Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A search for brain stem cell groups integrating the defence reaction in the rat.

The defence areas of the rat brain stem have been extensively explored using electrical and chemical stimulation in an attempt to locate the regions containing the perikarya of neurones which may initiate or integrate the visceral and behavioural components of the defence reaction. In rats anaesthetized with alphaxalone‐alphadolone, a cannula electrode was used to compare the responses to electrical stimuli with those evoked by microinjection of the excitatory amino acid D,L‐homocysteic acid (DLH), at the same site. A total of 128 sites throughout the brain stem was studied in 75 rats. The pattern of visceral and somatic changes characteristic of the defence reaction, viz. increases in arterial blood pressure and heart rate, vasodilatation in hind‐limb muscles and vasoconstriction in the kidney, hyperpnoea and tachypnoea, exophthalmos, mydriasis, twitching of the vibrissae and retroflexion of the tail, was evoked by electrical stimulation within well‐defined regions of the brain stem, from the anterior hypothalamus to the pons. Microinjection of DLH into the same regions could evoke the full defence reaction, as defined above, but only from the dorsomedial periaqueductal grey matter. Three other regions were defined from which almost all the autonomic components of the defence reaction were evoked, except that blood pressure fell. These were located: immediately dorsal to the optic chiasma, in the medial tuberal region of the hypothalamus and in the lateral pontine tegmentum. In conscious rats with implanted guide cannulae, darting and flight responses were evoked by microinjections of DLH into the periaqueductal grey matter but not from the hypothalamus or tegmentum. Brisk locomotion followed injections of DLH into the region overlying the optic chiasma. It is concluded that the brain stem neurones involved in integrating the somatic and visceral components of the defence reaction are concentrated within the four regions defined above. Whereas neurones in the periaqueductal grey matter can initiate the fully integrated defence reaction, those concentrated in the three other areas cannot be shown to do so. Of these three cell groups, the suprachiasmatic neurones seem to be closer in function to the periaqueductal group than are the neurones in the tuberal hypothalamus and pontine tegmentum.
A novel cloud surface shape estimation method based on SFS

Cloud is a common element of the sky and plays an important role in outside scene modeling. In this paper, a novel cloud surface shape estimation method from an image is proposed based on Shape from Shading(SFS). Shape from shading(SFS) algorithm is inherently ill-posed for the one image, which means that no shape or more shapes may synthetic the same input image. To estimate the cloud surface shape in the image, we propose two priors to make the problem well-posed: 1) the average depth prior, imposed on the average depths of different areas of the cloud; 2) the boundary prior, including the occluding contour and self-occlusions. Then, we formulate an optimization problem based on the shape from shading(SFS) algorithm. To solve the optimization problem, we utilize an improved L-BFGS method. The experimental results show that our method can estimate cloud surface shape similar to that of the image.
Importance of sodium ion to the progesterone‐initiated acrosome reaction in human sperm

Progesterone (P) has previously been shown to rapidly increase free intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2−]i), and subsequently to initiate the acrosome reaction (AR) in capacitated human sperm. The present study used cytochemical analysis of the AR, and spectrofluorometric determination of sperm [Ca2−]i and intracellular pH (pHi) in Na+‐containing and Na+‐deficient bicarbonate/CO2‐buffered media to investigate the role of Na+ in these P‐initiated changes. We found that P failed to initiate the AR in Na+‐deficient medium, and that the initial rise in [Ca2+]i following P (1 μg/ml) stimulation was similar for both media; however, the [Ca2+]i in the Na+‐deficient medium regressed more rapidly and plateaued at a significantly lower [Ca2+]i. Moreover, the differences in plateau [Ca2+]i were directly related to the percentage of acrosome reactions, suggesting that the plateau phase is not due to [Ca2+]i, but rather to the release of intracellular fura‐2 into the medium during the AR. These [Ca2+]i and AR results are in contrast to those reported previously by others for human sperm and suggest that a Na+‐dependent mechanism is important in the P‐initiated human sperm AR. Such a Na+ requirement may reflect the involvement of this ion in pHi regulation, as capacitated sperm that were incubated in a Na+‐deficient medium for ≥ 30 min displayed a significantly lower pHi. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Analysis of Sectoral Diversity in India and its Determinants

This article studies the degree of sectoral diversity across regions in India and examines its determinants. We construct a diversity index to represent sectoral diversity using information on the industry of work of the individuals across 14 industry sectors for 2011–2012 and compare with values for 2004–2005. We examine the relationship of diversity and indicators related to scale economies and skill intensity using ordinary least squares at a cross-sectional level as well as pooled estimates over the two time periods both at the state and the NSS region level. We argue and establish that the Indian regional economy is characterized by a trend towards high levels of sectoral diversity. Contrary to many strands of the literature, we provide empirical evidence that scale economies, as represented by the traditional parameters of size, cannot be used as a proxy for sectoral diversity. Skill intensity, on the other hand, emerges as a significant determinant of sectoral diversity particularly in the case of coastal regions. Regions with high sector diversity are characterized by a move towards higher skill levels, greater share of regular employment and a move away from labour-intensive production, thus clearly highlighting the importance of the labour and technology matching process. JEL Classification: R12, R32
Joint Audits: Does the Allocation of Audit Work Affect Audit Quality and Audit Fees?

