Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Millimetre spectral indices of transition disks and their relation to the cavity radius

Transition disks are protoplanetary disks with inner depleted dust cavities and excellent candidates to investigate the dust evolution under the existence of a pressure bump. A pressure bump at the outer edge of the cavity allows dust grains from the outer regions to stop their rapid inward migration towards the star and efficiently grow to millimetre sizes. Dynamical interactions with planet(s) have been one of the most exciting theories to explain the clearing of the inner disk. We look for evidence of the presence of millimetre dust particles in transition disks by measuring their spectral index with new and available photometric data. We investigate the influence of the size of the dust depleted cavity on the disk integrated millimetre spectral index. We present the 3mm photometric observations carried out with PdBI of four transition disks: LkHa330, UXTauA, LRLL31, and LRLL67. We use available values of their fluxes at 345GHz to calculate their spectral index, as well as the spectral index for a sample of twenty transition disks. We compare the observations with two kind of models. In the first set of models, we consider coagulation and fragmentation of dust in a disk in which a cavity is formed by a massive planet located at different positions. The second set of models assumes disks with truncated inner parts at different radius and with power-law dust size distributions, where the maximum size of grains is calculated considering turbulence as the source of destructive collisions. We show that the integrated spectral index is higher for transition disks than for regular protoplanetary disks. For transition disks, the probability that the measured spectral index is positively correlated with the cavity radius is 95%. High angular resolution imaging of transition disks is needed to distinguish between the dust trapping scenario and the truncated disk case.
Violence against women in Turkey

Gewalt ist ein populares Thema seit den letzten wenigen Jahren gewesen. Es gibt verschiedene Typen, Ursachen, Definitionen, und Formen, die an den zwischenmenschlichen, gesammelten und globalen Niveaus vorkommen. Es ist ein Problem fur alle menschlichen Beziehungen. Diese Studie wurde mit dem Ziel der Analyse der Gewalt gegen Frauen ubernommen. Die Gewalt gegen Frauen ist ein weit verbreitetes soziales Problem, das in allen Gesellschaften beobachtet werden kann. Obwohl es etwas Unterscheidung uber den Gebrauch der Gewalt, gewaltsamen Taten und ihrer Ursachen gibt, besteht Gewalt in allen Altersgruppen und in allen Gesellschaften. Studien auf der hauslichen Gewalt in den letzten zehn Jahren waren ein wichtiger Mechanismus, um viele Frauenerfahrungen des Urteilsvermogens und der Verwundbarkeit zur Bekanntheit zu bringen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist, die gegenwartige Situation in der Geschlechtwechselwirkung in Bezug auf die Gewalt zu analysieren, und herauszufinden, welche Masnahmen innerhalb des turkischen Staates ergriffen werden, um die vorhandenen Probleme aufzulosen.
Interactions between behavior and the cardiovascular system.

• That environmental events of a stressful nature can elicit profound cardiovascular responses hardly requires documentation, and a sizable literature has evolved treating anecdotal and correlational observations of acute and chronic cardiovascular effects of stress. For example, humans exposed to combat (1), natural disasters (2), and chronic occupational stress (3) are reported to show various sustained alterations in cardiovascular function, including hypertension. Analogously, animal studies indicate cardiovascular effects consequent to environmental manipulations such as crowding, chronic territorial conflict (4), and imposition of stressful behavioral tasks (5, 6). Based on such observations, environmental or behavioral factors have been imputed various degrees of importance in the etiology of cardiovascular pathology (7), and it has even been suggested that acute emotional episodes can precipitate ventricular fibrillation and sudden death (8). In this context, there has been recent interest in the possible value of behavioral manipulation for the control and management of cardiovascular disease (e.g., 9, 10). However, much of the foundation for hypotheses relating behavior and cardiovascular activity derives from correlational observations, and it is only in recent years that systematic experimental efforts have been undertaken to explore possible relationships more precisely. It is the intent of this review to highlight recent developments in this area. Our focus is on controlled laboratory models; we have not attempted to review the more observational literature that contributed so importantly to the historical inception of this field. Our goal is to examine the degree to which we are able (1) to produce cardiovascular change with behavioral manipulation, (2) to spec-
Population Structure and Linkage Disequilibrium in U.S. Barley Germplasm: Implications for Association Mapping

