Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
No Granuloma and No Intracranial Hypotension Cervical Epidural Steroid Injection: Impact of Cervical Epidural Anatomy

curve the back outward. However, there have thus far been no reports on the structural change of the cauda equina in the lateral decubitus position with fully ﬂexed leg. We examined the inﬂuences of a fully ﬂexed leg in the lateral decubitus position on structural change of the cauda equina using magnetic resonance imaging. Three healthy vol-unteers (age, 36 (cid:1) 11 yr; height, 160 (cid:1) 2 cm; weight, 55 (cid:1) 2 kg) were studied with magnetic resonance imaging, and their positions were changed as follows: the supine position, the lateral decubitus position To the Editor:— One of the most problematic difﬁcult airway management situations is the patient with a known difﬁcult airway who is at risk of aspiration but who is unsuitable for awake tracheal intubation. We describe a new approach to this situation that involves the use of the ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway (PLMA; Laryngeal Mask Company North America, San Diego, CA) and a reusable Eschmann endotracheal tube introducer or gum elastic bougie (GEB). A 62-yr-old, 94-kg man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presented for an urgent laparotomy for a suspected perforated appen- dix. He had a well-documented history of failed laryngoscope-guided tracheal intubation (on two occasions due to poor laryngeal view) but successful facemask ventilation and laryngeal mask airway insertion. The patient insisted on airway management only after induction of anesthesia due to a previous bad experience with awake tracheal intubation. A decision was made to place a GEB using laryngoscope guidance either in the trachea using the bent end ﬁrst (if any glottic structures could be seen) or in the esophagus using the straight end ﬁrst (if no glottic structures could be seen) to facilitate insertion of an endotracheal tube or PLMA, 1 respectively. After 10 min of preoxygen-ation (time taken for end-tidal oxygen to be greater than 90%), the patient was induced with 0.5 mg alfentanil and 180 mg propofol, cricoid pressure was applied by a trained assistant, and 100 mg suxa- methonium was administered. As predicted, neither the glottis nor the epiglottis could be seen, despite optimal laryngoscopic conditions.
Columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: Cytomorphological characteristics of 11 cases with histological correlation and literature review

The columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC‐CCV) is a rare entity that demonstrates a more aggressive clinical course compared with the more common subtypes of PTC. On histology, it is defined by papillae or gland‐like structures lined by columnar cells displaying prominent nuclear stratification. Because to the authors' knowledge no characteristic cytomorphological features have been identified to date and typical features of PTC often are absent on cytology, the diagnosis of PTC‐CCV by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is challenging. This prompted the authors to evaluate a series of PTC‐CCV cases to identify features that could facilitate its diagnosis by FNA.
Analysis of 4 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Relation to Cervical Dysplasia and Cancer Development Using a High-Throughput Ligation-Detection Reaction Procedure

Background Host genetic characteristics and environmental factors may correlate with risk for cervical cancer development. Here we describe a retrospective screening study for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genetic markers TP53, MTHFR, CYP1A1, and CYP2E1 in 749 patients. Methods A multiplex ligation-dependent polymerase chain reaction approach was applied. We used archived material from human papillomavirus tests and correlated SNP genotypes to the corresponding clinical data. Semantic integration was used to identify and evaluate the clinical status from electronic health records. Results An association with cervical cancer and high-grade dysplasia was found for the rare homozygous CC genotype (rs4646903) in CYP1A1 (odds ratio [OR], 8.862). Odds ratios were also significantly elevated for heterozygous MTHFR CT genotype (rs1801133; OR, 1.457). No significant association was found in TP53 (rs1042522) and CYP2E1 (rs3813867). In addition, we found smokers at higher risk (OR, 2.688) and identified pregnancies as a significant risk factor (OR, 1.54). Conclusions Our protocol enables a feasible way for further retrospective large sample size evaluation of potential genetic markers. This study revealed genetic associations of a rare SNP genotype with cervical dysplasia in one of the largest patient sample to date that warrants further investigation.
Distribution of glycine immunoreactivity in the brain of adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Comparison with γ‐aminobutyric acid

