Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Title: Spatial Tuning to Sound Source Azimuth in the Inferior Colliculus of the Unanesthetized Rabbit. 2

41 Despite decades of research devoted to the study of inferior colliculus (IC) neurons’ tuning to 42 sound-source azimuth, there remain many unanswered questions because no previous study examined 43 azimuth tuning over a full range of 360° azimuths at a wide range of stimulus levels in an unanesthetized 44 preparation. Furthermore, a comparison of azimuth tuning to binaural and contralateral-ear stimulation 45 over ranges of full azimuths and widely varying stimulus levels was not previously reported. To fill this 46 void, we conducted a study of azimuth tuning in the IC of the unanesthetized rabbit over a 300° range of 47 azimuths at stimulus levels of 10-50 dB re: neural threshold to both binaural and contralateral-ear 48 stimulation using virtual auditory space VAS stimuli. This study provides systematic evidence for neural 49 coding of azimuth. We found the following: 1. Level tolerant azimuth tuning was observed in top 35% 50 regarding vector strength and in the top 15% regarding vector angle of IC neurons. 2. Preserved 51 azimuth tuning to binaural stimulation at high stimulus levels was created as a consequence of binaural 52 facilitation in the contralateral sound field and binaural suppression in the ipsilateral sound field. 3. The 53 direction of azimuth tuning to binaural stimulation was primarily in the contralateral sound field and its 54 center shifted laterally towards -90° with increasing stimulus level. 4. At 10 dB, azimuth tuning to 55 binaural and contralateral stimulation was similar indicating that it was mediated by monaural 56 mechanisms. 5. At higher stimulus levels azimuth tuning to contralateral-ear stimulation was severely 57 degraded. These findings form a foundation for understanding neural mechanisms of localizing sound58 source azimuth. 59 60 6
A Comprehensive Survey of Data Mining-based Fraud Detection Research

This survey paper categorises, compares, and summarises from almost all published technical and review articles in automated fraud detection within the last 10 years. It defines the professional fraudster, formalises the main types and subtypes of known fraud, and presents the nature of data evidence collected within affected industries. Within the business context of mining the data to achieve higher cost savings, this research presents methods and techniques together with their problems. Compared to all related reviews on fraud detection, this survey covers much more technical articles and is the only one, to the best of our knowledge, which proposes alternative data and solutions from related domains.
GENDER DIFFERENCE IN RURAL URBAN EDUCATION IN NEPAL

Using Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS 2003/04), this paper attempts to explore find the differences in education between men and women in urban and rural Nepal. Result shows that the urban populations have higher education compared to rural. Average years of schooling in urban Nepal were more than two times for both men and women; the gap in years of schooling between men and women is smaller in urban area compared to rural. In both rural and urban areas, the differences in education between men and women were smaller among the younger age group while it was higher for the older age groups. Probit model shows that the gender and location (urban/rural) area are significant determinants of schooling.
A Gravitational Lens Solution for the IRAS Galaxy FSC 10214+4724

We show that the z = 2.3 IRAS source FSC 10214+4724 is gravitationally lensed by an intervening elliptical galaxy. Its many anomalous properties can be explained if the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region of the source is much more magnified than its outer regions. We uncover a small counterimage to the arc adjacent to the lensing galaxy, as predicted by our lens model. A redshift of unity for the lens is suggested by a red component in the observed spectrum, yielding a lensing mass interior to the critical radius of M(r < 3 kpc) ≈ 1011 M☉, consistent with an ordinary massive galaxy. We present new high-resolution optical images which show a thin arc of emission, implying that the optical source is compact (less than 0.5 kpc) and highly magnified (more than 20 times). Since the optical emission is known to be strongly polarized and Seyfert 2, we propose that the optical arc is a highly magnified image of the inner “mirror” region of an obscured AGN. The central obscuring “torus” will be similarly magnified, naturally accounting for the large IR flux. We propose that cases like F10214 represent the obscured AGN counterparts to the lensed QSO population, and find that the probability of finding objects like F10214 in IRAS redshift surveys is reasonably large.
Loglinear Rasch Model Tests

