Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Hard Day's Night: Diatoms Continue Recycling Photosystem II in the Dark

Marine diatoms are photosynthetic, and thrive in environments where light fluctuates. Like all oxygenic photosynthetic organisms diatoms face a light-dependent inactivation of the Photosystem II complexes that photooxidize water to generate biosynthetic reductant. To maintain photosynthesis this photoinactivation must be countered by slow and metabolically expensive protein turnover, which is light dependent in cyanobacteria and in plants. We tracked daily cycles of the content, synthesis and degradation of Photosystem II, in a small and in a large marine diatom, under low and high growth light levels. We show that, unlike plants, diatoms maintain extensive cycling of Photosystem II proteins even in the dark. Photosystem II protein cycling saturates at low light, and continued cycling in dark periods, using energy from respiration, allows the diatoms to catch up to excess photoinactivation accumulated over the preceding illuminated period. The large diatom suffers only limited photoinactivation of Photosystem II, but cycling of Photosystem II protein exceeds Photosystem II inactivation, so the large diatom recycles functional Photosystem II units before they are inactivated. Through the diel cycle the contents of active Photosystem II centers and Photosystem II proteins change predictably, but are not correlated, generating large changes in the fraction of total PSII that is active at a given time or growth condition. We propose that dark and steady cycling of Photosystem II proteins is driven by the tight integration of chloroplastic and mitochondrial metabolism in diatoms. This ability for baseline, continuous Photosystem II repair could contribute to the success of diatoms in mixed water environments that carry them from illumination to darkness and back.
Numerical Modeling and Laboratory Experiments on a Propagating Hydraulic Fracture Intersecting with a Preexisting Fracture

Modeling realistic fracture networks is necessary for characterizing a geothermal reservoir because the permeability of reservoir formations is low and fractures are the main pathways of geothermal fluid. Hydraulic stimulation in a geothermal reservoir occurs both by creating new hydraulic fractures and by stimulating preexisting natural fractures. Analyzing the interaction between preexisting fractures and newly created fractures during hydraulic stimulation is thus necessary to better understand the creation of a fracture network. Microseismic data during hydraulic stimulation show broad clouds that indicate the creation of complex fracture networks, suggesting that hydraulic fractures may branch, terminate, and continue propagating when they intersect with natural fractures. To understand this kind of hydraulically induced fracture network, knowing how a propagating hydraulic fracture interacts with a preexisting natural fracture is necessary. In this work, a numerical model using fracture mechanics was developed and used to investigate how hydraulic fractures and preexisting natural fractures interact. We extended the analytical work on the cross/terminate criteria for orthogonally intersecting fractures developed by Renshaw and Pollard (1995) and the results show a good agreement with experimental data in past work. In addition, to study this problem in a laboratory scale experiment, we used a 3D printer to create artificial core samples containing a preexisting interface and an initial hydraulic fracture, and then applied axial stress and confining pressure using a triaxial loading system. The experimental results were compared both to the numerical results developed in this work and to the analytical work on the cross/terminate criteria for orthogonally intersecting fractures by Renshaw and Pollard (1995). In our experiments, a hydraulic fracture was initiated and propagated to an existing orthogonal precut fracture. The propagating hydraulic fracture crossed the precut with higher axial stress but terminated with lower axial stress, in agreement with the numerical work. With this work, we also suggest the possibilities of using 3D-printed core samples for more complex fracturing experiments. This work demonstrates the utility of 3D-printed core samples for studying fracture network creation, and raises the possibility of modeling more complex fracture networks in future laboratory experiments.
Perception of Facial Attractiveness from Static and Dynamic Stimuli

Although people we meet in real life are usually seen in motion, research on facial attractiveness has predominantly been conducted on static facial images. This raises a question about ecological validity of results obtained in such studies. Recently, several studies endeavoured to determine the concordance between attractiveness of faces seen on photos and video clips, but their results are markedly divergent, frequently indicating no concordance. In the present study, the association between attractiveness of facial images and clips was tested on a larger sample than has previously been reported (106 females, 102 males), and features under the face owner's control (scalp and facial hair, makeup, mouth expression) were controlled for. Two types of facial images were used: photographs and frames extracted from films. Correlation coefficients between attractiveness of static and dynamic faces were high (about 0.7), did not depend on facial sex or image type (photograph/frame), and did not diminish when the covariates were controlled for. Furthermore, the importance of facial averageness, femininity/masculinity, symmetry, fattiness, skin health, and mouth expression for attractiveness proved similar for static and dynamic stimuli. This leads to the optimistic conclusion that results of studies relying on attractiveness assessments of static facial images are ecologically valid.
KLEBSIELLA OXYTOCA : CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE , VIRULENCE FACTORS AND DEVELOPED ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

