Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The short toes mutation of the axolotl

The axolotl mutant strain, short toes (s/s), can regenerate spinal cord and tail, but not limbs. This makes s/s potentially very useful for limb regeneration studies. This mutant merits a new examination that integrates the original description of the mutant, existing experimental studies, new data and current thinking about stem cells and regeneration. There are still major gaps in information about this mutant; the gene(s) causing the defects has not yet been discovered, and even the histological description is incomplete, especially regarding muscle abnormalities. In the short toes limb, MyHC (myosin heavy chain)‐1, MyHC‐2b and pax7 are down‐regulated. In particular, all three MyHC genes and pax7 are highly expressed in the normal limb, but almost lost in the s/s limb. MyHC genes are one of the main components of skeletal muscle, and Pax7 is the skeletal muscle satellite cell marker. Histological experiments confirm that severe s/s has lost most skeletal muscle and myosin. These results suggest that skeletal muscle, which includes satellite cells, could play an important role in axolotl limb regeneration.
The establishment of UNTAC. Power or persuasion

and oversimplify to some level in order to present some generally valid reasoning. Donnelly rightfully states that “theories in the social sciences typically identify law-like regularities rather than exceptionless deterministic laws” (2005: 40). The military, economic, and political are the dimensions that most neorealists focus on. They are argued to be the most important elements in the assessment of capabilities, since changes in these variables mean a change in power relations in the international system – possibly structural change. Capabilities of these sorts determine
The Effects of Polarization on Ideological Certainty: An Application to Executive Order Issuance

Many standard models of political institutions frame outcomes as a function of the preferences of key decision makers. However, these models, and the empirical analyses they inspire, typically assume decision makers can infer the identities and ideological locations of other decision makers without error. Here, we reveal the substantive importance of this assumption. We show that partisan sorting, a common cause of polarization, can result in reduced uncertainty about the ideologies of key decision makers and the identities of key pivots. When we incorporate estimates of pivot uncertainty into empirical models of executive order issuance, we find lower levels of uncertainty are associated with higher rates of policy-relevant executive order issuance. These results have implications for the study of polarization and the use of models of institutions in political science.
Threshold concepts in entrepreneurship – the entrepreneurs’ perspective

The purpose of this paper is to present research into the entrepreneurs’ perspective of concepts critical to thinking as an entrepreneur, in order to inform enterprise and entrepreneurship course design in higher education. ,Taking a social constructivist approach, using a Delphi-style method, semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs were conducted, transcribed, thematically coded and analysed, and a list of candidate threshold concepts was drawn up. Two rounds of Delphi were conducted with the entrepreneur panel and consensus was reached on a final collection of threshold concepts in entrepreneurship. ,The threshold concepts identified are “I can create value” (or self-efficacy), “I see opportunities” (or opportunity), “I can manage risk” (or risk), “I know what’s important” (or focus) and “I take action” (or impact). ,Entrepreneurship is generally regarded as an important factor in economic growth, and higher education is an appropriate place for the development of entrepreneurship. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding how best to educate students for entrepreneurship in higher education or indeed what educating students for entrepreneurship really means. Identifying threshold concepts in entrepreneurship using the lived experience of entrepreneurs is likely to open up new and more effective approaches to teaching this multidisciplinary subject area. ,This study contributes to the call for more research-grounded discussion on the quality of entrepreneurship education initiatives, particularly in relation to what makes pedagogical innovations effective by suggesting five entrepreneurship threshold concepts. These entrepreneurship threshold concepts can be used to set out a structure for the design and (re)development of enterprise and entrepreneurship curricula, as well as enabling more constructively aligned assessments.
Intergenomic Comparisons Highlight Modularity of the Denitrification Pathway and Underpin the Importance of Community Structure for N2O Emissions

