Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Job satisfaction among nurses in a public hospital in Gauteng “ It is all about salaries ”

Curationis 30(3): x-y Introduction: The nursing profession in South Africa has lost skilled nurses due to intense international recruitment drives. The public hospital in this study has also failed to recruit and retain skilled nurses. The shortage of skilled nurses has led to deterioration in patient nursing care. The aim of this study: The aim of this study was to describe the level of job satisfaction among nurses in a public hospital. The methodology: A quantitative, descriptive survey was conducted. The data were collected using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. The sample included nurses working in a specific public hospital. Results: Generally all the nurses experienced low satisfaction (42%) with the motivational aspects o f their job, such as motivation, responsibility, opportunity for creativity and innovation, independence, and recognition. Nurses also experienced very low levels of satisfaction (22%) with the hygiene aspects o f their job, namely, relationships in the workplace, supervisors’ decision-making skills, supervision, working conditions, policies, job security, and salaries. Conclusions: Health services need to be made aware of the high level of dissatisfaction of nurses. The hospital struggles to keep nurses in their posts, and could benefit from taking note of the results o f this study. The findings indicate some of the aspects which need to be considered in a human resource planning strategy for nurses. The hospital and nursing management needs to rethink nurses’ salaries, supervision methods and relationships, and also how the Department o f Health policies are implemented. Correspondence address: Dr. A Minnaar Department of Nursing Education School of Therapeutic Sciences Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand 7 York Street, Parktown, 2193
Ultrafast carrier dynamics in Landau-quantized graphene

Abstract In an external magnetic field, the energy of massless charge carriers in graphene is quantized into non-equidistant degenerate Landau levels including a zero-energy level. This extraordinary electronic dispersion gives rise to a fundamentally new dynamics of optically excited carriers. Here, we review the state of the art of the relaxation dynamics in Landau-quantized graphene focusing on microscopic insights into possible many-particle relaxation channels.We investigate optical excitation into a non equilibrium distribution followed by ultrafast carrier- carrier and carrier-phonon scattering processes. We reveal that surprisingly the Auger scattering dominates the relaxation dynamics in spite of the non-equidistant Landau quantization in graphene. Furthermore, we demonstrate how technologically relevant carrier multiplication can be achieved and discuss the possibility of optical gain in Landau-quantized graphene. The provided microscopic view on elementary many-particle processes can guide future experimental studies aiming at the design of novel graphene-based optoelectronic devices, such as highly efficient photodetectors, solar cells, and spectrally broad Landau level lasers.
Life Course Perspectives on Women's Autonomy and Health Outcomes

This paper examines how different patterns of kinship and inheritance affect intergenerational relationships and the ramifications of gender inequality. Peasant societies of pre-industria l Northern Europe are contrasted with those of contemporary South Asia to illuminate some of these relationships. While Northern European kinship and inheritance systems made for high status in youth and a loss of power and status as people aged, South Asian systems make for lower power and status in youth and a rise as people age. From this follow more conflict-ridden relationships between the generations and a stronger conjugal bond in Northern Europe, while in South Asia intergenerational ties are strong and the conjugal bond is weak. This in turn leads to a greater potential for marginalizing women in South Asia, although gender inequality exists in both settings. The convergence of low autonomy due to youth as well as sex amongst young married women in South Asia means that women are at the lowest point in their life cycle in terms of autonomy during their peak childbearing years. As shown in this paper, this has considerable implications for demographic and health outcomes: in terms of poorer child survival, slower fertility decline, and poorer reproductive health.
Priming and stress under high humidity and temperature on the physiological quality of Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5 seeds

