Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cross-Platform Emoji Interpretation: Analysis, a Solution, and Applications

Most social media platforms are largely based on text, and users often write posts to describe where they are, what they are seeing, and how they are feeling. Because written text lacks the emotional cues of spoken and face-to-face dialogue, ambiguities are common in written language. This problem is exacerbated in the short, informal nature of many social media posts. To bypass this issue, a suite of special characters called "emojis," which are small pictograms, are embedded within the text. Many emojis are small depictions of facial expressions designed to help disambiguate the emotional meaning of the text. However, a new ambiguity arises in the way that emojis are rendered. Every platform (Windows, Mac, and Android, to name a few) renders emojis according to their own style. In fact, it has been shown that some emojis can be rendered so differently that they look "happy" on some platforms, and "sad" on others. In this work, we use real-world data to verify the existence of this problem. We verify that the usage of the same emoji can be significantly different across platforms, with some emojis exhibiting different sentiment polarities on different platforms. We propose a solution to identify the intended emoji based on the platform-specific nature of the emoji used by the author of a social media post. We apply our solution to sentiment analysis, a task that can benefit from the emoji calibration technique we use in this work. We conduct experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of the mapping in this task.
Aurora A, centrosome structure, and the centrosome cycle

The centrosome, also known as the microtubule organizing center of the cell, is a membrane‐less organelle composed of a pair of barrel‐shaped centrioles surrounded by electron‐dense pericentriolar material. The centrosome progresses through the centrosome cycle in step with the cell cycle such that centrosomes are duplicated in time to serve as the spindle poles during mitosis and that each resultant daughter cell contains a single centrosome. Regulation of the centrosome cycle with relation to the cell cycle is an essential process to maintain the ratio of one centrosome per new daughter cell. Numerous mitosis‐specific kinases have been implicated in this regulation, and phosphorlyation plays an important role in coordinating the centrosome and cell cycles. Centrosome amplification can occur when the cycles are uncoupled, and this amplification is associated with cancer and with an increase in the levels of chromosomal instability. The aurora kinases A, B, and C are serine/threonine kinases that are active during mitosis. Aurora A is associated with centrosomes, being localized at the centrosome just prior to the onset of mitosis and for the duration of mitosis. Overexpression of aurora A leads to centrosome amplification and cellular transformation. The activity of aurora A is regulated by phosphorlyation and proteasomal degradation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. , 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three-year prognosis of Japanese patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with sirolimus-eluting stents

ObjectivesThe long-term prognosis of Japanese ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated with sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs) still remains unclear. We aimed to determine the 3-year outcomes of this population. Methods and resultsMajor adverse cardiac events (MACE) defined as all-cause death, reinfarction, and target vessel revascularization during 3 years, angiographic data, and events of stent thrombosis were compared between 95 consecutive STEMI patients treated with SESs and 94 treated with bare-metal stents (BMSs). Significant advantages were discerned in all follow-up angiographic data from the SES group. The rate of target vessel revascularization was significantly less in the SES group than in the BMS group (P = 0.006). There was no significant difference in the rates of mortality (P = 0.258) or reinfarction (P = 0.496). The Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that at a 3-year follow-up, MACE-free survival was significantly higher in the SES group than in the BMS group (log-rank P<0.001). Academic Research Consortium ‘definite’ or ‘probable’ stent thrombosis was observed in two patients (‘early’ and ‘very late’) in the SES group and no patient in the BMS group. We observed no significant difference in the event rates of stent thrombosis (2.1% SES group vs. 0% BMS group, P = 0.497). ConclusionIn Japanese STEMI patients, a 3-year follow-up showed that the routine use of SESs reduces the incidence of MACE without increasing the risk of stent thrombosis.
Payout Policy of European Companies

