Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dominance of long-lived excitations in the antiferromagnetic spin-1 chain NENP.

We have measured the dynamic spin correlation function for the quasi-one-dimensional S=1 antiferromagnet NENP by inelastic magnetic neutron scattering. Long-lived excitations (ωτ>10) exist for 0. 3π≤q≤π, and within error exhaust the total moment sum rule. The dispersion relation retains the fundamental periodicity of the spin chain, explicitly demonstrating the absence of broken translational symmetry in the ground state. The instantaneous spin correlation function follows a square-root Lorentzian for q≃π but deviates substantially from this form for q<0. 8π
Meningiomas

In a consecutive series of 100 patients diagnosed with meningiomas, we advised 12 patients not to have surgery, and followed them from 3.3 to 12.8 years (mean, 8.8 years). The two determinants of this decision were either absence of related neurologic symptoms or signs and concern about high operative risk of neurologic impairment. Serial imaging studies showed meningioma growth in only one of the 12 unoperated patients and only one had convincing progression of neurologic impairment.
Semi-supervised learning with committees: exploiting unlabeled data using ensemble learning algorithms

Supervised machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence concerned with learning computer programs to automatically improve with experience through knowledge extraction from examples. It builds predictive models from labeled data. Such learning approaches are useful for many interesting real-world applications, but are particularly useful for tasks involving the automatic categorization, retrieval and extraction of knowledge from large collections of data such as text, images and videos. In traditional supervised learning, one uses ”labeled” data to build a model. However, labeling the training data for real-world applications is difficult, expensive, or time consuming, as it requires the effort of human annotators sometimes with specific domain experience and training. There are implicit costs associated with obtaining these labels from domain experts, such as limited time and financial resources. This is especially true for applications that involve learning with large number of class labels and sometimes with similarities among them. Semi-supervised learning (SSL) addresses this inherent bottleneck by allowing the model to integrate part or all of the available unlabeled data in its supervised learning. The goal is to maximize the learning performance of the model through such newly-labeled examples while minimizing the work required of human annotators. Exploiting unlabeled data to help improve the learning performance has become a hot topic during the last decade and it is divided into four main directions: SSL with graphs, SSL with generative models, semi-supervised support vector machines and SSL by disagreement (SSL with committees). It is interesting to see that semi-supervised learning and ensemble learning are two important paradigms that were developed almost in parallel and with different philosophies. Semi-supervised learning tries to improve generalization performance by exploiting unlabeled data, while ensemble learning tries to achieve the same objective by using multiple predictors. In this thesis, I concentrate on SSL by disagreement and especially on CoTraining style algorithms. Co-Training is a popular SSL algorithm introduced by
Trends in Risk Behavior and HIV Seroprevalence in Heterosexual Injection Drug Users in San Francisco, 1986–1992

SummaryWe examine changes and stability in risk behaviors and HIV-1 seroprevalence among heterosexual injection drug users (IDUs) over 13 cross-sectional surveys, 1986–1992. Interviews (n = 5,956) were conducted with IDUs in street settings and drug detoxification clinics over 6.5 years, and respondents were tested for HIV-1 antibody. Trends in use of condoms and bleach and HIV seroprevalence were assessed using multiple logistic and linear regression analyses. The percentage of time condoms were reportedly used during intercourse among men increased from 4.5% to 31.0%. Among the declining population of IDUs who reported needle sharing, reported use of bleach increased from 3% to 89%. Significant changes in use of bleach 100% of the time were reported: 29.8% in 1988, 52.8% in 1990, and 40.0% in 1992. HIV seroprevalence doubled from 7% in 1986 to 14% in 1987. Post-1987 fluctuations in HIV seroprevalence were not significant. Significant changes in risk behaviors among IDUs were reported over the study period. These changes coincided with the implementation of HIV prevention in San Francisco, including outreach programs, HIV testing and counseling, bleach distribution, and syringe exchange. The moderate and stable rate of HIV seroprevalence beginning in 1987 parallels self-reported reductions in risk behavior.
Embedding Deep Learning in Inverse Scattering Problems

