Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heritability of prevalent vertebral fracture and volumetric bone mineral density and geometry at the lumbar spine in three generations of the framingham study

Genetic factors likely contribute to the risk for vertebral fractures; however, there are few studies on the genetic contributions to vertebral fracture (VFrx), vertebral volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and geometry. Also, the heritability (h2) for VFrx and its genetic correlation with phenotypes contributing to VFrx risk have not been established. This study aims to estimate the h2 of vertebral fracture, vBMD, and cross‐sectional area (CSA) derived from quantitative computed tomography (QCT) scans and to estimate the extent to which they share common genetic association in adults of European ancestry from three generations of Framingham Heart Study (FHS) families. Members of the FHS families were assessed for VFrx by lateral radiographs or QCT lateral scout views at 13 vertebral levels (T4 to L4) using Genant's semiquantitative (SQ) scale (grades 0 to 3). Vertebral fracture was defined as having at least 25% reduction in height of any vertebra. We also analyzed QCT scans at the L3 level for integral (In.BMD) and trabecular (Tb.BMD) vBMD and CSA. Heritability estimates were calculated, and bivariate genetic correlation analysis was performed, adjusting for various covariates. For VFrx, we analyzed 4099 individuals (148 VFrx cases) including 2082 women and 2017 men from three generations. Estimates of crude and multivariable‐adjusted h2 were 0.43 to 0.69 (p < 1.1 × 10−2). A total of 3333 individuals including 1737 men and 1596 women from two generations had VFrx status and QCT‐derived vBMD and CSA information. Estimates of crude and multivariable‐adjusted h2 for vBMD and CSA ranged from 0.27 to 0.51. In a bivariate analysis, there was a moderate genetic correlation between VFrx and multivariable‐adjusted In.BMD (−0.22) and Tb.BMD (−0.29). Our study suggests vertebral fracture, vertebral vBMD, and CSA in adults of European ancestry are heritable, underscoring the importance of further work to identify the specific variants underlying genetic susceptibility to vertebral fracture, bone density, and geometry. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
ASYMPTOTIC THEORY FOR A VECTOR ARMA-GARCH MODEL

This paper investigates the asymptotic theory for a vector autoregressive moving average–generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARMA-GARCH) model. The conditions for the strict stationarity, the ergodicity, and the higher order moments of the model are established. Consistency of the quasi-maximum-likelihood estimator (QMLE) is proved under only the second-order moment condition. This consistency result is new, even for the univariate autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) and GARCH models. Moreover, the asymptotic normality of the QMLE for the vector ARCH model is obtained under only the second-order moment of the unconditional errors and the finite fourth-order moment of the conditional errors. Under additional moment conditions, the asymptotic normality of the QMLE is also obtained for the vector ARMA-ARCH and ARMA-GARCH models and also a consistent estimator of the asymptotic covariance.The authors thank the co-Editor, Bruce Hansen, and two referees for very helpful comments and suggestions and acknowledge the financial support of the Australian Research Council.
Penicillins and cephalosporins: differences in morphologic effects on Proteus mirabilis.

The morphologic effects of penicillins on Proteus mirabilis differed from the effects produced by cephalosporins. The bacilli, when grown in the presence of inhibitory and subinhibitory concentrations of the penicillins, developed into long filamentous forms up to 93 4t in length without any globular outpouchings. In contrast, none of the cephalosporins produced bacilli longer than 14 jt at any concentration of antibiotic tested. The predominant morphologic response to the cephalosporins, especially at and above its inhibitory concentration, consisted of globular outpouchings from short bacilli-presumably an early stage of spheroplast formation. At concentrations of from four to 32 times the minimal inhibitory concentration, the penicillins also produced globular forms identical to those produced by the cephalosporins. Although it is generally presumed that penicillins and cephalosporins have identical modes of action, the data presented indicate that there must be some differences in their action to account for the difference in morphologic response. Possible biochemical mechanisms to account for this difference are suggested.
Parental perception of child weight: a concept analysis.