Despite Europe’s global importance, very little published research has examined payout policy on this continent. The rather scarce research which has been conducted in this field throughout European companies cover different countries, groups of companies and timeframes, which makes it very difficult to perform comparisons and formulate proper conclusions. The aim of this work is to analyze the payout policy of European companies with comparison to companies outside the European market. Research on the literature has been performed as well as own analyses. The most important tendencies of the European companies’ payout policy have been formulated. Companies in Europe have higher propensity to pay dividends than their counterparts outside Europe and increasing, yet still variable, payout values, both dividends and share repurchases. European companies transfer a substantially bigger part of their net profit to their shareholders than their counterparts from the other continents. An increment in the dividend payout ratio in Europe is clearly visible over the last couple of years. High dividend yields of European companies compensate low yields of governments and corporate bonds.
Focusing on surgery results in infertile patients with deep endometriosis

Abstract Infertility is a common problem in patients with endometriosis and the involved mechanisms are still not completely known. The management of infertility in endometriosis patients includes surgery as well as assisted reproductive technology. Laparoscopic surgery has shown better results in infertility patients with endometriosis in comparison to laparotomy procedures. Laparoscopic surgery has proposed benefits in both minimal to moderate diseases. However, while there may be some benefits with severe diseases, there is still not enough evidence to recommend laparoscopic surgery as the recommended surgery when the main goal is to obtain fertility. We performed a MEDLINE search for articles on fertility in women with deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) published between 1990 and April 2015 using the following keywords: “endometriosis”, “deep infiltrative endometriosis”, “infertility”, “fertility after surgery”, “laparoscopy surgery”, “laparotomy”, “pregnancy”, “fertility outcome”, “bladder endometriosis”, and “ureteral endometriosis”. The aim of this review was to analyze the results of available clinical studies (randomized controlled or not controlled studies; retrospective cohort studies; or case–control and prospective studies) and guidelines on surgical treatment of infertile endometriosis patients, and pregnancy outcomes after surgery. Chinese abstract 不孕症是子宫内膜异位症患者很常见的问题，其涉及到的机制并没有被完全了解。 子宫内膜异位中的不孕患者的治疗方法包括手术和辅助生殖技术。 在子宫内膜异位导致的不孕患者中，腹腔镜手术比开腹手术越来越显示出更好的结局。 腹腔镜手术在某些最小及中度疾病中有优势而被推荐。 虽然，腹腔镜手术在某些疾病的治疗中有优势，然而当主要目标是使患者获得生育时，依旧没有足够的证据使得腹腔镜作为推荐的标准治疗方式。 我们实施了一项文献检索，搜索了1990年-2015年4月间发表的以“子宫内膜异位症”“深浸润子宫内膜异位症”、“不孕症”、“手术后生育”、“腹腔镜手术”、“开腹手术”、“妊娠”、“生育结局”、“膀胱子宫内膜异位症”、“输尿管子宫内膜异位症”为关键词的与女性生育能力和深浸润子宫内膜异位的相关的文章。 这篇综述的目的是分析现有的临床研究的结果（随机对照研究和非随机情况下的对照研究；回归性队列研究；病例对照和前瞻性研究）、子宫内膜异位症所致不孕症的外科治疗的指南以及手术后的妊娠结局。
Explicit modeling of abiotic and landscape factors reveals precipitation and forests associated with aphid abundance.

