Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Joint inversion of receiver functions, surface wave dispersion, and magnetotelluric data

[1] We present joint inversion of magnetotelluric, receiver function, and Raleigh wave dispersion data for a one-dimensional Earth using a multiobjective genetic algorithm (GA). The chosen GA produces not only a family of models that fit the data sets but also the trade-off between fitting the different data sets. The analysis of this trade-off gives insight into the compatibility between the seismic data sets and the magnetotelluric data and also the appropriate noise level to assume for the seismic data. This additional information helps to assess the validity of the joint model, and we demonstrate the use of our approach with synthetic data under realistic conditions. We apply our method to one site from the Slave Craton and one site from the Kaapvaal Craton. For the Slave Craton we obtain similar results to our previously published models from joint inversion of receiver functions and magnetotelluric data but with improved resolution and control on absolute velocities. We find a conductive layer at the bottom of the crust, just above the Moho; a low-velocity, low-resistivity zone in the lithospheric mantle, previously termed the Central Slave Mantle Conductor; and indications of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in terms of a decrease in seismic velocity and resistivity. For the Kaapvaal Craton both the seismic and the MT data are of lesser quality, which prevents as detailed and robust an interpretation; nevertheless, we find an indication of a low-velocity low-resistivity zone in the mantle lithosphere. These two examples demonstrate the potential of joint inversion, particularly in combination with nonlinear optimization methods.
Stock Market Development, Bank Concentration, Ownership Structure, and Bank Performance: Evidence from Turkey

Using the the Two-Step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) described by Arellano and Bond (1991) for dynamic panels, this paper analyzes the profitability of 25 commercial banks in Turkey over the period from 2003 to 2011.Our profitability determinants include bank-specific characteristics as well as industry-specific and macroeconomic factors, some of which have not been considered in previous studies. We conclude that the high bank profitability during these years is associated with a large percentage of loans in total assets, a low proportion of liquid asset, good efficiency and a low doubtful assets ratio. In addition, higher capital ratios also increase the bank’s return, but only when return on assets and return on equities is used as the profitability measure. We find evidence of economies of scale in the Turkish banking sector. Empirical results show that there is a negative relationship between financial development and profitability. We find also there is a positive relationship between bank concentration and bank performance in Turkish banking industry, consisting with the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) hypothesis. The results also suggest that there is a negative relation between the foreign ownership and profitability, indicating that foreign banks do not in general make relatively higher profit, at least during the period under the consideration.
The link between prosocial (giving) behaviours and social cohesion

espanolMediante un experimento controlado se establece que las diferencias en proximidad relacional puede evocar o suprimir una disposicion a dar a una causa sin relacion. Cuatro grupos de tratamiento se sometieron al mismo conjunto de ejercicios, pero dos en un ambiente relacional mas cercano y dos en un entorno relacional mas distante. La mitad de los sujetos en cada ambiente relacional recibio un doble pago sin previo aviso. De salida, todos los participantes tuvieron la opcion de dar a la caridad. El experimento mostro que la donacion caritativa estuvo guiada por factores relacionales y no por el pago. Podemos aprender que las inclinaciones pro-sociales (pro-donacion) interactuan con el ambiente social mas amplio, y que estos complejos parametros relacionales pudieran ser evaluados por patrones de donaciones faciles de medir. EnglishA controlled experiment establishes that differences in relational proximity can evoke or suppress a willingness to give to an unrelated cause. Four treatment groups underwent the same set of exercises but two in a closer relational environment and two in a more distant relational environment. Half of the subjects in each relational environment further received an unannounced doubling of pay. On exit, all participants had the option to give to charity. The experiment showed that the charitable giving was driven by relational factors, not by pay. We can learn that prosocial (pro-giving) inclinations interact with the wider social environment, and that these complex relational parameters may be evaluated by easy-to-measure giving patterns.
The development of subjective group dynamics: When in-group bias gets specific

Children aged 6-7 years and 10-11 years evaluated an in-group or out-group summer school and judged in-group or out-group members whose attitudes towards the summer schools were either normative or anti-normative. According to a subjective group dynamics model of intergroup processes, intergroup differentiation and intragroup differentiation co-occur to bolster the validity of in-group norms. The hypothesis that this process develops later than simple in-group bias was confirmed. All children expressed global in-group bias, but differential reactions to in-group and out-group deviants were stronger among older children. Moreover, the increasing relationship, with age, between in-group bias and evaluative preferences for in-group and out-group members that provide relative support to in-group norms, is mediated by the degree of perceptual differentiation among group members
The role of L1 knowledge on L2 speech perception: investigating how native speakers and Brazilian learners categorize different VOT patterns in English

