Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incidence and significance of positive urine cultures in patients with an orthotopic neobladder.

PURPOSE With an intact normal bladder bacterial colonization is uncommon unless intermittent catheterization is instituted. Because intestine, which is normally colonized with bacteria, is used to form an orthotopic neobladder, we determined whether patients with orthotopic urinary diversion are at increased risk for urinary tract infection and urosepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 66 patients who received an orthotopic neobladder after radical cystectomy were prospectively evaluated with urinalysis and culture 2 months to 4 years postoperatively. No patient was on suppressive antibiotics unless they had recurrent urinary tract infections. RESULTS A total of 55 voided normally and 11 performed intermittent catheterization at least once daily due to high post-void residual urine. Of the patients who voided normally 78% had at least 1 positive urinalysis. If a patient had a positive urinalysis, bacteria was identified on culture in 50%. Overall 26 (39%) and 8 (12%) patients had a urinary tract infection and urosepsis, respectively. The estimated 5-year probability of urinary tract infection and urosepsis for patients who voided independently were 58% and 18%, respectively. Urine culture with greater than 100,000 cfu bacteria and female gender were the only factors predictive of urinary tract infection on multivariate analysis. Recurrent urinary tract infection was the only predictor for urosepsis. Intermittent catheterization or hydronephrosis was not related to urinary tract infection or urosepsis. CONCLUSIONS The presence of small bowel intestine appears to promote asymptomatic bacterial colonization but urosepsis rarely occurs unless the patient has recurrent urinary tract infections. Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended only for patients with recurring urinary tract infections but treating a positive urinary culture in the absence of specific voiding symptoms is not advocated in this patient population.
Party Dominance ‘Theory’: Of What Value?

Abstract This paper critiques the alleged value of the notion of ‘party dominance’ or the ‘dominant party system’, mainly propagated in South Africa by Roger Southall, Hermann Giliomee and Charles Simkins, and very much in vogue amongst scholars in the Netherlands, and to some extent in the USA and other places. Its overseas lineage is traced and its explanatory powers critiqued. It is argued that the approach is flawed democratically in being anti-popular and that it also lacks explanatory value. It is argued that it is neither a theory nor a system.
Correlation of pharmacodynamic parameters of five beta-lactam antibiotics with therapeutic efficacies in an animal model

The MIC is the main microbiologic parameter used to predict the efficacies of antibiotics. However, it is well known that MICs may vary according to the inoculum size used (inoculum effect), especially with some beta-lactam antibiotics. In order to correlate the pharmacologic and microbiologic properties of some beta-lactams, an experimental model of intraperitoneal infection caused by Escherichia coli in nonneutropenic and neutro-penic mice was developed. The animals were treated with three different doses of either ampicillin, piperacillin, aztreonam, cefazolin, or cefotaxime. The linear regression analysis obtained in our model shows a better correlation between in vitro activity and efficacy when the MICs considered were those obtained with a large inoculum (ca. 1 x 10(8) CFU/ml) instead of the standard inoculum (5 x 10(5) CFU/ml). The correlations for the MICs obtained with the large inoculum were 0.78 for log2 maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax)/ MIC, 0.72 the time that the concentrations exceeded the MIC, and 0.79 for log2 area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC at 24 h in nonneutropenic mice. The corresponding values in neutropenic mice, also for the MICs obtained with the large inoculum, were 0.54, 0.68, and 0.64, respectively, at 24 h. A good correlation was also obtained for the same parameters in nonneutropenic mice at 48 h. The values of Cmax, AUC, and the time that the concentrations exceeded the MIC were parallel among the antibiotics studied, and our study confirms that the time that the levels in serum exceed the MIC is a significant parameter determining the efficacies of beta-lactam antibiotics, but the correlation is much better when the MICs obtained with the large inoculum instead of those obtained with the standard (low) inoculum are considered.
Performance of Nb $_{3}$Sn RRP Strands and Cables Based on a 108/127 Stack Design

