Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human papillomavirus type 16 and immune status in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women.

BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 is etiologically associated with approximately half of all cervical cancers. It is important, therefore, to determine the characteristics that distinguish HPV16 from other HPV types. A preliminary result based on cross-sectional baseline data in the Women's Interagency Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Study (WIHS) suggested that the prevalence of HPV16 might have a weaker association with immune status in HIV-seropositive women than that of other HPV types. To address this issue, we examined HPV test results from repeated study visits in the WIHS and from an independent study, the HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS). METHODS HIV-seropositive women in the WIHS (n = 2058) and in the HERS (n = 871) were assessed semiannually. HPV DNA was detected in cervicovaginal lavage specimens by using polymerase chain reaction assays. Prevalence ratios were used to compare the prevalence of each HPV type in women with the lowest CD4+ T-cell counts (<200 T cells/mm3) with that of women with the highest CD4+ T-cell counts (> or =500 T cells/mm3). A summary prevalence ratio for each HPV type (i.e., across visits and studies) was estimated using generalized estimating equations. The association of CD4+ T-cell stratum with type-specific HPV incidence was measured using multivariable Cox regression models. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The prevalence ratio for HPV16 was low compared with that of other HPV types at every study visit in both cohorts. The generalized estimating equation summary prevalence ratio for HPV16 (1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97 to 1.62) was the smallest measured, and it was statistically significantly lower than that of all other HPV types combined (P =.01). The association of CD4+ T-cell stratum with HPV16 incidence was also among the smallest measured (hazard ratio = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.81). CONCLUSIONS The prevalent and incident detection of HPV16 is more weakly associated with immune status in HIV-seropositive women than that of other HPV types, suggesting that HPV16 may be better at avoiding the effects of immune surveillance, which could contribute to HPV16's strong association with cervical cancer.
Preferences for Careers in Public Work

Public service motivation (PSM) research has demonstrated the association of PSM with interest in government and nonprofit careers. Perry’s PSM instrument also sheds light upon a less studied aspect of career interest among college students—the perception that the nonprofit sector, and not government, provides the better outlet for altruistic values. The author argues that given the lack of confidence in government and negative perceptions toward government work, only the attraction to policy making dimension predicts interest in government careers. In contrast, commitment to public interest, compassion, and self-sacrifice should explain student interest in nonprofits as well as teaching—both fields of work students see as more directly helping and serving people. Analyses of data from an Internet-based survey of 529 upper-division students at two upper-Midwest universities confirm this “divide” between the rational and normative/affective dimensions of PSM and suggest that confidence in institutions should be incorporated in PSM research.
β-structure of the coat protein subunits in spherical particles generated by tobacco mosaic virus thermal denaturation

Conversion of the rod-like tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virions into “ball-like particles” by thermal denaturation at 90–98 °C had been described by R.G. Hart in 1956. We have reported recently that spherical particles (SPs) generated by thermal denaturation of TMV at 94–98 °C were highly stable, RNA-free, and water-insoluble. The SPs were uniform in shape but varied widely in size (53–800 nm), which depended on the virus concentration. Here, we describe some structural characteristics of SPs using circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the structure of SPs protein differs strongly from that of the native TMV and is characterized by coat protein subunits transition from mainly (about 50%) α-helical structure to a structure with low content of α-helices and a significant fraction of β-sheets. The SPs demonstrate strong reaction with thioflavin T suggesting the formation of amyloid-like structures.
Evidence of Predictable Behavior of Security Returns

This paper presents new empirical evidence of predictability of individual stock returns. The negative first-order serial correlation in monthly stock returns is highly significant. Furthermore, significant positive serial correlation is found at longer lags, and the twelve-month serial correlation is particularly strong. Using the observed systematic behavior of stock return, one-step-ahead return forecasts are made and ten portfolios are formed from the forecasts. The difference between the abnormal returns on the extreme decile portfolios over the period 1934-87 is 2.49 percent per month. Copyright 1990 by American Finance Association.
Logopenic progressive aphasia beyond Alzheimer's—an evolution towards dementia with Lewy bodies

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is an umbrella term which identifies a group of neurodegenerative diseases manifested by relatively isolated language disorders. The logopenic variant (LPA), is characterised by a ‘word-on-the-tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon’ and anomia as well as by comprehension and repetition difficulties for sentences due to verbal working memory deficits.1 Cortical atrophy typically affects the left temporal-parietal junction.1 According to most studies LPA is primarily due to underlying Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology as suggested by biomarker findings from positron emission tomography with Pittsburgh compound B binding to amyloid deposits (PET-PIB) imaging and CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) β-amyloid and τ measures as well as by neuropathological data.2 However, PET-PIB and CSF data are drawn from relatively small PPA populations, which makes it difficult to conclude that LPA is invariably underpinned by AD pathology. Furthermore, neuropathological results from the most important sample of LPA patients have demonstrated that only seven out of 11 patients had AD while the remaining four patients had pathology characteristic of frontotemporal lobar degeneration.2 Finally, follow-up studies showing that LPA …
Valuation and Control in Venture Finance