Abstract : The present study aimed to investigate how different Voice Onset Time (VOT) patterns are categorized by native speakers of American English and Brazilian Learners of English. American English and Brazilian Portuguese diverge as to the voicing pattern of plosive consonants, for the VOT cue plays different roles in the distinction between voiced and voiceless consonant categories in each system. This study contrasted four VOT patterns ( Negative VOT , Zero VOT , Positive VOT and a manipulated pattern, named Artificial Zero VOT ) in two perceptual tasks (AxB discrimination and identification tests), and verified how the two groups of participants categorized these patterns. Results reinforce the idea that speech perception is multimodal and, therefore, the action of multiple cues must be taken into account when we consider phonetic-phonological processes. Keywords : Voice Onset Time; Speech Perception; Discrimination; Identification. Resumo : O presente estudo buscou investigar como diferentes padroes de Voice Onset Time (VOT) sao categorizados por falantes nativos de Ingles Americano e aprendizes brasileiros de Ingles. O Ingles Americano e o Portugues Brasileiro divergem quanto ao padrao de vozeamento das consoantes plosivas, uma vez que a pista VOT desempenha diferentes papeis na formacao de categorias de consoantes vozeadas e desvozeadas em cada sistema. Este estudo contrastou quatro padroes de VOT ( VOT Negativo, VOT Zero, VOT Positivo e um padrao manipulado, nomeado VOT Zero Artificial ) em duas tarefas perceptuais (testes de discriminacao AxB e identificacao), e verificou como os dois grupos de participantes categorizaram esses padroes. Os resultados corroboram a ideia de que a percepcao da fala e multimodal e, portanto, a acao de multiplas pistas acusticas deve ser levada em consideracao quando abordamos processos fonetico-fonologicos. Palavras-chave : Voice Onset Time; Percepcao da Fala; Discriminacao; Identificacao.
SWP 12/89 BRANDING IN AN ERA OF RETAIL DOMINANCE

In an era of increasing multiple grocery retailer dominance, weaker manufacturers cut brand investment, while stronger manufacturers maintained brand support. Questions were raised about the way consumers perceive competing items under varying conditions of manufacturer brand activity. Consumer research, across six product fields, showed that regardless of long term changes in manufacturer brand advertising, consumers always perceived manufacturer brands as one category with own labels and generics as an alternative category. This is thought to be due to the way that generics were so strongly associated with particular retailers. Problems in branding terminology are highlighted by this research and it is proposed that marketers should adopt the terms manufacturers brand and distributors brand when analysing the competitive structure of product fields. Clarification of these terms are advanced.
Firm Size, Innovation and Vertical Integration Incentives： The Case of Food Supply Chain

This study aims to investigate and explore the relationship between vertical integration and the firm’s innovativeness in food supply chain. For doing so, a two-stage least-squares model was used. It encompassed instrumental variables that attempt to describe the effective determinants of firm’s vertical integration willingness. Results based on data concerning a set of 130 food-manufacturing firms, highlighted that vertical integration of a firm is strongly affected by internal incentives such as innovation rate and firm size. Moreover, it is simultaneously influenced by the economies of scale and some structure incentives. To conclude, results indicate globally that important and statistically significant differences exist across the studied firms and the small effective ones which acquire a high level of vertical integration.
Foraging time of rutting bighorn rams varies with individual behavior, not mating tactic

Mate guarding is the primary mating tactic used by dominant males of many species of ungulates. Guarding males are thought to forage less during the rut than do nonguarding males, possibly leading to greater fitness costs. I observed bighorn rams foraging during the pre-rut and the rut. I compared how coursing (an alternative mating tactic) and tending (a form of mate guarding) affected the foraging behavior of bighorn rams over the rut, to test whether foraging was more constrained by mate guarding than by coursing. All adult males spent less time feeding during the rut compared with the pre-rut. The decrease in time spent feeding, however, was independent of mating tactic. Contrary to expectation, individual rams observed both coursing and tending spent less time foraging when coursing than when tending. For young rams, the time spent in rutting activities was correlated with individual pre-rut mass, indicating that males either modify their behavior according to available metabolic reserves or adjust the energy devoted to rutting activities to the level of expected benefits. Mate guarding does not appear to constrain foraging more than coursing. The costs of male reproductive behavior may depend more upon individual effort than on the particular tactic adopted. Copyright 2005.
Designing an Optimal 'Tech Fix' Path to Global Climate Stability: Integrated Dynamic Requirements Analysis for the 'Tech Fix'

