Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Snail precedes Slug in the genetic cascade required for the specification and migration of the Xenopus neural crest

The complex sequence of inductive events responsible for the generation of the neural crest at the border between the neural plate and the epidermis, triggers a genetic cascade involving several families of transcription factors. Two members of the Snail family, Snail and Slug, have both been implicated in this cascade. In chick and Xenopus, loss- and gain-of-function experiments have provided evidence that Slug plays a key role in neural crest development. However, in contrast to the chick, Snail rather than Slug is expressed in the premigratory neural crest in the mouse and, in Xenopus, Snail precedes Slug expression in this population. Thus, in order to study the function of Snail in neural crest development in Xenopus, we have carried out conditional gain- and loss-of-function experiments using different Snail constructs fused to a glucocorticoid receptor element. We show that Snail is able to induce the expression of Slug and all other neural crest markers tested (Zic5, FoxD3, Twist and Ets1) at the time of specification. This activation is observed in whole embryos and in animal caps, in the absence of neural plate and mesodermal markers. We show that Snail is required for neural crest specification and migration and that it works as a transcriptional repressor. These functions have been previously attributed to Slug. However, Slug alone is unable to induce other neural crest markers in animal cap assays, and we show that Snail and Slug can be functionally equivalent when tested in overexpression studies. This suggests that, in Xenopus embryos, at least some of the functions previously attributed to Slug can be carried out by Snail. This is additionally supported by rescue experiments in embryos injected with dominant-negative constructs that indicate that Snail lies upstream of Slug in the genetic cascade leading to neural crest formation and that it plays a key role in crest development.
Influence of Antenna Characteristics on MIMO Systems With Compact Monopole Arrays

The effect of monopole length and terminal load on the performance of a 2 times 2 multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) system using compact monopole arrays is rigorously investigated. It is found that the monopole length has a significant effect on the average channel capacity. However, when the monopoles are matched with a conjugate load, the average channel capacity will be almost independent of the monopole length. The terminal loads of the monopoles are also found to significantly influence the average channel capacity. The average channel capacity degrades appreciably when the terminal load is much larger than the self-impedance of the monopoles.
Blue Multifocal Pupillographic Objective Perimetry in Glaucoma.

PURPOSE This study investigated multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) stimuli that target the intrinsic photosensitivity of melanopsin retinal ganglion cells. The diagnostic potential for glaucoma is compared between stimuli biased toward either cone input to these cells or their melanopsin response. METHODS Nineteen glaucoma patients and 24 normal subjects were tested using mfPOP stimulus protocols with either 33-ms yellow or 750-ms blue stimuli. Subjects' color discrimination was assessed using the Farnsworth 100-hue test. Pupillary responses were measured, and mixed-effects regression was used to quantify results. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS The mean reduction in moderate to severe glaucoma pupil responses using blue mfPOP stimuli was larger but more variable than that of the shorter yellow stimuli (blue: -1.32 dB [t(40) = -2.29; P = 0.027]; yellow: -0.93 dB [t(40) = -3.13; P = 0.003]). Color discrimination decreased significantly with age and glaucoma, with type III blue-yellow anomalies dominating. ROC analysis revealed similar diagnostic accuracies (AUC for eyes classified as moderate to severe; blue: 81.7%, yellow: 83.7). Slightly higher sensitivity and specificity were obtained using blue stimuli in mild disease (AUCs blue: 71.1, cf. yellow: 67.7), although this difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS In moderate to severe glaucoma, diagnostic accuracy of yellow and blue was similar, but blue stimuli showed limited ability to resolve scotomas. Blue mfPOP stimuli, however, may have advantages over yellow in detecting early glaucoma.
How Is This Child Feeling? Preschool-Aged Children's Ability to Recognize Emotion in Faces and Body Poses

Research Findings: The study examined children's recognition of emotion from faces and body poses, as well as gender differences in these recognition abilities. Preschool-aged children (N = 55) and their parents and teachers participated in the study. Preschool-aged children completed a web-based measure of emotion recognition skills that included 5 tasks (3 with faces and 2 with bodies). Parents and teachers reported on children's aggressive behaviors and social skills. Children's emotion accuracy on 2 of the 3 facial tasks and 1 of the body tasks was related to teacher reports of social skills. Some of these relations were moderated by child gender. In particular, the relationships between emotion recognition accuracy and reports of children's behavior were stronger for boys than girls. Practice or Policy: Identifying preschool-aged children's strengths and weaknesses in terms of the identification of emotion from faces and body poses may be helpful in guiding interventions with children who have problems with social and behavioral functioning that may be due in part to emotion knowledge deficits. Further developmental implications of these findings are discussed.
Serum Gonadotropin Levels in Japanese Women

