Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pak-China Economic Alliance to Bring Prosperity in Region

Pak China relation in friendship and trade begins since China’s year of independence 1949. Pakistan is the first country in the world to accept china at UNO forum. China respects the stand and support of Pakistan. China is the only country in the world, which helps Pakistan at every forum, for instance trade, commerce, agriculture, defence etc. Presently they are contributing on large scale in Power and Energy sector to tackle the shortage of electricity and power problems in Pakistan. Additionally China is helping Pakistan in defence related activities. In long-term the two governments have accorded to continue to play the lead role in providing a strategic framework and institutions of cooperation and guiding and facilitating economic and commercial interaction. The two countries agreed to strengthen the cooperation between the private enterprises, which will be the real operators. Collaboration between research institutions will help in analysing the situation, identifying the potential areas and providing assessment that will help the collaboration process. An interaction between government agencies, business community and the research institutions will have synergic impact.
XRCC 1 and CYP 2 E 1 Polymorphisms as Susceptibility Factors of Plasma Mutant p 53 Protein and Anti-p 53 Antibody Expression in Vinyl Chloride Monomer-exposed Polyvinyl Chloride Workers 1

Mutant p53 protein and anti-p53 antibody in circulating blood can be detected among individuals with mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Plasma mutant p53 protein and anti-p53 antibody have also been associated with vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) exposure, although the mechanism of VCM-related carcinogenesis remains unclear. Polymorphisms of metabolic and DNA repair genes have been implicated in chemical exposure-related carcinogenesis. The aim of this study is to explore the association between polymorphisms of metabolic and DNA repair genes with mutant p53 protein and anti-p53 antibody expression induced by VCM. Study subjects comprised 333 male workers occupationally exposed to VCM. Plasma mutant p53 protein and anti-p53 antibody detected with ELISA were grouped together as p53 overexpression. Genotypes of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1), and X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1, exon 10) genes were identified by the PCR. High VCM exposure group had significantly higher p53 overexpression as compared with low exposure group [odds ratio (OR), 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1–3.8]. Individuals having experienced a high VCM exposure and displaying a XRCC1 Gln-Gln genotype had a highest risk of p53 overexpression among those having different combinations of VCM exposure and XRCC1 genotypes (OR, 6.5; 95% CI, 1.7–24.2). Interestingly, those subjects reflecting a CYP2E1 c2c2 genotype among the low VCMexposure group demonstrated a greater risk of p53 overexpression (OR, 9.8; 95% CI, 1.2–81.6) as compared with those experiencing a low VCM exposure and CYP2E1 c1c1/c1c2 genotypes. Additional analysis revealed that individuals possessing more susceptible XRCC1 GlnGln, CYP2E1 c2c2, ALDH2 1–2/2–2, and non-null GSTT1 genotypes were more likely to reveal p53 overexpression. Our results suggest that susceptible XRCC1 and CYP2E1 genotypes may modulate the mutation of the p53 gene among VCM-exposed workers.
The Impact of Nsf Support for Basic Research in Economic

This paper studies an unusually rich data set of all the 1473 applications to the NSF in economics during 1985-1990. It provides a rare opportunity to analyze not only the characteristics of the researchers whose application was accepted (414 applications in our sample), but also those whose applications were rejected. This implies that one can investigate the impact of an NSF grants on the research output (quality-adjusted publications) of individual researchers. Using non-parametric techniques, as well as more conventional regression analyses, we find that the NSF effect is modest, apart for the more junior scholars. We also address some ancillary questions, like the factors that affect the NSF selection process and the decision about the size of the grants.
The Dead-Anyway Effect Revis(It)Ed

In the expected-utility theory of the monetary value of a statistical life, the so-called "dead-anyway" effect discovered by Pratt and Zeckhauser (1996) asserts that an individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) for small reductions in mortality risk increases with the initial level of risk. Their reasoning is based on differences in the marginal utility of wealth between the two states of nature: life and death. However, this explanation is based on the absence of markets for contingent claims, i.e. annuities and life insurance. This paper reexamines the "dead-anyway" effect and establishes two main results: first, for a risk-averse individual without a bequest motive, marginal WTP for survival does increase with the level of risk but when insurance markets are perfect, this occurs for a different reason than given by Pratt and Zeckhauser. Secondly, when the individual has a bequest motive and is endowed with a sufficient amount of non-inheritable capital, the effect of initial risk on WTP for survival is reversed: the higher initial risk the lower the value of a statistical life.
A Food Safety Belief Model for Latino(A) Employees in Foodservice

Reducing the risk and occurrence of foodborne illness is a priority for the foodservice industry. Despite the large presence of Latino(a)s in the foodservice workforce, there is little research on attitudes toward food safety and related behavior among this group. This study employed the health belief model to investigate Latino(a) foodservice employees’ attitudes toward food safety and the antecedents of food safety behavior. Results showed that food safety knowledge did not affect self-reported food safety behavior but did significantly predict perceived susceptibility, severity, and barriers. The analysis also indicated that perceived benefits have a direct impact on food safety behavior.
To go from murkiness to clarity: How do course members perceive the teacher’s role in an online learning environment?

