Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Modeling of Transient Temperatures in a Small-Caliber Projectile

Problem statement: Future generations of intelligent munitions will use Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) for guidance, fuzing logic and assessment of the battlefield environment. The temperatures fund in a gun system, however, are sufficient to damage some materials used in the fabrication of MEMS. The motivation of this study is to model the dynamic temperature distribution in a typical small-caliber projectile. Approach: An axisymmetric finite-element model of a projectile is developed to simulate temperatures through internal ballistics (the projectile is in the gun barrel) and external ballistics (the projectile travels in a free trajectory towards the target). Accuracy of the simulation is confirmed through comparison to analytical models and to payloads attached to experimental projectiles. In the simulation, the exact values for some boundary conditions are unknown and/or unknowable. A sensitivity analysis determines the effect of these uncertain parameters. Results: The simulation shows that friction at the projectile-gun barrel interface is primarily responsible for elevated temperatures in a gun system. Other factors have much smaller effects. The short duration of the internal ballistics prevents the frictional heat from diffusing into the bulk of the projectile. As a result, the projectile has a shallow, high-temperature zone at its bearing surface as it leaves the gun barrel. During external ballistics, this heat will diffuse through the projectile, but most of the projectile experiences temperatures of 56°C or lower. Simulation shows that the polymer package around a MEMS device will further attenuate heat flow, limiting temperatures in the device to less than 30°C. Conclusion: The finite element model demonstrates that a MEMS device may be engineered to survive temperatures expected in the ballistic environment.
Profile and Predictors of Voluntary Civic Engagement at a Private University in Egypt

This study explored the characteristics and predictors of university student voluntary civic engagement. It was conducted at a private university in Egypt, a developing country where student volunteerism has the potential to significantly impact community development efforts. A total of 518 students responded to the study. Consistent with previous literature, students who chose to participate in community service clubs were more likely to be female and religious. They moreover reported greater commitment to civic service as well as pride and commitment to the university. Results suggested that volunteers fit an “Egyptianized” profile with characteristics including: Egyptian nationality, Muslim religion, attending a high-school located in a less privileged rural governorate, graduating from an Egyptian public school system, being more religious, and speaking more Arabic than English socially. Levels of depression did not differ between volunteers and non-volunteers; however, volunteers reported higher anxiety. Suggestions for future research are offered and findings are discussed in terms of their significance for community practice nationally, regionally and globally.
The impact of the global economic crisis on the finances of non-governmental sport organizations in Slovenia remains to be seen

This paper examines the impact of the global economic crisis on revenues on all non-governmental sport organizations (sport NGOs) in Slovenia, as a small European economy. Five types of operating revenues of all sport NGOs from 2007 to 2010 have been analyzed. We found that the overall trend of sport NGOs revenues does not correspond exactly to the trends of the Slovenian economy. The greatest financial impacts were experienced in grassroots sport, while professional sport NGOs have increased their operating revenues, mostly due to increases of public revenues. The findings suggest that the true impact of the recession on Slovenian sport NGOs remains to be seen. We conclude that the ongoing recession will affect grassroots sport the least, while semi-professional and professional sport NGOs will be under financial threat. Because of the synergistic effects of different types of NGOs, this could affect the sustainability of Slovenian sport.
Diversity of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. in Breast-Fed and Formula-Fed Infants as Assessed by 16S rDNA Sequence Differences

A qualitative molecular monitoring approach based on PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to study the diversity of dominant bacteria, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in vaginally delivered full-term infants. Seven breast-fed and six formula-fed infants participated in the study. 16S rDNA targeted primers were used for the specific PCR amplification of fragments from bacteria, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli from faecal samples that were collected before and after weaning at the age of approximately 1 and 7 months, respectively. The PCR fragments were subsequently resolved in a sequence-dependent manner by DGGE. In addition, cloning and sequence analysis of the PCR fragments was used to identify the species from which they originated. Based on the number of fragments in the DGGE profiles it was estimated that breast-fed and formula-fed infants harboured bacterial communities of equal complexity. There was no conspicuous difference in the distribution of Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus species between breast-fed and formula-fed infants. The most frequently found representatives of these genera were B. infantis and species belonging to the L. acidophilus -group in both groups of infants. The predominant Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus populations in most infants consisted of only one or two species.
Market Structure and the Environmental Implications of Trade Liberalization: Russia's Accession to the World Trade Organization

