Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correspondence between dark solitons and the type II excitations of the Lieb-Liniger model

A one-dimensional model of bosons with repulsive short-range interactions, solved analytically by Lieb and Liniger many years ago, predicts existence of two branches of elementary excitations. One of them represents Bogoliubov phonons, the other, as suggested by some authors, might be related to dark solitons. On the other hand, it has been already demonstrated within a framework of the classical field approximation that quasi-one-dimensional interacting Bose gas at equilibrium exhibits excitations which are phonons and dark solitons. By showing that statistical distributions of dark solitons obtained within the classical field approximation match the distributions of quasiparticles of the second kind derived from fully quantum description we demonstrate that type II excitations in the Lieb-Liniger model are, indeed, quantum solitons.
Energy expenditure and substrate utilization during eccentric exercise in obese and diabetics

Kivisto, Riikka 2008. Energy expenditure and substrate utilization during eccentric exercise in obese and diabetics. The Department of Biology of Physical Activity, the University of Jyvaskyla, 92 p. The present research was a pilot study examining the effects of diabetes and obesity on energy expenditure (EE) and oxidation of energy substrates (CHO, lipid) during eccentric exercise. Exercise is an important part of treatment of diabetes, but diabetics have often increased risk of heart failure. Eccentric exercise requires lower heart rate and systolic blood pressure compared to concentric mode. Thus, it could provide a safe mode for increasing impaired glucose disposal in the skeletal muscles of diabetic patients. Subjects were males (n=28, age 52±7), of which 14 were diabetics (DM), 12 obese (OND) and 3 lean non-diabetics (LND). The OND and LND were combined to healthy controls (HC). After anthropometrical measurements, fasting blood sample, maximal VO2max test with a bicycle ergometer and maximal isometric force measurement, the subjects had 4 weeks (2 sessions a week) adaptation period with eccentric ergometer. EE on the eccentric ergometer was measured from the respiratory gases during two intensity levels for 7 min. Muscle biopsy was obtained from the m. vastus lateralis with a Bergstrom biopsy needle. There were no differences in EE and substrate utilization between the DM and OND. DM (-5.0±1,3 kcal/min) had higher EE compared to HC (-4,4±1,3; p=0.037) during second intensity level. The DM (53,2±10,4 %) used higher proportion of VO2max during eccentric exercise compared to the HC (41,2±14,7; p=0.023). DM (42,0±10,0 %) had lower fraction of type I fibres compared to OND (49,1±10,1; p=0.048) and HC (50,8±11,5; p=0.020). In the DM, the fraction of type IIb fibres correlated with CHO oxidation (r=-0.661, p=0.027). In the HC, the percentage of type IIab fibres correlated with CHO oxidation (r=0.661, p=0.038) and EE (r=-0.758, p=0.011). Also, the fraction of type IIb fibres correlated with the lipid oxidation (r=0.648, p=0.043). Obesity influences more on the EE and the oxidation of substrates than diabetes mellitus alone. Lower percentage of type I fibres in DM is showed in the higher oxidation of CHO for energy compared to HC. The diabetics used higher proportion of their oxygen consumption capacity. This could be a sign for increased glycolytic enzyme activity in diabetics compared to non-diabetics, which have been found in many previous studies. These variables could partly explain the subjects’ sensitivity to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus.
First modulation of high‐frequency polar mesospheric summer echoes by radio heating of the ionosphere

The first high‐frequency (HF, 8 MHz) observations of the modulation of polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) by artificial radio heating of the ionosphere are presented and compared to observations at 224 MHz and model predictions. The experiments were performed at the European Incoherent Scatter facility in northern Norway. It is shown that model results are in qualitative and partial quantitative agreement with the observations, supporting the prediction that with certain ranges of ice particle radii and concentration, PMSE at HF radar wavelengths can be enhanced by heating due to the dominance of dust charging over plasma diffusion.
Risk Management Committee and Financial Instrument Disclosure

In this paper, we empirically investigate the influence of several characteristics of firms on the extent to which Malaysian listed companies disclosed financial instruments during the voluntary and mandatory periods of MASB 24 (Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation) Standard. Following prior studies, we predict that larger and more profitable firms are more likely to disclose more information on financial instruments. We also hypothesize that strong internal control mechanisms, such as the existence of a risk management committee and audit quality, also result in higher levels of disclosure. The sample consists of firms that were listed with the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia in 1999, 2000, 2002, and 2003. This study employs a multiple regression analysis over 484 firm-years. Our results indicate that, on average, the disclosure quality among Malaysian firms is low before the period of mandatory disclosure. However, the level of disclosure appears to increase immediately after the issuance of the MASB 24. We also find that the existence of a risk management committee, firm size and leverage are positively associated with the disclosure quality of financial instruments. Finally, in general, the results indicate that the implementation of financial instrument disclosure standards influence firms, to some extent, to provide high-quality reporting.
The Effect of Phosphates and Fluorides, Included in TiO2 Nanotube Layers on the Performance of Hydrogen Peroxide Detection

