Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of acute normovolemic haemodilution on cardiorespiratory changes in hyperthermia and its physical treatment

As only one experimental study examining the effects of haemodilution on circulatory responses to hyperthermia has so far been published and there is no information on respiratory responses to hyperthermia during haemodilution or anaemia, this paper studied the effects of acute normovolemic haemodilution on cardiorespiratory changes during 42°C hyperthermia and its recovery by body surface cooling in 16 anaesthetized adult rabbits. The animals were divided into two groups: haemodiluted group (Hct = 18.6 ± 0.4%) and control group (Hct = 41.1 ± 0.9%). In the haemodiluted group, acute normovolemic haemodilution was induced by 60% replacement of total blood volume with dextran. Haemodilution produced significant increases in minute volume (VE, p<0.02), heart rate (HR, p<0.02) and central venous pressure (CVP, p<0.02), but there was no significant change in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Hyperthermia caused significant increases in VE and HR in both the groups; however, VE and HR values were significantly higher in the haemodiluted group compared to the controls. CVP decreased (p<0.05) during 42°C hyperthermia only in the controls in the panting phase. MAP did not significantly change during over-heating in controls, but it significantly (p<0.02) rose in the haemodiluted group. In the recovery phase, cooling led to significant decreases in HR and MAP in both the groups and to further increases in VE (p<0.05) in controls, whereas VE decreased in the haemodiluted animals. There were found no significant cardiorespiratory differences between the two groups during cooling. Hyperthermia was accompanied by the higher values of minute volume and heart rate in the haemodiluted animals, indicating a greater activation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, which could result in diminished functional cardiorespiratory reserve and a higher risk of respiratory and circulatory failures in haemodiluted/anaemic animals during hyperthermia. In the phase of recovery of the body temperature there were no significant cardiorespiratory differences found between the two groups.
Comparative analysis of molecular alterations in fibroadenomas associated or not with breast cancer.

HYPOTHESIS The cause of breast cancer is linked to many macroscopic events, including benign breast disease. In this study we asked whether molecular changes could discriminate fibroadenoma, which is one of the most common benign breast disease lesions associated or not with breast cancer. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Anticancer medical center. SUBJECTS Archival tissues in 32 cases of fibroadenoma, diagnosed in the same breast as a breast carcinoma, are compared with a control group of 26 cases of fibroadenomas unaffected by breast cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Histological features are characterized in all samples. The epithelial and stromal components are analyzed for a loss of heterozygosity and a microsatellite instability using a polymerase chain reaction-based method with 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers at 7 chromosomal regions frequently altered in breast cancer. The p53 gene mutations were also determined at exons 5 to 9. RESULTS The frequency of complex fibroadenomas was similar in both groups (P =.42). Only in the case group did we observe proliferative lesions confined in fibroadenomas, including atypical ductal hyperplasia (2 cases), lobular neoplasia (3 cases), or low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (2 cases). There is no significant morphological difference between the 2 groups. Neither microsatellite alterations nor p53 gene mutations are present in the fibroadenoma components. Loss of heterozygosity is found only in the epithelial component of the 2 ductal carcinomas in situ confined in fibroadenomas. CONCLUSIONS Genetic alterations, which are most frequently involved in malignant breast carcinomas, are not present in fibroadenomas, regardless of their association with breast cancer or their histological complexity. These findings suggest that fibroadenomas are not associated with breast carcinogenesis.
GDF11 Controls the Timing of Progenitor Cell Competence in Developing Retina

The orderly generation of cell types in the developing retina is thought to be regulated by changes in the competence of multipotent progenitors. Here, we show that a secreted factor, growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), controls the numbers of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), as well as amacrine and photoreceptor cells, that form during development. GDF11 does not affect proliferation of progenitors—a major mode of GDF11 action in other tissues—but instead controls duration of expression of Math5, a gene that confers competence for RGC genesis, in progenitor cells. Thus, GDF11 governs the temporal windows during which multipotent progenitors retain competence to produce distinct neural progeny.
A retrospective method for pulse-wave velocity measurement in the mouse

