Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Souvenirs: What and Why We Buy

The souvenir is an important component of the tourist experience, with most tourists bringing back mementos and souvenirs as evidence. People like to be reminded of special moments in their lives and to hold evidence of those special moments. However, despite the considerable previous research into souvenirs and purchase behavior, little research exists that investigates the motivations for souvenir purchase. In addition, there has been little investigation of the impact of gender on the souvenirs purchased and the motivations for purchase. This research addresses these gaps in the literature and evaluates the souvenir purchase behavior of tourists. The research identifies the core importance of the souvenir as evidence of the experience as well as the roles of memory and as gifts.
Living on the edge: making and moving iron from the ‘outside’ in Anglo-Saxon England

ABSTRACT The production of iron in Anglo-Saxon England is little understood due to the lack of evidence. There are less than a dozen iron smelting sites known. This is a distinct contrast to the wealth of evidence of iron smelting during the Roman period. Should we believe that the Anglo-Saxon world was relying on recycled Roman iron? The absence of evidence should not be taken as the evidence of absence. Instead, we can look towards contemporary archaeological examples and ethnography to try and explain the production of iron and the movement of ferrous objects. This paper will argue that the production of iron was located outside the settlement. Not only does this activity occupy the periphery of the physical and cultural landscape, it was embedded in the liminal zone between reality and myth. Blacksmiths were feared for their art was associated with magic. The evidence of their mobility in north-west Europe emphasises how marginal they were in society, along with their goods. The value of items coming from the ‘outside’ was heightened as they came from the distant unknown, the unfamiliar. In order to understand the dynamic role of iron in AngloSaxon society, we must review the negative evidence of iron smelting, and the evidence for smithing. This should be considered with reference to the literary evidence available to us in the context of the Migration period in northwest Europe. Iron production in early Anglo-Saxon England should also be sought after using archaeological prospection techniques.
SPECTROSCOPIC AND KINETIC STUDIES OF INTERACTIONS OF CALF SPLEEN PURINE NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORYLASE WITH 8-AZAGUANINE, AND ITS 9-(2-PHOSPHONYLMETHOXYETHYL) DERIVATIVE

Spectroscopic and kinetic studies of interactions of calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase with 8-azaguanine, an excellent fluorescent/fluorogenic substrate for the synthetic pathway of the reaction, and its 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) derivative, a bisubstrate analogue inhibitor, were carried out. The goal was to clarify the catalytic mechanism of the enzymatic reaction by identification of ionic/tautomeric forms of these ligands in the complex with PNP.
The Impact of Underreporting and Overreporting on the Validity of the Personality Inventory for DSM–5 (PID-5): A Simulation Analog Design Investigation

The Personality Inventory for DSM–5 (PID-5) is a 220-item self-report instrument that assesses the alternative model of personality psychopathology in Section III (Emerging Measures and Models) of DSM–5. Despite its relatively recent introduction, the PID-5 has generated an impressive accumulation of studies examining its psychometric properties, and the instrument is also already widely and frequently used in research studies. Although the PID-5 is psychometrically sound overall, reviews of this instrument express concern that this scale does not possess validity scales to detect invalidating levels of response bias, such as underreporting and overreporting. McGee Ng et al. (2016), using a “known-groups” (partial) criterion design, demonstrated that both underreporting and overreporting grossly affect mean scores on PID-5 scales. In the current investigation, we replicate these findings using an analog simulation design. An important extension to this replication study was the finding that the construct validity of the PID-5 was also significantly compromised by response bias, with statistically significant attenuation noted in validity coefficients of the PID-5 domain scales with scales from other instruments measuring congruent constructs. This attenuation was found for underreporting and overreporting bias. We believe there is a need to develop validity scales to screen for data-distorting response bias in research contexts and in clinical assessments where response bias is likely or otherwise suspected.
Stock Return Momentum and Reversal

Stock return momentum and reversal have been known for well over a decade. This work documents two new momentum effects that are even stronger than effects documented to date: yearly and quarterly periodicity. That is, in the long term, stock returns tend to follow a pattern every twelve months, and in the intermediate term to follow a pattern every three months. This analysis of the S&P 500 over 1970-2004 includes examination of five momentum and reversal effects by industry, calendar month, and earnings announcement month. The sustainability of stock return momentum and reversal strategies of course has some implications for implementation.
The revenues-expenditures nexus: panel data evidence from Swedish municipalities

