Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Survival of the richest? Social status, fertility and social mobility in England 1541-1824

We use data collected by the Cambridge Group to investigate and explain differences in fertility by socio-economic group in pre-industrial England. We find, in line with results presented by Greg Clark, that wealthier groups did indeed have higher fertility until the 1700s. We demonstrate that this had to do with earlier age at marriage for women. We then turn to the likely social and economic impact of this, considering Clark’s hypothesis that ‘middle class values’ spread through English society prior to the industrial revolution. Through the construction of social mobility tables, we demonstrate that the children of the rich were indeed spreading through society, but they were small in number relative to poorer sections of society, and moreover the children of the poor were also entering the middle classes.
Gender differences in entrepreneurial choice and risk aversion – a decomposition based on a microeconometric model

Why are female entrepreneurs so rare? In Germany, women exhibit both a lower entry rate into and higher exit rate from self-employment. To explain this gender gap, this study estimates a structural microeconometric model of transition rates that includes a standard risk aversion parameter. Inputs into the model are the expected value and variance of earnings from self-employment and dependent employment, estimated separately by gender and accounting for nonrandom selection into self-employment. The gender differential in the transition rates is decomposed using a novel extension of the Blinder–Oaxaca technique for nonlinear models. Women's higher estimated risk aversion explains the largest part of their higher exit rate but only a small portion of their lower entry rate.
Spectral analysis of the nuclear stellar population and gas emission in NGC 6240

We analyse the nuclear stellar population and emission-line spectrum in the range U 3100-9700 A of the infrared luminous merger galaxy NGC 6240. Two spectral extractions from CCD frames are studied: one corresponding to the double nucleus and the other from a light peak 4 arcsec east of the nucleus. The double nucleus is I'1E (B - V) "" 0.30 mag more reddened and has a stronger interstellar Na I D absorp tion as compared to the eastern peak; otherwise the two extractions present similar spectral properties, in particular the dereddened continuum distribution and emission-line ratios. The population synthesis of the double nucleus, which has age and metallicity as free 'parameters and is based on spectral properties of a library of star clusters, indicates that the continuum flux fraction at 5870 A owing to an old bulge/halo component is "" 7 5 per cent, that of intermediate-age components (1 to 5 Gyr) is "" 5 per cent, and that associated with young ones (50 to 500 Myr) is "" 20 per cent. Currently star-forming regions do not contribute more than 1-2 per cent to the continuum at 5870 A, and this amount is contributed only if they are differentially reddened from the rest of the stellar components by I'1E (B - V)i > 1.00. The age distribution of the nuclear stellar population, when compared to that found in normal nuclei, sets constraints on the age of the dynamical interaction that led to the present merger; the synthesis suggests that the interaction has been operating for "" 1 Gyr. We derive an internal reddening affecting the nuclear stellar population of The population-subtracted optical emission-line spectrum is typical of a shock-heated gas. We derive an internal reddening for the emitting gas clouds of E(B- V)g = 0.60. We conclude that in the central 2-3 kpc of NGC 6240 the old (bulge) and 1-Gyr to 50-Myr stellar components are homogeneously mixed, and they coexist with colliding gas clouds from the discs of the merging spirals. The continuum and line emission flux from currently star-forming regions is apparently blocked from the optical spectrum by dust absorption, and their absorbed photons from the ultraviolet to the optical appear to be the source of the strong emission observed with lRAS.
Efeitos Contrácteis da Grelina e Expressão do seu Receptor GHS-R 1 a no Miocárdio Normal e Hipertrófico

