Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Power users in online democracy: their origins and impact

ABSTRACT One well-known characteristic of participatory websites is that the distribution of contribution levels is highly skewed: most people who make use of the service contribute only a little, but a small minority, often known as ‘power users’, contribute a lot. These power users are understudied in the literature on online democratic participation: this article aims to fill this gap. Based on a unique observational dataset of hundreds of thousands of users of an electronic petitioning platform, we show that having more free time is an important determinant of becoming a power user, as is having a positive initial experience with the site. We also show that power users are both more effective than regular users and that their interests differ substantially from ‘normal’ users: meaning that these small groups have a powerful (and distorting) influence on overall outcomes for the site.
Estimating the implicit component of visuomotor rotation learning by constraining movement preparation time

When sensory feedback is perturbed, accurate movement is restored by a combination of implicit processes and deliberate re-aiming to strategically compensate for errors. Here, we directly compare two methods used previously to dissociate implicit from explicit learning on a trial-by-trial basis: 1) asking participants to report the direction that they aim their movements, and contrasting this with the directions of the target and the movement that they actually produce, 2) manipulating movement preparation time. By instructing participants to re-aim without a sensory perturbation, we show that re-aiming is possible even with the shortest possible preparation times, particularly when targets are narrowly distributed. Nonetheless, re-aiming is effortful and comes at the cost of increased variability, so we tested whether constraining preparation time is sufficient to suppress strategic re-aiming during adaptation to visuomotor rotation with a broad target distribution. The rate and extent of error reduction under preparation time constraints were similar to estimates of implicit learning obtained from self-report without time pressure, suggesting that participants chose not to apply a re-aiming strategy to correct visual errors under time pressure. Surprisingly, participants who reported aiming directions showed less implicit learning according to an alternative measure, obtained during trials performed without visual feedback. This suggests that the process of reporting can affect the extent or persistence of implicit learning. The data extend existing evidence that restricting preparation time can suppress explicit re-aiming, and provide an estimate of implicit visuomotor rotation learning that does not require participants to report their aiming directions. New and Noteworthy During sensorimotor adaptation, implicit, error-driven learning can be isolated from explicit strategy-driven re-aiming by subtracting self-reported aiming directions from movement directions, or by restricting movement preparation time. Here, we compared the two methods. Restricting preparation times did not eliminate re-aiming, but was sufficient to suppress reaiming during adaptation with widely-distributed targets. The self-report method produced a discrepancy in implicit learning estimated by subtracting aiming directions, and implicit learning measured in no-feedback trials.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATION The extent to which breakfast covers the morning energy expenditure of adolescents with varying levels of physical activity

Background: Energy intake at breakfast affects the performance of creativity tests, memory recall and voluntary physical endurance in children before lunch, and food craving during the whole day. Objectives: To assess the adequacy of breakfast energy supply (BES) and energy expenditure (EE) in adolescents during a schoolday without or with 2 h of physical education lesson (PEL) in the morning. Design: Sixty adolescents (four groups of 14–16 boys and girls aged 12–16 y) participated in a cross-sectional study. Activity patterns and EE were determined by whole-body calorimetry during 36 h and in free-living conditions during 5 days using both a diary and the validated heart rate recording method. BES was determined by weighing individual foods. The pyloric energy flow was assessed using a model of fractional stomach emptying. Results: BES averaged 24.9% (s.d. ¼ 6.1) of daily EE in the four groups of subjects. It covered the mean morning EE on a schoolday without PEL, but not in a schoolday with 2 h of PEL in any group. When PEL took place from 8–10 am the cumulative EE exceeded the cumulative pyloric energy flow after 105–150 min, that is during the PEL session, and the energy deficit increased until lunch. With a light breakfast (BES7 1 s.d.) energy deficiency happened after 90 min. Conclusion: The results stress the need for a heavy breakfast for children and adolescents on the days with PEL in the morning, and a carbohydrate rich snack at 10 am to improve attention, memory and willing participation in physical activities. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003; 57, 310–315. doi:10.1038=sj.ejcn. 1601546
Grammar and Beyond Level 1 Student's Book, Online Workbook, and Writing Skills Interactive Pack

