Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Evidence Accumulation Model for Conflict Detection Performance in a Simulated Air Traffic Control Task

Objective: The aim of this article is to develop a formal model of conflict detection performance. Background: Our model assumes that participants iteratively sample evidence regarding the state of the world and accumulate it over time. A decision is made when the evidence reaches a threshold that changes over time in response to the increasing urgency of the task. Method: Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of conflict geometry and timing on response proportions and response time. Results: The model is able to predict the observed pattern of response times, including a nonmonotonic relationship between distance at point of closest approach and response time, as well as effects of angle of approach and relative velocity. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that evidence accumulation models provide a good account of performance on a conflict detection task. Application: Evidence accumulation models are a form of dynamic signal detection theory, allowing for the analysis of response times as well as response proportions, and can be used for simulating human performance on dynamic decision tasks.
Subcortical correlates of craving in recently abstinent alcoholic patients.

OBJECTIVE This study investigated functional cerebral correlates of craving in alcoholic patients and examined the state/trait characteristics of the regional cerebral network implicated in craving. METHOD Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to map cerebral response elicited by ethanol odor in 10 male patients with alcohol dependence who had undergone detoxification and 10 matched nonpatients. After 3 weeks, during which the patients underwent standardized behavioral therapy with psychopharmacological intervention, all subjects were studied a second time with fMRI to evaluate the effects of therapy on the functional cerebral correlates of craving. RESULTS In the alcoholic patients, cue-induced craving before treatment elicited activation primarily in the subcortical-limbic region of the right amygdala/hippocampal area and in the cerebellum. After treatment, activation was found in the superior temporal sulcus, while subcortical or cerebellar participation was no longer present. Comparison subjects showed no comparable amygdala or cerebellar activation during ethanol stimulation and demonstrated no change in activation pattern between measurements. CONCLUSIONS This investigation points to state-dependent neurobiological correlates of cue-induced craving in alcoholic patients and suggests that these correlates can be influenced by therapeutic interventions. The presence of emotional aspects of craving is suggested by amygdala activation.
system: Trichostrongylus tenuis in red grouse. II. Population models

Summary 1. The population dynamics of red grouse, Lagopus lagopus scoticus and the parasitic nematode, Trichostrongylus tenuis were explored to determine whether interactions between the parasite and host were sufficient to generate cycles in grouse abundance. Two alternative models were used that explicitly consider the dynamics of either the free-living, or arrested larval stages of the parasite. 2. Providing that the life expectancy of the free-living larvae is more than 2-4 weeks, the parasite can readily establish in grouse populations. Larval arrestment tends to reduce the intrinsic growth rate of the parasite and thus increases the size of the host population required for the parasite to establish. 3. Grouse numbers will tend to cycle when the parasites exhibit low degrees of aggregation and parasite-induced reductions in host fecundity are greater than parasite-induced increases in host mortality. The population cycles produced in the model have the slow increase followed by a rapid decline characteristic of the grouse population studied at Gunnerside. 4. The period of the cycles is determined by the intrinsic growth rate of the grouse population and either larval life expectancy (Model I), or the duration of larval arrestment (Model II). Cycle periods decrease as host population growth rate increases, and lengthen with increases in either free-living larval life expectancy, or the duration of larval arrestment. If the duration of larval arrestment is sufficiently long (>6 months), the cycles die out and the dynamics of the grouse-nematode system are very stable. 5. Estimates of all of the model's parameters may be made from long-term records of grouse populations. Numerical analysis of the model's behaviour suggest that a model with limited arrested larval stages more closely corresponds to the grouse populations in the North of England. The 4-5 year cycles exhibited by these populations will be more sporadic, or absent on estates where the parasite is unable to establish. 6. The analysis shows that the empirical data collected on T. tenuis are consistent with it being the cause of the cycles observed in grouse populations in the North of England.
Knowledge and attitude about reproductive health among rural adoles- cent girls in Kuppam mandal: An intervention study