Increases in natural or noncrop habitat surrounding agricultural fields have been shown to be correlated with declines in insect crop pests. However, these patterns are highly variable across studies suggesting other important factors, such as abiotic drivers, which are rarely included in landscape models, may also contribute to variability in insect population abundance. The objective of this study was to explicitly account for the contribution of temperature and precipitation, in addition to landscape composition, on the abundance of a widespread insect crop pest, the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura), in Wisconsin soybean fields. We hypothesized that higher soybean aphid abundance would be associated with higher heat accumulation (e.g., growing degree days) and increasing noncrop habitat in the surrounding landscape, due to the presence of the overwintering primary hosts of soybean aphid. To evaluate these hypotheses, we used an ecoinformatics approach that relied on a large dataset collected across Wisconsin over a 9-year period (2003-2011), for an average of 235 sites per year (n = 2,110 fields total). We determined surrounding landscape composition (1.5-km radius) using publicly available satellite-derived land cover imagery and interpolated daily temperature and precipitation information from the National Weather Service COOP weather station network. We constructed linear mixed models for soybean aphid abundance based on abiotic and landscape explanatory variables and applied model averaging for prediction using an information theoretic framework. Over this broad spatial and temporal extent in Wisconsin, we found that variation in growing season precipitation was positively related to soybean aphid abundance, while higher precipitation during the nongrowing season had a negative effect on aphid populations. Additionally, we found that aphid populations were higher in areas with proportionally more forest but were lower in areas where minor crops, such as small grains, were more prevalent. Thus, our findings support our hypothesis that including abiotic drivers increases our understanding of crop pest abundance and distribution. Moreover, by explicitly modeling abiotic factors, we may be able to explore how variable climate in tandem with land cover patterns may affect current and future insect populations, with potentially critical implications for crop yields and agricultural food webs.
Cloning and Characterization of ALX, an Adaptor Downstream of CD28*

T cell activation requires two signals: specific recognition of antigen through the T cell receptor (TCR) and a costimulatory signal provided primarily by CD28 in naïve T cells. We cloned a novel gene with considerable homology to RIBP/TSAd/Lad, an adaptor involved in T cell activation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter activation. Expression of this gene is limited to the spleen and thymus. We have named this gene ALX, adaptor in lymphocytes of unknown function X. Because the related adaptor RIBP is involved in IL-2 regulation, we investigated whether ALX had a similar function. ALX overexpression in Jurkat T cells results in inhibition of IL-2 promoter activation after stimulation with superantigen. The IL-2 promoter contains several binding sites for transcription factors including the composite element RE/AP, which is the primary site of CD28 transcriptional activation. ALX overexpression had the greatest effect on the activation of a RE/AP reporter as opposed to an AP-1 reporter. Interestingly, ALX overexpression strongly inhibited RE/AP activation in response to anti-CD28/phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation but had minimal effect when anti-TCR/PMA was used. Therefore, it appears that ALX may function downstream of CD28 costimulation during T cell activation. In addition, the mobility of ALX shifts upon TCR/CD28 costimulation to a greater extent than what is observed with either stimulus alone demonstrating that ALX is a target of both TCR and CD28 costimulatory signaling pathways.
Blunt traumatic aortic rupture: detection with helical CT of the chest.

PURPOSE To determine the effectiveness of helical computed tomography (CT) as a screening device to detect traumatic aortic rupture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Helical CT was used to examine 1,518 patients with nontrivial blunt trauma. Of these patients, 127 (8.37%) with abnormal CT scans of the mediastinum or aorta underwent thoracic aortography--89 patients solely for evaluation of mediastinal hematoma depicted at CT. Imaging abnormalities were correlated with surgical or clinical outcome. RESULTS Twenty-one aortic injuries were identified that ranged from subtle intimal flaps to complete aortic disruption. Helical CT was more sensitive than aortography (100% versus 94.4%, respectively) but less specific (81.7% versus 96.3%, respectively) in detection of aortic injuries in patients who underwent both examinations. The association between CT findings and outcome was phi = 0.62 (chi2 = 49.1, 1 df, P < .01) and between aortography and outcome was phi = 0.85 (chi2 = 92.2, 1 df, P < .001). The P value of the difference between the phi coefficients was . 10. CONCLUSION Helical CT of the chest is effective for screening critically injured patients with possible blunt thoracic aortic injuries.
Performance of the ASAS classification criteria for axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Objective To summarise the evidence on the performance of the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) (also imaging and clinical arm separately), peripheral (p)SpA and the entire set, when tested against the rheumatologist's diagnosis (‘reference standard’). Methods A systematic literature review was performed to identify eligible studies. Raw data on SpA diagnosis and classification were extracted or, if necessary, obtained from the authors of the selected publications. A meta-analysis was performed to obtain pooled estimates for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, by fitting random effects models. Results Nine papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria (N=5739 patients). The entire set of the ASAS SpA criteria yielded a high pooled sensitivity (73%) and specificity (88%). Similarly, good results were found for the axSpA criteria (sensitivity: 82%; specificity: 88%). Splitting the axSpA criteria in ‘imaging arm only’ and ‘clinical arm only’ resulted in much lower sensitivity (30% and 23% respectively), but very high specificity was retained (97% and 94% respectively). The pSpA criteria were less often tested than the axSpA criteria and showed a similarly high pooled specificity (87%) but lower sensitivity (63%). Conclusions Accumulated evidence from studies with more than 5500 patients confirms the good performance of the various ASAS SpA criteria as tested against the rheumatologist's diagnosis.
Concept Transfer Learning for Adaptive Language Understanding

