Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the effective components of the flowers of Trollius chinensis from the perspectives of intestinal bacterial transformation and intestinal absorption

Abstract Context: The flowers of Trollius chinensis Bunge (Ranunculaceae), used for respiratory tract infections, mainly contain flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids; however, the effective components are debatable because of their unclear in vivo activities. Objective: This study investigates the effective components from the perspectives of biotransformation and absorption. Materials and methods: Both single person derived- and multiple people-derived intestinal florae were used to investigate the biotransformation of aqueous extract of the flowers of T. chinensis (AEOF) at the concentrations of 15.0, 30.0, and 60.0 mg/mL, respectively, for 72 h. Both human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) monolayers and everted gut sacs were employed to evaluate the intestinal absorption of the intestinal bacterial transformed AEOF at the concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 mg/mL, respectively, for 180 min. Results: 2″-O-β-l-Galactopyranosylorientin, orientin, vitexin, quercetin, veratric acid, proglobeflowery acid, and trolline in AEOF were not transformed by intestinal bacteria, while isoquercetin and trollioside were completely transformed. The Papp values of 2″-O-β-l-galactopyranosylorientin, orientin, and vitexin calculated based on the experimental data of intestinal absorption were at the levels of 10−5, whereas those of veratric acid, proglobeflowery acid, and trolline were at 10−4. The mass ratio of flavonoids to phenolic acids to alkaloids changed from 16:10:7 to 9:12:8 before and after absorption. Discussion and conclusion: The dominant position of flavonoids was replaced by phenolic acids after absorption. In addition to flavonoids which are usually considered as the dominant effective ones, phenolic acids and alkaloids should be also very important for the efficacy of these flowers.
Cytotoxicity and anti-Leishmania amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis leaf extracts

Abstract Context: Leishmania amazonensis is the main agent of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease characterized by lesional polymorphism and the commitment of skin surface. Previous reports demonstrated that the Citrus genus possess antimicrobial activity. Objective: This study evaluated the anti-L. amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) extracts. Materials and methods: Citrus sinensis dried leaves were subjected to maceration with hexane (CH), ethyl acetate (CEA), dichloromethane/ethanol (CD/Et – 1:1) or ethanol/water (CEt/W – 7:3). Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes were treated with C. sinensis extracts (1–525 μg/mL) for 120 h at 27 °C. Ultrastructure alterations of treated parasites were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed on RAW 264.7 and J774.G8 macrophages after 48-h treatment at 37 °C using the tetrazolium assay. In addition, Leishmania-infected macrophages were treated with CH and CD/Et (10–80 μg/mL). Results: CH, CD/Et and CEA displayed antileishmanial activity with 50% inhibitory activity (IC50) of 25.91 ± 4.87, 54.23 ± 3.78 and 62.74 ± 5.04 μg/mL, respectively. Parasites treated with CD/Et (131.2 μg/mL) presented severe alterations including mitochondrial swelling, lipid body formation and intense cytoplasmic vacuolization. CH and CD/Et demonstrated cytotoxic effects similar to that of amphotericin B in the anti-amastigote assays (SI of 2.16, 1.98 and 1.35, respectively). Triterpene amyrins were the main substances in CH and CD/Et extracts. In addition, 80 μg/mL of CD/Et reduced the number of intracellular amastigotes and the percentage of infected macrophages in 63% and 36%, respectively. Conclusion: The results presented here highlight C. sinensis as a promising source of antileishmanial agents.
Accuracy of self-reported weight and height among women with eating disorders: a replication and extension study.

