Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Highly functionalized organic nitrates in the southeast United States: Contribution to secondary organic aerosol and reactive nitrogen budgets

Significance We present online field observations of the speciated molecular composition of organic nitrates in ambient atmospheric particles utilizing recently developed high-resolution MS-based instrumentation. We find that never-before-identified low-volatility organic species, which are highly functionalized, explain a major fraction of the total particle nitrate mass measured by the traditional aerosol mass spectrometer. An observationally constrained box model shows that these organic nitrates are likely derived from oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons and persist in the particle phase for only a few hours. Given their high rate of loss, their fates have significant implications for the budgets of secondary organic aerosol particles and nitrogen oxides but are currently unknown. Speciated particle-phase organic nitrates (pONs) were quantified using online chemical ionization MS during June and July of 2013 in rural Alabama as part of the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study. A large fraction of pONs is highly functionalized, possessing between six and eight oxygen atoms within each carbon number group, and is not the common first generation alkyl nitrates previously reported. Using calibrations for isoprene hydroxynitrates and the measured molecular compositions, we estimate that pONs account for 3% and 8% of total submicrometer organic aerosol mass, on average, during the day and night, respectively. Each of the isoprene- and monoterpenes-derived groups exhibited a strong diel trend consistent with the emission patterns of likely biogenic hydrocarbon precursors. An observationally constrained diel box model can replicate the observed pON assuming that pONs (i) are produced in the gas phase and rapidly establish gas–particle equilibrium and (ii) have a short particle-phase lifetime (∼2–4 h). Such dynamic behavior has significant implications for the production and phase partitioning of pONs, organic aerosol mass, and reactive nitrogen speciation in a forested environment.
The Effects of Trade Competition on Health, and Determinants of Workplace Behavior

We design a laboratory experiment to test for image motives in a setting where decisions signal intelligence to a social audience. Money-maximizing behavior in the experiment sorts subjects by academic ability, as measured by performance on verbal analogy questions, across two levels of question difficulty. Sorting behavior is publicly revealed in our “audience” treatment, facilitating social signaling. In the “intrinsic only” treatment, the signaling mechanism was explained but decisions were kept private. In the control, there was no discussion of the signaling mechanism and all decisions were private. We find that intrinsic only subjects were significantly more likely to choose the high-type action than the control. In comparison, subjects were significantly less likely to choose the signal in the audience treatment, when doing so was publicly observed. The effects are more pronounced in males. The results suggest that social observation can demotivate individuals when decisions signal intelligence, despite evidence that the underlying trait was privately considered desirable. Audience effects have a less predictable impact on behavior in this setting as compared to the near universally positive findings from the altruism and trust literature. Our experimental design can be easily adapted to study image motives in a broad set of environments using revealed preferences.
The Impact of Corporate Diversification on the Option Value of Equity

This article quantifies the effect of risk-reducing corporate diversification on the option value of equity using contingent claims analysis. The impact of conglomeration on firm risk is heavily conditioned on firm size. In contrast to small firms, the risk of large firms does not decline with increasing conglomeration. Accounting for this effect, the expected equity discount is much lower than commonly assumed and can even turn into a premium if the path dependency of equity is incorporated. These results stand in direct contrast to those of Mansi and Reeb (2002) and caution against using asset substitution as a qualitative argument for explaining broad economic phenomena involving shareholder value.
Effect of dietary probiotic on performance and humoral immune response in layer hens

Abstract 1. The effects of dietary supplementation of a commercial probiotic (Protexin feed consumption, egg yield, egg weight, food conversion ratio and humoral immune response in layer hens were investigated. In 7 replicates, a total of 280 40-week-old layers were given diets containing either 0, 250, 500 or 750 parts per million (ppm) for 90 d. 2. When compared with the controls, the food consumption, food conversion ratio and the proportions of damaged eggs were lower in the group consuming 500 ppm probiotic ( P <0.05). 3. There was no significant difference between the controls and the groups receiving 250 and 750 ppm probiotic in food consumption, food conversion ratio and proportion of damaged eggs. Similarly, the egg yield, egg weight, specific gravity, and peripheral immune response showed no statistically significant differences between the groups. ) on daily
Comment on “Glacial Survival of Boreal Trees in Northern Scandinavia”

Parducci et al. (Reports, 2 March 2012, p. 1083) fail to present convincing evidence for glacial survival of Pinus and Picea in northern Scandinavia. Their methodology does not exclude contamination. Additionally, they should consider the lack of suitable habitats, the apparent extinction of both taxa after deglacial warming, and alternative hypotheses for the distribution of the Picea genetic marker haplotype A.
Cognitive–behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress in schizophrenia. A randomized controlled trial

