Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Magnetic Response of the Solar Atmosphere to Umbral Flashes

Chromospheric observations of sunspot umbrae offer an exceptional view of magnetoacoustic shock phenomena and the impact they have on the surrounding magnetically dominated plasma. We employ simultaneous slit-based spectro-polarimetry and spectral imaging observations of the chromospheric He i 10830 Å and Ca ii 8542 Å lines to examine fluctuations in the umbral magnetic field caused by the steepening of magnetoacoustic waves into umbral flashes. Following the application of modern inversion routines, we find evidence to support the scenario that umbral shock events cause expansion of the embedded magnetic field lines due to the increased adiabatic pressure. The large number statistics employed allow us to calculate the adiabatic index, γ = 1.12 ± 0.01, for chromospheric umbral locations. Examination of the vector magnetic field fluctuations perpendicular to the solar normal revealed changes up to ∼200 G at the locations of umbral flashes. Such transversal magnetic field fluctuations have not been described before. Through comparisons with nonlinear force-free field extrapolations, we find that the perturbations of the transverse field components are oriented in the same direction as the quiescent field geometries. This implies that magnetic field enhancements produced by umbral flashes are directed along the motion path of the developing shock, hence producing relatively small changes, up to a maximum of ∼8°, in the inclination and/or azimuthal directions of the magnetic field. Importantly, this work highlights that umbral flashes are able to modify the full vector magnetic field, with the detection of the weaker transverse magnetic field components made possible by high-resolution data combined with modern inversion routines.
Earthquake behavior of structures with copper energy dissipators

The earthquake behavior of structures with supplemental copper dampers is evaluated in this study. The investigation is divided into two parts: (i) an experimental work with seven pairs of hourglass copper dampers of different aspect ratios and side profiles; and (ii) a parametric study of 6‐, 12‐, and 25‐story planar structures with elastic as well as inelastic behavior in the primary structure and copper dampers. The copper used in this study is electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) copper C11000; probably the most commonly used of all coppers; ductile, with a low‐yield, and highly resistant to corrosion. Experimental results demonstrate that all copper plates reached stable angular distortions of the order of γ=25%, which implies transverse distortions in the devices larger than 40mm. The behavior of the devices is highly dependent on the aspect ratio of the plate, h/t, and a recommendation is made to use plates in the range 11 h/t≤18. Plates beyond this range exhibit either large stress and strain concentrations in the neck of the device or a strong influence of axial deformations in their cyclic behavior. The inelastic earthquake response of structures with such devices shows that drift reduction factors of the order of 30 to 40% can be achieved with reasonably economic designs. It is also shown that the efficiency of these devices depends on the soil conditions and flexibility of the primary structure. Finally, it is concluded that supplemental copper dampers are a good alternative for drift reduction in a wide range of structural layouts, ranging from coupled shear‐wall systems to moment‐resisting frames, and for impulsive as well as non‐impulsive ground motions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground states and dynamics of population-imbalanced Fermi condensates in one dimension

By using the numerically exact density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG) approach, we investigate the ground states of harmonically trapped one-dimensional (1D) fermions with population imbalance and find that the Larkin–Ovchinnikov (LO) state, which is a condensed state of fermion pairs with nonzero center-of-mass momentum, is realized for a wide range of parameters. The phase diagram comprising the two phases of (i) an LO state at the trap center and a balanced condensate at the periphery and (ii) an LO state at the trap center and a pure majority component at the periphery is obtained. The reduced two-body density matrix indicates that most of the minority atoms contribute to the LO-type quasi-condensate. With the time-dependent DMRG, we also investigate the real-time dynamics of a system of 1D fermions in response to a spin-flip excitation.
Tenure in Office and Public Procurement

We study the impact of politicians' tenure in office on the outcomes of public procurement. To this purpose, we match a data set on the politics of Italian municipal governments to a data set on the procurement auctions they administered. In order to identify a causal relation, we apply two different identification strategies. First, we compare elections where the incumbent mayor barely won another term, with elections where the incumbent mayor barely lost and a new mayor took over. Second, we cross-validate these estimates using a unique quasi-experiment determined by the introduction of a two-term limit on the mayoral office in March 1993. This reform granted one potential extra term to mayors appointed before the reform. The main result is that an increase in the mayor's tenure is associated with ``worse' outcomes: fewer bidders per auction, a higher cost of procurement, a higher probability that the winner is local and that the same firm is awarded repeated auctions. Taken together, our estimates are informative of the possibility that time in office progressively leads to collusion between government officials and a few favored local bidders. Other interpretations receive less support in the data.
Modeling the inorganic bromine partitioning in the tropical tropopause layer over the eastern and western Pacific Ocean

