Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Association between breastfeeding and eruption of the first tooth in preschool children in Nigeria.

AIM This study specifically examines the effect of the form and duration of breastfeeding on the timing of eruption of the first tooth in Nigerian children STUDY DESIGN The study included 398 children aged 6 months to 71 months. The mothers were asked to provide information on the duration and form of breastfeeding, and the age of eruption of the first deciduous teeth. The socioeconomic status (SES) of the child was calculated using the mother's level of education and the father's occupation. Intraoral examination was conducted to assess the teeth present and dentition status of the child. A tooth was considered present in the mouth when any part of the tooth was visible. RESULTS There was no association found between the duration of breastfeeding (p=0.48), form of breast feeding (p=0.61), duration of exclusive breast feeding (p=0.41) and timing of eruption of the first tooth. CONCLUSION The duration of breast feeding does not affect the timing of eruption of the first deciduous tooth, neither does the form of breastfeeding.
Lesion-symptom mapping in the study of spoken language understanding

ABSTRACT Lesion-symptom mapping studies aim to make inferences about the functional neuroanatomy of spoken language understanding by investigating relationships between damage to different brain regions and the various speech perception and comprehension deficits that result. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping, voxel-based morphometry, and studies focused on specific cortical regions of interest or fibre pathways have all yielded insights regarding the localisation of different components of spoken language processing. Major challenges include the fact that brain damage rarely impacts just a single brain region or just a single processing component, and that neuroplasticity and recovery can complicate the interpretation of lesion-deficit correlations. Future studies involving large patient cohorts derived from multi-centre projects, and multivariate approaches to quantifying patterns of brain damage and patterns of linguistic deficits, will continue to yield new insights into the neural basis of spoken language understanding.
Perceptual History Influences Neural Responses to Face and Body Postures

We show that under natural viewing, the responses of cells in the temporal lobe of the macaque to the sight of static head and body postures is controlled by the sight of immediately preceding actions. Cells in the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus responded vigorously to the sight of a face or body posture that followed a particular body action, but not when it followed other actions. The effective action or posture presented in isolation or in different sequences failed to produce a response. Our results demonstrate that cells in the temporal cortex could support the formation of expectations about impending behavior of others.
Comparative Evaluation of Cytokines in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Saliva of Patients with Aggressive Periodontitis

Objectives This study aims to evaluate and compare cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of patients with aggressive periodontitis (AP) before and after treatment. Methods Forty AP patients and 40 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Clinical parameters included probing depth and sulcus bleeding index. GCF and saliva were collected from both groups. The levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α were measured using ELISA. Results The probing depth in AP patients was significantly deeper before treatment than after treatment. The concentrations of cytokines in GCF and saliva were significantly higher in AP patients than in the control group and decreased after periodontal treatment. Positive relationships were found between cytokine levels in GCF and clinical parameters. The reliability of cytokines in GCF and saliva was assessed by Cronbach's alpha analysis, which could be considered satisfactory. Conclusion Cytokine levels in GCF and saliva correlated well with clinical parameters and AP. Measurements of cytokines in saliva may be regarded as a noninvasive and quick method for monitoring periodontal disease activity.
Limitations of current Parkinson's disease therapy

Levodopa and other dopaminergic medications drastically improve the motor symptoms and quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease in the early stages of the disease. However, once the “honeymoon” period has waned, usually after a few years of dopaminergic therapy, patients become progressively more disabled despite an ever more complex combination of available antiparkinsonian treatments. Sooner or later, they suffer from “dopa‐resistant” motor symptoms (speech impairment, abnormal posture, gait and balance problems), “dopa‐resistant” nonmotor signs (autonomic dysfunction, mood and cognitive impairment, sleep problems, pain) and/or drug‐related side effects (especially psychosis, motor fluctuations, and dyskinesias). Therefore, the current antiparkinsonian therapy cannot be considered as ideal with regard to both efficacy and safety. Ann Neurol 2003;53 (suppl 3):S3–S15
The visual framing of graphics when used in preventative health digital news packages: exploring the use of a narrative structure as the message infrastructure

Abstract Visual framing can improve health-message effectiveness. Narrative structure provides a template needed for determining how to frame visuals to maximise message effectiveness. Participants (N = 190) were assigned to a message condition determined by segments (establisher, initial, peak), graphic (static, animated) and cancer (lung, melanoma). ANOVAs revealed that melanoma was more believable than lung cancer with static graphics at the establisher and peak; narratives were more believable with animated graphics at the peak segment; melanoma elicited greater positive attitudes; graphics in the peak influenced greatest intentions. Animated graphics visually framed to emphasise information at the establisher and peak segments suggest maximum effectiveness.
An international study to assess reliability of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) score

