Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in guinea-pigs, with special reference to the involvement of epidermal Langerhans' cells in the induction of immunity

Several studies have confirmed that epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC) play a central role in the induction of skin-related immunological events. In order to assess the role of LC in Chagas' disease, guinea-pigs were infected intradermally with Trypanosoma cruzi, sacrificed at different time-points, and their tissues were processed for routine histology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Parasitaemia was observed earliest at day 6 p.i. with 2 peaks at days 9 and 28, and disappeared on day 56 p.i. Parasite-specific serum IgG and IgM were first detected on day 12 p.i. The level of IgG gradually increased by day 84 p.i. All the infected guinea-pigs showed significant alterations in the distribution and morphology of epidermal LC during parasitaemia. The number of LC had significantly decreased in the epidermis by day 3 p.i. , only returning to normal levels by day 56 p.i. , although the number of LC in the underlying dermis increased concomitantly. Parasites were carried to the regional lymph node, where clustering of parasite-laden dendritic cells (DC) with lymphocytes was seen by electron microscopy. This evidence suggests that LC might be involved in antigen presentation in Chagas' disease.
Labeled Data Generation with Encoder-Decoder LSTM for Semantic Slot Filling

To train a model for semantic slot ﬁlling, manually labeled data in which each word is annotated with a semantic slot label is necessary while manually preparing such data is costly. Starting from a small amount of manually labeled data, we propose a method to generate the labeled data with using the encoder-decoder LSTM. We ﬁrst train the encoder-decoder LSTM that accepts and generates the same manually labeled data. Then, to generate a wide variety of labeled data, we add perturbations to the vector that encodes the manually labeled data and generate labeled data with the decoder LSTM based on the per-turbated encoded vector. We also try to enhance the encoder-decoder LSTM to generate the word sequences and their label sequences separately to obtain new pairs of words and their labels. Through the experiments with the standard ATIS slot ﬁll-ing task, by using the generated data, we obtained improvement in slot ﬁlling accuracy over the strong baseline with the NN-based slot ﬁlling model
Tapping the invisible market: the case of the cruise industry

Tapping the Invisible Market: The Case of the Cruise Industry. (August 2006) Sun Young Park, B.H. E. , Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea; M.P.S. , University of Hawaii at Manoa Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. James F. Petrick Dr. Joseph T. O’Leary The definition of business success has evolved from winning larger market share in fierce competition to creating one’s own markets. Exploring new markets is crucial especially for tourism businesses, as one of the basic motives for leisure travel is seeking new or different experiences. Nonetheless, current non-customers have rarely been studied in the context of tourism. Using the cruise industry as a case, the first purpose of this study was to enhance the understanding of current non-customers (i.e., “the invisible market”). Current noncustomers of the cruise industry were defined as leisure travelers who take other leisure vacation types, but have not taken a cruise vacation in the last five years (i.e., pastcruisers) or have never taken a cruise vacation (i.e., non-cruisers). The second purpose was to propose practical approaches for the cruise industry to utilize to tap the invisible market based on the findings. This study consists two phases using a sequential study design. In Phase 1, 22 guided conversations were conducted with people with and without cruise experiences using a modified Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique to explore their images of
Illness severity scoring for Intensive Care at Middlemore Hospital, New Zealand: past and future.

AIM The Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score is a popular illness severity scoring system for intensive care units. Scoring systems such as the APACHE II allow researchers and clinicians to quantify patient illness severity with a greater degree of accuracy and precision, which is critical when evaluating practice patterns and outcomes, both within or between intensive care units. The study aims to: assess changes in APACHE II scores and hospital-standardised mortality ratio at our ICU over a nine year period from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2005; assess for changes in the performance of the APACHE II scoring system in predicting patient hospital mortality over the same period; and assess for any clinical subgroups in which APACHE II scoring was particularly inaccurate or imprecise. METHODS Retrospective audit of a single centre relational database, with evaluation of the APACHE II scoring system by year through discrimination (ability to discriminate between the patients who will die or survive at hospital discharge) using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and calibration (ability to predict mortality rate over classes of risk) using goodness-of-fit as assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic. RESULTS Data from 7703 patients were available for analysis. There was a decrease in overall hospital mortality, from approximately 19% at the beginning of the period of observation to approximately 12% at the end. There was also a decrease in the hospital standardised mortality ratio from 0.94 (95%CI 0.82-1.06) to 0.66 (95%CI 0.55-0.76). In general, both the APACHE II score and risk of death model performed adequately in each year with ROC curve AUCs of >0.8, albeit with progressively poorer performance over time and 'model fade' that approached statistical significance. There was progressively poorer calibration with the APACHE II risk of death model as indicated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic, with a statistically significant difference between the predicted and observed mortality from 2003 onwards. Overall, there was moderately poor model performance in the diagnostic groups with the largest number of patients (sepsis and post-surgical complications). CONCLUSION This study shows the progressively worse performance of the APACHE II illness severity scoring system over time due to 'model fade'. This is especially so in common diagnostic categories, making this a clinically relevant finding. Future approaches to illness severity scoring should be tested and compared, such as re-estimating coefficients of the APACHE II diagnostic categories or using locally developed ones, moving to later evolutions of the system such as the APACHE III or APACHE IV, or developing novel artificial intelligence approaches.
The effect of neuromuscular blocking agents on isolated human intercostal muscles.

