Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lexical Access in Phrase and Sentence Production: Results from Picture–Word Interference Experiments

Abstract Four experiments investigated the span of advance planning for phrases and short sentences. Dutch subjects were presented with pairs of objects, which they named using noun-phrase conjunctions (e.g., the translation equivalent of “the arrow and the bag”) or sentences (“the arrow is next to the bag”). Each display was accompanied by an auditory distractor, which was related in form or meaning to the first or second noun of the utterance or unrelated to both. For sentences and phrases, the mean speech onset time was longer when the distractor was semantically related to the first or second noun and shorter when it was phonologically related to the first noun than when it was unrelated. No phonological facilitation was found for the second noun. This suggests that before utterance onset both target lemmas and the first target form were selected.
The Expression and Clinical Significance of TGF-β1 and MMP2 in Human Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma

The expression and clinical significance of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) in human renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC) were investigated. The intensity of TGF-β1 and MMP2 expression in RCCC kidneys was significantly higher than that in normal kidneys. Expression of TGF-β1 and MMP2 in RCCC tissues was positively correlated with pathological grade and clinical stage. There was also a significant correlation between TGF-β1 and Msshese analyses indicate that upregulation of TGF-β1 and MMP2 expression may occur during the progression of RCCC. Thus, TGF-β1 and MMP2 may be useful molecular markers for evaluating prognosis in RCCC patients.
Climate change, rice crops, and violence

This article contributes to the literature on the nexus between climate change and violence by focusing on Indonesia over the period 1993–2003. Rice is the staple food in Indonesia and we investigate whether its scarcity can be blamed for fueling violence. Following insights from the natural science literature, which claims that increases in minimum temperature reduce rice yields, we maintain that increases in minimum temperature reduce food availability in many provinces, which in turn raises the emergence of actual violence. We adopt an instrumental variable approach and select the instruments taking into account the rice growing calendar. Results show that an increase of the minimum temperature during the core month of the rice growing season, that is, December, determines an increase in violence stimulated by the reduction in future rice production per capita. Results are robust across a number of different functional specifications and estimation methods. From a methodological point of view, we claim that the inconclusive results obtained in this literature may be caused by an overlook of the correct bundle crop/temperature. Studies concentrating on several countries with different crops and using variations of average temperature as a measure of climate change missed the biological mechanism behind the relationship between climate change and violence.
Orexin‐1 receptor signalling in the prelimbic cortex and ventral tegmental area regulates cue‐induced reinstatement of ethanol‐seeking in iP rats

Orexins (hypocretins) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that innervate the entire neuraxis, including the prelimbic cortex and ventral tegmental area and have been implicated in ethanol‐seeking behaviour. The present study aimed to use the orexin‐1 (OX1) receptor antagonist SB‐334867 to examine the role of prelimbic cortex and ventral tegmental area OX1 receptors in cue‐induced reinstatement of ethanol‐seeking. Ethanol‐preferring rats (iP) rats were trained to self‐administer ethanol (10 percent v/v, FR3) or sucrose (0.2–1 percent w/v, FR3) in the presence of reward‐associated cues before being implanted with indwelling guide cannulae. Rats then underwent extinction training for 11 days. On test days, rats were given a microinjection of vehicle or SB‐334867 (3 μg/side) and presented with reward‐associated cues to precipitate reinstatement. Results show SB‐334867 infused into the prelimbic cortex attenuated cue‐induced reinstatement of ethanol‐seeking, but not sucrose‐seeking. OX1 antagonism in the ventral tegmental area also attenuated cue‐induced reinstatement of ethanol‐seeking. These findings suggest that OX1 receptors located in the prelimbic cortex and ventral tegmental area are part of a circuit driving cue‐mediated ethanol‐seeking behaviour.
Expression of components of the insulin-like growth factor system in pig mammary glands and serum during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy: effects of oestrogen.