This paper analyzes the requirements for a social welfare-optimized transition path toward a carbon-free economy, focusing particularly on the deployment of low-carbon technologies, and the roles of engineering upgrading of extant facilities, and directed RD as is the implementation of known engineering techniques to "upgrade" existing fossil-fueled production facilities. The social-welfare efficient exercise of the available technological options is shown to involve sequencing different investment and production activities in separate temporal "phases" that together form a transition path to a sustainable low-carbon economy— one in which gross CO2-emissions do not exceed the Earth's "natural" abatement capacity. Parametric variations of the "tipping point" constraint in these models will permit exploration of the corresponding modification in the required sequencing and durations of investment and production in the phases that form the optimal transition path. The preliminary solutions (using mufti-phase optimal control methods) expose important dynamic complementarities among technological options that are often presented as substitutes by current climate policy discussions.
Timing and Type of Pretrial Publicity Affect Mock-Jurors’ Decisions and Predecisional Distortion

This experiment ad ministered pretrial publicity (PTP) using a spaced procedure in which mock-jurors were exposed to eight PTP stories over a period of 10 to 12 days prior to viewing a mu rder trial and making verdict decisions. The type of PTP varied, with mock-jurors in the pure PTP conditions receiv ing only one type of PTP (negative only or positive only) and those in the mixed conditions receiving both negative and positive PTP. Jurors in the mixed conditions either received PTP in an alternating fashion (e.g., negative, positive, negative, positive) or a blocked fashion (e.g., negative, negative, positive, positive). The spacing of PTP and the mixed PTP exposure allo wed us to examine recency and primacy effects associated with PTP exposure, as well as predecisional distortion during PTP exposure. PTP exposure resulted in recency effects for mock-ju rors' choice of current case leader wh ile reading the PTP stories. Primacy effects were found for mean d istortion scores measured during PTP exposure and for verdicts. Although jurors in our mixed PTP conditions re- ceived the same positive and negative PTP stories, they significantly differed on mean distortion scores and verdicts as a function of the timing/order of these stories.
Trust , Commitment , and Competitive Advantage in Export Performance of SMEs

The entry of small businesses into international markets has intensified. However, despite the growing presence of small businesses in international markets, studies into their international behavior, particularly regarding the effect of international relationships on international outcomes, remain limited. This study investigates the cross-border relationships of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) by examining the effects of the dimensions of the key relationship on the competitive advantage and performance of SMEs in export markets. These dimensions include trust and commitment. Results indicate that trust is significantly related to commitment and export performance. Commitment is positively related to competitive advantage but not to export performance. Trust affects competitive advantage through commitment. The effect of commitment on export performance is mediated by competitive advantage. The methodology and results are presented. The conclusion, implications, and limitations of this study are also discussed. Abstrak: Masuknya Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM) ke pasar internasional semakin intensif. Namun, meskipun ada pertumbuhan jumlah UKM di pasar internasional, studi tentang perilaku internasional para pelaku UKM, khususnya mengenai pengaruh hubungan internasional pada hasil internasional, masih terbatas. Studi ini mengkaji tentang hubungan lintas-batas negara UKM dengan meneliti pengaruh dimensi-dimensi hubungan kunci pada keunggulan kompetitif dan kinerja UKM di pasar ekspor. Dimensi-dimensi tersebut mencakup kepercayaan dan komitmen. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kepercayaan berhubungan secara signifikan dengan komitmen dan kinerja ekspor. Komitmen berhubungan positif dengan keunggulan kompetitif tetapi tidak dengan kinerja ekspor. Kepercayaan mempengaruhi keunggulan kompetitif melalui komitmen. Pengaruh komitmen pada kinerja ekspor dimediasi oleh keunggulan kompetitif. Selain menyajikan metodologi penelitian dan hasil, simpulan, implikasi, dan keterbatasan juga dibahas.
Isolation of Dermatophytes and Screening of selected Medicinal Plants used in the treatment of Dermatophytoses

