Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COVERT D AND PRENOMINAL Cel IN ROMANIAN

The Romanian definite article marker, as that of ot her languages, is argued to have more than one morphological form. In Romanian, the morphological forms are claimed to be the suffix (also referred to as –L) and the free-form/standing morpheme cel. The suffix and the free-form occur DP-initially a nd seem to contribute a definite reading to the DP. Due to the se distribution facts, it has been argued by Cornilescu (1992, 2004) and Grosu (1 994), that the Romanian definite article, base-generated in D , is spelled out either as the suffix –L or as the free-form cel, which, according to Cornilescu (2004), is used as a last resort mechanism when the suffix –L cannot cliticize to an appropriate host. In this paper, I argue that the Romanian definite article in D has only one morphologically overt instantiation: the defini te article suffix –L. In constructions with prenominal cel the definite D is covert. Specifically, the present paper makes the following claims: (1) cel is not a definite article in D ; (2) prenominal cel and the XP following it form a constituent, celP, that is adjoined below D in the same position as demonstratives; and (3) celP can license a [+def. ] feature in D , a mechanism independently needed to account for the distribution of demonstratives. In addition , this article provides a rather detailed map of the articulated left periphery of t he Romanian DP and the multiple syntactic positions available to the diffe rent elements.
Universitet Decomposing Firm-level Sales Variation

We measure the contribution of rm-speci c e¤ects to overall sales variation within a destination and nd it remarkably low. Our empirical decomposition is structurally motivated by a heterogeneity model of exporting involving destinationspeci c, rm-speci c, and rm-destination-speci c latent e¤ects with incidental truncation. We use a highly detailed dataset with exports by products and destinations for all Danish manufacturing rms. We nd the contribution of rm-speci c heterogeneity to within-destination sales variation varies greatly across HS6 products, and that for the median product it drives 31% of the sales variation. When we remove rst-time exports from our sample, the median value increases to 40%, implying that rm-destination-speci c e¤ects are most important the rst year. We conclude that while rm-speci c productivity can account for some of the variation, the majority is explained by rm-destination-speci c heterogeneity sources such as rmdestination-speci c demand. Keywords: Firm heterogeneity, rm-level export data, truncation correction. JEL Codes: F12, C24 We would like to thank participants at Purdue University, the University of Copenhagen, the Fourth Danish International Economics Workshop, Aarhus, the 2008 ETSG conference, Warsaw, the Fall 2008 Midwest Meetings International Economics Group Meetings, Ohio State University, 2008 EIIT, University of Colorado, the LMDG 2008 conference on Labor Economics and International Trade, Sandbjerg and NOITS 2009, Copenhagen for helpful suggestions and comments. In particular, we would like to acknowledge David Hummels, Chong Xiang, and Mette Ejrnæs for suggestions that have greatly improved the direction and exposition of this paper. Financial support from the Tuborg Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. All errors are our own. yAddress: Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Studiestræde 6, DK 1455 Copenhagen K, Denmark, E-mails: jakob.roland. munch@econ.ku. dk, daniel.x. nguyen@econ.ku. dk.
Deployment and performance of an unmanned aerial vehicle for spraying of specialty crops

Development of small, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) provides an opportunity for pesticide spray application in which the applicator can be removed from close proximity of the spray discharge and in which the spray application can be made with high spatial resolution. In this work, a commercial UAS-mounted spray system was deployed in high value specialty crops in California. The UAS used in this project was a commercially produced unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a ground control station. The aircraft was a gasoline-powered helicopter (RMAX, Yamaha Motor Co. USA, Cypress, CA USA) developed for spraying of rice in Japan. The aircraft had the following dimensions: Vehicle mass = 100 kg; Rotor diameter = 3.1 m; vehicle length = 3.6 m and vehicle height = 1.1 m. The aircraft is powered by a two-stroke, 250 cm displacement, liquid cooled, 13.6 kW engine. Control of the aircraft was through a radio linked, 60 mW, dual-joystick handheld transmitter operating in the 72 MHz band. The model testing in this project did not have provisions for autonomous operation; operation of the aircraft was limited to a 400 m “line of sight” range. While commercial use of UAS aircraft in the United States is currently prohibited, the aircraft can be deployed by public agencies for research and development. The productivity of the UAS for spraying and the resulting spray deposition in a full season grape canopy were assessed in a commercial vineyard in the Napa Valley. The spray system on the aircraft consisted of an electrically-powered diaphragm pump supplying liquid to two flat fan nozzles (TeeJet XR11002, Spraying Systems, Inc.) at a flow rate of 1.3 to 2 l min. The nozzle and pressure combination produced droplets in the fine to medium-fine category. The spray tanks were two (side “saddle” mounted) detachable tanks of 8 l capacity each. The primary test area for spray deposition and performance assessment was a 0.61 ha block of Cabernet Sauvignon vine grapes located at the University of California Oakville Field Station in Napa County, CA USA. The block was configured as rows 61 m long with a spacing of 2.4 m; there were 42 rows in the block. Depending on the spray method deployed, specifically, the swath width used and the flight pattern in the vineyard, the UAS spray application could achieve 2.0 to 4.5 ha/hr work rates while applying volume rates of 14.0 to 39.0 l/ha. The results from this study provided insight into the potential commercial deployment of unmanned vehicles for specialty crop. Spray application rates and resulting deposition rates were comparable to those typically observed in manned aerial spraying. Sprayer work rates achieved were in excess of those typical with ground-based vehicle spraying in grape production. Therefore, in the tested conditions, UAV spraying can provide hybrid performance that includes beneficial aspects of both manned aerial spraying (high work rates) and ground-based spraying (ease of deployment).
Extracting Verification Models from Source Code

