Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study For Congestion Control in Mobile Adhoc Networks

In recent years a number of papers have presented theoretical solutions to this problem that are based on combining differential-backlog scheduling algorithms with Utility-based congestion control . Reducing packet loss in MANETs typically involves congestion control running on top of a mobility and failure adaptive routing protocol at the network layer. In the current designs, routing is not congestion-adaptive. Routing may let a congestion happen, which is detected by congestion control, but, to deal with this fact, it may be too late (i.e., long delay and many packets already lost) or require significant overhead if a new route is needed. This problem becomes more visible especially in large-scale transmission of high traffic such as multimedia data, where congestion is more probable and the negative impact of packet loss on the service quality is more of significance.
IPO underpricing in a simultaneous equations model of supply and demand: Evidence from a market of retailers

This paper fulfills a great need for empirical evidence on the impacts of the supply, demand and allocation of shares on the underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs). Exploiting a unique dataset and the institutional framework of Saudi Arabian IPOs, we construct a simultaneous equations model of supply and demand. Our evidence indicates that both curves of the market listing day supply and demand of IPOs are significantly negatively sloped with the supply curve being much steeper and above the demand curve. This is consistent with the idea that subscribers “flip” in IPOs immediately on the listing day to capture instantaneous profits. The excess demand that occurs during the subscription period becomes excess supply once the shares start floating on the listing day. Our study is the first move towards addressing the underpricing puzzle in a supply and demand context.
Isotopic fractionation in non‐equilibrium diffusive environments

This study examines the broad implications of diffusive transport induced fractionations on the interpretation of isotopic processes in the geophysical environment using the example of gaseous CO2 transport in soils. We use a simple model to simulate isotopic transport of CO2 from soil into a headspace chamber, followed by laboratory validation of predicted values. The combined effects of isotopic and concentration gradients results in an observed fractionation of different magnitude than the accepted theoretical diffusion fractionation, which falls continuously during the headspace equilibration period. We show that isotopic data from a non‐steady state diffusive environment can be misinterpreted when steady state diffusion models are applied. The simple processes illustrated here can be extended to any isotopic species, and any diffusive environment where some (or full) equilibration takes place between component species.
Evaluation of some Rossele (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) germplasm in Nigeria

Six accessions of Roselle collected from different parts of Niger state, Nigeria, were evaluated for their morphological and yield attributes during the cropping season of 2012 at the Department of Biological Sciences experimental field, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The objectives of the experiment were to investigate the morphological and yield characteristics and performance of these Roselle entries. Data collected included plant height, number of branches colour of calyx, number of fruit per plant (NF), width of fruit (WDF), length of fruit (LF), and weight of 1000 seeds. The six entries displayed four different colour of calyx (red, light red, deep red and green) which could be used to delimit them. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed for morphological parameters in all the accessions collected. This is an indication that there is a store of genetic variability that can be exploited for the improvement of Roselle in Niger state. There was also pronounced variation in yield and other morphological parameters, suggesting the possibility of evolving higher yield variants of Roselle through proper selection. Specific accessions; NG001, NG002, NG003 and NG004 which were identified with the highest weight (26.04 g) per 1000 seeds, the highest length of fruit (9.16 cm), the highest width of fruit (6.33 cm) and the highest number of fruits per plant (58.16) respectively, could be passed on to breeders for utilization in the Roselle improvement programme in Nigeria.
Banking Competition and Economic Stability: a simple approach

We study banking competition and stability in a 2-period economy. Firms need loans to operate each period. In the event of a shock, a fraction of rms default. Banks face capital adequacy constraints and have to repay depositors, so they lend less and magnify the shock. The ampli cation depends on the intensity of bank competition. The model admits prudent and imprudent equilibria (banks collapse after shocks). We nd existence conditions for a prudent equilibrium. Competition increases e ciency but leads to higher second period variance. Also imprudent equilibria become more attractive. We examine the role of regulation and of regulatory forbearance.
Responses of plant populations and communities to environmental changes of the late Quaternary

