Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dissection of the neuron network in the catfish inner retina. I. Transmission to ganglion cells.

1. To characterize the signal transmission from amacrine to ganglion cells, and to identify the filter that transforms amacrine-cell responses into ganglion-cell spike discharges, an extrinsic current, either sinusoidally or white-noise modulated, was injected into an amacrine cell and the resulting extracellular spike discharges were recorded from a neighboring ganglion cell. For the sinusoidal inputs, PST (poststimulus time) histograms were produced; for the white-noise inputs, first- and second-order Wiener kernels were computed by a cross-correlation process. 2. Extrinsic current injected either into a type-N (sustained) amacrine cell or a type-C (transient) amacrine cell modulated the spike discharges of nearby ganglion cells, whether of the "ON," "ON-OFF" or "OFF" types. We identified two modes of signal transmission, fast (probably monosynaptic) and slow (probably polysynaptic) transmission. Signal transmission from amacrine to ganglion cells of the same response polarity i.e., from type-NA (depolarizing, sustained) amacrine to ON-ganglion cell and from-NB (hyperpolarizing, sustained) amacrine to OFF-ganglion cell, was either fast or slow. Similarly, the signal transmission from type-C to either ON- or OFF-ganglion cells was either fast or slow. 3. The signal transmission from amacrine to ganglion cell of the opposite response polarity, i.e., from type-NA to OFF-ganglion cell and from type-NB to ON-ganglion cell, was always slow. 4. Fast transmission from type-N amacrine to a ganglion cell of the same polarity, or from type-C to either ON- or OFF-ganglion cells was always sign-noninverting. The transfer function was lowpass, with a cutoff frequency of 30 Hz. 5. Slow transmission from any type of amacrine cell (either type-NA, -NB or -C) to ON-ganglion cells was always sign inverting, whereas from any amacrine to OFF-ganglion cells was always sign-noninverting. The transfer function for the slow transmission was narrow bandpass, with a cutoff frequency of 30-40 Hz.
Calving performance in the endangered Murboden cattle breed: genetic parameters and inbreeding depression.

Summary Calving is a key event on any cattle farm, with both economic and animal welfare consequences when complications arise. Although mostly reported in highly selected breeds, problematic calving performance is also a worry to the unselected dualpurpose Murboden breed, local to Austria. Th is study presents genetic parameter estimates for calving ease and stillbirth in Murboden cattle. Furthermore, a potential eff ect of inbreeding on the breeds’ calving performance is evaluated. Results show a moderate direct and maternal heritability (0.18±0.04; 0.11±0.02) and a signifi cant negative direct-maternal genetic correlation for calving ease (-0.41±0.10). Heritabilities of stillbirth are low yet signifi cant (0.048±0.01; 0.018±0.007). A signifi cant eff ect of inbreeding was detected on maternal calving ease i.e. the ease with which a dam calves. By categorizing the inbreeding coeffi cients of the dam in six ascending classes it was shown that calving ease worsens as inbreeding coeffi cients become larger. Results of this study reveal signifi cant genetic variation in calving performance of the Murboden breed which opens doors for genetic selection. An additional important aspect of this study is that its result on inbreeding depression gives counterweight to the general intuitive notion in literature that high selection for production traits is the major contributor to calving diffi culty in dairy and beef cattle breeds worldwide.
Predictive Adaptive Responses: Condition‐Dependent Impact of Adult Nutrition and Flight in the Tropical Butterfly Bicyclus anynana

