Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training

Natural language understanding comprises a wide range of diverse tasks such as textual entailment, question answering, semantic similarity assessment, and document classiﬁcation. Although large unlabeled text corpora are abundant, labeled data for learning these speciﬁc tasks is scarce, making it challenging for discriminatively trained models to perform adequately. We demonstrate that large gains on these tasks can be realized by generative pre-training of a language model on a diverse corpus of unlabeled text, followed by discriminative ﬁne-tuning on each speciﬁc task. In contrast to previous approaches, we make use of task-aware input transformations during ﬁne-tuning to achieve effective transfer while requiring minimal changes to the model architecture. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a wide range of benchmarks for natural language understanding. Our general task-agnostic model outperforms discriminatively trained models that use architectures speciﬁcally crafted for each task, signiﬁcantly improving upon the state of the art in 9 out of the 12 tasks studied. For instance, we achieve absolute improvements of 8.9% on commonsense reasoning (Stories Cloze Test), 5.7% on question answering (RACE), and 1.5% on textual entailment (MultiNLI).
Majorana spin in magnetic atomic chain systems

Magnetic atomic chains grown on top of conventional superconductors may form an interesting and promising platform for the study of Majorana zero modes. Despite the strong evidence already provided with a state-of-art scanning tunneling microscope (STM) technique, clear features beyond the energetic and spatial ones are required to exclude the only remaining alternative interpretation of the zero modes as trivial Shiba states accidentally occurring at zero energy. The authors here propose a robust spin signature for this purpose. This signature is rooted in two sum rules that dictate the distribution of spin densities in a superconducting state with respect to a normal state, and has been recently detected with spin-polarized STM technique that implicitly takes advantage of the sum rules.
The role of nanoliposome bilayer composition containing soluble leishmania antigen on maturation and activation of dendritic cells

Objective(s): Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in activation of T cell responses. Induction of type1 T helper (Th1) immune response is essential to generate protective immunity against cutaneous leishmaniasis. The intrinsic tendency of liposomes to have interaction with antigen-presenting cells is the main rationale to utilize liposomes as antigen carriers. In the present study, the effect of lipid phase transition temperature on DCs maturation and liposome uptake by murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells and human monocyte derived dendritic cells was investigated. Materials and Methods: Two cationic liposomal formulations consisting of DOTAP and DSPC/DOTAP were prepared and contained soluble leishmania antigen. Liposomes were incubated with immature or mature DCs derived from bone marrow (BMDCs) of C57BL/6 (which are resistant to cutaneous leishmaniasis), BALB/c mice (susceptible to cutaneous leishmaniasis) or DCs derived from human monocytes (MoDCs). The expression of DCs co-stimulatory markers and liposomal uptake were evaluated by flow cytometry method. Results: DCs which were encountered to liposomes consisting of DSPC showed significantly more expression of co-stimulatory molecules in cells from both human and C57BL/6 mice but not in cells from BALB/c mice. Conclusion: It is concluded that cationic liposomes consisting of DSPC are an effective adjuvant for antigen delivery in case of MoDCs and BMDCs from C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, DCs from different origins act differently in uptake of liposomes.
Absence of Alpha-tACS Aftereffects in Darkness Reveals Importance of Taking Derivations of Stimulation Frequency and Individual Alpha Variability Into Account

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has found widespread use as a basic tool in the exploration of the role of brain oscillations. Many studies have shown that frequency-specific tACS is able to not only alter cognitive processes during stimulation, but also cause specific physiological aftereffects visible in the electroencephalogram (EEG). The relationship between the emergence of these aftereffects and the necessary duration of stimulation is inconclusive. Our goal in this study was to narrow down the crucial length of tACS-blocks, by which aftereffects can be elicited. We stimulated participants with α-tACS in four blocks of 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-min length, once in increasing and once in decreasing order. After each block, we measured the resting EEG for 10 min during a visual vigilance task. We could not find lasting enhancement of α-power following any stimulation block, when comparing the stimulated groups to the sham group. These findings offer no information regarding the crucial stimulation duration. In addition, this conflicts with previous findings, showing a power increase following 10 min of tACS in the alpha range. We performed additional explorative analyses, based on known confounds of (1) mismatches between stimulation frequency and individual alpha frequency and (2) abnormalities in baseline α-activity. The results of an ANCOVA suggested that both factor explain variance, but could not resolve how exactly both factors interfere with the stimulation effect. Employing a linear mixed model, we found a significant effect of stimulation following 10 min of α-tACS in the increasing sequence and a significant effect of the mismatch between stimulated frequency and individual alpha frequency. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
Moving beyond the age–depth model paradigm in deep-sea palaeoclimate archives: dual radiocarbon and stable isotope analysis on single foraminifera

