Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Temperature Dependent Thermal Conductivity on Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Free Convection Flow along a Vertical Flat Plate with Heat Conduction

MHD natural convection flow of an electrically conducting flu id along a vertical flat plate with temperature dependent thermal cond uctivity and conduction effects is analyzed. The governing equations with associated boundary conditions for this phenomenon are converted to dimensionless forms using a suitable transformation. The transformed non-linear equations are then solved using the implicit finite difference method with Keller-box scheme. Numerical results of the velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient and surface temperature for different values of the magnetic parameter, thermal conductivity variation parameter, Prandtl number and conjugate conduction parameter are presented graphically. Detailed discussion is given for the effects of the aforementioned parameters.
Estimating consumption rates of juvenile sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus) in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, using a bioenergetics model

Using a bioenergetics model, we estimated daily ration and seasonal prey consumption rates for six age classes of juvenile sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus) in the lower Chesapeake Bay summer nursery area. The model, incorporating habitat and species-specific data on growth rates, metabolic rate, diet composition, water temperature (range 16.8-27.9 degrees C), and population structure, predicted mean daily rations between 2.17 +/- 0.03 (age-0) and 1.30 +/- 0.02 (age-5) % body mass/day. These daily rations are higher than earlier predictions for sandbar sharks but are comparable to those for ecologically similar shark species. The total nursery population of sandbar sharks was predicted to consume similar to 124,000 kg of prey during their 4.5 month stay in the Chesapeake Bay nursery. The predicted consumption rates support the conclusion that juvenile sandbar sharks exert a lesser top-down effect on the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem than do teleost piscivores and humans.
THE EFFECT OF TIME OF DAY ON THE REACTION TO STRESS

DOCUMENT RESUME 24 CG 005 452 Osborn=, Francis H. The Fffect of Tipe of Day on the Reaction to Si-ress. Final Report. Morehead State Univ., Ky. Office of Education (DHFW), Washington, D.C. 9ureau of Research. pv-8-r-00 Jan 70 OEG-3-9-0A0059-000U(010) 741p. _DRS Pricm. M7-$0.25 RC-51.7F Human Development, *Laboratory Experimsnts, *Learning, Psychological Patterns, *Rats, Research, *Stress Variables, *Time This study obtains evidence for the effect of time of day on learning in a stressful situation. A series of five experiments were performed to assess the effects of this variable on learning using albino rat subjects. None of the experiments provide overwhelming evidence for the effect of time of day when taken alone and each leaves questions which can only be answered by empirical test. However, as a group they seem to indicate that time of day does play an important role in learning in a stressful situation. Most forms of motivation such as fear of failure in a classroom or fear of shock in the laboratory are aversive or stressful in the Thorndikian sense of an annoying state of affairs which the organism will avoid or minimize. If the comparison holds, then although the effect would vary in its specifics, time of day might also influence human learning under stress. (Author) M NW r% FINAL REPORT C.7) Project No. 8-C-059 Grant No. 0EG-3-9-080059-0004(010) LAJ THE EFFECT OF TIME OF DAY ON THE REACTION TO STRESS
The Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectra of Neutral Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Conditions Relevant to Dense Interstellar Clouds

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common throughout the universe and are expected to be present in dense interstellar clouds. In these environments, some PAHs may be present in the gas phase, but most should be frozen into ice mantles or adsorbed onto dust grains and their spectral features are expected to be seen in absorption. Here we extend our previous work on the infrared spectral properties of the small PAH naphthalene (C10H8) in several media to include the full mid-infrared laboratory spectra of 11 other PAHs and related aromatic species frozen in H2O ices. These include the molecules 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, anthracene, 9,10-dihydroanthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, perylene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, pentacene, benzo[ghi]perylene, and coronene. These results demonstrate that PAHs and related molecules, as a class, show the same spectral behaviors as naphthalene when incorporated into H2O-rich matrices. When compared to the spectra of these same molecules isolated in inert matrices (e.g., Ar or N2), the absorption bands produced when they are frozen in H2O matrices are broader (factors of 3-10), show small position shifts in either direction (usually <4 cm-1, always <10 cm-1), and show variable changes in relative band strengths (typically factors of 1-3). There is no evidence of systematic increases or decreases in the absolute strengths of the bands of these molecules when they are incorporated in H2O matrices. In H2O-rich ices, their absorption bands are relatively insensitive to concentration over the range of 10 < H2O/PAH < 200. The absorption bands of these molecules are also insensitive to temperature over the 10 K < T < 125 K range, although the spectra can show dramatic changes as the ices are warmed through the temperature range in which amorphous H2O ice converts to its cubic and hexagonal crystalline forms (T > 125 K). Given the small observed band shifts cause by H2O, the current database of spectra from Ar matrix-isolated neutral PAHs and related molecules should be useful for the search for these species in dense clouds on the basis of observed absorption band positions. Furthermore, these data permit determination of column densities to better than a factor of 3 for PAHs in dense clouds. Column density determination of detected aromatics to better than a factor of 3 will, however, require good knowledge about the nature of the matrix in which the PAH is embedded and laboratory studies of relevant samples.
Dietary restrictions in rheumatoid arthritis-what the patient?s feel: A questionnaire based study.