Adolescents in rural areas may face troubles due to lack of right kind of information regard-ing their own physical and or sexual developments. The need to address this problem through health education by health professionals needs to be ascertained. The objective is to determine the effectiveness of a reproductive health education intervention programme in improving the knowledge of adolescent girls aged between 14-19 years in Kuppam mandal, chittoor dt, Andhra Pradesh. The study was carried out over a period of 8 months. A total of 656 girls in the age group of 14-19 years were randomly selected from 3 high schools (class X) & 3 intermediate colleges(class XI XP<0.001); knowledge regarding contraception improved remarkably from 33.7% to 97.4%(P<0.0001);A significant improvement in the knowledge about trans-mission & prevention of STDs was noted after intervention (P<0.0001). A reproductive health education intervention programme improves the knowledge & attitude among rural adolescent girls regarding reproductive health
Digitally Enhanced Esthetic Dentistry - From Treatment Planning to Quality Control.

Statement of Problem: Whenmultiple teeth aremissing, the color formissing teeth shouldbe estimatedbased onthe colorof remaining teeth. Purpose: The purposewas to determine the strength of color correlations among six types of permanent anterior teeth. Methods: Colorof12 anterior teethwasmeasuredby ShadeVision Systemfor 47 volunteers.The colorcoordinates in eachtype ofteeth such asmaxillarycentral incisor (MX1), lateral incisor (MX2), and canine (MX3), andmandibular central incisor (MD1), lateral incisor (MD2), and canine (MD3) were determined.Correlations and differences among the correspondingcolorcoordinates of eachtype ofteethwere determined. Results: Comparedwith MX1, the differenceswere inthe range of 23.2 to 26.5 in L*,0.5 to 2.7 in a*, 20.7 to 7.5 in b*, and the colordifference (DE*ab) was 4.5 to10.3. The colordifference by DE00 formulawas 3.1^6.7. Althoughthe colorcoordinateswere different by toothtype, theygenerally showed correlations (p< 0.001). Conclusions: For the colorestimation ofmissing MX1, the colorcoordinates of MD1were the strongestpredictors.In case ofmissing MX3, L* and a* of MD3 and b* of MX1were the strongestpredictors for each corresponding coordinates. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The color formissing teeth, especially formaxillarycentral incisor andmaxillary andmandibularcanines, couldbe estimatedbased onthose ofthe same type teeth onthe opposingarch.These results should be applied forclinical color selection formissing teeth. (J Esthet Restor Dent 28:S5^S13, 2016)
Biochemical and Functional Characterization of the Klotho-VS Polymorphism Implicated in Aging and Disease Risk*

Background: The mechanism by which polymorphisms in the anti-aging protein klotho lead to increased disease risk is unknown. Results: In vitro, klotho-VS decreases homodimerization and increases heterodimerization with and activation of FGFR1c. Conclusion: Altered dimerization explains klotho-VS association with increased disease risk. Significance: Understanding how the VS variant leads to changes in klotho function will elucidate the role klotho plays in disease and lifespan. Klotho (KL) is an age-regulating protein named after the Greek goddess who spins the thread of life. Mice deficient in KL are normal throughout development, but rapidly degenerate and display a variety of aging-associated abnormalities that eventually lead to decreased life expectancy. While multiple genetic association studies have identified KL polymorphisms linked with changes in disease risk, there is a paucity of concrete mechanistic data to explain how these amino acid substitutions alter KL protein function. The KLVS polymorphism is suggested to lead to changes in protein trafficking although the mechanism is unclear. Our studies have sought to further investigate the functional differences in the KLVS variant that result in increased risk of many age-related diseases. Our findings suggest that the F352V and C370S substitutions lead to alterations in processing as seen by differences in shedding and half-life. Their co-expression in KLVS results in a phenotype resembling wild-type, but despite this intragenic complementation there are still changes in homodimerization and interactions with FGFR1c. Taken together, these studies suggest that KLVS leads to altered homodimerization that indirectly leads to changes in processing and FGFR1c interactions. These findings help elucidate the functional differences that result from the VS polymorphism, which will help clarify how alterations in KL function can lead to human disease and affect cognition and lifespan.
The Three Systems: a Conceptual Way of Understanding Nocturnal Enuresis