The advent of the internet has changed the mode of delivery for many courses in the tertiary sector and courses are now offered in an online learning environment with variable success. There has been a range of studies concerning online learning, however there is little research about the role of information technologies in promoting professional learning for teaching practitioners. Initially, courses were posted online using the resources from a face-to-face course for the course members to download. Now the capabilities of the internet al.low for a range of technologies to be used to enhance the learning in an online learning environment. Educational practitioners undertake professional development to either develop their skills and knowledge to improve student learning in their classrooms or for promotional reasons. Educational practitioners want to be inspired by their teachers when undertaking professional development. Some researchers point to the relationship between the teacher and the course members as being an important factor in the success of a course. As many professional development courses are being delivered in an online learning environment, the course members never meet the teacher and the teacher needs to develop strategies to allow these relationships to develop. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of educational practitioners who are undertaking an online professional development course. It sought to understand the teaching practitioners‟ expectations of the teacher in the online environment. A range of strategies was used to collect the data including questionnaires, data gained from the online learning environment, email correspondence and semi-structured interviews. The findings from this study identify the importance of the teacher designing an online learning environment to enhance learning, by having tasks and assignments related to the course members‟ own practice, and by having a range of interactions that provide reflection opportunities to enhance thinking and learning. Other important findings included the importance of the teacher taking an active role in the interactions.
Therapeutic Day Programs in the Treatment of Adolescents with Mental Illness

Objectives: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of day programs against other treatment modalities in adolescents with mental illnesses (including substance abuse). It also aims to identify patient and program factors associated with favourable outcomes for adolescents with mental illness treated in therapeutic day programs. Method: An extensive database search of published literature was conducted, supplemented by hand-searching of references of retrieved articles, and a search by author. There was no restriction by study design. Relevant studies were identified and appraised using standardised criteria. Results: Of the 231 studies identified in the search, 26 were relevant to this review. The majority of studies identified day programs as effective. There was a lack of adequate comparisons between day programs and other organisational arrangements. Conclusions: The quality of the studies identified was low. Twenty-two of the 26 studies did not have an adequate control group. Higher-quality research is required in the evaluation of the effectiveness of day programs, and the identification of other factors promoting successful outcome in the treatment of adolescent mental illness.
The U.S. and the U.K.

In 1988, Richard Tas analyzed the competencies required of college graduates entering management training programs in the U.S. This article reports on the replication of that study in the U.K. and compares those results with Tas's. Both studies give high ratings to human-relations competencies. Other priorities involve technical, financial, and business-planning competencies. These industry needs, it seems, are influenced by similar cultural and structural factors. The main discrepancy between the two studies involves legislation and regulation. U.K. hoteliers cited competency in those areas as more important than did their U.S. counterparts. The studies point to the desirability of an internationally transferable "core" curriculum for hotel-management programs.
An Integrated Epidemiological‐Economic Analysis of Foot and Mouth Disease: Applications to the Southern Cone of South America

Animal disease outbreaks impose significant economic costs that evolve over space and time, but few studies have explicitly modeled their temporal and spatial impacts. Using an integrated epidemiological-economic model, this article demonstrates a methodology that captures the dynamic and spatial effects of animal disease. The model is applied to foot-and-mouth disease in the Southern Cone of South America. The results demonstrate the benefits of spatially sensitive policies in which certain regions within the Southern Cone employ different, coordinated interventions. Further, they highlight policy relevant differences between the dominant short-run and long-run control options.
Sustained dysfunctional information processing in patients with Internet gaming disorder