In this paper, we introduce a deep-learning-based framework to solve electromagnetic inverse scattering problems. This framework builds on and extends the capabilities of existing physics-based inversion algorithms. These algorithms, such as the contrast source inversion, subspace-optimization method, and their variants face a problem of getting trapped in false local minima when recovering objects with high permittivity. We propose a novel convolutional neural network architecture, termed the contrast source network, that learns the noise space components of the radiation operator. Together with the signal space components directly estimated from the data, we iteratively refine the solution and show convergence to the correct solution in cases where traditional techniques fail without any significant increase in computational time. We also propose a novel multiresolution strategy that helps in producing high resolution solutions without any significant increase in computational costs. Through extensive numerical experiments, we demonstrate the ability to recover high permittivity objects that include homogeneous, heterogeneous, and lossy scatterers.
Measuring Trade Advantages of the Qualifying Industrial Zones Program of Jordan and Egypt Offered by the United States for Having Signed Peace Treaties with Israel

This paper uses detailed cross country and over time data to show that despite various limitations, the QIZs of Jordan and subsequently Egypt, along with certain US FTAs, have contributed significantly to an increase in participating countries’ shares of exports to the US in the nine most common categories of clothing items for which the effects of tariff and quota exemptions are likely to be strongest. These influences, although perhaps diminishing after a certain period of time, are stronger than those of exchange rate, transport cost and changes in openness over time. What is perhaps most surprising is that these effects are quite clearly discernable even in the case of Jordan despite its lack of relevant raw materials and prior industrial experience. The results also demonstrate the very significant effects exercised by quotas and their phasing out on the changing country shares in US imports of the selected commodities. I. Introduction and Objectives In response to continuing failure of the nations of the world to successfully negotiate trade liberalization treaties at a global level through the World Trade Organization, countries have increasingly turned to regional agreements involving Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), Customs Unions (CUs) and various other trade programs providing at least some degree of mutually privileged access with varying numbers of other countries. While these regional or otherwise smaller scale trade arrangements have proliferated around the world in the last twentyfive years, the United States has been something of a leader in the number of trade agreements it has struck. Prior to the mid -1980s, the US held to the importance of liberalization at the world level and deliberately chose not to engage in any of these so-called “discriminatory” trading arrangements. Nevertheless from the time of its first Free Trade Agreement with Israel in 1985 the US has signed trade agreements with over 35 countries and has several additional ones in various stages of negotiation, including some involving relatively large numbers of countries.
Differential Expression of CD44 During Human Prostate Epithelial Cell Differentiation

CD44 is a polymorphic transmembrane glycoprotein that binds hyaluronan and growth factors. Multiple isoforms of the protein can be generated by alternative splicing but little is known about the expression and function of these isoforms in normal development and differentiation. We have investigated the expression of CD44 during normal prostate epithelial cell differentiation. A conditionally immortalized prostate epithelial cell line, Pre2.8, was used as a model system. These cells proliferate at 33C but at 39C stop dividing and undergo changes consistent with early stages of cell differentiation. During the differentiation of these cells, the expression of the CD44 isoform v3-v10 was upregulated. Two layers of epithelial cells can clearly be distinguished in the human prostate, a basal layer expressing keratins 5/14 and a luminal layer expressing keratins 8/18. In prostate tissue the v3-v10 isoform was found predominantly in basal cells but also in keratin 14-negative, keratin 19-positive cells intermediate between the two layers. CD44 v3-v10 was also expressed in other keratin 14-negative prostate tissues, the ejaculatory ducts and prostatic urethra. Therefore, CD44 v3-v10 may be important as a cell surface marker for differentiating cells in the prostate epithelium.
Tutoring Adolescents in Literacy: A meta-analysis

What does research reveal about tutoring adolescents in literacy? We conducted a meta-analysis, identifying 152 published studies, of which 12 met rigorous inclusion criteria. We analyzed the 12 studies for the effects of tutoring according to the type, focus, and amount of tutoring; the number, age, and language background of students; and the quality of the research. Despite variability, these studies suggest benefits, notably for cross-age tutoring, reading, and small tutoring programs of lengthy duration.
Disease Management: Panacea, Another False Hope, or Something in Between?

Disease management is being promulgated by many policy makers, legislators, and a burgeoning new disease management industry as the next major hope, together with information technology and consumer-directed health care, to bring cost containment to runaway costs of health care. Many expect quality improvement as well. The concept is being aggressively marketed to employers, health plans, and government in the wake of managed care’s failure to contain costs. There is widespread confusion, however, about what disease management is and what impact it will have on patients, physicians, and the health care system itself. In this article I give a current snapshot of disease management by briefly addressing (1) its rationale and growth, (2) its track record concerning costs and quality of care, and (3) its impacts on primary care.
Effect of soil surface roughness and scene components on soil surface bidirectional reflectance factor

