Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testing prospect theory in students’ performance

espanolEste trabajo contrasta la existencia de ‘puntos de referencia’ y la ‘aversion a la perdida’ en el rendimiento academico de los estudiantes. De acuerdo con la teoria de las perspectivas, la obtencion de un resultado peor al esperado tiene un efecto mayor en la (in)satisfaccion de los estudiantes que la obtencion de un resultado mejor del que se esperaba. Aunque la aversion a la perdida es un resultado empirico ampliamente probado en otros contextos, algunos autores han demostrado que puede verse reducido por otros factores. Asi, dentro de esta linea de investigacion, este trabajo examina si la respuesta emocional de los estudiantes (satisfaccion/insatisfaccion) a su rendimiento puede verse afectada por distintos estimulos musicales. Se disena un experimento con el que se contrasta la aversion a la perdida en el rendimiento de los estudiantes en tres condiciones experimentales: con ‘musica clasica’, ‘musica heavy’ y ‘sin musica’. La aplicacion empirica apoya tanto la hipotesis de que existen puntos de referencia como la hipotesis de aversion a la perdida (ambas significativas al 0,05), y se observa que los estimulos musicales tienen una influencia en el estado de satisfaccion de los estudiantes con su rendimiento (p los efectos de sorpresas ‘positivas’ y ‘negativas’ son mayores o menores, no solo en funcion del tamano de estas, sino tambien del estimulo musical recibido. EnglishThis paper tests the existence of ‘reference dependence’ and ‘loss aversion’ in students’ academic performance. Accordingly, achieving a worse than expected academic performance would have a much stronger effect on students’ (dis)satisfaction than obtaining a better than expected grade. Although loss aversion is a well-established finding, some authors have demonstrated that it can be moderated – diminished, to be precise–. Within this line of research, we also examine whether the students’ emotional response (satisfaction/dissatisfaction) to their performance can be moderated by different musical stimuli. We design an experiment through which we test loss aversion in students’ performance with three conditions: ‘classical music’, ‘heavy music’ and ‘no music’. The empirical application supports the reference-dependence and loss aversion hypotheses (significant at p
The Influence of Vegetation Type on the Dominant Soil Bacteria, Archaea, and Fungi in a Low Arctic Tundra Landscape

Arctic vegetation communities vary greatly over short distances due to landscape heterogeneities in topography and hydrological conditions, but corresponding patterns and controls for soil microbial communities are not well understood. We characterized and compared the most abundant phylotypes within replicate soil microbial communities (n = 4) underlying the four principal vegetation types in Canadian low Arctic tundra (dry heath, birch hummock, tall birch, and wet sedge) using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of small subunit rRNA genes. We identifi ed 10 major bacterial phylotypes. Although most were present in all soil samples, their relative abundances diff ered signifi cantly and consistently according to vegetation type. By contrast, the fungal communities of all vegetation types were dominated by two common phylotypes. Th e communities of major archaea (11 identifi ed) diff ered substantially among some of the vegetation types and even among replicate patches of the same vegetation type, indicating large spatial heterogeneities that could not be attributed to the infl uence of vegetation type. Bacterial and fungal communities in all vegetation types were dominated by Acidobacteria and Zygomycota, respectively. Archaeal communities were dominated by Euryarchaeota in tall birch and wet sedge although both Euryarchaeota and Th aumarchaeota were abundant in the birch hummock and dry heath soils. We conclude that vegetation type exerts a strong infl uence on soil bacterial community structure, and a relatively small and varying infl uence on archaeal and fungal communities in low Arctic tundra. Finally, variation in bacterial community structure among the vegetation types was correlated with soil soluble N and N mineralization potential, suggesting a close association between the relative abundances of dominant soil bacteria and N availability across low Arctic tundra.
Plant responses to defoliation and resource supplementation in the Pryor Mountains.

Field studies were conducted in 2 types of grasslands in the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range of northern Wyoming and southern Montana to examine plant biomass production and nitrogen responses to the separate and combined effects of graminoid defoliation and increased environmental resource (water or nutrients) supply. Short-term plant responses were monitored over 2 years which differed substantially in growing season precipitation. In the arid, low elevation grassland, total grass biomass was significantly lower in the dry year than the wet year in all treatments. Defoliation of the grasses did not reduce their aboveground biomass production in the wet year, but severely reduced it in the dry year, primarily because of a decrease in tiller density. Mass of remaining individual tillers increased with clipping in the dry year, and nitrogen concentrations of the grasses increased with clipping in both years. Irrigation alone increased total belowground biomass compared to the other treatments, but did not increase the aboveground biomass production of any plant functional group. Clipping plus irrigation resulted in greater total aboveground biomass production and higher nitrogen concentrations of the grasses than control or irrigated treatments. Clipping graminoids in the more mesic montane grassland did not decrease their biomass production in either year, but did increase their nitrogen concentrations and increase the collective aboveground biomass production of the other plant functional groups. Fertilization and fertilization plus clipping significantly increased total aboveground biomass production in both years, and total belowground biomass was greatest in fertilized plots.
Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Snake Bite Cases in Western Nepal -

