Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of macroeconomic factors on South African agriculture

Significant research efforts have been devoted to understanding the effects of macroeconomic factors on the agriculture sector. Analysing the sources of volatility in the industry is critical for designing appropriate policies to stabilize agricultural markets, reduce poverty and increase economic growth. Agriculture is a competitive sector with prices that are more flexible than those in nonagricultural sectors. This article uses annual data over the 1957–2004 period and a vector error-correction model in investigating the dynamic effects of exchange rates, money supply and other macroeconomic variables on the agricultural sector in South Africa. Overall, real exchange rates, interest rates, inflation and money supply (M3) shocks have significant and persistent impacts on agricultural output, prices received by farmers and farm input prices. M3 and interest rate shocks tend to put agriculture in a cost-price squeeze. Agricultural price movements are a source of macroeconomic instability in the country. Real exchange rate shocks shift relative prices in favour of agriculture in the long-run, thereby, boosting farm incomes and accelerating poverty reduction in the country.
Yield and Quality Performance of Italian and American Strawberry Genotypes in Brazil

The strawberry cultivars show variation in agronomic performance when grown in different regions of the world, due to the genotype × environment interaction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the yield performance and quality of Italian and American strawberry cultivars. We evaluated the phyllochron, which measures the time required for the emission of successive leaves in a plant, the number and commercial and non-commercial fruit yield, titratable acidity and total soluble solids (obtained from evaluations of the Brix degree of the fruit). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 11 treatments, which were composed of the Italian strawberry cultivars (CREA-FRF PIR 29, CREA-FRF PA3, CREA-FRF CE 51, CREA-FRF CE 56, CREA-FRF Jonica and CREA-FRF Pircinque) and American (Albion, Camarosa, San Andreas, Camino Real and Aromas), with four replications per treatment, eight plants per plot, giving a total 32 plants per cultivar. Analysis of variance showed differences for phyllochron, marketable fruits yield and total soluble solids content. The American cultivar Albion showed higher phyllochron, the cultivar CREA-FRF Pircinque the lowest phyllochron. The highest yields of marketable fruits were found in American cultivars Camino Real and CREA-FRF Pircinque. The higher solids soluble was observed in Italian cultivars. Thus, we highlight the Italian strawberry cultivars, because they reflect good yield when compared to the American cultivars.
Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression Modulate the Recognition of Facial Emotion

Previous studies have shown that depression and anxiety are associated to changes in the recognition of facial expression. In the present research, a non-clinical sample was evaluated with respect to trait and state anxiety and depression symptoms. In the experimental task, participants evaluated facial expressions of happiness, anger, sadness, and fear, presented at four intensities (25, 50, 75, and 100%), as well as the neutral face. Results showed that the trait anxiety was associated with a better recognition of anger, fear, and happiness. For depression, we only found differences between groups for emotional attribution to neutral faces, in which participants scoring high in depression were more likely to attribute fear to neutral faces. Findings indicate an improvement of the recognition of happiness, anger, and fear in trait anxiety, whereas symptoms of depression and state anxiety were associated to changes in the evaluation of neutral faces in non-clinical individuals.
Investigation of Conceptual Change about Double-Slit Interference in Secondary School Physics.

In this study, whether or not constructivist teaching of double-slit interference of light has a positive effect on the secondary school students‟ conceptual change is examined. An achievement test, a conceptual understanding test and semi-structured interviews were used as data collection tools in this mixed methods research. Experimental group was taught with constructivist approach while control group was taught with traditional method in which teacher was the only authority in defining the course of teaching. It has been identified that experimental group students show high level conceptual understandings after teaching. Superiorities of experimental group, which involve the construction of cause and effect relationships, the transfer and configuration of knowledge, have been identified with the interviews conducted. It was concluded that teaching in the experiment group was more successful than teaching in the control group in terms of the construction of the meaning of interference, path difference, fringe width concepts and understanding the formation of bright and dark fringes.
How do changes in warm-phase microphysics affect deep convective clouds?

