Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimized Carrier Tracking Loop Design for Real-Time High-Dynamics GNSS Receivers

Carrier phase estimation in real-time Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers is usually performed by tracking loops due to their very low computational complexity. We show that a careful design of these loops allows them to operate properly in high-dynamics environments, that is, accelerations up to 40 g or more. Their phase and frequency discriminators and loop filter are derived considering the digital nature of the loop inputs. Based on these ideas, we propose a new loop structure named Unambiguous Frequency-Aided Phase-Locked Loop (UFA-PLL). In terms of tracking capacity and noise resistance UFA-PLL has the same advantages of frequently used coupled-loop schemes, but it is simpler to design and to implement. Moreover, it can keep phase lock in situations where other loops cannot. The loop design is completed selecting the correlation time and loop bandwidth that minimize the pull-out probability, without relying on typical rules of thumb. Optimal and efficient ways to smooth the phase estimates are also presented. Hence, high-quality phase measurements—usually exploited in offline and quasistatic applications—become practical for real-time and high-dynamics receivers. Experiments with fixed-point implementations of the proposed loops and actual radio signals are also shown.
Bird migration in the southern hemisphere: a review comparing continents

Abstract To broaden perspectives and stimulate research on migration, I survey the bird species that breed in the northern hemisphere and migrate to the southern hemisphere and species that migrate within the southern hemisphere, comparing routes, seasonal patterns and life histories. Differences in the area and latitudinal extent of land masses on the two sides of the Equator influence patterns of bird migration. In contrast to birds breeding in the northern hemisphere, no land or freshwater birds breeding in the southern hemisphere migrate between continents and only a very few cross the Equator. Furthermore, except for shorebirds, few northern intercontinental migrants reach the southern hemisphere in regions south of the equatorial forest belt, because most encounter, and are filtered out by, suitable habitats en route. Australasia is an extreme case because only 10 land or freshwater migrants from the northern hemisphere regularly occur there (most are uncommon or rare) compared with 42 in Africa and 28 in South America, and no Australasian breeders enter Asia beyond Wallace's Line. Historical geographical and oceanic barriers may be an additional factor limiting migration to Australasia. There are generally no or only slight differences in frequencies of austral migrants within foraging guilds or families across southern continents. Exceptions are rallids, with more migrants in Africa, and cuckoos and nectarivores, with more Old World than New World migrants. Austral migrations are of shorter distances than most of those of the northern hemisphere, and they appear to vary more with respect to routes and patterns. Breeding and non-breeding ranges frequently overlap. Partial migration is common, but there is no evidence that it differs in frequency from that in northern regions. Because climate is generally milder and drier in the southern hemisphere, rainfall is a more important influence on migration than in the north especially in some nomadic birds, but temperature also predicts migration frequency and pathways for many species. These patterns are similar across southern continents, but each continent has its own characteristics. Southern hemisphere migrants seem to display ecophysiologies and orientation mechanisms similar to those found in northern hemisphere species, but very few southern species have been studied. I argue that the variation present among southern hemisphere migrations provides exceptional opportunities to understand the evolution and ecology of migration systems. In order to take advantage of these systems, we need to focus on variation in movement behaviour, on associated syndromes of traits, and on the particular features of natural selection and ecology setting thresholds that lead to the diverse migration patterns observed.
Core Barrier Formation Near Integer q Surfaces in DIII-D

Recent DIII-D experiments have significantly improved the understanding of internal transport barriers (ITBs) that are triggered close to the time when an integer value of the minimum in q is crossed. While this phenomenon has been observed on many tokamaks, the extensive transport and fluctuation diagnostics on DIII-D have permitted a detailed study of the generation mechanisms of q-triggered ITBs as pertaining to turbulence suppression dynamics, shear flows, and energetic particle modes. In these discharges, the evolution of the q profile is measured using motional Stark effect polarimetry and the integer qmin crossings are further pinpointed in time by the observation of Alfven cascades. High time resolution measurements of the ion and electron temperatures and the toroidal rotation show that the start of improved confinement is simultaneous in all three channels, and that this event precedes the traversal of integer qmin by 5–20ms. There is no significant low-frequency magnetohydrodynamic activity pri.
Differential response of phosphorus utilization efficiency in rice by tracer technique using phosphorus-32 under phosphorus stress environment

