Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mammary cell proliferation in mice during pregnancy and lactation in relation to milk yield.

Measurements have been made of body weight, mammary weight and total mammary DNA content (DNAt) during the second half of gestation and throughout lactation in mice. When corrected for conceptus weight and mammary weight, body weight was not significantly changed with advancing gestation but did increase during lactation. Mammary weight increased progressively until day 10 of lactation, then decreased until the end of lactation. On day 4 of involution mammary weight was not significantly different from that on day 12 of gestation. Mammary DNAt increased exponentially from day 12 of gestation to day 5 of lactation, with a mean doubling time of 6 d. No further increase was apparent at day 10, thereafter it fell in a similar manner to mammary weight. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into mammary tissue was studied in vitro. [3H]Thymidine incorporation per unit weight of tissue was highest at mid-gestation, fell during late gestation and then rose to a peak value 48 h post partum. For the remainder of lactation incorporation was very low. Incorporation calculated relative to DNAt showed similar, although less marked, changes. Milk yield of lactating mice has been estimated by daily weighing of the litter. Three phases were apparent: (i) a period from parturition to day 6 when milk yield was rising; (ii) a peak plateau from day 6 to day 10; (iii) a lower plateau from day 11 to day 15. Total daily litter weight gain was not significantly different between litters of nine and eighteen pups from day 7 to day 13 of lactation. Virgin and lactating mice were treated daily for seven days with 0·6 mg progesterone plus 0·2 µg oestradiol benzoate. This treatment significantly stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation in the mammary glands of virgin mice and of mice in late lactation (days 9–15) but not in those of mice in early lactation (days 2–8). Milk yield was significantly reduced in the early-lactation group, but not in the late-lactation group.
Predicting the Effect of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Job Satisfaction Factors on Recruitment and Retention of Rehabilitation Professionals

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to ascertain which extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction areas are most predictive of rehabilitation professionals' career satisfaction and desire to stay on the job. This article discusses the results of a survey conducted on practicing occupational therapists, physical therapists, and speechlanguage pathologists regarding factors that contribute to career satisfaction and desire to stay on the job. Five hundred surveys were mailed to each profession; 463 were returned, of which 328 were able to be analyzed. Results from regression analysis showed that intrinsic factors such as professional growth and having a work environment in line with personal values are more significant in predicting career satisfaction than are extrinsic factors such as pay and continuing education. These same intrinsic factors are also significant in predicting the rehabilitation professional's desire to stay on the job. These findings are significant to healthcare managers desiring to recruit and retain qualified occupational therapists, physical therapists, and speech‐language pathologists. In addition to extrinsic benefits such as pay, healthcare managers need to focus on provision of intrinsic factors such as opportunities for professional growth, recognition of accomplishments, and opportunities for departmental input to motivate rehabilitation professionals.
Epithelial barrier biology: good fences make good neighbours

The external surfaces of the body, such as the skin and the gastrointestinal mucosal membrane, are an important line of defence preventing the invasion of microorganisms and their products. Mucosal immune cells, especially intraepithelial lymphocytes, are involved in maintaining the integrity of these epithelial barriers. They contribute towards the tolerance to commensal organisms, which occupy these same sites, and to the immune responses against harmful organisms and their products. The composition of the microbiota is influenced by immune cells as well as external environmental factors, especially the use of antibiotics and diet. There is an increasing appreciation that the microbiota affects systemic immune responses in addition to local immunity. Failure to control the occupancy by microorganisms may result in the disruption of the delicate homeostasis between beneficial and harmful microorganisms and contribute to inflammatory pathologies. This review will discuss some of our current understanding of the impact of immune cells and diet on the microbiota.
The attenuating effect of heat and hypovolemia on the human diving response.