AbstrAct The opportunistic Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca) strains colonize as a normal flora of the intestine, urethra and the skin of approximately 10% of individuals. This bacterium can multiply following the decrease in the number of the microbial flora of the intestine. Those toxigenic strains are mostly associated with antibiotic associated hemorrhagic colitis (AAHC) and there is a significant relationship between their isolation and the use of penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. K. oxytoca toxins known as tillivaline and kleboxymycin cause the cell apoptosis. In the process of pathogenesis, adhesion molecules, such as Pilli and Fimbria (type 1 and type 3 fimbria), and capsule are the most important factors in bacterial attachment and producing the biofilms. On the other hand, development of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing K. oxytoca (CP-K. oxytoca) strains isolated from healthcare and community settings is a concern. However, other mechanisms of drug resistance have not been widely reported among these strains. Prevention of outbreaks, early detection, surveillance and control and prevention of the spread of pathogenic and drug-resistant K. oxytoca strains are of high importance.
The Kansas Tax Experiment : Impact of 2012 Kansas Tax Reform on Output , Employment & Establishments

This paper uses the synthetic control method (SCM) to empirically examine impacts of Kansas tax reform aimed at job creation and promoting economic growth. Results suggest that the tax reform did not have the impact desired on employment, real gross state product (RGSP) per capita, or on the overall number of business establishments in Kansas. Results for private sector RGSP are similar to those for the combined private and public sector. Different overall measures of employment show no impact, however when decomposed there is evidence of a positive impact on proprietor employment offset by declining wage and salary employment.
TCAD Simulation of CMOS Image Sensor

TCAD simulation of CMOS active pixel image sensor from process to opto-electronic response is presented in this application note with a full suite of modeling software developed by Crosslight. The electronic responses are presented versus various power intensity, illumination wavelength, and aperture size effects, together with some OE/QE results. The presented results demonstrate a methodological and technical capability for 3D modeling optimization of complex CMOS image sensor.
Self-Adaptation in Mobile Apps: a Systematic Literature Study

With their increase, smartphones have become more integral components of our lives but due to their mobile nature it is not possible to develop a mobile application the same way another software system would be built. In order to always provide the full service, a mobile application needs to be able to detect and deal with changes of context it may be presented with. A suitable method to achieve this goal is self-adaptation. However, as of today it is difficult to have a clear view of existing research on self-adaptation in the context of mobile applications. In this paper, we apply the systematic literature review methodology on selected peer-reviewed papers focusing on selfadaptability in the context of mobile applications. Out of 607 potentially relevant studies, we select 44 primary studies via carefully-defined exclusion and inclusion criteria. We use known modelling dimensions for self-adaptive software systems as our classification framework, which we apply to all selected primary studies. From the synthesized data we obtained, we produce an overview of the state of the art. The results of this study give a solid foundation to plan for future research and practice on engineering self-adaptive mobile applications.
Assessing the Environmental Implications of Industrialized Housing: a Systematic Literature Review

Industrialized Housing (IH), also referred to as prefabrication, preassembly, modularization, and/or off-site fabrication, is a growing strategy for constructing housing. IH offers potential for significant reduction of environmental impact in comparison to traditional housing construction. Past research used methods such as environmental impact assessment on given case study buildings or expert’s opinions to identify the benefits and drawbacks present on the lifecycle of houses constructed partially or fully using IH methods. Nevertheless, this literature is scattered across several sources and units of analysis. The specific factors of IH that contribute to environmental impact reduction have not been comprehensively reviewed and summarized from design considerations up to the end of life possibilities. In this paper, a systematic literature review is performed on the environmental implications of the industrialized way of constructing residential buildings. From a review of 49 journal publications, this paper identifies 18 key factors that influence the environmental performance of such residential buildings. These factors are categorized into the following lifecycle phases of the IH process: a) system design, b) material design, c) manufacturing and logistics, d) transportation and assembly, e) Operational phase, and f) end of life. Findings reveal the importance of decisions made in design phases such as choice of materials, which in turn show a snowball effect throughout the phases. A final category – g) support and hindrance of IH - includes a discussion of external factors such as building codes and regulatory policies and their impact on IH performance.
ff ects of hypoxia on active ionic transport processes in the gill epithelium of hyperregulating crab , Carcinus maneas Č

