Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparing Policy Networks: Marine Protected Areas

While most of the network literature focuses on information and advice networks, there is increasing interest—particularly among Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) scholars—on ally networks and coordination networks. This article asks two basic questions: First, do information, ally, and coordination networks overlap with each other? Second, and drawing from the ACF, do policy core beliefs structure the interactions in ally, coordination, and advice/information networks? We pursue these research questions in the context of the California Marine Life Protection Act process. We find that ally and coordination networks overlap slightly more than information/advice networks and that policy core beliefs do a better job of predicting ally and coordination networks than advice/information networks. Thus, we show that ally networks can provide a useful proxy for coordination networks to identify advocacy coalitions.
The relationship between negative symptom subdomains and cognition

Background Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are partially overlapping. However, the nature of the relationship between negative symptoms and cognition remains equivocal. Recent reviews have demonstrated the presence of two negative symptom subdomains, diminished emotional expression (DEE) and avolition. In view of this, we sought to clarify the relationship between negative symptoms and cognitive domains. Method A total of 687 participants with schizophrenia were assessed on measures of psychopathology and cognition. Three cognitive factors, namely executive function, fluency/memory and speed/vigilance were computed from the cognitive tests. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to examine if a one-factor or two-factor negative model was applicable to our sample. Subsequently, the relationships between negative symptoms and cognition were examined using structural equation modeling. Results Results demonstrated that the two-factor model fitted the data well. While negative symptoms were mildly to moderately associated with cognition, we found that DEE had unique associations with cognition compared to social avolition, contributing to the validity of the constructs and suggesting the possibility of common underlying substrates in negative symptoms and cognition. Conclusions Our study highlighted the need to classify DEE and social avolition separately as both are necessary in refining the complex relationship between negative symptoms and cognition as well as potentially guiding treatment and management of schizophrenia.
Treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy: ten-year experience of the Italian Bone Marrow Transplantation Group and the Italian Pediatric Hematology Oncology Association.

PURPOSE To compare the results of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (AlloBMT) with those obtained with chemotherapy (CHEMO) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in second complete remission (CR) after a marrow relapse. The experience of the Italian Bone Marrow Transplantation Group and the Italian Pediatric Hematology Oncology Association is summarized. PATIENTS AND METHODS All children who had a relapse in the period 1980 to 1989 in 27 centers in Italy were eligible for the study. Of 287 eligible patients, 230 were treated with CHEMO, most of them (93%) according to a standard multiple-drug relapse protocol. The remaining 57 children underwent AlloBMT. Preparative regimens included total-body irradiation and chemotherapy (n = 51) or chemotherapy alone (n = 6). Statistical analysis was performed with a Cox regression model adjusting for waiting time to transplant and prognostic factors. RESULTS In the whole series, minimum and median follow-up after second CR were 3 and 6.2 years, respectively; at 8 years from second CR, disease-free survival (DFS) was 20.0% (SE 2.5) and survival was 26.4% (SE 2.9). In the group of patients with an early first relapse, DFS was significantly longer after AlloBMT than after CHEMO (relative risk [RR] = 0.45, P = .002). No significant advantage of AlloBMT over CHEMO was found for patients with a late relapse (> 30 months since diagnosis). Duration of first CR significantly influenced prognosis in the CHEMO group (RR = 0.32, P = .0001 for patients with late first relapse versus patients with early first relapse). CONCLUSION Results suggest an advantage in DFS of AlloBMT over CHEMO in ALL patients who experienced an early first medullary relapse. Prospective trials are needed to address efficacy of AlloBMT versus CHEMO in patients with late bone marrow relapse.
Studies on the blood-brain barrier with radioactive phosphorus.

RADIOACTIVE isotopes are being used with increasing frequency to localize brain tumors. Either the locally increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier or the active metabolism of the tumors—it is not at present clear which— causes a higher concentration of some isotopes in the tissue of the neoplasm than in the normal brain. The investigations of Hevesy and Hahn 1 showed that only a small fraction of radioactive phosphorus (P 32 ), approximately 0.02% of the total amount, given parenterally, is deposited in the brain. This finding was considered evidence of a slow phosphorus turnover in the central nervous system. Lindberg and I, 2 working on the theory that the blood-brain barrier plays a decisive role in this phenomenon, injected P 32 directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, bypassing the barrier, and found that this isotope would indeed accumulate rapidly in the brain. After such an injection into the cisterna magna (cisterna cerebellomedullaris)
Evolution of the Pygmy Phenotype: Evidence of Positive Selection from Genome-wide Scans in African, Asian, and Melanesian Pygmies

