Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influenza Virus Overcomes Cellular Blocks To Productively Replicate, Impacting Macrophage Function

ABSTRACT Whether influenza virus replication in macrophages is productive or abortive has been a topic of debate. Utilizing a panel of 28 distinct human, avian, and swine influenza viruses, we found that only a small subset can overcome cellular blocks to productively replicate in murine and primary human macrophages. Murine macrophages have two cellular blocks. The first block is during viral entry, where virions with relatively acid-stable hemagglutinin (HA) proteins are rendered incapable of pH-induced triggering for membrane fusion, resulting in lysosomal degradation. The second block is downstream of viral replication but upstream of late protein synthesis. In contrast, primary human macrophages only have one cellular block that occurs after late protein synthesis. To determine the impact of abortive replication at different stages of the viral life cycle or productive replication on macrophage function, we assessed cytotoxicity, nitric oxide or reactive oxygen species production, and phagocytosis. Intriguingly, productive viral replication decreased phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized bioparticles and Fc receptor CD16 and CD32 surface levels, a function, to our knowledge, never before reported for an RNA virus. These data suggest that replication in macrophages affects cellular function and plays an important role in pathogenesis during infection in vivo. IMPORTANCE Macrophages are a critical first line of defense against respiratory pathogens. Thus, understanding how viruses evade or exploit macrophage function will provide greater insight into viral pathogenicity and antiviral responses. We previously showed that only a subset of highly pathogenic avian (HPAI) H5N1 influenza virus strains could productively replicate in murine macrophages through a hemagglutinin (HA)-mediated mechanism. These studies expand upon this work and demonstrate that productive replication is not specific to unique HPAI H5N1 viruses; an H1N1 strain (A/WSN/33) can also replicate in macrophages. Importantly, we identify two cellular blocks limiting replication that can be overcome by an avian-like pH of activation for nuclear entry and a yet-to-be-identified mechanism(s) to overcome a postnuclear entry block. Overcoming these blocks reduces the cell's ability to phagocytose IgG-opsonized bioparticles by decreasing Fc receptor surface levels, a mechanism previously thought to occur during bacterial and DNA viral infections.
Measuring chlorophyll fluorescence parameters for rapid detection of ametryn resistant

Measuring chlorophyll fluorescence is a rapid and noninvasive technique for assaying photosynthetic apparatus status in plants. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were performed in greenhouse to characterize how the fluorescence induction curve (Kautsky curve) and its parameters were affected by ametryn (a PSI! inhibiting herbicide) in Rand S-junglerice biotypes. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. The maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (FjFm), the relative changes at J step (Fvj) and the area between the Kautsky curve and maximum fluorescence (Fm) (Area) of S-biotype decreased dramatically at much lower doses (100 g ai ha-) than in the R-biotype at 4 HAS. The R-biotype showed decrease in the fluorescence parameters only at high concentration of ametryn at the same time. There were positive significant correlation between Fvi taken at 4 HAS and fresh weight taken 28 DAS of the Rand S-biotypes as 0.71 and 0.86, respectively (p:'S 0.01). The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are suitable and practical indicators for monitoring photosynthesis inhibition; also, they could be useful in detecting biotypes showing resistance to PSII-inhibiting herbicides.
Children’s earwitness memory : The influence of age and emotionality

The present study investigated children’s abilities as earwitnesses, and examined the influence of age, individual differences, and the emotionality of the auditive stimuli on memory for environmental sound events. Sixty children participated in the study. Twenty-five children aged 7-8 years and 35 children aged 9-11 years were presented two environmental sound events: a car crashing and someone brushing their teeth. The car crash event was postulated to be emotional, and the teeth brushing event neutral. The sound events compiled six individual environmental sounds each, and the participants passively listened to the sound events through a headset. Participants subsequently completed the WASI. After a two week delay, children performed a cued recall, recognition and memory source monitoring task. Children in both age groups recalled and recognized significantly more sounds from the emotional sound event than the neutral sound event. The oldest children recalled significantly more sounds than the youngest children, but no significant age differences were evident in the recognition and source monitoring tasks. In addition, a correlation analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between Full Scale IQ and performance in the cued recall task. Results generally complied with previous literature examining memory in the visual modality, and indicated that children were moderately accurate earwitnesses.
Natural selection and type 2 diabetes-associated mortality in an isolated indigenous community in the valley of Oaxaca, southern Mexico.

