Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
OCCURRENCE OF AMPC , MBL , CRE AND ESBLS AMONG DIARRHEGENIC E . COLI RECOVERED FROM INFANTILE DIARRHEA , IRAQ

Diarrhegenic E. coli (DEC) belongs to the one of the sex pathotypes: Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Enterohemorrhagic (or Shiga toxin–producing) E. coli (EHEC or STEC), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) and Diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC). The risk increased upon acquisition of the β-lactamases like ESBL, AmpC, KPC and MBL. The current study aim to phenotypically investigation of different β-lactamases types among DEC. Fifty eight stool samples were collected from children undergo diarrhea and have fever (38 ̊C41C ̊) with age between (3 months to 4 years). The methods of feeding (Breast feeding or artificial feeding) and geographic area were also recorded. Stool samples collected by transport swab with medium and cultured in the same day on nutrient agar plates.The results revealed high percentage of DEC isolation among stool samples collected from children artificial feeding 33 (78.6%), while 2 (16.7%) positive among breast feeding and this may be due to breast milk secretory IgA, oligosaccharades and lactoferrin have dynamic role preventing adhesion and augmenting the immune response against DEC. Antibiotic susceptibility results revealed high sensitivity of DEC toward amikacin, norfloxacin and netilimicin whereas showed high resistance for the others. For ESBL detection the results display approximate similarity for double disc synergy test(DDST) and ESBL Chromatic medium in which 19(48.7%) and 22(56.4%) positive for ESBL respectively. The positive results for carbapenemase resistant Enterobacteriacea (CRE) were (10.3%) using MIC strip and (15.4%) when the CRE chromatic medium used. AmpC positive among DEC were (7.7%) while (10.3%) of isolates were positive for MBL using MIC strip test. The current study conclude importance of the natural breast milk feeding for the children to get rid the intestinal pathogens especially diarrhegenic E. coli and possessing of diarrhegenic E. coli for different types of β-lactamase leads to difficulties in treatments.
WHEN GENDER AND LOOKING GO HAND IN HAND

In a recent study, Lew-Williams and Fernald (2007) showed that native Spanish speakers use grammatical gender information encoded in Spanish articles to facilitate the processing of upcoming nouns. In this article, we report the results of a study investigating whether grammatical gender facilitates noun recognition during second language (L2) processing. Sixteen monolingual Spanish participants (control group) and 18 English-speaking learners of Spanish (evenly divided into high and low Spanish proficiency) saw two-picture visual scenes in which items matched or did not match in gender. Participants’ eye movements were recorded while they listened to 28 sentences in which masculine and feminine target items were preceded by an article that agreed in gender with the two pictures or agreed only with one of the pictures. An additional group of 15 Italian learners of Spanish was tested to examine whether the presence of gender in the first language (L1) modulates the degree to which gender is used during L2 processing. Data were analyzed by comparing the proportion of eye fixations on the objects in each condition. Monolingual Spanish speakers looked sooner at the referent on different-gender trials than on same-gender trials, replicating results reported in past literature. Italian-Spanish bilinguals exhibited a gender anticipatory effect, but only for the feminine condition. For the masculine condition, participants waited to hear the noun before identifying the referent. Like the Spanish monolinguals, the highly proficient English-Spanish speakers showed evidence of using gender information during online processing, whereas the less proficient learners did not. The results suggest that both proficiency in the L2 and similarities between the L1 and the L2 modulate the usefulness of morphosyntactic information during speech processing.
CDK5‐dependent activation of dynein in the axon initial segment regulates polarized cargo transport in neurons

The unique polarization of neurons depends on selective sorting of axonal and somatodendritic cargos to their correct compartments. Axodendritic sorting and filtering occurs within the axon initial segment (AIS). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for this filter are not well understood. Here, we show that local activation of the neuronal‐specific kinase cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is required to maintain AIS integrity, as depletion or inhibition of CDK5 induces disordered microtubule polarity and loss of AIS cytoskeletal structure. Furthermore, CDK5‐dependent phosphorylation of the dynein regulator Ndel1 is required for proper re‐routing of mislocalized somatodendritic cargo out of the AIS; inhibition of this pathway induces profound mis‐sorting defects. While inhibition of the CDK5‐Ndel1‐Lis1‐dynein pathway alters both axonal microtubule polarity and axodendritic sorting, we found that these defects occur on distinct timescales; brief inhibition of dynein disrupts axonal cargo sorting before loss of microtubule polarity becomes evident. Together, these studies identify CDK5 as a master upstream regulator of trafficking in vertebrate neurons, required for both AIS microtubule organization and polarized dynein‐dependent sorting of axodendritic cargos, and support an ongoing and essential role for dynein at the AIS.
Basophils: important emerging players in allergic and anti-parasite responses.

