Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Confusing Code in Sotware Projects Atoms of Confusion in the Wild

Prior work has shown that extremely small code patterns, such as the conditional operator and implicit type conversion, can cause considerable misunderstanding in programmers. Until now, the real world impact of these patterns ś known as ‘atoms of confusion’ ś was only speculative. This work uses a corpus of 14 of the most popular and inluential open source C and C++ projects to measure the prevalence and signiicance of these small confusing patterns. Our results show that the 15 known types of confusing micro patterns occur millions of times in programs like the Linux kernel and GCC, appearing on average once every 23 lines. We show there is a strong correlation between these confusing patterns and bug-ix commits as well as a tendency for confusing patterns to be commented. We also explore patterns at the project level showing the rate of security vulnerabilities is higher in projects with more atoms. Finally, we examine real code examples containing these atoms, including ones that were used to ind and ix bugs in our corpus. In total this work demonstrates that beyond simple misunderstanding in the lab setting, atoms of confusion are both prevalent ś occurring often in real projects, and meaningful ś being removed by bug-ix commits at an elevated rate.
Object segmentation from consumer videos: a unified framework based on visual attention

The purpose of video object segmentation is to automatically extract objects of interest from consumer videos. This paper investigates this problem from a novel perspective of human visual attention. We roughly classify visual attentions in video scenes into two categories: static attention and dynamic attention. The static attention model is mainly responsible for segmenting the interesting objects without motion, whereas the dynamic attention model plays an important role in obtaining the interesting objects with motion. The fusion of both models allows us to obtain all interesting objects using a unified framework. This framework is easy to implement and has the great promise to become a basic tool for many content-based consumer video applications. Experimental results demonstrate the good performance of our algorithm.
HIV health literacy, sexual behaviour and self-reports of having tested for HIV among students

The HIV prevalence among young South African adults makes it important to understand their HIV knowledge, sexual behaviour and HIV counselling and testing (HCT) behaviour in this group. This paper presents the demographics, knowledge, sexual behaviour and cues to action as reported by sexually active students’ who had HCT. A cross-sectional study conducted in 10 high schools in the eThekwini and Ugu districts, KwaZulu-Natal, surveyed students’ HIV knowledge, sexual behaviour and HCT behaviour. Complete information was available from 1 114 (97.9%) students who participated in the survey. Of these, 378 (33.9%) were sexually active and were included in this analysis. Logistic regression models tested for significant associations between the independent and the dependent variables under study, nesting the students within schools and controlling for age, sex, grade and school location (urban/rural). The median age of students was 17 years (range: 14–23 years) with most being male (n=287; 75.9%). The lifetime median number of sexual partners of students was 3 (range: 1–27). Students who used condoms with their regular partners were more likely to have had counselling for HIV (OR :1.79; 95% CI: 1.06–3.01). Those students who were more likely to have been tested for HIV were female (OR: 44.90; 95% CI: 7.77–259.38), those who had always used a condom with their non-regular partner (OR: 2.75; 95% CI: 1.01–7.47), and those who knew a person who had tested for HIV (OR: 15.28; 95% CI: 5.16–45.23). Targeting students, especially males early in adolescence and reinforcing safe sex behaviour messages through their high school years, can encourage HCT among students.
Adolescent/adult differences in suicidal behavior and outcome.

A comprehensive literature review compared the patterns of suicide and suicidal behavior for adolescents and adults to identify age-related similarities and differences. Particular attention was given to follow-up rates of suicide by psychiatrically treated persons in these age groups. The major findings were that (1) adults and adolescent suicide completers were similar with respect to their gender ratio, use of guns in the attempt, completion of the initial attempt, and serious psychopathology; (2) adolescents differed from adults in suicidal behavior in their greater attempt rate, higher attempt/completion ratio, and lower rates of short and intermediate completion following psychiatric treatment; (3) the suicide outcome following psychiatric hospitalization is eightfold greater in adults than in youths during the first 3.5 years postdischarge; and (4) the 5:1 male/female ratio is the same for both adolescent attempters who later suicide and for all U.S. 15-19-year-old suicide completers. The frequent practice of combining adult and adolescent suicide and suicide behavior findings can result in misleading conclusions.
Factors Influencing Information Seeking by Physical Therapists Providing Stroke Management

