Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Does Power Corrupt? Reactions to Uncertainty and Moral Decisions

The term “power corrupts” has been recognised since it was first termed by David Kipnis in 1972. Individuals with a sense of power are goal oriented, and confident. However, these traits have also been related to selfishness and immoral behaviour, giving evidence for the theory that power corrupts. Individuals are also known to more strongly adhere to cherished beliefs and values when experiencing an uncertain or anxious event. Termed as reactive approach motivation, this theory suggests that individuals turn to cherished beliefs and values to create a tunnel vision effect, and distract from the negative psychological and physiological effects of uncertainty. Therefore, in the current research, we expect individuals with a high sense of personal power to become more goal-oriented and selfish, when made to feel anxious and uncertain. Participants were asked to complete personality scales, followed by being assigned to one of two conditions where they partook in an anxiety manipulation, and finally participating in the ‘Broken Promise Paradigm’, an economic money game where individuals could be dishonest to manipulate a monetary reward. Data was collected in a lab environment, with participant’s also contributing electroencephalography data while wearing EMOTIV EPOC headsets. The results of the moderated multiple regression, and event-related potential (P300) brain data analysis, indicated that power does not always corrupt, and that power and anxiety did not significantly affect an individual’s honesty and morality. We may therefore conclude that it is not an individual’s sense of power that corrupts, but more likely an individual’s values, traits and beliefs that are most salient to them. Outcomes of the study were discussed in terms of their implications whilst recommendations for future research relating power and anxiety were made.
Mixed, private, and public educational financing regimes: economic growth and income inequality effects

The issue of mixed educational financing is rarely evoked in the literature, although the financial contribution of parents in the public educational system can be significant. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the mixed system and public and private ‘extreme’ systems in terms of economic growth and social disparity. For developing countries and for heterogeneous individuals, the mixed system is widely preferred. For homogeneous agents the public and private systems cannot lead to better economic performance than the mixed system. The public system always reduces social inequality, in contrast to the mixed and private systems, which generate the same level of inequality.
Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in OECD Countries

Energy consumption is analyzed economically in many ways especially in energy economics literature. The influence on the basis of this analysis shows the effects of environmental factors and energy-based economic crisis to the growth of the country. The main reason that is pushing countries to identify effective energy policies, and it is necessary to predict what will be the impact of these policies on economic growth. The aim of this study is to analyze the causal relationship between growth and energy consumption in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries during the period of 1980-2012. In this study, 4 basic hypotheses, the neutrality hypothesis, the growth hypothesis, the conservation hypothesis, the feedback hypothesis will be tested from the obtained International Energy Statistics of 23 OECD countries. The test of causality is made with Granger causality analysis. Also vector autoregressive models and Johansen co-integration analysis are used by the relevance of the data. From those analyses of 23 OECD countries, 11 neutrality, 4 conservation, and 6 growth hypothesis is found to be valid for the period of 1980-2012.
Effect of induction rate for mild hypothermia on survival time during uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats.

BACKGROUND Rapid induction of hypothermia has been shown to improve survival in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UHS) rat studies. We hypothesized that prolonged induction of hypothermia would be equally beneficial for survival during UHS. METHODS Light anesthesia was induced with halothane in 30 rats, and spontaneous breathing was maintained. Rectal temperature (Tr) was monitored and maintained at 38 degrees C. UHS was induced by blood withdrawal of 2.5 mL/100 g during a 15-minute period, followed by 75% tail amputation. Immediately after cutting the tail, rats were randomized into three groups of 10 rats each: Group 1, maintained at Tr 38 degrees C; group 2, passively cooled to 34 degrees C by exposure to room temperature (23 degrees C); and group 3, actively cooled to 34 degrees C by applying alcohol to the skin and under an electric fan. Next, rats were controlled at each target Tr and observed without fluid resuscitation until either death or a maximum of 240 minutes. RESULTS Cooling rate was -0.09 +/- 0.01 degrees C/min in group 2 and -0.36 +/- 0.9 degrees C/min in group 3 (p < 0.01). Mean survival time was 72 +/- 21 minutes in group 1 (38 degrees C), and was nearly doubled by hypothermia to 132 +/- 62 minutes for group 2 (p < 0.01 vs. group 1) and 150 +/- 69 minutes for group 3 (p < 0.01 vs. group 1). No significant difference in survival was noted between groups 2 and 3. Additional blood loss from the tail stump did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSION Therapeutic mild hypothermia, induced either slowly (approximately -0.1 degrees C/min) or rapidly (approximately -0.4 degrees C/min) prolongs survival during lethal UHS in rats.
Virtual Worlds: The Role of Rooms and Avatars in Virtual Teamwork