Basophils constitute a subset of granulocytes first described by Ehrlich [1], and named after their property to stain with basic aniline dyes. They are functionally and phenotypically closely related to mast cells, but they clearly represent a separate cell lineage and not, as initially thought, a mast cell precursor population. Mast cells and basophils are clearly distinguishable by flow cytometry and histology using a set of different markers (Table 1). Basophils can rapidly increase in numbers, accumulate in tissues and release cytokines and other mediators during allergic inflammation or parasitic worm (helminth) infection (Table 1). Allergens and helminths have in common that they induce a stereotypic immune response characterized by elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and increased numbers of eosinophils, mast cells and T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. Despite the well-established association of basophils with such type 2 immune responses, their effector functions remained obscure. This was largely due to limitations for detecting and deleting these rare cells in vivo. However, basophils were found to constitutively express interleukin-4 (IL-4) mRNA and, therefore, IL-4/eGFP reporter mice proved very useful in clearly identifying, isolating and characterizing basophils [2, 3]. With the development of antibodymediated depletion models, basophils were recognized to be involved at many steps during early and late stages of immune responses against allergens, helminths or autoantigens. MAR-1, an antibody against the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FceRI) or Ba103, specific for the activating receptor CD200R3, have mainly been used to transiently deplete basophils in mice [4–6]. The caveats of this approach are that in addition to the depletion of basophils both antibodies can activate mast cells and induce anaphylaxis, complicating interpretations of these experiments. This problem can now be avoided by using genetically basophil-depleted mice. Last year two transgenic mouse strains with either constitutive or inducible depletion of basophils were reported. We generated one of these strains, Mcpt8Cre mice, by random genomic integration of a modified bacterial artificial chromosome that expresses the Cre recombinase under control of regulatory elements of the basophil-specific mast cell protease 8 [7]. Basophils are spontaneously and constitutively depleted in these mice with high efficiency (>90%) due to ‘‘Cre toxicity’’ caused by high expression levels of the Cre recombinase, which cuts genomic DNA at cryptic loxP sites [8]. Independently, Karasuyama and colleagues generated an inducible strain (Mcpt8 mice) by homologous recombination of a diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR)-encoding cassette into the genomic mcpt8 locus [9]. In these mice basophils can be transiently depleted for a few days by DT injection. Clearly, both mouse strains are valuable tools to further define in vivo functions of basophils.
A unifying explanation for diverse metabolic scaling in animals and plants

The scaling of metabolic rate with body mass has long been a controversial topic. Some workers have claimed that the slope of log‐log metabolic scaling relationships typically obeys a universal 3/4‐power law resulting from the geometry of resource‐transport networks. Others have attempted to explain the broad diversity of metabolic scaling relationships. Although several potentially useful models have been proposed, at present none successfully predicts the entire range of scaling relationships seen among both physiological states and taxonomic groups of animals and plants. Here I argue that our understanding may be aided by three shifts in focus: from explaining average tendencies to explaining variation between extreme boundary limits, from explaining the slope and elevation (metabolic level) of scaling relationships separately to showing how and why they are interrelated, and from focusing primarily on internal factors (e.g. body design) to a more balanced consideration of both internal and external (ecological) factors. By incorporating all of these shifts in focus, the recently proposed metabolic‐level boundaries hypothesis appears to provide a useful way of explaining both taxonomic and physiological variation in metabolic scaling relationships. This hypothesis correctly predicts that the scaling slope should vary mostly between 2/3 and 1 and that it should be related to metabolic (activity) level according to an approximately U‐shaped function. It also implies that the scaling of other energy‐dependent biological processes should be related to the metabolic level of the organisms being examined. Some data are presented that support this implication, but further research is needed.
The Effect of a Priori Probability and Complexity on Decision Making in a Supervisory Control Task

In the present study we investigated how monitoring and fault management in a ship control task are affected by complexity and a priori probability of disturbances. Participants were required to supervise four independent shipping subsystems and to adjust the subsystems whenever deviations occurred. However, in order to apply the correct action, they first had to diagnose the cause of the deviation by requesting further subsystem information. Complexity and a priori probability were manipulated by varying the number of disturbances occurring simultaneously and the disturbance rates over subsystems. In general, the results indicate that the participants ignored the monitoring function when they were diagnosing a disturbance. Results also show evidence for “cognitive lockup”: Despite the possibility of stabilizing additional system faults and, consequently, increasing their time for diagnosis, participants tended not to interrupt an ongoing fault-finding process. Still, large individual differences were found in both the selected strategy and reasoning abilities.
Hydrogen peroxide, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, quinones, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and phosphopyridine nucleotides in relation to x-ray action on cancer cells.