Background: There is increasing evidence for the role of diet in the etiopathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) while it is not clear how it modifies the disease activity in view of inconclusive results of various dietary intervention studies. We intend to study the influence of diet on RA patients by a simple questionnaire. Methods and findings: Descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 101 consecutive RA patients with simple questionnaire and analysed whether they had dietary restriction or not and how it affected their symptoms. There were 44 patients who restricted their diet and 57 who did not observe dietary restriction. Of the 44 dietary restrictors, 20 (44.5%) had reported worsening of joint pains after a particular food while 52 out of 57 non dietary restrictors (91.2%) did not feel a difference in the joint symptoms with food intake which was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Just like patient reported disease outcome measures which are less complicated and time consuming has emerged as a promising tool in the disease management, this study also observed that majority of our patients are right in restricting their diet based on their joint symptoms. Conclusion: The patient has to decide on their own basis whether or not to restrict a particular food item based on their symptoms instead of imposing a specific dietary pattern until we get more evidence to prove the contrary.
Cardiovascular profile of defensive hostile women in a real stressful situation

The main objective of this study was to analyze the impact of defensive hostility on cardiovascular response in a stressful situation. By measuring three of the most commonly used cardiovascular indexes (heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure) over three experimental phases (adaptation, task and recovery), the evolution of cardiovascular response was analyzed minute by minute throughout the entire experimental session, to check if the defensive hostility influences the cardiovascular function. Two scales were used: the Cook-Medley Composite Hostility Scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Based on the scores on these scales, there were formed four groups (high hostility and high defensiveness, high hostility and low defensiveness, low hostility and high defensiveness, and low hostility and low defensiveness). The stressful situation which was used in the task phase was a real academic examination (exam of the Psychology degree). The hypothesis was that cardiovascular response, activation and recovery, minute by minute, will be greater in hostile defensive women, with an intra-phase evolution profile characterized by maintenance or sensitization and slow recovery. Results show that defensive hostile individuals present the highest values in the physiological variables recorded, and less adaptive profiles.
Evaluating Upper-Extremity ( Dys ) function Using Inertial Measurement Unit Technology and its Applications to Resource-Constrained Settings

The rural population of the world has grown slowly since 1950 and is expected to reach 3.1 billion by 2050. Individuals who reside in rural areas experience more functional limitations caused by chronic conditions (e.g., stroke, cerebral palsy) and have reduced access to healthcare services that do urban residents with similar conditions. Applications of robotics along with information and communications technology (ICT) have been proposed as a cost-effective solution to increase access and quality of care in rural areas. In this paper, I introduce the use of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) for the assessment of upper-extremity impairments, and present data demonstrating the reliability and validity of this device to capture the kinematics during activities of daily living (ADL) in 50 physically and neurologically healthy adults. This innovation solution integrates multiple technologies to provide rehabilitation services without in-person clinician-to-patient encounters, and could support care services for individuals who reside in geographically remote areas. Keywords—low-income; rural; stroke; upper extremity function; inertial sensors; motor assessment
Dentinal mineralization is not limited in the mineralization front but occurs along with the entire odontoblast process

The mineralization-front theory is historically rooted in mineralization research fields for many decades. This theory is widely used to describe mineralization events in both osteogenesis and dentinogenesis. However, this model does not provide enough evidence to explain how minerals are propagated from the pulp-end dentin to dentin-enamel junction (DEJ). To address this issue, we modified the current research approaches by a) extending the mineral deposition windows of time from minutes to hours, instead of limiting the mineralization assay on days and weeks only; b) switching a regular fluorescent microscope to a more powerful confocal microscope; in which both mineral deposition rates and detail mineral labeling along with dentin tubules can be documented; and c) using reporter mice, including the Gli1-CreERT2 activated tomato and the 2.3 Col1-GFP to mark odontoblast processes combined with mineral dye injections. Our key findings are: 1) Odontoblast-processes, full of numerous mini-branches, evenly spread to entire dentin matrices with a high density of processes and a large diameter of the main process at the predentin-dentin junction; and 2) The minerals deposit along with entire odontoblast-processes and form many individual mineral collars surrounding odontoblast processes. As a result, these merged collars give rise to a single labeled line at the dentin-predentin junction, in which the dental tubules are wider in diameter and denser in odontoblast processes compared to other dentin areas. We therefore propose that it is the odontoblast-process that directly contributes to mineralization, which is not simply limited in the mineralization front at the edge of dentin and predentin, but occurs along with the entire odontoblast process. These new findings will shed new light on our understanding of dentin structure and function, as well as the mechanisms of mineralization.
Instructions for use Title Recent deceleration of oceanic pCO 2 increase in the western North Pacific in winter