In most soils, soil and fertilizer Phosphorus (P) are easily bound by either soil organic matter or chemicals and thus are unavailable to plants unless hydrolyzed to release inorganic phosphate. Therefore, the development of P-efficient rice varieties that can grow and yield better with low P supply is a key to improve crop production. P efficient plants play a major role in increasing crop yields due to shortage of inorganic P fertilizer resources, limited land and water resources and increasing environmental concerns. Based on the P uptake efficiency, four rice genotypes viz.,TNRH 180, CB08504, CB06732 and ADT 47 were selected from the field experiment and used in pot culture experiment with three levels of P using radio isotope technique to quantify the P acquisition efficiency (PAE) and P use efficiency (PUE) and also to determine the native P supplying power of the soils using 32P in low P soils. Growth and yield parameters, grain and straw yield and major nutrients uptake of rice genotypes were increased with enhanced level of phosphorus application. Among the four genotypes, TNRH 180 recorded the highest grain yield and uptake. Increasing the P application rate from 25 to 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased the %Pdff in grain and straw for all the genotypes. The mean per cent phosphorus utilization (PPU) ranged between 18.74 and 23.72. The PPU of the genotypes followed the order TNRH 180 (23.72 %) > CB08504 (23.36 %) > CB06732 (20.54%) > ADT 47 (18.74%). The PPU values were higher at lower level of P application (25 kg P2O5 ha-1) for the genotypes TNRH 180, CB08504 and CB06732. From this study showed that rice genotypes have the ability to utilize the both available and unavailable form of phosphorus by secreting some organic acids in the root portion to solubilize. Hence rice genotypes indicated above have the ability to increase phosphorus utilization efficiency.
Growth and Structural Reforms : An Assessment †

This paper presents a simultaneous assessment of the relationship between 3 groups of economic reforms (domestic financial reforms, trade reforms, and capital account reforms) and economic performance. Among these three groups of reforms, domestic financial reforms, and to some extent trade reforms, are more robustly associated with economic growth, but only in middle income countries. In contrast, we do not find any systematic positive relationship between capital account liberalization and economic growth. Moreover, the effect of domestic financial reforms on economic growth in middle income countries is explained by improvements in measured aggregate TFP growth, not by higher aggregate investment. We present evidence suggesting that variations in the quality of property rights may explain the heterogeneity of the effectiveness of financial and trade reforms in developing countries. Our results are robust to endogeneity bias. JEL Classification:;
Enhanced mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR+) in episodic migraine: a randomized clinical trial with MRI outcomes

Background: Mindfulness interventions have not been rigorously evaluated in episodic migraine. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of an enhanced mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR+) versus stress management for headache (SMH). Design, Setting, Participants: Randomized, assessor-blind, clinical trial of 98 adults with episodic migraine recruited at a single academic center comparing MBSR+ (n=50) to SMH (n=48). (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02133209) Intervention: MBSR+ and SMH were delivered weekly by group for 8 weeks, then bi-weekly for another 8 weeks. Measurements: The primary outcome was reduction in headache days from baseline to 20 weeks. MRI outcomes included activity of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and cognitive task network during cognitive challenge, resting state connectivity of right dorsal anterior insula (daINS) to DLPFC and cognitive task network, and gray matter volume of DLPFC, daINS, and anterior midcingulate. Secondary outcomes were headache-related disability, pain severity, response to treatment, migraine days, and MRI whole-brain analyses. Results: Reduction in headache days from baseline to 20 weeks was greater for MBSR+ (7.8 [95%CI, 6.9-8.8] to 4.6 [95%CI, 3.7-5.6]) than for SMH (7.7 [95%CI 6.7-8.7] to 6.0 [95%CI, 4.9-7.0]) (P=0.04). 52% of the MBSR+ group showed a response to treatment (50% reduction in headache days) compared with 23% in the SMH group (P=0.004). Reduction in headache-related disability was greater for MBSR+ (59.6 [95%CI, 57.9-61.3] to 54.6 [95%CI, 52.9-56.4]) than SMH (59.6 [95%CI, 57.7-61.5] to 57.5 [95%CI, 55.5-59.4]) (P=0.02). There were no differences in clinical outcomes at 52 weeks or MRI outcomes at 20 weeks, although changes related to cognitive networks with MBSR+ were observed. Limitations: A single site and likely self-selection bias. Conclusions: MBSR+ is an effective treatment option for episodic migraine.
Analysis of cloud top height and cloud coverage from satellites using the O2 A and B bands