Abstract Internet gaming disorder (IGD), defined as an inability to control Internet-based game play, leads to serious impairment in psychological and social functioning, but few studies have identified the neurophysiological characteristics of patients with IGD. The aim of this study was to determine neurophysiological markers of P300 components associated with changes in symptoms after outpatient management with pharmacotherapy in patients with IGD. The present prospective longitudinal study included 18 patients with IGD and 29 healthy controls. The patients with IGD completed a 6-month outpatient management program including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-based pharmacotherapy. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were acquired during the auditory oddball task. ERPs of the patients with IGD were recorded before and after treatment. Between-group differences and the pre-to-post treatment differences in P300 components were investigated using repeated-measures analysis of variance. The primary treatment outcome was a change in score on Young Internet Addiction Test between before and after treatment. At baseline assessments, the IGD group showed significantly reduced P300 amplitudes and delayed latencies at the midline centro-parietal site compared with those in the healthy controls. No significant changes in the P300 indices were observed between pre and post-treatment in the patients with IGD after 6 months of treatment, even though the patients with IGD exhibited significant improvements in their IGD symptoms. Furthermore, no significant difference in ERPs was observed between responders and nonresponders to a 6-month treatment in patients with IGD. These results suggest that reduced P300 amplitudes and delayed latencies are candidate endophenotypes in the pathophysiology of IGD.
Do neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and interleukin-18 predict renal dysfunction in patients with familial Mediterranean fever and amyloidosis?

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) predict renal disfunction in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Methods: This prospective study consisted of 102 patients with FMF in attack-free period, and 40 matched healthy controls. Of the patients, nine were diagnosed as amyloidosis. The patients were divided into two groups according to eGFR as below 120 mL per minute and above 120 mL per minute. Also, patients were divided into three groups according to the degree of urinary albumin excretion as normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric, and macroalbuminuric. The serum levels of IL-18 (sIL-18) and NGAL (sNGAL), and urinary levels of IL-18 (uIL-18) and NGAL (uNGAL) were measured by using ELISA kits. Results: The levels of sIL-18, sNGAL, uIL-18, and uNGAL were detected significantly higher in FMF patients, particularly in patients with amyloidosis, when compared to controls. sNGAL, uIL-18, and uNGAL were significantly higher in patients with eGFR < 120 mL per minute than in patients with eGFR ≥ 120 mL per minute. sNGAL, uIL-18, and uNGAL were correlated significantly with urinary albumin excretion, additionally, were inverse correlated with eGFR. The most remarkable findings of this study are of the higher values of sIL-18, sNGAL, uIL-18, and uNGAL in both normoalbuminuric FMF patients and patients with eGFR ≥ 120 mL per minute. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that sIL-18, uIL-18, sNGAL, and uNGAL are reliable markers of early renal disfunction in FMF patients, and may let us take measures from the early stage of renal involvement.
Anchoring-Adjusted Capital Asset Pricing Model

ABSTRACT What happens when the capital asset pricing model is adjusted for the anchoring and adjustment heuristic of Tversky and Kahneman [1974]? The surprising finding is that adjusting the capital asset pricing model for anchoring provides a plausible unified framework for understanding almost all of the key asset pricing anomalies. The anomalies captured in the theoretical framework include the well-known size and value effects, high alpha of low beta stocks, accruals, low volatility anomaly, momentum effect, stock splits, and reverse stock splits. The market equity premium is also larger with anchoring. This suggests that the anchoring-adjusted capital asset pricing model may provide the needed unifying structure to behavioral finance.
The injured intoxicated driver: analysis of the conviction process.

BACKGROUND The widespread nature of alcohol-related motor vehicle collisions suggests inadequacies in the system for deterring alcohol use when driving. This study was performed to determine whether hospitalization is a component in a "system failure" that allows injured, alcohol-impaired drivers to escape arrest and conviction for driving under the influence (DUI). METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of medical and court records of intoxicated drivers injured in a motor vehicle collision who were transported to our Level I trauma center from January 1, 1997, through December 31, 1998. RESULTS Of the 213 intoxicated drivers in our study, 172 (81%) were followed up by law enforcement officials, and 156 (73.2%) were arrested for DUI. Of those who were arrested and completed court hearings, 135 (93.8%) were convicted for DUI. CONCLUSION These values are higher than those reported in previous studies and indicate that hospitalization does not "protect" injured, intoxicated drivers in our community.
From Conditionality to Europeanization in Central and Eastern Europe: Administrative Performance and Capacity in Cohesion Policy

Abstract This article assesses the role of administrative capacity in explaining the performance of eight Central and Eastern European countries in managing Cohesion policy over the 2004–2008 period. Drawing on a conceptual framework from the Europeanization literature, it explores whether pre-accession administrative adjustment to comply with the “acquis” continued in the post-accession period, against a backdrop of critical assessments about the state of administrative capacity for managing Cohesion policy. We conclude that administrative capacity was developed faster and more substantially than commentators predicted. The findings have implications for our understanding of the post-accession compliance record of the EU8, challenging the contention that they fall within a “world of dead letters”. Administrative capacity has been underestimated and insufficient attention has been given to the dynamics of capacity evolution and learning.
The economic crisis of the 1990s in Finland

