Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Registration of Optical Images to 3D Medical Images

The work described in this thesis deals with the registration of single and multiple 2-dimensional (2D) optical images to a single 3-dimensional (3D) medical image such as a magnetic resonance or computed tomography scan. The approach is to develop an intensity based method using an information theoretic framework, as opposed to the more typical feature or surface based methods. Relevant camera calibration and pose estimation literature is reviewed, along with medical 2D-3D image registration. An initial algorithm is developed, which performs registration by iteratively maximising the mutual information of a rendered image and a single optical image. The framework is extended to incorporate information from multiple optical and rendered images which signi cantly improves registration performance. A tracking algorithm is proposed, which augments this framework with texture mapping as a means of achieving alignment over a sequence of optical images. These methods are tested using images of skull phantoms and volunteers. A new measure based on the concept of photo-consistency, used in the surface reconstruction literature, is proposed as a measure of image alignment. The relevant theory is developed. This new method is tested using a variety of different photo-consistency based similarity measures, optical images, different numbers of images, images with varying amounts of added noise, different resolutions and different camera positions relative to the object of interest. In almost all cases, similarity measures based on this new framework perform accurately, precisely and robustly. Potential applications will be in radiotherapy patient positioning, image guided craniofacial, skull base and neurosurgery, computer vision and robotics, where the accurate alignment between a 3D image or model and multiple 2D optical images is required.
PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Personality and Experimental Psychology: The Unification of Psychology and the Possibility of a Paradigm

It is suggested that the scientific status of psychology is put in danger by the lack of paradigms in many of its fields, and by the failure to achieve unification, psychology is breaking up into many different disciplines. One important cause was suggested by Lee Cronbach in his 1957 presidential address to the American Psychological Association: the continuing failure of the two scientific disciplines of psychology—the experimental and the correlational—to come together and mutually support each other. Personality study in particular has suffered from this disunity, and the debates about the number of major dimensions of personality illustrate the absurdity of the situation. Examples are given to show that by combining methods and theories typical of these two disciplines, one can put forward paradigms that would be impossible without such unification. Such a paradigm is suggested for personality and intelligence.
Lexical processing of compound words in a L2 - A reaction time-based investigation of morphological structure sensitivity in Swedish-English bilinguals

This paper investigates the workings of the mental lexicon in bilinguals and examines how a bilingual speaker may store and compute different morphological structures of nouns. The study investigates the claim that recognising a translation from a compound to another compound should be faster and more accurate than recognising a translation from a compound to a monomorphemic word. The participants of the study were bilingual speakers of Swedish and English (N = 16) to whom a translation recognition task was administered consisting of backwards translation from their L2 (English) to their L1 (Swedish), where the English words were compound nouns and the Swedish words were either compound nouns or monomorphemic nouns. The items selected for the task consisted of 15 compound-to-compound translation equivalents, 15 compound-to-monomorphemic equivalents, and 30 filler pairs that were not translations and only indirectly contributed to the results. The positive items were all semantically transparent nouns, and the compounds all had Noun + Noun structure. All words were tested for length and frequency. The participants were presented with the task in the software DMDX and either accepted or rejected each translation pair as it was displayed. Their reaction time and error rate regarding the various translations were collected and analysed for patterns within the conditions of compound-to-compound and compound-tomonomorphemic translation. After the task, the participants were asked to fill in a frequencybased vocabulary test, self-evaluate their skills in English and complete a short questionnaire pertaining to their age of acquisition and daily use of the language. According to the findings, compound-to-compound recognition is on average quicker and results in fewer errors than recognition of an English compound to a Swedish monomorphemic word. This could mean that priming in the bilingual lexicon is restricted in terms of morphological structure; compounds activate each other cross-linguistically to a greater degree, whereas, even in proficient bilingual users, monomorphemic translation equivalents are not similarly associated. This reflects what is known as shared representations across language boundaries; a speaker expects translation equivalents to adhere to the same template, which facilitates recognition when this is the case. Kristoffer Holmquist ENGK01
Attachment styles and patterns of self-disclosure.

