Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
7 HIV-1 Diversity and Its Implications in Diagnosis , Transmission , Disease Progression , and Antiretroviral Therapy

Due to an error prone reverse transcriptase, HIV-1 has diversified into multiple variants. Currently, there are four phylogenetic groups named M, N, O and P (Gurtler et al., 1994; Plantier et al., 2009b; Simon et al., 1998). HIV-1 group M, which is responsible for most of the infections in the world, has diversified into nine subtypes named A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J and K, seven sub-subtypes (A1-A5 and F1-F2), multiple circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and countless unique recombinant forms (UFRs) (Gao et al., 2001; Meloni et al., 2004; Triques et al., 1999; Vidal et al., 2009; Vidal et al., 2006). At present, 49 CRFs were recognized of which 37 are first generation recombinants and 12 are second generation recombinants (Los Alamos Sequence Database, 2011).
The heterogeneous impact of conditional cash transfers in Honduras *

This paper reanalyzes the Honduran PRAF-II experiment, conducted from 2000 to 2002, that randomly assigned conditional cash transfers (CCTs) to 40 of 70 poor municipalities. In treated municipalities, children 6-12 who had yet to complete 4 grade were eligible to receive cash transfers of US$50-60 per year, conditional on enrolling in school. Using the 2001 Census, we show that eligible children were 8 percentage points more likely to enroll in school, and 3-4 percentage points less likely to work. The effects are larger than prior estimates, and are especially large among 2 of the 5 experimental strata with the highest rates of child stunting. The pattern of heterogeneous treatment effects is replicated by two regression discontinuity designs using different control groups. One exploits the original selection rule used to choose 70 experimental municipalities from 298 total, and the other uses municipal borders that separate treated children from neighboring, but untreated children. The results show that the Honduran CCT was more successful than is commonly reported. Heterogeneity further shows the importance of judicious targeting to maximize the impact and cost-effectiveness of CCTs. * We are grateful to Claudia Aguilar, Paul Glewwe, Luis Marcano, Renán Rápalo, and library staff of ESA Consultores for their assistance in obtaining data. Carolin Ferwerda and Manuel Puente provided excellent research support. Kristin Butcher, Dan Fetter, Adrienne Lucas, John Maluccio, Robin McKnight, Kartini Shastry, Gustavo Torrens, and seminar participants at Wellesley, LACEA, Universidad Católica de Chile, and Universidad de San Andres provided helpful comments.
Level of depression among the male and female athletes of Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak

The present study was an attempt to find out the level of depression among male and female athletes of M.D. University, Rohtak. Present study was conducted on a sample of 70 subjects selected (35 male and 100 female) in the age range of 18 to 28 years. Standardized depression test by L.N. Dubey (1993) was used to collect the data. Mean, Standard Deviation and ‘t’ test was used to anlayse the data. On the basis of results obtained in the depression scale, it can be commented that there is no significant difference between male and female athletes of M.D. University, Rohtak.
Distribution and nymphal age of Dinocras cephalotes (Curtis) (Plecoptera: Perlidae) in northern Finland

The largest species of Scandinavian plecopterans, Dinocras cephalotes (Curtis), was identified in the River Inarijoki, northern Finnish Lapland in 1990, being the first record of this species in Finland. In spite of the widespread zoobenthos survey carried out in all major river systems in the northernmost Lapland, the distribution of D. cephalotes seems to be restricted to a small geographical area in the R. Inarijoki, which forms part of the border between northern Norway and Finland. The nymphal stage of D. cephalotes appears to take four years in northern Finland, and no indications of a five-year nymphal stage, earlier suggested for northernmost Scandinavia, were found.
Deposited in DRO : 29 October 2018 Version of attached le : Accepted Version Peer-review status of attached

