Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ISOW Spreading and Mixing as Revealed by Deep‐Argo Floats Launched in the Charlie‐Gibbs Fracture Zone

To improve our understanding of deep circulation, we deployed five Deep‐Argo floats (0–4,000 m) in the Charlie‐Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ), which channels the flow of Iceland‐Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW), a dense water mass of the North Atlantic Ocean. The floats were programed to drift at 2,750 dbar in the ISOW layer. The floats mainly moved westward in the CGFZ, although some of them followed different routes for few cycles depending on northward intrusions of the North Atlantic Current over the CGFZ. One float revealed a direct route for ISOW from CGFZ to the Deep Western Boundary Current at Flemish Cap. In the CGFZ, oxygen data acquired by the floats revealed that the ISOW layer, characterized by salinity higher than 34.94 and density greater than 27.8 kg/m, was mainly composed of the highly oxygenated ISOW and the less oxygenated North East Atlantic Deep Water (NEADW), a complex water mass from the East Atlantic. In the ISOW layer, the relative contribution of ISOW was generally larger in the northern valley than in the southern valley of CGFZ. Northward intrusions of the North Atlantic Current above the CGFZ increased the relative contribution of NEADW in the northern valley and favors mixing between ISOW and NEADW. The ISOW‐NEADW signal flowing westward from the CGFZ toward the Deep Western Boundary Current was progressively diluted by Labrador Sea Water and Denmark Strait Overflow Water. Oxygen measurements from Deep‐Argo floats are essential for a better understanding and characterization of the mixing and spreading of deep water masses.
Selection and significance evaluation of agricultural parcels determinants

Many different characteristics affect the land prices. This work attempts to analyse the characteristics of agricultural parcels, which significantly affect the variability of agricultural land prices. The article presents the methodology of selection land parcel characteristics, rules for the selection of factors and possibility of automatic acquisition of data in mass valuation process. The research aims at selecting determinants of agricultural land parcels price and evaluate theirs significance in a local market for the purpose of land values map elaboration. Using advanced statistical analysis of a non-linear influence of a parcel inherent characteristics on its price we proved that in the relatively small area, like commune, only a few characteristics are essential, They are: parcel size, shape and location expressed by distance to the commune centre, paved roads and homestead buildings. Therefore, these ones should be used for elaboration of land values map. Soil quality and a cropland type although significant for the land prices do not diversify land prices in local market. The novelty of the research relays on determination of non-linear influence of parcel characteristics on variation of agricultural land values based on the correlation ratio (η eta). The research was conducted for the undeveloped agricultural lands located in south-west Poland, the rural municipality Krotoszyce.
Criteria for recognizing shelf‐slope clinoforms in outcrop; Jurassic Lajas and Los Molles formations, S. Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Seismic‐reflection data show that most deepwater (>200 m water depth) basins are filled by sand and mud dispersed across clinoformal geometries characterized by gently dipping topsets, steeper foresets and gently dipping bottomsets. However, the entire geometry of these ubiquitous clinoforms is not always recognized in outcrops. Sometimes the infill is erroneously interpreted as “layer cake” or “ramp” stratigraphy because the topset‐foreset‐bottomset clinoforms are not well exposed. Regional 2‐D seismic lines show clinoforms in the Lower to Middle Jurassic Challaco, Lajas, and Los Molles formations in S. Neuquén Basin in Argentina. Time equivalent shelf, slope and basin‐floor segments of clinoforms are exposed, and can be walked out in hundreds of metres thick and kilometres‐wide outcrops. The studied margin‐scale clinoforms are not representing a continental‐margin but a deepwater shelf margin that built out in a back‐arc basin. Lajas‐Los Molles clinoforms have been outcrop‐mapped by tracing mudstones interpreted as flooding surfaces on the shelf and abandonment surfaces (low sedimentation rate) in the deepwater basin. The downslope and lateral facies variability in the outcrops is also consistent with a clinoform interpretation. The Lajas topset (shelf) is dominated by fluvial and tidal deposits. The shelf‐edge rollover zone is occasionally occupied by a 40–50‐m‐thick coarse‐grained shelf‐edge delta, sometimes incising into the underlying slope mudstones, producing oblique clinoforms expressing toplap erosion on seismic. A muddy transgressive phase capping the shelf‐edge deltas contains tidal sandbodies. Shelf‐edge deltas transition downslope into turbidite‐ and debris flow‐filled channels that penetrate down the mud‐prone Los Molles slope. At the base‐of‐slope, some 300m below the shelf edge, there are basin‐floor fan deposits (>200 m thick) composed of sandy submarine‐fan lobes separated by muddy abandonment intervals. The large‐scale outcrop correlation between topset–foreset–bottomset allows facies and depositional interpretation and sets outcrop criteria recognition for each clinoform segment.
Menopause : biology and pathobiology