The pulse-wave velocity (PWV) is inversely related to arterial compliance, and provides a useful measure of vascular function. In this study, the PWV was measured non-invasively in the mouse carotid artery using the time-delay (TD) and flow-area (QA) methods. The TD technique determines the distributed PWV from the time-delay between Doppler-derived upstrokes at two locations a known distance apart. The QA method estimates the local PWV as the ratio between the change in volume flow and the change in cross-sectional area during the reflection-free period of the cardiac cycle. Our new QA approach measures the cross-sectional area and flow through the vessel using a high- frame-rate retrospective colour flow imaging (RCFI) technique. The cross-sectional area is determined by integrating over the region of flow in each frame of the RCFI dataset, while the volume flow is calculated by averaging the velocities over the vessel in each frame and multiplying by the corresponding area. The TD method was compared with the flow-area method in the carotid artery of 7 young CD-1 mice, anesthetized with isoflurane. The average TD PWV was found to be 3.03±0.17 m/s. The average QA PWV was found to be 2.97±0.18 m/s. The TD method was found to correlate well with the QA method (r=0.91, p<0.001). The mean difference between the TD method and the QA method was 0.06±0.08 m/s, and 95% of the differences fell within ±0.41±0.20 m/s of the mean difference. These results indicate that the QA method should be capable of distinguishing between changes to PWV caused by vascular disease. It was found that the QA method permits the measurement of the local PWV. The TD method offered superior reliability to the QA method for PWV determination in the mouse carotid artery because it was affected by fewer contextual factors. However, the QA method is useful for situations in which the TD method is unsuitable due to the geometry of the vessel. In this study, we compared a QA method of measuring the PWV with an image-guided TD method in the carotid artery of seven CD-1 mice. The TD technique was used to measure a distributed PWV over the carotid artery from the aortic arch to the bifurcation. The QA method was applied to determine the local PWV at the midsection of the carotid. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of the QA method against the TD method and to demonstrate a simple image-based methodology for performing PWV measurements. Determination of the most reliable PWV estimation method will be useful in a future longitudinal study of vascular development in transgenic mice.
SERUM CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS IN NEWBORN INFANTS WITH GESTATIONAL AGES OF 28–42 WEEKS

Abstract. Ginsburg, B. ‐E. and Zetterström, R. (Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institute, St. Göran's Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Serum cholesterol concentrations in newborn infants with gestational ages of 28–42 weeks. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 587, 1980. —Serum total cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol and VLDL‐LDL‐cholesterol were determined in 53 newborn infants with gestational ages of 28–42 weeks. In pre‐term infants (gestational age < 37 weeks) the total cholesterol concentration in cord blood was higher than in term infants. Mean values were 2.4 and 1.7 mmol/l, respectively. The HDL‐cholesterol/ VLDL‐LDL‐cholesterol ratio was 1.8 in pre‐term and term infants. In 11 pre‐term and 17 term infants a second determination was made 3–4 days after birth. Total cholesterol had increased more in term than in pre‐term infants and the difference found at birth had already levelled out. Mean value was 3.0 mmol/I in pre‐term and term infants. The HDL‐cholesterol/ VLDL‐LDL‐cholesterol ratio had changed to 0.6 in pre‐term and term infants. Six pre‐term infants who received intravenous fluids only were also studied. Their values did not differ from those in pre‐term infants fed orally. Free and esteritied cholesterol were determined in 26 infants of varying gestational ages. About one‐third of the total cholesterol was in the free form in pre‐term and term infants at birth and during the first days of life.
The chromosome of Salmonella paratyphi A is inverted by recombination between rrnH and rrnG

Salmonella paratyphi A, a human-adapted bacterial pathogen, causes paratyphoid enteric fever. We established the genome map of strain ATCC 9150 by the use of four endonucleases, XbaI, I-CeuI, AvrII (= BlnI), and SpeI, which generated 27, 7, 19, and 38 fragments, respectively; the sum of the fragments in each case indicates a genome size of ca. 4,600 kb. With phage P22, we transduced Tn10 insertions in known genes from Salmonella typhimurium LT2 to S. paratyphi A ATCC 9150 and located these insertions on the S. paratyphi A chromosome through the XbaI and AvrII sites in Tn10 and through the increased size of the SpeI fragment bearing a Tn10. Compared with the maps of other Salmonella species, the S. paratyphi A genomic map showed two major differences: (i) an insertion of about 100 kb of DNA between rrnH/G and proB and (ii) an inversion of half the genome between rrnH and rrnG, postulated to be due to homologous recombination between the rrn genes. We propose that during the evolution of S. paratyphi A, the first rearrangement event was the 100-kb insertion, which disrupted the chromosomal balance between oriC and the termination of replication, forcing the rrnH/G inversion to restore the balance. The insertion and the inversion are both present in all 10 independent wild-type S. paratyphi A strains tested.
Putrescine Stimulates the mTOR Signaling Pathway and Protein Synthesis in Porcine Trophectoderm Cells1

