Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface microrelief changes affect the soil and water conservation benefits of rainwater harvesting tillage operation during rainfall events

Reservoir tillage (RT) improves the soil rainwater harvesting capacity and reduces soil erosion on cropland, but there is some debate regarding its effectiveness. The objective of this study was to further verify the effect of RT on soil erosion and explore the reasons for this effect by analysing microrelief changes during rainfall. Rainfall intensities of 60, 90, and 120 mm/hr and three slope degrees (5, 15, and 25°, representing gentle, medium, and steep slopes) were considered. A smooth surface (SS) served as the control. The microrelief changes were determined based on digital elevation models, which were measured using a laser scanner with a 2‐cm grid before and after rainfall events. The results showed that compared with the values for the SS, RT reduced both the runoff and sediment by approximately 10‐20% on the gentle slope; on the medium slope, although RT also reduced the runoff in the 90‐ and 120‐mm/hr intensity rainfall events, the sediment increased by 158.90% and 246.08%; on the steep slope, the sediment increased by 92.33 to 296.47%. Overall, when the runoff control benefit of RT was lower than 5%, there was no sediment control benefit. RT was effective at controlling soil loss on the gentle slopes but was not effective on the medium and steep slopes. This is because the surface depressions created by RT were filled in with sediment that eroded from the upslopes, and the surface microrelief became smoother, which then caused greater soil and water loss than that on an SS at the later rainfall stage.
Spatial genetic structure and genetic diversity of a natural population of Ramorinoa girolae in San Juan province (Argentina): An exploratory analysis

Ramorinoa girolae Speg. (chica) es un arbol endemico nativo de la ﬂora xerofta argentina. A esta especie se la considera un recurso forestal muy apreciado debido a sus frutos (que constituyen una parte importante de la dieta de los pobladores locales) y su madera (una de las mas duras). Ademas, la chica fue clasifcada como una especie vulnerable porque es una especie monotipica de abundancia baja, con un endemismo muy restricto (limitado a las provincias de San Juan, San Luis y La Rioja) y con poca resistencia al fuego. Dado que existe escasa informacion sobre el estatus de la diversidad genetica de la especie, realizamos un analisis exploratorio para caracterizar la diversidad genetica de una poblacion natural ubicada en la proximidad del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto (San Juan, Argentina) por medio de marcadores moleculares AFLP en 19 individuos. Los datos geneticos se correlacionaron con datos morfometricos, ecologicos y geografcos. Nuestros resultados sugieren que esta poblacion posee una diversidad genetica elevada (Pj=82.3%). Ademas, estos valores se correlacionaron con matrices geografcas, lo que revelo que la poblacion exhibio una particular estructura genetica espacial (SGS, Prueba de Mantel r=0.45; P<0.001). Por otra parte, los valores de similitud genetica entre los diferentes individuos analizados revelaron la ausencia de clones, lo que sugiere una contribucion signifcativa de la variabilidad genetica producto de la reproduccion sexual en la poblacion estudiada.https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.18. 28.3. 0.604
Aerosol‐Mediated Glaciation of Mixed‐Phase Clouds: Steady‐State Laboratory Measurements

What concentration of ice‐nucleating particles is required to completely glaciate a typical atmospheric supercooled liquid cloud? This seemingly esoteric question has far reaching implications, as the ratio of liquid to ice in these clouds governs, for example, their influence on Earth's radiation budget and their precipitation efficiency. Microphysical properties of steady‐state mixed‐phase clouds formed in a laboratory convection chamber are observed using digital holography. It is observed that the ratio of ice to total water content of steady‐state mixed‐phase clouds is determined by the concentration of ice‐nucleating aerosol particles. Existing theory is adapted to show such clouds result from a balance between the thermodynamic forcing (i.e., the source of excess water vapor that is condensing to liquid and ice) and the number and size of particles that become ice (i.e., the ice integral radius). The measurements quantitatively support the Korolev‐Mazin conditions for existence of mixed‐phase clouds.
Thunderstorm dynamics in a scale interaction

