Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards the construction of a field: The developments and implications of mobile assisted language learning (MALL)

There has been little review research with regard to the latest developments of mobile assisted language learning (MALL) research and its implications for professionals in this emerging field of information technology applied to language teaching and research. Hence, this work aimed to review a number of studies that investigated the effectiveness of using such mobile devices to facilitate language learning, teaching, and research. As well as providing an overview of previous research related to MALL, this review article also presents some practical implications for both educators and researchers who intend to use mobile devices in their classrooms and studies. The investigators of this review study searched the available literature published in the ISI Web of Science using keywords and reviews of titles and abstracts, and obtained a total of 24 mobile learning (m-learning) articles. After the data collection process, the researchers used text-mining techniques and adopted the m-learning task model (Taylor et al. , 2006) to categorize and analyze these 24 journal articles in order to examine developments and trends in MALL. Results show that the majority of researchers aim to identify the effectiveness and efficiency of MALL by using newly developed mobile devices, such as smart phones and iPads, and while these approaches are generally considered beneficial, they also present some challenges to users, academics, and teachers. To conclude, more research is needed to further investigate the communication that occurs among learners with the use of various mobile devices, and their developments of various cognitive learning domains.
Exploring cutting structure in film, with applications to the films of D. W. Griffith, Mack Sennett, and Charlie Chaplin

Two graphical methods of exploring aspects of cutting structure in film using shot-length data are presented. The first of these converts the cumulative frequencies of shot-lengths to tabular form that can be displayed in various ways, including the use of correspondence analysis. The method is used to investigate the differences in cutting rates used by Mack Sennett and Charlie Chaplin while directing films for the Keystone Company in 1912–14. Results suggest that previous analyses based on the average shot-length may over-simplify the contrast, and some evidence for the evolution of Sennett’s style in 1913 is also suggested. The methods used, like much of the literature, do not take into account the time-series structure of the shot-lengths. In the second approach presented, this is allowed for by smoothing the time-series of shot-lengths using non-parametric regression. A computer-intensive way of presenting results graphically is developed, that does not commit the analyst to a particular choice of smoothing level, and is used to investigate an ‘hypothesis’ about D. W. Griffith’s cutting style suggested by a ‘prescription’ for pacing implied in comments made in an article published under his name in the 1920s. It is shown that his major feature films between 1914 and 1921 conform to the prescription, but there is not much evidence for it in his earlier and later work.
Logic Programming with Focusing Proofs in Linear Logic

The deep symmetry of linear logic [18] makes it suitable for providing abstract models of computation, free from implementation details which are, by nature, oriented and nonsymmetrical. I propose here one such model, in the area of logic programming, where the basic computational principle is Computation = Proof search Proofs considered here are those of the Gentzen style sequent calculus for linear logic. However, proofs in this system may be redundant, in that two proofs can be syntactically different although identical up to some irrelevant reordering or simplification of the applications of the inference rules. This leads to an untractable proof search where the search procedure is forced to make costly choices which turn out to be irrelevant. To overcome this problem, a subclass of proofs, called the 'focusing' proofs, which is both complete (any derivable formula in linear logic has a focusing proof) and tractable (many irrelevant choices in the search are eliminated when aimed at focusing proofs) is identified. The main constraint underlying the specification of focusing proofs has been to preserve the symmetry of linear logic, which is its most salient feature. In particular, dual connectives have dual properties with respect to focusing proofs. Then, a programming language, called LinLog, consisting of a fragment of linear logic, in which focusing proofs have a more compact form, is presented. Linlog deals with formulae which have a syntax similar to that of the definite clauses and goals of Horn logic, but the crucial difference here is that it allows clauses with multiple atoms in the head, connected by the 'par' (multiplicative disjunction). It is then shown that the syntactic restriction induced by LinLog is not performed at the cost of any expressive power: a mapping from full linear logic to LinLog, preserving focusing proofs, and analogous to the normalization to clausal form for classical logic, is presented.
Predicting falls in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review of task performance-based assessment tools