Seven healthy adult volunteers underwent 30-second facial immersions in ice water before and during 36 minutes exposure to intense ambient heat (68 degrees C) on separate, non-consecutive days: one normovolemic and the second with thiazide-induced, 10% hypovolemia. The normovolemic, preheat immersion induced a heart rate (H.R.) decrease from 74 +/- 6 to 48 +/- 5 bpm (-35%) and a forearm blood flow (F.B.F.) decrease from 3.5 +/- 1.6 to 0.8 +/- 0.3 ml/(100 ml min) (-77%). Pre-heat changes were similar for hypovolemic subjects. After 36 minutes of heat exposure there was a 07 degrees C increase in esophageal temperature and a four-fold increase in F.B. F. for normovolemic and a two-fold increase in F.B. F. for hypovolemic subjects. Heating reduced diving bradycardia more than did superimposed hypovolemia. Four subjects had diving tachycardia after hypovolemic heating. We concluded that the bradycardia response to facial immersion can be overridden by reducing the central circulating blood volume by heat and that this effect is enhanced by hypovolemia.
FMRI and PET of Self-Paced Finger Movement: Comparison of Intersubject Stereotaxic Averaged Data

We compared the intersubject-averaged functional anatomy of self-paced right index finger movement as revealed by (15)O water positron emission tomography (PET) and blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) at 1.5 T. Image data sets were acquired with both techniques on a group of eight subjects, spatially normalized in the stereotaxic space and subsequently processed in order to get identical smoothness and degrees of freedom. Intersubject-averaged PET and FMRI activation maps were found congruent in the left primary sensorimotor area (PSM), bilateral supplementary motor area, bilateral supra marginalis gyri, left operculum, left inferior parietal lobule, right middle frontal gyrus, and right cerebellum. In those regions the mean distance between PET and FMRI local maxima was 7.4 mm. FMRI detected additional activations in the right precentral gyrus, right rolandic operculum, right inferior parietal lobule, and bilateral insula, whereas PET demonstrated a higher detection sensitivity at the deep nuclei level. PET and FMRI percentage signal variations were found linearly related by a factor around 10, both within the PSM and across a set of distributed local extrema. However, in most cases, FMRI was more sensitive than PET, as assessed by t values. Finally the pattern of deactivations was markedly dissimilar between the two techniques, possibly due to differences in the "Rest" control task.
ELECTROLYTE BALANCES DURING ARTIFICIAL FEVER WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LOSS THROUGH THE SKIN.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the electrolyte and fluid loss through sweating during sustained artificial fever therapy. Complete data are difficult to obtain, yet a sufficient number of results were observed from the four patients examined to prove of value to those interested in the general problem of water and electrolyte balance. The situation of the patient who is placed in a heated cabinet in order that an artificial fever may be produced, is analogous in many respects to that of the individual whose body is exposed to the heat of the desert or to the hot atmospheres of certain industries, except that during the artificially induced fever the patient does not breathe heated air. When the temperature of the external environment exceeds that of the body, dissipation of heat is accomplished by evaporation of water from the skin and lungs (1, 2). The body resists the attempt to raise its temperature above normal, and physiological mechanisms for thermal regulation are brought into action. The superficial vessels dilate; the flow of blood to the skin is increased; the sweat glands become intensely active, and the respirations become deeper and more frequent. Perhaps the most serious consequences of these regulatory efforts are the rapid losses of salt and water through sweating. If such losses are not replaced promptly, the fluid and electrolyte reserves of the body are placed under severe strain. The rapid depletion of sodium chloride is of particular interest since it can lead to a state of exhaustion with muscle cramps, abdominal pain and ultimately to circulatory collapse (3, 4). According to Moon (5) and Loeb et al. (6) shock is a common accompaniment of marked reduction of body electrolytes. Shocklike states (7) and symptoms simulating heat cramps have been noted by the present authors,
p53 GENE MUTATIONS AND PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS

Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC); are the most common type of human cancer. / It is estimated that 800000 new cases of skin cancer will be diagnosed this year alone. ' Epidemiological, clinical and recent molecular studies have implicated UV radiation present in sunlight as the major etiological agent in human skin cancer. '" Experimental studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that wavelengths in the UV-B region (280-320 nm) are responsible for the carcinogenic effects of solar The incidence of skin cancer is reported to have increased and is predicted to increase further largely due to an increase in "recreational" exposure to sunlight as well as a result of the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. / Further depletion of the ozone layer can result in greater amounts of UVB radiation penetrating the earth's atmosphere. which in turn may result in a further increase in the incidence of skin cancer.2 Skin carcinogenesis is a complex process that involves aberration of various genes. including protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The carcinogenic process is initiated when target cells are exposed to agents that damage the DNA, which then leads to a sequence of events. including induction or overexpression of various genes. cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis or proliferation, mutation and finally neoplastic transformation. Research performed during the last few years has provided new insights into the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the pathogenesis of human and mouse skin cancers. Although mutations in rus oncogenes have been implicated in UV carcinogenesis, they do not appear to be as prevalent as mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. In human skin cancers and UVinduced mouse skin cancers, mutations in rus oncogenes occur at 1040% frequency,/'-'2 whereas mutations in the p53 gene occur at 60-1 00% f r e q ~ e n c y . ' , " , ' ~ . ~ ~ ~ Additionally, Suarez et and Sato rt examined skin tumors from xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients and found a very low frequency of ru.T mutation. Because the risk of skin cancer
Self perceived health and smoking in adolescents

While long term health consequences of smoking as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, or pulmonary diseases have been largely analysed, short term health consequences of smoking have been poorly studied, as the case of teenage smokers who are short duration smokers. Some studies, mainly from the United States and northern European countries, have shown that more absence from school, poorer self perceived health, more frequent use of medication, and more frequent contact with health services are more prevalent among adolescent smokers.1,2 However, in southern European countries this relation has been rarely assessed. The aim of this study was to examine the association between daily smoking among adolescents and their self perceived health, different health problems, use of medication, and use of health services. Data were gathered from three similar designed Spanish National Health Interview Surveys representative of the general non-institutionalised population of Spain that were conducted in 1993, 1995, and 1997 by the Spanish Ministry of Health. We pooled the data to obtain an adequate sample size. The study sample was set up by 2261 adolescents aged 16–18 years who had complete information on smoking (1215 boys and 1046 girls, only two adolescents were not included because of missing information). Adolescents were classified as daily smokers (adolescents who declare smoking at least one cigarette daily at the time of interview), …
NuSTAR observations of water megamaser AGN

Aims. We study the connection between the masing disk and obscuring torus in Seyfert 2 galaxies. Methods. We present a uniform X-ray spectral analysis of the high energy properties of 14 nearby megamaser active galactic nuclei observed by NuSTAR. We use a simple analytical model to localize the maser disk and understand its connection with the torus by combining NuSTAR spectral parameters with the available physical quantities from VLBI mapping. Results. Most of the sources that we analyzed are heavily obscured, showing a column density in excess of ~10^(23) cm^(-2); in particular, 79% are Compton-thick (N_H > 1.5 × 10^(24) cm^(-2)). When using column densities measured by NuSTAR with the assumption that the torus is the extension of the maser disk, and further assuming a reasonable density profile, we can predict the torus dimensions. They are found to be consistent with mid-IR interferometry parsec-scale observations of Circinus and NGC 1068. In this picture, the maser disk is intimately connected to the inner part of the torus. It is probably made of a large number of molecular clouds that connect the torus and the outer part of the accretion disk, giving rise to a thin disk rotating in most cases in Keplerian or sub-Keplerian motion. This toy model explains the established close connection between water megamaser emission and nuclear obscuration as a geometric effect.
EFFECT OF NEPETA GLOMERULOSA BOISS. AERIAL PARTS AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME IN MICE