Effects of hypoxia on the osmorespiratory functions of the posterior gills of the shore crab Carcinus maenas acclimated to 12 ppt seawater (DSW) were studied. Short-circuit current (Isc) across the hemilamella (one epithelium layer supported by cuticle) was substantially reduced under exposure to 1.6, 2.0, or 2.5 mg O2/L hypoxic saline (both sides of epithelium) and fully recovered after reoxygenation. Isc was reduced equally in the epithelium exposed to 1.6 mg O2/L on both sides and when the apical side was oxygenated and the basolateral side solely exposed to hypoxia. Under 1.6 mg O2/L, at the level of maximum inhibition of Isc, conductance was decreased from 40.0 mS cm to 34.7 mS cm and fully recovered after reoxygenation. Isc inhibition under hypoxia and reduced Rb (K) fluxes across apically located K channels were caused preferentially by reversible inhibition of basolaterally located and ouabain sensitive Na,K-ATPase mediated electrogenic transport. Reversible inhibition of Isc is discussed as decline in active transport energy supply down regulating metabolic processes and saving energy during oxygen deprivation. In response to a 4 day exposure of Carcinus to 2.0 mg O2/L, hemolymph Na and Cl concentration decreased, i.e. hyperosmoregulation was weakened. Variations of the oxygen concentration level and exposure time to hypoxia lead to an increase of the surface of mitochondria per epithelium area and might in part compensate for the decrease in oxygen availability under hypoxic conditions.
β2-Microglobulin–Deficient NOD Mice Do Not Develop Insulitis or Diabetes

The role of CD8+ T-cells in the development of diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse remains controversial. Although it is widely agreed that class II-restricted CD4+ T-cells are essential for the development of diabetes in the NOD model, some studies have suggested that CD8+ T-cells are not required for β-cell destruction. To assess the contribution of CD8+ T-cells to diabetes, we have developed a class of NOD mouse that lacks expression of βxs2-microglobulin (NOD-B2mnull). NOD-B2mnull mice, which lack both class I expression and CD8+ T-cells in the periphery, not only failed to develop diabetes but were completely devoid of insulitis. These results demonstrate an essential role for CD8+ T-cells in the initiation of the autoimmune response to β-cells in the NOD mouse.
THE DECAY OF HOMOGENEOUS TURBULENCE GENERATED BY MULTI-SCALE GRIDS

An experimental investigation of freely decaying homogeneous, quasi-isotropic turbulence generated by a lowblockage space-filling fractal square grid is presented. We find good agreement with previous work by Mazellier & Vassilicos [“Turbulence without the Richardson-Kolmogorov cascade”, Phys. Fluids 22, 075101 (2010)] but also extend the length of the assessed decay region and consolidate the results by repeating the experiments with a second probe of increased spatial resolution. It is confirmed that this moderately high Reynolds number turbulence (150 < Reλ < 400) does not follow the classical high Reynolds number scaling of the dissipation rate ε ∼ u′3/L which is in fact equivalent to a proportionality between the Taylor-based Reynolds number Reλ and the ratio of integral scale L to Taylor micro-scale λ . Instead we observe a constant ratio L/λ whilst Reλ decays during free turbulence decay. Alternative reasons for this non-classical behaviour are discussed, including various ways in which the turbulence may fall into a self-preserving, single-length-scale state. It is also shown that the measured 3D energy spectra can be reasonably collapsed using a single length-scale over the entire decay region even though the Reynolds number is high enough for conventional decaying turbulence to display spectra with two-scale (inner and outer) Kolmogorov scaling. Introduction The energy dissipation rate can be scaled with the large scale variables u′ & L (the r.m.s. velocity fluctuation and the integral scale respectively) to give the dimensionless dissipation rate (Taylor, 1935): Cε (Reλ ,Re0,∗)≡ εL u′3 (1) ∗Acknowledges the support of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (grant SFRH/BD/1223/2009) where Cε is in general dependent on the local Reynolds number Reλ (local as in particular to given stream-wise position aft of the grid in a wind-tunnel experiment) and on the initial conditions via their characteristic Reynolds number Re0 and other topological details (represented by the asterisk). Nonetheless Cε is expected to loose its Reynolds number dependence (Reλ & Re0) for sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, possibly retaining only information about the large scale flow topology (Mazellier & Vassilicos, 2008). Here we have chosen the Taylor micro-scale based Reynolds number Reλ = u ′λ/ν as the local Reynolds number (but the integralscale based Reynolds number would be equally appropriate) and a grid Reynolds number Re0 = U∞t0/ν to be the initial conditions Reynolds number (t0 was arbitrarily chosen to be the thickness of the largest bar of the grid). The functional form of Cε plays a fundamental role in determining the energy decay rate of the turbulent flow since it relates the energy dissipation ε with the kinetic energy (u′2/2) and the ’eddy turn-over time’ (L/u′). Together with an estimate of the growth of the integral scale (or the ’eddy turn-over time’), obtained for example from the conservation of invariants, the energy decay rate is completely determined, usually as a power law:
Programmed death ligand 1 is expressed in canine B cell lymphoma and downregulated by MEK inhibitors

