Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crop domestication in the upper Madeira River basin

Most native Amazonian crops were domesticated in the periphery of the basin. The upper Madeira River basin is an important part of this periphery where several important crops were domesticated and others are suspected to have been domesticated or arrived early. Some of these crops have been reasonably well studied, such as manioc, peanut, peach palm, coca and tobacco, while others are not as well known, such as the hot peppers Capsicum baccatum and C. frutescens, and still others need confirmation, such as cocoyam and annatto. We review the information available for manioc, peach palm, Capsicum, peanut, annatto and cocoyam. The state-of-the-art for Capsicum frutescens, annatto and cocoyam is insufficient to conclude definitively that they were domesticated in the upper Madeira, while all the others have at least one of their origins or centers of diversity in the upper Madeira.
EXTENDED RUNS 1 The Extended Runs Procedure and Restart Cost

Task-switching procedures provides a means to study the interplay between goal-directedness and cognitive flexibility at a fine temporal grain. Most such procedures cue the current task perceptually on all trials, which means that processes related to this cue factor into behavioral measures on all trials. The extended-runs procedure discussed here makes it possible to isolate stimulus-related processes and the role of episodic memory for the current task. In this procedure, participants perform runs of trials governed by the same task, with the (randomly selected) task cue presented only at the start of the run and then withdrawn. This chapter briefly reviews empirical studies involving this procedure, and theoretical work suggesting that memory-based cognitive control is in fact the general case and thus that results from the extended-runs procedure can be taken to generalize to explicit cuing and alternating runs.
Impact of parasites on the reproduction and fecundity of the blue sand crab Portunus pelagicus from Moreton Bay, Australia

The rhizocephalan Sacculina granifera had a marked effect on the gonad development and growth of its host Portunus pelagicus. Crabs were frequently castrated by the parasite but, in some cases, castration was incomplete, ie the reproductive potential of the infected host is not necessarily zero. Crabs were susceptible to infection by the parasite at any size/age, but juvenile crabs were more frequently infected. The abundance of the egg predator Carcinonemertes mitsukurii was correlated with salinity and temperature, but not with egg mortality on the host. Hence, the worms had little impact on host fecundity. The nicothoid copepod Choniosphaera indica was the major source of egg mortality on P. pelagicus. Mean mortality due to the copepod was 2.4% (range 0-19.6%). While the copepod may be capable of rapid development and infection of crab clutches, it had a negligible effect on host fecundity because it occurred at relatively low intensities (1-1821 copepods host). The parasite and egg predators exhibited seasonal patterns in their infections of the host population. Seasonal patterns were found in the molting, mating, gonad development, breeding, and sex ratios of crabs. -from Authors
Metsähukkapuu ja luonnonpoistuma poistumatilastoissa

Puuston poistuman tilastointia varten saadaan tiedot hakkuukertymästä puun ostajien teke­ mien ilmoitusten perusteella. Hakkuissa syntyvästä metsähukkapuusta sekä käyttämättä jäävästä luonnonpoistumasta ei saada vuosittaisia tietoja, vaan poistumatilastossa käytetyt luvut ovat perustuneet harvemmin tehtyihin selvityksiin ja arviointeihin. Valtakunnan metsien 9. inventoinnin (1996–2003) koealoista mitattiin lähes neljäsosa uudestaan 10. inventoinnissa vuosina 2005–2008. Aineistosta on mahdollista laskea tuloksia, joita ei voi laskea kertakoealoilta. Tässä työssä selvitettiin 1) hakkuissa metsään jäävän hukkapuun osuus sekä 2) arvio vuotuisen luonnonpoistuman määrästä. Metsähukkapuun osuus laskettiin ensimmäisen ja toisen mittauskerran välillä hakattujen puiden perusteella. Vuotuisen luonnonpoistuman suuruus laskettiin mittausten välisenä aikana kuolleiden puiden perusteella. VMI­aineistosta laskettu hakkuissa syntyvän hukkapuun osuus on havupuilla samaa suuruus­ luokkaa kuin aiemmin käytössä olleet luvut, mutta lehtipuilla osuudet ovat aiemmin käytössä olleita suurempia. VMI­aineistosta laskettu vuotuinen metsään jäävä luonnonpoistuma on 4,7 miljoonaa kuutiometriä, mikä on suurempi kuin aiemmin käytössä ollut arvio. Uusia tuloksia testattiin laskemalla VMI9:n ja VMI10:n välinen metsätase.
C IV and other Metal Absorption Line Systems in 18 z = 4 Quasars

