Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-Order Model and Dynamic Filtering for Frame Rate Up-Conversion

This paper proposes a novel frame rate up-conversion method through high-order model and dynamic filtering (HOMDF) for video pixels. Unlike the constant brightness and linear motion assumptions in traditional methods, the intensity and position of the video pixels are both modeled with high-order polynomials in terms of time. Then, the key problem of our method is to estimate the polynomial coefficients that represent the pixel’s intensity variation, velocity, and acceleration. We propose to solve it with two energy objectives: one minimizes the auto-regressive prediction error of intensity variation by its past samples, and the other minimizes video frame’s reconstruction error along the motion trajectory. To efficiently address the optimization problem for these coefficients, we propose the dynamic filtering solution inspired by video’s temporal coherence. The optimal estimation of these coefficients is reformulated into a dynamic fusion of the prior estimate from pixel’s temporal predecessor and the maximum likelihood estimate from current new observation. Finally, frame rate up-conversion is implemented using motion-compensated interpolation by pixel-wise intensity variation and motion trajectory. Benefited from the advanced model and dynamic filtering, the interpolated frame has much better visual quality. Extensive experiments on the natural and synthesized videos demonstrate the superiority of HOMDF over the state-of-the-art methods in both subjective and objective comparisons.
The synaptology of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex

Electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry with a monoclonal antibody against parvalbumin (PV) were combined to analyze the distribution and morphology of PV‐immunoreactive (PV‐IR) neurons and the synaptology of PV‐IR processes in the principal sulcus of the macaque prefrontal cortex. Parvalbumin‐IR neurons are present in layers II–VI of the macaque principal sulcus (Walker's area 46) and are concentrated in a band centered around layer IV. PV‐IR cells are exclusively non‐pyramidal in shape and are morphologically heterogeneous with soma sizes ranging from less than 10 μm to greater than 20 μm. Well‐labeled neurons that could be classified on the basis of soma size and dendritic configuration resembled large basket and chandelier cells. A novel finding is that supragranular PV‐IR neurons exhibit dendritic patterns with predominantly vertical orientations, whereas infragranular cells exhibit mostly horizontal or oblique dendritic orientations. PV‐IR cells within layer IV exhibit a mixture of dendritic arrangements. Vertical rows of PV‐IR puncta, 15–30 μm in length, resembling the “cartridges” of chandelier cell axons were most dense in layers II, superficial III, and the granular layer IV but were not observed in the infragranular layers. Cartridges were often present beneath unlabeled, presumed pyramidal cells. PV‐IR puncta also formed pericellular nests around pyramidal cell somata and proximal dendrites, suggestive of basket cell innervation. PV‐IR axons were occasionally observed in the white matter underlying the principal sulcus.
Reduced global brain metabolism but maintained vascular function in amnestic mild cognitive impairment

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment represents an early stage of Alzheimer’s disease, and characterization of physiological alterations in mild cognitive impairment is an important step toward accurate diagnosis and intervention of this condition. To investigate the extent of neurodegeneration in patients with mild cognitive impairment, whole-brain cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in absolute units of µmol O2/min/100 g was quantified in 44 amnestic mild cognitive impairment and 28 elderly controls using a novel, non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging method. We found a 12.9% reduction (p = 0.004) in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in mild cognitive impairment, which was primarily attributed to a reduction in the oxygen extraction fraction, by 10% (p = 0.016). Global cerebral blood flow was not found to be different between groups. Another aspect of vascular function, cerebrovascular reactivity, was measured by CO2-inhalation magnetic resonance imaging and was found to be equivalent between groups. Therefore, there seems to be a global, diffuse diminishment in neural function in mild cognitive impairment, while their vascular function did not show a significant reduction.
Is adolescent-onset first-episode psychosis different from adult onset?

