Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resolution of rupture directivity in weak events: 1‐D versus 2‐D source parameterizations for the 2011, Mw 4.6 and 5.2 Lorca earthquakes, Spain

Resolving robust source parameters of small‐moderate magnitude earthquakes is still a challenge in seismology. We infer directivity from apparent source time functions (ASTFs) at regional distance and quantify the associated uncertainties. ASTFs are used for (i) modeling a propagating 1‐D line source from the duration data and (ii) inverting the 2‐D slip distribution from the full signals. Slip inversion is performed through a Popperian scheme, where random trial models are either falsified on account of large misfit, or else become members of the solution set of the inverse problem. We assess the resolution of rupture directivity representing centroid shifts from the solution set in a rose diagram. Using as example an event with well‐studied rupture directivity, the 2011 Mw 5.2 Lorca (Spain) earthquake, 1‐D and 2‐D parameterizations yield similar estimates for direction (N213°E and N220°E, respectively) and asymmetry (67:33, 65:35) of rupture propagation, as well as rupture length (2.1 km, 2.7 km) and speed (3.5 km/s, 3.25 km/s). The high rupture velocity ≥ 90% vS may be held primarily responsible for the strong directivity effect of this earthquake. We show that inversion of apparent source durations is intrinsically unable to resolve highly asymmetric bilateral ruptures, while inversion of full ASTFs misses part of the signal's complexity, suggesting the presence of deconvolution artifacts. We extend the analysis to the Mw 4.6 foreshock of the Lorca earthquake, inferring similar directivity parameters and slip pattern as for the mainshock. The rupture toward SW of both earthquakes suggests that this direction could be inherent to the fault segment.
Final answer to comments

We investigate the assimilation of Tree-Ring-Width (TRW) chronologies into an atmospheric global climate model using Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) techniques and a process-based tree-growth forward model as observation operator. Our results, within a perfect-model experiment setting, indicate that the nonlinear response of tree-growth to surface temperature and soil moisture does deteriorate the operation of the time-averaged EnKF methodology. Moreover, this skill loss appears significantly sensitive to the structure of growth rate function, used to represent the Principle of Limiting Factor (PLF)s within 5 the forward model. On the other hand, it was observed that the error reduction achieved by assimilating a particular pseudoTRW chronology is modulated by the strength of the yearly internal variability of the model at the chronology site. This result might help the dendrochronology community to optimize their sampling efforts. In our experiments, the “online” (with cycling) paleao Data Assimilation (DA) approach did not outperform the “offline” (no-cycling) one, despite its considerable additional implementation complexity. 10
CRITICAL DECAY INDEX AT THE ONSET OF SOLAR ERUPTIONS

Magnetic flux ropes are topological structures consisting of twisted magnetic field lines that globally wrap around an axis. The torus instability model predicts that a magnetic flux rope of major radius R undergoes an eruption when its axis reaches a location where the decay index − d ( ln B ex ) / d ( ln R ) ? > of the ambient magnetic field Bex is larger than a critical value. In the current-wire model, the critical value depends on the thickness and time evolution of the current channel. We use magnetohydrodynamic simulations to investigate whether the critical value of the decay index at the onset of the eruption is affected by the magnetic flux rope’s internal current profile and/or by the particular pre-eruptive photospheric dynamics. The evolution of an asymmetric, bipolar active region is driven by applying different classes of photospheric motions. We find that the critical value of the decay index at the onset of the eruption is not significantly affected by either the pre-erupitve photospheric evolution of the active region or the resulting different magnetic flux ropes. As in the case of the current-wire model, we find that there is a “critical range” [1.3–1.5], rather than a “critical value” for the onset of the torus instability. This range is in good agreement with the predictions of the current-wire model, despite the inclusion of line-tying effects and the occurrence of tether-cutting magnetic reconnection.
Proximate Composition of Whole Seeds and Pulp of African Black Velvet Tamarind (Dialium guineense)