Background: Searching and reading the research literature are essential activities for enhancing the use of research and optimizing the quality of physical therapist practice. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to identify practitioner, organization, and research characteristics that are associated with searching or reading the research literature among physical therapists involved in stroke management. Design: A cross-sectional study design was used. Methods: A survey questionnaire was mailed to 1,155 physical therapists in neurological practice in Ontario, Canada. Therapists who treated people with stroke were eligible to participate. Results: Of the 334 eligible respondents, 270 (80.8%) completed a questionnaire. Among participants with complete data, 37.7% of 265 participants conducted online literature searches and 73.3% of 266 participants read the research literature 2 or more times in a typical month. The following factors were associated with conducting online literature searches 2 or more times in a typical month: participation in research, self-efficacy for implementing evidence-based practice (EBP), being male, perceived facility support of research use, and Internet access to bibliographic databases at work. The following factors were associated with reading the literature 2 or more times in a typical month: participation in research, EBP self-efficacy, membership in a professional organization, perceived facility support of research use, and positive perceptions about the usefulness of the research literature and the relevance of walking interventions evaluated in the stroke rehabilitation research literature. A positive association between searching and reading was observed (odds ratio=16.5, 95% confidence interval=5.8–47.1). Limitations: The cross-sectional design limited inferences of causality. Conclusion: Despite a low frequency of searching, the majority of the participating therapists acquired and read the research literature on a monthly basis. Online searching and reading are closely linked behaviors. Modifiable practitioner characteristics, including self-efficacy for implementing EBP and participation in research, appear to be key determinants of EBP.
Social Class and Mental Illness

The book divides patients up into social classes as measured by occupation, education and home address. The class and cultural stratification of New Haven would in some ways seem more rigid than an English county. Likewise, the division between the analytically orientated psychotherapist, and the general psychiatrist whose outlook is called " directive-organic", seems rather sharper than the comparable division that exists in this country. The book is concerned not only with the description and types of mental illness in the different classes, but also with the sorts of treatment that are obtained and how much they cost in the different classes. Some of the correlations are of course what one would
On Term Structure Models of Commodity Futures Prices and the Kaldor-Working Hypothesis

Both prices and the volatility of storable agricultural commodity futures contracts have been rising since 2005 and particularly since 2007. This paper aims to answer two principal questions: (i) How has the behavior of these futures prices over time and across maturities changed with the rise of biofuels and their demand-side pres- sure on corn and related crops? , and (ii) Is there now stronger or weaker evidence of the Kaldor-Working convenience yield-storage hypothesis, whereby futures price backwardation can be explained by the high value of remaining inventory stocks when these are near stockouts? The empirical application is to Chicago Board of Trade corn, wheat and soybeans futures. To make use of all available futures data rather than only the nearby, this paper adopts a recently developed affine term structure model approach and conducts estimation in state-space form using the Kalman filter. A novel aspect of the research is that it allows an arbitrary number N of state vari- ables, where more variables provide further precision and curvature but at a higher computational cost. It is found that a three-state variable model containing both ran- dom walk and mean reversion components provides the most parsimonious fit during 1988-2004, but that a simple one-state variable model is optimal for the period 2005- 2007. The main implication is that futures prices since 2005 behave much more like a \random walk" than before. Also, the model allows us to estimate the term struc- ture of volatility and it is found that distant maturity futures should be expected to be much more volatile than historically normal. Two practical but only tentative implications are: (a) hedgers should use significantly lower hedge ratios than before, and (b) for traders, the classic Black-Scholes option pricing solution should perform better now than it has historically. Lastly, the paper finds partial empirical support for the convenience yield relationship with relative inventory stocks, especially for soybeans and wheat.
Ki-67 antigen expression as a prognostic factor in primary and recurrent astrocytomas.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Histological grading is widely used to evaluate the prognosis for patients with astrocytic tumors. Many complimentary methods have been introduced, such as proliferation markers in order to better assess the proliferative potential of these gliomas. METHODS Archival, paraffin embedded specimens of recurrent astrocytic tumors of varying grades from 22 patients were examined using antibodies against Ki-67 (MIB-1). Labeling indices (LI) were analyzed at the first and second operations and compared with tumor grades, age of the patients and the time between the operations as well as the survival time. RESULTS There was a progression of malignancy between the operations. Dividing Ki-67 labeling indices in < or = 10% vs. > 10% significantly separated parameters such as the time between the first operation and relapse as well as the cumulative proportion of survival. The proliferation fraction was an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION Assessment of Ki-67 LI is highly recommended in addition to histology in evaluation of the malignancy potential of astrocytic tumors.
Audio Watermarking Scheme Based on Singular Spectrum Analysis and Psychoacoustic Model with Self-Synchronization

