Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convexity conditions and intersections with smooth functions

A continuous function that agrees with each member of a family Sof smooth functions in a small set must itself possess certain desirable properties. We study situations that arise when Sconsists of the family of polynomials of degree at most n, as well as certain larger families and when the small sets of agreement are finite. The conclusions of our theorems involve convexity conditions. For example, if a continuous function f agrees with each polynomial of degree at most n in only a finite set, then f is ( n + 1)-convex or ( n + 1)-concave on some interval. We consider also certain variants of this theorem, provide examples to show that certain improvements are not possible and present some applications of our results.
Spatial Variability of Soil Features Affected by Landuse Type using Geostatistics

Since the change of land use accrued in the Iran, especially in northern Iran, this research aims tocompare the spatial variability of soil properties in three adjacent land uses including cultivated by wheat lands, grazing lands and forest Lands covered by juniperus sp, fagus orientalis, quercus castanifolia, and acer velotinum species in kiasar region, Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Some of soil features, i.e. pH, CaCO3, total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC), electric conductivity (EC), percentage of silt, clay and sand contents and saturation moisture content(SM) were measured at a grid with 20 m sampling distance on the top soil (0 - 30 cm depth). Accordingly, total of 147samples were taken from 49 soil sites. The normality of data was examined by the tests of normality. Then, data were analyzed by using of geostatistics approach. The results showed that spatial distribution of many soil properties could be well described by spherical model in the forest and exponential model in the cultivated and grazing lands. Spatial dependences were the highest for SOC, EC and the lowest for silt, (SOC and silt) in the forest method and grazing lands, respectively. Deforestation and conversion to cultivated and grazing lands decreased spatial dependence of soil properties.
EFFECTS OF TEXTUAL GLOSSES ON READING COMPREHENSION OF LOW PROFICIENCY EFL POSTGRADUATES

This study aims to explore the effects of different glosses on reading comprehension of low proficiency postgraduate students. In the present quasi- experimental study, 76 EFL learners at UPM who had attained similar scores in a standardized reading test were divided into four groups randomly. To make sure that the subjects did not know the target words, a vocabulary pre-test was conducted before the study. Then, the participants read six authentic texts under one of the conditions: L1 (Persian) gloss, L2 (English) gloss, L1 and L2 (Persian and English) gloss, and no-gloss. Results of recall protocol scores revealed the advantage of textual glosses over no-gloss condition. There was a significant difference between experimental groups and control group, but the differences between L1 gloss, L2 gloss, and L1 and L2 gloss were not significant. The findings of this study will be beneficial for those who are interested in applying related psychological theories in learning, teaching, and developing EFL/ESL learners’ reading comprehension, particularly by focusing on low proficiency postgraduate students.
The complex jet- and bar-perturbed kinematics in NGC 3393 as revealed with ALMA and GEMINI–GMOS/IFU

NGC 3393, a nearby Seyfert 2 galaxy with nuclear radio jets, large-scale and nuclear bars, and a posited secondary super massive black hole, provides an interesting laboratory to test the physics of inflows and outflows. Here we present and analyse the molecular gas (ALMA observations of CO J:2-1 emission over a field of view (FOV) of 45\arcsec \times 45\arcsec, at 0\farcs56 (143 pc) spatial and 5 km/s spectral resolution), ionised gas and stars (GEMINI-GMOS/IFU; over a FOV of 4\arcsec \times 5\arcsec, at 0\farcs62 (159 pc) spatial and 23 km/s spectral resolution) in NGC 3393. The ionised gas emission, detected over the complete GEMINI-GMOS FOV, has three identifiable kinematic components. A narrow (\sigma 115 km/s) redshifted component, detected near the NE and SW radio lobes; which we interpret as a radio jet driven outflow. And a broad (\sigma > 115 km/s) blueshifted component that shows high velocities in a region perpendicular to the radio jet axis; we interpret this as an equatorial outflow. The CO J:2-1 emission is detected in spiral arms on 5\arcsec - 20\arcsec scales, and in two disturbed circumnuclear regions. The molecular kinematics in the spiral arms can be explained by rotation. The highly disturbed kinematics of the inner region can be explained by perturbations induced by the nuclear bar and interactions with the large scale bar. We find no evidence for, but cannot strongly rule out, the presence of the posited secondary black hole.
INTERPRETABLE VISUAL QUESTION ANSWERING