Abstract Human pygmy populations inhabit different regions of the world, from Africa to Melanesia. In Asia, short-statured populations are often referred to as “negritos. ” Their short stature has been interpreted as a consequence of thermoregulatory, nutritional, and/or locomotory adaptations to life in tropical forests. A more recent hypothesis proposes that their stature is the outcome of a life history trade-off in high-mortality environments, where early reproduction is favored and, consequently, early sexual maturation and early growth cessation have coevolved. Some serological evidence of deficiencies in the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis have been previously associated with pygmies' short stature. Using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism genotype data, we first tested whether different negrito groups living in the Philippines and Papua New Guinea are closely related and then investigated genomic signals of recent positive selection in African, Asian, and Papuan pygmy populations. We found that negritos in the Philippines and Papua New Guinea are genetically more similar to their nonpygmy neighbors than to one another and have experienced positive selection at different genes. These results indicate that geographically distant pygmy groups are likely to have evolved their short stature independently. We also found that selection on common height variants is unlikely to explain their short stature and that different genes associated with growth, thyroid function, and sexual development are under selection in different pygmy groups.
Interobserver error involved in independent attempts to measure cusp base areas of Pan M1s

Cusp base areas measured from digitized images increase the amount of detailed quantitative information one can collect from post‐canine crown morphology. Although this method is gaining wide usage for taxonomic analyses of extant and extinct hominoids, the techniques for digitizing images and taking measurements differ between researchers. The aim of this study was to investigate interobserver error in order to help assess the reliability of cusp base area measurement within extant and extinct hominoid taxa. Two of the authors measured individual cusp base areas and total cusp base area of 23 maxillary first molars (M1) of Pan. From these, relative cusp base areas were calculated. No statistically significant interobserver differences were found for either absolute or relative cusp base areas. On average the hypocone and paracone showed the least interobserver error (< 1%) whereas the protocone and metacone showed the most (2.6–4.5%). We suggest that the larger measurement error in the metacone/protocone is due primarily to either weakly defined fissure patterns and/or the presence of accessory occlusal features. Overall, levels of interobserver error are similar to those found for intraobserver error. The results of our study suggest that if certain prescribed standards are employed then cusp and crown base areas measured by different individuals can be pooled into a single database.
Resource Scarcity and Agency Theory Predictions Concerning the Continued Use of Franchising in Multi‐outlet Networks

A study of 439 franchisors was conducted to identify factors influencing changes in their propensity to franchise. Consistent with agency theory, franchisors with wide multinational scope were increasing their proportion of franchised outlets whereas franchisors with large outlets were emphasizing firm ownership. As predicted by resource scarcity theory, franchisors were decreasing their proportion franchised as they grew in size, although most of the decrease occurred while firms were relatively small. In contrast to resource scarcity theory, franchisors increased their proportion franchised over time. Key implications are that both agency and resource scarcity theories are needed to explain franchising, but perhaps future research should look beyond resource scarcities toward resource‐based capabilities to better explain franchising decisions.
Preservation of humidity and heat of respiratory gases in spontaneously breathing, tracheostomized patients

Background: Ventilation with endotracheal intubation bypasses the upper airway and the normal heat and moisture exchanging process of inspired gases. A continuous loss of moisture and heat occurs and predisposes patients to serious airway damage. We therefore prospectively studied one heated humidifier system, one cold humidifier system and one heat and moisture exchanger in spontaneously breathing, tracheostomized intensive care unit patients to determine the ability to preserve patients' heat and water.
Volatilities and Momentum Returns in Real Estate Investment Trusts

We examine the relation of time-varying idiosyncratic risk and momentum returns in REITs using a GARCH-in-mean model and incorporate liquidity risk in the asset pricing model. This is important because illiquidity may be more severe for REITs due to the nature of their underlying assets. We find that momentum returns display asymmetric volatility, i.e., momentum returns are higher when volatility is higher. Additionally, we find evidence that REITs with lowest past returns (losers) have higher idiosyncratic risks than those with highest past returns (winners) and that investors require a lower risk premium for holding losers’ idiosyncratic risks. Therefore, although losers have higher levels of idiosyncratic risks, their low risk premia cause low returns, which contribute to momentum. Lastly, we find a positive relation between REITs’ momentum return and turnover.
Fuel Combustion, Air Pollution Exposure, and Health: The Situation in Developing Countries

529 INTRODUCTION ' . 530 WHERE IS AIR POLLUTION? 531 An Example of the Power of Exposure Assessment: Coal Versus Tobacco . 535 Exposure Effectiveness . 538 GLOBAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT . 539 Where, Then, Are the People? 539 Exposure Analysis . 541 Trends During Development . 549 HEALTH EFFECTS . 55 1 Rural Indoor Exposures . 551 Urban Indoor Exposures . 555 Urban Outdoor Exposures. 555 CONCLUSION . 558 APPENDIX: INTERNATIONAL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STUDIES . 561
"How Relevant Are Legislatures? Sexual Diversity Politics and Political Institutions in Brazil"