Background There is limited evidence for effective interventions in the treatment of post-traumatic stress symptoms within individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Clinicians have concerns about using exposure treatments with this patient group. The current trial was designed to evaluate a 16-session cognitive restructuring programme, without direct exposure, for the treatment of post-traumatic stress symptoms specifically within individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Method A multicentre randomized controlled single-blinded trial with assessments at 0 months, 6 months (post-treatment) and 12 months (follow-up) was conducted. A total of 61 participants diagnosed with schizophrenia and exhibiting post-traumatic stress symptoms were recruited. Those randomized to treatment were offered up to 16 sessions of cognitive–behaviour therapy (CBT, including psychoeducation, breathing training and cognitive restructuring) over a 6-month period, with the control group offered routine clinical services. The main outcome was blind rating of post-traumatic stress symptoms using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Schizophrenia. Secondary outcomes were psychotic symptoms as measured by the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale and the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale. Results Both the treatment and control groups experienced a significant decrease in post-traumatic stress symptoms over time but there was no effect of the addition of CBT on either the primary or secondary outcomes. Conclusions The current trial did not demonstrate any effect in favour of CBT. Cognitive restructuring programmes may require further adaptation to promote emotional processing of traumatic memories within people diagnosed with a psychotic disorder.
A consumer-side experimental examination of signaling theory: Do

This article examines consumers' perceptions of warranties within the framework of economic signaling theory. We develop propositions about conditions under which higher warranties may lead to higher, lower, or the same quality perceptions as do lower warranties. These quality perceptions of consumers are consistent with different types of market equilibria predicted by signaling theory. The propositions are tested in an experiment which varies warranty length, warranty scope, and the conditions for warranty signaling. Results suggest that, in general, consumer responses to warranties are consistent with the behavioral assumptions of signaling theory. The authors suggest that consumer researchers can gain greater insight by integrating signaling theory with psychologically based approaches.
Cognitive–behavioural approach to understanding obsessional thinking

Background Obsessional ruminations (obsessions without any accompanying overt compulsive behaviour) were previously considered especially difficult to treat. Method Cognitive-behavioural theory regarding obsessional problems is discussed. Strategies for therapy developed on the basis of this theory are reviewed. Results The cognitive-behavioural theory of obsessive-compulsive disorder proposes that obsessional problems occur as a consequence of the particular meaning or significance which patients attach to the occurrence and/or content of intrusive thoughts. When intrusions are interpreted (appraised) as indicating increased personal responsibility, this results in both distress and the occurrence of neutralising behaviour. Cognitive-behavioural treatment seeks to change responsibility beliefs and appraisals, and thereby reduce distress and eliminate neutralising responses which usually occur as covert neutralising (mental rituals). Evidence is emerging for the success of therapy developed on this theoretical basis. Conclusions Recent developments in the psychological conceptualisation of obsessional ruminations have improved the prospects for successful therapy.
The Performance of Top R&D Investing Companies in the Stock Market

Based on an original data set with information of a representative portfolio of among the largest 304 R&D investing companies over the 2003-2006 period, the overall analysis, except in a few cases, gives some robust evidence of a positive relationship between top R&D-investing companies and their performance in the stock markets as measured by the evolution of their market capitalisations' values. In terms of sectors, companies in the pharmaceuticals and biotechnology and software & computer services sectors in the UK and the chemicals sector in Germany appear to outperform the respective sectoral stock market indexes in which they operate. On the other hand some other sectors, such as technology hardware and equipment one in France, show an underperforming behaviour. Empirical findings from the econometric analysis suggest a positive impact of the firm's R&D intensity on its market capitalisation performance. Besides some data limitations which call for further investigations, R&D investment can without uncertainty be acknowledged as representing an important strategic element for companies' economic and financial performance, but is not the only one. To name a few of them, framework conditions in the economy, marketing activities and the level of market power of companies are only other important factors that have an impact on companies' performances which are also reflected on their stock markets values.
Targeting monocyte and macrophage subpopulations for immunotherapy: a patent review (2009 – 2013)

