Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Enterotoxin- Producing S.areus from Hospital Food Handlers, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

A study on enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus areus was carried out among food handlers in hospital-located kitchens in Makkah, Saudi Arabia to detect the enterotoxigenic S. areus in specimens taken from noses, fingernails, throats and stool of food handlers and to identify susceptibility of S. areus to certain antibiotics. The study group included 356 food handlers from different nationalities. About 1424 samples were collected, cultured and examined in addition to performance of Sensitivity test. Only 15(1.05% of specimens) were enterotoxgenic S.areus positive. Most of them (13 specimens) were isolated from nasal swabs, one from nail and the other from throat while all the stool samples were negatives. About 23.08% of nasal Staphylococcus aureus produced enterotoxin A, 30.77% produced enterotoxin B, 15.38% produced C, 15.38% produced D, and 15.38% produced A+C, while snail isolate S.areus produced enterotoxin A as well as S. areus from throat. All isolated S. areus 15(100%) were resistant to Penicillin, 1(6.67%) to Augmentin, 1(6.67%) to Clindamycin, 2(13.33%) to Cefoxitin, 15(100%) to Metronidazole, 13(86.67%) to Piperacillin and 1(6.67%) to Imipenem. In contrast, 14(93.33%) were sensitive to Augmentin, 14(93.33%) to Clindamycin, 12(80%) to Cefoxitin and 2(13.33%) to Piperacillin. It was found that only 1(6.67%) was highly sensitive to Cefoxitin. Food handlers in public food premises who are harbouring Staphylococcus areus may represent potential risk result in transmission of food poisoning.
The EMBLA survey – metal-poor stars in the Galactic bulge

Cosmological models predict the oldest stars in the Galaxy should be found closest to the centre of the potential well, in the bulge. The Extremely Metal-poor BuLge stars with AAOmega survey (EMBLA) successfully searched for these old, metal-poor stars by making use of the distinctive SkyMapper photometric filters to discover candidate metal-poor stars in the bulge. Their metal-poor nature was then confirmed using the AAOmega spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. Here we present an abundance analysis of 10 bulge stars with −2.8 < [Fe/H] < −1.7 from MIKE/Magellan observations, in total determining the abundances of 22 elements. Combining these results with our previous high-resolution data taken as part of the Gaia-ESO Survey, we have started to put together a picture of the chemical and kinematic nature of the most metal-poor stars in the bulge. The currently available kinematic data are consistent with the stars belonging to the bulge, although more accurate measurements are needed to constrain the stars’ orbits. The chemistry of these bulge stars deviates from that found in halo stars of the same metallicity. Two notable differences are the absence of carbon-enhanced metal-poor bulge stars, and the α element abundances exhibit a large intrinsic scatter and include stars which are underabundant in these typically enhanced elements.
Extraordinary Flood Response of a Small Urban Watershed to Short-Duration Convective Rainfall

Abstract The 9.1 km2 Moores Run watershed in Baltimore, Maryland, experiences floods with unit discharge peaks exceeding 1 m3 s−1 km−2 12 times yr−1, on average. Few, if any, drainage basins in the continental United States have a higher frequency. A thunderstorm system on 13 June 2003 produced the record flood peak (13.2 m3 s−1 km−2) during the 6-yr stream gauging record of Moores Run. In this paper, the hydrometeorology, hydrology, and hydraulics of extreme floods in Moores Run are examined through analyses of the 13 June 2003 storm and flood, as well as other major storm and flood events during the 2000–03 time period. The 13 June 2003 flood, like most floods in Moores Run, was produced by an organized system of thunderstorms. Analyses of the 13 June 2003 storm, which are based on volume scan reflectivity observations from the Sterling, Virginia, WSR-88D radar, are used to characterize the spatial and temporal variability of flash flood producing rainfall. Hydrology of flood response in Moores Run is c.
Resolving structure of the disc around HD100546 at 7 mm with ATCA

