Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of factors associated with early and late stage diagnosis of buccal mucosa carcinoma

Background/Objectives: Delayed reporting at advanced stage of oral cancer is a common problem in India. Hence, the purpose of study was to determine factors associated with early and delay diagnosis of buccal mucosa carcinoma. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted with 198 buccal mucosa carcinoma subjects. Sociodemographic, socioeconomic, clinical-histopathology characteristic, clinical symptoms and their habits were recorded. Results and discussion: In our study, 169(85.3%) had diagnosed with advanced stage, whereas 29(14.7%) diagnosed at early stage. Among all the factors, socioeconomic status, degree of differentiation and regional lymph nodes were found to be associated with stage of diagnosis, whereas sociodemographic, depth of tumor and tumor size were not associated (P
High‐latitude plasma structure and scintillation

Observations of high‐latitude plasma structure and scintillation are presented from the January 2001 scintillation campaign timeframe. Comparisons are made using the all‐sky imager and two beacon‐satellite ground receivers located at Sondrestrom, Greenland. The Coherent Ionospheric Doppler Receiver (CIDR) observes 150‐ and 400‐MHz signals transmitted from low‐Earth‐orbiting satellites. The 250‐MHz polar beacon‐satellite system observes signals from highly elliptical orbiting satellites. F region patches, F region precipitation arcs, and auroral arcs were observed. Intermediate‐scale structure was observed on the leading and trailing edges of patches prior to exiting the polar cap. Banded structure was observed across an F region arc. Additional beacon‐satellite receivers in Greenland and Alaska provide a unique opportunity to study the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of patch structures and their associated scintillation.
SPECT Attenuation Artifacts in Normal and Overweight Persons: Insights from a Retrospective Comparison of Rb-82 Positron Emission Tomography and Tl-201 SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

Purpose Myocardial perfusion imaging can be performed using SPECT or positron emission tomography (PET). SPECT has lower specificity than PET, largely as a result of attenuation artifacts; however, it is more widely available. The authors describe a study of the effect of sex and body weight on the incidence of SPECT attenuation artifacts using a retrospective comparison of Tl-201 SPECT and Rb PET. Methods One hundred sixty-one persons (101 men, 60 women; 81 normal weight, 80 overweight) underwent Tl-201 SPECT and Rb PET. The incidence of observed perfusion defects was studied in territories of the three major coronary arteries. SPECT and PET results were also compared with those of angiography in a subset of 75 patients. Results One hundred fourteen defects were reported on Rb PET compared with 176 defects with Tl-201 SPECT. Excess Tl-201 SPECT defects occurred in male and female, normal-weight and overweight persons. The average specificity was 64% for Tl-201 SPECT and 84% for Rb PET, reflecting this difference. Conclusions Attenuation artifacts in Tl-201 SPECT occur frequently and are not confined to easily identifiable subgroups of patients. Therefore, measures to improve specificity of SPECT (e.g., prone or gated imaging) or alternative imaging techniques such as PET have potential advantages for everyone, not simply for obese patients and women with large breasts. In addition, awareness of the prevalence of SPECT attenuation artifacts, in both sexes and all weight categories, may contribute to improved accuracy of interpretation.
Failure of a helium‐neon laser to affect components of wound healing in vitro

The red light of a helium‐neon (He‐Ne) laser has been reported to stimulate wound healing and cell growth. To investigate the nature of its influence on wound healing we have studied seven components of the healing process in vitro: human skin fibroblast, epithelial and endothelial cell proliferation, cellular migration from skin explants, collagen lattice contraction, collagen synthesis and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) secretion. We used a 5 mW He‐Ne laser emitting a 1 mm diameter beam of wavelength 633 nm. Cellular proliferation was not affected by irradiation three times a day for 3 days. There was no effect on cellular migration or on the rate of collagen lattice contraction. The rate of collagen synthesis, measured as the incorporation of 3H‐proline into collagenase‐sensitive protein, was no greater than that of controls and GAG secretion did not increase in the irradiated group. We have not found any significant effects of He‐Ne irradiation.
Spatial distributions of chemically identified intrinsic neurons in relation to patch and matrix compartments of rat neostriatum

