Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antiluteolytic effect of the conceptus and of PGE2 in ewes.

SUMMARY The responses of pregnant and nonpregnant ewes on day 13 post-estrus to a dose of prostaglandin (PG)F2a known to be luteolytic in nonpregnant ewes were compared (experi- ment I). Either 270 /ag PGF2~ THAM salt (eight nonmated and 11 mated ewes) or saline (eight nonmated and 10 mated ewes) was injected into the largest follicle on each ovary bearing a corpus luteum. Jugular plasma sam- ples taken just prior to surgery and 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36 hr after injection were analyzed for progesterone, estradiol-1713 and luteinizing hormone (LH) by radioimmuno- assay. Treatment with PGF2a shortened the estrous cycle by 1.5 days in nonmated ewes and mated ewes without embryos (P<.05). Mated ewes with embryos did not return to estrus. The linear regression of progesterone over time varied with treatment (P<.01), pregnancy status (P<.01) and treatment x pregnancy status (P<.09). Progesterone did not reach as low a level (1.3 vs .4 ng/ml; P<.05) in pregnant as in nonmated ewes. Both LH and estradiol- 17/3 increased in treated ewes after progesterone had decreased to approximately 50% of pre- treatment levels; the increase in estradiol was transient in the pregnant ewes. The pattern of LH did not differ with pregnancy status. It is concluded that pregnancy overcame the luteo- lytic effects of PGF2c~ (i.e., had an antiluteo- lytic effect). Experiment II was designed to ascertain whether PGE 2 has antiluteolytic properties. A catheter was inserted into each uterine horn that was ipsilateral to a corpus luteum in nonmated ewes on day 11 postestrus. Intrauter- ine injections of 0, 300, 600 or 900/agof PGE2 were begun on the morning of day 12 and continued every 8 hr until estrus or day 20. Jugular plasma samples were taken just before the first injection and every 24 hr thereafter in all ewes and at . 25, . 5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hr from several ewes in each group and were assayed for progesterone. The estrous cycle was lengthened and the decline in progesterone delayed by 2 days by PGE2 (P<.05). Frequent samples on day 12 did not differ in progesterone levels among treatments or over time. Prostaglandin E 2 had antiluteolytic activity in ewes but no in vivo steroidogenic effect was observed. (Key Words: Ewe, Corpus Luteum, PGF2c~, PGE2, Antiluteolytic Factors, Early Preg- nancy.) 1 Division of Animal and Veterinary Science. Sup- ported by NICHD Contract No. 69-2215 and Hatch Project 224 (NE-72). We thank the Upjohn Company and Drs. James Lauderdale and John E. Pike
Visualization of O-O peroxo-like dimers in high-capacity layered oxides for Li-ion batteries

Peering into cathode layered oxides The quest for better rechargeable batteries means finding ways to pack more energy into a smaller mass or volume. Lithium layered oxides are a promising class of materials that could double storage capacities. However, the design of safe and long-lasting batteries requires an understanding of the physical and chemical changes that occur during redox processes. McCalla et al. used a combination of experiments and calculations to understand the formation of O-O dimers, which are key to improving the properties of these cathode materials. Science, this issue p. 1516 A model lithium layered oxide is used to probe the enhanced charge storage capacity of this family of materials. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries that rely on cationic redox reactions are the primary energy source for portable electronics. One pathway toward greater energy density is through the use of Li-rich layered oxides. The capacity of this class of materials (>270 milliampere hours per gram) has been shown to be nested in anionic redox reactions, which are thought to form peroxo-like species. However, the oxygen-oxygen (O-O) bonding pattern has not been observed in previous studies, nor has there been a satisfactory explanation for the irreversible changes that occur during first delithiation. By using Li2IrO3 as a model compound, we visualize the O-O dimers via transmission electron microscopy and neutron diffraction. Our findings establish the fundamental relation between the anionic redox process and the evolution of the O-O bonding in layered oxides.
Argument Mining Using Argumentation Scheme Structures

Argumentation schemes are patterns of human reasoning which have been detailed extensively in philosophy and psychology. In this paper we demon-strate that the structure of such schemes can provide rich information to the task of automatically identify complex argumentative structures in natural language text. By training a range of classiﬁers to identify the individual proposition types which occur in these schemes, it is possible not only to determine where a scheme is being used, but also the roles played by its component parts. Furthermore, this task can be performed on segmented natural language, with no prior knowledge of the text’s argumentative structure.
Activated T Cells Promote the Activation of Uveitogenic T Cells and Exacerbate EAU Development

