Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison between the Effect of Sildenafil versus Nifedipine in the Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertention in Children

Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is an increase of blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries, together known as the lung vasculature, leading to shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting and other symptoms, all of which are exacerbated by exertion. Pulmonary hypertension can be a severe disease with a markedly decreased exercise tolerance and heart failure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of sildenafil versus nifedipine in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in children. The study was carried out on 30 pulmonary hypertension patients (15 males and 15 females), 1 month to 10 years old and their weights ranged from 4 to 28 kg; from outpatient pediatric cardiology clinic at Bani suef university hospital; Patients were divided into two equal groups. Group (A) received sildenafil in a dose of 0.1-1 mg/kg/dose every 8 h orally and group (B) received nifedipine in adose of 0.5-3 mg/kg/dose every 8-12 h orally. Patients were treated and followed for 6 month. They were represented to full history taking, clinical examination, Echocardiographic examination in the beginning and every 6 months of the study. there was an improvement in general health of children after therapy and in respiratory rate, decreasing in pulmonary artery pressure in both groups but, the decrease in P.A. P in group A is greater than group B and the improvement in H.R in group A is better than group B So, we concluded that usage of sildenafil in children with pulmonary hypertension either primary or secondary is better and more effective than usage of nifedipine.
THE DECISION TO ABORT AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SEQUELAE

A brief critique of the literature on psychological reactions to abortion emphasizes the need to consider the preabortion decision-making process and the psychological and sociocultural milieu in which the decision is made. The importance of the level of support of significant others for the decision to abort is examined as a predictor of the reaction to the abortion among a sample of 489 women aborting at a New York clinic. Reaction to the abortion was measured within an hour of the procedure using an instrument consisting of nine psychological, social, and intrapsychic items. Reaction to the abortion was significantly more favorable when perceived partner, and anticipated parental support for the abortion was greatest, and among older women. Knowledge of the abortion by partner and parents was not itself associated with the abortion reaction. Further analysis indicated that partner support was significantly more important in predicting a favorable abortion reaction among older women whereas parental support was a more powerful predictor among younger women. Areas for future research are discussed including the necessity of examining the effect of other parameters in the decision-making process. Also requiring further elucidation are the intrapsychic processes used to avoid high quality decision-making which might otherwise lead to a reduction in postabortion reactions.
A Markerless Human–Robot Interface Using Particle Filter and Kalman Filter for Dual Robots

A more natural means of communicating complex movements to a robot manipulator is where the manipulator copies the movements of human hands. This paper presents a markerless human-robot interface that incorporates Kalman filters (KFs) and particle filters (PFs) to track the posture of human hands. This method allows one operator to control dual robot manipulators by using his/her double hands without any contact devices or markers. The algorithm employs Leap Motion to determine the orientation and the position of the human hands. Although the position and the orientation of the hands can be obtained from the sensor, the measurement errors increase over time due to the noise of the devices and the tracking error. The PFs and KFs are used to estimate the position and the orientation of the human hand. Due to the limitations of the perception and the motor, a human operator cannot accomplish high-precision manipulation without any assistance. An adaptive multispace transformation is employed to assist the operator to improve the accuracy and reliability in determining the posture of the manipulator. The greatest advantage of this method is that the posture of the human hands can be estimated accurately and steadily without any assistant markers. The human-manipulator interface system was experimentally verified in a laboratory, and the results indicate that such an interface can successfully control dual robot manipulators even if the operator is not an expert.
Unmet need for mental health care among U.S. children: variation by ethnicity and insurance status.

OBJECTIVE Policy discussions regarding the mental health needs of children and adolescents emphasize a lack of use of mental health services among youth, but few national estimates are available. The authors use three national data sets and examine ethnic disparities in unmet need (defined as having a need for mental health evaluation but not using any services in a 1-year period) to provide such estimates. METHOD The authors conducted secondary data analyses in three nationally representative household surveys fielded in 1996-1998: the National Health Interview Survey, the National Survey of American Families, and the Community Tracking Survey. They determined rates of mental health service use by children and adolescents 3-17 years of age and differences by ethnicity and insurance status. Among the children defined as in need of mental health services, defined by an estimator of mental health problems (selected items from the Child Behavior Checklist), they examined the association of unmet need with ethnicity and insurance status. RESULTS In a 12-month period, 2%-3% of children 3-5 years old and 6%-9% of children and adolescents 6-17 years old used mental health services. Of children and adolescents 6-17 years old who were defined as needing mental health services, nearly 80% did not receive mental health care. Controlling for other factors, the authors determined that the rate of unmet need was greater among Latino than white children and among uninsured than publicly insured children. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that most children who need a mental health evaluation do not receive services and that Latinos and the uninsured have especially high rates of unmet need relative to other children. Rates of use of mental health services are extremely low among preschool children. Research clarifying the reasons for high rates of unmet need in specific groups can help inform policy and clinical programs.
Consumer Awareness and Usage of Nutrition Information in Botswana

