Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Randomized 3-year clinical evaluation of Class I and II posterior resin restorations placed with a bulk-fill resin composite and a one-step self-etching adhesive.

PURPOSE To evaluate the 3-year clinical durability of the flowable bulk-fill resin composite SDR in Class I and Class II restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-eight pairs of Class I and 62 pairs of Class II restorations were placed in 44 male and 42 female patients (mean age 52.4 years). Each patient received at least two extended Class I or Class II restorations that were as similar as possible. In all cavities, a one-step self-etching adhesive (XenoV+) was applied. One of the cavities of each pair was randomly assigned to receive the flowable bulk-fill resin composite SDR in increments up to 4 mm as needed to fill the cavity 2 mm short of the occlusal cavosurface. The occlusal part was completed with an ormocer-based nanohybrid resin composite (Ceram X mono+). In the other cavity, only the resin composite CeramX mono+ was placed in 2 mm increments. The restorations were evaluated using slightly modified USPHS criteria at baseline and then annually for 3 years. Caries risk and bruxing habits of the participants were estimated. RESULTS No post-operative sensitivity was reported. At the 3-year follow-up, 196 restorations - 74 Class I and 122 Class II - were evaluated. Seven restorations failed (3.6%), 4 SDR-CeramX mono+ and 3 CeramX mono+ only restorations, all of which were Class II. The main reason for failure was tooth fracture, followed by resin composite fracture. The annual failure rate (AFR) for all restorations (Class I and II) was 1.2% for the bulkfilled restorations and 1.0% for the resin composite-only restorations (p > 0.05). For the Class II restorations, the AFR was 2.2% and 1.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION The 4-mm bulk-fill technique showed good clinical effectiveness during the 3-year follow-up.
Development of the monolighically interconnected InGaP/GaAs dual junction solar cell with bypass diode for ultrahigh concentrator application

The monolithic integrated series-connected InGaP/GaAs dual junction (2J) cells with bypass diodes were demonstrated in order to achieve the ultra high concentrator application. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics for 10 series-connected 2J cell under the dark condition showed each sub-cell was successfully interconnected each other. Epitaxially grown 2J solar cell on the semi-insulating (SI) GaAs substrate was used for electrical isolation. However, the significant deterioration of the fill factor (FF) in light I-V was apparent due to the current leakage caused by intrinsic carrier excitation in SI-GaAs. Finally, improved cell performance was achieved by applying shading layer for preventing illumination to the SI-GaAs layer.
Constructing culture and negotiating identity in a local South African EFL classroom : unsettling pedagogies.

This research report explores the ways in which English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students and an EFL teacher position themselves in relation to the themes of ‘local’ materials as well as to the ‘global’ EFL pedagogy in a local South African classroom. This research was undertaken to investigate the relevance of local constructions of culture and identity within broader global EFL discourses and classroom practices. The research was conducted at International House Johannesburg, an affiliate member school of a British-based EFL organisation, and focused on a group of ‘foreign’ adult students from non-English speaking African countries. The 16 page module of materials entitled Customs in our Time, was designed by the researcher, and attempted to create a space for the local by incorporating texts about customs and rituals practised in certain African countries. The overall design of the study is qualitative and draws on aspects of an ethnographic methodology. Spoken interaction in the classroom, as well as transcripts of interviews with the twelve participants involved, are the focus of this analysis. I draw on the work of Canagarajah (2005) and Pennycook (1994) in situating this research in broader sociohistorical context. I also utilise post-structuralist theory to conceptualise the key constructs of this research: language, culture and identity (Weedon, 1987). Of particular relevance to this study is the post-structuralist notion of positioning in understanding the subjectivities of the research participants (Davies & Harré, 1990). In analysing the data, I demonstrate that there are multiple, diverse and contradictory identity positions circulating in the local classroom space. I argue that the dominant EFL pedagogy works to negate the hybridity of this space and in doing so strips the communicative context of it authenticity. The research thus argues that an acknowledgment of the multiple voices and positions of the students and teacher in the local classroom space is essential for the creation of a more ethical and productive pedagogy: a localized pedagogy.
The Relation between National Stock Prices and Effective Exchange Rates: Does It Affect Exchange Rate Exposure?

