Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A CaV2.1 calcium channel mutation rocker reduces the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors in parallel fiber–Purkinje cell synapses

The rocker mice are hereditary ataxic mutants that carry a point mutation in the gene encoding the CaV2.1 (P/Q‐type) Ca2+ channel α1 subunit, and show the mildest symptoms among the reported CaV2.1 mutant mice. We studied the basic characteristics of the rocker mutant Ca2+ channel and their impacts on excitatory synaptic transmission in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). In acutely dissociated PC somas, the rocker mutant channel showed a moderate reduction in Ca2+ channel current density, whereas its kinetics and voltage dependency of gating remained nearly normal. Despite the small changes in channel function, synaptic transmission in the parallel fiber (PF)–PC synapses was severely impaired. The climbing fiber inputs onto PCs showed a moderate impairment but could elicit normal complex spikes. Presynaptic function of the PF–PC synapses, however, was unexpectedly almost normal in terms of paired‐pulse facilitation, sensitivity to extracellular Ca2+ concentration and glutamate concentration in synaptic clefts. Electron microscopic analyses including freeze‐fracture replica labeling revealed that both the number and density of postsynaptic α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors substantially decreased without gross structural changes of the PF–PC synapses. We also observed an abnormal arborization of PC dendrites in young adult rocker mice (∼ 1 month old). These lines of evidence suggest that even a moderate dysfunction of CaV2.1 Ca2+ channel can cause substantial changes in postsynaptic molecular composition of the PF–PC synapses and dendritic structure of PCs.
Cervical Pregnancy: Presentation of Cases and Therapeutic Update

Obstetric hemorrhage is a major cause of morbidity and maternal death [1]. Among the major obstetric hemorrhages, cervical pregnancy (CP) is a rare entity, but associated with considerable maternal morbidity and mortality if an early diagnosis and proper treatment is not done. The incidence of the CP is variable according to the authors, probably due to diagnostic variations. Giambanco et al. [2] refer the incidence ranges from 1/1000 to 1/95,000 pregnancies. Acosta et al. [3], conducted a review and reported an incidence of a CP every 2,400 deliveries, this represents less than 1% of all ectopic pregnancies. Ushakov et al. [4] quoted an incidence of a CP every 8628 births. The etiology is unknown, but there is evidence of an association with instrumental cervical maneuvers. It should also be present a likely relationship with chromosomal embryonic abnormalities and the late acquired capacity of the embryo to implantation [4]. The cervical implantation could be developed in three different ways: the gestational sac growth towards the external cervical OS, the gestational sac could theoretically reach the uterine cavity with normal development of pregnancy even with placental implantation on the inner cervical orifice, and finally, the gestational sac develops fully in the cervical channel leading towards an obstetrical catastrophe [2]. The most common query is the presence of vaginal bleeding associated with menstrual delay, with or without hormonal pregnant status confirmation. The early implementation of the trans vaginal ultrasound, allows starting conservative strategies and avoiding adverse results [3]. The CP, is defined as the implantation of the blastocyst into the cervical channel [5] and the sonographic image of the gestational sac located in the cervix is required to confirm the diagnosis [4]. Around 60% of the CP contain a live fetus [4] and the majority of the patients have low rate of parity, so that the current trend is to implement conservative treatments that preserve fertility [4]. Until not long ago, the CP was treated by a total hysterectomy due to the severity of the bleeding. But the development of the trans vaginal ultrasound, has allowed an early diagnosis and chemotherapy with methotrexate, opening up the possibility of new therapeutic options [6].
Body size at birth and blood pressure among children in developing countries.