The experience of environmental stress during development can substantially affect an organism’s life history. These effects are often mainly negative, but a growing number of studies suggest that under certain environmental conditions early experience of such stress may yield individuals that are less sensitive to environmental stress later on in life. We used the butterfly Bicyclus anynana to study the effects of limited larval and adult food and forced flight on individual performance measured as reproduction and adult life span. Larvae exposed to food stress showed longer development and produced smaller adults. Thus, they were not able to fully compensate for the food deprivation during development. Females that experienced food stress during development did not increase tolerance for adult food limitation. However, females exposed to food stress during development coped better with forced flight compared with the control group. The apparent absence of costs of flight in poor‐quality females may be a by‐product of an altered body allocation, as females experiencing both food stress treatments had increased thorax ratios, compared with controls, and increased flight performances. The results reveal an important plasticity component to variation in flight performance and suggest that the cost of flight depends on an individual’s internal condition.
Association between QTLs and morphological traits toward sheath blight resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Sheath blight is considered the most significant disease of rice and causes enormous yield losses over the world. Breeding for resistant varieties is the only viable option to combat the disease efficiently. Seventeen diverged rice genotypes along with 17 QTL-linked SSR markers were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Pearson’s correlation showed only the flag leaf angle had a significant correlation with sheath blight resistance under greenhouse screening. Multivariate analysis based on UPGMA clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the flag leaf angle, flag leaf length, and plant compactness were significantly associated with the following SSR marker alleles: RM209 (116,130), RM202 (176), RM224 (126), RM257 (156), RM426 (175), and RM6971 (196), which are linked to the SB QTLs: QRlh11, qSBR11-3, qSBR11-1, qSBR9-1, qShB3-2, and qSB-9. A Mantel test suggested a weak relationship between the observed phenotypes and allelic variation patterns, implying the independent nature of morphological and molecular variations. Teqing and Tetep were found to be the most resistant cultivars. IR65482-4-136-2-2, MR219-4, and MR264 showed improved resistance potentials. These results suggest that the morphological traits and QTLs which have been found to associate with sheath blight resistance are a good choice to enhance resistance through pyramiding either 2 QTLs or QTLs and traits in susceptible rice cultivars.
Serine Proteases Are Involved in the Pathogenesis of Trauma-Hemorrhagic Shock-Induced Gut and Lung Injury

The objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that intraluminal serine proteases are involved in trauma-hemorrhagic shock (T/HS)-induced intestinal and lung injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administrated the serine protease inhibitor (6-amidino-2-naphthyl p-guanidinobenzoate dimethanesulfate, Nafamostat) either intraluminally into the gut or intravenously after a laparotomy (trauma) and then subjected to 90 min of hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) or sham shock (T/SS). Intestinal and lung injury was assessed at 3 h after resuscitation with Ringer's lactate solution. In a second set of experiments, mesenteric lymph was collected from the groups of rats subjected to T/HS or T/SS and its ability to activate normal neutrophils was tested. Lung permeability, pulmonary myeloperoxidase levels, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein to plasma protein ratio were increased after T/HS but were significantly decreased in the T/HS rats receiving intraluminal (P < 0.05), but not intravenous, nafamostat. Likewise, T/HS-induced intestinal villus injury was less in the nafamostat-treated shock rats (P < 0.05). Last, the ability of T/HS mesenteric lymph to increase PMN CD11b expression or prime neutrophils for an augmented respiratory burst was significantly reduced by the intraluminal administration of nafamostat. Because intraluminal nafamostat reduced T/HS-induced gut and lung injury as well as the neutrophil activating ability of intestinal T/HS lymph, the presence of serine proteases in the ischemic gut may play an important role in T/HS-induced gut and hence lung injury.
Social and symbolic aspects of Minoan writing

This article looks at the non-utilitarian functions of writing in Crete during the Palatial period. It argues that writing was used as a marker of status and prestige and that it was also used for communication with the divine. It also attempts to interpret what have usually been seen as isolated examples of writing systems as pseudo-writing.
[Overweight children--how important is the urban/rural factor?].