AIM This article is a report of an analysis of the concept of parental perception of child weight. BACKGROUND Perception is commonly studied, but lacks a strong conceptual definition. Concept analysis is important in providing a conceptual definition of parental perception of child weight. DESIGN Rodgers's evolutionary view of concept analysis guided this enquiry. DATA SOURCES A search of multiple nursing and social sciences databases was undertaken, including CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, Science Direct, ProQuest, PsychINFO, Medline and SocINDEX. REVIEW METHODS Data from 2000-2012 related to the concept of interest were reviewed. Fifty-eight articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included. Key attributes, antecedent occurrences and consequences of the concept's use were identified. Thematic analysis revealed common themes related to the concept attributes, antecedents and consequences. RESULTS Five attributes were identified including: parental recognition of body size, physical appearance, functional abilities, psychosocial effects and health effects related to body weight. Antecedents of this concept are parental beliefs and values about body weight, fatalism, societal normalization of overweight, parental weight status and parental mental health status. The consequences of this concept are parental concern, increased knowledge about obesity-related health risks, motivation to make changes and family lifestyle changes. The ultimate goal is a healthy weight for the child. CONCLUSIONS A middle-range explanatory theory of parental perception of child weight was proposed. Parents who recognize child weight issues may be motivated to initiate lifestyle changes, resulting in a healthy weight for the child.
The use of minimally invasive surgery for endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Surgical staging is an integral component in the treatment of this disease. Minimally invasive surgical techniques have been utilized with increasing frequency in its management. METHODS This article reviews the use of minimally invasive surgery for the treatment of endometrial cancer. RESULTS Prospective trials and retrospective analyses have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of laparoscopy in performing hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and pelvic and periaortic lymphadenectomy for surgical staging in endometrial cancer. The use of minimally invasive techniques does not appear to have an adverse impact on survival, and it improves quality of life in the postoperative period. Robotic surgery has been used in the management of this disease with promising preliminary results. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopy is a safe and effective approach for surgical staging of selected patients with endometrial cancer. Further studies and cost-benefit analyses are required to determine if the use of robotics improves outcomes over standard laparoscopy and can extend the benefits of minimally invasive surgery to a larger proportion of patients with this common gynecologic malignancy.
Helix electrode pull back: electrophysiology and surgical results

electrodes. Recent reports showed the effect of an increased focusing of the intracochlear electrical field by a surgical modification of the commonly performed insertion (Todt et al., 2005; 2008) called ‘pull-back’. Focusing the intracochlear field is assumed to further increase the number of virtual channels. It has been shown that this further increase of the perimodiolar position led to a better frequency discrimination with the Nucleus Advance array (Basta et al., 2010). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the modified insertion technique in the temporal bone (TB) to be able to perform the technique with the helix electrode. In a second step, we looked at the intraoperative electrophysiological changes due to the electrode pull-back. Method Ten TB with a view on the scala tympani were investigated. The intracochlear movements of the helix electrode positioning were recorded. After assessing the video-based recordings, the absolute change of three different distances (tip change, modiolus approximation distance, and pull back distance) was calculated. To define the pixel-based frame distances, the known contact-to-contact distances of the electrode provided by the manufacturer were used. Video analysis was performed with Metra software. Additionally, we investigated the electrophysiological effect of the electrode pull-back by pre- and post-pull-back measurements of the spread of excitation (SOE) and the neural response imaging (NRI) threshold in 10 implanted patients. A modified round window approach was performed. The pullback distance from the surgeons perspective was subjectively limited to 1.5 mm. Therefore, the first and the second cochleostomy markers were used (distance 3 mm). Measurements of the SOE were performed with the RSPOM software (Advanced Bionics software platform, Valencia, CA, USA) using the variable recording algorithm. Measurement contacts were electrodes 4, 8, and 12. Pre- and post-pullback current levels were intraindividually equally chosen, but varied interindividually. For the calculation of the pull-back effect, the electrode width of the SOE at 60% was used. RSPOM and equally current level were used for the measurements of the NRI thresholds.
The Professional Ills of Moral Distress and Nurse Retention: Is Ethics Education an Antidote?

