Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Suppression of RNA Silencing by a Geminivirus Nuclear Protein, AC2, Correlates with Transactivation of Host Genes

ABSTRACT Bipartite geminiviruses encode a small protein, AC2, that functions as a transactivator of viral transcription and a suppressor of RNA silencing. A relationship between these two functions had not been investigated before. We characterized both of these functions for AC2 from Mungbean yellow mosaic virus-Vigna (MYMV). When transiently expressed in plant protoplasts, MYMV AC2 strongly transactivated the viral promoter; AC2 was detected in the nucleus, and a split nuclear localization signal (NLS) was mapped. In a model Nicotiana benthamiana plant, in which silencing can be triggered biolistically, AC2 reduced local silencing and prevented its systemic spread. Mutations in the AC2 NLS or Zn finger or deletion of its activator domain abolished both these effects, suggesting that suppression of silencing by AC2 requires transactivation of host suppressor(s). In line with this, in Arabidopsis protoplasts, MYMV AC2 or its homologue from African cassava mosaic geminivirus coactivated >30 components of the plant transcriptome, as detected with Affymetrix ATH1 GeneChips. Several corresponding promoters cloned from Arabidopsis were strongly induced by both AC2 proteins. These results suggest that silencing suppression and transcription activation by AC2 are functionally connected and that some of the AC2-inducible host genes discovered here may code for components of an endogenous network that controls silencing.
Variation in iron accumulation, transferrin membrane binding and DNA synthesis in the K‐562 and U‐937 cell lines induced by chelators and their iron complexes

Eight chelators – 8‐hydroxyquinoline, 1‐hydroxypyridine‐2‐thione (omadine), tropolone, pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone, 2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxypyr‐4‐one (maltol), 1‐methyl‐3‐hydroxypyrid‐2‐one, 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐hydroxypyrid‐4‐one and mimosine – and their iron complexes were tested on cells of the established human tumour cell lines K‐562 (erythroleukaemic) and U‐937 (monoblastoid) for their effects on a) cellular accumulation of iron provided by transferrin (Tf) via receptor‐mediated endocytosis, b) specific cell surface binding of Tf, c) cell viability and, d) DNA synthesis. The lipophilic chelators suppressed the accumulation of Tf‐supplied iron in the K‐562 cells and less so in the U‐937 cells, whereas the effects of the other chelators were closer to control range. The lipophilic chelators pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone, tropolone, 8‐hydroxyquinoline and omadine were found to be cytotoxic in this order, with the U‐937 being generally more sensitive than K‐562. The presence of iron diminished the toxicity. The DNA synthesis was also affected, from a partial suppression in K‐562 to a slight increase in U‐937 in the presence of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone and to strong suppression with 8‐hydroxyquinoline and omadine. Addition of iron partially reversed the inhibition. The other chelators had low cytotoxic effects that disappeared upon iron saturation. Maltol, particularly in the absence of iron, 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐hydroxypyrid‐4‐one and 1‐methyl‐3‐hydroxypyrid‐2‐one supported DNA synthesis. Long‐term culturing (24 h) of both cell types in the presence of the non‐cytotoxic chelators resulted in increased specific Tf binding, which was interpreted as the result of an increased Tf‐receptor synthesis. This is presumably triggered via the chelators' interaction with a certain cellular iron pool.
The Wing Mechanism Involved in the Courtship of Drosophila

