Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Knee Joint Angle and Contraction Intensity on Hamstrings Coactivation

Purpose This study investigated the effect of knee joint angle and contraction intensity on the coactivation of the hamstring muscles (when acting as antagonists to the quadriceps) in young and older individuals of both sexes. Methods A total of 25 young (24 ± 2.6 yr) and 26 older (70 ± 2.5 yr) healthy men and women participated. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors and flexors was assessed at two knee joint angles (90° and 60°, 0° = full extension). At each angle, participants performed submaximal contractions of the knee extensors (20%, 50%, and 80% maximal voluntary isometric contraction), whereas surface EMG was simultaneously acquired from the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles to assess the level (EMG root-mean-square) of agonist activation and antagonist coactivation. Subcutaneous adipose tissue in the areas corresponding to surface EMG electrode placements was measured via ultrasonography. Results The contractions performed at 90° knee flexion demonstrated higher levels of antagonist coactivation (all P < 0.01) and agonist activation (all P < 0.01) as a function of contraction intensity compared with the 60° knee flexion. Furthermore, after controlling for subcutaneous adipose tissue, older participants exhibited a higher level of antagonist coactivation at 60° knee flexion compared with young participants (P < 0.05). Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that 1) the antagonist coactivation is dependent on knee joint angle and contraction intensity and 2) subcutaneous adipose tissue may affect the measured coactivation level likely because of a cross-talk effect. Antagonist coactivation may play a protective role in stabilizing the knee joint and maintaining constant motor output.
Isolated torsion of the fallopian tube during pregnancy: a case report.

BACKGROUND Isolated fallopian tube torsion during pregnancy is a rare condition, and only 16 cases have been reported. In all but 1 case the right tube was affected. We report the second case of isolated left fallopian tube torsion during pregnancy. CASE A 23-year-old primigravida presented at 22 weeks of gestation with left lower abdominal pain. Sonography depicted a simple cystic mass adjacent to the left uterine border. Laparotomy revealed torsion of the left hydrosalpinx together with a paraovarian cyst. The patient delivered a healthy infant at term after an otherwise-uneventful pregnancy. CONCLUSION As the gravid uterus increases the risk for fallopian tube torsion, this condition should be included in the differential diagnosis of lower abdominal pain during pregnancy.
The C-terminal zinc finger of GATA-1 or GATA-2 is sufficient to induce megakaryocytic differentiation of an early myeloid cell line

The GATA-1 and GATA-2 transcription factors, which each contain two homologous zinc fingers, are important hematopoietic regulators expressed within the erythroid, mast cell, and megakaryocytic lineages. Enforced expression of either factor in the primitive myeloid line 416B induces megakaryocytic differentiation. The features of their structure required for this activity have been explored. The ability of 12 GATA-1 mutants to promote 416B maturation was compared with their DNA-binding activity and transactivation potential. Differentiation did not require any of the seven serine residues that are phosphorylated in vivo, an N-terminal region bearing the major transactivation domain, or a C-terminal segment beyond the fingers. Removal of a consensus nuclear localization signal following the second finger did not block differentiation or nuclear translocation. The N-terminal finger was also dispensable, although its removal attenuated differentiation. In contrast, the C-terminal finger was essential, underscoring its distinct function. Remarkably, only 69 residues spanning the C-terminal finger were required to induce limited megakaryocytic differentiation. Analysis of three GATA-2 mutants led to the same conclusion. Endogenous GATA-1 mRNA was induced by most mutants and may contribute to differentiation. Because the GATA-1 C-terminal finger could bind its target site but not transactivate a minimal reporter, it may direct megakaryocytic maturation by derepressing specific genes and/or by interacting with another protein which provides the transactivation function.
Contribution of denervated muscle to contractures after neonatal brachial plexus injury: Not just muscle fibrosis

