Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the link between volatility and growth

A model of growth with endogenous innovation and distortionary taxes is presented. Since innovation is the only source of volatility, any variable that influences innovation directly affects volatility and growth. This joint endogeneity is illustrated by working out the effects through which economies with different tax levels differ in their volatility and growth process. We obtain analytical measures of macro volatility based on cyclical output and on output growth rates for plausible parametric restrictions. This analysis implies that controls for taxes should be included in the standard growth-volatility regressions. Our estimates show that the conventional Ramey–Ramey coefficient is affected sizeably. In addition, tax levels do indeed appear to affect volatility in our empirical application.
Biphasic Autoregulation of Mineralocorticoid Receptor mRNA in the Medial Septal Nucleus by Aldosterone

The time-dependent action of aldosterone was analyzed on the regulation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNAs in the brain. Bilaterally adrenalectomized rats were injected subcutaneously with a single low dose of aldosterone (0.01 mg/kg, s.c.). By means of in situ hybridization MR and GR mRNA levels were studied in autoradiograms 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after the hormone injection in brain regions related to stress responses, i.e. subregions of the dorsal hippocampus (CA1 to CA4 and dentate gyrus), the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and the septum. The findings show a biphasic regulation of MR mRNA levels in the medial septal nucleus with substantial increases after 4 h (79% increase) followed by substantial decreases in MR mRNA levels after 24 h (71% decrease), whereas no changes in MR mRNA levels were observed in the lateral septal nucleus. A negative autoregulation of hippocampal MR mRNA levels was observed only in the CA2 subregion (38% decrease) at the 8-hour time interval. Over the same time interval a negative cross-regulation of GR mRNA by aldosterone was observed in all hippocampal subfields (32–57% decrease) except in CA2. No changes in GR mRNA levels were found in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The time-dependent action of corticosterone (10 mg/kg, s.c.) was analyzed in the same animal model revealing no changes in MR mRNA levels in the medial and lateral septal nuclei. The present findings suggest that the medial septal nucleus shows a unique responsiveness to aldosterone in the adrenalectomized model in terms of biphasic changes in MR mRNA levels. Activated MR in the medial septal nucleus may therefore take part in the regulation of septo-hippocampal cholinergic pathways and thus of limbic circuits.
African American Counselor Educators: Their Experiences, Challenges, and Recommendations.

This study examined tie career experiences of African American counselor educators in programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. Results indicated that African American counselor educators perceived publishing, colleagues' racism, and lack of mentoring as major barriers to the attainment of promotion and tenure. Implications for future research are presented.
Performance Monitoring and the Timing of Cash Flows

* Theoretically, it is net present value, and not the pattern of cash flows over time, that is important to investors. This is true not only for capital expenditure decisions, but also for financing and dividend decisions. However, for the net present value rule to work as theory says it should, the present value of all costs and benefits must be incorporated in the analysis. This includes the costs and benefits of information-gathering and performance-monitoring activities. This paper discusses some possible reasons why firms often appear to disregard the net present value criterion. For instance, management often seems to weigh heavily the pattern and timing of a potential project's cash flows, and to make investment decisions based on the early arrival of these cash flows. A related issue is the firm's dividend decision: it is unclear why management agonizes over, and investors express a
Lichen striatus – a chameleon: An histopathological and immunohistological study of forty‐one cases

Lichen striatus (LS) is an uncommon dermatosis that generally affects children. The histopathology of LS often shows a polymorphic epidermal reaction process of variable lichenoid and spongiotic changes having no specific histopathological criteria or simulating other diseases. In the present study, we have evaluated the histopathological features of 41 biopsy specimens and the immunohistochemical aspects of 10 cases of LS. In 50% of the cases, we found histopathological and immunopathological features constantly present and allowing a correct diagnosis. In 9 cases, the histopathology was not specific, and in 10 cases, a clear differentiation from other diseases was not possible. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated a CD3+ T‐lymphocytic infiltration in which CD8+ cells surrounded necrotic keratinocytes and intraepidermal vesicles filled with Langerhans cells. These findings seem to corroborate the hypothesis that a somatic mutation of a keratinocytic clone could induce an autoimmune response of the host.
Omega-3 Supplementation for Psychotic Mania and Comorbid Anxiety in Children.

