Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GENDER BIAS IN THE EFFECTS OF ARMS AND COUNTERMOVEMENT ON JUMPING PERFORMANCE

The ability to jump high is considered important in a number of sports. It is commonly accepted that the use of the arms and a counter movement increase jump height. In some sport situations (e.g., volley ball block, basketball rebound), athletes may not be able to utilize a counter movement or arm swing. The purpose of this study is to examine gender differences in the contribution of the arm swing and counter movement to vertical jump height. Fifty college students, 25 men (age = 21.4 ± 1.7 years, height = 182.2 ± 8 cm, weight = 83.7 ± 12.4 kg) and 25 women (age = 20.7 ± 1.6 years, height = 166.7 ± 6.3 cm, weight = 61.5 ± 7.0 kg), performed 4 jumping movements: squat jumps with hands on hips (SNA), counter movement jump with hands on hips (CMNA), squat jump with arm swing (SA), and counter movement with arm swing (CMA). Significant differences were found between men's and women's performance, as well as between each type of jump within each gender. A mixed-model analysis of variance detected gender differences with respect to changes in the jumping movement. For both sexes the jumps in order from worst to best were SNA, CMNA, SA, and CMA. Peak power values for men were 4,057, 4,020, 4,644, and 4,747 W, respectively, for the 4 jumps. The female power values were 2,543, 2,445, 2,842, and 2,788 W, respectively, for the 4 jumps. Arms increased jump height more than a counter movement for both genders, with jump heights for men at 29.6, 31, 36, and 38 cm, respectively, and those of women 21, 22, 26, and 27 cm, respectively. Use of the arms was found to increase the jump height of the men significantly more than that of women. Changes in jumping movements affect men and women differently. The greater increase in jump height for the men when using the arm swing could be because of greater upper body strength of men compared with women. This could have applications to training and upper body strength and also to modeling of jumping movements.
Tungsten experiences in ASDEX Upgrade and JET

ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) has been converted to all W plasma facing components (PFCs) in 2007 and JET has implemented the ITER like wall (ILW) project (2011) using the same PFC configuration as ITER during its active phase, namely Be in the main chamber and tungsten in the divertor. As a result of the all metal PFCs both devices much less surface conditioning is needed to arrive at reproducible wall conditions. Specifically the Be PFCs of JET led to a very small low-Z content (reduction of C and O by at least a factor of 10), reducing the edge radiation in steady state operation as well as during disruptions. Both devices successfully employ massive gas injection to mitigate disruption forces and power loads to PFCs by radiating up to 100% of the available energy. Hydrogen retention is strongly reduced (AUG: factor 5, JET: factor 10) and the remaining retention is still dominated by co-deposition with residual C in AUG and intrinsic Be in JET. The very low edge and divertor radiation could be compensated by impurity seeding either by a single gas species (N2) (AUG and JET) or by combining N2 and Ar (AUG) injection for divertor and main chamber radiation, respectively. The W sputtering in the divertor increases when seeding small amounts of N2, but decreases for higher fluxes due to the plasma cooling provided by the nitrogen radiation. The tungsten content is controlled by the source as well as by its edge and central transport. It could be kept sufficiently small by using a minimum gas fuelling to reduce the W erosion and to diminish the W penetration. The control of the central W transport by central (wave) heating had been well established in AUG, however in both devices the W content is increased during ICRH operation most probably due to increased W sputtering caused by rectified sheaths. The H-Mode threshold is reduced by 20-30% in AUG and JET, but on average the confinement is lower in JET-ILW than with C PFCs. To date it is not yet clear, whether the reduced H-Mode confinement has to be attributed to the use of W PFCs, since such a clear trend as in JET was not found in AUG. The increase of confinement with N2 seeding observed in both devices hints to the fact, that low-Z impurities like carbon or nitrogen play a beneficial role for the pedestal confinement.
Multicausal Analysis on Water Deterioration Processes Present in a Drinking Water Treatment System

The fluctuation of water turbidity has been studied during summer in the settling tanks of a drinking water treatment plant. Results from the multiple cause‐effect model indicated that five main pathways interactively influenced thequalityof tank water. During rain, turbidity levels increased mainly as a result of decreasing pH and anaerobic reactions (partial effect = 68%). Increasing water temperature combined with dissolved oxygen concentration (partial effect = 64%) was the key parameterforcontrolling decreases in water turbidity during nighttime periods after a rainy day. The dominant factor influencing increases in turbidity during sunny daytime periods was algal blooms (partial effect = 86%). However, short‐circuiting waves (partial effect = 77%) was the main cause for increased nighttime water turbidityafter a sunny day. The trade offbetween regulatory pathways was responsible for environmental changes, and the outcome was determined by the comparative strengths of each pathway.
The cumulative effects of management on the population dynamics of the Double‐crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus in the Great Lakes

