Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction: The Embeddedness of Economic Markets in Economics

Even as the market seems triumphant everywhere and its laws progressively and ineluctably impose themselves worldwide, we cannot fail to be struck by the lasting topicality of the following wellknown quotation from D. North: 'It is a peculiar fact that the literature on economics . contains so little discussion of the central institution that underlies neoclassical economics-the market' (North, 1977). ) How can this surprising shortcoming be explained? How can this self-proclaimed failure of economic theory be accounted for? By distinguishing the thing from the concept which refers to it, the marketplace from the market, the English language suggests a possible answer. While the market denotes the abstract mechanisms whereby supply and demand confront each other and adjust themselves in search of a compromise, the marketplace is far closer to ordinary experience and refers to the place in which exchange occurs. This distinction is, moreover, merely a particular case of a more general opposition, which the English language, once again, has the merit of conveying accurately: that between economics and economy, between theoretical and practical activity, in short, between economics as a discipline and economy as a thing. If economic theory knows so little about the marketplace, is it not simply because in striving to abstract and generalize it has ended up becoming detached from its object? Thus, the weakness of market theory may well be explained by its lack of interest in the marketplace. To remedy this shortcoming, economics would need only to return to its object, the economy, from which it never should have strayed in the first place. The matter, however, is not so simple. The danger of abstraction and unrealism which is supposed to threaten every academic discipline-and which time and again has been exposed and stigmatized,
Lead Exposure in Children Living in a Smelter Community in Region Lagunera, Mexico

Industrial growth has created the potential for environmental problems in Mexico, since attention to environmental controls and urban planning has lagged behind the pace of industrialization. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess lead exposure in children aged 6-9 yr attending 3 primary schools and living in the vicinity of the largest smelter complex in Mexico. One of the schools is located 650 m distant from a smelter complex that includes a lead smelter (close school); the second is located 1750 m away from the complex and at the side of a heavy traffic road (intermediate school) in Torreón, Coahuila. The third school is located in Gómez Palacio, Durango, 8100 m away from the smelter complex and distant from heavy vehicular traffic or industrial areas (remote school). Lead was measured in air, soil, dust, and well water. Lead in blood (PbB) was determined in 394 children attending the above mentioned schools. Determinations were performed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Diet, socioeconomic status, hygienic habits, and other variables were assessed by questionnaire. Median (range) PbB values were 7.8 µg/dl (3.54-29.61) in the remote school, 21.8 µg/dl (8.37-52.08) in the intermediate school and 27.6 µg/dl (7.37-58.53) in children attending the close school. The percentage of children with PbB >15 µg/dl was 6.8%, 84.9%, and 92.1% respectively. In this order, the geometric means (range) of Pb concentrations in air were 2.5 µg/m3 (1.1-7.5), 5.8 µg/m3 (4.3-8.5), and 6.1 µg/m3 (1.6-14.9). The Pb concentrations in dust from playgrounds areas in the intermediate and close school settings ranged from 1457 to 4162.5 mg/kg. Pb concentrations in drinking water were less than 5 µg/L. Soil and dust ingestion and inhalation appear to be the main routes of exposure. Our results indicate that environmental contamination has resulted in an increased body burden of Pb, suggesting that children living in the vicinity of the smelter complex are at high risk for adverse effects of lead.
Fractional cointegration, low frequency dynamics and long-run purchasing power parity: an analysis of the Australian dollar over its recent float

A relatively new but generalized concept of fractional cointegration is applied to shed some light on the validity of purchasing power parity (PPP) as a long-run equilibrium condition, by examining the long-run relationship between quarterly consumer price indices and bilateral exchange rates of the Australian dollar and seven major OECD trading partners, over Australia's recent float. The paper demonstrates that relaxing the condition that the residual from the cointegration equation must be a I(0) process, provides a wide range of cases of parity-reversion with processes that are CI(1,d) with 0 < d < 1. Findings tend to suggest that, while standard tests of cointegration fail to support cointegration between nominal exchange rates, domestic and foreign prices, and thus the empirical favour for PPP as a long-run phenomenon, the fractional cointegration analysis permits deviations from equilibrium to follow a fractionally integrated process and hence captures a much wider class of parity or mean-reversion behaviour. Results are mainly supportive of long-run PPP. Furthermore, an analysis of the short-run dynamics propelling the long-run relationship (through a VECM) reveals that domestic prices are consistently the initial receptor of an exogenous shock to the equilibrium and the long-run equilibrium is restored through the short-run adjustment of the nominal exchange rates. These findings are shown to hold clear policy implications.
Short-term combined exercise training improves cardiorespiratory fitness and autonomic modulation in cancer patients receiving adjuvant therapy

