Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Salary Discrimination in the National Hockey League: The Effects of Team Location

Contrairement aux r6sultats d'6tudes pr6c6dentes, ce texte montre que les joueurs canadiensfrangais qui jouent dans la LNH sont victimes d'une discrimination salariale significative. Cette discrimination, cependant, ne touche pas l'ensemble de la ligue. Il s'agit plut6t d'un ph6nomene isol6 affectant les canadiens-frangais jouant pour des 6quipes du Canada-anglais. L'article examine comment le fait que le ph6nombne soit isol6 remet en question certaines theories populaires expliquant pourquoi les joueurs francophones sont victimes de discrimination salariale. Il montre 6galement que les sources ultimes de la discrimination ne peuvent btre comprises qu'en 6tudiant les diff6rences fondamentales entre les 6quipes americaines et celles du Canada-anglais. Deux de ces diff6rences, liees aux tensions historiques entre canadiens-anglais et canadiens-frangais, sont examinees. L'article montre aussi qu'il y a peu d'6vidence empirique concernant l'existence d'une discrimination r6ciproque; c'est-a-dire qu'il ne semble pas y avoir de traitement discriminatoire a l'6gard des canadiens-anglais jouant pour des 6quipes du Quebec.
Changes in Spatial and Sectoral Patterns of Employment in Ile-de-France, 1978-97

This paper investigates the spatial distribution of employment in the region of Ile-de-France in 1978 and 1997. Exploratory spatial data analysis is used to identify employment centres and a sectoral analysis of the central business district (CBD) and sub-centres is performed. The results highlight a process of suburbanisation of employment in Ile-de-France between 1978 and 1997. A more polarised space emerges in 1997 than in 1978, with several employment centres specialised in different activities. Moreover, even if the spatial influence of the CBD declines over the study period, the CBD maintains its economic leadership by concentrating a large variety of high-order producer services.
The Principal's Role in Teacher Development

This study is based on qualitative data from interviews and observations with seven principals representing two urban high schools, two urban middle schools, and three elementary schools. The study analyzes the views held by these principals about what novice teachers need to learn and grow, and examines what these principals are doing to meet these needs. The study contributes to a better understanding of the principal’s role in furthering novice teachers’ professional growth. The principals’ responses address three issues: What novice teachers need to learn, how they learn, and what principals should do to help novices grow professionally.
Adaptation to Climate Change in the Private and the Third Sector: Case Study of Governance of the Helsinki Metropolitan Region

Cities and metropolitan regions are increasingly becoming key locations within which adaptation to climate change is taking place. New modes of governance arrangements are also emerging in cities, and these enable new actors to engage in decision making. In this paper I discuss governance of adaptation in Helsinki. On the basis of empirical data from the private and the third sector, I show how the governance of adaptation is organised within the metropolitan region and, more specifically, what policy instruments are used and what objectives these measures have. The findings suggest that whilst challenges of vertical governance of adaptation remain, there are also challenges in terms of horizontal governance of adaptation.
MEASURING TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY FROM PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS: SOME FURTHER ESTIMATES

The concept of economic and technical efficiency is fundamental to agricultural policy-making, and Russell and Young (1983) in this Journal provide a recent addition to the literature for British agriculture. They estimate technical efficiency for a cross-section of farms in the North-West of England for the year 1977/8. However, such measures for a single year may be influenced by particular events in that year. This paper considers some further estimates of farm efficiency but for the longer, four-year period 1974/5 to 1977/8. Three measures of technical efficiency are estimated, two using econometric techniques and one using linear programming methods. It is found that there are low correlations between these different measures of technical efficiency both over time and at one point in time. This casts doubt on the usefulness of measuring efficiency using cross-section (single period) survey data.
Microeconometric decompositions of aggregate variables: an application to labour informality in Argentina

This article illustrates the use of microeconometric decomposition techniques to characterize changes in aggregate variables. In particular, it studies the effect of changes in the employment structure on the labour informality rate for salaried workers in the greater Buenos Aires area (Argentina). To that aim it computes the difference between the informality rate at moment t and the rate that results from combining the population at moment t with the parameters estimated at moment t that link observable individual characteristics to the informality decision. The article concludes that the deep change of the employment structure in Argentina during the 1980s and the 1990s has had a significant but minor effect on the labour informality rate.
Efficacy of High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Depression