Cloud height and cloud coverage detection are important for total ozone retrieval using ultraviolet and visible scattered light. Use of the 02 A and B bands, around 761 and 687 nm, by a satellite-borne instrument of moderately high spectral resolution viewing in the nadir makes it possible to detect cloud top height and related parameters, including fractional coverage. The measured values of a satellite-borne spectrometer are convolutions of the instrument slit function and the atmospheric transmittance between cloud top and satellite. Studies here determine the optical depth between a satellite orbit and the Earth or cloud top height to high accuracy using FASCODE 3. Cloud top height and a cloud coverage parameter are determined by least squares fitting to calculated radiance ratios in the oxygen bands. A grid search method is used to search the parameter space of cloud top height and the coverage parameter to minimize an appropriate sum of squares of deviations. For this search, nonlinearity of the atmospheric transmittance (i.e., leverage based on varying amounts of saturation in the absorption spectrum) is important for distinguishing between cloud top height and fractional coverage. Using the above-mentioned method, an operational cloud detection algorithm which uses minimal computation time can be implemented.
Postoperative day 1 versus postoperative day 5 morning cortisol for predicting an intact hypothalamic-pituitary axis: A cohort analysis

Background: A reliable standard for evaluating postoperative hypothalamic-pituitary-axis (HPA) function following transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS) could reduce hospital stays and unnecessary prolonged steroid therapy. We retrospectively examined the predictive role of morning cortisol levels on long-term HPA function to develop an institutional protocol. Here, we report the results of this analysis, which is the first to report the predictive strength of multiple variables (i.e., timing of measurement and values of serum cortisol cutoffs) within the same cohort. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed in 183 patients at a single institution from 2007 to 2012. 67 patients met inclusion criteria. The predictive value of postoperative day (POD) 1 and POD 5 morning cortisol for HPA function as determined by 1 ug cosyntropin stimulation test was evaluated using standard confusion matrix calculations and receiver-operator control curve analysis. Results: In our cohort, an early POD 5 serum morning cortisol ≥15 ug/dl predicted an intact HPA axis with 100% specificity, 51% sensitivity, and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%. A POD 1 serum cortisol ≥25 ug/dl was needed to achieve a specificity of 100% and PPV of 100% to predict an intact HPA axis with a sensitivity of 30%. A POD 1 serum cortisol ≥18 ug/dl predicted an intact HPA axis with 33.3% specificity, PPV of 90.9%, and a sensitivity of 51.3%. Conclusion: A POD 5 morning cortisol level ≥15 ug/dl is an excellent predictor of normal postoperative HPA function in patients undergoing TSS for pituitary adenoma.
Examining the emperor's new clothes: myths and truths for sustainable transportation

Traditionally many local transportation strategies and policies in New Zealand have perpetuated a number of philosophies that seem to hinder truly sustainable transportation. An examination of similar overseas strategies and policies (particularly where sustainable transportation concepts have been around for some time) shows up quite significant differences in thinking. A number of these differences seem to boil down to the acceptance or otherwise of various beliefs about transportation. This paper will examine these (and other) axioms and review the research and practical evidence behind them to assess their validity. The findings reveal some flaws in the conventional thinking and some �myths�. In some cases, it�s not so much that the beliefs are technically incorrect; it�s just that the wrong perspective is being applied. Suggestions for new paradigms to achieve sustainable transportation in New Zealand will also be discussed. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E212706.
NIHAO III: the constant disc gas mass conspiracy