OBJECTIVE To examine whether first-episode psychosis patients with onset during adolescence (ages 15-18) differ significantly from those with young-adult onset (ages 19-30). METHOD Consecutive patients presenting with first-episode psychosis (N = 242) were assessed for demographic and illness characteristics such as duration of untreated psychosis, diagnosis, length of prodromal period, premorbid adjustment, level of psychotic, negative, depressive, anxiety, and extrapyramidal symptoms, and alcohol and drug use. RESULTS Eighty-two patients (40.8%) had an onset of psychosis during adolescence (ages 15-18) and 119 (59.2%) during young adulthood (ages 19-30). The adolescent-onset group experienced longer delays in treatment of psychosis (duration of untreated psychosis) (p < .02), showed modestly worse premorbid functioning during late adolescence (p < .05), and were more likely to present with bizarre behavior (p < .01) and primary negative symptoms (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Patients with adolescent onset of psychosis are more likely to present with clinical characteristics that portend a poorer outcome and may require a different approach to early identification and treatment.
Effect of pulsed high intensity Nd : YAG laser on healing of experimental burn wound

Wound healing is a complex and long lasting biochemical and biologic process. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of 1046-nm Pulsed High Intensity Nd: YAG Laser in the treatment of 3 rd degree experimental burn wound on rats. Twenty four clinical healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with induced two full thickness burn wound measuring 6 cm 2 on the dorsal aspect, one wound act as control and the other as study. The control wound receive only standard wound care without laser and the study wound received 8 weeks pulsed high intensity laser 350 J/cm 2 in three phases (initial, intermediate and final phase) according to designed protocol. The result revealed that there was statistical significant difference in wound surface area (WSA) and percentage of healing (%) for study wound after 2,4,6 and 8 weeks as compared to control wound. In conclusion pulsed high intensity Nd: YAG laser was an effective, non invasive and a new trend physical therapy modality in the healing of 3 rd
Calcification retrieval at stereotactic, 11-gauge, directional, vacuum-assisted breast biopsy.

PURPOSE To determine the frequencies of calcification retrieval and histologic underestimates at stereotactic, 11-gauge, directional, vacuum-assisted breast biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review of records revealed 112 calcific lesions in 80 women (aged 31-85 years) who underwent stereotactic, 11-gauge, directional, vacuum-assisted biopsy; a mean of 14 specimens per lesion were obtained. Calcification retrieval was defined as identification of calcifications on radiographs of specimens. Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) underestimates were lesions that yielded ADH at stereotactic biopsy and carcinoma at surgery. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) underestimates were lesions that yielded DCIS at stereotactic biopsy and infiltrating carcinoma at surgery. Mammograms, stereotactic images, radiographs of specimens, and histologic findings were reviewed. RESULTS Stereotactic, 11-gauge, directional, vacuum-assisted biopsy removed all calcifications in 51 (46%) lesions, some calcifications in 55 (49%) lesions, and no calcifications in six (5%) lesions. Failure to retrieve calcifications was significantly more likely in lesions 5 mm or smaller (12% [five of 43] vs 1% [one of 69], P = .03), in calcifications with amorphous morphology (21% [three of 14] vs 3% [three of 98], P < .03), or if the probe was fired outside the breast (12% [five of 40] vs 1% [one of 72], P = .02). Surgery revealed DCIS in one (10%) of 10 lesions that yielded ADH at stereotactic biopsy. Surgery revealed infiltrating carcinoma in one (5%) of 21 lesions that yielded DCIS at stereotactic biopsy. No underestimation occurred when all calcifications were removed. CONCLUSION Stereotactic, 11-gauge, directional, vacuum-assisted biopsy resulted in successful calcification retrieval in 106 (95%) of 112 cases. Histologic underestimation was infrequent.
Downward Wage Rigidities in the Euro Area

