Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Welfare states do not crowd out the family: evidence for mixed responsibility from comparative analyses

This paper discusses the informal and formal provision of help and support to older people from a comparative welfare state perspective, with particular reference to the relationships between inter-generational family help and welfare state support. While the ‘substitution’ hypothesis states that the generous provision of welfare state services in support of older people ‘crowds out’ family help, the ‘encouragement’ hypothesis predicts a stimulation of family help, and the ‘mixed responsibility’ hypothesis predicts a combination of family and formal help and support. The paper reports findings from the Old Age and Autonomy: The Role of Service Systems and Inter-generational Family Solidarity (OASIS) research project. This created a unique age-stratified sample of 6,106 people aged 25–102 years from the urban populations of Norway, England, Germany, Spain and Israel. The analyses show that the total quantity of help received by older people is greater in welfare states with a strong infrastructure of formal services. Moreover, when measures of the social structure, support preferences and familial opportunity structures were controlled, no evidence of a substantial ‘crowding out’ of family help was found. The results support the hypothesis of ‘mixed responsibility’, and suggest that in societies with well-developed service infrastructures, help from families and welfare state services act accumulatively, but that in familistic welfare regimes, similar combinations do not occur.
The relationship of teachers' confirming behaviour towards students' communication apprehension in Malaysian private secondary schools / Muhammad Khairulsyahmi Khamis and Noorjamaatulurul Rashdi

Teacher confirmation research has suggested that a teacher’s confirming behaviours can reduce students’ apprehension towards communicating and participating in the classroom. However, more emphasis has been given to the use of observation to measure teacher confirmation when compared to the receivers’ perceptions. The core objective of this study was to determine the relationship between teacher confirmation and communication apprehension. Four separate lessons were conducted by a total of four English language teachers, where a total of 100 Form 4 students were used as samples of the study. After the lesson, students completed a set of questionnaires, which consists of the Teacher Confirmation Scale (TCS) and Classroom Apprehension Participation Scale (CAPS), on the level of students’ apprehension in participating in classroom discussion and the frequency of a teacher exhibiting confirming behaviours in the classroom. Collectively, the results indicated a “Somewhat Confirming” level of teacher confirmation and a medium level of communication apprehension among students in the classroom. The findings also indicated a strong negative correlation between teacher confirmation and communication apprehension, which means that when the teacher confirmation level as perceived by the students is high, the communication apprehension among students will be low and vice versa. Teacher confirmation appears to be a salient behaviour to promote students’ communication and participation in the classroom.
Biochemical partitioning of photosynthetically fixed carbon by benthic diatoms during short-term incubations at different irradiances

The partitioning of photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) into different fractions of intra- cellular and extracellular C pools by an axenic culture of Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) and a field sample of natural benthic diatoms was studied using short-term incubation with 14 C at differ- ent irradiances. Hence, excretion was directly dependent on the level of irradiance. During the incu- bations, a comparable amount of about 70 and 75% of the fixed C, respectively, was excreted by the culture and the field sample. This excreted C was distinguished in 2 operational fractions of attached (closely bound to the cells) and colloidal (soluble) material. In the field sample, the percentage of excreted C decreased at irradiances higher than 300 µmol photons m -2 s -1 , but it was constant for the culture over the whole range of different irradiances applied. The percentage of extracellular poly- meric substances (EPS) in the attached and colloidal material, as obtained by ethanol precipitation, was constant over the range of the provided irradiances for both samples. Subsamples of natural ben- thic diatoms were treated with an antibiotic cocktail in order to exclude bacterial activity which resulted in unexpected higher values of incorporated C in the fractions of total C, intracellular C, colloidal C and EPS.
Consistency, continuity and creativity: long-term studies of population dynamics on Tiritiri Matangi Island

