Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Imitation and self-esteem as determinants of self-critical behavior.

This study investigated the influence of self-rated esteem and exposure to an adult model on children's learning of self-critical behavior. Half the Ss first observed a same-sex model playing a bowling game on which scores were experimentally controlled. Following low scores, the model gave up rewards and made self-critical comments. While Ss imitated the model s performance standards for forgoing reinforcement, few of them imitated self-critical comments. Children not exposed to a model neither gave up tokens nor made any comments while playing the game. Scores from 3 self-rating esteem measures were not related to any dependent variable. Apparently, self-critical behavior can be learned through imitation of models, and self-denial of rewards is relatively independent of other types of self-evaluations.
Investigating the adequacy of the Competence-Turnover Intention Model: how does nursing competence affect nurses' turnover intention?

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to test the adequacy of the Competence-Turnover Intention Model, which was developed to identify how nursing competence could affect nurses' turnover intention (nurses' intention to voluntarily leave an organisation). BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that the level of nursing competence is negatively related to nurses' intention to leave their jobs, suggesting that a lack of competence threatens both the quality and quantity of the nursing workforce. However, the mechanism of how nursing competence affects nurses' turnover intention has not been explored previously. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey design was used. METHODS Surveys were distributed to 1337 Japanese registered nurses/midwives in October, 2013. The adequacy of the model was analysed using structural equation modelling. RESULTS In total, 766 questionnaires were returned, with a return rate of 57%. The model fitted well with the data. The results showed that the level of nursing competence was related positively to the quantity of organisational rewards they felt they had received, and negatively related to the level of exhaustion they experienced. Moreover, the perceived organisational rewards and exhaustion were correlated with nurses' turnover intention through affective commitment. CONCLUSIONS The Competence-Turnover Intention Model is useful for explaining how nursing competence impacts on their turnover intention. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Clinical implications derived from the findings are that: promoting nursing competence is key to improving not only the quality of care provided by nurses, but also to retaining the nursing workforce, and the model can be used to develop strategies that would mitigate their turnover intention.
Pancreatic resection for pancreatic cancer.

Ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the most frequent malignancy of the pancreas, is characterized by retroperitoneal and perineural infiltration, early formation of multiple metastases, and resistance to most of the treatment regimens currently available. Handling the aggressive growth of this disease represents a complex and challenging task for both conservative and operative medicine 1,2,3. Surgical resection, the patient's only hope for cure, offers a significantly improved prognosis, with a median survival after resection of 14–20 months and up to 25% 5-year survival rates 1,4,5. This is underlined by studies showing a distinct advantage of potentially curative (R0) versus palliative (R1/R2) surgery 1,3,5,6. Furthermore, when surgical resection was compared with radiochemotherapy for resectable pancreatic cancer, patients in the operative group fared significantly better, with a median survival of 17 months versus 11 months in the chemoradiation group 7. However, the median survival of patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer is around 4–8 months 5. The few improvements seen in these patients, especially with regard to quality of life, are primarily due to the use of gemcitabine as first-line chemotherapy 8. The standard operation for tumors of the pancreatic head is the pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure, mostly pylorus-preserving), whereas tumors of the body or tail can be resected using a distal pancreatectomy. Adjuvant chemotherapy has also proven advantageous in terms of prolonging overall survival, whereas neoadjuvant treatment regimens and adjuvant radiochemotherapy are still considered controversial, with large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) required for further evaluation 9. Further concentration of the case load in tertiary care centers 10, which can provide experienced diagnostic and therapeutic measurements together with novel targeted therapies in a translational research approach, will hopefully further improve the outcomes of patients with this devastating disease.
Sex Differences in Immune Responses and Immune Reactivity to Stress in Adolescents

The immune system is the body’s major defense mechanism against disease. However, psychosocial factors, such as stress, can modulate various immune responses. Although they have been examined in adult humans and other animals, sex differences in immune responses and immune reactivity to stress have rarely been examined in adolescents, particularly comparing healthy and asthmatic adolescents. In 151 healthy and asthmatic high school adolescents (91 females and 60 males), natural killer cell (NK) cytotoxicity, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) superoxide release, lymphocyte proliferative responses, and CD subsets were measured twice: once during mid-semester and again during final examinations. There was little difference in these measures between healthy and asthmatic adolescents. Similarly, only sex difference was noted in NK cytotoxicity at a 25:1 effector-to-target cell ratio, with males showing significantly higher responses than females. For PMN superoxide release, females significantly increased their responses during final examinations, whereas males demonstrated no changes. For lymphocyte proliferative responses, both females and males increased their responses during final examinations, but the magnitude of increase was much greater in males. Furthermore, racial comparisons indicated that African American adolescents (n = 16), as compared with Caucasian adolescents (n = 128), had significantly higher responses in PMN superoxide release to N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (FMLP) activation during mid-semester and lymphocyte proliferative responses at both time points. Nevertheless, the overall findings indicate limited differences in immune responses and immune reactivity to stress in adolescents between males and females, healthy and asthmatic adolescents, and Caucasians and African Americans. However, further investigations with larger samples are warranted.
The Financing of Local Government in the People’s Republic of China: Stimulus Loan Wanes and Shadow Banking Waxes

