Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inherited Wealth, Corporate Control and Economic Growth

Countries in which billionaire heirs' wealth is large relative to G.D. P. grow more slowly; show signs of more political rent seeking, and spend less on innovation than do other countries at similar levels of development. In contrast, countries in which self-made entrepreneur billionaire wealth is large relative to G.D. P. grow more rapidly and show fewer signs of rent seeking. We argue that this is consistent with wealthy entrenched families having objectives other than creating public shareholder value. Also, the control pyramids through which they are entrenched give wealthy families preferential access to capital and enhanced lobbying power. These entrenched families also have vested interests in preserving the value of existing capital. To investigate these arguments, we explore firm-level Canadian data. Heir-controlled Canadian firms show low industry adjusted financial performance, labor capital ratios, and R&D spending relative to other firms the same ages and sizes. We argue that concentrated, inherited corporate control impedes growth, and dub this "the Canadian disease". Further research is needed to determine the international incidence of this condition. Finally, heir-controlled Canadian firms' share prices fell relative to those of comparable firms on the news that the Canada-U.S. free trade agreement would be ratified. A key provision of that treaty is capital market openness. Under the treaty, heir-controlled Canadian firms' labor capital ratios rose, while the incidence of heir-control fell. We suggest that openness, especially of capital markets, may mitigate the ill effects of concentrated inherited control. If so, capital market openness matters for reasons not captured by standard international trade and finance models.
Poverty and Gender Inequality in Asset Ownership among Households in Southern Nigeria

Whereas gender equality is a basic human right, and closing the gender gap is key to achieving many development objectives, development stakeholders concerned with achieving gender equality are often constrained by inadequate information to justify channeling limited resources toward closing the gender gap. This study was conducted to fill this lacuna by providing information on gender inequality in the ownership of certain assets among households. With the aid of structured questionnaire, data were obtained from 60 households using the multistage sampling technique. Results of analysis were presented using histograms. Results show considerable gender differentiation in the ownership of land, home, business and savings. The degree of gender differentiation in the ownership of consumer durables reveal that women in most households own appliances associated with domestic labour whereas men have a near monopoly in the ownership of transport vehicles, refrigerators and media sets. Result also indicates that poultry was owned by women in majority of the households. Result shows a high degree of gender disparity with respect to the share of male and female homeowners. Because access to land is crucial for the livelihoods of the rural poor, policies to ensure that women who form the bulk of the rural poor have secure access to land and other vital resources should be encouraged. Policy options that will encourage women own occupier homes should also be formulated.
GAFFlipid: a General Amber Force Field for the accurate molecular dynamics simulation of phospholipid

Previous attempts to simulate phospholipid bilayers using the General Amber Force Field (GAFF) yielded many bilayer characteristics in agreement with experiment, however when using a tensionless NPT ensemble the bilayer is seen to compress to an undesirable extent resulting in low areas per lipid and high order parameters in comparison to experiment. In this work, the GAFF Lennard-Jones parameters for the simulation of acyl chains are corrected to allow the accurate and stable simulation of pure lipid bilayers. Lipid bilayers comprised of six phospholipid types were simulated for timescales approaching a quarter of a microsecond under tensionless constant pressure conditions using Graphics Processing Units. Structural properties including area per lipid, volume per lipid, bilayer thickness, order parameter and headgroup hydration show favourable agreement with available experimental values. Expanding the system size from 72 to 288 lipids and a more experimentally realistic 2 × 288 lipid bilayer stack induces little change in the observed properties. This preliminary work is intended for combination with the new AMBER Lipid11 modular force field as part of on-going attempts to create a modular phospholipid AMBER force field allowing tensionless NPT simulations of complex lipid bilayers.
Analytical Model of the Threshold Voltage and Subthreshold Swing of Undoped Cylindrical Gate-All-Around-Based MOSFETs

Analytical physically based models for the threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of undoped cylindrical gate-all-around MOSFETs have been derived based on an analytical solution of 2-D Poisson's equation (in cylindrical coordinates) in which the mobile charge term has been included. Using the new model, threshold voltage, DIBL and subthreshold swing sensitivities to channel length, and channel thickness have been investigated. The models for DIBL, subthreshold swing, and threshold voltage rolloff parameters have been verified by comparison with 3-D numerical simulations; close agreement with the numerical simulations has been observed
Augmentation blepharoplasty: a review of 500 consecutive patients.