BACKGROUND Studies in developed countries have shown that reduced fetal growth is related to raised blood pressure in childhood and adult life. Little is known about this association in developing countries, where fetal growth retardation is common. METHODS In 1994-1995, we measured blood pressure in 1570 3-6-year-old children living in China, Guatemala, Chile, Nigeria and Sweden. We related their blood pressure to patterns of fetal growth, as measured by body proportions at birth. The children were all born after 37 weeks gestation and weighed more than 2.5 kg at birth. RESULTS In each country, blood pressure was positively related to the child's current weight. After adjusting for this and gender, systolic pressure was inversely related to size at birth in all countries except Nigeria. In Chile, China and Guatemala, children who were proportionately small at birth had raised systolic pressure. For example, in Chile, systolic pressure adjusted for current weight increased by 4.9 mmHg (95% CI : 2.1, 7.7) for every kilogram decrease in birthweight, by 1 mmHg (95% CI : 0.4, 1.6) for every centimetre decrease in birth length, and by 1.3 mmHg (95% CI : 0.4, 2.2) for every centimetre decrease in head circumference at birth. In Sweden, systolic pressure was higher in children who were disproportionately small, that is thin, at birth. Systolic pressure increased by 0.3 mmHg (95% CI : 0.0, 0.6) for every unit (kg/m3) decrease in ponderal index at birth. These associations were independent of the duration of gestation. CONCLUSIONS Raised blood pressure among children in three samples from China, Central and South America is related to proportionate reduction in body size at birth, which results from reduced growth throughout gestation. The relation between fetal growth and blood pressure may be different in African populations. Proportionately reduced fetal growth is the prevalent pattern of fetal growth retardation in developing countries, and is associated with chronic undernutrition among women. Improvement in the nutrition and health of girls and young women may be important in preventing cardiovascular disease in developing countries.
Stages of Gestation in Mixed Breed Sows : Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters

The haematological and serum biochemical parameters of mixed breed sows during stages of gestation were investigated. Fifteen sexually matured mixed breed sows (Suis domestica) allotted into five groups (A to E) of 3 sows each were used. Group A: Non-pregnant, Group B: First trimester (0 38 days), Group C: Second trimester (39 – 78 days), Group D: Third trimester (79 – 115 days) and Group E: After parturition (1-7 days). Blood samples were collected at each stage. The packed cell volume (PCV%), haemoglobin concentration (HBg/dL), red blood cell (RBC×10 /μL), mean corpuscular volume (MCVfL), mean corpuscular 6 haemoglobin (MCHpg), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHCg/dL),platelet count(×10 /μL), 5 total and differential white blood cell (WBC×10 /μL) count, total protein (TPg/dL), albumin(g/dL), globulin 3 (g/dL), alanine aminotransferase (ALTu/L), alkaline phosphatase (ALPu/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASTu/L) were determined. The PCV and RBC values for Group E was significantly reduced (P<0.05) as compared with Groups A, C and D. Group E values for HB was also significantly reduced (P<0.05) as compared with Groups C and D. The MCHC values followed similar trend, moreover, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in MCV and MCH values in Group E as compared with Group C. The total and differential WBC values for Group C was significantly reduced (P<0.05). This reduction was majorly seen when compared with Groups D and E. However, the platelets, total WBC and neutrophils count values for Group C was significantly reduced (P<0.05) as compared to Group A, B and E respectively. Group B showed significant reduction (P<0.05) in eosinophils values as compared with Groups C, D and E. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in total protein, albumin, globulin and liver enzymes; AST, ALT and ALP values for all the groups except that there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in albumin values of Group E as compared to Group B. Conclusively, parturition causes reduction in erythrocytes parameters in sows. Therefore, erythrocytosis in bred sows can be used in complementing the diagnosis of pregnancy after non-return to estrus when monitored.
The role of chronotype, gender, test anxiety, and conscientiousness in academic achievement of high school students

