Ethnicity Bureaucracy And Political Leadership Institution Reform In Republic Of Guinea Conakry

This paper examine ethnicity bureaucracy and political institution reform in a democracy of the Guinea Conakry. Ethnicity has influence of natural resources which has resulted in conflict among ethnic groups. Influential The Distribution the impact of natural resource. This study adopted a qualitative research approach To Analysis a leadership and Governance challenges confronting the state as it relates to sustainable peace building, social and economic development, the political action of the state, civil society and development partners. The functionality of government and organizations, that, a critical analysis of leadership and governance crises in Africa, Those Africa’s failures have come about largely as a consequence of frequent leadership change, lack of political orientation, policy reversal and weak institutional patterns. The study also examine a leadership selection process in Africa and that the leadership selection process in Africa takes the imposition pattern and that African leaders have frequently come to their position with limited experience. They must also be exposed and be prepared to face the challenges of leadership in a developing society. As Their Success depends on the quality of its future leaders Keyword: Ethnicity, Bureaucracy And Political Institution Reform I. BACKGROUND OF STUDY This study significantly focused on ethnicity bureaucracy and political institution reforms in guinea Conakry. This is against the backdrop of the political leaderships and governance challenge and development facts. According to Lansin (1977) Guinean Revolution’ began with the freeing of the territory from colonialism and the formation of a national democracy, designed to suppress ethnic and social contradictions, and to guide the multitude in the battle against neo-colonialism, underdevelopment, and injustice. For examples Alan &, Boubacar and ’Olonisakin (2008) explained that Crucial to transform and strengthen state institutions in ways that will allow for the creation of an honest, well-functioning state and a dynamic private sector. Transition from post-conflict contexts to stable environments where sustainable growth can occur requires a series of interconnected actions that transcend social, economic and security considerations. Recognized security establishments guided by a democratic leadership can only be addressed if the state, civil society and international actors work in harmony. However, According to Ana Carvalho (2011) social tensions, arising from both structural factors and the positions taken by the main actors, remain and may lead to societal conflict and pose obstacles or challenges to the building of democracy and social peace. The study examines the successful conversion and was considered as validation of the Guinean society’s commitment to peace, democracy and social justice; it was a new page in the country’s history. Nevertheless several attempts were built to introduce reforms to ameliorate social and political governance, including the decentralization of power and the implementations. Republic of Guinea Conakry is located in West Africa, is bordered on the North by Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali; on the East and Southeast by Côte D’Ivoire; on the South by Liberia and Sierra Leone; and on the West by the Atlantic Ocean. 1.2 Introduction Ethnicity and political institution bureaucracy in Republic of Guinea Conakry remained the cause of political leadership and governance challenges thus, the results are why Guinea still underdeveloped country from independence years (1958 until 2016). The political leadership is weak and the civil society is also weak thus, the Guinea Conakry political fails. Guinea needs to be democratic Nation and political institution reform is United States of American & France to Address the Issue political leaders accusing Ethnicity bureaucracy and political institution Weak Reform. Guinea Conakry west Africa’s most potential economic countries as it owns more than two thirds of the world's known bauxite deposits as well as sizeable iron ore, diamonds, gold, oil, Uranium, copper, and manganese and not to mention its enormous hydroelectric power capacity. Ethnicity Bureaucracy And Political Leadership Institution Reform In DOI: 10.9790/0837-2201045257 www.iosrjournals. org 53 | Page Report by Zoe Scott (2009) opined Regional and ethnic political factors were generally not explored in detail. The Study Emphasizes that reforms have tended to fail and those political elements are vital to the success or failure or reform efforts. However Political contextual factors and the impact of bureaucrats’ and politicians’ personal interests are most often talked over. Study by Niheer Dasandi (2014) the ‘political-bureaucratic interface’ refers here to how political and bureaucratic leaders engage with each other, and to the structural or institutional constraints and opportunities that influence their participation. The Study Examined Politicians and bureaucrats each have their own values, interests, thoughts, attitudes and different origins, builds, and degrees of power. 