Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Full blood count and reticulocyte count in painful sickle crisis

Report by Aaron W Bernard, Arvind Venkat, Emergency Physicians Checked by Michael S Lyons, Emergency Physician Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA ### Abstract A short cut review was carried out to establish whether routine haematological testing is useful in patients with painful sickle crisis. 21 papers were found using the reported searches, of which three presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date, and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results, and study weaknesses of these best papers are tabulated. It is concluded that routine haematological testing does not alter management decisions in these patients. ### Three part question In a [patient with painful sickle crisis] does a [complete blood count or reticulocyte cell count] alter …
Regulatory T cells—the renaissance of the suppressor T cells

Immune reactions are stringently regulated and balanced by complex interactions of stimulating and suppressing mechanisms. Dysfunctions of this sophisticated immune regulatory network can lead to a variety of diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy, cancer, and pregnancy disorders. The rediscovery of suppressor T cells a decade ago—now designated as T regulatory cells—set off a huge avalanche of research activities leading to a multitude of preclinical and clinical studies. Herein, we give a comprehensive review about this research on T regulatory cells and the relevance of this suppressive T cell population for the development of innovative immune therapeutic strategies.
Lung Involvement in Diabetes

Dyspnea upon exertion in a diabetic patient readily arouses suspicion of cardiovascular disease and/or physical deconditioning. As reviewed in our previous publications (1), a solid body of literature in the 1980s and 1990s established the occurrence of ventilatory restriction in type 1 diabetes; however, diabetic lung involvement did not gain wide recognition among internists until two recent developments helped change that perception. The first development is the cumulative data that demonstrate a pattern of modest lung restriction in type 2 diabetes qualitatively similar to that in type 1 diabetes, with proportional decreases in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory flow in 1 s (FEV1) that are directly related to glycemia (2–5) and a corresponding reduction in lung diffusing capacity (DLCO) (6,7), the primary noninvasive measure of alveolar gas exchange capacity. As the prevalence of type 2 diabetes approaches epidemic proportions and pulmonary function emerges as an independent predictor of incident diabetes (8), pathophysiology of lung involvement also assumes greater relevance. The second development was the finding that chronic use of inhaled insulin could potentially trigger or exacerbate pulmonary dysfunction. Though shown to be efficacious and well tolerated, inhaled insulin has also been reported to cause a small early drop in spirometry and DLCO at rest that did not progress during 2 years of follow-up (9). Its effects over longer duration of use and in the presence of primary lung disease, inflammation, or tobacco exposure are not clear. As inhaled insulin products continue to be developed, the spectacular collapse of Exubera notwithstanding, the issue of …
Characterization of plasmids conferring resistance to gentamicin and apramycin in strains of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 204c isolated in Britain

SUMMARY In Salmonella typhimurium phage type 204c isolated in Britain, gentamicin resistance is specified by plasmids of the I1 compatibility group which also confer resistance to apramycin. These plasmids have been subdivided into three types within the I1 group on the basis of their antibiotic resistance specificity, their ability to produce colicin Ib and their restriction enzyme digest fragmentation patterns. All three have been identified in strains from cattle, but as yet only two types have been found in strains from humans. It is suggested that the use of apramyein in animal husbandry is responsible for the appearance of gentamicin resistance in multiresistant strains of phage type 204 c, a phage type already epidemic in bovine animals and with an increasing incidence in humans.
Sparse Accelerated Exponential Weights

We consider the stochastic optimization problem where a convex function is minimized observing recursively the gradients. We introduce SAEW, a new procedure that accelerates exponential weights procedures with the slow rate $1/\sqrt{T}$ to procedures achieving the fast rate $1/T$. Under the strong convexity of the risk, we achieve the optimal rate of convergence for approximating sparse parameters in $\mathbb{R}^d$. The acceleration is achieved by using successive averaging steps in an online fashion. The procedure also produces sparse estimators thanks to additional hard threshold steps.
Evidence for an interaction between the membrane protein of a paramyxovirus and actin

Evidence for an interaction of the membrane (M) protein of Newcastle disease and Sendai viruses with cellular actin was obtained by three different techniques. M protein linked to Sepharose 4B was found to bind actin, but not myoglobin or bovine serum albumin, and to selectively remove actin from a mixture of these three proteins. Sedimentation of a mixture of M protein and F-actin through a sucrose gradient resulted in sedimentation of M protein with actin. Control proteins, bovine serum albumin and cytochrome c, did not sediment with actin. In circular dichroism studies, M protein added to actin in a 1:1 complex resulted in a significant increase in negative ellipticity at 220 nm, which corresponds to an increase in alpha-helix and a decrease in beta-structure and random coil. This is indicative of an interaction between M protein and actin. It is possible that the frequent identification of cellular actin in a number of enveloped viruses may be attributed to the interaction of actin and M protein or its equivalent.
Statistical model for predicting roles and effects in learning community

