Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stress direction history of the western United States and Mexico since 85 Ma

A data set of 369 paleostress direction indicators (sets of dikes, veins, or fault slip vectors) is collected from previous compilations and the geologic literature. Like contemporary data, these stress directions show great variability, even over short distances. Therefore statistical methods are helpful in deciding which apparent variations in space or in time are significant. First, the interpolation technique of Bird and Li [1996] is used to interpolate stress directions to a grid of evenly spaced points in each of seventeen 5‐m.y. time steps since 85 Ma. Then, a t test is used to search for stress direction changes between pairs of time windows whose sense can be determined with some minimum confidence. Available data cannot resolve local stress provinces, and only the broadest changes affecting country‐sized regions are reasonably certain. During 85–50 Ma, the most compressive horizontal stress azimuth 1H was fairly constant at ∼68° (United States) to 75° (Mexico). During 50–35 Ma, both counterclockwise stress changes (in the Pacific Northwest) and clockwise stress changes (from Nevada to New Mexico) are seen, but only locally and with about 50% confidence. A major stress azimuth change by ∼90° occurred at 33 ± 2 Ma in Mexico and at 30 ± 2 Ma in the western United States. This was probably an interchange between 1 and 3 caused by a decrease in horizontal compression and/or an increase in vertical compression. The most likely cause was the rollback of horizontally subducting Farallon slab from under the southwestern United States and northwest Mexico, which was rapid during 35–25 Ma. After this transition, a clockwise rotation of principal stress axes by 36°–48° occurred more gradually since 22 Ma, affecting the region between latitudes 28°N and 41°N. This occurred as the lengthening Pacific/North America transform boundary gradually added dextral shear on northwest striking planes to the previous stress field of SW‐NE extension.
Effect of Extraction Methods on Chemical and Physical Properties of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) Polysaccharides Fraction: Liguid Gel and Powders

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of extraction methods on chemical and physical properties of Aloe vera polysaccharides. The study was conducted on two commercial products: Aloe vera powder and an extract liquid of whole leaf. The kinetics of hydrolysis is carried out on the Aloe vera products. Hot, cold extraction with water and boiled ethanol extraction were carried out to obtain polysaccharide fractions (A1, A2, A3, and A4). The molecular weights of each fraction were determined. Proteins, galacturonic acid and sugars were quantified. Results showed that approximately, 25% of sugars were present in Aloe vera powder. The best extraction method were cold extraction (pH 5.3, 25°C, 4h) which showed the higher extraction yields (69.4±0.1%) in polysaccharide (Poly) A, than other extraction methods. Interestly, results showed a decrease of molecular weights, molecular number, and protein contents from 150 to 30 kDa, from 97 to 29 kDa and from 4.9±0.1 to 0.00% respectively with polysaccharides fractionment methods. Moreover, the total sugar content increases in polysaccharide fraction: 29.2±0.1%, 76.6±0.1% and 93.4±0.4% for Poly A, A1 and A2 respectively. The highest sugar content were observed in Poly A3 ≈ 97.8±1.5% probably glucomannan, with 77.3±6.5% of mannose, 18.7±2.8% of glucose. The data suggest that the fractionment methods could lead to product the purified polysaccharide which could be use for nutritional, biological and medicinal properties.
Identification of Pathogenecity of Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H5N1 from Waterfowls Base on Amino Acid Sequence of Cleavage Site Hemagglutinin Protein

Identification of pathotype of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) subtype H5N1 isolates is very important. This research aimed to identify the pathotype of AIV subtype H5N1 isolated from household waterfowls in West Java based on molecular markers of amino acid sequences of the Hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Fragments of HA genes of 21 isolates were amplified using RT-PCR with a primer pair that flanking the cleavage site region, and sequenced with dideoxy-termination method with ABI automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Multiple alignment of nucleotide and their deduced amino acid sequence were analyzed using ClustalW from MEGA 3.1 program. The result shows that all H5N1 isolates (21 isolates) possess polybasic cleavage sites with 2 patterns of amino acid sequence, i.e QRERRRKKR (20 isolates) and QRESRRKKR (1 isolate). This finding indicates that all of the viruses isolated in this research were of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains. Keywords: cleavage site, waterfowls, HPAI
Are Private Transfers Altruistically Motivated? The Case of Korea before and during the Financial Crisis*

Using household panel data from Korea for 1995-1998, this paper shows that private transfers of Korean households are altruistically motivated. Moreover, although the altruistic motive of households seemed to be reinforced during the financial crisis, the amount of private transfers was still not sufficient to support households living in urban areas. Also, there had been a strong crowding-out relation between private and public transfers. This suggests that the Korean government could have designed its public transfer scheme in order to improve effectiveness and efficiency of its social safety net programs.
Development of targeted α therapy with Bi-213 and At-211 for the treatment of disseminated cancer Synthesis and evaluation of pretargeting components and radioimmunoconjugates

