Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Inhibition of Poly(Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribose) Synthase on Acute Cardiac Allograft Rejection

Background. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-2 is expressed during acute cardiac allograft rejection in association with death of heart muscle cells. The nuclear enzyme poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) synthase (PARS) is activated by agonists such as NO and peroxynitrite, which cause single-strand DNA breaks; PARS, in turn can promote both necrosis and apoptosis. To investigate the hypothesis that NO produced by NOS-2 in cardiomyocytes activates PARS and contributes to heart muscle cell death by apoptosis, experiments were performed using a heterotopic rat abdominal heart transplant model and cytokine-stimulated heart muscle cells in tissue culture. Methods. Cardiac allografts were treated after transplantation with either the PARS inhibitor 5-aminoisoquinolinone at 3 mg/kg subcutaneously daily or with vehicle. Isolated purified adult rat cardiomyocytes incubated with cytokines to induce NOS-2 were treated in vitro with another PARS inhibitor, 3-aminobenzamide (3AB). Results. PARS inhibition increased cardiac-allograft survival from 6±2 to 10±3 days (n=6, n=6, P<0.05). The inflammatory infiltrate, NOS–2-positive macrophages, myocyte apoptosis, and myocyte content of nitrotyrosine and poly(ADP-ribose) were significantly decreased in PARS inhibited allografts at day 5 posttransplantation. Similarly, apoptosis and PARS activity were diminished in cytokine-stimulated adult rat cardiomyocytes when either 3AB or L-NMMA were applied. Conclusions. The data indicate that PARS activation occurs during acute cardiac-allograft rejection and contributes significantly to the inflammatory response and to the death of cardiac muscle cells by apoptosis. They suggest that PARS inhibition combined with immunosuppression might enhance salvage of heart-muscle cells during acute cardiac-allograft rejection.
Thought suppression.

Although thought suppression is a popular form of mental control, research has indicated that it can be counterproductive, helping assure the very state of mind one had hoped to avoid. This chapter reviews the research on suppression, which spans a wide range of domains, including emotions, memory, interpersonal processes, psychophysiological reactions, and psychopathology. The chapter considers the relevant methodological and theoretical issues and suggests directions for future research.
Chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus‐6 in transplant recipients

Human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) is unique among human herpesviruses because of its ability to integrate into chromosomes. This entity, termed chromosomally integrated HHV‐6 (CIHHV‐6), is often mistaken for active infection and treated unnecessarily. The clinical significance of CIHHV‐6 in transplant recipients is not defined. Herein, the clinical characteristics of 7 liver transplant patients with CIHHV‐6 from our recent study, together with 14 other published cases of CIHHV‐6 were reviewed. Of the 21 cases, CIHHV‐6B was reported most commonly among solid organ transplant recipients, while CIHHV‐6A was mostly seen in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients. None of the 21 patients developed clinical symptoms related to HHV‐6 after transplantation. However, antiviral therapy was administered to 5 asymptomatic patients mistaken to have HHV‐6 infection because of their very high HHV‐6 DNA levels, 3 who developed symptomatic cytomegalovirus disease, and 1 with graft‐versus‐host disease that was mistaken for HHV‐6 infection. In patients who received antiviral therapy, there was no apparent decline in HHV‐6 DNA load, although change in viral kinetics is difficult to discern in the setting of high baseline HHV‐6 DNA load. Clinicians should be aware of this entity of CIHHV‐6 so that antiviral therapy can be considered in the proper clinical context.
Delta(but not theta)‐band cortical entrainment involves speech‐specific processing

Cortical oscillations phase‐align to the quasi‐rhythmic structure of the speech envelope. This speech–brain entrainment has been reported in two frequency bands, that is both in the theta band (4–8 Hz) and in the delta band (<4 Hz). However, it is not clear if these two phenomena reflect passive synchronization of the auditory cortex to the acoustics of the speech input, or if they reflect higher processes involved in actively parsing speech information. Here, we report two magnetoencephalography experiments in which we contrasted cortical entrainment to natural speech compared to qualitative different control conditions (Experiment 1: amplitude‐modulated white‐noise; Experiment 2: spectrally rotated speech). We computed the coherence between the oscillatory brain activity and the envelope of the auditory stimuli. At the sensor‐level, we observed increased coherence for the delta and the theta band for all conditions in bilateral brain regions. However, only in the delta band (but not theta), speech entrainment was stronger than either of the control auditory inputs. Source reconstruction in the delta band showed that speech, compared to the control conditions, elicited larger coherence in the right superior temporal and left inferior frontal regions. In the theta band, no differential effects were observed for the speech compared to the control conditions. These results suggest that whereas theta entrainment mainly reflects perceptual processing of the auditory signal, delta entrainment involves additional higher‐order computations in the service of language processing.
Population Density and Social Pathology

