Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arginine Metabolism : Enzymology , Nutrition , and Clinical Significance Plasma Membrane Transporters for Arginine 1 , 2

The supply of arginine may become rate limiting for enzymatic reactions that use this semiessential amino acid as a substrate (e.g., nitric oxide, agmatine, creatine, and urea synthesis), particularly under conditions of high demand such as growth, sepsis, or wound healing. In addition, arginine acts as a signaling molecule that regulates essential cellular functions such as protein synthesis, apoptosis, and growth. In the past decade, a number of carrier proteins for amino acids have been identified on the molecular level. They belong to different gene families, exhibit overlapping but distinctive substrate specificities, and can further be distinguished by their requirement for the cotransport or countertransport of inorganic ions. A number of these transporters function as exchangers rather than uniporters. Uptake of amino acids by these transporters therefore depends largely on the intracellular substrate composition. Hence, there is a complex crosstalk between transporters for cationic and neutral amino acids as well as for peptides. This article briefly reviews current knowledge regarding mammalian plasma membrane transporters that accept arginine as a substrate. J. Nutr. 134: 2752S–2759S, 2004.
Sociolinguistic factors  and the pragmaticalization of bon in contemporary spoken French

The multifunctional nature of discourse-marking bon (well) is well-attested in the literature (Auchlin, 1981; Winther, 1985, Hansen, 1998a and b, Jayez, 2004). Its adverbial and interjective uses can, according to Hansen (1998a), be related to its canonical adjectival use (as in ‘C’est bon’ ‘It’s good’), its discourse-marking and hedging uses being more peripheral extensions of this. Beeching (2007c) charts the remarkable increase in rates of bon usage in both real and apparent time from 1968-2002. The present paper establishes the extent to which bon is pragmaticalizing by investigating its sociosituational variation and distributional frequency in the Corpus de Reference du Francais Parle. The rise in frequency of the compound expressions mais bon and parce que bon suggests a shift towards increased intersubjectivity .
DECONSTRUCTING A COMPARATIVE ILLUSION

Comparative illusions like More Americans have been to Russia than I have are well-known in the linguistics community, but surprisingly little formal, experimental work has been conducted to understand the nature of the phenomenon. Is the illusion robust? Under what conditions does it obtain? Certainly, the classic example seems highly acceptable to most native speakers of English, yet even such speakers will (eventually) readily admit that it has no coherent interpretation. What are the linguistic properties of the classic example? To what extent does the illusory e↵ect depend on these properties? Putting comparative illusions under the microscope, we consider whether the source of the e↵ect is due to a ‘shallow’ parser, some type of repair by ellipsis, an incorrectly-resolved lexical ambiguity, or to the semantics of comparison more generally. We report the results of four acceptability judgment studies and one sentence recall study which support only the semantics of comparison explanation. Concluding the paper, we consider these results in terms of what they reveal about the nature of grammar and language processing. 1. Comparative illusions The sentence in (1), while often judged to be a perfectly acceptable sentence of English, seems to have no stable, meaningful interpretation. (1) More people have been to Russia than I have. Such sentences have come to be referred to as ‘comparative illusions’: comparative structures that give rise to an illusion of syntactic and semantic well-formedness. The illusions are interesting in that they seem to challenge some of our most basic assumptions about language architecture—that we perceive sentences veridically, that we interpret them fully, and that sentence form and meaning are tightly coupled. In this paper, we investigate whether the illusions are as acceptable as has been thought, and which properties are essential for the illusion e↵ect. This work was made possible by a Baggett Fellowship, and SSHRC award 752-2010-0499 to AW, a Mellon Foundation Fellowship to RP, and NSF BCS-0848554 to CP. Thanks go to the audience at the CUNY 2009 Human Sentence Processing Conference in Davis, the Cognitive Neuroscience of Language group at UMD, as well as Scott Fults, Alexander Williams, Barry Schein, Norbert Hornstein, Je↵rey Lidz, Paul Pietroski, Ellen Lau, Brian Dillon, Benjamin Spector, Ellen O’Connor, Alex Fine, Roger Levy, Hal Tily, Shevaun Lewis, and Michaël Gagnon for discussion, as well as Dave Spencer and Nathan Ycas for their help in running the experiments. This sentence was first reported by Montalbetti 1984 as “the most amazing */? sentence I’ve ever heard”, attributed to Hermann Schultze.
Polymer‐Reinforced, Aligned Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites for Microelectromechanical Systems Applications