The People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s four-trillion-yuan stimulus package fueled by bank loans in 2009 has led to the rapid growth of shadow banking activities in the PRC after 2012. The local governments in the PRC financed the stimulus plan mainly through bank loans in 2009, and resorted to non-bank debt financing after 2012 given the mounting rollover pressure from bank debt coming due, a manifestation of the stimulus loan-hangover effect. Cross-sectionally, provinces with abnormally greater bank loan growth in 2009 experienced more Municipal Corporate Bonds issuance during 2012-2015, as well as more shadow banking activities including entrusted loans and wealth management products. We highlight the market forces behind the regulation changes on local government debt post 2012, together with the expedited reform on interest rate liberalization during that period.
Latest developments and challenges in the diagnosis of human West Nile virus infection

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for an increasing number of human outbreaks of neuroinvasive disease in Europe and in North America. Notwithstanding the improvements in the knowledge of virus epidemiology and clinical course of infection and the development of new laboratory tests, the diagnosis of WNV infection remains challenging and many cases still remain unrecognized. WNV genome diversity, transient viremia with low viral load and cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses of the antibodies induced by WNV infection are important hurdles that require the diagnosis to be performed by experienced laboratories. Herein, we present and discuss the novel findings on the molecular epidemiology and clinical features of WNV infection in humans with special focus on Europe, the performance of diagnostic tests and the novel methods that have been developed for the diagnosis of WNV infection. A view on how the field might evolve in the future is also presented.
Neutrophil activation by recombinant cytokines.

Interest in the use of recombinant cytokines for immunotherapy is increasing as more information becomes available on the influences of these products on effector cells (e.g., neutrophils) involved in the resistance of the host to disease. This review summarizes the information available on in vitro and in vivo activation of neutrophils by recombinant cytokines. The emerging theme is that various cytokines (e.g., colony-stimulating factors, interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, and interferons) have direct and often synergistic abilities that activate the neutrophil to have enhanced cytocidal activity towards microbial and cellular stimuli. Equally important (although less well studied), cytokines have been shown in some cases to enhance the function of neutrophils isolated from immunosuppressed animals. These neutrophils have depressed function, and influences of cytokines on these cells may be different from their influences on normal neutrophils. Only recombinant cytokine data are included in this review because of the potential for contamination of naturally produced cytokines with unknown biologically active substances.
Early Effectiveness of Arthroscopic Repair for Full-Thickness Tears of the Rotator Cuff. An Outcome Analysis*

Fifty consecutive patients completed standardized questionnaires regarding general health status as well as function of the shoulder before and an average of thirteen months after arthroscopic repair of a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff. Comparison of the preoperative and postoperative responses to the questions demonstrated highly significant improvements in the patient's assessment both of general health and of function of the shoulder. The Short Form-36 (SF-36) General Health Survey revealed significant improvements in the most recent follow-up scores compared with the preoperative scores with regard to physical functioning (p = 0.0001), role-physical (p = 0.0001), bodily pain (p = 0.0001), vitality (p = 0.0001), social functioning (p = 0.0001), role-emotional (p = 0.006), mental health (p = 0.0213), and physical component summary (p = 0.0001). The University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Shoulder Score, the Constant Shoulder Score, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Shoulder Index showed significant improvements in all postoperative total and component scores (p = 0.0001). Most importantly, all three shoulder-rating systems demonstrated significant improvements in the postoperative scores for pain and function (p = 0.0001). While a general health status instrument such as the SF-36 can document the impact of an orthopaedic condition on a patient as well as the results of treatment, a more complete representation of the patient's condition requires the use of region-specific self-assessment questionnaires and evaluation by a physician.
Dermatoglyphic Pattern Types in Subjects with Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip with or without Cleft Palate (CL/P) and Their Unaffected Relatives in the Philippines