Abstract The environmental and biotic history of the late Quaternary represents a critical junction between ecology, global change studies, and pre-Quaternary paleobiology. Late Quaternary records indicate the modes and mechanisms of environmental variation and biotic responses at timescales of 101–104 years. Climatic changes of the late Quaternary have occurred continuously across a wide range of temporal scales, with the magnitude of change generally increasing with time span. Responses of terrestrial plant populations have ranged from tolerance in situ to moderate shifts in habitat to migration and/or extinction, depending on magnitudes and rates of environmental change. Species assemblages have been disaggregated and recombined, forming a changing array of vegetation patterns on the landscape. These patterns of change are characteristic of terrestrial plants and animals but may not be representative of all other life-forms or habitats. Complexity of response, particularly extent of species recombination, depends in part on the nature of the underlying environmental gradients and how they change through time. Environmental gradients in certain habitats may change in relatively simple fashion, allowing long-term persistence of species associations and spatial patterns. Consideration of late Quaternary climatic changes indicates that both the rate and magnitude of climatic changes anticipated for the coming century are unprecedented, presenting unique challenges to the biota of the planet.
Relationship between the Instructional Leadership Behaviors of High School Principals and Teachers’ Organizational Commitment

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the relationship between the instructional leadership behaviors of high school principals and teachers’ perceptions of organizational commitment and to test the extent to which instructional leadership behaviors predict organizational commitment. The study is designed in relational method. The population comprised of secondary school teachers working at public schools located in the European side of Istanbul in 2014-2015 school year. The sampling of the study consists of 441 voluntary teachers from 28 different schools selected by means of simple random sampling method. The data of the study were collected through “School Principals’ Instructional Leadership Questionnaire” developed by Şisman (1997) and “Organizational Commitment Scale” developed by Balay (2000). Whether the distribution of the collected data is normal or not was tested using histogram, Q-Q graphs and coefficient of skewness and kurtosis. As the distribution was found to be normal, parametric tests were used. The relationship between instructional leadership behaviors and organizational commitment was analyzed with Pearson-product moment correlation analysis and the extent to which instructional behaviors predict organizational commitment was investigated with multiple linear regression analysis. The findings of the study revealed that the principals most display instructional leadership behaviors involved in the dimension of setting and sharing of school goals and least display the instructional leadership behaviors encompassed by the dimension of supporting and developing teachers. The organizational commitment of the teachers was found to be little at “compliance” dimension and to be medium at “identification” and “internalization” dimensions. As for the adaptation dimension, negative correlation was found between the principals’ instructional leadership behaviors and the teachers’ organizational commitment and for identification and internalization dimensions, positive and significant correlation was found between the principals’ instructional leadership behaviors and the teachers’ organizational commitment. It was also found that the “establishment of a well-organized instructional environment and climate” dimension of instructional leadership behaviors significantly predicts the subdimensions of organizational commitment.
Models for Solar Heating of Buildings

The standard of living in a country is strongly correlated to the energy consumption, hence a considerable increase in the global energy use is expected. The effects of energy conversion on the climate, e.g. increased CO2 level, is already observed. Thus it is imperative to base future energy conversion on resources that have negligible climate effects; solar energy is perhaps the most important of such resources. The general structure of models for solar heating of buildings, with disturbances and relevant sensor technology is described. Simple models of the various parts of the system are developed, and the model is validated through simulation. Requirements for models for on-line control and optimization are discussed. It is noted that ventilation leads to an important energy loss if energy is not recovered by heat integration. The main contribution in this paper is in putting together submodels from different fields and publications into a relatively complete model structure for control of a residential building. A second contribution is the discussion of key disturbances in the system.
Using the Suess effect on the stable carbon isotope to distinguish the future from the past in radiocarbon

The depletion of 14C due to the emission of radiocarbon-free fossil fuels (14C Suess effect) might lead to similar values in future and past radiocarbon signatures potentially introducing ambiguity in dating. I here test if a similar impact on the stable carbon isotope via the 13C Suess effect might help to distinguish between ancient and future carbon sources. To analyze a wide range of possibilities, I add to future emission scenarios carbon dioxide reduction (CDR) mechanisms, which partly enhance the depletion of atmospheric Δ 14 C already caused by the 14C Suess effect. The 13C Suess effect leads to unprecedented depletion in δ 13 C shifting the carbon cycle to a phase space in Δ 14 C – δ 13 C , in which the system has not been during the last 50 000 years and therefore the similarity in past and future Δ 14 C (the ambiguity in 14C dating) induced by fossil fuels can in most cases be overcome by analyzing 13C. Only for slow changing reservoirs (e.g. deep Indo-Pacific Ocean) or when CDR scenarios are dominated by bioenergy with capture and storage the effect of anthropogenic activities on 13C does not unequivocally identify between past and future carbon cycle changes.
Microbiological findings in febrile neutropenic patients in a tertiary hospital of Southern Brazil

