Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finland’s Dependence on Russian Energy—Mutually Beneficial Trade Relations or an Energy Security Threat?

Studies on energy security in the context of relations between European Union (EU) and Russia tend to focus on cases, with an open conflict related to supply, such as “hard” energy weapons, or on only one fuel, often natural gas. However, there is a need to understand the long-term impacts that energy relations have politically, economically and physically, and their linkages between resilience, sustainability and security. We analyse the Finnish-Russian energy relations as a case study, as they are characterised by a non-conflictual relationship. To assess this complex relationship, we apply the interdependence framework to analyse both the energy systems and energy strategies of Finland and Russia, and the energy security issues related to the notable import dependence on one supplier. Moreover, we analyse the plausible development of the energy trade between the countries in three different energy policy scenarios until 2040. The findings of the article shed light on how the trends in energy markets, climate change mitigation and broader societal and political trends could influence Russia’s energy trade relations with countries, such as Finland. Our analysis shows that Finland’s dependence on primary energy imports does not pose an acute energy security threat in terms of sheer supply, and the dependence is unlikely to worsen in the future. However, due to the difficulty in anticipating societal, political, and economic trends, there are possible developments that could affect Finland.
Impact of Yield on Total Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, Reducing Sugars and Antioxidant Potential in White and Red Wines Produced from Montenegrin Autochthonous Grape Varieties

The aim of the present research is to determinate the impact of grape yield (6 t ha -1 , 8 t ha -1 , 10 t h -1 , 12 t ha -1 and 15 t ha -1 ) on the quality of wine produced from red and white grape varieties Vranac, Kratosija, Krstac, and Žižak. For that purpose the quality parameters i.e. the total polyphenols, anthocyanins, reducing sugars and antioxidant potential of wine were determined. The antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH • ) test and reducing power assay. The results of correlation analysis showed that there is a poor response of quality parameters to variation in yield. For most quality parameters the maximum value was determined at yield of 8 t ha -1 . The highest total polyphenols content, concentration of anthocyanins, reducing sugars and antioxidant activity expressed red wine Vranac that practically in all studied quality parameters was followed by variety Kratosija, Žižak and Krstac.
E . THE FUNCTIONING OF HORMONES IN PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT E 1 . The Transport of Auxins

David A. Morris, Jiří Friml, and Eva Zažímalová School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK. Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic. E-mail: dam3@soton.ac. uk
Derivation of a viscous KP equation including surface tension, and related equations

The aim of this article is to derive surface wave models in the presence of surface tension and viscosity. Using the Navier-Stokes equations with a free surface, flat bottom and surface tension, we derive the viscous 2D Boussinesq system with a weak transverse variation. The assumed transverse variation is on a larger scale than along the main propagation direction. This Boussinesq system is proved to be consistent with the Navier-Stokes equations. This system is only an intermediate result that enables us to derive the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation which is a 2D generalization of the KdV equation. In addition, we get the 1D KdV equation, and lastly the Boussinesq equation. All these equations are derived for non-vanishing initial conditions.
Inputdesignas a tool to improve the convergenceofPEM ⋆

The Prediction Error Method (PEM) is related to an optimization problem built on input/output data collected from the system to be identified. It is often hard to find the global solution of this optimization problem because the corresponding objective function presents local minima and/or the search space is constrained to a nonconvex set. The shape of the cost function, and hence the difficulty in solving the optimization problem, depends directly on the experimental conditions, more specifically on the spectrum of the input/output data collected from the system. Therefore, it seems plausible to improve the convergence to the global minimum by properly choosing the spectrum of the input; in this paper, we address this problem. We present a condition for convergence to the global minimum of the cost function and propose its inclusion in the input design. We present the application of the proposed approach to case studies where the algorithms tend to get trapped in nonglobal minima.
Characterization of contamination of stream sediments and surface water at Otjihase mine , Namibia

