Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical Content in Middle Grades Mathematics Textbooks.

This study analyzed the treatment and scope of statistical concepts in four, widely-used, contemporary, middle grades mathematics textbook series: Glencoe Math Connects, Prentice Hall Mathematics, Connected Mathematics Project, and University of Chicago School Mathematics Project. There were three phases for the data analysis. Phase 1 addressed the location and sequence of the statistical concepts. Phase 2 focused upon an examination of the lesson narrative, its components and scope. Phase 3 analyzed the level of cognitive demand required of the students to complete the exercises, and the total number of exercises per statistical concept. These three phases taken together provided insight into students’ potential opportunity to learn statistical topics found in middle grades mathematics textbooks. Results showed that concepts, such as measures of central tendency, were repeated in several grades while other topics such as circle graphs were presented earlier than the recommendations in documents such as the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Principles and Standards (2000) and the Common Core State Standards (2010). Further results showed that most of the statistical content was found in a chapter near the end of the book that would likely not be covered should time run short. Also, each textbook had a particular lesson narrative style. Moreover, most of the statistical
Optimizing the Input: Frequency and Sampling in Usage‐Based and Form‐Focused Learning

Learners’ understanding of language and of how it works is based upon their experience of language. They have to estimate the system from a sample. This chapter considers the effects of input sample, construction frequency, and processing orientation on learning. It draws out implications for usage-based acquisition and form-focused instruction for second (L2) and foreign (FL) language learners. A language is not a fixed system. It varies in usage over speakers, places, and time. Yet despite the fact that no two speakers own an identical language, communication is possible to the degree that they share constructions (form–meaning correspondences) relevant to their discourse. Language learners have to acquire these constructions from usage, and beginners don’t have much to go on in building the foundations for basic interpersonal communication. They have to induce the types of construction from experience of a limited number of tokens. Their very limited exposure poses them the task of estimating how linguistic constructions work from an input sample that is incomplete, uncertain, and noisy. How do they achieve this, and what types of experience can best support the process? Nativelike fluency, idiomaticity, and selection are another level of difficulty again. For a good fit, every utterance has to be chosen, from a wide range of possible expressions, to be appropriate for that idea, for that speaker, for that place, and for that time. And again, learners can only estimate this from their finite experience. What are the best usage histories to support these abilities? Language, a moving target, can neither be described nor experienced comprehensively, and so, in essence, language learning is estimation from sample. Like other estimation problems, successful determination of the population characteristics is
Women and Secure Psychiatric Services: a literature review

Searching The following databases were searched: MEDLINE from 1972 to June 1997; EMBASE from 1980 to 1997; PsycLIT from 1972 to June 1997; Sociofile from 1974 to June 1997; the Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 1997); SIGLE (via Blaiseline On-line); and Mental Health Abstracts (via DIALOG On-line). The search terms were provided. Government departments, professional organisations, relevant agencies, and key researchers and authors were also contacted for information.
Modelling of a system boundary

A type of system boundary, e.g. a membrane in biology, a castle in sociology, a typhoon eye in meteorology and a skin and fur on an animal body, is defined as a shell (jieke in Chinese), if the system boundary plays roles of both defending the system and exchanging between the system and its environment. Investigates the system boundary. Derives the entropy balance equation of the shell and deduces the criterion of the exchange ratio entropy which carries material out through the shell of the system from the second law of thermodynamics of the system. Also derives a dynamic equation of the shell from control theory and gives an application of the equation to immigration control by the customs.
Research Methods for Organizational Studies

Contents: Preface. Part I: Overview. Introduction. A Model of Empirical Research. Part II: Measurement: Understanding Construct Validity. Measurement Foundations: Validity and Validation. Measurement Applications: Research Questionnaires. Part III: Design: Addressing Internal Validity. Research Design Foundations. Design Applications: Experiments and Quasi-Experiments. Design Applications: Field Studies and Surveys. Part IV: Analysis: Investigating Empirical Relationships. Data Analysis Foundations. Analysis Applications: Describing Scores on a Single Variable. Analysis Applications: Simple Correlation and Regression. Analysis Applications: Multiple Correlation and Regression. Part V: Statistical Validation. Statistical Inference Foundations. Statistical Inference Applications. Part VI: Generalization: Addressing External Validity. External Validity. Part VII: Research Reports. Research Report Writing. Part VIII: Extensions. On Incomplete Data. On Reliability. On Multicollinearity. On Casual Models and Statistical Modeling. On Statistical Modeling Challenges. On Good Research.
Meta-Analysis of the Impact of After-School Programs on Students Reading and Mathematics Performance