There is much evidence that planet formation is occurring in the disc around the Herbig Be star HD100546. To learn more about the processes occurring in this disc, we conducted high-resolution imaging at 43/45 GHz with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Multiple array configurations were used, providing a best spatial resolution of ∼0.15 arcsec, or 15 au at HD100546's distance of ∼100 pc. Significant structure is revealed, but its precise form is dependent on the u − v plane sampling used for the image reconstruction. At a resolution of ≤30 au, we detected an inner gap in the disc with a radius of ∼25 au and a position angle approximately along the known disc major axis. With different weighting, and an achieved resolution of ∼15 au, emission appears at the centre and the disc takes on the shape of an incomplete ring, much like a horseshoe, again with a gap radius of ∼25 au. The position angle of the disc major axis and its inclination from face-on are determined to be 140° ± 5° and 40° ± 5°, respectively. The ∼25 au gap radius is confirmed by a null in the real part of the binned visibilities at 320 ± 10 kλ, whilst the non-axisymmetric nature is also confirmed through significant structure in the imaginary component. The emission mechanism at the central peak is most likely to be free–free emission from a stellar or disc wind. Overall our data support the picture of at least one, but probably several, giant planets orbiting HD100546 within 25 au.
Does the Identity of an Object Depend on Its Category?

Some prominent cognitive theories have adopted an intriguing idea from metaphysics: The conditions of identity and individuation of objects come from the meaning of sortal nouns—count nouns, such as “dog” or “cup. ” According to this sortalist theory, Rover’s identity over time and his distinctness from Fido depend on the meaning of “dog. ” This chapter first describes the sortalist view in metaphysics (section 11.1) and then traces the ways in which cognitive psychologists have adapted and modified this theory in an attempt to explain empirical data—people’s judgments about the nature of objects (section 11.2). Sections 11.3 and 11.4 then examine some recent work in philosophy and psychology, arguing that these findings raise two related, but distinct, worries for sortalism as a psychological theory (which is here called psychosortalism). Finally, section 11.5 assesses whether any of the original metaphysics can survive within the best cognitive theories of object concepts.
QUANTIFYING EFFECTIVENESS OF CHLORIDE DESALINATION TREATMENTS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL IRON USING OXYGEN MEASUREMENT

Alkaline deoxygenated aqueous treatments are employed to remove damaging chloride ions (Cl⁻) from excavated archaeological iron objects; however, their effectiveness is either qualitatively assessed or anecdotal. A novel oxygen measurement technique is used to assess pre- and post-treatment corrosion rates of individual archaeological iron objects; these rates are related to their Cl⁻ content before and after treatment. Ten archaeological iron nails were individually sealed in reaction vessels conditioned to 80% relative humidity (RH) at 20 oC. The oxygen partial pressure inside each vessel was measured remotely over the course of 37 days using an OxyMini fibre-optic meter and a sensor spot inside each vessel. Control vessels containing nitrogen gas revealed negligible leakage. Objects were removed and treated for two weeks in an alkaline sulphite (0.1 M NaOH / 0.05 M Na2SO3) solution at 60 oC and the extracted Cl⁻ was recorded quantitatively and then the objects were placed back in the oxygen measurement vessels (80% RH and 20 oC). After recording oxygen consumption, nitric acid digestion was used to determine the residual Cl⁻ content. Half of the ten objects that were treated had their oxygen consumption rate reduced by 91% or more, with the oxygen consumption rate of the remaining reducing by 49-71%. Object Cl⁻ contents reduced from between 336-3487 parts-per-million (ppm) before treatment to a maximum of 364 ppm after treatment. A linear correlation between pre-treatment Cl⁻ content and oxygen consumption rate existed but was not apparent post-treatment, suggesting that the readily accessible soluble Cl⁻, which is removed by a single two-week bath, is the most significant driver for corrosion. Half of the objects were still measurably consuming oxygen after treatment but it is expected that this slower corrosion rate should significantly increase overall lifespan. A single, brief, alkaline deoxygenation treatment is a useful addition to preventive conservation strategies for vulnerable iron objects. Use of oxygen partial pressure measurement to assess corrosion rates provides a new insight into the effectiveness of treatments for quantifying corrosion risk, determining the success of conservation strategies, developing management procedures and cost benefit analysis.
Public–Private Mix of Health Expenditure: A Political Economy and Quantitative Analysis

