Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Private Schooling Phenomenon in India: A Review

Abstract This paper examines the size, growth, salaries, fee levels and per-pupil-costs of private schools, and compares these with the government school sector. Official data show a steep growth of private schooling and a corresponding rapid shrinkage in the size of the government school sector in India, suggesting parental abandonment of government schools. Data show that a very large majority of private schools in most states are ‘low-fee’ when judged in relation to state per capita income, per-pupil expenditure in the government schools, and the officially stipulated rural minimum wage rate for daily-wage-labour. This suggests that affordability is an important factor behind the migration towards and growth of private schools. The main reason for the very low fee levels in private schools is their lower teacher salaries, which the data show to be a small fraction of the salaries paid in government schools; this is possible because private schools pay the market-clearing wage, which is depressed by a large supply of unemployed graduates in the country, whereas government schools pay bureaucratically determined minimum-wages. The paper shows how education policies can be harmful when formulated without seeking the evidence.
Comparison of education and balneotherapy efficacy in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: A randomized, controlled clinical study.

OBJECTIVES Fibromyalgia is a disease characterized by chronic, widespread pain. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment methods are used. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of balneotherapy on treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome, compared with education alone. METHODS A total of 66 patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome were randomly separated into balneotherapy and control groups. Patients in both groups were informed about fibromyalgia syndrome. In addition, the balneotherapy group received 21 sessions of spa treatment with 34.8 °C thermomineral water, attending the spa 5 days a week. Patients were evaluated by visual analogue scale, tender point count, fibromyalgia impact questioning, and modified fatigue impact scale at initiation of treatment on the 15th day, 1st month, 3rd month, and 6th month. Evaluations were performed by the same doctor. RESULTS Statistically significant improvement was detected in all parameters, compared to starting evaluation, in both groups. Most improved results among all parameters were observed in the balneotherapy group on the first 3-month follow-up. In addition, all parameters beyond tender point count and modified fatigue impact were improved on 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSION It was concluded that addition of balneotherapy to patient education has both short- and long-term beneficial effects on female patients with fibromyalgia.
Regional Mobility Spaces? Visa Waiver Policies and Regional Integration

Visa policies today are a central instrument for filtering wanted and unwanted types of travellers, leading to a hierarchy of mobility rights. While there is evidence of a “global mobility divide”, we still know little about the role of regional integration when it comes to the distribution of mobility rights and the (re)structuring of mobility spaces. Against this background, the paper examines the structure of visa relations in different bodies of regional integration (EU, MERCOSUR, ASEAN, ECOWAS, EAC, NAFTA, SADC and SICA). In this article, we compare visa policies in the member states of these institutions in 1969 and 2010 from a social network perspective. While one would generally expect each institution’s member states to become more similar with regard to both internal and external mobility regulations, we find that not all regional clusters align their visa policies. Potential explanations for this state of affairs are investigated.
Evaluation of Left Ventricular Relaxation and Filling Pressures in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Comparison between Invasive Hemodynamics and Two‐Dimensional Speckle Tracking

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is usually associated with marked diastolic dysfunction, characterized by impaired myocardial relaxation and increased myocardial stiffness. The noninvasive evaluation of diastolic function in these patients remains a challenge since usual methods have shown a modest correlation with invasive measurements of left ventricular (LV) relaxation and filling pressures. Methods and Results: We retrospectively analyzed 44 patients with obstructive HCM who underwent cardiac catheterization and echocardiography performed within 48 hours. Standard echocardiographic diastolic parameters and systolic and diastolic myocardial mechanics (including longitudinal and circumferential strain [S] and strain rate [Sr]), LV rotation, and early reverse rotation rate (fraction of early apical reverse rotation [FEARR]) were correlated with diastolic hemodynamic indices. Estimated LA pressure by echo and the LV end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP) or the LV pre‐A pressure did not correlate. Longitudinal strain was low and circumferential strain was abnormally higher than normal. FEARR and negative dp/dt inversely correlated (R =−0.57, P = 0.0001), and early diastolic Sr to systolic Sr ratio (SrE/SrS) correlated with the LVEDP (r = 0.61, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, a SrE to SrS ratio ≥0.79 had a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 75% for predicting elevated LVEDP (≥15 mmHg). Average circumferential strain rate during atrial contraction and LV pre‐A pressure (r =−0.62, P < 0.001) inversely correlated. Conclusions: FEARR is decreased in HCM and appears to be a good measure of diastolic dysfunction. Myocardial mechanics can be used to assess LV relaxation and filling pressures in patients with obstructive HCM.
Up‐regulation of microRNA‐142 in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis leads to repression of sirtuin1

