Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do Undiagnosed Suicide Decedents Have Symptoms of a Mental Disorder?

BACKGROUND Psychological autopsy studies consistently report that the rate of detected mental disorders among suicide decedents is below 100%. This implies three possibilities: (a) a subset of suicide decedents did not have a mental disorder at the time of death; (b) all suicide decedents suffered from a mental disorder, but some were undetected due to methodological limitations; and/or (c) suicide decedents with an undetected mental disorder displayed significant and perhaps subclinical features of a mental disorder. OBJECTIVE In this article, we examined these possibilities by evaluating the differences in symptoms and stressors between suicide decedents who were undiagnosed and those diagnosed with a mental disorder at the time of death. METHOD We reviewed 130 case studies of community-based suicide decedents originally described in Robins' (1981) psychological autopsy study. RESULTS Without exception, suicide decedents in Robins' sample suffered either from a clearly diagnosable mental disorder or displayed features indicative of a significant, even if subclinical, presentation of a mental disorder. Undiagnosed and diagnosed suicide decedents did not significantly differ with regards to demographics, violence of suicide method, suicide attempt history, the number and intensity of stressful life events preceding death, and whether their death was a murder-suicide. CONCLUSION Although clearly not all who suffer from mental disorders will die by suicide, these findings imply that all who die by suicide appear to exhibit, at minimum, subclinical psychiatric symptoms with the great majority showing prominent clinical symptoms. We conclude with clinical implications and recommendations for future study.
cis-regulatory sequences responsible for alternative splicing of the Drosophila dopa decarboxylase gene

The Drosophila dopa decarboxylase gene, Ddc, is expressed in the hypoderm and in specific sets of cells in the central nervous system (CNS). The unique Ddc primary transcript is alternatively spliced in these two tissues. The Ddc CNS mRNA contains all four exons (A through D), whereas the hypodermal mRNA contains only three exons (A, C, and D). To localize cis-regulatory sequences responsible for Ddc alternative splicing, a Ddc minigene and several fusion genes containing various amounts of Ddc sequences fused to fushi tarazu (ftz) exon 1 were constructed and introduced into flies by P-element-mediated germ line transformation. We find that Ddc intron ab and exon B are sufficient to regulate Ddc alternative splicing, since transcripts of a minimal fusion gene containing most of Ddc intron ab and exon B are spliced to exon B in the CNS but not in the hypoderm. These results indicate that Ddc alternative splicing is regulated by either a negative mechanism preventing splicing to exon B in the hypoderm or a positive mechanism activating splicing to exon B in the CNS. Our previous data suggest that Ddc hypodermal splicing is the actively regulated splicing pathway (J. Shen, C. J. Beall, and J. Hirsh, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:4549-4555, 1993). Here we show that deletion of Ddc intron ab sequences selectively disrupts hypodermal splicing specificity. These results support a model in which Ddc alternative splicing is negatively regulated by a blockage mechanism preventing splicing to exon B in the hypoderm.
Extreme Precipitation Indices Trend Assessment over the Upper Oueme River Valley-(Benin)

This study analyzed trends in extreme precipitation based on daily rainfall data provided by Benin Meteo Agency for the Upper Oueme valley in Benin over the period 1951–2014. Eleven indices divided into two groups were considered. The first group consists of frequency indices: number of heavy rainfall days, very heavy rainfall days and extremely heavy rainfall days; and maximum number of Consecutive dry days and wet days. The second group concerns intensity: daily maximum rainfall (RX1day), maximum five-day rainfall (RX5day), annual total wet-day rainfall (PRCPTOT), simple daily intensity index (SDII), very wet day (R95P) and extremely wet day rainfall (R99P). The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to assess trends in those indices. The results show that only 30% of the stations experienced decreasing trends for the number of heavy rainfall days (R10mm) and daily maximum rainfall (RX1day). For the annual total wet-day rainfall (PRCPTOT), the simple daily intensity index (SDII) and the very wet day rainfall (R95P), 20% of stations faced significant negative trends. In addition, the decreasing trends are observed for 10% stations considering the number of very heavy rainfall days (R20mm), the maximum five-day rainfall (RX5day) and the extremely wet day rainfall (R99P). About the increasing trend, 10% stations are identified for the number of consecutive dry days (CDD), very heavy rainfall days (R20mm), the daily maximum rainfall (RX1day), the simple daily intensity index, and the extremely wet day rainfall (R99P). These results show the absence of clear trend of climate indices evolution in almost all stations. Consequently, uncertainties in the evolution of rainfall indices must be taken into account in the definition of adaptation strategies for flood or drought risks. Similarly, these results show a slight drop in the dry sequences of the 1970s and 1980s revealed in the region by previous studies.
The Nature of the Firm

