Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What factors affect the success rate of the first attempt at endotracheal intubation in emergency departments?

Study objective This study aimed to determine the factors associated with successful endotracheal intubation (ETI) on the first-attempt in an emergency department. Method We studied all of the ETI data at two urban emergency departments over a 5-year period. We assessed the intubator's specialty and training level, intubation method, device used, predicted airway difficulty and cause of ETIs. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors affecting the first-attempt success (FAS) of ETI in emergency departments. Results A total of 1478 adult ETIs were analysed. A multivariate logistic analysis revealed that factors such as a non-difficult airway (OR=5.11; 95% CI 3.38 to 7.72), senior physicians (2nd-year to 4th-year resident and attending physicians) (OR=2.39; 95% CI 1.61 to 3.55) and the rapid sequence intubation/induction (RSI) method (OR=2.06; 95% CI 1.04 to 3.03) had significant associations with the FAS for emergency medicine (EM) physicians. For non-EM physicians, however, a non-difficult airway was the only independent predictor of FAS (OR=3.10; 95% CI 1.82 to 5.28). Conclusions The predicted airway difficulty was the major factor associated with FAS in emergency department ETI on adults regardless of intubator's specialty. Especially in EM physician group, level of training and using of RSI also affecting on first–attempt success. The overall ETI success rate on first attempt was 80.1%, but EM physicians had success rate of 87.3%. Systematic technical and non-technical airway skill training focused on RSI and continuous quality control and ETI recording could help non-EM physicians increase their FAS rate.
l-Arginine prevents air embolism-induced acute lung injury in rats

Objective:Pulmonary air embolism, causing vessel obstruction and primary or secondary reactions of blood, can lead to acute lung injury. In addition, nitric oxide has been known to play a key role in various causes of lung injury. In this study we employed the isolated rat lung model to investigate the effects of l-arginine on air embolism-induced lung injury. Design:Randomized, controlled study. Setting:Animal-care facility procedure room. Subjects:Forty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats each weighing 250–350 g. Interventions:Infusion of air at the rate of 0.25 mL/min for 1 min into the pulmonary artery in isolated and perfused rat lung resulted in pulmonary hypertension and lung edema. Air embolism elicited a significant increase in microvascular permeability as measured by the capillary filtration coefficient, lung weight gain, lung weight-to-body weight ratio, pulmonary arterial pressure, and protein concentration of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Measurements and Main Results:Pretreatment with l-arginine (4 mmol/L) significantly attenuated the acute lung injury induced by air embolism as shown by a significant decrease in all of the assessed variables but did not alter the pulmonary arterial pressure (p < .05). The protective effect of l-arginine was blocked when NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (5 mmol/L) was added. Pretreatment with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester exacerbated air embolism-induced lung injury. Conclusions:Our findings suggest that l-arginine can prevent air embolism-induced lung injury.
The Effects of Adherence to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Factors Influencing Drug Adherence in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis

We aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of knee osteoarthritis patients according to drug adherence; and to find out the factors the affecting those outcomes. We analyzed the drug adherence and clinical outcomes in 1,334 primary knee osteoarthritis patients who took non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 3 weeks. Clinical outcomes of Pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and EQ-5D were compared at baseline and 3 weeks’ follow-up between the two groups of adherent group and non-adherent group (1,167 vs. 167 patients). Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors affecting the adherence, and the reasons for the non-adherence were asked. The follow-up clinical outcomes of NRS and KOOS symptom, pain and activity of daily life were significantly higher in the adherence group (P = 0.003, P = 0.048, P = 0.005, and P = 0.003, respectively). The adherence was better in the elderly and in the male group (P = 0.042 and P = 0.034, respectively) and the top reason for no strict adherence was “symptom improved” (21.5%) followed by side effects. In this study, the patients with better adherence to NSAIDs showed better outcomes compared to those with poor adherence. This study can contribute to the patient education for the pharmacological treatment in knee OA patients.
The role of quantitative PCR for the immune monitoring of cancer patients

Human tumour immunology is at a standstill whereas implemented cancer vaccines have shown effectiveness in inducing immune responses detectable in circulating lymphocytes. In most circumstances, however, such immune responses are not sufficient to induce cancer regression. This paradoxical observation could be explained in several ways depending upon the immunological endpoint used for immune monitoring. For instance, analysis of immune responses in circulating lymphocytes that address the presence of T cells bearing T-cell receptors specific for the epitope used for vaccination, can accurately enumerate the number of T cells elicited by the vaccines but does not yield information about their functional status. Other monitoring strategies may yield general information about the reactivity of various T cells in response to a relevant stimulus and, therefore, may provide information more relevant to the purpose of the immunisation. Furthermore, the material used to monitor immune responses may, in itself, determine the significance of the findings obtained. In the assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of specific cancer treatment, analysis of immune responses in circulating lymphocytes (systemic response) may not be as relevant as the analysis of the same effector populations within the tumour microenvironment (peripheral response). This review will describe a novel approach that allows extreme flexibility in the analysis of systemic and peripheral responses by accurately measuring the level of expression of relevant genes using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
Experiments in governance and citizenship in Kenya’s resource frontier

