Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
First rotavirus vaccine licensed: Is there really a need?

The first rotavirus vaccine was licensed in the United States on 31 August 1998 for the prevention of severe rotavius diarrhea in children. Despite this landmark in new vaccines, many pediatricians and public health professionals in Europe are uncertain of the need for this vaccine for the routine immunization of infants. In Europe, ample evidence suggests that rotavirus is the most common cause of hospitalizations for severe diarrhea among children, but proper studies documenting the disease burden of rotavirus or th cost‐effectiveness of a rotavirus immunization program have only been conducted in the United Kingdom following epidemiologic models used in the United States. All children are infected with rotavirus during their first few years of life, 30‐50% of diarrheal hospitalizations among children <5 years are due to this agent, and, by the age of 5 years, between 1 in 40 and 1 in 77 children in Europe and the United States may be hospitalized for rotavirus. The first vaccine is a live, oral preparation combining four different serotypes of rotavirus and administered in three doses with other childhood immunizations. The good efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhea, the low risk of adverse side effects and the positive costeffectiveness equation have led the two major immunization advisory groups in the U.S. to recommend this vaccine for routine use in American infants. European physicians and policymakers should re‐examine the epidemiology and disease burden of rotavirus diarrhea now that an effective method of prevention is at hand. □Childhood immunization, diseases, rotavirus, vaccination.
p 16 Stimulates CDC 42-Dependent Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Tumor dissemination to the extra-hepatic region of the portal vein, lymph nodes, lungs or bones contributes to the high mortality seen in HCC; yet, the molecular mechanisms responsible for HCC metastasis remain unclear. Prior studies have suggested a potential link between accumulated cytoplasm-localized p16 and tumor progression. Here we report that p16 enhances metastasis-associated phenotypes in HCC cells – ectopic p16 expression increased cell migration in vitro, and lung colonization after intravenous injection, whereas knockdown of endogenous p16 reduced cell migration. Interestingly, analysis of p16 mutants indicated that the Cdk4 interaction domain is required for stimulation of HCC cell migration; however, knockdown of Cdk4 and Cdk6 showed that these proteins are dispensable for this phenomenon. Intriguingly, we found that in p16-positive HCC samples, p16 protein is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. In addition, we identified a potential role for nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling in p16-stimulated migration, consistent with the predominantly cytoplasmic localization of p16 in IHC-positive HCC samples. Finally, we determined that p16-stimulated cell migration requires the Cdc42 GTPase. Our results demonstrate for the first time a pro-migratory role for p16, and suggest a potential mechanism for the observed association between cytoplasmic p16 and tumor progression in diverse tumor types. Citation: Chen Y-W, Chu H-C, Lin Z-S, Shiah W-J, Chou C-P, et al. (2013) p16 Stimulates CDC42-Dependent Migration of Hepatocellular Cells. PLoS ONE 8(7): e69389. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0069389 Editor: John Luk, Johnson & Johnson Medical, China Received January 10, 2013; Accepted June 8, 2013; Published July 24, 2013 Copyright: © 2013 Chen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This study was supported by an NIH grant CA121171 to BCL and National Science Council grants NSC97-3112-B-001-016, NSC 99-2320B-400-001, NSC 100-2320-B-400-008 and DOH101 TD-C-111-004 to YWC. BCL is a member of the University of Massachusetts DERC (DK32520). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: ywc@nhri.org. tw (YWC); Brian.Lewis@umassmed.edu (BCL)
Encephalitogenic T Cells Requires SHP-1 MHC Variant Peptide-Mediated Anergy of

Our lab has demonstrated that encephalitogenic T cells can be effectively anergized by treatment with MHC variant peptides, which are analogues of immunogenic peptides containing an amino acid substitution at an MHC anchor residue. The MHC variant peptide of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35–55 proves an effective treatment as it does not induce symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and fails to recruit macrophages or MOG 35–55 -speciﬁc T cells to the CNS. In this study, we sought to characterize the signaling pathways required for the induction of anergy by building upon the observations identifying the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 as a critical regulator of T cell responsiveness. Motheaten viable heterozygous mice, which contain a mutation in the SHP-1 gene resulting in a reduction in functional SHP-1, were challenged with MOG 35–55 or the MOG 35–55 MHC variant 45D. These mice display symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis upon immunization with MHC variant peptide and have signiﬁcant CNS inﬁltration of tetramer-positive CD4 (cid:1) cells and macrophages, unlike B6 mice challenged with the variant peptide. The effects of SHP-1 are directly on the T cell as Motheaten viable heterozygous mice autoreactive T cells are not anergized in vitro. Lastly, we demonstrate no distinguishable difference in the initial interaction between the TCR and agonist or MHC variant. Rather, an unstable interaction between peptide and MHC attenuates the T cell response, seen in a decreased half-life relative to MOG 35–55 . These results identify SHP-1 as a mediator of T cell anergy induced by destabilized peptide:MHC complexes. The Journal of Immunology, 2008, 181: 6843–6849.
Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour.