METHODS. T cells were isolated from B6 mice immunized with the uveitogenic peptide IRBP1–20 and T cells from immunized TCR/ mice. Resting T cells were prepared by culture of separated T cells in cytokine-free medium for 3 to 5 days, when they showed downregulation of CD69 expression. Activated T cells were prepared by incubating resting T cells with antiTCR (GL3) for 2 days. Responder T cells were cocultured with immunizing antigen and antigen-presenting cells. The numbers of antigen-specific T cells expressing IL-17 or IFNwere determined by intracellular staining followed by FACS analysis after stimulation, with or without the addition of purified T cells. The cytokines in the culture medium were measured by ELISA.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF HEAT-TREATED AND COLD-PRESSED RAPESEED CAKE

Summary. Chemical composition of locally-produced heat-treated rapeseed cake (n=103) and cold-pressed (n=40) rapeseed cake was evaluated. Cold-pressed rapeseed cake (CPRC) was produced at a temperature 60-70°C and the heattreated rapeseed cake (HTRC) was processed at 100 °C for 20-25 minutes. CPRC contained less crude protein than HTRC (332 g/kg vs. 363 g/kg ) and fewer N-free extracts (282 g/kg and 320 g/kg), but more crude fat (158 g/kg and 111 g/kg), with a higher metabolizable energy content for ruminants (13.9 MJ/kg and 13.0 MJ/kg) and for pigs (15.2 MJ/kg and 14.6 MJ/kg, respectively). Heat treatment decreased glucosinolate concentrations in rapeseed and rapeseed cake – the content of hydroxyglucobrassicin was reduced by 72% and that of glucobrassicin by 75%. Heat treatment had no effect on organic matter digestibility in pigs. Ruminal degradability of HTRC protein was slow. Protein solubility of HTRC (fraction A) was 31.0%, while that of CPRC was 70.2%; effective degradability was 53.4% and 89.2%, respectively. It is concluded that heat treatment of rapeseed improves the protein quality of rapeseed cake.
The FliK protein and flagellar hook‐length control

The bacterial flagellum is a highly complex prokaryotic organelle. It is the motor that drives bacterial motility, and despite the large amount of energy required to make and operate flagella, motile organisms have a strong adaptive advantage. Flagellar biogenesis is both complex and highly coordinated and it typically involves at least three two‐component systems. Part of the flagellum is a type III secretion system, and it is via this structure that flagellar components are exported. The assembly of a flagellum occurs in a number of stages, and the “checkpoint control” protein FliK functions in this process by detecting when the flagellar hook substructure has reached its optimal length. FliK then terminates hook export and assembly and transmits a signal to begin filament export, the final stage in flagellar biosynthesis. As yet the exact mechanism of how FliK achieves this is not known. Here we review what is known of the FliK protein and discuss the evidence for and against the various hypotheses that have been proposed in recent years to explain how FliK controls hook length, FliK as a molecular ruler, the measuring cup theory, the role of the FliK N terminus, the infrequent molecular ruler theory, and the molecular clock theory.
Truncation of the β-Catenin Binding Domain of E-cadherin Precedes Epithelial Apoptosis during Prostate and Mammary Involution*

A potential target of hormone action during prostate and mammary involution is the intercellular junction of adjacent secretory epithelium. This is supported by the long-standing observation that one of the first visible stages of prostate and mammary involution is the disruption of interepithelial adhesion prior to the onset of apoptosis. In a previous study addressing this aspect of involution, we acquired compelling evidence indicating that the disruption of E-cadherin-dependent adhesion initiates apoptotic programs during prostate and mammary involution. In cultured prostate and mammary epithelial cells, inhibition of E-cadherin-dependent aggregation resulted in cell death following apoptotic stimuli. Loss of cell-cell adhesion in the nonaggregated population appeared to result from the rapid truncation within the cytosolic domain of the mature, 120-kDa species of E-cadherin (E-cad120). Immunoprecipitations from cell culture and involuting mammary gland demonstrated that this truncation removed the β-catenin binding domain from the cytoplasmic tail of E-cadherin, resulting in a non-β-catenin binding, membrane-bound 97-kDa species (E-cad97) and a free cytoplasmic 35-kDa form (E-cad35) that is bound to β-catenin. Examination of E-cadherin expression and cellular distribution during prostate and mammary involution revealed a dramatic reduction in junctional membrane staining that correlated with a similar reduction in E-cad120 and accumulation of E-cad97 and E-cad35. The observation that E-cadherin was truncated during involution suggested that hormone depletion activated the same apoptotic pathway in vivo as observed in vitro. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that truncation of E-cadherin results in the loss of β-catenin binding and cellular dissociation that may signal epithelial apoptosis during prostate and mammary involution. Thus, E-cadherin may be central to homeostatic regulation in these tissues by coordinating adhesion-dependent survival and dissociation-induced apoptosis.
Egocentric Video Search via Physical Interactions

