Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The rise-time of Type II supernovae

We investigate the early-time light-curves of a large sample of 223 type II supernovae (SNe) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Supernova Legacy Survey. Having a cadence of a few days and sufficient non-detections prior to explosion, we constrain rise-times, i.e. the durations from estimated first to maximum light, as a function of effective wavelength. At restframe g ′ -band (λeff = 4722u we find a distribution of fast rise-times with median of (7.5±0.3) days. Comparing these durations with analytical shock models of Rabinak & Waxman (2013); Nakar & Sari (2010) and hydrodynamical models of Tominaga et al. (2009), which are mostly sensitive to progenitor radius at these epochs, we find a median characteristic radius of less than 400 solar radii. The inferred radii are on average much smaller than the radii obtained for observed red supergiants (RSG). Investigating the post-maximum slopes as a function of effective wavelength in the light of theoretical models, we find that massive hydrogen envelopes are still needed to explain the plateaus of SNe II. We therefore argue that the SN II rise-times we observe are either a) the shock cooling resulting from the core collapse of RSG with small and dense envelopes, or b) the delayed and prolonged shock breakout of the collapse of a RSG with an extended atmosphere or embedded within pre-SN circumstellar material.
Obesity and fractures Obesidade e fraturas

Until recently obesity was believed to be protective against fractures. However, a report from a Fracture Liaison Clinic in the UK (2010) reported a surprisingly high proportion of obese postmenopausal women attending the clinic with fractures, and in the GLOW study (2011), a similar prevalence and incidence of fractures in obese and non-obese postmenopausal women was observed. Subsequently, other studies have demonstrated the importance of obesity in the epidemiology of fractures. Obese women are at increased risk of fracture in ankle, leg, humerus, and vertebral column and at lower risk of wrist, hip and pelvis fracture when compared to non-obese women. In men, it has been reported that multiple rib fractures are associated with obesity. Furthermore, falls appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of fractures in obese subjects. Regarding hip fracture and major fractures, the FRAX algorithm has proven to be a useful predictor in obese individuals. Obese people are less likely to receive bone protective treatment; they have a longer hospital stay and a lower quality of life both before and after fracture. Moreover, the efficacy of antiresorptive therapies is not well established in obese people. The latter is a field for future research. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(5):470-7
Exercise Effects of Muscle Insulin Signaling and Action

Henriksen, Erik J. Invited Review: Effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance. J Appl Physiol 93: 788–796, 2002; 10.1152/japplphysiol.01219. 2001. —Insulin resistance of skeletal muscle glucose transport is a key defect in the development of impaired glucose tolerance and Type 2 diabetes. It is well established that both an acute bout of exercise and chronic endurance exercise training can have beneficial effects on insulin action in insulin-resistant states. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding these effects in the obese Zucker rat, a widely used rodent model of obesity-associated insulin resistance, and in insulin-resistant humans with impaired glucose tolerance or Type 2 diabetes. A single bout of prolonged aerobic exercise (30–60 min at 60–70% of maximal oxygen consumption) can significantly lower plasma glucose levels, owing to normal contractioninduced stimulation of GLUT-4 glucose transporter translocation and glucose transport activity in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. However, little is currently known about the effects of acute exercise on muscle insulin signaling in the postexercise state in insulin-resistant individuals. A well-established adaptive response to exercise training in conditions of insulin resistance is improved glucose tolerance and enhanced skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity of glucose transport. This traininginduced enhancement of insulin action is associated with upregulation of specific components of the glucose transport system in insulin-resistant muscle and includes increased protein expression of GLUT-4 and insulin receptor substrate-1. It is clear that further investigations are needed to further elucidate the specific molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of acute exercise and exercise training on the glucose transport system in insulin-resistant mammalian skeletal muscle.
Outcome Comparison of Atlantoaxial Fusion With Transarticular Screws and Screw-Rod Constructs: Meta-Analysis and Review of Literature

