Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION OF MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE MYCO-HETEROTROPHIC HEXALECTRIS RAF

PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION OF MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE MYCO-HETEROTROPHIC HEXALECTRIS RAF. (ORCHIDACEAE : EPIDENDROIDEAE) by: Aaron H. Kennedy Some plant species have abandoned an autotrophic life style and obtain their carbon and mineral nutrition exclusively from mycorrhizal fungi. Although myco-heterotrophic species have evolved in many plant families, they are most common in the Orchidaceae. Several mycoheterotrophic orchid species have been shown to associate with a very narrow range of ectomycorrhizal forming fungi, revealing a high degree of mycorrhizal specificity. However, these studies have often investigated single or few, often unrelated, species without support for their monophyly or knowledge of their phylogenetic relationships. Using primarily molecular methods and phylogenetic analyses, this dissertation investigates i) the monophyly and circumscription of Hexalectris species, ii) interspecific phylogenetic relationships within Hexalectris, iii) the identities of the mycorrhizal fungi that associate with each Hexalectris species, iv) the breadth of mycorrhizal associations within Hexalectris and within each of its species, and v) uses a Hexalectris phylogeny as a framework for investigating mycorrhizal specificity and patterns of associations. The monophyly of H. warnockii, H. grandiflora, H. brevicaulis, and H. nitida, plus the H. spicata species complex, are well supported. The remaining species are not monophyletic, prompting the recircumscription of H. spicata s.l. as H. spicata and H. arizonica, H. revoluta s.l. as H. revoluta and H. colemanii, and H. fallax as a synonym of H. parviflora. Extreme specificity with ectomycorrhizal agaricomycete fungi was identified in each Hexalectris species. Hexalectris warnockii associates exclusively with members of the Thelephoraceae; H. brevicaulis and H. grandiflora associate exclusively with members of Russulaceae and Sebacinaceae subgroup A; the remaining species, all members of the H. spicata complex, associate strictly with members of Sebacinaceae subgroup A. Optimizing these associations onto a Hexalectris phylogeny reveals that, with one exception, each Hexalectris species associates with a different clade or group of fungal clades, and that shifts in association from one group of fungi to another occurred during each speciation event in the evolutionary history of this genus. PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION OF MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE MYCO-HETEROTROPHIC HEXALECTRIS RAF. (ORCHIDACEAE : EPIDENDROIDEAE)
A phase field approach for optimal boundary control of damage processes in two-dimensional viscoelastic media

In this work we investigate a phase field model for damage processes in two-dimensional viscoelastic media with non-homogeneous Neumann data describing external boundary forces. In the first part we establish global-in-time existence, uniqueness, a priori estimates and continuous dependence of strong solutions on the data. The main difficulty is caused by the irreversibility of the phase field variable which results in a constrained PDE system. In the last part we consider an optimal control problem where a cost functional penalizes maximal deviations from prescribed damage profiles. The goal is to minimize the cost functional with respect to exterior forces acting on the boundary which play the role of the control variable in the considered model. To this end, we prove existence of minimizers and study a family of "local" approximations via adapted cost functionals.
The Effect of the Characteristics of Board of Directors on Real Earnings Management

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the characteristics of board of directors (Chief Executive Officer Duality, CEO tenure duration, size and independence of the board of directors) on earnings management. In this study, data from 62 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years of 2011 to 2015 were used. The statistical method used in this research is panel data and the multiple linear regression models were used to test the hypotheses. In this study, three models of real earnings management (real earnings management based on abnormal cash flows, real earnings management based on abnormal discretionary expenditure and real earnings management based on abnormal production costs) were considered. The results of the hypotheses test using panel data showed that from the four characteristics taken into consideration for the board of directors, duration of tenure of Chief Executive Officer on the board of directors (in all three models of real earnings management), the size of the board of directors (in real earnings management model based on abnormal discretionary expenditure ), the independence of the board of directors and CEO-duality (in real earnings management models based on abnormal production costs), have a significant impact on the real earnings management
A global spatially contiguous solar-induced fluorescence (CSIF) dataset using neural networks

