Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Post-exercise cold-water immersion modulates skeletal muscle PGC-1 α 1 mRNA expression in immersed and non-immersed limbs : evidence of 2 systemic regulation

63 Mechanisms mediating post-exercise cold-induced increases in PGC-1α gene expression in 64 human skeletal muscle are yet to be fully elucidated, but may involve local cooling effects on 65 AMPK and p38 MAPK related signalling and/or increased systemic β-adrenergic stimulation. 66 We aimed to therefore examine whether post-exercise cold-water immersion enhancement of 67 PGC-1α mRNA is mediated through local or systemic mechanisms. Ten subjects completed 68 acute cycling (8x5 min at ~80% peak power output) followed by seated-rest (CON) or single69 leg cold-water immersion (CWI; 10 min, 8°C). Muscle biopsies were obtained pre-, postand 70 3 h post-exercise from a single limb in the CON condition but from both limbs in CWI 71 (thereby providing tissue from a CWI and non-immersed limb, NOT). Muscle temperature 72 decreased up to 2 h post-exercise following CWI (-5°C) in the immersed limb, with lesser 73 changes observed in CON and NOT (-3°C; P<0.05). No differences between limbs were 74 observed in p38MAPK phosphorylation at any time point (P<0.05), whilst a significant 75 interaction effect was present for AMPK phosphorylation (P=0.031). Exercise (CON) 76 increased gene expression of PGC-1α 3 h post-exercise (~5-fold; P<0.001). CWI augmented 77 PGC-1α expression above CON in both the immersed (CWI; ~9-fold; P=0.003) and NOT 78 limbs (~12-fold; P=0.001). Plasma Normetanephrine concentration was higher in CWI vs. 79 CON immediately post-immersion (860 vs. 665 pmol/L; P=0.034). We report for the first 80 time that local cooling of the immersed limb evokes transcriptional control of PGC1-α in the 81 non-immersed limb, suggesting increased systemic β-adrenergic activation of AMPK may 82 mediate, in part, post-exercise cold-induction of PGC-1α mRNA. 83
Market Share Contracts, Exclusive Dealing, and the Integer Problem

This paper compares exclusive dealing and market share contracts in a model of naked exclusion. We discuss how the contracts work and identify a fundamental trade-off that arises: market share contracts are better at maximizing a seller’s benefit from foreclosure (because they allow the seller to obtain any foreclosure level it desires), whereas exclusive-dealing contracts are better at minimizing a seller’s cost of foreclosure (because, unlike with market share contracts, the seller does not have to overpay for the units it forecloses). We identify settings in which each can be more profitable and show that welfare can be worse under market share contracts. (JEL D43, D86, K12, L13, L14)
Quaker Responses to Darwin

[FIRST PARAGRAPH] In his seminal work Darwin and the General Reader (1958), Alvar Ellegird surveyed the British periodical press over the period 1859 to 1872 in order to discover how Darwin's theory had been received in a hundred publications reflecting a wide range of social, religious, and political opinion. He paid attention both to the amount of space devoted to Darwinian topics and also to each periodical's stance with respect to such issues as the theory of natural selection and the naturalistic account of the formation of humankind. In each case he summarized his findings using a numerical scale. Among the journals he examined were two Quaker periodicals- the Friend and the Friends' Quarterly Examiner-from which he concluded that Quakers paid little attention to Darwin's theory and that the few references that appeared were generally antagonistic to the new theory. The quotations Ellegird selected confirmed this judgment: for example, in characterizing the Friend as anti-Darwinian he cited an 1861 entry in which a reviewer regretted the large number of converts to Darwinism, exclaiming, "Alas, their name is legion. " Despite the somewhat higher scores achieved by the Friends' Quarterly Examiner, Ellegird did not adequately distinguish between these two periodicals, which reflected significantly different sections within the British Quaker community. Rather surprisingly, he also lumped Quakers with Congregationalists, Baptists, and certain other dissenting groups that appear to have responded similarly to Darwin's theory but shared little of religious significance with Quakers. In contrast to these denominations, Unitarians scored higher but Methodists were lower still on Elleglrd's scale.
Is Structural Realism the Best of Both Worlds

In a recent series of papers, John Worrall has defended and elaborated a philosophical position - traced back to Poincar6 - which he calls structural realism. This view stands in between scientific realism and agnostic instrumentalism and intends to accommodate both the intuitions that underwrite the ‘no miracles’ argument for scientific realism and the existence of scientific revolutions which lead to radical theoretical changes. Structural realism presents itself as the best of both worlds. In this paper I critically examine the epistemic status of structural realism, and argue that it is not the best of both worlds. Yet, I stress that it reveals an insight which, properly understood, can cast new light on the debates over scientific realism.
Tax Competition and Income Inequality: Why did the Welfare State Survive?

