Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Awareness and attitudes of Chinese students towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Background A large number of sudden cardiac arrests occur annually, but the worldwide survival rate is less than 1%. Early initiation of bystander Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) would improve the survival rate of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrests. Students play an important role as bystanders on and off campus both now and in the future. So we wanted to investigate the awareness and attitudes towards CPR of Chinese students, in order to improve the dissemination of bystander CPR in China. Methods The survey was conducted by questionnaire in November 2007. We had chosen 3500 students from the city of Wuhan in China randomly according to the stratified cluster sampling technique. Results There were 3248 questionnaires answered, and 2763 questionnaires were considered valid. Few respondents reported that they had heard (28%) and studied (27%) of CPR, and only 3% of the respondents had attended a CPR course. The two major sources of information about CPR for Chinese students were television and books. Most respondents expressed a desire to learn CPR (77%), and were willing to disseminate CPR (73%). Conclusion Dissemination of CPR among Chinese students has not been executed satisfactorily. The finding highlights the importance of CPR dissemination and efforts should be made to provide more convenient, effective and attractive ways for the Chinese public, especially students, to learn CPR.
Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB): An Unsuspected Major Culprit in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis That Is Still at Large?

Endometriosis, defined as the ectopic presence of endometrial glandular and stromal cells outside the uterine cavity, is a common benign gynecological disorder with an enigmatic pathogenesis. Many genes and gene products have been reported to be altered in endometriosis, yet some of them may not be major culprits but merely unwitting accomplices or even innocent bystanders. Therefore, the identification and apprehension of major culprits in the pathogenesis of endometriosis are crucial to the understanding of the pathogenesis and would help to develop better therapeutics for endometriosis. Although so far NF-ĸB only has left few traces of incriminating fingerprints, several lines of investigation suggest that NF-ĸB, a pivotal pro-inflammatory transcription factor, could promote and maintain endometriosis. Various inflammatory agents, growth factors, and oxidative stress activate NF-ĸB. NF-ĸB proteins themselves and proteins regulated by them have been linked to cellular transformation, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion. Interestingly, all existing and nearly all investigational medications for endometriosis appear to act through suppression of NF-ĸB activation. In endometriotic cells, NF-ĸB appears to be constitutively activated, and suppression of NF-ĸB activity by NF-ĸB inhibitors or proteasome inhibitors suppresses proliferation in vitro. Viewing NF-ĸB as a major culprit, an autoregulatory loop model can be postulated, which is consistent with existing data and, more importantly, can explain several puzzling phenomena that are otherwise difficult to interpret based on prevailing theories. This view has immediate and important implications for novel ways to treat endometriosis. Further research is warranted to precisely delineate the roles of NF-ĸB in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and to indict and convict its aiders and abettors.
Treating ST elevation myocardial infarction by primary percutaneous coronary intervention, in-hospital thrombolysis and prehospital thrombolysis. An observational study of timelines and outcomes in 625 patients

Objective To describe the effects of implementing of a percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) service and compare the distribution of reperfusion therapies 12 months pre and post introduction of PPCI. Design Observational study with data collected 12 months pre and post-availability of Primary PCI as routine treatment. Setting Lothian region in South-East Scotland. Patients 625 Patients who received reperfusion treatment between December 2005 and November 2007. Results PHT was given to 96/328 patients (29%) prior to availability of PPCI as routine treatment. Following routine availability, PPCI was delivered to 248/297 patients who received reperfusion treatment (84%). Median diagnosis-to-PCI balloon inflation time and hospital door-to-balloon time were 84 and 54 min, respectively. Patients received PPCI balloon inflation within 90 min of diagnosis in 60% of cases. PPCI-related delay was 74 min compared with prehospital thrombolysis (PHT). PHT (152 min) and PPCI (166 min) had shorter symptom onset-to-assessment of reperfusion times than in-hospital thrombolysis (IHT) (226 min). Conclusions More than two-thirds of the total-ischaemic-time in (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) STEMI occurs before the patient reaches hospital, with less than one-third being accounted for by door-to-needle (IHT) or door-to-balloon (PPCI) time. The magnitude of difference in the time between symptom onset-and-assessment of reperfusion treatment efficacy is short and should be considered, particularly in patients treated with thrombolysis in hospitals without cath-lab facilities. Optimal reperfusion treatment including a combination of PHT, IHT and PPCI, as recommended in international guidelines, is feasible in the UK although the balance between the use of different treatments will differ between urban and rural areas.
Management of isolated minor head injury in the UK