Background: Snake bite is a significant public health problem in many countries with large number of cases of envenoming and deaths being reported, although it is difficult to define the actual number of snake bite victims. Objectives: Clinical and Epidemiological aspects of human snake bite amongst the victims admitted to emergency ward of Manipal Teaching Hospital Pokhara, Nepal was studied. Methods: This retrospective hospital record based study involved a total of 77 snake bite victims admitted to emergency ward of hospital during 1st November 2004 to 31st October 2005. Information on demographic data, identification of the snake, time and place of bite, symptoms of snakebite, time lapsed between bite and seeking treatment and snakebite case management and outcome was collected. SPSS windows version 14.0 software was used to analyze the data. Percentages were applied to find out the results. Results: Majority of the victims were from Kaski district (79.2%). Higher proportion of victims were aged between 10-59 years (80.5%) and were males (55.8%). Majority of the victims were farmers (37.7%) and illiterate (58.4%). Most of the snake bite cases were reported in the months of June to September (84.4%). The most common place of bite was field (36.4%) and the most common site of bite was foot (55.8%). Most of the snakes could not be identified (59.7%). The symptom commonly encountered was cellulitis (46.8%). Majority of victims were applied tourniquet as first aid measure (59.7%). Time lapsed for seeking hospital treatment was half to 1 hour in most (29.9%) of the cases. Majority of the individuals recovered after snake bite (89.6%). Conclusions: Public health interventions should focus on improving victims\\\' rapid transport to adequate treatment centers for anti snake venom.
Water delivery from cores to disks: deuteration as a probe of the prestellar inheritance of H2O

We investigate the delivery of regular and deuterated forms of water from prestellar cores to circumstellar disks. We adopt a semi-analytical axisymmetric two-dimensional collapsing core model with post-processing gas-ice astrochemical simulations, in which a layered ice structure is considered. The physical and chemical evolutions are followed until the end of the main accretion phase. When mass averaged over the whole disk, a forming disk has a similar H2O abundance and HDO/H2O abundance ratio as their precollapse values (within a factor of 2), regardless of time in our models. Consistent with previous studies, our models suggest that interstellar water ice is delivered to forming disks without significant alteration. On the other hand, the local vertically averaged H2O ice abundance and HDO/H2O ice ratio can differ more, by up to a factor of several, depending on time and distance from a central star. Key parameters for the local variations are the fluence of stellar UV photons en route into the disk and the ice layered structure, the latter of which is mostly established in the prestellar stages. We also find that even if interstellar water ice is destroyed by stellar UV and (partly) reformed prior to disk entry, the HDO/H2O ratio in reformed water ice is similar to the original value. This finding indicates that some caution is needed in discussions on the prestellar inheritance of H2O based on comparisons between the observationally derived HDO/H2O ratio in clouds/cores and that in disks/comets. Alternatively, we propose that the ratio of D2O/HDO to HDO/H2O better probes the prestellar inheritance of H2O. It is also found that icy organics are more enriched in deuterium than water ice in forming disks. The differential deuterium fractionation in water and organics is inherited from the prestellar stages.
EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA OF SOLAR FLARES FROM THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROHELIOGRAPH SPIRIT ONBOARD THE CORONAS-F SATELLITE

We present detailed extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectra of four large solar flares: M5.6, X1.3, X3.4, and X17 classes in the spectral ranges 176–207 Å and 280–330 Å. These spectra were obtained by the slitless spectroheliograph SPIRIT onboard the CORONAS-F satellite. To our knowledge, these are the first detailed EUV spectra of large flares obtained with a spectral resolution of ∼0.1 Å. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the obtained spectra and provide identification of the observed spectral lines. The identification was performed based on the calculation of synthetic spectra (the CHIANTI database was used), with simultaneous calculations of the differential emission measure (DEM) and density of the emitting plasma. More than 50 intense lines are present in the spectra that correspond to a temperature range of T = 0.5–16 MK; most of the lines belong to Fe, Ni, Ca, Mg, and Si ions. In all the considered flares, intense hot lines from Ca xvii, Ca xviii, Fe xx, Fe xxii, and Fe xxiv are observed. The calculated DEMs have a peak at T ∼ 10 MK. The densities were determined using Fe xi–Fe xiii lines and averaged 6.5 × 109 cm−3. We also discuss the identification, accuracy, and major discrepancies of the spectral line intensity prediction.
The Sea in Comparisons and Metaphors in Ottoman Historiography in the Sixteenth Century

