Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arterial blood gases and oxygen content in climbers on Mount Everest.

BACKGROUND The level of environmental hypobaric hypoxia that affects climbers at the summit of Mount Everest (8848 m [29,029 ft]) is close to the limit of tolerance by humans. We performed direct field measurements of arterial blood gases in climbers breathing ambient air on Mount Everest. METHODS We obtained samples of arterial blood from 10 climbers during their ascent to and descent from the summit of Mount Everest. The partial pressures of arterial oxygen (PaO(2)) and carbon dioxide (PaCO(2)), pH, and hemoglobin and lactate concentrations were measured. The arterial oxygen saturation (SaO(2)), bicarbonate concentration, base excess, and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference were calculated. RESULTS PaO(2) fell with increasing altitude, whereas SaO(2) was relatively stable. The hemoglobin concentration increased such that the oxygen content of arterial blood was maintained at or above sea-level values until the climbers reached an elevation of 7100 m (23,294 ft). In four samples taken at 8400 m (27,559 ft)--at which altitude the barometric pressure was 272 mm Hg (36.3 kPa)--the mean PaO(2) in subjects breathing ambient air was 24.6 mm Hg (3.28 kPa), with a range of 19.1 to 29.5 mm Hg (2.55 to 3.93 kPa). The mean PaCO(2) was 13.3 mm Hg (1.77 kPa), with a range of 10.3 to 15.7 mm Hg (1.37 to 2.09 kPa). At 8400 m, the mean arterial oxygen content was 26% lower than it was at 7100 m (145.8 ml per liter as compared with 197.1 ml per liter). The mean calculated alveolar-arterial oxygen difference was 5.4 mm Hg (0.72 kPa). CONCLUSIONS The elevated alveolar-arterial oxygen difference that is seen in subjects who are in conditions of extreme hypoxia may represent a degree of subclinical high-altitude pulmonary edema or a functional limitation in pulmonary diffusion.
Correlation between serum matrix metalloproteinase and antigenemia levels in patients infected with rotavirus

Rotavirus (RV) antigenemia has been reported in patients with gastroenteritis; however, the exact mechanism remains unclear. In order to elucidate the mechanism of RV antigenemia, an association between RV antigenemia and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) were analyzed. The object of this study was to elucidate the role of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in the pathogenesis of RV antigenemia. Forty children admitted to hospital with RV gastroenteritis were enrolled in this study. Paired serum samples were collected at the time of admission and discharge. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to detect serum concentrations of viral antigens, MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐9, ‐13, TIMP ‐1, and ‐2. Cytokines were measured using flow cytometric beads array. RV antigens were significantly higher in serum collected at the time of admission than discharge (P < 0.001). MMP‐9 concentrations were significantly higher in serum collected at the time of admission than discharge (P < 0.001). MMP‐2 concentrations were significantly lower in serum collected at the time of admission than discharge (P < 0.001). A weak but a significantly positive association (P = 0.034) was observed between RV antigen and MMP‐9 in serum collected at the time of admission, and inverse association was observed between RV antigen and MMP‐2. In addition, a weak but significantly positive association (P = 0.002) was observed between IL‐6 and MMP‐9. These data suggest that MMPs may contribute to the pathogenesis of RV antigenemia. J. Med. Virol. 84:986–991, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of Dental Arch Relationships in Swedish Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Subjects: 20-Year Longitudinal Consecutive Series Treated with Delayed Hard Palate Closure

