Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discrete cue‐conditioned alcohol‐seeking after protracted abstinence: pattern of neural activation and involvement of orexin1 receptors

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The enduring propensity for alcoholics to relapse even following years of abstinence presents a major hurdle for treatment. Here we report a model of relapse following protracted abstinence and investigate the pattern of neuronal activation following cue‐induced reinstatement and administration of the orexin1 receptor antagonist SB‐334867 in inbred alcohol‐preferring rats.
Intrathecal orexin A increases sympathetic outflow and respiratory drive, enhances baroreflex sensitivity and blocks the somato‐sympathetic reflex

BACKGROUND Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of orexin A (OX‐A) increases blood pressure and heart rate (HR), but the effects of OX‐A on sympathetic and phrenic, nerve activity, and the baroreflex(es), somato‐sympathetic and hypoxic chemoreflex(es) are unknown.
Structure of dimeric axonemal dynein in cilia suggests an alternative mechanism of force generation

The mechanism by which the two different heads of the ciliary outer dynein arm produce force to translocate the microtubule during beating is still unknown. In this report we use cryo‐electron tomography and image processing to analyze the conformational changes and the relative abundance of each conformation of the two dynein heads from mouse respiratory cilia. In the absence of nucleotides the majority of dynein dimers are in the apo form and both heads are tightly packed, whereas they are dissociated and move independently in the presence of nucleotides. The head of the external outer arm dynein heavy chain has a diagonal shift toward both the neighboring B‐tubule and the proximal end of the axoneme, while the head of the internal heavy chain shifts only longitudinally toward the proximal end. In the presence of nucleotides a significant number of the dynein dimers have two heads overlapped in the proximal shifting form or overlapped in the apo form. During ciliary bending axonemal dynein translocates microtubules by moving with short steps and two heads stay at the same position longer than cytoplasmic dynein. This demonstrates that the step of the outer arm dynein dimer is not dominated by the hand‐over‐hand motion, but also indicates the difference between axonemal dynein and cytoplasmic dynein. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors associated with sex work among at-risk female youth in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT In Cambodia, despite great achievements in reducing the prevalence of HIV in the general population, reducing new HIV infections among young at-risk women remains a challenge. This study was designed to examine the prevalence of risky behaviors of sexually active female youth in Cambodia and to explore risk factors associated with engagement in transactional sex. We surveyed sexually active female youth aged 10–24 enrolled at risk “hotspots” in eight provinces in Cambodia. We collected data on demographic factors, sexual behavior, and factors hypothesized to be associated with transactional sex. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between demographic and sexual behavior and transactional sex. Of the 280 respondents, the mean age was 21.2, and 48.1% had been paid for sex in the past year. After adjustment, at-risk females who were never have been married (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.65–6.97), have completed less than 6 years of school (AOR 3.26, 95% CI = 1.60–6.66), have 1 or more parents who had died (AOR 4.34, 95% CI = 2.00–9.38), be a heavy alcohol drinker (AOR 3.58, 95% CI = 1.78–7.18), have used a condom with their boyfriend during last sexual encounter (AOR 3.50, 95% CI = 1.68–7.32), and have ever had an HIV test (AOR 3.51, 95% CI = 1.68–7.32) were more likely to engage in sex work. Our findings suggest that prevention strategies for female youth at risk of engagement in sex work should include upstream structural interventions that aim to encourage girls' education and empowerment. In addition, tailored sex education and behavior change messaging about the risks of heavy drinking, condom use with romantic partners, and the importance of frequent HIV testing for at-risk youth and sex workers should be designed and delivered to youth currently engaging in sex work.
Effects of Family and Caregiver Psychosocial Functioning on Outcomes in Persons With Traumatic Brain Injury