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of a short-term exercise training (ET) on the cardiorespiratory fitness and autonomic modulation of women with breast cancer who were receiving adjuvant radiotherapy, chemotherapy or hormonotherapy. Eighteen women previously diagnosed with breast cancer receiving adjuvant radiotherapy, chemotherapy or hormone therapy were randomly allocated into breast cancer nonexercise (BC) and exercise groups (BC+Ex). Moreover, nine healthy physically inactive volunteers were recruited to compose the noncancer control group (CG). The BC+Ex group was underwent to a combined ET program, which was based on resistance, aerobic and flexibility exercises. ET was performed 3 times a week, on nonconsecutive days, for 4 weeks at the hospital room under the professional supervision. In turn, BC and CG remained without be engaged in physical exercise programs. Volunteers were evaluated regarding their cardiorespiratory fitness and autonomic modulation (i.e., time, frequency domains, and nonlinear [symbolic analysis]) before and after the end of the ET program. A priori, data indicate that women patients with breast cancer showed impaired exercise tolerance, as well as autonomic dysfunction in comparison with age-matched healthy control subjects. However, a 1-month combined ET program could reverse such impairments, so that after the intervention, BC+Ex and CG showing similar results in the cardiorespiratory test and heart rate variability analysis. In conclusion, data of the current study indicate that 1 month of ET is able to reverse impaired cardiorespiratory fitness and autonomic modulation in women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant therapy.
The History of Economic Thought on the Minimum Wage

I was in the audience at the State of the Union address in February 2013 when President Obama announced, “Tonight, let’s declare that in the wealthiest nation on Earth, no one who works full time should have to live in poverty, and raise the federal minimum wage to $9.00 an hour. ” The thought that ran through my head at that time was, “Wow, it’s remarkable that economic thinking has come full circle on the minimum wage. ” Let me take you on a quick tour of 75 years of the history of economic thought on the minimum wage. This history demonstrates that periodically raising the minimum wage to help low-wage workers is not only the right thing to do, it is also the smart thing to do. Economists were largely supportive of the minimum wage when it was enacted as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) in 1938. Economists in the 1930s and 1940s understood the logic that said demand curves sloped downward, but they also were aware that labor markets were imperfect, and that workers lacked bargaining power. The fact that wages and working conditions varied for workers of equal skill and training in a locality suggested that employers had some discretion to set pay. Companies were more than passive wage takers, as the simple theory of labor demand requires. Economists from Princeton’s Richard Lester to the University of Chicago’s Paul Douglas—who became a distinguished Senator from Illinois—supported minimum-wage hikes. They recognized that there was nothing optimal in the way that employers set wages, and that the economy would function better if the minimum wage set a floor below which wages could not fall. An adequate wage floor would also improve employee morale and bring more workers into the job market. When employers have monopsony power over workers because of frictions in the job market, a skillfully set minimum wage could provide a standard that clears the market, and raises the purchasing power of households to buy, as
Haplotypic arrangement in CYP3A locus is associated with side effects of proliferative signal inhibitors in renal transplant recipients.

Proliferative signal inhibitors (PSIs), sirolimus and everolimus, represent alternative immunosuppression to calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) after renal transplantation (1); nevertheless, adverse effects remain an important clinical issue. Mechanisms involved in the side effects of PSI therapy have not been understood fully (2), and their occurrence remains unpredictable. Recently, Aggarwal et al. (3) reported a dose-dependent correlation of PSI levels and hyperlipidemia, suggesting that side effects of PSI are determined by the drug bioavailability. In our study, we evaluated the hypothesis that genetic variants in CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and MDR1 genes, encoding principal proteins involved in PSI metabolism and trafficking, will determine the extent of proteinuria. We analyzed five functional allelic variants (i.e., CYP3A5 [6986G A] [4], CYP3A4 [ 288A G] [5], ABCB1 [1236C T], 2677G T/A, and 3435C T) (6, 7). A total of 184 white kidney transplant recipients who received sirolimus (Rapamune) or everolimus (Certican) were enrolled in the retrospective, casecontrol study. PSI was administered de novo in 82 (44.5%) patients; 102 (55.5%) patients underwent conversion from CNI to PSI. In 97 patients (52.7%), CNI was coadministered in 105 (57%) of cases.
Testicular histology in streptozotocin‐induced diabetes

The use of the streptozotocin rat model for diabetes has been questioned by the appearance of extrapancreatic cytotoxicity, notably renal and hepatic. In this study the model was made specific to diabetic, drug‐induced, and starvation effects n parameters of testicular histology. Formulation of orthogonal contrast expressions permitted the statistical separation of these influences. Tubules from moderately diabetic animals showed frequent thinning, and permature desquamation of pachytene spermatocytes and early spermatids from the germinal epithelium. Results showed that only diabetes significantly decreased seminiferous tubule diameter and increased testicular blood vessel numbers. In addition, significant alteration from the control pattern of tubule stage distribution was noted, particularly at stages IX–XI. Due to the inclusion of a drug‐treated but nondiabetic group, streptozotocin itself was shown to have no significant effect on these parameters.
Geographical Location of Foreign Direct Investment and Wage Inequality in China