MicroRNA (miR)‐142 is up‐regulated in the brain in HIV and SIV encephalitis (SIVE). We identified the cell types where miR‐142 is up‐regulated and its relevant downstream target. Fluorescent in situ hybridization combined with immunofluorescent labeling revealed that miR‐142‐3p and ‐5p are expressed within hippocampal neurons and myeloid cells in SIVE. Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) was predicted as a potential miR‐142 target by analysis of its 3‘‐UTR and bioinformatic analysis of factors linked to altered hippocampal gene expression profile in SIVE. Overexpression of pre‐miR‐142 in HEK293T cells led to a 3.7‐fold decrease in SIRT1 protein level. Examination of the individual effects of miR‐142‐5p and miR‐142‐3p through overexpression and inhibition studies revealed that significant effects on SIRT1 occurred only with miR‐142‐5p. Luciferase reporter assays revealed a 2.3‐fold inhibition of expression due to interaction of miR‐142 with the SIRT1 3‘‐UTR, mutation analysis revealed that only the miR‐142‐5p target site was active. MiR‐142 expression in primary human neurons led to a small (1.3‐fold) but significant decrease in SIRT1 protein level. Furthermore, qRT‐PCR revealed up‐regulation of miR‐142‐3p (6.4‐fold) and ‐5p (3.9‐fold) and down‐regulation of SIRT1 (33‐fold) in macrophages/microglia from animals with SIVE. We have therefore elucidated a miR‐mediated mechanism of regulation of SIRT1 expression in SIVE. —Chaudhuri, A. D. , Yelamanchili, S. V. , Marcondes, M. C. G. , Fox, H. S. , Up‐regulation of microRNA‐142 in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis leads to repression of sirtuin1. FASEB J. 27, 3720–3729 (2013). www.fasebj. org
Sympathetic modulation of mechanoreceptor sensitivity in frog skin.

1. Sympathetic effects on the mechanical sensitivity of frogcutaneous mechanoreceptors were examined in vivo. 2. Functionallyidentified units were tested with repetitive mechanical stimuli ofthreshold intensity during electrical stimulation of the sympathetictrunk. 3. Sympathetic activity resulted in increased sensitivity forthree classes of afferents; slowly adapting compression receptors,slowly adapting stroke receptors, and rapidly adapting strokereceptors. Decreased sensitivity was produced in the fourth class,rapidly adapting compression receptors. 4. Preliminary tets of severalpossible modes of sympathetic influence indicated that blood flowchanges, changes in probe‐skin coupling and changes in tissuecompliance could not account for the observed changes in receptorsensitivity. Na+ and Cl‐ ions, secreted by cutaneous mucous glandswere found to be possible contributors to the decreased sensitivity ofrapidly adapting compression receptors. Direct neurotransmitter actionon the receptors, a likely mechanism of sympathetic action, was nottested. 5. The data indicate that systematic changes in cutaneoussensibility occur with modest changes in sympathetic efferentactivity. Possible mechanisms of these sympathetic effects arediscussed.
Synchrotron x-ray study of the structures and phase transitions of monolayer xenon on single-crystal graphite.