The purpose of this study employing meta-analysis was to assess the impact that after-school programs have on reading and mathematics outcomes. The participants in the primary studies were students in Grades K through 8; years 200 through 2009. The study utilized the theory of change as its theoretical basis. This meta-analysis used the effect size as the standard measure. It began with an overall Cohen's d of . 40 for the impact that after-school programs have on reading and mathematics outcomes, and then proceeded to analyze three moderator variables: subject, time periods, and grade level.The findings of the meta-analysis, both overall and sub analyses, show that the independent variable, after-school programs, has an impact on the dependent variable, reading and mathematics. The overall results indicated that after-school programs are educationally significant in the areas of reading and mathematics combined. As for the moderator variable, the results for the areas of (a) subject (reading and mathematics), (b) time period (2000-2002, 2003-2005 and 2006-2009), and (c) grade (middle, and middle plus elementary combined), all indicated educationally significant results. The notable exception was the grade moderator, elementary.This study provides more information for researchers, practitioners and policy makers upon which to make practical research based decisions about after-school programs for the purpose of determining the applicability of such in their educational setting.
New analytical algorithm for overlay accuracy

The extension of optical lithography to 2Xnm and beyond is often challenged by overlay control. With reduced overlay measurement error budget in the sub-nm range, conventional Total Measurement Uncertainty (TMU) data is no longer sufficient. Also there is no sufficient criterion in overlay accuracy. In recent years, numerous authors have reported new method of the accuracy of the overlay metrology: Through focus and through color. Still quantifying uncertainty in overlay measurement is most difficult work in overlay metrology. According to the ITRS roadmap, total overlay budget is getting tighter than former device node as a design rule shrink on each device node. Conventionally, the total overlay budget is defined as the square root of square sum of the following contributions: the scanner overlay performance, wafer process, metrology and mask registration. All components have been supplying sufficiently performance tool to each device nodes, delivering new scanner, new metrology tools, and new mask e-beam writers. Especially the scanner overlay performance was drastically decreased from 9nm in 8x node to 2.5nm in 3x node. The scanner overlay seems to reach the limitation the overlay performance after 3x nod. The importance of the wafer process overlay as a contribution of total wafer overlay became more important. In fact, the wafer process overlay was decreased by 3nm between DRAM 8x node and DRAM 3x node. We develop an analytical algorithm for overlay accuracy. And a concept of nondestructive method is proposed in this paper. For on product layer we discovered the layer has overlay inaccuracy. Also we use find out source of the overlay error though the new technique. In this paper, authors suggest an analytical algorithm for overlay accuracy. And a concept of non-destructive method is proposed in this paper. For on product layers, we discovered it has overlay inaccuracy. Also we use find out source of the overlay error though the new technique. Furthermore total overlay error data is decomposed into two parts: the systematic error and the random error. And we tried to show both error components characteristic, systematic error has a good correlation with residual error by scanner condition, whereas, random error has a good correlation with residual error as going process steps. Furthermore, we demonstrate the practical using case with proposed method that shows the working of the high order method through systematic error. Our results show that to characterize an overlay data that is suitable for use in advanced technology nodes requires much more than just evaluating the conventional metrology metrics of TIS and TMU.
Business Students’ Perception of Sales Careers: Differences Between Students in Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States

This research measures perceptual differences between sales and sales careers among business students studying in the United States, Switzerland, and Turkey. Earlier studies indicate that selling and a sales career are not viewed favorably by students in the United States and several other countries. This study expands on prior studies by comparing perceptions of students in the United States to students in two European nations. A total of 867 business students were surveyed in the three countries using variables identified in previous research. The findings indicate that nationality is associated with students' perception of sales jobs and feelings about selling.
How effective teachers use microcomputers for instruction

Abstract : To summarize, cluster analyses of various instructional decisions and tasks employed by 'effective' microcomputer-using teachers revealed four characteristic patterns of use: 'orchestration,' 'enrichment', 'adjunct instruction,' and 'drill and practice. ' 'Orchestrators' are distinguished by their multiplicity of uses and degree of integration between microcomputer use and ongoing instruction. 'Enrichers' appear to encourage student familiarity with the microcomputer within a less ambitious instructional program. 'Adjunct instroctors' appear to use the microcomputer selectively to enhance conceptual mastery within the subject matter. 'Drillers' seem to provide students with an extensive program of drill and practice on the microcomputer to enhance mastery of procedures.
Value of Preoperative PET-CT in the Prediction of Pathological Stage of Gastric Cancer

