Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Body Image Disturbance and Psychopathology in Children: Research Evidence and Implications for Prevention and Treatment

Body image disturbance has been listed as a diagnostic feature of several psychopathological conditions (1-5). As body image concerns appear in children as young as 5 years old, it was hypothesized to be an important risk factor for the development of psychopathology, such as Eating Disorders (ED) in adolescence. Results of the current review of the literature support this hypothesis and suggest that young children can (1) estimate as accurately as adults their body size, and (2) show similar cognitive distortions, cognitive biases, and the negative emotions associated with their body image. There is some evidence that children can (1) display severe symptoms of body image distortion such as is present in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), (2) demonstrate negative stereotypes toward obesity and (3) internalize thin ideal body im- age. Research suggests that some of the key factors involved in children's body satisfaction is parental perception and di- rect comments from peers. Body dissatisfaction can predict body image related psychopathology later in development. In conclusion, intervention and prevention of eating disorders with children under the age of 7 is arguably a viable strategy, and cognitive and behavioural training could involve parents, teachers, mental health practitioners as well as the child him/herself. This training and education should cover early manifestation of body image disturbance and their associated risk factors.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Serogroup D Nontyphoidal Salmonella in a University Hospital in Taiwan

ABSTRACT The incidence of serogroup D Salmonella has been increasing in Taiwan. Most of these isolates belonged to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and showed a relatively higher rate of resistance to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim than to other antimicrobial agents. The results of molecular experiments indicated that genes responsible for the resistance were located on plasmids. The resistance may occur via horizontal gene transfer. Furthermore, the first identification of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone resistance in serogroup D Salmonella in our hospital is also than they did to other antimicrobial agents cause for concern.
STRUCTURE—ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS

THE relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its effect on a biological system is most frequently considered in rather a narrow sense, referring only to synthetic organic compounds or even to a limited class of compounds. Moreover, consideration is often restricted to a limited type of biological response, or to an ill-defined end response such as death of the organism. All naturally occurring compounds in living systems are possessed of biological “activity” of some kind, and even if their function is somewhat static as in structural components, they have at least been synthesised by dynamic biochemical processes. Even the simplest of compounds, water, is biologically active, as it participates not only as a solvent but as one of the most important reactants in the living cell. A full analysis of structure-activity relationships must therefore embrace the whole of classical biochemistry, to which must be added the growing mass of knowledge accumulating as the result of the development of chemotherapy, the fermentation industries, the plant protection industry and the control of organisms attacking manufactured goods. The temptation to narrow the field of enquiry is strong, because by doing so, it is possible to arrive at greater precision in correlating structure and activity. Moreover, it is often said, and with a considerable measure of truth, that fundamental knowledge is so fragmentary that any attempt at broad generalisations is premature. This negative attitude should be resisted, for hypotheses are valuable in crystallising thought and suggesting experiments. There are, in fact, certain valuable basic data, or at least practical working rules, which can act as guides, and a broad enquiry can at least help to define those areas where the gaps in knowledge are greatest and upon which research should be concentrated. Living organisms, from the point of view of this essay, are considered as dynamic physico-chemical systems. They are dynamic, not necessarily in the sense of movement, but because the living process is one of rapid and orderly chemical change, from the intake of nutrient to the output of waste products. The structure of every molecule must be viewed in relation to its environment, and to its metabolic precursors and successors. Living organisms vary greatly in their biochemical complexity, and to a large extent the study of structure-activity relationships is dependent on the possibility of biochemical dismemberment of the organism, so that the working of the component parts may be examined in isolation. The metabolic processes of micro-organisms, for example, are susceptible to experimental study not only by correlation of the effect of nutrients and foreign compounds on the metabolism, but also by the isolation and
Effect of yoga relaxation techniques on performance of digit–letter substitution task by teenagers

Background/Aims Memory and selective attention are important skills for academic and professional performance. Techniques to improve these skills are not taught either in education or company training courses. Any system which can systematically improve these skills will be of value in schools, universities, and workplaces. Aims:To investigate possible improvements in memory and selective attention, as measured by the Digit–Letter Substitution Task (DLST), due to practice of Cyclic Meditation (CM), a yoga relaxation technique, as compared to Supine Rest (SR). Materials and Methods Subjects consisted of 253 school students, 156 boys, 97 girls, in the age range 13–16 years, who were attending a 10-day yoga training course during summer vacation. The selected subjects had English as their medium of instruction in school and they acted as their own controls. They were allocated to two groups, and tested on the DLST, immediately before and after 22.5 minutes practice of CM on one day, and immediately before and after an equal period of SR on the other day. The first group performed CM on day 9 and SR on day 10. For the second group, the order was reversed. Results Within each group pre-post test differences were significant for both the relaxation techniques. The magnitude of net score improvement was greater after SR (7.85%) compared to CM (3.95%). Significance levels were P < 0.4 × 10-9for SR and P < 0.1 × 10-3 for CM. The number of wrong attempts also increased significantly on both interventions, even after removing two outlier data points on day 1 in the SR group. Conclusions: Both CM and SR lead to improvement in performance on the DLST. However, these relaxation techniques lead to more wrong cancellation errors.
as a New Marker for Monitoring Tumor Response to Antiproliferative Therapy in Vivo with Positron Emission Tomography 1

