Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Commonly used preparations for colonoscopy: efficacy, tolerability, and safety--a Canadian Association of Gastroenterology position paper.

INTRODUCTION The increased demand for colonoscopy, coupled with the introduction of new bowel cleansing preparations and recent caution advisories in Canada, has prompted a review of bowel preparations by the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology. METHODS The present review was conducted by the Clinical Affairs group of committees including the endoscopy, hepatobiliary/transplant, liaison, pediatrics, practice affairs and regional representation committees, along with the assistance of Canadian experts in the field. An effort was made to systematically assess randomized prospective trials evaluating commonly used bowel cleansing preparations in Canada. RESULTS Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-; sodium phosphate (NaP)-; magnesium citrate (Mg-citrate)-; and sodium picosulphate, citric acid and magnesium oxide (PSMC)-containing preparations were reviewed. Regimens of PEG 2 L with bisacodyl (10 mg to 20 mg) or Mg-citrate (296 mL) are as effective as standard PEG 4 L regimens, but are better tolerated. NaP preparations appear more effective and better tolerated than standard PEG solutions. PSMC has good efficacy and tolerability but head-to-head trials with NaP solutions remain few, and conclusions equivocal. Adequate hydration during preparation and up to the time of colonoscopy is critical in minimizing side effects and improving bowel cleansing in patients receiving NaP and PSMC preparations. All preparations may cause adverse events, including rare, serious outcomes. NaP should not be used in patients with cardiac or renal dysfunction (PEG solution is preferable in these patients), bowel obstruction or ascites, and caution should be exercised when used in patients with pre-existing electrolyte disturbances, those taking medications that may affect electrolyte levels and elderly or debilitated patients. Health Canada's recommended NaP dosing for most patients is two 45 mL doses 24 h apart. However, both safety and efficacy data on this dosing schedule are lacking. Many members of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology expert panel administer both doses within 24 h, as studied in clinical trials, after careful one-on-one discussion of risks and benefits in carefully selected patients. Safety data on PSMC and combination preparations in North America are limited and clinicians are encouraged to keep abreast of developments in this area. CONCLUSIONS All four preparations reviewed provided effective bowel cleansing for colonoscopy in the majority of patients, with varying tolerability. Adequate hydration is essential in patients receiving the preparations.
Electrical Cardiometry to Monitor Cardiac Output in Preterm Infants with Patent Ductus Arteriosus: A Comparison with Echocardiography

Background: Electrical cardiometry (EC) is an impedance-based monitoring that provides noninvasive cardiac output (CO) assessment. Through comparison to transthoracic echocardiography (Echo), the accuracy of EC has been verified. However, left-to-right patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) shunting is a concern because PDA shunts aortic flow to the pulmonary artery and may interfere with EC in measuring CO. Objective: To determine the agreement between EC and Echo in preterm infants with a hemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA). Methods: We reviewed our hemodynamic database in which simultaneous CO measurements by Echo and EC (Aesculon®) were recorded. Preterm infants with left-to-right shunting hsPDA were enrolled. Results: A total of 105 paired measurements in 36 preterm infants were compared. Infants' median (range) age and weight at measurement were 27+2 weeks (24+0-33+1) and 1,015 g (518-1,880), with mean (95% CI) ductal diameter 2.11 mm (1.99-2.22) or 2.15 mm/kg (2.00-2.30). Mean COEC and COEcho were 252 ± 32 and 258 ± 45 mL/kg/min, respectively, which demonstrated a moderate correlation and without a significant between-measurement difference. Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias, limits of agreement, and error percentage of -5.3 mL/kg/min, -78.3 to 67.7 mL/kg/min, and 28.6%, respectively. There was a trend of increased bias and error percentage of infants with high CO ≥280 mL/kg/min and supported with high-frequency ventilator. Conclusions: EC and Echo have a wide but clinically acceptable agreement in measuring CO in preterm infants with hsPDA. However, for infants with high CO or ventilated by high-frequency ventilation, interpretation of COEC should be approached with caution.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Elastic Moduli of Silicate Glasses and Crystals