Title Recent deceleration of oceanic pCO2 increase in the western North Pacific in winter Author(s) Midorikawa, Takashi; Ishii, Masao; Kosugi, Naohiro; Sasano, Daisuke; Nakano, Toshiya; Saito, Shu; Sakamoto, Naoaki; Nakano, Hideyuki; Inoue, Hisayuki Y. Citation Geophysical Research Letters, 39: L12601 Issue Date 2012-06-19 Doc URL http://hdl.handle. net/2115/50929 Rights ©2012 American Geophysical Union Type article File Information GRL39_L12601. pdf
Application of two fluorescence methods for detection and quantification of smooth surface carious lesions

Early diagnosis of carious lesions is a key factor in prevention and management of dental caries. With non-invasive, quantitative diagnostic methods it should be possible to detect lesions at an initial stage and subsequently monitor lesion changes over time during which preventive measures are introduced. Conventional methods are inadequate for a modern approach to clinical caries management. The need for objective and quantitative methods for detecting and monitoring progression of carious lesions is therefore obvious. Aims The present thesis is aimed at evaluating two fluorescence devices, DIAGNOdent and QLF for detection and quantification of carious lesions on smooth surfaces under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, with special reference to applications in orthodontic patients. Material and methods Validity of DIAGNOdent and QLF: (papers I, IV) The validity of two fluorescence methods, DIAGNOdent and QLF, was evaluated for the purpose of caries detection and quantification on non-cavitated carious lesions on smooth surfaces. In paper I, the performance of these fluorescence methods was validated by microradiographic and histopathological analyses in order to correlate the two methods with mineral loss and lesion depth. In paper IV, the DIAGNOdent and the DIAGNOdent pen were validated by histopathological analysis in terms of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Reliability of DIAGNOdent and QLF: (papers I, II, IV) The reliability of DIAGNOdent and QLF in terms of observer agreement on quantification of enamel caries on smooth surfaces was evaluated and compared under in vitro conditions employing Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) (paper I, IV). The interand intra-observer agreement of the DIAGNOdent method was also tested under in vivo conditions (paper II). Application of DIAGNOdent as a monitoring tool for evaluation of preventive programs: (paper III) The capacity of DIAGNOdent for monitoring caries progression was evaluated in a clinical study where twelve subjects with 127 test teeth were randomly assigned to two
DP 2002 / 07 Currency unions and gravity models revisited

Gravity models have been shown to be fairly effective in modelling bilateral trading patterns, explaining more than 50 per cent of the variation in trade. This paper examines bilateral trade patterns using a data set provided by Rose and van Wincoop (2001). Rose (2000) has suggested that forming a currency union has a dramatic effect on the volume of intra-union trade. A number of econometric issues are identified with respect to this claim. There is some evidence that Rose’s (2000) empirical results are not entirely robust to the sample of countries used, and to the estimation method. In particular, some of the regressors may be endogenous, which casts doubt on the magnitude of the parameter estimates. 1 Email: smithca@attglobal.net. The views contained herein are those of the author and should not be attributed to the Reserve Bank of New Zealand or its employees. The author wishes to thank, without implicating, Michelle Barnes, Nils Björksten, Sean Collins, Peter Kenen, Andrew Rose, and Dean Scrimgeour for valuable comments and discussion. © Reserve Bank of New Zealand.
Amygdala Corticofugal Input Shapes Mitral Cell Responses in the Accessory Olfactory Bulb

Abstract Interconnections between the olfactory bulb and the amygdala are a major pathway for triggering strong behavioral responses to a variety of odorants. However, while this broad mapping has been established, the patterns of amygdala feedback connectivity and the influence on olfactory circuitry remain unknown. Here, using a combination of neuronal tracing approaches, we dissect the connectivity of a cortical amygdala [posteromedial cortical nucleus (PmCo)] feedback circuit innervating the mouse accessory olfactory bulb. Optogenetic activation of PmCo feedback mainly results in feedforward mitral cell (MC) inhibition through direct excitation of GABAergic granule cells. In addition, LED-driven activity of corticofugal afferents increases the gain of MC responses to olfactory nerve stimulation. Thus, through corticofugal pathways, the PmCo likely regulates primary olfactory and social odor processing.
Examining the Effects of Enclosure Size at Training and at Test in Spatial Reorientation

