Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scheme-independent stability criteria for difference approximations of hyperbolic initial-boundary value problems. II

Abstract : Convenient stability criteria are obtained for difference approximations to hyperbolic initial-boundary value problems. The approximations consist of arbitrary basic schemes and a wide class of boundary conditions. The new criteria are given in terms of the outlfow part of the boundary conditions and are independent of the basic scheme. The results easily imply that a number of well known boundary treatments, when used in combination with arbitrary stable basic schemes, always maintain stability. Consequently, many special cases studied in recent literature are generalized. (Author)
Generative models for syntactic and semantic structure prediction using latent variables

Linguistic structures capture varying degrees of information in natural language text, for instance, from simple per word part-of-speech tags to more complicated phrases bearing semantic roles. In Natural Language Processing, it is common to use a pipeline approach, where simpler tasks or structures are used as inputs to more complicated problems. We explore the Semantic Role Labeling pipeline which is composed of part-of-speech tagging, syntactic parsing, semantic argument identification, and semantic role classification. In particular, we propose generative models for dependency parsing and semantic role classification, which use inter-connected latent variables to encode the parsing history in the first model, and role correlations in the second model. The dependency parsing model is based on Temporal Restricted Boltzmann Machines, where we show its effectiveness in reducing the feature engineering effort. The semantic role classification model is a Bayesian model, where we demonstrate a way to combine local constituent features with global role correlations in a unified framework.
Lost in Translation: Gender and High School Computer Science

Prologue Carolina is one of six females taking the Computer Programming course at East River High School, a predominantly Latino/a high school located in a low-income neighborhood on the east side of Los Angeles. She is one of the top students in her Honors Geometry class and has a strong history of academic achievement, particularly in mathematics and science. Carolina was recruited, along with other similarly strong female mathematics students, by a well-meaning and committed mathematics teacher, who had been assigned to teach Programming and was eager to increase female enrollment in what had been a predominantly male classroom. As the course evolved, the teacher, who was teaching himself programming while running the course, decided to take advantage of the more knowledgeable students by pairing " experts " with " novices. " With two exceptions, these pairs included an older, more tech-savvy male—the " big brother " —and a younger, inexperienced female. Despite the girls' high standing in high level mathematics classes, the students quickly fell into " traditional " roles, with girls taking on more " secretarial " tasks. Carolina, who found this arrangement to be frustrating, states: We [the girls] called them " big brothers " …. I would type and he [partner] would like think about it—we would both think about it but he would like be the one with the most ideas…I was not always able to understand the ideas. Sometimes I just went along with it. Meanwhile, across town in a school on the more affluent west side of Los Angeles, Grace, a Pilipina senior at Canyon High, is the only female in her AP Computer Science course (APCS). Unlike the other female student who quit after the first semester, Grace decided to " stick it out " because, as she states, she is " not a quitter. " Moreover, Grace is very interested in technology and plans to major in computer engineering. Grace became hooked onto computers because of her interest in cell phone technology. In the Philippines, there are many cottage industries focused upon making the cell phone more fun, unique, and " hip " and this was fascinating to Grace, piquing her curiosity and prompting her to pursue computer science. In addition, Grace's father has experience working with computers, particularly in web design, which Grace believes also influenced her technology interests. Grace lives in downtown Los Angeles, but travels a long distance to …
Manual Of Nutritional Therapeutics

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A GENERAL SOLUTION TO THE OUTPUT-ZEROING PROBLEM FOR MIMO LTI SYSTEMS

The problem of zeroing the output in an arbitrary linear continuous-time system S(A,B,C,D) with a nonvanishing transfer function is discussed and necessary conditions for output-zeroing inputs are formulated. All possible real-valued inputs and real initial conditions which produce the identically zero system response are characterized. Strictly proper and proper systems are discussed separately.
Consistent Ranking of Volatility Models

We show that the empirical ranking of volatility models can be inconsistent for the true ranking if the evaluation is based on a proxy for the population measure of volatility. For example, the substitution of a squared return for the conditional variance in the evaluation of ARCH-type models can result in an inferior model being chosen as "best" with a probability that converges to one as the sample size increases. We document the practical relevance of this problem in an empirical application and by simulation experiments. Our results provide an additional argument for using the realized variance in out-of-sample evaluations rather than the squared return. We derive the theoretical results in a general framework that is not specific to the comparison of volatility models. Similar problems can arise in comparisons of forecasting models whenever the predicted variable is a latent variable.
Self-repairing and Mobility of a Simple Cell Model

