Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cyclobacterium xiamenense sp. nov., isolated from aggregates of Chlorella autotrophica, and emended description of the genus Cyclobacterium.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, horseshoe-shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated strain KD51(T), forming colonies coloured pink by carotenoid pigments, was isolated from aggregates of the alga Chlorella autotrophica collected from the coastal sea off the city of Xiamen, Fujian Province, China. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison showed that strain KD51(T) was a member of the genus Cyclobacterium, forming a distinct lineage with Cyclobacterium lianum HY9(T). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain KD51(T) and the type strains of species of the genus Cyclobacterium ranged from 92.1 % to 95.2 %. Growth occurred at 4-40 °C (optimum, 28 °C), in the presence of 3-9 % NaCl (optimum, 3-5 %) and at pH 6-10 (optimum, pH 7.5). The dominant fatty acids (>20 %) of strain KD51(T) were iso-C15 : 0 (32.2 %) and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c; 22.2 %). The DNA G+C content was 41.7 mol% and the only respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7. On the basis of phenotypic data and phylogenetic inference, strain KD51(T) represents a novel species of the genus Cyclobacterium, for which the name Cyclobacterium xiamenense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KD51(T) ( = CGMCC 1.12432(T) = KCTC 32253(T)). An emended description of the genus Cyclobacterium is also proposed.
Maximal Aerobic Power in 13- and 14-Year-Old Teenagers in Relation to Biologic Age*

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was measured on a treadmill in 375 teenagers, 13 and 14 years old. VO2 max per kg body mass in boys had a mean value of 59 ml. min-1.kg-1 and in girls of 51 ml.min-1.kg-1. Linear regression analysis across biologic age revealed that in boys as well as in girls the VO2 max increased with increasing biologic age. However, per kg body weight or per kg lean body mass VO2 max decreased. VO2 max per cm height squared and per kg body mass to the two-thirds power did not show a change with biologic age. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the increase in the absolute values of the VO2 max and the decrease in the relative values of the VO2 max with increasing biologic age was almost completely due to the increase in total body mass (i.c. height and weight).
The Benefits of Abstract Functional Analysis in Theory Construction: The Case of Interdependence Theory

In this article I argue for the benefits of an abstract functional analysis in theory construction, suggesting that an understanding of the nature of situations of interdependence will provide theoretical insights into basic processes in interpersonal relations. That is, mechanisms and basic processes such as social cognition are best understood by describing their functional relation to the social problems with which they were designed to cope, rather than studying them in their own right in isolation from the purpose they serve. I discuss the tenets of ecological psychology, the scientific philosophy underpinning this way of thought. I then link this approach to the development of my own theoretical ideas on trust in close relationships, providing a description of how a functional analysis rooted in the assumptions of interdependence theory shaped the questions I posed and the answers to which I was drawn.
The measurement of anhedonia in Parkinson's disease: Psychometric properties of the Snaith‐Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) and the relevance to distinguish anticipatory and consummatory anhedonias

On behalf of the MDS task force commissioned to review the apathy rating scales, I would like to thank our colleagues Loas and Krystkowiak for their response to our MDS task force report on apathy and anhedonia rating scales in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Their letter suggests that our review of the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) is incomplete and has omitted at least four important studies. This is not the case. The task force review is accompanied by supplementary material that is available on the MDS-website (http://www.movementdisorders.org/ publications/ebm_reviews/). In our review we refer to this supplementary material, in which all studies published until 2007 are extensively reviewed and the clinimetric properties of the various scales are listed and discussed. This includes the studies by Lemke et al., Loas et al., Franz et al., and Franken et al., mentioned in our colleagues’ letter, as well as some additional studies. Because of space restrictions, the published task force report did not go into details, especially, not in studies involving non-PD patients. The authors thought it suitable, however, to refer to the original publication for all the scales discussed in the review. The general conclusion for non-PD patients that the SHAPS has good face validity, internal consistency, item-total correlation, and test-retest correlation was based on the general appraisal of all studies discussed in this supplementary material. For PD patients, internal consistency and the results of a factor analysis of the SHAPS have indeed been reported in the study by Lemke et al. Although this study was not primarily designed as a validation study (but as a treatment study), we agree with the authors that these clinimetric properties could have been explicitly mentioned in the review. However, this information would not have been sufficient to classify the scale as ‘‘recommended’’ according to the criteria used by MDS rating scale task forces to classify scales (Table 2 in our review). Finally we would like to thank the authors for bringing to our attention the more recent developments in the field of measuring anhedonia, including its neural correlates, which was not a topic meant to be covered in our review of clinical rating scales. The recent study by Santangelo et al., adds to our knowledge of the clinimetric properties of the SHAPS. The fact that the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) has neither been used nor validated in PD patients, explains why it was not identified by our search strategy and did not meet the criteria for inclusion in the review. When enough new evidence accumulates, the necessity for an update of the review will become apparent and the task force will gladly proceed to such an update when commissioned by the MDS.
French Colonial Trade Patterns : European Settlement , Networking and Institutions