As states have become increasingly unwilling or unable to regulate the social and environmental externalities of transnational corporations, voluntary social and environmental standards have emerged as a prominent tool of global governance. These standards are designed to institutionalize responsible corporate conduct through the creation of global norms for ethical or appropriate business behaviour. In this article, however, I argue that transnational corporations are finding ways to use voluntary standards as a technology of government to secure their investments in land and natural resources. To support this argument, I offer two examples from Kenya’s northern resource frontier. I trace the specific techniques used by two resource projects to secure access to land for the purpose of resource development, even in the face of community resistance. I show how corporations use voluntary standards, along with other technologies of government, to resolve contentious land issues and to legitimate their own control over land and resources. I frame my analysis using Hall et al.’s (2011) ‘powers of exclusion,’ arguing that voluntary standards serve as one example of a legitimising discourse that corporations can use to justify excluding other users from land and resources. This article contributes to research on voluntary standards, by analysing how powerful actors use expert knowledge of voluntary standards and corresponding managerial techniques — such as research, assessment tools and third-party auditing — to influence the outcomes of struggles over land.
Effects of an Art-Based Curriculum on Clinical Trials Attitudes and Breast Cancer Prevention Knowledge

Although Latinos now comprise the largest minority in the U.S. population, they continue to be seriously underrepresented in clinical trials. A nonrandomized controlled study of an innovative community-developed clinical trial and breast cancer education program targeting Latinas tested whether use of an art-based curriculum could increase willingness to enroll in six clinical trial scenarios and increase breast health and clinical trial knowledge. The art-based curriculum resulted in a larger increase in stated willingness to enroll across all clinical trial scenarios, and the difference was statistically significant (p < .05) in three. Breast health and clinical trials knowledge increased similarly and significantly for both groups. The results of this study show promise for the use of a community-developed art-based curriculum in the Latina population to increase willingness to enroll in clinical trials.
Perception of mental illness: preliminary exploratory research at a cross-cultural outpatient psychiatric clinic.

UNLABELLED This descriptive study presented an overview of culturally sensitive mental health services and potential barriers for immigrant Canadians. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed and administered to 173 patients who attended a large cross-cultural psychiatry outpatient clinic in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. RESULTS indicated that only 21% of patients were able to state their diagnosis or were able to describe the symptoms of their diagnosis that met the DSM-IV criteria given by a psychiatrist. Examination of patient ethnicity showed that more South Asian (25%) or Southeast Asian (24%) patients had more diagnoses of anxiety disorder in comparison to other ethnic groups. Refugees characterized mental illness in terms of stress or stress-related factors (30%) in comparison to non-refugees (13%). There was a greater preference in women, when compared to men, to prefer the term 'client' versus 'patient'. These results elucidate the importance of cultural and systemic barriers for immigrant Canadians. The need for appropriate service delivery is discussed.
The Checklist of Challenging Behaviour and its relationship with the Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults.

The Checklist of Challenging Behaviour (CCB) was developed to survey the prevalence of challenging behaviour among people with intellectual disability. It describes 32 behaviours, and data are collected on the frequency, management difficulty and severity of these states. The present paper reports on the relationship between challenging behaviour (as measured by the CCB) and mental health (as measured by the Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults). In addition, it discusses the differences between the two groups of clients used in the study, i.e. hospital and community subject groups, in terms of challenging behaviour and mental health.
Neonatal haemostasis and the management of neonatal thrombosis

Two detailed reviews of the management of neonatal thrombosis were published in 2012; one was an up‐dated version of guidance first issued in 2004 and the other was a comprehensive review. Both of these publications gave very similar advice regarding the practical aspects of the indications, dosage and management of antithrombotic therapy. The authors stated that the evidence supporting most of their recommendations for anti‐thrombotic therapy in neonates remained weak and so the therapy for a neonate with a thrombosis has to be based on an individualized assessment of estimated risk versus potential benefit. The aim of this present review is to give the treating physician an outline of the unique physiology of neonatal coagulation and how this affects the monitoring, dosing and even the choice of therapeutic strategy for the management of thrombosis in the neonate.
Stock Volatility and the Great Depression