To gain insight into the involvement and interactions of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and estrogen in mammary growth and differentiation, the temporal expression of mammary mRNAs encoding components of the IGF system in pregnant and pseudopregnant pigs was examined. Pseudopregnant pigs received 5 mg oestradiol valerate or vehicle daily from day 45 after oestrus and underwent mammary biopsy on days 60, 90 or 112. In mammary tissue of pregnant pigs, steady-state levels of the mRNAs encoding IGF-I, IGF-II and type-I IGF receptor as well as the levels of the membrane-associated type-II IGF receptor were higher during the early phase of mammogenesis (< or = day 45) than during the subsequent stages of mammary development. Mammary IGF-I, IGF-II and type-I receptor mRNAs were expressed at their lowest levels around day 90 of pregnancy (20-40% of those for day 30 of pregnancy) coincident with the onset of beta-casein mRNA accumulation. Mammary IGF-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) mRNA levels increased twofold during the latter half of pregnancy, whereas the amount of IGFBP-3 mRNA declined after day 30 to undetectable levels by mid-pregnancy. Pseudopregnant pigs had reduced levels of these mRNAs (except for IGF-II) relative to their pregnant counterparts and this was associated with premature differentiation of mammary tissue as reflected by an earlier onset of beta-casein mRNA accumulation in the former. The administration of oestradiol valerate decreased the levels of IGF-I and type-I IGF receptor mRNAs by day 60 of pseudopregnancy, but the reverse was evident by day 112. Oestradiol administration increased beta-casein mRNA levels in pseudopregnant pigs, but had no effect on mammary IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 mRNA levels. Mammary IGF content was greater in late pregnancy (> or = day 90) and pseudopregnancy than at early pregnancy. Serum IGF-I and IGF-II levels declined steadily during pregnancy and this was similar to, but not correlated with, mammary IGF mRNA levels, whereas in pseudopregnant pigs, serum IGF concentrations did not change temporally or in response to oestradiol. Serum IGFBP-2 levels were unaltered during pregnancy or pseudopregnancy, but serum IGFBP-3 levels declined after day 60 of pregnancy. In pseudopregnant pigs, serum IGFBP-3 levels did not change temporally, but declined after oestradiol treatment. Results indicate that mammary IGF-I and type-I IGF receptor systems are down-regulated during pregnancy-associated differentiation of this tissue and in response to oestrogen. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Organization and post‐natal development of the monkey's lateral geniculate nucleus.

We have studied the properties of neurones in the lateral geniculate nucleus (l.g.n.) of Old World monkeys, both in mature animals and throughout post‐natal development. Cells were classified as X (linear) or Y (non‐linear) on the basis of their responses to contrast‐reversing achromatic gratings ('null position test'). In older animals virtually all parvocellular neurones and the majority of magnocellular units were X cells; only about 15% of magnocellular neurones displayed highly non‐linear spatial summation, with no 'null position', typical of Y cells. X cells could not reliably be distinguished from Y cells, nor magnocellular from parvocellular, on the basis of their temporal patterns of discharge. Some Y cells responded transiently to contrast reversal of a grating far from the receptive field but X cells showed little or no such 'shift effect'. The spatial resolution of mature l.g. n. cells varied with the eccentricity of their receptive fields such that the best of them, at each point in the visual field, resolved drifting achromatic gratings about as well as a human observer. X cells in parvocellular and magnocellular layers had similar 'acuities', even in the central foveal representation, but Y cells generally had poorer resolution. Receptive fields in the temporal retina tended to have lower resolution than those at comparable eccentricities in the nasal retina. Even on the day of birth all cells we studied responded to visual stimulation and virtually all could be classified as X or Y. The laminar distribution of cell types and the general morphological appearance of the nucleus seemed very similar to those in the adult, but neurones in very young animals had low spontaneous activity, sluggish responses, and latencies to visual stimulation longer than any we saw in the adult. Until 3 weeks of age or so, many neurones suffered cumulative 'fatigue' when visually stimulated over several minutes. Visual latency was essentially mature by about 10 weeks. In the l.g. n. of the neonatal monkey there was little variation in neuronal 'acuity' with eccentricity: even in the foveal area the best cells could resolve only about 5 cycles/deg. Over the first year or more of life there is a gradual increase in responsiveness and about a 7‐fold improvement in spatial resolution for foveal l.g. n. cells, correlating roughly with the behavioural maturation of visual acuity.
Shape from Shading from Images Rendered with Various Surface Types and Light Fields

