Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The ‘Glish is no Glitch: Spanish-English Contact Phenomena in Advertising Copy

Potato, potahto, tomato, tomahto: some customers call their favorite cereal “Corn flakes,” while others reach for los cornflais (Ilan Stavans 2005: 102). Faced with language choices, advertisers might be calling the whole thing off. The fast food chain Chick-Fil-A combines English and Spanish in their caricatured cow-friendly calendar: “Chikin es mooey gud. ” Fashion magazine Ocean Drive Español promises “lo más fashion para la playa (the most fashion for the beach),” and hosts headlines on the “hoteles con star power (hotels with star power)” (italics theirs). The cows are painting it. The fashionistas are styling it. “Spanglish,” according to the title of Ilan Stavans’ 2003 book on the topic, is “the new American language. ” The present study examines competing definitions of “Spanglish. ” After reviewing various English-Spanish contact phenomena, the presence of code-switching, calques, Spanglish neologisms, and bilingual translation in print advertising are examined. Qualitative analysis serves to assess the motivations, rules, and ramifications of meshing Spanish and English in the media. Such analysis reveals that the function of advertising language is often more symbolic than referential. Close readings of the ad also serve as an additional account of linguistic correlates of “Spanglish” in the hybrid communication between advertiser and consumer.
The Influence of Preharvest Practices and Postharvest Treatments on Sensory Characteristics of Fresh and Fresh Cut Produce

Observation of consumer expectations regarding food quality provides the basic for any successful food production and marketing. This is also true for fresh fruits and vegetables which are increasingly valued as an important part of the diet. Traditional quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables is associated, primarily, with appearance attributes, such as size, shape, surface color and defects; tactile characteristics, such as firmness or hardness; and internal quality attributes, such as sugar and/or oil content, vitamins and internal defects and disorders. However, sensory attributes play an important role in a consumer’s decision to purchase fresh or fresh-cut fruit or vegetables. Preharvest practices such as cultivation, growing system, soil type, and fertigation, as well as harvest practices, such as choice of the stage of maturity and postharvest treatments, such as controlled or modified atmosphere packaging, coating, and physical or physicochemical treatments may affect the sensory and flavour attributes of fresh and fresh-cut product. The goal of this mini review is to summarize the information that has been published during the last 4 years on preharvest practices and postharvest treatments that affect the sensory characteristics of fruits and vegetables, marketed as fresh, or fresh-cut products. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Study of Insulin Secretory Response after Oral Glucose Load in Hypertensive Subjects

s: Background: Insulin resistance leads to impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and other adverse cardiovascular effects. Increased insulin resistance will lead to hyperinsulinaemia which is a characteristic feature of obesity, hypertension and type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Aims: The present study was designed to investigate insulin secretory response and glucose abnormalities after oral glucose load in hypertensive subjects. Material and Method : The present study was carried out on 25 healthy controls and 25 hypertensive subjects of either sex and of varying age groups attending the Out Patient Department of Medicine, Dr. S.N. Medical College and Associated group of hospitals, Jodhpur. Results: The results obtained in this study showed that the results of standard OGTT and corresponding insulin response during fasting & after 1 hour & 2 hour were significantly higher in patients compared with control subjects . Conclusion: The present study indicates an increased insulin secretory response in hypertensive subjects, which is due to higher insulin resistance.
Evidence of a new Hg-tolerant ecotype of Rumex induratus from Almadén (Ciudad Real, Spain)

Mercury tolerance in wild vascular plants has hardly been studied and a tolerant ecotype is not known. In order to confirm the tolerance to Hg of Rumex induratus naturally growing in the biggest Hg mine in the world (Almadén population), the population was compared in a hydroponic experiment with another population from a non-Hg-contaminated area (Colmenar). The plants were exposed to different doses of Hg and a dose of As to establish whether the tolerance to Hg coincides with tolerance to other trace elements. Plants from Colmenar reached up to 1322 μg Hg g− 1 in roots and 65 μg Hg g− 1 in shoots and showed a significant decrease in biomass due to Hg exposure, whilst Almadén accumulated only 812 μg Hg g− 1 and 56 μg Hg g− 1 in roots and shoots, respectively. The Almadén population showed a higher tolerance to intense exposure to Hg, but not to As. Plants from Almadén exposed to Hg showed higher capacity to synthesise thiols in the root and to control oxidative stress and Zn starvation. Our findings suggest that R. induratus could be used to enhance understanding of the mechanisms of Hg tolerance in plants.
Patterns of alliance development and the rupture-repair hypothesis: Are productive relationships U-shaped or V-shaped?

