Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Short communication: The effect of raw milk cooling on sensory perception and shelf life of high-temperature, short-time (HTST)-pasteurized skim milk.

The cooling rate of raw milk may influence sensory properties and pasteurized shelf life. Under the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance for grade A milk, raw milk may be cooled instantaneously by on-farm heat exchangers but is also acceptable if "cooled to 10°C or less within four (4) hours of the commencement of the first milking. " The objective of this study was to determine the effect of raw milk cooling on consumer perception and shelf life. Raw milk (18-21°C) was obtained and transported within 1h of milking to North Carolina State University (Raleigh). The batch of raw milk was split in 2 portions, and a plate heat exchanger was used to quickly cool one portion to <6°C within 1min. The second portion was stored in a jacketed bulk tank and slowly cooled over 4h to <10°C. Milk from 3 consecutive milkings was collected every 12h, with subsequent milkings added to the previous collections. The bulk milk was kept below 10°C while adding milk for the slow cool milk treatment. After 72h, each whole milk was separated; the skim milk was pasteurized at 73 or 78°C for 20 s, homogenized, and held at 4°C. Difference tests (n=75) and consumer acceptance tests (n=100) were conducted to determine if consumers could detect differences among milks. Descriptive analysis and microbial testing for aerobic, psychrotrophic, and psychrotolerant spore counts were conducted through shelf life. The entire experiment was repeated in triplicate. Raw milks averaged 3.3 logcfu/mL by aerobic plate count, <25cfu/mL coliforms, somatic cell count of 300,000 cells/mL, and 3.15±0.07% protein. Psychrotolerant spores were not found in the raw milk. Consumers could not detect differences between cooling treatments of the same pasteurization temperature or between different temperatures of the same cooling treatment. Milks reached sensory failure 49±4d on average after processing, and aerobic counts were between 5 to 7 logcfu/mL. Cooling treatment had no effect on shelf life. These results suggest that pasteurized milk quality is due to a combination of many factors. Raw milk cooling rate is not the most important factor affecting milk quality when raw milk quality is excellent.
Novel and Flexible Entries into Prostaglandins and Analogues Based on Ring Closing Alkyne Metathesis or Alkyne Cross Metathesis

The suitably functionalized cyclopentanone derivatives 12, 13, 19, and 37 serve as common precursors for the synthesis of various prostaglandins, prostaglandin-1,15-lactones, and unnatural analogues thereof. All of them contain a 2-butynyl entity which is elaborated into the intact α side chain of the targets either via a sequence comprising ring closing alkyne metathesis/Lindlar reduction or via alkyne cross metathesis (ACM)/Lindlar reduction. These novel approaches are distinguished by (i) the ready accessibility of the required cyclopentenone substrates via a three-component coupling reaction, (ii) the inherent flexibility which allows one to make a series of analogues starting from these common platforms, (iii) a small number of steps, and (iv) an excellent overall yield. The key alkyne metathesis reactions are efficiently catalyzed either by the tungsten alkylidyne complex (t-BuO)3W⋮CCMe3 or, preferentially, by a catalyst formed in situ from Mo[N(t-Bu)(Ar)]3 and CH2Cl2, the reactivity of which can be.
EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN AND EARLY BIOGEOGRAPHY OF OTOPHYSAN FISHES (OSTARIOPHYSI: TELEOSTEI)

The biogeography of the mega‐diverse, freshwater, and globally distributed Otophysi has received considerable attention. This attraction largely stems from assumptions as to their ancient origin, the clade being almost exclusively freshwater, and their suitability as to explanations of trans‐oceanic distributions. Despite multiple hypotheses explaining present‐day distributions, problems remain, precluding more parsimonious explanations. Underlying previous hypotheses are alternative phylogenies for Otophysi, uncertainties as to temporal diversification and assumptions integral to various explanations. We reexamine the origin and early diversification of this clade based on a comprehensive time‐calibrated, molecular‐based phylogenetic analysis and event‐based approaches for ancestral range inference of lineages. Our results do not corroborate current phylogenetic classifications of otophysans. We demonstrate Siluriformes are never sister to Gymnotiformes and Characiformes are most likely nonmonophyletic. Divergence time estimates specify a split between Cypriniformes and Characiphysi with the fragmentation of Pangea. The early diversification of characiphysans either predated, or was contemporary with, the separation of Africa and South America, and involved a combination of within‐ and between‐continental divergence events for these lineages. The intercontinental diversification of siluroids and characoids postdated major intercontinental tectonic fragmentations (<90 Mya). Post‐tectonic drift dispersal events are hypothesized to account for their current distribution patterns.
LIVER TRANSPLANTATION RESTORES ENDOCRINE CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH FAMILIAL AMYLOIDOTIC POLYNEUROPATHY1

