Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Are the Risk Factors For ≥4500 G Macrosomia?

Objective: To identify risk factors for ≥4500 g macrosomic babies given that maternal and neonatal complications of macrosomia increase with birth weight. Design: Cross sectional analytical study. Setting: The Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital and Central Maternity, Cameroon from October 1st, 2012 to June 30th, 2013. Population: 42 women who delivered ≥4500 g babies and 126 women who delivered babies of 4000 to <4500 g were recruited. Methods: Data were analysed using SPSS 18.0. Analyses included the student t-test and the Fisher exact test. The level of significance was P<0.05. Main outcome measures: Fetal sex and birth weight, gestational age at delivery, maternal age at delivery, parity, mother's pre-gestational body mass index (BMI), weight gain during pregnancy, father's BMI and past history of ≥4000 g macrosomia. Results: Main risk factors for ≥4500 g macrosomic babies were maternal weight gain of ≥16 kg (OR 4.2, 95%CI 2.0-8.9), maternal age ≥30 (OR 3.8, 95%CI 1.8-8.2), post term (OR 2.3, 95%CI 0.9-5.6), past history of ≥4000 g macrosomia (OR 1.9, 95%CI 0.9-4.1) and male sex (OR 1.3, 95%CI 0.6-2.8). Conclusion: To reduce the risk of ≥4500 g macrosomic babies, women at risk should make efforts to gain less than 16 kg bodyweight during pregnancies. Moreover, post term pregnancies should be avoided. DOI : 10.14302/issn.2381-862X.jwrh-14-532 Correspondence to: Dr. Elie Nkwabong, P.O. Box 1364 Yaoundé, Cameroon, Tel: (237) 99663843, Fax: (237) 22312567, Email: enkwabong@yahoo.fr Running title: Risk factors for macrosomia.
Epidemiology and Management Strategies of Johne's disease in Endemic Situations

Received: Revised: Accepted: 2014–05–12 2014–05–31 2014–05–31 Mycobacterium paratuberculosis the subspecies of M. avium, effects wide range of animals including domestic cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, camelids and wild ruminants resulting in progressive and chronic enteritis known as Johne’s disease (paratuberculosis). Clinically sick animals show emaciation, diarrhea and eventually death but the risk is that mostly they don’t show clinical sign still can shed bacteria in feces and milk. Organism spread in the animal body through blood and lymph nodes to multiple internal organs. It is economically very important disease in livestock because effected livestock is recommended to be culled due to high treatment costs. Etiology, host range, immunology, epidemiology, stages/ forms, clinical signs, diagnostic tools and treatment have been discussed with special reference to endemic situations. Strategies to control this disease include improved management practices, testing and culling and vaccination. Modifications in management practices is not an easy job and so is the case with testing and culling; vaccine on the other hand is the simple practice but it is not usually practiced by farmers because lack of knowledge/awareness in herdsmen and availability of vaccine. All copyrights reserved to Nexus® academic publishers
Hematology of the Uludağ Frog, Rana macrocnemis Boulenger, 1885 in Uludağ National Park (Bursa, Turkey).

Uludag Milli Parki’nda uludag kurbagasi, Rana macrocnemis Boulenger, 1885’in hematolojisi (Bursa, Turkiye). Uludag Milli Parki’indan, 30 (15 ♂♂, 15 ♀♀) ergin Rana macrocnemis orneginde bazi hematolojik parametreler ve periferal kan hucrelerinin (eritrosit, lokosit, trombosit) morfolojisindeki mevsimsel degisimler istatistiksel ve histolojik yontemlerle incelenmistir. 1 mm3 kandaki eritrosit sayisi, 514,839 (280,000 – 940,000); lokosit sayisi, 3,527 (2,600 – 5,200); trombosit sayisi, 31,069 (20,000 – 50,000); hemoglobin miktari (Hb), 8.10 (5.60 – 12.10) g/dl; hematokrit degeri (HCT), 0.34 (0.16 – 0.46) L/l; ortalama hucre hacmi (MCV), 694.54 (420.45 – 1105.26) fl; ortalama hucre hemoglobini (MCHb), 167.88 (87.78 – 257.89) pg; ortalama hucre hemoglobin konsantrasyonu (MCHbC), 251.43 (160.87 – 387.50) g/l olarak hesaplanmistir. Eritrosit sayisi ile ilgili parametreler acisindan (Hb, HCT, MCV, MCHb ve MCHbC) mevsimsel degisimler saptanmistir. Bu degerler acisindan cinsiyetler arasinda da kucuk farkliliklar olsa da istatistiki acindan onemsizdir. Buna karsin, lokosit ve trombosit sayisi degerleri acisindan gerek mevsimsel ve gerekse cinsiyete bagli varyasyonlar gozlenmemistir. Hucre buyuklukleri acisindan kucuk mevsimsel farkliliklar tespit edilmistir. Fakat bunlarin bireysel varyasyonlar oldugu sonucuna varilmistir
Effects of an off-stream watering facility on cattle behavior and instream E. coli levels