Recently, virtual worlds have excited the interest of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) researchers, as potential formal and informal meeting environments for virtual teams. We report an action research study of a locally distributed team of researchers using a dedicated environment within the virtual world Second Life to support their collaboration. We investigate, here, the benefits, challenges and opportunities of virtual worlds as collaboration tools. We found that effective collaboration can take place in virtual worlds but that, in respect of synchronous collaboration, there appears little additional value in the 3D spaces and avatars of virtual worlds over more traditional video-conferencing, The results suggest that the specific benefits of virtual worlds do not fully come into play in a synchronous teamwork context, but there is some evidence of value over longer periods of collaboration – support for projects – and for the looser collaborations which typify communities.
Surface Response of Fluorine Polymer-Incorporated Resin Composites to Cariogenic Biofilm Adherence

ABSTRACT Experimental resin composites with incorporated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles were developed, which theoretically could improve the surface properties of the materials, including the inhibition of bacterial adherence. To assess the surface properties in relation to biofilm formation and detachment, 23.1% (wt/wt) linear PTFE particles (FL-30) and cross-linked PTFE particles (FC-30) were incorporated into pure resin composites. Pure PTFE plates and pure resin composites without PTFE (F-0) were used as control specimens. Sucrose-dependent Streptococcus mutans biofilms were formed on the specimen blocks inside an oral biofilm reactor for various time periods and analyzed with or without application of driving forces. In addition, water contact angles and surface roughness were measured. The water contact angles of FL-30 (61.2°) and FC-30 (65.8°) were larger than that of F-0 (48.5°). The largest contact angle (107°) was detected on pure PTFE plates. However, the surfaces of FL-30, FC-30, and pure PTFE plates were rougher than that of F-0. Although the surface properties of the materials differed in terms of contact angles and roughness, these factors seemed not to affect biofilm formation on the surfaces within 5 h. Pure PTFE plates harbored almost the same amounts of biofilm as F-0. However, when a very strong driving force was applied, it was clear that there were significantly smaller amounts of biofilms retained on pure PTFE plates, which showed contact angles much higher than those of the other materials. Hydrophobicity of the resin composite was improved by incorporation of PTFE fillers. However, surface resistance against biofilm formation was not improved.
Quantification of lymph node transit times reveals differences in antigen surveillance strategies of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells

Naïve T cells continually recirculate between blood and secondary lymphoid organs, scanning dendritic cells (DC) for foreign antigen. Despite its importance for understanding how adaptive immune responses are efficiently initiated from rare precursors, a detailed quantitative analysis of this fundamental process has not been reported. Here we measure lymph node (LN) entry, transit, and exit rates for naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, then use intravital imaging and mathematical modeling to relate cell–cell interaction dynamics to population behavior. Our studies reveal marked differences between CD4+ vs. CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells recirculate more rapidly, homing to LNs more efficiently, traversing LNs twice as quickly, and spending ∼1/3 of their transit time interacting with MHCII on DC. In contrast, adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells enter and leave the LN more slowly, with a transit time unaffected by the absence of MHCI molecules on host cells. Together, these data reveal an unexpectedly asymmetric role for MHC interactions in controlling CD4+ vs. CD8+ T lymphocyte recirculation, as well as distinct contributions of T cell receptor (TCR)-independent factors to the LN transit time, exposing the divergent surveillance strategies used by the two lymphocyte populations in scanning for foreign antigen.
Serum‐free culture of human hemopoietic progenitors in attenuated culture media

