Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-resolution studies of radio sources in the Hubble Deep and Flanking Fields

18 days of MERLIN data and 42 h of A-array VLA data at 1.4 GHz have been combined to image a 10-arcmin field centred on the Hubble Deep Field (HDF). This area also includes the Hubble Flanking Fields (HFF). A complete sample of 92 radio sources with S 1.4 > 40 μJy was detected using the VLA data alone and then imaged with the MERLIN+VLA combination. The combined images offer (i) higher angular resolution (synthesized beams of diameter 0.2-0.5 arcsec), (ii) improved astrometric accuracy, and (iii) improved sensitivity compared with VLA-only data. The images are amongst the most sensitive yet made at 1.4GHz, with rms noise levels of 3.3 μJy beam -1 in the 0.2-arcsec images. Virtually all the sources are resolved, with angular sizes in the range 0.2 to 3 arcsec. The central 3-arcmin square was imaged separately to search for sources down to 27 μJy. No additional sources were detected, indicating that sources fainter than 40 μJy are heavily resolved with MERLIN and must have typical angular sizes > 0.5 arcsec. Radio sources associated with compact galaxies have been used to align the HDF, the HFF and a larger CFHT optical field to the radio-based International Celestial Reference Frame. The HST optical fields have been registered to 70 per cent of the sources are starburst-type systems associated with major disc galaxies in the redshift range 0.3-1.3. Chandra detections are associated with 55 of the 92 radio sources, but their X-ray flux densities do not appear to be correlated with the radio flux densities or morphologies. The most recent submillimetre results on the HDF and HFF do not provide any unambiguous identifications with these latest radio data, except for HDF8550.1, but suggest at least three strong candidates.
Liquidity Clienteles: Transaction Costs and Investment Decisions of Individual Investors

Theoretical papers link the liquidity premium to the optimal trading decisions of investors facing transaction costs. In particular, investors' holding periods determine how transaction costs are amortized and priced in asset returns. Using a unique data set containing two million trades, this paper investigates the relationship between holding periods and transaction costs for 66,000 households from a large discount brokerage. The author finds that transaction costs are an important determinant of investors' holding periods, after controlling for household and stock characteristics. The relationship between holding periods and transaction costs is stronger among more sophisticated investors. Households with longer holding periods earn significantly higher returns after amortized transaction costs, and households that have holding periods that are positively related to transaction costs earn both higher gross and net returns. The author shows that there is correlation in the demand for liquid assets across households and, consistent with the notion of flight to liquidity, this demand increases during times of low market liquidity. Households with higher incomes and with higher wealth invested in the stock market supply liquidity when market liquidity is low.
Interspecific Comparisons of Genetic Population Structure in Members of the Jaera Albifrons Species Complex

Marked genetic differentiation in the intertidal isopod, Jaera albifrons (Crustacea: Isopoda) has been shown to occur on a scale of just a few metres on British shores. Allozyme electrophoresis at 21 enzyme-coding loci has been employed to examine genetic structure in other UK members of the complex (Jaera forsmani, J. ischiosetosa, J. praehirsuta), and explore the relationship between genetic diversity and perceived niche-width. Comparisons were made with the nonsibling species J. nordmanni. Three subpopulations of each species taken from each of two shores on Anglesey, UK (subpopulations N=30) were assayed for electrophoretic variability. Data from 11 polymorphic loci (P0·95) demonstrated marked genetic differentiation in all populations of J. albifrons and J. praehirsuta, and on one shore for each of J. ischiosetosa and J. nordmanni, with J. praehirsuta (GST=0·207) and J. albifrons (GST=0·121) showing the highest genetic differentiation. In contrast, J. forsmani exhibited population homogeneity on both shores studied. Genetic diversity ranged markedly across species (H0=0·165—0·040), with the two most widely distributed species, J. albifrons (H0=0·135) and J. ischiosetosa (Ho=0·165) exhibiting the highest genetic variability, providing support for the niche-width variation hypothesis. Data indicate that although habitat fragmentation and direct development is associated with microgeographic differentiation in Jaera spp. , localized factors such as habitat continuity and exposure to water movements determines the magnitude of such effects.
Effect of climate on malarial vector distribution in Monsoon Asia: Coupled model for Ecophysiological and Climatological Distribution of mosquito generations (ECD-mg)