"In the 1990s, Finland underwent a deep depression as its GDP dropped about 14% and unemployment rose from 3 to almost 20%. This is a story of bad luck and bad policies. Bad luck took the form of external shocks: the collapse of trade with the former Soviet Union in 1991, but also sharp cycles in the OECD area. However, bad luck is far from being the whole story. In the absence of bad policies, Finland would have experienced a recession, not a depression. Bad policies included a poorly designed financial regulation and mistaken reactions to the onset of the crisis. Of particular interest is the role of financial factors in triggering the crisis and aggravating the effects of bad policies. Not only were consumption and investment spending hurt by the credit crunch, but there is evidence that the private sector's indebtedness has increased structural unemployment, which explains why the recovery is proceeding with few job creations. A number of general lessons emerge. They concern the deregulation of financial markets, the policy reaction to massive capital inflows and the role of employment policies. " Copyright Centre for Economic Policy Research, Center for Economic Studies, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1999.
Human resource management systems and organizational performance: a test of a mediating model in the Greek manufacturing context

This paper investigates the relationship between systems of HRM policies and organizational performance. The research is based on a sample of 178 organizations operating in the Greek manufacturing sector. A mediation model is tested to examine the link between HRM and organizational performance. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the relationship between the HRM systems of resourcing–development and reward–relations, and organizational performance, is mediated through the HRM outcomes of skills and attitudes. The paper not only supports the theory that HRM systems have a positive impact on organizational performance but also explains the mechanisms through which HRM systems improve organizational performance.
OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION AND THE THEORY OF THE FIRM: A SIMPLE-GAME-THEORETIC APPROACH*

A model of the shareholder constraint is described in terms of the relationship between shareholding concentration and corporate control. A unified perspective (including takeovers as a special case) is developed whereby leading coalitions are costly to form and possess power in a shareholder-voting game. Control is defined in terms of power indices for simple games. A static theory of the firm is developed in terms of the optimal formation of controlling coalitions. A dynamic theory of an owner-controlled firm is described which explains increasing shareholding dispersion accompanying growth. I. INTRODUCTION CAPITAL MARKET constraints on managerial discretion are usually described in terms of two mechanisms: (i) the ability of large shareholders to organise their voting power to enforce wealth maximisation; and (ii) the threat of takeover following a fall in the share price. Most writers have tended to emphasise the takeover mechanism on the assumption that the capacity of shareholders to organise voting coalitions is weak. However, as Aoki [1983] has recently argued, the trend towards greater shareholding concentration with the growing importance of institutional shareholders gives a greater role to the first mechanism. Large shareholders cannot easily sell their holdings without adversely affecting the share price and therefore become "locked-in" to dealing directly with management. ' Despite its central role, the treatment of share concentration has usually been ad hoc. Most writers have taken low concentration as implying a loose constraint (or management control), by making it difficult for shareholders to organise. By contrast a tight constraint (ownership control) prevails where there is at least a sizeable minority holding. However, little attention has been * This paper and Leech [1987] are based on Warwick Economic Research Paper No. 262 'Ownership Concentration and the Theory of the Firm: A Simple-Game-Theoretic Approach Applied to US Corporations in the 1930s', July 1985. I wish to thank Peter Law for helpful discussions of the ideas contained in them. I am also grateful for comments to John Cable, Keith Cowling, Paul Geroski, Donald Hay, two anonymous referees and participants in a staff seminar at Warwick University. ' Aoki concludes that ". the tendency toward a managerial revolution in the sense of wider dispersal of shareholders' control is now definitely reversed". He suggests that the takeover mechanism is losing its role in disciplining management which fails to maximise share values; ". rather it is becoming a means for large acquisition-minded corporations to take over well-managed small and medium firms".
Evaluation of Calcofluor staining in the diagnosis of fungal corneal ulcer

Summary. For laboratory diagnosis of mycotic keratitis, demonstration of fungal pathogens on direct microscopy and their isolation by culture is essential. The addition of Calcofluor white (CFW) stain to the diagnostic armamentarium has significantly increased the sensitivity of smear examination on direct microscopy. During a period of 1 year, 143 consecutive patients with corneal ulcers were investigated by direct microscopy with potassium hydroxide (KOH) wet mount, Calcofluor white stain and routine cultures of corneal scrapings. Fungi were detected as aetiological agents in 21 (15%) patients. Different species of the genera Aspergillus (35%)) Fusarium (23%), Acremonium (12%), Paecilomyces (12%), Cladosporium (6%), Alternaria (6%) and Pseudallescheria (6%) were the common isolates. Calcofluor white stain on direct microscopy detected fungi in 20 (95.2%) patients in comparison with 15 (71.4%) patients by both KOH wet mount examination and culture. Calcofluor white stain was significantly more sensitive than KOH wet mount in demonstrating fungal pathogens.