Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Greenhouse gas emissions (CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O) from perialpine and alpine hydropower reservoirs

In eleven reservoirs located at different altitudes in Switzerland depth profiles of greenhouse gas (CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O) concentrations were measured several times during spring and summer. Trace gas emissions were calculated using surface concentrations, wind speeds and transfer velocities. Additionally we assessed methane loss at the turbine and the methane input by inflowing water. All reservoirs were net emitters of CO 2 with an average of 1030±780 mg m −2 d −1 and of methane with an average of 0.20±0.15 mg m −2 d −1 . One reservoir (Lake Wohlen) emitted methane at a much higher rate (160±110 mg m −2 d −1 ), most of which (>98%) was due to ebullition. Only lowland reservoirs were sources for N 2 O (72±22 μg m −2 d −1 ), while the subalpine and alpine reservoirs seem to be in equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations. Methane loss at the turbine was as large as the diffusive flux from the surface for two subalpine reservoirs and around five times smaller for a lowland reservoir. The available data suggests greenhouse gas emissions from reservoirs in the Alps are minor contributors to the global greenhouse gas emissions.
Item-by-item Versus Matrix Questions

While the choice of matrix versus item-by-item questions has received considerable attention in the literature, it is still unclear in what situation one is better than the other. Building upon the previous findings, this study expands this line of research by examining whether the difference between the two question types is moderated by the number of response options. Through a web survey experiment, this study compares matrix and item-by-item questions with 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11 response options. Additionally, we also investigate the impact of the device used to complete the survey on data quality. The results show that straight lining and response time are similar between the two question types across all response lengths, but item nonresponse tends to be higher for matrix than item-by-item question, especially among mobile respondents. Also measurement models reveal measurement equivalence between the two question types when there are fewer than seven response options. For matrices with 9 or 11 response options, analyses reveal substantial differences compared to item-by-item questions.
A Comparative Analysis of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 with a Demineralized Bone Matrix versus Iliac Crest Bone Graft for Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafts in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate: Review of 501 Cases

Background: Alveolar cleft reconstruction using iliac crest bone graft is considered standard of care for children with complete cleft lip and palate at the time of mixed dentition. Harvesting bone may result in donor-site morbidity and additional operating time and length of hospitalization. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)-2 with a demineralized bone matrix is an alternative bone source for alveolar cleft reconstruction. The authors investigated the outcomes of rhBMP-2/demineralized bone matrix versus iliac crest bone graft for alveolar cleft reconstruction by reviewing postoperative surgical complications and cleft closure. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted for 258 rhBMP-2/demineralized bone matrix procedures (mean follow-up, 2.9 years) and 243 iliac crest bone graft procedures (mean follow-up, 4.1 years) on 414 patients over a 12-year period. The authors compared complications, canine eruption, and alveolar cleft closure between the two groups. Results: In the rhBMP-2/demineralized bone matrix group, one patient required prolonged intubation because of intraoperative airway swelling not thought to be caused by rhBMP-2, 36 reported facial swelling and one required outpatient steroids as treatment, and 12 had dehiscence; however, half of these complications resolved without intervention. Twenty-three of the 228 rhBMP-2/demineralized bone matrix patients and 28 of the 242 iliac crest bone graft patients required repeated surgery for alveolar cleft repair. Findings for canine tooth eruption into the cleft site through the graft were similar between the groups. Conclusions: The rhBMP-2/demineralized bone matrix appears to be an acceptable alternative for alveolar cleft repair. The authors found no increase in serious adverse events with the use of this material. Local complications, such as swelling and minor wound dehiscence, predominantly improved without intervention. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.
Is there Evidence that Non-Invasive Ventilation has an Effect on Anxiety and Dyspnea and thus on Health Related Quality of Life in Patients with COPD?

