Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Study on the Quality of Pasteurized Milk in Two Factories in Sudan

A total of thirty (n = 30) packaged pasteurized milk samples were collected from two factories in Khartoum (A) and White Nile (B) States, Sudan and investigated to determine their physical, chemical properties and bacterial quality. The results revealed that no significant differences in color, taste, flavor and consistency of the samples. Clot on boiling test revealed that no acidity on day 3 and 6 post production. However, on day 9, 40% (for 6 samples) from factory A and 20% (for 3 samples) from factory B were positive due to ineffective pasteurization. Titratable acidity test met the standards of Sudanese Standard and Metrology Organization (SSMO) in acidity degree for both factories (p>0.05). Phosphatase test revealed that only 6.7% of samples from factory A were positive. Total number of nonpathogenic bacteria test showed high significant differences (p<0.01). The presence of Escherichia coli at the rate of 6.7% in factory A and 60% in factory B indicates fecal contamination which demonstrated the hygiene procedures in milk preparation for both factories which should be taken consideration before it was contributed to consumers.
Male Involvement in Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV and Associated Factors Among Males in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background: The importance of male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs is incremental to maintain family health and adherence to human immunodeficiency virus treatment and prevention regimens. Globally, male involvement has been recognized as a priority focus area to be strengthened in prevention of mother-to-child transmission but, it remains a challenge in most low- and middle-income countries including Ethiopia. Objective: To assess male involvement in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and associated factors among male partners in Addis Ababa. Methods: A Community based cross-sectional study supplemented with qualitative method was conducted from October 1-November 30, 2013 at sixteen districts in Addis Ababa. A total of 431 male participants were involved in the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 statistical package. Multiple logistic regressions analysis was used to identify the predictors of male involvement. Qualitative data were analyzed manually using thematic approach. Result: One hundred ninety six (45.5%) of respondents were in the age group of 35-44 years. Three hundred thirty two (77%) of the participants were knowledgeable about mother-to-child transmission of HIV. From the total respondents, only 121(28.1%) of males had high involvement in PMTCT. Knowledge, income, cultural beliefs, and occupation of the participants were significantly predictor of males’ involvement in the Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV. Conclusion: Knowledge, occupational status, income and cultural barriers to males’ involvement in the Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in Addis Ababa were deterrent and interrelated. Therefore, a potential need to be invested on the components attributable to those independent factors of male involvement there by aware, support empower them towards effective involvement in Prevention of mother to child transmission interventions.
Effects of Process Temperature and Time on the Properties ofMicrowave Plasma Nitrided Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Titanium alloy (e.g. Ti-6Al-4V) has an excellent combination of properties. However in many cases, the application is limited because of the poor wear property. In this work, a surface modification (plasma nitriding) is carried out to improve the surface properties of Ti-6Al-4V, as a treatment prior to a hardcoating deposition, leading to a duplex coating system. This is an effort to improve the surface and near surface property of Ti-6Al-4V. Plasma nitriding is performed utilizing microwave plasma method in 25% Ar- 75% N2 atmosphere at temperatures of 600°C and 700°C for different processing times (1, 3 and 5 hours). The phase and microstructure of plasma nitrided substrate were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The plasma nitrided Ti-6Al-4V properties (surface roughness, surface hardness and case depth) were determined using profilometer and microhardness, respectively. Results obtained showed a significant increase on the surface hardness of Ti-6Al-4V. This is due to the formation of TiN and Ti2N phases in the form of compound layer. Besides, it shows that the diffusion of nitrogen into the Ti-6Al-4V substrate produces case depth up to 130 μm and this contributes to the improvement of the near surface hardness due to the changes in the microstructures. It was also found that the surface hardness and surface roughness increased with the increases in the process temperature and times.
Effects of canopy shade on the morphology, phenology, and seed characteristics of Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii)

Abstract Characterizing the response of weeds to canopy shade is important for improved understanding of crop–weed competition and weed population dynamics. In 2000 and 2001, field studies were conducted in central New York state to examine the influence of three neighbor types (none, broccoli, or broccoli plus winter rye) and two locations (between or within rows of broccoli) on the morphology, phenology, and seed germination characteristics of Powell amaranth. Reductions in light availability and in the ratio of red-to-far red light were associated with increases in (1) partitioning of dry weight to stem tissue, (2) stem elongation, and (3) specific leaf area. Canopy shade also resulted in fewer main leaves at flowering and a reduced rate of leaf appearance but had no effect on the number of days to flowering. The relationship between Powell amaranth fecundity and aboveground dry weight was allometric, with both parameters declining significantly under competition. The weight of seeds produced did not vary significantly according to the competitive environment experienced by the maternal parent. However, the germination percentage of viable seeds was 40 to 50% lower for seeds maturing on plants grown under competition than without competition. Reductions in the number of main leaves at flowering and increased seed dormancy may be adaptive responses to canopy shade. Both mechanistic crop–weed competition models and population dynamic models would benefit from incorporation of data on the phenotypic plasticity of morphology, phenology, and seed germination characteristics of weeds. Nomenclature: Powell amaranth = green pigweed, Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. AMAPO; broccoli, Brassica oleracea L. var. italica PLENCK ‘Marathon’; winter rye, Secale cereale L.
The Effect of De-Hubbing on Airfares