We examined the efficacy of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in 419 patients with treatment-resistant depression. The patients received daily sessions of rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex as an adjuvant to pharmacotherapy. The rTMS intensity was set at 100% of the motor threshold and 25 Hz stimulation, with train duration of 2 seconds delivered at 30-second intervals. A full course comprised 1000 magnetic pulses. Depression was rated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) before and after treatment. Response was defined as a 50% reduction in the HAMD score. Patients with HAMD scores of less than 8 were considered to be in remission. The mean HAMD score for the study group decreased from 22.59 ± 5.92 to 10.50 ± 5.83 (P < .001). After the treatment period, 268 (64%) out of 419 patients demonstrated significant mood improvements, as indexed by a reduction of more than 50% on the HAMD score. In addition, 140 patients (33.4%) attained remission (HAMD score <8); and 11 patients achieved a partial response. Treatment was generally well tolerated, and no serious adverse effects were reported. In conclusion, high-frequency (25 Hz) rTMS was well tolerated and found to be statistically and clinically effective in patients with treatment-resistant depression. This study contributed to the existing evidence of the antidepressant effect of rTMS in the treatment of depression.
On the estimation of 'an implicitly additive demand system'

Motivated by a lack of Engel flexibility in commonly used demand systems, Rimmer and Powell developed a new demand system. This system, referred to AIDADS, is implicitly, directly additive, possesses marginal budget shares and thus Engel elasticities, that vary nonlinearly with expenditure such that predicted budget shares are restricted to the [0,1] interval. Due to these attractive Engel properties, AIDADS represents a significant contribution to the literature on demand analysis. This paper presents an alternative estimation procedure to the one used by Rimmer and Powell and examines its properties via a case study. The proposed approach avoids a linear approximation employed in Rimmer and Powell's estimation framework. Based on a small Monte Carlo study, it appears that the approach produces more accurate estimates of the parameters and Engel elasticities.
The establishment of a TQM system for the health care industry

In recent years, the health care industry in Taiwan has been facing various difficulties, which are primarily from the implementation of National Health Care Insurance policy. The more severe problems, like the increase in operating costs and income reduction, are included with the high cut rate examined by BNHI, and the shortage of physicians. The most critical current issue to hospitals is researching the remedies to resolve the problems. Some hospitals have employed ISO 9000 as the solution; some have chosen HQIC or MQIP. However, it is necessary to implement advanced TQM when the health care institutes want to resolve these problems more effectively. There are some conflicts between the health care professional and the TQM concepts and practices. In this paper, a practically applicable system of TQM is developed for the health care institutes. Several hospitals have utilized this TQM system and have obtained many substantial results, such as upgrading the service quality and customers’ satisfaction, and improving the administration performance, etc. Therefore, for a more efficient operation, the Bureau of National Health Care should eagerly promote the TQM system to hospitals.
Procedural and clinical outcomes of the valve‐in‐valve technique for severe aortic insufficiency after balloon‐expandable transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Objective: To describe the clinical and procedural outcomes of patients treated with the valve‐in‐valve technique for severe aortic insufficiency (AI) after balloon‐expandable transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Background: Severe AI immediately after valve implantation is a notable complication of TAVR. It can be treated with a valve‐in‐valve technique which involves deploying a second valve within the first one to crush the leaflets of the first implant leaving a new functional valve. Methods: We analyzed data on 142 consecutive patients at our institution undergoing TAVR with the Sapien valve between November of 2007 and April of 2011. Etiologies of acute AI, procedural and intermediate term clinical outcomes were reported for those in whom a valve‐in‐valve procedure was necessary. Post‐hoc analysis of these cases with C‐THV imaging (Paieon Medical Ltd.) was performed to elucidate the mechanism for successful AI treatment. Results: A total of 5 of 142 (3.5%) patients were treated with the valve‐in‐valve technique. Etiologies of the aortic valve insufficiency included bioprosthesis malposition (n = 3), valve dysfunction (n = 1), and valve undersizing (n = 1). With placement of the second valve, the first valve dimensions increased to approach the nominal valve size while the second valve size remained less than nominal. Conclusions: The valve‐in‐valve technique is an appropriate bailout measure for patients with acute valvular AI after balloon‐expandable TAVR. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Corporate Investment and Asset Price Dynamics: Implications for SEO Event Studies and Long-Run Performance

We present a rational theory of return behavior around seasoned equity offerings, including a pre-issuance price runup, negative announcement effect, and long-run post-issuance underperformance. The main result uses real option principles to relate SEO's to an endogenous decrease in expected returns. Equity issues are associated with firm expansions. When firms invest, they convert growth options to assets in place. Even when the new assets are risky, they will be less risky than the options they replace. Although both size and book-to-market effects are present in our model, standard matching procedures fail to capture the dynamics of risk and expected return. We calibrate the model, and show that it gives a close match to the primary empirical moments.
Hippocampal formation lesions produce memory impairment in the rhesus monkey

