Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examining the Relationships Between Bone Tissue Composition, Compositional Heterogeneity, and Fragility Fracture: A Matched Case‐Controlled FTIRI Study

Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI) provides information on spatial distribution of the chemical composition of thin tissue specimens at ∼7 µm spatial resolution. This study of 120 age‐ and bone mineral density (BMD)‐matched patients was designed to investigate the association of FTIRI variables, measured in iliac crest biopsies, with fragility fractures at any site. An earlier study of 54 women found hip BMD to be a significant explanatory variable of fracture risk for cortical bone but not for cancellous bone. In the current study, where age and BMD were controlled through matching, no such association was observed, validating the pairing scheme. Our first study of unmatched iliac crest biopsies found increases in collagen maturity (cancellous and cortical bone) and mineral crystal size (cortical bone only) to be a significant explanatory variable of fracture when combined with other covariates. The ratio for collagen maturity has been correlated to the amount of enzymatic collagen cross‐links. To assess the impact of other FTIRI variables (acid phosphate substitution, carbonate‐to‐phosphate ratio, and the pixel distribution [heterogeneity] of all relevant FTIRI variables), we examined biopsies from a matched case‐controlled study, in which 60 women with fractures were each paired with an age‐ and BMD‐matched female control. With the matched data set of 120 women, conditional logistic regression analyses revealed that significant explanatory variables of fracture were decreased carbonate‐to‐phosphate ratio in both cancellous (odds ratio [OR] = 0.580, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37–0.909, p = 0.0176) and cortical bone (OR = 0.519, 95% CI 0.325–0.829, p = 0.0061), and increased heterogeneity (broadened pixel distribution) of collagen maturity for cancellous bone (OR = 1.549, 95% CI 1.002–2.396, p = 0.0491). The observation that collagen maturity was no longer linked to fracture in age‐ and BMD‐matched samples suggests that age‐dependent variation in collagen maturity may be a more important contributory factor to fragility fractures than previously thought. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
When Online Reviews Meet Hyperdifferentiation: A Study of Craft Beer Industry

We analyze how online reviews can be used to evaluate product differentiation strategy based on the theories of hyperdifferentiation and resonance marketing. Hyperdifferentiation says that firms can now produce almost anything that will appeal to consumers and can manage the complexity of diverse product portfolios. Resonance marketing says that informed consumers will only purchase products that they actually truly want. When consumers become more informed, firms that provide highly differentiated products should experience higher growth rate. We construct measures of product positioning based on online ratings and find supportive evidence using craft beer industry data. In particular, we find that the variance of ratings and the strength of the top quartile of reviews play a significant role in determining which new products grow in the marketplace (resonance). It is more important that some consumers love you than it is that most consumers like you.
The application of evolutionary approach for stock trend awareness

It has been an important task for business and individuals to make financial investments on stock market in order to wisely extend possible income sources. Such investments require precise timely decision and highly awareness of market changes at all time. Many well-known pricing models have already been proposed by different learnt researchers to explain the rationality between stock price and the covalent factors. These models were meant to assist information receivers to adjust their holding of stocks with reasonable pricing strategy and make wise financial decision timely. Since any newly entered information in the market shall be digested and cause stock price movement. By assuming that the stock market possesses sufficient efficiency to adjust stock price to the equilibrium status, a prediction made prior to such movement would be regarded possible. This paper has constructed a GPLAB financial customized prototype system and demonstrated certain accuracy in the forecast of stock price movements in TWSE (Taiwan Stock Exchange). The empirical study reveals that the system possesses a fair prediction ability of stock price movement in a random chosen period and a bear market period. Under certain restrictions that this model may serve as an early stock price changes awareness system. Such awareness may provide investors opportunity to adjust stock holding strategy timely. This study also believes the accuracy of forecast could have been further improved with the assistance of other tools such as deep learning and neuron network. The potential of genetic algorism application in the field of financing decisions could have also been further accomplished in the future.
Alveolar and Skeletal Chin Dimensions Associated with Lower Facial Height Among Different Divergent Patterns.