Objective: Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease are a growing group. The main symptom is dyspnoea and subsequent disease is long, often marked by anxiety and reduced quality of life. The literature indicates a link between anxiety, dyspnoea and quality of life, and that non-pharmacological actions have an effect on these symptoms. Non-invasive ventilation NIV is a non-pharmacological intervention given to patients in hospitals as well as in homes when stable. This article therefore raises the following questions: Is there evidence that NIV has an effect on anxiety and dyspnoea, and thus on Health Related Quality of Life HRQL? Methods: A systematic review including search strings in PubMed, Cochrane and CINAHL. Results: - Moderate evidence indicates that NIV has significant effect on dyspnoea. - Low evidence indicates that NIV has significant effect on HRQL measured by the difference between the intervention and control groups. -There is no evidence of the effect of NIV on anxiety. Significance of results: The conclusion is interesting with regard to the perspective of mainstreaming NIV as a palliative part of future pulmonary rehabilitation because the relief of dyspnoea may provide patients with a better opportunity to actively participate in rehabilitation and thereby increase HRQL.
Development of the ability to read words: Update.

Although written English displays three types of units that make contact with readers’ knowledge of language, letters, words, and sentences, readers’ eyes come to favor words as the units that are most easily processed (Rayner & Pollatsek, 1989). The advantage of words over sentences is that words can be assimilated in one glance. The advantage of words over letters is that written words correspond more reliably to spoken words than letters correspond to phonemes. Many years ago, Cattell (1886) found that readers could recognize a whole word more readily than a single letter. More recent studies have verified the word-superiority effect (Reicher, 1969; Wheeler, 1970). Various ways to read words can be distinguished: by sight, by decoding (also called phonological recoding), 1 by analogizing, by processing spelling patterns, and by contextual guessing. When people read words by sight, they access information stored in their lexicons (mental dictionaries) from previous experiences reading those words. On seeing a familiar written word, readers access the word’s identities, including its pronunciation, meaning, syntactic identity (its typical grammatical role in sentences), and orthographic identity (information about its spelling) (Ehri, 1978, 1980). Words appearing frequently in text are more apt to be read by sight than words appearing infrequently because some practice is needed to form access routes into lexical memory for specific words. Several behaviors indicate sight-word reading: when words are read as whole units without any pauses between phonemes or syllables; when words are read rapidly, faster than nonsense words having comparable spelling patterns; when irregularly spelled words are pronounced correctly rather than decoded phonetically (reading recipeas /rĕ-s∂-pe -/ rather than /re --sı -p)2 (Adams & Huggins, 1985); when correct spellings are distinguished from homophonous spellings ( rain vs. rane; swordvs. sord; pearvs. pair; write vs. right) (Olson, 1985; Stanovich & West, 1989).
Clinical significance of elevated serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and C-reactive protein in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Aim: Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) are used as indicators of the activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical features of patients showing exclusive elevation of either serum CRP or MMP-3, and the differences in the time-course of changes between the serum levels of MMP-3 and CRP after initiation of therapy. Methods: A total of 129 RA patients were classified into four groups according to the serum levels of CRP and MMP-3 at the time of enrolment: negative for both CRP and MMP-3 levels; positive for both; positive for CRP alone (CRP-positive group); and positive for MMP-3 alone (MMP-3-positive group). The analysis included evaluation of the serum CRP and MMP-3 levels, and the Lansbury Articular Index at enrolment and at final observation. Results: In the CRP-positive group (19%), 21% of the patients remained CRP-positive at the final observation; 42% became double-negative, and 31% became double-positive. In contrast, in the MMP-3-positive group (9%), about two-thirds of the patients remained MMP-3-positive at the final observation. The disease duration in the MMP-3-positive group was significantly longer, and the ratio of the number of large swollen joints to the total number of swollen joints was higher as compared with that in the other groups. Furthermore, elevated serum CRP responded faster to disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy than elevated serum MMP-3. Conclusions: Serum CRP is a better predictor of the response to treatment than serum MMP-3, which is associated to a greater extent with large joint involvement.
Diabetic Complications among Adult Diabetic Patients of a Tertiary Hospital in Northeast Ethiopia