BACKGROUND Active management of the third stage of labour involves giving a prophylactic uterotonic, early cord clamping and controlled cord traction to deliver the placenta. With expectant management, signs of placental separation are awaited and the placenta is delivered spontaneously. Active management was introduced to try to reduce haemorrhage, a major contributor to maternal mortality in low-income countries. OBJECTIVES To compare the effectiveness of active versus expectant management of the third stage of labour. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group Trials Register (May 2010). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing active versus expectant management of the third stage of labour. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and carried out data extraction. MAIN RESULTS We included five studies (6486 women), all undertaken in hospitals in high-income countries. Four compared active versus expectant management, and one compared active versus a mixture of managements. Analysis used random-effects because of clinical heterogeneity. Active management reduced the average risk of maternal primary haemorrhage (more than 1000 ml) (risk ratio (RR) 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14 to 0.87, three studies, 4636 women) and of maternal haemoglobin less than 9 g/dl following birth (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.83, two studies, 1572 women) for women irrespective of their risk of bleeding. We identified no difference in Apgar scores less than seven at five minutes. Active management showed significant increases in maternal diastolic blood pressure, after-pains, use of analgesia and more women returning to hospital with bleeding. There was also a decrease in the baby's birthweight with active management, reflecting the lower blood volume from interference with placental transfusion. There were similar findings for women at low risk of bleeding except there was no significant difference identified for severe haemorrhage. Hypertension and interference with placental transfusion might be avoided by using modifications to the active management package, e.g. omitting ergot and deferring cord clamping, but we have no direct evidence of this here. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Active management of third stage reduced the risk of haemorrhage greater than 1000 ml in an unselected population, but adverse effects are identified. Women should be given information on the benefits and harms to support informed choice. Given the concerns about early cord clamping and the potential adverse effects of some uterotonics, it is critical now to look at the individual components of third stage management. Data are also required from low-income countries.
Windowing BitTorrent for Video-on-Demand: Not All is Lost with Tit-for-Tat

In this paper we present findings from our windowing BitTorrent simulations and show that by carefully optimizing other factors a reasonable level of performance can be achieved while leaving the original BitTorrent tit-for-tat mechanism intact. We compare the previously proposed windowing piece selection algorithms for BitTorrent and propose a new one, called the stretching window algorithm. We also propose a new method for reducing buffering times, adjusting the window size as the download progresses, and we show its effectiveness. We also observe that windowing BitTorrent algorithms exhibit steady state behavior, and that even a small level of altruism leads to significantly improved system performance.
Infections in day care

The number of preschool-aged children who attend day care has increased dramatically in recent years. Factors promoting spread of infections in this setting include crowding, lack of hygiene, high prevalence of early exploratory behaviors, and the likelihood of many susceptible children being in close contact. As a result, children attending day care experience a great number of episodes of respiratory and gastrointestinal illness than do other children. Moreover, the risk of a number of specific infections, including Haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis A, is increased by attendance in day care. Day-care staff are at increased risk of a number of infections, some of which, including cytomegalovirus and parvovirus B19, may have adverse consequences to a fetus. The presence of children in day care increases the risk of illness among staff and family members and may promote the circulation of infections in the community as a whole.
Reversible lymphoma in the setting of azathioprine therapy for Crohn's disease.

To the Editor: The use of immunosuppressive agents after organ transplantation is associated with an increased risk of lymphoproliferative disorders related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)1. The risk of these disorders with immunosuppressive therapy for other conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, is not well established. We describe a patient in whom a reversible EBV-related lymphoproliferative disease developed during treatment with azathioprine for Crohn's disease. A 33-year-old man had a 13-year history of Crohn's disease involving the whole small bowel. Because the disease was steroid-dependent, azathioprine therapy was started (100 mg per day) in April 1988. After steroids were withdrawn, .
Blood pressure in subjects with hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism detected in a health screening programme

Abstract. Primary hyperparathyroidism was the most likely diagnosis in sixty‐eight non‐thiazide treated patients with hypercalcaemia detected in a health screening. The group included fifty‐five females and thirteen males with a mean±SEM age of 55.0±0.7 years. On a pair basis, these patients were compared with a series of sixty‐eight age‐ and sex‐matched normocalcaemic subjects selected from the health screening register. Five subjects in each group were receiving medication for hypertension. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in the hypercalcaemic subjects in the remaining fifty‐eight pairs (P<0.001). This difference was unrelated to impaired renal filtration and many other factors associated with hypertension. It is concluded that hypercalcaemia and/or other effects of deranged parathyroid function per se may result in a blood pressure elevation which need not necessarily attain the level of hypertension.
Oral treatment of acute pulmonary embolism with a fixed dose of rivaroxaban is non-inferior to standard treatment