OBJECTIVE This study tests the hypothesis that natural selection is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D)-associated mortality and fertility in a rural isolated Zapotec community in the Valley of Oaxaca, southern Mexico. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Mortality data and related demographic and genealogic information were linked with data for fertility, prereproductive mortality and family history of mortality attributed to T2D. Physician verified T2D mortality (n = 27) between 1980 and 2009 and imputed T2D (n = 70) from cardiovascular mortality (68% random sample) and renal failure (44% random sample). Bootstrapping was used to obtain a robust variance estimate in survival analysis and multivariate analysis of variance. RESULTS Estimated maximum natural selection by Crow's Index occurred circa 1930 and was relaxed after this time in the study population. Cox-regression survival analysis of T2D mortality with covariates (family history of T2D, cardiovascular disease, renal failure) indicated a significant hazard ratio (HR = 5.95, 95% CI: 1.38-25.67, p < .008) for the increase in T2D in 2000 to 2009. Survival analysis of imputed T2D resulted in a significant HR of 2.03 (95% CI: 1.08-3.85, p = .01) for the increase in T2D in the 2000 to 2009 cohort (reference group: 1980-1989). Mean number of live born offspring was lower among T2D (n = 27, 4.04 ± 3.85 SD) compared to non-T2D (n = 199, 5.30 ± 3.48) groups (p < .08). Mean number of live born offspring was lower (p = .003) among imputed T2D compared to non-T2D groups (4.10 ± 3.44 vs. 5.62 + 3.50). DISCUSSION T2D-associated mortality increased in frequency as natural selection decreased, and favored offspring survival of non-T2D descedants. The results indicated statistically significant directional selection against T2D and imputed T2D to this population isolate.
Interleukin-10 expression in lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia is mediated by extracellular ATP in an autocrine fashion

Immune cells have been shown to release ATP into the extracellular space to provide auto- and paracrine purinergic modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. In the present study, we demonstrate that ATP released from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia induces interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression in an autocrine manner. The expression as well as secretion of IL-10 by LPS-stimulated microglia was completely inhibited by apyrase, ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme, whereas tumor necrosis factor-&agr; (TNF-&agr;) expression was unaffected. LPS-activated microglia rapidly released a low concentration of ATP (10–20 nM) into the medium, and the nanomolar range of extracellular ATP, ADP, adenosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP-&ggr;-S), and adenosine 5′-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (ADP-&bgr;-S) induced IL-10 secretion from microglia in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that ATP released from LPS-activated microglia and/or a metabolite of ATP (ADP) may induce IL-10 expression through P2Y purinergic receptors.
Cyclin D1 and prognosis in human breast cancer

We have used immunohistochemical staining to assess the expression of cyclin D1 in formalin‐fixed sections of 345 breast carcinomas, dating back 20 years. Clinical follow‐up data were available on all patients. Approximately 50% of the tumours showed excessive nuclear staining for cyclin D1 as compared with normal epithelium. Some tumours showed strong cytoplasmic staining in the absence of nuclear staining, and around 25% of the tumours were judged to be negative for nuclear cyclin D1. Contrary to expectations, moderate/strong staining for cyclin D1 was associated with improved relapse‐free and overall survival relative to patients whose tumours stained weakly or negatively. Conversely, tumours that were considered negative for cyclin D1 staining had an adverse prognosis, and the poor outcome was further accentuated if the tumours were also oestrogen receptor‐negative. A possible explanation for our findings is that tumours in which cyclin D1 levels are abnormally low may have sustained mutations in other genes, such as RB1 and that it is this abnormality that has the more significant impact on survival from breast cancer. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does Decrease in Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase by Antisense RbcS Lead to a Higher N-Use Efficiency of Photosynthesis under Conditions of Saturating CO2 and Light in Rice Plants?

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants with decreased ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) were obtained by transformation with the rice rbcS antisense gene under the control of the rice rbcS promoter. The primary transformants were screened for the Rubisco to leaf N ratio, and the transformant with 65% wild-type Rubisco was selected as a plant set with optimal Rubisco content at saturating CO2 partial pressures for photosynthesis under conditions of high irradiance and 25[deg]C. This optimal Rubisco content was estimated from the amounts and kinetic constants of Rubisco and the gas-exchange data. The R1 selfed progeny of the selected transformant were grown hydroponically with different N concentrations. Rubisco content in the R1 population was distributed into two groups: 56 plants had about 65% wild-type Rubisco, whereas 23 plants were very similar to the wild type. Although the plants with decreased Rubisco showed 20% lower rates of light-saturated photosynthesis in normal air (36 Pa CO2), they had 5 to 15% higher rates of photosynthesis in elevated partial pressures of CO2, (100–115 Pa CO2) than the wild-type plants for a given leaf N content. We conclude that the rice plants with 65% wild-type Rubisco show a higher N-use efficiency of photosynthesis under conditions of saturating CO2 and high irradiance.
Efficient algorithms for clause-learning SAT solvers