INTRODUCTION: Falls among community-dwelling older adults are a common yet often preventable occurrence. Clinicians frequently use task-based assessment tools to evaluate clients’ balance and mobility with the aim of predicting falls and providing targeted fall prevention interventions, but no consensus exists on the optimum tool(s) to use for this purpose. This review aims to identify the task-based assessment tools that can best predict falls among community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: Online databases Academic Search Complete, AMED, Biomedical Reference Collection: Expanded, CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE, General Science, and SPORTDiscus were searched from 1983 to 2013 to identify prospective studies assessing the performance of specific tasks in order to predict falls. Following screening, the methodological quality of studies included for review was appraised using a checklist based on the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool for cohort studies [1]. RESULTS: Thirty-seven studies, dating from 1996 to 2013 and largely of high methodological quality, were included in this review. A range of task performance-based assessment tools suitable for use in both clinical and laboratory settings were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Strong evidence in favour of using the Timed Up-and-Go test, Five Times Sit-to-Stand test and assessments of gait speed to predict falls among this population in clinical settings was found, along with weaker evidence for tests of standing balance and reaching task performance. Laboratory-based assessments of postural sway and gait variability were also found to predict falls. Incorporating the recommended assessment tools into comprehensive assessments of community-dwelling older clients can lead to improved falls prediction by clinicians.
Pudendal Block in Normal Vaginal Deliveries

Abstract. Pudendal block with 20 ml of 1 per cent lidocaine (200 mg) with and without epinephrine was used in 24 patients for pain relief during the second stage of labour. The addition of epinephrine improved the quality and prolonged the duration of the anasthe‐sia. Measurable amounts of lidocaine were detected in maternal venous And foetal scalp blood within 5 minutes after the injection with peak levels within 10‐20 minutes. Lidocaine with epinephrine gave lower maternal and foetal levels than plain lidocaine. The peak levels were about 30 per cent lower in maternal and about 20 per cent lower in foetal blood when epinephrine was added to the solution injected. The lidocaine levels in foetal blood were lower than the corresponding concentrations in maternal blood. They were always far below levels reported to be toxic. No correlation existed between maternal or foetal blood lidocaine concentrations and acid‐base changes in maternal or foetal blood. A slight but transient decline in the uterine activity was sometimes observed. This tendency was more pronounced when lidocaine with epinephrine was used. The mean duration of the second stage was longer in the anaesthetized patients than in a control group, probably more due to the abolishment of the bearing down reflex than to the slightly affected uterine activity. A prolongation of the second stage of labour was found to give a significantly increased tendency to foetal aci‐dosis in the anaesthetized as well as in the control group. The one minute Apgar scores were, however, normal. Adverse effects on the foetus due to a second stage prolonged by pudenda] block may be minimized by liberal use of episotomy, proper instruction, and coaching.
Transinfection: a method to investigate Wolbachia–host interactions and control arthropod‐borne disease

The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia manipulates arthropod host biology in numerous ways, including sex ratio distortion and differential offspring survival. These bacteria infect a vast array of arthropods, some of which pose serious agricultural and human health threats. Wolbachia‐mediated phenotypes such as cytoplasmic incompatibility and/or pathogen interference can be used for vector and disease control; however, many medically important vectors and important agricultural species are uninfected or are infected with strains of Wolbachia that do not elicit phenotypes desirable for disease or pest control. The ability to transfer strains of Wolbachia into new hosts (transinfection) can create novel Wolbachia–host associations. Transinfection has two primary benefits. First, Wolbachia–host interactions can be examined to tease apart the influence of the host and bacteria on phenotypes. Second, desirable phenotypes induced by Wolbachia in a particular insect can be transferred to another recipient host. This can allow the manipulation of insect populations that transmit pathogens or detrimentally affect agriculture. As such, transinfection is a valuable tool to explore Wolbachia biology and control arthropod‐borne disease. The present review summarizes what is currently known about Wolbachia transinfection methods and applications. We also provide a comprehensive list of published successful and unsuccessful Wolbachia transinfection attempts.
An antennae‐enriched carboxylesterase from Spodoptera exigua displays degradation activity in both plant volatiles and female sex pheromones

Carboxyl/cholinesterase (CCE) is a large gene family of diverse functions, but in insects its function with respect to catabolism of sex pheromone components and plant volatiles is not well understood. In the present study, we cloned and functionally characterized one putative odorant‐degrading enzyme (ODE) of the CCE family, SexiCXE14, from Spodoptera exigua. The tissue‐temporal expression pattern revealed that the mRNA level of SexiCXE14 is antennae‐enriched, sex equivalent and peaks at 3 days after moth eclosion. Functional study using the recombinant enzyme determined that SexiCXE14 has high degrading activity (Vmax) to host plant volatiles, suggesting its role in degradation of these volatiles. In addition, SexiCXE14 may also play a role in the degradation of sex pheromone components, as the Vmax and affinity parameter (Km) values with the sex pheromones are similar to those of reported pheromone degrading enzymes (PDEs). Further analysis of the relationship between substrate structure and enzymatic activity demonstrated that carbon chain length is a major influential factor, while the number of double bonds also affects the enzymatic activity. In addition, SexiCXE14 displays lower activity at acidic pH levels (pH 5.0) than in neutral conditions (pH 6.5). By characterizing this new ODE the present study provides insights in understanding of the high sensitivity of the moth olfactory system.
Heat shock protein 90 maintains the stability and function of transcription factor Broad Z7 by interacting with its Broad‐Complex‐Tramtrack‐Bric‐a‐brac domain