This paper examines the dynamic relationship between local government revenues and expenditures in Sweden. Results from a panel of 265 municipalities covered over the time period 1974-87 show that (i) expenditures cause revenues, while revenues do not cause expenditures, (ii) intergovernmental grants both cause and are caused by expenditures and revenues, (iii) lags of four years are needed to describe the dynamics among the fiscal variables and (iv) the parameters of the expenditures equation are time varying. These results cast doubt on static modeling of local government activities and on models imposing time invariant parameters without ever testing for it.
USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA) TO EVALUATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND JUSTICE: A DIFFERENT WAY OF LOOKING AT THE SAME OLD NUMBERS

Abstract The study introduces a new method for assessing differences in levels of environmental quality between neighborhoods via application of the management science evaluation procedure data envelopment analysis (DEA). DEA that has the capacity to evaluate activities and process situations where more than one outcome is simultaneously involved is employed here to estimate the relative differences in environmental quality which majority versus minority populations may face between communities within a community. A relative assessment procedure, DEA illustrates in the study how to assess whether minority populations relative to majority populations within the same larger community face different levels of environmental quality that cannot be explained by differences in education, income, or other non-race based characteristics. The article points out the danger of simply inspecting one environmental quality factor at a time. Such a single factor evaluation can as the study illustrates generate misleading conclusions of environmental quality conditions. The study shows that the DEA approach while not solving all the problems of multiple source environmental factor influences, provides a useful method for looking at some dimensions of this problem.
Can the efficiency of the Croatian tax authorities be improved

The goals of this article were to determine whether the efficiency of tax authorities in Croatia improved over the period 1997-2012 and to identify how their efficiency can be improved in the future. According to our research the administrative costs of taxation in Croatia, as a percentage of GDP, decreased slightly over the past fifteen years but still remain above the EU average. Thus, there is a need to reduce the administrative costs of taxation, first by identifying and abolishing nuisance taxes that raise very little revenue and have high administrative costs. Second, special attention should be devoted to analysing and reducing the service expenses of tax authorities (especially IT expenses and expenses for telephone, mail and transportation services). The main problem related to research into administrative costs in Croatia over a longer period is the lack of relevant and reliable data, and hence the Croatian tax authorities should collect more data and release them to the public.
Determinants of early infant diagnosis and treatment of HIV among exposed infants in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya

'Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kenyatta University, Nairobi. Kenya 2Department of Community Health, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya Corresponding author: Dr FN Okwara, P.0. Box 19533-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. Email: florenceoringe@gmail. com Background: Paediatric HIV infection is a growing health challenge, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Most paediatric HIV infections are perinatally transmitted. Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) and immediate initiation of treatment minimizes deaths. Though EID services are widely available in Kenya, uptake remains low, especially in disadvantaged communities. Objectives: To evaluate determinants of EID and early treatment initiation among HIV exposed children from informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was done; where HIV infected mother-infant pairs attending health care facilities were recruited. Consent was sought. Non-biological caretakers were excluded. Structured questionnaires were administered to obtain information on socio-demographics, knowledge and uptake ofEID, Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) and Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Results: A total of 238 mother-infant pairs were interviewed. Majority, (69.2%) were aged below 30 years, 75% had below secondary level of education, 67.6% were married, and 71.4% were of poor social backgrounds. Most (77.4%) had HIV diagnosis made in the preceding year, 68.5% of them during pregnancy. Knowledge on importance of EID was poor, and only 53.8% had knowledge of PMTCT interventions. Only 38.7% had received ARV prophylaxis in pregnancy, while 37.4% were on ARV therapy. Majority, (63.5%) had delivered in a health facility, but only 56.7% had EID at 6 weeks. While 19.7% of infants tested HIV positive, only 10.6% of infected infants were started on treatment immediately. The main determinants of EID at 6 weeks were maternal delivery at a public health 74 East and Central Africa Medical Journal 2015; 2: 74-79 facility (p = 0.000, bR 0.171, CI 0.0650.451), receiving of psychosocial support (P = 0.000, OR 0.173, CI 0.0750.398), high matemaI knowledge on PMTCT (p =0.001), mothers on ARV therapy (P= 0.017, OR 0.284, CI 0.1010.795) and mother on ARV prophylaxis (p = 0.020, OR 0.306173, CI 0.1130.830). Factors associated with early initiation of treatment were delivery in public health (P=O.005) and receiving of psychosocial support (P=O.OOO). Conclusion: Knowledge of on PMTCT and EID was low, and this lead to low EID uptake. We recommend integration of PMTCT and paediatric HJV care services to MNCH settings.
A Content Analysis of Ecotourism Definitions