3 (cid:1) -Deoxy-3 (cid:1) -[ 18 F]fluorothymidine ([ 18 F]FLT) has been proposed as a new marker for imaging tumor proliferation by positron emission tomography (PET). The uptake of [ 18 F]FLT is regulated by cytosolic S-phase-specific thymidine kinase 1 (TK1). In this article, we have investigated the use of [ 18 F]FLT to monitor the response of tumors to antiproliferative treatment in vivo . C3H/Hej mice bearing the radiation-induced fibrosarcoma 1 tumor were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 165 mg/kg i.p.). Changes in tumor volume and biodistribution of [ 18 F]FLT and 2-[ 18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy- D -glucose ([ 18 F]FDG) were measured in three groups of mice ( n (cid:1) 8–12/group): ( a ) untreated controls; ( b ) 24 h after 5-FU; and ( c ) 48 h after 5-FU. In addition, dynamic [ 18 F]FLT-PET imaging was performed on a small animal scanner for 60 min. The metabolism of [ 18 F]FLT in tumor, plasma, liver, and urine was determined chromatographically. Proliferation was determined by staining histological sections for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Tumor levels of TK1 protein and cofactor (ATP) were determined by Western blotting and bioluminescence, respectively. Tumor [ 18 F]FLT uptake decreased after 5-FU treatment (47.8 (cid:2) 7.0 and 27.1 (cid:2) 3.7% for groups b and c , respectively, compared with group a ; P < 0.001). The drug-induced reduction in tumor [ 18 F]FLT uptake was significantly more pronounced than that of [ 18 F]FDG. The PET image data confirmed lower tumor [ 18 F]FLT retention in group c compared with group a , despite a trend toward higher radiotracer delivery for group c . Other than phosphorylation in tumors, [ 18 F]FLT was found to be metabolically stable in vivo . The decrease in tumor [ 18 F]FLT uptake correlated with the PCNA-labeling index ( r (cid:1) 0.71, P (cid:1) 0.031) and tumor volume changes after 5-FU treatment ( r (cid:1) 0.58, P (cid:1) 0.001). In this model system, the in [ 18 F]FLT uptake be explained by changes in catalytic activity but translation of TK1 protein. with group a , TK1 group b group c P < 0.001). In contrast, a stepwise decrease in ATP levels was observed from group a to b to c ( P < 0.001). In conclusion, we have demonstrated the ability to measure tumor response to antiproliferative treatment with [ 18 F]FLT and PET. In our model system, the radiotracer uptake was correlated with PCNA-labeling index. The decrease in [ 18 F]FLT uptake after 5-FU was more pronounced than that of [ 18 F]FDG. [ 18 F]FLT is, therefore, a promising marker for monitoring antiproliferative drug activity in oncology that warrants additional testing.
Cranberry juice concentrate does not significantly decrease the incidence of acquired bacteriuria in female hip fracture patients receiving urine catheter: a double-blind randomized trial

Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common complication among patients with hip fractures. Receiving an indwelling urinary catheter is a risk factor for developing UTIs. Treatment of symptomatic UTIs with antibiotics is expensive and can result in the development of antimicrobial resistance. Cranberries are thought to prevent UTI. There is no previous research on this potential effect in patients with hip fracture who receive urinary catheters. Aim The aim of this study is to investigate whether intake of cranberry juice concentrate pre-operatively decreases the incidence of postoperative UTIs in hip fracture patients that received a urinary catheter. Design This study employed a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Method Female patients, aged 60 years and older, with hip fracture (n=227) were randomized to receive cranberry or placebo capsules daily, from admission, until 5 days postoperatively. Urine cultures were obtained at admission, 5 and 14 days postoperatively. In addition, Euro Qual five Dimensions assessments were performed and patients were screened for UTI symptoms. Result In the intention-to-treat analysis, there was no difference between the groups in the proportion of patients with hospital-acquired postoperative positive urine cultures at any time point. When limiting the analysis to patients that ingested at least 80% of the prescribed capsules, 13 of 33 (39%) in the placebo group and 13 of 47 (28%) in the cranberry group (P=0.270) had a positive urine culture at 5 days postoperatively. However, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.270). Conclusion Cranberry concentrate does not seem to effectively prevent UTIs in female patients with hip fracture and indwelling urinary catheter.
Inverse regulation of secretion and inflammation in human airway gland serous cells by neuropeptides upregulated in allergy and asthma