In this paper, realistic telemedicine implementation scenarios with architecture are proposed to help in extending quality healthcare using satellite and integrated satelliteterrestrial networks (ISTNs). Telemedicine is the use of telecommunications and information technology to extend healthcare service delivery to underserved, remotely isolated communities. Global coverage, broadcast/multicast capability and the high capacity of satellites in Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) could potentially serve as a tool to extend quality healthcare to underserved remote rural areas. However, Long End-to-End latency or Round-Trip-Time (RTT ) attributed to the GEO satellites could degrade the performance of data communications leading underutilisation of the high available capacity due to high link errors and the long latency, particularly when using Transmission Control Protocol (TCP ) over the internet, which accounts for about 90% of the internet traffic today. The actual latency (RTT ) of GEO satellites is about 1700ms to 3000ms, which could lead to capacity utilisation as low as 39% of maximum 464kbps available capacity of our testbed service provider. However, TCP Performance could be improved by adopting other transmission protocols which we are currently testing and investigating possible modifications for even more enhance performance over satellite and hybrid (ISTN ) channels network environment.
Effects of Different Media and Cultivars on the Yield and Quality of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L . ) Grown in Hydroponics

Tomato is one of the most important crops in Eswatini used in stews, soups, sauces and salads. However, its production is low because it is produced only in the summer season using determinate cultivars. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of different growing media on the yield and quality of indeterminate tomato cultivars grown in tunnel hydroponics production system. The study was conducted in a growing tunnel located at Mphaphati area, Lubombo Region in the Lowveld of the Kingdom of Eswatini. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with Split Plot arrangement replicated four times. Four growing media (sawdust, vermiculite, sand and soil) were used as main plots. The sub-plots were allocated to four indeterminate tomato cultivars Esty, Heidi, Inga and Jasmine. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences on the yield and quality of tomato among the different cultivars grown in the different media. Highest marketable yield (66.2 ton/ha) was obtained in cultivar Esty grown in sawdust and the lowest (40.9 ton/ha) was obtained in cultivar Jasmine grown in soil. Cultivar Esty grown in soil gave the highest TSS (3.45 %), pH (4.3) and dry matter content (14.95 %) compared to the other cultivars. The lowest TSS (3.5 %) and dry matter content (11.2 %) was obtained in Inga grown using sawdust. It may therefore recommended, that farmers could use tomato cultivar Esty grown in sawdust for higher yield and quality of tomatoes in hydroponics tunnels in Eswatini.
The Acquisition and Firm Growth : The perspective of Acquired Entrepreneurial Firms

This paper is to explore the effects of acquisition on the firm growth of acquired entrepreneurial firms which is overlooked by the extant empirical literature. Depending on a comprehensive dataset, the paper identifies the acquisitions of small entrepreneurial firms by large business groups during 2002 to 2004 in the high technology and knowledge intensive sectors in Sweden. By comparing the firm growth between acquired and non-acquired firms and before and after acquisition within acquired firms, it is found that acquisition is a selection process that the fast-growing entrepreneurial firms are more likely to be acquired. But the post-acquisition effects on growth is not positive. By comparing with the results from the previous study, it is inferred that in the sample of acquisitions of this paper, the negative impact is not mainly from the failures of post-integration process but more likely to connect to the development stages of acquired entrepreneurial firms when they are acquired. If the entrepreneurial firms are acquired during the stages with relatively mature innovations, it seems that acquiring groups would prefer to keep them independently within the group and increase investments to further improve and extend the innovations due to their high market potentials. Thus the growth of acquired firms would increase after acquisition. But if the entrepreneurial firms are acquired during the stages of early development of innovations, it seems that acquiring groups would be less possible to keep them as separate business units but would integrate them gradually by mergers or downsizing which entails the negative growth of acquired firms after acquisition. But these explanations need to be tested in future research.
Pattern of Drug Use Among Adolescents In Selected Secondary Schools In Ibadan North Local Government Area , Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria

