Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EVOLUTION OF THE MAMMALIAN MIDDLE AND OUTER EARS: A PERSONAL REVIEW

The comparative anatomy of the vertebrates (including the comparative embryology and vertebrate palaeontology) has much to offer zoologists because it is here that we see best the actual transformation of organs into homologous but vastly different structures which function quite differently. We have the possibility also of understanding how animals can so change that the evolutionary results are separated into different classes. The description in the middle of the last century by Owen of the first discovered mammal-like reptiles did not arouse great interest, perhaps because much of the material was of indifferent quality and the techniques then available for their preparation and study were primitive when compared with those available today. It was the visit paid by Seeley to South Africa later in the century, and particularly his accounts of such cynodonts as Cynognathus ceratinotus, which aroused serious interest. One result of this was that Broom migrated to South Africa and during the next half century described hundreds of specimens collected from the Permo-Triassic Karroo fauna, the majority of which were synapsid, or mammal-like, reptiles. Later Watson’s accounts (1911, 1913) of the cynodont Diademodon attempted for the first time to interpret the real nature of, and to some extent, the mode of life of these animals. His account of the lower jaws of cynodonts, drawing attention to the reduced postdentary bones, caused Palmer (1913) to compare them with the ear bones of an embryo marsupial. The resemblance was such as to establish finally Reichert’s long famous theory, based entirely on living animals, that the mammalian malleus, incus and stapes were the homologues of the reptilian articular, quadrate and columella auris. But Palmer’s comparison also showed that the mammalian tympanic bone was unquestion-
Imaging electronic quantum motion with light

Imaging the quantum motion of electrons not only in real-time, but also in real-space is essential to understand for example bond breaking and formation in molecules, and charge migration in peptides and biological systems. Time-resolved imaging interrogates the unfolding electronic motion in such systems. We find that scattering patterns, obtained by X-ray time-resolved imaging from an electronic wavepacket, encode spatial and temporal correlations that deviate substantially from the common notion of the instantaneous electronic density as the key quantity being probed. Surprisingly, the patterns provide an unusually visual manifestation of the quantum nature of light. This quantum nature becomes central only for non-stationary electronic states and has profound consequences for time-resolved imaging.
An FPGA-based, 12-channel TDC and digital signal processing module for the RatCAP scanner

Front end digital signal processing and VME based DAQ electronics for the RatCAP (Rat Conscious Animal PET) is discussed. All digital approach to front end signal processing for the mobile animal PET scanner is presented. Altera Cyclone family FPGA based realization of the 12 channel TDC (time to digital converter), address serial decoder and VME based DAQ system development is discussed in detail. Routing delays between logic array blocks combined with propagation delay of logic cells were used to generate different clock phases, to achieve subclock speed resolution. Altera LogicLock/spl trade/ toolsets were used for replicable and tighter placements of the supporting logic to achieve the required timing performance. TDC realized using controlled placements of the logic elements to specific logic cells within a specific LAB (logic array block) has the maximum DNL of 0.7 ns. VME based custom designed board with FIFO memory constituted the DAQ electronics. Test results with full 12 blocks, RatCAP front end electronics are presented. TDC realization and characterization is discussed in details. Timing spectrum obtained for 12 blocks, 384 channels of full RatCAP scanner is also presented.
CBIR using Combined Feature Vectors of Column-Wise and Row-Wise DCT Transformed Plane Sectorization.

Content Based Image Retrieval is a way of computer viewing technique used to retrieve digital images from a huge database. In this paper we have first calculated the feature vector column-wise and row-wise separately. After this we have concatenated the feature vectors of column-wise and row-wise. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method we have used Precision-Recall crossover point, LIRS, LSRR and LSRI. Sum of Absolute Distance and Euclidean Distance are the two similarity measures used. The columnrow wise DCT transformed image is sectorized on the basis of even-odd column components of transformed image with augmentation of zero and highest row components. The proposed algorithm is applied to a database of thousand images. These thousand images are grouped in ten different classes. Performance is evaluated and compared for 4, 8, 12, 16 DCT sectors. General Terms The general terms used are CBIR (Content Based image retrieval), LSRR, LIRS, Absolute distance, LSRI (Longest string of relevant Retrieved images).
Ocular Myasthenia Gravis and Graves Disease in a 10-year-old Child

We report the association between myasthenia gravis and Graves disease in a 10-year-old boy and discuss the important aspects of both diseases, the importance of recognizing the association, and the investigations of choice to distinguish the 2 disorders. Early diagnosis of the 2 disorders may help in effective treatment institution with more rapid treatment responses with a possible improvement in prognosis and clinical course. Resolution of myasthenia gravis is not expected until the euthyroid state is restored. We recommend complete thyroid status review on all patients presenting with ocular myasthenia gravis.
Self-Controlled Feedback in 10-Year-Old Children