This paper proposes a blind, inaudible, and robust audio watermarking scheme based on singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and the psychoacoustic model 1 (ISO/IEC 11172-3). In this work, SSA is used to analyze the host signals and to extract the singular spectra. A watermark is embedded into the host signals by modifying the singular spectra which are in the convex part of the singular spectrum curve so that this part becomes concave. This modification certainly affects the inaudibility and robustness properties of the watermarking scheme. To satisfy both properties, the modified part of the singular spectrum is determined by a novel parameter selection method based on the psychoacoustic model. The test results showed that the proposed scheme achieves not only inaudibility and robustness but also blindness. In addition, this work showed that the extraction process of a variant of the proposed scheme can extract the watermark without assuming to know the frame positions in advance and without embedding additional synchronization code into the audio content.
Validation of Intraoperative Diagnoses Using Smear Preparations from Stereotactic Brain Biopsies: Intraoperative versus Final Diagnosis—Influence of Clinical Factors

OBJECTIVE:Despite improvements in imaging techniques, histopathological diagnosis is still an important tool in neuro-oncology. At Freiburg University Hospital in Germany, approximately 450 patients per year undergo a serial stereotactic biopsy to obtain a diagnosis. We analyzed the accuracy of intraoperative diagnosis for rapid establishment of treatment options. Furthermore, we wanted to find out whether the location and histopathology of the tumors as well as the age and sex of the patients affected accuracy. Because of the large number of biopsies performed per year, parameters could also be evaluated for rare cerebral lesions. METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed 5000 consecutive stereotactic brain biopsies from 4589 patients. The digital database comprises the intraoperative and final diagnoses, the location of the tumors, and the sex and age of the patients. Regression analysis was performed to identify parameters that had a significant impact on the results. RESULTS:Intraoperative diagnosis was correct in 90.3% of biopsies. This included complete correlation in 81.3% of the biopsies and partial correlation in 9% of the biopsies. In 5.1% of the biopsies, no correlation between the intraoperative and final diagnosis was obtained. In 4.6% of the biopsies, no diagnosis could be made during or after surgery. A high correlation was found for World Health Organization Type II astrocytomas and, with regression analysis, for World Health Organization Type I astrocytomas, glioblastomas, and metastases. CONCLUSION:Intraoperative diagnosis with stereotactic biopsy has high validity. Immediate treatment based on the intraoperative diagnosis can be justified (e.g., for metastases or glioblastomas). Stereotactic biopsy with an exact histopathological diagnosis is strongly recommended for planning adequate therapy for patients with unidentified brain lesions.
Actual VIV Fatigue Response of Full Scale Drilling Risers: With and Without Suppression Devices

In an effort to more effectively understand and manage vortex-induced vibration (VIV) fatigue integrity of its drilling risers, BP has instrumented several of them on a number of mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs) and offshore production platforms worldwide. This paper presents several aspects of the findings from those monitoring campaigns, with particular emphasis on the relatively more densely populated MODU data sets. In-situ monitoring has practical use as a realtime quantifier of accrued VIV fatigue damage to both drilling riser and wellhead casing over the course of a given monitoring period, a fundamental indicator of structural integrity. At present, this can be very useful to operators given that the gap between predicted and measured VIV fatigue damage can be very large. In this paper, the measured data are used to expose some of the physical details of full-scale riser response whose omission from predictive design tools and methods may contribute to this wide gap. To characterize the size of the gap, the data are compared to calculations using the most commonly used industry VIV analysis software. This demonstrates the inherent level of analysis over conservatism with respect to full-scale, unsuppressed drilling risers in the field when typical analysis parameters are utilized. A means of adjusting the parameters to reduce the over conservatism is then implemented. Finally, the data are used to reveal some performance indicators for VIV suppression devices that are presently being utilized in drilling operations.
Proteomic Profiling of Triple-negative Breast Carcinomas in Combination With a Three-tier Orthogonal Technology Approach Identifies Mage-A4 as Potential Therapeutic Target in Estrogen Receptor Negative Breast Cancer*

Breast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease, encompassing several intrinsic subtypes with various morphological and molecular features, natural history and response to therapy. Currently, molecular targeted therapies are available for estrogen receptor (ER)− and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2)-positive breast tumors. However, a significant proportion of primary breast cancers are negative for ER, progesterone receptor (PgR), and Her2, comprising the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) group. Women with TNBC have a poor prognosis because of the aggressive nature of these tumors and current lack of suitable targeted therapies. As a consequence, the identification of novel relevant protein targets for this group of patients is of great importance. Using a systematic two dimensional (2D) gel-based proteomic profiling strategy, applied to the analysis of fresh TNBC tissue biopsies, in combination with a three-tier orthogonal technology (two dimensional PAGE/silver staining coupled with MS, two dimensional Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry) approach, we aimed to identify targetable protein markers that were present in a significant fraction of samples and that could define therapy-amenable sub-groups of TNBCs. We present here our results, including a large cumulative database of proteins based on the analysis of 78 TNBCs, and the identification and validation of one specific protein, Mage-A4, which was expressed in a significant fraction of TNBC and Her2-positive/ER negative lesions. The high level expression of Mage-A4 in the tumors studied allowed the detection of the protein in the tumor interstitial fluids as well as in sera. The existence of immunotherapeutics approaches specifically targeting this protein, or Mage-A protein family members, and the fact that we were able to detect its presence in serum suggest novel management options for TNBC and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive/estrogen receptor negative patients bearing Mage-A4 positive tumors.
Atomic scale characterization of compound semiconductors using atom probe tomography