1. The sounds produced during courtship in Drosophila melanogaster are similar to a component of the flight tone. 2. The normal flight wing beat has a rapid upstroke and a slower downstroke. By analysis of the form of the wing beat and its velocity it is shown that the sound that is heard from behind the fly is produced by a rapid increase of thrust in the early part of the upstroke followed by decrease in thrust, or even thrust reversal, during the period which the wing is rotating at the top of the stroke. The downstroke is relatively quiet. 3. The courtship wing vibration consists of a series of single wing beats of about 7.5 msec, duration. Courtship sounds consist of single cycles of pressure change of 3 msec, duration produced at 34 msec, intervals at 25° C. These figures are compatible with the suggestion that courtship sound pulses are produced by one half of an asymmetric wing beat. 4. Drosophila persimilis produces short trains of pure notes of 1.9 msec, period. Here, the wing vibrates at about 250 beats per second and the wing beat is symmetrical. 5. The differences between these two species is discussed in terms of inertial loading of the thorax and the tension in the muscle activating the click mechanism. 6. The courtship wing beat occurs when the extra-coxal depressor of the trochanter of either the mesothoracic or the metathoracic legs is cut. This suggests that this muscle is not responsible for the initiation of flight, but instead, acts as a transmitter of thoracic movement causing the starting jump. 7. Cutting one of the dorso-ventral indirect flight muscles stops courtship vibration, the initiation of flight and jumping, and it is suggested that this muscle is more likely to be involved in flight-starting and courtship vibration.
Screening of Some Antibiotics and Anabolic Steroids Residues in Broiler Fillet Marketed in El-Sharkia Governorate

Antibiotics and anabolic steroid growth promoters usage have facilitated the efficient production of poultry, allowing the consumer to purchase, at a reasonable cost, high quality meat and eggs. Although these uses benefit all involved, unfortunately, the edible poultry tissues had harmful concentrations of drug residues. Therefore, this study was carried out on one hundred randomly collected fresh and frozen broiler fillet samples (50 of each) to evaluate the antibiotic residues level qualitatively by microbiological inhibition assay followed by quantitative detection for oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition to monitoring of anabolic steroids (Testosterone, Progesterone and Zeranol) quantitively by Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The obtained results revealed a detectable level of oxytetracycline residues which confirm widespread misuses of antibiotic especially oxytetracycline in farms and lack of application of recommended withdrawal times. The anabolic steroids residues level including testosterone and progesterone were within the permissible limit which refers to no illegal use of hormones as growth promoting agents in broiler production. None of the samples displayed the presence of zeranol residue as the level of it was below the detection limit of the used kits (<100 ng/kg). For monitoring the effect of cooking process on antibiotic residue levels in broiler fillet, ten broilers (40 days old) were classified into two groups, each group was dosed over 5 consecutive days with 15 mg/ kg day of oxytetracycline or enrofloxacin. Five slices of broiler fillet from each group subjected to cooking either via frying or grilling.The results showed that cooking had an effect in reducing the concentration of antibiotic residues as there are a signficant reduction percentages of oxytetracycline while enrofloxacin residues showed low reduction percentages. These findings recommended that restricted measures and harder regulations must be applied to prevent the misuse of drugs in poultry industry, application of withdrawal time as well as the inspection of chickens for drug residues prior to marketing. [Mohamed Abdallah Hussein and Samah Khalil. Screening of Some Antibiotics and Anabolic Steroids Residues in Broiler Fillet Marketed in El-Sharkia Governorate. Life Sci J 2013;10(1):2111-2118] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com. 299
AUDIT DELAY PADA PERUSAHAAN PERTAMBANGAN : ANALISIS DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENENTUNYA

This study aimed to analyze the effect of firm size, firm size, solvency, and profitability to the audit delay. This study uses secondary data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This population is a mining company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2012-2014 period as many as 12 companies. The samples in this study using purposive sampling method. Performed during the observation period of 3 (three) years ie 2012-2014. Data analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the research that company size and profitability significantly influence audit delay. While the size of the firm and the solvency does not significantly influence audit delay.
Paleomagnetic measurement of nonbrittle coseismic deformation across the San Andreas Fault at Pallett Creek