This paper studies the price effect of de-hubbing, which occurs when an airline ceases hub operations at an airport. We develop a simple theoretical model to study the impact of de-hubbing on prices and quantities of direct flights at the hub airport. Using an event study of seven cases of de-hubbing between 1993 and 2009, we analyze how average airfares change following de-hubbing. Consistent with the theoretical implications, the empirical results suggest that airfares decrease when there is a low-cost carrier presence at the de-hubbed airport, whereas airfares increase when the de-hubbed airport is not serviced by a low-cost carrier.
A model for calculation of growth and feed intake in broiler chickens on the basis of feed composition and genetic features of broilers

The model shown in the current publication is based on an equation system developed in a previous publication (Carre et al., 2015). An equation (D) describing protein deposition as a function of protein intake is added to this previous system, in order to obtain a complete description of growth and feed intake depending on feed composition and genetic features of broilers. A calculation is conducted for lean and fat lines with various dietary protein contents. Lean and fat lines are distinguished through the equation expressing lipid deposition as a function of [protein/energy] ratio and protein efficiency, and through the equation (D). The model provides results that are typical of differences between lean and fat lines, with a higher dietary protein recommendation for lean than for fat line, lower feed conversion ratios (FCR) in lean than in fat line, and higher protein efficiencies in lean than in fat line.
Oocyte Development and Female Reproductive Cycle in the Freshwater Crab Travancoriana schirnerae

The seasonal changes in the ovary of T. schirnerae were described based on histological and histochemical analyses. The development of oocytes was divided into ten stages: oogonia, chromatin nucleolus (1 to 3), perinuclear, primary vitellogenic, secondary vitellogenic (1 to 3) and tertiary vitellogenic. The seasonal ovarian development was classified into six phases: proliferation, previtellogenic, primary vitellogenic, secondary vitellogenic, tertiary vitellogenic and oosorption. Yolk accumulation started during primary vitellogenesis, when basophilic small yolk globules appeared at the cortical cytoplasmic region. The highly basophilic large yolk globules of secondary vitellogenic stage 1 underwent a series of morphological changes to become mildly basophilic yolk platelets in secondary vitellogenic stage 2. The ooplasm noted with strongly acidophilic large yolk platelets in secondary vitellogenic stage 3. The entire ooplasm formed an acidophilic, homogeneous matrix during tertiary vitellogenic stage. The primary vitellogenic stage oocytes showed a strong positive reaction to PAS and MBB, indicating the glycoproteinaceous nature of the yolk. In the secondary and tertiary vitellogenic oocytes, yolk platelets showed positive reaction for MBB, PAS and Sudan black B, demonstrating the lipoglycoproteinaceous nature of the yolk. In T. schirnerae, vitellogenesis extended from October to March and spawning occurred in April. It is concluded that T. schirnerae is an annual breeder accommodating a single ovarian cycle during the intermoult period.
Potato Growers’ Risk Perception: A Case Study in Ardabil Province of Iran

The aim of this study was to examine potato growers' perceptions of risk sources and risk management strategies and their risk management behavior. A Survey research method was used in this study. The data originated from a sample of potato growers (n= 128) of Ardabil Province in the cropping year of 2013. The respondents were divided into two groups of Less Risk-Averse (LRA) and More Risk-Averse (MRA). Results show that more than half of the respondents were MRA. In general, potato price, marketing and yield were important sources of risk. The MRA farmers perceived price, yield, input costs and subsidy elimination as highly important sources of risk. Change in farming practices times, sharing farm machinery and hedging were important perceived strategies. LRA farmers marked more importance to management strategies than their counterparts. Except for a few strategies, there was consistency between the growers’ perception and management behavior. The results also show that there were significant relationships between farmers’ perception of strategies and their application. The results have implications for agricultural policy makers, extension and advisory services on the brink of subsidy targeting policy in Iran.
Fiscal harmonization and migration in the European Union

