Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Personalized reduced 3-lead system formation methodology for Remote Health Monitoring applications and reconstruction of standard 12-lead system

Remote Health Monitoring (RHM) applications encounter limitations from technological front viz. bandwidth, storage and transmission time and the medical science front i.e. usage of 2-3 lead systems instead of the standard 12-lead (S12) system. Technological limitations constraint the number of leads to 2-3 while cardiologists accustomed with 12-Lead ECG may find these 2-3 lead systems insufficient for diagnosis. Thus, the aforementioned limitations pose self-contradicting challenges for RHM. A personalized reduced 2/3 lead system is required which can offer equivalent information as obtained in S12 system, thus, S12 system can be accurately reconstructed from the reduced system for diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a personalized reduced 3-lead (R3L) system formation methodology which employs principal component analysis, thereby, reducing redundancy and increasing SNR ratio, hence, making it suitable for wireless transmission. Accurate S12 system is made available using personalized lead reconstruction methodology, thereby, addressing medical constraints. Mean R 2 statistics values obtained for reconstruction S12 system from the proposed R3L system using PhysioNet’s PTB and TWA databases were 95.63% and 96.37% respectively. To substantiate the superior diagnostic quality of reconstructed leads, root mean square error (RMSE) metrics obtained upon comparing the ECG features extracted from the original and reconstructed leads, using our recently proposed Time Domain Morphology and Gradient (TDMG) algorithm, have been analyzed and discussed. The proposed system does not require any extra electrode or modification in placement positions and hence, can readily find application in computerized ECG machines.
A spellchecker for Afrikaans, based on morphological analysis

Existing commercially available spellcheckers for Afrikaans (i.e. PUK/Microsoft Speltoetser; Pharos Speller (and hyphenator); Ispell vir Afrikaans) still don’t comply with the general desiderata for spellcheckers (i.e. user-friendly, technically elegant, and linguistically justified, that gives the user high recall, high precision, and adequate suggestions), especially with regard to their lack in efficiency to cope with the structure and nature of Afrikaans as a semiagglutinative language that allows for productive compound formation. This project under discussion is aimed at the development of an enhanced spellchecker for Afrikaans, which will not only improve in functionality and performance on existing Afrikaans spellcheckers, but also reach the benchmarks set by other comparable projects (e.g. the SCARRIE project; see also Van Huyssteen, 2002). The three main areas of improvement are coverage/recall (i.e. the recognition of valid words as valid, and of errors as errors), flagging/precision (i.e. the correct indication of (potential) errors), and suggestion adequacy (i.e. to make useful suggestions for correcting errors) (Paggio & Underwood, 1995: 6-8). The project commenced in February 2002, and a first version of the new spellchecker will be released in July 2003. However, the project will continue after that, until the benchmark results are reached.
A Q U A N T I T A T I V E G E N E T I C ANALYSIS OF RUNWAY L E A R N I N G IN MICE *

GENETIC influences on learned behaviors have been firmly established by inbred strain comparisons and selection studies (see review by McClearn and Meredith, 1965). Yet, apart from the studies which have found a pleiotropic effect of the albino gene on avoidance and escape learning in mice (Fuller, 1967; Henry and Schlesinger, 1967; Winston, Lindzey and Connor, 1967), there have been very few attempts at further genetic analysis. Learning phenomena would seem to provide an ideal set of phenotypes for analysis by the techniques of quantitative genetics, since most of their genetic variance is probably attributable to the action of large numbers of genes, each with a relatively small effect. However, with the exception of one study which found a fairly high heritability (about 0.5) for avoidance learning in young pigs (Willham, Cox and Karas, 1963), these techniques have been virtually ignored. This study was undertaken to provide a quantitative genetic analysis of a selected learning process. The straight runway was chosen for study because it represents a simple, basic learning situation and it provides a fast, reliable testing procedure. The intent was to fit an empirical curve, the second-degree polynomial regression, to the learning function of each individual so that the parameters of the fitted curves could be used as the scores in parent-offspring comparisons. For the purpose of thinking about the meaning of the data the 3 parameters yielded by the curve were tentatively identified in psychological terms. The linear coefficient measured a change in behavior and was therefore identified as the amount of learning. The mean measured the overall activity of an animal in the runway situation and the quadratic coefficient represented the rate of change, or rate of approach to asymptote.
BIAS MODIFICATION IN SOCIAL PHOBIA 1 Running head : ATTENTION BIAS MODIFICATION IN SOCIAL PHOBIA 1 2 Attention Bias Modification for Social Anxiety : 3 A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 4

