Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurodefensive Effect of Olea europaea L. in Alloxan-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Brain Tissue Oxidative Stress in Mice: Incredible NaturalNootropic

Background: In the controlling of Alzheimer disease (AD) plant with antioxidant activity has attained considerable attention. The plant Oleaeuropaea (OE) L. belong to family Oleaceae is a rich source of natural antioxidant. Therefore the intention of this study was to analyze the neuroprotective effects of ethanolic extract of OE (EEOE) fruits in alloxan-induced cognitive impairment and brain tissue oxidative stress in mice by using Hole Cross (HC) test, Open Field (OF) test, Free Exploration (FE) test, Y-Maze (YM) test and contents of thiobarbituric acid reactivesubstances(TBARS)in braintissuehomogenates of mice. Methods: EEEO fruits were administered to alloxan-induced mice for 21st days. The neuroprotective effects ofthis fruit extracts were examined by using behavioral studies such as HC test, OF test, FE test, YM test and biochemical study such as lipid peroxidation (TBARS) assay. Results: In HC test, administration of EEOE on 14th and 21st day was remarkably (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased the number of hole crossed from one chamber to another by mice as compared to the disease control group. Administration of EEOE significantly (P < 0.01) increased the number of square travelled by mice on 21st day with respect to that of disease control group in OF test. In FE test EEOE considerably (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased the number of entries to the novel area and time spent in the novel area of the mice on 7th, 14th and 21st day as compared to the disease control group. The administration of EEOE significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased the percentage of spontaneous alternation behavior of the mice on 14th and 21st day as compared to that of disease control group in YM test. EEOE administration for successive days markedly (P < 0.05) decreased TBARS level in the brain tissue homogenates of mice with respect to disease control group. Conclusion: The existing study suggests that EEOE fruit shows momentous neurodefensive activity. Consequently, this fruit extract may have impending therapeutic value in the treatment of some neurological disorders alike AD.
Defining and grading an obstructive ventilatory defect (OVD): ‘FEV1/FVC lower limit of normal (LLN) vs. Z-score’ and ‘FEV1 percentage predicted (%pred) vs. Z-score’

ABSTRACT An obstructive ventilatory defect (OVD) is defined by a low forced expiratory volume/‘forced/slow’ vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) (e.g. <lower limit of normal (LLN)). However, the LLN can be estimated either by the 90% confidence interval (or the 90th percentile) (American Thoracic and the European Respiratory Societies (ATS/ERS) method) or by the Z-score (global lung initiative (GLI) method). In 2014, a new alternative classification (GLI classification) for grading the OVD severity was proposed to replace the 2005-ATS/ERS one. The aims of the present study were to determine, according to the two methods (GLI vs. ATS/ERS), the frequency of participants having an OVD; and to compare the two classifications (GLI vs. ATS/ERS) of OVD severity. This was a prospective study including 1000 participants (mean age = 41 ± 10 years). The OVD was defined according to the ATS/ERS [FEV1/FVC < LLN (=local norms value − 1.64 × residual standard deviation)] and GLI (FEV1/FVC Z-score < −1.64) criteria. The following OVD classifications severity were applied: ATS/ERS (FEV1%pred): mild (>70%), moderate (60–69%), moderately severe (50–59%), severe (35–49%), and very severe (<35%) and GLI (FEV1 Z-score): mild (≥ −2.0), moderate (−2.0 to −2.5), moderately severe (−2.5 to −3.0), severe (−3.0 to −4.0), and very severe (<−4.0). The frequencies of OVD were 14.4% (ATS/ERS method) and 10.5% (GLI method) (p < 0.05). Among the 103 participants having an OVD according to the two methods, the severity classification was mild (34.95% vs. 37.86%, p < 0.05), moderate (25.24% vs. 18.45%, p < 0.05), moderately severe (23.30% vs. 15.53%, p = 0.144), severe (9.71% vs. 20.39%, p < 0.05), and very severe (6.80% vs. 7.77%, p = 0.785), respectively for the ATS/ERS and GLI classifications. The two OVD definitions were not exchangeable. Moreover, the two grading severity systems misclassified the OVD grades.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-negative bacilli isolated from intra-abdominal and urinary-tract infections in Mexico from 2009 to 2015: Results from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART)

