Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Success rate of mini- and micro-implants used for orthodontic anchorage: a prospective clinical study.

OBJECTIVES Whereas micro-implants have become a useful alternative as orthodontic anchorage elements in orthodontics, less is known about the clinical effectiveness of micro-implants. The aim of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the success rate of micro-implants used for orthodontic anchorage. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 133 mini-implants (79 Abso Anchor, 54 Dual Top implants) placed in 49 patients to support orthodontic tooth movements were examined in the study. The majority of the implants were placed in the maxilla (82), followed by the vestibular (42) and lingual (nine) aspect of the mandible. RESULTS An overall cumulative survival rate of 86.8% (102/133) was found by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The failure rate between Dual Top implants (13%) and Abso Anchor implants (30.4%) differed significantly (P=0.0196; log-rank test). The cumulative failure rate of implants was found to be significantly higher when implants were placed in the lingual aspect of the mandible compared with the other localizations (P=0.0011; log-rank test). Clinical evaluation revealed successful dental movements when implants remained stable during the orthodontic therapy. CONCLUSIONS The present results confirm the effectiveness of orthodontic micro-implants used as anchorage elements.
The Effect of Physical Distance Between Patrons and Servers on Tipping

Experimental studies showing that servers’ nonverbal behaviors are associated with variation in customers’ tipping have not tested the effect of interpersonal distance between the server and the customer. Five waitresses in three restaurants were asked to stand erect at varying distances from patrons, who were alone at their table, when taking orders. Short interpersonal distance was associated with both a greater frequency in tipping and an increased amount of money given. The results highlight the importance of proxemic behavior and the role of social interaction between customers and restaurant employees.
Analysis of Site Frequency Spectra from Arabidopsis with Context-Dependent Corrections for Ancestral Misinference

Previous studies have shown that the pattern of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) deviates from the distribution expected under a neutral model. Here, we test whether or not ancestral misinference could explain this deviation. We start by showing that there are significant and complex influences of context on mutation dynamics as inferred from SNP frequency, in Arabidopsis, and compare the results to observations about context dependency that have been made on a previous analysis of a maize (Zea mays) SNP dataset. The data concerning heterogeneity across sites are then used to make corrections for ancestral misinference in a context-dependent manner. Using Arabidopsis lyrata to infer the ancestral state for SNPs, we show that the resulting unfolded site frequency spectrum (SFS) in Arabidopsis is skewed toward sites with high frequency derived nucleotides. Sites are also partitioned into two general functional classes, second codon position and 4-fold degenerate sites. These two classes show different SFS; although both show an overrepresentation of high frequency derived sites, low frequency derived sites are vastly overrepresented at the second codon position, but significantly underrepresented at 4-fold degenerate sites. We find that these results are robust to corrections for ancestral misinference, even when context-dependent variation in mutation properties is taken into consideration. The data suggest that, in addition to purifying selection, complex demographic events and/or linked positive selection need to be invoked to explain the SFS, and they highlight the importance of sequence context in analyses of genome-wide variation.
Activation of Glutamate Dehydrogenase by Leucine and Its Nonmetabolizable Analogue in Rat Brain Synaptosomes

Leucine and β‐(±)‐2‐aminobicyclo[2.2. 1]heptane‐2‐carboxylic acid (BCH) stimulated, in a dose‐dependent manner, reductive amination of 2‐oxoglutarate in rat brain synaptosomes treated with Triton X‐100. The concentration dependence curves were sigmoid, with 10–15‐fold stimulations at 15 mM leucine (or BCH); oxidative deamination of glutamate also was enhanced, albeit less. In intact synaptosomes, leucine and BCH elevated oxygen uptake and increased ammonia formation, consistent with stimulation of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Enhancement of oxidative deamination was seen with endogenous as well as exogenous glutamate and with glutamate generated inside synaptosomes from added glutamine. With endogenous glutamate, the stimulation of oxidative deamination was accompanied by a decrease in aspartate formation, which suggests a concomitant reduction in flux through aspartate aminotransferase. Activation of reductive amination of 2‐oxoglutarate by BCH or leucine could not be demonstrated even in synaptosomes depleted of internal glutamate. It is suggested that GDH in synaptosomes functions in the direction of glutamate oxidation, and that leucine may act as an endogenous activator of GDH in brain in vivo.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE NETHERLANDS

One of the major goals of current Dutch economic policy is to increase labour productivity growth. In order to achieve this goal a Dutch innovation platform is established, chaired by the Dutch Prime Minister Balkenende, with the aim to reinforce the innovativeness of the Dutch economy. Innovation has a positive effect on productivity growth (Donselaar et al. 2004). Besides this macro policy goal, the most recent memorandum on regional policy 'Pieken in de Delta'(EZ 2004) makes it clear that enhancing productivity growth is an
The Firm or the Region: What Determines the Innovation Behavior of European Firms?