Based on extensive research, Grammar and Beyond ensures that students study accurate information about grammar and apply it in their own speech and writing. This package includes Student's Book A, Level 3, Online Workbook, Level 3, and Writing Skills Interactive, Level 3. In the Student's Book, learners study the grammar in a realistic text and through corpus-informed charts and notes. The exercises provide practice in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, as well as avoiding common mistakes. The Online Workbook provides additional practice in the grammar from the Student's Book in a convenient online format. Writing Skills Interactive provides online instruction and practice in academic writing skills and academic vocabulary. Animated presentations of the writing skill lead to automatically-graded practice and a unit quiz.
Neural correlates of early sound encoding and their relationship to speech in noise perception

Speech-in-noise (SIN) perception is a complex cognitive skill that affects social, vocational, and educational activities. Poor SIN ability particularly affects young and elderly populations, yet varies considerably even among healthy young adults with normal hearing. Although SIN skills are known to be influenced by top-down processes that can selectively enhance lower-level sound representations, the complementary role and of feed-forward mechanisms and their relationship to musical training is poorly understood. Using a paradigm that eliminates the main top-down factors that have been implicated in SIN performance, we aimed to better understand how robust encoding of periodicity in the auditory system (as measured by the frequency-following response) contributes to SIN perception. Using magnetoencephalograpy, we found that the strength of encoding at the fundamental frequency in the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex is correlated with SIN accuracy, as was the amplitude of the slower cortical P2 wave, and these enhancements were related to the extent and timing of musicianship. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that basic feed-forward sound encoding affects SIN perception by providing better information to later processing stages, and that modifying this process may be one mechanism through which musical training might enhance the auditory networks that subserve both musical and language functions. Highlights – Enhancements in periodic sound encoding are correlated with speech-in-noise ability – This effect is observed in the absence of contextual cues and task demands – Better encoding is observed throughout the auditory system and is right-lateralized – Stronger encoding is related to stronger subsequent secondary auditory cortex activity – Musicianship is related to both speech-in-noise perception and enhanced MEG signals
Predicting students’ GPAs based on cloze tests in Kazakhstan

АBSTRACT T purpose of this study was to determine what correlation, if any, existed between the MA TESOL entrance exam, specifically the cloze test, and students’ performance in the program at an English-medium university in Central Asia. This was accomplished by comparing the results of students’ scores on the three parts of the exam (cloze and two essays) with their GPAs. Findings showed the number correct in the second half (with exact-word scoring) of an academic passage had a higher correlation with GPA (0.60; significant at 0.01). Correlations with the essays were not significant. A brief review of the literature of the issues surrounding the cloze procedure relevant to our program are discussed, viz., 1) how well cloze measures ESL reading comprehension, 2) which scoring method correlates with second language proficiency, 3) whether we should score both halves or only the second half of the test, and 4) what the optimum deletion frequency is. The results will be used to further calibrate entrance requirements and exam assessment procedures. K ey words: cloze; reading comprehension; scoring method; deletion ratio. PREDICTING STUDENTS’ GPAS BASED ON CLOZE TESTS IN KAZAKHSTAN Nancy Burkhalter
Cut-and-Choose Bilateral Oblivious Transfer

Oblivious transfer is a fundamental tool in modern cryptography. It plays an important role in the research of security protocols. In recent years, many oblivious transfer variants with more powerful functionalities are proposed, so as to be fit in different kinds of requirements and scenarios. In this paper, a new oblivious transfer variant, called cut-and-choose bilateral oblivious transfer, is proposed. Based on homomorphic encryption, an efficient one-round protocol of this primitive is constructed, accompanied with rigorous security proof in semi-honest model. When applied in security protocols based on cut-and-choose technique (especially in secure two-party computation), cut-and-choose bilateral oblivious transfer enables a more modular high-level description of the protocol framework, as well as reduces the round complexity of the protocols. Besides, as a basic tool in the information security area, this primitive itself is of independent research interest.
THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL TRUST, BURNOUT AND INTERPERSONAL DEVIANCE FOR ACHIEVING ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