The spatial distributions and dendritic branching patterns of chemically identified subpopulations of striatal intrinsic neurons, defined by immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), neuropeptide Y or parvalbumin, were studied in relation to patch and matrix compartments of rat neostriatum. ChAT‐immunoreactive cells and fibers showed an uneven pattern of distribution in the striatum. ChAT immunoreactivity was higher in the dorsolateral part and lower in the ventromedial part of the striatum. This regional gradient pattern is the inverse of the overall pattern of calbindin D28k immunoreactivity. However, in small regions close to the lateral ventricle and globus pallidus, areas containing fewer ChAT‐immunoreactive cells and fibers coincided with those containing low calbindin D28k immunoreactivity. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was uniform in the neostriatum. Certain neuropeptide Y cells (about 20%) were also immunoreactive for calbindin D28k, indicating that at least a small population of calbindin D28k‐immunoreactive cells are medium aspiny cells. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity was not uniform in the striatum. A higher density of parvalbumin immunoreactivity was found in the neuropil in lateral and caudal parts than in the medial part. Small regions with weaker parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neuropil partially corresponded to calbindin D28k poor patches. Larger cells immunoreactive for parvalbumin were preferentially located in lateral and caudal parts of the striatum.
Increased Strength in Wind Turbine Blades through Innovative Structural Design.

When a system design approach is applied to wind turbine blades, manufacturing and structural requirements are included along with aerodynamic considerations in the design optimization. The resulting system-driven design includes several innovative structural features such as flat-back airfoils, a constant thickness carbon spar-cap, and a thin, large diameter root. Subscale blades were manufactured to evaluate the as-built integrated performance. The design resulted in a 22% reduction in mass, but withstood over 300% of its design load during testing. Compressive strains of nearly 0.9% were measured in the carbon spar-cap. The test results from this and an earlier design are compared, as are finite element models of each design. Included in the analysis is a review of the acoustic emission events that were detected through the use of surface mounted microphones.
Stroke in young patients with hyperhomocysteinemia due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency

Background: Although hyperhomocyst(e)inemia (Hyper-Hcy) may predispose to atherosclerosis and venous thrombosis, the mechanisms of stroke associated with Hyper-Hcy are not defined. Methods: Clinical and biochemical phenotypes and genetic features of three unrelated patients with premature stroke and severe Hyper-Hcy due to cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency are described. Plasma Hcy and amino acids were measured by fluorescence polarization immune assay and ion exchange chromatography. Analysis of the CBS and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genes was performed by restriction enzyme digestion and sequence analysis. Results: Two of the three index cases had no known diagnosis of homocystinuria and initially presented with embolic cerebral and retinal infarction in mid-adulthood. Mechanisms of cerebrovascular disease were carotid intraluminal thrombosis, arterial dissection, and possible cardiac embolism. Family screening revealed additional members with clinically silent homocystinuria and severe Hyper-Hcy. Excluding tall stature in two individuals, all had mild phenotypes, without classic findings of CBS deficiency. Plasma total and free Hcy, methionine, and urine Hcy were elevated. Genotyping revealed heterozygous CBS mutations (I278T, D444N, G307S) in affected individuals. Conclusion: Artery-to-artery embolism and dissection may cause stroke in young adults with homocystinuria. The results also support a rationale for screening for Hyper-Hcy in young adults with stroke without a phenotype suggestive of classic homocystinuria.
Renal microvascular dysfunction, hypertension and CKD progression

