Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Validity of Race, Ethnicity, and National Origin in Population-based Cancer Registries and Rapid Case Ascertainment Enhanced With a Spanish Surname List

Background:Accurate information regarding race, ethnicity, and national origins is critical for identifying disparities in the cancer burden. Objectives:To examine the use of a Spanish surname list to improve the quality of race-related information obtained from rapid case ascertainment (RCA) and to estimate the accuracy of race-related information obtained from cancer registry records collected by routine reporting. Subjects:Self-reported survey responses of 3954 participants from California enrolled in the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium. Measures:Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and percent agreement. We used logistic regression to identify predictors of underreporting and overreporting of a race/ethnicity. Results:Use of the Spanish surname list increased the sensitivity of RCA for Latino ethnicity from 37% to 83%. Sensitivity for cancer registry records collected by routine reporting was ≥95% for whites, blacks, and Asians, and specificity was high for all groups (86%–100%). However, patterns of misclassification by race/ethnicity were found that could lead to biased cancer statistics for specific race/ethnicities. Discordance between self-reported and registry-reported race/ethnicity was more likely for women, Latinos, and Asians. Conclusions:Methods to improve race and ethnicity data, such as using Spanish surnames in RCA and instituting data collection guidelines for hospitals, are needed to ensure minorities are accurately represented in clinical and epidemiological research.
A comparison of 3D particle, fluid and hybrid simulations for negative streamers

Modeling individual free electrons can be important in the simulation of discharge streamers. Stochastic fluctuations in the electron density can accelerate the branching of streamers. In negative streamers, energetic electrons can even ‘run away’ and contribute to processes such as terrestrial gamma-ray and electron flashes. To track energies and locations of single electrons in relevant regions, we have developed a 3D hybrid model that couples a particle model for single electrons in the region of high fields and low electron densities with a fluid model in the rest of the domain. Here we validate our 3D hybrid model on a 3D (super-)particle model for negative streamers without photoionization in overvolted gaps. We show that the extended fluid model approximates the particle and the hybrid model well until stochastic fluctuations become important, while the classical fluid model underestimates velocities and ionization densities. We compare density fluctuations and the onset of branching between the models, and we compare the front velocities with an analytical approximation.
A Semianalytic Model of the Pairwise Velocity Distribution between Dark Matter Halos

We study the probability distribution function (PDF) of relative velocity between two different dark matter halos (i.e., pairwise velocity) with high-resolution cosmological N-body simulations. We revisit a non-Gaussian framework to predict pairwise velocity statistics developed in Tinker. We investigate the pairwise velocity PDFs over a wide range of halo masses of 1012.5 ≲ M [h −1 M ⊙] ≲ 1015 and redshifts of 0 < z < 1. At a given set of masses, redshift, and separation length between two halos, our model requires three parameters to set the pairwise velocity PDF, whereas previous non-Gaussian models in the literature assumed four or more free parameters. At length scales of 5 < r [h −1 Mpc] < 40, our model predicts the mean and dispersion of the pairwise velocity for dark matter halos with masses of 1012.5 ≲ M [h −1 M ⊙] ≲ 1013.5 at 0.3 < z < 1 with a 5%-level precision. We demonstrate that our model of the pairwise velocity PDF provides an accurate mapping of the two-point clustering of massive-galaxy-sized halos at scales of O(10)h −1 Mpc between redshift and real space for a given real-space correlation function. For a mass-limited halo sample with masses greater than 1013.5 h −1 M ⊙ at z = 0.55, our model can explain the monopole and quadrupole moments of the redshift-space two-point correlations with a precision better than 5% at the scales of 5−40 and 10–30 h −1 Mpc, respectively. Our model of the pairwise velocity PDF will give a detailed explanation of the statistics of massive galaxies at intermediate scales in redshift surveys.
Optimal Power and Density Allocation of D2D Communication under Heterogeneous Networks on Multi-Bands with Outage Constraints

This paper analyzes the optimal power and density allocation for D2D (Device-to-Device) communication in heterogeneous networks on multi-bands with target of maximizing D2D achievable transmission capacity. The heterogeneous networks contain one or several cellular systems, and D2D communication shares uplink resources with them. By utilizing stochastic geometry, the problem is formed as sum capacity optimization for D2D network with constraints that guarantee outage probabilities of both cellular and D2D transmissions. The original problem is non- convex but we find the D2D transmission capacity has a remarkable property: it is sectional continuous with limited discontinuous point in the feasible region of power and density allocation and the maximum capacity is reached on the critical point. Based on this, we propose a algorithm as follows: first we figure out all of critical points as a candidate set and then obtain the optimal solution from them. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm and it shows that optimal parameters of D2D transmission is affected by outage constraints as well as the interference from cellular systems.
Who uses nursing theory? A univariate descriptive analysis of five years' research articles.

