Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The delirium subtypes: A review of prevalence, phenomenology, pathophysiology, and treatment response

Delirium is a highly prevalent disease in the elderly and postoperative, cancer, and AIDS patients. However it is often misdiagnosed and mistreated. This may be partly due to the inconsistencies of the diagnosis itself. Delirium is best defined currently by an association of cognitive impairment and arousal disturbance. Three subtypes (hyperactive, hypoactive, mixed) receive a definition in the literature, but those definitions may vary from author to author according to the importance they give either to the motoric presentation of the delirium or to the arousal disturbance. Our aim is to point out the inconsistencies we found in the literature, but also to identify different paths that have been explored to solve them, that is, the suggestion to emphasize the arousal disturbances in defining the subtypes instead of the motoric presentations, which seem to be more fluctuating, and because of the fluctuating course of the disease to extend the observation over a period of time, which may improve the accuracy of the diagnosis. This is not without importance from a clinical standpoint. Subtypes of delirium may be explained by different pathophysiologic mechanisms, which remain partly unexplained, and may respond to specific treatments. There is a trend to isolate core symptoms (disorientation, cognitive deficits, sleep–wake cycle disturbance, disorganized thinking, and language abnormalities) so as to distinguish them from secondary symptoms that may be correlated with the different etiologies. Our contribution is also to challenge, with new data, the accepted belief that psychotic features are quite rare in the hypoactive type of delirium. We demonstrate that delusions and perceptual disturbances, although less frequent, are present in more than half of the patients with hypoactive delirium. The psychotic features are clearly correlated with a highly prevalent rate of patients', spouses', and caregivers' distress. The mixed subtype of delirium seems to have the worst prognosis, the hyperactive showing the best prognosis. The treatment of the agitated delirious patient is also more consensual. Haloperidol remains the gold standard in the treatment of delirium regardless of the clinical presentation, but the literature provides several alternatives that may prove more specific and have less adverse effects (atypical antipsychotics, psychostimulants, anesthetics).
Effect of oscillating magnetic field pulses on the survival of selected microorganisms

The aim of this paper was to study the influence of oscillating magnetic field pulses on the survival of certain selected pathogenic microorganisms of potatoes. The less resistant of the tested microorganisms proved to be the Ervinia carotovora and Streptomyces scabies bacteria. The tested fungus Alternaria solani proved to be the most resistant. When treating bacteria, it was found that their number was reduced by over 3 orders of magnitude, and when treating fungi their number was reduced by not even 2 orders of magnitude. The application of oscillating magnetic field pulses might be used in disinfecting agricultural products and food.
Results of a longitudinal study of the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on cow-calf farms.

OBJECTIVE To describe the frequency and distribution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the feces and environment of cow-calf herds housed on pasture. SAMPLE POPULATION Fecal and water samples for 10 cow-calf farms in Kansas. PROCEDURE Fecal and water samples were obtained monthly throughout a 1-year period (3,152 fecal samples from 2,058 cattle; 199 water samples). Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fecal and water samples was determined, using microbial culture. RESULTS Escherichia coli O157:H7 was detected in 40 of 3,152 (1.3%) fecal samples, and 40 of 2,058 (1.9%) cattle had > or = 1 sample with E coli. Fecal shedding by specific cattle was transient; none of the cattle had E coli in more than 1 sample. Significant differences were not detected in overall prevalence among farms. However, significant differences were detected in prevalence among sample collection dates. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was detected in 3 of 199 (1.5%) water samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Implementing control strategies for E coli O157:H7 at all levels of the cattle industry will decrease the risk of this organism entering the human food chain. Devising effective on-farm strategies to control E coli O157:H7 in cow-calf herds will require an understanding of the epidemiologic characteristics of this pathogen.
Glocal and food: On alimentary translation

Abstract The essay investigates the relation between glocal and food. As it engages the task, it touches upon three principal domains: (I) the first is the intimate and constitutive relation between the idea of farming and the rise of the term glocal; (II) the second, and more substantial domain concerns the exploration of the device of appropriation within the European semiosphere of the foods originating in the Americas – such as the tomato, the potato, turkey, chocolate, coffee; (III) the third domain engages the semiopolitical tensions centering around the symbolic dish of Sardinian cuisine, su porceddu (suckling pig), before and within the European context. More broadly, the essay draws a comparison between the unperceived glocality of past food exchanges and hybridizations with aspects of alimentary contemporaneity. By means of this comparison the essay will show how today’s explicit recognition of gastronomical-cultural diversity produces paradoxical effects of limitation of alimentary translatability. At the same time, the comparison underlines how and why contemporary food consumption can be described as a glocal production of the authentic.
Long-Term Outcome of Medial Rectus Recession and Pulley Posterior Fixation in Esotropia With High AC/A Ratio