In the past few years, several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of self-controlled practice for motor learning. These studies have examined how giving learners the opportunity to control a certain aspect of the practice conditions—such as the delivery of extrinsic feedback (e.g., Chen, Hendrick, & Lidor, 2002; Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2002, 2005; Janelle, Kim, & Singer, 1995; Janelle, Barba, Frehlich, Tennant, & Caraugh, 1997), use of physical assistance devices (Wulf, Clauss, Shea, & Whitacre, 2001; Wulf & Toole, 1999), or demonstrations of the movement goal (Wulf, Raupach, & Pfeiffer, 2005)—affects learning. Typically, self-controlled practice conditions are compared to yoked conditions, in which each participant is yoked to one self-control participant. In the case of self-controlled feedback, for example, yoked learners received feedback on the same trials on which their self-control counterparts requested feedback. Allowing learners to control part of the practice conditions has been found to result in more effective learning, compared to predetermined (i.e., yoked) conditions. Possible reasons for those learning benefits include a more active involvement of the individual in the learning process and, in turn, deeper processing of task-relevant information (e.g., McCombs, 1989; Wulf et al., 2001) and enhanced motivation (e.g., Boekaerts, 1996; Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2002, 2007). The percentage of trials on which participants requested feedback in previous studies was relatively low: 7% in Janelle et al. (1995; underhand ball toss at target; feedback about movement form), 11% in Janelle et al. (1997; throwing with the nondominant arm at a target; feedback about movement form), 35% in Chiviacowsky and Wulf (2002; sequential timing task; feedback about segment movement times); an exception seems to a study by Chen et al. (2002; sequential timing task; feedback about overall movement time), in which participants requested feedback on 97% of the trials. While the frequency of feedback requests might depend on various factors, such as the nature of the task or on the exact instructions given to participants (e.g., the extent they encourage the learner to ask for feedback), there is a possibility that not all learners choose the “optimal” frequency of feedback, which, in turn, might have a qualifying effect on the learning advantages of self-controlled feedback. A recent study by Chiviacowsky, Godinho, and Tani (2005) did not support this view—at least for adult learners. The authors looked at the effects of different feedback frequencies chosen by adult participants. Specifically, Chiviacowsky et al. (2005) used a sequential timing task and compared two “extreme” groups of self-control participants, namely, those who chose the highest versus the lowest frequencies of feedback during practice. That is, of the 60 (self-control) learners in their study, they compared retention performances of the 20 participants who chose the highest frequencies (i.e., 50–99%) and Self-Controlled Feedback in 10-Year-Old Children: Higher Feedback Frequencies Enhance Learning
Biosynthesis of a phosphatidylinositol-glycan-linked membrane protein: signals for posttranslational processing of the Ly-6E antigen

The Ly-6E/A protein is a murine cell surface protein expressed at high levels on activated peripheral T cells. The only linkage known to be responsible for its association with the plasma membrane is a phosphatidylinositol-glycan (PI-G) moiety. To examine the biosynthesis of this structure, we constructed a series of mutants of Ly-6E that were expressed in COS cells by using transient-transfection procedures. When 12 or 20 carboxy-terminal residues were deleted from the primary translation product, the PI-G modification was completely abolished and the mutant proteins became secreted. Addition of the PI-G tail was partially inhibited when the charged 12-amino-acid peptide found as a cytoplasmic tail on the transmembrane form of LFA-3 was added to the COOH terminus of the Ly-6E protein. Proteolytic cleavage occurred on this mutant protein, but the PI-G moiety was added to only 50% of the molecules. Changing an Asn residue to a Lys at the hypothetical cleavage site resulted in a PI-G-linked protein having a detectable alteration in electrophoretic mobility. This finding raises the possibility that proteolytic cleavage at other amino acid sites may occur and that PI-G attachment can occur at this new site. A model identifying two regions that may act as necessary signals for the biosynthesis of the PI-G tail is presented.
Assessment of alternative uses for lignocellulosic waste products