The study of social movements in Latin America has often focused on movement organizations and their role in the development of an alternative, more democratic political space. More recently, a number of studies have explored the relationship between social movements and the State in the democratizing polities in the region. Partly due to the general discredit of legislatures in Latin America and to the common imbalance of power vis-a-vis the executive, little attention has been given to the relationship between social movements and legislatures. This paper examines the interaction of the gay, lesbian and travesti (GLT) movement in Brazil and legislatures, both at the federal and state level (Rio de Janeiro and Bahia states). It demonstrates that, despite significant institutional constraints on the action of legislators, GLT activists have sought alliances and have pressured state and federal deputies, at times successfully. Moreover, important victories, such as the passage of anti-discrimination legislation, have been achieved through an engagement with legislatures. This essay will argue that, despite important constraints and limitations (both endogenous and exogenous), legislatures can provide important paths for the inclusion of marginalized groups in Brazil. Factors such as the balance of power between the executive and legislative branches, the internal structure of the legislature and the ideological makeup of deputies help shape the degree to which sexual minorities are able to gain access to and influence over legislators, as well as the extent to which concrete victories result from this engagement.
The effect of human recombinant macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) on the murine mononuclear phagocyte system in vivo.

Human recombinant macrophage CSF (CSF-1) was administered i.v. to mice. After four daily injections there was a dose-dependent increase in the responsiveness of bone marrow cells from the treated animals to CSF-1 in vitro. At the highest dose tested (20,000 U/day) there was a selective 10-fold increase in the circulating population of mature monocytes. CSF-1 treatment also increased the macrophage content of the liver and peritoneal cavity and caused splenomegaly. The macrophages isolated from the peritoneum of CSF-1-treated animals were larger and expressed higher levels of the macrophage-specific F4/80 Ag. These data demonstrate that CSF-1 can act as a circulating regulator of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
The Framework of Maqasid al-Shari'ah and its Implication for Islamic Finance

This article aims at examining the concept of maqasid al-shari'ah of Islamic jurisprudence in order to appreciate its contribution toward more comprehensive, rational and realistic answers to contemporary financial issues and thereby to increase the awareness of the maqasid approach in structuring and developing Islamic finance products. For this purpose, the authors examine the literal and conceptual meaning of maqasid al-shari'ah and scrutinise its position in Islamic law. They also highlight the essential elements of maqasid al-shari'ah and explain how this approach may contribute to better solutions for various Islamic finance issues and challenges.
What determines the part-time and gender earnings gaps in Britain: evidence from the workplace

This study examines the role of individual and workplace characteristics in accounting for differences in hourly earnings between men and women in full and part-time jobs in Britain. A four-way gender-working time split (male full-timers, male part-timers, female full-timers, and female part-timers) is analysed, and allowance is explicitly made for workplace and occupational female segregation. Within gender groups, the striking difference between full and part-time employees is that full-timers work in higher paying occupations than do part-timers. Also, female occupational segregation makes a significant contribution to the earnings gap between male and female part-time employees but not for full-time workers. A further new result is that female workplace segregation contributes significantly to the full/part-time earnings gap of both males and females. Part-time employees work in more feminized workplaces and their earnings are lower. There remains, moreover, a substantial residual gender earnings gap between male and female employees. Copyright 2009 , Oxford University Press.
Ultrasound Volume Projection Imaging for Assessment of Scoliosis

The standing radiograph is used as a gold standard to diagnose spinal deformity including scoliosis, a medical condition defined as lateral spine curvature . However, the health concern of X-ray and large inter-observer variation of measurements on X-ray images have significantly restricted its application, particularly for scoliosis screening and close follow-up for adolescent patients. In this study, a radiation-free freehand 3-D ultrasound system was developed for scoliosis assessment using a volume projection imaging method. Based on the obtained coronal view images, two measurement methods were proposed using transverse process and spinous profile as landmarks, respectively. As a reliability study, 36 subjects (age: 30.1 ±14.5; male: 12; female: 24) with different degrees of scoliosis were scanned using the system to test the inter- and intra-observer repeatability. The intra- and inter-observer tests indicated that the new assessment methods were repeatable, with ICC larger than 0.92. Small intra- and inter-observer variations of measuring spine curvature were observed for the two measurement methods (intra-: 1.4 ±1.0° and 1.4 ±1.1°; inter-: 2.2 ±1.6° and 2.5 ±1.6°). The results also showed that the spinal curvature obtained by the new method had good linear correlations with X-ray Cobb's method ( , 29 subjects). These results suggested that the ultrasound volume projection imaging method can be a promising approach for the assessment of scoliosis, and further research should be followed up to demonstrate its potential clinical applications for mass screening and curve progression and treatment outcome monitoring of scoliosis patients.
Dual Role of Prostratin in Inhibition of Infection and Reactivation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus from Latency in Primary Blood Lymphocytes and Lymphoid Tissue