Background Recent guidelines and service developments may have changed the management of isolated minor head injuries in the UK. The authors aimed to review current practice and national statistics, and determine whether methods of service delivery are associated with differences in admission rates. Methods The authors surveyed management of minor head injuries in all acute hospitals in the UK and then correlated these responses with Hospital Episodes Statistics (HES) emergency department data relating to head injury. Results Responses relating to children were received from 174/250 hospitals and adults from 181/250. Nearly all hospitals had unrestricted access to CT scanning (adults 96%, children 94.5%). Most hospitals (70.1%) admitted adults under the emergency department staff, usually (61.4%) to an observation ward or clinical decision unit. Children were usually formally admitted to a ward (86.7%) under an inpatient team (78.5%). The median proportion of attendances admitted was higher for adults (18%) than for children (9%). There was no evidence of any association between the proportion admitted and the admission team, location or requirement for senior or specialist approval (all p>0.1). Conclusion Minor head injury admission, especially for adults, is increasingly the responsibility of the emergency department. Admission policies had no significant effect on the proportion admitted, although improved HES data are required to confirm this.
Drivers of acute coagulopathy after severe trauma: a multivariate analysis of 1987 patients

Objective The role of acute coagulopathy after severe trauma as a major contributor to exsanguination and death has recently gained increasing appreciation, but the causes and mechanisms are not fully understood. This study was conducted to assess the risk factors associated with acute traumatic coagulopathy together with quantitative estimates of their importance. Methods Using the multicentre Trauma Registry of the German Society for Trauma Surgery, adult trauma patients with an Injury Severity Score ≥16 were retrospectively analysed for independent risk factors of acute traumatic coagulopathy on arrival at the emergency department (ED) by multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis. Coagulopathy was defined as prothrombin time test (Quick's value) <70% and/or platelets <100 000/μl. Results A total of 1987 patients was eligible for further analysis. Independent risk factors for acute traumatic coagulopathy calculated by multivariate analysis were the Injury Severity Score, abdomen Abbreviated Injury Scale score, base excess, body temperature ≤35°C, presence of shock at the scene and/or in the ED (defined as systolic blood pressure ≤90 mm Hg), prehospital intravenous colloid:crystalloid ratio ≥1:2 and amount of prehospital intravenous fluids ≥3000 ml. Conclusions The risk factors from multivariate analysis correspond to the current understanding that coagulopathy is influenced by several clinical key factors; for example, an ongoing state of shock (at the scene and in the ED) was associated with a threefold increased risk of developing coagulopathy. When adjusted for all factors including the amount of prehospital intravenous fluids, a high colloid:crystalloid ratio was still associated with coagulopathy on admission to the ED. The recognition, prevention and management of the mechanisms and risk factors of coagulopathy aggravating haemorrhage after trauma are critical in the treatment of the severely injured patient.
Efeitos de algumas drogas sobre a proliferação de fibroblastos de pterígio primário in vitro

OBJECTIVE: This study aims at observing the inhibition of cell proliferation in primary pterygium by the use in vitro of mitomicyn C, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate. METHODS: Pterigyum was removed from seven pacients between 30 and 60 years and were submitted to culture of epithelial cells. Later the effect of drugs was tested on the cells: cyclophsphamide, methotrexate, mitomicyn. The cells were observed for five days under the microscope to assess cellular proliferation, and the experiments were repeated five times RESULTS: When mitomicyn was used, a marked inhibition of cellular proliferation was observed. When cyclophosphamide was used there also was inhibition of cellular proliferation, 50% within 24 hs of the culture exposition to the drug increasing in the following days CONCLUSION: The inhibition effects in the cellular proliferation by the use of mitomicyn C was already expected, but the use of cyclophosphamide was also very effective. The cyclophsphamide inhibitory action on fibroblastic proliferation in vitro lead us to believe that it may be used to prevent pterygium recurrence after incision. However, tests in animals and later in humans are necessary.
Inflammation is key to hemophilic arthropathy.