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and the predominant ozone depleting substance. The only enzyme known to reduce N2O is the nitrous oxide reductase, encoded by the nosZ gene, which is present among bacteria and archaea capable of either complete denitrification or only N2O reduction to di-nitrogen gas. To determine whether the occurrence of nosZ, being a proxy for the trait N2O reduction, differed among taxonomic groups, preferred habitats or organisms having either NirK or NirS nitrite reductases encoded by the nirK and nirS genes, respectively, 652 microbial genomes across 18 phyla were compared. Furthermore, the association of different co-occurrence patterns with enzymes reducing nitric oxide to N2O encoded by nor genes was examined. We observed that co-occurrence patterns of denitrification genes were not randomly distributed across taxa, as specific patterns were found to be more dominant or absent than expected within different taxonomic groups. The nosZ gene had a significantly higher frequency of co-occurrence with nirS than with nirK and the presence or absence of a nor gene largely explained this pattern, as nirS almost always co-occurred with nor. This suggests that nirS type denitrifiers are more likely to be capable of complete denitrification and thus contribute less to N2O emissions than nirK type denitrifiers under favorable environmental conditions. Comparative phylogenetic analysis indicated a greater degree of shared evolutionary history between nosZ and nirS. However 30% of the organisms with nosZ did not possess either nir gene, with several of these also lacking nor, suggesting a potentially important role in N2O reduction. Co-occurrence patterns were also non-randomly distributed amongst preferred habitat categories, with several habitats showing significant differences in the frequencies of nirS and nirK type denitrifiers. These results demonstrate that the denitrification pathway is highly modular, thus underpinning the importance of community structure for N2O emissions.
Management of depression in patients with coronary heart disease: association, mechanisms, and treatment implications for depressed cardiac patients

Importance of the field: Coronary heart disease (CHD) and depression are two leading causes of death and disability in the United States and worldwide. Depression is especially common in cardiac patients, and there is growing evidence that depression is a risk factor for fatal and nonfatal events in CHD patients. Areas covered in this review: This paper reviews current literature of depression as a risk factor for CHD along with pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments for depression in cardiac patients. What the reader will gain: Readers will gain knowledge about the importance of depression as a CHD risk factor and learn the results of efforts to treat depressed CHD patients. Take home message: Although randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of medication and non-pharmacologic therapies have not demonstrated that treating depression improves survival, there is evidence that treating depressed patients can reduce depressive symptoms and improve quality of life. Additional RCTs are needed, including evaluation of non-pharmacologic therapies such as exercise, to examine the effects of treatment of depression on medical and psychosocial outcomes.
CROSS-PROTECTION BETWEEN EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUS SEROTYPES 1 AND 2 IN WHITE-TAILED DEER

Viruses in the epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) serogroup are the most frequent cause of hemorrhagic disease in the southeastern United States, but nothing is known about cross-protection between the two EHD serotypes (EHDV-1 and EHDV-2) present in this region. We experimentally tested whether deer surviving EHDV-2 infection would be protected against subsequent infection with EHDV-1, and used field data to examine the possibility of reciprocal cross-protection. Eleven white-tailed deer fawns (Odocoileus virginianus) were experimentally infected with EHDV-2 and later challenged with EHDV-1. Two EHDV-2-naïve fawns also were infected with EHDV-1. Deer were monitored via physical examination, complete blood counts, clotting profiles, viral isolation, and serology, and each animal was assigned a quantitative clinical disease severity score based on presence of certain physical and clinical parameters. Infection of naïve controls with EHDV-1 caused severe clinical disease and death of both fawns, whereas deer previously infected with EHDV-2 exhibited no or minimal signs of disease. Thus, infection with EHDV-2 conferred protection against disease caused by subsequent EHDV-1 infection. Although prior EHDV-2 exposure protected deer from severe clinical disease, it did not prevent infection nor viremia indicating they could still act as virus amplifying hosts. These experimental infections suggest that EHDV-1 and 2 may exist in a state of mutual permissiveness.
Comparison of the effects of trimetazidine and diltiazem on exercise performance in patients with coronary heart disease. The Turkish trimetazidine study (TTS)

