Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conditional Stability and Convergence of a Fully Discrete Scheme for Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations with Mass Diffusion

We construct a fully discrete numerical scheme for three-dimensional incompressible fluids with mass diffusion (in density-velocity-pressure formulation), also called the Kazhikhov-Smagulov model. We will prove conditional stability and convergence, by using at most $C^0$-finite elements, although the density of the limit problem will have $H^2$-regularity. The key idea of our argument is first to obtain pointwise estimates for the discrete density by imposing the constraint $\lim_{(h,k)\to 0}h/k=0$ on the time and space parameters $(k,h)$. Afterwards, under the same constraint on the parameters, strong estimates for the discrete density in $l^\infty(H^1)$ and for the discrete Laplacian of the density in $l^2(L^2)$ are obtained. From here, the compactness and convergence of the scheme can be concluded with similar arguments as we used in [Math. Comp., to appear], where a different scheme is studied for two-dimensional domains which is unconditionally stable and convergent. Moreover, we study the asymptotic behavior of the numerical scheme as the diffusion parameter $\lambda$ goes to zero, obtaining convergence as $(k,h,\lambda)\to 0$ towards a weak solution of the density-dependent Navier-Stokes system provided that the constraint $\lim_{(\lambda,h,k)\to 0}h/(\lambda^2 k)=0$ on $(h,k,\lambda)$ is satisfied.
Effect of intravenous lignocaine infusion on the quality of emergence in patients undergoing transsphenoidal resection of pituitary tumors – A prospective, randomized controlled trial

Background: Emergence from anesthesia is a critical step in patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS). The cough suppressant and anesthetic sparing properties of lignocaine makes it a favorable option for smooth extubation and maintaining stable hemodynamics intraoperatively. We aimed to evaluate the effect of lignocaine infusion on the quality of emergence (QOE) and intraoperative hemodynamics in patients undergoing transsphenoidal resection of pituitary tumors. Methods: Fifty patients scheduled to undergo TSS were randomly divided into ligocaine group (n = 25), receiving 1.5 mg/kg bolus dose of lignocaine followed by continuous infusion of 1.5 mg/kg/h and saline group (n = 25). Patients assigned to the control group received equal volume of saline receiving equal volume of saline. The four emergence parameters (mean arterial pressure [MAP], heart rate (HR), cough, and agitation) were abbreviated into an aggregated score for QOE. Time to emergence and intraoperative hemodynamics were also recorded. Results: The QOE was not found to be different between the two groups (P = 0.294). Lignocaine did not increase the time to emergence (P = 0.166). The intraoperative HR and MAP were comparable between the two groups. A lower minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane was required in lignocaine group during insertion of nasal speculum (P = 0.018) and at the time of seller ridge dissection (P = 0.043) compared to the saline group. Conclusion: Intraoperative lignocaine infusion of 1.5 mg/kg/h did not significantly improve the QOE with respect to hemodynamics, cough, and emergence agitation in patients undergoing transsphenoidal resection of pituitary tumors.
Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease

OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and the nature of the postural events related to a fall in blood pressure in patients with Parkinson’s disease. METHODS Blood pressure was measured first in a supine position after a rest of at least 15 minutes and every minute during 10 minutes of an active standing up procedure. Orthostatic hypotension was considered as present when a fall of at least 20 mm Hg of systolic blood pressure was recorded. Postural events which occurred during the standing test were identified from a questionnaire and self reporting. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the relation between orthostatic hypotension and disease characteristics (duration, severity) and the use of antiparkinsonian drugs. Ninety one consecutive patients with Parkinson’s disease (48 women, 43 men, mean age 66 (SD 9) years) participated to the study. RESULTS A fall of at least 20 mm Hg of systolic blood pressure was found in 58.2% of the patients. Orthostatic hypotension was asymptomatic in 38.5% and associated with postural events in 19.8% of the patients. Symptomatic (but not asymptomatic) orthostatic hypotension was related to duration and severity of the disease and with the use of higher daily levodopa and bromocriptine doses. The analysis of the relation between the postural symptoms (and the need for standing test abortion) with the fall in systolic blood pressure allowed the identification of six clinical criteria specific of orthostatic hypotension. A direct relation between the postural changes in systolic blood pressure and the number of clinical events in this clinical scale was found. CONCLUSION The frequency of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease is high and it is possible to establish a clinical rating scale which could be used to assess the effects of drugs employed in the management of orthostatic hypotension.
International banking conglomerates and the transmission of lending shocks across borders

