Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Hierarchical Hub Covering Problem with Innovative Allocation Procedure by Covering Radiuses

Hub location problems deal with locating hub facilities in one level of services or one type of facility, but some systems are performed by several types of facilities. So this paper attempts to study the single allocation hierarchical hub covering facility location problem over complete network linking in the first level, which is consisted of hub facilities known as central hubs. In addition, the study proposes a mixed integer programming formulation and finds the location of the hubs in the second level and central hubs in the first level so that the non-hub and hub nodes allocate to the opening hub and central hub nodes. Therefore, the travel time between any origin destination pair is within a given time bound. The current study presents an innovative method for computing the values of radiuses in order to improve computational time of the model and to test the performance of the mentioned heuristic method on the CAB data set and on the Turkish network. The helpful results were obtained including: the severe reduction in the time of solution, the rational distribution of the centers for presenting results, equality (Justice) and appropriate accessibility consistent with the different levels of servicing. A computational experience was applied to Iranian hub airports location.
Environment Friendly Products: Factors that Influence the Green Purchase Intentions of Pakistani Consumers

This study examines the influence of various factors on the green purchase intentions of Pakistani consumers. To this end, a conceptual model has been proposed and subjected to empirical verification with the use of a survey. The survey results obtained in two major Pakistani cities provide reasonable support for the validity of the proposed model. Specifically, the findings from the correlation matrix, simple regression followed by multiple regression analysis confirm the influence of OGI, EK, EC and PPP&Q on consumers purchase intentions toward green products. The OGI, EK and EC, in turn, also seem to affect consumers green purchase intentions via the moderating role of PPP&Q of a green product. Although the present findings provide a better understanding of the process and significant antecedents of green purchasing intentions, this also highlights one area for more thorough investigation. This is the significant moderating role of PPP&Q variables in consumers’ green purchasing process. As the findings suggest that respondents have a high positive attitude regarding green products and are ready to buy green products more often, but as for as the product price and quality are concerned, green products must perform competitively just like the traditional products. This study also discusses how the present findings may help the Pakistani government and green marketers to fine-tune their environmental programs.
Graduates, Dropouts and Slow Finishers: The Effects of Credit Constraints on University Outcomes

The effect of credit constraints on university outcomes is studied. Credit constraints have a negative relationship with dropout, especially on lower achieving high school graduates. Credit constrained students with strong high school achievement are 13–15% more (less) likely to graduate (be slow finishers) relative to otherwise similar students who are potentially or unlikely constrained. Using competing risk analysis, we find dropout is most likely in the first year of study and falls over time for all students. After 3 years of study, the risk of dropout increases for students who are constrained suggesting constraints may eventually bind on these students.
Numerical Investigations and Analysis of Cu2ZnSnS4 Based Solar Cells by SCAPS-1D

This paper reports numerical investigation, using SCAPS-1D program, of the influence of Cu2ZnSnS4 (the so-called CZTS) material features such as thickness, holes, and defects densities on the performances of ZnO:Al/i-ZnO/CdS/CZTS/Mo solar cells structure. We found that the electrical parameters are seriously affected, when the absorber thickness is lower than 600 nm, mainly due to recombination at CZTS/Molybdenum interface that causes the short-circuit current density loss of 3.6 mA/cm2. An additional source of recombination, inside the absorber layer, affects the short-circuit current density and produces a loss of about 2.1 mA/cm2 above this range of absorber thickness. The characteristic shows that the performance of the device is also limited by a double diode behavior. This effect is reduced when the absorber layer is skinny. Our investigations showed that, for solar cells having a CZTS absorber layer of thin thickness and high-quality materials (defects density ~1015 cm−3), doping less than 1016 cm−3 is especially beneficial. Such CZTS based solar cell devices could lead to conversion efficiencies higher than 15% and to improvement of about 100 mV on the open-circuit voltage value. Our results are in conformity with experimental reports existing in the literature.
Improvement of short-circuit current density in p-Ni 1-x : Li/n-Si heterojunction solar cells by wet chemical etching

This study confirms that the surface texturation of window layer (Al-Y codoped ZnO) etched by diluted HCl effectively increases conversion efficiency of p-Ni1-x O:Li/n-Si heterojunction solar cells. The results show that the short circuit current density (Jsc) of cell etched at 10 s increases about 8.5% compared to unetched cell, which also corresponds to the increase of efficient photoelectric conversion in NIR region as shown in external quantum efficiency spectra. It is attributed to the increase of light transmittance of AZOY thin films in the NIR region and the effective light path of the NIR wavelength, which results in increasing of light absorption in the base layer.
On studying policy successes in Australia and New Zealand

