Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anxiety Disorders and Disability Secondary to Urinary Incontinence among Adults over Age 50

Objective: No previous research has investigated whether there is an association between anxiety disorders and urinary incontinence. We hypothesized that anxiety disorders would be associated with increased urinary incontinence related disability. Method: Continuing participants who were aged 50 years and older in a longitudinal study of community-dwelling adults who were initially living in East Baltimore in 1981 (n = 787). Participants were classified as incontinent if any uncontrolled urine loss within the 12 months prior to the interview was reported. Urinary incontinence related functional loss was further assessed based on a series of questions relating directly to participants' inability to engage in certain activities due to their urinary incontinence. Anxiety disorders were assessed with standardized interviews. Results: Persons meeting criteria for an anxiety disorder were no more likely to have urinary incontinence than were persons without anxiety disorders (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.36, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) [0.96, 1.93]). Among people with urinary incontinence (n = 159), persons meeting criteria for anxiety disorders in 1981 and in 1994 were much more likely to report urinary incontinence related functional impairment in 1994 (adjusted OR = 6.51, 95 percent CI [1.42, 29.86]). Conclusions: Individuals with changes in day-to-day routines or activities secondary to urinary incontinence were more likely to meet criteria for an anxiety disorder than were other older adults. Further studies must tease out the temporal relationship and whether early detection of urinary incontinence and associated anxiety improves quality of life and functioning.
Does offline market share drive online loyalty? Double jeopardy phenomenon in the context of print magazines and magazine websites

The purpose of this study is to examine loyalty towards print magazines and magazine websites among magazine website audience. We assess whether the market position in the printed magazine markets is transferred into the internet. We base our hypotheses on double jeopardy (DJ) phenomenon, and we test whether it holds for 'true loyalty', which reflects preference rather than mere habit. We found that the true loyalty towards the magazine website is driven by the market share of the print magazine. However, in the case of printed magazines, it seems that customers of magazines with lower market shares express a stronger level of true loyalty than customers of market leader magazines.
Evaluation of the Provision of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services to Young People in Wagai and Karemo Divisions, Siaya County, Kenya

Barriers related to the availability, acceptability and accessibility of sexual and reproductive health services (SRH make it difficult for young people to access and utilize (SRH) hence exposing them to unintended pregnancy, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. The study evaluates the provision of SRH services to young people in Karemo and Wagai divisions, Siaya County. It uses a cross-sectional design and focus group discussions to collect qualitative and quantitative data from 168 adolescents aged 15-19 years, 41 service providers and 23 health facilities. Findings showed that none of the 23 selected health facilities provided all 21 essential SRH services and only 30% provided more than 80% of the essential SRH services. FGD participants reported that lack of services, personnel, facility environment, and marketing and provider attitude are barriers to SRH services. Eighty percent respondents said the facilities’ environment, waiting area and location were welcoming, comfortable and convenient. Some 90% boys’ and 98.3% girls’ respondents said they would visit the facilities once more for similar or related services. The study recommended training of service providers focusing on their biases towards adolescent SRH services and, improvement of facility environment and marketing of available services.
The Danish National Birth Cohort - its background, structure and aim

Background: It is well known that the time from conception to early childhood has importance for health conditions that reach into later stages of life. Recent research supports this view, and diseases such as cardiovascular morbidity, cancer, mental illnesses, asthma, and allergy may all have component causes that act early in life. Exposures in this period, which infl uence fetal growth, cell divisions, and organ functioning, may have long-lasting impact on health and disease susceptibility. Methods: To investigate these issues the Danish National Birth Cohort (Better health for mother and child) was established. A large cohort of pregnant women with long-term follow-up of the offspring was the obvious choice because many of the exposures of interest cannot be reconstructed with sufficient validity back in time. The study needs to be large, and it is aimed to recruit 100,000 women early in pregnancy, and to continue follow-up for decades. The Nordic countries are better suited for this kind of research than most other countries because of their population-based registers on diseases, demography and social conditions, linkable at the individual level by means of the unique ID-number given to all citizens. Exposure information is mainly collected by computer-assisted telephone interviews with the women twice during pregnancy and when their children are six and 18 months old. Participants are also asked to fill in a self-administered food frequency questionnaire in mid-pregnancy. Furthermore, a biological bank has been set up with blood taken from the mother twice during pregnancy and blood from the umbilical cord taken shortly after birth. Data collection started in 1996 and the project covered all regions in Denmark in 1999. By August 2000, a total of 60,000 pregnant women had been recruited to the study. It is expected that a large number of gene-environmental hypotheses need to be based on case-control analyses within a cohort like this.
Evidence of oxygen radical injury in experimental otitis media

Free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of an increasing number of diseases and inflammatory states. They may cause tissue damage by their chemical modification of proteins, carbohydrates, nucleotides, and lipids. Lipid peroxidation occurs as a consequence of free radicals acting on the polyunsaturated fatty acids of cellular membranes. To determine if free radicals play a role in the pathogenesis of otitis media, lipid peroxides and their by‐products were assayed in the mucosa of a guinea pig model of otitis media.
SIMPLE FIELD TEST FOR DISTINGUISHING MINERALS BY ABRASION pH *

A simple field test is described for distinguishing minerals by estimating the pH of suspensions made by grinding them in water. The term abrasion pH is proposed to designate the pH values obtained by this grinding technique, which may difier from pH vaiues obtained by shaking previously ground minerals in water. Soft minerals are scratched in one or two drops of water on a streak plate for about a minute to form a milky suspension and the resulting pH of the solution estimated with indicator papers. Hard minerals and those that absorb water are ground with a few drops of water in an agate mortar for about a minute' Abrasion pH values are given for about 280 mineral species, many of them confirmed repeatedly by determinations on specimens from different localities. Abrasion pH values of minerals range from 1 to 12. Many minerals whose compositions vary because of isomorphous replacements yield a range of values that reflect the varying content of alkalior acid-forming materials, whereas minerals of fixed compositions shoi,r. Iittle variation in abrasion pH for each mineral species. Many minerals similar in appearance but differing in composition are easily distinguishable b1, the abrasion pH test, for example calcite from doloniite or magnesite, talc from pyrophyllite, and muscovite from phlogopite.
TECHNOLOGICAL OVERLAP, TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES, AND RESOURCE RECOMBINATION IN TECHNOLOGICAL ACQUISITIONS

The performance of technological acquisitions depends heavily on the overlap between the knowledge bases of the target and acquirer. We argue that overlap is best viewed as two distinct constructs: target overlap, the proportion of the target's knowledge base that the acquirer already possesses, and acquirer overlap, the proportion of the acquirer's knowledge base duplicated by the target. Each affects the value created from the firms' technological capabilities differently due to absorptive capacity, knowledge redundancy, and organizational disruption. Further, the low quantity of innovations observed in acquisitions with low target overlap may conceal an offsetting increase in their novelty. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CHEMICALLY DISTINCT NUCLEI AND OUTFLOWING SHOCKED MOLECULAR GAS IN Arp 220

We present the results of interferometric spectral line observations of Arp 220 at 3.5 mm and 1.2 mm from the Plateau de Bure Interferometer, imaging the two nuclear disks in H13CN(1–0) and (3–2), H13CO+(1–0) and (3–2), and HN13C(3–2) as well as SiO(2–1) and (6–5), HC15N(3–2), and SO(66–55). The gas traced by SiO(6–5) has a complex and extended kinematic signature including a prominent P Cygni profile, almost identical to previous observations of HCO+(3–2). Spatial offsets 0. ″1 north and south of the continuum center in the emission and absorption of the SiO(6–5) P Cygni profile in the western nucleus (WN) imply a bipolar outflow, delineating the northern and southern edges of its disk and suggesting a disk radius of ∼40 pc, consistent with that found by ALMA observations of Arp 220. We address the blending of SiO(6–5) and H13CO+(3–2) by considering two limiting cases with regards to the H13CO+ emission throughout our analysis. Large velocity gradient modeling is used to constrain the physical conditions of the gas and to infer abundance ratios in the two nuclei. Our most conservative lower limit on the [H13CN]/[H13CO+] abundance ratio is 11 in the WN, compared with 0.10 in the eastern nucleus (EN). Comparing these ratios to the literature we argue on chemical grounds for an energetically significant active galactic nucleus in the WN driving either X-ray or shock chemistry, and a dominant starburst in the EN.
The Stack Growth Function: Cache Line Reference Models

To model cache behavior in a multiprogramming environment, it is necessary to know the number of distinct lines referenced in an execution interval. The stack growth function (SGF) relates the mean number of references (or instructions) to the number of distinct lines referenced; it can be viewed as the inverse function of the mean working set size. A fast, one-pass algorithm to compute the SGF for a given referenced string is presented. SGFs measured for some 40 real programs show that a simple exponential model fits the SGFs reasonably well over a range of execution intervals. Parameters of the inverse exponential model are presented for several program mixes and cache line sizes of 32 and 64 bytes. Separate instruction and data SGFs also are examined, and execution interval distribution effects are considered. >
Possible Roles of Rutin in Buckwheat Plant

Buckwheat contains rutin, a kind of flavonol, not only in the seeds but also in the cotyledon, leaf, stem and flower. To date, several reports have been published on the physiological roles of rutin. In this review, mainly based on our recent results, we summarize the main aspects of rutin related to its possible physiological roles. The enzymes, which catalyzed a part of rutin synthesis (quercetin glycosyl transferase) and decomposition (rutinosidase), have lower Km especially for quercetin/UDP-glucose and rutin respectively compared to other similar compounds. This indicates that buckwheat developed glycosyl transferase and rutinosidase suit for rutin metabolism. The time course studies for rutin accumulation at seed ripening and leaf/cotyledon expansion show that rutin accumulation pattern is different for each organ. In seeds, rutin content per seed increases along with seed development, and mature seed contains the largest rutin concentration. In leaves, rutin content also increased along with development whereas senescent leaves contain little amount of rutin. In the cotyledon and mature leaves, rutin is distributed in the epidermis, and large amount of rutinosidase activity is present on surface of cotyledon during cotyledon expansion. In addition, rutin concentration and rutinosidase activity was increased by some stresses (UV-B radiation, cold and moisture stress) in leaves. Quercetin, the hydrolyzed moiety of rutin, possesses high antioxidant activity and the ability to be a precursor of a kind of anti fungal agents. Therefore, rutin and rutinosidase are suggested to be related to the enhancement of the defense system against stress conditions in buckwheat. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The food environment within the primary school fringe

Purpose – The school fringe environment (peripheral 400 m buffer) offers an important opportunity for young people to obtain food and drink. There is international evidence to suggest socio-economic influence on food outlet availability and healthfulness within these environments; however the situation in the UK is unclear. The purpose of this paper is to describe food outlet provision (frequency and type) within primary school fringes across the spectrum of deprivation. Design/methodology/approach – Ten primary schools in Newcastle upon Tyne were purposefully selected from a comprehensive list of all schools within the region. Two schools were chosen at random from each quintile of deprivation. A total of 400-metre buffer zones around schools were audited. School fringe food environments were classified using a Food Outlet Classification System. Access (i.e. frequency), and type of food outlets were compared to area level deprivation, obesity prevalence rates and area type. Findings – Food outlet frequen.
OsNAP connects abscisic acid and leaf senescence by fine-tuning abscisic acid biosynthesis and directly targeting senescence-associated genes in rice

Significance Premature leaf senescence is known to decrease rice yield severely, but the molecular mechanism underlying this relationship remains largely unknown. Similarly, although abscisic acid (ABA)-induced leaf senescence has long been observed, the mechanism of this pathway has yet to be determined. In this study we identified and characterized a dominant premature leaf senescence mutant, prematurely senile 1 (ps1-D). The data demonstrated both that PS1/Oryza sativa NAC (no apical meristem, Arabidopsis ATAF1/2, and cup-shaped cotyledon2)-like, activated by apetala3/pistillata (OsNAP) is an ideal marker of natural senescence onset and that it functions as an important link between ABA and leaf senescence in rice. Furthermore, reduced OsNAP expression led to extended grain filling and an improved seed-setting rate, which significantly enhanced the grain yield. Thus, fine-tuning OsNAP expression should be a means of improving rice yield. It has long been established that premature leaf senescence negatively impacts the yield stability of rice, but the underlying molecular mechanism driving this relationship remains largely unknown. Here, we identified a dominant premature leaf senescence mutant, prematurely senile 1 (ps1-D). PS1 encodes a plant-specific NAC (no apical meristem, Arabidopsis ATAF1/2, and cup-shaped cotyledon2) transcriptional activator, Oryza sativa NAC-like, activated by apetala3/pistillata (OsNAP). Overexpression of OsNAP significantly promoted senescence, whereas knockdown of OsNAP produced a marked delay of senescence, confirming the role of this gene in the development of rice senescence. OsNAP expression was tightly linked with the onset of leaf senescence in an age-dependent manner. Similarly, ChIP-PCR and yeast one-hybrid assays demonstrated that OsNAP positively regulates leaf senescence by directly targeting genes related to chlorophyll degradation and nutrient transport and other genes associated with senescence, suggesting that OsNAP is an ideal marker of senescence onset in rice. Further analysis determined that OsNAP is induced specifically by abscisic acid (ABA), whereas its expression is repressed in both aba1 and aba2, two ABA biosynthetic mutants. Moreover, ABA content is reduced significantly in ps1-D mutants, indicating a feedback repression of OsNAP on ABA biosynthesis. Our data suggest that OsNAP serves as an important link between ABA and leaf senescence. Additionally, reduced OsNAP expression leads to delayed leaf senescence and an extended grain-filling period, resulting in a 6.3% and 10.3% increase in the grain yield of two independent representative RNAi lines, respectively. Thus, fine-tuning OsNAP expression should be a useful strategy for improving rice yield in the future.
The use of foreign languages by Irish exporters

Presents the findings of a study of the use of foreign languages by Irish exporting companies. Suggests that, although a substantial majority of respondents believe that foreign language skills are very important for export success, relatively very few of them actually use foreign languages to any great extent in their day‐to‐day exporting activities. Just over half of the firms contacted claim to communicate frequently in German or French, around 20 percent in Italian or Spanish; only 7 percent use Japanese and less than 3 percent use any other foreign language on a regular basis. The specific tasks conducted in a foreign language are relatively low level basic exchanges of information in telephone calls, fax messages or routine letters rather than activities requiring higher‐level language skills such as negotiating contracts or discussing technical specifications. The implications of the research are discussed in the wider context of export promotion and development in general, and some ideas for further research on this topic are suggested.
Who Is Willing to Pay for Online Journalistic Content

While the overall readership of newspapers is growing as a result of the multiplatform reach, many online media consumers are not offered the surplus value they expect of journalistic content. Since a great deal of journalistic content published on the internet has been free of charge for years, attempting to monetarise this content is now proving complicated. This article considers the motivating factors behind attitudes towards paying for online journalistic content in different population groups. We follow two directions: attitudes towards paying for online news, and obstacles that compromise willingness to pay in different groups. The survey results and trends noticed by media organisations indicate that the public’s readiness to pay for journalistic online content is growing, albeit slowly. Based on the outcomes of various interviews we can conclude that the expectation of exclusive quality and web distinctive content are the two main reasons behind willingness to pay for online journalistic content, however, it is difficult to outline particular preference groups based on cultural, demographic, or socio-economic characteristics. This seems to be the result of audience fragmentation—the reasons behind willingness to pay for online journalistic content are hidden in the interests and preferences of small audience groups.
Aluminum Oxide Crystal Microdermabrasion: A New Technique for Treating Facial Scarring

BACKGROUND Aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion, a newly developed technique, has the advantages of less bleeding, fewer complications, better compliance, and no need for local anesthesia or high surgical skill in comparison with traditional dermabrasion. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the effectiveness of this new technique in the treatment of facial scarring. METHODS A total of 41 patients were treated by this technique during the past 2 years (July 1992 to June 1994). RESULTS All patients treated had good to excellent clinical improvement with 9.10 mean treatment sessions. CONCLUSION From our experience and results, we think aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion is a safe surgical procedure and will be a good supplement to traditional dermabrasion especially in this era of HIV infection.
Acceptance by Irish consumers of a hypothetical GM dairy spread that reduces cholesterol

Purpose – The objective of this study was to determine the level of acceptance by Irish consumers of a hypothetical genetically modified (GM) dairy spread that offered a specific, consumer‐oriented benefit, reducing cholesterol.Design/methodology/approach – Some 300 spread consumers, representative in terms of age, gender, and socio‐economic group, completed a questionnaire. Conjoint, cluster and factor analyses were among the main methods used in the analysis.Findings – The hypothetical GM product was rejected by a majority of Irish spread consumers. Cluster analysis identified four segments of consumers who differed in their purchase intentions towards such a product, depending on demographic factors, on whether they had their cholesterol level tested, on the attitudes that influenced their food choice and on their willingness to try different GM foods. Two segments were pro GM; the other two were anti.Research limitations/implications – In terms of limitations, questions about GM foods are hypothetical.
Life events and onset of a new phase in bipolar affective disorder.

BACKGROUND There is an increasing focus on the impact of psychosocial factors and stressors on the course of bipolar affective disorder. The life event research has revealed many biases and the results are conflicting. In a prospective study we examined the relationship between life events and affective phases in a group of bipolar patients with a long duration of the disease. METHODS A group of patients with at least three admissions to hospital for bipolar disorder was followed every 3 months for up to 3 years. At each examination an evaluation of affective phase was made according to the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Newcastle Depression Rating Scale and the Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Rating Scale. Moreover, the patients were rated according to the Paykel Life Events Scale. Their current medical treatment was noted. RESULTS Fifty-six patients (19 men and 37 women) were included in the study. Women experienced a significantly higher number of life events than men. In 21% of the 353 examinations of women, a new phase was preceded by life events whereas this was the case only in 8% of the 152 examinations of men. In 13% of the male examinations the patients were in a manic phase and in 5% in a depressive phase. In 5% of the female examinations the patients were in a manic phase and in 15% in a depressive phase. Half of the women's depressive phases were preceded by life events, but none of the depressive phases of men. The categories of life events preceding the depressive phases presented a significant overweight of somatic ill health and conflicts in the family. CONCLUSION We found a gender difference in the course of bipolar affective disorder, as women had a significantly higher number of depressive episodes than men and men had a higher number of manic episodes than women. In bipolar patients with long duration of disease a significant number of depressive episodes in women were preceded by negative life events. Somatic health problems and conflicts in the family were significant factors preceding new depressive phases.