Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Delayed rRNA Processing Results in Significant Ribosome Biogenesis and Functional Defects

ABSTRACT mof6-1 was originally isolated as a recessive mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which promoted increased efficiencies of programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting and rendered cells unable to maintain the killer virus. Here, we demonstrate that mof6-1 is a unique allele of the histone deacetylase RPD3, that the deacetylase function of Rpd3p is required for controlling wild-type levels of frameshifting and virus maintenance, and that the closest human homolog can fully complement these defects. Loss of the Rpd3p-associated histone deacetylase function, either by mutants of rpd3 or loss of the associated gene product Sin3p or Sap30p, results in a delay in rRNA processing rather than in an rRNA transcriptional defect. This results in production of ribosomes having lower affinities for aminoacyl-tRNA and diminished peptidyltransferase activities. We hypothesize that decreased rates of peptidyl transfer allow ribosomes with both A and P sites occupied by tRNAs to pause for longer periods of time at −1 frameshift signals, promoting increased programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting efficiencies and subsequent loss of the killer virus. The frameshifting defect is accentuated when the demand for ribosomes is highest, suggesting that rRNA posttranscriptional modification is the bottleneck in ribosome biogenesis.
Functional Specializations of Intestinal Dendritic Cell and Macrophage Subsets That Control Th17 and Regulatory T Cell Responses Are Dependent on the T Cell/APC Ratio, Source of Mouse Strain, and Regional Localization

Although several subsets of intestinal APCs have been described, there has been no systematic evaluation of their phenotypes, functions, and regional localization to date. In this article, we used 10-color flow cytometry to define the major APC subsets in the small and large intestine lamina propria. Lamina propria APCs could be subdivided into CD11c+CD11b−, CD11c+CD11b+, and CD11cdullCD11b+ subsets. CD11c+CD11b− cells were largely CD103+F4/80− dendritic cells (DCs), whereas the CD11c+CD11b+ subset comprised CD11c+CD11b+CD103+F4/80− DCs and CD11c+CD11b+CD103−F4/80+ macrophage-like cells. The majority of CD11cdullCD11b+ cells were CD103−F4/80+ macrophages. Although macrophages were more efficient at inducing Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells than DCs, at higher T cell/APC ratios, all of the DC subsets efficiently induced Foxp3+ Treg cells. In contrast, only CD11c+CD11b+CD103+ DCs efficiently induced Th17 cells. Consistent with this, the regional distribution of CD11c+CD11b+CD103+ DCs correlated with that of Th17 cells, with duodenum > jejunum > ileum > colon. Conversely, CD11c+CD11b−CD103+ DCs, macrophages, and Foxp3+ Treg cells were most abundant in the colon and scarce in the duodenum. Importantly, however, the ability of DC and macrophage subsets to induce Foxp3+ Treg cells versus Th17 cells was strikingly dependent on the source of the mouse strain. Thus, DCs from C57BL/6 mice from Charles River Laboratories (that have segmented filamentous bacteria, which induce robust levels of Th17 cells in situ) were more efficient at inducing Th17 cells and less efficient at inducing Foxp3+ Treg cells than DCs from B6 mice from The Jackson Laboratory. Thus, the functional specializations of APC subsets in the intestine are dependent on the T cell/APC ratio, regional localization, and source of the mouse strain.
Dietary sources of polyphenols in the Mediterranean healthy Eating, Aging and Lifestyle (MEAL) study cohort

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate the dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in the Mediterranean healthy Eating, Aging and Lifestyles (MEAL) study cohort. A total of 1937 individuals (18 + y) of urban population of Catania, Italy, completed a validated 110-item food frequency questionnaire; Phenol-Explorer database was used to estimate polyphenol intake. Mean intake of polyphenols was 663.7 mg/d; the most abundant classes were phenolic acids (362.7 mg/d) and flavonoids (258.7 mg/d). The main dietary sources of total polyphenols were nuts, followed by tea and coffee as source of flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acids, respectively, fruits (i.e. cherries were sources of anthocyanins and citrus fruits of flavanones) and vegetables (i.e. artichokes and olives were sources of flavones and spinach and beans of flavonols); chocolate, red wine and pasta contributed to flavanols and tyrosols, respectively. These findings will be useful to assess the potential benefits of foods with high polyphenol content.
Fluoxetine reduces l-DOPA-derived extracellular DA in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat striatum

We investigated the effect of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), on L-DOPA-derived extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum of rats with nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation using in vivo microdialysis. Treatment with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a 41% reduction in the cumulative amount of extracellular DA during 300 min following L-DOPA administration (50 mg/kg, i.p.;p < 0.01). This effect was antagonized by pretreatment with WAY-100635, a potent 5-HT1A antagonist, indicating that this effect of fluoxetine is due to its indirect 5-HT1A agonistic property. These results suggest that SSRIs may impair motor functions in patients with Parkinson's disease by reducing efflux of exogenous L-DOPA-derived DA.
Exploring the Harmony between Jordanian EFL Teachers’ and Students’ Beliefs about Vocabulary Learning Strategies