To formally verity a large software application, the standard method is to invest a considerable amount of time and expertise into the manual construction of an abstract model, which is then analyzed for its properties by either a mechanized or by a human prover. There are two main problems with this approach. The flfSt problem is that this verification method can be no more reliable than the humans that perform the manual steps. If rate of error for human work is a function of problem size, this holds not only for the construction of the original application, but also for the construction of the model. This means that the verification process tends to become unreliable for larger applications. The second problem is one of timing and relevance. Software applications built by teams of programmers can change rapidly, often daily. Manually constructing a faithful abstraction of any one version of the application, though, can take weeks or months. The results of a verification, then, can quickly become irrelevant to an ongoing design effort. In this paper we sketch a verification method that aims to avoid these problems. This method, based on automated model extraction, was first applied in the verification of the call processing software for a new Lucent Technologies' system called PathStar.TM
Birth Weight and Cognitive Development during Childhood: Evidence from India

Health at birth is an important indicator of human capital development over the life course. This paper uses longitudinal data from the Young Lives survey and employs instrumental variable regression models to estimate the effect of birth weight on cognitive development during childhood in India. We find that a 10 percent increase in birth weight increases cognitive test score by 8.1 percent or 0.11 standard deviations at ages 5-8 years. Low birth weight infants experienced a lower test score compared with normal birth weight infants. The positive effect of birth weight on a cognitive test score is larger for boys, children from rural or poor households, and those with less-educated mothers. Our findings suggest that health policies designed to improve birth weight could improve human capital in resource-poor settings.
esearch paper new species of the genus Parasesarma De Man 1895 from East frican mangroves and evidence for mitochondrial introgression in esarmid crabs

The Sesarmidae (Decapoda; Brachyura: Thoracotremata) is the most speciose family of crabs occurring in the mangroves of East Africa, accounting for 12 species belonging to seven genera. Among these, the genus Parasesarma accounts for a total of four species. Here we describe a new species, Parasesarma gazi sp. nov., based on specimens collected in mangrove forests of Kenya and Tanzania. The phylogenetic position of this new species within the family Sesarmidae was reconstructed, based on three mitochondrial and one nuclear marker. While nuclear data genetically resolve the systematic relationships, mitochondrial data reveal a surprising similarity of Parasesarma gazi sp. nov. and its sister species P. leptosoma. This result ybridization
Analysis of Factors Affecting the Human Development Index in North Sumatra Province

This research aims to analyze the influence of economic growth, percentage of poor population, government expenditure of education, health expenditure of government, and income distribution inequality affecting human development index (HDI) in North Sumatera Province. This research uses panel data analysis model through fixed effect model approach. Sources of data used in the form of secondary data obtained from the publication data of the Central Statistics Indonesia (BPS) and data Ministry of Finance with the period 2009-2013, with data between 33 districts/cities. The results of this study indicate that of the five variables suspected to affect HDI in the Province of North Sumatra, assuming ceteris paribus condition that: Economic growth has a significant positive effect on HDI due to the increase of economic growth of 0,000000293. The percentage of poor people does not affect to the HDI. Government expenditures in the field of education have no effect on HDI. Government expenditures in the field of health have a significant positive effect on HDI and income inequality has no effect.
What has made the financial crisis truly global ?