Stock return volatility during the Great Depression has been labeled a “volatility puzzle” because the standard deviation of stock returns was 2 to 3 times higher than any other period in American history. We investigate this puzzle using a new series of building permits and leverage. Our results suggest that volatility in building permit growth and financial leverage largely explain the high level of stock volatility during the Great Depression. Markets factored in the possibility of a forthcoming economic disaster. Received September 30, 2017; editorial decision August 27, 2018 by Editor Philip E. Strahan. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online
Attempts to produce astrocyte cultures devoid of oligodendrocyte generating potential by the use of antimitotic treatment reveal the presence of quiescent oligodendrocyte precursors

The presence of oligodendrocyte precursor cells which cannot be removed from primary cultures by antibody‐dependent techniques complicates the interpretation of transplantation experiments designed to examine the potential of astrocytes to influence remyelination (Blakemore et al.; Glia 13:79–91, 1995). In the present series of experiments we have investigated the use of the antimitotic cytosine arabinoside to eliminate oligodendrocyte precursors from mixed glial cell cultures following immunolytic removal of both oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitors using A2B5 and O4 monoclonal antibodies. Our results indicate that not all oligodendrocyte precursors are involved during the subsequent regeneration of oligodendrocytes since a population of precursors survive 3‐day and 12‐day exposure to cytosine arabinoside. Maintaining immunolysed cultures in serum‐free medium containing cytosine arabinoside for 23 days, removed the potential to generate large clones of oligodendrocytes both in vitro and following transplantation. However, a small number of oligodendrocyte precursors survived this treatment and generated single oligodendrocytes in vitro and isolated clusters of oligodendrocyte remyelination following transplantation. Overall, these results indicate that oligodendrocyte precursors have considerable potential to generate oligodendrocytes, but, since they can also survive for long periods in a quiescent state, their complete elimination from immunolysed astrocyte cultures by the use of an antimitotic is unreliable, if not impossible. J. Neurosci. Res. 49:64–71, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Elemental Accumulation in Kernels of the Maize Nested Association Mapping Panel Reveals Signals of Gene by Environment Interactions

Elemental accumulation in seeds is the product of a combination of environment and a wide variety of genetically controlled physiological processes. We measured the kernel elemental composition of the Nested Association Mapping (NAM) of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in 4 different environments. Analysis of variance revealed strong effects of genotype, environment and genotype by environment interactions. Using Joint-linkage mapping on a set of 7000 markers we identified 354 quantitative trait loci (QTL) across 20 elements, four environments and a combination of the environments. Leveraging 20 M SNPs derived from genome resequencing on the parents of the population, genome-wide association mapping studies (GWAS) detected 8573 loci. While most of the GWAS SNPs were located near genes not previously implicated in elemental regulation, several SNPs were located next to orthologs of well-characterized elemental regulation genes.
Metabolic and clinical effects of Ramadan fasting in patients with type II diabetes.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of fasting on anthropometric indices and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with type II diabetes. DESIGN Observational non-interventional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY : Diabetes clinic, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran during Ramadan 1419 (winter 1998-99). PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-seven volunteers with type II diabetes underwent anthropometric and biochemical evaluation before and on the 14th and 28th days of Ramadan. Biochemical markers were measured by standard laboratory methods and anthropometric indices by WHO criteria. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA for repeated measurements and Friedman's two-way ANOVA using SPSSv6 software. RESULTS Daily cholesterol intake increased in all subjects (p<0.03). Body mass index increased in women (p<0.03), but BMI and waist-hip ratio both decreased in men (p<0.01). Blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and serum fructosamine did not change during the study. Plasma insulin (p<0.05), C-peptide (p<0.01) and insulin resistance (p<0.01) decreased only in men. Total and LDL cholesterol increased significantly in all subjects during the study. CONCLUSION Ramadan fasting does not alter carbohydrate metabolism or tissue insulin sensitivity in patients with type II diabetes given appropriate dietary education and rescheduling of oral hypoglycaemic medication. Lipid profile is unfavourably altered due to changes in both diet and biochemical response to starvation.
Peri-implant Inflammation Defined by the Implant-Abutment Interface