Abstract This paper examines the determinants of innovation behavior in European firms that are predominantly small and medium in size. The aim is to assess the absolute as well as the relative impact on innovation behavior of firm-specific (i.e., internal) factors on the one hand and region-specific characteristics on the other. Two hypotheses are advanced and tested. The first is that—contrary in part to some recent literature on regional and national innovation systems—firm-specific determinants of innovation are more important than either region-specific or external factors. The second hypothesis is that in high-tech regions dominated by a small number of very large firms the innovation behavior of the smaller firms is more strongly influenced by regional factors than by factors internal to the firm. Whereas the first hypothesis is confirmed by the empirical results presented here, the second is not. Because firm-level innovation determinants are of great importance in the European regions investigated in this study, we suggest that local innovation policy should focus more on the specific needs of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in particular regions than on improving regional conditions for innovation in general. The analysis is mainly based on data from the European Regional Innovation Survey (ERIS) and includes information from more than 8,000 interviews with manufacturing firms, service firms, and research institutions in 11 European regions. The logit analyses reported in this paper used data from some 1,800 manufacturing firms.
Exchanging access goods for access: A comparative study of business lobbying in the European Union institutions

The aim of this article is to test empirically a theory of access that investigates the logic behind the apparent ad hoc lobbying behavior of business interests in the European Union (EU) multi-level system. First, a theoretical framework is set out that attempts to explain the access of different organizational forms of business interest representation - companies, associations and consultants - to the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers. The degree of access to these institutions is explained in terms of a theory of the supply and demand of access goods. Access goods concern information that is crucial in the EU policy-making process. In return for access to an EU institution, business interests have to provide the access good(s) demanded by that institution. A number of specific hypotheses about access are analyzed in an extensive empirical study of the EU financial services sector. On the basis of 126 exploratory and semi-structured interviews, the hypotheses are checked across the three EU institutions.
ADHD in College Students

Objective: According to the American Psychiatric Association, 3% to 7% of the school-age population has ADHD and many children continue to display significant symptoms throughout adolescences and adulthood. Relative to the childhood literature, less is known about ADHD in adults, especially college students with ADHD. The principle purpose of this review articles is to summarize the major research findings concerning ADHD in the college student population with regard to prevalence of symptoms, neuropsychological and psychological functioning. Overall, findings suggest that college students with ADHD are at greater risk for academic and psychological difficulties, and they perform similar to non-ADHD controls on many neuropsychological tasks. These findings are preliminary, however, and are tempered by the small number of studies that have been conducted as well as the methodological limitations of these studies. Conclusion: Future research using larger sample sizes, rigorous assessment criteria, and a longitudinal design is needed to better understand the psychological, academic, and neuropsychological functioning of college students with ADHD. Studies are also needed to elucidate the effects of pharmacological and nonpharmacological effects of treatment on the functioning of college students with this disorder.
Central projections and trigeminal ganglion location of corneal afferent neurons in the monkey, Macaca fascicularis

The method of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidasewheat germ agglutinin conjugate (HRP‐WGA) was used to determine the location within the monkey trigeminal ganglion of the primary afferent neurons that innervate the cornea, and the brainstem and spinal cord termination sites of these cells. In each of four animals, Gelfoam pledgets were saturated with 2% HRP‐WGA in saline and applied to the scratched surface of the central cornea for 30 minutes. Postmortem examination of the corneal whole mounts revealed that the tracer solution remained confined to approximately the central one‐fourth of the cornea with no spread into the peripheral cornea or limbus. Seventy‐two to 96 hours after tracer application, 126–242 labeled cell bodies were observed in the medial region of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion. The majority of neurons were concentrated in an area of the ganglion that lay directly caudal to the entering fibers of the ophthalmic nerve, but smaller numbers of cells lay somewhat more laterally, near the region where the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves come together. A very small number of neurons in one animal innervated the cornea by sending their fibers into the maxillary nerve. HRP‐WGA‐labeled terminal fields were present to some extent in all four major rostrocaudal subdivisions of the ipsilateral trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex (TBNC), but the size of the terminal fields and the intensity of labeling differed markedly from one level of the TBNC to the next. Labeled fibers projected heavily to the transitional zone between caudal pars interpolaris and rostral pars caudalis (i.e., the “periobex” region of the TBNC) and moderately to the trigeminal main sensory nucleus, pars oralis, and caudal pars caudalis at the level of the pyramidal decussation. Remaining areas of the TBNC, including rostral pars interpolaris and the midlevel of pars caudalis, received few, if any, corneal afferent projections. Occasional labeled fibers were observed in the dorsal horn of C1 and in the rostral half of C2. It is hoped that data generated in the current investigation of nonhuman primates will contribute to a better understanding of the neural substrates that subserve corneal sensation and the blink reflex in humans.
Reproductive pattern, perinatal mortality, and sex preference in rural Tamil Nadu, South India: community based, cross sectional study