Abstract. Understanding aerosol effects on deep convective clouds and the derived effects on the radiation budget and rain patterns can largely contribute to estimations of climate uncertainties. The challenge is difficult in part because key microphysical processes in the mixed and cold phases are still not well understood. For deep convective clouds with a warm base, understanding aerosol effects on the warm processes is extremely important as they set the initial and boundary conditions for the cold processes. Therefore, the focus of this study is the warm phase, which can be better resolved. The main question is: How do aerosol-derived changes in the warm phase affect the properties of deep convective cloud systems? To explore this question, we used a weather research and forecasting (WRF) model with spectral bin microphysics to simulate a deep convective cloud system over the Marshall Islands during the Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX). The model results were validated against observations, showing similarities in the vertical profile of radar reflectivity and the surface rain rate. Simulations with larger aerosol loading resulted in a larger total cloud mass, a larger cloud fraction in the upper levels, and a larger frequency of strong updrafts and rain rates. Enlarged mass both below and above the zero temperature level (ZTL) contributed to the increase in cloud total mass (water and ice) in the polluted runs. Increased condensation efficiency of cloud droplets governed the gain in mass below the ZTL, while both enhanced condensational and depositional growth led to increased mass above it. The enhanced mass loading above the ZTL acted to reduce the cloud buoyancy, while the thermal buoyancy (driven by the enhanced latent heat release) increased in the polluted runs. The overall effect showed an increased upward transport (across the ZTL) of liquid water driven by both larger updrafts and larger droplet mobility. These aerosol effects were reflected in the larger ratio between the masses located above and below the ZTL in the polluted runs. When comparing the net mass flux crossing the ZTL in the clean and polluted runs, the difference was small. However, when comparing the upward and downward fluxes separately, the increase in aerosol concentration was seen to dramatically increase the fluxes in both directions, indicating the aerosol amplification effect of the convection and the affected cloud system properties, such as cloud fraction and rain rate.
Evolutionary Equilibria in Capital Tax Competition with Imitative Learning

This paper presents an alternative model where each decision maker takes an economy-wide net return to capital parametrically even in tax competition among finite nonatomistic jurisdictions. To this end, we examine a long-run equilibrium of a tax competition game adopting an evolutionary game-theoretic approach. We find that a unique evolutionarily stable strategy coincides with the strategy consisting of a unique stochastically stable state in the imitative dynamics of tax competition. Moreover, in the evolutionary equilibria, we obtain the same result as in the “purely competitive” equilibrium even with finite nonatomistic jurisdictions.
Wealth Shocks, Credit-Supply Shocks, and Asset Allocation: Evidence from Household and Firm Portfolios

We use a unique dataset with bank clients' security holdings for all German banks to examine how macroeconomic shocks affect asset allocation preferences of households and non-financial firms. Our analysis focuses on two alternative mechanisms which can influence portfolio choice: wealth shocks, which are represented by the sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone, and credit-supply shocks which arise from reductions in borrowing abilities during bank distress. We document heterogeneous responses to these two types of shocks. While households with large holdings of securities from stressed Eurozone countries (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain) decrease the degree of concentration in their security portfolio as a result of the Eurozone crisis, non-financial firms with similar levels of holdings from stressed Eurozone countries do not. Credit-supply shocks at the bank level (caused by bank distress) result in lower concentration, for both households and non-financial corporations. We also show that only shocks to corporate credit bear ramifications on bank clients' portfolio concentration, while shocks in retail credit are inconsequential. Our results are robust to falsification tests, propensity score matching techniques, and instrumental variables estimation.
Design patterns of kids’ spaces Focusing on enhancing their creativity

As recent researches show, creativity is very important in art, technology, science, education, management and etc. Also, preschool ages are a golden time for developing motor creativity. So, it‘s necessary to enhance creativity of preschoolers. Many scholars have studied cognitional-emotional aspects of creativity. Some, have focused on the creativity process and creativity techniques. But, the relation between creativity and physical environment have been rarely studied. The goal of this research, is exploring design patterns which may help architects to design suitable spaces to enhance kids’ creativity. The question is “which architectural variables affect kids' creativity positively”. Survey research method is used to gathering questionnaires of kindergarten mentors, architects, psychologist and preschoolers. Factor analysis showed the effective variables (factors) that were known and labeled. Creativity variables were “imagination”, “curiosity” and “cooperative play”. The variables of physical environment were “flexibility” and “variety”. To find the relation between three creativity variables and two architecture variables, the path analysis method was used. The correlation of creativity variables and architectural ones was significantly positive. Then, 72 architects and psychologists were tested with an open end test. Design patterns were extracted from architects and psychologists suggestions. The results were discussed in a session with 20 children to explore kids taste about them. The outcome was design patterns such as: a) Design of modular wide open plan with several corners; b) Design puzzled Shadow maker partitions; c) Using light modular furniture such as light cubes that kids could move and rearrange them to make new furniture/walls; d) Using incomplete paintings, on the wall or on the ground; e) Design vast planting areas that kids could plant in groups.
Studies on seasonal incidence and field efficacy of insect growth regulators against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) infesting cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata (L.)