Wildlife species have been subject to control efforts throughout human history due to real or alleged human–wildlife conflicts. The Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus in the interior of North America is no exception, with recent population growth leading to increased conflicts and consequently the development of many control programmes. These control programmes are usually conducted at local scales, often with little or no effort to assess their cumulative effects at the population level. We attempted the first comprehensive assessment of the cumulative effects of control at various spatio-temporal scales, focusing on 199 colonies of Double-crested Cormorant monitored during a 29-year period. Linear models were used to assess the relationship between colony-specific growth rates and a set of candidate factors using an information-theoretic approach. Colony-level density-dependent effects and local control efforts had the greatest influences on population growth. We detected a cumulative effect of management, whereby (i) the reduction in population growth rate was generally stronger when different control activities such as culling or egg oiling were combined, and (ii) past control operations tended to have a pervasive impact on growth rates, especially egg oiling and nest destruction, which negatively affected local recruitment. However, our results also suggest that catastrophic events and the culling of breeding adults that occurred at least 2 years previously could fuel subsequent recruitment or natural immigration from nearby colonies, for instance if the breeding success of remaining pairs was increased through a diminution of density-dependent regulatory processes. Density-dependence at the metapopulation level constituted a third source of regulation, as local growth rates were reduced with increasing number or proximity of active neighbouring colonies. We also found evidence that the culling of Double-crested Cormorants wintering in the southeastern USA could negatively impact the population growth of individual breeding colonies in the Great Lakes, although further research integrating models of migratory connectivity is needed to reach more definitive conclusions. Finally, despite previous studies emphasizing its importance, the net effect of management-induced dispersal appeared small at large spatial scales. We show that this can be explained in part by control strategies (e.g. spatially clustered operations). The continuation of Cormorant management efforts will provide an opportunity to refine the present assessment of the relative importance of density-dependence, breeding vs. nonbreeding season management and dispersal, particularly if population models are coupled with monitoring programmes within an adaptive management framework.
Decadal‐scale climate drivers for glacial dynamics in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA

Little Ice Age (14th–19th centuries A.D.) glacial maxima and 20th century retreat have been well documented in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. However, the influence of regional and Pacific Basin driven climate variability on these events is poorly understood. We use tree‐ring reconstructions of North Pacific surface temperature anomalies and summer drought as proxies for winter glacial accumulation and summer ablation, respectively, over the past three centuries. These records show that the 1850's glacial maximum was likely produced by ∼70 yrs of cool/wet summers coupled with high snowpack. Post 1850, glacial retreat coincides with an extended period (>50 yr) of summer drought and low snowpack culminating in the exceptional events of 1917 to 1941 when retreat rates for some glaciers exceeded 100 m/yr. This research highlights potential local and ocean‐based drivers of glacial dynamics, and difficulties in separating the effects of global climate change from regional expressions of decadal‐scale climate variability.
Hypoglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Four Korean Medicinal Plants in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

To consider potentially new hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic sources, aqueous extracts from four Korean medicinal plants, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Dioscorea batatas, Morus alba, Citrus unshiu, were investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. To induce diabetes, 36 rats were administered alloxan orally (120 mg/kg body weight) for 2 weeks and among those 6 rats were used as a diabetic control. Effect of extracts from four medicinal plants on blood glucose levels of diabetic rats was determined at various time interval for 9 h after oral administration of the first extract at 100 mg dose /kg body weight. In addition, GOT, GPT, LDH, total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were determined 7 days after daily oral administration of each extract. The glucose levels of diabetic rats treated with C. coronarium and M. alba were significantly decreased, respectively, at 3 h and 5 h after administration (p<0.05). The enzyme activities of GOT, GPT and LDH of diabetic rats were also decreased in diabetic rats treated with four plant extracts respectively. In particular, the administration of extract from M. alba tends to bring the GOT, GPT and LDH values of diabetic rats to near normal. There was no significant difference in TC between diabetic control and diabetic rats treated, respectively, with extracts of C. coronarium, D. batatas and M. alba, except C.unshiu extract showing a significant decrease when compared to the diabetic control. The TC value was brought down by 33.3% fall from the value of diabetic rats, which shows more decrease than that of glibenclamide-treated ones. There was a significant difference in TG between the diabetic control and diabetic rats treated, respectively, with extracts of C. coronarium, D. batatas, M. alba and C.unshiu. The results suggest that the administration of C. coronarium and M. alba have a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats and their effect was equivalent to that of glibenclamide. The administration of C.unshiu shows more antihyperlipidemic effect than antidiabetic effect.
A Phase I Trial of Radioimmunotherapy with 131I-A5B7 Anti-CEA Antibody in Combination with Combretastatin-A4-Phosphate in Advanced Gastrointestinal Carcinomas

