Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Explaining the early twenty-first century electoral success of the British National Party : Nuneaton 2008 as a case study

Popular support for the British National Party (BNP) in England reached unprecedented high levels during the early twentieth century. The BNP won a number of local council and European Parliament seats on the back of this popularity. This study seeks to provide a case study of one such poll success: Nuneaton 2008. Evidence from Nuneaton, a BNP success not previously studied, will be used to test the literature already generated addressing other locations of ‘breakthrough’, including Burnley and Stoke (Burnett 2011; Rhodes 2009). The thesis seeks to explain why the BNP was able to win elections where there had previously been no appetite for far right politics. The research focuses on the role of demand and supply-side factors contributing to the electoral success of the BNP in 2008, showing that any analysis of the far right has to be multivariate in nature. The demand-side variables identified and analysed are: socioeconomics, immigration and Islamophobia. The supply-side factors assessed are political opportunity structures, the BNP campaign strategy and the role of the media. A mixed-method approach was undertaken which included interviews with voters and politicians, focus groups, a questionnaire capturing the views 308 constituents, and archival research of socioeconomic data and newspaper reports. The findings of this research indicate that the BNP’s electoral breakthrough in Nuneaton was multivariable in nature, and it is reasonable to argue that particular variables were more significant than others. Immigration stands out as the most prominent variable. In addition, the role of the media, the press in particular, was of great significance in explaining breakthrough in Nuneaton through the sanitising and legitimising of negative stereotypes of immigrants, asylum seekers and Muslims. This case study also suggests that Islamophobia should be regarded as a key factor. Indeed, Islamophobia was an important part of the jigsaw and conflates with a number of variables tested in this thesis. In sum, this research broadly corroborates the existing literature. It does however suggest that socioeconomics has been overplayed to a degree in previous studies, while Islamophobia has been underplayed.
DOUBLESEX, RECESSIVE GENE THAT TRANSFORMS BOTH MALES AND FEMALES OF DROSOPHILA INTO INTERSEXES.

NTERSEXUALITY in Drosophila may result from a variety of conditions I that upset the normal balance of sex-determining mechanisms. Unbalance in the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes was discovered by BRIDGES (1921) to be the cause for triploid intersexuality; a comprehensive morphological study of these intersexual types was done subsequently by DOBZHANSKY (1930). STURTEVANT (1946) reported that intersexes resulted when F, females from the cross between D. repleta and D. neorepleta were mated with repleta males; sexdetermining genes of different strengths in the two species were interpreted as having been responsible in producing intersexuality. DOBZHANSKY and SCHULTZ (1934) were able to produce intersexes by using deficiencies and duplications for certain regions of the X chromosome. In addition several genes have been reported that alter sexual characteristics, and some of these transform females into intersexes (see discussion). Evidence that single genes transform Drosophila males into intersexes is disputable, although there are genes that may tend to feminize certain male structures; MUKHERJEE (1965) speaks of the feminizing influence of sexcombless on certain bristles of the male basitarsus. During an experiment in which we were culturing single pairs of Drosophila melanogaster, one female had a few intersexes among her progeny. I t has subsequently been determined that the gene responsible is recessive and situated at about 48.1, just to the right of the pink locus, on the third chromosome. The most interesting feature of the mutant is that it transforms males as well as females into intersexes; both types are sterile and have extremely similar characteristics. Since both sexes are transformed and also each resulting intersex has both male and female features, the mutant has been designated “doublesex” (dsx) . A brief report has been presented (HILDRETH and LUCCHESI 1963), and recently an allele of dsx was described by PURO (1964), University of Turku. This report deals with the gross external and internal morphology of doublesex; future papers will be concerned with embryological and histological studies as well as with gene interaction. For more comprehensive discussions of intersexuality, refer to the papers by GOWEN (1961 ) and KERR (1962).
Fatigue crack propagation path across the dentinoenamel junction complex in human teeth.

The human tooth structures should be understood clearly to improve clinically used restorative materials. The dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) plays a key role in resisting crack propagation in teeth. The aim of this study was to determine the fracture toughness of the enamel-DEJ-dentin complex and to investigate the influence of the DEJ on the fatigue crack propagation path across it by characterizing fatigue-fractured enamel-DEJ-dentin complexes using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results of this study showed that the fracture toughness of the enamel-DEJ-dentin complex was 1.50 +/- 0.28 Mpa x m(1/2). Based on the results of this investigation, it was concluded that the DEJ complex played a critical role in resisting crack propagation from enamel into dentin. The DEJ complex is, approximately, a 100 to 150 microm broad region at the interface between enamel and dentin. The toughening mechanism of the DEJ complex may be explained by the fact that crack paths were deflected as cracks propagated across it. Understanding the mechanism of crack deflection could help in improving dentin-composite as well as ceramic-cement interfacial qualities with the aim to decrease the risk of clinical failure of restorations. Both can be viewed as being composed from a layer of material of high strength and hardness bonded to a softer but tougher substratum (dentin). The bonding agent or the luting cement layer may play the critical role of the DEJ in improving the strength of these restorations in clinical situations.
Co-regulation by Notch and Fos is required for cell fate specification of intermediate precursors during C. elegans uterine development