This paper constructs a simple model to examine decisions on public and private health spending under majority voting. In the model, agents with heterogeneous incomes choose how much to consume and spend on health care and vote for public health expenditure. The health status of an agent is determined by a CES composite of public and private health expenditure. The existence and uniqueness of the voting equilibrium are established. A quantitative exercise reveals the importance of the relative effectiveness of public and private health expenditure and their substitutability in determining the public-private mix of health expenditure and in accounting for the observed differences across a sample of 22 advanced democratic countries.
Voluntary Ingestion of Natural Cocoa Extenuated Hepatic Damage in Rats with Experimentally Induced Chronic Alcoholic Toxicity

Background: Chronic ethanol ingestion causes hepatic damage imputable to an increased oxidative stress engendered by alcoholic toxicity. Polyphenols in cocoa have antioxidant properties, and natural cocoa powder (NCP) contains the highest levels of total antioxidant capacity when compared to all other kinds of edible cocoa products. This study tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with NCP mitigates hepatic injury resulting from chronic ethanol consumption. Three groups of eight randomized Sprague-Dawley rats were fed standard rat food and treated daily for 12 weeks as follows: (i) the Ethanol-water group was given unrestricted access to 40% (v/v) ethanol for 12 hours (at night) followed by water for the remaining 12 hours (daytime), (ii) the Ethanol-cocoa group had similarly unrestricted access to 40% ethanol for 12 hours followed by 2% (w/v) NCP for 12 hours, and (iii) the control group was not given alcohol and had unrestricted access to only water which was synchronously replenished every 12 hours as it was for the ethanol treated animals. Results: Qualitative structural liver damage evidenced by hepatocyte cytoplasmic fatty accumulation, nuclear alterations, and disruption of general liver micro-architecture, was severe in the ethanol-water group when compared with the ethanol-cocoa group of rats. Design-based stereologic assessment yielded a significantly greater volume (Tukey’s HSD, p = 0.0005) of undamaged hepatocytes (9.61 ml, SD 2.18 ml) in the ethanol-cocoa group as opposed to the ethanol-water group of rats (2.34 ml, SD 1.21 ml). Control rats had 10.34 ml (SD 1.47 ml) of undamaged hepatocytes, and that was not significantly greater (Tukey’s HSD, p=0.659) than the value for the ethanol-cocoa group of rats. Relative to controls, therefore, histomorphometry
Growth and Survival of Larval Walleyes in Response to Prey Availability

Abstract Although larval fish can be highly susceptible to changes in prey availability, the effects on growth and survival are difficult to examine in the field. In addition, previous studies often have examined these relationships only with zooplankton communities common to northern oligotrophic lakes. We used mesocosm and pond experiments to better understand the relationship between communities of larval walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) and zooplankton common to eutrophic midwestern USA reservoirs. Treatments of low, medium, and high crustacean zooplankton density (1–50 individuals/L) were created in mesocosms by filtering pond water. Treatments in ponds were created by adding copper sulfate to create low-density zooplankton ponds and adding liquid fertilizer to create high-density zooplankton ponds. Walleye growth rate (0.7–1.5 mm/d) increased with crustacean zooplankton density in both mesocosms and ponds. Densities necessary to maintain good growth were higher than previously .
Assessing the morphological variability of Unio delphinus Spengler, 1783 (Bivalvia: Unionidae) using geometric morphometry

We acknowledge the valuable comments and suggestions made by Daniel L. Graf, Simon Schneider and an anonymous reviewer on an earlier version of the manuscript. We are also grateful to John Babaluk for his comments and for improving the grammar and style of the manuscript. P.M. and M.M. R. are supported by Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through a postdoctoral scholarship (SFRH/BPD/40832/2007) and 'Ciencia 2008' contract, respectively.
Phylogenetic and phytogeographical relationships in Maloideae (Rosaceae) based on morphological and anatomical characters