Childhood nocturnal enuresis has traditionally been regarded as a multifaceted problem with a variety of treatment interventions. This paper proposes a model based on the notion that nocturnal enuresis arises through the ill functioning of one or more of the following three systems - a lack of vasopressin release during sleep; bladder instability; and/or an inability to arouse from sleep to bladder sensations. Clinical signs of each system are outlined and the appropriate treatment intervention for each is discussed. It is argued that addressing nocturnal enuresis in this way will enhance overall treatment effectiveness.
Osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease: an update

Abstract Osteoporosis (OP) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most important causes of mortality and morbility in the elderly. Lots of studies showed a correlation between bone loss and cardiovascular risk mediated by the vascular calcification. The relationship between OP and CVD could be firstly explained by their common risk factors such as age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and menopause. However, other different hypotheses were proposed to clarify this link. Multiple factors, for example bone morphogenetic proteins, osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand, parathyroid hormone, phosphate, oxidized lipids and vitamins D and K seemed to be involved in both conditions, indicating a possible common pathophysiologic mechanism. We review and discuss the available data describing this association. Further studies are necessary to better investigate similarities between OP and CVD. Chinese abstract 骨质疏松症和心血管疾病是老年人最重要的死亡和发病原因。 大量研究证明了骨质流失和由血管钙化导致的心血管疾病之间的相关性。 骨质疏松和心血管疾病之间的联系首先能用它们共同的危险因素如年龄、吸烟、饮酒、体力活动和绝经来解释。 然而，其他不同的假设澄清了这种联系。 许多因子如骨形成蛋白、骨保护蛋白、核转录因子受体激动剂kB配体、甲状旁腺素、碳酸盐、氧化脂质及维生素D和K似乎也与两者有关，暗示可能有共同的病理生理机制。 本文回顾性分析了现有的描述两者关系的资料。 为更好的了解骨质疏松症和心血管疾病间的相似之处需要进一步的研究。
Differences in Cytokine and Chemokine Responses during Neurological Disease Induced by Polytropic Murine Retroviruses Map to Separate Regions of the Viral Envelope Gene

ABSTRACT Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) by several viruses can lead to upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In immunocompetent adults, these molecules induce prominent inflammatory infiltrates. However, with immunosuppressive retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), little CNS inflammation is observed yet proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are still upregulated in some patients and may mediate pathogenesis. The present study examined expression of cytokines and chemokines in brain tissue of neonatal mice infected with virulent (Fr98) and avirulent (Fr54) polytropic murine retroviruses. While both viruses infect microglia and endothelia primarily in the white matter areas of the CNS, only Fr98 induces clinical CNS disease. The pathology consists of gliosis with minimal morphological changes and no inflammation, similar to HIV. In the present experiments, mice infected with Fr98 had increased cerebellar mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), TNF-β, and interleukin-1α and chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), gamma-interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and RANTES compared to mice infected with Fr54 or mock-infected controls. The increased expression of these genes occurred prior to the development of clinical symptoms, suggesting that these cytokines and chemokines might be involved in induction of neuropathogenesis. Two separate regions of the Fr98 envelope gene are associated with neurovirulence. CNS disease associated with the N-terminal portion of the Fr98 envgene was preceded by upregulation of cytokines and chemokines. In contrast, disease associated with the central region of the Fr98env gene showed no upregulation of cytokines or chemokines and thus did not require increased expression of these genes for disease induction.
Contraceptive Knowledge, Perceptions and Use among Adolescents in Selected Senior High Schools in the Central Region of Ghana