The authors attempted to replicate and extend D. M. Kivlighan and P. Shaughnessy's (2000) findings of (a) 3 distinctive patterns of alliance development across sessions and (b) a differential association of one of these, a U-shaped quadratic growth pattern, with positive treatment outcome. In data drawn from a clinical trial of brief psychotherapies for depression (N = 79 clients), the authors distinguished 4 patterns of alliance development. These matched 2 of Kivlighan and Shaughnessy's patterns, but not the U-shaped pattern, and none was differentially associated with outcome. However, further examination of the data identified a subset of clients (n = 17) who experienced rupture-repair sequences-brief V-shaped deflections rather than U-shaped profiles. These clients tended to make greater gains in treatment than did the other clients.
Uncertainties in Dark Matter Indirect Detection

Astrophysical observations interpreted in the standard (ΛCDM) cosmological framework indicate that about eighty percent of matter in the Universe is non-luminous. This dark matter poses a major problem for particle physics: no known particle explains its inferred properties. Observations are most consistent with the assumption that dark matter is composed of weakly interacting massive particles. The discovery of these particles is vital to validate the prevailing dark matter paradigm. In this work, we examine the uncertainties affecting the astrophysical discovery of dark matter particles via secondary cosmic ray emission.
A STUDY OF SOME ANTIBIOTICS ; DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS EFFICACY AGAINST SOME SPECIES OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Received at: 13/10/2015 Accepted: 30/10/2015 İn this study the efficiency of four types of routinely used commercial disinfectant and antiseptics (Ethanol 70%, Dettol –Chloroxylenol5%, Hibitine Chlorohexidine gluconate6% and Bleach (Sodium hypochlorite 10%) which used in the laboratory of microbiology in College of veterinary medicine, Mosul, Iraq were tested against four different bacterial strains which isolated from clinical specimens of infected animals (E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus arueus and Corynebacterium renale). Antibiotic sensitivity tests were applied for different nine antibiotics (Ampicilin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Cefotaxim, Cephalothin, Lincomycin, Polymyxin-B, Trimethoprim Sulphamethaxazoll and Penicillin), all the tested bacteria showed resistence for (Ampicilin, Gentamycin, Cefotaxim, Cephalothin, Lincomycin, Trimethoprim Sulphamethaxazoll and Penicillin). Broth dilution method used for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disc diffusion method, the results of MIC method after 5 minutes of the exposure to the different concentration of Ethanol, Dettol, Hibitine and Bleach showed that Dettol has no effecincy, followed by Hibitine and Ethanol which showed lower activity while Bleach was the most effective disinfectant on the all tested bacteria. The Gram positive bacteria tested in this study were more sensitive than Gram negative bacteria to all used disinfectant and antiseptics, Disc and diffusion methods had similar effectivness for the tested bacteria against the disinfectants and antiseptics that used in this study. Key word: disinfectants, Antiseptics, Pathogenic bacteria, Antibiotic sensitivity test.
' s personal copy Molecular-level modes of As binding to Fe ( III ) ( oxyhydr ) oxides precipitated by the anaerobic nitrate-reducing Fe ( II )-oxidizing Acidovorax sp . strain BoFeN 1

