Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Climate-informed environmental inflows to revive a drying lake facing meteorological and anthropogenic droughts

The rapid shrinkage of Lake Urmia, one of the world’s largest saline lakes located in northwestern Iran, is a tragic wake-up call to revisit the principles of water resources management based on the socio-economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The overarching goal of this paper is to set a framework for deriving dynamic, climate-informed environmental inflows for drying lakes considering both meteorological/climatic and anthropogenic conditions. We report on the compounding effects of meteorological drought and unsustainable water resource management that contributed to Lake Urmia’s contemporary environmental catastrophe. Using rich datasets of hydrologic attributes, water demands and withdrawals, as well as water management infrastructure (i.e. reservoir capacity and operating policies), we provide a quantitative assessment of the basin’s water resources, demonstrating that Lake Urmia reached a tipping point in the early 2000s. The lake level failed to rebound to its designated ecological threshold (1274 m above sea level) during a relatively normal hydro-period immediately after the drought of record (1998–2002). The collapse was caused by a marked overshoot of the basin’s hydrologic capacity due to growing anthropogenic drought in the face of extreme climatological stressors. We offer a dynamic environmental inflow plan for different climate conditions (dry, wet and near normal), combined with three representative water withdrawal scenarios. Assuming effective implementation of the proposed 40% reduction in the current water withdrawals, the required environmental inflows range from 2900 million cubic meters per year (mcm yr−1) during dry conditions to 5400 mcm yr−1 during wet periods with the average being 4100 mcm yr−1. Finally, for different environmental inflow scenarios, we estimate the expected recovery time for re-establishing the ecological level of Lake Urmia.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERDE AND SEYIR IN TURKISH MAKAM MUSIC

“ When I was a kid, the elders in the village could tell the makam of a piece just by listening. ” While interviewing performers, enthusiasts, and experts in traditional Turkish taksims (improvisations), variations of this comment were made many times. Some of the respondents claimed to be able to identify the makam of a taksim, but others believed that this ability might now be a lost art. This paper documents a series of experiments (based on caricaturized or skeletonized taksim-like creations) designed to determine if it is possible to identify the makam from purely acoustical features, and, when possible, to determine the relative importance of the various audible features that may be used to establish the makam. Two basic classes of features are investigated: perde (the set of pitches used in the performance) and seyir (which relates to temporal motion within the piece, for instance, repetitive or common motives or melodic contour). The experiments provide evidence that both kinds of features contribute to the ability to recognize makams. Experiments that randomize the order of events show that pitch cues (perde) are often adequate to allow accurate identification of the makam. In experiments where both pitch and temporal cues are present but conflict (for example, a piece in which the perde is chosen from one makam and the seyir from another), experts often favor the temporal information.
Local available energetics of multicomponent compressible stratified fluids

We extend the local theory of available potential energy (APE) to a general multicomponent compressible stratified fluid, accounting for the effects of diabatic sinks and sources. As for simple compressible fluids, the total potential energy density of a fluid parcel is the sum of its available elastic energy and APE density. These respectively represent the adiabatic compression/expansion work needed to bring it from its reference pressure to its actual pressure and the work against buoyancy forces required to move it from its reference state position to its actual position. Our expression for the APE density is new and is derived using only elementary manipulations of the equations of motion; it is significantly simpler than existing published expressions, while also being more transparently linked to the relevant form of APE density for the Boussinesq and hydrostatic primitive equations. Our new framework is used to clarify the links between some aspects of the energetics of Boussinesq and real fluids, as well as to shed light on the physical basis underlying the choice of reference state(s) in local APE theory.
On the environments of Type Ia supernovae within host galaxies

We present constraints on supernovae type Ia (SNe Ia) progenitors through an analysis of the environments found at the explosion sites of 102 events within star-forming host galaxies. Hα and GALEX near-UV images are used to trace on-going and recent star formation (SF), while broad band B,R, J,K imaging is also analysed. Using pixel statistics we find that SNe Ia show the lowest degree of association with Hα emission of all supernova types. It is also found that they do not trace near-UV emission. As the latter traces SF on timescales less than 100Myr, this rules out any extreme ‘prompt’ delay-times as the dominant progenitor channel of SNe Ia. SNe Ia best trace the B-band light distribution of their host galaxies. This implies that the population within star-forming galaxies is dominated by relatively young progenitors. Splitting SNe by their (B-V) colours at maximumlight, ‘redder’ events show a higher degree of association to H II regions and are found more centrally within hosts. We discuss possible explanations of this result in terms of line of sight extinction and progenitor effects. No evidence for correlations between SN stretch and environment properties is observed. Key words: supernovae: general, galaxies: statistics
Landmark-based morphometric and meristic variations of Glossogobius giuris in three stocks

