Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A stochastic, multiscale model of microwave backscatter from the ocean

[1] The conventional view of microwave backscatter from the ocean is based on composite surface and quasi-specular theories. In this view, backscatter at intermediate incidence angles is due to Bragg scattering from freely propagating short surface waves that are advected and modulated by longer waves. At small incidence angles the scattering process becomes quasi-specular, coming from small facets aligned normal to the incident waves. The transition between these two processes is said to occur at incidence angles of about 10° to 20°. In this paper we demonstrate that advances in scattering theory and in computing speed make it possible to improve this view. We show that recent scattering theories agree on the form of the backscatter for incidence angles below that where multiple scattering must be considered, i.e., below about 80°. This form involves the Kirchhoff integral multiplied by a coefficient dependent on dielectric constant and incidence angle. We avoid the higher-order calculations necessary in these theories to include the variable local incidence angle caused by surface wave slopes by applying them over restricted regions of the surface. We successively break the surface into regions from which the scatter comes from small-, intermediate-, and large-scale waves. We show that in this picture, scattering from small-scale waves is classic Bragg scattering and is very common while from large-scale waves it is classic quasi-specular scattering and is rarely important. For intermediate-scale waves we evaluate the Kirchhoff integral numerically; this type of scattering becomes increasingly important with increasing wind speed. For all scales but the large one we correct the incidence angle for the slopes of all longer waves as required by composite surface theory. On this picture the transition from Bragg scattering to Kirchhoff scattering occurs gradually in a manner that is dependent on incidence angle, azimuth angle, wind speed, and the surface wave spectrum. The model indicates that Bragg scattering is often viable to surprisingly low incidence angles at low wind speeds. The model is sensitive to the wave height variance spectrum over a wide range of wave numbers. We use two recently published forms of this spectrum to compare the predictions of the model to various data that have been collected over the incidence angles range from 0° to 50°. At 0° this model produces a better fit to Ku band data from the TOPEX altimeter than does quasi-specular theory and does so with no artificial “effective reflection coefficient. ” As the incidence angle increases, the model continues to show good agreement with data without an artificial division into “quasi-specular” and “Bragg” scattering. The advantage of this formulation over a quasi-specular one is demonstrated by comparing the two models with data on received power taken at 36 GHz for incidence angles between nadir and 30°.
What are archaebacteria: life's third domain or monoderm prokaryotes related to Gram‐positive bacteria? A new proposal for the classification of prokaryotic organisms

The evolutionary relationship within prokaryotes is examined based on signature sequences (defined as conserved inserts or deletions shared by specific taxa) and phylogenies derived from different proteins. Archaebacteria are indicated as being monophyletic by a number of proteins related to the information transfer processes. In contrast, for several other highly conserved proteins, common signature sequences are present in archaebacteria and Gram‐positive bacteria, whereas Gram‐negative bacteria are indicated as being distinct. For these proteins, archaebacteria do not form a phylogenetically distinct clade but show polyphyletic branching within Gram‐positive bacteria. A closer relationship of archaebacteria to Gram‐positive bacteria in comparison with Gram‐negative bacteria is generally seen for the majority of the available gene/protein sequences. To account for these results and the fact that both archaebacteria and Gram‐positive bacteria are prokaryotes surrounded by a single cell membrane, I propose that the primary division within prokaryotes is between monoderm prokaryotes (surrounded by a single membrane) and diderm prokaryotes (i.e. all true Gram‐negative bacteria containing both an inner cytoplasmic membrane and an outer membrane). This proposal is consistent with both cell morphology and signature sequences in different proteins. The monophyletic nature of archaebacteria for some genes, and their polyphyletic branching within Gram‐positive bacteria as suggested by others, is critically examined, and several explanations, including derivation of archaebacteria from Gram‐positive bacteria in response to antibiotic selection pressure, are proposed. Signature sequences in proteins also indicate that the low‐G + C Gram‐positive bacteria are phylogenetically distinct from the high‐G + C Gram‐positive group and that the diderm prokaryotes (i.e. Gram‐negative bacteria) appear to have evolved from the latter group. Protein phylogenies and signature sequences also show that all eukaryotic cells have received significant gene contributions from both an archaebacterium and a Gram‐negative eubacterium. Thus, the hypothesis that archaebacteria and eukaryotes shared a common ancestor exclusive of eubacteria is not supported. These observations provide evidence for an alternate view of the evolutionary relationship among living organisms that is different from the currently popular three‐domain proposal.
Alcohol Dependence, Co-occurring Conditions and Attributable Burden.

