Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Salmonella typhimurium mutants defective in flagellar filament regrowth and sequence similarity of FliI to F0F1, vacuolar, and archaebacterial ATPase subunits

Many flagellar proteins are exported by a flagellum-specific export pathway. In an initial attempt to characterize the apparatus responsible for the process, we designed a simple assay to screen for mutants with export defects. Temperature-sensitive flagellar mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were grown at the permissive temperature (30 degrees C), shifted to the restrictive temperature (42 degrees C), and inspected in a light microscope. With the exception of switch mutants, they were fully motile. Next, cells grown at the permissive temperature had their flagellar filaments removed by shearing before the cells were shifted to the restrictive temperature. Most mutants were able to regrow filaments. However, flhA, fliH, fliI, and fliN mutants showed no or greatly reduced regrowth, suggesting that the corresponding gene products are involved in the process of flagellum-specific export. We describe here the sequences of fliH, fliI, and the adjacent gene, fliJ; they encode proteins with deduced molecular masses of 25,782, 49,208, and 17,302 Da, respectively. The deduced sequence of FliI shows significant similarity to the catalytic beta subunit of the bacterial F0F1 ATPase and to the catalytic subunits of vacuolar and archaebacterial ATPases; except for limited similarity in the motifs that constitute the nucleotide-binding or catalytic site, it appears unrelated to the E1E2 class of ATPases, to other proteins that mediate protein export, or to a variety of other ATP-utilizing enzymes. We hypothesize that FliI is either the catalytic subunit of a protein translocase for flagellum-specific export or a proton translocase involved in local circuits at the flagellum.
A comparative assessment for algal biodiesel production in the Philippines

Fossil fuels account for more than three-fourths of today's global energy consumption. The combustion of these fuels has contributed to the worsening of climate change and global warming. Fossil fuels are not only detrimental to the environment, but they are also not sustainable. In the Philippines, the country is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, as 40% of its energy consumption comes from oil with the majority being diesel fuel. The country must find a solution to reduce its dependency on fossil fuels. An alternative solution are biofuels, because of its reduced carbon emissions compared to fossil fuels while acting as a substitute for fuel. Biofuels production in the Philippines has already been mandated by the Biofuels Act of 2006 resulting to a mandated utilization of biofuels. The recent typhoons parasite infestation in the country has led to the decreased production of biodiesel. Microalgae is then eyed as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production, because of its high oil yield per hectare and fast growth rate. An assessment of the production of algal biofuel is needed in determining the viability of algal biodiesel production in the Philippines. This study, therefore, proposes the use of the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology as an assessment tool for the viability of the production of algal biofuel in the Philippines. This study focuses on the assessment of a cultivation system in the Philippine for biodiesel production. An Environmental Design of Industrial Products (EDIP) impact category is used for impact assessments. A previous study was already done in comparing the cultivation system with that of another algal cultivation system, however, there has not yet been a comparative study between the use of this cultivation system and with that of jatropha biodiesel production, one of the prospects for biodiesel production. Results show that the algal cultivation system has scored larger impacts due to its electricity consumptions. The fertilizer consumption of the algal cultivation system, however, shows promising results as it was able to achieve a lower impact score in certain categories.
Immunization with outer membrane protein P6 from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae induces bactericidal antibody and affords protection in the chinchilla model of otitis media