We propose a new class of probabilistic neural-symbolic models for visual question answering (VQA) that provide interpretable explanations of their decision making in the form of programs, given a small annotated set of human programs. The key idea of our approach is to learn a rich latent space which effectively propagates program annotations from known questions to novel questions. We do this by formalizing prior work on VQA, called module networks (Andreas, 2016) as discrete, structured, latent variable models on the joint distribution over questions and answers given images, and devise a procedure to train the model effectively. Our results on a dataset of compositional questions about SHAPES (Andreas, 2016) show that our model generates more interpretable programs and obtains better accuracy on VQA in the low-data regime than prior work.
Structural social capital and mental health in Australia: an analysis of the 2007 Household Income and Labour Dynamics (HILDA) Survey

Improving mental health has become a priority for governments and health agencies in Australia and elsewhere, and several commentators have suggested that enhanced social capital can lead to improved mental health outcomes for individuals. We examine the relationship between mental health and the structural social capital, using participation in civic and community groups and frequency of social contact as indicators of social capital. Our analysis reveals that frequency of social contact is associated with improved mental health. Participation in community, sporting and hobby groups was associated with improved mental health. However, other types of community participation, including volunteer work, were not associated with mental health except for the elderly. Our analysis also finds evidence that the association between social capital and mental health may be different in different age groups, which may need to be considered in future studies on this subject.
Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of the crude extract of Cydonia Oblonga seeds

Cydonia Oblonga seeds were assessed for Phytochemicals. The results showed that the extract of the seeds possessed tannins, glycosides and phenolic compounds. The antibacterial activity of the seeds extract was assayed against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcusepidermids, Klebsiellapneumonia, Escherichia coli and Moraxella using the agar well diffusion method. The extract exhibited antibacterial activity, Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible to the plant seeds extract while Escherichia coli and Moraxella were the most resistant. In conclusion, Cydonia Oblonga seeds had potential antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria more than gram-negative bacteria.
A Nutritional Survey of Commercially Available Grass-Finished Beef

Consumer interest in the source of their food, its environmental footprint, and the impact of diet on health has supported the growth of the grass-finished beef (GFB) industry. Studies have concluded that GFB has distinct nutritional differences from conventionally-finished beef. As the GFB industry continues to expand, it is vital to continue to explore the nutritional complexities and variation in the product. To achieve this, a survey of grass-finishing production systems throughout the USA was conducted, and beef finished on the participating farms was analyzed for its nutritional composition, including fatty acid (FA), mineral and fat-soluble vitamin contents. Samples were analyzed from 12 producers and annual production capacity of farms ranged from 25 to 5,000 cattle, with a mean age of cattle at harvest of 26.8 ± 2.30 mo. An array of finishing diets included grazing exclusively in perennial pasture, incorporating annual forage crops, and feeding a variety of harvested forages with supplementation of non-starch feed byproducts. Beef muscle tissue FA content was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The mean ratio of omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) FA in samples varied significantly by producer, ranging from 1.80 to 28.3 (P < 0.0001), with an overall sample set median of 4.10. A selection of minerals including iron, magnesium, and potassium were analyzed by ICP emission spectroscopy and mineral content significantly differed by producer for all minerals (P < 0.001). Mean α-tocopherol and β-carotene content was 610.6 µg/100 g beef and 32.2 µg/100 g, respectively. The amount of these antioxidants also varied between producers (P < 0.0001), but tended to be greater in beef finished solely on fresh forages. This survey indicates that commercially available GFB can vary in nutritional composition due to the diverse practices used to grass-finish cattle.
Population Aging, Migration Spillovers, and the Decline in Interstate Migration

Interstate migration in the United States has declined by 50 percent since the mid-1980s. This paper studies the role of the aging population in this long-run decline. We argue that demographic changes trigger a general equilibrium effect in the labor market, which affects the migration rate of all workers. We document that an increase in the share of middle-aged workers (those ages 40 to 60) in the working-age population in one state causes a large fall in the migration rate of all workers in that state, regardless of their age. To understand this finding, we develop an equilibrium search model of many locations populated by workers whose moving costs differ. Firms prefer hiring local workers with high moving costs as they command lower wages due to their lower outside option. An increase in the share of middle-aged workers causes firms to recruit more from the local labor market instead of hiring from other locations, which increases the local job-finding rate and reduces everyone’s migration rate (“migration spillovers”). Our model reproduces remarkably well several cross-sectional facts between population flows and the age structure of the labor force. Our quantitative analysis suggests that population aging accounts for about half of the observed decline, of which 75 percent is attributable to the general equilibrium effect.
ROSSI X-RAY TIMING EXPLORER OBSERVATIONS OF THE LOW-MASS X-RAY BINARY 4U 1608–522 IN THE UPPER-BANANA STATE

