Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential diagnosis, comorbidity, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in relation to bipolar disorder or borderline personality disorder in adults

Abstract Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults can resemble, and often co-occurs with, bipolar disorder (BD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). This can lead to mistaken diagnoses and ineffective treatment, resulting in potentially serious adverse consequences. All three conditions can substantially impair well-being and functioning, while BD and BPD are associated with suicidality. Objectives: To update clinicians on the overlap and differences in the symptomatology of ADHD versus BD and BPD in adults; differential diagnosis of ADHD from BD and BPD in adults; and diagnosis and treatment of adults with comorbid ADHD-BD or ADHD-BPD. Methods: We searched four databases, referred to the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, used other relevant literature, and referred to our own clinical experience. Results: ADHD coexists in ∼20% of adults with BD or BPD. BD is episodic, with periods of normal mood although not necessarily function. In patients with comorbid ADHD-BD, ADHD symptoms are apparent between BD episodes. BPD and ADHD are associated with chronic trait-like symptoms and impairments. Overlapping symptoms of BPD and ADHD include impulsivity and emotional dysregulation. Symptoms of BPD but not ADHD include frantically avoiding real/imagined abandonment, suicidal behavior, self-harm, chronic feelings of emptiness, and stress-related paranoia/severe dissociation. Consensus expert opinion recommends that BD episodes should be treated first in patients with comorbid ADHD, and these patients may need treatment in stages (e.g. mood stabilizer[s], then a stimulant/atomoxetine). Data is scarce and mixed about whether stimulants or atomoxetine exacerbate mania in comorbid ADHD-BD. BPD is primarily treated with psychotherapy. Principles of dialectical behavioral treatment for BPD may successfully treat ADHD in adults, as an adjunct to medication. No fully evidence-based pharmacotherapy exists for core BPD symptoms, although some medications may be effective for individual symptom domains, e.g. impulsivity (shared by ADHD and BPD). In our experience, treatment of ADHD should be considered when treating comorbid personality disorders. Conclusions: It is important to accurately diagnose ADHD, BD, and BPD to ensure correct targeting of treatments and improvements in patient outcomes. However, there is a shortage of data about treatment of adults with ADHD and comorbid BD or BPD.
Odorant binding protein has the biochemical properties of a scavenger for 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal in mammalian nasal mucosa

Odorant binding proteins (OBP) are soluble lipocalins produced in large amounts in the nasal mucosa of several mammalian species. Although OBPs can bind a large variety of odorous compounds, direct and exclusive involvement of these proteins in olfactory perception has not been clearly demonstrated. This study investigated the binding properties and chemical resistance of OBP to the chemically reactive lipid peroxidation end‐product 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE), in an attempt to establish a functional relationship between this protein and the molecular mechanisms combating free radical cellular damage. Experiments were carried out on recombinant porcine and bovine OBPs and results showed that both forms were able to bind HNE with affinities comparable with those of typical OBP ligands (Kd = 4.9 and 9.0 µm for porcine and bovine OBP, respectively). Furthermore, OBP functionality, as determined by measuring the binding of the fluorescent ligand 1‐aminoanthracene, was partially lost only when incubating HNE levels and exposure time to HNE exceeded physiological values in nasal mucosa. Finally, preliminary experiments in a simplified model resembling nasal epithelium showed that extracellular OBP can preserve the viability of an epithelial cell line derived from bovine turbinates exposed to toxic amounts of the aldehyde. These results suggest that OBP, which is expressed at millimolar levels, might reduce HNE toxicity by removing from the nasal mucus a significant fraction of the aldehyde that is produced as a consequence of direct exposure to the oxygen present in inhaled air.
Robust Stability of Dynamic Interval Systems with Time-Delay

