Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Absorption properties along the 70-m isobath in the southeastern Bering Sea during July 2008

The spectral absorption coefficients of particulate matter are important parameters in bio-optical models and to understand the behavior of underwater light field. Particulate (a<sub>P</sub>(? )), phytoplankton (a<sub>PHY</sub>(? )) and non-algal particles (NAP) (a<sub>NAP</sub>(? )) absorption were measured along the 70-m isobath in the southeastern Bering Sea. The surface distribution of a<sub>P</sub>(? ), a<sub>PHY</sub>(? ) and a<sub>NAP</sub>(? ) at 443 nm did not reveal any distinct trends, but over the entire water column the northern part showed higher particulate absorption relative to the southern part of the 70-m isobath. The a<sub>P</sub>(? ) at 443 nm was higher at middle depths due to chlorophyll maxima relative to surface samples. The normalized a<sub>PHY</sub>(? ) spectra were variable within stations as well as between stations with variability larger in the blue region compared to the red region of the spectrum which suggested change in phytoplankton species or pigment composition or package effect. The generally higher values of the blue to red peak ratios of normalized a<sub>PHY</sub>(? ) (> 2) indicated that smaller phytoplankton cells dominated in surface waters relative to middle depths. The spectral slope of a<sub>NAP</sub>(? ) did not portray any trend with a<sub>NAP</sub>(? ), so parameterization of a<sub>NAP</sub>(? ) is possible along the 70-m isobath by using the mean value of spectral slopes. High correlation (R<sup>2</sup> =3D 0.81) found between a<sub>P</sub>(? ) and a<sub>PHY</sub>(? ) at 443 nm, indicated that a<sub>PHY</sub>(? ) dominated changes in a<sub>P</sub>(? ). The a<sub>NAP</sub>(? ) also correlated well with a<sub>P</sub>(? ) at 443 nm (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.64) though not as good as a<sub>PHY</sub>(? ), so a<sub>NAP</sub>(? ) also drives changes in a<sub>P</sub>(? ) to a certain extent. The relative contribution of a<sub>PHY</sub>(? ) to a<sub>P</sub>(? ) was greater at 667 nm (35-97%) then at 443 nm (18-88%), however for some samples the contribution of a<sub>NAP</sub>(? ) was almost equal to a<sub>PHY</sub>(? ) corresponding to low chlorophyll biomass samples.
Non-Profits and Price-Fixing: The Case of the Ivy League

A number of private colleges and universities have chosen not to compete for students by offering merit-based financial aid. In addition, until 1990 many of these schools jointly calculated a student's financial need. I theoretically and empirically analyze the effects of different financial aid policies on prices paid by students and tuition revenues earned by schools. I model university decision-makers as choosing prices for needy and non-needy students and the quality of the school to maximize a utility function subject to a non-profit constraint. While schools are altruistic in the sense that they derive utility by admitting (qualified) needy students, utility increases with a reduction in price competition for these students. The effect of jointly determining the price charged to needy students is to increase tuition and the average price paid by students receiving aid, while the effect on average tuition revenue earned per student is ambiguous. Using data from the Department of Education and from Peterson's Guides, I find that the adoption of a need-only policy significantly increases the price paid by non-needy students (tuition). The evidence also suggests that students who would qualify for merit-based aid pay higher prices at need-only schools. In addition, a need-only policy substantially increases earnings from tuition; schools that adopt a need-only policy earn an additional $1,400 per student annually. Explicitly coordinating on financial aid awards achieves broadly the same effects as does tacit collusion.
Morphological heterogeneity of the GABAergic network in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the brain's circadian pacemaker

