Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monitoring player fitness, fatigue status and running performance during an in-season training camp in elite Gaelic football

ABSTRACT Objectives: To examine selected perceptual and physiological measures to monitor fitness, fatigue and running performance during an in-season training camp in elite Gaelic football. Methods: Twenty-two elite Gaelic football players were monitored for training load, perceived ratings of wellness, heart rate variability (HRV; LnSD1), heart rate recovery (HRR), exercise heart rate (HRex), lower limb muscular power (CMJ) and global positioning system (GPS) variables. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-YoIR1) was assessed pre and post the training camp. With specific small-sided games (SSG) used as a measure of running performance. Results: During the camp, HRex decreased (−12.2%), HRR increased (+10.3%), CMJ decreased (−8.1%) and pretraining LnSD1 (+14.1%) increased during the camp period. Yo-YoIR1 performance (+19.7%), total distance (TD) (+9.4%), high-speed distance (HSD) (+12.1%) and sprint distance (SPD) (+5.8%) within SSG improved as the camp progressed. Δ HRex and Δ HRR were correlated with Δ Yo-YoIR1 (r = 0.64; – 0.55), ΔHSD (r = 0.44; −0.58) and Δ SPD (r = 0.58; −0.52). There were large correlations between Δ wellness and Δ Yo-YoIR1 (r = 0.71), Δ TD (r = 0.68) and Δ SPD (r = 0.68). Conclusions: Daily variations in training load measures across the camp period were shown to systematically impact player’s physiological, performance and wellness measures.
“ Inordinate Fondness ” Explained : Why Are There So Many Beetles ?

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ON THE SOURCE OF THE DUST EXTINCTION IN TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE AND THE DISCOVERY OF ANOMALOUSLY STRONG Na i ABSORPTION

High-dispersion observations of the Na i D λλ5890, 5896 and K i λλ7665, 7699 interstellar lines, and the diffuse interstellar band at 5780 Å in the spectra of 32 Type Ia supernovae are used as an independent means of probing dust extinction. We show that the dust extinction of the objects where the diffuse interstellar band at 5780 Å is detected is consistent with the visual extinction derived from the supernova colors. This strongly suggests that the dust producing the extinction is predominantly located in the interstellar medium of the host galaxies and not in circumstellar material associated with the progenitor system. One quarter of the supernovae display anomalously large Na i column densities in comparison to the amount of dust extinction derived from their colors. Remarkably, all of the cases of unusually strong Na i D absorption correspond to “Blueshifted” profiles in the classification scheme of Sternberg et al. This coincidence suggests that outflowing circumstellar gas is responsible for at least some of the cases of anomalously large Na i column densities. Two supernovae with unusually strong Na i D absorption showed essentially normal K i column densities for the dust extinction implied by their colors, but this does not appear to be a universal characteristic. Overall, we find the most accurate predictor of individual supernova extinction to be the equivalent width of the diffuse interstellar band at 5780 Å, and provide an empirical relation for its use. Finally, we identify ways of producing significant enhancements of the Na abundance of circumstellar material in both the single-degenerate and double-degenerate scenarios for the progenitor system.
THE MOST LUMINOUS z ∼ 9–10 GALAXY CANDIDATES YET FOUND: THE LUMINOSITY FUNCTION, COSMIC STAR-FORMATION RATE, AND THE FIRST MASS DENSITY ESTIMATE AT 500 Myr

We present the discovery of four surprisingly bright (H160 ∼ 26–27 mag AB) galaxy candidates at z ∼ 9–10 in the complete HST CANDELS WFC3/IR GOODS-N imaging data, doubling the number of z ∼ 10 galaxy candidates that are known, just ∼500 Myr after the big bang. Two similarly bright sources are also detected in a reanalysis of the GOODS-S data set. Three of the four galaxies in GOODS-N are significantly detected at 4.5σ–6. 2σ in the very deep Spitzer/IRAC 4.5 μm data, as is one of the GOODS-S candidates. Furthermore, the brightest of our candidates (at z = 10.2 ± 0.4) is robustly detected also at 3.6 μm (6.9σ), revealing a flat UV spectral energy distribution with a slope β = −2.0 ± 0.2, consistent with demonstrated trends with luminosity at high redshift. Thorough testing and use of grism data excludes known low-redshift contamination at high significance, including single emission-line sources, but as-yet unknown low redshift sources could provide an alternative solution given the surprising luminosity of these candidates. Finding such bright galaxies at z ∼ 9–10 suggests that the luminosity function for luminous galaxies might evolve in a complex way at z > 8. The cosmic star formation rate density still shows, however, an order-of-magnitude increase from z ∼ 10 to z ∼ 8 since the dominant contribution comes from low-luminosity sources. Based on the IRAC detections, we derive galaxy stellar masses at z ∼ 10, finding that these luminous objects are typically 109 M☉. This allows for a first estimate of the cosmic stellar mass density at z ∼ 10 resulting in M☉ Mpc−3 for galaxies brighter than MUV ∼ −18. The remarkable brightness, and hence luminosity, of these z ∼ 9–10 candidates will enable deep spectroscopy to determine their redshift and nature, and highlights the opportunity for the James Webb Space Telescope to map the buildup of galaxies at redshifts much earlier than z ∼ 10.
Reflections about Bioethics and Citizenship Revealed from the Historic Evolution of Accusations against Doctors on a Brazilian Council of Medicine -

