Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new information share measure

In this study, we modify the information share (IS) originally proposed by Hasbrouck, J. (1995). The proposed modified information share (MIS) leads to a unique measure of price discovery instead of the upper and lower IS bounds. Performance of MIS is compared with the Hasbrouck IS measure and the Gonzalo–Granger permanent–transitory decomposition (PT/GG)‐based measure using simulations with 1,000 replications applied to the same three examples considered by Hasbrouck, J. (2002). The MIS is found to outperform both Hasbrouck IS measure and PT/GG measure. The empirical application of the MIS to three major stock indices indicates that price discovery takes place mostly in the futures market. Hence, the evidence supports the transaction cost hypothesis as well as the model proposed by Garbade, K. D. , and Silber, W. L. (1983). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:377–395, 2009
Second vs. Third Party Punishment under Costly Monitoring: A New Experimental Method and Evidence

We experimentally evaluate a set of hypotheses regarding the effect of monitoring costs on the relative performance of second and third party punishment in the context of a social dilemma. By means of a novel method that mimicks information structures by constraints on the strategy space we reconcile the powerful «strategy method» with active information acquisition about the history of play. In line with recent behavioral and neuroscientific evidence we find second and third party punishment to be more similar than different. Both are less discriminate and hence generate weaker incentives for cooperation when monitoring is costly compared to a setting in which monitoring is free. Third parties do not exhibit more «careful» punishment behavior than second parties under costly monitoring, which sheds doubt on the «impartial spectator hypothesis». However, we also find subtle differences: The presence of monitoring costs leads subjects to withhold sanctioning more often as second parties than as third parties, and to punish indiscriminately more often as third parties than as second parties. We believe that the results further our understanding whether there is a common motivational structure underpinning both types of punishment or not. (JEL C92, C72, D03, D80)
Information Sharing and Knowledge Creation in Online Forums: The Case of the Greek Online Forum ‘DIALOGOI’

The information intensiveness of service firms coupled with the necessity to manage knowledge in the new economic era, render knowledge management initiatives critical for achieving competitive advantage. This case study identifies and analyses the social networking and knowledge creation capabilities and affordances of online forums to support tourism professionals. After reviewing the literature on knowledge creation, social networking and virtual communities, the case presents the social networking, information sharing, knowledge creation and idea generation capabilities of peer-to-peer virtual communities. The research methodology is explained, and the findings are presented. Finally, the practical implications are discussed and directions for future research are also provided.
Infrapopliteal Lower Extremity Replantation

Background: Replantation surgery in lower extremity amputations continues to be controversial. Overall results have been considered poor and the procedure is usually discouraged. It is the opinion of the authors that infrapopliteal replantation may be indicated. Methods: A series of 12 patients with 13 amputations through the tibia or below were treated with replantation of the parts. The main indication was an intact sole and amenability of direct tibial nerve repair. Extensive bone loss or soft-tissue damage was not a contraindication. All replantations were orthotopic, and in one case a temporary ectopic replantation was performed. All transtibial replantations underwent subsequent bone lengthening (8 to 13 cm). Results: The survival rate of the replanted segments was 100 percent. There was one death caused by pulmonary thromboembolism. The number of additional operations was 3.1 (range, one to five). Soft-tissue necrosis occurred in 83 percent of cases, requiring flap coverage. A free flap was used in 90 percent of these cases, with a 100 percent success rate. Chen functional grade was I or II (good or excellent) in all but one case. Treatment time averaged 11.3 months (range, 8 to 16 months). No delayed amputations or plantar ulcers occurred. Conclusions: Although the complication rate has been high, in dedicated teams and with proper selection of patients, replantation of infrapopliteal lower limb amputations can yield satisfactory results.
Unemployment and Early School Leaving

Economic theory suggests that unemployment could affect human capital investment decisions in either direction. The authors use microdata on sixteen year-olds from the U.K. Family Expenditure Survey to examine the effects of household circumstances and regional unemployment rates on early school leaving in the United Kingdom between 1978 and 1984. During this period, unemployment rose rapidly and the proportion of pupils choosing to stay on at school beyond the age at which education was compulsory also increased from its historically low level. However, no evidence was found supporting the theory that unemployment caused this rise. Copyright 1990 by Royal Economic Society.
The Significance of Entry and Exit for Regional Productivity Growth

Brixy U. The significance of entry and exit for regional productivity growth, Regional Studies. This study addresses the debate about whether start-ups increase regional productivity growth through such effects as the fostering of competition. A new longitudinal dataset at the establishment level for eastern and western Germany is used to analyse the impact of the number of start-ups and their survival on the growth of total factor productivity and employment. It is demonstrated that start-ups do affect regional productivity growth. But the impact is not proved continually: it varies between the manufacturing and the service sector and between the two parts of Germany.
Firm Philanthropy in Small and Mediun-Sized Family Firms: The Effects of Family Involvement in Ownership and Management

