Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A 40-year review of food–energy–water nexus literature and its application to the urban scale

Essential for society to function, the production and consumption of food, energy, and water (FEW) are deeply intertwined, leading to calls for a nexus approach to understand and manage the complex tradeoffs and cascading effects. What research exists to date on this FEW nexus? How have scholars conceptualized these interactions at the urban scale? What are some promising approaches? Where are the research gaps? To answer these questions, we conducted a quantitative review of the academic literature on the FEW nexus (1399 publications) over more than four decades (1973–2017), followed by in-depth analysis of the most influential papers using an evaluation matrix that examined four components: 1) modeling approach; 2) scale; 3) nexus ‘trigger’; and 4) governance and policy. Scholars in the fields of environmental science predominated, while social science domains were under-represented. Most papers used quantitative rather than qualitative approaches, especially integrated assessment and systems dynamics modeling although spatial scale was generally recognized, explicit consideration of multi-scalar interactions was limited. Issues of institutional structure, governance, equity, resource access, and behavior were also underdeveloped. Bibliometric analysis of this literature revealed six distinct research communities, including a nascent urban FEW community. We replicated the analysis for this urban group, finding it to be just emerging (80% of papers have been published since 2010) and dominated by scholars in industrial ecology. These scholars focus on quantifying FEW flows of the urban metabolism in isolation rather than as a nexus, largely ignoring the political and socio-economic factors shaping these flows. We propose the urban FEW metabolism as a boundary object to draw in diverse scholarly and practitioner communities. This will advance research on complex FEW systems in four key areas: (1) integration of heterogeneous models and approaches; (2) scalar linkages between urban consumption and trans-boundary resource flows; (3) how actors and institutions shape resource access, distribution and use; and (4) co-production of knowledge with stakeholders.
Schizophrenia and contact with health and social services: A Nordic multi-centre study

Background: In a Nordic multi-centre study investigating the life and care situation of persons with schizophrenia living in the community, factors explaining use of health and social services were examined. Method: Four hundred and eighteen individuals with schizophrenia from 10 sites were interviewed about their contact with different services (support functions within and outside the mental health services, general practitioners (GPs), physicians in the mental health, psychotherapy, day-care and inpatient treatment), psychopathology, social network and needs for care. Results: Physicians and support contacts within the mental health system were most used and GPs and psychotherapy least. Three groups of variables were stabile predictors of contact: rural-urban differences, diagnoses (hebephrenic schizophrenia associated with less contact with physicians in the mental services and more with GPs) and health needs as experienced by the patients. No differences between the centres with regard to total service use were found, but the patterns of contact reflected urban-rural variance. A low number of health needs predicted contact with physicians within the mental health services, whereas a high number of such needs was related to contact with GPs and support functions within the mental health services. Social relations exhibited the highest number of unmet needs. Conclusions: Contact with physicians working in the mental health services was much more common than contact with GPs. Based on a broad spectre of demographic, clinical and network variables, it was not possible to find models that explained substantial parts of the variance of service use. Patterns of contact were different in rural, town and city-surroundings, and with the exception of psychotherapy, the rural pattern was characterized by use of less specialized services. The importance of health needs and diagnosis as predictors of contact illustrate the profound and lasting effects on health of having a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Bond strength to primary tooth dentin following disinfection with a chlorhexidine solution: an in vitro study.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the effect on shear bond strength of chlorhexidine used as a cavity disinfectant on primary tooth dentin. METHODS Thirty specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups (N = 10) and treated as follows: (1) in Group I, the dentin was acid etched with a 37% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, washed and dried; (2) in Group II, a 2% commercial chlorhexidine solution (Cav Clean) was applied for 40 seconds, washed and dried following acid etching for 15 seconds; and (3) in Group III, dentin was treated with a 37% phosphoric acid gel containing 2% digluconate of chlorhexidine (Cond AC) for 15 seconds. In all specimens, the adhesive Single Bond (3M) was applied, and composite cylinders (Filtek Z 250) were built. The specimens were sheared with a universal testing machine (Instron) running at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, and the results calculated in MPa. The specimens were also observed to record the failure mode. RESULTS ANOVA analysis revealed that the shear bond strength of Group II (17.99+1.15 MPa) was significantly lower than Group I (19.88+1.02 MPa) and Group III (19.57+1.02 MPa). After debonding, 63% of the specimens presented cohesive failure of the material, 24% adhesive failure and 10% cohesive failure of dentin. CONCLUSIONS The commercial cavity disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine had an adverse effect on Single Bond and produced significantly lower shear bond strength than the etch gel with chlorhexidine and the acid etch alone.
Determination of Current Transformer Errors at Primary Currents up to 100 000 A