Objective To investigate dermatoglyphic patterns in 95 nonsyndromic Filipino subjects with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and 90 of their unaffected relatives. Design Retrospective study of dermatoglyphic pattern types. Setting Negros Occidental and Cavite in the Philippines. Participants Nonsyndromic subjects with CL/P and their unaffected relatives. Methods Dermatoglyphic patterns were categorized as arch, ulnar loop, radial loop, whorl, or other by three independent raters. Pattern data from the subjects, the unaffected relatives, and an unaffected control population (from the literature) were compared using chi-square tests. As a measure of asymmetry, dissimilarity between pattern types on homologous fingers was quantified and compared using Student's t tests. Results The frequency of arches (p = .016) and ulnar loops (p = .04) were significantly increased, and whorls decreased in the affected group (p = .0015), compared with the unaffected group. Affected female subjects had significantly more ulnar loops and arches (p = .009 and p = .023, respectively) and fewer whorls (p < .0001) than the unaffected female subjects. There were no significant differences between affected and unaffected male subjects. Dissimilarity scores were significantly different between male and female subjects and between subjects with CL/P and unaffected relatives. Additionally, pattern type frequencies for the relatives fell in between the frequencies for the CL/P group and the controls. Conclusions In this Filipino population, differences in frequency of dermatoglyphic pattern types and pattern dissimilarity exist between individuals with orofacial clefts and their unaffected relatives and between both groups and controls, with the major effect seen in female subjects.
The effectiveness of helplines for the treatment of alcohol and illicit substance use

While tobacco helplines (quitlines) are thought to be effective, helplines which treat other substance use do not have an established evidence base. A review was conducted of the literature on illicit drug or alcohol (IDA) helplines. The literature search was conducted in five databases. Studies prior to 2014 were included if published in English, and involved the use of a telephone counselling helpline for the treatment of illicit drug or alcohol use. Review papers, opinion pieces, letters or editorials, case studies, published abstracts and posters were excluded. Initial searching identified 2178 articles and after removing duplicates and those meeting the exclusion criteria, there were 36 publications for review. A total of 29 articles provided descriptive information about 19 different IDA helplines which operated in the US (42%), Europe (21%), Australia (21%), Asia (11%) and Canada (5%). These services reported monthly call rates from 3.7 to over 23,000 calls per month. A total of nine articles provided evaluative information on eight different IDA helplines: four articles included a comparison of treatment outcomes against a control group and five articles included information on treatment satisfaction or service utilisation. Together they provide some evidence that these services are effective. Although there was little consistency in the measures used between articles which assessed helpline satisfaction, all but one reported high satisfaction. Although the evidence is mainly supportive of IDA helplines, further work is required to compare treatment outcomes in randomized groups.
Dynamics of Symmetrical Communication Within Organizations: The Impacts of Channel Usage of CEO, Managers, and Peers

Focusing on channels used by members of the organization in different positions, this study aims to examine the antecedents of two-way symmetrical communication in an organization. Using two-way symmetrical communication model and media richness theory as theoretical frameworks, this study investigates what communication channels (e.g., face-to-face, e-mail, print media, social media, etc.) within an organization are effective at communicating with peers, managers, and CEO of a company, respectively. Results of an online survey conducted with 407 full-time employees in large-sized corporations in the United States showed that communication channels usage by different sources had distinct impacts on employees’ perceived symmetrical communication as well as the organization-employee relationship. Face-to-face meetings and videoconferencing are shown to be significant for symmetrical communication practices with managers and peers, while other communication channels (e.g., print media, e-mail) turned out to be more significantly related to symmetrical communication practiced by CEO. Theoretical and practical implications for corporate communication are discussed.
Prevalence of tremor in multiple sclerosis and associated disability in the Olmsted County population

We applied a clinical tremor rating scale and measures of disability to 200 of 201 multiple sclerosis patients from a prevalence cohort in Olmsted County, Minnesota. In a community‐based sample, tremor was found clinically in 51 (25%) patients, although only 6 (3%) patients had severe tremor. Within the population as a whole, tremor was strongly associated with impairment disability and handicap. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Financial Literacy, Information Behavior, and Interest in Financial News in Austria

Financial communication plays a crucial role in financial contexts affecting the attitude towards financial products, and thus, the investment behavior of individuals. Making financial decisions requires collecting and evaluating of a lot of financial information. If individuals attach interest in financial topics, and if so, which information sources they refer to when dealing with financial issues is determined by various factors such as demographic characteristics, social and cultural background, and also one’s financial capabilities. Using a random sample of working population in Austria, this survey exploits the relationship between information behavior in financial contexts and financial literacy. We further examine which factors might increase the individuals’ interest in financial news. Our results provide evidence of a significant association between financial literacy and the information sources investors prefer. The interest in financial news is not likely to be enhanced by more financial media reporting, but rather by more available time and financial knowledge. Overall, our results provide some interesting insights into information behavior of private investors in Austria and suggestions how financial communication could be improved.
Expression profile and estrogenic regulation of anti‐Müllerian hormone during gonadal development in pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis, a teleost fish with strong temperature‐dependent sex determination

