Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Children's supernatural thinking as a signalling behaviour in early childhood

In this study, we analysed the reaction times of 137 college students when making decisions on pairs of hypothetical children verbalizing different types of vignettes and/or exhibiting different physical appearance (photographs of faces). Vignettes depicted immature and mature versions of both supernatural (e.g., 'The sun's not out today because it's mad' vs. 'The sun's not out today because the clouds are blocking it') and natural ('I can remember all 20 cards! ' vs. 'I can remember 6 or 7 cards') explanations to ordinary phenomena. Photographs of children's faces were morphed with a physical appearance of approximately 4-7 years old or approximately 8-10 years old. In earlier research, immature supernatural thinking produced positive-affect reactions from adults and older adolescents (14-18 years old) towards young children, with cognitive cues being more important than physical-appearance cues in influencing adults' judgements. Reaction times to make decisions varied for the Supernatural and Natural vignettes and for the immature and mature vignettes/faces, reflecting the differential cognitive effort adults used for making decisions about aspects of children's physical appearance and verbal expressions. The findings were interpreted in terms of the critical role that young children's immature supernatural thinking has on adults' perception, analogous to the evolved role of immature physical features on adults' perception of infants.
The Role of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) in the Management of Portal Hypertension

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is an interventional radiology technique that has shown a 90% success rate to decompress the portal circulation. As a non-surgical intervention, without requirement for anesthesia and very low procedure-related mortality, TIPS is applicable to severe cirrhotic patients, who are otherwise untreatable, for example, nonsurgical candidates. TIPS constitutes the most frequently employed tool to achieve portosystemic shunting. TIPS acts by lowering portal pressure, which is the main underlying pathophysiologic determinant of the major complications of cirrhosis. Regarding esophagogastric variceal bleeding, TIPS has excellent hemostatic effect (95%) with low rebleeding rate (<20%). TIPS is an accepted rescue therapy for first line treatment failures in 2 settings (1) acute variceal bleeding and (2) secondary prophylaxis. In addition, TIPS offers 70% to 90% hemostasis to patients presenting with recurrent active variceal bleeding. TIPS is more effective than standard therapy for patients with hepatic venous pressure gradient >20mm Hg. TIPS is particularly useful to treat bleeding from varices inaccessible to endoscopy. TIPS should not be applied for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. Portosystemic encephalopathy and stent dysfunction are TIPS major drawbacks. The weakness of the TIPS procedure is the frequent need for endovascular reintervention to ensure stent patency. The circulatory effects of TIPS are an attractive approach for the treatment of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome, yet TIPS is not considered first line therapy for refractory ascites owing to unacceptable incidence of portosystemic encephalopathy. Pre-TIPS evaluation taking into account predictors of outcome is mandatory. The improved results achieved with covered-stents might expand the currently accepted recommendations for TIPS use.
Genetic risk factors for hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with advanced liver disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) affects 10%-30% of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension and significantly increases mortality. Studies in experimental models indicate that pulmonary angiogenesis contributes to the development of HPS, but pathogenesis in humans is poorly understood. We investigated genetic risk factors for HPS in patients with advanced liver disease. METHODS We performed a multicenter case-control study of patients with cirrhosis being evaluated for liver transplantation. Cases had an alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient > or = 15 mm Hg (or > or =20 mm Hg if age > 64 years) and contrast echocardiography with late appearance of microbubbles after venous injection of agitated saline (intrapulmonary vasodilatation); controls did not meet both criteria for case status. The study sample included 59 cases and 126 controls. We genotyped 1086 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 94 candidate genes. RESULTS Forty-two SNPs in 21 genes were significantly associated with HPS after adjustments for race and smoking. Eight genes had at least 2 SNPs associated with disease: CAV3, ENG, NOX4, ESR2, VWF, RUNX1, COL18A1, and TIE1. For example, rs237872 in CAV3 showed an odds ratio of 2.75 (95% confidence interval: 1.65-4.60, P = .0001) and rs4837192 in ENG showed an odds ratio of 0.35 (95% confidence interval: 0.14-0.89, P = .027). Furthermore, variation in CAV3 and RUNX1 was associated with HPS in gene-based analyses. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms in genes involved in the regulation of angiogenesis are associated with the risk of HPS. Further investigation of these biologic pathways might elucidate the mechanisms that mediate the development of HPS in certain patients with severe liver disease.
Isolation of a fibronectin-binding protein from Staphylococcus aureus