Paleomagnetic data have been obtained to address a problem at the Pallett Creek paleoseismological site: the 9 mm/yr slip rate determined from three-dimensional mapping of late Holocene offsets across discrete faults is only a quarter of the expected value. We suspected that nonbrittle deformation adjacent to the faults might account for the 26 mm/yr discrepancy. In our search for the missing slip we collected and analyzed 264 paleomagnetic samples from a 53-m-wide transect across the fault zone. Half the samples came from a unit deposited immediately after a large earthquake of about A.D. 1480; these samples were affected by two large earthquakes that involved rupture at the site in 1812 and 1857. We collected the other half of the samples from a slightly older bed, one that was deposited before the earthquake of about A.D. 1480. Relative to “control” groups composed of 10 samples and collected 50 m from the fault, samples closer to the fault display clockwise rotations of 30° or less. If interpreted as block rotations, the data from the older unit imply that it has sustained a total of 14.0 ± 2.9 m of dextral warp during the past three major earthquakes and that the younger unit has experienced a total of 8.5 ± 1.0 m of warp during the most recent two. Combining these values with the amounts of dextral slip across the mapped fault planes yields dextral offsets of 5.5, 6.25, and 6.25 m for the events of A.D. 1480, 1812, and 1857 and a slip rate of 35.6 ± 6.7 mm/yr. This slip rate, averaged over the past three complete seismic cycles, is consistent with published rates from other sites. Offsets associated with the past three events are remarkably similar. These amounts, however, appear independent of the length of interseismic cycles. These observations suggest (1) that this part of the San Andreas fault has a characteristic strength and (2) that conventional concepts of strain accumulation and relief (for example, time- and slip-predictable models of earthquake occurrence) are unrealistic.
Study of Glasgow Coma Scale Score and QTc Interval in Prognosis of Organophosphate Compound Poisoning

We assessed the applicability of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the QT interval (QTc) to predicting outcomes in patients with organophosphate (OP) poisoning. In the hospital setting, QTc and GCS were monitored in each patient at admission. Patients with respiratory failure were compared to patients without these complications, and mortality was compared between groups. We found that the group with complications had a significantly longer QTc and a lower GCS score, a higher number of intubations, and worse outcomes (P < 0.05). GCS score and QTc have been shown to be equally good in predicting respiratory failure and hospital mortality in patients with OP poisoning. These results suggest that during initial out-of-hospital care of patients with OP poisoning, it is essential to monitor the QTc and the GCS score. The simplicity and promptness of these methods will allow providers to perform early and effective triage.
Oxygen and mitochondrial inhibitors modulate both monomeric and heteromeric TASK‐1 and TASK‐3 channels in mouse carotid body type‐1 cells

• TASK‐like background potassium channels play a key role in the sensing of hypoxic, metabolic and acidic stimuli in arterial chemoreceptor cells. • In this study, we investigated the roles of TASK‐1 and TASK‐3 in forming these channels by using gene deletion in mice. • Deletion of Task‐1 (Kcnk3) and/or Task‐3 (Kcnk9) disrupted the main form of background K‐channel activity. • In single knock‐out mice, we observed, instead of the wild‐type channel, the homomeric forms of TASK‐1 in Task‐3−/− and TASK‐3 in Task‐1−/−. • All forms of TASK were inhibited by hypoxia, cyanide and the uncoupler FCCP. • We conclude that the main form of background K‐channel in chemoreceptor cells is a TASK‐1/TASK‐3 heterodimer and that both TASK‐1 and TASK‐3 subunits can couple to both oxygen and metabolic signalling pathways in these cells.
A Comprehensive Study On the Full-Rate and Linear-Receiver Space-Time Block Code

