Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Subfossil freshwater bivalve mollusk shells present data on stratigraphy of Dniester and Prut riverine deposits

The article provides information on the outcrops of the Neogene-Quaternary riverine sediments of the North-Western Black Sea coastal area. A description of five outcrops of fluvial deposits located on the territory of the modern basins of the Dniester and Prut rivers is given. Based on the granulometric composition of the sediments and the presence in them of the fossil shells of freshwater bivalve mollusks (Bivalvia: Unionoida), an assumption has been made about the characteristics of the ancient river ecosystems of the Dniester and Prut on different Pliocene and Pleistocene time sections. A review of the data in the body of literature on the geological age of the studied outcrops was undertaken. The localities considered provide information on the sedimentation conditions in this region from the Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene. Previously, various approaches were used for dating such rocks and for determining the stratigraphic position of fossil material found in them. The article considers the method of amino acids racemization as one of the approaches. Racemization allows to obtain new data on the stratigraphy of Neogene-Quaternary riverine sediments and to solve the problem of their dating. The sampling principles of carbonate material for the analysis of amino acids from the mollusk shells and features of sample preparation are described. Five amino acids were used: aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), leucine (Leu), phenylalanine (Phe) and isoleucine (Ile). The D/L ratios were analyzed (amino acid racemization (or AAR) is the interconversion of amino acids from one chiral form (the L – (laevo) amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins) to a mixture of L- and D- (dextro) forms. The extent of racemization is measured by the ratio of D/L isomers (it increases as a function of time and temperature and can be used for geochronology) from the same group of fossils (genera), which were preserved under similar environmental conditions, inorganic geochemistry and thermal histories. Based on the obtained values, it can be concluded that the analysis of the racemization of amino acids is useful for determining the geological age of fossil shells of freshwater bivalve mollusks, but there are limitations regarding age. In the shells of the Pliocene sites, the values of some amino acids are close to one, indicating that the racemization took place. D/L values in shells from Pleistocene localities allowed the determination of their stratigraphic position.
Complementarity of X-, C-, and L-band SAR Backscatter Observations to Retrieve Forest Stem Volume in Boreal Forest

The simultaneous availability of observations from space by remote sensing platforms operating at multiple frequencies in the microwave domain suggests investigating their complementarity in thematic mapping and retrieval of biophysical parameters. In particular, there is an interest to understand whether the wealth of short wavelength Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter observations at X-, C-, and L-band from currently operating spaceborne missions can improve the retrieval of forest stem volume, i.e., above-ground biomass, in the boreal zone with respect to a single frequency band. To this scope, repeated observations from TerraSAR-X, Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 from the test sites of Remningstorp and Krycklan, Sweden, have been analyzed and used to estimate stem volume with a retrieval framework based on the Water Cloud Model. Individual estimates of stem volume were then combined linearly to form single-frequency and multi-frequency estimates. The retrieval was assessed at large 0.5 ha forest inventory plots (Remningstorp) and small 0.03 ha forest inventory plots (Krycklan). The relationship between SAR backscatter and stem volume differed depending on forest structure and environmental conditions, in particular at X- and C-band. The highest retrieval accuracy was obtained at both test sites at L-band. The combination of stem volume estimates from data acquired at two or three frequencies achieved an accuracy that was superior to values obtained at a single frequency. When combining estimates from X-, C-, and L-band data, the relative RMSE for the 0.5 ha inventory plots at Remningstorp was 31.3%. For the 0.03 ha inventory plots at Krycklan, the relative RMSE was above 50%. In a retrieval scenario involving short wavelength SAR backscatter data, these results suggest combining multiple frequencies to ensure the highest possible retrieval accuracy achievable. Retrievals should be undertaken to target spatial scales well above the size of a pixel.
Effets combinés des facteurs naturels et anthropiques sur la diversité fonctionnellle des vasières à langoustines (Nephrops norvegicus) du golfe de Gascogne

