Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Composition of Modern Sand from the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A.: Implications for Actualistic Petrofacies of Continental-Margin Magmatic Arcs

Abstract The Sierra Nevada of California represents the roots of a long-lived magmatic arc (primarily Cretaceous) that is presently being dissected as the range is uplifted, beginning in the south and progressing northward. This dissection is occurring concurrently with northward migration of the Mendocino triple junction, south of which magmatic-arc activity is absent, and north of which magmatic-arc activity continues. A north-to-south transect along the Sierra Nevada represents transitions of active magmatic arc to transitional arc to dissected arc, and in the southern Sierra Nevada, to uplifted basement. Thus, analysis of composition of modern sand derived from these separate parts of the Sierra Nevada provides a test for actualistic sand(stone) petrofacies of magmatic arcs at all stages of dissection. Rigorous statistical analysis of the composition of modern sand from the Sierra Nevada characterizes stages of magmatic-arc dissection. Discriminant analysis of point-count data from Sierra Nevada modern sand defines four compositional groups and distinguishes clearly between undissected-arc and uplifted-basement end members. Two intermediate compositional groups reflect the complex geologic history of the Sierra Nevada. Volcanic and plutonic rocks dominate one intermediate group; metamorphic and plutonic rocks dominate the other. The former group exhibits characteristics of Dickinson's (1985) "transitional arc," whereas the latter is equivalent to "dissected arc. " No single compositional parameter is diagnostic of the degree of magmatic-arc dissection, although volcanic-lithic content clearly differentiates between "undissected" and "basement" groups. Regional compositional trends are evident when recalculated point-count data are plotted against latitude. Sand composition in the southern Sierra Nevada reflects significant Cenozoic uplift of the batholith, resulting from Basin and Range extension. High concentrations of quartz and feldspar, and extreme lithic depletion are typical at the southernmost Sierra Nevada; this extreme depletion characterizes "basement uplift. " The primary drainage divide of the Sierra Nevada forms a rough compositional boundary between eastern and western groups. Potassium-feldspar content best distinguishes these groups, with higher values in the east. Rigorous confidence regions in ternary diagrams yield results that are similar, but not identical, to hexagonal fields of compositional variation. Arithmetic means, associated with hexagonal fields, are not identical to geometric means, associated with logratio confidence regions. Definition of sand(stone) provenance groups, in general, depends on both data-acquisition methods (e.g., Gazzi–Dickinson method) and statistical methods (e.g., Weltje method), so that direct comparison of data analyzed using different methods is unwarranted.
Momentum in weekly industry portfolio returns: Working paper series--08-13

Contrary to Lehmann (1990) and Jegadeesh (1990), Gutierrez and Kelley (2008) recently find a long-lasting momentum in weekly individual stock returns. We extend Gutierrez and Kelley (2008) and examine momentum in weekly industry portfolio returns. We find that where momentum in six-month returns is mainly explained by cross-serial correlations as in Lewellen (2002), momentum in weekly returns is largely due to serial correlations, and that momentum does not always exhibit reversals in the long run. Our findings present a challenge to the popular behavioral models.
Origin of hotspots in the South Pacific : Recent advances in seismological and geochemical models

Copyright © 2013 by The Geochemical Society of Japan. et al., 2002, 2006). The hotspots produce oceanic island basalts (OIBs) with an enriched mantle signature (e.g., Hart, 1984), spanning a wider range of radiogenic isotope compositions than basalts in other regions (e.g., Vidal et al., 1984). Seismological studies have commonly shown large areas of pronounced low seismic velocity in the lower mantle beneath the South Pacific Ocean and the African continent (e.g., Lay, 2007). All these observations suggest the presence of mantle upwelling beneath the South Pacific region. Morgan (1971) proposed that hotspot volcanism is generated by mantle plumes, involving the rapid ascent of unusually hot and buoyant mantle materials from deep thermal boundary layers in the lower mantle. In the present study, the boundary between the upper and lower mantle is assumed to be at a depth of 660 km, with the mantle delineated by the Moho discontinuity and the core mantle boundary (CMB). The mantle transition zone (MTZ) comprises the lower third of the upper mantle (410–660 km depth). Several models, modified from the classicalplume model, have been proposed to explain the South Pacific and African hotspots (e.g., Davaille, 1999; Torsvik et al., 2006; Suetsugu et al., 2009); such models are commonly based on the notion that the South Pacific hotspots Origin of hotspots in the South Pacific: Recent advances in seismological and geochemical models
A Proposed Method and Its Development for Wood Recovery Assessment in the Furniture Manufacturing Process