Abstract Audit quality and cost consequences of joint audits have been continually discussed, especially since the publication of the European Commission’s Green Paper in 2010. We provide new empirical evidence for the French audit market. We show that a more balanced audit work allocation between the engaged audit firms reduces the audit quality and enhances the audit fees as compared to an unbalanced work allocation. We measure the quality effects following the concept of abnormal accruals and the concept of cosmetic earnings management. As unbalanced joint audits have parallels to single audits, our results have interest to those debating the benefits and costs of joint audits as compared to single audits.
Learning to care for the dying: a survey of medical schools and a model course

Education on death and dying is relatively new in the United States; a recent survey indicated that there is little consensus on teaching methods and content of courses. This paper reports the authors' 1989 survey of 111 U.S. medical schools, and describes a death and dying seminar offered at the Yale School of Medicine using patients as teachers. Regarding the survey, the authors mailed questionnaires to 124 schools; 111 responded. Twelve of the schools (11%) provided no formal teaching in death and dying. Of the 99 schools that did, 30 provided one or two lectures in the first two years. Fifty-one schools taught death and dying as a module of a larger required course, and 18 schools offered an elective. Lecture was the predominant teaching method, and patient participation was usually restricted to a class presentation. Regarding the Yale seminar, each student meets individually with a patient during the semester and in small groups with the instructor to discuss the interviews, personal reactions, and professional issues in the care of his or her patient-teacher. This seminar enables students to learn the personal effects of serious illness, coping techniques used in daily living, characteristics of the caring physician, and skills needed to provide compassionate care.
Selective separation of hydroxide from alkaline nuclear tank waste by liquid-liquid extraction with weak hydroxy acids.

Recovery and recycle of caustic reagents in industrial processes offer potential means of pollution prevention, as investigated herein for particular needs related to the cleanup of alkaline nuclear waste. Specifically, the recovery of hydroxide from alkaline media by liquid-liquid extraction can be effected utilizing weak hydroxy acids, as demonstrated for NaOH utilizing a series of lipophilic fluorinated alcohols and alkylated phenols dissolved in 1-octanol. Extraction efficiency follows the expected order of acidity of the hydroxy acids, the phenols being the most efficient extractants among the compounds tested. After extraction, NaOH is effectively recoverable from the organic phase upon contact with water. The weakest hydroxy acids are the most efficiently stripped, NaOH recovery being nearly quantitative in a single contact. In competitive extraction experiments, good selectivity for hydroxide recovery over other anions such as nitrate and chloride was demonstrated. Since the order of extraction favors larger anions, the exceptional preference for hydroxide implies that the extraction occurs by deprotonation of the hydroxy acids in a cation-exchange process. Stripping therefore occurs by hydrolysis to regenerate the neutral hydroxy acid, liberating NaOH to the aqueous phase. Since hydroxide equivalents rather than actual hydroxide ions are transferred to the solvent, the process is termed "pseudohydroxide extraction. " Hydroxide recovery from a simulant of alkaline nuclear tank waste (Hanford DSSF simulant) was also demonstrated in repeated extraction and stripping cycles.
An Interactive Effect of Human Capital Variables and Economic Growth in Nigeria

The study examines the interactive effects of the relationship between human capital investment components and economic growth in Nigeria for the period of 1986 – 2014. Although, various studies have focused on the relationship between human capital and economic growth all over the world but there is still a missing gap on the joint influence of human capital investment components on economic growth particularly in Nigeria. The study employs secondary annual data on education expenditure; health expenditure; real gross domestic product and gross capital formation obtain from the Central Bank Statistical bulletin, 2014 and analyze using Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) technique. The results of the study show that there is positive and significant relationship between the interactive effects of human capital components and growth in Nigeria. The study educates the government and policy makers on the importance of policy mix in terms of how human capital development enhances growth in Nigeria than embarking on the use of one policy instrument. The paper therefore contributes to knowledge by providing information on the interactive effects of education and health on growth in Nigeria.
Firm characteristics and dividend policy in India