Fibronectin ("cold-insoluble globulin") has been suggested to play a role in cell-to-cell and cell-to-substratum adhesions. The 70-kilodalton terminal part of human fibronectin has recently been shown to bind to Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, a fibronectin-binding protein was purified from sonicated S. aureus strain E2371 by affinity chromatography on fibronectin-Sepharose. The fibronectin-binding protein was isolated from an extract of sonicated S. aureus containing at least 57 different proteins as determined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis in antibodies to sonicated S. aureus. The fibronectin-binding protein was released from fibronectin-Sepharose by carbamide (8 M). No impurities in the final preparation could be detected when tested in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in both reduced and unreduced gels, the protein showed two bands with relative molecular masses of 197,000 and 60,000, respectively. A complex between the purified S. aureus protein and fibronectin could be demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis both in monospecific antibodies against fibronectin and in S. aureus polyspecific antibody.
Genetic Locus and Structural Characterization of the Biochemical Defect in the O-Antigenic Polysaccharide of the Symbiotically Deficient Rhizobium etli Mutant, CE166

The O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) of Rhizobium etli CE3 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is linked to the core oligosaccharide via an N-acetylquinovosaminosyl (QuiNAc) residue. A mutant of CE3, CE166, produces LPS with reduced amounts of OPS, and a suppressed mutant, CE166α, produces LPS with nearly normal OPS levels. Both mutants are deficient in QuiNAc production. Characterization of OPS from CE166 and CE166α showed that QuiNAc was replaced by its 4-keto derivative, 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxyhexosyl-4-ulose. The identity of this residue was determined by NMR and mass spectrometry, and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of its 2-acetamido-4-deutero-2,6-dideoxyhexosyl derivatives produced by reduction of the 4-keto group using borodeuteride. Mass spectrometric and methylation analyses showed that the 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxyhexosyl-4-ulosyl residue was 3-linked and attached to the core-region external Kdo III residue of the LPS, the same position as that of QuiNAc in the CE3 LPS. DNA sequencing revealed that the transposon insertion in strain CE166 was located in an open reading frame whose predicted translation product, LpsQ, falls within a large family of predicted open reading frames, which includes biochemically characterized members that are sugar epimerases and/or reductases. A hypothesis to be tested in future work is that lpsQ encodes UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxyhexosyl-4-ulose reductase, the second step in the synthesis of UDP-QuiNAc from UDP-GlcNAc.
Commercially available assays for multiplex detection of alpha human papillomaviruses

Five main groups of commercial assays for the multiplex detection of alpha human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are currently available. DNA-based screening assays, which test for the presence of 13–14 HPVs without determination of HPV type, have been the standard for HPV detection in the last decade. Assays that combine testing for 14 HPVs and HPV-16 and HPV-18 genotyping are a potential future standard for HPV detection. The clinical value of HPV genotyping assays has still not been finally determined. Recently, one of the mRNA-based assays showed equal clinical sensitivity but higher clinical specificity for CIN2+/CIN3+ in comparison with the validated DNA-based assay. In situ hybridization assays are too laborious and have insufficient clinical sensitivity to be used in routine screening. Automation, price reduction and improvement of clinical specificity are the main goals for the future development of HPV assays.
Long‐Term Results with a Multiple Synchronized‐Pulse 1064 nm Nd:YAG Laser for the Treatment of Leg Venulectasias and Reticular Veins