BACKGROUND Targeted measures to prevent overweight children are dependent on a knowledge of which environmental factors play a part. We wanted to investigate whether overweight in Norwegian eight-year-olds is related to whether they live in urban or rural areas. MATERIAL AND METHOD In the cross-sectional study "Children's growth in Norway 2008", the weight, height and waist of 3473 eight-year-olds were measured. We examined relationships between overweight and waist measurement and centrality, population density and number of inhabitants in the municipalities where the children lived by means of regression analyses. RESULT In adjusted analyses, the odds on children in central municipalities being overweight was 34 lower than for children in less central municipalities (OR = 0.66; 95 % CI: 0.46-0.94), and children in municipalities with a high population density had on average 0.66 cm smaller waists than children in municipalities with a low population density (95 % CI: 0.02-1.31). The relationships between overweight and the explanatory variables population density and number of inhabitants, and between waist measurement and the explanatory variables centrality and population density showed the same tendency, but were not statistically significant in the adjusted analyses. INTERPRETATION The results indicate that there is a higher percentage of overweight children in rural areas than in urban areas. Education and income level in the municipalities appeared to explain some of the effect of the urbanity variables on overweight and waist measurement.
Actual Interaction and Client Centeredness in Home Care

The purpose of this study is to explore client-nurse interaction from a client perspective with respect to client-centered care. A grounded theory study was conducted with Dutch clients who were chronically ill and receiving home care. Data were collected by focus interviews with 8 client informants, participatory observations with 45 clients, and semistructured interviews with 6 clients. The core category actual interaction was identified. Six patterns of actual interaction were distinguished. Changes in actual interaction could be related to changes in desired participation by the client and in allowed client participation by the professional. From the client's perspective, client-centeredness means congruence between desired and allowed participation. Congruence was experienced with consent, dialogue, and consuming. Congruence is not necessarily synonymous with promoting patient participation or with doing as the client wants. Ongoing attentiveness, responsiveness, promotion of client autonomy, and being a critical caregiver are recommended.
Temporal variations of Hsp 60 and HSF-1 in primary rat myocardial cells in vitro under heat stress

The mechanisms involved in sudden animal death due to acute heart failure during heat stress are not well understood. We examined the relationship between heat stress-induced variations of protective Hsp60 and expression of its regulatory factor, HSF-1, in heat-stressed primary myocardial cells of neonatal rats in vitro through cardiac enzyme detection, immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and qPCR. Increases in cardiac damage-related enzyme levels demonstrated injury to myocardial cells after heat exposure at 42°C. Hsp60 expression levels fluctuated during heat stress; they decreased significantly after 20 min, then increased at 120 min and decreased again at 360 min after initiation of heat stress. The highest levels of Hsp60 were observed at 240 min, while the lowest were at 60 min. Damage to myocardial cells was characterized by increases in cardiac
The Identification of Maize and Arabidopsis Type I FLAVONE SYNTHASEs Links Flavones with Hormones and Biotic Interactions1[OPEN]

Two novel flavone synthase enzymes from maize and Arabidopsis integrate flavone metabolism with hormone and biotic stress responses. Flavones are a major group of flavonoids with diverse functions and are extensively distributed in land plants. There are two different classes of FLAVONE SYNTHASE (FNS) enzymes that catalyze the conversion of the flavanones into flavones. The FNSI class comprises soluble Fe2+/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, and FNSII enzymes are oxygen- and NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 membrane-bound monooxygenases. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of FNSI enzymes from maize (Zea mays) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In maize, ZmFNSI-1 is expressed at significantly higher levels in silks and pericarps expressing the 3-deoxy flavonoid R2R3-MYB regulator P1, suggesting that ZmFNSI-1 could be the main enzyme for the synthesis of flavone O-glycosides. We also show here that DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANT6 (AtDMR6), the Arabidopsis homologous enzyme to ZmFNSI-1, has FNSI activity. While dmr6 mutants show loss of susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae, transgenic dmr6 plants expressing ZmFNSI-1 show similar susceptibility to wild-type plants, demonstrating that ZmFNSI-1 can complement the mutant phenotype. AtDMR6 expression analysis showed a tissue- and developmental stage-dependent pattern, with high expression in cauline and senescing leaves. Finally, we show that Arabidopsis cauline and senescing leaves accumulate apigenin, demonstrating that Arabidopsis plants have an FNSI activity involved in the biosynthesis of flavones. The results presented here also suggest cross talk between the flavone and salicylic acid pathways in Arabidopsis; in this way, pathogens would induce flavones to decrease salicylic acid and, hence, increase susceptibility.
Utility of double-balloon enteroscopy in patients with left ventricular assist devices and obscure overt gastrointestinal bleeding

