Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chapter 3 Carbon dioxide induced changes in cerebral blood flow and flow velocity : role of cerebrovascular resistance and effective cerebral perfusion pressure

background: In addition to cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) zero flow pressure (ZFP), effective cerebral perfusion pressure (CPPe) and the resistance-area-product (RAP) are supplemental determinants of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Until now, the interrelationship of PaCO2-induced changes in CBF, CVR, CPPe, ZFP, and RAP is not fully understood. Materials and methods: In a controlled crossover trial, we investigated 10 anesthetized patients aiming at PaCO2-levels of 30, 37, 43 and 50 mmHg. CBF was measured with a modified Kety-Schmidt-technique. ZFP and RAP was estimated by linear regression analysis of pressure-flow velocity relationships of the middle cerebral artery. CPPe was calculated as the difference between mean arterial pressure and ZFP, CVR as the ratio CPPe/CBF. Statistical analysis was done by one-way RM-ANOVA. results: When comparing hypocapnia with hypercapnia CBF showed a significant exponential reduction by 55% and mean VMCA by 41%. CPPe linearly decreased by 17% while ZFP increased from 14 to 29 mmHg. CVR increased by 96% and RAP by 39%; despite these concordant changes in mean CVR and Doppler-derived RAP correlation between these variables was weak (r=0.43). conclusion: Under general anesthesia hypocapnia-induced reduction in CBF is caused by both, an increase in CVR and a decrease in CPPe, as a consequence of an increase in ZFP.
ANA-Hep 2 Positive with Anti-Rods and Rings Pattern in a Child without Hepatitis C under Treatment : Case Report

Background: The immunofluorescence pattern of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) called rings and rods (RR) has only recently been described. This pattern has been associated with patients with Hepatitis C at treatment. There are few studies that demonstrate their appearance in healthy individuals or with other health conditions. This study reports positivity of this autoantibody in a patient never exposed to the HCV virus, in order to understand its clinical significance. Case summary: A 10-year-old male patient was admitted to a university hospital with suspected bronchopneumonia. A carrier of chronic lung disease, he underwent several tests including ANA, that was reagent for the nucleus (fine speckled pattern) and cytoplasm (RR pattern). The serological results for hepatitis and HIV were negative. The patient was discharged after 22 days in hospital and is being followed-up by the outpatient clinic. There was a subsequent suspicion of immunodeficiency and cystic fibrosis, but there remains no established diagnosis. The presence of the pattern without the coexistence of Hepatitis C or the use of drugs such as RBV/IFN is scarce in the literature. No correlation between the RR pattern and the patient’s clinical presentation is clear, but some studies have reported the appearance of this pattern in individuals with polymedicinal therapies and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Conclusion: This report demonstrated that the anti-RR pattern cannot be exclusively related to HCV and more studies are required to understand it.
Evaluation of some paddy soils properties on urease enzyme activity

Urease activity influences optimum use of urea fertilizer, nitrogen volatilization, nitrogen leaching and environmental pollution related to N. Laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate urea hydrolysis, as a function of soil urease activity in 30 different paddy soil samples of Guilan province of Iran and their correlations with some soil physico-chemical characteristics. Urease activities range from 19.8 to 68.3 μg NH4/g soil/2hr. Simple correlation analysis of urease activity with properties of this rice soils differing widely in pH, C:N and organic carbon indicated that urease activity was correlated highly significantly with organic carbon (r = 0.80**) and total N (r = 0.73**) and EC (r = 0.63**) and CEC (r = 0.38*). pH was also negatively correlated with urease activity (r = -0.52**) but was not significantly correlated with clay percentage and C: N. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that 77% of urease variation was accounted by OC and CEC.
Bilirubin in cerebrospinal fluid reduces nociceptive sensation through inhibition of synaptic activity of neurons in spinal cord

Objectives: To determinate the effect of bilirubin on nociceptive sensory in the spinal cord of bile duct ligation (BDL) rats. Methods: Mechanical pain thresholds were measured in rats on days 3, 5, and 7 after BDL surgery. Pain thresholds were also measured 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 hours after intrathecal administration of different concentrations of bilirubin. Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (sEPSC) and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) of substantiagelatinosa neurons were recorded in normal condition and the changes in sEPSC and sIPSC were measured during a 2-minute perfusion of 10 μM bilirubin using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Results: We found that: (1) the mechanical pain thresholds were significantly increased in BDL rats compared with the sham group (P<0.05); (2) the mechanical pain thresholds were also significantly increased 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 hours after the intrathecal administration of 1 mM bilirubin; similarly, the 100 μM bilirubin group also showed an increase in pain thresholds after 1, 1.5, and 2 hours compared with the NS group (P<0.05); (3) the sEPSC amplitude recorded by whole-cell patch clamp was significantly decreased (-47%, P<0.01), whereas the sIPSC frequency was significantly enhanced (+57%, P<0.01) after bilirubin administration. Conclusion: The increased bilirubin concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of obstructive jaundice (OJ) rats may reduce the nociceptive sensation by inhibiting the synaptic activity of neurons in the spinal cord.
J ul 2 01 9 Improving parameter estimation of entropic uncertainty relation in continuous-variable quantum key distribution