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing worldwide concern, which poses unique challenges for the effective prevention and treatment of several infections, especially the ones triggered by organisms producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). Here, we present the surveillance results of the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) of Gram-negative bacilli isolated from intra-abdominal infections (IAI, n = 1,235) and urinary-tract infections (UTI, n = 2,682), collected in Mexico from 2009 to 2015. Susceptibility and ESBL status were determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution method. Both E. coli (57%) and K. pneumoniae (12%) were the most frequently reported organisms, as well as the ones with the highest prevalence of ESBL-producing isolates (54% and 39%, respectively). The overall prevalence of ESBL-producing organisms was higher in nosocomial infections than in community-acquired infections (21% vs. 27%). The ESBL rates were 36% for IAI (953/2,682) and 37% for UTI (461/1,235). In addition, ertapenem, imipenem and amikacin were the antibiotics that mostly preserved bacterial susceptibility. Our results show consistency with global trends, although higher than the rates observed in Latin America.
First evidence of sex differences in the duration of avian embryonic period: consequences for sibling competition in sexually dimorphic birds

Parental favoritism in birds would be enhanced if parents can control any egg feature influencing the ontogeny of the embryo during incubation. Egg size and composition may influence the duration of incubation and hatching periods, and eggs bearing embryos of different sex may differ in size and composition. Therefore, the sex of the embryo could also influence its ontogeny before hatching. We tested this prediction by investigating the duration of the embryonic period of different-sex embryos in the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), a sexually dimorphic raptor in which adult females are approximately 20% heavier than are adult males. We found the first evidence of sex differences in the duration of the embryonic period in avian eggs. Female embryos had a shorter embryonic period than did male embryos, which allowed females to hatch earlier in the hatching sequence and assume a higher rank than that of males in the intrabrood size hierarchy. Embryos with a fast growth and development resulted in hatchlings with greater residual reserves and thus larger mass, which suggests that a shorter embryonic period requires less maintenance metabolism relative to growth. Our results also indicated that early hatching may be advantageous to gain a high rank in the size hierarchy within the brood independently of the effect of sex on fledgling mass. Sex differences in avian egg ontogeny may therefore be a factor shaping life-history traits associated with parental control of sibling competition, which should be addressed in any future work on optimal reproductive investment. Copyright 2003.
Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus responses to long-term, whole-ecosystem nutrient enrichment

The effects of eutrophication on coastal plants and sessile animals are becoming well known, but responses of mobile species are less well studied. Here, we link variation in abun- dance, biomass, body size, growth rate, and resource utilization in mummichogs Fundulus hetero- clitus >40 mm in length to experimental nutrient enrichment in Plum Island Sound, Massachu- setts, USA. To mimic cultural eutrophication, dissolved fertilizer was released into replicate saltmarsh creeks on each rising tide throughout entire growing seasons. In the summer of the sixth year of enrichment, we released coded-wire tagged mummichogs into nutrient-enriched (n = 3733 fish) and reference (n = 3894 fish) creeks and recaptured them over the next 2 mo. We found increased abundance (by 37%), biomass (58%), body size (8%), and herbivory (115%, measured as photosynthetic gut pigment content) in nutrient-enriched creeks, although body condition was unaffected. However, individual growth rates were 43% lower in nutrient-enriched creeks. Nutri- ent enrichment stimulated primary production, causing a bottom-up enrichment of the food web which fostered increased biomass and body size. However, the reduction in growth rate indicates an adverse consequence of long-term nutrient enrichment. This negative effect occurred in the absence of increased hypoxia in these highly tidally (4 m amplitude) flushed study creeks. The mummichog is an important predator/grazer in salt marshes, and nutrient-induced alterations in biomass or resource utilization will directly or indirectly affect lower trophic levels, including ben- thic algae, thereby impacting the ecosystem-wide response to eutrophication.
Manifestations of systemic diseases and conditions that affect the periodontal attachment apparatus: Case definitions and diagnostic considerations