A field experiment was conducted on cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) at the Research Farm, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, India. The infestation of Plutella xylostella, diamondback moth started from the 5 standard week (0.88 larvae plant) and reached peak (18.68 larvae plant) in 14 standard week. The maximum and minimum temperature showed significant positive correlation with larval population of diamondback moth whereas, nonsignificant correlation with relative humidity and rainfall. Regression studies revealed that the weather factors had 77.60 percent contribution towards larval population. Abiotic factors like temperature, relative humidity, extent and distribution of rainfall, influenced the infestation and stabilization of P. xylostella in cabbage. Amongst the different treatments fenvalerate showed higher efficacy against P. xylostella in reducing pest population. Mean population of P. xylostella after two sprays revealed that fenvalerate 0.004% was effective and superior. The next best were lufenuron 0.006% and novaluran 0.100% which were at par. chlorfenapyr 0.150% was found to be least effective against P. xylostella.
The jet-ISM interactions in IC 5063

The interstellar medium of the radio galaxy IC 5063 is highly perturbed by an AGN jet expanding in the gaseous disc of the galaxy. We model this interaction with relativistic hydrodynamic simulations and multiphase initial conditions for the interstellar medium and compare the results with recent observations. As the jets flood through the intercloud channels of the disc, they ablate, accelerate, and disperse clouds to velocities exceeding 400 km s(-1). Clouds are also destroyed or displaced in bulk from the central regions of the galaxy. Our models with jet powers of 10(44) and 10(45) erg s(-1) are capable of reproducing many of the observed features in the position velocity diagram of IC 5063, and confirm the notion that the jet is responsible for the strongly perturbed gas dynamics seen in the ionized, neutral, and molecular gas phases. In our simulations, we also see strong venting of the jet plasma perpendicular to the disc, which entrains clumps and diffuse filaments into the halo of the galaxy. Our simulations are the first 3D hydrodynamic simulations of the jet and interstellar matter of IC 5063.
Deep inelastic scattering on ultracold gases

We discuss Bragg scattering on both Bose and Fermi gases with strong short-range interactions in the deep inelastic regime of large wave vector transfer $q$, where the dynamic structure factor is dominated by a resonance near the free-particle energy $\hbar\omega=\varepsilon_{\bf q}=\hbar^2q^2/2m$. Using a systematic short-distance expansion, the structure factor at high momentum is shown to exhibit a nontrivial dependence on frequency characterized by two separate scaling regimes. First, for frequencies that differ from the single-particle energy by terms of order ${\cal O}(q)$ (i.e., small deviations compared to the single-particle energy), the dynamic structure factor is described by the impulse approximation of Hohenberg and Platzman. Second, deviations of order ${\cal O}(q^2)$ (i.e., of the same order or larger than the single-particle energy) are described by the operator product expansion, with a universal crossover connecting both regimes. The scaling is consistent with a number of sum rules in the large momentum limit. Furthermore, we derive an exact expression for the shift and width of the single-particle peak at large momentum due to interactions, thus extending a result by Beliaev [JETP 7, 299 (1958)] for the low-density Bose gas to arbitrary values of the scattering length $a$. The shift exhibits a maximum around $qa \simeq 1$, which is connected with a maximum in the static structure factor due to strong short-range correlations. For Bose gases with moderate interaction strengths, the theoretically predicted shift is consistent with the value observed by Papp et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 135301 (2008)]. Finally, we develop a diagrammatic theory for the dynamic structure factor which accounts for the correlations beyond Bogoliubov theory and which covers the full range of momenta and frequencies, showing the correct asymptotic scaling at large momentum.
Thematic and taxonomic relations in preschoolers: The development of flexibility in categorization choices

Two experiments examined the development of flexibility of categorization in children aged from 3 to 5, using a picture-matching task. During a pre-test, spontaneous matches were observed. Children were next presented with a scene aimed at inducing an alternative match. Finally, they were given a post-test identical to the pre-test to assess whether they would maintain their initial choice. Both experiments showed that preschoolers were able to produce different types of categorization choices. In Experiment 1, children had to choose between a thematic and a taxonomic option. Five-year-olds showed flexibility and changed their mode of response more often in the presence of the scenes (experimental group) than in their absence (control group). In contrast, 3-year-olds' responses seemed to reflect spontaneous variability since their switches were not related to contextual information. In Experiment 2, two more choice options were added. Three-year-olds' data replicated the findings of Experiment 1. However, a majority of 4-year-olds were consistent on the thematic mode of response and adapted their responses to the scenes only to a limited extent. Overall, the data suggest a developmental path from spontaneous variability to flexibility, via a predominance of one mode of response.
Supply Chain Cooperative Advertising and Ordering Model for the Loss Averse Retailer