INTRODUCTION Alveolar and skeletal chin dimensions with facial height have an impact on diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontic patients and serves as a reference landmark for facial aesthetics. AIM To evaluate the alveolar and skeleton chin dimensions among different divergent patterns, to evaluate the lower face height in different divergent growth patterns, to give an estimate to the oral surgeon for any adjunctive procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study includes a total sample of 45 non-growing individuals (26 males and 19 females) from the archival records of the Orthodontic Department with age ranging between 18-25 years, classified into different divergent patterns based on the mandibular plane angle. The sample was divided into three groups, of which 15 patients in each group were evaluated: Group-1: Normodivergent, Group-2: Hypodivergent and Group-3: Hyperdivergent patterns respectively. Standardized digital lateral cephalograms and antero-posterior cephalograms of these patients were obtained in Natural Head Position (NHP). RESULTS The results of the retrospective cephalometeric study were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and Tukey's multiple post hoc test which showed that hard tissue chin measurement were greater in hypodivergent group (13.7mm) and the increased lower facial height showed statistically significant difference in high mandibular plane angle group (59.6mm). In antero-posterior cephalograms the transverse width showed statistically significant difference in normodivergent group (32.60mm). CONCLUSION The anterio-posterior width of the symphysis was higher in hypodivergent growth pattern, whereas vertical height of the symphysis was greater in hyperdivergent group. The lower facial height among three groups showed statistically significant difference among hyperdivergent group. In comparison of all the three groups in Anterio-Posterior (AP) cephalograms, statistically significant difference was noted in normodivergent group when compared with the other two groups.
The evolving role of the endocannabinoid system in gynaecological cancer.

BACKGROUND The 'endocannabinoid system' (ECS), comprising endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) and their regulating enzymes, together with the cannabinoid receptors, has attracted a great deal of attention because it affects not only all facets of human reproduction, from gametogenesis through to parturition and beyond, but also targets key mechanisms affecting some hallmarks of cancer. Recent evidence showing that cannabinoid receptors play a very important role in the development of malignancies outside of the reproductive organs suggests a similar role for the ECS in the establishment or continued development of gynaecological malignancy. METHODS Primary papers and review articles, and primary sources within these papers, up to December 2014, on the evolving role of the ECS in cancer, with a special focus on gynaecological cancers, were obtained by Medline and PubMed searches using the search terms: 'cancer', 'cannabinoid', 'endocannabinoid', 'gynaecology' and 'malignancy'. Non-English manuscripts were excluded. RESULTS More than 2100 sources were obtained from which only 112 were specifically important to the topic. Analysis of those articles supports a role of the ECS in gynaecological cancers but leaves many gaps in our knowledge that need to be filled. How some of the relevant receptors are activated and cause changes in cell phenotypes that progress to malignancy remains undiscovered and an area for future research. Increasing evidence suggests that malignant transformation within the female genital tract could be accompanied by deregulation of components of the ECS, acting through rather complex cannabinoid receptor-dependent and receptor-independent mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS The paucity of studies in this area suggests that research using animal models is needed to evaluate endocannabinoid signalling in cancer networks. Future randomized clinical studies should reveal whether endocannabinoids or their derivatives prove to be useful therapeutic targets for gynaecological and other cancers.
ON‐pathway‐dominant glycinergic regulation of cholinergic amacrine cells in the mouse retina

Starburst amacrine cells (SACs) in the retina play a key role for the formation of direction selectivity and considered a good model of neural computation. Although SACs distribute in both ON‐ and OFF‐pathway, only the physiological properties of SACs in ON‐pathway have been well characterized. As the physiological properties of SACs in the OFF‐pathway were not well known, in this study, we directly compared the inputs of SACs in ON‐ and OFF‐pathways. Here we report a novel finding that glycinergic inputs onto SACs were ON‐pathway dominant, while glutamatergic inputs were equivalent between ON‐ and OFF‐pathway. Our results suggest that fully defining the physiological properties of SACs in both ON‐ and OFF‐pathway will be critical to understanding and modelling direction selectivity in the retina.
Comparison of intrathecal bupivacaine-fentanyl and bupivacaine-butorphanol mixtures for lower limb orthopedic procedures

Context: Intrathecal use of butorphanol is less explored in human subjects. Aims: To compare the safety and efficacy of anesthesia and analgesia of intrathecal bupivacaine-butorphanol mixture with intrathecal bupivacaine-fentanyl mixture. Settings and Design: Tertiary level, teaching hospital. Prospective, randomized, double-blind study Materials and Methods: Eighty patients aged above 18 years, of ASA physical status 1 or 2, undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgeries were randomly allocated to two groups of 40 patients each. Patients in group A and group B received intrathecal 2.5 ml of hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.5%), with 25 μg of fentanyl and 25 μg of butorphanol, respectively. Statistical Analysis Used: Fisher's exact test and Chi square tests Results: The times required for onset of sensory and motor blockade were comparable among the two groups. Significantly slower block regression to S2 level was observed in the group receiving intrathecal butorphanol as compared to intrathecal fentanyl (P=0.0230). A higher number of patients in group A requested for rescue analgesia during the postoperative period than in group B (9 versus 2; P=0.0238). The average times to first request for rescue analgesia were 308.6±14.9 minutes and 365.9±12.3 minutes in group A and B, respectively (P=0.0254). Conclusions: Both 25 μg fentanyl and 25 μg butorphanol given intrathecally along with 12.5 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine provide effective anesthesia for lower limb surgeries. Intrathecal bupivacaine-butorphanol mixture provides longer duration of sensory blockade and superior analgesia than intrathecal fentanyl-bupivacaine mixture.
Race, Ethnicity and Hospitalization for Six Chronic Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions in the USA