Objective: To evaluate the dental arch relationships for a consecutive series from Goteborg, Sweden, who had delayed hard palate closure. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden. Patients: The dental study models of 104 consecutive unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects. The study cohort was born between 1979 and 1994. Longitudinal records were available at ages 5 (n = 94), 10 (n = 97), 16 (n = 59), and 19 years (n = 46). Five assessors rated models according to the GOSLON Yardstick on two separate occasions each. Interventions: These patients had been operated upon according to the Goteborg protocol of delayed hard palate closure (at age 8 years). Results: 85% of subjects were rated in groups 1 and 2 (excellent or very good outcome), 12% were rated in group 3 (satisfactory), and 3% were assigned to group 4 (poor). No patients presented in Group 5 (very poor). Weighted kappa statistics for double determination of Yardstick allocation for five assessors demonstrated values between . 65 and . 90 for interrater agreement (good/very good) and between . 70 and . 90 for intrarater agreement (very good). Conclusions: Delayed hard palate closure as practiced in Goteborg since 1979 has produced the best GOSLON Yardstick ratings in a consecutive series of patients ever recorded worldwide, since the Yardstick was first used in 1983. However, it is noteworthy that a new protocol has been introduced in Goteborg since 1994, in which hard palate closure is done at 3 years due to concerns regarding speech.
Trunk muscle profile in elite tennis players with and without low back pain.

AIM The aim of this study was to compare tennis players with and without low back pain (LBP) and healthy sedentary participants regarding the trunk muscle strength and flexibility. METHODS Thirty-eight male elite tennis players and 22 healthy sedentary male students (24.8±4.0 years) participated in this investigation. Tennis players were divided into two groups: 11 players (27.8±5.5 years) with current LBP and 27 players (24.3±5.9 years) without LBP. Maximal isometric strength of trunk extensor, rotator, flexor and lateralflexor muscles was assessed by means of specific trunk dynamometers. Pelvic and lumbar flexion mobility were measured by means of inclinometer technique. RESULTS Comparison of tennis players with and without LBP revealed no significant difference regarding trunk muscle strength and ratio or lumbar spine flexibility (all P>0.05). In comparison with sedentary participants, the tennis players showed a sport-specific profile determined by a non-dominant trunk lateralflexors (P=0.02, F=4.05) and rotators (P=0.03, F=3.62) strength significantly higher than the dominant side. CONCLUSION In the current study, comparison of tennis players with and without LBP showed no significant difference regarding trunk strength and spine flexibility. Trunk profile of tennis players showed selective unilateral strength increase of the non-dominant trunk lateralflexors and rotators. This finding could result from the forehand and the service action which involves simultaneously left trunk rotators and lateralflexors, in right-handed players, to generate power. In order to confirm that trunk muscle imbalance has no influence on LBP, further studies should study the effectiveness of a programme aiming to normalize strength ratios in tennis players with LBP.
An investigation of minimum DC-link capacitance in PWM rectifier-inverter systems considering control methods

In this paper, minimum DC-link capacitance in PWM rectifier-inverter systems is investigated. Reduction of DC-link capacitor is one of the most effective issues to realize high power-density PWM rectifier-inverter systems. For the extreme reduction of the DC-link capacitor, the minimum required capacitance should be clarified theoretically, and the improved control method should be developed. Firstly, the calculation method of DC-link voltage variation of the PWM rectifier-inverter systems at a stepwise change in the output power is proposed. Next, based on the proposed calculation method of the DC-link voltage variation and the constraint conditions determined by parameters of the PWM rectifier, the calculation method of the minimum required DC link capacitance at a stepwise change in the output power is proposed. Then, a feed-forward controller based on the output power of the inverter is proposed and the least necessary capacitance is clarified.
Are births underreported in rural China? Manipulation of statistical records in response to China’s population policies

Under the current family planning policy in China, the criterion for evaluating all parties involved in the birth planning system provides an incentive for everyone to see that the policy is met, either in reality through strict enforcement of family planning regulations, or statistically through manipulation of statistical records. We investigate underreporting of births in four rural counties of northern China, using data from a 1992 sample survey featuring a reproductive history. To clarify the mechanisms of underreporting, we focus on the ways in which reporting errors may affect the distribution of first births by time since marriage. The results of our investigation suggest that in three of the four counties, first-birth intervals are lengthened by underreporting of girl babies and by replacing them with second births reported as first births.
Human papillomavirus type 5 is commonly present in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent individuals