This paper presents a review of thunderstorm dynamics through the use of the vorticity equation with a focus on the development of rotation, an indicator of storm severity. The processes involved in the scale interaction are basically the tilting of vortex tubes while the divergence (or ballerina) term, being highly non-linear, provides intensification of incipient vorticity. A brief account of numerically simulated storms in Brazil with well defined wind shear in the storm environment is presented.
A northward shift of the Southern Westerlies during the Antarctic cold reversal: evidence from Tasmania, Australia

i Acknowledgements.ii List of Figures . vi List of Tables . xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 The Dissensus & Data Gap . 2 1.2 Thesis Aims & Research Questions . 3 CHAPTER 2: Background . 4 2.1 Palaeoclimatology . 4 2.2 The Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds . 5 2.2.1 The Influence of The Southern Westerlies . 7 2.2.2 Past Changes to the Southern Westerlies . 11 2.3 The Antarctic Cold Reversal . 15 2.3.1 The Mechanisms Of the Antarctic Cold Reversal . 16 2.3.2 The Antarctic Cold Reversal in Tasmania . 19 2.3.3 The ACR as an Analogue for Future Climate Change . 21 2.4 The Response of the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies to Rapid Climate Change During the ACR. 21 2.4. 1 Oceanic Evidence . 21 2.4. 2 Terrestrial Evidence . 23 2.5 The Study Area: Tasmania . 25 2.5. 1 Modern climate . 26 2.5. 2 Geology & Soils . 28 2.5. 3 Modern vegetation . 30 2.5. 4 Vegetation and climate history . 33 CHAPTER 3: Methods . 35 3.1 Lake Sediments As A Palaeoenvironmental Archive . 35 3.1.1 Proxy records entrained in Lake Sediments . 35 3.2 Site selection . 36 3.3 Sediment retrieval . 38 3.3.1 Lake Rolleston . 38 3.3.2 Hazards Lagoon . 40 3.3.3 Sediment handling and sub-sampling . 42 3.4 Chronology. 43 3.4. 1 Radiocarbon dating . 43
Vulnerability of Vegetable Crops to the Impact of Climatic variability and the Management Techniques in the Guinea Savanna Region of Nigeria

Climatic parameters are part of the main determinants of agricultural production in many developing countries including Nigeria. This study analyzes the vulnerability of vegetable crops to the impact of rainfall and temperature variability and the management techniques in Kwara State agro-ecological region of Nigeria. Data on rainfall, temperature and vegetables (tomato, pepper, okra, amaranthus and garden egg) were collected for a period of twenty-five (25) years from the four agricultural zones of Kwara State. These were subjected to descriptive, correlation and regression analyses. The result revealed that climatic variables examined fluctuate but there has been constant increase in temperature over the years and year 2001 recorded the highest (40.06oC). Vegetable crop yield also fluctuates. Correlation analysis revealed that tomato correlates positively with rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature. Okra and pepper correlate positively with rainfall and maximum temperature and inverse correlation with minimum temperature. Amaranthus has an inverse correlation with rainfall and maximum temperature but correlates positively with minimum temperature although very low. Garden egg correlates with rainfall and inversely correlates with maximum and minimum temperature. Hence, vegetable crops examined are vulnerable to the impact of climatic variables but not too strong as there are other factors such as the nature of soil, specie of seedlings, chemicals among others that contributed to vegetable crop yield. Management techniques suggested to improve the productivity of vegetable crops in Kwara State include the use of modern agricultural techniques such as development of irrigation and water harvesting technologies.
Genuine Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation with Supervision