Abstract Objectives: To study reproductive pattern and perinatal mortality in rural Tamil Nadu, South India. Design: Community based, cross sectional questionnaire study of 30 randomly selected areas served by health subcentres. Setting: Rural parts of Salem District, Tamil Nadu, South India. Subjects: 1321 women and their offspring delivered in the 6 months before the interview. Main outcome measures: Number of pregnancies, pregnancy outcome, spacing of pregnancies, sex of offspring, perinatal and neonatal mortality rates. Results: 41% of the women (535) were primiparous; 7 women (0.5%) were grand multiparous (>6 births). The women had a mean age of 22 years and a mean of 2.3 pregnancies and 1.8 live children. The sex ratio at birth of the index children was 107 boys per 100 girls. The stillbirth rate was 13.5/1000 births, the neonatal mortality rate was 35.3/1000, and the perinatal mortality rate was 42.0/1000. Girls had an excess neonatal mortality (rate ratio 3.42; 95% confidence interval 1.68 to 6.98; this was most pronounced among girls born to multiparous women with no living sons (rate ratio 15.48 (2.04 to 177.73) v 1.87 (0.63 to 5.58) in multiparous women with at least one son alive). Conclusions: In this rural part of Tamil Nadu, women had a controlled reproductive pattern. The excess neonatal mortality among girls constitutes about one third of the perinatal mortality rate. It seems to be linked to a preference for sons and should therefore be addressed through a holistic societal approach rather than through specific healthcare measures. Key messages In this area of Tamil Nadu, women have a controlled reproductive pattern, with an average of 2.3 pregnancies and 1.8 living children; the average age at the birth of the first child is 20 The sex ratio at birth is 107 boys to 100 girls Girls have a substantial excess neonatal mortality, which is most pronounced among girls born to multiparous women with no living sons This excess neonatal mortality among girls seems to be linked to a preference for sons and must be addressed through a holistic societal approach
Pension Portability and Labor Market Efficiency: A Survey of the Literature

This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature evaluating the labor market effects of policies to enhance pension portability. One perspective is that reducing the cost of job change will result in a more efficient allocation of workers. In contrast, long-term employment contract models suggest that incentives established by nonportable pensions may enhance efficiency by discouraging quits when there are job-specific productivity gains. No empirical studies have produced estimates conclusively showing that workers covered by pensions are more productive than other workers. Various indirect evidence, however—for example, on the relationship between pensions and wages, the pattern of pension coverage across workers and jobs, and the effect of pensions on layoffs—is consistent with pension-related productivity gains.
Accelerating Inflation, Technological Innovation, and the Decreasing Effectiveness of Banking Regulation

To explain the evolution of U.S. deposit institutions and markets in the 1960sand 1970s, we feed into the regulatory dialectic assumptions about the objectives of federal banking regulation and about outside forces that disturb the adjustment process. The disturbing exogenous forces are accelerating change in the technological and market environment of commercial banking and increasing uncertainty concerning the future speed of enviromental change. We hypothesize that, in the face of these environmental changes, the adaptive efficiency shown on average by deposit-institution managers is greater than that shown by managers of the several competing banking agencies. Incorporating this differential adaptive capacity into the regulatory dialectic helps us to understand how increases in the pace of environmental change and in the degree of environmental uncertainty led regulatee responses to come more quickly and regulatory responses to come more slowly. The bottom line is that, when the environment changes rapidly and becomes more uncertain, traditional forms of U.S. banking regulation can be overwhelmed by technological and regulation-induced innovation.
Neighbourhood Restructuring and Residential Relocation: Towards a Balanced Perspective on Relocation Processes and Outcomes

This introductory paper to this special issue of Housing Studies questions whether various characteristics of the debate and research on gentrification, displacement and restructuring justify a largely negative perspective on the processes and outcomes of ‘forced’ residential relocation. We argue that a proper and fuller consideration of issues around policy, context, process and outcomes enable researchers and commentators to avoid ready characterisations and self-fulfilling investigations of restructuring which serve to present it as a singular (and somewhat suspicious or conspiratorial) phenomenon. For this purpose, we present a broad conceptual framework for restructuring and relocation studies, based on these four themes. Subsequently, we review major issues in restructuring and gentrification discourses, and briefly reflect upon some of the factors underlying the negative loading of the term displacement. We also identify caveats in the evidence base of relocation studies, both in the United States and in Europe. Finally, we introduce the papers in this special issue. The overall aim of this issue is to offer a more open, balanced starting position for analysis of urban restructuring processes and relocation outcomes, particularly in relation to areas of social housing.
Creating opportunities. Policies aimed at increasing openings for immigrant entrepreneurs in the Netherlands