Various types of methods for contraception are being used in Bangladesh. This study has been made to know the usage pattern of these methods among the ever-married women living both in rural and urban areas. Data were drawn from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), 2004. The study was executed separately for rural and urban areas, excluding those women who are currently pregnant. The results show that the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) is still lower in rural areas (54.6%) than the urban areas (62.7%) of Bangladesh. Condoms are more popular among the urban respondents than the rural respondents. IUDs, male stabilizations and Norplant are the least commonly used methods both among the rural and urban respondents. About 10% of the respondents are using traditional methods. Finally, the paper provides some additional suggestive policy measures that the planners and implementers may take proper initiatives to increase CPR and the country may reach the target of MDGs by the year 2015.
Learning to Learn with Conditional Class Dependencies

Neural networks can learn to extract statistical properties from data, but they seldom make use of structured information from the label space to help representation learning. For example “cat” and “dog” are closer than “cat” and “truck”. Although some label structure can implicitly be obtained when training on huge amounts of data, in a few-shot learning context where little data is available, making explicit use of the label structure can inform the model to reshape the representation space to reflect a global sense of class dependencies. We propose a meta-learning framework, Conditional class-Aware Meta-Learning (CAML), that conditionally transforms feature representations based on a metric space that is trained to capture inter-class dependencies. This enables a conditional modulation of the feature representations of the base-learner to impose regularities informed by the label space. Experiments show that the conditional transformation in CAML leads to more disentangled representations and achieves competitive results on the miniImageNet benchmark.
'Anyway, I don't think I'll ever be prepared': pre-service teachers' beliefs and affective states

Some studies in contemporary Applied Linguistics have considered the role of beliefs and affective domains in initial and continuing English Teacher Education. In this paper we present the results of a case study (BROWN; RODGERS, 2002), carried out with two pre-service teachers, in which we aimed to investigate the beliefs and affective states that emerged in the classes of an English course in which the students were enrolled. The data, collected mainly by means of written accounts, which resulted from open questionnaires, suggest a consistent relationship between beliefs and affective states, i. e. , the students do not feel prepared for the teaching profession, pointing out some limitations that are justified by their beliefs and strengthened by factors of the affective domains, such as insecurity and anxiety.
DUST PROPERTIES AND DISK STRUCTURE OF EVOLVED PROTOPLANETARY DISKS IN Cep OB2: GRAIN GROWTH, SETTLING, GAS AND DUST MASS, AND INSIDE-OUT EVOLUTION

We present Spitzer/Infrared Spectrograph spectra of 31 T Tauri stars (TTS) and IRAM/1.3 mm observations for 34 low- and intermediate-mass stars in the Cep OB2 region. Including our previously published data, we analyze 56 TTS and 3 intermediate-mass stars with silicate features in Tr 37 (∼4 Myr) and NGC 7160 (∼12 Myr). The silicate emission features are well reproduced with a mixture of amorphous (with olivine, forsterite, and silica stoichiometry) and crystalline grains (forsterite, enstatite). We explore grain size and disk structure using radiative transfer disk models, finding that most objects have suffered substantial evolution (grain growth, settling). About half of the disks show inside-out evolution, with either dust-cleared inner holes or a radially dependent dust distribution, typically with larger grains and more settling in the innermost disk. The typical strong silicate features nevertheless require the presence of small dust grains, and could be explained by differential settling according to grain size, anomalous dust distributions, and/or optically thin dust populations within disk gaps. M-type stars tend to have weaker silicate emission and steeper spectral energy distributions than K-type objects. The inferred low dust masses are in a strong contrast with the relatively high gas accretion rates, suggesting global grain growth and/or an anomalous gas-to-dust ratio. Transition disks in the Cep OB2 region display strongly processed grains, suggesting that they are dominated by dust evolution and settling. Finally, the presence of rare but remarkable disks with strong accretion at old ages reveals that some very massive disks may still survive to grain growth, gravitational instabilities, and planet formation.
Economics Working Paper Series 2011-9 Ownership , access and sequential investment