likelihood of taking moral action increases with ethics education. But they cannot assess what people will actually do when faced with the opportunity to act. Case-oriented, prospective ethnography is uniquely suited to the task. Such research, however, will only generate more questions demanding large-scale survey investigations. Tacking back and forth between these two complementary styles of social research holds the best promise for learning about the effects of ethics education: both the broad regularities and the complex layering of ethical confidence and action at the clinical front-line. REFERENCES
More Prominent Reactivity in Mood Than Activity and Sleep Induced by Differential Light Exposure Due to Seasonal and Local Differences

The aim of this study was to investigate how mood, work time, light exposure, activity, and sleep indices are affected by the differences of latitude and season in healthy volunteers. Twenty‐four subjects (38.92±11.32 yrs) in Rochester, Minnesota, USA (latitude 44°1′N) and 30 subjects (47.03±16.32 yrs) in San Diego, California, USA (latitude 32°43′N) completed a 1 yr protocol measuring daily logs including daily work time and sleep diary; the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D); the eight‐item atypical subscore of the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Seasonal Affective Disorder version (SIGH‐SAD); and actigraphic measures of light exposure and sleep for one‐week in each solstice of summer and winter. Higher scores of CES‐D (p=0.038) and the eight‐item atypical subscore of SIGH‐SAD (p=0.009), and longer indoor (p=0.001) and shorter outdoor (p=0.002) work times were observed during winter than summer only in Rochester, with no differences in San Diego. The mesor of light was decreased in both Rochester (p≤0.001) and San Diego (p=0.004) during winter compared to summer, with no differences in the mesors (24 h means) of activity and sleep. The eight‐item atypical subscore of SIGH‐SAD was significantly negatively correlated with the mesor of light (p=0.034). Sleep indices showed no significant differences between two locales or two seasons. A more prominent depressive mood in Rochester than San Diego during winter can be explained by decreased light exposure of healthy subjects in Rochester. Despite a significant difference of mood and light exposure between the two seasons in Rochester, there were no differences in activity or sleep. Therefore, mood might be more reactive than activity and sleep in the seasonal variation induced by differential light exposure.
Multielectrode study of the territory of a motor unit.

Summary. By means of multielectrodes containing twelve leads along a 25 mm distance (Fig. 1) the spread of action potentials from a motor unit was studied over a cross section of the brachial biceps in man. The territory of the motor unit could be determined from the analysis of a single cross section of the muscle, since its fibres pass uninterrupted from tendon to tendon. The mutual position of two multielectrodes inserted perpendicularly to each other into the muscle was determined with an accuracy of 0.2 mm by recording with one multielectrode subthreshold pulses sent through successive leads of the other multielectrode (Fig. 2). The action potentials of a motor unit spread over an approximately circular area as evidenced by experiments in which the two multielectrodes traversed the centre of the motor unit (Fig. 4) and other experiments in which one of the multielectrodes was situated at the periphery of the motor unit (Fig. 5). Potentials with spike components exceeding 50 μV were confined to an average area four to six mm in diameter (Fig. 6 A). These potentials had a protracted terminal component of low amplitude and if they were recorded outside the site of innervation an initial positive component as well. Outside the area in which spike potentials occurred the potentials had a low amplitude, a short duration and a negative sign (Figs. 3, 4, 5). On account of volume conduction the action potentials were picked up in a larger area than occupied by the fibres of the motor unit. By means of the relationship between spike amplitude and distance from the potential source (Fig. 1 C) the average territory of the motor unit was determined to be four to six mm (minimum two and maximum ten mm) (Fig. 6 B). This area allows space for the fibres of ten overlapping motor units. On the same lead of the multielectrode action potentials from maximally six different motor units were recorded. Their potentials were often similar in shape so that they could be identified only by their discharge frequency (Fig. 9). The muscle fibres of as many as three of the intermingling motor units overlapped entirely (Fig. 8). The temporal dispersion of the spikes recorded on the different leads of the multielectrode was identical for these overlapping motor units (Fig. 7). The results are discussed with respect to their bearing on the parameters of the motor unit potential: The action potential of the motor unit arises from the summation of temporally dispersed potentials originating from fibre groups at a mutual distance of 0.3 to 1 mm. The amplitude of the motor unit potential is largely determined by the distance of the recording electrode from the fibre group closest to the electrode. The shape of the potential derives from the way in which the action potentials of two to three of these fibre groups summate. The duration of the potential is determined by the temporal dispersion of the component potentials due to the spatial dispersion of the end plates in the innervation zone.
Retinal Vascular Occlusion Syndromes

