Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands

Recent research has confi rmed the presence of several species of undescribed macrocnemic zoanthids (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia: Macrocnemina) in the Galápagos. In this study four new species, including two belonging to a new genus, are described. Two species, Terrazoanthus onoi sp. n. and Terrazoanthus sinnigeri sp. n. , both belong within the recently erected family Hydrozoanthidae to the new genus Terrazoanthus, which can be distinguished from the type genus Hydrozoanthus by being attached to abiotic substrate as opposed to hydrozoans for Hydrozoanthus. Each new species of zoanthid can be clearly distinguished by a number of characters. Antipathozoanthus hickmani sp. n. is distinguished by its exclusive association with the antipatharian Antipathes galapagensis, and has approximately 40 tentacles. Parazoanthus darwini sp. n. is distinguished by its frequent association with sponges, with approximately 24–30 tentacles and polyps embedded in a well-developed coenenchyme. T. onoi sp. n. is distinguished by its bright red oral disk color, 32–40 tentacles, and has only basitrichs and mastigophores present in the pharynx. T. sinnigeri sp. n. is distinguished by usually occurring on the underside of rubble and rocks on sandy bottoms, showing 30–36 tentacles, and numerous nematocyst types in the pharynx. Th e two Terrazoanthus species, although divergent in both morphology and ecology, are apparently very closely related, ZooKeys 42: 1–36 (2010) doi: 10.3897/zookeys.42. 378 www.pensoftonline. net/zookeys Copyright J.D. Reimer, T. Fujii. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. RESEARCH ARTICLE Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A peer-reviewed open-access journal James Davis Reimer & Takuma Fujii / ZooKeys 42: 1–36 (2010) 2 with identical mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences. Th ese two species can be molecularly distinguished by their subtly diff erent yet distinct sequences of internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (ITS-rDNA).
M7: An efficient size‐resolved aerosol microphysics module for large‐scale aerosol transport models

[1] An aerosol model (M7) designed to be coupled to general circulation models (GCM) and chemistry transport models (CTM) is described. In M7 the aerosol population is divided into two types of particles: mixed, or water-soluble particles, and insoluble particles. The particles are represented by seven classes, using a ‘‘pseudomodal’’ approach. Four classes are for the mixed particles representing nucleation, Aitken, accumulation, and coarse mode, and three are for the insoluble (Aitken, accumulation, and coarse mode). The components considered are mineral dust, black carbon (BC) and primary organic carbon (OC), sulfate, and sea salt. The aerosol dynamic processes in M7 include nucleation, coagulation, and condensation of sulfuric acid. Mixed particles are formed from insoluble particles by coagulation and condensation. The integration scheme is computationally very efficient. The model has been tested against the analytical solution and a sectional model for the formation of SO4/BC mixed particles, evaluating the mixing by condensation and coagulation. Furthermore, M7 has been run in free tropospheric conditions and compared to aircraft observations. M7 has proven to be accurate and fast enough to be included in a GCM or CTM. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution—urban and regional (0305); 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—constituent transport and chemistry; KEYWORDS: aerosol particles, pseudomodal algorithm, aerosol dynamics, mixed particles
Decomposition dynamic of fine roots in a mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Tsoongiodendron odorum in mid-subtropics

Dynamique de la decomposition des radicelles dans une foret melangee de Cunninghamia lanceolata et Tsoongiodendron odorum en zone subtropicale. On a etudie la decomposition de radicelles de diametre inferieur a 2 mm (< 0,5 mm; 0,5 a 1,0 mm; 1,0 a 2,0 mm) en utilisant des sacs enterres dans la litiere, dans une foret melangee de sapin de Chine (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) et d'arbres de Tsoong (Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun) situee a Sanming, Fujian, Chine. Au cours des 540 jours d'observation de la degradation des radicelles, leur decomposition s'est deroulee selon trois phases. a) Pour le sapin de Chine, on enregistre un taux initial de degradation relativement lent jusqu'a 90 jours, puis une perte rapide de poids au cours de la periode suivante allant jusqu'a 270 jours, et ensuite un taux de degradation lent. b) Pour l'arbre de Tsoong, on constate une perte de poids rapide au cours des 60 premiers jours, puis une perte relativement rapide jusqu'a 360 jours et enfin une perte lente entre 360 et 540 jours. La perte de poids apres 1 an de decomposition est comprise entre 58,5 % et 63,3 % pour le sapin de Chine et entre 68,8 % et 78,2 % pour l'arbre de Tsoong. La perte de poids est moindre pour les radicelles les plus grosses. On note chez les deux especes, au cours de la decomposition, une certaine augmentation du taux de lignine et une nette reduction du taux de phosphore. Pendant une courte periode initiale, le taux d'azote augmente pour le sapin de Chine, alors que les radicelles de l'arbre de Tsoong liberent de l'azote des le debut. La composition chimique commande le rythme de decomposition; on a mis en evidence les roles respectifs des taux de carbohydrate total non structural (TNC), lignine (ou N) et P (ou lignine) au cours des differentes phases de la decomposition.
How to devise a sustainable science for sustainability? A reflexive approach for the present time