In this study, the variables organizational trust and burnout which are considered to be affecting organizational performance are discussed for small-scaled business (food) enteprises. Although the effects of organizational trust and burnout on organizational performance are particularly examined, interpersonal deviance as another variable is also considered. We find that there is no significant relationship between employees’ burnout and organizational performance. However, there is a positive and significant relationship between organizational trust and organizational performance. We also find that, while interpersonal deviance has not any mediating effect on burnout and organizational performance, it has a negative and partial mediator role on organizational trust and organizational performance. Through designating a structural equation model, recommendations that are geared towards improving the organizational performance are made to the employers and executive officers
Emotions and Managerial Judgment: Evidence from Sunshine Exposure

We examine the role and economic consequences of emotions in shaping the judgment of corporate executives. Analyzing a large sample of U.S. public firms, we find that sunshine-induced good mood leads managers to make upwardly biased earnings forecasts. Importantly, our evidence implies that managers become less susceptible to the sunshine priming effect in unambiguous settings, when their forecasts are subject to stricter external monitoring, and when they have stronger incentives to issue accurate forecasts. Additional tests show that equity market participants discern less informative signals from forecasts influenced by sunshine and that managers prone to the sunshine priming effect impose costs on their firms in the form of higher information risk and equity financing costs. Reflecting that labor markets also play a disciplinary role, we find that mood prone managers suffer adverse career outcomes. We provide the first large-scale analysis on the nuanced ways in which emotions affect top executives.
Pengaruh Metode Cooperative Learning Teknik Jigsaw Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Mahasiswa

This study is aimed to know the description of Cooperative Learning Methods Jigsaw Techniques and its influence on Student Learning Achievement of the student in Economic Education Program 2006, Faculty of Social Sciences Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung. This study is a descriptive verification study with explanatory survey method and cross sectional method based on time period. The data are presented in primary and secondary data with the data collectted through observation, library research, and questionnaire. The analysis technique is regression analysis with SPSS computer software as the tool 12. Based on the findings obtained by statistical tests shows that there is a positive influence of Cooperative Learning Methods Jigsaw Techniques with students’ Learning Achievement. It can be concluded that achievement is influenced by the Method of Cooperative Learning Jigsaw Technique.
Learner Diversity in Inclusive Classrooms: The Interplay of Language of Instruction, Gender and Disability

The research was conducted to look into learner diversity in inclusive classrooms focusing on language of instruction, gender and disability issues, and their implications for education practices. It used a qualitative approach to obtain data addressing the research problem from two inclusive secondary schools in Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania. A purposive sampling was used to obtain the schools and research participants who were teachers and students. Open ended interviews, classroom observations, and focus group discussions were used in data collection. The findings have indicated challenges in teaching mixed classes by teachers as well as students in such classes; especially those with disability. However, interactions between girls and boys were generally positive although the latter dominated in some classroom conversations. It is recommended that all teachers in inclusive schools should be trained on how to handle students with special needs in particular, and knowledge of learner diversity generally, during their initial-teacher training and further enhanced through continued in-service trainings. Lastly, it is recommended that another study, using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, be conducted using a bigger sample involving other types of participants with special needs; the parents of children in special needs should participate in the proposed study.
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri Berbasis Observasi Lapangan terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Analitis

