Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Auditing the Board: A New Approach to the Measurement of Company Performance

The role of the internal auditor is evolving rapidly. More and more his ambit is encompassing the whole range of a company's operations. His activities no longer primarily consist of checking for compliance with laid down procedures but are becoming more management orientated and focused on the appraisal of efficiency and effectiveness of operational systems in general. These developments are acknowledged in the Introduction to the new IIA Standards: (IIA, 1978, p. 1):
Epigenetic analysis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We used a chromosome 3 wide NotI microarray for identification of epigenetically inactivated genes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Three novel genes demonstrated frequent methylation in childhood ALL. PPP2R3A (protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B'', alpha) was frequently methylated in T (69%) and B (82%)-ALL. Whilst FBLN2 (fibulin 2) and THRB (thyroid hormone receptor, beta) showed frequent methylation in B-ALL (58%; 56% respectively), but were less frequently methylated in T-ALL (17% for both genes). Recently it was demonstrated that BNC1 (Basonuclin 1) and MXS1 (msh homeobox 1) were frequently methylated across common epithelial cancers. In our series of childhood ALL BNC1 was frequently methylated in both T (77%) and B-ALL (79%), whilst MSX1 showed T-ALL (25%) specific methylation. The methylation of the above 5 genes was cancer specific and expression of the genes could be restored in methylated leukemia cell lines treated with 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine. This is the first report demonstrating frequent epigenetic inactivation of PPP2R3A, FBLN2, THRB, BNC1 and MSX1 in leukemia. The identification of frequently methylated genes showing cancer specific methylation will be useful in developing early cancer detection screens and for targeted epigenetic therapies.
The Nature of the Foreign Listing Premium: A Cross-Country Examination

An expanding literature asserts that non-US firms achieve a unique valuation premium for listing on US equity markets. In this paper we test the uniqueness of the US foreign listing premium by examining the premium achieved by foreign listings across a global set of stock exchanges. We highlight that the documented valuation premium for listing on US exchanges is not unique but common to many home and host markets including US firms that list abroad. The cross-sectional variation in the valuation premium appears to have little association with such cross-country institutional features as investor protection rules, law enforcement practice, or accounting disclosure standards. Rather the premium appears most related to variation in pre-listing valuation ratios.
The ideal body shape of African American college women

viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 7 Possible Protective Factors 10 Impact of Media 12 Black Women‟s Satisfaction with Their Bodies 14 Black Women‟s Dissatisfaction with Their Bodies 17 Black Women‟s Satisfaction with Specific Body Areas 23 Purpose of Current Investigation 25 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 26 Participants 26
Shares vs. Warrant-Share Units: Evidence from Seasoned Equity Offerings

Abstract Recent theories based on sequential financing and information signaling reveal a special role for warrants. Data from initial public offerings (IPOs) of stock-warrant units have been used to test the theories, and we extend the analysis to seasoned offerings. Consistent with predictions from both families of theories, we find that issues made by smaller and younger firms are more likely to involve stock-warrant units, and firms with greater stock price volatility are more likely to issue units in seasoned offerings. Moreover, firms with relatively high levels of long-term debt, and those whose issues are underwritten by less prestigious underwriters are more likely to employ stock-warrant unit financing. Consistent with information signaling, we find that firms with high managerial ownership are more likely to issue units. Firms that include warrants in their stock offerings are predicted to have experienced higher abnormal stock returns than if they had issued shares alone. Thus, consistent with both theoretical explanations, some firms can reduce capital costs by adding warrants to shares in seasoned offerings.
The Value of Openness in Scientific Problem Solving

Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Abstract Openness and free information sharing amongst scientists are supposed to be core norms of the scientific community. However, many studies have shown that these norms are not universally followed. Lack of openness and transparency means that scientific problem solving is constrained to a few scientists who work in secret and who typically fail to leverage the entire accumulation of scientific knowledge available. We present evidence of the efficacy of problem solving when disclosing problem information. The method's application to 166 discrete scientific problems from the research laboratories of 26 firms is illustrated. Problems were disclosed to over 80,000 independent scientists from over 150 countries. We show that disclosure of problem information to a large group of outside solvers is an effective means of solving scientific problems. The approach solved one-third of a sample of problems that large and well-known R & D-intensive firms had been unsuccessful in solving internally. Problem-solving success was found to be associated with the ability to attract specialized solvers with range of diverse scientific interests. Furthermore, successful solvers solved problems at the boundary or outside of their fields of expertise, indicating a transfer of knowledge from one field to others.
Earnings Performance and Discretionary Disclosures