Most people refer to science as a ‘special way’ to produce neutral and objective knowledge about the natural world, and from such understanding draw guidelines to move towards a more sustainable way to inhabit the planet. But there is an increasing gap between approaches aiming at interpreting, and approaches that transform while studying: such transformations may come out to be irreversibly harmful. Besides, science and technology are even more interconnected, so that ‘technoscience’ is the prevailing way of investigating nature today, and is driven and powered by huge economic interests. How can neutral knowledge be achieved if research questions are so heavily biased? In order to undertake a sustainable journey we need to ask some questions about the role and the features of science in shaping our future. Who are the ‘experts’ in sustainability science? What are ‘sustainable’ values in formulating research questions? How to deal with biophysical and social constraints in a sustainable way?
Efficient Unit Root Tests of real Exchange Rates in the Post-Bretton Woods Era

We apply the efficient unit-roots tests of Elliott, Rothenberg, and Stock (1996), and Elliott (1998) to twenty-one real exchange rates using monthly data of the G-7 countries from the post-Bretton Woods floating exchange rate period. Our results indicate that, for eighteen out of the twenty-one real exchange rates, the null hypothesis of a unit root can be rejected at the 10% significance level or better using the Elliot et al (1996) DF-GLS test. The unit-root null hypothesis is also rejected for one additional real exchange rate when we allow for one endogenously determined break in the time series of the real exchange rate as in Perron (1997). In all, we find favorable evidence to support long-run purchasing power parity in nineteen out of twenty-one real exchange rates. Second, we find no strong evidence to suggest that the use of non-U.S. dollar-based real exchange rates tend to produce more favorable result for long-run PPP than the use of U.S. dollar-based real exchange rates as Lothian (1998) has concluded.
Biochemical qualities of 10 elite accessions of ginger(Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

The extractable sugars and nutritive quality of 10 elite accessions of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) from National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike and Nigeria were investigated. The percentage reducing sugar (RS) contents of the ginger accessions were observed to be low and they ranged from 0.28 to 0.65 (%) with UG II 7-24 having the highest amounts of reducing sugar(0.64±0.00%) while UGII 3-04 had the least (0.43±0.06%). In addition, UGII 5-18 had the highest amounts of total soluble carbohydrates/sugars (TSC) (53.00±1.41%) while UGII 5-35 had the least (33.80±0.42%). All the accessions of ginger contained significant quantities of minerals, nitrogen and oleoresin. Correlation analysis that was carried out, showed that oleoresin correlated positively with RS (r = 0.110), TC (r = 0.359), magnesium (r = 0.22), phosphorous (r = 0.58), sodium (r = 0.45) and potassium (r = 0.72), negatively with nitrogen (r = - .08) and insignificant with calcium (r = 0.02). Results show that these accessions of ginger could possess considerable economic, nutritive and medicinal potentials. Finally, the oleoresins in ginger could contribute to the potassium contents of ginger
THE IMPACT OF COMBINATION OF BREASTFEEDING AND EFFLEURAGE MASSAGE IN REDUCING PAIN RESPONSE IN INFANTS INDUCED BY BLOOD SAMPLING IN C-REACTIVE PROTEIN TEST: AN OBSERVATIONAL CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: C-reactive protein test is one of clinical assessments to minimize risks of infection in infants. However, its procedure may cause pain. Pain in the infant may result in negative metabolic behavior, physiology and metabolic response. Objective: This study was to describe the infant's pain response by administering a combination of breastfeeding and an effleurage massage on the blood sampling procedure of C-reactive protein examination. Methods: This was a descriptive observational cross-sectional study. There were 30 infants selected using consecutive sampling technique, which 15 samples assigned in an intervention group (combination of breastfeeding and effleurage massage) and a control group. Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) instrument was used to measure pain. Univariate analysis was performed with the aim to describe data in mean and median. Results: The average of pain response at 1-minute observation in the combination of breastfeeding and effleurage massage group was 7.47 ± 1.356, and the average of pain response in the control group was 10.80 ± 1.897. The average pain at 5-minutes in the intervention group was 3.53 ± 1.922 and control group was 6.00 ± 1.852. Conclusions: Pain responses in the combination of breastfeeding and effleurage massage group were lower than the pain response in the control group.
Comparison of power electronics lifetime between vertical- and horizontal-axis wind turbines