AIMS Alcohol dependence is associated with high rates of co-occurring disorders which impact health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and add to the cost-of-illness. This study investigated the burden of alcohol dependence and associated co-occurring conditions on health and productivity. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in eight European countries. Physicians (Psychiatrists and General Practitioners) completed patient record forms, which included assessment of co-occurring conditions, and patients completed matching self-completion forms. Drinking risk level (DRL) was calculated and the relationship between DRL, co-occurring conditions, work productivity, hospitalisations and rehabilitation stays was explored. RESULTS Data were collected for 2979 alcohol-dependent patients (mean age 48.8 ± 13.6 years; 70% male). In total, 77% of patients suffered from moderate-to-severe co-occurring psychiatric and/or somatic conditions. High DRL was significantly associated with depression, greater work productivity losses, increased hospitalisations and rehabilitation stays. Co-occurring conditions were significantly associated with poorer HRQoL and decreased work productivity, with a statistical trend towards an increased frequency of rehabilitation stays. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-dependent patients manifest high rates of co-occurring psychiatric and somatic conditions, which are associated with impaired work productivity and HRQoL. The continued burden of illness observed in these already-diagnosed patients suggests an unmet need in both primary and secondary care.
The Structure of Polynomial Ideals and Gröbner Bases

This paper introduces the cone decomposition of a polynomial ideal. It is shown that every ideal has a cone decomposition of a standard f orm. Using only this and combinatorial methods, the following sharpened bound for the degree of polynomials in a Grobner basis can be produced. Let $K[x_{1},\cdots , x_{n}]$ be a ring of multivariate polynomials with coefficients in a field K, and let F be a subset of this ring such that d is the maximum total degree of any polynomial in F. Then for any admissible ordering, the total degree of polynomials in a Grobner basis for the ideal generated by F is bounded by $2(({{d^2} / 2}) + d)^{2^{n-1}}$.
Relief of pain by oral medications. A controlled evaluation of analgesic combinations.

A double-blind study of analgesic drug combinations was conducted, involving 100 patients with pain due to cancer. The combinations of 650 mg of aspirin plus either 65 mg of codeine, 9.76 mg of oxycodone, or 25 mg of pentazocine hydrochloride each produced significantly greater pain relief than aspirin alone. Side effects for a single dose of these effective combinations were essentially equal and clinically tolerable. The combinations of 650 mg of aspirin plus either 65 mg of caffeine, 32 mg of pentobarbital sodium, 25 mg of promazine hydrochloride, 75 mg of ethoheptazine citrate, or 100 mg of propoxyphene napsylate did not show significant advantage in analgesic effect over aspirin alone. ( JAMA 229:55-59, 1974)
The impact of the nurse-physician relationship on barriers encountered by nurses during pain management.

The aim of the current investigation was to examine the barriers encountered by Tasmanian registered nurses when attempting to provide optimal pain management. The impact of nurse satisfaction with their professional relationship with physicians during pain management on the types of barriers encountered was also examined. A total of 1,015 registered nurses completed a 21-item survey that examined the types of barriers encountered during pain management. In addition, data were gathered on nurses' satisfaction with their professional relationship with physicians during pain management. More than one-third of the respondents indicated that they had encountered at least one type of barrier to providing optimal pain relief, including insufficient cooperation by physicians and inadequate prescriptions of analgesic medications. Nurses who did not feel adequately consulted by physicians were significantly more likely to encounter barriers such as insufficient cooperation by patient's physicians and inadequate prescription of analgesic medications. The barriers to effective pain management encountered by nurses were affected by their relationship with physicians. Education, for both nurses and physicians, concerning the role of the nurse in the workplace will help to ensure that nurses encounter fewer barriers during pain management. Optimal pain management practice will result if guidelines for dealing effectively with barriers are tailored to the specific type of institution and the unit within those institutions.
Mechanism of dissolution. I. Mathematical interpretation of concentration gradients developed during dissolution of a solid.

The dissolution of m-acetotoluide from fused disks was studied using a column dissolution model. This model allowed the study of dissolution under both ascending and descending conditions. Fick's second law of diffusion was solved for the case of D = f(c) and theoretical concentrations calculated assuming the existence of a saturated layer at the solid-liquid interface. Excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental values for dissolution and diffusion indicated that diffusion control of the dissolution process was obtained in the ascending model. The descending model produced mass transfer rates far in excess of any that could be predicted by molecular diffusion alone. An effective interfacial concentration, less than saturation, was developed in the descending model which could be determined experimentally and which, when used to calculate the total amount dissolved, gave excellent correlation with experimental results. A random-walk model with autocorrelation, which gives rise to the telegraph equation, was used to describe the concentration gradient developed in the descending model.
Real-time high accurate cell loss recovery technique for speech over ATM networks

