Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finger gnosia: a predictor of numerical abilities in children?

This paper aimed to test the specificity of predicting power of finger gnosia on later numerical abilities in school-age children and to contribute to the understanding of this effect. Forty-one children were tested in the beginning of Grade 1 on finger gnosia, left–right orientation (another sign of the Gerstmann “syndrome”), and global development. Fifteen months later, numerical and reading abilities were assessed. Analyses of the results indicated that, contrary to the general measures of cognitive development, performance in the finger gnosia test was a good predictor of numerical skills 1 year later but not of reading skills, which proves the specificity of that predictor. The same conclusion was also true for the left–right orientation. However, finger gnosia could equally predict performance in numerical tasks that do or do not rely heavily on finger representation or on magnitude representation. Results are discussed in terms of the localizationist and the functional hypotheses.
Extrinsic and intrinsic asthma: influence of classification on family history of asthma and allergic disease

The distributions of asthma, hay fever and eczema were examined in the first degree relatives of 516 asthmatics grouped according to atopic status, history of hay fever/eczema and history of asthma provoked by pollens, dust or animals. The prevalences of both asthma and eczema in relatives were strongly correlated with the presence of hay fever/eczema in probands and to a lesser extent with their atopic status. The prevalence of hay fever in relatives was strongly correlated with both the presence of hay fever/eczema and the degree of atopy in probands. In contrast, allergic provocation of asthma in probands did not influence the prevalences of asthma, hay fever or eczema.
Adjusting for unrecorded consumption in survey and per capita sales data: quantification of impact on gender- and age-specific alcohol-attributable fractions for oral and pharyngeal cancers in Great Britain.

AIMS Large discrepancies are typically found between per capita alcohol consumption estimated via survey data compared with sales, excise or production figures. This may lead to significant inaccuracies when calculating levels of alcohol-attributable harms. Using British data, we demonstrate an approach to adjusting survey data to give more accurate estimates of per capita alcohol consumption. METHODS First, sales and survey data are adjusted to account for potential biases (e.g. self-pouring, under-sampled populations) using evidence from external data sources. Secondly, survey and sales data are aligned using different implementations of Rehm et al.'s method [in (2010) Statistical modeling of volume of alcohol exposure for epidemiological studies of population health: the US example. Pop Health Metrics 8, 1-12]. Thirdly, the impact of our approaches is tested by using our revised survey dataset to calculate alcohol-attributable fractions (AAFs) for oral and pharyngeal cancers. RESULTS British sales data under-estimate per capita consumption by 8%, primarily due to illicit alcohol. Adjustments to survey data increase per capita consumption estimates by 35%, primarily due to under-sampling of dependent drinkers and under-estimation of home-poured spirits volumes. Before aligning sales and survey data, the revised survey estimate remains 22% lower than the revised sales estimate. Revised AAFs for oral and pharyngeal cancers are substantially larger with our preferred method for aligning data sources, yielding increases in an AAF from the original survey dataset of 0.47-0.60 (males) and 0.28-0.35 (females). CONCLUSION It is possible to use external data sources to adjust survey data to reduce the under-estimation of alcohol consumption and then account for residual under-estimation using a statistical calibration technique. These revisions lead to markedly higher estimated levels of alcohol-attributable harm.
Describing or debunking? The net generation and digital natives

The idea that there has been a sharp and fundamental break between young people and previous generations has become commonplace. It can be found widely in policy statements and in commercial rhetoric, it is referenced repeatedly in academic work and it persists despite a growing body of evidence that questions the foundations of the idea (Kennedy et al. 2008; Selwyn 2008; Bullen et al. 2009; Czerniewicz et al. 2009; PedrA³ 2009; Hargittai 2010; Jones et al. 2010). This special edition brings together academic commentary from three continents and includes one national context that stands outside the standard assumptions that are current in advanced industrial societies. The authors question the idea that there has been a clear and identifiable generational break, a 'singularity' to use Marc Prensky's dramatic term (Prensky 2001a, p. 1).
Chronic hepatitis C with normal aminotransferase levels.