Whole seeds and pulp of Dialium guineense have been used as medicinal remedies, as source of vitamin C and as flavour in snacks and non alcoholic beverages but not much work has been done on its proximate composition. This study is aimed at analysing the proximate composition of Dialium guineense. The method applied in this analytical determination were mainly that of the association of official analytical chemist (AOAC) which includes spectrophotometer, gravimetric and titrimetric and all determination were carried out in duplicate. Values obtained for the proximate analysis of whole seeds and pulp were; moisture (10.13% and 10.53%), dry matter (90.15% and 88.4%), ash (2.55% and 12.52%), organic matter (12.62% and 41.55%), crude fat (35.33% and 5.34%), crude fibre (13.52% and 1.05%), carbohydrate (43.9% and 58.65%), protein (17.44% and 3.94%) and total nitrogen free extract (2.79% and 0.65%) respectively. The results obtained from the proximate mineral composition of the whole seeds and pulp were; magnesium (0.16mg/l and 0.40mg/l), sodium (2.42mg/l and 2.88mg/l), iron (0.91mg/l and 1.43mg/l), calcium (0.54mg/l and 0.35mg/l) and potassium (0.34mg/l and 1.21mg/l) respectively. Values are significantly different from each other at P< 0.05. The results suggest that the whole seeds and pulp of D. guineense can serve as a good source of essential nutrients for human and livestock.
Political Proximity and International Trade

The impact of politics on international trade has often been excluded by economists both from theoretical and empirical analysis. In this study, we examine empirically the impact of politics on trade flows. Results indicate that political differences have an impact on bilateral trade that is robust to a wide range of econometric specifications. However, the impact of political differences on trade flows vanishes when the costs of reducing the latter become fairly important.
CAN NORWEGIAN AND RUSSIAN RAZORBILLS ALCA TORDA BE IDENTIFIED BY THEIR MEASUREMENTS

Razorbills Alca torda were measured in one Russian and five Norwegian colonies. A comparison with measurements from colonies in Britain, Ireland, Iceland and the Baltic Sea shows a clear correlation with the geographical position of each colony and a clinal increase in size from the south-west to north-east. Wing length and gonys depth were negatively correlated with surrounding summer sea-surface temperatures. Due to considerable overlap in measurements within the range of the cline, caution is advised when identifying geographical origins of Razorbills on the basis of their size alone.
Morphological and Physiological Traits Associated with Canopy Temperature Depression in Three Closely Related Wheat Lines

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars with high canopy temperature depression (CTD) tend to have higher grain yield under dry, hot conditions. Therefore, CTD has been used as a selection criterion to improve adaptation to drought and heat. The CTD is a result of the leaf’s energy balance, which includes terms determined by environment and physiological traits. We hypothesized that one or more of several physiological traits contributed to consistent CTD differences among three closely-related winter wheat lines grown under dryland conditions. For three years we measured several leaf traits, including CTD, leaf dimension, gas exchange rates, and carbon-13 isotope discrimination (Δ). Soil water content was also monitored. Data showed that daytime CTD was related to the leaf size in these wheat lines. The most drought-tolerant line, TX86A8072, had consistently smaller and narrower leaves than TX86A5606, the least drought tolerant. For TX86A8072, dryland and irrigated average noon CTD was –0.8°C, and average fl ag leaf area (LA) 11 cm 2 , for TX86A5606, values were –1.7°C and 12.5 cm 2 , respectively. However, TX86A8072 also had higher CTD (i.e., lower temperatures) than TX86A5606 at night, despite a theoretically greater sensible heat transfer coeffi cient, suggesting greater nighttime transpiration (T). Implications of these traits on nighttime leaf energy balance and possible adaptive roles of nighttime T are discussed.
COMPLIMENT RESPONSE PATTERNS BETWEEN PERSIAN MALE AND FEMALE ENGLISH AND NON-ENGLISH TEACHERS