Ziyang Chen, Yichen Zhang, Xiangyu Wang, Song Yu, and Hong Guo1∗ 1 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication, Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China and 2 State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China (Dated: July 5, 2019)
On the nature of vowel harmony : spreading with a purpose

This paper discusses the interaction between constraints governing production of speech and those governing perception of speech, focusing on the issue of vowel harmony. Three different cases of vowel harmony within Romance languages are reviewed to show that configurations of the harmonic domains can be triggered either by demands of articulation or by demands of perception. The former pattern entails improvement of perception as a side effect; the latter may show secondary gains on articulation and typically has the primarily function of preserving a relevant paradigmatic distinction. I present an analysis cast in Optimality Theory (OT) that allows predicting the direction of the spreading from the type of harmony, following previously established patterns based on the notions of Positional Faithfulness and Positional Markedness. Conditions on targets and triggers are derived from general restrictions placed on the harmonic elements. The selection of the harmonic feature is instead derived from specific properties that features have in each system.
Probabilistic Forecasting of Snowfall Amounts Using a Hybrid between a Parametric and an Analog Approach

Forecast uncertainty associated with the prediction of snowfall amounts is a complex superposition of the uncertainty about precipitation amounts and the uncertainty about weather variables like temperature that influence the snow-forming process. In situations with heavy precipitation, parametric, regression-based postprocessing approaches often perform very well since they can extrapolate relations between forecast and observed precipitation amounts established with data from more common events. The complexity of the relation between temperature and snowfall amounts, on the other hand, makes nonparametric techniques like the analog method an attractive choice. In this article we show how these two different methodologies can be combined in a way that leverages the respective advantages. Predictive distributions of precipitation amounts are obtained using a heteroscedastic regression approach based on censored, shifted gamma distributions, and quantile forecasts derived from them are used together with ensemble forecasts of temperature to find analog dates where both quantities were similar. The observed snowfall amounts on these dates are then used to compose an ensemble that represents the uncertainty about future snowfall. We demonstrate this approach with reforecast data from the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) and snowfall analyses from the National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC) over an area within the northeastern United States and an area within the U.S. mountain states.
Anatomic Variations In Foramen Ovale and Foramen Spinosum

An anatomical study was conducted to observe the shapes of foramen ovale and foramen spinosum with their anatomical variants. The foramen ovale being one of the important foramina in the middle cranial fossa, is present in the superior surface of greater wing of sphenoid bone. Foramen spinosum is located posterolateral to foramen ovale. We studied seventeen human skulls and three sphenoid bones (i.e. total 40 foramen ovale and 40 foramen spinosum were studied, since foramen of right as well as left sides were taken for study). They were obtained from the Post graduate Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Jammu. Posterior part of the greater wing of sphenoid was observed for visualising the foramen ovale and foramen spinosum. Oval, round, almond and slit like foramen ovale were found. The maximum number was that of oval shaped foramina followed by almond, round and slit like foramen . Moreover, bony outgrowths in the form of spines were observed in two foramen ovale, and in the form of bony plate was seen in one foramen ovale. Furthermore, confluent foramen ovale and spinosum was seen on left side in one skull and on right side in another skull. Double foramen spinosum was seen in one skull on right side. Absence of foramen spinosum was observed in one of the skulls on right side. Foramen ovale is of surgical importance in percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy in trigeminal neuralgias. For surgical procedures in the middle cranial fossa, the knowledge about the variations of these foramina should be taken into account. This data will add to the knowledge of clinicians as well as anatomists.
Impact of Alternative Fuels on the Operational and Environmental Performance of Commercial Aircraft

