Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimization results for the higher eigenvalues of the p ‐Laplacian associated with sign‐changing capacitary measures

In this paper we prove the existence of an optimal set for the minimization of the k th variational eigenvalue of the p ‐Laplacian among p ‐quasi open sets of fixed measure included in a box of finite measure. An analogous existence result is obtained for eigenvalues of the p ‐Laplacian associated with Schrödinger potentials. In order to deal with these nonlinear shape optimization problems, we develop a general approach which allows to treat the continuous dependence of the eigenvalues of the p ‐Laplacian associated with sign‐changing capacitary measures under γ ‐convergence.
Recurrent Value Functions

Despite recent successes in Reinforcement Learning, value-based methods often suffer from high variance hindering performance. In this paper, we illustrate this in a continuous control setting where state of the art methods perform poorly whenever sensor noise is introduced. To overcome this issue, we introduce Recurrent Value Functions (RVFs) as an alternative to estimate the value function of a state. We propose to estimate the value function of the current state using the value function of past states visited along the trajectory. Due to the nature of their formulation, RVFs have a natural way of learning an emphasis function that selectively emphasizes important states. First, we establish RVF's asymptotic convergence properties in tabular settings. We then demonstrate their robustness on a partially observable domain and continuous control tasks. Finally, we provide a qualitative interpretation of the learned emphasis function.
First Measurement of Inclusive Muon Neutrino Charged Current Differential Cross Sections on Argon at E_{ν}∼0.8  GeV with the MicroBooNE Detector.

We report the first measurement of the double-differential and total muon neutrino charged current inclusive cross sections on argon at a mean neutrino energy of 0.8 GeV. Data were collected using the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber located in the Fermilab Booster neutrino beam and correspond to 1.6×10^{20} protons on target of exposure. The measured differential cross sections are presented as a function of muon momentum, using multiple Coulomb scattering as a momentum measurement technique, and the muon angle with respect to the beam direction. We compare the measured cross sections to multiple neutrino event generators and find better agreement with those containing more complete treatment of quasielastic scattering processes at low Q^{2}. The total flux integrated cross section is measured to be 0.693±0.010(stat)±0.165(syst)×10^{-38} cm^{2}.
WALLABY early science – III. An H i study of the spiral galaxy NGC 1566

This paper reports on the atomic hydrogen gas (H i) observations of the spiral galaxy NGC 1566 using the newly commissioned Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder radio telescope. We measure an integrated H i flux density of $180.2$ Jy km s−1 emanating from this galaxy, which translates to an H i mass of $1.94\times 10^{10}\, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$ at an assumed distance of $21.3$ Mpc. Our observations show that NGC 1566 has an asymmetric and mildly warped H i disc. The H i-to-stellar mass fraction (M$_{\rm{H\,{{\small I}}}}$/M∗) of NGC 1566 is 0.29, which is high in comparison with galaxies that have the same stellar mass ($10^{10.8}$ M⊙). We also derive the rotation curve of this galaxy to a radius of $50$ kpc and fit different mass models to it. The NFW, Burkert, and pseudo-isothermal dark matter halo profiles fit the observed rotation curve reasonably well and recover dark matter fractions of 0.62, 0.58, and 0.66, respectively. Down to the column density sensitivity of our observations ($N_{\rm{H\,{{\small I}}}}\, =\, 3.7\times 10^{19}$ cm−2), we detect no H i clouds connected to, or in the nearby vicinity of, the H i disc of NGC 1566 nor nearby interacting systems. We conclude that, based on a simple analytic model, ram pressure interactions with the IGM can affect the H i disc of NGC 1566 and is possibly the reason for the asymmetries seen in the H i morphology of NGC 1566.
Roughness, inertia, and diffusion effects on anomalous transport in rough channel flows