Phylogenetic relationships among 24 genera of Rosaceae subfam. Maloideae and Spiraeoideae are explored by means of a cladistic analysis; 16 morphological and anatomical characters were included in the analysis. Published suprageneric classifications and characters used in these classifications are briefly reviewed. Additionally, some new features are here reported, such as seed shape, presence or absence of endosperm, and number of cell layers in the seed coat and in the endosperm. Parsimony analyses indicate that Eriobotrya and Rhaphiolepis form a well-supported clade that is the sister to the remainder of the subfamily. This result is in agreement with published ITS sequence data. Other clades are not supported, with the exception of the group Amelanchier–Peraphyllum–Malacomeles. Results of several studies point toward North America as centre of origin for Maloideae, considering the distribution of closely related Spiraeoideae such as Vauquelinia and Lindleia. A non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis of Takhtajan’s biogeographic regions was carried out using presence/ absence of genera as characters. Eastern Asia is a centre of diversity from which the number of shared taxa decreases in several directions. This can be associated with the retreat of many taxa belonging to the Early Tertiary tropical-subtropical flora towards the refuges of China, Indochina and Malaysia, after wet-temperate forests were progressively transformed during the Neogene, which seems to be the case of Eriobotrya and Rhaphiolepis. Finally, Osteomeles and Chamaemeles were postulated as long-distance dispersion events while Hesperomeles could have originated in North America and migrated into north-western South America.
Quantification of nitrate storage in the vadose (unsaturated) zone: a missing component of terrestrial N budgets

National terrestrial nitrogen budgets for many developed countries have been calculated as part of the management of impacts of N on the environment, but these rarely represent the subsurface explicitly. Using estimates of vadose zone travel time and agricultural nitrate loading, we quantify, for the first time, the total mass of nitrate contained in the vadose zone of aquifers in England and Wales. This mass peaked in 2008 at 1400 kt N (800 to >1700 kt N from sensitivity analyses), which is approximately 2.5 to 6 times greater than saturated zone estimates for this period and indicates that the subsurface is an important store of reactive nitrogen. About 70% of the nitrate mass is estimated to be in the Chalk, with the remainder split between the Permo‐Triassic sandstones, the Jurassic Oolitic limestones and minor aquifers. Current controls on fertilizer application mean that the vadose zone is now a nitrate source, and in 2015 we estimate the net flux from the unsaturated zone to groundwater to be 72 kt N/a. The mass of nitrate in the vadose zone should be included in future terrestrial nitrogen budgets at national and global scales to improve ecosystem management. British Geological Survey © NERC 2015. Hydrological Processes © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Histopathological Review of Nephrectomy Specimens Received in a Tertiary Care Hospital-A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Simple and Radical nephrectomies are done for benign and malignant lesions of kidney respectively. This study was conducted to find out the Histopathological spectrum of diseases that were encounteredin these received nephrectomy specimens and compare it with other studies over a period of 2 years in department of pathology, GMC Jammu retrospectively. Result: A total of 70 nephrectomy specimens were received. Male constituted 40 cases (57%) and females 30 cases (43%). Age range of cases was from 3 year to 70 year. The highest percentage of patient belonged to age group 41-50 years. Non Neoplastic (62 cases) were most common followed by malignant cases and the least common were benign tumours. Chronic pyelonephritis (30cases) was the most common inflammatory condition for which nephrectomy was done. Among the malignant tumour clear cell renal carcinoma (3 cases) was the most frequent. Most common clinical symptom was flank pain. Conclusion: Non neoplastic lesions were more common than neoplastic lesion. Chronic pyelonephritis was the most common histopathological diagnosis. Renal cell carcinoma was most common among the malignant tumours.
DETECTION OF METHANE GAS HYDRATE IN THE PRESSURE CORE SAMPLER ( PCS ) : VOLUME-PRESSURE-TIME RELATIONS DURING CONTROLLED DEGASSING EXPERIMENTS

