Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of compensable disability patients who choose to litigate.

This study tested the hypothesis that personal characteristics, when profiled by performance on MMPI-2 scales related to attention-seeking behavior through somatization, would differ between compensable personal injury claimants who choose to go to litigation and those who choose not to litigate. The authors examined the MMPI-2 profiles and other file data, including type and severity of injury, on 96 patients who litigated and 46 who chose not to litigate. The profiles of the two groups differed significantly overall. The difference was accounted for by the litigating patients' significantly higher scores on the hypochondriasis (Hs), depression (D), and hysteria (Hy) scales. The Hs and Hy differences held up separately in claimants with physical injuries and in claimants whose injuries were psychological only. The differences also persisted after severity of injury was held constant. The profiles of the two groups did not differ in either defensiveness or exaggeration (i.e., on the validity scales L, F, and K). At least some of the differences in reported impairments between patients in general and personal injury claimants appear to be related to whether the patients choose to litigate, and the choice to litigate could be a function of personality-related, rather than situational, factors. A more definitive test of this hypothesis would require the availability of preinjury personality data.
Revisiting oligopolistic reaction: are decisions on foreign direct investment strategic complements?

Knickerbocker (1973) introduced the notion of oligopolistic reaction to explain why firms follow rivals into foreign markets. We develop a model that incorporates central features of Knickerbocker's story—oligopoly, uncertainty, and risk aversion—to establish the conditions required to generate follow-the-leader behavior. We find that rival foreign investment will make risk-neutral firms less inclined to move abroad once its rivals have done so. We show that Knickerbocker's prediction relies on risk aversion and derive an expression for the minimum amount of risk aversion needed to generate oligopolistic reaction.
Spatial Thinking or Thinking Geographically? On the Importance of Avoiding Maps without Meaning

It is widely accepted that to produce a map students need to be able to think spatially. This article does not question the importance of spatial thinking, but it argues that to produce a geographically sound map, that is a map that does not only show where things are, but that tries to answer a geographical question, it is also relevant to be able to think geographically. In its empirical part it shows that students who are half-way through their studies to become teachers often lack this ability which inevitably has repercussions for school geography.
A survey of UK medical schools' arrangements for early patient contact

Background: Many U.K. medical schools have patient contact in the first two years of the undergraduate course. Aim: To compare the purposes and organization of early patient contact in UK medical schools and to relate these arrangements to the schools' curricular objectives. Methods: A telephone survey of lead educators in UK medicals schools. Categories of contact were plotted against phases of the course to discern patterns of organisation. Results: The quantity of contact varies considerably (four to 65 days). There is a pattern, with learning objectives around the social context of health and illness preceding skills based work and integrated clinical knowledge for practice coming later. Schools fall into three categories: close adherence to the preclinical/clinical split, with limited early contact acting as an introduction to social aspects of health; provision of substantial patient contact to maximize the integration of knowledge and skills; and transitional, with limited clinical goals. General practice provides between one third and one half of early patient contact. Conclusions: Arrangements meet the objectives set by each school and reflect differing educational philosophies. Change is toward more early contact. There appears to be no national guidance which supports a minimum quantity of patient contact or specific educational purpose in the early years of U.K. basic medical training.
Feeding and digestion in low salinity in an osmoconforming crab, Cancer gracilis I. Cardiovascular and respiratory responses

SUMMARY The osmoregulatory physiology of decapod crustaceans has received extensive attention. Within this field there is a growing body of literature on cardiovascular and respiratory responses to low salinity. Most species exhibit a tachycardia coupled with an increase in ventilation rate and oxygen uptake. However, these previous experiments were conducted on animals that were starved prior to experimentation in order to avoid increases in metabolism associated with digestive processes. Because organisms are not necessarily starved prior to experiencing environmental perturbations, results from previous experiments may not represent natural physiological responses. The present study investigated how an osmoconforming decapod, the graceful crab Cancer gracilis, balanced the demands of physiological systems (prioritization or additivity of events) during feeding and digestion in a low salinity environment. Cancer gracilis exhibited a typical increase in oxygen uptake and less pronounced increases in cardiovascular variables (heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output) during feeding in 100% seawater. In 3-day starved crabs, exposure to 65% seawater resulted in a pronounced bradycardia, with a concomitant decrease in cardiac output and haemolymph flow rates and a temporary decrease in oxygen uptake. When crabs were exposed to low salinity, 3 h and 24 h after food ingestion, heart rate increased slightly and cardiac output and ventilation rates remained stable. Although oxygen uptake decreased transiently, feeding levels were quickly regained. During a recovery phase in 100%SW there was an overshoot in parameters, suggesting repayment of an oxygen debt. Thus, it appears that feeding and digestion are prioritized in this species, allowing it to survive acute exposure to hyposaline water. Furthermore, the results show that the nutritional state of an animal is important in modulating its physiological responses to environmental perturbations. This underscores the importance of studying physiological responses at the whole organism level under conditions closely approximating those of the natural environment.
Cholesterol Primer for Health Professionals