Palisade grass is a forage plant that is widely used in pasture cropping in the Brazilian savannah. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5) seeds subjected to priming and stress at high humidity and temperature (before and after conditioning). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x5 factorial arrangement. Seeds were exposed to stress under high humidity and temperature (before and after conditioning) and five priming treatments (Water (Control), potassium nitrate (KNO3) at 0.2%, calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 at 0.2%, gibberellin (GA3) at 0.2% and glucose at 10%) with four replications. Two experiments were performed: Experiment I - seed with chemical scarification using H2SO4 and Experiment II - without scarification. The stress on the seed was applied using artificial aging at 41°C for 96 hours. Seed priming was accomplished by immersion at 25°C for 2 hours. Thereafter, the seeds were oven-dried at 35°C until they regained hygroscopic equilibrium. Seed germination and vigor were evaluated. Priming using KNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 produced seeds with high tolerance to stress under high temperature, and this process is efficient to overcome dormancy.
Assessment of implicit bias and self-reported multicultural counseling competencies among counseling trainees

iv INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 10 Implicit Attitudes 10 The Implicit Association Test 11 Multicultural Training and Assessment 17 Literature Review Summary 20 STUDY 1 22 Introduction 22 Method 23 Results 29 Discussion 39 STUDY 2 42 Introduction 42 Method 42 Results and Discussion 46 GENERAL DISCUSSION 57 Relation to Past Research 58 Implications 60 Limitations 62 Future Research 64 REFERENCES 66 APPENDIX A. SAMPLE PEN AND PAPER IAT 75 APPENDIX B. INDEX OF HOMOPHOBIA 82 APPENDIX C. MODERN RACISM SCALE 83 APPENDIX D. SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE 84 APPENDIX E. SELF-MONITORING SCALE 85 APPENDIX F. CROSS-CULTURAL COUNSELING INVENTORY-REVISED 86 APPENDIX G. IRB APPROVAL STATEMENT 88
Seabird foraging behaviour indicates prey type

To investigate how a generalist marine predator modifies its foraging behaviour by prey type, we attached time-depth-temperature recorders to chick-rearing thick-billed murres (n = 204) at Coats Island, Nunavut, Canada from 1999 to 2007. Predators varied their behavior along 3 major 'axes': foraging effort, prey depth and prey lifestyle (benthic/pelagic). Dive behaviours for different prey — fish doctor, squid, sandlance, amphipods, snakeblenny, daubed shanny, sandlance and Arctic shanny — were discriminated from one another in a discriminant analysis of dive variables and these prey were therefore considered 'specialist' prey items. Specifically, amphipods were captured during V-shaped dives near the colony with a slow bird descent rate, squid were captured during deep V-shaped dives in cold water and fish doctor were captured during a long series of U-shaped dives in relatively warm water far from the colony. Arctic shanny and snakeblenny tended to be taken at moderate distances from the colony, with snakeblenny taken at deeper depths. Daubed shanny captures showed a bimodal distribution, with some taken at shallow depths far from the colony and others at deep depths close to the colony. Dive behaviours for Arctic cod, capelin and sculpin over- lapped both with each other and the behaviours for specialist prey items and, therefore, were classi- fied as 'generalist' prey items. In general, V-shaped dives preceded deliveries of pelagic prey items and U-shaped dives preceded deliveries of benthic prey items. Our results strongly suggest that generalist marine predators use stereotypic behaviour to forage for prey items, based on previous knowledge about what locations/strategies maximized intake for a given prey type.
Reconnecting with Joseph and Augusta Dejerine: 100 years on

Bajada et al. mark the centenary of Joseph Dejerine’s death by demonstrating the continuing relevance of his research with his long-standing collaborator, Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke, on the white matter pathways of the brain to modern-day connectional anatomy. A first English translation of the original work is provided in the Supplementary Materials.
A parameterization of the specific surface area of seasonal snow for field use and for models of snowpack evolution