We investigate the environmental impacts of Russia's World Trade Organization (WTO) accession with a computable general equilibrium model incorporating imperfectly competitive firms, foreign direct investment and endogenous productivity. WTO accession increases CO 2 emissions through technique (−), composition (+) and scale (+) effects. We consider three complementary policies to limit CO 2 emissions: cap and trade, emission intensity standards and energy efficiency standards. With imperfectly competitive firms, gains from WTO accession result with any of these policies. If we assume perfectly competitive market structures, the negative environmental impacts of WTO accession are smaller and no net gains arise when environmental regulation involves energy intensity or efficiency standards.
Measuring Progressivity and Inequality

A general class of progressivity indices is proposed which is consistent with the well-developed theory of the measurement of inequality and social welfare. In particular, we show that the more progressive a tax system, the more equal the distribution of net income and the greater the progressivity index. For an additive social welfare function and a progressive tax system, the greater the degree of relative inequality aversion, the greater the progressivity index. We also discuss the link between inequality of gross income and tax progressivity. A by-product is the derivation of a general class of inequality measures that are invariant to equi-proportionate changes in incomes. We illustrate the analysis using the British tax and benefit system.
Hadronic Origin of Prompt High-energy Emission of Gamma-ray Bursts Revisited: In the Case of a Limited Maximum Proton Energy

The high-energy (>100 MeV) emission observed by the Fermi Large Area Telescope during the prompt phase of some luminous gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) could arise from the cascade induced by interactions between accelerated protons and the radiation field of GRBs. The photomeson process, which is usually suggested to operate in such a hadronic explanation, requires a rather high proton energy (>1017 eV) for an efficient interaction. However, whether GRBs can accelerate protons to such a high energy is far from guaranteed, although they have been suggested as the candidate source for ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. In this work, we revisit the hadronic model for the prompt high-energy emission of GRBs with a smaller maximum proton energy than the usually adopted value estimated from the Bohm condition. In this case, the Bethe–Heitler pair production process becomes comparably important or even dominates over the photomeson process. We show that with a relatively low maximum proton energy with a Lorentz factor of 105 in the comoving frame, the cascade emission can still reproduce various types of high-energy spectra of GRBs. For most GRBs without high-energy emission detected, the maximum proton energy could be even lower and relax the constraints on the parameters of the GRB jet resulting from the nondetection of GRB neutrinos by IceCube.
Study of clinical outcome in intra articular distal humerus fractures treated with dual plating

Background: In adults, distal humerus fractures are uncommon and intra-articular, oftenly involve both the medial and lateral columns. Open reduction and surgical fixation with plating gives good results. The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical outcome in intra articular distal humerus fractures treated with dual plating. Methods: This is a prospective type of study of 20 cases of supra condylar fracture humerus with inter condylar extension treated surgically with dual plating one on the medial boarder and another on posterior surface of lateral column using standard dorsal approach, olecranon osteotomy. Results: The range of age was between 18-52 years, with mean age of 32.55 years. The maximum incidence was between 18 to 40 years i.e. 16 cases (80%). With road traffic accident (RTA) as major cause of injury. Most of the patients were males 14 (70%) with right upper limb was involved in 12 (60%) cases. According to MEP score clinical outcome was excellent in 4(20%) good in 10(50%) fair in 5(25%) and poor in one (10%). Conclusions: Distal humerus fractures are known for their complex nature and technical difficult in surgical management. Proper anatomical articular reconstruction and stable fixation helps in restoring painless and functional elbow.
Spatial Language Learning

Spatial language constitutes part of the basic fabric of language. Although languages may have the same number of terms to cover a set of spatial relations, they do not always do so in the same way. Spatial languages differ across languages quite radically, thus providing a real semantic challenge for second language learners. The essay first examines the variables that underpin the comprehension and production of spatial prepositions in English. Then the essay reviews the functional geometric framework for spatial language and a computational model of the framework that grounds spatial language directly in visual routines. Finally, the essay considers the implications of the model for both first and second language acquisition.
Genetic structure of Hypochaeris uniflora (Asteraceae) suggests vicariance in the Carpathians and rapid post‐glacial colonization of the Alps from an eastern Alpine refugium

Aim The range of the subalpine species Hypochaeris uniflora covers the Alps, Carpathians and Sudetes Mountains. Whilst the genetic structure and post‐glacial history of many high‐mountain plant taxa of the Alps is relatively well documented, the Carpathian populations have often been neglected in phylogeographical studies. The aim of the present study is to compare the genetic variation of the species in two major European mountain systems – the Alps and the Carpathians.
A Medium-Scale Cloud Cluster in a Baiu Front: Part II: Thermal and Kinematic Fields and Heat Budget@@@第II部熱•運動場と熱収支