Titania nanotube (TNT) arrays fabricated by anodizing of titanium foil in organic (ethylene glycol) and inorganic (phosphoric acid) electrolytes and thermally modified in argon revealed much improved properties to detect hydrogen peroxide. Horseradish peroxidase and acetate thionine co-absorbed by a dip coating on the TNT electrode were used to detect hydrogen peroxide in phosphate buffered saline. The morphology and electrochemical properties of TNT arrays were studied by scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Well defined oxidation and reduction peaks for potassium ferricyanide have been observed for TNT formed in ethylene glycol and annealed in argon. TNT arrays formed in organic electrolyte and annealed in argon indicated more favorable adsorption and electrochemical properties what was confirmed by detection of hydrogen peroxide towards analyte in phosphorate buffered saline solution.
Firm Size, Sovereign Governance, and Value Creation: Evidence from the Acquirer Size Effect

This paper examines the relationship between acquirer size, sovereign governance, and value-creation in acquisitions. Prior literature indicates that larger acquirers' acquisitions create less shareholder wealth in developed markets, arising primarily from agency and entrenchment problems. However, in weak governance environments, size might have off-setting benefits, including increased market power and political connections. We use a sample of 17,647 takeovers from 45 countries to examine the acquirer size effect around the world. We find that the acquirer size effect exists internationally, but is smaller in magnitude in weak governance markets. Compared with larger acquirers in strong governance countries, large acquirers in weak governance countries do takeovers that generate higher stock-returns and increase post-takeover operating performance. Their deals are also more likely to be friendly, and take less time to complete. We also find that the benefits of larger acquirer size increase with the importance of political connections in the acquirer's country. The results suggest that country-governance can moderate the impact of corporate characteristics, such as corporate size.
Rule versus Interaction Function: Evaluating Regional Aggregations of Commuting Flows in Sweden

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of two divergent methods for delineating commuting regions, also called labour market areas, in a situation that the base spatial units differ largely in size as a result of an irregular population distribution. Commuting patterns in Sweden have been analyzed with geographical information system technology by delineating commuting regions using two regionalization methods. One, a rule-based method, uses one-way commuting flows to delineate local labour market areas in a top-down procedure based on the selection of predefined employment centres. The other method, the interaction-based Intramax analysis, uses two-way flows in a bottom-up procedure based on numerical taxonomy principles. A comparison of these methods will expose a number of strengths and weaknesses. For both methods, the same data source has been used. The performance of both methods has been evaluated for the country as a whole using resident employed population, self-containment levels and job ratios for criteria. A more detailed evaluation has been done in the Göteborg metropolitan area by comparing regional patterns with the commuting fields of a number of urban centres in this area. It is concluded that both methods could benefit from the inclusion of additional control measures to identify improper allocations of municipalities.
Sense of humor and approaches to learning in university students

This study aimed to analyze the relations between university students’ approaches to learning and self-referential sense of humor. It also investigated how both approaches and self-referential humor relate with academic achievement. The sample involved 224 university students, that frequented from the 1st to the 3rd academic year of their graduation. Self-referential sense of humor was evaluated through the Humor scale of an adapted version of the Self-Perception Profile for College Students – SPPCS of Neeman and Harter (1986 apud BARROS, 2012) and approaches to learning trough the 2nd version of the Inventory of Learning Processes for University Students (IPA-u), according to Duarte (2007). Data were subjected to Pearson correlations to study connections between variables. Results revealed negative significant correlations between Self-referential sense of humor and both Surface Learning Strategy (i.e., rote learning) and Surface-Achieving Approach to Learning (i.e., learning motivated by extrinsic pressures, competitions and high grades; rote learning). Besides, a significant positive correlation was found between Self-referential sense of humor and Organizing Strategy 2 – Management (i.e., personal management) and between Deep Approach to Learning (i.e., positive emotions in learning; learning by comprehending, inter-relating information and using critical thinking) and academic achievement.
UNSTEADY AERODYNAMICS OF AN AERO-ENGINE DOUBLE SWIRLER LPP BURNER