The high performance NbSn strand produced by Oxford Superconducting Technology (OST) with the Restack Rod Process (RRP) is presently considered as a baseline conductor for the Fermilab's accelerator magnet R&mp;mp;mp;D program. To improve the strand stability in the current and field range expected in magnet models, the number of subelements in the strand was increased by a factor of two (from 54 to 108), which resulted in a smaller effective filament size. The performance of the 1.0 and 0.7 mm strands of this design was studied using virgin and deformed strand samples. 27-strand Rutherford cables made of 1 mm strand were also tested using a superconducting transformer, small racetrack and 1-m shell-type dipole coils. This paper presents the RRP strand and cable parameters, and reports the results of strand, cable and coil testing.
La gouvernance multiniveau dans les nations minoritaires : les cas du Québec-Canada et de la Catalogne-Espagne

Dans cet article, nous examinons la gouvernance multiniveau de deuxnations minoritaires (le Quebec et la Catalogne) dans troischamps de politique, soit la langue, l’immigration et lesrelations internationales. Apres l’examen de ces troischamps, il ressort qu’une telle gouvernance est absente de lapolitique linguistique au Quebec-Canada, alors qu’elleatteint un paroxysme de formalisme pour ce qui est de la politiqued’immigration. Quant aux relations internationales, lagouvernance varie selon les dossiers. Du cote de laCatalogne-Espagne, la gouvernance multiniveau est appeleea changer au chapitre de la politique linguistique, et elle estpresente en regard de la politique d’immigration,quoiqu’elle connaisse certaines difficultes en raison dela gestion budgetaire et de l’implication des eluspolitiques. Finalement, la politique de relations exterieuresest soumise a la volonte de Madrid.
The electroolfactogram: A review of its history and uses

The electroolfactogram (EOG) is a negative electrical potential recorded at the surface of the olfactory epithelium of vertebrates. It represents primarily, if not exclusively, the summated generator potential in the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a number of studies suggest that secretory or inhibitory events may also contribute to the EOG, these are not well established. This review outlines (1) the cellular and physiological nature of the EOG response; (2) methodological considerations regarding odor selection and delivery, surgical preparation, response descriptions, and analysis; and (3) application of the EOG in human, fish, and insect olfaction and pheromonal responsivity. A number of technical issues associated with EOG recording are also discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:152–160, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Editor's Introduction

This issue of Chinese Education and Society provides several selections of the writing of Pan Maoyuan, who is considered the founding father of higher education research in contemporary China. Pan Maoyuan established both the field of higher education pedagogy in the 1950s and China’s first institute of research on higher education in 1978. At the time of this writing, he was eighty-seven years old but continued to teach, supervise research, and travel throughout China and abroad. Not long ago, two biographies about Pan Maoyuan were published, one by Ruth Hayhoe and the other by Arild Tjeldvoll. This issue of Chinese Education and Society presents Pan’s thinking about higher education during the second half of the twentieth century and illustrates his effort to maintain continuity despite major changes in Chinese society. Space limitations make it impossible to provide a representative coverage of all his work. However, a select bibliography is provided for those who wish to examine some of his other writings. The first selection was published in 1957, shortly after Pan Maoyuan returned to Xiamen University. A native of Shantou, Pan earned his degree when Xiamen University was moved to the border of Fujian and Jiangxi during the Japanese occupation. He graduated in 1945 and joined the Communist underground. After 1949, he went to Beijing Normal University and People’s University for further study. At the time, China’s aim was to make higher education less elitist and more closely aligned with labor. Pan was influenced by the Russian specialists of the era but also by his earlier training in economics, and psychological development of youth, and the educational philosophy of John Dewey. The notion of school as a mass institution was not new in China, but the idea of
Fifty Years of U.S. Embargo: Cuba's Health Outcomes and Lessons