In 3 studies, 352 undergraduate Israeli students were classified into secure, avoidant, and ambivalent attachment groups, and their differences in traitlike measures of self-disclosure willingness and flexibility and in disclosure reciprocity and liking of hypothetical or real partners were assessed. Findings indicated that both secure and ambivalent people showed more self-disclosure than avoidant people. Findings also yielded that secure and ambivalent people disclosed more information to, felt better interacting with, and were more attracted to a high discloser partner than a low discloser partner. In contrast, avoidant people's self-disclosure and liking were not affected by the partner's disclosure. Secure people showed more disclosure flexibility and topical reciprocity than ambivalent and avoidant people. Findings are discussed in terms of the interaction goals of attachment groups. Attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969,1973,1980) explains individual differences in the way infants regulate inner distress and relate to others. Recently, Hazan and Shaver (1987) extended attachment theory from research on parent-child interaction to the study of adult interpersonal relationships. In the current study, we continue Hazan and Shaver's line of research and examine the role that attachment styles play in the way adults disclose themselves to others. In adults, self-disclosure is critical in determining the outcome of interpersonal relationships (i£., Berg & Derlega, 1987) and may be associated with a person's attachment style.
Monitoring and control processes in the strategic regulation of memory accuracy

: When people are allowed freedom to volunteer or withhold information, they can enhance the accuracy of their memory reports substantially relative to forced-report performance. A theoretical framework addressing the strategic regulation of memory reporting is put forward that delineates the mediating role of metamemorial monitoring and control processes. Although the enhancement of memory accuracy is generally accompanied by a reduction in memory quantity, experimental and simulation results indicate that both of these effects depend critically on (a) accuracy incentive and (b) monitoring effectiveness. The results are discussed with regard to the contribution of meta-memory processes to memory performance, and a general methodology is proposed that incorporates these processes into the assessment of memory-accuracy and memory-quantity performance.
Concealable Stigmas and Positive Self-Perceptions: Feeling Better Around Similar Others

In an 11-day experience-sampling study, 86 Harvard undergraduates rated their momentary self-esteem and affect and then described the who, what, and where of their daily lives. Those with concealable stigmas (students who indicated that they were gay, that they were bulimic, or that their family earned less than $20,000 each year) reported lower self-esteem and more negative affect than both those whose stigmas were visible and those without stigmatizing characteristics. Only the presence of similar others lifted the self-esteem and mood of students with concealable stigmas, and these particular students were the least likely to experience such occasions. Thus, contact with similar others protects the psychological self from negative cultural messages.
CONSONANT GEMINATION IN FOUR LANGUAGES: AN ACOUSTIC, PERCEPTUAL, AND RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY PART I

Le terme »gemination« se refere au dedoublement distinctif d'un phoneme consonantique. Ce phenomene est examine en allemand, en anglais, en fran^ais et en espagnol et couvre aussi bien (A) la gemination qui a lieu a la frontiere entre les mots, comme par exemple angl. we'll end ~we'll lend, que (B) celle qui se retrouve a Pinterieur du mot, par exemple esp. caro ~ carro. Dans les quatre langues, c'est la duree de la consonne qui contribue le plus a la gemination. II y a cependant aussi d'autres facteurs, tels que Pintensite et la tension des cordes vocales, qui y contribuent et dont le caractere est examine dans les details.
Core Knowledge of Geometry in an Amazonian Indigene Group

Does geometry constitute a core set of intuitions present in all humans, regardless of their language or schooling? We used two nonverbal tests to probe the conceptual primitives of geometry in the Mundurukú, an isolated Amazonian indigene group. Mundurukú children and adults spontaneously made use of basic geometric concepts such as points, lines, parallelism, or right angles to detect intruders in simple pictures, and they used distance, angle, and sense relationships in geometrical maps to locate hidden objects. Our results provide evidence for geometrical intuitions in the absence of schooling, experience with graphic symbols or maps, or a rich language of geometrical terms.
Leadership, Planning and Resource Management in Four Very Effective Schools. Part I: Setting the Scene.

ABSTRACT This is the first of two articles outlining research into the understanding of the concepts of rational planning in secondary schools. The OFSTED Framework suggests that rational planning fosters school effectiveness and in earlier research the team found that this was broadly true. However, there are examples of schools which are criticised for their lack of rational planning but which are nevertheless successful in their outcomes. Four case study schools were selected for further investigation, two of these having been the subject of some critical comment from OFSTED. The investigation probed the relationship between leadership and effective planning and resource management in each of the schools. In the first article the importance of managing the relationship of the school with its environment in each of the four schools is considered. Understanding, moulding and living with the culture of the school appears to be of considerable importance to effective leadership. In these aspects of managem.
Effects of Productivity Goals, Creativity Goals, and Personal Discretion on Individual Creativity

A three-factor (3 × 3 × 2), between-subjects design was used to investigate effects of productivity goals (difficult, do your best, or no goals), creativity goals (difficult, do your best, or no goals), and personal discretion (high or low) on two dependent variables: creativity and productivity. Hi
Spatial extent of attention to letters and words