The Notch pathway is the key signal for many cell fate decisions in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans including the uterine π cell fate, crucial for a proper uterine-vulval connection and egg laying. Expression of the egl-13 SOX domain transcription factor is specifically upregulated upon induction of the π lineage and not in response to other LIN-12/Notch-mediated decisions. We determined that dual regulation by LIN-12 and FOS-1 is required for egl-13 expression at specification and for complete rescue of egl-13 mutants. We found that fos-1 mutants exhibit uterine defects and fail to express π markers. We show that FOS-1 is expressed at π cell specification and can bind in vitro to egl-13 upstream regulatory sequence (URS) as a heterodimer with C. elegans Jun.
Virtual Reality Simulation: Using Three-dimensional Technology to Teach Nursing Students

The use of computerized technology is rapidly growing in the classroom and in healthcare. An emerging computer technology strategy for nursing education is the use of virtual reality simulation. This computer-based three-dimensional educational tool simulates real-life patient experiences in a risk-free environment, allows for repeated practice sessions, requires clinical decision making, exposes students to diverse patient conditions, provides immediate feedback, and is portable. The purpose of this article was to review the importance of virtual reality simulation as a computerized teaching strategy. In addition, a project to explore readiness of nursing faculty at one major Midwestern university for the use of virtual reality simulation as a computerized teaching strategy is described where faculty thought virtual reality simulation would increase students’ knowledge of an intravenous line insertion procedure. Faculty who practiced intravenous catheter insertion via virtual reality simulation expressed a wide range of learning experiences from using virtual reality simulation that is congruent with the literature regarding the barriers to student learning. Innovative teaching strategies, such as virtual reality simulation, address barriers of increasing patient acuity, high student-to-faculty ratio, patient safety concerns from faculty, and student anxiety and can offer rapid feedback tostudents.
Expression of constitutively active Rab5 uncouples maturation of the Salmonella‐containing vacuole from intracellular replication

The enteric bacterial pathogen Salmonella typhimurium enters and proliferates within both phagocytic and non‐phagocytic host cells. Upon entry, the bacteria reside in membrane‐bound vacuoles (SCVs) that mature with time, as evidenced by the sequential loss of early endosomal markers, followed by the selective recruitment of a number of lysosomal membrane glycoproteins (LAMPs). This remodelling process renders the SCVs non‐fusogenic with lysosomes and is also thought to create a vacuolar environment permissive for replication. We demonstrate that disruption of the endocytic pathway by the expression of a constitutively active form of the small GTPase rab5 (rab5Q79L) significantly altered the biogenesis of the SCVs without inhibiting bacterial replication in HeLa cells. Expression of rab5Q79L caused the retention of early endosomal markers on SCVs and early acquisition of LAMP2, and led to an increase in the kinetics of intracellular replication. We also demonstrate that a significant fraction of LAMP2 in SCVs is derived from the cell surface via endocytosis rather than via the biosynthetic route. Further, in fibroblasts lacking a functional AP3 adaptor complex, in which all newly synthesized LAMP is delivered to the cell surface, recruitment of LAMP to the SCVs remained unaffected. These findings raise the possibility that all the SCV‐associated LAMP could be derived by endocytosis from the cell surface.
Educational games for mental health professionals.

