Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with Conservation Participation by Local Communities in Gaurishankar Conservation Area Project, Nepal

Information about the factors associated with conservation participation by local communities is important to garner support and involvement within a natural protected area. This research examined how residents’ natural resource dependency and other social, economic, and access-related variables predict conservation participation. Data were collected based on a stratified random sampling of households from Gaurishankar Conservation Area Project (GCAP)—a newly designated mountainous protected area in Nepal. Analysis was conducted via an ordered logistic regression model. Higher levels of participation were observed among households that comprised of a larger family size, belonged to a higher caste/ethnicity, resided in higher elevations, and noted frequent visits and interactions with park management staff. However, natural resources dependency (i.e., income and fuelwood fodder) lacked a statistically significant relationship with conservation participation. Similarly, the economic dimension (i.e., land holdings and total livestock unit) was not a significant predictor of participation. Overall, key findings suggest that conservation participation at GCAP needs to be improved with multiple outreach activities, especially to resource-dependent households. More specifically, it is important to ensure equitable access so that locals can participate in programs that provide alternative resource use options, skills development, and trainings for income generation activities.
Association between natural killer cell activity and prostate cancer: a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION Natural killer (NK) cells play a significant role in tumor cell immunosurveillance. The association between the activity of NK cells and prostate cancer has previously been demonstrated using conventional research-based tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aim of the present pilot study was to study the association between NK cell activity (NKA) and prostate cancer using a simple blood test. Subjects that had previously been selected for prostate biopsy underwent a blood test for NKA using an in vitro diagnostic device (IVDD) (NK Vue, ATGen Canada Inc., Laval, QC, Canada) prior to biopsy. RESULTS Of the 43 subjects sent for prostate biopsy, 22 were found to have prostate cancer. The test performance of the NKA IVDD, assessed using receiver operating characteristics, showed an area under the curve of 75%, a sensitivity of 57%, a specificity of 91%, a positive predictive value of 86% and a negative predictive value of 69%, with an odds ratio of 13.33. Using a cut off of 200 pg/mL for NKA, the absolute risk of having prostate cancer with NKA values below this level was found to be 86%. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study showed that subjects with low values of NKA were more likely to have a positive outcome at prostate biopsy.
Racial Identity and the Political Ideologies of Afro-Caribbean Immigrants

Although the number of Black immigrants in the United States is increasing, few studies have examined whether they assimilate into the liberal ideologies with which U.S.-born Blacks are typically affiliated. Using data from the National Survey on American Life, this study examines how identity formation and generational status among Black Caribbean immigrants moderate their ideological differences with U.S.-born Blacks. It shows that Black Caribbean immigrants are more likely to identify with more conservative ideologies as generational status increases. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the adoption of a Black American racial identity is not by itself associated with an ideological convergence between Black Caribbean immigrants and U.S.-born Blacks. More assimilated Black immigrants who prefer Black American rather than non-Black identities are still more likely to be conservative compared with U.S.-born Blacks. The analysis further provides a nuanced understanding of the relationship between Black racial solidarity and the political ideologies of Caribbean immigrants. It finds that immigrants who both embrace a Black American identity and are members of Black advancement organizations are more likely to have similar political ideologies as U.S.-born Blacks. However, these similarities disappear as assimilation increases.
Prenatal Course and Postnatal Management of Peripheral Bronchial Atresia: Association with Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of the Lung

Objective: Peripheral bronchial atresia (PBA), a newly identified fetal lung lesion, is often asymptomatic and managed nonoperatively. However, recent studies suggest that bronchial atresia plays a role in the etiology of microcystic maldevelopment present in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations (CCAM) which require resection to decrease the risk of infection, pneumothorax and malignant degeneration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prenatal radiographic and postnatal computed tomography (CT) scan/pathology findings with attention to the pathologic diagnosis of microcystic maldevelopment in infants with the presumptive diagnosis of PBA. Methods: A retrospective review of prenatal and postnatal records of patients diagnosed with fetal lung lesions was performed. Two groups of patients were identified: (1) patients diagnosed with PBA on postnatal CT scan (n = 16), and (2) patients with the pathologically confirmed diagnosis of PBA independent of postnatal CT findings (n = 23). Results: Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of these lesions included CCAMs, hybrid lesions, bronchopulmonary sequestrations and bronchial atresia. Eleven of the 16 patients in group 1 with the postnatal radiologic diagnosis of PBA underwent surgical resection, 6 of which were found to have microcystic changes consistent with CCAM. Evaluation of the 23 patients in group 2 with pathologically confirmed PBA identified 65% that had evidence of microcystic maldevelopment consistent with the small cyst type of CCAM. Conclusion: Radiographically diagnosed PBA as well as pathologically confirmed PBA is frequently associated with microcystic changes consistent with the small cyst type of CCAM. Thus, operative management should be considered for PBA to decrease CCAM-associated risks.
Exploring Ecological Factors Influencing Economic Advocacy for Domestic Violence Survivors