Background. The aimof this study was to investigate familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, Portuguese type patients’ endocrine cell content in the stomach and duodenum before and after liver transplantation, and to relate the findings to the patients’ gastrointestinal disturbances. Methods. Ten liver-transplanted familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, Portuguese type patients and 10 healthy controls were seen. Endocrine cells were identified by immunohistochemistry and quantified with computerized image analysis. The activity of the cells was appraised by measurements of the cell secretory index and nuclear area. Clinical symptoms were obtained from the patients’ medical records. Results. After transplantation, a significant increase of several endocrine cell types were noted, and the pretransplant depletion of several types of endocrine cells disappeared. For no type of endocrine cell was any difference compared with controls noted after transplantation. There was no significant decrease of the amount of amyloid in the biopsies after liver transplantation. The patients’ symptoms remained generally unchanged after transplantation, although a substantial time lapse between pretransplant evaluation and transplantation was present. Conclusions. Liver transplantation restores the endocrine cells in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. The restoration was not correlated with an improvement of the patients’ symptoms. No decrease of the amyloid deposits was noted.
Alterations of Akt1 (PKBalpha) and p70(S6K) in transient focal ischemia.

The serine-threonine kinase Akt1 promotes cell survival through inhibition of apoptosis. One of the potential downstream targets of Akt1 is p70 S6 kinase, p70(S6K), an enzyme implicated in the regulation of protein synthesis. In this study, we investigated the changes in total and phosphorylated levels of Akt1 and p70(S6K) during transient focal ischemia. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 1, 4, and 24 h of reperfusion. The expression of total and phosphorylated forms of Akt1 and p70(S6K) were examined by Western blot analysis. Phosphorylation of Akt1 on Ser473 transiently increased at 1 and 4 h of reperfusion, whereas phosphorylation of Akt1 on Thr308 was reduced during reperfusion. The levels of total Akt1 remained unchanged at 1 and 4 h of reperfusion, but decreased significantly at 24 h of reperfusion. Phosphorylation of p70(S6K) on Thr389 decreased at 1, 4, and 24 h of reperfusion, while the levels of total p70(S6K) protein remained unchanged at 1 and 4 h of reperfusion but decreased at 24 h of reperfusion. The results show that cell survival pathways, such as Akt1 and p70(S6K) signaling, are suppressed after transient focal ischemia, which may contribute to the development of neuronal cell death after an ischemic insult.
The prevalence of rapid weight gain in infancy differs by the growth reference and age interval used for evaluation

Abstract Background: Infant rapid weight gain (RWG) may predict subsequent obesity, but there are inconsistencies in the growth references and age intervals used for assessment. Methods: This study evaluated whether the prevalence of RWG (an increase of >0.67 in weight-for-age z-score) differed by growth reference (2006 WHO standards vs 2000 CDC references) and age interval of assessment (0–3, 0–6, 6–12 and 0–12 months). Pooled data from singleton term infants from two observational studies on maternal mood disorders during pregnancy were used (n = 161). Differences in RWG prevalence by growth reference and age interval were tested using Cochran’s Q and McNemar’s tests. Results: The CDC reference produced a higher RWG prevalence (14% of infants additionally categorized as RWG, p < 0.0001) within the 0–3 month age interval compared to the WHO standards; this pattern was reversed for the 6–12 and 0–12 month intervals. RWG prevalence did not differ across age interval within the WHO standards, but did differ with the CDC references (range: 22% for 0–3 months to 4.2% for 6–12 months, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Caution is advised when comparing studies with different criteria for RWG. Future studies should use the 2006 WHO standards and a consistent age interval of evaluation.
Innovative pain therapy with a fixed combination of prolonged-release oxycodone/naloxone: a large observational study under conditions of daily practice

