Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IncIdence of congenItal SyphIlIS In a MetropolItan regIon of rIo de JaneIro State: SocIal InequalItIeS

Introduction: congenital syphilis remains a public health matter, with no perspective of reaching governmental reduction goals. There are few studies about social inequalities and its relation with this disease in Brazil. Objective: describe occurrence of congenital syphilis in a reference hospital in a Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro State, according to socioeconomic and clinical-laboratorial variables as well. Methods: cross-sectional study, based on interviews, review of medical records and prenatal cards. Population: all women admitted to a maternity ward during a trimester in 2011. Maternal variables: age, schooling, skin color, income, prenatal visits. Fetus/neonate variables: birth weight, gestational age, clinical and laboratory outcomes. Incidence of congenital syphilis (Brazilian Ministry of Health criteria) was calculated for all live births and for each social and economical variable. Results: there were 666 eligible women, comprehending 576 deliveries – 558 live births and 18 stillbirths. We identified 22 CS cases: 18 live births, three fetal deaths and 1 abortion. One of the neonates died in the third day of life. The incidence of CS was of 39.4/1,000 live births. Socioeconomic variables – low education, low income and black skin – were related to a greater incidence. Only 13 out of 22 cases were identified in prenatal care. Conclusion: our results pointed to social inequalities in the congenital syphilis incidence. As prenatal care is also related to socioeconomic variables, investments in quality of maternal assistance should be directed to more vulnerable women.
THE GALAXY CLUSTER MID-INFRARED LUMINOSITY FUNCTION AT 1.3 < z < 3.2

We present 4.5 μm luminosity functions for galaxies identified in 178 candidate galaxy clusters at 1.3 < z < 3.2. The clusters were identified as Spitzer/Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) color-selected overdensities in the Clusters Around Radio-Loud AGN project, which imaged 420 powerful radio-loud active galactic nuclei (RLAGNs) at z > 1.3. The luminosity functions are derived for different redshift and richness bins, and the IRAC imaging reaches depths of m* + 2, allowing us to measure the faint end slopes of the luminosity functions. We find that α = −1 describes the luminosity function very well in all redshift bins and does not evolve significantly. This provides evidence that the rate at which the low mass galaxy population grows through star formation gets quenched and is replenished by in-falling field galaxies does not have a major net effect on the shape of the luminosity function. Our measurements for m* are consistent with passive evolution models and high formation redshifts (zf ∼ 3). We find a slight trend toward fainter m* for the richest clusters, implying that the most massive clusters in our sample could contain older stellar populations, yet another example of cosmic downsizing. Modeling shows that a contribution of a star-forming population of up to 40% cannot be ruled out. This value, found from our targeted survey, is significantly lower than the values found for slightly lower redshift, z ∼ 1, clusters found in wide-field surveys. The results are consistent with cosmic downsizing, as the clusters studied here were all found in the vicinity of RLAGNs—which have proven to be preferentially located in massive dark matter halos in the richest environments at high redshift—and they may therefore be older and more evolved systems than the general protocluster population.
Tilburg University Angry ( or disgusted ) , but adjusting ? The effect of specific emotions on adjustment from self-generated

Many numerical judgments are made by adjusting from a salient anchor value. This research examines the effect of high-certainty emotions—emotions associated with feelings of confidence about what is happening, what will happen, and how to respond—on the adjustment process. The authors examined whether such emotions would induce people to engage in adjustment more confidently and thoroughly, leading to greater adjustment. In two studies, the authors found that people feeling anger (Study 1) and disgust (Study 2)—emotions associated with appraisals of certainty—adjusted more from self-generated anchors than did people feeling fear (Study 1) and sadness (Study 2)—emotions associated with appraisals of uncertainty. Study 2 found that this effect does not occur for experimenter-provided anchors, from which adjustment tends to be much less frequently observed.
Pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis : a review of current understanding

77 Abstract Despite nearly 200 years of study and research we still do not know why Neisseria meningitidis causes severe disease with high morbidity and mortality, particularly epidemics lasting 5-10 years or longer. Much is now known about its transmission, the different clinical outcomes and their underlying pathophysiology and, in more recent years, using genetic techniques, new knowledge regarding the organism’s virulence factors. However it would seem that the pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis remains a complex interaction between the organism and its ability to change and develop various virulence factors such as PilC, Opc, LOS and capsular phase switching, and the host immune response.
Comparing Serial and Parallel Compressive Sensing for Internet Traffic Matrix