[1] The specific surface area (SSA) of snow is needed to model air-snow exchange of chemical species. SSA is related to many snow physical properties, such as albedo and permeability. However, it is not described in models of snowpack evolution, in part because it is difficult to measure. Snowpack models often predict snow grain shape and snow density, and the goal of this paper is to propose parameterizations of snow SSA, based on snow density and grain shape. SSA values of 345 snow samples from snowpacks of the Alpine, maritime, tundra and taiga types are presented. Samples are regrouped into three main types: fresh (F), recent (R), and aged (A) snows, with several subtypes referring to grain shapes. Overall, there is a clear inverse correlation between SSA and density, d. Empirical equations of the form SSA = A ln(d) + B are proposed for the F and R types. For aged snows, separate correlations are proposed for subtypes A1 (rounded grains), A2 (faceted crystals), A3 (depth hoar), and A4 (lightly melted snow). Within subtypes A1, A2, and A3, more elaborate classifications are made by considering the snowpack type (Alpine, taiga, or tundra). For A1, A2, and A3 types, different trends are related to different intensities of wind action, which increases in the order taiga, Alpine, and tundra. We finally propose three parameterizations of snow SSA with increasing sophistication, by correlating SSA to snow type, then to snow type and density, and finally to snow type, density, and snowpack type.
Nest site selection and hatching success of hawksbill and loggerhead sea turtles (Testudines, Cheloniidae) at Arembepe Beach, northeastern Brazil

Nest site selection and hatching success of hawksbill and loggerhead sea turtles (Testudines, Cheloniidae) at Arembepe Beach, northeastern Brazil. Nest site selection influences the hatching success of sea turtles and represents a crucial aspect of their reproductive process. Arembepe Beach, in the State of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, is a known nest site for Caretta caretta and Eretmochelys imbricata. For the nesting seasons in 2004/2005 and 2005/2006, we analyzed the influence of beach profile and amount of beach vegetation cover on nest site selection and the hatching success for both species. Loggerhead turtles nested preferentially in the sand zone, while hawksbill turtles demonstrated no preferences for either sand or vegetation zone. Beach vegetation was important in the modulation of nest site selection behavior for both species, but the amount of beach vegetation cover influenced (negatively) hatching success only for the hawksbill, mainly via the increment of non-hatched eggs. Hatching success, outside the tide risk zone, was not influenced by the position of the nests along the beach profile. The pattern of nest distribution by species indicated that management of nests at risk of inundation and erosion by the tide is more important for loggerhead turtles than for hawksbill turtles. Beach vegetation is an important factor in the conservation of these sea turtle species. Nests that are at risk due to tidal inundation and erosion can be translocated to any position along the beach profile without producing any significant effect on hatching success, as long as high densities of beach vegetation cover are avoided for hawksbill nests. It is important to point out that the pattern we report here for distribution of hawksbill nests along the beach profile could be due in part to the influence of pure and hybrid individuals, since there are reports of hybridization among hawksbills and loggerheads to the study site.
Light and electron microscopic morphology of Paneth cells in the sheep small intestine

Cette etude a ete effectuee dans le but de decrire la morphologie des cellules de Paneth de l'intestin grele de mouton en microscopie optique et electronique, ainsi que leurs proprietes histochimiques, leur localisation et leur densite numerique. L'intestin grele : duodenum, jejunum et ileon, de 7 moutons adultes sains, a servi de materiel d'etude. Les cellules de Paneth sont situees dans les cryptes de Lieberkuhn, preferentiellement dans la base et le collet. Elles se caracterisent par un noyau basal et la presence de granulations acidophiles apicales, qui sont plus volumineuses dans les cellules de Paneth situees en profondeur des cryptes. La repartition des cellules de Paneth au sein de l'intestin grela est heterogene, le jejunum montrant la plus forte densite, suivi du duodenum et de l'ileon. La difference de densite entre les trois segments de l'intestin grele est statistiquement significative (p < 0.01). Les granulations cytoplasmiques, quoique homogenes en microscopie optique, se revelent de densites differentes en microscopie electronique.
Varying-Coefficient Marginal Models and Applications in Longitudinal Data Analysis