We show that the cool gas masses of galactic discs reach a steady state that lasts many Gyr after their last major merger in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. The mass of disc gas, M-gas, depends mostly upon a galaxy virial mass and halo's spin, and less upon stellar feedback. Haloes with low spin have high star formation efficiency and lower disc gas mass. Similarly, lower stellar feedback leads to more star formation so the gas mass ends up being nearly the same regardless of stellar feedback strength. Rather than regulating cool gas mass, stellar feedback regulates the mass of stars that forms. Even considering spin, the M-gas relation with halo mass, M-200 only shows a factor of 3 scatter. The simulated M-gas-M-200 relation shows a break at M-200 = 2 x 10(11) M-circle dot that corresponds to an observed break in the M-gas-M-star relation. The galaxies that maintain constant disc masses share a common halo gas density profile shape in all the simulated galaxies. In their outer regions, the profiles are isothermal. Where the profile rises above n = 10(-3) cm(-3), the gas readily cools and the profile steepens. Inside the disc, rotation supports gas with a flatter density profile. Energy injection from stellar feedback provides pressure support to the halo gas to prevent runaway cooling flows. The constant gas mass makes simpler models for galaxy formation possible, either using a 'bathtub' model for star formation rates or when modelling chemical evolution.
Macroeconomic Variables and Malaysian Islamic Stock Market: A Time Series Analysis

This research will focus on the relationship between the development of Islamic stock market and macroeconomic variables in Malaysia. Generally, the purpose of this research is to observe this relationship in Malaysian context. In order to achieve the objective, an estimation of Vector Auto Regression (VAR) method was appli ed on the created research model. The variables involved in this research are Kuala Lumpur Syariah Index (KLSI), Industrial Production Index (IPI), Consumer Production Index (CPI), Aggregate Money Supply (M3), Islamic Inter Bank Rate (IIR) and Exchange Rat e of Malaysian Ringgit - United States Dollar. This research used monthly data from April 1999 to October 2007 taken from authorized sources. The findings showed that Islamic stock prices are co - integrated with the selected macroeconomic variables in which the stock price is related positively and significantly with IPI and CPI variables but related negatively and significantly with M3 and MYR variables. Meanwhile, its relation with IIR variables is found negative but insignificant. From the aspect of Gran ger causal relationship it is found that variables of CPI, M3 and MYR are the Granger cause for KLSI and the KLSI is the Granger cause for IPI, CPI and MYR.
Team processes, their antecedents and consequences: Implications for different types of teamwork

Although input–process–output models of teamwork are quite popular, relatively few studies have tested empirically the mediation of team design and team context variables on team effectiveness by team process variables. This review briefly describes mediation effects of team process variables. Moreover, moderating effects of different team tasks and types of teamwork are summarized. Based on this framework, we introduce and compare the four articles included in this special issue which provide examples of process-oriented studies in different types of teamwork. In doing so, these studies not only illustrate the variety of potential team process variables (e.g., communication between team members, team reflexivity and self-regulation, self-leadership of team members) but also different methodological strategies to explore them.
ff ect of Silica Activity on OH – IR Spectra of Olivine : Implications for Low-a SiO 2 Mantle