Objective — A multicentre, double-blind comparative study was performed to compare the effects of trimetazidine with diltiazem on exercise performance in patients with stable angina pectoris. Methods and results — A total of 116 male patients with documented coronary artery disease at 11 centres were randomized into trimetazidine and diltiazem groups both including 58 men (mean age 55.1 ± 8.6 years and 54.9 ± 6.6 years, respectively) in a prospective, multicentre, double-blind active treatment trial.The study consisted of a two-week placebo washout period and a four-week active treatment phase. Clinical examinations and exercise tests were performed at the beginning (D0) and at the end (D28) of the active treatment. Laboratory investigations were also performed at the beginning of the washout period (D-14) and at D28. Holter recordings were done in the mid of the washout period (D-7) and D28. Both trimetazidine and diltiazem decreased the number of anginal attacks per week (p < 0.0001 for both drugs) and weekly nitrate consumption (p = 0.0008 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Both trimetazidine and diltiazem improved the recovery of anginal pain (p = 0.0188 and p = 0.0079, respectively) and maximal ST-segment depression (p = 0.0134 and p = 0.0214, respectively) but none of the drugs significantly changed the time to 1 mm ST-segment depression and ST recovery time on exercise test. Diltiazem caused a slight prolongation of PR and QRS durations (p = 0.039) on ambulatory ECG whereas trimetazidine did not change these parameters significantly. Conclusion — This study suggests that trimetazidine is an effective and safe alternative for diltiazem in the treatment of patients with stable angina pectoris. Although several other trials have shown that this drug can be used in combination with other antianginal drugs or instead of beta blockers or nifedipine in the symptomatic treatment of stable anginal syndromes, this study suggests that trimetazidine can be used instead of diltiazem, a well-known powerful antianginal drug.
Effects of Farmers’ Participation in Inclusive Finance on Their Vulnerability to Poverty: Evidence from Qinba Poverty-Stricken Area in China

ABSTRACT China’s new poverty alleviation strategy has been focusing on the 14 undeveloped poverty-stricken areas including Qinba, which faces frequent natural disasters, fragile ecological environment, and high incidence of poverty. With the government initiation, farmers in Qinba have participated in inclusive financial services. Based on 587 rural household field survey data in Qinba area, this article examines farmers’ participation level in inclusive finance. It uses the VEP model to measure the vulnerability to poverty. Then it empirically analyzes the effects of farmers’ participation in inclusive finance on their vulnerability to poverty. The study finds that: first, inclusive finance impacts farmers’ risk coping ability, thus affecting the vulnerability to poverty. Second, farmers’ participation level of savings, micro-credit, and commercial insurance is 48.55%, 17.89%, and 12.44%, respectively. Third, farmers’ participation in savings and commercial insurance reduces their vulnerability by 0.05 and 0.126, while micro-credit does a not have a significantly positive impact. Last, it puts forward the policy implications.
Craniofacial morphology of the tricho‐dento‐osseous syndrome

Tricho‐dento‐osseous syndrome (TDO) is characterized by abnormal bone, hair, and tooth morphology. However, the reported craniofacial abnormalities are not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to compare the craniofacial parameters of 25 subjects affected with TDO (A) with those of 15 unaffected relatives (U). Standardized lateral cephalograms were traced and digitized. Each subject's data were compared by age and sex to cephalometric standards (Bolton, Behrents); severity was scored by standard deviations from the standard mean, and then grouped into A vs. U. All cephalograms were evaluated for frontal sinuses, mastoid pneumatization, diploe, and bone density, and cranial thickness was measured. Cranial base length (SN; NBa), cranial base angle (BaSN), and mandibular body length (GoPg) were greater in A than in U (p < 0.05). Both groups had longer total and lower facial heights (NMe; ANSMe) compared with normal standards. Frontal sinuses, mastoid pneumatization and diploe were visible less often in A than in U (p < 0.05). Parietal bone and bone at lambda was significantly thicker (p < 0.05) in A than in U. Variability was substantial in many measures in both A and U. The major TDO craniofacial features involve the cranial base, mandibular body length, absence of visible pneumatized mastoids, frontal sinuses and diploe, and thicker cranial bone.
Volitional disorders: A proposal for DSM-V