1.3. Literature review Rajnandini Pillai, Ethlyn A. Williams investigates the relationship between voters' transformational and charismatic leadership assessments of President Clinton and Bob Dole, and actual voting behaviour in the 1996 Presidential election in the United States. The findings indicate that leadership evaluations have a significant impact on both intent to vote and actual voting behaviour, even after accounting for the influence of party identification. Michalchuk, Daniel John (1998) examined OSCE-sponsored legal reform and the prevention of ethnic conflict in post-Communist countries in Latvia, Estonia, Slovakia and Romania, and argues that after five years of involvement therein, the HCNM has not succeeded in building long term ethnic harmony. According to Bobai (2007) investigates the impact of ethnic, political and religious violence in Northern Nigeria, and a theological reflection on its healing. The authors examined the underpinning link between ethnic, political and religious violence and how it is related to the distorting influences of Christian-Muslim theologies, immediate and long-term effects of such violence through reflection study, and survey research. According to Osudibia, Kizito, Chike (2010) discovered that ethnic conflicts and political instability in Nigeria could be traced to the 1914 amalgamation of the different protectorate (South and East) by the Colonial master (British). According to Wiese, Douglas John (1998) study used different theories of ethno-nationalist to examine conflict that occurred between the republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan in three Baltic republics of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Cole, Matilda Josephine (2012) examined the extent to which ethno-depoliticization strategies have been directly incorporated into the peace-building framework in Sierra Leone. The research revealed that within the peace-building framework, ethno-politicization is not directly acknowledged as a real and ongoing threat to peace and stability and hence, a prioritized component of the peace-building architecture. According to Edel Hughes (2006), Political Violence and Law Reform in Turkey begins with an historical overview of the Kurds in Turkey and the background to the conflict in the Southeast of the country. The study further examines the manner in which the conflict has been dealt with by the Turkish authorities and looks in particular at the effect the imposition of emergency rule and draconian anti-terrorism legislation had on the enjoyment on human rights. The study concludes with an analysis of the impact of the reforms engendered by the European Union accession process. Furthermore Choi, Jin (2012) examined ethnic exclusion, armed conflict, and leadership tenure in small-collision systems using data on the tenures of 982 leaders from. The result found that ethnic exclusion is good politics in small-collision systems, even if it could increase the risk of ethnic conflicts. Making valid causal inferences about ‘ethnic conflict’ is nearly impossible as a result (GILLEY, 2004). Rogers (2013) adopted a qualitative research approach the findings identified four main problems of governance and leadership; ethical and moral leadership, b) functionality of government and organizations, c) sound policies, and d) service delivery and discovered that government lack the political will, commitment, and absence of peaceful environment to achieve their goals. Victor Alas (2014) argues that why members of some ethnic groups rebel against the state. We Examined theories that the presence of resource wealth moderates the effect of political exclusion. The Authors found that exclusion alone increase the likelihood of conflict, while the presence of oil wealth further raises the risk of war. According to Cole, Josephine (2012) the extents to which Etno-depoliticization strategies have been directly incorporated into the peace-building framework in Sierra Leone. However, some of the policy initiatives contained within the strengthening of democratic institutions, which also includes making ethnicallyinclusive and ethnically impartial practices within public institutions as part of the performance evaluation of senior public servants. The study Domestic Ethnic Tatu Vanhanen (2014) argue that, Ethnic conflict seems to be common in all countries of the world where people are divided into separate ethnic groups, that may have a racial, national, linguistic, tribal, religious or caste basic. Two hypotheses on the political consequences of ethnic nepotism are presented: (1) significant ethnic division tends to lead to ethnic interest conflict in all societies and (2) The results support the two hypotheses by Tatu Vanhanen (2014) For example; Cultural conflict and post-conflict development, Blagojevic (2004) investigates Peace building in ethnically divided societies. The