Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gas exchange and photosynthetic acclimation over subambient to elevated CO 2 in a C 3C 4 grassland

Atmospheric CO2 (Ca) has risen dramatically since preglacial times and is projected to double in the next century. As part of a 4-year study, we examined leaf gas exchange and photosynthetic acclimation in C3 and C4 plants using unique chambers that maintained a continuous Ca gradient from 200 to 550 mmol mol in a natural grassland. Our goals were to characterize linear, nonlinear and threshold responses to increasing Ca from past to future Ca levels. Photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf water-use ef®ciency (A/gs) and leaf N content were measured in three common species: Bothriochloa ischaemum, a C4 perennial grass, Bromus japonicus, a C3 annual grass, and Solanum dimidiatum, a C3 perennial forb. Assimilation responses to internal CO2 concentrations (A/Ci curves) and photosynthetically active radiation (A/PAR curves) were also assessed, and acclimation parameters estimated from these data. Photosynthesis increased linearly with Ca in all species (P < 0.05). S. dimidiatum and B. ischaemum had greater carboxylation rates for Rubisco and PEP carboxylase, respectively, at subambient than superambient Ca (P < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the ®rst published evidence of A up-regulation at subambient Ca in the ®eld. No species showed downregulation at superambient Ca. Stomatal conductance generally showed curvilinear decreases with Ca in the perennial species (P < 0.05), with steeper declines over subambient Ca than superambient, suggesting that plant water relations have already changed signi®cantly with past Ca increases. Resource-use ef®ciency (A/gs and A/leaf N) in all species increased linearly with Ca. As both C3 and C4 plants had signi®cant responses in A, gs, A/gs and A/leaf N to Ca enrichment, future Ca increases in this grassland may not favour C3 species as much as originally thought. Non-linear responses and acclimation to low Ca should be incorporated into mechanistic models to better predict the effects of past and present rising Ca on grassland ecosystems.
Amino acid digestibility in conventional, high-protein, or low-oligosaccharide varieties of full-fat soybeans and in soybean meal by weanling pigs

An experiment was conducted to measure the digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) by weanling pigs in full-fat soybeans (FFSB) produced from conventional (FFSBCV), high-protein (FFSB-HP), or low-oligosaccharide (FFSB-LO) varieties of soybeans. A source of soybean meal (SBM) that was produced from a conventional variety of soybeans was also used in the experiment. Cornstarch-based diets containing FFSB-CV, FFSB-HP, FFSB-LO, or SBM as the sole source of AA were formulated. A nitrogen-free diet was used to determine basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. The coefficient of ileal standardized digestibility (CISD) of AA in the four ingredients was measured using 10 barrows (initial body weight: 10.1 ± 1.82 kg) that were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. The CISD of leucine, lysine, and phenylalanine in FFSB-CV was greater (P<0.05) than in SBM, but the CISD of AA in FFSB-HP and FFSB-LO were not different (P>0.05) from the CISD of AA in SBM. With the exception of methionine, tryptophan, and cysteine, no differences in CISD of AA among the three sources of FFSB were observed (P>0.05). It is concluded that the CISD of most AA in FFSB-HP and FFSB-LO are not different from the CISD of AA in FFSB-CV or in SBM, but FFSB-CV has a greater CISD of leucine, lysine, and phenylalanine than SBM if fed to weanling pigs. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy of graphite oxide

We have investigated the electronic structure of graphite oxide using X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the carbon and oxygen K-edges. The unoccupied π* and σ* states associated with sp2 hybridization in graphite, are also apparent in the graphite oxide, which indicates that it has a graphitic structure even though it experiences oxidation and annealing. Additional electronic states of the graphite oxide which are not present in its precursor, graphite, are ascribed to the functional groups such as epoxide, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups.
Nebular mixing constrained by the Stardust samples

Abstract— Using X‐ray microprobe analysis of samples from comet Wild 2 returned by the Stardust mission, we determine that the crystalline Fe‐bearing silicate fraction in this Jupiter‐family comet is greater than 0.5. Assuming this mixture is a composite of crystalline inner solar system material and amorphous cold molecular cloud material, we deduce that more than half of Wild 2 has been processed in the inner solar system. Several models exist that explain the presence of crystalline materials in comets. We explore some of these models in light of our results.
INTERNATIONAL FAMILY MIGRATION AND LABOR- MARKET OUTCOMES OF IMMIGRANT COUPLES: DO TYPES OF MIGRATION MATTER?