Previous research has begun to shed light on the differentiated influence of enclosure size on cue use during reorientation (Sturz, Forloines, & Bodily, 2012). Namely, the question remains of why both feature (i.e., objects or landmarks in the enclosure) and geometric (i.e., shape of the enclosure) cues are differentially affected by enclosure size, and the extent to which local (i.e., wall lengths and corner angles) and global (i.e., principal axis of space) geometric cues are affected by enclosure size. Further, it remains unclear whether training size, testing size, or the relationship between training and testing size influences the use of local geometric cues. In the present study, we trained participants to respond to a goal location in differently-sized trapezoidal enclosures (requiring use of both local and global geometric cues). Our design allowed us to hold training size constant while manipulating testing size, hold testing size constant while manipulating training size, and examine the potential influences of the relationship between training and testing size (increasing in size from training to testing or decreasing in size from training to testing). We then tested participants in differently-sized rectangular and parallelogram-shaped enclosures (rectangular to isolate the use of the principal axis of space and parallelogram to place locations specified by the principal axis and corner angles in conflict). Our results suggest that enclosure size influenced the use of local geometric cues but not global geometric cues but only with respect to the relationship between training and testing environments. INDEX WORDS: Spatial reorientation, Spatial navigation, Enclosure size, Virtual environments, Incidental learning EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF ENCLOSURE SIZE AT TRAINING AND AT TEST IN SPATIAL REORIENTATION by
Evaluation of static stress change forecasting with prospective and blind tests

SUMMARY Controversy and uncertainty about the physics of earthquake triggering mean that stress interactions are rarely incorporated into formal probabilistic forecasts. Statistical methods capture and predict complex features in short-term aftershock forecasts, but we ultimately want to understand the physics behind earthquake triggering. In this paper, we show two fully prospective static stress forecasts that have failed to reproduce spatial patterns of microseismicity. We demonstrate that these failures are not the result of complex main shock ruptures, but are instead caused in part by secondary triggering as deduced from an epidemic type aftershock sequence (ETAS) based stochastic declustering calculation. Prospective testing highlights difficulties in validating physics-based forecasts using microseismicity that can evolve rapidly in time and space. We therefore turn to a global catalogue of larger potentially triggered earthquakes. Prior study with this database found that M≥ 5 earthquakes after main shocks had a ratio of stress-increased to total number of events of 61 per cent, a barely significant result relative to the null value of 50 ± 4.6 per cent. The initial study included every catalogue event; our conclusions from the prospective tests cause us to revisit this choice and to conduct a systematic study of test-event selection. Free parameters include main shock and aftershock magnitude thresholds, as well as calculated probability that aftershocks are background events. We find a mean ratio of stress-increased to total number of events of ∼70 per cent across the test parameter range, with high values greater than 80 per cent. The most important parameter is triggered-event magnitude. We therefore conclude that the static stress change hypothesis is significantly more consistent with observation of large earthquake clustering than random chance.
A Study on the consumer ccceptance, Nutritive value and Antioxidant activity of Multigrain Ladoo

Food Based approaches are recognized as an essential part of an urgently needed more comprehensive strategy for improving nutrition by increasing the availability and consumption to combat nutrient deficiencies. It is also needed to ensure food and nutrient security among the vulnerable sections of the society. The present study was carried out to develop an innovative traditional nutritious product – multigrain ladoo and to assess the consumer acceptance, nutritive value and its antioxidant content. Quasi-experimental design was used to assess the consumer acceptance (using 9 point hedonic rating scale) of the developed product. Nutrient and antioxidant content of the product was also determined (Lab analysis). Using ex-post facto research design a general survey (using interview schedule) was carried out to determine the sensory evaluation among the subjects (n=50) who were selected using purposive sampling technique. From the study we could observe that appearance, texture, colour, aroma, mouthfeel, taste and overall product score of multigrain ladoo by 9 hedonic scale rating was remarkable, significance level being 1%. Thus the product proved to be highly acceptable by the consumers. Nutrient (especially for protein, carbohydrate, iron and phosphorus) and antioxidant content of the product was also tremendously high. Multigrain ladoo is a product providing most of the nutrients especially proteins, carbohydrate, iron and phosphorus and has good antioxidant content. The overall product was highly acceptable by the consumer. Hence we could suggest multigrain ladoo for the subjects so that they could be healthy and overcome from certain nutrient deficiencies.