Study Design: Literature review and meta-analysis. Objective: To compare clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients treated with transarticular screws (TASs) and screw-rod constructs (SRCs) for posterior atlantoaxial fusion. Background: Modern techniques for C1–C2 fusions include Magerl and Seeman’s TAS and SRC using C1 lateral mass screws and C2 pars/pedicle screws as described by Goel and Laheri and later modified by Harms and Melcher. Materials and Methods: Online databases were searched for English-language articles between 1986 and April 2011 describing posterior atlantoaxial instrumentation with C1–C2 TAS or SRC. Forty-five studies (2073 patients) treated with TAS and 24 studies (1073 patients) treated with SRC fulfilled inclusion criteria. Standard and formal meta-analysis techniques were used to compare the outcomes. Results: All studies provided class III evidence. There were no differences in 30-day mortality (0.8% vs. 0.6%) or neurological injury (0.2% vs. 0%). There was a higher incidence of vertebral artery injury [4.1% (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.8%–5.4%) vs. 2.0% (95% CI, 1.1%–3.4%); P=0.02] and malpositioned screws [7.1% (95% CI, 5.7%–8.8%) vs. 2.4% (95% CI, 1.1%–4.1%); P<0.001] and a slightly lower rate of fusion with the TAS technique [97.5% (95% CI, 95.9%–98.5%) vs. 94.6% (95% CI, 92.6%–96.1%); P<0.001]. Conclusions: TAS and SRC are safe and effective treatment options for C1–C2 instability but require a thorough knowledge of atlantoaxial anatomy for successful insertion of screws. Slightly higher rates of fusion and less risk of injury to the vertebral artery during screw placement were observed with the SRC technique. However, differences in graft material and techniques were noted. Prospective, randomized studies with validated radiographic and clinical outcome metrics are necessary for proper comparison of these techniques.
Pharmacokinetics of 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Humans

Pharmacokinetic properties of pharmacological doses of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] were determined in healthy volunteers. Four male subjects received 25 micrograms of 24,25(OH)2D3 as an intravenous bolus injection. Plasma concentrations of 24,25(OH)2D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D were monitored during 14 days. In addition, serum ionized calcium, total calcium, inorganic phosphate, albumin, creatinine and intact hPTH(1-84) were measured during 14 days. The concentration-time curve of 24,25(OH)2D3 could be described by a two-exponential curve with half-lives of 3.0 +/- 0.9 hrs and 8.2 +/- 2.9 days (mean +/- SD). The volume of distribution was 0.19 +/- 0.02 liters/kg. None of the mentioned biochemical parameters, except serum 24,25(OH)2D3, changed markedly. In 18 subjects suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism, taking 25 micrograms of 24,25(OH)2D3 daily during three months, an average plateau level of 39 +/- 12 nmol/l of serum was observed. Bioavailability as estimated from this plateau level was approximately 70%.
A New Formulation of the Set Covering Problem for Metaheuristic Approaches

Two difficulties arise when solving the set covering problem (SCP) with metaheuristic approaches: solution infeasibility and set redundancy. In this paper, we first present a review and analysis of the heuristic approaches that have been used in the literature to address these difficulties. We then present a new formulation that can be used to solve the SCP as an unconstrained optimization problem and that eliminates the need to address the infeasibility and set redundancy issues. We show that all local optimums with respect to the new formulation and a 1-flip neighbourhood structure are feasible and free of redundant sets. In addition, we adapt an existing greedy heuristic for the SCP to the new formulation and compare the adapted heuristic to the original heuristic using 88 known test problems for the SCP. Computational results show that the adapted heuristic finds better results than the original heuristic on most of the test problems in shorter computation times.
Owl pellets as a source of DNA for genetic studies of small mammals