Existing statistical tests for the fit of the Rasch model have been criticized, because they are only sensitive to specific violations of its assumptions. Contingency table methods using loglinear models have been used to test various psychometric models. In this paper, the assumptions of the Rasch model are discussed and the Rasch model is reformulated as a quasi-independence model. The model is a quasi-loglinear model for the incomplete subgroup x score x item 1 x item 2 x . x item k contingency table. Using ordinary contingency table methods the Rasch model can be tested generally or against less restrictive quasi-loglinear models to investigate specific violations of its assumptions.
Nanostructures in environmental pollution detection , monitoring , and remediation

We present preliminary results of our joint investigations to monitor and mitigate environmental pollution, a leading contributor to chronic and deadly health disorders and diseases affecting millions of people each year. Using nanotechnology-based gas sensors; pollution is monitored at several ground stations. The sensor unit is portable, provides instantaneous ground pollution concentrations accurately, and can be readily deployed to disseminate real-time pollution data to a web server providing a topological overview of monitored locations. We are also employing remote sensing technologies with high-spatial and spectral resolution to model urban pollution using satellite images and image processing. One of the objectives of this investigation is to develop a unique capability to acquire, display and assimilate these valuable sources of data to accurately assess urban pollution by real-time monitoring using commercial sensors fabricated using nanofabrication technologies and satellite imagery. This integrated tool will be beneficial towards prediction processes to support public awareness and establish policy priorities for air quality in polluted areas. The complex nature of environmental pollution data mining requires computing technologies that integrate multiple sources and repositories of data over multiple networking systems and platforms that must be accurate, secure, and reliable. An evaluation of information security risks and strategies within an environmental information system is presented. In addition to air pollution, we explore the efficacy of nanostructured materials in the detection and remediation of water pollution. We present our results of sorption on advanced nanomaterials-based sorbents that have been found effective in the removal of cadmium and arsenic from water streams. r 2006 NIMS and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Uso de esgoto doméstico tratado na irrigação da cultura da melancia

REGO, J. L. et al. Uso de esgoto domestico tratado na irrigacao da cultura da melancia. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental, [s.l. ], v. 1, p. 155-159, 2005.
Eficacia del protocolo automático de destete (SmartCare®) comparado con protocolos no automatizados en la desconexión de la ventilación mecánica en pacientes adultos de la unidad de cuidados intensivos

Antecedentes: La desconexion de la ventilacion mecanica ocupa hasta 40% del tiempo de la ventilacion mecanica. Con los nuevos ventiladores de cuarta generacion vinieron algunos metodos de destete automatico basados en mediciones de dinamica respiratoria del paciente para ajustar la demanda ventilatoria del sujeto, teniendo como objetivo que la transicion sea mas confortable y de forma precoz e intentar que la extubacion no sea fallida. En este estudio se comparan los protocolos habituales de extubacion con un protocolo automatizado. Metodos: Se realizo un ensayo clinico controlado y abierto en el que se aleatorizaron a los pacientes en tres grupos al momento de ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI): grupo S correspondiente al metodo automatico SmartCare®, grupo P que corresponde al metodo no automatico de Presion Soporte y grupo T del metodo no automatico de destete de Pieza en T, hasta completar 30 pacientes en cada grupo. Al ingreso se tomaron los datos demograficos y se aplicaron las escalas de gravedad. Todos los pacientes recibieron ventilacion con el ventilador modelo Draeger Evita Xl®. Al decidir el destete de la ventilacion se midieron las variables hemodinamicas y respiratorias en cinco tiempos y se determino como exito del destete una vez que el paciente cumplio 48 horas sin ningun tipo de soporte mecanico ventilatorio invasivo o no invasivo. Resultados: La media de tiempo para el destete del grupo S fue de 93 ± 12 minutos, grupo P de 189 ± 21 minutos y el grupo T de 198 ± 17 minutos, al comparar los resultados se encontraron diferencias significativas (p = 0.002). Hay una disminucion en el tiempo de destete de 50.7% cuando se comparo SmartCare® con Presion Soporte y una reduccion de 53% cuando se comparo con el grupo de Pieza en T. Conclusion: El protocolo automatico de destete SmartCare® es mas eficaz que los metodos no automatizados «Presion Soporte» y «Pieza en T» en el re
A Universal Decline Law of Classical Novae. III. GQ Muscae 1983

