Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alcohol use, externalizing problems, and depressive symptoms among American Indian youth: The role of self-efficacy

Abstract Background: There is a need to understand resiliency factors which can be used to inform and design interventions to prevent externalizing problems, substance use, and depressive symptoms among American Indian (AI) youth. Objectives: The present study examined the role of self-efficacy in externalizing problems, alcohol use, and depressive symptoms among AI youth from the North American plains. Methods: Participants for this study included 146 (53 boys and 93 girls) adolescents, with an age range of 13–18 (M = 14.5) years of age. Results: High self-efficacy for resisting negative peer influences predicted both lower rates of alcohol use and fewer externalizing behaviors. Furthermore, higher levels of both academic and social self-efficacy predicted fewer depressive symptoms. The hypothesis that academic self-efficacy would predict depressive symptoms was not supported. Conclusion: As expected, the best-fitting path model showed self-efficacy for resisting negative peer influences predicting both alcohol use and externalizing problems, and social self-efficacy (as well as being female) predicting depressive symptoms among AI youth. Therefore, this study supports the importance of self-efficacy beliefs for alcohol use and externalizing problems, as well as depressive symptoms, among AI youth.
On embodiment in predictions A book review of The Predictive Mind

Hohwy’s book consists of three parts: an introduction to predictive coding and a predictive account of interactions with the world and of the mind. In the first part, Hohwy discusses the foundations of causal inferences as a mechanism of perception (Ch1). Subsequently, he discusses prediction error minimalisation (Ch2) and the role of errors, context and the precision of prediction in this process (Ch3); at the end of the first part, he analyzes the particular role of acting (active inference) in predictive coding (Ch4). In the second part, which pertains to the world, Hohwy considers binding (Ch5), cognitive penetrability (Ch6), disorders of prediction (Ch7), as well as surprise and
Evaluation of the Amazon River delta as a barrier to gene flow for the regional malaria vector, Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in northeastern Brazil

Abstract The Neotropical malaria vector Anopheles aquasalis Curry is distributed predominantly along the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts because of its tolerance for breeding in salt water. We tested the hypothesis that the freshwater Amazon River acts as a barrier to gene flow in northeastern Brazil, by examining variation at a 588-nucleotide fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene from five populations. We identified 15 haplotypes of which 5 were shared both (1) between sample localities and (2) across the Amazon River Delta. Sequence divergence ranged from 0.0017–0.0272 (average = 0.0137). Estimates of genetic subdivision based on the presence of the Amazon River were greatest within localities (Φ = 0.029) and among regions (Φ = 0.018), followed by among localities (Φ = 0.011), but none were significant. Parsimony, neighbor-joining, and Nested Clade Analyses were used to estimate relationships among populations and infer evolutionary processes. Two phylogenetically distinct clusters of populations were moderately supported by parsimony. Neighbor-joining trees were poorly resolved, thus providing no geographical resolution and no support for the Amazon River as a barrier to migration. Phylogeographic structure as detected by the Nested Clade Analysis was consistent with restricted gene flow coupled with isolation by distance. Taken together, these analyses suggest that the localities within this region of northeastern Brazil constitute a single large population of An. aquasalis that spans the Amazon Delta.
Extrapyramidal Symptoms with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

Background Several case reports in the literature suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can produce extrapyramidal symptoms. Method Computerised literature searches were used to identify reports on extrapyramidal symptoms and serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Subsequently, manual searches were made for articles in which there was any indication of the mechanisms responsible for these extrapyramidal symptoms. Results Only a few reports could be identified in which serotonin reuptake inhibitors were implicated in extrapyramidal symptoms in some patients. Conclusions Evidence is discussed from preclinical and clinical studies suggesting the interaction between serotoninergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter system, as a possible mechanism for production of extrapyramidal symptoms.
Sharing Means Caring? Hosts' Price Reaction to Rating Visibility

We empirically investigate how hosts on Airbnb, a popular peer-to-peer website for fee-based sharing of under-utilized space, adjust their prices once their offering gets a visible star rating for the first time. We use data for over 14,000 offerings from Airbnb which we collected for New York City. Our findings indicate that hosts whose offerings achieve star rating visibility significantly increase their prices by an average of 2.69 € more than hosts with comparable offerings who do not experience this rating visibility during the time of observation. Out of all offerings who achieve rating visibility, we identify the upper quartile of hosts to be the main driver of this price increase, whereas the first 75% percent show only a marginal price reaction. These results can serve as a first step towards understanding the motivation of people to provide assets to the sharing economy.
Fractionation of fiber and crude protein in fresh forages during the spring growth.