Despite sanctions' impacts on medicine and medical supplies, Cuban health outcomes are comparable to those of developed countries. The U.S. trade embargo against Cuba, enacted after Fidel Castro's revolution overthrew the Batista regime, reaches 50 years in 2010. Its stated goal has been to bring democracy to the Cuban people (1), but a 2009 U.S. Senate report concluded “the unilateral embargo on Cuba has failed to achieve its stated purpose” (2). Domestic and international favor for the embargo is not strong (3). Many political and business leaders suggest changing U.S. policy toward Cuba, and President Obama eased travel and remittance restrictions of Cuban-Americans (4, 5). In light of such changes in sentiment and policy, and also the impending overhaul of U.S. health care, we review health consequences and lessons from “one of the most complex and longstanding embargoes in modern history” (2).
Early herding at Măgura-Boldul lui Moş Ivănuş (early sixth millennium BC, Romania): environments and seasonality from stable isotope analysis

Stable isotope analyses were conducted on faunal remains from the site of Măgura-Boldul lui Moş Ivănuş with the objective of characterizing the environments and seasonality of husbandry in the earliest Neolithic (Gura Baciului-Cârcea/Starčevo-Criş I) of southern Romania. Results from bone collagen analysis indicate extensive herding strategies for cattle and pigs. However, sequential analysis in tooth enamel also provides evidence for winter leaf foddering in one bovine, potentially kept by the settlement over winter. In some instances, sheep were fed a 13C-enriched resource in late winter, which may have also coincided with lactation. It could not be determined whether this contribution was from C3 or C4 plants. Although isolated, these findings may be important in evaluating how early agricultural communities dealt with environmental constraints. These results are also interpreted with reference to the models of intensive mixed farming systems recently proposed by Bogaard (2004) and Halstead (2006).
Cognitive correlates of obsessive and compulsive symptoms in Huntington's disease.

OBJECTIVE The authors' goal was to examine the frequency and type of obsessive and compulsive symptoms in Huntington's disease. METHOD The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale was used to assess obsessive and compulsive symptoms in 27 patients with Huntington's disease. The neuropsychological test performance of the 14 patients with at least one obsessive symptom and the seven patients with at least one compulsive symptom was compared with the performance of the patients without such symptoms. RESULTS More than half of the patients with Huntington's disease endorsed obsessive or compulsive symptoms on the Yale-Brown scale. Patients with obsessive or compulsive symptoms showed significantly greater impairment on neuropsychological tests measuring executive function than those without such symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Basal ganglia pathology in Huntington's disease may contribute to production of obsessive and compulsive symptoms and to executive performance deficits in these patients.
Modeling Ewing sarcoma tumors in vitro with 3D scaffolds

The pronounced biological influence of the tumor microenvironment on cancer progression and metastasis has gained increased recognition over the past decade, yet most preclinical antineoplastic drug testing is still reliant on conventional 2D cell culture systems. Although monolayer cultures recapitulate some of the phenotypic traits observed clinically, they are limited in their ability to model the full range of microenvironmental cues, such as ones elicited by 3D cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions. To address these shortcomings, we established an ex vivo 3D Ewing sarcoma model that closely mimics the morphology, growth kinetics, and protein expression profile of human tumors. We observed that Ewing sarcoma cells cultured in porous 3D electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds not only were more resistant to traditional cytotoxic drugs than were cells in 2D monolayer culture but also exhibited remarkable differences in the expression pattern of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. This 3D model of the bone microenvironment may have broad applicability for mechanistic studies of bone sarcomas and exhibits the potential to augment preclinical evaluation of antineoplastic drug candidates for these malignancies.
QRS fragmentation in children with suspected myocarditis: a possible additional diagnostic sign

