Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phenotype-associated env gene variation among eight related human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clones: evidence for in vivo recombination and determinants of cytotropism outside the V3 domain

The nucleotide sequences of the env genes of eight phenotypically heterogeneous human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clones recovered from a single individual within a 3-week period were compared. In addition, the accessory gene sequences for four of these clones were obtained. Variation among most accessory genes was limited. In contrast, pronounced phenotype-associated sequence variation was observed in the env gene. At least three of these clones most likely resulted from genetic recombination events in vivo, indicating that this phenomenon may account for the emergence of proviruses with novel phenotypic properties. Within the env genes of the eight clones, four domains could be defined, the sequence of each of which clustered in two groups with high internal homology but 11 to 30% cluster variation. The extensive env gene variation among these eight clones could largely be explained by the unique manner in which the alleles of these four domains were combined in each clone. Experiments with chimeric proviruses demonstrated that the HIV-1 env gene determined the capacity to induce syncytia and tropism for T-cell lines. Amino acids previously shown to be involved in gp120-CD4 and gp120-gp41 interaction were completely conserved among these eight clones. The finding of identical V3 sequences in clones differing in tropism for primary monocytes and T-cell lines demonstrated the existence of determinants of tropism outside the env V3 region.
Resource quality affects restlessness in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis

Optimal foraging theory, specifically the marginal value theorem, predicts quicker leaving (shorter residence time) from poorer patches. One proximal mechanism for achieving the leaving is that exposure to lower‐quality resources may trigger increased restlessness (proportion of time in locomotion). Which aspects of host quality, if any, affect restlessness was examined in females of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Females were individually exposed to a single host. Restlessness was greater both during and after exposure to a host, when the host was externally damaged vs. intact. Other aspects of host quality that affected restlessness were whether the host was parasitized and whether it was dead and unsuitable for offspring development. In contrast, the host's age and stage did not affect restlessness. Increased restlessness did not make females more willing to launch themselves across an inhospitable environment using their wings.
The impact of a chest tube management protocol on the outcome of trauma patients with tube thoracostomy.

OBJECTIVE to investigate the effect of standardized interventions in the management of tube thoracostomy patients and to assess the independent effect of each intervention. METHODS A chest tube management protocol was assessed in a retrospective cohort study. The tube thoracostomy protocol (TTP) was implemented in August 2012, and consisted of: antimicrobial prophylaxis, chest tube insertion in the operating room (OR), admission post chest tube thoracostomy (CTT) in a hospital floor separate from the emergency department (ED), and daily respiratory therapy (RT) sessions post-CTT. The inclusion criteria were, hemodynamic stability, patients between the ages of 15 and 59 years, and injury severity score (ISS) < 17. All patients had isolated injuries to the chest wall, lung, and pleura. During the study period 92 patients were managed according to the standardized protocol. The outcomes of those patients were compared to 99 patients treated before the TTP. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the independent effect of each variable of the protocol on selected outcomes. RESULTS Demographics, injury severity, and trauma mechanisms were similar among the groups. As expected, protocol compliance increased after the implementation of the TTP. There was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the incidence of retained hemothoraces, empyemas, pneumonias, surgical site infections, post-procedural complications, hospital length of stay, and number of chest tube days. Respiratory therapy was independently linked to significant reduction (p<0.05) in the incidence of seven out of eight undesired outcomes after CTT. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was linked to a significant decrease (p<0.05) in retained hemothoraces, despite no significant (p<0.10) reductions in empyema and surgical site infections. Conversely, OR chest tube insertion was associated with significant (p<0.05) reduction of both complications, and also significantly decreased the incidence of pneumonias. CONCLUSION Implementation of a TTP effectively reduced complications after CTT in trauma patients.
Distributed Algorithm Design for Probabilistic Demand Response

This paper studies the problem of utilizing energy storage systems to perform demand-response in microgrids. The objective is to minimize the operational cost while balancing the supply-and-demand mismatch. The design space is to select and schedule a subset of heterogeneous storage devices that arrive online with di↵erent availabilities. Designing a performance-optimized solution is challenging due to the existence of mixed packing and covering constraints in a combinatorial problem, and the essential need for online design. We devise an online algorithm and show that it achieves logarithmic bi-criteria competitive ratio. Experimental results demonstrate the e↵ectiveness of our algorithm.
[Prevention of small bowel fistulas during open abdominal treatment: lessons learned].