Shape constancy is referred to as the tendency for the perceived shape of an object to remain unchanged even under changed viewing and illumination conditions. We investigated, in two experiments, whether shape constancy would hold for images of 3-D solid objects defined by shading only, whose renderings differed in terms of surface material type (bi-directional reflectance distribution functions), light field, light direction, shape, and specularity. Observers were presented with the image of a sphere or an ellipsoid and required to set perceived orientation and cross-section profile on designated points of the image. Results showed that shape judgments varied with all the aforementioned variables except specularity. Shape estimates were more precise with specular than asperity scattering surfaces, collimated than hemispherical diffuse lighting conditions, lower than higher elevations, spherical than ellipsoidal shapes, but not different between surfaces having differing specularity. These results suggest that shape judgments are made largely on the basis of the overall intensity distribution of shading, and that the portions of intensity distribution that are due to nonstructural variables such as surface material type or light field are not excluded in the process of shape estimation, as if being due to structural components. It is concluded that little constancy is expected in the perception of shape from shading.
SERO-SURVEILLANCE OF HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES IN DISTRICT MALAKAND, NWFP

The present study showed the Sero-surveillance of Hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes in district Malakand, NWFP, Pakistan. The average geometric mean titre (GMT) was recorded against hemorrhagic septicemia in buffaloes in the range of 4.12 to 46.98, while those in cattle were recorded in the range of 4.45 to 46.40. In young buffalo calves, incidence rate, mortality rate and morbidity rate was observed as 22.25%, 21.19% and 95.25%, respectively. In adult buffaloes, morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were 5.49%, 1.65% and 30%, respectively. In case of young cattle calves, morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were recorded as 3.94%, 1.77% and 45%, respectively. While in case of adult cattle, morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were recorded as 2.51%, 0.39% and 15.79%, respectively. During present investigation the incidence rate, mortality and case fatality due to Hemorrhagic septicemia was found greater in the young calves as compared to the adult in both buffaloes and cattle.
Discerning Cultural Identification From a Thinly Sliced Behavioral Sample

This research examined whether individual differences in cultural identification can be discerned at zero acquaintance. This issue was examined in Hong Kong, where the idiosyncrasy of cultural identification is a salient social-psychological issue. The participants were able to perceive accurately the targets’ identification with Western culture from a video clip and from a still image. Findings also indicated that a stereotype of Western cultural identity (i.e., extraversion and particular hairstyle) facilitated these perceptions. Specifically, (a) the participants with a stronger stereotype were more accurate in perceiving Western cultural identification, (b) the targets who were experimentally manipulated to appear extraverted were rated as more strongly identifying with Western culture, and (c) the participants relatively unfamiliar with these stereotypes did not correctly perceive Western cultural identification. Implications of these findings on research on multiculturalism are also discussed.
Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of ZnO/Cu2SnSe3 Composites

