Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Critical Analysis of Claims and Their Authenticity in Indian Drug Promotional Advertisements

Introduction. Drug promotional advertisements (DPAs) form a major marketing technique of pharmaceutical companies for promoting their products and disseminating ambiguous drug information which can affect prescribing pattern of physicians. Drug information includes product characteristics, various marketing claims with references in support to increase its credibility and authenticity. Material and Methods. An observational study was carried out on fifty printed drug advertisement brochures which were collected from different OPDs of Guru Nanak Dev Hospital attached to Government Medical College, Amritsar, India. These advertisements were analyzed and claims were categorized into true, false, exaggerated, vague, and controversial on criteria as reported by Rohraa et al. (2006). References of DPAs in support of the claims were critically analyzed for their retrievability from web and validity pertaining to claims. Results. Out of 209 claims from 50 advertisements, only 46% were found to be true, 21% false, 16% vague, 7% exaggerated, and 10% controversial in nature. Out of 160 references given in support of claims, 49 (30%) of references were irretrievable. Out of 111 (70%) retrievable references, 92 (83%) references were found valid. Conclusion. Drug information provided in the DPAs was biased, incomplete, unauthentic, and unreliable with references exhibiting questionable credibility.
Analysis of the ventricular fibrillation waveform in refibrillation

Objectives:Frustrating outcomes are driving investigation of alternative resuscitation protocols. Previous analysis of the ventricular fibrillation (VF) waveform has focused on guiding whether to shock immediately or to delay for delivery of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the case of presenting VF. The same issues emerge in the case of refibrillation. Measurements and Main Results:All cases of witnessed VF cardiac arrest in the Rochester, MN, area in a 9-yr period were analyzed. Rochester rescuers employed an early defibrillation protocol during the study period. A summary measure of the VF waveform before the shock delivered in 35 incidents of refibrillation was compared with the time elapsed from the initial shock, the intervening electrocardiographic rhythm, ambulance response time, and call-to-shock time for prediction of early return of spontaneous circulation and of neurologically intact survival. VF waveform analysis separated patients with good outcomes when treated with early defibrillation of refibrillation from those without good outcomes more clearly than other predictors. Conclusions:Analysis of VF waveform offers promise for real-time guidance of resuscitation efforts on the basis of individual patient characteristics, in refibrillation and in the initial shock. It has advantages over guidance based on individual or aggregate system response times.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN EXISTENTIALISM: THE PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH TO FRANKL'S CONCEPT OF NOOGENIC NEUROSIS.

Fraiikl's^' "• ' ' method of psychotherapeusis, logotherapy, is an application of the principles of existential philosophy to clinical practice. His basic contention is that a new type of neurosis is increasingly seen in the clinics today in contrast to the hysterias and other classical patterns, and that this new syndrome—which he terms noogcnic neurosis, and which supposedly constitutes about 55 per cent of the typical present-day case load^^^ — arises largely as a response to a complete emptiness of purpose in life. The chief dynamic is "existential frustration" created by a vacuum of perceived meaning in personal existence, and manifested by the symptom of boredom. According to Frankl, the essence of human motivation is the "will to meaning" {Der Wille zum Sinn); when meaning is not found, the individual becomes "existentially frustrated. " This may or may not lead to psychopathology, depending upon other dynamic factors, but he feels that the incidence of clinical cases thus rooted is of major significance. ^ The fact that existentialism accepts intuitive as well as rational and empirical knowledge in arriving at values and meanings has been anathema to American behavioral scientists, who have tended to write it off as a conglomeration of widely divergent speculations with little thread of consistency or operational sense. If, however, one may, by approaching mental illness from this frame of reference, specify a symptomatic condition which is measurable by an instrument constructed from this orientation, but which is not identical with any condition measured from the usual orientations, then there is evidence that we are in truth dealing with a new and different syndrome. Frankl has specified such a condition, but has made only rather informal and loosely quantitative attempts to measure it (as will be shown later). Kotchen^*^ has published a quantitative attack upon the relation of mental illness to existential concepts. He analysed the literature for the traits pertinent to mental health as conceived by the existential writers, found seven characteristics of the kind of life meaning which is supposed to be present in good mental health (such as uniqueness, responsibility, etc.), and then constructed an attitude scale with items representing each of these seven categories. He predicted that the level of mental health operationally defined by the nature of each of five population samples of 30 cases each, from locked-ward patients in a mental hospital to Harvard summer school students, would agree with the scoring level on the (questionnaire. The prediction was affirmed at a generally satisfactory level of statistical significance. His scale, however, had some open-end items which could be quantified only by a rating code, and three items applied only to hospital patients and had to be omitted from the scoring. Further, his samples were composed entirely of males, and this is an area in which there may well be sex differences, as will be seen later.
Improved detection of bacterial central nervous system infections 1 using a broad-range PCR assay 2 3