5 Introduction.6 Intimate Partner Violence.6 Prevalence of IPV. ,. 6 Physical and Psychological Problems.7 Economic Problems.8 Finances.8 Education.9 Employment.10 Additional Economic Problems.11 Survivor’s Safety.11 IPV Services.13 Challenges and Facilitators for Service Providers.14 IPV Economic Services.16 Economic Empowerment Programs.16 Economic Services in Illinois . 19 Social Ecological Theory.21 Current Study (Rationale). 24 Research questions.26 Method. 27 Research Participants.27 Procedure.28 ECONOMIC ADVOCACY FOR IPV SURVIVORS 3 Recruitment.28 Interviewing procedures.29 Data Analysis.31 Results.33 Overview.34 Individual.34 Perceptions of self.35 Understanding.35 Persistence.36 Discouragement.36 Hope.37 Perceptions of survivors.38 Uninformed about economic/financial issues.38 Marginalized.39 Empowered.41 Disempowered.42 Psychological well-being.43 Connectedness . 46 Knowledge of Resources . 48 Organizational . 50 Supportive atmosphere . 50 Advocates . 51 Survivors . 52 ECONOMIC ADVOCACY FOR IPV SURVIVORS 4 Formal procedures . 53 Managing multiple roles . 56 Resources . 59 Education/Training.59 Economic Empowerment curriculums . 62 Technology.65 Funding/Grants.68 Discussion.72 Major Findings and Implications.72 Limitations and Future Research.78 References.81 Appendix A. Initial Email from ICADV.89 Appendix B. Phone Call Recruitment Script.91 Appendix C. Email Recruitment Script.92 Appendix D. ICADV Letter of Support. 93 Appendix E. Reminder Email.94 Appendix F. Interview Questions. 95 ECONOMIC ADVOCACY FOR IPV SURVIVORS 5
Back to the Suitcase? Emigration during the Great Recession in Spain

Abstract The complex and multidimensional economic crisis experienced by Spain since 2008 significantly altered migration patterns in this country. Large scale unemployment contributed to slow down migrant inflows and accelerated out-migration flows in Spain. The media coverage of these processes created a distorted image of the patterns of migration affecting Spain during the crisis. Although the incipient economic recovery has not had a major impact in terms of modifying the migration dynamics triggered by the crisis, the media attention to this issue has substantially decreased without questioning its previous approach to the phenomenon. This article presents extensive data from a wide range of sources covering the period 2008–2016 to extract detailed information about the reality of crisis-era migration flows in Spain, and discusses the extent to which the media treatment of the issue has contributed to a partial and misleading view of the causes and consequences of the new Spanish emigration.
Clinical Course and Pathology in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) After Experimental Cowpox Virus Infection by Percutaneous and Intranasal Application

Recently, several cases of human cowpox virus (CPXV) infections were reported in France and Germany, which had been acquired through close contact with infected pet rats. The animals exhibited respiratory signs or skin lesions and died shortly after purchase. After natural infection of white rats with CPXV in the USSR in 1978, a peracute pulmonary form, a milder dermal form, and a mixed form exhibiting features of both have been described. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, 3 experimental cowpox virus infection studies using rats have been performed to date; however, neither results of histomorphological examinations nor immunohistochemical analyses have yet been reported in rats after experimental infections. To investigate the impact of the infection route on the clinical course, the development of lesions, and tropism, rats were infected intradermally, intranasally, or by a combination of both routes. The authors found a correlation between clinical manifestation, pathology, and infection routes. Intradermal and contact exposure yielded a mild dermal form, characterized by the development of vesiculopustular dermatitis. In contrast, intranasally infected animals died peracutely, showing severe dyspnea. Occasionally, a combination of the dermal and the respiratory form occurred after intranasal infection. Immunohistochemically, CPXV antigen was detected in the epithelial and mesenchymal cells of the upper respiratory tract and affected skin lesions and rarely in mesenchymal cells of lymph nodes. This is the first histomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis of CPXV in rats after experimental infection.
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Repair for Recurrent Patellar Dislocation

