Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Use of Landmarks by Clark's Nutcrackers: First Tests of a New Model

Animals use many different mechanisms to navigate in space. The characteristics of the mechanism employed are usually well-suited to the demands of each particular navigational problem. For example, desert ants navigating in a relatively featureless environment use path integration, birds homing or migrating over long distances use compasses of various sorts, salmon returning to their natal stream home on olfactory cues. The study of navigation requires the study of many different taxa confronting different problems. One interesting case involves scatter-hoarding species that use memory to relocate their hidden food. Such animals face the problem of remembering many locations simultaneously. Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) are an excellent example, and this paper considers their possible use of multiple bearings from landmarks.
10W power amplifier and 3W transmit/receive module with 3 dB NF in Ka band using a 100nm GaN/Si process

This paper presents two Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMIC) designed and fabricated with the same 100 nm Gallium Nitride on Silicon (GaN/Si) millimeter wave process, demonstrating the excellent multipurpose capability of this technology. The first circuit is a 29–33 GHz power amplifier, presenting 10 W of output power in pulsed operation and 8 W is CW operation. The second MMIC is a 26–34 GHz Transmit/Receive chip (T/R chip), including on the same chip a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA), a Power Amplifier (PA) and a SPDT switch. In the 28–34 GHz frequency bandwidth, this T/R chip, including the switch losses, presents an output power of 35–36 dBm and a Noise Figure of 2.7 dB with an associated gain of 18 dB for the receive and transmit paths.
Structure-Based Design of Novel Inhibitors of the MDM 2 − p 53 Interaction

Structure-based rational design led to the discovery of novel inhibitors of the MDM2−p53 protein−protein interaction. The affinity of these compounds for MDM2 was improved through conformational control of both the piperidinone ring and the appended N-alkyl substituent. Optimization afforded 29 (AM-8553), a potent and selective MDM2 inhibitor with excellent pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo efficacy. ■ INTRODUCTION The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a central role in preventing tumor development. Cellular stress in the form of DNA damage, hypoxia, or proapoptotic oncogene activation stimulates p53, resulting in its accumulation in the nucleus. Activated p53 up-regulates the transcription of numerous genes involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, senescence, and apoptosis. As a result, inactivation of the p53 pathway in tumor cells provides a strong selective growth advantage, and it has been proposed that elimination of the p53 function may be a requisite step in tumor formation. Recently, three independent studies demonstrated that restoring endogenous p53 function results in tumor regression in vivo and could be an effective anticancer therapeutic approach. The MDM2 (murine double minute 2) oncogene is an important negative regulator of p53. In unstressed cells, a negative feedback loop maintains both p53 and MDM2 at very low levels. MDM2 is transcriptionally activated by p53, and the activity of p53 is regulated by MDM2 through three main mechanisms. First, MDM2 represses p53 transcriptional activity by binding to the p53 transactivation domain. Second, MDM2 transports p53 from the nucleus to the cytosol. Finally, MDM2 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and facilitates the degradation of both p53 and itself in the cellular 26S proteasome. Wild-type p53 is found in approximately 50% of human cancers, and inhibition of the MDM2−p53 interaction with nonpeptidic small-molecule MDM2 inhibitors has been shown to be a tractable mechanism for activation of the p53 pathway. However, targeting a protein−protein interaction with small molecule inhibitors still represents a considerable challenge for drug discovery. The potential binding regions typically involve vast surface areas that contain poorly defined binding regions. As a result, small molecule inhibitors of protein−protein interactions tend to have high molecular weight, and when bound to their target, a considerable fraction of their total surface area is solvent-exposed. These factors can make lead optimization quite formidable. Although researchers have recognized the potential benefits of neutralizing the MDM2− p53 protein−protein interaction for nearly 20 years, to date, only a few molecules have advanced into clinical trials. Previously, we identified a class of chromenotriazolopyrimidine inhibitors of the MDM2−p53 interaction from highthroughput screening of our chemical library. To compleReceived: March 18, 2012 Published: April 23, 2012 Featured Article
Fallacies in English Department Students’ Claims: A Rhetorical Analysis of Critical Thinking