Objectives. Hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive conditions, also called preventable hospitalization, has been widely accepted as an indicator of access to primary health care, and of the overall success of the primary health care system. Our objective is to examine associations between preventable hospitalization and race and ethnicity in the USA, separately for six major chronic diseases: angina, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes and hypertension. Design. We used the 1997 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 1997 Current Population Survey and 1997 National Health Interview Survey, to calculate rates of preventable hospitalization, and the prevalence of ambulatory care sensitive conditions, for African Americans, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Rates were calculated for ages 19–64, and 65 and over. Preventable hospitalization rates that accounted for underlying hospitalization patterns were also estimated. A final set of estimations adjusted the preventable hospitalization rates for disease prevalence. Results. Preventable hospitalization rates were notably higher for African Americans and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic whites for almost all of the conditions, both for women and men and for both age groups. Rates adjusted for underlying hospitalization patterns showed a similar pattern. Adjusted for disease prevalence, rate differences remained notably large for both women and men, and for both age groups. Particularly great, for both African Americans and Hispanics of both sexes, are the risks of preventable hospitalization for asthma, diabetes and hypertension. Conclusion. African Americans and Hispanics have high preventable hospitalization rates for major chronic conditions, even after disease prevalence and underlying hospital utilization patterns are considered. These rates are particularly high for asthma, diabetes and hypertension, which are amenable to prevention and management interventions. Our results suggest a need to improve access to quality primary health care for African Americans and Hispanics in the USA, and for enhanced support of targeted prevention efforts.
Block-Sparse Recurrent Neural Networks

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are used in state-of-the-art models in domains such as speech recognition, machine translation, and language modelling. Sparsity is a technique to reduce compute and memory requirements of deep learning models. Sparse RNNs are easier to deploy on devices and high-end server processors. Even though sparse operations need less compute and memory relative to their dense counterparts, the speed-up observed by using sparse operations is less than expected on different hardware platforms. In order to address this issue, we investigate two different approaches to induce block sparsity in RNNs: pruning blocks of weights in a layer and using group lasso regularization with pruning to create blocks of weights with zeros. Using these techniques, we can create block-sparse RNNs with sparsity ranging from 80% to 90% with a small loss in accuracy. This technique allows us to reduce the model size by roughly 10x. Additionally, we can prune a larger dense network to recover this loss in accuracy while maintaining high block sparsity and reducing the overall parameter count. Our technique works with a variety of block sizes up to 32x32. Block-sparse RNNs eliminate overheads related to data storage and irregular memory accesses while increasing hardware efficiency compared to unstructured sparsity.
Prediction of habitual physical activity level and weight status from fundamental movement skill level

Abstract Fundamental movement skills (FMS) have been assessed in children in order to investigate the issues of the low proportion of children who meet physical activity (PA) guidelines and rising levels of obesity. The aim of this research was to identify whether previous or current FMS level is a better predictor of PA levels and weight status in children. In January 2012 (year 1), 281 children were recruited from one primary school in the West Midlands, UK. Children performed eight FMS three times, which were videoed and assessed using a subjective checklist. Sprint speed and jump height were measured objectively. Height and mass were measured to calculate the body mass index to determine the weight status. Skinfold calliper readings were used to calculate body fat percentage. One year later, in January 2013, all these tests were repeated on the same children, with the additional collection of PA data via the use of pedometers. Following multiple linear regression, it was identified that prior mastery in FMS was a better predictor of current PA, whereas current FMS was a better predictor of current weight status. Overall, FMS mastery is needed in childhood to be able to participate in PA and maintain a healthy weight status.
Ice crystal damage and radiation effects in relation to microscopy and analysis at low temperatures

