Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quick, Does 23/67 Equal 33/97? A Mathematician's Secret from Euclid to Today

Abstract How might we determine in practice whether 23/67 equals 33/97? Is there a quick alternative to cross-multiplying? How about reducing? Cross-multiplying checks equality of products, whereas reducing is about the opposite, factoring and cancelling. Do these very different approaches to equality of fractions always reach the same conclusion? In fact, they wouldn’t, but for a critical prime-free property of the natural numbers more basic than, but essentially equivalent to, uniqueness of prime factorization. This property has ancient, though very recently upturned, origins, and was key to number theory even through Euler's work. We contrast three prime-free arguments for the property, which remedy a method of Euclid, use similarities of circles, or follow a clever proof in the style of Euclid, as in Barry Mazur's essay [22].
The granulin gene family: from cancer to dementia

The growth factor progranulin (PGRN) regulates cell division, survival, and migration. PGRN is an extracellular glycoprotein bearing multiple copies of the cysteine‐rich granulin motif. With PGRN family members in plants and slime mold, it represents one of the most ancient of the extracellular regulatory proteins still extant in modern animals. PRGN has multiple biological roles. It contributes to the regulation of early embryogenesis, to adult tissue repair and inflammation. Elevated PGRN levels often occur in cancers, and PGRN immunotherapy inhibits the growth of hepatic cancer xenografts in mice. Recent studies have demonstrated roles for PGRN in neurobiology. An autosomal dominant mutation in GRN, the gene for PGRN, leads to neuronal atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobes, resulting in the disease frontotemporal lobar dementia. In this review we will discuss current knowledge of the multifaceted biology of PGRN.
Towards a comprehensive developmental model of cannabis use disorders.

AIMS To develop a comprehensive risk-factor model of cannabis use disorders (CUD) based on Kendler's development model for major depression. DESIGN Risk factors were divided into five developmental tiers based on Kendler's model of depression (childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence, adulthood, past year). Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to examine the independent contribution of each risk factor. Separate models were built to predict the lifetime risk of cannabis use and the risk of CUD among those with a history of lifetime risk of cannabis use. SETTING Data were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Participants consisted of wave 2 of the NESARC (n = 34 653). MEASUREMENTS Odds ratios (OR), Adjusted OR (AOR) and confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to determine the risk factors in each tier and with multiple models. FINDINGS After mutually adjusting for the effect of other risk factors, lifetime history of drug use disorder (AOR = 4.78, 95% CI = 1.53-14.91), past year alcohol use disorders (AOR = 6.55, 95% CI = 2.54-16.89) and independent (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.15-2.14) and dependent (AOR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.01-1.55) stressful life events predicted lifetime cannabis use. Impulsivity (AOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.34-3.53), past year alcohol use disorders (AOR = 4.09, 95% CI = 2.29-7.31), greater number of Axis I disorders (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.01-2.40) and social deviance (AOR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.08-1.32) independently increased the risk of the development of CUD, whereas religious service attendance (AOR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.30-0.85) decreased this risk. In both models, the effect of earlier development tiers was mediated by more proximal ones. There were few gender differences in both models. CONCLUSIONS A modification of Kendler's risk factor model for major depression which stratifies risk factors into five groups (childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence, adulthood, past year) provides a useful foundation for a comprehensive developmental model of cannabis use and cannabis use disorders.
The stem cells of the neural crest

In the vertebrate embryo, the neurectodermal neural crest cells (NCC) have remarkably broad potencies, giving rise, after a migratory phase, to neurons and glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, and to skin melanocytes, being all designated here as “neural” derivatives. NC-derived cells also include non-neural, “mesenchymal” cell types like chondrocytes and bone cells, myofibroblasts and adipocytes, which largely contribute to the head structures in amniotes. Similar to the blood cell system, the NC is therefore a valuable model to investigate the mechanisms of cell lineage diversification in vertebrates. Whether NCC are endowed with multiple differentiation potentials or if, conversely, they are a mosaic of different committed cells is an important ongoing issue to understand the ontogeny of NC derivatives in normal development and pathological conditions. Here we focus on recent findings that established the presence in the early migratory NC of the avian embryo, of a multipotent progenitor endowed with both mesenchymal and neural differentiation capacities. This “mesenchymal-neural” clonogenic cell lies upstream of all the other NC progenitors known so far and shows increased frequency when single cell cultures are treated with the Sonic Hedgehog signaling molecule. These findings are discussed in the context of the broad potentials of NC stem cells recently evidenced in certain adult mammalian tissues.
Origin of Interface States and Oxide Charges Generated by Ionizing Radiation