In this paper, the robust stability problem of perturbed dynamic interval systems with time-delay is considered Firstly, a kind of equivalent description of the interval systems is presented. Then by using Lyapunov stability theory, matrix measure approach and some properties of spectral radius, several simple sufficient conditions are obtained which guarantee the robust stability of the perturbed time-delay dynamic interval systems. These conditions possess simple forms and provide useful tools to check stability of systems at first stage, and generalize the previous works. Examples are also given to illustrate our main results.
SHORT-TERM DYNAMICS OF A NEOTROPICAL FOREST : CHANGE WITHIN LIMITS

Since the mid-1970s, community ecology has undergone a slow shift away from a long preoccupation with questions of community equilibrium and stability. This shift has occurred not because these questions are unimportant; rather, it has occurred largely because current theory poses the questions too naively and in a manner that cannot be tested (Connell and Sousa 1983). Moreover, most ecologists now recognize that the stability and equilibrium status of ecological communities cannot be meaningfully discussed without reference to a defined spatial and temporal scale, because community change is inevitably continuous and scale dependent. No community of species achieves, let alone remains in, static equilibrium. Species continually wax and wane in relative abundance; they even go extinct locally and reimmigrate. These changes are due to exogenous (e.g., climatic, geological, and anthropogenic) forcing of the community and to endogenous ecological and evolutionary change. As with climate, the longer one monitors a com-
Adult Consequences of Fetal Growth Restriction

Low birthweight in relation to the length of gestation, is now known to be associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease and the related disorders stroke, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. These associations extend across the whole range of birthweight, which implies that normal variations in nutrient delivery to the fetus have profound long-term effects. The associations are thought to reflect the body's plasticity during development, by which its structure and function can be permanently changed by the intra uterine and early post natal environment. Slow growth during infancy and rapid weight gain after the age of two years exacerbate the effect of slow fetal growth. Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes arise through a series of interactions between environmental influences and the pathways of development that precede them.
Physiologic evaluation of noninvasive mechanical ventilation delivered with three types of masks in patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure

Objective The efficacy of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) in improving breathing pattern and arterial blood gases (ABG) in hypercapnic patients has been well documented; however, little attention has been given to the choice of the interface and the ventilatory mode. We evaluated the effects of three types of masks and two modes of ventilation on patients’ ABG, breathing pattern, and tolerance to ventilation. Design Prospective randomized study. Setting Two respiratory weaning centers. Patients A total of 26 stable hypercapnic patients (pH, 7.38 ± 0.04; Paco2, 59.2. ± 10.9 torr) had not received NIMV and were affected by restrictive thoracic disease or obstructive pulmonary disease. Interventions Three 30-min runs of NIMV, delivered using volume-assisted (n = 13) or pressure-assisted modes of partial mechanical support (n = 13), were performed in random order with a full-face mask, a nasal mask, and nasal plugs. Measurements ABG, breathing pattern, and patients’ tolerance to ventilation. Main Results Compared with spontaneous breathing, the application of NIMV significantly improved ABG and minute ventilation, irrespective of the ventilatory mode, the underlying pathology or the type of mask. Overall, a nasal mask was better tolerated than the other two interfaces (p < .005 vs. nasal plugs and full-face mask). Paco2 was significantly lower (p < .01) with a full-face mask or nasal plugs than with a nasal mask (49.5 ± 9.4 torr, 49.7 ± 8 torr, and 52.4 ± 11 torr, respectively). Minute ventilation was significantly higher with a full-face mask than with a nasal mask because of an increase in tidal volume. No differences were observed in tolerance to ventilation, ABG, or breathing pattern, using assist control or pressure-assisted modes. Conclusions In this physiologic study, we have shown that in patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure, irrespective of the underlying pathology, the type of interface affects the NIMV outcome more than the ventilatory mode.
Identification and Clinical Implications of Novel MYO15A Mutations in a Non-consanguineous Korean Family by Targeted Exome Sequencing

