Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone, but not haloperidol, improves phencyclidine-induced cognitive deficits in a reversal learning task in the rat

The glutamate/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) has been shown to induce both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, as well as cognitive deficits, thus providing a relatively valid model of psychosis. Isolation rearing from weaning in the rat has been proposed as a non pharmacological model of psychosis. The aim of the present study was to explore the validity of a combination of these techniques to model cognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia. The present study evaluates the effects of the novel antipsychotic ziprasidone and the typical antipsychotic haloperidol in their ability to reverse the cognitive deficit induced by PCP in isolation reared rats and social controls. Rats housed in social isolation (n = 25) or in groups of five (n = 25) from weaning were food deprived and trained to respond for food in an operant reversal learning paradigm. PCP at 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg (intraperitoneally, i.p.) significantly and selectively impaired reversal task performance in both groups of rats. This impairment was not significantly improved following the coadministration of haloperidol (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.). Higher haloperidol doses (0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) were found to impair task performance, with the social animals being more sensitive than isolation-reared animals. In contrast, ziprasidone (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the impairment caused by PCP. This was significant in social animals, while in isolates there was a non-significant enhancement in performance of the reversal task with ziprasidone compared to PCP alone. Thus, PCP produced a selective reversal learning deficit in rats, which was ameliorated following treatment with ziprasidone but not haloperidol. Rearing conditions did not influence performance of the test or the deficit produced by PCP.
French Norms and Validation of the Child Development Inventory (CDI): Inventaire du Développement de l’Enfant (IDE)

The aim of this study was to determine the French norms and examine the validity of a parent-report inventory: the Child Development Inventory (CDI), called “Inventaire du Développement de l’Enfant (IDE)” in French. This assesses the general level of a child’s development in 8 developmental domains. The norms were determined for a community sample of 1287 children, aged 15 to 72 months. The score for the CDI general development scale correlates closely with chronological age (r = .89). The intra- and interobserver (mother vs teacher) agreements were . 97 and . 76. The 1-year stability coefficient between the developmental quotient (DQ) values was . 81. Correlation between the DQ (CDI) and the IQ of psychometric individual test was high (r = .84). The sensitivity and specificity for detecting borderline children (IQ < 86) were 84% (95% CI = 72% to 92%) and 92% (95% CI = 84% to 97%), respectively. Therefore, the French version of the CDI, like the English one, provides a useful tool for measuring children’s development.
Testing for structural change in dynamic models

The well-known CUSUM test for structural change is investigated whe n there are lagged dependent variables among the regressors in a linear model. The authors show that both a modified CUSUM test, suggested b y J. M. Dufour (1982), and the straightforward CUSUM test retain their asymptotic significance levels in dynamic models, and find that the power depends crucially on the angle between the mean regressor and the structural shift. Copyright 1988 by The Econometric Society.
The Influence of Fetal and Postnatal Growth on Heart Rate Variability in Young Infants

Heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of cardiac autonomic control, was analyzed in infants to assess the hypothesis that early undernutrition may induce autonomic dysfunction that could play a role in the programming of later cardiovascular disease. HRV data were collected during a night session in 546 healthy infants at 5–12 weeks of adjusted age, and statistical associations with fetal and postnatal growth indices were established. A significant positive correlation between birth weight, the ratio of neonatal weight to head circumference and postnatal weight gain, and HRV indices mostly influenced by sympathetic activity was demonstrated in 11- and 12-week-old infants. A slight correlation (p > 0.05) was also found in younger infants. These data suggest the influence of fetal and postnatal growth on the programming of the autonomic nervous system beyond the neonatal period. This influence may be one of the important mechanisms that link impaired growth in fetal and infant life to high blood pressure and other cardiovascular disease during childhood and adulthood (the Barker hypothesis).
Improving Spatial Perception in Telepresence and Teleaction Systems by Displaying Distance Information through Visual and Vibrotactile Feedback

Telepresence and teleaction (TPTA) systems enable humans to operate in a remote, hostile, or inaccessible environment. The performance of these systems strongly depends on the deployed sensors and actuators and the quality of the feedback to the user. Spatial perception plays an especially important role when handling dangerous and fragile objects. Stereoscopic cameras and displays can be deployed to improve spatial perception. However, in networked TPTA scenarios with limited transmission capacity on the communication link, the additional bandwidth required for sending two separate video streams is often infeasible. Furthermore, stereoscopic displays are known to have limitations in quality that affect spatial orientation when navigating within the remote environment. In this work, we present methods for displaying remotely measured distance between a teleoperator and a target object through visual and vibrotactile displays in order to improve spatial perception in TPTA systems. Furthermore, we propose to exploit human sensory illusions of the vibrotactile sense to overcome limitations of vibrotactile displays. Psychophysical experiments are conducted to investigate the performance of our proposed display methods. Our experiments show that our proposed vibrotactile feedback methods can compete with visual distance displays.
Shrub expansion at the forest–tundra ecotone: spatial heterogeneity linked to local topography