Abstract. The stratospheric inorganic bromine (Bry) burden arising from the degradation of brominated very short-lived organic substances (VSLorg) and its partitioning between reactive and reservoir species is needed for a comprehensive assessment of the ozone depletion potential of brominated trace gases. Here we present modeled inorganic bromine abundances over the Pacific tropical tropopause based on aircraft observations of VSLorg from two campaigns of the Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment (ATTREX 2013, carried out over the eastern Pacific, and ATTREX 2014, carried out over the western Pacific) and chemistry-climate simulations (along ATTREX flight tracks) using the specific meteorology prevailing. Using the Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM-Chem) we model that BrO and Br are the daytime dominant species. Integrated across all ATTREX flights, BrO represents ∼ 43 and 48 % of daytime Bry abundance at 17 km over the western and eastern Pacific, respectively. The results also show zones where Br / BrO > 1 depending on the solar zenith angle (SZA), ozone concentration, and temperature. On the other hand, BrCl and BrONO2 were found to be the dominant nighttime species with ∼ 61 and 56 % of abundance at 17 km over the western and eastern Pacific, respectively. The western-to-eastern differences in the partitioning of inorganic bromine are explained by different abundances of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), total inorganic chlorine (Cly), and the efficiency of heterogeneous reactions of bromine reservoirs (mostly BrONO2 and HBr) occurring on ice crystals.
Two-Level Ultimatum Bargaining with Incomplete Information: An Experimental Study

In a two-level ultimatum game, one player offers an amount to two other players who then, in the case of acceptance, divide this amount by playing an ultimatum game. The first offer has to be accepted by the second proposer. Only the first proposer knew the true cake size whose a priori probabilities were commonly known. The fact that most proposers with the large cake offered two-thirds of the small cake has important implications for the theory of distributive justice: better informed parties do not question that others want a fair share and, thus, pretend fairness by 'hiding behind some small cake. ' Copyright 1996 by Royal Economic Society.
Kosovo’s Low Performance in PISA 2015: An Explanation From a Socioeconomic Perspective

This paper will analyze the performance of Kosovar students in PISA 2015 and explain the low performance from a socioeconomic standpoint. On its first participation in this assessment, Kosovo was ranked among the three lowest achieving countries. It is the argument of this paper that parental education and home possessions, both measures of socioeconomic status, determined the performance of students in Kosovo. There is compelling evidence that links student achievement and socioeconomic factors, a link that is well established in research. PISA is the first study to link student achievement in international assessments and socioeconomic factors in Kosovo and this paper is the first one research this link in the case of Kosovo. According to the PISA results, the higher the education levels of the primary caregiver, the higher the achievement of the student. In terms of home possessions, the higher the numbers of resources (Internet, computers etc.) the higher the student achievement in mathematics, reading and science. In light of this evidence, any policy that fails to account for the impact of familial socioeconomic status will not improve the education quality in Kosovo.
Aerodynamic design framework for low-pressure compression systems

Aircraft engine manufacturers strive to improve current state of the art designs through continuous development efforts. By improving existing designs and exploring new alternatives, the goal is to reduce the fuel consumption - a topic of high relevance due to the remarkable growth rate of air traffc. To achieve a low fuel consumption, turbofan engines should operate at a high overall pressure ratio which is commonly achieved by an axial compressor. An axial compressor consists of a set of consecutive stages, each consisting of a rotating and stationary blade row. While a compressor should operate with a high pressure ratio, it should not operate too close to its stability limit where surge can occur. If surge occur in the compressor, the compressor blades will be subject to large transient forces and the ow may even reverse direction. The main focus of this thesis is the further development of an aerodynamic design framework for low-pressure systems, where an appropriate level of modeling is selected and compressor stages are optimized with respect to effciency and stability. Different approaches are used to evaluate stability of a compressor stage and it is concluded that the static pressure rise capability of the stage is an appropriate measure to use for ranking designs in an optimization. As a part of this thesis, all three stages of a three-stage compressor are optimized using steady state RANS calculations, and the performance of the three-stage compressor is evaluated as an assembly. The possibility of replacing blade geometries to improve part- or design speed stability of the three-stage compressor is shown. Other aspects which may penalize efficiency are investigated, namely the in uence of surface roughness and manufacturing variations on performance. The in uence of surface roughness on optimal stage designs is assessed by optimizing compressor blades with and without taking surface roughness into account. The impact of manufacturing variations on performance at a design point is investigated by utilizing measurements of a manufactured compressor blisk.
Investigation of reduction of magnetite based carbon composite pellets under semi-fusion conditions