The present study aimed to investigate both the compliment response (CR) patterns between male and female English and non-English teachers and the eff ect of exposure to English on produced CRs. The study was conducted on 50 male and female English and 50 male and female non-English teachers. The teachers were chosen through nonrandomized sampling. Participants were asked to respond to a discourse completion test (DCT) which comprised eight complimenting situations. In order to investigate the eff ect of exposure to English on CR strategies, CRs produced by males and females in both groups were compared. The results revealed that at macro level, there were diff erences between females and males in the applied strategies in both groups. Regarding the eff ect of exposure on CRs and CR behavior, it was found that exposure to English infl uenced CR patterns and strategies. It was concluded that diff erent CR patterns implied cognitive diff erence between genders and their perception of appropriateness. CR behavior shift implied the occurrence of acculturation in CR patterns and strategies.
Molecular characterization of Carthamus tinctorius and C. oxyacanthus germplasm using sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers

Genetic diversity of 42 'Carthamus oxyacanthus' and seven 'C. tinctorius' genotypes from five distinct geographical regions of Iran was evaluated using sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Twelve SRAP primer combinations (PCs) amplified 293 fragments, of which 224 were polymorphic. The number of polymorphic fragments detecting per PC ranged from 13 to 24 bands with an average of 18.66. Average PIC value was 0.339 over all PCs. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method and Jaccard's similarity coefficient (r = 0.85) grouped the genotypes into five main clusters according to species and regions. Sum of the first three PCOs could represent most of (75.2%) the total variation in the original dimensions and confirm the results of cluster analysis. The obtained population genetic indexes revealed considerable diversity and heterozygous nature of 'C. oxyacanthus' in comparison to 'C. tinctorius'. The AMOVA results also showed significant differences in the genetic diversity among the species (Fst = 0.277; P < 0.0001) and regions (Fst = 0.185; P < 0.0001). The results revealed the existence of wide genetic base of safflower germplasm in Iran and the effectiveness of SRAP markers for studying genetic diversity and relationships among and within species and regions.
Planetary wave activity in the Arctic and Antarctic lower stratospheres during 2007 and 2008

Planetary wave activity in the Arctic and Antarctic lower stratospheres during 2007 and 2008 S. P. Alexander and M. G. Shepherd Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, Canada Received: 28 May 2009 – Accepted: 25 June 2009 – Published: 7 July 2009 Correspondence to: S. P. Alexander (simon.alexander@aad.gov.au) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.
The effect of self-disclosure and empathic responding on intimacy: testing an interpersonal process model of intimacy using an observational coding system

The Effect of Self-Disclosure and Empathic Responding on Intimacy: Testing an Interpersonal Process Model of Intimacy Using an Observational Coding System. (May 2006) Alexandra Elizabeth Mitchell, B.A., Wheaton College; M.A., Pepperdine University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Douglas K. Snyder Intimacy is an important component of romantic relationships and a lack of intimacy is one of the most common presenting problems of distressed couples, but the process through which intimacy develops is not well understood. This study examined the evidence for the interpersonal process model of intimacy described by Reis and Shaver (1988), which proposes that self-disclosure and empathic responding are the basis of intimate interactions. The sample consisted of 108 community couples who completed measures of intimacy after having videotaped discussions about relationship injuries that occurred both within and outside of the relationship. The Couples Intimate Behavior Coding System (CIB) was developed to assess depth of factual, emotional, and cognitive self-disclosure and components of empathic responding in these discussions. Results indicate that males own disclosure and empathic responding predicted their feelings of intimacy, whereas females intimacy was predicted by their partners disclosure and empathic responding. The effects of both selfand partner-disclosure appear to have been driven by factual and emotional components of disclosure. These
The Puzzle of Corporate Governance Definition(s): A Content Analysis

This study contributes to the understanding of Corporate Governance term by using content analysis on twenty two definitions, dated from 1992 to 2010. We developed a six-dimensional framework and we calculated the frequency count using Internet search engine. Our results reveal that the more used definitions are the narrower (those of two or three dimensions), which implies that a further study, discussion or extension could act as a cornerstone to a cross-disciplinary dialogue for a broader definition of Corporate Governance.
Impact Of Magnetic Fields On Molecular Cloud Formation & Evolution