An isolated preparation of human intercostal muscle is described. Analysis of soaked muscle showed that in favorable cases the muscle can be set up in physiological saline with little loss of potassium from the tissue. The resting potential, measured with intracellular electrodes, was 73 mV± 10 (S.D. of 144 measurements). The nerve trunk is not available in this preparation. However, by using a short (2 to 5 micro sec.) shock, it was possible to stimulate the nerve axons selectively. The subsequent response is completely abolished by d -tubocurarine. Smaller doses of d -tubocurarine produced a steady partial neuromuscular block, and the sensitivity of normal isolated human muscle to this drug has been determined. Addition of decamethonium bromide produced an initial rapid block, followed by recovery and then the development of a slow secondary block. This behavior resembles that shown by other isolated mammalian muscles.
Identification of Heregulin, a Specific Activator of p185erbB2

The proto-oncogene designated erbB2 or HER2 encodes a 185-kilodalton transmembrane tyrosine kinase (p185erbB2), whose overexpression has been correlated with a poor prognosis in several human malignancies. A 45-kilodalton protein heregulin-α (HRG-α) that specifically induced phosphorylation of p185erbB2 was purified from the conditioned medium of a human breast tumor cell line. Several complementary DNA clones encoding related HRGs were identified, all of which are similar to proteins in the epidermal growth factor family. Scatchard analysis of the binding of recombinant HRG to a breast tumor cell line expressing p185erbB2 showed a single high affinity binding site [dissociation constant (Kd) = 105 � 15 picomolar]. Heregulin transcripts were identified in several normal tissues and cancer cell lines. The HRGs may represent the natural ligands for p185erbB2.
Effect of water on olivine‐wadsleyite phase boundary in the (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 system

The phase boundary between San Carlos olivine and its high pressure phase, wadsleyite, have been studied comparatively in dry and water saturated condition. By comparing saturated and dry samples from the same experimental run, we determine that both boundaries of the two‐phase coexisting loop shift towards lower pressure or lower iron content, and the pressure width of the loop decreases to 0.3 GPa under saturated conditions at 1473 K. Thus, the presence of water in the Earth's mantle will sharpen the 410‐kilometer seismic discontinuity, shallow the depth of the discontinuity, and reduce the velocity jump across the discontinuity.
Small business solutions : how to fix and prevent the thirteen biggest problems that derail business

This title provides proven techniques for facing and defeating common small business problems before they defeat your business. From raising capital and building a good workforce to finding and exploiting a market niche, certain problems have always plagued small business owners and managers, and often spelled the difference between success or failure. "Small Business Solutions" examines 13 of these commonly occurring obstacles, and provides you with the step-by-step answers you need to confront vital questions including: "How will I find the right customers, and get them to buy? "; "Why can't I turn these frontline sales into bottom line profits? "; "Where can I find the money I need to fuel my company's expansion? "; "Which distribution channels will most effectively get me to the end users? "; and, "When should I start giving up precious control to make room for further growth? ". While all businesses obviously face unique concerns and crises, the fact remains that many of these problems are remarkably similar and can be addressed in ways that have always worked. "Small Business Solutions" shows you how to foresee and address the 13 most fundamental of these questions, and provides you with the answers you need to overcome them at each step of the game on your way to building a viable, successful, and long-lasting enterprise.
Futures, Options, and Swaps

1. Introduction. 2. Futures Markets. 3. Futures Prices. 4. Using Futures Markets. 5. Interest Rate Futures: Introduction. 6. Interest Rate Futures: Refinements. 7. Stock Index Futures: Introduction. 8. Stock Index Futures: Refinements. 9. Foreign Currency Features. 10. The Options Market. 11. Option Payoffs and Option Strategies. 12. Bounds on Option Prices. 13. European Option Pricing. 14. Option Sensitivities and Option Hedging. 15. American Option Pricing. 16. Options on Stock Indexes, Foreign Currency, and Futures. 17. The Options Approach to Corporate Securities. 18. Exotic Options. 19. Interest Rate Options. 20. The Swaps Market: Introduction. 21. Swaps: Economic Analysis and Pricing. 22. Swaps: Applications. OPTION! Installation and Tutorial. Exercises for OPTION! Appendix A: Summary of Accounting Rules for Derivative Instruments. Appendix B: Cumulative Distribution Function for the Standard Normal Random Variable. Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Problems. Index.
Zu Effizienz von Biogasanlagen