Observation features and evolution process of a long-lived medium-scale cloud cluster have been analyzed in Part I of the present paper. Thermal and kinematic fields and heat budget of this cloud cluster are investigated in Part II. The special attention is given in its formation and developing stages over the Continental China region. The following results were obtained. 1). A cloud cluster developed in the uniform unstable tropical air over the Continent. Thermal fields in and around the cloud cluster exhibited local variations due to convections and 3-dimensional moisture advection. 2). Kinematic fields in the cloud cluster over the Continent also showed particular localized features. That is, medium-scale cyclonic circulation in the lower troposphere, anticyclonic circulation in the upper layer and upward motion are found. They indicated time variations throughout the formation and developing stages. 3). An apparent moisture sink in the lower tropospere and an apparent heat source in the upper troposphere existed in the cloud cluster. The both quantities reached the maxima at the time when observed rainfall reached the maximum (*80mm/6 hour). 4). Calculated rainfall (vertically integrated apparent moisture sink) showed similar time variation to that in the observed rainfall: The calculated rainfall amount showed a variation of about one day period, that was consistent with the observed variation analyzed in Part I of the present paper. 5). Thermal and kinematic fields in and around the cloud cluster investigated in this study, which developed in the uniform unstable air over the Continent, showed similar features to those of medium-scale cloud clusters frequently developed in the Baiu front (subtropical baroclinic zone) over the Japan Islands and the Pacific Ocean, in spite of different environmental situations. The present study indicates that the cloud cluster transformed into a frontal depression under the influence of a short wave trough in the subtropical baroclinic zone. It is conjectured that in the atmosphere without baroclinicity the cloud cluster remained as a cloud cluster without transforming into a depression, even though a large amount of heat was released and redistributed through convections.
Do Pesticide Sellers Make Farmers Sick ? Health , Information Sources and Adoption of Technology in Bangladesh *

Modern agriculture heavily depends on the use of pesticides and has successfully increased productivity, but also led to increasing concerns regarding farmers’ health. Mishandling of pesticides continues to pose a serious health problem for farmers especially in developing countries. This paper describes supply side and demand side regulations for pesticide handling, health outcomes and adoption of health technologies using a detailed household level dataset from Bangladesh. The dataset is unique as it spans the chain from: ‘where do farmers obtain information from’, ‘which precautionary tools (i.e. masks, gloves) are used’ and ‘what are subsequent health outcomes after spraying’. Previous studies hypothesized that pesticide sellers in developing countries misguide farmers regarding pesticide use. On the other hand, government field extension workers reduce pesticide exposure by training farmers in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques. In our dataset we cannot confirm these hypotheses. In contrast, we find that those famers that use information from pesticide sellers increase the adoption of precautionary tools. These same farmers also enjoy subsequently improved health outcomes. Further, our results show that the agricultural extension program does not significantly impact technology adoption or health. We find instead evidence of social learning as peer farmers, especially those trained in handling pesticides, have a substantial influence. We conclude with policy recommendations.
Intra-species structuring in the common shrew Sorex araneus (Lipotyphla: Soricidae) in European Russia: morphometric variability could give evidence of limitation of interpopulation migration

The shape of the skull, mandible, and first lower molar (m1) in 10 geographical samples from four chromosomal races of two karyotypic groups were studied using geometric morphometrics. Discrimi- nant analysis with cross-validation was used to test the accuracy of classifications of specimens using skull shape. The percentage of correct classifications attributed to race varied from 61.8% to 89.5% and ranged from 51.6% to 82.3% for geographical samples. The structuring between races, as measured with Q st (this metric is analogous to F st , and the latter is used as a measure of genetic disparity between samples), was less than population-level structuring both within and between races. Variance between karyotypic groups in skull size, mandible, and molar shape was greater than between races. In skull shape, the variance was smaller as compared to the inter-racial level without larger "mountain" samples and greater when the entire set of samples was estimated. Interpopulation differences in all census characteristics were the most prominent. The magnitude of Q st in interpopulation estimations was similar both among populations of the same race and among populations of different races. Lack of correlation of Q st level with geographical distance between samples was found both in size and shape of the skull, mandible, and first lower molar. The significant difference between populations within a race was regarded as evidence of limitation of interpopulation migration. Each pair of geographic samples has a unique set of differentiating features. The stochastic variability of traits between the local samples, irrespective of race, is interpreted as evidence of genetic drift within partly isolated local populations. Diminishing differences between races could be a consequence of reabsorbing those stochastic morphological differences back into the metapopulations. The greater level of phenotypic differentiation between karyotypic groups compared to races is interpreted as a greater amount of time elapsed since the time of common ancestry.
Multiscale modeling of ocular physiology