Introduction: Monocytes and macrophages are heterogeneous populations of effector cells in the innate immune system. Once thought to be obligatory precursors for macrophages, monocytes are now known to have several distinct sub-populations and their own independent functions. This separation of the two lineages has opened new therapeutic avenues in inflammation and created new technologies targeting the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Areas covered: A search of Google Patents and PatentScope has revealed numerous patents targeting monocytes and macrophages. This review will focus on seven patents from 2009 to 2013, utilizing autologous monocyte and macrophage adoptive transfer, genetic manipulation of the MPS, therapeutic nanoparticles and liposomes or combinations of these strategies. Patents that target monocyte recruitment are also briefly reviewed. Expert opinion: While monocyte and macrophage targeting has yielded some promising results in animal models, these often fail to translate well to successful clinical trials. The paradigm of how cells in the MPS interact and evolve is constantly being updated, and caution must be exercised in developing immunomodulatory agents until this relationship is better understood.
Ca2+‐ATPase function is required for intracellular trafficking of the Notch receptor in Drosophila

Maintaining high Ca2+ concentrations in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum is important for protein synthesis and transport. We identified a lethal complementation group recovered in a screen for mutations that reduce Notch activity as loss‐of‐function alleles of the Drosophila Ca2+‐ATPase gene Ca‐P60A. Analysis of Ca‐P60A mutants indicates that Ca2+‐ATPase is essential for cell viability and tissue morphogenesis during development. Cultured cells treated with Ca2+‐ATPase inhibitors exhibit impaired Notch cleavage and receptor trafficking to the cell surface, explaining the genetic interaction between Ca2+‐ATPase and Notch. Notch and several other transmembrane proteins are mislocalized in tissue clones homozygous for Ca‐P60A mutations, demonstrating a general effect on membrane protein trafficking caused by a deficiency in Ca2+‐ATPase.
Service models and pricing policies for an integrated services Internet

This paper addresses the integration of services in the Internet and the resulting impact on pricing policies. I rst address why an integrated services Internet is desirable , and give an overview of the services it is likely to ooer. I then argue that an integrated services Internet, in order to be eecient, must employ per-user, quality-of-service sensitive, and usage-based pricing policies.
Uptake of Isoniazid Preventive Therapy among Under-Five Children: TB Contact Investigation as an Entry Point

A child’s risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) can be reduced by nearly 60% with administration of 6 months course of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). However, uptake of IPT by national TB programs is low, and IPT delivery is a challenge in many resource-limited high TB-burden settings. Routinely collected program data was analyzed to determine the coverage and outcome of implementation of IPT for eligible under-five year old children in 28 health facilities in two regions of Ethiopia. A total of 504 index smear-positive pulmonary TB (SS+) cases were reported between October 2013 and June 2014 in the 28 health facilities. There were 282 under-five children registered as household contacts of these SS+ TB index cases, accounting for 17.9% of all household contacts. Of these, 237 (84%) were screened for TB symptoms, and presumptive TB was identified in 16 (6.8%) children. TB was confirmed in 5 children, producing an overall yield of 2.11% (95% confidence interval, 0.76–4.08%). Of 221 children eligible for IPT, 64.3% (142) received IPT, 80.3% (114) of whom successfully completed six months of therapy. No child developed active TB while on IPT. Contact screening is a good entry point for delivery of IPT to at risk children and should be routine practice as recommended by the WHO despite the implementation challenges.
EVALUATION OF STRESS AND BURNOUT LEVELS AMONG INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM MALE..

Athlete burnout is a maladaptive psychological outcome sometimes associated with sport participation. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigation and evaluation of stress and burnout levels among individual and team athletes. Participants included 200 male athletes that divided in 2 groups (individual and team athletes) and their ages ranged from 23-34 years-old. Individual sport fi elds were consisted the badminton, table tennis, Judo and Karate. Furthermore, team sport fi elds were consisted the football, handball, basketball and volleyball teams. All participants fi lled in the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Results showed that the differences between two groups were signifi cant at the level of P<0.05 and team athletes obtained higher scores than individual athletes in stress variable. Results showed that differences between team athletes group with F=5.234 was signifi cant at the level of P<0.05. The Bonferroni post hoc showed that all three component were signifi cant in this group (P<0.05). Also, our results showed that differences between individual athletes group F=5.234 was signifi cant at the level of P<0.05. The Bonferroni post hoc showed that only differences between personal accomplishment component was signifi cant (P<0.05). Based on our results, team athletes obtained stress and burnout scores than individual athletes, thus coaches and other persons that involved in clubs, offi cials and sport associations should pay special attention to this problem.
Unstable genes--unstable mind?