Obscure overt gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) is a challenge in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). We evaluated the utility and safety of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in patients with LVADs in an observational consecutive-patient cohort from a single tertiary referral center. Ten patients with LVADs underwent thirteen DBEs for obscure OGIB. The first OGIB event necessitating DBE occurred after a mean of 512 ± 363 days of LVAD support. All patients underwent DBE, eleven anterograde and two retrograde, with a mean insertion depth 176 ± 85 cm. Diagnostic yield was 69 % with the primary bleeding lesion most frequently found in the mid-bowel. The most common lesions were arteriovenous malformations. Therapeutic yield with argon plasma coagulation (APC), epinephrine injection, and/or hemoclip placement was 89 %. There were no procedure-related complications. DBE in patients with LVADs has good diagnostic yield and high therapeutic yield for obscure OGIB and is safe and well tolerated.
Oigarche: The Age at First Ejaculation *

Summary: In our study the mean age of the age at first ejaculation in Belgium is 13 yrs 2 mos, corresponding with a testicular volume of 10 ml with the orchidometer of Prader. These data are in agreement with those of Laron et al. (1980) and Richardson and Short (1978). The relationship between the age at first ejaculation and the testicular volume means that once this testicular volume (10 ml) has been reached, the question about the presence of ejaculations no longer need be posed “prematurely” (and becomes the possible cause of feelings of inferiority). The age at first ejaculation certainly can be used as an index of genital and sexual maturation in male puberty.
Symbolic Music Data Version 1.0

In this document, we introduce a new dataset designed for training machine learning models of symbolic music data. Five datasets are provided, one of which is from a newly collected corpus of 20K midi files. We describe our preprocessing and cleaning pipeline, which includes the exclusion of a number of files based on scores from a previously developed probabilistic machine learning model. We also define training, testing and validation splits for the new dataset, based on a clustering scheme which we also describe. Some simple histograms are included.
Sonographically Guided Minimally Invasive Treatment of Unusual Ectopic Pregnancies

Objective. To present our experience with sonographically guided treatment of unusual ectopic pregnancies, defined as heterotopic pregnancies and pregnancies occurring at ectopic locations other than the extracornual portion of the fallopian tube. Methods. We retrieved and reviewed all cases of unusual ectopic pregnancies that underwent sonographically guided therapy at our institution. Twenty‐seven cases were identified, from 1992 through 2003, including 18 cervical, 6 cornual, 1 tubal heterotopic, and 2 cesarean scar implantations. Results. All of the cervical ectopic, cornual ectopic, and tubal heterotopic pregnancies were treated by sonographically guided injection of potassium chloride into the ectopic gestational sac or fetus. Guidance was via transvaginal sonography in all 18 cervical pregnancies, 3 of the 6 cornual pregnancies, and the tubal heterotopic pregnancy, and via transabdominal sonography in 3 cornual ectopic pregnancies. One of the cesarean scar pregnancies was treated by transvaginally guided potassium chloride injection, and the other was treated via transabdominally guided dilation and evacuation. Treatment was successful in 25 of the 27 patients, including all 23 patients with an ectopic pregnancy and no concomitant intrauterine pregnancy. Four patients had concomitant intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies (1 cervical, 2 cornual, and 1 tubal); in 3 the intrauterine fetuses resulted in live‐born infants, and in the fourth the intrauterine pregnancy was electively terminated. Eight of the 27 patients had subsequent intrauterine pregnancies. Conclusions. Sonographically guided minimally invasive treatments of unusual ectopic pregnancies are safe and effective alternatives to surgical and systemic medical therapy. These treatments ablate the ectopic pregnancy, permit normal continuation of a concomitant intrauterine pregnancy, and preserve the uterus for subsequent pregnancies.
Contribution of immunohistochemistry to diagnostic problems of human cerebral tumors.

