Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Clinical Diagnoses and Autopsy Findings: Six-Year Retrospective Study.

CONTEXT - The frequency of autopsies has declined in most developed countries beginning in the latter half of the 20th century. During this time period the technology of medicine made significant advances; however, it is important to regularly reevaluate the role of the autopsy to confirm suspected diagnoses and identify unsuspected findings. OBJECTIVE - To determine what portion of autopsies reveal clinically meaningful unexpected findings. DESIGN - Reports that included clinical histories of autopsies performed at Jackson Memorial Hospital during the 6 years between 2009 and 2014 were reviewed by 2 pathologists. Each case was classified using the Goldman Classification. RESULTS - In the given time period, 923 autopsies were performed; 512 patients (55.5%) were adults. A total of 334 cases were subject to review after excluding those with a short (<1 day) hospital stay, restriction to a single organ or body cavity, and cases referred from other facilities. A total of 33 of 334 cases (9.9%) were identified as class I discrepancy, where the autopsy revealed a discrepant diagnosis with a potential impact on survival or treatment. Critical findings, such as untreated infection (15 of 33 cases; 45.5%), pulmonary embolism (8 of 33 cases; 24.2%), and undiagnosed malignancy (6 of 33 cases; 18.2%), were found in these cases. Major significant findings that had not been clinically detected, whether clinically manageable or not (class I and II), were found in 65 of 334 cases (19.5%). CONCLUSION - Despite intensive modern clinical investigations, autopsies continue to reveal major antemortem diagnostic errors in a significant number of cases.
Developing professional skills at tertiary level: A model to integrate competencies across the curriculum

In the context of the European Higher Education Area, curriculum design needs to be based on the defined competencies of each degree programs, including both domain-specific and professional competencies. In this educational context, developing students' professional skills poses a new challenge we need to face. The present work proposes a model to globally develop professional skills in an Engineering degree program. Based on competency maps, this model allows careful analysis, revision and iteration for an effective integration of professional skills. We define each competency in terms of "dimensions" (or sub-skills), which are further defined according to three-level objectives. Competency maps are built showing the specific graded objectives, which allows to integrate them most finely into degree subjects. A global competency map is also designed including the objectives to be achieved throughout the degree. This global map becomes a useful tool for curriculum designers and coordinators. It allows them to optimize the workload, and to make adjustments most effectively, helping students develop the defined competencies as a global comprehensive experience. To illustrate our model, we explain how it has been implemented to integrate "Communication skills" into subjects, and how the model has been applied to assess "Appropriate attitude towards work" skills.
Shareholder Voting and Directors' Remuneration Report Legislation: Say on Pay in the UK

This paper investigates shareholder voting in the UK. The Directors’ Remuneration Report (DRR) Regulations of 2002 gave shareholders a mandatory non-binding vote on boardroom pay. First, using data on about 50,000 resolutions over the period 2002 to 2007 we find that less than 10% of shareholders abstain or vote against the mandated Directors’ Remuneration Report (DRR) resolution. Second, investors are more likely to vote against DRR resolutions compared to non-pay resolutions. Third, shareholders are more likely to vote against general executive pay resolutions, such as stock options, long-term incentive plans and bonus resolutions compared to non-pay resolutions. Forth, firms with higher CEO pay attract greater voting dissent. Fifth, there is little evidence that CEO pay is lower in firms that previously experienced high levels of shareholder dissent. In addition, there is little evidence that the equity pay-mix, representing better owner-manager alignment, is greater in such firms. Currently, we find limited evidence that, on average, ‘say on pay’ materially alters the subsequent level and design of CEO compensation.
Perioperative outcome in adults undergoing elective deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion in proximal aortic arch repair: evaluation of protocol-based care.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe perioperative outcome in adults undergoing elective proximal aortic arch repair with protocol-based deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) with retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP). DESIGN Retrospective and observational. SETTING Cardiothoracic operating rooms and intensive care unit. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-nine consecutive adults undergoing elective proximal aortic arch repair with DHCA (1999-2001). INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN RESULTS Average age of the patients was 64.9 years. Mean circulatory arrest time was 30.4 +/- 8.5 minutes. Perioperative mortality was 7.6%. Perioperative stroke incidence was 3.8%. Tracheal extubation was successful in 87.3% of patients within 24 hours of operation. Of the cohort, 80.8% were discharged from the intensive care unit within 72 hours of surgery. Median length of hospital stay was 7.4 days. Repeat mediastinal exploration because of bleeding occurred in 3.8% of patients. Although perioperative renal dysfunction (defined as >1.5-fold increase in plasma creatinine concentration) developed in 24.0% of patients, only 3.8% required dialysis. CONCLUSIONS The above parameters establish a baseline incidence for major perioperative complications in adults undergoing elective DHCA with RCP for elective proximal aortic arch repair. In approaching the open aortic arch for short periods of circulatory arrest, deep hypothermia with adjunctive RCP is safe and effective.
Visitors to Litchfield National Park, Australia: A Typology Based on Behaviours