Abstract Aims: We aim to assess the diagnostic role of QRS fragmentation in children with suspected acute myocarditis. Background: Diagnosis of myocarditis in the paediatric population is challenging. Clinical suspicion, electrocardiogram, and laboratory tests are the main diagnostic features at presentation. However, electrocardiogram in patients with myocarditis is usually considered aspecific. We have previously described QRS fragmentation in adult patients with acute myocarditis. Methods: Patients aged less than 18 years, admitted between 2003 and 2019, and discharged with a diagnosis of acute myocarditis were included. Standard electrocardiogram, laboratory, and echocardiographic findings at admission and follow-up were reviewed. QRS fragmentation was defined by the presence of multiphasic R′ spikes. Cardiac magnetic resonance and biopsy were performed in selected patients. Results: Twenty-one patients were analysed, 16 males (76%), median age 9.5 (2.5–16) years. At presentation, 12 patients (57%) displayed QRS fragmentation. Median ejection fraction was 40% (27–60). Nine patients (43%) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance and displayed late gadolinium enhancement. One patient underwent biopsy that showed borderline findings. Electrocardiogram leads showing QRS fragmentation correlated with distribution of late gadolinium enhancement. Median follow-up was 600 (190–2343) days. All patients were alive at last follow-up. Six patients (33%) patients displayed persistence of QRS fragmentation. Median ejection fraction was 60% (60–65%). In three patients (14%), ejection fraction remained depressed, two of which showed persistence of QRS fragmentation. Conclusion: In this cohort of children with suspected myocarditis, QRS fragmentation was confirmed as a new additional diagnostic finding to look for at admission and during follow-up.
Herd and Network Effects in Migration Decision-Making

This paper examines the impact of informational cascades (herd behaviour) and networks in influencing migrants’ location choices. It argues that herd behaviour and networks complement each other in explaining foreign location decisions. The paper develops both theories, emphasising the differences and the similarities between them. Empirical evidence shows that both herd behaviour and network externalities are important components in the decision-making of migrants.
Ethnicity and Evolution of the Biodemographic Structure of Arbëreshe and Italian Populations of the Pollino Area, southern Italy (1820–1984)

In the present study, we show how, through time, an ethnic mosaic and a changing social and economic context translated into intrapopulation differentiation and a change in genetic barriers between populations. Surname analysis was applied to a sample drawn from two centuries of marriage records in ten Arb ¨ ereshe and nine Italian villages of southern Italy to evaluate the evolution of internal differentiation and changes in genetic relationships between populations. Marital isonymy and subdivision into subpopulations was higher in the Arb ¨ ereshe. Genetic barriers coinciding with ethnic boundaries characterized the 1800s. In the second half of the 1900s, ethnic differentiation disappeared. We hypothesize that socioeconomic changes, such as increased outmigration and regional mobility, were the forces that progressively eliminated the ethnic-related genetic differentiation in the region. This study has important implications for an understanding of the relationship between genetic evolution and the cultural milieu involving enforcement of ethnic differences. (Keywords: biocultural evolution, ethnicity, biodemography genetic boundaries, Arb ¨ ereshe)
Reply to Comments from Kjell-Åke Aronsson, Lynne Goldstein, Håkan Karlsson, Duncan Sayer and Larry J. Zimmerman

ethics: a study of Mitsein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Williams, J.R. , 1977. Martin Heidegger’s philosophy of religion. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Zimmerman, L.J., 1992. Archaeology, reburial, and the tactics of a discipline’s self-delusion. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 6 (2), 37–56. Zimmerman, L.J., 1997. Remythologizing the relationship between archaeologists and Indians. In: N. Swidler, K. Dongoske, R. Anyon and A. Downer, eds. Native Americans and archaeologists: stepping stones to common ground. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 44–56.
Estructura social e identificación nacionalista en la España de los noventa