Acute retinal vascular occlusions are common blinding disorders that can affect either the venous or arterial vasculature. These disorders are better understood when they are viewed as distinct individual entities. Although many of these common ophthalmologic problems are well known, new and promising treatment modalities continue to emerge in this area. In this review, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, clinical presentation, and management of each condition are discussed separately.
Epidemiology of persistent diarrhea and etiologic agents in Mirzapur, Bangladesh

To determine the epidemiology and etiologic agents of persistent diarrhea we carried out an intensive diarrhea surveillance on children less than six years old in rural Bangladesh. From March 1987 to February 1989 we examined 363 children through diarrhea recall interviews and analyzed stool samples of all diarrhea cases for potential pathogens. Results showed that children had an average of two episodes per year and the incidence rate of diarrheal episodes denned as acute (<14 d) and persistent (14 d) varied similarly with age. The peak incidence (episodes/child/year) of acute diarrhea (2.8) and persistent diarrhea (0.8) occurred in the 6‐11 months age group. The data showed that an episode tended to be prolonged if the stool was loose/mucoid or bloody at onset. Aggregative adherent Escherichia coli was found significantly more often at onset in persistent than in acute episodes, whereas Shigella, Aeromonas, Giardia and toxigenic E. coli were isolated with less frequency in persistent than acute episodes. This suggests that other factors might be more important in the development of persistent diarrhea than specific pathogens.
Activity of the Vascular Targeting Agent Combretastatin A-4 Disodium Phosphate in a Xenograft Model of AIDS-Associated Kaposi's Sarcoma

Combretastatin A4 disodium phosphate (CA4DP) was evaluated in a xenograft model of AIDS-KS. KS xenografts were highly vascular, showing brisk mitotic activity, focal areas of necrosis, and intervening fibrovascular septae. Neoplastic cells were large or spindle-shaped, with vesicular nuclei and modest pleomorphism. Multiple junctions, microvillous-like projections, abortive lumina and rare Weibel Palade bodies were revealed by electron microscopy. Treatment with CA4DP (100 mg/kg) resulted in rapid onset of vascular effects that within 4 h resulted in an almost complete vascular shutdown in these tumors. Histological evaluation showed morphological damage within a few hours after treatment, followed by extensive necrosis which increased to ~ 90% by 24 h. At this time, viable tumor cells were evident only at the periphery of the tumor. These findings demonstrate not only the marked susceptibility of the KS model to CA4DP but also its potential application in studies related to the pathogenesis and therapy of AIDS-KS.
Mechanisms of cerebral edema in traumatic brain injury: therapeutic developments