Abstract Background: Chronic pain has a marked negative impact on quality of life. Opioid treatment is often effective in controlling this pain, but it has numerous side-effects, particularly affecting bowel function. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined prolonged-release (PR) oxycodone and naloxone for the treatment of chronic pain under conditions of daily practice. Research design and methods: This is a multi-center, prospective, non-interventional, observational study. Analgesic efficacy and bowel function were assessed in patients suffering from long-lasting, severe chronic pain of different etiology (cancer and non-cancer) treated with combined PR oxycodone/PR naloxone and observed for 4 weeks. Pain was evaluated using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-SF) and constipation symptoms due to opioid treatment using the Bowel Function Index (BFI). Descriptive data are presented based on observed cases, efficacy and tolerability data additionally based on completely documented patients (for each parameter at least more than 2000 patients). Trial registration: This trial was registered with the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), study code: OXN9002. Results: A total of 7836 patients were recruited in 6496 centers. Strongest pain was reduced by an average of 2.9 points on an 11-point numeric rating scale (p < 0.001, evaluation populations n = 4271 or 2454, respectively). A progressive rise of patients without pain during the 24 hours prior to each evaluation (first visit, 11.6%; final visit, 33.8%; p < 0.001, evaluation populations n = 4413 or 3014, respectively) was observed. Bowel function improved significantly, indicated by a decrease of the bowel function index from 38.2 ± 30.9 to 15.1 ± 18.6 (p < 0.001, evaluation population n = 7640 or 6769, respectively) on a numeric scale of 0–100. Opioid-pretreated patients presented a marked decrease of constipation from 71% at the first visit to 34.1% at the final visit (p < 0.001, evaluation populations n = 5751 or 5123, respectively). Efficacy and tolerability were reported as good or very good by 84% and 87% of patients (evaluation populations n = 7590 and 7577, respectively). There were 4526 adverse events in 1566 patients (20.0%) with 3386 classified as adverse drug reactions; 177 patients (2.3%) suffered serious adverse events which were classified as serious adverse drug reactions in 51 cases. Conclusions: PR oxycodone/PR naloxone achieved good pain control and significantly reduced constipation and associated opioid-induced gastrointestinal symptoms in this observational 4-weeks-trial.
Challenges of Improving Patient-Centred Care in Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative condition with a complex pattern of motor and non-motor symptoms. Of several clinical scales used to measure patient experience few are delivered by patients themselves. OBJECTIVE The present study reports the results of an online survey to establish (a) factors that most influence QoL (quality of life) for people with Parkinson's and (b) areas where self-monitoring may help. METHODS A 27 question online survey (using Survey Monkey) was developed by The Cure Parkinson's Trust, comprising four main sections (demographics, monitoring, symptoms and communication). RESULTS 492 patients participated. 97% felt it 'very' or 'moderately' important to understand their own Parkinson's symptoms and recognise patterns in their condition (n = 420). Although, 87% (n = 467) were interested in recording information about their Parkinson's to monitor their well-being, only 49% of respondents were actually doing so. Slowness of movement (82% n = 432) and lack of energy (61% n = 432) were the most reported motor and non-motor symptoms, respectively. These symptoms were also commonly reported to impact QoL (n = 407). In monitoring these symptoms 75% (n = 409) thought it would help improve their understanding of their condition, 64% thought it would improve their wellbeing and ability to cope, 61% thought it would improve their treatment and 59% thought it would improve communication with their healthcare team. CONCLUSION Collectively, the data suggest that a measurement tool supporting a patient-centred care model would be a combination of objective and accurate measurement of the most bothersome symptoms for patients towards the end goal of improving patients' QoL.
At Street Level: Bureaucratic Practice in the Management of Urban Neighborhood Change

Bureaucratic regulation shapes cities in important ways. Yet certain aspects of how state regulation operates in urban neighborhoods have been understudied in geography and cognate disciplines. This article focuses on one understudied group of state actors: property use, health, and liquor inspectors, part of a wider group of "street-level bureaucrats" who, through their face-to-face contact with the public, affect how and where regulatory enforcement gets done. Through a case study of inspectors in Vancouver, British Columbia, this study identifies the role of street-level bureaucratic practice in shaping urban neighborhoods and in managing neighborhood change. We discuss how street-level bureaucrats negotiate the constraints and pressures inherent to their practice while also exercising a degree of discretion. And we argue that these micro-level concerns are important to understanding how cities are produced but they must also be linked with analyses of wider processes that shape contemporary urban development.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens Tumor Morphology Root Plastid Localization and Preferential Usage of Hydroxylated Prenyl Donor Is Important for Efficient Gall Formation1[C][W][OA]

Upon Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection of a host plant, Tumor morphology root (Tmr) a bacterial adenosine phosphate-isopentenyltransferase (IPT), creates a metabolic bypass in the plastid for direct synthesis of trans-zeatin (tZ) with 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate as the prenyl donor. To understand the biological importance of Tmr function for gall formation, we compared Tmr and Trans-zeatin secretion (Tzs) another agrobacterial IPT that functions within the bacterial cell. Although there is no significant difference in their substrate specificities in vitro, ectopic overexpression of Tzs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in the accumulation of comparable amounts of tZ- and N6-(∆2-isopentenyl)adenine (iP)-type cytokinins, whereas overexpression of Tmr resulted exclusively in the accumulation of tZ-type cytokinins. Ectopic expression of Tzs in plant cells yields only small amounts of the polypeptide in plastid-enriched fractions. Obligatory localization of Tzs into Arabidopsis plastid stroma by translational fusions with ferredoxin transit peptide (TP-Tzs) increased the accumulation of both tZ- and iP-type cytokinins. Replacement of tmr on the Ti plasmid with tzs, TP-tzs, or an Arabidopsis plastidic IPT induced the formation of smaller galls than wild-type A. tumefaciens, and they were accompanied by the accumulation of iP-type cytokinins. Tmr is thus specialized for plastid localization and preferential usage of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate in vivo and is important for efficient gall formation.
News Verification by Exploiting Conflicting Social Viewpoints in Microblogs