A proposed method for assessing wood recovery involves application of a machining station approach with volume and mass measurements. A medium wood furniture company located in Jepara, Indonesia was selected to develop the method. Batch measurements of the inputs and outputs for different types of indoor-furniture products at every station were collected and analysed. For the volume method, three dimensions were measured on each specimen: the length, width, and thickness. For the mass method, the specimens were weighed before and after each processing station using a balance. Based on the mass method, the average total wood recovery rate was 26.2% ± 2.3%. For individual products and per station, the significant difference in the wood recovery rate occurred only at the resawing and edging, and trimming stations. The relationship between the teak quality, product dimensions, and type of finish was significantly different, where A-quality teak, large dimensions, and polyurethane finish resulted in a higher wood recovery rate. Both methods were reliable because of insignificant differences in the wood recovery rates. However, the mass method was more efficient and practical. The proposed protocol using the mass method is a suitable and effective system because the contribution of the variance component of the method was 2.71%.
Pattern of AST and ALT changes in Relation to Hemolysis in sickle cell Disease

Background Elevated aminotransferase levels are commonly associated with compromised hepatic integrity from various insults. In sickle cell disease, aspartate transaminase (AST) is also released via intravascular hemolysis. This study was done to determine the pattern of changes in AST and alanine transaminase (ALT), in particular the AST:ALT ratio, and to relate these to the hemolytic state, which we consider to be more important than hepatic and cardiac dysfunction in some individuals with sickle cell disease. Methods Serum aminotransferase levels were measured in 330 subjects with sickle cell disease, as well as hemoglobin, reticulocytes, and lactate dehydrogenase. The AST:ALT ratio was designated as a hemolytic marker, and simple and multivariate regression analyses were carried out between this ratio and other hemolytic markers. Results Mean AST and ALT levels were 48.24 % 27.78 and 26.48 % 22.73 U/L, respectively. However, for 49 subjects without sickle cell disease, mean AST and ALT levels were the same, ie, 23.0 U/L. In the subjects with sickle cell disease, the increases in AST levels were far higher than for ALT, supporting its release via intravascular hemolysis. In 95.8% of the subjects with sickle cell disease, the AST:ALT ratio was > 1, but our results did not suggest overt malfunctioning of the liver and heart in the majority of subjects. Conclusion Regression analyses support the use of the AST:ALT ratio as a hemolytic marker, because it has an inverse association with the hemoglobin level. Whether in steady state or in crisis, provided hepatic and cardiac integrity has not been compromised, subjects with sickle cell disease would have higher AST levels due to the hemolytic nature of the condition. This is the first report highlighting the AST:ALT ratio in sickle cell disease.
SRR-Loaded Metamaterial-Inspired Electrically-Small Monopole Antenna

In this paper, a CPW-fed compact metamaterial-inspired monopole antenna is proposed for Industrial, Scientific and Medical radio band (ISM, 2.4–2.483 GHz). The proposed antenna consists of a T-shaped patch and a set of split ring resonators (SRRs). The miniaturization is attained after loading SRRs in proximity to the T-shaped radiator, which makes the antenna structure electrically small. The measured fractional bandwidth of the antenna is 4% (2.42–2.52 GHz), and its size is 0. 22λo 0. 098λo × . 013λo. In addition, the electrically equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna is modeled, and the resonant frequency is calculated by using an analytical approach. Also, the permeability plot of SRRs is extracted using Nicolson Ross weir method. The measured peak gain and radiation efficiency of the antenna are obtained as 1.76 dBi and 78.5%. The simulated results and measured results are found in a good agreement.
Similarities in functional attributes and nutritional effects of magadi soda and bean debris-ash used in cooking African traditional dishes

1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3006, Morogoro. 2 International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, Kawanda Research Institute, P.O. Box 6247, Uganda. 3 Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, Nairobi University, P.O. Box 29053 Nairobi, Kenya. 4 Department of Crop Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania. 5 Institute for Continuing Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania.
Effects of Income Growth on Domestic Saving Rates: The Role of Poverty and Borrowing Constraints

We study an overlapping generations model where ex-ante identical agents make an occupational choice under a borrowing constraint. Indivisible investment gives rise to entrepreneurial rents and does not allow everyone to become an entrepreneur. Competition forces entrepreneurs to save more than workers. The model predicts that growth in national income has a positive effect on domestic saving rates in poor countries but a negative effect in rich countries. Borrowing constraints increase domestic saving rates as well as the response of domestic saving to growth in income. These predictions are supported by empirical evidence based on panel data that covers 130 countries during 1960-2007.
The Effects of Verb Tense Variation on the Fluency in Monologues by TOEFL iBT Candidates

