Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulations of Organic Aerosol Concentrations during Springtime in the Guanzhong 1 Basin , China 2 3

The organic aerosol (OA) concentration is simulated in the Guanzhong basin, 16 China from 23 to 25 April 2013 utilizing the WRF-CHEM model. Two approaches are used 17 to predict OA concentrations: (1) a traditional secondary organic aerosol (SOA) module; (2) a 18 non-traditional SOA module including the volatility basis-set modeling method in which 19 primary organic aerosols (POA) are assumed to be semi-volatile and photochemically 20 reactive. Generally, the spatial patterns and temporal variations of the calculated hourly 21 near-surface ozone and fine particle matters agree well with the observations in Xi’an and 22 surrounding areas. The model also yields reasonable distributions of daily PM2.5 and 23 elemental carbon (EC) compared to the filter measurements at 29 sites in the basin. Filter 24 measured organic carbon (OC) and EC are used to evaluate OA, POA, and SOA using the 25 OC/EC ratio approach. Compared with the traditional SOA module, the non-traditional 26 module significantly improves SOA simulations and explains about 88% of the observed 27 SOA concentration. Oxidation and partitioning of POA treated as semi-volatile constitute the 28 most important pathway for the SOA formation, contributing more than 75% of the SOA 29 concentrations in the basin. Residential emissions are the dominant anthropogenic OA source, 30 constituting about 50% of OA concentrations in urban and rural areas and 30% in the 31 background area. The OA contribution from transportation emissions decreases from 25% in 32 urban areas to 20% in the background area, and the industry emission OA contribution is less 33 than 6%. 34
Life-cycle regulation and life history plasticity in the speckled wood butterfly: are reaction norms

We investigated whether interpopulational variation in life-cycle regulation and life-history plasticity, in response to photoperiod, is predictable from considerations of what would be the adaptive life cycle and life history in a given environment. The investigation was performed on five populations of the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), from central and south Sweden, England, Spain and Madeira. Insects from all five populations were reared at all daylengths from 10 h to 20 h at 17°C. Larval and pupal development times were noted. Predictions were met regarding the type of life-cycle regulation and the shape of reaction norms. Evidence for diapause (larval summer and winter diapause, pupal winter diapause) was found in the three northern populations (P. a. tircis) but not in the two southern populations (P. a. aegeria). Photoperiodic thresholds for diapause induction followed the predicted latitudinal patterns, and this was also the case regarding quantitative regulation of development time (by photoperiod) among directly developing individuals. Under direct development, development time was progressively shorter in shorter daylengths in the two Swedish populations, where this signals progressively later dates. This was not found in the English, Spanish and Madeiran populations where such a response is likely to be maladaptive, because one or more generations of larvae are present before summer solstice. There were also unexpected results, for which we propose preliminary adaptive explanations.
Consequences of russet mite-induced tomato defenses for community interactions

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Dynamic Moral Hazard and Executive Stock Options

This paper shows that the optimal executive compensation scheme in a dynamic moral hazard environment is convex in the firm value. This implies that the optimal contract should include stock options. This is because the private benefit of shirking is increasing in firm value and the manager's utility is concave. Therefore, in contrast to the previous literature that takes stock options in the incentive contract exogenously, we rationalize the optimality of their use endogenously. Moreover, we show that the optimal amount of stock options (restricted stocks) increases with agency cost and the executive's reservation utility, decreases with the degree of risk aversion of the manager, and increases (decreases) with the firm size.
Whether Peripartum Nutritional Supplementation Influence the Uterine Involution and Postpartum Fertility in Crossbred Cows