The present study aimed to explore the harmony between teachers' and students’ beliefs about strategies used in learning English vocabulary. The sample consisted of 133 EFL teachers and 306 ninth grade students in Irbid Third Directorate of Education during the academic year 2013-2014 who responded to the questionnaires. Two questionnaires were designed for this study, one for teachers and the other for students. Each questionnaire has fifty items about vocabulary learning strategies under five main categories. Results showed that there was a harmony between teachers’ and students’ beliefs about the process of teaching and learning vocabulary concerning rote learning, using multimedia using technology and dictionary and asking for help. However, there was no harmony between their beliefs about the process of teaching and learning vocabulary regarding guessing and contextualization.
Gas cooking is associated with small reductions in lung function in children

Inconsistent effects of gas cooking on lung function have been reported. In a previous study from Austria, we demonstrated a significant, though small, reduction of lung function parameters in children living in homes with gas stoves. We used a larger international database to check if this finding can be generalised. To study the relative impact of cooking with gas on lung function parameters of primary school children in a wide range of geographical settings, we analysed flow and volume data of ∼24,000 children (aged 6–12 yrs) from nine countries in Europe and North America. Exposure information was obtained by comparable questionnaires and spirometry according to an American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society protocol. Linear regressions were used, controlling for individual risk factors and study area. Heterogeneity between study-specific results and mean effects were estimated using meta-analytical tools. On average, gas cooking reduced lung function parameters. Overall effects were small (-0.1–0.7%) and only significant for forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s. There was some indication that allergic children were more affected by gas cooking. Under current housing conditions, gas cooking is associated with only small reductions in lung function.
Structuring knowledge transfer from experts to newcomers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the process of knowledge transfer within social networks composed of a pool of experts, and newcomers whose aim is primarily to acquire new knowledge, such as communities of practice. The authors wish to understand which communication system and which information about others' knowledge should be provided to get to a better diffusion of knowledge.Design/methodology/approach – Agent‐based models and social network analysis are used and many simulations are run, in which communication mode and information about others' knowledge are varied.Findings – Results emphasize the part played by newcomers in the process of direct knowledge transfer. They constitute additional sources of knowledge and act as intermediaries. Results also show that in a process of indirect transfer of knowledge, they have only little influence on the process of individual learning. These results enable the authors to formulate some recommendations to facilitate knowledge transfer withi.
THE STRUCTURE OF ANTI-GAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES IN NAÏVE AND STIMULATED GAL KNOCKOUT MICE

Background. Naturally occurring antibodies (Nabs) that bind to terminal galactose &agr;1,3-galactose carbohydrate structures (Gal) are present in humans and Old World monkeys but are negatively regulated in other mammalian species because they express Gal epitopes on their cell surfaces. A Gal knockout mouse (Gal-/-) model, generated by homologous disruption of &agr;1,3-galactosyltransferase gene, is capable of producing natural anti-Gal Abs. Methods. To study the genetic control of the anti-Gal response, we have generated anti-Gal hybridomas from Gal-/- mice and analyzed VH genes of anti-Gal Abs from naïve animals and from mice stimulated by rat heterotopic heart transplantation. Results. Six immunoglobulin (Ig)M anti-Gal hybridomas derived from naïve Gal-/- mice exhibited anti-Gal binding activity with some cross-reactivity to related carbohydrate structures. These naïve anti-Gal Abs used five different VH genes in a germline configuration. Anti-Gal IgM hybridomas isolated after a rat heterotopic heart xenograft (4 days) utilized germline VH gene segments from the VH7183 family and exhibited less cross-reactivity. In contrast to mice 4 days after xenograft, we have predominantly isolated IgG anti-Gal hybridomas from mice 21 days after rat heterotopic heart xenografts, indicating an isotype switch. Nine of the IgG anti-Gal hybridomas secreted IgG3 subclass and one produced IgG1. Sequence analysis of the VH gene usage from the induced anti-Gal IgG antibodies demonstrated a restricted gene utilization (VHJ606-V14A). Conclusion. Our results demonstrate that the anti-Gal response in naïve Gal-/- mice is encoded by multiple germline progenitors. In response to a xenograft, the induced anti-Gal Abs exhibited a restricted gene usage and somatic mutations, indicating a positive selection.
Influence of northeasterly trade winds on intensity of winter bloom in the Northern Arabian Sea

