Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sources of Financing and Innovative and Investment Activity of Small Enterprises

The necessity of using of innovative sources for investment supply by small enterprises in the course of their business activities is substantiated, classic and innovative sources of financing of innovation and investment activity of small entrepreneurship are differentiated. Directions of overcoming the limitation of investment financing are described; these are - use of venture assets in different forms and organization of their support by the government and the interested non- governmental bodies. The possibility of venture sources of investment financing use is shown- these are mezzanine financing, crowd funding and syndicate financing. It is substantiated that financing of project investment at small entrepreneurship has cross- point and complex characteristics that enables to overcome restrictions of small entrepreneurship on assets which it can always have.
Raw conditional probabilities are a flawed index of associative strength: evidence from a multi-trait paradigm

Skowronski and Welbourne (1997) argue that raw conditional probabilities may be a flawed index of associative strength in reca ll, and may need to be corrected for chance before they can be safely interpreted. Three experiments examined this idea in the context of an experimental paradigm used by Hamilton, Driscoll and Worth (1989). Participants in this paradigm were asked to read items describing a social target. The items each pertained to one of several different trait concepts, or were irrelevant to those concepts. Participants later recalled the items. The data supported Skowronski and Welbourne's conjecture. The raw conditional probabilities differed substantially from the chanceadjusted probabilities. The data from a second dependent measure, inter-item generation times, matched the pattern of adjusted conditional probabilities. In addition to their methodological implications, these results contradict the Complete Association Model of person representation proposed by Hamilton et al. Finally, these data raise the possibility that traditional associative models of person memory, which were based on raw conditional probabilities (e.g. Srull & Wyer, 1989), are flawed.
Store Choice Behaviour in a Developing Economy: an Empirical Evidence on Household Consumer Durables

India is an evolving retail destination. Correspondingly the behaviour of the consumer is making new strides as the consumer's metastasis in behaviour brings newer challenges for the retail outlets. The customer has a store choice to make even before he decides on which brand to buy. This study is an attempt to identify, the various dimensions that would drive a consumer to select a store. The study is confined to selected consumer durables as a product category. With focus on the consumer's perception of store selection, 702 respondents were taken into account to arrive at certain store attributes that might be of interest to the large consumer durable industry and the retailers selling these product. Pre-testing followed the result analysis using exploratory factor analysis. The result proposes certain finding relevant for further inquiry on the part of the researchers.
Vaccinia virus B1 kinase: phenotypic analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants and enzymatic characterization of recombinant proteins

The vaccinia virus B1 gene encodes a 34-kDa protein with homology to protein kinases. In L cells infected nonpermissively with mutants containing lesions in the B1 gene (ts2 and ts25), the infectious cycle arrests prior to DNA replication. In this report, we demonstrate that DNA synthesis ceases when cultures infected with these mutants at 32 degrees C are shifted to the nonpermissive temperature (39.5 degrees C) in the midst of DNA replication. We also show that B1 protein is synthesized transiently during the early phase of infection, even when the progression to later stages of gene expression is prevented. Although wild-type (wt) B1 is stable, the ts B1 proteins are markedly labile in both L and BSC40 cells at both permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. These results suggest that the ts phenotype of the mutants is complex and may in part reflect a temperature-dependent requirement for kinase activity, an induction of temperature sensitivity in B1 substrates under nonpermissive conditions, and/or ts complementation by host factors. To facilitate biochemical analyses, recombinant wt B1, ts2 B1, and ts25 B1 were produced in Escherichia coli. The wt protein was able to phosphorylate serine and threonine residues on several exogenous substrates in vitro. The activity of ts25 B1 was 3% that of the wt enzyme, and no detectable kinase activity was associated with ts2 B1. In light of the inactivity of the ts2 B1 protein in vitro and its extreme lability in vivo, we attempted to isolate a vaccinia virus B1 null mutant by targeted interruption of the B1 gene at 32 degrees C. No null mutants were isolated. These results indicate that the B1 protein kinase provides a vital function which cannot be supplied by the host or circumvented by incubation at 32 degrees C.
Review on the Literature of Mergers on Innovation

