Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Student perception of a new integrated anatomy practical program: Does students' prior learning make a difference?

While there is evidence that science and non‐science background students display small differences in performance in basic and clinical sciences, early in a 4‐year, graduate entry medical program, this lessens with time. With respect to anatomy knowledge, there are no comparable data as to the impact previous anatomy experience has on the student perception of the anatomy practical learning environment. A study survey was designed to evaluate student perception of the anatomy practical program and its impact on student learning, for the initial cohort of a new medical school. The survey comprised 19 statements requiring a response using a 5‐point Likert scale, in addition to a free text opportunity to provide opinion of the perceived educational value of the anatomy practical program. The response rate for a total cohort of 82 students was 89%. The anatomy practical program was highly valued by the students in aiding their learning of anatomy, as indicated by the high mean scores for all statements (range: 4.04–4.7). There was a significant difference between the students who had and had not studied a science course prior to entering medicine, with respect to statements that addressed aspects of the course related to its structure, organization, variety of resources, linkage to problem‐based learning cases, and fairness of assessment. Nonscience students were more positive compared to those who had studied science before (P levels ranging from 0.004 to 0.035). Students less experienced in anatomy were more challenged in prioritizing core curricular knowledge. Clin. Anat. 24:664–670, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Etiology of GVHD: Alloreactivity or Impaired Cellular Adaptation?

According to the self-nonself model of immunity, allogeneic T cells are considered as major cause of graft versus host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). On the other hand, the danger model of immunity suggests that transplant-associated recipient tissue injury rather than donor-derived alloreactive T cells is the main cause of GVHD. What has been less appreciated are the early, both conditioning-dependent and conditioning-independent, events that impair homeostatic cellular adaptations and host-protective immune responses leading to the development of tissue-specific GVHD. The notion of gut injury precipitating in GVHD has been acknowledged by clinicians, with the shift to reduced intensity-conditioning regimens that prevent acute tissue injury and are less disruptive of tissue adaptation to T cell attack. Also, the role of host-protective immune response against pathogens in preventing GVHD has been shown by the lack of severe GVHD in germ free mice as well as an impaired anti-viral immune response during chronic GVHD. This article provides a brief review of the literature on GVHD and suggests that transplant-induced dysregulation of the protective immune response in the recipient of SCT is more important than allogeneic T cells in causing GVHD.
Educational mismatches and earnings in Poland: are graduates penalised for being overeducated?

Qualification mismatch is defined as the diﬀerence between the level of qualifications held by employees and those required by the type of work they do. Basing on Kiker et al. (1997), a measure of overeducation and undereducation is proposed on the basis of the ISCO 08 classification of occupations. The dominant education level is determined for a given occupation’s 3-digit group on the basis of the distribution of education levels for employees in that occupation. Each individual having exactly the dominant level of education is considered well-matched. Those with higher levels of education are considered overeducated, those with lower levels − undereducated. An extended Mincer wage regression model with Heckman correction for non-random selection is estimated, using LFS data for Poland for the second quarter of 2013. Significant wage penalties are found in cases of overeducation status, along with positive wage premia for being undereducated, this confirming findings to be noted in the literature of other countries. Applying an approach after Duncan and Hoﬀman (1981), I find significant positive returns to years of overschooling and negative for underschooling. Young participants on the labour market (graduates) are less penalised for being overeducated, which suggests their overeducation is not necessarily a manifestation of lower ability.
Welfare benefits economic opportunities and the incidence of out-of-wedlock births among black teenage girls.

Researchers observed 874 black women during their entire teenage years beginning at age 14 to test a model of out-of-wedlock births. The model incorporated the effects of both welfare and non-welfare economic opportunities. 295 (32%) of the teenagers had at least 1 out-of-wedlock birth before age 20. 200 (24%) had at least 1 out-of-wedlock birth and received Aid to Families with Dependent children (AFDC) support. 66 married and gave birth while still in their teen years. The researchers constructed measures of the probable "medium-run" income available to a teenage woman in the event a birth and in the absence of a birth and then estimated a logit model to determine their importance in influencing fertility behavior. They estimated the model with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics on nearly 900 black teenagers and over 300 out-of-wedlock births. The researchers find little support for public assertions that the generosity of AFDC benefits plays a major or even statistically significant role in promoting out-of-wedlock births. Although results show a weak and statistically insignificant positive effect of AFDC benefit levels evidence does suggest however that receiving AFDC payments worsens teenage mothers future economic status. In addition the evidence supports the hypothesis that decisions about out-of-wedlock births are influenced by likely future economic opportunities. More research is needed to understand how possible linkages are formed.
Reformulating Three-Phase Power Components Definitions Contained in the IEEE Standard 1459–2000 Using Discrete Wavelet Transform