Owl pellets contain a good skeletal record of the small mammals consumed, and correspond to the undigested portions of prey which are regurgitated. These pellets are easy to find at the roosting site of owls. As it has been demonstrated that amplifiable DNA can be isolated from ancient bone remains, the possibility of using owl pellets as a source of DNA for small mammal genetics studies via the polymerase chain reaction has been investigated. The main uncertainties when isolating DNA from such a material are firstly the possibility that the extracted DNA would be too degraded during the digestion in the stomach of the owl, and secondly that extensive cross‐contaminations could occur among the different prey consumed. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that cross‐contamination does not occur, and that mitochondrial and nuclear DNA can be amplified using skulls of small mammals found in owl pellets as a source of DNA. The relative efficiency of two methods of DNA extraction is estimated and discussed. Thus, owl pellets represent a non‐invasive sampling technique which provides a valuable source of DNA for studying population genetics of small mammals.
Nucleosome organization and chromatin dynamics in telomeres

Abstract Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes located at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes, and are essential for chromosome stability and maintenance. In most organisms, telomeres consist of tandemly repeated sequences of guanine-clusters. In higher eukaryotes, most of the telomeric repeat regions are tightly packaged into nucleosomes, even though telomeric repeats act as nucleosome-disfavoring sequences. Although telomeres were considered to be condensed heterochromatin structures, recent studies revealed that the chromatin structures in telomeres are actually dynamic. The dynamic properties of telomeric chromatin are considered to be important for the structural changes between the euchromatic and heterochromatic states during the cell cycle and in cellular differentiation. We propose that the nucleosome-disfavoring property of telomeric repeats is a crucial determinant for the lability of telomeric nucleosomes, and provides a platform for chromatin dynamics in telomeres. Furthermore, we discuss the influences of telomeric components on the nucleosome organization and chromatin dynamics in telomeres.
The effect of consumption of the date fruit on the amount and duration of the postpartum bleeding

Introduction: Due to emphasis in reproductive health on maintaining women’s health, who undergo physiological changes during and after pregnancy, and the importance of maintaining hemoglobin and iron stores to keep mothers healthy, particularly during puerperium, and presence of studies that indicate the efficacy of the date fruit on reduction of hemorrhage in the third stage of labor , this study aimed to determine the effect of consumption of the date fruit on the amount and duration of postpartum bleeding. Method:This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 100 nulliparous 18–35 year-old women in Omolbanin Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, in 2015. In the intervention group, the mother was for 10 days given dates (100 gr/day), starting 2 hr after delivery. Data were collected using demographic questionnaires, postpartum follow-up checklist, and pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBLAC). Data analysis was performed using SPSS)ver . 23), t-test, and Mann-Whitney test. PResults:The study results indicated that the amount of bleeding was lower in the intervention group in the first day, but was not statistically significant, however in the other days (2 to 10) there was statistically significant difference in the amount of bleeding between the two groups (P<0.001); date fruit consumption was not effective in reducing the number of bleeding days. Conclusion: Postpartum consumption of the date fruit reduces the amount of bleeding, and since its postpartum consumption is not banned, new mothers are advised to consume it during this period
Barriers to master data quality

Purpose – While few would disagree that high data quality is a precondition for the efficiency of a company, this remains an area to which many companies do not give adequate attention. Thus, this paper aims to identify which are the most important barriers preventing companies from achieving high data quality. By improving awareness of barriers on which to concentrate, companies are put in a better position to achieve high quality data.Design/methodology/approach – First, a literature review of data quality and data quality barriers is carried out. Based on this literature review, the paper identifies a set of overall barriers to ensuring high data quality. The significance of these barriers is investigated by a questionnaire study, which includes responses from 90 Danish companies. Because of the fundamental difference between master data and transaction data, the questionnaire is limited to focusing only on master data.Findings – The results of the survey indicate that a lack of delegation of responsib.
Genetic population structure and demography of an apex predator, the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier

Abstract Population genetics has been increasingly applied to study large sharks over the last decade. Whilst large shark species are often difficult to study with direct methods, improved knowledge is needed for both population management and conservation, especially for species vulnerable to anthropogenic and climatic impacts. The tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, is an apex predator known to play important direct and indirect roles in tropical and subtropical marine ecosystems. While the global and Indo‐West Pacific population genetic structure of this species has recently been investigated, questions remain over population structure and demographic history within the western Indian (WIO) and within the western Pacific Oceans (WPO). To address the knowledge gap in tiger shark regional population structures, the genetic diversity of 286 individuals sampled in seven localities was investigated using 27 microsatellite loci and three mitochondrial genes (CR,COI, and cytb). A weak genetic differentiation was observed between the WIO and the WPO, suggesting high genetic connectivity. This result agrees with previous studies and highlights the importance of the pelagic behavior of this species to ensure gene flow. Using approximate Bayesian computation to couple information from both nuclear and mitochondrial markers, evidence of a recent bottleneck in the Holocene (2,000–3,000 years ago) was found, which is the most probable cause for the low genetic diversity observed. A contemporary effective population size as low as 111 [43,369] was estimated during the bottleneck. Together, these results indicate low genetic diversity that may reflect a vulnerable population sensitive to regional pressures. Conservation measures are thus needed to protect a species that is classified as Near Threatened.
Relationships between imaginative ability variables and the Barber Suggestibility Scale.

Abstract Previous studies indicate that various measures of imaginative ability may correlate with some standardized scales of hypnotic suggestibility but not others. In the present study Involvement in Everyday Imaginative Activities, Vividness of Imagery, Control of Visual Imagery and two Attitude Toward Hypnosis scales were correlated with the performance of male and female hypnotic subjects on the Barber Suggestibility Scale. Unlike previous results obtained with the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Involvement failed to correlate with the Barber Scale and Control correlated negatively with the Barber Scale in females. These data indicate that relationships between subject variables and hypnotic suggestibility may be more dependent on the structure of specific suggestibility scales than has heretofore been recognized.
Lung cancer mortality in workers exposed to sulfuric acid mist and other acid mists.

Mortality patterns were studied in 1,165 workers exposed to sulfuric acid mist and other acid mists (primarily hydrochloric acid mist) in steel-pickling operations. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) analysis of the full "any acid exposure" cohort (n = 1,165), with the use of U.S. death rates as a standard, showed that lung cancer was significantly elevated, with a mortality ratio of 1.64 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14-2.28, based on 35 observed deaths]. The lung cancer mortality ratio for workers exposed only to sulfuric acid (n = 722) was lower (SMR = 1.39), but further restriction to the time 20 years and more from first employment in a job with probable daily sulfuric acid exposure (approximately equal to 0.2 mg/m3) yielded a mortality ratio of 1.93 (95% CI = 1.10-3.13). An excess lung cancer risk was also seen in workers exposed to acids other than sulfuric acid (SMR = 2.24; 95% CI = 1.02-2.46). When comparison was made to other steel workers (rather than to the U.S. general population) to control for socioeconomic and life-style factors such as smoking, the largest lung cancer excess was again seen in workers exposed to acids other than sulfuric acid (SMR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.06-3.78). Adjustment for potential differences in smoking habits showed that increased smoking was unlikely to have entirely explained the increased risk. Mortality from causes of death other than lung cancer was unremarkable, with the exception of significantly low rates for deaths due to digestive system diseases.
Adaptation Mechanisms, Eccentricity Profiles, and Clinical Implementation of Red-on-White Perimetry