BACKGROUND Since the early 1950s, nursing leaders have worked diligently to build the Scientific Discipline of Nursing, integrating Theory, Research and Practice. Recently, the role of theory has again come into question, with some scientists claiming nurses are not using theory to guide their research, with which to improve practice. AIMS The purposes of this descriptive study were to determine: (i) Were nursing scientists' research articles in leading nursing journals based on theory? (ii) If so, were the theories nursing theories or borrowed theories? (iii) Were the theories integrated into the studies, or were they used as organizing frameworks? METHODS Research articles from seven top ISI journals were analysed, excluding regularly featured columns, meta-analyses, secondary analysis, case studies and literature reviews. The authors used King's dynamic Interacting system and Goal Attainment Theory as an organizing framework. They developed consensus on how to identify the integration of theory, searching the Title, Abstract, Aims, Methods, Discussion and Conclusion sections of each research article, whether quantitative or qualitative. RESULTS Of 2857 articles published in the seven journals from 2002 to, and including, 2006, 2184 (76%) were research articles. Of the 837 (38%) authors who used theories, 460 (55%) used nursing theories, 377 (45%) used other theories: 776 (93%) of those who used theory integrated it into their studies, including qualitative studies, while 51 (7%) reported they used theory as an organizing framework for their studies. Closer analysis revealed theory principles were implicitly implied, even in research reports that did not explicitly report theory usage. CONCLUSIONS Increasing numbers of nursing research articles (though not percentagewise) continue to be guided by theory, and not always by nursing theory. Newer nursing research methods may not explicitly state the use of nursing theory, though it is implicitly implied.
Metabolism of N'-nitrosonornicotine by cultured rat esophagus.

The metabolism of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), an esophageal carcinogen, by organ cultured F-344 rat esophagus was investigated. The major metabolites were separated by h.p.l.c. and were identified by comparison to standards as 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)butyric acid from 2'-hydroxylation of NNN and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-butyric acid from 5'-hydroxylation of NNN. These results demonstrate that alpha-hydroxylation, which leads to electrophilic diazohydroxides, is the major pathway of metabolism of NNN in cultured F-344 rat esophagus. The extents of formation of the metabolites increased with time and the ratio of products resulting from 2'-hydroxylation to those resulting from 5'-hydroxylation was 4.3 after 1 h, 3.9 after 6 h, 3.4 after 24 h and 3.1 after 48 h. F-344 rat liver slices from the same animals produced metabolites of NNN with a 2'/5'-hydroxylation ratio of 1.4. The 2'/5'-hydroxylation ratio in cultured Syrian golden hamster esophagus was 0.3. These results, together with those of parallel studies of NNN metabolism in A/J mouse lung and Syrian golden hamster trachea indicate that among these tissues, F-344 rat esophagus has a unique ability to preferentially hydroxylate the 2'-position of NNN. The results suggest that 2'-hydroxylation is the key step in the metabolic activation of NNN in rat esophagus.
Revisiting the Magnetic Field of the L183 Starless Core

We present observations of linear polarization from dust thermal emission at 850 μm toward the starless cloud L183. These data were obtained at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) using the SCUBA-2 camera in conjunction with its polarimeter POL-2. Polarized dust emission traces the plane-of-sky magnetic field structure in the cloud, thus allowing us to investigate the role of magnetic fields in the formation and evolution of its starless core. To interpret these measurements, we first calculate the dust temperature and column density in L183 by fitting the spectral energy distribution obtained by combining data from the JCMT and the Herschel space observatory. We used the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi technique to measure the magnetic field strength in five subregions of the cloud, and we find values ranging from ∼120 ± 18 μG to ∼270 ± 64 μG in agreement with previous studies. Combined with an average hydrogen column density ( ) of ∼1.5 × 1022 cm−2 in the cloud, we also find that all five subregions are magnetically subcritical. These results indicate that the magnetic field in L183 is sufficiently strong to oppose the gravitational collapse of the cloud.
Dispersion-compensating Raman/EDFA hybrid amplifier recycling residual Raman pump for efficiency enhancement

We experimentally demonstrate a novel concept of the dispersion-compensating Raman/erbium-doped fiber amplifier hybrid amplifier recycling residual Raman pump for increase of overall power conversion efficiency. The proposed dispersion-compensating hybrid amplifier system has only one pump source for Raman amplification in the dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF) and the residual pump power after the DCF is recycled for secondary signal amplification in an erbium-doped fiber cascaded to the DCF. Using the proposed scheme, we achieve the significant enhancement of both signal gain and effective gain-bandwidth by 15 dB (small signal gain) and 20 nm, respectively, compared to the performance of the Raman-only amplifier.
Elevated Nicotianamine Levels in Arabidopsis halleri Roots Play a Key Role in Zinc Hyperaccumulation[W]