To investigate the physics of mass accretion onto weakly magnetized neutron stars (NSs), 95 archival Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer data sets of an atoll source 4U 1608–522, acquired over 1996–2004 in the so-called upper-banana state, were analyzed. The object meantime exhibited 3–30 keV luminosity in the range of ≲ 1035–4 × 1037 erg s−1, assuming a distance of 3.6 kpc. The 3–30 keV Proportional Counter Array spectra, produced one from each data set, were represented successfully with a combination of a soft and a hard component, the presence of which was revealed in a model-independent manner by studying spectral variations among the observations. The soft component is expressed by the so-called multi-color disk model with a temperature of ∼1.8 keV, and is attributed to the emission from an optically thick standard accretion disk. The hard component is a blackbody (BB) emission with a temperature of ∼2.7 keV, thought to be emitted from the NS surface. As the total luminosity increases, a continuous decrease is observed in the ratio of the BB luminosity to that of the disk component. This property suggests that it gradually becomes difficult for the matter flowing through the accretion disk to reach the NS surface, presumably forming outflows driven by the increased radiation pressure. On timescales of hours to days, the overall source variability was found to be controlled by two independent variables: the mass accretion rate and the innermost disk radius, which changes both physically and artificially.
Detection of a quantum particle on a lattice under repeated projective measurements

We consider a quantum particle, moving on a lattice with a tight-binding Hamiltonian, which is subjected to measurements to detect its arrival at a particular chosen set of sites. The projective measurements are made at regular time intervals tau, and we consider the evolution of the wave function until the time a detection occurs. We study the probabilities of its first detection at some time and, conversely, the probability of it not being detected (i.e., surviving) up to that time. We propose a general perturbative approach for understanding the dynamics which maps the evolution operator, which consists of unitary transformations followed by projections, to one described by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. For some examples of a particle moving on one-and two-dimensional lattices with one or more detection sites, we use this approach to find exact expressions for the survival probability and find excellent agreement with direct numerical results. A mean-field model with hopping between all pairs of sites and detection at one site is solved exactly. For the one-and two-dimensional systems, the survival probability is shown to have a power-law decay with time, where the power depends on the initial position of the particle. Finally, we show an interesting and nontrivial connection between the dynamics of the particle in our model and the evolution of a particle under a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian with a large absorbing potential at some sites.
Entrepreneurial leadership practices and school innovativeness

Entrepreneurial leadership, as a distinctive type of leadership required for dealing with challenges and crises of current organizational settings, has increasingly been applied to improve school performance. However, there is limited research on the impact of school leaders’ entrepreneurial leadership practices on school innovativeness. The main purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between principals’ entrepreneurial leadership practices and school innovativeness through the teachers’ perspectives. The participants included 294 Malaysian secondary school teachers in Selangor, Malaysia. A questionnaire containing 64 items (50 items on school principals’ entrepreneurial leadership practices and 14 items on school innovativeness) was utilized. An analysis of the data indicates that teachers perceive entrepreneurial leadership as highly important for school principals. However, the principals practise it moderately. Furthermore, this study found a significant correlation between teachers’ perceptions of school principals’ entrepreneurial leadership practices and school innovativeness. Implications of the findings for developing school principals’ entrepreneurial leadership and school innovativeness are discussed. Keywords: educational leadership; entrepreneurial leadership; school improvement; school innovativeness; school principals
Accounting for protest zeros in contingent valuation studies: A review of literature

The Contingent valuation (CV) approach is commonly used in environmental and agricultural economics and is becoming increasingly popular in the valuation of health and health care. Whatever the context, CV surveys risk eliciting “protest” responses where respondents state a zero valuation for a good even though their true valuation is greater than zero. Protests may result in study sample, information and hypothetical biases in analysis if censored, or cause inaccurate reporting of the true economic value of the good if uncensored. We review the prevalence of zero valuations, the classification of “protests” and the sociodemographic variables associated with protesting in CV studies in across a range of contexts including health. The results of the search found there is consensus that zero valuations due to concerns about taxation and/or trust in government should be classified as “protests”. Those motivated by inability to pay should be classified as “true” zeros and retained in the data. A “don’t know” option and follow-up questions should be used to detect protesters. Our results show it is unlikely those protesting are representative of the population, hence, removing protests will lead to unrepresentative samples. Therefore, econometric techniques allowing valuation estimates to be ‘debiased’ should be utilised. Whilst much of the evidence on the issues of zero and protest valuations comes from the fields of environmental and agriculture economics, this is the first paper to review the classification, modelling and the sociodemographic variables of zero and protest bids within health economics. We have identified a number of lessons of best practice for the future designs of CV studies conducted in health. Key Points for Decision Makers The review addressed a number of methodological issues arising with strategic behaviours such protest responses in WTP studies. Due to the nature of goods valued in health care, protest responses may be of a great importance within this area of research, which currently has not received much attention. The literature reviewed found 1) a number of different classifications of a “protester”; 2) there are a number of methodological and econometric methods available to allow the “diabiasing” of estimates and 3) sociodemographics of protesters are likely to vary from non-protesters.
Effects of thermal radiation on the sound wave propagation in a gas-particle two-phase medium