The relationship between the life cycle and climate conditions of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles was modeled in order to describe its temporal and geographic distribution at a fine resolution. Since the mosquito grows through immature life stages in an aquatic environ- ment, the model was designed to express the surface moisture conditions conducive to the mos- quito's growth. The development of the mosquito was estimated using either air or water temper- ature, depending on the developmental stage of the mosquito's life cycle. To achieve this, the previous model was modified in order to improve the estimation of the water conditions of its habi- tat. As a result, the modified model was able to predict seasonal patterns of occurrence of Anophe- les at representative sites with a more reasonable degree of accuracy than the previous model. This model was then applied using simple climate data in order to obtain the geographic distrib- ution of the occurrence of various species of Anopheles in Monsoon Asia. The most notable results of the simulated spatio-temporal emergence of the Anopheles mosquito is that although the mod- ified model did not include unique parameters of each species, distribution was clearly divided into sub-regions for each dominant species that corresponded to the climate conditions.
Modeling of Perfluoroalkyl Substance Adsorption to an Ion Exchanger using PHREEQC

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are environmental pollutants used in many products such as outdoor clothing, food packaging, cleaning agents and fire-fighting foam. The substances have been detected in tap water in countries all over the world and pose risks to human health. Conventional water treatment methods are ineffective as PFAS removal techniques, but ion exchange has proved to be more efficient. Ion exchange water treatment was tested on drinking water containing 14 PFASs in an experimental study in Uppsala 2014-2015. In this thesis a model of the experiment was developed using the computer program PHREEQC. The aim was to investigate and discuss the removal efficiency of the 14 PFASs, focusing on differences in functional groups, chain lengths and evaluating the treatment method in a long-term perspective. The simulations from the PHREEQC model showed that the ion exchanger was effectively saturated after 900 days and that the adsorption increased with increasing chain length. In a comparison of the eight-chained PFASs, PFOS was most adsorbed, FOSA was the second most adsorbed and PFNA was the least adsorbed substance. The PFSAs were more efficiently removed than the corresponding chain lengths of PFCAs. The limit of action was exceeded after just a few days but the tolerable daily intake was exceeded first after 220 days.
The role of standing in the psychology of procedural justice: Towards theoretical integration

In the current chapter, the authors explore the relation between social standing and procedural justice. Standing is an important construct in procedural justice theories and tends to be broadly defined as the position that people have in social groups. It is argued that the standing construct suffers from conceptual ambiguity: In procedural justice literature two distinct interpretations of standing can be distinguished, one defining standing as intragroup status and one defining standing as the extent to which people are included in social groups. Furthermore, it is argued that research findings on the relation between standing and procedural justice are not conclusive. The authors review recent empirical findings that address these concerns, and conceptually integrate these findings. In closing, the authors outline avenues for future research that the procedural justice field may want to take, and discuss implications of the work reviewed here.
Small sample inference for gamma parameters: one‐sample and two‐sample problems

Signed‐likelihood ratio tests (SLRTs) are derived for testing the shape and scale parameters and the mean of a gamma distribution. The properties of the proposed tests are evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation and compared with the other tests available in the literature. SLRTs are also developed for two‐sample problems of comparing two shape parameters, two scale parameters and two means, and their merits are evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation. Evaluation studies indicate that the SLRTs are accurate even for small samples and are comparable with or better than other tests. Furthermore, simple parametric bootstrap (PB) methods based on the maximum likelihood estimates are proposed for interval estimation. The PB confidence intervals are satisfactory even for small samples. The methods are illustrated and compared using two examples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency selection and asymptotic states in laminar wakes

A better understanding of the transition process in open flows can be obtained through identification of the possible asymptotic response states in the flow. In the present work, the asymptotic states in laminar wakes behind circular cylinders at low supercritical Reynolds numbers are investigated. Direct numerical simulation of the flow is performed, using spectral-element techniques. Naturally produced wakes, and periodically forced wakes are considered separately. It is shown that, in the absence of external forcing, a periodic state is obtained, the frequency of which is selected by the absolute instability of the time-average flow. The non-dimensional frequency of the vortex street (Strouhal number) is a continuous function of the Reynolds number. In periodically forced wakes, however, non-periodic states are also possible, resulting from the bifurcation of the natural periodic state. The response of forced wakes can be characterized as: (i) lock-in, if the dominant frequency in the wake equals the excitation frequency, or (ii) non-lock-in, when the dominant frequency in the wake equals the Strouhal frequency. Both types of response can be periodic or quasi-periodic, depending on the combination of the amplitude and frequency of the forcing. At the boundary separating the two types of response transitional states develop, which are found to exhibit a low-order chaotic behaviour. Finally, all states resulting from the bifurcation of the natural state can be represented in a two-parameter space inside ‘resonant horn’ type of regions.
Gender Markers in Wikipedia Usernames