Why has the current financial crisis spread so violently across countries and economic sectors? Could this global dimension have been foreseen, or are we observing a novel transmission pattern? Focusing on the transmission to about 450 industry equity portfolios across 64 countries, the paper finds that equity portfolios with a high degree of integration with the US market before the crisis were affected substantially more strongly than more segregated ones – and to this extent, the transmission is not unexpected. Moreover, the magnitude of country risk explains a significant share in the cross-sectional heterogeneity of the crisis response, which is found to be a rather novel feature of the current crisis and appears to be related to financial policies implemented during the crisis. By contrast, risks at the micro level related to financial constraints do not seem to have played a major role in the global transmission of the crisis. Overall, the result that macro country risk dwarfed micro, firm-level risk as a global transmission channel of the crisis underlines the importance of macroprudential analysis for closer surveillance of such risks, both at a country level and at a global level. JEL No.: F3, G14, G15.
A Renewed Call to Truth, Prudence, and Protection of the Poor

We believe that idea—we’ll call it “global warming alarmism”—fails the tests of theology, science, and economics. It rests on poor theology, with a worldview of the Earth and its climate system contrary to that taught in the Bible. It rests on poor science that confuses theory with observation, computer models with reality, and model results with evidence, all while ignoring the lessons of climate history. It rests on poor economics, failing to do reasonable cost/benefit analysis, ignoring or underestimating the costs of reducing fossil fuel use while exaggerating the benefits. And it bears fruit in unethical policy that would destroy millions of jobs.
Generation for Things Unknown : Accounting for First-Time Users and Hidden Scenes

This work presents a new approach for modelling “unknown unknowns” in Natural Language Generation (NLG) systems. We first address the question of how to adapt to unknown users, using a combination of cluster-based user modelling and Pareto optimal Multi-Objective Optimisation. Next, we present a corpus study on generating referring expressions (RE) for instruction giving in the real-world, where the visual scene complexity is (currently) unknown. We find significant differences between REs generated in the virtual and the real world and draw general conclusions for NLG systems.
SME Internationalization in a Business Ecosystem Context The Case of Finnish Smart Mobility Companies

As large companies generate the largest share of Finland’s export revenue, recent scholarly attention has been given to the internationalization of SMEs. The degree of SME internationalization is too low, therefore making the Finnish economy narrowly dependent on a few industries. Business Finland, a government agency, has set up so called business ecosystem programs to increase SME internationalization in industries that Finland has key competences. However, the concept of a business ecosystem remains confusing due to overlapping definitions, and governmental and SME understandings of business ecosystems can differ. Therefore, this study aims to explore SME business ecosystem perceptions and their connection to internationalization. The research was done as a qualitative case study of smart mobility companies in collaboration with Business Finland. Data was gathered from representatives of six companies in the smart mobility industry by conducting semi-structured interviews. Data interpretation was made through thematic analysis. The findings suggest that SME understanding of business ecosystems can roughly be divided into two views: the fixed structure of ecosystems, emphasizing co-creation, recognizable borders, clearly defined objects, and business, and the dynamic structure of ecosystems, emphasizing networking, information gathering, and relationship building. Also, SMEs take specific roles in their ecosystems, such as niche player or keystone roles, while seeing the established players in mobility as dominators. The connection to internationalization is made through networks and co-opetition, which underline relationship building in a disruptive business environment. Internationalization is not understood as anything special but is taken for granted in SME strategies. The thesis makes a theoretical contribution by demonstrating how the concepts of business ecosystem and SME internationalization are tightly connected. Also, a managerial implication is that authorities should acknowledge that ecosystem perceptions differ a lot, and that SMEs consider networking and co-opetition as essential mechanisms of their internationalization efforts.
Study of the double Higgs production channel H ( → bb̄ ) H ( → γγ ) with the ATLAS experiment at the HL-LHC The ATLAS Collaboration

This note presents the prospects for a measurement to observe di-Higgs production decaying to bb̄γγ. This study is carried out in the context of the high luminosity LHC using an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb−1and mean pileup rates < μ > of 200. This analysis is based on generator-level information. The energy and momentum of the produced particles are smeared to simulate the response of the upgraded ATLAS detector and pile-up collisions. An expected significance of 1. 05σ is found for this channel. Neglecting systematic uncertainties, the Higgs boson self-coupling would be constrained to −0.8 < λ/λS M < 7.7 at 95% confidence level. c © 2017 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS Collaboration. Reproduction of this article or parts of it is allowed as specified in the CC-BY-4.0 license.
Robust Aggregation for Federated Learning

We present a novel approach to federated learning that endows its aggregation process with greater robustness to potential poisoning of local data or model parameters of participating devices. The proposed approach, Robust Federated Aggregation (RFA), relies on the aggregation of updates using the geometric median, which can be computed efficiently using a Weiszfeld-type algorithm. RFA is agnostic to the level of corruption and aggregates model updates without revealing each device’s individual contribution. We establish the convergence of the robust federated learning algorithm for the stochastic learning of additive models with least squares. We also offer two variants of RFA: a faster one with one-step robust aggregation, and another one with on-device personalization. We present experimental results with additive models and deep networks for three tasks in computer vision and natural language processing. The experiments show that RFA is competitive with the classical aggregation when the level of corruption is low, while demonstrating greater robustness under high corruption.
Expectations-Driven Liquidity Traps: Implications for Monetary and Fiscal Policy

