Global and Regional Radiative Forcing from 20 Reductions in BC, OC and SO4 an HTAP2 Multi-Model Study

Abstract. In the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution Phase 2 (HTAP2) exercise, a range of global atmospheric general circulation and chemical transport models performed coordinated perturbation experiments with 20 % reductions in emissions of anthropogenic aerosols, or aerosol precursors, in a number of source regions. Here, we compare the resulting changes in the atmospheric load and vertically resolved profiles of black carbon (BC), organic aerosols (OA) and sulfate (SO4) from 10 models that include treatment of aerosols. We use a set of temporally, horizontally and vertically resolved profiles of aerosol forcing efficiency (AFE) to estimate the impact of emission changes in six major source regions on global radiative forcing (RF) pertaining to the direct aerosol effect, finding values between. 51.9 and 210.8 mW m−2 Tg−1 for BC, between −2.4 and −17.9 mW m−2 Tg−1 for OA and between −3.6 and −10.3 W m−2 Tg−1 for SO4. In most cases, the local influence dominates, but results show that mitigations in south and east Asia have substantial impacts on the radiative budget in all investigated receptor regions, especially for BC. In Russia and the Middle East, more than 80 % of the forcing for BC and OA is due to extra-regional emission reductions. Similarly, for North America, BC emissions control in east Asia is found to be more important than domestic mitigations, which is consistent with previous findings. Comparing fully resolved RF calculations to RF estimates based on vertically averaged AFE profiles allows us to quantify the importance of vertical resolution to RF estimates. We find that locally in the source regions, a 20 % emission reduction strengthens the radiative forcing associated with SO4 by 25 % when including the vertical dimension, as the AFE for SO4 is strongest near the surface. Conversely, the local RF from BC weakens by 37 % since BC AFE is low close to the ground. The fraction of BC direct effect forcing attributable to intercontinental transport, on the other hand, is enhanced by one-third when accounting for the vertical aspect, because long-range transport primarily leads to aerosol changes at high altitudes, where the BC AFE is strong. While the surface temperature response may vary with the altitude of aerosol change, the analysis in the present study is not extended to estimates of temperature or precipitation changes.
Ameliorative Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale ) on Mancozeb Fungicide Induced Liver Injury in Albino Rats

Mancozeb is an ethylenebisdithiocarbamate f ungicide us ed ag ainst a w ide r ange of fungal diseases of field c rops and f ruits. Treating albino rats with mancozeb i nduced v arious histological changes in the liver.These changes include congestion of blood vessels, leucocytic infiltration, cytoplasmic vacuolization of the hepatocytes and pyknosis. Mancozeb also caused significant elevation in se rum ALT and AST enzymes. T he result of t he oxidative stress a nd antioxidant enzymes in this work revealed that there was a significant increase in malondialdhyde which is lipid pe roxidation marker a nd a signif icant d ecrease in the level o f serum antioxidant enzyme, sup eroxide d ismutase activity. Treating animals with man cozeb and gi nger led t o an improvement in the histological liver picture together with significant decrease in ALT and AST activity.Moreover, ginger reduced the level of serum mal ondialdhyde acting as lipid pe roxidation marker and i ncreased the serum l evel of antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase. The r esults of the p resent work i ndicated that the ameliorative effect of Z.officinale against liver damage induced by mancozeb is mediated by its potent antioxidant ac tivities.
Investigating The Effect Of Grammatical Differences Between English (L2) And Arabic (L1) On Saudi Female Students’ Writing Of English

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the grammatical errors committed by the Female Saudi Students can be attributed to their mother tongue interference. This study analyses 120 English essays written by Arabic speaking Saudi Female Students studying at Prince Fahad Bin Sultan University. Since the researcher’s mother-tongue is also Arabic, the interference of Arabic language committed by these students was easily found upon examining their writings. The findings of this study revealed that the transfer of Arabic linguistic structures influenced the English writings of Saudi Female Students on the grammatical level. Furthermore, the English writing skill of the Saudi Female Students needs development. The study concluded that the percentage of the total grammatical errors committed by the Saudi students was 1179 errors. Out of the 1179 errors, 59 errors were in Active and Passive Voice, 118 errors in plurality, 118 errors also in articles, 165 errors in the use of word order, 188 errors in prepositions, 244 errors in Verb Tenses and Form, and 306 errors in Subject-verb agreement which is the highest percentage of errors as a result of the effect of the L1. On the basis of these findings, a group of recommendations and some pedagogical implications for educators and policy makers were provided to improve the EFL teaching-learning process.
Effect of cardiac surgery on maternal and perinatal outcome in rheumatic heart disease with pregnancy: a comparative study