The distribution of glycinergic cells in the brain of nonmammalian vertebrates is still unknown. Lampreys are the most primitive extant vertebrates, and they may provide important data on the phylogeny of this system. Here, we studied for the first time the distribution of glycine immunoreactivity in the sea lamprey brain and compared it with γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic populations. Most glycine‐immunoreactive neurons were found at midbrain and hindbrain levels, and most of these cells did not exhibit GABA immunoreactivity. We describe glycine‐immunoreactive cell populations in the olfactory bulbs, the preoptic nucleus, and the thalamus of the sea lamprey, which is in striking contrast to their lack in the mammalian forebrain. We also observed glycine‐immunoreactive populations in the optic tectum, the torus semicircularis and the midbrain tegmentum, the isthmus, the octavolateral area, the dorsal column nucleus, the abducens nucleus, the trigeminal motor nucleus, the facial motor nucleus, and the rhombencephalic reticular formation. In these populations, colocalization with GABA was observed in only some cells of the tegmental M5 nucleus, ventral isthmus, medial octavolateral nucleus, dorsal column nucleus, and lateral reticular region. The present results allow us to conclude that the distribution of glycine‐immunoreactive cells changed notably from lamprey to mammals, with a decrease in glycinergic populations in the forebrain and a specialization of brainstem cell groups. Although knowledge of the glycinergic populations in lampreys is important for understanding the early evolution of this system, there is a notable gap of information regarding its organization in brains of other nonmammalian vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1441–1463, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of acetylcholine in nitric oxide production in the salamander retina

Although acetylcholine is one of the most widely studied neurotransmitters in the retina, many questions remain about its downstream signaling mechanisms. In this study we initially characterized the cholinergic neurotransmitter system in the salamander retina by localizing a variety of cholinergic markers. We then examined the link between both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor activation and nitric oxide production by using immunocytochemistry for cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) as an indicator. We found a large increase in cGMP‐like immunoreactivity (cGMP‐LI) in the inner retina in response to muscarinic (but not nicotinic) receptor activation. Based on the amplification of mRNA transcripts, receptor immunocytochemistry, and the use of selective antagonists, we identified these receptors as M2 muscarinic receptors. Using double‐labeling techniques, we established that these increases in cGMP‐LI were seen in GABAergic but not cholinergic amacrine cells, and that the increases were blocked by inhibitors of nitric oxide production. The creation of nitric oxide in response to cholinergic receptor activation may provide a mechanism for modulating the well‐known mutual interactions of acetylcholine‐glycine‐GABA in the inner retina. As GABA and glycine are the primary inhibitory neurotransmitters in the retina, signaling pathways that modulate their levels or release will have major implications for the processing of complex stimuli by the retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1952–1963, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytology and receptor architecture of human anterior cingulate cortex

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in emotion, mood, and autonomic regulation. Although a subgenual part of ACC (sACC) may be vulnerable in depression and area 25 is cytologically unique, there are no assessments that contrast this region with pregenual ACC (pACC). Thus, we undertook independent multimodal verifications of architectural differences among subregions and areas. Areas 24a and 24b have pregenual and subgenual components. The latter have a thin layer III. Area 24c has dorsal (pd24c) and ventral (pv24c) parts. Area pd24c has larger neurofilament‐expressing neurons in layer Va, and neurons in Vb form aggregates in area pv24c. Area pd24c occupies both banks of the cingulate sulcus, with pv24c on the ventral bank. Layer III of pd24cd has many larger neurofilament‐expressing neurons and a richer dendritic plexus. Area 32 has pregenual (p32) and subgenual (s32) components. Layer II in s32 is of particular note because it has a neuron‐dense IIa and sparse IIb. Area 25 has anterior (25a) and posterior (25p) parts; 25p has the thinnest layer III in the cingulate gyrus. Area 25a contains significantly higher AMPA, kainate, NMDA, GABAA, GABAB, and α1 densities than 25p. Area 33 continues around the genu and ventrally to encompass the full caudal extent of area 25. Subgenual ACC has significantly higher GABAA, GABAB, benzodiazepine (BZ), α1, and 5‐HT1A densities than pACC. GABAB, BZ, and α1 binding confirms the subdivision of area pd24c. In conclusion, ACC comprises two parts that are unique in terms of their cytoarchitecture and neurotransmitter receptor organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:906–926, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel basal ganglia pathway forms a loop linking a vocal learning circuit with its dopaminergic input

Dopamine has been implicated in mediating contextual modulation of motor behaviors and learning in many species. In songbirds, dopamine may act on the basal ganglia nucleus Area X to influence the neural activity that contributes to vocal learning and contextual changes in song variability. Neurons in midbrain dopamine centers, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), densely innervate Area X and show singing‐related changes in firing rate. In addition, dopamine levels in Area X change during singing. It is unknown, however, how song‐related information could reach dopaminergic neurons. Here we report an anatomical pathway that could provide song‐related information to the SNc and VTA. By using injections of bidirectionally transported fluorescent tracers in adult male zebra finches, we show that Area X and other song control nuclei do not project directly to the SNc or VTA. Instead, we describe an indirect pathway from Area X to midbrain dopaminergic neurons via a connection in the ventral pallidum (VP). Specifically, Area X projects to the VP via axon collaterals of Area X output neurons that also project to the thalamus. Dual injections revealed that the area of VP receiving input from Area X projects to the SNc and VTA. Furthermore, VP terminals in the SNc and VTA overlap with cells that project back to Area X. A portion of the arcopallium also projects to the SNc and VTA and could carry auditory information. These data demonstrate an anatomical loop through which Area X activity could influence its dopaminergic input. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:824–839, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Corpus callosum connections of subdivisions of motor and premotor cortex, and frontal eye field in a prosimian primate, Otolemur garnetti

