Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Studies of a receptor for felix O-1 phage in Salmonella minnesota.

SUMMARY: Isolated lipopolysaccharide from a rough mutant of Salmonella minnesota was shown to act as a receptor for Felix 0-1 bacteriophage. The isolated receptor structure could be dissociated by sodium deoxycholate with subsequent loss of receptor activity. When the deoxycholate was removed by dialysis the receptor activity was restored. Ultrasonic treatment destroyed the receptor activity and electron micrographs indicated that the ultrasonic treatment had altered the structure of the lipopolysaccharide. The experiments suggest that the inactivation of phages can be used as a test of the biological activity of a lipopolysaccharide. The interaction between the 0-1 phage and the receptor structure was also studied with the aid of electron microscopy.
Functional imaging and migraine: new connections?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last several years, a growing number of brain functional imaging studies have provided insights into mechanisms underlying migraine. This article reviews the recent migraine functional neuroimaging literature and provides recommendations for future studies that will help fill knowledge gaps. RECENT FINDINGS PET and functional MRI studies have identified brain regions that might be responsible for mediating the onset of a migraine attack and those associated with migraine symptoms. Enhanced activation of brain regions that facilitate processing of sensory stimuli suggests a mechanism by which migraineurs are hypersensitive to visual, olfactory, and cutaneous stimuli. Resting state functional connectivity MRI studies have identified numerous brain regions and functional networks with atypical functional connectivity in migraineurs, suggesting that migraine is associated with aberrant brain functional organization. SUMMARY Functional MRI and PET studies that have identified brain regions and brain networks that are atypical in migraine have helped to describe the neurofunctional basis for migraine symptoms. Future studies should compare functional imaging findings in migraine to other headache and pain disorders and should explore the utility of functional imaging data as biomarkers for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
MULTIPLE UNIVERSES AND OBSERVATION SELECTION EFFECTS

T he fine-tuning argument can be used to support the Many Universe hypothesis. The Inverse Gambler's Fallacy objection seeks to undercut the support for the Many Universe hypothesis. The objection is that although the evidence that there is life somewhere confirms Many Universes, the specific evidence that there is life in this universe does not. I will argue that the Inverse Gambler's Fallacy is not committed by the fine-tuning argument. The key issue is the procedure by which the universe with life is selected for observation. Once we take account of the procedure, we find that the support for the Many Universe hypothesis remains.1
The experience of fatigue in Turkish patients receiving chemotherapy.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To determine the experience of fatigue in Turkish patients receiving chemotherapy. DESIGN Descriptive. SETTING Outpatient unit in a large university hospital in Ankara, Turkey. SAMPLE 100 patients randomly chosen from those who were undergoing chemotherapy at the outpatient unit. METHODS Data were collected using a personal information form developed by the investigator and a visual analog scale for fatigue. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Measures taken by patients to cope with fatigue, fatigue experienced by individuals affecting their daily activities, age and gender, disease and treatment factors, and symptoms related to the chemotherapy. FINDINGS The majority of patients (86%) experienced fatigue, and 73% stated that they coped with fatigue by decreasing their activities and resting more. Age was not a statistically significant factor affecting the level of fatigue, but gender was found to have an effect. Length of illness, number of chemotherapy courses, and the patients' symptoms affected level of fatigue. CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients experienced fatigue, and most of the measures used to cope with fatigue were not effective. Fatigue affected patients' daily activities. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING A need exists for more and better interventions to help patients cope with chemotherapy-related fatigue.
Viability and Arbitrage Under Knightian Uncertainty

