Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chinese hotel employees in the smiling masks: roles of job satisfaction, burnout, and supervisory support in relationships between emotional labor and performance

Using survey data obtained from 206 frontline hotel employees (Study 1) and 111 employee–supervisor dyads (Study 2), we examined how the emotional labor of hotel employees was associated with affective and behavioral outcomes. We found that surface acting was negatively related to job satisfaction but positively related to burnout. Meanwhile, deep acting was positively related to job satisfaction but negatively related to burnout. Additionally, job satisfaction and burnout were found to mediate the relationship between emotional labor and work performance. We further found that supervisory support moderated the relationships between emotional labor and job satisfaction and burnout.
WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR WATER QUALITY AND SUPPLY ENHANCEMENTS IN THE GRAND RIVER WATERSHED

This paper reports the results of a large contingent valuation survey to estimate the social benefits of water quality improvements in the watershed. Early results indicate a willingness to pay (WTP) for residential water quality improvements of up to $4.50 per household per month (19% of the average water bill), with a somewhat lower value for preserving the environmental quality of parkland in the watershed. Using a 5% discount rate, this translates into a demand for water quality projects in the region with a capital value of nearly $1100 per household. The narrowness of the estimated range of WTP values, and their similarity to values found in other studies, suggests that our estimates are a reliable measure of the monetary value of social benefits from water quality improvements in the region. The main socio-economic determinants of willingness to pay appear to be household income, number of children, perception of existing water quality, and awareness of environmental issues on the part of survey re.
Theory of Branching and Annihilating Random Walks.

Nonequilibrium models with an extensive number of degrees of freedom whose dynamics violates detailed balance occur in studies of many biological, chemical and physical systems. Like equilibrium systems, their stationary states may exhibit phase transitions which in many cases appear to fall into distinct classes characterized by universal quantities such as critical exponents. One of the most common such classes is that exemplified by directed percolation (DP) [1]. This represents a transition from a nontrivial ‘active’ steady state to an absorbing ‘inactive’ state with no fluctuations. Many nonequilibrium phase transitions appear to belong to this universality class, e.g., the contact process [2], the dimer poisoning problem in the ZGB model [3], and auto–catalytic reaction models [4]. The universal properties of the DP transition are theoretically well understood in the context of a renormalization group (RG) analysis based on an expansion around mean field theory below the upper critical dimension dc = 4 [5]. More recently a class of models has been studied which, in certain cases, appear as exceptions to the general rule that such transitions should fall into the DP universality class. These include a probabilistic cellular automaton model [6], certain kinetic Ising models [7,8], and an interacting monomer–dimer model [9]. In one dimension the dynamics of these is equivalent to a class of models called branching and annihilating random walks (BARWs) [10–12], which also have a natural generalization to higher dimensions. In the language of reaction– diffusion systems, BARWs describe the stochastic dynamics of a single species of particles A undergoing three basic processes: diffusion, often modeled by a random walk on a lattice and characterized by a diffusion coefficient D; an annihilation reaction A + A → ⊘ when particles are close (or on the same site), at rate λ; and a branching process A → (m + 1)A (where m is a positive integer), at rate σm. The above–mentioned one– dimensional models all correspond to the case m = 2. For the kinetic Ising model, the particles A are to be identified with the domain walls, and the transition to the inactive state corresponds to the ordering of the Ising spins [7,8]. In general, this new universality class has been observed in d = 1 for even values of m, when the number of particles is locally conserved modulo 2. When m is odd, the DP values of the exponents appear to be realized. (It should be remarked that several of the models which have been studied do not contain three independent parameters corresponding to D, λ, and σm so that it may occur that the actual transition is inaccessible. This appears to be so for the simplest lattice BARW model with m = 2, which is always in the inactive phase [10].) Besides the appearance of a new universality class, another issue which clearly requires theoretical explanation is the occurrence of a transition at a finite value of σm. For the mean field rate equation for the average density u n(t) = −2λ n(t) 2 + mσm n(t) (1)
CONSUMERS' WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR AQUACULTURE FISH PRODUCTS VS. WILD-CAUGHT SEAFOOD – A CASE STUDY IN HAWAII

This study aims to investigate Hawaii consumers' willingness to pay for fish product attributes including farmed vs. wild-caught. Hawaii presents an interesting case study as per capita seafood consumption is around three times the national average and 75% of seafood products are imported either from the U.S. mainland or foreign sources. For this study, questionnaires were administered both in-person and online. Conjoint analysis of four different fish species (tuna, salmon, tilapia and moi pacific threadfin), measured consumer willingness to pay for species-specific attributes including both hypothetical and actual attributes available on the market. The results indicate Hawaii consumers are willing to pay more for wild-caught fish than farm raised and more for fresh than previously frozen fish with the degree of preference varying across species. This research can be used to better target markets and facilitate policy decisions pertaining to the fisheries, aquaculture and seafood industries.
Silencer or Amplifier? The European Union Presidency and the Nordic Countries