This study examines whether immigrant women’s labor-market outcomes relative to those of immigrant men vary across different types of family migration. Using matched pairs of husbands and wives from the 2000 U.S Census, this study investigates the impact of international family migration on immigrant women’s employment status and hourly earnings. The results show that, for women, wife-initiated migration is positively associated with employment, compared to husband-initiated and simultaneous migration. In relation to the moderating effect of education, for wife-initiated migration, women are also more likely to be employed as education rises. Thus, for wife-initiated migration, the gender gap diminishes substantially with increasing education. Consistent with the analyses of employment status, for women, wife-initiated migration is positively associated with higher hourly earnings. The moderating effect of education also shows that, for women, the positive association between wife-initiated migration and hourly earnings increases with education.
Moulting and growth in communal and individual rearing of the spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus

Growth of the spiny lobster Panulirus homarus was studied by communal as well as individual rearing. In experiment 1, the lobsters were grown together at the bottom of the tank without providing shelter while individually reared lobsters were kept in rectangular, interconnected compartments floated on the surface of the same tank (phase I). After 9 months, the conditions were reversed (phase II) i.e., the lobsters in individual compartments were released to the bottom and those at the bottom were shifted to individual rearing. Phase II continued for 10 months. In the first phase, the lobsters grown together at the bottom of the tank had a weight increase of 0.54 g/day, moulting 4.27 times, while those grown in individual compartments increased their weight by 0.15 g/day, moulting 3.44 times. In phase II, the lobsters shifted to individual rearing had a reduced growth rate of 0.17 g/day with an average moult of 4.06. On the other hand, the lobsters shifted to communal rearing had substantial increase in growth rate from 0.15 g/day to 0.47 g/day and moulted 6.11 times. In experiment 2, lobsters were grown in bigger individual compartments at the bottom of the tank, in which, a weight increase of 0.29 g/day and an average moult of 7.25 were obtained in 16 months. In experiment 3, the growth rate of lobsters was determined with and without providing shelter. In 8 months, the lobsters provided with shelter grew from 76.64±11.62 g to 136.30±20.87 g, a weight increase of 0.25 g/day with an average moult of 4. The lobsters in the tank without shelter had a growth rate of 0.33 g/day (82.73±12.82 g to 161.49±36.13 g) with an average moult of 4.31. Survival was 100% in the tank without shelter and 75% in the tank with shelter. The lobsters in communal rearing were gregarious and had physical contact, which might play a role in inducing moulting and growth.
An osteological study of measurement of safe zone to prevent iatrogenic suprascapular nerve injury and its correlation with type of suprascapular notch