We investigate how solvency and wholesale funding shocks to 84 OECD parent banks affect the lending of 375 foreign subsidiaries. We find that parent solvency shocks are more important than wholesale funding shocks for subsidiary lending. Furthermore, we find that parent undercapitalization does not affect the transmission of shocks, while wholesale shocks transmit to foreign subsidiaries of parents that rely primarily on wholesale funding. We also find that transmission is affected by the strategic role of the subsidiary for the parent and follows a locational, rather than an organizational pecking order. Surprisingly, liquidity regulation exacerbates the transmission of adverse wholesale shocks. We further document that parent banks tend to use their own capital and liquidity buffers first, before transmitting. Finally, we show that solvency shocks have higher impact on large subsidiary banks with low growth opportunities in mature markets.
The Dilution Effects of Media Strategy On Brands' Copromotion Efficiency

ABSTRACT Drawing on media-dilution effects, this article investigates the role of media planning, such as media use and scheduling, in copromotion efficiency, calculated with super-efficiency data-envelopment analysis. The results show that concentrated media use was more effective in improving copromotion efficiency than extensive media use was in retail sales. In short-term media scheduling, pulsing scheduling led to higher copromotion efficiency than did continuous scheduling. Two-way interaction effects between the number of media uses and scheduling on copromotion efficiency were found also. The positive effect of concentrated media use was stronger for pulsing scheduling than for continuous scheduling. Finally, long-term, multiyear scheduling contributed to copromotion-efficiency improvement.
Choosing a contraceptive method: why does it matter?

The use of contraceptives varies widely among Asian countries. Based on the most recent survey data available, the rate varies from nearly 8/10 married women aged 15-44 in Taiwan to fewer than 1/10 in Pakistan and Nepal. Women in East Asian countries are most likely to practice contraception, followed by those in Southeast Asia, with lower contraceptive prevalence rates found in South Asia. The rates of some East Asian nations now match those of the US and other developed nations, while in most South Asian nations contraception is spreading slowly. Contraceptive methods in use vary widely by country. The leading method in the greatest number of countries is sterilization, but in most countries several methods are nearly equal in popularity. Only in India is sterilization used by a majority of those people who practice contraception. Japan is the only country in which a majority of contraceptors use condoms, and only in China do 1/2 use IUDs. The choice of a particular contraceptive method is strongly influenced by 1) methods available through family planning programs, or promoted through the use of target systems; 2) religous and cultural factors; 3) concerns about side effects and safety; 4) ease of access to particular methods; 5) the medical profession; and 6) legality--in Japan the pill is illegal. In most countries the type of contraceptive that people prefer has changed since the introduction and promotion of modern methods of contraception. In general, there has been a shift to more effective methods. An increase in female sterilization at the expense of other methods such as the IUD or pill is the most common pattern. In countries where female sterilization is unpopular, use of such modern methods as the pill, IUD, or condom has increased at the expense of traditional methods.
Market Share Constraints and the Loss Function in Choice-Based Conjoint Analysis

Choice-based conjoint analysis is a popular marketing research technique to learn about consumers' preferences and to make market share forecasts under various scenarios for product offerings. Managers expect these forecasts to be “realistic” in terms of being able to replicate market shares at some prespecified or “base-case” scenario. Frequently, there is a discrepancy between the recovered and base-case market share. This paper presents a Bayesian decision theoretic approach to incorporating base-case market shares into conjoint analysis via the loss function. Because defining the base-case scenario typically involves a variety of management decisions, we treat the market shares as constraints on what are acceptable answers, as opposed to informative prior information. Our approach seeks to minimize the adjustment of parameters by using additive factors from a normal distribution centered at 0, with a variance as small as possible, but such that the market share constraints are satisfied. We specify an appropriate loss function, and all estimates are formally derived via minimizing the posterior expected loss. We detail algorithms that provide posterior distributions of constrained and unconstrained parameters and quantities of interest. The methods are demonstrated using discrete choice models with simulated data and data from a commercial market research study. These studies indicate that the method recovers base-case market shares without systematically distorting the preference structure from the conjoint experiment.
Characteristics and outcomes of traumatic major extremity amputations in Chinese population

