Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Organ and Effective Doses to Patients Arising From Some Common X-Ray Examinations by PCXMC Program in Sabzevar, Iran

Introduction The purpose of this study was to estimate organ and effective doses in patients undergoing some common X-ray examinations in Sabzevar, Iran. The effective dose is one of the best parameters for describing the amount of radiation dose received by a patient undergoing any diagnostic X-ray examination. The public dose from X-ray examinations depends on various factors, and its contribution to the overall public dose from medical applications widely varies in different societies; however, in Iran, limited data is available on this subject. Materials and Methods In the present study, we aimed to estimate organ and effective doses arising from some common X-ray examinations on patients. Organ and effective doses were calculated by employing PCXMC program, based on Monte Carlo method. Results The mean effective doses in this study were compared with similar findings reported in previous research. The applied methods in different studies are the main factors, which influence the effective dose values. Conclusion Radiation doses to radiosensitive organs such as the ovaries, testicles, and thyroid may induce harmful effects, e.g., cancer and genetic effects. Therefore, we should try to maintain the organ doses as low as possible.
Why do Nettles Sting ? About Stinging Hairs Looking Simple but Acting Complex

To cope with environmental stress, plants have developed various defensive mechanisms against prey. For this purpose, some plants use external structures, like mechanical thorns and toxic stinging hairs. Although four families (Urticaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Loasaceae, Hydrophyllaceae) have genera including stinging hairs, most studies on stinging hairs are focus on nettles (Urtica spp.) in the Urticaceae. A stinging hair consists of one stinging cell and surrounding pedestal cells. A number of chemicals have been proposed as the toxins that are introduced through nettle stings when in contact with human skin, such as acetylcholine, histamine and serotonin, with formic acid being the most common nettle toxin. The nettle sting might induce significant pain, stinging and wheal reactions that may last >12 hours. Recent studies supporting oxalic acid and tartaric acid as persistent pain-inducing toxins in nettle stings suggest that the toxins in the stinging hairs may be fairly complex. The mechanism of the stinging reaction is still far from being understood. This review summarizes some previous studies with additional assumptions in order to suggest some theories regarding synthesis, storage, and secretion of sting toxins. The immunological and some other physical responses after the skin is stung are also discussed. Although much of the knowledge from the stinging reaction is still fragmented and mysterious, the tiny structures and mechanisms of the stinging hairs are still amazingly interesting. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Characterization of the Pleistocene Volcanic Chain of the Bicol Arc, Philippines: Implications for Geohazard Assessment

Several active volcanic arcs are present in the Philippine Mobile Belt, the region enclosed by the Philippine Trench and the Manila-Negros-Cotabato Trench systems. One of the most prominent among them is the Bicol Arc, a~260km long volcanic arc located in the central-eastern margin of the Philippine Mobile Belt. The Bicol Arc hosts three of the active volcanoes in the country, including the Mayon Volcano, which has erupted repeatedly within the last decade. Aside from the three active volcanoes, there are at least nine other Pleistocene major volcanic centers that make up the volcanic arc. Although the rocks from the arc range in composition from basalt to rhyolite, they are mostly basaltic andesites and andesites. Magma mixing and fractional crystallization accompanied the generation of these rocks. The rocks exhibit typical island arc geochemical signatures. In addition, the Sr and Y ratio plots suggest that the Bicol Arc is mainly composed of mantle-wedge derived magmas with some samples from Bacon-Manito and Culasi showing similarities to adakites. Along-arc geochemical variation may be related to the variation in crustal thickness of the volcanic arc. The petrological and geochemical characterizations of the rocks provide information on how the volcanic centers evolved. This is important in assessing the attendant geohazards related to this volcanic arc.
Has the common genet (Genetta genetta) spread into south‐eastern France and Italy?

The common genet (Genetta genetta) is a small carnivoran that was probably introduced from Maghreb into south‐western Europe. We reassessed its easternmost European distribution from 110—mostly new—data collected in south‐eastern France and Italy, and tested for potential habitat selection, to finally re‐evaluate the role of the Rhône as a geographic barrier against eastward migrations. The species was more frequent in river valleys, wetlands and low‐mountainous areas (south‐eastern France), but also occurred in high‐mountainous zones at the French–Italian border. Our results evidenced a significant increase of records (13‐fold the number of occurrences previously known) and an apparent absence of habitat selection by the common genet, suggesting a recent, natural spread from the right bank of the Rhône through a zone of ∼30 km with artificial bridges. We finally provide a synthetic, re‐assessed distribution map of the common genet in France and Italy, combining 4317 occurrences from French national databases and the 110 records collected herein.
Optimal Priority Structure , Capital Structure , and Investment