Pejerrey is a teleost fish presenting a strong temperature‐dependent sex determination. This study was conducted to clone pejerrey amh cDNA, analyze its expression profile during thermal and endocrine manipulation of gonadal differentiation, and compare its expression with that of gonadal aromatase (cyp19a1). Amh displayed higher expression at masculinizing than at feminizing temperatures during the gonadal differentiation period. Its expression at an intermediate temperature (females 1:1 males), was high in half of the larvae and low in the other half. Cyp19a1 showed a reciprocal expression pattern to that of amh both individually‐ and temperature‐wise. Increased cyp19a1 and amh expression was observed before morphological gonadal differentiation. Amh expression in larvae feminized by administration of estradiol or masculinized by the administration of an aromatase inhibitor was down‐ and up‐regulated, respectively. These results show that amh plays a critical role in testicular differentiation and it is apparently modulated by estrogens in this species. Developmental Dynamics 237:3192–3199, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allelopathic Interference of Plant-Water Relationships By Para-Hydroxybenzoic Acid

Soybean seedlings were used as the test species to investigate the effect of phydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA) on growth and plant-water relationships. Plants were grown in nutrient solution under greenhouse conditions and were subjected to pHBA through amendments to the growth medium. Treatments were initiated 10 days after germination and continued for either 14 or 28 days with stomatal conductance, water potential, and water use monitored periodically At harvest, effects on growth were determined and, in the 28-day study, the carbon isotope ratio (^13C:^12C) of leaf tissue was analyzed as an indicator of integrated effects on plant-water status Soybean growth was significantly reduced by 0.5mM pHBA, or higher concentrations, with the degree of inhibition being concentration dependent Plants treated with 0.75mM pHBA had significantly lower stomatal conductance, lower water potential, and less discrimination against ^13C Similar trends were apparent in 0.5mM pHBA-treated plants. Interference with plant-water balance appears to be one mechanism of action of pHBA causing a reduction in plant growth.
The relationship between employee benefit satisfaction and organizational commitment

The Relationship Between Employee Benefit Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment by Rachel S. Shinnar Dr. Gail Sammons, Examination Committee Chair Professor of Hotel Administration University of Nevada, Las Vegas The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of individual characteristics, benefit satisfaction, and internal services received on employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Employees from a Las Vegas casino hotel were surveyed. A total of 201 usable questionnaires were returned for a response rate of 51 percent. The findings showed that benefit satisfaction and organizational commitment are positively related. Satisfaction with internal services was found to be significantly related to organizational commitment, and communication received was significantly related with benefit satisfaction. Only few of the sociodemographic variables were found to be significantly related to benefit satisfaction, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Based on the research findings practical implications for industry are discussed and suggestions for future research are offered.
Voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels and intracellular Ca2+ release regulate exocytosis in identified rat corticotrophs

1 The patch clamp technique was used in conjunction with a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator (indo‐1, or indo‐1FF) to measure simultaneously cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and exocytosis (changes in membrane capacitance) in single, identified rat corticotrophs. 2 Exocytosis could be stimulated by extracellular Ca2+ entry (via voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels). A train of depolarizations could exhaust the pool of readily releasable granules and the pool replenished with a time constant of 42 s (at 22–25 °C). 3 Recordings from cells with 0.5 mm intracellular cAMP showed that the amplitude of the depolarization‐triggered exocytosis, the Ca2+ sensitivity of exocytosis, as well as the rate of replenishment of the readily releasable pool, were similar to the controls. 4 Exocytosis could also be stimulated by intracellular Ca2+ release from the inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3)‐sensitive store (via flash photolysis of caged IP3). At comparable [Ca2+]i, extracellular Ca2+ entry and intracellular Ca2+ release had similar efficacy in triggering exocytosis. 5 The rate of exocytosis triggered via depolarization or intracellular Ca2+ release was much faster than that triggered via uniform elevation of [Ca2+]i (Ca2+ dialysis or flash photolysis of caged Ca2+). 6 The above findings suggest that both intracellular Ca2+ release and voltage‐gated extracellular Ca2+ entry generate a spatial Ca2+ gradient, such that the local [Ca2+] near the exocytic sites was ∼3‐fold higher than the mean cytosolic [Ca2+]. However, neither cAMP nor the spatial Ca2+ gradient generated during depolarization could account for the high efficacy of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) in stimulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion from corticotrophs.