Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of instructions on reasoning with stereotypical premises

This study examined conditional reasoning with premises referring to associations between professions and traits that were either stereotypical (“Accountants like mathematics”) or counter-stereotypical (“Nurses like mathematics”). In the first study, participants were asked to rate the degree of certainty of MP and AC inferences based on an individual's profession (“John is an accountant”) or based on an individual trait (“John likes mathematics”), under pragmatic instructions or under strong logical instructions, using a context that required them to put themselves in the position of a fictitious actor. Results showed that both forms of inference were rated as more certain with stereotypical premises than with counter-stereotypical premises and that logical instructions increased the overall strength of inferences without reducing the difference between the two forms of premise. The second study presented both stereotypical premises and inferences with believable and unbelievable conclusions, with no additional context. Participants were given inferences under pragmatic instructions followed by logical instructions, or only under logical instructions. Results show that ratings for both MP and AC inferences were higher for stereotypical than counter-stereotypical items, with a similar difference for inferences with belief-consistent and belief-inconsistent conclusions. Logical instructions clearly reduce the influence of premise type, on both types of problems. Receiving pragmatic instructions initially reduced overall levels of normative responding for stereotypical, but not for classical belief-bias inferences. Individual differences in responding indicate that the debiasing effect of logical instructions depends on initial level of bias shown under pragmatic instructions. The results are interpreted as supporting dual-process theories of reasoning.
Labor Market Reform and the Cost of Business Cycles

This paper studies the effect of labor market reform on the welfare cost of business cycles. Motivated by the German labor market reforms of 2003-2005, the so-called Hartz reforms, the paper focuses on two labor market institutions: the unemployment insurance system determining search incentives and the system of job placement services affecting matching efficiency. The paper develops a tractable search model with idiosyncratic labor market risk and risk-averse workers, and derives a closed-form solution for the welfare cost of business cycles as a function of the various parameters of interest. An improvement in job placement services leads to a reduction in the welfare cost of business cycles, but a change in unemployment benefit generosity has in general an ambiguous effect. A quantitative analysis based on a calibrated version of the model suggests that the German labor market reforms of 2003-2005 reduced the non-cyclical unemployment rate by 3 percentage points and reduced the welfare cost of business cycles by 30 percent.
The Limits of Shadow Banks

We study which types of activities migrate to the shadow banking sector, why migration occurs in some sectors, and not others, and the quantitative importance of this migration. We explore this question in the $10 trillion US residential mortgage market, in which shadow banks account for more than half of new lending. Using micro data, we document a large degree of market segmentation in shadow bank penetration. They substitute for traditional—deposit taking—banks in easily securitized lending, but are limited from engaging in activities requiring on-balance sheet financing. Traditional banks adjust their financing and lending activities to balance sheet shocks, and behave more like shadow banks following negative shocks. Motivated by this evidence, we build a structural model. Banks and shadow banks compete for borrowers. Banks face regulatory constraints, but benefit from the ability to engage in balance sheet lending. Like shadow banks, banks can choose to access the securitization market. To evaluate distributional consequences, we model a rich demand system with income and house price differences across borrowers. The model is estimated using spatial pricing rules and bunching at the regulatory threshold for identification. We study the consequences of capital requirements, access to securitization market, and unconventional monetary policy on lending volume and pricing, bank stability and the distribution of consumer surplus across rich and poor households. Disruptions in securitization markets rather than capital requirements have the largest quantitative impact on aggregate lending volume and pricing.
Photon Counting Detectors for the 1.0 - 2.0 Micron Wavelength Range

We describe results on the development of greater than 200 micron diameter, single-element photon-counting detectors for the 1-2 micron wavelength range. The technical goals include quantum efficiency in the range 10-70%; detector diameter greater than 200 microns; dark count rate below 100 kilo counts-per-second (cps), and maximum count rate above 10 Mcps.
The Interplay Between KSHV-encoded Viral Cyclin and CDK-inhibitors p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 -implications for Viral Lymphomagenesis

9 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 11 1. Cell proliferation and the cell cycle 11 1.1. The cell cycle 11 1.2. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases 11 1.3. Which cyclin and CDK components of the cell cycle machinery are essential for cell proliferation and growth? 14 1.4. G1 cell cycle control 15 2. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) -regulators of CDK activity . 16 2.1. p27Kip1 18 2.2. Protein phosphorylation -a way to regulate protein stability 19 2.3. Regulation of p27Kip1 19 2.4. p21Cip1 22 2.5. Regulation of p21Cip1 23 2.6. p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 in human tumors 25 3. Human tumorigenesis 27 4. Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus 28 4.1. KSHV – the human tumor virus identified from KS 29 4.2. PEL a hematologic disorder associated with KSHV 29 4.3. KSHV genome organization and life cycle 31 4.4. KSHV encodes several proteins with transforming capacity 32 5. Viral cyclins 34 5.1. KSHV v-cyclin 35 5.2. v-cyclin is oncogenic in vivo 38 5.3. v-cyclin is resistant to the action of CKIs 39 5.4. CKIs targets of several oncogenic viruses 39 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database