To elucidate the precise mechanisms of molecular and cellular regulation of hemopoiesis, it is necessary to develop a chemically defined culture assay for purified hemopoietic progenitors. To approach this long‐term goal, we attempted to develop a serum‐free culture system for enriched human progenitors that permits expression of all hemopoietic lineages and stages of development. Preliminary studies indicated that α‐medium was superior to iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM) and that culture under low (5%) oxygen condition was better than an ambient level of oxygen. We developed an attenuated (modified quarter‐strength) α‐medium and compared the colony‐supporting ability of the three media by plating 1,000 bone marrow null cells per dish in the presence of a combination of recombinant human colony‐stimulating factors (CSFs). The numbers of colonies supported in α‐medium and attenuated α‐medium were approximately 70% of those in serum‐containing cultures. IMDM failed to support colony formation. While, in general, the colony sizes were smaller in the serum‐free cultures than in the serum‐containing cultures, a variety of types of single lineage and multilineage colonies were seen in serum‐free culture. A linear relationship between cell number and colony formation was seen in 100‐2,000 cells per dish. Serum‐free cultures of enriched human progenitors should be an important tool for analysis of the mechanisms of recombinant CSFs.
Al2O3/InGaAs interface study on MOS capacitors for a 300mm process integration

Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/InGaAs interface has been studied and optimized for a 300mm compatible process. XPS analysis and electrical measurements of MOS capacitors revealed that a NH4OH treatment associated with TMA precursor pulse before the ALD deposition is efficient to remove InGaAs oxides. This yields to a good Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/InGaAs interface quality with a low D<sub>it</sub> value (~3×10<sup>12</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup>eV<sup>-1</sup>), and passivated border traps.
Predictors of outcome in perinatal arterial stroke: A population‐based study

Some infants with perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAS) experience development of cerebral palsy (CP), epilepsy, and cognitive impairment, whereas others have a normal outcome. Previous prognostic studies rarely have included all diagnosed cases of PAS within a population. Among 199,176 infants born within Kaiser Permanente from 1997 to 2002, we electronically identified head imaging reports and physician diagnoses suggesting stroke. The diagnosis of PAS was confirmed by review of brain imaging and medical records. Presentation of PAS was considered delayed if symptoms were only noted after 28 days. Outcomes were determined by chart review. Of 40 infants with PAS, 36 were observed over 12 months. Abnormal outcomes included CP (58%), epilepsy (39%), language delay (25%), and behavioral abnormalities (22%). A delayed presentation was associated with increased risk for CP (relative risk [RR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–4.2). Radiological predictors of CP included large stroke size (RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2–3.2) and injury to Broca's area (RR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3–5.0), internal capsule (RR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1–4.4), Wernicke's area (RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1–3.8), or basal ganglia (RR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1–3.3). Among infants with PAS, specific radiological findings and a lack of symptoms in the newborn period are associated with increased risk for CP. Ann Neurol 2005
Role of nanocrystalline silver dressings in the management of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and TEN/Stevens–Johnson syndrome overlap

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) are severe mucocutaneous eruptions. There is currently no defined optimal approach to wound care. The objective of this study was to evaluate silver dressings in the wound‐care management of TEN and SJS/TEN syndrome overlap with a retrospective case review of nine patients with TEN and SJS/TEN overlap presenting to our institution. Nanocrystalline silver dressings appear to be useful in the rapid commencement of healing in these patients. TEN and SJS/TEN overlap are rare conditions. This contributed to a relatively small number of cases included in the study. The ease of application, antimicrobial properties and low frequency of change make nanocrystalline silver dressings ideal in TEN/SJS.
Managing the Private Financing of Urban Infrastructure

