Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ULEAD: The Effects of a Civics-Based Educational Program on Urban Youth

VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . VII TABLE 1: PEDAGOGY SURVEY STUDENT RESPONSES . 82 FIGURE 1: PREFERRED TEACHING METHOD . 83 CHAPTER 1 -INTRODUCTION . 1 A. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT . 1 B. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM . 8 C. PROGRAM ASSUMPTION . 12 D. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE . 12 E. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK . 14 F. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY . 15 G. DEFINITION OF TERMS . 17 H. SUMMARY . 20 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW. 21 A. ATTITUDES . 21 1. DISPARITY IN POLICING . 21 2. ATTITUDES OF POLICE . 23 3. ATTITUDES OF URBAN YOUTH . 28 4. SOLUTIONS TO THE GROWING DIVIDE . 29 B. CIVIC ENGAGEMENT . 31 1. RACIAL WEALTH GAP . 31 2. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE POLITICAL DYNMAMICS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY . 32 3. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM . 36 C. PEDAGOGY . 39 1. INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS . 40 2. CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE TEACHING . 45 3. OTHER YOUTH RELATED PROGRAMS . 46 CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY . 49 A. INTRODUCTION . 49 iv ULEAD: THE EFFECTS OF A CIVICS-BASED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM ON URBAN YOUTH B. RESEARCH DESIGN . 50 C. POPULATION AND SAMPLE . 53 D. RESEARCHER CONTEXT . 54 E. EVALUATION MEASUREMENT . 56 1. SURVEY VALIDITY & RELIABILITY . 57 2. INTERVIEW RELIABILITY,VALIDITY & PROTOCOL . 58 3. QUALITATIVE . 58 4. QUANTITATIVE . 59 F. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES . 59 G. DATA ANALYSIS . 60 H. SUMMARY OF RESEARCH PROCEDURES . 61 I. LIMITATIONS . 62 CHAPTER 4 – FINDINGS . 63 A. INTRODUCTION . 63 1. STUDENT POPULATION AND BACKGROUND . 64 2. STUDY FINDINGS. 65 B. PEDAGOGY . 66 1. WEEK 1 CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CONSCIOUSNESS. 66 2. WEEK 2 RIGHTS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF TAKING INITIATIVE . 69 3. WEEK 3 ECONOMY & CITZEN’S RIGHTS . 72 4. WEEK 4 LEGAL REPRESENTATION AND COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITY . 73 5. WEEK 5 POLITICAL PROCESS . 75 6. MEDIA PUBLICATIONS . 77 7. PREFRRED TEACHING METHODS SURVEY DISCUSSION . 77 A. TECHNOLOGY BASED RESULTS . 78 B. DIRECT INSTRUCTION . 78 C. PROJECT BASED INSTRUCTION . 78 D. FIELD TRIP . 79 E. INQUIRY BASED LEARNING . 79 8. METHODS OF INSTRUCTION BY PERCENTAGE . 80 9. PEDAGOGY CONCLUSION . 83 B. ATTITUDES . 83 1. WEEK 1 CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CONSCISOUSNESS . 83 2 WEEK 2 RIGHTS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF TAKING INITIATIVE . 89 3. WEEK 3 ECONOMY & CITIZEN’S RIGHTS . 91 4. WEEK 4 LEGAL REPRESENTATION & COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITY . 94 5. WEEK 5 POLITICAL PROCESS. 97 6. CONCLUSION . 98 C. CIVIC ENGAGEMENT . 100 1. WEEK 1 CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CONSCIOUSNESS . 100 2. WEEK 2 RIGHTS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF TAKING INITIATIVE . 100 3. WEEK 3 ECONOMY & CITIZENS RIGHTS . 103 4. WEEK 4 LEGAL REPRESENTATION & COMMUNITY REPSONSIBILITY . 105 v ULEAD: THE EFFECTS OF A CIVICS-BASED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM ON URBAN YOUTH A. PERCEPTIONS OF POLICE . 107 B. CHANGING LAW ENFORCEMENT . 108 C. CONSIDERING LAW ENFORCEMENT . 109 D. ALTERNATIVE CAREERS TO LAW ENFORCEMENT . 110 5. WEEK 5 POLITICAL PROCESS. 111 6. CONCLUSION . 111 CHAPTER 5 – DISCUSSION,LIMITATIONS& RECOMMENDATIONS . 114 A. DISCUSSION . 114 B. SUMMARY OF RESULTS . 115 1. PEDAGOGY . 115 2 ATTITUDES . 116 3. CIVIC ENGAGEMENT . 121 C. RELATING RESULTS TO LITERATURE . 122 1. PEDAGOGY . 122 2. ATTITUDES . 124 3. CIVIC ENGAGEMENT . 126 D. LIMITATIONS .
Leadership and change implementation in a Russian context