AgNO3 and KNO3 at 400 °C. The thickness of the glass substrate, time of the ion-exchange process, and weight concentration of AgNO3 in the melt determined the concentration and distribution of Ag ions in the glass. Thermal annealing of the ion-exchanged glass in a H2 reduction atmosphere, typically at 400–450 °C, resulted in the formation of spherical silver nanoparticles [14]. Macroporous silicon with lattice constants of 500 nm or 2 lm were grown in a photoelectrochemical etching process of lithographically prestructured <100>-oriented n-type silicon wafers. In each case, the front side of the wafer was in contact with hydrofluoric acid (concentration cHF = 5 wt.-%; T = 10 °C) whereas the backside was illuminated generating electron–hole pairs. An external anodic bias then consumed the electrons, and the electrons/holes diffused through the whole wafer to the silicon electrolyte interface, promoting the silicon dissolution there. The pores with very flat surfaces and high aspect ratios grew straight along the (001) direction of the silicon single crystal [15,16]. The macroporous silicon samples were then sputtered with 10 nm chromium film to avoid anodic bonding during the experiments [17,18].
The use of artificial neural networks and multiple linear regression in modelling work–health relationships: Translating theory into analytical practice

Although psychological theory acknowledges the existence of complex systems and the importance of nonlinear effects, linear statistical models have been traditionally used to examine relationships between environmental stimuli and outcomes. The way we analyse these relationships does not seem to reflect the way we conceptualize them. The present study investigated the application of connectionism (artificial neural networks) to modelling the relationships between work characteristics and employee health by comparing it with a more conventional statistical linear approach (multiple linear regression) on a sample of 1003 individuals in employment. Comparisons of performance metrics indicated differences in model fit, with neural networks to some extent outperforming the linear regression models, such that R 2 for worn-out and job satisfaction were significantly higher in the neural networks. Most importantly, comparisons revealed that the predictors in the two approaches differed in their relative importance for predicting outcomes. The improvement is attributed to the ability of the neural networks to model complex nonlinear relationships. Being unconstrained by assumptions of linearity, they can provide a better approximation of such psychosocial phenomena. Nonlinear approaches are often better fitted for purpose, as they conform to the need for correspondence between theory, method, and data.
The spatial and temporal diversification of Early Palaeozoic vertebrates

Abstract Recent discoveries have dramatically altered traditional views of the stratigraphic distribution and phylogeny of Early Palaeozoic vertebrates and permit a reappraisal of biogeographic patterns and processes over the first 120 million years of vertebrate evolution. Stratigraphic calibration of the phylogenetic trees indicates that most of the pre-Silurian record can be inferred only through ghost ranges. Assessment of the available data suggests that this is due to a shift in ecological niches after the latest Ordovician extinction event and a broadening of geographical range following the amalgamation of Euramerica during the early Silurian. Two major patterns are apparent in the biogeographic data. Firstly, the majority of jawless fishes with dermoskeletal, plated ‘armour’ were highly endemic during Cambrian-Ordovician time, with arandaspids restricted to Gondwana, galeaspids to China, and anatolepids, astraspids and, possibly, heterostracans confined to Laurentia. These Laurentian groups began to disperse to other continental blocks as the ‘Old Red Sandstone continent’ amalgamated through a series of tectonic collisions. The second major pattern, in contrast, encompasses a number of microsquamous and naked, jawed and jawless primitive vertebrates such as conodonts, thelodonts, placoderms, chondrichthyans and acanthodians, which dispersed rapidly and crossed oceanic barriers to attain cosmopolitan distributions, although many have Laurentian origins. A clear difference in dispersal potential exists between these two types of fishes. Overall, the development of biogeographic patterns in Early Palaeozoic vertebrates involved a complex interaction of dispersal, vicariance and tectonic convergence.
The Underground Economy in a Matching Model of Endogenous Growth

A matching model will explain both unemployment and economic growth by considering the underground sector. Three problems can thus be simultaneously accounted for: (i) the persistence of underground economy, (ii) the ambiguous relationships between underground employment and unemployment, and (iii) between growth and unemployment. The key assumptions adopted are that entrepreneurial ability is heterogeneous across individuals; skill accumulation determines productivity growth in the regular sector and a positive externality on the underground sector; job-seekers choose whether or not to invest in education and skill depending on the expected wages in the two sectors. The conclusions are that the least able entrepreneurs set up underground firms, employ unskilled labour, and do not contribute to growth. Underground employment alleviates unemployment only if the monitoring rate is sufficiently low. Policies for entrepreneurship and monitoring would help both economic growth and employment.
Knowledge Sharing in a Business Incubator