Background The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the primary restraint to extreme lateral displacement and is typically disrupted with an acute lateral patellar dislocation. Patients who fail a comprehensive nonoperative program and experience recurrent lateral patellar instability episodes are candidates for surgical treatment. Current surgical procedures include a variety of proximal realignment techniques, including repair or reconstruction of the MPFL along with distal realignment of the tibial tubercle when indicated. Purpose The objective of this study was to review the clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes of isolated MPFL repair for recurrent lateral patellar dislocation. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods The records of all patients undergoing MPFL repair for recurrent patellar dislocation at the Mayo Clinic from 2001 to 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-seven patients (29 knees) with an average age of 19 years (range, 11-32 years) were included in this study. Clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes were assessed at an average of 4 years after surgery (range, 2-7 years), using recurrent instability as the primary end point. Results The success rate of MPFL repair for preventing recurrent dislocations was 72% (21 of 29 knees). Eight patients (28%) experienced a recurrent lateral patellar dislocation. Five of these patients required a reoperation, including two MPFL reconstructions, 1 tibial tubercle osteotomy with MPFL reconstruction, 1 tibial tubercle osteotomy with revision MPFL repair, and 1 revision MPFL repair. At final follow-up, the mean Lysholm and Kujala scores were 86 (range, 42-100) and 92 (range, 57-105), respectively. Postoperative radiographs revealed a mean patellofemoral congruence angle improvement of 27° (range, 5°-44°). The only statistically significant risk factor for failure was nonanatomical MPFL repair at the medial femoral condyle (P = .004). Conclusion Isolated repair of the MPFL for recurrent patellar instability is associated with a relatively high failure rate, but remains a viable surgical option if surgical technique principles are followed. The clinical success of this operation depends on restoration of the anatomical origin of the MPFL and careful patient selection.
Itraconazole solution: higher serum drug concentrations and better clinical response rates than the capsule formulation in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with candidosis.

AIMS: To compare the serum concentrations of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole after treatment with itraconazole cyclodextrin solution and itraconazole capsules in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients with oral candidosis. METHODS: The pharmacokinetics of itraconazole and its active metabolite hydroxy-itraconazole were assessed on days 1 and 7 of therapy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients with oral candidosis taking either itraconazole solution or capsules and the serum concentrations (measured by high performance liquid chromatography) correlated with the clinical response to therapy. In addition, the in vitro susceptibility of Candida spp isolates taken from patients at the start of the therapy was assessed. RESULTS: Nine of 16 patients treated with itraconazole capsules and eight of 15 treated with the solution responded to treatment. Three of the non-responders in each treatment group were infected with isolates resistant to itraconazole in vitro. Although with both preparations there was considerable inter-patient variability in the maximum recorded serum concentrations of itraconazole, they were significantly lower on day 1 and day 7 in those receiving capsules compared with those taking the solution. Patients unresponsive to therapy, but infected with susceptible isolates, had significantly lower concentrations of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole levels on days 1 and 7 than patients responding to treatment. However, patients infected with itraconazole resistant isolates (tested in vitro) failed to respond to treatment despite achieving similar serum concentrations of itraconazole and hydroxy-itraconazole to the responsive patients. For patients with in vitro susceptible isolates a serum itraconazole concentration of < 1000 ng/ml on day 7 was predictive of therapeutic failure (specificity 71%, sensitivity 100%). CONCLUSIONS: Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution achieves higher serum itraconazole and hydroxy-itraconazole concentrations than the capsule formulation in AIDS patients, and this is associated with improved efficacy.
Are Sex Differences in Preferences for Physical Attractiveness and Good Earning Capacity in Potential Mates Smaller in Countries With Greater Gender Equality?

On average, women show stronger preferences for mates with good earning capacity than men do, while men show stronger preferences for physically attractive mates than women do. Studies reporting that sex differences in mate preferences are smaller in countries with greater gender equality have been interpreted as evidence that these sex differences in mate preferences are caused by the different roles society imposes on men and women. Here, we attempted to replicate previously reported links between sex differences in mate preferences and country-level measures of gender inequality in a sample of 3,073 participants from 36 countries (data and code available at https://osf.io/4sr5f/). Although women preferred mates with good earning capacity more than men did and men preferred physically attractive mates more than women did, we found little evidence that these sex differences were smaller in countries with greater gender equality. Although one analysis suggested that the sex difference in preferences for good earning capacity was smaller in countries with greater gender equality, this effect was not significant when controlling for Galton’s problem or when correcting for multiple comparisons. Collectively, these results provide little support for the social roles account of sex differences in mate preferences.
Cerivastatin prevents angiotensin II-induced renal injury independent of blood pressure- and cholesterol-lowering effects.