The composition of the fiber and CP of alfalfa, bromegrass, and endophyte-free and -infected tall fescue forages was compared during the spring growth from vegetative to reproductive stages. Forages were sampled from April 27 to June 6 in 1994, and from April 27 to June 11 in 1995, with 11 and 12 harvest dates, respectively. Total dietary fiber (TDF) was fractionated into insoluble and soluble fiber (SF). The CP of the forages was fractionated into nonprotein N (A), soluble CP (B1), insoluble CP that was soluble in neutral detergent (B2), CP insoluble in neutral detergent but soluble in acid detergent (B3), and CP insoluble in acid detergent (C). Effects of year, forage species, and harvest dates (day as a covariable) were included in the model. Across harvest dates, alfalfa (A) had lower (P < .01) TDF and higher (P < .01) SF concentrations than grasses (GR) (A: 49.9 and 14.4% and GR: 60.4 and 4.5% [OM basis] for TDF and SF, respectively). Alfalfa had higher (P < .01) CP (20.6% DM) than GR (15.3%). The rate of decrease in CP (% DM) across days was higher (P < .01) for bromegrass (-.4%/d) than for the other forages (-.29%/d). Fraction A (% of CP) was not different (P = .24) among forages (22.5%), but B1 was higher (P < .01) in A (17.1%) than in GR (13.2%). The B2 fraction (% of CP) was higher (P < .01) in A compared with GR (51.6 vs 45.9%, respectively). Alfalfa had lower (P < .01) B3 (3.0% of CP) than bromegrass (18.6%) and tall fescue (13.2%). Fraction C was not different (P = .23) among forages (3.8%). Fractions A, B1, and C (% of CP) did not change (P > .05) across days for all forages. Fraction B2 (% of CP) decreased across days in A (-.21%/d) but was not affected in GR. Fraction B3 (% of CP) increased (P < .05) in A (.1%/d), decreased in endophyte-infected tall fescue (-.20%/d), and did not change (P > .05) in the other forages. Crude protein and fiber composition were affected more by forage species than by maturity. The CP and NDF concentrations were more affected by maturity. Insoluble fractions but not soluble fractions of CP were affected by maturity.
Expectations of and for Clerkship Directors: A Collaborative Statement from the Alliance for Clinical Education

Purpose: The clerkship director (CD) is an essential leader in the education of medical students on clinical rotations. This article represents a collaborative effort of the national clerkship organizations that comprise the Alliance for Clinical Education (ACE), a multidisciplinary group formed in 1992. ACE suggests that selection of a CD be regarded as an implied contract between the CD and the department chair that each will take the steps to ensure the success of the clerkship and of the CD. This article sets standards for what should be expected of a CD and provides guidelines for the resources and support to be provided to the person selected for leadership of the clerkship. Summary: In their roles as CDs, educators engage in three principal activities: administration, teaching, and scholarly activity, such as educational research. This article describes (a) the work products that are the primary responsibility of the CD; (b) the qualifications to be considered in selection of a CD; (c) the support structure, resources, and personnel that are necessary for the CD to accomplish his or her responsibilities; (d) incentives and career development for the CD; and (e) the dedicated time that should be provided for the clerkship and the CD to succeed. Studies by several CD organizations conclude that 25% should be considered a minimum estimate of time for the administrative aspects of running a clerkship. With the added teaching and scholarly activities undertaken by a CD, a minimum of 50% of an full-time equivalent has been recognized as appropriate. The complexity and the need for timeliness in the cyclic and often repetitive tasks of the clerkship require that a full-time administrative assistant be part of the structure dedicated to running the clerkship. Conclusion: ACE recommends that institutions have clear standards for what is expected of the director of a clinical clerkship and have correspondingly clear guidelines as to what should be expected for CDs in their career development and in the support they are given.
Neutral Atomic Phases of the Interstellar Medium in the Galaxy