Through public policies, governments have enormous potential to shape the lives of their citizens. Actions taken at any given time can affect both present conditions and future trajectories. Much is at stake when new public policies are forged or when established ones are reformed. Since the development of Australia and New Zealand in the nineteenth century as outposts of the British Empire, successive governments in both countries have progressively shaped independent identities for these nations and their populations. Australia and New Zealand have emerged as nations willing to engage in much public policy experimentation. As a result, both countries have together amassed a rich body of experience in public policy development that resonates with policy developments in Europe, Scandinavia and North America. Along the way, members of the policymaking communities in both countries have kept up a lively, mutually beneficial trade in policy ideas, policy emulation and lesson-drawing.
The relevance of non-formal Biology Olympiad training for upper secondary school students

Science competitions, such as the International Biology Olympiad, are non-formal education targeted to upper secondary school students with high abilities. However, there is little knowledge about what is the relevance of training for a science competition. In this study, Finnish Biology Olympiad training participants were researched in the context of relevance of science education. In total, 28 students filled in questionnaires and participated in interviews. It was found out that the students experienced the training to be especially individually relevant for them, and there was no significant difference between genders. Based on the results, vocational and societal topics should be taken into more account in designing Olympiad trainings.
The Correlation among Teachers' Expectations and Students' Motivation, Academic Self Concept and Academic Achievement

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships that exist among teachers’ expectations and other student related variables and it also intended to inspect whether there are significant differences between male and female students in the way they perceive their teachers’ expectations, and in their motivation, academic self-concept and academic achievement. Perceptions of teachers’ expectations scale with reliability of 0.792, motivation scale with reliability of 0.879, and academic self concept scale with reliability of 0.833 were administered and Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and independent sample t-test were employed to analyze the data. The correlation results showed statistically significant relationships among the variables at the 0.05 alpha levels, with the exception of the relationship of sex with academic self concept and motivation; and the relationships of motivation and perceptions of teachers’ expectations with academic achievement of students. The results of independent sample t-test also showed that there were significant mean differences in academic achievement and perceptions of teachers’ expectations between male and female students. Boys achieved higher mean achievement scores while girls claimed higher level of teachers’ expectations (i.e. favorable expectation) than boys. But, no significance mean differences in motivation and academic self concept were observed between male and female students. Lastly, based on the results of the study implications were discussed and recommendations to solve the problem were forwarded. Key w ords : Students’ perceptions, Teachers’ expectations, Motivation, Academic Self- concept, Academic achievement.
A Motivational Profile of Nurses Pursuing Doctoral Education

Background: Presently, less than 1% of the nursing workforce possesses a doctoral degree. Characteristics of nurses who seek doctoral education are poorly understood. This research describes the motivational orientation and factors of Registered Nurses (RN’s) pursuing doctoral education. Methods: A descriptive correlational design was utilized to examine concepts relating to the motivational orientation of Registered Nurses (RN’s) pursuing doctoral education. Participants included (1) RN’s seeking the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD); and (2) RN’s pursuing the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP). A total of 178 RN’s comprised the final sample. Results: Results of the study indicated that participants self-identified with the motivational orientation of intrinsic motivation-to know, a self-determined motivational orientation. Positive correlates included geographical locale, age and race. Conclusion: The innate benefits perceived by RN’s as reflected in the intrinsically motivated orientation provides insight into potential innovative strategies to recruit and retain RN’s seeking doctoral degrees.
Burning Velocities of Marginally Flammable Refrigerant-Air Mixtures | NIST

Refrigerant working fluids have been predicted to be large contributors to the increase in radiative forcing of the earth. Consequently, existing compounds will soon be phased out. Low-GWP replacements exist, but they tend to be mildly flammable, and there is a need to understand their flammability properties so that effective building codes and standards can be written to address their application. The burning velocities of interest are in the range of 1 cm/s to 10 cm/s, and hence are challenging to measure. To understand the challenges and properties of the new agents, experimental measurements and numerical predictions have been made for representative refrigerant-air mixtures. Burning velocities were measured using a constant pressure spherical chamber with highspeed imaging of the shadowgraph image of the propagating spherical flame. The flame propagation rate as a function of flame radius was used to estimate the effects of stretch, and to determine the un-stretched laminar burning velocity. For comparison, the burning velocity was also predicted numerically using a detailed kinetic mechanism for hydrofluorocarbon combustion developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Examining Information Technology Acceptance by Individual Professionals

