Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DIFFRACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE BY DISK AND CIRCULAR HOLE IN A PERFECTLY CONDUCTING PLANE

The scattering of electromagnetic plane wave by a perfectly conducting disk is formulated rigorously in a form of the dual integral equations (abbreviated as DIE). The unknowns are the induced surface current (or magnetic field) and the tangential components of the electric field on the disk. The solution for the surface current is expanded in terms of a set of functions which satisfy Maxwell's equation for the magnetic field on the disk and the required edge condition. At this step we have used the method of the Kobayashi potential and the vector Hankel transform. Applying the projection solves the rest of a pair of equations. Thus the problem reduces to the matrix equations for the expansion coefficients. The matrix elements are given in terms of the infinite integrals with a single variable and these may be transformed into infinite series that are convenient for numerical computation. The numerical results are obtained for far field patterns, current densities induced on the disk, transmission coefficient through the circular aperture, and radar cross section. The results are compared with those obtained by other methods when they are available, and agreement among them is fairly well.
Fundamental solutions to the regularised 13-moment equations: efficient computation of three-dimensional kinetic effects

Fundamental solutions (Green’s functions) are derived for the regularised 13-moment system (R13) of rarefied gas dynamics, for small departures from equilibrium; these solutions show the presence of Knudsen layers, associated with exponential decay terms, that do not feature in the solution of lower-order systems (e.g. the Navier–Stokes–Fourier equations). Incorporation of these new fundamental solutions into a numerical framework based on the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) allows for efficient computation of three-dimensional gas microflows at remarkably low computational cost. The R13-MFS approach accurately recovers analytic solutions for low-speed flow around a stationary sphere and heat transfer from a hot sphere (for which a new analytic solution has been derived), capturing non-equilibrium flow phenomena missing from lower-order solutions. To demonstrate the potential of the new approach, the influence of kinetic effects on the hydrodynamic interaction between approaching solid microparticles is calculated. Finally, a programme of future work based on the initial steps taken in this article is outlined.
Dynamics of plate bending at the trench and slab‐plate coupling

The bending strength of subducting lithosphere plays a critical role in the Earth's plate tectonics and mantle convection, modulating the amount of slab pull transmitted to the surface and setting the boundary conditions under which plates move and deform. However, it is the subject of a lively debate how much of the potential energy of the downgoing plate is consumed in bending the plate and how the lithospheric strength is defined during this process. We model the subduction of a viscoelastic lithosphere, driven solely by the downgoing plate's buoyancy, freely sinking in a passive mantle, represented by drag forces. To investigate the dynamics of bending, (1) we vary the density and the viscosity profile within the plate from isoviscous, where strength is distributed, to strongly layered, where strength is concentrated in a thin core, and (2) we map the stress, strain, and dissipation along the downgoing plate. The effective plate strength during bending is not a simple function of average plate viscosity but is affected by rheological layering and plate thinning. Earth‐like layered plates allow for the transmission of large fractions of slab pull (∼75–80%) through the bend and yield a net slab pull of FSPnet = 1 to 6 × 1012 N m−1, which varies with the buoyancy of plates. In all models, only a minor portion of the energy is dissipated in the bending. Surprisingly, bending dissipation hardly varies with lithospheric viscosity because in our dynamic system, the plates minimize overall dissipation rate by adjusting their bending curvature. As a result, bending dissipation, ΦB, is mainly controlled by the bending moment work rate exerted by slab pull. We propose a new analytical formulation that includes a viscosity‐dependent bending radius, which allows for assessment of the relative bending dissipation in the Earth's subduction zones using parameters from a recent global compilation. This yields estimates of ΦB/ΦTOT < 20%. These results suggest that plates on Earth weakly resist bending, yet are able to propagate a large amount of slab pull.
MIXTURE DISTRIBUTION HYPOTHESIS AND THE IMPACT OF A TOBIN TAX ON EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY: A REASSESSMENT