Health risk behaviour remains high among adolescent. One of the most common, and most dangerous, of adolescents’ risky behaviours is using illicit drugs. Many studies have reported use of different illicit drugs among adolescents. Hence, thepresent study wanted to assess the pattern of drug use among inschool adolescents. This study assessed the following variables: knowledge of adolescents on drug use, age of the first drug use; drug/substances used; pattern of drug use and possible factors influencing adolescents’ involvement in drug use. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study and two secondary schools were randomly selected from Ibadan North local government area of Oyo State. Nigeria. One Hundred (100) students were conveniently selected in their first, second and third year of senior secondary school level. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data from the respondents and data were analyzed using SPSS.version 20. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 15 yrs.SD (1.93). Majority of the respondents were female (62.0%)while their male counterpart was 38.0%. Respondents are predominately Yoruba (68.0%) and those whose parents are married were 79%, while those with single parents were 14% and those with divorced/separated parents 7%. Respondents’ knowledge on drug/substance use was high 75%. However, respondents’ awareness of consequences of drug/substance use on academic performance, risky sexual behaviour, crime and poor academic performance was poor. Of the 100 respondents, 71(71%) claimed to have being involved in drug us, age at initiation was 11-13yrs with first drug experience being un-prescribed analgesic (20%),Alcohol (5.0%), Marijuana (3%), Cocaine (3%) and cigarrete (2%) respectively. Only 25%of respondents are current drug user and most commonly abused drug were analgesics, alcohol, cigarrete and marijuana. Conclusions: Adolescents are not fully aware of the consequences of drug/substance use.Hence, a school-based anti-drug programmes should be organized for the adolescents. Also, review of school curriculum to include teaching on drug use will be a potent tool to empower adolescents with adequate knowledge on drug use.
The Wisdom of Fools : new molecular and morphological insights into the North American apodetiate species of Cladonia

– The taxonomy of the North American apodetiate and superficially apodetiate species of Cladonia with persistent, primarily squamulose thalli (viz., C. apodocarpa, C. caespiticia, and C. petrophila) is revised using morphological, chemical, and ecological data in combination with molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 sequence data. The results of this approach confirm some established taxonomic concepts in the group and raise doubts about others. The taxon known as C. apodocarpa is well supported by likelihoodand parsimony-based molecular phylogenetic inferences as well as morphology, chemistry, and ecology. However, molecular evidence gives an equivocal answer to the question of whether C. petrophila is a distinct monophyletic entity or if C. apodocarpa is nested within it. In addition, no phylogenetic structure is detected for the chemical races of C. petrophila with and without fumarprotocetraric acid, based on the markers used in these analyses. However, C. petrophila does remain well supported as a taxon by chemistry (i.e., the presence of sphaerophorin), morphology, and ecology. A morphologically and ecologically distinct new taxon is described as C. stipitata. We confirm the distant relationship of these taxa (C. apodocarpa, C. petrophila, and C. stipitata) to C. caespiticia, a species with stipitate or pseudopodetiate (vs. sessile) apothecia. A treatment of the North American apodetiate species of Cladonia including distribution maps, cited specimens, and illustrations is presented. A key to the taxa that includes unrelated, frequently sterile species of Cladonia found in eastern North America is also provided.
Finite Element Analysis of Phosphate Movement through a Clayey-Sandy Soil by using Geo-Slope Software ( CTRAN / W )

A hypothetical 2-D numerical model of a clayey-sandy soil profile had been developed by using Geo-Slope software to analyze the water flow (SEEP/W) and phosphate movement (CTRAN/W) through the sub-surface region of the soil. Results showed that streamlines and equipotential lines are normal to each other and vectors displaying the velocity of the flow direction have the average flow rate of 1.2067 x 10 -5 ft 3 /sec/ft (0.000342 LPS). The AdvectionDispersion Analysis revealed that the adsorption of phosphate on the soil particles is linearly related to the concentration which was represented as contours with different colors. The phosphate concentration after 365 days was 0.93 gm/ft 3 at the toe point of the drain. The overall average velocity for the selected nodal points at head, middle and tail sections were 0.2262, 0.3997, and 0.6834 ft/day, respectively. Only the nodal points present at the tail section reached the free exit drain in between 300-365 days with an average velocity of 0.6855 ft/day. The particles present at the head and middle sections of the land were moving slowly as compared to the tail section. However, results may vary for the other types and texture of soils.
BASED UPON AUTHENTICATION BY EPR ENTANGLEMENT STATE