Many research fields concerned with the processing of information contained in human faces would benefit from face stimulus sets in which specific facial characteristics are systematically varied while other important picture characteristics are kept constant. Specifically, a face database in which displayed expressions, gaze direction, and head orientation are parametrically varied in a complete factorial design would be highly useful in many research domains. Furthermore, these stimuli should be standardised in several important, technical aspects. The present article presents the freely available Radboud Faces Database offering such a stimulus set, containing both Caucasian adult and children images. This face database is described both procedurally and in terms of content, and a validation study concerning its most important characteristics is presented. In the validation study, all frontal images were rated with respect to the shown facial expression, intensity of expression, clarity of expression, genuineness of expression, attractiveness, and valence. The results show very high recognition of the intended facial expressions.
Imaging and Non-Imaging Polarimetric Methods for Remote Sensing

Abstract : During the lifetime of this project, the research team significantly advanced the state of understanding of modulated polarimeter systems for active and passive, imaging- and non-imaging polarimetry. Modulated polarimeters infer the polarization state of light by creating a set of polarization-dependent carriers that are modulated by the intensity signal. These carriers can be created in any independent domain, such as time, space, wavenumber, angle of incidence, and they can be created in combinations of domains simultaneously. The work supported on this project has solidified the theory behind such instruments, allowing for new design philosophies that improve state-of-the-art instruments. When the project began five years ago, only a cursory understanding of modulated instruments existed, and the data reduction matrix was the primary means of processing polarization data. In this project, the DRM has been expanded to include a full functional formalism, allowing for a range of new tools in polarimeter design to be brought to bear. During the course of this project, five PhD students, seven MS students, and two undergraduates were trained. Four PhD dissertations were primarily supported by funding from this project.
Community Capacity Building and Local Government Leadership: Describing Transformational Leadership Practices in Naga City, the Philippines

Naga City, the Philippines, is among the growing number of localities that have demonstrated the dynamism of community capacity building. In particular, the city has been recognized for having effectively implemented their development policies through the use of an inclusive, consultative, empowering and enabling leadership that focused not only on structural improvements but also on people development. In adopting the case of Naga City, this study puts emphasis on the impact that local political leadership has on community capacity building. In furthering the Transformational and Transactional Leadership Model of Burns (1978), Bass and Avolio (1990), and the Community Capacity Development and Policy Structure Model of Miyoshi and Stenning (2008), this study illustrates how local political leaders influence the dynamics between the various stakeholders in the community and how these interactions, ultimately, affect the municipality‘s choice in policy structures as well as the overall direction of the city‘s development.
Search for an exosphere in sodium and calcium in the transmission spectrum of exoplanet 55 Cancri e

[Abridged] The aim of this work is to search for an absorption signal from exospheric sodium (Na) and singly ionized calcium (Ca$^+$) in the optical transmission spectrum of the hot rocky super-Earth 55 Cancri e. Although the current best-fitting models to the planet mass and radius require a possible atmospheric component, uncertainties in the radius exist, making it possible that 55 Cancri e could be a hot rocky planet without an atmosphere. High resolution (R$\sim$110000) time-series spectra of five transits of 55 Cancri e, obtained with three different telescopes (UVES/VLT, HARPS/ESO 3.6m & HARPS-N/TNG) were analysed. Targeting the sodium D lines and the calcium H and K lines, the potential planet exospheric signal was filtered out from the much stronger stellar and telluric signals, making use of the change of the radial component of the orbital velocity of the planet over the transit from -57 to +57 km/sec. Combining all five transit data sets, we detect a signal potentially associated with sodium in the planet exosphere at a statistical significance level of 3$\sigma$. Combining the four HARPS transits that cover the calcium H and K lines, we also find a potential signal from ionized calcium (4.1 $\sigma$). Interestingly, this latter signal originates from just one of the transit measurements - with a 4.9$\sigma$ detection at this epoch. Unfortunately, due to the low significance of the measured sodium signal and the potentially variable Ca$^+$ signal, we estimate the p-values of these signals to be too high (corresponding to <4$\sigma$) to claim unambiguous exospheric detections. By comparing the observed signals with artificial signals injected early in the analysis, the absorption by Na and Ca$^+$ are estimated to be at a level of approximately 2.3$\times 10^{-3}$ and 7.0$\times 10^{-2}$ respectively, relative to the stellar spectrum.
Quantum homomorphic encryption from quantum codes

