Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Audience effects on alarm calling in chickens (Gallus gallus).

The male domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) has been found to modulate the production of vocal signals in response to the presence or absence of a suitable audience. We investigated effects on alarm calling by presenting overhead predator models to cockerels in the presence of a variety of social companions. The production of aerial predator calls in response to hawk silhouettes varied with the presence or absence of a member of the same species. The kinds of audience investigated included the mate, unfamiliar females, other females and males with which subjects had had prior visual and auditory contact, and broody hens with and without young. Domestic chicks, unrelated to the subjects, were almost as effective an audience as conspecific adults. A member of another species, however, failed to potentiate alarm-call production. The subjects gave more alarm calls when they were in the presence of either a male or a female audience than when they were alone. By manipulating the visibility of overhead predator models to the subjects and to the audience, we showed that the subjects were not cued by alarm and escape behaviors of the audience. Comparisons with food calling indicate that, in deciding whether to emit a signal in response to the appropriate referent (e.g., food or predators), chickens respond to subtle differences in the nature of the audience with behaviors that vary from one communicative context to another.
Comparison of Serologic Tests Used in Canine Brucellosis Diagnosis

Dis Comm Meet, October 6, Denver, CO, pp. 29-31. Livestock Conservation Institute, Madison, WI. 6. Nelson EA, Christopher-Hennings J, Drew T, et al.: Differentiation of U.S. and European isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 31:3184-3189. 7. Paton DJ, Brown IH, Edwards S, Wensvoort G: 1991, Blue ear disease of pigs. Vet Rec 128617. 8. Pol JMA, Van Dijk JE, Wensvoort G, Terpstra C: 1991, Pathological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical changes caused by Lelystad virus in experimentally induced infections of mystery swine disease (synonym: porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS)). Vet Q 13: 137-143. 9. Wensvoort G, De Kluyver EP, Luijtze EA, et al.: Antigenic comparison of Lelystad virus and swine infertility syndrome (SIRS) virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 4:134-138. 10. Yoon IJ, Joo HS, Christianson WT, et al.: 1992, An indirect fluorescent antibody test for the detection of antibody to swine infertility and respiratory syndrome in swine sera. J Vet Diagn Invest 4:144-147.
Results of Operative Fixation of Unstable Ankle Fractures in Geriatric Patients

It is widely accepted that operative fixation of unstable ankle fractures yields predictably good outcomes in the general population. The current literature, however reports less acceptable results in the geriatric population age 65 years and older. The current study analyzes the outcome of the surgical treatment of unstable ankle fractures in patients at least 65 years old. Twenty three patient over 65 years old were surgically treated after sustaining 21 (91%) closed and 2 (9%) open grade II unstable ankle fractures. Fractures were classified according to the Danis-Weber and Lauge-Hansen schemes. Fracture type was predominantly Weber B (21/23, 91%), or supination external rotation stage IV (21/23, 91%). Fracture union rate was 100%. There were three significant complications including a lateral wound dehiscence with delayed fibular union in an open fracture dislocation, and two below knee amputations, neither of which was directly related to the fracture treatment. There were three minor complications; one superficial wound infection and two cases of prolonged incision drainage, all of which resolved without further surgical intervention. Complications were associated with open fractures and preexisting systemic disease. These results indicate that open reduction and internal fixation of unstable ankle fractures in geriatric patients is an efficacious treatment regime that with results that are comparable to the general population.
The trusted general manager and business unit performance: empirical evidence of a competitive advantage

Employee trust for the general manager is proposed as an internal organizational characteristic that provides a competitive advantage for the firm. This paper empirically examines the relationship between trust for a business unit's general manager and organizational performance. Trust was found to be significantly related to sales, profits and employee turnover in the restaurant industry. Managers who were either more or less trusted differed significantly in perceptions of their ability, benevolence and integrity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study of Bidding Behavior in All-Pay Auctions

The all-pay auction, where every bidder pays his highest bid, is an increasingly popular auction format with the potential to generate higher revenues. In a field study, we investigate bidding strategies and revenue implications in simultaneous paired auctions that involve identical products in two different auction formats -- winner-pay and all-pay formats in charity and non-charity settings. Our auctions run in an online environment with the realistic feature that sellers cannot fully enforce payment compliance from non-winning bidders. We find that the all-pay format generated substantially higher revenue than the winner-pay format. This is despite the fact that winning prices were lower in the all-pay format and only about half of the pledges by losing bidders are eventually paid. We find important differences in the bidding behavior between paying and non-paying losing bidders. In particular, non-paying bidders tend to bid more aggressively, placing more bids, placing them later and bidding higher amounts. To characterize bidding strategy, we study bid timing, auction choice and jump bidding. We find evidence that bidders in all-pay auctions use rational bidding strategies that are effective in these settings such as early jump bidding and late incremental bidding. In the all-pay auctions, early jump bidding can deter entry by others and late incremental bidding can reduce commitment. In the winner-pay auctions, such strategies are not effective and we observe them to a lesser extent.
An Enquiry into Compliance of Corporate Governance Codes by the Private Sector Indian Companies

