Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Robust and scalable 3-D geo-electromagnetic modelling approach using the finite element method

We present a robust and scalable solver for time-harmonic Maxwell’s equations for problems with large conductivity contrasts, wide range of frequencies, stretched grids and locally reﬁned meshes. The solver is part of the fully distributed adaptive 3-D electromagnetic modelling scheme which employs the ﬁnite element method and unstructured non-conforming hexahedral meshes for spatial discretization using the open-source software deal.II. We use the complex-valued electric ﬁeld formulation and split it into two real-valued equations for which we utilize an optimal block-diagonal pre-conditioner. Application of this pre-conditioner requires the solution of two smaller real-valued symmetric problems. We solve them by using either a direct solver or the conjugate gradient method pre-conditioned with the recently introduced auxiliary space technique. The auxiliary space pre-conditioner reformulates the original problem in form of several simpler ones, which are then solved using highly efﬁcient algebraic multigrid methods. In this paper, we consider the magnetotelluric case and verify our numerical scheme by using COMMEMI 3-D models. Afterwards, we run a series of numerical experiments and demonstrate that the solver converges in a small number of iterations for a wide frequency range and variable problem sizes. The number of iterations is independent of the problem size, but exhibits a mild dependency on frequency. To test the stability of the method on locally reﬁned meshes, we have implemented a residual-based a posteriori error estimator and compared it with uniform mesh reﬁnement for problems up to 200 million unknowns. We test the scalability of the most time consuming parts of our code and show that they fulﬁll the strong scaling assumption as long as each MPI process possesses enough degrees of freedom to alleviate communication overburden. Finally, we refer back to a direct solver-based pre-conditioner and analyse its complexity in time. The results show that for multiple right-hand sides the direct solver-based pre-conditioner can still be faster for problems of medium size. On the other hand, it also shows non-linear growth in memory, whereas the auxiliary space method increases only linearly.
Antibacterial and Microstructure Properties of Titanium Surfaces Modified with Ag-Incorporated Nanotube Arrays

Although titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been widely used as implants in clinical settings, failures still occur mainly due to poor bioactivity and implant-associated infections. Here, we coated Ti implants with TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) incorporated with the antibacterial agent Ag to produce Ag-TNTs, through anodization in AgNO3 and xenon light irradiation. We characterized surface morphology and composition of the coating with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. We investigated surface topography of the coatings by atomic force microscopy (AFM) operated in the tapping mode. The results indicate that Ag was successfully doped onto the TNTs, and that the nanoparticles were mainly distributed on the surface of TNTs. Finally, our antibacterial experiments reveal that Ag-TNTs on Ti implants exhibit excellent antibacterial activities, which promises to have significant clinical applications as implants.
Strength, Toughness and Thermal Shock Resistance of Ancient Ceramics, and Their Influence on Technological Choice

The basic underlying theory for the strength, toughness and thermal shock resistance of brittle multiphase clay ceramics, together with the measurement procedures to determine these parameters, are first outlined. Published experimental data obtained for test bars containing different types of temper and fired to a range of temperatures are then compared both with theoretical predictions and between themselves. The results confirm that to produce pottery with high strength requires high firing temperatures and low temper concentrations. Conversely, to produce pottery with high toughness and thermal shock resistance requires low firing temperatures and high temper concentrations, with platy or fibrous temper being most effective. There is no convincing published evidence that strength and toughness requirements were a significant factor in determining the technological choices (clay type, temper type and concentration, and firing temperature) in the production of pottery used as containers for transport and storage. In contrast, the routine use of high temper concentrations and low firing temperatures in the production of cooking pots suggests that the requirement for high thermal shock resistance was a factor that at least influenced technological choice in this case. In addition, there is some evidence that limestone and shell were, on occasions, deliberately chosen as temper in cooking pots. The need to take into account the crucial role that the full range of environmental, technological, economic, social, political and ideological factors have in influencing technological choice is also emphasized. This review highlights the fact that our current understanding of the factors determining strength, toughness and thermal shock resistance of clay ceramics is still far from complete. Further systematic measurements of these parameters, together with the establishment of a systematic database of the range of technological choices associated with the production of cooking pots, are therefore to be encouraged.
ENERGY TRANSFER IN SOLID ARGON DURING ION BOMBARDMENT