W T ken Ottoman historiography is discussed, researchers mostly focus V V on topics like the contents and the historical value of their sources, on their relationship to earlier and later writings, on the lives and careers of their respective authors as well as on the historians' ideas and concepts of history and historical writing. Rarely are historians regarded as "liter ary persons",1 although most editors do comment on their authors' lan guage and style.2 And indeed, scholars specialized in Ottoman literature have given far more attention to divan poetry and its rules than to prose. A first evaluation of earlier statements on prose has been attempted by Barbara Flemming.3 She has tried to show that on the one hand, follow ing Gibb,4 prose is still being regarded as completely dependent on the stylistic ideals of poetry. Alessio Bombaci, by quoting examples for rheto ric and stylistic devices from both poetry and prose, seems to imply that they both follow the same principles.5 He even goes as far as to consider Kemalpa? azade's account of the Moha9 campaign as only seemingly to be prose while in reality, for Bombaci, it is a long qasida.6 On the other hand, Flemming maintains that the general division of Ottoman prose into three different levels, sade nesir, orta nesir and suslii nesir, which is based on Fahir iz,7 is constantly being repeated. Among these three, suslii nesir is thought to be completely governed by the rules of poetry. But Flemming stresses the need for a more differentiated view, i.e. that au
VISION - Vienna Survey in Orion

We have investigated the shape of the extinction curve in the infrared up to ~25μm for the Orion A star-forming complex. The basis of this work is near-infrared data acquired with the Visual and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy, in combination with Pan-STARRS and mid-infrared Spitzer photometry. We obtain colour excess ratios for eight passbands by fitting a series of colour-colour diagrams. The fits are performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, together with a linear model under a Bayesian formalism. The resulting colour excess ratios are directly interpreted as a measure of the extinction law. We show that the Orion A molecular cloud is characterized by flat mid-infrared extinction, similar to many other recently studied sightlines. Moreover, we find statistically significant evidence that the extinction law from ~1μm to at least ~6μm varies across the cloud. In particular, we find a gradient along galactic longitude, where regions near the Orion Nebula Cluster show a different extinction law compared to L1641 and L1647, the low-mass star-forming sites in the cloud complex. These variations are of the order of only 3% and are most likely caused by the influence of the massive stars on their surrounding medium. While the observed general trends in our measurements are in agreement with model predictions, both well-established and new dust grain models are not able to fully reproduce our infrared extinction curve. We also present a new extinction map featuring a resolution of 1′ and revisit the correlation between extinction and dust optical depth. This analysis shows that cloud substructure, which is not sampled by background sources, affects the conversion factor between these two measures. In conclusion, we argue that specific characteristics of the infrared extinction law are still not well understood, but Orion A can serve as an unbiased template for future studies.
Taxonomy level of pediatrics exams and psychometric characteristics of MCQ test in year 2014

Educational assessment not only needs to examine the test items making up the test but also to evaluate the level of learning of test takers. The purpose of this research was to examine the multiple choice items indices and to determine the taxonomy of pediatric exams of a medical university. This cross sectional descriptive research included 150 MCQ items making up the exams of pediatric group test for residents in Kashan University of Medical Sciences and taxonomy level of the test was determined. Computer software was used to determine the psychometric indices of MCQ test and expert opinion was used to determine the taxonomy of the test. The result of analysis indicated that 42.7 percent of the question was measuring recall, 31.3 percent were at the comprehension level, and 26 percent were targeting application. Chi square test result indicated that there was a significant difference between the proportion of the levels (P=0.03). In addition, a significant difference was also found between the proportion of very difficult and easy test items ((P=0.024). Based on the result of this research, it seems like MCQ tests used to exam the resident in the pediatric group need further evaluations and more careful examination.
A large sample analysis of seasonal river flow correlation and its physical drivers

Abstract. The geophysical and hydrological processes governing river flow formation exhibit persistence at several timescales, which may manifest itself with the presence of positive seasonal correlation of streamflow at several different time lags. We investigate here how persistence propagates along subsequent seasons and affects low and high flows. We define the High Flow Season (HFS) and the Low Flow Season (LFS) as the three-month and the one-month periods which usually exhibit the higher and lower river flows, respectively. A dataset of 224 European rivers spanning more than 50 years of daily flow data is exploited. We compute the lagged seasonal correlation between selected river flow signatures, in HFS and LFS, and the average river flow in the antecedent months. Signatures are peak and average river flow for HFS and LFS, respectively. We investigate the links between seasonal streamflow correlation and various physiographic catchment characteristics and hydro-climatic properties. We find persistence to be more intense for LFS signatures than HFS. To exploit the seasonal correlation in flood frequency estimation, we fit a bivariate Meta-Gaussian probability distribution to peak HFS flow and average pre-HFS flow in order to condition the peak flow distribution in the HFS upon river flow observations in the previous months. The benefit of the suggested methodology is demonstrated by updating the flood frequency distribution one season in advance in real-world cases. Our findings suggest that there is a traceable physical basis for river memory which in turn can be statistically assimilated into flood frequency estimation to reduce uncertainty and improve predictions for technical purposes.
■ FTIR-microscopy as a tool for the measurement of the morphology of industrial, polymeric products