Fake news spreading in social media severely jeopardizes the veracity of online content. Fortunately, with the interactive and open features of microblogs, skeptical and opposing voices against fake news always arise along with it. The conflicting information, ignored by existing studies, is crucial for news verification. In this paper, we take advantage of this "wisdom of crowds" information to improve news verification by mining conflicting viewpoints in microblogs. First, we discover conflicting viewpoints in news tweets with a topic model method. Based on identified tweets' viewpoints, we then build a credibility propagation network of tweets linked with supporting or opposing relations. Finally, with iterative deduction, the credibility propagation on the network generates the final evaluation result for news. Experiments conducted on a real-world data set show that the news verification performance of our approach significantly outperforms those of the baseline approaches.
A Light‐Emitting Mouse to Image Skin Inflammation

Background The mouse ear swelling test is a well‐accepted method for quantitating the inflammatory response to contact irritants and sensitizing agents. However, this assay measures edema rather than the cellular component of skin inflammation. Objective To develop a quantitative and noninvasive assay of inflammatory cell infiltration in contact dermatitis. Methods We bred a transgenic bioluminescent mouse that emits light proportional to cutaneous infiltration of inflammatory cells. We characterized this model by correlating luminescence with edema and histologic analysis of affected skin. A mouse strain expressing cyclization recombinase enzyme (cre) recombinase exclusively in myeloid cells was crossed with a reporter strain containing an inactivated form of the luciferase gene. In progeny mice, cre‐mediated recombination repaired the luciferase gene, causing light emission from myeloid cells. Light emission and swelling from the inflamed ear was quantitated and compared to the contralateral ear. Results Light intensity correlated with the inflammatory cell infiltration in the dermis. In sensitized mice challenged with squaric acid, luminescence increased about 2.2‐fold while swelling increased about 1.5‐fold. Conclusion Our model may serve as a useful screening assay for topical antiinflammatory molecules. Moreover, this approach allows real‐time imaging of skin infiltration by specific inflammatory cell lineages in living animals.
The Influence of Perioperative Coagulation Status on Postoperative Blood Loss in Complex Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study

INTRODUCTION: Coagulopathy leading to excessive blood loss is a serious complication of cardiac surgery. In this prospective cohort study, we measured patients' coagulation status before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and examined their relationships with postoperative blood loss. METHODS: Patients undergoing complex cardiac surgery with CPB who did not have preexisting coagulopathy were eligible. Detailed clinical and coagulation data were prospectively collected on all patients. Coagulation testing was performed before and after CPB, and included measures of thrombin generation, clotting factor consumption and dilution, clot stabilization, and fibrinolysis. The associations of variables with post-CPB blood loss (estimated loss from CPB to intensive care unit admission and 24-hour chest tube drainage) were assessed with the Spearman rank correlation test and multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: The median blood loss among the 101 study patients was 952 mL (interquartile range, 601–1553 mL). Variables independently associated with increasing blood loss were as follows: previous sternotomies (P = 0.01), lower pre-CPB prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 levels (measure of thrombin generation; P = 0.001), lower post-CPB platelet counts (P = 0.01), larger percent decrease in fibrinogen levels (P = 0.05), and higher post-CPB soluble fibrin monomer levels (measure of thrombin activity and clot stabilization; P < 0.0001) (model R2 = 0.43). CONCLUSIONS: In complex cardiac surgery, blood loss is directly influenced by reduced pre-CPB thrombin generation rate, increased post-CPB consumption and dilution of clotting factors, as well as inadequate post-CPB clot stabilization. This information can aid in identifying patients at high risk for excessive blood loss and testing new interventions aimed at reducing the burden of this complication. The validity and generalizability of these findings need to be assessed by other studies.
Two-thirds power law in human locomotion: role of ground contact forces

Are there general rules for the generation of curvilinear motion of the end-effector? Form and kinematics of the arm trajectory are typically inter-related. A relationship between velocity and curvature of the endpoint path has been previously described and quantified as the two-thirds power law. Here we show that the two-thirds power law holds also for the foot trajectory (during the swing phase) in human locomotion for a wide range of walking speeds and gravitational loads, but air-stepping. In air-stepping, it was violated systematically. The results suggest that the power law represents a general constrain of biological motion, may be attributed to both mechanical and neural factors and can depend on natural interactions with external environment.