BACKGROUND Volume loss in the upper and lower eyelids and in the malar area is now considered a major component of periorbital aging. As classical resection blepharoplasty does not address this loss, filling procedures are becoming increasingly common. OBJECTIVES The authors present their experience with periorbital fat grafting in conjunction with routine blepharoplasty to address periorbital aging. METHODS Outcomes were retrospectively reviewed for 500 consecutive patients who underwent blepharoplasty in conjunction with the authors' periorbital augmentation technique from January 2008 to September 2011. The augmentation technique was a fine particle fat (microfat) grafting procedure that involved the use of small-diameter cannulae for transfer of autologous fat to the medial part of the upper eyelid, the orbitomalar groove, and the malar area. RESULTS Clinical evaluation and review of patient photographs revealed favorable, natural-looking, and long-lasting improvement of the treated areas. Shortcomings of classical resection blepharoplasty, such as hollowing of the upper eyelids, incomplete blending of the eyelid-cheek junction, and persistent deflation of the midface, were avoided; the full and crisp aspect of the upper and lower eyelids seen at a younger age was regained; and the technique was not associated with the complications seen in an earlier patient series. No major complications occurred. Minor complications included bruising and swelling. CONCLUSIONS Augmentation of the upper and lower eyelids through microfat grafting can be a useful alternative to existing blepharoplasty techniques. This study documents very natural and pleasing results that avoid the shortcomings of classical resection. Microfat grafting appears to be a valuable and safe alternative to complicated, difficult, and potentially dangerous eyelid and midface rejuvenation techniques.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES COMPETITION AND R&D FINANCING DECISIONS: THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM THE BIOPHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

We thank Raj Iyer, Debbie Lucas, Andrey Malenko, and Stew Myers for helpful comments and discussions. We also thank Nicholas Anaya, Christian Vilanilam, and Yuwei Zhang for research assistance. Any remaining errors are our own. Research support from the MIT Laboratory for Financial Engineering is gratefully acknowledged. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors only and do not necessarily represent the views and opinions of any other organizations, any of their affiliates or employees, any of the individuals acknowledged above, or the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Dehydrogenase regulation of metabolite oxidation and efflux from mitochondria in intact hearts.

To test how alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH) activity influences the balance between oxidative flux and transmitochondrial metabolite exchange, we monitored these rates in isolated mitochondria and in perfused rabbit hearts at an altered kinetics (Km) of alpha-KGDH for alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG). In isolated mitochondria, relative Km dropped from 0.23 mM at pH = 7.2 to 0.10 mM at pH 6.8 (P < 0.05), and alpha-KG efflux decreased from 126 to 95 nmol.min-1.mg-1. In intact hearts, Km was reduced with low intracellular pH, while matching control workload and respiratory rate with increased Ca2+ (pHi = 7.20, perfusate CaCl2 = 1.5 mM; pHi = 6.89, perfusate CaCl2 = 3 +/- 1 mM). Sequential 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra from hearts oxidizing [2-13C]acetate provided tricarboxylic acid cycle flux and the exchange rate between alpha-KG and cytosolic glutamate (F1). Tricarboxylic acid cycle flux was 10 mumol.min-1.g-1 in both groups, but F1 fell from a control of 9.3 +/- 0.6 to 2.8 +/- 0.4 mumol.min-1.g-1 at low Km. The results indicate that increased activity of alpha-KGDH occurs at the expense of alpha-KG efflux during support of normal workloads.
Predicting the Effects of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Job Factors on Overall Job Satisfaction for Generation X and Baby Boomers in a Regional Healthcare Organization