Mutations of MYO15A are generally known to cause severe to profound hearing loss throughout all frequencies. Here, we found two novel MYO15A mutations, c.3871C>T (p.L1291F) and c.5835T>G (p.Y1945X) in an affected individual carrying congenital profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) through targeted resequencing of 134 known deafness genes. The variant, p.L1291F and p.Y1945X, resided in the myosin motor and IQ2 domains, respectively. The p.L1291F variant was predicted to affect the structure of the actin-binding site from three-dimensional protein modeling, thereby interfering with the correct interaction between actin and myosin. From the literature analysis, mutations in the N-terminal domain were more frequently associated with residual hearing at low frequencies than mutations in the other regions of this gene. Therefore we suggest a hypothetical genotype-phenotype correlation whereby MYO15A mutations that affect domains other than the N-terminal domain, lead to profound SNHL throughout all frequencies and mutations that affect the N-terminal domain, result in residual hearing at low frequencies. This genotype-phenotype correlation suggests that preservation of residual hearing during auditory rehabilitation like cochlear implantation should be intended for those who carry mutations in the N-terminal domain and that individuals with mutations elsewhere in MYO15A require early cochlear implantation to timely initiate speech development.
Spontaneous burst firing in cat primary auditory cortex: age and depth dependence and its effect on neural interaction measures.

1. Neural activity was recorded with two independent electrodes separated by 0.5-2 mm, aligned in parallel, and advanced perpendicular to the surface of the cat auditory cortex. Because the experiments were part of a study into laminar interaction the difference in recording depths for the two independently movable electrodes was never > 100 microns. Multi-unit activity on each electrode was separated on-line into single-unit spike-trains with a maximum variance spike sorting algorithm. Off-line controls on the quality of the spike-train separation were routinely performed. The first aim of this study was to describe the age dependence of spontaneous burst firing and to explore if and how it could be explained by age dependent changes in firing rate. The second aim was to investigate a potential layer dependence on burst firing. The third aim was to describe the effect of burst-removal procedures on the shape, strength, and width of the cross-correlogram and to investigate whether an age dependence in burst firing might account for the previously reported age dependence in correlation strengths. 2. Recordings were made from 237 single units from primary auditory cortex in nine adult cats and from 67 units in seven kittens age 10-52 days. The incidence of burst firing as a function of firing rate, age and depth of recording and unit characteristic frequency was investigated. In addition the effect of burst firing on the strength and width of the central peak in 471 neural pair correlograms was analyzed. 3. Burst firing could be distinguished at many different time scales; bursts lasting of the order of 10 s contained bursts with durations of the order of 1 s, which in turn contained bursts of 30-50-ms duration. The analysis in this paper was restricted to the short-duration bursts. 4. Burst firing on the short-time scale of 50 ms was characterized by relatively well defined intervals between the first two spikes (3-15 ms) followed by higher-order intervals with large spread (range 4-50 ms) but with increasing modal interval value. The typical adult five-spike burst template featured spikes at 0, 3.3, 14.6, 27.2, and 34.8 ms. Burst with fewer spikes showed larger intervals between the first three spikes. 5. The probability of occurrence of isolated spikes, pairs, triplets, etc. showed a power-law dependence on firing rate with a coefficient that was significantly lower than expected under Poisson firing conditions. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Mast Cells Acquire Monocyte-Specific Gene Expression and Monocyte-Like Morphology by Overproduction of PU.11