The randomly located trivalent silicon atoms are shown to account for the thermally generated interface states at the SiO2-Si interface. The interface state density is greatly reduced in water containing ambients at low temperatures (450°C) by forming trivalent silicon hydroxide bonds. Interface states are regenerated when the ¿Si-OH bonds are broken by ionizing radiation and the OH ions are drifted away. In the bulk of the oxide film, the trivalent silicon and the interstitial oxygen donor centers are shown to be responsible for the heat and radiation generated positive space charge build-up (oxide charge) in thermally grown silicon oxide.
Detection of stressed syllables in standard Arabic

Most existing algorithms to identify the primary stressed syllable of accented words for the recognition and synthesis of Arabic prosody are based on the fundamental frequency. In this study, we used both formants values and the acoustic parameter of energy by means of a classification by a discriminant analysis to detect the primary stressed syllables of Standard Arabic words with the structure [CVCVCV] read by four native speakers (two male and two female). We obtained a percentage of detection equal to 77% of the stressed syllables. These initial results need to be tested on larger corpora but our results suggest this could be a useful addition to existing algorithms, in the goal of improving systems of automatic synthesis and recognition in Standard Arabic.
Consequences of Population Density and Size

The classical theory about effects of high residential density is "negative," stating that high density produces negative social attitudes and undesirable behaviors. Yet empirical re search usually finds density only weakly related to individuals' attitudes and behavior. A survey was conducted in Baltimore for three purposes: to test "negative" hypotheses for new dependent variables; to determine if negative density effects appear only when certain "buffers" are weak; and to test hypotheses about "positive" effects of density. Results show that large population size and feelings that an area is overpopulated produce frustrations about the environment. Objective density has some negative and positive effects, but it is less important than population size, subjective appraisal of population, and population composition. Compared to prior research, the special contributions of the Baltimore study are examination of (1) population size, (2) "positive" consequences of high density and large size, and (3) effects in three distinct residential areas.
Cardiopulmonary effects of three concentrations of isoflurane with or without mechanical ventilation and supramaximal noxious stimulation in New Zealand white rabbits.

OBJECTIVE To determine the cardiopulmonary effects of 3 doses of isoflurane, with and without controlled mechanical ventilation and noxious stimulation, in healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits. ANIMALS 6 adult female rabbits. PROCEDURES Each rabbit was administered isoflurane in oxygen at each of 3 anesthetic doses (1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 times the published minimum alveolar concentration of 2.07%). At each anesthetic dose, blood gas and cardiopulmonary measurements were obtained before and during application of a supramaximal noxious stimulus. Effects of spontaneous and mechanical ventilation were assessed during separate anesthetic episodes. RESULTS Mean ± SEM isoflurane concentrations used were 2.11 ± 0.04%, 3.14 ± 0.07%, and 4.15 ± 0.06%. During spontaneous ventilation, the rabbits' Paco2 and mixed venous Pco2 significantly increased with concomitant reductions in both arterial and mixed venous pH as isoflurane concentration increased. Cardiac output and vascular resistance did not change significantly. Noxious stimulation minimally affected measured cardiopulmonary variables. During mechanical ventilation, significant reductions in arterial blood pressures and cardiac output occurred with increasing isoflurane dose. Systemic vascular resistance index at the highest anesthetic dose was significantly lower than the value at the lowest anesthetic dose. During noxious stimulation, systolic arterial blood pressure and cardiac output significantly increased at the 2 lower isoflurane concentrations, but not at the highest concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In rabbits, isoflurane-induced dose-dependent cardiopulmonary depression was attributable to vasodilation and negative inotropy. At an isoflurane concentration of 4.15% with mechanical ventilation, cardiovascular depression was severe; use of unnecessarily high isoflurane concentrations in this species should be avoided.
Metabolic syndrome and early carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly.

AIMS To investigate whether metabolic syndrome(MetS) can predict the new onset of carotid plaque or the progression of carotid intima-media thickness(C-IMT) and identify other associated factors in an elderly population without evidence of early carotid atherosclerosis. METHODS B-mode carotid ultrasonography was used to assess the presence of carotid plaque and the C-IMT at baseline and follow-up. Participants with carotid plaque or an increased C-IMT(≥1.0mm) at baseline were excluded from the study. The new occurrence of carotid plaque, defined as early carotid atherosclerosis and the progression of C-IMT, was evaluated. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine predictors of these findings. RESULTS A total of 370 participants over 60 years of age(median age=66 years, 34.1% men) were enrolled. After a median follow-up period of 25 months, 64 participants(17.3%) had newly developed carotid plaque. After adjusting for variables determined to be statistically significant in univariate analyses, a multivariable regression analysis showed that predictors of newly developed carotid plaque were metabolic syndrome(hazard ratio [HR]=1.916; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.059-3.466), white blood cell count(HR=1.313; 95% CI: 1.094-1.576) and vitamin B12(HR=1.001; 95% CI: 1.000-1.002) and total cholesterol(HR=1.009; 95% CI: 1.001-1.017) levels. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that the rate of change for C-IMT tended to be associated with the development of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic syndrome is associated with the progression of early carotid atherosclerosis in the general population, suggesting that metabolic syndrome plays an important role in initiating the atherosclerotic process.
Adjuvant tamoxifen: predictors of use, side effects, and discontinuation in older women.