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) is NP-complete. No known algorithm for SAT is of polynomial time complexity. Yet, many of the SAT instances generated as a means of solving real-world electronic design automation problems are simple enough, structurally, that modern solvers can decide them efficiently. Consequently, SAT solvers are widely used in industry for logic verification. The most robust solver algorithms are poorly understood and only vaguely described in the literature of the field. We refine these algorithms, and present them clearly. We introduce several new techniques for Boolean constraint propagation that substantially improve solver efficiency. We explain why literal count decision strategies succeed, and on that basis, we introduce a new decision strategy that outperforms the state of the art. The culmination of this work is the most powerful SAT solver publically available.
Quantitative proteome analysis of CD95 (Fas/Apo‐1)‐induced apoptosis by stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture, 2‐DE and MALDI‐MS

Proteome analysis of Jurkat T cells induced to undergo apoptosis by CD95 (Fas/Apo‐1) treatment was performed to identify modified proteins. We used stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) using leucine to identify proteins of apoptotic and control Jurkat T cells by 2‐DE and MALDI‐MS. Out of 224 spots analyzed, we quantified 213 spots with 3.5 leucine‐containing peptide pairs on average; 28 proteins with a relative abundance of higher than 1.5 were found. Five new modified proteins including calcyclin binding protein, cytosolic acyl coenzyme A thioester hydrolase, heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein M, replication factor C 37‐kDa subunit, and tropomyosin 4 chain were identified as being modified in response to apoptosis. In comparison to differential proteome analysis via silver‐stained 2‐D gels and PMF of total Jurkat T cell lysates, 15 additional apoptosis‐modified proteins were identified though 8 proteins were not found. The described approach using SILAC instead of silver staining for relative quantification was simpler to perform regarding the number of required 2‐D gels, that cumbersome gel comparisons were avoided, and more apoptosis‐modified proteins were identified, but with a higher demand on data interpretation of the mass spectra obtained.
Visual quality and attentional capture: a challenge to the special role of abrupt onsets.

This article investigates the nature of stimulus-driven attentional capture. Previous studies (e.g., J. Jonides & S. Yantis, 1988) have suggested that only a single visual feature--abrupt visual onset--can elicit stimulus-driven attentional capture. Two experiments are reported that challenge the special status of abrupt onsets in attentional capture. In particular, this evidence suggests that abrupt onsets appear to attenuate display-size effects only in certain experimental contexts that inadvertently increase the ease with which they are perceived. Consequently, the special status attributed to abrupt onsets is argued to derive from their higher visual quality.
Are infants with torticollis at risk of a delay in early motor milestones compared with a control group of healthy infants?

Recently it has been claimed that infants with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) are at risk of a delay in early motor milestones. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether infants with CMT are indeed at risk in comparison with a control group of healthy infants. A second aim was to investigate whether the time spent in a prone position and plagiocephaly had any influence on motor development. Eighty‐two infants with CMT (35 females and 47 males) were compared with 40 healthy infants (18 females and 22 males). Motor development was assessed with the Alberta Infant Motor scale (AIMS). Multiple regression showed that infants in the CMT group had a significantly lower AIMS score than the control group at 2 months (p=0.03) and 6 months of age (p=0.05). Infants who spent at least three occasions daily in a prone position when awake had significantly higher AIMS scores than infants who spent less time prone at 2 months (p=0.001), 6 months (p<0.001), and 10 months of age (p<0.001). The CMT group achieved early motor milestones significantly later than the control group until the age of 10 months, but the risk of delay seems to be more strongly associated with little or no time prone when awake than with CMT.
Characterization and Structure-Function Studies of Human Liver Flavin Monooxygenase Isozyme 3 (FMO3)

The activity of the flaving-containing monooxygenase (FMO EC 1.14.13.8) can be modulated by a number of nitrogen-containing compounds in a manner that is both isoform and effector-dependent. We showed that the direction (activation or inbihiton) and extent of modulation can also be dependent on substrate concentration. The native human liver FMO3 and arg 433 mutant FMO3 catalyze the methimazole reaction with similar Km values. However, the mutant FMO3-catalyzed reaction was affected differently by high concentration of imipramine, imipramine causing inhibition of activity. Our results suggest that the response of FMO3 to imipramine involves a distribution of compounds between two sites which is regulated by structural features.
Trapdoor Fracture of the Orbit in a Pediatric Population