BACKGROUND The long-pulsed Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser has been shown to be effective in the treatment of blue venulectasias and reticular veins. OBJECTIVE The present study examined the clinical efficacy and long-term follow-up (12 months) of patients treated with the 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser technology. METHODS Twenty-five female patients (mean age 37.6 years, Fitzpatrick skin types II–V) were treated with up to three treatment sessions at 6-week intervals on a 5 cm2 surface area of vessels utilizing the 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser with a circulating cooling device. Treatment parameters were vessel size 0.2–2.0 mm treated with a double pulse of 7 msec at 120 J/cm2 and vessel size 2.0–4.0 mm treated with a single pulse of 14 msec, fluence 130 J/cm2, with a spot size of 6 mm. Improvement was judged by double-blinded observer evaluation, macrophotographic imaging, optical chromatography, and a patient evaluation scale. RESULTS Sixty-four percent of patients treated in the present study achieved 75% or greater clearing of vessels after a maximum of three treatment sessions. Optical chromatography revealed statistically significant decreased chromophore intensity (mean blueness reduction index of 41.2b−). Sixty-four percent of patients were greatly satisfied with the results of the laser treatment. Two patients manifested vessel recurrence when examined at 6 and 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSION The 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser can produce effective long-term photosclerosis of blue venulectasia and reticular veins. The potential for recurrence should be recognized by the vascular laser surgeon.
Cross-linguistic Perceptual Differences Emerge from the Lexicon

The anatomy and function of the peripheral auditory system differs from person to person (sometimes to a clinical degree), but such differences are probably not correlated with linguistic knowledge. For example, the distribution of French speakers’ peripheral auditory sensitivities are probably no different from the distribution of auditory sensitivities of speakers of any other language. That is, there is no reason to expect psychophysical thresholds for simple or complex stimuli to vary
Female College Drinking and the Social Learning Theory: An Examination of the Developmental Transition Period from High School to College

Problematic drinking among college students remains a national issue with large percentages of college students reporting heavy episodic or binge drinking (Wechsler, Dowdall, Davenport, & Castillo, 1995) and experiencing severe alcohol-related consequences ranging from poor academic performance, to sexual assault, vandalism, and even death (Hingson, Heeren, Winter, & Wechsler, 2005; Wechsler et al., 2002). According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA, 2002), the first 6 weeks on a college campus are critical to first-year student success. However, during these first weeks many students initiate heavy drinking that may interfere with their ability to adapt to campus life, and patterns of drinking established during these first weeks persist throughout college (Schulenberg et al., 2001). Approximately one third of first-year students fail to enroll for their second year due to difficulties with the transition to college (Upcraft, 1995). Drinking may compromise successful negotiation of the transition into college and therefore jeopardize overall collegiate success. Therefore, the ability to identify specific students as they enter college who may develop problematic drinking patterns and related negative consequences would allow student affairs personnel to more effectively design and target risk-reduction programs and interventions.
COMPOST EFFECT ON COTTON GROWTH AND YIELD

Although there is some use of municipal compost on farms, the utilization of compost is not a standard practice in commercial agriculture. In order for agricultural markets to develop and make compost use a standard practice, the agronomic benefits and safe use of compost application must be demonstrated and a cost benefit analysis developed. Because of the high cost of transportation relative to product value, compost must not only address agronomic concerns, but also be tailored to specific regional factors.
Genetic ablation or chemical inhibition of phosphatidylcholine transfer protein attenuates diet‐induced hepatic glucose production

Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PC‐TP, synonym StARD2) is a highly specific intracellular lipid binding protein that is enriched in liver. Coding region polymorphisms in both humans and mice appear to confer protection against measures of insulin resistance. The current study was designed to test the hypotheses that Pctp−/− mice are protected against diet‐induced increases in hepatic glucose production and that small molecule inhibition of PC‐TP recapitulates this phenotype. Pctp−/− and wildtype mice were subjected to high‐fat feeding and rates of hepatic glucose production and glucose clearance were quantified by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies and pyruvate tolerance tests. These studies revealed that high‐fat diet‐induced increases in hepatic glucose production were markedly attenuated in Pctp−/− mice. Small molecule inhibitors of PC‐TP were synthesized and their potencies, as well as mechanism of inhibition, were characterized in vitro. An optimized inhibitor was administered to high‐fat‐fed mice and used to explore effects on insulin signaling in cell culture systems. Small molecule inhibitors bound PC‐TP, displaced phosphatidylcholines from the lipid binding site, and increased the thermal stability of the protein. Administration of the optimized inhibitor to wildtype mice attenuated hepatic glucose production associated with high‐fat feeding, but had no activity in Pctp−/− mice. Indicative of a mechanism for reducing glucose intolerance that is distinct from commonly utilized insulin‐sensitizing agents, the inhibitor promoted insulin‐independent phosphorylation of key insulin signaling molecules. Conclusion: These findings suggest PC‐TP inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy in the management of hepatic insulin resistance. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Severe developmental delay and epilepsy in a Japanese patient with severe congenital neutropenia due to HAX1 deficiency