One of the quandaries faced by ecological researchers is whether they should continue to invest in ongoing projects or whether they should shift their attention to new species or systems that may have received less attention. While research on Tiritiri Matangi has touched on a wide range of species and topics, the long-term projects on the reintroduced robin population (20 years) and hihi population (17 years) have accounted for the bulk of the published research, with 57 papers featuring these populations published to the end of 2009. This literature has made contributions to several disciplines (wildlife management, population ecology, behavioural ecology, conservation genetics, ornithology and wildlife disease) at both the local and international level. However, most of these published papers use less than 5 years of data, so most of the results made possible from the long-term data sets have yet to be published. We illustrate how long-term monitoring has allowed us to continually improve our understanding of the dynamics of these populations, and how this has allowed us to interpret and predict the effects of management. This management includes the 1993 poison drop, follow-up translocations to both populations, food provisioning and mite control for hihi, and most importantly, the ongoing harvesting of both populations for reintroduction to other locations. We are now able to detect complex and subtle processes that required many years of data, and present information on the number of years required to obtain various results. These results are now allowing us to develop long-term models integrating factors such as density-dependent regulation, demographic and environmental stochasticity. These models are not only relevant to the long-term viability and management of Tiritiri Matangi populations, but to small populations worldwide.
11 power-saving mode for mobile computing in Wi-Fi hotspots : Limitations , enhancements and open issues

Nowadays Wi-Fi is the most mature technology for wireless-Internet access. Despite the large (and ever increasing) diffusion of Wi-Fi hotspots, energy limitations of mobile devices are still an issue. To deal with this, the standard 802.11 includes a Power-Saving Mode (PSM), but not much attention has been devoted by the research community to understand its performance in depth. We think that this paper contributes to fill the gap. We focus on a typical WiFi hotspot scenario, and assess the dependence of the PSM behavior on several key parameters such as the packet loss probability, the Round Trip Time, the number of users within the hotspot. We show that during traffic bursts PSM is able to save up to 90% of the energy spent when no energy management is used, and introduces a limited additional delay. Unfortunately, in the case of long inactivity periods between bursts, PSM is not the optimal solution for energy management. We thus propose a very simple Cross-Layer Energy This work has been carried out while A. Passarella was with the Department of Information Engineering of the University of Pisa. G. Anastasi Pervasive Computing & Networking Laboratory (PerLab), Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2 56122 Pisa, Italy e-mail: g.anastasi@iet.unipi. it M. Conti · E. Gregori · A. Passarella ( ) Pervasive Computing & Networking Laboratory (PerLab), CNR IIT Institute, Via G. Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy e-mail: andrea.passarella@iit.cnr. it M. Conti e-mail: marco.conti@iit.cnr. it E. Gregori e-mail: enrico.gregori@iit.cnr. it Manager (XEM) that dynamically tunes its energy-saving strategy depending on the application behavior and key network parameters. XEM does not require any modification to the applications or to the 802.11 standard, and can thus be easily integrated in current Wi-Fi devices. Depending on the network traffic pattern, XEM reduces the energy consumption of an additional 20–96% with respect to the standard PSM.
EVALUATION OF HYCOM AS A TOOL FOR OCEAN CURRENT ENERGY ASSESSMENT

This paper provides a global ocean circulation model based world-wide assessment of two flow characteristics and presents a direct comparison between model based predictions and in situ measurements in two regions. Four years (20092012) of HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM)-generated data were used to estimate the average kinetic energy flux and flow direction variability in eight regions with time-averaged power density of at least 500 W/m2. A direct comparison was then made between model calculated flow statistics those calculated from Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler data in both South Africa and the Southeast United States. Included analysis and discussion is intended to provide model predictions of the ocean current resource and assess the accuracy that can be expected when this model is used for making these predictions. This paper focuses on model predicted kinetic energy flux, flow speeds, and current direction variability, as these are important to the development and installation of OCT devices.
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the Stock Market Development in Sweden

Previous research has found a significant relationship between FDI inflow and the domestic stock market development. However, the research mainly examines emerging economies that might benefit from foreign capital to a higher extent than a developed country. The purpose of this paper is to study if FDI as a determinant of the stock market development in Sweden. To measure the relationship, OMX Affärsvärlden General Index (AFGX) is used as proxy for stock market development and net FDI inflow is used as proxy for FDI. A time series regression analysis is conducted to examine the role of FDI on the stock market development and various macroeconomic control variables is also included in the model. Data used are the Swedish quarterly data observed between 1982 and 2017. The result suggests no strong contemporaneous relationship between FDIs and the stock market development, while the FDI during the previous quarter significantly and negatively affect the stock market implying that FDI might be considered as a short-term substitute to the stock market. The results are robust with respect to several checks. This thesis discusses the implication of these results.
How much does a single graduation cohort from further education colleges contribute to an open regional economy?