The recent discovery of fully homomorphic classical encryption schemes has had a dramatic effect on the direction of modern cryptography. Such schemes, however, implicitly rely on the assumption that solving certain computation problems is intractable. Here we present a quantum encryption scheme which is homomorphic for arbitrary classical and quantum circuits which have at most some constant number of non-Clifford gates. Unlike classical schemes, the security of the scheme we present is information theoretic and hence independent of the computational power of an adversary.
Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells and Circulating Tumor Stem Cells in Breast Cancer by Using Flow Cytometry

We demonstrated the value of multiparameter flowcytometry in detecting human tumor cells of breast cancer in peripheral blood, which had a sensitivity limit of 10-5 and higher specificity compares with real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). It was also found that circulating tumor cell (CTC) number was related with TNM stage, metastasis and the overall survival of patients. CTC level was one of the important factors for patients’ prognosis. At the same time, we also verified the circulating tumor stem cell (CTSC) was connected with TNM stage by multiparameter cytometry. The detection of CTC and CTSC by multiparameter flowcytometry may be used to diagnose disease at early stage to guide clinical therapy or to predict prognosis. Multiparame‐ ter flowcytometry has the potential to be a valuable tool for prognosis assessment among patients with breast cancer in clinical situation in China.
Internal Migration, Asymmetric Shocks, and Interprovincial Economic Adjustments in Canada

This article provides an empirical analysis of the role of labor mobility in the intranational (interprovincial) macroeconomic adjustment process in Canada. This analysis is based on a pooled time-series cross-section econometric setup of net migration flows across age groups between the ten Canadian provinces since 1977. The results indicate that interprovincial migration is driven by structural factors such as the long-run regional differential in unemployment rates, labor productivity, and the rural/urban differential structure of the provinces. Furthermore, it appears that interprovincial migration is not that sensitive to regional asymmetric shocks at the business cycle horizon. Finally, using a conditional convergence model of human capital, the author estimates that migration has a powerful effect on the redistribution of human capital across Canadian provinces. With the interprovincial migration process, human capital is redistributed from the more rural to the predominantly urban provinces and from the poor to the rich provinces.
DRY MATTER INTAKE , NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN BALANCE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF ( WAD ) BUCKS FED Panicum maximum SUPPLEMENTED CONCENTRATE CONTAINING BAMBARA NUT ( Vigna subterranea )

Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike – Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. Corresponding author: odoemelamvu@yahoo.com An experiment was conducted to evaluate dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance by West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks fed Panicum maximum supplemented with concentrate diets containing varying levels of Bambara nut meal (BNM). Diet A, devoid of BNM served as the control. Diets B, C and D contained BNM at 10, 20 and 30% respectively. Twelve West African dwarf (WAD) bucks averaging 16.57 ± 4.28 kg were used in the study, three animals were randomly assigned to each of the four experimental diets in a completely randomized experimental design. The bucks were each housed in a metabolism cage. The experiment lasted for 21 days. Results showed that incorporation of BNM in concentrate diets significantly influenced (P<0.05) Dry matter intake (DMI), apparent N-digestibility but did not significantly influence (P>0.05) Nitrogen (N) intake, N-feaces, N-absorbed N-urine and N-balance. Metabolic feacal nitrogen (MFN) (g100gDM), endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN) and digestible crude protein (DCP) gdWkg values for maintenance were 1.16, 0.86, 0.79, 1.05; 0.11, 0.90, 0.86, 1.66 and 1.07, 0.48, 0.42 and 1.56 for diets A, B, C and D respectively. All diets promoted positive N-balance.
Impacts of dust on regional tropospheric chemistry during the ACE‐Asia experiment: A model study with observations

[1] A comprehensive regional-scale chemical transport model, Sulfur Transport and Emissions Model 2001 (STEM-2K1), is employed to study dust outflows and their influence on regional chemistry in the high-dust Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) period, from 4–14 April 2001. In this period, dust storms are initialized in the Taklamagan and Gobi deserts because of cold air outbreaks, are transported eastward, and are often intensified by dust emitted from exposed soils as the front moves off the continent. Simulated dust agrees well with surface weather observations, satellite images, and the measurements of the C-130 aircraft. The C-130 aircraft observations of chemical constituents of the aerosol are analyzed for dust-rich and low-dust periods. In the submicron aerosol, dust-rich air masses have elevated ratios of ΔCa/ΔMg, ΔNH4+/ΔSO42−, and ΔNO3−/ΔCO (Δ represents the difference between observed and background concentrations). The impacts of heterogeneous reactions on dust involving O3, NO2, SO2, and HNO3 are studied by incorporating these reactions into the analysis. These reactions have significant influence on regional chemistry. For example, the low O3 concentrations in C-130 flight 6 can be explained only by the influence of heterogeneous reactions. In the near-surface layer, the modeled heterogeneous reactions indicated that O3, SO2, NO2, and HNO3 are decreased by up to 20%, 55%, 20%, and 95%, respectively, when averaged over this period. In addition, NO, HONO, and daytime OH can increase by 20%, 30%, and 4%, respectively, over polluted regions. When dust encounters fresh pollutants, these heterogeneous reactions can lead to a series of complex responses of the photochemical system. In addition, these reactions can alter the chemical-size distribution of the aerosol. Under heavy dust loadings, these reactions can lead to >20% of the sulfate and >70% of the nitrate being associated with the coarse fraction. The radiative influence of dust can also affect the photochemical system. For example, OH levels can decrease by 20% near surface. The dust radiative influence is shown to be weaker than the heterogeneous influence for most species.
Theoretical and experimental investigations of three-terminal carbon nanotube relays