Abstract. Satellite-retrieved solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has shown great potential to monitor the photosynthetic activity of terrestrial ecosystems. However, several issues, including low spatial and temporal resolution of the gridded datasets and high uncertainty of the individual retrievals, limit the applications of SIF. In addition, inconsistency in measurement footprints also hinders the direct comparison between gross primary production (GPP) from eddy covariance (EC) flux towers and satellite-retrieved SIF. In this study, by training a neural network (NN) with surface reflectance from the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and SIF from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2), we generated two global spatially contiguous SIF (CSIF) datasets at moderate spatiotemporal (0.05∘ 4-day) resolutions during the MODIS era, one for clear-sky conditions (2000–2017) and the other one in all-sky conditions (2000–2016). The clear-sky instantaneous CSIF (CSIFclear-inst) shows high accuracy against the clear-sky OCO-2 SIF and little bias across biome types. The all-sky daily average CSIF (CSIFall-daily) dataset exhibits strong spatial, seasonal and interannual dynamics that are consistent with daily SIF from OCO-2 and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2). An increasing trend (0.39 %) of annual average CSIFall-daily is also found, confirming the greening of Earth in most regions. Since the difference between satellite-observed SIF and CSIF is mostly caused by the environmental down-regulation on SIFyield, the ratio between OCO-2 SIF and CSIFclear-inst can be an effective indicator of drought stress that is more sensitive than the normalized difference vegetation index and enhanced vegetation index. By comparing CSIFall-daily with GPP estimates from 40 EC flux towers across the globe, we find a large cross-site variation (c.v. = 0.36) of the GPP–SIF relationship with the highest regression slopes for evergreen needleleaf forest. However, the cross-biome variation is relatively limited (c.v. = 0.15). These two contiguous SIF datasets and the derived GPP–SIF relationship enable a better understanding of the spatial and temporal variations of the GPP across biomes and climate.
A comparison of large scale changes in surface humidity over land in observations and CMIP3 general circulation models

Observed changes in the HadCRUH global land surface specific humidity and CRUTEM3 surface temperature from 1973 to 1999 are compared to CMIP3 archive climate model simulations with 20th Century forcings. Observed humidity increases are proportionately largest in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in winter. At the largest spatio-temporal scales moistening is close to the Clausius–Clapeyron scaling of the saturated specific humidity (∼7% K − 1). At smaller scales in water-limited regions, changes in specific humidity are strongly inversely correlated with total changes in temperature. Conversely, in some regions increases are faster than implied by the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. The range of climate model specific humidity seasonal climatology and variance encompasses the observations. The models also reproduce the magnitude of observed interannual variance over all large regions. Observed and modelled trends and temperature–humidity relationships are comparable except for the extratropical Southern Hemisphere where observations exhibit no trend but models exhibit moistening. This may arise from: long-term biases remaining in the observations; the relative paucity of observational coverage; or common model errors. The overall degree of consistency of anthropogenically forced models with the observations is further evidence for anthropogenic influence on the climate of the late 20th century.
SAFETY AND EFFICAY OF REPAGLINIDE COMPARED WITH GLIBENCLAMIDE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC PAKISTANI PATIENTS

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy (glycemic control) provided by repaglinidecompared with glibenclamide in newly diagnosed type 2 (non-insulin dependant) diabetic patients. Settings: Diabetic clinic in medical outdoor of Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Design: Randomized prospective study. Methods: This single center study of one year duration was carried out in 100 patients between 30-70 years, all diagnosed to have type 2 diabetes mellitus recently and were not on any treatment. They were randomly categorized into two groups, repaglinide (test) and glibenclamide (control) groups. The study consisted of an initial induction day followed by follow-up visits after every fortnight. Repaglinide was given pre-parandial up to three times a day and glibenclamide was administered once or twice daily. Dosage was adjusted after every visit according to blood glucose level. Fasting blood glucose level, two hours postparandial blood glucose, weight and blood pressure were recorded on every visit, while glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was estimated thrice during the study (at the beginning, at six months and at the end of one year). Results: Of the hundred randomized patients (50 in each groups), all showed a decrease in fasting blood glucose level, two hours postparandial blood glucose and HbA1c. Mean reduction in fasting blood glucose in repaglinide group was 64+53 mg/dl and those by glibenclamide group was 34.7+53 (P=0.007). The mean reduction in two hours postprandial blood glucose was 119+66 in repaglinide group, while 87.6+74 was observed in glibenclamide group (P=0.02). HbA1c mean reduction in both repaglinide and glibenclamide groups was 1.1+0.3 and 0.7+0.5 respectively (P=0.00). No statistically significant weight change was observed and no hypoglycemic events were recorded in both the groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that repaglinide and glibenclamide both were effective in lowering fasting glucose level, two hours postparandial blood glucose level and HbA1c if used regularly for one year. The effect of repaglinide in lowering HbA1c was impressive as compared to glibenclamide. Both the drugs were well tolerated and weight change was minimal in both the groups.
Domestic Investment, Savings and Economic Growth in Tanzania: A Dynamic Multivariate Analysis