The literature on fluency and the contributing factors to it is rich (e.g., Chambers, 1997; Foster & Skehan, 1996; Freed, 2000; Kormos & Denes, 2004; Lennon, 1990; Mehnert, 1998; Towell et al., 1996; Yuan & Ellis, 2003). Previous studies are conducted on a number of factors affecting fluency such as pretask planning and fluency (e.g., Foster & Skehan, 1996), task repetition and fluency (e.g., Bygate, 2001), the longitudinal development of fluency (Freed, 2000), or formulaic speech and fluency (Riggenbach, 1991). This study, however, adopts a fresh approach in order to assess fluency in monologues by TOEFL iBT candidates. It investigated the possible effects of changing the verb tense on fluency. To this end, the present study benefitted from 40 TOEFL iBT candidates and set out to observe the effects of speaking in past, present, and future tenses on the fluency of the responses. In so doing, the first question of the speaking section on TOEFL iBT exam was used as the model in terms of planning and response times. Therefore, three questions—one in past, one in present, and one in future—were used. The participants had 15 seconds to plan and 45 seconds to respond to each question. All the responses were recorded, and the analyses of the results indicated that, overall, the future tense responses were more fluent. Considering the growing number of university students, who intend to take the TOEFL iBT exam and pursue their studies, the findings may have some implications in second language acquisition (SLA) in general and in speaking skills in particular because those students are normally required to have a decent language proficiency score.
The Effect of Market Competition on CEO Compensation

This paper examines the effect of market competition induced by trade liberalisation on CEO compensation. Since economic theory cannot yet provide an explanation for the high level of CEO pay and until now very little empirical research on this topic has been undertaken, this investigation is of high value to shed light on the relation in question. The study uses a new concept to measure competition intensity by distinguishing between competition in goods markets and competition in factor markets. Hence, the amount of imports serves as a proxy for goods market competition, whereas the amount of exports is used as an indicator for competition intensity in factor markets. Additionally, a general equilibrium model is used to theoretically explain the relation between trade liberalisation, competition and management compensation. While the empirical analysis does not find clear evidence to support the a priori hypothesis that CEO compensation increases with the amount of exports and decreases with the amount of imports, the analysis reveals two key insights: (1) competition in goods and factor markets seems to effect CEO compensation in opposite directions, and (2) this result is reversed when bonus payments are observed, suggesting that more flexible elements of compensation react differently to competition intensity compared to more rigid forms of compensation.
Revised Red Data List of Estonian bryophytes

All Estonian bryophyte species (597) that had written records up to 2018 were evaluated against IUCN criteria. More than half of the species belong to the least concern category, but almost one fourth (158) is evaluated as threatened, and one tenth (65) as near threatened. Eleven species are data deficient and 15 species are considered to be regionally extinct from Estonia. To achieve adequate assessment results for a small country, some criteria were adjusted. Changes compared to the previous red list and threats to the species are discussed. This version replaces the version of the same paper from 2018-08-14.
Entrepreneurial Characteristics of Students in Different Fields of Study: a View from Entrepreneurship Education Perspective

The aim of our article is to examine the entrepreneurial characteristics of university students in different disciplines, and to develop implications and recommendations for entrepreneurship education programing according to the observed differences. The main research question is to identify whether students from different selected disciplines exhibit different rates of enterprising potential (i.e. tendency to start up and manage projects), and if so, which are the differentiating attributes. To answer this question we conducted a study using the General Enterprising Tendency v2 Test (GET2 test) and analysed the enterprising potential of 370 university students in four different majors (business administration, applied informatics, psychology and pedagogy). The findings of our analysis suggest that there are significant differences in the general enterprising tendency levels, as well as in levels of three out of five its components (namely need for achievement, calculated risk taking and internal locus of control) between the students in analysed majors. In other words, students in different disciplines exhibit different rates of entrepreneurial predispositions. In our article we present and further discuss these findings, especially from the entrepreneurship education perspective in its broadest sense.
Wigner-von Neumann type perturbations of periodic Schr\"odinger Operators

We consider decaying oscillatory perturbations of periodic Schr\"odinger operators on the half line. More precisely, the perturbations we study satisfy a generalized bounded variation condition at infinity and an $L^p$ decay condition. We show that the absolutely continuous spectrum is preserved, and give bounds on the Hausdorff dimension of the singular part of the resulting perturbed measure. Under additional assumptions, we instead show that the singular part embedded in the essential spectrum is contained in an explicit countable set. Finally, we demonstrate that this explicit countable set is optimal. That is, for every point in this set there is an open and dense class of periodic Schr\"odinger operators for which an appropriate perturbation will result in the spectrum having an embedded eigenvalue at that point.
Mortgage lending and house prices in Albania - a co-integrated analysis based on VECM

The general view that the banks’ lending plays a crucial role in the real estate market was again confirmed during the recent financial crisis. During the pre-crisis period, house prices in Albania increased rapidly, supported also by a fast expansion of mortgage lending. This study aims to empirically analyse the relation between housing prices and banks’ financing in the long run, referring to a VECM model. The estimated results confirm the important role of mortgage to house prices. Meanwhile, the relation between house prices and interest rates resulted statistically insignificant. Unlike the previous literature, exchange rate has been included as an endogenous variable. Results show positive correlation and statistical significance between house prices and exchange rate. Finally, this paper is expected to contribute to the literature as there are very few studies that elaborate on the macroeconomic factors’ influence on the housing prices in Albania.
The spatial and temporal variability of sand bar morphology