ABSTRACT Previous findings have demonstrated that chronotype (morningness/intermediate/eveningness) is correlated with cognitive functions, that is, people show higher mental performance when they do a test at their preferred time of day. Empirical studies found a relationship between morningness and higher learning achievement at school and university. However, only a few of them controlled for other moderating and mediating variables. In this study, we included chronotype, gender, conscientiousness and test anxiety in a structural equation model (SEM) with grade point average (GPA) as academic achievement outcome. Participants were 158 high school students and results revealed that boys and girls differed in GPA and test anxiety significantly, with girls reporting better grades and higher test anxiety. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between conscientiousness and GPA (r = 0.17) and morningness (r = 0.29), respectively, and a negative correlation between conscientiousness and test anxiety (r = –0.22). The SEM demonstrated that gender was the strongest predictor of academic achievement. Lower test anxiety predicted higher GPA in girls but not in boys. Additionally, chronotype as moderator revealed a significant association between gender and GPA for evening types and intermediate types, while intermediate types showed a significant relationship between test anxiety and GPA. Our results suggest that gender is an essential predictor of academic achievement even stronger than low or absent test anxiety. Future studies are needed to explore how gender and chronotype act together in a longitudinal panel design and how chronotype is mediated by conscientiousness in the prediction of academic achievement.
Serum-Induced Expression of the cdc25AGene by Relief of E2F-Mediated Repression

ABSTRACT The cdc25A gene encodes a tyrosine phosphatase which activates cyclin-dependent kinase activity in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. cdc25A RNA levels are induced from 3 to 6 h after serum induction of serum-starved NIH 3T3 cells, suggesting that the cdc25A gene is a delayed-early gene. Analysis of cdc25A promoter constructs showed that thecdc25A promoter is sufficient for serum induction. Surprisingly for a gene expressed in early to mid-G1, serum induction of the promoter requires an E2F site at position −62 in the promoter. Deletion or point mutation of the E2F site resulted in activation of expression in serum-starved cells and no further induction by serum treatment. E2F factors were found to bind to thecdc25A E2F site along with the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) family members p130 and p107. A shift in mobility of the E2F-p107 complex in extracts of cells induced for 6 h correlated with induction of cdc25A expression. These results suggest that serum induction of cdc25A expression is mediated by inactivation of p107 or p130, both of which repress transcription when bound to the promoter through E2F.
Proton Relaxation Studies of Water Compartmentalization in a Model Neurological System

Proton relaxation measurements from 18 crayfish abdominal nerve cords (a model of human CNS) are used to demonstrate that the transverse (though not the longitudinal) relaxation can be decomposed into four reproducible components that, in conjunction with optical and electron microscopy of the morphology, can be assigned to three water compartments within the cord and possibly to the mobile lipid protons. The assignments are extraaxonal water protons (32 ± 9% and mean T2 = 600 ± 200 ms), axonal water protons (59 ± 12% and mean T2 = 200 ± 30 ms), intramyelinic water protons (7 ± 4% and mean T2 = 50 ± 20 ms), and finally an unsubstantiated assignment of lipid protons (2.0 ± 2.0% and mean T2 = 7 ± 4 ms). © 1992 Academic Press,Inc.
Evaluation of MRI/Ultrasound Fusion-Guided Prostate Biopsy Using Transrectal and Transperineal Approaches

Purpose To evaluate transrectal (TR) and transperineal (TP) approaches for MRI/ultrasound (MRI/US) fusion-guided biopsy to detect prostate cancer (PCa). Materials and Methods 154 men underwent multiparametric MRI and MRI/US fusion-guided biopsy between July 2012 and October 2016. 79/154 patients were biopsied with a TR approach and 75/154 with a TP approach. MRI was retrospectively analyzed according to PI-RADS version 2. PI-RADS scores were compared with histopathological results. Descriptive statistics, accuracy, and negative and positive predictive values were calculated. Histopathological results of first, second, and third MRI targeted biopsy cores were compared to evaluate the impact of one verus multiple targeted cores. Results Detection rates of PCa were 39% for TR biopsy and 75% for TP biopsy. Sensitivity/specificity for tumor detection with PI-RADS ≥ 4 were 81/69% for TR biopsy and 86/84% for TP biopsy. In 31% for TR biopsy and 19% for TP biopsy, PCa was found in the second or third MRI targeted biopsy core only. Conclusion MRI/US fusion-guided biopsy may be conducted with the TR as well as the TP approach with high accuracy, giving more flexibility for diagnosis and the option for focal treatment of PCa.
Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma: a clinicopathological study of 58 cases.