Excessive levels of fecal bacteria are the leading cause of water quality impairment in Texas, and livestock with direct access to water bodies are potentially a significant source of these bacteria. To help address this, the effect of providing alternative off-stream watering facilities to reduce manure, and thus bacterial, deposition in or near surface waters was evaluated from July 2007 to July 2009 in Clear Fork of Plum Creek in central Texas. An upstream-downstream, pre- and post-treatment monitoring design was used with off-stream water provided only during the second year of the study. Flow, Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration, and turbidity were measured twice monthly. Cattle movements were tracked quarterly using global positioning system collars to assess the effect of providing alternative water on cattle behavior. Results showed that when alternative off-stream water was provided, the amount of time cattle spent in the creek was reduced 43%. As a result, direct deposition of E. coli into Clear Fork of Plum Creek was estimated to be reduced from 1.11 × 107 to 6.34 × 106 colony forming units per animal unit per day. Observed pre- and post-treatment instream E. coli loads suggested similar reductions; however, these reductions were not statistically significant. Citation: Wagner KL, Redmon LA, Gentry TJ, Harmel RD, Knight R, Jones CA, Foster JL. 2013. Effects of an off-stream watering facility on cattle behavior and instream E. coli levels. Texas Water Journal. 4(2):1-13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v4i2. 6460.
Government education expenditures and economic growth: a meta-analysis

Abstract Using a sample of 237 estimates drawn from 29 primary studies, we conduct a hierarchical meta-regression analysis that examines the association between economic growth and government expenditure on education. We find that the effect of government education expenditure on growth is positive for developed countries. However, when the evidence pertains to less developed countries (LDCs), we find a statistically insignificant association. We also examine the heterogeneity in empirical results and found that factors such as econometric specifications, publication characteristics as well as data characteristics explain the heterogeneity in the literature. We find no evidence of publication selectivity.
EffEct of AVG trEAtmEnts on somE physico-mEchAnicAl propErtiEs And color chArActEristics of ApplE ( Malus doMestica Borkh . )

Ozturk, B. , E. AltuntAs, Y. OzkAn and k. Yildiz, 2012. Effect of AVG treatments on some physico­ mechanical properties and color characteristics of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 18: 889­897 the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of AVG treatments on some physico­mechanical properties and color characteristics of apple. three levels of AVG as AVG­0 (0 mg l­1, non­treatment), AVG­1 (100 mg l­1) and AVG­2 (300 mg l­1) were used. the geometric mean diameter, fruit mass, bulk density increased from 69.03 mm to 70.40 mm, from 186.8 g to 191.0 g, and from 352.5 to 374.3 kg m­3, whereas, the sphericity of apple decreased from 1.087 to 1.078 as AVG doses in­ creased, respectively. the surface area, projected area and volume increased with AVG doses. L* value increased from 43.75 to 45.88, whereas, chroma decreased from 40.07 to 39.68 as AVG doses increased from 0 to 300 mg l­1, respectively. the static coefficients of friction on rubber and galvanized metal linearly increased from 0.272 to 0.337 and from 0.268 to 0.290 with an increase in AVG doses. The fruit-removal-force and skin firmness of apple linearly increased from 13.85 to 24.07 N and from 106.14 to 109.22 n in magnitude with an increase in AVG doses.
Celebrating 30 years of Innovation System research : what you need to know about Innovation Systems