ABSTRACT To design strategies to purge latent reservoirs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), we investigated mechanisms by which a non-tumor-promoting phorbol ester, prostratin, inhibits infection of CD4+ T lymphocytes and at the same time reactivates virus from latency. CD4+ T lymphocytes from primary blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in blocks of human lymphoid tissue were stimulated with prostratin and infected with HIV-1 to investigate the effects of prostratin on cellular susceptibility to the virus. The capacity of prostratin to reactivate HIV from latency was tested in CD4+ T cells harboring preintegrated and integrated latent provirus. Prostratin stimulated CD4+ T cells in an aberrant way. It induced expression of the activation markers CD25 and CD69 but inhibited cell cycling. HIV-1 uptake was reduced in prostratin-stimulated CD4+ T PBMC and tissues in a manner consistent with a downregulation of CD4 and CXCR4 receptors in these systems. At the postentry level, prostratin inhibited completion of reverse transcription of the viral genome in lymphoid tissue. However, prostratin facilitated integration of the reverse-transcribed HIV-1 genome in nondividing CD4+ T cells and facilitated expression of already integrated HIV-1, including latent forms. Thus, while stimulation with prostratin restricts susceptibility of primary resting CD4+ T cells to HIV infection at the virus cell-entry level and at the reverse transcription level, it efficiently reactivates HIV-1 from pre- and postintegration latency in resting CD4+ T cells.
A 1.9 $e^{-}$ Random Noise CMOS Image Sensor With Active Feedback Operation in Each Pixel

A 1.9 e- random noise CMOS image sensor has been developed by applying an active feedback operation (AFO), which uses a capacitive feedback effect to floating diffusion (FD) by a gate-source capacitance of a pixel source follower (SF), in a CMOS image sensor with a lateral overflow integration capacitor (LOFIC) technology. It is described that the AFO is suitable for CMOS image sensors with LOFIC because the design of the full well capacity and the FD can be independently optimized. The AFO theory is found to be explored to a large signal voltage in detail, as well as the conventional analysis of the capacitive feedback effect of the pixel SF for a small signal voltage. A 1/4-in 5.6- mum-pitch 640(H) times 480(V) pixel sensor chip in a 0.18-mum two-poly-Si three-metal CMOS technology achieves about 1.7 times the sensitivity with AFO compared with the case where the feedback operation is not positively used, resulting in an input-referred conversion gain of 210 muV/e- and an input-referred noise of 1.9 e-. A high well capacity of 130 000 e- is also achieved.
Marginal Stockholder Tax Rates and the Clientele Effect

T HE determination of marginal stockholder tax brackets is an important and unresolved issue in the economic literature. Marginal stockholder tax brackets play an important role in stock valuation models [ 1, 6, 14], in normative investment and dividend policy models [11, 16], and in descriptive capital allocation models [ 7, 8, 10, 12 ]. The purpose of this paper is to present and test a method of determining marginal stockholder tax brackets and to explore the implications of our findings for corporate investment policy, corporate dividend policy, and the assumption of market rationality. In the first section of this paper we expand upon the reasons for studying marginal stockholder tax brackets. In the next section we show how marginal stockholder tax brackets can be inferred from the ex-dividend behavior of common stock. In the third and fourth sections we compute marginal stockholder tax brackets and discuss their implications for capital theory.
Exchange Rate Fluctuations, Oil Prices and Economic Performance: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria

The dominance of oil in the Nigeria’s external sector and as its major source of revenue is not in dispute. This therefore necessitates the need to probe the nexus and the magnitude of the effects of fluctuation in the exchange rate on oil price and on how it impacts the Nigeria’s economic performance. Against this background, this study evaluated the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on crude oil price as well as on economic performance, simultaneously. The ordinary least square and the two stage least squares estimation techniques were employed. The study found that real exchange rate has a positive effect (1.2%) on the Nigeria’s economic performance. We also found that a 1% increase in the price of oil would positively influence the economic performance of Nigeria by the magnitude of 4%. The R2 shows that 82% deviation in the gross domestic product was captured by the explanatory variables whereas the J-statistics of the model is insignificant, thus, confirming the relevance and validity of the instruments used.
The performance of UK regeneration property within a mixed asset portfolio

Urban regeneration has been an integral focus of central government policy in the UK for more than three decades and has played a pivotal role in enhancing the competitiveness of the UK economy, repositioning cities and city regions as the mainstays of economic growth. Utilising IPD data, this study confirms the capacity of regeneration property to match or outperform the wider real estate market in terms of total return over the medium‐long term. Significantly, optimal portfolio analysis demonstrates that urban regeneration property replaces mainstream real estate within a multi‐asset portfolio based on the total returns performance of equities, bonds, mainstream property and regeneration property over the 28‐year time series 1981–2008.