This paper estimates wage equations to test for changes in the responsiveness of wages to unemployment using panel estimates which pool the data across the euro area countries. More specifically, we investigate whether the sensitivity of euro area wages to movements in unemployment is different during downturns (i.e., downward wage rigidity), whether it has changed during the crisis and which institutional features might be driving the results. We find evidence of a lower responsiveness of wages to unemployment during downturns, consistent with the stylised facts that euro area wages are rigid downwards. We also find that the degree of downward wage rigidity has declined as the crisis became more prolonged. Overall, it seems that much of the downward wage rigidity reflects institutional factors, such as a high degree of union coverage and employment protection. Additionally, a rising share of the long-term unemployed lowers the responsiveness of wages to unemployment while a rising share of temporary labour seems to dampen wage growth.
[Correlation between severe preeclampsia and abnormal expression of long-chain fatty acid oxidative enzyme].

OBJECTIVE To explore the correlation between severe preeclampsia and abnormal expression of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD). METHODS Serum-free trophoblast cells cultured in vitro were divided into 4 groups under the stimulations of normal pregnancy serum (NP group), early onset severe preeclampsia serum (E-PE group), late onset severe preeclampsia serum (L-PE group) and HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes & low platelets) syndrome serum (HELLP group) respectively. The expressions of mRNA and protein of LCHAD in trophoblast cells were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. RESULT (1) Expression of LCHAD mRNA: the relative expressions of mRNA of LCHAD in NP, E-PE, L-PE and HELLP groups were 1.00 ± 0.00, 3.08 ± 0.22, 1.62 ± 0.23 and 3.36 ± 0.18 respectively. The relative expressions of LCHAD mRNA were significantly reduced in the E-PE, L-PE and HELLP groups versus the NP group (P < 0.05). Compared with the L-PE group, the gene expressions of LCHAD significantly decreased in the E-PE and HELLP groups (P < 0.05) while no significant difference was found between the E-PE and HELLP groups (P > 0.05). (2) Expression of LCHAD protein: the relative expressions of LCHAD protein were 4.94 ± 0.02, 2.93 ± 0.13, 4.14 ± 0.06 and 2.80 ± 0.09 in the NP, E-PE, L-PE and HELLP groups respectively. The protein expressions of LCHAD were remarkably reduced in the E-PE, L-PE and HELLP groups versus the NP group (P < 0.05). The expressions of LCHAD protein remarkably decreased in the E-PE and HELLP groups versus the L-PE group (P < 0.05) while no significant difference was found between the E-PE and HELLP groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Long chain fatty acid oxidation is involved in the pathogenesis and development of preeclampsia. The expressions of LCHAD gene and protein are remarkably affected by early onset severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. The interacting mechanism and influence between fatty acid oxidation and the development of preeclampsia are worth further exploring.
Hepatocyte-Derived Snail1 Propagates Liver Fibrosis Progression

ABSTRACT Chronic exposure of the liver to hepatotoxic agents initiates an aberrant wound healing response marked by proinflammatory, as well as fibrotic, changes, leading to compromised organ structure and function. In a variety of pathological states, correlative links have been established between tissue fibrosis and the expression of transcription factors associated with the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal cell transition (EMT) programs similar to those engaged during development. However, the role played by endogenously derived, EMT-associated transcription factors in fibrotic states in vivo remains undefined. Using a mouse model of acute liver fibrosis, we demonstrate that hepatocytes upregulate the expression of the zinc finger transcriptional repressor, Snail1, during tissue remodeling. Hepatocyte-specific ablation of Snail1 demonstrates that this transcription factor plays a key role in liver fibrosis progression in vivo by triggering the proximal genetic programs that control multiple aspects of fibrogenesis, ranging from growth factor expression and extracellular matrix biosynthesis to the ensuing chronic inflammatory responses that characterize this class of pathological disorders.
Examples and the facilitation of student learning: should instructors provide examples or should students generate their own?