Solid argon is a model system for studies of radiative and nonradiative processes associated with electronic excitation by MeV light ion bombardment. The electronic excited states, excitons and excimers, have been extensively studied in this material and careful studies have also been made of the ejection (sputtering) of atoms from the surface. The sputtering requires transfer of energy from electronic excitation to kinetic energy of atomic motion. Ultraviolet luminescence spectra show a rich structure including features due to molecules ejected while still in an electronically excited state. The luminescence and sputtering results can be described together in terms of exciton formation, diffusion and decay.
Structure and evolution of a sauropod tooth battery

dinosaurs rose to predominance among vertebrate herbivores, in terms of both species diversity and biomass (e.g., Romer 1966; McIntosh 1990). Their perceived decline on northern landmasses during the Cretaceous has been linked to the evolution of tooth batteries in ornithischian herbivores (e.g., Lull and Wright 1942; Ostrom 1961; Bakker 1978; Lucas and Hunt 1989). On southern landmasses, in contrast, sauropod diversity increased during the Cretaceous (Weishampel 1990; Hunt et al. 1994), and a newly discovered southern sauropod, the rebbachisaurid Nigersaurus taqueti, is now known to have evolved a complex tooth battery (Sereno et al. 1999). Rebbachisaurids are a poorly known sauropod clade, reported thus far only from Cretaceous rocks in South America (Calvo and Salgado 1995; Bonaparte 1996; Apestiguia et al. 2001; Lamanna et al. 2001), Africa (Lavocat 1954; Taquet 1976; Sereno et al. 1999), and Europe (Dalla Vecchia 1998; Pereda-Suberbiola et al. 2003). Many of these are fragmentary finds, leaving much of the skeletal anatomy of this group in question, especially the skull. In this chapter, we describe the tooth-bearing bones and dental battery of Nigersaurus taqueti and provide an initial cranial reconstruction. We outline the feeding specializations common to diplodocoids and how these were modified within rebbachisaurids. Institutional Abbreviation: MNN, Musee National du Niger, Niamey.
Learning to notice and use student thinking in undergraduate mathematics courses

xi Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 4 Transitioning to Student-centered Instruction . 4 Obstacles to Implementing Student-centered Instruction . 5 STEM Retention . 7 GTA Training . 8 Teacher Noticing: A Basis for Effective, Student-centered Instruction . 10 Characterizing teacher noticing . 11 Teacher noticing professional development . 12 Use of video in noticing interventions . 14 Use of video with a framework to support noticing . 16 Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching . 18 Chapter 3: Methodology . 20 Theoretical Framework . 20 Participants . 22 Intervention . 23 Data Collection and Analysis . 28 Categorizing Instances. 28 vi MOST Coding . 31 Response Coding. 34 Coding Analysis . 35 Chapter 4: Results . 37 Components of Noticing . 37 Agent . 38 Mathematical specificity . 40 Focus . 43 MOST Analysis . 49 Inconsistent and Consistent MOSTs . 49 Consistent MOSTs . 52 Consistent MOSTS and Non-MOSTs . 54 Responses . 57 Post-interview Questions . 57 CCI scores . 61 Chapter 5: Discussion . 62 References . 66
1111-23; CHI Sept02 (10696

Objective: To explore the relationship between attachment status and personality pathology in a large clinical sample of adolescents. Method: Two hundred ninety-four randomly selected psychiatrists and psychologists were each asked to provide data on a patient (aged 14–18 years) in treatment for maladaptive personality patterns. Clinicians completed several measures including a clinician-report attachment questionnaire, several measures of personality pathology, and a clinician-report version of the Child Behavior Checklist. Results: In both dimensional and categorical analyses, secure attachment was negatively correlated with personality pathology and positively correlated with healthy functioning, whereas disorganized/unresolved attachment was strongly associated with multiple forms of personality pathology. Anxious/ambivalent attachment tended to be associated with measures of withdrawal, internalization, and introversion. Avoidant attachment style was not associated with any single form of personality pathology. Conclusion: The marked association between unresolved attachment and more severe psychopathology in adolescents, the lack of construct validity of avoidant personality disorder in adolescents, and the broader relations among attachment, personality, and psychopathology are discussed. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2002, 41(9):1111–1123.
Electro-Hydrodynamics of Micro-Discharges in Gases at Atmospheric Pressure