Objective: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of amputations caused by trauma in Chinese civilians and provide a reference for clinical work. Methods: A retrospective study of all major extremity amputations in Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University sustained by Chinese civilians from January 2009 to December 2013 was conducted. Data from the medical record system were queried to obtain injury characteristics, demographic information, and treatment characteristics. Results: In total, 71,569 trauma patients who sustained 651 amputations (668 extremities) were identified, with a 0.91% traumatic amputation rate; 238 of these 668 extremities underwent upper extremity amputation. The patients who underwent amputations (n = 651) ranged in age from 10 months to 77 years; most were aged 41 to 50 years. Of these 651 patients, 525 (80.65%) were male. Upper extremity amputations were mainly caused by machinery injuries (171/235, 72.77%), while lower extremity amputations were mainly caused by traffic accidents (297/433, 70.67%). Of all 651 patients, 614 sustained open injuries, and only 37 sustained closed injuries. Of the 668 extremities among the 651 patients, 528 extremities underwent closed amputation and 140 underwent open amputation requiring secondary debridement to close the wound. Conclusion: The overall rate of traumatic major extremity amputation among Chinese civilians of Hebei province was 0.91%. This detailed epidemiological description will be helpful for clinical prevention and treatment.
The Implications of Offering Free Versions for the Performance of Paid Mobile Apps

The mobile application (app) industry has grown tremendously over the past ten years, primarily fueled by small app development businesses. Lacking advertising budgets, these small and relatively unknown businesses often offer free versions of their paid apps to be noticed in the crowded app industry and to reduce customer uncertainty about app quality and fit. The authors build on the existing marketing and information systems literature on sampling and versioning to investigate the implications of offering free versions for the adoption speed of paid apps. Using a unique data set of 7.7 million observations from 12,315 paid apps, and accounting for endogeneity, the authors find that although the practice of offering free versions of paid apps is popular, it is negatively associated with paid app adoption speed. They also find that this negative association between free version presence and paid app adoption speed is stronger both for hedonic apps and in the later life stages of paid apps. The authors hope that the study's results will encourage app developers to reevaluate their current strategy of offering free versions of paid apps and prompt academics to produce more work focusing on this industry.
Histologic and Immunohistochemical Assessment of Penile Carcinomas in a North American Population

Penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is sometimes an aggressive disease that has a variable worldwide incidence, in part due to differing rates of inflammatory and infectious risk factors. In the developed world, penile SCC is a rare malignancy, and most studies therefore originate in less developed countries. The current study was undertaken to examine the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of penile SCC from a region with low disease incidence. Sixty-two complete or partial penectomy specimens from 59 patients were reviewed. Twenty-six patients had metastasis, 3 had recurrent disease, and 7 were dead due to tumor. Most patients were uncircumcised (72%). Twenty-two percent of carcinomas were associated with lichen sclerosis. Perineural invasion was significantly associated with metastasis (P=0.007). Most SCCs (65%) had the usual keratinizing morphology, and these tumors were significantly associated with the differentiated form of intraepithelial lesion (P<0.0001), p53 positivity (P=0.002), cyclin D1 positivity (P=0.007), and EGFR overexpression (P=0.003). Human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated tumors accounted for 27% and were basaloid (8%), warty (10%), mixed (6%), or lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (4%) variants. These were significantly associated with p16 expression (P<0.0001) and the undifferentiated form of intraepithelial lesion (P<0.001). Among all SCCs, there was no difference in the immunohistochemical or in situ hybridization profile between primary tumors and metastases. Although penile SCC is rare in the United States, the tumor variants, immunohistochemical profiles, and proportion of HPV-associated tumors are similar to those in less developed countries. Two distinct pathways appear to lead to carcinogenesis; one is related to underlying chronic inflammatory states, involves p53 mutation, cyclin D1 overexpression, and culminates in classic keratinizing SCC. The other pathway involves high-risk HPV infection, demonstrates strong p16 expression, and results in SCC with varied, but distinctive morphologies.
Accident Information from six European Countries Based on Self-reports

A questionnaire survey has been conducted in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Spain and Sweden in 2016­2017. Once every third month through one year respondents have received a link to an online questionnaire which asked them about information on any traffic accidents they might have experienced in the period. The questionnaire contains questions on various aspects related to the accidents that might contribute with costs as well as basic accident information such as means of transport and time of the accident. A special focus in the survey is on pedestrian single accidents, which are not normally considered traffic accidents. The survey finds that more than 80% of the pedestrian accidents that have been self-­reported are in fact single accidents, which illustrates the need for further investigation of the pedestrian single accidents as the number of these might be quite high. The study also provides knowledge of basic consequences of the pedestrian falls, for instance 16% result in medical treatment, 14% in one or more days of absence from work and 37% in property damage. The self-­reported traffic accidents have proved difficult to compare with official accident statistics, both due to different national guidelines on what constitutes a reportable accident and to the legal limitations on personal information which may be asked in the questionnaire; this eliminates the possibility of combining information with official accident records. However, based on the self-reports, it can be concluded that in 8% of the accidents the respondent have been in contact with the police. (Less)
Impact of transparency level on the value relevance of accounting information: empirical analysis for SEE countries