Basic Biology: The Molecular Pharmacology of the Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors. Ovarian Anatomy and Physiology. Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis: Role of Gonadal Steroids and Implications for the Menopause. Gonadotropins and Menopause: New Markers. Genetic Programming in Ovarian Development and Oogenesis. Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Perimenopause Transition. Changes in Men as They Age: The "Manopause. " Premature Ovarian Failure. Perimenopausal Changes in FSH, the Inhibins and the Circulating Steroid Hormone Milieu. Epidemiology: Methodologic Challenges in the Study of Menopause. SWAN: A Multi-center, Multi-ethnic, Commnity-based Cohort Study of Women and the Menopausal Transition. Demographics, Environmental Influences, Ethnic And International Differences In The Menopausal Experience. Distinguishing the Effects of Age From Those of Menopause. Menopausal Systems Pathophysiology: Menopausal Hot Flashes. Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease. Insulin Resistance, Body Weight, Obesity, Body Composition and the Menopausal Tradition. Influence of Estrogen on Collagen. The Growth Hormone IGF-I Axis and Menopause. Bone & Calcium. Menopause and the Skin. Estrogen Therapy and the Brain. Gyno-Urinary System. Is There a Relationship Between Menopause and Mood? Immunologic Aspects of Menopause. Cancers. Sexuality. Intervention: Historical Perspectives. Prevention Trials in Perimenopausal Women and Postmenopausal Women. Estrogens: Different Types, Properties. Progestogens. Androgens. The Alternative Therapies to Hormone Replacement Therapies. Calcium Nutriture: A Model System for Understanding Menopause-Nutrient Interactions. Exercise. Estrogens and Osteoporosis. Osteoarthritis and Menopause. The Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease and Postemenopausal Hormone Therapy. Interventions for the Control of Symptoms. Effects of Steroids on Mood/Depression. Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer. HRT and Risk of Endometrial Cancer. Risk of Pulmonary Embolism/Venous Thrombosis. Combined Estrogen-Androgen Replacement Therapy: Benefits and Risks. Biology of DHEA. Menopausal Issues for Older Women. Decision Analysis Applied to Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy.
Ocean Heat Transport Into the Barents Sea: Distinct Controls on the Upward Trend and Interannual Variability

Ocean heat transport through the Barents Sea Opening (BSO) has strong impacts on the Barents Sea ice extent and the climate. In this paper we quantified the contributions from different atmospheric forcing components to the trend and interannual variability of the BSO heat transport. Ocean‐ice model simulations were conducted in which the interannual variation of atmospheric forcing was maintained only in or outside the Arctic in two different simulations. The sum of their BSO heat transport anomalies reasonably replicated the trend and variability from a hindcast simulation. The upward trend of the BSO heat transport mainly stems from the increasing ocean temperature in the subpolar North Atlantic. For the interannual variability, the local wind and upstream forcing are similarly important. The location of the Atlantic Water boundary current in the Nordic Seas, influenced by the cyclonic atmospheric circulation, is crucial in determining part of the BSO inflow variability.
Improving Atmospheric River Forecasts With Machine Learning

