Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oro-facial lesions in human immunodeficiency virus infected children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Abstract The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence and types of oro-facial lesions and their relationship with the degree of immune suppression in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children. This was compared with the prevalence among healthy HIV-negative children. The study was carried out in a tertiary institution in Southwestern Nigeria from May 2005 to March 2006. None of the children in the study had ever been treated with antiretroviral drugs. Thirty-four (87.2%) of 39 HIV infected children and two (9.5%) of the 21 HIV-uninfected children had oro-facial lesions (Fisher's exact, P = 0.0001). In the HIV-infected children, lymphadenopathy was the commonest lesion (82.1%) followed by oral candidiasis (43.6%), gingivitis (25.6%) and bilateral parotid enlargement (25.6%). The most common form of candidiasis was pseudomembranous. All the oro-facial lesions were more common in children with severe immune suppression and were not related to the age, gender or socioeconomic class of the children. It is therefore concluded that there is a high prevalence of oro-facial lesions in HIV-infected children in this study particularly in those with severe immune suppression. These lesions could serve as surrogate markers of HIV infection and aid in initiating prompt diagnosis where routine laboratory investigation for all children at risk is economically not feasible.
Comparison of xylazine and dexmedetomidine as a premedicant for general anaesthesia in dogs

Adult dogs (32) of either sex, divided into 2 groups were used for evaluation of anesthetic efficacy of xylazine (1mg/ kg IV) and dexmedetomidine (375µg/m2 IV) in atropine-butorphanol premedicated and ketamine (till effect IV) induced dogs which were further maintained on halothane. Clinical parameters and reflexes (induction dose, intubation time, jaw relaxation, pedal, palpebral and photo-pupillary) were measured at baseline (pre-operative), just after induction and at 5, 15, 30 and 45 min after the start of halothane. Similarly, haemato-biochemical parameters were measured at baseline (pre-operative), intraoperative and postoperative phase along with recovery parameters. On comparative basis, induction dose of ketamine was 3.7 and 2.9 mg/kg body weight and intubation time 81.29±6.22 and 45.87±3.95 sec in group BXK and BDK groups respectively. Uniform and pronounced muscle relaxation along with excellent sedation was found in both the groups. All haemato-biochemical parameters remained within normal range except hyperglycaemia was observed during late phase in both groups. Mean vaporizer concentration of halothane was 2 and 1.26% in BXK and BDK group respectively. Following discontinuation of the halothane, all the recovery times of BDK group took significantly lesser time than group BXK along with superior quality of recovery.
ICASE/LaRC Workshop on Benchmark Problems in Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA)

The proceedings of the Benchmark Problems in Computational Aeroacoustics Workshop held at NASA Langley Research Center are the subject of this report. The purpose of the Workshop was to assess the utility of a number of numerical schemes in the context of the unusual requirements of aeroacoustical calculations. The schemes were assessed from the viewpoint of dispersion and dissipation -- issues important to long time integration and long distance propagation in aeroacoustics. Also investigated were the effect of implementation of different boundary conditions. The Workshop included a forum in which practical engineering problems related to computational aeroacoustics were discussed. This discussion took the form of a dialogue between an industrial panel and the workshop participants and was an effort to suggest the direction of evolution of this field in the context of current engineering needs.
Challenges in Personalized Nutrition and Health

Personalized nutrition and approaches employed Personalized nutrition refers to tailored nutritional recommendations aimed at the promotion, maintenance of health and prevention against diseases (1). These recommendations take into account differential responses to certain individualized food-derived nutrients that arise due to the interaction between nutrients and biological processes (2). These include the interactions between internal factors such as genetics, microbiome, metabolome interactions as well as external factors such as dietary habits and physical activity (3). In contrast to precision medicine defined by the Precision Medicine Initiative (https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/333101) as an approach toward the treatment and prevention of disease for an individual, the goal of personalized nutrition is to promote the health and well-being through diet. A balanced diet promotes good health as it provides adequate amounts of energy, proteins, vitamins, minerals, essential fats, micro, and macronutrients for the metabolic needs of the body to function properly at each stage of the lifespan. The absence of balanced food and nutrition security leads to health problems such as diabetes, obesity, and malnutrition (4). Although, the importance of nutrition and beneficial effects of food are well established, the mechanisms underlying their role in disease prevention or health benefits are incompletely understood (5, 6). Further, there exists an inter-individual response to dietary intervention due to which a sub population may benefit more than others. This underlying variability can be attributed to genetics, age, gender, lifestyle, environmental exposure, gut microbiome, epigenetics, metabolism nutrition derived from diet, and foods. The inter-individual variability to treatments and nutritional recommendations is largely reflected in biomarker values (7). Reductionist approaches fail to demonstrate how the cellular and molecular responses due to food produce health benefits (6). Current approaches used to study the inter-individual response to diet include–omics technologies such as genomics, metabolomics, proteomics integrated with the systems biology programs. These approaches are focused on integrating and analyzing complex datasets generated during dietary intervention association studies (3, 8, 9). Systems biology approaches are impacting the field of nutrition (10–12) and immunology (13), however, significant challenges still remain in the translation and application of these advances to human studies (9). A comprehensive systems-wide mechanistic understanding of the interplay between nutrition and health benefits requires the knowledge of network dynamics in the context of health, pre-disease, and disease states. This requirement gives rise to the demand for new approaches and methods that could not only quantify the effects of dietary interventions in healthy individuals but also facilitate comparison to diseased patients (6).
Refactoring JHOTDRAW’s Undo concern to ASPECTJ