BACKGROUND Abdominal vacuum therapy has simplified the treatment of a laparostoma. But is that all that it can achieve? The role of abdominal vacuum therapy concerning the development of small bowel fistulas is still under discussion. Treatment of the bowel surface seems to be crucial for the prevention of fistulas. As military surgeons, we need a simple, standardised regimen, leading to reproducible good results and low complication rates. The question is: are we able to eliminate small bowel fistula during open abdominal treatment? PATIENTS AND METHODS We analysed 28 consecutive patients with open abdominal treatment in the period of 2004 to 2009. From June 2006 on, we implemented an algorithm, using the KCI V.A. C. ® Abdominal Dressing (Kinetic Concepts Inc., San Antonio, Texas, USA) and a vicryl mesh between the non-adherent layer and the foam to prevent fascial retraction. The patients treated -after the installation of the new algorithm were compared to a group treated from 2004 to May 2006 before its installation. Fistula rates, mortality, the fascial closure rate, the number of abdominal dressing changes and the duration of open -abdominal treatment were evaluated. RESULTS After implementation of our new algorithm, the fistula rate decreased from 45 % to 0 %. The mortality during open abdominal treatment decreased from 45 % to 6 %. In addition, the duration of open abdominal treatment was reduced as well as the number of dressing changes. The primary fascial closure rate was 87 %. CONCLUSION We implemented a regimen, which is suitable for our mission in Afghanistan, as well as for medical evacuation and for the treatment of patients in our hospitals in Germany. It ensures a standardised treatment of the open abdominal cavity with an ideal protecting treatment of the bowel surface. Our algorithm utilises the advantages of the laparostoma while minimising the complications. The development of a small bowel fistula was eliminated in the evaluated patient group and mortality was clearly reduced.
Effect of Energy Restriction on Growth, Slaughter Performance,Serum Biochemical Parameters and Lpin2/WDTC1/mRNA Expressionof Broilers in the Later Phase

Fifty 18-day-old broilers were used to investigate the effects of 30% energy restriction from 18∼48 d on growth and slaughter performance, serum biochemical parameters, and gene expression of WDTC1 and Lpin2 in hepatic tissue. Fifty 18-day-old Arbor Acres female broilers were randomly divided to ad libitum group (control) and energy restriction group (experimental) and housed individually. The ad libitum group broilers were fed ad libitum with control diet, while energy restriction broilers were subjected to 30% metabolizable energy restriction (the supply of other nutrients was the same as that of ad libitum broilers). The results showed that: (1) Energy restriction significantly increased the feed efficiency (gain/feed) of birds. The average daily gain, the relative weight gain and the feed efficiency of energy restriction broilers were lower than that of ad libitum broilers during the earlier stage of the experiment (from 18∼39 d). While at latter stage of experiment (from 40∼48 d), the average daily gain, the relative weight gain and the feed efficiency of energy restriction broilers were higher than that of ad libitum broilers. (2) Energy restriction significantly reduced the abdominal fat ratio and the subcutaneous fat thickness, increased the muscle stomach weight, muscle stomach ratio, glandular stomach ratio, pancreas ratio, spleen ratio and the bursa of Fabricius ratio. There was no significant difference in leg muscle ratio and breast muscle ratio between control and experimental groups. (3) Energy restriction significantly increased serum superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, and serum uric acid, decreased serum total cholesterol, hig-density lipids, malondialdehyde, lactate dehydrogenase and blood urea nitrogen. (4) Energy restriction significantly elevated Lpin2 expression level in hepatic tissue, whereas it did not significantly affect the expression of chicken WDTC1 gene in hepatic tissue.
Density, thermal expansivity, and compressibility of liquid water from 0.deg. to 150.deg.. Correlations and tables for atmospheric pressure and saturation reviewed and expressed on 1968 temperature scale