How did the three Nordic European Union member states approach their periods as holders of the European Union (EU) Council Presidency? Two radically different predictions about the impact of the Presidency on member state behaviour can be found in the literature. Some maintain that the position functions as an amplifier, strengthening the already existing tendency to propagate national concerns. Others argue that the Presidency functions as a silencer, subordinating national material interests to the benefit of common European concerns. In this article we analyse the ways in which Finland, Sweden and Denmark actually performed the Presidency role. Which of the competing interpretations is most appropriate? Was the Presidency role performed differently by the three countries? Our main finding is that the Presidency generally functioned as an amplifier during the Nordic presidencies. There are, however, interesting differences between the three states, Denmark being the least constrained in using the Presidency to further national interests whereas Finland was most anxious not to violate norms of impartiality and neutrality, even in cases where such behaviour ran contrary to national interests.
POLICY RULES, REGIME SWITCHES, AND TREND INFLATION: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION FOR THE UNITED STATES

This paper estimates Taylor rules featuring instabilities in policy parameters and switches in policy shocks’ volatility for the post-World War II (WWII) U.S. economy. We contrast a rule embedding a fixed-inflation target with another featuring trend inflation, i.e., a time-varying inflation target. The rule embedding trend inflation turns out to be (a) empirically superior according to a marginal likelihood-based comparison and (b) more able to pin down some relevant episodes of the post-WWII U.S. monetary policy history. Estimates conducted with Greenbook data confirm the empirical superiority of the rule featuring a time-varying inflation target. A comparison with recently published estimates of trend inflation is also conducted.
Composition of the gut microbiota modulates the severity of malaria

Significance Plasmodium infections cause >200 million cases of malaria and ∼1 million deaths annually. Although these infections result in disease states that range from asymptomatic to life-threatening, factors that contribute to disease severity remain poorly defined. This report demonstrates that the assemblage of microbes in the gut can modulate the severity of malaria. Mice from different vendors with differences in their gut microbiome showed significant differences in pathology after infection with Plasmodium. Among the bacterial populations that were different between “resistant” and “susceptible” mice were Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and treatment of mice with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium resulted in decreased Plasmodium burden. These results identify both a previously unidentified risk factor for severe malaria and a potential new avenue of treatment. Plasmodium infections result in clinical presentations that range from asymptomatic to severe malaria, resulting in ∼1 million deaths annually. Despite this toll on humanity, the factors that determine disease severity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the gut microbiota of mice influences the pathogenesis of malaria. Genetically similar mice from different commercial vendors, which exhibited differences in their gut bacterial community, had significant differences in parasite burden and mortality after infection with multiple Plasmodium species. Germfree mice that received cecal content transplants from “resistant” or “susceptible” mice had low and high parasite burdens, respectively, demonstrating the gut microbiota shaped the severity of malaria. Among differences in the gut flora were increased abundances of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in resistant mice. Susceptible mice treated with antibiotics followed by yogurt made from these bacterial genera displayed a decreased parasite burden. Consistent with differences in parasite burden, resistant mice exhibited an elevated humoral immune response compared with susceptible mice. Collectively, these results identify the composition of the gut microbiota as a previously unidentified risk factor for severe malaria and modulation of the gut microbiota (e.g., probiotics) as a potential treatment to decrease parasite burden.
A QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION INTO THE SOURCES OF JOB SATISFACTION AMONG BLACK MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGERS

ion involves placing similar themes together and developing a new name for the cluster. Themes are grouped together under super-ordinate theme titles (Smith et al., 2009). An example in the research of a super-ordinate theme was the impact of supervision on the participants’ perception of job satisfaction. The researcher also used contextualisation as a method of identifying patterns and connections. This method acknowledges the contextual or narrative elements within the transcript (Smith et al., 2009). Examples of such themes could be temporal, narrative or cultural themes. An example of a temporal theme is the perception of autonomy as voiced by a participant. Significant moments and examples in his work history enforced his perception of the importance of independence and flexibility in the workplace. Such comments include his reference to the choice to arrive or leave work at a chosen time and the freedom experienced in having a choice which creates the perception of an independent work environment. Finally, the researcher used numeration as a supportive method in the data analysis. This method acknowledges the frequency with which a specific theme is supported. Smith et al. (2009) warns that this method should not be enunciated, but it could be one way of indicating the relative significance of emergent and super-ordinate themes. An example in the data of numeration was where a participant mentioned the impact of role conflict on seven occasions. Similarly, it was also considered how many participants mentioned a specific aspect such as the positive contribution of their supervisor in their work experience. The following table illustrates an example of themes and the development of super-ordinate themes.
Does unemployment cause unemployment? Micro evidence from Norway

