Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incomplete Information and the Liquidity Premium Puzzle

We examine the problem of an investor who trades in a market with unobservable regime shifts. The investor learns from past prices and is subject to transaction costs. Our model generates significantly larger liquidity premia compared with a benchmark model with observable market shifts. The larger premia are driven primarily by suboptimal risk exposure, as turnover is lower under incomplete information. In contrast, the benchmark model produces (mechanically) high turnover and heavy trading costs. We provide empirical support for the amplification effect of incomplete information on the relation between trading costs and future stock returns. We also show empirically that such amplification is not driven by turnover. Overall, our results can help explain the large disconnect between theory and evidence regarding the magnitude of liquidity premia, which has been a longstanding puzzle in the literature. This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance.
Spiritual Struggle

Background: Women with breast cancer experience stressors affecting quality of life (QOL) and life satisfaction. Little is known about effects of spiritual struggle as a coping strategy on QOL and life satisfaction. Purpose: Examine relationships between spiritual struggle, QOL, and life satisfaction. Method : Nonprobablility sample of 100 participants recruited from an Internet Web site with mailed questionnaires. Three instruments were used: breast cancer-specific version of Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale (FACT-B), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual (FACIT-Sp-12) combined for QOL, Negative Coping subscale of Religious Coping (RCOPE) for spiritual struggle, and a single-item measuring life satisfaction. Findings: Small inverse relationships between spiritual struggle, QOL (r = -.36, p < .001), and life satisfaction (r = -.31, p < .001) existed. Conclusions: Spiritual struggle gives voice to women’s questionings implying lower QOL and life satisfaction. Implications: Assessment of and assistance with managing spiritual struggle are necessary to promote QOL and life satisfaction among those facing difficult health problems.
Limitations of using aggrecan and type X collagen as markers of chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

The study was initially designed to differentiate human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into chondrocyte‐like cells, for use in tissue engineering. We cultured MSCs in defined chondrogenic medium as pellet cultures supplemented with transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 or ‐β3 and dexamethazone, as they are commonly used to promote in vitro chondrogenesis. Markers of chondrogenesis used were type II collagen and aggrecan, with type X collagen being used as a marker of late‐stage chondrocyte hypertrophy (associated with endochondral ossification). Our results show that aggrecan is constitutively expressed by MSCs and that type X collagen is expressed as an early event. Furthermore, we found that type X collagen was expressed before type II collagen in some cases. This is surprising because it is understood that stem cells have to be differentiated into chondrocytes before they can become hypertrophic. Thus, caution must be exercised when using aggrecan and type X collagen as markers for chondrogenesis and chondrocyte hypertrophy, respectively, in association with stem cell differentiation from this source. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1791–1798, 2006
Evaluation of Referral Indications for Fetal Echocardiography in Beijing

Objectives. This study was conducted to evaluate the referral indications for fetal echocardiography (FE) in a tertiary center and to determine which indications were significantly associated with prenatal detection of congenital heart disease (CHD). Methods. The medical records of 1425 consecutive women who underwent second‐ and third‐trimester FE at the Ultrasound Center of Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from March 2003 to December 2007 were reviewed. Referral indications, FE diagnoses, and pregnancy outcomes were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify those referral indications associated with prenatal detection of CHD. Results. In 126 patients (8.8%), CHD was detected prenatally and confirmed postnatally. Logistic regression analysis showed that abnormal cardiac views and extracardiac malformation findings (especially a single umbilical artery) on second‐trimester ultrasound screening were found to have significantly more CHD (P < .001). The adjusted odds ratios were 15.2 (95% confidence interval, 9.85–23.45) and 6.78 (95% confidence interval, 2.38–19.27), respectively. Conclusions. Abnormal cardiac views and extracardiac malformation findings on second‐trimester ultrasound screening were significantly associated with prenatal detection of CHD.
Morphologic classification of the mitral papillary muscles.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS OF THE STUDY Mitral homograft replacement requires a good knowledge of the anatomy of the papillary muscles. Clinical experience with mitral homografts has revealed an as yet unexplored aspect of the morphology of the mitral subvalvular apparatus, that is correspondence between papillary muscle sub-divisions and chordal attachment to the leaflets. METHODS To further our understanding we subjected 65 normal hearts to close scrutiny which confirmed our perioperative observations. RESULTS We could establish a classification based on the ways that the papillary muscles relate to the leaflets via the chordae. Four types are described. In type I the papillary muscle is single. In type II the papillary muscle has two heads, one of which sends chordae exclusively to the posterior leaflet. In type III the papillary muscle is also divided, one head supporting the commissural area exclusively. Type IV PM resembles type III but is distinguished from it in the way that the head supporting the commissure is very short. In this type the different heads also originate at different levels on the ventricular wall from the apex to the base.
Light-activated heterotrophic growth of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803: a blue-light-requiring process