Objectives:To examine the predictive value of caregiver/family status to well-being of persons with brain injury and toexamine whether perceived social support to caregivers moderates their well-being. Participants:One hundred nine pairs ofadults, a caregiver, and an individual with TBI. Main Measures:Brief Symptom Inventory–18, Satisfaction With LifeScale; Disability Rating Scale; Social Provision Scale, Family Assessment Device, and Disability Rating Scale. Results:Canonical correlation indicated the presence of a relationship between well-being in TBI and caregiver participants. Two canonicalvariates accounted for 47.5% variance. Poor psychological well-being among persons with TBI was associated with poor caregiverperceived social support and poor familial behavioral control. Individuals with high disability also had caregivers with poorerpsychological well-being. In post hoc multiple regressions, caregiver/family psychosocial characteristics added unique prediction ofoutcome for individuals with TBI. Hierarchical multiple regressions provided evidence that social support of caregivers moderatesoutcome status for individuals with TBI. Conclusions:Future research efforts should focus on understanding of the specificmechanisms of reciprocal effects, to help design future therapy.
A Study of Surrogate Parameters of Birth Weight

Research question : Which anthropometric parameter is correlating highly with birth weight? Can we use this parameter as a screening test for predicting birth weight? What is their cut-off value? Hypothesis: Various anthropometric parameters of newborn correlate each other positively. Objective : To find out the most effective anthropometric parameter in the newborn to assess birth weight so that newborn with LBW can be identified. Study design: Hospital based cross-sectional study. Participants : Newborn babies born in KIMS, Karad. Results : Relatively highest correlation was observed between birth weight & thigh circumfirence (T.C.) (r = 0.8637) & next with chest circumfirence (C.C.). (r = 0.8247) Cut-off values of T.C. & C.C. had better sensitivity, specificity & predictive value for identifying LBW babies. Conclusion : T.C. is the best effective parameter to predict birth weight. Next to it is C.C.
Kalopanaxsaponin A ameliorates experimental colitis in mice by inhibiting IRAK‐1 activation in the NF‐κB and MAPK pathways

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Kalopanaxsaponin A, a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Kalopanax pictus (family Araliaceae), potently inhibited nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated peritoneal macrophages during a screening programme for anti‐colitis agents from natural products. Its anti‐inflammatory mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated its anti‐inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐ or peptidoglycan‐stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages and trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)‐induced colitic mice.
Side effects, adherence self-efficacy, and adherence to antiretroviral treatment: a mediation analysis in a Chinese sample

ABSTRACT Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a lifelong treatment. To date, ART adherence is suboptimal for most patients in resource-poor settings. Previous research indicates that medication side effects are perceived to be a significant barrier of high ART adherence. Data regarding the role of adherence self-efficacy in mediating the relationship between side effects from ART and adherence to ART are limited; thus, this study examines this potential mediational role of self-efficacy. A cross-sectional survey of 2987 people living with HIV aged ≥18 years was conducted in 2012–2013 in Guangxi Autonomous Region (Guangxi) which has one of the fastest-growing HIV rates in China. Of the total sample, 2146 (72.1%) participants had initiated ART. Participants reported the number of days of completing the daily dose of ART in the past month; adherence was defined as completing the daily dose at least 28 days in the last month (≥90%). Side effects were significantly negatively related to adherence to ART. Mediation analyses indicated that adherence self-efficacy significantly mediated the side effects–adherence relationship. Future interventions to increase adherence self-efficacy and effective coping with side effects among HIV patients are needed in order to improve their ART adherence.
Filopodia formation by crosslinking of F‐actin with fascin in two different binding manners

Filopodia are finger‐like protrusions at the leading edge of migrating cells that play a crucial antennal function during cell motility. It is known that actin filaments are bundled hexagonally and provide rigidity to filopodia by virtue of fascin, which plays a central role in actin filament bundling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation remain unclear. Here, we observed the filopodia of intact whole cells fixed by rapid freezing and revealed their three‐dimensional structure by cryo‐electron tomography and image processing; the actin filament bundling structure by fascin was clarified at high resolution under physiological conditions. It was found that actin filaments in vivo were more numerous than in bundles reconstructed in vitro, and each filopodial actin filament had limited variability in helical twisting. In addition, statistical analysis of actin filament bundles unveiled their detailed architecture. In filopodia, actin filaments had highly ordered structures, and the shift between cross‐links of each adjacent actin filament was approximately 2.7 nm, similar to the monomer repeat of actin filaments. We then proposed a plausible actin‐fascin cross‐link model at the amino acid level and identified three fascin binding sites on two adjacent actin filaments: one filament bound fascin at two discrete, widely separated regions and the other bound fascin in a single small region. We propose that these two different binding modalities should confer rigid bundles that retain flexibility and dynamic performance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictors of Long-Term Sibling Behavioral Outcome and Self-Esteem Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