Background. Preoperative precise staging is essential for the treatment of gastric cancer (GC); however, the diagnostic accuracy of conventional modalities needs to be increased. The present study investigated the clinical value of positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) for the staging of GC. Methods. This was a retrospective study of 117 patients with a clinical diagnosis of advanced GC who underwent PET-CT followed by gastrectomy. The incidence of FDG uptake in the primary tumor or lymph nodes and its relationship with clinicopathological factors, particularly pathological stage (pStage) III/IV, were examined. Results. FDG uptake in the primary tumor was noted in 83 patients (70.9%). FDG uptake in the lymph nodes was detected in 21 patients (17.9%), and its sensitivity and specificity for lymph node metastasis were 22.7 and 90.5%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that FDG uptake in the primary tumor (odds ratio (OR) 2.764; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.104–7.459, p = 0.029) and that in the lymph nodes (OR 4.660; 95% CI 1.675–13.84, p = 0.003) were factors independently associated with pStage III/IV. FDG uptake in the primary tumor detected pStage III/IV with higher sensitivity (80.4%) and that in lymph nodes found pStage III/IV with higher specificity (88.7%) than those of upper endoscopy plus CT (60.9 and 67.6%, respectively). Conclusions. PET-CT appears to be a useful complementary modality in the assessment of pStage III/IV because of the high sensitivity of FDG uptake in the primary tumor and the high specificity of FDG uptake in the lymph nodes. Gastric cancer (GC) is the sixth most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In East Asia, such as Japan and Korea, GC patients with pathological stage (pStage) I are considered to be curable by radical gastrectomy alone, whereas those with pStage II or III need to receive postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy even after curative resection in order to reduce the risk of recurrence of GC. However, survival benefits from these postoperative treatments are still limited and unsatisfactory, particularly in GC patients with pStage III. Thus, several clinical trials are ongoing even in East Asia to show the superiority of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) to postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for GC patients with clinical stage (cStage) III. The assessment of lymph node metastasis and the stage of GC has generally been performed by computed tomography (CT); however, it is very challenging to accurately predict pStage III before surgery because of its low sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, another diagnostic modality needs to be complementarily used to achieve higher diagnostic accuracy. 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography integrated with CT (PET-CT) has been increasingly used to predict the Society of Surgical Oncology 2018 First Received: 20 January 2018 T. Kosuga, MD, PhD e-mail: toti-k@koto.kpu-m.ac. jp Ann Surg Oncol https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-018-6455-0
An immune-network inspired rule generation algorithm (RULES-IS)

This paper presents an algorithm for the automated generation of rule sets. The extraction technique adopted is inspired by the immune system and its inherent pattern recognition capabilities. The concept of the ‘immune network’ is used which enables the algorithm to generate rule sets in an incremental manner. Such an immune network also enables the algorithm to learn from training examples that have not had classes specified. The algorithm developed has been tested on several different example data sets and has shown itself to be at least comparable to existing algorithms.
bcp: An R Package for Performing a Bayesian Analysis of Change Point Problems

Barry and Hartigan (1993) propose a Bayesian analysis for change point problems. We provide a brief summary of selected work on change point problems, both preceding and following Barry and Hartigan. We outline Barry and Hartigan's approach and offer a new R package, bcp (Erdman and Emerson 2007), implementing their analysis. We discuss two frequentist alternatives to the Bayesian analysis, the recursive circular binary segmentation algorithm (Olshen and Venkatraman 2004) and the dynamic programming algorithm of (Bai and Perron 2003). We illustrate the application of bcp with economic and microarray data from the literature.
Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Geminate Timing

Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations List of Symbols 1 Introduction 2 General Methodology 3 Bernese 4 Cross-language Study: Phonological Overview 5 Cross-language Study: Acoustic Investigations 6 Suprasegmental Timing 7 An Integrated Timing Model Appendix 1. Bernese Word List Appendix 2. Levantine Word List Appendix 3. Hungarian Word List Appendix 4. Maudrese Word List References Index
The Effects of Task Complexity and Task Condition on Learner Language