The hyperaccumulation of micronutrients and toxic metals (such as zinc and cadmium, respectively) represents an extreme trait of metallophytes adapted to metal-rich environments. This work demonstrates that elevated production of the metal chelator nicotianamine, specifically in roots of the metallophyte Arabidopsis halleri, is important for efficient root-to-shoot translocation of zinc. Zn deficiency is among the leading health risk factors in developing countries. Breeding of Zn-enriched crops is expected to be facilitated by molecular dissection of plant Zn hyperaccumulation (i.e., the ability of certain plants to accumulate Zn to levels >100-fold higher than normal plants). The model hyperaccumulators Arabidopsis halleri and Noccaea caerulescens share elevated nicotianamine synthase (NAS) expression relative to nonaccumulators among a core of alterations in metal homeostasis. Suppression of Ah-NAS2 by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in strongly reduced root nicotianamine (NA) accumulation and a concomitant decrease in root-to-shoot translocation of Zn. Speciation analysis by size-exclusion chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed that the dominating Zn ligands in roots were NA and thiols. In NAS2-RNAi plants, a marked increase in Zn-thiol species was observed. Wild-type A. halleri plants cultivated on their native soil showed elemental profiles very similar to those found in field samples. Leaf Zn concentrations in NAS2-RNAi lines, however, did not reach the Zn hyperaccumulation threshold. Leaf Cd accumulation was also significantly reduced. These results demonstrate a role for NAS2 in Zn hyperaccumulation also under near-natural conditions. We propose that NA forms complexes with Zn(II) in root cells and facilitates symplastic passage of Zn(II) toward the xylem.
AN ANALYSIS OF PAROLE DECISION MAKING USING A SAMPLE OF SEX OFFENDERS: A FOCAL CONCERNS

We use data from pre-sentence investigations and official parole board records to study the correlates of parole release among a sample of men incarcerated for sexual offenses. Cox proportional hazard models are used to estimate change in the likelihood of parole over time, and the focal concerns theory provides the theoretical framework for the analyses. The findings suggest a complex interplay of legal and extralegal factors in understanding parole release decisions. Parole officials weigh heavily offense seriousness, institutional misconduct, and parole readiness scores in making release decisions. In addition, study results reveal that victim and offender age is a salient factor in determining parole judgments. Overall, the current analysis provides a *
Learning a natural-language to LTL executable semantic parser for grounded robotics

Children acquire their native language with apparent ease by observing how language is used in context and attempting to use it themselves. They do so without laborious annotations, negative examples, or even direct corrections. We take a step toward robots that can do the same by training a grounded semantic parser, which discovers latent linguistic representations that can be used for the execution of natural-language commands. In particular, we focus on the difficult domain of commands with a temporal aspect, whose semantics we capture with Linear Temporal Logic, LTL. Our parser is trained with pairs of sentences and executions as well as an executor. At training time, the parser hypothesizes a meaning representation for the input as a formula in LTL. Three competing pressures allow the parser to discover meaning from language. First, any hypothesized meaning for a sentence must be permissive enough to reflect all the annotated execution trajectories. Second, the executor -- a pretrained end-to-end LTL planner -- must find that the observed trajectories are likely executions of the meaning. Finally, a generator, which reconstructs the original input, encourages the model to find representations that conserve knowledge about the command. Together these ensure that the meaning is neither too general nor too specific. Our model generalizes well, being able to parse and execute both machine-generated and human-generated commands, with near-equal accuracy, despite the fact that the human-generated sentences are much more varied and complex with an open lexicon. The approach presented here is not specific to LTL; it can be applied to any domain where sentence meanings can be hypothesized and an executor can verify these meanings, thus opening the door to many applications for robotic agents.
Confidence Intervals using Two-Stage Hard Thresholding and Voting 3 ever , the method requires that the effects of the instruments on the treatment are orthogonal to their direct effects on the outcome , a stringent assumption

A major challenge in instrumental variables (IV) analysis is to find instruments that are valid, or have no direct effect on the outcome and are ignorable. Typically one is unsure whether all of the putative IVs are in fact valid. We propose a general inference procedure in the presence of invalid IVs, called Two-Stage Hard Thresholding (TSHT) with voting. TSHT uses two hard thresholding steps to select strong instruments and generate candidate sets of valid IVs. Voting takes the candidate sets and uses majority and plurality rules to determine the true set of valid IVs. In low dimensions, if the sufficient and necessary identification condition under invalid instruments is met, which is more general than the so-called 50% rule or the majority rule, our proposal (i) correctly selects valid IVs, (ii) consistently estimates the causal effect, (iii) produces valid confidence intervals for the causal effect, and (iv) has oracle-optimal width. In high dimensions, we establish nearly identical results without oracle-optimality. In simulations, our proposal outperforms traditional and recent methods in the invalid IV literature. We also apply our method to re-analyze the causal effect of education on earnings.
Pulmonary capillary recruitment during exercise after detraining in a young man with small lungs.