OBJECTIVES Therapeutic benefits of omega-3 fatty acids (Ω3) for mood disorders, psychosis, and anxiety have been reported in the literature. The purpose of the present article is to provide a literature review of Ω3 supplementation for affective disorders and to illustrate the benefits of Ω3 with a case presentation of a young girl with a history of bipolar disorder-type 1 with psychotic features and generalized anxiety disorder. METHODS Reviewed literature includes treatment studies of the impact of Ω3 on child mood disorders supplemented by review of meta-analyses within the adult mood disorders literature. The subject of this case report participated in 11 in-depth diagnostic and functional assessments over 5 years as part of an unrelated study. Three years were presupplementation and 2 years were with supplementation with no other medication changes, thus making a naturalistic multiple-baseline single-subject experiment. RESULTS Augmentation over a 2 year period was notable for clinically significant and sustained improvement in depressive, manic, and psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSION Ω3 supplementation may be a safe, adjunct intervention for treating bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, even in the presence of psychotic and anxious features. The 2 year follow-up in this case offers hope of an accumulating and enduring benefit. Further research into mechanisms of Ω3 action and of combination treatment with other well-known interventions for mood disorders would be beneficial.
Formal, Justice‐Oriented Voice in the Nonunion Firm: Who Speaks Up and When?

type="main" xml:id="irel12088-abs-0001"> Employee willingness to exercise workplace voice has been the subject of much recent research. However, very different types of voice are observed within the workplace, with some forms of voice receiving limited scholarly attention. In particular, limited attention has been given to the determinants of formal, justice-oriented voice within a nonunion context. Using a policy-capturing design, we examine factors that affect decisions to use formal, justice-oriented voice among 498 nonunion employees who had access to the same appeal procedure. The results suggest that this type of voice is affected by perceptions regarding immunity from negative managerial reactions to voice and also by factors associated with the utility of voice (e.g., the social power of those involved in the appeal and the evidence available to support the appeal). The results further suggest that perceived immunity moderates the impact of the social power of those involved in the appeal and the evidence available.
Exact error probability analysis of rectangular QAM for single- and multichannel reception in nakagami-m fading channels

In this contribution, we derive exact closed-form expressions for the average symbol error probability (SEP) of arbitrary rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) for single- and multichannel diversity reception over independent but not-necessarily identically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels. The diversity branches may hence exhibit identical or distinctive power levels and their associated Nakagami indexes need not be the same. Our work extends previous results pertaining to nondiversity reception of M-ary rectangular QAM over Rayleigh fading channels and multichannel reception of M-ary square QAM over Nakagami-m fading channels. For a given number L of diversity branches and a corresponding set of arbitrary real-valued Nakagami indexes not less than 1/2, our SEP results are expressed in terms of Gauss's hypergeometric function 2F1 and Lauricella's multivariate hypergeometric function FD (L) of L variables, both of which can be efficiently evaluated using standard numerical softwares.
The Russian and Ukrainian Information Technology Outsourcing Market: Potential, Barriers and Management Considerations

This study describes the advantages and disadvantages of information technology outsourcing to Ukraine and Russia. The results assist technology managers who wish to make an informed decision on whether or not to outsource information technology projects to Russia/Ukraine, considering two important issues: (1) the political, economic, and social landscape, and the advantages and disadvantages of choosing to locate information technology projects in the region and (2) the Russian/Ukrainian information technology workers’ teamwork perceptions. By understanding the countries and the potential information technology workers within that country, organizations should be able to develop management policies to improve chances of success. While the results indicate that well-educated and teamwork-oriented Russian and Ukrainian information technology employees may increase the chances of information technology outsourcing success, the authors remain skeptical regarding the political, economic, legal, social, and business environments.
Effect of topical steroids on the healing of corneal endothelium.

The central portions of the cornea of adult rabbits were injured with a cryocautery and the rate of endothelial healing was compared between untreated and topical dexamethasone-treated corneas. Regenerating cells were labeled with daily injections of tritiated thymidine until the fifth day, when healing occurred. Control eyes showed 90 per cent label, but the number of labeled cells was less in steroid-treated corneas. The circular area of injured endothelium showed a slower healing rate in the first three days of steroid treatment. From then on, the progression of healing was similar to that of the control eyes. When the healing endothelium was studied with the scanning electron microscope, endothelial cells with a predominant fibroblastic shape were found in untreated corneas, while steroid-treated eyes showed fibroblastic and flattened cells with large cytoplasm.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Key Role of Echocardiography