Purpose: The purpose of the research is to investigate how entrepreneurs experience knowledge sharing in a business incubator. Furthermore, the study explores which fac- tors enable or inhibit knowledge sharing. Design/methodology/approach: The research is based on an inductive approach with twelve semi-structured interviews serving as the main empirical data, with additional unstructured observations supporting the data. Since the focus is on entrepreneurs lived experiences, a phenomenological approach is used. Findings: The thesis argues that entrepreneurs experience four aspects; 1) open office space, 2) management support, as well as 3) activities and the 4) community – as sup- portive for sharing knowledge in a business incubator. Both, the notions of collaborative communities (CC) and communities of practise (COP), respectively, show crucial as- pects that are of particular importance in enabling knowledge sharing. Hence, our find- ings show that both notions viewed from a convergent perspective could result in a mu- tually beneficial new framework, which can be named collaborative communities of practice (CCOP). The constructed framework constitutes a suitable illustration of how missing values in the concept of COP can be extended in order to promote knowledge sharing. Originality/value: By outlining experienced enabling aspects to share knowledge and by introducing a merged framework regarding knowledge sharing, the authors offer a new foundation for theory building for researchers in this field, as well as interesting re- sults for practitioners.
Study of Morphological and Chemical Composition of Fibers from Iranian Sugarcane Bagasse

3 Abstract: This research was down with aim of chemical and anatomical properties of used sugarcane bagasse used in pars paper industries. Wet method depithed sugarcane bagasse of pars Paper Company in Khuzestan province was used in this research. TAPPI standard was used for study of sugarcane bagasse fiber chemical and anatomical properties. Average length, diameter of cellular cavity and thickness of cellular layer of sugarcane bagasse fiber were calculated as 1590, 20.96, 9.719 and 5.64 µm. The slenderness ratio, flexibility ratio and Runkel ratio were of sugarcane bagasse were calculated as 75.86, 46.37%, 1.16. In addition measuring chemical properties showed that Cellulose proportion was 55.75%, lignin 20.5%, Extractives 3.25% and ash 1.85% measurement of sugarcane bagasse properties shows that the dimensional properties of fibers and chemical property of fibers are very suitable for use in paper making industries of the country and is better than hard woods and other nonwood herbals.
Depth and water mass zonation and species associations of cold-water octocoral and stony coral communities in the southwestern Atlantic

The Southwest Atlantic continental margin between latitudes 21 and 23° S comprises the Campos Basin area. Its continental shelf is some 100 km wide, with the slope starting between 80 and 130 m in depth. The slope is about 40 km wide, extending deeper to the south (2000 m) than to the north (1500 m). Water masses influencing the area include (1) surficial tropical water (TW), 250 to 300 m depth; (2) South Atlantic central water (SACW), below TW 300 to 550 m; (3) Antarctic inter- mediate water (AIW), between 550 and 1200 m depth; and (4) North Atlantic deep water (NADW), 1200 to 3500 m depth. Distributions of octocorals (25 genera, 32 species/morphotypes) and stony corals (27, 11) and associations among taxa and with water masses were analyzed. Different commu- nities were found over 3 depth ranges. Complete dissimilarity was observed between the continental shelf margin/upper slope and the middle-lower slope. The shallower depth range (52 to 760 m) was influenced by TW, SACW and the upper limit of AIW, while 11 species/morphotypes occurred exclu- sively in the middle depths (1000 to 1200 m), under the sole influence of AIW. No species were exclu- sive to the deepest depth range (1200 to 1605 m), which is bathed by NADW. Middle slope areas were distinct from one another, while lower slope areas were more homogeneous. Co-occurrences of spe- cies indicate the type of environment they live in, as soft or hard bottoms. One group of species indicative of cold-water coral communities includes Lophelia pertusa, Enallopsammia spp. , Coral- lium niobe and Paragorgia johnsonii.
The Effect of Corn Oil in Sperm Parameters and Levels of Some Hormone, Elements, and Biochemical Parameters in Serum of White Male Rabbits

Corn oil is a pale-yellow drying or semidrying edible oil extracted from the germ of corn and used for cooking and salad preparation. Corn oil is finding wide application at home, restaurants, hotels, hospitals, and other food industries. Nowadays it is finding wide application at all places of food preparation. The principal goal of this study was to investigate the role of corn oil on the fertility, levels of some hormone, elements, and biochemical parameters of adult male rabbits. Fifteen adult male rabbits were randomly distributed into three groups, 5 animals of each groups: Group (1) was given orally distilled water and another groups (2 and 3) of rabbits were treated orally with 2 and 2.5 ml/day of corn oil alone as vehicle. The results show that corn oil caused significant differences (P in sperm parameters and insignificant differences (P in levels of some Hormone, some trace element, and some biochemical parameters of male rabbits. It was concluded that the addition of corn oil may improve semen quality of any animal, mammals as well as human being. Keywords: corn oil, rabbits, sperm parameters, hormone, elements, biochemical parameters.
Inventory Commitment and Monetary Compensation under Competition