The focus of this paper is the impact of fiscal policies on international migration flows. The Tiebout hypothesis proposes that individuals consider differences in tax rates and social spending when making migration decisions. While evidence of the Tiebout hypothesis has been found in several domestic U.S. and Canadian studies, this is the first paper to test the Tiebout hypothesis using bilateral international migration flows. The Maastricht treaty has created a unique opportunity to study migration in an international context by removing legal barriers to migration within the European Union. Using data from EU countries throughout the 1980s and 1990s, this paper finds significant statistical support for the Tiebout hypothesis with regards to international migration flows. These results suggest that achieving greater fiscal harmonization across countries would lower migration flows. The results also imply that EU countries which are resistant to achieving fiscal harmonization with members may, as a result, have problems in attaining their other goal of reducing immigration (inward) from these countries.
Microbial Quality and Chemical Composition of Raw Whole Milk from Horro Cattle in East Wollega, Ethiopia

A study of the microbial quality and chemical composition of raw milk from Horro cows raised at rural farm households was conducted in Guto Wayu and Bila Sayo districts of East Wolloga. Thirty willing households owning one or more cows were randomly selected from Guto Wayu and Bila Sayo districts of East Wollega. Fifteen samples of whole raw milk were taken twice from each household in each location within each of the two months of the study and were used for the analysis. The mean standard bacteria count (6.8×104 log cfu mL-1) and coliform count (7.4×107 log cfu mL-1) of milk samples from Bila Sayo was significantly higher than those of milk samples from Guto Wayu. The acidity (0.28 and 0.31) respectively of the raw milk samples from both locations was similar and the SBC, CC and acidity values were generally above acceptable standards. The means for the total solids, solids-not-fat, total protein, casein, fat, lactose, ash, and specific gravity were 14.31 ± 0.03, 8.22 ± 0.01, 3.31 ± 0.01, 2.63 ± 0.01, 6.05 ± 0.02, 4.51 ± 0.01, 0.70 ± 0.01, and 1.03 ± 0.01 respectively. The result of the microbial investigation indicated poor bacteriological quality of milk samples from the two locations, whereas the chemical composition was adequate. The milk from Horro cattle from the two locations should be pasteurised and adequate sanitary measures taken at all stages of production to consumption of the milk to ensure the production of good quality raw milk. Ethiopian Journal of Education and Sciences Vol. 3 (1) 2007: pp. 1-10
Knowledge utilization and decision making in construction projects in Malaysia

Knowledge utilization is the process to apply right and relevant knowledge at the right time and place for effective decision making.The purpose of this paper is twofold.First, to identify the characteristics of knowledge utilization in construction projects in Malaysia.Second, to test whether there is an influence of knowledge utilization on decision making.A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from 124 professionals in different types of construction projects.Processes, factors, and obstacles of knowledge utilization were identified and discussed in this paper.However, the results indicated that there is no significant relationship between knowledge utilization and effectiveness of decision making.
Los apéndices tipo asta del ciervo primitivo Dicrocerus elegans: morfología, ciclo de crecimiento, ontogenia y dimorfismo sexual

Males and many females of the primitive deer Dicrocerus elegans from Sansan (Middle Miocene, France) bore antler-like appendages consisting of a simple-branched protoantler growing from a rather long pedicle and are decorated with ridges and furrows. The protoantler capacity to be rejected and subsequently re-grow is clearly evidenced by the presence of both pedicle and protoantler cast specimens. The youngest appendage is a long, laterally flattened shaft whose apex is usually forked with no appreciable limit between the pedicle and the protoantler. In females, the anterior and posterior appendage margins form a more acute angle than that of males, and are more parallel when viewed laterally. After the first casting, the protoantler base is larger than the pedicle top and a coronet-like structure appears developed only around the medial side. With successive castings, the pedicles become shorter and their section is more circular, while protoantlers become much bigger, and have much longer and more separated branches. Branches of females are shorter than those of males, especially the anterior one, and appear in a straight line, instead of being bent. In oldest appendages, the branches are shorter and more similar in size. Accessory branches and irregularities of this basic morphology are common. The separation between both sex morphotypes appears clearly evidenced by Discriminant and Principal Component Analyses. Histological features point to important differences with true antlers and suggest that casting could not occur annually. A core of spongy bone trabeculae is not developed. Once growth is completed, the mineralization progress from the core to the periphery and when the final ‘velvet’ protoantler becomes completely petrified, the tissues dies and the velvet-like skin is cleaned. A high degree of both wear and polish of the branch apices evidence the hard, bare, dead protoantler phase before casting. Due to the complete growth cycle and the presence of the coronet-like structure, Dicrocerus protoantlers and antlers seem to be homologous appendages. Histological differences could be related to differences in hormonal cycle regulation that can be caused by the fact that i) Dicrocerus inhabited a tropical environment, and ii) females also developed protoantlers. It should not be overlooked that true antlers appear several million years later in time than the development of protoantlers and other cranial appendages in ruminants, and coinciding with the Middle Miocene Climatic Transition.
Entrepreneurial orientation, assessment and management of projects and impact in corporate entrepreneurship: intention to action