1 Research on attention bias modification (ABM) for social anxiety disorder (SAD) is 2 inconclusive, with some studies finding clear positive effects and other studies finding 3 no significant benefit relative to control training procedures. In this meta-analysis, we 4 assessed the efficacy of ABM for SAD on symptoms, reactivity to speech challenge, 5 attentional bias (AB) toward threat, and secondary symptoms at posttraining as well as 6 SAD symptoms at 4-month follow-up. A systematic search in bibliographical databases 7 uncovered 15 randomized studies involving 1043 individuals that compared ABM to a 8 control training procedure. Data were extracted independently by two raters. The Q 9 statistic was used to assess homogeneity across trials. All analyses were conducted on 10 intent-to-treat data. ABM produced a small but significant reduction in SAD symptoms 11 (g = 0.27), reactivity to speech challenge (g = 0.46), and AB (g = 0.30). These effects were 12 moderated by characteristics of the ABM procedure, the design of the study, and trait 13 anxiety at baseline. However, effects on secondary symptoms (g = 0.09) and SAD 14 symptoms at 4-month follow-up (g = 0.09) were not significant. Although there was no 15 indication of significant publication bias, the quality of the studies was substandard and 16 wedged the effect sizes. From a clinical point of view, these findings imply that ABM is 17 not yet ready for wide-scale dissemination as a treatment for SAD in routine care. 18 Theoretical implications for the integration of AB in the conceptualization of SAD are 19 discussed. 20
Modification of the local atomic structure around Mn atoms in (Ga, Mn)As layers by high temperature annealing

Changes of the local structure around Mn atoms in (Ga, Mn)As layers after high temperature annealing were determined by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) and high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurements, and related to their magnetic properties. X-ray absorption is known to be able to detect crystalline structure changes occurring around investigated atoms. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of EXAFS spectra gives unambiguous evidence for the transition from a cubic to a hexagonal phase around Mn atoms as a result of annealing at temperatures of 500 and 600 °C. The performed HRXRD investigation indicated a relaxation of the GaAs matrix during annealing, from highly to slightly compressively strained, and finally, after the formation of inclusions of hexagonal MnAs, to slightly tensile strained. The sample with hexagonal MnAs inclusions exhibits ferromagnetic properties up to room temperature with almost all Mn atoms being in a ferromagnetic phase.
Loan Spreads and Unexpected Earnings

This paper provides a more direct test of the superior information hypothesis of banks and informs a long standing policy debate about whether banks serve a special information role in the economy. I circumvent the self-selection bias that contaminated prior studies by obtaining bank loan contracts from mandatory SEC filings. I find that banks set loan spreads at the loan initiation as if they have anticipated (several months in advance) the sign and magnitude of borrowers’ future earnings news unexpected by the stock market. The sensitivity of loan spreads to unexpected earnings is larger where banks have greater incentives to collect private information, for example, for borrowers with negative earnings shocks, fewer analyst following and income-increasing abnormal accruals. Furthermore, a difference-in-differences design confirms that the sensitivity of loan spreads to unexpected earnings increases after Reg FD, when the disclosure regulation limits analysts’ access to private information while banks are exempted from the regulation. Finally, this paper exploits the timing difference in information availability to differentiate whether the documented association of loan spreads and unexpected earnings captures information advantage or correlated omitted risk factors. Consistent with the information argument but not correlated omitted risk factors, the association between loan spreads and unexpected earnings becomes weaker one quarter forward, when uncertainty gradually resolves; and there is no association between loan spreads and unexpected earnings measured two quarters forward, after more private information is revealed during quarterly earnings announcements and bank loan contracts are filed with the SEC for public access.
The Contributions of Informal Home Literacy Activities to Specific Higher-Level Comprehension Processes

This study shows that home literacy activities contribute to kindergarten children’s higher-level comprehension processes, namely knowledge integration and knowledge access. Kindergarten children completed measures assessing literacy and language skills and then their performances on these measures were correlated with home literacy activities, which were assessed via a parental questionnaire. Consistent with previous research, the results revealed that informal home literacy activities were positively related to language comprehension and vocabulary but not to letter-word decoding and phonemic decoding skills. The results also revealed that home literacy activities were positively related to knowledge integration and knowledge access, two strong predictors of language and reading comprehension. Finally, the present results suggest that the contributions that home literacy activities make to language comprehension are the same contributions that home literacy activities make to higher-level comprehension processes. In other words, the contributions that home literacy activities make to language comprehension are not independent of the contributions that home literacy activities make to higher-level comprehension processes.
Does Recognition Versus Disclosure Really Matter? Evidence from the Market Valuation of Recognition of Employee Stock Option Expenses