Social and behavioral scientists have suggested linkages between population densities and &dquo;pathological&dquo; behaviors. An early study by John B. Calhoun (1962) described the deviant behavior of rats who were given sufficient food and water but crowded into substantially higher density quarters than their natural habitat. He observed the following &dquo;pathological&dquo; behaviors under these conditions: increased mortality; lower fertility rates; neglect of the young by their mothers; overly aggressive and conflict-oriented behavior; withdrawal from community life; and sexual aberrations. More recently, sociologists Galle et al. (1972) described linkages between population density and indicators of human social &dquo;pathologies&dquo; in 75 community areas of Chicago. They found significant statistical relationships between high densities in these areas and high mortality rates, low fertility rates, high public assistance rates, high juvenile delinquency rates, and high admissions to mental hospitals. Of course, high densities in Chicago were related to ethnicity, social, class, and poverty, which were themselves related to social pathology; but Galle et al. report that high densities contribute to social pathology even after controlling for the effect of these other demographic variables.
Community-acquired Pneumonia: Compliance with Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, National Guidelines, and Factors Associated with Outcome

Background This study was performed to evaluate the impact of adherence to national guidelines for management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) on patient outcomes. Methods Compliance with published national guidelines was assessed. Mortality rate and length of hospital stay were determined. Results Patients who were administered antibiotics within 4 hours of admission had a shorter stay. Those treated at least 8 hours after admission had the highest mortality. Good compliance seen with 1998 guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America declined substantially when 2000 Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines were evaluated. Pediatric compliance was difficult to evaluate. Documentation of vaccination screening and administration was poor. Conclusion Antibiotic therapy should be started within 4 hours in patients with CAP. Using the most recent CAP guidelines as a benchmark may lower compliance unless providers are reeducated. National consensus guidelines for pediatric patients should be developed. Hospitals should evaluate documentation of vaccine screening and administration and should implement programs to increase vaccination rates if needed.
Is automaticity of walking regained after stroke?

Purpose. The aim of this study was to determine whether people who have completed rehabilitation after stroke have regained a level of automaticity of walking comparable to healthy people of similar age. Method. Twenty stroke subjects, 20 healthy elderly controls and 20 healthy young controls were tested. To quantify the automaticity of walking, subjects were required to walk simultaneously while performing an additional task(s). Subjects walked under four counterbalanced conditions: a single walking task, a dual-cognitive task, a dual-manual task and a triple-task. Walking velocity, cadence, stride length and step length were analysed. Results. Stroke subjects walked slower ( p = 0.001), took shorter strides ( p = 0.002) and fewer steps/min ( p = 0.04) than elderly controls. Velocity declined significantly across conditions from the single to the dual-cognitive to the dual-manual and finally to the triple-task ( p < 0.001). Both stroke and elderly groups showed similar deterioration in walking velocity across conditions ( p = 0.99), while the deterioration in the young subjects was significantly less than for healthy elderly subjects ( p = 0.04) and the stroke subjects ( p = 0.02). Conclusion. Community dwelling stroke subjects display the same level of automaticity of walking as elderly controls, but both elderly controls and stroke subjects are less automated than young controls.
Miniaturized Flexible Electronic Systems with Wireless Power and Near‐Field Communication Capabilities

A class of thin, lightweight, flexible, near‐field communication (NFC) devices with ultraminiaturized format is introduced, and systematic investigations of the mechanics, radio frequency characteristics, and materials aspects associated with their optimized construction are presented. These systems allow advantages in mechanical strength, placement versatility, and minimized interfacial stresses compared to other NFC technologies and wearable electronics. Detailed experimental studies and theoretical modeling of the mechanical and electromagnetic properties of these systems establish understanding of the key design considerations. These concepts can apply to many other types of wireless communication systems including biosensors and electronic implants.
Widespread reduction of somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease

Although several studies have documented reduced concentrations of somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease, there is controversy concerning the extent and importance of these changes. We measured SLI in brains obtained post mortem from 12 patients with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease and from 13 neurologically normal controls. All major cortical and subcortical regions were examined. Widespread reductions of SLI in Alzheimer's disease cerebral cortex were found, with the most profound changes seen in temporal lobe; but there also were major reductions in both the frontal and occipital cortex. There were no significant reductions in subcortical regions. Characterization of SLI by high‐pressure liquid chromatography showed no significant difference in profiles between Alzheimer's disease and control frontal cortex. These results suggest that the reduction in somatostatin immunoreactivity in Alzheimer's disease may be caused by degeneration of intrinsic somatostatin cortical neurons.
Multilocus Sequence Typing Compared to Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis for Molecular Typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ABSTRACT For hospital epidemiologists, determining a system of typing that is discriminatory is essential for measuring the effectiveness of infection control measures. In situations in which the incidence of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasing, the ability to discern whether it is due to patient-to-patient transmission versus an increase in patient endogenous strains is often made on the basis of molecular typing. The present study compared the discriminatory abilities of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for 90 P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from cultures of perirectal surveillance swabs from patients in an intensive care unit. PFGE identified 85 distinct types and 76 distinct groups when similarity cutoffs of 100% and 87%, respectively, were used. By comparison, MLST identified 60 sequence types that could be clustered into 11 clonal complexes and 32 singletons. By using the Simpson index of diversity (D), PFGE had a greater discriminatory ability than MLST for P. aeruginosa isolates (D values, 0.999 versus 0.975, respectively). Thus, while MLST was better for detecting genetic relatedness, we determined that PFGE was more discriminatory than MLST for determining genetic differences in P. aeruginosa.
Probabilistic risk analysis in subsurface hydrology