[EN] Corporate entrepreneurship remains a phenomenon under study due to the positive impact it has generated, first of all, over companies, strengthening their competitive advantages and increasing their value. Secondly, it contributes to the macroeconomic dynamism that occurs in nations in terms of growth, employment, income, innovation and competitiveness. Focusing on Theories of Corporate Entrepreneurship and Resources and Capabilities, the aim of this paper is to relate the entrepreneurial orientation as intention to corporate entrepreneurship as action, considering their differences and complementarities. The database used for empirical confrontation comes from the survey of 137 SME in the Colombian manufacturing sector. Multivariate analysis models and structural equations were estimated, and quantitative evidence of direct and positive relationships with both phenomena indirectly mediated by the capability to assess and manage projects will be presented. This capability has been little explored in previous studies and not proven in relation to the phenomenon analyzed. The results of the factor analysis suggest that this capability can be considered as a theoretical construct, adding theoretical developments with respect to previous studies which have included and analyzed other capabilities.
Does the Provision of Public Goods Correspond to Local Demand?

Recently China's central government has promoted public goods investment in pursuit of rural development and poverty reduction. However, the top down nature of investment planning may lead to mismatches between public goods projects and the demands of local residents. Using village- and household-level survey data, this study seeks to identify the determinants of project implementation, focusing on investments in roads, drinking water, and irrigation. Contrary to some popular perception, our results suggest symmetry between farmers' reported demand and the types of projects implemented in their villages. The relative contribution of local demand to project implementation is seen to vary, however, across different types of public goods. (JEL D71, H41, H77, P35)
Assessing household credit risk: evidence from a household survey

This paper investigates the main individual driving forces of Hungarian household credit risk and measures the shockabsorbing capacity of the banking system in relation to adverse macroeconomic events. The analysis relies on survey evidence gathered by the Magyar Nemzeti Bank (MNB) in January 2007. Our study presents three alternative ways of modelling household credit risk, namely the financial margin, the logit and the neural network approaches, and uses these methods for stress testing. Our results suggest that the main individual factors affecting household credit risk are disposable income, the income share of monthly debt servicing costs, the number of dependants and the employment status of the head of the household. The findings also indicate that the current state of indebtedness is unfavourable from a financial stability point of view, as a relatively high proportion of debt is concentrated in the group of risky households. However, risks are somewhat mitigated by the fact that a substantial part of risky debt is comprised of mortgage loans, which are able to provide considerable security for banks in the case of default. Finally, our findings reveal that the shock-absorbing capacity of the banking sector, as well as individual banks, is sufficient under the given loss rate (LGD) assumptions (i.e. the capital adequacy ratio would not fall below the current regulatory minimum of 8 per cent) even if the most extreme stress scenarios were to occur.
EARLY-MIOCENE GASTROPODS FROM KHAVICH AREA, SOUTH OF SIRJAN, (KERMAN, IRAN): BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALEOECOLOGY

A total of 12 species of marine gastropods, among which two taxa are new, is reported for the first time from the Miocene deposits of Khavich section, south of Sirjan, Kerman. Gastropods assemblage in Khavich area indicates deposition in shallow, warm ramp-type carbonate platform. The Miocene and even Oligocene gastropod assemblages, relatively similar to Khavich section, reported from the other parts of the Tethys, show a possible passage, having been open during this interval, although a considerable provincialisms is also evident. Therefore the gastropods can be used for the correlation of Oligo-Miocene age formations in many places in the region and the world.
Poor, Rural Neighborhoods and Early School Achievement

ABSTRACT School consolidation and the search for economies of scale are threatening to render the neighborhood school obsolete. Nevertheless, students and their families do live in neighborhoods. Consequently, education researchers have asked if there are neighborhood-based advantages and disadvantages which influence student achievement. Research has yielded conflicting results. This may be due to failure to properly define and measure neighborhood, acknowledging variation in its nature from place to place. We use ethnographic material to help operationalize the concept neighborhood for use in quantitative research in two very poor, rural counties in West Virginia. We then do a contextual analysis to gauge neighborhood effects among kindergarten children in twelve randomly selected elementary schools. Poor, rural West Virginia neighborhoods turn out not to be the uniformly socially disorganized, culturally pernicious contexts which gave rise to the dubious concept culture of poverty. Instead, they can be sources of safety and stability, where extended families endure, like-minded neighbors are socially accessible and supportive, and early school achievement is enhanced.