Background and purpose Our purpose is to devise mathematical models that can serve as synergistic complements to experimental and clinical studies and deepen the current knowledge of oc-ular physiology in health and disease. One of the main challenges in developing a mathematical description of ocular physiology stems from the inherent multiscale nature of life in time and space. For example, the time scales of cellular biochemical reactions, cardiac cycle, circadian rhythm, and aging di er by several orders of magnitude , and yet they all matter when studying diseases such as glaucoma. Similarly, the length scales of ion channels, cells, tissues, and organs span from nanometers to centimeters, and yet they all interact to determine our bodily functions. In this article, we highlight two recent contributions towards the multiscale mod-eling of ocular physiology that our group presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO,-May, , Bal-timore, MD, USA). The first contribution presents a Mathematical Virtual Simulator (MVS), henceforth indicated as model M , to simulate the biomechanics and the tissue perfusion of the lamina cribrosa (LC). Model M may serve as a computational tool to visualize hemodynamic and biomechanic parameters in the LC, such as LC displacement , blood flow velocity and pressure, and predict their spatial and temporal variability. The aim of model M is to leverage partial data available on some parts of the eye (e.g., blood velocity in the central retinal vessels and ocular geometry) to provide further information on other parts of the eye that are very important from a clinical viewpoint but that may not be easily accessible with standard investigation instruments.
Ground-based detections of sodium in HD 209458b's atmosphere in two data sets

Abstract We present two separate ground-based detections of sodium in the transmission spectrum of HD 209458b. First we reanalyzed an archival data set from the HDS spectrograph on Subaru, which shows sodium at a >5σ level. Secondly, our preliminary results of a UVES/VLT data set indicate sodium absorption at a similar level, although the data cover the eclipse only partially. Both results are fully consistent with the HST results of Charbonneau et al. (2002). The Na D absorption feature seems to be resolved in the narrowest passband.
Minimum distance estimators of the Pickands dependence function and related tests of multivariate extreme-value dependence

We consider the problem of estimating the Pickands dependence function corresponding to a multivariate extreme-value distribution. A minimum distance estimator is proposed which is based on an $L^2$-distance between the logarithms of the empirical and the unknown extreme-value copula. The minimizer can be expressed explicitly as a linear functional of the logarithm of the empirical copula and weak convergence of the corresponding process on the simplex is proved. In contrast to other procedures which have recently been proposed in the literature for the nonparametric estimation of a multivariate Pickands dependence function (see [Zhang et al., 2008] and [Gudendorf and Segers, 2011]), the estimators constructed in this paper do not require knowledge of the marginal distributions and are an alternative to the method which has recently been suggested in [Gudendorf and Segers, 2012]. Moreover, the minimum distance approach allows the construction of a simple test for the hypothesis of a multivariate extreme-value copula, which is consistent against a broad class of alternatives. The finite-sample properties of the estimator and a multiplier bootstrap version of the test are investigated by means of a simulation study.
Clinical profile of empyema in tertiary health care center, Hyderabad

Objective: Empyema thoracic is known to have a variable age group affection, causative agents and controversy regarding primary mode of management. The aim of this study was to study the epidemiology, management strategies including investigations and outcome of empyema in the children. Methods: A prospective study was done on all cases of parapneumonic empyema admitted to our hospital from February 2009 to April 2011. Diagnosis of empyema was confirmed by chest X-ray, pleural fluid analysis or radio-imaging. All children (depending on staging) were treated along with parental antibiotics and chest tube drainage either intrapleural urokinase or surgery (video assisted thoracoscopy surgery [VATS] or thoracotomy) according to British Thoracic Society guidelines. Results: Among study population, male to female ratio was 1.48:1. The most common age group affected was 1-5 years (mean 4.03 ± 3.30 years). Total 31.57% of the cultures were positive. The most common isolated organisms were Streptococci (38.9%) and Staphylococci (44.4%). Out of 57 children, 25 had Stage II of empyema while 32 had Stage III of empyema. There was a significant correlation between duration of illness (>7 days) and advancement in the stage of empyema (p < 0.0001). Only one child with Stage II of empyema required surgery while remaining all other (24 out of 25) were managed with thoracostomy and intrapleural injection of urokinase. Remaining 32 (18 VATS and 14 thoracotomy) patients with Stage III of empyema underwent primary surgical management. There was no significant difference in the duration of fever remission, total hospital stay or duration of IV antibiotics in children treated either with intrapleural fibrinolytics or surgical management. Overall outcome of empyema was excellent, mortality was less than 1.5%, with overwhelming sepsis. Conclusion: Staging of empyema at initiation of treatment helps in proper management of patients. Results with the use of intrapleural fibrinolytics were promising in the Stage II of empyema. As complications are very few, VATS is a safe procedure in experienced hands. Key words: Empyema, Fibrinolytics, Thoracotomy, Video assisted thoracoscopy surgery