Functional roles may explain the learning performance of groups. Detecting a functional role is critical for promoting group learning performance in computer-supported collaborative learning environments. However, it is not easy for teachers to identify the functional roles played by students in a web-based learning group, or the relationship between roles and group performance. In a web learning system, interactions among group members can be recorded as a large corpus for further analysis. Tools can then be developed to assist teachers to recognise the roles played by group members and determine the best intervention strategy to support group learning. This study designed a method to identify automatically the role played by students, through an analysis of their online collaborative learning interactions. A regression prediction strategy was proposed to predict group performance according to identified functional roles. Experimental results from a study of 82 students showed that the accuracy of detecting functional roles was acceptable, and the prediction of learning performance is useful for most functional roles except opinion-giver and harmoniser. Finally, three grouping strategies for collaborative learning are proposed from the perspective of functional role-distribution. Teachers can, therefore, recognise the status of group members' participation by identifying roles and reorganising the group to increase learning performance.
Determining the relationship between dietary carbohydrate intake and insulin resistance

Insulin resistance underlies type 2 diabetes, CVD and the metabolic syndrome, driven by changes in diet, lifestyle, energy over–consumption and obesity. Nutritional recommendations for insulin resistance remain an area of controversy, particularly the quantity and types of dietary carbohydrate. The present review gives an overview of insulin resistance, its relationship to impaired insulin secretion and the metabolic syndrome, research methodologies used to measure insulin action and the epidemiological and intervention studies on the relationship between dietary carbohydrate and insulin resistance. Epidemiological studies provide little evidence to suggest that total dietary carbohydrate predicts risk of type 2 diabetes, and high–carbohydrate, high–fibre diets with low–glycaemic index (GI) may even contribute to diabetes prevention. Despite inherent limitations associated with techniques used to measure insulin resistance and dietary assessment, most intervention studies reveal an increase in glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity with high–carbohydrate, low–fat diets in non–diabetic and diabetic individuals. When energy is restricted the source or reduced content of carbohydrate does not appear to be as important as fat for body weight. Thus, low energy intake is key to weight loss and augmentation of insulin sensitivity. Given this, widespread adoption of popular low–carbohydrate high–fat diets highlights the necessity to evaluate dietary interventions regarding safety and metabolic effects. While current evidence supports FAO/WHO recommendations to maintain a high–carbohydrate diet with low–GI foods, the relationships between carbohydrate and insulin sensitivity remains an important research area. Emerging technologies should further enhance understanding of gene–diet interactions in insulin resistance, providing useful information for future nutrition policy decisions.
Challenges to Cognitive Bases for an Especial Motor Skill at the Regulation Baseball Pitching Distance

We tested expert baseball pitchers for evidence of especial skills at the regulation pitching distance. Seven college pitchers threw indoors to a target placed at 60.5 feet (18.44 m) and four closer and four further distances away. Accuracy at the regulation distance was significantly better than predicted by regression on the nonregulation distances (p < .02), indicating an especial skill effect emerged despite the absence of normal contextual cues. Self-efficacy data failed to support confidence as a mediating factor in especial skill effect. We concluded that cognitive theories fail to fully account for the patterns of observed data, and therefore theoretical explanations of the especial skills must address noncognitive aspects of motor learning and control.
The likelihood of returning to work after breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE This is an examination of factors associated with returning to work after the diagnosis of breast cancer. METHODS Three months after being diagnosed with breast cancer, 296 employed women from the Detroit metropolitan area (52 black and 244 white women) were interviewed. These women were part of a larger cohort of 1,011 breast cancer patients ages 40 to 84 interviewed for the study "Health and Functioning in Women with Breast Cancer". RESULTS Although most employed women returned to work within three months of the diagnosis of breast cancer, black women were twice as likely as white women to be on medical leave three months after diagnosis (OR = 1.94; 95% CI 1.04 to 3.62). Being on leave was found to be associated with the need for assistance with transportation, limitations in upper-body strength, and employment in jobs requiring physical activity. After adjusting for these factors, the racial difference was reduced and no longer statistically significant (OR = 1.34; 95% CI 0.67, 2.70). CONCLUSION Breast cancer rehabilitation programs should not only address the patient's physical capacity but also the daily demands she is likely to face once she leaves the hospital and returns to work.
Resistance to penicillin-streptomycin synergy among clinical isolates of viridans streptococci