The callosal connections of motor and premotor fields in the frontal cortex of galagos were examined by placing multiple tracers into the primary motor area (M1), dorsal premotor area (PMD), ventral premotor area (PMV), supplementary motor area (SMA), and frontal eye field (FEF) following intracortical microstimulation. Retrogradely labeled neurons in the opposite hemisphere were plotted and superimposed onto brain sections stained with myelin and cytochrome oxidase for architectonic analysis. The main callosal connections of M1 and the caudal portion of PMD (PMDc) were with homotopic sites, and the major callosal connections of the rostral portion of PMD (PMDr), SMA, and FEF were with homotopic sites and adjoining cortex in the frontal lobe. In addition, M1 forelimb representation had sparse callosal connections, whereas M1 trunk and face representations, as well as the premotor areas, had dense callosal connections. The sparse interhemispheric connections of the forelimb sector of M1 suggests that the control of each forelimb is largely from the contralateral M1 in galagos, as in other primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:565–578, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic input to dentate granule cell basal dendrites in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy

In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy some dentate granule cells develop basal dendrites. The extent of excitatory synaptic input to basal dendrites is unclear, nor is it known whether basal dendrites receive inhibitory synapses. We used biocytin to intracellularly label individual granule cells with basal dendrites in epileptic pilocarpine‐treated rats. An average basal dendrite had 3.9 branches, was 612 μm long, and accounted for 16% of a cell's total dendritic length. In vivo intracellular labeling and postembedding GABA‐immunocytochemistry were used to evaluate synapses with basal dendrites reconstructed from serial electron micrographs. An average of 7% of 1,802 putative synapses were formed by GABA‐positive axon terminals, indicating synaptogenesis by interneurons. Ninety‐three percent of the identified synapses were GABA‐negative. Most GABA‐negative synapses were with spines, but at least 10% were with dendritic shafts. Multiplying basal dendrite length/cell and synapse density yielded an estimate of 180 inhibitory and 2,140 excitatory synapses per granule cell basal dendrite. Based on previous estimates of synaptic input to granule cells in control rats, these findings suggest an average basal dendrite receives ≈14% of the total inhibitory and 19% of excitatory synapses of a cell. These findings reveal that basal dendrites are a novel source of inhibitory input, but they primarily receive excitatory synapses. J. Comp. Neurol. 509:190–202, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sox9 is expressed in mouse multipotent retinal progenitor cells and functions in Müller Glial cell development

It is widely accepted that the process of retinal cell fate determination is under tight transcriptional control mediated by a combinatorial code of transcription factors. However, the exact repertoire of factors necessary for the genesis of each retinal cell type remains to be fully defined. Here we show that the HMG‐box transcription factor, Sox9, is expressed in multipotent mouse retinal progenitor cells throughout retinogenesis. We also find that Sox9 is downregulated in differentiating neuronal populations, yet expression in Müller glial cells persists into adulthood. Furthermore, by employing a conditional knockout approach, we show that Sox9 is essential for the differentiation and/or survival of postnatal Müller glial cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:237–250, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic circuits of the Drosophila optic lobe: The input terminals to the medulla

Understanding the visual pathways of the fly's compound eye has been blocked for decades at the second optic neuropil, the medulla, a two‐part relay comprising 10 strata (M1–M10), and the largest neuropil in the fly's brain. Based on the modularity of its composition, and two previous reports, on Golgi‐impregnated cell types (Fischbach and Dittrich, Cell Tissue Res., 1989 ; 258:441–475) and their synaptic circuits in the first neuropil, the lamina, we used serial‐section electron microscopy to examine inputs to the distal strata M1–M6. We report the morphology of the reconstructed medulla terminals of five lamina cells, L1–L5, two photoreceptors, R7 and R8, and three neurons, medulla cell T1 and centrifugal cells C2 and C3. The morphology of these conforms closely to previous reports from Golgi impregnation. This fidelity provides assurance that our reconstructions are complete and accurate. Synapses of these terminals broadly localize to the terminal and provide contacts to unidentified targets, mostly medulla cells, as well as sites of connection between the terminals themselves. These reveal that R8 forms contacts upon R7 and thus between these two spectral inputs; that L3 provides input upon both pathways, adding an achromatic input; that the terminal of L5 reciprocally connects to that of L1, thus being synaptic in the medulla despite lacking synapses in the lamina; that the motion‐sensing input cells L1 and L2 lack direct interconnection but both receive input from C2 and C3, resembling lamina connections of these cells; and that, as in the lamina, T1 provides no output chemical synapses. J. Comp. Neurol. 509:493–513, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P25.12: Spontaneous resolution of cystic hygroma colli and intrabdominal cyst in a fetus with normal karyotype