There are several limitations to the low‐temperature techniques which are currently being used for the preparation, examination and analysis of biological and organic samples by means of high‐energy beam instrumentation. The low thermal conductivity of samples and the inadequacy of rapid cooling techniques means that, with the exception of thin‐film suspensions and the surface of impact‐cooled bulk specimens which may be vitrified, ice crystals of varying sizes will be present in nearly all samples which are quench cooled. Data are presented which indicate the depth to which adequate cryo‐fixation may be achieved for both morphological and analytical studies. Although dynamic processes may be time resolved in the outer parts of quench‐cooled samples, the decreased freezing rate below the surface makes resolution of these processes much less certain. The quality of information which may be obtained from quench‐cooled samples is limited by radiation damage. Low‐dose microscopy of vitrified thin‐film suspensions of macromolecules continues to provide valid structural information at the molecular level. The increased doses needed for X‐ray microanalysis present serious problems with the high spatial resolution analysis of thin frozen‐hydrated sections although much less damage is observed in dried samples. A case is presented for using the outer fracture faces of frozen‐hydrated bulk samples for low‐resolution analysis of cells and tissues.
Performance and influence factors of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process in a biofilter packed with volcanic rocks

Completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process was considered as one of the most efficient and economical nitrogen removal processes, which was suitable for treating wastewater with low ratio of carbon to nitrogen. In this study, an enlarging start-up strategy for CANON process was proposed, and a 40-L CANON reactor was successfully started by seeding 2-L mature biofilm containing both aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AerAOB) and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB). The effects of dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia loading rate and the ratio of air inflow to water inflow (Qair/Qwater) on nitrogen removal performance were investigated. The distribution of AerAOB and AnAOB was analysed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. The system reached a maximum NRR of 3.11 kg N m−3 d−1 with a removal efficiency of 89.5%, and the average value in steady state was 2.42±0.26 and (83.07 ± 6.89)%, respectively. Analysis of influence factors showed the important role of high DO (around 5 mg L−1), for the high-rate nitrogen removal, and the Qair/Qwater should be controlled at 28–40 for stable operation. FISH results suggested that AerAOB and AnAOB predominated in the reactor, with proportions of 46.8% and 39.3%, respectively. This study demonstrated that the biofilter operated with high effluent DO was a feasible setup for CANON process.
Expectation and the Vestibular Control of Balance

Recent experiments have shown that the visual channel of balance control is susceptible to cognitive influence. When a subject is aware that an upcoming visual disturbance is likely to arise from an external agent, that is, movement of the visual environment, rather than from self-motion, the whole-body response is suppressed. Here we ask whether this is a principle that generalizes to the vestibular channel of balance control. We studied the whole-body response to a pure vestibular perturbation produced by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS; 0.5 mA for 3 sec). In the first experiment, subjects stood with vision occluded while stimuli were delivered either by the subject himself (self-triggered) or by the experimenter. For the latter, the stimulus was delivered either without warning (unpredictable) or at a fixed interval following an auditory cue (predictable). Results showed that GVS evoked a whole-body response that was not affected by whether the stimulus was self-triggered, predictable, or unpredictable. The same results were obtained in a second experiment in which subjects had access to visual information during vestibular stimulation. We conclude that the vestibular-evoked balance response is automatic and immune to knowledge of the source of the perturbation and its timing. We suggest the reason for this difference between visual and vestibular channels stems from a difference in their natural abilities to signal self-motion. The vestibular system responds to acceleration of the head in space and therefore always signals self-motion. Visual flow, on the other hand, is ambiguous in that it signals object motion and eye motion, as well as self-motion.
Patellofemoral Arthroplasty: An Update

The rationale for presenting this updated study is to report long-term clinical and survival results of patellofemoral arthroplasty and to ascertain whether the preoperative diagnosis influenced outcomes and therefore indications. We retrospectively updated a previous evaluation of 66 patients who had unilateral patellofemoral arthroplasty between 1972 and 1990. The mean age of the patients at the initial surgery was 57 years (range, 21-82 years). The patients had an average followup of 16.2 years (range, 12-20 years). Preoperative diagnosis included instability, fracture, and primary arthritis. Revision surgery was done in 14 patients for femorotibial osteoarthritis, in 11 for loosening, and in four for stiffness. Survivorship was 58% at 16 years. The knee function score improved from 40 points preoperatively to 81 points at last followup. The best results were in patients with preoperative instability and corrected alignment of the extensor mechanism. Stiffness occurred only in those patients with osteoarthritis from previous fracture. Progressive degeneration of the tibiofemoral joint was noted mainly in the primary osteoarthritis etiologic group. This long-term evaluation of patellofemoral arthroplasty showed the importance of patient selection while excluding knees with significant frontal tibiofemoral malalignment. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level IV-1 (case series). See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.