We present a general framework for probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) of subsurface contamination. PRA provides a natural venue for the rigorous quantification of structural (model) and parametric uncertainties inherent in predictions of subsurface flow and transport. A typical PRA starts by identifying relevant components of a subsurface system (e.g., a buried solid‐waste tank, an aquitard, a remediation effort) and proceeds by using uncertainty quantification techniques to estimate the probabilities of their failure. These probabilities are then combined by means of fault‐tree analyses to yield probabilistic estimates of the risk of system failure (e.g., aquifer contamination). Since PRA relies on subjective probabilities, it is ideally suited for assimilation of expert judgment and causal relationships.
Quantitative analysis of neuronal diversity in the mouse olfactory bulb

Olfactory sensory information is processed and integrated by circuits within the olfactory bulb. Golgi morphology suggests the olfactory bulb contains several major neuronal classes. However, an increasingly diverse collection of neurochemical markers have been localized in subpopulations of olfactory bulb neurons. While the mouse is becoming the animal model of choice for olfactory research, little is known about the proportions of neurons expressing and coexpressing different neurochemical markers in this species. Here we characterize neuronal populations in the mouse main olfactory bulb, focusing on glomerular populations. Immunofluorescent labeling for: 1) calretinin, 2) calbindin D‐28K (CB), 3) parvalbumin, 4) neurocalcin, 5) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 6) the 67‐kDa isoform of GAD (GAD67), and 7) the neuronal marker NeuN was performed in mice expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65kDa (GAD65) promoter. Using unbiased stereological cell counts we estimated the total numbers of cells and neurons in the bulb and the number and percentage of neurons expressing and coexpressing different neurochemical populations in each layer of the olfactory bulb. Use of a genetic label for GAD65 and immunohistochemistry for GAD67 identified a much larger percentage of GABAergic neurons in the glomerular layer (55% of all neurons) than previously recognized. Additionally, while many glomerular neurons expressing TH or CB coexpress GAD, the majority of these neurons preferentially express the GAD67 isoform. These data suggest that the chemospecific populations of neurons in glomeruli form distinct subpopulations and that GAD isoforms are preferentially regulated in different neurochemical cell types. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:825–836, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dissociation of early and late protective immunity to the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in Brown Norway and Fischer-344 rats

SUMMARY Worm expulsion of, and IgE and interferon (IFN)-γ responses to, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were studied in 2 rat strains, Brown Norway (BN) and Fischer (F)-344. BN rats expelled the majority of worms by day 14 post-infection (p.i.) with approximately 6% of worms surviving for at least 3 weeks. In F-344 rats, worm expulsion was delayed by 2 days relative to that in BN, while the numbers of residual worms were significantly fewer than in BN, suggesting that different immune mechanisms are involved in early and late phases of immunity. Total serum IgE, as well as in vitro IgE production by mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells, was increased 2 weeks p.i. , the levels being markedly higher in BN than in F-344 rats. Serum rat mast cell protease II was also increased more significantly in BN than in F-344 rats. In contrast, production of IgG2a and IFN-γ by MLN and spleen cells was found to be higher in F-344 than in BN rats. These results indicate that the early worm expulsion is correlated with the host IgE and mast cell responsiveness, whereas the persistence of infection in the late period may be controlled by different immune mechanisms.
Age Differences in the Effects of Mortality Reminders on the Correspondence Bias

According to terror management theory, awareness of death affects diverse aspects of human thought and behavior. Studies have shown that older and younger adults differ in how they respond to reminders of their mortality. The present study investigated one hypothesized explanation for these findings: age-related differences in the tendency to make correspondent inferences. The correspondence bias was assessed in younger and older samples after deathrelated, negative, or neutral primes. Younger adults displayed increased correspondent inferences following mortality primes, whereas older adults’ inferences were not affected by the reminder of death. As in prior research, age differences were evident in control conditions; however, age differences were eliminated in the death condition. Results support the existence of age-related differences in responses to mortality, with only younger adults displaying increased reliance on simplistic information structuring after a death reminder.
Positional synchronization affects physical and physiological responses to preseason in professional football (soccer)

