Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychopathology and emotional deficits among patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: A comparative study

Introduction: Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) are a neuropsychiatric condition involving involuntary episodes of movements, sensation, perception and behaviour which otherwise resemble epileptic seizures (ESs) but without any electrical discharges of brain cortices. High psychiatric comorbidity is found in PNES which may precipitate or perpetuate this condition. Moreover, disruption in emotional processing is attributed as the cause of its onset. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the broad psychopathological index and overall symptom distress along with emotional processing deficits as compared to epilepsy and control group. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of three groups, i.e., PNES (n = 37), ES (n = 30), and healthy control group (n = 37). Brief Symptom Inventory measuring nine dimensions of psychiatric symptoms and overall distress was applied for evaluating psychopathological profile of three groups. Emotional processing scale-25 was used to measure emotional processing deficits in five areas. Results: PNES group had higher number of females, higher symptoms of psychopathology, and increased overall symptom distress as compared to ES and control group. Similarly, PNES group showed more deficits while processing their emotions in all areas. Conclusion: Understanding psychopathology and emotional processing deficits in PNES provides clinicians a clearer picture and ready reference for devising biological and psychosocial interventions in these patients.
Fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth rehabilitated with different restorative materials: A three-dimensional finite element analysis

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth rehabilitated with different restorative materials. Materials and Methods: A three-dimensional mathematical finite element analysis model was generated using a simulated immature maxillary central incisor. Five different models were generated representing Model 1 (control group): an immature tooth model without any reinforcement material; Model 2: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as apical plug (4 mm) + dual cure composite resin (till the access cavity); Model 3: Biodentine as apical plug (4 mm) + dual cure composite resin (till the access cavity); Model 4: Biodentine filled in the entire root canal (8.5 mm) + dual cure composite resin (till the access cavity); and Model 5: MTA filled in the entire root canal (8.5 mm) + dual cure composite resin (till the access cavity). A force of 100N was applied at an angle of 130° to the palatal surface of the tooth. Stress distribution at cement-enamel junction was measured using the Von Mises stress criteria. Results: The highest stress development was seen in the Model 1 (control group). Model 3 showed higher fracture resistance as the stresses developed (when a 4 mm of apical plug of Biodentine reinforced with dual cure resin) were less followed by Model 2, 4, and 5. Conclusion: An apical plug of 4 mm Biodentine followed by intracanal rehabilitation with dual cure resin reinforces the immature tooth thereby increasing the fracture resistance.
Evaluation of residual root canal filling material after retreatment of canals filled with hydrophilic and hydrophobic obturating system: An in vitro scanning electron microscopy study

47 ABSTRACT Aims: The aim and objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the remaining novel hydrophilic and conventional hydrophobic obturating material on the walls of root canals after retreatment under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subjects and Methods: Sixty single‐rooted human mandibular teeth were decoronated, prepared till F3 ProTaper (PTR) rotary files, and divided into three groups for obturation. Group 1 (control) – gutta‐percha (GP) + AH Plus, Group 2 – C point + Smartpaste Bio, and Group 3 – GP + GuttaFlow 2. The teeth were retreated with PTR retreatment files and resin‐based Endosolv R solvent. After final irrigation with 5 ml of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid followed by 5 ml of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in all the samples, canals were dried using absorbent paper points and split into two halves using a diamond disk. The side of the root with the highest residual debris score was selected and each sample was divided into three equal parts as apical, middle, and coronal thirds. The samples were then evaluated using the SEM at ×1000 magnification. The data were tabulated and then subjected to statistical analysis using Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U‐test (multiple comparisons). Results: Results showed that PTR universal retreatment files along with Endosolv R solvent did not produce completely clean canals in any of the groups. Group 2 (Smart‐Seal system) was difficult to retrieve from the middle and apical thirds of the root canal walls as compared to the Group 1 and Group 3 (hydrophobic groups). Conclusion: None of the tested obturating systems could be completely removed from root canal walls however hydrophilic obturating system was difficult to retrieve as compared to hydrophobic system.
Sexual functions and marital adjustment among persons with alcohol use disorder

