Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A "functional biopsy" of muscle properties in sprinters and distance runners.

PURPOSE Fast- and slow-twitch human muscle fibers exhibit large (two- to threefold) differences in metabolic enzyme activities and contractile economy. We asked whether comparable flux differences are evident in the muscles of athletes specializing in extremely different (i.e., sprint and long-distance) running events. METHODS We took an in vivo "functional biopsy" of the ankle dorsiflexor muscles of 17 members of a university track team by using (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ten sprinters (SPR) and seven distance runners (DIS) performed rapid isometric dorsiflexions against the resistance of a plastic foot holder. The contractile cost of exercise and glycolytic flux were calculated from changes in pH, [PCr], and [P(i)] during ischemic exercise, and oxidative capacity was calculated from PCr recovery kinetics after aerobic exercise. RESULTS Contractile costs were 47% higher in SPR than in DIS, whereas oxidative capacities were 52% higher in DIS than in SPR. Surprisingly, glycolytic ATP production was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION The muscles of SPR and DIS exhibit clear differences in energetic properties, but these differences are smaller than the two- to three-fold variations seen in the properties of individual muscle fibers.
Transforming growth factor (cid:1) 1 inhibits aldosterone and cortisol production in the human adrenocortical cell line NCI-H295R through inhibition of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 expression

Transforming growth factor (cid:1) 1 (TGF (cid:1) 1) has been shown to exert strong inhibitory e ﬀ ects on adrenocortical cell steroidogenesis. However, the molecular targets of TGF (cid:1) 1 in adrenocortical cells appear to di ﬀ er between species. Here, we report the ﬁrst characterization of the regulatory e ﬀ ects of TGF (cid:1) 1 on the steroidogenic functions of the human adrenocortical tumor cell line NCI-H295R. After treatment with 2 ng/ml TGF (cid:1) 1 for 24 h, basal production of corticosterone, cortisol and androstenedione was dramatically decreased. When TGF (cid:1) 1 was added simultaneously with forskolin, the production of cortisol and 11-hydroxyandrostenedione was decreased by 85% whereas that of deoxycortisol was increased. When TGF (cid:1) 1 was added simultaneously with angiotensin II, aldosterone production was reduced by 80%. We observed that TGF (cid:1) 1 strongly inhibits forskolin-induced steroid 11 (cid:1) -hydroxylase activity and CYP11B1 mRNA levels, as well as angiotensin II-induced aldosterone synthase activity and CYP11B2 mRNA levels. CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 gene products thus appear as the major steroidogenic enzymes down-regulated by TGF (cid:1) 1 in the human adrenocortical tumor cell line NCI-H295R. human CYP11B1 promoter by forskolin and TGF (cid:1) 1. NCI-H295R cells were transiently transfected by electroporation with luciferase (Luc) reporter gene constructs containing progressive deletions of human CYP11B1 5 (cid:5) -ﬂanking DNA. Together with this ﬁreﬂy reporter construct, cells were transfected with a renilla luciferase plasmid. After 24 h of culture, transfected cells were treated for an additional 24 h with various effectors: forskolin (10 (cid:3) M), TGF (cid:1) 1 (2 ng/ml) and both forskolin and TGF (cid:1) 1. The cells were then lysed and the luciferase activities were measured. The results are expressed as the ratios of ﬁreﬂy over renilla luciferase activities and are normalized to the basal value obtained with the (cid:6) 1993 construct. They represent the means (cid:4) S.E. M. of data from three independent experiments.
PAS: Prediction-based Adaptive Sleeping for Diffusion Stimulus Monitoring Sensor Networks

