Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MEASUREMENTS OF NON-THERMAL LINE WIDTHS IN SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS

Spectral line widths are often observed to be larger than can be accounted for by thermal and instrumental broadening alone. This excess broadening is a key observational constraint for both nanoflare and wave dissipation models of coronal heating. Here we present a survey of non-thermal velocities measured in the high temperature loops (1–4 MK) often found in the cores of solar active regions. This survey of Hinode Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) observations covers 15 non-flaring active regions that span a wide range of solar conditions. We find relatively small non-thermal velocities, with a mean value of 17.6 ± 5.3 km s−1, and no significant trend with temperature or active region magnetic flux. These measurements appear to be inconsistent with those expected from reconnection jets in the corona, chromospheric evaporation induced by coronal nanoflares, and Alfvén wave turbulence models. Furthermore, because the observed non-thermal widths are generally small, such measurements are difficult and susceptible to systematic effects.
Tailoring the energy distribution and loss of 2D plasmons

The ability to tailor the energy distribution of plasmons at the nanoscale has many applications in nanophotonics, such as designing plasmon lasers, spasers, and quantum emitters. To this end, we analytically study the energy distribution and the proper field quantization of 2D plasmons with specific examples for graphene plasmons. We find that the portion of the plasmon energy contained inside graphene (energy confinement factor) can exceed 50%, despite graphene being infinitely thin. In fact, this very high energy confinement can make it challenging to tailor the energy distribution of graphene plasmons just by modifying the surrounding dielectric environment or the geometry, such as changing the separation distance between two coupled graphene layers. However, by adopting concepts of parity-time symmetry breaking, we show that tuning the loss in one of the two coupled graphene layers can simultaneously tailor the energy confinement factor and propagation characteristics, causing the phenomenon of loss-induced plasmonic transparency.
Effect of youth engagement in vegetable farming on household well-being in Kakamega Town, Kenya

This paper focuses on the effect of youth engagement in vegetable production on household well-being in Kakamega Town, Kenya. Survey research design was used and data was collected from 159 urban youth farmers using structured questionnaires and interviews. It was observed that the vegetable farmers engaged more frequently in weed control, land preparation, harvesting and planting. There was significant association between time spent on the farm and the size of vegetable plot (X2 = 46.074, p = 0.000 < 0.05) at significance level of 5%. Most of the vegetable farmers (90.5%, n = 144) reported that they will continue with vegetable production in the future. Some of the respondents (34.0%) reported that the vegetable produced was ‘more than adequate’ and 28.9% reported that it was ‘adequate’. Majority of the farmers (84.3%) bought vegetables from estate groceries. The youth offered wage labour on other people’s farms and were self-employed on their own farms. Urban farming was found to have led to greening of the city. To promote the well-being of the households, the Ministry of Agriculture and other key actors should support youth to engage in vegetable farming on large scale. Key words: Food security, household well-being, informal sector, urban poverty, vegetable farming, youth.
State Power And Capital: Assessing Bob Jessop’S Account Of The Transition To The Schumpeterian Workfare Post-National Regime

We discuss the work of Bob Jessop, focusing on the transition he proposes to the contemporary state form – the Schumpeterian workfare post-national regime (SWPR). After a brief presentation of the author’s account, we explore its main critiques and recent reformulations. We then consider whether Jessop’s narrative resorts to economic determinism, structuralism or functionalism, as some authors have indicated. We defend that while some traces of these might indeed be found, they can be sidestepped by approaching the emergence of the SWPR as part of an ongoing research agenda. We finally propose some changes to the latter, related to developing an explicitly evolutionary theoretical framework, to the space that post-Fordism comprehends and to the articulation between different subtypes of post-Fordist social formations and accumulation strategies. A central point is not proposing competing regimes of accumulation for a single space, but rather a single regime that articulates the relevant forms of capital and is brought about by competing accumulation strategies.
Geographical gradients of species richness: a test of the water‐energy conjecture of Hawkins et al. (2003) using European data for five taxa