Background : Teenage pregnancies, human immuno deficiency virus and other sexually transmitted diseases infection, are an important public health issue because they are associated with maternal, fetal, neonatal and other adverse outcomes. Adolescent girls who get pregnant are likely to drop out from school and adolescent parents are unlikely to have the social and economic means to raise children. Objective: The study was conducted to assess contraceptive knowledge, perceptions and use among adolescents in selected Senior High Schools in the Central Region of Ghana. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Cosmopolitan city of Cape Coast of the Central Region of Ghana. Three mixed, one female and one male senior high school were conveniently identified for the study. A self-administered questionnaire was given to 350 students in the schools out of which 300 were retrieved and used, representing a response rate of 85.7%. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) programme software (version 15.0) was used for data entry, and descriptive statistics tests were conducted for the items which were summarised by frequencies and percentages. Results : Results showed that almost 21% of 244 students with knowledge of contraception are users, 82% of sexually active respondents were non-users while condom is the most common contraceptive method used. Also, 60% and 30% of respondents obtained knowledge about contraception from the media (TV/Radio) and peers (friends) respectively. However, almost 32% of the study participants thought contraceptives are for only adult married persons. Conclusion : We believe that there is a need for aggressive advocacy and dissemination of information on Adolescent Reproductive Health (ARH) and family planning methods before initiation of sexual activity among the adolescent population in Ghana. Key words : Ghana, Contraceptive knowledge, perceptions, sexual behaviour, adolescent
An investigation into the unusual linkage isomerization and nitrite reduction activity of a novel tris(2-pyridyl) copper complex

The copper-containing nitrite reductases (CuNIRs) are a class of enzymes that mediate the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide in biological systems. Metal–ligand complexes that reproduce the salient features of the active site of CuNIRs are therefore of fundamental interest, both for elucidating the possible mode of action of the enzymes and for developing biomimetic catalysts for nitrite reduction. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a new tris(2-pyridyl) copper complex ([Cu1(NO2)2]) that binds two molecules of nitrite, and displays all three of the common binding modes for NO2−, with one nitrite bound in an asymmetric quasi-bidentate κ2-ONO manner and the other bound in a monodentate fashion with a linkage isomerism between the κ1-ONO and κ1-NO2 binding modes. We use density functional theory to help rationalize the presence of all three of these linkage isomers in one compound, before assessing the redox activity of [Cu1(NO2)2]. These latter studies show that the complex is not a competent nitrite reduction electrocatalyst in non-aqueous solvent, even in the presence of additional proton donors, a finding which may have implications for the design of biomimetic catalysts for nitrite reduction.
Cognate CD4+ Help Elicited by Resting Dendritic Cells Does Not Impair the Induction of Peripheral Tolerance in CD8+ T Cells1

Peripheral tolerance is required to prevent autoimmune tissue destruction by self-reactive T cells that escape negative selection in the thymus. One mechanism of peripheral tolerance in CD8+ T cells is their activation by resting dendritic cells (DC). In contrast, DC can be “licensed” by CD4+ T cells to induce cytotoxic function in CD8+ T cells. The question that then arises, whether CD4+ T cell help could impair peripheral tolerance induction in self-reactive CD8+ T cells, has not been addressed. In this study we show that CD4+ T cell activation by resting DC results in helper function that transiently promotes the expansion and differentiation of cognate CD8+ T cells. However, both the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations ultimately undergo partial deletion and acquire Ag unresponsiveness, disabling their ability to destroy OVA-expressing pancreatic β cells and cause diabetes. Thus, effective peripheral tolerance can be induced by resting DC in the presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with specificity for the same Ag.
Gingival concentrations of interleukin-23 and -17 at healthy sites and at sites of clinical attachment loss.