We reconsider the microeconomic foundations of financial economics. Motivated by the importance of Knightian uncertainty in markets, we present a model that does not carry any probabilistic structure ex ante, yet is based on a common order. We derive the fundamental equivalence of economic viability of asset prices and absence of arbitrage. We also obtain a modified version of the fundamental theorem of asset pricing using the notion of sublinear pricing measures. Different versions of the efficient market hypothesis are related to the assumptions one is willing to impose on the common order.
Variation of tumoral marker after radiofrequency ablation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND To evaluate the correlation between variations of CA 19.9 blood levels and the entity of necrosis at CT after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS In this study, from June 2010 to February 2014, patients with diagnosis of unresectable and not metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, expressing tumor marker CA 19.9, treated with RFA procedure were included. All these patients underwent RFA. CT study was performed 1 week after RFA. The dosage of CA 19.9 levels was performed 1 month after RFA. Features of necrosis at CT, as mean entity, density and necrosis percentages compared to the original lesion, were evaluated and compared by using t-test with CA 19.9 blood levels variations after RFA procedure. RESULTS In this study were included 51 patients with diagnosis of unresectable and not metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, expressing tumor marker CA 19.9, treated with RFA procedure and with CT study and CA 19.9 available for analysis. After the procedure, CA 19.9 blood levels reduced in 24/51 (47%), remained stable in 10/51 (20%) and increased in 17/51 (33%). In patients with CA 19.9 levels reduced, the tumor marker were reduced less than 20% in 4/24 (17%) and more than 20% in 20/24 (83%); instead the tumor marker were reduced less than 30% in 8/24 (33%) and more than 30% in 16/24 (67%). At CT scan necrotic area density difference was not statistically significant. Also there was no statistically significant difference among the mean area, the mean volume and the mean ablation volume in percentage related to the treated tumor among the three different groups of patients divided depending on the CA 19.9 blood levels. But a tendency to a statistically significant difference was found in comparing the mean percentage of ablation volume between two subgroups of patients with a decrease of CA 19.9 levels with less or more than 20% reduction of tumor markers and between two subgroups with less or more than 30% reduction of CA 19.9 levels. CONCLUSIONS RFA of unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma induces reduction of CA 19.9 blood levels in about half of the cases.
In vivo infusions of exogenous growth factors into the fourth ventricle of the adult mouse brain increase the proliferation of neural progenitors around the fourth ventricle and the central canal of the spinal cord

Stem cells isolated from the fourth ventricle and spinal cord form neurospheres in vitro in response to basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2)+heparin (H) or epidermal growth factor (EGF)+FGF2 together. To determine whether these growth factor conditions are sufficient to induce stem cells within the fourth ventricle and spinal cord to proliferate and expand their progeny in vivo, we infused EGF and FGF2, alone or together, with or without H, into the fourth ventricle for 6 days via osmotic minipumps. Animals were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on days 4, 5 and 6 of infusion in order to label cells proliferating in response to the growth factors. Infusions of EGF+FGF2+H into the fourth ventricle resulted in the largest proliferative effect, a 10.8‐fold increase in the number of BrdU+ cells around the fourth ventricle, and a 33.5‐fold increase in the number of BrdU+ cells around the central canal of the spinal cord, as compared to vehicle infused controls. The majority of the cells were nestin+ after 6 days of infusion. Seven weeks post‐infusion, 22 and 30% of the number of BrdU+ cells induced to proliferate after 6 days of EGF+FGF2+H infusions were still detected around the fourth ventricle and central canal of the spinal cord, respectively. Analysis of the fates of the remaining cells showed that a small percentage of BrdU+ cells around the fourth ventricle and in the white matter of the spinal cord differentiated into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. BrdU+ neurons were not found in the brainstem or in the grey matter of the cervical spinal cord 7 weeks post‐infusion. These results show that endogenous stem cells and progenitors around the fourth ventricle and central canal of the spinal cord proliferate in response to exogenously applied growth factors, but unlike in the lateral ventricle where they generate some new neurons, they only produce new astrocytes and oligodendrocytes at 7 weeks post‐infusion.
Under review as a conference paper at ICLR 2017 # Exploration : A Study of Count-Based Exploration for Deep Reinforcement Learning

Count-based exploration algorithms are known to perform near-optimally when used in conjunction with tabular reinforcement learning (RL) methods for solving small discrete Markov decision processes (MDPs). It is generally thought that count-based methods cannot be applied in high-dimensional state spaces, since most states will only occur once. Recent deep RL exploration strategies are able to deal with high-dimensional continuous state spaces through complex heuristics, often relying on optimism in the face of uncertainty or intrinsic motivation. In this work, we describe a surprising finding: a simple generalization of the classic count-based approach can reach near state-of-the-art performance on various highdimensional and/or continuous deep RL benchmarks. States are mapped to hash codes, which allows to count their occurrences with a hash table. These counts are then used to compute a reward bonus according to the classic count-based exploration theory. We find that simple hash functions can achieve surprisingly good results on many challenging tasks. Furthermore, we show that a domain-dependent learned hash code may further improve these results. Detailed analysis reveals important aspects of a good hash function: 1) having appropriate granularity and 2) encoding information relevant to solving the MDP. This exploration strategy achieves near state-of-the-art performance on both continuous control tasks and Atari 2600 games, hence providing a simple yet powerful baseline for solving MDPs that require considerable exploration.
Morphogenesis of the eye lens in a mouse strain with hereditary cataracts.