Echocardiography is a key screening tool in the diagnostic algorithm of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It provides an estimate of right ventricular function and pulmonary artery pressure, either at rest or during exercise, and is useful in ruling out secondary causes of pulmonary hypertension (PH) such as left heart disease or congenital heart disease. Several studies have showed that echocardiography is insufficiently precise as single tool for the ultimate diagnosis of PH respect to the right heart catheterization, considered the gold standard technique. Echocardiography is valuable in assessing prognosis and treatment options, monitoring the efficacy of specific therapeutic interventions, and detecting the preclinical stages of disease. The ideal imaging modality for accurate noninvasive assessment of the right heart should be accurate and precise, not influenced by loading conditions, routinely practicable and easily repeatable. For all such reasons and considering that PAH is a rare and severe condition, a complete noninvasive assessment of right heart function requires a deep knowledge of the disease and a multimodality approach.
Kangaroo (Skin-to-Skin) Care With a Postpartum Woman Who Felt Depressed

The mother in this case study had numerous known risk factors for postpartum depression and was in rehabilitation for drug abuse. She was crying at 2 hours postbirth and expressing feelings of sadness as her baby was being unwrapped for her first kangaroo care (KC) experience. Thereafter, during our research protocol, her self-reported depression scores decreased rapidly and had disappeared by 32 hours postbirth. A benefit of KC requiring systematic study is that KC may lessen maternal depression. There is new knowledge that some functions of the maternal HPA axis become dampened during the last trimester of pregnancy as the placenta increases its secretion of corticotrophin-releasing hormone. The sudden loss of the placenta following delivery, accompanied by a suppressed HPA axis, may have an effect on mood during the immediate postpartum period. Perhaps appropriate reactivation of the maternal HPA axis can be triggered following birth by the stimulation inherent in KC, thereby minimizing risk for postpartum depression.
The Swedish agricultural landscape – economic characteristics, valuations and policy options

The Swedish agricultural landscape has changed dramatically since 1945. Agricultural land has been abandoned and the general trend has been towards less scenic and biological variety. People express a relatively high willingness to pay for preservation of agricultural landscape in contingent valuation surveys and they tend to prefer high degrees of variability. Landscape is shown to be a multidimensional entity with a complex structure of economic characteristics. The complexity makes it unlikely that simple policy solutions are optimal. It is difficult to analyse policy options in this case but much speaks in favour of some differentiated area subsidy for a large fraction of the agricultural land and individual contracts for the most biologically valuable sites.
Equipment and non-equipment private investment: a generalized Solow model

The study is an empirical attempt to shed light on which categories of private fixed investment could be relied on to provide the greatest stimulus to economic growth. Panel data, comprising 5-year periodic data over the period 1965–90 pooled across 55 countries, are employed in estimating the model through the fixed-effect technique. In addition to human capital investment ratio, five categories of private fixed investment ratios are tested for. Findings suggest that not all types of investments are conducive to growth.
External Auditors’ Reliance on Internal Audit: The Impact of Sourcing Arrangements and Consulting Activities

This study examines the impact of internal audit outsourcing and involvement in consulting on external auditors’ reliance on the work of internal audit. We test whether these factors influence reliance on internal audit work already undertaken and the use of internal auditors as assistants, distinguishing between control evaluation and substantive testing. Involvement in consulting impacts reliance on work undertaken and the use of internal auditors as assistants for control evaluation. External auditors make greater use of internal auditors as assistants for substantive testing when internal audit is provided in-house. Overall, external auditors use internal audit more for control evaluation tasks.
Board Composition in Small and Medium‐Sized Family Firms**

This study focuses on the determinants of board composition in Belgian small and medium‐sized family firms. It extends the empirical literature on board composition in private small and medium‐sized family enterprises by integrating several dimensions of the “family component” in the research model. Furthermore, using a multinomial logit model, we examine in which circumstances family firms opt for (1) a family board, (2) an inside board, or (3) an outside board. Results suggest that family‐related contingency variables are far more important than CEO‐related or control variables, giving support to the argument that board composition in family firms is a reflection of the family characteristics and objectives. Moreover, the results suggest that a resource dependence and added value perspective explain more of the variation in board composition than agency considerations.
Cost sharing of prescription drugs and demand for health-care utilization among seniors with rheumatoid arthritis