At the Otjihase mine a stratiform massive sulphide mineralization occurs, which is associated with the Matchless Amphibolite Belt. Main ore minerals in the deposit are chalcopyrite and pyrite, with only chalcopyrite being of economic importance. The pyrite dumped in the tailings dump generates acid mine drainage. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of mining and ore processing on the environment. This was achieved by detailed geochemical investigation of the tailings impoundment, stream sediments, soil and water samples. The samples were analysed for Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As and other metals. The results were then compared to regional background values, as well as international soil and water guidelines to assess potential pollution from the mining activities. It became obvious that mining and processing activities at Otjihase, with subsequent disposal of waste rock and tailings, causes significant contamination of stream sediments and surface water. The river system is characterised by elevated copper, zinc, cobalt and chromium contents in both stream sediments and surface water. The main source of contamination is tailings dump (11 million m3 of material). The seepage from the tailings dump and the pyrite stockpiles are highly acidic (pH2) and saline. Communs geol. Surv. Namibia, 14 (2009), 41-55
Quantitative observation of cyanobacteria and diatoms from space using PhytoDOAS on SCIAMACHY data

Abstract. In this study the technique of Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) has been adapted for the retrieval of the absorption and biomass of two major phytoplankton groups (PhytoDOAS) from data of the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) satellite sensor. SCIAMACHY measures back scattered solar radiation in the UV-Vis-NIR spectral regions with a high spectral resolution (0.2 to 1.5 nm). In order to identify phytoplankton absorption characteristics in the SCIAMACHY data in the range of 430 to 500 nm, phytoplankton absorption spectra measured in-situ during two different RV "Polarstern" expeditions were used. The two spectra have been measured in different ocean regions where different phytoplankton groups (cyanobacteria and diatoms) dominated the phytoplankton composition. Results clearly show distinct absorption characteristics of the two phytoplankton groups in the SCIAMACHY spectra. Using these results in addition to calculations of the light penetration depth derived from DOAS retrievals of the inelastic scattering (developed by Vountas et al., 2007), globally distributed pigment concentrations for these characteristic phytoplankton groups for two monthly periods (February–March 2004 and October–November 2005) were determined. This satellite information on cyanobacteria and diatoms distribution clearly matches the concentrations based on high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) pigment analysis of collocated water samples and concentrations derived from a global model analysis with the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (Gregg et al., 2003; Gregg and Casey 2007). The quantitative assessment of the distribution of key phytoplankton groups from space enables various biogeochemical regions to be distinguished and will be of great importance for the global modeling of marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles which enables the impact of climate change in the oceanic biosphere to be estimated.
Comparison of body size, relative growth and size at onset sexual maturity of Uca uruguayensis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ocypodidae) from different latitudes in the south-western Atlantic

Some crustaceans show variations of their reproductive biology within their geographical distribution, and knowledge about such variations is important for the comprehension of their reproductive adaptations. This study compared two populations of the fiddler crab Uca uruguayensis from two locations on the south-western Atlantic coast: Ubatuba Bay, São Paulo, Brazil and Samborombón Bay, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The population features analysed were the body size variation (carapace width = CW) and the size at the onset of sexual maturity (SOM) in order to test the hypothesis that the size at SOM, should be the same in relative terms (RSOM), independently of the latitudinal position. In the Brazilian population the CW ranged from 4.18 to 11.60 mm for males and 3.90 to 9.80 mm for females, and in the Argentinean population from 3.60 to 14.10 mm for males and 2.85 to 12.00 mm for females. In the Brazilian population the SOM was 7.1 (RSOM = 0.58) and 5.9 mm CW (RSOM = 0.57) for males and females, respectively, and in the Argentinean population it was 7.0 (RSOM = 0.42) and 6.75 mm CW (RSOM = 0.53) for males and females, respectively. This fact is probably related to a great plasticity in the life history features of Uca uruguayensis under different environmental conditions.
"VALVULO-METABOLIC" RISK IN AORTIC STENOSIS

Valvulo-metabolic risk can be defined as the risk of valvular heart disease resulting from the metabolic abnormalities associated with visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MS). It is therefore he cardiometabolic risk that specifically relates to valvular heart disease. Burden of aortic valve stenosis Calcific aortic valve disease starts with a thickening and calcification of the aortic valve cusps, named aortic valve sclerosis, which subsequently progresses toward aortic valve stenosis (AS) causing significant hemodynamic obstruction of the left ventricular (LV) outflow tract. Calcific AS is the most frequent cardiovascular disease after coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension in developed countries. The prevalence of AS in the USA is 0.3-0.5%, which translates to approximately 600,000 to 1 million people. The prevalence of AS also increases markedly with age: from 0.02% in 18–44 year olds to 3.0 % in the 75 years and older group. It is projected that 40% of people over age 65 are expected to survive to age 90 in the year 2050 compared to 25% in 2000. This major increase in life expectancy during the next several decades will increase the burden of valvular heart diseases. The only efficient treatment for symptomatic severe AS is aortic valve replacement surgery or transcatheter valve implantation. It is estimated that AS is directly responsible for approximately 15,000 deaths and 80,000 valve procedures per year in North America. This disease is therefore associated with a major health and socio-economic burden. Aortic valve stenosis: an atherosclerotic disease?
Error Correction Based on Partial Information