Background. The diabetic complications are becoming common community problems. The outcomes of diabetic complications are increased hospitalization, increased direct patient costs, and mortality. In Dessie, the prevalence of the diabetic complications is not well studied so far. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess prevalence of diabetic complications and associated factors among adult diabetic patients of Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods. Cross-sectional study was conducted in the diabetic clinic of Dessie Referral Hospital from April to May 31, 2013. All diabetic patients who visited the clinic during the study period were included. Data was collected using interview guided self-administered questionnaire. Presence of complications and the type of medications the patient was on were identified through review of patient records. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into SPSS for Windows version 17.0. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were carried out to meet the stated objective. The Results. Overall 129 (59.7%) of the patients were found to have been affected by one or more of the diabetic complications. Complications were identified mainly among type II diabetic patients. The age of patients ( value-0.048), type of diabetes (P value-0.00), and medication (P value-0.00) were strongly associated with the occurrence of diabetic complication but self-reported adherence, attitude, and knowledge level of patients and the family history were not associated with the presence of complication. Conclusion. The prevalence of complications among diabetic patients in Dessie Referral Hospital was high. Targeted counseling and health information provision to the patients by the clinical staff will be helpful in reducing avoidable morbidity and mortality in the patients.
Evolution de la résistance à la cavitation chez les conifères

Les forets du monde entier sont menacees de mortalites importantes lors de secheresses intenses lies au changement climatique. Les coniferes en particulier semblent extremement vulnerables a la mort par dysfonctionnement hydraulique de leur systeme vasculaire ou embolie. Le principal objectif de cette these est d’etudier la resistance a l’embolie des coniferes dans un cadre evolutif. Premierement, nous avons mis en evidence que la resistance a l’embolie varie d’un facteur neuf sur plus de 250 especes parmi les 7 familles de coniferes, atteignant un nouveau record du monde avec Callitris tuberculata (P50 = -18.8 MPa). Nous avons montre le lien evolutif entre cette resistance et l’anatomie des ponctuations areolees. En combinant cette base de donnees unique avec une phylogenie calibree de plus de 300 especes, nous avons retrace la diversification des coniferes et l’evolution de leur resistance a l’embolie. Nous avons decouvert que plusieurs lignees de coniferes ont brusquement change de dynamiques evolutives, avec l’acceleration de la speciation et de l’evolution de resistance a l’embolie. En outre, les coniferes plus resistants se sont diversifie plus rapidement, notamment les genres Cupressus, Juniperus et Callitris (Cupressaceae). La diversification de ces derniers s’est acceleree avec l’aridification de l’Australie sur les derniers 30 Millions d’annees. Nous montrons que leur xyleme a ete faconne par la secheresse, devenant plus resistant a l’embolie mais surtout sans compromettre l’efficience du transport de l’eau ou augmenter son cout de construction. Cette these elargit notre comprehension de l’evolution des plantes vasculaire face aux secheresses intenses.
Experimental characteristics of forming fabrics and fibre mats

Cet article decrit une methode experimentale pour l'estimation du coefficient de tamisage et la resistance du gâteau de fibres. La conception du dispositif experimental et les methodes d'essai proposees sont expliquees en detail. Trois points distincts de chute de pression dans le gâteau sont definis en fonction du grammage, et les caracteristiques de chaque point sont etudiees. Pour les gâteaux a faible grammage, la validite de la loi de Darcy est remise en cause. Des lignes directrices permettant d'exclure l'effet du classage sont analysees. Aussi, des analyses de la formation d'echantillons de papier effectuees a partir des essais actuels sont presentees en comparant des feuilles d'essai fabriquees.
Modelisation and simulation of integrated super-regenerative receivers

The authors present an in-depth analysis of super-regenerative receiver performances. A preliminary study of negative conductance variation according to the oscillator amplitude is first achieved. Then a computer method is proposed to simulate a super-regenerative receiver with and without Automatic Gain Control (AGC). The variation of the gain and adjacent signal rejection with the increase of the RF input power signal is explained.
Organizational Behavior: A Review of the Literature

