Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Targets for Low SES Participation in Australian Higher Education: Geographical Measures and State Boundaries

This paper examines the measurement of the socio-economic status of Australian higher education students in relation to the Rudd/Gillard Government’s establishment of enrolment targets for higher education providers in regard to students from low socio-economic status ("low SES") backgrounds. In particular, it discusses area measures of socio-economic status – where a student’s status is determined by the postcode or collection district of the student’s permanent residence. In doing so, the paper outlines issues with the relevance of current area measures which use a national benchmark, particularly in the context of geographical constraints on the draw-pool of Australian higher education providers, where students attend institutions in their own state or territory. The paper introduces a new area measure which uses the individual state or territory as a reference point, as opposed to the current national reference point. This is assessed in relation to existing area measures and the recently announced funding policy by the Gillard Government.
MTCA.4 RTM Module for direct sampling based applications

The DS8VM1 board presented here, is an MTCA.4-based Rear Transition Module (RTM) suited for direct sampling of RF signals within a bandwidth of 5 to 700 MHz. It is a part of a complete set of MTCA.4 boards suited for the RF controls spanning frequencies from 5 MHz to 6 GHz, which is developed and industrialized at DESY.
Perceived Risk Factors Influence on Intention to Continue Using Internet Banking among Malaysians

The objective of the present study is to identify which are the risk factors that influence the intention to continue using Internet banking in Malaysia. The primary participants are personal Internet banking users in Peninsular Malaysia. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire which employed the drop-off and pick-up (DOPU) technique. The questionnaires were distributed through this method to the respective bank branch managers who were willing to distribute to their customers. A total of 413 respondents completed the questionnaires as requested. The SPSS statistical analysis package and partial least squares were used for data analysis and hypothesis testing. The results show that social risk, time loss risk, opportunity cost risk and perceived usefulness are significant factors influencing attitude towards intention to continue using Internet banking. Attitude is a significant factor that influences the intention to continue using Internet banking in Malaysia. Other relationships hypothesized are not significant. The total numbers of respondents were 413 and may not represent the whole population. Furthermore, the profiles of respondents were confidential and not disclosed by the management of the banks. As such, the total number of Internet banking customers for each bank was unknown. The findings of this study are expected to be of great use to the Internet banking providers. An understanding of the factors identified in this study allows Internet banking providers to enhance the services in the most effective and efficient way to increase bank business in the long run and encourage their bank customers’ to continue using Internet banking.
TRAIL/Apo2L Activates c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase (JNK) via Caspase-dependent and Caspase-independent Pathways*

In this study we show that TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), also called Apo2L, activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Interestingly, TRAIL-induced JNK activation occurs in a cell type-specific manner. In HeLa cells, TRAIL-induced JNK activation can be completely blocked with the cysteine protease inhibitor zVAD-fmk, whereas the same inhibitor has no, or even a stimulatory, effect on JNK activation in Kym-1 cells. Hence, TRAIL can engage at least two independent pathways leading to JNK activation, one that is cysteine protease-dependent and one that is cysteine protease-independent. To investigate whether the cysteine protease-dependent signaling of TRAIL leading to JNK activation is related to the apoptotic pathway engaged by this ligand, we investigated HeLa cells stably overexpressing a dominant negative mutant of FADD (Fas-associating protein with death domain) (GFP(green fluorescent protein)ΔFADD). In these cells, TRAIL-induced cell death and activation of the apoptosis executioner caspase-8 (FLICE/MACH) and caspase-3 (YAMA, CPP-32, Apopain), that belong to caspase subfamily of cysteine proteases, were abrogated, whereas JNK activation remained unaffected and was still sensitive toward z-VAD-fmk. Similar data were found in HeLa cells overexpressing Apo1/Fas and GFPΔFADD upon stimulation with agonistic antibodies. These data suggest that cross-linking of the TRAIL receptors and Apo1/Fas, respectively, engages a FADD-dependent pathway leading to the activation of apoptotic caspases and, in parallel, a FADD-independent pathway leading to the stimulation of one or more cysteine proteases capable to activate JNK but not sufficient for the induction of cell death.
Teacher Education in Nigeria: Past, Present and Future Challenges.