Much of the interstellar medium in disk galaxies is in the form of neutral atomic hydrogen, H I. This gas can be in thermal equilibrium at relatively low temperatures, T ≲ 300 K (the cold neutral medium [CNM]), or at temperatures somewhat less than 104 K (the warm neutral medium [WNM]). These two phases can coexist over a narrow range of pressures, Pmin ≤ P ≤ Pmax. We determine Pmin and Pmax in the plane of the Galaxy as a function of Galactocentric radius R using recent determinations of the gas heating rate and the gas-phase abundances of interstellar gas. We provide an analytic approximation for Pmin as a function of metallicity, far-ultraviolet radiation field, and the ionization rate of atomic hydrogen. Our analytic results show that the existence of Pmin, or the possibility of a two-phase equilibrium, generally requires that H+ exceed C+ in abundance at Pmin. The abundance of H+ is set by EUV/soft X-ray photoionization and by recombination with negatively charged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In order to assess whether thermal or pressure equilibrium is a realistic assumption, we define a parameter ϒ ≡ tcool/tshock, where tcool is the gas cooling time and tshock is the characteristic shock time or "time between shocks in a turbulent medium. " For ϒ < 1 gas has time to reach thermal balance between supernova-induced shocks. We find that this condition is satisfied in the Galactic disk, and thus the two-phase description of the interstellar H I is approximately valid even in the presence of interstellar turbulence. Observationally, the mean density is often better determined than the local density, and we cast our results in terms of as well. Over most of the disk of the Galaxy, the H I must be in two phases: the weight of the H I in the gravitational potential of the Galaxy is large enough to generate thermal pressures exceeding Pmin, so that turbulent pressure fluctuations can produce cold gas that is thermally stable; and the mean density of the H I is too low for the gas to be all CNM. Our models predict the presence of CNM gas to R ≃ 16-18 kpc, somewhat farther than previous estimates. An estimate for the typical thermal pressure in the Galactic plane for 3 kpc ≲ R ≲ 18 kpc is Pth/k ≃ 1.4 × 104 exp(-R/5.5 kpc) K cm-3. At the solar circle, this gives Pth/k ≃ 3000 K cm-3. We show that this pressure is consistent with the C I*/C Itot ratio observed by Jenkins & Tripp and the CNM temperature found by Heiles & Troland. We also examine the potential impact of turbulent heating on our results and provide parameterized expressions for the heating rate as a function of Galactic radius. Although the uncertainties are large, our models predict that including turbulent heating does not significantly change our results and that thermal pressures remain above Pmin to R ≃ 18 kpc.
CHEATS: A cluster-head election algorithm for WSN using a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy system

Energy conservation is very important task for wireless sensor networks (WSN), since external power sources are typically unavailable and the replacement of batteries is clearly impractical for large networks. A classical protocol widely used in WSN, called LEACH (low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy), is a cluster-based protocol which aims at reducing energy consumption in the network. However, it has some drawbacks. This paper proposes the CHEATS (Cluster-Head Election Algorithm Using a Takagi Sugeno Fuzzy System) protocol, an improvement on the LEACH protocol whose goal is to increase energy effici ency in terms of network lifetime using fuzzy logic through a Takagi-Sugeno system to calculate the probability of election of candidates for cluster-head. Simulation results have shown that the protocol proposed could prolong the lifetime and increase the throughput of the network.
Factors Associated With Drug Non-Adherence After Discharge Among Patients With Mood Disorders Hospitalized in Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kerman: A Prospective Study

Background: Drug non adherence is one of the major problems in treatment of psychiatric patients which could increase the risk of relapse and re-hospitalization. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine factors associated with drug non adherence by patients with mood disorders after their discharge from hospital and assessment of relation between drug attitude and drug adherence. Patients and Methods: In this cohort, prospective, and descriptive study, 150 patients with mood disorders (major depressive disorder, bipolar mood disorder) at the time of discharge were assessed. For each patient, demographic information form and Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI-10) [persian translation] was completed at the time of discharge. Then all of the patients were monitored monthly until 6 months through telephone. In every follow up DAI-10 and drug use inventory (which consists of causes of drug non adherence) were completed. Finally relation between different variables and patient drug attitude with drug adherence were assessed. Results: From all studied variables such as demographic factors, diagnosis, treatment factors, and drug attitude, only drug attitude had a significant relation with drug adherence. Conclusions: Patients’ attitude toward drugs has a major role in drug adherence.
On natural history collections, digitized and not: a response to Ferro and Flick

Abstract Ferro and Flick (2015) describe their efforts to estimate the distribution for a species of rove beetle via the study of specimens from entomological collections, and compare these results to digitally accessible open data. Their study provides an informed and accurate case study that contrasts targeted data capture with generalized public repositories of digital specimen data. However, we feel the conclusions on how global biodiversity data aggregation and publication work require clarification and correction of common misconceptions that we believe will interest those concerned with the future of natural history collections and taxonomy.
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance: An Updated Review

With recent advances in genetic technology, the importance of assessing family history during patient care is becoming clear (1,2). In response to this growing need, the U.S. Surgeon General announced the Family History Initiative in November 2005, as a major public health campaign (3). Common autosomal recessive disorders such as cystic fibrosis (CF) are highlighted in the initiative (3). The purpose of this article is to provide a concise, updated summary of autosomal recessive inheritancewith a focus ondisorders relevant topediatric dermatology. Some practical aspects of taking a pertinent family history are discussed.
Color stability of five orthodontic clear elastic ligatures.