The phases and phase transitions of solid xenon monolayers on a graphite single crystal were investigated using high-resolution synchrotron x-ray scattering. As the temperature is lowered a sequence of incommensurate solid phases (aligned{r arrow}rotated{r arrow}reentrant aligned) occurs. This sequence is followed by an incommensurate-commensurate transition. Zero-temperature mean-field theories are able to explain the C-IC transition but not the reentrant rotational transitions. The corrugation of the adsorption potential and the width of domain walls are estimated using relaxation simulations at zero temperature.
Dedicated Energy Crops and Competition for Agricultural Land

Dedicated energy crops, such as switchgrass in the United States, have received much attention as potential renewable feedstocks for liquid fuels or bioelectricity; however, markets do not presently exist for large-scale use of this resource. This study examines three policy scenarios that could create a market for bioelectricity using dedicated energy crops: a subsidy for bioelectricity generation, a national Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), and a national cap-and-trade policy to limit carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Model results suggest that energy crops as a share of total cropland by region would be greatest in the Northern Plains, Southeast, and Appalachia. Even though the impact of energy crop production on land use across scenarios is similar by design, the impacts on other model outputs are quite different, including the mix of electricity-generating technologies, the price of electricity, CO2 emissions, and the cost relative to a no-policy reference scenario. For example, the price of electricity increases with cap-and-trade but declines with a bioelectricity subsidy. In all scenarios, U.S. CO2 emissions decrease relative to the reference scenario. Emissions reductions are greatest in the cap-and-trade scenario, but significant reductions are also obtained with an RPS.
Statewide Longitudinal Hospital Use and Charges for Pediatric and Adolescent Patients With Cancer.

PURPOSE We investigated longitudinal hospitalization outcomes (total charges, hospital days and admissions) among pediatric and adolescent patients with cancer compared with individuals from the general population without cancer using a novel and efficient three-step regression procedure. METHODS The statewide Utah Population Database, with linkages to the Utah Cancer Registry, was used to identify 1,651 patients who were diagnosed with cancer from 1996 to 2009 at ages 0 to 21 years. A comparison group of 4,953 same-sex and -age individuals was generated from birth certificates. Claims-based hospitalization data from 1996 to 2012 were retrieved from the Utah Department of Health. Using the regression method, we estimated survival (differences due to survival) and intensity (differences due to resource accumulation) effects of the cancer diagnosis on hospitalization outcomes within 10 years after diagnosis. RESULTS At 10 years after diagnosis, on average, patients with cancer incurred $51,723 (95% CI, $48,100 to $58,284) more in charges, spent 30 additional days (95% CI, 27.7 to 36.1 days) in the hospital, and had 5.7 (95% CI, 5.4 to 6.4) more admissions than the comparison group. Our analyses showed that the highest hospitalization burden occurred during the first 4 years of diagnosis. Patients with leukemia incurred the greatest hospitalization burden throughout the 10 years from diagnosis. Intensity effects explained the majority of differences in hospital outcomes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that children and adolescents who were diagnosed with cancer in 2014 in the United States will incur over $800 million more in hospital charges than individuals without cancer by 2024. Interventions to reduce this burden should be explored in conjunction with improving health and survival outcomes.
How Do College Students Learn About Food Systems?: A Descriptive Analysis

4 Introduction . 5 Theoretical Framework.7 Learning Environments: Formal, Non-Formal, and Informal.7 Food System Components.9 Purpose and Objectives.11 Procedures.11 Findings.14 Discussion, Implications, and Recommendations.17 References.20
Obesity is associated with fatal coronary heart disease independently of traditional risk factors and deprivation