Plasma gonadutropin levels throughout the regular menstrual cycle in 10 Japanese women were measured daily using radioimmunoassay. At the peak of ovulation, mean FSII levels were 17.6 ± 7.9 mlU/ml and mean LH levels were 75.2 ± 26.0 mlU/ml. At midcycle, the mean gonadotropin levels were significantly loner in Japanese nomen than in Nigerian women who, as reported by Nylander (1973), had a high frequency of thinning. It is, therefore, suggested that the low frequency of ditygotic thinning in Japanese women might be related to their low output of gonadotropin.
Teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs

Many antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have therapeutic applications that extend beyond epilepsy to include neuropathic pain, migraine headaches and psychiatric disorders. The risk of some AEDs has been clearly established, but for newer drugs, small sample sizes and polytherapy exposures preclude a conclusive determination of their teratogenic potential. Most women with epilepsy will require AED therapy throughout their entire pregnancy to control seizures; the vast majority of pregnancies in women with epilepsy have positive outcomes. A conservative estimate suggests that AED monotherapy doubles, and polytherapy triples, the risk for major congenital malformations. Furthermore, while evidence is still accruing, recent investigations suggest that exposure to select AEDs results in altered cognitive function later in development. There is no evidence to suggest that additional folic acid supplementation ameliorates the increased risk of congenital malformations conferred by in utero AED exposure.
Testing the Three Factor Model of Fama and French: Evidence from Turkey

Hisse senedi getirilerindeki varyasyonu aciklamakta kullanilan 3 Faktor Modeli, varlik fiyatlamaya yeni bir boyut getirmistir. Modelin getiriler uzerindeki aciklayici gucu farkli ulke ve bolgelerdeki cesitli sektorlerde yer alan firmalara ait veriler kullanilarak test edilmistir. Model, IMKB’de islem goren firmalara ait veriler kullanilarak da test edilmistir fakat elde edilen bulgular celiski icerisindedir. Bu calismanin amaci ise 3 Faktor Modeli’nin, IMKB’de islem goren hisse senetlerinin getirilerindeki varyasyonu aciklayip aciklayamadigini, Finansal sektorde yer alan firmalari da ornek gruba dahil ederek, daha uzun bir sure icin incelemektir. Bulgulara bakildigi zaman, her ne kadar 3 Faktor Modeli’nin 1993 yili Temmuz ayi ile 2004 yili Haziran ayi arasindaki donemde IMKB islem goren firmalarin hisse senetlerinin getirilerindeki varyasyonu buyuk olcude aciklayabildigi soylenebilecek olsa da, Model’de eksik olan bazi faktorlerin var olabilecegi de belirtilmelidir.
Use of the ICD-10 Classification in Psychiatry: An International Survey

On the background of some years of experience with ICD-10 psychiatric diagnoses in many countries of the world, an international comparison was performed to evaluate the frequency and use of the ICD-10 psychiatric diagnoses. For future revision of the ICD-10, it is important to know which diagnostic categories are either not used or are used possibly in an unspecific manner. Nineteen departments of psychiatry in 10 different countries took part in the study, presenting data on 33,857 treatment cases leading to a total of 25,470 ICD-10 main diagnoses. The analysis of data reveals that on a four-character level (Fxx.x), the 10 most often used diagnostic categories represent 40% of all main diagnoses, and 70% on a three-character level (Fxx.–). There are 32 specific diagnostic categories on a four-character level which are not used at all and 121 which are used less frequently than 0.1% in inpatient and outpatient treatment. The study shows that the ICD-10 classification is in use in a variety of treatment settings worldwide. Further results and limitations of this study are discussed against the background of transcultural differences.
A simple near‐optimal path selection scheme for multi‐hop wireless relay networks based on Viterbi algorithm

In a multi‐hop wireless relay network, the optimal path selection scheme with exhaustive path search entails high‐implementation complexity and is impractical when the number of hops is large. In this paper, we propose a near‐optimal low‐complexity path selection scheme, based on amplify‐and‐forward protocol, whose outage performance is close to the optimal path selection scheme. The proposed scheme draws on the analogy between the node distribution of a commonly used relay network model and the trellis of a convolutional code and applies the Viterbi algorithm in selecting a path to minimise the end‐to‐end outage probability. To save memory and reduce the time delay in distributed implementation, the sliding window Viterbi algorithm is assumed. For reference purpose, an asymptotic lower bound of the outage probability is first derived for the optimal path selection scheme. Then an approximated outage probability expression of the proposed scheme is derived. These analytical expressions are verified by simulations to be accurate at high signal‐to‐noise ratios. It is revealed that when the window size is reasonably large, the proposed scheme achieves almost the same outage performance as the optimal path selection scheme at high signal‐to‐noise ratios. The proposed scheme has polynomial complexity and small memory storage requirement. Therefore, it is very efficient for large‐scale relay networks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of a Skp1-Like Protein Interacting with SFB, the Pollen S Determinant of the Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility in Prunus1[W]