Sorption of contaminants such as arsenic (As) to natural Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides is very common and has been demonstrated to occur during abiotic and biotic Fe(II) oxidation. The molecular mechanism of adsorptionand co-precipitation of As has been studied extensively for synthetic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide minerals but is less documented for biogenic ones. In the present study, we used Fe and As K-edge X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES), extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM in order to investigate the interactions of As(V) and As(III) with biogenic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide minerals formed by the nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizing bacterium Acidovorax sp. strain BoFeN1. The present results show the As immobilization potential of strain BoFeN1 as well as the influence of As(III) and As(V) on biogenic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide formation. In the absence of As, and at low As loading (As:Fe 6 0.008 mol/mol), goethite (Gt) formed exclusively. In contrast, at higher As/Fe ratios (As:Fe = 0.020–0.067), a ferrihydrite (Fh) phase also formed, and its relative amount systematically increased with increasing As:Fe ratio, this effect being stronger for As(V) than for As(III). Therefore, we conclude that the presence of As influences the type of biogenic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide minerals formed during microbial Fe(II) oxidation. Arsenic-K-edge EXAFS analysis of biogenic As–Fe–mineral co-precipitates indicates that both As(V) and As(III) form inner-sphere surface complexes at the surface of the biogenic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides. Differences observed between As-surface complexes in BoFeN1-produced Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide samples and in abiotic model compounds suggest that associated organic exopolymers in our biogenic samples may compete with As oxoanions for sorption on Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides surfaces. In addition HRTEM–EDXS analysis suggests that As(V) preferentially binds to poorly crystalline phases, such as ferrihydrite, while As(III) did not show any preferential association regarding Fh or Gt. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Eddies and an extreme water mass anomaly observed in the eastern south Pacific at the Stratus mooring

In the tropical eastern South Pacific the Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS) (∼20°S, 85.5°W) is located in the transition zone between the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) and the well-oxygenated subtropical gyre. In February/March 2012, extremely anomalous water mass properties were observed in the thermocline at the Stratus ORS. The available eddy oxygen anomaly was −10.5 × 1016 µmol. This anomalous water was contained in an anticyclonic mode-water eddy crossing the mooring site. This eddy was absorbed at that time by an anticyclonic feature located south of the Stratus mooring. This was the largest water property anomaly observed at the mooring during the 13.5 month deployment period. The sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) of the strong mode-water eddy in February/March 2012 was weak, and while the lowest and highest SSHA were related to weak eddies, SSHA is found not to be sufficient to specify the eddy strength for subsurface-intensified eddies. Still, the anticyclonic eddy, and its related water mass characteristics, could be tracked backward in time in SSHA satellite data to a formation region in April 2011 off the Chilean coast. The resulting mean westward propagation velocity was 5.5 cm s−1. This extremely long-lived eddy carried the water characteristics from the near-coastal Chilean water to the open ocean. The water mass stayed isolated during the 11 month travel time due to high rotational speed of about 20 cm s−1 leading to almost zero oxygen in the subsurface layer of the anticyclonic mode-water eddy with indications of high primary production just below the mixed layer.
One-dimensional domain walls in thin ferromagnetic films with fourfold anisotropy

We study the properties of domain walls and domain patterns in ultrathin epitaxial magnetic films with two orthogonal in-plane easy axes, which we call fourfold materials. In these materials, the magnetization vector is constrained to lie entirely in the film plane and has four preferred directions dictated by the easy axes. We prove the existence of 90° and 180° domain walls in these materials as minimizers of a nonlocal one-dimensional energy functional. Further, we investigate numerically the role of the considered domain wall solutions for pattern formation in a rectangular sample.
Electronic Nose Analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape and Wine Volatile Differences during Cold Soak and Postfermentation