We consider a class of nonparametric marginal models in which the regression coefficients are assumed to be time-varying smooth functions. Such models are appealing in longitudinal data analysis to characterize the timedependent effects of covariates on the expected value of the response variable. A local quasi-likelihood method is employed to estimate the coefficient functions, based on the nonparametric technique of local polynomial kernel regression. We establish the asymptotic distribution theory for the estimators considered. We conduct Monte Carlo simulation studies to compare two types of kernel-based GEE methods with global and local variance structures, respectively. We illustrate the proposed models via three real-world data sets from a clinical trial of multiple sclerosis, a quality of life study in chemotherapeutic treatments on breast cancer, and a genomic fine-scale mapping association study on chromosomal region 5q31 for Crohn’s disease.
The detection of delirium in the ICU: An important aspect of care

Background: Up to 80% of mechanically ventilated ICU patients develop delirium. Unfortunately, delirium is underestimated and thus, under-recognized by health care’s providers. The use of a delirium screening tool has been proven efficient to promptly recognize patients suffering of delirium and to quickly intervene. Also, educational activities have been proven essential to ensure appropriate prevention, identification and treatment of delirium. Methodology: The goal of this innovative project was to develop and implement an educational activity on delirium to facilitate the implementation of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) and Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) in the ICU of a Canadian university teaching hospital. The educational activity consisted in a 45 minutes teaching session on delirium, the RASS and the CAM-ICU scales, which was followed by a six weeks mentoring of nurses and clinical follow-up of ICU patients. The project was led by an undergraduate nursing student as part of an internship and supervised by the Intensive Care Unit’s Clinical Nurse Specialist and Nursing Education Consultant. Principal findings: A total of 80 nurses and many members of the interdisciplinary team benefited from the educational activity. In addition, nursing expertise in screening for delirium was recognized by the multidisciplinary team and delirium was systematically addressed during the daily medical rounds. The student leading the project was providing support, guidance and mentoring as needed. As reported by the staff, the support received facilitated the successful implementation of the delirium screening tool, the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU). In addition, it helped the team members to implement interventions to prevent and treat delirium that were tailored to the patient’s needs. Conclusion: Early detection of delirium allows the initiation of prompt treatment thus reducing its negative impact and improving quality of care. Educational activities are important to help achieve these standards.
Increased Urgent Care Center Visits by Southeast European Migrants: A Retrospective, Controlled Trial from Switzerland

We investigated whether immigrants from Southeast Europe (SE) and Swiss patients have different reasons for visiting the emergency department (ED). Our retrospective data analysis for the years 2013–2017 describes the pattern of ED consultations for immigrants from SE living in Switzerland (Canton Bern), in comparison with Swiss nationals, with a focus on type of referral and reason for admission. A total of 153,320 Swiss citizens and 12,852 immigrants from SE were included in the study. The mean age was 51.30 (SD = 21.13) years for the Swiss patients and 39.70 (SD = 15.87) years for the SE patients. For some countries of origin (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Turkey), there were highly statistically significant differences in sex distribution, with a predominance of males. SE immigrants had a greater proportion of patients in the lower triage level (level 3: SE: 67.3% vs. Swiss: 56.0%) and a greater proportion of patients in the high triage level than the Swiss population (level 1: SE: 3.4% vs. Swiss: 8.8%). SE patients of working age (16–65 years) were six times more often admitted by ambulance than older (≥65 years) SE patients, whereas this ratio was similar in the Swiss population. In both groups, the fast track service was primarily used for patients of working age (<65) and more than three times more often in the SE than the Swiss group (SE: 39.1%, Swiss: 12.6%). We identified some indications for access to primary care in emergency departments for immigrants and highlighted the need for attention to the role of organizational characteristics of primary health care in Switzerland. We highlighted the need for professional support to improve the quality of healthcare for immigrants. In the future, we will need more primary care services and general practitioners with a migrant background.
Improving Introductory Programming Courses by Using a Simple Accelerated Graphics Library