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a type of targeted cancer therapy. The concept behind RIT is to deliver cytotoxic ionizing radiation to tumor cells by attaching radionuclides to tumor-specific antibodies. The radioimmunoconjugates identify and bind to tumor cells, isolated or in clusters, wherever located and possibly indistinguishable using imaging procedures. Thus, RIT is aimed to be an adjuvant treatment such as chemotherapy, but in contrast to chemotherapy specifically targeted to tumor cells, sparing healthy cells and tissues. RIT can however have unfavorable pharmacokinetics when administered systemically. To circumvent this problem, pretargeted RIT (PRIT) can be applied. In PRIT, administration of the therapeutic agents is divided into several steps. A modified antibody (pretargeting molecule) is first administered, and is allowed enough time (several hours) to localize the tumor cells. The unbound pretargeting molecules are then cleared from the circulation, either spontaneously or by the guidance of a clearing agent. As a final step, a radiolabeled molecule (effector) is administered, which has high affinity for the pretargeting molecule. The small size of the effector results in both rapid accumulation at the tumor site and fast blood clearance of unbound radioactivity. Thus, a higher tumor-to-normal tissue dose ratio is achievable with PRIT than RIT. Different radionuclides can be used for different purposes in targeted therapy. In the treatment of micrometastases, alpha-emitting radionuclides are well-suited because of their short path length and high linear energy transfer. These properties result in high relative biological effectiveness (RBE) as well as a reduced dependence of oxygenation and actively cycling cells when compared with nuclides emitting low-LET radiation. When properly targeted, alpha-emitters have high tumorkilling efficacy while sparing much of the normal healthy tissue due to their short range. In this work, molecules for RIT utilizing the alpha-emitters 213Bi and 211At were produced and tested in vitro and in vivo. The principal evaluations of these molecules were focused on ovarian cancer therapy, utilizing a preclinical ovarian cancer mouse model. Results showed a therapeutic efficacy and a favorable biodistribution for the intraperitoneally injected alpha-RIT molecules. A new site-selective reagent for coupling 211At to antibodies was also synthesized and evaluated. The resulting 211Atlabeled antibody conjugate showed good binding properties both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, agents for PRIT were synthesized, which exhibited promising properties for further preclinical evaluation in full PRIT systems.
Is Innovation Increasing Capital Intensity in Europe

Using data on 14 EU countries from 1980-2007, this paper measures the role inno-vation has had in increasing capital intensity in Europe. A supply side system of the normalised CES production function and its two ﬁrst order conditions are used to esti-mate the parameters using NLSUR. The results show innovation has not been capital biased, instead it has mitigated the rise of capital intensity in the region and improved the share of labour in production.
Tidal dissipation and the formation of Kepler near-resonant planets

Multiplanetary systems detected by the Kepler mission present an excess of planets close to first-order mean-motion resonances (2:1 and 3:2), but with a period ratio slightly higher than the resonant value. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this observation. Here we provide some clues that indicate that these near-resonant systems were initially in resonance and reached their current configuration through tidal dissipation. It has been argued that this only applies to the close-in systems and not to the farthest ones, for which the tidal e ect is too weak. Using the KOI catalog of the Kepler mission, we show that the distributions of the period ratio among the most close-in and the farthest planetary systems di er significantly. This distance-dependent repartition is a strong argument in favor of the tidal dissipation scenario.
Comparing six evolutionary population synthesis models by performing spectral synthesis for galaxies

Aims. We compare six popularly used evolutionary population synthesis (EPS) models by fitting the full optical spectra of six representative types of galaxies (star-forming and composite galaxies, Seyfert 2s, LINERs, E+A, and early-type galaxies) taken from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We explore the dependence of stellar population synthesis results on the main ingredients of the EPS models and study whether there is an age sequence among these types of galaxies. Methods. We use the simple stellar populations (SSPs) of each EPS model and the software STARLIGHT to perform our fits. Firstly, we explore the dependence of stellar population synthesis on EPS models by fixing the age, metallicity, and initial mass function (IMF) to construct a standard SSP group. We then use the standard SSP group of each EPS model (BC03, CB07, Ma05, GALEV, GRASIL, and Vazdekis/Miles) to fit the spectra of star-forming and E+A galaxies. Secondly, we fix the IMF and alter the age and metallicity to construct eight additional SSP groups. We then use these SSP groups to fit the spectra of star-forming and E+A galaxies to verify the effects of age and metallicity on stellar populations. Finally, we study the effect of stellar evolution tracks and stellar spectral libraries on our results, and present a possible age sequence among these types of galaxies. Results. Using different EPS models, the numerical values of contributing light fractions obviously change, even though the dominant populations are unaltered. The stellar population synthesis does depend on the selection of age and metallicity, but does not depend significantly on the stellar evolution track. The importance of young populations decreases from star-forming, composite, Seyfert 2, LINER, to early-type galaxies, and the properties of E+A galaxies are between composite galaxies and Seyfert 2s in most cases. Conclusions. Different EPS models infer different stellar population parameters, so that it is not reasonable to directly compare stellar populations estimated from different EPS models. To obtain reliable results, we should use the same EPS model to derive the parameter values that we compare.
Evaluating the “Rich-Get-Richer” Mechanism in Tropical Precipitation Change under Global Warming