As research continues in the field of coronary artery disease, more information is revealed about various etiological factors. Emerging lipoprotein risk factors have been identified and are now starting to surface as instrumental in the cause and prevention of coronary artery disease. In order to conduct comprehensive cholesterol screening programs and counseling sessions a health professional must have a thorough understanding of lipid metabolism. Recent changes in cholesterol guidelines make it necessary to have a review that addresses the specifics of lipid management. A health professional needs an appropriate knowledge base to be able to understand a major coronary artery disease risk factor and thereby more effectively educate the public about lipid management and coronary artery disease risk reduction. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review the role of cholesterol in both normal physiological functioning and disease causation and to examine the research concerning new emerging cholesterol risk factors.
Osteoblasts Express Types I and II Activin Receptors During Early Intramembranous and Endochondral Bone Formation

Increasing evidence suggests a potential role for activin in bone formation. However, the cognate receptors through which activins function with respect to skeletal tissues have not yet been identified. Identification and regulation of expression of these receptors are necessary prerequisites to understanding the role of activins in bone metabolism. We detected mRNAs for three activin receptors, type I (ActRI), type II (ActRII), and type IIB (ActRIIB), in multiple skeletal tissues in rat, including tibia and costochondral growth plate, and also in cultured osteoblasts. To gain information about the relationship between receptor expression and different skeletal cell functions, we evaluated expression of the three receptors in a semiquantitative manner during the early stages of fracture healing, a model for rapid bone formation. Relatively high levels of ActRI and ActRII expression were detected in the callus at 7, 10, and 14 days after fracture, times that correlate with the interval of rapid intramembranous bone formation and the initiation of endochondral bone formation. Expression of the ActRIIB in the fracture callus was strikingly lower than either ActRI or ActRII. Immunostaining of the fracture callus and the newborn rat femur with an anti‐ActRII antibody localized the receptor to osteoblasts at regions of membranous and endochondral bone formation. No staining of osteoblasts in fracture callus or bone was seen with an anti‐ActRIIB antibody. These results provide strong evidence of the identification of the principal receptors through which activins could function in the skeletal system and further shed light on activin's mechanism of action in bone formation.
WHERE STARS FORM: INSIDE-OUT GROWTH AND COHERENT STAR FORMATION FROM HST Hα MAPS OF 3200 GALAXIES ACROSS THE MAIN SEQUENCE AT 0.7 < z < 1.5

We present Hα maps at 1 kpc spatial resolution for star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1, made possible by the Wide Field Camera 3 grism on Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Employing this capability over all five 3D-HST/CANDELS fields provides a sample of 3200 galaxies enabling a division into subsamples based on stellar mass and star formation rate (SFR). By creating deep stacked Hα images, we reach surface brightness limits of 1 × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2, allowing us to map the distribution of ionized gas to ∼10 kpc for typical L* galaxies at this epoch. We find that the spatial extent of the Hα distribution increases with stellar mass as kpc. The Hα emission is more extended than the stellar continuum emission, consistent with inside-out assembly of galactic disks. This effect grows stronger with mass as . We map the Hα distribution as a function of SFR(IR+UV) and find evidence for “coherent star formation” across the SFR–M* plane: above the main sequence (MS), Hα is enhanced at all radii; below the MS, Hα is depressed at all radii. This suggests that at all masses the physical processes driving the enhancement or suppression of star formation act throughout the disks of galaxies. At high masses ( ), above the MS, Hα is particularly enhanced in the center, potentially building bulges and/or supermassive black holes. Below the MS, a strong central dip in the EW(Hα), as well as the inferred specific SFR, appears. Importantly, though, across the entirety of the SFR–M* plane, the absolute SFR as traced by Hα is always centrally peaked, even in galaxies below the MS.
Peripheral oxygen transport and utilization in rats following continued selective breeding for endurance running capacity.