In speech transmission over asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks, ATM cell loss cannot be avoided. Over 0.1 percent of cell loss is detected by the human ear, and over 1 percent of cell loss degrades speech articulation. Therefore, the recovery of cell loss is necessary for the improvement of speech quality. For this improvement, several methods have been studied. However, they have problems of speech quality, the delay acceptable for ATM, or the computational and implementational complexity. Moreover, most of them were not evaluated in a realistic telecommunication environment. For speech quality improvement over ATM networks, a real-time high accurate cell loss recovery method is proposed, where a great simplification and large data reduction are achieved by introducing trinary waveforms and encoding. Evaluations in a realistic telecommunication environment show that the method sufficiently improves the speech quality (90-100 percent correct recovery of ATM cell loss, and 20-40 dB improvement of signal-to-noise ratio).
Learning Better Inspection Optimization Policies

Recent research has shown the value of social metrics for defect prediction. Yet many repositories lack the information required for a social analysis. So, what other means exist to infer how developers interact around their code? One option is static code metrics that have already demonstrated their usefulness in analyzing change in evolving software systems. But do they also help in defect prediction? To address this question we selected a set of static code metrics to determine what classes are most "active" (i.e., the classes where the developers spend much time interacting with each other's design and implementation decisions) in 33 open-source Java systems that lack details about individual developers. In particular, we assessed the merit of these activity-centric measures in the context of "inspection optimization" — a technique that allows for reading the fewest lines of code in order to find the most defects. For the task of inspection optimization these activity measures perform as well as (usually, within 4%) a theoretical upper bound on the performance of any set of measures. As a result, we argue that activity-centric static code metrics are an excellent predictor for defects.
Transglutaminase-Catalyzed Incorporation of [ 2 , 5-3 H ] Histamine into a Mr 84000 Particulate Protein in Pancreatic Islets R a m o n Gomis 1 , Ange les Casanovas 1 , and

Rat pancreatic islet homogenates catalyze the incorporation of [2,5-3H]histamine into endogenous proteins recovered in both the stacking gel and a Mr 84000 protein separated by polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The labelling of these proteins represents a Ca2+-dependent process inhibited by glycine methylester, but not sarcosine methylester, and enhanced after preincubation of the islets at a high concentration of D-glucose. Although transglutaminase activity is found in both soluble and particulate subcellular fractions, the endogenous transglutaminase substrates were located mainly in particulate, possibly membrane-associated, material.
Apoptosis and blood–testis barrier during the first spermatogenic wave in the pubertal rat

This research explores the initial assembly of the blood–testis barrier (BTB) during puberty, when a massive physiological apoptosis in the first spermatogenic wave takes place. Fragments of testis from 14‐ to 20‐day‐old rats were studied by conventional transmission electron microscopic techniques. Lanthanum hydroxide was used as an intercellular tracer. Light microscopy was used to confirm apoptotic death when paraffin‐embedded sections were studied by TUNEL analysis. When the seminiferous cords reached the zygotene–pachytene spermatocyte level, they exhibited abundant apoptotic figures, whereas the remaining segments showed sporadic apoptosis. We found a BTB not yet assembled in the cords with zygotene–pachytene spermatocytes and abundant apoptosis. The observed apoptosis frequency diminished drastically when BTB was organized, as confirmed by the use of the tracer. Our conclusion is that the massive apoptosis found in the zygotene–pachytene spermatocytes between days 14 and 20 coincides with an open BTB. The absence of BTB could be one of the factors causing massive apoptosis of zygotene–pachytene spermatocytes, at least within the time span analyzed. The zygotene–pachytene spermatocytes are left exposed in an open environment instead of being isolated in the adluminal compartment to which they are destined. Anat Rec 290:206–214, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adolescents' Memory for Concrete and Abstract Prose: Effects of Relational and Distinctive Information

In two experiments, we examined deaf and hard of hearing adolescents' memory for prose as compared to that of hearing students. The study focused on the possibility that deaf and hard of hearing readers might make relatively less use of relational information in textual materials. Text structure and material concreteness were manipulated, and memory for relational and distinctive information was assessed. Results indicated that deaf and hard of hearing students remembered the abstract materials as well as they did the concrete materials. They were less likely than hearing students to remember idea units (concrete or abstract) holistically within passages, but they showed relatively better memory for individual words. This difference disappeared when the same sentences were presented without global paragraph coherence. The findings suggest that deaf and hard of hearing readers may be less likely than hearing readers to integrate text information across idea units, although they may retain as much information from within units.
In vitro reconstitution of 35S ribonucleoprotein complexes.