Drawing on stewardship theory and arguments in relation to social and reputational capital, this study investigates how family involvement affects engagement in firm philanthropy in small- and medium-sized family firms. Specifically, we argue that family involvement in ownership positively influences firm philanthropy while its interaction with family involvement in management produces a negative effect. Based on a sample of 130 Italian family firms, our findings offer important implications for theory and practice and pave the way for future research in the field of philanthropy in the family firm context.
Why Do Women's Wages Increase so Slowly Throughout Their Career? A Dynamic Model of Statistical Discrimination

The aim of this paper is to explain the growing wage differentials between men and women during their working careers. We provide a dynamic model of statistical discrimination, which integrates specific human capital decisions: on-the-job training investment and wages are endogenously determined. We reveal a small wage differential at the beginning of women's career, but women's wages increase more slowly; this is partly due to a lower level of human capital investment by women and partly because firms smooth training costs between different periods.
Unsupervised Low-Dimensional Vector Representations for Words, Phrases and Text that are Transparent, Scalable, and produce Similarity Metrics that are Complementary to Neural Embeddings

Neural embeddings are a popular set of methods for representing words, phrases or text as a low dimensional vector (typically 50-500 dimensions). However, it is difficult to interpret these dimensions in a meaningful manner, and creating neural embeddings requires extensive training and tuning of multiple parameters and hyperparameters. We present here a simple unsupervised method for representing words, phrases or text as a low dimensional vector, in which the meaning and relative importance of dimensions is transparent to inspection. We have created a near-comprehensive vector representation of words, and selected bigrams, trigrams and abbreviations, using the set of titles and abstracts in PubMed as a corpus. This vector is used to create several novel implicit word-word and text-text similarity metrics. The implicit word-word similarity metrics correlate well with human judgement of word pair similarity and relatedness, and outperform or equal all other reported methods on a variety of biomedical benchmarks, including several implementations of neural embeddings trained on PubMed corpora. Our implicit word-word metrics capture different aspects of word-word relatedness than word2vec-based metrics and are only partially correlated (rho = ~0.5-0.8 depending on task and corpus). The vector representations of words, bigrams, trigrams, abbreviations, and PubMed title+abstracts are all publicly available from this http URL for release under CC-BY-NC license. Several public web query interfaces are also available at the same site, including one which allows the user to specify a given word and view its most closely related terms according to direct co-occurrence as well as different implicit similarity metrics.
Voting on Floodplain Conservation: The Role of Public Values and Interactions along the Carson River, Nevada

Floodplain conservation initiatives frequently require public support and financing, yet little is known about public values and interactions with the rivers and their floodplains as they relate to voters' support. Using comparative analyses and logistic regression of data from a mail/Internet survey of registered voters along the Carson River, Nevada, we studied relationships between reported voting behavior and demographics, attitudes toward the future land use change, and interactions with the river. Our results indicate floodplain conservation efforts in historically agricultural areas may be most successful if land conservation initiatives include agricultural land and open space for riparian buffers between the river and urban developments. Additionally, improving water quality was important both to those supporting and those voting against floodplain conservation initiatives. We observed that boating, reading about local floodplain protection, following issues on neighboring rivers, and engaging in multiple floodplain educational activities were strongly associated with voting for floodplain conservation.
Precise evaluation of atmospheric loading effects on Earth's time-variable gravity field

[1] New space gravity missions will provide gravity measurements with unprecedented accuracy and high spatial resolution. To reveal the oceanic and hydrologic signals in monthly time-variable gravity field from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite (Tapley et al., 2004) entails the removal of the atmospheric contribution, which in turn requires a precise knowledge of the atmospheric mass redistribution. We reconstruct the three-dimensional (3-D) variations of air-density from vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, and specific humidity provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) atmospheric model of a realistic topography. We compare our results with those from the classical thin layer (2-D) approximation and show that the differences between the complete 3-D and the 2-D computations are often nonnegligible in the presence of the expected GRACE sensitivity up to harmonic degrees of 15–20, corresponding to wavelengths of 2000–2500 km. For actual computation, we recommend the use of the sigma level atmospheric data with special attention to the latitude and altitude dependence of the Earth's gravity. We also examine and conclude the importance of the differences with previous study which assumed a constant surface gravity acceleration without a latitudinal dependence.
Cooperation, Trust and Performance – Empirical Results from Three Countries