Energy efﬁciency has proven to be a dominating factor for the lifetime ofWSN surveillance systems. Intensive studies have been done to provideenergy efﬁcient power management mechanisms, but few directly addressthe issues speciﬁcally for the sensor networks that monitoring DiffusionStimulus (DS), a scenario that is the most common for environment moni-toringapplications.Inthispaper,wepresentourPrediction-basedAdaptiveSleeping(PAS)solutionthatisdesigneddirectlyforDSmonitoringWSNs.The proposed PAS takes into account the characteristics of the DS spread-ingprocessandoptimizesthesensors’sleepingschedulesaccordingly.Thesensors near the DS boundary stay awake to timely capture the possiblearrival of stimulus while the sensors far from the DS boundary keep in theenergy-saving mode. The novelty design of PAS strikes a good balancebetween response time and energy conservation. Our simulation resultsalso prove that the proposed PAS can greatly reduce the energy utilizationswithout noticeably sacriﬁcing the system’s performance.
Influence of diet and monensin on development of anaerobic fungi in the rumen, duodenum, cecum, and feces of cows

Three cows with fistulated rumens, duodenums, and ceca were fed five different diets: lucerne hay, lucerne hay plus whey (40:60), lucerne hay plus beets (50:50), corn silage plus monensin (40 ppm [40 g/kg] of dry matter intake), and lucerne hay plus monensin (80 ppm of dry matter intake). The fungal population was observed in the rumen, duodenum, cecum, and rectum and varied with diet; it was most abundant with lucerne hay alone and with corn silage plus monensin. The proportion of particles colonized by fungi in the duodenum, the cecum, and feces was measured by microscopic observation and varied from 5 to 50%, depending on the diet. The further sporangia attached to the plant particles were from the rumen, the more likely they were to be devoid of spores. Results confirmed the influence of diet on the development of the ruminal fungal population and showed that monensin does not eliminate these microorganisms. They also confirmed the presence of anaerobic fungi in the ruminant intestine. It is likely that anaerobic fungi leave the rumen attached to plant particles. However, large colonies of nonrhizoidal-type fungi were observed in cecum samples and in feces; at these sites, environmental conditions are perhaps more favorable for this type of fungus than they are in the rumen.
Use of a Pedometer to Monitor Physical Activity in Older Adults : A Pilot Study

Objective: To conduct a preliminary test of the reliability of pedometer use to determine physical activity (PA) by older adults living independently. Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Sample: Thirty-two older adults (mean age = 71.5 years), living independently, participated. Measurement: Step counts along a 10 m line were determined by observation and pedometer. Each individual then completed a 7-day step count using a pedometer, a 7-day PA log, and a self-reported PA questionnaire. Results: There was no significant difference in steps measured by observational count and pedometer. Average step length was 56 cm, and average walking speed was 0.88 m/s. Pedometer counts were significantly correlated with selfreported walking distance and amount of leisure PA, but not with walking energy expenditure. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 7-day pedometer records ranged from . 77 to . 90. Pedometer counts were somewhat, but not significantly, higher for individuals who were younger than 70 years old, female, Caucasian, had normal blood pressure, normal body mass index, or no medical problems, than counts for participants in opposing categories. Conclusions: The use of pedometer to monitor PA in older adults appears to be reliable and valid. A future study using a larger sample and evaluating the association of PA with health outcomes is recommended.
Global population structure and taxonomy of the wandering albatross species complex

A recent taxonomic revision of wandering albatross elevated each of the four subspecies to species. We used mitochondrial DNA and nine microsatellite markers to study the phylogenetic relationships of three species (Diomedea antipodensis, D. exulans and D. gibsoni) in the wandering albatross complex. A small number of samples from a fourth species, D. dabbenena, were analysed using mitochondrial DNA only. Mitochondrial DNA sequence analyses indicated the presence of three distinct groups within the wandering albatross complex: D. exulans, D. dabbenena and D. antipodensis/D. gibsoni. Although no fixed differences were found between D. antipodensis and D. gibsoni, a significant difference in the frequency of a single restriction site was detected using random fragment length polymorphism. Microsatellite analyses using nine variable loci, showed that D. exulans, D. antipodensis and D. gibsoni were genetically differentiated. Despite the widespread distribution of D. exulans, we did not detect any genetic differentiation among populations breeding on different island groups. The lower level of genetic differentiation between D. antipodensis and D. gibsoni should be reclassified as D. antipodensis. Within the context of the current taxonomy, these combined data support three species: D. dabbenena, D. exulans and D. antipodensis.
P Glycoprotein in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Therapy