A combined quantum-mechanical and thermodynamic approach to the mechanical properties of multicomponent silicate glasses is presented. Quantum chemical calculations based on density-functional theory (DFT) on various silicate systems were performed to explore the crystalline polymorphs existing for a given chemical composition. These calculations reproduced the properties of known polymorphs even in systems with extensive polymorphism, like MgSiO3. Properties resting on the atomic and electronic structure, i.e., molar volumes (densities) and bulk moduli were predicted correctly. The theoretical data (molar equilibrium volumes, bulk moduli) were then used to complement the available experimental data. In a phenomenological evaluation, experimental data of bulk moduli, a macroscopic property resting on phononic structure, were found to linearly scale with the ratios of atomic space demand to actual molar volume in a universal way. Silicates ranging from high-pressure polymorphs to glasses were represented by a single master line. This suggests that above the Debye limit (in practice: above room temperature), the elastic waves probe the short range order coordination polyhedra and their next-neighbor linkage only, while the presence or absence of an extended translational symmetry is irrelevant. As a result, glasses can be treated – with respect to the properties investigated – as commensurable members of polymorphic series. Binary glasses fit the very same line as their one-component end-members, again both in the crystalline and glassy state. Finally, it is shown that the macroscopic properties of multicomponent glasses also are linear superpositions of the properties of their constitutional phases (as determined from phase diagrams or by thermochemical calculations) taken in their respective glassy states. This is verified experimentally for heat capacities and Young’s moduli of industrial glass compositions. It can be concluded, that the combined quantum mechanical and thermochemical approach is a truly quantitative approach for the design of glasses with desired mechanical properties, e.g., for the development of high-modulus glasses.
Orofacial synovial sarcoma. A clinicopathologic study of 11 new cases and review of the literature

Synovial sarcoma arises most commonly in the lower extremity, particularly in the region of the lower thigh and knee. Yet the occurrence of this mesenchymal neoplasm in the head and neck area has been convincingly documented, albeit confined almost exclusively to cervical and parapharyngeal sites. Therefore, in view of its rarity in the head and neck, we analyzed a group of 11 synovial sarcomas arising in the orofacial region. The series comprised nine men (82%) and two women (18%). In common with synovial sarcoma at more conventional sites, this is a disease of young adults: ages ranged from 16–49 years (median, 34 years). Topographically, two subsets were delineated, a more common facial group with eight cases (four cheek, two parotid region, one infraorbital, one submental), all arising as gradually enlarging, usually nontender, solitary tumors; and three intraoral ones (two tonsillar, one lingual), two of which were polypoid and one was an exophytic tonsillar mass which presented with hemoptysis and stridor. Follow‐up data, obtained for nine patients (range, 1.3–15.0 years), disclosed three (33%) tumor related deaths, all belonging to the facial group. Treatment, difficult to significantly correlate with survival in this small series, varied from surgical excision alone to a multimodality approach including both irradiation and chemotherapy. Histologically, all the neoplasms revealed characteristic biphasic features, predominantly fibrosarcomatous in one, but, more typically, showing epithelial clefts and/or pseudoacinar spaces in the others. Differential diagnosis, depending on the proportion of the biphasic components, ranged from spindle cell mesenchymal neoplasms to various adenocarcinomas, including those arising in mixed tumors of salivary gland.
Pharmacokinetics of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in HIV-infected and uninfected pregnant women in Western Kenya.