We investigate how the colonial strategy through the settlement decision a ected French trade patterns. In this regard, we construct a new database relying on various primary historical sources containing information on the value of French sectoral trade between 1880 and 1913. We suggest two channels through which European settlements might have impacted the French trade patterns: institutions and networking. Our results suggest that worse institutions in the French colonies increased the levels of extraction through trade, whereas better institutions in the British colonies promoted better trade relations with France. Even among the extractive environment, the network increases overall French trade within French colonies but reduces it in other colonies.
Acral pseudolymphomatous angiokeratoma of children: a case with a lesion on the wrist.

A 2-year-old Japanese girl had a past history of eczema on the whole body which had been well controlled with mild corticosteroid ointment. She developed an asymptomatic papular lesion on her right wrist, and visited our outpatient clinic. The lesion was composed of linearly arranged, deep red-coloured, papules varying in size from 1mm to 4mm, and coalesced, on the dorsal site of the right wrist (Fig. 1). There were no similar lesions on other sites of the body. Under a provisional clinical diagnosis of epidermal nevus, the papular lesion was followed-up for 4 years, without therapy, and showed almost no change in clinical appearance. The lesion was surgically removed. Histologically, the epidermis was  attened in most parts of the lesion, covering a well circumscribed, dense cell in ltrate of massive mononuclear cells, con ned to the super cial through mid-dermis (Fig. 2A). The epidermis showed hydropic degeneration of the basal cell layer with the cell in ltration (Fig. 2B), and focal
Comparison of Iroquois gene expression in limbs/fins of vertebrate embryos

In Drosophila, Iroquois (Irx) genes have various functions including the specification of the identity of wing veins. Vertebrate Iroquois (Irx) genes have been reported to be expressed in the developing digits of mouse limbs. Here we carry out a phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate Irx genes and compare expression in developing limbs of mouse, chick and human embryos and in zebrafish pectoral fin buds. We confirm that the six Irx gene families in vertebrates are well defined and that Clusters A and B are duplicates; in contrast, Irx1 and 3, Irx2 and 5, and Irx4 and 6 are paralogs. All Irx genes in mouse and chick are expressed in developing limbs. Detailed comparison of the expression patterns in mouse and chick shows that expression patterns of genes in the same cluster are generally similar but paralogous genes have different expression patterns. Mouse and chick Irx1 are expressed in digit condensations, whereas mouse and chick Irx6 are expressed interdigitally. The timing of Irx1 expression in individual digits in mouse and chick is different. Irx1 is also expressed in digit condensations in developing human limbs, thus showing conservation of expression of this gene in higher vertebrates. In zebrafish, Irx genes of all but six of the families are expressed in early stage pectoral fin buds but not at later stages, suggesting that these genes are not involved in patterning distal structures in zebrafish fins.
Bacterial-lipopolysaccharide-induced release of lactoferrin from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: role of monocyte-derived tumor necrosis factor alpha

We have examined the role played by human peripheral blood monocytes in mediating responses of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. When incubated with Salmonella typhimurium LPS at 37 degrees C, human PMN suspended in serum-free buffer released the specific granule constituent lactoferrin into the surrounding medium. Release of lactoferrin from PMN varied with the concentration of LPS (1 to 1,000 ng/ml) as well as with the duration of incubation (2 to 60 min) and was not accompanied by significant release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. LPS-induced release of lactoferrin from PMN was augmented significantly when cell suspensions were supplemented with additional monocytes and lymphocytes. Only monocytes, however, secreted significant amounts of lactoferrin-releasing activity (in a time- and concentration-dependent manner) when incubated separately with LPS. Lactoferrin-releasing activity was heat (80 degrees C for 15 min) labile, eluted after chromatography on Sephadex G-100 with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 60,000, and was inhibited by antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alpha. Thus, LPS-induced noncytotoxic release of lactoferrin from human PMN suspended in serum-free buffer is mediated, at least in part, by tumor necrosis factor alpha derived from contaminating monocytes.
Molecular Mechanisms of Renal Tissue Repair in Survival from Acute Renal Tubule Necrosis: Role of ERK1/2 Pathway