A review is given of the temperature dependence of the density of liquid water from 40" to 150°C. The inclusion of new literature data indicates that most previous correlations have been 10 ppm low at 70-80°C. An expression is derived, Equation 16, expressed on the IPTS-68 and valid from 0" to 150"C, that is in improved agreement with most data sets. Recent literature values of the velocity of sound permit the calculation of more reliable isothermal compressibilities. The errors of these compressibilities;, from velocity of sound, density, thermal expansivity, and specific heat, are examined, and the error in the calculated compressibilities is estimated as 0.3 X lO-'bar-. ' at 4'C and as7 X 100°C. This paper supersedes two papers previously given by the same author. The revision of correlating and interpolating equations, and of estimated best values and their errors, must be repeated whenever standards are modified or a significant addition is made to the pool of experimental data. At atmospheric pressure (=1.01325 bar), the volume or density, the thermal expansivity, and the compressibility are among the properties of liquid water that are known with sufficient precision for the introduction of the 1968 lnternational Practical Temperature Scale (72) to make it
Medication Safety: Survey of Drug-Related Problems Identified by Community Pharmacies

Background: A drug-related problem (DRP) is defined as an event or circumstance that actually or potentially interferes with desired health outcomes. DRPs can lead to ineffective pharmacotherapy and may cause drug-related morbidity and mortality. Most DRPs are avoidable and community pharmacies are assuming an active role in preventing and solving DRPs. Objective: To identify the spectrum of DRPs encountered in community pharmacies. Methods: In 2005. a nationwide survey in Germany was conducted in community pharmacies to record all identified DRPs. Participating community pharmacies were free to select one week within the designated study period (February–May) and were instructed to record basic statistics (eg, number of patient interactions. number of prescriptions filled/nonprescription [over-the-counter; OTC] drugs dispensed per week), as well as patient-, problem-, and intervention-related data (eg, patient age and sex, whether a prescription-only or OTC drug was involved in the DRP, the time needed for problem resolution). DRPs were categorized using a modified version of the PI-Doc (problem–intervention–documentation) classification system. Results: Community pharmacies that participated in the study (N = 1146) documented 10,427 DRPs (9.1 DRP per pharmacy per week). A broad spectrum of DRPs was identified, with 9 of 10 cases involving prescribed medicines. DRPs arose on 3 primary levels: the prescription-, the patient-, and the delivery level. Overall, drug–drug interactions were the most frequently reported DRP (8.6%) and, according to community pharmacies, more than 80% of identified DRPs could be resolved completely. The prescribing physician was contacted in 60.5% of all such cases. Median time needed for solving a DRP was 5 minutes. Conclusions: Pharmacists in the community pharmacy setting are well suited to identify and resolve DRPs. Ensuring the proper use of both prescription and OTC drugs is one of the basic responsibilities of pharmacists. This specific role of pharmacists within the healthcare system needs to be more fully recognized
Effect of drying on selected proximate composition of fresh and processed fruits and seeds of two pumpkin species.

1,3,4Fedha, M.S., 1Mwasaru, M.A., 1Njoroge, C. K, 1Ojijo, N. O and 2,3Ouma, G. O. 1Department of Food Science And Technology,JomoKenyatta University Of Agriculture and Technology,P.O BOX 62000,Nairobi,Kenya Associate Professor Of Hoticulture,School Of Agriculture,Food Security and Biodiversity,Bondo University College,P.O Box 210-40601 Bondo,Kenya Corresponding authors:monicafedha@yahoo.co.uk,goumaoindo@yahoo.com Present address:Ministry Of Agriculture,Kisumu West District,P.O Box PawAkuche,Kisumu,Kenya ABSTRACT
Application of a Two-Zone Model to Estimate Medical Laser-Generated Particulate Matter Exposures