Purpose of reviewDespite apparent blood pressure (BP) control and renin–angiotensin system (RAS) blockade, the chronic kidney disease (CKD) outcomes have been suboptimal. Accordingly, this review is addressed to renal microvascular and autoregulatory impairments that underlie the enhanced dynamic glomerular BP transmission in CKD progression. Recent findingsClinical data suggest that failure to achieve adequate 24-h BP control is likely contributing to the suboptimal outcomes in CKD. Whereas evidence continues to accumulate regarding the importance of preglomerular autoregulatory impairment to the dynamic glomerular BP transmission, emerging data indicate that nitric oxide-mediated efferent vasodilation may play an important role in mitigating the consequences of glomerular hypertension. By contrast, the vasoconstrictor effects of angiotensin II are expected to potentially reduce glomerular barotrauma and possibly enhance ischemic injury. When adequate BP measurement methods are used, the evidence for BP-independent injury initiating mechanisms is considerably weaker and the renoprotection by RAS blockade largely parallels its antihypertensive effectiveness. SummaryAdequate 24-h BP control presently offers the most feasible intervention for reducing glomerular BP transmission and improving suboptimal outcomes in CKD. Investigations addressed to improving myogenic autoregulation and/or enhancing nitric oxide-mediated efferent dilation in addition to the more downstream mediators may provide additional future therapeutic targets.
Study on drug prescribing pattern in hypertensive patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital at Dehradun, Uttarakhand

Background: Irrational drug prescribing is a common practice globally; it results in increased morbidity, mortality & economic burden on society. Drug utilisation studies are an important tool to promote rational prescribing. Aims & Objective: To study on drug prescribing pattern in hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods: A drug utilisation study was conducted in hypertensive patients by the department of pharmacology in medicine OPD at SGRRIM & HS, Dehradun for 6 months. 645 prescriptions were evaluated for prescribing pattern by using WHO drug use indicators. Results: 645 prescriptions were analysed. A total of 1828 drugs were prescribed. 697 (38.13%) antihypertensives, 243 (13.30%) antidiabetics, 174 (9.52%) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 154 (8.44%) statins, 114 (6.24%) thyroid hormone, 54 (2.95%) anti-anxiety/antidepressants and 392(21.44%) miscellaneous drugs were prescribed. 697 antihypertensive drugs were prescribed. 234 (33.57%) angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 117 (16.79%) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, 95 (13.63%) Beta blockers, 83 (11.91%) Calcium channel blockers 168 (24.10%) Fixed dose combinations (FDCs) of antihypertensives were included. 2.83 drugs were prescribed per prescription. 225 (32.28%) antihypertensives were prescribed from essential medicine list. Conclusion: Most commonly prescribed drugs were ARBs and ACE inhibitors. Rational prescribing requires consideration to dose and duration and interaction with other medications.
Whole-genome sequencing in a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy.

BACKGROUND Whole-genome sequencing may revolutionize medical diagnostics through rapid identification of alleles that cause disease. However, even in cases with simple patterns of inheritance and unambiguous diagnoses, the relationship between disease phenotypes and their corresponding genetic changes can be complicated. Comprehensive diagnostic assays must therefore identify all possible DNA changes in each haplotype and determine which are responsible for the underlying disorder. The high number of rare, heterogeneous mutations present in all humans and the paucity of known functional variants in more than 90% of annotated genes make this challenge particularly difficult. Thus, the identification of the molecular basis of a genetic disease by means of whole-genome sequencing has remained elusive. We therefore aimed to assess the usefulness of human whole-genome sequencing for genetic diagnosis in a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. METHODS We identified a family with a recessive form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease for which the genetic basis had not been identified. We sequenced the whole genome of the proband, identified all potential functional variants in genes likely to be related to the disease, and genotyped these variants in the affected family members. RESULTS We identified and validated compound, heterozygous, causative alleles in SH3TC2 (the SH3 domain and tetratricopeptide repeats 2 gene), involving two mutations, in the proband and in family members affected by Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Separate subclinical phenotypes segregated independently with each of the two mutations; heterozygous mutations confer susceptibility to neuropathy, including the carpal tunnel syndrome. CONCLUSIONS As shown in this study of a family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, whole-genome sequencing can identify clinically relevant variants and provide diagnostic information to inform the care of patients.
Social networks in the migration process: empirical evidence on chain migration in India.