Abstract : This study focuses on the fallacies found in English department students’ claims of fact, value and policy. It employs qualitative design as the object is the real reflection of critical thinking in the form of writing to understand the fallacies varieties. The data are in the form of the sentences in the claims written by the students of UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang who took critical writing course. On claims of fact, the fallacies found include hasty generalization, irrelevancy, slippery slope, oversimplification and begging the question. Regarding pathos, the fallacy type covers ad populum, appeal to emotion premises and red herring. Meanwhile the ethos fallacy occurs in straw man only. On claims of value, more faulty reasoning is found compared to the discussion on the topics which are considered less familiar. In the logos fallacy for instance, the whole types of fallacy are found. The pa-thos found involves appeal to emotion premises and red herring. While the ethos fallacy occurs in appeal to authority and ad hominem. On claims of policy, the similar tendency of ethos is also found while the pathos existing is in the form of appeal to emotion premises. Key Words : fallacy, claims, logos, ethos, pathos Abstract : Penelitian ini mengkaji lompatan nalar dalam karangan argumentatif berjenis faktual, nilai dan kebijakan. Rancangan yang digunakan kualitatif dengan objek refleksi berpikir kritis dalam tulisan untuk memahami lompatan nalar yang ditemukan. Data penelitian berupa kalimat dalam klaim yang ditulis mahasiwa UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang pada mata kuliah menulis kritis. Pada klaim fak-tual, lompatan nalar meliputi generalisasi langsung, tanpa kaitan, terpelintir, penyederhanaan dan penuh pertanyaan. Dalam hal patos, lompatan nalar meliputi simbol umum,emotif dan pengalihan isu. Adapun lompatan dalam etos meliputi penyepelean opini saja. Dalam klaim nilai, terjadi lebih banyak lompatan nalar pada topik yang bersifat kurang umum. Pada logos, seluruh jenis lompatan nalar teri-dentifikasi. Adapun patos yang muncul yaitu pernyataan emotif dan pengalihan isu. Lompatan etos terjadi pada keberpihakan isu dan serang opini. Dalam klaim kebijakan, lompatan etos juga memiliki kecenderungan yang sama dan pada patos melibatkan penyataan emotif. Kata kunci : lompatan nalar, klaim, logos, etos, patos
Ifosfamide and vinorelbine: an active regimen for patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's disease

Twenty‐six patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's disease (HD) were treated with an intensive salvage regimen combining ifosfamide (3000 mg/m2/d, days 1–4 through continuous intravenous infusion) and vinorelbine (25 mg/m2, i.v. days 1 and 5) with mesna uroprotection and G‐CSF support. Courses were given at 3‐week intervals.
Credit in Acceptance Sampling on Attributes

Credit is introduced in acceptance sampling on attributes and a credit-based acceptance sampling system is developed that is very easy to apply in practice. The credit of a producer is defined as the total number of items accepted since the last rejection. In my sampling system, the sample size for a lot depends via a simple function on the lot size, the credit, and the chosen guaranteed upper limit on the outgoing quality and will be much smaller than in isolated lot inspection. My credit-based acceptance sampling system also yields a simple continuous sampling plan.
Structural and Functional Analyses of the Second-Generation Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor Dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572)

Raltegravir (RAL) and related HIV-1 integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) efficiently block viral replication in vitro and suppress viremia in patients. These small molecules bind to the IN active site, causing it to disengage from the deoxyadenosine at the 3′ end of viral DNA. The emergence of viral strains that are highly resistant to RAL underscores the pressing need to develop INSTIs with improved resistance profiles. Herein, we show that the candidate second-generation drug dolutegravir (DTG, S/GSK1349572) effectively inhibits a panel of HIV-1 IN variants resistant to first-generation INSTIs. To elucidate the structural basis for the increased potency of DTG against RAL-resistant INs, we determined crystal structures of wild-type and mutant prototype foamy virus intasomes bound to this compound. The overall IN binding mode of DTG is strikingly similar to that of the tricyclic hydroxypyrrole MK-2048. Both second-generation INSTIs occupy almost the same physical space within the IN active site and make contacts with the β4–α2 loop of the catalytic core domain. The extended linker region connecting the metal chelating core and the halobenzyl group of DTG allows it to enter farther into the pocket vacated by the displaced viral DNA base and to make more intimate contacts with viral DNA, compared with those made by RAL and other INSTIs. In addition, our structures suggest that DTG has the ability to subtly readjust its position and conformation in response to structural changes in the active sites of RAL-resistant INs.
Altered Attainment of Developmental Milestones Influences the Age of Diagnosis of Rett Syndrome

The early developmental history prior to the manifestation of Rett syndrome features is of clinical interest. This study describes the attainment of gross developmental milestones and regression, and assesses the relationships between genotype and age at diagnosis. The Australian Rett Syndrome Database and International Rett Syndrome Phenotype Database were used to source a total of 293 confirmed female subjects. Most girls learned to sit, were able to babble or use words, and approximately half learned to walk. Altered milestone attainment was associated with earlier diagnosis. There was variation in the acquisition of milestones, the age of regression, and the age of diagnosis by genotype. Most parents expressed concerns about unusual behaviors or development during infancy, and a more subtle atypical development during infancy was reported for most girls. It is important for clinicians to be aware of variable early development in Rett syndrome and that timely genetic testing is not precluded on this account.
Sentinel lymph nodes in malignant melanoma: Extended histopathologic evaluation improves diagnostic precision

