Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diffuse radio emission in/around the Coma cluster: beyond simple accretion

We report on new 1.41-GHz Green Bank Telescope (GBT) and 352-MHz Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope observations of the Coma cluster and its environs. At 1.41 GHz, we tentatively detect an extension to the Coma cluster radio relic source 1253+275 which makes its total extent ∼2 Mpc. This extended relic is linearly polarized as seen in our GBT data, the NRAO VLA Sky Survey, and archival images, strengthening a shock interpretation. The extended relic borders a previously undetected ‘wall’ of galaxies in the infall region of the Coma cluster. We suggest that the radio relic is an infall shock, as opposed to the outgoing merger shocks believed responsible for other radio relics. We also find a sharp edge, or ‘front’, on the western side of the 352-MHz radio halo. This front is coincident with a similar discontinuity in the X-ray surface brightness and temperature in its southern half, suggesting a primary shock-acceleration origin for the local synchrotron emitting electrons. The northern half of the synchrotron front is less well correlated with the X-ray properties, perhaps due to projection effects. We confirm the global pixel-to-pixel power-law correlation between the 352-MHz radio brightness and X-ray brightness with a slope that is inconsistent with predictions of either primary shock acceleration or secondary production of relativistic electrons in giant radio haloes, but is allowable in the framework of the turbulent re-acceleration of relic plasma. The failure of these first-order models and the need for a more comprehensive view of the intracluster medium energization are also highlighted by the very different shapes of the diffuse radio and X-ray emission. We note the puzzling correspondence between the shape of the brighter regions of the radio halo and the surface mass density derived from weak lensing.
Knowledge Spillovers, Competition, and R&D Incentive Contracts

This paper models the optimal provision of incentives to corporate scientists, within an environment where effort is multidimensional, firms compete on the product market, knowledge spills over across companies, and scientists have both monetary and non-monetary motivations. The simultaneous consideration of these aspects generates a number of novel results. First, knowledge spillovers lead firms to soften incentives in order not to bene.t competitors, but only when product market competition is high. By contrast, greater knowledge spillovers positively affect the provision of incentives when competition is low. Second, the relationship between the intensity of competition and the power of incentives is U-shaped, and the region where the relationship is positive is smaller the higher the knowledge spillovers. Finally, both the incentives for applied and basic research increase with non-pecuniary benefits scientists obtain from basic research, while a trade-o¤ between monetary pay and non-monetary rewards may occur at the level of the fixed salary. These results provide a novel interpretation of some observed R&D organizational choices by companies, offer insights for the management of scientific and other creative workers, and have implications for public policy.
Downstream Mergers and Upstream Investment

In this paper, we show that downstream mergers increase the incentives of an up-stream firm to invest in cost-reducing R&D. The upstream firm revenues increase with industry profits, which in turn increase with concentration downstream and this explains the positive link between concentration and investment. This effect is so important that it outweights the negative effect on prices due to lower competition. Therefore, in our context, horizontal mergers are pro-competitive.
Active faults sources for the Pátzcuaro–Acambay fault system (Mexico): fractal analysis of slip rates and magnitudes Mw estimated from fault length

Abstract. The Pátzcuaro–Acambay fault system (PAFS), located in the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), is delimited by an active transtensive deformation area associated with the oblique subduction zone between the Cocos and North American plates, with a convergence speed of 55 mm yr−1 at the latitude of the state of Michoacán, Mexico. Part of the oblique convergence is transferred to this fault system, where the slip rates range from 0.009 to 2.78 mm yr−1. This has caused historic earthquakes in Central Mexico, such as the Acambay quake (Ms=6.9) on 19 November 1912 with surface rupture, and another in Maravatío in 1979 with Ms=5.6. Also, paleoseismic analyses are showing Quaternary movements in some faults, with moderate to large magnitudes. Notably, this zone is seismically active, but lacks a dense local seismic network, and more importantly, its neotectonic movements have received very little attention. The present research encompasses three investigations carried out in the PAFS. First, the estimation of the maximum possible earthquake magnitudes, based on 316 fault lengths mapped on a 15 m digital elevation model, by means of three empirical relationships. In addition, the Hurst exponent Hw and its persistence, estimated for magnitudes Mw (spatial domain) and for 32 slip-rate data (time domain) by the wavelet variance analysis. Finally, the validity of the intrinsic definition of active fault proposed here. The average results for the estimation of the maximum and minimum magnitudes expected for this fault population are 5.5≤Mw≤7. Also, supported by the results of H at the spatial domain, this paper strongly suggests that the PAFS is classified in three different zones (western PAFS, central PAFS, and eastern PAFS) in terms of their roughness (Hw=0.7,Hw=0.5,Hw=0.8 respectively), showing different dynamics in seismotectonic activity and; the time domain, with a strong persistence Hw=0.949, suggests that the periodicities of slip rates are close in time (process with memory). The fractal capacity dimension (Db) is also estimated for the slip-rate series using the box-counting method. Inverse correlation between Db and low slip-rate concentration was observed. The resulting Db=1.86 is related to a lesser concentration of low slip-rates in the PAFS, suggesting that larger faults accommodate the strain more efficiently (length ≥3 km). Thus, in terms of fractal analysis, we can conclude that these 316 faults are seismically active, because they fulfill the intrinsic definition of active faults for the PAFS.
Trade, Technology and Wage Inequality in the South African Manufacturing Sectors