The OEIS complex (omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, spine defect) is an extremely rare condition. The spectrum of defects is variable. The etiology is probably heterogeneous. The complexity of this malformation challenges the identification by ultrasound in early gestation. Most of the reported cases were diagnosed postmortem or postnatally. To our knowledge, we report the earliest diagnosed case of OEIS complex. A 30 year old primigravid woman was referred at 11 weeks and 2 days of gestation for nuchal translucency screening. The nuchal translucency was 1 mm. We detected a large umbilical cord cyst. The ultrasound examination was repeated at 12 weeks 2 days. Skin covered lumbosacral neural tube defect and ventral wall defect were suspected and bladder was not observed. The patient was reexaminated at 14 weeks 2 days. Three umbilical cord cysts, single umbilical artery, scoliosis and club foot were determined. The prognosis was explained and the family decided to terminate the pregnancy. Postabortal examination demonstrated absent external genitalia, exstrophy of bladder, imperforate anus, large omphalocele resulting from a median ventral wall defect at the caudal end of the body that resulted with the herniation of two lobes of liver, small intestine and one gonad. The defect was covered by a membrane composed of peritoneum and amnion. The histology of the gonads revealed a normally developed testis. Karyotype was 46, XY. X ray examination of the fetus demonstrated vertebral defects and autopsy findings were consistent with OEIS complex. Differential diagnosis includes cloacal extrophy, body stalk anomaly, amniotic band syndrome, isolated omphalocele and isolated neural tube defect. Probably early ultrasound diagnosis of OEIS complex with heterogeneous presentations will be possible with further accumulation of data in the literature. Although the risk of recurrence is very low, autopsy and fetal chromosome analysis should be offered in these cases.
ERM proteins regulate growth cone responses to Sema3A

Axonal growth cones initiate and sustain directed growth in response to cues in their environment. A variety of events such as receptor internalization, kinase activation, and actin rearrangement can be stimulated by guidance cues and are essential for mediating targeted growth cone behavior. Surprisingly little is known about how such disparate actions are coordinated. Our data suggest that ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERMs), a family of highly homologous, multifunctional proteins may be able to coordinate growth cone responses to the guidance cue Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A). We show that active ERMs concentrate asymmetrically in neocortical growth cones, are rapidly and transiently inactivated by Sema3A, and are required for Sema3A‐mediated growth cone collapse and guidance. The FERM domain of active ERMs regulates internalization of the Sema3A receptor, Npn1, and its coreceptor, L1CAM, while the ERM C‐terminal domain binds and caps F‐actin. Our data support a model in which ERMs can coordinate membrane and actin dynamics in response to Sema3A. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:351–366, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating the health‐promoting school

Examines some of the constraints on the effective evaluation of the health‐promoting school, particularly where a whole‐school approach is used, and outcomes are not behaviour‐specific. Considers the components of a successful school health intervention, and identifies some of the difficulties in achieving comprehensive evaluation. Explores the advantages of randomisation and controlled studies and identifies some limitations of these approaches, when the main aims are to examine process and non‐specific behavioural outcomes. Identifies some common errors that have been made in school‐based evaluations in the past and argues that the use of multiple methods of evaluation are necessary for a multi‐factorial whole‐school approach to teaching and learning about health. Discusses the recommendations for future evaluation by the WHO European Working Group on Health Promotion Evaluation.
Anatomical projections of the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus in the albino rat (rattus norvegicus)

The ascending projections to the lateral lemniscal nuclei and the inferior colliculus were investigated in the albino rat by using Fluoro‐Gold, either alone or in combination with other retrograde tract tracers. Injections were made into the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC), the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (INLL), or the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL). The ICC receives both ipsilateral and contralateral projections from the DNLL and the lateral superior olive, major ipsilateral projections from the INLL, VNLL, medial superior olive, and superior paraolivary nucleus, and major contralateral projections from both dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus. The DNLL receives a similar pattern of projections from the auditory lower brainstem nuclei. The INLL, in contrast, receives its major projections from the ipsilateral VNLL, lateral superior olive, medial superior olive, superior paraolivary nucleus, and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, but does not receive a heavy projection from the contralateral lateral superior olive. It receives a major contralateral projection from the ventral cochlear nucleus, but a much lighter projection from the contralateral dorsal cochlear nucleus. The VNLL receives projections from the ipsilateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and the contralateral ventral cochlear nucleus, but does not receive projections from the medial or lateral superior olives, the superior paraolivary nucleus, or the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Thus, the three primary subdivisions of the rat's lateral lemniscus can be distinguished from each other on the basis of their distinctive projection patterns. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:573–593, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.