This paper applies smooth transition regressions to incorporate nonlinearity into the impact of trading volume on exchange rate volatility, the so-called mixture distribution hypothesis (MDH). Linking this analysis to the Tobin tax debate, we provide the first empirical corroboration that such a tax may be effective in limiting speculation and reducing exchange rate volatility, especially in turbulent times. Our study points to two main results. First, we show that nonlinearities should be taken into account to explain the MDH. When volatility, spreads, and volume are simultaneously high, the relationship between trading volume and volatility tends to grow stronger and thus the MDH holds in turbulent periods. Second, on the assumption of constant trading volume elasticity, a Tobin tax would have been stabilizing and effective in the 2008 crisis.
Blueberry: Functional Traits and Obtention of Bioactive Compounds

There is pressure from consumers about exchanging synthetic for natural dyes in foods. This review aimed to expose the potential of blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) as a source of natural dye, associated with its properties of functional food. Blueberry is a fruit plant natural from temperate climate, rich in phenolic compounds. The properties of phenolic compounds can be attributed to its ability to capture free radicals, deactivating or eliminating them from the body. Anthocyanins are flavonoid phenolic compounds responsible for color of fruits, flowers and vegetables. Blueberry is rich in anthocyanins, being its content more affected by genotype than by climatic or environmental factors. Brazil has the potential to assume an important position in the worldwide market of this fruit, both in natura and as byproducts, whose main destinations are populations from regions with higher income and educational level, as the North America and Europe. Due to the importance of blueberry as a source of natural pigments, as well as its high value while associated with functional food, it is important to improve extraction and stabilization processes of anthocyanins from blueberry fruits. Researches should focus on the technical viability and cost reduction in the extraction of this pigment. Pioneer studies with blueberry have been conducted in Brazil, but the intensification of researches will allow yield maximization, increased levels of anthocyanins in fruits, and compound stability after extraction. Another focus should be the use of these natural pigments in order to replace those currently used.
SILVERRUSH. VI. A simulation of Lyα emitters in the reionization epoch and a comparison with Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey early data

The survey of Lyman $\alpha$ emitters (LAEs) with Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam, called SILVERRUSH (Ouchi et al.), is producing massive data of LAEs at $z\gtrsim6$. Here we present LAE simulations to compare the SILVERRUSH data. In 162$^3$ comoving Mpc$^3$ boxes, where numerical radiative transfer calculations of reionization were performed, LAEs have been modeled with physically motivated analytic recipes as a function of halo mass. We have examined $2^3$ models depending on the presence or absence of dispersion of halo Ly$\alpha$ emissivity, dispersion of the halo Ly$\alpha$ optical depth, $\tau_\alpha$, and halo mass dependence of $\tau_\alpha$. The unique free parameter in our model, a pivot value of $\tau_\alpha$, is calibrated so as to reproduce the $z=5.7$ Ly$\alpha$ luminosity function (LF). We compare our model predictions with Ly$\alpha$ LFs at $z=6.6$ and $7.3$, LAE angular auto-correlation functions (ACFs) at $z=5.7$ and $6.6$, and LAE fractions in Lyman break galaxies at $5<z<7$. The Ly$\alpha$ LFs and ACFs are reproduced by multiple models, but the LAE fraction turns out to be the most critical test. The dispersion of $\tau_\alpha$ and the halo mass dependence of $\tau_\alpha$ are essential to explain all observations reasonably. Therefore, a simple model of one-to-one correspondence between halo mass and Ly$\alpha$ luminosity with a constant Ly$\alpha$ escape fraction has been ruled out. Based on our best model, we present a formula to estimate the intergalactic neutral hydrogen fraction, $x_{\rm HI}$, from the observed Ly$\alpha$ luminosity density at $z\gtrsim6$. We finally obtain $x_{\rm HI}=0. 5_{-0.3}^{+0.1}$ as a volume-average at $z=7.3$.
Studying the relationship between parental involvement and Sternberg ' s triarchic theory of intelligence 2001