In line with the international trend SEBI has promulgated clause 49 (and later on revised clause 49) in the form of Corporate Governance (CG) Codes for the listed Indian Companies. The present study attempts to find out the degree of compliance of the CG codes by private sector Indian companies listed in BSE. Data regarding 1245 companies for the year 2004-2005 are taken for the present study. Data have been collected from the CG report (which is included in Annual Report) of these companies. 21 codes (19 mandatory and 2 non-mandatory) have been selected for study. Compliance rate of CG codes has been first tested individual company-wise. Further, mean compliance rate (taking into account all the companies under the study) and the variation among the companies from the mean compliance rate have also been tested. It is observed that more than 70% of the sample companies comply with 80% or more of the codes. In respect of code-wise compliance rate, the compliance rate is greater than 80% in respect of 17 codes. Almost all the companies have compliance rate which is significant even at 1% level. The grand compliance rate is significantly greater than of variation of compliance is significantly less than 18.77% at 1% level.
Relationships Among Premenstrual Symptoms and Menstrual Cycle Characteristics

The severity of premenstrual syndrome symptoms has been described by different investigators as varying directly or inversely with the severity of dysmenorrhea. In a large population of women undergoing comprehensive psychological and medical evaluation for premenstrual syndrome complaints, the authors examined the relationship between menstrual cycle parameters and premenstrual syndrome. The severity of premenstrual symptoms varied directly with the severity of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual spotting but was not associated with any other menstrual cycle parameter. Multivariate analysis revealed that social and psychological variables are more strongly associated with variations in premenstrual symptoms than are any menstrual cycle parameters. (Obstet Gynecol 65:398, 1985)
Evaluation of Five Antischizophrenic Agents Against Toxoplasma gondii in Human Cell Cultures

Abstract An increasing interest in the association of the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and the development of schizophrenia in patients has been generated over the last several years. Some antischizophrenia agents have been shown to have activity against T. gondii in cell culture assays and to ameliorate behavioral changes associated with chronic T. gondii infection in rats. In the present study, we examined the effects of commonly used antipsychotic and mood stabilizing agents (haloperidol, clozapine, fluphenazine, trifluoperazine, and thioridazine) for activity against developing tachyzoites of the RH strain of T. gondii in human fibroblast cell cultures. Neither haloperidol nor clozapine had a measurable effect. Fluphenazine had an IC50 of 1.7 µM, thioridazine had an IC50 of 1.2 µM, and trifluoperazine had an IC50 of 3.8 µM. Our study demonstrates that some agents used to treat schizophrenia have the ability to inhibit T. gondii proliferation in cell culture.
Rose Bengal suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation via apoptosis and inhibits nitric oxide formation in macrophages

Abstract Rose Bengal (RB) has been used as a safe agent in clinical diagnosis. In addition, it is used as a photodynamic sensitizer for removing microorganisms and cancer cells. Recently, its preferential toxicity after direct exposure to cancer cells was proven. The present study focuses on anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities of RB. The toxicity of RB against AGS gastric cancer and NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell lines was studied using an MTT assay. Patterns of any cell death among the AGS cells were defined using Annexin-V and PI staining. In addition, the effect of RB on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production induced by lipopolysaccha-ride in J774A.1 macrophages was determined. Modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expressions in the macrophages was also evaluated by Western blots. The results showed that AGS cells exhibited significant concentration-dependent decreases in growth in response to RB; these cells showed a greater growth inhibition than did non-malignant 3T3 cells, suggesting that anti-growth activity of RB could be cell-specific. Moreover, AGS cells exposed to RB exhibited a significant increase in apoptosis; only at high RB doses did the cells display significant levels of necrosis. While RB also caused a modest decrease in the growth of J774A.1 macrophages, the cells displayed remarkable decreases in NO production and iNOS expression without significant concurrent modulation in PGE2 production or COX-2 expression. The data from this study appears to suggest that RB differentially impacts on transformed cell lines, preferentially suppresses growth of a gastric cancer cell line through induction of apoptosis, and induces changes in cells that could reflect potential anti-inflammatory effects that might be induced in situ.
Changes in Indices of Airway Hyperresponsiveness During One Year of Treatment with Inhaled Corticosteroids in Patients with Asthma