Airway submucosal gland serous cells are sites of expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and are important for fluid secretion in conducting airways from the nose down to small bronchi. We tested if serous cells from human nasal turbinate glands secrete bicarbonate (HCO3−), important for mucus polymerization, during stimulation with the cAMP-elevating agonist vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and if this requires CFTR. Isoalted serous cells stimulated with VIP exhibited a ~20% cAMP-dependent decrease in cell volume and a ~0.15 unit decrease in intracellular pH (pHi), reflecting activation of Cl− and HCO3− secretion, respectively. Pharmacology, ion substitution, and studies using cells from CF patients suggest serous cell HCO3− secretion is mediated by conductive efflux directly through CFTR. Interestingly, we found that neuropeptide Y (NPY) reduced VIP-evoked secretion by blunting cAMP increases and reducing CFTR activation through Gi-coupled NPY1R. Culture of primary gland serous cells in a model that maintained a serous phenotype confirmed the activating and inhibiting effects of VIP and NPY, respectively, on fluid and HCO3− secretion. Moreover, VIP enhanced secretion of antimicrobial peptides and antimicrobial efficacy of gland secretions while NPY reduced antimicrobial secretions. In contrast, NPY enhanced the release of cytokines during inflammatory stimuli while VIP reduced cytokine release through a mechanism requiring CFTR conductance. As levels of VIP and NPY are up-regulated in disease like allergy, asthma, and chronic rhinosinusitis, the balance of these two peptides in the airway may control airway mucus rheology and inflammatory responses through gland serous cells.
National Corporate Governance Institutions and Post-Acquisition Target Reorganization

We examine the characteristics of national systems of corporate governance to theorize about the nature of the shareholders' and employees' interests when it comes to reorganization, under the assumption that the firm is coalitional in nature. We argue that corporate governance institutions prevalent in the countries of origin of the merging firms enable or constrain the ability of the acquirer to reorganize the target. Using a cross-national dataset of corporate acquisitions and post-acquisition reorganization, we found support for our predictions that stronger legal protection of shareholder rights in the acquirer country compared to the target country increases the acquirer's ability to restructure the target's assets and leverage the target's resources, while the protection of employee rights in the target country restricts the acquirer's ability to restructure the target's assets and transfer resources to and from the target.
Plasma lipid variability in the Toronto Twin Register.

Results of the United States National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Twin Study reported at the First International Congress on Twin Studies held in Rome, 1974, revealed that for plasma cholesterol, adult male DZ twins had a significantly larger total variance than MZ twins [2]. A similar finding was subsequently reported for newborn twins [3]. The present paper reports similar results from the Toronto Twin Register using twins of both sexes.
ISLET CELL AUTOANTIBODIES PREDICT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES

Islet cell autoantibodies are strongly associated with the development of type 1 diabetes. The appearance of autoantibodies to one or several of the autoantigens—GAD65, IA-2, or insulin—signals an autoimmune pathogenesis of -cell killing. A -cell attack may be best reflected by the emergence of autoantibodies dependent on the genotype risk factors, isotype, and subtype of the autoantibodies as well as their epitope specificity. It is speculated that progression to -cell loss and clinical onset of type 1 diabetes is reflected in a developing pattern of epitopespecific autoantibodies. Although the appearance of autoantibodies does not follow a distinct pattern, the presence of multiple autoantibodies has the highest positive predictive value for type 1 diabetes. In the absence of reliable T-cell tests, dissection of autoantibody responses in subjects of genetic risk should prove useful in identifying triggers of islet autoimmunity by examining seroconversion and maturation of the autoantibody response that may mark time to onset of type 1 diabetes. The complexity of the disease process is exemplified by multiple clinical phenotypes, including autoimmune diabetes masquerading as type 2 diabetes in youth and adults. Autoantibodies may also provide prognostic information in clinically heterogeneous patient populations when examined longitudinally. Diabetes 54 (Suppl. 2):S52–S61, 2005
Limits on radio emission from pulsar wind nebulae

We report on a sensitive survey for radio pulsar wind nebulae (PWN) towards 27 energetic and/or high-velocity pulsars. Observations were carried out at 1.4 GHz using the Very Large Array and the Australia Telescope Compact Array and utilized pulsar-gating to search for off-pulse emission. These observing parameters resulted in a considerably more sensitive search than previous surveys and could detect PWN over a much wider range of spatial scales (and hence ambient densities and pulsar velocities). However, no emission clearly corresponding to a PWN was discovered. Based on these non-detections we argue that the young and energetic pulsars in our sample have winds which are typical of young pulsars, but produce unobservable PWN because they reside in low-density (n∼0.003 cm−3) regions of the interstellar medium. However, non-detection of PWN around older and less energetic pulsars can only be explained if the radio luminosity of their winds is less than 10−5 of their spin-down luminosity, implying an efficiency at least an order of magnitude smaller than that seen for young pulsars.
The nucleolar architecture of polymerase I transcription and processing.