Addition of nanoparticles into bulk materials is an efficient way to enhance the performance of thermoelectric materials. The nanoZnO particles were introduced into the Cu2SnSe3 matrix by ball milling method, and the ZnO/Cu2SnSe3 composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technology. The phase constitution and microstructure were characterized by XRD, FESEM. The effects of nanoZnO particles on the electrical and thermal transport were investigated and discussed. The diffraction spectra of all composites samples well corresponded to that of the matrix diffraction plane. The nanoZnO agglomerated into irregular clusters with the size lager than 200nm and distributed on the grain boundary or the surface of Cu2SnSe3 grain, which significantly reduce the lattice thermal conductivity by scattering middle-long wavelength phonons. The optimal ZT value was obtained from the composite sample of 2.4 vol. % ZnO, which is 1.3 times as large as that of the Cu2SnSe3 matrix.
Self-Care Management and Risk Factors for Depressive Symptoms Among Taiwanese Institutionalized Older Persons

Background: Depression in the elderly has become a serious healthcare issue worldwide, but studies of self-care strategies and risk factors for depressive symptoms are limited. Objectives: To determine the self-care strategies and risk factors for depressive symptoms among residents of public elder care homes in Taiwan. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used. Two of 18 public elder care homes were chosen by random sampling throughout Taiwan. Residents (N = 200) of these two care homes who were 65 years old or above and without severe cognitive deficit participated in this study. Results: Nearly half of the participants (49%) were identified by the Geriatric Depression Scale as depressed. Most participants (93%) used self-care strategies to manage their depressive symptoms. The most frequently used strategy was "take a walk. " Self-learning was the main information source for self-care strategies. Logistic regression analysis indicated that cognitive function, perceived health status, and osteoarthritis were significant predictors of depression in this sample. Conclusions: Because older persons tended to engage in activities and to interact with others to manage their depressive symptoms, healthcare providers in public elder care homes may consider arranging enough activities and people contacts for residents. Due to the limited number of healthcare providers in these homes, the author recommends increasing the knowledge of both providers and residents about depression and self-care management strategies.
Pulsed dye laser treatment of capillary malformations in infants at 2‐weekly versus 3‐monthly intervals, reducing the need for general anaesthesia

Capillary malformations (CM) cause significant psychosocial complications. Pulsed dye laser (PDL) treatment at 6–12‐weekly intervals under general anaesthesia (GA) commencing in infants at 6 months of age remains the standard of care in order to achieve maximal improvement prior to school age. The safety of repeated GA in children is controversial. Shortening the time between treatments increases the number that can be delivered prior to 6 months of age, thus reducing the number of subsequent treatments needed under GA. We investigated the safety and effectiveness of more frequent PDL treatment of CM in infancy via a pilot, prospective patient‐controlled study of 10 patients. Using 595 nm (Vbeam) PDL, the entire CM was treated initially, then half the CM randomly allocated to 2‐weekly and half to 3‐monthly intervals for two further treatments. Photographs of the CM taken 3 months after treatment completion were evaluated by an independent, blinded dermatologist. Nine infants completed the study. Three infants (33%) had more improvement on the 2‐weekly treated side and four (44%) had more improvement on the 3‐monthly treated side. Two patients (22%) showed no difference between sides. Treatments were well tolerated without complications. We conclude that 2‐weekly PDL treatments of CM in infants aged under 6 months is effective and well tolerated without adverse effects. Our preliminary data suggest a possible superior efficacy with 3‐monthly treatment intervals; however, larger studies are warranted for stronger evidence. More frequent non‐GA treatment of CM in infants should be further investigated to decrease the risk of repeated GA exposure in young children.
The investigation of patients with genital warts

SIR, In their letter entitled 'Remission rates in acne patients treated with various doses of 13-m retinoic acid (isotretinoin) {British Journal of Dermatology 1984, i n , 123-124), Drs Cunliffe and Jones quote their previous paper (Jones, Greenwood & Cunliffe, 1983) in which they predicted that doses lower than 005 mg/kg/bw should be sebo-suppressive and of benefit in patients with mild acne. Whilst agreeing with this prediction the authors and the manufacturers now think that only severe acne should be treated, and not mild acne at the lower doses. The benefit/risk ratio would not be justified in view of the fact that a non-teratogenic dose in humans has not been established and the risk would be increased in view of the greater patient exposure. Drs Jones and Cunliffe stress the importance of obtaining a maximal clearance of severe acne using a I mg/kg/bw daily dose, thus also lessening the risk of relapse and the need for further treatment.
Genetic structure and phylogeography of European catfish (Silurus glanis) populations