Lean premixing prevaporizing burners represent a promising solution for low-emission combustion in aeroengines. Since lean premixed combustion suffers from pressure and heat release fluctuations that can be triggered by unsteady large-scale flow structures, a deep knowledge of flow structures formation mechanisms in complex swirling flows is a necessary step in suppressing combustion instabilities. The present paper describes a detailed investigation of the unsteady aerodynamics of a large scale model of a double swirler aero-engine LPP burner at isothermal conditions. A 3-D laser Doppler velocimeter and an ensemble averaging technique have been employed to obtain a detailed time-resolved description of the periodically perturbed flow field at the mixing duct exit and associated Reynolds stress and vorticity distributions. Results show a swirling annular jet with an extended region of reverse flow near to the axis. The flow is dominated by a strong periodic perturbation which occurs in all the three components of velocity. Radial velocity fluctuations cause important periodic displacement of the jet and the inner separated region in the meridional plane. The flow, as expected, is highly turbulent. The periodic stress components have the same order of magnitude of the Reynolds stress components. As a consequence the flow mixing process is highly enhanced. While turbulence acts on a large spectrum of fluctuation frequencies, the large scale motion influences the whole flow field in an ordered way that can be dangerous for stability in reactive conditions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Treatment of Oily Wastewater by Induced Air Flotation

In this study induced air flotation (IAF) through Perspex glass column (ID 10cm and 150 cm heights) has been studied experimentally to treat the oily wastewater of Iraqi North Oil Company. The column operated in a semi-batch mode (batch wastewater, continuous air injection). Different samples of oily wastewater (30,100,800ppm) were used. Air introduced at different superficial gas velocity through porous (pore size 120µm) distributor which located at the bottom of column. Different speed of the stirrer (50 to 250) rpm was used to indicate it effect on the removal efficiency of oil from water. The study showed that the removal efficiency of oil was increased with increasing initial oil concentration, it reached up to 76 %. While it became 89% when using stirrer. The experimental results were translated to a computer program to predicate empirical correlation.
Investor protection, share repurchases, irrationality and agency conflicts:the implications for corporate governance

This paper provides a theoretical analysis of the effects of the strength of investor rights on a firm’s share repurchase policy in the face of agency conflicts and behavioural biases. We consider three reasons for firms to repurchase their shares; to eliminate agency costs of free cash-flow, to time the market, and to cater to investors. In the first case, we demonstrate that investor rights and repurchases may be complements or substitutes in addressing free cash flow problems. In the second case, we argue that stronger investor rights increase informational disclosure which reduces the ability to time the market using repurchases. In the final case, we argue that stronger investor rights may reduce valuereducing repurchase catering. We consider the corporate governance implications of our analysis, and discuss the effects of behavioural factors, such as bounded rationality, overconfidence, and regret, on the efficacy of governance systems to deal with the problems relating to repurchases.
Surface movement above an underground coal longwall mine after closure

Abstract. The surface movement in an area of about 22 km2 above the underground coal mine of Houthalen was analyzed based on Interferometry with Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements. After its closure in 1992, a residual subsidence was observed over a period of several years, followed by an uplift of the surface above and around the past longwall panels, whereby the rate of movement was, in absolute terms, of the same order for the two types of movements. The processes behind these movements are different. The process of subsidence is caused by the caving of the roof above the mined-out area and is mainly a mechanical stress-deformation process, including time-dependent aspects. However, the process of uplift is most probably caused by the swelling of the clay minerals in the argillaceous rocks in the coal strata after the flooding of the underground workings. Hence, the areas in which there is the greatest risk of damage to the surface infrastructure are not the same for the hazards linked to subsidence and uplift. For example, the zone in which the maximum uplift occurs clearly is at a different location from that of the zone with the maximum residual subsidence. There is no clear sign that the amount of mining underneath affects the residual subsidence, and there is no indication that the process of uplift is linked directly to the mining characteristics. It is more likely that uplift as the result of flooding is initiated at, or close to, the vertical shafts.
Size and Development of the Shadow Economies of 157 Worldwide Countries: Updated and New Measures from 1999 to 2013

This paper is a first attempt to study the size and development of the shadow economies of 157 countries between 1999 and 2013. Using a MIMIC model, we find that higher tax and regulatory burden, unemployment and self-employment rates are drivers of the shadow economy, meaning that an increase in these causal variables increases the shadow economy. Our result also confirms previous findings of Friedrich Schneider, Andreas Buehn and Claudia Montenegro. The estimated average of informality of 157 countries around the world, including developing, eastern European, central Asian and high income OECD countries averaged over 1999 to 2013 is 33.77% of official GDP. A critical discussion about the size of these macro-estimates comes to the conclusion that most likely the “true” shadow economy of these countries is only 69% of their estimated macro-MIMIC-values.
Schizophrenia: An overview