There is much debate over the role of temporal lobe structures in the ability to learn and retain new information. To further assess the contributions of the hippocampal formation (HF), five rhesus monkeys received stereotactically placed ibotenic acid lesions of this region without involvement of surrounding ventromedial temporal cortices. After surgery, the animals were trained on two recognition memory tasks: the Delayed Non‐Match to Sample (DNMS) task, which tests the ability to remember specific trial unique stimuli, and the Delayed Recognition Span Task (DRST), which tests the ability to remember an increasing array of stimuli. Relative to normal control monkeys, those with HF lesions demonstrated significant impairments in both learning and memory stages of the DNMS task. Additionally, the HF group was significantly impaired on spatial, color, and object versions of the DRST. Contrary to suggestions that damage to the entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices is required to produce significant behavioral deficits in the monkey, these results demonstrate that selective damage to the HF is sufficient to produce impairments on tasks involving delayed recognition and memory load. This finding illustrates the importance of the HF in the acquisition and retention of new information. Hippocampus 1999;9:562–574. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of patient protection and Affordable Care Act on trauma care: A step in the right direction

INTRODUCTION The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was implemented to guarantee financial coverage for health care for all Americans. The implementation of ACA is likely to influence the insurance status of Americans and reimbursement rates of trauma centers. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ACA on the patient insurance status, hospital reimbursements, and clinical outcomes at a Level I trauma center. We hypothesized that there would be a significant decrease in the proportion of uninsured trauma patients visiting our Level I trauma center following the ACA, and this is associated with improved reimbursement. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of the trauma registry and financial database at our Level I trauma center for a 27-month (July 2012 to September 2014) period by quarters. Our outcome measures were change in insurance status, hospital reimbursement rates (total payments/expected payments), and clinical outcomes before and after ACA (March 31, 2014). Trend analysis was performed to assess trends in outcomes over each quarter (3 months). RESULTS A total of 9,892 patients were included in the study. The overall uninsured rate during the study period was 20.3%. Post-ACA period was associated with significantly lower uninsured rate (p < 0.001). During the same time, there was as a significant increase in the Medicaid patients (p = 0.009). This was associated with significantly improved hospital reimbursements (p < 0.001). On assessing clinical outcomes, there was no change in hospitalization (p = 0.07), operating room procedures (p = 0.99), mortality (p = 0.88), or complications (p = 0.20). Post-ACA period was also not associated with any change in the hospital (p = 0.28) or length of stay at intensive care unit (p = 0.66). CONCLUSION The implementation of ACA has led to a decrease in the number of uninsured trauma patients. There was a significant increase in Medicaid trauma patients. This was associated with an increase in hospital reimbursements that substantially improved the financial revenues. Despite the controversies, implementation of ACA has the potential to substantially improve the financial outcomes of trauma centers through Medicaid expansion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Economic and value-based evaluation, level III.
INFLUENTIAL FACTORS IN CHOOSING HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION: A CASE STUDY OF A PRIVATE UNIVERSITY IN SURABAYA

Nowadays, tertiary education has taken more important role for Indonesian people. The growing number of tertiary education enrollment rate accompanied by the increasing number of higher education insitutions in Indonesia show that there is opportunity as well as threat for higher education insitutions in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to know what factors influence the high school students in choosing their higher education institution. Specifically, this research wants to help one of the best private universities in Surabaya to improve its competitiveness compared to other higher education institutions. The respondents of the research are 426 students from several high schools in Surabaya. The analysis is done using descriptive statistics to find out which factors are the most significant ones. From the research, it is found out that the students’ interest, the ability to follow the courses, and the parents’ advice are the top three significant factors that influence the high school students in choosing their higher education institution. For the attributes of the institution, the reputation and the values of the institution as well as the success of its alumni are the top three factors that influence the decision in choosing the higher education institution.
An empirical note on the impact of college athletics on tuition revenues

The economics and sociology literature has given much attention to the proper role of athletics in the mission of institutions of higher education. This discussion has turned into a debate; one argument holds that athletics fit nicely into the mission of most colleges. However, it has also been argued that athletics impede the students and faculty from achieving their academic potential. We argue that college athletics can increase the demand to attend the institution and lower the price elasticity of demand of non-resident students. This, in turn, increases the level of financial resources available to the institution. We model the percentage of out-of-state students as being dependent upon athletic success (among other variables) and find a positive and significant relationship between the two. In addition, potential net revenue gains from athletic success are provided for specific institutions.
The Cholinergic Signaling Responsible for the Expression of a Memory‐Related Protein in Primary Rat Cortical Neurons