Production side of the economy made up of firms. Firms buy resources from consumers, transform them into output, and sell this back to consumers. Simple neo-classical model: 1) The firm is the decision making unit. 2) Firms are organized into industries. 3)Intermediate products are outputs of one industry that are sold to another, all in the chain of production that starts with consumers and ends with consumers. In this simple outline, the organization of the production sector is ambiguous. It can be thought of as a single firm or a series of many firms transacting with each other as intermediate products evolve from the most basic resources into the final items purchased by consumers. Several real world questions are raised about this simple model: 1) Firms are not really the decision makers. Firms are not people. People make up firms and the people associated with firms make decisions. 2) Industries are characterized by the principle output of firms. However, most firms produce many outputs. (DuPont probably produces over 2000 different goods.) Moreover, there is vast diversity in the degree to which firms engage in multi-line production. 3) Production of intermediate goods is not always formed along a chain. Many times firms buy supplies from numerous independent jobbers that feed into a pipeline of production. Examples are firms hiring cleaning services for their facilities or buying the many components necessary to assemble a car all from different, independent suppliers. However, we see that some firms choose to integrate all of these processes into their own company. Firms are many times associated by elaborate contracts as in the case of chicken farmers or fast food restaurant franchises. Consider the contracts that form the basis of sports leagues. Why Does The Firm Exist? Our quest is to understand the organization of production. We generally think of production being organized around units called firms. The question often posed is, what is a firm? This question can be restated more empirically oriented as, what are the boundaries of the firm? Neoclassical economic theory defines the concept of efficiency. (The Pareto criterion says that efficiency exists when no one can be made better off without hurting someone else.) Efficiency implies maximized profits and we know that profits are maximized when the marginal profitability of each resource unit divided by its price is equal across all resource units. Neoclassical theory treats the production sector as completely integrated; …
INFORMATION SYSTEMS OFFSHORING: RESULTS OF A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

An increasing amount of IS offshoring research has been published during the last four years. This paper presents a comprehensive view of the field of study from a managerial point of view. It provides a consolidated view of the field of study between 2010 and 2013 based on a manual search comprising 69 selected journals and 9 conferences, as well as a search using 6 journal databases. The literature review ensures continuity of research by connecting to a comprehensive literature analysis covering the years 1999 to 2009. This way it consolidates and critically reflects the state of the research of the last 14 years. Overall, we compiled 95 relevant publications originating from leading IS journals and IS conference proceedings. The results indicate that IS offshoring research is largely non-theory based, using almost entirely empirical data and interpretive research methods and to a smaller extent positivist research designs. The ISO research of the last 14 years focuses on the implementation stages "how" and "outcome" while the pre-implementation-stages “why”, “what”, and “which” are comparatively sparsely researched. Future studies should apply a more theory-driven approach with a greater attention on preimplementation aspects of information systems offshoring. In addition, future research should investigate the special nature of nearand onshoring, captive offshoring as well as agile (project) management techniques suitable for ISO.
Condor-a hunter of idle workstations