The mixed results of information technology (IT) investment have made the investigation of user acceptance of IT increasingly challenging. A growing body of research in user acceptance of IT literature has limited focus on individual professionals as target users. Therefore, this research investigates how external variables, namely individual differences and system characteristics influence lecturers as individual professionals to accept the internet technology. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) are used as the main reference in this research. Findings of this research indicate that individual differences (computer self-efficacy, knowledge of search domain) and system characteristics (terminology, screen design, relevance) have indirect impact through perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and attitude on lecturers’ intention to use the internet. Specifically, computer self-efficacy and screen design have direct and indirect impact on intention. One issue concerning with the explanatory power of the proposed research model, which is based on TAM and TPB, compared to the rival model, which is called extended TAM, is also analyzed.
Government and Central Bank Interaction Under Uncertainty: A Differential Games Approach

Today, debt stabilization in an uncertain environment is an important issue. In particular, the question how fiscal and monetary authorities should deal with this uncertainty is very important. Especially for some developing countries such as Iran, in which on average 60 percent of government revenues comes from oil, and consequently uncertainty about oil prices has a large effect on budget planning, this is an important question. For this reason, we extend in this paper the well-known debt stabilization game introduced by Tabellini (1986). We incorporate deterministic noise into that framework. We solve this extended game under a Non-cooperative, Cooperative and Stackelberg setting assuming a feedback information structure. The main result shows that under all three regimes, more active policies are used to track debt to its equilibrium level and this equilibrium level becomes smaller, the more fiscal and monetary authorities are concerned about noise. Furthermore, the best-response policy configuration if policymakers are confronted with uncertainty seems to depend on the level of anticipated uncertainty.
Inclination of magnetic fields and flows in sunspot penumbrae

An observational study of the inclination of magnetic fields and flows in sunspot penumbrae at a spatial resolution of 0. �� 2 is presented. The analysis is based on longitudinal magnetograms and Dopplergrams obtained with the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope on La Palma using the Lockheed Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter birefringent filter. Data from two sunspots observed at several heliocentric angles between 12 ◦ and 39 ◦ were analyzed. We find that the magnetic field at the level of the formation of the Fe -line wing (630.25 nm) is in the form of coherent structures that extend radially over nearly the entire penumbra giving the impression of vertical sheet-like structures. The inclination of the field varies up to 45 ◦ over azimuthal distances close to the resolution limit of the magnetograms. Dark penumbral cores, and their extensions into the outer penumbra, are prominent features associated with the more horizontal component of the magnetic field. The inclination of this dark penumbral component - designated B - increases outwards from approximately 40 ◦ in the inner penumbra such that the field lines are nearly horizontal or even return to the solar surface already in the middle penumbra. The bright component of filaments - designated A - is associated with the more vertical component of the magnetic field and has an inclination with respect to the normal of about 35 ◦ in the inner penumbra, increasing to about 60 ◦ towards the outer boundary. The magnetogram signal is lower in the dark component B regions than in the bright component A regions of the penumbral filaments. The measured rapid azimuthal variation of the magnetogram signal is interpreted as being caused by combined fluctuations of inclination and magnetic field strength. The Dopplergrams show that the velocity field associated with penumbral component B is roughly aligned with the magnetic field while component A flows are more horizontal than the magnetic field. The observations give general support to fluted and uncombed models of the penumbra. The long-lived nature of the dark-cored filaments makes it difficult to interpret these as evidence for convective exchange of flux tubes. Our observations are in broad agreement with the two component model of Bellot Rubio et al. (2003), but do not rule out the embedded flux tube model of Solanki & Montavon (1993).
Research article PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PCB 126 ON KIDNEY TISSUE OF PUNTIUS TICTO (HAM.)