Abstract This article explores the implications of private financing for the functioning of urban infrastructure, with a particular emphasis on Australian cities. The article charts the directions of infrastructure financing in Australia from the 1980s onwards, being the period when privatisation and financialisation of utilities and state-owned enterprises in Australia gathers momentum. It then explains how infrastructure emerged globally as an asset class with exposition of how the particular characteristics of urban infrastructure have proven to be attractive to private capital interests. A concluding section points to directions in infrastructure financing that merit close attention from an urban planning perspective.
Brain Oxytocin Inhibits Basal and Stress‐Induced Activity of the Hypothalamo‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis in Male and Female Rats: Partial Action Within the Paraventricular Nucleus

Oxytocin is a classic reproductive neuropeptide in the female mammal, but its functions in the brain of the male have been less well studied. As stress induces intracerebral oxytocin release independently of gender, we postulated that central oxytocin may play a role in the control of stress responses. In both male and virgin female rats, oxytocin receptor blockade in the brain by intracerebral infusion of a selective oxytocin antagonist (des Gly‐NH2 d(CH2)5 [Tyr(Me)2, Thr4] OVT; 0.75 μg/5 μl increased the activity of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis as indicated by a significantly enhanced basal and stress‐induced (exposure to the elevated plus‐maze, forced swimming) secretion of corticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone into blood. The anxiety‐related behaviour on the plus‐maze was not altered by the antagonist in either males or females. Infusion of the oxytocin antagonist into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus by reversed microdialysis resulted in a significant increase in basal release of ACTH in both male and virgin female rats. These results demonstrate a novel, gender‐independent physiological function of endogenous brain oxytocin in the regulation of neuroendocrine stress responses. Under basal conditions, the inhibition of the HPA axis occurs, at least in part, within the paraventricular nucleus.
Cytological Characterization of Elicitin-Induced Protection in Tobacco Plants Infected by Phytophthora parasitica or Phytoplasma.

ABSTRACT Elicitins, small proteins secreted by Phytophthora and Pythium spp. , display the ability to induce plant resistance toward pathogens. Ultrastructural investigations of cryptogein-treated tobacco plants evidenced host defense responses such as (i) formation of a calcium pectate gel in intercellular spaces of parenchymas, (ii) impregnation of pectin by phenolic compounds in intercellular spaces of phloem bundles, and (iii) accumulation of phloem proteins (P proteins) in the lumen of leaf sieve elements. These cytological modifications lead to the enhancement of physical barriers that prevent pathogen ingress and restrict host tissue colonization when cryptogein-treated tobacco plants were challenged with the pathogen Phytophthora parasitica. Wall appositions also were observed at most sites of penetration of hyphae. Moreover, growing hyphae exhibited severe morphological damages, suggesting a modified toxic environment. The same induction of P proteins in mature sieve tubes of tobacco leaves was obtained with oligandrin treatment, another elicitin. Cryptogein or oligandrin treatment prevented symptom expression in phytoplasma-infected tobacco plants in contrast with nontreated tobacco plants. Moreover, P protein plugs and occlusion of pore sites by callose were evidenced in sieve elements of treated plants. Both these phloem modifications might prevent the in planta movement of phloem-restricted microorganisms.
Maternal High-fat Diet Accelerates Development of Crohn's Disease-like Ileitis in TNF&Dgr;ARE/WT Offspring

Background:Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) and obesity increases the risk of the offspring to develop inflammatory processes in various organs including the gut. We hypothesized that maternal diet–induced obesity programs the fetal gut towards inflammation in a mouse model of genetically-driven Crohn's disease (CD)-like ileitis. Methods:TNFWT/WT (WT) and TNF&Dgr;ARE/WT (ARE) dams were fed an experimental control diet (CTRLD; 13 kJ% fat) or HFD (48 kJ%). Offspring mice were fed CTRLD or HFD at 4 weeks of age. Metabolic characteristics and severity of CD-like ileitis was assessed in 8- and 12-week old WT and ARE offspring measuring tissue histopathology and markers of inflammation in the distal ileum as well as plasma cytokine and LPS levels. To study prenatal effects, we laser microdissected fetal intestinal epithelial cells at 17.5 days postconception and performed microarray-based global gene expression analysis. Results:Maternal HFD significantly accelerated the severity of CD-like ileitis in HFD-fed ARE mice at early life stages associated with increased mucosal neutrophil infiltration, Il12p40 expression, and portal vein LPS levels. In contrast to WT mice, metabolic characteristics of ARE offspring were not affected by maternal HFD. Gene expression patterns in fetal intestinal epithelial cells of ARE mice remained largely unchanged under conditions of maternal diet-induced obesity suggesting that the positive association of intestinal inflammation, portal vein endotoxemia, and plasma TNF levels is independent of prenatal conditioning of the gut epithelium. Conclusions:Maternal HFD promotes the early onset of severe CD-like ileitis in genetically susceptible offspring independent of metabolic alterations.
A family of retroviruses that utilize related phosphate transporters for cell entry