This study tests the utility of convolutional neural networks as a postprocessing framework for improving the National Center for Environmental Prediction's Global Forecast System's integrated vapor transport forecast field in the Eastern Pacific and western United States. Integrated vapor transport is the characteristic field of atmospheric rivers, which provide over 65% of yearly precipitation at some western U.S. locations. The method reduces full‐field root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) at forecast leads from 3 hr to seven days (9–17% reduction), while increasing correlation between observations and predictions (0.5–12% increase). This represents an approximately one‐ to two‐day lead time improvement in RMSE. Decomposing RMSE shows that random error and conditional biases are predominantly reduced. Systematic error is reduced up to five‐day forecast lead, but accounts for a smaller portion of RMSE. This work demonstrates convolutional neural networks potential to improve forecast skill out to seven days for precipitation events affecting the western United States.
Central Asian Drying at 3.3 Ma Linked to Tropical Forcing?

The processes controlling middle‐latitude environmental changes are poorly understood. Both high‐latitude ice sheets and tropical oceans can affect climate and environments in middle latitudes, but separating their relative contribution is challenging. Coincidence of intensive Northern Hemisphere glaciations and increased dust accumulation rates at ~2.7 Ma on the Chinese Loess Plateau and North Pacific Ocean is often used to indicate high latitudes' dominant role on middle‐latitude climate change. Here we present new and compile available evidence from the Qaidam Basin and the Tarim Basin of central Asia demonstrating a phase of drying at ~3.3 Ma. The drying is synchronous with proposed timing of closure of the Indonesian Seaway, which has been suggested to cause significant oceanic surface heat adjustments and corresponding decreased heat and moisture transport to middle/high latitudes. These new results suggest a tropical forcing of aridification for the late Pliocene central Asian environmental evolution.
Geographical Variations of Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) in South Sumatera Region

ABSTRACT Background. Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) is a condition where the development of sex chromosomes, gonads, and/or oneâ€™s anatomy is atypical. Its causes are often due to genetic mutations, although some are also linked to environmental risk factors. These multiple aetiologies lead to varied clinical findings, ranging from obvious ambiguous genitals to subtle ones in different regions worldwide, signalling a hint of geographical variability. Objective. This study wishes to observe the variations of clinical findings of DSD patients geographically in South Sumatera. Methods. This was an observational study using patientsâ€™ medical records in RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. Both inpatients and outpatients during five-year period span (2013-2017) with clinical findings suited DSD criteria based on Chicago Consensus in 2006 were included in this study. Results. One hundred and forty nine patients from cities and regencies in South Sumatera province and other provinces like Jambi, Lampung, Bengkulu, Bangka-Belitung, and even Riau were included in this study. Among sixteen clinical findings identified, hypospadias ranked first (59.06%), both in general, and in each regions as well. When set by side with other regions, Palembang city as the capital city of South Sumatera province displays twelve out of sixteen clinical findings documented in this study, showing a lot more variety. Conclusion. Every regions show difference clinical findings. Some regions housed clinical findings that were not found in other regions. However, hypospadias is the most commonly found clinical findings in all regions. It is suspected due to its correlation with certain environmental risks, that the occurence of it becomes rather often, compared to other DSD conditions. Future studies considering risk factors involvement in order to elucidate both differences and similarities found in each regions are strongly suggested. Keywords: Disorders of Sex Development, DSD, Geographical variations, South Sumatera
Decreased striatal and enhanced thalamic dopaminergic responsivity in detoxified cocaine abusers