Leadership literature suggests that the transfer of leadership theory to non-US/Anglo-centric cultures may lead to findings that are different from current ones. Indeed, it is proposed that a dominant national culture will impact both the enacted leadership style and the followers’ expectations and acceptance of such a leadership style. Within the emerging literature on relational and change leadership, there is little consideration of the differing impact of leader behaviours in non-Western cultures. This study addresses both these gaps, through a case study that explores leadership styles and strategic change implementation within a Russian context that is seen as being directive and autocratic. The nature and impact of leadership in the context of change in Russian organizations is explored in this article, using a case-study design. Based on 20 interviews conducted in three organizations, we report findings which suggest, in a Russian context, that a more relational leadership style is more effective, and more likely to be accepted by followers, in implementing strategic change than a more ‘typical’ autocratic and directive style. The article contributes to leadership theory by providing clear empirical evidence of the value of a relational style in non-Western settings in ensuring effective change implementation.
Branding state-level pride: Exploring values and attitudes of local food product consumption

ABSTRACT This exploratory study employed the values, attitudes, and behavior (VAB) framework to test Hofstede’s cultural values, state-level ethnocentrism (state brand consumption), and identity (state pride) on intent to support ag-related products in the context of a state operated agricultural marketing program (SOAMP). Results (N = 259) showed collectivism and long term orientation have a positive influence on consumers’ attitudes. State brand consumption was found to be the strongest predictor of intent to purchase local food products, while state pride had a mild level of predictability. Practical implications for food and beverage retailers, hospitality marketers and ag-related government agencies are provided.
Gene expression patterns of human colon tops and basal crypts and BMP antagonists as intestinal stem cell niche factors

Human colonic epithelial cell renewal, proliferation, and differentiation are stringently controlled by numerous regulatory pathways. To identify genetic programs of human colonic epithelial cell differentiation in vivo as well as candidate marker genes that define colonic epithelial stem/progenitor cells and the stem cell niche, we applied gene expression analysis of normal human colon tops and basal crypts by using expression microarrays with 30,000 genes. Nine hundred and sixty-nine cDNA clones were found to be differentially expressed between human colon crypts and tops. Pathway analysis revealed the differential expression of genes involved in cell cycle maintenance and apoptosis, as well as genes in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Notch, Wnt, EPH, and MYC signaling pathways. BMP antagonists gremlin 1, gremlin 2, and chordin-like 1 were found to be expressed by colon crypts. In situ hybridization and RT-PCR confirmed that these BMP antagonists are expressed by intestinal cryptal myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells at the colon crypt. In vitro analysis demonstrated that gremlin 1 partially inhibits Caco-2 cell differentiation upon confluence and activates Wnt signaling in normal rat intestinal epithelial cells. Collectively, the expression data set provides a comprehensive picture of human colonic epithelial cell differentiation. Our study also suggests that BMP antagonists are candidate signaling components that make up the intestinal epithelial stem cell niche.
Geographic Natural Experiments with Interference: The Effect of All-Mail Voting on Turnout in Colorado

We analyze a geographic natural experiment during the 2010 Colorado primary election in the USA, when counties in the state of Colorado had the option to have an all-mail election or retain traditional in-person voting on Election Day. The town of Basalt, in the southwestern part of the state, is split in half by two counties that chose different modes of voting. Our research design compares these two counties to understand whether turnout levels were altered by all-mail elections. Our analysis considers the possibility that social interactions may lead to spillover effects—a situation in which one unit’s outcome may be affected by the treatment received by other units. In our application, treated and control voters lived in very close proximity and spillovers are possible. Using the potential outcomes framework, we consider different estimands under the assumption that interference occurs only when treated individuals are in close geographic proximity to a sufficiently high number of control individuals. Under our assumptions, our empirical analysis suggests that all-mail voting decreased turnout in Colorado, and shows no evidence of spatial interference between voters.
Effect of short-term unweighting on human skeletal muscle strength and size.