The nucleolus, the site of transcription and processing of the major ribosomal genes, generally reveals three distinct ultrastructural components in conventional thin‐section electron micrographs (fibrillar centres, dense fibrillar component and granular component). We show here that different parts of the transcription and transcript processing pathway can be mapped to the different nucleolar components in pea root cells. This study shows the full three‐dimensional arrangement of the different domains by in situ hybridization and confocal microscopy, and their correspondence with the major ultrastructural components of the nucleolus is revealed by parallel serial section electron microscopy. The active rDNA is widely dispersed in discrete foci, the larger of which, at least, correspond to well‐defined fibrillar centres. A probe to the external transcribed spacer (ETS) sequence of the pre‐rRNA transcripts labels clearly demarcated regions surrounding the foci of rDNA, and which we show correspond to the dense fibrillar component. Finally, a probe to the entire 45S transcript shows a higher concentration in regions corresponding to the granular component, surrounding the dense fibrillar component labelled by the ETS probe. The changes in structure that occur with heat shock show that nucleolar organization is dynamic and dependent upon transcriptional activity. These results show that the various RNA processing events are spatially highly organized and suggest a vectorial or radial model of transcription and transcript processing, where nascent and newly completed transcripts occupy zones surrounding the genes, which are in turn surrounded by regions containing the older more mature transcripts.
In vitro evaluation of a chitosan membrane cross-linked with genipin

The study was to evaluate the characteristics of a chitosan membrane cross-linked with a naturally-occurring cross-linking reagent, genipin. This newly-developed genipin-cross-linked chitosan membrane may be used as an implantable drug-delivery system. The chitosan membrane without cross-linking (fresh) and the glutaraldehyde-cross-linked chitosan membrane were used as controls. The characteristics of test chitosan membranes evaluated were their cross-linking degree, swelling ratio, mechanical properties, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and degradability. It was found that cross-linking of chitosan membrane using genipin increased its ultimate tensile strength but significantly reduced its strain-at-fracture and swelling ratio. There was no significant difference in antimicrobial activity between the genipin-cross-linked chitosan membrane and its fresh counterpart. Additionally, the results showed that the genipin-cross-linked chitosan membrane had a significantly less cytotoxicity and a slower degradation rate compared to the glutaraldehyde-cross-linked membrane. These results suggested that the genipin-cross-linked chitosan membrane may be a promising carrier for fabricating an implantable drug-delivery system. The drug-release characteristics of the genipin-cross-linked chitosan membrane are currently under investigation.
Public Relations Crisis and Social Media: An Investigation into Extant and Prospective Consumers? Perceptions through the Lens of Attribution Theory

Online social media has shifted the balance of power from businesses to consumers, with consumers now being able to share information almost unrestrictedly in real-time. As a result, an effort to suppress what may be considered as harmful information can easily backfire, causing the information to instantly spread through user ties. However, what is considered important in such occasions is the way extant and prospective customers may interpret such crises. In this paper, we discuss the case of a Greek Apple authorized service provider and the manner in which it responded to a customer's complaint in a blog post. The company, instead of using social media to reach out to its customers, chose to move legally against the disgruntled customer, aiming to suppress the relevant blog post, which quickly resulted to the company's viral defamation. Building upon attribution theory and employing a content analysis of user postings in social media, our study explores stakeholders' perceptions regarding the company's reaction and response strategy, seeking to investigate attributions of cause and responsibility. Our results show that, in the initial stages of a crisis, hostile behaviour or refraining from comments altogether, can lead to negative outcomes in relation to a company's reputation.
Emerging themes on aging in place from low-income older renters

ABSTRACT This phenomenological study focused on low-income older renters‘ challenges that affected their aging in place. We conducted 25 in-depth interviews with low-income older renters, using a semi-structured questionnaire. The questions focused on socio-demographic characteristics, renting profiles, most and least favored aspects about being a renter, and future plans and challenges. We transcribed qualitative data, employed keyword-in-context analysis, and then identified emerging themes. We found that life changes, insufficient financial support, or unmet maintenance issues with one’s previous housing affected being a renter. Freedom from maintenance concerns was the most positive aspect about being a renter while the absence of ownership was the most negative aspect. Most respondents wanted to stay in their current unit due to a lack of resources or future plans. Health concerns were the most cited challenges when aging in place. Three themes for low-income older renters‘ aging in place emerged: (1) housing affordability, (2) home environment to support autonomy, and (3) resources for formal and informal support systems. This qualitative study provides an opportunity to better understand low-income older renters’ aging in place, a topic that has been understudied in the field of housing.