In dieser Arbeit wird die technische Effizienz von Biogasanlagen mit Hilfe der Data Envelopment Analyse bestimmt. Als Datengrundlage dient eine Befragung des KTBL bei deutschen Biogasanlagenbetreibern, die sich auf das Jahr 2004 bezieht. Die Auswertung zeigt deutliche Unterschiede in der Produktivität der Anlagen. Als wesentlicher Einflussfaktor stellt sich die Auslastung heraus. 1 Problemstellung und Zielsetzung Angesichts steigender Preise fossiler Energieträger gewinnt die Erzeugung von Energie aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen zunehmend an Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und wird als bedeutende Einkommensalternative für die Landwirtschaft diskutiert. Die Erzeugung regenerativer Energie im Allgemeinen und von Biogas im Besonderen ist zudem politisch erwünscht und wird gefördert, insbesondere durch das Energieeinspeisegesetz (EEG), das am 1. 4. 2000 in Kraft trat und am 1.8. 2004 novelliert wurde. Die weitere und dauerhafte Verbreitung von Technologien zur Biogaserzeugung steht und fällt mit deren einzelbetrieblicher Wirtschaftlichkeit. Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es, eine ex post Analyse der Produktivität von Biogasanlagen (BGA) auf der Basis empirischer Daten durchzuführen. Der Fokus liegt auf der Berechnung der Effizienz von Biogasanlagen und der Identifizierung von Ursachen für Effizienzunterschiede. Es sollen Faktoren bestimmt werden, die die Produktivität von BGAs maßgeblich beeinflussen. Damit können Entscheidungsträgern Ansatzpunkte zur Verbesserung der Leistungsfähigkeit ihrer Anlagen gegeben werden. 2 Methodik und Daten Die Untersuchung basiert auf einzelbetrieblichen Daten, die vom KTBL zur Verfügung gestellt wurden. Der Datensatz umfasst Biogasanlagen aus 39 Betrieben, von denen nach einer Plausibilitätskontrolle noch 24 verbleiben. Die Daten enthalten Angaben über technische Parameter der Anlagen, verwendete Substrate, Investitionskosten sowie die erzeugte Energie und deren Verwendung. Auf dieser Datengrundlage wird die Effizienz der Biogasanlagen mit Hilfe der Data Envelopment Analyse (DEA) bestimmt. Dabei
Strategic CSR Communication

Increasingly critical and sophisticated stakeholders request companies to engage in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities and to communicate about such efforts. Driven by such an energetic demand, CSR communication seems like a straightforward task: to inform stakeholders better about corporate CSR activities. Yet, strategic CSR communication is anything but a straightforward endeavor. Communicating an organization as a socially responsible entity implies not only better information but also that organizational members develop a concurrent sensitivity towards the changing expectations among a variety of stakeholders who voice their concerns with different intensity and on different topics. This book raises the key issues, the challenges, and the complexity that face managers as they engage themselves and their organizations in a stakeholder dialogue about on communicating their CSR efforts.
Comparison of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluations II and III and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II: A prospective cohort study evaluating these methods to predict outcome in a German interdisciplinary intensive care unit

Objective: To evaluate the ability of three scoring systems to predict hospital mortality in adult patients of an interdisciplinary intensive care unit in Germany. Design: A prospective cohort study. Setting: A mixed medical and surgical intensive care unit at a teaching hospital in Germany. Patients: From a total of 3,108 patients, 2,795 patients (89.9%) for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and 2,661 patients (85.6%) for APACHE III and Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II could be enrolled to the study because of defined exclusion criteria. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Probabilities of hospital death for patients were estimated by applying APACHE II and III and SAPS II and compared with observed outcomes. The overall goodness‐of‐fit of the three models was assessed. Hospital death rates were equivalent to those predicted by APACHE II but higher than those predicted by APACHE III and SAPS II. Calibration was good for APACHE II. For the other systems, it was insufficient, but better for SAPS II than for APACHE III. The overall correct classification rate, applying a decision criterion of 50%, was 84% for APACHE II and 85% for APACHE III and SAPS II. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.832 for APACHE II and 0.846 for APACHE III and SAPS II. Risk estimates for surgical and medical admissions differed between the three systems. For all systems, risk predictions for diagnostic categories did not fit uniformly across the spectrum of disease categories. Conclusions: Our data more closely resemble those of the APACHE II database, demonstrating a higher degree of overall goodness‐of‐fit of APACHE II than APACHE III and SAPS II. Although discrimination was slightly better for the two new systems, calibration was good with a close fit for APACHE II only. Hospital mortality was higher than predicted for both new models but was underestimated to a greater degree by APACHE III. Both score systems demonstrated a considerable variation across the spectrum of diagnostic categories, which also differed between the two models.
The Role of Local Governmental Funding in Nonprofit Survival