Both M&A and innovation are instruments for growth and competitive advantage. Therefore they are fundamental to each firm's competitive strategy. Usually, both instruments have been studied separately, but much less in conjunction. This is unfortunate as both processes - the process of innovation and the process of mergers and acquisitions - are intimately connected. The impact of mergers on innovation can only be rigorously assessed, if the converse direction of influence - mergers caused by innovation - is accounted for. Therefore this review tries to take a balanced view on both processes and to point out links between them. Nevertheless, the focus is on the impact of mergers on innovation.
Quantifying physical activity in physical education via pedometry: a further analysis of steps/min guidelines.

BACKGROUND The validity of common pedometer steps/min guidelines for 1st-12th grade physical education physical activity (PA) recommendations (ie, 33% and 50% PA) was investigated. METHODS Data sets from previous research, where physical education PA was quantified via pedometry, were combined. Participants (1st-12th grade, N = 1152) with concurrent steps/min and observed %PA scores were included. Data were analyzed using correlation, regression, and receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) statistics. Alpha was set at . 05. RESULTS Overall, by gender and school level group (ie, 1st-6th, 7th-12th) PA outcome measures were strongly correlated and significant (r = .85-.92). Steps/min₂, lesson time₃, stature₄, and BMI₅ were significant predictors (r₁₂.₃₄₅=.91) of %PA₁. Steps/min accounted for 85.4% of the variance for %PA; however, the other predictors only accounted for an additional 0.5%. ROC analyses indicated that steps/min was an excellent discriminator (AUC ≥ .90) of %PA guideline achievement. Steps/min values of 60.6 and 82.2 were the most accurate cut points overall for the 33% and 50% PA guidelines, respectively. Steps/min cut points for gender and school level demonstrated agreement with the overall steps/min cut points. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the contention that common steps/min guidelines can be applied in the surveillance of physical education PA.
A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up.

CONTEXT Few prospective longitudinal studies have examined the relationship between abuse or neglect in childhood and depression in adulthood. OBJECTIVE To determine whether abused and neglected children were at elevated risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) and psychiatric comorbidity, compared with matched control subjects, when followed up into young adulthood. DESIGN Prospective cohort design study. SETTING Midwestern metropolitan county area. PARTICIPANTS Children with substantiated cases of physical and sexual abuse and neglect (before the age of 11 years) from January 1, 1967, to December 31, 1971 (n = 676) were matched based on age, race, sex, and approximate family social class with a group of non-abused and non-neglected children (n = 520) and followed up into young adulthood (mean age, 28.7 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Between October 20, 1989, and December 22, 1995, 2-hour in-person interviews were conducted, using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version III Revised, to determine DSM-III-R MDD and other psychiatric diagnoses. RESULTS Child abuse and neglect were associated with an increased risk for current MDD (odds ratio [OR], 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-2.14; P< or=.05) in young adulthood. Children who were physically abused (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.00-2.52; P< or =.05) or experienced multiple types of abuse (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.01-3.02; P< or =.05) were at increased risk of lifetime MDD, whereas neglect increased risk for current MDD (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.10-2.29; P<.01). Childhood sexual abuse was not associated with elevated risk of MDD. Kaplan-Meier age-of-onset curves (log-rank statistic, 4.03; df = 1; P=.04) showed earlier onset of MDD for abused and neglected children compared with controls. Among those with MDD, comorbidity was higher for abused and neglected individuals than for controls. CONCLUSION These results support the need for clinicians to increase efforts to detect and treat depression in physically abused and neglected children.
Development of an Improved Technique for the Perfusion of the Isolated Caudal Lobe of Sheep Liver