Contrary to the belief of many, tax competition did not undermine the foundations of the welfare state and did not even abolish the taxation of capital. Instead, tax competition caused governments to shift the tax burden from capital to labor, thereby increasing income inequality in liberal market economies that traditionally redistribute income by relatively high effective capital taxes and relatively low effective labor taxes. In contrast, income inequality did increase little or not at all in social welfare states that dominantly use social security transfers to redistribute income. Governments in social welfare states found it easy to maintain high social expenditures because they increasingly taxed labor, which is relatively immobile, to finance social security transfers. We test the predictions of this theory using a simultaneous equation approach that accounts for the endogeneity of tax policies, fiscal policies, and deficits.
‘help! the poles are coming’: narrating a contemporary moral panic

Abstract In the years and months prior to the May 2004 enlargement of the European Union, transitional periods of two to possibly seven years were imposed upon free movement of labour for immigrant workers from new (Eastern European) member states by a majority of ‘old’ member states. This article aims to scrutinize fear of mass migration from new member states by examining where (ir)rationality and political opportunism meet in the perception of this particular flow of labour migration as a cause for contemporary moral panic. To this purpose, the article starts with embedding the notion of fear of mass migration in literature on moral panics, risk society and the ‘othering’ of economic migrants as strangers and folk devils. By means of a case study narrative of the decision‐making process on the free movement issue in the Netherlands, it is subsequently demonstrated that ‘politics of fear’ are deeply rooted in the uncontrollability of mobilities of an unknown magnitude and an uncertain impact on, for instance, domestic labour markets. Beyond rationalizable concerns of job loss, however, labour migrants from new member states are also feared as threats to borders of morality and identity in Western European societies. The narrative's results are placed within a wider context of current boundary drawings with regard to migration in the enlarging European Union.
Medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia: a means to an end

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COMPARISON OF CONTINUATION RATES AND REASONS OF DISCONTINUATION FOR CYCLOFEM AND DEPOT-MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE IN RURAL AREAS OF EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE, IRAN

Objective: In this study continuation rate and reasons for discontinuation of Depot-medroxyprogestrone acetate (DMPA)and Cyclofem have been compared. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted with 422 women (202 Cyclofemand 220 DMPA users)who had started using the methods 12-24 months before the study in East Azerbaijan health houses. Data were collected by reviewing the records and interview with the clients and analysed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox Regression. Results: The 3, 6, 9, 12 months continuation rate were 56%, 37%, 30%, 27% respectively for Cyclofem versus 75%, 59.5%, 48%, 42.5% for DMPA. Menstrual changes were reported significantly more by the DMPA users than the Cyclofem users (85% vs. 73%, P=0.008) as the main reason for the discontinuation, the difference mainly reflected of amenorrhea (50% vs. 23%, P=0.003). None of DMPA users and 11% of Cyclofem users claimed frequency of visits and lack of method supplies as their main discontinuation reason. Conclusion: Discontinuation rate was high for the both methods but it was higher for Cyclofem.The common side effects mentioned as the main reasons for discontinuation of the both methods are not health threatening. Therefore, health care providers may help to improve their continuation rate by appropriate consultation.
Ignoring Good Advice

We ran an experiment where 1,503 subjects (advisees) completed tasks, and then had the choice to submit either their own score or the score of other subjects (advisers). The observed data are irreconcilable with rational behaviour. First, good advice was ignored: about 25% of the time, advisees chose to submit their own score instead of the higher score of an adviser, reducing their payoff. Second, when the adviser was superior in skill, good advice was ignored more often. Third, when the adviser was relatively highly paid, subjects were less likely to make use of them. We offer an explanation of the data focused on two behavioral forces: envy and the sunk cost fallacy. The role of envy was complex: more envious advisees, as measured using a dispositional envy scale, opted to follow advisers more often in the skill-based task revealing a positive, motivational effect of envy. However, higher adviser remuneration reduced this effect, revealing a negative side of envy as a constraint on rational decision-making. Susceptibility to the sunk cost fallacy, measured using a novel scale we developed, had a negative impact on the uptake of good advice. This is consistent with the idea that subjects feel resistant to changing their answers when they put in effort to formulate them. We also present findings from a new survey of 3,096 UK voters who took part in the national referendum on EU membership, consistent with some of our experimental results.
Environmental Liability