A method is described for testing precision current transformers, particularly devices with very high values of rated primary current and rated secondary currents up to 200 A. It makes use of the well-known differential method (Arnold, Hohle), substituting, however, the common resistor with an electronic operational amplifier, thus yielding an almost negligible resistance and a very high sensitivity of 0.01 ppm. Results of ratio error measurements are reported at values of primary currents between 500 and 100 000 A.
A new curriculum framework for clinical prevention and population health, with a review of clinical caries prevention teaching in U.S. and Canadian dental schools.

To fulfill the Healthy People 2010 Objective 1.7, "Increase the proportion of . health professional training schools whose basic curriculum for health care providers includes the core competencies in health promotion and disease prevention," the Healthy People Curriculum Task Force has developed a curriculum framework for clinical prevention and population health for all the health professions. This framework has four components: 1) evidence base for practice; 2) clinical preventive services, including health promotion; 3) health systems and health policy; and 4) community aspects of practice. Within these four common components are nineteen domains, for which each health profession is identifying its own educational objectives. An inventory of knowledge and skills is being developed. A prerequisite to promoting change in the teaching of dental prevention and population oral health is to better understand the current status. Sixty-six of sixty-eight U.S. and Canadian dental schools provided input on the teaching of one important aspect of this wider topic--dental caries prevention--before a December 2002 Clinical Preventive Dentistry Leadership Conference in Cincinnati, OH. In clinical teaching, 68 percent of dental schools included caries risk assessment and also reevaluated preventive outcomes, but while 65 percent included remineralization procedures, only 38 percent specifically reevaluated this outcome. Faculty members have commonalities in attitudes about the advantages and problems in improving teaching in clinical prevention, yet dental schools act individually in curricular design and implementation. The conference introduced a method of conceptualizing change, so that dental schools might address organizational barriers in clinical curriculum development. Even with the new common curriculum framework, other barriers to improved dental prevention and population oral health exist: these include organizational change in dental schools, dental practices, and dental clinics; reimbursement issues and incentives; and lack of accepted and explicit standards in dental care.
Killing the Bill Online? Pathways to Young People's Protest Engagement via Social Media

In spring 2011, thousands of Wisconsin residents protested a controversial bill spearheaded by Governor Scott Walker. Protest engagement via social media was popular, especially among young people. The current study examines the relationship between young people's informational and expressive uses of four social media-Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and Blogs-and their offline protest engagement. Survey results reveal that although college students used these social media to obtain information about the budget repair bill protests, only expressive uses related to offline protest engagement. We move research forward by examining the implications of multiple uses of political social media surrounding a compelling case study.
Impact of Polyphenol Metabolites Produced by Colonic Microbiota on Expression of COX-2 and GSTT2 in Human Colon Cells (LT97)