Background: The Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) instrument is a five-item questionnaire developed to measure headache-related disability and improve doctor-patient communication about the functional consequences of migraine. Objectives: To examine the test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the five items and of the overall MIDAS score in population-based samples of migraine sufferers in two countries and to compare consistency across countries. Methods: Using a clinically validated telephone interview, population-based samples of migraine-headache sufferers were identified in the United States (Baltimore, MD) and the United Kingdom (Merton and Sutton, Surrey). Eligible individuals completed the MIDAS questionnaire on two occasions an average of 3 weeks apart. The MIDAS score is derived from five questions about missed time from work and household work (one question each about missed days and days with at least 50% reduced productivity) and missed days of nonwork activities. Results: A total of 97 migraine-headache sufferers from the United States and 100 from the United Kingdom completed the MIDAS questionnaire twice. Mean and median item values and overall MIDAS scores were similar between the United States and the United Kingdom. Test-retest Spearman correlations of individual items ranged from 0.46 to 0.78. No significant differences in item-specific correlations were observed between the United States and United Kingdom. The test-retest Pearson correlation of the MIDAS score (i.e., sum of lost days and reduced-effectiveness days in each domain) was 0.80 in the United States and 0.83 in the United Kingdom. The Cronbach α, a measure of internal consistency, was 0.76 in the United States and 0.73 in the United Kingdom. Conclusions: This is the first international population-based study to assess the reliability of a disability-related illness severity score for migraine. The reliability and internal consistency of the Migraine Disability Assessment score are similar to that of a previous questionnaire (Headache Impact Questionnaire). However, the Migraine Disability Assessment score requires fewer questions, is easier to score, and provides intuitively meaningful information on lost days of activity in three domains.
Women's education and fertility behaviour.

The education of women results in changes in women's health status, family well being, and fertility decline. The aim of human rights and social justice is also served by increasing women's educational levels. A review of the trends in developing countries has shown that there is a strong correlation between advanced female education (10 or more years) and lower fertility. Data for 26 countries was presented in table form for total fertility rates by years of education. There were many differences in the patterns of fertility by educational level based on country level of development. The data appeared to show stronger correlations between fertility and education in more prosperous societies; culture and social structure also influenced fertility. Partial primary education has been shown in some countries to be related to increased fertility. A UN study found a curvilinear relationship between fertility and education in 14 out of 38 countries with World Fertility Surveys. There were only 3 countries with Demographic and Health Surveys which showed the curvilinear pattern. The UN study confirmed that maternal education was related to shorter durations of postpartum abstinence and short durations of lactation. Caution was urged in interpreting that an increase in a few years of schooling in a dominant rural, illiterate population would facilitate rapid fertility decline. A critical threshold effect for educational attainment was found in mainly the least developed countries. Female education has direct and indirect effects on fertility. Education may affect breast feeding patterns, contraceptive use, social norms about small families, later age at marriage, and later age at first birth. The suggestion was that education provided for reproductive choice and reduces the gap between actual and desired family size. At the country and individual level of analysis, contraceptive use was linked with education. Effective contraceptive use was still however impeded by ignorance of reproductive physiology and prejudices and taboos.
Drug prescribing pattern in elderly patients in a teaching hospital

Objective: The present study was undertaken to study prescribing pattern of various drugs in elderly patients & also to evaluate inappropriate prescribing with the help of Beers criteria. Material & methods: The study was conducted in Dr.B. R.Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital from June 2012 to August 2012. A total of 106 case records of inpatients >/65years in medicine wards were reviewed. Relevant information was recorded in a structured proforma & data was evaluated. Results: Most of the cases were from respiratory system (35.84%), followed by cardiovascular system (14.15%). The most commonly prescribed drugs were antimicrobials (16.94%). Polypharmacy was observed in 94(88.67%) patients. According to Beers criteria, 23(21.69%) patients were prescribed inappropriately & all these were drugs to be generally avoided in older adults. Conclusion: This study has shown the patterns of diseases prevalent in geriatric patients, drug use among them and also suggests that drugs to be avoided in elderly are among the most frequently inappropriately prescribed drugs. Prevalence of polypharmacy was high which is usually unavoidable in the elderly.
Relationship between polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system and nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND Renin Angiotensin system is involved in renal function and its polymorphisms may influence diabetic nephropathy. ID ACE polymorphism modulates ACE level whereas M235T AGT polymorphism is involved in arterial hypertension. The A1166C AT1R polymorphism is involved in arterial hypertension and in diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Two hundred thirty five type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled in this transversal study. Data were documented for clinical characteristics of the population, HbA(1c), urinary albumin excretion, presence of retinopathy or antihypertensive treatment. Polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR techniques. The patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1, without nephropathy (n=118), group 2, microalbuminuria (n=78), group 3, macroalbuminuria (n=39). RESULTS Diabetes duration was longer (p<0.001), retinopathy (p<0.001) and antihypertensive treatment (p<0.02) were more frequent in group 3 compared to group 1 and 2. The I/D ACE and M235T AGT polymorphisms were not differently distributed between the three groups. In contrast, the CC genotype of the AT1R polymorphism was overrepresented in group 2 (p=0.021). The presence of the CC AT1R genotype considerably increased the incidence of albuminuria after 10 years of diabetes (AA vs CC p=0.01), particurlarly in men. No effect was seen with I/D ACE and M235T AGT polymorphisms. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we observed an interaction of A1166C AT1R polymorphism with diabetes in men but not of I/D ACE and M235T AGT polymorphisms.
The need for a multidisciplinary outreach service for people with spinal cord injury living in the community