Abstract. Late-glacial palaeoclimate reconstructions from deep-sea sediment archives provide valuable insight into past rapid changes in ocean chemistry. Unfortunately, only a small proportion of the ocean floor with sufficiently high sediment accumulation rate (SAR) is suitable for such reconstructions using the long-standing age–depth model approach. We employ ultra-small radiocarbon (14C) dating on single microscopic foraminifera to demonstrate that the long-standing age–depth model method conceals large age uncertainties caused by post-depositional sediment mixing, meaning that existing studies may underestimate total geochronological error. We find that the age–depth distribution of our 14C-dated single foraminifera is in good agreement with existing bioturbation models only after one takes the possibility of Zoophycos burrowing into account. To overcome the problems associated with the age–depth paradigm, we use the first ever dual 14C and stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) analysis on single microscopic foraminifera to produce a palaeoclimate time series independent of the age–depth paradigm. This new state of the art essentially decouples single foraminifera from the age–depth paradigm to provide multiple floating, temporal snapshots of ocean chemistry, thus allowing for the successful extraction of temporally accurate palaeoclimate data from low-SAR deep-sea archives. This new method can address large geographical gaps in late-glacial benthic palaeoceanographic reconstructions by opening up vast areas of previously disregarded, low-SAR deep-sea archives to research, which will lead to an improved understanding of the global interaction between oceans and climate.
Gene expression profiling in human corticotroph tumours reveals distinct, neuroendocrine profiles

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)‐secreting pituitary adenomas give rise to a severe endocrinological disorder, comprising Cushing's disease, with multifaceted clinical presentation and treatment outcomes. Experimental studies suggest that the disease variability is inherent to the pituitary tumour, thus indicating the need for further studies into tumour biology. The present study evaluated transcriptome expression pattern in a large series of ACTH‐secreting pituitary adenoma specimens in order to identify molecular signatures of these tumours. Gene expression profiling of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded specimens from 40 human ACTH‐secreting pituitary adenomas revealed the significant expression of genes involved in protein biosynthesis and ribosomal function, in keeping with the neuroendocrine cell profile. Unsupervised cluster analysis identified 3 distinct gene profile clusters and several genes were uniquely overexpressed in a given cluster, accounting for different molecular signatures. Of note, gene expression profiles were associated with clinical features, such as the age and size of the tumour. Altogether, the findings of the present study show that corticotroph tumours are characterised by a neuroendocrine gene expression profile and present subgroup‐specific molecular features.
Nature of motor impairments in autism spectrum disorder: A comparison with developmental coordination disorder

ABSTRACT Introduction: Several authors have suggested the existence of motor disorders associated with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there are few comparative studies of psychomotor profiles that include assessments of neurological soft signs in children with ASD or DCD. We used a neuropsychomotor assessment for children with ASD from a standardized neurodevelopmental examination to understand the nature of the difficulties these children encounter. To uncover the differences and similarities in psychomotor profiles, we compared the profiles of children with ASD with those of children with DCD and focused on two recently described DCD subgroups: visuospatial–constructional (VSC) and mixed (MX). Methods: We compared 18 children with ASD and 58 children with DCD (33 with VSC-DCD and 25 with MX-DCD) who were assessed with a battery of French-language tests (the NP-MOT) to evaluate the neuropsychomotor functions associated with visual perception and visual–spatial–motor structuring. Results: Although there were similarities between the profiles of children with ASD and those with DCD (VSC-DCD or MX-DCD), these similarities were not associated with the predictive diagnostic markers that characterized subtypes of DCD. Instead, many variables (visuospatial–motor structuration, synkinetic movements, dynamic balance, manual dexterity, coordination, praxis, bodily spatial integration, and digital perception) differed among the three groups; the best performance was observed in the children with ASD. Conclusion: The neuropsychomotor profiles of children with ASD and those with VSC-DCD or MX-DCD differed, and these differences are discussed. Our results highlight that impairments of ASD are specific about lateralization disturbances and support the hypothesis of proprioceptive impairment due to visual fixation problems influenced by muscular tone in relation to the subcortical and cortical structures and possible interhemispheric disorder. Thus, some neuropsychomotor functions that underpin both gestures and a set of motor skills are affected.
Content with Content ? A qualitative study on the implementation , maturity and future of inbound marketing strategies in the Swedish B 2 B sector