Wang, Z. , Coburn, C. A. , Ren, X. and Teillet, P. M. 2012. Effect of soil surface roughness and scene components on soil surface BRF. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 297-313. Bidirectional Reflectance factor (BRF) data of both rough [surface roughness index (SRI) of 51%] and smooth soil surfaces (SRI of 5%) were acquired in the laboratory under 30° illumination zenith angle using a Specim V10E imaging spectrometer and an Ocean Optics non-imaging spectrometer mounted on the University of Lethbridge Goniometer System version 2.5 (ULGS-2.5) and version 2.0 (ULGS-2.0), respectively. Under controlled laboratory conditions, the rough soil surface exhibited higher spectral reflectance than the smooth surface for most viewing angles. The BRF of the rough surface varied more than the smooth surface as a function of the viewing zenith angle. The shadowing effect was stronger for the rough surface than for the smooth surface and was stronger in the forward-scattering direction than in the backscattering direction. The pattern of the BRF generated with the non-image based data was similar to that generated with the whole region of interest (ROI) of the image-based data, and that of the whole ROI of the image-based data was similar to that of the illuminated scene component. The BRF of the smooth soil surface was dominated by illuminated scene component, i.e., the sunlit pixels, whereas the shaded scene component, i.e., the shaded pixels, was a larger proportion of the BRF of the rough soil surface. The image-based approach allowed the characterization of the contribution of spatial components in the field of view to soil BRF and improved our understanding of soil reflectance.
Robotic vertical jumping agility via series-elastic power modulation

Animal agility studies inspired a leg mechanism that improves power modulation and a high-jumping and wall-jumping robot. Several arboreal mammals have the ability to rapidly and repeatedly jump vertical distances of 2 m, starting from rest. We characterize this performance by a metric we call vertical jumping agility. Through basic kinetic relations, we show that this agility metric is fundamentally constrained by available actuator power. Although rapid high jumping is an important performance characteristic, the ability to control forces during stance also appears critical for sophisticated behaviors. The animal with the highest vertical jumping agility, the galago (Galago senegalensis), is known to use a power-modulating strategy to obtain higher peak power than that of muscle alone. Few previous robots have used series-elastic power modulation (achieved by combining series-elastic actuation with variable mechanical advantage), and because of motor power limits, the best current robot has a vertical jumping agility of only 55% of a galago. Through use of a specialized leg mechanism designed to enhance power modulation, we constructed a jumping robot that achieved 78% of the vertical jumping agility of a galago. Agile robots can explore venues of locomotion that were not previously attainable. We demonstrate this with a wall jump, where the robot leaps from the floor to a wall and then springs off the wall to reach a net height that is greater than that accessible by a single jump. Our results show that series-elastic power modulation is an actuation strategy that enables a clade of vertically agile robots.
Three dimensional numerical investigation of forced convection heat transfer from offset square cylinders placed in a confined channel

Flow over two isothermal offset square cylinders in a confined channel is simulated for different Reynolds number to reveal the forced convection heat transfer from the heated square cylinders to the ambient fluid. The distance between the cylinder in normal direction as well as transverse direction are fixed as two-dimensional and the blockage ratio is fixed as 0.167. Heat transfer from the cylinders to the ambient fluid as well as conducted within solid wall through conjugate interface boundary investigated in connection with Reynolds number are reported for both steady and periodic flow. Simulation is carried out for Reynolds number varies from 10 to 1,000 for the fluid as air. The isotherm, streamline contours are reported for various Reynolds number. The stagnation zone results higher Nusselt number than remaining walls and rear wall results lowest Nusselt number. Asymmetry vortices are reported at higher Reynolds number. The downstream cylinder results higher Nusselt number than the upstream cylinder.
Advantages of a variable DC-link voltage by using a DC-DC converter in hybrid-electric vehicles

In electric and hybrid-electric vehicle applications, power electronic converters are used to couple the traction machine with the battery stack. The simplest topology consists of an inverter between the battery stack and the machine. In an often discussed alternative, a DC-DC converter is used to feed the traction machine with a higher and stable voltage level. This paper deals with the differences which arise in terms of the applied control strategy and identifies operating regions of improved efficiency.
Electromyographic Heterogeneity in the Human Temporalis and Masseter Muscles during Static Biting, Open\ Close Excursions, and Chewing