The role of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) outer membrane protein (OMP) P6 in the pathogenesis of otitis media (OM) has not been defined. OMPs, fimbriae, pili, and lipooligosaccharide are several types of surface antigens of NTHi that are currently being evaluated as potential vaccine candidates. P6 is antigenically conserved among both nontypeable and type b H. influenzae strains and elicits bactericidal as well as protective antibodies; however, initial evaluation of a vaccine mixture of P6 combined with other NTHi OMPs failed to induce bactericidal antibody or protection in the chinchilla model of OM. We undertook an assessment of the ability of immunization with isolated P6 lipoprotein alone to confer protection. Chinchillas were immunized with P6 and challenged 10 days after the final immunization with either 3 x 10(3) CFU of NTHi delivered directly into the middle ear to induce OM or 5 x 10(8) CFU of NTHi delivered intranasally to establish nasopharyngeal colonization. All immunized animals responded with elevated serum titers of anti-P6 antibody, which also demonstrated bactericidal activity against homologous as well as a heterologous NTHi isolate. By 14 days post-transbullar challenge, the number of chinchillas with middle ear fluid and the incidence of NTHi culture-positive middle ear fluids were reduced 48 and 51%, respectively, in the P6-immunized chinchillas relative to the sham-immunized cohort. Nasopharyngeal colonization levels were comparable in the two cohorts. These data demonstrate that active immunization with P6 results in the production of NTHi-specific bactericidal antibody in the chinchilla and also affords a reduction in the incidence of NTHi-induced OM; however, parenteral immunization does not appear to affect the extent or duration of nasopharyngeal colonization by NTHi.
VI. Studies in perception: a) Colour‐form preference

Kiilpe (1904) and Kuhlman (1904) are generally recognised as the first ta have roused interest in ncolour-form)) preference)) by pointing out that both pathological and normal individuals react either as ))formreactive)) (Formbeachter) or ncolour-reactive)) (Farbenbeachter), and that it is possible to find ))intermediate types)). Since that time a rich literature ihas been collected with the aim of, among other things, determining correlations between personality and perceptive preference : Kibler (1925), Scholl (1926), Enke (1928), Dambach (1929), Lutz (1929), Ritter (1930), Poppinga (1931), Oeser (1932), Braat (1936), Liith (1936), Schmidt (1936), Lindberg (1938, 1942, 1950), Tuompo (1942), Eysenck (1947), Wretmark (1953), Chyatte (1959), Bertini (1962). In general these investigations showed that cycloid (extrovert) personalities are mainly colour reactive and that schizoid (introvert) personalities are mainly form-reactive. In particular a colour-preference seems to be correlated to such qualities as explosiveness, suggestibility, impulsiveness, emotionalism: Lindberg Cop. cit. ), Rorschach (1 942). With regard to psychiatric patients most investigations seem to point to a preponderance of colour responses in all categories of patients who were examined as compared with normal subjects (Lindberg’s value was imost often used as a reference) whatever test was carried out: Lindberg (1 938, 1932), Campailla (1 943), Lamponi (1 948), Blomqvist (1949), Rubino & Scoppa (1952), Pappalardo (1953, a, b). In previous investigations the present author (1959-1966) pointed out that subjective visual experiences during photic stimulation can be used to test colour-form responses and can later be correlated with both psychological and psychopathological variables. The literature on the subject is very limited. Matarazzo, Watson & Ulert (1952) seem to be the only research workers who have tried to
Paired-pulse facilitation of IPSCs in slices of immature and mature mouse somatosensory neocortex.

1. Whole cell recordings from layer V neurons of mouse somatosensory cortex were made with the use of a "blind" patch-clamp technique. In slices from immature [postnatal days 6 to 11 (P6-P11)] and juvenile (P18-P21) animals, inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) were evoked in all cells by extracellular stimulation at the layer V-VI border. Monosynaptic IPSCs, with latency < 2 ms, were isolated pharmacologically by blockade of ionotropic glutamatergic transmission. IPSCs were blocked by bicuculline methiodide and reversed near the predicted equilibrium potential for Cl-. 2. IPSC characteristics were not different for the two age groups. At 1.5-2 times threshold intensity (0.2 Hz), they fluctuated in amplitude with occasional failures. At -70 or -80 mV, mean amplitudes were -202 +/- 20 (SE) pA and -207 +/- 32 pA for immature (39 cells) and juvenile (13 cells) cortex, respectively. Half rise times were 0.74 +/- 0.03 ms (n = 7 cells) in neonates and 0.67 +/- 0.04 ms (n = 7 cells) in juveniles. Decays were biexponential with tau 1 = 14.8 +/- 1.3 ms and tau 2 = 59.0 +/- 7.4 ms (n = 7 cells) in neonates, and tau 1 = 11.9 +/- 1.1 ms and tau 2 = 55.5 +/- 4.2 ms (n = 7 cells) in juveniles. 3. Pairs of stimuli elicited paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) when delivered at brief interstimulus intervals (ISI), and paired-pulse depression (PPD) at long ISI. PPF, which was evident in 64% of immature cells and 38% of juvenile cells, was maximal (38 +/- 4% greater than the conditioning response) at 20-40 ms. PPD, which was evident in 82% of immature cells and 87% of juvenile cells, was maximal (29 +/- 2% smaller than the conditioning response) by 300 ms. In each age group, some animals showed PPF without PPD. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
'This is a walking test, not a talking test': the six minute walking test in congestive heart failure.

