Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The rate-distortion function for source coding with side information at the decoder

Let \{(X_{k}, Y_{k}) \}^{ \infty}_{k=1} be a sequence of independent drawings of a pair of dependent random variables X, Y . Let us say that X takes values in the finite set \cal X . It is desired to encode the sequence \{X_{k}\} in blocks of length n into a binary stream of rate R , which can in turn be decoded as a sequence \{ \hat{X}_{k} \} , where \hat{X}_{k} \in \hat{ \cal X} , the reproduction alphabet. The average distortion level is (1/n) \sum^{n}_{k=1} E[D(X_{k},\hat{X}_{k})] , where D(x,\hat{x}) \geq 0, x \in {\cal X}, \hat{x} \in \hat{ \cal X} , is a preassigned distortion measure. The special assumption made here is that the decoder has access to the side information \{Y_{k}\} . In this paper we determine the quantity R \ast (d) , defined as the infimum ofrates R such that (with \varepsilon > 0 arbitrarily small and with suitably large n )communication is possible in the above setting at an average distortion level (as defined above) not exceeding d + \varepsilon . The main result is that R \ast (d) = \inf [I(X;Z) - I(Y;Z)] , where the infimum is with respect to all auxiliary random variables Z (which take values in a finite set \cal Z ) that satisfy: i) Y,Z conditionally independent given X ; ii) there exists a function f: {\cal Y} \times {\cal Z} \rightarrow \hat{ \cal X} , such that E[D(X,f(Y,Z))] \leq d . Let R_{X | Y}(d) be the rate-distortion function which results when the encoder as well as the decoder has access to the side information \{ Y_{k} \} . In nearly all cases it is shown that when d > 0 then R \ast(d) > R_{X|Y} (d) , so that knowledge of the side information at the encoder permits transmission of the \{X_{k}\} at a given distortion level using a smaller transmission rate. This is in contrast to the situation treated by Slepian and Wolf [5] where, for arbitrarily accurate reproduction of \{X_{k}\} , i.e., d = \varepsilon for any \varepsilon >0 , knowledge of the side information at the encoder does not allow a reduction of the transmission rate.
The Inflamed Central Nervous System Drives the Activation and Rapid Proliferation of Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells1

Resolution of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis requires a large cohort of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the CNS. In this study, we have used the passive transfer of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using myelin-reactive T cells to study the development of this Treg response. Rapid proliferation of Tregs within the CNS (which is not seen in lymphoid organs) drives a switch in the balance of CNS proliferation from T effectors to Tregs, correlating with recovery. This proliferative burst drives a local over-representation of Vβ8+ Tregs in the CNS, indicative of an oligoclonal expansion. There is also evidence for a small, but detectable, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-reactive Treg component expanded without prior immunization. Furthermore, CNS-derived Tregs, taken during recovery, suppressed the proliferation of CNS-derived effectors in response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Under these conditions, Tregs could also limit the level of IFN-γ production, but not IL-17 production, by CNS-derived effectors. These data establish the CNS as an environment that permits extensive Treg proliferation and are the first to demonstrate Treg expansion specifically within the tissues during the natural resolution of autoimmune inflammation.
TEORI KECURANGAN, FRAUD AWARENESS DAN METODOLOGI UNTUK MENDETEKSI KECURANGAN PELAPORAN KEUANGAN

Fraud in financial reporting may result in material misstatement. Auditor has a responsibility to detect fraud before concludes that financial statements are presented fairly. Therefore auditor must have fraud awareness that fraud may occur and learn how fraudster commits fraud. Fraud theory can explain why people commit fraud. Fraud happens because of rationalization, pressure, and opportunity. Auditor has to conduct audit in a systematic manner through precise methodology. This paper describes how to detect fraudulent financial reporting through understanding fraud theory, fraud awareness and methodology.
Bone marrow hypermetabolism on 18F-FDG PET as a survival prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer.

UNLABELLED PET is now widely used in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer with (18)F-FDG. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of diffuse bone marrow hypermetabolism along with other PET prognostic factors with respect to survival and compare them with other established prognostic factors in a large cohort of patients. METHODS Of 255 patients referred for evaluation of a suspicious lung lesion by PET over an 8-mo period (May 1999 to January 2000), the outcome of 120 patients with a final diagnosis of primary non-small cell lung cancer was analyzed retrospectively after excluding subjects with benign, metastatic, or recurrent lesions, using the available follow-up information and a provincial mortality database. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared using the mean and the maximal tumor standardized uptake value (SUV), bone marrow SUV, PET stage, various laboratory parameters, sex, age, conventional imaging stage, and pathologic stage. A stepwise Cox proportional hazard model was built using the significant variables on univariate analysis. RESULTS The primary tumor SUV (>10), bone marrow uptake of (18)F-FDG, (18)F-FDG PET stage, pathologic stage, hypercalcemia, lactate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin, albumin, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, and leukocytosis were predictors of mortality on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, bone marrow hypermetabolism, (18)F-FDG PET nodal stage, and some hematologic parameters (hemoglobin, platelets, white blood cell counts) remained significant independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION Bone marrow hypermetabolism and the PET nodal stage were strong independent predictors of mortality in patients with lung cancer. The primary tumor SUV, though predictive on univariate analysis, was not an independent predictor of mortality in our model.
A note on the percentage loss of calories as waste on ordinary mixed diets