In the DSM-IV-TR, specific impulse control disorders not elsewhere classified (ICD) have been designated following four principles: (1) through the addition of an adjective that emphasizes the aberrant character of an otherwise normal behaviour (e.g., pathological gambling); (2) by means of metaphors (such as in intermittent explosive disorder); (3) according to the presumably quintessential nature of their main signs and symptoms, such as impulsive (e.g., impulse control disorders not elsewhere classified), compulsive (e.g., compulsive shopping), or addictive (e.g., internet addiction); or (4) using Greek suffix mania (e.g., kleptomania, pyromania, and trichotillomania). Given this flagrant inconsistency, we argue that time has come to adopt a less arbitrary way of describing these disorders, at least until it becomes clearer whether they are really impulsive, compulsive or addictive or if the preoccupation with this distinction is valid. In keeping with DSM's emphasis on descriptive phenomenology rather than on unsupported theory, a less biased terminology is in order. Therefore, we would like to suggest: (1) the substitution of the term ICD by the more neutral expression ‘volitional disorders not elsewhere classified’; (2) the use of the classical Greek suffix mania, already present in some DSM-IV-TR ICDs, as the main naming principle to be adopted in the DSM-V; and (3) the creation of compulsive, impulsive, and mixed subtypes of the ‘volitional disorders not elsewhere classified’, since they are beginning to be validated by treatment trials.
Constrained S‐estimators for linear mixed effects models with covariance components

Linear mixed effects (LME) models are increasingly used for analyses of biological and biomedical data. When the multivariate normal assumption is not adequate for an LME model, then a robust estimation approach is preferable to the maximum likelihood one. M‐estimators were considered before for robust estimation of the LME models, and recently a constrained S‐estimator was proposed. This S‐estimator cannot be applied directly to LME models with correlated error terms and vector random effects with correlated dimensions. Therefore, a modification is proposed, which extends application of the constrained S‐estimator to the LME models for multivariate responses with correlated dimensions and to longitudinal data. Also, a new computational algorithm is developed for computing constrained S‐estimators. Performance of the S‐estimators based on the original Tukey's biweight and translated biweight is evaluated in a small simulation study with repeated multivariate responses with correlated dimensions. The proposed methodology is applied to jointly analyze repeated measures on three cholesterol components, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
iniBAC induction Is Vitamin B12- and MutAB-dependent in Mycobacterium marinum*

Tuberculosis can be treated with a 6-month regimen of antibiotics. Although the targets of most of the first-line antibiotics have been identified, less research has focused on the intrabacterial stress responses that follow upon treatment with antibiotics. Studying the roles of these stress genes may lead to the identification of crucial stress-coping mechanisms that can provide additional drug targets to increase treatment efficacy. A three-gene operon with unknown function that is strongly up-regulated upon treatment with isoniazid and ethambutol is the iniBAC operon. We have reproduced these findings and show that iniBAC genes are also induced in infected host cells, although with higher variability. Next, we set out to elucidate the genetic network that results in iniBAC induction in Mycobacterium marinum. By transposon mutagenesis, we identified that the operon is highly induced by mutations in genes encoding enzymes of the vitamin B12 biosynthesis pathway and the vitamin B12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA-mutase MutAB. Lipid analysis showed that a mutA::tn mutant has decreased phthiocerol dimycocerosates levels, suggesting a link between iniBAC induction and the production of methyl-branched lipids. Moreover, a similar screen in Mycobacterium bovis BCG identified that phthiocerol dimycocerosate biosynthesis mutants cause the up-regulation of iniBAC genes. Based on these data, we propose that iniBAC is induced in response to mutations that cause defects in the biosynthesis of methyl-branched lipids. The resulting metabolic stress caused by these mutations or caused by ethambutol or isoniazid treatment may be relieved by iniBAC to increase the chance of bacterial survival.
In vivo pharmacological study on the effectiveness of available polyclonal antivenom against Hemiscorpius lepturus venom