Cryptographic world has faced multiple challenges that are included in encoding and decoding transmitting information into a secure communication channel. Quantum cryptography may be another generation of the cryptography world, which is based on the law of physics. After decades of using the classical cryptography, there is an essential need to move a step forward through the most trusted systems, especially enormous amount of data flows through billions of communicating channels (e.g. The internet), and keeping this transmitting information away from eavesdropping is obligatory. Moreover, quantum cryptography has proved its standing against many weaknesses in the classical cryptography. One of these weaknesses is the ability to copy any type of information using a passive attack without an interruption, which is impossible in the quantum system. Theoretically, several quantum observables are utilized to diagnose an action of one particle. These observables are included in measuring mass, movement, speed, etc. The polarization of one photon occurs normally and randomly in the space. Any interruption that happens during sending of a light will cause a deconstruction of the light polarization. Therefore, particles’ movement in a three-dimensional space is supported by
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND LIPID PROFILE OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED OIL IN MAKURDI BENUE STATE , NIGERIA

The oil extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds using n-hexane was analysed for the chemical properties and lipid profile. The seed exhibited an oil yield of 41.16%. The extracted seed oil revealed an Iodine value of 67.56 ± 0.10, Saponification value of 174. 40 ± 0.20, Acid value of 3.13 ±0.01 and Peroxide value of 1.80 ± 0.00. It also had a Free Fatty Acid value of 1.58 ± 0.70 and Ester value of 171.27 ± 0.19. The oil contain many important fatty acids with high level of oleic acid up to 69.67%. The sterol and α-tocopherol content were 0.70 and 10.25 respectively. The result from this study suggest that the oil can be used for both edible and commercial purposes.
Characterization of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers using Finite Elements

In this paper a comprehensive finite element analysis of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) is presented. EMAT is an emerging technology that provides a non contact process of testing materials compared to Ultrasonic Testing (UT) technique that requires a coupling medium. The EMAT phenomenon can be particularly useful in rail, pipeline and Aerospace industry for thickness measurements and defect detection in conductive materials. The Lorentz force and the effect of varying the EMAT parameters such as lift off was investigated to show the effects it has on the performance of EMAT. The accuracy of the numerical method was further investigated by firstly decreasing the triangular mesh and varying the time steps to determine the convergence of the displacement, which will ensure the convergence of all other physical quantities. Additionally, the wave propagation in a conductive material is investigated, which involves the coupling of several physical parameters, which includes mechanical and electromagnetic properties. This leads to the investigation of defect detection in an Aluminium material. Results obtained shows the model is capable of detecting the depth, width and location of the surface defect using the mechanical displacement amplitude.
POST-METAMORPHIC GROWTH , SEXUAL MATURATION AND BODY SIZE DIMORPHISM IN THE SKIPPER FROG , EUPHLYCTIS CYANOPHLYCTIS ( SCHNEIDER )

Post-metamorphic growth to sexual maturity was studied in a tropical frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis that breeds all the year round, in large outdoor terraria. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) was studied in both a natural population and those reared in outdoor terraria. The growth rate was high in the first 2-3 months in both sexes, but subsequently declined, reaching a plateau following sexual maturation. The growth rate was high during summer and low during winter, and its pattern paralleled the changes in the ambient temperature. The males matured between 36 months depending upon their growth rates; at this stage they developed vocal sacs and spermatozoa and engaged in calling. The females matured between 8-11 months of age and responded to injections of progesterone by producing mature eggs. Fecundity was positively correlated to snout-vent length (SVL)/body mass. The males and females attained maturity when they reached a critical minimum SVL of ~42 mm and ~55 mm respectively. Mean adult body size (SVL and body mass) of females collected from nature was 67.0±0.85 mm and 32.8±1.56 g, and that of males was 48.0±0.37 mm and 10.1±0.31 g. Male to female size ratio (F/M) was 1.4 indicating SSD and a larger female size. In laboratory-reared specimens also, SSD was obvious at sexual maturity. A larger body size in females is due to delayed sexual maturity relative to the males. These findings suggest that in E. cyanophlyctis SSD is manifested primarily due to differences in the age at sexual maturity rather than an inherent difference in the postmetamorphic growth rate between the sexes.
Solitary Step in Bedrock Rivers