Chlorophyll and wind pattern retrieved from remote sensing data have been used to study biological activity in the oceanic waters of Northern Arabian Sea (NAS) during February–March 2002–05. Occurrence of algal bloom in these waters during this period was noticed with the help of ship observations in the past. The same was detected from OCEANSAT I/OCM with time series chlorophyll images for January–March 2000. Occurrence of this bloom was later re-confirmed using OCM data in the subsequent years also. The time series chlorophyll images established that the bloom develops every year during February–March. This period happens to coincide with the presence of northeasterly trade winds over the NAS. Two ship cruises were conducted with the help of research vessels FORV Sagar Sampada (SS-212 during 26 February–7 March 2003 and SS-222 during 21 February–11 March 2004) during this period at the bloom site. The aim was species identification of the bloom and to study various environmental parameters associated with the bloom. Two diverse situations in the context of biological activity were observed while collecting in situ data in 2003 and 2004. Distribution of the bloom was found uniform over a large area and concentration of phytoplankton was relatively higher in 2003. Compared to this, it was observed during the same period in 2004 that phytoplankton was distributed in scattered and small patches and its concentration was relatively less. Corresponding to this observation, it was noticed from the ship data that wind strength was significantly weaker and the oceanic waters were less turbulent in 2004 compared to the same in 2003. In light of this elementary observation, an attempt was made to observe variations in the wind pattern during 2003 and 2004 using QuikSCAT/SeaWinds scatterometer data. It could be established that occurrence of the bloom as well as the observed inter annual variability in chlorophyll pattern were coupled with prevailing trade winds. It was found that density of surface water increased (inversion) during this period, which could result in convective action and the observed bloom. The vertical density gradient revealed an increasing pattern with increase in wind speed. Moreover, it was observed that response of chlorophyll to acting wind force is delayed by one to two weeks. This led to an important inference that wind can be treated as a precursor to predict variations in chlorophyll pattern in the context of the observed event of the bloom.
Tuberculosis-Candida Co-Infection in Patients having Pulmonary Tuberculosis Attending DOTs Clinic in Rumuigbo Model Primary Health Centre in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Introduction: Some pulmonary tuberculosis subjects were some co-infected with Candida such as C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. kruezi and C. paraspsilosis which were initially thought to be normal floras of the oral cavity. The percentage of tuberculosis patients co-infected with Candida is becoming a concern and might complicate the treatment of tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 sputum samples were collected and subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique and Genexpert system, Gram’s stain, Germ tube test and examination in KOH preparation were conducted. Culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with gentamicin, and cultured on CHROMagar Candida and sugar fermentation were carried out for Candida. Results: Out of the 400 sputum samples examined 93(23.3%) had TB and 32(8.0%) were positive for Candida. By gender the prevalence of tuberculosis were females 51(22.4%), males 42(24.4%) while the prevalence of Candida were females 18(35.3%) and males 14(33.3%). The percentage occurrences of Candida sp. isolated were C. albicans which was the predominant species 10(21.5%), C. tropicals 5(5.4%), C. krusei 4(4.3%) and C. Parapsilosis 3(3.2%) respectively. Conclusion: Candida albicans remains the most predominant species of Candida in patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis and colonization by Candida sp should not be ignored. The presence of Candida sp. might contribute to in one way to the progression of the disease.
Determinación de la calidad de pulido de resinas de nanorrelleno empleando un microscopio de fuerza atómica

Los procedimientos de acabado y pulido de las restauraciones dentarias son fases determinantes en la practica odontologica, ya que las superficies bien acabadas y pulidas aumentan la longevidad de la restauracion, disminuyen la acumulacion de placa y reducen las modificaciones del color marginal a la restauracion y superficie. Objetivo: El proposito de este estudio fue evaluar tres diferentes sistemas de pulido: discos Sof-Lex, copas pulidoras Jiff y y sistema de un solo paso OptraPol, en funcion de la superficie obtenida en tres marcas de resinas esteticas nanohibridas para zona anterior y posterior. Material y metodos: Se realizaron 36 discos de 8 x 2.5 mm, 12 por cada marca de resina. Se hicieron cuatro grupos, uno para cada sistema de pulido y uno de control. Las superfi cies de pulido fueron evaluadas con un microscopio de fuerza atomica y se compararon con un analisis de varianza entre los grupos (ANOVA). Resultados: Los sistemas de pulido de tres pasos Jiff y y Sof-Lex presentaron valores de rugosidad mejores a lo clinicamente aceptable. El sistema de pulido de un solo paso mostro los valores mas altos de rugosidad de superficie, el doble que los sistemas de tres pasos. Conclusion: Los valores de rugosidad obtenidos estuvieron dentro de los parametros clinicos establecidos, por debajo de 1 μm, lo que permite concluir que los metodos de pulido utilizados en el estudio son clinicamente aceptables para pulir resinas nanohibridas
Use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain to differentiate gliomatosis cerebri from low-grade glioma.