While the influence of earnings performance on disclosure is a fundamental issue in the disclosure literature, our understanding of this influence is limited. In this paper, I examine a comprehensive set of disclosures from a sample of firms experiencing an extended period of seasonally adjusted earnings increases. I study how these firms adjust disclosure in response to earnings increases, how disclosure changes as the period of strong earnings performance nears an end and how firms disclose during a subsequent period of earnings decline. I find an increase in disclosure during the period of increased earnings. This increase is pervasive across all types of disclosure and tends to be bundled with earnings announcements. The market responds positively to this disclosure. Firms continue to disclose at a high level as they approach earnings declines. However, they shift to disclosures that focus on the positive short‐term results and do not discuss the impending decreases. While this behavior is systematic, the market does not appear to anticipate the subsequent earnings declines. Once the firms announce earnings declines, the magnitude of disclosure returns to the level provided prior to the increased earnings.
Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Labour Force Participation in Australia: An Endogenous Multivariate Probit Analysis of Clinical Prevalence Data

Reducing chronic disease has been identified as a priority for both health and labour force participation. This study estimates the influence of clinically diagnosed diabetes and cardiovascular disease on labour supply in men and women aged 25 years and over, taking account of the observed and unobserved factors that influence both the risk of these chronic diseases and labour force participation. The results show that diabetes and cardiovascular disease together have a strong impact on labour market outcomes, particularly for men, and that obesity, insufficient exercise, hypertension, lipid abnormality, smoking and parental diabetes all have significant indirect effects on labour force participation.
Site-specific global warming potentials of biogenic CO2 for bioenergy: contributions from carbon fluxes and albedo dynamics

Production of biomass for bioenergy can alter biogeochemical and biogeophysical mechanisms, thus affecting local and global climate. Recent scientific developments have mainly embraced impacts from land use changes resulting from area-expanded biomass production, with several extensive insights available. Comparably less attention, however, has been given to the assessment of direct land surface–atmosphere climate impacts of bioenergy systems under rotation such as in plantations and forested ecosystems, whereby land use disturbances are only temporary. Here, following IPCC climate metrics, we assess bioenergy systems in light of two important dynamic land use climate factors, namely, the perturbation in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration caused by the timing of biogenic CO2 fluxes, and temporary perturbations to surface reflectivity (albedo). Existing radiative forcing-based metrics can be adapted to include such dynamic mechanisms, but high spatial and temporal modeling resolution is required. Results show the importance of specifically addressing the climate forcings from biogenic CO2 fluxes and changes in albedo, especially when biomass is sourced from forested areas affected by seasonal snow cover. The climate performance of bioenergy systems is highly dependent on biomass species, local climate variables, time horizons, and the climate metric considered. Bioenergy climate impact studies and accounting mechanisms should rapidly adapt to cover both biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts, so that policy makers can rely on scientifically robust analyses and promote the most effective global climate mitigation options.
An Examination of Potential Public Accounting Recruits’ Attitudes Toward Women☆☆☆

Abstract This paper examines potential public accounting recruits’ attitudes toward the rights of women using the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) ( 49 ). This scale was designed to capture hostile sexist beliefs and the extent to which respondents harbour negative stereotypes about women. The purposes of the present study are to examine the attitudes toward women’s societal roles for a current sample of potential public accounting recruits, to compare sex-role attitudes between male and female respondents, and to begin the process of tracking historical changes in potential public accounting recruits’ attitudes toward women. Two hundred and twenty four accounting students from an Australian university completed the AWS between October 1998 and April 1999. The results showed the presence of sexist attitudes among potential public accounting recruits, and male respondents had more traditional attitudes toward the role of women in society relative to female respondents. Ceiling effects were observed for the scores of some females but the ability of the AWS to capture respondents’ beliefs remains valid. The paper concludes with a discussion of the effect of such attitudes on the careers of women accountants as well as policy implications for the accounting profession.
Redistribution and Non-consumption Smoothing in an Open Economy

This paper presents a model where income distribution and redistributive fiscal policy interact to affect the budget deficit and the pattern of net borrowing of a country. According to the standard representative agent paradigm, a small open economy should smooth consumption by borrowing from (lending to) the rest of the world when its income increases (declines) over time. The simple model of this paper delivers exactly the same predictions in the absence of income dispersion. When income distribution is not degenerate, however, the same model gives rise to a surprising wealth of results. In particular, poor economies with high inequality may exhibit completely counter-intuitive patterns of fiscal policy and external borrowing. The country's production path declines over time, because the more mobile agents leave the country to escape taxation; yet, the country might end up having a budget deficit and borrowing from abroad, thereby reinforcing rather than smoothing the asymmetry in consumption between the two periods. An important feature of this outcome is that it is backed by both the poor and the rich, who gain from the fiscal system at the expense of the middle class.
History of Childhood Maltreatment and College Academic Outcomes: Indirect Effects of Hot Execution Function