It is customary to state the energy needs of an individual, a family or some larger group in terms either of net or gross calories. If the original estimate has been made from a study of the actual or net intake, what extra percentage would have to be added to this net basal figure to permit the need to be stated in gross calories? A similar problem arises in the conversion of gross to net requirements.
Thermodynamic stability of two variants of xylanase (Xys1) from Streptomyces halstedii JM8.

In a continuation of our earlier study [Ruiz-Arribas, A. , Santamaría, R.I. , Zhadan, G. G. , Villar, E. & Shnyrov, V. L. (1994) Differential scanning calorimetric study of the thermal stability of xylanase from Streptomyces halstedii JM8, Biochemistry 33, 13787-13791], we used high-sensitivity differential scanning microcalorimetry, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and far-ultraviolet circular dichroism to study the effect of regional sequence differences on the thermodynamic stability of xylanase (Xys1) from Streptomyces halstedii JM8 (1,4-beta-D-xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8). Thermal transitions were measured for original xylanase (Xys1S) and two variants. Thermal denaturation of all the xylanases studied revealed two structural domains, each of which, despite its partial irreversibility, follows a two-state thermal unfolding process under our experimental conditions. Both variants were found to exhibit slightly decreased stability, possessing the same activity as the original. The unfolding parameters for each domain of both variants, unlike the situation with wild-type xylanase (see our previous report), fit some correlations obtained for the most compact globular proteins. The values of enthalpy and entropy of unfolding/residue at 383 K were found to be inversely proportional to residual, well-regulated structures in unfolded states.
Outward Direct Investment and the U.S. Economy

Investment in production outside the United States is a method by which U.S. firms raise their shares in foreign markets and defend them against foreign rivals from the host countries and from other countries. The investing firms are exploiting their firm-specific assets such as proprietary technologies, patents, or skills in advertising or marketing, and the opportunity to produce abroad raises the value of these assets and encourages firms' investment in them by extending the range of markets and the length of time over which they can be exploited. Overseas production has contributed to the ability of American multinationals to retain world market shares in the face of the long- term decline in the share of the U.S. as a country and short-term changes such as exchange rate fluctuations. It has performed the same functions for Swedish firms and, more recently, for Japanese firms. Within U.S. multinationals, those with higher shares of their production overseas have higher employment at home relative to home production. Foreign production appears to require larger numbers of employees in headquarters activities such as R&D and supervision.
Gene Expression Profiling of Endometrial Adenocarcinomas Reveals Increased Apolipoprotein E Expression in Poorly Differentiated Tumors

Introduction: Tumor grade is one of the most important prognostic factors in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. Amplification of oncogenes, such as Her2/neu, or loss of function of tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, are known to be associated with poor prognosis, but additional factors influencing clinical behavior are likely to exist. To examine the biological differences between low-grade and high-grade endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas, we compared gene expression in these 2 types of tumors. Methods: Six well-differentiated adenocarcinomas and 7 poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas were studied with 2 different microarray platforms, Affymetrix and Illumina. The expression of the most differentially expressed gene on both platforms was further studied in 34 endometrial adenocarcinoma samples (10 well differentiated, 9 moderately differentiated, and 15 poorly differentiated) using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: The most differentially expressed gene on both platforms was Apolipoprotein E (APOE). In the poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, APOE was overexpressed 13.1-fold (P = 0.001) and 9.7-fold (P = 0.007) when compared with well- and moderately differentiated tumors, respectively. There was no difference in APOE expression between well- and moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas. Conclusions: Increased expression of APOE might represent a late event in the progression of well-differentiated endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma to a poorly differentiated endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. Although increased APOE expression has been previously reported in other malignancies, this is the first study to suggest that APOE might also have a role in endometrioid endometrial cancer.
Internet usage and openness to internet-delivered health information among Australian adults aged over 50 years.