In this paper, based on the sample of 97 corporations the authors analyzed the value relevance of accounting information on the capital markets of Southeast Europe. In the first part of the research authors analyzed and compared value relevance on the following capital markets: Ljubljana Stock Exchange, Zagreb Stock Exchange, Sarajevo Stock Exchange, Banja Luka Stock Exchange and Belgrade Stock Exchange. The research results have shown that the accounting information are value relevant on all the observed markets but also that there are certain differences in the value relevance among countries. In the second part of the research authors tested the hypothesis that level of transparency is positively related with value relevance i.e. higher transparency of annual report should result with higher value relevance of accounting information. According to the empirical research hypothesis is confirmed since it is possible to distinguish companies that belong to group of countries with lower value relevance from those that belong to group of countries with higher value relevance based on data about transparency level, i.e. IFR score.
The logo matters: the effect of the logo type on the attitude towards co-products

ABSTRACT This study investigates the effect of the type of logo used to promote co-products. In the case of an added logo, the logos of the constituent brands are lined up next to each other. An integrative logo is composed of the elements of both original brand logos. A novel logo does not contain any elements of the original brand logos. We found that the use of an integrative logo results in more favourable perceptions of brand cooperation, higher perceptions of co-product quality, more positive feelings and a more favourable attitude towards the co-product compared to the use of an added or novel logo. For a novel logo of co-products, consumers reported feelings of irritation and frustration and a less favourable attitude compared to an added logo.
Differences in Knee Joint Stabilization Between Children and Adults and Between the Sexes

Background: Differences in knee joint stabilization between children and adults and between the sexes are not fully understood. Purpose: To compare the knee laxity and the dynamic tibial translation between (1) children and adults, (2) girls and boys, and (3) women and men. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Sixty-seven children (aged 8-13 years) and 63 adults (aged 18-30 years) without previous knee injuries participated. Sagittal tibial translation was measured during the instrumented Lachman test at 90 N and 134 N (knee laxity) and during gait (dynamic translation). Tibial translation was recorded with an electrogoniometer. Results: Knee laxity was greater in children than in adults (Lachman test at 90 N: 9.1 ± 2.9 vs 7.3 ± 2.7, respectively; P < .001). In contrast, dynamic tibial translation during gait did not differ between children and adults. Girls and boys did not differ in knee laxity or maximum anterior tibial translation during gait, and men and women did not differ in knee laxity. Women had greater dynamic tibial translation during gait than men (7.8 ± 2.7 vs 5.7 ± 3.0, respectively; P = .004). Conclusion: Children had greater knee laxity than adults, whereas the dynamic tibial translation did not differ. In adults, knee laxity did not differ between the sexes, but dynamic tibial translation was greater in women. Clinical Relevance: Children and men had less dynamic tibial translation during gait in proportion to their maximum knee laxity. The observed less dynamic tibial translation in children and adult men might be related to their reduced risk of sustaining an anterior cruciate ligament injury.
PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS, FREE CASH FLOW, PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN HUTANG

This study aimed to analyze and examine the effect of profitability, free cash flow, sales growth and size of the company debt policy. The population in this study are firms Food and Beverages in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, data collection techniques using documentation technique derived from the annual report. Analysis of data using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that profitability has a negative impact, which means companies with a high rate of return that allows the company to finance the majority of internal funding, free cash flow has a negative relationship means with their free cash flow that is higher by a manager can be used to pay debt , to distribute dividends to shareholders, and to finance the company's operations and can be reinvested, sales growth has a negative impact, which means that companies that have a high acceptance, it means having the ability of internal funding is high, while the size of the company has a positive effect means that the size of the company which likely means companies have more stable cash flow, the lower the risk of defaults, and have easy access to credit Keywords: profitability, free cash flow, sales growth, firm size, debt policy.
The Paternal Age Effect: A Multifaceted Phenomenon

ABSTRACT Birth rates for older fathers have increased 30% since 1980. When combined with the increased risk for genetic and multifactorial disorders in children conceived by older fathers, paternal age has become an important health issue for modern society. Laboratory research in this area has been minimal, perhaps because of significant experimental barriers, not the least of which is inadequate access to fresh, disease-free human testicular tissue. Regardless, progress has been made and intriguing models supported by experimental evidence have been proposed. The putative mechanisms range from reduced DNA repair activity, leading to increased mutagenesis, to positive selection of germ cells harboring specific disease-causing mutations. There remain many important venues for research in this increasingly relevant phenomenon that impacts future generations.