Extensive research has been conducted in the area of intelligence. Most of the research in this area has been focused on cognitive abilities. However, little research has been explored other type of intelligence and the environmental factors. The intent of this study was to investigate Sternberg's Theory of Intelligence and parental involvement. According to this theory an individual's intelligence is composed of three main domains: cognitive, creative and practical. Every individual possesses these abilities to a greater or lesser degree. Yet, little is know of what factors could lead to the difference in these types of abilities in individuals. Parental involvement was used in this study as the independent variable. The main question this research sought to answer was whether parental involvement would have an effect on these types of abilities. It was hypothesized that individuals with less parental involvement would score have higher creative and practical t ". '. :: . ~ ~ abilities. On the other hand, individuals with greater parental involvement would have ~ "" ~ iq. ' ""'. ;. ,,,--~ . -It• . higher cognitive abilities. The results did not indicate that parental involvement had an "' . effect on these types of abilities. However, it was found that females reported more parental involvement than males. In addition, males score higher on the cognitive and practical subtest. Although, the results were not significant in the study. I believe is still of great interest to understand what environmental factors could be responsible for these types of abilities.
The impact of value chain constraints on potato farmers: A survey of Nyanga District smallholder Irish potato farmers (2008-2013)

The impact of value chain constraints for low resourced smallholder farmers in developing countries is not readily known, making it difficult to prescribe how the same farmers could penetrate high value formal markets. This study investigates the impact of value chain constraints on smallholder Irish Potato farmers in Nyanga district in the eastern province of Manicaland in Zimbabwe. The results assist the smallholder Irish potato farmers in ascertaining value chain bottlenecks to resolve and in accessing high value potato markets. A survey of the smallholder Irish potato farmers in Nyanga was done in which the Rapid Participatory Market Appraisal (RPMA) and a semi-structured interview questionnaire were the dominant data collection instruments. The study found out that the core actors in the Nyanga smallholder Irish potato value chain included input suppliers, business services developers (market linkage and production support), the Irish potato farmers themselves and the fresh potato commodity buyers. Results also show that the value chain presents several constraints for the smallholder Irish potato farmers with the main bottleneck being their inability to afford transportation of both inputs and produce. The road network is poor and the few truckers who come to the area charge high fees which the farmers cannot afford. As the smallholder potato farmers lie in the middle of the value chain, there are middlemen on either side (between the farmers and the input suppliers and between the farmers and the market) who take advantage of the farmers’ inability to raise the exorbitant transportation charges. These middlemen dictate the prices at which to sell seed and other fertilizer and chemical inputs to farmers and at the same time dictate the prices at which to buy produce from the same farmers. Irish potato supply chain constraints are thus hindering farmers from accessing high value markets in the absence of farmer consortiums through which collective bargaining especially in relation to transportation could be negotiated. Meanwhile, Irish potato farmers should carefully screen out the middlemen they deal with as a good number of them are motivated by profiteering at the expense of the farmers.
The relationship between academic motivation and parenting styles in multiple socioeconomic status areas

v List of Figures . viii Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Purpose . 1 Hypothesis.2 Definitions and Background . 2 Limitations and Assumptions . 4 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 6 Authoritative Parenting and Academic Motivation . 6 Authoritarian Parenting and Academic Motivation . 11 Permissive/Neglectful Parenting and Academic Motivation . 16 Parenting Style, Academic Motivation, and Socioeconomic Status . 19 Chapter 3: Methodology . 25 Participants . 25 Materials and Design . 25 Procedure . 27 Chapter 4: Results . 28 Academic Motivation and Parenting Styles . 28 Academic Motivation and Socioeconomic Status . 29 Chapter 5: Discussion . 32 Summary . 32
Global characteristics of auroral Hall currents derived from the Swarm constellation: dependences on season and IMF orientation