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in antigen-presenting cells and tumors can inhibit T cell-mediated immunity. In this study, PD-L1 mRNA and protein expression was evaluated in canine B cell lymphoma (CLL17-71), large T-cell leukemia (CLGL-90), B cell leukemia (GL-1) and primitive leukocyte round cell neoplasia (CLL-1390). Variable PD-L1 mRNA and protein were observed in these cells with high endogenous expression present in CLL17-71 cells. PD-L1 protein was also observed in canine patient B cell lymphoma tissues using immunostaining. PD-L1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 ( STAT1 ) mRNA expression were reduced in the presence of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1.2 (MEK1/2) inhibitors RDEA119 and AZD6244 in CLL 17-71 cells. RDEA119 had similar effect on PD-L1 and STAT-1 in IFN-γ activated CLL-1390 cells. Overall, these results indicate that PD-L1 is expressed in canine B cell lymphoma. Its inhibition by MEK1/2 inhibitors suggests a possible treatment strategy using targeted drugs which likely could enhance antitumor immune response.
Asymptotics for the $L^p$-deviation of the variance estimator under diffusion

We consider a diffusion process Xt smoothed with (small) sampling parameter e . A s in Berzin, Leon and Ortega (2001), we consider a kernel estimate αe with window h(e) of a function α of its variance. In order to exhibit global tests of hypothesis, we derive here central limit theorems for the L p deviations such as 1 √ h h p 2 � αe − α� p − IE � αe − α� p .
Effect of Acrylamide on Liver and Kidneys in Albino Wistar Rats

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 5 (2015) pp. 434-444 http://www.ijcmas. comAcrylamide (ACR) is a chemical with a very wide range of uses and it accounts for one of the major health concern because it has been detected in a widely consumed food item, fried breads (or any carbohydrate-rich food items cooked at high temperature) accordingly the general population is highly exposed to ACR. Four groups of adult female rats were used in this study to investigate the effects of different doses of ACR administration on the liver and kidneys. Group1: Control was given distilled water; group 2: low dose given 2mg /kg/day; group 3: mild dose given 10mg/kg/day and group 4: high dose given 30mg/kg/day ACR, the doses were given orally for eight weeks. Results showed no significant differences in serum urea and creatinine level of the low dose group, while mild and higher dose groups showed significant decreases compared with control. No significant differences recorded in T.S. bilirubin levels in all treated groups. S. uric acid levels significantly increased in the low dose group, but its level significantly decreased in both mild and high dose groups compared to the control. Levels of each of S. total protein, S. albumin, S. globulin, S.G. P.T. , S.G. O.T. and S.A. L.P was significantly decreased in all treated groups compared with control. Histological examinations of the liver and kidneys of the all groups treated with ACR revealed degeneration of the glomerular tuft, the epithelial lining of the kidney's brush border membrane and liver hepatocyte. Both liver and kidneys showed congestion in the blood vessels. For the first time, three different doses of acrylamide have been investigated, and tested for both physiological and histopatholgical changes. It has been concluded that body can tolerate and detoxificat low ACR doses. While mild and high doses lead to degenerative changes and physiopathological disturbance, indicate the local action of ACR on both the liver and kidney cells and remodeling as they are the main sites of detoxification and excretion of toxic materials of administering substances. A significant decrease in body weight in Wistar rat treated with various concentrations of ACR in comparison to control groups. This is probably the result of breakdown of tissue and blood cells in the liver and kidney by ACR in Wistar rats.
Defense capabilities of Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig , 1915

Stegosaurs were not built for rapid locomotion. Instead of fleeing from predators, they probably used their spiked tails as ‘thagomizers’ for defense. Kinetic/dynamic modeling in a computer-aided engineering program allows either using prescribed joint motions to determine joint forces or torque input models that deliver accelerations and moment of inertia of the tail tip spikes. Prescribed motion models based on a CAD range of motion analysis of Kentrosaurus and motions observed in extant long-tailed reptiles give results consistent with those of models using torque values calculated from detailed CAD reconstruction of muscle cross sections and moment arms. Both indicate that the tail of Kentrosaurus was a dangerous weapon, capable of inflicting painful slashing injuries and debilitating penetrating trauma, even on large theropods, across a large portion of its motion range. Continuous rapid motion was at least sufficient for the spikes to slash open the integument or penetrate soft tissues and fracture ribs or facial bones, while aimed whiplash blows may have had sufficient energy to fracture sturdy longbones. Heinrich Mallison. Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany. heinrich.mallison@gmail.com
Dynamic Distribution of Casualties to Medical Facilities in the Aftermath of a Disaster

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