We examine the role of debt priority structure in resolving stockholder-bondholder conflicts over investment policy. In a dynamic model where the firm can issue multiple classes of debt, we show that the firm may underor overinvest in future growth options. We show that when debt priority is endogenized along with capital structure there is an interior optimal priority structure which virtually eliminates equityholders’ suboptimal investment incentives and fully exploits the debt capacity of future growth options. The optimal priority structure allocates priority to initial debt to mitigate suboptimal investment incentives and yet preserves priority for subsequent debt issues to maximize future debt capacity. A key implication of our analysis is that priority structure is a critical and heretofore unrecognized financial contracting device that helps to resolve stockholder-bondholder conflicts over investment policy. Several additional results have implications for empirical research in corporate finance.
Do Local or Foreign Traders Know More in an Emerging Market? A Possible Solution of the Puzzle

A branch of the literature in international finance has tried to give a definitive answer to the question, who is better informed in an emerging market, Foreigners or Locals? We measured the probability of informed trading (PIN) for the Jakarta Stock Exchange for two types of investors, foreigners and locals, developing an extension of the model of Easley, Kiefer and O’Hara (1997). We find that locals do most of the informed trades, but also most of the uninformed trades. On the other hand, given the type of investor, foreigners are more likely to be informed than locals. Besides, the evidence shows that locals tend to be more informed in smaller and more volatile firms, whereas foreigners tend to be more informed in larger an less volatile firms and firms with higher foreign ownership. We also find evidence of market-wide effects on liquidity from the foreign informed trades but not from the local ones.
Assessment of some mechanical properties and microstructure of particulate periwinkle shell-aluminium 6063 metal matrix composite (PPS-ALMMC) produced by two-step casting

This work investigates some mechanical properties and microstructures of PPS-AlMMC and compares the properties of the composites and those of the aluminium 6063 (AA6063) alloy. Periwinkle shells were milled to particle sizes of 75µm and 150µm and used to produce PPS-AlMMC at 1,5,10 and 15wt% filler loadings using two-step casting technique. The mechanical properties and microstructures of the composite materials were compared with those of the AA6063 alloy. It was observed that the filler distributes uniformly in the matrix due to the two-step casting technique. Improved strength, ductility, hardness and modulus were obtained when the filler was used to reinforce the alloy. However, using a filler of bigger particle size resulted to reduced tensile strength, ductility and toughness of composites. http://dx.doi. org/10.4314/njt.v36i2. 14
Steady-state chimneys in a mushy layer

Motivated by industrial and geophysical solidification problems such as segregation in metallic castings and brine expulsion from growing sea ice, we present and solve a model for steady convection in a two-dimensional mushy layer of a binary mixture. At sufficiently large amplitudes of convection, steady states are found in which plumes emanate from vertical chimneys (channels of zero solid fraction) in the mushy layer. The mush–liquid interface, including the chimney wall, is a free boundary whose shape and location we determine using local equilibrium conditions. We map out the changing structure of the system as the Rayleigh number varies, and compute various measures of the amplitude of convection including the flux of solute out of the mushy layer, through chimneys. We find that there are no steady states if the Rayleigh number is less than a global critical value, which is less than the linear critical value for convection to occur. At larger values of the Rayleigh number we find, in agreement with experiments, that the width of chimneys and the height of the mushy layer both decrease relative to the thermal-diffusion length, which is the scale height of the mushy layer in the absence of convection. We find evidence to suggest that the spacing between neighbouring chimneys at high Rayleigh numbers is smaller than the critical wavelengths of both the linear and global stability modes.
Neonate mortality in fallow deer (Dama dama) in relation to bed-site selection and habitat use

The level of neonate mortality in a free ranging fallow deer (Dama dama) population at the Koberg estate in south western Sweden was investigated using radio-tracking techniques. During this study a total of 36 fawns (17 ♂, 19 ♀) were captured and marked with vhf or gps radio collars; 12 fawns in 2008 and 24 fawns in 2009. The neonate mortality calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method was 23.6 % and the mortality caused by predation was low, since only 1 of 8 non-surviving fawns died from predation by red fox (Vulpes vulpes). The spatial behavior of the fallow deer neonates were examined at two different levels i.e. the habitat selection within their home-range, which would in fact be a selection made by the mother, and the bed-site selection within that habitat. Compositional analysis revealed a significant preference for the habitat classes arable land, pasture and coniferous forest between 5 - 15 m compared to the habitat class young forest. Visibility and canopy cover were estimated for selected and random bed-sites for fawns marked in 2009, and as expected the selected bed-sites showed significantly lower visibility and higher amount of canopy cover than the random sites. However, since there are few predators in this study area and predation pressure is low, this behavior is not connected to actual survival rates in this area, but would rather be an adaption to a previous history of higher predation pressure. This persistence of anti-predator behavior under relaxed selection is referred to as the "ghost of predators past" hypothesis.
A Second Specimen of Citipati Osmolskae Associated With a Nest of Eggs from Ukhaa Tolgod, Omnogov Aimag, Mongolia