Micro-discharges are specific cold filamentary plasma that are generated at atmospheric pressure between electrodes stressed by high voltage. As cold plasma or non-thermal plasma, we suggest that the energy of electrons inside the conductive plasma is much higher than the energy of the heaviest particles (molecules and ions). In such kind of plasma, the temperature of the gas remains cold (i.e. more or less equal to the ambient temperature) unlike in the field of thermal plasmas where the gas temperature can reach some thousands of Kelvin. This high level of temperature can be measured for example in plasma torch or in lightning. The conductive channels of micro-discharges are very thin. Their diameters are estimated around some tens of micrometers. This specificity explains their name: micro-discharge. Another of their characteristic is their very fast development. In fact, micro-discharges propagate at velocity that can attain some tens of millimetres per nanosecond i.e. some 107 cm.s-1. This very fast velocity is due to the propagation of space charge dominated streamer heads. The space charge inside the streamer head creates a very high electric field in which the electrons are accelerated like in an electron gun. These electrons interact with the gas and create mainly ions and radicals. In fact, the energy distribution of electrons inside streamer heads favours the chemical electron-molecule reactions rather than the elastic electron-molecule collisions. Therefore, micro-discharges are mainly used in order to activate chemical reactions either in the gas volume or on a surface (Penetrante & Schultheis, 1993, Urashima &Chang, 2010, Foest et al. 2005, Clement, 2001). Several designs of plasma reactors are able to generate micro-discharges. The most convenient and the well known is probably the corona discharge reactor (Loeb, 1961&1965, Winands, 2006, Ono & Oda a, 2004, van Veldhuizen & Rutgers, 2002, Briels et al., 2006 ). Corona micro-discharges reactor has at least two asymmetric electrodes i.e. with one of them presenting a low curvature that introduces a pin effect where the geometric electric field is enhanced. The corona micro-discharges are initiated from this high geometric field area. Some samples of corona reactor geometries are shown in Fig. 1. The transient character and the small dimensions make some micro-discharges parameters, like charged and radical densities, electron energy or electric field strength, difficult to be accessible to measurements. Therefore, the complete simulation of the discharge reactor, in complement to experimental study can lead to a better understanding of the physico-
Developmental Changes of Lymphoid Tissue in the Harderian Gland of Laying Hens

Abstract The Harderian gland of 110 laying hens was histologically investigated from the time of hatching to the period of 10 months of age. Tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-schiff (PAS) and methyl green-pyronin technique. The research shows that lymphoid tissue is colonised by three types of cells: heterophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The number of these cells is directly dependent on the bird’s age. During the lifetime of the hens there gradually comes a shift in the dominance of these three cell types. Lymphoid nodules are detected only in 40-day-old chickens, while later in adult birds the Harderian gland is the organ which contains the largest number of mature plasma cells. Some plasma cells contain Russell bodies with different size and shape.
A Generalized Approach for Testing the Association of a Set of Predictors with an Outcome: A Gene Based Test

In many analyses, one has data on one level but desires to draw inference on another level. For example, in genetic association studies, one observes units of DNA referred to as SNPs, but wants to determine whether genes that are comprised of SNPs are associated with disease. While there are some available approaches for addressing this issue, they usually involve making parametric assumptions and are not easily generalizable. A statistical test is proposed for testing the association of a set of variables with an outcome of interest. No assumptions are made about the functional form relating the variables to the outcome. A general function is fit using any statistical learning algorithm, with the SuperLearner algorithm suggested. The parameter of interest is the cross-validated risk and this is compared to an expected risk. A Wald test is proposed using the influence curve of the cross-validated risk to obtain the variance. It is shown both theoretically and via simulation that the test maintains appropriate type I error control and is more powerful than parametric tests under more general alternatives. The test is applied to an MS candidate gene study. Three separate analyses are performed highlighting the flexibility of the approach.
SPECTRALLY-NORMALIZED MARGIN BOUNDS FOR NEURAL NETWORKS

We present a generalization bound for feedforward neural networks with ReLU activations in terms of the product of the spectral norm of the layers and the Frobenius norm of the weights. The key ingredient is a bound on the changes in the output of a network with respect to perturbation of its weights, thereby bounding the sharpness of the network. We combine this perturbation bound with the PAC-Bayes analysis to derive the generalization bound.
Do litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization show the same trend in the response to dry and wet years in the Patagonian steppe?