The design, implementation, and performance of the Condor scheduling system, which operates in a workstation environment, are presented. The system aims to maximize the utilization of workstations with as little interference as possible between the jobs it schedules and the activities of the people who own workstations. It identifies idle workstations and schedules background jobs on them. When the owner of a workstation resumes activity at a station, Condor checkpoints the remote job running on the station and transfers it to another workstation. The system guarantees that the job will eventually complete, and that very little, if any, work will be performed more than once. A performance profile of the system is presented that is based on data accumulated from 23 stations during one month. <<ETX>>
Strategies for Evaluation of Enveloped Virus Inactivation in Red Cell Concentrates Using Hypericin

Abstract Photodynamically induced virus inactivation appears promising in preventing transmission of enveloped virus infections in transfusible blood products. The potential for utilizing hypericin as a photosensitizer to inactivate key enveloped viruses in packed red cell concentrates (PRC) was evaluated. In addition to inactivating effectively ≥106 TCID50 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), inactivation of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in PRC was used as a model for hepatitis C virus to overcome the deficiency in reliable experimental systems for hepatitis C virus (HCV) inactivation. BVDV was two orders of magnitude more sensitive to inactivation by hypericin than HIV. As part of the virucidal efficacy analyses, the effects of photosensitization on hemopoietic cell lines carrying quiescent integrated HIV provirus were studied as models for evaluating virus inactivation in latently infected cells. Phorbol ester-induced virus production by these cells was effectively prevented by photosensitization with hypericin. A refinement of the illumination conditions, incorporating a monochromatic sodium light source with an emission spectrum coinciding with the absorption peak of hypericin, was highly virucidal, however, caused unacceptable levels of hemolysis. Red blood cells could be protected from phototoxic cellular damage by complexing hypericin with human serum albumin (albumin–hypericin), but the decrease in hemolysis was at the expense of virucidal efficacy. Thus, excitation of hypericin with a fluorescent source appears to be useful potentially for virus inactivation in PRC.
Laterodorsal tegmental projections to identified cell populations in the rat ventral tegmental area

Projections from the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT) to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) contribute to the activity of dopamine (DA) and GABA cells and, hence, to the affective and cognitive functions of this region. LDT afferents arise from neurochemically diverse cell types and mediate multiple functional influences. However, the VTA cell populations that receive LDT afferents are unknown and were investigated here by anterograde and retrograde tract‐tracing in combination with immunocytochemistry to distinguish DA and GABA cells. Approximately 50% of the LDT to VTA pathway formed asymmetric, presumably excitatory synapses that innervated DA and GABA cells in rough proportion to their representation within the VTA. This portion of the LDT innervation appeared to selectively target DA but not GABA mesoaccumbens neurons and provide a relatively nonselective input to both DA and GABA mesoprefrontal cells. The remaining LDT axons formed symmetric, presumably inhibitory synapses with a different pattern of cellular targets that included a preferential input to GABA neurons of both mesoaccumbens and mesoprefrontal populations and an apparently selective innervation of mesoprefrontal and not mesoaccumbens DA neurons. These data suggest that the LDT mediates a convergent excitatory and inhibitory influence on both mesoprefrontal DA and GABA cells but a divergent impact on mesoaccumbens neurons that is likely to excite DA cells and inhibit GABA neurons. Combined with our previous description of prefrontal cortical afferents, our data also indicate that mesoaccumbens DA neurons receive putative excitatory drive from the LDT, whereas mesoprefrontal DA cells receive convergent excitation from both cortical and brainstem sources. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:217–235, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risky Lending: Does Bank Corporate Governance Matter?