Polyphenols may play an important role in colon cancer prevention. After entering the colon, they are subjected to metabolism by the human gut microbiota. The objective of the present study was to analyze the impact of selected intestinal metabolites on modulation of enzymes involved in detoxification and inflammation in human adenoma cells LT97. LT97 cells were incubated with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (ES) and 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid (PS), metabolites of quercetin and chlorogenic acid/caffeic acid, respectively. The effect on cell number was analyzed using 4'- 6-diamino-2-phenylindole-dihydrochloride (DAPI)-staining. Modulation of glutathione S-transferase T2 (GSTT2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was measured by real-time PCR and Western blot. Comet assay was performed to assess the impact on DNA damage caused by the GSTT2 substrate cumene hydroperoxide (CumOOH). Polyphenol metabolites did not affect cell number but significantly upregulated GSTT2 expression and decreased COX-2. The latter was confirmed via Western blot. CumOOH-induced DNA damage was significantly reduced compared to the control. An upregulation of GSTT2 and downregulation of COX-2 could possibly contribute to the chemopreventive potential of polyphenols after degradation in the gut. Working with polyphenol metabolites is an important prerequisite to better understand the in vivo effects of pure polyphenols.
[Nutritional status of Naporuna children under five in the Amazon region of Ecuador].

OBJECTIVES To assess the nutritional status of Naporuna children under five years of age from the Amazon region of Ecuador, and to identify risk factors for developing malnutrition in this population group. METHODS A survey-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Orellana, a province in northeastern Ecuador, between June 2001 and February 2002. Household interviews were conducted in 30 communities chosen at random, and a questionnaire was used to record the following: the social and demographic characteristics and parity of mothers having children under five years of age, and the children's demographic and anthropometric characteristics, history of breastfeeding, and medical conditions suffered over the two-week period just prior to the survey. Each child was also subjected to a physical examination. Anemia was diagnosed clinically by conjunctival exam. The statistical association among variables was determined by means of the chi-square test, with use of Yates' correction and Fisher's exact test (two-tailed) when there were 5 observations or less. Risk factors for chronic malnutrition and underweight were determined by means of logistic regression. RESULTS Overall, 189 mothers of 347 children under five were interviewed. Of these 347 children, 307 (88.5%) participated in the study. Chronic malnutrition was found in 22.8% of the children; 26.4% were underweight, and 9.8% had acute malnutrition. Moreover, 7.5% had severe chronic malnutrition; 4.9% were severely underweight, and 1.6% had severe acute malnutrition. A total of 5 children (1.6%) showed signs of both chronic and acute malnutrition. The largest prevalence of chronic malnutrition was found in the 12-23 month age group. Risk factors for chronic malnutrition that were statistically significant included living in an area without access to a road, the total number of children in the family (> or =7), and the presence of an acute respiratory infection or abdominal distension on the day the physical examination was performed. Abdominal distension and pale conjunctiva on physical examination were predictive for underweight. CONCLUSIONS Among the Naporuna children under 5 years of age included in this study, the prevalences of acute malnutrition and underweight appeared to be higher than had been previously detected among other populations in the Amazon region. More studies on the prevalence of parasitic infections and anemia and on the feeding practices and dietary habits of indigenous communities are needed in order to better understand their nutritional intake. A program for monitoring the diet of indigenous peoples is necessary and should be established.
Effectiveness of Educational Package on Knowledge and Practices Regarding Breastfeeding Techniques

Introduction: Globally, there is decline trend of breastfeeding reasons for declining breastfeeding includes lack of knowledge and confidence regarding breastfeeding techniques. The current study is designed to determine the effectiveness of educational package on knowledge and practices regarding breastfeeding techniques. Methods: An evaluative research approach was used for this study. The study was carried out among 60 postnatal mothers in selected maternity hospital, Mangalore Via structured interview schedule and observation checklist. Results: The overall mean percentage of pre- test level of knowledge and practice is 37.33 and 47.79. The calculated „t‟ value is 29.34 and 20.21 for knowledge and practice respectively. The mean percentage of post-test is 74.5 and 80.55for knowledge and practice. The present study reveals that the computed „r‟ value is 0.83 which is significant at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusion: Educational package on knowledge and practices regarding breastfeeding techniques among postnatal mothers was found effective.
Evaluation of the novel bipolar vessel sealing and cutting device BiCision® in a porcine model