Objectives:To determine predictors of self-esteem and behavioral outcome among siblings of children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design:Cross-sectional. Participants:Thirty-nine siblings closest in age to a child who sustained moderate to severe TBI. Measures:Outcome variables: sibling behavior (Child Behavior Checklist-Revised) and self-esteem (The Self-Perception Profile for Children—Global Self-Worth). Predictor variables: social support (The Social Support Scale for Children), knowledge (The Child TBI Knowledge Questionnaire), injured child behavior (Child Behavior Checklist-Revised), injured child adaptive skills (Adaptive Behavior Assessment System II—Practical Component), severity of injury (Glasgow Coma Scale), injured child age at injury, time since injury, family functioning (The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales II - Cohesion Subscale), and socio economic status. Results:Significantly reduced self-esteem, but no evidence of behavioral difficulties, were found in siblings of children who had sustained TBI. Sibling self-esteem did not correlate with any other study variables. Behavioral outcome correlated with: sense of social support, knowledge about TBI and injured child behavior. Nevertheless, simultaneous regression analyses revealed that only knowledge about TBI and sense of social support made significant independent contributions to behavioral outcome. Conclusions:Educating uninjured siblings about TBI and raising awareness of their needs in members of their social support network may be important in facilitating sibling behavioral outcome.
HIV-related stigma and self-disclosure: the mediating and moderating role of anticipated discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Akure Nigeria

ABSTRACT Although links between HIV-related stigma and self-disclosure of HIV status among people living with HIV have been well established, it is unclear whether levels of perceived discrimination are differentially associated with self-disclosure. The present study using a multi-factorial survey design investigated the role of stigma and other self-related factors (e.g., anticipated discrimination, self-esteem, HIV-related factors [e.g., drug use combination; knowledge of duration of HIV diagnosis] and socio-demographic factors [e.g., multiple spouse; age, gender, educational level] and psychological distress [depression]) in self-disclosure among People living with HIV/AIDs has been added (PLWHA) on follow-up management in State Specialist Hospital Akure, Nigeria. One hundred and thirty nine HIV/AIDS patients (49 males and 90 females) participated in the study. Mean age and mean time in months since diagnosis were 39.56 ± 10.26 and 37.78 ± 48.34, respectively. Four variables: multiple spouse, anticipated discrimination, HIV-related stigma and self-esteem were related to self-disclosure at (p < .05). Product-term regression analyses demonstrated that perceived discrimination mediated the relationship between self-esteem (Sobel test: z = 2.09, Aroian = 2.06, p < .001), perceived stigma (Sobel test: z = 2.78, Aroaian = 2.75 p < .01) and self-disclosure. Interaction term analysis between HIV-related stigma t (5, 137) = 1.69, p > . 05, self-esteem t (5, 137) = . 59, p > . 05 and anticipated discrimination were non-significant, suggesting a non-moderation effect of discrimination and disclosure. The results indicate that anticipated discrimination may impact HIV-related stigma to reduce self-disclosure among the PLWHAs in Akure, Nigeria. Interventions should incorporate anticipated discrimination in educational programs of HIV stigma in encouraging self-disclosure among PLWHAs.
Actin filaments—A target for redox regulation