On the occasion of the 30th anniversary of Innovation System research, this paper presents an extensive literature review on this large field of innovation research. Building on an analytical basis of the commonalities "system" and "innovation", the authors analyze the four main Innovation System approaches: National Innovation Systems (NIS), Regional Innovation Systems (RIS), Sectoral Innovation Systems (SIS) and Technological Innovation Systems (TIS). The analysis is structured systematically along ten comprehensive criteria. Starting with the founder(s) of each theory and the research program within each Innovation System approach was developed (1), the basic thoughts of each Innovation System approach are explained (2). For five case studies most cited (3), spatial boundaries are examined (4) and units of analyses are derived (5). By comparing the underlying theoretical concept and empirical results, the authors show patterns in the evolution of Innovation System research overall. By studying the basic components (6) and a functional analysis (7), each Innovation System approach is broken down into structural pieces and functional processes. If available, the authors present one or several taxonomies (8) for each Innovation System approach and summarize similar approaches (9), in order to classify and integrate the approaches into the ongoing innovation research. The identification of further research (10) shows which steps will need to be taken in the next years in order to evolve Innovation System research further and deeper. After the conclusion, the extensive table of comparison is presented which can serve as a guideline for academics and practitioners from basic and applied science, industry or policy that need to understand which Innovation System approach may be best for their specific analytical purposes.
ISOCAM observations of the very deep IRAS 60 micron sample in the NEP region ? I. The data

We present the results of ISO observations with the CAM LW3 lter, centered at e =1 4:3m, of 94 out of the 98 galaxies comprising the complete 60 mI RAS deep survey (IDS) sample in the north ecliptic polar re- gion. In addition, we observed a source detected by IRAS at 25m and found to have particularly interesting prop- erties. Altogether, 106 sources were detected with a signal to noise ratio 3 and 69 with S=N 5i n the 3:2 0 3:2 0 elds centered on the nominal positions of IRAS sources. Sixty-ve 3 detections (49 of which at 5) are likely identications of IRAS sources. Ten additional IRAS sources have possible 3 ISOCAM counterparts. In 6 further cases, signals at the 2 3 level were detected close to the IRAS position. Indications that IRAS sources might actually be multiple (source confusion) were found in 4 IDS elds. On the whole, we conrm the reality of 69 to 90% of IDS sources. Appropriate statistical corrections for the bias aecting faint flux estimates were applied to ISOCAM data. Ten serendipitous sources were detected at 5, with S(14:3 m) 3:5 mJy. The correspond- ing areal density is consistent with that found in previous surveys. Finding charts for all observed elds are given.
Selectivity and functional diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizas of co‐occurring fungi and plants from a temperate deciduous woodland

1 The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonizing plants at a woodland site in North Yorkshire (UK) have been characterized from the roots of five plant species (Rubus fruticosus agg. L., Epilobium angustifolium L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Ajuga reptans L. and Glechoma hederacea L.), and identified using small‐subunit rRNA (SSUrRNA) gene amplification and sequencing.
Micro-scale roughness effects on the friction coefficient of granite surfaces under varying levels of normal stress

In this paper we explore roughness and normal stress effects on the steady-state friction coefficient of granite. Our tests were performed on a single direct shear, servo controlled, apparatus. To check the validity of the direct shear apparatus, we begin with a series of classic rate and state experiments. After establishing a good agreement with published results, we proceed with measurements of micro-scale roughness effects on friction using four levels of micro roughness on polished and ground surfaces, under normal stresses between 2.5 MPa and 15 MPa. For rough sliding surfaces we observe a second order normal stress effect on friction, where under normal stresses up to 5 MPa the friction coefficient decreases with increasing normal stress; above that normal stress level and up to 12 MPa the friction coefficient increases with normal stress, beyond which the friction coefficient exhibits a constant value similar to what is observed in standard direct shear tests. We find that behavior to be roughness dependent. It diminishes with decreasing roughness, and is not at all observed if the sliding surface is extremely smooth.
Structural equation modeling analysis of effects of leadership styles and organizational culture on effectiveness in sport organizations