OBJECTIVE Self-reported height and weight data are commonly reported within eating disorders research, and often used clinically. The aims of this study are to demonstrate the accuracy of self-reported height and weight among a group of women with eating disorders, and to determine whether that accuracy is associated with clinical diagnosis or levels of eating psychopathology. METHOD Sixty-four female patients (39 diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa or atypical Anorexia Nervosa and 25 with Bulimia Nervosa or atypical Bulimia Nervosa) were asked to self-report their height and weight. They then completed the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q). Finally, they were weighed and their height was measured in a standardised manner. Accuracy scores for height and weight were calculated by subtracting their actual weight and height from their self-reports. RESULTS Both diagnostic groups were relatively accurate in self-reporting their height. However, women with Bulimia Nervosa or atypical Bulimia Nervosa significantly underestimated their weight while women with Anorexia Nervosa or atypical Anorexia Nervosa overestimated it. Weight estimation was associated with higher levels of restraint among the Anorexia Nervosa group only. DISCUSSION These findings highlight the importance of obtaining objective height and weight data both within clinical and research settings.
Family characteristics and caries experience in preschool children. A longitudinal study from pregnancy to 5 years of age.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to explore associations between family status, family income, family size, mother's age at child birth, mother's education and parents' national background and caries experience in 5-year-old children. METHOD This study is based on data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health and the Public Dental Services. A total of 1348 children were followed from pregnancy to the age of 5 years. Questionnaires were completed by mothers twice during pregnancy and when the children were 3 and 5 years of age. Clinical and radiographic examination of the children was performed at the age of 5 years. RESULTS Caries experience in the 5-year-old children was low; 89% had no caries experience (d(3-5) mft = 0). In multiple logistic regression having one or both parents of non-western origin (OR 3.4, CI 1.6-7.3), having had a change in family status from pregnancy to 5 years of age (OR 2.0, CI 1.1-3.4) and having mother with low education (OR 1.9, CI 1.3-2.8) were statistically significant risk indicators for having caries experience at the age of five. CONCLUSION Family characteristics in pregnancy and early life were associated with caries experience in 5-year-old children. Primary care personnel meeting young children with one or several of these characteristics should consider referring the child to dental personnel to enable early initiation of health-promoting activities.
Paying for the wrong kind of performance? Financial incentives and behaviour changes in National Health Service dentistry 1992-2009.

BACKGROUND There is a tension between financial incentives and professional codes and norms, both of which are believed to influence the behaviour of health care professionals. This study examined the impact of changes to financial incentive structures on the behaviour of dentists working in the English National Health Service (NHS) as a result of a new national contract. METHODS Comparison of six reference treatments delivered by all NHS dentists in England for the period 1992-2009. RESULTS Large and abrupt changes in the provision of the reference treatments coincided with the introduction of changes in the incentive structure in 2006. Treatments which can be provided in the least amount of time (and therefore costs to dentists) such as extractions increased and treatments which are time consuming or have significant additional materials costs such as bridgework, crowns, root fillings and radiographs reduced substantially. CONCLUSIONS Changes to financial incentive structures can produce large and abrupt changes in professional behaviours. In the context of multiple and conflicting goals, greater thought needs to be given to policies to change incentive structures to mitigate their unintended consequences.
Orthodontic treatment attitude versus orthodontic treatment need: differences by gender, age, socioeconomical status and geographical context.

OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between the attitude towards orthodontic treatment and the objective level of orthodontic need, and variables like gender, socioeconomic status and geographical context, among 6- to 16-year-old children. METHODS The attitude of 2284 Italian children towards orthodontics was assessed using the Child Orthodontic Attitude Survey (COAS) questionnaire, previously validated for Italian-speaking children. The level of orthodontic need was evaluated by using the Risk of Malocclusion Assessment (ROMA) Index while socioeconomic status (SES) was based on parental job activities. The univariate analysis was performed using chi-square tests to find differences between groups for categorical variables, while multivariate analyses were conducted using logistic regression models. RESULTS Individuals with a higher SES had a statistically significant lower need of orthodontic treatment (P = 0.003). Children with a very high SES were from northern (20.8%) and central Italy (65.9%), while only 13.3% lived in southern Italy (P < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that females, older children, in-treatment subjects and children from the region of Puglia were more likely to have orthodontics (OR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.66-2.64, OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01-1.15, OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11-1.97, OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.05-1.95, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The orthodontic treatment attitude largely depends on age, gender and geographical context but is not influenced by the real level of orthodontic therapy need.
Comparing weighted and unweighted analyses applied to data with a mix of pooled and individual observations