Abstract: This study aims to determine the effect of Inkuiri model based on field observation on the ability of analytical thinking. The design of this research is quasi experiment with pretest posttest control group design. The treatment in this research is using Inquiry model based on field observation in experiment class and learning of question and answer method, discussion, and presentation in control class. The subject of this research is the students of class X IPS SMAN 10 Malang. Hypothesis test conducted on the research is t-test with SPSS 16.00 for windows. The result of this research is that there is significant influence of Inkuiri model based on field observation on the result of analytical thinking ability. This can be seen from the average score gain obtained by the higher experimental class (20.6) than the control class (14.5). The result of the analysis of the Independent Sample T-test, obtained p-level 0,002. The p-level value is less than 0.05. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model Inkuiri berbasis observasi lapangan terhadap kemampuan berpikir analitis. Rancangan penelitian ini berupa quasi experiment dengan desain pretest posttest control group . Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan model Inkuiri berbasis observasi lapangan pada kelas eksperimen dan pembelajaran metode tanya jawab, diskusi, dan presentasi pada kelas kontrol. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X IPS SMAN 10 Malang. Uji hipotesis yang dilakukan pada penelitian adalah uji- t dengan SPSS 16.00 for windows . Hasil penelitian ini yaitu terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan model Inkuiri berbasis observasi lapangan terhadap hasil kemampuan berpikir analitis. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari nilai rata-rata gain score yang diperoleh kelas eksperimen lebih tinggi (20,6) daripada kelas kontrol (14,5). Hasil analisis uji Independent Sample T-test, diperoleh nilai p-level 0,002. Nilai p-level tersebut lebih kecil dari 0.05.
Investigation of Instructional Technology Acceptance and Individual Innovativeness of Academicians

Calismanin amaci Egitim Fakultesinde gorevli ogretim elemanlarinin bireysel yenilikcilik ozellikleri ile ogretim teknolojilerine yonelik kabullerinin incelenmesidir. Karma yontemsel yaklasimla incelenen arastirmanin calisma grubunda 2013-2014 Ogretim yilinda bir devlet universitesinde gorev yapan 92 ogretim elemani yer almaktadir. Arastirmada nicel veriler icin Hurt, Joseph ve Cook (1977) tarafindan gelistirilen ve Turk kulturune uyarlamasi Kilicer ve Odabasi (2010) tarafindan gerceklestirilen “Bireysel Yenilikcilik” olcegi ve Davis, tarafindan gelistirilen “Teknoloji Kabul Olcegi (TAM) ”kullanilmistir (Davis, 1989). TAM olcegi arastirmaci tarafindan Turk kulturune uyarlanmistir. Nitel veriler ise yari yapilandirilmis gorusme formu kullanilarak farkli uzmanlik alani ve kideme sahip 13 ogretim elemanindan toplanmistir. Nicel verilerin cozumlenmesinde istatiksel testlerden, nitel verilerin cozumlenmesinde ise icerik analizinden yararlanilmistir. Nicel ve nitel verilerden elde edilen bulgulara gore ogretim elemanlarinin yuksek duzeyde bireysel yenilikci ozelligine sahip olup, oncu olma karakterinde olduklari ve ogretim teknolojilerine yonelik kabul, kullanim ve yarar algisina iliskin olumlu gorus icerisinde bulunduklari ortaya cikmistir. Katilimcilarin bireysel yenilikcilik ozellikleri ve ogretim teknolojilerine yonelik kabul algilari arasinda pozitif yonlu ve anlamli bir iliski oldugu belirlenmistir. Calismada ayrica nicel ve nitel verilerin birbirini destekledigi gorulmus ve katilimcilar tarafindan yenilikcilik ve ogretim teknolojilerinin kabulune iliskin yorumlarda bulunulmus ve arastirmaci tarafindan bazi oneriler sunulmustur.
Öğretmen Adaylarının Öğretmenlik Mesleği ve Alan Seçiminde Etkili Olan Motivasyonel Etkenler