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the Full-Rate and Linear-Receiver (FRLR) Space-Time Block Code (STBC) proposed as a newly coding scheme with the low decoding complexity of order O(M), for a 2× 2 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system that uses a modulation scheme with cardinality M . It is shown numerically that the FRLR code suffers from the lack of the Non-Vanishing Determinant (NVD) property that is a key parameter in designing a full-rate STBC with a good performance in higher data rates, across Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) constellation. To overcome this drawback, we show that the existence of the NVD feature for the FRLR code depends on the type of the modulation scheme. In particular, it is analytically proved that the FRLR code fulfills the NVD property across the Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) constellation but not for the QAM scheme. We use the coding gain and the union bound with the exact pairwise error probability criteria as a pseudo global-local search to find the optimum parameters of the FRLR code for the PAM constellation. Simulation results show that, at a bit error rate equal to 10−4, utilizing the PAM modulation for the FRLR-STBC, provides about 0.5 dB gain over a use of the QAM modulation when the bandwidth efficiency is 4 b/s/Hz. Due to the existence of the NVD property across the PAM constellation, this gain grows up to 2 dB when the bandwidth efficiency increases to 6 b/s/Hz. In addition, for the PAM constellation, the FRLR code significantly outperforms some existing full-rate STBCs with a high computational decoding complexity. Finally, we utilize the moment generating function approach to derive an exact closed-form expression for the average error probability of the FRLR code with the BPSK modulation as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio and the design parameters. S. S. Hosseini and S. Talebi are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran (e-mails: s.saleh.hosseini@gmail.com, siamak.talebi@mail.uk.ac.ir). J. Abouei is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran, email: abouei@yazd.ac.ir.
EARNING MANAGEMENT AND DETERMINANT FACTORS OF SOCIAL DISCLOSURE IN INDONESIAN COMPANIES

The objective of this study is to investigate relationship between earning management and factors, which determine social disclosure in Indonesia companies. Sample of this study are public companies that report social disclosure in annual report on period 2003–2006. Earning management measurement used Jones’s Model. Whereas, regression analysis is used to explain relationship social disclosure index as dependent variables and independent variables, that consist of earning management, managerial ownership, leverage, size, board of commisioners and profitabilty. The results of this study show that public companies in Indonesia, that have disclosed social activities in annual report, conduct earning management. Beside this, the result of this study find significant relationship between size with social diclosure. In the other hand, there is no realtionship between profitability, managerial ownership, leverage, board of commissioners and earning management with social disclosure. Keywords: earning management, social disclosure, agency theory, stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory
Characterization of the Functional Activity of Dopamine Ligands at Human Recombinant Dopamine D4 Receptors

Abstract: The human D4 dopamine receptor has been expressed in Sf9 insect cells where it appears to couple to endogenous G proteins. Increased guanine nucleotide exchange to G proteins is a reflection of receptor activation and can be followed using a [35S]GTPγS binding assay. By measuring D4 receptor stimulation of [35S]‐GTPγS binding we have been able to characterize several dopaminergic compounds for their functional activity at this receptor. In Sf9 cells expressing the D4 receptor, dopamine, quinpirole, and dp‐2‐aminodihydroxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene were all full agonists, whereas (−)‐apomorphine appeared to be a partial agonist. No increase in [35S]GTPγS binding was observed for noninfected cells or cells infected with an unrelated sequence. The quinpirole‐stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding could be inhibited by the antagonists clozapine, eticlopride, and haloperidol, and a Schild analysis of these data showed that all three compounds were acting as competitive antagonists of D4 receptors. The rank order of affinities derived from the Schild analysis correlated with that obtained from [3H]spiperone competition binding assays. In conclusion, we have shown that, using this assay system, it is possible to investigate functionally the pharmacology of a recombinant G protein‐coupled receptor in the absence of any information regarding the eventual second messenger pathways involved.
Sex matters in the establishment of murine tendon composition and material properties during growth

The existence of sex‐based differences in tendon and ligament injury rates has led investigators to test the hypothesis that sex plays a significant role in modulating tendon and ligament composition and material properties. To date, no studies have attempted to characterize how such differences develop during the course of normal tissue maturation and growth. Thus, the primary aim of the present study was to use a murine model to test the hypothesis that sex‐based differences in the normal age‐related development of tendon composition and material properties exist by assessing these parameters in the Achilles and tail tendons from 4‐, 6‐, 9‐, 12‐, and 15‐week‐old male and female C57Bl/6J mice. Despite significantly lower levels of total collagen content in females subsequent to sexual maturity (p < 0.0001), as well as a significant effect of sex on glycosaminoglycan content (p < 0.0001), Achilles tendon elastic modulus was not compromised in females. Female Achilles tendons did exhibit a significantly higher failure strain (p = 0.0201) and strain energy density (p = 0.0004) than did males, as well as a trend toward higher ultimate strength (p = 0.0556). In contrast to the high load‐bearing environment of the Achilles tendon site, sex did not have a statistically significant effect on any compositional or material property in the low load‐bearing tendon fascicles of the tail. These data support recent studies by others, which suggest that male and female tendons have a differential adaptational response to their local mechanical loading environment. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:631–638, 2010
Test Results and Conclusions From a 1 MVA Superconducting Transformer Featuring 2G HTS Roebel Cable