A comparison has been made of the power electronics lifetime for 5MW horizontal- and vertical-axis wind turbines, based on dynamic models supplied with generated wind speed time series. Both two- and three-bladed stall-regulated H-rotor vertical-axis turbines were modelled, with several different control parameters. Vertical-axis turbines are likely to lead to a shorter power electronics lifetime as the aerodynamic torque varies with rotor azimuth, leading to a cyclic generator torque, and increased thermal cycling in the power electronics. An electro-thermal model of a low-voltage converter was created, and used to calculate the switching device temperatures based on the generator torque and speed time series from the turbine model. An empirical lifetime model and rainflow-counting algorithm were used to calculate the lifetime, and this was repeated at different average wind speeds to determine the overall lifetime. The vertical-axis turbine was found to have a lower power electronics lifetime than the horizontal-axis, or require a larger number of parallel switching devices to achieve the same lifetime, although this was lessened by running the turbine with a more relaxed speed control, allowing the rotor inertia to partially absorb the aerodynamic torque ripple.
Reconnection in Two Dimensions — a Conceptual Framework

Magnetic reconnection is clearly at work in the solar corona reorganizing and simplifying the magnetic field. It has also been hypothesized that this reorganization process somehow supplies the energy heating the corona. We propose a quantitativemodel relating the topological role (simplification) and the energetic role (heating) ofmagnetic reconnection. This model is used to analyze multi-wavelength observations of an X-ray bright point. In the model, motion of photospheric sources drives reconnection of coronal flux. If reconnection occurs only sporadically then energy is stored in the coronal field, and released by topological reconnection. We simulate the dynamical response of the plasma to such an energy release, and translate this into predicted observational signatures. The resulting predictions are difficult to reconcile with the observations. This suggests that while reconnection is important in the corona, energy dissipation is governed by other factors, not all of which relate to the topology of the field.
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Expression and Peripheral Blood CD4+/CD8+ T Cell Ratio in COPD

INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), defined as a preventable and treatable condition characterised by poorly reversible airflow limitation, is a global health problem [1]. Airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases that eventually results in chronic airway inflammation [1]. A wide range of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, T and B lymphocytes, eosinophils, and epithelial cells are involved in the inflammatory process of COPD [2]. However, the mainstay of inflammation in COPD depends on macrophages, neutrophils, and CD8+ T lymphocytes [1].
Do the Stock Markets of South Asia Follow a Random Walk

This paper examines stock market behaviour in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Bangladesh employing unit root tests, autocorrelation tests and spectral analysis. Evidence suggests that all markets exhibit a random walk. The multivariate cointegration tests based upon the Johansen Juselius (1988, 1990) methodology indicate three long run stochastic trends. The results of the multivariate cointegration tests are corroborated by the Likelihood Ratio block causality tests which indicate a high degree of interdependence between the markets. The generalized impulse response analysis used to examine the effects of a India stock market price shock on the stock price indices of Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh show that Pakistan and Sri Lanka are more responsive to price shocks in India than Bangladesh.
Combining individual animal movement and ancillary biotelemetry data to investigate population-level activity budgets

Recent technological advances have permitted the collection of detailed animal location and ancillary biotelemetry data that facilitate inference about animal movement and associated behaviors. However, these rich sources of individual information, location, and biotelemetry data, are typically analyzed independently, with population-level inferences remaining largely post hoc. We describe a hierarchical modeling approach, which is able to integrate location and ancillary biotelemetry (e.g., physiological or accelerometer) data from many individuals. We can thus obtain robust estimates of (1) population-level movement parameters and (2) activity budgets for a set of behaviors among which animals transition as they respond to changes in their internal and external environment. Measurement error and missing data are easily accommodated using a state-space formulation of the proposed hierarchical model. Using Bayesian analysis methods, we demonstrate our modeling approach with location and dive activity data from 17 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the United Kingdom. Based jointly on movement and diving activity, we identified three distinct movement behavior states: resting, foraging, and transit, and estimated population-level activity budgets to these three states. Because harbor seals are known to dive for both foraging and transit (but not usually for resting), we compared these results to a similar population- level analysis utilizing only location data. We found that a large proportion of time steps were mischaracterized when behavior states were inferred from horizontal trajectory alone, with 33% of time steps exhibiting a majority of dive activity assigned to the resting state. Only 1% of these time steps were assigned to resting when inferred from both trajectory and dive activity data using our integrated modeling approach. There is mounting evidence of the potential perils of inferring animal behavior based on trajectory alone, but there fortunately now exist many flexible analytical techniques for extracting more out of the increasing wealth of information afforded by recent advances in biologging technology.
Estimation of Global Solar Radiation for Four Selected Sites in Nepal Using Sunshine Hours, Temperature and Relative Humidity