In this paper we discuss an approach to the aspect-oriented refactoring of the Undo concern in an open-source Java system. A number of challenges and considerations of the proposed solution are analyzed for providing useful feedback about how the employed aspect language could better support the refactoring to aspects. We also consider the unpluggability property of a concern as an estimate of its refactoring costs and propose a number of research questions to measure the improvements due to aspect refactoring.
Microorganisms and endotoxin in experimentally generated bioaerosols from composting household waste

Industrial compost made from source separated household waste was investigated. The objective was to estimate the microbial risk potential of bioaerosols over the progressing stages of outdoor pile composting. Bulk samples of 75 kg were collected from piles after 1, 5 and 9 weeks of composting, and bioaerosols were generated experimentally in a rotating drum tester. Samples of bioaerosols and composted materials were quantified for total counts of microbial cells by epi-fluorescence microscopy, viable counts of microorganisms and endotoxin. Five groups of microorganisms were cultured in parallel: mesophilic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi (25°C), Aspergillus fumigatus and thermophilic actinomycetes (55 °C). Furthermore, the bulk samples were analysed for nine other groups of viable microorganisms. In general, the concentrations were increasing (p < 0.05) over time of pile composting. The microflora was dominated by bacteria and actinomycetes to a total of 10 -10 cells/g bioaerosol or composted materials. In bulk samples the maximum concentrations of viable bacteria reached 2.1 × 10 cfu/g and the thermophilic actinomycetes 1.8 × 10 cfu/g. The maximum viable concentrations in bioaerosols were 1.7 × 10 cfu/g for bacteria and 1.5 × 10 cfu/g for thermophilic actinomycetes. Maximum endotoxin levels were equivalent to 14 μg/g and 110 μg/g in bioaerosols and bulk samples, respectively. The composition of the microflora differed from most other compost studies by low fungal concentrations, and Aspergillus fumigatus was only found sporadically in levels close to the limit of detection. Thermophilic actinomycetes were the predominant source for airborne spores which should be emphasized in risk assessments for this particular type of compost. Personal sampling is recommended to clarify the occupational exposure. Address for correspondence: Birgitte H. Nielsen, National Institute of Occupational Health, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. E-mail: bhn@ami.dk
Epidemiology of shigellosis with special reference to hospital distribution of Shigella strains in Tehran

Background : Infection caused by Shigella species are an important cause of diarrheal disease, in both developing and developed countries. Shigellosis is one of the major causes of morbidity in children with diarrhea in Iran. Aim of this study, was to investigate the epidemiology of shigellosis with special reference to hospital distribution of Shigella strains in Tehran between December 2002 and November 2003. Materials and methods : Enteritis cases admitted at the Children Medial Center and Mofid, Baqiyatallah, Millad and Firozabadi hospitals in Tehran, Iran were included in this study. Fecal specimens and rectal swabs were cultured and identified for Shigella species using standard microbiological techniques. Results : One hundred and forty one, 102, 56 and 3 Shigella strains were isolated from patients admitted to Children’s Hospital Medial Center, Mofid, Milad, and other hospitals respectively. Shigella was isolated frequently from children under 5 years of age, who were accounted for 55.7% of all isolates. About 39.7 % of all isolates came from patients aged 5-12 years, and 4.3% from patients aged over 12 years of age. Conclusion : Shigellosis is one of the most important infectious diseases in Iran. Results of our research have revealed that Shigella is still one of the most important causes of diarrhea among children in Tehran, Iran. The prevention of Shigella infections in children is an essential approach to control of shigellosis in the country. Keywords : Shigella species, Epidemiology, Shigellosis.
Students in the Director's Seat: Teaching and Learning with Student-generated Video