An implant-abutment interface at the alveolar bone crest is associated with sustained peri-implant inflammation; however, whether magnitude of inflammation is proportionally dependent upon interface position remains unknown. This study compared the distribution and density of inflammatory cells surrounding implants with a supracrestal, crestal, or subcrestal implant-abutment interface. All implants developed a similar pattern of peri-implant inflammation: neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) maximally accumulated at or immediately coronal to the interface. However, peri-implant neutrophil accrual increased progressively as the implant-abutment interface depth increased, i.e., subcrestal interfaces promoted a significantly greater maximum density of neutrophils than did supracrestal interfaces (10,512 ± 691 vs. 2398 ± 1077 neutrophils/mm2). Moreover, inflammatory cell accumulation below the original bone crest was significantly correlated with bone loss. Thus, the implant-abutment interface dictates the intensity and location of peri-implant inflammatory cell accumulation, a potential contributing component in the extent of implant-associated alveolar bone loss.
Staging of supratentorial hemispheric glioma using tumour extension, histopathological grade and extent of surgical resection

A ‘TGS’ classification for supratentorial brain glioma is proposed, based on three parameters: tumour extension (T), histopathological grade (G) and extent of surgical resection (S). Two groups of patients were analysed: the first (n = 137) had tumour submitted to stereotactic biopsy; the second (n = 60) had malignant glioma operated on by craniotomy and tumour resection. All three staging parameters signficantly influenced survival. Histopathological grade was the most significant factor, and the only independent variable on multivariate analysis, followed by extent of tumour and then extent of surgical resection. The data support the applicability of the proposed parameters for a staging classfication of hemispheric brain glioma.
cDNA‐array profiling of melanomas and paired melanocyte cultures

Three paired (from the same donor) sets of melanoma cells and normal melanocytes, established as early‐passage cultures from metastatic lesions and the uninvolved skin of three patients, were comparatively cDNA profiled by macroarrays (approximately 1,200 genes) and reverse transcription (RT)‐PCR. While 145 gene products were significantly (at least twofold) upregulated or downregulated in at least 1 pair, and 23 were in at least 2 pairs, only 3 (the signal transducer and activator of transcription STAT2, collagen type VI, and CD9) were concordantly modulated (downregulation) in all 3 pairs. Array results were validated by RT‐PCR on a small panel of surgically removed nevocellular nevi and metastatic melanoma lesions, and by immunohistochemistry on a large panel of benign and malignant lesions of the nevomelanocytic lineage. The three gene products were downregulated at different stages of melanoma progression. STAT2 was detectable in nevi (5/5) and most primary melanomas (11/12), but was lost in 10/15 metastatic lesions. Collagen type VI was expressed in nevi (5/5) and primary melanomas below a Breslow thickness of 1 mm (3/3), but was lost in 24/24 primary melanomas above this threshold, and in metastatic melanomas (10/10). The tetraspanin CD9 molecule was expressed in 18/18 nevi, but was lost in 20/28 primary melanomas (including thin lesions), and in 24/52 metastatic lesions. These data provide the proof of principle that cDNA profiling of paired melanocyte/melanoma cultures sorts out novel, early signatures of melanocyte transformation that could contribute to the clinical management of patients at high risk of metastatic disease. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of exercise testing on natriuretic peptide secretion in patients with atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND Assessment of endocrine profile in patients with cardiovascular diseases has become increasingly important during the last decade. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels have been used as a marker of left ventricular dysfunction. However, the role of BNP in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and normal left ventricular function has not yet been determined. AIM To examine changes in the secretion of natriuretic peptides (atrial natriuretic peptide - ANP and BNP) during exercise in patients with persistent or permanent AF. METHODS The study group consisted of 42 patients with permanent AF and 77 patients with persistent AF. There were no significant differences in baseline clinical (except AF duration), echocardiographic and haemodynamic data between the groups. The control group comprised 20 patients. All had normal sinus rhytm without a history of AF and were compatible in age, gender and concomitant diseases with the examined groups. The ANP and BNP samples were obtained at rest and at the peak of the exercise testing. Duration of exercise testing was 10 min. RESULTS The multiple regression analysis showed an association between ANP levels and left atrial volume (p = 0.0001), maximal heart rate (p = 0.0036) and NYHA class (p < 0.0001). There was a trend toward a significant relation between AF duration and ANP levels. There was a significant correlation between BNP levels and heart failure class according to NYHA (p < 0.0001). A significant and strong positive correlation of ANP and BNP concentrations at rest was observed in all groups of AF. Significant variation of natriuretic peptide release in response to exercise (ANPex and BNPex) was observed. The highest increase of ANP level and the lowest increase of BNP level were noted in the control group, and no significant differences were found in ANP and BNP secretion between the groups with persistent and permanent AF. CONCLUSIONS Neurohormonal response to exercise differs between patients with AF and those in sinus rhythm. Exercise testing may be used to assess the ability of cardiac myocytes to increase peptide secretion.