Retrieving past egocentric videos about personal daily life is important to support and augment human memory. Most previous retrieval approaches have ignored the crucial feature of human-physical world interactions, which is greatly related to our memory and experience of daily activities. In this paper, we propose a gesture-based egocentric video retrieval framework, which retrieves past visual experience using body gestures as non-verbal queries. We use a probabilistic framework based on a canonical correlation analysis that models physical interactions through a latent space and uses them for egocentric video retrieval and re-ranking search results. By incorporating physical interactions into the retrieval models, we address the problems resulting from the variability of human motions. We evaluate our proposed method on motion and egocentric video datasets about daily activities in household settings and demonstrate that our egocentric video retrieval framework robustly improves retrieval performance when retrieving past videos from personal and even other persons' video archives.
The Passing of the Pioneer Fringe in Western Canada

T HE forested northland of Canada is commonly viewed as a resource frontier, an arena for economic development centered on the extractive industries and their support services.1 A second and inner frontier closely associated with the northward expansion of agriculture is often overlooked. Economic, societal, institutional, and environmental variables have produced a highly irregular, discontinuous margin of settlement traceable for some four thousand miles across the boreal forest region of Canada: in reality a belt of varying width whose delineation is complicated by the presence of numerous spatially discrete outliers or outposts of agricultural development.2 During the peak of settlement activity-the late 1890s to approximately 1940-the boreal frontier in Canada constituted a classic example of a pioneer fringe, that is, a zone in which would-be farmers, often ill-prepared and ill-equipped for the task, struggled to convert an unfamiliar and somewhat recalcitrant environment to agricultural production.3 Today the term in vogue is agricultural fringe. Segments of this fringe zone may be found from the broad valleys of interior British Columbia, where some land is still available, to the clay belts of northern Ontario and Quebec, where land settlement is currently at a standstill, if not in retreat. The most significant reach of the farming frontier is in the wooded plains of the interior west. Stretching almost two thousand miles from the foot of the Rocky Mountains to the edge of the Canadian Shield, the plains frontier involves portions of the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Fig. 1). Once the scene of meaningful advances of agriculture onto virgin land, the western Canadian fringe zone has witnessed only limited and localized growth at the margins during the past forty years, and the validity of such efforts is currently questioned. The patterns, processes, and problems of agricultural settlement in interior Canada have attracted the attention of various scholars, including several geographers. Helge Nelson made a particularly useful survey of early development along the forest frontier as well as a careful analysis of colonization in 1920-1921, which he assessed in environmental terms.4 J. Lewis Robinson con-
AIM December 2008 Text.qxd

The ‘magic’ of acupuncture is that it can be used to treat many different symptoms of different aetiologies. Although there is robust evidence supporting acupuncture in comparison with other treatment strategies for some symptoms, its critics have attributed the reported and claimed effects to the patient’s fantasy, ie placebo. Also, the state of induced placebo has been shown to be effective in many different conditions and to activate different areas in the brain depending on the expected effects. Expectation and conditioning are supposed to be the two main psychological mechanisms for inducing a placebo response. It has been demonstrated that prior positive experience plays a key role in maximising both behavioural and neurophysiological placebo responses, emphasising that the placebo effect is a learning phenomenon, which also affects the early central nociceptive processing. Clearly, expectancy as a part of the placebo effect has been reported to be one of the main factors accounting for a positive outcome in studies evaluating the effect of acupuncture treatment for pain relief. Furthermore, it has been shown that expectancy of pain relief may activate similar areas of the brain to acupuncture induced pain relief itself. So is the clinical effect of acupuncture then merely an effect of placebo, ie expectancy and/or conditioning?
Postnatal regulation of myosin heavy chain isoform expression and metabolic enzyme activity by nutrition

Development of muscle is critically dependent on several hormones which in turn are regulated by nutritional status. We therefore determined the impact of mild postnatal undernutrition on key markers of myofibre function: type I slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform, myosin ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. In situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and enzyme histochemistry were used to assess functionally distinct muscles from 6-week-old pigs which had been fed an optimal (6 % (60 g food/kg body weight per d)) or low (2 % (20 g food/kg per d)) intake for 3 weeks, and kept at 26°C. Nutritional status had striking muscle-specific influences on contractile and metabolic properties of myofibres, and especially on myosin isoform expression. A low food intake upregulated slow MyHC mRNA and protein levels in rhomboideus by 53 % (P < 0·01) and 18 % (P < 0·05) respectively; effects in longissimus dorsi, soleus and diaphragm were not significant. The oxidative capacity of all muscles increased on the low intake, albeit to varying extents: longissimus dorsi (55 %), rhomboideus (30 %), soleus (21 %), diaphragm (7 %). Proportions of slow oxidative fibres increased at the expense of fast glycolytic fibres. These novel findings suggest a critical role for postnatal nutrition in regulating myosin gene expression and muscle phenotype. They have important implications for optimal development of human infants: on a low intake, energetic efficiency will increase and the integrated response to many metabolic and growth hormones will alter, since both are dependent on myofibre type. Mechanisms underlying these changes probably involve complex interactions between hormones acting as nutritional signals and differential effects on their cell membrane receptors or nuclear receptors.
Volumetric changes of the graft after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with Bio-Oss and autogenous bone in different ratios: a radiographic study in minipigs.

OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to learn about the volumetric changes of the graft after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with Bio-Oss and autogenous bone from the iliac crest or the mandible in different ratios in minipigs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bilateral maxillary sinus floor augmentation was performed in 40 minipigs with: (A) 100% autogenous bone, (B) 75% autogenous bone and 25% Bio-Oss, (C) 50% autogenous bone and 50% Bio-Oss, (D) 25% autogenous bone and 75% Bio-Oss, and (E) 100% Bio-Oss. The autogenous bone graft was harvested from the iliac crest or the mandible and the graft composition was selected at random and placed concomitant with implant placement. Computed tomographies of the maxillary sinuses were obtained preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at euthanasia after 12 weeks. The volumetric changes of the graft were estimated using the Cavalieri principle and expressed as mean percentage with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS The mean volume of the graft was reduced by (A) 65% (95% CI: 60-70%), (B) 38% (95% CI: 35-41%), (C) 23% (95% CI: 21-25%), (D) 16% (95% CI: 12-21%), and (E) 6% (95% CI: 4-8%). The volumetric reduction was significantly influenced by the ratio of Bio-Oss and autogenous bone (P<0.001), but not by the origin of the autogenous bone graft (P=0.2). CONCLUSIONS The volume of autogenous bone grafts from the iliac crest and the mandible is reduced significantly after maxillary sinus floor augmentation in minipigs. The graft volume is better preserved after the addition of Bio-Oss and the volumetric reduction is significantly influenced by the ratio of Bio-Oss and autogenous bone. However, further studies are needed addressing the amount of new bone formation and bone-to-implant contact before the final conclusion can be made about the optimal ratio of Bio-Oss and autogenous bone.
The Efficacy and Safety of Transdermal Scopolamine for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Quantitative Systematic Review

The role of scopolamine administered via transdermal therapeutic systems in the prevention of postoperative vomiting, nausea, and nausea and vomiting is unclear. We performed a systematic search for full reports of randomized comparisons of transdermal scopolamine with inactive control. Dichotomous data were extracted. In the meta-analysis, relative risks and numbers-needed-to-treat/harm were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). In 23 trials, 979 patients received transdermal scopolamine, and 984 patients received placebo. Sensitivity analyses were performed using restricted data for truncated control event rates (40%–80%) and for large trials. With these data, the relative risks for postoperative vomiting (five reports), nausea (five reports), nausea and vomiting (eight reports), and rescue treatment (three reports) were 0.69 (95% CI, 0.58–0.82), 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54–0.87), 0.76 (95% CI, 0.66–0.88), and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.54–0.85), respectively. This means that of 100 patients who receive transdermal scopolamine, approximately 17 will not experience postoperative vomiting who would have done so had they all received a placebo. However, 18 of 100 patients will have visual disturbances, eight will report dry mouth, two will report dizziness, one will be classified as being agitated, and 1–13 patients who are prescribed transdermal scopolamine will not use it correctly. The timing of application does not alter efficacy.
A system theoretical framework to study unilaterally constrained mechanical systems

The aim of this paper is to study, in a system theoretical framework, the contact problem for mechanical systems subject to unilateral constraints. Contrary to what is usually done in studies on this subject, we first investigate what can be deduced already from the mathematical models of the unconstrained mechanical system and the constraint set. It is only after this analysis that we incorporate the physics of contact in our framework. This sequence of steps leads to important insight in the contact problem itself, and to useful theoretical developments regarding modelling and control of impact.
Factors Affecting Long-Term Results After Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy

The purpose of this study was to determine functional and radiographic changes on long-term followup of knees with isolated meniscal tears. Sixty-seven patients were evaluated retrospectively with an average of 12.2 years' followup using the scale of Tapper and Hoover. The criteria for the radiographic results were the Fairbank's changes as the standard comparing the preoperative and the postoperative conditions of the affected knee with the contralateral knee. Seventy-nine percent of the patients had a satisfactory outcome in terms of function. The amount of meniscus removed and the Outerbridge classification of the articular cartilage at the time of the meniscectomy were determining factors for long-term functional results. Osteoarthritic deterioration was seen in 48% of patients after the surgery, but radiographic deterioration after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy was mild on long-term followup. Medial meniscectomy and the amount of meniscus removed were risk factors for postoperative radiographic change. Age, gender, and the degree of cartilage degeneration at the time of operation, in contrast, showed no significant association. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for isolated meniscal injury yields favorable functional results but leads to significantly increased osteoarthritic change in the long-term.