This study examines the effects of leadership styles and organizational culture on organizational effectiveness in Iranian sport organizations. 341 sport experts in the Physical Education Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran and various sport Federations voluntarily filled out the Denison organizational culture survey (DOCS), multifactor leadership and organizational effectiveness questionnaires. Results of structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that transformational leadership has a significant positive influence on the effectiveness and organizational culture. Transactional leadership had a direct significant negative influence on organizational effectiveness and indirectly had a significant positive influence through organizational culture. In conclusion, the results showed that the proposed model has a good fit with this research data.
STUDY OF THE DEFENSIVE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN PEAK PERFORMANCE BASKETBALL

The p ur pose of the present study was to analyze the different defensive performance indicators in basketball, analyzing the difference in relation to success (efficac ious or non-efficacious defenses ) and the game result (win or los s ). All half-court offense s (n=1045) from the quarterfinal, semifinal, consolation game , and final of the 2008 Olympics Games were analyzed. In each defense phase , the following variables were analyzed with regard to the team on defense : (1) T ype of defense used , (2) Pressure in offense transition, (3) D efensive switches , (4) Helping on d efense, (5) Inside passes, (6) Degree of opposition when shooting, (7) Points allowed , (8) F inal result of the game , and (9) D efensive efficacy. The mo st significant results show that: : a) the type of defense that was mo st use d wa s quarter-court man-on-man at 6.25 m (man-on-man at 6.25 m) , but the one that was most efficac ious was the half - court zon e defense; b) transition pressure was used in 23.83% of the game phases; c) defensive switches were done in 7.85% of the game phases; d) help ing on defense was used in 60% of the game phases; e) inside passes were taken in 30 . 9% of the game phases; f) 38 . 9% of the sh ots were done with high opposition; and g) points were score d in 42.28% of the game phases , such that w inning teams allow ed the opponent to score in 38.81% of the game phases, and losing teams in 45.77%.
The microbiology and proximate assay of a novel weaning food-‘DUPAP’

A novel weaning food,’ Dupap’ containing varying quantities of pap and African yam bean(‘Odudu’) (Sphenostylis stenocarpa -Harms) was developed. Microbiological analysis of the food revealed the presence of species of Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Candida, Penicillium, Staphylococcus, Bacillus,Streptococcus, Neisseria, Proteus,and Lactobacillus species.Total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal counts revealed 3.0x107, 3.2x105 cfu/ml and 1.0x107,0.8x103 cfu/g respectively for wet and dried pap. The proximate analyses revealed that the protein and fat contents of maize decreased from 10.33% to 7.0% and 4.24% to 0.46% respectively after processing for pap; carbohydrate levels increased from 80.16% to 90.14%. Carbohydrate and protein contents of raw African yam bean decreased progressively after steeping and pulverization into flour. The proximate quality of different blends of ‘Dupap’ revealed progressive increase as the percentage of African yam bean increased, except the carbohydrate level. There was no significant difference in the sensory attributes of the ‘Dupap’ blends (P≤0.05). This study concludes that ‘Dupap’ is a weaning food, meeting acceptable levels for protein in weaning foods. Key words: microbiological analysis, weaning food, ’Dupap’, proximate quality, sensory attributes.
Effects of adiCox®AP and monensin on production parameters and quality of meat of slow-growing Hubbard JA 957 broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted with 480 Hubbard JA 957 one-day-old broiler chicks to determine the effects of adiCox®AP, a plant coccidiostat, and monensin on production parameters and meat quality. The birds were randomly allocated to three experimental diets: (A) with the plant coccidiostat adiCox®AP; (M) with monensin, an ionophore coccidiostat; and (C) the control group without coccidiostats. The birds were reared on litter until 63 days of age. The bodyweight of chicks was recorded at the ages of 1, 12, 24, 42 and 63 days. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality ratio were calculated. There were no significant differences in bodyweight and FCR of birds tested across the experimental groups. In particular feeding groups, the mortality rate ranged from 2.60% to 4.33%, with the lowest number of deaths being noted in the groups receiving the plant coccidiostat (2.6%), whereas the highest mortality rate was recorded in the control group. The type of coccidiostat had no significant effect on the chemical composition of breast muscles. However, the leg muscles of the control chickens were characterized by a significantly higher content of protein (19.4%), compared with the groups receiving coccidiostats in the feed mixtures (19.1% in A and 18.6% in M). The plant coccidiostat effected a higher water-holding capacity (52.2%) and a lower cooking loss (6.9%) in the leg muscles of the birds. The administration of the plant feed supplement adiCox®AP significantly decreased the mortality rate of broiler chickens without compromising other production traits. The results also show that the applied plant preparation is an excellent alternative to antibiotic growth stimulants.
Antibacterial effects of Lavandula Stoecha s Essential Oil, on Gram Positive and Negative Bacteria In Vitro