Purpose: In preclinical models, radioimmunotherapy with 131I-A5B7 anti–carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody (131I-A5B7) combined with the vascular disruptive agent combretastatin-A4-phosphate (CA4P) produced cures unlike either agent alone. We conducted a phase I trial determining the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum tolerated dose, efficacy, and mechanism of this combination in patients with gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Experimental Design: Patients had CEA of 10 to 1,000 μg/L, QTc ≤450 ms, no cardiac arrhythmia/ischaemia, and adequate hematology/biochemistry. Tumor was suitable for blood flow analysis by dynamic contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The starting dose was 1,800 MBq/m2 of 131I-A5B7 on day 1 and 45 mg/m2 CA4P given 48 and 72 hours post-131I-A5B7, then weekly for up to seven weeks. Results: Twelve patients were treated, with mean age of 63 years (range, 32-77). Two of six patients at the first dose level had DLTs (grade 4 neutropenia). The dose was reduced to 1,600 MBq/m2, and CA4P escalated to 54 mg/m2. Again, two of six patients had DLTs (neutropenia). Of ten assessable patients, three had stable disease and seven had progressive disease. Single-photon emission computed tomography confirmed tumor antibody uptake in all 10 patients. DCE-MRI confirmed falls in kinetic parameters (Ktrans/IAUGC60) in 9 of 12 patients. The change of both pharmacokinetic parameters reached a level expected to produce efficacy in one patient who had a minor response on computed tomography and a reduced serum tumor marker level. Conclusions: This is believed to be the first trial reporting the combination of radioimmunotherapy and vascular disruptive agent; each component was shown to function, and myelosuppression was dose-limiting. Optimal dose and timing of CA4P, and moderate improvements in the performance of radioimmunotherapy seem necessary for efficacy.
Changes in Labview Programs Posted to an Online Forum as Users Gain Experience

Engineers and others can learn to use programming environments such as LabVIEW via online resources, including the LabVIEW forum. However, an interesting challenge in such a diffuse and distributed learning environment is assessing to what extent engineers are increasing in programming skill. This paper presents an analysis exploring the extent to which users’ uploaded programs changed in frequency and complexity over time. This study revealed a high rate of drop-out, a drop in the complexity of programs uploaded to the forum during the first two years after users’ first (respective) uploads of programs to the forum, and a slow long-term upward trend in complexity. The results highlight the need for further research aimed at assessing and promoting online learning of programming.
A Murine Locus on Chromosome 18 Controls NKT Cell Homeostasis and Th Cell Differentiation 1

Th cell differentiation is a critical event in the adaptive immune response. C57BL strains develop predominant Th1 responses while BALB/c develops a predominant Th2 response. To identify quantitative trait loci controlling this variation, we performed Th1/Th2 differentiation assays of F1 × BALB/c progeny. A single strong quantitative trait locus was identified on chromosome 18, with weaker effects detectable on chromosomes 5, 12, and 14. By preparing a congenic BALB.B10. D2c18 strain, we were able to demonstrate that this single locus was sufficient to “repolarize” spleen cell cultures. This difference was not due to intrinsic differences in CD4+ T cells. Rather, introgression of the chromosome 18 locus into BALB/c disrupted Va14Ja18 NKT cell homeostasis resulting in the almost complete absence of this T cell subset. Taken together, these data indicate that genes within chromosome 18 control strain-dependent development of Va14Ja18 NKT cells.
Sources of stem rust resistance in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions

Stem or black rust of wheat caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Ericks and Henn (Pgt) is an important disease on wheat worldwide. Pgt is an obligate biotroph, heteroceous in its life cycle and heterothallic in mating type. Seedlings of 41 emmer (Triticum dicoccum), 56 durum (T. durum) wheat accessions were tested for their response to stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. trictici) infection under greenhouse condition at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia. The test included screening of accessions and multipatotype testing to postulate sr genes. Vigorous screening of accessions was conducted using ten stem rust races, namely TKM/J, SKM/J, TTM/J, STM/J, TTL/K, TKR/J, TKM/J, TTM/H, SKM/J and JKM/G and, 33 stem rust differential lines. Flor’s gene-for-gene theory was applied to postulate Sr genes in the tested accessions. Eighteen emmer and 6 durum accessions were found to be good sources of resistance to stem rust infection. In addition, the presence of Sr 7b, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10, 14, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and Tt-3 + 10 genes was postulated in 16 selected emmer and 5 durum wheat accessions. Hence, efforts to exploit these valuable Sr genes in Ethiopian cultivated tetraploid wheats could be rewarding to get stem rust resistant varieties and boost wheat production.
NORTRIPTYLINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN CHRONICALLY ILL AND GERIATRIC PATIENTS