OBJECTIVES This review proposes case definitions and diagnostic considerations of systemic disorders and conditions that affect the periodontal attachment apparatus. IMPORTANCE Periodontal diseases and certain systemic disorders share similar genetic and/or environmental etiological factors, and affected patients may show manifestations of both diseases. Characterizing these diseases and the nature of the association between them could have important diagnostic value and therapeutic implications for patients. FINDINGS Numerous systemic disorders and certain medications can affect the periodontal attachment apparatus and cause loss of periodontal attachment and alveolar bone. Although many of these disorders are rare or uncommon, they often cause significant loss of periodontal tissue by influencing periodontal inflammation or through mechanisms distinct from periodontitis. Most of these disorders are due to innate mechanisms and some are acquired via environmental factors or lifestyle. Several disorders affect periodontal inflammation through alterations in the host immune response to periodontal infection; others cause defects in the gingiva or periodontal connective tissue, instigate metabolic changes in the host that affect various tissues of the periodontal apparatus, or operate by other mechanisms. For some systemic disorders that are more common, their contribution to the loss of periodontal tissue is modest, while for others, contribution is not supported by clear evidence. Few systemic medications are associated with increased loss of periodontal tissue, and these are typically medications used in the treatment of malignancies. CONCLUSIONS This review identifies systemic diseases and conditions that can affect the periodontal attachment apparatus and cause loss of periodontal supporting tissues and, where possible, presents case definitions for these. Many of these diseases are associated with a profound loss of periodontal attachment and alveolar bone, and for some of these disorders the periodontal manifestations may be among the first signs of the disease. These case definitions may be useful in the early diagnosis of these diseases and may contribute to an improvement in the management of periodontal manifestations and improve the quality of life for these patients.
CXCR7 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identifies a subgroup of CXCR4+ patients with good prognosis

The CXCR4/CXCL12 axis has been extensively associated with different types of cancer correlating with higher aggressiveness and metastasis. In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 is involved in the dissemination of malignant B cells and is a marker of poor prognosis. CXCR7 is a chemokine receptor that binds to the same ligand as CXCR4 and regulates de CXCR4-CXCL12 axis. These findings together with the report of CXCR7 prognostic value in several tumor types, led us to evaluate the expression of CXCR7 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma biopsies. Here, we describe that CXCR7 receptor is an independent prognostic factor that associates with good clinical outcome. Moreover, the expression of CXCR7 associates with increased survival in CXCR4+ but not in CXCR4- DLBCL patients. Thus, the combined immunohistochemical evaluation of both CXCR7 and CXCR4 expression in DLBCL biopsies may improve their prognostic value as single markers. Finally, we show that CXCR7 overexpression in vitro is able to diminish DLBCL cell survival and increase their sensitivity to antitumor drugs. Hence, further studies on the CXCR7 receptor may establish its role in DLBCL and the molecular mechanisms that modulate CXCR4 activity.
EFFECT OF GENISTEIN AND OXALIPLATIN ON CANCER STEM CELLS IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

INTRODUCTION: Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the malignant diseases that affect the oral cavity worldwide. One of the theories regarding oral carcinogenesis is that tumor growth is dependent on cancer stem cells. Markers specific for these cells as CD44 have been investigated in hope of developing a deeper understanding for their role in carcinogenesis. Genistein, as chemopreventive agent, has been shown to suppress the growth of several tumors. Oxaliplatin is a chemotherapeutic compound that did show a range of antitumor activity. OBJECTIVES: This research was carried out to study the effect of genistein, oxaliplatin either alone or in combination during experimentally DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis using CD44 antibody as a marker. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 young Syrian hamsters distributed into groups as follows: 4 normal animals examined for the histology of the normal pouch mucosa and 96 animals divided into; group I, as a control group, in which pouches were painted with a heavy mineral oil only; group II were painted with DMBA mixed in a heavy mineral oil. These animals were randomly divided into 4 subgroups as following: group IIA only painted with DMBA; group IIB where genistein was orally administrated; group IIC were injected with oxaliplatin; and group IID in which both genistein and oxaliplatin were given. RESULTS: Both genistein and oxaliplatin provided a significant reduction in carcinogenesis process of DMBA induced oral squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, they provided a significant decrease in the proliferation and activity of cancer stem cells as measured by the CD44 antibody. CONCLUSIONS: Genistein provides a chemoprevention role and the oxaliplatin produces a chemotherapeutic effect during the process of carcinogenesis. The combined action of both agents was better than the effect of each agent alone. KEYWORDS: Genistein, Oxaliplatin, Cancer stem cells, CD44.
Inhibitory control and counterintuitive science and maths reasoning in adolescence