We extend the property-rights framework to allow for: a separation of the ownership rights of access and veto; and sequential investment. Parties investing first (ex ante) do so before contracting is possible. Parties that invest second (ex post) can contract on (at least some) of their investment costs. Along with this cost-sharing effect, the incentive to invest is affected by a strategic effect generated by sequential investment. Together these effects can overturn some of the predictions of the property-rights literature. For example, the most inclusive ownership structure might not be optimal, even if all investments are complementary.
University Students’ Emotions in Lectures: The Effect of Competence Beliefs, Value Beliefs and Perceived Task-difficulty, and the Impact on Academic Performance

This study examined (a) students’ experienced emotions in the lectures of the compulsory courses of Psychology, Linguistics and Physics, (b) the role of students’ emotions, performance expectations, ability self-perceptions, value beliefs and estimated task-difficulty in the perception of their exam performance as successful or unsuccessful in the above courses, and (c) the role of students’ performance expectations, value beliefs, ability self-perceptions and perceived task-difficulty in the formulation of the emotions, and in the impact of the emotions on exam performance. The sample comprised 320 Early Childhood Education female students of 2nd and 3rd year. The results showed that the students experienced a rich variety, and a variation of intensity, of positive emotions in the lectures of the courses which positively influenced the perception of performance as successful or not (mainly, in Psychology). Similarly, value beliefs (not in Psychology) and competence beliefs (mainly, ability self-perception in Psychology, performance expectation in Linguistics, perceived task difficulty in Physics) discriminated the two groups of students in each course. Also, competence beliefs influenced the generation of emotions, but their predictive strength varied across the academic courses and within each academic course, while value beliefs proved weak predictor of emotions. In addition, emotions explained a significant amount of the variability in academic performance (particularly, in Psychology), and altogether, emotions, perceived task difficulty, value beliefs, and competence beliefs generated performance (least, in Linguistics). Finally, the effects of competenceand valuebeliefs in the impact of emotions on academic performance differed across the courses, in favoring Physics.
Why Prosody Awareness Training is Necessary in Training Future Interpreters

Establishing comprehensive rules and guidelines for speech production and teaching of prosody is difficult compared with the specific second language learner problem in pronunciation which can be easily corrected in second language learning classes. The nature of prosodic features is inherently complicated and because of the complexity of prosodic feature errors, no specific teaching methodology deals with them appropriately and most of the teaching methods are focused on segmental aspects in second language learner’s pronunciation problems. Despite the helpfulness of computer-aided analysis of voice characteristics, there should be cooperation with experts in voice and signal processing in getting conclusions about these aspects. Teaching prosody should be of utmost importance in the interpreter training curriculum. Additionally, in this respect, appropriate materials and data should be chosen carefully according to the learners of mother tongue and the data analysis should be done by professionals to see the gaps in teaching and in students’ learning processes. The choice of methodology in teaching prosody can be an important aspect as well. It should target individual differences among learners in different contexts.
Constraints on the attributive use of “predicative-only” adjectives: A reassessment

This article focuses on a class of English adjectives that are subject to important restrictions on their syntactic placement. While core members of the adjective class freely occur in predicative or postnominal as well as in attributive positions, a-adjectives have been claimed to be virtually barred from attributive uses (cf. Biber et al. 1999: 508; Huddleston and Pullum 2002: 559). Thus, they have been referred to as “predicative-only” adjectives (Jacobsson 1996: 206) or as “never-attributive adjectives” (Huddleston and Pullum 2002: 559). It has however been noted that their acceptability in attributive position increases significantly when they are premodified or coordinated (cf. Bolinger 1965: 151; Quirk et al. 1985: 408–409; Bailey 1987: 149; Jacobsson 1996: 218; Huddleston and Pullum 2002: 559). Despite superficial resemblances in their phonological form, the group of a-adjectives encompasses adjectives from heterogeneous sources. Following the etymologies given in the OED 2 on CD-ROM, the unstressed initial aoriginates in the Old English preposition on/an ‘in, on’ in a substantial number of cases: adrift, afloat, alive, aloof, asleep, awry and possibly askew. In akin, it goes back to a different preposition, of. In other lexemes in the group, it stems from one of several Old English prefixes, namely onin awake, a(r)in aghast and ashamed and ein aware and (perhaps, additionally) in ashamed. Some other members of the group are loanwords from Latin or French that have entered English complete with their initial a-: afraid, agog, alert and averse. Diverse as they may be in origin, the adjectives under consideration to some extent share the syntactic restriction against unmodified or non-coordinated attributive uses. It is the aim of the present study to arrive at a detailed reassessment of the positional restrictions bearing on a-adjectives. One of the questions that will need to be answered is why premodification or coordination of the adjectives in question is such an important factor licensing their appear-
Assessing the Effects of Drip Irrigation System Uniformity and Spatial Variability in Soil on Nitrate Leaching through Simulation