The study examined interdependence between domestic investment, savings and economic growth using cointegration and VECM. The study used time series data of 42 years from 1972 to 2012. The result indicates no evidence of the existence of short run or long run correlation between savings and investment. The weak short run positive correlation is observed between savings and per capita GDP. Moreover, there is long run positive correlation between investment and per capita GDP. Interestingly EDS found to have a long run significant positive correlation to both investment and savings but on the other hand significant negative correlation between EDS and per capita GDP in short run. EDL found negatively correlated with investment over the long run. Granger causality result provides strong evidence of joint influence of variables than individual causality. The shock imposed on investment found to have positive long lasting effect on itself, savings and per capita GDP unlike savings shocks which dies away after short period on investment and long lasting negative impact on per capita GDP. Moreover, shock on per GDP is having long lasting effect on itself, investment and savings. We therefore suggest proactive policy which would encourage investment and promote growth. As a result, over the long run domestic saving will automatically increase and lead to sustainable economic growth. Keywords: Investment, Savings, Economic growth, Cointegration, VECM, Impulse Response, Variance Decomposition
Nitsche’s method for unilateral contact problems

We derive optimal a priori and a posteriori error estimates for Nitsche's method applied to unilateral contact problems. Our analysis is based on the interpretation of Nitsche's method as a stabilised finite element method for the mixed Lagrange multiplier formulation of the contact problem wherein the Lagrange multiplier has been eliminated elementwise. To simplify the presentation, we focus on the scalar Signorini problem and outline only the proofs of the main results since most of the auxiliary results can be traced to our previous works on the numerical approximation of variational inequalities. We end the paper by presenting results of our numerical computations which corroborate the efficiency and reliability of the a posteriori estimators.
Prevalence and manifestations of water-born fluorosis among schoolchildren in Kaiwara village of India: a preliminary study.

Background: Fluorosis is an endemic condition with prevalence in 19 states and union territories in India. It is an urgent task to survey the fluorosis-related problems in these regions. Objective: To study the clinical manifestations of water-born fluorosis among schoolchildren in Kaiwara village of India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in all schoolchildren between 1 st and 7 th standard studying in Kaiwara village, Karnataka State, India. Parameters studied included fluoride ingestion through drinking water, fluoride excretion through urine, clinical features of fluorosis. These included dental staining, genu valgum, goiter, and conjunctival xerosis. Fluoride in water and urine samples was estimated using an ion meter. Results: Of the 416 schoolchildren studied, 24.0% children had dental fluorosis, 11.4% children had genu valgum, 20.9% had goiter, and 10.3% had xerosis of the conjunctiva. One hundred children passed high levels of fluoride in urine, while 90% of water samples consumed by the local residents contained high levels of fluoride. Conclusion: It was proved that water-born fluorosis is endemic in Kaiwara village. The endemic prevalence of the syndrome of fluorosis among school children was characterized by dental mottling, genu valgum, endemic goiter, and xerosis of the conjunctiva.
An infrared imaging survey of the faint Chandra sources near the Galactic Centre

We present near-infrared imaging of a sample of the faint, hard X-ray sources discovered in the 2001 Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS)-I survey towards the Galactic Centre (GC) by Wang et al. These ∼800 discrete sources represent an important and previously undetected population within the Galaxy. From our Very Large Telescope observations of 77 X-ray sources, we identify candidate K-band counterparts to 75 per cent of the Chandra sources in our sample. The near-infrared magnitudes and colours of the majority of candidate counterparts are consistent with highly reddened stars, indicating that most of the Chandra sources are likely to be accreting binaries at or near the GC.
Vibration Analysis of Moderately Thick Rectangular Plates with Internal Line Support Using the Rayleigh-Ritz Approach

In this study, the free vibration of moderately thick rectangular plates with several internal line supports was analyzed; the plates having twenty one possible boundary conditions (a combination of clamped, simply supported and free classical boundary conditions). The dimensionless equations of the strain (potential) and kinetic energy were derived, based on the Mindlin plate theory, to study the transverse vibration of moderately thick rectangular plates (in terms of the resultant stress, with consideration of transverse shear deformation and rotatory inertia). The Rayleigh-Ritz method, assuming two dimensional polynomial functions as admissible displacement functions, was applied. Numerical results were presented for a wide range of aspect ratios and thickness to length ratios. The in uence of line support location and thickness to length ratio on the frequency parameters was shown graphically.
Can reduced activity be a stepping stone for the unemployed

This article evaluates the effects of "reduced activity" (activite reduite) on the transitions from unemployment to employment, and from employment to unemployment. Under the French unemployment insurance system, an individual receiving UI benefits can receive both his salary and parts of his benefits if working less than a given number of hours; and extend his benefit entitlement period. Using an administrative dataset, we estimate a five-variate duration model based on Abbring and van den Berg (2003) to control for non random censoring, for the endogeneity of the timing of entry into reduced activity and of the duration of reduced activity spells, as well as the subsequent employment spell. We find that reduced activity involves a significant lock-in effect which reduces the hazard out of unemployment for individuals in reduced activity. Individuals with a reduced activity spell earlier during their unemployment spell experience a significant increase in their hazard rate, especially if they face a high implicit tax rate of their gains from RA. Moreover, reduced activity increases the duration of subsequent employment spells. Simulations show that the lock-in effect dominates, leading to an overall negative or insignificant impact. Simulations also points to ways to improve the efficiency of the policy.
Construction of compact step down voltage converter in terms of EMC