This study examined the effect of short-term unweighting on strength and size of lower limb muscle groups to predict probable responses to planned 16-d Shuttle flights. Subjects were 10 healthy males, exposed to 16 d of lower limb suspension (LLS). All ambulatory activity was performed on crutches while wearing a shoe with a 10-cm thick sole on the right foot. This eliminated ground contact by the left foot, and thereby, body weight bearing by the left lower limb. Biopsies of the left vastus lateralis muscle and T1 weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images (1.5 Tesla, TR/TE 600/20, 4 nex, 48 cm rectangular FOV, 10 mm transaxial slices at 5-mm intervals) of both thighs were used to examine muscle morphology. The in vivo speed-torque relation for the left and right quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle group was used to measure strength. Fiber type composition and average cross-sectional area were not altered by LLS. The speed-torque relation for the left QF was down-shifted 12% (p < 0.05) after LLS. There was no effect of speed or type of muscle action (eccentric, isometric, or concentric). The speed-torque relation for the right QF showed no change after LLS. Average cross-sectional area of the left QF in eight MR images of the mid-thigh decreased (p < 0.05) 8% with LLS (70 +/- 3 to 64 +/- 4 cm2), while the right QF showed no change (72 +/- 4 to 72 +/- 4 cm2). The hamstring muscle group showed no change in average cross-sectional area after LLS. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Factors influencing reaction time during automated kinetic perimetry on the Tübingen computer campimeter.

PURPOSE To determine the effect of age, examination, location, luminance, subject, and vigilance on reaction time (RT) in automated kinetic perimetry. METHODS Thirty-six normal volunteers (20-70 years old) underwent kinetic campimetric examinations, during which RTs (time from appearance of a stimulus to response) were recorded. Stimuli with a diameter of 26 minutes of arc (Goldmann III) were presented on horizontal vectors with an angular velocity of 2 deg/s. Thirty-two positions in the 30 degrees radius visual field were tested six times, at luminance levels of 41.62 and 110 cd/m2 (background 10 cd/m2). An analysis of RT variance (ANCOVA) was performed. RESULTS Median RT increased with age from 370 ms (20-30-year-old subjects) to 440 ms (60-70-year-old subjects). There was a strong dependency of RT from the individual subjects examined (means range, 313-411 ms), from the course of one examination period, from the examination and stimulus luminance, and from the location in the visual field. CONCLUSIONS Reaction time during automated kinetic perimetry varies considerably. This study shows that the factors of age, the subject examined, his or her daily condition, the course within one examination period, and the stimulus location and luminance are of relevance. For a much more reliable prediction of individual RTs and thus a precise assessment of local kinetic thresholds, application of some additional kinetic stimuli (RT time vectors) within the intact visual field areas is necessary.
Effect of Renal Transplantation on Sexual Function

This investigation was conducted to determine whether renal transplantation can improve sexual function in male patients with chronic renal failure. The authors retrospectively studied 121 men undergoing renal transplantation who complained of any type or degree of sexual dysfunction pre-operatively. Sexual function was evaluated by questionnaire which included erectile, ejaculative, and orgasmic functions. Pre- and postoperative frequency of sexual intercourse was also recorded. Patient characteristics, laboratory data, and endocrinologic profiles were analyzed to identify factors that might influence sexual function. In patients with hormonal determinations, results essentially normalized after transplantation. However, only 43 patients (35.5%) reported improvement of overall sexual function after renal transplantation, while 34 (28.1%) reported worsening. Although frequency of sexual intercourse was unaffected by transplantation, 15 of 20 patients who had no intercourse before transplantation initiated intercourse afterward. These 15 patients all underwent transplantation before 40 years of age. Comparisons of variables by sexual function showed significant differences for type of immunosuppressive treatment, interval after renal transplantation, and serum concentration of hemoglobin A1c. It is concluded that renal transplantation cannot improve sexual function in allpatients, although hormonal profiles were largely normalized, and that renal transplantation should be encouraged at a younger age.
Developing Pre-Service Teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge With E-TPCK