The present study examined the effect of task complexity and task condition for Korean adult EFL learners’ interlanguage performance. Both Skehan (1998, 2009) and Robinson (2001, 2005, 2011) predicted that complex task induces complex language but regarding its effect on learners’ language accuracy, Skehan proposed that complexity and accuracy compete with each other whereas Robinson proposed that they accompany each other. Robinson additionally proposed that two-way interaction condition promotes the accuracy of learner language particularly for the complex task. Forty Korean university students participated in the experiment and the results showed that language complexity increased both by complex task and one-way task in support of Robinson but that language accuracy was not affected by task complexity but by two-way interactional condition. Also, the effect of two-way interactional task condition for language accuracy was significant only in the simple task against Robinson’s prediction. The findings are interpreted that language complexity has been confirmed to be a function of task complexity but that the accuracy of learner language neither accompanies language complexity nor competes with it. Language accuracy was interpreted as external to task content or complexity and as a function of active two-way interactional features that promotes attention and noticing.
Corpora of spoken Lithuanian

The paper discusses the development of spoken Lithuanian corpora. In the analytical part longitudinal child language data as well as adult conversations are discussed in view of the issues that occurred during the period of data collection, transcription and coding. The data are transcribed and coded according to the requirements of CHILDES. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5128/ERYa5.05
H/sup /spl infin//-performance analysis of robust controllers designed for AQM

It has been shown that the TCP connections through the congested routers with the active queue management (AQM) can be modeled as a nonlinear feedback system. In this paper, we design H/sup /spl infin// robust controllers for AQM based on the linearized TCP model with time delays. For the linear system model exhibiting LPV nature, we investigate the H/sup /spl infin//-performance with respect to the uncertainty bound of RTT (round trip time). The robust controllers and the corresponding analysis of H/sup /spl infin//-performance are validated by simulations in different scenarios.
Deep Convolution Neural Networks in Computer Vision: a Review

Over the past couple of years, tremendous progress has been made in applying deep learning (DL) techniques to computer vision. Especially, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance on standard recognition datasets and tasks such as ImageNet Large-Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC). Among them, GoogLeNet network which is a radically redesigned DCNN based on the Hebbian principle and scale invariance set the new state of the art for classification and detection in the ILSVRC 2014. Since there exist various deep learning techniques, this review paper is focusing on techniques directly related to DCNNs, especially those needed to understand the architecture and techniques employed in GoogLeNet network.
Contribution of L1 in EFL Teaching

This study is conducted in a classroom action research to improve the students’ achievement in writing English sentences in Present Perfect Tense in Structure 1 lessons. The subject consisted of 20 Semester II students who took Structure I lessons in English Education Department of Palangka Raya University, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The data were taken from the results of pre test and post test after the action was done. The results show that in cycle 1, in which the explanations were fully in English, only 40% of the students got a good achievement; 5-7 out of 20 test items were correct. After cycle 2 was done using L1 interchangeably with English in the explanations, the students’ achievement of writing English sentences in Present Perfect Tense increased to 75%, in which 15-18 out 20 test items were correct.
Innovations in Survey Research

The rapid expansion of Internet users has given Web-based surveys the potential to become a powerful tool in survey research. As an application of this technique for gathering data, the International Student Survey was designed to explore factors that might influence choices of college majors and the social support network system among international students at Arizona State University. Cover letters with the links to a Web-based questionnaire were sent through e-mail to the entire international students population. Given that no incentive was offered, this study received a total of 929 completed surveys for an overall response rate of 22% after three waves of solicitations. This article discusses the methodological concerns and problems that arise from using Web surveys, including noncoverage, nonresponse errors, confidentiality concerns, and technical problems. Suggestions for improving response rates also are discussed.
Communication and Cultural Change in University Technology Transfer

Faculty culture and communication networks are pivotal components of technology transfer on university campuses. Universities are focused upon diffusing technology to external clients and upon building structure and support systems to enhance technology transfer. However, engaging faculty members in technology transfer requires an internal diffusion of new ideas that are largely dependent upon faculty culture. New policies, structures, and support staff help to promote technology transfer ideologically, but are of little use if faculty researchers avoid involvement because of more intangible factors. The current study investigates this internal diffusion on one campus, using interviews with faculty members, administrators, technology transfer office personnel, licensees, and spin-off company administrators. Results show that faculty culture concerning technology transfer is dependent upon informal communication networks, principles of diffusion, history, and social interaction.