We study how the complex interplay between roughness, inertia, and diffusion controls the tracer transport in rough channels. We first simulate the flow and tracer transport over wide ranges of channel roughness, Reynolds number ($Re$), and Peclet number ($Pe$) observable in nature. $Pe$ exerts a first-order control on first-passage time distributions, and the effect of roughness on the tracer transport becomes evident with the increase in $Re$. The interplay between the roughness and $Re$ causes eddy flows, which intensify or suppress anomalous transport depending on $Pe$. At infinite $Pe$, the late-time scaling follows a universal power-law scaling, which is explained by conducting a scaling analysis. With extensive numerical simulations and stochastic modeling, we show that the roughness, inertia, and diffusion effects are encoded in Lagrangian velocity statistics represented by velocity distribution and correlation. We finally predict the anomalous transport using a stochastic model that considers the Lagrangian velocity statistics.
An Empirical Evaluation of Adversarial Robustness under Transfer Learning

In this work, we evaluate adversarial robustness in the context of transfer learning from a source trained on CIFAR 100 to a target network trained on CIFAR 10. Specifically, we study the effects of using robust optimisation in the source and target networks. This allows us to identify transfer learning strategies under which adversarial defences are successfully retained, in addition to revealing potential vulnerabilities. We study the extent to which features learnt by a fast gradient sign method (FGSM) and its iterative alternative (PGD) can preserve their defence properties against black and white-box attacks under three different transfer learning strategies. We find that using PGD examples during training on the source task leads to more general robust features that are easier to transfer. Furthermore, under successful transfer, it achieves 5.2% more accuracy against white-box PGD attacks than suitable baselines. Overall, our empirical evaluations give insights on how well adversarial robustness under transfer learning can generalise.
Uncertainty principle and its rigidity on complete gradient shrinking Ricci solitons

We prove rigidity theorems for shrinking gradient Ricci solitons supporting the Heisenberg-Pauli-Weyl uncertainty principle with the sharp constant in R n \mathbb {R}^n . In addition, we partially give analogous rigidity results of the Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequalities on shrinking Ricci solitons.
A bootstrapping approach for robust topic analysis

Topic analysis is important for many applications dealing with texts, such as text summarization or information extraction. However, it can be done with great precision only if it relies on structured knowledge, which is difficult to produce on a large scale. In this paper, we propose using bootstrapping to solve this problem: a first topic analysis based on a weakly structured source of knowledge, a collocation network, is used for learning explicit topic representations that then support a more precise and reliable topic analysis.
MIFAL: fully automated Multiple-Image Finder ALgorithm for strong-lens modelling – proof of concept

We outline a simple procedure designed for automatically finding sets of multiple images in strong lensing (SL) clusters. We show that by combining (a) an arc-finding (or source extracting) program, (b) photometric redshift measurements, and (c) a preliminary light-traces-mass lens model, multiple-image systems can be identified in a fully automated (‘blind’) manner. The presented procedure yields an assessment of the likelihood of each arc to belong to one of the multiple-image systems, as well as the preferred redshift for the different systems. These could be then used to automatically constrain and refine the initial lens model for an accurate mass distribution. We apply this procedure to Cluster Lensing And Supernova with Hubble observations of three galaxy clusters, MACS J0329.6-0211, MACS J1720.2 + 3536, and MACS J1931.8-2635, comparing the results to published SL analyses where multiple images were verified by eye on a particular basis. In the first cluster all originally identified systems are recovered by the automated procedure, and in the second and third clusters about half are recovered. Other known systems are not picked up, in part due to a crude choice of parameters, ambiguous photometric redshifts, or inaccuracy of the initial lens model. On top of real systems recovered, some false images are also mistakenly identified by the procedure, depending on the thresholds used. While further improvements to the procedure and a more thorough scrutinization of its performance are warranted, the work constitutes another important step toward fully automatizing SL analyses for studying mass distributions of large cluster samples.
Technological Learning and Innovation Gestation Lags at the Frontier of Science: From CERN Procurement to Patents