We have been asked by the Chairman of this symposium, Dr. Feinstein, to review various aspects of the current status of relationships between hydrogen peroxide and X-rays in the therapy of cancer, with special reference to metabolic effects. One might imagine that knowledge of this subject matter was already widespread, yet we were surprised to find little or no mention of it in the book The Initial Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Cells, reporting the proceedings of an international symposium held in Moscow, October, 1960, under the auspices of UNESCO, IAEA, and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. (1). What we have to say here will apply specifically to the metabolism and possible lethality or stasis of already formed cancer cells, rather than to aspects of mutagenesis or carcinogenesis, and without necessary application to normal body cells, "dead" red cells, bacteria, or other forms of life.
A genomic imprinting test for ordinal traits in pedigree data

Genomic imprinting can lead maternally and paternally derived alleles with identical nucleotide sequences to function differently and has been found to affect the complex inheritance of a variety of human disorders. Statistical methods that differentiate the parent‐of‐origin effects on human diseases are available for binary traits and continuous traits. However, numerous common diseases are measured on discrete ordinal scales. Imprinting may also contribute to the complex genetic basis of these traits. In a previous study, we proposed a latent variable model and developed computationally efficient score statistic to test linkage of ordinal traits for any size pedigree while adjusting for non‐genetic covariates. In this study, we extend the latent variable model to incorporate parent‐of‐origin information and further develop a score statistic for testing the imprinting effect in linkage analysis. We evaluated the properties of our test statistic using simulations. We then applied our method to the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism and found a novel locus on chromosome 18 that shows a strong signal for imprinting. In addition, we identified two loci on chromosomes 3 and 4 significantly (p<0.0001) linked with alcoholism. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF RETINAL NERVE FIBER LAYER IN GLAUCOMATOUS EYES

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Prinicples Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a new medical diagnostic imaging technology which can perform micron resolution cross-sectional or tomographic imaging in biological tissues [1-4]. The operation of OCT is analogous to ultrasound B-mode imaging or radar except that light is used rather than acoustic or radio waves. Techniques such as X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging have been applied for diagnostic imaging in ophthalmology [57]. However, these approaches have not been widely used in routine diagnostic applications in ophthalmology because of their limited resolution and preclusive cost and complexity. The operation of OCT is based on an optical measurement technique known as low-coherence i n t e r f e r o m etry.
Serial pharmacological prescribing practices for tic management in Tourette syndrome

Pharmacological treatments for Tourette syndrome (TS) vary in efficacy between different patients. The evidence base is limited as even high quality controlled studies tend to be of relatively short duration which may lose relevance in clinical usage. Patients are frequently treated with serial agents in the search for efficacy and tolerability. The success of this strategy has not been previously documented. We examined 400 consecutive TS patients seen over a 10‐year period, some with a longer prior history in other clinics; 255/400 (64%) were prescribed medication. We present this heterogeneous cohort in terms of the number of drugs they had tried, and as a proxy measure of some benefit of the last drug used, whether it had been prescribed under our supervision for ≥5 months. The most commonly prescribed medications were aripiprazole (64%), clonidine (40%), risperidone (30%) and sulpiride (29%) with changes in prescribing practises over the period examined. The number of different drugs tried were one (n = 155), two (n = 69), three (n = 36), four (n = 14), five (n = 15), six (n = 5), seven (n = 2) and eight (n = 1). The data illustrate the difficulty in drug treatment of tics and suggest that even after trials of several agents there is potential benefit in trying further options. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical and chemical properties of meat from scavenging chickens and helmeted guinea fowls in response to age and sex

ABSTRACT 1. The effects of age and sex on body weight, carcass traits, physical and chemical properties of breast muscle from chickens and helmeted guinea fowls managed under village free-range conditions were assessed in random samples of 48 guinea fowls and 48 chickens obtained from local markets. 2. Guinea fowls had higher body weight, hot carcass weight, cold dressed weight and breast weight than chickens. 3. Guinea fowls had more dry matter, protein and less fat than chickens. Ash content did not differ between guinea fowls and chickens. Protein and fat increased, whereas dry matter and ash decreased with age (P < 0.05) 4. Chicken meat was lighter, less red and more yellow than guinea fowl meat. Cooking loss was higher in guinea fowls, male and grower birds than chickens, females and adult birds, respectively. Shear force was affected by age, as mature birds had a higher value than growers. 5. Guinea fowl carcasses contained more meat that was leaner, higher in protein and redder compared with chicken meat. As age increased the meat increased in protein and fat content and shear force, whereas colour became darker, redder and yellower.
Functional linkage of cirrhosis‐predictive single nucleotide polymorphisms of toll‐like receptor 4 to hepatic stellate cell responses