Objective: To identify the nature and extent of perceived unmet needs of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in the community and to determine their preferences regarding multidisciplinary outreach service delivery. Design: Structured telephone interviews. Setting: Spinal Injuries Unit, Queensland, Australia. Subjects: Sixty people with SCI living in the community were approached for interview and 54 agreed to participate. Results: The results reflected a high need for a specialist, multidisciplinary SCI outreach service following primary rehabilitation. There were a diversity of issues faced by people with SCI. A high or very high need was reported by 31% of participants in relation to physical changes, by 24% regarding transport, by 22% for work issues and by 19% with respect to ongoing education needs. The greatest perceived barrier to needs being met was limited local specialist knowledge about SCI (81% of participants). A service model which includes access to telephone advice was endorsed by 79% of participants, and 43% supported home visiting that is available to rural and remote areas. Spinal Injuries Unit outpatient clinic appointments were also a preference for service delivery (40% of participants). Conclusions: Trial and evaluation of the telephone as a primary medium for service delivery, and education of local service providers is recommended.
Prognostic significance of DNA cytometry for adjuvant therapy response in pancreatic cancer

The continuous progress in treatment options for pancreatic adenocarcinoma has lead to a re‐evaluation of prognostic markers. In this study the prognostic relevance of DNA Index and classical histopathological parameters with regard to disease‐free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was analyzed within the CONKO‐001 patient population.
RESTORATION OF RETINALLY INDUCED ANISEIKONIA IN PATIENTS WITH EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE AFTER EARLY VITRECTOMY

Purpose: To evaluate changes in aniseikonia in patients with unilateral epiretinal membrane after surgery. Methods: This prospective study included 24 patients with unilateral idiopathic epiretinal membrane who underwent vitrectomy. Best-corrected visual acuity and aniseikonia were measured using the Aniseikonia Inspector 3 (Optical Diagnostics, Culemborg, The Netherlands) preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Aniseikonia was measured in vertical and horizontal directions. Results: Mean age at surgery was 64.2 ± 9.3 years, and mean symptom duration was 12.9 ± 11.4 months. Mean changes in aniseikonia after surgery were 41.0 ± 31.4% reduction in the vertical direction and 41.6 ± 30.8% reduction in the horizontal direction (both P < 0.001). The remaining aniseikonia after surgery correlated with symptom duration (r = 0.565, P = 0.006, and r = 0.812, P < 0.001, for vertical and horizontal directions, respectively). The good preoperative best-corrected visual acuity group showed better improvement of aniseikonia than did the poor preoperative group (P = 0.046 and P = 0.025 for vertical and horizontal directions, respectively). Conclusion: Greater improvement of aniseikonia after epiretinal membrane peeling was achieved in patients with better preoperative best-corrected visual acuity and shorter symptom durations. Early vitrectomy helped to reduce aniseikonia in patients with epiretinal membrane.
Tricuspid annulus motion and mitral annulus motion: Anatomical intimacy causing a good correlation?

BACKGROUND Echocardiographic evaluation of the heart and its function, especially left ventricular systolic function, has great clinical importance. Systolic function can be measured using several methods, such as the amplitude of motion of the left atrioventricular plane (mitral annulus motion [MAM]) toward the apex during systole. Similarly, right ventricular systolic function can be measured using the motion of the right atrioventricular plane (tricuspid annulus motion [TAM]) toward the apex during systole. OBJECTIVES Because the mitral and tricuspid annuli are situated close to each other in the fibrous skeleton between both ventricles and atria, one might think that a decrease in the amplitude of MAM would be followed by a decrease in the amplitude of TAM. The present study was developed to determinine if this anatomical intimacy causes a good correlation between the amplitudes of TAM and MAM. METHODS Nineteen healthy subjects and 103 consecutive patients were included in the study and examined using echocardiography. The amplitudes of TAM and MAM were measured and the correlation between the amplitudes was calculated. RESULTS In the 103 consecutive patients, a significant but relatively weak positive correlation was found between TAM and MAM amplitudes (Pearson's correlation coefficient [r]=0.58; P<0.001). In the 19 healthy subjects, no significant correlation was found. CONCLUSIONS Despite the anatomical intimacy of the annuli, the correlation between the amplitudes of TAM and MAM in consecutive patients was rather weak, and there was no correlation in healthy subjects. These findings could be due to anatomical and physiological differences between the right and left ventricles.
Rat c-raf oncogene activation by a rearrangement that produces a fused protein