One of the most habitual practices in the sub-field of ecotourism, from both academic and industry perspectives, is the development of definitions. Although the reasons for such a proliferation of definitions is unknown, it appears as though the trend will continue. This research sought to better understand the concept of ecotourism through an examination of 85 definitions of the term (chiefly from the perspective of 20 variables), using a content analysis methodology. The variables most frequently cited in the definitions include: (i) reference to where ecotourism occurs, e.g. natural areas; (2) conservation; (3) culture; (4) benefits to locals; and (5) education. From the perspective of time, the data indicate that the years ranging from 1991 to 1996, were the most productive in terms of the development of ecotourism definitions, and more specifically 1994 to 1996, when a number of the most comprehensive of these were coined. Conservation, education, ethics, sustainability, impacts and local benefits were variables which were better represented in the more recent definitions, showing a changing emphasis in how the term has been conceptualised over time.
The Causes of Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

This article analyzes the determinants of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon using data from 316 municipalities (counties) during the period 1975 to 1985. Two different measures of deforestation are derived, one based on satellite photos and one based on land surveys. The two measures are consistent with each other but are more conservative than most estimates found in previous studies. Both deforestation measures are used in a series of deforestation regressions, which indicate that local economic forces are now more important than federal development policy. Thus, although the federal government cer tainly initiated the deforestation process with ambitious road-building and development programs, it may now have lost control to local market forces.
Experiences of the use of riverine nutrient models in stakeholder dialogues

The potential of models to assist in stakeholder dialogues is assessed regarding options for the reduction of riverine nitrogen loads in a 357‐km2 river basin in south central Sweden. Scenarios of remedies based on stakeholders' suggestions were used to stimulate discussions in a panel incorporating farmers, municipality staff, politicians and technical advisers. The farmers perceived the model‐derived discussion material as valuable, although only average conditions at a generic farm were simulated. The panellists demonstrated caution when using regionalized information, but did not request quantitative uncertainty estimates. There was a desire to have phosphorus included in the model‐derived discussion material and to include the impacts of other environmental goals than ‘no eutrophication’. The inclusion of different stakeholder groups in the panel sessions was acknowledged as a way to establish a shared perception of the existing environmental status of the basin and to define the pros and cons of various remedies. This was seen by the panellists as a way to facilitate local implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Use of model‐stimulated local stakeholder panels is also a way to ensure that involved stakeholders perceive local environmental goals as realistic and acceptable. However, to establish river‐basin stakeholder dialogues as part of the nation‐wide implementation of the WFD directive, it will be necessary to develop a model approach that can be used by local advisers. Perhaps the most critical factor is the moderators' ability to provide an atmosphere of mutual respect between all those involved in contrast to performing one‐way lectures to the participants.
Assessment of sedentary behavior with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire.

PURPOSE This study explored definitions of sedentary behavior and examined the relationship between sitting time and physical inactivity using the sitting items from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). METHODS Participants (N = 289, 44.6% male, mean age = 35.93) from 3 countries completed self-administered long- and short-IPAQ sitting items. Participants wore accelerometers; were classified as inactive (no leisure-time activity), insufficiently active, or meeting recommendations; and were classified into tertiles of sitting behavior. RESULTS Reliability of sitting time was acceptable for men and women. Correlations between total sitting and accelerometer counts/min <100 were significant for both long (r = .33) and short (r = .34) forms. There was no agreement between tertiles of sitting and the inactivity category (kappa = .02, P = .68). CONCLUSION Sedentary behavior should be explicitly measured in population surveillance and research instead of being defined by lack of physical activity.
Multiple dimensions in negotiating the cross‐border transport links that connect and divide Singapore and Johor, Malaysia

Despite recent literature pointing to the need for a multidimensional approach to border processes, transport links across borders are usually uncritically associated with cross-border 'inte- gration'. This paper focuses on examining the roles played by transport facilities in border processes. It uses case studies of three key transport links at the border between Singapore and Johor, Malaysia. As would conventionally be expected, enhancing these links was often seen in terms of the economic opportunities expected to arise from the easing of bottlenecks. However, the findings also reveal multiple roles for the transport links at this border, many of which cannot be enlisted in any simple conception of cross-border integration, even when clear enhancement of the links is involved. These roles include: as 'filters' (or 'valves') used to encourage or discourage certain flows; as 'gateways' asserting territoriality; and as 'bargaining chips' in the bilateral relationship. A role as 'collision points' between policy regimes was also surprisingly important. However, contrary to usual expectations none of the transport links examined appear in the guise of 'bridges', contributing towards integrated governance. These findings highlight the complexity of border processes, and underline the contin- gent interactions between different dimensions of cross-border processes sometimes simplistically conflated as 'integration'.
Who Bears the Public Debt Burden and How? Understanding the Distribution of Public Debt Burden