Power components definitions contained in the IEEE Standard 1459-2000 for unbalanced three-phase systems with nonsinusoidal situations are represented in the frequency domain based on Fourier transform (FT). However, FT suffers from the high computational effort especially when the number of phases increases and it is unable to provide information concerning time content because it provides only an amplitude-frequency spectrum. On the other hand, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) preserves both time and frequency information while reducing the computational effort through dividing the frequency spectrum into bands and thus overcomes the limitations of FT. In this paper the three-phase power components definitions contained in the IEEE Standard 1459-2000 are reformulated using the DWT and thus redefined in the time-frequency domain. Also in order to study system unbalance, the concept of symmetrical components is defined in the wavelet domain. The results obtained from applying the IEEE Standard definitions and the DWT-based definitions to balanced and unbalanced three-phase systems under nonsinusoidal operating conditions, indicate that the DWT-based definitions are very accurate and the problem of spectral leakages can be reduced by suitable choice of the mother wavelet and the wavelet family. The DWT-based definitions are useful in studying nonstationary waveforms.
Glucocerebrosidase genotype of Gaucher patients in The Netherlands: Limitations in prognostic value

Gaucher disease is a recessively inherited lysosomal storage disorder that is caused by a deficiency in glucocerebrosidase activity. The clinical expression is markedly heterogeneous with respect to age of onset, progression, severity, and neurological involvement. The relative incidence of glucocerebrosidase (GC) mutations has been studied extensively for Jewish but not for non‐Jewish Caucasian patient populations. The present survey on mutant GC genotypes prevalent in Gaucher disease in The Netherlands was taken of 72 patients from different genetic backgrounds. This number is more than half the total number of affected Gaucher patients to be expected on the basis of the incidence of the disorder in this country. Analysis of nine GC mutations led to the identification of 74% of the mutant GC alleles in patients from 44 unrelated Dutch families (i.e., families that have lived in The Netherlands for at least several generations) and of 44% of the mutant GC alleles in patients from nine unrelated families that recently immigrated from both European and non‐European countries. The N370S (cDNA 1226G) GC mutation proved to occur most frequently (41%) in the unrelated Dutch patients and less frequently (6%) in the unrelated immigrant patients and was always associated with the nonneuronopathic (Type 1) form of the disease. Apart from the association of the N370S mutation with Type 1 Gaucher disease, the prognostic value of GC genotyping was limited, since a particular GC genotype did not correlate closely to a specific clinical course, or to a specific relative responsiveness to enzyme‐supplementation therapy. Hum Mutat 10:348–358, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding weight loss in patients with colorectal cancer: a human response to illness.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To provide a comprehensive overview of weight loss in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) within the context of the Human Response to Illness (HRTI) model. DATA SOURCES Research from 1990-2008 and classic research from the 1980s were included. PubMed, CINAHL(R), and Google Scholar were searched for the terms cancer, CRC, weight loss, and cancer cachexia. DATA SYNTHESIS Progressive, unintentional weight loss is a common issue in patients with CRC that has a devastating effect on patients' self-image, quality of life, and survival. Physiologic abnormalities, responses to the tumor, and treatments contribute to weight loss in these patients. In addition, cancer cachexia is an end-stage wasting syndrome and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. CONCLUSIONS The HRTI model provides an appropriate framework to gain a comprehensive understanding of the physiologic, pathophysiologic, behavioral, and experiential perspectives of weight loss and cancer cachexia in patients with CRC. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING By examining weight loss in patients with CRC within the context of the four perspectives of the HRTI model, oncology and gastroenterology nurses can gain insight into optimal, evidence-based assessment and management of this patient population. In addition, current gaps in knowledge can be identified and provide guidance for future nursing research.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SALTING PROCEDURES FOR SALTED DRIED HERRING ( Clupea harengus )