xi CHAPTER 1 . 1 Background.2 Baby boomers begin to retire.2 Shortage of highly-skilled labor.3 Shifting values.3 Purpose of Study . 4 Significance of Study.5 Theoretical. 5 Practical.6 Methodology . 6 Limitations of Study . 7 Key Definitions.7 CHAPTER 2 . 10 Review of Literature.10 vi Theories of Generations.11 The problems with generations.11 Generational cycle theory.12 Research on Generations.14 Work-family balance.15 Promotion. 17 Pay . 17 Use of technology.18 Education and learning.19 Co-workers.20 Job Satisfaction Theories.22 Work motivation theories.22 Two-factor theory of job satisfaction.23 Research on Job Satisfaction . 24 Summary and Indications of Literature . 28 CHAPTER 3 . 30 Methodology . 30 Data Collection.30 Instrumentation . 31 Job descriptive index.32 vii Reseacher-developed job facet scales.34 Job in general scale and general information . 34 Hypotheses . 35 CHAPTER 4 . 38 Results . 38 Pretest . 38 Description of Sample.41 Reliability.43 Analyses . 44 Means and standard deviations of scales. 44 Correlation of job facets with overall job satisfaction. 46 Multiple regression analysis . 47 Crosstabulation analysis.50 Summary of Results.53 CHAPTER 5 . 55 Discussion.55 Disposition of hypotheses. 55 Theoretical implications. 64 Limitations and future research.65
What do we need to know about an unknown word when parsing German

We propose a new type of subword embedding designed to provide more information about unknown compounds, a major source for OOV words in German. We present an extrinsic evaluation where we use the compound embeddings as input to a neural dependency parser and compare the results to the ones obtained with other types of embeddings. Our evaluation shows that adding compound embeddings yields a significant improvement of 2% LAS over using word embeddings when no POS information is available. When adding POS embeddings to the input, however, the effect levels out. This suggests that it is not the missing information about the semantics of the unknown words that causes problems for parsing German, but the lack of morphological information for unknown words. To augment our evaluation, we also test the new embeddings in a language modelling task that requires both syntactic and semantic information.
Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Infections Associated with Guinea Pigs

Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is a known zoonotic pathogen. In this public health investigation conducted in Virginia, USA, in 2013, we identified a probable family cluster of S. zooepidemicus cases linked epidemiologically and genetically to infected guinea pigs. S. zooepidemicus infections should be considered in patients who have severe clinical illness and report guinea pig exposure.
Marketing Management and Strategy

Brief Contents 1. Management: objectives and tasks 2. The customer-led business 3. Segmentation, positioning and the marketing mix 4. Strategic market planning 5. Market dynamics and competitive strategy 6. Building successful brands 7. Innovation and new product development 8. Pricing policy: delivering value 9. Communications strategy 10. Managing personal selling 11. Managing marketing channels 12. Marketing in service businesses 13. Turnaround management 14. Marketing in the twenty-first century
Attenuated salivary cortisol response after exercise test in children with asthma

Abstract Objective: The clinical relevance of lower basal cortisol levels in children with asthma is unclear. We compared the salivary cortisol response after a standardized exercise test in children with asthma versus the salivary cortisol response in healthy children. Methods: Nineteen prepubertal children with asthma and 20 prepubertal healthy children performed a standardized exercise test twice. Salivary cortisol levels were determined before exercise and immediately and 15 min after exercise. Morning salivary cortisol levels were determined from saliva collected at home. Results: Salivary cortisol levels increased in 84.2% of the healthy children compared to 35.0% in children with asthma after the 20-m shuttle-run test. Median increase in salivary cortisol levels was 200.3% [95% confidence interval (CI), 141.8–346.1] in healthy children compared to 89.8% (95% CI, 56.9–181.6) in children with asthma. The response was not related to the morning salivary cortisol level or maintenance dose of inhaled corticosteroids. The mean time to exhaustion of both shuttle-run tests was significantly shorter in children with asthma (mean difference 1.4 min; 95% CI, 0.7–2.3). None of the children had to stop because of dyspnea. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that children with asthma using a maintenance dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have an attenuated salivary cortisol response compared with healthy children.
Comparison of biological effects of electromagnetic fields with pulse frequencies of 8 and 50 Hz on gastric smooth muscles