In this chapter, the law and economics literature with respect to environmental liability is reviewed. The goals of environmental liability from an economic perspective are discussed and the importance of the Coase Theorem is stressed. The classic digotomy between negligence and strict liability is applied to environmental pollution and the question of the consequences of the fact that many polluters are subject to regulation is addressed. Problems of environmental damage are discussed as well as limits and extensions of liability to others than the polluter. The importance of latency and the evolution over time of environmental liability is addressed as well. The chapter equally discusses environmental insurance as well as alternative compensation mechanisms. Also, the literature concerning the application of environmental federalism to environmental liability is reviewed. Attention is also paid to two specific areas of environmental liability, namely, nuclear liability and oil pollution.
Colors in Kindergarten : the effect of visual art design on mood, creativity and stereotypical differences in gender

As early childhood is the most and rapid period of development, it becomes increasingly crucial to pay particular attention to the construction of the interior environment of educational settings which ought to meet children´s needs. Especially colors are a salient and powerful factor in children's lives having a beneficial impact on the psychological condition and on the cognitive development. Feelings of comfort and safety as well as the stimulation of creativity are linked to a colorful wall design. Additionally, colors are also known to be helpful for painters as there exists a reciprocal interaction between color usage and emotion so that they are often used to express oneself. Regarding these benefits, this paper intends to explore the effects of a colourful wall design on mood and creativity. Furthermore, because color often reflects traditional gender stereotypes as a function of carrying gender-related information, gender-stereotypical color differences are of further interest. For the assessment, an experimental study design has been implemented in a German kindergarten among 40 children between an age of four to six. The participants were exposed to visual artwork called murals of the Swizz Charity Foundation ANOUK showing either a white and grey or blue-dominated mural on the wall, projected by two beamers. A mandala and an one-item-smiley questionnaire were used as measurement tools to assess the variables mood, creativity and stereotypical gender differences. Regardless their color preference and stereotypical color association, results indicated that blue rather than grey or white as the dominated color is more positive with regard to creativity for both males and females while benefits in mood were only found in girls. Finally, with regard to future research it is suggested to apply a longitudinal study that studies the impact of different hues in educational setting more deeply.
THE PANCHROMATIC HUBBLE ANDROMEDA TREASURY. VII. THE STEEP MID-ULTRAVIOLET TO NEAR-INFRARED EXTINCTION CURVE IN THE CENTRAL 200 pc OF THE M31 BULGE

We measure the extinction curve in the central 200 pc of M31 at mid-ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths (from 1928 Å to 1.5 μm), using Swift/UVOT and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3)/Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) observations in 13 bands. Taking advantage of the high angular resolution of the HST/WFC3 and ACS detectors, we develop a method to simultaneously determine the relative extinction and the fraction of obscured starlight for five dusty complexes located in the circumnuclear region. The extinction curves of these clumps (RV = 2.4–2.5) are steeper than the average Galactic one (RV = 3.1), but are similar to optical and near-infrared curves recently measured toward the Galactic bulge (RV ∼ 2.5). This similarity suggests that steep extinction curves may be common in the inner bulge of galaxies. In the ultraviolet, the extinction curves of these clumps are also unusual. We find that one dusty clump (size < 2 pc) exhibits a strong UV bump (extinction at 2175 Å), more than three standard deviation higher than that predicted by common models. Although the high stellar metallicity of the M31 bulge indicates that there are sufficient carbon and silicon to produce large dust grains, the grains may have been destroyed by supernova explosions or past activity of the central supermassive black hole, resulting in the observed steepened extinction curve.
Egg Weight on Egg Traits and Hatching

The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in a well known bird in western countries, but in the rest of the world especially in developing countries it is yet to be well-established on a commercial basis. The turkey industry has been slowly developing and more recently, production units have been established in many parts of the world. Hatchability is an important economic trait in domestic poultry (Hassan and Nordskog, 1971). There are lots of factors affecting the hatching process and post hatching performance in poultry. One such factor is the weight of the hatching egg (Altan et al. (1995). Egg size has been widely studied because it can be highly variable. The physical characteristics of the egg play an important role in the processes of embryo development and successful hatching. The most influential egg parameters are weight, shell thickness and porosity, shape index (maximum breadth to length ratio) and the consistency of the contents (Narushin and Romanov, 2002). Hatchability, hatching time, embryonic mortalities, chick weight at hatch and chick’s developmental performance at post hatch period are directly affected by hatching egg weight (Shanawany, 1987 and Altan et al. 1995). The study was conducted to determine the effects of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) egg weight on certain egg traits and hatching performance. A total of 178 turkey eggs comprising of three different egg weight groups below 60 g (G I), 61 to 69 g (G II) and above 70 g (G III) were used for this study. Average egg weight (g), egg length (cm), egg breadth (cm) and egg volume (cm) values increased with increasing egg weight. There was a significant (P<0.01) difference in egg traits between egg weight groups except shape index. Percentage of infertile eggs and embryonic mortalities were decreased whereas percentage of dead in shell, total egg hatchability, fertile egg hatchability, fertility and poult hatched weight values were increased as weight of egg increased. Results of higher hatching performance was obtained for eggs that weighed above 71 g and were statistically significant (P<0.01) from eggs that weighed between 60-69 g and below 60 g. It is concluded that turkey eggs that weigh above 70 g would be suitable for setting to obtain better reproductive performance followed by medium sized turkey eggs (6-69 g) and small sized turkey eggs weighed below 60 g.
Heart rate recovery from peak exercise and cardiac autonomic control in male coronary heart disease patients