Abstract This article studies the determinants and evolution of dividends of BSE 500 companies in India over a period from 2001 to 2015. It finds that although these firms have been paying dividends, they are not consistent. In India, dividends are more determined by the availability of profits and liquidity. The speed of adjustment coefficients which is estimated using the Lintner model, are found to be high and statistically significant over the sample period. Results from the study reveal that although leverage is an important determinant of dividend, size is not. In this study, two important research questions arises regarding studying quality of earnings and the reluctance to adopt and predictable dividend policy.
Rat Cultured Neuronal and Glial Cells Respond Differently to Toxicity of Unconjugated Bilirubin

High levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) can be neurotoxic. Nevertheless, the mechanism of UCB interaction with neural cells is still unknown. This study investigates whether cultured rat neurons and astrocytes respond differently to UCB exposure. UCB toxicity was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase release, induction of apoptosis, cytoskeleton degeneration, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction, and glutamate uptake. Primary cultures of rat brain astrocytes and neurons were incubated at 37°C with 85.5 μM UCB plus 28.5 μM albumin for 4 h. In assays of glutamate uptake, cells were exposed to 80–120 μM UCB plus 100 μM albumin for 15 min. The results showed that after incubation with 85.5 μM UCB, lactate dehydrogenase release was greater in neurons than in astrocytes (38%versus 14%, p < 0.05). Also, levels of apoptosis were markedly enhanced in neurons (29%versus 19%, p < 0.01). In accordance, neuronal cytoskeleton disassembly was evident during incubation with 85.5 μM UCB, whereas equivalent effects on astrocytes required as much as 171 μM. Conversely, inhibition of MTT metabolism and glutamate uptake by UCB was more pronounced in astrocytes than in neurons (74%versus 60%, p < 0.05 and 41% to 56%versus 25% to 33%, p < 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, the study demonstrates that astrocytes are more susceptible to inhibition of glutamate uptake and MTT reduction by UCB, whereas neurons are more sensitive to cell death by necrosis or apoptosis. These results suggest that UCB is toxic to both astrocytes and neurons, although through distinct pathways.
Development of the crossed retinocollicular projection in the mouse

Changes in the distribution of axons of the crossed retinal projection within the superior colliculus of the developing mouse were studied by means of normal fiber and Golgi impregnations and by anterograde horseradish peroxidase labelling. Retinal axons advance along the optic tract from gestational days E12 to E14 and first invade the superior colliculus on E15. Over the subsequent days until birth (E19), the retinal axons extend within rostrocaudally oriented fascicles that distribute through the full thickness of the uppermost collicular layer, the stratum superficiale (SS). A dramatic transformation of this fiber stratification pattern into the mature pattern occurs over the first postnatal week. The fiber bundles are progressively cleared from the upper half of SS, identified as the future stratum griseum superficiale (SGS). Concurrently, the fiber bundles in the deep SS, identified as the stratum opticum (SO), give rise to individual, nonfasciculated fibers, which arborize within SGS. The contralateral retinal origin of the transient population of axons in SGS as well as the majority of axons that persist in SO is evident from the observation that they degenerate following neonatal enucleation. The number of fiber bundles lost is estimated to be 40–50% of the total population present in the superficial layers at birth. The combined set of observations indicates that axon elimination plays a major role in shaping the laminar pattern of retinal innervation of the colliculus. Retinal ganglion cell death, and not axon pruning, is proposed as the most probable mechanism by which axon fascicles are eliminated from SGS.
Gene expression and protein distribution of collagen, fibronectin and laminin in bovine follicles and corpora lutea.

The aim of this study was to locate sites of expression and deposition of collagen, fibronectin and laminin in the bovine ovary. RNA from the granulosa and basement membrane/theca fractions of maturing follicles and from corpora lutea of the early, middle and late luteal phase was probed with cDNAs for collagen types I and IV, fibronectin and laminin. Antisera against collagens I and IV were used in western analysis of protein from follicular fluid, granulosa, basement membrane/theca and corpus luteum. Collagen subunits alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) were expressed in the basement membrane/theca but not in the granulosa of the follicle. They were also expressed in all luteal extracts, especially those from the early phase. Collagen alpha 2(IV) was highly expressed in the basement membrane/theca and to a lesser extent in corpora lutea. Collagen alpha 3(IV) was expressed in the granulosa, basement membrane/theca and early corpus luteum. Fibronectin 1 and laminin B2 were expressed in all tissues. Laminin B1 was expressed in all tissues except the granulosa. Collagen IV was immunodetected in all follicle extracts, with the strongest signal in the basement membrane/theca. Collagen I occurred in all luteal extracts and in the basement membrane/theca but not in follicular fluid or the granulosa. These results demonstrate tissue-specific expression of ovarian structural proteins and suggest that changes occur during the progression from follicle to corpus luteum. The production of collagen IV in the follicle wall and of collagen I in the corpus luteum is consistent with previous biochemical studies. Evidence for collagen IV in the follicular antrum suggests that the follicle wall originates from granulosa as well as theca cells. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Western Canada: From Family Businesses to Multinationals