ABSTRACT How much does a single graduation cohort from further education colleges contribute to an open regional economy? Spatial Economic Analysis. This paper combines elements of growth accounting and numerical general equilibrium analysis to produce an alternative micro-to-macro modelling approach. This is used to evaluate the macroeconomic impact on the Scottish economy of the human capital generated by a single graduation cohort from further education colleges. The macroeconomic impact is found to be significant and larger than growth accounting would suggest due to the associated endogenous investment, employment and competitiveness effects. From a policy perspective this identifies the importance of the conventional teaching role of education institutions and the key function played by further education colleges in this process.
An Electron Microscopy Study into Vps 1 and the role of its F-actin Binding Regions within Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a conserved process utilised by metazoans and fungi for the internalisation of cell surface receptors into vesicles upon ligand binding. This is a vital process by which cells are able to communicate with other cells and there external environment. Transmission electron microscopy of endocytic sites in F-actin binding mutants of S. cerevisiae suggest an absolute requirement for Vps1p to bind F-actin in order to generate directional propagation of an invaginations against the internal osmotic pressure of the cell. Structural observations of endocytic pits by electron tomography revealed a dynamin-like structure indicative of a mode of scission analogous to that carried out by dynamin-1. Following this observation similarity searches were conducted between dynamin-1 and Vps1p revealing conservation of primary and secondary structure between the two proteins within the GTPase domain, middle domain and GTPase effector domain. Supported by recent findings the observations recorded here favour a model of scission that incorporates Vps1p in a manner that is comparable with its mammalian homologue, dynamin-1. “The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author's prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. ”
Effects of plain packaging on decision-making and reward for nicotine cigarettes

License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Limited. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress. com/permissions.php Neuroscience and Neuroeconomics 2014:3 63–73 Neuroscience and Neuroeconomics
Combustion in a heavy-duty direct-injection engine using hydrogen—methane blend fuels

Abstract Adding hydrogen to the fuel in a direct injection natural gas engine offers the potential significantly to reduce local and global air pollutant emissions. This work reports on the effects of fuelling a heavy-duty engine with late-cycle direct injection of blended hydrogen—methane fuels and diesel pilot ignition over a range of engine operating conditions. The effect of hydrogen on the combustion event varies with operating condition, providing insight into the fundamental factors limiting the combustion process. Combustion stability is enhanced at all conditions studied; this leads directly to a significant reduction in emissions of combustion byproducts, including carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and unburned fuel. Carbon dioxide emissions are also significantly reduced by the lower carbon—energy ratio of the fuel. The results suggest that this technique can significantly reduce both local and global pollutant emissions associated with heavy-duty transport applications while requiring minimal changes to the fuelling system.
Penguin: Design of a Screen Score Interactive System

In this paper, we present Penguin, a system for live scoring, and Studio I, a piece composed for the system and an accordion. The system is shaped in two modules, one that generates a musical stream in real-time and the other that manages a live scoring process. Penguin is designed to be used in interactive performances alongside traditional instruments. Studio I is a piece for Penguin and accordion. The interaction design of the system and the piece were fine- tuned involving the instrumentalist. We provide a general description of Penguin and present the design process that led to the development of the interactive performance. The design process led two main contributions. Firstly, we identify and frame a new performer role that mixes performing and conducting elements. Secondly, we discuss how the design process of the system affected the ownership of the aesthetic of music.
EPR evidence of antiferromagnetic ordering in single‐layer graphene

We report electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) evidence of the antiferromagnetic ordering in pristine single‐layer graphene. Temperature dependences of the parameters of EPR spectra obtained for vacuum‐processed samples were studied within the temperature range of 4.2–300 K. Our experiment has confirmed recent theoretical predictions that in single‐layer graphene the carrier‐mediated exchange interaction leads to antiferromagnetic coupling. We note some quantitative discrepancies between the theory and experimental findings and discuss their origins. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Palaeoecological evidence of changes in vegetation and climate during the Holocene in the pre‐Polar Urals, northeast European Russia

This study investigated Holocene tree‐line history and climatic change in the pre‐Polar Urals, northeast European Russia. A sediment core from Mezhgornoe Lake situated at the present‐day alpine tree‐line was studied for pollen, plant macrofossils, Cladocera and diatoms. A peat section from Vangyr Mire in the nearby mixed mountain taiga zone was analysed for pollen. The results suggest that the study area experienced a climatic optimum in the early Holocene and that summer temperatures were at least 2°C warmer than today. Tree birch immigrated to the Mezhgornoe Lake area at the onset of the Holocene. Mixed spruce forests followed at ca. 9500–9000 14C yr BP. Climate was moist and the water level of Mezhgornoe Lake rose rapidly. The hypsithermal phase lasted until ca. 5500–4500 14C yr BP, after which the mixed forest withdrew from the Mezhgornoe catchment as a result of the climate cooling. The gradual altitudinal downward shift of vegetation zones resulted in the present situation, with larch forming the tree‐line. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE IMPACT OF MINERAL ACCUMULATION, ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF RADISH AND LETTUCE