Background: Relationship between sexual functioning and marital adjustment has been widely studied; further, the alcohol use has been found to be an important factor in the marital adjustment, but these variables are not much researched together. Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the sexual functions and marital adjustment among persons with alcohol use disorder. Setting and Design: The current study was carried out at the department of psychiatry in a tertiary care hospital of North India, which followed the cross-sectional, single-assessment exploratory study design. Materials and Methods: A total number of 50 male patients with alcohol use disorder and their spouses from the de-addiction clinic of the outpatient services of the department of psychiatry were recruited. Patients who were in the age range of 25–50 years, married for at least 1 year, and came in contact for the first time for treatment for alcohol use disorder were included. Patients having diagnosable comorbid major psychiatric disorder which requires immediate pharmacological treatment, having any medical or neurological comorbid illness that can lead to sexual dysfunction, and/or on any medication which is known for affecting sexual functioning and severe withdrawal or intoxicated at the time of assessment were excluded from the study. Patients were assessed using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 Diagnostic Criteria for sexual dysfunctions and severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire for assessing the severity of alcohol dependence, while participants and their spouses were assessed on marital adjustment questionnaire for measuring marital adjustment among them. Results and Conclusion: Fifty-four percent of the patients with alcohol use disorder had sexual dysfunctions. The prevalence of premature ejaculation was the most, followed by decline in sexual desire or hypoactive sexual disorder and then erectile dysfunction; majority of them had more than one sexual dysfunction. No significant difference was found in the marital adjustment between the couples with and without sexual dysfunctions. There was no correlation between marital adjustment and alcohol dependence severity found in the present study.
Impact of having a child with special needs on the psychosocial well-being of the parents: A cross-sectional study

Context: Parenthood is one of the most demanding and a major milestone in the life of a couple. The task becomes more complicated if the newborn is a special child with different abilities. Parents suffer from unprecedented stress in the process of child-rearing. Efforts need to be made in understanding the problems faced by the parents and measures such as counseling services need to be made available to help them cope up with the issues. Aims: The aims of this study are (1) to evaluate the impact of having a child with special needs on the psychological, emotional, and social lives of the parents and (2) to assess the perceived need of parents for counseling services. Settings and Design: The design of the study was cross sectional with purposive sampling involving parents of special children who were being treated at two different centers at a suburb of a metro city. Subjects and Methods: Personal interviews were conducted by the researcher in local language. Statistical Analysis Used: The analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel. Proportions were calculated, and Z-test of difference between two proportions was applied. Results: Dependency (76%), poor communication (50%), behavioral problems (68%), financial constraints (74%), stress and worry (94%), and reduced social life (60%) were some of the problems faced by affected parents. Special children were well accepted by society in general. Acceptance of the affected child by siblings was significantly less than parents (Z = 6.67, P < 0.01). There was a great (96%) perceived need for counseling services though hardly any parents (4%) have ever approached a counselor. Conclusions: Parents of children with special needs face multiple difficulties in day-to-day life. There was a perceived need for counseling services which if made available will help parents to cope up. Family and friends can be more effectively used as resource persons. Support groups of parents will be of help.
Syntax and compositionality in animal communication