Commentary on: EINSTEIN-PE Investigators , Buller HR, Prins MH, Lensin AW, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1287–97. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common disease with potentially life-threatening consequences. Current guidelines1 recommend immediate start of anticoagulation with heparin for at least 5 days. Thereafter, heparin may be replaced by vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). The EINSTEIN-PE study tested rivaroxaban for the treatment of acute PE. Rivaroxaban, an oral anti-Xa antagonist, has the major advantage of oral administration with a fixed dose. This drug has been tested so far for thromboprophylaxis after orthopaedic surgery and for patients with atrial fibrillation. The applied therapeutic regimen of rivaroxaban was also already tested for acute deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) in the EINSTEIN-DVT trial.2 A total of 4832 adult patients with acute symptomatic PE were included in … [1]: {openurl}? query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.volume%253D366%26rft.issue%253D14%26rft.spage%253D1287%26rft.epage%253D1297%26rft.atitle%253DOral%2Brivaroxaban%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Btreatment%2Bof%2Bsymptomatic%2Bpulmonary%2Bembolism. %26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1113572%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22449293%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref? access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa1113572&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref? access_num=22449293&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F1%2F29.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref? access_num=000302343000006&link_type=ISI
Experience, Rorschach Responses, and Role-Taking (Empathy): A Dualistic Suggestion

This paper suggests the existence of two kinds of role-taking (empathy). The one that may be called intuitional is the one that Beck relates to Dilthey's Verstehen, Husserl's essentia, and the Rorschach examiner's own test responses. It is hypothesized to correlate with Rorschach movement responses and to entail the Erlebnis concept of “experience. ” The one that may be called inferential is hypothesized to correlate with Rorschach form responses and to entail the Erfahrung concept of “experience. ” Of the two clusters, focus is on intuitional role-taking, movement responses, and Erlebnis. It is suggested that an Erlebnis psychology is inevitably an ad hominem psychology.
Electrochemistry of vitamin E hydro-alcoholic solutions

O comportamento eletroquimico da vitamina E em meio hidro-alcoolico foi estudado na faixa de pH 3,1-12,1 aplicando-se as tecnicas voltametria ciclica, eletrolise com potencial controlado e espectroscopias UV-Vis, IR e 13C RMN. Observou-se que a presenca de agua tem consequencias importantes na estabilidade quimica das especies geradas eletroquimicamente. Em meio hidro-alcoolico e sobre eletrodos de carbono vitreo, a vitamina E apresenta tres picos de oxidacao, enquanto que apenas um pico e observado em outros solventes. Embora a reacao eletroquimica no primeiro pico seja a mesma na presenca e na ausencia de agua, a qual compreende a transferencia de dois eletrons em uma etapa, duas reacoes eletroquimicas e tres quimicas subsequentes ao primeiro pico foram pela primeira vez estabelecidas com base em evidencias eletroquimicas em meio hidro-alcoolico. Estes resultados sao considerados muito importantes levando-se em consideracao o papel mediador na transferencia de eletrons entre a fase aquosa e lipidica que a vitamina E exerce no organismo.
Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health-Allergic reactions to ingested Anisakis Simplex antigens and evaluation of the possible risk to human health-27 April 1998

Migrant larvae of several nematodes genera may reach humans by ingestion of infected fish, molluscs or crustraceans when they are consumed raw or not adequatelly salted, pickled smoked, or cooked. Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, and Contracaecum spp are the most relevant for public health (1) Anisakis simplex, belonging to the family heterocheilidae, live in the intestine of sea mammals and its larva infects small crustaceans (L1 stage), then cephalopods (squid) and fish (especially herring, mackerel, hake, blue whiting, cod.) (L3 stage). At fishing, when the fish dies, some larvae will migrate from the intestine to the abdominal cavity and the fish flesh. These migrated larvae may be ingested by the consumer. In most cases the larvae die in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract when they are ingested by humans. Sometimes, they penetrate into the mucosa and elicit an inflammatory reaction which in a few cases lead to a severe eosinophilic granuloma associated with clinical symptoms. The disease "anisakiasis" (a better denomination should be "anisakidosis", according to the recent recommendations of Societies of Parasitology, at the international level), represents the clinical situation related to infection by living Anisakis larvae. Location of the larvae may be gastric, intestinal or ectopic. Anisakidosis may present as peptic ulcer disease, as a case of acute abdomen, as a bowel obstruction, or as abdominal pain, either vague or intense, with or without vomiting. It may or may not be associated with allergic symptoms. Due to the vagueness and/or the diversity of its symptoms, the disease is often misdiagnosed as appendicitis, peritonitis, gastric ulcer or tumor, ileitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis, tuberculosis, peritonitis, cancer of the pancreas, or Crohn's disease (2, 3).
Lower Eyelid Laxity in Functional Acquired Epiphora: Evaluation With Quantitative Scintigraphy