Our earlier studies with S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) showed that prior administration of a low priming dose of 15 mg/kg, IP to mice, given 72 hours before administration of a normally lethal dose of DCVC (75 mg/kg, IP) led to renal tubule necrosis, however sustained renal tubule regeneration was observed and these mice recovered from renal failure and survived. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in this autoprotection model. Following the priming dose of DCVC, IL-6 protein and mRNA increased markedly as early as 1 hour after dosing, peaking at 3 hours with a 1.5-fold increase in plasma. Immunocytochemistry on kidney sections using specific antibodies against TGF-α, HB-EGF, EGFr, IGF-1R β, Grb-2, and phospho-p44/42 MAP kinase (ERK1/2) revealed a significantly higher staining of these molecules 3 to 72 hours after dosing, indicating up regulation of the ERK pathway. Following a lethal dose of DCVC (75 mg/kg) the early increase in these signaling molecules was not sustained, being markedly reduced 24 and 36 hours after dosing, leading to inhibition of S-phase DNA synthesis, cell division and renal tubule repair. In contrast, prior treatment with a low dose of DCVC, followed by a high dose led to a sustained stimulation of the renal ERK pathway, renal tubule regeneration and recovery from acute renal failure. These results suggest that a sustained activation of the ERK1/2 pathway may be a key factor in enabling a continued renal tubule repair and hence protection from the progressive phase of DCVC-induced acute renal tubular necrosis in the mouse.
The Mannich Base NC1153 Promotes Long-Term Allograft Survival and Spares the Recipient from Multiple Toxicities1

JAK3 is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase with limited tissue expression but is readily found in activated T cells. Patients lacking JAK3 are immune compromised, suggesting that JAK3 represents a therapeutic target for immunosuppression. Herein, we show that a Mannich base, NC1153, blocked IL-2-induced activation of JAK3 and its downstream substrates STAT5a/b more effectively than activation of the closely related prolactin-induced JAK2 or TNF-α-driven NF-κB. In addition, NC1153 failed to inhibit several other enzymes, including growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, Src family members, and serine/threonine protein kinases. Although NC1153 inhibited proliferation of normal human T cells challenged with IL-2, IL-4, or IL-7, it did not block T cells void of JAK3. In vivo, a 14-day oral therapy with NC1153 significantly extended survival of MHC/non-MHC mismatched rat kidney allografts, whereas a 90-day therapy induced transplantation tolerance (>200 days). Although NC1153 acted synergistically with cyclosporin A (CsA) to prolong allograft survival, it was not nephrotoxic, myelotoxic, or lipotoxic and did not increase CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. In contrast to CsA, NC1153 was not metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. Thus, NC1153 prolongs allograft survival without several toxic effects associated with current immunosuppressive drugs.
Laparoscopic Surgery in the Treatment of Iatrogenic Colonoscopic Perforation

Purpose: Colonic perforation is one of the most serious complications of colonoscopy. Surgical intervention is the standard treatment. The aim of our study was to assess the outcome of laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of iatrogenic colonoscopic perforation.Methods: From January 2003 to December 2010, data of 12 consecutive patientswho had undergone laparoscopic surgery for iatrogenic colonoscopic perforation was collected for retrospective review.Results: Eight patients were men; the mean age of the 12 patients was 56 years. Eight patients had received therapeutic procedures in the form of a polypectomy. Most of the perforation sites were in the sigmoid colon (n = 8). The mean perforation size was 2 cm and mean operative time was 110 minutes. The operative procedure included primary repair (n = 9) and resection with anastomosis (n = 3). No conversion or colonic diversion was needed. One surgical complication of wound infection was detected. There was no surgical mortality.Conclusion: Laparoscopic surgery on colonoscopic perforations, in experienced hands, is a viable alternative to the open approach.
Improving Reading of Science Text for Secondary Students With Learning Disabilities

This study examined the effects of three types of reading interventions on the science text reading of secondary students with learning disabilities (LD). Twenty 10th-grade students with LD participated in the study. Using a within-subjects design, the relative effects of three different instructional approaches—text reading, vocabulary learning, and text reading plus vocabulary learning—were examined and compared with a control condition in which participants received no instruction. The effects of the interventions on reading fluency, vocabulary knowledge, and comprehension were examined. Results revealed that the text-reading and combined interventions had a positive effect on reading fluency and vocabulary knowledge, and that the vocabulary intervention had a positive effect on vocabulary knowledge. Potential effects were found for the comprehension measures. Results imply that students’ reading of science text, and knowledge of the vocabulary used in that text, can be improved with direct instruction.
Peer Effects on the United States Supreme Court