The wide-scale supply of sustainable alternative fuels has become a major element of the aviation industry’s aim of reducing environmental impacts while easing fossil fuels dependence. The present work will address the technical feasibility of a wide range of alternative fuels, with differences in performance and pollutant emissions summarized. The alternative production pathways considered in this study are the following: Fischer-Tropsch, Hydrotreated Esters and Fatty Acids, Synthesized Iso-Paraffins, Alcoholto-Jet, Catalytic Hydrothermolysis and Hydrodeoxygenation. The analysis of the burning of different fuels will be based purely on a 0-D engine thermodynamic approach, with a numerical modelling of a typical two-spool turbofan for off-design and transient simulations. Through comparison of performance results obtained relative to what would be obtained with GasTurb 12, for a conventional kerosene, the aero-engine numerical model is validated. The approaches followed, for the estimation of required fuel properties and flame temperatures and for the implementation of evaporation and gas models, are presented and validated. For different flight conditions, performance and pollutant emissions outputs for the fuels studied are presented, discussed and compared with results obtained in the literature. Finally, different transient scenarios are simulated and the influence of fuels analysed. With the present work, it is possible to conclude that most sustainable alternative fuels may improve the overall performance and pollutant emissions when compared with a conventional kerosene, which confirms that the supply of alternative fuels, although constrained economically, is a safe route going forward for the aviation industry.
THE GOVERNANCE AND COORDINATION IN MARINE AND COASTAL TOURISM: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

code. All relevant ethical measures were put in place for the purpose of the research and protecting the participants. The findings of the study identify certain key blockages and challenges in the current policy implementation processes and governance structures. They include issues of coordination, communication, and consultation. Although there is tourism legislation that reflects local roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, the current legislation needs to be enhanced to ensure that certain regulations do not hold back costal and marine tourism development. Logically, part of such evidence-based approaches is the collection of evidence. This involves gathering observations, communications, and measurements that help to assess what happened and what impacts resulted from what policy interventions. Thus, data collection and monitoring are key activities underlying evaluations.
INSURANCE DEMAND , FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SOUTH AFRICA : EVIDENCE FROM TODA-YAMAMOTO CAUSALITY TEST

This paper examines the dynamic interactions among insurance demand, financial development and economic growth in South Africa for the period of 1970 to 2012. A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Toda-Yamamoto (T-Y) causality test are used to analyze the short run and long run relationship after establishing a multivariate cointegration relation among the variables of interest. The VECM shows that, in the short run, financial development promotes insurance demand. The TodaYamamoto causality test supports the insurance-led and finance-led growth hypothesis with unidirectional causalities running from insurance activities and financial development to economic growth. Therefore, the results of this paper support the theory of supply leading and demand-following hypothesis for South Africa. We conclude that financial interdependence of insurance demand and financial development are crucial for growth in South Africa. The policy implication of the results is that efforts should be geared towards the implementation of policies that promotes the mutual interdependence of insurance and financial activities in South Africa.
Samuelson’s Dictum: Evidence, Theory and Implications

The idea that stock prices can simultaneously display “micro efficiency” and “macro inefficiency” is accredited to Paul Samuelson and has been labeled “Samuelson’s Dictum. ” Using firm-level data from the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) we present empirical evidence consistent with Samuelson’s dictum. Specifically, we conduct two standard tests of the linear present value model of stock prices: a regression of future dividend changes on the dividend-price ratio, and a test for excess volatility. We show that the dividend price ratio forecasts the future growth in dividends at the firm level as predicted by the present value model, and that excess volatility can be rejected for most firms. When the same firms are aggregated into equal-weighted or cap-weighted portfolios, the estimated coefficients are no longer consistent with the present value model and “excess” volatility is observed. To investigate the source of our empirical findings, we propose a theory of aggregation bias based on incomplete information and segmented markets. Traders specializing in individual stocks conflate idiosyncratic and aggregate shocks to dividends. To an econometrician using aggregate data, these assumptions generate a rejection of the present value model even though individual traders are efficiently using their available information. We connect our results to a broader literature and discuss the implications associated with concepts such as micro-foundations of macroeconomic modeling.
Variation in peroxidase banding pattern as response to boron deficiency in wheat ( Triticum aestivum Thell am )

Widely used isozyme had been employed for identification of variations and estimation of genetic diversity within genotypes in a population and also successfully used in various crop improvement programme. Among the markers peroxidase had been reliably helpful in genetic studies and planning appropriate breeding strategies for improvement of many crops including wheat. The present study was conducted for characterization of some boron–deficiency tolerant and susceptible genotypes following PAGE technique. The tolerant genotypes Scholburgk, DBW 14, Halna and boron –deficiency susceptible genotypes PBW 343, WH 736, HD 2733 (Res.) were considered in the present investigation. Peroxidase profile revealed marked differences within tolerant and susceptible genotypes with respect to number of bands, Rm values and intensity of gels. Out of six bands, bands with Rm value 0.83 was absent in two susceptible genotypes WH 736 and HD 2733 and band with Rm value 0.283 was found absent in another susceptible genotypes PBW 343. Other remaining bands were present in all the genotypes irrespective of their tolerance or susceptibility and all the six bands were found present in the tolerant genotypes.
Comparison of Drinking Water Quality Following Boiling , Household Filtration and Water-Refill in Urban-Slum Area Sri