Contractile Effects of Ghrelin and Expression of its Receptor GHS-R1a in Normal and Hypertrophic Myocardium Introduction: Ghrelin, isolated in 1999, is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). Recent studies suggest that it may influence the function of normal and failing hearts. Nonetheless, it has been difficult to differentiate its effects on the intrinsic properties of the myocardium from the secondary effects resulting from growth hormone release and vasomotor action. This study investigated the contractile effects of ghrelin and expression of its receptor GHSR1a in normal and hypertrophic myocardium. Methods: Adult Wistar rats randomly received monocrotaline (MCT; n = 9; 60 mg/kg, sc) or vehicle (n = 7; 1 ml/kg). Three weeks later, after right ventricular (RV) hemodynamic evaluation, the effects of 10 M of a pentapeptide active fragment of ghrelin (fG) were tested on contractile parameters of RV papillary muscles (Normal, n = 7; MCT, n = 9). GHS-R1a mRNA expression was estimated in RV transmural free-wall samples (Normal, n = 7; MCT, n = 9), using real-time RT-PCR. Results: In the Normal group, fG reduced active tension (AT), maximum velocity of tension rise (dT/dtmax) and maximum velocity of tension decline (dT/dtmin), by 27.9 ± 4.0 %, 28.5 ± 6.7 % and 21.4 ± 4.2% respectively. In the MCT group, fG reduced AT, dT/dtmax and dT/dtmin, by 24.1 ± 6.3 %, 24.3 ± 6.5 % and 24.5 ± 6.1 % respectively. GHS-R1a mRNA Recebido para publicação: Agosto de 2005 • Aceite para publicação: Setembro de 2005 Received for publication: August 2005 • Accepted for publication: September 2005 Rev Port Cardiol 2005 ;24(10) :1235-1242
F eb 2 01 5 Strange nonchaotic stars

The unprecedented light curves of the Kepler space telescope document how the brightness of some stars pulsates at primary and secondary frequencies whose ratios are near the golden mean, the most irrational number. A nonlinear dynamical system driven by an irrational ratio of frequencies generically exhibits a strange but nonchaotic attractor. For Kepler ’s “golden” stars, we present evidence of the first observation of strange nonchaotic dynamics in nature outside the laboratory. This discovery could aid the classification and detailed modeling of variable stars.
The excitation of plasma convection in the high‐latitude ionosphere

Recent observations of ionospheric flows by ground-based radars, in particular by the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) facility using the “Polar” experiment, together with previous analyses of the response of geomagnetic disturbance to variations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), suggest that convection in the high-latitude ionosphere should be considered to be the sum of two intrinsically time-dependent patterns, one driven by solar wind-magnetosphere coupling at the dayside magnetopause, the other by the release of energy in the geomagnetic tail (mainly by dayside and nightside reconnection, respectively). The flows driven by dayside coupling are largest on the dayside, where they usually dominate, are associated with an expanding polar cap area, and are excited and decay on ∼10-min time scales following southward and northward turnings of the IMF, respectively. The latter finding indicates that the production of new open flux at the dayside magnetopause excites magnetospheric and ionospheric flow only for a short interval, ∼10 min, such that the flow driven by this source subsequently decays on this time scale unless maintained by the production of more open flux tubes. Correspondingly, the flows excited by the release of energy in the tail, mainly during substorms, are largest on the nightside, are associated with a contracting polar cap boundary, and are excited on ∼1-hour time scales following a southward turn of the IMF. In general, the total ionospheric flow will be the sum of the flows produced by these two sources, such that due to their different response times to changes in the IMF, considerable variations in the flow pattern can occur for a given direction and strength of the IMF. Consequently, the ionospheric electric field cannot generally be regarded as arising from a simple mapping of the solar wind electric field along open flux tubes.
Does concentration of ownership and family control affect specialisation/diversification business strategies?

DOES CONCENTRATION OF OWNERSHIP AND FAMILY CONTROL AFFECT SPECIALISATION/DIVERSIFICATION BUSINESS STRATEGIES? Alejandro Hernández-Trasobares, Carmen Galve-Górriz The impact of family ownership on strategic decision-making and diversifi cation in public corporations is an important but not clearly understood aspect of modern corporate governance. In many cases, large-block family owners of public corporations may have a great deal of input in strategic decision-making in large corporations. Previous literature investigates how ownership structure and diversifi cation are connected, but conclusions are not homogeneous. Agency theory suggests that professional managers are fundamentally self-interested, and the public corporation diversifi es because managers pursue their own interests, rather than the interest of shareholders. However in family fi rms, ownership and control use to coincide and family diversifi cation decisions which causes a lower diversifi cation. In this paper authors analyzes the impact of ownership concentration and the infl uence of ultimate owner’s nature of business group (family or non-family) in diversifi cation’s decision: specialization, related diversifi cation, unrelated diversifi cation and mixed diversifi cation (when a company uses both related and unrelated diversifi cation) Based on a sample of ninety-nine Spanish listed companies during the years 2000–2005, and using the listed company an their subsidiaries (pyramidal group) as unit of analysis, this research fi nds: fi rstly, the highest ownership concentration increases the adoption of specialization strategies and reduce the mixed diversifi cation; Secondly, attending to ultimate owner’s nature, family fi rms adopt more strategies of specialization and related diversifi cation, and less diversifi cation strategies than nonfamily fi rms; Finally, results also show behaviour differences in family fi rms according to ownership concentration’s degree: an increasing ownership concentration’s degree in family fi rms rises the probability of diversifi cation.
Takım sporlarıyla uğraşan kadın sporcuların imgeleme, güdülenme ve kaygı puanları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi

Bu arastirmanin amaci, takim sporlariyla ugrasan kadin sporcularin imgeleme, gudulenme ve kaygi puanlari arasindaki iliskinin incelenmesidir. Arastirmaya Sakarya ilinde bulunan, takim sporlari yapan,14-18 yaslari arasindaki 69 kadin sporcu gonullu olarak katilmistir. Veri toplama araclari olarak Sporda Imgeleme Envanteri (Hall ve ark., 1998; Kizildag, 2007), Surekli Kaygi Olcegi (Spielberger ve ark., 1970; Oner ve Le Compte, 1983) ve Sporda Gudulenme Olcegi (Pelletier ve ark., 1995; Kazak, 2004) kullanilmistir. Verilerin cozumlenmesinde tanimlayici istatistik ve Pearson’s Korelasyon testi kullanilmistir. Analizlerde anlamlilik duzeyi p 0.05). Bulgular incelendiginde, spor yasi arttikca kadin sporcularin bilissel imgeleme ve motivasyonel genel ustalik puanlarinin da arttigi gorulmustur. Yuksek bilissel imgeleme puanina sahip sporcularin ise icsel gudulenme puanlarinin yuksek olabilecegi belirtilebilir. Spor yasi ile gudulenmeme arasindaki negatif yonlu iliski ise daha deneyimli kadin sporcularin gudulenmeme puanlarinin daha dusuk olabilecegini gostermektedir
Bounds on the ratio $n(r,\,a)/S(r)$ for meromorphic functions

Let / be a meromorphic function in the plane. We prove the existence of an absolute constant K such that if ai,a2,. , o, are distinct elements of the Riemann sphere then liminf_„ (2y=i \n{r, a¡)IS(r)— 1|)< K. We show by example that in general no such bound exists for the corresponding upper limit. These results involving the unintegrated functionals of Nevanlinna theory are related to previous work of Ahlfors, Hayman and Stewart, and the author. Introduction. If /is a nonconstant meromorphic function in |z[<co, we let «(r, a) = «(/-, a,f) denote the number of roots counting multiplicity of the equation /(z) = a in \z\ ^r and let Sir) = Sir,f) denote the mean covering number of the map /of \z\ ^r into the Riemann sphere. Our principal result is that there exists an absolute constant A" such that if ax, a2,. , a„ are distinct elements of the Riemann sphere then r-. cc \fifi Sir) J The lower bound for 2? =i («(/> Oj)/Sir)~l) contained in this result is not new; it is weaker than the bound given in Ahlfors' "unintegrated" second fundamental theorem [1] for meromorphic functions. However, Ahlfors' methods give no upper bound for 2/=i ("(/, a,)/Sir)— 1). We give an example of a meromorphic function for which lim sup^» «(/, 0)/5'(r) = oo; thus our result cannot be improved to yield limsupr-,00 (2*=i \n(r, a^/Sir)—1\)<K. Finally we use our main result to show for any nonconstant meromorphic function and any Hausdorff measure A that there exists rn -*■ co such that «(/•„, a)/Sirn) -> 1 for all a$ A where A(^) = 0. This is a strengthening of Theorem 2 in [6]. 1. Terminology and notation. We assume familiarity with the basic notation and definitions of Nevanlinna theory. If S denotes the Riemann sphere and m Received by the editors April 29, 1970 and, in revised form, May 21,1970 and April 7,1971. AMS 1969 subject classifications. Primary 3058, 3061 ; Secondary 3055, 3060.
Effect of apical patency apically extruded debris during canal enlargement using hand or rotary instruments