We present a modest survey of quasar metal line absorption systems at redshifts 2.3–4.5. Relatively high signal-to-noise ratio (∼25 pixel-1) spectra of 18 quasars at 2 Å FWHM resolution show many absorption systems with strong metal lines in the region redward of the Lyα emission lines. We conducted a systematic search and found 55 C IV doublets, 19 Si IV doublets, three Mg II doublets, and seven N V doublets. The present data alone hint that the number of C IV absorption doublets per unit redshift, N(z), decreases with increasing redshift for 2.3 < z < 4.5 but at only the 1–2 σ level, for either an Einstein–de Sitter model (Λ = 0) or a flat universe with Λ = 0.7. When we combine our sample with published data that extend to lower redshifts, we detect evolution at the 1–4 σ level, depending on the cosmological model and the strength of the C IV lines. There are fewer C IV systems per unit z with increasing z, and the systems with stronger C IV lines evolve much faster. At z ≃ 2.4, C IV with W > 0.3 Å are approximately 55% of all C IV systems with W > 0.15 Å, but by z ≃ 4 that percentage is less than 37%. Similar conclusions were reached by Sargent, Boksenberg, & Steidel and by Steidel, primarily at lower redshifts. However, we measure approximately twice the density of C IV systems at 2.3 < z < 3.8 with W > 0.15 Å that was reported by Steidel. The probability that our sample and previous samples come from the same distribution is only ∼2%. But this could be a statistical accident because it is an a posteriori comparison. We believe that the systems that we report are real, and we have no other explanation for this difference. For Si IV absorption lines, there is a 1 σ hint of evolution with the same sense. In contrast, Lyα and Mg II systems are known to show evolution of the opposite sense with more absorbers at larger redshifts. The physical cause of this difference may be a mixture of ionization and chemical evolution effects.
Treatment effectiveness for offenders with autism spectrum conditions: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Theoretical suppositions suggest a potential vulnerability in some individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) to displaying offending behaviours. Additionally, it is recognised that the features of ASCs may result in possible barriers to treatment. A systematic review was undertaken to identify empirical evidence examining the effectiveness of treatment programmes for offenders with ASCs and to explore the potential impact of ASC symptoms on treatment outcomes. The studies identified consisted of a small number of case series and a collection of case reports with little or no direct comparisons to offenders without ASCs. A synthesis of the findings highlighted variability in treatment approach and impact. Effectiveness was primarily defined by reduction in further offending behaviours and was found to be variable across the data. The potential relationship between the symptoms of ASCs and treatment outcome was explored with all case reports identifying the need for adaptations to treatment programmes, necessitated by the symptoms of ASCs. This systematic review joins an existing body of literature emphasising need for more controlled research into the effectiveness of offending behaviour treatment programmes for individuals with ASCs, and for further investigation into the impact of the clinical features of ASCs on treatment outcomes.
Simulated crop rotation systems control swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii

Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a common insect pest in Europe and a new invasive pest in North America, causes severe damage to cruciferous crops. Many counties in Canada and the USA, in which C. nasturtii has not been previously reported, are at risk of being infested by C. nasturtii. Effectiveness of chemical control is limited, especially under high population pressure in fields. Alternative management strategies against C. nasturtii are sorely needed in order to protect crucifers. Under controlled laboratory conditions, the effectiveness on C. nasturtii control by 11 simulated cauliflower‐sweet corn and cauliflower‐kidney bean crop rotation systems was evaluated, with and without the presence of cruciferous weeds as alternative hosts. Our results indicated that when soil was infested with C. nasturtii pupae, the emergence pattern from the soil was very similar regardless whether the soil was later planted to host or non‐host plants. As emergence was not affected, we examined whether manipulating host availability for oviposition through crop rotation would be effective. Our results indicated that the simulated cauliflower‐sweet corn and cauliflower‐kidney bean rotation systems provided full control of C. nasturtii. The effectiveness of one cycle of non‐host crop rotation was reduced when cruciferous weeds were present. However, the C. nasturtii population in a one‐cycle non‐host rotation system with cruciferous weeds present was significantly lower than that in a non‐rotation system. Two consecutive cycles (simulating a cropping season) of non‐host plant crop rotations provided full control of C. nasturtii, regardless of the presence of the cruciferous weeds. The importance of cruciferous weed management and how to implement a successful crop rotation in fields to control C. nasturtii are discussed.
Backward Simulation Methods for Monte Carlo Statistical Inference

Monte Carlo methods, in particular those based on Markov chains and on interacting particle systems, are by now tools that are routinely used in machine learning. These methods have had a profound impact on statistical inference in a wide range of application areas where probabilistic models are used. Moreover, there are many algorithms in machine learning which are based on the idea of processing the data sequentially, first in the forward direction and then in the backward direction. In this tutorial, we will review a branch of Monte Carlo methods based on the forward–backward idea, referred to as backward simulators. These methods are useful for learning and inference in probabilistic models containing latent stochastic processes. The theory and practice of backward simulation algorithms have undergone a significant development in recent years and the algorithms keep finding new applications. The foundation for these methods is sequential Monte Carlo (SMC). SMC-based backward simulators are capable of addressing smoothing problems in sequential latent variable models, such as general, nonlinear/non-Gaussian state-space models (SSMs). However, we will also clearly show that the underlying backward simulation idea is by no means restricted to SSMs. Furthermore, backward simulation plays an important role in recent developments of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Particle MCMC is a systematic way of using SMC within MCMC. In this framework, backward simulation gives us a way to significantly improve the performance of the samplers. We review and discuss several related backward-simulation-based methods for state inference as well as learning of static parameters, both using a frequentistic and a Bayesian approach.
Gas entropy in a representative sample of nearby X-ray galaxy clusters (REXCESS): relationship to gas mass fraction

We examine the radial entropy distribution and its scaling using 31 nearby galaxy clusters from the Representative XMM-Newton Cluster Structure Survey (REXCESS), a sample in the temperature range 2-9 keV selected in X-ray luminosity only, with no bias toward any particular morphological type. The entropy profi les are robustly measured at least out to R1000 in all systems and out to R500 in thirteen systems. Compared to theoretical expectations from non-radiative cosmological simulations, the observed distributions show a radial and mass-dependent excess entropy, such that the excess is greater and extends to larger radii in lower mass systems. At R500, the mass dependence and entropy excess are both negligible within the large observational and theoretical uncertaint ies. Mirroring this behaviour, the scaling of gas entropy is shal lower than self-similar in the inner regions, but steepens w ith radius, becoming consistent with self-similar at R500. There is a large dispersion in scaled entropy in the inner re gions, apparently linked to the presence of cool cores and dynamical activity; at larger radii the dispersion decreases by approximately a factor of two to 30 per cent, and the dichotomy between subsamples disappears. There are two peaks in the distribution of both inner slope and, after parameterising the profiles with a power law plus const ant model, in central entropy K0. However, we are unable to distinguish between a bimodal or a left-skewed distribution of K0 with the present data. The distribution of outer slopes is un imodal with a median value of 0.98, and there is a clear correlation of outer slope with temperature. Renormalising the dimensionless entropy profiles b y the gas mass fraction profile fgas(< R), leads to a remarkable reduction in the scatter, implying t hat gas mass fraction variations with radius and mass are the cause of the observed entropy structural and scaling properties. The results are consistent with the picture of a cluster population in which entropy modification is cent rally concentrated and extends to larger radii at lower mass, leading to both a radial and a mass-dependence in the gas mass fraction, but which is increasingly self-similar at large radius. T he observed normalisation, however, would suggest entropy modificatio n at least up to R1000, and even beyond, in all but the most massive systems. We discuss a tentative scenario to explain the observed behaviour of the entropy and gas mass fraction in the REXCESS sample, in which a combination of extra heating and merger mixing maintains an elevated central entropy level in the majority of the population, and a smaller fraction of systems is able to develop a cool core.
INDOOR PROPAGATION MEASUREMENT FOR WIRELESS SYSTEMS OPERATING IN 2 . 45 GHZ ISM BAND