BACKGROUND The cost of healthcare in Australia's ageing population is ever increasing. In an attempt to reduce these rising costs, the internet has been suggested as a possible means of disseminating health-related information and promoting preventive health behaviours. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the proportion of Australians aged 50-74 years who have internet access, and the characteristics of internet usage, current online health information seeking behaviour, and the willingness to receive unsolicited health information via the Internet. METHOD A random sample of N=25,511 urban older Australians aged 50 to 74 years received a questionnaire via mail and were asked to complete questions concerning variables related to internet usage. N=8,762 returned a competed questionnaire. RESULTS Eighty-two per cent of respondents reported having internet access, mainly at home (94%), and the majority actively use this technology (93%). Younger people and those of higher socio-economic status and higher education were more likely to have access (p<.001). Approximately 61% reported actively seeking health-related information online but only 32% expressed a willingness to receive unsolicited health information via the internet. Females were more likely to currently search for health-related information than males but were less likely to be open to receiving unsolicited health information (both p<.001). CONCLUSION According to the data it appears the majority of urban Australians aged over 50 have access to the internet at some location and 60% of them use the internet for health-related purposes. The data also suggests, however, that delivering health information via the internet alone would disadvantage those who are older, less educated, and less financially well-off.
Effects of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on Corporate Financial Policy and Organizational Form

We examine the effects of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on the financial decisions made by firms. We review the theory and empirical predictions of prior literature for corporate debt policy, for dividend and equity repurchase payouts to shareholders, and for the choice of organizational form. We then compare the predictions to post-1986 experience. The change in debt/value ratios has been substantially smaller than expected. Dividend payouts increased as predicted, but stock repurchases increased even more rapidly which was unexpected and is difficult to understand. Based on very scant data, it appears that some activities have shuffled among organizational forms; in particular, loss activities may have been moved into corporate form where they are deducted at a higher tax rate, while gain activities may have shifted towards noncorporate form, to be taxed at the lower personal rates. In addition, several interesting new issues are raised. One concerns previously neglected implications for the effective tax on retained earnings that follow from optimal trading strategies when long- and short-term capital gains are taxed at different rates. Also, new interest allocation rules for multinational corporations provide a substantial incentive for many firms to shift their borrowing abroad.
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,/1 this paper we explra method for automatic planning of robot finemotion programs, first described in fL. _-Prc-, Mio. , a:. Tayj 1) o. ,r The primary result is a variation that is shown to be'1oounded-complete -the method obtains a solution whenever a solution consisting of a bounded number of motions exista.
Liquidity and Liquidity Risk in the Cross-Section of Stock Returns

This paper examines the relative importance of liquidity level and liquidity risk for the cross-section of stock returns. A portfolio analysis is implemented to make inferences about the pricing ability of liquidity as a characteristic or as a risk. I find that the ratio of absolute returns-to-volume, the Amihud liquidity measure, is able to explain more variance in stock returns than a battery of liquidity risk measures. My results suggest that trading cost and frictions impact financial markets more than the systemic components of liquidity.
Early life characteristics and late life burden of cerebral small vessel disease in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936

It is unknown whether relations between early-life factors and overall health in later life apply to burden of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD), a major cause of stroke and dementia. We explored relations between early-life factors and cSVD in the Lothian Birth Cohort, a healthy aging cohort. Participants were recruited at age 70 (N = 1091); most had completed a test of cognitive ability at age 11 as part of the Scottish Mental Survey of 1947. Of those, 700 participants had brain MRI that could be rated for cSVD conducted at age 73. Presence of lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, microbleeds, and perivascular spaces were summed in a score of 0-4 representing all MRI cSVD features. We tested associations with early-life factors using multivariate logistic regression. Greater SVD score was significantly associated with lower age-11 IQ (OR higher SVD score per SD age-11 IQ = .78, 95%CI 0.65-.95, p=.01). The associations between SVD score and own job class (OR higher job class, .64 95%CI .43-.95, p=.03), age-11 deprivation index (OR per point deprivation score, 1.08, 95%CI 1.00-1.17, p=.04), and education (OR some qualifying education, .60 95%CI .37-.98, p=.04) trended towards significance (p<.05 for all) but did not meet thresholds for multiple testing. No early-life factor was significantly associated with any one individual score component. Early-life factors may contribute to age-73 burden of cSVD. These relations, and the potential for early social interventions to improve brain health, deserve further study.
Start-up financing at the age of Globalisation

The authors investigate the determinants of start-up financing in fifty-four countries, using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) surveys for the years 2001–6. They find that financial liberalization increases the total financial size of the individual start-up entrepreneurial project both via the increased use of external and of own funds. In addition, the volume of start-up finance responds positively to international capital inflows, as represented by loans from nonresident banks and remittances, and negatively to the volume of offshore deposits. The positive impact of remittances on total volume of start-up financing is via financing by the entrepreneur.
Timely Reporting and Family Ownership: the Portuguese case