43-year-old woman is referred for management of hronic hepatitis C. After donating blood, the paient was informed that she had hepatitis C virus HCV) infection. She initially saw her primary care hysician who ordered a complete blood count, prohrombin time, and hepatic function panel. On reerral evaluation, the patient has no symptoms or igns of chronic liver disease, and all of the laboraory tests arranged by her primary physician were ormal.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging

1. An Introduction to fMRI 2. MRI Scanners 3. Basic Principles of MR Signal Generation 4. Basic Principles of MR Image Formation 5. MR Contrast Mechanisms and Acquisition Techniques 6. From Neuronal to Hemodynamic Activity 7. Properties of the fMRI BOLD Response 8. Signal, Noise, and Preprocessing of fMRI Data 9. Experimental Design 10. Statistical Analysis I: Hypothesis Testing 11. Statistical Analysis II: Data-Driven Approaches 12. Applications of fMRI 13. Converging Operations 14. Ethical Issues in fMRI Research
TITLE : Decreased cerebellar-cerebral connectivity contributes to 1 complex task performance 2 3

TITLE: Decreased cerebellar-cerebral connectivity contributes to 1 complex task performance 2 3 AUTHORS: Curren Katz*, André Knops 4 Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, 5 Germany 6 Current address: Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Systems Neuroscience Institute, and 7 Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 5 Avenue, 8 Pittsburgh, PA 15261 9 *Corresponding author: curren@post.harvard. edu, +1-347-746-5227 10 RUNNING TITLE: decreased cerebellar-cerebral connectivity in complex tasks 11
Identifying harmonic attributes from on-line partial discharge data

Summary form only given. Partial discharge (PD) monitoring is a key method of tracking fault progression and degradation of insulation systems. Recent research discovered that the harmonic regime experienced by the plant also affects the partial discharge pattern, questioning the conclusions about equipment health drawn from PD data. This paper presents the design and creation of an on-line system for harmonic circumstance monitoring of distribution cables, using only PD data. Based on machine learning techniques, the system can assess the prevalence of the 5th and 7th harmonic orders over the monitoring period. This information is key for asset managers to draw correct conclusions about the remaining life of polymeric cable insulation, and prevent overestimation of the degradation trend.
Coping with Climate Change by Using Indigenous Knowledge of Ethnic Communities from in and around Lawachara National Park of Bangladesh

Abstract Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats and its impact is felt by the most vulnerable world’spoorest countries including Bangladesh. In particular, ethnic communities, whose livelihoods depend on the use of natural resources, are likely to bear the brunt of adverse impacts. A case study was conducted in a fragile ecosystem of Lawachara national park of Bangladesh, to know the indigenous knowledge of the ethnic communities, how they adapt with the climate change impact by using indigenous knowledge. They use various IK to protect their crops from climate change impact. Thus, government should design policies which will be helpful to make them more resilience to face climate change impact.Key Words: adaptation, indigenous knowledge, climate change, ethnic communities, Bangladesh Received: February 22, 2013. Revised: July 12, 2013. Accepted: July 22, 2013.Corresponding author: Sayma AkhterSchool of Environment, Natural resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, United KingdomTel: 447448830982, Fax: 447448830982, E-mail: sayma_sust@yahoo.com
Predictors of Payer Mix and Financial Performance Among Safety Net Hospitals Prior to the Affordable Care Act

The objective of this study was to use audited hospital financial statements to identify predictors of payer mix and financial performance in safety net hospitals prior to the Affordable Care Act. We analyzed the 2010 financial statements of 98 large, urban safety net hospital systems in 34 states, supplemented with data on population demographics, hospital features, and state policies. We used multivariate regression to identify independent predictors of three outcomes: 1) Medicaid-reliant payer mix (hospitals for which at least 25% of hospital days are paid for by Medicaid); 2) safety net revenue-to-cost ratio (Medicaid and Medicare Disproportionate Share Hospital payments and local government transfers, divided by charity care costs and Medicaid payment shortfall); and 3) operating margin. Medicaid-reliant payer mix was positively associated with more inclusive state Medicaid eligibility criteria and more minority patients. More inclusive Medicaid eligibility and higher Medicaid reimbursement rates positively predicted safety net revenue-to-cost ratio. University governance was the strongest positive predictor of operating margin. Safety net hospital financial performance varied considerably. Academic hospitals had higher operating margins, while more generous Medicaid eligibility and reimbursement policies improved hospitals’ ability to recoup costs. Institutional and state policies may outweigh patient demographics in the financial health of safety net hospitals.
Serosurvey for Selected Viral Agents in White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) in Kruger National Park, 2007

Abstract One hundred serum samples collected from free-ranging white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) in Kruger National Park (KNP) during the 2007 capture season were selected for measurement of antibody levels to several different vector-borne viral agents. These infectious diseases were chosen to compare with an earlier serosurvey that had been conducted in KNP in rhinos during 1987–1997. Positive antibody titers were found against epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) of deer (8%), Bluetongue (BT) (1%), and Rift Valley fever (RVF) (49%). However, none of the 100 animals tested had detected antibody levels to African horse sickness (AHS). These values were in sharp contrast to those measured in the 1987–1997 survey in KNP white rhinos (AHS 60%, EHD 30%, BT 37%, RVF 0%). Vector-borne viral infection prevalence in white rhinos in the same geographical location appears to vary over time and may be important for monitoring presence of pathogens in an ecosystem.
A Middle-Aged Woman with Recurrent Respiratory Infections

aDepartment of Medicine, bProgram in Cell Biology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, cDivision of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, dDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, eDenver Veterans Administration Medical Center, Denver, Colo. , and fDepartment of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. , USA Received: January 19, 2004 Accepted after revision: May 18, 2004
Genome organisation in the murine sperm nucleus