In a previous study, activated rat c-raf was detected by an NIH 3T3 cell transfection assay, and a rearrangement was demonstrated in the 5' half of the sequence of the gene. In the present study, the cDNAs of normal and activated rat c-raf were analyzed. Results showed that the activated c-raf gene is transcribed to produce a fused mRNA, in which the 5' half of the sequence is replaced by an unknown rat sequence. This mRNA codes a fused c-raf protein. The normal and activated c-raf cDNAs were each connected to the long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus and transfected into NIH 3T3 cells. Only the activated form had transforming activity. We conclude that the rearrangement is responsible for the activation of c-raf.
Habituation of the nociceptive blink reflex in episodic and chronic cluster headache

Background: Analysis of habituation patterns in patients with primary headache disorders allows the detection of changes to the excitability level of the trigeminal nociceptive system. Previous studies demonstrated a habituation deficit to painful stimuli in migraine and it was suggested that similar observations could be made in cluster headache (CH). Methods: Habituation of the “nociceptive” blink reflex (nBR) (R2 response) was studied in 66 CH patients (18 episodic CH inside bout, 28 episodic CH outside bout, 20 chronic CH) as well as in 30 healthy controls in a case-control study design. Results: Habituation behaviour was similar in CH and healthy controls as well as in CH subtypes. No side-to-side differences of habituation between headache side and non-headache side were detected. Conclusion: Our results did not detect an altered habituation in CH patients. Despite clinical similarities, migraine and CH seem not to share the same pathophysiological mechanisms in this regard.
Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie bei Depressionen. Behandlungsanleitungen und Materialien.

Ein auf kognitiven und lerntheoretischen Erklaerungsansaetzen der Depression beruhendes kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutisches Behandlungsprogramm wird vorgestellt. Hauptziele des Programms sind die Veraenderung von Aktivitaetsmustern des Patienten, die Schaffung von Sozialkontakten und die Veraenderung von Einstellungen und Kognitionen. Der theoretische Hintergrund, die empirische Absicherung, die Einzelziele, das praktische Vorgehen und die Anforderungen an das Therapeutenverhalten werden dargestellt sowie die notwendigen Arbeitsmaterialien und diagnostischen Hilfsmittel wiedergegeben. Fuer die 2. Auflage wurde der Text ueberarbeitet, und die Ergebnisse zweier grosser Therapievergleichsstudien, an denen die Autoren mitgearbeitet haben, werden beruecksichtigt. - Inhalt: (1) Theoretischer Handlungsrahmen. (2) Stand der Therapieforschung. (3) Verhaltensanalyse und Depressionsdiagnostik. (4) Basiselemente des therapeutischen Handelns. (5) Struktur der Behandlung. (6) Behandlungselemente. Aufbau positiver Aktivitaeten. (7) Veraenderung von Kognitionen. (8) Verbesserung sozialer Fertigkeiten. (9) Beibehaltung des Therapieerfolgs. (10) Supervision und Kontrolle kognitiver Verhaltenstherapeuten.
bickerstaff ’ s brainstem encephalitis : a rare Variant of the anti-gq 1 b antibody Syndrome

B ickerstaff’s Brainstem Encephalitis (BBE) is a rare neurological condition classically characterized by a constellation of signs and symptoms including acute ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and altered sensorium.1 In the 1950’s, Bickerstaff and Cloake described three cases of patients who presented with these clinical features and commented on similarities to the Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), specifically an antecedent upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection, peripheral neuropathy, and evidence of a albuminocytologic disassociation in the CSF.2 At about the same time, C. Miller Fisher described cases of ophthalmoplegia and ataxia in a 1956 edition of New England Journal of Medicine. But in contradistinction to BBE, these patients had no change in sensorium and almost universally these patients were areflexic. The majority of patients achieved spontaneous recovery without the need for treatment despite the alarming initial presentation of BBE. The discovery that a large number of affected patients tested positive for the Anti-Gq1b antibody led to a greater understanding of BBE. Because Anti-Gq1b antibody seropositivity is also seen in other conditions such as GBS and Miller Fisher Syndrome (MFS), many clinicians believe that BBE is not a distinct neurological entity but lies at one end of a spectrum of diseases known as the Anti-Gq1b syndromes. In this article we review some of the key features of BBE including pathophysiology, epidemiology, presentation and investigations, differential diagnosis, and management and treatment.