Existing concepts can be a major barrier to learning new counterintuitive concepts that contradict pre-existing experience-based beliefs or misleading perceptual cues. When reasoning about counterintuitive concepts, inhibitory control is thought to enable the suppression of incorrect concepts. This study investigated the association between inhibitory control and counterintuitive science and maths reasoning in adolescents (N = 90, 11–15 years). Both response and semantic inhibition were associated with counterintuitive science and maths reasoning, when controlling for age, general cognitive ability, and performance in control science and maths trials. Better response inhibition was associated with longer reaction times in counterintuitive trials, while better semantic inhibition was associated with higher accuracy in counterintuitive trials. This novel finding suggests that different aspects of inhibitory control may offer unique contributions to counterintuitive reasoning during adolescence and provides further support for the hypothesis that inhibitory control plays a role in science and maths reasoning.
Metformin Alters Gut Microbiota of Healthy Mice: Implication for Its Potential Role in Gut Microbiota Homeostasis

In recent years, the first-line anti-diabetic drug metformin has been shown to be also useful for the treatment of other diseases like cancer. To date, few reports were about the impact of metformin on gut microbiota. To fully understand the mechanism of action of metformin in treating diseases other than diabetes, it is especially important to investigate the impact of long-term metformin treatment on the gut microbiome in non-diabetic status. In this study, we treated healthy mice with metformin for 30 days, and observed 46 significantly changed gut microbes by using the 16S rRNA-based microbiome profiling technique. We found that microbes from the Verrucomicrobiaceae and Prevotellaceae classes were enriched, while those from Lachnospiraceae and Rhodobacteraceae were depleted. We further compared the altered microbiome profile with the profiles under various disease conditions using our recently developed comparative microbiome tool known as MicroPattern. Interestingly, the treatment of diabetes patients with metformin positively correlates with colon cancer and type 1 diabetes, indicating a confounding effect on the gut microbiome in patients with diabetes. However, the treatment of healthy mice with metformin exhibits a negative correlation with multiple inflammatory diseases, indicating a protective anti-inflammatory role of metformin in non-diabetes status. This result underscores the potential effect of metformin on gut microbiome homeostasis, which may contribute to the treatment of non-diabetic diseases.
A Survey of Payer Perspectives on Cannabis Use Disorder

ABSTRACT Background: Cannabis use disorder (CUD) as described/defined in DSM 5, is characterized by impaired control of marijuana use and related personal, health, and legal consequences. CUD is a serious public health problem, affecting nearly 6 million individuals in the United States. There are no FDA approved medications to treat this disorder. The lack of available treatment options contributes to uncertainties by drug sponsors about formulary and reimbursement decision-making for CUD pharmacotherapies. Objective: To addresses this gap by presenting the first findings on managed care payers' perceptions of CUD treatments and clinical trial end points. Methods: An online survey was conducted with 50 payers from managed care organizations. The survey inquired about perceptions of unmet need in CUD treatment, relevant clinical trial end points, disease knowledge, and likelihood of review of new pharmacotherapies. Results: The majority of payers (62%) reported that they were at least moderately familiar with CUD treatment end points. Most (80%) rated the unmet need for new pharmacotherapies for CUD as at least moderately important. Payers rated the most important end points for clinical trials as abstinence and decreased resource utilization. Most participants said an FDA approved CUD treatment would be formally reviewed by payers within 6 months (58%) or a year (36%). Conclusions: Based on these findings, payers see an unmet need for CUD treatment. Furthermore, FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for CUD will likely be reviewed quickly by payers, especially if data are provided on the likelihood of achieving abstinence and reduced resource utilization.
Whole-cell scale dynamic organization of lysosomes revealed by spatial statistical analysis