The spatial extent of attention to visually presented letters and words was investigated using a probe technique. The primary task required subjects to categorize (a) five-letter words, or to categorize the middle letter of (b) five-letter words or (c) five-letter nonwords. The probe task required the subjects to respond when the digit 7 appeared in one of the five letter positions. Probe trials were inserted at the onset of letter and word processing in Experiment 1 and 500 msec after letter and word processing in Experiment 2. In both experiments, probe trials produced a V-shaped function of reaction times across probe positions for the letter-categorization task for word and nonword stimulus conditions. In contrast, a relatively flat reaction time function was found for the word-categorization tasks. An analysis of the data based on a quantitative model of attentional spotlight distributions suggests that the spotlight width in the letter tasks is one letter space, and the spotlight width in the word task is typically five spaces. Language: en
Processing facilitation in a lexical decision task.

A cost/benefit and a speed/accuracy analysis of semantic priming in a lexical decision task provided information'relevant to the \\\ automatic/conscious' facilitation distinction made by Neely (1977 and Posner and Snyder (1975b). Information is also provided about the opera\tion_of distriminability, criterion bias, and response bias in the facilitation. In both studies, half the cues were neutral and half were words. Word-cues were instances from 30 semantic categories. : Word,targets were the category names, nonword targets were derived from those names. The cue-word was valid 80% ok the time and invalid 20% of the time. In Experiment 1, cue time, a between groups factor was either 200, 300, 400, 500, or 700 msec. Valid cues produced facilitation:in. RT at cue times as short as 400 msec. j Invalid cues produced inhibition at cue times as short as 200 msec. These results, while Similar in many respects to Neely's (1977), raise doubts about an "inhibitionless" kind of automatic facilitation in primed lexical decisions. Response bias and simple applications . of criterion bias models are also ruled -out as the sole explanation of the facilitation. Experiment 2 used a response-signal technique to collect information about the speed/accuracy trade-off-in a lexical decision task. Six college students ' participated in 10 sessions each. Cues were always presented for 800 msec, targets were variably presented-within subjects for either 100, 200, 300, 450,-or 600 msec. Results indicate that. : (a-) subjects are.capable of trading. accuracy for speed; (b) invalid cues can ,. lower discriminability; (c) response bias is an active component in-primingl_JAJ_previous studies
Conflict Between Intuitive and Rational Processing: When People Behave Against Their Better Judgment

When offered an opportunity to win $1 on every "win" trial in which they drew a red jelly bean, subjects frequently elected to draw from a bowl that contained a greater absolute number, but a smaller proportion, of red beans (e.g., 7 in 100) than from a bowl with fewer red beans but better odds (e.g., 1 in 10). Subjects reported that although they knew the probabilities were against them, they felt they had a better chance when there were more red beans. Similar, but less extreme results were obtained on "lose" trials, where drawing a red bean meant losing $1. These results were predicted from the concretive and experiential principles of cognitive-experiential self-theory. Nonoptimal choices in the laboratory were significantly correlated with heuristic responses to relevant vignettes and with self-reported gambling in real life. The traditional view of human decisional processes by social scientists has been that people make rational decisions predicated on maximizing pleasure or gains and minimizing pain or losses. Over the past several decades, this rational model has been increasingly challenged from a variety of theoretical perspectives as well as on empirical grounds (e.g., Bruner, 1986; Epstein, 1973; Epstein, Lipson, Holstein, & Huh, 1992; Johnson-Laird, 1983; Kahneman, Slovic, & Tversky, 1982; Kirkpatrick& Epstein, 1992; Nisbett& Ross, 1980; Simon, 1957; Tversky & Kahneman, 1982; for reviews, see Epstein, in press; Fiske & Taylor, 1991; Sherman & Corty, 1984). Several of these approaches assume that people process information in two different modes, one identified by terms such as rational, analytical, deliberative, propositional, and extensional and the other by terms such as experiential, automatic, intuitive, narrative, and natural. It is within the framework of one of these approaches, cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST), that the studies reported in this article were conducted. According to CEST, individuals apprehend reality by two interactive, parallel processing systems. The rational system, a relative newcomer on the evolutionary scene, is a deliberative, verbally mediated, primarily conscious analytical system that functions by a person's understanding of conventionally established rules of logic and evidence. The experiential system, which is considered to be shared by all higher order organisms (although more complex in humans), has a much longer evolu
Protective Factors in Adolescent Problem Behavior: Moderator Effects and Developmental Change.