We present a unified model of infrared (IR), optical, ultraviolet (UV), and X-ray light curves for the 1983 outburst of GQ Muscae (Nova Muscae 1983) and estimate its white dwarf (WD) mass. Based on an optically thick wind model of nova outbursts, we model the optical and IR light curves with free-free emission, and the UV 1455 Å and supersoft X-ray light curves with blackbody emission. The best-fit model that simultaneously reproduces the IR, optical, UV 1455 Å, and supersoft X-ray observations is a 0.7 ± 0.05 M☉ WD with an assumed chemical composition of the envelope of X = 0.35–0.55, XCNO = 0.2–0.35, and Z = 0.02 by mass weight. The mass lost by the wind is estimated to be Δ Mwind ∼ 2 × 10−5 M☉. We provide a new determination of the reddening, E(B − V) = 0.55 ± 0.05, and of the distance, ~5 kpc. Finally, we discuss the strong UV flash that took place on JD 2,445,499 (151 days after the outburst).
First Record of the Spectacled Caiman Caiman c. crocodilus for Chacachacare, Bocas Islands, Trinidad and Tobago

The spectacled caiman Caiman c. crocodilus is a common resident of Trinidad and Tobago that occasionally wanders out to sea and has been reported as a waif in the easternmost Bocas Islands of Monos and Gaspar Grande (Murphy 1997). Here we document the first record from Chacachacare, the westernmost of Trinidad's Bocas Islands, where it has not been reported previously (Lall and Hayes 2000).
Pengaruh pendekatan problem posing terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa berdasarkan gaya kognitif

[Bahasa]: Penelitian eksperimen ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: 1) perbedaan prestasi belajar matematika siswa antara siswa yang bergaya kognitif field independent diajar dengan pendekatan problem posing dan siswa diajar yang dengan pendekatan konvensional; 2) perbedaan prestasi belajar matematika siswa antara siswa bergaya kognitif field dependent yang diajar dengan pendekatan problem posing dan siswa yang diajar dengan pendekatan konvensional; dan 3) interaksi antara pendekatan pembelajaran dengan gaya kognitif terhadap prestasi belajar siswa. Instrumen penelitian yaitu lembar observasi aktivitas guru, lembar observasi aktivitas siswa, instrumen GEFT, dan angket respon siswa. Analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan inferensial dengan bantuan SPSS versi 16,0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prestasi belajar matematika siswa yang bergaya kognitif field independent yang diajar dengan pendekatan problem posing lebih baik dari prestasi belajar siswa yang diajar dengan pendekatan konvensional, ada perbedaan prestasi belajar matematika siswa yang mempunyai gaya kognitif field dependent yang diajar dengan pendekatan problem posing dan prestasi belajar matematika siswa yang diajar dengan pendekatan konvensional, dan tidak ada interaksi antara pendekatan problem posing dan gaya kognitif terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa. [English]: This experimental research aims to find out: 1) the difference of mathematics achievement of students who have field-independent cognitive style taught with problem posing and conventional approach; 2) the difference of mathematics achievement of students who have field-dependent cognitive style taught with problem posing and conventional approach; and 3) interaction between learning approach and cognitive style towards students’ mathematics achievement. The instruments of this research are teacher’s observation sheet, students’ activity observation sheet, GEFT instrument, and the questionnaire of students’ response. Research data is analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 16,0. The research found that mathematics achievement of students who have field-independent taught with problem posing is better than those who taught with conventional approach, field-dependent students have different mathematics achievement that taught with problem posing and conventional approach, and there is no interaction between problem posing approach and cognitive style towards mathematics achievement of students.
Balanced Presentations of the Trivial Group and 4-dimensional Geometry