This paper presents the model of a relationship between a venture capitalist and an entrepreneur engaged in the formation of a new firm. I assume that the entrepreneur derives private nonpecuniary benefits from having some control over the firm. I show that to separate the entrepreneur's value of control from the firm's expected payoff, the venture capitalist demands disproportionately highercontrol rights than the size of his equity investment. The entrepreneur is compensated for a greater loss of control through better terms of financing, ability to extract higher rents from asymmetric information, and improved risk sharing. Copyright The American Finance Association 2001.
Mutant dynein (Loa) triggers proprioceptive axon loss that extends survival only in the SOD1 ALS model with highest motor neuron death

Dominant mutations in cytoplasmic dynein (Loa or Cra) have been reported to provoke selective, age-dependent killing of motor neurons, while paradoxically slowing degeneration and death of motor neurons in one mouse model of an inherited form of ALS. Examination of Loa animals reveals no degeneration of large caliber α-motor neurons beyond an age-dependent loss (initiating only after 18 months) that was comparable in Loa and wild-type littermates. Absence of Loa-mediated α-motor neuron loss contrasted with dramatic, sustained, mutant dynein-mediated postnatal loss of lumbar proprioceptive sensory axons, accompanied by decreased excitatory glutamatergic inputs to motor neurons. In mouse models of inherited ALS caused by mutations in superoxide dismutase (SOD1), mutant dynein modestly prolonged survival in the one mouse model with the most extensive motor neuron loss (SODG93A) while showing marginal (SODG85R) or no (SODG37R) benefit in models with higher numbers of surviving motor neurons at end stage. These findings support a noncell autonomous, excitotoxic contribution from proprioceptive sensory neurons that modestly accelerates disease onset in inherited ALS.
Spatial Concentration of Industries and New Firm Exits: Does this Relationship Differ between Exits by Closure and by M&A?

Weterings A. and Marsili O. Spatial concentration of industries and new firm exits: does this relationship differ between exits by closure and by M&A? , Regional Studies. This study shows that the effect of the spatial concentration of industries on the post-entry hazards of new firms differs by type of exit, and by industry. New firms located in regions with a higher relative concentration of firms in the same industry are less likely to exit by closing activities and more likely to exit by mergers and acquisitions (M&As). While localization economies that favour new firms' survival or a potentially successful exit through M&As are dominant in manufacturing, new firms in business services also experience increasing competition from new entrants that lowers the likelihood of survival and exit through M&As.
What Do the Vars Mean?: Measuring the Output Effects of Monetary Policy

What are the relative effects of anticipated vs. unanticipated monetary policy? I examine the effect of this identifying assumption on VAR estimates of the output response to money, assuming that anticipated monetary policy can have some effect on output results in much shorter and smaller output response estimatesþestimates closer to the predictions of most monetary models.
Ischemia in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Is Associated With Leukoaraiosis and Hematoma Volume, Not Blood Pressure Reduction

Background and Purpose— Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesions have been identified both inside and outside the perihematoma region. We tested the hypotheses that larger hematoma volumes and blood pressure reduction are associated with DWI lesions. Methods— Hematoma and perihematoma edema volumes were measured using planimetric techniques in 117 intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients who underwent DWI. Perihematoma and remote DWI lesion volumes were measured using apparent diffusion coefficient thresholds for moderate (<730×10−6 mm/s) and severe (<550×10−6 mm/s) ischemia. Acute blood pressure change over the first 24 hours was calculated. Results— The median (interquartile range) time to magnetic resonance imaging was 2 (1–5) days. Median hematoma volume was 9.8 (2.6–23.0) mL, and median perihematoma edema volume was 7.0 (2.9–18.6) mL. A small portion of the perihematoma region contained tissue below the thresholds for moderate (8.0 [2.9–14.5]%) and severe ischemia (1.1 [0.3–3.5]%). Ischemic perihematoma tissue volumes were correlated with hematoma volumes (R=0.52, P<0.001), but not maximal systolic blood pressure drop at 24 hours (R=−0.09, P=0.38). Remote DWI lesions were found in 17 (14.5%) patients (mean volume=0.44±0.3 mL). Patients with remote DWI lesions had higher rates of antiplatelet use (P=0.01), prior ICH (P=0.03), lobar ICH (0.04), and larger leukoaraiosis volumes (P=0.02). Maximal systolic blood pressure drop at 24 hours was similar in patients with (−20.5 [−55, −10] mm Hg) and without remote DWI lesions (−27 [−46, −13] mm Hg, P=0.96). Conclusions— Small DWI lesions within and outside the perihematoma region are common in primary ICH. Perihematoma DWI lesions were independently associated with larger hematoma volumes. Remote DWI lesions may be an epiphenomenon associated with the underlying microvascular pathogenesis. These data do not support a hemodynamic mechanism of ischemic injury after primary ICH.
Manufacturing As A Center For The Creation Of Shareholder Value