The relation of psychosocial protective factors to involvement in problem behavior-alcohol and drug abuse, delinquency, and sexual precocity-was investigated in a longitudinal study of 7th-, 8th-, and 9th-grade adolescents in a large, urban school district. Protective factors were drawn from the personality, the perceived environment, and the behavior systems of problem-behavior theory. The findings show a significant inverse relation between protection and problem-behavior involvement. There is a significant interaction between protection and risk in the prediction of problem behavior : Protection is shown to moderate the relation of risk to problem behavior. Protective factors are also significant predictors of change in adolescent problem behavior over time. Direct effects of protection are consistent across all gender and racial/ethnic subgroups ; moderator effects are evident for female, White, and Hispanic subgroups only.
Effectiveness of Culturally Focused and Generic Skills Training Approaches to Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention Among Minority Youths

The authors tested the effectiveness of 2 alcohol and drug abuse prevention programs among inner-city minority 7th-grade students (N = 639) from 6 New York City public schools. Schools were randomly assigned to receive (a) a generic skills training prevention approach, (b) a culturally focused prevention approach, or (c) an information-only control. Results indicate that students in both prevention approaches had lower intentions to drink beer or wine in the future relative to students in the control group. The generic skills training approach also showed promise in terms of intention to drink hard liquor and use illicit drugs. Both prevention programs influenced several mediating variables in a direction consistent with nondrug use. The study provides preliminary support for the 2 approaches with respect to alcohol and drug use prevention among minority youths in New York City.
A developmental sequence in the comprehension of emotions: intensity, multiple emotions, and valence

In individual interviews, 80 children from ages 4 to 8 years predicted which of 5 emotions they would feel, and how intensely, to 15 affect-laden situations. The results indicate that responses involve 3 dimensions of emotion cognition (intensity, multiplicity, and valence) that emerge in a developmental sequence. Four-year-olds predict experiencing one emotion of varying intensity to a situation (Level A). They also predict experiencing multiple emotions, but at maximum intensity and the same valence (Level B). By age 6, children predict experiencing multiple emotions of varying intensity but the same valence (Level C). Children around age 8 predict multiple emotions of varying intensity and opposite valence (Level D). The number of emotions experienced at one time and accuracy also increased with development
Semantic Involvement of Initial and Final Lexical Embeddings during Sense-Making: The Advantage of Starting Late

During spoken language interpretation, listeners rapidly relate the meaning of each individual word to what has been said before. However, spoken words often contain spurious other words, like day in daisy, or dean in sardine. Do listeners also relate the meaning of such unintended, spurious words to the prior context? We used ERPs to look for transient meaning-based N400 effects in sentences that were completely plausible at the level of words intended by the speaker, but contained an embedded word whose meaning clashed with the context. Although carrier words with an initial embedding (day in daisy) did not elicit an embedding-related N400 effect relative to matched control words without embedding, carrier words with a final embedding (dean in sardine) did elicit such an effect. Together with prior work from our lab and the results of a Shortlist B simulation, our findings suggest that listeners do semantically interpret embedded words, albeit not under all conditions. We explain the latter by assuming that the sense-making system adjusts its hypothesis for how to interpret the external input at every new syllable, in line with recent ideas of active sampling in perception.
Asian American-White American differences in expressions of social anxiety: A replication and extension

This study examined whether Asian American-White American differences on a trait measure of social anxiety extend to nonverbal behavior and to reports of anxiety-related emotions during a 3-min social performance task. Forty Asian Americans and 40 White Americans completed a trait measure of social anxiety and rated their emotions before, and immediately after, a social performance task. Their videotaped behavior was coded using microlevel behavioral codes (e.g., gaze avoidance, fidgeting). Results indicated that Asian Americans reported more anxiety than White Americans on the trait measure and on the emotion rating scales but that they did not differ substantially on microlevel behavioral indexes of social anxiety. Implications of ethnic variations in the patterns of anxious responding are discussed.
Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self.

On the bases of Greenwald and Pratkanis's (1984) distinction between private and collective aspects of the self and on Triandis's (1989) theory about individualistic and collectivistic cultures, 2 competing theories concerning the organization of self-cognitions were proposed. Findings from 2 experi
The Impact of Role Conflict/Facilitation on Core and Discretionary Behaviors: Testing a Mediated Model

It was hypothesized that individuals perceiving high levels of conflict between their work and non-work life roles would exhibit reduced levels of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). A new measure of inter-role conflict and facilitation was tested on 169 full-time employed MBA students. Results primarily supported the direct effects of role conflict on OCB. However, organizational commitment was found to mediate the relationship between role conflict and the OCB dimension of loyalty. Research and organizational implications are discussed.