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. They may hear voices other people don’t hear. Schizophrenia symptoms contain three categories; Positive, Negative and Cognitive. There are different causes of Schizophrenia this may be due to Genes, Environment or Change in Brain Structures. Due to Schizophrenia the illness occurs in less than 1 percent of the general population, but this range becomes 10 percent who have first degree relatives with the disorder, such as parents, Brother or sister. Most people with schizophrenia are not violent; however, the risk of violence is greatest when schizophrenia is untreated. There are different molecular mechanisms of Schizophrenia i.e. Neurodevelopment Hypothesis, Dopamine hypothesis and Glutamate Hypothesis. It is important to help a person with schizophrenia symptoms get treatment as quickly as possible. Here Two main types of treatment can help with symptoms: antipsychotic medications and psychosocial treatments. Family and friends can help their loved ones with schizophrenia by helping them get treatment and encouraging them to stay in treatment.
Behavioral syndromes versus darwinian algorithms

In a recent paper in TREE [1], Sih et al. suggested that populations and species ‘often exhibit behavioral syndromes; that is, suites of correlated behaviors across situations. ’ They argued that interindividual consistency in behavior is due to genetic constraints on plasticity, which ‘can explain behaviors that appear strikingly nonadaptive in an isolated context. ’ By contrast, others have argued that, when a genetic correlation imposes enough of a fitness cost in one situation, selection will favor genetic modifiers that limit the expression of the behavior in the costly context, thus decoupling the behavior across situations [2,3]. Here, we highlight some well studied examples of adaptive behavioral plasticity as counterexamples to behavioral syndromes, and discuss how we could test whether behavioral correlations, when they occur, represent adaptive darwinian algorithms as opposed to nonadaptive genetic constraints. At the crux of behavioral syndromes is the notion that genetic constraints prevent individuals from adaptively altering their behavior in different situations. Consider the following example: parental investment theory predicts that parents should adjust their caring behavior according to the reproductive value of their brood whenever there are other investment options that potentially yield greater fitness [4]. For example, if variations in the behavior of males are adaptively plastic, they should adjust their parental behavior based on information about their own paternity and their other reproductive options, sometimes increasing or decreasing brood defense when paternity changes across situations. By contrast, the syndrome framework predicts that all males will adjust their behavior similarly based on evolutionary predispositions (see [5]) about mean paternity across situations – increasing or decreasing defense when perceived paternity typically has increased or decreased across situations through evolutionary time. How common are behavioral syndromes versus adaptive variation in plasticity? In contrast to the implications of Sih et al. [1], many animals use situation-dependent darwinian algorithms to adjust behavior adaptively. For example: in bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus, paternity varies owing to the occurrence of sneak spawning. We have shown that care-providing males can assess their paternity based on odor cues emanating from fry but not from eggs. When fry odors were manipulated by swapping eggs between the nests of males shortly after spawning, no difference in egg defense was observed between experimental and control males (whose eggs were
Phenotypic stability via ammi model with bootstrap resampling

Reliable evaluation of the stability of genotypes and environment is of prime concern to plant breeders, but the lack of a comprehensive analysis of the structure of the GE interaction has been a stumbling block to the recommendation of varieties. The Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) Model currently offers the good approach to interpretation and understanding of the GE interaction but lacks a way of assessing the stability of its estimates. The present contribution proposes the use of bootstrap resampling in the AMMI Model, and applies it to obtain both a graphical and a numerical analysis of the phenotypic stability of 20 Eucalyptus grandis progenies from Australia that were planted in seven environments in the Southern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. The results showed distinct behaviors of genotypes and environments and the genotype x environment interaction was significant (p value < 0.01). The bootstrap coefficient of stability based on the squared Mahalanobis distance of the scores showed that genotypes and environments can be differentiated in terms of their stabilities. Graphical analysis of the AMMI biplot provided a better understanding of the interpretation of phenotypic stability. The proposed AMMI bootstrap eliminated the uncertainties regarding the identification of low scores in traditional analyses.
Some remarks on harmonic measure in space.

This investigation was motivated in part by the work of Hunt and Wheeden, [5], [6]. In these papers they consider Lipschitz domains, that is, domains whose boundaries are locally representable by graphs of Lipschitz functions. One of their main results is that a positive harmonic function defined on a Lipschitz domain has a nontangential limit at all points of the boundary except possibly those that belong to a set of harmonic measure zero. In the classical case where the domain is taken to be the half-space of R, the nontangential limit is known to exist at H' almost every point of the boundary, c.f. , [2], [3]. We will show that for domains Ω satisfying a geometric measure theoretic condition, H~ (restricted to the boundary of Ω) and harmonic measure have the same null sets. Therefore, for these domains, the results of Hunt and Wheeden will represent a generalization of the classical case. By use of the conformal mapping theorem it is not difficult to prove, for a domain in R whose boundary is a simple closed rectifiable curve, that harmonic measure and H measure have the same null sets. In § 4 it will be shown that the analog of this does not hold in R. We give an example of a topological 2-sphere whose boundary has finite H measure and has a tangent plane at each point, but for which H measure is not absolutely continuous with respect to harmonic measure.