The study was designed to develop an improved technique for perfusing the isolated caudal lobe of sheep liver. Twenty caudal lobes were perfused for 3‐4 h, in a non‐recirculating mode, with Krebs‐Henseleit bicarbonate buffer. The perfusion system was designed to give a constant flow. The hepatic viability and functional normality of the perfused lobe were assessed by measuring the perfusion flow rate, pH, K+ efflux, O2 uptake, substrate uptake, gluconeogenesis from propionate and amino acids, and ureagenesis from ammonia and amino acids. Liver tissue was sampled for histological examination, as well as for the determination of liver glycogen and wet: dry weight ratio. The perfusion flow rate and pH were both stable throughout the perfusion. The potassium concentration in the effluent perfusate did not increase during the perfusion, suggesting that there was no loss of viability or hypoxia. The perfused lobe extracted more than 50% of the O2 supply. The rate of oxygen consumption was comparable to the rate reported in vivo. The initial glycogen content was reduced by about 40% after 4 h perfusion. The wet: dry weight ratio was 3.6, consistent with the absence of tissue oedema. Urea production was stimulated when NH4Cl (0.3 mM) was added to the medium but there was no significant increase in urea release when alanine (0.15 mM), glutamine (0.2 mM) or lysine (0.2 mM) was added. Urea production, however, increased by about 171% when a physiological mixture of amino acids was added. Propionate (0.5 mM), alanine and glutamine stimulated glucose production but not lysine or the complete amino acid mixture. Glutamine release was lower than that reported in the rat liver. Changing the direction of flow also revealed an apparent difference between livers from sheep and rats in their metabolism of ammonia. The improved technique offers a simple practical and inexpensive approach to many problems in ruminant physiology and nutritional biochemistry.
Decrypting Bitcoin Prices and Adoption Rates using Google Search

In this paper, I analyze Bitcoin price formation and adoption rates at a global and national level. In determining Bitcoin prices, I consider contemporaneous and lagged values of traditional determinants of currencies, such as inflation and industrial production, and digital currency specific factors, primarily public interest. Using monthly time-series data across five years (2011 – 2016), I find that global public interest in Bitcoin, measured by Google searches for the keyword ‘Bitcoin,’ has a positive and significant impact on Bitcoin prices. I extend the analysis to a country level by employing a proxy for adoption rates, represented by the number of local Bitcoin client downloads, which is a useful predictor of prices. I examine pooled data across 12 countries to show that searches for ‘Bitcoin’ can be used to predict adoption rates and, consequently, prices. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first academic article to study Bitcoin usage at a national level. I find that contemporaneous values of traditionally used macroeconomic determinants of currency prices, except inflation, do not have a significant impact on Bitcoin prices.
On induced subgraphs of a block

If G is a block, then a vertex u of G is called critical if G - u is not a block. In this article, relationships between the localization of critical vertices and the localization of vertices of relatively small degrees (especially, of degree two) are studied. A block is called semicritical if a) each edge is incident with at least one critical vertex and b) each vertex of degree two is critical. Let G be a semicritical block with at least six vertices. It is proved that A) there exist distinct vertices u2, v1, u2, and v2 of degree two in G such that u1v1 and u2v2 are edges of G, and u1v2, and u2v2 are edges of the complement of G, and B) the complement of G is a block with no critical vertex of degree two.
Visual impairment and nursing home placement in older Australians: the Blue Mountains Eye Study

Purpose To assess whether visual impairment at baseline is an independent contributor to subsequent nursing home placement during a 6-year follow-up. Methods 3654 non-institutionalised people aged 49+ years (82.4% of those eligible) who participated in baseline examinations of the Blue Mountains Eye Study (1992–94) were followed during 1997–99. Presenting visual acuity was measured with current glasses and a standardised refraction performed. We defined visual impairment as visual acuity reduced to =20/40. Permanent nursing home admissions during follow-up were confirmed by the regional Aged Care Assessment Team and government subsidy payment records. Results At baseline, 511 participants had presenting visual impairment. After refraction, vision improved to 20/30 or better in 346 persons (68%, “correctable”), while 165 (32%) remained visually impaired. During follow-up, 162 study participants (5.0%) were admitted permanently to a nursing home. The age-adjusted 6-year incidence was 3.6% for participants with normal vision, 16.2% for those with visual impairment after best correction and 8.1% for those with “correctable” visual impairment. After adjusting for non-cognitive factors that predicted nursing home placement, the relative risk (RR) for nursing home admission among persons with visual impairment after best correction was 1.8 (95% CI 1.1–2.9). A similar magnitude of association was found among persons with “correctable” visual impairment (RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4–3.1). For each line of reduction in presenting visual acuity at baseline, there was a 7% increased risk of subsequent nursing home placement. Conclusions This study suggests that decreased vision may be a marker or contributing factor to subsequent nursing home placement in general older populations.
Computed tomography manifestations of histologic subtypes of retroperitoneal liposarcoma.