We consider the decoding of linear and array codes from errors when we are only allowed to download a part of the codeword. More specifically, suppose that we have encoded <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> data symbols using an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(n,k)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> code with code length <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and dimension <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. During storage, some of the codeword coordinates might be corrupted by errors. We aim to recover the original data by reading the corrupted codeword with a limit on the transmission bandwidth, namely, we can only download an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> proportion of the corrupted codeword. For a given <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, our objective is to design a code and a decoding scheme such that we can recover the original data from the largest possible number of errors. A naive scheme is to read <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> coordinates of the codeword. This method used in conjunction with MDS codes guarantees recovery from any <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lfloor (\alpha n-k)/2\rfloor $ </tex-math></inline-formula> errors. In this paper we show that we can instead download an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> proportion from each of the codeword’s coordinates. For a well-designed MDS code, this method can guarantee recovery from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lfloor (n-k/\alpha)/2 \rfloor $ </tex-math></inline-formula> errors, which is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1/\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> times more than the naive method, and is also the maximum number of errors that an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(n,k)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> code can correct by downloading only an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> proportion of the codeword. We present two families of such optimal constructions and decoding schemes of which one is based on Interleaved Reed-Solomon codes and the other on Folded Reed-Solomon codes. We further show that both code constructions attain asymptotically optimal list decoding radius when downloading only a part of the corrupted codeword. We also construct an ensemble of random codes that with high probability approaches the upper bound on the number of correctable errors when the decoder downloads an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> proportion of the corrupted codeword.
Risky groups, risky behaviour, and risky persons: Dominating discourses on youth sexual health

Significant public health attention has been focused on the problems of youth sexual behaviour. Empirical public health research in this area has attempted to account for mostly negative sexual health outcomes (e.g. sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies) by examining individual characteristics and risk-taking behaviour. Public health practice has followed suit, focusing primarily on modifying sexual risk behaviour and lifestyle ‘choices’. In doing so, we may be unwittingly committed to an unarticulated and unrealistic set of assumptions about the level of agency and control that is afforded to many young people. The purpose of this paper is to begin to ‘unpack’ the underpinnings to conventional approaches to public health research and service provision related to youth sexual health in Canada. Drawing on the works of Foucault to show how discourses concerning risky groups, risky behaviour and risky persons have been advanced as sanctioned discourses in Canada (particularly related to HIV/AIDS risk), the authors investigate how themes of safety and goodness have been privileged as healthy, while other, unauthorized forms of youth sexual behaviour have been marginalized. The issue of teen parenthood is examined to demonstrate how these specific discourses have helped to relegate those youth who do not or cannot implant themselves in an ‘approved reality’ to live separately from the norm in a climate of sex-based shame. Drawing on their previous work and that of others, the authors suggest an alternative approach to understanding youth sexual health, one that favours critical, reflexive public health practices and attends to sociological theory.
Schizophrenia and faith healing in Najaf/Iraq

The objective of this study is to determine the rates and predictors of consulting faith healers by patients with schizophrenia, and therapeutic rituals practiced by therapists in Najaf province/Iraq. 70 patients, aged 18 years and older who attended the psychiatric out-patient unit in Najaf were invited to assess their previous contacts with faith healers. Our data demonstrated that prior faith healer’s consultation rate was 80%. Being younger, less formally educated, married, and female was significantly associated with faith healer’s consultation. Fourteen types of religious therapeutic rituals were identified. We concluded that faith healer’s consultation is popular and accessible among patients with schizophrenia in Iraq. Some rituals are harmful. Collaborative work with faith healers is recommended for a better quality of care.
Generation of Oxidanfs in the Near-UV Photooxidation of Human Lens a-Crystallin