We employed a pre–post study design with a control group – a Difference-In-Difference (DID) estimator – to evaluate the effect of prescription drug policy reform on the number of prescriptions filled, the number of physician visits, the likelihood of hospitalizations and the number of hospitalizations among seniors with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Our study demonstrates that when patients have to pay part of all of their drug costs, they often have more doctor visits and hospitalization events. Our results show that in a predominantly publicly funded health-care system, piecewise introduction of market-driven cost containment concepts such as patient cost sharing might have the unintended impact of increasing overall health utilization.
Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes against the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of malaria sporozoites protect against malaria in rodents. Although there is interest in developing human vaccines that induce CTL against the Plasmodium falciparum CS protein, humans have never been shown to produce CTL against any Plasmodium species protein or other parasite protein. We report that when peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from three of four volunteers immunized with irradiated P. falciparum sporozoites were stimulated in vitro with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the P. falciparum CS protein or a peptide including only amino acids 368-390 of the P. falciparum CS protein [CS-(368-390)], the PBMC lysed autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells transfected with the P. falciparum CS protein gene or incubated with CS-(368-390) tricosapeptide. Activity was antigen specific, genetically restricted, and dependent on CD8+ T cells. In one volunteer, seven peptides reflecting amino acids 311-400 were tested, and, as in B10.BR mice, CTL activity was only associated with the CS-(368-390) peptide. Development of an assay for studying human CTL against the CS and other malaria proteins and a method for constructing target cells by direct gene transfection provide a foundation for studying the role of CTL in protection against malaria.
Infection of New- and Old-World Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) by the Intracellular Parasite Wolbachia: Implications for Host Mitochondrial DNA Evolution

Abstract Wolbachia are cytoplasmically inherited, endosymbiotic bacteria known to infect a wide variety of arthropods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene was used to assay the infection of geographically disparate populations of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) by Wolbachia. Nine North American, four South American, one Hawaiian, and four Old World populations of A. albopictus were all doubly infected with both the wAlbA and wAlbB strains of Wolbachia. A 365-bp region of the wAlbA wsp gene was sequenced from seven geographically disparate host populations, and all sequences were identical. Similarly, a 474-bp region of the wAlbB wsp gene was sequenced from the same populations, and all sequences were identical. These results suggest a role for Wolbachia infection in causing the previously established pattern of low mitochondrial DNA variability, but average nuclear gene diversity, within and among populations of A. albopictus.
An Economic Theory of Vertical Restraints

Vertical restraints imposed by manufacturers on the prices, locations, and sales of retail firms represent a puzzling departure from the simple price-mediated exchange of conventional markets. In this article we analyze the theoretical basis for these restraints. In a setting where retailers inform consumers and are imperfectly competitive, and where a manufacturer has some monopoly power, we identify three potential externalities affecting retailers' decisions. These externalities lead to the failure of simple uniform-price contracts to coordinate the incentives of retailers with the objective of maximizing combined manufacturer and retailer profits. We identify the packages of vertical restraints that are minimally sufficient, under various conditions, to neutralize the externalities and to achieve the joint-profit maximum.
Promoting Social Justice and Caring in Schools and Communities: The Unrealized Potential of the Cohort Model

The problem of the efficacy of educational leadership as a promoter of just and caring change in schools and communities is explored in the context of educational leadership preparation practices. An exploration of this problem is based on the premise that despite the use of innovative instructional methods, in most cases current preparation programs merely reproduce the use of modernistic administrative practices and organizational structures. Here, the cohort model is identified as a means to promote just, caring, and relevant educational leadership. After a review of the benefits, drawbacks, and the nature of the use of cohorts in leadership preparation programs, a cohort structure is examined that will prepare educational leaders who are able to promote just and caring change in our postmodern communities.
A conceptual framework to identify and understand conflicts in recreational fisheries systems, with implications for sustainable management.

Recreational fisheries constitute the dominant fisheries activity in freshwater ecosystems of most countries of the temperate regions. Yet, research on recreational fisheries appears parochial, with a strong national orientation and few theoretical frameworks guiding empirical research. Furthermore, the holistic study of the human dimensions of recreational fisheries has received limited attention, particularly in Europe. This does not correspond with the fact that recreational fisheries management is today as much people as fish stock management. One of the most pressing needs in recreational fisheries governance is to identify, understand and manage ‘people conflicts’ because such conflicts can hamper any progress towards sustainability. Therefore, in this paper the literature on intrasectoral and intersectoral user and management conflicts is reviewed. The insights gained are summarized in a qualitative conflict model that centres on core variables fostering conflicts in recreational fisheries. These variables include social (cultural, institutional, emotional, communicative and group-related) as well as individual (activity style, resource specificity, mode of experience and lifestyle tolerance) factors that influence and reinforce each other. Ultimately, conflict has to be addressed by appropriate management actions. Thus, the present article ends with implications that might aid in solving conflicts in recreational fisheries management and conservation.