BACKGROUND Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is among the most commonly used antimalarial drugs during pregnancy, yet the pharmacokinetics of SP are unknown in pregnant women. HIV-infected (HIV(+)) women require more frequent doses of intermittent preventive therapy with SP than do HIV-uninfected (HIV(-)) women. We investigated whether this reflects their impaired immunity or an HIV-associated alteration in the disposition of SP. METHODS Seventeen pregnant HIV(-) women and 16 pregnant HIV(+) women received a dose of 1500 mg of sulfadoxine and 75 mg of pyrimethamine. Five HIV(-) and 6 HIV(+) postpartum women returned 2-3 months after delivery for another dose. The pharmacokinetics of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine were compared between these groups. RESULTS HIV status did not affect the area under the curve (AUC(0-->infinity)) or the half-lives of sulfadoxine or pyrimethamine in prepartum or postpartum women, although partum status did have a significant affect on sulfadoxine pharmacokinetics. Among prepartum women, the median half-life for sulfadoxine was significantly shorter than that observed in postpartum women (148 vs 256 h; P<.001), and the median AUC(0-->infinity) was ~40% lower (22,816 vs 40,106 microg/mL/h, P<.001). HIV status and partum status did not show any significant influence on pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSION Pregnancy significantly modifies the disposition of SP, whereas HIV status has little influence on pharmacokinetic parameters in pregnant women.
Long-term solid cancer risk among 5-year survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PURPOSE Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) survivors are known to be at substantially increased risk of solid cancers (SC). However, no investigation has used multivariate modeling to estimate the relative risk (RR), excess absolute risk (EAR), and cumulative incidence for specific attained ages and ages at HL diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified 18,862 5-year HL survivors from 13 population-based cancer registries in North America and Europe. Poisson regression was used to evaluate the effects of age at diagnosis, attained age, latency, sex, treatment, and year of diagnosis on the RR and EAR of SC. RESULTS Among 1,490 identified SC, 850 were estimated to be in excess. For most cancer sites, both RR and EAR decreased with age at HL diagnosis and showed strong dependencies on attained age. For a patient diagnosed at age 30 years and survived to > or = 40 years, modeled risks were significantly elevated for cancers of the breast (RR = 6.1), other supradiaphragmatic sites (RR = 6.0), and infradiaphragmatic sites (RR = 3.7); the largest RR (20-fold) was observed for malignant mesothelioma. Thirty-year cumulative risks of SC for men and women diagnosed at 30 years were 18% and 26%, respectively, compared with 7% and 9%, respectively, in the general population. For young HL patients, risks of breast and colorectal cancers were elevated 10 to 25 years before the age when routine screening would be recommended in the general population. CONCLUSION Multivariable modeling demonstrates for the first time temporal changes in SC risk not evident in unadjusted analyses, and can facilitate the development of individualized risk assessment and the creation of screening strategies for early detection.
Prevalence of tet(B) and tet(M) genes among tetracycline-resistant Vibrio spp. in the aquatic environments of Korea.

Of 24 tetracycline(Tc)-resistant Vibrio spp. isolated from different marine sources in Korea between 1993 and 2003, 23 were identified as carrying both tet(B) and tet(M), while 1 strain carried tet(B) only. In conjugation experiments, 3 strains appeared to be able to transfer both tet(B) and tet(M) to the recipient. Both discriminatory PCR and sequence analysis showed that tet(M) genes of Vibrio spp. appear to be a single allele containing a specific region of tet(M) in Tn1545. However, erm(B) and aphA3, known to be linked to Tn1545-like genes, were not detected in Tc-resistant Vibrio spp. , even in 9 strains resistant to erythromycin. In analysis to examine the relative position of tet(B) and tet(M), it was shown that tet(M) was present at the 3'-end of the insertion sequence IS10 of Tn10 carrying tet(B). At the junctional region between Tn10 and tet(M), we found a 14 bp sequence of unknown function and the deletion of regulatory sequences reported to be needed for tet(M) expression in conjugative transposons. This is the first report of the simultaneous presence of tet(B) and tet(M), and of the tet(M) gene being linked to the 3'-end of Tn10 in Tc-resistant Vibrio spp. in Korea.
Laparoscopic gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer: Are the long‐term results comparable with conventional open gastrectomy? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) for gastric cancer has been adopted to treat both early and locally advanced gastric cancer (AGC), but there are still concerns about its oncologic safety especially in AGC. The purpose of this meta‐analysis is to compare the long‐term outcomes of LG with those of open gastrectomy (OG) in patients with AGC.
Does physical activity induce DNA damage?