Since the 1980s, subsequent Dutch governments have promoted self-employment of immigrants to reduce their unemployment rates. These policies have been focused on the (potential) actors themselves, i.e. the immigrants who have started or who may want to start a business. Taking mixed embeddedness as a point of departure, entrepreneurship and self-employment cannot be solely understood by focusing on the micro-level but has to include the larger macro and meso structures that impact on these actors' choices. In this paper, therefore, the focus is on the opportunity structure and on the policies that affect this set of options for starting a (small) business. A typology of policies that may alter this opportunity structure is offered.
Postoperative Analgesia: Economics, Resource Use, and Patient Satisfaction in an Urban Teaching Hospital

We sought to describe the economic and humanistic burden after total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH), total hip replacement (THR), or total knee replacement (TKR) surgery. Resource use and costs were estimated from the hospital perspective. The mean worst pain severity was 8.9, 8.1, and 7.6 on a 0- to 10-point scale after TAH, THR, and TKR, respectively. Postoperative pain was worst on postoperative day 1 after TAH or THR, and on postoperative day 2 after TKR. Analgesic medications relieved from 60% to nearly 78% of postoperative pain, but participants re- ported moderate-to-high levels of interference with general activity, walking ability, and sleep because of postoperative pain. Most costs were attributed to the hospital admission and operating room. The average length of hospitalization was 2.8 days after TAH, and 3.9 days after THR or TKR. This study provides insight into patients’ experience with pain after common surgeries, perioperative costs, and medical resource use.
Proinflammatory Signature of the Dysfunctional Endothelium in Pulmonary Hypertension. Role of the Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor/CD74 Complex.

RATIONALE Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are considered two primary instigators of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). CD74 is a receptor for the proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). This ligand/receptor complex initiates survival pathways and cell proliferation, and it triggers the synthesis and secretion of major proinflammatory factors and cell adhesion molecules. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that the MIF/CD74 signaling pathway is overexpressed in idiopathic PAH (iPAH) and contributes to a proinflammatory endothelial cell (EC) phenotype. METHODS Primary early passage cultures of human ECs isolated from lung tissues obtained from patients with iPAH and controls were examined for their ability to secrete proinflammatory mediators and bind inflammatory cells with or without modulation of the functional activities of the MIF/CD74 complex. In addition, we tested the efficacies of curative treatments with either the MIF antagonist ISO-1 or anti-CD74 neutralizing antibodies on the aberrant proinflammatory EC phenotype in vitro and in vivo and on the progression of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In human lung tissues, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin expressions are markedly up-regulated in the endothelium of distal iPAH pulmonary arteries. Circulating MIF levels are increased in the serum of patients with PAH compared with control subjects, and T-cell lymphocytes represent a source of this overabundance. In addition, CD74 is highly expressed in the endothelium of muscularized pulmonary arterioles and in cultured pulmonary ECs from iPAH, contributing to an exaggerated recruitment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to pulmonary iPAH ECs. Finally, we found that curative treatments with the MIF antagonist ISO-1 or anti-CD74 neutralizing antibodies partially reversed development of pulmonary hypertension in rats and substantially reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS We report here that CD74 and MIF are markedly increased and activated in patients with iPAH, contributing to the abnormal proinflammatory phenotype of pulmonary ECs in iPAH.
Controlling Local Environmental Performance: an analysis of three national environmental management programs in the context of regional disparities in China

Whether government has the political will and capacity to control pollution is crucial for environmental outcomes. A vast country such as China, with centralized policymaking but idiosyncratic local implementation of environmental regulations and drastic regional disparities in wealth, raises the question of how does the central government stimulate local environmental commitment to accommodate such diversity? In exploring this issue, this paper compares three national environmental management programs that are used as influencing and bargaining tools between the central and local governments of China: Quantitative Examination of Comprehensive Control of Urban Environment (1989), Model City for Protecting the Environment (1997) and pilot Green Gross Domestic Product (2005). Although the introduction of these schemes represents an important step forward in addressing demanding environmental issues their impact is found to be mixed. However, each scheme also has something important to offer to this particular realm of environmental management and by recognizing and compiling their comparative advantages a number of policy implications for future local commitment towards and capacity for environmental protection can be provided.