In a recent study, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene (c.1196C>T [rs4986791, p.T399I]) emerged as conferring protection from fibrosis progression compared to a major, wild‐type (WT) CC allele (p.T399). The present study examined the functional linkage of this SNP, along with another common, highly cosegregated TLR4 SNP (c.896A>G [rs4986790, p.D299G]), to hepatic stellate cell (HSC) responses. Both HSCs from TLR4−/− mice and a human HSC line (LX‐2) reconstituted with either TLR4 D299G and/or T399I complementary DNAs were hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation compared to those expressing WT TLR4, as assessed by the expression and secretion of LPS‐induced inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines (i.e., monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, interleukin‐6), down‐regulation of bone morphogenic protein and the activin membrane‐bound inhibitor expression (an inhibitory transforming growth factor β pseudoreceptor), and activation of a nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB)–responsive luciferase reporter. In addition, spontaneous apoptosis, as well as apoptosis induced by pathway inhibitors of NF‐κB, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase were greatly increased in HSCs from either TLR4−/− or myeloid differentiation factor 88−/− (a TLR adaptor protein) mice, as well as in murine HSCs expressing D299G and/or T399I SNPs; increased apoptosis in these lines was accompanied by decreased phospho‐ERK and Bcl‐2. Conclusion: TLR4 D299G and T399I SNPs that are associated with protection from hepatic fibrosis reduce TLR4‐mediated inflammatory and fibrogenic signaling and lower the apoptotic threshold of activated HSCs. These findings provide a mechanistic link that explains how specific TLR4 SNPs may regulate the risk of fibrosis progression. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
The association between food insecurity and academic achievement in Canadian school-aged children

Abstract Objective Education is a crucial social determinant of health. Food insecurity can be detrimental to children’s academic achievement, potentially perpetuating a cycle of poverty and food insecurity. We aimed to assess the relationship between food insecurity and academic achievement in Canadian school-aged children. Design Cross-sectional study of children and parents. Parents completed the short-form Household Food Security Survey Module and questions about income and education level (socio-economic status). Children completed FFQ. Data were prospectively linked to children’s performance on standardized exams written one year later. Mixed-effect logistic regression was employed to assess the relationship between food insecurity and likelihood of meeting academic expectations adjusting for socio-economic status, diet quality and potential confounders. Setting Nova Scotia, Canada in 2011–2012. Subjects Students (n 4105) in grade 5 (10–11 years; 2167 girls) and their parents. Results Low food security was reported by 9·8 % of households; very low food security by 7·1 % of households. Students from low-income households and reporting poor diet quality were less likely to do well in school. Children who lived in households reporting very low food security had 0·65 times the odds (OR=0·65; 95 % CI 0·44, 0·96) of meeting expectations for reading and 0·62 times the odds (OR=0·62; 95 % CI 0·45, 0·86) of meeting expectations for mathematics. Conclusions Very low household insecurity is associated with poor academic achievement among children in Nova Scotia.
Degrees of Freedom of Interference Networks with Transmitter-Side Caches

This paper studies cache-aided interference networks with arbitrary number of transmitters and receivers, whereby each transmitter has a cache memory of finite size. Each transmitter fills its cache memory from a content library of files in the placement phase. In the subsequent delivery phase, each receiver requests one of the library files, and the transmitters are responsible for delivering the requested files from their caches to the receivers. The objective is to design schemes for the placement and delivery phases to maximize the sum degrees of freedom (sum-DoF) which expresses the capacity of the interference network at the high signal-to-noise ratio regime. Our work mainly focuses on a commonly used uncoded placement strategy. We provide an information-theoretic bound on the sum-DoF for this placement strategy. We demonstrate by an example that the derived bound is tighter than the bounds existing in the literature for small cache sizes. We propose a novel delivery scheme with a higher achievable sum-DoF than those previously given in the literature. The results reveal that the reciprocal of sum-DoF decreases linearly as the transmitter cache size increases. Therefore, increasing cache sizes at transmitters translates to increasing the sum-DoF and, hence, the capacity of the interference networks.