Nutrition information enables consumers to make informed decisions when purchasing and consuming food products. Despite this, the issue of consumer awareness and usage of nutrition information has attracted little research attention in developing countries. This study presents findings of an empirical investigation of nutrition information awareness and usage in Botswana. The study is descriptive and data was collected using a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 150 consumers in Gaborone, the Capital City of Botswana. A mall-intercept technique was used in the selection of the respondents. The main findings of the study indicate that the level of awareness of nutrition information among the sampled consumers is relatively high, and that the majority of them use nutrition information to inform food purchases. The study further finds that whereas nutrition information awareness does not significantly differ across the demographic segments, usage differs. Lack of knowledge and interest are the main factors that prevent consumers from using nutrition information. Nutrition information is mostly used when comparing products or when buying food products for the first time. These findings highlight the need to improve nutrition education in Botswana. The findings also suggest that food producers in Botswana need to use nutrition information to differentiate their products from competitorsi¯. Similarly, the findings highlight the need for the food industry in Botswana to establish more effective nutrition information labeling standards. However, these findings need to be interpreted with caution as they are based on consumersi¯ self-report of nutrition information use, which is highly subjective.
Determinants of Consumer Satisfaction of Health Care in Ghana: Does Choice of Health Care Provider Matter?

A modern health system which provides high quality care has trickle-down effect on the quality of life of the individualcitizens and the overall economic development of the country. One method which is applicable to the measurement ofquality of health care is consumers’ ratings of the services provided. This paper investigated the overall level ofsatisfaction associated with the choice of a health care provider. Parents whose children (aged-under five) fell sick fourweeks prior to the survey and had sought intervention within 2 days were asked their overall level of satisfaction withhealth care providers. Using the ordered logit model the study confirms the notion in Ghana and elsewhere that privatehealth care is associated with higher levels of satisfaction or quality. Control variables that were found to be statisticallysignificant were gender of the child, maternal age and education, distance and waiting time among other. To the best ofour knowledge, no study has examined the effect of provider choice on overall satisfaction of health care in Ghana.
Regulation of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool size in liver: mechanism and metabolic role

The ATP‐Mg/Pi carrier in liver mitochondria can catalyze the exchange of ATP‐Mg on one side of the inner membrane for Pi on the other. This mechanism allows for net uptake or release of ATP‐Mg from mitochondria and thus regulates the matrix ATP + ADP + AMP pool size. In isolated mitochondria, carrier activity is stimulated by submicromolar concentrations of calcium, suggesting that calcium may regulate transport rates in vivo. Whenever the carrier is active, the direction of any net changes in the matrix adenine nucleotide pool size is determined mainly by the extent to which the prevailing ATP‐Mg concentration gradient deviates from an equilibrium related to Δ pH through the phosphate concentration gradient. Thus it seems that in the cell, energy status (reflected by ATP:ADP ratios in the cytoplasm and matrix) determines whether calcium‐mediated hormone activation of the carrier will produce an increase or a decrease in the matrix adenine nucleotide content. Consequent variations in the absolute concentrations of ATP, ADP, and AMP in the matrix may contribute to the selective regulation of those metabolic activities in the cell that have adenine nucleotide dependent steps localized to the mitochondrial compartment (gluconeogenesis, urea synthesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and even oxidative phosphorylation). —Aprille, j. R. Regulation of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool size in liver: mechanism and metabolic role. FASEB J. 2: 2547‐2556; 1988.
Using Computer Decision Support to Increase Maternal Postpartum Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccination

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether use of a computer-based clinical decision-support algorithm that used data stored in the electronic medical record increased administration of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine to postpartum women. METHODS: We performed a before and after cohort study of postpartum women at an urban public teaching hospital. We compared the frequency of Tdap vaccination during the preintervention (October 1, 2008–January 14, 2009) and postintervention (January 15–April 30, 2009) time periods. We intervened by automating electronic presentation of preselected orders to physicians who provided postpartum care. The order was displayed when physicians ordered iron supplementation or patient discharge to a woman who met certain criteria. We evaluated whether patient characteristics were associated with receipt of vaccine. RESULTS: Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination was more likely for postpartum women postintervention compared with preintervention (147 of 248 [59%] compared with zero of 183 [0%]; difference=59%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 53–65%). Among 248 women who delivered during the postintervention period, those who met pharmacologic criteria for decision support rule activation were vaccinated more often than those who did not meet criteria (146 of 232 [63%] compared with one of 16 [6%]; difference=57%; 95% CI 43–70%). Race and ethnicity and cesarean delivery were not associated with vaccine receipt; however, there was a lower likelihood of vaccination among older women (P=.05 by a trend test across age quartiles). CONCLUSION: We implemented a computer-based clinical decision-support algorithm that dramatically increased Tdap vaccination of postpartum women. Deployment of our algorithm in hospitals that have clinical decision support systems should increase rates of this important postpartum preventive intervention. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II
Compilation of Compound Terms in Prolog

The execution of a compiled Prolog program can spend a significant amount of time in the unification of compound terms. We show that in the Warren Abstract Machine [7], the approach to compile this unification may be unnecessarily inefficient. When we analyse what are the redundant operations that the WAM executes, we can see that the inefficiency is mainly caused by the breadthrst approach to traverse the structures during the unification. We present here a method to compile the unification of compound terms which is based on a depthrst approach and show that it is both more general and more efficient than that of the original WAM. Furthermore we present a more efficient approach to compile compound terms in the body and also describe several possible optimizations. Our method was used in the implementation of the SEPIA system [4] developed at ECRC.
Long-term outcomes of elderly kidney transplant recipients.

INTRODUCTION The number of elderly patients with chronic kidney disease increases progressively, challenging the allocation algorithms in a scenario of organ shortage for transplantation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of age on patient and graft survival. METHODS Evolution of all 366 patients greater than 60 years transplanted between 1998 and 2010 was analyzed versus a control group of 366 younger patients matched for gender, type of donor (living or deceased) and year of transplantation. RESULTS Diabetes mellitus (HR 1.8; IC 1.2-2.6; p = 0,003) and prioritization (HR 2.9; IC 1.2-2.6; p < 0,001), but not age, were independent factors for kidney graft loss. CONCLUSION Advanced age was not related to negative outcomes after kidney transplantation, after excluding recipient death as a cause of allograft loss. Higher mortality rate in this group was associated to a higher frequency of comorbidities, especially diabetes mellitus.
A novel probe drug interaction study to investigate the effect of selected antiretroviral combinations on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of maraviroc in HIV-positive subjects.

AIMS Maraviroc (UK-427 857), an antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with potent anti-HIV activity, was recently approved for use in treatment-experienced patients infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selected commonly used antiretroviral therapy (ART) combinations on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of maraviroc 300 mg in HIV-positive subjects compared with historical controls. METHODS In this study, four cohorts of HIV-positive patients (n = 8 each) receiving one of the following combination therapies were recruited: cohort 1--efavirenz + Combivir (lamivudine/zidovudine); cohort 2--efavirenz + didanosine + tenofovir; cohort 3--nevirapine + lamivudine + tenofovir; cohort 4--Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir) + stavudine + lamivudine. Subjects continued on their prescribed ART and also received a single oral dose of maraviroc 300 mg. Serial blood samples and urine for determination of maraviroc pharmacokinetics were collected over 12 h postdose. Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters from this study were compared with historical data generated in HIV-positive subjects receiving maraviroc monotherapy in a Phase IIa study. RESULTS A total of 29 subjects were recruited (eight each in cohorts 1-3, and five in cohort 4). The geometric mean ratios for AUC(12) and C(max) for each treatment group compared with maraviroc monotherapy were: 47% and 67% (cohort 1); 48% and 76% (cohort 2); 101% and 154% (cohort 3); and 265% and 180% (cohort 4), respectively. T(max) was similar in all treatment groups. Mean values for renal clearance ranged from 8.2 l h(-1) (cohort 1) to 13.2 l h(-1) (cohort 4). There were no renal clearance data collected in the comparator study. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support those previously seen in healthy volunteer studies that showed that efavirenz reduces maraviroc exposure, whereas lopinavir/ritonavir increases maraviroc exposure. These data also suggest that nevirapine does not lead to a clinically significant effect on maraviroc pharmacokinetics.
Viewing the body modulates neural mechanisms underlying sustained spatial attention in touch