Litchfield Park is located in the Northern Territory, Australia, and attracts over 280,000 visitors a year. The paper reports results derived from a visitor monitoring system established by the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory in 1997. Specific attention is paid to the development of clusters of visitors. Five such clusters were identified and the paper reports not simply the results of a cluster analysis, but additionally provides an importance–satisfaction matrix for the total sample. These five clusters were described as 'day visitors', 'hedonists', 'generalists', 'four-wheeldrive enthusiasts' and 'information seekers'. It was found that there was a desire to limit commercial activities within the park. It is suggested that the Parks and Wildlife Commission might have to view advertising parks as a series of complementary attractions linked to specific usage patterns rather than simply regard each park as an isolated unit. The paper also provides background data about the park, and the activities undertaken by visitors.
Theme parks and a structural equation model of determinants of visitor satisfaction — Janfusan Fancyworld, Taiwan

The main thesis of this paper is that satisfaction derived from a theme park visit may be of two types — generic — which relates to general ‘push’ needs such as those for relaxation, and site specific — which relate to destination attraction features and ‘pull’ determinants. It is argued that it is the latter that are the more important in determining total satisfaction, which, however, is a composite of both sets of needs and additionally modified by moderating variables of a hygiene nature. This thesis is examined in the context of a theme park, Janfusan Fancyworld, in Taiwan. The main sources of satisfaction appear to be those associated with the atmosphere of the park, the existence of thrill rides, degrees of crowding experienced, having places to rest and a perceived reasonable entry price.
Macroeconomic News, Order Flows and Exchange Rates

In textbook models of exchange rate determination, the news contained in public information announcements is directly impounded into prices with there being no role for trading in this process of information assimilation. This paper directly tests this theoretical result using transaction level exchange rate return and trading data and a sample of scheduled macroeconomic announcements. The main result of the paper is that even information that is publicly and simultaneously released to all market participants is partially impounded into prices via the key micro level price determinant—order flow. We quantify the role that order flow plays and find that approximately one third of price-relevant information is incorporated via the trading process.
Market Reactions, Characteristics, and the Effectiveness of Corporate Layoffs

Two hypotheses are considered to explain employee layoffs by corporations: (1) the declining investment opportunities hypothesis; and (2) the efficiency hypothesis. The stock market response to employee layoff announcements is estimated to be negative, which is consistent with the declining investment opportunities hypothesis as opposed to the efficiency hypothesis. Large, permanent, and unanticipated layoffs are associated with higher market reaction relative to small, temporary, and anticipated layoffs. A significant difference exists between industry type and for the stated reason of the layoff. Corporate layoffs per se increased the efficiency of the firm, as evidenced by a significant increase in return on equity and net income to employee in the post-announcement relative to the pre-announcement period. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1998.
The impact of Chinese cultural values on human resource policies and practices within transnational corporations in China

This study focuses on key cross-cultural issues that transnational corporations (TNCs) face when formulating and implementing human resource (HR) policies and practices in their Chinese affiliates. The aim of this study is twofold. First, to investigate how Chinese employees perceive HR policies and practices that have been transferred from parent enterprises of TNCs. Second, to explore the extent to which Chinese cultural values influence these HR policies and practices. These aims are addressed through an exploratory research design using in-depth qualitative interviews with 66 participants across 21 Western wholly owned TNCs in China. The findings of this study demonstrate a variation between global HR policies and practices of TNCs and their implementation at local level. Moreover, the authors find that there are three national cultural values with Chinese characteristics, which can affect HR policies and practices within TNCs in China; these are guanxi, valuing seniority and the importance of ‘human factor’. This study indicates that Chinese cultural values are far more sophisticated than the ones being conceptualized in previous literature, as these three cultural values appear to be interlinked and be embedded within the Chinese collectivist culture.
Research on the fMRI study of Chinese speech region of interest based on DIVA model

As a mathematical tool, DIVA(Directions Into Velocities of Articulators) model can accurately describe and simulate the functions of human brain areas responsible for speech production and understanding. However, the speech regions of interest used in DIVA model was developed based on English. For Chinese speech studies, the original regions of interest fail to reflect the brain activation state for Chinese tasks. In this paper, a functional magnetic renonance imaging study is carried out for Chinese speech processing. Based on DIVA model, it is found from the results that, compared to results concluded for English, there are different activation state in the right posterior temporal lobe and adjacent supramarginal gyrus and the bilateral ventral occipital areas. The experimental results provide a good foundation to the future Chinese speech related modification of DIVA model.
How Does Investor Sentiment Affect Implied Risk-Neutral Distributions of Call and Put Options?