El presente estudio intenta avanzar algo más en los márgenes subjetivos de lo que se ha venido en llamar la conciencia nacionalista. A partir de dos vías de estudio, uno descriptivo y otro explicativo, y partiendo de datos primarios procedentes de encuestas del Cires, se ha pretendido demostrar o bien refutar dos hipótesis: en primer lugar, que la inexistencia de conciencia nacionalista supone la no existencia de nacionalismo en una nación existente o proyectada ; en segundo lugar, que la estructura social del nacionalismo no tiene un perfil definido, ya que existen diferentes tipos de nacionalismos aún cuando los objetivos de todos ellos coincidan: conseguir la independencia o la autonomía político-cultural de su nación existente o proyectada. Los datos han venido a demostrar dos hechos importantes: el primero es la inexistencia de conciencia nacionalista en España, y el segundo, el cual engloba ambas hipótesis, es que en España existe una nacionalidad dual o nacionalismo compartido, ya que la mayoría de los españoles se identifican tanto con España como de su región / nación de origen sean cuales sean sus condiciones ideológicas, religiosas, de clase, ocupacional, educativa, etc.
Liberalized abortion in Oregon: effects on fertility, prematurity, fetal death, and infant death.

An analysis of Oregon Vital Statistics data from 1965 to 1975 was conducted to assess the impact of Oregon's 1969 abortion legislation, which substantially increased the number of reported medically induced abortions. This increase was associated with a slight increase in the age-adjusted 1970 fertility rate and there was no decrease in births to women in the age groups obtaining proportionately the most abortions. A significant and persistent 11 per cent reduction in premature births to women over age 20 (p less than .001) and a 22 per cent reduction in spontaneous fetal deaths (p less than .05) were associated with liberalized abortion. Decreases in neonatal and postneonatal infant mortality were observed, but were indistinguishable from an ongoing trend toward improved infant health. A gradual 25 per cent decline in the age-adjusted fertility rate occurred between 1969 and 1975, but the increase in the number of reported abortions could account for only one-fourth of this decrease. A seven-fold increase in the use of family planning clinics between 1970 and 1973 and more liberalized laws regarding provision of family planning service appeared to account for a much higher proportion of the decreased fertility than did liberalized abortion.
Touch perception reveals the dominance of spatial over digital representation of numbers

We learn counting on our fingers, and the digital representation of numbers we develop is still present in adulthood [Andres M, et al. (2007) J Cognit Neurosci 19:563–576]. Such an anatomy–magnitude association establishes tight functional correspondences between fingers and numbers [Di Luca S, et al. (2006) Q J Exp Psychol 59:1648–1663]. However, it has long been known that small-to-large magnitude information is arranged left-to-right along a mental number line [Dehaene S, et al. (1993) J Exp Psychol Genet 122:371–396]. Here, we investigated touch perception to disambiguate whether number representation is embodied on the hand (“1” = thumb; “5” = little finger) or disembodied in the extrapersonal space (“1” = left; “5” = right). We directly contrasted these number representations in two experiments using a single centrally located effector (the foot) and a simple postural manipulation of the hand (palm-up vs. palm-down). We show that visual presentation of a number (“1” or “5”) shifts attention cross-modally, modulating the detection of tactile stimuli delivered on the little finger or thumb. With the hand resting palm-down, subjects perform better when reporting tactile stimuli delivered to the little finger after presentation of number “5” than number “1. ” Crucially, this pattern reverses (better performance after number “1” than “5”) when the hand is in a palm-up posture, in which the position of the fingers in external space, but not their relative anatomical position, is reversed. The human brain can thus use either space- or body-based representation of numbers, but in case of competition, the former dominates the latter, showing the stronger role played by the mental number line organization.
The Advent of the Prepositional Passive: An Innovation of Middle English?

This conspicuous diachronic fact about the English passive, however, has often been equated with the assumption that the advent of the P-Passive was an innovation purely of the ME period (which I will call the ‘ME-innovation’ hypothesis) and this widely-held assumption has continuously encouraged many relevant previous studies to ignore or neglect certain important aspects of the changes in the English passive. In particular, despite considerable research