This paper contributes to the literature on the impact of Big Science Centres on technological innovation. We exploit a unique dataset with information on CERN’s procurement orders to study the collaborative innovation process between CERN and its industrial partners, mostly European firms. Since 19 out of the 23 Member Countries of CERN belong to the EU, public procurement for innovation through CERN can be seen as factor contributing to European innovation policies. After a qualitative discussion of case studies, survival and count data models are estimated; the impact of CERN procurement on suppliers’ innovation is captured by the number of patent applications. The fact that firms in our sample received their first order over a long time span (1995-2008) delivers a natural partition of industrial partners into “suppliers” and “not yet suppliers”. This allows estimating the impact of CERN on the hazard to file a patent for the first time and on the number of patent applications, as well as the time needed for these effects to show up. We find that a “CERN effect” does exist: being an industrial partner of CERN is associated with an increase in the hazard to file a patent for the first time and in the number of patent applications. These effects require a significant “gestation lag” in the range of five to eight years, pointing to a relatively slow process of absorption of new ideas.
Do star clusters form in a completely mass-segregated way?

Context. ALMA observations of the Serpens South star-forming region suggest that stellar protoclusters may be completely mass segregated at birth. Independent observations also suggest that embedded clusters form segregated by mass. Aims. As the primordial mass segregation seems to be lost over time, we aim to study on which timescale an initially perfectly mass-segregated star cluster becomes indistinguishable from an initially not mass-segregated cluster. As an example, the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) is also discussed. Methods. We used N-body simulations of star clusters with various masses and two different degrees of primordial mass segregation. We analysed their energy redistribution through two-body relaxation to quantify the time when the models agree in terms of mass segregation, which sets in only dynamically in the models that are primordially not mass segregated. A comprehensive cross-matched catalogue combining optical, infrared, and X-ray surveys of ONC members was also compiled and made available. Results. The models evolve to a similar radial distribution of high-mass stars after the core collapse (about half a median two-body relaxation time, trh) and become observationally indistinguishable from the point of view of mass segregation at time τv ≈ 3.3 trh. In the case of the ONC, using the distribution of high-mass stars, we may not rule out either evolutionary scenario (regardless of whether they are initially mass segregated). When we account for extinction and elongation of the ONC, as reported elsewhere, an initially perfectly mass-segregated state seems to be more consistent with the observed cluster.
Dualistic function of Daxx at centromeric and pericentromeric heterochromatin in normal and stress conditions

Nuclear structures ND10/PML NBs are linked to multiple processes, including the maintenance of intranuclear homeostasis by sequestering proteins into “nuclear depot. ” This function presumes release of proteins from PML NBs and their redistribution to the alternative, supposedly “active” locations, in response to the external stress application. To further investigate this nuclear depot function, we focused on the intranuclear distribution of protein Daxx that in normal conditions is mainly accumulated at PML NBs, and has a minor association with centromeres and pericentromeres (CEN/periCEN). Here we report that application of physiological Heat Shock (HS) changes this balance forcing very robust and reversible accumulation of Daxx on CEN/periCEN heterochromatin. Heterochromatin architecture is essential for the proper orchestration of nuclear processes, while transcription from this part of genome is required for its maintenance. To understand functional consequences of Daxx deposition at CEN/periCEN, we tested for Daxx-dependency of heterochromatin transcription. Depletion of Daxx reduces accumulation of CEN RNA in normal conditions and periCEN RNA after HS application. Searching for the mechanism of Daxx-dependent regulation of heterochromatin transcription, we found that depletion of Daxx decreases incorporation of transcription-associated histone H3 variant, H3.3, into both CEN and periCEN. Surprisingly, HS-induced deposition of Daxx does not further elevate incorporation of H3.3 into CEN/periCEN that remained steady during stress and recovery. Instead, depletion of Daxx leads to HS-induced changes in the balance of epigenetic modifications at heterochromatin, most dramatically elevating levels of active H3K4Me2 modification at periCEN. We propose dualistic function of Daxx-containing complexes at CEN/periCEN: (1) regulation of H3.3 loading in normal conditions and (2) protection of epigenetic status upon stress-induced accumulation, thus collectively guarding epigenetic identity of CEN/periCEN heterochromatin.
Ensemble Model Patching: A Parameter-Efficient Variational Bayesian Neural Network