We study optimal time-consistent monetary and fiscal policy in a New Keynesian model where occasional declines in agents’ confidence give rise to persistent liquidity trap episodes. Insights from widely studied fundamental-driven liquidity traps are not a useful guide for enhancing welfare in this model. Raising the inflation target, appointing an inflation-conservative central banker, or allowing for the use of government spending as an additional stabilization tool can exacerbate deflationary pressures and demand deficiencies during the liquidity trap episodes. However, appointing a policy-maker who is sufficiently less concerned with government spending stabilization than society eliminates expectations-driven liquidity traps. (JEL E31, E52, E61, E62, E63)
Pathways to Care for Dhat Syndrome

Treatment-seeking patterns of patients with ‘Dhat syndrome’ is highly diverse. They often make multiple visits with various types of health care providers in search of help. Usually, consultations are made with several indigenous healers, vaids, hakims, sex specialists and practitioners of alternative medicine for relief, before reaching a psychiatric health facility. As an enormous time gets wasted in finding the appropriate care provider for the problem, there is a need for incorporating an efficient and effective referral mechanism to speed up access to psychiatric care in patients with ‘Dhat syndrome’. Introduction In ancient Indian medicinal texts, conservation of semen has been given immense importance. Ayurveda describes human body to be made of seven vital elements or the ‘Dhatus’. Of these, ‘Shukradhatu’ or semen is considered to be the most valuable and powerful bodily substance, and is equated with the fluid of life [1]. Thus, its loss is perceived to drain the human body of its vitality and is associated with various morbidities, loss of sexual vigour and even early death. Similar beliefs related to preciousness of semen could be traced in several other cultures around the world at different point of time in history [2]. However, this belief remained widely prevalent in Indian subcontinent, leading to distress of varying severity in persons with perceived excessive semen loss. To account for this entity, N.N. Wig coined the term ‘Dhat syndrome’ in 1960 [3]. The typical presentation of the patient with ‘Dhat syndrome’ is an illiterate or lesser educated adolescent or young adult male from lower socioeconomic status and rural background [4]. Young people often lack clear knowledge about various phenomenon related to sexuality. The ignorance, unclear information or misinformation leads to development of excessive concern related to the loss of semen [5]. Consequently, any whitish discoloration of urine, which is usually due to high oxalate and phosphate content or secretions from bulbourethral glands, get misinterpreted as
N ov 2 01 7 High-pressure versus isoelectronic doping effect on the honeycomb iridate Na 2 IrO

V. Hermann, J. Ebad-Allah, 2 F. Freund, I. M. Pietsch, A. Jesche, A. A. Tsirlin, J. Deisenhofer, M. Hanfland, P. Gegenwart, and C. A. Kuntscher Experimentalphysik II, Augsburg University, 86159 Augsburg, Germany Department of Physics, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt Experimentalphysik VI, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Augsburg University, 86159 Augsburg, Germany Experimentalphysik V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Augsburg University, 86135 Augsburg, Germany European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
Title Evidence for glutamate as a neuroglial transmitter withinsensory ganglia

This study examines key elements of glutamatergic transmission within sensory ganglia of the rat. We show that the soma of primary sensory neurons release glutamate when depolarized. Using acute dissociated mixed neuronal/glia cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or trigeminal ganglia and a colorimetric assay, we show that when glutamate uptake by satellite glial cells (SGCs) is inhibited, KCl stimulation leads to simultaneous increase of glutamate in the culture medium. With calcium imaging we see that the soma of primary sensory neurons and SGCs respond to AMPA, NMDA, kainate and mGluR agonists, and selective antagonists block this response. Using whole cell patch-clamp technique, inward currents were recorded from small diameter (,30 mm) DRG neurons from intact DRGs (ex-vivo whole ganglion preparation) in response to local application of the above glutamate receptor agonists. Following a chronic constriction injury (CCI) of either the inferior orbital nerve or the sciatic nerve, glutamate expression increases in the trigeminal ganglia and DRG respectively. This increase occurs in neurons of all diameters and is present in the somata of neurons with injured axons as well as in somata of neighboring uninjured neurons. These data provides additional evidence that glutamate can be released within the sensory ganglion, and that the somata of primary sensory neurons as well as SGCs express functional glutamate receptors at their surface. These findings, together with our previous gene knockdown data, suggest that glutamatergic transmission within the ganglion could impact nociceptive threshold. Citation: Kung L-H, Gong K, Adedoyin M, Ng J, Bhargava A, et al. (2013) Evidence for Glutamate as a Neuroglial Transmitter within Sensory Ganglia. PLoS ONE 8(7): e68312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0068312 Editor: Alexander Binshtok, The Hebrew University Medical School, Israel Received February 1, 2013; Accepted May 28, 2013; Published July 2, 2013 Copyright: 2013 Kung et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: Supported by NIH NS061241, NS051336 and the Painless Research Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: peter.ohara@ucsf.edu