Cette these participe a accroitre les connaissances sur les facteurs regissant la structures des communautes benthiques de la Grande Vasiere (GV) du Golfe de Gascogne. Une attention particuliere a ete portee au role du chalutage de fond, dont l’intensite a ete estimee a l’aide des donnees VMS. A l’echelle de la GV, nos resultats suggerent que le chalutage de fond serait le principal moteur de structuration du megabenthos (> 10 mm). Cependant, cette hypothese n’a pu etre formellement demontree en raison de la co-variation entre l’activite de peche et certaines caracteristiques environnementales. Par consequent, les travaux ont ete poursuivis sur une zone restreinte de la GV, choisie de maniere a minimiser les variations dans l’habitat, tout en conservant un large gradient d’intensite de chalutageNous avons ainsi observe des modifications saisonnieres et temporaires de la structure des communautes mega et macro-benthiques (>1 mm) en lien avec le chalutage. Ils proviendraient essentiellement d’une disponibilite alimentaire accrue pour les predateurs-charognards de la megafaune et de modifications des caracteristiques sedimentaires pour la macrofaune. En revanche, l’etude de la diversite fonctionnelle montre que ces changements n’ont que des repercussions mineures sur le fonctionnement de l’ecosysteme. Nos conclusions suggerent que l’ecosysteme benthique de la GV a probablement ete faconne par plusieurs decennies de peche intensive et qu’il est actuellement adapte a des perturbations anthropiques chroniques
Folksonomies in Wissensrepräsentation und Information Retrieval

In Web 2.0 services "prosumers" - producers and consumers - collaborate not only for the purpose of creating content, but to index these pieces of information as well. Folksonomies permit actors to describe documents with subject headings, "tags", without regarding any rules. Apart from a lot of benefits folksonomies have many shortcomings (e.g., lack of precision). In order to solve some of the problems we propose interpreting tags as natural language terms. Accordingly, we can introduce methods of NLP to solve the tags' linguistic problems. Additionally, we present criteria for tagged documents to create a ranking by relevance (tag distribution, collaboration and actor-based aspects). Besides recommending similar documents ("more like this! ") folksonomies can be used for the recommendation of similar users and communities (,,more like met! ").
Sea ice export through the Fram Strait derived from a combined model and satellite data set

Abstract. Sea ice volume export through the Fram Strait plays an important role in the Arctic freshwater and energy redistribution. The combined model and satellite sea ice thickness (CMST) data set assimilates CryoSat-2 and soil moisture and ocean salinity (SMOS) thickness products together with satellite sea ice concentration. The CMST data set closes the gap of stand-alone satellite-derived sea ice thickness in summer and therefore allows us to estimate sea ice volume export during the melt season. In this study, we first validate the CMST data set using field observations, and then we estimate the continuous seasonal and interannual variations in Arctic sea ice volume flux through the Fram Strait from September 2010 to December 2016. The results show that seasonal and interannual sea ice volume export vary from about -240(±40) to -970(±60) km3 and -1970(±290) to -2490(±280) km3, respectively. The sea ice volume export reaches its maximum in spring and about one-third of the yearly total volume export occurs in the melt season. The minimum monthly sea ice export is −11 km3 in August 2015, and the maximum (−442 km3) appears in March 2011. The seasonal relative frequencies of sea ice thickness and drift suggest that the Fram Strait outlet in summer is dominated by sea ice that is thicker than 2 m with relatively slow seasonal mean drift of about 3 km d−1.
Earth's Bow Shock: A New Three‐Dimensional Asymmetric Model With Dipole Tilt Effects

Using the bow shock crossing events from four spacecraft: IMP 8, Geotail, Magion‐4, and Cluster 1, a new three‐dimensional asymmetric bow shock model is constructed. The model is parameterized by the solar wind dynamic pressure, the interplanetary magnetic field, magnetosonic Mach number, solar wind β, and the Earth's dipole tilt angle. It is shown that the shape and size of bow shock are both affected by the dipole tilt angle. The dipole tilt angle causes asymmetries in the meridional plane: (1) the bow shock subsolar standoff distance and the north‐south asymmetry increase with the dipole tilt angle; (2) as the dipole tilt angle increases, the shock flaring angle in the equatorial plane is slightly reduced, while in the meridional plane the flaring angle obviously decreases in Southern Hemisphere and keeps almost unchanged in the Northern Hemisphere. The flaring angle in the Northern Hemisphere is larger than in the Southern Hemisphere; (3) the effects of negative dipole tilt angle on shock flaring are just the opposite of those for positive tilt, and the effects of dipole tilt angle on the shape of the bow shock are north‐south symmetric. The model results are also validated by comparing with one previous empirical model and with observational crossings, and it is demonstrated that the new model is able to predict the observed crossings more accurately and can better describe the rotational asymmetry and north‐south asymmetry of the Earth's bow shock.
Generation and Evaluation of LAI and FPAR Products from Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) Data

Leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) absorbed by vegetation are two of the essential biophysical variables used in most global models of climate, hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecology. Most LAI/FPAR products are retrieved from non-geostationary satellite observations. Long revisit times and cloud/cloud shadow contamination lead to temporal and spatial gaps in such LAI/FPAR products. For more effective use in monitoring of vegetation phenology, climate change impacts, disaster trend etc., in a timely manner, it is critical to generate LAI/FPAR with less cloud/cloud shadow contamination and at higher temporal resolution—something that is feasible with geostationary satellite data. In this paper, we estimate the geostationary Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) LAI/FPAR fields by training artificial neural networks (ANNs) with Himawari-8 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) LAI/FPAR products for each biome type. Daily cycles of the estimated AHI LAI/FPAR products indicate that these are stable at 10-min frequency during the day. Comprehensive evaluations were carried out for the different biome types at different spatial and temporal scales by utilizing the MODIS LAI/FPAR products and the available field measurements. These suggest that the generated Himawari-8 AHI LAI/FPAR fields were spatially and temporally consistent with the benchmark MODIS LAI/FPAR products. We also evaluated the AHI LAI/FPAR products for their potential to accurately monitor the vegetation phenology—the results show that AHI LAI/FPAR products closely match the phenological development captured by the MODIS products.
Combined Endoscopic Therapy And Percutaneous Approach in Patients with Biliary Strictures After Adult Right-Lobe Living-Donor Liver Transplantation

Background: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) with balloon dilation and stenting is the curative treatment for biliary anastomotic (AS) strictures after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The aim of this study was to assess the technical feasibility and clinical outcomes of combined endoscopic and percutaneous therapy for biliary AS stricture in adult right-lobe living donor liver transplantation with duct to duct anastomosis. Materials and methods: Between January 2008 and December 2015, 648 patients receiving right-lobe LDLT in our hospital were analyzed for biliary complications. When biliary strictures were diagnosed, patients underwent ERC first as a diagnostic as well as treatment modality to dilate the strictures and biliary stenting. If ERC failed, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and/or combined PTC and ERC were done. Results: Eighty-two biliary strictures were diagnosed in 648 recipients (13%; 82/648) at an average of 256 (7-1979) days after LDLT. Among 82 patients (age 52.6 ± 9.6 years, range 24-72), 40 patients were successfully treated by ERC, 5 by PTC, and 9 by combined PTC and ERC. In successful ERC with an average of 5.03 ± 2.96 sessions, 11±11.0 plastic stents in total and 2±1 stents at each ERC session were placed. The mean time to stricture resolution was 708 ± 532 (28-1967), 298 ± 135 (145-398), and 499 ± 239 (288-827) days for patients receiving ERC, PTC, and combined PTC and ERC, respectively. Conclusions: Biliary complications following LDLT is associated with high mortality. In severe biliary strictures, the procedure that combines PTC and ERC can be curative in patients with prior failed ERC treatment.
Numerical analysis of pipeline uplift resistance in a frozen clay soil subjected to temperature changes

Frozen clay soils comprise a large portion of permafrost in Canada. Long-term records indicate an on-going global warming has resulted in the thawing of portions of the permafrost area, which leads to extensive settlement of the ground surface and causing damage to infrastructures such as pipelines. The design of buried pipelines in permafrost region or artificially frozen grounds requires knowledge of the uplift resistance. The uplift resistance of a frozen soil is dependent on soil mechanical properties such as tensile strength, shear strength, and deformation modulus, and those properties are critical for characterizing the plastic yielding zones in the frozen soil around the pipe. Due to the existence of a large amount of unfrozen water, frozen clay soil displays complex mechanical properties which vary with temperatures. Previously, extensive experimental and simulation work has been done on the soil pipe interactions at normal temperatures, but less attention is given to the frozen soil pipe interactions. There are limited researches on frozen clay pipe interactions with the consideration of temperature changes. In this study, the finite element analysis is conducted to investigate frozen clay soil-pipe interactions at varying temperatures, where a pipe is simulated as being subjected to vertical load-controlled or vertical displacement-controlled stress path conditions. The temperature-dependent mechanical properties of frozen clay soil are obtained from the literature. Both tensile yielding and shear yielding behavior are included in the modeling and the temperature-dependent yielding surfaces are included in an explicit way. Modeled stress paths in several soil monitoring points are collected and analyzed. A comparison of results from the Mohr-Coulomb model with tensile cut off and the hyperbolic Drucker-Prager model is presented. The results indicate that hyperbolic Drucker-Prager model is an effective model for analyzing the plastic zones. Under a plane strain condition, the applied hyperbolic Drucker-Prager model gives more conservative uplift resistance-displacement relation when compared with the result from the Mohr-Coulomb model.
The decision to evacuate facing uncertain hurricane landfall track, intensity, and lead time

