Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of a strong ICME on the Martian ionosphere as detected by Mars Express and Mars Odyssey

We present evidence of a substantial ionospheric response to a strong interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) detected by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) on board the Mars Express (MEX) spacecraft. A powerful ICME impacted the Martian ionosphere beginning on 5 June 2011, peaking on 6 June, and trailing off over about a week. This event caused a strong response in the charged particle detector of the High‐Energy Neutron Detector (HEND) on board the Odyssey spacecraft. The ion mass spectrometer of the Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms instrument on MEX detected an increase in background counts, simultaneous with the increase seen by HEND, due to the flux of solar energetic particles (SEPs) associated with the ICME. Local densities and magnetic field strengths measured by MARSIS and enhancements of 100 eV electrons denote the passing of an intense space weather event. Local density and magnetosheath electron measurements and remote soundings show compression of ionospheric plasma to lower altitudes due to increased solar wind dynamic pressure. MARSIS topside sounding of the ionosphere indicates that it is extended well beyond the terminator, to about 116° solar zenith angle, in a highly disturbed state. This extension may be due to increased ionization due to SEPs and magnetosheath electrons or to plasma transport across the terminator. The surface reflection from both ionospheric sounding and subsurface modes of the MARSIS radar was attenuated, indicating increased electron content in the Mars ionosphere at low altitudes, where the atmosphere is dense.
Exploring workplace diversity and organisational effectiveness: A South African exploratory case study

Orientation: Transformation and managing diversity are organisational imperatives, especially in South Africa. Thus, it is important for international companies with major operations in South Africa (SA) to embrace the benefits of managing a divergent workforce and translate this for organisational benefits. Research purpose: The article explores the perceptions of management and staff on diversity and its value to the organisation, by empirically evaluating the relationship with organisational effectiveness and performance through the development and testing of five hypotheses. Motivation for the study: Legislation has made it mandatory for transformation of the South African workplace and ensuring that diversity is embraced. However, not all companies have fully understood the benefits of recruiting and managing diverse teams for the benefit of the organisation. Research approach, design and method: Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used, whereby a survey was conducted among 227 employees using the Towers Watson Employment Employee Insight Survey (EIS). Inferential statistical techniques were used to test relationships among related variables postulated through five hypotheses. Main findings: It was ascertained that understanding and managing diversity has played a pivotal role in the (research) organisation’s performance and effectiveness over the past 5 years. More specifically, diversity management created room for appreciation, innovation and creativity that gave the organisations an edge to tackle diverse markets. Practical/managerial applications: South Africa has a diverse population, and when individuals join an organisation, they bring a unique set of characteristics referred to as personalities, which, through the socialisation process, get assimilated into teams’ norms and values, and the culture of the organisation. Managing diversity in the workplace is part of employee retention and attraction, with the intention to energise workplace productivity, thus increasing the organisation’s competitive edge. Contributions or value add: The positive impact engendered by diverse recruitment and retention is also supported by employee engagement, which presupposes employee ownership of change, by making it happen, and it is driven by employees that offer solutions to problems, by helping one another and who are proud of being part of the organisation. Its impact in the bigger scheme of events is to drive business performance, growth, cost management, and ability to attract, retain and engage top talent by establishing a winning and inclusive culture.
TSUNAMI ON 26 DECEMBER 2004: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TSUNAMI HEIGHT AND THE EXTENT OF INUNDATION IN SRI LANKA

This paper examines the impact of the massive tsunami of 26 December 2004 on Sri Lanka by tracing the tsunami height, the extent of inundation and the level of damage along the affected coastal belt. The results of an extensive field survey that was carried out in the east, south and west coasts to record the evidence of water levels left behind by the tsunami clearly indicate nonuniform spatial distribution of inundation along the affected coastline of the country. The tsunami inundation had been significantly greater for most parts of the east and the south-east coastal areas than the south, south-west and the west coasts of Sri Lanka. The results also indicate the possible influence of the coastal geomorphology on the extent of inundation. On the other hand, the measurements suggest maximum tsunami heights of 3 m – 7 m along the east coast, 3 m – 11 m on the south coast, and 1.5 m – 6 m on the west coast.
Fear no more: emotions and world politics