A study is made of the sound wave propagation through a radiating gas medium that contains solid particles in suspension. The relaxation models are introduced to describe the temporal momentum and thermal nonequilibrium interactions between gas and particles. The gray gas differential approximation is used for radiation. It is found that the radiation induces the attenuation mode, the position of which is varied with the absorption coefficient in addition to the immovable mode by suspended particles. The attenuation because of radiation is greatly influenced by the absorption coefficient of the radiative medium while the dispersion remains almost unchanged. As the absorption coefficient increases, the attenuation mode because of radiation shifts to the higher frequency zone. This radiation effect is significantly reduced as the particle mass loading increases, since the convection becomes much more dominant.
Job Design and Incentives

This paper studies the problem of how to allocate n =2 independent tasks among an ndogenously determined number of jobs in a setting with risk neutral workers subject to limited liability and ex-post asymmetric information. The main message is that firms narrow down the scope of their jobs to deal with workers’ incentives to game the performance system (workers’ incentives to work harder in tasks that are well rewarded ex-post and to underperform in tasks that are poorly rewarded). Firms’ incentives to narrow job scopes are diminished when workers are intrinsically motivated by moral standards and, in contrast to Holmstrom and Milgrom (1991), when the degree to which tasks are substitutes increases. JEL-Classification: J41, J24, D21.
New Stability Criterion for Discrete-Time Genetic Regulatory Networks with Time-Varying Delays and Stochastic Disturbances

We propose an improved stability condition for a class of discrete-time genetic regulatory networks (GRNs) with interval time-varying delays and stochastic disturbances. By choosing an augmented novel Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional which contains some triple summation terms, a less conservative sufficient condition is obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) by using the combination of the lower bound lemma, the discrete-time Jensen inequality, and the free-weighting matrix method. It is shown that the proposed results can be readily solved by using the Matlab software. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and advantages of the theoretical results.
Which Inequality Matters? Growth Evidence Based on Small Area Welfare Estimates in Uganda

Existing empirical studies on the relation between inequality and growth have been criticized for their focus on income inequality and their use of cross-country data sets. Schipper and Hoogeveen use two sets of small area welfare estimates-often referred to as poverty maps-to estimate a model of rural per capita expenditure growth for Uganda between 1992 and 1999. They estimate the growth effects of expenditure and education inequality while controlling for other factors, such as initial levels of expenditure and human capital, family characteristics, and unobserved spatial heterogeneity. The authors correct standard errors to reflect the uncertainty due to the fact that they use estimates rather than observations. They find that per capita expenditure growth in rural Uganda is affected positively by the level of education as well as by the degree of education inequality. Expenditure inequality does not have a significant impact on growth.
Anidulafungin: a noninferior alternative to fluconazole for treatment of esophageal candidiasis

A critical appraisal and clinical application of Krause DS, Simjee AE, van Rensburg C, et al. A randomized, doubleblind trial of anidulafungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(6):770-775. doi: 10.1086/423378.
Innovation diffusion , licensing and corporate entrepreneurship – a conceptual review

The diffusion process of technology and innovation has become increasingly complex. In times of great technological leaps of emerging economies, diffusion mechanisms have changed. To cope with this change, this article reviews technology diffusion and patent licensing literature to develop robust theory that allows providing future research directions. Based on the analysis of scholarly work published in top-tier peer-reviewed management journals between 1960 and 2013, the authors find that research strongly lacks the analysis of intra-firm diffusion mechanisms. In this context, the role of corporate entrepreneurship is unclear and the density-dependent growth model, the information cascade model and game theory approaches hardly received attention. The authors build innovation diffusion theory and provide a conceptual overview as a stimulus for future research covering intra-firm and inter-firm diffusion, licensing as a specifically important diffusion mechanism and the role of corporate entrepreneurship in established companies.