Abstract Background: Energy-based technologies for tissue sealing and cutting are increasingly supplementing current standards used for haemostasis and dissection during laparoscopic surgery. For their safe and efficacious use in clinical practice, these instruments have to guarantee sufficient burst resistance and low thermal damage to adjacent tissue in combination with good cutting characteristics. Material and methods: The novel laparoscopic, bipolar electrosurgical sealing and cutting instrument BiCision® was compared to a commercially available laparoscopic device (EnSeal™) on visceral and peripheral arteries and veins in an animal model. Results: For all parameters investigated (burst pressure, cut quality, tissue adhering to the instrument, time needed to seal and cut the vessel and thermal damage), BiCision® was at least as good as EnSeal™. Regarding the burst pressure, BiCision® was superior over EnSeal™ in arteries: 600 mmHg (±478) versus 241 (±269) mmHg, respectively (p < 0.0001*). In veins, almost equivalent burst pressures of 155 ± 134 mmHg (BiCision®) and 173 ± 139 mmHg (EnSeal™) were obtained. Conclusion: BiCision® appeared to be as good as or even superior to EnSeal™. Since EnSeal™ has already been shown to be safe and has been successfully used in clinical practice, BiCision® is assumed to be as efficient and reliable as EnSeal™ under pre-clinical conditions.
Front‐line chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide for patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma, nonsmall cell lung carcinoma, or malignant melanoma

The conventional treatment of brain metastases not amenable to surgery is most often radiotherapy. Until now, pharmacologic issues related to the blood brain barrier (BBB) prevented a wide evaluation of chemotherapy. The authors previously reported that the combination of cisplatin (P) and etoposide (E) had strikingly high activity in patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to assess, in a larger prospective study, the front‐line activity of that combination against brain metastases from breast carcinoma (BC), nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), and malignant melanoma (MM) in patients previously untreated with radiotherapy.
Assessment of newly developed tongue sulfide probe for detecting oral malodor.

AIM The present study examined the relationship between sulfide levels on tongue dorsum surfaces (pS levels) and oral malodor. METHOD The pS levels of 20 systemically healthy volunteers were evaluated using an industrial device equipped with a newly-developed tongue sulfide probe. The pS levels on 3 parts of the tongue--anterior, middle and posterior along the median groove of the tongue dorsum--were determined for each subject. RESULTS The device reported the pS level in a digital score ranging from 0.0 (< 10(-7) M of sulfide) to 5.0 (> or = 10(-2) M of sulfide) in increments of 0.5. Oral malodor was assessed by measuring the level of volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air, as well as by the organoleptic method. The pS levels were 0.03 +/- 0.11, 0.20 +/- 0.41 and 0.88 +/- 0.76 for the anterior, middle and posterior parts, respectively. This difference was significant (p<0.001). Both oral malodor measurements showed significant correlation (p<0.05) with the pS levels of middle and posterior parts of tongue. CONCLUSION It was concluded that the tongue sulfide probe might be useful in management of subjects with oral malodor.
Comparative mapping of serotonin‐immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous systems of nudibranch molluscs