HAX1 deficiency has recently been identified as a cause of severe congenital neutropenia (SCN), but little is known about the phenotype. We described an SCN patient with a homozygous 256C-to-T transition causing an R86X mutation in the HAX1 gene. Notably, the patient has been complicated by epilepsy and severe delay of motor, cognitive, and intellectual development; each developmental quotient was 21–26 at 7 years old. Growth failure and dental development delay were also noted. Neurodevelopmental delay in this patient expands the clinical phenotype of HAX1 deficiency and suggests an important role of HAX1 on neural development as well as myelopoiesis.
Differential baroreceptor reflex modulation by centrally infused angiotensin peptides.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of intracerebroventricular (icv) and intravenous (iv) infusion of angiotensin (ANG)-(1-7), ANG III, and ANG II on the baroreceptor control of heart rate (BHR) in conscious rats. Reflex changes in HR were elicited by bolus iv injection of either phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside before and within 1 and 3 h of icv infusion of ANG II (n = 10), ANG III (n = 9), ANG-(1-7) (n = 9), or saline (n = 9) at a rate of 3 nmol.7. 5 microliter-1.h-1. In another group of animals (n = 23), iv infusion of the same amount of ANG peptides was carried out at a rate of 0.7 ml/h. The average ratio of changes in HR in beats per minute and changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP, mmHg) was used as an index of BHR sensitivity. ANG II and ANG III produced a significant increase in the basal levels of MAP, but only during the first hour of infusion (iv or icv). No significant changes in baseline HR were observed. ANG-(1-7) and saline infusion did not change basal levels of HR or MAP (iv or icv). ANG II (iv and icv) and ANG III (icv) caused a significant decrease in the BHR sensitivity for reflex bradycardia. In contrast, icv infusion of ANG-(1-7) induced a significant increase in BHR sensitivity for reflex bradycardia (-3.0 +/- 0.3, 1 h, and -2.8 +/- 0.1 beats.min-1.mmHg-1, 3 h vs. -2.1 +/- 0.2 beats.min-1.mmHg-1, before infusion). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Incorporating Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors into Systemic Therapy of NSCLC

Despite current therapeutic options metastatic non– small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains incurable. Targeted therapies have opened new opportunities for several molecular subtypes, but virtually all patients treated will ultimately develop progressive disease by treatment resistance. Recent clinical trials have shown that immune-checkpoint blockade can result in striking and durable responses in metastatic NSCLC. These impressive results are yet to be confirmed in following trials; nonetheless, NSCLC therapeutic strategies will most likely need to integrate immune-checkpoint inhibitors in the near future. Interestingly, conventional therapies are capable of modulating the immune system and can therefore interact directly or indirectly with immunotherapies. This suggests that some combinations might have synergistic activity and lead to improved efficacy. Conventional and targeted therapies can induce rapid tumor lysis, and immune-checkpoint blockade can then help to induce a sustained immune-mediated tumor control. Moreover, the distinctive toxicity profile associated with immune-checkpoint modulators makes them good candidates for combination strategies. Here we summarize the results of immune-checkpoints trials in NSCLC, and also report how current therapeutic options can modulate the immune system. We provide a rationale and identify potential challenges for immune-checkpoint blockade combinations with conventional therapeutics in NSCLC.
Oxygen treatment of cluster headache: A review