A polymer having a satisfactory balance between in vivo degradability and satisfactory mechanical properties, which is an A BA type polymer comprising a segment A and a segment A each having a modified amino acid and a segment B consisting of polyethylene glycol with a number-average molecular weight of 8000 or higher bonded at one end to the segment A and at the other end to the segment A , and has a number-average molecular weight of 10000 to 600000; an in vivo degradable material which comprises the polymer; and a film for preventing tissue adhesion, an artificial dura mater, a suture, an implant preparation, or a sustained-release drug base each comprising the degradable material.
Competition in chemostat culture between Pseudomonas strains that use different pathways for the degradation of toluene

Pseudomonas putida mt-2, P. cepacia G4, P. mendocina KR1, and P. putida F1 degrade toluene through different pathways. In this study, we compared the competition behaviors of these strains in chemostat culture at a low growth rate (D = 0.05 h-1), with toluene as the sole source of carbon and energy. Either toluene or oxygen was growth limiting. Under toluene-limiting conditions, P. mendocina KR1, in which initial attack is by monooxygenation of the aromatic nucleus at the para position, outcompeted the other three strains. Under oxygen limitation, P. cepacia G4, which hydroxylates toluene in the ortho position, was the most competitive strain. P. putida mt-2, which metabolizes toluene via oxidation of the methyl group, was the least competitive strain under both growth conditions. The apparent superiority of strains carrying toluene degradation pathways that start degradation by hydroxylation of the aromatic nucleus was also found during competition experiments with pairs of strains of P. cepacia, P. fluorescence, and P. putida that were freshly isolated from contaminated soil.
Forced expression of the tumor suppressor adenomatosis polyposis coli protein induces disordered cell migration in the intestinal epithelium.

Mutations of the human adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC) gene are associated with the development of familial as well as sporadic intestinal neoplasia. To examine the in vivo function of APC, 129/Sv embryonic stem (ES) cells were transfected with DNA encoding the wild-type human protein under the control of a promoter that is active in all four of the small intestine's principal epithelial lineages during their migration-associated differentiation. ES-APC cells were then introduced into C57BL/6-ROSA26 blastocysts. Analyses of adult B6-ROSA26<-->129/Sv-APC chimeric mice revealed that forced expression of APC results in markedly disordered cell migration. When compared with the effects of forced expression of E-cadherin, the data suggest that APC-catenin and E-cadherin-catenin complexes have opposing effects on intestinal epithelial cell movement/adhesiveness; augmentation of E-cadherin-beta-catenin complexes produces a highly ordered, "adhesive" migration, whereas augmentation of APC-beta-catenin complexes produces a disordered, nonadhesive migratory phenotype. We propose that APC mutations may promote tumorigenesis by increasing the relative activity of cadherin-catenin complexes, resulting in enhanced adhesiveness and functional anchorage of initiated cells within the intestinal crypt. Our studies also indicate that chimeric mice generated from B6-ROSA26 blastocysts and genetically manipulated ES cells should be useful for auditing gene function in the gastrointestinal tract and in other tissues.
Forecast Error Reduction by Preprocessed High-performance Structural Break Detection

In this paper a new method for detecting multiple structural breaks, i.e. undesired changes of signal behavior, is presented and applied to real-world data. It will be shown how Chernoff Bounds can be used for highperformance hypothesis testing after preprocessing arbitrary time series to binary random variables using k-means-clustering. Theoretical results from part one of this paper have been applied to real-world time series from a pharmaceutical wholesaler and show striking improvement in terms of forecast error reduction, thereby greatly improving forecast quality. In order to test the effect of structural break detection on forecast quality, state of the art forecast algorithms have been applied to time series with and without previous application of structural break detection methods.
Trailing or Paradoxical Growth of Candida albicans When Exposed to Caspofungin Is Not Associated with Microsatellite Genotypes