Introduction: We investigated the contribution of muscle fibrosis to elbow flexion contractures in a murine model of neonatal brachial plexus injury (NBPI). Methods: Four weeks after NBPI, biceps and brachialis fibrosis were assessed histologically and compared with the timing of contracture development and the relative contribution of each muscle to contractures. Modulus of elasticity and hydroxyproline (collagen) content were measured and correlated with contracture severity. The effect of halofuginone antifibrotic therapy on fibrosis and contractures was investigated. Results: Elbow contractures preceded muscle fibrosis development. The brachialis was less fibrotic than the biceps, yet contributed more to contractures. Modulus and hydroxyproline content increased in both elbow flexors, but neither correlated with contracture severity. Halofuginone reduced biceps fibrosis but did not reduce contracture severity. Conclusions: Contractures after NBPI cannot be explained solely by muscle fibrosis, arguing for investigation of alternate pathophysiologic targets for contracture prevention and treatment. Muscle Nerve 49:398–404, 2014
Carbachol‐Stimulated Chloride Secretion in Mouse Colon: Evidence of a Role for Autocrine Prostaglandin E2 Release

We used the short‐circuit current technique to investigate the possible facilitatory role of epithelium‐derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release on Cl− secretion in the mouse colon. Carbachol‐ (CCh)‐stimulated Cl− secretion was reduced by pretreatment with either indomethacin (10 μM), or TTX (1 μM), and when added together, these inhibitors revealed net CCh‐stimulated K+ secretion. CCh‐stimulated Cl− secretion was partially restored to TTX/indomethacin‐treated colons by addition of a subsecretory concentration of PGE2 (1 nM). In acutely isolated, unstimulated crypt cells, we measured PGE2 release at a similar level. We conclude that autocrine release of PGs from epithelial cells is sufficient to support the CCh‐induced Cl− secretory response and is a likely co‐factor in this response.
Purification of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen by Affinity Chromatography

Abstract. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), was purified from plasma by affinity chromatography on matrix‐bound sulphated carbohydrates such as heparin or dextran sulphate. Further purification by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 resulted in a highly purified HBgAg preparation. The overall recovery amounted to about 70% of the total antigen content of the starting plasma. Electron microscopic data revealed mainly 22 nm spherical particles accompanied by few or no filaments. The process is simple, rapid and lends itself readily to large‐scale applications.
The Transition to Perfect Generalization in Perceptrons

Several recent papers (Gardner and Derrida 1989; Gyrgyi 1990; Sompolinsky et al. 1990) have found, using methods of statistical physics, that a transition to perfect generalization occurs in training a simple perceptron whose weights can only take values 1. We give a rigorous proof of such a phenomena. That is, we show, for = 2.0821, that if at least n examples are drawn from the uniform distribution on {1, 1}n and classified according to a target perceptron wt {1, 1}n as positive or negative according to whether wtx is nonnegative or negative, then the probability is 2(n) that there is any other such perceptron consistent with the examples. Numerical results indicate further that perfect generalization holds for as low as 1.5.
Menstrual Cycle Variability and the Likelihood of Achieving Pregnancy

The menstrual cycle is an important indicator of underlying hormonal function. Although menstrual cycle variability (sometimes referred to as 'regularity') is associated with a variety of demographic, behavioral, occupational, and environmental factors, as well as with several chronic diseases, few studies have examined its association with fecundity. We investigated whether a woman's menstrual cycle variability was associated with the likelihood of her achieving pregnancy. In this prospective study, we analyzed 3,536 menstrual cycles from 401 women (aged 19-41) recruited from 1990-1994. The women provided daily diaries recording menstrual bleeding, intercourse, and birth control use. Urine samples were assayed for human chorionic gonadotropin to identify early pregnancies during each menstrual cycle. Each woman's menstrual cycle variability was defined by the standard deviation of her cycle lengths during followup. The median follow-up was eight cycles. The outcome was her per-cycle probability of pregnancy. We found that women with high menstrual cycle variability had a reduced (51% lower) per cycle probability of pregnancy (fecundity ratio: 0.49; 95% confidence interval: 0.31, 0.77) compared with women with minimal variability. This relationship was independent of a woman's age and her mean cycle length. Thus, researchers and clinicians using menstrual cycle characteristics as indicators of endocrine or reproductive health should include measures of cycle variability in addition to the more commonly examined cycle length.
Proton Pump Inhibitors Inhibit Methotrexate Transport by Renal Basolateral Organic Anion Transporter hOAT3