Rational and accurate solar energy databases, essential for designing, sizing and performing the solar energy systems in any part of the world, are not easily accessible in different localities of Nepal. In this study, daily global solar radiation, sunshine hours and meteorological data for Biratnagar, Kathmandu, Pokhara and Jumla have been used to derive the regression constants. The linear regression technique has been used to develop a model for Biratnagar, Kathmandu, Pokhara and Jumla. The model has calculated the global solar radiation for these locations. The values of global solar radiation estimated by the model are found to be in close agreement with measured values of respective sites. The estimated values were compared with Angstrom-Prescott model and examined using the root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), mean percentage error (MPE), coefficient of regression (R), coefficient of determinant (R 2 ) and correlation coefficient (CC) statistical techniques. Thus, the resultant correlations and linear regression relations may be then used for the locations of similar meteorological/geographical characteristics and also can be used to estimate the missing data of solar radiation for the respective site.
FORMANCE, AND PRICING

We examine whether ownership and governance characteristics are associated with the firm’s operating performance and stock price. We hypothesize that while ownership structure and governance mechanisms impact the firm's operating performance, they can also impact stakeholders’ abilities to expropriate rents from other stakeholders. We use a two-step estimation approach to assess whether the benefit of a better governance system manifest itself as higher operating performance or a premium on share price. To mitigate potential problems from using conventional accounting performance measures, we use Ohlson’s (1995) expected residual income (ERI) valuation metric which incorporates the expected operating performance of the firm. Results suggest that (1) higher share ownership of the CEO, corporate insiders, and outside directors has a strong positive association with both firm performance (measured by the ERI metric) and market value; (2) large ownership of outside shareholders has a negative association with the firm’s operating performance; (3) presence of a controlling shareholder is negatively related to market value; (4) after controlling for ownership, there is no improvement in operating performance or share value from having greater representation of outside directors, or having a larger board; and (5) variables representing the CEO’s stature – the CEO’s tenure and the board chairmanship – have a negative association with operating performance or market value.
Trust Mode Structure and Its Evolutionary Mechanism in Entrepreneurial Teams

This paper examines the structure of trust modes and its evolution in entrepreneurial team. Four types of trust modes are distinguished according to interaction behavior among team members. The structure of each trust modes are then identified, with the evolution of trust structures analyzed. It is argued that there are more motivation interaction in the first stage, more cognition interaction in the second stage, and more emotion interaction in the third stage. In order to know the reasons for trust structure evolution, this paper further discusses the contextual factors affecting the evolution of trust structure and their effect mechanism.
Current Strategies in the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most studied and discussed problems in the field of gastroenterology, yet it often remains perplexing to both clinicians and patients. Some of the apprehension comes from a void of objective data that defines a diagnosis in most disorders. This level of comfort is not appreciated in the evaluation of IBS, where the art of medicine and subjective impressions are the cornerstones of proper assessment. Though this paper focuses on management, a review of pathophysiology and specific guidelines establishing a diagnosis of IBS will be addressed.
Denzin’s Paradigm Shift: Revisiting Triangulation in Qualitative Research

One approach to promote social change, mitigate bias, and enhance reaching data saturation is through triangulation: multiple sources of data. Triangulation adds depth to the data that are collected. In this scholarly essay, the authors discuss the continuing relevance of Denzin’s approach to triangulation of data. Included is a critique of researchers who have posited other approaches to triangulation that appear to be merely a renaming of Denzin’s original paradigm rather new outcomes. The intended audience is novice researchers and doctoral students who can benefit from clarity on some common misconceptions about triangulation.
Balance and Spontaneous Wave Generation in Geophysical Flows

The large-scale dynamics of the mid-latitude atmosphere and ocean is characterized by a timescale separation between slow balanced motion and fast inertia-gravity waves. As a result of this separation, the two types of motion interact only weakly, and the dynamics can be approximated using balanced models, which filter out the fast waves completely. The separation is not complete, however: The evolution of well-balanced flows inevitably leads to the excitation of inertia-gravity waves through the process of spontaneous generation. Spontaneous generation has fundamental and practical implications: It limits the validity of balanced models and provides a source of inertia-gravity-wave activity. These two aspects are discussed in this review, which focuses on the small-Rossby-number regime e≪1 corresponding to strong rotation. Theoretical arguments indicate that spontaneous generation is then exponentially small in e for smooth flows. They are complemented by numerical simulations that identify specific gene.