Smaller organisms may have too little tissue to allow assaying as individuals. To get a sufficient sample for assaying, a collection of smaller individual organisms is pooled together to produce a simple observation for modeling and analysis. When a dataset contains a mix of pooled and individual organisms, the variances of the observations are not equal. An unweighted regression method is no longer appropriate because it assumes equal precision among the observations. A weighted regression method is more appropriate and yields more precise estimates because it incorporates a weight to the pooled observations. To demonstrate the benefits of using a weighted analysis when some observations are pooled, the bias and confidence interval (CI) properties were compared using an ordinary least squares and a weighted least squares t‐based confidence interval. The slope and intercept estimates were unbiased for both weighted and unweighted analyses. While CIs for the slope and intercept achieved nominal coverage, the CI lengths were smaller using a weighted analysis instead of an unweighted analysis, implying that a weighted analysis will yield greater precision. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1168–1171. © 2010 SETAC
Children's use of dental services: influence of maternal dental anxiety, attendance pattern, and perception of children's quality of life.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of a child's clinical condition; maternal characteristics such as dental anxiety and dental visit pattern; socioeconomic conditions; and maternal perception of the child's oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) on a child's use of dental care services. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 608 mother-child dyads was conducted during the Children's Immunization Campaign in Pelotas, Brazil. Mothers answered a questionnaire regarding their use of dental services, dental anxiety (Dental Anxiety Scale), socioeconomic status, and perception of their children's OHRQoL (the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale). Clinical examination of the children was performed to assess dental caries (dmf-t). Associations between the above-mentioned factors and child use of dental services were assessed using Poisson regression models (prevalence ratio [PR]; 95% CI; P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS The majority of children (79.3%) had never had a dental appointment and of the children who had visited a dentist, 55 (43.65%) presented with untreated dental caries at the time of examination. More than half the mothers (60.2%) did not visit a dentist regularly. In the final model, low schooling level of mothers (PR, 0.64) and irregular visits to a dentist by the mother (PR, 0.48) were factors because of which a child did not have a dental appointment. Children who had experienced pain (PR, 1.56), those who had poor OHRQoL (PR, 1.49), and older children (PR, 2.14) visited a dentist with higher frequency. CONCLUSIONS Use of dental care services by preschool children was low, and treatment was neglected even among children who had visited a dentist. Children of mothers with low schooling level who do not visit a dentist regularly were at greater risk of not receiving dental care. Maternal perception of their child's oral health motivated visits to the dentist.
Oxidative stress‐related PMK‐1 P38 MAPK activation as a mechanism for toxicity of silver nanoparticles to reproduction in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