Actin and its ability to polymerize into dynamic filaments is critical for the form and function of cells throughout the body. While multiple proteins have been characterized as affecting actin dynamics through noncovalent means, actin and its protein regulators are also susceptible to covalent modifications of their amino acid residues. In this regard, oxidation‐reduction (Redox) intermediates have emerged as key modulators of the actin cytoskeleton with multiple different effects on cellular form and function. Here, we review work implicating Redox intermediates in post‐translationally altering actin and discuss what is known regarding how these alterations affect the properties of actin. We also focus on two of the best characterized enzymatic sources of these Redox intermediates—the NADPH oxidase NOX and the flavoprotein monooxygenase MICAL—and detail how they have both been identified as altering actin, but share little similarity and employ different means to regulate actin dynamics. Finally, we discuss the role of these enzymes and redox signaling in regulating the actin cytoskeleton in vivo and highlight their importance for neuronal form and function in health and disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Examining progress toward the UNAIDS 90-90-90 framework among men who have sex with men, San Francisco, 2014

ABSTRACT The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has published treatment goals toward ending the HIV epidemic. The worldwide goals are 90% of HIV-infected individuals diagnosed, 90% of those diagnosed taking anti-retroviral treatment and 90% of those on anti-retroviral treatment virally suppressed. In light of the UNAIDS goals and that five years have passed since the adoption of early HIV treatment, we examined the progress toward the 90-90-90 indicators among men who have sex with men (MSM) in San Francisco in 2014. Our data suggest that overall MSM have not yet reached the 90-90-90 goals. Our data also suggest that Black and Latino MSM are further from the goals than White MSM.
Micropapillary Carcinoma of Breast

Purpose: Micropapillary carcinoma in breast cancer was first described by Petersen in 1993, after which other reports from all over the world described their characteristics. In Korea, this type of carcinoma was first described in 1996. The purpose of our study was to find the clinicopathological characteristics of micropapillary carcinomas from our experiences and to compare the results with those of other studies. Methods: We analyzed 19 patients, from Dec. 1999 to Dec. 2002, diagnosed with micropapillary carcinomas from postoperative pathological reports retrospectively, compared with 939 patients diagnosed with infiltrating duct carcinoma in the same period. Results: The mean age and tumor size were 46.8 years (range 32∼73) and 3.75cm (range 0.5∼10.0), respectively. Micropapillary carcinoma showed the larger size (P=0.032) and more frequent rates of lymphovascular invasion (P= 0.007) and metastasis to axillary lymph nodes (P=0.003) than infiltrating duct carcinoma. But, in the T stage-matched analysis, the rates of axillary lymph node metastasis in micropapillary carcinoma and infiltrating duct carcinoma showed no significant differences (T1, T2, T3 : P=0.072, P= 0.080, P=0.575 ). Only in T2 stage, rates of lymphovascular invasion showed more frequent significantly in micropapillary carcinoma (P=0.012). Age, nuclear and histological grades showed no significant differences. The positive expressions of estrogen and progesterone receptors were more frequent in micropapillary carcinoma compared with infiltrating duct carcinoma, while the expressions of the C-erb-B2, p53, Ki-67 and bcl-2 showed no significant differences. Conclusion: The micropapillary carcinomas showed more frequent lymphovascular invasion and positive expressions of the estrogen and progesterone receptors in their immunohistochemistry. (Journal of Korean Breast Cancer Society 2004;7:132-135)
The rotation of mouse myoblast nuclei is dependent on substrate elasticity

The complex interplay of biochemical signaling and mechanical traction forces regulate the position of cellular nuclei. Although the phenomenon of nuclear rotation has been observed for many years, the influence of substrate elasticity was unknown. We discovered another layer of complexity to this phenomenon: nuclear rotation is dependent on substrate elasticity. Nuclear rotation is drastically reduced on physiologically relevant stiffnesses. Here, we studied nuclear rotation in mouse C2C12 myoblasts cultured on soft substrates designed to mimic resting tissue (∼26 kPa) and on hard glass substrates. We examined the roles of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton on the presence and dynamics of nuclear rotation in these two different microenvironments. We demonstrated the clear dependence of nuclear rotation dynamics on matrix stiffness. These results will have important implications for the design of future studies of nuclear rotation and our understanding of the phenomenon as a whole. Unnaturally, hard substrates do not only fail to mimic the in vivo microenvironment, but can also induce cellular processes that would not normally occur in the natural cellular environment.
Healthcare Utilization in the First Year After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury in an Insured Population