The way that unemployment duration affects employment prospects, is investigated using Norwegian micro transition data encompassing detailed accounts of 14 807 unemployed adults. A generalized non-proportional Weibull model is estimated, with two possible exits from the unemployment pool: a job or a labour force exit. On average the probability of obtaining a job is fairly constant at the individual level, while the probability of exiting the labour force increases significantly as unemployment duration is prolonged. For some particular groups of unemployed, there is also a marked negative duration dependence in the probability of obtaining a job.
Diet quality and resource allocation in the zebra finch

We investigated the effect of diet quality on resource allocation in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) by providing females with a high–quality (HQ) or low–quality (LQ) diet for six weeks prior to pairing, and continuing these diets during egg laying and chick rearing. Diet treatments were then reversed and the experiment repeated. When females laid on the HQ diet, egg mass increased with laying order, but the reverse was true on the LQ diet. Females laid significantly more male eggs on the LQ diet compared with on the HQ diet. In addition, female eggs were more frequent at the end of the clutch when on the HQ diet and at the beginning of the clutch when on the LQ diet. These differences in the primary sex ratio are in line with predictions from sex allocation theory, since in this species females are more vulnerable to nutritional stress than males.
Factors influencing the uptake of atherogenic plasma proteins by artery walls.

Atherosclerosis, which manifests itself clinically as myocardial infarction and stroke and their respective precursor disorders angina pectoris and transient ischaemic attacks of the brain, is initiated by the accumulation of the plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the walls of large arteries, most importantly the coronaries, carotids, and aorta. Abnormally high concentrations of LDL in the plasma are associated with premature clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, indicating that the uptake of LDL increases with its plasma concentration [14]. LDL is thus a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and the other aforementioned disorders. Another major risk factor is fibrinogen, the incidence of heart attacks and strokes increasing with its plasma concentration [12,24,46]. Atherosclerotic lesions, contain much fibrinogen as well as fibrin [38]. The mechanism by which LDL and fibrinogen and presumably also other atherogenic plasma proteins such as LP(a) pass from the blood through the endothelium into the arterial intima remains largely unknown. For LDL the process does not apparently involve the high-affinity receptors because, when they are deficient or defective as in Watanabe rabbits and in type II familial hyperlipidaemia, circulating LDL levels are abnormally high and atherogenesis is accelerated. Moreover, the uptake by arterial walls of reductively methylated LDL which does not bind to high-affinity receptors is similar to that of native LDL [23,45]. In the case of LDL there is evidence that is passes through arterial endothelial cells in cytoplasmic vesicles called caveolae [36,42]; these are identical to the pinosomes in which this lipoprotein was first observed by autoradiography [38]. This appearance has also been demonstrated with cultured endothelial cells where it depends strongly on LDL concentration [41]. The process is referred to as transcytosis, although up to the present time it has not been possible to make dynamic observations on such transendothelial movements. The evidence is essentially based on time sequences of electron microghaphs and inferred for LDL from observations made with other, electron-dense particles such as ferritin after their intravascular injection [27,37]. So far, the actual mechanism whereby LDL and fibrinogen and presumably also Lp(a) and other circulating macromolecules are taken up by and discharged from endothelial caveola remains essentially unknown. The purpose of the work summarized here is to look for factors, other than plasma concentrations of LDL and fibrinogen, which influence their accumulation in artery walls. This process requires the
Change in Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness after Argon Laser Panretinal Photocoagulation

Objectives: To evaluate changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and macular thickness as measured by enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) after argon laser panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in patients with severe diabetic retinopathy. Methods: This prospective, comparative case series included 21 patients (28 eyes) with severe diabetic retinopathy. All patients underwent three sessions of PRP. The SFCT and macular thickness were measured using EDI -OCT at baseline and one week after completion of 3 sessions of PRP. Results: SFCT before PRP was 318.1±96.5 μm and increased to 349.9±108.3 μm; P=0.001 after PRP. Macular thickness significantly increased at one week after PRP from 273.1±23.9 μm at baseline 295.8±25.3 μm at one week; (P<0.001). No significant relationship between the changes in macular thickness and SFCT was observed (r=–0.13, P=0.52). Conclusion: PRP induced increases in both SFCT and macular thickness. Changes in SFCT did not correlate with changes in macular thickness. (Ewha Med J 2017;40(2):71-76) Received March 25, 2017 Accepted April 18, 2017
DO GOOD OR DO WELL? PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT IN A TWO-PARTY ECONOMY