This editorial refers to ‘Six minute corridor walk test as an outcome measure for the assessment of treatment in randomized, blinded intervention trials of chronic heart failure: a systematic review’† by L.G. Olsson et al. , on page 778 Decreased exercise capacity is experienced by many patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). During normal daily activities exertion, fatigue, and dyspnoea are frequently reported, and reduced maximal exercise capacity found in the setting of laboratory-based testing is well known.1 Measurement of exercise capacity has been adapted as a principal variable to assess the clinical effect during evaluation of a new drug and as a supplementary method to describe one facet of the intervention. However, determination of exercise capacity during medical treatment in patients with CHF using different exercise tests has yielded different outcomes in single-centre as well as multi-centre studies. The heterogeneity of the studies on medical treatment with differences in aetiology of heart failure, treatment dosage, duration of treatment, blinding or open-label design, variability in instruction and encouragement, study size, proportion of men and women, age, height and weight of the patients, and severity of the heart disease and concomitant diseases might explain the discrepancy in outcome. Recently though, the studies with resynchronization in CHF with more homogenous design and homogenous patient populations have shown an overall increase in exercise capacity as discussed by Olsson et al. 2 The normal … *Corresponding author. Tel: +45 8660 2860; fax: +45 8927 3494. E-mail address : jensrefsgaard{at}post.tele. dk
Prognostic Significance of Vestibulospinal Abnormalities in Patients With Vestibular Migraine

Objectives We evaluated vestibular function test results in vestibular migraine (VM) patients, including caloric, vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP), and dynamic posturography measurements and assessed their relationship with treatment responses. Study Design Retrospective case series review. Setting Tertiary referral center. Methods We investigated a cohort of 80 VM patients who had suffered recurrent vertigo attacks for more than 6 months. A combination of lifestyle modifications and prophylactic medications were used to treat these subjects. The patients were asked to score the treatment success by ranking symptom score from 0% to 100% for the improvement in overall severity of headache and vertigo. Patients were then classified as complete remission, symptomatic improvement 50% or more, or less than 50% improvement after 6 months of treatment. The periods needed for symptomatic improvement in the 50% or more patient group were recorded, and the responsiveness to medications and the vestibular test result metrics were analyzed to identify clinical outcome predictors. Results A symptomatic improvement of 50% or more in vertigo and headache was observed in 71% and 75% of the study subjects across mean periods of 2.3 and 2.2 months, respectively. Improvements in vertigo and headache did not coincide in all. Abnormal caloric, VEMP, and vestibular ratio measurements were found in 25%, 29%, and 58%, respectively. Abnormal vestibular ratios on posturography showed a significant correlation with a poor treatment response of vertigo, and a normal VEMP was significantly related to complete remission from headache, although abnormal caloric results showed no significant correlation with treatment responses. A poor response of vertigo symptoms was observed in 6% of patients with a normal vestibular ratio and 48% of patients with abnormal vestibular ratio. Complete remission from headache was observed in 61% of patients with a normal VEMP and 30% in patients with an abnormal VEMP. Conclusion More than 70% of the patients with VM experienced improvements in both headache and vertigo through a combination of lifestyle changes and prophylactic medications. Abnormal vestibular ratios on posturography and abnormal VEMP responses were frequent findings in VM patients with recurrent attacks for more than 6 months and were indicators of a poor prognosis. The pathophysiology of VM appears to be closely related to vestibular abnormalities, especially in vestibulospinal pathways. Further study with a large population is needed to establish the relationship exactly. Level of Evidence 2b Individual retrospective cohort study.
VoIP Denial of service attacks classification and implementation