We prove that: (1) There exist infinitely many nontrivial codimension one “thick” knots in ℝ5; (2) For each closed four-dimensional smooth manifold M and for each sufficiently small positive ϵ the set of isometry classes of Riemannian metrics with volume equal to 1 and injectivity radius greater than ϵ is disconnected; and (3) For each closed four-dimensional PL-manifold M and any m there exist arbitrarily large values of N such that some two triangulations of M with < N simplices cannot be connected by any sequence of < Mm(N) bistellar transformations, where Mm(N) = exp(exp(⋯exp(N))) (m times).
Short Communication: Nonprogressive HIV-1 Infection Is Associated with Expansion of IL-21R Expressing Class-Switched Memory B Cells

: HIV perturbs the functionality of B cells resulting in defective humoral responses. As efficient humoral immune responses are important in controlling HIV-disease progression, we characterized the memory B cell population for its subsets and their activation (CD38 expression) and functional [interleukin (IL)-21R expression] profile in individuals with nonprogressive [long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs), N = 16] and progressive HIV disease (progressors, N = 16) along with 10 HIV uninfected healthy controls (HCs). The frequencies of total memory B cells were similar in HCs and HIV-infected individuals, whereas the frequencies of unswitched memory B (UMB) cells and CD38+ UMB cells were significantly higher in progressors than LTNPs and HCs (p < .03). LTNPs showed higher frequencies of class-switched memory B (SMB) cells and IL-21R expressing SMB cells than seen in progressors (p = .019), which were similar to that seen in HCs. The %UMB cells correlated inversely (p = .0002, r = -0.6053) and %SMB cells correlated positively (p = .0005, r = 0.5804) with CD4 count. IL-21/IL-21R interaction is required for class switching of B cells and differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. The higher expression of IL-21R on class SMB cells from LTNPs might be resulting in efficient plasma cell differentiation and the functional humoral immune response that might be responsible for mounting efficient antibody response against the encountered infections. The more insights in this area might be required to further understand the role of IL-21R expressing class SMB cells in HIV infection.
INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY IN THE PRESENCE OF RESTRICTIONS

We consider as a measure of efficiency the wealth compensative variation necessary to make the investor indifferent between the observed investment and the optimal restricted portfolio. We derive the asymptotic distribution of this measure, its finite sample properties, and propose an efficiency test. We suggest a procedure to estimate the implicit risk aversion as the level for which the wealth loss is minimized. In our illustrative empirical application we consider two mean-variance inefficient strategies to show that for reasonable levels of RRA we cannot reject the hypothesis that these investments are consistent with an optimizing behavior. JEL classification codes: C12, C15, G11.
POLITICAL AGENCY AND INSTITUTIONS : EXPLAINING THE INFLUENCE OF LEFT GOVERNMENT AND WAGE BARGAINING ON INEQUALITY