Purpose Our aim was to review the existing literature to document oxygen’s therapeutic effect on cluster headache. Method A PubMed search resulted in 28 hits, and from these and their references we found in total 11 relevant studies. We included six studies that investigated the efficacy of oxygen treatment. One study is observational and the remaining five are RCTs. Another five studies were on hyperbaric oxygen treatment hereof two case studies. Conclusion Oxygen therapy can be administered at different flow rates. Three studies investigate the effect of low-flow oxygen, 6–7 l/min, and found a positive response in 56%, 75% and 82%, respectively, of the patients. One study investigates high-flow oxygen, 12 l/min, and found efficacy in 78% of attacks. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been investigated in a few small studies and there is evidence only for an acute, but not a prophylactic effect. Despite the fact that only a few high-quality RCT studies are available, oxygen treatment is close to an ideal treatment because it is effective and safe. However, sufferers of cluster headache do not always have access to oxygen because of logistic and financial concerns.
Conservation issues

It is generally agreed that a discretized numerical model should reproduce at least some of the conservation properties possessed by the corresponding continuous equations. An obvious example, of importance in long integrations, is that the total mass of the atmosphere should be conserved. Similarly, the total mass of a tracer such as moisture or a chemical species should be conserved by the purely dynamical (advective) part of the model. Although the maintenance of conservation properties may be less important when there are significant real sources and sinks, it may be argued that introducing spurious sources and sinks, by failing to respect the properties of the underlying dynamical equations, could easily undermine the realism of the simulation.
Gas-ChromatographicAnalysisfor Chiorpromazineand Some of Its Metabolitesin HumanSerum , with Use of a NitrogenDetector

We describe a gas-chromatographic method for measuring chiorpromazine and its metabolites chiorpromazine sulfoxide, mono-N-desmethylchlorpromazine, and di-Ndesmethylchlorpromazine at therapeutic concentrations in human serum, with use of a nitrogen detector. The compounds are extracted from serum at pH 10.5 into hexane/isoamyl alcohol, re-extracted into dilute HCI, and then extracted into hexane after alkalinization of the HCI. The N-desmethylated metabolites are measured as their respective N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives; the parent drug and its sulfoxide are measured as the unchanged bases. Promazine is the internal standard. As little as 5 tg of chlorpromazine, 20 ig of chiorpromazine sulfoxide, 20 g of mono-N-desmethylchlorpromazine, and 10 g of di-N-desmethylchlorpromazine per liter can be measured in 2-mL samples of serum. The within-run coefficients of variation for assays of these drugs at 100 g/L are 2.7%, 5.6%, 5.1%, and5.3%, respectively. The procedure was applied to patients receiving therapeutic doses of chlorpromazine and to patients who had ingested an overdose of chlorpromazine.
Simultaneous /sup 125/I SPECT imaging of small animals with pinhole and parallel collimation

A rotating cylindrical gantry apparatus holding a pair of Hamamatsu R3292 position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMTs), each of which can include either a parallel-hole collimator or a pinhole collimator, has been used to gather planar images and single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) data of an entire mouse. In addition, in a number of experiments a magnified view of a specific organ was obtained with pinhole collimation. The scintillators used were pixelated NaI(Tl) or CsI(Tl) with pixels 1/spl times/1/spl times/3 mm and were air coupled to the PSPMTs. The active area of each detector was a circle about 110 mm in diameter. The parallel hole detector had an intrinsic resolution in planar images of 2 mm and the pinhole collimator was used in a magnification which yielded 1 mm spatial resolution. A rigid, lightweight Lexan tube is used to contain a heated mouse bed formed in a semicylindrical shape. Warmed, humidified air as well as gas anesthetic can be introduced and exhausted via the tube. The arrangement facilitates accurate centering and positioning of the SPECT cameras to the animal. The simultaneous acquisition of whole body data and a magnified image of the gut and pancreas within the animal has been applied in a study of /sup 125/I tagged insulin in hyperglycemic and normal mice. In a study of the effectiveness of KI blocking on uptake of iodine in a mouse thyroid, images a phantom of the thyroid and submaxillary glands were of considerable interest.