The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of apically extruded debris of Protaper, HeroShaper and RT file. A sixty freshly extracted mandibular molars with root canal curvature angulation between 17 and 35 degree were used in this study. The experimental samples were divided into three equal groups according to the instrument used. Group one was instrumented using rotary hand NiTi Protaper, while group two was instrumented using NiTi HeroShaper. The third group was instrumented using StSt RT hand file. The effect of apical patency was evaluated by subdividing each group into two subgroups, one prepared with apical patency while the other prepared without using it. The amount of apically extruded debris was evaluated using electric microbalance. The result showed that the tested NiTi systems extruded apically more debris than the StSt file. The incorporation of apical patency in enlargement of root canal resulted in increase of the amount of extruded debris in all groups. (Manar Mohamed Galal Hamouda, Hossam Mohamed Essam El-Din Tawfik, Ahmed Fawzy Abou Elezz, Dalia Yehia Ibrahim. Effect of apical patency apically extruded debris during canal enlargement using hand or
Consumers ’ Intention toward Mobile Banking : From Perspective of Tripartite Model of Attitude

The purpose of this study is to develop a theoretical model based on the tripartite model of attitude to examine consumers’ intention to use mobile banking. The proposed model was empirically validated by survey method that collected 262 valid data in this study. The results of the analysis show that relative advantage, personal innovativeness, and compatibility have a positive relationship with consumer’s intention, and switching cost has the negative impact on consumer’s intention.
Spending my time- Time use and meaningfulness in daily occupations as perceived by people with persistent mental illness

Engagement in daily occupations, especially those perceived as meaningful, is essential for health and well-being. According to evaluation reports, many individuals with persistent mental illness seem to lack meaningful everyday occupations. The aim of this thesis was to investigate possible relationships between occupation, operationalised as time use and daily rhythm in daily activities, among individuals with persistent mental illness and relationships to different aspects of well-being, and identify sociodemographic and clinical risk factors for any imbalance in daily activities. A further aim was to investigate perceived meaningfulness in daily occupations, with a specific focus on work. The thesis is based on four studies. Studies I-III are based on a randomised sample of 103 participants from a psychiatric outpatient unit, and Study IV included 12 participants that were interviewed about perceived meaningfulness in their work. The results showed that spending much time in activities in everyday life, especially in work and other productive activities, and having a beneficial daily rhythm were associated with several factors of well-being. Spending much time asleep, especially at daytime, was associated with worse well-being. Among the risk factors for imbalance in daily activities was having high levels of general symptoms, which explained most of the risk of spending short periods in work/education, having an abnormal time asleep and an adverse daily rhythm. Further, having a diagnosis of schizophrenia meant an increased risk of spending little time in daily activities. Being occupied per se, as well as having organised activities and routines, was perceived as meaningful and generated a feeling of occupational balance. Further, social life and a feeling of being needed by others was the aspect of meaningfulness most frequently reported in everyday life. Other aspects of meaningfulness in daily occupations were enjoyment, a sense of achievement and doing occupations to take care of oneself to maintain health. Work, in terms of employment, was perceived as meaningful since it had certain unique characteristics, gave structure to the day, a feeling of normality and acceptance, a balanced everyday life, and increased well-being. However, it was important that the demands at work and the individuals’ interests and skills were well matched. A tentative model was suggested, integrating these aspects of meaningfulness in work. (Less)
Sexual Selection Studies : 1 Progress , Challenges , and Future Directions