Aims We present an analysis of grid-based species-richness data for European plants, mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, designed to test the proposition of Hawkins et al. (2003a) that the single best factor describing richness variation switches from the water regime to the energy regime in the mid-latitudes and that the ‘breakpoint’ is related to the physiological character of the taxa. We go on to develop subregional models showing the extent to which regional model fits vary as a function of the extent of the study system, and compare the relative performance of ‘water’, ‘energy’ and ‘water‐energy’ models of richness for southern, northern and pan-European models.
Discovery of new low-excitation planetary nebulae

We report a multi-wavelength study of four new planetary nebula (PN) candidates selected from the INT/WFC Photometric HαSurvey of the Northern Galactic Plane (IPHAS) and Deep Sky Hunter (DSH) catalogues. We present mid-resolution optical spectra of these PNs. The PN status of our sample was confirmed by optical narrow-band images and mid-resolution spectra. Based on the locations of these objects in the log(Hα/[N ii]) versus log(Hα/[S ii]) diagnostic diagram, we conclude that these sources are evolved low-excitation PNs. The optical and infrared appearances of these newly discovered PNs are discussed. Three of the new nebulae studied here are detected in infrared and have low infrared-to-radio flux ratios, probably suggesting that they are evolved. Furthermore, we derive the dynamical ages and distances of these nebulae and study the spectral energy distribution for one of them with extensive infrared archival data.
Mate limitation in sea lice infesting wild salmon hosts : the influence of parasite sex ratio and aggregation

Mate limitation in dioecious parasite species has the potential to impact parasite population growth. Our focus of interest was the influence of parasite sex distribution among hosts on parasite reproduction and transmission dynamics for populations of ectoparasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kroyer) establishing on wild juvenile salmon hosts. The data included more than 139,000 out-migrating juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum)) and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum)) in British Columbia, Canada, sampled over nine years. For almost all years, the sex ratio of the reproductive stages of the sea lice was female-biased. The probability of a female being able to mate (i.e., of being attached to a fish also carrying a male louse) increased with increasing parasite abundance and parasite aggregation. We compared, with expected modeling predictions, the observed prevalence of pairs of sea lice (i.e., one reproductive louse of each sex) on a given fish and the observed probability of a female being able to mate. These comparisons showed that male and female sea lice tend to be distributed together rather than separately on hosts. Distribution together means that sea lice are distributed randomly on hosts according to a common negative binomial distribution, whereas distribution separately means that males are distributed according to a negative binomial and females are distributed in their own negative binomial among hosts. Despite the tendency for distribution together we found that, in every year, at least 30% of reproductive female sea lice experience mate limitation. This Allee effect will result in submaximal rates of parasite reproduction at low parasite abundances and may limit parasite transmission. The work has important implications for salmon parasite management and the health both of captive farm salmon populations and migratory wild stocks. More broadly, these results demonstrate the potential impact of mate limitation as a constraint to the establishment and spread of wild ectoparasite populations.
Iron site occupancies in magnetite-ulvospinel solid solution: A new approach using XMCD