This study investigates the factors influencing the timeliness of corporate financial reporting, highlighting the differences between publicly listed family and non-family firms. The empirical analysis relies on the firms listed in the Portuguese Stock Exchange, where a relatively large proportion of family controlled firms can be found. Based on a multi-theoretical framework that combines agency theory, stewardship theory and stakeholder theory, we suggest that family firms have an incentive to be more timely reporters than their non-family counterparts. After controlling for several variables, our findings are consistent with the predictions and thus indicate that Portuguese listed family firms are more likely to promptly report their annual financial statements to the market, when compared to non-family firms. The results obtained confirm the better quality of financial reporting practices of family firms documented in previous literature.
Ascites Regression and Survival Increase in Mice Bearing Advanced-stage Human Ovarian Carcinomas and Repeatedly Treated Intraperitoneally With CpG-ODN

Tumor cell growth, even in advanced stages of ovarian cancer, is nearly always restricted to the peritoneal cavity; therefore, repeated intraperitoneal injections of oligodeoxynucleotides containing dinucleotides with unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) recruiting and activating innate effector cells throughout the abdominal cavity to the tumor site might control tumor cell growth and ascites formation. After a single CpG-ODN treatment, in IGROV-1 ovarian tumor ascites-bearing athymic mice, the number of tumor cells declined rapidly and markedly, and ascites volumes declined shortly after treatment (5 h), increasing thereafter at a slower rate than in controls. When administered every 7 days for 4 weeks, CpG-ODN had only a marginal effect on survival time, whereas administration 5 days/wk for 3 or 4 weeks led to a significantly increased survival time as compared with controls (P<0.005) and completely controlled ascites growth without apparent toxicity, although a disorganization of lymphoid organs was observed. Bio-plex assay of cytokine levels in peritoneal fluid of ascites-bearing mice after CpG-ODN treatment revealed an increase in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, and interferon-γ at 24 hours, which returned to control mice levels at 48 to 96 hours, whereas the high levels of angiogenic factors remained unchanged. Depletion of natural killer or monocytes/macrophages only slightly influenced the CpG-ODN−induced reduction of ascites tumor cells, indicating that the antitumor activity might not be related to a specific cell/cytokine but rather to the repertoire of cells and cytokines accumulated in the peritoneal cavity. Thus, our data suggest a relevant role for repeated activation of cells and cytokines of innate immunity in the therapy of ovarian cancer patients with malignant ascites.
Time Varying Risk Premia in Corporate Bond Markets

We study the link between corporate bond risk premia and equity returns in a large panel of corporate bond transaction data. In contrast to previous work, we find that a significant part of the time variation in bond risk premia can be explained by equity implied bond risk premium estimates. We also document a large time variation in the expected loss component of bond spreads. This component is related to total asset volatility, whereas the risk premium is related to systematic volatility. In addition, we show by means of linear regressions that augmenting the set of variables predicted by typical structural models with equity-implied bond default risk premia significantly increases explanatory power.
Performance-Based Fees and Asset Allocation Under Loss-Aversion

This paper takes into account the most prevalent practices in terms of fees in order to study the dynamic asset allocation of fund managers exhibiting a loss aversion utility function. Managers are compensated with performance-based (asymmetric and symmetric) fees comprising an underperformance penalty component. The benchmark portfolio relative to which performance of funds is measured may be riskless or risky. Whatever the benchmark, a penalty component may lead managers to take more risk in unfavorable states of the world and less risk in favorable states. In the case of a risky benchmark, a manager also has a position in the benchmark, which is less risky when (s)he faces a penalty.
RETRACTED: Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Internalizing Symptoms, and Executive Function in Adults With ADHD

Leikauf, J. E. , & Solanto, M. V. (2016). Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Internalizing Symptoms, and Executive Function in Adults With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/1087054716659361 The article was revised after its original publication in OnlineFirst. The original publication has now been removed, and the final OnlineFirst version of the article can be accessed at http://journals.sagepub. com/doi/full/10.1177/1087054716682337
Corporate Cash Management, Excess Cash, and Acquisitions

How much cash should a corporation have and should we worry when they have too much? As corporate coffers burst at the seams, should investors worry about what managers do with the cash when they finally decide to spend it? This book tackles these and other questions related to corporate cash reserves and the choices of acquistions that cash-rich corporations make.
Validation of Aqua satellite data in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere with in situ aircraft instruments

Aircraft observations from a recent campaign spanning 0–40N latitude are compared to coincident observations from satellite sensors on board the Aqua satellite of temperature, ozone, water vapor and cloud properties in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Satellite observations compare well to aircraft data; temperature is generally within ±1.5 K and water vapor is within ±25% of aircraft observations for pressures above 150 hPa and mixing ratios above ∼10 ppmv. Satellite ozone has a positive bias in the upper troposphere, and clouds observed by the aircraft are qualitatively well represented in the satellite data. These data and analyses provide critical validation of satellite observations, which promise new global insights into this region of the atmosphere.