Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA DOCUMENTO DE TRABAJO “ Principal-Agent Contracts under the Threat of Insurance ”

The traditional principal-agent model assumes that the principal offers an exclusive contract to the agent. This paper shows that the standard results are not robust to the introduction of additional contracting opportunities for the agent. We analyze equilibria of an extended game with the presence of additional players who might trade risk away from the agent. The contract offered by the principal in order to elicit high effort is steeper than in the standard model. In some settings, the agent accepts this contract and then unwinds part of those incentives through additional trades. (This seems consistent with some findings in the literature on managerial compensation). For some settings and parameter values, suboptimal effort is implemented in equilibrium, the principal is worse off, and total welfare is lower. These findings may call for a revision of some previous theoretical and applied conclusions. In designing compensation schemes, attention should be paid to outside opportunities, even when they are productively unrelated. Some results such as “the Informativeness Principle” might need to be reformulated to consider the observability of signals by the principal relative to their observability by other potential traders. JEL CLASSIFICATION NUMBERS : C72, D82, J33.
Effect of Employee Rewards and Recognition on Job Performance in Kenya’s Public Sector, A Case Study of Nakuru Water and Sanitation Services Company Ltd

Employee Engagement is an attribute that measures an employee’s commitment to a given organization that they work for. Despite various forms of engagements employed by various employers, Employee performance remains an area of concern among various organizations. The study therefore sought to establish the effect of employee engagement on job performance in Kenya’s public sector, taking a case study of Nakuru Water and Sanitation Company Limited. The study employed a descriptive research design. The target population comprised of 49 employees of Nakuru Water and Sanitation Company. A census method was used since the sample was equal to the target population. A pilot test was then conducted on 5 respondents which were randomly selected with the objective of determining both reliability and validity of the research instrument (Questionnaire). The researcher also used the Cronbach alpha to test for reliability of the instrument while the content validity of the instrument was determined by seeking the expert opinion of the University supervisors. A structured questionnaire was then administered to the respondents which captured the respondent’s profile and data relevant to all the study variables. Data was collected, processed and then analyzed by use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) tool. Data was then analyzed both descriptively and inferentially. The findings of the study are presented in form of tables for summary statistics (descriptive and inferential statistics). The study concluded that organizational support and growth opportunities foster learning which enhances employee competence. It was further concluded that engaged employees are more involved in organization’s issues and perform better. The findings also led to the conclusion that employees would work harder if they are recognized more. The study recommended that organizations should provide growth and development opportunities for their employees in attempts to enhance their competence and performance.
Differences in flower visitation networks between an oceanic and a continental island

Two important biological differences between oceanic and continental islands are that the former usually have lower species richness and a higher degree of taxonomic disharmony than the latter. Although there is some evidence of less complex interaction networks on oceanic islands, only a few studies have compared island communities with each other or with mainland communities. Here, we analyse the species composition and structural properties of quantitative flower visitation networks in two communities of each of two different island systems: the Canary Islands (oceanic origin) and the Balearic Islands (continental origin). We compared different network parameters to inform us about their vulnerability in the face of different types of disturbance. The number of species was greater in the Balearic than in the Canarian networks but, contrary to expectations, the total number and diversity of interactions did not differ between them. Moreover, a greater number of opportunistic species and the presence of super-generalist species on the oceanic island led to significantly higher values of quantitative connectance and nestedness relative to those on the continental island. Given that these two parameters are associated with network stability, our findings support the hypothesis that oceanic island communities are less vulnerable to perturbations than are those of continental islands, although further studies with a network approach are needed to determine whether this is a general pattern. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 00, 000–000.
The Occurrence of Positive Psychotic Experiences in an Outpatient Clinicin Flanders