BACKGROUND Primary non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) is the most frequent extranodal lymphoma accounting for approximately 40% of all extranodal primary NHL. The role of surgery and other treatment modalities in the management of these patients is still controversial. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed the records of 68 patients with primary GI-NHL. Ten patients had incomplete records and were excluded from further evaluation. The records of 58 patients were considered, and all were available for analysis and follow-up. RESULTS The most frequent site of involvement was the stomach (47 patients), followed by ileum (7 patients), large bowel (3 patients) and duodenum (1 patient). Malignant lymphomas of follicular center cell origin represented the most prevalent histologic types, accounting for 58% (34 of 58) of all cases. Stage, evaluated according to the criteria of Musshoff, was Ie in 15 cases, IIe in 16, IIIe in 7, and IV in the remaining 20 cases. The median survival for the entire group of 58 patients was 54 months, with 46% of patients surviving at 5 years. The median survival was 71 months for patients in stage I-II, 60 for patients in stage III, and 25 for patients in stage IV (p = 0.016). Moreover, we found significantly improved survival in patients undergoing surgical tumor resection (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Even if at the present time the optimal management of primary GI-NHL is difficult to assess, our data suggest that it is prudent to advise resection followed by adjuvant CT in most patients, whereas CT alone should be considered only when surgery cannot be performed.
Influence of the specific immune response on some consistent murine behaviors.

The author's goal was to discover if the generation and maintenance of the specific immune response resulted in alterations of reliable behaviors (i.e., behaviors correlated over time). The behaviors (ambulation, rearing, and interaction with a conspecific) of CD1 male mice were measured in a small open field, and several days later, the mice were immunized with antigens (either splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice or a mixture of sheep erythrocytes and goat serum). The same behaviors were recorded again some hours, or some days, after immunization. Immunizations and behavioral measurements were repeated at various intervals. Blood levels of antibodies to the antigens were measured 6 days after immunization. The recorded behaviors were consistent (according to Kendall coefficient of concordance). The mice mounted antibody responses to the antigens, yet no behavioral changes were apparent during the response. On the contrary, a single injection of E. coli lipopolysaccharide decreased ambulation and rearing. It is proposed that in healthy mice kept in normal conditions, the specific immune response may be unrelated to reliable behavioral changes.
Distinct expression of phosphorylated N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor NR1 subunits by projection neurons and interneurons in the striatum of normal and amphetamine‐treated rats

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors are heteromeric assemblies of subunits (NR1 and NR2A–D), and are enriched in the striatum. Receptor phosphorylation has recently been demonstrated on the NR1 subunit at three serine residues, 897, 896, and 890, which appear to correspond to the level of receptor activity. In this study, expression of phospho‐specific NR1 subunits at serine 897 (pNR1S897), serine 896 (pNR1S896), or serine 890 (pNR1S890) in neurochemically identified neurons of the adult rat striatum was detected by using double‐immunofluorescent labeling or combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In both the dorsal and ventral striatum, pNR1S897 was expressed at high levels in projection neurons containing >55% dynorphin (striatonigral) and >90% enkephalin (striatopallidal) and in interneurons that were 100% positive for choline, >90% positive for parvalbumin, and >45% positive for somatostatin (co‐containing neuropeptide Y and neuronal nitric oxide synthase). Low levels of pNR1S896 were present in a small portion of projection neurons (<15% for both populations of projection neurons) and were almost lacking in the three types of interneurons. Interestingly, pNR1S890 was exclusively expressed in most parvalbumin‐containing interneurons (70–80%). Acute administration of a psychostimulant, amphetamine, increased the number of dynorphin‐containing projection neurons and parvalbumin interneurons showing detectable levels of pNR1S896 and pNR1S890, respectively. These results demonstrate the distinct expression of phospho‐NR1 subunits in different populations of striatal projection neurons and interneurons at variable levels in normal rats; they also demonstrate that phosphorylation of NR1, at least on serine 896 and 890 sites, is sensitive to drug exposure. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:393–406, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endocrine/paracrine interactions following administration of insulin‐like growth factor I