ABSTRACT Adult dinosaurs preserved attending their nests in brooding positions are among the rarest vertebrate fossils. By far the most common occurrences are members of the dinosaur group Oviraptorosauria. The first finds of these were specimens recovered from the Djadokhta Formation at the Mongolian locality of Ukhaa Tolgod and the Chinese locality of Bayan Mandahu. Since the initial discovery of these specimens, a few more occurrences of nesting oviraptors have been found at other Asian localities. Here we report on a second nesting oviraptorid specimen (IGM 100/1004) sitting in a brooding position atop a nest of eggs from Ukhaa Tolgod, Omnogov, Mongolia. This is a large specimen of the ubiquitous Ukhaa Tolgod taxon Citipati osmolskae. It is approximately 11% larger based on humeral length than the original Ukhaa Tolgod nesting Citipati osmolskae specimen (IGM 100/979), yet eggshell structure and egg arrangement are identical. No evidence for colonial breeding of these animals has been recovered. Reexamination of another “nesting” oviraptorosaur, the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops (AMNH FARB 6517) indicates that in addition to the numerous partial eggs associated with the original skeleton that originally led to its referral as a protoceratopsian predator, there are the remains of a tiny theropod. This hind limb can be provisionally assigned to Oviraptoridae. It is thus at least possible that some of the eggs associated with the holotype had hatched and the perinates had not left the nest.
Fine-particle water and pH in the southeastern United States

Abstract. Particle water and pH are predicted using meteorological observations (relative humidity (RH), temperature (T)), gas/particle composition, and thermodynamic modeling (ISORROPIA-II). A comprehensive uncertainty analysis is included, and the model is validated. We investigate mass concentrations of particle water and related particle pH for ambient fine-mode aerosols sampled in a relatively remote Alabama forest during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in summer and at various sites in the southeastern US during different seasons, as part of the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) study. Particle water and pH are closely linked; pH is a measure of the particle H+ aqueous concentration and depends on both the presence of ions and amount of particle liquid water. Levels of particle water, in turn, are determined through water uptake by both the ionic species and organic compounds. Thermodynamic calculations based on measured ion concentrations can predict both pH and liquid water but may be biased since contributions of organic species to liquid water are not considered. In this study, contributions of both the inorganic and organic fractions to aerosol liquid water were considered, and predictions were in good agreement with measured liquid water based on differences in ambient and dry light scattering coefficients (prediction vs. measurement: slope = 0.91, intercept = 0.5 μg m−3, R2 = 0.75). ISORROPIA-II predictions were confirmed by good agreement between predicted and measured ammonia concentrations (slope = 1.07, intercept = −0.12 μg m−3, R2 = 0.76). Based on this study, organic species on average contributed 35% to the total water, with a substantially higher contribution (50%) at night. However, not including contributions of organic water had a minor effect on pH (changes pH by 0.15 to 0.23 units), suggesting that predicted pH without consideration of organic water could be sufficient for the purposes of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (SOA) chemistry. The mean pH predicted in the Alabama forest (SOAS) was 0.94 ± 0.59 (median 0.93). pH diurnal trends followed liquid water and were driven mainly by variability in RH; during SOAS nighttime pH was near 1.5, while daytime pH was near 0.5. pH ranged from 0.5 to 2 in summer and 1 to 3 in the winter at other sites. The systematically low pH levels in the southeast may have important ramifications, such as significantly influencing acid-catalyzed reactions, gas–aerosol partitioning, and mobilization of redox metals and minerals. Particle ion balances or molar ratios, often used to infer pH, do not consider the dissociation state of individual ions or particle liquid water levels and do not correlate with particle pH.
DIETARY HABITS AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION OF OLDER BRAZILIAN ADULTS: EVIDENCE FROM THE BRAZILIAN NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY (2013)

Objective: To compare the consumption of selected healthy and unhealthy food groups among elderly Brazilians with daily living activity limitations relative to those with no limitations. Design: Cross-sectional analyses of a nationally representative survey. Setting: The Brazilian National Health Survey, conducted in 2013. Subjects: 11,177 Brazilians aged 60 and over. Results: The prevalence of daily living limitations was 29% (95% CI 27.6,30.5). The consumption of daily meat, beans on a regular basis, and recommended fruit and vegetables intake were 67.1% (95% CI 66.5,68.7), 71.3% (95% CI 69.9,72.8) and 37.3% (95% CI 35.6,39.9), respectively. Compared to those without functional limitation, the consumption of these three food groups was significantly lower among those older adults with functional limitation (Prevalence Ratio = 0.89, 95% CI 0.80,0.98; 0.90, 95% CI 0.82,0.99 and PR 0.86, 95% CI, 0.76,0.96, respectively), independently of age, sex, marital status, living arrangements and education. Level of education showed a strong positive association with fruit and vegetable consumption, and a negative association with bean consumption, a staple diet in Brazil. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the need for public health policies to increase consumption healthy food consumption among those older adults with functional limitations, especially fruit and vegetable intake among those who have low education levels.
Thymoquinone Treatment Alleviate Ovariectomy-Induced Hepatic Oxidative Damage in Rats