Many species in Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Plantaginaceae exhibit S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI). In this system, the pistil and pollen specificities are determined by S-RNase and the S locus F-box protein, respectively. The pollen S determinant F-box protein in Prunus (Rosaceae) is referred to by two different terms, SFB (for S-haplotype-specific F-box protein) and SLF (for S locus F box), whereas it is called SLF in Solanaceae and Plantaginaceae. Prunus SFB is thought to be a molecule indispensable for its cognate S-RNase to exert cytotoxicity and to arrest pollen tube growth in incompatible reactions. Although recent studies have demonstrated the molecular function of SCFSLF in the SI reaction of Solanaceae and Plantaginaceae, how SFB participates in the Prunus SI mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here we report the identification of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) SFB (PavSFB)-interacting Skp1-like1 (PavSSK1) using a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid screening against the pollen cDNA library. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PavSSK1 belongs to the same clade as Antirrhinum hispanicum SLF-interacting Skp1-like1 and Petunia hybrida SLF-interacting Skp1-like1 (PhSSK1). In yeast, PavSSK1 interacted not only with PavSFBs from different S haplotypes and Cullin1-likes (PavCul1s), but also with S-locus F-box-likes. A pull-down assay confirmed the interactions between PavSSK1 and PavSFB and between PavSSK1 and PavCul1s. These results collectively indicate that PavSSK1 could be a functional component of the SCF complex and that PavSFB may function as a component of the SCF complex. We discuss the molecular function of PavSFB in self-/nonself-recognition in the gametophytic SI of Prunus.
Earning Voluntary Disclosures and Corporate Governance: Evidence from France

The primary objective of this paper is to study the relationship between earning voluntary disclosures made by French firms managers and a set of corporate governance combined attributes. Corporate governance attributes examined in this study include ownership structure, institutional investors ownership, board characteristics, the existence of a unitary leadership structure and the influence of executive stock option plans. We use binary logit models to check our hypotheses. The results indicate significant negative associations between earning voluntary disclosures and ownership concentration, and between earning voluntary disclosures and an unitary leadership structure. The current results also show that firms providing earning voluntary disclosures are more inclined to have increasing institutional ownership, and to offer stock option plans for their executives. These results imply that corporate governance structure of French listed firms has to support new requirements in order to improve market transparency.
Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in three groups of older adults: Cross-domain links to physical status and self-perceived affect and beliefs

Intraindividual variability of physical status and affect/beliefs as well as their relations with cognition were examined in 3 groups of older adults: healthy elderly, individuals with a nonneurological health-related disturbance (arthritis) and people with neurological compromise (dementia). The findings showed that greater inconsistency in physical performance was observed in groups characterized by central nervous system dysfunction. By contrast, fluctuations in affect appeared to reflect other more transient sources, such as pain. In general, increased inconsistency in non-cognitive domains was associated with poorer cognitive function. There were cross-domain links between inconsistency in physical functioning and fluctuations in cognitive performance, although the nature of the links depended largely upon the neurological status of the individuals. Considered together, the result indicated that measures of cognitive as well as physical variability are important behavioral markers of neurological integrity. (JINS, 2002, 8, 893–906.)
Topic : Peripheral Nerve Repair and Regeneration Nerve regeneration in vascularized composite allotransplantation : current strategies and future directions

Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) has emerged as a viable treatment option for limb and face reconstruction of severe tissue defects. Functional recovery after VCA requires not only effective immunosuppression, but also consideration of peripheral nerve regeneration to facilitate motor and sensory reinnervation of donor tissue. At the time of transplantation, the donor and recipient nerves are typically coapted in an end-to-end fashion. Following transplantation, there are no therapies available to enhance nerve regeneration and graft reinnervation, and functional outcomes are dependent on the recipients’ innate regenerative capacities. Functional outcomes to date have been promising, but there is still much room for improvement, studies have demonstrated reliable return of protective sensation (pain, thermal, gross tactile), while discriminative sensation and motor function show more inconsistent results. In order to maximize the benefit afforded to the by VCA, we must develop consistent and reliable procedures and therapies to ensure effective nerve regeneration and functional outcomes. New technologies, such as nerve guidance conduits and fibrin glues, and the use of stem cells to facilitate nerve regeneration remain untested in VCA but are proving worthwhile in the context of peripheral nerve repair. VCA presents a unique set of challenges with regards to surgical techniques, postoperative regimen, and health of donor tissue. In this review, we discuss current challenges underlying achievement of nerve regeneration in VCA and discuss novel technologies and approaches to translate nerve regeneration into functional restoration.
The Letter Digit Substitution Test: Normative Data for 1,858 Healthy Participants Aged 24–81 from the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS): Influence of Age, Education, and Sex

The Letter Digit Substitution Test (LDST) is based on earlier developed substitution tests (e.g., Digit Symbol Substitution Test; Wechsler, 1955, 1981) but uses over-learned signs instead of the symbols used in other substitution tests. The written and oral versions of the LDST were administered to a large, cognitively screened sample (N = 1,858) of adults aged 24 to 81 years. Age was the most important predictor of LDST performance, and females outperformed males. A low level of education profoundly influenced LDST performance: the effect of a low versus high level of education on LDST performance was comparable to about 20 years of aging. Regression-based normative data were prepared for both the written and oral versions of the LDST.
Ability of patients to accurately recall the severity of acute painful events.