GABA (gamma‐amino‐butyric acid) is the predominant neurotransmitter in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), with a central role in circadian time‐keeping. We therefore undertook an ultrastructural analysis of the GABA‐containing innervation in the SCN of mice and rats using immunoperoxidase and immunogold procedures. GABA‐immunoreactive (GABA‐ir) neurons were identified by use of anti‐GABA and anti‐GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) antisera. The relationship between GABA‐ir elements and the most prominent peptidergic neurons in the SCN, containing vasopressin‐neurophysin (VP‐NP) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), was also studied. Within any given field in the SCN, approximately 40–70% of the neuronal profiles were GABA‐ir. In GABA‐ir somata, immunogold particles were prominent over mitochondria, sparse over cytoplasm, and scattered as aggregates over nucleoplasm. In axonal boutons, gold particles were concentrated over electron‐lucent synaptic vesicles (diameter 40–60 nm) and mitochondria, and in some instances over dense‐cored vesicles (DCVs, diameter 90–110 nm). GABA‐ir boutons formed either symmetric or asymmetric synaptic contacts with somata, dendritic shafts and spines, and occasionally with other terminals (axo‐axonic). Homologous or autaptic connections (GABA on GABA, or GAD on GAD) were common. Although GABA appeared to predominate in most neuronal profiles, colocalisation of GABA within neurons that were predominantly neuropeptide‐containing was also evident. About 66% of the VIP‐containing boutons and 32% of the vasopressinergic boutons contained GABA. The dense and complex GABAergic network that pervades the SCN is therefore comprised of multiple neuronal phenotypes containing GABA, including a wide variety of axonal boutons that impinge on heterologous and homologous postsynaptic sites.
Quantitative evidence in the evaluation of ADR: the case of judicial mediation in UK Employment Tribunals

Existing evidence on the effectiveness of mediation and other forms of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) suggests high settlement rates and enhanced levels of satisfaction. Faced with pressures on the UK Employment Tribunal (ET) system from increased case volumes and complexity, policymakers have turned to ADR as a policy tool that can potentially ease the strain. However, studies that provide robust evidence of a statistically significant effect or ‘value added’ from ADR are scarce. In this paper, we consider evidence from a quantitative evaluation of judicial mediation in the UK ET system, piloted for discrimination cases. The findings suggest that judicial mediation is particularly favoured by employers, and controlling for a range of factors, including jurisdiction, we find that women are significantly more likely to take up the offer of mediation; as are employers who do not have representation in the early stages of the process. However, the main finding from the evaluation using propensity score matching is that no statistically significant effect can be identified when comparing the outcomes from matched mediated and unmediated case samples. The focus of discussion is on why this result occurs and the implications for the wider debates on ADR; specifically we consider the need for variety in the types of ADR used, in situations where the primary aim is to cope with increased case volumes and complexity.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI‐1) Activity is Elevated in Asian and Caucasian Subjects with Non‐insulin‐dependent (Type 2) Diabetes but not in Those with Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) or Non‐diabetic Asians

In order to study the plasminogen activator inhibitor activity (PAI‐1) in subjects at different risk of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes and ischaemic heart disease we examined 89 subjects with diet controlled NIDDM (49 Caucasian, 40 Asian), 29 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (13 Caucasian, 16 Asian), and 149 with normal glucose tolerance (67 Caucasian, 82 Asian). Diabetes was diagnosed by WHO criteria and highly specific, monoclonal antibody‐based assays were used to measure insulin, intact proinsulin, and des 31,32 proinsulin. Subjects with NIDDM were significantly more obese, had more central distribution of obesity, higher fasting plasma specific insulin concentrations (NIDDM median 74 pmol l−1 vs IGT 41 pmol l−1, p < 0.01 and vs normals 34 pmol l−1, p < 0.001) and higher PAI‐1 activity than normals and those with IGT (NIDDM 23.0 ± 6.9 vs IGT 16.8 ± 5.0, p < 0.001 and vs normals 17.1 ± 6.9 AU ml−1, p < 0.001). However, PAI‐1 activity was not significantly different between Asian and Caucasian normals (17.5 ± 7.3 vs 16.5 ± 6.4 AU ml−1, p = ns) and diabetic (22.8 ± 7.3 vs 23.1 ± 6.6 AU ml−1, p = ns) subjects. In addition to relationships with obesity and plasma triglyceride, PAI‐1 activity, after controlling for age, sex, body mass index, and waist–hip ratio, was related to fasting insulin (partial r = 0.22, p < 0.001), intact proinsulin (partial r = 0.36, p < 0.001), and des 31,32 proinsulin concentrations (partial r = 0.33, p < 0.001) as measured by highly specific assays. The association of PAI‐1 with diabetes was weakened but remained statistically significant (p = 0.042) after controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, obesity, plasma triglyceride, and all insulin‐like molecules. We conclude that, although PAI‐1 activity is raised in subjects with diet‐treated NIDDM, it is normal in subjects with IGT and non‐diabetic Asians, populations at high risk of NIDDM and ischaemic heart disease. Raised PAI‐1 activity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of macrovascular disease in subjects with NIDDM, but is unlikely to explain excess risk of ischaemic heart disease in Asians and those with impaired glucose tolerance.
The Influence of Target Setting on Employees’ Investment Behavior