We study the effect of bank governance on risk-taking in commercial lending. Banks with more effective boards are less likely to lend to riskier borrowers. This effect is restricted to periods of distress in the banking industry and is stronger at banks with board-level credit committees. Banks with more effective boards are less likely to lend to riskier borrowers right after the Russian default, which exogenously imposed distress conditions on U.S. banks. Thus, value-maximizing banks appear to ration credit to riskier borrowers precisely when such firms might be credit-constrained, suggesting that bank governance regulations may have potential unintended consequences.
Stochastic dynamics of variance risk premia through stochastic volatility of volatility

This paper introduces a new class of stochastic volatility models which allows for stochastic volatility of volatility. Such models are given by volatility modulated non–Gaussian Ornstein Uhlenbeck processes. We study the probabilistic properties of such models both under the physical and under the risk neutral probability measure, where we focus in particular on the role of the volatility of volatility component in the integrated variance. Further, we show that the volatility of volatility component can be used to account for the leverage effect in a novel way and we discuss how long memory can be introduced into our new model class. The main contribution of the paper is that we derive an explicit formula for the variance risk premium in our new stochastic volatility model. That formula reveals that any stochastic dynamics of the variance risk premium have to come from a stochastic volatility of volatility component — provided the physical and the risk neutral probability measures are related through a structure preserving change of measure. This result indicates that (stochastic) volatility of volatility is a key component in a stochastic volatility model since it essentially drives the stochastic dynamics of the variance risk premium. These results are in accordance with recent empirical findings on the dynamics of variance risk premia.
Biometrics of Psoas Minor Muscle in North Indian Population

Psoas minor is classified as an inconstant muscle which is frequently absent. It is a muscle of posterior abdominal wall, lying anterior to the psoas major. The psoas minor is a weak flexor of the lumbar vertebral column and is innervated by the anterior ramus of nerve L1. Previous literatures lack proper description about the morphology and function of this muscle. Psoas minor muscle has been associated with a painful condition of abdomen, the psoas minor syndrome. We conducted a study on 20 formalin fixed cadavers in relation to prevalence, morphology, variations and morphometry of psoas minor muscle. It was found, that the percentage of absence of psoas minor muscle was 65%. No anatomical variation of the muscle was seen. Morphometric analysis demonstrated the average total length of muscle to be 215.2 mm, average length of muscle belly 67.7 mm, average tendon length 145.7 mm, while average width and thickness of muscle were 13.6 mm and 3.4 mm, respectively. This study provides valuable information on psoas minor muscle which may help in proper understanding of anatomy, function and clinical importance of the muscle.
Eight new mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in Italian patients with hyperphenylalaninemia

This report identifies eight new mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene detected in Italian patients with hyperphenylalaninemia. The trivial name of the mutations, predicted phenotypic effect, and population of origin (Italian region) are as follows: F55L (nonconservative change: classic, moderate, mild PKU ? ; Sicily), IVS2nt‐13 (splicing defect, classic PKU; Tuscany), I65N (nonconservative change classic, moderate, mild PKU ? ; Sicily), H201Y (non‐PKU HPA; Sicily), I269L (non‐PKU HPA, or polymorphism; Sicily), IVS7nt3 (splicing defect or polymorphism; Sicily), I283N (classic PKU; Sicily), IVS12nt2 (splicing defect, classic PKU; Sicily and Apulia). In Sicily, the relative frequency of mutations F55L, I65N, H201Y, I269L, IVS7nt3, I283N, IVS12nt2 is < 1%. The seven new mutations identified in the Sicilian population increase the remarkable genetic heterogeneity typical of this population with an estimated homozygosity value at the PAH locus of 0.041. Hum Mutat 11:240–243, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the Supermolecular Structure of Polydatin/6-O-α-Maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex.