This paper examines the market valuation of employee stock option expenses recognized by using the fair value approach under the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accounts Handbook section (CICA HB) 3870. Based on a sample of Canadian public firms traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), we find that investors value employee stock option expenses differently prior to and after the implementation of the new standard. Specifically, pro forma compensation expenses disclosed prior to the new accounting regulation are negatively associated with annual stock returns, suggesting that the market interprets these expenses to have negative valuation consequences. In contrast, recognized stock option expenses from using the fair value approach mandated by the HB 3870 are positively associated with stock returns, indicating that the market now interprets these expenses as a type of “asset” that contributes positively to firm valuation. Overall, the evidence suggests that the mandatory expensing of employee stock options increases the perceived quality of financial statements and mitigates the perception that firms use stock options opportunistically. Consequently, the market is able to translate the incentive effect of employee stock options into firm value.
Surface application of calcium‐containing gels to improve quality of late maturing peach cultivars

BACKGROUND: A strategy to supply Ca directly to fruits as a tool for improving peach quality has been devised and tested under field conditions. Since peaches in the area of study (Calanda, Spain) are routinely bagged shortly after thinning, a method based on the application of Ca gels to the fruit surface was introduced. The effect of surface treatments was assessed in terms of quality, nutrient balance and surface deposition. RESULTS: Application of Ca-containing formulations increased mesocarp and exocarp Ca concentrations, providing evidence for the penetration of Ca through the peach skin. Surface Ca treatments had a particular mode of deposition and in some instances improved the shelf life of fruits without affecting their quality. CONCLUSION: Surface treatment with Ca-containing gels appears to be a viable approach to increase fruit Ca, quality and storability of bagged peach cultivars and should be optimised in future studies. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Situation Informed End-to-End ASR for CHiME-5 Challenge

This paper describes an end-to-end speech recognition system for the 5th CHiME challenge that addresses continuous conversation in everyday environments using distributed microphone arrays. The main contribution of our system is the investigation of an effective adaptation method within the end-to-end system based on speaker gender information, microphone array information, and conversational history information for better gen-eralization. Without using any speech enhancement technique, or data augmentation, or data cleaning up, or lexicon information, our proposed system produces better ASR performance than the baseline system (LF-MMI TDNN) which requires the lexicon information and a complicated conventional modeling process (i.e. HMM/GMM, triphone-based acoustic modeling, fMLLR, SAT, i-vector, Data cleaning up, etc). Our ﬁnal ASR system achieves an absolute word error rate reduction of 12.6% on development set in comparison to the end-to-end baseline system, and an absolute word error rate reduction of 1.5% on evaluation set in comparison to conventional baseline system (LF-MMI TDNN) in a single-array track.
gr-qc 01011 DRAFT Fermions in Quantum Gravity

We study the quantum fermions+gravity system, that is, the gravitational counterpart of QED. We start from the standard Einstein-Weyl theory, reformulated in terms of Ashtekar variables; and we construct its non-perturbative quantum theory by extending the loop representation of general relativity. To this aim, we construct the fermion equivalent to the loop variables, and we de ne the quantum theory as a representation of their Poisson algebra. Not surprisingly, fermions can be incorporated in the loop representation simply by including open curves into "Loop space", as expected from lattice Yang-Mills theory. We explicitely construct the di eomorphism and hamiltonain operators. The rst can be fully solved as in pure gravity. The second is constructed by using a background-independent regularization technique. The theory retains the clean geometrical features of the pure quantum gravity. In particular, the hamiltonian constraint admits the same simple geometrical interpretation as its pure gravity counterpart: it is the operator that shifts curves along themselves ("shift operator"). Quite surprisingly, we believe, this simple action codes the full dynamics of the interacting fermion-gravity theory. To unravel the dynamics of the theory we study the evolution of the fermiongravity system in the physical-time de ned by an additional coupled ("clock"-) scalar eld. We explicitely construct the Hamiltonian operator that evolves the system in this physical time. We show that this Hamiltonian is nite, di eomorphism invariant, and has a simple geometrical action con ned to the intersections and the end points of the "loops". The quantum theory of fermions+gravity evolving in the clock time is nally given by the combinatorial and geometrical action of this Hamiltonian on a set of graphs with a nite number of end points. This geometrical action de nes the "topological Feynman rules" of the theory.
PREVALENCE OF HIV AMONG EXPOSED INFANTS IN UNIVERSITY OF BENIN TEACHING HOSPITAL , BENIN CITY , EDO STATE , NIGERIA

Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV has been found to be the pathway to prevent and reduce new infections, ensure childhood survival and achieve all the millennium development goals and in particular, goals 4, 5 and 6. The experience of University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Edo state using highly active antiretroviral therapy is reported. This study determined the Prevalence of HIV among HIV exposed children of mothers who had PMTCT at UBTH and factors affecting HIV prevalence/ transmission pre and post natally. It was carried out using a total population retrospective study of 298 mother/babies pairs attended to at the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme of UBTH who had highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The HIV status of the babies was determined by deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (DNA PCR). The male-female ratio was 1.4:1. 58.4% of mothers started antiretroviral therapy (ART) prior to pregnancy and of those who commenced during ANC, 38.7% of mothers commenced ART at and beyond 28 weeks gestation. 64.8% of mothers came to deliver at UBTH while 7.0% delivered at home. Of the 193 mother/babies pairs who adhered to our protocol, the prevalence was 2.1%. The babies who had mixed feeding had significantly higher prevalence than the exclusively breastfed and the exclusively formula fed. Among the HIV infected babies, only 1 (1.9%) was delivered via caesarian section. The HIV prevalence of the UBTH PMTCT centre has remained low with the use of HAART regimen. Post natal HIV infection was much reduced, as low as 1% among those delivered via caesarian section. Mothers who had been on ART for long durations especially those commencing ART before pregnancy tended to have very low chances of infecting their infants. PMTCT and its benefits in curtailing new infections should be continuously emphasized and scaled up as far as the rural areas via PHC system INTRODUCTION The HIV/AIDS pandemic has remained a major public health crisis in the world today. Since its discovery in 1981, more than twenty five million people have died
Open ocean regimes of relative dispersion

As two fluid particles separate in time, the entire spectrum of eddy motions is being sampled from the smallest to the largest scales. In large-scale geophysical systems for which the Earth rotation is important, it has been conjectured that the relative diffusivity should vary respectively as $D^{2}$ and $D^{4/3}$ for distances respectively smaller and larger than a well-defined forcing scale of the order of the internal Rossby radius (with $D$ the r.m.s. separation distance). Particle paths data from a mid-latitude float experiment in the central part of the North Atlantic appear to support these statements partly: two particles initially separated by a few km within two distinct clusters west and east of the mid-Atlantic ridge, statistically dispersed following a Richardson regime ($D^{2}\,{\sim}\,t^{3}$ asymptotically) for r.m.s. separation distances between 40 and 300 km, in agreement with a $D^{4/3}$ law. At early times, and for smaller separation distances, an exponential growth, in agreement with a $D^{2}$ law, was briefly observed but only for the eastern cluster (with an e-folding time around 6 days). After a few months or separation distances greater than 300 km, the relative dispersion slowed down naturally to the Taylor absolute dispersion regime.
Optimal singular value shrinkage with noise homogenization

We derive the optimal singular values for prediction in the spiked model with noise homogenization, which equalizes the noise level across all coordinates. As part of this derivation, we obtain new asymptotic results for the high-dimensional spiked model with heteroskedastic noise, and consistent estimators for the relevant population parameters. We demonstrate the advantages of noise homogenization theoretically and through simulations. Specifically, we prove that in a certain asymptotic regime optimal shrinkage with homogenization converges to the best linear predictor, whereas shrinkage without homogenization converges to a suboptimal linear filter. We show that homogenization increases a natural signal-to-noise ratio of the observations. We also extend previous analysis on out-of-sample prediction to the setting of predictors with homogenization.
Investigation of climate change impacts on tourism climate comfort in Iran

In this study, Mieczkowski's Tourism Climate Index (TCI) was used for Iran to investigate the climate change impacts on outdoor human comfort. The long-term data covering a network of 153 stations were used to compute TCI under baseline conditions (1981–2015) and a climate change scenario (HadCM3-A1B) for 2016-2045. In this study LARSWG was used for downscaling of large spatial resolution GCM outputs to a finer spatial resolution. User-friendly and multi-platform software which is called ITCIC (Iran Tourism Climate Index Calculator) was designed to calculate TCI. The spatial distribution of TCI for baseline and climate change conditions was investigated and the covered area by each TCI class was calculated by using ArcGIS 10. The annual distributions of TCI were investigated based on Scott and McBoyle (2001) Models. Also, a suite of multiple linear and non-linear regression models was used to determine the relationship between TCI, latitudes, longitudes and elevations of regions. Root mean square error (RMSE), mean error (ME), mean absolute relative error (MARE) and coefficient of determination (R) were used to evaluate the modeling accuracy. The best time and regions for outdoor activities in the base and future periods were determined. Comparison of the covered area by each TCI class in the base and future periods showed that the climate change occurrence was led to improving climate comfort. The results of error evaluation criteria showed that non-linear regression was appropriate for all month except January and October.
Virtual Reality Window

We describe a virtual reality system which achieves the illusion of depth on an ordinary display, requiring no special equipment other than a webcam and a computer. The display simulates motion parallax and a changing field of view for an individual user, and in this way functions as a “window” into a virtual, three-dimensional scene. We use Haar cascade classifiers, camera models, and Kalman filtering to track the user’s head position in 3D in real time and update the display according to an off-axis projection model. We extend our system with a gesture recognition pipeline that allows for object or scene orbiting using hand gestures. We compare various approaches to head and hand tracking both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our model processes frames faster than the camera’s native frame rate and provides a convincing illusion of depth, as exemplified in our demonstration video. We implemented our project in C++ using OpenCV for computer vision tasks and OpenGL for rendering tasks.