The human temporalis and masseter muscles are not activated homogeneously during static bite force tasks. In this study, we studied the possible existence of regional differences in these muscles under dynamic conditions. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded by means of bipolar fine-wire electrodes. Six electrodes were inserted into the temporalis muscle and three into the masseter muscle. Recordings were made during maximal-effort intercuspal and incisal static clenches, open\close excursions from both the intercuspal and incisal positions, and unilateral gum and licorice chewing on right and left sides. The EMG peak amplitudes and the peak occurrences were compared. During the static clenches and the open\close excursions, no differences could be demonstrated between the regions of the temporalis muscle. However, during the chewing tasks, the anterior and posterior regions behaved differently. Throughout almost all tasks, both superficial and deep parts could be distinguished in the masseter muscle. A further division of the deep masseter was task-dependent. In both the temporalis and masseter muscles, maximal activity (100%) was reached during intercuspal clenches. The average activity declined to 35% of the maximal activity in the temporalis muscle, to 47% in the deep, and to 86% in the superficial masseter during incisal clenches. During all chewing tasks, the EMG peak activity of the anterior temporalis and the superficial masseter muscles was higher in the working than in the balancing condition. The general finding was that different regions were preferentially activated, according to task. The detailed regional specialization previously observed during static bite force tasks could not be demonstrated in the present study.
Comprehension of spatial language in Williams syndrome: Evidence for impaired spatial representation of verbal descriptions

Individuals with the rare genetic disorder, Williams syndrome, have an unusual cognitive profile with relatively good language abilities but poor non‐verbal and spatial skills. This study explored the interaction between linguistic and spatial functioning in Williams syndrome by investigating individuals' comprehension of spatial language. A group of 17 individuals with Williams syndrome and a control group of typically developing children were given two types of picture‐matching task in which they were asked to select a picture to match a spoken sentence describing the spatial relation between two items. In the first task this matching could be done on the basis of existing semantic knowledge. In the second, we argue that a mental representation of the spatial relations was required. Results demonstrated that individuals with Williams syndrome were selectively impaired on the second task relative to controls. The study therefore provides support for previous work demonstrating impaired comprehension of spatial language in this population. Furthermore, the results suggest that such impairments reflect a fundamental problem with processing spatial descriptions rather than merely a poor understanding of the semantics of spatial terms, which in turn has implications for the interaction between spatial abilities and language processing in general.
The migration process of mobile agents: implementation, classification, and optimization

Mobile Agenten stellen ein neues faszinierendes Design-Paradigma fur den Aufbau und die Programmierung von verteilten Systemen dar. Ein mobiler Agent ist eine Software-Entitat, die von ihrem Besitzer mit einem Auftrag auf einem Knoten eines verteilten Systems gestartet wird und dann zur Laufzeit auf andere Knoten des Netzwerkes migriert. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf den Migrationsprozess fur mobile Agenten, dem in der Literatur bisher wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wurde, obwohl er die Ausfuhrungsgeschwindigkeit eines Agenten entscheidend beeinflusst. Eine detaillierte Analyse der Netzbelastung von mobilen Agenten im Vergleich zum traditionellen Client-Server Ansatz in mehreren typischen Anwendungsszenarien zeigt das Potential von mobilen Agenten zur Verringerung von Verarbeitungszeiten. Allerdings zeigt die Analyse ebenso die Nachteile der in heutigen Agentensystemen verwendenten sehr einfachen Migrationstechniken. Es wird ein neues Migrationsmodell mit Namen Kalong vorgestellt, das den Nachteil der fehlenden Anpassbarkeit heutiger Agentensysteme beseitigt und dem Programmierer eines mobilen Agenten eine sehr flexible Technik fur die Migration zur Verfugung stellt.
Inherited adaptation of genome‐rewired cells in response to a challenging environment

Despite their evolutionary significance, little is known about the adaptation dynamics of genomically rewired cells in evolution. We have confronted yeast cells carrying a rewired regulatory circuit with a severe and unforeseen challenge. The essential HIS3 gene from the histidine biosynthesis pathway was placed under the exclusive regulation of the galactose utilization system. Glucose containing medium strongly represses the GAL genes including HIS3 and these rewired cells are required to operate this essential gene. We show here that although there were no adapted cells prior to the encounter with glucose, a large fraction of cells adapted to grow in this medium and this adaptation was stably inherited. The adaptation relied on individual cells that switched into an adapted state and, thus, the adaptation was due to a response of many individual cells to the change in environment and not due to selection of rare advantageous phenotypes. The adaptation of numerous individual cells by heritable phenotypic switching in response to a challenge extends the common evolutionary framework and attests to the adaptive potential of regulatory circuits.