Background The effect of body mass index (BMI) on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk is attenuated when mediators of this risk (such as diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia) are accounted for. However, there is now evidence of a differential effect of risk factors on fatal and non-fatal CHD events, with markers of inflammation more strongly associated with fatal than non-fatal events. Objective To describe the association with BMI separately for both fatal and non-fatal CHD risk after accounting for classical risk factors and to assess any independent effects of obesity on CHD risk. Methods and results In the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study BMI in 6082 men (mean age 55 years) with hypercholesterolaemia, but no history of diabetes or CVD, was related to the risk of fatal and non-fatal CHD events. After excluding participants with any event in the first 2 years, 1027 non-fatal and 214 fatal CHD events occurred during 14.7 years of follow-up. A minimally adjusted model (age, sex, statin treatment) and a maximally adjusted model (including known CVD risk factors and deprivation) were compared, with BMI 25–27.4 kg/m2 as referent. The risk of non-fatal events was similar across all BMI categories in both models. The risk of fatal CHD events was increased in men with BMI 30.0–39.9 kg/m2 in both the minimally adjusted model (HR=1.75 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.74)) and the maximally adjusted model (HR=1.60 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.53)). Conclusions These hypothesis generating data suggest that obesity is associated with fatal, but not non-fatal, CHD after accounting for known cardiovascular risk factors and deprivation. Clinical trial registration WOSCOPS was carried out and completed before the requirement for clinical trial registration.
Technical quality of root canal treatment of posterior teeth after rotary or hand preparation by fifth year undergraduate students, The University of Jordan.

The aim of this study was to investigate the technical quality of root canal treatment provided by the undergraduate students as their first experience in molar endodontics using nickel-titanium (NiTi) files in a crown-down approach compared with stainless steel standard technique. This study was carried out by the fifth year undergraduate students attending peer review sessions as a part of their training programme, using two different questionnaires to assess the overall technical quality and potential problems regarding endodontic complications after root canal preparation with these two techniques. The overall results indicated a statistically significant difference in the performance of the two instrument techniques in difficult cases showing better performance of the NiTi system and mean rotary preparation time (P < 0.001). Under the conditions of this study, novice dental students, using NiTi ProTaper rotary files, were able to prepare root canals faster with more preparation accuracy compared with canals of same teeth prepared with hand instruments.
Indonesia's cultural background in productivity and performance in the implementation of SE processes: Indonesian expatriate engineers' awareness

This paper reports the implementation of Systems Engineering (SE) processes by expatriate Indonesian engineers in their project or company with particular attention to awareness of cross-cultural issues within the project team. A web survey was conducted in which several questions are designed to investigate the engineers' awareness of how they manage their cultural background in implementing SE processes to achieve high quality project performance. The survey questions were designed using the results of a set of 18 interviews with Indonesian engineers working in several countries as expatriates. The interviews were used to surface the issues that would enable a tightly organized set of survey questions. The survey was answered by 291 Indonesian engineers working in various countries as expatriates. Several factors were identified as influencing productivity and performance in the implementation of SE Processes, as perceived by the Indonesian engineers. These factors include work ethic, social environment and educational background. This study reveals that engineers with an Indonesian cultural background typically exhibit several behaviors supporting a good work ethic such as discipline, responsibility, politeness and persistence. Other results from this study are that their social environment, educational background, and cultural background contributed to their awareness of their productivity and performance in implementation of SE processes. The purpose of this paper is to identify their awareness of how their cultural background influences the implementation of SE processes particularly in productivity and performance.
[Immunohistochemical characterisation of the main histologic subtypes of epithelial renal tumours on tissue-microarrays. Study of 310 cases].