DNA of a wide spectrum of epidermodysplasia verruciformis‐associated human papillomavirus (HPV) types (EV–HPV) has been detected in skin lesions and plucked hairs from both immunosuppressed and a considerable proportion of non‐immunosuppressed persons. Recently, the skin of psoriatic patients was claimed to be an important reservoir for a particular EV–HPV type, HPV 5, which is considered as a high‐risk HPV type for skin carcinomas. In the present study, we analysed plucked hairs from immunosuppressed renal transplant patients and immunocompetent individuals, utilizing an HPV 5‐specific nested polymerase chain reaction. HPV 5 was detected in hairs derived from 14 of 31 (45%) immunosuppressed patients and 21 of 135 (16%) immunocompetent individuals. Both the immunosuppressed and the immunocompetent groups consisted of individuals with and without non‐melanoma skin cancer. HPV 5 DNA was detected in similar proportions of hair samples plucked from individuals with and without skin cancer in either group. Our results indicate that HPV 5 is commonly present in the population. The role of HPV 5 in the pathogenesis of skin carcinomas and psoriasis remains to be established.
Osmolarity of coconut water (Cocos nucifera) based diluents and their effect over viability of frozen boar semen.

Problem statement: Boar sperm cells are sensitive to the freezing process, which compromises viability of frozen-thawed sperm. In a constant search for minimizing or suppressing sperm cell damage caused by the temperature and osmolarity changes during the freezing process, crioprotective and antioxidant substances have been added to the freezing media, such as coconut water, in order to increase the viability of frozen-thawed swine semen. The addition of any substance to the freezing diluent, directly affects osmolarity of the media, which can have positive or negative effects over the sperm cell. Approach: There are no published studies currently that indicate the effect of adding coconut water over the osmolarity of freezing media and their effect over viability of sperm cells, therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of coconut water based diluents osmolarity over the Motility (Mot), Acrosome Integrity (AI), Membrane Integrity (MI) and Mitochondrial Activity (MA) of thawed boar sperm cells. The treatments used were control T1 (LEY with bidistilled water + LEYGO) with an osmolarity range of 296-368 mOsmol Kg-1, T2 (LEY and deionized coconut water + LEYGO) between 381 and 480 mOsmol Kg-1 and T3 (LEY and in natura coconut water + LEYGO) between 519 and 1041 mOsmol Kg-1. The Westendorf modified method was the freezing method used. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by GLM, using the SAS software (SAS, 2000). Results: A significant difference was observed on T2 compared to T1 regarding Mot 41.9 Vs 36.9% and MI 58.0 Vs 50.2. T3 had a detrimental effect on all studied variables. Conclusion: Under our study conditions, the osmolarity range of T2, due to the non ionic solutes content, contributed to improve the viability of frozen-thawed sperm cells.
Polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor α (ESR1) gene and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in a southern Chinese community