In this paper I argue that to understand the relationship between partisan government and any economic outcome two fundamental things need to be done: to separate the effects of partisanship on policy and of policy on the economy; and to assess the influence of political agency once the mediating role of institutions is accounted for. The main goal of this paper is to explore the relationship between government partisanship, policy and inequality at the lower half of the wage distribution. The analysis is motivated by a puzzling finding in previous work: the absence of government partisanship effects on inequality. I explain why some institutions mitigate (or magnify) the influence of government partisanship. By explicitly exploring the determinants of policy and inequality, my paper presents a more accurate analysis of how governments promote redistribution. I test my claims with data from 16 OECD countries from 1973 to 1995. 2 It is well known that wage inequality has increased dramatically in the United States over the last three decades. From 1973 to 1998, the hourly earnings of a full-time worker in the 90th percentile of the American distribution (someone whose earnings exceeded those of 90 per cent of all workers) relative to a worker in the tenth percentile grew by 25 per cent, and the corresponding figure for men only was nearly 40 per cent. Wage inequality has increased in most other OECD countries as well, but the extent of this phenomenon varies a great deal. Cross-national differences in levels of wage inequality, in fact, remain as great as they were in the 1970s. In the US, the worker in the 90th percentile earned 4.63 times as much as the worker in the tenth percentile in 1996. In Sweden, on the other hand, a worker in the 90th percentile earned only 2.27 times as much as the worker in the tenth percentile. Inequality is frequently invoked as an explanation of a number of crucial issues in political science. It is often considered a determinant of processes as diverse as the decline Lichbach 1989 for a review). At the same time, recent work by labor economists demonstrates that supply and demand factors alone cannot account for cross-national and Smeeding 1997). Most analysts would agree that political factors influence inequality in fundamental ways. Because inequality has political determinants and political consequences, it deserves to be a central concern of comparative political economy. Issues having …
Compliance With Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy in Patients Diagnosed With High-Tone Pelvic Floor Disorders.

OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to describe patient compliance with pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) for high-tone pelvic floor disorders (HTPFD) and to compare patients who are compliant with prescribed therapy to those who are not. The secondary objective is to describe second-line treatments offered for HTPFD for returning patients. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of women with a HTPFD who were prescribed PFPT at a tertiary care referral center. Patients were excluded if they had a primary diagnosis of urinary incontinence, had undergone prior PFPT, or if PFPT was part of preoperative planning. Noncompliance with PFPT was defined as not being formally discharged from therapy by the treating therapist. RESULTS Data on PFPT compliance were available for 662 patients (87.3%). A total of 128 patients (19.4%) were fully compliant. Noncompliant patients were more likely to smoke and to have mental health disease compared with compliant patients (18% vs 8.7%, P = 0.01, and 50.4% vs 37.5%, P = 0.009, respectively). A total of 285 patients (43.1%) returned to their prescribing provider. Noncompliant patients were less likely to return to their provider: 63.4% versus 29.7%, P = <0.0001. Of the patients who returned, 183 (64.2%) were offered second-line treatment. CONCLUSIONS Only 1 in 5 patients referred to PFPT for management of a high-tone pelvic floor disorder is compliant with the recommended therapy. Patients who are noncompliant are less likely to return to their prescribing provider, and less than half of referred patients return. Sixty percent of patients who return are offered second-line treatment.
Cost-of-illness study for non-small-cell lung cancer using real-world data.

Background With recent advances in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc) and current fiscal constraints within publicly funded health care systems, understanding the real-world economic effect of lung cancer management has become important. The objective of the present study was to determine the costs and resources used in the management of nsclc cohorts in Ontario. Methods Patients diagnosed between 1 April 2010 and 31 March 2015 were identified in the Ontario Cancer Registry and linked to provincial administrative databases, capturing resources such as hospitalizations, cancer clinic visits, physician services, and systemic therapies or radiotherapy. A cost-of-illness analysis using a bottom-up approach and the GETCOST macro available at ices determined the overall total and mean costs in 2017 Canadian dollars. Resource utilization results were analyzed according to the total number of encounters per resource, the number of patients using each resource, and the number of encounters per patient. A separate cost-and-resource analysis was conducted for radiotherapy. Results The 24,729 nsclc patients identified included 4542 with stage iii unresectable disease and 10,103 with stage iv nonsquamous disease. The overall total cost for all nsclc patients was $1.9 billion, with inpatient hospitalizations ($635.2 million), cancer clinic visits ($323.7 million), and physician services ($301.4 million) being the top cost contributors. The mean cost per patient was $76,816. The total cost of radiotherapy was $38.5 million. Conclusions Real-world costs for the management of nsclc during the 5-year period examined were substantial, despite the fact that median survival was poor and treatment information was limited.