Joan Roughgarden, (Organizer), University of Hawaii, joan.roughgarden@hawaii.edu 6 Elizabeth Adkins-Regan, Cornell University, er12@cornell.edu 7 Erol Akay, University of Pennsylvania, eakcay@sas.upenn. edu 8 Suzanne Alonzo, Yale University, Suzanne.Alonzo@yale.edu 9 Nathan Bailey, University of St. Andrews, nwb3@st-andrews.ac. uk 10 Jeremy Crawford, UC Berkeley, jcrawford@berkeley.edu 11 Sasha Dall, University of Exeter, S.R. X.Dall@exeter.ac. uk 12 Sumit Dhole,University of North Carolina, sumit@live.unc. edu 13 James Fearon, Stanford University, jfearon@stanford.edu 14 Courtney Fitzpatrick, NESCent, clynfitz@duke.edu 15 Raghavendra Gadagkar, Indian Institute of Science, ragh@ces.iisc. ernet.in 16 Simon Griffith, Macquarie University, simon.griffith@mq.edu. au 17 Shoshana Grossbard, San Diego State University, shosh@mail.sdsu. edu 18 Camilla Hinde, Wageningen University, camilla.hinde@wur.nl 19 Thierry Hoquet, Universit Jean Moulin Lyon 3, thierry.hoquet@univ-lyon3.fr 20 Priya Iyer, Indian Inst. of Science Education and Research, priyaiyer@gmail.com 21 Erika Milam, Princeton University, emilam@princeton.edu 22 Cailin O’Connor, UC Irvine, cailino@uci.edu 23 Zofia Prokop, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, zofia.prokop@uj.edu. pl 24 Richard Prum, Yale University, richard.prum@yale.edu 25 Sarah Richardson, Harvard University, srichard@fas.harvard. edu 26 Mike Ritchie, University of St. Andrews, mgr@st-andrews.ac. uk 27 Kimberly Rosvall, Indiana University, krosvall@indiana.edu 28 Dustin Rubenstein, Columbia University, dr2497@columbia.edu 29 Rebecca Safran, University of Colorado, rebecca.safran@colorado.edu 30 Gustavo Requena Santos, Yale University, gustavo.santos@yale.edu 31 Maria Servedio, University of North Carolina, servedio@email.unc. edu 32 Sharoni Shafir, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, shafir@agri.huji. ac.il 33 David Shuker, University of St. Andrews, dms14@st-andrews.ac. uk 34 Stephen Shuster, Northern Arizona University, stephen.shuster@nau.edu 35 Samuel Snow, Yale University, samuel.snow@yale.edu 36 Daniel Taylor, University of Bath, djt20djt20@gmail.com 37 Jeremy Van Cleve, NESCent, vancleve@nescent.org 38 Michael Wade, Indiana University, mjwade@indiana.edu 39 Michael Weisberg, University of Pennsylvania, weisberg@phil.upenn. edu 40
SPITZER VIEW OF MASSIVE STAR FORMATION IN THE TIDALLY STRIPPED MAGELLANIC BRIDGE

The Magellanic Bridge is the nearest low-metallicity, tidally stripped environment, offering a unique high-resolution view of physical conditions in merging and forming galaxies. In this paper, we present an analysis of candidate massive young stellar objects (YSOs), i.e., in situ, current massive star formation (MSF) in the Bridge using Spitzer mid-IR and complementary optical and near-IR photometry. While we definitely find YSOs in the Bridge, the most massive are ∼10 M☉, ≪45 M☉ found in the LMC. The intensity of MSF in the Bridge also appears to be decreasing, as the most massive YSOs are less massive than those formed in the past. To investigate environmental effects on MSF, we have compared properties of massive YSOs in the Bridge to those in the LMC. First, YSOs in the Bridge are apparently less embedded than in the LMC: 81% of Bridge YSOs show optical counterparts, compared to only 56% of LMC sources with the same range of mass, circumstellar dust mass, and line-of-sight extinction. Circumstellar envelopes are evidently more porous or clumpy in the Bridge's low-metallicity environment. Second, we have used whole samples of YSOs in the LMC and the Bridge to estimate the probability of finding YSOs at a given H i column density, N(H i). We found that the LMC has ∼3 × higher probability than the Bridge for N(H i) >12 × 1020 cm−2, but the trend reverses at lower N(H i). Investigating whether this lower efficiency relative to H i is due to less efficient molecular cloud formation or to less efficient cloud collapse, or to both, will require sensitive molecular gas observations.
The decomposition of forecast in seasonal arima models

This paper presents a procedure to break down the forecast function of a seasonal ARIMA model in terms of its permanent and transitory components. Both depend on the initial values at the forecast origin, but their structures are fixed and independent of this origino The permanent component is an estimate of the long-run projection of the corresponding economic variable and the transitory element describes the approach towards the permanent one. Within the permanent component a distinction is made between the factors that depend on the initial conditions of the system and those that are deterministic. The procedure is compared to other methods presented in the literature and illustrated in an example.