Wikipedia is used as a source of information by many people on-line. Research has, however, indicated that there is a gender gap in participation. This gap is problematic because it influences which topics are covered and how they are portrayed on Wikipedia. As an example of the gap, posts by women on talk pages are slightly less likely to receive a reply than posts by men. It is still unclear whether this difference is the result of women being treated differently on talk pages than men. One of the only cues available to Wikipedia users for guessing the author of a talk page post’s gender is their username, i.e. their pseudonym on the platform. We therefore examined whether users with obviously female names receive fewer replies than users with obviously male names. To this end, we developed and evaluated an automated method to determine whether a username contains obvious gender markers, based on machine learning. We then applied this algorithm to the entire data set of all Wikipedia talk page discussions. Contrary to our expectations, we find that users with clearly female names are slightly more likely to receive a reply than users with clearly male names. We also find that the fraction of users with a female name is much lower than the fraction of female users, suggesting that, unlike men, women using Wikipedia do not include contain obvious gender markers in their usernames. We discuss the implications of this result for Wikipedia and the Wikipedia research community.
Inferring absorbing organic carbon content from AERONET data

Black carbon, light-absorbing organic carbon (of- ten called "brown carbon") and mineral dust are the ma- jor light-absorbing aerosols. Currently the sources and formation of brown carbon aerosol in particular are not well understood. In this study we estimated the amount of light-absorbing organic carbon and black carbon from AERONET measurements. We find that the columnar ab- sorbing organic carbon (brown carbon) levels in biomass burning regions of South America and Africa are relatively high (about 15-20 mg m 2 during biomass burning season), while the concentrations are significantly lower in urban ar- eas in US and Europe. However, we estimated significant ab- sorbing organic carbon amounts from the data of megacities of newly industrialized countries, particularly in India and China, showing also clear seasonality with peak values up to 30-35 mg m 2 during the coldest season, likely caused by the coal and biofuel burning used for heating. We also com- pared our retrievals with the modeled organic carbon by the global Oslo CTM for several sites. Model values are higher in biomass burning regions than AERONET-based retrievals, while the opposite is true in urban areas in India and China.
Climbing the Intergenerational Ladder of Education in Urban, Migrant and Rural China

This paper investigates trends in intergenerational patterns of educational attainment over time and space in China. Drawing on the Rural-Urban Migration in China and Indonesia (RUMiCI) Survey for 2008, which provides unique access to data on the educational attainments of up to three generations of people within the same household across China’s rural, urban and migrant populations, we find that inter-generational “mobility”, as reflected in low regression and correlation coefficients between child’s and parent’s education levels, is lower in rural and migrant populations than in urban ones. A closer look the sources of this correlation reveals that the low values observed in rural and migrant China stem from the fact that the vast majority of these children complete only junior high, with some children in the youngest cohorts actually moving down the education ladder relative to their parents. In contrast, for urban children, the only way is up, a combination of results that has clear and undesirable implications for China’s rural-urban divide. JEL Codes: I24 (Education and inequality), R00 (Urban, Rural, Regional, general), R20 (Household in ROO).
Contract Farming: Problems, Prospects and its Effect on Income and Employment

This farm-level study conducted in the Tumkur district of Karnataka state has reported the effect of contract farming on income and employment generation and has identified constraints in and prospects of contract farming. Both income and employment generation have been found higher, almost double, on contract than non-contract farms. The study has observed dominance of female labour on both types of farms. Delayed payment for crop produce, lack of credit for crop production, scarcity of water for irrigation, erratic power supply and difficulty in meeting quality requirements have been found to be the major constraints faced by contract farmers. The scarcity of water for irrigation, erratic power supply, lack of credit for crop production, and lower price for crop produce have been identified as major constraints of non-contract farmers. The major constraints expressed by the contracting agencies in expanding contract farming include violation of terms and conditions by farmers, lack of proper management by the company, frequent price fluctuations in international markets, and scarcity of transport vehicles during peak periods.
The Higgs boson discovery: recent implications for the Finite Unified Theories and SUSY breaking scale