Recent densification of shrub cover is now documented in many Arctic regions. However, most studies focus on global scale responses, yielding very little information on the local patterns. This research aims to quantify shrub cover increase at northern treeline (Québec, Canada) in two important types of environment, sandy terraces and hilltops (which cover about 70% of the landscape), and to identify the species involved. The comparison of a mosaic of two aerial photographs from 1957 (137 km2) and one satellite image taken in 2008 (151 km2) revealed that both hilltops and terraces recorded an increase in shrub cover. However, the increase was significantly greater on terraces than on hilltops (21.6% versus 11.6%). According to ground truthing, the shrub cover densification is associated mainly with an increase of Betula glandulosa Michx. The numerous seedlings observed during the ground truthing suggest that shrub densification should continue in the future.
Understanding the Great Trade Collapse of 2008-09 and the Subsequent Trade Recovery

This article documents the Great Trade Collapse of 2008–09, as well as the dramatic recovery in trade of 2009–10. The authors consider how three distinct policy actions — fiscal stimulus, funding for trade finance and a commitment to refrain from increasing trade barriers — might have affected both the collapse and recovery.
Politics and Policymaking: Tax Credits and Historic Preservation

ntil the enactment of the Great Society legislation that created a host of U social and cultural programs, support for historic preservation, as with other social and cultural activities in the United States, had been largely episodic and undertaken through private initiative. Today, a shared cultural heritage is considered a public good, with a commensurate public subsidy. The growth of interests, the development of legislation, and the growth of federal cultural agencies spawning progeny in each state have engaged the interest of various publics. ’ In preservation for example, these publics are real estate developers, bankers, preservationists, legislators, and bureaucrats. Their interest in preservation results in government policies, programs, and support that encourage, augment, and leverage private efforts. In preservation, federal leadership provided an essential framework for state and local initiatives. According to Phelan, “Most historic preservation is accomplished through the states in cooperation with the federal government. Numerous state preservation programs were commenced in the past decade with each state having some form of state preservation agency” (1993,76). The programs begun with seed money have been encouraged, sustained, and expanded the various publics that form issue networks across the country (Kirst, Meister, Rowley 1984; Heclo 1978). What had been largely intramural activity within political and policy circles in Washington has proliferated in the states and evolved to include economic science as a political and technocratic management tool, in addition to the moral flavor of policy arguments (Heclo 1996).
Risk arbitrage opportunities in petroleum futures spreads

This article investigates the long‐term pricing relationship among crude oil, unleaded gasoline, and heating oil futures prices, and finds that these commodities futures prices are cointegrated. The study finds that the spreads between crude oil and its end products are stationary. Furthermore, this article investigates the risk arbitrage opportunities in three types of popularly traded petroleum futures spreads and finds that historically profitable risk arbitrage opportunities existed and were statistically significant. However, one cannot be certain that these opportunities still exist. The research also finds that moving averages are valid test variables for measuring spreads. Statistical and tabular constructions are used to illustrate findings. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Jrl Fut Mark 19: 931–955, 1999
Transition management for sustainable development: A prescriptive, complexity-based governance framework

This article introduces transition management as a new governance approach for sustainable development. Sustainable development is used here as a common notion referring to those persistent problems in (Western industrialized) societies that can only be dealt with on the very long term (decades or more) through specific types of network and decision-making processes. Based on interdisciplinary research into complex processes of long term, structural change in society, basic tenets for complexity-based governance are formulated. These tenets are translated into a framework that distinguishes between four different types of governance activities and their respective roles in societal transitions. This framework can be used for implementation of governance strategies and instruments. The approach and framework have been developed deductively and inductively in the Netherlands since 2000. This article presents the theoretical basis of transition management and will be illustrated by examples from transition management practice, especially the Dutch national energy transition program.
Impact of In Vivo Triazole and Echinocandin Combination Therapy for Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Enhanced Efficacy against Cyp51 Mutant Isolates