ABSTRACT This study examined learning differences for students who were given instructor-provided examples during a lesson compared with student-generated examples. In an experiment, 348 students were exposed to an online lesson about fear appeals and were randomly assigned to either a condition where (a) examples of key concepts were provided by the instructor, (b) students were asked to provide their own hypothetical examples of key concepts, or (c) students were asked to provide their own personal examples of key concepts. Data were analyzed to examine differences in students’ test scores while controlling for the impact of their familiarity with the material and grade point averages. Results revealed that, compared with students exposed to instructor-provided examples, students who generated their own scored lower on a test of recall and application. This outcome was modeled using path analysis specifying a moderated serial mediation effect. Specifically, instructor-provided examples created higher lesson clarity for students which helped them organize the lesson material into a more coherent mental model and, subsequently, score higher on the test. The serial indirect effect of example type on learning occurred most prominently for students who were disinterested in the lesson material.
HIV-1 Accessory Protein Vpu Internalizes Cell-surface BST-2/Tetherin through Transmembrane Interactions Leading to Lysosomes*

Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2, also known as tetherin) is a recently identified interferon-inducible host restriction factor that can block the production of enveloped viruses by trapping virus particles at the cell surface. This antiviral effect is counteracted by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein viral protein U (Vpu). Here we show that HIV-1 Vpu physically interacts with BST-2 through their mutual transmembrane domains and leads to the degradation of this host factor via a lysosomal, not proteasomal, pathway. The degradation is partially controlled by a cellular protein, β-transducin repeat-containing protein (βTrCP), which is known to be required for the Vpu-induced degradation of CD4. Importantly, targeting of BST-2 by Vpu occurs at the plasma membrane followed by the active internalization of this host protein by Vpu independently of constitutive endocytosis. Thus, the primary site of action of Vpu is the plasma membrane, where Vpu targets and internalizes cell-surface BST-2 through transmembrane interactions, leading to lysosomal degradation, partially in a βTrCP-dependent manner. Also, we propose the following configuration of BST-2 in tethering virions to the cell surface; each of the dimerized BST-2 molecules acts as a bridge between viral and cell membranes.
Plexin C1 Engagement on Mouse Dendritic Cells by Viral Semaphorin A39R Induces Actin Cytoskeleton Rearrangement and Inhibits Integrin-Mediated Adhesion and Chemokine-Induced Migration

The poxvirus A39R protein is a member of the semaphorin family previously reported to bind plexin C1. We show that, in the mouse, plexin C1 is expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils and is the only receptor for A39R on these cells. The biological effects of a recombinant form of A39R were examined in vitro on mouse DCs derived from wild-type or plexin C1−/− mice. A39R binding to plexin C1 on DCs inhibited integrin-mediated adhesion and spreading in vitro. This phenomenon was accompanied by a decrease in integrin signaling, measured by focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation, and a rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, without inducing DC maturation or affecting their viability. The A39R effect on DC adhesion was blocked by a specific inhibitor of cofilin phosphorylation, suggesting that the regulation of F-actin turnover by plexin C1 was essential to induce cellular retraction. Furthermore, A39R binding to plexin C1 inhibited chemokine-induced migration of DCs in vitro, suggesting that plexins and semaphorins could be involved in the regulation of leukocyte movement.
The Design of Pension Schemes

This paper explores possible alternatives for the current Dutch first pillar pension scheme (AOW). It presents the welfare, labour market, saving and unintended bequest effects of a shift from a Beveridge towards a Bismarck system in which the pension rights depend on the labour market history. The paper focuses on the insurance with the AOW against both longevity and productivity risk. The main conclusion is that a shift of the first pillar pensions from a Beveridge towards a Bismarck system is not necessarily welfare improving from an ex-ante insurance perspective, i.e. before the veil of ignorance is lifted. Moreover, a means test of the first pillar against wealth income, which implies a lower AOW when an individual has wealth income and a lower pension premium for everyone, does not improve welfare.
Probing the Structure of the Dimeric KtrB Membrane Protein*