Improved detection of bacterial central nervous system infections 1 using a broad-range PCR assay 2 3 T. Meyer#, G. Franke, S.K. A. Polywka, M. Lütgehetmann, J. Gbadamosi, T. 4 Magnus, M. Aepfelbacher 5 6 7 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical 8 Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany, 9 Institute of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 10 Hamburg, Germany, 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Corresponding author 21 Thomas Meyer, PhD 22 University of Hamburg, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University 23 Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany 24 Phone: +4940/741052145 25 Fax: +4940/741058420 26 e-mail: th.meyer@uke.de 27 JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 12 March 2014 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/JCM.00469-14 Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
The 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism moderates the effect of stressful life events on drinking behavior in college students of African descent

Covault et al. [Covault et al. (2007); Biol Psychiatry 61(5): 609–616] reported that the common functional polymorphism, 5‐HTTLPR, in the serotonin transporter gene moderated the association between past‐year stressful events and daily reports of drinking in a sample of European‐American (EA) college students. We examined this effect in college students of African descent. Students recruited at a Historically Black University (n = 564) completed web‐based measures of past‐year stressful life experiences and daily reports of drinking and heavy drinking over a 30‐day period. Participants were genotyped for the tri‐allelic 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism and dichotomized as low‐activity S′ allele carriers or high‐activity L′ homozygotes. Generalized linear models were used to examine the effects of life stress, genotype, and their interaction on the two drinking measures. In students who completed 15 or more daily surveys (n = 393), there was a significant interaction of past‐year stressful events, 5‐HTTLPR genotype, and gender on the number of drinking days (P = 0.002). Similar findings were obtained in relation to heavy drinking days (P = 0.007). Men showed a main effect of past‐year stressful events on both drinking outcomes (P's < 0.001), but no main or moderator effects of genotype. In women, the S′ allele moderated the impact of past‐year life stressors on the frequency of drinking and heavy drinking days (P's < 0.001). In college students of African descent, past‐year stressful events were associated with more frequent drinking and heavy drinking, an effect that was moderated by the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism. However, in contrast to the findings in EA students, in the current sample, 5‐HTTLPR moderated the association only among women. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1 Graph and Information Network Mining 1 . 1 Graph Augmentation

I am currently a postdoctoral research scholar at the University of California, Berkeley’s School of Information (iSchool). I also serve in the professional faculty of UC Berkeley iSchool’s professional Master of Information and Data Science (MIDS), delivered online. I hold a PhD [26] in Computer Science from the University of Toronto, Canada. From 2010 to 2015, I worked as a Sessional Lecturer at the Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada. Before going to Toronto, I received a M.Sc. [25] and a B.Sc. [24] in Computer Science from the University of Crete, Greece and worked as a research fellow at the Institute of Computer Science, FORTH, Greece. I spent the summers of 2009 and 2010 at Yahoo! Labs, working as a research intern with the Social Media and the Usage Mining and Link Analysis groups respectively. My PhD research focused on the algorithmic and computational issues involved in the study of online social interactions and processes and contributed to (a) a better understanding of principles and models that govern social interaction and processes in online social media, and (b) to the design and development of algorithms, methods and tools that improve social interactions and processes online. The nature of these problems required an interdisciplinary research approach with questions and ideas flowing from both computing and social sciences. My general research interests span across the following research areas:
The Dix‐Hallpike Test and The Canalith Repositioning Maneuver

The Dix‐Hallpike test and the canalith repositioning maneuver (CRM) are used to diagnose and treat benign positional vertigo (BPV). Dix‐Hallpike is the standard procedure for diagnosis of BPV, but if the horizontal canal is not tested for BPV and the Dix‐Hallpike is only carried out once, the condition may not be diagnosed and appropriately treated. We describe our method of testing for BPV and treating it with CRM. The Dix‐Hallpike test involves rapidly moving the patient from a sitting position to “head hanging,” where the patient's head is at least 10 degrees below horizontal. This is performed initially for the posterior semicircular canals. If these movements fail to elicit vertigo and nystagmus, tests of the horizontal semicircular canals are performed by laying the patient on each side. Importantly, if there is no vertigo or nystagmus elicited by testing the horizontal semi‐circular canals, the posterior semicircular canals are tested again. It appears that being held in the head hanging positions and then left and right lateral positions will often allow the canaliths to collect such that the Dix‐Hallpike test will become positive. Failure to repeat the tests of the posterior semicircular canals may result in a falsely negative test. Testing the horizontal canals and repeating the Dix‐Hallpike test will reduce the likelihood of patients undergoing extra testing or other consequences of misdiagnosis. If, during any of this testing, a movement elicits vertigo or nystagmus, the appropriate CRM is then carried out.
Severe fibrosis in hepatitis C virus‐infected patients is associated with increased activity of the mannan‐binding lectin (MBL)/MBL‐associated serine protease 1 (MASP‐1) complex