When there are many people who don't need to expect something more than the benefits to take, we will suggest you to have willing to reach all benefits. Be sure and surely do to take this innovation and entrepreneurship in western canada from family businesses to multinationals that gives the best reasons to read. When you really need to get the reason why, this innovation and entrepreneurship in western canada from family businesses to multinationals book will probably make you feel curious.
Serum prolactin and response to treatment among cocaine‐dependent individuals

Abstract Considerable evidence indicates that dopaminergic mechanisms may modulate the central effects of cocaine. We investigated whether basal serum prolactin, a measure of central dopamine activity, differed between cocaine‐dependent subjects and controls, and whether prolactin levels among cocaine patients were related to their response to treatment. Eighty‐six African‐American cocaine‐dependent outpatients and 35 African‐American controls were studied. Prolactin concentrations in fasting blood samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay. The outcome measures were: number of negative urine drug screens, retention in treatment, counselor ratings of improvement and discharge status. Chi‐square tests and independent t ‐tests were used for data analyses. The basal prolactin(ng/ml) among cocaine patients (9.12 ± 4.12) was significantly higher compared to controls (7.14 ± 3.36) (t = 2.52, p < 0.02). Furthermore, the higher prolactin subjects (median prolactin = 7.71) had significantly fewer negative urine screens (p < 0.05) and received less favorable ratings of improvement by counselors (p < 0.01) compared to the lower prolactin group. However, the two groups did not differ significantly in treatment retention (p = 0.13) or discharge status (p = 0.08). The higher basal prolactin among cocaine patients relative to controls may reflect changes in DA activity among cocaine patients. Moreover, higher prolactin seems to be related negatively with certain measures of response to treatment among cocaine patients.
Returns to Education: An International Comparison

We use two complementary methods to estimate private returns to education. The first (Mincer, 1974) is the earnings-function method, where education and work experience are explanatory variables. The second, called the“full” method, incorporates the costs of human capital investment and computes the discount rate equating the streams of education benefits and costs over individualsalife cycles. Both methods are also used at the aggregate level to estimate social returns to education. Differences in returns depend on (1) each countryas economic and social models and (2) the institutional context of education systems (selection and, especially, financing). These methods show that France ranks among the industrialized countries where investment in human capital yields the highest returns, particularly in higher education, in both private and social terms. France shares the lead with the United States and United Kingdom, well ahead of Scandinavian countries.
Statistically relevant conserved quantities for truncated quasigeostrophic flow

Systematic applications of ideas from equilibrium statistical mechanics lead to promising strategies for assessing the unresolved scales of motion in many problems in science and engineering. A scientific debate over more than the last 25 years involves which conserved quantities among the formally infinite list are statistically relevant for the large-scale equilibrium statistical behavior. Here this important issue is addressed by using suitable discrete numerical approximations for geophysical flows with many conserved quantities as a numerical laboratory. The results of numerical experiments are presented here for these truncated geophysical flows with topography in a suitable regime. These experiments establish that the integrated third power of potential vorticity besides the familiar constraints of energy, circulation, and enstrophy (the integrated second power) is statistically relevant in this regime for the coarse-grained equilibrium statistical behavior at large scales. Furthermore, the integrated higher powers of potential vorticity larger than three are statistically irrelevant for the large-scale equilibrium statistical behavior in the examples studied here.
ANALYSIS OF THE JAKARTA CARBON MITIGATION PLAN USING SYSTEM DYNAMICS TO SUPPORT DECISION MAKING IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT – OPTIONS FOR POLICYMAKERS

Cities are facing ever greater challenges regarding climate change. Urban governments and policymakers have taken such challenges into account when maintaining urban development momentum. Although the city government of Jakarta has implemented several initiatives to reduce emissions, assessments of the impact of these strategies on the sustainability of the urban system remain limited. This paper investigates the evaluation of two mitigation scenarios for reducing Jakarta’s greenhouse gases that differ in the authority level of the local government, using a policy analysis approach. The method emphasizes the use of the system dynamics model to gain insights into each option. The results reveal that the city’s development goals would be best achieved through joint partnership with the national government. Such cooperation would have a more significant effect on economic, social, and environmental sustainability than would be in the case in other scenarios.
Putting Politics in the Lab: A Review of Lab Experiments in Political Science

Experiments are now common in political science. They are an excellent methodological tool to estimate the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome. In this article, I review the use of lab experiments in political science. After a brief report on their popularity and advantages, I distinguish two ideal-types (economics-based and psychology-based) and outline the main lines of division between them. In the final section, I discuss the main challenges that lab experimentalists are facing today.