This thesis addresses mainly two issues that have not been addressed in Statistical Machine Translation. One issue is that even though research has been evolving from word-based approaches to phrase-based ones, because words were consistently found to be inappropriate translation units, the fact is that words are still considered in the composition of phrases, either to determine translation equivalents or to check language fluency. Such consideration might result in the attempt of establishing relations between words within a phrase translation equivalent even when sometimes its phrases should be considered as a whole. Attempts to further partition such phrases would produce incorrect translation units that would introduce unwanted noise in the translation process. Besides, the internal fluency of an identified multi-word phrase should not require checking. As such, phrases should indeed be considered units, avoiding incorrect translation equivalents that might be identified from their partition, as well as only considering the fluency of a phrase with other phrases and not within the phrase itself. The other issue is that supervision, in the form of translation lexica, is generally overlooked, with SMT research focusing mainly on the identification of translation units without any human intervention and without considering already known translation units. As such, no importance has been attributed to the inclusion of verified lexica, with only some rarely used dictionaries to score translation candidates and not really as a source of translation units. Indeed, translation equivalents should be memorized, checked and used as a source of translation units, avoiding the need to keep identifying the same translation units, in particular if those are frequently used. This Thesis presents a truly Phrase-Based approach to SMT, using contiguous and non-contiguous phrases, along with Supervision, in which phrases are not divided and verified lexica is built, kept and used to propose translations of complete sentences.
South Pacific Subtropical High from the late Holocene to the end of the 21st century: insights from climate proxies and general circulation models

Abstract. The South Pacific Subtropical High (SPSH) is a predominant feature of the South American climate. The variability of this high-pressure center induces changes in the intensity of coastal alongshore winds and precipitation, among others, over southwestern South America. In recent decades, strengthening and expansion of the SPSH have been observed and attributed to the current global warming. These changes have led to an intensification of the southerly winds along the coast of northern to central Chile and a decrease in precipitation from central to southern Chile. Motivated by improving our understanding about the regional impacts of climate change in this part of the Southern Hemisphere, we analyzed SPSH changes during the two most extreme climate events of the last millennium, the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Current Warm Period (CWP: 1970–2000), based on paleoclimate records and CMIP5/PMIP3 model simulations. In order to assess the level of agreement of general circulation models, we also compare them with ERA-Interim reanalysis data for the 1979–2009 period as a complementary analysis. Finally, with the aim of evaluating future SPSH behavior, we include 21st century projections under a Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP8.5) scenario in our analyses. Our results indicate that during the relative warm (cold) period, the SPSH expands (contracts). Together with this change, alongshore winds intensify (weaken) south (north) of ∼35∘ S; also, southern westerly winds become stronger (weaker) and shift southward (northward). Model results generally underestimate reanalysis data. These changes are in good agreement with paleoclimate records, which suggest that these variations could be related to tropical climate dynamics but also to extratropical phenomena. However, although models adequately represent most of the South American climate changes, they fail to represent the Intertropical Convergence Zone–Hadley cell system dynamics, emphasizing the importance of improving tropical system dynamics in simulations for a better understanding of its effects on South America. Climate model projections indicate that changes recently observed will continue during the next decades, highlighting the need to establish effective mitigation and adaptation strategies against their environmental and socioeconomic impacts.
From Dependence to Causation

Machine learning is the science of discovering statistical dependencies in data, and the use of those dependencies to perform predictions. During the last decade, machine learning has made spectacular progress, surpassing human performance in complex tasks such as object recognition, car driving, and computer gaming. However, the central role of prediction in machine learning avoids progress towards general-purpose artificial intelligence. As one way forward, we argue that causal inference is a fundamental component of human intelligence, yet ignored by learning algorithms. Causal inference is the problem of uncovering the cause-effect relationships between the variables of a data generating system. Causal structures provide understanding about how these systems behave under changing, unseen environments. In turn, knowledge about these causal dynamics allows to answer "what if" questions, describing the potential responses of the system under hypothetical manipulations and interventions. Thus, understanding cause and effect is one step from machine learning towards machine reasoning and machine intelligence. But, currently available causal inference algorithms operate in specific regimes, and rely on assumptions that are difficult to verify in practice. This thesis advances the art of causal inference in three different ways. First, we develop a framework for the study of statistical dependence based on copulas and random features. Second, we build on this framework to interpret the problem of causal inference as the task of distribution classification, yielding a family of novel causal inference algorithms. Third, we discover causal structures in convolutional neural network features using our algorithms. The algorithms presented in this thesis are scalable, exhibit strong theoretical guarantees, and achieve state-of-the-art performance in a variety of real-world benchmarks.
Temporal and Topographic Source Effects on Tsunami Generation