We present results from commissioning testing of a 1 MVA three-phase transformer demonstration project. The three-phase transformer utilizes a 15 strand Roebel cable for the low voltage windings and 4 mm wide conductor for the high voltage windings. Both windings use ReBCO conductor and the iron core is external to the cryogenic region. The target operating temperature is 70 K. Key design features and operational performance measures of the advanced sub-cooled liquid nitrogen circulation system are described. The overall thermal budget is presented along with ac loss measurements for the windings and electrical test results of the complete transformer. There remain some unresolved issues with the stability of the cryogenic cooling system when operated sub-cooled, and with the high voltage withstand performance of the HV bushings. These issues are described and discussed. The utility of HTS Roebel cable as a convenient means of producing a compact, high current winding with low ac loss characteristics has been successfully demonstrated.
Management of the early and late presentations of rheumatoid arthritis: a survey of Ontario primary care physicians.

OBJECTIVE To examine primary care physicians' management of rheumatoid arthritis, ascertain the determinants of management and compare management with that recommended by a current practice panel. DESIGN Mail survey (self-administered questionnaire). SETTING Ontario. PARTICIPANTS A stratified computer-generated random sample of 798 members of the College of Family Physicians of Canada. OUTCOME MEASURES Proportions of respondents who chose various items in the management of two hypothetical patients, one with early rheumatoid arthritis and one with late rheumatoid arthritis. Scores for investigations, interventions and referrals for each scenario were generated by summing the recommended items chosen by respondents and then dividing by the total number of items recommended in that category. The scores were examined for their association with physician and practice characteristics and physician attitudes. RESULTS The response rate was 68.3% (529/775 eligible physicians). Recommended investigations were chosen by more than two thirds of the respondents for both scenarios. Referrals to physiotherapy, occupational therapy and rheumatology, all recommended by the panel, were chosen by 206 (38.9%), 72 (13.6%) and 309 (58.4%) physicians respectively for early rheumatoid arthritis. These proportions were significantly higher for late rheumatoid arthritis (p < 0.01). In multiple regression analysis, for early rheumatoid arthritis, internship or residency training in rheumatology was associated with higher investigation and intervention scores, for late rheumatoid arthritis, older physicians had higher intervention scores and female physicians had higher referral scores. CONCLUSIONS Primary care physicians' investigation of rheumatoid arthritis was in accord with panel recommendations. However, rates of referral to rheumatologists and other health care professionals were very low, especially for the early presentation of rheumatoid arthritis. More exposure to rheumatology and to the role of physiotherapy, occupational therapy and social work during primary care training is strongly recommended.
Interaction-limited Inverse Reinforcement Learning

This paper proposes an inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) framework to accelerate learning when the learner-teacher \textit{interaction} is \textit{limited} during training. Our setting is motivated by the realistic scenarios where a helpful teacher is not available or when the teacher cannot access the learning dynamics of the student. We present two different training strategies: Curriculum Inverse Reinforcement Learning (CIRL) covering the teacher's perspective, and Self-Paced Inverse Reinforcement Learning (SPIRL) focusing on the learner's perspective. Using experiments in simulations and experiments with a real robot learning a task from a human demonstrator, we show that our training strategies can allow a faster training than a random teacher for CIRL and than a batch learner for SPIRL.