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a highly conserved chaperone protein that interacts with various client proteins to mediate their folding and stability. The Broad‐Complex‐Tramtrack‐Bric‐a‐brac (BTB) domain, also known as poxvirus and zinc finger (POZ) domain, exists widely in different proteins and is highly conserved. However, the stability mechanism of BTB domain‐containing proteins has not been fully understood. Co‐immunoprecipitation and a protein pull‐down assay were performed to investigate the interaction between Hsp90 and the transcription factor Broad isoform Z7 (BrZ7) in vivo and in vitro. The middle domain of Hsp90 directly associated with the BTB domain of BrZ7. The Hsp90 inhibitor 17‐(Allylamino)‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐AAG) interrupted the interaction between Hsp90 and BrZ7 and decreased the protein level of BrZ7 but did not affect the mRNA level of BrZ7. The addition of the proteasome inhibitor peptide aldehyde Cbz‐leu‐leu leucinal suppressed the 17‐AAG‐induced degradation of BrZ7. BTB domain deletion and 17‐AAG treatment resulted in inhibition of BrZ7 function in gene expression in the 20‐hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone pathways. These results reveal that the middle domain of Hsp90 associates with the BTB domain of BrZ7 to prevent BrZ7 degradation and maintain BrZ7 function in gene expression in the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera.
Identification of promoter polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP6AY1 linked with insecticide resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Imidacloprid resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, is primarily the result of the over‐expression of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Here, a field‐collected strain of N. lugens was shown to be highly resistant to both imidacloprid and buprofezin. Insecticide exposure and quantitative real‐time PCR revealed that its resistance was mainly associated with a cytochrome P450 gene, CYP6AY1. CYP6AY1 is known to metabolize imidacloprid but its effect on buprofezin is unclear. In the 5′‐untranslated region of CYP6AY1, a novel alternative splicing was detected. After a 1990‐bp promoter region was cloned, its basal luciferase activity was assessed. Furthermore, genotyping studies identified 12 variations in the promoter region that discriminated between the field‐collected and control strain. Finally, survival bioassays revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism and an insertion‐deletion polymorphism linked to buprofezin and imidacloprid resistance. Mutagenesis of these sites enhanced the promoter activity of CYP6AY1. These results suggest that promoter polymorphisms may affect P450‐mediated multiple insecticide resistance of pests.
Expression patterns of sex‐determination genes in single male and female embryos of two Bactrocera fruit fly species during early development

In tephritids, the sex‐determination pathway follows the sex‐specific splicing of transformer (tra) mRNA, and the cooperation of tra and transformer‐2 (tra‐2) to effect the sex‐specific splicing of doublesex (dsx), the genetic double‐switch responsible for male or female somatic development. The Dominant Male Determiner (M) is the primary signal that controls this pathway. M, as yet uncharacterized, is Y‐chromosome linked, expressed in the zygote and directly or indirectly diminishes active TRA protein in male embryos. Here we first demonstrated the high conservation of tra, tra‐2 and dsx in two Australian tephritids, Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera jarvisi. We then used quantitative reverse transcription PCR on single, sexed embryos to examine expression of the key sex‐determination genes during early embryogenesis. Individual embryos were sexed using molecular markers located on the B. jarvisi Y‐chromosome that was also introgressed into a B. tryoni line. In B. jarvisi, sex‐specific expression of tra transcripts occurred between 3 to 6 h after egg laying, and the dsx isoform was established by 7 h. These milestones were delayed in B. tryoni lines. The results provide a time frame for transcriptomic analyses to identify M and its direct targets, plus information on genes that may be targeted for the development of male‐only lines for pest management.
Factors Related to Drug Abuse in the Submarine Service. IV. Correlates of Permissiveness of Attitudes Toward Drug Abuse