The authors discuss the design of e-TPCK, a self-paced adaptive electronic learning environment that was integrated in a second-year educational technology course to engage pre-service teachers' in rich learning experiences in order to develop their technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) in a personalized way. The system deploys a technological solution that promotes teachers' ongoing TPCK development by engaging them in rich and valuable personalized learning experiences through the use of technology-infused design scenarios, while taking into account teachers' diverse needs, information processing constraints, and preferences. Results from an experimental research design study revealed statistically significant differences between the control group and the experimental group in favor of the experimental group, signifying that students in the experimental group who learned with e-TPCK outperformed the students in the control group in terms of developing TPCK competencies.
A study on analysis of the determinants of capital structure with special focus on automobile sector of India

The choices of capital structure have been the most important choices to be taken by the finance professionals in a corporate sector. Capital structure has fascinated intellectual attention in company finance literature in last few years. However, in the context of financial sector particularly in automobile sector, it has received a petite attention. This study scrutinises the effect of firm level individuality on capital structure of listed automobile companies of India from 2008 to 2014. Ordinary least square regression study indicates that risk, tangibility, size, liquidity and profitability are significant determinants of capital structure of automobile firms of India. In addition, the study also indicates that profitable, more liquid, more tangible and risky automobile firms focus on equity than debt financing or preserved earnings. Thus, the finance executives of automobile companies ought to put emphasis on financing of equity or preserved earnings for the operations of their firms.
Selection, optimization, and compensation in nursing: exploration of job-specific strategies, scale development, and age-specific associations to work ability.

AIMS (1) To explore 'successful ageing' strategies in terms of selection, optimization and compensation in nursing; (2) To develop a scale that measures these strategies in nursing; (3) To investigate the association between these strategies in nursing and work ability of nurses and the moderating effects of age on this relationship. BACKGROUND Studies indicate impaired work ability of older nurses. Research is needed to examine if 'successful ageing' strategies can promote the work ability especially in older nurses. DESIGN The investigation applied a mixed method design: Study (1) Semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore selection, optimization and compensation in nursing; (Study 2) A cross-sectional survey was used to test the association between selection, optimization and compensation in nursing and work ability. METHODS Data were collected in 2010 and 2011. Study 1: 17 nurses ≥45 years were interviewed; Study 2: 438 nurses (21-63 years) participated. A selection, optimization and compensation-in-nursing-scale was applied that was developed on the basis of study 1. Work ability was measured with the Work Ability Index (Dimension 1). RESULTS Study 1, the majority of reported ageing strategies were identified as selection, optimization and compensation in nursing. Study 2, selection, optimization, and compensation in nursing was positively related with work ability. The positive relationship was stronger for older nurses. CONCLUSION Selection, optimization and compensation in nursing contributes positively to work ability, particularly in older nurses. This finding is relevant for the development of measures that promote work ability of nurses over the course of their professional careers.
Use of Non Fossil Fuel Resources, Electricity, Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Pakistan

The ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag model) approach is used to study the effects of non fossil fuel resources, economic growth per capita, and use of electricity on carbon dioxide emanations in Pakistan from 1971 to 2014. The outcomes of OLS regression propose that use of non fossil fuel resources play an essential function in curbing carbon dioxide emanations because sign of coefficients is negative and significant, on the contrary the economic growth and electricity consumption increase carbon dioxide emanations in the environment. The findings of ARDL propose that all variables have no effect on the carbon dioxide emanations in the long-run. Nevertheless, the Granger Causality test suggests there is bidirectional causality between carbon dioxide emanations and economic growth per capita. Similarly, there is unidirectional causality between electricity utilization and carbon dioxide emissions. According to OLS regression findings, this study concluding that uses of non fossil fuel resources mitigate carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan very effectively and therefore government give preference to use of non fossil fuel resources.
Digestate from Biogas Plants is an Attractive Alternative to Mineral Fertilisation of Kohlrabi