Iron site occupancies in magnetite-ulvospinel solid solution: A new approach using XMCD Carolyn I. Pearce 1 , C. Michael B. Henderson 1,2 , Neil D. Telling 1 , Richard A.D. Pattrick 1 , David J. Vaughan 1 , John M. Charnock 1 , Elke Arenholz 3 , Floriana Tuna 4 , Victoria S. Coker 1 and Gerrit van der Laan 1,5 School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK Diamond Light Source, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK ABSTRACT Ordering of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ between octahedral (Oh) and tetrahedral (Td) sites in synthetic members of the magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) – ulvospinel (Fe 2 TiO 4 ) solid-solution series was determined using Fe L 2,3 -edge X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) coupled with electron microprobe and chemical analysis, Ti L-edge spectroscopy, Fe K-edge EXAFS and XANES, Fe 57 Mossbauer spectroscopy, and unit cell parameters. Microprobe analysis, cell edges and chemical FeO determinations showed that the bulk compositions of the samples were stoichiometric magnetite-ulvospinel solid- solutions. Surface sensitive XMCD showed that the surfaces of these oxide minerals were more sensitive to redox conditions and some samples required re-equilibration with suitable solid-solid buffers. Detailed site-occupancy analysis of these samples gave XMCD-Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ ratios very close to stoichiometric values. L 2,3 -edge spectroscopy showed that Ti 4+ was restricted to Oh sites. XMCD results showed that significant Fe 2+ only entered Td when the Ti content was > 0.40 apfu while Fe 2+ in Oh increased from 1 a.p.f.u in magnetite to a maximum of ~1.4 apfu in USP45. As the Ti content increased from this point, the steady increase in Fe 2+ in Td sites was clearly observable in the XMCD spectra, concurrent with a slow decrease in Fe 2+ in Oh sites. Calculated magnetic moments showed a steady decrease from magnetite (4.06 μ B ) to USP45 (1.5 μ B ) and then a slower decrease towards the value for ulvospinel (0 μ B ). Two of the synthesized samples were also partially maghemitized by re-equilibrating with an oxidizing Ni-NiO buffer and XMCD showed that Fe 2+ oxidation only occurred at Oh sites, with concomitant vacancy formation restricted to this site. This study shows the advantage of using XMCD as a direct measurement of Fe oxidation state in these complex magnetic spinels. These results can be used to
Traces of cassid snails predation upon the echinoids from the Middle Miocene of Poland

Drill holes on tests of Echinocyamus linearis from the Middle Miocene Korytnica Basin represent the first well docu− mented fossil record of cassid predation from Poland. These traces complement the ecological information on the size and structure of cassid populations recorded by body fossils. The high number of drill holes recognised from the Hetero− stegina Sands, the uppermost part of the Korytnica depositional sequence, indicates the occurrence of a large cassid popu− lation during the late stage of development of the Korytnica Basin. The small size of most of the drill holes indicates that juvenile gastropods of the family Cassidae, which are not preserved in the fossil record of the investigated area, were also present in the cassid populations.
TOXICITY OF ATRAZINE AND RELATED TO TESTICULAR, TISSUE DAMAGING ENZYME LEVELS IN POECILIA SPHENOPS

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects of Atrazine (ATZ) on the enzyme levels in Poecilia sphenops . Methods: The cytosolic testicular enzyme and tissue-damaging enzyme activity were measured in Poecilia sphenops was exposed to 3 sub-lethal concentrations (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/l) of atrazine for 100days and control was also maintained. The toxic effects of ATZ to Poecilia sphenops were assessed through testicular marker enzyme, tissue-damaging enzyme level. Results: The activities of testicular functional enzyme ALP, ACP, SDH, LDH, G6PDH and tissue-damaging the activities of glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity levels were altered in treated groups compared with that of the control. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that atrazine induces tissue damage in terms of enhanced enzyme activity and testicular enzyme activity in Poecilia sphenops . Atrazine has toxicity to the reproductive system in Poecilia sphenops .
High Frequency House Price Indexes with Scarce Data

We show how a method that has been applied to commercial real estate markets can be used to produce high frequency house price indexes for a city and for submarkets within a city. Our application of this method involves estimating a set of annual robust repeat sales regressions staggered by start date and then undertaking an annual-to-monthly (ATM) transformation with a generalized inverse estimator. Using transactions data for Louisville, Kentucky, we show that the method substantially reduces the volatility of high frequency indexes at the city and submarket levels. We demonstrate that both volatility and the benefits from using the ATM method are related to sample size.
Social media and international advertising: Theoretical challenges and future directions