For a planning of indoor Wireless LAN systems working in the ISM band, the signal propagation prediction is needed. In this article, the measurement campaign based on two types of measurements at 2.45 GHz is introduced. The first type of the measurement was a classical narrowband signal level measurement within indoor scenario without presence of people. The aim of this measurement was to find empirical parameters for COST231 Multi-Wall and One-Slope models. In order to statistically describe the time varying nature of the received envelope of the signal, at WLAN 2.45 GHz band, the second part of measurement campaign was accomplished. In this case, the signal level was measured using commercial WLAN PCMCIA cards in two notebooks. Probability density functions and corresponding cumulative distribution functions were set and discussed based on the specific locations and orientation of one of the notebooks. Results from both measurement campaigns were compared and conclusions are drawn for the needs of practical planning of indoor WLAN systems coverage.
Trends in reported flooding in the UK: 1884–2013

Abstract A long-term dataset of reported flooding based on reports from the UK Met Office and the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology is described. This is possibly a unique dataset as the authors are unaware of any other 100+ year records of flood events and their consequences on a national scale. Flood events are classified by severity based upon qualitative descriptions. There is an increase in the number of reported flood events over time associated with an increased exposure to flooding as floodplain areas were developed. The data was de-trended for exposure, using population and dwelling house data. The adjusted record shows no trend in reported flooding over time, but there is significant decade to decade variability. This study opens a new approach to considering flood occurrence over a long time scale using reported information (and thus likely effects on society) rather than just considering trends in extreme hydrological conditions. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz Associate editor Not assigned
To assess prevalences of URTI and associated symptoms amoung university students

To assess prevalences of URTI and associated symptoms amoung Isra university students.It was Randomized study with closed Questionnare A group of 110 students, between age 19 and 24 were were selected, and questionnaire were filled by the students, being suffered from upper respiratory tract infections and associated symptoms last year. Of 110 students 59 were male students and 51 were female.
BUD REGENERATION AND ELECTRICAL POLARITIES IN PHASEOLUS

Various investigators have reported experiments on the relationship between the growth substance and the inhibition of the lateral buds in seedlings of Leguminosae. THIMANN and SKOOG (24) and SKOOG and THIMANN (20) have demonstrated that the growth hormone when applied to the cut surface of decapitated plants of Vicia faba reversibly inhibits the lateral buds. HITCHCOCK (5) has shown that lateral bud inhibition could be produced by the application of various chemicals, including indole-acetic acid, indole-propionic acid, or ethylene or propylene gases to decapitated tobacco plants. THIMANN and SKOOG (24) have advanced the hypothesis that the growth substance is transported directly to the buds where it prevents the buds from producing their own horinone, which, according to these investigators, prevents the growth of the buds. LAIBACH (9), on the other hand, supposes that the hormone does not act directly on the buds but produces a secondary reaction which in turn causes the inhibition. In this connection it is of interest to note that LEFANU (10) was unable to detect any appreciable amounts of auxin in inhibited lateral shoots of Pisum sativutm. BOYSEN JENSEN (1) obtained no release of inhibition when he applied growth hormone in various ways to the inhibited buds of several plants. SNOW (22) has demonstrated that there is an inhibiting influence that may travel both apically and basipetally. However, in a recent paper SNOW (23) found that the growth substance could travel upwards and cause both growth and inhibitory effects. Most of the workers in this field have found that the growth substance in physiological concentration travels only downward. Obviously the mechanism by which the growth hormone may bring about the inhibition of the lateral buds is one that has not been completely explained. The present paper is concerned with the relationship between bioelectric currents and bud inhibition. A number of investigators have presented evidence to show that the hormone may be transported electrophoretically by the inherent potential differences. WENT (25) has proposed, on the basis of his experiments on the uptake of dyes (which experiments have been confirmed by CLARK, 4), that the apices of these plants are negative to their bases and that this electrical polarity transports the hormone. A discussion of this theory will be postponed until later. It must be kept in mind, however, 81
THE THOMSON SURFACE. II. POLARIZATION