Digital video is an exciting emerging technology that can be used in schools to support, extend, or change pedagogy and curriculum outcomes. This paper outlines the results from a recently completed research project that investigated the use of student -generated digital video across the K-12 curriculum in five Australian schools. This paper particularly examines the teachers’ rationales, students’ learning outcomes and the ways in which pedagogy was enhanced in the schools through the use of student-generated digital video projects.
Acute DPP-4 Inhibition rapidly Enhances Insulin-mediated Suppression of Endogenous Glucose Production in Mice

DISCLOSURES: HD, CX, ACS and LS have nothing to declare. AG has received lecture fees from Merck Frosst Canada. DJD has served as an advisor or consultant within the past 12 months to Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Arena Pharmaceuticals Inc., Arisaph Pharmaceuticals Inc., Conjuchem Inc, Eli Lilly Inc, Emisphere Technologies Inc, Glaxo Smith Kline, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Mebolex Inc, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk Inc, Phenomix Inc, Roche Pharmaceuticals Inc, Takeda and Transition Pharmaceuticals Inc. GFL has received lecture fees from and consults for Merck Frosst Canada. This work was funded by a research grant from Merck Frosst Canada, with both GFL and DJD having received research funds for this study from Merck Frosst Canada (2005-2007) Endocrinology. First published ahead of print September 18, 2008 as doi:10.1210/en.2008-1137
Analyzing the Causes of Road Traffic Accidents in Kumasi Metropolis

The study analysed the causes of road traffic accidents in the Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana. Random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 137 drivers of commercial vehicles in the metropolis. Data collection was through a self completion questionnaire, interview and observation. Descriptive statistics and percentages were used to analyse and interpret the data. The findings showed that reckless driving; bad nature of roads and unfavourable weather conditions accounted for the major causes of road traffic accidents in the metropolis. Driving under the influence of alcohol and the use of cell phones while driving came out as minor causes of road traffic accidents. The study also showed that about 30% of the drivers were fully aware that driving under the influence of alcohol leads to road accidents while nearly all drivers admitted to the use of cell phones whilst driving. The drivers were generally satisfied with the roles played by the National Road Safety Commission (NRSC), Motor Traffic and Transport Unit (MTTU) of the Ghana Police Service and Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority in curbing road traffic accidents.
Static Code Features for a Machine Learning based Inspection : An approach for C

Delivering fault free code is the clear goal of each devel- oper, however the best method to achieve this aim is still an open question. Despite that several approaches have been proposed in literature there exists no overall best way. One possible solution proposed recently is to combine static source code analysis with the discipline of machine learn- ing. An approach in this direction has been defined within this work, implemented as a prototype and validated subse- quently. It shows a possible translation of a piece of source code into a machine learning algorithm’s input and further- more its suitability for the task of fault detection. In the context of the present work two prototypes have been de- veloped to show the feasibility of the presented idea. The output they generated on open source projects has been collected and used to train and rank various machine learn- ing classifiers in terms of accuracy, false positive and false negative rates. The best among them have subsequently been validated again on an open source project. Out of the first study at least 6 classifiers including “MultiLayerPer- ceptron”, “Ibk” and “ADABoost” on a “BFTree” could convince. All except the latter, which failed completely, could be validated in the second study. Despite that the it is only a prototype, it shows the suitability of some machine learning algorithms for static source code analysis.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN IBU, TINGKAT SOSIAL EKONOMI DENGAN STATUS IMUNISASI DASAR LENGKAP PADA BALITA

Background :Every year there are still millions of children who contracted the disease can be prevented by immunization with the result thatabout 120,000 deaths, or one child every 5 minute. Prevention efforts in imunization is to complete the basic immunization program for infants before the age of one year.The problem that arises is the high price of the vaccine and the occurrence of drop out on immunizations that require repetition as DPT. One of the causes of drop out is the mother know about immunization and maternal fear of side reactions that occur after their children immunized.The purpose of this study to look at the relationship between mother's level of knowledge, level of socioeconomic status in infants are fully immunized. Methods: The study wasconducted by observational study with cross-sectional study approach. Data from the interview directly by the respondents using a questionnaire. Components of the questionnaire covering knowledge of mothers about immunizations and socioeconomic levels. Results: In this study the results of bivariate analysis found no relationship between the level of knowledge of mothers with incomplete primary immunization status in infants (p = 1.000) and there is no relationship between socioeconomic status level of fully immunized children under five (p = 1.368). Conclusion: Statistically not found a significant association between maternal educational level, socioeconomic level with complete basic immunization status in infants.
The immediate effect of manipulation in chronic ankle instability syndrome in terms of objective clinical findings