Antidermatophytic activities of five selected medicinal plants (leaves) used traditionally in the treatment of dermatophytoses. The screened plants include; Euphorbia balsamifera Ait, Mitracarpus scaber Zucc, Pergularia tomentosa L, Streospermum kunthianum Cham and Holarrhena floribunda (g, Don) Dur. And Schiz. A total of two hundred and fifty samples were obtained from infected skin, hair and nails of individuals within Sokoto metropolis. Four dermatophytes were identified to specie level and one to genus level; they include Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum specie. The percentage prevalence of isolated dermatophytes indicated T. rubrum had the highest percentage of 27.6 %, while other samples that could not be identified as dermatophytes had the least percentage of 8.4 %. The results of aqueous, hexane and chloroform extracts of P. tomentosa and M. scaber have exhibited promising antidermatophytic activities against T. rubrum, T. mentagrophyte and M. gypseum at 10 mg/ml respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations and Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations of the extracts produced inhibitory action on T. rubrum, T. mentagrophyte and M. gypseum at 10 mg/ml each. Findings from this research proved that P. tomentosa and M. scaber are more active than the conventional antifungal drug Grisiofulvin. Therefore, this reseach reinforce the use of P. tomentosa and M. scaber in Nigerian traditional medicine for treating skin infections caused by some dermatophytes.
The bolometric output and host-galaxy properties of obscured AGN in the XMM-COSMOS survey

We present a study of the multi-wavelength properties, from the mid-infrared to the hard X-rays, of a sample of 255 spectroscopically identified X-ray selected type-2 AGN from the XMM-COSMOS survey. Most of them are obscured and the X-ray absorbing column density is determined by either X-ray spectral analyses (for 45% of the sample), or from hardness ratios. Spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are computed for all sources in the sample. The average SEDs in the optical band are dominated by the host-galaxy light, especially at low X-ray luminosities and redshifts. There is also a trend between X-ray and mid-infrared luminosity: the AGN contribution in the infrared is higher at higher X-ray luminosities. We calculate bolometric luminosities, bolometric corrections, stellar masses and star formation rates (SFRs) for these sources using a multi-component modeling to properly disentangle the emission associated to stellar light from that due to black hole accretion. For 90% of the sample we also have the morphological classifications obtained with an upgraded version of the Zurich estimator of structural types (ZEST+). We find that on average type-2 AGN have lower bolometric corrections than type-1 AGN. Moreover, we confirm that the morphologies of AGN host-galaxies indicate that there is a preference for these type-2 AGN to be hosted in bulge-dominated galaxies with stellar masses greater than 10 10 solar masses.
The perception of organic values and ways of communicating them in mid-scale values based food chains.

The rise of the organic sector in the past has led several businesses, cooperations and enterprises to prosperous growth. Organic products are gaining more and more popularity and proof successfully their ability to hold ground against conventional products on supermarket shelves. The crucial question remains how to maintain the original quality principles and values associated with the organic sector in times of over proportional growth. The growing distance between consumers and producers reduces obviously the possibilities for direct feedback loops which in turn has consequences for farmers’ identification with their products at the point of sale. These issues encouraged partners from 10 different countries, to examine within the frame of the Core Organic ERA-net Project ‘HealthyGrowth’ factors supporting and hindering integrity and trust within growing organic businesses. The project focusses on mid-scale values-based food chains as a potentially promising alternative between direct marketing and anonymous conventional marketing channels. This paper combines a review of scientific literature on values associated with organic products by consumers and producers with the ‘Detailed Case Study Descriptions’ provided by project partners to assist case study selection. This shall allow answering the following questions: What are qualities and values that stakeholders along the value chain want to communicate and how can they successfully be communicated down- as well as upstream? How can effective communication substitute face to face relations in terms of relationship and trust?
Why and how should innovative industries with high consumer switching costs be re-regulated ?

The existence of costs to consumers to switch between products is central to the process by which firms set prices. Their effect on the introduction and diffusion of innovative technologies is not by now well understood, however. This paper aims to study this effect based on evidence in the broadband Internet industry. We discuss the movement of deregulation implemented since the early 2000s in France and the potential impact consumer switching costs may have had on it. We argue the existence of a cost to consumers to switch between connexion technologies may impede the expected beneficial outcomes of self-regulation through competition in liberalised innovative industries as it has been implemented so far in several countries. This is illustrated by providing a discussion of the low penetration rate of cable in France possibly due to the high cost to retail consumers to switch their DSL modems which, in returns supports the domination of this latter. These results suggest that retail broadband Internet markets may need some sort of re-regulation, including new principles for competition policy, to avoid the unwanted effects of consumer switching costs.