Purpose: Medial rectus (MR) recession with pulley posterior fixation (PF) can be used to treatesotropia (ET) with a high accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ratio as effectively in the short term as MR recession with scleral PF. This study provides a novel examination of the long-term results of MR recession with pulley PF (PPF). Methods: In 21 children we performed bilateral MR recession and pulley PF for ET greater at near than distance (high AC/A). Mean follow-up was 3.5 ± 2.5 (standard deviation [SD]) years. Results: Mean age at presentation was 2.7 ± 1.8 and at surgery 4.3 ± 1.6 years. Fourteen (67%) children had amblyopia. Distance and near pre-operative ET averaged 19. 6Δ ± 10. 5Δ and 36. 9Δ ±18. 9Δ, respectively. Mean near-distance (N-D) disparity was 16. 4Δ ± 12. 3Δ. The MR recession averaged 4.4 ± 0.9 mm. Early mean postoperative ET was 1.3 ± 3. 3Δ at distance and 2. 8Δ ± 5. 2Δ at near. Mean late postoperative ET was 0. 1Δ ± 5. 8Δ and 1. 0Δ ± 6. 2Δ at distance and near, respectively. At the final postoperative examination, mean N-D disparity was reduced to 0.9Δ ± 3. 6Δ. Discussion: MR recession with PPF has a high long-term effectiveness, even in patients with amblyopia and autism. Since no posterior scleral suturing is required, it minimizes the perforation risk associated with scleral PF. Conclusion: MR recession with PPF is a safe and highly effective long-term treatment for ET with high AC/A ratio. Long-term results may surpass those of alternate procedures.
Unilateral breast reconstruction after mastectomy – patient satisfaction, aesthetic outcome and quality of life

Abstract Background: An increasing number of women undergo a breast reconstruction (BR) after treatment for breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate patient-reported esthetic satisfaction, quality of life (QoL), and the association between these, following different types of BR. Materials and methods: All women who underwent unilateral BR in Central Denmark Region between January 2005 and July 2011 were included. Participants were sent a questionnaire package, which included the Body Image Scale, The Beck Depression Inventory, the Impact of Event Scale, and a study-specific patient-reported esthetic satisfaction scale. Additionally, patients were asked if they experienced a change in QoL owing to the BR. Based on reconstructive method and timing, participants were divided into four groups, three delayed: an abdominal flap group, a latissimus dorsi flap group, an implant ± thoracodorsal flap group; and one immediate BR group. Results: Of 166 eligible participants, a total of 144 women (87%) completed the questionnaire. The mean follow-up was 3.8 years. Esthetic satisfaction differed significantly between groups [F(3,139) = 8.55; p < 0.001], with abdominal flap recipients reporting the highest levels of esthetic satisfaction. No between-group differences were observed for the remaining psychosocial measures. Higher satisfaction with esthetic outcome was associated with reporting higher QoL owing to the BR (odds ratio 1.10, p<0.001; 95% CI 1.06–1.15). Conclusions: Abdominal flap recipients expressed higher satisfaction with their esthetic outcome, compared to the remaining BR types. Higher esthetic satisfaction was strongly associated with reporting an experience of higher QoL.
Phylogenetic and population genetic divergence correspond with habitat for the pathogen Colletotrichum cereale and allied taxa across diverse grass communities

Over the past decade, the emergence of anthracnose disease has newly challenged the health of turfgrasses on North American golf courses, resulting in considerable economic loss. The fungus responsible for the outbreaks, Colletotrichum cereale, has also been identified from numerous natural grasses and cereal crops, although disease symptoms are generally absent. Here we utilize phylogenetic and population genetic analyses to determine the role of ecosystem in the advancement of turfgrass anthracnose and assess whether natural grass and/or cereal inhabitants are implicated in the epidemics. Using a four‐gene nucleotide data set to diagnose the limits of phylogenetic species and population boundaries, we find that the graminicolous Colletotrichum diverged from a common ancestor into distinct lineages correspondent with host physiology (C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways). In the C4 lineage, which includes the important cereal pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola, C. sublineolum, C. falcatum, C. eleusines, C. caudatum and several novel species, host specialization predominates, with host‐associated lineages corresponding to isolated sibling species. Although the C3 lineage —C. cereale— is comprised of one wide host‐range species, it is divided into 10 highly specialized populations corresponding to ecosystem and/or host plant, along with a single generalist population spread across multiple habitat types. Extreme differentiation between the specialized C. cereale populations suggests that asymptomatic nonturfgrass hosts are unlikely reservoirs of infectious disease propagules, but gene flow between the generalist population and the specialized genotypes provides an indirect mechanism for genetic exchange between otherwise isolated populations and ecosystems.
TFMCC Protocol Behaviour in Satellite Multicast with Variable Return Path Delays