Objective:To compare the healthcare use by children with and without a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the year following injury to understand whether children access primary care. Participants:Children 0 to 15 years with a TBI (N = 545) and (N = 2310) uninjured age and sex-matched comparisons. Setting:A full benefits healthcare plan from 2000 to 2007. Main Measures:Mean annual healthcare utilization. Results:Children with TBI had higher mean annual outpatient visits (4.2 vs 3.5, P = .001), but similar mean annual general pediatric visits (2.7 vs 2.8, P = .3) than comparison children. More cases than comparisons attended a general pediatric visit (80.0% vs 73.3%, risk ratio = 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0–1.1). However, approximately 50% of children older than 7 years who had an intracranial injury did not attend a general pediatric visit and those were slightly more likely to receive specialty care (adjusted risk ratio = 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0–1.2). These children did not appear to be substituting specialty for primary care. Conclusions:Children with a full benefits insurance plan do not access primary care routinely after TBI. These findings present a challenge for designing a system to screen children after TBI.
Analysis of the contribution of Ito to repolarization in canine ventricular myocardium

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The contribution of the transient outward potassium current (Ito) to ventricular repolarization is controversial as it depends on the experimental conditions, the region of myocardium and the species studied. The aim of the present study was therefore to characterize Ito and estimate its contribution to repolarization reserve in canine ventricular myocardium.
Treating uterine atony with the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment in Egypt

Objective: To determine whether the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) reduces maternal morbidity and mortality from uterine atony. Method: Women with uterine atony (blood loss of ≥1000 ml) and one clinical sign of shock were enrolled in a pre-intervention phase (n=169) and an intervention phase (n=269) at two referral facilities in Egypt. Differences in demographics, condition on study entry, treatment, and outcomes were examined. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for mean measured blood loss, emergency hysterectomy, and extreme adverse outcomes (EAO)—a combination of morbidity and mortality. Results: in the intervention phase, mean measured blood loss was significantly reduced, emergency hysterectomy was significantly decreased, and there were fewer EAOs (11% to 3% in the NASG phase, relative risk=0.28, 95% CI: 0.12–0.63). A subgroup analysis of only women in severe shock demonstrated similar trends. Conclusion: The NASG shows promise for reducing blood loss, emergency.
INTRAVITREAL PHARMACOKINETICS AFTER POSTERIOR SUBTENON TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE INJECTION IN VITRECTOMIZED RABBIT EYES

Purpose: To investigate the intraocular pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injected into the posterior subtenon of vitrectomized rabbit eyes. Methods: Vitrectomy was performed on the right eyes of 35 rabbits. Triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg/mL) was injected into the posterior subtenon space of both eyes. Five rabbits each were killed at days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 84. Both eyes were enucleated. The vitreous was isolated, and TA concentration was measured. Results: In vitrectomized eyes, the intravitreal concentrations of TA were 1763, 822.9, 321.5, 113.3, 35.5, 14.4, and 6.7 ng/mL, respectively, at the time points indicated above; the concentrations in nonvitrectomized eyes were 397.8, 360.4, 154.4, 48.5, 30.7, 15.2, and 8.0 ng/mL, respectively. Triamcinolone acetonide concentrations were significantly higher in the vitrectomized eyes at days 1, 3, 7, and 14. The terminal half-life of intravitreal TA was 23.3 days in the vitrectomized eyes and 28.9 days in the nonvitrectomized eyes. Conclusion: Intravitreal absorption and excretion of TA in the posterior subtenon space are increased after vitrectomy. Although the terminal half-life of TA was shorter, higher early concentration and similar effective duration were achieved in the vitrectomized eyes.