Purpose – The primary aim of this article is to identify theoretical foundations that can be used in research on social media in the context of international advertising research. An additional objective is to identify future research directions for theory building in this research area.Design/methodology/approach – The article draws on the extant literature to identify three key theoretical foundations that can be used in research on advertising in media from an advertising perspective: networking capability; image transferability; and personal extensibility. For each of these perspectives, the current state of knowledge, theoretical challenges, and future research directions are summarized.Findings – The three key theoretical perspectives (networking capability, image transferability, and personal extensibility) provide strong potential for better understanding the advantages and disadvantages of social media use for advertisers. They are also useful for identifying important research gaps that need to .
Analysis of genetic diversity in some durum wheat ( Triticum durum Desf ) genotypes grown in Ethiopia

An experiment was conducted to examine the magnitude of genetic diversity and characters contributing to genetic diversity among 23 durum wheat genotypes grown at Adet, northwest Ethiopia, in 2010 main cropping season. Genetic divergence was carried out according to Mahalanobis D 2 statistics. Genetic distance analysis revealed that the Euclidean genetic distance values ranged from 2.69 (between D-1 and D-11) to 9.68 (between D-13 and D-21) and 82.2% of the pair comparisons had values between 3.76 and 7.50. Cluster analysis grouped genotypes into six genetically distinct clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance was 8.30 (between clusters III and VI) followed by 7.99 (between clusters V and VI), indicating the wide genetic diversity among these clusters. The highest intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster I (4.91) and the lowest in cluster III (2.36). The average inter-cluster distances were higher than the average intra-cluster distances, which showed the presence of wide genetic diversity among the genotypes of different clusters than those of the same cluster. The first four principal components whose Eigen values are greater than one, accounted for 80.46% of the total variation of the original variables. The information obtained from the study is useful in planning further crossing programme for durum wheat crop improvement.
Semi‐automated detection of eagle nests: an application of very high‐resolution image data and advanced image analyses to wildlife surveys

Very high‐resolution (VHR) image data, including from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms, are increasingly acquired for wildlife surveys. Animals or structures they build (e.g. nests) can be photointerpreted from these images, however, automated detection is required for more efficient surveys. We developed semi‐automated analyses to map white‐bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) nests in VHR aerial photographs of the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia, an important breeding site for many seabird species. Nest detection is complicated by high environmental heterogeneity at the scale of nests (~1–2 m), the presence of many features that resemble nests and the variability of nest size, shape and context. Finally, the rarity of nests limits the availability of training data. These challenges are not unique to wildlife surveys and we show how they can be overcome by an innovative integration of object‐based image analyses (OBIA) and the powerful machine learning one‐class classifier Maxent. Maxent classifications using features characterizing object texture, geometry and neighborhood, along with limited object color information, successfully identified over 90% of high quality nests (most weathered and unusually shaped nests were also detected, but at a slightly lower rate) and labeled <2% of objects as candidate nests. Although this overestimates the occurrence of nests, the results can be visually screened to rule out all but the most likely nests in a process that is simpler and more efficient than manual photointerpretation of the full image. Our study shows that semi‐automated image analyses for wildlife surveys are achievable. Furthermore, the developed strategies have broad relevance to image processing applications that seek to detect rare features differing only subtly from a heterogeneous background, including remote sensing of archeological remains. We also highlight solutions to maximize the use of imperfect or uncalibrated image data, such as some UAV‐based imagery and the growing body of VHR imagery available in Google Earth and other virtual globes.
A Study on the Effect of Monomorphic Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , (Eatro 3 ET at 1.2) on Experimentally Infected Goats and Swiss White Mice