Using data on essentially every U.S. Supreme Court decision since 1946, we estimate a model of peer effects on the Court. We estimate the impact of justice ideology and justice votes on the votes of their peers. To identify the peer effects, we use two instruments that generate plausibly exogenous variation in the peer group itself, or in the votes of peers. The first instrument utilizes the fact that the composition of the Court varies from case to case due to recusals or absences for health reasons. The second utilizes the fact that many justices previously sat on Federal Circuit Courts, and justices are generally much less likely to overturn decisions in cases sourced from their former “home” court. We find large peer effects. For example, we can use our model to predict the impact of replacing Justice Ginsburg with Justice Barrett. Under the the assumption that Justice Barrett's ideological position aligns closely with Justice Scalia, for whom she clerked, we predict that her influence on the Court will increase the Conservative vote propensity of the other justices by 4.7 percentage points. That translates into 0.38 extra conservative votes per case on top of the impact of her own vote. In general, we find indirect effects are large relative to the direct mechanical effect of a justice's own vote.
Brain Monitoring After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Lessons Learned

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a serious condition with a high morbidity and mortality rate despite advances in neurocritical care. Intraparenchymal monitors providing continuous bedside physiological data have been introduced into the care of the neurocritically ill and are the focus of clinical research. We review the available technology for bedside brain monitoring and the knowledge that has been gathered and its clinical utility by organizing it into 3 main areas: detecting vasospasm early, establishing end points to resuscitation in the management of cerebral vasospasm, and developing insights into the pathophysiology of the disease. Finally, we discuss its implications for the field and future directions.
Exploring the Severity of Dependence Scale (Sds) as A Possible Measure of Nicotine Dependence

Background The time to first cigarette (TTFC) of the day is an emerging single-item indicator of nicotine dependence due to its robust associations with indices of physical dependence. However, it is unclear if this measure adequately captures other dimensions of dependence. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) is a brief questionnaire used to assess psychological aspects of dependence that has not yet been extensively applied to smoking research. Methods We examined associations between the SDS and TTFC among 255 smokers during the baseline session of a cessation trial. We also examined associations of the SDS and TTFC with biobehavioral dependence indices, quitting behaviors, and cognitive-affective variables and compared the relative contributions of both measures in predicting these variables. Results TTFC was unrelated to SDS total score, but was related to individual SDS items. TTFC, but not SDS, was correlated with indices of physical dependence (e.g., cigarettes per day [CPD], carbon monoxide [CO]). Both TTFC and SDS were associated with quitting behaviors, with opposite directionality of associations. TTFC and SDS were both associated with cognitive-affective variables, but SDS outperformed TTFC in strength and number of these relationships. Including both the SDS and TTFC as regression model predictors often increased the amount of variance explained. Conclusions Findings suggest that SDS and TTFC assess different constructs of nicotine dependence; among smokers, the SDS appears to tap into nonphysical components of dependence (e.g., loss of control) that relate to quitting motivation and affect. Assessing nicotine dependence using only the SDS may fail to capture physical dependence and, further, may not reflect the same domains of addiction the SDS assesses in other drugs of abuse. Nonetheless, using 3 SDS items in addition to TTFC may offer utility over using TTFC alone.
Metabolic changes and induction of hepatic lipidosis during feed restriction in llamas.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether feed restriction induces hepatic lipidosis (HL) in llamas and to evaluate the metabolic changes that develop during feed restriction. ANIMALS 8 healthy adult female llamas. PROCEDURE Llamas were fed grass hay at a rate of 0.25% of their body weight per day for 13 to 28 days. Llamas were monitored by use of clinical observation, serum biochemical analyses, and ultrasound-guided liver biopsies. RESULTS All 8 llamas lost weight and mobilized fat. Five llamas developed HL, including 4 that were nursing crias. During the period of feed restriction, mean serum concentration of bile acids and activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were significantly higher in llamas that developed HL, compared with llamas that did not. Mean insulin-to-cortisol concentration ratios were lower in llamas with HL before and up to 7 days of feed restriction, compared with those that did not develop HL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE HL in llamas may be induced by severe feed restriction, particularly in the face of increased energy demand. Llamas with weight loss attributable to inadequate dietary intake may develop biochemical evidence of hepatopathy and HL. Increases in serum concentration of bile acids and activities of GGT, AST, and SDH may indicate the development of HL in llamas and identify affected animals for aggressive therapeutic intervention.