The present study has designed to investigate the effect of thymoquinone (THQ) on the status of hepatic oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system following ovariectomy (OVX) in Wistar rats. Animals were randomly assigned into five groups; sham, OVX and OVX+THQ treated groups in three doses (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg/day) orally by gavage for eight weeks. In serum, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were estimated. In liver tissue, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione (T-GSH), non-protein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SH) levels as well assuperoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were also determined. Serum pre-oxidative markers (AST, ALT and ALP) were significantly increased in OVX rats compared to sham group. THQ inhibited these levels in a dose dependent manner. The lipid peroxidation product, TBARS, was significantly increased in OVX animals, which was inhibited by the THQ. In contrast, T-GSH and NP-SH levels were decreased in OVX rats, THQ treatments ameliorated these levels. Activities of SOD and CAT were significantly reduced in OVX group. THQ treatments significantly enhanced their activities in a dose dependent manner.The present results revealed the preventive effect of THQ on hepatic oxidative damage-induced by ovariectomy in rats.
An Investigation on the Relationship between Prospective Teachers’ Early Teacher Identity and Their Need for Cognition

Investigating the relationship between them can reveal important implications vital for classroom practice in teacher education institutions. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between pre-service teachers’ early teacher identity and their need for cognition. The research data was collected with the sample which consists of 449 students studying at Gaziantep Education Faculty. “Early Teacher Identity Measure (ETIM)” was used to measure pre-service teacher identities of teacher candidates. The data related to the need for cognition were collected by “Need for Cognition Scale (NFCS)”, and the data related to the personal information of the students were gathered by “Personal Information Form”. The relationship between early teacher identity and need for cognition was analysed through a Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and it was found that early teacher identity and need for cognition are two separate but related constructs (r= .62, p<.01). This means that as the level of need for cognition increases, the participants’ early teacher identity scores increase.
Investigating consistency in passenger arrivals: insights from longitudinal ticket validations

Waiting for public transport is recognised as being more onerous that travel time itself. Previous research has established that one category of public transport users ‘target’ their arrival at a time shortly before the service is scheduled. Another group of users arrive randomly, seemingly unaffected by timetable schedules. The time of day plus service characteristics, such as headway and reliability, affect the split of users between these groups. Little is known about the longitudinal aspects of the non-random arrival behaviour. This paper assesses the day-to-day consistency of transit users’ arrival behaviour by analysing longitudinal ticket validations data for heavy rail services in Melbourne. It makes further distinctions of the public transport users that have up until now been categorised into random or nonrandom arrival behaviour. Four archetypal arrival behaviours are derived. Consistency of arrival behaviour is quantified and investigated. Heterogeneity is an overriding feature of public transport commuters’ longitudinal behaviour. Users exhibiting a greater amount of consistency were found to arrive closer to the service’s timetabled time, used fewer scheduled services and travelled earlier in the peak. A systematic difference in arrival behaviour was found for users of a terminus station. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E216383.
ROBOTURK: A Crowdsourcing Platform for Robotic Skill Learning through Imitation

Imitation Learning has empowered recent advances in learning robotic manipulation tasks by addressing shortcomings of Reinforcement Learning such as exploration and reward specification. However, research in this area has been limited to modest-sized datasets due to the difficulty of collecting large quantities of task demonstrations through existing mechanisms. This work introduces RoboTurk to address this challenge. RoboTurk is a crowdsourcing platform for high quality 6-DoF trajectory based teleoperation through the use of widely available mobile devices (e.g. iPhone). We evaluate RoboTurk on three manipulation tasks of varying timescales (15-120s) and observe that our user interface is statistically similar to special purpose hardware such as virtual reality controllers in terms of task completion times. Furthermore, we observe that poor network conditions, such as low bandwidth and high delay links, do not substantially affect the remote users' ability to perform task demonstrations successfully on RoboTurk. Lastly, we demonstrate the efficacy of RoboTurk through the collection of a pilot dataset; using RoboTurk, we collected 137.5 hours of manipulation data from remote workers, amounting to over 2200 successful task demonstrations in 22 hours of total system usage. We show that the data obtained through RoboTurk enables policy learning on multi-step manipulation tasks with sparse rewards and that using larger quantities of demonstrations during policy learning provides benefits in terms of both learning consistency and final performance. For additional results, videos, and to download our pilot dataset, visit $\href{this http URL}{\texttt{roboturk.stanford. edu}}$