&NA; Orbital‐floor blowout fractures of the trapdoor variety, first described by Soll and Poley, have also appeared in the French and Japanese literature. The trapdoor fracture is described as a pure orbital‐floor fracture, linear in form and hinged medially, which allows herniation of orbital contents through the fracture and then entraps these herniated contents. A review of the orbital‐floor fracture literature reveals a high incidence of persistent diplopia associated with ocular‐muscle entrapment, which may later necessitate corrective surgery of extraocular muscles. Recent publications in the ophthalmologic literature have stressed the importance of early surgical intervention. This article reports a retrospective series of 19 pediatric patients (age range, 5 to 16 years) who presented to two institutions. All patients had radiographic confirmation of a trapdoor fracture. Physical examination demonstrated a high association between these fractures and restricted ocular motility (17 of the 19 patients). In the cases with trapdoor fracture and restricted ocular movement, early intervention was associated with better postoperative function. It is thus recommended that the symptomatic trapdoor orbit fracture be considered an urgent indication for surgical intervention. Practitioners therefore must have a high index of suspicion for these injuries. Prompt diagnosis is critical to maximize clinical outcome. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 109: 482, 2002.)
Distinct Regulation of p 53 and p 73 Activity by Adenovirus E 1 A , E 1 B , and E 4 orf 6 Proteins

WILMA T. STEEGENGA,* AVI SHVARTS, NICOLE RITECO, JOHANNES L. BOS, AND AART G. JOCHEMSEN Laboratory for Physiological Chemistry and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, and Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
Practice guidelines and parental ADHD treatment evaluations: friends or foes?

In this exploratory descriptive study, we used focus groups to examine parental evaluations of treatment approaches to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the congruence of these evaluations with professional practice guidelines. We paid particular attention to home-care strategies and to parental experiences and attitudes regarding medications for ADHD. Some home-care techniques were consistent with evidence-based behavioral principles, whereas others seemed to be based on popular myths, with little indication that they could improve the child's behavior. Indeed, some might actually add unnecessary stress to the parent-child relationship by introducing ineffective limitations (e.g., dietary restrictions). Parental accounts uniformly depicted stimulant use, the cornerstone of ADHD treatment in the United States, as a difficult treatment modality to consider and accept for their children. Study findings indicate that professional guidelines and parent ADHD treatment evaluations are only partially congruent, with the greatest discrepancy in the role assigned to stimulants. Increased provider-parent communication concerning medications might improve adherence and treatment outcomes.
Chronometric analysis of classification.

This series of studies represents an effort to extend the subtractive method of Bonders to the analysis of depth of processing in simple classification tasks. The stimuli are always pairs of items (letters, nonsense forms, digits) to which S must respond "same" or "different" as quickly as possible. Levels of instruction are physical identity (e.g., AA), name identity (e.g., Aa), and rule identity (e.g., both vowels). By use of the subtractive method, times for matches at each level are analyzed. The emphasis is not placed upon the times themselves but upon their relevance for understanding the operations and mechanisms involved in perceptual matching, naming, and classifying. Nearly 100 years ago the Dutch physiologist Donders presented a paper (Bonders, 1868) on the time for simple cognitive operations. This wellknown paper initiated the use of the subtractive method of latency analysis to measure the time for internal mental processes such as recognition and choice. Although the subtractive method has received a good deal of criticism (Boring, 1950), there is once again active interest in pursuing it. Recent work includes detailed analysis of successive stages in simple reaction time (McGill, 1963), separation of recognition from choice time (Taylor, 1966), effect of task variables such as S-R compatibility upon the component times (Broadbent & Gregory, 1965), and development of dynamic decision models to predict and explain various components of choice time (Fitts, 1966; Stone, 1960).
The diagnostic usefulness of AUDIT and AUDIT-C for detecting hazardous drinkers in the elderly

We compare the diagnostic usefulness of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C) for detecting hazardous drinkers between the populations over and less than 65 years in primary care settings. To assess weekly alcohol intake an interview on quantity-frequency was administered to 602 patients. Hazardous drinking was defined as a level of consumption of 280g of alcohol per week for men and 168g for women. The participants received AUDIT, AUDIT-C and CAGE questionnaires. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values were also determined. Average weekly alcohol intake among the population aged 65 and older was 83g, and 10% were hazardous drinkers. In this age group, the sensitivities of AUDIT and AUDIT-C for detecting this type of drinkers were 67% and 100%, whereas specificities were 95% and 81% respectively. In the younger patient group, the sensitivities were 84% and 100% and the specificities 95% and 79% respectively. In conclusion, both AUDIT and AUDIT-C perform well at detecting hazardous drinkers in the group older than 65 years and that their sensitivities and specificities are comparable to those in younger ages.