With the advent of amphetamine-type drugs and pentamethylenetetrazol (Metrazol) (1) there has been a continued search for new antidepressants. The mono-amine oxidase inhibitors such as etryptamine (Monase) (2), phenelzine (Nardil) and nialamide (Niamide) gave fairly good results, though adverse side effects were noted in many cases. Just a few years ago another effective antidepressant was introduced-imipramine (Tofranil) (3, 4). However, side effects also were noted when this drug was given in relatively high doses to geriatric patients. Recently, various avenues of research have led to the development of a new type of antidepressant at the National Institutes of Health [Brodie's group (5)]. This new drug is desmethylimipramine (D.M.I.), which is a mono-ethyl analogue of imipramine. Desmethylimipramine is far more rapid in its action, and more potent than imipramine. Meduna, Abood and Biel (6) followed with work on anticholinergic agents. Considerable interest was aroused recently by studies of other secondary amines which led to the investigation of nortriptyline (7) (Fig. 1). This drug has a definite sedative, tranquilizing and antidepressant effect. Its discovery should open up new paths in the search for a drug of therapeutic value in the management of chronically ill and/or geriatric patients who suffer from depression, anxiety, apathy and irritability. Our investigation centered exclusively on the use of nortriptyline (Aventyl)' in the chronically ill and geriatric patient.
Neural crest stem cells in melanoma development

Purpose of review Metastatic melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer and despite tremendous efforts and considerable progress in clinical treatment of melanoma patients within recent years, it remains a deadly disease. Current treatments affect melanoma cells indiscriminately, while accumulating evidence suggests that melanoma might be a disease of stem cells. This review aims to summarize the important accomplishments in the field and to emphasize the common molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating self-renewal of neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) and melanoma cells. Recent findings A growing number of publications highlight the existence of phenotypic and functional similarities between embryonic NCSCs and melanoma cells. These studies provide compelling evidence that the propagation of melanoma cells critically depends on genes instrumental in neural crest development. The example of Sox10 and Rac1 genes provides detailed illustration of how interfering with these important genes for neural crest development can prevent melanoma formation. Summary The development of new therapies, targeting RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, provided major improvements in outcomes for patients with metastatic melanoma; however, acquired resistance followed by tumor recurrence represents a major clinical challenge. The striking parallels between embryonic NCSCs (eNCSCs) and melanoma cells might lead to the development of new targeted therapeutics selectively eliminating cell populations accountable for tumor initiation, progression and relapse.
A geometric approach for quadrotor trajectory tracking control

This paper investigates the trajectory tracking problem for quadrotor with attitude finite-time convergence via geometric approach. First, a global geometric dynamic description is presented on the special Euclidean group (SE(3)), and the trajectory tracking control is decomposed into two cascaded tracking control loops: the position tracking control loop and the attitude tracking control loop. Then, based on the fact that the attitude tracking loop is a fast loop, a finite-time controller based on the exponential coordinate is proposed to speed up the response rate of the attitude control loop, so that the artificial singularity and redundancy can be avoided. In addition, a backstepping controller is designed for the position tracking loop to construct the thrust magnitude control input for the position dynamics and the reference rotation matrix for the attitude tracking loop. Finally, the numerical simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this trajectory tracking strategy.
T Cells with a CD 4 CD 25 Regulatory Phenotype Suppress In Vitro Proliferation of Virus-Specific CD 8 T Cells during Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection

T Cells with a CD4 CD25 Regulatory Phenotype Suppress In Vitro Proliferation of Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells during Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Tobias Boettler,† Hans Christian Spangenberg,† Christoph Neumann-Haefelin, Elisabeth Panther, Simonetta Urbani, Carlo Ferrari, Hubert E. Blum, Fritz von Weizsäcker, and Robert Thimme* Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg,Germany, and Division of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Hydraulic conductivity of ischemic pulmonary venules.

We report the first determination of lung endothelial barrier properties in ischemic, nonreperfused microvessels. We quantified the endothelial barrier in terms of hydraulic conductivity (Lp) in single pulmonary venules (diameter 20-50 microns) of isolated blood perfused lungs (dog, rat), held at constant inflation pressure (5 cmH2O) with a gas mixture containing 21% oxygen. Lp were determined by our split-drop technique in which an oil drop is first microinjected into a venule and then split by microinjection of a protein solution. Lp was interpreted from measurements of the rate of oil drop movement. Baseline Lp recorded in the first 30 min of perfusion averaged 3.4 +/- 0.9 x 10(-7) ml/(cm2.s.cmH2O). Then, in two separate groups of venules in which we established 1.3 +/- 0.1 h and 3.4 +/- 0.8 h of ischemia, we determined Lp which were, respectively, 145 +/- 6.5 and 308 +/- 13% above baseline (P < 0.05). We conclude that ischemia alone, in the absence of reperfusion, significantly deteriorates the lung endothelial barrier.