Two main obstacles preventing the widespread adoption of variational Bayesian neural networks are the high parameter overhead that makes them infeasible on large networks, and the difficulty of implementation, which can be thought of as "programming overhead. " MC dropout [Gal and Ghahramani, 2016] is popular because it sidesteps these obstacles. Nevertheless, dropout is often harmful to model performance when used in networks with batch normalization layers [Li et al., 2018], which are an indispensable part of modern neural networks. We construct a general variational family for ensemble-based Bayesian neural networks that encompasses dropout as a special case. We further present two specific members of this family that work well with batch normalization layers, while retaining the benefits of low parameter and programming overhead, comparable to non-Bayesian training. Our proposed methods improve predictive accuracy and achieve almost perfect calibration on a ResNet-18 trained with ImageNet.
Making digital characters: creation, deformation, and animation

Digital characters have been taken an very important role for filmmaking and video games over the last decade. Now we are at the border that the difference between digital characters and real ones are vanishing. In this course we will introduce the fundamental knowledge of how to create digital characters. A state-of-the-art workflow consists of three stages: creating of the facial and body puppet, applying the right deformation techniques to the puppet, and driving the puppet with keyframe animation or motion capture data through retargeting. Our goal is to present the best practice guide in terms of making digital humans for visual production. We start with an general overview of the process on how to make digital characters. It then focuses on the details about production of facial and body puppets through 3D acquisition of geometry and texture, template registration techniques that are based on generic deformation or morphable models, using deformation transfer to automatically create believable poses, and how to use motion capture data to enhance the current poses. The second part of the course will introduce various important deformation techniques such as skinning, pose space deformation, and how to do volumetric deformation based on real body medical imaging data. Finally several animation techniques will be presented to show how to make puppets perform.
Stellar Properties of z ≳ 8 Galaxies in the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey

Measurements of stellar properties of galaxies when the universe was less than one billion years old yield some of the only observational constraints on the onset of star formation. We present here the inclusion of Spitzer/IRAC imaging in the fitting of the spectral energy distribution of the seven highest-redshift galaxy candidates selected from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging of the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey. We find that for six out of eight HST-selected z ∼ 8 sources, the z ∼ 8 solutions are still strongly preferred over z ∼ 1–2 solutions after the inclusion of Spitzer fluxes, and two prefer a z ∼ 7 solution, which we defer to a later analysis. We find a wide range of intrinsic stellar masses (5 × 106–4 × 109 M⊙), star formation rates (0.2–14 M⊙ yr−1), and ages (30–600 Myr) among our sample. Of particular interest is A1763-1434, which shows evidence of an evolved stellar population (∼500 Myr) at z ∼ 8, implying that its first generation of star formation occurred <100 Myr after the Big Bang. SPT0615-JD, a spatially resolved z ∼ 10 candidate, remains at its high redshift, supported by deep Spitzer/IRAC data, and also shows some evidence for an evolved stellar population. Even with the lensed, bright apparent magnitudes of these z ≳ 8 candidates (H = 26.1–27.8 AB mag), only the James Webb Space Telescope will be able to exclude the possibility of abnormally strong nebular emission, large dust content, or some combination thereof, and confirm the presence of evolved stellar populations early in the universe.
Comparative study of NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors involved in cardiovascular inhibition produced by imidazoline‐like drugs in anaesthetized rats