This paper investigates the characteristics of implied risk-neutral distributions separately derived from Taiwan stock index call and put options prices. Differences in risk-neutral skewness and kurtosis between call and put options indicate deviations from put-call parity. We find that the sentiment effect is significantly related to differences between call and put option prices. Our results suggest the differential impact of investor sentiment and consumer sentiment on call and put option traders' expectations about underlying asset prices. Moreover, rational and irrational sentiment components have different influences on call and put option traders' beliefs.
A Generalized Qualitative-Response Model and the Analysis of Management Fraud

Management fraud has become a topic of increasing interest to the public accounting profession. Prior research indicates that management fraud is seldom experienced by audiGtors. As a result, it is doubtful that auditors have a well-developed cognitive model for making fraud risk assessments as part of the audit planning process. Early research studies attempted to identify factors that could be linked to the occurrence of management fraud, while more recent work has attempted to build models to predict the presence of management fraud. In this paper, we report on a study that uses a powerful generalized qualitative-response model, EGB2, to model and predict management fraud based on a set of data developed by an international public accounting firm. The EGB2 specification includes the probit and logit models and others as special cases. Moreover, EGB2 easily accommodates asymmetric costs of type I and type II errors. This is important for public accounting firms since failure to predict fraud when it is present a type II error is usually very costly to the firm in terms of litigation. The results demonstrate good predictive capability for both symmetric and asymmetric cost assumptions.
Economic exchange reciprocity or social obligation reciprocity? exchange modalities of interorganizational relations in Germany

Abstract Exchange is regarded as the fundamental activity in every economic context. Seeking a theoretical conceptualization of exchange in an interorganizational sense, the authors use a qualitative study of venture capital organizations (VCs) in Germany and their portfolio companies (PCs) to develop an exchange-related perspective centred on reciprocity in interorganizational relations. Through grounded theory, two types of exchange are identified, economic exchange reciprocity and social obligation reciprocity, which differ considerably in their exchange cultures, modes, structures, and resources. In addition to specifying VC – PC relations as the subject of study, the theoretical perspective focuses on making the rediscovered concept of reciprocity useful in the organization and management of organizational and interorganizational relations.
Interest Rate Policy in a Small Open Economy: The Predetermined Exchange Rates Case

An important obstacle encountered in analyzing interest rate targeting is that standard models usually lead to indeterminacy of the price level or the inflation rate. This paper develops a simple framework that avoids such problems, because the bonds whose interest rate is controlled provide liquidity services. This framework is used to examine interest rate policy in a small open economy under predetermined exchange rates. A permanent increase in the interest rate has no real effects, whereas a temporary increase in the interest rate leads to higher consumption and a current account deficit that worsens over time.
TESTING TECHNICAL AND SCALE EFFICIENCY OF KAZAKH BANKS: EVIDENCE BASED ON DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

This paper tests technical and scale efficiency of 20 Kazakh banks using annual data on three inputs (interest expenses, non-interest expenses and deposits) and three outputs (interest income, non-interest income and loans) over the period 2007-2011. Two input-oriented data envelopment analysis models of Charnes et al (1978) and Banker et al (1984), which are based on constant return to scale and variable return to scale respectively, are used to evaluate technical efficiency, whereas scale efficiency is computed by dividing the former efficiency ratio by the latter one. The results obtained show that the average efficiency ratios of individual banks under constant and variable returns to scale range from 0.88 and 1.00 to 0.93 and 1.00 respectively, whereas those of all banks between 0.95 and 0.98 respectively. Only are the five banks (ATFB, Citibank, HSBC bank, KazInvest bank and Exim bank) the most efficient banks in Kazakhstan, since their efficiency ratios have been consistently equal to unity, implying that these banks operate at their optimal levels. The efficiency scores of the remaining 15 banks range from 0.88 to 0.99, and as such the majority of these banks do not seem to operate far more below their optimal level. The results indicate that the performance of the Kazakh banks deteriorated substantially during the global financial crisis of 2008 because the CRS ratio dropped from 0.65 in 2007 to 0.50 in 2008 and to 0.40 in 2009. The results also confirm that most of the foreign banks perform relatively better than domestic banks.
Why a small probability of terror generates a large macroeconomic impact