The effect of aqueous extract of Nepata glomerulosa Boiss. aerial parts on morphine withdrawal syndrome was investigated in mice. Dependence was induced by subcutaneous injections of morphine for 3 consecutive days. On day 4, morphine was injected 2 h prior to intraperitoneal injection of naloxone. The number of jumps during a 20 min. period after naloxone injection was considered as a measure of the withdrawal syndrome. Open field and rotarod tests were also performed. The results indicated that the aqueous extract (0.1 to 2.8 g/kg, s.c.) and diazepam (5 mg/kg) reduced the number of jumps (58±2.3 to 10±0.82, pvs normal saline, 87±3.4). The extracts also reduced motion balance and locomotion activity. It is concluded that the aqueous extract of N. glomerulosa aerial parts could diminish morphine withdrawal syndrome.
Energy-dependent degradation of lambda O protein in Escherichia coli

Protein O of bacteriophage lambda is a short-lived protein which has a key role in the replication of the phage DNA in Escherichia coli. Here we present evidence that lambda O degradation is energy dependent: it is impaired by cyanide and alpha-methylglucoside, both of which inhibit cellular energy metabolism. Removal of these inhibitors restored the degradation of lambda O. Our experiments suggest that limited amounts of cellular energy are sufficient to support lambda O degradation. In addition, degradation of lambda O protein is prevented by a mutation in the E. coli clpP gene, but not by a mutation in the clpA gene. These results suggest that the ClpP protease is involved in the energy-dependent degradation of the lambda O protein.
New approach to phenotypic variability and karyotype-phenotype correlation in Turner syndrome

Abstract Background: Phenotypic variability of Turner syndrome (TS) challenges clinicians, and undiagnosed mosaicism may lead to conflicting results of karyotype-phenotype correlations. This study assessed the extent of phenotypic variability and investigated the presence of karyotype-phenotype correlations. Methods: The sample comprised 80 patients with ≥50 cells analyzed in karyotype. Twenty were 45,X/46,X,+mar; three groups of 20 patients were constructed by matching those girls with the nearest-aged patient with 45,X, 45,X/46,XX and 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) or 46,X,i(Xq) karyotype. Results: Data were obtained on height z-score, dysmorphic features, echocardiogram and urinary system sonography. The number of dysmorphic features ranged from one to 16 and was not correlated to age at diagnosis or height. The groups did not differ in height, number of dysmorphic features, cardiovascular and urinary system anomalies and frequency of any specific feature, except for short fourth metacarpal. Conclusions: Wide phenotypical variability of TS may be objectively described and its clinical picture is not correlated to karyotype.
Sensitivity of noncontrast helical computerized tomography and plain film radiography compared to flexible nephroscopy for detecting residual fragments after percutaneous nephrostolithotomy.

PURPOSE We prospectively compared plain film radiography and noncontrast, thin cut helical computerized tomography (CT) to flexible nephroscopy for detecting residual stones after percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively evaluated 36 patients (41 renal units) undergoing percutaneous nephrostolithotomy for large (greater than 3 cm., 23 renal units) or staghorn (18 renal units) calculi. All patients underwent postoperative imaging with plain film of the kidneys, ureters and bladder and noncontrast helical CT, and flexible nephroscopy on postoperative day 2 or 3. The size and location of residual fragments determined radiographically and identified by flexible nephroscopy were compared. RESULTS Plain film radiography and CT detected an average of 0.7 and 3.4 stones per renal unit, respectively. With a mean operating time plus or minus standard deviation of 77.3+/-35 minutes and a mean fluoroscopy time of 7.6+/-6.7 minutes, an average of 2.3 stones per renal unit were retrieved at flexible nephroscopy. In 90.2% of renal units all calices could be directly inspected. The sensitivity and specificity were 46% and 82% for plain film radiography, and 100% and 62% for CT, respectively, using flexible nephroscopy as the gold standard for detecting residual stones. The overall stone-free rate after flexible nephroscopy was 92.6%. The cost of this procedure is $5,625.13 compared to $220 for CT, including the interpretation fee, at our institution. CONCLUSIONS Selective use of flexible nephroscopy after percutaneous nephrostolithotomy based on positive CT findings will avoid an unnecessary operation in 20% of patients. The rate of unnecessary procedures is 32% if all patients undergo flexible nephroscopy, regardless of radiographic findings. At our institution this strategy will result in a cost savings of $109,687 per 100 patients.
Medial degeneration does not involve uniformly the whole ascending aorta : morphological , biochemical and clinical correlations