Cold soak is a prefermentation maceration process at cold temperatures, traditionally used to enhance red wine color. This study monitored changes in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon volatiles using a commercial conducting polymer electronic nose (ENose) during a five-day cold soak and postfermentation. Principal component analysis (PCA) of juice volatiles detected by the ENose during cold soak showed PC1 accounted for 95.7% of the variation. Various volatile associations were made with specific ENose sensors. In comparison, PCA of must chemistries had 52.4% of the variation accounted for by PC1. The PCA of wine volatiles detected by GC-MS showed PC1 accounted for 97.1% of the variation between control and cold soak treatment, where control wine volatiles were associated with several ethyl esters, while cold soak wine volatiles were associated with diethyl succinate, isovaleric acid, benzyl alcohol, 3-methyl butanol, cis-3-hexenol, γ-nonalactone, benzaldehyde, 2-methyl propanol, phenethyl acetate, 1-octanol, β-damascenone, terpinene-4-ol, γ-butyrolactone, ethyl acetate, hexanoic acid, citronellol, phenethyl alcohol, and n-butanol. Comparatively, PC1 accounted for 100% of the total variance when using the ENose to measure volatile composition. Sensory evaluation did not demonstrate significant differences in aroma between control and cold soak wines. This study demonstrates differences in volatile chemistry between control and cold soak wines, as well as the ability to use a conducting polymer ENose as a simple tool for analysis of volatiles.
UvA-DARE (

Recent studies have shown that attitudes towards immigrants are the most important factor explaining opinions towards EU issues. Two arguments are given to explain this effect. First, we argue that these arguments are both build on the idea that people with anti-immigrants attitudes frame other Europeans as an out-group. Second, we test the validity of these arguments by measuring how respondents in a voter survey frame the issue of Turkish membership. We find that framing the issue in terms of out-group indeed mediates the effect of anti-immigrant attitudes on support for Turkish membership. This finding offers new insights into why levels of public support varies over different EU issues, as opposition is likely to increase when an issue is more easily framed in terms of out-groups.
Crystal structure of phase X, a high pressure alkali-rich hydrous silicate and its anhydrous equivalent

Abstract Phase X, ascribed by Luth (1995) to a hydrous K-rich silicate formed from the breakdown of Kamphibole at high pressures, was synthesized at 1250-1300 °C and 10-16 GPa in four different compositions: Na1.78(Mg1.89Al0.13)Si2.02O7 (anhydrous sodic phase X), Na1.16K0. 01(Mg1.89Al0.14) Si2.02O7H0. 65 (sodic phase X), K1.85Mg2. 06Si2.01O7 (anhydrous phase X), and K1.54Mg1. 93Si1.89O7H1. 04 (phase X). A general chemical formula for these phases can be expressed as A2-xM2Si2O7Hx, with A = K and/or Na, M = Mg and/or Al, and x = 0-1. Structure determination from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data shows that anhydrous sodic phase X is trigonal with space group P3̄̄-1m, whereas the other three have an identical structure with space group P63cm. Both P3̄̄1m and P63cm structures are characterized by MgO6 octahedral layers that are stacked along the c axis and inter-linked together by Si2O7 tetrahedral dimers and K or Na cations. Within the MgO6 layers, each MgO6 octahedron shares three edges with neighboring MgO6 octahedra to form brucite-like layers with one out of three octahedral sites vacant. Large K or Na cations are situated right below and above each occupied octahedron in the MgO6 layers, whereas the Si2O7 groups are located below and above each vacant octahedron in the layers. The two types of structures, however, differ in the relative orientation of MgO6 octahedral layers, the coordination of K or Na, and the configuration of SiO4 tetrahedral dimers. By comparison, the Na2Mg2Si2O7 phase synthesized by Gasparik and Litvin (1997) appears to have the stoichiometry identical to anhydrous sodic phase X. Hence, these two highpressure phases are likely to possess the same structure, or at least are closely related to each other structurally
GAS MASS FRACTIONS AND STAR FORMATION IN BLUE-SEQUENCE E/S0 GALAXIES