This paper advances on previous work on the effects of trade and technical change on labour markets within the framework of Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory. First, we employ dynamic heterogeneous panel estimation techniques not previously used in this context, which separate Heckscher-Ohlin-based long run relationships from short run dynamics that are heterogeneous across sectors. Second, we provide evidence for an unskilled labor abundant developing country that allows comparison of the results against developed country evidence. Third, we consider the appropriateness of alternative approaches and examine endogeneity issues in the impact of technology and price changes on factor returns. For South African manufacturing we find that output prices increase most strongly in sectors that are labor intensive. Our results further suggest that trade-mandated earnings increases are positive for labor, and negative for capital. By contrast technology has mandated negative earnings increases for both factors. We also find that separation of different demand side factors collectively constituting globalization is useful in understanding the impact of trade, and taking account of endogeneity is important in isolating factor and sector bias of technological change.
Biotic and Abiotic Determinants of Fish Behavior and Habitat Use Along a River Continuum

Association with physical structure or conspecifics can impact the survival and growth of individuals. The necessity and strength of these associations can change with environmental conditions and ontogeny, acting in concert or in opposition to influence an individual’s behavior and ultimate success. To test the hypotheses that affinity for physical structure and aggregating behavior changes along a dynamic river gradient and with development of a migratory fish, I conducted a field experiment on the San Joaquin River, California with juvenile Chinook salmon (Onchorynchus tschawyscha). I created orthogonal combinations of turbidity, fish size, and structural cover by manipulating the presence of artificial structure within net pens at three locations along the river continuum. I recorded the affinity of juvenile Chinook salmon to physical structure and propensity to aggregate with conspecifics with video cameras. I used generalized linear models and model selection to evaluate the effects of turbidity, size (fork length), density, and structure level on proximity of individuals to structure and conspecifics. First, I found there was no difference in the total number of salmon in structure or no-structure levels. Second, I found the number of aggregating observations increases with increasing density and fork length. When structure was present, aggregating behavior was low across turbidities. In contrast, when structure was absent, aggregating behavior increased in low turbidities. Ultimately, I found both ontogeny and a changing environmental gradient influenced the number of aggregating observations. These results indicate how environmental conditions (turbidity and availability of physical structure), size, and density interact to determine fish behavior and increase understanding of the complicated interactions surrounding fish habitat use.
Extensive and intensive margins and the choice of exchange rate regimes

This paper studies how the choice of fixed or flexible exchange rate regimes is affected by the existence of intensive and extensive margins. We study two models where firms enter during or before each period of production. We show how the the choice of those regimes depend on the level and the volatily of the intensive and extensive margins as well as on the congruence between consumers' preferences and the supply and diversity of products. We show that fixed exchange rate regimes are preferred for high enough labor supply elasticities. Fixed exchange rate regimes are unambigously better when entry occurs at the same time as production in each period. Fixed exchange rate regimes are less attractive in the presence of production lags and higher love of product diversity.
Leadership styles as antecedents of employee turnover intentions and innovative work behaviour: A research framework

Extant literature has given little attention to the respective moderating and mediating effects of alternative job opportunity and job autonomy on the relationships between leadership styles, employee turnover intentions, and innovative work behaviour. This paper provides a framework of how employees’ perceptions of supervisors’ leadership styles may induce them to stay in their organisations and exhibit innovative work behaviour. Our principal theoretical and conceptual contributions reside in the examination of job autonomy as a mediator in the leadership innovative work behaviour relationship; the expansion of the alternative job opportunity moderation in the leadership – employee turnover intention nexus; and the provision and testing of a conceptual framework. The relevance of the topic to contemporary business practice is also worthy to note.
PASSWORD IN PRACTICE: AN USABILITY SURVEY