The available Razi Institute antivenom is still, empirically, used by intramuscular (IM) administration for the treatment of scorpion stings in humans by six medically dangerous species including Hemiscorpius lepturus (H. lepturus). The aim of this study was to assess the neutralizing ability and effectiveness of the antivenom in inhibiting hemoglobinuria, biochemical changes, increased microalbuminuria and urinary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) following H. lepturus sting. Simultaneous intramuscular administration of 10 μL and 100 μL of antivenom, after 24 hours, had no significant preventive effect on the extent and degree of hemoglobinuria or proteinuria produced in venom-treated rats. After IM administration of antivenom, no significant changes in decreased red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin were observed. Immediate intramuscular administration of 10 μL of antivenom had no significant effects on both LDH and microalbuminuria. The present findings did not present correlation with clinical signs. Therefore, to fully assess the efficacy of the available antivenom and make appropriate recommendations, more in vivo or in vitro investigations including antigen-antibody interaction, enzymatic analysis and route-dependent administration are required.
The Clinical Characteristics of Neonatal Sepsis Infection in Southwest China.

OBJECTIVE To identify the pathogens responsible for neonatal sepsis in a high-volume women and children's hospital in Southwest China. METHODS We retrospectively studied 133 neonates who were admitted to the West China Women and Children's Hospital between 2008 and 2012 for sepsis. The clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded, and the antibiotic sensitivities of the isolated bacteria were determined. RESULTS All of the included patients had clinical symptoms of sepsis, and subsequent blood cultures confirmed the infection. Almost 80% of patients were infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci (52.8%), Escherichia coli (23.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.0%) or Staphylococcus aureus (7.5%). Neonates who were infected with gram-negative bacteria, particularly K. pneumoniae, had lower birth weights and were admitted to hospital within 24 hours of birth. Additionally, 87.5% of the isolated K. pneumoniae strains were resistant to third generation cephalosporins. CONCLUSION Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common pathogens found in neonatal sepsis. Moreover, neonatal sepsis caused by gram-negative bacteria was more often observed in newborns of low birth weight. The isolated strains of gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to cephalosporins. This observation highlights the issue of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in the clinical setting, which poses an added risk to infants presenting with sepsis.
Perceived Direction of Gaze from Eyes with Dark vs. Light Irises

Purpose. Much of the previous research on the perceived direction of gaze has not specified eye color or pupil visibility. This study tests whether the lightness or darkness of a gazer's irises (typically brown vs. blue) affects their perceived direction of gaze. Methods. Twenty-five observers judged the direction of horizontal gaze from a model whose LCD-imaged head gazed toward points on the plane of the observer's face. The model's head was displayed with its natural brown irises and also with its irises digitally altered to look blue without pupils, blue with centered pupils, and blue with nasally decentered pupils. True gaze location was compared with the judged gaze location for each type of iris. Results. For all iris types, observers judged that monocular gaze was biased outward from its true direction for all gaze locations, including central, whereas binocular gaze was close to centered and had a greater slope. Blue eyes with no pupil and blue eyes with a centered pupil exaggerated this perceived outward deviation for monocular gaze but binocular gaze remained the same. When the pupils were nasally decentered by a typical amount, straight monocular as well as binocular gaze appeared to be centered. Conclusions. The direction of monocular gaze from eyes that differ in the darkness of their irises is perceived differently, and, within the blue irises, small differences in pupil centration made surprisingly large differences in the perceived directions of gaze.