Arastirma, ogretmen adaylarinin ogretmenlik meslegini ve ogrenim gordukleri alani tercih etmelerinde etkili olan icsel ve dissal motivasyonel etkenlerin etkisini belirlemeyi amaclamaktadir. Bu betimsel calismanin orneklemini Mugla Sitki Kocman Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi 449 birinci sinif ogrencisi olusturmaktadir. Arastirmanin verileri Mayr (1998) tarafindan gelistirilen ve Atav ve Altinoglu (2013) tarafindan Turkceye uyarlamasi yapilan Meslek ve Alan Seciminde Motivasyon Olcegi’ nin ornekleme 2015-2016 Guz yarilinda uygulanmasi ile elde edilmistir. Arastirma verilerinin cozumlenmesinde betimsel istatistikler, t-testi, tek yonlu varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve Tukey HSD kullanilmistir. Arastirmanin bulgulari ogretmen adaylarinin meslek ve alan seciminde icsel motivasyon etkenlerinin yuksek duzeyde etkili oldugunu gostermistir. Ayrica, ogretmen adaylarinin meslek ve alan seciminde dissal motivasyon etkenlerinin orta duzeyde etkili oldugu belirlenmistir. Bu sonuclar ogretmen egitiminde icsel ve dis motivasyon etkenlerinin birlikte dikkate alinmasi gerektigini isaret etmektedir. ANAHTAR SOZCUKLER: Motivasyon etkenleri, ogretmenlik meslek secimi, ogretmenlik alan secimi, aday ogretmen
A Spanish Version of the Achievement Task Value Scale for University Students: Internal, Convergent, and Criterion Validity and Reliability in Argentinian Students

Objective: An Achievement Task Value Scale Spanish Language Adjusted Version, assessing task value items corresponding to importance, utility, interest and cost, was evaluated regarding its psychometric properties, in a sample of Argentine students.Method: In order to assess internal structure, exploratory and confirmatory strategies have been used. Besides, scale convergence was assessed by relating them with a one-dimensional task value scale. Evidences of criterion validity were supported by relating scales with enjoyment, achievement goals, and attention. Finally, internal consistency was estimated using Cronbach’s Alpha and Omega coefficients.Conclusions: Results allow to state that this version of the instrument makes it possible to assess, in a reliable and valid way, three components of task value: utility, interest, and cost.
Should a Few Null Findings Falsify Prefrontal Theories of Conscious Perception?

Is activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) critical for conscious perception? Major theories of consciousness make distinct predictions about the role of PFC, providing an opportunity to arbitrate between these views empirically. Here we address three common misconceptions: (1) PFC lesions do not affect subjective perception; (2) PFC activity does not reflect specific perceptual content; and (3) PFC involvement in studies of perceptual awareness is solely driven by the need to make reports required by the experimental tasks rather than subjective experience per se. These claims are incompatible with empirical findings, unless one focuses only on studies using methods with limited sensitivity. The literature highlights PFC's essential role in enabling the subjective experience in perception, contra the objective capacity to perform visual tasks; conflating the two can also be a source of confusion. Dual Perspectives Companion Paper: Are the Neural Correlates of Consciousness in the Front or in the Back of the Cerebral Cortex? Clinical and Neuroimaging Evidence, by Melanie Boly, Marcello Massimini, Naotsugu Tsuchiya, Bradley R. Postle, Christof Koch, and Giulio Tononi
Diachronic labial palatalization in Xinguan Arawak

The goal of this short paper is to address additional facts related to the process of full labial palatalization (or coronalization) proposed in Carvalho (2016a) for Yawalapiti, an Arawak language of central Brazil. After discussing the broader theoretical significance of the full palatalization of labials to typology and to the theory of sound change, I will show that the identification of the correspondences supporting the recognition of this development in Yawalapiti can be traced back to Karl von den Steinen's 1894 publication of the earliest available documentation of the Xinguan Arawak languages. Next, I argue that a pattern of allomorphy in the 2sg prefix of Yawalapiti can be understood as a relic of the series of sound changes that mapped a labial stop *p to a coronal consonant in palatalization-prone environments. Finally, I note that this labial coronalization change has the status of a drift-like tendency within the Xinguan Arawak subgroup, a fact underscored by its independent occurrence in Waura. Furthermore, a relatively late date can be assigned to this development on the basis of a comparison of recent data on this language with the vocabularies found in the Von den Steinen material.
BUDAYA PROFETIK DI PESANTREN SALAF

This paper reveals the prophetic culture in Islamic boarding school. The culture is implemented by kiai as the heir of prophet's knowledge. Kiai becomes the central figure who has some concepts which follows the prophet's attitude. In boarding school there are also some values to do goodness, to live in harmony. There are seven patterns of life which are in accordance with the prophet's attitude; modesty, togetherness, independence and responsibility, consistence, discipline, and sincerity.