Background: There is a knowledge gap in the B2B-businesses adoption of inbound marketing strategies. The B2B sector has a substantial economic impact on the society and their marketing activities need to adapt towards the digital era. In the Swedish market, this has not yet been sufficiently researched up until this point. Purpose: This study serves to provide insight in key issues and problems when B2B businesses incorporate inbound marketing strategies. The maturity in the Swedish B2B market aims to be investigated and implementation problems to be highlighted. This information could aid Swedish B2B businesses in the future by becoming aware of issues beforehand. Also, this can give B2B businesses beneficial insights when the sector is increasingly adopting inbound marketing in the future. Method: In order to achieve in-depth understanding on the subject, a qualitative study with an exploratory design was conducted. By judgemental sampling methods, the research incorporates insights by knowledgeable industry professionals. Empirical findings were conducted through semi-structured interviews in which participants were encouraged to discuss inbound marketing in a B2B context in both detailed and broader terms. Conclusion: This study show that digital marketing is widely adopted in a B2B context, but inbound marketing strategy maturity is difficult to measure on a scale from this type of research. Key issues to implementation are organisational issues within a business, difficulty to determine goals, lack of knowledge in management about digital channels and possibilities, in addition to changing behaviour by B2B sales representatives. The future is looking bright for inbound marketing strategies even after the GDPR takes effect in May 2018, this study has shown.
Intensive Care Mortality Prognostic Model for Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension*

Objectives: The disease burden and mortality of children with pulmonary hypertension are significantly higher than for the general PICU population. We aimed to develop a risk-adjustment tool predicting PICU mortality for pediatric pulmonary hypertension patients: the Pediatric Index of Pulmonary Hypertension Intensive Care Mortality score. Design: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected multicenter pediatric critical care data. Setting: One-hundred forty-three centers submitting data to Virtual Pediatric Systems database between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2015. Patients: Patients 21 years old or younger with a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. Interventions: Twenty-one demographic, diagnostic, and physiologic variables obtained within 12 hours of PICU admission were assessed for inclusion. Multivariable logistic regression with stepwise selection was performed to develop the final model. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compare the Pediatric Index of Pulmonary Hypertension Intensive Care Mortality score with Pediatric Risk of Mortality 3 and Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 scores. Measurements and Main Results: Fourteen-thousand two-hundred sixty-eight admissions with a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension were included. Primary outcome was PICU mortality. Fourteen variables were selected for the final model: age, bradycardia, systolic hypotension, tachypnea, pH, FIO2, hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, mechanical ventilation, nonelective admission, previous PICU admission, PICU admission due to nonsurgical cardiovascular disease, and cardiac arrest immediately prior to admission. The receiver operating characteristic curve for the Pediatric Index of Pulmonary Hypertension Intensive Care Mortality model (area under the curve = 0.77) performed significantly better than the receiver operating characteristic curves for Pediatric Risk of Mortality 3 (area under the curve = 0.71; p < 0.001) and Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 (area under the curve = 0.69; p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: The Pediatric Index of Pulmonary Hypertension Intensive Care Mortality score is a parsimonious model that performs better than Pediatric Risk of Mortality 3 and Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 for mortality in a multicenter cohort of pediatric pulmonary hypertension patients admitted to PICUs. Application of the Pediatric Index of Pulmonary Hypertension Intensive Care Mortality model to pulmonary hypertension patients in the PICU might facilitate earlier identification of patients at high risk for mortality and improve the ability to prognosticate for patients and families.
[Prevalence of Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Community Kitchen Users in a District in Lima, Peru].

OBJECTIVES . To estimate the prevalence of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in adults who are community kitchen-users in a district in Lima. MATERIALS AND METHODS . An observational, cross-sectional study was carried out with 20 to 59-year-old users of community kitchens selected from a two-stage cluster sampling. The metabolic syndrome was measured according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Risk factors proposed by the WHO and the IDF were assessed, as well as the diet needs and intake average and its components at lunch. RESULTS . The global prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 40.1%: women exhibited a 30.4% prevalence and men 24%. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome components were, abdominal obesity 51.6%, low C-HDL 42.2%, hypertriglyceridemia 35.3%, obesity 43.3%, overweight 35.8%, arterial hypertension 21.0%, and hyperglycemia 14.1%. A sedentary lifestyle is present in 86.1% of participants. CONCLUSIONS . Excess weight, abdominal obesity, and high cholesterol were the most prevalent risk factors in women. The metabolic syndrome component with the highest prevalence in community kitchen users in a district of Lima is abdominal obesity.
Hexavalent vaccines: increasing options for policy-makers and providers. A review of the data supporting interchangeability (substitution with vaccines containing fewer antigens) and mixed schedules from the same manufacturer