PURPOSE To identify predictors of adjuvant tamoxifen use, side effects, and discontinuation in older women. PATIENTS AND METHODS We followed a cohort of 303 women > or = 55 years of age diagnosed with stage I or stage II breast cancer for nearly 3 years. Data were collected from women's surgical records and from computer-assisted telephone interviews at 5, 21, and 33 months after primary tumor therapy. RESULTS Two hundred ninety-two (96%) of 303 patients in the study provided information about tamoxifen use. Tamoxifen use was reported by 189 patients (65%); 26 (15%) discontinued use during the follow-up period. Patients who were 65 to 74 years of age (relative to those 55 to 64 years of age), had stage II disease, were estrogen receptor-positive, saw a greater number of breast cancer physicians, and had better perceptions of their abilities to discuss treatment options with physicians had greater odds of tamoxifen use. Those who had better physical function, had received standard primary tumor therapy, and had obtained helpful breast cancer information from books or magazines had lesser odds of tamoxifen use. Patients > or = 75 years of age (relative to those 55 to 64 years of age) and patients with better emotional health had significantly lesser odds of reporting side effects. Patients who were estrogen receptor-positive were less likely to stop taking tamoxifen; patients who experienced side effects were more likely to stop taking tamoxifen. CONCLUSION Deviations from a prescribed course of adjuvant tamoxifen occur relatively frequently. The clinical consequences of this deviation need to be identified.
Deployment of a Smart Structural Health Monitoring System for Long-Span Arch Bridges: A Review and a Case Study

Structural health monitoring (SHM) technology for surveillance and evaluation of existing and newly built long-span bridges has been widely developed, and the significance of the technique has been recognized by many administrative authorities. The paper reviews the recent progress of the SHM technology that has been applied to long-span bridges. The deployment of a SHM system is introduced. Subsequently, the data analysis and condition assessment including techniques on modal identification, methods on signal processing, and damage identification were reviewed and summarized. A case study about a SHM system of a long-span arch bridge (the Jiubao bridge in China) was systematically incorporated in each part to advance our understanding of deployment and investigation of a SHM system for long-span arch bridges. The applications of SHM systems of long-span arch bridge were also introduced. From the illustrations, the challenges and future trends for development a SHM system were concluded.
A retrospective analysis of early and immediately loaded osseotite implants in cross-arch rehabilitations in edentulous maxillas and mandibles up to 7 years.

BACKGROUND Immediate loading of full-arch restorations yields good results in selected cases, but long-term follow-up and the outcome in compromised bone are scarcely evaluated. PURPOSE To evaluate immediately loaded Osseotite implants (Biomet 3i, Palm Beach, FL, USA) installed in healed or grafted bone, with regard to implant survival and peri-implant bone loss up to 7 years in function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information was retrospectively retrieved from 83 patients' records with 749 Osseotite implants supporting immediately loaded semipermanent full-arch acrylic restorations. Five hundred sixty-eight (75.8%) implants were placed in healed bone and 181 (24.2%) in augmented bone, regenerated with sinus lifting and/or onlay/inlay grafts with/without biomaterials and membranes. Implant survival and success based on radiological peri-implant bone loss were registered. Wilcoxon rank sum tests evaluated peri-implant bone loss in compromised versus healed bone or between jaws or time intervals with p<. 05 as statistically significant. RESULTS Sixteen of 749 implants failed (2.1%), 11/343 in maxilla (3.2%) and 5/406 (1.2%) in mandible. After 7 years, the cumulative failure rate was 9%. Mean peri-implant bone loss increased to 1.2 mm (SD 1.0) during the first 2 years but remained unchanged thereafter. Around implants in grafted bone, on average, 0.3 mm more bone loss was found. CONCLUSION The Osseotite implants offer a predictable long-term outcome in terms of implant survival and stable peri-implant bone under immediate loading even in grafted bone. However, the high incidence of technical repair because of fractures of the semipermanent provisionals requires attention because it may be negative from a cost-benefit perspective. Implants in grafted bone show a tendency to a more pronounced initial bone remodeling without clinical consequence in the long term.
rs2294008T, a risk allele for gastric and gallbladder cancers, suppresses the PSCA promoter by recruiting the transcription factor YY1

Previous genomewide association studies identified prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) as a gastric cancer (GC) susceptibility gene and showed an association between GC and the T allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs2294008 (C/T) in this gene. The protein product of this gene inhibits cell growth, and the T allele significantly suppresses the transcriptional activity of the −3.2 kb PSCA upstream region. However, the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we conducted reporter assays using the PSCA upstream region containing the C allele and identified the region from −200 to +38 bp of the transcription initiation site of the gene as a critical region of the −3.2 kb PSCA upstream region. We found that introducing the T allele at rs2294008 generated a consensus binding sequence for the Polycomb group transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and that disruption of the consensus sequence restored the transcriptional activity to the −3.2 kb PSCA upstream region. These findings imply that the T allele significantly suppresses PSCA expression in vivo by recruiting YY1 to its promoter, which eventually predisposes gastric epithelial cells to GC development.
Lights and shadows in the evolutionary patterns of insular bovids.