Mice carrying the gene “Shrivelled, ” also known as “Cataract-Fraser” or “Cataracta hereditaria subcapsularis, ” invariably develop lens opacities which are visible when the animals open their eyes on the fourteenth postnatal day. Lens development in normal and mutant embryos is the same until day 14 of gestation. At this stage the nuclei of the lens fibers in the controls are large and vesicular with prominent nucleoli. In the mutants the centrally located nuclei are smaller and darker with indistinct nucleoli. The nuclei of normal fibers remain large and open even after birth; those in the mutants continue to undergo pyknosis after passing through the equatorial zone in the regular fashion. The nuclear degeneration is followed, with a delay of about 24–48 hours, by swelling and vacuolization of the fibers concerned. In the adult the lens core forms an amorphous eosinophilic mass or may partly be resorbed. The cortical fibers remain normal. Anterior polar cataracts develop: the epithelial cells proliferate to form multiple layers of atypical cells, surrounded by lens capsule-like material. The fiber degeneration may be caused by precocious cessation of protein synthesis after the cell nucleus becomes defunct. The late epithelial aberrations may be secondary to the changes in the underlying fibers and are possibly related to the reactivation of cell replication in the central part of lens epithelium seen after traum.
Spinal Pain Rehabilitation: Inpatient and Outpatient Treatment Results and Development of Predictors for Outcome

Multidisciplinary treatment outcomes with a 1-year follow-up is reported for 100 chronic low-back pain patients participating in inpatient rehabilitation and 100 patients participating in outpatient rehabilitation. Treatment for both groups of patients was based on principles of operant conditioning and consisted of increasing structured exercise activities and educational classes for instruction in techniques of pain management. Results are presented in terms of patient reports of decreased pain, increased activity, decreased medication, need for further treatment, and return to work. A method for predicting return to work was developed by way of a computerized discriminate analysis with the formulas presented for consideration by those interested in similar patient groups.
The Design of Low Noise Amplifiers in Deep Submicron CMOS Processes: A Convex Optimization Approach

With continued process scaling, CMOS has become a viable technology for the design of high-performance low noise amplifiers (LNAs) in the radio frequency (RF) regime. This paper describes the design of RF LNAs using a geometric programming (GP) optimization method. An important challenge for RF LNAs designed at nanometer scale geometries is the excess thermal noise observed in the MOSFETs. An extensive survey of analytical models and experimental results reported in the literature is carried out to quantify the issue of excessive thermal noise for short-channel MOSFETs. Short channel effects such as channel-length modulation and velocity saturation effects are also accounted for in our optimization process. The GP approach is able to efficiently calculate the globally optimum solution. The approximations required to setup the equations and constraints to allow convex optimization are detailed. The method is applied to the design of inductive source degenerated common source amplifiers at the 90 nm and 180 nm technology nodes. The optimization results are validated through comparison with numerical simulations using Agilent's Advanced Design Systems (ADS) software.
Highly efficient and sustained gene transfer in adult neurons with a lentivirus vector

The identification of monogenic and complex genes responsible for neurological disorders requires new approaches for delivering therapeutic protein genes to significant numbers of cells in the central nervous system. A lentivirus-based vector capable of infecting dividing and quiescent cells was investigated in vivo by injecting highly concentrated viral vector stock into the striatum and hippocampus of adult rats. Control brains were injected with a Moloney murine leukemia virus, adenovirus, or adeno-associated virus vector. The volumes of the areas containing transduced cells and the transduced-cell densities were stereologically determined to provide a basis for comparison among different viral vectors and variants of the viral vector stocks. The efficiency of infection by the lentivirus vector was improved by deoxynucleoside triphosphate pretreatment of the vector and was reduced following mutation of integrase and the Vpr-matrix protein complex involved in the nuclear translocation of the preintegration complex. The lentivirus vector system was able to efficiently and stably infect quiescent cells in the primary injection site with transgene expression for over 6 months. Triple labeling showed that 88.7% of striatal cells transduced by the lentivirus vector were terminally differentiated neurons.
Sensory Alternation and Vigilance Performance: The Role of Pathway Inhibition

Posner's theory of pathway inhibition leads to the expectation that stimulus heterogeneity should attenuate the event rate effect and the decrement function in sustained attention. These predictions were tested through a sensory alternation procedure in which stimulation was shuttled between the auditory and visual modalities. Subjects detected slight reductions in the duration of recurrent flashes of light or bursts of white noise at two event rates (5 and 40 events/min) during a 50-min vigil. Consistent with the model, sensory alternation eliminated the event rate effect. It did not, however, moderate the decrement function. Although pathway inhibition can account for the effects of event rate, other factors are probably responsible for the vigilance decrement.
Retracted:Nootropic‐like effect of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) in mice