It has been hypothesized that cocaine addiction could result from decreased brain dopamine (DA) function. However, little is known about changes in (DA) neurotransmission in human cocaine addiction. We used PET and [C-11]raclopride, a DA D2 receptor ligand sensitive to competition with endogenous DA, to measure relative changes in extracellular DA induced by methylphenidate (MP) in 20 cocaine abusers (3-6 weeks after cocaine discontinuation) and 23 controls. MP did not affect the transport of [C-11]raclopride from blood to brain (K1); however it induced a significant reduction in DA D2 receptor availability (Bmax/Kd) in striatum. The magnitude of ND-induced changes in striatal [C-11]raclopride binding were significantly larger in controls (21 + 13% change from baseline) than in cocaine abusers (9 {+-} 13 %) (ANOVA p < 0.005). In cocaine abusers, but not in controls, MP also decreased Bmax/Kd values in thalamus (29 {+-} 35 %) (ANOVA p < 0.005). There were no differences in plasma MP concentration between the groups. In striatum MP-induced changes in Bmax/Kd were significantly correlated with MP-induced changes in self reports of restlessness (r = 0.49, df 42, p < 0.002). In thalamus MP-induced changes in Bmax/Kd were significantly correlated with ND-induced changes in self reports ofmore » cocaine craving (r = 0.57, df 42, p < 0.0001). These results are compatible with a decrease in striatal DA brain function in cocaine abusers. They also suggest a participation of thalamic DA pathways in cocaine addiction. « less
Energy properties and fuel potentials of selected indigenously processed bio-resources used as sources of sustainable fuel in north central Nigeria

The stems of two matured shrubby plants identified as Vernonia colorata (wild bitterleaf) and Hibiscus canabinus (kenaf) were studied for their energy properties and fuel potentials. The two samples were collected, dried and pulverized. The volatile combustible compounds believed to be responsible for the bright flame produced on combustion were determined. Also determined in the two samples were the physical energy properties which include; fixed carbon, ash content, ultimate values, calorific value, moisture contents (MC). These parameters provide a rough estimate of the heating value of a fuel biomass and acts as the main heat generators during combustion. They were low in the samples when compared with charcoal used for heating purposes, indicating they may not be used for such purposes. Meanwhile, the gases emitted by these plant materials on combustion were detected using multigas detector (Altair 5x Multigas). The results obtained indicate the concentrations of CO, SO 2 and H 2 S gases emitted from the processed bioresources after subjecting them to combustion, averaged 680.25mg/m 3 , 3.13mg/m 3 and 4.40mg/m 3 respectively, which indicated they were within acceptable standard limits, suggesting using them is environmentally friendly. The technology employed in making the plants provide more sustainable fuel for the light normally boost the bio resources to expose the volatile contents of the substances provide the needed bright flame. Keyboard: Energy, fuel, bio-resources, sustainable fuel
Characterization of a Smelting Furnace in Ungyo Site in Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, Through Slag Analysis

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT We characterized the smelting process and smelting furnace through scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and raman micro-spectroscopy with 13 relics including slags and furnace walls excavated from square-shaped building sites and pits of the Three Kingdoms site at the Ungyo site section I. Our results revealed that the principal components were FeO and SiO2; and CuO, PbO, and ZnO were contained in small quantities. Furthermore, fayalite, magnetite, augite, copper, and cuprite were found. High contents of FeO or SiO2 components seem to have been added to form fayalite to remove gangue in the smelting process. The relatively low content of S detected in the copper prills suggests that roasting was performed well. Cristobalite and mullite, which are minerals that indicate high-temperature found in the furnace wall, show that the smelting temperature was higher than 1,250°C. The findings of this study show a high possibility that the Wanju Ungyo site is smelting remains of copper ores, which are nonferrous metals, rather than iron. Various smelting byproducts excavated in this area in the future will help us better understand the copper smelting process that may have been performed since ancient times.
Sensitivity of Surface Temperature to Land Use and Land Cover Change‐Induced Biophysical Changes: The Scale Issue