BACKGROUND Statins are effective in prevention of end-organ damage; however, the benefits cannot be fully explained on the basis of cholesterol reduction. We used an angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent model to test the hypothesis that cerivastatin prevents leukocyte adhesion and infiltration, induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and ameliorates end-organ damage. METHODS We analyzed intracellular targets, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase and transcription factor (nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1) activation. We used immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. We treated rats transgenic for human renin and angiotensinogen (dTGR) chronically from week 4 to 7 with cerivastatin (0.5 mg/kg by gavage). RESULTS Untreated dTGR developed hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and renal damage, with a 100-fold increased albuminuria and focal cortical necrosis. dTGR mortality at the age of seven weeks was 45%. Immunohistochemistry showed increased iNOS expression in the endothelium and media of small vessels, infiltrating cells, afferent arterioles, and glomeruli of dTGR, which was greater in cortex than medulla. Phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (p-ERK) was increased in dTGR; nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 were both activated. Cerivastatin decreased systolic blood pressure compared with untreated dTGR (147 +/- 14 vs. 201 +/- 6 mm Hg, P < 0.001). Albuminuria was reduced by 60% (P = 0.001), and creatinine was lowered (0.45 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.68 +/- 0.05 mg/dL, P = 0. 003); however, cholesterol was not reduced. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression was diminished, while neutrophil and monocyte infiltration in the kidney was markedly reduced. ERK phosphorylation and transcription factor activation were reduced. In addition, in vitro incubation of vascular smooth muscle cells with cerivastatin (0.5 micromol/L) almost completely prevented the Ang II-induced ERK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Cerivastatin reduced inflammation, cell proliferation, and iNOS induction, which led to a reduction in cellular damage. Our findings suggest that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition ameliorates Ang II-induced end-organ damage. We suggest that these effects were independent of cholesterol.
Emergency management of migraine: is the headache really over?

OBJECTIVES To observe headache frequency after release for acute migraine sufferers treated in an ED; to observe the impact after-release headaches and associated symptoms have on quality of life; and to document the variability in migraine management in an emergency setting. METHODS Prospective observational study, including 24- and 72-hour telephone follow-up. RESULTS Over a 4-month period, 143 patients with headaches (149 visits) were observed in the ED. Of 108 patients successfully contacted, the incidence of headache in the first 24 hours after release was 49.1%. Forty-two patients left the ED without pain; 13 of these subsequently had return of headache. Sixty-six left with some degree of pain, with 40 having headache persistence at 24 hours. The difference in 24-hour headache rate between the 2 groups is significant (p=0.008). Five patients still had headaches at 72 hours after release, but 54 of 70 contacted had taken medication for their symptoms between 24 and 72 hours after release. Forty-five percent were not back to normal function at 24 hours, while 21 of 70 were still not sleeping well at 72 hours. Finally, 8 different classes of medications were used in the ED for migraine headaches, with 20 patients receiving at least 3 types of medication. CONCLUSIONS Treatment for acute migraine headache in this emergency setting was variable. Patients not obtaining complete relief in the ED had a higher rate of headache after release than did those who left with no pain. Migraine sufferers may have normal daily function affected for up to 72 hours or longer after ED treatment.
MRI of coronary vessel walls using radial k-space sampling and steady-state free precession imaging.

OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to investigate the impact of radial k-space sampling and steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging on image quality in MRI of coronary vessel walls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eleven subjects were examined on a 1.5-T MR system using three high-resolution navigator-gated and cardiac-triggered 3D black blood sequences (cartesian gradient-echo [GRE], radial GRE, and radial SSFP) with identical spatial resolution (0.9 x 0.9 x 2.4 mm3). The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), vessel wall sharpness, and motion artifacts were analyzed. RESULTS The mean SNR and CNR of the coronary vessel wall were improved using radial imaging and were best using radial k-space sampling combined with SSFP imaging. Vessel border definition was similar for all three sequences. Radial k-space sampling was found to be less sensitive to motion. Consistently good image quality was seen with the radial GRE sequence. CONCLUSION Radial k-space sampling in MRI of coronary vessel walls resulted in fewer motion artifacts and improved SNR and CNR. The use of SSFP imaging, however, did not result in improved coronary vessel wall visualization.
Explaining the Increase in Condom Use Among South African Young Females

Since 1998 South Africa has experienced stability in HIV prevalence among its 15 to 19 year olds, and to a lesser extent among its 20 to 24 year olds. While a few studies point to behavioural change, mainly an increase in condom use, none has established the reasons. This article explores the influence of various information sources about AIDS upon the use of condoms among rural and urban South African young females, using the South Africa Demographic Health Survey of 1998 (1998 SADHS), while controlling for various socioeconomic and cultural parameters. The results show that condom use among urban residents was positively correlated with mass media exposure, television as a source of information about AIDS, and the number of mass media sources from which the respondent received information about AIDS. Condom use among rural residents was associated with the number of sources of information about AIDS, exposure to mass media, and the language and education of the respondent. Among urban residents condom use was almost twice as high as among rural residents. The results from the article indicate that three elements influenced the increase in condom use among females: the threat of AIDS, mass media, and receptiveness to condom use. The receptiveness was culturally dependent.