The above article has been retracted by agreement between the author, the Editor‐in‐Chief of Phytotherapy research (PTR) and John Wiley & Sons,Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to inclusion of data in this paper from that published in the Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 1992 36(1) 29‐34 (PMID: 1597339) by SK Kulkarni and A. Verma 'Evidence for notropic effect of BR‐16A (Mentat), a herbal psychotropic preperation, in mice' . The origin of the material in question was not correctly attributed to the authors Kulkarni and Verma
Low-resource bilingual lexicon extraction using graph based word embeddings

In this work we focus on the task of automatically extracting bilingual lexicon for the language pair Spanish-Nahuatl. This is a low-resource setting where only a small amount of parallel corpus is available. Most of the downstream methods do not work well under low-resources conditions. This is specially true for the approaches that use vectorial representations like Word2Vec. Our proposal is to construct bilingual word vectors from a graph. This graph is generated using translation pairs obtained from an unsupervised word alignment method. We show that, in a low-resource setting, these type of vectors are successful in representing words in a bilingual semantic space. Moreover, when a linear transformation is applied to translate words from one language to another, our graph based representations considerably outperform the popular setting that uses Word2Vec.
Distinction of eosinophilic leukaemia from idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome by analysis of Wilms' tumour gene expression

In patients presenting with immature eosinophilic precursors it is notoriously difficult to distinguish acute eosinophilic leukaemia (EoL) from the benign idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), based on morphological, cytochemical and immunophenotyping criteria, alone. Cytogenetic analysis or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can help in discriminating between these rare haematological disorders, but often treatment decisions cannot wait for the results of these time‐consuming techniques. Recently, we and others found Wilms' tumour (WT1) gene expression to be increased in virtually all patients with acute leukaemias, whereas normal haemopoietic progenitors express the WT1 gene at much lower levels or not at all. To determine whether detection of WT1 gene expression is useful to distinguish EoL from HES patients, we analysed, by RT‐PCR, bone marrow or blood mononuclear cells from EoL (n=3), HES (n=3) and reactive eosinophilia patients (n=4) for WT1 gene expression. Using our WT1‐RT‐PCR protocol, we found WT1 gene expression to be restricted to EoL patients. By detecting WT1 mRNA transcripts in the cerebrospinal fluid using RT‐PCR, we were also able to diagnose isolated CNS‐relapsed leukaemia, initially confused with bacterial meningitis, in an EoL patient. In conclusion, we show that WT1‐RT‐PCR is a powerful complementary diagnostic tool to distinguish acute eosinophilic leukaemia from the hypereosinophilic syndromes. This observation needs confirmation in a larger series of EoL and HES patients.
Culture and Math

Cultural differences have been shown across a number of different cognitive domains from vision, language, and music. Mathematical cognition is another domain that is an integral part of modern society and because there are a fixed number of ways in which many math operations can be performed, it is also an apposite tool for cultural comparisons. This discussion examines the literature on mathematical processing in accordance with culture, summarizing the brain regions involved across various mathematical tasks. In doing so, we provide a clear picture of the anatomical similarities and differences between cultures when performing different math tasks. This information is useful to explore the possibility of enhancement of mathematical skills, where different strategies may be applicable in accordance with culture. It also contributes to the evolutionary development of different math skills and the growing theory that anatomical and behavioral studies must account for the cultural identity of their sample.
Patient Satisfaction with a Mood Disorders Unit: Elements and Components

Patient satisfaction is an indicator of effective service provision and may influence compliance with treatment. Of 265 patients attending a specialised mood disorders unit and surveyed at least two years after their initial contact, 221 (83%) replied. Characteristics of responders and non-responders were compared on demographic and clinical information from index assessment and follow-up. Sixty-four percent of responders were very satisfied and 21% partly satisfied with their management. Components of satisfaction included perceived competence of clinical management; the unit's administrative and after-treatment accessibility; and the support of staff and other patients. Those with a more adequate personality and melancholic depression at baseline assessment were more satisfied. A low current mood state at time of survey was associated with lower satisfaction in non-melancholies only. There were interactions between improvement in condition, diagnosis, personality and satisfaction. The survey provided a framework for formulating treatment programmes and was a useful quality assurance tool.
Clear‐cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses. Three additional cases

Clear‐cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses is an uncommon tumor, which is readily identified. These tumors arise in the subcutaneous tissues of the extremities, recur after local excision, and ultimately tend to metastasize to regional lymph nodes and beyond. They appear as firm circumscribed nodules of grayish white tissue; absence of capsule is easily proved microscopically. The vacuolated polygonal and spindle cells in irregular spaces divided by trabeculae of various thicknesses are the microscopic features of the tumor. The cell of origin of the tumor is not known. Electron microscopic (and possibly other) studies are necessary and will doubtless be forthcoming as more of the tumors are identified.