PU.1 is a myeloid- and lymphoid-specific transcription factor that belongs to the Ets family. Recently, we found that overproduction of PU.1 in mouse bone marrow-derived hemopoietic progenitor cells induced monocyte-specific gene expression and caused their monocyte-like morphological change. In the present study, PU.1 was overproduced by using retrovirus expression system in differentiated bone marrow-derived mast cells. By overexpression of PU.1, cell surface expression of MHC class II, CD11b, CD11c, and F4/80 was induced, accompanied by reduced expression of c-kit, a mast cell-specific marker. Morphology of PU.1-transfected cells was altered toward monocyte-like one. PU.1-overproducing cells acquired T cell stimulatory ability and showed an increase in response to LPS stimulation, while response through FcεRI was markedly reduced by overproduction of PU.1. These results suggest that the differentiated mast cells still have potential to display monocytic features. When PU.1 was overproduced in a different type of mast cell, peritoneal mast cells, similar monocyte-like morphological change, and the expression of CD11b and F4/80 were induced. However, surface level of CD11c and MHC class II was not affected. These results indicate that the potential capacity to exhibit monocytic features is different between both the mast cells.
CAN THE MAXIMIN PRINCIPLE SERVE AS A BASIS FOR MORALITY? A CRITIQUE OF JOHN RAWLS'S THEORY*§

John Rawls's A Theory of Justice' is an important book. It is an attempt to develop a viable alternative to utilitarianism, which up to now in its various forms was virtually the only ethical theory proposing a reasonably clear, systematic, and purportedly rational concept of morality. I shall argue that Rawls's attempt to suggest a viable alternative to utilitarianism does not succeed. Nevertheless, beyond any doubt, his book is a significant contri­ bution to the ongoing debate on the nature of rational morality. Rawls distinguishes two major traditions of systematic theory in post­ medieval moral philosophy. One is the utilitarian tradition, represented by Hume, Adam Smith, Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Sidgwick, Edgeworth, and many others, including a number of contemporary philosophers and social scientists. The other is the contractarian (social-contract) tradition of Locke, Rousseau, and Kant. The latter has never been developed as systematically as the utilitarian tradition and clearly, one of Rawls's objec­ tives is to remedy this situation. He regards his own theory as a generaliza­ tion of the classical contractarian position, and as its restatement at a
The functional interplay of Rab11, FIP3 and Rho proteins on the endosomal recycling pathway controls cell shape and symmetry

ABSTRACT Several families of small GTPases regulate a variety of fundamental cellular processes, encompassing growth factor signal transduction, vesicular trafficking and control of the cytoskeleton. Frequently, their action is hierarchical and complementary, but much of the detail of their functional interactions remains to be clarified. It is well established that Rab family members regulate a variety of intracellular vesicle trafficking pathways. Moreover, Rho family GTPases are pivotal for the control of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. However, the interplay between these 2 types of GTPases has been rarely reported. We discuss here our recent findings showing that Rab11, a key regulator of endosomal recycling, and Rac1, a central actin cytoskeleton regulator involved in lamellipodium formation and cell migration, interplay on endosomes through the Rab11 effector FIP3. In the context of the rapidly reactive T lymphocytes, Rab11-Rac1 endosomal functional interplay is important to control cell shape changes and cell symmetry during lymphocyte spreading and immunological synapse formation and ultimately modulate T cell activation.
Tranexamic acid is associated with less blood transfusion in off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss and transfusion in on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Compared with on-pump, off-pump surgery is associated with less blood loss and transfusion. Therefore, tranexamic acid may be less effective for off-pump surgery, and its safety profile may be different in this setting. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid for off-pump CABG surgery. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING University of Edinburgh. INTERVENTIONS The administration of tranexamic acid. METHODS A systematic review of randomized controlled trials administering tranexamic acid to patients undergoing off-pump CABG surgery. A meta-analysis of 24-hour blood loss, postoperative allogeneic transfusion, and thromboembolic events. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Eight trials were identified. The lack of appropriate data limited the meta-analysis on blood loss. Tranexamic acid significantly reduced the overall risk of allogeneic blood component transfusion (risk ratio = 0.47; 95% confidence intervals, 0.33-0.66; p < 0.0001) and packed red blood cell transfusions (risk ratio = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.36-0.71; p = 0.0001). No association was found between tranexamic acid and myocardial infarction, stroke, or pulmonary embolism. Population sizes of meta-analyses ranged from 466 to 544. CONCLUSIONS Tranexamic acid reduces blood transfusion after off-pump surgery. Although no association with adverse events was found, the population sample size was too small to detect rare but clinically significant adverse events. A well-designed randomized controlled trial with an appropriate sample size is required to confirm tranexamic acid effectiveness and safety in off-pump CABG surgery.
The effect of normal aging on patterns of local cerebral glucose utilization