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of two different salting procedures on salt uptake, protein and moisture content, water activity (aw) weight yield, colour and quality of herring fillets. One group of herring fillets was brined with 20% brine solution for one day before dry salting while another group was dry salted only. After 27 days of salting, the fillets were desalted. Samples were taken after brining, during dry salting and after desalting. Quality of final desalted products was determined by sensory evaluation. A significant increase in yield and salt content (p<0.05), and a significant (p<0.05) decrease in aw, moisture and protein content was obtained by brining. The L*(whiteness), a*(redness) and b*(yellowness) values of the fish fillets decreased during brining. During the dry salting step, further increase in salt content and decreases in water content were observed. After 27 days of dry salting, no significant differences in moisture content, aw and salt content between treatments was observed however, there were significant increases in protein yield, L* and b* in pre-brined fish fillets. Content of moisture, aw, L* and a* values were not significantly different after desalting in fish fillets belonging to both groups. However significant increases of weight in pre-brined herring fillets and b* value and content of salt were recorded in single dry salted herring fillets after desalting. According to the sensory evaluation, there was no significant difference of flavour, texture and taste between the two groups of herring fillets.
Demonstration of uniformity of calcium absorption in adult dogs and cats.

A meta-analysis was conducted to understand quantitative aspects of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) absorption in adult dogs and cats. 34 studies in dogs and 14 studies in cats met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Intake and faecal excretion values of Ca and P were subjected to a modified Lucas test and subsequent regression analyses. According to the current scientific consensus, Ca true digestibility (absorption) should increase at low Ca intake and decrease at high Ca intake. If true, this should result in a nonlinear relationship between the percentage of Ca excreted and dietary Ca intake. The present meta-analysis showed a highly significant linear relationship (p < 0.0001) between Ca intake and Ca excretion suggesting a lack of systematic quantitative adaptation in true Ca digestibility. This finding suggests either that the time period covered by standard digestion trials is too short to induce adaptation mechanisms or that dogs and cats at maintenance will not efficiently alter quantitative Ca absorption percentage according to the amount ingested. If the latter is true, a dietary Ca supply differing greatly from the recommended dietary intake might impair the health of cats and dogs when fed long term. The data plots for P intake and faecal excretion were less uniform suggesting other factors not just dietary intake influence faecal P excretion. In adult cats, the dietary Ca:P ratio strongly influenced the true digestibility of P, whereas this effect was less marked in adult dogs. Faecal P excretion was significantly correlated to faecal Ca excretion in both species (p < 0.0001), and surprisingly, the level of P intake did not appear to be an important determinant of true digestibility of P.
Perioperative factors associated with septic arthritis after arthroplasty. Prospective multicenter study of 362 knee and 2,651 hip operations.

Perioperative factors associated with late septic arthritis after knee and hip arthroplasties were prospectively investigated. All patients received a short course of perioperative cefuroxime. After a follow-up of 1 year, septic arthritis was diagnosed in 9/362 patients (2.5 percent) after knee arthroplasty and in 17/2651 patients (0.64 percent) after hip arthroplasty.For the knee, factors associated with septic arthritis after arthroplasty were rheumatoid arthritis, wound infection, an unhealed wound, and a painful, limited knee function at discharge from the hospital.For the hip, corresponding risk factors were diabetes, failed fracture osteosynthesis, a breakdown of sterility during operation, wound infection, postoperative urinary tract infection, and an unhealed wound at discharge from the hospital or a difficult rehabilitation course.Reoperation after knee and hip arthroplasty was also clearly associated with a higher incidence of septic arthritis.
The arginine-dependent cytolytic mechanism plays a role in destruction of Naegleria fowleri amoebae by activated macrophages

Mouse peritoneal macrophages activated by different immunomodulators (Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin or Propionibacterium acnes) destroy Naegleria fowleri amoebae by a contact-dependent process and by soluble cytolytic molecules secreted by macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide. The goal of this study was to determine whether the arginine-dependent cytolytic mechanism which results in the production of nitric oxide from arginine by activated macrophages destroys the amoebae. Amoebicidal activity of activated macrophages was determined by coculturing macrophages with N. fowleri amoebae radiolabeled with 3H-uridine. The percent specific release of radiolabel was used as an index of cytolysis of the amoebae. The inhibitors NG-monomethyl-L-arginine and arginase were used to determine whether the arginine pathway was a major effector mechanism responsible for amoebicidal activity of activated macrophages. Both the arginine analog NG-monomethyl-L-arginine and arginase, which breaks down arginine, decreased macrophage amoebicidal activity. Addition of arginine to arginine-free medium restores amoebicidal activity to activated macrophage cultures. These results demonstrate that the arginine pathway is an important mechanism for the destruction of susceptible N. fowleri amoebae.
Association between underweight and low lymphocyte count as an indicator of malnutrition in Japanese women.