ABSTRACT Introduction: Combination vaccines improve vaccine uptake and open the infant immunization space for additional vaccines. Hexavalent vaccines have been marketed since 2000. Infanrix hexa (combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine, DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib, GSK) is longest on the market, providing 16 years post-marketing experience. Each DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine component is licensed alone and/or in smaller combination vaccines. Programmatic considerations sometimes require an interchange between vaccines due to unavailability, program change or mixed schedules (when the number of required antigens differs across scheduled primary vaccination visits). Areas covered: Immunogenicity and safety data from 11 GSK-sponsored clinical trials support the interchangeability of DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib within the same vaccines family, and use of DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib in mixed primary vaccination schedules. Expert commentary: Data show acceptability of interchange of DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib with other products within the same vaccines family and its use in mixed immunization schedules. This aligns with WHO recommendations that vaccines of the same family from the same manufacturer be used to complete the infant vaccination schedule. Interchangeability and suitability for use in mixed schedules is of interest for policy-makers/providers in the framework of vaccination recommendations as it provides flexibility. Given the complexity of larger combination vaccines, interchangeability or sequential use needs careful assessment.
Drinking water and rural schools in the Western Amazon: an environmental intervention study

Background Although water and sanitation are considered human rights, worldwide approximately three of 10 people (2.1 billion) do not have access to safe drinking water. In 2016, 5.6 million students were enrolled in the 34% of Brazilian schools located in rural areas, but only 72% had a public water supply network. The objective was to evaluate effectiveness of environmental intervention for water treatment in rural schools of the Western Amazonia, and determine the efficacy of water treatment using a simplified chlorinator on potability standards for turbidity, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli. Methods A simplified chlorinator was installed for treatment of potable water in 20 public schools in the rural area of Rio Branco municipality, Acre state, Brazil. Results Before the intervention, 20% (n = 4), 100% (n = 20) and 70% (n = 14) of schools had water that failed to meet potability standards for turbidity, fecal coliforms and E. coli, respectively. However, after intervention, 70% (p = 0.68), 75% (p < 0.001) and 100% (p < 0.001) of schools complied with potability standards. Discussion This intervention considerably improved schools’ water quality, thus decreasing children’s health vulnerability due to inadequate water. Ancillary activities including training, educational lectures, installation of equipment, supply of materials and supplies (65% calcium hypochlorite and reagents) were considered fundamental to achieving success full outcomes. Installation of a simplified chlorinator in rural schools of the Western Amazon is therefore proposed as a social technology aiming at social inclusion, as well as economic and environmental sustainability.
Safe Partial Diagnosis from Normal Observations

Model-based diagnosis (MBD) is difficult to use in practice because it requires a model of the diagnosed system, which is often very hard to obtain. We explore theoretically how observing the system when it is in a normal state can provide information about the system that is sufficient to learn a partial system model that allows automated diagnosis. We analyze the number of observations needed to learn a model capable of finding faulty components in most cases. Then, we explore how knowing the system topology can help us to learn a useful model from the normal observations for settings in which many of the internal system variables cannot be observed. Unlike other data-driven methods, our learned model is safe, in the sense that subsystems identified as faulty are guaranteed to truly be faulty.
Autologous emulsified fat injection for rejuvenation of scars: A prospective observational study

ABSTRACT Background: The skin rejuvenation potential of the autologous emulsified nanofat was studied by Tonnard et al. in 2013. This property is due to the viable adipose-derived stem cells present in the nanofat; although, there are no viable adipocytes. The aim of this study was to determine the aesthetic outcome of autologous emulsified nanofat injection in scars using a standardised and validated Patient Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) and photographs. Materials and Methods: A total of 34 patients with scars of varied aetiologies were included in the study as per inclusion criteria. Pre-operative scoring of the scars with the POSAS scale was done, and photographs were taken. Fat aspiration was done from the lower abdominal wall using syringe liposuction under tumescent anaesthesia. The lipoaspirate was mechanically emulsified, filtered and injected intralesionally into the scar using 26G needle and insulin syringe. Post-operative scar reassessment was done at 3 months with the POSAS scale score and photographs. The improvement in scar characteristics and symptoms were tested statistically using a paired t-test. Pre-operative and post-operative photographic comparison was also done. Results: Out of the 34 patients included in the study, male:female ratio was 22:12. Majority (79.4%) had post-traumatic facial scars. On statistical analysis, there was statistically significant improvement in symptoms such as pain (P = 0.001), itching (P = 0.001), stiffness (P = 0.001), thickness (P = 0.001), colour (P = 0.001), irregularity (P = 0.001) and scar characteristics such as vascularity (P = 0.005), relief (P = 0.001), pliability (P = 0.001), thickness (P = 0.001) and pigmentation (P = 0.001) 3 months after injection. The photographic comparison also showed good aesthetic outcome. Conclusion: Autologous emulsified nanofat injection is effective in improving the scar characteristics as well as symptoms and helps in scar rejuvenation.