Abstract—Compressive Sensing (CS) is a new method capable of efficiently reconstructing signals by using sparse sample. However, CS algorithms require processing time very extensive especially since the amount of data is very large. In this paper, we evaluated the effect of using double CS processes either serial CS (SCS) and parallel CS (PCS) on Internet traffic matrix. We also compared two reconstruction algorithms, which are Orthogonal Matching Pursuit and Iteratively Reweighted Least Square (IRLS). SCS produces poor accuracy with longer processing time, while PCS produce accuracy similar to CS scheme with shorter processing time. We also examine the effect of subparallel on the performance results. The results show that the greater number of subparallel accelerate the processing time for IRLS, contrary to OMP, where more subparallel, decreasing accuracy.
Immunogenicity and safety of live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine (Biovac-A™) in healthy Indian children

This is the first study conducted outside the People’s Republic of China to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine (Biovac-A™) in healthy Indian children. Material and methods: This was an open-labeled, 8-week (July 2012 to October 2012), non-comparative, non-randomized, confirmatory study conducted at two centers (Kolkata and Pune) in India. A total of 140 healthy Indian children aged 12 months to 12 years were administered live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine at the two centers. Overall, 137 subjects (female: 66, mean age: 4.09 ± 2.5 years) completed the study. The subjects were vaccinated (subcutaneous over the deltoid muscle of the upper arm) with 0.5 mL of live attenuated H2 strain hepatitis A vaccine. Results: Eight weeks after a single dose of the vaccine, 136 subjects from both the centers developed protective immunoglobulin (IgM) G antibodies $ 20 mIU/mL. The overall seroconversion rate was 99% (Kolkata: 100%, Pune: 98%). The hematological and biochemical parameters remained within normal limits. All the adverse events were non-serious and mild in severity. Conclusion: Live attenuated H2 strain hepatitis A vaccine is immunogenic and safe in Indian children.
Comparing the potential for dispersal via waterbirds of a native and an invasive brine shrimp.

Summary 1. Migratory waterbirds are likely to have a major role in the spread of many exotic aquatic invertebrates by passive dispersal. However, in the field, this has so far only been confirmed in the case of the American brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, which is spreading quickly around the Mediterranean region. 2. We compared experimentally the capacity of A. franciscana and the native brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica to disperse via migratory shorebirds. After Artemia resting eggs (cysts) were fed to Redshank Tringa totanus and Dunlin Calidris alpina, we compared the proportion that survived gut passage, their hatchability and their retention time within the gut. We also tested the ability of cysts to stick to the feathers of Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa. 3. The proportion of ingested cysts retrieved from faeces was the same for each Artemia species (8%), and there were no significant differences in retention time (mean 1.2 h and maximum 10 h for A. parthenogenetica, 1.4 and 12 h for A. franciscana) or hatchability (11% versus 14%). The two shorebird species showed similar retention times and retrieval rates, but cysts recovered from Dunlin had a significantly higher hatchability. Only one of the 1000 A. parthenogenetica cysts and three of the 1000 A. franciscana cysts stuck to feathers. 4. These results indicate that both non-native and native brine shrimps have a similar high capacity for endozoochory via birds, and that the invasiveness of A. franciscana is probably explained by its competitive superiority owing to high fecundity and release from cestode parasitism. Owing to their different migratory behaviour, Redshank and Dunlin are likely to have different roles as brine shrimp vectors. Brine shrimps provide a suitable model for understanding the role of birds in the dispersal of exotic aquatic invertebrates.
The Implementation of an Attention-training Intervention with Low Socio-economic Status Children in Cape Town , South Africa

Background and aims: Attention is a core process underlying competence in higher-order cognitive abilities. It is therefore described as a gateway function which, if impaired, can lead to deficits in other cognitive domains. Research has shown that healthy, low socio-economic status (SES) children perform poorly, compared to higher SES children, in tasks of attention. These include being alert and orienting to stimuli, ignoring distracting stimuli and selecting target stimuli, inhibitory control and working memory. Therefore, we implemented an attentiontraining intervention to determine whether it would effectively improve the level of attention in a group of low SES children. Method: We implemented a 10-week neuropsychological intervention, Pay Attention! with low SES children aged 7-12 years. We assessed all participants using a battery of neuropsycholgical tests before and after the intervention. The study included an intervention group (n = 5), a play control group (n = 5) and a test-only control group (n = 5), whereby each participant was matched with another participant in each group on age and SES. Results: We evaluated statistically significant change in scores from preto post-test assessments using the Reliable Change Index for individual participants. We found some positive outcomes of reliable changes form preto post-assessments, but these were not exclusive to the intervention participants, however. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate some tentative support for the implementation of the attention-training intervention. However, future research needs be conducted with a larger sample in order to determine with greater rigour, both the effectiveness and efficacy of the intervention.
Physiological Effects of Kaolin Particle Film Technology: A Review