Damage to the proprioceptive organs, as well as lack of proprioceptive retraining, after an inversion ankle sprain, has been shown to contribute to the problem of recurring ankle joint injuries, which has the highest incidence of sports related injuries. The proprioceptive organs are important as afferent pathways in reflexes and for the adjustment of posture and muscle tone (Miller and Narson, 1995 and Jerosch and Bischof, 1996). Manipulation is thought to cause a change in the afferent pathways of the manipulated joints and it is proposed that this change may restore normal proprioceptive input, in a previously injured joint (Wyke, 1981 and Slosberg 1988). This however is unproven as indicated in a study by Lephart and Fu, (1995), where techniques to improve proprioception remain untested and according to Brynin and Farrar (1995), screening for proprioceptive and neuromuscular co-ordination should be carried out as part of a chiropractor's physical examination and injury evaluation. This was a qualitative pre-post clinical study. Forty (40) subjects between the ages of 25 and 45, who had been diagnosed with chronic ankle instability syndrome, were recruited. The only treatment they received was a single mortise separation adjustment and all participants received the same treatment. Clinical outcomes were measured before and after the adjustment on both ankles using a Dualer Electronic Inclinometer and algometer. Only the affected ankle received an adjustment, but both ankles were measured. The participants were evaluated by the examiner at an initial consultation during which diagnosis of chronic ankle instability syndrome was made based on case history, physical examination and foot and ankle regional examination. Participants presented with at least four of the following (Kessler and Hertling 1983)
Effect of Reverberation Context on Spatial Hearing Performance of Normally Hearing Listeners

Previous studies provide evidence that listening experience in a particular reverberant environment improves speech intelligibility and localization performance in that environment. Such studies, however, are few, and there is little knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. The experiments presented in this thesis explored the effect of reverberation context, in particular, the similarity in interaural coherence within a context, on listeners’ performance in sound localization, speech perception in a spatially separated noise, spatial release from speech-on-speech masking, and target location identification in a multi-talker configuration. All experiments were conducted in simulated reverberant environments created with a loudspeaker array in an anechoic chamber. The reflections comprising the reverberation in each environment had the same temporal and relative amplitude patterns, but varied in their lateral spread, which affected the interaural coherence of reverberated stimuli. The effect of reverberation context was examined by comparing performance in two reverberation contexts, mixed and fixed. In the mixed context, the reverberation environment applied to each stimulus varied trial-by-trial, whereas in the fixed context, the reverberation environment was held constant within a block of trials. In Experiment I (absolute judgement of sound location), variability in azimuth
Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA

1. Computer coding. When an ASCII file (a DOS text file) is sent as an e-mail message, the only characters that are sure to be properly transmitted are those with ASCII/ANSI numbers between 32 and 126. These comp rise upper-case A.Z, lower-case a.z, numerals 0.9, punctuation marks ! " ' ( ) , . / : ; ? [ ] { }, other marks # $ % & * + < = > @ \ ^ _ ` | ~, and space. If we want to transmit phonetic symbols, we must therefore recode them using only these characters.
Alexandria: Library of Dreams

Y TITLE does not intend to suggest that the Alexandrian Library did not exist, but it does point to what I regard as 1JvJ. z the unreal character of much that has been said about it. The disparity between, on the one hand, the grandeur and importance of this library, both in its reality in antiquity and in its image both ancient and modern, and, on the other, our nearly total ignorance about it, has been unbearable. No one, least of all modern scholars, has been able to accept our lack of knowledge about a phenomenon that embodies so many human aspirations. In consequence, a whole literature of wishful thinking has grown up, in which scholars-even, I fear, the most rigorous-have cast aside the time-tested methods that normally constrain credulity, in order to be able to avoid confessing defeat. After sketching briefly the main lines of our ignorance of the Library's history, I shall talk about three types of dreams that have beguiled commentators ancient and modern: dreams about the size of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina; dreams about placing the blame for its destruction; and dreams about the consequences of its loss.2 But there are some positive lessons as well, as I hope to show. There is no ancient account of the foundation of the Library.3 We
Does Virus Interference Account for the Multiple Epidemic Waves that are Characteristic of the 1918 Spanish Influenza and other Influenza Pandemics

In 2009 several European countries, including Norway, experienced a delay in the spread of the new pandemic influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus after its initial emergence in spring and summer. In the present communication it is discussed whether this delay was shaped by virus interference with other respiratory viruses, in particular rhinoviruses, and thereby the forming of epidemic waves. Albeit a mere hypothesis at the moment virus interference may give a reasonable explanation to why outbreaks with the 1918 Spanish influenza and other influenza pandemics, in contrast to seasonal influenza, tend to occur in several subsequent epidemic waves. According to the evolution theories it is unlikely that epidemic viruses should circulate independent of each other.