Purpose of reviewAlthough a number of factors contribute to the high mortality and morbidity associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), the development of cerebral edema with brain swelling remains the most significant predictor of outcome. The present review summarizes the most recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms associated with development of posttraumatic cerebral edema, and highlights areas of therapeutic promise. Recent findingsDespite the predominance of cytotoxic (or cellular) edema in the first week after traumatic brain injury, brain swelling can only occur with addition of water to the cranial vault from the vasculature. As such, regulation of blood–brain barrier permeability has become a focus of recent research seeking to manage brain edema. Aquaporins, matrix metalloproteinases and vasoactive inflammatory agents have emerged as potential mediators of cerebral edema following traumatic brain injury. In particular, kinins (bradykinins) and tachykinins (substance P) seem to play an active physiological role in modulating blood–brain barrier permeability after trauma. Substance P neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists show particular promise as novel therapeutic agents. SummaryAttenuating blood–brain barrier permeability has become a promising approach to managing brain edema and associated swelling given that increases in cranial water content can only be derived from the vasculature. Inflammation, both classical and neurogenic, offers a number of attractive targets.
Volumetric and shape analysis of the thalamus in first‐episode schizophrenia

Thalamic abnormalities have been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, although the majority of studies used chronic samples treated extensively with antipsychotics. Moreover, the clinical and neuropsychological correlates of these abnormalities remain largely unknown. Using high‐resolution MR imaging and novel methods for shape analysis, we investigated thalamic subregions in 35 (25 M/10 F) first‐episode schizophrenia patients compared with 33 (23 M/10 F) healthy volunteers. The right and left thalami were traced bilaterally on coronal brain slices and volumes were compared between groups. In addition, regional abnormalities were identified by comparing distances, measured from homologous thalamic surface points to the central core of each individual's surface model, between groups in 3D space. Patients had significantly less total thalamic volume compared with healthy volunteers. Statistical mapping demonstrated most pronounced shape abnormalities in the pulvinar; however, estimated false discovery rates in these regions were sizable. Smaller thalamus volume was significantly correlated with worse overall neuropsychological functioning and specific deficits were observed in the language, motor, and executive domains. There were no significant associations between thalamus volume and positive or negative symptoms. Our findings suggest that thalamic abnormalities are evident at the onset of a first episode of schizophrenia prior to extensive pharmacologic intervention and that these abnormalities have neuropsychological correlates. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SK 3 channel expression during pregnancy is regulated through estrogen and Sp factor-mediated transcriptional control of the KCNN 3 gene

Pierce SL, England SK. SK3 channel expression during pregnancy is regulated through estrogen and Sp factor-mediated transcriptional control of the KCNN3 gene. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299: E640 –E646, 2010. First published August 3, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00063. 2010. —Overexpression of the smallconductance calcium-activated K channel 3 (SK3) in transgenic mice compromises parturition, suggesting that the SK3 channel plays a role in pregnancy. In wild-type mouse myometrium, expression of SK3 transcript and protein is significantly reduced during pregnancy, but the mechanism(s) responsible for this attenuation of channel expression is unknown. The promoter region of the SK3-encoding mouse KCNN3 gene contains two binding sites for specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors, two of which are expressed in the uterus: Sp1, which enhances gene transcription in response to estrogen; and Sp3, which competes for the same binding motif as Sp1 and can repress gene expression. We investigated the hypothesis that Sp1 and Sp3 regulate SK3 channel expression during pregnancy. In mouse myometrium, Sp1 expression was reduced during late gestation, whereas Sp3 expression levels were constant throughout pregnancy. Using a reporter system, we found that Sp1 overexpression resulted in a significant increase in SK3 promoter activation and that Sp3 cotransfection reduced promoter activation to basal levels. These findings indicate that Sp3 outcompetes Sp1 to decrease SK3 transcription. To determine whether high levels of estrogen in vivo can affect the regulation of SK3 protein levels by Sp factors, ovariectomized mice were implanted with a 17 -estradiol or placebo pellet for 3 wk; estrogen-treated mice had reduced uterine SK3 protein expression compared with placebo-treated counterparts. In human myometrial cells overexpressing Sp1, estrogen treatment stimulated expression of the SK3 transcript. Overall, our findings indicate that Sp1 and Sp3 compete to regulate SK3 channel expression during pregnancy in response to stimulation by estrogen.