BACKGROUND In traditional didactic teaching, the learner has a passive role, digesting the knowledge presented by the teacher. Stimulating and active teaching processes may be better at instilling information than more pedestrian approaches. Games involving repetition, reinforcement, association and use of multiple senses have been proposed as part of experiential learning. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of educational games on the knowledge and clinical skill of mental health professionals compared to the effects of standard teaching approaches. SEARCH STRATEGY We performed electronic searches of AMED (1998 - November 2005), British Nursing Index (November 2005), Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2005), Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2005), CINAHL (November 2005) EMBASE (November 2005), Educational Resources Information Centre on CSA (1966 - November 2005), MEDLINE (November 2005), PsycINFO (November 2005). We also searched references of all selected articles and contacted authors of included trials for more information. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing any educational game aiming at increasing knowledge and/or skills with a standard educational approach for mental health professionals. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data independently and analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. We analysed the individual person data using fixed effect Peto Odds Ratio (OR) calculated the 95% confidence intervals (CI). If appropriate, the number needed to treat (NNT) or number needed to harm (NNH) was estimated. For continuous data, we calculated weighted mean differences. MAIN RESULTS We identified one trial (n=34) of an educational game for mental health nursing students of only a few hours follow up. For an outcome we arbitrarily defined ('no academically important improvement [a 10% improvement in scores]') those allocated to educational games fared considerably better than students in the standard education techniques group (OR 0.06 CI 0.01 to 0.27, NNT 3 CI 2 to 4). On average those in the games group scored six more points than the control students on a test of questions relevant to psychosis set to the standard of the mental health nursing curriculum of the day (WMD 6 CI 2.63 to 9.37). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Current limited evidence suggests educational games could help mental health students gain more points in their tests, especially if they have left revision to the last minute. This salient study should be refined and repeated.
Popularity versus Profitability: Evidence from Bollinger Bands

Many return predictability anomalies disappear over time. One explanation is that investors arbitrage profits away. But investors have always used technical analysis, so this argument may not apply to technical analysis strategies. In this article, the authors study what happens when a new technical trading rule appears and becomes popular over time. Bollinger Bands, introduced in 1983, provide a natural experiment. Before their introduction, trading on Bollinger Bands was very profitable. However, since their introduction, their predictive power seems to have gradually decreased, and it has largely disappeared in most international markets since 2001, the year that Bollinger published his book on Bollinger Bands.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Population-Based Three-Year Follow-Up Study of Cognitively Healthy Elderly Subjects

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has attracted considerable interest as a potential predictor of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Both the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Ε4 allele and vascular factors have been associated with a higher risk for AD, recently they have also been linked to the risk of MCI. Objectives: To estimate the incidence of MCI among cognitively healthy elderly subjects during a 3-year follow-up, and to evaluate the impact of demographic and vascular factors as well as the ApoE Ε4 allele on the conversion to MCI. Methods: At baseline, the cognitive abilities of 806 out of 1,150 eligible subjects (aged 60–76 years) from a population-based sample were examined. Cognitively intact subjects (n = 747) were followed for an average of 3 years. Results: 66 subjects (8.8%) had converted to MCI. The global incidence rate of MCI was 25.94/1,000 person-years. Persons with higher age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.16), ApoE Ε4 allele carriers (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.15–3.64) and persons with medicated hypertension (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.05–3.29) were more likely to convert to MCI than those individuals of lower age and without an ApoE Ε4 allele or medicated hypertension. Persons with high education (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.70–0.89) were less likely to convert to MCI than persons with low or no education. In subjects with both the ApoE Ε4 allele and medicated hypertension, the crude OR for conversion was 3.92 (95% CI 1.81–8.49). In subjects with cardiovascular disease, the crude OR for conversion was 2.13 (95% CI 1.26–3.60). Gender, elevated blood pressure, diabetes or cerebrovascular disease had no significant effect on the conversion to MCI. Conclusion: Higher age, the presence of at least one ApoE Ε4 allele and medicated hypertension are independent risk factors, but high education is a protective factor for MCI. The results suggest that vascular factors may have an important role in the pathogenesis of MCI.
Insoluble glucan synthesis by Streptococcus mutans serotype c strains

Both dextransucrase and mutansynthetase activities have been purified from the culture fluids of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 (serotype c). Although homogeneous dextransucrase preparations normally synthesize little insoluble glucan, essentially all of the glucan synthesized by this enzyme in the presence of 1.5 M (NH4)2SO4 was water insoluble. Linkage analysis of the insoluble glucans indicated that the presence of NH4+ increased the portion of alpha-1,3-glucose linkages relative to alpha-1,6-glucose units in the product. Chromatofocusing of aggregated glucosyltransferase fractions synthesizing predominantly insoluble glucan yielded primarily dextransucrase activity separable from relatively low levels of mutansynthetase activity. The latter enzyme was detected only in 18-h assays and synthesized primer-dependent insoluble glucan, which was decreased in the presence of NH4+. In the absence of primer dextran T10, the addition of dextransucrase also stimulated insoluble glucan synthesis by mutansynthetase. Dextransucrase and mutansynthetase appear to be distinct enzymes, since the latter possesses a higher molecular weight (155,000 compared to 140,000), a much lower isoelectric point, and did not cross-react with antibody directed against dextransucrase. These results are discussed relative to the mechanism of insoluble glucan synthesis by S. mutans serotype c strains.
Prevalence and of smoking and associated factors among Malaysian University students.