AIM In this study the color stability of five commercially available orthodontic clear elastic ligatures daily exposed to a staining agent (red wine) was investigated. METHODS The commercial brands tested were 3M Unitek, Abzil, American Orthodontics, Dentsply GAC, and Morelli. Baseline color readings (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage [CIE] L*a*b* parameters) of 20 ligatures for each brand were carried out using a spectrophotometer. The ligatures were divided in two groups (n = 10): one group remained immersed in distilled water (control) throughout the period, while the other group was daily exposed to red wine (1 hour of immersion). Immersion media were daily renewed. Successive color readings were carried out after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, and the chromatic variations calculated. Color variation data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls test (P < .05). RESULTS Storage in water increased staining until 14 days, and color receded after this period, irrespective of the brand. After 28 days of immersion in water, no significant difference among the commercial brands was observed. For the groups exposed to red wine, a significant increase in staining over the course of time was detected, irrespective of the brand. Ligatures from GAC and Morelli showed higher staining than the other materials, irrespective of the evaluation time. Ligatures from 3M Unitek and American generally showed lower pigmentation than the other brands. CONCLUSION Exposure to a staining agent, cumulative exposure time, and commercial brand are factors that influence the color stability of clear elastic ligatures.
Learning to be a doctor while learning anatomy!

This article presents results from a longitudinal study following a cohort of medical students. Semistructured interviews are conducted every year, in which the students tell about their experiences learning medicine, their daily life, and their social activities in relation to university. The aim of the study is to analyze how medical students develop their professional competencies, values, and attitudes. This article focuses on the medical student's professional development in relation to the process of studying and learning anatomy. We analyze interviews conducted while the students are in their third and fifth semester. Anatomy plays a significant role in the medical student's educational process, on both a cognitive and emotional level. It seems that students in learning the subject matter adapt to fundamental values in the medical profession and are thus transformed into real medical students, sharing a unique experience. The implications for curricular development and professionalism are discussed, and this article argues that the issue of professionalism must be addressed in the educational process in the preclinical years and in relation to the basic sciences. Anat Sci Ed 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.
Expression of multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with a more aggressive tumour phenotype and may reflect a progenitor cell origin

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) responds poorly to chemotherapy owing to multidrug resistance (MDR). Recent studies showed that part of HCC could be of progenitor cell origin. Because some MDR‐conferring transporters [multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 (MRP1), MDR1, MRP3 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)] are expressed in hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), expression in HCC might reflect a progenitor cell origin and provide the tumour cells with a MDR phenotype.
Investigations on the wear behaviour of the temporary PMMA-based hip Spacer-G®

Abstract Total hip replacement has become one of the most successful orthopaedic procedures. However, complications due to infections may give serious problems and have devastating consequences for the hip implant. The use of a temporary three-dimensional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement spacer may be an alternative to solve infections in hip implants, improving the lives of patients awaiting reimplantation. In order to evaluate their wear behaviour, five PMMA Spacer-G® femoral heads were tested against five post-mortem pelves in a hip joint simulator with bovine calf serum as lubricant. The surface of the worn spacers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis; all the samples revealed a similar morphology, showing areas characterized by different degrees of wear. Particle debris was isolated from the lubricant and PMMA particles and bone fractions were quantified. The amount of debris was found to be higher than where no-temporary prostheses were used. However, this result is acceptable since wear debris is removed by lavage irrigation when the Spacer-G® is explanted. On the basis of these data, it is considered that the use of the cement Spacer-G® could be a promising approach to the treatment of complicated infections of the hip joint. Therefore, Spacer-G® is worthy of further research.
Self-compassion, affect, and health-promoting behaviors.

OBJECTIVE Emerging theory and research suggest that self-compassion promotes the practice of health behaviors, and implicates self-regulation as an explanatory factor. However, previous investigations focused only on behavior intentions or health risk behaviors, and did not investigate the role of emotions. This study expands on this research using a small-scale meta-analysis approach with our own data sets to examine the associations of self-compassion with a set of health-promoting behaviors, and test the roles of high positive affect and low negative affect as potential explanatory mechanisms. METHOD Fifteen independent samples (N = 3,252) with correlations of self-compassion with the frequency of self-reported health-promoting behaviors (eating habits, exercise, sleep behaviors, and stress management) were meta-analyzed. Eight of these samples completed measures of positive and negative affect. RESULTS Self-compassion was positively associated with the practice of health-promoting behaviors across all 15 samples. The meta-analysis revealed a small effect size (average r = .25; p < .001) of self-compassion and health behaviors, with low variability. Tests of the indirect effects of self-compassion on health behaviors through positive and negative affect with multiple mediator analyses revealed small effects for each. Separate meta-analyses of the indirect effects (IE) were significant for positive (average IE = .08; p < .001) and negative affect (average IE = .06; p < .001), and their combined indirect effects (average IE = .15; p < .0001). CONCLUSION Self-compassion may be an important quality to cultivate for promoting positive health behaviors, due in part to its association with adaptive emotions.