OBJECTIVE Liposarcoma (LPS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma and accounts for approximately 20% of all mesenchymal malignancies, often occurring in deep soft tissue of retroperitoneal space. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is therefore necessary. We explored whether computed tomography (CT) could be used to differentiate between the various types of retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RPLS). METHOD Forty-seven cases of RPLS, diagnosed surgically and histologically, were analyzed retrospectively. CT features were correlated with postoperative pathological appearance. RESULTS The study radiologist identified 29, 11, 2, 2 and 3 RPLS as atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma (ALT/WDL), dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDL), myxoid/round cell liposarcoma (ML/RCL), pleomorphic liposarcoma (PL) and mixed-type liposarcoma. Analysis of CT scans revealed the following typical findings of the different subtypes of RPLS: ALT/WDL was mainly visible as a well-delineated fatty hypodense tumor with uniform density and integrity margin; DDL was marked by the combination of focal nodular density and hypervascularity. ML/RCL, PL and mixed liposarcoma showed malignant biological behaviour and CT findings need further studies. CONCLUSIONS CT scanning can reveal important details including internal components, margins and surrounding tissues. Based on CT findings, tumor type can be roughly evaluated and biopsy location and therapeutic scheme guided.
Regression of human cirrhosis.

T article by Wanless et al1 is an attempt to offer an explanation to the problem of regression of cirrhosis. Their hypothesis is based on the evolution of a single case of hepatitis B disease that appears to have regressed. The authors compare this case with the findings observed in 52 livers obtained following transplantation. The issue of regression of fibrosis or cirrhosis has been a subject of controversy for a long time. To my knowledge, the parameters described forming the ‘‘hepatic repair complex’’ do not constitute any set of accepted criteria suggestive or characteristic of anything known as ‘‘regressing cirrhosis. ’’ Statements are made by Wanless and colleagues that within the same liver, mixtures of morphologic parameters consistent with the diagnosis of complete or incomplete septal cirrhosis are observed. This is not surprising and is common knowledge among experienced morphologists who have studied a number of cases of cirrhosis large enough, irrespective of its type. These changes are most likely seen whenever necrosis and regeneration have taken place simultaneously or within a short period of time. They do not, however, constitute criteria of reversibility. The possibility that micronodular cirrhosis on biopsy converts to macronodular at autopsy is doubtful and in my view is most likely the result of sampling.
Scaling properties of rainfall and desert dust in the Canary Islands

Abstract. Precipitation and desert dust event occurrence time series measured in the Canary Islands region are examined with the primary intention of exploring their scaling characteristics as well as their spatial variability in terms of the island's topography and geographical orientation. In particular, the desert dust intrusion regime in the islands is studied in terms of its relationship with visibility. Analysis of dust and rainfall events over the archipelago exhibits distributions in time that obey power laws. Results show that the rain process presents a high clustering and irregular pattern on short timescales and a more scattered structure for long ones. In contrast, dustiness presents a more uniform and dense structure and, consequently, a more persistent behaviour on short timescales. It was observed that the fractal dimension of rainfall events shows an important spatial variability, which increases with altitude, as well as towards northern latitudes and western longitudes.
Aqueous humor outflow: what do we know? Where will it lead us?