Syntax has been found in animal communication but only humans appear to have generative, hierarchically structured syntax. How did syntax evolve? I discuss three theories of evolutionary transition from animal to human syntax: computational capacity, structural flexibility and event perception. The computation hypothesis is supported by artificial grammar experiments consistently showing that only humans can learn linear stimulus sequences with an underlying hierarchical structure, a possible by-product of computationally powerful large brains. The structural flexibility hypothesis is supported by evidence of meaning-bearing combinatorial and permutational signal sequences in animals, with sometimes compositional features, but no evidence for generativity or hierarchical structure. Again, animals may be constrained by computational limits in short-term memory but possibly also by limits in articulatory control and social cognition. The event categorization hypothesis, finally, posits that humans are cognitively predisposed to analyse natural events by assigning agency and assessing how agents impact on patients, a propensity that is reflected by the basic syntactic units in all languages. Whether animals perceive natural events in the same way is largely unknown, although event perception may provide the cognitive grounding for syntax evolution. This article is part of the theme issue ‘What can animal communication teach us about human language? ’
The Neurophysiological and Psychological Mechanisms of Qigong as a Treatment for Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: An increasing number of studies have shown the anti-depressive effect of qigong. However, its underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. This study aims to systematically review and meta-analyze existing literature on the mechanism of qigong in reducing depression. Method: The review process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Randomized controlled trials of qigong were searched from PsycINFO, PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Academic Search Premier from inception to December 2018. Studies which involved depression and any neurophysiological or psychological mechanisms as outcomes were included. Publication bias was tested before conducting meta-analysis. Two independent raters were involved for the entire review process. Results: A total of nine studies were identified which covered both neurophysiological and psychological mechanisms. Among these selected studies, seven were involved in meta-analysis, which suggested that qigong was effective in alleviating depression (standardized mean difference, SMD = −0.27, p < 0.05, I 2 = 27%). A significant effect was also found for diastolic blood pressure (SMD = −1.64, p < 0.05, I 2 = 31%). However, no significant effect was found for cortisol level and systolic blood pressure. Conclusions: This review shows that qigong is effective in reducing depression through activating the parasympathetic nervous system. Future studies with higher quality of research methodology with less selection and attrition bias should be conducted to unravel the possible anti-depressive effect of qigong.
Hand Grip Strength in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis: An Observational Cohort Study from India

Introduction: Malnutrition is a common manifestation in patients with dialysis and is a major cause of mortality in these patients. Various biochemical parameters are used to detect and monitor malnutrition in these patients. Confounding variables present in hemodialysis have an effect on the sensitivity and specificity of these tests. Methods: We studied hand grip strength (HGS) as a monitoring tool for protein malnutrition in these patients. Results: In a prospective observational study over 18 months, 83 patients (60 males) consented to be part of the study. The biochemical parameters showed the mean (±sd) of haemoglobin and albumin as 10. (±1.9) gm/dl and 3.5 (±0.5) gm/dl respectively. Majority of the patients (54/83) were well nourished according to subjective global assessment (SGA). The hand grip score in the cohort was weak in the majority of patients. It is interesting to note that majority of the males have weak HGS as compared with the general population of the same age group. The female patients had HGS which were in the normal range of values that of the population. A multiple regression analysis showed that there was a significant association with serum creatinine and HGS. Conclusions: No correlation between albumin and HGS was noted. Of the anthropometric variables a significant correlation was noted between mid arm muscle circumference and HGS.
Awareness of Patients' Rights Charter among Paramedical Intern Students in Lorestan University of Medical Science

Introduction: A Charter of Patients' Rights is one of the means to improve and strengthen the health system and patient satisfaction. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate awareness of paramedical intern students about Patients' Rights Charter in Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. Method: This cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was performed in 2014. The study population included all of the paramedical intern students in Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. Due to the limited number of population (69 people), they participated in the study with census method. The data-gathering tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire based on the elements of Iran patients' rights developed by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME). The collected data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS 16 software. Results: The results show that in 1.45 percent of the cases, the total awareness of students was weak, in 81.16 percent was moderate, and in 17.39 percent of them was good. The highest level of awareness was about the patient's rights in receiving the optimal health services (%81.1), and the lowest was about the patient's right to choose and decide freely on health services (%1.45). There was a significant relationship between gender and the students’ awareness. Conclusion: Total awareness of the students from patients' bill of rights was medium. Therefore, greater emphasis should be placed on inclusion and support of patients' rights in course and curriculum planning for paramedical students.
Common, nonsexual masochistic preferences are positively associated with antisocial personality traits