Viridans streptococci are thought to be highly susceptible to penicillin and streptomycin. We recently encountered a unique group of 15 isolates from South Africa epidemiologically related to the isolation of penicillin-resistant pneumococci. These organisms were highly resistant to penicillin (PCN) (minimal inhibitory concentration, 1 to 32 micrograms/ml) and streptomycin (SM) (minimal inhibitory concentration, greater than or equal to 2,000 micrograms/ml). Two additional organisms with high-level streptomycin resistance were identified when 168 clinical isolates from Boston were screened. Time-kill studies with four organisms resistant to high levels of SM demonstrated lack of synergy between PCN and SM but marked synergy between PCN and gentamicin. Adenylylating, acetylating, and phosphorylating activity could not be detected in three organisms studied, and novobiocin failed to cure the SM resistance. Protein synthesis by ribosomes isolated from these organisms was dramatically reduced in the presence of gentamicin but was relatively resistant to inhibition by SM.
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) and ego functions.

In 1947, Stoll32in Switzerland reported on the effects of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), an ergot derivative which can produce profound psychological effects in humans when it is given in minute doses. Since that time, a large volume of literature has grown up around this substance. LSD has been put to many uses. Its chemical interactions within the body have been studied with the as yet unrealized hope of finding a chemical basis for mental illness. It has been of considerable value in the basic study of the physiology of the central nervous system. It is hailed by some as a dramatically effective adjunct to treating mental illness and is employed in many uncontrolled studies for this purpose. Thus far its greatest value, in my opinion, has been as an experimental means of studying psychological functions. Study of the psychological changes associated with LSD administration has
Activity recognition in unconstrained RGB-D video using 3D trajectories

Human activity recognition in unconstrained RGB--D videos has extensive applications in surveillance, multimedia data analytics, human-computer interaction, etc, but remains a challenging problem due to the background clutter, camera motion, viewpoint changes, etc. We develop a novel RGB--D activity recognition approach that leverages the dense trajectory feature in RGB videos. By mapping the 2D positions of the dense trajectories from RGB video to the corresponding positions in the depth video, we can recover the 3D trajectory of the tracked interest points, which captures important motion information along the depth direction. To characterize the 3D trajectories, we apply motion boundary histogram (MBH) to depth direction and propose 3D trajectory shape descriptors. Our proposed 3D trajectory feature is a good complementary to dense trajectory feature extracted from RGB video only. The performance evaluation on a challenging unconstrained RGB--D activity recognition dataset, i.e., Hollywood 3D, shows that our proposed method outperforms the baseline methods (STIP-based) significantly, and achieves the state-of-the-art performance.
Prentice Award Lecture 2011: Removing the Brakes on Plasticity in the Amblyopic Brain

ABSTRACT Experience-dependent plasticity is closely linked with the development of sensory function. Beyond this sensitive period, developmental plasticity is actively limited; however, new studies provide growing evidence for plasticity in the adult visual system. The amblyopic visual system is an excellent model for examining the “brakes” that limit recovery of function beyond the critical period. While amblyopia can often be reversed when treated early, conventional treatment is generally not undertaken in older children and adults. However, new clinical and experimental studies in both animals and humans provide evidence for neural plasticity beyond the critical period. The results suggest that perceptual learning and video game play may be effective in improving a range of visual performance measures and importantly the improvements may transfer to better visual acuity and stereopsis. These findings, along with the results of new clinical trials, suggest that it might be time to reconsider our notions about neural plasticity in amblyopia.
Acute care surgery: Now that we have built it, will they come?

BACKGROUND Concern over lack of resident interest caused by the nonoperative nature and compromised lifestyle associated with a career as a “trauma surgeon” has led to the emergence of a new acute care surgery (ACS) specialty. This study examined the opinions of current general surgical residents about training and careers in this new field. METHODS A 36-item online anonymous survey regarding ACS was sent to the program directors of 55 randomly selected general surgery (GS) training programs for distribution to their categorical residents. The national sample consisted of 1,515 PGY 1 to 5 trainees. RESULTS Response rate was 45%. More than 90% of residents had an appropriate understanding of the components of ACS as generally described (trauma, surgical critical care, and emergency GS). Nearly half (46%) of all respondents have considered ACS as a career. Overall, ACS ranked as the second most appealing career ahead of surgical critical care and trauma but behind GS. Most residents believed that ACS offers better or equivalent case complexity (88%), scope of practice (84%), case volume (75%), and level of reimbursement (69%) compared with GS alone. Respondents who answered ACS had a better scope of practice (61% vs. 36%), lifestyle as an attending surgeon (77% vs. 34%), or level of reimbursement (83% vs. 38%) compared with GS were twice as likely (p < 0.0001) to have considered ACS as a career. Overall, 40% of the residents believed that ACS offers a worse lifestyle in comparison with GS. CONCLUSION These results suggest that there is notable interest in the emerging specialty of ACS. The level of resident interest in ACS as a fellowship and career may be increased by marketing those aspects of practice, which are viewed positively and addressing negative perceptions related to lifestyle. It may be appealing to add an elective GS component to certain ACS practice options.
Manhood In America A Cultural History