Background: Neutropenia is a major risk factor for infection. The prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria decreased in the early nineties, while the frequency of Gram-positive bacteria increased from between 55 to 70% of all bacteremia episodes. Even more recently there has been a resurgence of Gram-negative infections. The aim of this report is to describe the microbiological findings in a cohort of febrile neutropenic patients in a tertiary teaching hospital of Southern Brazil. Methods : This was a cohort study designed to evaluate the implementation of a clinical protocol for treatment of febrile neutropenic patients. Prospectively included in our study were patients with febrile neutropenia (FN) admitted between January 2004 and December 2005 at the Hospital de Clinicas of Porto Alegre. Historical controls were selected from patient visits recorded between March 2001 and April 2003 ‒ or recorded before the clinical protocol was introduced. Results : During the 2004-2005 and 2001-2003 study periods, 164 and 159 pathogens were documented, respectively. In 93 of 190 episodes (48.9%), and 84 of 193 episodes (43.5%) there were documented microbiological infections. Fungal infection was documented in very few episodes (6.1 vs. 5.7%). We also observed a 52.8% prevalence of Gram-positive and a 47.2% prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria in the 2001‒2003 period. Observed in the 2004‒2005 period were 38.1% Gram-positive and 61.9% Gram-negative bacteria (P=0.012). There was also a significant increase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa prevalence in the second study period (1.9 to 11.6%; P<0.001). Six isolates (31.6%) were discovered to be multi-resistant in the 2004‒2005 period versus none in the first period. The prevalence of Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus was 53.5 and 65.8% in the first and second periods, respectively (P=0.23). Conclusion : These documented pathogens are the most commonly observed in febrile neutropenic patients, but the emergence of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is of some concern.
Investigation of reduced glycopeptid susceptibility among methicillin resistant staphylococci

Incidence of vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and vancomycin hetero-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (h-VISA) has been increasing in the world and our country. We aimed to determine whether there is any difference between the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of glycopeptide antibiotics against meticillin susceptible and resistant staphylococci and investigate the prevalence of VISA and h-VISA among Staphylococcus aureus strains. 60 MRSA, MSSA, MRCNS and MSCNS isolated in our laboratory between April 2007-2008, were included in this study. Bacteria were inoculated onto a BHI agar supplemented with 6 μg/ml vancomycin, strains which have shown growth on screen agar were evaluated for being VISA/hVISA by determining PAP-AUC ratio. Vancomycin and teicoplanin MIC values of the strains were determined by microdilution and E-test methods. Two of MRSA strains which grew on screen agar were excepted as suspicious VISA/h-VISA and they were confirmed as h-VISA by PAP-AUC method. Among all strains, methicillin resistant strains showed higher MIC values for glycopeptides than methicillin susceptible strains. We suggested that clinicians should be aware of h-VISA and VISA strains which are being increasingly reported in the world. More clinically supported multisentric studies must be performed in our country to clarify these prevalence rates and determine the clinical relevance of this resistance profile. Key words: Staphylococci, meticillin resistance, glycopeptid susceptibility, vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), vancomycin hetero-intermediateStaphylococcus aureus (h-VISA).
Industrial Location in Developing Countries

Despite a diminishing role in industrial countries, the manufacturing sector continues to be an engine of economic growth in most developing countries. This article surveys the evidence on the determinants of industry location in developing countries. It also employs micro data for India and Indonesia to illustrate recent spatial dynamics of manufacturing relocation within urban agglomerations. Both theory and empirical evidence suggest that agglomeration benefits, market access, and infrastructure endowments in large cities outweigh the costs of congestion, higher wages, and land prices. Despite this evidence, many countries have tried to encourage industrial firms to locate in secondary cities or other lagging areas. Cross-country evidence suggests that fiscal incentives to do so rarely succeed. They appear to influence business location decisions among comparable locations, but the result may be a negative-sum game between regions and inefficiently low tax rates, which prevent public goods from being funded at sufficiently high levels. Relocation tends to be within and between agglomerations rather than from large cities to smaller cities or lagging regions. Rather than provide subsidies and tax breaks, policymakers should focus on streamlining laws and regulations to make the business environment more attractive.
A sero-surveillance of Brucella spp. antibodies and individual risk factors of infection in cattle in Bangladesh