This study, based on interviews with 1615 migrant heads of household in Delhi, was concerned with interactions between labor migrants and their urban-based contacts. 86% of the rural migrants reported having relatives and/or covillagers living in Delhi at the time of their arrival, and virtually all received some form of assistance from their contacts. A preference for assistance from relatives rather than covillagers was noted, suggesting that migrants regarded kinship bonds as stronger than village and caste ties. However, covillagers tended to be contacted if relatives failed to secure a job for the new migrants within a reasonable time. The moves of only 17% of the sample could be classified under delayed family migration (relocation of family members in lagged stages). The tendency for traditional norms to be relaxed in an urban setting is reflected in the finding that the places of origin of migrants and their urban-based relatives differed in about half the cases that involved assistance from relatives. In addition, 13% of migrants violated traditional norms by seeking assistance from female agnates and kin affinally linked through these women. The most common pattern of assistance provided by both relatives and covillagers included room, food, and job search; however, new migrants tended to prefer to obtain board and lodging from relatives. Migrants helped by primary male agnates were twice as likely to receive money as those helped by other relatives. A consequence of chain migration is the concentration of persons from the same village or kinship network in particular occupations. 36% of the wage employees in the sample had relatives and/or covillagers working for the same employer. This suggests that migration induced by urban-based contacts (accounting for 42% of the migration in this sample) will be low if the sectors in which job opportunities are expanding are dominated by nonmigrants. Given the prevalence of chain migration, the contribution of migration to urban unemployment is likely to be fairly low.
SU(5) x SU(5) unification and automatic R-parity conservation.

A new supersymmetric grand unified model based on the gauge group SU(5){times}SU(5) is presented which automatically conserves {ital R} parity, leading thereby to a cold dark matter candidate which is stable without the need for any additional global symmetries. This model also provides an embedding of the conventional seesaw mechanism for neutrino masses using the (15,1)+(1,{bar 1}{bar 5}) representations which may have a better chance of arising from level-two compactification of superstring theories than the {bold {bar 1}{bar 2}{bar 6}}-dimensional representation used in the SO(10) GUT realization of this mechanism. The doublet-triplet splitting can also be implemented without introducing (24,1)+(1,24) Higgs superfields into theory. Coupling constant unification leading to various symmetry-breaking scales is also discussed in the one-loop approximation. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society. }
On classical state space realisability of quadratic input–output differential equations

This article studies the realisability property of continuous-time quadratic input–output (i/o) equations in the classical state space form. Constraints on the parameters of the quadratic i/o model are suggested that lead to realisable models. The complete list of second- and third-order realisable i/o quadratic models is given and two subclasses of the n-th order realisable i/o quadratic systems are suggested. Our conditions rely basically upon the property that certain combinations of coefficients of the i/o equations are zero or not zero. We provide explicit state equations for realisable second-order quadratic i/o equations, and for one realisable subclass of quadratic i/o equations of arbitrary order.
Effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 alone and in combination with recombinant interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha on antibacterial resistance in mice

In this study, recombinant human interleukin-6 (rIL-6) was tested for its ability to alter the resistance of mice to experimental Listeria monocytogenes infection. Single bolus or repeated injections of rIL-6 by itself did not increase antilisteria resistance. When rIL-6 was injected in combination with suboptimal concentrations of rIL-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha (rTNF-alpha), it did not augment their abilities to mediate protection in the spleen and had a marginal effect on the level of protection in the liver. Injection of rIL-6 together with protective doses of rIL-1 alpha did not diminish the protection stimulated by the latter. Unlike rIL-1 alpha and recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha, rIL-6 appears to have little ability to elevate antibacterial resistance.
Immunohistochemical localization of neurocan and L1 in the formation of thalamocortical pathway of developing rats