Abrahamsen and colleagues recently reported that more extensive serial sectioning of sentinel lymph nodes (SNs) leads to an increased rate of detection of melanoma micrometastases. Although the authors acknowledged that SN analysis involves a compromise between 1) comprehensive sampling and examination of the entire lymph node and 2) practical and economic considerations in routine practice, they did not expound on this issue. We believe that it is important for pathologists and clinicians to understand the practical ramifications of adopting a protocol such as the one used by Abrahamsen et al. for routine histopathologic assessment of SNs. If an average time of 1 minute is required to screen each section (a conservative estimate in our experience), and if, on average, 20 sections of each paraffin block obtained from each SN are examined, then, based on median values (2 SNs per patient and 2 paraffin blocks per SN), a pathologist can examine no more than 6 cases in an 8-hour working day! At the Sydney Melanoma Unit (SMU; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia), we routinely examine four sections of each paraffin block obtained from each available SN; initially, these sections are screened using a 10X objective lens. In 2003, SNs obtained from a total of 434 patients with melanoma were examined, with the examination process consuming approximately 200 hours of pathologists’ time. Adoption of the sectioning protocol described by Abrahamsen et al. would call for these pathologists to spend an extra 463 hours examining SNs each year. (Furthermore, additional time would be required for laboratory technicians to cut and stain these sections.) These changes would result in a prohibitive increase in the cost of histopathologic assessment of SNs. We recently reported on the extensive SN biopsy experience accumulated at the SMU. Between 1992 and 2001, 26 of 976 patients who had undergone SN biopsy for primary melanoma developed regional lymph node field recurrences after initial pathologic examination of the SNs in these fields yielded negative findings. On the basis of these results, we concluded that efforts to reduce this already very low rate by routinely examining additional sections would be difficult to justify from a cost-benefit perspective. In our view, it is important that practical and economic issues, as well as clinical outcomes, be considered in the development of protocols for detecting metastatic disease in SNs. It is clear that less labor-intensive methods for reliable detection are required, and as we recently reported, nonhistopathologic techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy have the potential to fulfill this need. 2141
Improvements in prehospital trauma care in an African country with no formal emergency medical services.

BACKGROUND A large proportion of trauma patients in developing countries do not have access to formal Emergency Medical Services. We sought to assess the efficacy of a program that builds on the existing, although informal, system of prehospital transport in Ghana. In that country, the majority of injured persons are transported to the hospital by some type of commercial vehicle, such as a taxi or bus. METHODS A total of 335 commercial drivers were trained using a 6-hour basic first aid course. The efficacy of this course was assessed by comparing the process of prehospital trauma care provided before versus after the course, as determined by self-report from the drivers. RESULTS Follow-up interviews were conducted on 71 of the drivers a mean of 10.6 months after the course. Sixty-one percent indicated that they had provided first aid since taking the course. There was considerable improvement in the provision of the components of first aid in comparison to what was reported before the course: crash scene management (7% before vs. 35% after), airway management (2% vs. 35%), external bleeding control (4% vs. 42%), and splinting of injured extremities (1 vs. 16%). CONCLUSION Even in the absence of formal Emergency Medical Services, improvements in the process of prehospital trauma care are possible by building on existing, although informal, patterns of prehospital transport.
[Demographic-epidemiologic transition in Chile, 1960-2001].

BACKGROUND In Chile, the demographic structure and the causes of morbidity and of mortality among the population have undergone major changes within a relatively short period of time. These changes have taken place within a framework of processes referred to respectively as demographic transition and epidemiological transition. This study is aimed at providing evidence as to the demographic transition and epidemiological transition which took place in this country within the 1960-2001 period. METHODS This is a time-series study gathering demographic and death rate-related information from Chile throughout the 1960-2001 period. The data was taken from the Demographic Yearbooks of the National Institute of Statistics, from information produced by the Department of Prospective Studies under the Ministry of Planning and Cooperation and the Chilean Ministry of Health. RESULTS In 1960, 39.6% of the population had less than 14 years old, natality rate was 36.3 per 1000, general mortality rate 12.3 per 1000 and Infant Mortality rate 120 per 1000. 44% of causes of decreases were by infectious and newborn's diseases. In 2001, 28% of the population has less than 14 years old, natality rate is 18.3 per 1000, General Mortality rate 5.4 per 1000 and Infant Mortality rate 8.9 per 1000. 68% of causes of diseases are by chronic diseases. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, it can be said that Chile is currently in a late stage of demographic transition as well as epidemiological transition. Ascertaining Chile's actual situation will provide information to those Latin American countries which are currently in early stages of these types of transitions.
Gelatin Use Impairs Platelet Adhesion during Cardiac Surgery