Concept definition is important in language understanding (LU) adaptation since literal definition difference can easily lead to data sparsity even if different data sets are actually semantically correlated. To address this issue, in this paper, a novel concept transfer learning approach is proposed. Here, substructures within literal concept definition are investigated to reveal the relationship between concepts. A hierarchical semantic representation for concepts is proposed, where a semantic slot is represented as a composition of atomic concepts. Based on this new hierarchical representation, transfer learning approaches are developed for adaptive LU. The approaches are applied to two tasks: value set mismatch and domain adaptation, and evaluated on two LU benchmarks: ATIS and DSTC 2&3. Thorough empirical studies validate both the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method. In particular, we achieve state-of-the-art performance (F₁-score 96.08%) on ATIS by only using lexicon features.
REAL‐TIME MONITORING OF GADOLINIUM DIETHYLENETRIAMINE PENTA‐ACETIC ACID DURING OSMOTIC BLOOD‐BRAIN BARRIER DISRUPTION USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN NORMAL WISTAR RATS

OBJECTIVETreatment of malignant gliomas is hampered by several factors, one of which is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, innovative strategies to cross the BBB have been developed, such as the BBB disruption procedure. Although it has been studied extensively, details regarding the physiology of the procedure remain obscure. This study was undertaken to clarify these issues. METHODSForty Wistar rats were imaged with a 7T animal magnetic resonance imaging scanner in dynamic acquisitions during BBB disruption. Gadolinium diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) was injected to visualize and characterize the permeability of the BBB at different time points after disruption. The concentration of Gd-DTPA in the brain parenchyma was determined as a function of time after injection. RESULTSA typical pattern of signal change as a function of time was observed in the treated hemisphere of all animals. Initially, a slight signal decrease was observed in T1-weighted images followed by a strong increase corresponding to the injection of Gd-DTPA. Two different mechanisms seemed responsible for the distribution of Gd-DTPA within the parenchyma: 1) a direct diffuse increase in capillary permeability, and 2) a diffusion process in the interstitial compartment. Initial results showed that the barrier opens immediately after the procedure and for at least 30 minutes. CONCLUSIONThe methodology described in this article allows monitoring of the dynamics of the BBB disruption process and characterization of its physiology in vivo, and represents a marked advantage over postmortem static studies.
Mental and physical health status and alcohol and drug use following return from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan.

OBJECTIVES We examined (1) mental and physical health symptoms and functioning in US veterans within 1 year of returning from deployment, and (2) differences by gender, service component (Active, National Guard, other Reserve), service branch (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines), and deployment operation (Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom [OEF/OIF]). METHODS We surveyed a national sample of 596 OEF/OIF veterans, oversampling women to make up 50% of the total, and National Guard and Reserve components to each make up 25%. Weights were applied to account for stratification and nonresponse bias. RESULTS Mental health functioning was significantly worse compared with the general population; 13.9% screened positive for probable posttraumatic stress disorder, 39% for probable alcohol abuse, and 3% for probable drug abuse. Men reported more alcohol and drug use than did women, but there were no gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder or other mental health domains. OIF veterans reported more depression or functioning problems and alcohol and drug use than did OEF veterans. Army and Marine veterans reported worse mental and physical health than did Air Force or Navy veterans. CONCLUSIONS Continuing identification of veterans at risk for mental health and substance use problems is important for evidence-based interventions intended to increase resilience and enhance treatment.
Analgesic and Sedative Effects of Dezocine and Midazolam During Vitrectomy