The evolution of a mobile cell system is studied here. While a primary definition of life is self-reproduction, mobility is also a major characteristic. Typically, most alife models assume cell mobility a priori. Here, using a development of a cell model due to Varela and McMullin, we show the emergence of cell mobility. A balance between cell repair and mobility is demonstrated. The introduction of a new functional particle is a critical part of the present model.
Query Suggestion Based on Theme and Context

Query suggestion has become one of the most fundamental features of search engines. It attempts to suggest a series of similar queries for improving the search effectiveness. The paper proposed a new query suggestion method which is based on themes and context. Different from previous work, it measure similar queries from the level of semantic level and a new similar queries metric is presented. Furthermore, how to choose similar queries for suggestion is discussed and a new method is proposed. In the new query suggestion method, not only theme, but also query context has been taken into considerate. Experiments show that the new query suggestion method significantly outperformed than related works.
Learning through engagement: MOOCs as an emergent form of provision

Abstract Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are a new form of educational provision occupying a space between formal online courses and informal learning. Adopting measures used with formal online courses to assess the outcomes of MOOCs is often not informative because the context is very different. The particular affordances of MOOCs shaping learning environments comprise scale (in terms of numbers of students) and diversity (in terms of the types of students). As learning designers, we focus on understanding the particular tools and pedagogical affordances of the MOOC platform to support learner engagement. Drawing on research into learner engagement conducted in the broader field of online learning, we consider how learner engagement in a MOOC might be designed for by looking at three pedagogical aspects: teacher presence, social learning, and peer learning.
Recuperação de cultivares de café submetidas ao esqueletamento aos quatro anos e meio de idade.

Diante das adversidades climaticas ocorridas nos ultimos anos, bem como a intensificacao das podas em lavouras novas, foi avaliada a capacidade de recuperacao vegetativa e reprodutiva apos a poda do tipo esqueletamento em 24 cultivares comerciais de C. arabica, em lavoura com quatro anos e meio de idade. Aos 24 meses apos a realizacao da poda, foram avaliadas as caracteristicas agronomicas: produtividade, percentagem de graos chochos, classificacao por peneira alta dos graos, percentual de graos do tipo moca e vigor vegetativo das plantas. Os dados de produtividade foram avaliados por meio da analise de deviance, em fatorial duplo 24x2, sendo 24 cultivares comerciais e dois tipos de conducao (submetidas ou nao a poda). Utilizando-se a media dos tres anos, as demais caracteristicas agronomicas, citadas acima, foram avaliadas em fatorial triplo 24x2x2, sendo 24 cultivares comerciais, dois tipos de conducao (com ou sem poda) e dois anos de avaliacao (safras 2012/2013 e 2013/2014). Em todas as caracteristicas estudadas, nao houve sobreposicao dos intervalos de confianca, indicando que as cultivares tiveram desempenho diferentes entre si. As cultivares estudadas apresentam capacidade de recuperacao apos a >poda tipo esqueletamento em fase jovem, com destaque para a Catigua MG3, Topazio MG1190 e Sabia 398, que apresentaram produtividades altas aliadas a um elevado vigor vegetativo, baixo percentual de frutos chochos e alto percentual de peneira alta dos graos no primeiro bienio apos a poda.
Comparing Possibly Misspecified Forecasts

Abstract Recent work has emphasized the importance of evaluating estimates of a statistical functional (such as a conditional mean, quantile, or distribution) using a loss function that is consistent for the functional of interest, of which there is an infinite number. If forecasters all use correctly specified models free from estimation error, and if the information sets of competing forecasters are nested, then the ranking induced by a single consistent loss function is sufficient for the ranking by any consistent loss function. This article shows, via analytical results and realistic simulation-based analyses, that the presence of misspecified models, parameter estimation error, or nonnested information sets, leads generally to sensitivity to the choice of (consistent) loss function. Thus, rather than merely specifying the target functional, which narrows the set of relevant loss functions only to the class of loss functions consistent for that functional, forecast consumers or survey designers should specify the single specific loss function that will be used to evaluate forecasts. An application to survey forecasts of U.S. inflation illustrates the results.
Parabolic Induction and Geometry of Orbital Varieties for GL(n)

Ariki and Ginzburg, after the previous work of Zelevinsky on orbital varieties, proved that multiplicities in a total parabolically induced representations are given by the value at q=1 of Kazhdan-Lusztig Polynomials associated to the symmetric groups. In my thesis I explore the geometry of orbital varieties and I essentially obtain two important results: - first I prove a conjecture of Zelevinksy on a property of independence of total parabolically induced representations. - More crucially I give a strategy to compute multiplicities in general parabolically induced representations using the product of perverse sheaves introduced by Lusztig.
Stability of thermocapillary flows in non-cylindrical liquid bridges