Organizational behavior has emerged as a major educational component in business schools for students of management. Although the major body of teachers, researchers, and students of organizational behavior are located in schools of business or management, their study is not limited to business organizations. Their orientation is toward general theory and scholarly research in organizational behavior regardless of organizational type. The findings in organizational behavior, therefore, are not only applicable to business concerns but to goal-directed organizations in general, including organizations of higher education. Prior to the 1960s, the major approaches to management education in business schools were generalized principles of management [14, 19, 26, 40], or "what business did yesterday or the day before" [23, p. 5]. As long as business organizations remained internally simple and their environment simple and stable, such approaches to management education maintained their applicability. As business organizations grew in size, increased in complexity, and faced environments of accelerated change, the "principles of management" and "intuitive" approaches were found wanting [23, 45, 54, 68]. There was a need for knowledge of better alternatives and confidence that such alternatives represented an improvement [23, p. 10]. To answer this need, organizational behavior emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an applied discipline. Since the sixties, organizations of higher education have faced sim-
Abortion of Defective Fetuses: Attitudes of Mothers of Congenitally Impaired Children.

A sample of mothers of children with cystic fibrosis, cerebral palsy, myelodysplasia, and multiple physical handicaps (n = 310) was compared to a probability sample of mothers of children free of disabilities (n = 357) on their attitudes toward the availability of legal abortion. Mothers were asked whether or not they approve of abortion for six reasons, among them the strong probability of a defective fetus. The responses of mothers of congenitally disabled children were indistinguishable from those of controls. The specific characteristics of her child's disability (e.g., mental retardation) were unrelated to the mother's attitude toward abortion for any of the reasons. Whether or not mothers in either group approved of abortion of defective fetuses was found to be closely related to their attitudes toward abortion for the five other reasons.
The short- and long-term outcomes of membranous nephropathy treated with intravenous immune globulin therapy

Background. A considerable diversity in prognosis is seen with membranous nephropathy (MN). A recent report showed beneficial effects of immune globulin (Glb) therapy in Heymann nephritis, a rat model of MN. However, the early and late clinical effects of Glb in human MN have remained unclear. Methods. We studied retrospectively 86 patients with primary MN from 1965 to 1988 who were followed for at least 5 years, or until renal or actual death. Thirty patients were non-randomly treated with 1-3 courses of intravenous immune globulin, 5-10 g/day (100-150 mg/kg/day) for 6 consecutive days. Based on electron microscopic (EM) findings, the patients were divided into two subtypes, i.e. homogeneous type with synchronous electron-dense deposits, and heterogeneous type with various stages of dense deposits, due to their different clinical outcomes. Results. There was no difference in the initial clinicopathological states between Glb (n=30) and non-Glb group (n=56) (70 vs 68% in nephrotic state; 37 vs 39% in female, 50 vs 52% in homogeneous type, 50 vs 48% in heterogeneous type respectively). For the homogeneous type, at 6 months post-treatment, Glb therapy had induced earlier remission as compared to non-Glb treatments with corticosteroid alone or together with cyclophosphamide (57 vs 10% respectively, P=0.006). However, there was no significant difference in the early therapeutic effect for the heterogeneous type (13% for Glb vs 5% for non-Glb in remission after 6 months), or in the final outcome for all groups (18% for Glb vs 10% for non-Glb in renal death after 15 years). No adverse effects were recorded during or after Glb therapy. Conclusions. Our results suggest that short-term relatively low-dose intravenous Glb therapy has a beneficial effect in the earlier induction of remission in a subgroup of MN, the homogeneous type with EM findings of synchronous electron-dense deposits, but does not alter the long-term outcome of human MN.
Bacteriology of Surgical Site Infections after Colorectal surgeries

Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, organs or spaces exposed by surgeons during the performance of an invasive procedure. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy is mandatory not only to improve the prognosis of patients with SSIs but also to minimize the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant organisms. To use antibiotics appropriately, especially before the availability of culture sensitivity reports, information on the prevalent microbial flora isolated from SSIs is of particular value. The purpose of this study was to study the bacteriological spectrum of SSIs in colorectal surgical patients. This 2-year prospective study of 272 patients was conducted in the Department of Colorectal Surgery at a tertiary care hospital in Kashmir. Postoperatively surgical site infected cases were identified using CDC, USA definition for SSI. After discharge from hospital, patients were followed for up to 30 days to check any signs of SSI. If there were no signs of SSI within 30 days of operation, the patient was regarded as having no SSI. After identifying a patient with SSI, puss culture swabs were sent to the microbiology laboratory of the institute. After collecting the reports of swab culture, data was analyzed statistically and inferences were drawn from there. Out of 272 patients, 36 patients developed SSI that is the SSI rate in our series was 13.2%. Incisional SSIs comprised about 89% while as organ/space infections comprise only about 11% of total SSIs in this study. Out of 36 SSI patients, only 24 had positive swab/puss culture reports that are swab/puss culture positivity rate was 66.67%. The most common organism found was Staph aureus followed by E.coli. Gram positive organisms out-numbered the gram negative ones in our study of SSI in colorectal patients. Swab/puss culture positivity rate in our study is 66.67%. The most common organism found in SSI after colorectal surgery is Staphylococus aureus followed by E.coli. Also the gram positive organisms out-numbered the gram negative ones in SSI in colorectal patients.
Influence of Age on Calcium in Epidermal Carcinogenesis Induced by Methylcholanthrene in Mice

The major research project of Barnard Hospital is to integrate the changes that occur in experimental epidermal methylcholanthrene carcinogenesis in mice. A summarizing report of progress has recently been published (4). It is important to determine the influence of age on the kind of carcinogenesis. We have already found that cutaneous applications of 0.6 per cent methylcholanthrene produce cancers more quickly and in a higher percentage of young than of old New Buffalo mice, whereas the response of young and old CBA mice (a strain more resistant to this carcinogen) is approximately the same (3). It therefore appears that hereditary constitution can submerge the age influence. Since other experiments in the major project have demonstrated significant decreases in epidermal calcium and iron in New Buffalo mice treated with methylcholanthrene (1, 2, 6) the following experiments were made to ascertain the correlation, if any, between this difference in the response of young and old mice of these two strains and changes in epidermal calcium.
Acquisition and learning of English phonology by French speakers : on the roles of segments and suprasegments

De plus en plus de chercheurs s'accordent a dire que la prosodie a un role crucial dans la communication, la comprehensibilite du discours et la detection d'un accent etranger. L'apprentissage et l'enseignement de l'anglais langue etrangere beneficieraient ainsi a mettre au premier plan les traits suprasegmentaux, ou prosodiques (accent, rythme et intonation), plutot que les traits segmentaux (consonnes et voyelles) comme le font beaucoup d'enseignants, d'autant que les erreurs prosodiques ont souvent un effet plus nefaste que les erreurs segmentales. Cette these de doctorat part de l'hypothese que les francophones apprenant l'anglais pourraient davantage ameliorer leurs capacites a l'oral (production et perception) si on leur enseignait avant tout les caracteristiques prosodiques de la langue cible, plutot que de mettre en avant les segments. Notre etude experimentale compare ainsi l'impact d'une approche « prosodique » avec l'impact d'une approche « segmentale » sur des apprenants francais non-debutants. Bien que les deux methodes d'enseignement aient permis aux participants de s'ameliorer en production et perception L2, en comparaison avec un groupe de controle n'ayant pas recu de cours, aucune des deux methodes ne leur a permis d'ameliorer leurs capacites a l'oral davantage que l'autre, ce qui montre l'importance tout aussi forte d'inclure les aspects segmentaux que suprasegmentaux dans l'enseignement de l'anglais langue etrangere.