The coadministration of methotrexate (MTX) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can result in a pharmacokinetic interaction that delays MTX elimination and subsequently increases the MTX blood concentrations. Human organic anion transporters (hOATs) are responsible for the renal tubular secretion of MTX and are thought to be involved in this drug interaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory potencies of PPIs on hOAT1 and hOAT3, which are the two isoforms of OATs predominantly expressed in kidney proximal tubules. Using stably transfected cell systems that express the uptake transporters human embryonic kidney (HEK)-hOAT1 and HEK-hOAT3, we analyzed the inhibitory potencies of omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole on OAT-mediated [3H]estrone sulfate (ES), [3H]p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), and [3H]MTX uptake in vitro. hOAT3 is a high affinity transporter for MTX (Km = 21.17 ± 5.65 µM). Omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole inhibited [3H]MTX uptake in HEK-hOAT3 cells with an IC50 of 6.8 ± 1.16, 1.14 ± 0.26, and 4.45 ± 1.62 µM, respectively, and inhibited the [3H]ES uptake in HEK-hOAT3 cells with an IC50 of 20.59 ± 4.07, 3.96 ± 0.96, and 7.89 ± 2.31 µM, respectively. Furthermore, omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole exhibited inhibited PAH uptake on hOAT1 in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 4.32 ± 1.26, 7.58 ± 1.06, and 63.21 ± 4.74 µM, respectively). These in vitro results suggest that PPIs inhibit [3H]MTX transport via hOAT3 inhibition, which most likely explains the drug-drug interactions between MTX and PPIs and should be considered for other OATs substrates.
Mapping the Intimate Relationship Mind: Comparisons between Three Models of Attachment Representations

This study compared three models of how attachment working models might be cognitively represented. Model 1 posits that attachment representations consist of a single global working model summarizing attachment across specific relationships and domains. Model 2 proposes three independent working models for the relationship domains of family, platonic friendships, and romantic partners. Model 3 postulates that specific relationship models are nested under relationship domain representations that are, in turn, nested under an overarching global working model. Participants completed standard attachment scales for the relationship domains of family, platonic friendships, and romantic partners and also provided attachment ratings for three specific relationships within each domain. As expected, confirmatory factor analyses showed that Model 3 attained the best fit, regardless of analysis strategy, measurement strategy, gender, and relationship status. Implications are discussed.
Mixed Gastric Carcinoma With Intestinal and Cribriform Patterns

Gastric adenocarcinoma is characterized by marked heterogeneity at cytological and architectural level and frequently shows overlap between microscopic patterns. This article describes a peculiar pattern of gastric adenocarcinoma, previously unreported, that combines intestinal type adenocarcinoma with areas of cribriform pattern that resembles both architectural and cytological in situ ductal carcinoma of the breast and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no earlier reports of this pattern in the stomach, which has been named “gastric carcinoma with cribriform component (CGA). The authors analyzed 12 cases of intestinal type adenocarcinoma with areas at least 20% of cribriform pattern (range from 20% to 90%) that was present in 9% of intestinal type gastric adenocarcinomas in their institution. There is slight predilection for male sex, and the median age of presentation is 55.8 years. The phenotype by immunohistochemistry is the same as with conventional (non-CGA) carcinomas. CGA shows more frequent lymphovascular invasion (P = .039), perineural invasion (P = .027) and resembles both in situ and invasive cribriform carcinoma of the breast. In clinical stage III the overall 3-year survival of CGA was worse than those with non-CGA component (38.6% vs 25%; 3-year survival, P = .010) and proves to be an independent adverse factor for overall survival in a multivariate analysis. Compared with conventional gastric carcinomas, CGA is deep infiltrating, has more nodal metastases, more lymphovascular and perineural invasion, and has decreased overall survival. Thus, proper recognition and report is important, even in small biopsies or small foci.
Genetics of the Evolutionary Process