In this study, carbon composite pellets were exposed to a reduction test under low temperature and semi-fusion conditions in which iron was melted without a solid form of slag deteriorated. The purpose of the reduction experiments under the semi-fusion condition was to produce an iron nugget which had physical and chemical properties similar to blast furnace pig iron at lower temperatures. These nuggets were produced from pellets that were made from a mixture of iron oxide, coke, flux, and a binder. These nuggets heated in a furnace with a chamber temperature of 1330 C. The produced dried carbon composite pellets were melted and carbureted in a single-stage process. In this study, three distinct products were produced as a function of furnace residence time at fixed furnace temperature (1330 C). These products were direct reduced iron (DRI), transition direct reduced iron (TDRI), and iron nuggets produced at residence times 8-24, 32-40 min, and 48 min, respectively. The iron nugget produced had a high apparent density (6.903 g/cm3), high micro hardness values (328 HV), high iron content (92.7% Fe), and was similar to blast furnace pig iron.
Foraging behaviour of the long-fingered bat Myotis capaccinii: implications for conservation and management

The main factors threatening Myotis capaccinii (Bonaparte, 1837) are considered to be foraging habitat degradation and roost loss. Conservation strategies that focus on the protection of roosts are feasible as long as direct threats by human activities are correctly identified. However, before protection of foraging habitat can be implemented more accurate information is required. We review the available information of relevance to foraging habitat management for the species. Three main topics are considered based on the results of a radiotelemetry study on 45 ind. in 3 seasons: habitat dependence, features of foraging habitat, and spatial range. M. capaccinii foraged almost completely over aquatic habitats as in other telemetry studies. We discuss the importance of terres- trial habitats and the dependence of the species on aquatic habitats. It has been proposed that sev- eral factors affect habitat selection in this species. The presence of smooth, clutter-free water surfaces seems to be the most important structural factor, but we found that prey richness also affected habi- tat selection. Effects of features related to riparian vegetation and water quality are thought to vary according to local conditions. Preference for wide water bodies is probably linked to preference for smooth surfaces, where detection and trawling of prey is favoured. As highlighted by recent teleme- try studies, we observed M. capaccinii foraging at long distances from the roost. Therefore, the area of application for conservation measures should be large: we suggest a protection radius of 20 km around roosts.
Nesiotites rafelinensis sp. nov., the earliest shrew (Mammalia, Soricidae) from the Balearic Islands, Spain

This paper describes a new species of shrew from a fossiliferous bone breccia near to Calo den Rafelino (Mallorca, Spain). The site is stratigraphically and palaeontologically dated to the earliest Early Pliocene (MN13-14). Nesiotites rafelinensis sp. nov. (Mammalia, Soricidae) is arguably the earliest representative of the Nesiotites known to date, a clade restricted to the Balearic Islands. The new species combines primitive dental traits with a relatively large size. The primitive features relate N. rafelinensis more with Asoriculus gibberodon, the possible ancestor of Nesiotites, than any other representative of the genus. The large size interrupts a, otherwise, regular trend of increase of size from the comparatively small A. gibberodon to the recent very large N. hidalgo. The faunal assemblage of Calo den Rafelino represents the earliest evidence of the fauna that arrived to the Mallorca Island during the Messinian Salinity Crisis.
A Reexamination of the Associations between Earnings Innovations, Persistence of Expected Earnings, Price-to-Earnings Ratios, and Earnings Response Coefficients

We (re)investigate the associations between earnings innovations, persistence of expected earnings, and the magnitudes of price-to-earnings ratios (P/E ratios) and earnings response coefficients (ERCs), respectively. In doing so, we extent the traditional price model by a simultaneous incorporation of three assumptions: (i) accounting earnings contain noisy components, (ii) earnings persistence is negatively correlated with the value-relevant magnitude of earnings innovations, and (iii) an ARIMA(1,1,0) process is appropriate in describing the time series properties of longitudinal earnings data. We first show on a theoretical level that under these assumptions: (i) P/E ratios and ERCs differ in their magnitudes and that it thus becomes inevitable to distinguish between these two constructs in designing price/return-earnings relations; (ii) ERCs are positively associated with the value-relevant magnitude of earnings innovations, extending prior findings in Freeman & Tse, 1992 and negatively associated with the persistence of expected earnings, extending prior findings in Kormendi & Lipe, 1987; (iii) built on our generalized price model and assuming a discount rate of 15%, we theoretically predict P/E ratios to range between 10-60 and ERCs to range between 0-6 within the earnings persistence interval of 0.6-1.0. We second test our model empirically. The results are consistent with our predictions, closing the gap between theoretically expected and empirically estimated P/E ratio and ERC magnitudes, respectively.
Spatial and temporal variation in the provisioning behaviour of female rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome filholi