N = 1 supersymmetric GUTs that can be made finite to all orders are called Finite Unified Theories (FUTs). These theories are based on the principle of the reduction of couplings, which consists of searching for renormalization group invariant (RGI) expressions among parameters holding to all orders. FUTs predicted the top quark mass one and half years before its experimental discovery, while four and a half years before the Higgs boson discovery, a particular FUT predicted the light Higgs boson mass in the range 121–126 GeV, in striking agreement with the LHC discovery. We review the basic properties of supersymmetric finite theories resulting from reduction of couplings in both their dimensionless and dimensionful sectors. Then, we analyse the SU(5)-based FUT, which is favoured from a phenomenological point of view. This particular FUT leads to a version of the MSSM that is constrained by the finiteness conditions at the unification scale and predicts a relatively heavy spectrum with coloured supersymmetric particles above 2.7 TeV, consistent with the non-observation of those particles at the LHC. The electroweak supersymmetric spectrum starts below 1 TeV, while parts of the allowed spectrum could be accessible at CLIC. The FCC-hh is expected to be able to fully test the predicted spectrum.
Concomitant Patterns in Avian and Mammalian Body Length Changes in Denmark

We gathered length data on 61 Danish breeding birds from the past 200 years, and related the pattern of change to present body mass and other ecological parameters. Body mass was the only parameter significantly correlated with the rate of change, and the emerging pattern in the rate of change followed the island rule. That is, smaller species have become larger and vice versa, while the medium- sized species remain essentially unchanged. The suggested optimal body mass was around 85 g. Though orders of magnitude lower, the pattern in avian body size change was similar to that of Danish mammals. Our analyses suggest that increasing habitat fragmentation leads to altered body size towards being medium- sized in Danish vertebrates. The changing landscape, thus, appears to be an important driver of body size changes in vertebrates.
The Role of Task Type in Foreign Language Written Production: Focusing on Fluency, Complexity, and Accuracy

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two task types on foreign language written production. Particularly it addressed the issue of how three aspects of language production (i.e. fluency, complexity, and accuracy) vary among two different task types (i.e. argumentative writing task and instruction writing task). One hundred sixty eight intermediate learners of English were randomly selected and divided into two task type groups. Separate ANOVAs were conducted on each dependant variable to see whether there were any statistically significant differences across the groups. The findings revealed that participants in the instruction-task group performed significantly better than those in argumentative-task group in terms of fluency and accuracy. In addition, analysis of complexity measures showed that argumentative essays were produced with more complex language than the instruction essays. Possible explanations are provided and the pedagogical implications of these findings are discussed.
Developing Student Leaders in Campus Outdoor Recreation Programs: An Appreciative Inquiry

Campus outdoor recreation programs can play an integral role in developing student leaders. In this study, we sought a better understanding of the shared positive elements exemplary outdoor programs are using to develop their student leaders. The study was designed using a collective case study methodology and the theoretical lens of the Leadership Identity Development (LID) model. Representatives from five exemplary outdoor programs were interviewed with an appreciative inquiry approach. Five common themes emerged from the data: (a) Institutional Support, (b) Transformative Experiences, (c) Meaningful Culture, (d) Facilitative Structures, and (e) the Keys to the Castle: Authentic Leadership Opportunities. Themes were interrelated and contributed to an overall understanding of the environment that allows for successful leadership development in campus outdoor programs.
Chemical Evolution of Bentonite Buffer in a Final Repository of Spent Nuclear Fuel During the Thermal Phase

This thesis report presents a step-by-step approach on verifying and validating products early during the development. The final result is a framework that helps detect defects during the early phases of the product lifecycle and prevent them during the later phases. First, this report presents extensive research on the main verification and validation activities. These activities – simulation, prototyping, reviews and testing – are presented in the report, along with some suggestions for planning them effectively. The challenges for early product verification and validation were identified and researched by conducting two large studies. The first was a survey that was conducted to gain insight on the current state of the early verification and validation process in the industrial environment. The survey resulted in valuable set of results regarding the current state-of-the-practice of verification and validation in software development in the European setting. The second research was a literature study on state-of-the-art of early verification and validation processes, methods and techniques. The study resulted in exhaustive collection of methods and techniques that can be applied for product early verification and validation in the different phases of the project. The main results of both of these studies are presented in this thesis. Based on the results of the studies mentioned above, the requirements for the framework were defined. As a result, 16 requirements for the framework were specified and these are described in this work. The design and building of the framework according to the requirements then started. The results, including a set of methods and techniques for applying early verification and validation in product development, are presented in this thesis. Finally, the framework was tested in a real-life industrial case and the experiments and results from this case are presented.