In this study we examine how target ratcheting affects employees’ tradeoff between short-term output and long-term investments. We hypothesize that while using past performance information in setting new targets (i.e. target ratcheting) decreases individuals’ short-term output, it increases investments in future productivity improvements by mitigating the negative consequences of the horizon problem. We test our prediction in a multi-period experiment, where we manipulate in a nested between subjects design the target setting procedure and within subjects the individuals’ time horizon. The results support our hypotheses that as individuals’ time horizon decreases the exogenously determined target groups lower their investment and put more attention to the short-term output task, while participants in the target ratcheting condition keep their initial strategy and invest relatively more in future productivity improvements. Therefore, this study provides a plausible explanation for the widespread use of an alleged dysfunctional practice, i.e., target ratcheting.
Dividend policy choice: do earnings or investment opportunities matter?

The aim of this paper is to analyse the influence of a company's level of earnings and growth opportunities in determining the dividend policy choice of Malaysian-listed firms. The analysis is based on a sample of 136 firms listed on the Bursa Malaysia Index over a period of six years, from 1990 to 1996. The evidence suggests that the payers are more profitable than non-payers. Likewise, investment opportunity, which is measured by (∂At /At-1) and (Vt /At), differed for both payers and non-payers. The regression estimates from Logit model suggest that the average coefficient for EATA is a significant determinant for firm's dividend policy choice in Malaysia. This is consistent with the supposition that profitable firms are more likely to pay dividends than less profitable firms. Although investment opportunities, the firm's size and leverage were not found to be statistically significant, they provided some explanation for the dividend policy choice.
Implementing value chain analysis to investigate drivers and sustainability of Cape Town's informal economy of wild-harvested traditional medicine

Despite a highly visible presence, policy-maker knowledge of the drivers and participants in the informal economy of wild-harvested medicinal plants in Cape Town remains limited. To illuminate the workings of this local cultural business activity, the researchers adopted value chain analysis (VCA) for dissecting harvesting, trading and consumer demand in the trade. The study included qualitative, open-ended interviews with 58 traditional healers and a quantitative consumer study of 235 township households. Cape Town's traditional healers are numerous and potentially more uniquely culturally diverse than elsewhere, serving various community health needs. Healer groups enhance their healing reputation by utilising wild-sourced medicines – much of which is harvested locally. Their services remain culturally important and utilised by at least 50% of all consumer respondents. The VCA revealed a universal healer and consumer requirement for wild medicine stocks which has considerable implications for policy-making, protected area management and traditional medicine-oriented conservation projects.
Board Leadership and Strategy Involvement in Small Firms: A Team Production Approach