While the signs of the sensitivities of surface temperature (Ts) to land use and land cover change‐induced biophysical changes are relatively well understood, their exact magnitude and how their magnitude depends on the scale characterizing the size of the change remain elusive. In this study, we compare the sensitivities of surface temperature to changes in surface albedo and surface water availability from three analytical/semianalytical models, which are designed for small (<1 km), intermediate (from ∼1 to ∼10 km), and large (>10–20 km) scales. Results suggest that the sensitivities of surface temperature to biophysical changes are scale dependent due to atmospheric feedbacks. Our results demonstrate that it is important to consider the scale and the associated atmospheric feedbacks when quantifying the sensitivities of surface temperature to biophysical changes.
Perception of preparers of sustainability reports in the Middle East

Purpose This study aims to explore the preparers’ perceptions of sustainability reporting as a distinct voluntary corporate reporting practice in the Middle East. It links these perceptions to the influences of local and global institutional contexts and how companies respond to them. Design/methodology/approach The study is informed by a discursive institutionalism theoretical framework that incorporates concepts such as multiple institutional logics, hybridity in social practice and interpretive role of social agents. Its empirical findings are built on seven interviews with officials involved in the practice to explore their perception of sustainability reports. Findings Sustainability reporting is not understood and perceived in the same way among reporting companies in the Middle East. The difference in perception is linked to the scope of operations of the company, whether it is global or local. The results provide evidence supporting the theoretical framework. Different institutional logics are identified that interact at the structure level to influence sustainability reporting practice, and companies act at the agency level by selecting from the institutional influences what match their interests and priorities. Consequently, the practice itself will be hybrid and will include various ways and forms of reporting. Originality/value The study contributes to knowledge about how global business practices are adopted by companies in the developing countries.
Global adaptation governance: An emerging but contested domain

Adaptation to climate change has steadily risen on global policy agendas and entered a new era with the 2015 Paris Agreement, which established a global goal on adaptation. While this goal responds to calls to strengthen global governance of adaptation, it has not yet been operationalized. Further, few studies take stock of current global adaptation governance to inform the implementation of the goal. Against this background this review asks: To what extent is there global governance of climate change adaptation? Can it be characterized as a strong domain of global governance? In what ways is it contested? Global adaptation governance is defined here as occurring when state and non‐state actors in the global (including transnational) sphere authoritatively and intentionally shape the actions of constituents towards climate change adaptation as a public goal. Although empirical evidence is scant, it is proposed here that global adaptation governance is indeed emerging. Yet, its further strengthening appears contested. First, measurement of progress towards adaptation as a public goal at the global level is severely challenged by the ambiguity of adaptation and the lack of distinct metrics. Second, the lack of a clear global‐level problem‐framing, or recognition of adaptation as a global public good, has meant limited legitimacy of global governance initiatives. A consequence of contestation is that governance forms and functions used so far have not been authoritative in how they seek to shape actions. The review concludes by identifying research needs for advancing science and policy on adaptation.
Warm Events Induce Loss of Resilience in Organic Carbon Production in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Between 2013 and 2016, a series of warm events induced by ocean atmosphere oscillations negatively impacted productivity in the northeast Pacific Ocean. For two consecutive winters (2013–2014 and 2014–2015), suppressed wind stress and warm near‐surface ocean temperature anomalies restricted vertical mixing between the surface and underlying nutrient‐enriched waters. Here we assess historical data of sea surface temperature and sea level pressure, along with nearly a decade of biogeochemical float data to evaluate the impact of these warm events on organic carbon production. The first stratified winter experienced little apparent impact on the magnitude of net organic carbon production in the growing season relative to prior years, suggesting an immediate resilience from reduced new nutrients, apparently depending on recycled iron. However, the subsequent winter experienced virtually zero net production; a loss of resilience, perhaps due to net iron removal with export, was evident. We find that consistently enhanced winter stratification decreased carbon production much more so than a single warm winter. This study highlights the sensitivity of marine productivity to ocean atmosphere oscillations, reducing deep ocean carbon sequestration with prolonged ocean warming and stratification.