Abstract Although emotions play a significant role in world politics they have so far received surprisingly little attention by International Relations scholars. Numerous authors have emphasised this shortcoming for several years now, but strangely there are still only very few systematic inquiries into emotions and even fewer related discussions on method. The article explains this gap by the fact that much of International Relations scholarship is conducted in the social sciences. Such inquiries can assess emotions up to a certain point, as illustrated by empirical studies on psychology and foreign policy and constructivist engagements with identity and community. But conventional social science methods cannot understand all aspects of phenomena as ephemeral as those of emotions. Doing so would involve conceptualising the influence of emotions even when and where it is not immediately apparent. The ensuing challenges are daunting, but at least some of them could be met by supplementing social scientific methods with modes of inquiry emanating from the humanities. By drawing on feminist and other interpretive approaches we advance three propositions that would facilitate such cross-disciplinary inquiries. (1) The need to accept that research can be insightful and valid even if it engages unobservable phenomena, and even if the results of such inquiries can neither be measured nor validated empirically; (2) The importance of examining processes of representation, such as visual depictions of emotions and the manner in which they shape political perceptions and dynamics; (3) A willingness to consider alternative forms of insight, most notably those stemming from aesthetics sources, which, we argue, are particularly suited to capturing emotions. Taken together, these propositions highlight the need for a sustained global communication across different fields of knowledge.
Shoreline Response to Rapid 20th Century Sea-Level Change along the Iranian Caspian Coast

ABSTRACT Kakroodi, A.A. ; Kroonenberg, S.B. ; Goorabi, A. , and Yamani, M. , 2014. Shoreline response to rapid 20th century sea-level change along the Iranian Caspian Coast. The Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world, is characterized by rapid sea-level changes. This provides a real physical model of coastal response to rapid sea-level change in a period of just a few years, which might take a millennium along oceanic coasts. Between 1929 and 1995, the Caspian sea level experienced the last cycle, with a range of ±3 m. This caused disastrous effects along the coast and destroyed many buildings, roads, farms, and other human property. During the preceding 48 years of sea-level fall, a large area of the sea bottom emerged, which was then used for the development of residential zones. That area had to be abandoned when sea level rose by almost 3 m in a period of 18 years. With the use of LANDSAT data, we calculated total shoreline shifts in 22 littoral cells, each cell containing three transects over a 3-km distance. Both landward and seaward shifts occur during rapid sea-level rise between 1977 and 2001.
Common Law vs. Civil Law: Which System Provides More Protection to Shareholders and Creditors and Promotes Financial Development

This study re-examines the theory of legal-origin on the basis of a new longitudinal dataset for four OECD countries (UK, USA, France and Germany) over a long time span 1970-2005. It observes that the civil law countries (France and Germany) provided better minority shareholder protection and creditor protection relating to debtors’ control while the common law countries (UK and USA) provided better creditor protection relating to credit contract and insolvency. Through dynamic panel data modelling our study shows that minority shareholder protection has a long-term favourable effect only on stock market listing of firms and debtors’ control has a similar effect on credit market expansion while the credit contract component of creditor protection has the opposite effect. Thus, our study questions the proposition that common-law countries provide more protection to their shareholders and creditors; it also casts doubt on the related proposition that shareholder and creditor protection promotes financial development.
The transition to fatherhood: Exploration of fathers' understandings and perceptions of their experiences of fatherhood

In the last few decades family structures and dynamics have changed dramatically in Australia and resulted in an increase in focus and acknowledgements of the diversity of fathers' roles in society. The transition to fatherhood is a normative life event for many men and may have considerable impact on their psychological development and well-being. However, this aspect of fatherhood has not been addressed adequately in the literature, despite the growing interest and focus on fatherhood. This paper discusses the impact of fatherhood on marital satisfaction and relationships; personal goals and possible selves; mental health and well-being; social interactions and relationships and work involvement. An overview of traditional research of fatherhood is discussed and the way in which the definition of fatherhood has evolved over the last few decades in Australia is explored. This paper illustrates the importance of exploring the transition to fatherhood from the experiences of men themselves using the positive psychology approach and theory of generativity for future reshaping of social policy and intervention programmes. Author: Yael S. Abitbol Supervisor: Associate Profes~or Lisbeth Pike Submitted: August 2006
Child labour and wealth in rural Cambodia: Re-examination of alternative hypotheses

This study investigated whether the child labour prevailing in the rice-growing areas of Cambodia where wealth is measure in terms of cattle, can be explain by the poverty hypothesis and wealth paradox. In order to test if these hypotheses hold in all contexts, this study presented some evidences from rural Cambodia and used a Tobit model to investigate the impact of assets such as land and cattle on child labour. While field evidence showed no significant relationship between child labour and farmland size or income, this study found an inverse U-shaped relationship between the number of cattle owned by farmers and child labour hours. These findings suggest that the poverty hypothesis and the wealth paradox do not support the evidence on child labour supply in rural Cambodia. Key words: Child labour, poverty hypothesis, wealth paradox, inverse U-shaped relationship, Cambodia.
THE ROLE OF A PERCEIVED ETHICAL LEADERSHIP STYLE IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORKAHOLISM AND OCCUPATIONAL BURNOUT