Abstract There is twofold contribution in this paper. First, by using monthly data for 16 industrialized countries for the period 1973–2011 we find evidence of time-varying cointegration relationship between effective exchange rates and national stock market indices. Second, we present that the cointegration relationship affects exchange rate exposure. We propose that the exchange rate exposure effect changes when the connection between the exchange rate and stock market emerges. This is a new result and reflects importance of these markets’ joint role in international risk sharing.
The impact of health insurance cost-sharing method on healthcare utilisation in China

Abstract In current Chinese health insurance programmes, there are two types of cost-sharing methods: the time-of-service copayment policy and the reimbursement policy. In contrast to the copayment participants, reimbursement participants need to pay for all medical expenses in advance. We study the effect of the reimbursement policy on the utilisation of healthcare services in China. The theoretical analysis indicates that the medical consumption of low income households will be less than the optimal consumption level when enrolled in a reimbursement programme instead of a copayment programme. Empirically, using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we find that the total inpatient expenditure of the reimbursement participants is 12.7% lower than that of copayment enrolees, and the reimbursement arrangement negatively impacts low-income and rural populations. Therefore, reimbursement participants, those who are financially constrained, are more likely to suffer the up-front payment burden and finally reduce their healthcare needs.
Uterine Ultrasound Findings After Radiofrequency Endometrial Ablation: Correlation With Symptoms

Objectives To determine pelvic ultrasound characteristics in women after radiofrequency endometrial ablation (EA) and evaluate the association of those characteristics with symptoms and the need for subsequent therapeutic intervention. Methods This retrospective cohort study evaluated patients who underwent transvaginal pelvic ultrasound after radiofrequency EA between July 3, 2006, and November 13, 2009. The presence or absence of postablation symptoms (pelvic pain or vaginal bleeding) at the time of ultrasound defined the 2 groups. Two radiologists evaluated 17 ultrasound parameters. Demographic, clinical, and ultrasound characteristics were compared between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, and features were assessed for association with subsequent therapeutic interventions. Results Of the 91 patients who had radiofrequency EA and subsequent ultrasound, 63 patients (69.2%) were symptomatic on evaluation. Symptomatic patients were significantly more likely than asymptomatic patients to have an endometrial thickness of 3 mm or more, a heterogeneous endometrial echotexture, and leiomyomas (P = 0.004, P = 0.008, and P = 0.05, respectively). The most frequent finding in all patients was an indistinct endometrial border (66/79 [83.5%]). In addition, there was a tendency for patients with leiomyomas to have a subsequent intervention (P = 0.07). Although infrequent, all patients (7/91) with cornual hematometra or proximal hydrosalpinx had pain. Conclusions Indistinct endometrial border is a common finding after radiofrequency EA and is unrelated to the presence or absence of symptoms. Patients who present with post-radiofrequency EA symptoms seem to have a few specific ultrasound characteristics that differentiate them from asymptomatic patients. The presence of leiomyomas on ultrasound is predictive of the need for therapeutic interventions.
Ironing Out the Wrinkles in Host Defense: Interactions between Iron Homeostasis and Innate Immunity

Iron is an essential micronutrient for both microbial pathogens and their mammalian hosts. Changes in iron availability and distribution have significant effects on pathogen virulence and on the immune response to infection. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular regulation of iron metabolism have shed new light on how alterations in iron homeostasis both contribute to and influence innate immunity. In this article, we review what is currently known about the role of iron in the response to infection.
Retention of Content Utilizing a Flipped Classroom Approach

Abstract The flipped classroom experience promotes retention and accountability for learning. The authors report their evaluation of a flipped classroom for accelerated second-degree nursing students during their primary medical-surgical nursing course. Standardized HESI® scores were compared between a group of students who experienced the flipped classroom and a previous group who had traditional teaching methods. Short- and long-term retention was measured using standardized exams 3 months and 12 months following the course. Results indicated that short-term retention was greater and long- term retention was significantly great in the students who were taught using flipped classroom methodology.
Negotiation and Egalitarianism in the Sexual Division of Labour