The thermocapillary flow in liquid bridges is investigated numerically. In the limit of large mean surface tension the free-surface shape is independent of the flow and temperature fields and depends only on the volume of liquid and the hydrostatic pressure difference. When gravity acts parallel to the axis of the liquid bridge the shape is axisymmetric. A differential heating of the bounding circular disks then causes a steady two-dimensional thermocapillary flow which is calculated by a finite-difference method on body-fitted coordinates. The linear-stability problem for the basic flow is solved using azimuthal normal modes computed with the same discretization method. The dependence of the critical Reynolds number on the volume fraction, gravity level, Prandtl number, and aspect ratio is explained by analysing the energy budgets of the neutral modes. For small Prandtl numbers (Pr = 0.02) the critical Reynolds number exhibits a smooth minimum near volume fractions which approximately correspond to the volume of a cylindrical bridge. When the Prandtl number is large (Pr = 4) the intersection of two neutral curves results in a sharp peak of the critical Reynolds number. Since the instabilities for low and high Prandtl numbers are markedly different, the influence of gravity leads to a distinctly different behaviour. While the hydrostatic shape of the bridge is the most important effect of gravity on the critical point for low-Prandtl-number flows, buoyancy is the dominating factor for the stability of the flow in a gravity field when the Prandtl number is high.
On the relation between locus equations and subglottal resonances.

In consonant-vowel transitions, it is well known that the frequency of the second formant at the onset of voicing (F2onset) is linearly correlated with the frequency of the second formant in the middle of the vowel (F2vowel). This correlation, which holds across vowel contexts, is an indication of the amount of coarticulation between the consonant and the vowel, and is characterized by a regression line (locus equation) with a slope and y-intercept that depend upon the consonant place of articulation. Furthermore, for a given place of articulation, slopes and y-intercepts of a collection of locus equations are inversely related. The cause of this inverse relation has not yet been explained. In this presentation it will be shown that the inverse relation implies that the coordinate system of the F2vowel vs. F2onset space is shifted away from the origin, and that the size of the shift is a function of both the place of articulation and of the second and third subglottal resonances.
Contrast Analysis: Focused Comparisons in the Analysis of Variance

Preface 1. Why contrasts? 2. One-way analysis 3. Two-factor studies 4. Wired-in, pre-analyses, multiples and proportions 5. Repeated-measures designs 6. Mixed sources of variance 7. Practical issues of computations 8. Measuring the benefits of contrasts 9. Conclusion: Abelson's perspective Appendices References Index.
A scaling model for severity of operational losses using generalized additive models for location scale and shape (GAMLSS)

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the problem of how to combine operational losses collected from various banks of different sizes and loss reporting thresholds in order to estimate the distribution of operational loss severities for a bank of a given size. We model the severity of operational losses by using the extreme value theory to account for the reporting bias of the external data, and a regression analysis based on the GAMLSS framework to model the scaling properties of operational losses. In contrast to previous studies on the scaling problem, our analysis gives particular emphasis to the scaling properties of the tail of the loss distribution. Contrary to existing knowledge, we find that the size of a bank is an important determinant of the severity of operational losses and that the tail index of the distribution is negatively correlated with the size of the bank. The results indicate that for very large banks, distribution of the operational loss severity can be extremely heavy tailed (i.e. tail index less than 1), a finding which have significant implications for capital calculation as well as for risk management. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that the capital estimates provided by our model is consistent with the industry standards and the model can be used by individual banks to simulate data to complement their internal data.
Curved-streamline transitional flow from mild to steep slopes

Flows from mild to steep slopes are relevant in hydraulic engineering relating to chute spillways and slope changes in irrigation networks. These flows are associated with transitional flow from sub- to super-critical conditions, smooth curvilinear-streamline feature involving a continuous free surface profile, and a rapid variation of the bottom pressure profile. Herein, the transition from a horizontal to a steeply sloping rectangular channel reach is investigated to analyze the application range of the Boussinesq-type equation. Slope breaks with a rounded transition from the brink section to the tailwater channel are considered and compared with the potential flow solution based on the Laplace equation. The Boussinesq-type equation is further compared with test data for a steep downstream slope to investigate the strong curvilinear gravity effect. A singular point analysis is also compared with the Boussinesq approach. The generalized momentum equation for curvilinear flows is developed and compared with the results pertaining to the energy concept.
Semivectorial polarised finite difference method for optical waveguides with arbitrary index profiles