A sample of the best manufacturing firms from Industrial Week’s Annual Survey of Manufacturers (2008-2009) is analyzed within the context of a value driver matrix and free cash flow regime that link manufacturing to important determinants of shareholder value. The framework for analysis developed in association with this analysis relies on the format advocated by Rappaport (1998), whereby a manufacturing value driver map is derived that isolates those variables generally accepted as determinant with respect to manufacturing performance. This map is subsequently used to identify that subset of variables that have the greatest impact on value and, in turn, to focus on those micro-value drivers over which operations management has a meaningful level of control. If superior performance measured in terms of the micro-value drivers is an avenue to manufacturing excellence and the creation of shareholder value, one would expect to see statistically significant relationships between these predictor variables (micro-value drivers) and market value. Here this proposition is tested by way of a simultaneous reverse entry multiple regression analysis where market capitalization ( V 0 ) is treated as a function of a set of manufacturing related micro-value drivers.
FDI and OECD Industry Productivity: Technology, Capital and Country Size

This paper investigates the impact of inward foreign direct investment on the host country using industry-level data for 11 OECD economies in 1987-2003. The study relates to a large recent literature on spillovers from inward FDI. I show that (1) FDI had a significant positive effect on productivity and notably on capital’s contribution to productivity in technologically advanced (“high-tech”) industries (such as automotive, electrical engineering and chemicals); (2) FDI had a bigger, positive effect on productivity in large than in small OECD countries. The first result offers a more nuanced view of FDI’s impact on “high-tech” industries compared to other studies. They generally found support for a significant positive impact of FDI on total factor productivity in technologically more intensive sectors but did not stress capital’s contribution to productivity. The second result contradicts the findings of Bitzer and Gorg (2005), who found more support for FDI spillovers in small than in large countries.
Parental smoking and adolescent problem behavior: an adoption study of general and specific effects.

OBJECTIVE It is essential to understand the effect of parental smoking on offspring tobacco use. In biologically related families, parents who smoke may transmit a nonspecific genetic risk for offspring disinhibited behavior, including tobacco use. Studying adoptive families allows one to control for genetic confounding when examining the environmental effect of exposure to parental smoking. The purpose of this study was to examine the genetic and environmental contributions to the risk represented by exposure to parental smoking and to assess the specificity of that risk. METHODS Adolescents adopted in infancy were systematically ascertained from records of three private Minnesota adoption agencies; nonadopted adolescents were ascertained from Minnesota birth records. Adolescents and their rearing parents participated in all assessments in person. The main outcome measures were self-reports of behavioral deviance, substance use, and personality, as well as DSM-IV clinical assessments of childhood disruptive disorders. RESULTS The data from adoptive families suggest that exposure to parental smoking represents an environmental risk for substance use in adolescent offspring. In biologically related families, the effect of exposure to parental smoking is larger and more diverse, including substance use, disruptive behavior disorders, delinquency, deviant peer affiliations, aggressive attitudes, and preference for risk taking. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for an environmentally mediated pathway by which parental smoking increases risk specifically for substance use in adolescent offspring. The data are also consistent with a genetically mediated pathway by which nonadoptive parents who smoke may also transmit a nonspecific genetic risk to their offspring for disinhibited behavior.
Connections of the ventroposterior nucleus of the thalamus with the body surface representations in cortical areas 3b and 1 of the cynomolgus macaque, (Macaca fascicularis)