Previous studies have shown that there is considerable population structure in cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), with the strongest structure corresponding to differences in row number and growth habit. U.S. barley breeding programs include six-row and two-row types and winter and spring types in all combinations. To facilitate mapping of complex traits in breeding germplasm, 1816 barley lines from 10 U.S. breeding programs were scored with 1536 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assays. The number of SNPs segregating within breeding programs varied from 854 to 1398. Model-based analysis of population structure showed the expected clustering by row type and growth habit; however, there was additional structure, some of which corresponded to the breeding programs. The model that fi t the data best had seven populations: three two-row spring, two six-row spring, and two six-row winter. Average linkage disequilibrium (LD) within populations decayed over a distance of 20 to 30 cM, but some populations showed long-range LD suggestive of admixture. Genetic distance (allele-sharing) between populations varied from 0.11 (six-row spring vs. six-row spring) to 0.45 (two-row spring vs. six-row spring). Analyses of pairwise LD revealed that the phase of allelic associations was not well correlated between populations, particularly when their allele-sharing distance was >0.2. These results suggest that pooling divergent barley populations for purposes of association mapping may be inadvisable.
Effects of extracellular matrix‐degrading proteases matrix metalloproteinases 3 and 9 on spatial learning and synaptic plasticity

Rats learning the Morris water maze exhibit hippocampal changes in synaptic morphology and physiology that manifest as altered synaptic efficacy. Learning requires structural changes in the synapse, and multiple cell adhesion molecules appear to participate. The activity of these cell adhesion molecules is, in large part, dependent on their interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Given that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are responsible for transient alterations in the ECM, we predicted that MMP function is critical for hippocampal‐dependent learning. In support of this, it was observed that hippocampal MMP‐3 and ‐9 increased transiently during water maze acquisition as assessed by western blotting and mRNA analysis. The ability of the NMDA receptor channel blocker MK801 to attenuate these changes indicated that the transient MMP changes were in large part dependent upon NMDA receptor activation. Furthermore, inhibition of MMP activity with MMP‐3 and ‐9 antisense oligonucleotides and/or MMP inhibitor FN‐439 altered long‐term potentiation and prevented acquisition in the Morris water maze. The learning‐dependent MMP alterations were shown to modify the stability of the actin‐binding protein cortactin, which plays an essential role in regulating the dendritic cytoskeleton and synaptic efficiency. Together these results indicate that changes in MMP function are critical to synaptic plasticity and hippocampal‐dependent learning.
Yield of cotton cultivars under different irrigation depths in the Brazilian semi-arid region

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de lâminas de irrigacao sobre o rendimento e eficiencia no uso da agua de cultivares de algodoeiro no semiarido brasileiro. Foi conduzido um experimento de campo por dois anos consecutivos, na regiao de Apodi, RN, com irrigacao por aspersao. O experimento consistiu de uma combinacao fatorial em parcelas subdivididas, sendo quatro lâminas de irrigacao (130; 100; 70 e 40%ETc) e quatro cultivares de algodoeiro (FiberMax 993, BRS 286, BRS 336 e BRS 335), em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repeticoes. Os dados foram avaliados atraves de teste de medias (Tukey) e analise de regressao. A produtividade com a menor lâmina aplicada (40% ETc) foi 48% menor se comparada a maior lâmina (130% ETc). A maior eficiencia no uso da agua foi encontrada com a lâmina de 70% ETc (0,69 kg m-3) e a maior produtividade de algodao em caroco foi alcancada com a lâmina de irrigacao igual a 130%ETc para todas as cultivares avaliadas. O fator de resposta do rendimento (Ky) foi igual a 0,632; 0,711; 0,784 e 0,858 para as cultivares FiberMarx 993, BRS 286, BRS 335 e BRS 336, respectivamente. As cultivares FiberMax 993 e BRS 286, no geral, apresentaram os melhores resultados, demonstrando serem mais indicadas para o cultivo irrigado na regiao semiarida.
Biochemical Characterization of Thermophilic Amylase Enzyme Isolated from Bacillus Strains