Safe drinking water availability remains crucial problem in urban-slum areas. Boiling and household filtration are the most frequent water-treatment methods; water-refill is a growing industry providing affordable drinking water for low-middle income households in developing countries. This study compared the efficacy and annual infection risk after boiling, filtration, and water-refill methods to determine the best method for urban-slum dwellers. It was quasiexperimental pre-post design, data were collected by purposive sampling from urban-slum area in Bandung municipality between January-February 2017. Water samples were examined from 55 households using boiling and filtration method and 55 households using water-refill. Coliforms and E.coli contaminations were examined using membrane filter method. The removal efficacy of Coliforms, log removal reduction (LRR) and annual risk infection were calculated. The efficacy of filtration for removing Coliform/E.coli was 99.84% and 100%, boiling was 98% and 96%, respectively. Only 54.5% of water-refill samples were Coliformnegative. Safe LRR for Coliforms/E. coli using filtration was 76.63% and 100% whereas using boiling was 40% and 96.36%, respectively. Only household filtration demonstrated no annual risk infection. Household filtration is the most effective method to eliminate microorganisms from raw water. Health education and proper water-treatment method promotion are warranted to prevent waterborne disease in urban-slum areas. Experimental article (J Int Dent Med Res 2019; 12(2): 791-796)
The web of host-guest connections on Airbnb — A social network perspective 2017

Airbnb has emerged as the most important peer-based platform for accommodation sharing. It provides over 3 million listings in over 65,000 cities all across the world (Airbnb 2017). Airbnb’s current market evaluation stands at $30bn, ranging in the league of many of the hospitality industry’s incumbents such as the Hilton Group ($20bn) and Marriott ($34bn) (Forbes 2017). In contrast, Airbnb does not own hotels but operates a two-sided market place, bringing together hosts and guests. Evidently, the role of Airbnb as a platform and marketing channel is significant, as hosts on Airbnb generate an average additional income of $924 per month (Earnest 2017). Moreover, the variety offered through Airbnb is substantial, including everything from urban apartments, guest rooms, and vocational homes to more exotic listings such as tree houses, castles, igloos, and house boats (Forbes 2016). The platform addresses both private and business customers, and facilitates everything from day trips to stays of several months (Mittendorf and Ostermann 2017). Users on Airbnb can be classified as hosts and guests where, importantly, hosts may also be guests on Airbnb when they travel themselves.
PhytoAuthent: Molecular authentication of complex herbal food supplements for safety and efficacy

The PhytoAuthent project was structured to gather, test, develop and apply, in real life case scenarios, molecular techniques, such as biochemical fingerprinting and DNA sequence-based methods, for plant identification of constituents in complex herbal products. The project had a strong focus on applied aspects like protecting consumers from health risks associated with product substitution and contamination of herbal products.
Manipulating the Difficulty of C-Tests – Supplementary Material –

Feature description for ∆inc and ∆dec. We provide an extended feature description for the subset of features used for our relative difficulty prediction models ∆inc and ∆dec. Features marked with * are also used by the absolute difficulty prediction model proposed by Beinborn (2016). For a gap g = (i, `) in word wi, we define: • the predicted absolute gap difficulty d(g) for the initial C-test created with DEF obtained from our reproduced difficulty prediction system, see line 3 of algorithm 2 (PS),
Beta Uncertainty and the Cross Section of Stock Returns

This paper examines to what extent the significance of size as a factor loading in asset pricing models is a proxy for the level of uncertainty in estimating an assets beta. We find that the time series variation of a stock’s beta is highly correlated with firm size and appears to subsume size as a significant variable in the cross-sectional variation of asset prices. We show that the standard deviation and kurtosis of yearly beta estimates are: 1) negatively correlated to firm size, 2) outperform size when used as explanatory variables in cross-sectional regression estimates of both individual and portfolio asset return and 3) render size as insignificant when all are included in individual asset estimates and 4) have larger explanatory coefficients relative to size in the portfolio estimates. We therefore conclude that the uncertainty of beta is a significant reason for size representing a systematic factor in the Fama-French cross-sectional framework. 1 326 Academic Building A, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway E, Binghamton, NY 13902, dlasser@binghamton.edu, 607-777-4874 2 224 Academic Building A, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway E, Binghamton, NY 13902, lynch@binghamton.edu, 607-777-3170