Objective: Psychotic like experiences (PLEs) resemble psychotic symptoms but are more benign and transient. They occur numerously in clinical and non-clinical samples and have a peak incidence in adolescence. PLEs can be linked to psychopathology and, in the presence of risk factors, PLEs can make a transition to psychotic symptoms and psychosis. The aim of this study was to measure the occurrence of PLEs in a Flemish clinical sample of adolescents using the CAPE (Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences). Gender, age, IQ differences and possible links with psychopathology, distress and impairment have been investigated. Method: 1176 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old were referred to a child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinic for psychiatric assessment. PLEs were measured using the CAPE, more precisely the CAPE positive experiences scale (CAPE-P, 20 questions). PLEs were divided into 5 subdimensions: Hallucination, Paranoia, Delusion, Grandiosity and Paranormal Belief. Results: 734 CAPEs were valid for research. 94.2% of adolescents in the clinical sample reported at least one PLE at least ‘sometimes’. 62.3% of our population reported at least one PLE at least ‘often’, which was a higher rate than found in the general population. 83.2% of the population reported at least ‘a bit distress’ for at least one PLE, whereas 51% reported to be ‘quite or very distressed’ about at least one PLE. Girls reported more PLEs than boys and reported higher levels of distress. There was no significant general trend in PLEs found when looked at age or IQ distribution. PLEs with distress could be linked to psychopathology in general, but not to specific diagnoses. Conclusion: In comparison to the general population, adolescents in a clinical population experience PLEs more often and with a higher degree of distress. The CAPE can be used in a clinical population for follow up and identification in the risk of transition. Higher risk can be defined by a higher score of frequency and distress on the CAPE and the persistence of this score over time. Risk of transition increases with a certain degree of impairment (that might be caused by comorbid psychopathology) and the combination with specific risk factors for psychosis.
Digital Cinema Watermarking State of Art and Comparison

 Abstract — Nowadays, the vigorous popularity of video processing techniques has resulted in an explosive growth of multimedia data illegal use. So, watermarking security has received much more attention. The purpose of this paper is to explore some watermarking techniques in order to observe their specificities and select the finest methods to apply in digital cinema domain against movie piracy by creating an invisible watermark that includes the date, time and the place where the hacking was done. We have studied three principal watermarking techniques in the frequency domain: Spread spectrum, Wavelet transform domain and finally the digital cinema watermarking transform domain. In this paper, a detailed technique is presented where embedding is performed using direct sequence spread spectrum technique in DWT transform domain. Experiment results shows that the algorithm provides high robustness and good imperceptibility.
Economic Development Under Alternative Trade Regimes

How does openness affect economic development? This question is answered in the context of a dynamic general equilibrium model of the world economy, where countries have technological differences that are both sector-neutral and specific to the investment goods sector. Relative to a benchmark case of trade in credit markets only, consider (i) a complete restriction of trade, and (ii) a full liberalization of trade. The first change decreases the cross-sectional dispersion of incomes only slightly, and produces a relatively small welfare loss. The second change, instead, decreases dispersion by a significant amount, and produces a very large welfare gain.
The Return-to-Entrepreneurship Puzzle

The returns to entrepreneurship are monetary and non-monetary. We offer new evidence on these returns using a large sample of male twins. Our within-twin analysis suggests that OLS estimates are downwards, and panel data estimates upwards biased. The within-twin estimates imply that entrepreneurs earn a negative earnings premium. Our within-twin analysis of non-monetary returns shows that entrepreneurs work longer hours and have greater responsibilities, but also have a greater control over their work.
Late Maastrichtian carbon isotope stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy of the Newfoundland Margin (Site U1403, IODP Expedition 342)

Earth’s climate during the Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous) was punctuated by brief warming and cooling episodes, accompanied by perturbations of the global carbon cycle. Superimposed on a long-term cooling trend, the middle Maastrichtian is characterized by deep-sea warming and relatively high values of stable carbon-isotope ratios, followed by strong climatic variability towards the end of the Cretaceous. A lack of knowledge on the timing of climatic change inhibits our understanding of underlying causal mechanisms. We present an integrated stratigraphy from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1403, providing an expanded deep ocean record from the North Atlantic (Expedition 342, Newfoundland Margin). Distinct sedimentary cyclicity suggests that orbital forcing played a major role in depositional processes, which is confirmed by statistical analyses of high resolution elemental data obtained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning. Astronomical calibration reveals that the investigated interval encompasses seven 405-kyr cycles (Ma4051 to Ma4057) and spans the 2.8 Myr directly preceding the Cretaceous/Paleocene (K/Pg) boundary. © 2017 Gebrüder Borntraeger, Stuttgart, Germany DOI: 10.1127/nos/2017/0398 www.borntraeger-cramer.de 0078-0421/2017/0398 $ 4.00 Authors’ addresses: 1 Institute of Geosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. 2 present address: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom. 3 Institute of Earth Sciences, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234–236, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. 4 School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan. 5 CEREGE, Université Aix-Marseille, Europole de l’Arbois BP 80 1, 13545 Aix en Provence, France. 6 present address: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades NY 10964, USA. 7 Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M, 1000 Discovery Drive, College Station, TX 77845-9547, USA. 8 Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany. 9 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. 10 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA. 11 MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 8, 28359 Bremen, Germany. 12 School of Environment, Earth! & Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. 13 National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, South amp ton SO14 3ZH, UK. * Corresponding author: Sietske J. Batenburg, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom. sbatenburg@gmail.com
Population synthesis of isolated neutron stars with magneto-rotational evolution – II. From radio-pulsars to magnetars