The spatial and temporal variability of nearshore sand bar morphology is quantified using a unique data set spanning 2 years. The data consist of daily time exposure images of incident wave breaking on an open coast sandy beach which may be used to infer bar morphology (Lippmann and Holman, 1989). The morphology in each image is classified into an eight state morphologic scheme in which bars are uniquely defined by four independent criteria. The most frequently observed morphologies are the longshore-periodic (rhythmic) bars, observed in 68% of the data. Linear bars occur under highest wave conditions (H¯s=1.78 m) and are unstable (mean residence time ≈ 2 days). Shore-attached rhythmic bars are the most stable (mean residence time ≈ 11 days) and generally form 5–16 days following peak wave events. Non-rhythmic, three-dimensional bars are very transient (mean residence time ≈ 3 days). Eighty-seven percent of transitions to lower bar types (defined in text) occurred one state at a time, supporting our selection of the ordering of states, and suggesting the suitability of a sequential morphology model. Transitions to higher states occurred under rising wave energy and were evenly spread among the possible higher states, with more substantial changes in morphology resulting from larger wave increases. This suggests that up-state, erosional transitions (based on offshore bar migration) are better described by an equilibrium model where response is better correlated with incident wave energy than with preceding morphological state. Time exposure images were also digitized to yield quantitative estimates of bar crest location as a function of longshore distance. Principal component analysis was used to decompose bar position into two-dimensional (linear) and three-dimensional (longshore variable) components. Cross-shore (linear) bar position ranges ±50 m about the 2-year mean (27 m standard deviation) and dominates bar variability (74.6%). Three-dimensional bar structure accounts for ∼14% of the variance (12 m standard deviation). Changes in incident wave height precede cross-shore bar migration by less than 1 day. Changes in longshore variability are inversely correlated to changing wave conditions, with bar morphology becoming linear rapidly during storms (on time scales of less than 1 day). Evolution to significantly three-dimensional structure typically occurs over 5–7 days following peak wave events.
Bridging Humanitarian Responses and Long-Term Development through Transformative Changes—Some Initial Reflections from the World Bank’s Adaptive Social Protection Program in the Sahel

In the context of increasing climate-related extreme events and other crises, the concept of adaptive social protection (ASP) has been recognized as a potentially effective policy response to reduce the impacts of these shocks and stressors on vulnerable households. The concept is currently being tested at scale by the World Bank in six countries in the Sahel region. Based on conceptual considerations, this paper aims to address three questions: How and to what extent can adaptive social protection be considered transformative? Where does this concept sit along the humanitarian–development continuum? And, how does it relate to resilience? To answer these questions the paper draws on the authors’ exposure to the on-going World Bank ASP program, as well as documents derived from the emerging body of literature on climate- and shock-responsive social protection. Drawing on these different materials the paper first demonstrates that ASP can effectively be considered as a transformative intervention at two different levels: at the system level and at the beneficiaries’ level. The paper also shows how, through its activities designed to strengthen households’ adaptive capacity, an ASP program can contribute to building resilience beyond the short-term coping strategies which humanitarian interventions generally focus on. As such ASP covers a larger spectrum along the humanitarian–development continuum than most other interventions proposed in the context of shock-responsive interventions.
Defining “Official” Built Heritage Discourses within the Irish Planning Framework: Insights from Conservation Planning as Social Practice

Abstract Conservation of built heritage is a key planning process and goal which shapes urban development outcomes across European cities. In Ireland, conservation of the built heritage is a key part of the planning framework, albeit one that is, in comparative terms, only recently established. While it is widely recognized that the underlying rationale for conservation of built heritage varies considerably (from cultural priorities to place marketing), the literature suggests that heritage and conservation professionals perform a key role in controlling decision-making through an official or “authorized” heritage discourse (AHD), emphasizing expert values and knowledge and based around selective heritage storylines often reflecting elite tastes. Drawing on policy and practice in Ireland, in this paper, we contribute to these debates by further unpacking the AHD, exploring tensions within the heritage policy elite through examination of competing views and representations relating to the purpose of built heritage protection. Based on a discourse analysis following interviews with key national actors, we identify two key narratives—a “museum-curatorial” discourse and an “inclusive heritage” discourse—which in turn frame conservation practices. We argue that subtle variations of heritage meanings have the potential to either reproduce (museum-curatorial discourse) or challenge (inclusive heritage discourse) conventional modes of practice, particularly relating to the relationship between built heritage and identity and the role of public engagement.