We present theoretical and experimental investigations of three-terminal nanoelectromechanical relays based on suspended carbon nanotubes. A charge is induced in the nanotube by applying a voltage to an underlying gate electrode thus inducing the nanotube to bend and make contact with a drain electrode. Such devices have potential applications as fast switches, logic devices, memory elements and pulse generators. We describe two modes of operation: a contact mode where the nanotube makes physical contact with the drain electrode and a non-contact mode where electrical contact between the nanotube and the drain electrode is made via a field emission current.
Estimates of the organic aerosol volatility in a boreal forest using two independent methods

Abstract. The volatility distribution of secondary organic aerosols that formed and had undergone aging – i.e., the particle mass fractions of semi-volatile, low-volatility and extremely low volatility organic compounds in the particle phase – was characterized in a boreal forest environment of Hyytiala, southern Finland. This was done by interpreting field measurements using a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (VTDMA) with a kinetic evaporation model. The field measurements were performed during April and May 2014. On average, 40 % of the organics in particles were semi-volatile, 34 % were low-volatility organics and 26 % were extremely low volatility organics. The model was, however, very sensitive to the vaporization enthalpies assumed for the organics (ΔHVAP). The best agreement between the observed and modeled temperature dependence of the evaporation was obtained when effective vaporization enthalpy values of 80 kJ mol−1 were assumed. There are several potential reasons for the low effective enthalpy value, including molecular decomposition or dissociation that might occur in the particle phase upon heating, mixture effects and compound-dependent uncertainties in the mass accommodation coefficient. In addition to the VTDMA-based analysis, semi-volatile and low-volatility organic mass fractions were independently determined by applying positive matrix factorization (PMF) to high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-AMS) data. The factor separation was based on the oxygenation levels of organics, specifically the relative abundance of mass ions at m∕z 43 (f43) and m∕z 44 (f44). The mass fractions of these two organic groups were compared against the VTDMA-based results. In general, the best agreement between the VTDMA results and the PMF-derived mass fractions of organics was obtained when ΔHVAP = 80 kJ mol−1 was set for all organic groups in the model, with a linear correlation coefficient of around 0.4. However, this still indicates that only about 16 % (R2) of the variation can be explained by the linear regression between the results from these two methods. The prospect of determining of extremely low volatility organic aerosols (ELVOAs) from AMS data using the PMF analysis should be assessed in future studies.
Evidence in support of the climate change–Atlantic hurricane hypothesis

The power of Atlantic tropical cyclones is rising rather dramatically and the increase is correlated with an increase in the late summer/early fall sea surface temperature over the North Atlantic. A debate concerns the nature of these increases with some studies attributing them to a natural climate fluctuation, known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and others suggesting climate change related to anthropogenic increases in radiative forcing from greenhouse‐gases. Here tests for causality using the global mean near‐surface air temperature (GT) and Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) records during the Atlantic hurricane season are applied. Results show that GT is useful in predicting Atlantic SST, but not the other way around. Thus GT “causes” SST providing additional evidence in support of the climate change hypothesis. Results have serious implications for life and property throughout the Caribbean, Mexico, and portions of the United States.
Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization

L$_2$ regularization and weight decay regularization are equivalent for standard stochastic gradient descent (when rescaled by the learning rate), but as we demonstrate this is \emph{not} the case for adaptive gradient algorithms, such as Adam. While common implementations of these algorithms employ L$_2$ regularization (often calling it "weight decay" in what may be misleading due to the inequivalence we expose), we propose a simple modification to recover the original formulation of weight decay regularization by \emph{decoupling} the weight decay from the optimization steps taken w.r. t. the loss function. We provide empirical evidence that our proposed modification (i) decouples the optimal choice of weight decay factor from the setting of the learning rate for both standard SGD and Adam and (ii) substantially improves Adam's generalization performance, allowing it to compete with SGD with momentum on image classification datasets (on which it was previously typically outperformed by the latter). Our proposed decoupled weight decay has already been adopted by many researchers, and the community has implemented it in TensorFlow and PyTorch; the complete source code for our experiments is available at this https URL