Purpose. To determine the visual adaptation and retinal eccentricity profiles for red flickering and static test stimuli and report a clinical implementation of these stimuli in visual perimetry. Methods. The adaptation profile for red-on-white perimetry stimuli was measured using a threshold vs. intensity (TvI) paradigm at 0 degree and 12 degrees eccentricity and by comparing the eccentricity-related sensitivity change for red and white, static, and flickering targets in young normal trichromats (n = 5) and a group of dichromats (n = 5). A group of older normal control observers (n = 30) were tested and retinal disease was evaluated in persons having age-related maculopathy (n = 35) and diabetes (n = 12). Results. Adaptation and eccentricity profiles indicate red static and flickering targets are detected by two mechanisms in the paramacular region, and a single mechanism for >5 degrees eccentricity. The group data for the older normal observers has a high level of inter-observer variability with a generalized reduction in sensitivity across the entire visual field. Group data for the participants with age-related maculopathy show reduced sensitivities that were pronounced in the central retina. The group data for the diabetic observers showed sensitivities that were reduced at all eccentricities. The disease-related sensitivity decline was more apparent with red than white stimuli. Conclusions. The adaptation profile and change in sensitivity with retinal eccentricity for the red-on-white perimetric stimuli are consistent with two detection processes. In the macula, the putative detection mechanism is color-opponent with static targets and non-opponent with flickering targets. At peripheral field locations, the putative detection mechanism is non-opponent for both static and flicker targets. The long-wavelength stimuli are less affected by the preretinal absorption common to aging. Red-on-white static and flicker perimetry may be useful for monitoring retinal disease, revealing greater abnormalities compared with conventional white-on-white perimetry, especially in the macula where two detection mechanisms are found.
Polymorphisms of Methionine Synthase and Methionine Synthase Reductase and Risk of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: a Case-Control Analysis

Although tobacco and alcohol use are the major risk factors, folate deficiency has been implicated in the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). We hypothesized that polymorphisms of methionine synthase (MTR) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) in the folate matabolic pathway are associated with SCCHN risk. In a hospital-based case-control study of 721 SCCHN cases and 1,234 controls of non-Hispanic Whites, frequency matched by age, sex, and smoking status, we genotyped the MTR A2756G and MTRR G66A polymorphisms. We found that the MTR variant AG and AG/GG genotypes were associated with a significantly increased SCCHN risk [adjusted odd ratio (OR), 1.31; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.07-1.60 for AG and OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.05-1.56 for AG/GG] compared with the AA genotype. In contrast, the MTRR variant AA genotype was associated with a significantly decreased SCCHN risk (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52-0.90) compared with the 66GG genotype. When the two polymorphisms were evaluated together by the number of risk alleles, the SCCHN risk was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner (Ptrend = 0.002). The risk of SCCHN was 1.47 (95% CI, 1.08-1.99) for one risk allele, 1.67 (95% CI, 1.23-2.27) for two risk alleles, and 1.74 (95% CI, 1.18-2.54) for three or four risk alleles compared with the wild-type (0 risk allele) genotype. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that support the association between the MTR A2756G and MTRR G66A polymorphisms and SCCHN risk and that these two polymorphisms may have a joint effect on risk of SCCHN.
COSYN: Hardware-software co-synthesis of heterogeneous distributed embedded systems

Hardware-software co-synthesis starts with an embedded-system specification and results in an architecture consisting of hardware and software modules to meet performance, power, and cost goals. Embedded systems are generally specified in terms of a set of acyclic task graphs. In this paper, we present a co-synthesis algorithm COSYN, which starts with periodic task graphs with real-time constraints and produces a low-cost heterogeneous distributed embedded-system architecture meeting these constraints. It supports both concurrent and sequential modes of communication and computation. It employs a combination of preemptive and nonpreemptive static scheduling. It allows task graphs in which different tasks have different deadlines. It introduces the concept of an association array to tackle the problem of multirate systems. It uses a new task-clustering technique, which takes the changing nature of the critical path in the task graph into account. It supports pipelining of task graphs and a mix of various technologies to meet embedded-system constraints and minimize power dissipation. In general, embedded-system tasks are reused across multiple functions. COSYN uses the concept of architectural hints and reuse to exploit this fact. Finally, if desired, it also optimizes the architecture for power consumption. COSYN produces optimal results for the examples from the literature while providing several orders of magnitude advantage in central processing unit time over an existing optimal algorithm. The efficacy of COSYN and its low-power extension COSYN-LP is also established through their application to very large task graphs (with over 1000 tasks).