Summary Artificial colloids based on gelatin are used as plasma expander to replace donor blood products. In laboratory experiments, gelatin reduced both the velocity and extend of platelet agglutination by ristocetin, and only the agglutination velocity by polybrene (p <0.05). Furthermore, gelatin delayed the in-vitro platelet plug formation under shear-stress in the absence of ADP (p <0.05), whereas gelatin induced no delay in the presence of ADP. Thus, after induction of vWF release from platelets by polybrene or ADP, platelet function was normal. These results indicate that gelatin affects in particular the functionality of plasma-vWF and partly inhibits platelet adhesion. These negative effects of gelatin on hemostasis were demonstrated in two clinical studies during cardiac surgery. In a randomized study of sixty patients undergoing cardiac surgery, gelatin as prime in the heart-lung machine appeared to result in diminished efficacy of aprotinin on hemostasis, whereas it did not affect hemostasis in non-aprotinin patients. An additional retrospective clinical study showed that only high dose of gelatin affected hemostasis. This suggests a limited role of plasma-vWF and a strong back-up mechanism of platelet-vWF in achieving hemostasis.
Predictors of Asthma Control in a Random Sample of Asthmatic Patients

The purpose of this study was to identify determinants of asthma control. Questionnaires were completed by a random sample of 570 members of a large managed care organization who were ≥35 years of age with utilization suggestive of active asthma. Asthma control was assessed buy the Asthma Control Test (ACT). Independent relationships were found between lower ACT scores and oral corticosteroid use (p < 0.0001), COPD (p < 0.0001), absence of regular specialist care (p = 0.006), higher BMI (p = 0.01), gastroesophageal reflux (p = 0.02), not being Caucasian (p = 0.04), and low income (p = 0.04).
Stature and Aging *

ABSTRACT: The study series consisted of 100 women and 100 men over the age of 45 who remembered their heights at the age of 20. Ninety women and 36 men also recalled their weights at age 20. The combined cortical thickness and the cortical index of both clavicles were measured, as well as the height and weight. The reduction of height for the 45–59 age group in women was 1.8 cm, and in men 1.1 cm; for the 60–69 age group in women it was 2.7 cm, and in men 1.7 cm; and for the 70+ age group in women it was 2.8 cm, and in men 2.0 cm. The difference between women and men was significant in the two younger age groups. There was a significant increase in the weight of women in the age groups 45–59 and 60–69 compared with their weight at the age of 20. No significant difference was found for the men. The reduction of stature was considered to be the result of loss of intervertebral tissue and pronounced curvatures of the spine (characteristic of old women gaining weight) rather than osteoporosis.
Revaluation of maturity and stability indices for compost

BOD/COD ratio of compost was studied in conjunction with C/N ratio as commonly maturity index. Carbonaceous materials as well as nitrogenous materials declined in open-air conditions during 20 weeks. C/N ratio was correlated with BOD/COD, a couple parameters to qualify the compost was mature and stable. This study came up to the conclusion that compost maturity with C/N of less than 14 instead of less than 20 was corresponding to stability with BOD/COD of less than 0.1. Additional assurance on maturity and stability was carbon dioxide emission rate of less than 2 mg C/g VS/day. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management Vol. 10 (3) 2006: 83-85
Concurrent Acute Appendicitis and Recurrent Acute Diverticulitis: A Diagnostic Challenge

Introduction: There is a lack of information in the literature regarding acute appendicitis in the setting of acute diverticulitis. As acute appendicitis and acute diverticulitis together make up most community-acquired complicated intra-abdominal infections, it is very likely that the provider will encounter them in the patient presenting with abdominal pain. Case Description: We report a patient with recurrent diverticulitis who carried a codiagnosis of acute appendicitis; the appendix was laparoscopically removed, and her diverticulitis flare was managed nonoperatively. Discussion: In the patient with a history of diverticulitis presenting with abdominal pain, a high index of suspicion for other coexisting intra-abdominal pathology must be maintained. Computed tomography offers a powerful tool to aid in diagnosis.
Networks of Collaborations: Hypergraph Modeling and Visualisation

The acknowledged model for networks of collaborations is the hypergraph model. Nonetheless when it comes to be visualized hypergraphs are transformed into simple graphs. Very often, the transformation is made by clique expansion of the hyperedges resulting in a loss of information for the user and in artificially more complex graphs due to the high number of edges represented. The extra-node representation gives substantial improvement in the visualisation of hypergraphs and in the retrieval of information. This paper aims at showing qualitatively and quantitatively how the extra-node representation can improve the visualisation of hypergraphs without loss of information.