Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
European summer temperatures since Roman times

The spatial context is critical when assessing present-day climate anomalies, attributing them to potential forcings and making statements regarding their frequency and severity in a long-term perspective. Recent international initiatives have expanded the number of high-quality proxy-records and developed new statistical reconstruction methods. These advances allow more rigorous regional past temperature reconstructions and, in turn, the possibility of evaluating climate models on policy-relevant, spatio-temporal scales. Here we provide a new proxy-based, annually-resolved, spatial reconstruction of the European summer (June–August) temperature fields back to 755 CE based on Bayesian hierarchical modelling (BHM), together with estimates of the European mean temperature variation since 138 BCE based on BHM and composite-plus-scaling (CPS). Our reconstructions compare well with independent instrumental and proxy-based temperature estimates, but suggest a larger amplitude in summer temperature variability than previously reported. Both CPS and BHM reconstructions indicate that the mean 20th century European summer temperature was not significantly different from some earlier centuries, including the 1st, 2nd, 8th and 10th centuries CE. The 1st century (in BHM also the 10th century) may even have been slightly warmer than the 20th century, but the difference is not statistically significant. Comparing each 50 yr period with the 1951–2000 period reveals a similar pattern. Recent summers, however, have been unusually warm in the context of the last two millennia and there are no 30 yr periods in either reconstruction that exceed the mean average European summer temperature of the last 3 decades (1986–2015 CE). A comparison with an ensemble of climate model simulations suggests that the reconstructed European summer temperature variability over the period 850–2000 CE reflects changes in both internal variability and external forcing on multi-decadal time-scales. For pan-European temperatures we find slightly better agreement between the reconstruction and the model simulations with high-end estimates for total solar irradiance. Temperature differences between the medieval period, the recent period and the Little Ice Age are larger in the reconstructions than the simulations. This may indicate inflated variability of the reconstructions, a lack of sensitivity and processes to changes in external forcing on the simulated European climate and/or an underestimation of internal variability on centennial and longer time scales.
Modified Flexor Hallucis Longus Transfer for Achilles Insertional Rupture in Elderly Patients

Elderly patients with symptomatic Achilles tendinopathy who develop insertional ruptures develop are at risk of persistent pain and poor functional outcome. Extensive debridement of the tendinopathy creates a defect that adds to the difficulty of Achilles insertional rupture repair. Complete excision of the tendinopathy segment was proposed to minimize persistent pain. Reconstruction of the defect using modified flexor hallucis longus transfer might better restore Achilles function. Five patients older than 50 years (mean age, 58.8 years) who had symptomatic Achilles tendinopathy and subsequently had insertional ruptures were treated. The outcome was assessed at an average of 28.8 months after the reconstruction. There was good pain relief. All patients were able to do single-leg stance. Cybex isokinetic testing showed plantar flexion peak torque deficits of 10.9% and 3.9% when tested at 60°/second and 120°/second, respectively. The Functional Ambulation Performance score indicated a near normal gait pattern. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society hindfoot score improved from 64.4 to 94.4. There was no major surgical complication and no rerupture. Excision of Achilles tendinopathy segment followed by modified flexor hallucis longus transfer can achieve good pain relief and functional recovery in elderly patients with symptomatic Achilles tendinopathy who have Achilles insertional ruptures develop. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level IV (case series—no, or historical control group)
Sensitivity to Flg22 Is Modulated by Ligand-Induced Degradation and de Novo Synthesis of the Endogenous Flagellin-Receptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING2[W][OPEN]

Ligand-induced degradation of endogenous flagellin receptor desensitizes cells to its stimulus, likely to remove ligand-bound receptors from the site of perception, and subsequent de novo receptor synthesis resensitizes cells for a new round of stimulus perception. FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 (FLS2) is the plant cell surface receptor that perceives bacterial flagellin or flg22 peptide, initiates flg22-signaling responses, and contributes to bacterial growth restriction. Flg22 elicitation also leads to ligand-induced endocytosis and degradation of FLS2 within 1 h. Why plant cells remove this receptor precisely at the time during which its function is required remains mainly unknown. Here, we assessed in planta flg22-signaling competency in the context of ligand-induced degradation of endogenous FLS2 and chemical interference known to impede flg22-dependent internalization of FLS2 into endocytic vesicles. Within 1 h after an initial flg22 treatment, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf tissue was unable to reelicit flg22 signaling in a ligand-, time-, and dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that flg22-induced degradation of endogenous FLS2 may serve to desensitize cells to the same stimulus (homologous desensitization), likely to prevent continuous signal output upon repetitive flg22 stimulation. In addition to impeding ligand-induced FLS2 degradation, pretreatment with the vesicular trafficking inhibitors Wortmannin or Tyrphostin A23 impaired flg22-elicited reactive oxygen species production that was partially independent of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1. Interestingly, these inhibitors did not affect flg22-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, indicating the ability to utilize vesicular trafficking inhibitors to target different flg22-signaling responses. For Tyrphostin A23, reduced flg22-induced reactive oxygen species could be separated from the defect in FLS2 degradation. At later times (>2 h) after the initial flg22 elicitation, recovery of FLS2 protein levels positively correlated with resensitization to flg22, indicating that flg22-induced new synthesis of FLS2 may prepare cells for a new round of monitoring the environment for flg22.
An CNN-LSTM Attention Approach to Understanding User Query Intent from Online Health Communities