Reverting to the resource-based view of strategic management and cooperation theory, we provide argumentation for the value of two critical resources to cooperating firms: cooperation experience and maxim-based trust. The results of a large-scale survey in three European countries (Austria, Slovenia and the Czech Republic) reveal an important fact: although cooperation experience contributes to business performance, the contribution of maxim-based trust to success is significantly higher. As a result, corporate success depends not only on the quantity of cooperation experience, but also – and to an even greater extent – on the quality of cooperation with regard to the form of coordinative power established within the cooperation arrangement. Given that maxim-based trust has been identified as a feasible coordination mechanism in cooperation relationships, it might therefore be freed from its frequent characterization as utopian and out of touch with reality.
Implications of executing compression and encryption applications on general purpose processors

Compression and encryption applications are important components of modern multimedia workloads. These workloads are typically executed on application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), application specific processors (ASPs), or general purpose processors (GPPs). GPPs are flexible and allow changes in the applications and algorithms better than ASICs and ASPs. However, executing these applications on GPPs is done at a high cost. In this paper, we analyze media compression and encryption applications from the perspective of executing them on a programmable general purpose processor versus ASPs. We select 12 programs from various types of compression and encryption applications. The instruction mix, data types of memory operations, and memory access workloads during the execution of these programs are analyzed. Most of these applications involve processing the data through execution phases (e.g., quantization, encoding, etc.) and temporary results are stored and retrieved between these phases. A metric called overhead memory-access bandwidth per input and output byte is defined to characterize the temporary storage and retrieval of data during execution. We observe that more than 90 percent of the memory accesses made by these programs are temporary data stores and loads arising from the general purpose nature of the execution platform. We also verify the robustness of the proposed metric on different experimental environments using various input data properties and compiler optimizations.
Reindustrialising regions: rebuilding the manufacturing economy?

aDepartment of City and Regional Planning, W. Sibley Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA, smc23@cornell.edu bDepartment of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK, rlm1@cam.ac. uk cSchool of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK, p.j.sunley@soton.ac. uk dDepartment of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, Silver Street, Cambridge, CBE 9EP, UK, pt23@cam.ac. uk
TNFR1‐induced sphingomyelinase activation modulates TCR signaling by impairing store‐operated Ca2+ influx

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) is a potent, pleiotrophic cytokine, which is proinflammatory but can also suppress T lymphocyte function. In chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, exposure of T cells to TNF‐α alters their ability to mount a response by modulating the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway, but the mechanisms involved remain obscure. Here, we investigated the specific role of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) signaling in the modulation of the TCR signaling pathway. We observed a down‐regulation of the intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) signal in Jurkat T cells after just 30 min exposure to TNF‐α, and maximum suppression was reached after 3 h. This effect was transient, and signals returned to normal after 12 h. This depression of [Ca2+]i was also observed in human CD4+ T lymphocytes. The change in Ca2+ signal was related to a decrease in the plasma membrane Ca2+ influx, which was apparent even when the TCR signal was bypassed using thapsigargin to induce a Ca2+ influx. The role of TNF‐α‐induced activation of the sphingolipid cascade in this pathway was examined. The engagement of TNFR1 by TNF‐α led to a time‐dependent increase in acid sphingomyelinase (SMase; ASM) activity, corresponding with a decrease in cellular sphingomyelin. In parallel, there was an increase in cellular ceramide, which correlated directly with the decrease in the magnitude of the Ca2+ response to phytohemagglutinin. Exogenous addition of SMase or ceramide mimicked the effects of TNFR1 signals on Ca2+ responses in Jurkat T cells. Direct evidence for the activation of ASM in this pathway was provided by complete abrogation of the TNF‐α‐induced inhibition of the Ca2+ influx in an ASM‐deficient murine T cell line (OT‐II+/+ASM−/−). This potent ability of TNF‐α to rapidly modulate the TCR Ca2+ signal via TNFR1‐induced ASM activation can explain its suppressive effect on T cell function. This TNFR1 signaling pathway may play a role as an important regulator of T cell responses.
A mathematical model of the carotid baroregulation in pulsating conditions

A mathematical model of short-term arterial pressure control by the carotid baroreceptors in vagotomized subjects is presented. It includes an elastance variable description of the left and right heart, the systemic and pulmonary circulations, the afferent carotid baroreceptor pathway, a central elaboration unit, and the action of five effector mechanisms. Simulation results suggest that the carotid baroreflex is able to significantly modulate the cardiac function curve, but this effect is masked in vivo by changes in arterial pressure and atrial pressure. During heart pacing, cardiac output increases with frequency at moderate levels of heart rate, then fails to increase further due to a reduction in stroke volume. Shifting from nonpulsatile to pulsatile perfusion of the carotid sinuses decreases the overall baroreflex gain. Finally, a sensitivity analysis suggests that venous unstressed volume control plays the major role in the early hemodynamic response to acute hemorrhage, whereas systemic resistance control is less important. In all cases, there has been satisfactory agreement between model and experimental results.
The Current Account – Interest Rate Relation as a Nonlinear Phenomenon