OBJECTIVE The objectives were to determine the prevalence and associated factors for smoking among university students in Malaysia. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was conducted among 199 students in the period from December of academic year 2009 until April of academic year 2010 in Management and Science University (MSU), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. The questionnaire was distributed randomly to all faculties of MSU by choosing one of every 3 lecture rooms, as well as the library and cafeterias of the campus randomly by choosing one from every 3 tables. Questions concerned socio-demographic variables, knowledge, attitudes and practice toward smoking. Participant's consent was obtained and ethical approval was provided by the ethics committee of the University. Data entry and analysis were performed using descriptive statistics, chi square test, Student t- test and logistic multiple regression with the SPSS version 13.0, statistical significance being concluded at p < 0.05. RESULTS About one third of students were smokers (29%). The most important reason of smoking was stress (20%) followed by 'influenced by friends' (16 %). Prevalence of smoking was significantly higher among male and those in advanced semesters (p = >0.001, p = 0.047). Smokers had low level of knowledge (p < 0.05), had wrong beliefs on smoking (p < 0.05), and negative attitude toward tobacco control policies compared to non smokers (p < 0.05). On multiple logistic regression, significant predictors of smoking in the model were gender (p = 0.025), age (p = 0.037), semester of study (p = 0.025) and attitude toward smoking (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study found that 29% of university students were smokers. Males and students in advanced semesters were more likely to smoke. The results provide baseline data to develop an anti-smoking program to limit smoking in the university by implementing policies against smoking.
Physiologic characteristics of corn and Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster in intercropping cultivation

Competition between weeds and crops results in a lower availability of some resources to crop species, which causes deficiencies, such as water and nutritional deficiencies and low light quality or quantity. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster, cv. Xaraes (brachiaria) emergence times comparing with corn (Zea mays L.), in addition to the fertilization and application of different nicosulfuron and atrazine herbicides levels, on the physiological characteristics of intercropped species. The physiological characteristics Brachiaria plants that were treated with herbicides were negatively affected. The emergence time of Brachiaria plants in comparison with corn altered the physiological characteristics of both. The Brachiaria plants that emerged before corn presented higher photosynthetic and transpiration rates and reduced the intensity of these characteristics in corn. Thus, the Brachiaria plants that emerged before the corn crop presented a higher physiological efficiency, and they were more competitive than the weeds that emerged during other seasons.
Advances in Ultrasound for the Detection of Prostate Cancer

The introduction of ultrasound (US) microbubble contrast agents has dramatically expanded the possibilities for US detection of prostate cancer. Recent advances in US technology have increased the value of US contrast agents. Many newer US techniques, which are quite sensitive for detection of microbubbles, are yet to be explored for prostate applications. A critical evaluation of the current status of transrectal US imaging for the detection of prostate cancer and background information for US contrast agents and imaging techniques are presented. Early results have demonstrated the feasibility of US contrast agents to enhance US imaging of prostatic disease. The application of US contrast agents for the detection and clinical staging of prostate cancer is promising. Future clinical trials are needed to determine whether the promise of contrast-enhanced US of the prostate will evolve into widespread clinical application.
Ultrasound detection of rotator cuff tears: observer agreement related to increasing experience.

OBJECTIVE Ultrasound of the rotator cuff is considered to be operator-dependent with its accuracy being related to the operator's level of experience. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that ultrasound performed by operators with different levels of experience will give nonreproducible results. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Two radiologists, one general radiologist with no experience in musculoskeletal ultrasound and one experienced musculoskeletal radiologist, independently performed ultrasound on 200 shoulders in 183 consecutive patients. Agreement was assessed. Cohen's kappa values with standard errors were calculated. In 71 patients the ultrasound findings could be related to surgical findings. RESULTS The diagnoses of full-thickness and partial-thickness rotator cuff tears were made with agreements of 98% (κ-value: 0.95 [standard error, 0.03]) and 90% (κ-value: 0.79 [0.05]), respectively. Agreement for full-thickness tears was constant; the agreement for partial-thickness tears improved from 80% to 98% in the last quarter of the study period. Based on the 71 patients who underwent shoulder surgery, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detecting full-thickness tears by the experienced and general radiologists were 94%, 94%, and 94% and 89%, 91%, and 90%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detecting partial-thickness tears by the experienced and general radiologists were 100%, 32%, and 57% and 84%, 35%, and 53%, respectively. CONCLUSION The hypothesis that ultrasound of the shoulder is operator-dependent and related to experience was refuted. In this study, there was excellent agreement for the detection of rotator cuff tears, which only slightly improved with the increasing experience of the general radiologist. Accuracy of rotator cuff tear detection was high and in accordance with the results in the literature.