The failure to evacuate on time (i.e., evacuation under-response) can tragically increase the cost of a hurricane; unnecessary or premature evacuation (i.e., shadow evacuation) can also make a hurricane more costly than might otherwise be necessary. Due to the constantly evolving storm characteristics over the days prior to landfall, the decision of whether and when to evacuate from an impending hurricane is a complex dynamic decision under uncertainty. Consequently, an understanding of the evolving probabilistic risk of the storm in terms of its track, intensity, and lead time is a critical aspect of the evacuation decision. This paper models these various aspects of a hurricane’s risk within a dynamic model of a household’s hurricane evacuation decision in order to ultimately better understand the decision to evacuate. The optimal behavior is solved using a dynamic optimization problem in which the value function is approximated as a discrete function of the state variables that convey the relevant track, intensity, and lead time risk information. Our baseline results indicate that from an economic perspective what may be deemed evacuation under-response and shadow evacuation are actually rational outcomes of the dynamic framework. These patterns are robust when sensitivity analysis of our cost of evacuation function is carried out, suggesting that the problems of evacuation under-response and shadow evacuation stem from the dynamic uncertainty that decision makers face when considering an approaching hurricane. JEL Classification: Q54 Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming
Searching for spatial patterns in the northern environments – Modern physical geography at the University of Oulu

In physical geography, the focus of research is on the natural processes of the Earth which provide the physical settings for human activities. Technical innovations like geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing combined with statistical analysis have become effective approaches to study complex spatial patterns at various scales. Many of modern physical geography studies concentrate on exploring the human–environment relationship and assessing possible future changes caused by the global change. Geographical approach has proven to be crucial in understanding for example climate change and the degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity, particularly in northern environments. Changing environmental conditions and increasing human impact on our environment have set the scientist in front of a new challenge to solve conflicts between conservation and use of natural resources. These challenges have provided new research possibilities for physical geography. In this paper, we highlight the current study ensembles of the physical geography research group working at the University of Oulu, and address some opportunities and challenges physical geography is facing in the future. Basically, a geographical approach is crucial in studying changing northern environments so that the comprehensive and holistic point of view is not forgotten. Physical geographers with a working knowledge of modern GIS methods and spatio-temporal modelling tools can significantly contribute to the study of cutting-edge environmental issues.
Mid-season Crop Classification Using Dual-, Compact-, and Full-Polarization in Preparation for the Radarsat Constellation Mission (RCM)

Despite recent research on the potential of dual- (DP) and full-polarimetry (FP) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data for crop mapping, the capability of compact polarimetry (CP) SAR data has not yet been thoroughly investigated. This is of particular concern, given the availability of such data from RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) shortly. Previous studies have illustrated potential for accurate crop mapping using DP and FP SAR features, yet what contribution each feature makes to the model accuracy is not well investigated. Accordingly, this study examined the potential of the early- to mid-season (i.e., May to July) RADARSAT-2 SAR images for crop mapping in an agricultural region in Manitoba, Canada. Various classification scenarios were defined based on the extracted features from FP SAR data, as well as simulated DP and CP SAR data at two different noise floors. Both overall and individual class accuracies were compared for multi-temporal, multi-polarization SAR data using the pixel- and object-based random forest (RF) classification schemes. The late July C-band SAR observation was the most useful data for crop mapping, but the accuracy of single-date image classification was insufficient. Polarimetric decomposition features extracted from CP and FP SAR data produced relatively equal or slightly better classification accuracies compared to the SAR backscattering intensity features. The RF variable importance analysis revealed features that were sensitive to depolarization due to the volume scattering are the most important FP and CP SAR data. Synergistic use of all features resulted in a marginal improvement in overall classification accuracies, given that several extracted features were highly correlated. A reduction of highly correlated features based on integrating the Spearman correlation coefficient and the RF variable importance analyses boosted the accuracy of crop classification. In particular, overall accuracies of 88.23%, 82.12%, and 77.35% were achieved using the optimized features of FP, CP, and DP SAR data, respectively, using the object-based RF algorithm.
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