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of peripartum nutrients supplementation on uterine involution and postpartum fertility in crossbred cows. Twenty healthy advanced pregnant HF crossbred cows between 2-4 parity of identical body size were included in the study from two weeks prepartum to 8 weeks postpartum. They were equally divided into control (routine farm feeding-RFF) and treatment (RFF + bypass fat @ 100-200 g/h/day + ASMM @ 50 g/h/day) groups. Animals of both the groups were subjected to per rectal as well as ultrasonographic examinations at weekly intervals from day 7 till day 42 postpartum. On day 7 postpartum, gravid and non-gravid uterine horns in all animals were lying cranial and ventral to pelvic brim in abdominal cavity as large, soft, flabby water bag like structures. The cervical and uterine horn diameters and wall thickness showed a significant decreasing trend from day 7 to 28-35 postpartum with gaining tonicity and elasticity, yet the differences between groups were non-significant. The walls of the cervix and uterus appeared as bright hyperechoic structure, while lumens were found hypoechoic with bright hyperechoic spots. The middle uterine arteries were represented as dark circular anechoic structures and the caruncles as a bright hyperechoic structures. The diameter of artery reduced significantly (p<0.05) in the days postpartum. The gross involution of the uterus was observed to be completed by 24.50±1.14 and 23.80±1.14 days, while the complete uterine involution occurred by days 31.97±1.82 and 30.27±1.41 with occurrence of first estrus postpartum in 42.32±4.14 and 38.00±1.95 days (p<0.05) for control and nutrient supplemented groups, respectively. The service period (85 vs 100 days) and pregnancy rate (80 vs 60%) were non-significantly better in treatment than control group. Thus it can be asserted that the peripartum nutrient supplementation yielded no beneficial effect on uterine involution, but enhanced postpartum fertility in optimally fed and managed crossbred cows.
Effects on plants of metabolites produced in culture by Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum, P. aleophilum and Fomitiporia punctata.

Several phytotoxic metabolites were extracted and purified from culture filtrates of Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum, P. aleophilum and Fomitiporia punctata, three fungi associated with esca of grapevine. Those identified and characterised so far were a-glucans of various molecular weight (pullulans) produced by both species of Phaeoacremonium, and two naphthalenone pentaketides (scytalone and isosclerone) produced by P. aleophilum. Absorbed at very low doses by detached leaves of grapevine or injected into the woody tissue of shoots and branches of standing grapevines, these metabolites produced foliar symptoms similar to those shown by the esca-affected vines. The same results were obtained with preparations of pullulan extracted from the discoloured woody tissue of a grapevine infected with P. chlamydosporum, and with samples of commercial pullulan.
Mass balance of glaciers and ice caps: Consensus estimates for 1961–2004

Working with comprehensive collections of directly‐measured data on the annual mass balance of glaciers other than the two ice sheets, we combine independent analyses to show that there is broad agreement on the evolution of global mass balance since 1960. Mass balance was slightly below zero around 1970 and has been growing more negative since then. Excluding peripheral ice bodies in Greenland and Antarctica, global average specific balance for 1961–1990 was −219 ± 112 kg m−2 a−1, representing 0.33 ± 0.17 mm SLE (sea‐level equivalent) a−1. For 2001–2004, the figures are −510 ± 101 kg m−2 a−1 and 0.77±0.15 mm SLE a−1. Including the smaller Greenland and Antarctic glaciers, global total balance becomes 0.38 ± 0.19 mm SLE a−1 for 1961–1990 and 0.98 ± 0.19 mm SLE a−1 for 2001–2004. For 1991–2004 the glacier contribution, 0.77 ± 0.26 mm SLE a−1, is 20–30% of a recent estimate of 3.2 ± 0.4 mm a−1 of total sea‐level rise for 1993–2005. While our error estimates are not rigorous, we believe them to be liberal as far as they go, but we also discuss several unquantified biases of which any may prove to be significant.
Minimum Cost Strategies for Sequestering Carbon in Forests

This paper examines the costs of meeting explicit targets for increments of carbon sequestered in forests when both forest management decisions and the area offorests can be varied. Costs are estimated as welfare losses in markets for forest and agricultural products. Results show greatest change in management actions when targets require large near-term flux increments, while land area change is largest when long-term increments are needed. Marginal costs per tonne of carbon flux do not vary greatly with the form of the target and are similar to findings of earlier studies for comparable size of average carbon flux increment.
Open-economy Inflation Targeting Policies and Forecast Accuracy

Forecast accuracy in macroeconomics is based on statistical techniques for extrapolating time series. This paper takes a new theoretical route studying the relation between forecast accuracy of macroeconomic variables and alternative monetary policies. Considering optimal policy with model-parameter uncertainty in a small open-economy, the paper shows that Domestic Inflation Targeting (DIT) leads to more forecast accuracy than Consumer Price index Inflation Targeting (CPIIT). Furthermore, forecast accuracy and policy aggressiveness turn out to be inversely related, and the trade-o¤ is more severe under CPIIT. These results are obtained in a New-Keynesian model measuring forecast accuracy by the volatility of simulated fan-charts.
MICROSTRUCTURE OF GEOPOLYMER MATERIALS BASED ON FLY ASH