This paper uses a saver-spender model where both agents are inter temporal optimizers to analyze the distributional eect of rising debt that is created by various combinations of debt- …nanced expansionary …scal policies and their possible contractionary adjustments. Using USA data, the paper shows that debt burden on the saver and on the spender that results from these policy combinations are almost always unequal. Debt burdens vary signi…cantly among dierent debt generating policy choices and their alternative …nancing schemes. The debt burden inequality results are quite robust to alternative empirically plausible parameter values. The paper also looks at projected …scal scenario under the provisions of recently passed American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) and argues that the act might reduce debt burden inequality.
Full Dollarization: A Last Resort Solution to Financial Instability in Emerging Countries?

This paper will examine the question of official dollarization. To clarify the discussion, a taxonomy of dollarization regimes is drawn up in order to make an inventory of officially dollarized countries, territories and dependencies. The foundations for adopting full dollarization are analysed through three elements: an account of the limits to corner solutions, the identification of the economic contexts which are favourable to the adoption of foreign currencies and the reasons behind the legitimacy crisis of national currencies. To determine what is at stake in such decisions, cost advantage analysis mentions, first of all, the expected benefits highlighted by the advocates of complete dollarization. A detailed study of its potential impact will then allow us to evaluate the induced costs of the disappearance of national currencies. Finally, by looking at emerging countries which have adopted this exchange regime, the limits of adopting such a solution are underlined, particularly by the fact that the disappearance of national currencies implies an abandonment of monetary sovereignty and a loss of a powerful symbol of national identity.L'objet de cet article est d'alimenter le débat sur la dollarisation officielle. En raison de son cot̂ d'opportunite, le remplacement d'une monnaie nationale par une devise etrangere constitue une solution de dernier ressort à l'instabilité financiére des économies emergentes. Pour éclairer la discussion, une typologie des régimes de dollarisation est dressée afin de recenser les pays, territoires et dépendances officiellement dollarisés. Les fondements du changement de régime monétaire sont présentés à partir de trois elements: l'analyse des limites des corner solutions, l'identification des contextes economiques favorables à l'introduction d'une devise étrangére et les raisons de la crise de légitimite de la monnaie nationale. Pour comprendre les enjeux d'une telle decision, l'etude des avantages-couts souligne en premier les benefices espérés mis en valeur par les partisans de la dollarisation intégrale. L'exposé détaillé de son impact potentiel permet ensuité d'estimer les coûts induits par la substitution monétaire. En prenant pour exemple les pays émergents qui ont choisi cette option monétaire, on précise enfin le terrain d'application limité d'une telle mesure, la disparition de la monnaie domestique entraînant l'abandon d'une souveraineté monétaire et la perte d'un puissant symbole d'identite nationalé.
Could Southern Italians Cooperate? Banche Popolari in the Mezzogiorno

Recent work by Robert Putnam has revived a contentious debate about the role of culture in Italian regional disparities. Southern Italy is argued to have been locked in an impoverishing, no-trust equilibrium. This article explores an apparent exception to Putnam's historical evidence: the South's late-nineteenth-century cooperative banks (banche popolari). Econometric investigation reveals important differences in the strategy and performance of these banks in North and South during the crucial decade of the 1890s, and shows that these differences cannot be attributed to differences in the local environment. In fact, the evidence is broadly consistent with Putnam's hypothesis.
Staff and student perceptions of support services for international students in higher education: a case study

One aspect of the internationalisation of higher education in Australia has been a large growth in the number of international students enrolled in universities. While this has brought a number of benefits to the institutions, the students themselves report varying levels of satisfaction with their experience. One area which can contribute to satisfaction levels is provision of student support services. This paper describes a study which found that international students and support service providers, while sharing perspectives in some respects, had differing views about student service delivery. The paper argues that providers of services for international students need to be more aligned to students' expectations of service provision, and more centred on students' actual needs, if they are to increase students' levels of satisfaction with their international experience.
Knowledge-sharing in R&D departments: a social power and social exchange theory perspective

Sharing knowledge in an R&D team is one of the crucial ways of sustaining a competitive advantage. According to the social power theory, managers have five types of power to influence subordinates' behavior (French and Raven 1959). This study examines managers' social power influencing R&D employees' knowledge-sharing behavior. The empirical model formed two nested models, one to assess the direct effect of managers' social power on employees' knowledge-sharing behavior, and the other to examine the indirect effect of using the mediated variable of trust. Data gathered from 105 R&D employees were employed to examine the relationship. The results indicate that manager's reward power and expert power have direct effects, while reference power and expert power have indirect effects.