Purpose: The examination of lacrimal drainage is often based on qualitative criteria. This study uses quantitative scintigraphy to evaluate “functional” epiphora. Methods: Thirty-two patients with functional epiphora (no morphologic abnormalities of the conjunctiva and eyelids, a patent nasolacrimal duct on irrigation, and no anatomical stenosis on dacryocystography) were studied (study group, SG). Twenty-two individuals without epiphora were also examined (control group, CG). Fifty microliters of Technetium-99m was instilled into the conjunctival cul-de-sac. Time-activity curves were then constructed, and conjunctival lacrimal clearance (CLC) at 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 minutes was calculated. Differences in CLC between the SG and the CG and correlations between CLC and horizontal and median tendon laxity and eyelid length in the SG were examined. Results: The SG had significantly reduced CLC at 2.5 and 5 minutes, compared with the CG (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively), whereas respective differences at 7.5 and 10 minutes were not statistically significant. In the SG, CLC at 2.5 and 5 minutes was significantly correlated with horizontal and median tendon laxity. The respective correlation with eyelid length was not statistically significant. Furthermore, in the SG, CLC at 2.5 and 5 minutes was significantly correlated with patient age (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively). Differences in CLC between men and women were not statistically significant at all intervals. Conclusions: The correlation between eyelid laxity and CLC supports the role of the eyelid “pump” in lacrimal drainage. CLC at 2.5 and 5 minutes may be used to decide treatment methods for functional epiphora.
Pinch grip strength as an alternative assessment to hand grip strength for assessing muscle strength in patients with chronic kidney disease treated by haemodialysis: a prospective audit.

BACKGROUND Muscle weakness and wasting are prevalent in haemodialysis (HD) patients, and substantially increase mortality. Convenient, readily applicable screening tests for routine clinical practice are required. Hand grip strength (HGS) has been validated in HD patients but cannot be readily measured during a HD session. On the other hand, pinch strength (PS) can be measured during a HD session, and we aimed to compare the two methods of assessing muscle strength. METHODS We measured pinch strength (PS) and hand grip strength (HGS) in 209 adult HD patients. The mean of three measurements was taken. RESULTS The mean (SD) HGS was 15.3 (7.1) kg, compared to a PS of 2.9 (1.5) kg (P < 0.0001). HGS was weaker in the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) arm than the non-AVF arm [14.01 (6.9) versus 16.4 (7.1) kg (P < 0.001)], as was PS [AVF arm 2.63 (1.30) versus 3.08 (1.65) kg (P < 0.001)]. We found a strong correlation between HGS and PS (r = 0.82, P < 0.001. Comparing HGS and PS, we found a mean difference of 12.08 kg (Bland-Altman analysis), although the absolute difference was smaller with lower HGS. CONCLUSIONS We found PS to be highly correlated with HGS, and was more convenient for patients because PS could be readily performed during the HD session. PS may provide an easier screening tool for muscle strength than HGS for dialysis patients, although further validation studies are required.
Deep Proteomic Evaluation of Primary and Cell Line Motoneuron Disease Models Delineates Major Differences in Neuronal Characteristics*

The fatal neurodegenerative disorders amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy are, respectively, the most common motoneuron disease and genetic cause of infant death. Various in vitro model systems have been established to investigate motoneuron disease mechanisms, in particular immortalized cell lines and primary neurons. Using quantitative mass-spectrometry-based proteomics, we compared the proteomes of primary motoneurons to motoneuron-like cell lines NSC-34 and N2a, as well as to non-neuronal control cells, at a depth of 10,000 proteins. We used this resource to evaluate the suitability of murine in vitro model systems for cell biological and biochemical analysis of motoneuron disease mechanisms. Individual protein and pathway analysis indicated substantial differences between motoneuron-like cell lines and primary motoneurons, especially for proteins involved in differentiation, cytoskeleton, and receptor signaling, whereas common metabolic pathways were more similar. The proteins associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis also showed distinct differences between cell lines and primary motoneurons, providing a molecular basis for understanding fundamental alterations between cell lines and neurons with respect to neuronal pathways with relevance for disease mechanisms. Our study provides a proteomics resource for motoneuron research and presents a paradigm of how mass-spectrometry-based proteomics can be used to evaluate disease model systems.
Childhood bereavement

EDITOR,—I have recently helped to prepare a medical report on a young Nigerian who claims that he was tortured during detention in Nigeria. No charges were ever brought against him despite months of detention under appalling circumstances. His crime was apparently that of belonging to and working for the Campaign for Democracy. He was held in detention in Britain for a year (presumably at enormous expense to taxpayers) while …