Internal interfaces are critical in determining the performance of III-V multijunction solar cells. Studying these interfaces with atomic resolution using a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atom probe tomography (APT), and density functional calculations enables a more fundamental understanding of carrier dynamics in photovoltaic (PV) device structures. To achieve full atomic scale spatial and chemical resolution, data acquisition parameters in laser pulsed APT must be carefully studied to eliminate surface diffusion. Atom probe data with minimized group V ion clustering and expected stoichiometry can be achieved by adjusting laser pulse power, pulse repetition rate, and specimen preparation parameters such that heat flow away from the evaporating surface is maximized. Applying these improved analysis conditions to III-V based PV gives an atomic scale understanding of compositional and dopant profiles across interfaces and tunnel junctions and the initial stages of alloy clustering and dopant accumulation. Details on APT experimental methods and future in-situ instrumentation developments are illustrated.
Molecular Genetic Findings in Suicidal Behavior: What is Beyond the Serotonergic System?

Various studies provide consistent evidence for a genetic component in suicidal behavior. First molecular genetic studies concentrated on genes of the serotonergic system based on the biochemical evidence that serotonergic neurotransmission is implicated in this behavior. Furthermore, genes of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems have also been the subjects of investigations in this context. Some epidemical and clinical studies showed that low serum cholesterol levels are associated with suicidal behavior and genes involved in these pathways have been investigated. Microarray experiments provide the possibility of genome-wide gene expression analysis and help to investigate associated molecular mechanisms. The aim of this article is to review molecular genetic studies in suicidal behavior and to emphasize findings on new genes.
Postural Balance Strategies in Response to Disturbances in the Frontal Plane and Their Implementation With a Humanoid Robot

We examine postural reaction and balance recovery patterns occurring when a standing upright human is subjected to a sudden disturbance within the frontal plane, with the aim of developing balance control strategies for humanoid robots. Five patterns are identified and related to the magnitude of the disturbance. Three of the patterns are modeled and implemented with a small humanoid robot HOAP-2. The models are based on inverted-pendulum and double-pendulum equations, in combination with variable stiffness/damping elements for ensuring appropriate reactions and balance recovery patterns. Supporting foot reaction is minimized within the reaction null space formulation. Special attention is paid to the transitions between the reaction patterns. The experimental data show that the models and the respective controllers can ensure smooth reaction control under both impact-force and continuous-force disturbances.
Topical diclofenac and its role in pain and inflammation: an evidence-based review

ABSTRACT Objective: Topical diclofenac is widely used in the treatment of pain and inflammation. This comprehensive review assesses the safety and efficacy of topical diclofenac in a range of painful and inflammatory disorders. Methods: Double-blind, randomized, placebo- or active-controlled trials (RCT) evaluating topical diclofenac in soft-tissue injuries, soft-tissue rheumatic disorders and osteoarthritis were identified through detailed literature searches. In addition, non-RCT evidence from publications evaluating the pharmacologic characteristics of topical diclofenac were also included in this review to obtain a more complete picture of the drug's profile, its efficacy and safety. Results: Studies demonstrate that the drug preferentially distributes to the target tissues in sufficient concentrations to produce a therapeutic effect. A total of 19 double-blind RCTs in more than 3000 patients, supported by single-blind or open trials, consistently show that topical diclofenac significantly reduces pain and inflammation in acute and chronic conditions compared with placebo and is comparable to other topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and some oral NSAIDs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen). Improvements have also been observed in patients’ functional capacity and mobility. Topical diclofenac is well tolerated, resulting mostly in mild, easily resolved local skin irritation, and is associated with fewer side-effects than other topical NSAIDs and a lower rate of gastrointestinal complications than oral NSAIDs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen). Conclusion: This evidence-based review shows topical diclofenac to be an effective and well tolerated treatment in painful and inflammatory conditions, at least in the short-term. However, only published RCT studies have been included in this analysis, which may exclude some interesting data from non-RCT studies. Future trials of topical diclofenac need to be of longer duration, be better reported and consider a broader spectrum of acute and chronic pain indications.