The serotonergic systems in nudibranch molluscs were compared by mapping the locations of serotonin‐immunoreactive (5‐HT‐ir) neurons in 11 species representing all four suborders of the nudibranch clade: Dendronotoidea (Tritonia diomedea, Tochuina tetraquetra, Dendronotus iris, Dendronotus frondosus, and Melibe leonina), Aeolidoidea (Hermissenda crassicornis and Flabellina trophina), Arminoidea (Dirona albolineata, Janolus fuscus, and Armina californica), and Doridoidea (Triopha catalinae). A nomenclature is proposed to standardize reports of cell location in species with differing brain morphologies. Certain patterns of 5‐HT immunoreactivity were found to be consistent for all species, such as the presence of 5‐HT‐ir neurons in the pedal and cerebral ganglia. Also, particular clusters of 5‐HT‐ir neurons in the anterior and posterior regions of the dorsal surface of the cerebral ganglion were always present. However, there were interspecies differences in the number of 5‐HT‐ir neurons in each cluster, and some clusters even exhibited strong intraspecies variability that was only weakly correlated with brain size. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the presence of particular classes of 5‐HT‐ir neurons exhibits a great deal of homoplasy. The conserved features of the nudibranch serotonergic system presumably represent the shared ancestral structure, whereas the derived characters suggest substantial independent evolutionary changes in the number and presence of serotonergic neurons. Although a number of studies have demonstrated phylogenetic variability of peptidergic systems, this study suggests that serotonergic systems may also exhibit a high degree of homoplasy in some groups of organisms. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:485–505, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caries prevention in Chile : an epidemiological, econometric, and economic evaluation

s were retrieved and compared against revised inclusion criteria. Full text was retrieved for those studies that met these inclusion criteria. Finally, those studies that fully met the criteria were used during qualitative synthesis. The complete process of selection and analysis was performed by the author of this thesis with the help of his supervisors. 9.3. 4 Quantitative synthesis Although Marinho et al. did not perform a calculation of a measure of FV efficacy by socioeconomic status (SES) but rather pooled all data in a single analysis, for this chapter, differentiation by SES was required. There are two reasons to justify this requirement. First, the natural history of caries is affected by several risk factors but is strongly affected by SES (Chapters 2, 6, and 7); therefore, an assumption that FV has different efficacy depending on SES is reasonable. Indeed, there is evidence that would suggest variations in efficacy, e.g., as demonstrated by Jiang et al. (2014) that argued that one of the reasons why they did not find a difference between FV and placebo was due to the high percentage of children that belonged to high socioeconomic status. A second argument is that the studies had completely different target populations; for example, as was also discussed in the introduction of this chapter, Weintraub et al. (2006) studied low income and under-served Hispanic and Chinese populations. Both arguments suggest that a pooled measure of FV efficacy cannot easily be applied to the target population of this thesis, which studies the Chilean population of low socioeconomic status (or baseline study, see Chapter 11).
Comparison of the microbiology and antibiotic treatment among diabetic and nondiabetic patients hospitalized for cellulitis or cutaneous abscess.

BACKGROUND Among diabetics, complicated skin infections may involve gram-negative pathogens; however, the microbiology of cellulitis and cutaneous abscess is not well established. OBJECTIVE To compare the microbiology and prescribing patterns between diabetics and nondiabetics hospitalized for cellulitis or abscess. DESIGN Secondary analysis of 2 published retrospective cohorts. SETTING/PATIENTS Adults hospitalized for cellulitis or abscess, excluding infected ulcers or deep tissue infections, at 7 academic and community facilities. METHODS Microbiological findings and antibiotic use were compared among diabetics and nondiabetics. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with exposure to broad gram-negative therapy, defined as receipt of at least 2 calendar days of β-lactamase inhibitors, second- to fifth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, tigecycline, aminoglycosides, or colistin. RESULTS Of 770 total patients with cellulitis or abscess, 167 (22%) had diabetes mellitus. Among the 38% of cases with a positive culture, an aerobic gram-positive organism was isolated in 90% of diabetics and 92% of nondiabetics (P = 0.59); aerobic gram-negative organisms were isolated in 7% and 12%, respectively (P = 0.28). Overall, diabetics were more likely than nondiabetics to be exposed to broad gram-negative therapy (54% vs 44% of cases, P = 0.02). By logistic regression, diabetes mellitus was independently associated with exposure to broad gram-negative therapy (odds ratio: 1.66, 95% confidence interval: 1.15-2.40). CONCLUSION In cases of cellulitis or abscess associated with a positive culture, gram-negative pathogens were not more common among diabetics compared with nondiabetics. However, diabetics were overall more likely to be exposed to broad gram-negative therapy suggesting this prescribing practice may not be not warranted.