A glucose-tolerant strain of Synechocystis sp. strain 6803 will not grow on glucose under complete darkness unless given a daily pulse of white light, typically 5 min of 40 mumol m-2 s-1 (light-pulsed conditions). The light pulse is insufficient for photoautotrophy, as glucose is required and growth yield is dependent on glucose concentration. Growth rate is independent of fluence, but growth yield is dependent on fluence, saturating at 40 to 75 mumol m-2 s-1. A Synechocystis strain 6803 psbA mutant strain grows under light-pulsed conditions at rates similar to those for the glucose-tolerant strain, indicating that photosystem II is not required for growth. The relative spectral sensitivity of the growth of light-pulsed cultures (growth only in blue light, 400 to 500 nm, maximum at 450 nm) precludes energetic contribution from cyclic electron transport around photosystem I. Pulses of long-wavelength light (i.e., 550 and 650 nm) did not support the growth of Synechocystis strain 6803 and, when supplied before or after a blue-light pulse, did not inhibit blue-light-stimulated growth of Synechocystis strain 6803. We conclude that the required blue-light pulse does not support growth via photosynthetic electron transport but appears instead to function as an environmental signal regulating heterotrophic metabolism, cell division, or other photomorphogenic processes. We have termed the growth of Synechocystis strain 6803 pulsed with light and kept otherwise in complete darkness light-activated heterotrophic growth. This observation of a blue-light requirement for the growth of Synechocystis strain 6803 represents a novel blue light effect on the growth of a cyanobacterium.
The protective effects of melatonin from oxidative damage induced by amyloid beta‐peptide 25–35 in middle‐aged rats

This work investigated the ability of melatonin to prevent oxidative damage in brain tissue induced by injection of beta‐amyloid peptide 25–35 (Aβ25–35) in middle‐aged rats. The Morris water maze was used to evaluate the cognitive function of the rats. Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances and antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) activities were measured. It was found that injection of (Aβ25–35) (20 μg) into the rat hippocampus caused an increase in the latency (the time to find the platform), the total swimming distance to the platform, and the starting angles in (Aβ25–35)‐treated rats. Furthermore, a significant rise in lipid peroxidation and decrease in antioxidative enzyme activities in brain tissue were found. Melatonin (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg, i.g. × 10 days) improved the spatial resolution of amnesic rats in the Morris water maze test. Meanwhile, melatonin antagonized the lipid peroxidation in both the mitochondria (P < 0.01) at the doses of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg and in the cytoplasm at the doses of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg. Also in the amnesic rats, melatonin (0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg, i.g. × 10 days) stimulated the antioxidative enzyme activities. The results show that melatonin effectively reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced the antioxidative enzyme activities in Aβ25–35‐treated rats, which may contribute to the improvement of rats' learning and memory impaired by Aβ25–35.
Strength Training Affects Tendon Cross-Sectional Area and Freely Chosen Cadence Differently in Noncyclists and Well-Trained Cyclists

Rønnestad, BR, Hansen, EA, and Raastad, T. Strength training affects tendon cross-sectional area and freely chosen cadence differently in noncyclists and well-trained cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 26(1): 158–166, 2012—The effects of strength training on freely chosen cadence and physiological responses in cyclists and recreationally active individuals were investigated. Well-trained cyclists were assigned to either usual endurance training combined with strength training (C-ES; n = 11) or usual endurance training only (C-E; n = 9). Recreationally active individuals (R-S; n = 7) performed the same strength training as C-ES did (4 lower body exercises, 3 × 4–10 repetition maximum [RM], twice a week for 12 weeks). The R-S and C-ES increased 1RM to a similar extent after 4 and 12 weeks (p < 0.01), whereas 1RM remained unchanged in C-E. Only R-S increased patellar tendon cross-sectional area (CSA; 7 ± 1%, p < 0.001). After 4 weeks, R-S reduced freely chosen cadence, oxygen consumption, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and blood lactate concentration during cycling at 125 W. These responses remained reduced throughout the intervention period (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in these physiological variables in C-ES and C-E. In conclusion, freely chosen cadence during submaximal cycling was reduced in recreationally active individuals after a period of strength training but was not reduced in well-trained cyclists. The reduced freely chosen cadence may be associated with the observed increase in patellar tendon CSA through a morphological-sensory-motor interaction. A practical application is that heavy strength training can reduce freely chosen cadence during submaximal cycling and thereby improve cycling economy in recreationally active individuals, whereas other mechanisms should account for improved performance after strength training in well-trained cyclists.
Optimum body thickness of (111)-oriented ultra-thin body double-gate MOSFETs with respect to quantum-calculated phonon-limited mobility