We present a systematic study of the influence on tsunami waves generated by the uplift of a rectangular plug, of the rise time of the deformation, and of its topographic details (e.g., the presence of a sill). We are motivated by the fact that most simulation codes use an instantaneous deformation of a flat ocean floor as an initial condition of the problem, although Hammack (1973, http://resolver.caltech.edu/ CaltechAUTHORS:HAMjfm73) performed pioneering laboratory studies as well as analytical computations featuring variable rise times. Here, we consider three 2-D source shapes, including a flat seafloor, a simple elevated piston, and additional trapezoidal sill on top of it, all with variable rise times, and simulate the resulting waves using the fully nonlinear smooth particle hydrodynamic model graphics processing unit smooth particle hydrodynamic. We validate our results against Hammack's (1973) laboratory measurements and analytical results. We find that a relatively large sill, with height and width of more than half of the local depth and width of the source, has a profound effect on the spatiotemporal structure of the generated free surface wavefield. Specifically, we show that the maximum water surface elevation over the source region is not always the same as the bottom displacement, as assumed in most tsunami propagation models. Next, we obtain simple scaling relationships to predict the maximum height of the generated tsunami over and outside the source, based on the geometry of the sill and the nondimensional bed rise time. Last, we show that inertial effects may lead to an initial free surface displacement over the generation region greater than the maximum vertical displacement of the displaced seabed.
BATHYMETRY OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN - 3°S TO 40°S

The last large scale compilation of South Atlantic Ocean bathymetry was produced by the International Hydrographic organization/Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission in 1978 as the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) chart 5.12. Because of a general lack of bathymetric data at the time of the compilation, the chart was presented in a generalized form, and large oceanic bottom features, i.e., the Mid Atlantic Ridge and numerous fracture zones, were deduced from a minimal amount of data. Fracture zones were placed, in a spacing sequence similar to that found in the North Atlantic Ocean and few bathymetric features were developed with great certainty.
Canada’s Contributions to the SWOT Mission – Terrestrial Hydrology(SWOT-C TH)

Abstract The origins of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission date back to the mid-1970s with the launch of GOES-3 and SEASAT. These missions were then followed in 1992 by the Topex-Poseidon satellite, then by Jason-1 (2001), OSTM/Jason-2 (2008), and Jason 3 (2016), a series of joint satellite missions between NASA and CNES with a goal to monitor global ocean circulation. The proposed new SWOT mission will provide 120-km-wide swath interferometric coverage with a 20-km-wide gap at the nadir. The SWOT measurements will consist of water surface elevations and water surface slopes covering nearly all of the earth’s land surface at least once every 21 days. In 2010, NASA invited the Canadian Space Agency to contribute, and Canadian scientists welcomed the invitation to join the SWOT Science Definition Team and contribute to the experiments. The Canadian segment of the mission is known as the “SWOT-C” project. The SWOT satellite mission will provide unique opportunities in the Canadian context for water managers in both the public domain and in the private sector. This paper provides an overview of recent scientific progress by the SWOT-C Terrestrial Hydrology team, outlining current plans and progress towards applications and calibration post-launch.
Assessment of Quality Parameters of Ecofriendly Biolubricant from Waste Cooking Palm Oil