I t is misleading to consider the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system as a single functional unit. It is now clear that IGF-I of endocrine origin can reach and act on many tissues; for example, to promote skeletal growth, to promote renal, thymic and splenic growth, and to promote skeletal muscle and hepatic protein synthesis. In addition, essentially all organs produce IGF-I, IGF-I1 and their binding proteins (BPs) which can act through paracrine or autocrine routes. Such paracrine production is not necessarily under somatotrophic regulation; for example, gonadal IGF-I production (1). Furthermore, the complexity of the IGF-I gene is such that two promoters, which differ in their sensitivity to GH, regulate transcription from alternate leader exons (2). The IGFBPs are presumed to play multiple roles in determining the biological action of IGFs within tissues. For example, they may specifically transport systemic IGF-I to tissues, they may he responsible for the specific location of IGFs within tissues, and they may act as either inhibitory or stimulatory modulators at the IGF-1 receptor. This review discusses some of the factors that need to be considered with respect to systemic IGF-I administration and the consequences for different tissues.
How can hospitals better protect the privacy of electronic medical records? Perspectives from staff members of health information management departments

Purpose: The adoption of electronic medical records (EMR) is expected to better improve overall healthcare quality and to offset the financial pressure of excessive administrative burden. However, safeguarding EMR against potentially hostile security breaches from both inside and outside healthcare facilities has created increased patients’ privacy concerns from all sides. The aim of our study was to examine the influencing factors of privacy protection for EMR by healthcare professionals. Method: We used survey methodology to collect questionnaire responses from staff members in health information management departments among nine Taiwanese hospitals active in EMR utilisation. A total of 209 valid responses were collected in 2014. We used partial least squares for analysing the collected data. Results: Perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy and cues to action were found to have a significant association with intention to protect EMR privacy, while perceived susceptibility and perceived severity were not. Conclusion: Based on the findings obtained, we suggest that hospitals should provide continuous ethics awareness training to relevant staff and design more effective strategies for improving the protection of EMR privacy in their charge. Further practical and research implications are also discussed.
CD5‐positive and CD5‐negative human B cells converge to an indistinguishable population on signalling through B‐cell receptors and CD40

Whether CD5 on B cells marks a subset functionally distinct from the conventional CD5 negative (CD5neg) adult population or is more an indicator of activation, remains contentious. Here we have investigated whether CD5 positive (CD5pos) and CD5neg B cells can be distinguished in terms of their response to surrogate signals aimed to model, in vitro, T‐cell dependent (TD) and T‐independent (TI) encounters with antigen in vivo: the predominantly CD5pos B‐cell population found in cord blood, CD5 B cells positively selected from tonsils and their CD5neg counterparts, were compared. Neonatal B cells displayed a near‐identical phenotype to that of adult CD5pos B cells, being characterized by uniform immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin D (IgD), CD23 and CD44 coexpression. When cultured with anti‐IgM maintained at high density on CD32‐tranfected mouse L cells to model TI responses or on CD40 ligand (CD40L)‐bearing L cells (with or without captured anti‐IgM) to model TD encounters, DNA synthesis was stimulated to a similar extent in all three populations. Focusing on CD5 and CD23, we found that – although the signals delivered promoted distinct profiles of expression – under each condition of activation, the phenotypes that emerged for adult CD5pos and CD5neg B cells were remarkably similar. Neonatal B cells displayed a greater diminution in CD5 expression than adult CD5pos B cells following CD40 signals but otherwise the two populations again behaved similarly. The inclusion of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) to cultures where cells were costimulated via surface (s)IgM and CD40 resulted in a complete loss of CD5 expression and a corresponding hyperexpression of CD23, irrespective of the population studied. The near‐identical response of CD5pos and CD5neg B cells to surrogate TD or TI signals in vitro and their convergence to indistinguishable phenotypes is wholly supportive of CD5 being a fluctuating marker of activation rather than it delineating functionally distinct subsets.