Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Herschel/HIFI observations of spectrally resolved methylidyne signatures toward the high-mass star-forming core NGC 6334I

Context. In contrast to the more extensively studied dense star-forming cores, little is known about diffuse gas surrounding star-forming regions. Aims: We study the molecular gas in the Galactic high-mass star-forming region NGC 6334I, which contains diffuse, quiescent components that are inconspicuous in widely used molecular tracers such as CO. Methods: We present Herschel/HIFI observations of methylidyne (CH) toward NGC 6334I observed as part of the "Chemical HErschel Survey of Star forming regions" (CHESS) key program. HIFI resolves each of the six hyperfine components of the lowest rotational transition (J = 3/2 - 1/2) of CH, observed in both emission and absorption. Results: The CH emission features appear close to the systemic velocity of NGC 6334I, while its measured FWHM linewidth of 3 km s-1 is smaller than previously observed in dense gas tracers such as NH3 and SiO. The CH abundance in the hot core is ~7 × 10-11, two to three orders of magnitude lower than in diffuse clouds. While other studies find distinct outflows in, e.g., CO and H2O toward NGC 6334I, we do not detect any outflow signatures in CH. At least two redshifted components of cold absorbing material must be present at -3.0 and +6.5 km s-1 to explain the absorption signatures. We derive a CH column density (NCH) of 7 × 1013 and 3 × 1013 cm-2 for these two absorbing clouds. We find evidence of two additional absorbing clouds at +8.0 and 0.0 km s-1, both with NCH ≈ 2 × 1013 cm-2. Turbulent linewidths for the four absorption components vary between 1.5 and 5.0 km s-1 in FWHM. We constrain the physical properties and locations of the clouds by matching our CH absorbers with the absorption signatures seen in other molecular tracers. Conclusions: In the hot core, molecules such as H2O and CO trace gas that is heated and dynamically influenced by outflow activity, whereas the CH molecule traces more quiescent material. The four CH absorbing clouds have column densities and turbulent properties that are consistent with those of diffuse clouds: two are located in the direct surroundings of NGC 6334, and two are unrelated foreground clouds. Local density and dynamical effects influence the chemical composition of the physical components of NGC 6334, which causes some components to be seen in CH but not in other tracers, and vice versa. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.Acknowledgements (page 5) are only available in electronic form at http://www.aanda. org
Sleep Onset/Maintenance Difficulties and Cognitive Function in Nondemented Older Adults: The Role of Cognitive Reserve

Abstract This study examined the relationship between cognitive function and sleep onset/maintenance difficulties (SO/MD) in nondemented older adults. We hypothesized that SO/MD negatively impacts cognition and that older adults with lower education would be especially vulnerable to its effects. The sample comprised 549 older adults from the Einstein Aging Study (EAS), a community-based cohort. Participants completed neuropsychological assessment and a sleep questionnaire. Univariate ANCOVAs were performed with cognitive performance as a dependent variable, SO/MD (present or absent) and education (lower: ⩽12 years; higher: >12 years) as between-subjects factors, and age, ethnicity, gender, depression, and cardiovascular comorbidies as covariates. Participants were an average age of 79.7 ± 5.0 years (range = 71–97 years). Fifty-seven percent (n = 314) of the sample met criteria for SO/MD. Among participants with SO/MD, those with lower education performed more poorly on a test of category fluency than participants with higher education (means: 35.2 vs. 41.0; p < .001); among older adults without SO/MD, educational attainment had no measurable effect on cognition (SO/MD × education interaction (F(1,536) = 14.5; p = . 00)). Consistent with the cognitive reserve hypothesis, older adults with lower education appear selectively vulnerable to the negative effects of sleep onset/maintenance difficulties on tests of verbal fluency. (JINS, 2012, 18, 461–470)
UNDERSTANDING THE DETERMINANTS OF FIRM GROWTH IN YOUNG REITs

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the determinants of firm growth in young REITs with the view that REITs with its unique operating environment may have different implications for new venture growth. This study aims to (a) document growth characteristics of REITs, (b) empirically examine different growth determinants of REITs, (c) explore different growth strategies adopted by REITs, and (d) investigate the dual relationship between growth and profitability in REITs. To start with, we explore the heterogeneity of the growth trajectories adopted by young REITs by examining the distribution of firm growth rates. REITs experience spurts of high growth when they are young i.e. they are less than five years old. Also, new REITs that grow at higher rates in early years survive longer, but this rapid growth is not sustainable in the longer run. We provide evidence that REITs usually achieve growth in three different ways: organic, acquisition and property development. Acquisitions have been the preferred route for REITsi external growth as development is considered to be risky. Also, development activities are undertaken primarily by large and established REITs. The pattern of growth differs across REITs based on demographic characteristics, financing choices and property types. We use GMM-system‚ estimator to test a dynamic panel data model of firm growth that overcomes the problems of endogeneity, unobserved firm-specific effects and persistence. Using data on 148 US public equity REITs that had its IPO during the period 1993-2005, we find that REIT growth is inversely proportional to REIT size, age and leverage and directly related to cash flow and insider ownership. These factors explain the differential growth observed in REITs. We also find positive persistency in growth rates in young REITs. Finally, we find a small positive influence of profit rates on subsequent growth and a positive and significant reciprocal influence of growth on profits.
How Consumers Respond to Product Certification: A Welfare Analysis of the Energy Star Program