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the analgesic and sedative effectiveness of dezocine and midazolam in vitrectomy. Methods: One hundred and sixty patients undergoing vitrectomy were randomized into four groups. The control group was given local anesthetic in retrobulbar nerve block only, while the other three groups received a single dose of 0.1 mg/kg dezocine or/and 0.05 mg/kg midazolam (groups D, M, DM), respectively, at 10 min before retrobulbar block. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded prior to local anesthesia (Tp), at the start of surgery (T0), 5, 15, 30 min during (T1–T3), and at the end of surgery (T4). Pain at T2 and T4 was assessed by Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Level of sedation at T2 was assessed using the Ramsay scale. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) events were recorded for 24 h. Results: Group DM showed a decrease in HR during T0–T4 compared to Tp (p < 0.001). The MAP of all groups decreased significantly at T0 compared to Tp (p < 0.05), but remained unchanged at T1–T4. At T2, all groups have lower pain level than control (p < 0.001), while group DM showed the lowest pain level. At T4, groups D and DM showed a lower pain level than control (p < 0.01). Groups M and DM showed a higher Ramsay score than group C (p < 0.01). Compared with control, group D had a higher PONV rate (p < 0.1). Groups M and DM showed a lower PONV rate than group D (p < 0.0001), and group M had a lower PONV rate than group C (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Combinatory use of dezocine and midazolam in addition to local anesthetic in retrobulbar nerve block can help relief pain and anxiety during vitrectomy and reduce PONV.
Structural features of 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate that determine inhibition of mammalian glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase.

We have investigated the structural features of 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (DDATHF) that determine the activity of this compound as an inhibitor of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT) purified from mouse L1210 cells. 5-Deazatetrahydrofolate was as good an inhibitor of GARFT as DDATHF, indicating that isosteric replacement of nitrogen by carbon at the 5-position of tetrahydrofolate is sufficient for inhibition of GARFT. 5,10-Dideazafolic acid, 5,8,10-trideazatetrahydrofolate, and 2-desamino-5,10-dideazatetrahydrofolate were poor inhibitors of GARFT, indicating that a reduced pyridopyrimidine ring, N-8, and the 2-amino group of DDATHF, respectively, play an important role in the binding of tetrahydrofolate analogues to this enzyme. DDATHF analogues in which the phenyl ring was replaced either by a cyclohexyl ring or by methylene groups retained activity as inhibitors. 5,10-Dideazatetrahydrohomofolate was about 6 times more potent as an inhibitor of GARFT than DDATHF, but 5,10-dideazatetrahydronorfolate had about one-fifth of the activity of DDATHF. An analogue of DDATHF in which the glutamic acid side chain was replaced by aspartic acid (which was not a substrate for polyglutamation and was only weakly cytotoxic) was equiactive with DDATHF as an inhibitor of purified GARFT. Surprisingly, 5,10-dideazatetrahydropteroic acid was about as active as DDATHF as an inhibitor of GARFT, an indication that the glutamic acid in the side chain of DDATHF does not play a role in this ligand-enzyme interaction. The polyglutamate derivatives of DDATHF bound up to 100 times tighter to GARFT than DDATHF itself; longer chain polyglutamates conformed to Goldstein's zone B behavior under experimental conditions and were projected to be in zone C, i.e., stoichiometric inhibition, in vivo. We conclude that the presence of carbon at the 5-position of tetrahydrofolate analogues is sufficient for inhibition of GARFT, that N-8 and the 2-amino group are involved in binding of DDATHF to GARFT, probably through hydrogen bonds, and that the structures of the phenyl ring and amino acid side chain of DDATHF analogues are not primary determinants of GARFT inhibition by monoglutamate forms of these compounds. We also conclude that polyglutamation plays a major role in the potent cytotoxicity of DDATHF.