Lignocellulosic materials are a vast potential resource that can be harnessed to produce a range of value added products which can have a number of applications. These applications typically include enzyme, antioxidant and bioethanol production in addition to use as an animal feed. Production of hydrolytic enzymes employing solid state fermentation (SSF) of relatively cheap agricultural wastes such as corncob, can potentially reduce the cost of production compared to traditional methods. Two fungi (Aspergillus niger 102.12 and Aspergillus oryzae 553.65) were selected following an initial screening, with the optimal conditions for enzyme production subsequently determined. Supplementation with yeast extract at 5 % (w/v) appeared to have the most significant impact on the enzyme production from both strains, with xylanase and cellulase activity being increased by as much as 31 and 44-fold, respectively. Lignocellulosic material can also be utilised as a substrate for bioethanol, although structural modification of the material to remove the lignin first needs to be achieved. Biological pretreatment with two selected strains of white rot fungi revealed that fermentation with Pleurotus ostreatus Oyrm 1 appeared to be the optimal strain for biological pretreatment, with as much as 75 % (w/v) lignin degradation observed. These pretreated materials were subsequently used to replace a portion of corn mash during ethanol production. The addition of corncobs which were pretreated with both white rot fungi and Aspergillus appeared to increase the rate of ethanol production during batch fermentation, whilst an increase in the final ethanol yield was observed in a number of fermentations. Biological pretreatment with both Trametes versicolor 3086 (TV 3086) and Pleurotus ostreatus Oyrm 1 was also successful at upgrading the potential value of forage feed. In a number of fermentations the crude protein content of the material was significantly (p<0.05) improved during pretreatment, with increases of up to 205 % noted following fermentation. The digestibility of the forage can also be increased using biological pretreatment with increases in the digestibility of as much as 2.2-fold detected following fermentation. The potential of producing antioxidants through SSF of lignocellulosic wastes by selected strains of white rot fungi was also assessed. Pretreatment of the residues improved the antioxidant potential of these residues further, with the phenolic content of the liquid extracts from fermentation being notably increased.
A study on adverse drug reactions to first line antitubercular drugs in DOTS therapy

Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the second leading infectious cause of death in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB as a global health emergency in 1996. It is a major public health problem in India. India accounts for one-fifth of the global TB incident cases and topping the list among high burden countries. It is estimated that annually around 330,000 Indians die due to TB. As per WHO estimate, 9 million people globally develop active TB and 1.7 million die of it annually. In India, it is estimated that nearly 2 million people develop active disease every year and about 0.5 million die from it.
Feasibility of video streaming offloading via connection sharing from LTE to WiFi ad hoc networks

Cellular networks are currently facing severe traffic overload, and different approaches to alleviate this problem are currently being studied. An attractive solution that does not demand major modifications to deployed infrastructure is to offload part of the cellular traffic to complementary networks. Based on that, this paper investigates the feasibility of low bit-rate H.264 video streaming offloading through opportunistic connection sharing from an LTE network to an WiFi ad hoc network. The deployment of an ad hoc network formed by end-user devices is considered as a means to provide range extension in addition to data offloading. To evaluate video streaming performance, the Structural Similarity (SSIM) index is used to express video quality as perceived by end users. The proposed architecture for video streaming offloading is evaluated through discrete-event simulations according to different mobility patterns, varying small-scale multipath fading, and two ad hoc routing protocols (AODV and OLSR). Particular interest is given to the seamless integration of the relay node in the heterogeneous scenario (multiple radio access technologies (RAT)), and the impact of the number of offloaded flows through the relay on a given video streaming session.
Epidemiology of knee injuries: diagnosis and triage

In the Western world we live in a society obsessed by sport. At recreational level, this allows an escape from the pressures of modern life, and, at the elite level, sport is now an established part of the entertainment industry, with enormous material rewards for the participants. At all levels, injury is a constant threat, and, of all injuries, those of the knee fulfil the athlete's greatest fear of spending a long time out of action. This is confirmed by a study from Sheffield, which showed the knee to have been the most commonly injured joint and soccer and rugby to have the highest risks.1 It has been said of our national game that it is not so much a sport as a knee disease! Not only may a knee injury require surgery followed by months of rehabilitation, but permanent disability from both sport and work may be the outcome. Indeed, a large study from Scandinavia found that the most common cause of permanent disability following a sports injury was injury to the knee.2 There is little work on the pattern of knee injuries in the United Kingdom, although a multicentre study is currently in progress. The work that has been carried out abroad, however, has produced some interesting information. It is not widely appreciated that ligament damage to the knee is more common than any other type of knee injury pathology (fig 1). 3 Many medical students, general practitioners, and paramedics may be familiar with the story of a weight bearing, twisting injury producing a meniscal tear; however, there is generally a profound ignorance about the history and signs of the more common (and potentially more devastating) ligament …
Effect of Intensive Interval Training on Red Blood Corpuscles and Cardiovascular Endurance