Background: Suprascapular nerve injury is commonly recognized as a cause of post-operative shoulder pain and rotator muscle dysfunction. The nerve may be injured during open or arthroscopic shoulder surgeries, due to its proximity to the operative field, particularly at the suprascapular and spinoglenoid notches. ‘Safe zone’ is defined as an area within which iatrogenic injury to the suprascapular nerve is likely to be avoided and it presents definitive limits. Aims of study were to identify morphometric variations of suprascapular notch (SSN), to measure distances from commonly used surgical landmarks to the possible course of suprascapular nerve so as to identify safe zone and to correlate safe zone with the type of suprascapular notch (SSN). Methods: Total 200 dry human scapulae were obtained from Anatomy departments of three medical colleges of south Gujarat. Using digital vernier caliper, for each SSN, maximal depth (MD) and superior transverse diameters (STD) were measured and SSN classified into five types. The distances of suprascapular nerve from common surgical landmarks were measured as ‘AB’; ‘CD’ and ‘BD’ to obtain safe zone. These distances were correlated with dimension of notch. Results of the present study were compared with previous studies in different populations. Results: The suprascapular notch was classified into five types of which Type III (MD <STD) predominate (46.5%). The mean measurements of ‘safe zone’ distances vary with type of notch and correlate with notch dimensions. Conclusions: The precise knowledge of morphology in the shoulder girdle region (especially, variations of SSN) is particularly essential to avoid iatrogenic nerve injuries during shoulder surgeries. The measurements of ‘safe zone’ help clinicians for safe advancement during surgeries. The safe zone varies with the type of suprascapular notch.
Children's Religious Coping Scale: Adaptation and Psychometric Properties

Coping religioso se refere ao uso de estrategias relacionadas a fe religiosa para lidar com situacoes estressantes. Esse estudo apresenta a adaptacao da escala de Coping Religioso para Criancas (CRC) para criancas brasileiras e verifica suas propriedades psicometricas. Participaram 1.612 criancas (54,71% meninas) entre 8 e 13 anos (M = 10,19, DP = 1,47). Analises de componentes principais e fatoriais confirmatorias indicaram que a CRC e composta por duas dimensoes: Coping Religioso Positivo, com 17 itens em tres fatores (Crenca no suporte de Deus, Busca a instituicao religiosa, Intercessao), e Coping Religioso Negativo, composto por 11 itens em tres fatores (Descontentamento com Deus ou com outros, Reavaliacao negativa do significado, Reavaliacao de punicao). O instrumento apresentou confiabilidade adequada. Analises fatoriais multigrupo indicaram que as cargas fatoriais dos itens sao semelhantes por sexo. A escala apresentou bons indices de ajuste para essa amostra, demonstrando ser um instrumento promissor para futuras pesquisas.
Something in the Air: Information Density, News Surprises, and Price Jumps

This paper introduces a new information density indicator to provide a more comprehensive understanding of price reactions to news and, more specifically, to the sources of jumps in financial markets. Our information density indicator, which measures the abnormal amount of noisy “ticker” news before scheduled macroeconomic announcements, is significantly related to the likelihood of price jumps and independent of the magnitude of news surprises or pre-announcement trading activity. We therefore interpret this variable as a measure of additional uncertainty in the market, which is resolved by macroeconomic news as “hard” facts.
Effect of an axially-symmetric cyclonic vortex on the sea surface temperature in the Gulf of México

A model for the mixed layer of the Gulf of Mexico has been used to determine the effect that an idealized cyclonic vortex has in the sea surface temperature. The model consists of the equations of conservation of thermal energy and this of balance between mechanical energy and thermal energy, last based on the Kraus- Turner theory; both equations are vertically integrated in the mixed layer. As atmospheric forcing, we prescribe the surface wind associated with an axially-symmetric cyclonic vortex characterized by two parameters: the maximum tangential velocity and the radius at which that velocity is reached. The values of these two parameters, which depend on the position of the vortex, correspond to two cases: hurricane Hilda, which crossed the central part of the Gulf of Mexico between September 29 and October 3, 1964 and hurricane Gilbert whose trajectory between 11 and 17 September, 1988 crossed the Caribbean Sea, the Yucatan Peninsula and the southwest Gulf of Mexico. The results show that a cyclonic vortex with such characteristics, produce during its passage by the sea vertical turbulent water transport through the thermocline (entrainment) that is able to cool down the mixed layer in several degrees and increases the thermocline depth in several meters, in agreement with the observations.
Pre-service teachers’ reflections on teaching a physics lesson: How does Lesson Study and Content Representation affect pre-service teachers’ potential to start developing PCK during reflections on a physics lesson