We analyzed the changes in indices of airway hyperresponsiveness, including hypersensitivity and hyperreactivity, during one year of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. We then investigated on which of them the inhaled corticosteroids had a primary effect. Fifty outpatients with asthma were recruited and treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. They underwent bronchoprovocation tests on the initial visit and at 3, 6, and 12 months. The dose of methacholine required to produce a 20% fall in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (PD20-FEV1) was measured to evaluate airway hypersensitivity. A relatively novel index, the percent change in the forced vital capacity (ΔFVC%) at the PD20-FEV1, was assessed as a marker of airway hyperreactivity. PD20-FEV1 and ΔFVC% were assumed to indicate the horizontal shift of the dose-response curve and the vertical change in the maximal response plateau, respectively. Log(PD20-FEV1) and ΔFVC% continued to improve throughout the year (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Log(PD20-FEV1) improved significantly at the 3-month evaluation (p < 0.001), and ΔFVC% improved at the 6-month evaluation (p = 0.012). Log(PD20-FEV1) had no or weak relationships with ΔFVC% at all evaluation points. In conclusion, inhaled corticosteroids continued not only to reverse the leftward shift of the curve, but also to restore the plateau. Furthermore, their effect was reflected primarily by the former rather than the latter. They should be followed separately to examine how much airway inflammation is reduced.
CTH14-4: Pilot-Assisted Communication Over ISI Channels Based on the Belief Propagation Algorithm

Application of the belief propagation (BP) algorithm is proposed for pilot-assisted reception of Gaussian symbols over unknown inter-symbol interference channels whose parameters are also Gaussian. The proposed Bayesian network graph for the demodulator includes the channel parameters explicitly, allowing the combined estimation of the channel and information bearing symbols. The proposed algorithm is parallel in nature, is suitable for sparse channels, and is easily expandable to coded systems for joint channel pilot-assisted demodulation and decoding. The numerical results show performance better than the performance of iterative semi-blind equalization with batch minimum mean-squared error estimation iterations.
Central Counterparties and Their Financial Resources – A Numerical Approach

New regulatory standards require central counterparties (CCPs) to have robust processes in place to mitigate their counterparty credit risk exposures. At the same time, the standards allow CCPs to tailor their risk management models. This paper considers how CCPs can optimally determine the relative mix of initial margin and default fund contributions in a stylised setting, by balancing the costs of default resources with the expected losses they protect against. Where members are of good credit quality and the probability of experiencing losses is low, the loss-mutualising properties of the default fund are favoured over the defaulter-pays properties of initial margin. Significant tail risks in the markets cleared by the CCP further favour the use of the default fund as a cost-effective insurance against potentially large losses. By contrast, when members are more likely to default or extreme losses are unlikely, the CCP has incentives to maximise the defaulter-pays collateral it takes, and the benefits of the loss-mutualising default fund are reduced. Our numerical results support the recognition that CCPs should have some discretion over how they set the optimal level and composition of their default resources, based on the specific risks of the markets and portfolios that they clear. Our results also show that changes in collateral costs and capital requirements can have a significant impact on a CCP’s optimal risk management choices.
Promoting Consumer's Participation in Virtual Brand Communities: A New Paradigm in Branding Strategy

Virtual brand communities have become a powerful tool for marketers since these communities may help to understand consumer needs and to promote brand loyalty and involvement. In this respect, this work analyses the effect of participation in a virtual community on consumer commitment and tries to explore how consumers can be motivated in order to take part of a virtual community. To be precise, we analyse the role of trust, satisfaction with previous interactions and communication in the member's intentions to participate in a virtual community. The data (obtained through an online survey made to members of several virtual brand communities) show first that participation in a virtual community has a positive influence on consumer commitment to the brand around which the community is centred. Second, we found that trust in a virtual community had a positive and significant effect on members' participation in the virtual community activities and, finally, satisfaction with previous interactions and the level of communication significantly increased the level of trust in a virtual community.
Marketing Performance Measures: History and Interrelationships

This article reviews the history of measuring the performance of marketing in the firm, organised around three themes: the movement from financial to non-financial output measures, the expansion from measuring only marketing outputs to measuring marketing inputs as well, and the evolution from unidimensional to multidimensional measures of performance. Evaluation of this history suggests a need for the marketing community to develop a set of measures small enough to be manageable but large enough to be comprehensive. The paper examines the interrelationships among four important measures and suggests research issues and approaches to aid in this task.
How standards compete: comparative impact of coffee certification schemes in Northern Nicaragua