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Antemortem Diagnosis of Coxiellosis in a Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara ararauna)

Abstract A 15-year-old female blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) was presented for evaluation after being found laterally recumbent, reluctant to move, and lethargic. Results of a complete blood count showed an increased number of immature heterophils with increased cytoplasmic basophilia and degranulation and the presence of a left shift. Radiographs and a computed tomography scan were performed and revealed a markedly enlarged spleen. An ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirate of the spleen was submitted for cytologic examination and aerobic bacterial culture. While the culture revealed no growth, cytologic examination identified mononuclear phagocytes with cytoplasmic vacuoles containing structures consistent with bacteria. Pan-bacterial 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction of the splenic sample followed by direct sequencing identified a Coxiella-like agent identical to one previously isolated in the liver of a golden-mantled rosella (Platycercus eximius). Phylogenetic analysis shows that avian coxiellosis agents and Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever, represent 2 independent events of development of vertebrate pathogenicity in this group of tick endosymbionts. This report suggests diagnostic and treatment directions for coxiellosis in avian patients and indicates where further study is needed.
Visceral region in the rat primary somatosensory cortex identified by vagal evoked potential

Recent noninvasive human studies have reconfirmed the presence of a viscerally responsive region in the most lateral part of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). The present electrophysiological study identified the corresponding area in rats as a vagal afferent projection region and examined the cytoarchitecture. Electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve elicited a field potential comparable in waveform, latency, and amplitude to the simultaneously evoked potential in the insular visceral sensory cortex. The potential field adjoined the S1 trigeminal region without overlap, and was rostroventral to the lip representation barrel field, which was identified histochemically, and rostrodorsal to the tongue representation region, which was identified electrophysiologically. The vagal potential underwent a phase reversal in the middle layers; thus, the current sink site was cytoarchitectonically identified as the most rostral part of the parietal granular cortex or the S1, where no somatosensory input has previously been demonstrated. The rat S1 contains a region representing general visceral information, topographically located as if the visceral organs protruded from the mouth. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:10–24, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HLA-B2702 (77–83/83–77) Peptide Binds to β-Tubulin on Human NK Cells and Blocks Their Cytotoxic Capacity1

It has been described that peptides derived from a highly conserved region of the α1 helix of the first domain of HLA class I Ags exhibit immunomodulatory capacity blocking both T and NK cell cytotoxicity. In vivo treatment with these peptides prolongs survival of MHC-mismatched allografts. However, the molecular bases of these effects are still unclear. In this study, we further analyze the mechanisms by which the dimeric peptide HLA-B2702 (77–83/83–77) induces suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity. This peptide inhibits natural and redirected lysis mediated by NK cells without significantly affecting effector-target cell binding. We have also isolated and sequenced a protein that binds this inhibitory peptide, which structurally corresponds to β-tubulin. Tubulin is the major protein of microtubules and is involved in target cell killing. Furthermore, B2702 peptide promotes GTP-independent tubulin assembly, producing aggregates that cannot be depolymerized by cold. Treatment of NK cells with Taxol or demecolcine, which interfere with microtubule organization, also prevents NK cell cytotoxicity. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that the peptide B2702 (77–83/83–77) exerts its inhibitory effect on NK cell cytotoxicity by inducing polymerization of microtubules and interfering with their normal assembly/disassembly dynamics.
A new procedure for identifying single trees in understory layer using discrete LiDAR data

Airborne laser scanning (ALS) data are an important source of information for forest inventory purposes. In particular they allow us to delineate individual tree crowns (ITC) that are at the basis of the individual tree-based inventories. In multi-layered forests various tree species are mixed together and trees usually grow in a different vertical layers, leading to a relevant problem in detecting subdominant and suppressed trees. Thus, the purpose of this study is to present an approach for ITC delineation using clustering techniques at both 2D and 3D level based on raw ALS point cloud. The preliminary results showed that forest structure strongly affect the performance of the proposed algorithm. Thus, different criteria were chosen with a priori knowledge from ground truth data. The proposed algorithm achieved comparable or superior results as compared to conventional methods.