Cross‐modal links between vision and touch have been extensively shown with a variety of paradigms. The present event‐related potential (ERP) study aimed to clarify whether neural mechanisms underlying sustained tactile‐spatial attention may be modulated by visual input, and the sight of the stimulated body part (i.e. hands) in particular. Participants covertly attended to one of their hands throughout a block to detect infrequent tactile target stimuli at that hand while ignoring tactile targets at the unattended hand, and all tactile non‐targets. In different blocks, participants performed this task under three viewing conditions: full vision; hands covered from view; and blindfolded. When the participants’ hands were visible attention was found to modulate somatosensory ERPs at early latencies (i.e. in the time range of the somatosensory P100 and the N140 components), as well as at later time intervals, from 200 ms after stimulus onset. By contrast, when participants were blindfolded and, crucially, even when only their hands were not visible, attentional modulations were found to arise only at later intervals (i.e. from 200 ms post‐stimulus), while earlier somatosensory components were not affected by spatial attention. The behavioural results tallied with these electrophysiological findings, showing faster response times to tactile targets under the full vision condition compared with conditions when participants’ hands were covered, and when participants were blindfolded. The results from this study provide the first evidence of the profound impact of vision on mechanisms underlying sustained tactile‐spatial attention, which is enhanced by the sight of the body parts (i.e. hands).
N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoureas covalently bound to nonionic and monocationic lexitropsin dipeptides. Synthesis, DNA affinity binding characteristics, and reactions with 32P-end-labeled DNA.

The synthesis and characterization of a series of compounds that contain an N-alkyl-N-nitrosourea functionality linked to DNA minor groove binding bi- and tripeptides (lexitropsins or information-reading peptides) based on methylpyrrole-2-carboxamide subunits are described. The lexitropsins (lex) synthesized have either a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl or propyl substituent on the carboxyl terminus. The preferred DNA affinity binding sequences of these compounds were footprinted in 32P-end-labeled restriction fragments with methidiumpropyl-EDTA.Fe(II), and in common with other structural analogues, e.g., distamycin and netropsin, these nitrosoureas recognize A-T-rich runs. The affinity binding of the compound with the dimethylamino terminus, which is ionized at near-neutral pH, appeared stronger than that observed for the neutral dipeptide. The sequence specificity for DNA alkylation by (2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea-lex dipeptides (Cl-ENU-lex), with neutral and charged carboxyl termini, using 32P-end-labeled restriction fragments, was determined by the conversion of the adducted sites into single-strand breaks by sequential heating at neutral pH and exposure to base. The DNA cleavage sites were visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The alkylation of DNA by Cl-ENU-lex was compared to that by N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea (CCNU), which has no DNA affinity binding properties. While all the Cl-ENU compounds generate DNA breaks as a consequence of the formation of N7-alkyl-guanine, the Cl-ENU-lex compounds induced, in a time- and dose-dependent fashion, intense DNA cleavage bands at adenine, cytosine, and thymine residues associated with affinity binding sites. These non-G cleavages induced by Cl-ENU-lex were inhibited by the coaddition of distamycin at concentrations that did not affect G alkylation break sites. CCNU, even at much higher concentrations, does not generate any similar detectable lesions at non-G sites. Therefore, linking the Cl-ENU moiety to minor groove binders is a viable strategy to qualitatively and quantitatively control the delivery and release of the ultimate DNA alkylating agent in a sequence-dependent fashion.
Industry Viewpoint on Thresholds for Genotoxic Carcinogens

Modem chemical control of pests has contributed to a dramatic improvement in public welfare since its introduction 50 years ago. Millions of lives have been saved through the control of disease vectors, and millions more have been improved by the use of chemicals to produce an inexpensive and abundant food supply. Hundreds of pesticidally active ingredients are in commercial use today, and among these are found genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency regulates carcinogens using threshold and nonthreshold approaches depending upon the outcome of a weight-of-evidence determination. More than one-half of all pesticides with some evidence of carcinogenic potential are regulated by the nonthreshold approach. The limitations on product use imposed by this approach have restricted the number of products available to growers and to the public. This restriction has had a direct impact on industry with respect to commercial success and financial returns on investment as well as an indirect impact on the industry's ability to fund the discovery and development of new compounds. This paper explores the question of how well regulation by the nonthreshold approach has achieved the goal of protecting public health, whether it does this better than the alternative use of the threshold approach, and whether the incremental protection it affords is a meaningful public benefit that justifies the aforementioned impacts on industry.