Mannan‐binding lectin (MBL) binds microorganisms via interactions with glycans on the target surface. Bound MBL subsequently activates MBL‐associated serine protease proenzymes (MASPs). A role for MBL in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection had been indicated by previous studies examining MBL levels and polymorphisms in relation to disease progression and response to treatment. We undertook this study to investigate a possible relationship between disease progression and functional MBL/MASP‐1 complex activity. A functional assay for MBL/MASP‐1 complex activity was employed to examine serum samples from patients with chronic HCV infection, non‐HCV liver disease and healthy controls. Intrapatient consistency of MBL/MASP‐1 complex activity levels was assessed in sequential samples from a subgroup of patients. Median values of MBL/MASP‐1 complex activity were higher in sera from patients with liver disease compared with healthy controls. MBL/MASP‐1 complex activity levels correlate with severity of fibrosis after adjusting for confounding factors (P = 0·003). MBL/MASP‐1 complex activity was associated more significantly with fibrosis than was MBL concentration. The potential role of MBL/MASP‐1 complex activity in disease progression is worthy of further study to investigate possible mechanistic links.
Psychiatric Symptomatology and Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms among nondemented individuals with memory changes and whether such symptoms predict progression of functional decline or diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD). A semi-structured interview was administered at baseline to controls (n = 32) and to nondemented subjects with memory changes (n = 112) and to each subject's collateral source. The interview assessed the impact of cognition on functional abilities in daily life and a variety of psychiatric symptoms, including symptoms of psychosis, depression, and personality change. Participants were followed annually for 3 years to determine who had progressive functional decline and who progressed to meet clinical criteria for AD. Those diagnosed with AD on follow-up had more symptoms of personality change, such as agitation and passivity, at baseline than those who did not progress to meet clinical criteria for AD. Mild depressive symptoms were also more common among individuals at baseline who subsequently `converted' to AD. Symptoms of personality change were associated with a more rapid increase in functional difficulty over time, whereas depressive symptoms were not. Changes in personality are more common among subjects with memory changes who go on to develop AD. Particular types of personality change, such as agitation and passivity, are related to progression of functional difficulty over time. Depressive symptoms, although common in prodromal AD, are not associated with a more rapid functional decline.
Experimental Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection in One-, Four-, and 10-Week-Old Pigs

One-, 4-, and lo-week-old pigs were exposed to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to determine the effect of age on clinical signs, hematologic alterations, the onset and duration of viremia, routes of virus shedding, antibody production, and microscopic lesions produced by PRRSV isolate ATCC VR-2332. The response to PRRSV infection was similar among age groups. Fever, usually prolonged, and a marked dyspnea with cutaneous erythema when restrained for sample collection were the most consistent clinical signs. Prolonged periocular edema was unique to the 1-week-old pigs. The white blood cell count was decreased on day 4 postexposure (PE) due to decreases in neutrophils and lymphocytes. The virus was isolated from buffy coats at day 1 PE and was isolated from serum, buffy coat, or plasma at each sample collection period through the end of the trial (day 28 PE). Virus was most consistently isolated from lung, lymph node, spleen, and tonsil on day 7 PE and exclusively from lymph node, spleen, and tonsil on day 28 PE. Virus was infrequently isolated from urine and fecal and nasal swabs. Consistent microscopic changes in all age groups included interstitial pneumonia and lymph node hypertrophy and hyperplasia on days 7 and 28 PE, lymph node necrosis on day 7 PE, and subacute mononuclear myocarditis on day 28 PE. Findings presented here indicate that interstitial pneumonia, lymphoid necrosis, and mononuclear myocarditis are characteristic lesions of PRRSV isolate ATCC VR-2332 infection in 1-, 4-, and lo-week-old pigs.
Incidence, Clinical Course, and Predictors of Prolonged Recovery Time Following Sport-Related Concussion in High School and College Athletes