Chronic exposure of the fish Puntius ticto to sub lethal concentration of the compound PCB 126 for a prolonged period of 30 days showed visible and serious effects on the kidney tissues. A comparative histological study of the extent of pathology was carried out by collection of tissue samples on every 10 th day of exposure.
A Family of Elliptic Curves with a Lower Bound on 2-Selmer Ranks of Quadratic Twists

For any number field K with a complex place, we present an infinite family of elliptic curves defined over K such that $dim \mathbb{F}_2 Sel_2(E^F/K) \ge dim \mathbb{F}_2 E^F(K)[2] + r_2$ for every quadratic twist E^F of every curve E in this family, where r_2 is the number of complex places of K. This provides a counterexample to a conjecture appearing in work of Mazur and Rubin.
Evaluating the effectiveness of flood damage mitigation measures by the application of propensity score matching

Abstract. The employment of damage mitigation measures (DMMs) by individuals is an important component of integrated flood risk management. In order to promote efficient damage mitigation measures, accurate estimates of their damage mitigation potential are required. That is, for correctly assessing the damage mitigation measures' effectiveness from survey data, one needs to control for sources of bias. A biased estimate can occur if risk characteristics differ between individuals who have, or have not, implemented mitigation measures. This study removed this bias by applying an econometric evaluation technique called propensity score matching (PSM) to a survey of German households along three major rivers that were flooded in 2002, 2005, and 2006. The application of this method detected substantial overestimates of mitigation measures' effectiveness if bias is not controlled for, ranging from nearly EUR 1700 to 15 000 per measure. Bias-corrected effectiveness estimates of several mitigation measures show that these measures are still very effective since they prevent between EUR 6700 and 14 000 of flood damage per flood event. This study concludes with four main recommendations regarding how to better apply propensity score matching in future studies, and makes several policy recommendations.
The Myth of the Philandering Man and the Crafty Woman

The monogamous human mating system arises from a unique psychological experience (i.e. falling in love), in which both partners make a conscious decision to choose a mate and establish a long-term relationship (a pair bond); this provides both intensive and extensive care for their offspring through most of their life. It is a trait particular to humans and one that generates both wonder and incredulity. A number of scholars, however, support a converse view where monogamy is merely an appearance they argue that sexual infidelity is rampant with both partners. Nevertheless, on reviewing the evidence, it is clear that the expectations (or predictions) from the extended sexual infidelity hypothesis are not met; instead, the results are compatible with the sexually faithful human pair bond. It is concluded that most human mating behavior is dominated by ‘caring and faithful’ women and men. A host of other sexual behaviors are present in humans but these are secondary and elicited by infrequent or rare circumstances.
On the use of biorthogonality relations in the solution of some boundary value problems for the biharmonic equation

Let a function amp;psi;(x,y), biharmonic in the semi-infinite strip {-1/2amp;lt;xamp;lt;1/2,yamp;lt;0}, be such that the function and its normal derivative vanish on the side walls x=amp;plusmn;1/2. We consider the problem of determining this function when we are given amp;psi;(x,0) and amp;nabla;lt;supgt;2lt;/supgt;amp;psi;(x,0) on the short edge y=0. First, we give a direct method of obtaining a biorthogonality relation among the eigenfunctions and then give a formal solution of the boundary value problem using this relation. Next we show that if we attempt to use this solution using a finite number of terms of the series, it is inferior to a solution where the expansion coefficients are calculating using a least squares procedure. This is a surprising result considering that for Fourier series, the Fourier coefficients are always optimal
Effects of catalyst film thickness on plasma-enhanced carbon nanotube growth

A systematic study is presented of the influence of catalyst film thickness on carbon nanostructures grown by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition from acetylene and ammonia mixtures. We show that reducing the Fe∕Co catalyst film thickness below 3nm causes a transition from larger diameter (>40nm), bamboolike carbon nanofibers to small diameter (∼5nm) multiwalled nanotubes with two to five walls. This is accompanied by a more than 50 times faster growth rate and a faster catalyst poisoning. Thin Ni catalyst films only trigger such a growth transition when pretreated with an ammonia plasma. We observe a limited correlation between this growth transition and the coarsening of the catalyst film before deposition. For a growth temperature of ⩽550°C, all catalysts showed mainly a tip growth regime and a similar activity on untreated silicon, oxidized silicon, and silicon nitride support.
Conceptualising 'value for the customer': an attributional, structural and dispositional analysis

Tony Woodall is Senior Lecturer in Quality Management and Marketing, Department of Strategic Management and Marketing, Nottingham Business School, The Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham, United Kingdom, NG1 4BU. E-mail: tony.woodall@ntu.ac. uk, telephone: +44(0)115 8484313, facsimile: +44(0)115 8486420. The author would like to extend his thanks to the Editor and the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments and advice.