Background. Academic literature has shown that working conditions created by ethical leaders might have positive as well as negative consequences for the employees. Research has revealed that it might contribute to employees“™ workaholism and occupational burnout, but this relationship is still controversial. Purpose. The aim of the current study was to investigate the significance of a perceived ethical leadership style for the relationship between employees“™ workaholism and occupational burnout. Method. The study involved 302 (41 men and 261 women) employees working in different Lithuanian organizations. A perceived ethical leadership style was assessed with the help of Brown, Trevino, & Harrison“™s (2005) questionnaire. The 10-item Dutch Work Addiction Scale developed by Schaufeli, Taris, & Bakker (2009) was used for the measurement of workaholism. Occupational burnout was measured using Copenhagen Burnout Inventory by Kristensen, Borritz, Villadsen, & Christensen (2005). Results. The results revealed that workaholism, personal and work-related burnout of employees who consider their leaders as more ethical is lower than of those who consider their leaders to be less ethical. Relationship between client-related burnout and excessive work of the employees who consider their leaders as more ethical is weaker than of those, who consider their leaders to be less ethical. Conclusions. Overall, the findings support that employee attitudes towards their leader are important for the occupational burnout and proneness to workaholism. Therefore, an ethical leadership style must be considered when addressing physical and psychological well-being of employees.
Direct Measurements of the Luzon Undercurrent

AbstractThe Luzon Undercurrent (LUC) was discovered about 20 years ago by geostrophic calculation from conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) data. But it was not directly measured until 2010. From November 2010 to July 2011, the LUC was first directly measured by acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) from a subsurface mooring at 18.0°N, 122.7°E to the east of Luzon Island. A number of new features of the LUC were identified from the measurements of the current. Its depth covers a range from 400 m to deeper than 700 m. The observed maximum velocity of the LUC, centered at about 650 m, could exceed 27.5 cm s−1, four times stronger than the one derived from previous geostrophic calculation with hydrographic data. According to the time series available, the seasonality of the LUC strength is in winter > summer > spring. Significant intraseasonal variability (ISV; 70–80 days) of the LUC is exposed. Evidence exists to suggest that a large portion of the intraseasonal variability in the LUC is related to the w.
Tectonic evolution of the Devonian Basin of northern Svalbard

Structural analysis of the Devonian Basin of northern Svalbard shows that the basin fill is affected by large-scale, N-S trending folding and thrust faulting. This folding can be attributed to both the Late Devonian Svalbardian and the West Spitsbergen Fold Belt deformation tectonic events. Each of these events corresponds to E-W compression and there is no evidence for Late Devonian transpression. The basin fill is presently limited by N-S trending extensional faults which parallel those controlling the post-Eocene structure of the western margin of Svalbard. The older basin sediments reflect extensional fault activity at the time of deposition, while deposition of the younger rocks was not accompanied by any significant faulting
Just small talk? The impact of interpersonal interaction in virtual web communities on new-product adoption

While marketers have largely recognised website design and its value, interaction mechanisms are widely underexplored features of virtual communities. We argue that not only the presence of interpersonal interaction - but also its type - play key roles in how consumers experience virtual communities. In our study, we demonstrate a main effect of interpersonal interaction on relevant variables of consumers' willingness to adopt a new product introduced in the virtual community. Moreover, we analyse the role different actors can play. Our findings reveal the importance of company-representing experts in such virtual environments, shedding light on a new tool for marketers to further benefit from web communities.
Overgenerated be from Topic Marker toVerbal Inflection