Purpose – Smallholder farmers are increasingly subject to different types of standards that offer specific conditions for their market incorporation. The proliferation of private and voluntary (civic) standards raises questions regarding their impact on farmers' welfare and their role in the upgrading of value chains. This paper aims to address this issue.Design/methodology/approach – Based on extensive fieldwork and careful matching of 315 farmers in Northern Nicaragua who produce coffee under Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance and Cafe Practices labels or deliver to independent traders, the effects on income, production and investments are compared. Moreover, the implications of different contract conditions for risk behaviour, organizational force, loyalty and gender attitudes are assessed.Findings – The paper finds that Fair Trade provides better prices compared with independent producers, but private labels out‐compete Fair Trade in terms of yield and quality performance. While Fair Trade can be helpful.
Republic of Zimbabwe National Water Policy: A Desk Review of the Gaps between the Policy and Its Implementation

The researchers set out to identify the gaps between the Republic of Zimbabwe National Water Policy and its implementation. A qualitatively-oriented desk review provided the step-by-step process of identifying and analysing the gaps. The desk review was informed by the observation that no scholar has engaged the Water Policy and the performance of the water sector in terms of gaps between policy and implementation. The existing literature focuses on, and is influenced by quantitative and linear analyses. A lacuna therefore exists in Zimbabwean literature on qualitative policy analysis. The desk review was aimed at creating a platform for conducting a qualitative empirical study on the policy and its performance in urban areas. The desk review produced three major findings. Firstly, that the aim, objectives and principles of the policy are stated in qualitative terms. Secondly, that the gaps between the policy and its implementation are largely qualitative. Thirdly, that the available analyses of the water sector have been influenced solely by technical and linear models. Accordingly, two main recommendations are proffered. Solid empirical qualitative analyses of the gaps between the policy and implementation should be done against the provisions of the policy. Interactive models of policy analyses should be used as substitutes to, or in conjunction with linear models. The aim of such studies should be to attain the overall goal of social policy, that is, creating and sustaining wellbeing.
Dynamic cerebral processes underlying emotion regulation.

There is a large, although diverse, neuropsychological literature linking both subcortical and neocortical structures to the expression and perception of emotion (Borod, 1992; Stuss, Gow, & Hetherington, 1992). This literature has focused on studies of adults with various types of cerebral damage, injury, or psychopathology and has reported relations between the locus of damage or activity and emotion perception and expression. In the main, this literature suggests that the side of the brain that is damaged or hyperactive is of some significance to emotional behavior. Adults with damage to the right side are more likely to express positive types of emotions, while damage to the left side is associated with negative emotions. This is known as the valence model of brain-emotion relations (cf. Borod, 1992). The pattern of findings from this literature was one factor motivating researchers to study cerebral lateralization in normal human adults and infants and its effect on emotion behaviors (Davidson, 1984a; Fox & Davidson, 1984). If damage to one side of the brain affected the expression or perception of certain emotions, then perhaps the source for these competencies in the intact brain could be identified and insights into normal emotional behavior gained. An important distinction that has been drawn by these studies is that brain injury or surgical intervention has differential effects on the perception versus the expression of affect (Silberman & Weingartner, 1986). These differential effects depend on whether damage was anterior or posterior in the hemisphere. In general, damage, injury, or activation of posterior re-
Preliminary Evaluation of the Impact of the Section 1603 Treasury Grant Program on Renewable Energy Deployment in 2009

LBNL-XXXXX E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY Preliminary Evaluation of the Impact of the Section 1603 Treasury Grant Program on Renewable Energy Deployment in 2009 Mark Bolinger, Ryan Wiser, Naim Darghouth Environmental Energy Technologies Division April 2010 Download from http://eetd.lbl. gov/ea/emp The work described in this report was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (Permitting, Siting, and Analysis Division) and Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Wind & Hydropower Technologies Program) under Contract No. DE-AC02- 05CH11231.
Children's understanding of television advertising: a qualitative approach

In this paper children's understanding of television advertising was explored using focus groups in a qualitative approach. None of the 6 year olds, a minority of the 8 year olds and by no means all of the 10 year olds were able to articulate an understanding of the persuasive nature of advertising. It was concluded that children's understanding of the persuasive intent of television advertising is less well developed than previously thought, challenging current marketing perspectives. These findings raise questions for European legislation, UK broadcasting practices and for advertisers and manufacturers who target children.