Particle film applications (i.e. spraying canopies with a suspension of particles of various kinds of clay, including kaolin, leaving a film on the leaves) has long been used to limit the impact of water and heat stress on crops. Earlier work has focused primarily on crop yield and suggests that particle film applications, in some crops and under some conditions, increases yield. More recent and detailed work has been carried out using new kaolin products. Such work suggests that, besides other effects on fruit colour and size, kaolin generally reduces photosynthetic rates of individual leaves except under high temperature and/or heat stress. This is probably because kaolin films increase the albedo thus reducing leaf temperature and the consequent heat stress, but also reducing the light available for photosynthesis, possibly offsetting benefits of lower temperature, depending on the level of heat stress and incident irradiance. The few studies on the effects of kaolin applications on canopy photosynthesis report either an increase, or no effect, despite a reduction in photosynthetic rates of individual leaves. This is probably due to improved light distribution within the canopy, which increases the radiation use efficiency more than compensating for the slight reduction in canopy light absorption. In conclusion, kaolin applications appear to have the ability to reduce the effects of water and/or heat stress and, possibly to enhance canopy photosynthesis, at least under certain circumstances. These effects alone might not necessarily justify kaolin applications economically. However, when the kaolin film technology is adopted for pest management or for other purposes, it can be concluded that there are possible additional benefits.
Testing Hypotheses of Diversification in Panamanian Frogs and Freshwater Fishes Using Hierarchical Approximate Bayesian Computation with Model Averaging

Most Neotropical frog and freshwater fish species sampled to date show phylogeographic breaks along the Pacific coast of the Isthmus of Panama, with lineages in Costa Rica and western Panama isolated from central Panama. We examine temporal patterns of diversification of taxa across this ‘western Panama isthmus’ (WPI) break to test hypotheses about the origin of species geographical distributions and genetic structuring in this region. We tested for synchronous diversification of four codistributed frog taxon-pairs and three fish taxon-pairs sharing the WPI break using hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation with model averaging based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. We also estimated lineage divergence times using full-Bayesian models. Several of our results supported synchronous divergences within the frog and freshwater fish assemblages; however, Bayes factor support was equivocal for or against synchronous or asynchronous diversification. Nevertheless, we infer that frog populations were likely isolated by one or multiple Pliocene–Pleistocene events more recently than predicted by previous models, while fish genetic diversity was structured by Pleistocene events. By integrating our results with external information from geology and elevational sea level modeling, we discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the biogeographical scenario of the diversification of Panamanian frogs and fishes. Consistent with the ‘Bermingham/Martin model’ (Molecular Ecology 1998, 7, 499–517), we conclude that the regional fish assemblage was fractured by processes shaping isthmian landscapes during the Pleistocene glaciations, including drainage basin isolation during lowered sea levels.
CAD and Creativity: Does the Computer Really Help?

We are frequently told by its exponents that computer-aided design (CAD) liberates designers and gives them new ways of envisioning their work, but is this really true? CAD in architecture is examined to see to what extent it has enhanced creativity in design. This is partly done by applying a test of creativity advanced by contemporary architect Herman Hertzberger. In this analysis, CAD is found somewhat wanting, and some suggestions are made as to why this might be so.
Fluorescence induction as a measure of photosynthetic capacity in marine phytoplankton: response of Thaiassiosira pseudonana (Baciliariophyceae) and Dunalielta tertiotecta (Chlorophyceae)

The possibility was investigated of using in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence induction (timescale ms) as an index of photosynthetic capacity in marine phytoplankton. Batch cultures of the diatom 73alassiosira pseudonana Hustedt (3H) and of the chlorophyte Dunaliella terfjolecta Butcher were preconditioned for 24 h at 8 different light intensities (2 to 60 W m-'). Photosynthetic rates at light saturation (P,) and the area above the fluorescence induction curve (ADcMu) were then determined; A, , , , was obtained using dark-adapted cells in the presence of 3-(3.4-dichloropheny1)-1,l-dimethylurea (DCMU), with a fluorometer having a shutter opening speed of about 0.3 ms. After 24 h, values of P, and of A,,,, were greater in the low than in the high irradiance cultures. In a second type of experiment, P, and ADC,, were measured throughout a 24 h incubation period after T pseudonana was shifted from 60 to 9 W m-' of irradiance. Both types of experiments showed a strong positive correlation between P, and A, , . The method offers the possibility of indexing the photosynthetic capacity of phytoplankton without lengthy incubation.
Selective Incentives and Intra-Group Heterogeneity in Collective Contents