This paper examines the relationships between distance and the transportation costs of international trade on the location-specific effects of foreign direct investment and provincial per capita income in China. Applying the economic geography model proposed by Redding and Venables (2004), it traces the increasing wage inequality among the coastal and inland provinces by focusing on the distance of foreign-owned firms from access to international markets and to suppliers of intermediate inputs. First, a gravity-type equation is used to construct the 'market access' and 'supplier access' variables. Then, the effect of market and supplier access on provincial wage rates is estimated. The results indicate that distance does affect international trade and geography explains roughly one-third of the wage differential. Greater market access increases the provincial wage gap, while larger supplier access increases the wage difference in trade destined for the foreign market but decreases the wage difference in trade targeted for the domestic market. Similar findings also result from applying the estimations to two local firm types: state-owned enterprises and collective-owned enterprises.
Vasoconstrictor properties of rat aorta are diminished by hindlimb unweighting.

Prolonged bed rest and exposure to weightlessness in humans result in cardiovascular alterations that are characterized by orthostatic intolerance and decreased exercise capacity. Modifications of cardiovascular function have been suggested to be causally related to changes in peripheral vascular reactivity. Rat hindlimb unweighting (HU) was used as an animal model to determine whether prolonged decreases in weight-bearing activity induce changes in vasoreactivity of peripheral arterial vessels. Responses to vasoactive compounds were examined in vitro using isolated abdominal and thoracic aortic rings. Maximal isometric contractile tension evoked by the vasoconstrictors KCl (10-100 mM), norepinephrine (NE; 10(-9)-10(-4) M), phenylephrine (10(-9)-10(-4) M), arginine vasopressin (10(-13)-3 x 10(-5) M), and CaCl2 (10(-6)-10(-2) M) was lower in abdominal aortic rings from HU rats. Sensitivity [agonist concentration that produced 50% of maximal vasoconstrictor response (EC50)] to KCl was enhanced in segments from HU animals but was not different for the other constrictors. Maximal contractile responses of thoracic aortic rings to KCl (10-100 mM) and NE (10(-9)-10(-4) M) were also attenuated by HU. In abdominal aortic rings preconstricted with 10(-4) M NE, maximal vasodilatory responses induced by sodium nitroprusside (10(-10)-10(-4) M) and 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (10(-6)-10(-2) M) were greater in vessel rings from HU rats. However, with 10(-7) M NE preconstriction, maximal dilatory responses induced by sodium nitroprusside (10(-10)-10(-4) M) and acetylcholine (10(-9)-10(-4) M) were not different between groups. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Transitions In the Psychological Contract: Some Evidence From the Banking Sector

This study examines the psychological contract in a sample of 107 employees in a retail bank. Deregulation, market-entry by non-traditional suppliers, and the introduction of advanced technology have changed the security of and rules implicit in the employment contract in the UK banking sector, which is one of the leading contenders for downsizing and delayering. Many banks are experiencing increased employee cynicism. New structures and technology, demanding levels of customer service, and new competitors have produced heightened attention towards performance and are associated with the need for employees to develop new competencies, such as relationship-handling and sales skills. Regardless of whether banks pursue high performance management systems or control-based HR strategies, the requirement for committed and engaged employees able to develop new competencies is an assumed constant. Demographic factors such as age, service and sex are found to be partial predictors of some attitudinal items. However, these proxy measures of attachment to the old employment deal are not related to items that consider commitment or satisfaction. the psychological contracts in the bank are highly fragmented. Seven underlying constructs are revealed: ‘frustratedly disengaged’, ‘still ambitious’, ‘passively flexible’, ‘guidance seekers’, ‘buy me outers’, ‘don't push me too fast’ and ‘just pay me more’. Implications of the research for HRM, the management of new internal labour markets in the banks and future directions of research on the psychological contract are discussed. It is concluded that a new set of internal labour markets are being created within the banks, the dynamics of which clearly revolve around a wide range of individual factors. Accepted wisdom about participative management practices will be challenged in the HR strategies of the late 1990s.
National Economic Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections

National economic conditions regularly influence outcomes in U.S. presidential elections. However, beyond this simple finding, much remains unclear. How large are national economic effects? Which macroeconomic indicators? Subjective or objective measures? Retrospective or prospective? What is the role of institutions? In our analysis of the American National Election Studies, 1956-1996, we employ a National Business Index (NBI), an aggregate measure that amalgamates individual voter perceptions of the collective economy. It outperforms other national economic measures and reveals that effects have been underestimated. The assumption of strong retrospective economic voting is tested under different institutional hypotheses. Contrary to expectations, it is not found to be influenced by divided government, but it is heavily influenced by incumbency, meaning in practice whether a popularly elected president is running. Moreover, this incumbency variable highly conditions the time horizon of national economic voting. When a popularly elected president is not running, such voting is almost entirely prospective. These conditional effects go a long way toward explaining certain enduring controversies in the literature.
Structural adjustment programmes and export supply response