This work was supported in part by the grants AYA2013-42184-P and Prometeu/2014/69, and by the New Comp-star COST action MP1304. MG is supported by the fellowship BES-2011-049123. DV and NR acknowledges support from grants AYA2012-39303 and SGR2014-1073. NR is additionally supported by an NWO Vidi award.
Política nacional de educación especial desde la perspectiva de la educación inclusiva brasileña

espanolLa investigacion tiene el proposito de investigar las politicas publicas educacionales brasilenas desde la perspectiva de la Educacion Especial, desde el siglo XIX hasta la actualidad. La tematica fue elegida a partir de las nuevas propuestas de politica nacional para la inclusion de alumnos deficientes en las escuelas regulares, lo que ahora es obligatorio en Brasil. La realizacion del articulo posibilito ver un panorama general de como se estan estructurando las acciones gubernamentales en la ensenanza para personas con necesidades especiales. EnglishThe research aims to investigate the brasilian public educational policy in the perspective of Especial Education, from the 19th to the 21st. The theam was chosed with the new national policy proposals to inclusion of special needs students in regular schools, what is a rule in Brasil. The article brings an overview of the structure of government actions about teach to special needs people. portuguesA pesquisa tem o proposito de investigar as politicas publicas educacionais brasileiras, na perspectiva da Educacao Especial, desde o seculo XIX ate a atualidade. A tematica foi escolhida a partir das novas propostas de politica nacional para inclusao de alunos deficientes nas escolas regulares, o que agora e obrigatorio no Brasil. A realizacao do artigo possibilitou um panorama geral de como vem se estruturando as acoes governamentais acerca do ensino para pessoas com necesidades especiais.
EFFECTS ON BLOOD PRESSURE OF REDUCED DIETARY SODIUM AND THE DIETARY APPROACHES TO STOP HYPERTENSION ( DASH ) DIET

A BSTRACT Background The effect of dietary composition on blood pressure is a subject of public health importance. We studied the effect of different levels of dietary sodium, in conjunction with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which is rich in vegetables, fruits, and low-fat dairy products, in persons with and in those without hypertension. Methods A total of 412 participants were randomly assigned to eat either a control diet typical of intake in the United States or the DASH diet. Within the assigned diet, participants ate foods with high, intermediate, and low levels of sodium for 30 consecutive days each, in random order. Results Reducing the sodium intake from the high to the intermediate level reduced the systolic blood pressure by 2.1 mm Hg (P<0.001) during the control diet and by 1.3 mm Hg (P=0.03) during the DASH diet. Reducing the sodium intake from the intermediate to the low level caused additional reductions of 4.6 mm Hg during the control diet (P<0.001) and 1.7 mm Hg during the DASH diet (P<0.01). The effects of sodium were observed in participants with and in those without hypertension, blacks and those of other races, and women and men. The DASH diet was associated with a significantly lower systolic blood pressure at each sodium level; and the difference was greater with high sodium levels than with low ones. As compared with the control diet with a high sodium level, the DASH diet with a low sodium level led to a mean systolic blood pressure that was 7.1 mm Hg lower in participants without hypertension, and 11.5 mm Hg lower in participants with hypertension. Conclusions The reduction of sodium intake to levels below the current recommendation of 100 mmol per day and the DASH diet both lower blood pressure substantially, with greater effects in combination than singly. Long-term health benefits will depend on the ability of people to make long-lasting dietary changes and the increased availability of lower-sodium foods. (N Engl J Med 2001;344:3-10.)
Variable Ticket Pricing in Major League Baseball

Sport teams have historically been reluctant to change ticket prices during the season. Recently, however, numerous sport organizations have implemented variable ticket pricing in an effort to maximize revenues. In Major League Baseball, variable pricing results in ticket price increases or decreases depending on factors such as quality of the opponent, day of the week, month of the year, and for special events such as opening day, Memorial Day and Independence Day (July 4). Using censored regression and elasticity analysis, this paper demonstrates that variable pricing would have yielded approximately $590,000 per year in additional ticket revenue for each Major League team in 1996, ceteris paribus. Accounting for capacity constraints, this amounts to only about a 2.8% increase above what occurs when prices are not varied. For the 1996 season, the largest revenue gain would have been the Cleveland Indians, who would have generated an extra $1.4 million in revenue. The largest percentage revenue gain would have been the San Francisco Giants. The Giants would have seen an estimated 6.7% increase in revenue had they used optimal variable pricing.
Rapid changes in the seasonal sea level cycle along the US Gulf coast from the late 20th century