Understanding user query intent is a crucial task to Question-Answering area. With the development of online health services, online health communities generate huge amount of valuable medical Question-Answering data, where user intention can be mined. However, the queries posted by common users have many domain concepts and colloquial expressions, which make the understanding of user intents very difficult. In this paper, we try to find and predict user intent from the realistic medical text queries. A CNN-LSTM attention model is proposed to predict user intents, and an unsupervised clustering method is applied to mine user intent taxonomy. The CNN-LSTM attention model has a CNN encoders and a Bi-LSTM attention encoder. The two encoder can capture both of global semantic expression and local phrase-level information from an original medical text query, which helps the intent prediction. We also utilize extra knowledge like part-of-speech tags and named entity tags to enrich feature information. Based on the experiments on a health community query intent(HCQI) dataset, we compare our model with baseline models and experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of our model.
Continuous-flow cold therapy after total knee arthroplasty.

Cryotherapy is widely used as an emergency treatment of sports trauma and postoperatively especially after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Studies in the literature on the effect of cryotherapy after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have been limited and controversial. In this prospective study, 60 primary TKAs were done on 30 patients (all staged bilateral TKAs). For every patient, 1 TKA had a continuous-flow cooling device applied over the surgical dressing immediately postoperatively. The other TKA in the same patient (control TKA) was done 6 weeks later and had no cooling device. The study compared the range of motion, the volume of hemovac output and blood loss, visual analog pain score, analgesic consumption, and wound healing in the 2 limbs of the same patient. This study showed that continuous-flow cold therapy is advantageous after TKA because it provides better results in all the areas compared.
High fluorescence in situ hybridization percentage of deletion 11q in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is an independent predictor of adverse outcome

We have analyzed patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia with del11q fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) abnormality (n = 196) in this study. Detection of the 11q22.3 used a multicolor FISH technique. Patients with del11q fell into two major FISH subsets—sole del11q (n = 64) and del11q with del13q (n = 132). FISH subsets were compared using the median del11q FISH% (>58%, high vs. ≤58%, low). Overall survival (OS) and time to first treatment (TTFT) were estimated using Kaplan–Meier plots (log rank). Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the association between FISH% of del11q and outcomes. Patients with sole del11q were similar to del11q with del13q in terms of TTFT and OS. Patients with high FISH% of del11q had significantly shorter OS and TTFT as compared with patients with low FISH%, particularly in sole del11q; this negative impact of high FISH% of del11q on OS and TTFT was diminished with coexistent del13q. In multivariate analysis, high FISH% of del11q was a significant predictor for shorter OS and TTFT. A comparison of these del11q subsets with a separate cohort of (n = 673) previously untreated patients with sole del13q showed that the high FISH% del11q cohort had a significantly shorter TTFT and OS. In addition, bulky disease by physical examination or computed tomography imaging was infrequent at presentation in patients with del11q. High FISH% of del11q can reliably discriminate higher risk patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Presence of coexistent del13q should be accounted for while prognosticating patients with del11q. Am. J. Hematol. 90:471–477, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immediate Implant Placement Without Bone Grafting: A Retrospective Study of 110 Cases With 5 Years of Follow-up