This study was conducted to screen for thermophillic Bacillus strains with amylase activity and to examine the amylase heat tolerance potentiality. It was, also this study was aimed to determine the optimal culture conditions for growth and amylase production. Two strains were isolated from soil: Bacillus sterothermophilus and Bacillus acidocaldarius. Two growth media were prepared to determine the optimal condition for amylase production, one was complex media containing starch 1.0%, yeast extract 0.04%, (NH4)2HPO4 0.4%, KCl 0.1% and MgSO47H2O 0.05%, and the other was semi-synthetic medium containing peptone 0.4%, (NH4)2HPO4 0.4%, NH4H2PO4 0.4% and KCl 1.0%. The two isolates grew better on complex medium than on semi synthetic medium and amylase production on complex medium was highly expressed ranging between 57.5-63.3 U/ml. Amylase activity was increased by increasing starch concentration. Bacillus acidocalarius compared to Bacillus sterothermophilus expressed a high extracellular amylase activity. The optimum temperature of amylase activity ranged between 50-70°C and the B. sterothermophilus amylase activity remained stable up to 70°C for 60 min.
THEORIES ON OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: PREDICTORS OF SHORT-TERM WEIGHT LOSS AND DISEASE PREVENTION IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

The following project is composed of two distinct parts. In the first part, a literature review was performed to explore the proposed mechanisms by which obesity leads to type 2 diabetes mellitus. While it is well-established that excess visceral fat is a strong risk factor for diabetes, there are alternative theories which attempt to explain this relationship. These include the portal hypothesis, the endocrine theory, and the ectopic fat theory. It was hypothesized that more than one theory could explain the link between obesity and diabetes. The results of the literature review supported this hypothesis, demonstrating an overlap between the endocrine theory and the ectopic fat theory underlying the diabetic-obesity relationship. The second part of this project examined data from the Activa y Sana pilot study to find child and parent-related predictors of short-term weight loss in elementary school children. Hours of TV watched per day and exercise intrinsic motivation are some examples of the variables explored. It was hypothesized that several predictors would be found using Pearsons Correlation Coefficients. The results showed that none of the correlations between child and parent data was statistically significant. Small sample size was a primary limitation of the analysis.
A 0.18-$\mu{\hbox {m}}$ CMOS Balanced Amplifier for 24-GHz Applications

A 24-GHz balanced amplifier (BA) with a 45-dB gain is realized in 0.18-mum CMOS technology. An effective technique, pi-type parallel resonance, is proposed to boost the high-frequency gain of a MOSFET by resonating out the inherent capacitances. The miniaturized lumped-element coupler in the circuit occupies a chip area of only ~2% compared to that of the conventional transmission-line coupler. The BA consumes 123 mW from a supply voltage of 1 V. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the proposed CMOS BA presents the highest gain of 45.0 dB with a chip area of 0.97 times 0.63 mm2 (core area: 0.78 times 0.43 mm2) among the published narrowband amplifiers with similar technologies and operation frequencies.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genetic Recombination Is More Frequent Than That of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus despite Similar Template Switching Rates

ABSTRACT Retroviral recombinants result from template switching between copackaged viral genomes. Here, marker reassortment between coexpressed vectors was measured during single replication cycles, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recombination was observed six- to sevenfold more frequently than murine leukemia virus (MLV) recombination. Template switching was also assayed by using transduction-type vectors in which donor and acceptor template regions were joined covalently. In this situation, where RNA copackaging could not vary, MLV and HIV-1 template switching rates were indistinguishable. These findings argue that MLV's lower intermolecular recombination frequency does not reflect enzymological differences. Instead, these data suggest that recombination rates differ because coexpressed MLV RNAs are less accessible to the recombination machinery than are coexpressed HIV RNAs. This hypothesis provides a plausible explanation for why most gammaretrovirus recombinants, although relatively rare, display evidence of multiple nonselected crossovers. By implying that recombinogenic template switching occurs roughly four times on average during the synthesis of every MLV or HIV-1 DNA, these results suggest that virtually all products of retroviral replication are biochemical recombinants.
Incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian patients: Analysis of clinical trials