The ENERGY STAR certification is a voluntary labeling program managed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that favors the adoption of energy efficient products. I use unique micro-data on the US refrigerator market to show that consumers respond to certification in different ways. Some consumers appear to rely heavily on ENERGY STAR and pay little attention to electricity costs, others are the reverse, and still others appear to be insensitive to both electricity costs and ENERGY STAR. I then develop a structural model of demand to capture the degree of sophistication with which consumers account for the energy efficiency attribute. Using the structural demand model, I simulate the effects of the certification program on the US refrigerator market. My results suggest that the program may improve social welfare and lead to large energy savings. By design, the program may also lead to a number of unintended consequences. On one hand, the certification may increase the perceived quality of the certified products and induce consumers to invest too much in energy efficiency. On the other hand, the certification partly crowds out efforts to fully account for energy costs and induces consumers to invest too little in energy efficiency. This latter effect may even dominate.
Peripheral pulmonary carcinoid tumors

The light microscopic and ultrastructural features of five asymptomatic peripheral carcinoids presented as distinct pulmonary solitary nodules are described. By conventional microscopy the tumors displayed a variety of histologic patterns, the most unusual one showing tumor cells embedded in a richly vascular hyalinized stroma and forming papillary structures or cystic spaces lined by low cuboidal cells which ultrastructurally bore a strong resemblance to intermediate or transitional forms between types I and II pneumocytes. A striking feature of these tumors was their rich vasculature associated with a marked perivascular sclerosis composed of basement membrane‐like material and collagen fibrils most likely produced by the increased numbers of pericytes surrounding these sclerotic vessels. The clinical implications, biologic behavior, and association of these tumors with other pulmonary neoplasms are also discussed.
The Constrained Instability of Majority Rule: Experiments on the Robustness of the Uncovered Set

The uncovered set has frequently been proposed as a solution concept for majority rule settings. This paper tests this proposition using a new technique for estimating uncovered sets and a series of experiments, including five-player computer-mediated experiments and 35-player paper-format experiments. The results support the theoretic appeal of the uncovered set. Outcomes overwhelmingly lie in or near the uncovered set. Furthermore, when preferences shift, outcomes track the uncovered set. Although outcomes tend to occur within the uncovered set, they are not necessarily stable; majority dominance relationships still produce instability, albeit constrained by the uncovered set.
Effect of fructose and other carbohydrates on the surface properties, lipoteichoic acid production, and extracellular proteins of Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt grown in continuous culture

Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt was grown in a chemostat at destined dilution rates in either 0.5% fructose or 0.5% sorbitol and at destined pH values in 0.5% fructose. The yield of cells was affected by the carbohydrate source, as well as by the pH, with the lowest yield being at pH 5.5 in 0.5% fructose. Fructose-grown cells showed greater susceptibility to lysis by a muramidase than the corresponding glucose-grown cells, but there were no marked differences in the lytic susceptibilities of the corresponding cell wall preparations or in the serological reactivities of wall lysates with antiserum to S. mutans Ingbritt. The greatest amounts of cellular lipoteichoic acid were obtained at high dilution rates in both fructose and sorbitol, as well as at high pH values in fructose. The greatest amounts of extracellular lipoteichoic acid were found at low dilution rates, as estimated by rocket immunoelectrophoresis and also by hemagglutination. Three major extracellular protein components were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the effects of growth conditions on these components were determined. Results for batch-grown cultures showed that there was genotypic variation in the susceptibility of cells to lysis by a muramidase. The enhancement of lipoteichoic acid production by fructose and sorbitol in batch cultures was not identical in representative strains of S. mutans serotype c, nor was the effect of fructose found uniformly in representative strains of the different S. mutans serotypes.
Application of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Methods on Productivity of Jasmine Rice Variety in Southern Iraq