College students who report a history of childhood maltreatment may be at risk for poor outcomes. In the current study, we conducted an exploratory analysis to examine potential models that statistically mediate associations between aspects of maltreatment and aspects of academic outcome, with a particular focus on executive functions (EF). Consistent with contemporary EF research, we distinguished between relatively “cool” EF tasks (i.e., performed in a context relatively free of emotional or motivational valence) and “hot” EF tasks that emphasize performance under more emotionally arousing conditions. Sixty-one male and female college undergraduates self-reported childhood maltreatment history (emotional abuse and neglect, physical abuse and neglect, and sexual abuse) on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and were given two EF measures: (1) Go-No-Go (GNG) test that included a Color Condition (cool); Neutral Face Condition (warm); and Emotion Face condition (hot), and (2) Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a measure of risky decision making that reflects hot EF. Academic outcomes were: (1) grade point average (GPA: first-semester, cumulative, and semester concurrent with testing), and (2) Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ). Correlational patterns suggested two EF scores as potential mediators: GNG reaction time (RT) in the Neutral Face condition, and IGT Block 2 adaptive responding. Indirect effects analyses indicated that IGT Block 2 adaptive responding has an indirect effect on the relationship between CTQ Total score and 1st semester GPA, and between CTQ Emotional Abuse and concurrent GPA. Regarding college adaptation, we identified a consistent indirect effect of GNG Neutral Face RT on the relationship between CTQ Emotional Neglect and SACQ total, academic, social, and personal–emotional adaption scores. Our results demonstrate that higher scores on a child maltreatment history self-report negatively predict college academic outcomes as assessed by GPA and by self-reported adaptation. Further, relatively “hot” EF task performance on the IGT and GNG tasks serves as a link between child maltreatment experiences and college achievement and adaptation, suggesting that hot EF skills may be a fruitful direction for future intervention efforts to improve academic outcomes for this population.
Interaction between Aeromonas salmonicida and peritoneal macrophages of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).

The phagocytic and bactericidal properties of peritoneal macrophages obtained from brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), injected with either glycogen or a modified Freund's complete adjuvant (MFCA), were evaluated against an avirulent and a virulent strain of Aeromonas salmonicida. Avirulent bacteria were effectively phagocytized and killed by macrophages obtained from fish injected with both irritants. With glycogen-elicited macrophages, no enhancement of killing was observed following opsonization of avirulent bacteria with specific antibodies. A killing index (K.I.) of 38 was obtained, compared to a K.I. of 39 for unopsonized bacteria. When avirulent bacteria were opsonized with complement, the K.I. was increased to 67. Virulent bacteria were less susceptible to the phagocytic and the bactericidal activities of glycogen-elicited macrophages, even after opsonization with antibodies and/or complement, K.I. of 9 to 15. In contrast, MFCA-elicited macrophages showed increased phagocytic and bactericidal activities against both strains. The K.I. of unopsonized virulent bacteria was increased to 47 and 46 compared to K.I. of 4 and 7 obtained with glycogen-elicited macrophages.
An Analysis of Spanish Hotel Efficiency

Using data envelopment analysis, this paper investigates operational efficiency drivers for 166 Spanish hotels divided into medium and upper chain scale groups from 2000 through 2009. For the sample as a whole, the analysis indicated a strong relationship between quality levels and efficiency; resort hotels were more efficient than other types of properties, and large hotels were more efficient than smaller properties. The effects of star rating were shown in diverse findings regarding intangible investment and group membership. Midscale hotels belonging to a hotel group were more efficient, but that was not true of upscale properties. Quality represented a boost for midscale hotels but not for upscale properties. However, upscale properties had gained efficiency from investments in intangibles (such as information systems), while the midlevel hotels had not made those investments.
Intangible Assets and Firms' Disclosures: An Empirical Investigation

This study examines how research and development (R&38;D) and advertising expenditures affect firms' disclosures. Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) mandate that these expenditures be immediately expensed in financial reports, despite the fact that they often benefit the firm for longer periods. Prior studies find, however, that investors consider intangible assets in their valuation of firms. These studies argue that current GAAP, by not recognizing the value generated by these assets, severely impairs the usefulness of accounting reports. I investigate if firms with higher levels of R&38;D and advertising expenditures place greater reliance on voluntary, and therefore more flexible, disclosures such as voluntary publications and investor relations. Using analysts' ratings of firms' disclosures, I find that firms with higher levels of intangible assets are more likely to receive significantly higher ratings for their investor relations programs or voluntary publications than for their annual reports. These findings suggest that firms with higher levels of intangible assets emphasize supplemental disclosures because mandated accounting disclosures inadequately present their financial performance. These results have important policy implications for regulators and investors since they indicate that voluntary disclosures, which are unregulated and unaudited, are an important means of disclosure for these firms. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2002.
Scaling of transient hydrodynamic interactions in concentrated suspensions.