Cholinergic dysfunction in the brain is closely related to cognitive impairment including memory loss. In addition to the degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, deficits in the cholinergic receptor signaling may also play an important role. In the present study, to examine the cholinergic signaling pathways responsible for the induction of a memory‐related postsynaptic protein, a cholinergic agonist carbachol was used to induce the expression of activity‐regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (Arc) in primary rat cortical neurons. After pretreating neurons with various antagonists or inhibitors, the levels of carbachol‐induced Arc protein expression were detected by Western blot analysis. The results show that carbachol induces Arc protein expression mainly through activating M1 acetylcholine receptors and the downstream phospholipase C pathway, which may lead to the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Importantly, carbachol‐mediated M2 receptor activation exerts negative effects on Arc protein expression and thus counteracts the enhanced effects of M1 activation. Furthermore, it is suggested for the first time that M1‐mediated enhancement of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) responses, leading to Ca2+ entry through NMDARs, contributes to carbachol‐induced Arc protein expression. These findings reveal a more complete cholinergic signaling that is responsible for carbachol‐induced Arc protein expression, and thus provide more information for developing treatments that can modulate cholinergic signaling and consequently alleviate cognitive impairment. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2428–2438, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do Solar Lamps Help Children Study? Contrary Evidence from a Pilot Study in Uganda

Abstract Over half a billion children lack adequate lighting and use dim, smoky and dangerous kerosene-based lighting for their evening studies. This article examines the conventional wisdom that the brighter, clean, safe and zero-marginal-cost light of solar lamps enhances children’s learning outcomes. In a randomised experiment, unexpectedly, solar lamps lowered test scores by five points out of 100 (0.25 standard deviation), but increased reported study time by approximately 30 minutes per day. This may be due to flickering from lack of full charge, lowering their productivity. The nationwide learning assessment suggests that solar lamps likely have an insignificant effect on educational attainment.
Limits on Spin-Mass Couplings within the Axion Window.

We compare the relative precession frequencies of Hg and Cs magnetometers as a function of the position of two 475 kg lead masses with respect to an applied magnetic field. Our observations limit the size of a possible monopole-dipole interaction expected to be produced by a pseudoscalar particle such as the axion. For a range of 20 cm, the products of the scalar and pseudoscalar couplings $({g}_{s}{g}_{p}/\ensuremath{\Elzxh}c)$ are found to be less than $2.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}29}$ and $3.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}29}$ for couplings to the electron and neutron spins, respectively. The $e(n)$ limits are approximately 3 (4) orders of magnitude better than earlier experiments.
Managing Innovation: When Less is More

An analysis of many highly successful and "visionary" companies reveals the existence of corporate cultures that emphasize adherence to company goals and cohesiveness within the group. While such cultures can improve effort, morale, and productivity, they also tend to thwart innovation—limiting not only the expression of "originar ideas, but even their production. Research in social psychology suggests that flexibility to changing circumstances and innovation is better served by a "culture" that not only tolerates, but welcomes dissent and minority views. Such dissent—even when wrong—stimulates better decision making and innovation. Thus, the proper harnessing of dissent may provide a mechanism for creating unity without uniformity and for igniting the "spark" of innovation.
Eggshell Thinning in Japanese Quail Fed Mercuric Chloride

The eggs produced by developing Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed 1 to 8 parts of mercury per million as mercuric chloride for 10 weeks have thinned shells. Total amounts of mercury in tissues were quite proportional to the dosage and were higher in males than in females. Methylation of mercury was not observed.
TAX REFORMS IN TANZANIA: MOTIVATIONS, DIRECTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

This paper provides a theoretical discussion on the relationship between buoyancy/elasticity and the existence of the underground economy and postulates an inverse relationship between the two. Such relationship is argued because the growth of the underground economy erodes the tax base and consequently reduces receipts, which in turn affects revenue productivity. In addition, the paper estimates the size of the underground economy in Tanzania for the period 1967-1990 in order to determine the magnitude of tax evasion. The resulting estimates show that the size of the underground economy is significant and grew from about 10% of official GDP in 1967 to 31% in 1990. These estimates suggest that tax evasion in 1990 was equal to more than one-third of total tax receipts in that year. The paper also provides an explanatory link between measured revenue productivity (buoyancy/elasticity) and tax policies. In this connection, the empirical results suggest that measured productivity is influenced by tax policies in place during a specific period. The lower rates/higher buoyancies in the 1970s and the higher rates/lower buoyancies in the 1980s demonstrate the laffer curve effect. Finally, the paper discusses what type of reforms could penetrate the underground economy. The paper concludes with important policy implications for tax reform.