In the present study, a toxic mechanism of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was investigated in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, focusing on the involvement of oxidative stress in reproduction toxicity. Initially, AgNPs were tested as potential oxidative stress inducers, and increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in AgNP‐exposed C. elegans. Subsequently, the potential upstream signaling pathway activated in response to AgNP exposure was investigated, paying special attention to the C. elegans PMK‐1 p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). Increased PMK‐1 p38 MAPK gene and protein expressions were observed in C. elegans exposed to AgNPs. Expression of the p38‐dependent transcription factor genes and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) enzyme activity was also investigated in wildtype (N2) and pmk‐1 mutant (km25) C. elegans exposed to AgNPs. The results indicated that AgNP exposure led to increased ROS formation, increased expression of PMK‐1 p38 MAPK and hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF‐1), GST enzyme activity, and decreased reproductive potential in wildtype (N2) C. elegans; whereas in the AgNP‐exposed pmk‐1 (km25) mutant, ROS formation and HIF‐1 and GST activation were not observed, and decreased reproductive potential was rescued. These results suggest that oxidative stress is an important mechanism of AgNP‐induced reproduction toxicity in C. elegans, and that PMK‐1 p38 MAPK plays an important role in it. The results also suggest that GST and HIF‐1 activation by AgNP exposure are PMK‐1 p38 MAPK–dependent, and that both play an important role in the PMK‐1 p38 MAPK‐mediated defense pathway to AgNP exposure in C. elegans. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:585–592. © 2011 SETAC
Association between education level and dentition status in Japanese adults: Japan public health center-based oral health study.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine whether there is an educational gradient in dentition status among Japanese adults who are under the universal public health insurance system. METHODS Subjects were 1201 community residents aged 55-75 years as of May 2005 who completed a self-administered questionnaire and had a standard clinical oral examination. Analysis focused on the association of three education levels (junior high school, senior high school, and any college or higher education) with dentition status. RESULTS The proportion of subjects with 20 or more teeth (P < 0.001), number of teeth present (P = 0.037), number of filled teeth (P = 0.016), and two types of functional tooth units (FTUs): FTUs with natural teeth (n-FTUs) (P < 0.001) and FTUs with natural teeth and artificial teeth on implant-supported and fixed prostheses (nif-FTUs) (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with education level after adjusting for confounders. The significant trend of these values in dental indexes indicated a poorer dentition status with a lower education level. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the level of education has an independent impact on dentition status in a group of Japanese adults, even after taking into account oral health-related factors. Therefore, providing appropriate oral health information from an early age within a compulsory school education program appears necessary to enhance health literacy and lessen the inequalities in dental health by educational level.
Patch test results in hairdressers with contact dermatitis in Greece (1985–1994)

potassium dichromate 0.5 pet. 4 3.8 p-phenylenediamine (PPD) 0.5 pet. 32 30.2 thiuram mix 1 pet. 3 2.8 neomycin sulfate 10 pet. 1 0.9 cobalt chloride 1 pet. 9 8.5 benzocaine 5 pet. nickel sulfate 5 pet. 45 42.4 quinoline mix 15 pet. colo phony 60 pet. 0.9 paraben mix 15 pet. black rubber mix 0.6 pet. wool alcohols 30 pet. 0.9 mercapto mix 2 pet. epoxy resin 10 pet. balsam of Peru 25 pet. 0.9 p-tertiary-butylphenolformaldehyde resin 1 pet. 3 2.8 carba mix•l 3 pet. 3 2.8 formaldehyde 1 aq. 1 0.9 fragrance mix 8 pet, 1 0.9 ethylenediamine HCl 1 pet. 2 1.8 quaternium 15 1 pet. 1 0.9 pnmm 0.01 pet. 2-mercaptobenzothiazolebl 2 pet. ammoniated mercurycl 1 pet. 0.9 imidazolidinyl ureadl 2 pet. 0.9 Kathan CGel 0.01 aq. 0.9
The Economic Burden of Prescription Opioid Overdose, Abuse, and Dependence in the United States, 2013

Importance:It is important to understand the magnitude and distribution of the economic burden of prescription opioid overdose, abuse, and dependence to inform clinical practice, research, and other decision makers. Decision makers choosing approaches to address this epidemic need cost information to evaluate the cost effectiveness of their choices. Objective:To estimate the economic burden of prescription opioid overdose, abuse, and dependence from a societal perspective. Design, Setting, and Participants:Incidence of fatal prescription opioid overdose from the National Vital Statistics System, prevalence of abuse and dependence from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Fatal data are for the US population, nonfatal data are a nationally representative sample of the US civilian noninstitutionalized population ages 12 and older. Cost data are from various sources including health care claims data from the Truven Health MarketScan Research Databases, and cost of fatal cases from the WISQARS (Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System) cost module. Criminal justice costs were derived from the Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts published by the Department of Justice. Estimates of lost productivity were based on a previously published study. Exposure:Calendar year 2013. Main Outcomes and Measures:Monetized burden of fatal overdose and abuse and dependence of prescription opioids. Results:The total economic burden is estimated to be $78.5 billion. Over one third of this amount is due to increased health care and substance abuse treatment costs ($28.9 billion). Approximately one quarter of the cost is borne by the public sector in health care, substance abuse treatment, and criminal justice costs. Conclusions and Relevance:These estimates can assist decision makers in understanding the magnitude of adverse health outcomes associated with prescription opioid use such as overdose, abuse, and dependence.
The HOSPITAL Score Predicts Potentially Preventable 30-Day Readmissions in Conditions Targeted by the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program