Summary The organisation of DNA sequences in the murine sperm nucleus was studied using in situ hybridisation of biotinylated DNA probes. The efficiency of this reaction was assessed using a dispersed repetitive DNA probe. Telomeric DNA was distributed around the nucleus. Centromeric and ribosomal DNA sequences occupied restricted domains in the sperm nucleus. DNA sequences for a transgene and a cluster of homeogenes occupied different, and rather less defined, domains. Together these results imply that both repetitive and protein-coding sequences are arranged in the nucleus in an ordered fashion.
First Italian Case of Hypnic Headache, with Literature Review and Discussion of Nosology

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T 2 mapping provides multiple approaches for the characterization of muscle involvement in neuromuscular diseases : a cross-sectional study of lower leg muscles in 5 – 15-year-old boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Skeletal muscles of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) show enhanced susceptibility to damage and progressive lipid infiltration, which contribute to an increase in the MR proton transverse relaxation time (T2). Therefore, the examination of T2 changes in individual muscles may be useful for the monitoring of disease progression in DMD. In this study, we used themean T2, percentage of elevated pixels and T2 heterogeneity to assess changes in the composition of dystrophic muscles. In addition, we used fat saturation to distinguish T2 changes caused by edema and inflammation from fat infiltration in muscles. Thirty subjects with DMD and 15 age-matched controls underwent T2-weighted imaging of their lower leg using a 3-TMR system. T2mapswere developed and four lower legmusclesweremanually traced (soleus, medial gastrocnemius, peroneal and tibialis anterior). The mean T2 of the traced regions of interest, width of the T2 histograms and percentage of elevated pixels were calculated. We found that, even in young children with DMD, lower leg muscles showed elevated mean T2, were more heterogeneous and had a greater percentage of elevated pixels than in controls. T2 measures decreased with fat saturation, but were still higher (P<0.05) in dystrophic muscles than in controls. Further, T2 measures showed positive correlations with timed functional tests (r=0.23–0.79). The elevated T2 measures with and without fat saturation at all ages of DMD examined (5–15years) compared with unaffected controls indicate that the dystrophic muscles have increased regions of damage, edema and fat infiltration. This study shows that T2 mapping provides multiple approaches that can be used effectively to characterize muscle tissue in children with DMD, even in the early stages of the disease. Therefore,T2mappingmay prove to be clinically useful in themonitoring ofmuscle changes caused by the disease process or by therapeutic interventions in DMD. Copyright © 2012 JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density of Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Humans

Background Dextrose‐free local anesthetics and opioids, alone and in combinations, are being used increasingly to provide subarachnoid anesthesia and analgesia. These dextrose‐free drugs have been described as hypobaric by some and isobaric by others. To accurately classify anesthetics with regard to baricity, the density of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) must be known. The authors sought to determine the exact density of human CSF, and determine whether CSF density is altered by pregnancy. Methods Density measurements accurate to 0.00001 g/ml were made at 37.00 degrees C, using a mechanical oscillation resonance frequency density meter. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained from 44 patients during spinal anesthesia. Five groups were studied: men, and premenopausal, postmenopausal, term pregnant, and postpartum women. Results Mean CSF densities in men (1.00064+/‐0.00012 g/ml), postmenopausal women (1.00070+/‐0.00018 g/ml), and nonpregnant premenopausal women (1.00049+/‐0.00004 g/ml) were significantly greater than in term pregnant (1.00030+/‐0.00004 g/ml) and postpartum (1.00034+/‐0.00005 g/ml) women. Cerebrospinal fluid density did not correlate with age. Conclusions Mean CSF density varies in different patient subpopulations. Pregnancy and the immediate postpartum period are associated with the lowest CSF densities. In addition, the cutoff values defining hypobaricity (mean CSF density minus three standard deviations) are greater than previously reported. Accurate CSF density values should be used when considering baricity as a mechanism for clinical observations of dextrose‐free intrathecal local anesthetics and opioids. Gestational status also should be considered.
Low Transscrotal Orchidopexy Is a Safe and Effective Approach for Undescended Testes Distal to the External Inguinal Ring