genetics of the evolutionary process erpd genetics of the evolutionary process satcar 8 genetics from an evolutionary process perspective james genetics of the evolutionary process moersphila evolutionary genetics university of tennessee genetics of the evolutionary process junboku stochastic processes in evolutionary and disease genetics behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology genomics of the evolutionary process cell evolutionary genetics: progress and challenges bizzo and el-hani review darwin and mendel: evolution and pdf download genetics of the evolutionary process quantitative genetics approaches to study evolutionary genetics and the origin of species: an introduction and two evolutionary genetics memorial university genetics of the evolutionary process eaal genetics of the evolutionary process jlip evolution in mendelian populations genetics the genetic basis of evolutionary change vertebrate ageing: an evolutionary process with a genetic evolutionary genetics library of congress evolutionary genetics: from molecules to morphology the ecological genetics of speciation integrative biology biol2007 mendelian genetics and evolution 1) a parametric interpretation of bayesian nonparametric [page] genetics and evolutionary psychology the evolutionary process a critical study of evolutionary conservation genetics as applied evolution: from genetic introduction to molecular population genetics holsinger lab evolutionary genetics of california islands peromyscus population and evolutionary genetics mdmtv some mathematical models in evolutionary genetics the evolutionary genetics of personalityy lars penke origin and evolutionary process of the cns elucidated by genetic approaches in comparative and evolutionary physiology the evolutionary genetics of speciation genetics and evolution link.springer evolutionary genetics of digital library evolutionary genetics: part 1 polymorphism in dna causal foundations of evolutionary genetics philsci-archive biol334 – evolutionary genetics university of canterbury exercise 2: evolutionary population genetics by the genetics society perspectives the proper role of population genetics in modern notes on evolution and population genetics evolutionary and genetic aspects of biodiversity eolss chapter 1 genetics: an introduction correlation of ontogenetic and evolutionary processes in biol334 evolutionary genetics university of canterbury
TCP transcription factors: architectures of plant form

Abstract After its initial definition in 1999, the TCP family of transcription factors has become the focus of a multiplicity of studies related with plant development at the cellular, organ, and tissue levels. Evidence has accumulated indicating that TCP transcription factors are the main regulators of plant form and architecture and constitute a tool through which evolution shapes plant diversity. The TCP transcription factors act in a multiplicity of pathways related with cell proliferation and hormone responses. In recent years, the molecular pathways of TCP protein action and biochemical studies on their mode of interaction with DNA have begun to shed light on their mechanism of action. However, the available information is fragmented and a unifying view of TCP protein action is lacking, as well as detailed structural studies of the TCP-DNA complex. Also important, the possible role of TCP proteins as integrators of plant developmental responses to the environment has deserved little attention. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the structure and functions of TCP transcription factors and analyze future perspectives for the study of the role of these proteins and their use to modify plant development.
Serotype Distribution, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Class 1 Integrons Profiles of Salmonella from Animals in Slaughterhouses in Shandong Province, China