Rheumatic heart disease remains the commonest heart disease in India with mitral stenosis being the most common lesion and is associated with significant maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Maternal mortality usually occurs in cases with New York Heart Association (NYHA) 3 and 4 and in presence of atrial fibrillation. The hemodynamic stress of pregnancy ,thromboembolism and atrial fibrillation can precipitate pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock in patients with valvular heart disease especially mitral stenosis. In normal pregnancy, patient tolerate increased cardiac outcome as well as there is no pressure gradient across the normal valves. However in presence of a ABSTRACT
Microwave large-signal PHEMT model for SPICE-based simulators

A comprehensive large-signal HEMT model that provides a realistic description of measured characteristics over all operating regions for different PHEMTs is presented. The model was previously tested in harmonic-balance based simulators [1] and for the first time it has been implemented inside the time domain SPICE simulator. In order to do that, a new set of routines and libraries has been developed. The procedure introduced here can be extended to model other kind of devices described in terms of equivalent circuit. DC and scattering simulation results show very good agreement with the experimental measurements.
First derivatives of fuzzy surfaces

The presented research shows how the first derivatives (slope and aspect) can be calculated from a fuzzy surface by the means of fuzzy arithmetic within the geographic information system. The proposed method works with fuzzy numbers of arbitrary shape which helps with more precise specification of input values as well as more exact calculation of results. Three most important methods of partial derivatives calculation based on finite elements approximation of a surface are presented and discussed. The presented approach provides an alternative for uncertainty propagation that is commonly performed by the utilization of statistics and the Monte Carlo method in geographic applications. The example calculation shows the differences between the obtained results calculated with the utilization of fuzzy arithmetic and the Monte Carlo method.
Factors associated with the utilization of community dental services among newly incarcerated adults

Background: Given the high rates of risky behaviors and health conditions among incarcerated individuals and the relationship between oral and general health, receipt of quality dental care is essential to the overall health and well-being of this population. However, few recent studies have focused on access to care and the state of oral health among incarcerated populations in the U.S. For the current study, a secondary data analysis was conducted to: 1) assess factors associated with the use of dental services among a newly incarcerated prison population in Georgia and 2) consider barriers related to utilization of dental services preto post-release. Methods: Descriptive statistics were calculated, and bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted utilizing SAS 9.2 software. Results: Thirty-one percent (n=250) of survey respondents reported having a dental visit within the past year. Survey respondents who had a regular dentist (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.325, 2.697), private dental insurance (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.022, 2.245), or who reported pain as the reason for their last dental visit (OR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.556, 3.130) were more likely to have utilized dental services within the past year. Conclusions: The findings highlight the role of social and economic resources and oral health needs on utilization of dental services. Additional practice and policy efforts are needed to address gaps in the dental care continuum that affect currently and formerly incarcerated adults in Georgia.
The evidence for the observation of 0ν beta beta decay: The identification of 0ν beta beta events from the full spectra.

In this brief review, a description of the observed evidence for neutrinoless double beta3–5 in the 76Ge experiment in Gran Sasso (Heidelberg–Moscow experiment) which has been operated with 11 kg enriched 76Ge detectors in the period 1990–2003, is provided. Two different methods of pulse shape analysis have been used to select potential 0νββ events from the γ background of the measured spectrum — a selection by a neuronal net approach,3,4,16 and a selection by a new method comparing measured pulses with a library of pulse shapes of point-like events calculated from simulation of the electric field distribution in the detectors (see Refs. 6–8 and 37). The latter method also allows spatial localization of measured events. Both methods lead to selections of events at Qββ with almost no γ-background. The observed line at Qββ is identified as a 0νββ signal. It has a confidence level of more than 6σ.