OBJECTIVE Over the past 3 years, reports of DNA alteration in myotonic dystrophy, fragile X syndrome (types A and E), Kennedy's disease, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy have identified a new class of human mutation, referred to as trinucleotide repeat amplification. All available evidence suggests that this unstable trinucleotide repeat DNA is the biological basis of the clinical phenomenon of genetic anticipation. Two components of anticipation, greater severity and earlier age at onset in subsequent generations, have been widely observed in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Thus, a reanalysis of the genetics of major psychosis from the perspective of unstable DNA is of significant interest. METHOD The authors reviewed the available literature on anticipation and related phenomena in major psychosis and reevaluated the family, twin, and adoption study data. RESULTS The unstable DNA concept competes well with the traditional multifactorial polygenic theory; many deviations from a single gene mode of inheritance in psychiatric twin and family studies, which previously served as strong proof for more than one etiologic gene, can be easily explained by the non-Mendelian behavior of unstable DNA. In addition, this new paradigm provides a simple explanation for unclear issues in the genetics of major psychosis, such as the identical rate of psychosis in the offspring of discordant monozygotic twins. CONCLUSIONS The major advantage of the unstable DNA hypothesis over the multifactorial polygenic theory lies in the possibility of falsifying the unstable DNA hypothesis by two independent laboratory strategies: a classical linkage analysis and a set of novel methods for the direct detection of unstable DNA sites.
The state version of the recovery experience questionnaire: A multilevel confirmatory factor analysis

Although many studies in the field of recovery from work utilize a quantitative diary design, little is known about the validity of the daily measures used in such studies. The present study analyses the factor structure of the state version of the Recovery Experience Questionnaire (REQ) on the between-person (trait) and within-person (state) levels. A total of 127 employees participated in the study. Most of them filled out the questionnaire on three consecutive workdays (N = 375 observations). Results of multilevel confirmatory factor analyses (MCFA) showed that a four-factor model fit the data better than alternative models at both levels of analysis (between and within). In addition, some factor loadings of the four recovery experience dimensions (particularly for relaxation and control) were lower on the day level as compared to the general level. Nevertheless, we conclude that both state and trait versions of the REQ show good psychometric properties. Implications for future research on recovery are discussed.
Relationships between Observations of Elementary Mathematics Instruction and Student Achievement: Exploring Variability across Districts

Much debate surrounding teacher quality has focused on students’ standardized test scores, but recent federal and state initiatives have emphasized the use of multiple measures to evaluate teacher quality, including classroom observations. In this study, we explore differences across school districts in the relationship between student achievement outcomes and the observed quality of teachers’ instruction. Using data from 298 elementary mathematics teachers in five urban US districts, we examine relationships between teachers’ performance on the Mathematical Quality of Instruction observation instrument and their students’ scores on both state standardized and researcher-developed tests. We find that these relationships differ across school districts. We explore the extent to which differences in skills and expectations for students across tests may explain this variability. An improved understanding of the relationship between classroom observations and student tests may help districts to better support teachers in developing their instructional effectiveness.
Dynamics of an Oligotrophic Bacterial Aquifer Community during Contact with a Groundwater Plume Contaminated with Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes: an In Situ Mesocosm Study

ABSTRACT An in situ mesocosm system was designed to monitor the in situ dynamics of the microbial community in polluted aquifers. The mesocosm system consists of a permeable membrane pocket filled with aquifer material and placed within a polypropylene holder, which is inserted below groundwater level in a monitoring well. After a specific time period, the microcosm is recovered from the well and its bacterial community is analyzed. Using this system, we examined the effect of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) contamination on the response of an aquifer bacterial community by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes and PCR detection of BTEX degradation genes. Mesocosms were filled with nonsterile or sterile aquifer material derived from an uncontaminated area and positioned in a well located in either the uncontaminated area or a nearby contaminated area. In the contaminated area, the bacterial community in the microcosms rapidly evolved into a stable community identical to that in the adjacent aquifer but different from that in the uncontaminated area. At the contaminated location, bacteria with tmoA- and xylM/xylE1-like BTEX catabolic genotypes colonized the aquifer, while at the uncontaminated location only tmoA-like genotypes were detected. The communities in the mesocosms and in the aquifer adjacent to the wells in the contaminated area consisted mainly of Proteobacteria. At the uncontaminated location, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were found. Our results indicate that communities with long-term stability in their structures follow the contamination plume and rapidly colonize downstream areas upon contamination.
Institutional Ownership and the Value Premium

Consistent with mispricing explanations proposed in the literature to explain the value premium, the value premium is driven by stocks held by individual investors. Stocks held by institutional investors do not exhibit any significant value premium nor value effect while representing 93% of the market capitalization. In contrast, in stocks most held by individual investors the value premium, even value-weighted, reaches a staggering 2% per month. This shows that the value premium is likely to be due to mispricing and that arbitraging it entails substantive costs.