Polydatin is the main bioactive ingredient in many medicinal plants, such as Hu-zhang (Polygonum cuspidatum), with many bioactivities. However, its poor aqueous solubility restricts its application in functional food. In this work, 6-O-α-Maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin (Malt-β-CD), a new kind of β-CD derivative was used to enhance the aqueous solubility and stability of polydatin by forming the inclusion complex. The phase solubility study showed that polydatin and Malt-β-CD could form the complex with the stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. The supermolecular structure of the polydatin/Malt-β-CD complex was characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1) H-NMR) spectroscopy. The changes of the characteristic spectral and thermal properties of polydatin suggested that polydatin could entrap inside the cavity of Malt-β-CD. Furthermore, to reasonably understand the complexation mode, the supermolecular structure of polydatin/Malt-β-CD inclusion complex was postulated by a molecular docking method based on Autodock 4.2. 3. It was clearly observed that the ring B of polydatin oriented toward the narrow rim of Malt-β-CD with ring A and glucosyl group practically exposed to the wide rim by hydrogen bonding, which was in a good agreement with the spectral data.
Incidence and Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis

Aim of the study was to estimate the incidence of coronary heart disease (CAD) in patients (pts) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) maintained on chronic hemodialysis (HD) and its association with the presence of predisposing factors. The study included 171 dialysis pts (107 male (M) and 64 female (F)). Mean age of pts was 67±13 years, mean time on dialysis 52.7±44 months and Body Mass Index (BMI) 25.9±3.7 kg/m2. Fifty pts (29.2%) were clinically diagnosed with CAD. The diagnosis was established by coronary angiography in 24 (48%) and in 26 by combined dipyridamole - exercise thallium imaging (52%). Pts’ data in association with the development of CAD that were recorded included age, sex, smoking habits, hypertension, obesity, the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, anemia, low albumin levels, secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP), the presence of chronic inflammation, as evidenced by the presence of elevated levels of CRP and hyperhomocystinemia. There was a statistically significant association of increasing age and CAD (p<0.0001). Relative risk (RR) was significantly increased i) in male pts compared to female pts (RR: 8.56, p<0.001), ii) in anemic pts compared to pts with hemoglobin levels ≤11 g/dL (RR: 8.26, p<0.0001), iii) in obese pts compared to pts with BMI ≤ 30 (RR: 5.09, p<0.005) and iv) in pts with increased levels of homocysteine compared to pts with levels of homocysteine <15 μM (RR: 4.14, p<0.0001). Using linear regression analysis, CAD was associated with the inadequacy of HD (r =-0.05, p<0.0001), time on HD (r =0.04, p =0.012) and increasing age (r =0.24, p<0.001). There was no statistically significant association between CAD and the presence of the other traditional risk factors. The incidence of CAD in dialysis pts is significantly increased with age, male sex, obesity, time on dialysis, the presence of anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia and inadequacy of HD.
Histological findings in asymptomatic hepatitis C virus carriers

There is controversy about clinical management of individuals who persistently have hepatitis C virus antibodies (HCVAb) but who have no symptoms or signs of liver disease. Liver biopsy samples were taken from 15 individuals, all of whom had normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, to determine the prevalence of liver disease and whether HCVAb and HCV‐RNA correlate with histological findings. Eleven patients with hepatitis C viremia had histological evidence of chronic hepatitis on biopsy. On the other hand, four HCV‐RNA‐negative individuals had almost normal liver histology. These findings indicate that serum HCV‐RNA is a sensitive and specific marker of liver disease in HCVAb‐positive subjects, independent of ALT levels. Furthermore, these results suggest that there are very few histologically healthy carriers of HCV among HCV‐RNA‐positive individuals.
Reasons for therapy termination in a university psychology clinic.

This study examined the reasons for therapy termination documented by graduate student therapists. The closed case files of individual adult clients who had terminated their therapy experience at a university-based psychology clinic were reviewed. Results indicated that the most frequent reasons for termination documented by graduate student therapists were that clients stopped attending therapy sessions without providing their therapists with notice or reason and that clients reached a satisfactory termination point in their therapy experience. A substantial number of clients terminated therapy because of difficulties unrelated to therapy, seeking services elsewhere, or dissatisfaction with therapy services. Level of depressive symptomatology and the number of sessions attended differed across clients who had different reasons for termination. By addressing such client concerns early in the therapy experience, premature termination may be prevented.