The loss averse retailer sells the newsboy type of product to the consumers in a one-period two-echelon supply chain, where the risk neutral manufacturer supply the product to the retailer. When the market demand only depend on the retailer's advertising investment and is uncertain, this paper discusses the manufacturer's participation rate ,the retailer's advertising expenditures and order quantity decision problems in a Stackelberg game. After characterizing the equilibrium solution of this game, this paper show the effect of each parameter on optimal decisions. The results reveal that the loss averse retailer's optimal order quantity is less than the risk neutral retailer's optimal decision and decrease as the loss aversion level increases. Maybe it's the reason that the upstream manufacturer will share the advertising investment of the downstream retailer, the retailer's optimal local advertising expenditure is yet greater than the risk neutral retailer's optimal decision and is increasing in the loss aversion level. When the degree of loss aversion become larger ,the manufacturer's optimal participation rate first increases and then decreases until zero. The numerical example is given to analyze the effects of parameter on some optimal decisions and also confirm the relevant conclusion.
Predicting Factors for the Communication between hydatid Cyst and Biliary Tract

Background: Hydatid cyst communicated with biliary tract increases the morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, early detection and treatment are vital. Methods: From 96 patients undergone hydatid cyst surgery, 12 were excluded. The specifications, size, location, and position of the cyst, the condition of the cyst wall thickness, the caught lobe, cyst rupture, liver abscess, and the size of the inside and outside liver bile ducts were identified through computed tomography scanning. Age, gender, icterus, white blood cell (WBC) count, the total, direct, and indirect bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were identified. Results: In 21 patients (13 men and 8 women), there was communication between the hydatid cyst and biliary tract; from them, 14 patients had icterus. There were significant differences between the size of the cyst, the levels of liver enzymes, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase, and WBC count in communicated and non-communicated hydatid cysts (P = 0.001). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, gender, location of the cysts in the liver, and the thickness of the liver. Conclusions: Only the cyst size and the level of bilirubin were the predicting factor for the communication between hydatid cyst and biliary tract.
BAAC: Bangor Arabic Annotated Corpus

This paper describes the creation of the new Bangor Arabic Annotated Corpus (BAAC) which is a Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) corpus that comprises 50K words manually annotated by parts-of-speech. For evaluating the quality of the corpus, the Kappa coefficient and a direct percent agreement for each tag were calculated for the new corpus and a Kappa value of 0.956 was obtained, with an average observed agreement of 94.25%. The corpus was used to evaluate the widely used Madamira Arabic part-of-speech tagger and to further investigate compression models for text compressed using partof-speech tags. Also, a new annotation tool was developed and employed for the annotation process of BAAC. Keywords—Component; arabic language; corpus; annotated corpora; analysis results I. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION The Arabic language “تيبرعنا” is acknowledged to be one of the most largely used languages, with 330 million people using the language as their first language, as shown in Table 1, plus 1.4 billion more using it as a secondary language [1]. The majority of the speakers are located across twenty-two nations, primarily in the Middle East, North Africa and Asia, and the United Nations considers the Arabic language as one of its five official languages. The Arabic language is part of the Semitic languages that includes Tigrinya, Amharic, Hebrew, etc., and shares almost the same structure as those languages. It has 28 letters, two genders – feminine and masculine, as well as singular, dual and plural forms. The Arabic language has a right-to-left writing system with the basic grammatical structure that consists of verb-subject-object and other structures, such as VOS, VO and SVO [2]–[4]. TABLE I. THE MOST UNIVERSALLY USED LANGUAGES Rank Language Users (millions)
Auditory perception exhibits sexual dimorphism and left telencephalic dominance in Xenopus laevis

ABSTRACT Sex differences in both vocalization and auditory processing have been commonly found in vocal animals, although the underlying neural mechanisms associated with sexual dimorphism of auditory processing are not well understood. In this study we investigated whether auditory perception exhibits sexual dimorphism in Xenopus laevis. To do this we measured event-related potentials (ERPs) evoked by white noise (WN) and conspecific calls in the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon respectively. Results showed that (1) the N1 amplitudes evoked in the right telencephalon and right diencephalon of males by WN are significantly different from those evoked in females; (2) in males the N1 amplitudes evoked by conspecific calls are significantly different from those evoked by WN; (3) in females the N1 amplitude for the left mesencephalon was significantly lower than for other brain areas, while the P2 and P3 amplitudes for the right mesencephalon were the smallest; in contrast these amplitudes for the left mesencephalon were the smallest in males. These results suggest auditory perception is sexually dimorphic. Moreover, the amplitude of each ERP component (N1, P2 and P3) for the left telencephalon was the largest in females and/or males, suggesting that left telencephalic dominance exists for auditory perception in Xenopus. Summary: Investigation of auditory neural mechanisms in the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) indicates that auditory perception exhibits sexual dimorphism and left telencephalic advantage.