Abstract Objective Based on prior research linking masochism and antisocial behavior to sensation seeking, we hypothesized that masochistic and antisocial preferences are positively correlated. Besides sensation seeking, we tested whether disgust sensitivity (due to its inhibitory function) and shared social values (e.g., stimulation) accounted for the masochistic‐antisocial link. We additionally examined the link in relation to broad personality factors. Method Six online and laboratory studies (N = 2,999) with US‐American and European samples. Results We consistently found positive correlations between masochistic enjoyment (e.g., enjoying the burn of spicy food, disgusting jokes, pounding heart, painful massage) and antisocial traits such as subclinical psychopathy, everyday sadism, and low Honesty‐Humility. We observed behavioral correlations in that experienced pleasure of a painful event was positively related to causing another person to feel pain. Shared sensation seeking, low disgust sensitivity, and endorsement of social values such as social power, hedonism, and a stimulating life partially accounted for the masochistic‐antisocial link. Conclusion The extent to which a person enjoys threatening stimuli on the self is reliably related to how much a person enjoys and evokes others' suffering. Future research could explore the common core that underlies common masochistic and antisocial preferences beyond the mediators tested here.
Early Surgery or Conservative Care for Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis.

BACKGROUND The timing and indications for surgical intervention in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis remain controversial. METHODS In a multicenter trial, we randomly assigned 145 asymptomatic patients with very severe aortic stenosis (defined as an aortic-valve area of ≤0.75 cm2 with either an aortic jet velocity of ≥4.5 m per second or a mean transaortic gradient of ≥50 mm Hg) to early surgery or to conservative care according to the recommendations of current guidelines. The primary end point was a composite of death during or within 30 days after surgery (often called operative mortality) or death from cardiovascular causes during the entire follow-up period. The major secondary end point was death from any cause during follow-up. RESULTS In the early-surgery group, 69 of 73 patients (95%) underwent surgery within 2 months after randomization, and there was no operative mortality. In an intention-to-treat analysis, a primary end-point event occurred in 1 patient in the early-surgery group (1%) and in 11 of 72 patients in the conservative-care group (15%) (hazard ratio, 0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01 to 0.67; P = 0.003). Death from any cause occurred in 5 patients in the early-surgery group (7%) and in 15 patients in the conservative-care group (21%) (hazard ratio, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.90). In the conservative-care group, the cumulative incidence of sudden death was 4% at 4 years and 14% at 8 years. CONCLUSIONS Among asymptomatic patients with very severe aortic stenosis, the incidence of the composite of operative mortality or death from cardiovascular causes during the follow-up period was significantly lower among those who underwent early aortic-valve replacement surgery than among those who received conservative care. (Funded by the Korean Institute of Medicine; RECOVERY ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01161732.).
Regional dependencies in job creation: an efficiency analysis for Western Germany

This paper investigates the efficiency of the matching process between job seekers and vacancy posting firms in West Germany, using variation across labour market regions and across time. The results of a stochastic frontier analysis shed new light on the extent of and regional differences in search frictions, on potential determinants of frictional inefficiencies and on the consequences of German reunification for the matching process. The paper also presents novel evidence on the complex interactions between spatial contingencies among regional labour markets: matching efficiency decreases with spatial autocorrelation in hiring, implying indirect evidence for crowding externalities.
Twenty four year time trends in fats and cholesterol intake by adolescents. Warsaw Adolescents Study

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine time trends (1982–2006) in total fat intake and changes in fatty acid structure intake in adolescents from Warsaw in view of increasing prevalence of obesity. Data come from four successive surveys randomly selected samples of adolescents (aged 11–15 years old), from Warsaw region. In total 9747 pupils have been examined, with response rate varying from 55% to 87% depending on year. Surveys were done always in the spring season of the year. Food intake was assessed by using 24 hours recall method of consumption by the pupils all products, including enriched, dishes and beverages as well as diet supplements, in the last 24 hours preceding the examination. The content of energy and nutrients was calculated by means of own computer softwares (DIET 2 and 4), taking into account successive revisions of the tables of food composition and nutritional values, as well as current Polish DRI. A significant decreasing trend was found in intake of total fat, of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and cholesterol. The percentage of energy from total fat, also decreased both in boys (to 35,1%) and girls (to 33,7%), what failed to reach the desired level below 30% of energy from fat which is recommended. Also significant decrease of SFA consumption was not satisfactory enough to approach the values <10% of energy recommended as was from 13% to 15%. Decreasing trends in fat intake was not in accordance with the trend in obesity prevalence in the adolescents as average BMI is going up. To stabilize the health-oriented changes especially in the diets of adolescents, further activity is desired from professionals working with prevention of adolescents obesity.