The mean-square displacemenf (Δr 2 (τ)) of particles in concentrated suspensions is measured at times sufficiently short to observe the transient nature of hydrodynamic interactions. For all volume fractions O, the velocity autocorrelation function decays as a power law R(τ)∼τ -3/2 . A remarkable scaling with O is observed for the time-dependent self-diffusion coefficient D s (τ)=(Δr 2 (τ))/6τ: If D s (τ) is scaled by its asymptotic value and if time is scaled by a viscous time inversely proportional to the shear viscosity of the suspension
The Marketing of Slavery Heritage in the United Kingdom

Summary This paper examines the promotion of slavery heritage sites in the United Kingdom in the context of an increasing interest in peace and reconciliation studies. With the exception of Hull, an abolitionist center, several sites have been developed within the last four years at slave trade ports. Their evaluation considers the strengths and weaknesses of the displays at Liverpool, Bristol and Lancaster, and comments on the significant omission of a major exhibition in London, an important slave trade port as well as a capital city. In the absence of previous research and theoretical frameworks in this area, the phenomenon of slavery is related to other heritage visitation sites, such as concentration camps, which are potentially embarrassing to the contemporary majority. Finally, the weaknesses of the conventional model of the slave trade are explored and an alternative is presented.
THE OVERREACTION HYPOTHESIS AND THE UK STOCKMARKET

There is now substantial evidence to suggest that asset returns are predictableover both long and short time horizons for both individual stocks andstockmarket indices. Whether or not such predictability reflects changes inexpected returns is not at all clear (see Fama, 1991). In this paper we investigatea potentially important aspect of long-run mesm reversion in stock prices knownas the Overreaction Hypothesis:^ This hypothesis is based on US evidencepresented by DeBondt and Thaler (1985 and 1987) which showed that stockswhich experienced poor performance over the past three to five year period(losers) tend to outperform prior period winners over the following three tofive years. Using UK data from 1955 to 1990 drawn from a random sampleof up to 1000 stocks in any one year, we find that losers outperform previouswinners over a two year period by a statistically significant 1.7% per annum.On further investigation we find that such overreation may in fact be amanifestation of the smcdl firm effect.This paper is constructed as follows: in the next section we review the relevantliterature; in the third section we outline our methodology and data; in thefourth section we test the Overreaction Hypothesis using disaggregated stockdata and discuss the results; in the fifth section we control for firm size andfocus on possible seasonal differences in the returns of losers and winners: thefinal section concludes the paper.
A study on the use of mixed method approach via sequential procedure to investigate corporate governance in corporate entrepreneurship among the 100 U.K financial times stock exchange (FTSE) companies

The paper discusses the researcher’s experience on how mixed method approach via sequential procedure investigates the association between corporate governance in corporate entrepreneurship activities among the 100 U.K financial times stock exchange (FTSE) companies. The research design comprises of three phases. Phase I conducts an exploratory study to determine the level of understanding and viewpoints on issues relating to corporate entrepreneurship through questionnaire. Phase II entails quantitative data collection through a questionnaire survey and secondary data. This phase is important in terms of testing propositions and examining the statistical relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and corporate governance. Phase III involves qualitative case studies conducted through in-depth interviews with six companies that were selected using a scatter graph. This approach is used to triangulate the research findings. Key words: Mixed method, triangulating, corporate governance, corporate entrepreneurship.
CROSS-SECTIONAL DEPENDENCE AND PROBLEMS IN INFERENCE IN MARKET-BASED ACCOUNTING RESEARCH

This paper provides a framework and some empirical evidence to evaluate the seriousness of problems in inference that arise in stockreturn-based studies when the data are cross-sectionally dependent. The study is motivated on the grounds that statistical procedures designed to address such problems are often infeasible, and even when they can be implemented they sometimes introduce other more serious difficulties. Thus, researchers have frequently adopted an approach that ignores the cross-sectional dependence (e.g., ordinary least squares [OLS]). The objective of this paper is to help identify the contexts in which ignoring the dependence would lead to serious misstatement of significance levels. Cross-sectional dependence in stock returns data is likely to exist when at least some of the returns are sampled from common time periods. This would be the case in all studies of the reaction of stock prices to a