In eukaryotic cells, lysosomes are distributed in the cytoplasm as individual membrane-bound compartments to degrade macromolecules and to control cellular metabolism. A fundamental yet unanswered question is whether and, if so, how individual lysosomes are spatially organized so that their functions can be coordinated and integrated to meet changing needs of cells. To address this question, we analyze their collective behavior in cultured cells using spatial statistical techniques. We find that in single cells, lysosomes maintain nonrandom, stable, yet distinct spatial distributions, which are mediated by the coordinated effects of the cytoskeleton and lysosomal biogenesis on different lysosomal subpopulations. Furthermore, we find that throughout the intracellular space, lysosomes form dynamic clusters that substantially increase their interactions with endosomes. Together, our findings reveal the spatial organization of lysosomes at the whole-cell scale and provide new insights into how organelle interactions are mediated and regulated over the entire intracellular space. Highlights Lysosomes maintain stable yet distinct spatial distributions in single cells The cytoskeleton and lysosomal biogenesis mediate stable lysosomal distributions Lysosomes form dynamic clusters that promote their interactions with endosomes Two subpopulations of lysosomes jointly mediate formation of lysosomal clusters eTOC Blurb Lysosomes are spatially organized at the whole-cell scale and form dynamic clusters that promote their interactions with endosomes.
Are We Really Solving the Dynamic Traffic Equilibrium Problem with a Departure Time Choice?

The dynamic traffic equilibrium problem has been a pivotal area of research in transportation for a few decades. The current state-of-the-art research in this area generally considers simultaneous departure time and route choice. In this paper, we theoretically prove that, in the simplest standard bottleneck model with a sufficient number of commuters, a dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) cannot be reached through a day-to-day evolution process of travelers’ departure rate—a central idea behind the iterative dynamic traffic equilibrium algorithms prevalent in the literature. We carry out our exploration with the proportional swap system and then extend our analysis to other typical dynamic equilibrium algorithms such as the network tatonnement process, the simplex gravity flow dynamics, the projected dynamical system, and the evolutionary traffic dynamics. Our investigation indicates that any algorithm analogous to the five categories of systems must be cautious in terms of convergence when it is applied to s.
Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics

This is a short review of Particle Physics and the most widely accepted theory, the Standard Model, with its questions and limitations. We also show a quick review of some of te theories beyonf the Standard Model. It is based in the introductory talk given the Third School on Cosmic Rays and Astrophysics held in Arequipa, Peru.
Non‐adherence to basal insulin among patients with type 2 diabetes in a US managed care population: Results from a patient survey

The aim of this study was to assess insulin non‐adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) to better understand relationships between adherence, basal insulin (BI) usage, and patient experiences. A cross‐sectional survey of patients with T2DM using BI was conducted. Adherence was measured by the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8‐Items (MMAS‐8). Low adherence (LA) was defined as MMAS‐8 score < 6, high adherence (HA) as MMAS‐8 score = 8, and medium adherence as MMAS‐8 score = 6 to < 8. Patients with MMAS‐8 scores = 6 to < 8 were excluded from the analysis. Of 400 completed surveys, 395 patients (98.8%) completed all MMAS‐8 items, 112 with LA, 134 with HA. Compared with HA patients, greater proportions of LA patients followed more complex BI dosing patterns (57.1% vs. 39.5%, P = 0.014), had some difficulty calculating their correct BI dose (40.2% vs. 6.8%, P < 0.001), reported having missed ≥1 dose per month (79.3% vs. 12.6%, P < 0.001), and temporarily stopped BI in the past year (23.2% vs. 0.7%, P < 0.001). In conclusion, understanding patients' experiences with BI therapy can help formulate strategies to improve adherence.