Ultra-thin body (UTB) double-gate MOSFETs are foreseen as a solution to scaling issues for sub-20 nm CMOS due to excellent immunity to short-channel effects (SCEs). Transport mechanisms in UTB devices have been extensively investigated over the past years [1–3]. Nevertheless, theoretical considerations have been limited only to (100)-oriented UTB single- (SG) or double-gate (DG) devices while the experimental results are available mostly for (100)- and (110)-oriented SG SOI [2,3]. Therefore, an investigation of mobility-behavior in (111)-oriented UTB DG MOSFETs is neccessary, especially due to promising results of UTB FinFETs fabricated on (110) wafers with (111) active sidewalls [4].
Recombinant human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20): an enabling platform for subcutaneous drug and fluid administration

The extracellular matrix is a significant barrier to the effective subcutaneous delivery of many drugs, limiting both pharmacokinetic parameters and injection volumes. The space outside adipocytes in the hypodermis is not a fluid, but rather a solid extracellular matrix of collageneous fibrils embedded within a glycosaminoglycan-rich viscoelastic gel that buffers convective forces. The extracellular matrix limits the volume of drug that can be injected at a single site, as well as the rate and amount that reach the vascular compartment. A fully human recombinant DNA-derived hyaluronidase enzyme (rHuPH20) has been developed to leverage the historical efficacy of animal testes extract-derived spreading factors to reversibly modify the hypodermis, in light of discovery of the human hyaluronidase gene family. The application of this technology to increase both injection volumes and bioavailability from subcutaneous injection may overcome some key limitations of this route of administration in multiple settings of care.
The role of proximal body information on anticipatory judgment in tennis using graphical information richness

Objective Recent studies have reported that skilled tennis players are likely to use proximal body information for anticipating the direction of their opponent’s forehand shot. However, in these studies, the visual stimuli did not include visual information about the ball. Skilled players may have used proximal information owing to the lack of distal information. To address this issue, we developed a novel methodological approach using computer graphics (CG) images in which the entire body was presented by a combination of point-light display (i.e., poor graphical information, PLD) and polygons (i.e., rich graphical information). Using our novel methodological approach, we examined whether skilled tennis players use proximal body information when anticipating shot directions. Methods and results Fifteen skilled tennis players and fifteen novice players tried to anticipate shot directions by observing four CG forehand strokes (ALPOL: all body parts were represented with polygon; RAPLD: racket and arm were represented with PLD; BOPLD: body parts without racket and arm were represented with PLD; and ALPLD: all body parts were represented with PLD). Our intention in creating CG models with such combinations (i.e., RAPLD and BOPLD) was that because of the richer graphical information provided by polygons compared to PLD, the participant’s anticipatory judgment would be influenced more by body parts expressed with polygons. The results showed that for skilled players, anticipatory judgment was more accurate when they observed RAPLD than when they observed BOPLD and ALPLD. In contrast, for novice players, there were no differences in the accuracy of anticipatory judgments with the four CG models. Conclusions Only skilled players made more accurate anticipatory judgments when body regions were expressed with rich graphical information, and the racket and arm were expressed with poor graphical information. These suggest that skilled players used proximal information to effectively anticipate shot directions.
The Relationship Perceived between the Real Body and the Mirror Image

We analyse here people's perception of their reflections in mirrors placed in different positions. In two experiments, participants looked at their mirror image, in a third experiment they looked at another person's image. In both cases they were asked to answer a series of questions about how the virtual body appeared relative to the real body, focusing on different aspects. In experiment 1, they were asked to decide whether the reflections were identical, similar, different, or opposite in terms of the global relationship, orientation, and lateralisation (left-right arm). In experiment 2 they were instructed to make simple gestures and to evaluate if the gestures in the reflection were identical, opposite, similar, or different from theirs. Results show that ‘identity’ was preferred when the mirror was in front, and ‘opposition’ was preferred when the mirror was below. When opposition was experienced, it was attributed mainly to the exocentric frame of reference. Egocentric left – right reversal was not a common experience, although it was reported more frequently when the mirror was in front. The different roles of the exocentric and egocentric frames of reference were further tested in experiment 3, in which the condition of an observer looking at another person's reflection was studied. Contrary to the emphasis on the egocentric frame of reference in the literature on the ‘mirror question’, results presented in this paper demonstrate the importance of the exocentric frame of reference in influencing how observers react to their reflections.
Prospective platelet crossmatching for selection of compatible random donors