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of intensive interval training on the nature of red blood corpuscles count and cardiovascular endurance. Interval training stresses not only the energy system but the muscular system also. To fulfil the objectives of the study, fifty students from the Department of Physical Education, Lovely Professional University, Punjab were selected to act as subjects. They were divided into two groups of twenty five each i.e. control and experimental group. Data was collected prior and after twelve weeks of training. Comparison of pre-test and post-test training data was done with the application of t-test. Statistically insignificant difference was found between the pre and posttest count of RBC’s whereas statistically significant difference was observed between pre-test and post-test data of cardiovascular endurance after twelve weeks of intensive interval training.
Acceptability of Partner Violence in 51 Societies

Sexist attitudes have been claimed to play an important role in acceptability of intimate partner violence (IPV). Empirical evidence suggests that sexist individuals are also more accepting of violence in social relationships than non-sexist individuals. Results from multilevel regression models of data from 72,730 respondents of 51 countries around the world showed that (a) both sexism and acceptability of general violence in social relationships were positively related to acceptability of IPV and (b) the highest levels of acceptability of IPV were found among those sexist individuals who also present positive attitudes toward the use of violence in social relationships.
The Immunopathology of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Leishmania donovani Infection in Sudan

Renal function was studied in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) by means of the specific marker cystatin C and related to circulating immune complexes and cytokine production. Forty patients with VL (23 with sub-acute disease and 17 with acute disease), 17 patients with PKDL, and 22 healthy controls were included. Cystatin C, but not creatinine, was significantly raised in VL (P = 0.004). The highest levels of cystatin C were found in those with acute disease (P < 0.0001). In VL, cystatin C levels were positively correlated to circulating immune complexes and production of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), but negatively correlated to aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase. We conclude that cystatin C is a superior marker of glomerular function in leishmaniasis and that immune complex deposition and GM-CSF are two functions that most likely are causally involved in the mechanisms leading to glomerular dysfunction in leishmaniasis.
The effect of channel awards on company value

Using signaling theory, this event study aims at determining the effect of announcements about marketing channel awards on recipient company value. The dataset consists of press releases announcing awards to U.S. public companies (1993-2012), matched with financial data. The analysis focuses on award recipients (n=178 events). Results indicate that there are no positive abnormal returns associated with channel award announcements; and there is also no difference when taking the source (individual company or external stakeholder) of the award into account. Returns are positive, however, when awards are presented at dedicated events and to firms operating in concentrated industries. In effect, investors appear to value awards primarily for their visibility in recognizing channel players and for their differentiation potential in concentrated markets.
Assessment of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 121 dogs and 30 cats at a university teaching hospital (2009-2012).

OBJECTIVE To prospectively describe cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and evaluate factors associated with outcome in dogs and cats with cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS One hundred twenty-one dogs and 30 cats that underwent CPR. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Supervising clinicians completed a data form immediately following completion of CPR. Eighty-seven (58%) animals attained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 49 (32%) had ROSC >20 minutes, 15 (10%) were alive at 24 hours, and 8 (5%) were discharged alive. Cardiovascular abnormalities were the most common suspected precipitating cause of CPA (51/151, 34%). Presence of an IV catheter before CPA (P = 0.01) and the presence of palpable pulses during CPR (P = 0.007) were both associated with ROSC. Increased time from CPA to CPR (P = 0.04), longer duration of CPR (P < 0.0001), and neurologic cause of arrest (P = 0.02) were associated with not achieving ROSC. There was no association between ROSC and the initial arrest rhythm identified on ECG, animal weight, number of people present, and ventilation or compression rate. In patients achieving ROSC, those with a "survived event" were more likely to be euthanized and less likely to experience a second CPA than those with ROSC ≤ 20 minutes. Thirty-four percent of patients submitted for necropsy had gross and histological lesions considered secondary to CPR. CONCLUSIONS Early CPR interventions were associated with a greater likelihood of ROSC, emphasizing the importance of prompt recognition, and initiation of CPR efforts. Although ROSC rates in this study were comparable or higher than previous human and veterinary studies, the rate of "survived events" was lower than that reported in human patients. This may suggest that advances in post CPR care could have benefits to the veterinary CPR patient in the future.
Collaborative filtering based on user attributes and user ratings for restaurant recommendation

Online recommendation service had brought economic benefits for traditional catering industry. Aimed at the status quo, user-based collaborative filtering (UCF) algorithm was applied to restaurant recommendations in this paper. However, users' preference about restaurant was affected by many factors, leading traditional UCF algorithm precision was low. In order to solve this problem, three improvement were proposed. Firstly, mean score was enhanced to the calculation of similarity. Secondly, the number of common items between two users was utilized to affect the credibility of similarity, so modification factor was added to weaken the pseudo similar error. Finally, the real personal information online users registered were used to calculate the similarity based on users' attributes. The experimental results show that the modified algorithm (AdvancedCF) can improve the accuracy of the similarity calculation and provide users with more accurate restaurant recommendations.