Purpose:Immediate implant placement not only reduces the number of surgeries necessary but also decreases the treatment time and treatment costs. The purpose of the study was to present the clinical results of 110 cases of immediate implant placement without using graft materials at the end of 5 years. Materials and Methods:One hundred and ten implants in 72 patients were included in the study. Inclusion criteria for the patients were presence of at least 2 mm of bone beyond the root apex, the absence of acute signs of infection or inflammation in the treatment area, and the absence of systemic pathologies that would contraindicate bone healing around implants. In cases where bone grafting was necessary, the implant was excluded from the study. Results:Healing progressed uneventfully in 105 cases. Four implants were lost as a result of infection in the first 3 months and 1 implant was lost 1 year after the functional loading of the prosthesis. The soft tissue anatomy was clinically acceptable in all patients. The implants that were placed in the extraction sockets of infectious teeth had also acceptable survival rates and clinical success. Conclusion:With proper patient selection, immediate implant placement without bone grafting has predictable survival rates and clinical success.
How information organisation affects users' representation of hypertext structure and content

Previous studies have shown that hypertext users generate a mental representation of the hypertext structure and content. This study examines how information organisation in hypertext affects users' comprehension of the hypertext structure and content of the text. In a 2 × 2 factorial design text interconnectedness (low vs. high) and coherence (coherent vs. incoherent) were manipulated. Users' mental representations were accessed by various tests such as card sorting, summary writing and questionnaires. Results showed that participants' representation of hypertext structure and content was better under the coherent than under the incoherent condition. Interconnectedness did not have an effect on users' representation. Recommendations for hypertext designers are discussed.
From Loans to Labor: Access to Credit, Entrepreneurship, and Child Labor

This paper seeks to understand household business decisions in response to increased credit access in an environment with multiple market failures. A simple model suggests that households at certain wealth thresholds might be able to overcome the fixed costs of entering entrepreneurship when they have increased access to credit. In the presence of labor market imperfections however, these same households may also be more likely to employ child labor. I test these predictions using household- and child-level panel data from Thailand. To isolate the causal impacts of household borrowing, I exploit the exogenous timing and institutional features of the Million Baht Program, one of the largest government initiatives to increase household access to credit in the world. I find that, consistent with the model, expanded access to credit raises entry into entrepreneurship for households in specific wealth groups while simultaneously increasing the use of child labor in these households. The results suggest that through the avenue of encouraging entrepreneurial activity, expanding credit access may have unintended consequences for the supply of child labor.
Group treatment of benzodiazepine dependence.

Summary Sixteen patients referred for withdrawal from their chronic benzodiazepine usage were treated over a 28-week period using a primarily cognitive approach in a group or on an individual basis using telephone contact. The withdrawal regime was individually tailored for each patient according to the intensity of withdrawal symptoms. Anxiety management and cognitive restructuring techniques were used to help patients relabel their withdrawal symptoms as cues for the implementation of coping strategies. Patients in both groups were successful in reducing their intake over the treatment period but patients treated in the group showed lower attrition rates and better long-term outcome. Withdrawal symptoms, anxiety and depression improved alongside the reduction in drug intake and improvements were maintained at a 3 month and 1 year follow-up.
The reliability and reproducibility of cephalometric measurements: a comparison of conventional and digital methods.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and reproducibility of angular and linear measurements of conventional and digital cephalometric methods. METHODS A total of 13 landmarks and 16 skeletal and dental parameters were defined and measured on pre-treatment cephalometric radiographs of 30 patients. The conventional and digital tracings and measurements were performed twice by the same examiner with a 6 week interval between measurements. The reliability within the method was determined using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r²). The reproducibility between methods was calculated by paired t-test. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS All measurements for each method were above 0.90 r² (strong correlation) except maxillary length, which had a correlation of 0.82 for conventional tracing. Significant differences between the two methods were observed in most angular and linear measurements except for ANB angle (p = 0.5), angle of convexity (p = 0.09), anterior cranial base (p = 0.3) and the lower anterior facial height (p = 0.6). CONCLUSION In general, both methods of conventional and digital cephalometric analysis are highly reliable. Although the reproducibility of the two methods showed some statistically significant differences, most differences were not clinically significant.
Crowdfunding in a duopoly under asymmetric information

Traditionally crowdfunding has been used for funding very innovative projects. Recently, however, companies have begun using crowdfunding to finance more traditional products where they compete against other sellers of similar products. One of the major platforms Indiegogo launched several projects consistent with this trend. This paper offers a model of a duopoly where firms can use crowdfunding prior to direct sales. The model is based on asymmetric information between competitors regarding the demand for the product. It provides several implications that have not yet been tested. For example we find that high-demand firms can use crowdfunding to signal their quality.
Men’s Intentions to Engage in Behaviors to Protect Against Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Testing the Risk Perception Attitude Framework