Landmark-based morphometric and meristic analysis of pond, haor and estuary populations of Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton,1822) (Perciformes:Gobiidae) were done to find out variations among the three stocks. Samples were collected from three different regions such as pond of Mymensingh, haor of Kishoreganj and estuary of Barisal. Significant differences (*P<0.01) were observed in 13 general morphometric and 23 size adjusted landmark-based morphometric measurements among three stocks. Among the 11 meristic counts the first dorsal fin rays (D1FR), transverse scale above lateral line (TSALL), branchiostegal rays and number of vertebrae were same among fishes of these stocks. In case of pectoral fin rays (PcFR) and transverse scale on lateral line (TSOLL) the haor stock was significantly different from other two stocks. In discriminant space, pond stock was isolated from other two stocks. On the other hand, haor and estuary stocks showed very close relationship. A dendrogram based on the hierarchical cluster analysis using size adjusted general morphometric and landmark measurements formed two main clusterspond stock in one cluster and other two stocks (haor and estuary) remained in another cluster. It indicates that pond stock was separated. The second cluster explained that haor and estuary stocks had very close relationship.
Test-retest reproducibility of neurochemical profiles with short-echo , single voxel MRS at 3 T and 7 T

1 Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 2 Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 3 Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 4 Multimodal and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Lactobacillus plantarum modulatory Effect on the Secretion of Interleukin-10 , TGFβ , and Fibronectin in Macrophages and Skin Dermal Fibroblasts Culture

Impaired wound healing in diabetic patients is associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα and IL1β, as well as the reduction of inflammatory cytokines IL10 and TGFβ. Lactobacillus plantarum is known to modulate the immune response towards the regulatory cytokine that increases anti-inflammatory cytokines. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of L.plantarum on the secretion of IL10, TGFβ, and fibronectin of macrophages and dermal fibroblasts. Research using cell culture of peritoneal macrophages and dermal fibroblasts of Wistar rats, cultivated in RPMI + 10% FCS, and stored in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C. S.aureus atcc 25923 in Mueller Hinton and L.plantarum atcc 8014 in MRS were harvested at mid-log phase and then the suspension was made at doses of 106,107,108 cells/ mL and subsequently heat-killed. Macrophage cultures were exposed to S. aureus for 6 hours washed and then treated by combination of S.aureus-L.plantarum (SALP) and L.plantarum for 24 hours. Next the supernatant was separated, added into the culture of fibroblast cells for 24 hours prior to measurement of IL10, TGFβ, and fibronectin levels by ELISA. Analysis using ANOVA and Tukey's tests with α = 5% shows the results where overall exposure of L.plantarum along with increasing doses had increased the levels of TGFβ macrophages and fibronectin fibroblasts, meanwhile SALP exposure increased the lowest level of fibronectin. Increased level of IL10 fibroblasts was reached only on the highest dose of LP exposure. Thus, it was concluded that L.plantarum increased the levels of TGFβ and fibronectin (p <0.000).
Agris category code : L 51 , Q 04 SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT OF OUTDOOR REARED ZAGORJE TURKEY FED LOWER PROTEIN DIETS

1 Fac. of Agriculture Univ. of Zagreb, Dept. of Animal Science, Svetosimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 2 Fac. of Agriculture Univ. of Zagreb, Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, Svetosimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 3 Ministry of Agriculture, Veterinary Directorate, Planinska 2a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia ABSTRACT The study was carried out on 272 Zagorje turkey chicks to estimate the effect of two different protein levels in diets on growth, bone development and carcass composition at the final age of 24 weeks. Birds of both sexes were divided into two groups: high protein (HP) and low protein group (LP) with 136 animals in each (68 ♂ and 68 ♀). LP group was fed a diet with 4% less crude protein content than the HP group during the first 8 weeks of age, while after this period both group were fed the same diet with access to a fenced pasture of 0.5 ha/group. Higher protein content in early rearing period had a positive effect on final body weight at 24 weeks of age. In the same time, morphometric characteristics of main bones showed that male turkeys of HP group had the most developed skeletal system and consequently the highest carcass weight. The carcass weight in male of HP group was higher than 3.0–3.5 kg as a preferable weight of processed carcasses of Zagorje turkey by Croatian consumers. These suggest that lowering the growth intensity by protein undernutrition during the first 8 weeks could have beneficial effects on carcass market of Zagorje turkey.
High-Value Work and the Rise of Women: The Cotton Revolution and Gender Equality in China