Many polymeric products are manufactured or fabricated into forms in which the polymer chains are oriented (aligned) to some extent. For example, fibres tend to have directional (longitudinal) stiffness imparted by polymer chains that have a preferred orientation towards or along the fibre long axis. By contrast, in many film and bottle products the macromolecular chains are typically organised to impart a balanced or near-balanced system, that is they are biaxially oriented with respect to the product surface plane. Polarised infrated spectroscopy is a particutarly useful, well established and readily practible tool for investigating polymer anisotropy. Associated with or independent of molecular orientation may be material density variations throughout a product. FTIR-microscopy is especially suited to determining and profiling localised extents of both molecular orientation and configuration. Depending on the study purpose, sample geometry, sample dimensions and sample absorption characteristics, then either a transmission or reflection, specular or internal reflection spectroscopy, technique may be employed. This article will outline briefly the principles of determining crystallinity and molecular orientation by mid-infrared techniques. It will, through case studies, illustrate applications of different FTIR-microscopy or micro-sampling technique approaches to characterising either crystallinity or molecular orientation over a range of plastic products.
Influence of relief conditions on plant growth and development

The objectives of our investigations are to describe the limits of variability of the main agricultural types of modern ukrainian winter wheat varieties in order to their relations with difference growth conditions. The most target traits for determining these relations are agronomic-value, such as yield, protein content and protein composition (amount of gliadins and glutenins). As an additional purpose we evaluated relations between relief conditions and amount of microelements and heavy metals, relation amid growth conditions and content of value microelements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). Our investigations confirmed statements about relations between content of nutrient elements in winter wheat plants, their uptaking from soil, type of relief, wheat variety genotype and limits of adaptable for difference conditions. Winter wheat is an cultivar with wide, but specific demands to growth and development conditions. Due to relief conditions, north exposition of the slope gives more advantages for winter wheat vegetation. We recommended varieties Komerciyna, Smuglyanka, Zolotokolosa for growing under these conditions by grain productivity and varieties Komerciyna, Smuglyanka and Natalka by grain protein content and protein composition. Variability of agriculture-value traits between varieties was higher under slope conditions than on flat. Only variety Korisna was stable by protein composition under every condition. At the same time all varieties were depended on grows conditions (relief) to reach high level of grain yield. We cannot observe just the same by grain quality. We established that wheat grains contains more microelements than straw. At the same time the lead and nickel uptake was more in the straw samples. Thus, influence of relief on microelements and heavy metals content in the winter wheat grain and straw is not so high as for macroelements and, thus, for grain productivity and quality.
HST/COS OBSERVATIONS OF GALACTIC HIGH-VELOCITY CLOUDS: FOUR ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS SIGHT LINES THROUGH COMPLEX C

We report ultraviolet spectra of Galactic high-velocity clouds (HVCs) in Complex C, taken by the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), together with new 21 cm spectra from the Green Bank Telescope. The wide spectral coverage and higher signal-to-noise ratio, compared to previous HST spectra, provide better velocity definition of the HVC absorption, additional ionization species (including high ions), and improved abundances in this halo gas. Complex C has a metallicity of 10%–30% solar and a wide range of ions, suggesting dynamical and thermal interactions with hot gas in the Galactic halo. Spectra in the COS medium-resolution G130M (1133–1468 Å) and G160M (1383–1796 Å) gratings detect ultraviolet absorption lines from eight elements in low-ionization states (O i, N i, C ii, S ii, Si ii, Al ii, Fe ii, P ii) and three elements in intermediate- and high-ionization states (Si iii, Si iv, C iv, N v). Our four active galactic nucleus sight lines toward Mrk 817, Mrk 290, Mrk 876, and PG 1259+593 have high-velocity H i and O vi column densities, 19.39–20.05 and 13.58–14.10, with substantial amounts of kinematically associated photoionized gas. The high-ion abundance ratios are consistent with cooling interfaces between photoionized and collisionally ionized gas: N(C iv)/N(O vi) ≈ 0.3–0.5, N(Si iv)/N(O vi) ≈ 0.05–0.11, N(N v)/N(O vi) ≈ 0.07–0.13, and N(Si iv)/N(Si iii) ≈0.2.