Endemic bovids are intriguing elements of insular faunas. The living species include the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) and the Formosan serow (C. swinhoei), the tamaraw from Mindoro, Philippines, (Bubalus mindorensis) and the anoas (B. depressicornis and B. quarlesi), 2 species of dwarf buffalos endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fossil endemic bovids are only recorded in some Asian, North American and Western Mediterranean islands. Here we present a comprehensive overview of the changes in body size and evolutionary patterns exhibited by both extant and extinct insular bovids. Our appraisal indicates that each insular representative of Bovidae shows its own peculiar evolutionary model, albeit some parallel trends exist (e.g. reduction in body size, allometric changes in limb bones, alteration of the life history traits). Some changes in morphology (e.g. the simplification of horn cores, the increase in hypsodonty, the acquisition of a 'low-gear' locomotion), for instance, appear as common, albeit not general, patterns triggered by a combination of selective forces. Body size patterns support the 'generality of the island rule' and suggest that biotic interaction had/have a major role in influencing body size evolution in these species, although in different ways on different islands. All things considered, available evidence suggest that a major role in the evolution of insular bovids is played by the structure of the insular community, the nature of available niches and by the dynamics of ecological interactions.
Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the elderly

Respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide: influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are the predominant pathogens responsible. Annual vaccination and the use of antiviral drugs provides both protection and treatment against influenza, particularly protecting those patients most at risk, including the elderly and individuals with chronic comorbidities. Currently, there are extremely limited options in the protection against RSV infection, making those at-risk patients vulnerable to serious disease, complications and death. This review focuses on recent trends in respiratory illness in the elderly, particularly focusing on the burden of influenza and RSV on hospitalizations and mortality. We discuss the potential benefit of influenza vaccination on these outcomes, including the recent controversial debate over the effectiveness of influenza vaccination.
Computerized morphometry of mean nuclear diameter and nuclear roundness in canine mammary gland tumors on cytologic smears.

BACKGROUND The use of computer-based image analysis systems in veterinary oncology has increased. Computerized morphometry is a part of image analysis that describes geometric figures of cellular structures in any dimension. Most investigators have performed morphometric analysis on histologic specimens. Computer-assisted nuclear cytomorphometry can provide important preoperative information on neoplastic lesions in animals. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to define whether the morphometric parameters of mean nuclear diameter and nuclear roundness could be used to differentiate benign from malignant canine mammary gland tumors on cytologic specimens. METHODS Mean nuclear diameter and nuclear roundness were determined by computer-assisted morphometry of epithelial cells in Hemacolor-stained cytologic smears from normal canine mammary gland (n = 7) and from canine mammary adenomas (n = 8), tubulopapillary carcinomas (n = 9), and solid carcinomas (n = 6). Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Significant differences (P <.001) were found in mean nuclear diameter and nuclear roundness among all tumor types and in comparison with normal canine mammary gland epithelial cells (except for nuclear roundness between tubulopapillary carcinomas and solid carcinomas). CONCLUSIONS The morphometric parameters of mean nuclear diameter and nuclear roundness can be used in the preoperative differentiation of benign from malignant canine mammary gland tumors.
Effects of two essential oil mouthrinses on 4-day supragingival plaque regrowth: a randomized cross-over study.

PURPOSE To investigate the plaque inhibiting effects of two commercially available mouthrinses containing essential oils (EO). Both products contained the same concentration of EO, but one of them did not contain ethanol. METHODS The study was an observer-masked, randomized, 4 x 4 Latin square cross-over design, balanced for carryover effects, involving 12 participants in a 4-day plaque regrowth model. A 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) rinse and a saline solution served as positive and negative controls, respectively. On Day 1, subjects received professional prophylaxis, suspended oral hygiene measures, and commenced rinsing with their allocated rinses. On Day 5, subjects were scored for disclosed plaque. RESULTS Differences among treatments were highly significant (P < 0.0001), with greater plaque inhibition by CHX compared to EO rinse containing ethanol (P = 0.012), which, in turn, was significantly more effective than the rinse without ethanol and the saline (P < 0.001). The reduction in plaque regrowth seen with the EO rinse without ethanol was quite similar to that elicited by saline (P > 0.05).