OBJECT Gliomatosis cerebri (GC), a rare entity characterized by a widespread infiltration of brain by tumor, lacks objective and quantitative diagnostic criteria. Single-voxel spectroscopy and chemical shift imaging (two-dimensional proton magnetic resonance [MR] spectroscopy) were performed using both short (20- or 22-msec) and long (135-msec) echo times in nine patients suffering from GC, nine patients with low-grade gliomas (LGGs), and 25 healthy volunteers to establish the precise metabolic pattern of this uncommon brain neoplasm. METHODS The gliomatosis infiltration was characterized by markedly elevated levels of creatine-phosphocreatine (Cr) and mvo-inositol (Ins), a reduced level of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), and a moderately elevated level of choline-containing compounds (Cho). This pattern differs strikingly from LGGs, which are characterized by elevated levels of Cho and Ins, markedly reduced levels of NAA, and low-to-normal Cr concentrations. Although the distinction between GC and LGG, based on histological and MR imaging criteria, is a matter of debate, MR spectroscopy produces valuable information for the differentiation between these two entities and, hence, the choice of therapeutic strategy. It also provides new insight into the pathophysiology of GC because elevated Cr and Ins levels may be related to proliferation of glial elements or, more probably, activation of normal glia. Elevated levels of Cho reflect cellular proliferation and reduced NAA corresponds to reversible neuronal injury and/or focal invasion by the tumor process. CONCLUSIONS Owing to the unfavorable clinical outcome associated with GC compared with that associated with LGG, the findings of this study illustrate the diagnostic and prognostic value of proton MR spectroscopy in the characterization of infiltrating gliomas.
Role of the RCII-D1 Protein in the Reversible Association of the Oxygen-evolving Complex Proteins with the Lumenal Side of Photosystem II (*)

The nuclear-encoded proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II are bound on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane and stabilize the manganese ion cluster forming the photosystem II electron donor side. The OEC proteins are released from their binding site(s) following light-induced degradation of reaction center II (RCII)-D1 protein in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The kinetics of OEC proteins release correlates with that of RCII-D1 protein degradation. Only a limited amount of RCII-D2 protein is degraded during the process, and no loss of the core proteins CP43 and CP47 is detected. The release of the OEC proteins is prevented when the photoinactivated RCII-D1 protein degradation is retarded by addition of 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea or by a high PQH2/PQ ratio prevailing in membranes of the plastocyanin-deficient mutant Ac. The released proteins are not degraded but persist in the thylakoid lumen for up to 8 h and reassociate with photosystem II when new D1 protein is synthesized in cells exposed to low light, thus allowing recovery of photosystem II function. Reassociation also occurs following D1 protein synthesis in darkness when RCII activity is only partially recovered. These results indicate that (i) the D1 protein participates in the formation of the lumenal OEC proteins binding site(s) and (ii) the photoinactivation of RCII-D1 protein does not alter the conformation of the donor side of photosystem II required for the binding of the OEC proteins.
CONSIDERATIONS ON SPECIATION IN CHALCIDOIDEA (HYMENOPTERA)

Among sexually reproducing organisms, speciation involves the division of a species by the appearance of reproductive barriers which isolate a part of its population. Such barriers prevent, or at least greatly retard, the exchange of genetic material between the separated populations so that they are able to diverge genetically under the influences of natural selection, or genetic drift in small populations. If one accepts the argument of most evolutionists that the reproductive barriers operating in animal speciation must be of a geographical nature (e.g. Mayr, 1963), and that speciation must always be allopatric, then one is confronted with something of a paradox by a group of parasitic wasps, the Chalcidoidea. Chalcids are very numerous in species, well over 2000 being described from the nearctic region (Peck, 1963) and in the British Isles alone there are at least 1000 species. The superfamily is probably in a state of active evolution at the present time, a fact suggested by several assemblages of closely allied or sibling species occurring in most families. However, many species, including groups of sibling species, extend over large geographical areas. Boucek (1965) writes ". the Chalcidoidea are poor subjects for zoogeographic conclusions. Most of the species have very wide distribution areas, which may be said almost certainly even about the lesser-known species. " Associated with this wide geographical distribution of chalcids is a ready dispersal of adults into many different habitats within the range of the species. They may be found in habitats far from the nearest host; examples are certain Mesopalobus, Torymus and Olynx species parasitic in oak galls but sometimes found on sand-dunes or moorland, miles from the nearest oak tree. No doubt adult dispersal is an adaptation to meet the situation of a scattered host distribution, and its efficacy is shown by the parasitization of small, isolated host populations. Being small insects, usually only 2 or 3 mm long, chalcids can be readily carried in air currents. Accidental transportation by man must also occur frequently. As a consequence of ready dispersion, both across geographical obstacles and into a variety of habitats, prolonged geographical isolation of populations is probably less frequent than in most other groups of animals. How can this be reconciled with the apparently rapid evolutionary rate in the Chalcidoidea? A possible answer to this question has emerged