We estimated particulate matter exposures for two simulated medical laser procedures using a near-field/far-field model. Size-specific mass emission rates obtained from a laboratory-based emission chamber study were used with estimated room size, air exchange rate, and interflow between zones to demonstrate the potential exposure range. Modeled steady-state concentrations for the near-field ranged between 80 and 2140 μg/m3 and between 40 and 1650 μg/m3 in the far-field. Results indicate concentrations in the simulated scenarios are similar to those obtained from limited field assessments conducted in hospital operating rooms. Since new medical laser technologies and applications continue to grow, modeled occupational exposures of medical laser-generated particulate matter can be useful in better understanding these exposures in the clinical environment, and to inform control strategies.
HIV-Positive Status Disclosure Barriers in Stable Heterosexual Partners in Warri, Nigeria.

HIV-Positive Status Disclosure Barriers in Stable Heterosexual Partners in Warri, Nigeria by Edith N. Ogbozor MSc, University of Benin, 1999 FIMLS, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, 1996 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Is there a current role for preoperative non-absorbable oral antimicrobial agents for prophylaxis of infection after colorectal surgery?

BACKGROUND In numerous scientific studies, oral antibiotic bowel preparation has reduced surgical site infections in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. The historical evolution of antibiotic bowel preparation is presented with a review of the scientific basis of its effectiveness. METHODS Review of the pertinent English language literature. RESULTS Successful oral antibiotic bowel preparation requires effective mechanical preparation. The progressive shift of preoperative preparation to the outpatient setting has led to a reduction in the use of oral antibiotics. Such preparation, however, continues to be effective although in current surgical practice is often augmented with perioperative, parenteral antimicrobials. CONCLUSION Oral antibiotic bowel preparation has a role in the prevention of surgical site infection in the patient undergoing colorectal surgery.
Dynamic determinants of the route of larval Strongyloides ratti in lactating rats and the control of experimental error in quantitative studies of milk transmission of skin-penetrating roundworms

Subcutaneous injection of nursing mothers from day 16 to day 20 post partum with infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis does not result in the development of worms in the litters if 1 h is allowed between injection and resumed nursing, and suckling is terminated 24 h later. Thus the low numbers of N. brasiliensis (1% of the dose) which develop in litters after 24 h, 4 day or 5 days suckling when mothers are injected and returned to their young immediately, represent skin invasion and not milk-borne infection. Taking precautions consistent with the foregoing, S. ratti equivalent to 28%, 45%, 45% and 48% of the dose were shown to be transmitted in the milk to suckling rats of 4 mothers injected with 4000 L 3 on day 18 post partum and 72 h before weaning. One mother of the same batch failed to transmit worms (1% of the dose in the litter) and the take in all 5 mothers was insignificant (max. = 3% of the dose versus an average of 21% in controls). Large numbers of S. ratti were subsequently found in the intestines of mothers whose litters were weaned immediately after (21%) or 6 h after (16%) injection, whereas very few (less than 1%) developed in mothers deprived of their offspring 24 h after injection. Dynamic, rather than static, determinants of larval routes inside the host present the only logical basis for an explanation of these facts.
Inability of mutant transthyretin V30M to cross the blood-eye barrier.