This paper investigates the performance of TCP-friendly multicast congestion control (TFMCC) protocol in satellite networks. TFMCC is a sender-driven congestion control protocol that extends the TFRC congestion control mechanism into multicast. To provide receiver feedback, the TFMCC protocol requires two-way communication like in DVB-RCS that allows a return path over the satellite link to the sender. The adverse effects due to large and varying DVB-RCS delay in slow-start, throughput and congestion response time are analyzed with simulations. It also provides protocol adaptations to improve congestion response using early identification of the leading receiver and dynamic group size determination
CYP 7 A 1-rs 3808607 and APOE isoform associate with LDL cholesterol lowering after plant sterol consumption in a randomized clinical trial 1 , 2

Background: The benefits of plant sterols (PSs) for cholesterol lowering are hampered by large heterogeneity across individuals, potentially because of genetic polymorphisms. Objective: We investigated the impact of candidate genetic variations on cholesterol response to PSs in a trial that recruited individuals with high or low endogenous cholesterol synthesis, estimated by lathosterol to cholesterol (L:C) ratio. Design: Mildly hypercholesterolemic adults preselected as possessing either high endogenous cholesterol synthesis (n = 24; mean 6 SEM: L:C ratio = 2.03 6 0.39 mmol/mmol) or low endogenous cholesterol synthesis (n = 39; mean 6 SEM: L:C ratio = 0.99 6 0.28 mmol/mmol) consumed 2 g PS/d or a placebo for 28 d by using a dual-center, single-blind, randomized crossover design. Cholesterol synthesis and change in cholesterol absorption were measured with stable isotopic tracers. Candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms and apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoform were assessed by TaqMan genotyping assay. Results: The cholesterol fractional synthesis rate was higher (P , 0.001) in participants with high endogenous cholesterol synthesis (mean 6 SEM: placebo: 9.16% 6 0.47%; PSs: 9.74% 6 0.47%) than in participants with low endogenous cholesterol synthesis (mean 6 SEM placebo: 5.72% 6 0.43%; PS: 7.10% 6 0.43%). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering in response to PSs was associated with individuals’ genotypes. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1-rs3808607) T/T homozygotes showed no LDL cholesterol lowering (mean 6 SEM: 20.05 6 0.07 mmol/L, P = 0.9999, n = 20), whereas the presence of the G-allele associated with LDL cholesterol response in a dosedependent fashion (mean 6 SEM G/T: 20.22 6 0.06 mmol/L, P = 0.0006, n = 35; G/G: 20.46 6 0.12 mmol/L, P = 0.0009, n = 8). Similarly, APOE e3 carriers (mean 6 SEM: 20.13 6 0.05 mmol/L, P = 0.0370, n = 40) responded less than APOE e4 carriers (mean 6 SEM: 20.31 6 0.07 mmol/L, P , 0.0001, n = 23). Moreover, genoset CYP7A1-rs3808607 T/T/APOE e3 was associated with nonresponsiveness (mean 6 SEM: +0.09 6 0.08 mmol/L, P = 0.9999, n = 14). rs5882 in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and rs4148217 in ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 8 (ABCG8) did not associate with LDL cholesterol lowering. Cholesterol absorption decreased as a result of PS consumption, but this decrease was not related to circulating LDL cholesterol concentrations, cholesterol synthesis phenotype, or genotypes. Conclusion: CYP7A1-rs3808607 and APOE isoform are associated with the extent of reduction in circulating LDL cholesterol in response to PS consumption and could serve as potential predictive genetic markers to identify individuals who would derive maximum LDL cholesterol lowering with PS consumption. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01131832. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:951–7.
A General Analytical Method for the Performance Evaluation of Multistage Interconnection Networks Supporting Multi-class Priority Traffic

In this paper, our investigation focuses on the performance evaluation of omega multistage interconnection networks which can natively support multi-class priority traffic. For this reason, a multi- buffered, single server switching element is presented and used in the construction of those networks, providing thus better quality of services. The performance evaluation model is based on steady state queuing analysis that leads to a novel utilization's formula. Based on the proposed analysis, other major performance indicators can also be accurately calculated. The analytical method was meticulously validated by classic simulation and a part of obtained results was also compared by existing related work. Moreover, the proposed analytical method was found to be very accurate on performance estimations for various network sizes under different offered loads supporting multi-priority traffic. The rationale behind investigating a multi-priority traffic system is to provide efficient networks supporting optimum quality of services (i.e. streaming media vs. file transfer).
Decision quality and satisfaction: the effects of online information sources and self-efficacy