OBJECTIVE The number of young women who are underweight has recently increased in Japan. The aim of the present study was to investigate the nutritional problems of young Japanese women by measuring serum albumin, prealbumin, and lymphocyte count as indicators of nutritional status. METHODS The subjects were 912 women aged 19-39 years who participated in an annual health checkup for residents in a city of Aichi prefecture, Japan. Questionnaire data, physical measurements, and blood tests were analyzed in relation to weight categories of underweight (body mass index [BMI] <18.5 kg/m(2)), normal (BMI < or =18.5-<25 kg/m(2)), and obese (BMI > or =25 kg/m(2)). RESULTS Lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in the underweight group. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an association of low lymphocyte count (<1500/microL) with underweight (odds ratio [OR] 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-2.83). Low prealbumin (<20 mg/dL) was associated with weight loss (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.00-2.02) but not with underweight. Albumin was not lower in the underweight group. The prevalence of low lymphocyte count was higher by 35% among underweight women who lost weight of > or =1 kg in the past 3 months and higher by 50% among those who lost weight of > or = 2 kg. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that underweight women in their 20s and 30s can be at risk for low lymphocyte count or potential malnutrition. The risk is particularly high in underweight women who have lost weight in recent months.
Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone on the expression of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels (Kir6.1/SUR2B) in human term pregnant myometrium

Objective Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a crucial regulator of human pregnancy and parturition. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are important for regulating myometrial quiescence during pregnancy. We investigated regulatory effects of different concentrations of CRH on KATP channel expression in human myometrial smooth muscle cells (HSMCs) in in vitro conditions. Methods After treating HSMCs with different concentrations of CRH (1, 10, 102, 103, 104 pmol/L), mRNA and protein expression of KATP channel subunits (Kir6.1 and SUR2B) was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot. We investigated which CRH receptor was involved in the reaction and measured the effects of CRH on intracellular Ca2+ concentration when oxytocin was administered in HSMCs using Fluo-8 AM ester. Results When HSMCs were treated with low (1 pmol/L) and high (103, 104 pmol/L) CRH concentrations, KATP channel expression significantly increased and decreased, respectively. SUR2B mRNA expression at low and high CRH concentrations was significantly antagonized by antalarmin (CRH receptor-1 antagonist) and astressin 2b (CRH receptor-2 antagonist), respectively; however, Kir6.1 mRNA expression was not affected. After oxytocin treatment, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in CRH-treated HSMCs was significantly lowered in low concentration of CRH (1 pmol/L), but not in high concentration of CRH (103 pmol/L), compared to control. Conclusion Our data demonstrated the regulatory effect was different when HSMCs were treated with low (early pregnancy-like) and high (labor-like) CRH concentrations and the KATP channel expression showed significant increase and decrease. This could cause inhibition and activation, respectively, of uterine muscle contraction, demonstrating opposite dual actions of CRH.
LEEP in the family practice setting.

BACKGROUND We wanted to review our 7-year experience using the loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP) for the treatment of cervical dysplasia in a family practice residency setting in the rural South. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study with data gathered from chart review of a mostly Medicaid and uninsured patient population of rural Southern women referred from outlying health departments or private practices within an 80-mile radius. The women received follow-up Papanicolaou smears, and outcome measurements were either recurrence of dysplasia or at least 1 year with two negative Papanicolaou smears. Any surgical tissue obtained after LEEP was used to ascertain residual or recurrent dysplasia. RESULTS Rates of disease recurrence and incomplete excision of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 (CIN 2/3) compared favorably with results published by expert US gynecologists but were worse than those reported by European authors, who excise all CIN (CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3). CONCLUSION CIN 2 and CIN 3 can be diagnosed and treated appropriately with LEEP in the setting of a family practice residency.
Freud's metapsychological speculations

In this paper, the author seeks to analyse the nature and function of metapsychological theory in Freudian psychoanalysis. He shows that Freudian psychoanalytic theory is composed of an empirical part‐the psychology of clinical facts‐and a speculative part‐metapsychology. Freud considers this latter part as being a speculative superstructure of value that is only heuristic, capable of being supplanted by other superstructures of the same type. The author sustains the idea that this metapsychology is the fruit of speculative method, whose foundations were elaborated by philosophers and epistemologists before Freud, including Immanuel Kant and Ernst Mach. He concludes with considerations regarding the future of metapsychological theorisation, presenting criticisms of Freudian metapsychology offered by both philosophers and psychoanalysts, and pointing to the perspective opened by Donald W. Winnicott of a psychoanalysis without metapsychology.