ABSTRACT Previous studies examining combination therapy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) have revealed conflicting results, including antagonism, indifference, and enhanced effects. The most commonly employed combination for this infection includes a mold-active triazole and echinocandin. Few studies have evaluated combination therapy from a pharmacodynamic (PD) perspective, and even fewer have examined combination therapy against both wild-type and azole-resistant Cyp51 mutant isolates. The current studies aim to fill this gap in knowledge. Four Aspergillus fumigatus isolates were utilized, including a wild-type strain, an Fks1 mutant (posaconazole susceptible and caspofungin resistant), and two Cyp51 mutants (posaconazole resistant). A neutropenic murine model of IPA was used for the treatment studies. The dosing design included monotherapy with posaconazole, monotherapy with caspofungin, and combination therapy with both. Efficacy was determined using quantitative PCR, and results were normalized to known quantities of conidia (conidial equivalents [CE]). The static dose, 1-log kill dose, and associated PD target area under the curve (AUC)/MIC ratio were determined for monotherapy and combination therapy. Monotherapy experiments revealed potent activity for posaconazole, with reductions of 3 to 4 log10 Aspergillus CE/ml with the two “low”-MIC isolates. Posaconazole alone was less effective for the two isolates with higher MICs. Caspofungin monotherapy did not produce a significant decrease in fungal burden for any strain. Combination therapy with the two antifungals did not enhance efficacy for the two posaconazole-susceptible isolates. However, the drug combination produced synergistic activity against both posaconazole-resistant isolates. Specifically, the combination resulted in a 1- to 2-log10 decline in burden that would not have been predicted based on the monotherapy results for each drug. This corresponded to a reduction in the free-drug posaconazole AUC/MIC ratio needed for stasis of up to 17-fold. The data suggest that combination therapy using a triazole and an echinocandin may be a beneficial treatment strategy for triazole-resistant isolates.
Acculturation Level and Family-Planning Patterns of Hispanic Immigrant Women

Purpose To describe family-planning patterns of Hispanic women and to determine their relationship to acculturation level and to selected maternal demographic, pregnancy, and infant birth indices. Design Descriptive correlational. Methods A convenience sample of 376 Hispanic women was drawn from prenatal clinics in a large, public teaching hospital in the Southwest United States. Acculturation status was assessed during the prenatal period using the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans II. Maternal data concerning pregnancy, infant birth, postpartum, and family planning were abstracted from the hospital record. Data were analyzed using descriptive, correlational, and multiple regression procedures. Results Most women were of Mexican origin, first generation in the United States, and oriented toward traditional Mexican cultural beliefs and values. Most were married, had less than an eighth-grade education, and experienced a first or second healthy pregnancy with healthy birth outcomes. Over 66% of the women returned for at least one visit in the first year postbirth; compliance at 1 yr declined to 28%. Five variables were significantly correlated with family-planning visit compliance: number of pregnancies, generation in the United States, acculturation level, trimester of first prenatal visit, number of prenatal visits, and gestational age of newborn. Clinical Implications Nurses are in a pivotal position to educate the Mexican immigrant woman about healthcare for herself and for her family, but need to recognize cultural influences on family-planning behavior. Effective interventions build on existing knowledge, beliefs, and practices of traditional immigrant women. It is important to include the generation in the United States as an indicator of adherence to traditional values and beliefs.
Prolactin‐Stimulated Mitogenesis of Cultured Astrocytes Is Mediated by a Protein Kinase C‐Dependent Mechanism

Abstract: Prolactin (PRL) has been reported to activate cellular proliferation in nonreproductive tissue, such as liver, spleen, and thymus. Recently, we have extended the possible role of PRL as a mammalian mitogen by demonstrating a mitogenic effect of PRL in cultured astrocytes. Although the cellular mechanisms by which PRL regulates cell growth are not fully understood, protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated as one of the transmembrane signaling systems involved in the regulation of PRL‐induced cell proliferation in Nb2 lymphoma cells and liver. In the present studies, we examined the possible role of PKC in PRL‐induced proliferation of cultured astrocytes. Incubation of cultured astrocytes with 1 nM PRL resulted in a rapid translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the membrane, with maximal PKC activity in the membrane occurring 30 min after exposure to PRL. Translocation of PKC activity occurred over a physiological range of PRL, with maximal PKC activation occurring at 1 nM. At concentrations greater than 10 nM PRL, there was a decrease in the amount of PKC activity associated with the membrane fraction compared with that of cells stimulated with 1 nM PRL. Incubation of astrocytes with PRL in the presence of the PKC inhibitors staurosporine, 1‐(‐5‐isoquinolinesulfonyl)‐2‐methylpiperazine, or polymyxin B blocked the PRL‐induced increase in cell number with IC50 values of approximately 2 nM, 10 μM, and 6 μM, respectively. PKC is the only known cellular receptor for 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA), which stimulates the translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the membrane. Incubation of astrocytes with 20 nM TPA resulted in an increase in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cell number, whereas 4α‐phorbol 12,13‐didecanoate, an inactive phorbol ester, was ineffective. To examine further the effect of TPA and PRL on cellular proliferation, cultured astrocytes were incubated with increasing concentrations of TPA in the presence or absence of a minimal effective dose of PRL (100 pM). In the absence of PRL, incubation with TPA resulted in an inverted U‐shaped dose‐response curve, with 100 nM TPA resulting in a maximal increase in cell number. In the presence of 100 pM PRL, the TPA dose‐response curve was shifted to the left, with maximal activity occurring with 10 nM TPA. Chronic stimulation of astrocytes with 500 nM TPA depleted the cells of PKC and blocked the PRL‐induced increase in cell number. Finally, TPA treatment decreased cell‐surface binding of 125I‐PRL. These data indicate that the PKC is involved in the mitogenic effect of PRL in cultured astrocytes.
The Forward‐Looking Competitive Firm Under Uncertainty