Abstract Examining tropical regional precipitation anomalies under global warming in 10 coupled global climate models, several mechanisms are consistently found. The tendency of rainfall to increase in convergence zones with large climatological precipitation and to decrease in subsidence regions—the rich-get-richer mechanism—has previously been examined in different approximations by Chou and Neelin, and Held and Soden. The effect of increased moisture transported by the mean circulation (the “direct moisture effect” or “thermodynamic component” in respective terminology) is relatively robust, while dynamic feedback is poorly understood and differs among models. The argument outlined states that the thermodynamic component should be a good approximation for large-scale averages; this is confirmed for averages across convection zones and descent regions, respectively. Within the convergence zones, however, dynamic feedback can substantially increase or decrease precipitation anomalies. Regions of negative.
Variance Bounds Tests and Stock Price Valuation Models

Previous use of plots of stock prices and "perfect-foresight" prices p*"t as evidence of either "excess volatility" or nonconstant discount rates is invalid since by construction p*"t will differ form and be much smoother than rational prices if discount rates are constant. Further, prices appear nonstationary, which can account for the previously reported gross violations of variance bounds. Conditional variance bounds that are valid under nonstationarity are not violated for Standard and Poor's data. The results are consistent with changes in expectations of future cash flows causing changes in expectations future cash flows causing changes in stock prices.
A systematic review of light therapy on mood scores in major depressive disorder: light specification, dose, timing and delivery

Background: Depression is associated with prolonged disability, mortality, and morbidity. Ninety percent of patients with Major depressive disorder (MDD) have sleep problems. Light therapy has been shown to be effective in treating sleep disorders and MDD. This review aims to assess the characteristics (colour, intensity), exposure dose (duration and timing) and the mode of delivery (light boxes, visor etc) of light in reducing depression, measured by mood scores, in MDD. Method: a systematic literature search was performed on 6 major databases. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale was applied to assess study quality. Result: Twenty-four articles satisfied the inclusion criteria. Effective light intensities varied from 176 -10,000 lux. Effective modes of delivery included light box, table lamp, visor and light emitting diode (LED) glasses. Effective light colours included white, green, and blue with the white colour being the most commonly used. The duration of light treatment ranged from 30 min to 2 h, and evening light generally improved mood. Conclusion: Light therapy, with exposure durations in the range of 30 min to 2 h per day, intensity range of 176 to 10,000 lux, in any of blue, green, or white light colour and exposure during morning mostly demonstrated a positive change in mood effects. Factors other than the light properties, such as anti-depressant medication use, depression episodes and severity, natural light exposure and sleep deprivation may confound the effects of light therapy.
Dynamical Features of the Seismicity in Mexico by Means of the Visual Recurrence Analysis

The recurrence, based in the recurrence Poincare theorem, is a fundamental property of dynamical systems that has been exploited to characterize the behavior of dynamical systems in the phase space. Recurrence is defined when an orbit visits a region of phase space that was previously visited [1]. In this context, the so-called recurrence plot (RP), introduced by Eckmann et al in [2], is a powerful tool for the visualization and analysis of the underlying dynamics of the systems in the phase space like determinism, divergence, periodicity, stationarity among others, for instance the lengths of the diagonal line structures in the RP are related to the positive Lyapunov exponent [3]. Methods based in RP have been successfully applied to wide class of data obtained in physiology, geology, physics, finances and others. RP are especially suitable for the investigation of rather short and non-stationary data [4], and complex systems [5]. For deterministic systems the analysis in the phase space is relatively direct because their solutions are represented as time series, nevertheless, for real natural systems like clime, atmosphere, dimetilsulphure production [6], some of their dynamical variables are gathered as punctual processes. Particularly, the representation of a seismic sequence as a time series is one of the most debated questions in Geophysics, nevertheless natural time analysis, introduced by in [7] by Varotsos et al considers sequences of events and, with this methodology has been possible to identify signals with noises [8] and characterize seismic processes from an order parameter properly defined [9]. Taking in consideration that faults and tectonic plates can be considered as dynamical systems which permit to apply techniques derived from the dynamical systems theory and nonlinear analysis like recurrence plots, clustering, entropy, fractality, correlation, memory among other. In this work we studied
Numerical Investigation of the Internal Flow in a Banki Turbine