The solar corona and heliosphere are visible via sunlight that is Thomson-scattered off free electrons, yielding a radiance against the celestial sphere. In this second part of a three-article series, we discuss linear polarization of this scattered light parallel and perpendicular to the plane of scatter in the context of heliospheric imaging far from the Sun. The difference between these two radiances (pB) varies quite differently with scattering angle, compared to the sum that would be detected in unpolarized light (B). The difference between these two quantities has long been used in a coronagraphic context for background subtraction and to extract some three-dimensional information about the corona; we explore how these effects differ in the wider-field heliospheric imaging case where small-angle approximations do not apply. We develop an appropriately simplified theory of polarized Thomson scattering in the heliosphere, discuss signal-to-noise considerations, invert the scattering equations analytically to solve the three-dimensional object location problem for small objects, discuss exploiting polarization for background subtraction, and generate simple forward models of several classes of heliospheric feature. We conclude that pB measurements of heliospheric material are much more localized to the Thomson surface than are B measurements, that the ratio pB/B can be used to track solar wind features in three dimensions for scientific and space weather applications better in the heliosphere than corona, and that,as an independent measurement of background signal, pB measurements may be used to reduce the effect of background radiances including the stably polarized zodiacal light.
DIAGNOSIS OF INTRACRANIAL TUBERCULOMA

Tuberculomas of the brain account for 20 to 30 per cent of intracranial tumors in India. In pediatric age group, upto 41% of intracranial space occupying lesions (ICSOLs) have been found to be tuberculous in nature. Tuberculomas develop in the brain when the initial “Rich focus” does not rupture into the meninges but expands locally within the brain parenchyma. The tuberculoma may also originate in the meninges, and may be found in the superficial cortex. The meningeal form may resemble a meningioma.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF MYOTROPIC NEUROPEPTIDE IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE COCKROACH LEUCOPHAEA MADERAE: DISTRIBUTION AND RELEASE OF LEUCOKININS

Being interested in the distribution and function of insect myotropic peptides, we developed a sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) using an antiserum directed against the cockroach neuropeptide leucokinin I. The levels of leucokinin immunoreactivity were measured in extracts of different portions of the nervous system, in the retrocerebral complex and in the hemolymph of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. The brain contains about 1.9 pmol of immunoreactive material while the ganglia of the ventral nerve cord each contain less than 10 % of this amount. Large amounts of leucokinin immunoreactivity (6.6 pmol per tissue) were found in the corpora cardiaca-corpora allata (CC-CA) complex and in the hemolymph the titer was in the nanomolar range. When levels of leucokinins were compared in male and female cockroaches, no differences could be detected in any of the sample tissues. A calcium-dependent release of leucokinin-immunoreactive material could be induced from isolated CC-CA complexes by high-potassium depolarization. The amount of released immunoreactivity, as measured in the bathing saline by RIA, was about 2 % of the extractable leucokinin immunoreactivity in the CC-CA complex. In Leucophaea maderae, the leucokinins apparently act both as neuroactive substances in the central nervous system and as neurohormones released into the circulation.