In arid environments, dry and wet years have similar number of small rainfall events but wet years result from the occurrence of a few large rainfall events. What are the implications of these different precipitation patterns on ecosystem functioning? Here, we examined the differential response of soil processes to wet and dry years. Specifically, we assessed litter decomposition and soil N mineralization responses to precipitation excess in the Patagonian steppe, and compared with responses to drought conditions previously reported for this ecosystem. Litter decomposition rates did not differ significantly between simulated wet year and control, while litter decomposition rates decreased under a drought of a similar absolute magnitude. We hypothesize that decomposition rate in this ecosystem may be driven more by number of rainfall events than by total precipitation amount. Net nitrification increased in the simulated wet year but only for a short period of time. Moreover, irrigation positive effects on nitrification were offset by negative effects on net ammonification. Consequently, net N mineralization was not affected by water availability. Our results suggest that the different microorganisms responsible of nitrification and ammonification have differential sensitivity to water availability and that the environmental controls might be overwhelmed by substrate availability in longer time scales. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hallowell, Gayle D. and Potter, Timothy J. and Bowen, I. Mark (2012) Reliability of quantitative echocardiography

Background: Echocardiography is a non-invasive method for assessment of the ovine and caprine heart. Complete reference ranges for cardiac dimensions and time indices for both species are not currently available and reliability of these measurements has not been evaluated. The objectives for this study are to report reliability, normal cardiac dimensions and time indices in a large group of adult sheep and goats. Fifty-one adult sheep and forty adult goats were recruited. Full echocardiographic examinations were performed in the standing unsedated animal. All animals underwent echocardiography four times in a 72-hour period. Echocardiography was performed three times by one author and once by another. Images were stored and measured offline. Technique and measurement repeatability and reproducibility and any differences due to animal or day were evaluated. Reference ranges (mean ± 2 standard deviations) were calculated for both species. Results: Majority of the images obtained were of good to excellent quality. Image acquisition was straightforward with 5.4% of animals demonstrating a small scanning window. Reliability was excellent for majority of dimensions and time indices. There was less variation in repeatability when compared with reproducibility and differences were greater for technique than for measurements. Dimensions that were less reliable included those for right ventricular diameter and left ventricular free wall. There were many differences in cardiac dimensions between sheep and goats. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that specific reference ranges are required for these two species. Repeatability and reproducibility were excellent for the majority of cardiac dimensions and time indices suggesting that this technique is reliable and valuable for examination of clinical cases over time and for longitudinal research studies.
Economic Shocks and Labor Market Flexibility

We test how labor markets adjust to large, but temporary, economic shocks in a context in which such shocks are common. Using an individual-level panel, from 1,140 Philippine municipalities over 26 quarters, we find that workers in areas affected by strong typhoons experience reductions in hours worked and hourly wages, without evidence of layoffs. The results are strongest for formal, wage-paying jobs. We argue that those results are best explained by implicit contracts where workers and firms share risks. We provide extensive qualitative data suggesting that employment contracts in the Philippines allow for such flexibility.
Projections of future deterioration in UK river quality are hampered by climatic uncertainty under extreme conditions

A modelling study was undertaken to quantify effects that the climate likely to prevail in the 2050s might have on water quality in two contrasting UK rivers. In so doing, it pinpointed the extent to which time series of climate model output, for some variables derived following bias correction, are fit for purpose when used as a basis for projecting future water quality. Working at daily time step, the method involved linking regional climate model (HadRM3-PPE) projections, Future Flows Hydrology (rainfall–runoff modelling) and the QUESTOR river network water quality model. In the River Thames, the number of days when temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and phytoplankton exceeded undesirable values (>25°C, <6 mg L, >4 mg L and >0.03 mg L, respectively) was estimated to increase by 4.1– 26.7 days per year. The changes do not reflect impacts of any possible change in land use or land management. In the River Ure, smaller increases in occurrence of undesirable water quality are likely to occur in the future (by 1.0–11.5 days per year) and some scenarios suggested no change. Results from 11 scenarios of the hydroclimatic inputs revealed considerable uncertainty around the levels of change, which prompted analysis of the sensitivity of the QUESTOR model to simulations of current climate and hydrology. Hydrological model errors were deemed of less significance than those associated with the derivation and downscaling of driving climatic variables (rainfall, air temperature and solar radiation). Errors associated with incomplete understanding of river water quality interactions with the aquatic ecosystem were found likely to be more substantial than those associated with hydrology, but less than those related to climate model inputs. These errors are largely a manifestation of uncertainty concerning the extent to which phytoplankton biomass is controlled by invertebrate grazers, particularly in mid-summer; and the degree to which this varies from year to year. The quality of data from climate models for generating flows and defining driving variables at the extremes of their distributions has been highlighted as the major source of uncertainty in water quality model outputs. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 28 October 2015 Accepted 31 March 2016 EDITOR A. Castellarin ASSOCIATE EDITOR X. Fang