The use of vegetable oils as a renewable source for the production of ecofriendly biolubricant is gaining the attention of the renewable energy researchers and lubricating oil producers. This study evaluates the quality assessment parameters of ecofriendly biolubricant from waste cooking palm oil (WCPO). The crude WCPO was filtered, centrifuged at 500 rpm, and dried over Na2SO4 crystals overnight. The quality assessment parameters of the pretreated WCPO (PWCPO) were determined to authenticate its potential for the production of multigrade lubricating oils. Kinematic viscosities at 100°C (8.26±0.03 cSt) and 40°C (36.98±0.01 cSt) were determined according to ASTMD-446 method, while the viscosity index (208±0.11) was determined according to ASTMD-2270 method. A design of experiment (Mixture Design Method using Minitab 17) was used to determine the proportion of PWCPO (68.75%), SN 500 (23.75%), and additives (7.50%) that gave the mixture with the optimum quality parameters of the produced biolubricant. The produced biolubricant had kinematic viscosities at 100 o C (10.72±0.13 cSt) and 40°C (59.32±0.20 cSt) respectively, a viscosity index of 173±0.10, flash point of 234±1.13°C, pour point of -31±0.10°C, acid value of 21.04±1.21 mg Original Research Article Dabai et al.; AJACR, 1(4): 1-11, 2018; Article no.AJACR. 43051 2 KOH g, and iodine value of 1.28±1.40 mg I2 g . The produced biolubricant has quality parameters that are comparable to available ecofriendly lubricating oil and was also found within standards for engine oils.
Textures A Photographic Album For Artists And Designers

textures a photographic album for artists and designers is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our digital library saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the textures a photographic album for artists and designers is universally compatible with any devices to read.
What controls the disequilibrium state of gravel‐bed rivers?

A river at equilibrium is described by a statistically‐stationary mean bed elevation profile that arises in response to steady supplies of relief, water and sediment. Outside of the profile shape, how is the equilibrium state of a river most reliably identified and rigorously defined? Motivated by a proposed link between equilibrium and physical processes, we use scaling theory to develop the dimensionless channel response number ξ=KUb/Up. ξ is a metric for the local disequilibrium state of gravel‐bed mountain streams, which reflects a balance between the rate of topographic adjustment Ub, and the rate of bed sediment texture adjustment Up. The coefficient K can take one of two forms depending on choice of length scale for topographic adjustment. We hypothesize that equilibrium occurs where and when ξ≈O(1), and consequently, disequilibrium is the more general state captured by conditions of ξ≉O(1). The rates Ub and Up are controlled by the mechanics of sediment deposition and entrainment at the local scale of the channel width. The extent to which either process regulates disequilibrium depends on the bed strength, which is set by the time‐varying grain size distribution and packing. We use flume experiments to understand ξ and find that in the limit ξ>>1, the time‐varying response of an experimental channel depends sensitively on the spatially‐averaged bed shear stress ratio τ/τref. When τ/τref≈1.5, Ub was the dominant control on disequilibrium. However, when τ/τref≈2.0, Up contributed more significantly to disequilibrium. These results suggest that after an upstream supply perturbation, the equilibrium timescale is governed by Up, which we show is consistent with expectations from linear damping theory. Our experimental test of ξ is promising, but inconclusive with respect to our hypothesis. This uncertainty can be readily addressed with numerical or additional physical experiments. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dicarboxylic and Oxocarboxylic Acids in the Arctic Coastal Ocean (Beaufort Sea‐Mackenzie Margin)

The distribution of bifunctional carboxylic acids (BCAs) is largely reported as primary or secondary organic aerosols. However, sparse studies describe the distribution of these organic compounds in fluvial and marine environments. In the context of a global warming, we present the first results of a study of the distribution of BCAs in a surface Arctic coastal area near the mouth of the Mackenzie River. These results showed that the Beaufort Sea is an area with elevated BCA content among which glyoxylic acid is predominant, in contrast to low concentrations and predominance of oxalic acid in aerosols reported elsewhere. The carbon fraction of BCAs represents 1.8% to 4.5% of dissolved organic carbon pool in Arctic Ocean. This study reinforces the hypothesis that aquatic biological processes govern the molecular distribution of BCA in marine/river waters, whereas photochemical oxidation reactions regulate their molecular distribution in rain and aerosols. Our results indicate that the Mackenzie River is an important source of BCAs in the Arctic Ocean during July–October period, with a first estimate of 35 × 103 tons of BCAs including 12 × 103 tons of diacids and 23 × 103 tons of oxoacids.