BACKGROUND The presence of interleukin (IL)-23 has not been reported within inflamed gingiva, so we evaluated its concentration within gingiva from normal sites and sites of chronic periodontal disease. METHODS Gingiva was obtained prior to extraction of teeth. It was grouped based on clinical attachment loss (CAL): 0 to 2 mm (normal-slight), 3 to 4 mm (moderate), and >5 mm (severe). Tissues were solubilized, and IL-12, -23, -6, -17, and -1beta; interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma); and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were compared by factorial analysis of variance, post hoc Tukey test, and Pearson correlation test. Groups were defined as significantly different when P <0.05. RESULTS The gingival concentrations of IL-23, -17, -1beta, and -6 and IFN-gamma were significantly greater at moderate CAL sites than at normal-slight CAL sites. Gingival concentrations of IL-23, -1beta, -17, and -6 and TNF-alpha were significantly greater at severe CAL sites than at normal-slight CAL sites. In addition, the gingival concentrations of IL-23, -17, and -6 and TNF-alpha were significantly greater and the gingival concentrations of IL-12 and IFN-gamma were significantly lower at severe CAL sites than at moderate CAL sites. Gingival concentrations of IL-23, -17, -6, and -1beta and TNF-alpha correlated positively with CAL. The IL-23 gingival concentration correlated significantly with IL-17, -1beta, and -6 and TNF-alpha concentrations and correlated negatively with IL-12 and IFN-gamma concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested the possibility that the IL-23/IL-17 immune response was present within chronically inflamed gingiva. This is a host response that had not been reported previously in periodontal disease and may be an important factor in the chronic nature of the disease.
In vitro multiplication of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.)

In vitro multiplication of Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) was carried out from nodal segments to standardize the protocol for mass multiplication under lab conditions. It was found during experimentation that MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.5 mg/L) and malt extract 500 mg/L resulted in maximum culture establishment, number of shoots and length of longest shoot per culture in minimum time during shoot proliferation. The in vitro multiplied shoots could be best rooted in half strength medium supplemented with IBA and NAA (1.0 mg/L) each with 3 % sucrose as carbohydrate source. In vitro formed plantlets were hardened in potting mixture containing sand, soil and FYM (1:1:1) and highest survival (83.33 %) was achieved after transplantation when rooted plantlet leaves were treated with 50 % glycerol as an antitranspirant.
Do Family-Owned Companies Achieve High or Low Performance? Evidence from Jordan

Price is a very important part of the marketing mix as it can affect both the supply and demand of the firms’ products. This paper examines the relationship between family ownership and corporate performance. The study uses ROA to measure the level of performance and employs random-effect and panel data regressions to examine the relationship. The sample consists of 495 firm-year observations over the study period 2014-2016. In general, this study introduces new empirical evidence suggesting that managers in family companies are more likely to achieve high performance than those managing non-family companies. The results of this study could be beneficial for several users of financial information, such as regulators, investors, auditors and lenders. These users might consider the findings of this study when using a company’s financial information, and consequently enable them to make better decisions. Thus, this study introduces new empirical evidence about the ownership structure in Jordan, since a large proportion of companies are family controlled.
Determinants for Effective Implementation of Electronic Payment System by Hospitals in Tanzania: A Case of the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre

The era of rapid growth of the internet has witnessed the exponential growth of electronic payment systems (EPS); consequently, business transactions are constantly shifting from cash-based to electronic-based system. This paper is a product of a research conducted to explore factors that could influence effective adoption and implementation of the EPS among hospitals in Tanzania and the challenges associated with its adoption. The study used the KCMC as a case in point. The case study design was used. In this study we sampled 152 respondents randomly who included clients at the outpatient clinics of the hospital. The data were gathered using a structured questionnaire consistent with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The findings suggest that the majority of the clients preferred to use EPS whereas, intention to use EPS, previous experience in the use of EPS, and being banked were significant factors influencing both preference of EPS and intention to use EPS. It is recommended that in order to hasten adoption of EPS in Tanzania it is important to address the identified barriers and also to encourage clients to keep their money in and use the services of banks.