This study examined the potential for the use of digestate from biogas plants for the fertilisation of kohlrabi. Kohlrabi was grown in two pot experiments in consecutive years using digestate, mineral fertiliser (urea) with a nitrogen (N) content equivalent to that in the digestate, mineral fertiliser with N, phosphate (P), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) contents equivalent to the digestate, and an unfertilised control. At harvest, the soil receiving the digestate application had higher P, K and Mg contents than the control and the urea treatment. The soil Nmin content was balanced in all fertilised treatments. Soil pH was unaffected by all treatments. Kohlrabi bulbs from the unfertilised control had the lowest weight, nitrate content and ascorbic acid content. Digestate and NPKMg fertiliser treatments increased bulb weight compared with the N-only urea treatment. Ascorbic acid content did not differ between fertilised treatments. There were no differences in bulb nitrate content between the mineral fertiliser treatments, but digestate application gave a low nitrate content. Bulb macroelement contents varied irregularly among treatments.
Factors associated with unjustified Cesarean section in four hospitals in Cali, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE To describe the factors associated with unjustified Cesarean section. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Four hospitals providing obstetric services, two that serve patients insured through their employer (contributive regimen) and two that serve privately insured patients, in Cali, Colombia. STUDY PARTICIPANTS Four hundred and sixteen patients with Cesarean section performed in 1996 because of previous Cesarean section, dystocia, acute fetal distress, breech presentation and maternal choice. Patients with toxemia, diabetes, hypertension and other related diseases were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Unjustified Cesarean section. RESULTS Of primary Cesarean sections 81.2% were unjustified. Dystocia was the indication given for unjustified surgeries in 78% of cases. Hospital No. 2 had the highest proportion of unjustified procedures compared to the other three institutions. Patients for whom the procedure had been decided before prelabor and on whom it was performed between 7:00 a.m. and 5:59 p.m. had higher proportions of unjustified procedures.
Failing Role Models and the Formation of Fear of Entrepreneurial Failure: A Study of Regional Peer Effects in German Regions

Entrepreneurial role models influence decisions to start firms. This effect is even stronger if peers and observers live in the same region. However, most studies remain silent about the role of entrepreneurial failure for the direction of role modeling. Failed role models can trigger a deterrence of entrepreneurship in others of the same region. We hypothesize that observing successful entrepreneurs reduces fear of failure, while observing business failure increases fear of failure. By using data on regional entries and exits, we find considerable support for our hypothesis and contribute to literature on regional entrepreneurship.
Free-Surface Time-Series Generation for Wave Energy Applications

Finite-length, numerical simulations of Gaussian seas are widely used in the wave energy sector. The most common method consists of adding up harmonic sinusoidal components, with random phases and deterministic amplitudes derived from the target wave spectrum [deterministic amplitude scheme (DAS)]. In another approach, the component amplitudes are chosen randomly with a variance depending on the spectrum [random amplitude scheme (RAS)]. It is now generally accepted that only the latter method reproduces the true statistical properties of a Gaussian sea. Compared to previous works, this study clarifies the exact nature of the “statistical properties” that should be represented in the simulation process. Further analysis is carried out to address unanswered questions highlighted in the existing literature, especially with respect to the statistical relationships between discrete successive simulation points, and the probability law governing the average power estimator of a wave energy converter (WEC) simulated with the generated wave time series. It is shown that RAS exactly reflects how the WEC performance, considered over a finite duration, varies with respect to its long-term average, whereas DAS has the advantage of providing accurate estimates of the long-term average values using fewer, or shorter, simulations; in particular, it is demonstrated that only one simulation is sufficient when the WEC model is linear. Furthermore, it is shown why alternative methods, based on nonharmonic superposition of sinusoids, are not recommended. The effects of the simulation method (RAS or DAS) upon the statistics of individual oscillations in the time domain are also explored experimentally. Finally, a table is provided that gives recommendations, depending on the objective of the simulations.