Objective: To investigate whether and how the severity of medial degeneration (MD) lesions varies along the circumference of the dilated intrapericardial aorta. Methods: Two groups of aortic wall specimens, respectively harvested 1 cm distal to the non-coronary (NC) sinus (right postero-lateral wall) and to the right coronary sinus (anterior wall) in 22 patients undergoing surgery for dilatation of the intrapericardial aorta associated with aortic valve disease, were separately sent for pathology, morphometry and ultrastructural examination. MD lesions found at histology were classified into three degrees of severity. MD mean degree and morphometric findings in postero-lateral (‘NC’) and anterior (‘coronary’) specimens were compared by paired t-test. Correlation between degree of aortic dilatation at echocardiography and severity of MD was assessed separately for each of the two groups of specimens. After the preliminary results of the morphological study, we decided to send the specimens for biochemical investigation of protein electrophoretic patterns. This was performed in the last seven patients of this series. Results: At histology, MD was found in all cases. A higher mean MD degree was found in the NC group (2.59 ^ 0.50 versus 1.59 ^ 0.67 in the coronary group; P , 0:001). At morphometry, normal smooth muscle cells in the NC specimens were significantly reduced ðP 1⁄4 0:012Þ and the length ðP 1⁄4 0:011Þ and number ðP 1⁄4 0:015Þ of elastic fibres reduced and increased, respectively. Correlation between aortic ratio and MD degree was significant in the NC specimens ðP , 0:001Þ, not in the coronary ones ðP 1⁄4 0:227Þ. Quantitative differences between coronary and NC proteins from the same patient and between coronary proteins from different patients were found at electrophoresis. However, at this stage of the study, the sample was too small to allow for the identification of proteins involved in those differences. Conclusions: MD lesions in dilated intrapericardial aorta are more severe in the right postero-lateral wall area, likely due to haemodynamic stress asymmetry. q 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
CORR Insights: Image Guided Core Needle Biopsy of Musculoskeletal Lesions: Are Nondiagnostic Results Clinically Useful?

Biopsy of musculoskeletal lesions commonly is indicated for indeterminate lesions (particularly when symptomatic, progressive, or aggressive), and lesions that are likely to be malignant. Clinic or image-guided core needle biopsies have largely supplanted the historical gold standard of open biopsies at many tumor centers in recent years because they are generally reliable and less expensive. While lesions with determinate diagnoses on imaging are relatively few in number [4], many benign-appearing lesions do not require biopsy, and can simply be monitored for clinical or radiologic stability. Conversely, many malignant tumors have imaging features such as heterogeneity, necrosis, adjacent tissue invasion, or destruction. The size, depth or location of the tumor is also highly suggestive of a malignant or aggressive process. The prebiopsy clinical and radiologic differential diagnosis has important implications for the pathologic interpretation of biopsy specimens, particularly ‘‘nondiagnostic’’ biopsies. The interesting study by Didolkar et al. reported a diagnostic yield rate of 74% for image-guided core needle biopsies, which is somewhat lower than some previously reported rates [2]. This is important, as the goal of a biopsy is to arrive at a definitive tissue diagnosis. However, the merit of this study lies in the authors’ analysis of data with regard to the clinical utility of the nondiagnostic biopsies (60% of which were deemed clinically useful), as well as the ability to predict lesions with the likelier result of nondiagnostic core needle biopsies. In fact, 91% of all nondiagnostic biopsies in the current study were for benign (or ostensibly benign) lesions. This study demonstrates the potential utility of nondiagnostic biopsies. Although the difference is small and perhaps semantic, this should not be interpreted as an excuse to perform core needle biopsies of