The current account – interest rate relationship has been extensively investigated, but always assuming that it is linear. In this paper we examine the linearity versus nonlinearity issue with reference to this relationship in 11 OECD countries, and find overwhelming evidence in favour of nonlinearity. After testing alternative nonlinear specifications, we estimate a smooth transition regression model and a nonlinear VAR model. Finally, we provide a study of the innovation response analysis that shows adjustment behaviours of the two variables. The implications of the results are discussed.
Contributions to social security in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay: densities, transitions and duration

Pension programs in Latin America have low coverage. We use large panel databases coming from administrative records of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay to characterize the histories of contribution of the population. We compute three indicators: density of contribution, transition rates and duration of the spells of contribution and no contribution. The picture that emerges is worrisome. The density of contributions is low on average and pretty heterogeneous across the population. The spells of contribution are short and interruptions are frequent. Transition rates are higher at early ages and tend to decline later in life, indicating high turnover among young individuals.
The medium of the future: top sports writers discuss transitioning from newspapers to online journalism.

In this phenomenology, interviews were conducted with former newspaper reporters now working for prominent Internet sports sites. Krumboltz’s (2008) Planned Happenstance Learning Theory on career development was used as a guiding framework. Data were transcribed and coded by two researchers. Most of the journalists decided to be newspaper sports writers early in life and began garnering professional experiences in their teens or in college. None planned to work for Internet outlets. However, all foresaw the demise of newspapers and landed with Internet outlets through media connections initially formed through newspapers. All but one expressed high satisfaction in their current jobs, citing large travel budgets, freedom to choose writing assignments, national platforms, and no hard time deadlines for submitting stories. These reporters find the future of sports journalism unpredictable, but believe they will be ready. Lehman-Wilizig and Cohen-Avigdor’s media life-cycle model (2004) was used to understand .
Sport Commitment Among Competitive Female Gymnasts

The purpose of this study was to examine age and competitive level differences in the relationship between determinants and level of sport commitment. Gymnasts (N = 304) comprised three age groups (8–11, 11–14.5, and 14.5–18 years) and two competitive levels (Levels 5–6 and 8–10). Multiple regression analyses revealed: (a) perceived costs and social constraints from parents and best friends were the strongest predictors of commitment for the youngest gymnasts, (b) perceived costs, personal investments, and parent social constraints predicted commitment for 11–14.5-year-old gymnasts, and (c) perceived competence and costs predicted commitment for the oldest gymnasts. Competitive level differences also emerged; for Level 5–6 gymnasts, personal investments, perceived costs, coach social support, and social constraints by coach, best friend, and teammates were predictors of commitment. Personal investments and teammate social constraints were significant predictors for Level 8–10 gymnasts. Developmental factors and additional determinants are important to consider in further studies of the sport commitment model.
Study of chromosome rearrangements associated with the trpE26 mutation of Bacillus subtilis

Chromosome rearrangements involved in the formation of merodiploid strains in the Bacillus subtilis 168–166 system were explained by postulating the existence of intrachromosomal homology regions. This working hypothesis was tested by analysing sequences and restriction patterns of the, as yet uncharacterized, junctions between chromosome segments undergoing rearrangements in parent, 168 trpC2 and 166 trpE26, as well as in derived merodiploid strains. Identification, at the Ia/Ib chromosome junction of both parent strains, of a 1.3 kb segment nearly identical to a segment of prophage SPβ established the existence of one of the postulated homology sequences. Inspection of relevant junctions revealed that a set of different homology regions, derived from prophage SPβ, plays a key role in the formation of so‐called trpE30, trpE30+, as well as of new class I merodiploids. Analysis of junctions involved in the transfer of the trpE26 mutation, i.e. simultaneous translocation of chromosome segment C and rotation of the terminal relative to the origin moiety of the chromosome, did not confirm the presence of any sequence suitable for homologous recombination. We propose a model involving simultaneous introduction of four donor DNA molecules, each comprising a different relevant junction, and their pairing with the junction regions of the recipient chromosome. The resolution of this structure, resting on homologous recombination, would confer the donor chromosome structure to the recipient, achieving some kind of ‘transstamping’. In addition, a rather regular pattern of inverse and direct short sequence repeats in regions flanking the breaking points could be correlated with the initial, X‐ray‐induced, rearrangement.