On the basis of field-aligned currents (FACs) and Hall currents derived from high-resolution magnetic field data of the Swarm constellation, the average characteristics of these two current systems in the auroral regions are comprehensively investigated by statistical methods. This is the first study considering both current types determined simultaneously by the same spacecraft in both hemispheres. The FAC distribution, derived from the novel Swarm dual-spacecraft approach, reveals the well-known features of Region 1 (R1) and Region 2 (R2) FACs. At high latitudes, Region 0 (R0) FACs appear on the dayside. Their flow direction, up or down, depends on the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B y component. Of particular interest is the distribution of auroral Hall currents. The prominent auroral electrojets are found to be closely controlled by the solar wind input, but we find no dependence of their intensity on the IMF B y orientation. The eastward electrojet is about 1.5 times stronger in local summer than in winter. Conversely, the westward electrojet shows less dependence on season. As to higher latitudes, part of the electrojet current is closed over the polar cap. Here the seasonal variation of conductivity mainly controls the current density. During local summer of the Northern Hemisphere, there is a clear channeling of return currents over the polar cap. For positive (negative) IMF B y a dominant eastward (westward) Hall current circuit is formed from the afternoon (morning) electrojet towards the dawn side (dusk side) polar cap return current. The direction of polar cap Hall currents in the noon sector depends directly on the orientation of the IMF B y . This is true for both signs of the IMF B z component. Comparable Hall current distributions can be observed in the Southern Hemisphere but for opposite IMF B y signs. Around the midnight sector the westward substorm electrojet is dominating. As expected, it is highly dependent on magnetic activity, but it shows only little response to season and IMF B y polarity. An important finding is that all the IMF B y dependences of FACs and Hall currents practically disappear in the dark winter hemisphere.
The Coupon Collector's Problem Revisited: Generalizing the Double Dixie Cup Problem of Newman and Shepp

The "double Dixie cup problem" of D.J. Newman and L. Shepp (1960) is a well-known variant of the coupon collector's problem, where the object of study is the number $T_{m}(N)$ of coupons that a collector has to buy in order to complete $m$ sets of all $N$ existing different coupons. More precisely, the problem is to determine the asymptotics of the expectation (and the variance) of $T_{m}(N)$, as well as its limit distribution, as the number $N$ of different coupons becomes arbitrarily large. The classical case of the problem, namely the case of equal coupon probabilities, is here extended to the general case, where the probabilities of the selected coupons are unequal. In the beginning of the article we give a brief review of the formulas for the moments and the moment generating function of the random variable $T_{m}(N)$. Then, we develop techniques of computing the asymptotics of the first and the second moment of $T_{m}(N)$ (our techniques apply to the higher moments of $T_{m}(N)$ as well). From these asymptotic formulas we obtain the leading behavior of the variance $V[\,T_{m}(N)\,]$ as $N \to \infty$. Finally, based on the asymptotics of $E[\,T_{m}(N)\,]$ and $V[\,T_{m}(N)\,]$ we obtain the limit distribution of the random variable $T_{m}(N)$ for large classes of coupon probabilities. As it turns out, in many cases, albeit not always, $T_{m}(N)$ (appropriately normalized) converges in distribution to a Gumbel random variable. Our results on the limit distribution of $T_{m}(N)$ generalize a well-known result of P. Erd\H{o}s and A. R\'{e}nyi (1961) regarding the limit distribution of $T_{m}(N)$ for the case of equal coupon probabilities.
Adoption of BIM by architectural firms in India: technology–organization–environment perspective