Shulman states that deliberate reflections are needed in order for teachers to start developing their Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK). This is important, since a teacher who has a well-developed PCK, also has integrated knowledge of theory and practice. However, recent research has found that reflection, as used during mentoring in field practice, regularly is an obstacle to deliberate reflection. Thus, the theory-practice divide persists. This study addresses this problem by introducing Lesson Study and Content Representation as an intervention in teacher education field practice. The results of the intervention showed that the pre-service teachers reflected differently compared to the current state of practice. During the intervention, they focused more on ‘Goals for instruction’, ‘Pupils and their learning’, ‘Best representation of specific content’, and ‘Specific assessment’. These differences in reflection might lead to pre-service teachers developing a more inter-related understanding of these focus areas as opposed to what happens in the current state of practice. This, in turn, could affect the per-service teachers’ potential to start developing their PCK. Consequently, this might give teacher educators a new way of addressing the problem of the theory-practice divide. However, further studies are needed on the quality of these differences and whether or not the intervention influences the pre-service teachers’ practices in the future.
Are financial audit elements and corporate governance policies solutions for the economic crisis

The implementation of high quality financial audit and the adoption of corporate governance policies are considered to be important factors that can contribute to the economic re-launch after the recent financial crises. It is expected that their existence should have a positive impact upon financial performance. As a fact, the present research underlies the dependencies between financial performance, financial audit and corporate governance elements for the companies that are listed on the Bucharest Stock of Exchange. The results of the research are mixt, showing in fact that the actual solutions are not enough for ensuring the ideas of overcoming upon the financial crisis.
Asset Pricing Model with Liquidity Variables in Stock Market

This study derives asset pricing model with liquidity variables to examine the relationship between expected returns and other explanatory variables in the case of Thailand and Singapore. It also compares the results from the stock exchange of Thailand with those from the stock exchange of Singapore. By introducing liquidity variables in business cycle model, the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium is derived to come up with a new asset pricing model in order to account for expected returns and equity premium. The modeled economy shows the substitution between consumption today and consumption in the future. In fact, consumption at different times has different prices. The discrete time optimization model is employed to write Bellman’s equation, Lagrange equation, and solve for Euler equation and Envelope condition before end up with general equilibrium. Therefore, the new asset pricing model is computed by using Log-linear approximation. In addition, simulation method and Generalized Method of Moments are employed to test such model. The next findings show that this model has an ability to capture the data of Thailand and Singapore. Indeed, the growth rate of aggregate consumption is positively related to the expected returns in case of banking group index of Thai stock market and Straits Times Index. Still, the growth rate of market index is positively related to the expected returns in the case of Singapore. Furthermore, such theoretical and empirical results demonstrate that transaction cost has a positive effect on the expected stock returns in both cases. In contrast, the coefficient of relative risk aversion has a negative effect on the expected stock returns.
The Components of the Bid-Ask Spread: A General Approach, Reviews of Financial Studies

A simple time-series market microstructure model is constructed within which existing models of spread components are reconciled. We show that existing models fail to decompose the spread into all its components. Two alternative extensions of the simple model are developed to identify all the components of the spread and to estimate the spread at which trades occur. The empirical results support the presence of a large order processing component and smaller, albeit significant, adverse selection and inventory components. The spread components differ significantly according to trade size and are also sensitive to assumptions about the relation between orders and trades.
Mössbauer Studies of Core-Shell Nanoparticles.