The single cell gel electrophoresis (SCG) assay (comet assay) is a sensitive technique for detecting the presence of DNA strand-breaks and alkali-labile damage in individual cells. This technique was used to study peripheral blood cells from three volunteers after physical activity. The test subjects had to run on a treadmill and were checked for blood pressure and ECG, lactate concentration and creatine kinase activity. Blood was taken before and several times during and after the run. In a first multiple step test, the volunteers ran as long as possible with increasing speed. In a second test they had to run for 45 min with a fixed individual speed which was defined to ensure an aerobic metabolism. In the first test, the white blood cells of all subjects showed increased DNA migration in the SCG assay. The effect was seen 6 h after the end of the exercise and reached its maximum 24 h later. After 72 h, DNA migration decreased to about control level. The distribution of DNA migration among cells clearly demonstrated that the majority of white blood cells exhibited increased DNA migration and that the effect was not only due to a small fraction of damaged cells. From the same blood samples, blood cultures were set up to study a possible effect on the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), another indicator for genotoxic effects. However, there was no significant increase in SCE in any of the cultures. In the second exercise, during aerobic metabolism, the effect on DNA migration was not seen. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and Neurologic Injury: Possible Relationship to Cerebral Protection by Anesthetics

Oxygen-centered free radicals cause brain injury associated with trauma and stroke. These reactive oxygen species may be detoxified by endogenous antioxidants, but cell death occurs after antioxidants become depleted. General anesthetics penetrate into brain parenchyma, where they may abrogate oxidative injury to neurons by several mechanisms that prevent the initiation of free radical chain reactions or terminate the propagation of highly reactive radicals. First, general anesthetics may inhibit free radical generation because these drugs slow cerebral utilization of oxygen and glucose, inhibit oxidative metabolism in neutrophils, and prevent redox changes in hemoglobin. Second, antioxidant anesthetics, such as thiopental and propofol, directly scavenge reactive oxygen species and inhibit lipid peroxidation. Finally, anesthetics may prevent the elevation of extracellular glutamate concentration and inhibit the activation of excitatory glutamatergic receptors that augment oxidative stress after ischemia.
RNAi knock-down mice: an emerging technology for post-genomic functional genetics

RNA interference (RNAi) has been extensively used for sequence-specific silencing of gene function in mammalian cells. The latest major breakthrough in the application of RNAi technology came from experiments demonstrating RNAi-mediated gene repression in mice and rats. After more than two decades of functional mouse research aimed at developing and continuously improving transgenic and knock-out technology, the advent of RNAi knock-down mice represents a valuable new alternative for studying gene function in vivo. In this review we provide some basic insight as to how RNAi can induce gene silencing to then focus on recent findings concerning the applicability of RNAi for regulating gene function in the mouse. Reviewed topics will include delivery methods for RNAi-mediating molecules, a comparison between traditional knock-out and innovative transgenic RNAi technology and the generation of graded RNAi knock-down phenotypes. Apart from the exciting possibilities RNAi provides for studying gene function in mice, we discuss several caveats and limitations to be considered. Finally, we present prospective strategies as to how RNAi technology might be applied for generating conditional and tissue-restricted knock-down mice.
The relationship between the GH/IGF-I axis and serum markers of bone turnover metabolism in healthy children.

CONTEXT There is evidence to suggest that IGF-I plays a role in regulating bone turnover. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationships between serum concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and bone metabolism markers in healthy children. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A cohort of 579 boys and 540 girls, all healthy Caucasian, were included in this study. Serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations, bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and CrossLaps (markers of bone formation and bone resorption respectively) levels were evaluated as a function of age, gender, pubertal stage and body mass index. RESULTS Serum IGF-I SDS levels were positively correlated with BAP and CrossLaps SDS levels before and after puberty, and also with CrossLaps during puberty (weak correlation). Serum IGFBP-3 SDS levels were positively correlated with BAP and CrossLaps levels before, during (weak correlation) and after puberty (for BAP levels only). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the independent association between serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations with both serum bone formation and resorption markers in healthy children. Physiological differences before, during and after puberty in the association of serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels with the serum bone metabolism markers were found. These differences may be related to differences in interactions between sex steroid hormones and the GH/IGF-I system, bone metabolism and growth during the pubertal transition. Improvements in our understanding of life course determinants of the IGF-I system and bone metabolism are required to shed further light on the role of the GH/IGF-I axis in bone remodelling.
Role of Cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent Eicosanoids in experimental Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