The genetic structure of Silurus glanis (Europe’s largest freshwater fish species) across most of its natural distribution was investigated using 10 microsatellite loci. The revealed levels of genetic diversity were much higher than previous allozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphism mitochondrial DNA analyses had shown; relative levels of variability among populations were however, in good agreement with the previous studies. Populations from large basins (Volga and Danube rivers) were the most polymorphic, while samples from the smaller Greek rivers, which are more prone to genetic bottleneck, exhibited the lowest levels of genetic diversity. Microsatellite multilocus genotyping permitted the assignment of individual fish to their population of origin with a score as high as 98.3%. Despite the great genetic differentiation of S. glanis populations, no consistent pattern of geographical structuring was revealed, in contrast to previous studies of European freshwater fish species. A model of isolation by distance seems more probable and a hypothesis of recent dispersion from only one glacial refugium is proposed. The discovery of the highest levels of microsatellite and mitochondrial diversity in the Volga sample and the presence of river connections, during the Pleistocene, between this area and all major areas of the present catfish distribution, place this refugium around the Ponto‐Caspian region. Combining these data with those from previous studies, a number of markers are now available to monitor wild and hatchery populations even at the individual level.
Self-healing of deformation-induced damage in Fe-W alloys

The autonomous filling of creep-induced grain-boundary cavities by tungsten-rich precipitates has been studied for Fe-W alloys at various temperatures, loading conditions and creep rupture times. To this aim, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray nano-tomography were used. Additionally, the effect of local plastic deformation, followed by ageing processes, on the surface precipitation in these alloys has been studied by means of scanning electron microscopy, together with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Finally, a diffusion-based finite element analysis has been performed to study cavity filling for different combination of diffusion mechanisms. From scanning electron micrographs it can be confirmed, that Fe-W alloys show damage-selective precipitation of the Laves phase (Fe$_2$W). Furthermore, the filling ratios of individual cavities are determined and it is found, that the autonomous healing strongly depends on the duration of the loading at of elevated temperature. From the quantitative analysis of the size and shape of the precipitates and cavities it is found, that the orientation of grain boundaries to the stress direction has an influence on the morphology of the induced-cavities, as well as, the filling ratio. The grain-boundary cavities orientated favourably for the cavity growth show low filling ratios, due to the fact, that their propagation proceeds with a higher rate than the solute transport. The critical volume of a cavity, that can be fully filled with solute atoms, is found to be of the order of 20$^4$ $\mu m^3$, while the average filling ratio for Fe-W alloys is found to be around 50\% for the sample loaded to 100\% of its lifetime. Moreover, the scanning electron micrographs of the indentation-deformed samples subjected to ageing revealed surface precipitates (Fe$_2$W), which existence has to be further researched. The hardness measurements of Fe-W samples showed that after 200 hours of ageing at 600$^\circ$C, the strength of the alloy is only reduced if the material has been pre-strained, but it remains constant for the solution heat treated specimens. This result shows, that the process of dislocation recovery dominates over work-hardening only in the case of a high dislocation density. Finally, the finite element analysis revealed, that during the diffusive cavity filling of an equilibrium-shaped void, three different diffusion profile regimes are plausible. Namely, a diffusive filling dominated by volume diffusion, which occurs for a relatively small spacing between neighbouring cavities and is independent of the ratio of bulk and grain-boundary diffusion. Secondly, a diffusive filling governed by volume diffusion with contributing grain-boundary diffusion, which occurs for relatively low ratios of bulk and grain-boundary diffusion. And ultimately, a diffusive filling governed by grain-boundary diffusion, which occurs for relatively high ratios of bulk and grain-boundary diffusion.