The history of western education in Nigeria was intimately bound up with the history of westerneducation in Europe. During and after the Dark Ages in Europe, the church dominated the business ofeducation and this had a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of people not only in Europe andAmerica but also in the British colonial territories of Asia and Africa. Historically, the British imperialambition and effective occupation of Nigeria dated back to the second half of the 19th century eventhough some Europeans including British traders had assumed trading activities with the people in thecoastal areas of the region since 1533 (Osokoya 2008). It is on record that the British naval forcesstarted their pre-occupation of Southern Nigeria in 1851 when they bombarded the city of Lagos topunish Kosoko the King of the city who continued with the obnoxious slave trade despite its abolitionin the British empire in 1833. Barely ten years after the bombardment, the British government annexedthe city to the British Crown (Osokoya 2008). It was only in 1900 that the British flag was flown in theNorthern Nigeria (Abubakar, 1980). Britain thereafter adopted a number of measures includingcoercion and diplomacy to remove all visible African opposition to her full central authority of theNigerian nation. In fact, with the amalgamation of the Northern protectorate with the Colony andSouthern Protectorate in 1914, Britain had succeeded in making herself the sole paramount ruler overa people of different cultures and multi-lingual communities which she unilaterally named Nigeria.Interestingly, western education in the area preceded the establishment of the British Crown as theEuropean Christian missions had free hand in the provision of western education to the people in thearea a decade before and about three decades after imperial occupation.
Structure of chondroitin sulfate on aggrecan isolated from bovine tibial and costochondral growth plates

The structure of chondroitin sulfate on aggrecan isolated from the rib and proximal tibial growth plates of bovine fetuses was investigated, and the previously reported increase in the hydrodynamic size of chondroitin sulfate chains between the reserve and hypertrophic zones of the rib was confirmed in the tibial growth plate. Superose 6 gel chromatography, calibrated for chondroitin sulfate chain length by monosaccharide analysis, showed that the average molecular mass of chondroitin sulfate in the reserve and maturing zones of both growth plates was 21,600 and 30,400, respectively. Determination by capillary zone electrophoresis of the disaccharide composition of chains following chondroitinase digestion showed that ΔDi‐0S, ΔDi‐4S, and ΔDi‐6S together accounted for more than 98% of the disaccharides in the digests from all zones of both growth plates; Δdisulfated and Δtrisulfated disaccharides were not detected. Furthermore, this analysis revealed a gradient in chondroitin sulfate composition from the reserve to the hypertrophic zone, characterized by a marked increase in the content of ΔDi‐6S (from about 32% to about 52%) and a marked decrease in the content of ΔDi‐4S (from about 53% to about 35%). Moreover, this altered pattern of sulfation was detected on chains of all sizes in the hypertrophic zone, suggesting that a proportion of the reserve zone aggrecan might be removed and replaced with aggrecan rich in chondroitin‐6‐sulfate synthesized during the proliferative and maturation stages of the resident chondrocytes. These data are discussed in relation to the biosynthetic mechanisms that control chondroitin sulfate chain length and sulfation on aggrecan and their modification during chondrocyte proliferation, maturation, and hypertrophy in the growth plate.
Tooth-related risk factors for periodontal disease in community-dwelling elderly people.

OBJECTIVE While most previous epidemiological studies have focused on subject-level risk factors for periodontal destruction, tooth-related factors have not been fully explored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate both tooth-related and subject-related factors affecting periodontal disease progression using a two-level multilevel model. MATERIAL AND METHODS A longitudinal survey over a period of 10 years was carried out on 286 community-dwelling elderly subjects aged 70 years at baseline. Clinical attachment level (CAL) was measured at six sites per tooth on all teeth present and periodontal disease progression was defined as CAL> or =3 mm. RESULTS Periodontal disease progression was found in 79% of the subjects and most frequently in maxillary molars. Multilevel logistic regressions revealed that subjects wearing removable dentures were significantly at risk for periodontal disease progression. Abutment teeth for removable/fixed dentures were also significantly more likely to suffer periodontal breakdown. Furthermore, the following tooth-related variables were found to be possible risk factors for periodontal disease progression: maxillary and multirooted teeth. CONCLUSION Multirooted teeth and abutments for a fixed denture were possible risk factors for periodontal disease progression.
T-Cell Therapies for Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Lymphomas

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphomas represent a broad spectrum of diseases and can be characterized by their pattern of viral latency. These pathologies display the importance of healthy T cell–mediated control of the EBV-infected B cells. Burkitt's lymphoma is the least immunogenic and has a type I latency pattern. Hodgkin's and a variety of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas exhibit antigens of type II latency. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in the solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant setting as well as lymphomas arising in primary immunodeficiency patients are tumors with type III latency. This last group expresses all 9 latent proteins and is the most immunogenic. T-cell approaches including donor lymphocyte infusions and the adoptive transfer of EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be used to treat these diseases. The authors describe the biology of these EBV-associated lymphomas and review the methodology and outcomes of existing T cell–based therapies as well as strategies to improve their efficacy.
Neighbourhood reputation in the Soviet city and beyond: Disassembling the geography of prestige in Ust’-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan

This paper revisits the geographical legacy of socialism in the urban areas of the former Soviet Union. Building on research on housing and socio-spatial differentiation under and after socialism, this will be achieved by examining an important component in the spatial differentiation of the city, namely neighbourhood reputation. The analysis is based on survey data (n = 1515) from the city of Ust’-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan; a combination of descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression are deployed in order to shed light on the factors that are associated with the reputation of the neighbourhoods in which people reside. The results show that the Soviet system manufactured its own brand of socio-spatial distinction, which reflected the priority hierarchies built in the socialist planned economy. Education, age and, most importantly, area of employment appear to have been ‘rewarded’ with prestigiously located housing.
The Cruciferous Nitrile Crambene Has Bioactivity Similar to Sulforaphane When Administered to Fischer 344 Rats but Is Far Less Potent in Cell Culture

The anticarcinogenic properties of broccoli are believed to be due to modification of detoxification enzymes by a group of isothiocyanates, hydrolysis products of glucosinolates, particularly sulforaphane. We previously showed that the nitrile crambene (1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene), present in most Brassica vegetables, induces hepatic quinone reductase activity when administered to rats. In this study, we compared the effects of seven daily oral doses of crambene (50 mg/kg rat/day) and sulforaphane (50 mg/kg rat/day) on induction of hepatic quinone reductase activity in Fischer 344 rats. The two treatments produced similar effects, with crambene and sulforaphane producing 1.5- and 1.7-fold induction in hepatic quinone reductase activity, respectively. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of crambene on quinone reductase activity in Hepa 1c1c7 cells, because this system had been shown to possess high sensitivity to sulforaphane and is commonly used for screening anticarcinogenic compounds. Crambene (5 mM) induced quinone reductase activity and caused cell cycle arrest in the Gsub2;/M phase in mouse Hepa 1c1c7 cells, rat H4IIEC3 cells, and human Hep G2 cells (>95% viability). Doses of crambene needed for induction of quinone reductase in cell culture were ~100-fold greater than effective doses of sulforaphane. These findings indicate that hepatoma cell lines may not accurately reflect relative potency of anticarcinogens in Fischer 344 rats.
WAIS-III Percentile Scores by Education and Sex for U.S. and Canadian Populations

Tables are presented for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition (WAIS-III) IQ and index scores by education level for both the U.S. and Canadian normative samples. This allows clinicians to provide more accurate identification of relative strengths or weaknesses, compared to expectations from an individual's background, rather than the general population. Because sex di ferences are notable on the Processing Speed Index, data for this measure are presented separately. The similarities and di ferences between the two national samples are noted, with particular reference to the relatively weaker demographic e fects found in the Canadian sample.
Analysis and correction of motion artifacts in diffusion weighted imaging

For diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging and under circumstances where patient movement can be modeled as rigid body motion, it is shown both theoretically and experimentally that translations and rotations produce phase errors which are zero‐ and first‐order, respectively, in position. Whlile a navigator echo can be used to correct the imaging data for arbitrary translations, only when the diffusion gradient is applied in the phase encode direction is there sufficient information to correct for rotations around all axes, and therefore for general rigid body motion. Experiments in test objects and human brain imaging confirm theoretical predictions and demonstrate that appropriate corrections dramatically improve image quality in vivo.
Recognition masking of auditory lateralization and pitch judgments.

Two experiments determined backward and forward recognition masking functions in a lateralization task. Observers were presented with a 20‐msec pure tone that differed in intensity to the two ears. The task was to indicate whether the tone came from the right or left. A second backward‐masking tone interfered with the lateralization of the first test tone if it was presented within 180–250 msec of the first tone presentation. In contrast, a forward‐masking tone had to be presented within 80 msec of the test‐tone presentation in order to interfere with lateralization of the test tone. The results also showed that observers tended to lateralize the test sound in the direction of the masking sound if the test and masking sounds occurred within a 100‐msec period. In a third experiment, subjects were required to identify a test tone as high or low in pitch in a recognition masking task. Although pitch judgments showed as much or more backward masking than lateralization judgments, significantly less forward ma.
INTRAUTERINE HAEMATOMA AN ULTRASONIC STUDY OF THREATENED ABORTION

Ultrasonic scanning in patients with symptoms of threatened abortion occasionally revealed an echo‐free area between the membranes and the uterine wall. The echo‐free area was found in patients at 11 to 20 weeks gestation who had a live fetus and is believed to represent blood. Seven smaller haematomas of less than 35 ml gradually disappeared and the pregnancies continued until term. Three patients who had haematomas of more than 50 ml subsequently aborted or had a premature delivery.
New venture ideas: an analysis of their origin and early development