When the fluorine‐18‐labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) scan was applied to 40 normal volunteer subjects aged 18 to 78 years, mean local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (lCMRGlu) declined with advancing age at a faster rate than was reported for mean local cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen. Slopes of decline with age were similar in the centrum semiovale, caudate nucleus, putamen, and overall frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortex. Superior frontal cortex and posterior inferior frontal cortex were exceptions, undergoing more rapid metabolic decline with age than in other parts of the brain. Measurements of the rate constants for transport and phosphorylation processes indicate that their change with aging had no major effect on the measurement of lCMRGlu by the 18FDG method.
Polarimetric Emission Model of the Sea at Microwave Frequencies and Comparison with Measurements

Atwo-scale scattering model of the sea developed in terms of wind-generated stochastic processes of the surface-the elevation spectral density of the small-scale structure and the probability density of slopes of the large scale roughness-is combined with the Durden/Vesecky (1) wave height spectral model to analyze recent polarimetric measurements. Ad hoc parameter values are found for the wave model that allow the two-scale model to account for essentially all of the azimuthal features, amplitude and phase, appearing in all four Stokes parameters for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) aircraft measurements at 19.35 and 37 GHz (2) and recent Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) aircraft measurements at 10.7 GHz. The excellent agreement provides support for the validation of the approximations of the two-scale model for the range of conditions encountered. The ad hoc parameters of the wave model are developed using the 19.35 and 37.0 GHz data and then tested with 10.7 GHz data. The two- scale model should be useful in studies dealing with simulations and retrievals of surface wind direction from satellite-based polarimetric measurements.
Secondary Bone Grafting and Orthodontic Treatment in Patients with Bilateral Complete Clefts of the Lip and Palate

The results of secondary bone grafting and orthodontic treatment in 41 patients with bilateral complete clefts of the lip and palate are reported. Good bone formation was found in 98% of the cleft sites grafted before the eruption of the canines, and in 80% of the clefts grafted later. Closure of both cleft spaces by orthodontic means was achieved in 20 of the 21 patients in the first group, and in 14 of the 20 patients in the second group. The bone grafts failed in one cleft site in 4 patients, all of which were regrafted with satisfactory results. In 2 patients one of the canines was later affected by external root resorption, necessitating endodontic treatment. Both the failures and the root resorptions occurred in patients bone grafted at an older age than was considered optimal for bilateral clefts: 10 to 11 years. Seven patients needed a bridge prosthesis, 3 of these over one cleft space only. Even these patients benefited greatly from bone grafting.
A psychology based framework for cultivating and respecting user attitudes

In social and cognitive psychology, theories related to human attitude change are well established. In recent years, it has become increasingly common for those who seek to change attitudes towards computer based information systems to employ attitude change notions that originate from psychology. In this paper, the findings of those who have employed ‘attitude change psychology’ to understand or change user attitudes, are synthesised to create a prototype framework by which it is proposed that user attitudes could be cultivated as part of a system implementation. Operating as a summary of existing knowledge, this frame work also unveils significant areas of empirical deficit, providing a basis for future investigation.
PATIENTS TREATED WITH NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY

c om N eoadjuvant therapy (NAT) was first used to treat women with locally advanced disease but is currently offered to women with earlier-stage and operable breast carcinoma. NAT allows more women to be eligible for breast conservation surgery and provides an opportunity to assess the response of carcinomas to therapy. This review focuses on predictors of therapeutic response in pretreatment biopsy, evaluation of post-treatment breast and lymph node specimens, classification systems to evaluate degree of response to NAT, and reporting of posttreatment specimens.