We present a platform independent and hardware accelerated graphics library, which has been found to be a suitable educational tool for novice programmers. The purpose of the library is to change the nature of the assignments and projects used in introductory programming courses to something that fascinate and stimulate the students, e.g., game creation. We describe our experiences from using the presented graphics library in four different course instances of our introductory C++ course. The course surveys show that most students found the approach interesting and fun. As faculty, we could clearly see how many students became highly engaged in their projects and some of them accomplished solutions way beyond our expectations. In particular, compared to the programming courses we have given in the past, in which a standard framework for creating window applications was used, we have noticed a significant improvement in terms of the quality of the students' project solutions.
Silicon nanostructures with very large negatively tapered profile by inductively coupled plasma-RIE

Dry etching of silicon has been extensively studied, mostly with a goal of obtaining perfectly vertical sidewalls with high aspect ratio. Yet, sloped sidewall with a negative taper angle (i.e., diameter/width decreases linearly with depth) may find various applications. However, the systematic study on the etching process development to obtain such a profile is rather scarce. In this work, the authors present a controlled and reproducible fabrication process to achieve silicon nanostructures with negatively tapered sidewall profile using inductively coupled plasma-reactive ion etching with C4F8 and SF6 gas. The plasma etching parameters have been thoroughly optimized in order to avoid the undercut or curved reentrant profile due to isotropic etching, so as to achieve a negatively tapered profile. The influence of the plasma etching parameters, especially the radio freguency power and C4F8/SF6 gas flow ratio, on the etching rate and the sidewall taper angle has been analyzed. With an optimal etching recipe.
Use of an urban intensity index to assess urban effects on streams in three contrasting environmental settings

To assess the effects of urbanization on assemblages (fish, invertebrate, and algal), physi- cal habitat, and water chemistry, we investigated the relations among varying intensities of basin urbanization and stream ecology in three metropolitan areas: the humid northeastern United States around Boston, Massachusetts; the humid southeastern United States around Birmingham, Ala- bama; and the semiarid western United States around Salt Lake City, Utah. A consistent process was used to develop a multimetric urban intensity index (UII) based on locally important variables (land-use/land-cover, infrastructure, and socioeconomic variables) in each study area and a common urban intensity index (CUII) based on a subset of five variables common to all study areas. The UII was used to characterize 30 basins along an urban gradient in each metropolitan area. Study basins were located within a single ecoregion in each of the metropolitan areas. The UII, ecoregions, and site characteristics provided a method for limiting the variability of natural landscape characteristics while assessing the magnitude of urban effects. Conditions in Salt Lake City (semiarid climate and water diversions) and Birmingham (topography) required nesting sites within the same basin. The UII and CUII facilitated comparisons of aquatic assemblages response to urbanization across differ- ent environmental settings.
Temperature dependence of exciton and charge carrier dynamics in organic thin films

of ADT-TES-F emissive exciton dissociation to transient photocurrent was observed. In all materials, charge carriers were photogenerated at sub-500-ps time scales, limited by the laser pulse width, with temperature- and electric-field-independent photogeneration efficiency. In ADT-TES-F/C60 (2%) composites, the photogeneration efficiency was a factor of 2‐3 higher than that in pristine ADT-TES-F films. In ADT-TES-F/ADT-TIPS-CN (2%) blends, an additional charge carrier photogeneration component was observed at room temperature at time scales of ∼20 ns due to exciplex dissociation. At ∼0.5‐5 ns after photoexcitation, the carriers propagated via thermally and electric-field-activated hopping with an activation energy of ∼0.025 eV. At time scales longer than ∼ 5n s, charge transport of carriers that are not frozen in traps proceeded through tunneling via isoenergetic sites.
Valence Fluctuating State in SmB6

Specific heat and transport properties are measured on good single crystals of SmB6. The specific heat experiment indicates that there is a gap of near 100 K in the 4f system leaving a very small T linear term. Conductivity experiment indicates that the usual hopping type conductivity changes to a constant value without activation which is, however, three orders of magnitude smaller than the so far believed minimum metallic conductivity. The usual Anderson localization proposed before by us is clearly not applicable. Here, we propose a model of a new type of the Wigner lattice formation. Various anomalous properties mentioned above are explained within this model.