The KtrAB ion transporter is a complex of two proteins, KtrB and KtrA. The integral membrane protein KtrB is expected to adopt the structural architecture typified by the pore domain of potassium channels. Here we show that homo-dimerization of KtrB proteins is most likely a general property of this family of transporters. Using cysteine mutants and bifunctional cross-linkers we define regions of the Bacillus subtilis KtrB molecule that are close to the molecular 2-fold axis and to the dimer interface. Fitting of the cross-linking data to a potassium channel-like model suggests structural similarities between potassium channels and KtrB proteins in the extracellular half of the molecule and differences in the cytoplasmic regions.
Split-share structure reform and the underpricing of Chinese initial public offerings

ABSTRACT This paper analyses whether the extreme underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs) in China has been alleviated by the split-share structure reform in 2005. As an external policy shock to IPO firms, this Reform was designed to convert non-tradable shares into tradable shares, with the potentials to restore the distorted supply–demand relationship of newly issued shares and reduce the information asymmetry in Chinese stock market. Analysing a sample of IPOs in China from 2000 to 2011, we find that the split-share structure reform significantly reduced the magnitude of IPO underpricing since 2005. It had different impacts on the IPO shares issued by state-owned enterprise (SOEs) and non-SOEs. While IPO shares issued by SOEs and non-SOEs had similar underpricing rates before the Reform, non-SOE IPOs show lower underpricing than those of SOEs after the Reform. Furthermore, compared with IPOs issued by SOEs controlled by the central government, those issued by local governments controlled SOEs are more underpriced after the Reform.
QTL‐seq approach identified genomic regions and diagnostic markers for rust and late leaf spot resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Summary Rust and late leaf spot (LLS) are the two major foliar fungal diseases in groundnut, and their co‐occurrence leads to significant yield loss in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality. To identify candidate genomic regions controlling resistance to rust and LLS, whole‐genome resequencing (WGRS)‐based approach referred as ‘QTL‐seq’ was deployed. A total of 231.67 Gb raw and 192.10 Gb of clean sequence data were generated through WGRS of resistant parent and the resistant and susceptible bulks for rust and LLS. Sequence analysis of bulks for rust and LLS with reference‐guided resistant parent assembly identified 3136 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for rust and 66 SNPs for LLS with the read depth of ≥7 in the identified genomic region on pseudomolecule A03. Detailed analysis identified 30 nonsynonymous SNPs affecting 25 candidate genes for rust resistance, while 14 intronic and three synonymous SNPs affecting nine candidate genes for LLS resistance. Subsequently, allele‐specific diagnostic markers were identified for three SNPs for rust resistance and one SNP for LLS resistance. Genotyping of one RIL population (TAG 24 × GPBD 4) with these four diagnostic markers revealed higher phenotypic variation for these two diseases. These results suggest usefulness of QTL‐seq approach in precise and rapid identification of candidate genomic regions and development of diagnostic markers for breeding applications.
Transcription reinitiation rate: a special role for the TATA box

Promoters need to specify both the timing of transcriptional induction and the amount of transcript synthesized. In order to explore each of these effects separately, in vitro assays for the level of active preinitiation complex formation and for the rate of continuous RNA production were done. The effects were found to be influenced differently by different promoter elements. A consensus TATA element had a very strong effect on the rate of continuous RNA production, whereas two types of activators were important primarily in forming active transcription preinitiation complexes. Consensus TATA promoters exhibited high rates of continuous transcription; they assembled active preinitiation transcription complexes slowly but then produced transcripts continuously at an approximately fivefold-higher rate. Initiator-containing TATA-less promoters produced continuous transcripts slowly. Point mutations in the TATA element led to lower levels of transcription by reducing the number of preinitiation complexes and amplifying this reduction by lowering the apparent reinitiation rate. The results allow understanding of the sequence diversity of promoter elements in terms of specifying separate controls over the sensitivity of gene induction and over the strength of the induced promoter.