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is the newest and the fastest growing technology which consists of routing voice conversations over IP-based network. The flexibility of the VoIP system and the convergence of voice and data networks brings with it additional security requirements, VoIP availability is the most important one. Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks are the main concerns with regard to causing loss of VoIP availability. Its impact ranges from mild service degradation to complete loss of service. In order to avoid this type of attack and discover its security vulnerabilities, it is important to be aware of attack's mechanisms and have a good understanding of their impacts. The main contribution of this paper is to present VoIP DoS attacks' classes, identify common ones in each class, and to implement a test bed to generate, analyze and measure the impact of VoIP flooding attacks.
Intestinal effects of mannanoligosaccharides, transgalactooligosaccharides, lactose and lactulose in dogs.

Carbohydrates that are indigestible by mammalian enzymes can influence the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microflora and are therefore of interest for the formulation of pet food and specific veterinary diets. Mannanoligosaccharides are isolated from yeast cell walls (1). They are not hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes but by different lactobacilli and some bifidobacteria (2,3) and seem to be less fermentable by intestinal bacteria than are fructooligosaccharides (4–7). Galactooligosaccharides consist of -1,6-linked galactopyranosyl units and an -glycosidic bonding to a terminal glycopyranosyl residue and have been shown to be fermentable by canine intestinal microflora (6). Transgalactooligosaccharides are produced by the -galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae (8). Lactose can be regarded as a facultative fermentable carbohydrate in dogs. The activity of intestinal lactase decreases age dependently with concomitant compensatory fermentation by small intestinal and colonic bacteria (9). Lactulose is an isomeric form of lactose with one galactose molecule linked to fructose by -1,4-linkage. In vitro investigations demonstrated that lactulose is readily fermented by bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, but also by Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and Bacteroides sp. (10–12). A decrease of colonic pH and blood ammonia concentrations in dogs was found after ingestion of lactulose (13,14). In the present study mannanoligosaccharides, transgalactooligosaccharides, lactose and lactulose were added to a mixed diet for dogs and investigated for their effects on the fecal quality, nutrient and mineral digestibilities and on some products of intestinal microbial metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Simvastatin reduces infarct size in a model of acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in the rat.

BACKGROUND This study was designed to investigate the effects of simvastatin in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. MATERIAL/METHODS Male Wistar rats were anesthetized (thiopentone sodium 120 mg/kg). After a thoracotomy, the left-anterior-descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded (for 25 min) and reperfused (for 120 min). Area at risk (AR) was determined with Evans Blue dye and infarct size after staining of the area at risk with nitroblue tetrazolium. RESULTS In rats, which received the vehicle for simvastatin (10% DMSO, 1 ml/kg i.v. at 1 h prior to the occlusion of the LAD), occlusion of the LAD for 25 min followed by reperfusion for 2 hours resulted in an infarct size of 54 +/- 4% (n=7) of the AR. When compared with vehicle, administration of simvastatin (1 mg/kg i.v. bolus administration at 1 h prior to the onset of myocardial ischemia) caused a significant reduction in myocardial infarct size of 39%. LAD-occlusion and reperfusion caused a progressive fall in mean arterial blood pressure (when compared with sham-operated animals). Simvastatin had no significant effect on blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS The result indicates that simvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase and a ligand of PPAR-a and PPAR-g, reduces the tissue necrosis associated with acute myocardial infarction. We propose that statins may be useful in conditions associated with ischemia-reperfusion of the heart and other organs.
An Evaluation Cost Model of Consideration Sets

If utility (net of price) varies by consumption occasion, the consideration set of a rational consumer will represent trade-offs between decision costs and the incremental benefits of choosing from a larger set of brands. If evaluating a brand decreases bias and uncertainty in perceived utility, the decision to evaluate a brand for inclusion in a consideration set is different from the decision to consider an evaluated brand. The decision to consumer is, in turn, different from the decision to consider. This article provides analytical expressions for these decision criteria and presents four aggregate implications of the model: (1) distributions of consideration set sizes, (2) order-of-entry penalties, (3) dynamic advertising response, and (4) competitive promotion intensity. Copyright 1990 by the University of Chicago.
Effect of surface sealants on marginal microleakage in Class V resin composite restorations.