Immunocytochemical localization of the glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein (an astrocyte-associated protein) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method of Sternberger is currently being employed to assist in the diagnosis of human brain tumors. Positive reaction to GFA protein antibody has been demonstrated in the following tumors: astrocytomas, astroblastomas, ghioblastomas, ependymomas, subependymomas, and the astrocytic cells of mixed ghiomas. Negative reaction to GFA protein antibody is found in primitive neuroepithehial cells, ganghion cells, ohigodendroglia, choroid plexus epithehium, vascular endothehium, meningeal cells, fibroblasts, and other mesenchymal elements. The method combines a high degree of specificity with extreme sensitivity, which renders it superior to even the best results obtained so far with histologic stains specific to neuroghial fibers, such as Mallory’s phosphotungstic acid-hematoxyhin. It is proving of particular diagnostic importance in the following problems: 1) the demonstration of astrocytic cellular differentiation in either primitive or highly anaplastic CNS tumors; 2) the study of mixed tumors of the central nervous system, i.e. mixed ghiomas, mixed ghiomas and sarcomas, and gangliogliomas; 3) the demonstration of the ghial nature of tumors, such as astroblastomas, in which fibril formation is either scant or absent; 4) the diagnosis of ghiomas invading or metastasizing into the meninges and in extraneural sites; and 5) the exclusion of nonghial tumors that may superficially resemble astrocytomas. We believe that immunohistochemical determination of the GFA protein will soon be regarded as an essential tool for the more precise identification of diagnostically difficult brain tumors.
Availability of Ferric Iron for Microbial Reduction in Bottom Sediments of the Freshwater Tidal Potomac River

The distribution of Fe(III), its availability for microbial reduction, and factors controlling Fe(III) availability were investigated in sediments from a freshwater site in the Potomac River Estuary. Fe(III) reduction in sediments incubated under anaerobic conditions and depth profiles of oxalate-extractable Fe(III) indicated that Fe(III) reduction was limited to depths of 4 cm or less, with the most intense Fe(III) reduction in the top 1 cm. In incubations of the upper 4 cm of the sediments, Fe(III) reduction was as important as methane production as a pathway for anaerobic electron flow because of the high rates of Fe(III) reduction in the 0- to 0.5-cm interval. Most of the oxalate-extractable Fe(III) in the sediments was not reduced and persisted to a depth of at least 20 cm. The incomplete reduction was not the result of a lack of suitable electron donors. The oxalate-extractable Fe(III) that was preserved in the sediments was considered to be in a form other than amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide, since synthetic amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide, amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide adsorbed onto clay, and amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide saturated with adsorbed phosphate or fulvic acids were all readily reduced. Fe3O4 and the mixed Fe(III)-Fe(II) compound(s) that were produced during the reduction of amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide in an enrichment culture were oxalate extractable but were not reduced, suggesting that mixed Fe(III)-Fe(II) compounds might account for the persistence of oxalate-extractable Fe(III) in the sediments. The availability of microbially reducible Fe(III) in surficial sediments demonstrates that microbial Fe(III) reduction can be important to organic matter decomposition and iron geochemistry. However, the overall extent of microbial Fe(III) reduction is governed by the inability of microorganisms to reduce most of the Fe(III) in the sediment.
"Avoir un rôle de tuteur...": qui et dans quel travail ?

Alors que le debat social accorde une place nouvelle a la transmission des savoirs professionnels entre " anciens " et " nouveaux " (notamment a propos des contrats de generation), l'observatoire Evrest fournit sur ce sujet, a partir de donnees recueillies par les medecins du travail, quelques indications interessantes pour les annees 2010-2011. Environ un quart des salaries interroges - davantage chez les cadres - a eu dans l'annee " un role de formateur, de tuteur ". En dehors de la categorie des cadres, la proportion de " tuteurs " diminue avec l'âge : il y a bien des " tuteurs " seniors, mais ils sont moins nombreux que chez les jeunes. En termes de conditions de travail, les " tuteurs " semblent davantage soumis a la pression du temps ; en particulier, ils depassent souvent leurs horaires normaux de travail. Cette pression accrue est, d'une certaine facon, " compensee " par un plus fort sentiment de reconnaissance, et de plus nombreuses occasions d'apprendre dans le travail.