ABSTRACT Multilocus microsatellite polymorphisms in 27 clinical Candida albicans isolates were found to be clearly unrelated to in vitro paradoxical growth or trailing effect with caspofungin. These findings suggest that such in vitro phenotypes are either gained or lost too rapidly to be predicted by more stable genomic markers.
Silage fermentation processes and their manipulation

Fresh forage crops such as maize, grasses, legumes, wheatand lucerne can be preserved by ensiling. In many countries ensiledforages are highly valued as animal feed. In European countriessuch as The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark more than 90%of the forages locally produced are stored as silage. Even incountries with generally good weather conditions for hay makingsuch as France and Italy approx. 50% of the forages are ensiled(Wilkinson
Separation of intra- and extramyocellular lipid signals in proton MR spectra by determination of their magnetic field distribution.

In skeletal musculature intramyocellular (IMCL) and extramyocellular lipids (EMCL) are stored in compartments of different geometry and experience different magnetic field strengths due to geometrical susceptibility effects. The effect is strong enough to---at least partly---separate IMCL and EMCL contributions in (1)H MR spectroscopy, despite IMCL and EMCL consisting of the same substances. The assessment of intramyocellular lipid stores in skeletal musculature by (1)H MR spectroscopy plays an important role for studying physiological and pathological aspects of lipid metabolism. Therefore, a method using mathematical tools of Fourier analysis is developed to obtain the magnetic field distribution (MFD) from the measured spectra by deconvolution. A reference lipid spectrum is required which was recorded in tibial yellow bone marrow. It is shown that the separation of IMCL contributions can be performed more precisely---compared to other methods---based on the MFD. Examples of deconvolution in model systems elucidate the principle. Applications of the proposed approach on in vivo examinations in m. soleus and m. tibialis anterior are presented. Fitting the IMCL part of the MFD by a Gaussian lineshape with a linewidth kept fixed with respect to the linewidth of creatine and with the assumption of a smooth but not necessarily symmetrical shape for the EMCL part, the only free fit parameter, the amplitude of the IMCL part, is definite and subtraction leads to the EMCL part in the MFD. This procedure is especially justified for the soleus muscle showing a severely asymmetrical distribution which might lead to a marked overestimation of IMCL using common line fitting procedures.
Importance of Hepatitis Vaccination in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

Acute hepatitis A or B infection can be lethal in patients with chronic liver disease. Safe and effective vaccines are currently available to prevent hepatitis A and B. Despite wide availability of vaccines, most patients with chronic liver disease are not immunized, in part due to nonuniform and inconsistent current recommendations for this population. A better understanding of the importance of preventing acute hepatitis A and B in patients with chronic liver disease and a proactive approach to vaccination by primary care physicians can positively influence the outcome of patients with chronic liver disease.
Insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção normal

A insuficiencia cardiaca com fracao de ejecao normal (ICFEN) e uma sindrome complexa que vem sendo largamente estudada, desde a ultima decada. E causada por disfuncao ventricular diastolica evidenciada por metodos complementares, como estudo hemodinâmico ou ecocardiograma, na presenca de fracao de ejecao preservada. Acomete preferencialmente individuos mais idosos e com comorbidades, como hipertensao arterial sistemica, insuficiencia coronariana e obesidade. Os mecanismos fisiopatologicos sao complexos e multifatoriais, envolvendo a rigidez passiva do miocardio, a geometria ventricular, a forca de contencao do pericardio e a interacao entre os ventriculos. Os objetivos principais do tratamento sao reduzir a congestao venosa pulmonar, a frequencia cardiaca e controlar as comorbidades. Ainda nao ha evidencias fortes de que o uso de medicacoes especificas, como inibidores de enzima de conversao ou betabloqueadores, interfiram na mortalidade. Os fatores de pior prognostico incluem a idade avancada, presenca de disfuncao renal, diabete, classe funcional III e IV (NYHA) e estagio avancado de disfuncao diastolica, com padrao restritivo ao enchimento ventricular. Outro aspecto que vem ganhando espaco na literatura e o questionamento do papel da disfuncao sistolica nos quadros de ICFEN. Todos esses aspectos sao abordados detalhadamente na presente revisao.
Rational Blinders: Strategic Selection of Risk Models and Bank Capital Regulation