A simple accurate method, which automatically takes full account of the discontinuities in the normal electric field components across any arbitrary distribution of internal dielectric interfaces, is presented for the determination of polarised solutions of the Helmholtz wave equation. The application of the shifted inverse power iteration method to the resulting matrices, enables any required propagation eigenvalue (not necessarily the fundamanetal mode) to be determined, together with its corresponding electric field profile. It is found that the results, which are presented for various semiconductor rib waveguide structures, compare favourably with published vector finite element and scalar results.
Multi‐block methods in multivariate process control

In chemometric studies all predictor variables are usually collected in one data matrix X. This matrix is then analyzed by PLS regression or other methods. When data from several different sub‐processes are collected in one matrix, there is a possibility that the effects of some sub‐processes may vanish. If there is, for instance, mechanic data from one process and spectral data from another, the influence of the mechanic sub‐process may not be detected. An application of multi‐block (MB) methods, where the X‐data are divided into several data blocks is presented in this study. By using MB methods the effect of a sub‐process can be seen and an example with two blocks, near infra‐red, NIR, and process data, is shown. The results show improvements in modelling task, when a MB‐based approach is used. This way of working with data gives more information on the process than if all data are in one X‐matrix. The procedure is demonstrated by an industrial continuous process, where knowledge about the sub‐processes is available and X‐matrix can be divided into blocks between process variables and NIR spectra. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact analysis for a class of simple, circuit-switched networks with blocking

We consider the same circuit switching problem as in Mitra [1]. The calculation of the blocking probabilities is reduced to finding the partition function for a closed exponential pseudo-network with L−1 customers. This pseudo-network differs from that in [1] in one respect only: service rates at nodes 1, 2, …, p depend on the queue length. The asymptotic expansion developed in [1] follows from our exact expression for the partition function.
Quadratic Dynamical Systems (Preliminary Version)

The main purpose of this paper is to promote the study of computational aspects, primarily the convergence rate, of nonlinear dynamical systems from a combinatorial perspective. We identify the class of symmetric quadratic systems. Such systems have been widely used to model phenomena in the natural sciences, and also provide an appropriate framework for the study of genetic algorithms in combinatorial optimisation. We prove several fundamental general properties of these systems, notably that every trajectory converges to a fied point. We go on to give a detailed analysis of a quadratic system defined in a natural way on probability distributions over the set of matching8 in a graph. In particular, we prove that convergence to the limit requires only polynomial time when the graph is a tree. This result demonstrates that such systems, though nonlinear, are amenable to quantitative analysis.
σ-fragmentable Banach spaces

§1. Introduction . Let X be a Hausdorff space and let ρ be a metric, not necessarily related to the topology of X . The space X is said to be fragmented by the metric ρ if each non-empty set in X has non-empty relatively open subsets of arbitrarily small ρ -diameter. The space X is said to be a σ-fragmented by the metric ρ if, for each e>0, it is possible to write where each set X i , i ≥1, has the property that each non-empty subset of X i , has a non-empty relatively open subset of ρ -diameter less than e. If is any family of subsets of X , we say that X is σ-fragmented by the metric ρ , using sets from , if, for each e>0, the sets X i , i ≥ 1, in (1.1) can be taken from
Emotional pathways to the biological embodiment of racial discrimination experiences

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. ABSTRACT Objective Racial discrimination experiences are common among youth with an ethnic minority background, and such experiences affect health. Stress-sensitive systems like the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have been proposed as one mechanism. HPA-axis activity, measured through daily patterns of salivary cortisol, is altered among individuals who experience discrimination. We know little about the day-to-day processes by which discrimination experiences become embodied in stress biology. The HPA axis is responsive to negative social-evaluative (NSE) emotion. The present study investigated whether NSE emotions are a pathway by which discrimination dysregulates HPA-axis functioning as measured by cortisol levels. Methods Perceived discrimination, diurnal cortisol, and changes in NSE emotion were assessed in a sample of 102 young adults. Emotions and cortisol were measured across the day for seven consecutive days in naturalistic settings. Multilevel modeling and regression analyses were used to examine average and day-to-day associations between discrimination, NSE emotion, and cortisol. Mediation and specificity analyses were conducted. Results Discrimination was associated with NSE emotion (β = 0.34, p = .001). Day-to-day changes (β = 0.10, p = .002) and average levels (β = 0.03, p = .013) of NSE emotion were associated with dysregulated cortisol. NSE emotion mediated the association between discrimination and diurnal cortisol slopes (β = 0.10 [95% confidence interval = 0.01–0.21]). Findings were robust for covariates including stressful life events, more pronounced for NSE emotion compared with negative affect at the day level, similar for NSE emotion and general negative affect at the person level, and specific to cortisol slopes. Conclusions Findings suggest that daily NSE and average negative emotions are important pathways by which racial discrimination gets under the skin, or is embodied, in stress biology.