Purpose Digital libraries and social media are two sources of online information with different characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to integrate self-efficacy into the analysis of the relationship between information sources and decision making, and to explore the effect of self-efficacy on decision making, as well as the interacting effect of self-efficacy and information sources on decision making. Design/methodology/approach Survey data were collected and the partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed to verify the research model. Findings The effect of digital library usage for acquiring information on perceived decision quality (PDQ) is larger than that of social media usage for acquiring information on PDQ. Self-efficacy in acquiring information (SEAI) stands out as the key determinant for PDQ. The effect of social media usage for acquiring information on PDQ is positively moderated by SEAI. Practical implications Decision making is a fundamental activity for individuals, but human decision making is often subject to biases. The findings of this study provide useful insights into decision quality improvement, highlighting the importance of SEAI in the face of information overload. Originality/value This study integrates self-efficacy into the analysis of the relationship between information sources and decision making, presenting a new perspective for decision-making research and practice alike.
Description of Nurse Scientists in a Large Health Care System

Replicating a research study that described the work of nurse scientists in children's hospitals, the purpose of the study was to describe the role, activities, and outcomes of nurse scientists employed in a national health care organization. The characteristics of nurses filling the nurse scientist role in clinical settings and outcomes associated with the role have not been extensively described. The setting of this study is ideal since the organization includes facilities of various sizes located in rural, urban, and suburban areas in 18 states. Names and contact information of nurse scientists were obtained from nurse executives at each of the 110 affiliated organizations. Nurse scientists completed an anonymous survey. The primary role of the nurse scientists is to facilitate the work of others. Recommendations to strengthen the research infrastructure are provided.
Marketing and consumerism: A response to O'Shaughnessy and O'Shaughnessy

Purpose – This paper aims to examine O'Shaughnessy and O'Shaughnessy's response to accusations about marketing's detrimental impact on society. Design/methodology/approach – A review of the empirical research on consumerism and materialism to date. Findings – Indicates that consumerism is associated with reduced personal wellbeing and that the rise of consumerism parallels the rise of modern marketing to a remarkable extent, although in both cases the causal direction is unclear. Research limitations/implications – The paper proposes further research to help understand to what extent it is possible to work within the current market economy structures to reduce the incidence and harms of consumerism. Originality/value – The main contribution of this paper is that it shows that the association between marketing practice and the harms of consumerism may be greater than it is generally believed to be by marketing academics.
Nestin promoter/enhancer directs transgene expression to precursors of adult generated periglomerular neurons

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a major neurogenic region in the adult brain. Cells from the SVZ give rise to two populations of olfactory bulb interneurons: the granule cells and periglomerular (PG) cells. Currently, little is known about the signaling pathways that direct these newly generated neurons to become either granule or PG neurons. In the present study, we used the nestin promoter and enhancer to direct expression of the tetracycline transactivator (tTA). We generated two independent strains of nestin‐tTA transgenic animals and crossed founder mice from both lines to mice containing a tetracycline‐regulated transgene (mCREB) whose expression served as a marker for the activity of the nestin‐tTA transgene. mCREB expression occurred in a subset of proliferating cells in the SVZ and rostral migratory stream in both lines. Surprisingly, in both lines of nestin‐tTA mice transgene expression in the olfactory bulb was limited to PG neurons and was absent from granule cells, suggesting that this nestin promoter construct differentiates between the two interneuronal populations. Transgene expression occurred in several subtypes of PG neurons, including those expressing calretinin, calbindin, GAD67, and tyrosine hydroxylase. These results suggest that a unique subset of SVZ precursor cells gives rise to PG, and not granule cells. The ability to express different transgenes within this subpopulation of neuronal precursors provides a powerful system to define the signals regulating the differentiation and survival of adult‐generated neurons in the olfactory bulb. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:128–141, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
End-of-life preferences for atheists.

Atheists represent an understudied population in palliative care medicine. Although professional and regulatory organizations require an individualized plan of care for each patient and family, little is known about atheist preferences for end-of-life (EOL) care. The aims of this pilot study were twofold: (1) to explore the EOL preferences for atheists, and (2) to apply a threefold model of spiritual care (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and natural interconnectedness) to assess the appropriateness of potential interventions for a group of atheists. Eighty-eight participants completed either an online or paper survey. Analyses of open-ended and closed questions were consistent with prior studies on EOL preferences, including components of a ;;good death. '' The results related to the first aim of the study, to explore EOL preferences, suggests that participants view of a good death was expanded to include respect for nonbelief and the withholding of prayer or other references to God. Strong preference for physician-assisted suicide and evidence-based medical interventions were central themes from participants. The second aim of the study, to apply a threefold definition of spirituality--which includes intrapersonal, interpersonal, and natural focus--appears appropriate in planning interventions for atheists at EOL. Participants expressed a deep desire to find meaning in their own lives (intrapersonal), to maintain connection with family and friends (interpersonal), and to continue to experience and appreciate the natural world (natural interconnectedness) through the dying experience. Additional research is necessary to explore the preferences for this understudied group. Further clarification of the use of the term "atheist'' is also necessary to ensure that the inclusion of all individuals with nontheist beliefs are represented in future research efforts.