Guided by the risk perception attitude framework (RPA), this study examined men’s perceptions of risk and efficacy beliefs as predictors of their intentions to engage in self-protective behaviors. The results of multiple regression analyses did not provide support for the RPA prediction that efficacy beliefs moderate the relationship between risk perceptions and self-protective behavior. However, the results provide support for the main effects of risk and efficacy on all four behavioral intentions examined (i.e., Internet information seeking, communication with a health provider, HPV vaccination, and condom use). Risk and efficacy were positively related to (and significant individual predictors of) all four behavioral intentions. Scholarly and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Farmers’ Perception of Effectiveness of Agricultural Extension Agents in Anambra State, Nigeria

he study assessed farmers’ perception of effectiveness of agricultural extension agents in Anambra State, Nigeria. The population of the study comprised all contact farmers and extension agents in Anambra State. Multi-stage, purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 200 respondents comprising 160 farmers and 40 extension agents. Data for the study were collected through the use of interview schedule and questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentage and mean score were used in presenting and analyzing the data. The findings revealed that majority of the farmers were women, literate and the mean age was 54.27 years with an average farming experience of 18.98 years. Farmers’ number of contact with extension agents and level of education were found to make significant contribution to farmers’ perception of agricultural extension agents’ quality. The level of adoption of new technologies by farmer was generally high (5.58). Agricultural extension service in Anambra State was not effective, which implies that extension service in the State was poor and weak. The identified constraints that hinder the performance of agricultural extension agents included inadequate vehicles for transportation, poor office accommodation, poor remuneration, poor funding, high level of farmers’ illiteracy, and insufficient motivation of extension agents among others. The need for regular training of extension agents so as to develop more skills and technicalities in disseminating farm technologies to farmers was recommended.
Exploring university-industry-collaboration-networks from German battery research – An innovation-ecosystem perspective

With university-industry collaborations gaining relevance as a suitable approach to realize interdisciplinary research, modern research management reaches new levels of complexity. Drawing on the concept of innovation ecosystems, we explore the collaborative structure of the German battery research landscape based on university-industry collaboration networks. We rely on a comprehensive project database which offers information on 809 publicly funded individual and subprojects. Evaluation-wise, we transformed the project data into a network structure and calculated centrality measures such as “Eigenvector” and “Betweenness”. Our study reveals that it is possible to attribute roles to actors within innovation ecosystems, aiming at indicating their suitability for various research management tasks, based on the position they take within it. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications, since they allow for synergies to be exploited and the efficiency of interaction within the innovation ecosystems to be increased.
SLUICING ( : ) BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND INFERENCE *

Investigations of sluicing since Chung, Ladusaw, and McCloskey 1995 have profitably explored two approaches to this ellipsis process that differ significantly from ours. In one, the ellipsis site is created by deletion of a fully articulated TP in which Wh -movement has applied. In the other, the ellipsis site contains no internal structure at all, and its reference is resolved via pragmatic inference. Here we reconsider some of the theoretical issues, focusing on sprouting, the subtype of sluicing in which the remnant of ellipsis has no overt correlate in the antecedent clause. We discuss evidence, some of it new, which suggests that sprouting involves the re-use of existing material, much as we originally proposed.
Social status, risky health behaviors, and diabetes in middle-aged and older adults.

OBJECTIVE This article investigates: (a) how social status influences diabetes prevalence and incidence; (b) how risky health behaviors contribute to the prediction of incident diabetes; (c) if the effects of health behaviors mediate the effects of social status on incident diabetes; and (d) if these effects differ in midlife and older age. METHODS We examined nationally representative data from the 1992/1993-1998 panels of the Health and Retirement Study for middle-aged and older adults using logistic regression analyses. RESULT The odds of prevalent diabetes were higher for people of older age, men, Black adults, and Latino adults. Higher early-life social status (e.g., parental schooling) and achieved social status (e.g., respondent schooling, economic resources) reduced the odds in both age groups. We observed similar patterns for incident diabetes in midlife but not in older age. Risky health behaviors--particularly obesity--increased the odds of incident diabetes in both age groups independent of social status. The increased odds of incident diabetes in midlife persisted for Black and Latino adults net of other social status factors. DISCUSSION Risky health behaviors are key predictors of incident diabetes in both age groups. Economic resources also play an important protective role in incident diabetes in midlife but not in older age.
Prostaglandin E2 is increased in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients

Objectives – Oxidative stress and glutamate‐mediated excitotoxicity may play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) activity can be associated with motor neuron death by inducing free radical formation and glutamate release from astrocytes. The aim of this study was to determine PGE2 concentration in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ALS patients.