Research Question/Issue: Boards' involvement in strategy is generally seen to be an indicator of board effectiveness, but less is known about the relationship between board leadership and strategy involvement, especially in small firms. This study analyzes board leadership from a team production perspective as an antecedent to board strategy involvement in small firms. Research Findings/Insights: Using survey data from 140 small firms in Norway collected in two different time periods, we demonstrate that leadership behaviors and processes have a greater impact on boards' strategy involvement than structural leadership characteristics alone. Theoretical/Academic Implications: The study provides empirical support for a team production perspective on boards. Our data show that (1) board members' knowledge, board development, and board chairperson leadership efficacy positively influence boards' strategy involvement, and (2) chairperson leadership efficacy enhances boards' strategy involvement under structural conditions of combined CEO/chairperson leadership and changes in board composition. These findings expand the traditional understanding of structural leadership conditions. Practitioner/Policy Implications: The study offers insights to small business owners and managers on how to improve the strategy involvement of boards. For policy makers, the study has implications for the content of codes of good governance practice relevant to small firms, specifically in relation to board development initiatives and board evaluations.
Simultaneous Impacts of International Diversification and Financial Leverage On Profitability

This study examines international diversification and financial leverage in a simultaneous equations model to understand how they affect profitability after accounting for the endogeneity between strategic and financial decisions. An analysis of hotel companies showed an inverted U-shaped relationship between financial leverage and profitability, implying an optimal leverage pattern for maximum profitability. The study also found that international diversification significantly, but only indirectly, influences the profitability of hotel firms through the moderating role of leverage. This indicates that financial leverage is more closely related to profitability than international diversification. However, the results also suggest that the effect of international diversification still needs to be considered when making financial decisions.
Social Welfare Functions Based on Individual Rankings

K. J. Arrow has described five apparently reasonable properties which any voting system or other "social welfare function" should have. He has demostrated mathematically that none could possibly have all these properties. One of his requirements is questionable, but if it is modified many "voting systems" become acceptable.
An Assessment of the Impact of Tourism in the Balearic Islands

According to the official Institute of Tourist Studies, the Balearic Islands, a Spanish region with just over one million inhabitants, received 9.6 million international arrivals in 2005 out of 55.8 million for the entire country. Although a rather impressive figure, it is 8.2% below the 10.5 million recorded in 1999, which might partially explain why the Balearic Islands has recorded the worst growth performance of all 17 autonomous Spanish regions since 2000. A look at the 1997 regional input–output table confirms the Balearic Islands as a service-oriented economy highly specialized in the production of services for tourists. The main purpose of this paper is to provide the first assessment of the impact of tourism in the Balearic Islands using input–output techniques and several alternative assumptions on endogeneity of final demand components. The paper also estimates, under the same assumptions, the effects on the economy of a 10% fall in tourist flows. Finally, the results are compared with those obtained with a social accounting matrix model.
Friedman Redux: External Adjustment and Exchange Rate Flexibility

Milton Friedman argued that flexible exchange rates would facilitate external adjustment. Recent studies find surprisingly little robust evidence that they do. We argue that this is because they use composite (or aggregate) exchange rate regime classifications, which often mask very heterogeneous bilateral relationships between countries. Constructing a novel dataset of bilateral exchange rate regimes that differentiates by the degree of exchange rate flexibility, as well as by direct and indirect exchange rate relationships, for 181 countries over 1980–2011, we find a significant and empirically robust relationship between exchange rate flexibility and the speed of external adjustment. Our results are supported by several “natural experiments” of exogenous changes in bilateral exchange rate regimes.
Selecting Macroeconomic Variables as Explanatory Factors of Emerging Stock Market Returns

Emerging stock markets have been identified as being at least partially segmented from global capital markets. As a consequence, it has been argued that local risk factors rather than world risk factors are the primary source of equity return variation in these markets. This paper seeks to address the question of whether macroeconomic variables may proxy for local risk sources. We find moderate evidence to support this hypothesis. Further, we investigate the degree of commonality in exposures across emerging stock market returns using a principal components approach. We find little evidence of commonality when emerging markets are considered collectively, however at the regional level considerable commonality is found to exist.
Social Entrepreneurship: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead

This essay sets out to take stock of existing endeavors to conceptualize Social Entrepreneurship. We illustrate the context-specific nature of the phenomenon and derive implications for fostering social entrepreneurship as a positive force for social and economic development. The paper has two main objectives: first, to stimulate a productive agenda for future research that goes beyond questions of 'who' and 'what' by pursuing the important considerations of 'where', 'why' and 'how'; and second, in so doing, to generate real insights for advances in both theory and practice.
Case Series of Labor Induction inTwin Gestations with an IntrauterineBalloon Catheter

The efficacy and safety of labor induction using an intrauterine balloon catheter in twin pregnancies has been evaluated. During the study period (1992–1997), labor was induced at 36–42 weeks in 17 twin gestations. Labor induction was indicated for preeclampsia (n = 10), birth weight discordance (n = 3), suspected fetal distress (n = 2) and postdates (n = 2). Twin A was in vertex presentation in all cases. An intrauterine balloon catheter was inserted transcervically followed by augmentation whenever required. Vaginal delivery was achieved in 15 (88.2%) patients. The mean interval from balloon insertion to delivery was 17.05 h, with 80% deliveries occurring within 24 h of catheter insertion and 80% occurring within 12 h of catheter expulsion. Birth weight was 2,514 ± 244 and 2,421 ± 367 g for twin A and B, respectively. Oxytocin was required in 4 patients. Postpartum hemorrhage was noted in 1 patient. One patient with no progress of labor and 1 with suspected intrapartum fetal distress required cesarean section. All neonates had a 5-min Apgar score of 10. The data suggest that an intrauterine balloon catheter appears to be safe and effective to induce labor in twin gestations.
Modal analysis of the magic tree

The full-wave modal S-matrix of the magic-T-junction is derived by applying the mode-matching technique. Four standing-wave solutions in suitably chosen subregions for the four side arms are superimposed in the common cavity region in the middle section. This yields rapid convergence and accurate results, since the electric wall boundary conditions in the waveguide ports are met rigorously. The theory is verified by measurements at a magic-T-junction with standard X-band (WR 90) rectangular waveguide ports. <<ETX>>
Causes of Caprine Abortion: Diagnostic Assessment of 211 Cases (1991–1998)

In an 8-year period, 1991–1998, 217 accessions of caprine abortions were submitted to the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System. Of these 217 submissions, 211 were suitable for examination in this study (6 had insufficient data). Infectious agents as the cause of abortions were found in 37% of the cases: bacterial agents were identified in 30.5%, viral agents in 2%, fungal agents in 0.5%, and protozoal agents in 4% of the cases submitted. The most common causes of abortions were Chlamydia psittaci and Coxiella burnetii infection, which accounted for 23% of all goat abortions. Mineral deficiencies were observed in 4%, fetal anomalies accounted for 3%, and leukoencephalomalacia of the brain (probable oxygen deprivation) accounted for 3% of the submissions. No diagnosis was made in 112 of the 211 submissions (53%). No lesions were noted in 104 of the submissions (49%). The other 8 submissions (4%) had histologic lesions suggestive of a bacterial agent; however, no infectious agents were identified in these cases.
Is job insecurity compensated for by employment and income security?

The so-called flexicurity approach suggests that security for employees can be successfully combined with flexibility for organizations and companies. This article studies if affective job insecurity (worry about losing one’s job) is compensated for by perceptions of employment security (possibilities of finding an equal or better job) and income security. Data derive from a survey carried out in 2010 among employees in Sweden. The main findings are that cognitive job insecurity (the perceived risk of job loss) increases affective job insecurity, whereas both employment and income security have the opposite effect. Moreover, cognitive job insecurity and employment security interact, implying that the effect of cognitive job insecurity on affective job insecurity is reduced in the presence of employment security but is reinforced in the absence of it. These results are discussed in relation to the flexicurity approach, concluding that flexicurity may be a risky venture for employees.