Untrained rats selectively bred for either high (HCR) or low (LCR) treadmill running capacity previously demonstrated divergent physiological traits as early as the seventh generation (G7). We asked whether continued selective breeding to generation 15 (G15) would further increase the divergence in skeletal muscle capillarity, morphometry, and oxidative capacity seen previously at G7. At G15, mean body weight was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the HCR rats (n = 11; 194 +/- 3 g) than in LCR (n = 12; 259 +/- 9 g) while relative medial gastrocnemius muscle mass was not different (0.23 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.01% total body weight). Normoxic (Fi(O(2)) = 0.21) Vo(2max) was 50% greater (P < 0.001) in HCR despite the lower absolute muscle mass, and skeletal muscle O(2) conductance (measured in hypoxia; Fi(O(2)) = 0.10) was 49% higher in HCR (P < 0.001). Muscle oxidative enzyme activities were significantly higher in HCR (citrate synthase: 16.4 +/- 0.4 vs. 14.0 +/- 0.6; beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase: 5.2 +/- 0.2 vs. 4.2 +/- 0.2 mmol.kg(-1). min(-1)). HCR rats had approximately 36% more total muscle fibers and also 36% more capillaries in the medial gastrocnemius. Because average muscle fiber area was 35% smaller, capillary density was 36% higher in HCR, but capillary-to-fiber ratio was the same. Compared with G7, G15 HCR animals showed 38% greater total fiber number with an additional 25% decrease in mean fiber area. These data suggest that many of the skeletal muscle structural and functional adaptations enabling greater O(2) utilization in HCR at G7 continue to progress following additional selective breeding for endurance capacity. However, the largest changes at G15 relate to O(2) delivery to skeletal muscle and not to the capacity of skeletal muscle to use O(2).
Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling.

A framework for hypothesis testing and power analysis in the assessment of fit of covariance structure models is presented. We emphasize the value of confidence intervals for fit indices, and we stress the relationship of confidence intervals to a framework for hypothesis testing. The approach allows for testing null hypotheses of not-good fit, reversing the role of the null hypothesis in conventional tests of model fit, so that a significant result provides strong support for good fit. The approach also allows for direct estimation of power, where effect size is defined in terms of a null and alternative value of the root-mean-square error of approximation fit index proposed by J. H. Steiger and J. M. Lind (1980). It is also feasible to determine minimum sample size required to achieve a given level of power for any test of fit in this framework. Computer programs and examples are provided for power analyses and calculation of minimum sample sizes.
Chemical properties of different peat-moorsh soils from the Biebrza River Valley

The relationship between soil structure and the ability of soil to stabilize soils organic matter is a key element in soil C dynamics. In this investigation the chemical properties were determined for three different peat-moorsh soils - Czarna Wieś, Otoczne and Kwatera 17 located in the Biebrza River Valley in Poland. Each considered soil, utilised as meadow, was sampled at two depths. The measured concentrations of total organic carbon in the considered soils ranged from 37.19% to 45.58%. Generally, a decrease of total organic carbon concentration with the depth of profiles was observed. The contents of dissolved organic carbon in the soils ranged from 5.34 to 19.39%. The quantities of dissolved organic carbon decreased simultaneously with E4/E6 values with the increasing depth of the soil profiles.
To discover or to create: metaphors and the true self.

Three studies examined how endorsement of self-discovery and self-creation metaphors influences belief in the true self and its use as meaning source. It was hypothesized that discovery metaphors contribute to belief in the true self and bolster the relationship between true self-knowledge and meaning. Study 1 supported the hypothesis that discovery is positively associated with belief in the true self among a sample of college students (N = 311). Studies 2 and 3 extended the analysis by showing that the discovery metaphor also facilitates perceptions of meaning and the use of the true self specifically as a source of meaning in a second sample of college students (N = 75) as well as an adult sample of university employees (N = 173). Implications for understanding what enables the true self to infuse life with meaning, as well as an individual differences approach to metaphoric cognition, are discussed.
Multiband Directional Neighbor Discovery in Self-Organized mmWave Ad Hoc Networks

A 60-GHz radio is an attractive technology in wireless home networks because it can provide high data rate up to a few gigabits per second. A 60-GHz network generally uses directional antennas and has a problem of neighbor discovery (ND), although it has an advantage of high data transmissions. In particular, if a directional antenna is used in self-organized wireless ad hoc networks, the ND time and energy consumption can be significantly increased. To solve this problem, we propose a multiband directional ND (MDND) scheme, in which management procedures are carried out by using the 2.4-GHz band with the omnidirectional antennas, whereas data transmissions are performed by using the 60-GHz band with directional antennas. Analytical models on the ND time and energy consumption are also derived by considering assisted and beamforming periods in the ND procedure through the omnidirectional and directional antennas. Performance evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms comparative schemes that use only directional beamforming in terms of the average ND time and energy consumption.
In the Eye of the Beholder: An Analysis of the Relative Value of a Top Sales Rep Across Firms and Products

We ask the question, "when should the most highly skilled salespeople sell the best products? " Our main result is that the highly skilled reps should sell better products when the task is very complex and worse products when the task is very simple. This is shown using a general analytical model of selling in which sales are a joint function of the salesperson's skill and the complexity of the selling task. Complexity varies across products and industries. Intuitively, when the selling task is complex, few salespeople ofany level of ability will be successful with a low-quality product. Therefore, the high-skill rep's value is higher on the better product. Conversely, when the task is simple, salespeople ofany ability can sell the better product fairly easily so the high-skill rep's impact is more pronounced on the worse product. This general result offers insight into many key problems: Which salespeople should we hire? How should we organize our salespeople? How should we allocate training funds? We show that the insights hold for salespeople that eithercreate value or simplypersuade the customer about the product's value. Finally, we contrast this set of questions with the question ofhow many salespeople the firm should hire. We find that the firm that has the biggest sales force does not always have the best.
Development and validation of a distal radius finite element model to simulate impact loading indicative of a forward fall