Aim To review the effi cacy and safety data on incretin-based therapies currently available (exenatide, liraglutide, sitagliptin, vildagliptin) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian population. Methods We conducted Medline search of all relevant randomized clinical trials of incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian populations. Data pertinent to the effi cacy and safety of GLP-1 mimetics and DPP-4 inhibitors were extracted and used. Results We found 14 randomized controlled trials of incretin based-therapy which included 3567 type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian population (Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Indian). It was shown that incretin-based therapies improved HbA1c at higher extent (up to -1.42% in exenatide 10 mcg bid, -1.85% for liraglutide 0.9 mg qd, -1.4% for sitagliptin 100 mg and -1.4% for vildagliptin 50 mg bid) compared to the effects observed in studies with Caucasian population, with comparable safety profi le. Conclusion The effi cacy of incretin-based therapies in Asian patients improved glycemic parameters in a higher magnitude on some glycemic parameters compared with those in Caucasian population. These results indicate that incretin-based therapies may be more effective in Asian population than in Caucasian. (Med J Indones 2010; 19: 205-12)
Comparison of Exenatide and Metformin Monotherapy in Overweight/Obese Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes

Aims The present study assessed the therapeutic effect of exenatide and metformin as the initial therapy on overweight/obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods The prospective, nonrandomized, interventional study enrolled a total of 230 overweight or obese patients with newly diagnosed T2D who were administrated exenatide or metformin hydrochloride for 12 weeks. Results 224/230 patients, including 106 in the exenatide group and 118 in the metformin group, completed the 12-week treatment. Both exenatide and metformin significantly decreased the HbA1c levels in overweight/obese patients with newly diagnosed T2D (all P < 0.05). The reduction in HbA1c and the proportion of patients with HbA1c < 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) were higher in the exenatide group than in the metformin group (all P < 0.05). The exenatide treatment caused a greater decline in the body weight and BMI as compared to the metformin treatment (all P < 0.01). The exenatide treatment (β = 0.41, P < 0.01) and baseline HbA1c level (β = −0.84, P < 0.01) were independent influencing factors for the decrease in HbA1c level. Conclusions For an initial therapy in overweight/obese patients with newly diagnosed T2D, exenatide causes a better glycemic control than metformin. This trial is registered with NCT03297879.
‘If you’re gonna die, you’re gonna die’: Young adults’ perceptions of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy

Objectives To explore the views and experiences of young adults with epilepsy on the risks associated with, and information giving in relation to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Methods In-depth interviews with 27 young adults (aged 18–29 years) with epilepsy. Results Participants reported everyday experiences of seeking to control the risk of seizure occurrence or injury from seizures. In contrast, SUDEP was reported in more fatalistic terms as a risk that was considered to be largely unpreventable. Participants stated that information on SUDEP should be given to those with epilepsy, in a consultation, at or soon after the diagnosis, though clinical judgement on patients’ readiness was considered important in timing decisions. Many had a limited, sometimes incorrect understanding of SUDEP, yet were satisfied with the information they had received. Very few engaged in independent information seeking on SUDEP, and many deliberately avoided searching for further information. Discussion Our findings suggest that SUDEP was bracketed off from other aspects of participants’ epilepsy, in terms of the meanings attributed to it, perceptions of risk status and ways of coping. SUDEP is a case through which to consider how people give meaning to information about risk of sudden death related to chronic conditions.
Reference change value for alpha-fetoprotein and its application in early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatic disease.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent types of cancer worldwide, with an incidence of 150 cases per 100 000 inhabitants per year in Asia and Africa and ∼5 cases per 100 000 per year in Europe, North America, and Australia (1). HCC can occur in healthy livers, but it is generally associated with hepatic disease. Cirrhosis is the most important risk factor for its development (2). Many studies have been dedicated to the early detection of HCC in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), based on semiannual or annual measurement of serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) and ultrasound study of the liver. The interpretation of AFP results usually involves comparison with a fixed cutoff ranging from 20 to 500 μg/L, with sensitivities ranging from 33% to 64% (3)(4)(5). Another approach would be to assess changes in consecutive results from the same patient. To establish a criterion for dynamic assessment of a specific biological constituent, the first step is to define when a difference between two consecutive results indicates a change in a patient’s health status. The most widely accepted approach for this purpose is the so-called reference change value (RCV), a concept described by Harris and Brown (6). Using serial analytic results from the same individual for a specific constituent, it is possible to calculate the RCV that defines how large a difference between two consecutive determinations is statistically significant ( P <0.05). The RCV encompasses both biological and analytical variation. The RCV has been determined for various constituents in healthy persons and in some pathologies (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). In diseases that can modify the homeostatic set point and the degree of fluctuation of a specific constituent, the within-subject biological variation (BV) may be different …
C4d peritubular capillary staining in chronic allograft nephropathy and transplant glomerulopathy: an uncommon finding

The true incidence of positive C4d staining in the peritubular capillaries of biopsies with chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) and transplant glomerulopathy (TGP) remains controversial. We retrospectively reviewed all transplant biopsies performed at Saint Louis University Hospital between June 2002 and May 2004. We examined the incidence of positive C4d staining in the peritubular capillaries of biopsy specimens with pure CAN with or without features of TGP. We identified 54 biopsies in 43 patients showing CAN. The average age was 46 ± 13 years. The average creatinine at the time of biopsy was 308 ± 211 μmol/l (3.5 ± 2.4 mg/dl). Twenty (37%) biopsies exhibited features consistent with TGP. Only two biopsies had positive C4d staining in the peritubular capillaries. The C4d positive biopsies were from two different patients; one patient had donor specific antibodies (DSA) against HLA class 1 at the time of biopsy and the other patient had no detectable DSA. None of the TGP biopsies showed peritubular C4d staining. C4d staining of the peritubular capillaries appears to be rare in patients with pure CAN with and without TGP features.
Concomitant Ectatic Posterior Communicating Artery and Tentorial Meningioma as a Source of Oculomotor Palsy: Case Report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Although non-aneurysmal vascular compression of the oculomotor nerve is rare, it should be considered in the evaluation of unilateral oculomotor palsy. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 36-year-old non-diabetic man presented with two months of intermittent retro-orbital headache and third nerve paresis caused by compression of the oculomotor nerve between an ectatic, atherosclerotic posterior communicating artery (PComA) and a small tentorial meningioma. At operation, the subarachnoid portion of the nerve, prevented from migrating posteriorly and laterally by the meningioma, was grooved by the apex of the artery's loop. INTERVENTION: Microvascular decompression (MVD) of the artery loop from the nerve and resection of the meningioma were performed. Postoperatively, the patient's retro-orbital headache and oculomotor paresis, with the exception of mild anisocoria, resolved. Tumor infiltrating the posterior tentorium and lateral cavernous sinus was treated by Cyberknife radiosurgery five months later. One year after surgery, the patient had improvement in his headaches, full extra-ocular movements, and minimal residual anisocoria. CONCLUSION: Only one other report describes MVD of the third nerve from PComA compression. A review is presented of MVD carried out for similar cases of non-aneurysmal vascular compression of the oculomotor nerve. By analogy from cases in which an aneurysm is the compressing vascular structure, prompt surgical treatment is advocated. Complete evaluation of an isolated third nerve palsy should include MRI sequences designed to detect vascular compression of cranial nerves.