Abstract. Both drip system uniformity and spatial variability in soil are important factors affecting deep percolation and nitrate leaching. The effects of the two factors on deep percolation and nitrate leaching at a typical irrigation quota for maize were assessed using the water and solute transport model HYDRUS-2D. The evaluation of the influence of soil variability on nitrate leaching using a global sensitivity analysis approach demonstrated that the spatial variabilities of saturated hydraulic conductivity, saturated water content, and initial water and nitrate contents in soil imposed significant effects on nitrate leaching. Deep percolation and nitrate leaching were then simulated under five Christiansen uniformity coefficients (CU) of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 95% under different variabilities of the four soil properties mentioned above. The results indicated that nitrate leaching decreased slightly with increase in CU, while it increased considerably with spatial variability of soil properties. For a typical irrigation event of maize, the nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 -N) leaching rate decreased from 2.0 to 1.1 kg ha -1 and from 6.2 to 5.5 kg ha -1 as CU increased from 60% to 95% for an assumed homogeneous field and a field having medium variability, respectively. A considerable increase of NO 3 -N leaching rate was observed as the system uniformity decreased from 60% to 50%, although the effect of system uniformity on nitrate leaching was damped by the spatial variability in the soil. Drip irrigation system uniformities as low as 60%, which are lower than the current standards, might be used without negatively affecting nitrate leaching.
Disruption by Interferon-a of an Autocrine lnterleukin-6 Growth Loop in IL-6-dependent U266 Myeloma Cells by Homologous and Heterologous Down-regulation of the IL-6 Receptor a- and fl-Chains

IL-6 is an autocrine growth factor for U266 myeloma cells and their growth is inhibited by IFN-a or IL-6 mAb. We asked, therefore, whether IFN-a-induced growth inhibition involved IL-6. IFN-a and mAb against IL-6, the IL-6R a-(gp8O) or fl-chain (gp13O) potently inhibited U266 cells. Remarkably, this effect occurred despite IFN-c-augmented secretion of endogenous IL-6. However, examining the IL-6R revealed that IFN-a drastically curtailed expression of the IL-6R a- and ,f-chain. This effect occurred on two different levels (protein and mRNA) and by two different mechanisms (directly and indirectly through IL-6). First, IFN-a, but not IL-6, greatly decreased gp8O and, to a lesser extent, gpl3O mRNA levels which resulted in a loss of IL-6 binding sites. Second, IFN-a-induced IL-6 predominantly down-regulated membrane-bound gpl3O. IFN-a-mediated decrease of gp8O levels was not detected on IL-6-independent myeloma (RPMI 8226) or myeloid cells (U937). We conclude that IFN-a inhibited IL-6-dependent myeloma cell growth by depriving U266 cells of an essential component of their autocrine growth loop, a functional IL-6R. (J. Clin. Invest. 1994. 94:2317-2325.)
Eco-effi cient Agriculture : Concepts , Challenges , and Opportunities

Eco-effi ciency in the simplest of terms is about achieving more with less—more agricultural outputs, in terms of quantity and quality, for less input of land, water, nutrients, energy, labor, or capital. The concept of eco-effi ciency encompasses both the ecological and economic dimensions of sustainable agriculture. Social and institutional dimensions of sustainability, while not explicitly captured in eco-effi ciency measures, remain critical barriers and opportunities on the pathway toward more eco-effi cient agriculture. This paper explores the multidimensionality of the eco-effi ciency concept as it applies to agriculture across diverse spatial and temporal scales, from cellular metabolisms through to crops, farms, regions, and ecosystems. These dimensions of eco-effi ciency are integrated through the presentation and exploration of a framework that explores an effi ciency frontier between agricultural outputs and inputs, investment, or risk. The challenge for agriculture in the coming decades will be to increase productivity of agricultural lands in line with the increasing demands for food and fi ber. Achieving such eco-effi ciency, while addressing risk and variability, will be a major challenge for future agriculture. Often, risk will be a critical issue infl uencing adoption; it needs explicit attention in the diagnosis and intervention steps toward enhancing eco-effi ciency. To ensure food security, systems analysis and modeling approaches, combined with farmer-focused experimentation and resource assessment, will provide the necessary robust approaches to raise the eco-effi ciency of agricultural systems. B.A. Keating, CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; P.S. Carberry, CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture Flagship/APSRU, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia; P.S. Bindraban, ISRICWorld Soil Information, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; S. Asseng, CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, Floreat, WA, Australia; H. Meinke, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; J. Dixon, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, ACT, Australia. Received 13 Oct. 2009. *Corresponding author (brian. keating@csiro.au). Abbreviations: GM, genetically modifi ed; NGO, nongovernmental organization; WUE, water use effi ciency. Published in Crop Sci. 50:S-109–S-119 (2010). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2009.10. 0594 Published online 8 Feb. 2010. © Crop Science Society of America | 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Published March, 2010