A group taking part in a contest has to confront the collective-action problem among its members and devices of selective incentives are possible means of resolution. We argue that heterogeneous prize-valuations in a competing group normally prevent effective use of such selective incentives. To substantiate this claim, we adopt cost sharing as a means of incentivizing the individual group members. We confirm that homogeneous prize valuations within a group result in a cost-sharing rule inducing the first-best individual contributions. As long as the cost-sharing rule is dependent only on the members' contributions, however, such a first-best rule does not exist for a group with intra-group heterogeneity. Our main result clarifies how unequal prize valuations affect the cost-sharing rule and, in particular, the degree of cost sharing. The results are related to the fact that heterogeneous valuations of the prize in a group cause inappropriate realization of voluntary contributions, a situation known as the "exploitation of the great by the small. "
A comparison of seasonal and interannual variability of soil dust aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean as inferred by the TOMS AI and AVHRR AOT retrievals

The seasonal cycle and interannual variability of two estimates of soil (or “mineral”) dust aerosols are compared: advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aerosol index (AI). Both data sets, comprising more than a decade of global, daily images, are commonly used to evaluate aerosol transport models. The present comparison is based on monthly averages, constructed from daily images of each data set for the period between 1984 and 1990, a period that excludes contamination from volcanic eruptions. The comparison focuses on the Northern Hemisphere subtropical Atlantic Ocean, where soil dust aerosols make the largest contribution to the aerosol load, and are assumed to dominate the variability of each data set. While each retrieval is sensitive to a different aerosol radiative property (absorption for the TOMS AI versus reflectance for the AVHRR AOT), the seasonal cycles of dust loading implied by each retrieval are consistent, if seasonal variations in the height of the aerosol layer are taken into account when interpreting the TOMS AI. On interannual timescales, the correlation is low at most locations. It is suggested that the poor interannual correlation is at least partly a consequence of data availability. When the monthly averages are constructed using only days common to both data sets, the correlation is substantially increased: this consistency suggests that both TOMS and AVHRR accurately measure the aerosol load in any given scene. However, the two retrievals have only a few days in common per month, so these restricted monthly averages have a large uncertainty. Calculations suggest that at least 7 to 10 daily images are needed to estimate reliably the average dust load during any particular month, a threshold that is rarely satisfied by the AVHRR AOT due to the presence of clouds in the domain. By rebinning each data set onto a coarser grid, the availability of the AVHRR AOT is increased during any particular month, along with its interannual correlation with the TOMS AI. The latter easily exceeds the sampling threshold due to its greater ability to infer the aerosol load in the presence of clouds. Whether the TOMS AI should be regarded as a more reliable indicator of interannual variability depends on the extent of contamination by subpixel clouds.
Retention and Tax Avoidance: A Clarification

The modest title chosen by the editor understates the contribution of this paper. To the best of our knowledge, we were the first to use company-based shareholder valuation approach to refute the prevailing view that retention of corporate earnings under the U.S. tax system automatically decreases shareholders' tax burden by replacing the impact of dividend tax with that of capital gains tax - the latter being subject to beneficial deferment and often at a lower rate. We argue that rational investors view the current stock price as a discounted value of future cash flows after tax; any price appreciation due to retention reflects an expected increase in future dividends net of future dividend tax. Absent predictable changes in tax rates, any incremental payment of capital gains tax - due to share trading among investors at the appreciated price - is added to the impact of dividend tax, not substituted for it. This argument is independent of the firm's choice of distribution method. Our analysis of the corporation and its shareholders traces the common misconception regarding the tax impact of retention to three errors: (1) Disregard for the firm's optimal investment policy, (2) confusion between the timing and method of distribution, and (3) failure to distinguish between this year's tax exposure and the value of all future tax payments or, more generally, the net-of-tax value of all future distributions. Lamentably, thirty years after this paper's first presented, these conceptual errors are still welcome as legitimate hypotheses. [An earlier draft of this paper was presented in May 1978 at the Vincent C. Ross Institute for Accounting Research of New York University and circulated as GSBA Working Paper No. 78-137 (1978)].
Vitamin D 3 ameliorates herpes simplex virus-induced Behçet ’ s disease-like inflammation in a mouse model through down-regulation of Toll-like receptors

1Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ajou University Institute for Medical Sciences; 2Department of Dermatology Ajou University School of Medicine; 3Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Korea. Bunsoon Choi, MS Eun-So Lee, MD, PhD Seonghyang Sohn, PhD This work was supported by grant no. R01-2008-000-20474-0 from the Basic Research Program of the Korean Science & Engineering Foundation, KRF-2008531-E00024 from the Korean Research Foundation, and 2010-0011130 from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. Please address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr Seonghyang Sohn, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ajou University Institute for Medical Sciences, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea. E-mail: sohnsh@ajou.ac. kr Received on May 28, 2010; accepted in revised form on September 22, 2010. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2011; 29 (Suppl. 67): S13-S19. © Copyright CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RHEUMATOLOGY 2011.