This thesis investigates how negotiation between heterosexual couples can shape the likelihood and extent of egalitarianism in their sexual divisions of labour. Despite the sexual division of labour being a cornerstone of research on gender, employment and the family, current literature has surprisingly neglected the relationship between these two concepts. In particular, the actual process of negotiation is largely assumed and not subject to critical engagement, making it unclear exactly how couples transform or sustain rather traditional divisions of labour. Through qualitative, semi-structured interviews with ten couples over a six month period, accounts of the negotiation process and how this links to the likelihood and extent of egalitarianism are examined. These processes are explored in instances of one partner’s redundancy amongst previously dual full-time earning couples. Employment loss provides a fruitful context in which established and often unquestioned routines (regarding the division of unpaid labour in particular) are unsettled and subject to renegotiation. In the current labour market context, where increasing numbers of people are employed involuntarily on non-standard working arrangements and there have been reductions in familial support through welfare cuts, this research offers a timely and contemporary analysis of how households are managing (and renegotiating) the often conflicting demands of paid and unpaid labour. Alongside a clear, comprehensive definition of negotiation is an outline of the stages in this process that facilitates higher levels of egalitarianism. Egalitarianism drives the level and form of negotiation whilst negotiation simultaneously fosters higher levels of egalitarianism, with the two concepts proving to be mutually reinforcing. The nature and extent of negotiation and egalitarianism that emerges is heavily influenced by what are distinguished as a range of individual, structural and cultural contextual factors. A typology is developed denoting the extent of negotiation and egalitarianism along a continuum of low to high.
Fast and Cheap in the Fall: Phylogenetic determinants of late flowering phenologies in Himalayan Rhododendron.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Biotic and abiotic pressures affect the beginning and end of phenologies differently, but little is known about how these temporal components may be determined by phylogeny. We tested for phylogenetic signal in the phenological components and related traits among Himalayan Rhododendron species. METHODS We constructed a phylogeny with trnL-trnL-trnF, atpH-I, RPB2-I (3F-4R), and ITS 4-5, and examined it in combination with trait data recorded for a nine-species assemblage on Mt. Yulong, Yunnan, China. KEY RESULTS Uniquely among phenological traits, 'last flowering day' had a significant phylogenetic signal. Last flowering day was latest in the clade with the smallest fruits. A similar association between the end of flowering and reproductive investment existed in data from Flora of China (Wu et al., 2005) for 160 Yunnan Rhododendron species, for which last flowering month was correlated with fruit size. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenetic determinants of last flowering day and fruit size may be driven by limited time for fruit development before the onset of cold temperatures in autumn-a temporal niche that only small-fruited species can occupy. This strategy is analogous to 'fast and cheap' spring ephemerals. More may be gained from late-phenology studies, both within and among species and across seasons.
TSH Receptor in Adipose Cells

Although there have been reports supporting the presence of the TSH receptor (TSHR) in human adipose tissue, these findings are still not universally accepted. Contributing to the controversy is a paucity of data about the physiological role the TSH receptor might play in adipose cells. In addition to mature lipid-filled adipocytes, adipose tissue also harbors a pool of specialized, fibroblast-like preadipocytes within the stromal-vascular compartment. Upon appropriate induction, preadipocytes can either differentiate into adipocytes or undergo apoptosis. Since TSHR has been detected in preadipocytes and adipocytes, its potential impact on adipose tissue function may relate to differentiation stage-specific cellular properties.
Real-time image reconstruction for spiral MRI using fixed-point calculation

Because spiral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more robust to motion artifacts than echo planar imaging (EPI), spiral imaging method is more suitable in real-time imaging applications where dynamic processes are to be observed. The major hurdle to use spiral imaging method in real-time applications is its slow reconstruction speed. Since spiral trajectories do not sample data on rectilinear grids, raw data must be regridded before inverse fast Fourier transform (FFT). At present, the computational cost for the spiral reconstruction algorithm is still too high and it is not fast enough to achieve the minimum speed requirement of 20 frames/s for real-time imaging applications. Here, the authors propose to replace floating-point calculations with fixed-point calculations in the reconstruction algorithm to remove the computational bottlenecks. To overcome the quantization and round-off errors introduced by fixed-point calculations, the authors devise a method to find the optimal precision for the fixed-point representation. Adding with a highly efficient vector-radix two-dimensional (2-D) FFT algorithm and modifications to speed up the gridding convolution, the authors have cut the reconstruction time by 42% and achieved real-time reconstruction at 30 frames/s for 128/spl times/128 matrices on low-cost PC's.
Structure detection methods Complex Networks , CSYS / MATH 303 , Spring , 2010 Prof

I Basic question: how ‘important’ are specific nodes and edges in a network? I An important node or edge might: 1. handle a relatively large amount of the network’s traffic (e.g., cars, information); 2. bridge two or more distinct groups (e.g., liason, interpreter); 3. be a source of important ideas, knowledge, or judgments (e.g., supreme court decisions, an employee who ‘knows where everything is’).
Commitment and Costly Signaling in Decentralized Markets