In this study we report on the generation of superoxide anion (O2~) and hydrogen peroxide in the near-UV irradiation of human lens a-crystallin by monochromatic light at 300 nm. Photolysis of human lens a-crystallin at 300 nm, at irradiances similar to those encountered in sunlight causes an alteration of protein tertiary structure, a loss of tryptophan fluorescence and increase of nontryptophan fluorescence. The nontryptophan fluorescence is likely to be due to the photooxidation of tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine (N-FK or related species), which is a good photodynamic sensitizer, has significant absorption at 300 nm, and can thus react via its triplet state with O2 to generate 'O] or with reducing substrates (amino acids of the protein) to generate free radicals. The latter, in the presence of O2 can lead to the generation of O2~ and H2O2. These species have been directly assayed in this study in photolyzed solutions of fetal, young and old human lens a-crystallin. The addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) to the protein solution prior to photolysis increased the amount of H2O2 generated by 3to 4-fold. This observation not only provides definitive evidence for the photogeneration of O2~, but also indicates that only a fraction of this species is transformed into H2O2 in the absence of SOD. Significant amounts of O2~ and H2O2 were formed by 340 nm irradiation of old human lens a-crystallin, in which the basal level of N-FK is high. The role of 'O2 in these photoreactions has been studied by investigating the quenching effect of azide and the enhancing effects of D2O on the rate of loss of tryptophan fluorescence yield and the effect of azide on the rate of H2O2 generation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:706-713,1989 M
Combining Value and Momentum

This paper considers several popular portfolio implementation techniques that maximize exposure to value and/or momentum stocks while taking into account transaction costs. Our analysis of long-only strategies illustrates how a strategy that simultaneously incorporates both value and momentum outperforms a strategy that combines pure-play value and momentum portfolios that are formed independently. There are two advantages of the simultaneous strategy. The first is the reduction in transaction costs; the second is better utilization of unfavorable value and momentum information in a long-only portfolio. Our analysis also addresses the optimal way to combine the faster-moving momentum signal with the slower-moving value signal.
SMALL SCATTER AND NEARLY ISOTHERMAL MASS PROFILES TO FOUR HALF-LIGHT RADII FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL STELLAR DYNAMICS OF EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES

We study the total mass–density profile for a sample of 14 fast-rotator early-type galaxies (stellar masses 10.2 ≲ log M * / M ⊙ ≲ 11.7 ? > ). We combine observations from the SLUGGS and ATLAS 3 D ? > surveys to map out the stellar kinematics in two dimensions, out to a median radius for the sample of four half-light radii Re (or 10 kpc) and a maximum radius of 2.0–6.2 Re (or 4–21 kpc). We use axisymmetric dynamical models based on the Jeans equations, which allow for a spatially varying anisotropy; employ quite general profiles for the dark halos; and, in particular, do not place any restrictions on the profile slope. This is made possible by the availability of spatially extended two-dimensional kinematics. We find that our relatively simple models provide a remarkably good description of the observed kinematics. The resulting total density profiles are well described by a nearly isothermal power law &rgr; tot ( r ) ∝ r − γ ? > from Re/10 to at least 4Re, the largest average deviation being 11%. The average logarithmic slope is ⟨ γ ⟩ = 2.19 ± 0.03 ? > with observed rms scatter of just &sgr; γ = 0.11 ? > . This scatter out to large radii, where dark matter dominates, is as small as previously reported by lensing studies around r ≈ Re/2, where the stars dominate. Our bulge–halo conspiracy places much tighter constraints on galaxy formation models. It illustrates the power of two-dimensional stellar kinematics observations at large radii. It is now important to test the generality of our results for different galaxy types and larger samples.
The Role of the Prader-Willi Syndrome Critical Interval for Epigenetic Regulation, Transcription and Phenotype

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss of expression of the paternally inherited genes on chromosome 15q11.2-q13. However, the core features of PWS have been attributed to a critical interval (PWS-cr) within the 15q11.2-q13 imprinted gene cluster, containing the small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) SNORD116 and non-coding RNA IPW (Imprinted in Prader-Willi) exons. SNORD116 affects the transcription profile of hundreds of genes, possibly via DNA methylation or post-transcriptional modification, although the exact mechanism is not completely clear. IPW on the other hand has been shown to specifically modulate histone methylation of a separate imprinted locus, the DLK1-DIO3 cluster, which itself is associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders with similarities to PWS. Here we review what is currently known of the molecular targets of SNORD116 and IPW and begin to disentangle their roles in contributing to the Prader-Willi Syndrome phenotype.