ABSTRACT Building information modelling (BIM) is being heralded as a remarkable innovation in the built environment sector with expectations of lofty sector-wide improvements. Some countries have shown remarkable levels of uptake of BIM, along the way documenting some evidence of benefits stemming from BIM. However, countries such as India and China are late entrants in the BIM adoption journey and are seeing a slower adoption rate. This study develops a model using the technology–organization–environment framework to study the factors influencing BIM adoption by architectural firms in India and reasons for this slow adoption. The proposed model of BIM adoption is tested using the partial least square method against responses collected from 184 industry professionals based in India. Findings reveal that the adoption of BIM by Indian architectural firms is at the ‘experimentation’ stage with variables such as expertise, trialability, and management support exhibiting a strong positive influence on BIM adoption. The study also explains the status of BIM adoption in India with the help of a multi-level social construct, which places the level of BIM adoption in India between the micro- and meso-levels of organizational scales. Similarities and dissimilarities with previous findings are discussed in the paper to highlight the findings of this study.
A Genetic Facies Tract for the Analysis of Sustained Hyperpycnal Flow Deposits

Facies analysis performed for more than 10 yr in several lacustrine and marine basins allowed the distillation of a genetic and predictive facies tract of general application to the recognition of sustained turbulent (noninertial) hyperpycnal flow deposits. The facies tract is composed of three main genetic facies groups related to bed load (B), suspended load (S), and lofting (L) transport processes. Facies B (bed load) is the coarsest grained and relates to shear and frictional drag forces provided by the overpassing long-lived turbulent (hyperpycnal) flow. Three main subcategories are recognized, termed B1 (massive or crudely bedded conglomerates), B2 (pebbly sandstones with low-angle asymptotic cross-stratification), and B3 (pebbly sandstones with diffuse planar lamination and aligned clasts). Facies S is finer grained and relates to the gravitational collapse of suspended load transported by the hyperpycnal flow. Four subfacies types are recognized, termed S1 (massive sandstones), S2 (parallel laminated sandstones), S3 (sandstones with climbing ripples), and S4 (massive siltstones and mudstones). Facies L (lofting) relates to the buoyancy reversal of the hyperpycnal flow provoked by lift of a less dense fluid (in this case, fresh water) typically found in marine and other saline-receiving basins. The finest materials suspended in the flow (very fine–grained sand, silt, plant debris, and mica) are lifted from the substrate and settle down forming silt/sand couplets of great lateral extent. Facies L develops only in marine/saline environments, whereas facies S3 and S4 are more common in lacustrine environments. Hyperpycnites are often very complex, showing internal erosional surfaces and gradual facies recurrences related to deposition from long-lived and highly dynamic (fluctuating) flows. This complex behavior results in the accumulation of composite beds having an internal facies arrangement that strongly departs from conventional facies models developed for surgelike flows. Facies B characterizes transfer zones, and its occurrence allows the prediction of sandstone deposits (facies S) basinward. Facies L is mostly developed in flow-margin areas. In marine settings, the reversing buoyancy effect (lofting) at the hyperpycnal flow margin will result in less lateral continuity of sandstone bodies compared with those related to resedimentation processes, with important consequences for hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Risk Factor of Pnemonia among Children Aged Under 5 Years. A Case Control Study in Samarinda, Indonesia

Introduction: Pneumonia is still a global health problem especially in developing countries because it is the leading cause of death in children aged under 5 years old. In Indonesia the incidence of children pnemonia is still high. Material and methods: The risk factors of pneumonia studied consist of house temperature, lighting, house humidity, occupancy density, exposure to cigarette smoke, and family disease history. Temperature and humidity of the house were measured by heatstress monitor, room lighting was measured by lux meters, the occupancy density was measured by direct observation, exposure to cigarette smoke and family disease history were measured by questionnaire. Data analysis using odds ratio and chi square. Results: Obtained by the value of odds ratio: room lighting (OR = 3.18), cigarette smoke exposure (OR = 10.45), home temperature (OR = 0.337), humidity (OR = 0.192), occupancy density (OR = 0.214), and family history of disease ( OR = 0.753). Humidity (p = 0.024) and occupancy density (p = 0.028) associated with pneumonia. Conclusion: Room lighting and exposure to cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for the occurrence of pneumonia in children aged under 5 years in Samarinda, the incidence of pneumonia is significantly related to house humidity and occupancy density.