I propose a model of a decentralized market using a search framework with asymmetric information in which sellers are unable to commit to asking prices announced ex ante. Relaxing the commitment assumption prevents sellers from using price posting as a signalling device to direct buyers' search. Private information about the gains from trade and inefficient entry on the demand side then contribute to market illiquidity. Endogenous sorting among costly marketing platforms can facilitate the search process by segmenting the market to alleviate information frictions. Seemingly irrelevant but incentive compatible listing fees are implementable as long as the market is not already sufficiently active. The theoretical implications are qualitatively consistent with the empirical observations of real estate brokerage in housing markets: listing fees, platform differentiation, and endogenous sorting based on seller motivation.
Rough-Fuzzy Hybrid Approach for Identification of Bio-markers and Classification on Alzheimer's Disease Data

A new approach is proposed in this paper for identification of biomarkers and classification on Alzheimer's disease data by employing a rough-fuzzy hybrid approach called ARFIS (a framework for Adaptive TS-type Rough-Fuzzy Inference Systems). In this approach, the entropy-based discretization technique is employed first on the training data to generate clusters for each attribute with respect to the output information. The rough set-based feature reduction method is then utilized to reduce the number of features in a decision table obtained using the cluster information. Another rough set-based approach is employed for the generation of decision rules. After the construction and the evaluation phases of the proposed rough-fuzzy hybrid system, the classification is carried out on the testing set of the given data. The experimental results showed that the proposed approach achieved compatible classification results on Alzheimer's disease data compared to results from other existing approaches in the literature. It can be concluded that the proposed rough-fuzzy hybrid approach is a novel approach in predictive data mining in clinical medicine in terms of utilizing 1) rough set-based approaches for feature reduction and rule generation, 2) a hybrid fuzzy system for pattern classification, and revealing 3) rules for prediction of diagnostic results.
Entropy Production and Technological Progress: The Yin and Yang of Economics and Finance

All economic and financial activity involves the communication of information across space and time. Additionally, communicated and processed information is the only universal fundamental input to all economic and financial production and exchange. Well established laws from physics and information theory determine the evolution of entropy, the limits on information communication and processing, and the growth of additional uncertainty or entropy as those limits are exceeded. Apparent anomalies such as non-constant implied volatilities across strikes and terms to expiration, and the complete structure of the yield curve arise intuitively when information theory is applied to economics and finance. In fact the current methods used by practitioners to model the volatility surface and the yield curve can be viewed as approximations of the richer structures revealed by information theory.
Explaining unexplainable food choices

In recent years, psychologists have started to investigate the downstream consequences of nonconsciously activated behaviour (acting in an ‘explanatory vacuum’). Results have shown that when such behaviour is norm-violating, people experience a need to confabulate reasons for this behaviour. The present paper aims to add more convincing evidence for this assumption. Study 1 addresses this question by replicating Study 2 of Adriaanse et al. (2014) while adding a condition in which people are post-hoc provided with an explanation for their behaviour. Study 2 addresses this question by explicitly demanding an explanation for a nonconsciously steered choice. Both studies were conducted in the context of eating behaviour. Results of both studies were indicative of confabulation as a downstream consequence of nonconsciously steered eating behaviour (Study 1) or food choice (Study 2). Future research should address the potential of confabulated reasons spilling over to next occasions.
[Early results of treatment of proximal humerus fractures with the PHILOS locking plate].

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate early results of proximal humerus fractures treated with the PHILOS locking plate. METHODS Proximal humerus fractures of 22 patients (13 males, 9 females; mean age 57 years; range 35 to 83 years) were treated with the PHILOS locking plate. According to the Neer classification, 13 patients had comminuted fractures, four patients had valgus impact injuries, two patients had fracture-dislocations, and three patients had fractures involving the proximal 1/3 of the humerus. The fractures were reduced by the transdeltoid lateral approach (n=8) using minimally invasive surgery, and by the anterior deltopectoral approach (n=14) using open surgery. Passive and active exercises were initiated on the second postoperative day and after 4 to 6 weeks, respectively. The results were assessed using the Constant-Murley shoulder scoring system. The mean follow up was 14 months (range 12 to 19 months). RESULTS Radiographically, union was observed in 20 patients at the end of 10 weeks. In one patient, time to union was 16 weeks. One patient underwent autogenous bone grafting because of nonunion after 16 weeks. The mean Constant-Murley score was 75.5 (range 51 to 93). There was no significant difference between Constant-Murley scores of patients undergoing the transdeltoid lateral and anterior deltopectoral approaches (p>0.05). Plate fixation was associated with minimal varus deformity in two patients, and subacromial impingement in one patient. Implant failure did not occur. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy and avascular necrosis were observed in two patients, respectively. CONCLUSION Fixation with the PHILOS plate is a near-ideal technique with a high union rate in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures.