Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sexually divergent expression of active and passive conditioned fear responses in rats

Traditional rodent models of Pavlovian fear conditioning assess the strength of learning by quantifying freezing responses. However, sole reliance on this measure includes the de facto assumption that any locomotor activity reflects an absence of fear. Consequently, alternative expressions of associative learning are rarely considered. Here we identify a novel, active fear response (‘darting’) that occurs primarily in female rats. In females, darting exhibits the characteristics of a learned fear behavior, appearing during the CS period as conditioning proceeds and disappearing from the CS period during extinction. This finding motivates a reinterpretation of rodent fear conditioning studies, particularly in females, and it suggests that conditioned fear behavior is more diverse than previously appreciated. Moreover, rats that darted during initial fear conditioning exhibited lower freezing during the second day of extinction testing, suggesting that females employ distinct and adaptive fear response strategies that improve long-term outcomes. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.11352. 001
Analysis of 15 different genome types of adenovirus type 7 isolated on five continents

A total of 15 different genome types of adenovirus type 7 (Ad7), i.e., Ad7p, Ad7p1, Ad7a, Ad7a1 to Ad7a5, Ad7b, Ad7c, Ad7d, Ad7d1, Ad7e, Ad7f, and Ad7g, were identified among 40 selected strains isolated in Europe, Asia, North America, South America, and Australia by using restriction endonucleases BamHI, BclI, BglI, BglII, BstEII, EcoRI, HindIII, HpaI, SalI, SmaI, XbaI, and XhoI. Eight of them, Ad7p1, Ad7a1 to Ad7a5, Ad7d1, and Ad7g, are newly discovered. All 15 genome types could be distinguished by the four restriction endonucleases BamHI, BclI, BglI, and XbaI. At least four restriction sites differed between Ad7d and Ad7g. Pairwise analyses of comigrating DNA restriction fragments of all 15 Ad7 genome types were performed and presented in a schematic fashion. According to the degree of comigration of DNA restriction fragments, the 15 genome types could be divided into three clusters. Ad7b was the dominant genome type in different parts of the world and may have evolved in China into Ad7d and further to Ad7d1.
Biochemical and Molecular Roles of Nutrients Prepartum Protein Restriction Does Not Alter Norepinephrine-Induced Thermogenesis or Brown Adipose Tissue Function in Newborn Calves

We examined the effect of prepartum protein restriction on thermogenesis and several aspects of perirenal (brown) adipose tissue (BAT) in newborn calves. Lipid synthesis and morphology also were compared between BAT and sternum (white) adipose tissue. During the last 140 d of gestation, heifers were fed isocaloric diets containing adequate (10.4%) or restricted (average of 6.8%, dry matter basis) levels of protein. Body condition scores and weight gain during gestation were significantly lower in heifers fed the restricted-protein diet. However, newborn calf birth weight, calf BAT weight and composition, and calf thermoneutral metabolic rates were not affected by prepartum protein restriction. Similarly, visceral organ weights, except for lung plus trachea, were not affected (Pú 0.10) by prepartum protein treatment. Peak metabolic rates were not affected (Pú 0.10) by prepartum protein treatment and on average were twice the thermoneutral metabolic rates. Consistent with this, BAT of calves from heifers fed adequateor restricted-protein diets did not differ in lipid synthesis, cellularity, or uncoupling protein mRNA:28S rRNA ratios. Although both perirenal and sternum adipocytes were mostly unilocular, perirenal adipocytes contained numerous large mitochondria with well-differentiated cristae; sternum adipocytes contained a small number of mitochondria with poorly developed cristae. Fatty acid biosynthesis from acetate was high in BAT (55–57 nmol acetate incorporatedr100 mgrh) but barely detectable in sternum adipose tissue. Conversely, fatty acid biosynthesis from glucose was 80–110% higher in sternum adipose tissue than in BAT (4.5 vs 2.1–2.5 nmol glucose incorporatedr100 mgrh). Thus maternal protein restriction severely affected heifers but had no effect on neonatal calf thermogenesis or BAT function. J. Nutr. 127: 1929–1937, 1997
Corneal autofluorescence: an indicator of diabetic retinopathy.

The metabolic disorder in diabetics often results in progressive retinopathy with severe visual impairment. Changes in metabolism can influence corneal autofluorescence. This has led to speculation that diabetic retinopathy might be associated with changes in corneal autofluorescence. Corneal autofluorescence of both eyes was determined by fluorophotometry in 94 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients and in 46 healthy controls to evaluate its correlation with diabetic retinopathy. The modified Airlie House classification was used for grading diabetic retinopathy: (1) no or negligible retinopathy; (2) minimal background retinopathy; (3) background retinopathy; and (4) (pre-) proliferative retinopathy. The corneal autofluorescence values of grade 1 retinopathy patients did not differ significantly from those of the healthy controls (mean +/- standard deviation in ng equivalent fluorescein/ml: 11.6 +/- 3.0 and 11.4 +/- 2.8, respectively; P = 0.8). The means of grade 2, 3, and 4 retinopathy patients (mean +/- standard deviation in ngEq fluorescein/ml: 16.2 +/- 4.4, 16.7 +/- 4.3, 20.9 +/- 5.4, respectively) were significantly higher than the means of grade 1 patients and healthy controls (P less than 0.004). The mean values of patients with grade 4 were significantly higher than those of patients with grades 2 and 3 (P less than 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of corneal autofluorescence as a screening test for diabetic retinopathy were 80% and 76%, respectively; the positive predictive value for the presence of retinopathy was 90%. The values for screening on (pre-) proliferative diabetic retinopathy were 68%, 72%, and 58%, respectively. These data show corneal autofluorescence to be an adequate indicator of diabetic retinopathy. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Long-term efficacy and safety of zolpidem extended-release 12.5 mg, administered 3 to 7 nights per week for 24 weeks, in patients with chronic primary insomnia: a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To evaluate long-term efficacy and safety of zolpidem extended-release 3 to 7 nights/week for chronic primary insomnia. DESIGN Multicenter, 25-week, phase IIIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group. SETTING Outpatient; visits every 4 weeks. PATIENTS Aged 18 to 64 years; DSM-IV criteria for chronic primary insomnia; > or =3 months of difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or experiencing nonrestorative sleep. INTERVENTIONS Single-dose zolpidem extended-release 12.5 mg (n = 669) or placebo (n = 349), self-administered from a minimum of 3 nights/week to a maximum of 7 nights/week. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Patient's Global Impression (PGI) and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) were assessed every 4 weeks up to week 24. Patient Morning Questionnaire (PMQ), recorded daily, assessed subjective sleep measures-sleep onset latency (SOL), total sleep time (TST), number of awakenings (NAW), wake time after sleep onset (WASO), and quality of sleep (QOS)-and next-day functioning. At week 12, PGI, Item 1 (aid to sleep), the primary endpoint, was scored as favorable (i.e., "helped me sleep") by 89.8% of zolpidem patients vs. 51.4% of placebo patients (P < 0.0001, based on rank score) and at week 24 by 92.3% of zolpidem extended-release patients vs. 59.7% of placebo patients. Zolpidem extended-release also was statistically significantly superior to placebo at every time point for PGI (Items 1-4) and CGI-I (P < 0.0001, rank score), TST, WASO, QOS (P < 0.0001), and SOL (P < or = 0.0014); NAW (Months 2-6; P < 0.0001). Sustained improvement (P < 0.0001, all time points) was observed in morning sleepiness and ability to concentrate (P = 0.0014, month 6) with zolpidem extended-release compared with placebo. Most frequent adverse events for zolpidem extended-release were headache, anxiety and somnolence. No rebound effect was observed during the first 3 nights of discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish the efficacy of 3 to 7 nights per week dosing of zolpidem extended-release 12.5 mg for up to 6 months. Treatment provided sustained and significant improvements in sleep onset and maintenance and also improved next-day concentration and morning sleepiness.
Ultrasonographic Anatomy of the Fetlock in Draught Horses

Objective- To describe the normal sonographic images of the soft tissues of the dorsal and palmar aspects of the fetlock region in the draught horses. Design- Descriptive study. Animals- Five clinically and radiographically normal draught male horses were used during this study. Procedures- Horses were examined both radiographic and ultrasound ante mortem and post mortem. Based on the proximal sesamoid bones the fetlock region was divided into three zones. Zone I (PSB1) located 4 cm above the sesamoid bone. Zone II (PSB II) located at the level of the sesamoid bones. Zone III (PSBIII) located distal to the sesamoid bones. Measurements of tendon and ligament structures for the three zones were determined by means of electronic calipers. Cross transverse sections for the structures of the three zones were identified. Results and Conclusion- The fetlock joint is surrounded by soft and hard tissue structures. The gross anatomical, radiographic and Ultrasonographic images were studied. The ultrasound images of the palmar and dorsal aspects were identified and reviewed. The echogenic patterns of the three zones were evaluated. This study provides a detailed knowledge on the normal ultrasound anatomy and measurements of the tendon and ligaments in the three zones. Clinical Relevance- This study is a useful value in the diagnosis of fetlock lameness under clinical conditions.
PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND PRESCRIPTION

Objective: Concurrent use of multiple drugs (polypharmacy, PP) may cause health risks such as adverse drug reactions, medication errors and poor compliance. The objective of this study, based on data from a prescription database, was to evaluate estimators of PP in the general population. Methods: Data were retrieved from Odense Pharmacoepidemiological Database (OPED) and consisted of all prescriptions in 1994 from a 10% random sample of drug users (n  26977) in the county of Funen, Denmark. For each prescription, the period of consumption was calculated by setting the duration of treatment to equal the amount of drug purchased, as measured in de®ned daily doses (DDD), thereby assuming a daily intake of one DDD. PP was de®ned as overlapping periods of consumption for dierent drugs. A Venn diagram was used to illustrate and compare this estimator of PP with two other indicators of multiple-drug use: the number of drugs purchased in 3 months and the mean number of drugs used in 1 year. A receiver operating curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the possibility of predicting episodes of PP from the number of drugs purchased in 3 months. Results: The proposed estimator of PP was robust towards changes in DDD. On an average day in 1994, the prevalence of PP was 9.9% and the standard deviation (SD) between days was 0.3%. Two to four drugs (minor PP) were used by 8.7% of the population (SD, 0.2%) and ®ve or more drugs (major PP) by 1.2% (SD, 0.1%). The number of individuals displaying PP for the ®rst time in 1994 stabilised after approximately 6 months, resulting in an incidence of major PP of 0.2% and of minor PP of 1.2% per month. For individuals exposed to PP, the median number of days of exposure was 61 and 10.5% were exposed for more than 350 days of the year. Purchase of ®ve or more drugs in the ®rst 3 months of 1994 predicted episodes of major PP in the same year with a positive predictive value of 80%. Conclusion: Epidemiological measures of multiple drug use can be estimated from data in a prescription database. From a conceptual point of view, an estimator based on the number of simultaneously used drugs (calculated from the date of purchase and the number of DDD) is preferable, but the number of drugs purchased in a 3-month period may also be a useful estimator.
Nonfinitizability of classes of representable polyadic algebras

The notion of polyadic algebra was introduced by Halmos to reflect algebraically the predicate logic without equality. Later Halmos enriched the study with the introduction of the notion of equality. These algebras are very closely related to the cylindric algebras of Tarski. The notion of diagonal free cylindric algebra predates that of cylindric algebra and is also due to Tarski. The theory of diagonal free algebras forms an important fragment of the theories of polyadic and cylindric algebras.
Supportive-expressive group therapy and distress in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a randomized clinical intervention trial.

BACKGROUND Metastatic breast cancer carries with it considerable psychosocial morbidity. Studies have shown that some patients with metastatic breast cancer experience clinically significant anxiety and depression and traumatic stress symptoms. Supportive-expressive group psychotherapy was developed to help patients with cancer face and adjust to their existential concerns, express and manage disease-related emotions, increase social support, enhance relationships with family and physicians, and improve symptom control. METHODS Of 125 women with metastatic breast cancer recruited into the study, 64 were randomized to the intervention and 61 to the control condition. Intervention women were offered 1 year of weekly supportive-expressive group therapy and educational materials. Control women received educational materials only. Participants were assessed at baseline and every 4 months during the first year. Data at baseline and from at least 1 assessment were collected from 102 participants during this 12-month period, and these participants compose the study population. RESULTS Primary analyses based on all available data indicated that participants in the treatment condition showed a significantly greater decline in traumatic stress symptoms on the Impact of Event Scale (effect size, 0.25) compared with the control condition, but there was no difference in Profile of Mood States total mood disturbance. However, when the final assessment occurring within a year of death was removed, a secondary analysis showed a significantly greater decline in total mood disturbance (effect size, 0.25) and traumatic stress symptoms (effect size, 0.33) for the treatment condition compared with the control condition. CONCLUSION Supportive-expressive therapy, with its emphasis on providing support and helping patients face and deal with their disease-related stress, can help reduce distress in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Sensory effects of transient receptor potential channel agonists on whole mouth saliva extensional rheology.

The extensional rheology (ER) of saliva is a property associated with its ability to coat surfaces and is important for the maintenance of a normal mouth feeling. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are expressed in the oral cavity and this study investigated how the sensory effects of TRP channel agonists modify the ER of saliva. Healthy volunteers rinsed with solutions containing a TRP agonist. Unstimulated whole mouth saliva (WMS) was collected prior to rinsing and WMS was collected during the first and second minutes after the mouth rinse. The Spinnbarkeit of the collected saliva was measured using a Neva Meter. The nonivamide (TRPV1) mouth rinse increased WMS ER from 37.0 (± 6.3) mm to 49.3 (± 5.1) mm when compared with the vehicle control, which itself had no effect on WMS ER. However, this effect was short-lived and ER of WMS was not increased in the second minute after the nonivamide mouth rinse. The menthol (TRPM8) mouth rinse resulted in an increase up to 57.8 (± 7.8) mm in WMS ER from the vehicle control and returned to control levels in the second minute. The cinnamaldehyde (TRPA1) mouth rinse resulted in no change in WMS ER. It can be concluded that nonivamide and menthol mouth rinsing has a short-term effect of increasing WMS ER, an effect not observed after cinnamaldehyde rinsing. We hypothesize that the activation of some TRP channels in the oral cavity results in changes in the salivary protein composition that in turn alters WMS ER. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Identifying compounds that modify the physical properties of saliva in a desirable way is important in developing treatments for conditions associated with changes in the physical properties of saliva such as xerostomia (also known as dry mouth). Furthermore, understanding the rheology of saliva contributes to the elucidation of food oral processing which is of importance to food manufacturers.
Effects of naturally acidified seawater on seagrass calcareous epibionts

Surface ocean pH is likely to decrease by up to 0.4 units by 2100 due to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere. Short-term experiments have revealed that this degree of seawater acidification can alter calcification rates in certain planktonic and benthic organisms, although the effects recorded may be shock responses and the long-term ecological effects are unknown. Here, we show the response of calcareous seagrass epibionts to elevated CO2 partial pressure in aquaria and at a volcanic vent area where seagrass habitat has been exposed to high CO2 levels for decades. Coralline algae were the dominant contributors to calcium carbonate mass on seagrass blades at normal pH but were absent from the system at mean pH 7.7 and were dissolved in aquaria enriched with CO2. In the field, bryozoans were the only calcifiers present on seagrass blades at mean pH 7.7 where the total mass of epiphytic calcium carbonate was 90 per cent lower than that at pH 8.2. These findings suggest that ocean acidification may have dramatic effects on the diversity of seagrass habitats and lead to a shift in the biogeochemical cycling of both carbon and carbonate in coastal ecosystems dominated by seagrass beds.
Peranan Anak Lelaki Sebagai Penjaga Utama Warga Tua Melayu di Luar Bandar: Kajian Kes di Daerah Jerantut, Pahang

Taraf kesihatan yang semakin baik membawa kepada meningkatnya jangka hayat dan bilangan warga tua di Malaysia. Artikel ini meninjau tentang satu aspek spesifik berkaitan pengaturan kehidupan warga tua Melayu, iaitu kecenderungan memilih untuk tinggal dengan anak lelaki berbanding tinggal dengan anak perempuan. Dengan menggunakan kawasan luar bandar dan pinggir bandar di daerah Jerantut, Pahang sebagai kajian kes, artikel ini akan mengkaji peranan anak lelaki sebagai penjaga utama warga tua, terutama warga tua yang uzur dan terlantar sakit; dan juga anak lelaki sebagai sumber kewangan yang diharapkan oleh warga tua. Kajian ini melibatkan 54 warga tua Melayu yang berumur 60 tahun dan ke atas terdiri daripada pelbagai latar belakang ekonomi. Warga tua yang tinggal bersama anak lelaki berkahwin, sama ada tinggal di rumah mereka (warga tua) atau berhijrah ke rumah anak lelaki mereka, akan dipilih sebagai responden kajian. Maklumat telah dikumpul menggunakan borang kaji selidik dan dianalisis dengan perisian Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS). Hasil kajian menunjukkan warga tua wanita lebih cenderung untuk tinggal dengan anak lelaki dewasa (anak lelaki sulung) manakala warga tua lelaki lebih cenderung untuk tinggal dengan anak lelaki bongsu. Kajian juga mendapati anak lelaki memainkan peranan penting dalam menguruskan hal ehwal penjagaan kesihatan warga tua termasuk mendapatkan rawatan di hospital. Kajian ini memberi sumbangan kepada pengetahuan tentang peranan penting anak lelaki dalam menjaga hal ehwal warga tua yang belum banyak dibincangkan dalam kajian terdahulu. Sokongan yang diperoleh daripada anak lelaki merupakan petunjuk penting dalam mengurangkan perasaan kesunyian dan seterusnya membawa kepada kesejahteraan warga tua yang tinggal di kawasan luar bandar.
Development and evaluation of Pleurotus tuber-regium-cornstarch composite as a direct compression multifunctional excipient

Aim: The aim was to develop a novel excipient from Pleurotus tuber-regium (PT)-cornstarch (CS) mixture and evaluate its multifunctional characteristics in tablet formulation. Materials and Methods: Composites were generated from dephytochemicalized PT and CS combined at 1:1 to 4:1 ratios and pregelatinized in a hot water bath at 65°C ± 2°C for 5 min. The paste was dried, pulverized, and screened through 150-μm sieve . PT-CS physical mixtures were prepared and their characteristics/functionalities in tableting chloroquine were compared to those of composites and microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel ® ). Results: PT ash value was 0.40 ± 0.09% and heavy metal contents were below official limits. PT′s differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) thermogram depicted broad melting peak at 329.5°C; this peak was attenuated by the presence of CS. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra predicted compatibility between PT and CS. Composites consolidated better and also flowed better than physical mixtures and Avicel ® . Increasing PT content enhanced the excipients′ swellabilities, and composites possessed significantly (P < 0.05) better swelling indices than Avicel ® . The composites underwent fragmentation before plastic deformation with yield pressures significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of the physical mixtures, which exhibited only plastic deformation. The mechanical properties of chloroquine tablets were acceptable, with the 1:4 (PT:CS) imparting the best properties. Mean disintegration times for the commercial comparator and Avicel ® -containing tablets were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of composites. Drug release from tablets formulated with composites were similar to the commercial comparator, but significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of Avicel ® . Conclusion: The novel composites are excellent multifunctional excipients, the best (PT:CS 1:4) one showcasing potentially better mechanical functionality than Avicel ® , a popular multifunctional excipient.
The NPI-1/NPI-3 (karyopherin alpha) binding site on the influenza a virus nucleoprotein NP is a nonconventional nuclear localization signal

Two cellular proteins, NPI-1 and NPI-3, were previously identified through their interaction with the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) by using the yeast two-hybrid system. These proteins were then shown to act as general transport factors (karyopherin alpha) and nuclear pore-docking proteins to facilitate the transport of the NP and of viral RNA into the nucleus. The yeast two-hybrid assay has now been used to identify the specific domains on the NP that bind to the NPI proteins. Mutational analysis including alanine scanning identified the motifs SxGTKRSYxxM and TKRSxxxM, which are required for binding to NPI-1 and NPI-3, respectively. These sequences were shown to possess nuclear localization signal (NLS) activity following expression of fusion proteins in HeLa cells. These sequences represent a novel nonconventional NLS motif. Another NLS activity not mediated by the NPI binding sites is associated with noncontiguous sequences in the NP.
The concentrations of water, sodium and potassium in the nucleus and cytoplasm of amphibian oocytes.

Techniques are described for the isolation of nuclei and cytoplasm from frozen amphibian oocytes at -40 °C and their analysis for water, sodium, and potassium contents. Nuclei of the 4 species studied contain 74-85% water while cytoplasm is only 35-50% water. Nuclei contain 7-17 µequiv. Na/ml H2O and 123-129 µequiv. K/ml H2O; cytoplasm contains 59-84 µequiv. Na/ml H2O and 81-94 µequiv. K/ml H2O. Mechanisms suggested to explain the observed nucleo-cytoplasmic asymmetries are the selective sequestering of sodium in the cytoplasm and a fraction of cytoplasmic water which does not act as solvent. Asymmetric cation transport by the nuclear membrane is not indicated.