Abstract The influence of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with rectangular pulse frequencies of 8 and 50 Hz and flux density of 25 µT on contraction, nitric oxide/nitrite synthesis, and intracellular calcium concentration in the gastric smooth muscles of rats was investigated. An approximately 8-Hz field reduced the fast component of contraction induced by KCl depolarization and slowed down the time to reach the maximum of the slow component of contraction, whereas the 50-Hz field increased the fast and slow components and accelerated the time to reach the maximum of the slow component of contraction. After turning off the EMF, the force and character of contraction returned to the control values. In addition, the 8-Hz field increased nitric oxide/nitrite synthesis in the excited smooth muscle tissue with KCl depolarization, while the 50-Hz field had no significant effect. 8- and 50-Hz fields had no significant effects on nitric oxide/nitrite production in non-stimulated tissue. However, the 50-Hz field significantly increased the basic intracellular calcium concentration in smooth muscle cells (SMC) in a time-dependent manner, whereas the 8-Hz field only slightly increased calcium levels. Thus, we showed that responses of gastric smooth muscles to EMFs are pulse-frequency dependent.
Dynamic Relations between Macroeconomic Variables and Indian Stock Price: An Application of ARDL Bounds Testing Approach

The purpose of the present study is to examine the dynamic long run and the short run relationship between stock price and a set of macroeconomic variables for Indian economy using monthly data from April 2004 to July 2014. The long run relationship is examined by implementing the ARDL bounds testing approach to co-integration. VECM method is used to test the short and long run causality and Variance Decomposition (VDC) is also used to explore how much the forecast error variance of a conditional stock market volatility is explained by the innovations to each explanatory conditional macroeconomic variables. The results confirm a long run co-integrating relationship among the variables. Evidence suggests that the Index of Industrial Production, inflation and exchange rate influence stock prices positively, whereas, gold price influences the stock price negatively. The VECM result indicates that only long run causality running from all the variables used in the study to stock prices in India. The result of the variance decomposition shows that stock market development in India is mostly explained by its own shocks.
Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of Bone and Joint Tuberculosis From 1994 to 2011: A Retrospective Register-based Study in Denmark.

BACKGROUND Most information on bone-joint (BJ)-tuberculosis is based on data from high-incidence areas. We conducted a nationwide register-based analysis of BJ-tuberculosis in Denmark from 1994 to 2011. METHODS We linked data from the national tuberculosis surveillance system on BJ-tuberculosis, hospital records, the Danish Hospital and Civil Registration System. RESULTS We identified 282 patients with BJ-tuberculosis, 3.6% of all tuberculosis cases (n = 7936). Spinal tuberculosis was found in 153 of 282 patients (54.3%); 83.3% of all cases were immigrants. Danes were older and had higher Charlson comorbidity index scores than immigrants (P < .01). C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rates were elevated in most cases. Median time to diagnosis after first hospital contact was 19.5 days for spinal tuberculosis and 28 days for other forms of BJ-tuberculosis (P = .01). Of patients with spinal tuberculosis, 54/133 (40.6%) had neurologic deficits at admission and 17.3% presented with cauda equina. Diagnosis was culture verified in 87%. (Resistance to any drug was found in 10.2%). Median time on antituberculous treatment for patients with spinal and other forms of BJ-tuberculosis was 9 months and 7 months, respectively (P < .01). Surgery was required in 44.4% patients with spinal tuberculosis and in 32.6% patients with other forms of BJ-tuberculosis (P = .04). Sequelae were reported in 57.5% of patients with spinal tuberculosis and 29.1% of patient with other forms of BJ-tuberculosis (P < .01). One-year mortality was 25.5% among Danes compared with 1.3% among immigrants (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS BJ-tuberculosis was rare and seen mainly in younger immigrants in Denmark. More than half of cases were spinal tuberculosis, presenting with more severe symptoms and worse outcome, compared with other forms of BJ-tuberculosis.
MOSQUITOES ASSOCIATED WITH US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MANAGED WETLANDS ON MARYLAND'S DELMARVA PENINSULA