The second annual ARVO/Pfizer Ophthalmic Research Institute conference was held Friday and Saturday, April 28 and 29, 2006, at the Fort Lauderdale Grande Hotel and Yacht Club, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The conference, funded by The ARVO Foundation for Eye Research through a grant from Pfizer Ophthalmics, provided an opportunity to gather experts from within and outside ophthalmology to develop strategies to improve research and clinical care in areas of ophthalmology related to preventable vision loss and blindness. This year’s conference focused on aqueous humor outflow. A working group of 31 researchers on aqueous outflow, 8 scientists working on interests other than aqueous humor outflow but with expertise in areas relevant to the field, and 11 observers from ARVO, Pfizer, and clinical and basic ophthalmic research convened on April 28, 2006, to evaluate the current understanding of the aqueous humor outflow pathway. The goals were to compare similarities between ocular aqueous humor outflow and fluid flow in other tissues of the body, to critique conventional ideas, to identify the most important scientific questions, and to discuss strategies to answer these questions. The meeting format emphasized discussion and concentrated on questions within four general areas of outflow research: Session I: Conventional Outflow: Cell Function in the Aqueous Humor Outflow Pathway Session II: Conventional Outflow: Role of the Extracellular Matrix Session III: Uveoscleral Outflow: The Other Pathway Session IV: Normal Versus Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG): What Is the Cause of Elevated Pressure? Each session began with a 10-minute overview by an outflow researcher followed by a 30-minute talk by one of the outside experts. Parallels between their fields of expertise and the eye were included in these talks. Invited outside experts covered several areas of research, including vascular endothelial cell biology (Peter Davies, PhD, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia), matricellular proteins (Paul Bornstein, MD, University of Washington, Seattle), renal and lymphatic biology (Donatscho Kerjaschki, MD, University of Vienna, Austria, and David Zawiega, PhD, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas), oxidative damage mechanisms (James Mitchell, PhD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland), advanced glycation end-products and aging (Alan Stitt, PhD, Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland), cell adhesion (Benjamin Geiger, PhD, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel), and cellular tight junctions (Eveline Schneeberger, MD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts). The remainder of each session was used to discuss questions pertinent to the main topic and provided an opportunity for attendees to voice their opinions and work together to define questions that are still unanswered. The lively discussions were successful in defining old and new ideas that are essential to a better understanding of aqueous humor outflow. This conference summary highlights the ideas discussed and introduces areas that need further exploration.
HNK-1 Glyco-epitope Regulates the Stability of the Glutamate Receptor Subunit GluR2 on the Neuronal Cell Surface*

HNK-1 (human natural killer-1) glyco-epitope, a sulfated glucuronic acid attached to N-acetyllactosamine on the nonreducing termini of glycans, is highly expressed in the nervous system. Our previous report showed that mice lacking a glucuronyltransferase (GlcAT-P), a key enzyme for biosynthesis of the HNK-1 epitope, showed reduced long term potentiation at hippocampal CA1 synapses. In this study, we identified an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole propionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor subunit, GluR2, which directly contributes to excitatory synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity, as a novel HNK-1 carrier molecule. We demonstrated that the HNK-1 epitope is specifically expressed on the N-linked glycan(s) on GluR2 among the glutamate receptors tested, and the glycan structure, including HNK-1 on GluR2, was determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. As for the function of HNK-1 on GluR2, we found that the GluR2 not carrying HNK-1 was dramatically endocytosed and expressed less on the cell surface compared with GluR2 carrying HNK-1 in both cultured hippocampal neurons and heterologous cells. These results suggest that HNK-1 stabilizes GluR2 on neuronal surface membranes and regulates the number of surface AMPA receptors. Moreover, we showed that the expression of the HNK-1 epitope enhanced the interaction between GluR2 and N-cadherin, which has important roles in AMPA receptor trafficking. Our findings suggest that the HNK-1 epitope on GluR2 regulates cell surface stability of GluR2 by modulating the interaction with N-cadherin.