ABSTRACT Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a higher prevalence in women. Expression of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene has been identified throughout the brain. Owing to the putative neuroprotective effects of estrogen, estrogen receptor gene is a potential candidate modulating the development of AD. Preliminary associations between two polymorphisms of ESR1 (PvuII and XbaI) gene and AD have been reported. Methods: In this study, 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ESR1 gene (including four commonly studied ESR1 SNPs and 12 other tagging SNPs selected from the HapMap database) were investigated to further evaluate the association between ESR1 polymorphisms and the risk of AD in the Chinese population. Results: A total of 233 Chinese AD patients and 245 age-matched elderly control subjects were recruited. Genetic associations were analyzed by chi-square test and interaction effect was analysed by logistic regression analysis. Five SNPs (clustered between intron 3 and intron 7) were associated with the risk of AD (p-value ranges from 0.001 to 0.035); another two SNPs (located on exon 2 and intron 2) were shown to modulate the age-at-onset (AAO) in AD (p-value = 0.036 and 0.011). Conclusions: ESR1 gene polymorphisms may be associated with the AAO in AD. The present results provided information for possible associations between certain polymorphisms of ESR1 gene and the risk of AD.
RNA Polymerase I-Promoted HIS4Expression Yields Uncapped, Polyadenylated mRNA That Is Unstable and Inefficiently Translated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ABSTRACT The HIS4 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiaewas put under the transcriptional control of RNA polymerase I to determine the in vivo consequences on mRNA processing and gene expression. This gene, referred to as rhis4, was substituted for the normal HIS4 gene on chromosome III. Therhis4 gene transcribes two mRNAs, of which each initiates at the polymerase (pol) I transcription initiation site. One transcript, rhis4s, is similar in size to the wild-typeHIS4 mRNA. Its 3′ end maps to the HIS4 3′ noncoding region, and it is polyadenylated. The second transcript,rhis4l, is bicistronic. It encodes the HIS4coding region and a second open reading frame, YCL184, that is located downstream of the HIS4 gene and is predicted to be transcribed in the same direction as HIS4 on chromosome III. The 3′ end of rhis4l maps to the predicted 3′ end of the YCL184 gene and is also polyadenylated. Based on in vivo labeling experiments, the rhis4 gene appears to be more actively transcribed than the wild-type HIS4 gene despite the near equivalence of the steady-state levels of mRNAs produced from each gene. This finding indicated that rhis4mRNAs are rapidly degraded, presumably due to the lack of a cap structure at the 5′ end of the mRNA. Consistent with this interpretation, a mutant form of XRN1, which encodes a 5′-3′ exonuclease, was identified as an extragenic suppressor that increases the half-life of rhis4 mRNA, leading to a 10-fold increase in steady-state mRNA levels compared to the wild-typeHIS4 mRNA level. This increase is dependent on pol I transcription. Immunoprecipitation by anticap antiserum suggests that the majority of rhis4 mRNA produced is capless. In addition, we quantitated the level of His4 protein in a rhis4 xrn1Δ genetic background. This analysis indicates that capless mRNA is translated at less than 10% of the level of translation of capped HIS4 mRNA. Our data indicate that polyadenylation of mRNA in yeast occurs despite HIS4 being transcribed by RNA polymerase I, and the 5′ cap confers stability to mRNA and affords the ability of mRNA to be translated efficiently in vivo.
Ex Ante Evaluation of Social Programs

This paper discusses methods for evaluating the impacts of social programs prior to their implementation. Ex ante evaluation is useful for designing programs that achieve some optimality criteria, such as maximizing impact for a given cost. This paper illustrates through several examples the use of behavioral models in predicting the impacts of hypothetical programs. Among the programs considered are wage subsidy programs, conditional cash transfer programs, and income support programs. In some cases, the behavioral model justifies a completely nonparametric estimation strategy, even when there is no direct variation in the policy instrument. In other cases, stronger modeling and/or functional form assumptions are required to evaluate a program ex ante. We illustrate the application of ex ante evaluation methods using data from the PROGRESA school subsidy experiment in Mexico. We assess the effectiveness of the method by comparing ex ante predictions of program impacts to the impacts measured under the randomized experiment.
Pre-attentive detection of syntactic and semantic errors

This magnetoencephalographic study tested whether magnetic fields evoked by syntactic and semantic errors differ in their time course and magnitude from fields evoked by phonemic differences. An oddball design, using German sentences with embedded critical words was applied: The error condition (with the standard word RASEN, lawn, in 70% of the trials, and the syntactic and semantic errors ROSEN, roses and RIESEN, giant as deviants) wasx compared with a neutral, correct phonemic condition. Mismatch responses were significantly larger for syntactic and semantic errors as compared to mere phonemic deviations. The semantic error elicited higher mismatch responses than the syntactic error. This error-sensitive component is interpreted as a very early detector for semantic and syntactic errors.
Traces of analytic uniform algebras on subvarieties and test collections