ABSTRACT Mosquito faunal studies were carried out 2004–2005 in Maryland's Eastern Shore wetlands managed by the US Department of Agriculture. The wetlands included flooded fields, inundated woodlands, and tidal salt marshes. Sampling methods included larval collections, adult landing counts, and CDC light and oviposition traps. A total of 1,186 larvae and 1,363 adults identified represented 14 species. Temporary pools were found to have the highest potential for rapid mosquito colonization with Psorophora columbiae the predominant species. Aedes vexans, Culex territans/pipiens, Ps. ciliata/howardii, and Anopheles crucians were collected primarily from pond and flooded woodlands. Ochlerotatus sollicitans larvae were sampled from tidal pools. The predominant daytime landing count species was Oc. sollicitans with Ps. ciliata, Ae. vexans, and Cx. territans also identified. Light traps collected An. crucians, the principal crepuscular species from flooded wooded areas. Aedes atlanticus, An. quadrimaculatus, Coquillettidia perturbans, Cx. restuans, Oc. sollicitans, Ps. ciliata, Ps. columbiae, and Uranotaenia sapphirina were also identified. Oviposition traps collected small numbers of An. crucians at the tidal marsh, 1 Ae. albopictus, and 1 each of Cx. territans/pipiens from the flooded woodlands. As a result of this study, it was recommended that abatement strategies be implemented during and after wetland construction to minimize the creation of temporary pool breeding sites.
Olympism and the Olympic education: history, modernity, future

Objective. Study of the Olympic Games and the Olympic movement as an aggregate of phenomena and processes of historical, socio-economic, political, educational, and purely sports character in their organic relationship, with due account for achievements and issues, positive and negative aspects, risks and development prospects. Results. Most of the modern initiatives and educational resources implemented in the modern Olympic education system are focused only on obtaining general ideas about the Olympic Games and the Olympic movement, active promoting the ideals and values of the Olympic philosophy, which has been peculiar for the policy of the IOC and IOA in this area for several decades. Traditionally established concept of the Olympic education, peculiar for most countries, lags behind the needs of the time, is characterized by weak sociocultural content, limited criticism and commitment to emotional rhetoric, especially in the part that relates to the universalism of the Olympic values, claims to the global educational potential of the Olympic education. However, the Olympic movement and the Olympic Games do not need artificial idealization. Their value is in the greatest history, bright modernity, diversity and popularity, difficulties and contradictions, numerous interrelations with politics and economics, culture and art, education and upbringing. Versatile and objective consideration and study of the Olympic movement and, above all, the Olympic Games various aspects, with account for all strengths and weaknesses, achievements and issues, weak points and drawbacks can in no way adversely affect the popularity and significance of this phenomenon, including as an object of the Olympic education. On the contrary, the idealization of the Olympic sport and the Olympic Games, outstanding athletes and their role in the process of educational and upbringing, ignoring issues, difficulties, contradictions, negative phenomena and risk factors are a direct way to the devaluation of the Olympic education, to skepticism regarding its potentials and significance.
Community politics: A factor eroding hazard resilience in a disadvantaged community, Imizamo Yethu, South Africa

Imizamo Yethu is an informal settlement in Cape Town, South Africa, characterised by abject poverty and high vulnerability to environmental hazards. On February 8, 2004, a major fire caused significant damage to the settlement’s housing and infrastructure, resulting in widespread homelessness and loss of personal possessions. Despite the intensity of the event, there were minimal casualties and the community re-grouped after the fire despite overwhelming odds. What was the source of this resilience amidst such disadvantage? A survey focusing on this question was conducted in 2004 with Imizamo Yethu residents. Results identified social networks and some formal community institutions as the most significant factors enhancing respondents’ resilience during and after the fire. However, the survey also disturbingly revealed that political divisions centering on a land rights dispute within the community, and on-going housing issues, were undermining community resilience. Disrupted social networks and eroded community cohesion caused by political factors have the potential to further diminish resilience against hazards in the future.