In this issue of Blood, van Vulpen et al present data that establish the pivotal role of interleukin (IL)-1β in blood-induced cartilage damage and show that blocking its activity can prevent these changes. This not only confirms what had been postulated regarding mechanisms of cartilage damage in hemophilia but also raises possibilities of alternative therapies for preserving joint integrity even after bleeding.1
Faecal calprotectin for differentiating between irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: a useful screen in daily gastroenterology practice

Objective To determine the best faecal calprotectin (FCP) cut-off level for differentiating between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and organic disease, particularly inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in patients presenting with chronic diarrhoea. Design Retrospective analysis of patients who had colonoscopy, histology and FCP completed within 2 months. Setting District general hospital. Patients Consecutive new patients with chronic diarrhoea lasting longer than 4 weeks. Interventions Patients were seen by a single experienced gastroenterologist and listed for colonoscopy with histology. Laboratory investigations included a single faecal specimen for calprotectin assay (lower limit of detection: 8 µg/g), the results used for information only. Main outcome measures Six FCP cut-off levels (range 8–150 µg/g) were compared against the ‘gold standard’ of histology: inflammation ‘present’ or ‘absent’. Results Of 119 patients studied, 98 had normal colonoscopy and histology. The sensitivity of FCP to detect IBD at cut-off levels 8, 25 and 50 µg/g was 100% (with corresponding specificity 51%, 51%, 60%). In contrast, the lowest FCP cut-off, 8 µg/g, had 100% sensitivity to detect colonic inflammation, irrespective of cause (with negative predictive value (NPV) 100%). Importantly, 50/119 patients (42%) with FCP <8 µg/g had normal colonoscopy and histology. Conclusions Our results suggest that using FCP to screen patients newly referred for chronic diarrhoea could exclude all without IBD and, at a lower cut-off, all without colonic inflammation, thus avoiding the need for colonoscopy. Such a major reduction has implications for resource allocation.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Deletion of Pten of CD45-expressing cells leads to development of T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma but not myeloid malignancies

PTEN is one of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor genes in human cancers. Loss of function alteration of PTEN results in increased activation of PI3K/Akt signaling, which is associated with increased proliferation, survival and neoplastic growth. Here, we have addressed the effects of conditional deletion of PTEN in hematopoietic cells. For this purpose, we have crossed PTEN conditional knock-out mice with a knock-in mouse expressing the CRE recombinase in the CD45 locus (CD45:Cre; PTEN fl/fl). CD45 is also known as leucocyte common antigen and is expressed in virtually all white cells as well as in hematopoietic stem cells. Using a reporter mice, we demonstrate that CD45:Cre mouse displays recombinase activity in both myeloid and lymphoid cells. However, CD45:Cre+/- PTENfl/fl mice develop T-Acute lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoma, but no other types of hematological malignancies such as myeloproliferative disorders of B-cell lymphomas. These results indicate that conditional deletion of PTEN in hematopoietic CD45-positive cells diverts neoplastic growth to the formation of T-cell malignancies.
Accidents Associated with Aerobatic Maneuvers in U.S. Aviation

BACKGROUND: Aerobatic flights are the most significant risk factor for fatal injury and make up 50% of U.S. accidents in general aviation involving airport transport pilots. METHOD: An analysis of the dangers of these maneuvers is presented using 25 yr of U.S. reported accidents. RESULTS: More than 80% of the 494 accidents were fatal. The main cause of accident was not maintaining (proper) altitude while adverse weather was not present as a cause of accident. Nearly half the number of pilots had over 7500 h of flight experience. Homebuilt aircraft appear significantly more likely to be part of a fatal accident, showing more structural, engine, and system failures. CONCLUSION: Although there is a downward trend in the number of aerobatic-related accidents, the reduction of accidents is much assisted by either regulation or awareness training of pilots using homebuilt aircraft in aerobatic maneuvers. Language: en
Complement activation in antiphospholipid syndrome and its inhibition to prevent rethrombosis after arterial surgery.

To the editor: Deep vein thrombosis accompanied by pulmonary embolism and thrombotic occlusion of the cerebral and coronary arteries are common and severe complications of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). [1][1] Antibodies against beta-2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) bound to endothelial and other
Soccer Syndrome - Common Presentations and Manual Diagnostic Techniques for Pelvic Malalignment Syndrome