Nonprofit social service organizations in America originally relied on private donations and charitable events to sustain their operations. As the number of nonprofit organizations has proliferated over the last few decades, so has nonprofit dependency on governmental and other sources of revenue. A case study design was used to examine factors that have impacted the survival of the original Indiana Youth Service Bureaus. This study highlights salient factors that influence survival and explores the characteristics and circumstances of selected organizations that enhance their sustainability. The findings suggest that social work administrators need to foster long-term relationships with local funders as a means of enhancing organizational survival.
Impact of technology transfer for fennel primary processing on income and employment opportunities for tribal women in district Sirohi (Rajasthan).

Krishi Vigyan Kendra organized a set of need based skill oriented training programmes for selected 500 tribal women (fennel producers) in small groups (25-30 trainees) during last four years (2008 to 2012) with an aim to develop their skills regarding harvesting of umbel at post-mature stage, grading of produce (A, B, C & D grades), drying of fennel in modified shade house made up of local indigenous material, threshing on RCC floor or polyether sheet and packaging in polythene lined bags and marketing of the final produce. The skill oriented trainings had a positive impact on tribal women and about half of the total area (50%) has been transformed in primary processing. By primary processing of fennel, additional employment of about one lakh man days have been generated in district Sirohi. By this intervention, additional monetary returns of around Rs. 29.0 crores have been generated in the district. In the district, trained tribal women are getting Rs. 200-250 day-1 for harvesting and primary processing of fennel, whereas other unskilled women are getting only Rs. 100-150 day-1. This intervention has not only improved the living standards of the rural and tribal households but also increased the socio-economic status by providing self employment opportunities and livelihood security.
Roothaan-Hartree-Fock wave functions for atoms with Z <= 54.

The widely used Roothaan-Hartree-Fock wave functions of Clementi and Roetti [At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 14, 177 (1974)] for the atoms from He through Xe are improved by reoptimization of the exponents of the Slater-type basis functions. The largest improvement in the energy is 0.053 hartree for Cd
How Integrated is SADC? Trends in Intra-Regional and Extra-Regional Trade Flows and Policy

Do Southern African Development Community countries trade enough with each other and with the rest of the world? Although its share of world trade has fallen, appropriate benchmarking shows that, controlling for gross domestic product and other characteristics, Southern African Development Community countries have experienced an increase in openness that is comparable to other developing countries. Once market size and geography are taken into account, trade between Southern African Development Community countries is actually high. Southern African Development Community countries also trade more products with each other than they do with the rest of the world. In this sense, and contrary to stylized fears, the Southern African Development Community region is quite integrated. Although the Southern African Development Community has reduced its tariffs, the structure remains complex and could be lowered on intermediates. Other impediments make it costly and difficult to move goods, but are at levels that are comparable with countries at similar levels of development. Although this may be surprising, there is still scope for improvement and the disadvantageous geography of the Southern African Development Community makes it important for other trade impediments to be reduced.
Towards Market-Oriented Banking in the Economies in Transition

Privatization of the banking sector is usually viewed as the way to create market oriented banking sectors in formerly planned or transition economies. However, bank privatization is only part of the requisite story. Market-oriented banking requires the disengagement of the state from direct governance of banks (whether they are state-owned or privatized) and the simultaneous development by the state of an effective regulatory framework for the banking sector. At one and the same time, the governments should be getting out of the banking business and getting into the regulatory/supervisory business. It is no wonder that managing these two seemingly contradictory tasks is often so difficult.
Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from hospital potable water specimens: comparison of direct plating with guinea pig inoculation

Eighty-five potable water samples were analyzed for the presence of Legionella pneumophila by direct plating and by guinea pig inoculation methods. Direct plating methods utilized antimicrobial-containing media with and without acid treatment of specimens before inoculation. Thirty-three specimens were culture positive for L. pneumophila by one or both techniques. A total of 14 specimens were positive for L. pneumophila by direct plating only, and 2 specimens were positive for L. pneumophila by guinea pig inoculation only. The sensitivity of direct plating is significantly greater than that of guinea pig inoculation when isolating L. pneumophila from potable water (P less than 0.01).