Summary An indirect platelet radioactive antiglobulin test was used in a prospective crossmatch study in 29 patients for selecting compatible random donors for platelet transfusion. Patients received crossmatch‐compatible, crossmatch‐incompatible and uncrossmatched platelets. A successful outcome for transfusion was defined as a 24 h post‐transfusion corrected platelet increment of greater than 4·5 × 109/I. Of 47 predictions based on crossmatch results, the technique successfully predicted the outcome of the transfusion in 90% of cases. In all patients, transfusion of crossmatch‐compatible platelets resulted in a significantly higher 24 h corrected platelet increment than was obtained following transfusion of incompatible platelets. The mean±SEM 24 h corrected post‐transfusion increment (× 109/1) was 17·79±2·01 in 26 patients who received crossmatch‐compatible pooled random donor platelets; in 21 patients who received crossmatch‐incompatible platelets, it was 1·19 ±0·56; and in 25 patients who received uncrossmatched platelets, 4·42 ±0·97. The differences were highly significant. There was an 83% correlation of results with those obtained using an indirect platelet suspension immunofluorescence technique.
Economic freedom, real exchange rates and economic growth in emerging markets and developing countries

This paper examines the contingency effects of economic freedom on the growth effect of the exchange rate in a panel of 83 emerging markets and developing countries over the period 1976-2010. Based on the generalized method of moments system estimators (SGMM) that control for the weakness and proliferation of instruments, we uncover positive and significant contingency effects of economic freedom on the growth effect of the real exchange rate undervaluation. The marginal growth effects of the real exchange rate undervaluation are enhanced as countries improve the qualities of their economic institutions. The findings are robust with the exclusion of outliers and oil-exporting countries, alternative measures of real exchange rate undervaluation, additional control variables, subcomponents of economic freedom, and multicollinearity between the interaction term and the original variables.
Crystallizing the Official Narrative: News Discourses About the Killings from the Philippine Government’s Campaign Against Illegal Drugs

The aim of this study is to show the media’s role in shaping, crystallizing and legitimizing a state­driven discourse of fear of illegal drug use, crime, and dehumanization of drug users. Drawing from a discourse analysis of news reports about the killings connected to the Philippine government’s campaign against illegal drugs, the paper argues that privileging a single source (state authority) and taking an “event­-focused” slant which were found to dominate the character of the reports, unwittingly give the state narrative control leading to the justification of a state­-led policy of zero-tolerance policing towards illegal drugs. As we critically examine how drugs, drug use, and the zero-tolerance policy are positioned through discourse in news texts, the paper raises important implications to the ethics and role of journalism in politics and provides explanations relating to crime reporting norms, values, and media organization realities.
Epidemiology and outcome of cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) in Rochester, Minnesota

The natural history of cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) was investigated in a population‐based study in Rochester, Minnesota. Eleven new cases were identified with onset during the 20‐year period 1960–1979. The overall incidence rate was 1.2 per 100,000 person‐years (95% confidence interval 0.5–1.9) with a female: male ratio of age‐adjusted incidence rates of 3.6:1. A unitary etiology was not apparent: injury antedated onset in four of the 11 patients, whereas six had documented thyroid disease and four had diabetes. A family history of movement disorder was recorded for only one subject. Only one of the cases would have been classified as moderate in severity; the others were mild. In follow‐up through 1993, progressive disability was noted in only two patients, and two others went into remission. Three cases of intracranial aneurysm were confirmed, two of which produced fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A third death was due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Hypoxaemia during open‐airway apnoea: a computational modelling analysis

Hypoxaemia during open‐airway apnoea, e.g. during brainstem death testing, may cause organ damage. The effect of ambient oxygen fraction on the extent of hypoxaemia has not been established. We validated the Nottingham Physiology Simulator in this context by reproducing the methodologies and results of four published clinical studies. We then used the simulator to examine the effects of different ambient oxygen fractions (0.21–1.0) and shunt fractions (1–30% of cardiac output) during apnoea. Increasing ambient oxygen fraction from 0.9 to 1.0 more than doubled the time to haemoglobin desaturation at all shunt fractions, and extended apnoea longer than when the ambient oxygen fraction was increased from 0.21 to 0.9. When ambient oxygen fraction and shunt fraction were large, arterial oxygen tension transiently increased during apnoea. A very high ambient oxygen fraction and a patent airway are likely to delay dangerous hypoxaemia during apnoea.