This paper analyses three aspects of the export supply response to structural adjustment programmes supported by the World Bank. First, have programmes improved programme countries' export performance relative to non-programme countries? Second, have programmes contributed to re-orientation of production and build up of supply capacity? Third, have programmes resulted in greater export diversification? These questions are addressed by employing both traditional and less common techniques in the context of the 'before-after', 'with-without' and an original extended version of the 'modified control group' approaches. The empirical findings in this paper suggest that, although structural adjustment programmes have the expected effects in the short to medium run, they have failed to generate an appropriate supply response which could underpin lasting export expansion and diversification. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public Values in Public–Private Partnerships

Although public–private partnerships (PPPs) are often evaluated in terms of efficiency, their impact on public values is often neglected. In order to find out what we know about the public values–PPPs relation, this article reviews public administration literature and describes two opposite perspectives. The first perspective argues that public values are at stake whereas the second argues they are safeguarded or even reinforced. We argue that the assumptions of both perspectives are biased and incomparable due to the fact that each perspective holds a different ontological understanding of the concept of public values. Finally, we provide some ideas for further research.
The frequency of the chronic fatigue syndrome in patients with symptoms of persistent fatigue.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of the chronic fatigue syndrome among patients with symptoms of fatigue. DESIGN Prospective, cohort study. SETTING Referral clinic, based in a primary care general internal medicine faculty practice of a university medical center. PATIENTS Consecutive sample of 135 patients (53 men, 82 women) with 6 months or more of debilitating fatigue. INTERVENTIONS All patients had a complete history taken, had a physical examination and a comprehensive battery of blood tests, and were given the Diagnostic Interview Schedule of the National Institute of Mental Health, a highly-structured 260-item instrument designed to enable accurate psychiatric diagnoses. Other diagnostic studies (for example, sleep studies and electroencephalography) were ordered if necessary for individual patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Six of the one hundred thirty-five patients met criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome (95% CI, 0 to 10). Ninety-one (67%) patients (CI, 56 to 78) had clinically active psychiatric disorders and 4 (3%) patients (CI, 0 to 8) had medical disorders that were considered a major cause of their fatigue. Thirty-four (25%) patients (CI, 14 to 36) had insufficient symptoms or objective findings of the chronic fatigue syndrome. CONCLUSION The chronic fatigue syndrome is rare among patients with symptoms of persistent fatigue. Most of these patients have psychiatric disorders.
Employment Creation and Manufactured Exports in Indonesia, 1980-90

One of the most significant effects of the trade and regulatory policy reforms introduced in Indonesia since the mid 1980s has been the growth of manufactured exports, particularly labour-intensive manufactures. The growth of these sectors' exports has in turn generated substantial employment benefits, both directly and through backward linkages. In this paper we estimate the employment effects of the rapid growth in manufactured exports between 1980 and 1990, and compare two subperiods, 1980-85 and 1985-90. In the latter period, employment created by exports of light industries increased dramatically in absolute terms, far exceeding employment created by primary exports.
Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter in animal reservoirs: dynamics of development, resistance mechanisms and ecological fitness

Abstract Thermophilic Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, are responsible for foodborne campylobacteriosis in humans and are increasingly resistant to fluoroquinolone (FQ) antimicrobials. The therapeutic use of FQ antimicrobial agents in food animal production, particularly in poultry, has become a concern for public health, because the practice may promote the emergence of FQ-resistant Campylobacter that can be transmitted to humans through the food chain. Recent studies have indicated that Campylobacter displays a hypermutable phenotype in response to in vivo treatment with FQ antimicrobials, resulting in the rapid emergence of resistant mutants. Distinct from other Gram-negative bacteria, the acquisition of FQ resistance in Campylobacter does not require stepwise accumulation of gyrA mutations and overexpression of efflux pumps, and is mainly mediated by single-step point mutations in gyrA in the presence of a constitutively expressed multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. The simplicity of the resistance mechanisms may facilitate the rapid adaptation of Campylobacter to FQ treatment. The FQ-resistant Campylobacter mutants derived from chickens do not show a fitness cost in vivo and are ecologically competitive in the colonization of chickens even in the absence of antimicrobial selection pressure. These findings suggest that FQ-resistant Campylobacter may continue to persist regardless of antimicrobial usage, and highlight the need for extra effort to prevent the occurrence and spread of FQ-resistant Campylobacter in animal reservoirs.