Recent work has identified a population of low-redshift E/S0 galaxies that lie on the blue sequence in color versus stellar mass parameter space, where spiral galaxies typically reside. While high-mass blue-sequence E/S0s often resemble young merger or interaction remnants likely to fade to the red sequence, we focus on blue-sequence E/S0s with lower stellar masses (M*< a few ×1010 M☉), which are characterized by fairly regular morphologies and low-density field environments where fresh gas infall is possible. This population may provide an evolutionary link between early-type galaxies and spirals through disk regrowth. Focusing on atomic gas reservoirs, we present new GBT H i data for 27 E/S0s on both sequences as well as a complete tabulation of archival H i data for other galaxies in the Nearby Field Galaxy Survey. Normalized to stellar mass, the atomic gas masses for 12 of the 14 blue-sequence E/S0s range from 0.1 to >1.0, demonstrating that morphological transformation is possible if the detected gas can be converted into stars. These gas-to-stellar mass ratios are comparable to those of spiral and irregular galaxies and have a similar dependence on stellar mass. Assuming that the H i is accessible for star formation, we find that many of our blue-sequence E/S0s can increase in stellar mass by 10%–60% in 3 Gyr in both of two limiting scenarios, exponentially declining star formation (i.e., closed box) and constant star formation (i.e., allowing gas infall). In a constant star formation scenario, about half of the blue-sequence E/S0s require fresh gas infall on a timescale of ≲3 Gyr to avoid exhausting their atomic gas reservoirs and evolving to the red sequence. We present evidence that star formation in these galaxies is bursty and likely involves externally triggered gas inflows. Our analysis suggests that most blue-sequence E/S0s are indeed capable of substantial stellar disk growth on relatively short timescales.
Empirical Modeling of the Stellar Spectrum of Galaxies

An empirical method of modeling the stellar spectrum of galaxies is proposed, based on two successive applications of principal component analysis (PCA). PCA is first applied to the newly available stellar library STELIB, supplemented by the J, H, and Ks magnitudes taken mainly from the Two Micron All Sky Survey. Next, the resulting eigenspectra are used to fit the observed spectra of a sample of 1016 galaxies selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 1 (SDSS DR1). PCA is again applied to the fitted spectra to construct the eigenspectra of galaxies with zero velocity dispersion. The first nine galactic eigenspectra so obtained are then used to model the stellar spectrum of the galaxies in SDSS DR1 and synchronously to estimate the stellar velocity dispersion, the spectral type, the near-infrared spectral energy distribution, and the average reddening. Extensive tests show that the spectra of different types of galaxies can be modeled quite accurately using these eigenspectra. The method can yield stellar velocity dispersion with accuracies better than 10% for the spectra of typical signal-to-noise ratios in SDSS DR1.
Evolution of the complex refractive index in the UV spectral region in ageing secondary organic aerosol

Abstract. The chemical and physical properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed by the photochemical degradation of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC) are as yet still poorly constrained. The evolution of the complex refractive index (RI) of SOA, formed from purely biogenic VOC and mixtures of biogenic and anthropogenic VOC, was studied over a diurnal cycle in the SAPHIR photochemical outdoor chamber in Julich, Germany. The correlation of RI with SOA chemical and physical properties such as oxidation level and volatility was examined. The RI was retrieved by a newly developed broadband cavity-enhanced spectrometer for aerosol optical extinction measurements in the UV spectral region (360 to 420 nm). Chemical composition and volatility of the particles were monitored by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, and a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer. SOA was formed by ozonolysis of either (i) a mixture of biogenic VOC (α-pinene and limonene), (ii) biogenic VOC mixture with subsequent addition of an anthropogenic VOC (p-xylene-d10), or (iii) a mixture of biogenic and anthropogenic VOC. The SOA aged by ozone/OH reactions up to 29.5 h was found to be non-absorbing in all cases. The SOA with p-xylene-d10 showed an increase of the scattering component of the RI correlated with an increase of the O / C ratio and with an increase in the SOA density. There was a greater increase in the scattering component of the RI when the SOA was produced from the mixture of biogenic VOCs and anthropogenic VOC than from the sequential addition of the VOCs after approximately the same ageing time. The increase of the scattering component was inversely correlated with the SOA volatility. Two RI retrievals determined for the pure biogenic SOA showed a constant RI for up to 5 h of ageing. Mass spectral characterization shows the three types of the SOA formed in this study have a significant amount of semivolatile components. The influence of anthropogenic VOCs on the oxygenated organic aerosol as well as the atmospheric implications are discussed.