ABSTRACT Insufficient placental growth is a major factor contributing to intrauterine growth retardation in mammals. There is growing evidence that putrescine produced from arginine (Arg) and proline via ornithine decarboxylase is a key regulator of angiogenesis, embryogenesis, as well as placental and fetal growth. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study tested the hypothesis that putrescine stimulates protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in porcine trophectoderm cell line 2 cells. The cells were cultured for 2 to 4 days in customized Arg-free Dulbecco modified Eagle Ham medium containing 0, 10, 25, or 50 μM putrescine or 100 μM Arg. Cell proliferation, protein synthesis, and degradation, as well as the abundance of total and phosphorylated mTOR, ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4EBP1), were determined. Our results indicate that putrescine promotes cell proliferation and protein synthesis in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was inhibited by difluoro-methylornithine (an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase). Moreover, supplementation of culture medium with putrescine increased the abundance of phosphorylated mTOR and its downstream targets, 4EBP1 and p70 S6K1 proteins. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel and important role for putrescine in regulating the mTOR signaling pathway in porcine placental cells. We suggest that dietary supplementation with or intravenous administration of putrescine may provide a new and effective strategy to improve survival and growth of embryos/fetuses in mammals.
Long-Term Unemployment: Attached and Mismatched?

In this paper, I quantify the contribution of occupation-specific shocks and skills to unemployment duration and its cyclical dynamics. I quantify specific skills using microdata on wages, estimating occupational switching cost as a function of the occupations' difference in skills. The productivity shocks are consistent with job finding rates by occupation. For the period 1995-2013, the model captures 69.5% of long-term unemployment in the data, while a uniform finding rate delivers only 47.2%. In the Great Recession, the model predicts 72.9% of the long-term unemployment that existed in the data whereas a uniform finding rate would predict 57.8%.
Osteoporosis and the risk of fracture

Osteoporosis has been a long recognised disorder even if its causes have not. Research undertaken by Little (1973) found examples from as early as the sixth century AD when Paulas Aeginata described a condition of the bone typical of osteoporosis. He also referred to non-healing hip fractures and vertebral 'arthritis' the result of a 'weakness of the parts'. In 1824 Astley Cooper stated that in old age bones 'become thin in their shell and spongy in the texture', he also noted that fractures of the neck of femur (hip) often followed moderate trauma. Whilst many physicians, even before the discovery of the X-ray in 1895, were aware that the bones of the elderly often became thin and fragile (Gordon ct al, 1976) it was not until 1940 that osteoporosis was linked with the postmenopausal state (Fuller Albright et al, 1941). Only in recent years has the scale of the problem of osteoporosis been recognised by health care professionals. This may in part be explained by the fact that osteoporosis and its related fractures are a multidisciplinary problem, that is it crosses several specialities in medicine including orthopaedics, geriatrics and gynaecology. The most obvious manifestation of osteoporosis is a fracture, usually of the vertebrae, wrist or hip. Osteoporosis and its related fractures are an increasing health and economic problem and this booklet concentrates on the risks of osteoporotic fracture, the prevention of these fractures and the socio-economic costs of both fractures and preventive measures. An increased life expectancy has led to a growing elderly population. As life expectancy has increased so have the diseases of elderly people, particularly women. Women are especially vulnerable to osteoporotic fractures not only because of the link between osteoporosis and the menopause but also because more women survive to the age at which osteoporotic fractures occur than men. It is projected that by 2031 the number of elderly people (over 65s) in the United Kingdom will be 13.6 million (22 per cent of the total population) as compared with 9.6 million (16 per cent of the total population) in 1987 (Annual Abstract of Statistics 1989). The growth in population of 4.3 million between the two years can almost entirely be accounted for by an increase in the numbers of the elderly. The result of this increase in population in terms of the number of hip fractures (the most expensive osteoporotic fracture) occurring can be seen in Figure 1. Even on the conservative estimate that the discharge rate does not increase (there will in fact be a shift towards a more elderly population) it is estimated that the number of hip fractures in England and Wales will be 50,581 an increase of 17 per cent (7,351). The true figure may be much higher. Without therapeutic and prophylactic intervention. the economic and social costs of osteoporosis will continue to rise in the years ahead.
Epilepsy surgery for glioneuronal tumors in childhood: avoid loss of time.

BACKGROUND In contrast to the abundance of seizure outcome reports in epilepsy surgery for glioneuronal tumors in childhood and adolescence, there is a dearth of information regarding cognitive outcomes. OBJECTIVE To investigate the seizure and cognitive outcome of children and adolescents that underwent resective surgery for glioneuronal tumor-associated refractory epilepsy and determine their predictive factors. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the presurgical findings, resection types, and outcomes over 1.3 to 12.3 years (mean, 7.3) of 29 consecutive patients, who underwent resection in 2000 to 2011. The mean age at epilepsy onset was 7.9 years (range, 0-15.4), the mean age at surgery was 11.7 years (range, 2.6-17.3), and the mean epilepsy duration to surgery was 3.8 years (range, 0.3-15.3). Etiology comprised 13 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors and 16 gangliogliomas, with additional focal cortical dysplasia in 5 cases. RESULTS Eighty-six percent of children were seizure free 12 months after surgery; at final follow-up, 76% remained seizure free and 62% had discontinued antiepileptic drugs. Gross total resection was related to significantly higher rates of seizure freedom. Higher presurgical cognitive functioning (full-scale IQ, verbal IQ) was related to shorter epilepsy duration to surgery independent of age at epilepsy onset, thus determining postsurgical functioning. Improvements in verbal IQ, performance IQ, and visual memory as well as a trend toward improvement in full-scale IQ were established after surgery. Despite individual losses in full-scale IQ, verbal or visual memory, no deterioration was noted in any cognitive variable on a group level. CONCLUSION Completeness of resection predisposes to favorable outcomes regarding seizure alleviation. Whereas cognitive functioning deteriorates with time in glioneuronal tumor-related refractory epilepsy, surgery is linked to improvement rather than to deterioration on a group level.
Viral aspects of protein phosphorylation.