The amphotropic murine retrovirus receptor Ram-1 shows significant sequence similarity to the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) receptor Glvr-1, and both of these cell surface virus receptors normally function as sodium-dependent phosphate symporters. However, Ram-1 from humans or rats does not serve as a receptor for GALV, and Glvr-1 from humans does not serve as a receptor for amphotropic virus. Here we show that the murine retrovirus 10A1 can enter cells by using either Glvr-1 or Ram-1. Furthermore, we have constructed Ram-1/Glvr-1 hybrid receptors that allow entry of both GALV and amphotropic virus. While GALV and amphotropic virus are in separate interference groups when assayed on human cells, they do interfere with each other in cells expressing the hybrid receptor. These results indicate a close functional relationship between retroviruses that utilize members of this newly defined receptor family and provide a molecular explanation for nonreciprocal and cell type-specific interference observed for some retrovirus classes.
Chronic Pain Following Motor Vehicle Collision: A Systematic Review of Outcomes Associated With Seeking or Receiving Compensation

Objective:Motor vehicle collisions (MVC) are a major cause of injury, which frequently lead to chronic pain and prolonged disability. Several studies have found that seeking or receiving financial compensation following MVC leads to poorer recovery and worse pain. We evaluated the evidence for the relationship between compensation and chronic pain following MVC within a biopsychosocial framework. Method:A comprehensive search of 5 computerized databases was conducted. Methodological quality was evaluated independently by 2 researchers according to formal criteria, and discrepancies were resolved with a third reviewer. Results:We identified 5619 studies, from which 230 full-text articles were retrieved and 27 studies were retained for appraisal. A third of studies (37%) were of low quality, and 44% did not measure or control for factors such as injury severity or preinjury pain and disability. Most studies (70%) reported adverse outcomes, including all of the highest quality studies. Engagement with compensation systems was related to more prevalent self-reported chronic pain, mental health disorders, and reduced return to work. Recovery was poorer when fault was attributed to another, or when a lawyer was involved. Five studies compared Tort “common law” and No-Fault schemes directly and concluded that Tort claimants had poorer recovery. Conclusions:Although causal relationships cannot be assumed, the findings imply that aspects of loss, injustice, and secondary mental health outcomes lead to chronic pain following MVC. Further robust prospective research is required to understand the complex relationship between compensation systems and pain following road trauma, particularly the role of secondary mental health outcomes.
AVE: Autonomous Vehicular Edge Computing Framework with ACO-Based Scheduling

With the emergence of in-vehicle applications, providing the required computational capabilities is becoming a crucial problem. This paper proposes a framework named autonomous vehicular edge (AVE) for edge computing on the road, with the aim of increasing the computational capabilities of vehicles in a decentralized manner. By managing the idle computational resources on vehicles and using them efficiently, the proposed AVE framework can provide computation services in dynamic vehicular environments without requiring particular infrastructures to be deployed. Specifically, this paper introduces a workflow to support the autonomous organization of vehicular edges. Efficient job caching is proposed to better schedule jobs based on the information collected on neighboring vehicles, including GPS information. A scheduling algorithm based on ant colony optimization is designed to solve this job assignment problem. Extensive simulations are conducted, and the simulation results demonstrate the superiority of this approach over competing schemes in typical urban and highway scenarios.