4(4Si)and SiQ 4 (3Al) and SiQ 4 (2-3Al). Any presence of the temporary phase with different composition was not found between geopolymer and aggregate as it is at the concretes from Portland cement. Geopolymer composition is almost the same in the close nearness even in the geopolymer matrix. Elastic modulus evaluated for the mixed geopolymeric and C–S–H phase by means of nanoindentation was found to be E= 36.1 ± 5.1 GPa. Such result is comparable (a little bit higher) to ordinary Porland cement pastes.
FLORAL BIOLOGY OF BER - A REVIEW

Ber is an ancient fruit of India and China. Ber fruits are very nutritious and rich in vitamins C, A and B- complex. The duration of flowering in ber is prolonged and the time of blossoming largely depends on climatic conditions. Flowering, can, however be regulated to some extent by timing the pruning operation. The flower buds in ber are borne on both mature as well as current season's growth and the inflorescence is an axillary cyme. Most of the ber varieties are self unfruitful and fruit poorly without cross pollination. Fruits drop immature if they are set without fertilization or due to embryo abortion at later stage of fruit development. Its floral biology has been studied by many researchers, however, the self and cross-incompatibility and long juvenile period are the hindrances for the systematic hybridization programme in this crop. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this review to critically analyse the important aspects of ber flowering; flowering time, flowering duration, flowering habit, anthesis, dehiscence, stigma receptivity, pollen morphology, pollen viability, pollen germination, fruit set and fruit drop. The ber flowering literature provides a wealth of usable information for breeders.
Anticipated and unanticipated oil price shocks and optimal monetary policy

This paper studies the welfare effects of severalmonetary policy rules in the presence of anticipated and unanticipated oil price shocks. Our analysis is based on a stylized New Keynesian model of a small open economy. Our main findings are the following: i) Standard interest rate rules amplify the welfare loss compared to neutral monetary policies. ii) The optimal policy under commitment, by contrast, dampens the welfare loss. iii) Optimized simple rules can replicate the outcome under the optimal unrestricted rule if they are history-dependent, contain the exchange rate and, in the anticipated case, forward-looking elements. iv) Anticipated oil shocks lead to a higher welfare loss than unanticipated shocks.
'Sifting the wheat from the chaff' : a two-dimensional discriminant analysis of welfare state regime theory.

Welfare state modelling has long been an important strand within comparative social policy. However, since the publication of Esping-Andersen's ‘Worlds of Welfare’ typology, welfare state classification has become particularly prominent and a multitude of competing typologies and taxonomies have emerged. Each of these is based on different classification criteria, and each is trying to capture what a welfare state actually does. The result is that the literature is in a state of confusion and inertia as it is unclear which of these rival systems is currently the most accurate and should be taken forward, and which are not and should perhaps be left behind. This article extends Bonoli's two-dimensional analysis of welfare state regimes by using multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis to compare and contrast the various classifications on universal criteria. It also examines the usefulness of the two-dimensional approach itself and suggests how it can be enhanced to benefit future attempts at holistic welfare state modelling. The article concludes that there are some welfare state classifications that are more useful than others, especially in terms of reflecting a two-dimensional analysis: it thereby ‘sifts the wheat from the chaff’ in terms of welfare state regime theory.
Some Observations on Research on the Benefits to Nations of Adopting IFRS

This paper has three aims: to summarise, briefly, key findings of research on the benefits of adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS); to highlight some of the more challenging aspects of this research; and to identify opportunities for future research. In order to fulfil these aims, I address five related questions: What is the role of accounting standards in an economy? What reasons have been given by governments,their advisors, and their respective business communities for switching from domestic accounting standards to IFRS? What benefits have been reported following the change to IFRS? What else will help to maximise any benefits from adopting IFRS? And how can we researchers do a better job when assessing the benefits from IFRS?
Effects of dietary distillers dried grains with solubles concentrations on meat quality and antioxidant status and capacity of broiler chickens

SUMMARY This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on the meat quality and antioxidant status and capacity of broiler chickens. One-dayold male broiler chickens (720) were assigned to 6 treatments, with 4 replicates per treatment. Birds were fed diets formulated to contain 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% corn-based DDGS, respectively, for a period of 6 wk. The addition of DDGS influenced the general meat quality by affecting the b* (yellowness) values, cooking loss, and shear force (P 0.05), but feeding DDGS significantly increased the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (P 0.05) by dietary DDGS concentrations; however, liver malondialdehyde production was influenced significantly (P < 0.01) by dietary DDGS levels. Overall, including DDGS at concentrations up to 15% in the broiler diet is feasible and can result in ideal meat quality.
ON THE REWARDS TO EDUCATION IN SPAIN: ENDOGENEITY AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES

This paper presents empirical evidence on the returns to education in Spain using the Survey on the Quality of Life in the Workplace. Five waves of the survey have been pooled to build a dataset for which Mincer-type earning functions are estimated. Unlike other analyses experience is computed as actual and not potential experience, and a variable capturing periods of unemployment is also included to better approach the underlying concept, this being specially relevant given high unemployment rates in Spain and average length of these periods among certain groups. We calculate the returns to education for male workers following the simplest Mincer’s specification estimated by (a) OLS and (b) instrumental variables (IV) techniques as a means to deal with endogeneity concerns regarding schooling and find that returns to education for male salaried workers are 5.68 (OLS) and 7.37 (IV with a family background instrument) giving evidence of a slightly declining trend in the rate of return to education in Spain. The consideration of schooling attainment as qualifications allow relaxing Mincer’s underlying hypothesis of linearity of the returns to education in schooling. Evidence against this assumption is displayed. We also test the parallelism of log-earnings experience profiles across schooling levels. The empirical analysis is finally extended by focusing on regional differences.
Ut oeconomia Pictura: How the Global Art Market is Changing the Dominant Canons

This study explores the pressure that the new configuration of the art market is exerting on the alleged universalism of Western artistic conventions, in particular as a result of the dramatic increase in the quotation of Chinese artists and the growth of China's market share globally. In fact, over the last decade, there has been a great cultural and economic valuation of artistic expressions that hardly correspond to Western conventions at all, especially in Asian and Islamic countries. These changes call for a thorough revision of the ethnocentrism that marks the West's artistic narratives and canons, as the need to create more inclusive narratives becomes increasingly more evident.
Quiet pupils can be effective learners

This paper investigates the importance for pupils’ learning of being generally visibly active participant in a classroom discussion. A class of six year-old pupils was taught about the human skeletal system and other organs. To determine what they had learnt, they were asked to produce drawings before and after the course of teaching. The pupils’ participation in the class discussion during the course of teaching was given values on a scale from 1–8, the most talkative receiving the value 1 and the least talkative (or most quiet) the value 8. The study showed that the less talkative the pupils were in the discussion the more they gained from the teaching. The results could not be accounted for by ceiling effects and similar patterns obtained across the materials used support the robustness of the findings. The study suggests that it cannot be assumed that participating in classroom discussion during the learning process is a necessary precondition for learning.
Does Entrepreneurship Pay? An Empirical Analysis of the Returns to Self‐Employment

Possible explanations for earnings differentials in self‐employment and paid employment are investigated. The empirical results suggest that the nonpecuniary benefits of self‐employment are substantial: Most entrepreneurs enter and persist in business despite the fact that they have both lower initial earnings and lower earnings growth than in paid employment, implying a median earnings differential of 35 percent for individuals in business for 10 years. The differential cannot be explained by the selection of low‐ability employees into self‐employment and is similar for three alternative measures of self‐employment earnings and across industries. Furthermore, the estimated earnings differentials may understate the differences in compensation across sectors since fringe benefits are not included in the measure of employee compensation.
Reduction of Maximum Torque of Driving Shafts Concurrently Driven by Rubber V-belt for Monorail Traveling on Worn Rack Rail for Construction Uses

Abstract—The purpose of this study is to propose a technique to reduce the torque applied onto driven shafts of monorail for urban constructions and forest industries. To reduce the maximum torque contribution ratios of driven shafts, a modified transmitting system for the monorail was proposed. The system is concurrently driven by two v-belts in which the phase difference of rotational angle was allowed. To evaluate the difference of torques produced on the shaft, two types of gearboxes of the vehicle were prepared to experimentally drive on the rack rail with short range (250mm) in test field. Two rack rails in which observed wear depth of the rack tooth was w=0 and 3mm were prepared. The variations of torques of driven shafts were measured with respect to the rotational angle of the shaft when the driven pinion gears were engaged with original and worn rack rail in which the wear depth of tooth was w=3mm, respectively. The torque contribution ratio of rear driven shaft was reduced down to about 63% by applying modified power train, while that was highly 89% through the conventional power train, even when the test systems were driven on worn rack rail. The increase of the torque contribution ratio of driven shafts was prevented in comparison with those by applying the conventional power train. This study found that the modified power train where two pinion gears were concurrently driven by two v-belts should be applied to reduce the maximum torque contribution ratio of driven shafts.