Problem definition: Inventory commitment and monetary compensation are widely recognized as effective strategies in monopoly settings when customers are concerned about stockouts. To attract more customer traffic, a firm reveals its inventory availability information to customers before the sales season or offers monetary compensation to placate customers if the product is out of stock. This paper investigates these two strategies when retailers compete on both price and inventory availability. Methodology/results: We develop a game-theoretic framework to analyze the strategic interactions among the retailers and customers and draw the following insights. First, both inventory commitment and monetary compensation may lead to a prisoner’s dilemma. Although these strategies are preferred regardless of the competitor’s price and inventory decisions, the equilibrium profit of each retailer could be lower in the presence of inventory commitment or monetary compensation because they intensify the competition between the retailers. Second, we find that market competition may hurt social welfare compared with a centralized setting by reducing the product availability in equilibrium. The inventory commitment and monetary compensation strategies further intensify the competition between the retailers, therefore causing an even lower social welfare. Managerial implications: Our study shows that, although inventory commitment and monetary compensation improve retailers’ profit and social welfare under monopoly, these strategies should be used with caution under competition. Funding: F. Zhang is grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 71929201, 72131004]. R. Zhang is grateful for the financial support from the Hong Kong Research Grants Council General Research Fund [Grant 14502722] and the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 72293560/72293565]. Y. Yu is grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 71921001]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021. 0411 .
Aerothermodynamics of Spiked Bodies: Part I

Among a variety of design requirements, reducing the drag and aeroheating on hypersonic vehicles are the most crucial. Unfortunately, these two objectives are often conflicting. On one hand, sharp slender forebodies design reduces the drag and ensures longer ranges and more economic flights. However, they are more vulnerable to aerodynamic heating. On the other hand, blunt forebodies produce more drag however, they are preferred as far as aeroheating is concerned. In addition, in the context of hypersonic vehicles, blunt geometries are preferred over slender ones for practical implications such as higher volumetric efficiency, better accommodation of crew or on-board equipment. In principle, a blunt vehicle flying at hypersonic speeds generates a strong bow shock wave ahead of its nose which is responsible for the high drag and aeroheating levels. There have been a number of efforts devoted towards reducing both the drag and aeroheating bymodifying the flowfield ahead of the vehicle’s nose. Of these techniques, using spikes is the simplest and the most reliable technique. A spike is simply a slender rod attached to the stagnation point of the vehicle’s nose. The spike replaces the strong bow shock with a system of weaker shocks along with creating a zone of recirculating flow ahead of the forebody thus reducing both drag and aeroheating. Since their introduction to the high-speed vehicles domain, spikes have been extensively studied using both experimental facilities and numerical simulation techniques. The present review study is devoted to surveying these contributions and illustrating the recent contributions of the authors in this field. The present study also raises some of the areas in the field that need further investigations. For a clearer illustration, the study is presented in two separate papers. The present paper, Part I, is intended to serve as an index for previous literature that could be useful for the interested researchers. The other part of this paper deals with the recent advances of spiked bodies aerothermodynamics and up-to-date contributions.
Gun Ownership and Gang Membership

The problem of gang-related violence is not a new phenomenon, yet public concern over the rising violence perpetrated by juveniles has led to a renewed interest in the study of juvenile gangs. Whereas gangs used to be predominantly confined to large urban centers such as Los Angeles, Chicago, or New York City, today's gangs appear to be increasingly present in medium and small-sized cities previously believed to be immune to gang activity.1 The increased visibility of gangs, coupled with the growing fear of juvenile crime, has led researchers and others to conclude that there is an association between
Cross-Cultural Normative Assessment: Translation and Adaptation Issues Influencing the Normative Interpretation of Assessment Instruments.

This article describes some of the issues affecting measures that are translated and/or adapted from an original language and culture to a new one. It addresses steps to ensure (a) that the test continues to measure the same psychological characteristics, (b) that the test content is the same, and (c) that the research procedures needed to document that it effectively meets this goal are available. Specifically, the notions of test validation, fairness, and norms are addressed. An argument that such adaptations may be necessary when assessing members of subpopulations in U.S. culture is proposed