A pressurized core with CH4 hydrate or dissolved CH4 should evolve gas volumes in a predictable manner as pressure is released over time at isothermal conditions. Incremental gas volumes were collected as pressure was released over time from 29 pressure core sampler (PCS) cores from Sites 994, 995, 996, and 997 on the Blake Ridge. Most of these cores were kept at or near 0°C with an ice bath, and many of these cores yielded substantial quantities of CH4. Volume-pressure plots were constructed for 20 of these cores. Only five plots conform to expected volume and pressure changes for sediment cores with CH4 hydrate under initial pressure and temperature conditions. However, other evidence suggests that sediment in these five and at least five other PCS cores contained CH4 hydrate before core recovery and gas release. Detection of CH4 hydrate in a pressurized sediment core through volume-pressure relationships is complicated by two factors. First, significant quantities of CH4poor borehole water fill the PCS and come into contact with the core. This leads to dilution of CH4 concentration in interstitial water and, in many cases, decomposition of CH4 hydrate before a degassing experiment begins. Second, degassing experiments were conducted after the PCS had equilibrated in an ice-water bath (0°C). This temperature is significantly lower than in situ values in the sediment formation before core recovery. Our results and interpretations for PCS cores collected on Leg 164 imply that pressurized containers formerly used by the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and currently used by ODP are not appropriately designed for direct detection of gas hydrate in sediment at in situ conditions through volume-pressure relationships.
Solving the K-of-N Lifetime Problem by PSO

In wireless sensor networks, application nodes (ANs) may be produced by different manufacturers and may own different data transmission rates, initial energies and parameter values. When different kinds of ANs exist in a wireless network, it is hard to find the optimal base-station (BS) locations for minimizing power consumption and prolonging network lifetime. In this paper, a heuristic algorithm based on PSO is thus proposed to solve the K-of-N lifetime problem under general power-consumption constraints in wireless sensor networks. Give N ANs, the network survives as long as there are at least K ANs alive. The proposed approach can search for nearly optimal BS locations in heterogeneous sensor networks, where application nodes may own different data transmission rates, initial energies and parameter values. Experimental results also show the good performance of the proposed PSO approach and the effects of the parameters on the results. The proposed algorithm can thus help maximize the K-of-N network lifetime in wireless sensor networks. Keywords: wireless sensor network, network lifetime, energy consumption, particle swarm optimization
STUDY 1 : PROPENSITY TO TAKE RISK IN CHANCE-RELATED AND SKILL-RELATED RISKY SITUATIONS

According to the definition of entrepreneurship and everyday observation, entrepreneurs are perceived as more risk prone than other people. However, laboratory studies do not provide conclusive support for this claim. In our study, three groups of students served as subjects. One group of students did not express any intention of starting up their own business in the near future. The second group consisted of students who had participated in a special course designed for future entrepreneurs. The third group consisted of students or alumni who became entrepreneurs before graduating. In accordance with Knight’s claim, we found that actual entrepreneurs revealed the highest, and students who did not express an intention of starting their own business the lowest, level of self-confidence of all groups participating in the experiment. On the other hand, in well-defined risky situations we did not confirm a hypothesis that would-be entrepreneurs or actual entrepreneurs were more risk prone than students with no intention of starting a business. Yet, in naturalistic-business risky situations we found more risky choices among entrepreneurs than among non-entrepreneurs.
Biology of Surgeonfish Acanthurus-nigrofuscus with emphasis on changeover in diet and annual gonadal cycles

A 3 yr study was conducted on the feeding biology and reproductive strategies of Acanthurus nigrofuscus (Acanthuridae, Teleostei) found along the coral reefs of the Gulf of Aqaba and forming there the major biomass of algivorous fish. The diet of this surgeonfish is based on algae selected from turf communities growing on subtidal rocky surfaces. At some sites A. nigrofuscus form schools that migrate daily from nocturnal refuges in coral reefs to foraging sites on the intertidal, covering distances of 500 to 600 m. During summer the main food items are brown and red algae; in winter, lush green algae. This changeover appears to provide the food-base for accumulation of fat and recrudescence of gonadal activity initiating in March-Apnl. Reproduction occurs in large schools of 2000 to 2500 fish and on selected sites, continuing from May to September. Spawning occurs daily from 1800 to 1830 h, after which the fish depart for their night refuges. Peak of gonadal activity is in July-August, after whch an increase of pre- and postovulatory atretic bodes is prominent. In female post-spawned gonads, cysts of spermatogonia appear and remain until renewed normal activity in February-March. Histological evidence and possible explanation of this phenomenon are provided.