Background/Objectives: New tools to accurately identify potentially preventable 30-day readmissions are needed. The HOSPITAL score has been internationally validated for medical inpatients, but its performance in select conditions targeted by the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (HRRP) is unknown. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Six geographically diverse medical centers. Participants/Exposures: All consecutive adult medical patients discharged alive in 2011 with 1 of the 4 medical conditions targeted by the HRRP (acute myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, and heart failure) were included. Potentially preventable 30-day readmissions were identified using the SQLape algorithm. The HOSPITAL score was calculated for all patients. Measurements: A multivariable logistic regression model accounting for hospital effects was used to evaluate the accuracy (Brier score), discrimination (c-statistic), and calibration (Pearson goodness-of-fit) of the HOSPITAL score for each 4 medical conditions. Results: Among the 9181 patients included, the overall 30-day potentially preventable readmission rate was 13.6%. Across all 4 diagnoses, the HOSPITAL score had very good accuracy (Brier score of 0.11), good discrimination (c-statistic of 0.68), and excellent calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, P=0.77). Within each diagnosis, performance was similar. In sensitivity analyses, performance was similar for all readmissions (not just potentially preventable) and when restricted to patients age 65 and above. Conclusions: The HOSPITAL score identifies a high-risk cohort for potentially preventable readmissions in a variety of practice settings, including conditions targeted by the HRRP. It may be a valuable tool when included in interventions to reduce readmissions within or across these conditions.
Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las infecciones respiratorias causadas por el metapneumovirus humano en pacientes pediátricos

Introduccion El metapneumovirus humano (MPVh) fue identificado por primera vez en 2001 a partir de aspirados nasofaringeos de ninos y adultos con infeccion aguda del tracto respiratorio. El objetivo de este estudio prospective es conocer las caracteristicas clinicas y epidemiologicas de los pacientes pediatricos con infeccion respiratoria aguda y aislamiento exclusivo del MPVh (diciembre 2005-enero 2007). Material y metodos Las muestras fueron sometidas a ladeteccion antigenica rapida frente al virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) y los virus gripales A y B. Las muestras fueron sembradas en shell-viales de diferentes lineas celulares para el aislamiento de virus respiratorios. Para el MPVh se utilizo la linea LLC-MK2. Solo las muestras negativas en las tecnicas antigenicas fueron estudiadas para la presencia del MPVh. Resultados En este estudio se han aislado 32 MPVh de pacientes distintos, que representan el 1,7% de todas las muestras estudiadas para este virus (solo las negativas al VRS: 1.791) y el 1,5% de todas las muestras analizadas. La mayoria de casos se presentaron entre los meses de diciembre y marzo de ambos anos estudiados. Los 32 casos correspondian a 17 ninas (53,2%) y 15 ninos (46,8%). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 12,5 meses (intervalo: 1 mes y 4 anos). La mayoria de los pacientes presentaron fiebre (90,6%), tos (87,5%), rinorrea y bronquiolitis (46,8%). Solo 3 pacientes (9,4%) precisaron de ingreso hospitalario. Conclusiones Las infecciones respiratorias causadas por el MPVh se han convertido en una enfermedad emergente en la poblacion pediatrica. Las manifestaciones clinicas no permiten realizar un diagnostico diferencial con el VRS, de modo que solo el estudio virologico permitira establecer el diagnostico etiologico definitivo.