As seabirds are central place foragers during breeding, their provisioning behaviour and their ability to face variable energy demand from the chicks is expected to vary with environmental conditions. The provisioning behaviour of female rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome filholi was recorded over the chick-rearing period at Kerguelen (KER) and Crozet (CRO) archipelagoes (two very distinct marine environments), using time-depth recorders, or VHF transmitters coupled with an automatic recording station. No influences of the method have been found on the average foraging trip durations. Some previously undescribed short and multiple trips within a day were recorded using the automatic recording system. These multiple trips (6.8 h) were mostly performed with <5 days old chicks, a period during which feeding rates were the highest (1.1 meals per day), at both sites. During the brooding period, both KER and CRO females mainly performed daily trips of increasing duration (2 h longer at CRO) and at decreasing frequency. During the creche compared to the brooding period, females from KER performed slightly fewer daily trips (0.6 per day) and more (<3 days) overnight trips, while females from CRO performed very few daily trips (0.1 per day) and more overnight trips, some of them being long trips lasting 5 to 29 days, mostly initiated during the transition between the brooding and the creche periods. The result fit the hypothesis that long trips permit females to restore and/or maintain their body condition at more distant foraging places. It seemed that chick developement during the brooding period and environmental factors during the creche period conditioned trip duration of females. Due to more long trips at CRO, the female feeding frequency was twice as high at KER than at CRO during the creche period, while males participated in the feeding duties. Based on differences in female behaviour, we hypothesize that the male's contribution is likely to differ strongly from one site to another, and may buffer the possible decrease in female feeding frequency by feeding the chicks if food is less abundant.
Prevalence of Wasting and Associated Factors among Preschool Children in Gobu Sayo Woreda, East Wollega, Ethiopia

Background : Nutritional status of children is an important in dicator for child health and overall wellbeing. Acute malnutrition also known as wasting, it is cha racterized by a rapid deterioration in nutritional status over a short period. Ethiopia has a high prevalence of acu te malnutrition, and one in ten children wasted. Objective: The study was aimed to assess the prevalence of was ting and related factors among preschool children in Gubo Sayo, East Wollega, and West Ethiopia Methods : A community based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Gubo Sayo Woreda, East Wollega, Ethiopia. Weight and height of the study children w ere measured and the socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects were collected using a questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression anal ysis methods have been used to identify factors of nutritional s tatus preschool children. Result: Finally, these study result shows 12.5% of prescho ol children were wasted. Among the socio-economic variables included in the study family income, fami ly size, and family education were significantly as sociated with acute malnutrition. Conclusion: The Acute malnutritional status of preschool childr en particularly in the study area is affected by family income, family size and family education. To intervene and improve this problem, community based nutrition program and Nutrition education should be established.
Gene flow in poplar - experiments, analysis and modeling to prevent transgene outcrossing

Abstract: The demand for energy and forestry products is globally increasing, raising the question if traditional breeding programs are efficient and fast enough to keep up with these demands. A possible solution seems to be the use of genetic engineering techniques, since classical breeding strategies are time-consuming and limited by species barriers. Besides the advantages of genetic engineering technologies, concerns are also raised by scientists regarding these methods. Consequently, risk analysis of genetic modified trees in plantation forestry is a fundamental research topic. This paper presents a sequence of steps in risk analysis dealing with genetic modified poplar clones in the natural environment, ranging from investigations of flowering phenology, to molecular identification of gene flow patterns and their statistical interpretation, to modeling approaches to simulate different scenarios of plantations using genetic modified poplars in realistic European landscapes. All steps are evaluated for their potential to forecast the risk of outcrossing of gene constructs into native populations. The application of the results achieved to short rotation plantations are discussed.
A Correlation of Shear Wave Velocity and Standard Penetration Resistance

This paper attempts to propose general correlation between shear wave velocity and standard penetration resistance based on empirical research equations which had been established worldwide. It first reviews earlier development and current advancement of previous related studies. Short reviews had revealed that previous investigations are all site dependant studies which tend to be independent from other researchers. Although numerous researchers had studied the correlation regression through empirical data, there is no concrete evidence to plot the range boundary of the regression correlations. Most researchers are in consensus to use a power-law form in describing the relationship. Noticed that there is still no concrete evidence to plot the boundary range of the regression correlations, it is thus mandatory to carry out statistical analysis to draw such conclusion. The controversy and confusion of this state require more in-depth studies to confirm the finding significance. Based on earlier published correlations, statistical analysis was carried out to generate correlation which is applicable to all soil types. New correlations are proposed by combining 27 published correlations in two ways, (i) without outliner and (ii) with outliner. The correlation with outliner data gives higher correlation coefficient and lower percentage of error. This study shows an advancement to incorporate all earlier research findings to generate correlations which are applicable to all soil types globally.