Under realistic circumstances, forward-looking risk-averse firms will produce more than risk-neutral firms, and a mean-preserving spread of the price distribution will increase risk-averse firms' production. These results depend on firms realizing that prices of inputs required for production in subsequent periods are contemporaneously correlated with output prices. This study rationalizes previously unexplained real-world behavior such as the spreading of sales over time and short-run production (or storage) at an expected loss. The present findings imply that empirical work should not assume, nor should it find, a monotonic relationship between output and the level of risk or of risk aversion. Copyright 1998, Oxford University Press.
A comprehensive framework for comparing water use intensity across different tourist types

Tourism products vary in their direct and indirect (supply chain) water use, as well as in their economic contribution. Hence, water-scarce destinations require a method to estimate and compare water use intensity (water use in relation to economic output) for different kinds of tourist products in order to optimise their tourism offering. The present study develops an original framework that integrates segmentation with an environmentally extended input–output (EEIO) framework based on detailed tourism expenditure data and tourism satellite accounts (TSAs) in order to quantify the total (direct and indirect) economic impact and water use for multiple tourism segments. To demonstrate the rigour of the methodology, it is applied to the eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The results show that cheaper forms of tourism tend to have a significantly lower total water use and, depending on the economic impact indicator of interest, may have above-average economic contribution per unit of expenditure. The proposed framework provides a significant step towards achieving sustainable water use through destination-specific estimates of water use intensity which take into consideration segment-specific attributes. It is envisaged that this could eventually lead to customised interventions for diverse tourism market segments.
Control of corpus luteum function in the pregnant rabbit: role of the placenta ("placental luteotropin") in regulating responsiveness of corpora lutea to estrogen.

Experiments were performed to examine the interaction between estrogen and "placental luteotropin," the two luteotropins thought to be required for corpus luteum maintenance in the pregnant rabbit. Experiment 1 was designed to determine whether estrogen alone was luteotropic in the absence of "placental luteotropin. " Pregnant rabbits were assigned to the following groups: Group A, sham hysterectomy; Group B, hysterectomy; Group C, hysterectomy plus estradiol on Day 20; and Group D, hysterectomy plus estradiol on Day 22. "Placental luteotropin" was removed on Day 21 of pregnancy by hysterectomy and estrogen was administered via an estradiol-filled Silastic implant which was placed s.c. before (Day 20, Group C) or after (Day 22, Group D) hysterectomy. Daily blood samples were taken for radioimmunoassay of serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations. Corpus luteum weights were measured at autopsy on Day 27. Hysterectomy caused serum progesterone concentrations to fall rapidly from 13 +/- 1 ng/ml on Day 21 to 2 +/- 1 ng/ml on Day 23, and to 1 ng/ml or less on Days 24-27. In sham hysterectomized rabbits (Group A), pregnancy was maintained and serum progesterone concentrations remained elevated at 9-15 ng/ml throughout (Days 20-27). Estradiol treatment (Groups C and D) did not prevent or reverse luteal regression induced by hysterectomy and serum progesterone concentrations declined in a similar fashion to Group B. Serum estradiol concentrations were 4-8 pg/ml in all groups and did not vary substantially with stage of pregnancy or treatment. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Antecedents and complications of trauma in boys with ADHD: findings from a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between trauma and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), evaluating whether ADHD increases the risk for trauma, the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or the risk for trauma-associated psychopathology. METHOD Data from a longitudinal sample of 260 children and adolescents with and without ADHD were examined. All were evaluated comprehensively with assessments in multiple domains of functioning including systematic assessments of trauma and PTSD. Comparisons were made between traumatized and nontraumatized youths with and without ADHD. RESULTS No meaningful differences were detected in comparisons between ADHD and control children, either in the rate of trauma exposure or in the development of PTSD. Although trauma was associated with the development of major depression, this effect was independent of ADHD status. In contrast, bipolar disorder at baseline assessment was a significant risk factor for subsequent trauma exposure. CONCLUSIONS ADHD was not found to be a risk factor for either trauma exposure or PTSD, but childhood mania was. If confirmed, this finding stresses the potential severe clinical sequelae of childhood mania in children.