Bedrock rivers, characterized by lack of a continuous cover of alluvial sediment over the long term, are common in river networks, mainly formed when the bedload sediment flux is less than the sediment transport capacity [1]. In this kind of rivers, a solitary step is often observed to be formed in response to a base-level fall or when the channel encounters a relatively resistant substrate, the shapes of which are usually convex or vertical reaches [2].
Assess the antioxidant activity of herbal ice cream prepared by selected medicinal herbs

Herbal ice cream is having number of medicinal properties viz anti-septic, anti-microbial, anti-viral, antidiabetic, antioxidants and etc. The Asparagus racemosus, Asparagus adscendens R, Punica granatum L and Dactylorhiza hatagirea are as popular medicine plant to fight many human diseases due to present several antioxidant compounds (glutathione, thioredoxin, lipoic acid, ellagitannin-enriched polyphenol and streptozotocin). The present study is carried out to find the quantitative antioxidant activity of herbal powder inclusion in the ice cream. Ice cream was prepared by this method is subjected to sensory properties of herbal ice cream. The best result of DPPH and FRAP activity of herbal ice cream were found inclusion @ 4% herbal powder of selected ice cream.
Improvement of the Mass Resolution in the H ! bb̄ Decay Using Multivariate Regression in ATLAS Data

In the context of Higgs searches in the H ! bb̄ decay channel at ATLAS a good invariant di-jet mass resolution is important for the improvement of the signal to background ratio. This thesis demonstrates a method to improve the invariant mass resolution by using boosted decision trees. These decision trees were trained to give a better estimate of the true b-jet energy based on several input variables describing the jet. The influence of the input variables was investigated and several test were performed in order to optimize the setup that was used in this multivariate regression technique. As a result the invariant mass resolution of two b-jets was improved by 30% to a value of 10.9%. The multivariate regression technique was also successfully applied to other physics processes containing b-jets such as top-quark pair production. In addition, a comparison of the multivariate regression to other jet energy corrections shows that its performance is similar or even better.
Growth and photosynthetic responses of Lycoris haywardii Traub to watering frequencies

To seek a way to solve the slow growth of bulbs of Lycoris, a pot experiment with three replications was conducted to evaluate the effects of watering frequency on growth, net photosynthetic rate and bulb biomass of Lycoris haywardii under greenhouse condition. The results revealed that leaf number, leaf length and fresh bulb weight was increased by 67, 41 and 323% respectively, under the irrigation frequency of once a month, which were significantly greater than that of other treatments. And leaf number increase rate was positively correlated (r=0.97, P<0.01) with the irrigation frequency, so was fresh bulb increase rate (r=0.98, P<0.01). However, no significant differences were observed with regard to bulb number in all the treatments. The species with a good ability of drought resistance can get by under irrigation frequency of once in every three months. The maximum net photosynthetic rate
Effect of dopant Concentration and Heat Treatment on Morphological and Dielectric Properties of Rare Earth Substituted Strontium Hexaferrite Nanoparticles

An M-type strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) powder is synthesized using chemical method of coprecipitation. The synthesized material is calcined at a temperature of 800C for a period of 4 hrs. The green pellets were then exposed to sintering temperature of 1200C for dielectric characterization. The pattern of XRD analysis of sample confirms the hexagonal formation of nano-structured samples. An increase in the saturation magnetization values was continuously observed with the increase in terbium ion concentration. However, the coercivity initially decreases and then increases with dopant concentration. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and loss tangent was also observed after the heat treatment to the sample. It was conferred that exhibiting these qualities, the synthesized nanomaterials may be considered beneficial for recording media, applications in radio and millimeter wave frequency and permanent magnets.