At the present there is a wide variety of step down converters on market. Due to differences in converter’s prices, parameters and principles of function, it is not that easy to choose a proper one suitable for a concrete application. Moreover, really strict standards are applied in order to achieve high EMC compatibility between different devices. This article tries to show the possibilities of a really low-end DC/DC converter controller AOZ 1284. The set of measurements according to the set specifications and standard EN 61000-6-3 are presented together. Moreover, measures needed to comply to limits of the standard are shown along with it's results.
Endosymbiont-free ants: Molecular biological evidence that neither Wolbachia, Cardinium or any other bacterial endosymbionts play a role in thelytokous parthenogenesis in the harvester ant species, Messor barbarus and M. capitatus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Thelytokous parthenogenesis is a type of sex determination in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs. Genetic and endosymbiont-induced forms of thelytoky have been described in the Hymenoptera. Our study has revealed that Wolbachia, Cardinium, Spiroplasma and other endosymbionts are probably absent in Iberian populations of harvester ants, Messor barbarus and Messor capitatus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) and are thus not involved as factors in the sex determination of these two species. Our results lend weight to previous suggestions that bacterial parthenogenesis induction in Hymenoptera is probably limited to the reproductive systems of chalcidoid and cynipoid parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Apocrita: Chalcidoidea and Cynipoidea, respectively).
Model of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the inner magnetosphere

The evolution of He+‐mode electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is studied inside the geostationary orbit using our global model of ring current (RC) ions, electric field, plasmasphere, and EMIC waves. In contrast to the approach previously used by Gamayunov et al. (2009), however, we do not use the bounce‐averaged wave kinetic equation but instead use a complete, nonbounce‐averaged, equation to model the evolution of EMIC wave power spectral density, including off‐equatorial wave dynamics. The major results of our study can be summarized as follows. (1) The thermal background level for EMIC waves is too low to allow waves to grow up to the observable level during one pass between the “bi‐ion latitudes” (the latitudes where the given wave frequency is equal to the O+–He+ bi‐ion frequency) in conjugate hemispheres. As a consequence, quasi‐field‐aligned EMIC waves are not typically produced in the model if the thermal background level is used, but routinely observed in the Earth's magnetosphere. To overcome this model‐observation discrepancy we suggest a nonlinear energy cascade from the lower frequency range of ultralow frequency waves into the frequency range of EMIC wave generation as a possible mechanism supplying the needed level of seed fluctuations that guarantees growth of EMIC waves during one pass through the near equatorial region. The EMIC wave development from a suprathermal background level shows that EMIC waves are quasi field aligned near the equator, while they are oblique at high latitudes, and the Poynting flux is predominantly directed away from the near equatorial source region in agreement with observations. (2) An abundance of O+ strongly controls the energy of oblique He+‐mode EMIC waves that propagate to the equator after their reflection at bi‐ion latitudes, and so it controls a fraction of wave energy in the oblique normals. (3) The RC O+ not only causes damping of the He+‐mode EMIC waves but also causes wave generation in the region of highly oblique wave normal angles, typically for θ > 82°, where a growth rate γ > 10−2rad/s is frequently observed. The instability is driven by the loss cone feature in the RC O+ distribution function, where ∂F/∂v⟂>0 for the resonating O+. (4) The oblique and intense He+‐mode EMIC waves generated by RC O+ in the region L≈2–3 may have an implication to the energetic particle loss in the inner radiation belt.
Interactive comment on “Reactive processing of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in aqueous aerosol mimics: surface tension depression and secondary organic products” by Z. Li et al

". the use of very high organic concentrations, coupled with the likely second order kinetics for the oligomerization processes, seems to suggest that these processes would be much, much slower on actual atmospheric aerosols than the one day timescale of the present experiments. In this vein, the authors should clarify the rationale for the choices for the organic concentrations (and why they are different for the different organic systems). "
The genetic variability of the invasive Perccottus glenii from Siret River, using the cytochrome b gene

M. LUCA , D. URECHE , D. NICUȚĂ , G. GHIORGHIȚĂ , R. C. DRUICĂ , L. D. GORGAN (1) 1 Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania 2 Faculty of Biology, Vasile Alecsandri University, Bacǎu, Romania 3 Academy of Romanian Scientists, Piatra Neamţ Branch, Romania *Corresponding author Monica Luca, Ph.D. Faculty of Biology Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania, 20A, Carol I Blv. , Iași, 700505, Romania e-mail: luca.monica1@gmail.com