The discovery that the protein encoded by the transforming gene of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) has protein kinase activity (Collett & Erikson, 1978) brought the subject of protein phosphorylation to the general attention of virologists. Retrovirus protein kinases have been extensively reviewed (e.g. Sefton, 1985; Hunter & Cooper, 1986) and, therefore, will only be dealt with briefly here. The main focus of the present review is the changes in phosphorylation that can occur during productive infection of cells by viruses, a topic that has received less widespread attention. In this context, we shall survey the phosphorylation of both viral and cellular proteins, assess the evidence regarding the functional significance of these phosphorylations, and consider the extent to which protein kinases encoded by virus or host are responsible for them. As we imagine that many of our readers may know less about protein kinases than they do about viruses, we have prefaced our review with a brief account of cellular protein kinases and protein phosphorylation.
Influence of Dorsiflexion Shoes on Neuromuscular Fatigue of the Plantar Flexors After Combined Tapping-Jumping Exercises in Volleyball Players

Abstract Lapole, T, Ahmaidi, S, Gaillien, B, and Leprêtre, PM. Influence of dorsiflexion shoes on neuromuscular fatigue of the plantar flexors after combined tapping-jumping exercises in volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 27(7): 2025–2033, 2013—Dorsiflexion shoes could be useful to increase jumping performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of wearing shoes inducing moderate dorsiflexion (2°) on neuromuscular fatigue induced by volleyball exercises involving multiple stretch-shortening cycles. Squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, and plantar flexors isometric voluntary and evoked contractile properties were assessed in 10 unfamiliarized trained volleyball players before and after a 10-minute intensive combined tapping-jumping volleyball exercise performed, in blinded randomized conditions, with neutral (0°) or moderate dorsiflexion (2°). No significant difference was observed on SJ performance in neutral and moderate dorsiflexion conditions. However, CMJ height was initially lower with 2° dorsiflexion compared with 0° (p < 0.05). Height in CMJ was increased after exercise with 2° dorsiflexion shoes and remained unchanged in neutral 0° condition. Combined tapping-jumping volleyball exercise also induced a significant decrease in maximal voluntary contraction (p < 0.001), peak-twitch torque (p = 0.009), contraction time (p < 0.001) and twitch relaxation rate (p = 0.001) values without any significant difference between neutral and dorsiflexion conditions. Voluntary activation level (p = 0.014) and rate of force development (p = 0.05) were also decreased in both conditions. In conclusion, acute moderate dorsiflexion had no effect on jumping performance and neuromuscular fatigue in unfamiliarized trained subjects and altered the elastic energy store in plyometric condition (CMJ). Future studies are necessary to investigate the chronic effect of moderate dorsiflexion on jumping performance and neuromuscular fatigue in trained volleyball players.
Differences in total human chorionic gonadotropin immunoassay analytical specificity and ability to measure human chorionic gonadotropin in gestational trophoblastic disease and germ cell tumors.

OBJECTIVE To determine the ability of several radioimmunoassays and commercial two-site immunoassays to detect the first World Health Organization International Reference Reagents (IRRs) for 6 defined human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) variants and to compare their performance in measuring hCG in sera from patients with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and germ cell tumors (GCTs) of the testis or ovary. STUDY DESIGN The reactivity of the different assays with the 6 IRRs together with the current fourth International Standard (IS, 75/589) was tested using 5 commercial two-site assays as well as 2 competitive polyclonal radioimmunoassays (RIAs) and a competitive monoclonal immunoassay. Individual samples from 41 patients (19 GCT and 22 GTD) with high circulating levels of hCG (range, 718-6,055,000 IU/L) were diluted and measured using the various immunoassays. RESULTS The results of 4 GCT patient samples varied markedly among the assays, including 1 sample that was grossly underestimated by 3 of the commercial assays. CONCLUSION Comparison of each assay's reactivity to the variant isoforms revealed that recognition of the isoforms was highly variable, particularly for hCGbeta and hCGbeta core fragment (hCGbetacf).