The current study aimed to analyze the prevalence and characterization of Salmonella enterica isolated from animals in slaughterhouses before slaughter. A total of 143 non-duplicate Salmonella were recovered from 1,000 fresh fecal swabs collected from four major pig slaughterhouses (49/600, 8.2%) and four major chicken slaughterhouses (94/400, 23.5%) between March and July 2016. Among Salmonella isolates from pigs, the predominant serovars were Salmonella Rissen (28/49, 57.1%) and Typhimurium (14/49, 28.6%), and high antimicrobial resistance rates were observed for tetracycline (44/49, 89.8%) and ampicillin (16/49, 32.7%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 10.2% (5/49) of these isolates and all contained gene cassettes aadA2 (0.65 kb). Two β-lactamase genes were detected among these isolates, and most of these isolates carried blaTEM-1 (46/49), followed by blaOXA-1(4/49). Seven STs (MLST/ST, multilocus sequence typing) were detected in these isolates, and the predominant type was ST469 (19.6%). Among Salmonella isolates from chickens, the predominant serovars were Salmonella Indiana (67/94, 71.3%) and Enteritidis (23/94, 24.5%), and high antimicrobial resistance rates were observed for nalidixic acid (89/94, 94.7%), ampicillin (88/94, 93.6%) and tetracycline (81/94, 86.2%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 23 isolates (23/94, 24.5%), which contained empty integrons (0.15 kb, n = 6) or gene cassettes drfA17-aadA5 (1.7 kb, n = 6), aadA2 (1.2 kb, n = 5), drfA16-blaPSE-1-aadA2-ereA2 (1.6 kb, n = 5) or drfA1-aadA1 (1.4 kb, n = 1). Three β-lactamase genes were detected, and all 94 isolates carried blaTEM-1, followed by blaCTX-M-55 (n = 19) and blaSPE−1 (n = 3). Five STs were found in these isolates, and the predominant type was ST17 (71.3%). Our findings indicated that Salmonella was widespread in animals at slaughter and may be transmitted from animal to fork.
Transpedicular screw fixation

Spinal fixation employing transpedicular screws has recently been the focus of increased attention at various institutions throughout the world, but concerns about the safety and efficacy of transpedicular screws linger. This study was undertaken to address some of these concerns. The study included evaluation of the internal and external morphology of the vertebral pedicles, which revealed that adequate bone stock is generally available at T2, T7, T12, and L1–L5 spinal levels to accept screws in the 4–7‐mm diameter range. The pedicle was observed to be composed of abundant cancellous bone internally with relatively thick cortical walls. The method of pilot hole preparation for pedicle screws was also examined. Screws inserted in pilot holes prepared with a 3.4‐mm blunt probe (ganglion knife) resulted in higher pullout forces in eight of 10 trials as compared with those with pilot holes prepared using a 3.2‐mm drill. Furthermore, the probes afford greater control of hole depth and alignment. Fatigue studies on three screws designs revealed a graduation of strength between a 7.0‐mm pedicle screw, and a modified 6.5‐mm cancellous lag screw. The modified cancellous lag screw has an inherent stress riser that affected fatigue life. It was noted that extreme care must be exercised to prevent bending of the pedicle screws during implantation. If bending ocurs one can expect a 50% reduction in the number of cycles to failure.
The 29-Nucleotide Deletion Present in Human but Not in Animal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses Disrupts the Functional Expression of Open Reading Frame 8

ABSTRACT One of the most striking and dramatic genomic changes observed in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) isolated from humans soon after its zoonotic transmission from palm civets was the acquisition of a characteristic 29-nucleotide deletion. This occurred in open reading frame 8 (ORF8), one of the accessory genes unique to the SARS-CoV. The function of ORF8 and the significance of the deletion are unknown. The intact ORF8 present in animal and some early human isolates encodes a 122-amino-acid polypeptide (8ab+), which we expressed in cells using the vaccinia virus T7 expression system. It was found to contain a cleavable signal sequence, which directs the precursor to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mediates its translocation into the lumen. The cleaved protein became N-glycosylated, assembled into disulfide-linked homomultimeric complexes, and remained stably in the ER. The 29-nucleotide deletion splits ORF8 into two ORFs, 8a and 8b, encoding 39- and 84-residue polypeptides. The 8a polypeptide is likely to remain in the cytoplasm, as it is too small for its signal sequence to function and will therefore be directly released from the ribosome. However, we could not confirm this experimentally due to the lack of proper antibodies. ORF8b appeared not to be expressed in SARS-CoV-infected cells or when expressed from mRNA's mimicking mRNA8. This was due to the context of the internal AUG initiation codon, as we demonstrated after placing the ORF8b immediately behind the T7 promoter. A soluble, unmodified and monomeric 8b protein was now expressed in the cytoplasm, which was highly unstable and rapidly degraded. Clearly, the 29-nucleotide deletion disrupts the proper expression of the SARS-CoV ORF8, the implications of which are discussed.