The depressor mechanism of imidazoline‐like drugs is believed to result from activation of I1‐imidazoline receptors (I1R) and/or α2‐adrenoceptors within the central nervous system, which are associated with the glutamatergic system. The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) has been recognized as a specific target area that mediates the depressor action of imidazoline‐like drugs. The objective of this study was to determine the comparative effects of blockade of the central glutamate receptor subtypes N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) or α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate on the cardiovascular actions of imidazoline‐like drugs (clonidine and moxonidine) in anaesthetized rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 or the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX) produced similar reductions in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) to those induced by i.c. v. injection of clonidine. Intracerebroventricular injection of the glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid not only abolished clonidine‐induced hypotension and bradycardia but converted the responses to a pressor action and tachycardia. Unilateral injection of MK801 or CNQX into RVLM significantly attenuated intra‐RVLM clonidine‐induced decreases in BP and HR. We also found that unilateral injection of a selective I1R agonist, moxonidine, significantly decreased BP and HR, which were also attenuated to a similar extent by prior injection of MK801 or CNQX. In conclusion, these data show that blockade of central (RVLM) NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors produces similar attenuation of the decrease in BP and HR induced by clonidine or moxonidine. It is suggested that both NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors are involved in the cardiovascular inhibition produced by imidazoline‐like drugs, which is probably at least partly dependent on an I1R mechanism in the RVLM.
Applied hybrid binary mixed logit to investigate pedestrian crossing safety at midblock and unsignalized intersection

Pedestrian's crossing from unsignalized locations at intersections or midblock locations is a risky decision that could lead to fatal accidents. Despite making a decision to accept a safe gap to cross the street is a personal choice, studying this phenomena and its affecting variables are crucial for accident analysis and traffic safety investigations. In this paper we used video taped data to study pedestrian gap acceptance behavior at an unsignalized intersection and a midblock facility in Tehran, Iran. Multi way ANOVA test indicates simultaneous effect of gender and child accompaniment have the highest effect on size of accepted gap and waiting time. In addition, number of rejected gap is mostly affected by the child accompaniment status. Investigation about critical gap shows in general, critical gap was bigger at unsignalized intersection and for women. We defined a latent variable named caution behavior based on some observable indicators and using structural equation modeling it was estimated and used as an input in a binary mixed logit model. This variable identified important in gap acceptance decision. Despite both structural equation and logit models are used in previous gap acceptance studies, but according to our best knowledge this is the first use of the hybrid mixed logit modeling approach in this field and we developed a new methodology to combine psychological and behavioral aspects of pedestrians' gap acceptance studies. Modeling approach shows pedestrian decision regarding acceptance or rejection of a gap to be highly influenced by the size of current gap, caution behavior and waiting time.
Constraining Compact Object Formation with 2M0521

We show that the recently discovered binary 2M05215658+4359220 (2M0521), comprising a giant star (GS) orbiting a suspected black hole (BH) in an ∼80 day orbit, may be instrumental in shedding light on uncertain BH-formation physics and can be a test case for studying wind accretion models. Using binary population synthesis with a realistic prescription for the star formation history and metallicity evolution of the Milky Way, we analyze the evolution of binaries containing compact objects (COs) in orbit around GSs with properties that are similar to 2M0521. We find ∼102–103 CO–GS binaries in the Milky Way observable by Gaia and 0–12 BH–GS and 0–1 neutron star–GS binaries in the Milky Way with properties that are similar to 2M0521. We find that all CO–GSs with Porb < 5 yr, including 2M0521, go through a common envelope (CE), and hence form a class of higher-mass analogs to white dwarf post-CE binaries. We further show how the component masses of 2M0521-like binaries depend strongly on the supernova-engine model that we adopt. Thus, an improved measurement of the orbit of 2M0521, imminent with Gaia’s third data release, will strongly constrain its component masses and as a result inform supernova-engine models that are widely used in binary population synthesis studies. These results have widespread implications for the origins and properties of CO binaries, especially those detectable by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. Finally, we show that the reported X-ray nondetection of 2M0521 is a challenge for wind accretion theory, making 2M0521-like CO–GS binaries a prime target for further study with accretion models.