Ribonucleoprotein complexes (hnRNP) sedimenting at 30-40 S and containing fragments of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) have been extracted from HeLa cell nuclei. Besides hnRNA fragments (8-12 S), the complexes contain eight mostly basic core proteins of Mr 31 000-41 000 as shown by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Other proteins (mostly of higher molecular weight) seem to be peripherally associated since they are lost after pelleting and recentrifugation of the hnRNP complexes. The particle dissociates into its protein components after digestion of the endogenous hnRNA fragments by micrococcal nuclease. After inactivation of the nuclease and addition of a wide variety of exogenous RNAs [MS2 phage RNA, poly(U), poly(C), poly(A), and poly(A,U)], a RNP particle is re-formed which resembles the native hnRNP complex according to its sedimentation value (35 S), its appearance in the electron microscope, its density in metrizamide, and its protein composition. No particles are formed on double-stranded RNA [poly(A) . poly(U)] or native DNA whereas denatured DNA allows complex formation. On MS2 RNA (3569 nucleotides), the formation of tri- and tetrameric complexes is observed. This indicates the presence of 900-1200 nucleotides per particle. In vivo, 40S hnRNP particles are a unit component of larger RNP structures. Hence, we conclude from our results that the hnRNP core proteins have the intrinsic capability to associate with nascent single-stranded hnRNA regions to form these RNP complexes. Because of the lack of any sequence specificity, the complexes may function in packaging of the hnRNA and in connection with other nuclear components may provide a scaffold for subsequent processing reactions.
Treatment Effect Size of Memantine Therapy in Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia

The purpose of this paper is to assess the clinical relevance of the significant results reported in clinical trials of memantine therapy for Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia. We sought to understand what clinically detectable changes would be evident to the patient with dementia, their caregivers, and the treating physician during a trial of memantine therapy. A literature search was performed on MedLine, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane database. The statistically significant findings from the memantine literature were reviewed using treatment effect size as a measure of clinical meaningfulness. There have been 3 phase 2 studies of memantine in dementia, and 6 phase 3 studies published as of August 1, 2005. Of the 6 published phase 3 trials of memantine in dementia; 2 were in mild-moderate vascular dementia, 1 in mild-moderate AD, 2 in moderate-severe AD, and 1 in severe dementia (both AD and vascular dementia). The most convincing evidence of a clinically meaningful treatment effect of memantine therapy is in the moderate-severe AD patient population. Cognition, as measured by the Severe Impairment Battery, had an effect size of 0.32 and 0.49 in the 2 published trials, indicating a small-to-medium effect of the medication. Global, functional, and behavioral scales also showed a small-to-medium response to memantine.
Does thoracic irradiation improve survival and local control in limited-stage small-cell carcinoma of the lung? A meta-analysis.

PURPOSE Our main purpose was to determine whether the addition of thoracic radiation therapy to systemic chemotherapy improves 2-year survival, improves local (intrathoracic) tumor control, and affects treatment-related mortality in patients with limited-stage small-cell carcinoma of the lung. DESIGN Eleven randomized trials addressing this issue were identified using a computerized literature search (Medline and Cancerline) and by polling senior investigators in the field. A meta-analysis was then performed and the results of the trials were analyzed in two ways, the odds ratio (OR) (Peto) method and the risk difference method (Dersimonian and Laird). RESULTS The overall OR for benefit of thoracic radiation on 2-year survival (ie, the odds of surviving 2 years among patients allocated to radiation compared with the odds of surviving 2 years among patients allocated to control) is 1.53 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30 to 1.76; chi 2 = 12.76; P less than .001). The risk difference method showed that radiation therapy improved 2-year survival by 5.4% (95% CI, 1.1% to 9.7%). Local control results were available for only nine studies, the OR for treatment benefit is 3.02 (95% CI, 2.80 to 3.24; chi 2 = 101.48; P less than .0001), and intrathoracic tumor control was improved by 25.3% (95% CI, 16.5% to 34.1%). The OR for excess treatment-related deaths in the thoracic radiation-treated patients was 2.54 (95% CI, 1.90 to 3.18; chi 2 = 8.24; P less than .01). The risk difference for treatment-related deaths was 1.2% (95% CI, -0.6% to 3.0%). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis shows a small but significant improvement in survival and a major improvement in tumor control in the thorax in patients receiving thoracic radiation therapy. However, this is achieved at the cost of a small increase in treatment-related mortality.
Immunohistochemical analysis of 1844 human epithelial and haematopoietic tumours and sarcomas for IDH1R132H mutation

Sahm F, Capper D, Meyer J, Hartmann C, Herpel E, Andrulis M, Mechtersheimer G, Petersen I, Paulus W & von Deimling A (2011) Histopathology 58, 1167–1172 Immunohistochemical analysis of 1844 human epithelial and haematopoietic tumours and sarcomas for IDH1R132H mutation