Field experiments were conducted during the summer season of 2008 in Al-Muthanna province in southern Iraq at four sites (Al-Rumatha district and Al-Warkaa, Al-Najmi and Al-Majd sub-districts) to study the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) practices influence on the grain yield and yield components of Jasmine rice. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) methods had favorable and significant impacts on plant height and panicle length and showed significant differences in the yield components of grain number and sterility percentage panicles. There were no significant differences in number of tillers m -2 as the conventional method, using larger amounts of seed for sowing, has higher density of plants m -2 . The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) methods gave the highest grain yield at the first site (7,257 kg ha -1 ) and the lowest yield at the second site (6,692 kg ha -1 ), while conventional methods (non-SRI) had their best grain yield at the fourth site (5,122 kg ha -1 ) and lowest yield at the third site (3,616 kg ha -1 ). In all cases SRI methods had favorable effect on grain yield/ha as compared
Earnings Smoothing, Governance and Liquidity: International Evidence

We examine the relation between earnings smoothing, governance and liquidity for a sample of non-U.S. firms. We divide smoothing into innate and discretionary components, and find that discretionary smoothing is increasing in incentives to smooth (greater tax-book conformity, concentrated ownership, related party transactions and weak overall governance) and decreasing in oversight (investor protection, analyst following and ADR listing). Given the potential for smoothing to affect transparency, we examine the relation between smoothing and investors' willingness to transact in the stock as reflected in liquidity. After controlling for other liquidity determinants, we find that firms with greater levels of discretionary smoothing experience lower liquidity as evidenced by greater frequency of zero returns days, lower trading volume and higher bid-ask spreads. In contrast, results for innate smoothing suggest that innate smoothing is positively correlated with liquidity. Taken together, our results suggest that investors differentiate between innate and discretionary smoothing, and discretionary smoothing reduces their willingness to transact in the stock.
What Drives Customer Loyalty with Complaint Resolution?

Even though customer satisfaction and loyalty have been studied at length, few if any studies have focused on antecedents to customer loyalty for dissatisfied complaining customers. In this article, a theoretical model focusing on negative affect, satisfaction with complaint resolution, and corporate image as antecedents to customer loyalty is proposed and tested empirically. First, satisfaction with complaint resolution has a positive impact on customer loyalty. Complaint resolution is thus an important element of the company’s customer retention strategy. Second, negative affect caused by the initial service failure has a negative impact on satisfaction with complaint resolution and customer loyalty. From this finding, one can imply that the customer starts the resolution process from a deficit. Finally, corporate image has a positive impact on customer loyalty. Thus, corporate image plays a role not only in attracting new customers but also in retaining existing dissatisfied customers.
Tight informationally complete quantum measurements

We introduce a class of informationally complete positive-operator-valued measures which are, in analogy with a tight frame, 'as close as possible' to orthonormal bases for the space of quantum states. These measures are distinguished by an exceptionally simple state-reconstruction formula which allows 'painless' quantum state tomography. Complete sets of mutually unbiased bases and symmetric informationally complete positive-operator-valued measures are both members of this class, the latter being the unique minimal rank-one members. Recast as ensembles of pure quantum states, the rank-one members are in fact equivalent to weighted 2-designs in complex projective space. These measures are shown to be optimal for quantum cloning and linear quantum state tomography.
Exploring the effects of different reward programs on in‐role and extra‐role performance of retail sales associates

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of different reward programs on in‐role and extra‐role behaviour; and to investigate whether specific reward programs can be designed to enhance both in‐role and extra‐role behaviour simultaneously.Design/methodology/approach – Semi‐structured in‐depth interviews were conducted on a total of 11 employees from four different fashion retail outlets. Informants consisted of employees from different positions within these organizations (i.e. store manager, assistant store manager and sales associates) to provide researchers with possibly differing viewpoints. Interviews were content analysed and classified, according to emerging themes.Findings – Certain reward programs, namely individual and group financial incentives motivated sales associates to engage in both in‐role and extra‐role behaviour simultaneously. Further, compared to formal recognition programs, informal reward programs (individual financial incentives, individual social recognition .
Passenger Transport Mode Shares in World Cities

Passenger transport mode share refers to the percentage of passenger journeys or trips by the main mode of transport and is typically reported through travel surveys. Comparing passenger transport mode share across different cities is a challenging task. As travel surveys are typically conducted for long-term strategic planning purpose, such surveys are not conducted frequently and detailed reports are not always published. The situation is further complicated as the surveys are often commissioned by local governments. The geographical areas covered, sampling and interviewing techniques, questionnaire and stratification methods deployed by travel surveys vary greatly in different countries. For example, the definition for a pedestrian trip or a public transport trip may be different in different countries. In cities like Hong Kong, mode share is based on the number of boardings by mode of transport (or journeystages). In most cities, however, mode share is reported on the basis of the number of journeys, which may consist of a series of boardings on different modes of transport and the main mode is reported as the transport mode.
Risk Management Strategies in New Zealand Agriculture and Horticulture