Kelly JS, Delaney J, Wiggins T. Heart Rate Recovery from Peak Exercise and Cardiac Autonomic Control in Male Coronary Heart Disease Patients. JEPonline 2011;14(4):64-74. Heart rate recovery (HRR) from maximal exercise is due in part to changes in autonomic balance in favor of the parasympathetic arm of the autonomic nervous system. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis allows for a non-invasive measurement of autonomic balance. Both HRR and autonomic function are compromised in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of this investigation was to determine HRR from maximal exercise in patients with CHD and to correlate that measure with indices of their autonomic function. Forty-eight male patients with CHD (17 post-coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 31 following a myocardial infarction; 24 of whom were taking beta blockers and 7 who were not) and 8 sedentary controls matched for body mass and age were recruited to the study. Subjects completed a graded exercise treadmill test to volitional exhaustion. Heart rate at 1 min post-cessation of exercise was recorded. On a separate occasion, the subjects’ autonomic function was assessed using HRV analysis. Although the results showed no difference in exercise capacity between the two groups, the control group had markedly better HRR and a superior autonomic function. Indices of HRV were correlated with HRR but not exercise capacity.
Why People Dual Screen Political Debates and Why It Matters for Democratic Engagement

Dual screening during televised election debates is a new domain in which political elites and journalists seek to influence audience attitudes and behavior. But to what extent do non-elite dual screeners seek to influence others, particularly their social media followers, social media users in general, and even politicians and journalists? And how does this behavior affect short- and longer-term engagement with election campaigns? Using unique, event-based, panel survey data from the main 2015 UK general election debate (Wave 1 = 2,351; Wave 2 = 1,168) we reveal the conditions under which people experience agency, empowerment, and engagement now that social media have reconfigured broadcast political television.
The Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS): Overview and experimental design

Abstract. The climate in the Arctic is changing faster than anywhere else on earth. Poorly understood feedback processes relating to Arctic clouds and aerosol–cloud interactions contribute to a poor understanding of the present changes in the Arctic climate system, and also to a large spread in projections of future climate in the Arctic. The problem is exacerbated by the paucity of research-quality observations in the central Arctic. Improved formulations in climate models require such observations, which can only come from measurements in situ in this difficult-to-reach region with logistically demanding environmental conditions. The Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS) was the most extensive central Arctic Ocean expedition with an atmospheric focus during the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–2008. ASCOS focused on the study of the formation and life cycle of low-level Arctic clouds. ASCOS departed from Longyearbyen on Svalbard on 2 August and returned on 9 September 2008. In transit into and out of the pack ice, four short research stations were undertaken in the Fram Strait: two in open water and two in the marginal ice zone. After traversing the pack ice northward, an ice camp was set up on 12 August at 87°21' N, 01°29' W and remained in operation through 1 September, drifting with the ice. During this time, extensive measurements were taken of atmospheric gas and particle chemistry and physics, mesoscale and boundary-layer meteorology, marine biology and chemistry, and upper ocean physics. ASCOS provides a unique interdisciplinary data set for development and testing of new hypotheses on cloud processes, their interactions with the sea ice and ocean and associated physical, chemical, and biological processes and interactions. For example, the first-ever quantitative observation of bubbles in Arctic leads, combined with the unique discovery of marine organic material, polymer gels with an origin in the ocean, inside cloud droplets suggests the possibility of primary marine organically derived cloud condensation nuclei in Arctic stratocumulus clouds. Direct observations of surface fluxes of aerosols could, however, not explain observed variability in aerosol concentrations, and the balance between local and remote aerosols sources remains open. Lack of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) was at times a controlling factor in low-level cloud formation, and hence for the impact of clouds on the surface energy budget. ASCOS provided detailed measurements of the surface energy balance from late summer melt into the initial autumn freeze-up, and documented the effects of clouds and storms on the surface energy balance during this transition. In addition to such process-level studies, the unique, independent ASCOS data set can and is being used for validation of satellite retrievals, operational models, and reanalysis data sets.