OBJECTIVE Diagnosis of renal epithelial tumours of adult is often easily made. Nevertheless, it can be difficult to distinguish clear cell carcinoma (CCC) and chromophobe carcinoma (CCHRO), or the eosinophilic variants of CCC and CCHRO with papillary carcinoma (CTP) and oncocytoma (ONCO). The objective is to study and validate immunohistochemical phenotypes of these tumours and to evaluate if they are helpful and to define a diagnostic strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS 310 tumours (75 CCC, 89 CTP, 50 CCHRO and 96 ONCO) were collected and put on 4 tissue-arrays blocks. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed with some usual antibodies: pancytokeratin AE1-AE3, EMA, vimentin, CD10, CK7, CK20 and RCC (Renal Cell Carcinoma). RESULTS Pancytokeratin AE1-AE3 is expressed mainly in CTP (82.5%). The cytoplasmic staining of EMA is seen in almost all CCHRO (98%) and more than half of CTP (57%). Vimentin is rather specific of CCC (54.5%) and CTP (85%) whereas it is negative in ONCO and CCHRO. CD10 is expressed in the majority of CCC (86.5%) and in some of CTP and CCHRO 65 and 39% respectively. CK7 is rather specific of CTP and CCHRO with 79 and 81.5% of positivity rate. Based on statistical analysis, we have built a diagnostical tree allowing to distinguish 79% of tumours using only three antibodies: CK7, vimentin and CD10. CONCLUSION CCC are CK7-/Vim-/CD10+ or CK7-/Vim+; CTP are CK7+/Vim+; CCHRO are CK7+/Vim-; and ONCO CK7-/Vim-/CD10-. In the oncocytoma/chromophobe group, ONCO are more often CK7-/EMA- and CCHRO CK7+/EMA+.
The Materiality of Environmental and Social Shareholder Activism – Who Cares?!

Is shareholder activism on environmental and social issues driven by a quest for shareholder value maximisation or do sponsors of environmental and social proposals use this channel to advance ulterior motives? I address this question from a new angle by using the industry-specific materiality standards by the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) to classify the environmental and social proposals into financially material or immaterial for the target firm. Overall, the results indicate that a considerable amount of investor resources is spent on advancing immaterial environmental and social issues through shareholder activism. Based on a sample of 3,360 environmental and social proposals, I find that more than 56% of the submitted proposals focus on financially immaterial matters. While certain investors such as public pension funds, university and foundation endowments, religious institutions and specific asset managers are better at targeting financially material issues, the overall shareholder base does not seem to differentiate between the financial materiality, or otherwise, of a proposal. Material proposals neither receive greater vote support nor does the market react more positively to learning that a company has been targeted by a material proposal. Finally, my results suggest that companies are more likely to be targeted if they show past violations and concerns on material environmental and social issues.
Survival and Failure Pattern of Patients With Endometrial Cancer After Extensive Surgery Including Systematic Pelvic and Para-Aortic Lymphadenectomy Followed by Adjuvant Chemotherapy

We investigated the survival and the failure pattern of 288 patients with endometrial cancer treated with extensive surgery including systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy followed by cisplatin-based chemotherapy from 1982 to 2002. We correlated the failure pattern with various clinicopathologic factors to find the predictors of recurrence sites. The 5-year overall survival rates were 97.5% for stage I, 87.5% for stage II, 85.2% for stage III, and 12.5% for stage IV. Notably, the 5-year survival rate was 76.5% for patients with stage IIIC disease. Among patients with a low risk (n = 92) for recurrence who received no adjuvant chemotherapy, 2 (2.2%) showed recurrent disease. Among those with intermediate (n = 98) and high (n = 98) risks for recurrence who received adjuvant chemotherapy, 9 (9.2%) and 20 (20.4%) showed recurrent disease, respectively. The recurrence sites were described as follows: distant (n = 12), vaginal (n = 8), peritoneal (n = 7), pelvic (n = 2), and lymphatic (n = 2). Lymphatic failure was found beyond the area of lymphadenectomy. Architectural and nuclear grades; myometrial, lymph-vascular space, and cervical invasions; and lymph node metastasis were predictors of distant failure. Cervical invasion and lymph node metastasis were predictors of vaginal failure. For patients with stage I/II cancer, the architectural and nuclear grades were related to distant failure. Seven (63.6%) of 11 patients with a low or intermediate risk survived after relapse, whereas only 1 (4.8%) of 21 patients with a high risk survived after a recurrence. We conclude that we need to further test the efficacy of systemic adjuvant therapy using new chemotherapeutic regimens to prevent distant failure and to improve the survival of patients with endometrial cancer.