This study strengthens the empirical basis for risk analysis by identifying the importance which producers attach to different risk management strategies in New Zealand's deregulated farming environment. A nationwide survey covering eight farm types was conducted. As range of production, marketing and financial strategies used by farmers and growers were identified. Some strategies appear to be favoured by farmers and growers in all industries, others seem to be industry specific, and some are universally unpopular. The mix of strategies employed seems to vary by farm type. Possible reasons for variation are identified.
Political Contributions and the Auditor-Client Relationship

We investigate the impact of audit client political contributions on various audit attributes. We find that, despite having poorer accruals quality, clients with higher political contributions have fewer restatements, receive no more going concern qualified opinions, and receive fewer reported material weaknesses. Additionally, we find that auditors earn higher fees from and have longer tenure with their politically connected clients. Our evidence is indirect, but the totality of our results is most consistent with an economic bond between auditors and their politically connected clients, whereby clients are allowed more accounting discretion and receive fewer adverse audit outcomes, and the auditor charges a persistent risk premium. Our evidence extends prior research concluding that political connections afford firms influence over governments, lenders, and regulators.
Electrophysiological properties of guinea pig tracheal epithelium determined by cable analysis.

Electrophysiological characteristics of guinea pig tracheae were measured in vitro using an adaptation of cable analysis. This method allowed the repeated measurement of luminal diameter and epithelial electrical potential, resistance, and short-circuit current (Isc) during treatments known to affect smooth muscle contraction and epithelial ion transport. Stable values taken 3 h after mounting were as follows: diameter, 2.27 +/- 0.10 mm; potential, -28.3 +/- 2.3 mV; resistance, 327 +/- 30 omega.cm2; and Isc, 91.2 +/- 6.8 microA/cm2. These electrophysiological results are comparable to reported values for other species. However, the resistance and potential obtained in this study were larger than those previously reported for the guinea pig. Tracheal diameter was decreased 15% by methacholine and was increased 43% by subsequent isoproterenol treatment. Isoproterenol caused a small but significant increase in Isc when this quantity was normalized to tracheal length rather than to the apparent surface area. In contrast, apical amiloride decreased Isc by 51% and did not change diameter. These data validate this implementation of cable analysis, demonstrate that sodium absorption is the predominant mechanism of active ion transport by guinea pig tracheal epithelium, and indicate that this tissue has little capacity for stimulated chloride secretion.
Status epilepticus in immature rats leads to behavioural and cognitive impairment and epileptogenesis

It remains under dispute whether status epilepticus (SE) in the perinatal period or early childhood or the underlying neuropathology is the cause of functional impairment later in life. The present study examined whether SE induced by LiCl–pilocarpine in normal immature brain (at the age of 12 or 25 days; P12 or P25) causes cognitive decline and epileptogenesis, and the data were compared to those of rats undergoing SE as adults. Rats in the P12 group had impaired memory (repeated exposure to open‐field paradigm) and emotional behaviour (lower proportion of open‐arm entries and higher incidence of risk assessment period in elevated plus‐maze) when assessed 3 months after SE, although not as severe as in the older age groups. Importantly, video‐electroencephalography monitoring 3 months after SE demonstrated that 25% of rats in the P12 and 50% in P25 group developed spontaneous seizures. Only nonconvulsive seizures (ictal activity in hippocampus accompanied by automatisms) were recorded in the P12 group whereas rats in the P25 group exhibited clonic convulsions. The present findings indicate that SE is harmful to the immature brain as early as P12, which might be compared with early infancy in humans.
Role of endocardial septal ablation in the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Septal reduction therapy is accepted as a first therapeutic option for symptomatic drug-resistant hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Although, surgical septal myectomy is the gold standard method, alcohol septal ablation is a well-studied alternative approach in the patients with suitable anatomy. Endocardial septal ablation (ESA) therapy was relatively new defined modality and outcomes of the procedure were not clearly elucidated yet. We aimed to review the clinical aspects of ESA procedure and provide some historical background.
Advanced Logistic Belief Neural Network Algorithm for Robot Arm Control

Problem statement: This study discusses the implementation of advanced logistic belief Neural Network for robot arms control. Approach: Given the desired trajectory of the end-effectors in space, the logistic function is used to compute the conditional probability of the neurons being active in response to its induced field. The computations of conditional probabilities are performed under two different null conditions. (1) for all vectors not belonging to the parent of element node i and node j. (2) for node i greater than node j, which follows from the fact that the network is acyclic. Results: The test results proved the merit of the proposed method due to the fact that the robot arms move in the expected desired trajectory position within the allocated time set for each action. Conclusion/Recommendation: Our future work will be to improve this method for its use in the industrial robot arms.