Policy rules can be welfare improving if the government faces a time inconsistency problem when it chooses its optimal policy sequentially. In this paper I show that a conservative government, while favourable in principle to the institution of binding policy rules, may rationally choose not to do so in the presence of electoral competition. The reason is that left-wing governments typically face more serious time inconsistency problems than right-wing ones, because of incentives to raise revenue through inflation or tax capital for distributional reasons. A binding rule may make the left-wing party more "credible" in the eyes of the voters, conversely in the absence of rules, voters will favour the conservative party- for example because of its stronger anti-inflationary preferences. I develop this idea in the context of a simple debt management model, in which the incumbent can decide whether to roll over a given amount of debt in nominal form or indexing debt to the price level. An election follows, and after the election the new government has to repay the debt using taxes and inflation, both assumed to be distortionary. The right-wing party attributes a higher weight to the inflation tax distortion than the left-wing party; the median voter's preferences are in-between the two parties'. Also, both parties face a fixed cost of being out of power. In the absence of a commitment technology, nominal debt will artificially enlarge the inflation tax base, since after the election the government will take nominal interest rates as given and try to reduce the real value of its obligations through inflation. With rational expectations and full information, once the indexation parameter is chosen, voters know who will fully incorporate future inflation. As a result, inflation is too high and taxes too low. If the costs of inflation are convex, voters will be more likely to choose the right-wing party if debt is nominal. The results extend to a setting in which parties differ in their preferences for private vs public consumption. In the presence of uncertainty, a party in power will face a trade-off between the incentive to "tie the hands" of its eventual successor in case of an election loss ("do good") and the incentive to make its opponent look "bad" in the eyes of the voters in order to win the election ("do well").
Eya1 expression in the developing ear and kidney: Towards the understanding of the pathogenesis of branchio‐oto‐renal (BOR) syndrome

Branchio‐Oto‐Renal (BOR) syndrome is an autosomal dominant, early developmental defect characterised by varying combinations of branchial (fistulas, sinuses, and cysts), outer, middle and inner ear, and renal anomalies. The gene underlying this syndrome, EYA1, is homologous to the Drosophila developmental gene eyes absent which encodes a transcriptional co‐activator required for eye specification. We report here the temporal and spatial pattern of expression of the murine homologue, Eya1, throughout ear and kidney development in relation to the anomalies of BOR syndrome. The expression of Eya1 in the branchial arch apparatus (namely in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th branchial clefts and pharyngeal pouches) at embryonic day (E)10.5, can be correlated with the branchial fistulas, sinuses, and cysts but not with the outer and middle ear anomalies. In contrast, Eya1 is expressed during the slightly more advanced stage of outer and middle ear morphogenesis at E13.5, in the mesenchyme adjacent to the first branchial cleft (the cleft will give rise to the external auditory canal and the surrounding mesenchyme to the auricular hillocks) and surrounding the primordia of the middle ear ossicles, and in the epithelium of the tubotympanic recess (the future tympanic cavity). During early inner ear development, Eya1 is expressed in the ventromedial wall of the otic vesicle (the site of the future sensory epithelia), in the statoacoustic ganglion, and in the periotic mesenchyme, consistent with the cochlear anomalies and sensorineural hearing loss of BOR syndrome. Subsequently, Eya1 expression is observed in the differentiating hair and supporting cells of the sensory epithelia, as well as in the associated ganglia, and persists after differentiation has taken place. This suggests that, in addition to a role in the morphogenetic process, Eya1 could also be implicated in the differentiation and/or survival of these inner ear cell populations. Finally, Eya1 expression in the condensing mesenchymal cells of the kidney is consistent with the excretory and collecting system anomalies of BOR syndrome. From the comparison of the Eya1 and Pax2 expression patterns during ear and kidney development, a contribution of these two genes to the same regulatory pathway can only be suggested in the mesenchymal‐epithelial transition directing renal tubule formation. Dev. Dyn. 1998;213:486–499. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arrhythmias in Children Having a Single Left Superior Vena Cava and Minimal Structural Heart Disease

Background: The presence of a single left superior vena cava in the absence of complex congenital heart disease is uncommon, and, in the absence of hemodynamic consequences, it would not be expected to result in cardiovascular signs or symptoms. Single case reports and our anecdotal experience suggested to us that this anomaly is highly associated with cardiac arrhythmias.