PURPOSE Surface sealants may reduce or avoid problems related to the marginal interface. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage in resin composite Class V restorations sealed with an adhesive system (Xeno III [Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany]), a sealant for exposed dentin (Seal & Protect [Dentsply]), and two surface sealants (Fortify [Bisco, Lombard, IL, USA]; Optiguard [Kerr, Orange, CA, USA]). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty cavities with margins in enamel were prepared on crowns of bovine teeth and restored with an adhesive system (Prime and Bond NT/Dentsply) and resin composite (Esthet X/Dentsply). They were separated into four groups for the application of the surface sealants, and a control group (without surface sealing). Thermal cycling with baths of 5 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C and 55 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C were performed in 600 cycles. The teeth were made impermeable, except for a 3-mm window around the restoration and immersed in a 50% silver nitrate solution for 8 hours. The crown was sectioned longitudinally and the cuts were analyzed by three independent evaluators, using a stereoscopic loupe with 10x magnification that attributed representative scores. Agreement among the examiners was evaluated by the Kappa test. RESULTS The Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn Method showed that there was significant difference between the Control and Seal & Protect groups. The Seal & Protect group presented the lowest degree of microleakage, followed by the Optiguard and Xeno III groups. The highest scores were obtained in the Control group. CONCLUSION The sealant materials evaluated presented different rates of effectiveness, and Seal & Protect was the most effective in decreasing the degree of marginal microleakage. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although surface sealants or covering agents have been used to diminish microleakage, they may present different rates of effectiveness with regard to reducing the degree of marginal leakage. (J Esthet Restor Dent 21:397-406, 2009).
A Simple Clinical Maneuver to Reduce Laparoscopy-Induced Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the efficacy of a simple clinical maneuver that facilitates removal of residual abdominal carbon dioxide (CO2) after laparoscopic surgery to reduce shoulder pain. METHODS: A total of 116 female outpatients who were scheduled for elective gynecologic laparoscopic surgery were randomly allocated to either the current standard (control group) or to additional efforts to remove residual CO2 at the end of surgery. In the control group, CO2 was removed by passive deflation of the abdominal cavity through the cannula. In the intervention group, CO2 was removed by means of Trendelenburg position (30 degrees) and a pulmonary recruitment maneuver consisting of five manual inflations of the lung. Postoperative shoulder pain was assessed before discharge and 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours later using a visual analog scale (VAS, 0–100). In addition, positional characteristics of the shoulder pain and incidence of postdischarge nausea and vomiting were recorded until 48 hours after discharge. RESULTS: Pain scores in the control and intervention groups were 30.3±4.5 compared with 15.6±3.0, 25.7±4.7 compared with 10.8±2.4, and 21.7±4.3 compared with 9.1±2.5 at 12, 24 and 36 hours after discharge, respectively (all P<.05). The intervention reduced positional pain from 63% to 31% (P<.05) and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting from 56.5% to 20.4% (P<.001). CONCLUSION: This simple clinical maneuver at the end of surgery reduced shoulder pain as well as postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic surgery by more than half. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.clinicaltrials. gov, ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00575237 LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I
Optimal technology policy: subsidies versus monitoring

We analyze the optimal technology policy to solve a free-riding problem between the members of a RJV. We assume that when intervening the Government suffers an additional adverse selection problem because it is not able to distinguish the value of the potential innovation. Although subsidies and monitoring may be equivalent policy tools to solve firms' free-riding problem, they imply different social losses if the Government is not able to perfectly distinguish the value of the potential innovation. The supremacy of monitoring tools over subsidies is proved to depend on which type of information the Government is able to obtain about firms' R&D performance.