To the Editor: In a recent case report in the Journal [1], we described the adaptive mechanisms relating to gas exchange during exercise in an active young man with anatomically small lungs, the result of lung growth impairment due to pectus excavatum developed in childhood. We found our patient to have small (total lung capacity 59% of predicted) but mechanically normal lungs. He had a normal cardiac output, a normal resting singlebreath diffusing capacity (DLCOsb), and a high diffusion coefficient (KCO, 148% pred) associated with a high pulmonary capillary blood volume at rest (Vc, 131% pred). Pulmonary distensibility (K) and elastic recoil were normal. During exercise, he was unable to recruit further reserves of pulmonary capillaries, but this was not reflected in a plateau for oxygen consumption which was presumably the result of an increased pulmonary capillary blood flow rather than volume [2]. In the original report [1], we hypothesized that a period of detraining in this man might reduce his Vc, thus, allowing for DLCO recruitment during exercise; and this has in fact proved to be the case. Twelve months ago, he suffered a knee injury, which has prevented him from playing soccer since that time. He swims occasionally but has been relatively inactive compared to his soccer playing days. He agreed to be restudied at 6, 9 and 11 months after his knee injury. All lung function parameters remained essentially unchanged after the first study at 6 months post-training, at which time both DLCOsb and KCO values averaged 14% lower than previously reported whilst active [1]. Pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) and maximal oxygen uptake were reduced by 22 and 21%, respectively. During steady-state exercise (fig. 1) there was a modest but reproducible recruitment of pulmonary capillaries from rest up to 25–50 W of work, whereafter a plateau of DLCO and KCO was observed. This modest recruitment is to be expected, considering his small lungs and the fact that his Vc at 90 ml was still 102% of predicted on the basis of his body surface area (BSA). Membrane diffusing capacity remained unaltered from the original values [1]. These findings confirm our predictions [1] that a period of detraining in this man might reduce his stroke volume; thus, allowing for DLCO recruitment during exercise, albeit at a lower work level. It also supports our suggestion that physical training may benefit patients with either small lungs or following pneumonectomy by recruiting available pulmonary capillaries with consequent improvement in exercise capacity. References
GENDER, SELF-ESTEEM, SOCIAL SUPPORT AND DEPRESSION AMONG SEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS

Depression is a mental disorder, which could occur everyone. This also occurs in the seventh grade students who are approximately ages 12-13 years because they are facing the major changes, including physical, emotional development and social-cultural changes such as school and friends. It is also the time of the transition from elementary school to junior high school. This descriptive cross-sectional research aimed to investigate the relationships between gender, selfesteem, social support, and depression among the seventh grade students in junior high schools. The samples were 335 seventh grade students of junior high schools who lived in the Tanjungpinang, Indonesia. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed by PointBiserial correlation coefficient, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The results showed that there were statistically significant relationships between gender, self-esteem, social support, and depression (r=.128, p<0.01; r= -.268, p < 0.05; r = -.147, p < 0.01). These findings indicated that gender, self-esteem and social support should be considered in preventing depression among seventh grade students in Junior High Schools.
Intra- and Intersexual Functions of Singing by Male Blue Grosbeaks: the Role of Within-Song Variation

Abstract Songs of individual male Blue Grosbeaks (Passerina caerulea) typically begin with the same combination of elements, but the sequence and number of elements in the latter portion of songs vary. We examined the possible functions of within-song variation in Blue Grosbeaks at the Blue Grass Army Depot near Richmond, Kentucky, USA from 15 April to 31 July 2007. We examined singing rates and song characteristics of second-year (SY; n = 6) and after-second-year (ASY; n = 14) males, and conducted playback experiments (n = 15) to identify the possible function of variation in song length. Male Blue Grosbeaks sang at highest rates prior to pairing, maintained relatively high singing rates during the post-pairing/pre-nesting and nest-building/egg-laying stages, and sang at lower rates during the incubation, nestling, and fledgling stages. These results suggest high singing rates are important in attracting mates and establishing territories, and lower singing rates may result from trade-offs associated with parental care. Males used longer songs during aggressive encounters with conspecifics and responded more aggressively to playback of longer songs. This suggests songs containing more elements signal increased aggression. Within-song variation may be an important way to vary song meaning for male Blue Grosbeaks, and perhaps other males in species with a single song type but repertoires of several different song elements.