The purpose of this work was to develop and validate a finite element model of the distal radius to simulate impact loading. Eight-node hexahedral meshes of the bone and impactor components were created. Three separate impact events were simulated by altering the impact velocity assigned to the model projectile (pre-fracture, crack and fracture). Impact forces and maximum and minimum principal strains were calculated and used in the validation process by comparing with previously collected experimental data. Three measures of mesh quality (Jacobians, aspect ratios and orthogonality) and four validation methods (validation metric, error assessment, fracture comparisons and ensemble averages) assessed the model. The element Jacobians, aspect ratios and orthogonality measures ranged from 0.08 to 12, 1.1 to 26 and −70° to 80°, respectively. The force and strain validation metric ranged from 0.10 to 0.54 and 0.35 to 0.67, respectively. The estimated peak axial force was found to be a maximum of 28.5% greater than the experimental (crack) force, and all forces fell within ±2 standard deviation of the mean experimental fracture forces. The predicted strains were found to differ by a mean of 33% across all impact events, and the model was found to accurately predict the location and severity of bone damage. Overall, the model presented here is a valid representation of the distal radius subjected to impact.
Biochemical studies on the effect of flaxseed and corn oils on cell membrane phospholipids in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and solid tumor in mice

Tumor growth is a process associated with an enhanced rate of membrane phospholipids de novo turnover and assembly. Erythrocytes are the initial objectives for circulating drugs. In addition, erythrocyte membrane structural compounds are similar to those in many cell types of the organism. In malignant cells, the ultra structural architecture of the cell membrane is altered, partially as a result of changes in the quantities of membrane components present. We aimed to study the effect of flaxseed and corn oils on erythrocyte membrane components in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and solid carcinoma in mice. Sixty four healthy albino female mice weighting 20- 25 g were divided into 8 groups; corn oil, flaxseed oil, EAC, solid tumor, EAC treated with corn oil, EAC treated with flaxseed oil, solid tumor treated with corn oil and solid tumor treated with flaxseed oil. Results showed that liver functions, α-fetoprotein, erythrocyte membrane lipid profile and phospholipid fractions were improved in EAC and solid tumor groups treated with corn and flaxseed oils compared to untreated groups, which may be due to improvement of membrane components especially phospholipids, these results were confirmed by histopathological examination. We concluded that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) had a good effect in the treatment of EAC and solid tumor.
Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Properties of Cytochrome c551 from Alcaligenes xylosoxidans GIFU 1051

Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterizations of cytochrome c551 from a denitrifying bacterium, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans GIFU 1051, have been performed. The spectral data indicate that the oxidized and reduced proteins have a six-coordinate low-spin heme. The fast electron-transfer process from cytochrome c551 to cognate Cu-containing nitrite reductase was electrochemically observed.
Tutor Roles in Facilitating Reflection on Practice Through Online Discussion

This paper is concerned with teaching and learning in a blended e-learning course that supports students in reflecting on and transforming their practice. In this paper we focus on two key aspects of the online learning environment: (i) the selection of the topic of discussion (the discussion question) by the tutor and how this influences the quality of the discussion; (ii) the interventions of the tutor within the online discussion. The aim is to understand why some online discussions ‘take off’’ in terms of numbers of postings and quality of engagement whilst others are less successful. Our findings show that the nature of the question impacts on discussion outcomes and that it is therefore important for tutors to pose a range of different types of questions to students in line with learning objectives. If the tutor structures discussion and chooses questions carefully there may be less need to intervene to stimulate discussion or keep it on track than is sometimes assumed. This shifts the role of the tutor somewhat toward more preparatory and plenary work with less tutor participation required to support the development of discussion skills amongst students, particularly during later stages of the course.
Análisis de las competencias básicas en tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) del profesorado de educación primaria: un plan de formación

En Mexico, a partir de 2004 se implementa el proyecto Enciclomedia consistente en equipar con ordenador y pizarra interactiva las aulas de quinto y sexto grados de Educacion Primaria. Los resultados no han sido los esperados dado que la problematica se situa en el uso que el profesorado hace de estos equipos. En este trabajo se realiza un diagnostico de las competencias basicas en TIC que posee el profesorado de Educacion Primaria del municipio de Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico de acuerdo a una matriz de estandares de competencia basada en las propuestas de organismos nacionales e internacionales. Posteriormente se establecen sus necesidades de formacion y se propone un plan de formacion que pretende solventarlas.