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify changes in tactical, physical and physiological performances in large-sided games during the preseason of elite footballers. Thirty professional football players participated in several GK+8vs.8+GK large-sided games across the first four weeks of the season. Players were monitored by GPS units and heart rate monitors to quantify physical, physiological and tactical performances. The variables were compared according to the preseason period, players’ positioning and professional experience. The training situation promoted similar physiological responses during the first and the last training period. However, players were revealed to have higher levels of positional synchronization during the last preseason period, indicating an improved tactical performance. Tactical variables seem to reflect the improvement of players’ performance during the preseason, measured in large-sided games situation, while affecting both physical and physiological demands. These results highlight the potential of positioning derived variables, concurrently to physical and physiological variables, for football training optimization.
Effects of sociodemographic variables on adult mortality in the United States: comparisons by sex, age, and cause of death.

The effects of sociodemographic variables on mortality for U.S. adults are estimated, using data from the National Health Interview Survey matched with National Death Index data. Dependent variables of the proportional hazards models include all-cause mortality and mortality due to circulatory disease, lung cancer, breast cancer, other cancer, other medical causes, and nonmedical causes. Results indicate that all of the sociodemographic variables (education, income, employment status, marital status, race) have independent effects on all-cause mortality, with similar-effect sizes for males and females, and weaker effects in the older group (ages 65+) than the younger (ages 25-64). For the separate causes of death, the effects of most sociodemographic variables vary by sex.
Odontomes in an Australian population.

In a series of 118 odontomes in an Australian population there were no sex differences in the prevalence of complex and compound lesions with regard to site, age or type of lesion. The odontomes were most commonly detected in the second decade, but a wide age range was evident. Complex odontomes were more common than compound, with equal frequency in the anterior maxilla and mandibular molar region. The most common site for compound odontomes was the anterior maxilla.
Alterations of total and lipid-bound sialic acid levels in recurrent abortion.

OBJECTIVE Sialic acid, a terminal component of glycoproteins and glycolipids, is found to be elevated in many pathologic conditions, including preterm deliveries and uterine dysfunction. Along with increased lipid peroxides, it is one of the indices of oxidative stress seen in recurrent abortion. This article investigates whether changes in plasma total sialic acid (TSA) and lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) contribute to this condition. PATIENTS AND METHODS Plasma samples of 25 nonpregnant (NP) healthy women, 25 normotensive pregnant women (NTP), and 120 women with recurrent abortion (RA) were assayed for TSA, LSA, total protein (TP), and TSA/TP. Recurrent aborters were divided into four subgroups according to etiology: 25 autoimmune (AUTO), 25 luteal phase defect (LPD), 20 anatomical defect (AD), and 50 with unexplained etiology (UNEx). RESULTS Plasma TSA and LSA levels were significantly elevated in AUTO aborters in comparison with controls (NP and NTP) and other recurrent abortion subgroups. TSA/TP value was significantly increased in abortion with immunological and unexplained etiology (AUTO and UNEx). CONCLUSIONS According to our results we can suggest that elevation of TSA and LSA is indeed a reflection of the immunologic abnormalities in the AUTO group, and that TSA and LSA increase is secondary to the underlying disease of AUTO aborters.
Singlet oxygen-related photooxidative stability and antioxidant changes of diacylglycerol-rich oil derived from mixture of olive and perilla oil.

UNLABELLED This study investigated the oxidative stability and antioxidants changes in diacylglycerol (DAG)-rich oil under singlet oxygen. DAG-rich oil was derived from triacylglycerol (TAG) oil of extra virgin olive and perilla oil mixture by hydrolysis and re-esterification using lipases. The oxidation of oils was performed at 25 °C for 48 h under singlet oxygen produced with chlorophyll b under light, and was evaluated by headspace oxygen consumption and peroxide value (POV). The oxidation of DAG-rich oil was higher and faster in the co-presence of light and chlorophyll than in their single presence. DAG-rich oil was more oxidation-susceptible than TAG oil. There was no significant change in fatty acid and lipid subclass compositions in DAG-rich oil during the photooxidation. Tocopherols were degraded, whereas polyphenols weren't during phootooxidation of DAG-rich oil. The oxidation of DAG-rich oil was well-correlated with tocopherol contents, not with polyphenol contents, indicating that tocopherols were effective antioxidants in the singlet oxygen-related phootooxidation of DAG-rich oil. The results suggested that the oxidative stability of DAG-rich oil under singlet oxygen be improved by a precise control through retention of tocopherols. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The results of this study can be applied to the utilization of diacylglycerol oils to the area of functional edible oils with good oxidative stability.