Temporal variations of the seasonal sea level harmonics throughout the 20th and early 21st century along the United States Gulf coast are investigated. A significant amplification of the annual sea level cycle from the 1990s onward is found, with both lower winter and higher summer sea levels in the eastern Gulf. Ancillary data are used to build a set of multiple regression models to explore the mechanisms driving the decadal variability and recent increase in the annual cycle. The results suggest that changes in the air surface temperature toward warmer summers and colder winters and changes in mean sea level pressure explain most of the amplitude increase. The changes in the seasonal sea level cycle are shown to have almost doubled the risk of hurricane induced flooding associated with sea level rise since the 1990s for the eastern and north‐eastern Gulf of Mexico coastlines.
Understanding subsidence in the Mississippi Delta region due to sediment, ice, and ocean loading: Insights from geophysical modeling

The processes responsible for land surface subsidence in the Mississippi Delta (MD) have been vigorously debated. Numerous studies have postulated a dominant role for isostatic subsidence associated with sediment loading. Previous computational modeling of present‐day vertical land motion has been carried out in order to understand geodetic data. While the magnitudes of these measured rates have been reproduced, the model parameter values required have often been extreme and, in some cases, unrealistic. In contrast, subsidence rates in the MD on the 103 year timescale due to delta loading estimated from relative sea level reconstructions are an order of magnitude lower. In an attempt to resolve this conflict, a sensitivity analysis was carried out using a spherically symmetric viscoelastic solid Earth deformation model with sediment, ice, and ocean load histories. The model results were compared with geologic and geodetic observations that provide a record of vertical land motion over three distinctly different timescales (past 80 kyr, past 7 kyr, and past ~15 years). It was found that glacial isostatic adjustment is likely to be the dominant contributor to vertical motion of the Pleistocene and underlying basement. Present‐day basement subsidence rates solely due to sediment loading are found to be less than ~0.5 mm yr−1. The analysis supports previous suggestions in the literature that Earth rheology parameters are time dependent. Specifically, the effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere may be <50 km on a 105 year timescale, but closer to 100 km over 103 to 104 year timescales.
Structural changes of laminar separation bubbles induced by global linear instability

The topology of the composite flow fields reconstructed by linear superposition of a two-dimensional boundary layer flow with an embedded laminar separation bubble and its leading three-dimensional global eigenmodes has been studied. According to critical point theory, the basic flow is structurally unstable; it is shown that in the presence of three-dimensional disturbances the degenerate basic flow topology is replaced by a fully three-dimensional pattern, regardless of the amplitude of the superposed linear perturbations. Attention has been focused on the leading stationary eigenmode of the laminar separation bubble discovered by Theofilis et al. (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 358, 2000, pp. 3229–3324); the composite flow fields have been fully characterized with respect to the generation and evolution of their critical points. The stationary global mode is shown to give rise to a three-dimensional flow field which is equivalent to the classical U-shaped separation, defined by Hornung & Perry (Z. Flugwiss. Weltraumforsch., vol. 8, 1984, pp. 77–87), and induces topologies on the surface streamlines that are resemblant to the characteristic stall cells observed experimentally.
STOCK RETURNS, TERM STRUCTURE, INFLATION, AND REAL ACTIVITY: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

This paper analyzes the empirical interdependecies among asset returns, real activity, and inflation from multicountry and international points of view. We find that innovations in nominal stock returns are not significantly related to inflation or real activity, that the U.S. term structure of interest rates predicts both domestic and foreign inflation rates and domestic future real activity, and that innovations in inflation do not significantly affect real activity. An interpretation of the dynamics and some policy implications of the results are provided.
Detecting and evaluating flicker from lighting systems during field assessments of lighting installations

This paper provides guidance to practitioners in visual ergonomics and lighting design, as well as lighting specifiers and installers, on how to detect flicker during field surveys of lighting systems and avoid flicker in lighting system upgrades or retrofits. Flicker has been identified as a problem in several lighting installations in different building types. A common perception is that LED lighting systems are flicker-free. Measurements indicate that LED sources can produce as much flicker as fluorescent lamps with magnetic ballasts. While flicker might be invisible to the human eye, it can easily be detected with very simple instruments available to most; namely mobile phones.