Background and Objectives : Concurrent with the development of new chemical drugs and antibiotics, their harmful effects are gradually emerged. Due to lack of harmful effects, herbal medicines have been used in the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study was the use of lavender essential oil as an herbal medicine for the replacement of antibiotics and chemicals. Material and Methods : In this study, the plant essential oil was isolated by drying and distillation method using Clevenger apparatus. The antibacterial effect of this plant was evaluated by using disc diffusion method and successive dilutions. In order to control the standard of the method, antibiotic discs and standard bacterial strains were used. Results : Based on the results, Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus faecalis are , respectively , the most sensitive and most resistant bacteria to dilutions of 1, 1/2 and 1/4. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis , respectively, are the most sensitive and most resistant bacteria to the dilution of 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 and 1/64. MIC and MBC methods also show that all bacteria have the same minimum inhibitory and fatality concentrations except Enterococcus faecalis with minimum inhibitory concentration of 16/1 and minimum concentration fatality of 8/1. Evaluating the results of the disk diffusion method with antibiotic discs, we can observe the better effect of this plant in comparison with gentamicin and streptomycin discs on the growth of five strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC1885, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 2405, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC2321, Escherichia coli ATCC 1652 and Proteus mirabilis ATCC 2601. Conclusion : the essential oil of Lavender can be used instead of chemical drugs to treat bacterial infections.
Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Effectiveness of an Oral Hygiene Program among Saudi Male Children in Aljouf.

Objective : The study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices among male children living in Aljouf in KSA. This study also targeted to know the effectiveness of a preventive oral hygiene program. Material and methods: The study participants were male children (n = 324) between the age group of 5 and 10. The participants filled a questionnaire that aimed to evaluate their knowledge and attitude and oral hygiene practices. The preventive program was based on professional cleaning, dental health information and oral hygiene instruction over a period of 6 months. Results: One hundred thirty two (40.74%) children were aware about caries as one of the common problem associated with mouth and teeth. Though 44.13% children were aware that sweets and chocolates were the causative factors for dental caries, they were not aware of the other major factors that cause dental problems and how it can be prevented. The participants’ oral hygiene habits were found to be irregular, and children consulted the dentist only when there was pain (35.80 %). Teachers and care takers (58.64%) played an important role as a source of information to these children, than other sources. At the final examination of the preventive program the mean percentage of surfaces without visible plaque was 33.4 ± 26.8 in the experimental group and 16.5 ± 21.7 in the control group. Similar findings were reported in the gingival health status (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that children’s teachers and care takers attitudes toward oral health and dental care need to be improved. Oral health educational packages and implementation of preventive programs for children and teachers of Aljouf are recommended.
Firm sponsored training in regulated labor markets: evidence from spain

Using data from the 1994 European Community Household Panel Survey, the author examines who receives formal firm-sponsored training in Spain. The author finds that the distribution of firm-sponsored training in the work force is uneven and concentrated among more skilled workers in the upper deciles of the wage distribution. The data show that the likelihood of receiving firm-sponsored training for a low education employee is dramatically reduced. Also, the better-educated employees in high wage occupations and industries of the largest establishments have higher probabilities of receiving specific training. Spain has a highly regulated labor market, and the labor market frictions and institutions compress and distort the structure of wages. However, the results suggest that training patterns observed in Spain reflect that highly compressed wage structure would not lead to more incentives of firms to invest in training.