Abstract : The overall purpose of this study was to identify some of the major correlates of permissive attitudes toward drug abuse (D.A.). The General Biographical Information Questionnaire (GBIQ), the General Drug Information Questionnaire (GDIQ), and the Drug Opinion Survey (DOS) administered to 58 Navy enlisted candidates for the submarine service provided the source data for the study. Based upon the relationship of the Attitude Permissiveness Score (derived from the DOS) to selected items from the GBIQ and the GDIQ, major findings are outlined. Suggestions for planning an effective drug education program for the submarine service as well as consideration of the possibility of using attitude information of this kind to identify D.A. -prone submariner recruits were discussed.
Partial semantics of argumentation: basic properties and empirical

In various argumentation systems, under most of situations, only the status of some arguments of the systems should be evaluated, while that of others is not necessary to be figured out. Based on this observation, we first introduce an efficient method to evaluate the status of a part of arguments in an abstract argumentation framework (AF). Given an AF and a subset of arguments within it, the minimal set of arguments that are relevant to this subset (called the set of relevant arguments of the subset) is identified. Under a semantics satisfying the directionality criterion, the set of extensions of the sub-framework induced by the set of relevant arguments of the given subset (called a partial semantics of the AF with respect to this subset) can be evaluated locally. Then, we introduce three basic properties of the partial semantics of argumentation: monotonicity, extensibility and combinability, which lay a foundation for developing efficient algorithms for the status evaluation of a part of arguments in an AF. Finally, we conduct an empirical investigation on the properties of computing the partial semantics of argumentation using answer-set programming. The average results show that the computational benefits of this method is closely related to the edge density of the defeat graph of a given AF.
Catalase is a determinant of the colonization and transovarial transmission of Rickettsia parkeri in the Gulf Coast tick Amblyomma maculatum

The Gulf Coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum) has evolved as a competent vector of the spotted‐fever group rickettsia, Rickettsia parkeri. In this study, the functional role of catalase, an enzyme responsible for the degradation of toxic hydrogen peroxide, in the colonization of the tick vector by R. parkeri and transovarial transmission of this pathogen to the next tick generation, was investigated. Catalase gene (CAT) expression in midgut, salivary glands and ovarian tissues exhibited a 2–11‐fold increase in transcription level upon R. parkeri infection. Depletion of CAT transcripts using an RNA‐interference approach significantly reduced R. parkeri infection levels in midgut and salivary gland tissues by 53–63%. The role of CAT in transovarial transmission of R. parkeri was confirmed by simultaneously blocking the transcript and the enzyme by injecting double‐stranded RNA for CAT and a catalase inhibitor (3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole) into gravid females. Simultaneous inhibition of the CAT transcript and the enzyme significantly reduced the egg conversion ratio with a 44% reduction of R. parkeri transovarial transmission. These data suggest that catalase is required for rickettsial colonization of the tick vector and transovarial transmission to the next generation.
Alternating current cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) for depression.

BACKGROUND Depression is a mood disorder with a prevalence of approximately 1% to 3% worldwide, representing the fourth leading cause of disease burden globally. The current standard treatments of psychological therapy and antidepressant medications are not effective for everyone, and psychotropic drugs may be associated with significant adverse effects. Cranial electrical stimulation (CES) treatment, in which a low intensity electrical current is administered through the use of a small, portable electrical device, has been reported to have efficacy in the treatment of depression with minimal adverse effects. This systematic review investigated the scientific evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of CES in treatment of acute depression compared to sham, or simulated, CES treatment. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of alternating current cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) compared with sham CES for acute depression. SEARCH METHODS We searched The Cochrane Collaboration Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis review group's specialized register (CCDANCTR-Studies and CCDANCTR-References) to February 24, 2014 This register contains relevant randomized controlled trials from: The Cochrane Library (all years), MEDLINE (1950 to date), EMBASE (1974 to date), and PsycINFO (1967 to date). We examined reference lists of review papers and books on CES. We contacted authors, other experts in the field and CES manufacturing companies for knowledge of suitable published or unpublished trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials of CES versus sham CES for the acute treatment of depressive disorder in adults aged 18 to 75 years. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We planned to extract data from the original reports of included studies independently by two authors. The main outcomes to be assessed were:(1) the efficacy of CES in reducing symptoms of depression as reflected in change scores on standardized depression rating scales. (2) the tolerability of CES treatment to participants, as reflected in rates of discontinuation due to adverse effects.We planned to analyze data using Review Manager 5. MAIN RESULTS No studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There are insufficient methodologically rigorous studies of CES in treatment of acute depression. There is a need for double-blind randomized controlled trials of CES in the treatment of acute depression.