L iver transplantation is the main therapeutic option for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) (Portuguese type, caused by a substitution of methionine for valine at position 30 of transthyretin TTRV30M) (1). It virtually eliminates circulating TTR V30M, with a positive impact on survival and quality of life (2). Domino liver transplantation using grafts from FAP patients is a well-established procedure (3) and is regarded as a safe way to increase donor availability (4, 5). However, reports of de novo amyloidosis in FAP liver recipients (6, 7) have caused much concern. FAP patients present ophthalmic disorders such as lacrimal dysfunction, pupillary disturbances, glaucoma, and vitreous opacities (8Y10). The ability of mutant transthyretin to cross the bloodbrain (11) and blood-nerve barriers (6) has been documented, but no conclusive data exists about its ability to cross the blood-eye barrier. If the circulating TTR V30M penetrates the eye, the possibility of acquired amyloidotic oculopathy should be considered in FAP liver recipients.
Molluscum contagiosum occurring in an epidermoid cyst

The histological picture of molluscum contagiosum (MC) is well known: the epidermis grows down into the dermis as multiple, closely packed pear‐shaped lobules. The epitelial cells of the outermost layers and the horny layer display typical molluscum bodies. In this paper, we describe an unusual case of MC in a cystic lesion. This lesion was probably due to localisation of the MC virus in the ostium of the pilar infundibulum, followed by obstruction and formation of an inclusion cyst.
A multicentered clinical study of serum as adjuvant therapy for surgical treatment of macular holes. Vitrectomy for Macular Hole Study Group.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the risks and benefits of autologous serum as an adjuvant therapy in macular hole surgery for stage 3 or 4 macular holes. METHODS Comparison of 2 consecutive (nonrandomized) cohorts using standardized methods for the determination of hole size and for surgical procedures, and using the same study surgeons. The serum cohort consisted of 106 eyes using autologous serum as an adjuvant, and the no serum cohort consisted of 58 eyes without adjuvants. The primary end point was the closure of the macular hole as determined by the 6-month fundus photographs. Secondary end points included the number and types of postoperative complications. Comparison in outcomes between the 2 cohorts used chi2 and logistic regression procedures, adjusting for preoperative differences between the study cohorts. RESULTS At 6 months, the (unadjusted) rate of hole closure was significantly greater for the eyes treated with serum than for the eyes not treated with serum (90 [85%] of 106 vs. 40 [69%] of 58, P = .04). However, after adjusting for preoperative differences in hole diameter and the prevalence of epiretinal membranes, no overall difference in hole closure rates due to serum was found (P = .44). In contrast, benefit due to serum for large holes (diameter >573 microm) was seen (12 [75%] of 16 vs 13 [57%] of 23, P = .04). No differences in complication rates were found between the cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Any beneficial effect of serum used as an adjuvant to macular hole surgery is small, and, if present, the beneficial effect may be limited to larger holes. A randomized, prospective, controlled study in larger macular holes is needed.
The Economics of Governance: Framework and Implications

neglected on the research agenda, in large measure because neoclassical price theory is poorly suited to address it1. Thus orthodoxy holds that the allocation of economic activity as between firms and markets is a datum; firms are production functions; markets are signaling devices; contracting is accomplished through an auctioneer; and disputes are disregarded because of the presumed efficacy of court adjudication. The economic purposes served by organizational variety do not arise within - indeed, are effectively beyond the reach of- this framework. Transaction cost economics approaches the study of economic organization very differently. Thus firms, markets, and mixed modes are regarded as alternative means of organization, the allocation of economic activity among which is a decision variable. Firms, moreover, are described as governance structures, the internal organization of which has real economic consequences. An assessment of the contracting process runs the gamut from faceless transactions of the kind that are adequately serviced by auctioneers to complex bilateral trades in which the identity of the parties matters critically. And the legal centralism tradition, under which court adjudication is presumed to be efficacious, is supplanted by the study of private ordering. Rather than disregard it, organizational variety is centrally located on the research agenda. Transaction cost economics joins aspects of law, economics, and organization theory in an effort to deepen organizational insights and develop refutable
A case of gastric cancer with features of submucosal tumor.

From the Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyusyu, Japan. Reprint requests: Makoto Otsuki, MD, PhD, The Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan,1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyusyu 807-8555, Japan. Copyright © 2001 by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 0016-5107/2001/$35.00 + 0 37/54/110079 doi:10.1067/mge.2001. 110079 A case of gastric cancer with features of submucosal tumor