The paper refers to the numerical analysis of the internal flow in a hydraulic cross-flow turbine type Banki. A 3D-CFD steady state flow simulation has been performed using ANSYS CFX codes. The simulation includes nozzle, runner, shaft, and casing. The turbine has a specific speed of 63 (metric units), an outside runner diameter of 294 mm. Simulations were carried out using a water-air free surface model and k-e turbulence model. The objectives of this study were to analyze the velocity and pressure fields of the cross-flow within the runner and to characterize its performance for different runner speeds. Absolute flow velocity angles are obtained at runner entrance for simulations with and without the runner. Flow recirculation in the runner interblade passages and shocks of the internal cross-flow cause considerable hydraulic losses by which the efficiency of the turbine decreases significantly. The CFD simulations results were compared with experimental data and were consistent with global performance parameters.
Preliminary assessment of implementing the economic part of the National Security Strategy of Ukraine

The socio-economic situation in Ukraine and lagging in the rate of economic development behind European countries require forming a new economic model that is capable of sustaining the conditions of existing threats and high levels of risk. To this end, the National Security Strategy was adopted, which should create a secure environment for economic development and population well-being. The success and rate of this strategy implementation will significantly determine the dynamics of economic development, and their monitoring and evaluation are the basis for adjusting the reforms that have been initiated in this direction. The purpose of the article is to assess the results of implementation of measures to ensure economic security of Ukraine. The research is based on the methods of analysis and synthesis in the part of the choice of indicators for assessing the economic security; the method of comparative analysis of economic macroindicators; the questionnaire – to identify the business environment perception of changes in economic security occurring in the process of the Strategy implementation. For this purpose, 100 enterprises were interviewed by e-mail and 77 questionnaires were received. In the article, based on the study and generalization of approaches to the assessment of the economic security of the country, the evaluation indicators are chosen and grouped according to various components, which allow analyzing the interim results of the National Security Strategy (economic part) implementation. Hanna Sytnyk (Ukraine) BUSINESS PERSPECTIVES LLC “СPС “Business Perspectives” Hryhorii Skovoroda lane, 10, Sumy, 40022, Ukraine www.businessperspectives. org Preliminary assessment of implementing the economic part of the National Security
Leniency Programs in the Presence of Judicial Errors

We analyze the effects of antitrust and leniency programs in a repeated oligopoly model outlined in Motta and Polo (2003). We extend their framework by including the possibility of Type I judicial errors and pre-trial settlements. Through comparison of our results to the earlier results we come to a number of novel conclusions. Firstly, antitrust enforcement in the presence of judicial errors is less effective and ex-ante deterrence is weaker than was predicted by Motta and Polo (2003). Secondly, adverse effects of leniency programs are underestimated by the traditional approach, which does not take Type I judicial errors into account.
Development Of A Fire Detection System Using Ft-ir Spectroscopy And Artificial Neural Networks

Extensive measurements of flaming and smoldering fires and nuisancelenvironmental sources were performed with Fourier Transform Infrared (lT-IR) spectroscopy of gas phase products. A neural network model was formulated using the so-called Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) network approach. The LVQ approach contains input and output layers with a hidden layer being a Kohenen layer. The hidden layer learns and performs classification. The inputs to the network are concentrations (from FT-IR measurements) of eighteen (18) gas species. The outputs of the network are classification of the input data as a flaming fire, smoldering fire, nuisance or environmental source. The network was trained and tested using the test data collected during this project. The results were very successful as, among the 248 cases tested, only 12 cases were misclassified, mostly due to the difficulties in classifying the modes of combustion during a transition from a smoldering to a flaming fire. Each case represents the gas phase concentration data at a time step from one of the validation fires, which were different types of fires from the training set. A first generation fire detection system using FT-IR gas measurements and neural networks has been built and implemented.
Metal Uptake in Reeds from ‘Flowback’ Fluids

Flowback fl uids from the hydraulic fracturing process that contain high levels of metals may pose environmental risks. This laboratory study investigated the remediation potential of Phragmites australis to sequester Ba and Sr from fl owback liquids. The results indicated that reeds can uptake different concentrations of Ba and Sr from solutions. Roots were the main tissues for metal storage, with 12.26±0.58 mg/g Ba and 2.92±0.12 mg/g Sr sequestered in roots from solutions that contained 80 mg/L Ba and 20 mg/L Sr. The more metals in solutions, the more metals that entered the biomass. Reed, which possesses strong adaptability to different conditions and environments, is a good candidate to clean heavy metal-contaminated water or soil via phytoremediation. Field research on metal accumulation in reeds cultured in fl owback liquids is needed to further prove its potential to in situ remediation of a heavy metal-contaminated environment.