The pelvic malalignment syndrome is the most common in sports injuries and even in every client who presents with low back & pelvis pain or dysfunction. In this study, we used simple bony palpation method to assess the various pelvic malalignments in football players. While there are many methods to determine pelvic symmetry or asymmetry, this method is very simple one and that consistently works well for me. Our method of assessing the pelvic malalignments, even works well to the common individuals suffering with low back & pelvis pain or dysfunction due to various pelvic malalignment presentation. This study includes the healthy football players from National Football Club (NFC) of our institution, who were training or playing during the period of investigation (September 2012 – September 2014) (n = 40) were eligible for participation. At entry to the study, this eligible sample had a mean age of 22.2 ± 3.9 years, height of 175.8 ± 6.6 cm, and mass of 87.5 ± 7.1 kg. The number of eligible participants at each time point was 40 for all the four session time, point 1 (T1; start of preseason-1), point 2 (T2; end of season-1), point 3 (T3; start of preseason-2), and point 4 (T4; end of preseason-2). We instructed participants to nominate their leg preference for kicking, which was considered the dominant leg. Among the total number of eligible players assessed, 12.5% were left-leg dominant, 80% were right-leg dominant, and 7.5% reported no leg dominance. Subjects were limited to men who had a normal muscle strength and Range of Motion (ROM) of the back and lower extremities and who had no history of orthopaedic or neurologic disorders. All the individuals are subject to gain access the malalignment of both Innominate and Sacral bones of the bony pelvis unit. In addition, to justify our diagnosis we access the muscles of the functional slings and the muscles around the bony pelvis related to the malalignment of the pelvic unit. The techniques were repeated in different position and also performed for two times per day and continued for fifteen days to standardize. In this study, we observed, 87.5% i.e., the majority of the soccer's are suffering with multiple pelvic malalignments , includes innominate & sacral stuck. The soccer's suffering with single component malalignment account for about 10%, includes innominate or sacral stuck and soccer's who had the symmetry pelvis is only 2.5%. Conclusion: This method of assessing the pelvic malalignments until then not documented. In this sense, the objective of this study is to analyze and document the different presentations in pelvic malalignments which are common in soccer players and its simple method of evaluation is the literature state of the art. The present study may provide useful information to analyze common presentations of pelvic malalignments in different sports.
Efficacy and safety of linagliptin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled by metformin: A multinational 24‐week, randomized clinical trial

Despite the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Asia, clinical trials for glucose‐lowering therapies are often dominated by Caucasian and/or Western populations. The present Phase III randomized placebo‐controlled double‐blind, 24‐week study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor linagliptin added to metformin in Asian T2DM patients.
Therapeutic potential of umbilical cord blood cells for type 1 diabetes mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disorder that results from autoimmune‐mediated destruction of pancreatic islet β‐cells. However, to date, no conventional intervention has successfully treated the disease. The optimal therapeutic method for T1DM should effectively control the autoimmunity, restore immune homeostasis, preserve residual β‐cells, reverse β‐cell destruction, and protect the regenerated insulin‐producing cells against re‐attack. Umbilical cord blood is rich in regulatory T (Treg) cells and multiple types of stem cells that exhibit immunomodulating potential and hold promise in their ability to restore peripheral tolerance towards pancreatic islet β‐cells through remodeling of immune responses and suppression of autoreactive T cells. Recently, reinfusion of autologous umbilical cord blood or immune cells from cord blood has been proposed as a novel therapy for T1DM, with the advantages of no risk to the donors, minimal ethical concerns, a low incidence of graft‐versus‐host disease and easy accessibility. In this review, we revisit the role of autologous umbilical cord blood or immune cells from cord blood‐based applications for the treatment of T1DM.
Never mind the qualitative feel the depth! The evolving role of qualitative research in Cochrane intervention reviews

Whilst the Cochrane intervention review remains the gold standard, the previous focus on randomised controlled trials and exclusion of other types of evidence limited their utility for some users — especially policy makers and commissioners of services who had to draw on other types of evidence about patient views and context in order to make decisions. This paper reports a significant development in the evolution of the Cochrane intervention review and outlines an evolving role for qualitative evidence. Policy and methodological developments within the Cochrane Collaboration and beyond will be discussed alongside an ongoing debate about the politics of evidence and perceived power of the quantitative effectiveness review in an evidence-based practice context. The paper concludes with six key messages, including: (1) the Cochrane Collaboration has consistently acknowledged the potential value of qualitative evidence; (2) Cochrane was an early leader in quantitative evidence synthesis and developed a gold standard approach for effectiveness reviews; (3) early leaders in the field tend to dominate until other approaches are developed, tested and evaluated to challenge early leader dominance; (4) other review organisations and individuals have now developed expertise in qualitative and mixed method synthesis and there is an emerging and developing evidence base with a range of qualitative synthesis approaches for different contexts; (5) there is still a need for further methodological development, testing and evaluation, and (6) finally, more than one hierarchy of evidence is needed to address different types of questions, and the dominance and application of one hierarchy to all contexts is unhelpful and counterintuitive to achieving evidence-based healthcare.