One of the requirements for starting a firm is an idea that can be developed into a business opportunity. This paper focuses on the early development of a firm's business idea and the factors that affect this process. The assumption is that the founders of the firm have a core importance in the formulation of the first draft of the idea, but that the continued development and polishing that turns the idea into a business opportunity occurs in interaction with a number of actors in the market such as clients, financiers, suppliers, and other collaboration partners. Five wholly newly started knowledge-intensive firms—A-TV, A-Tech, S-Tire, M-Qon and M-Point, all of whom are spin-offs from Linköping University or from firms—are analysed. The results of the study agree with previous research on business opportunities and ideas and the link to the skills base of the founders, environmental effects, and changes in the idea over time. Practical and theoretical implications of new venture idea development and entrepreneurship training are presented.
Incidence and ossification of sesamoid bones in the hands and feet: A radiographic study in an Arab population

The incidence and ossification of sesamoid bones in the hands and feet were studied in 922 radiographs (400 hands and 522 feet) in an Arab population from Bahrain, 5–83 years of age and consisting of 549 adults (393 men and 156 women) and 373 children (286 boys and 97 girls). All radiographs of the hand and foot in the adult population showed two sesamoid bones in the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint and in the hallucal metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, respectively. Only 2.3% and 1.5% of hands showed sesamoids at the MCP joints of the middle and ring fingers respectively compared to a reported incidence of 7.1% for each digit in Caucasians. The incidence of sesamoids in the MTP joints of third and fourth toes (0.6% each) and inferior to the hallucal interphalangeal joint (3.1%) is probably the lowest reported so far in the literature. In the hands, ossification commenced first in the thumb sesamoids, at the age of 10 years in females and 11 years in males and was completed by the age of 13 and 14 years, respectively. In the feet, ossification began first in the hallucal sesamoids at the age of 8 years in females and 9 years in males and was completed by the age of 10 years in both sexes. The incidence and ossification of sesamoids in the hands and feet in the Arab population from Bahrain seem to differ considerably from reports in other populations. The clinical significance of our findings is discussed. Clin. Anat. 20:416–423, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Test-retest reliability of the biodex isokinetic dynamometer.

The purpose of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability of the Biodex (Biodex, Corp., Shirley, NY) isokinetic concentric mode for a healthy active population for knee extension/flexion utilizing the parameters peak torque and work. Nineteen healthy active male and female subjects ages 20-35 with no history of knee injury were tested bilaterally for concentric knee extension and flexion at 60, 180, 240, and 300 degrees /sec. , utilizing standard Biodex protocol. Seven days following the pre-test, a post-test was administered using identical protocol. Data collection of pre- and posttesting was done via a Compaq Desk Pro personal computer and Biodex software programming. The parameters of peak torque and single repetition work were analyzed for knee extension/flexion. Statistical analysis of data showed the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of knee extension peak torque at 60 degrees /sec to be r = 0.95; at 180 degrees /sec, r = 0.96; at 240 degrees /sec, r = 0.95; and at 300 degrees /sec, r = 0.97. Knee extension work ICC values were at 60 degrees /sec, r = 0.96; at 180 degrees /sec, r = 0.97; at 240 degrees /sec, r = 0.96 and r = 0.95 at 300 degrees /sec. All ICCs are significant at the 0.05 level. Therefore, the isokinetic concentric mode of the Biodex dynamometer was reliable for test-retest measures of peak torque, and single repetition work. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1990;11(7):298-300.
Mobile small RNAs and their role in regulating cytosine methylation of DNA

ABSTRACT Small (s)RNAs of 21 to 24 nucleotides are associated with RNA silencing and methylation of DNA cytosine residues. All sizes can move from cell-to-cell and long distance in plants, directing RNA silencing in destination cells. Twenty-four nucleotide sRNAs are the predominant long-distance mobile species. Thousands move from shoot to root, where they target methylation of transposable elements both directly and indirectly. We derive several classes of interaction between small RNAs and methylation and use these to explore the mechanisms of methylation and gene expression that associate with mobile sRNA signaling.
Stage‐specific reference genes significant for quantitative PCR during mouse retinal development

Developing mouse retina has been serving as an ideal model for investigating the molecular mechanism of neural development and angiogenesis, because several significant events associated with these physiological phenomena are drastically occurring in conjunction with retinal development. However, as many genes are influencing on each other to establish mature retina within 21 days from E10 to P12, we must carefully design the experiments, such as in the case of quantitating the amount of altered gene expression toward the establishment of retina by quantitative PCR. As we have seen considerable variations of quantitative results in different developmental stages of retina depending on the reference genes used for compensation, we here attempted to determine a reliable reference gene to accurately quantitate the target genes in each stage. According to the results of in silico prediction and comparison with a database of SAGE, we found that the most stable gene from early to late stages was Sdha, whereas one of the most popular housekeeping genes, Actb, was the one that could mislead the quantitative results even in the adult stage. Consequently, we pointed out the importance of selecting an appropriate reference gene, especially to quantitate the amount of gene expression in the developmental stages of a certain tissue.