Hydrogen solubility and hydroxyl substitution mechanism in olivine INTRODUCTION at upper-mantle conditions are not only a function of pressure, Since the recognition about 30 years ago that nominally temperature, water fugacity and hydrogen fugacity, but are also anhydrous minerals (NAM) can incorporate hydrogen influenced by silica activity. Olivine synthesized in equilibrium in lattice defects (Beran, 1970; Wilkins & Sabine, 1973; with magnesiowüstite displays hydroxyl stretching bands in the Beran & Putnis, 1983; Aines & Rossman, 1984), conwavenumber range from 3640 to 3430 cm. In contrast, olivine siderable experimental and analytical effort has been in equilibrium with orthopyroxene shows absorption bands in a expended on estimating the OH storage capacity of narrower wavenumber range from 3380 to 3285 cm. The two mantle minerals and determining the key factors confundamentally different spectra are assigned to hydroxyl in tetrahedral trolling OH substitution (e.g. Miller et al., 1987; Mackwell and octahedral sublattices, respectively. Olivine in equilibrium with & Kohlstedt, 1990; Rossman & Smyth, 1990; Skogby et orthopyroxene is also less capable of incorporating hydroxyl, relative al., 1990; Bai & Kohlstedt, 1993; Kohlstedt et al., 1996). to olivines in equilibrium with magnesiowüstite, by about a factor The studies revealed that structural hydroxyl significantly of ten. A comparison of spectra obtained as part of this study with enhances creep rates and electrical conductivity of mantle hydroxyl spectra of natural mantle olivines shows that the latter rocks. It also influences pressure–temperature positions display hydroxyl stretching patterns reminiscent of equilibrium with of phase transitions (Mackwell et al., 1985; Karato et al., magnesiowüstite, although undoubtedly olivine in the Earth’s mantle 1986; Schock et al., 1989; Kawamoto et al., 1996). Emcoexists with orthopyroxene. This may be attributed to a metasomatic phasis was placed on olivine and its polymorphs, as (Mg, overprint by a low-silica fluid and/or melt that was in reaction Fe)2SiO4 constitutes the principal phase in upper-mantle relationship with orthopyroxene. A likely metasomatic agent is a lithologies (Miller et al., 1987; Mackwell & Kohlstedt, carbonatitic melt. When carbonatitic melts decompose to oxides and 1990; Kohlstedt et al., 1996; Kohlstedt & Mackwell, CO2, they may temporarily impose a low-aSiO2 environment 1998). inherited by the olivine structure. If this suggestion proves true, Hydroxyl occurrence in olivine is defined by the crystal Fourier transform IR spectroscopy may be used to fingerprint defect structure, and therefore OH incorporation mechmetasomatic episodes in the lithospheric mantle. anisms are expected to be largely controlled by the
Loss of CO 2 sensing by the olfactory system of CNGA 3 knockout mice

Atmospheric CO2 can signal the presence of food, predators or environmental stress and trigger stereotypical behaviors in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Recent studies have shown that the necklace olfactory system in mice sensitively detects CO2 in the air. Olfactory CO2 neurons are believed to rely on cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) as the key second messenger; however, the specific ion channel underlying CO2 responses remains unclear. Here we show that CO2-evoked neuronal and behavioral responses require cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels consisting of the CNGA3 subunit. Through Ca-imaging, we found that CO2-triggered Ca influx was abolished in necklace olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of CNGA3-knockout mice. Olfactory detection tests using a Go/No-go paradigm showed that these knockout mice failed to detect 0.5% CO2. Thus, sensitive detection of atmospheric CO2 depends on the function of CNG channels consisting of the CNGA3 subunit in necklace OSNs. These data support the important role of the necklace olfactory system in CO2 sensing and extend our understanding of the signal transduction pathway mediating CO2 detection in mammals [Current Zoology 56 (6): 793–799, 2010].
On the asymptotic behavior of the discrete spectrum in buckling problems for thin plates

We consider the buckling problem for a family of thin plates with thickness parameter ε . This involves ﬁnding the least positive multiple λ ε min of the load that makes the plate buckle , a value that can be expressed in terms of an eigenvalue problem involving a non-compact operator. We show that under certain assumptions on the load, we have λ ε min = O ( ε 2 ) . This guarantees that provided the plate is thin enough, this minimum value can be numerically approximated without the spectral pollution that is possible due to the presence of the non-compact operator. We provide numerical computations illustrating some of our theoretical results