OBJECTIVE Pain studies require prospective patient enrollment to ensure accurate pain assessment. The authors correlated pain assessments of an acute painful episode over a one-week period and determined the accuracy of patient pain severity recall over time. METHODS This was a prospective, descriptive, longitudinal study. Participants were a convenience sample of 50 emergency department patients with acute pain resulting from injuries or painful invasive procedures. A trained research assistant administered a structured pain survey containing demographic and historical features to all patients. Patients sequentially assessed their pain severity using a vertical 100-mm visual analog scale marked "most pain" at the top, a verbal numeric rating scale ranging from 0 to 100 from none to worst (NRS100), and a verbal numeric rating scale ranging from 0 to 10 from none to worst (NRS10). Patients were contacted by phone and asked to reassess their initial pain severity one and seven days later using the two verbal numeric rating scales. Analysis of pain assessments using the various scales at the three time intervals was performed with Pearson's and Spearman's coefficients and repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS There were 50 patients with a mean age of 41 years. Correlation between initial pain assessments on the three scales ranged from 0.83 to 0.92. Correlations between the initial and 24-hour assessments were NRS100-0.98 and NRS10-0.98. Correlations between the initial and one-week assessments were NRS100-0.96 and NRS10-0.97. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed no significant change in pain assessments over time for both verbal numeric scales. CONCLUSIONS Pain severity assessments of acute painful events one and seven days later were similar and highly correlated with initial assessments using both verbal numeric scales. Patients accurately recall the severity of an acute painful episode for at least one week after its occurrence, which may allow retrospective pain assessments.
Hospitality Marketing Management

The Functions of Marketing Introduction to Hospitality Services Marketing Understanding the Behavior of Hospitality Consumers Market Segmentation and Positioning Developing a Marketing Plan Information for Marketing Decisions Developing New Products and Services Product-Service Mix Strategy Distribution, Intermediaries, and Electronic Commerce Promotion and Advertising Advertising Media Planning Sales Promotions, Merchandising and Public Relations Personal Selling Pricing Strategy Using Menu Design as a Marketing Tool Index
The Effect of Phase-Correlated Returns and Spatial Smoothing on the Accuracy of Radar Refractivity Retrievals

AbstractRadar refractivity retrievals have the potential to accurately capture near-surface humidity fields from the phase change of ground clutter returns. In practice, phase changes are very noisy and the required smoothing will diminish large radial phase change gradients, leading to severe underestimates of large refractivity changes (ΔN). To mitigate this, the mean refractivity change over the field (〈ΔN〉field) must be subtracted prior to smoothing. However, both observations and simulations indicate that highly correlated returns (e.g., when single targets straddle neighboring gates) result in underestimates of 〈ΔN〉field when pulse-pair processing is used. This may contribute to reported differences of up to 30 N units between surface observations and retrievals. This effect can be avoided if 〈ΔN〉field is estimated using a linear least squares fit to azimuthally averaged phase changes. Nevertheless, subsequent smoothing of the phase changes will still tend to diminish the all-important spatial pertu.
Revisiting system theories in Strategic Human Resource Management - A set-theoretic analysis of high performing firms in the UK

Prior research has produced ambiguous support for theories on the nature and construction of Human Resource Management (HRM) systems. This ambiguity may be a function of the inherent limitations of the methodologies used in previous studies. We resume efforts by using a configurational methodology to analyze high performing HRM systems of 374 UK based firms. We reveal the multi-dimensional nature of successful and unsuccessful HRM systems. By providing a typology for comparing the interdependencies among vital and peripheral functions, we are able to describe and explain competitive advantages that rest in the orchestrating themes and integrative mechanisms of HRM systems.
The essence of corporate strategy : theory for modern decision making

Acknowledgements 1 The philosophy of corporate strategy2 Strategy and strategic decision making3 Belief systems and culture4 Corporate strategy in a nutshell5 Achieving competitive advantage through strategic innovation6 Capacity and cost position7 Strategic market segmentation8 The strategic gains from vertical integration9 The strategic gains from horizontal integration and diversification10 Strategic rivalry11 The totality of corporate strategyEndnotesIndex