s and Posters M Kaßmann, Y Zhu, Zh M Zhu, M Tepel, M Gollasch. Posterpresentation: TRPV1 and acute kidney injury. Symposium of the mechanism of AKI, 2012, Copenhagen, Damark. Y Zhu, M Fechner, U Hoff, G Bubalo, T Hoppenheit, C Westphal, M Blum, W Schneider, M Rothe, WH Schunck, D Dragun. Posterpresentation: 20-Hydoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) overproduction exerts ischemic acute kidney injury in mice deficient for soluble epoxy hydrolase (sEH). Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nephrologie (DGfN), 2013, Berlin, Germany. G Bubalo, M Blum, M Fechner, U Hoff, Y Zhu, A Pohlmann, J Hentschel, K Arakelyan, E Seeliger, B Flemming, W Schneider, M Rothe, JR Falck, T Niendorf, WH Schunck, D Dragun. Posterpresentation: Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids increase intrarenal reoxygenation and prosurvival signaling and protect against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nephrologie (DGfN), 2013, Berlin, Germany. (Received poster Award) Y Zhu, M Fechner, U Hoff, G Bubalo, T Hoppenheit, C Westphal, M Blum, W Schneider, M Rothe, WH Schunck, D Dragun. Posterpresentation:20-Hydoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) overproduction exerts ischemic acute kidney injury in mice deficient for soluble epoxy hydrolase
Neplanocin A inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in Alcaligenes faecalis has no effect on growth of the microorganism.

Neplanocin A, a cyclopentenyl analog of adenosine, is a naturally occurring antibiotic possessing potent inhibitory activity toward the enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase. In the present study, we examined whether there was a correlation between the inhibition of prokaryotic AdoHcy hydrolase and the reported antibacterial activity of neplanocin A, e.g. Alcaligenes faecalis (Yaginuma et al., J. Antibiotics 34: 359 approximately 366, 1981). Of 16 bacterial species screened, only 2 organisms (both of which contained AdoHcy hydrolase) were sensitive to 10 nM neplanocin A when grown on agar plates. None of the 16 strains showed any growth sensitivity in broth culture to concentrations of the antibiotic as high as 4 mM. However, treatment of A. faecalis in broth culture with 14 microM neplanocin A resulted in complete inhibition of cellular AdoHcy hydrolase and subsequent elevation of intracellular AdoHcy. No alternative method for degrading or removing the excess AdoHcy from these cells was detected. Bacillus subtilis, which exhibited no AdoHcy hydrolase activity showed no alteration of AdoHcy metabolism when treated with the same concentration of the antibiotic. These results indicate that inhibition of AdoHcy hydrolase is not related to the antibacterial activity of neplanocin A and suggest that using this enzyme as a target for the design of antimicrobial agents is not likely to prove a productive approach.
Electric power train configurations and their transmission systems

An useful division of power train configurations can be made by conventional power trains, including the micro-hybrid, with exclusively combustion-engined drive of the wheels, electric power trains, including the serial hybrid, with exclusively electromotive drive of the wheels and hybrid power trains with both types of drive. Subdivisions of the electric drive are the wheel hub motor with or without a reduction stage, the single ratio central drive with or without differential or the two or more ratio central drive for high speed electric machines. Special requirements for transmission systems combined with electric machines such as high accelerated masses in wheel hub motors and high gyratory speeds in high speed machines differ from transmission systems in conventional power trains.