L2 morpheme order studies found that the ‘copula be’ is the first morpheme acquired by L2 learners (Bailey et al., 1974; Dulay & Burt, 1973, 1974; Ionin & Wexler, 2002; Zobl & Liceras, 1994). Interestingly, it has been widely observed among L2 learners of English and Romance languages that L2 learners use be with thematic verbs (e.g. she is go home) (Ahn, 2003; Bernini, 2003; Haberzettl, 2003; Hahn, 2000; Huebner, 1983, 1989; Ionin and Wexler, 2002; Lee, 2002; Shin, 2000, 2001; Starren, 2006; Yang, 2001, 2002, 2006). The researchers, Ionin and Wexler (2002), term this be the overgenerated be, and the syntactic properties of the overgenerated be has been controversial. A group of researchers argues that it is a topic marker (Ahn, 2003; Hahn, 2000; Huebner, 1983; Sasaki, 1990; Shin, 2000); the other group of researchers maintains that it is an early morphological appearance of a functional category, such as tense, agreement or aspect (Bernini, 2003; Ionin & Welxer, 2002; Starren, 2006; Yang, 2001, 2002, 2006). I call the former approach the "topic marker view", and the latter "functional category view”. This study does not argue that the two views are antithetical, but rather that the property of the overgenerated be they examine is different. I argue that the stages of interlanguage have different characteristics from one another. Specifically, I propose that the studies of the topic marker view have analyzed the characteristics of L2 interlanguages in the topic-prominent stage (TopP stage), and that those of the functional category view have investigated the properties of L2 interlanguage in the subject-prominent stage (SP stage). Many studies found that L1 topic or subject features can be transferrable in the L2 acquisition (Jin, 1994; Jung, 2004; Sasaki, 1990; Yuan, 1995). It is interesting to note that the mother tongues of L2 participants in the studies of the topic marker view, Laotian in Huebner (1983), Japanese in Sasaki (1990), and Korean in Ahn (2003), Hahn (2000), and Shin (2000), all of which belong to languages that have topic prominent features, according to Li and Thompson (1976), and that the topic marker is one of characteristics in the topic prominent languages. The present study hypothesizes that the overgenerated be produced by topic prominent L1-speaking English learners initially serves as a topic marker because of L1 transfer. Then the topic-marking property gradually vanishes, as the overgenerated be develops into a target-like verbal inflection. Here, the shift of function from a topic marker to a verbal inflection in the overgenerated be reflects the interlanguage development that the sentence-initial NP redresses its property from a topic into a target-like subject. The production data that support this claim come from the L2 acquisition of English by native speakers of Korean. Before turning to L2 data, let me briefly review the conceptual distinction between the topic and the subject, and examine prevailing arguments regarding the properties of the overgenerated be.
Electrochemical Processes for the Formation of Hydroxyapatite Powders

Electrochemical synthesis of hydroxyapatite particles was performed from a homogeneous solution of Na2H2EDTA.2H2O, KH2PO4 and CaCl2 without stirring to investigate the mechanism of hydroxyapa-tite formation. We found that OH- ions generated by water reduction at the cathode play an important role in the formation of hydroxyapatite particles. The OH- ions induce the liberation of Ca2+ ions and the dissociation of phosphoric acid, which serve as the reactants for the formation of hydroxyapatite particles. Two layers with a clear boundary were formed during electrolysis. The upper layer comprises the produced particles and the lower layer is a homogeneous solution. The produced particles were held in the region between the electrodes mainly due to the electrostatic interactions of charged particles in an electric field. The hydroxyapatite particles are agglomerates consisting of spherical particles. Aging the suspension for 24 h after electrolysis leads to the transformation of hydroxyapatite to brushite. Thus, if producing hydroxyapatite is desired, the particles should be continuously removed from the system. This method appears to be promising as a continuous process to produce hydroxyapatite parti-cles using an electrochemical method. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Aqueous Extract of Wild Cyclamen Tubers (Cyclamen Purpurascens L.) - A Potential Source of Natural Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Agents

Wild cyclamen tubers (Cyclamen purpurascens Mill.) (mountain Kukavica, Southeast Serbia) were used as material for extraction in this study. Aqueous extract was obtained by reflux extraction on boiling temperature with hydromodulus 1:20 m/v during 180 minutes. The total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu, and the total flavonoids content by method with AlCl3. The antioxidant activity of extract was investigated spectrophotometrically by DPPH and ABTS test. Disc-diffusion method was used for antimicrobial activity investigation on the following pathogenic microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The content of total phenols was 8.27 mg GAE/g dry extract while the total flavonoid content was 11.51 mg RE/g dry extract. The extract concentrations required to neutralize 50% of the initial concentration of DPPH radicals (EC50) after 20 minutes incubation and immediately after adding DPPH radical solution were 0.413 and 2.0 mg/ml, respectively, while concentrations of extract required to neutralize 50% of the initial ABTS radicals concentration is 0.743 mg/ml. The extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity on bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The presented results indicate that cyclamen tubers extract is a potential source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.
A Desire Named Streetcar Fantasy and Fact in Rail Transit Planning

Abstract The forecasts that led local officials in eight U.S. cities to advocate rail transit projects over competing, less capital-intensive options grossly overestimated rail transit ridership and underestimated rail construction costs and operating expenses. These mistakes cannot be explained by such obvious sources as errors in projecting the input variables of the ridership forecasting models, or changes in the design of projects. Although planners could reduce the magnitude of the errors by various technical improvements in the forecasting process, the structure of transit grant programs and the existence of dedicated funding sources provide little incentive for local officials to seek accurate information in evaluating alternatives. The resulting bias toward high-capital transit investments is thus unlikely to be eliminated without restructuring both federal transit grant programs and local financing mechanisms.