In 2007, a study of the heavy accumulation of minerals in radishes and lettuce, using a randomized complete block of the form of split-plot design, was commenced in three different areas of south of Tehran and was repeated in three phases. The study considered three main factors including plots of land in the SALEHABAD district, DEHKHEIR village and TALEBABAD village, and two sub-factors including irrigation methods such as well water and sewage. Radish roots were found with high amounts of elements such as Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn) near wastewater irrigation areas in TALEBABAD district, whereas areas near SALEHABAD’s sewer system had the lowest uptake levels, thus resulting in different sizes of shoots. Also the size of roots and shoots varied substantially by areas using sewer water, as there were differing accumulations of Ni and Pb, as well as Iron (Fe). It seems that radish leaves were able to control the transfer of Ni and Pb, but tend to guard against the transfer and accumulation of Fe. Thus, to prevent radish leaves absorbing high levels of Pb and Ni from roots, it is recommended not to use irrigation wastewater for radishes. Generally accumulated heavy transfers of minerals in radishes show that the control mechanisms of radishes have been very weak, and have often proven the weakest component of crops studied in the prevention of transmission of the root elements to the leaves, making it near impossible to use radish roots and shoots if wastewater irrigation has been used. All lettuce plants prevent transferring heavy accumulations of minerals in the soil and roots to their leaves, but this control mechanism does not include Ni, and Mn, thus large quantities of these elements were found, have been taken from the root to the leaves. The area near SALEHABAD’s sewer system showed the highest concentration of Mn and other heavy elements among 10 regions, including the TALEBABAD. Mineral transfer control mechanisms were so severe that concentration of such minerals to lettuce leaves was much less than that accumulated in radish leaf. The study found among all the plants and vegetables grown for human use, lettuce plant has some of the best preventive measures against mineral accumulation in shoots.
Millimeter-wave survey of molecular clouds around the W5-East triggered star-forming region

Aims. We examined the physical properties of molecular clouds (morphology, column density, number density, mass) to investigate the mechanism of triggered star formation by UV radiation from a massive star. Methods. We made extensive, high-resolution maps of molecular clouds associated and interacting with the W5-East H ii region using the 45-m telescope at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory (HPBW = 15. �� 6) in 13 CO (J = 1−0) and C 18 O( J = 1−0) to reveal details in the high-density regions of the molecular clouds. In addition, to investigate the spatial distributions of young stellar objects (YSOs) in the W5-East H ii region, we mapped the spatial distributions of Class I and II candidates. Results. We identified eight 13 CO molecular clouds (three of them are known bright-rimmed clouds) and nine C 18 Oc lumps. The
Tam south Ask us too ! Doing participatory research with disabled children in the global

This article considers how disabled children and young people living in the global south can be included actively in research that explores their lives. While acknowledging the complex, theoretical dilemmas in the overlapping arenas of childhood, disability and international development, the focus here is on methodology. Many researchers argue that children in diverse contexts can be active participants in research and this is increasingly occurring globally. However, this trend towards consulting children themselves is rarely extended to those with disabilities. Arguably, they are accidentally forgotten, assumed to have nothing to say or perceived to be methodologically difficult to include. Thus, disabled children and young people’s perspectives are overlooked, particularly in the global south. We describe two participatory research projects with disabled children and young people in India and Sri Lanka, and focus particularly on practical issues that arose including recruitment, information and consent processes and data collection methods. We argue that considering these issues and making the necessary adaptations to enable children with a variety of impairments to participate meaningfully contributes to enacting both the relevant United Nations conventions, the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the 2006 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Advocating their participation without making appropriate provisions is potentially tokenistic and unethical. It is necessary and possible to include them both in ‘mainstream’ childfocussed research, and specific disability-orientated projects. Involving disabled children in research has dual purposes: inclusion of their perspectives alongside those of other children and highlighting their disability-specific views where relevant. What they say may be surprising to some and challenge assumptions about them. Importantly, this will contribute to reducing their marginalisation from mainstream society.