The ferrite magnetic nanoparticles with core-shell structures were obtained in two step preparation process. The Mossbauer spectra obtained for particles of pure maghemite or magnetite and two layered core-shell one the magnetite on maghemite and maghemite on magnetite are very different from each other. The presented results show that interparticle and intraparticle interaction plays important role in overall magnetic properties as well.
Palaeontology of the upper Turonian paralic deposits of the Sainte-Mondane Formation, Aquitaine Basin, France

The upper Turonian lignite deposits of Sainte-Mondane, Dordogne (Aquitaine Basin, SW France), consist of clays bearing translucent, orange to red, amber micrograins. The amber exhibits different types of microbial inclusions. The clays contain several conifers including the genera Brachyphyllum, Frenelopsis and Glenrosa, and a few leaf fragments of eudicot angiosperms. Among the plant meso-fossils the occurrence of Costatheca, Spermatites and abundant, diverse megaspores, including species of Ariadnaesporites, Bacutriletes, Echitriletes, Erlansonisporites, Maexisporites, Minerisporites and Verrutriletes, is noteworthy. Pollen grains of the Normapolles group are important components of the palynomorph assemblage. The clays were deposited in a calm, estuarine or lagoonal, muddy environment. The overlying lignitic sands contain large fossil wood pieces of the conifer Agathoxylon, small solitary corals, fragmentary oysters and pectinids, echinoid spines, a few teeth of marine selachians and bony fishes, but no amber is present. These sands were deposited in a high-energy coastal marine environment.
Testing Timber Market Linkages with a STAR Model with Housing Start-Controlled Transitions

Market integration has been widely studied in the past to gain a better understanding of how different markets for the same good interact with one another. Traditional cointegration tests have been used to perform these analyses; however, these tests can only reveal the presence of stable or average long-term relationships. To evaluate market dynamics over time, we modify a time-varying smooth transition autoregressive (TV-STAR) model to examine pine stumpage markets in the U.S. South. The proposed model incorporates an economic indicator and allows us to evaluate market integration as it changes throughout a specified time period. The potential significance of this work is twofold. First, market integration can be observed as a function of an economic indicator, and secondly, the proposed model will allow us to draw inference about market integration at specific time points.
Model of Chromosomal Instability in Oral Carcinogenesis and Progression

Epidemiologic and experimental evidence indicate that oral cancer originates and progresses with the contribution of carcinogen exposure, mainly from tobacco smoking (IARC, 1986, 2004). This is thought to contribute to DNA damage within the mucosa and, in particular, to subsequent gene mutations, chromosomal instability and aneuploidy, resulting in an increased risk of developing oral cancer. Accumulation of genetic/genomic aberrations over time leads to a multi-step process of carcinogenesis in which the functions of genes which control the cell cycle (proliferation and apoptosis), chromosome stability, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, become aberrant (Califano et al., 1996; Hanahan & Weinberg 2011; Martorell-Calatayud et al., 2009). Chromosomal aberrations in oral cancer are located, in particular, at 9p21, 17p13, 3q26, 11q13, 3p21, 14q32 (Forastiere et al., 2001; Gollin, 2001) corresponding to several putative tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes including p16 at 9p21 and TP53 at 17p13.
Assessing the macroeconomic effects of inflation targeting: Evidence from OECD Economies

With the numerous monetary policy reforms undertaken during the 1990s, inflation targeting emerged as one of the possible solutions. The macroeconomic performance of this regime has attracted the attention of recent research, yet no final consensus on its role is reached. The aim of this paper is to contribute to this debate through a panoply of mixed results proven by the recent literature. Empirically, the purpose of this study is to assess the impact of inflation targeting on inflation and output based on a panel of 30 OECD countries over the period 1980_2012, using the “differences-in- differences” approach of Ball and Sheridan (2005). Our results indicate that inflation targeting helps to improve macroeconomic performance of targeters OECD countries more than non- targeters in terms of average inflation and volatility. Our findings corroborate previous studies like those of Wu (2004), Ball and Sheridan (2005) and Manai,O (2014). However, our results point to an insignificant impact of this regime on output consistent with Goncalves- Salles (2008) and Ftiti & Essadi (2013). However, our results contrast those of S-Hebbel (2007) and Ftiti J. Goux (2011) which assume that there is no difference between targeters and non-targeters OECD countries.