study was done to assess the effect of Trypanosome brucei rhodesiense on experimentally infected goats and mice to see the effect of the study parasite and to determine the minimum dose that should be used to establish chronic infection. Three goats, identified with number as 908, 713, and 907, received 106, 5 × 104, and 103, parasite in dose volume of 0.5 ml intravenously, respectively. All infected goat showed clinical sign of trypanosomosis. Number 908 was died on 55th day post infection with PCV of 24%. A total of 11 Swiss white mice were also infected to study the effect of the study parasite. A total of 6 mice were infected in the first round (firsts batch), with 1x103 parasites in 0.3 ml dose volume, ip. All mice died before the 5th day post infection. There was no significant change in PCV and body weight almost in all infected mice during the course of infection. A total of 5 mice were infected in the second round (second batch), with 1 × 103 parasites in 0.2 ml dose volume, ip. Mice number 2 died after 72 hours post infection and its parasitaemia was 5.01 × 108. Mice number 1 and 4 were euthanized after 72 hrs and 3 and 5 after 93 hrs with parasitaemia of 2.51 × 108, each. There was statistical significant change in PCV during the course of the infection. The post mortem examination done on these mice reveals no visible inflammatory or pathological changes on examined tissues and organs (lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney and intestinal organ) The survival period for the second batch of mice was also less than one week. This study indicated that Swiss white mice are more affected by the study parasite than goats.
Terahertz difference frequency response of pdd in two-laser experiments

In previous work we reported observations of a thermal response from Pd cathodes electrolyzed in heavy water stimulated by a single diode laser. In more recent experiments, stimulation was done using two overlapping weak laser beams, and the cell was observed to respond to the difference frequency. The cell responded to three difference frequencies in the THz range at 8.2 THz, at 15.1 THz, and at 20.8 THz. The first two of these frequencies can be associated with optical phonon frequencies of PdD with zero velocity. We examine the conjectures that the response at 20.8 THz is due to deuterium in vacancies in the gold coating, or due to hydrogen contamination.
Mothers’ perception of dental aesthetics in their children. A study in two fluoridated communities

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the mothers’ perceptions of the aesthetics of their children’s teeth. Methods: The sample comprised 47 mothers of children aged from 7 to 9 year-old, who lived in areas with fluoridated water. The children had their central incisors assessed for the presence of dental fluorosis using the TF index. Mothers were interviewed to collect data about their perceptions of the dental aesthetics of their children and were asked to cite any perceived oral problems. Results: A total of 49% of children exhibited dental fluorosis on the central incisors; most cases were TF=1 (45%). The frequency of mothers who considered their child’s teeth pleasing (60%) was higher than the frequency of mothers who rated them unpleasing (40%), regardless of whether the child had fluorosis or not (P=0.440). When asked to identify oral problems, 40% of the mothers cited misalignment and crowding, 9% cited yellow teeth, 4% cited dental caries, and 2% cited hypoplasia. Only one mother (2%) cited stained teeth, and it was actually a case of dental fluorosis TF=1. Conclusion: The mothers had a positive perception of their children’s teeth. Alignment and crowding were the most common problems reported by the mothers. The mothers did not recognise dental fluorosis as a significant oral problem in their children.
FECUNDITY AND GONAD DEVELOPMENT OF ATYA GABONENSIS FROM LOWER RIVER BENUE IN NORTHERN NIGERIA.

The study investigated the fecundity and egg development of Atya gabonensis from Lower River Benue in Nigeria from May to August 2006. A total of 200 berried females were collected, weighed and the eggs striped and weighed using a top loading electronic balance. The total length of the prawn was also measured using a ruler to the nearest millimeter. The eggs were preserved in Gilson's fluid. The total number of eggs was estimated by the gravimetric method. The egg size was measured using the calibrated eye piece of a binocular microscope. The eggs were classified as immature, developing and ripe with two 'eye' spots called the larva stage. The highest number of eggs observed was 27,700eggs, while the lowest was 950 (mean = 7,227eggs). The egg diameter ranged from 0.02 2mm (0.63 ± 0.10mm). The relationship between fecundity and weight was F = 3.799 + 8.2400W (r = 0.7887), while the one between fecundity and length was F = 5.6067 + 1.9386L (r = 0.7504). There was positive correlation between length, weight and fecundity in A. gabonensi s from Lower River Benue. The appearance of eggs in May to August coincides with onset of rain therefore rain is a triggering factor in egg production. A. gabonensis is a serial spawner as the berried females were found to carry eggs in various stages of development.