User Authentication is the process of determining whether a user should be authorized to access to a particular system or resource. Alphanumeric passwords are most common mechanism for authorizing computer users, even though it is well known that users generally choose passwords that are vulnerable to dictionary attacks, brute force attack and guessing attacks. Until recent years, the security problem has been formulated as a scientific problem. However, it is now extensively accepted that security is also a human computer interaction (HCI) problem. Most security mechanisms cannot be effective without taking into account, the user. HCI matters in two ways. One is the usability of the security systems themselves and another is the interaction of the security systems with user practices and motivations. We have studied the usability of alphanumeric passwords, and found that they are more difficult for people to remember and the consequence is that one has to write them down. We have discussed the usability versus security tradeoffs and found different inherent weaknesses in alphanumeric passwords. We have also discussed the alternative solutions those can be used instead of alphanumeric password.
Parasitological and hematological study on Fasciola spp. infections in local breeds of sheep in middle Awash river basin, Afar region, Ethiopia

The study was carried out at Gewane Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training Collage, Gewane district, Ethiopia. Two local breeds of sheep, Afar and Blackhead, were experimental animals. Twelve each of Afar and Blackhead sheep aged between 5-6 months were assigned and each breed was divided by sex into two groups of 6 animals. All sheep was naturally exposed to infection with Fasciola spp. for 5 months from contaminated pasture near the Awash River path. The animals were regularly monitored for any evidence of disease. It was found that the overall prevalence of Fasciola spp. infection was 54%. Prevalence of infection by breeds was 37.5% for Blackhead and 33.3% for Afar breed. Prevalence of the infection by sex group was 61.5% for female and 38.5% for male group. There was no significant difference of the prevalence for different breeds and sex groups. The health status of these sheep was reduced in body weight, red cell count (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), total protein (TP) and hemoglobin (Hb) and this condition was obviously seen in severe infected sheep. Severe infection of Fasciola spp. started from fourteen weeks after the exposure to the end of the experiment. Breeds resistant potency occurred at sixteen weeks for infected breeds and the shedding rates were higher in the Blackhead sheep. On the basis of egg per gram and clinicalpathology parameters, the Blackhead breed was considered more susceptible to Fasciola spp. infection than the other. The Afar breed may be better adapted in the study area as shown in PCV and another blood parameters. However, there was no significant difference between the two breeds and sex groups.
Role of community and user attributes in collective action: Case study of community-based forest management in Nepal

A growing literature on collective action focuses on exploring the conditions that might help or hinder groups to work collectively. In this paper, we focus on community-based forest management in the inner Terai region of Nepal and explore the role of community and user attributes such as group size, social heterogeneities, forest user’ perception on forests, and affiliation to the user group, in the collective action of managing community forests. Household surveys were carried out with 180 households across twelve community forest users’ groups. We first measured ethnic diversity, income inequality, landholding inequality, and user perception towards the use and management of community forests to understand their effect on the participation of forest users in the management of community forests. Our results show that among the studied variables, group size (number of forest users affiliated to the community forests) and perception of the management of their community forests are strong predictors of forest user participation in community forest management. Income inequality and ethnic diversity were found to have no significant association. Land inequality, however, was found to decrease participation in the management and use of community forests. These community and user attributes play a crucial role in the success of collective action and may vary from community to community. Hence they need to be duly considered by the practitioners prior to any community-based project interventions for stimulating successful collective action.
The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta‐analysis