Given a complex domain Ω and analytic functions φ1,…,φn:Ω→D , we find geometric conditions allowing us to conclude that H∞(Ω) is generated by functions of the form g∘φk , g∈H∞(D) . This is then applied to the construction of an extension of bounded holomorphic functions on an analytic one‐dimensional complex subvariety of the polydisk Dn to functions in the Schur–Agler algebra of Dn , with an estimate on the norm of the extension. Our proofs use an extension of the technique of separation of singularities by Havin, Nersessian and Ortega‐Cerdá.
Life Review: Implementation, Theory, Research, and Therapy

A selective literature review of publications on life review generated ideas on implementation, theory, research, and therapy. The review begins by differentiating life review from reminiscence, and summarizing ways to conduct a life review. A dozen theories that have been influenced by the life review technique are presented, with a focus placed on Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development. Erikson's theory has not only been influenced by the life review, it has had a major impact on life review research. Three research topics are discussed: Erikson's ego integrity versus despair in old age, demographical differences in the practice of life reviews, and the impact of conducting life reviews on staff in institutional settings. Most practitioners of life reviews are institutional staff, university students, and family members, many of whom have had limited prior training. The prospect of a certified life review training program is discussed.
Testosterone at high concentrations interacts with the human androgen receptor similarly to dihydrotestosterone.

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are believed to exert their androgenic effects by interacting with a single intracellular receptor protein in androgen target tissues. During fetal life, however, testosterone mediates the virilization of the Wolffian ducts into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles, whereas the urogenital sinus and external genitalia require the in situ conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone to undergo male development. The reason why the signal provided by testosterone needs to be amplified in some androgen target tissues but not in others remains an enigma. To provide insight into the different actions of these androgens we studied their interaction with the human androgen receptor in fibroblasts cultured from the genital skin of a patient with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency. Dihydrotestosterone was formed in negligible amounts in these cells, and in some experiments the residual 5 alpha-reductase activity was further blocked with the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride. Saturation analysis in fibroblast monolayers disclosed similar amounts of binding with testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, and the affinity of binding of dihydrotestosterone was, on the average, about 2-fold greater than that of testosterone. [3H]Testosterone also exhibited a 5-fold faster dissociation rate from the receptor than [3H]dihydrotestosterone. In thermolability experiments the [3H]testosterone-receptor complex displayed marked instability at 42 C with 2 nM [3H] testosterone, whereas with 20 nM [3H]testosterone, receptor stability was similar to that seen with [3H]dihydrotestosterone. In up-regulation experiments, 2 nM [3H]testosterone produced a 34% increase in specific androgen receptor binding after 24 h, whereas 20 nM [3H]testosterone produced an average increase of 64%. Our results suggest that the weaker androgenic potency of testosterone compared to that of dihydrotestosterone resides in its weaker interaction with the androgen receptor, most clearly demonstrable as an increase in the dissociation rate of testosterone from the receptor. When present in relatively high concentrations, however, testosterone overcomes this defect by mass action. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Occupational Measures Formulation and Linear Programming Solution of Deterministic Long Run Average Problems of Optimal Control

We present results establishing that deterministic long run average problems of optimal control are "asymptotically equivalent" to infinite dimensional linear programming problems (LPP) and that these LPP can be approximated by finite dimensional LPP, the solutions of which can be used for construction of the optimal controls. General results are illustrated by a numerical example
Ultra-linear, broadband optical modulator for high performance analog fiber link system

We propose a new family of broadband external modulators with ultra-high linearity (SFDR = 147 dB Hz) for analog photonic links applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest reported SFDR for any single design of linearized external modulators. Other remarkable features include high tolerance to parameter fluctuations, low loss, simple architecture, and low cost. The modulator is based on a unique combination of phase-modulator (PM) and ring resonator (RR) that are placed within a standard Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) configuration. Simulated results showing these excellent features are presented.