We used immunohistochemistry to examine possible molecular interactions between the subplate and growing thalamocortical axons in rat fetuses. In the cortical anlage of embryonic day 16 (E16), the subplate first appeared below the cortical plate. Among chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, phosphacan was uniformly distributed throughout the cortical wall, whereas neurocan was localized only in the subplate at E16. Neural cell adhesion molecules, NCAM‐H, TAG‐1, and L1, were detected in the cortical anlage. Both cortical neurons and growing axons were diffusely immunopositive for NCAM‐H, and TAG‐1 immunoreactivity was found on immature neurons and cortical efferent axons but not on thalamocortical axons. L1 immunoreactivity was specifically localized on the growing thalamocortical axons. When the locations of neurocan and L1 were compared in the developing cortex, L1‐bearing axons were found to extend to neurocan‐immunopositive regions; neurocan immunoreactivity was intense in the subplate at E16, when small numbers of L1‐immunoreactive thalamocortical axons began to invade the cortex. At E17, many L1‐positive axons were observed in the subplate that expressed neurocan specifically. Double immunostaining showed that L1‐positive axons and neurocan immunoreactivity overlapped in the subplate at E17. After E18, neurocan expression gradually extended to the lower part of the cortical plate; it extended to the entire cortex by E21, 1 day before birth. By E21, L1‐bearing axons had invaded the lower part of the cortical plate. The present study demonstrated that the neurocan expression precedes growth of L1‐bearing thalamocortical afferent fibers. Because neurocan can bind to L1 molecule in vitro, these results suggest that neurocan and L1 play some important roles in pathfinding of the thalamocortical afferent fibers during rat corticogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 382:141‐152, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation between Self- and Mutual Assessment in Animal Contests

Limited resources lead animals into conflicts of interest, which are resolved when an individual withdraws from a direct contest. Current theory suggests that the decision to withdraw can be based on a threshold derived from an individual’s own state (self-assessment) or on a comparison between their own state and their opponent’s (mutual assessment). The observed variation between these assessment strategies in nature does not conform to theory. Thus, we require theoretical developments that explain the functional significance of different assessment strategies. We consider a hawk-dove game with two discrete classes that differ in fighting ability, in which the players strategically decide on their investment toward mutual assessment. Analysis of the model indicates that there are simultaneous trade-offs relating to assessment strategies. First, weak individuals in a population must decide on whether to acquire information about their opponents at the cost of providing opponents with information about themselves. Secondly, all individuals must decide between investing in mutual assessment and being persistent in contests. Our analysis suggests that the potential for individuals to make errors during contests and differences in the consequences of sharing information within a population may serve as fundamental concepts for explaining variation in assessment strategy.
Comparative study of synthetic oligonucleotide and cloned polynucleotide enterotoxin gene probes to identify enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli isolated from 2,126 children in Thailand and the Philippines was examined for enterotoxin production and for DNA hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide and cloned polynucleotide enterotoxin gene probes. A total of 233 infections with E. coli that were detected by one or more of these assays were identified. Of the infections, 75% (164/233) were identified by all three methods. An additional 18% (43/233) were identified by two of three methods. Isolates from 10% (19/183) of infections with E. coli that hybridized with both the oligonucleotide and cloned enterotoxin gene probes were nontoxigenic, as determined by the Y1 adrenal cell and suckling mouse assays. Although synthetic oligonucleotide probes to detect enterotoxigenic E. coli are more uniform and easier to use than cloned enterotoxin gene probes, the heat-labile toxin oligo probe used in this study did not identify 13% (11/87) of infections with E. coli that produced heat-labile toxin, as identified with the Y1 adrenal cell assay and the cloned enterotoxin gene probe. Synthetic oligonucleotide probes enable laboratories with only minimal equipment to use DNA hybridization assays to identify enterotoxigenic E. coli.