Summary 1. The efficiency of agricultural subsidy programmes for preserving biodiversity and improving the environment has been questioned in recent years. Organic farming operates without pesticides, herbicides and inorganic fertilizers, and usually with a more diverse crop rotation. It has been suggested that this system enhances biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. We analysed the effects of organic farming on species richness and abundance using meta-analysis of literature published before December 2002. 2. Organic farming usually increases species richness, having on average 30% higher species richness than conventional farming systems. However, the results were variable among studies, and 16% of them actually showed a negative effect of organic farming on species richness. We therefore divided the data into different organism groups and according to the spatial scale of the study. 3. Birds, insects and plants usually showed an increased species richness in organic farming systems. However, the number of studies was low in most organism groups (range 2‐19) and there was significant heterogeneity between studies. The effect of organic farming was largest in studies performed at the plot scale. In studies at the farm scale, when organic and conventional farms were matched according to landscape structure, the effect was significant but highly heterogeneous. 4. On average, organisms were 50% more abundant in organic farming systems, but the results were highly variable between studies and organism groups. Birds, predatory insects, soil organisms and plants responded positively to organic farming, while non-predatory insects and pests did not. The positive effects of organic farming on abundance were prominent at the plot and field scales, but not for farms in matched landscapes. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results show that organic farming often has positive effects on species richness and abundance, but that its effects are likely to differ between organism groups and landscapes. We suggest that positive effects of organic farming on species richness can be expected in intensively managed agricultural landscapes, but not in small-scale landscapes comprising many other biotopes as well as agricultural fields. Measures to preserve and enhance biodiversity should be more landscape- and farmspecific than is presently the case.
Communicating Vaccination Information on Facebook Utilizing the Health Belief Model

The 2014 Disney measles outbreak brought the issue of vaccinations to the forefront of health communication across all mediums, including social media sites. While the US is considered to have one of the more successful vaccination rates globally, there remain supporters of an antivaccination movement and regions of the country with alarming rates of parents choosing not to vaccinate their children. This content analysis study of Facebook first identified the current trend of more activity amongst those who do not support the use of vaccines than those supporting vaccines. The user generated content was also evaluated for the use of mobilizing information to better understand how the social media site is utilized during an outbreak along with utilizing the Health Belief Model to identify misconceptions about vaccinations in order to establish more effective health campaigns during future outbreaks.
A thermoviscoelastic beam model for brakes

A model for the dynamic thermomechanical behavior of a viscoelastic beam which is in frictional contact with a rigid rotating wheel is presented. It describes a simple braking system in which the wheel comes to a stop as a result of the frictional traction generated by the beam. Friction is modelled with a temperature and slip rate dependent coefficient of friction. Frictional heat generation is taken into account as well as the wheel temperature evolution, and the wear of the beam's contacting end. The model is formulated as a variational inequality. A FEM numerical scheme for the model is described, implemented, and the results of numerical simulations are shown.
Colorectal Cancer Survival Disparities among Puerto Rican Hispanics: A Comparison to Racial/Ethnic Groups in the United States.

Purpose Ethnic/racial disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) survival have been well documented. However, there is limited information regarding CRC survival among Hispanic subgroups. This study reports the 5-year relative survival of Puerto Rican Hispanic (PRH) CRC patients and the relative risk of death compared to other racial/ethnic groups in the US. Methods CRC incidence data from subjects ≥50 years was obtained from the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry and the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2003. Relative survival rates were calculated using the life tables from the population of PR and SEER. A Poisson regression model was used to assess relative risk of death by stage, sex, and age. Results A total of 76,444 subjects with incident CRC were analyzed (non-Hispanic White (NHW) n=59,686; non-Hispanic black (NHB) n=7,700; US Hispanics (USH) n=5,699; PRH n=3,359). Overall and stage-specific five-year survival rates differed by race/ethnicity. When comparing PRH to the other racial/ethnic groups, PRH had the lowest survival rates in regional cancers and were the only racial/ethnic group where a marked 5-year survival advantage was observed among females (66.0%) compared to males (60.3%). A comparable and significantly higher relative risk of death of CRC was observed for PRH and NHB compared to NHW. Conclusions Our findings establish baseline CRC survival data for PRH living in Puerto Rico. The gender and racial/ethnic disparities observed in PRH compared to US mainland racial/ethnic groups warrant further investigation of the risk factors affecting this Hispanic subgroup.
Banking During Bubbles: What Difference Does it Make on Post-Bubble Lending?

This paper examines the effect of â€œaggressiveâ€ bank lending on subsequent bank relationships. The analysis is based on a unique hand collected dataset of 515 technology and non-technology firms that went public during the 1996-2000 â€œdotcomâ€ period. It examines the effect of their pre-IPO bank agreements during the subsequent contraction and relaxation of lending standards, a full cycle, up to 2007. Overall, despite the correction of â€œaggressiveâ€ bank lending to technology firms, pre-IPO lending increases the likelihood of post-IPO lending during the rest of the cycle. More specifically, and controlling for operating performance, pre-IPO â€œdotcomâ€ lending is associated to more numerous larger deals with longer maturity years after. Thus, lending exuberances seem to facilitate earlier access to bank debt and, in association with those relationships, subsequent bank borrowing once aggressive lending is corrected.