Abstract Sport-related concussion (SRC) is typically followed by clinical recovery within days, but reports of prolonged symptoms are common. We investigated the incidence of prolonged recovery in a large cohort (n = 18,531) of athlete seasons over a 10-year period. A total of 570 athletes with concussion (3.1%) and 166 controls who underwent pre-injury baseline assessments of symptoms, neurocognitive functioning and balance were re-assessed immediately, 3 hr, and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 45 or 90 days after concussion. Concussed athletes were stratified into typical (within 7 days) or prolonged (> 7 days) recovery groups based on symptom recovery time. Ten percent of athletes (n = 57) had a prolonged symptom recovery, which was also associated with lengthier recovery on neurocognitive testing (p < .001). At 45–90 days post-injury, the prolonged recovery group reported elevated symptoms, without deficits on cognitive or balance testing. Prolonged recovery was associated with unconsciousness [odds ratio (OR), 4.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.12–8.15], posttraumatic amnesia (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.00–3.28), and more severe acute symptoms (p < .0001). These results suggest that a small percentage of athletes may experience symptoms and functional impairments beyond the typical window of recovery after SRC, and that prolonged recovery is associated with acute indicators of more severe injury. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–12)
Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality in Nine French Cities: A Quantitative Summary

Abstract Between 1990 and 1995, 9 French cities provided data on daily air pollution, total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and respiratory mortality. Personnel in individual cities performed Poisson regressions, controlling for trends in seasons, calendar effects, influenza epidemics, temperature, and humidity, to assess the short-term effects of air pollution. The authors describe results obtained from the quantitative pooling of these local analyses. When no heterogeneity could be detected, a fixed-effect model was used; otherwise, a random-effect model was used. Significant and positive associations were found between total daily deaths in these cities and the 4 air pollution indicators studied: (1) Black Smoke, (2) sulfur dioxide, (3) nitrogen dioxide, and (4) ozone. A 50-μg/m3 increase in Black Smoke (24 hr), sulfur dioxide (24 hr), nitrogen dioxide (24 hr), or ozone (8 hr) was associated with increases in total mortality of 2.9% (95% confidence interval [Cl]) = 1.3, 4.4), 3.6% (95% Cl = 2.1, 5.2), 3.8% (95% Cl = 2.0, 5.5), and 2.7% (95% Cl = 1.3,4.1), respectively. Similar results were obtained for cardiovascular mortality. Except for sulfur dioxide, positive—but not significant—associations were found with respiratory mortality. The internal consistency among the cities studied, as well as consistency with previously published results, favors a causal interpretation of these associations.
Immune activation and HIV persistence: implications for curative approaches to HIV infection

Despite complete or near‐complete suppression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication with combination antiretroviral therapy, both HIV and chronic inflammation/immune dysfunction persist indefinitely. Untangling the association between the virus and the host immune environment during therapy might lead to novel interventions aimed at either curing the infection or preventing the development of inflammation‐associated end‐organ disease. Chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction might lead to HIV persistence by causing virus production, generating new target cells, enabling infecting of activated and resting target cells, altering the migration patterns of susceptible target cells, increasing the proliferation of infected cells, and preventing normal HIV‐specific clearance mechanisms from function. Chronic HIV production or replication might contribute to persistent inflammation and immune dysfunction. The rapidly evolving data on these issues strongly suggest that a vicious cycle might exist in which HIV persistence causes inflammation that in turn contributes to HIV persistence.
Egg Size Variation in Crested Newts from the Western Balkans (Caudata: Salamandridae: Triturus cristatus Superspecies)

Milena Furtula, Ana IvanoviC, Georg DžukiC, and MiloS L. KaleziC (2008) Egg size variation in crested newts from the western Balkans (Caudata: Salamandridae: Triturus cristatus superspecies). Zoological Studies 47(5): 585-590. We report herein on egg size characteristics (vitellus volume and jelly/vitellus ratio) of 4 crested newt species (Triturus cristatus superspecies). The key results were as follows: (1) maternal and population effects on these characteristics were detected, however, the species effect was much more pronounced; (2) in terms of the vitellus volume, T. karelinii and T. macedonicus had the largest eggs, T. dobrogicus had the smallest, and T. cristatus had eggs of intermediate size; (3) all species significantly differed in their jelly/vitellus ratio values, with the lowest ratio in T. macedonicus followed by T. karelinii, T. cristatus, and T. dobrogicus with the highest ratio value; and (4) the species shared a common allometric slope of the egg volume/body size relationship. The egg size traits appeared to follow a evolutionary trend similar to that of the morphological and ecological diversity characteristics.
Invasive procedures to evaluate the fetus.

Advances in the fields of molecular, biochemical, and cytogenetics have made prenatal diagnosis of increasing numbers of mendelian and chromosomal disorders possible. With the ongoing development in these fields, the prenatal diagnostic capabilities will continue to expand and the demand for prenatal diagnostic procedures will likely increase. This chapter will review the techniques currently available in prenatal diagnosis, including amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, and percutaneous umbilical blood sampling.