It has been shown that terror activities have had a substantial macroeconomic impact. This work presents a macroeconomic model showing quantitatively that an increase in the probability of terror-induced death such as that observed in Israel in 2001–2004 is consistent with the documented contraction of economic activity associated with the impact of terror. The model includes fear of terrorism, represented as a higher level of probability perception than the cumulative-prospect theory expects, and a local government that can supply the public with a security good. The effectiveness of the production of the security good plays an important role in determining the terror-induced loss of production to the economy.
There’s an App for That? Highlighting the Difficulty in Finding Clinically Relevant Smartphone Applications

Introduction The use of personal mobile devices in the medical field has grown quickly, and a large proportion of physicians use their mobile devices as an immediate resource for clinical decision-making, prescription information and other medical information. The iTunes App Store (Apple, Inc.) contains approximately 20,000 apps in its “Medical” category, providing a robust repository of resources for clinicians; however, this represents only 2% of the entire App Store. The App Store does not have strict criteria for identifying content specific to practicing physicians, making the identification of clinically relevant content difficult. The objective of this study is to quantify the characteristics of existing medical applications in the iTunes App Store that could be used by emergency physicians, residents, or medical students. Methods We found applications related to emergency medicine (EM) by searching the iTunes App Store for 21 terms representing core content areas of EM, such as “emergency medicine,” “critical care,” “orthopedics,” and “procedures. ” Two physicians independently reviewed descriptions of these applications in the App Store and categorized each as the following: Clinically Relevant, Book/Published Source, Non-English, Study Tools, or Not Relevant. A third physician reviewer resolved disagreements about categorization. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Results We found a total of 7,699 apps from the 21 search terms, of which 17.8% were clinical, 9.6% were based on a book or published source, 1.6% were non-English, 0.7% were clinically relevant patient education resources, and 4.8% were study tools. Most significantly, 64.9% were considered not relevant to medical professionals. Clinically relevant apps make up approximately 6.9% of the App Store’s “Medical” Category and 0.1% of the overall App Store. Conclusion Clinically relevant apps represent only a small percentage (6.9%) of the total App volume within the Medical section of the App Store. Without a structured search-and-evaluation strategy, it may be difficult for the casual user to identify this potentially useful content. Given the increasing adoption of devices in healthcare, national EM associations should consider curating these resources for their members.
Science Process Skills and Attitudes toward Science among Palestinian Secondary School Students.

The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between the Palestinian secondary school studentsknowledge level of science process skills and their attitudes toward science, and the effect of gender and residence ofthese students on their knowledge level of science process skills and on their attitudes toward science. The studyused an 18 - question science process skills test and a 25-item attitudes toward science questionnaire. The associationbetween knowledge level of science process skills and attitudes toward science were significant with a correlationcoefficient of 0.69. The results of the study indicated that there were significant differences in science process skillsdue to gender favoring females; and due to residence favoring villages students. However, there were no significantdifferences in attitudes toward science due to the variables.
Incentives and Opportunities to Manage Earnings Around Option Grants

This study examines discretionary accruals imbedded in quarterly earnings announcements that precede executive stock option grants. Prior research indicates that managers attempt to increase the value of their option pay (by depressing the option's exercise price) through a variety of strategies including timing voluntary disclosures, influencing option grant dates, or managing accruals. This study extends the research by jointly examining managerial incentives and opportunities to pursue an accruals-based strategy. We find evidence that discretionary accruals are lower when option pay is high and when concurrent firm performance is poor (incentive factors), but only when firms issue grants following earnings announcements relatively infrequently (opportunity factor). For firms that follow a predictable grant schedule, managers behave as if they believe that investors will discount earnings-based signals preceding the grant. Our results suggest that the decision to pursue an option-related strategy is influenced by economic tradeoffs. From a policy perspective, our results have relevance for the ongoing debate over option compensation practices, appropriate disclosure to investors, and the quality of corporate earnings.
Forecasting Nevada gross gaming revenue and taxable sales using coincident and leading employment indexes

This article provides out-of-sample forecasts of Nevada gross gaming revenue (GGR) and taxable sales using a battery of linear and non-linear forecasting models and univariate and multivariate techniques. The linear models include vector autoregressive and vector error-correction models with and without Bayesian priors. The non-linear models include non-parametric and semi-parametric models, smooth transition autoregressive models, and artificial neural network autoregressive models. In addition to GGR and taxable sales, we employ recently constructed coincident and leading employment indexes for Nevada’s economy. We conclude that the non-linear models generally outperform linear models in forecasting future movements in GGR and taxable sales.