The somatotopic pattern of the connections of the ventroposterior nucleus of the thalamus with the representations of the body surface in somatic cortical Areas 3b and 1 were investigated in macaque monkeys using the anatomical tracers horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and 3H‐proline. These tracers, in combination or separately, were injected into one or more cortical sites, after the skin surface capable of activating neurons at each site had been defined with microelectrode mapping methods. These injection sites were later related to the overall organizations of the two cutaneous representations as determined in more extensive mapping experiments (Nelson et al., 1980). Finally, zones of anterograde and retrograde label in the thalamus were located with reference to architectonically defined subnuclei in the ventroposterior nucleus (VP). The results led to the following conclusions. (1) Zones of cells in VP projecting to a given location in either Area 3b or 1 also receive reciprocal projections from the cortical target. (2) A given cortical location typically relates to a disc‐shaped or lamellar region in VP with the disc extending rostrocaudally and dorsoventrally, being most narrow in the mediolateral dimension. (3) The representations of the same body surface in Area 1 and Area 3b relate to the same region of VP. However, since fewer cells were generally labeled after Area 1 injections, less dense terminations are suggested from VP to Area 1 than to Area 3b. (4) VP is the major or exclusive relay of somatosensory information to the two cutaneous representations from the thalamus. Labeled neurons or zones of terminations were found outside VP in other parts of the somatosensory thalamus only when injection sites extended into cortex outside Areas 3b and 1. (5) The face, hand, limbs, and foot are represented in a mediolateral sequence of subnuclei within VP. A dorsal capping subnucleus is apparently largely devoted to the axial trunk and perhaps other hairy skin surfaces such as some parts of the proximal surfaces of the limbs. (6) While anterior and posterior surfaces of the hind limb are widely separated by the glabrous foot in the cortical representations, they appear to be represented in adjacent zones in the thalamus.
Risk Management: History, Definition, and Critique

The study of risk management began after World War II. Risk management has long been associated with the use of market insurance to protect individuals and companies from various losses associated with accidents. Other forms of risk management, alternatives to market insurance, surfaced during the 1950s when market insurance was perceived as very costly and incomplete for protection against pure risk. The use of derivatives as risk management instruments arose during the 1970s, and expanded rapidly during the 1980s, as companies intensified their financial risk management. International risk regulation began in the 1980s, and financial firms developed internal risk management models and capital calculation formulas to hedge against unanticipated risks and reduce regulatory capital. Concomitantly, governance of risk management became essential, integrated risk management was introduced, and the chief risk officer positions were created. Nonetheless, these regulations, governance rules, and risk management methods failed to prevent the financial crisis that began in 2007.
A Global Ranking of Political Science Departments

Rankings of academic institutions are key information tools for universities, funding agencies, students and faculty. The main method for ranking departments in political science, through peer evaluations, is subjective, biased towards established institutions, and costly in terms of time and money. The alternative method, based on supposedly ‘objective’ measures of outputs in scientific journals, has thus far only been applied narrowly in political science, using publications in a small number of US-based journals. An alternative method is proposed in this paper – that of ranking departments based on the quantity and impact of their publications in the 63 main political science journals in a given five-year period. The result is a series of global and easily updatable rankings that compare well with results produced by applying a similar method in economics.
Hepatitis B antigens in serum and liver of chimpanzees acutely infected with hepatitis B virus

We report the temporal patterns of various immunohistological and serological parameters of acute self-limited hepatitis B virus infection of two chimpanzees, and we provide evidence that the synthesis of hepatitis B core antigen precedes that of hepatitis B surface antigen. Our data suggest that existence of a biphasic hepatitis B virus infection involving a hematogenous reinfection of the liver and indicate that recruitment of liver cells to produce hepatitis B virus may occur in a pattern consistent with a replicative cycle of about 8 days.
An Analysis of Seasonality in the U.K. Equity Market

This paper examines the nature and importance of seasonal fluctuations in the U.K. equity market. The authors' analysis reveals that returns on the FT-A All Share index exhibit significant seasonality that is best described by a deterministic seasonal model. The authors also establish that evidence of seasonal variation is robust across size sorted portfolios and remains unaffected by the introduction of a proxy for risk. Copyright 1995 by Royal Economic Society.
The correlations between high performance work systems, human resource flexibility and organizational performance

The black box between High performance work systems(HPWS) and organizational performance is an important issue in the domain of Human Resource Management. Scholars strive hard to uncover it. After 2007's financial storm, they try to uncover it from the perspective of human resource flexibility which stems from the practices of HPWS and thereafter turns out to be organizational performance through employees relative behaviors, thus it mediates the relationship between HPWS and organizational performance, particularly it emphasizes on flexible response to external environment. In this vein the paper makes an empirical examination of 110 Chinese organizations on the relationship among them, the results confirm that HPWS has a positive effect on organizational performance and human resource flexibility (employee skill flexibility, employee behavior flexibility and human resource practice flexibility) partially mediate the relationship between HPWS and organizational performance.