The regulatory use of banks' internal models aims at making capital requirements more accurate and reducing regulatory arbitrage, but may also give banks incentives to choose their risk models strategically. Current policy answers to this problem include the use of risk-weight floors and leverage ratios. I show that banks for which those are binding reduce their credit supply, which drives interest rates up, invites other banks to adopt optimistic models and possibly increases aggregate risk in the banking sector. Instead, the strategic use of risk models can be avoided by imposing penalties on banks with low risk-weights when they suffer abnormal losses or bailing out defaulting banks that truthfully reported high risk measures. If such selective bail-outs are not desirable, second-best capital requirements still rely on internal models, but less than in the first-best. JEL Classification: D82, D84, G21, G32, G38
Power and Control in Gay Strip Clubs

SUMMARY The gay strip club is a place in which more than displays of male beauty take place. The mix of customers, performers, liquor, and nudity results in fascinating dynamics. Of interest in this article are the power relationships and issues of control played out both among and between strippers and customers. Based on extensive participant observation conducted in eight cities and numerous bars/clubs and including more than 150 in-depth interviews, this article concerns just one aspect of the world of male strippers who perform for men.
optiFLP: software for automated optimization of amplified fragment length polymorphism scoring parameters

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), a widely used method for DNA fingerprinting, has shifted from polyacrylamide gel to capillary electrophoresis over the last years. Currently, most AFLP data are generated in a computer‐readable format, and several programs are available that automatically score raw data into binary profiles. Good scoring parameters are the key to good AFLP profiles. optiFLP is the first open source program for automatic optimization of AFLP scoring parameters. It searches parameter space to maximize the contrast among groups of AFLP profiles, with the allocation of profiles to groups in either a supervised or an unsupervised mode. The software produces output files ready for use in a range of downstream applications.
Characterization of the relative importance of human‐ and infrastructure‐associated bacteria in grey water: a case study

Development of efficacious grey water (GW) treatment systems would benefit from detailed knowledge of the bacterial composition of GW. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial composition from (i) various points throughout a GW recycling system that collects shower and sink handwash (SH) water into an equalization tank (ET) prior to treatment and (ii) laundry (LA) water effluent of a commercial‐scale washer.
Progress in Clinical Neurosciences: The Neuropathogenesis of HIV Infection: Host-Virus Interaction and the Impact of Therapy

Despite the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), primary HIV-related neurological diseases remain major problems in HIV clinics. The present review examines the pathogenesis of HIV-related dementia and the less severe minor cognitive and motor deficit, together with distal sensory and drug-induced toxic polyneuropathies. Abnormal host immune responses within the nervous system and the role of viral expression and diversity are emphasized in relation to neurovirulence. Induction of innate immune responses within the central and peripheral nervous systems, largely mediated by cells of macrophage lineage, appear to be common to the development of primary HIV-related neurological disease. Activation of these cell types results in the release of a cascade of inflammatory molecules including cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and arachidonic acid metabolites that influence neuronal survival. Individual viral proteins encoded by envelope and tat genes and discrete sequences within these genes influence the extent to which these pro-inflammatory molecules are induced. At the same time, systemic immune suppression may influence the occurrence and severity of HIV-related neurological diseases. Implementation of HAART and neuroprotective treatments improves neurological function although the evolution of drug-resistant viral strains limits the sustained benefits of HAART.