Objectives: To review the results of a low transscrotal orchidopexy in patients with palpable undescended testes located distal to the external inguinal ring. Methods: Between July 1998 and June 2005, transscrotal orchidopexy with a single low scrotal incision was performed in 32 patients for 49 undescended testes. The indication was an undescended testis that lay distal to the external ring and could be pulled down manually into the scrotum under general anesthesia. Results: All testes that were treated with the low transscrotal approach were successfully fixed in the middle or lower portion of the scrotum. The mean operative time was significantly shorter for the low transscrotal orchidopexy (45.2 min) than for the inguinal orchidopexy (66.6 min) for 107 undescended testes at similar locations. The median follow-up duration was 39.1 months; all testes except 1 (97.7%) were located in a good position within the scrotum and had a good consistency; 1 testis ascended postoperatively and required inguinal orchidopexy. No inguinal hernias or hydroceles occurred after the surgery. Conclusions: Low transscrotal orchidopexy appears to be an excellent alternative to the standard inguinal orchidopexy for undescended testes located distal to the external inguinal ring.
Why Targeting HDL Should Work as a Therapeutic Tool, but Has Not

Abstract: Atherosclerosis is one of the most common causes of death and disability in the United States today despite the availability of statins, which reduce hyperlipidemia, a risk factor that predisposes individuals to this disease. Epidemiology of human populations has overwhelmingly demonstrated an inverse correlation between the concentration of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) and the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Decades of observations and mechanistic studies suggest that one protective function of HDL is its central role in reverse cholesterol transport. In this pathway, the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 releases intracellular cholesterol, which is packaged with apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) into nascent HDL particles and released from the plasma membrane. Further lipidation and maturation of HDL occur in plasma with the eventual uptake by the liver where cholesterol is removed. It is generally accepted that CVD risk can be reduced if plasma HDL-C levels are elevated. Several different pharmacological approaches have been tried; the most popular approach targets the movement of cholesteryl ester from HDL to triglyceride-rich particles by cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein increases plasma HDL-C concentration; however, beneficial effects have yet to be demonstrated, likely the result of off-target effects. These revelations have led to a reevaluation of how elevating HDL concentration could decrease risk. A recent, landmark study showed that the inherent cholesterol efflux capacity of an individual's plasma was a better predictor of CVD status than overall HDL-C concentration. Even more provocative are recent studies showing that apoA-I, the principle protein component of HDL modulates cellular inflammation and oxidation. The following will review all these potential routes explaining how HDL apoA-I can reduce the risk of CVD.
Interference to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in the absence of downmodulation of the principal virus receptor, CD4

It is thought that interference during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is established by downmodulation of the principal virus receptor, CD4. Here we present evidence to the contrary. At various times after primary infection, we superinfected T cells in vitro by exposure to a genetically distinct viral clone or to a virus carrying the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Replication of each virus strain was determined by restriction enzyme analysis of total cellular DNA, by PCR amplification of viral DNA, or by assay of cell extracts for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity. We found that efficient viral interference is established within 24 h of infection at a multiplicity of infection of 1. At that time, expression of viral structural proteins was low and infected cells displayed undiminished levels of surface CD4 and were fully susceptible to virus binding and fusion. Superinfection by either cell-free HIV-1 or cocultivation was blocked. Cells resistant to superinfection by HIV-1 remained susceptible to Moloney murine leukemia and vaccinia viruses. No interference was observed 4 h after primary infection or in cells infected with either UV-inactivated HIV-1 or a mutant virus defective in virus-cell fusion activity, indicating that binding of primary virus to CD4 is insufficient to prevent superinfection. The minimum viral requirements for this interference are that HIV-1 must be able to enter cells and synthesize viral DNA; Tat-mediated transcription is dispensable. Our results support the existence of a novel pathway to interference to HIV-1 infection, which we term postentry interference, which blocks superinfection during intracellular phases of the virus life cycle.
Assessing Callous-Unemotional Traits in Adolescents: Determining Cutoff Scores for the Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits.

OBJECTIVE This study aims to establish a cut score for the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits, a well-validated measure of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in youth for which there is currently no cutoff score. METHOD We analyzed data on 634 adolescents from high schools (n = 343) and juvenile detention centers (n = 291). Participants, their parents and guardians, and their teachers and staff members reported on participants' CU traits and aggressive/violent behavior. RESULTS All three reports of CU traits as well as intersource composites were associated with aggression, violence, and detained status. Parent report was a better indicator compared to self-reports and teacher reports. Appropriate cut scores based on each report and composite were determined. CONCLUSION We recommend that information from all available informants should be used whenever possible, but when only one informant report is feasible, parent reports are preferable.