This paper studies a unique historical experiment: the cotton revolution and its impact on the emergence of gender-equitable beliefs. The cotton revolution led to a prolonged phase (1300-1840 AD) of high productivity for women. I hypothesize that a substantial, long-standing increase in relative female income eroded a highly resilient cultural belief: women are less capable than men. I examine a period when economic gains from the cotton revolution faded. Using variation across 1,489 counties in cotton spinning and weaving, I find that the cotton revolution reduces sex selection. This result is supported by survey evidence on gender equitable beliefs. I instrument cotton weaving with the range of relative humidity within which cotton yarn can be smoothly woven into cloth. I document an initial impact of the cotton revolution on widow suicides. To isolate the cultural channel, I examine the effects of the cotton revolution under post-1949 state socialism, where both genders had similar economic opportunities, political and legal rights, and show that pre-1840 cotton weaving predicts a higher probability for the wife to head the household. I document the distinctive role of high-value work in the perception of women. Low-value work performed by women, such as cotton cultivation, does not correct prenatal sex selection.
An Analysis of the Automaker-Systemist Supplier Relationship in an Automotive Industrial Condominium

Recently Brazil’s automotive industry has attained a reasonable performance as a worldclass player in the assembly of automobiles. In 2007, 2.97 million units were assembled. This result is 13.9% higher than that achieved in 2006 and represents the best result of the sector, according to ANFAVEA (National Association of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers; Brazil) (2008). In 2007, Brazil ranked as the world’s sixth largest vehicle manufacturer, outranking France and Spain. The world’s largest producer in 2007 was Japan, followed by the United States, China, Germany and South Korea (ANFAVEA, 2008). Specialists point to the rapid rise of emergent markets among the world’s largest vehicle manufacturers, especially the case of China (LUNG, 2000). Since the mid-1990s, several productive arrangements have been implemented in Brazil’s automotive sector, among them the modular consortium and industrial condominiums. These arrangements are characterized by high levels of outsourcing, long-term contracts, integrative agreements, coproduction of components, exchanges of specific resources, information interchange, and support to suppliers. These practices have led to substantial modifications in the relationship and in the measurement of performance among the actors in the supply chain (McCORMACK, LADEIRA & OLIVEIRA, 2008; LEE, KWON & SEVERENCE, 2007; FYNE, VOSS & VURCA, 2005). The relationship standard between automakers and suppliers is a central aspect of the new strategies of the automotive sector and it supports the process of internationalization of automakers and suppliers. Cooperation and partnerships with suppliers are also forms of capturing resources (Gulati, 1999; Gnyawali & Madhavan, 2001) and of minimizing uncertainties (Friedberg & Neville, 1999), which are such prominent characteristics for the insertion of companies into the global market. Automakers use these strategies to implement new plants in emergent markets. Brazil is an attractive country due to the rapid growth of the automotive market, lower cost production units, accelerated growth of driving rates (LUNG, 2000), and privileged fields for new organizational and labor experiments (Humphrey et al., 2000). However, the vulnerability of these markets requires that automakers adopt adaptive strategies that are able to reach domestic and export markets, allowing for economies of scale and scope (Lung,
Using teaching case studies for management research

Teaching case studies are widely deployed in business schools. They are contextually rich in detail, and students learn by applying and adapting theoretical concepts to specific business situations described in the case. This article proposes a new way to use teaching case studies, as research materials for academics. The article addresses three questions: (1) Can teaching cases be used as an alternative to field research? (2) When can teaching case studies be used as secondary data? and (3) How can teaching case studies be used as secondary data? The article concludes that teaching case studies are an unexploited and readily available source of research data, a source which should be considered when going into the field and gathering primary data is not possible.
Financial Structure, Managerial Compensation and Monitoring

When a firm has external debt and monitoring by shareholders is essential, managerial bonuses are shown to be an optimal solution. A small managerial bonus linked to firm's performance not only reduces moral hazard between managers and shareholders, but also between creditors and monitoring shareholders. A negative relation between corporate bond yields and managerial bonuses can be predicted. Furthermore, the model shows how higher managerial pay-performance sensitivity goes hand in hand with greater company leverage and lower company diversification. These predictions find some support in the empirical literature.
BLOOD HAPTOGLOBIN RESPONSE IN RABBITS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION

Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogenic bacterium which can induce severe skin infections in rabbits leading to important economic losses. The objectives of the present study included investigation of the variation profiles of blood concentrations of haptoglobin (Hp) which is considered a moderate positive APP during a 21-day-long period after inoculation and their comparison with clinical signs in order to improve diagnosis. The Hp concentrations were determined in plasma specimens from 7 male New Zealand White, 5 month-old rabbits subcutaneously injected with 100 μL of bacterial suspension of a field S. aureus strain (density: 8х10 cfu/mL) and from 6 untreated rabbits (controls). In parallel, rectal temperature and other clinical signs (skin lesions) were recorded. Abscesses and sometimes phlegmons were formed at the injection site within 48-72 hs in all infected animals and the inoculated germ was re-isolated from these lesions. The mortality rate in inoculated rabbits was 28.6%. A marked hyperthermia was observed in the inoculated rabbits after the 6 hrs and until 72 hs post-infection. Additionally, Hp concentrations were dramatically increased in infected rabbits compared to the controls between day one and 7 post-infection. These two parameters were positively but moderately correlated. Because of the great fluctuations of the body temperature in healthy rabbits, the simultaneous determination of the blood Hp concentrations may help to characterize the inflammation intensity in rabbits with experimental staphylococcal infection.
Void fraction distributions of inert gas jets across a single cylinder with non-wetting surface in liquid sodium

Little work on the void fraction behaviors along structural materials with poor-wettability for liquid metals has been performed. In the present study, void fraction behaviors around a single cylinder with non-wetting surface condition were quantitatively discussed by using a gas jet–cylinder system where the impinging jet flow, the boundary layer flow, the separation flow, and the wake flow appear. One cylinder with a non-wetting surface and two cylinders with a wetting surface were used to vary the wettability for liquid sodium, and void fraction distributions were measured around the cylinders. In the case of wetting condition, void fraction distributions around the cylinder decrease clearly in the backward region of the cylinder, and liquid-rich region is formed due to bubble separation from the cylinder surface. On the other hand, under non-wetting condition, because of two-phase flow without bubble separation on the cylinder surface, void fraction distributions show almost steady values around the cylinder compared to those with wetting surface. The void behaviors on a non-wetting surface were also confirmed by a visualization experiment conducted in water. The observed differences can be basically attributed to the work of adhesion required for liquid–solid interfacial separation.
The Complexity of Catastrophic Wind Impacts on Temperate Forests

Catastrophic wind disturbance events have profound impacts on forests in many parts of the world. As an ecological factor, catastrophic wind events not only cause extensive damage to trees, but also affect many aspects of the disturbed forests including community structure, individual tree growth, tree regeneration, species diversity, and ecosystem function (Coutts & Grace, 1993; Ennos, 1997; Martin & Ogden, 2006; Bellingham, 2008; Hoeppner et al., 2008; Zeng et al., 2009). Although catastrophic windstorms are easily seen to have major impacts on forest structure, the longer-term effects on less conspicuous ecosystem attributes such as species composition and diversity are more complex, and at smaller scales of observation are relatively unpredictable (DeCoster, 1996; McMaster, 2005; Xi et al., 2008a; Oswalt & Oswalt, 2008). Many factors, meteorologic, topographic and biologic, simultaneously interact to influence the complexity of patterns of damage and dynamics of recovery. A deep understanding of wind disturbance effects is essential for effective forest management and biodiversity conservation. This information is particularly important as ongoing climate change is likely to sustain the recent increased incidence of major windstorms for the foreseeable decades (Goldenberg et al., 2001; Emanuel, 2005; Xi, 2005; Xi & Peet, 2008a; Stanturf et al., 2007). The effects of wind damage have long been recognized and observed by foresters and ecologists (e.g., Baker, 1915; Bromely, 1939; Curtis, 1943; Spurr, 1956; Webb, 1958) and extensive research has been conducted on the ecological impacts of catastrophic windstorms (Canham & Loucks, 1984; Foster, 1988; Webb, 1988, 1989; Boucher et al., 1990; Brokaw & Grear, 1991; Walker, 1991; Peterson & Pickett, 1991; Merrens & Peart, 1992; Bellingham et al., 1992, 1994, 1995; Boose et al., 1994; Vandermeer et al., 1995; Imbert et al., 1996; Turner et al., 1997; Herbert et al., 1999; Sinton et al., 2000; Burslem et al., 2000; Boose et al., 2001; Platt et al., 2002; Woods, 2000; Peterson, 2004; Uriarte et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2006; Uriarte & Papaik, 2007; Xi et al., 2008b; Prengaman et al., 2008; Zeng et al., 2009). This work has greatly increased our understanding of the importance of wind disturbance for community composition and ecosystem function, and has led to the wide acceptance among researchers of a nonequilibrium perspective (Reice, 1994, 2001). As a consequence of this and related work, the traditional view of wind as a simple damage force has evolved into the contemporary view of wind as a spatially heterogeneous, multi-scale disturbance agent that affects forest structure, diversity, dynamics, and ecosystem processes (Xi, 2005).