We use magnetohydrodynamical simulations of converging flows to investigate the process of molecular cloud formation and evolution out of the magnetised ISM. Here, we investigate whether the observed subcritical HI clouds can become supercritical and hence allow the formation of stars within them. To do so, we vary the turbulent Mach number of the flows, as well as the initial magnetic field strength. We show that dense cores are able to build up under all conditions, but that star formation in these cores is either heavily delayed or completely suppressed if the initial field strength is B>3 microGauss. To probe the effect of magnetic diffusion, we introduce a tilting angle between the flows and the uniform background magnetic field, which mimics non--ideal MHD effects. Even with highly inclined flows, the formed cores are devoid of star formation, because no magnetically supercritical regions are build up. Hence we conclude, that the problem of how supercritical cloud cores are generated still persists.
Efficacy of Adjunctive Extra Virgin Coconut Oil Use in Moderate to SevereAlzheimerÃ¢ÂÂs Disease

Background: Ketogenic compounds derived from medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oils have been claimed to have beneficial health effects in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD] mainly attributed to its medium chain triglycerides. AD is known to have been characterized by early and region specific decline in cerebral glucose metabolism. It is hypothesized that Alzheimer brain tends to preferentially utilize ketones generated from medium chain triglycerides in light of decreased glucose metabolism to improve cognition. Extra virgin coconut oil with predominance of MCT content was used in subjects with moderate to severe AD to examine its efficacy in improving cognitive performance. Methods: Daily oral administration of extra virgin coconut oil (20 gm) was evaluated in 31 subjects with predominantly moderate to severe AD diagnosed as per DSM IV TR criteria for AD in a 6 week trial using quasi experimental non randomized pre-post intervention design. Subjects were on a normal diet and continued taking approved AD medications. Primary cognitive end points were mean change from baseline in the AD Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale [ADAS-Cog], and Clinicians Interview based Impression of Change Plus Caregivers input [CIBIC-Plus]. Active oil administration continued for 4 weeks from baseline with successive ratings on measures of cognitive change at 2, 4 and 6 weeks respectively. Results: There was a significant difference between the ADAS-Cog scores from baseline over repeated ratings at 2, 4 and 6 weeks (Mauchly’s Chi Square Χ2 = 61.1, e=0.4, F =14, p=0.00, η2=0.31). Post hoc comparisons of ADAS-Cog scores from baseline at 4 and 6 weeks were similar [At 4 weeks, Mean difference=4.1, P=0.00, C.I= (1.4-6.7); at 6 weeks, Mean difference=4.1, p=0.00, C.I= (1.0-7.2). The response rate of CIBIC-Plus defined as improved or no change was significantly improved over successive ratings from 2 weeks to 6 weeks (Cochran’s Q=22.5, df=2, P=.00). No statistically significant difference could be noted for the total cholesterol, Triglycerides and LDL fractions over the study trial except for the HDL fraction over repeated measures at 4 and 6 weeks over baseline (Mauchly’s Chi Square Χ2 (df=2)=6.5, e=0.8, F (df 1.6, 49.9)=6.4, p=0.005, η2=0.17). Conclusions: Addition of adjunctive coconut oil is likely to have beneficial effects in cognitive performance for those suffering from moderate to severe AD and the effects were sustained for at least 2 weeks after the oil administration stopped. No deleterious effects on the overall lipid profile could be elicited.
ANTI-METALOTOXIC PROPERTIES OF KELAKAI (STENOCHLAENA PALUSTRIS) LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST CADMIUM-INDUCED LIVER TISSUE DAMAGE

Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-metalotoxic activity of the leaves extract of Stenochlaena palustris (kelakai; S. palsutris) on cadmium (Cd)-induced liver tissue damage.Methods: Liver tissue damage was induced by the administration of cadmium sulfate (CdSO4) at a dose 3 mg/l. Anti-metalotoxic effect of the extracts was determined by assessing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl compound (CC), conjugated dienes (CD), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) induced by Cd with and without the presence of the extract.Results: The results of this present studies showed that treatment with CdSO4 significantly increase the levels of MDA, CC, CD, and AOPPs. The leaves extract of S. palustris significantly decrease the levels of all measured parameter in liver tissue.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that Cd could induced the liver tissue damage, and the extract of S. palsutris showed the anti-metalotoxic activity to reduce the damage.
Domestic Climate of Spanish Families with 6 to 14 Year-Old Children, Depending on the Type of Family (Conventional, Reconstructed, Single Parent and Adoptive)

The present-day family has been one of the most transformed social organisations in the last decade, due to the adaptation to changing social situations, resulting in new forms of families, which necessarily involve new ways of relation between its members. In order to do this, the domestic climate of those families with children between 6 and 14 is analysed, considering that this stage is key to the transition from childhood to adolescence. The sample universe is defined as Spanish households (nuclear, single-parent, reconstituted and adoptive parents) in which children from 6 to 14 years old reside. In the study different variables have been analysed that affect the "family atmosphere", such as the relationship between parents and children and among siblings, and also with their peers, in addition to analysing the main sources of conflict between parents and children, different family profiles are provided in relation to the different types of families analysed. It is important to emphasise that, in our study, all the family types analysed state that although there is a nice "family climate" and good communication among them, single-parent families show an increased social and educational risk. In addition, they claim social and economic measures to improve family life and the possibility of reconciling, with flexible working hours, both work and family life
Population dynamics of Triturus cristatus and Lissotriton vulgaris (Amphibia) in an aquatic habitat from Banat region, Romania

The newt populations from the habitat in Maru are large, Lissotriton vulgaris being represented by 1314 individuals and Triturus cristatus by 206 individuals. The dynamic of the populations is similar to other populations from Romania. However, if the evolution of the L. vulgaris population is linear, similar with the ones previously described, for T. cristatus is oscillatory. L. vulgaris has a more synchronous reproduction and it leaves the water faster than T. cristatus. In comparison with populations from the Apuseni Mountains, in Maru the reproduction period takes place approximately 2 weeks sooner. All in all, the females are more numerous in the populations, but at the beginning of the aquatic period the males predominate.
Effect of hydrogen and nitrogen incorporation on the properties of tetrahedral amorphous carbon films grown using S bend filtered cathodic vacuum arc process

The electrical and mechanical properties of as- grown and also hydrogen and nitrogen incorporated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films, deposited using S bend filtered cathodic vacuum arc process have been reported. First, the effect of varying negative substrate bias on the dark conductivity (σ D ), activation energy (ΔE 1 ) and residual stress of as grown ta-C films and next the effect of varying hydrogen and nitrogen partial pressure on the properties of ta-C: H and ta-C: N films deposited at a high negative substrate bias of-300V are reported. The value of σ D is minimum at 10 -4 ohm -1 c l in as- grown ta-C films deposited at -150V substrate bias whereas the value of ΔE 1 is maximum at 0.22 eV and residual stress is maximum at 0.71 GPa in as- grown ta-C films deposited at -200 V applied substrate bias and it is found to depend on the substrate bias. Hydrogen incorporation in ta-C films decreases the value of σ D to 1.0×10 -9 ohm -1 cm -1 , increases the values of ΔE 1 to 0.45 eV continuously with the increase of hydrogen partial pressure up to 1.4×10 -3 mbar whereas nitrogen incorporation in ta-C films increases the value of σ D to 10 -1 ohm -1 cm -1 and decreases the value of AE, to 0.07 eV continuously with the increase of nitrogen content up to 16.3 at. %. Low amount of hydrogen incorporation in ta-C films up to 7.4×10 -5 mbar hydrogen partial pressure reduces the value of residual stress and larger amount of hydrogen incorporation beyond this pressure increases the value of residual stress whereas nitrogen incorporation in ta-C films reduces the values of residual stress. The effect of hydrogen on ta-C is to give a modest gain in semi-conducting properties by passivating some defect states whereas the effect of nitrogen gives n-type doping effect in ta-C films.