Brucellosis is a serious zoonosis, recognized worldwide. It primarily affects animals, which act as reservoirs for human infection as well as being of economic significance to the agri-food industry. Bangladesh has been reported as an endemic area for brucellosis. So a cross sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors of brucellosis in cattle in Dinajpur and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh. A total of 182 cattle were examined by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) between September 2008 and October 2009. Then Positive, doubtful, and negative samples were further confirmed with slow agglutination test (SAT) and both indirect and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA and cELISA). A questionnaire was used to collect epidemiological information of the animals. The overall animal-level prevalence was 3.30%. Brucellosis seroprevalence was higher (4.76% by cELISA) in cattle above 48 months than those under 48 months. Female showed higher seroprevalence (10.67%) than male (6.25%). Higher seroprevalence was also found in cattle bred naturally (20.0%) than artificially (8.77%) and cattle that aborted or with previous abortion record (22.22%) showed higher seroprevalence than non-aborted (7.69%). The sensitivity of RBT and SAT was found 100% as compared to cELISA standard test, whereas specificity of RBT (95.35%) was higher than that of SAT (94.32%).
Distribution of Entocytheridae (Crustacea: Ostracoda) in the Northern Prairies of North America and Reports of Opportunistic Clitellate Annelids on Crayfish Hosts

ABSTRACT. Northern crayfish, Orconectes virilis (Hagen, 1870), were collected from 89 sites across Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Montana, North Dakota, and Minnesota. The entocytherid ostracod Thermastrocythere riojai (Hoff, 1943) was found on O. virilis at 45 of the 89 sites, distributed primarily in the eastern and southern portion of the study area. These observations of T. riojai greatly extend the known range of the species. The widespread distribution of T. riojai suggests that the dearth of entocytherid records from other parts of Canada is a result of nontargeted sampling rather than true absence. In addition, we report on observations of 3 noteworthy associations of oligochaetes with their crayfish hosts.
Commitment to employment and organisation: Finland in a European comparison

Employment and organisational commitment are widely endorsed as goals for labour market policy and organisations. However, there are few comparative studies that examine how, in addition to individual characteristics, dimensions of national culture a ect employment and organisational commitment. This article compares employment and organisational commitment among employees in Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Spain and Sweden. The main focus is on whether these commitments di er in Finland from those in four other European countries. Finland has seldom been included in this kind of comparative study. Individual-level data come from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP), Work Orientation Module III, collected in 2005‐2006. Employment commitment was the highest in Sweden, while organisational commitment was the highest among Germans. Finnish employees did not display particularly high levels of employment commitment: Finns were next to last in this category. Organisational commitment in Finland was on the same level as Spain and Sweden. In all five countries low subjective job insecurity among employees increased organisational commitment. Schwartz’s (2007) cultural dimensions accounted for a significant share of the variance in employment commitment. The data were analysed mainly by using standard multiple regression analysis and hierarchical multiple regression analysis.
A Large-Scale Identification of Sediment-Associated Risks of Contamination with Heavy Metals and Organics: Indicators and Algorithms

As mediators in key biotransformation processes, the complex enzyme activities (measured as a total of extracellular and intracellular activity on sub-organism, organism and supra-organism level) have a high potential to be used as reliable indicators for risk identification in co-contaminated sediments with organics and heavy metals. Two enzyme activities—dehydrogenase activity (TTC-DHA) and phosphatase activity index (PAI) were measured by use of methods with tetrazolium chloride and p-nitrophenyl phosphate in polluted sediments of Middle Iskar River part, Bulgaria. The environmental state of river sector has been strongly influenced by the organics, nutrients, xenobiotics pollutants and by the intensive hydrotechnical activity for construction of 9 micro-hydro power plants. The change of hydrological regime was a factor for intensive sediment accumulation and concentration of pollutants in the area of the cascade. Data for total activities of dehydrogenases and phosphatases in sediments were compared with total count of culturable sediment bacteria and pollutants concentrations. The results showed that the enzyme activities correlated positively with bacterial abundance in sediments and organics content in sediments and negatively with concentrations of xenobiotic pollutants (heavy metals). This approves a high potential of enzyme indicators for regulation of ecosystem self-purification capacity and for early assessment of sediment-associated risks of co-contamination. The correlative relations allow dividing the mathematical algorithms for control and management of processes in technologically influenced hydroecosystem.