Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of social schema in the experience of auditory hallucinations: a systematic review and a proposal for the inclusion of social schema in a cognitive behavioural model of voice hearing.

UNLABELLED The interpersonal nature of the voice-hearing experience has been highlighted in recent studies investigating whether social processes (or 'schemas') that guide interpersonal interactions also govern the relationship between voice hearer and voice. A systematic literature review of relevant studies was undertaken, including those that investigated how social processes interact with appraisals of voices, as well as affective and behavioural responding to voices. The review included 13 studies published between 2000 and 2010. Two well-replicated findings emerged from the review. First, voice hearers who perceive themselves to be of low social rank (inferior) relative to others also feel inferior in relation to their voice and behave accordingly. Second, responding to voices from a position of closeness/dependency is associated with least distress. The review advocates for an extension of the Chadwick and Birchwood cognitive behavioural model of voices to include the mediating role of social schemata in explaining the affective and behavioural responses to voices. Only two interventions have yet targeted social schema variables utilizing different therapeutic approaches, both with some success. These clinical studies, as well as clinical implications drawn from the reviewed literature, will be discussed. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE Social processes governing relationships in the real world are also at play in the relationship between voice hearer and voice. Social schemas also shape beliefs about-and responses to-voices and thus are important to target in therapy. Voice hearers may be able to develop a more equal, and thus less distressing, relationship with their voice by improving their perceived social rank relative to others. This may be achieved through assertiveness training, social skills training and/or self-esteem work. Cognitive behavioural therapy techniques can be instrumental in helping an individual to consider the beliefs they hold about their voices and the way in which they respond and relate to them. Addressing how past traumatic experiences have influenced the voice hearer's relationships with others and their voices in therapy is recommended.
Studying Irony Detection Beyond Ironic Criticism: Let's Include Ironic Praise

Studies of irony detection have commonly used ironic criticisms (i.e., mock positive evaluation of negative circumstances) as stimulus materials. Another basic type of verbal irony, ironic praise (i.e., mock negative evaluation of positive circumstances) is largely absent from studies on individuals' aptitude to detect verbal irony. However, it can be argued that ironic praise needs to be considered in order to investigate the detection of irony in the variety of its facets. To explore whether the detection ironic praise has a benefit beyond ironic criticism, three studies were conducted. In Study 1, an instrument (Test of Verbal Irony Detection Aptitude; TOVIDA) was constructed and its factorial structure was tested using N = 311 subjects. The TOVIDA contains 26 scenario-based items and contains two scales for the detection of ironic criticism vs. ironic praise. To validate the measurement method, the two scales of the TOVIDA were experimentally evaluated with N = 154 subjects in Study 2. In Study 3, N = 183 subjects were tested to explore personality and ability correlates of the two TOVIDA scales. Results indicate that the co-variance between the ironic TOVIDA items was organized by two inter-correlated but distinct factors: one representing ironic praise detection aptitude and one representing ironic criticism detection aptitude. Experimental validation showed that the TOVIDA items truly contain irony and that item scores reflect irony detection. Trait bad mood and benevolent humor (as a facet of the sense of humor) were found as joint correlates for both ironic criticism and ironic praise detection scores. In contrast, intelligence, trait cheerfulness, and corrective humor were found as unique correlates of ironic praise detection scores, even when statistically controlling for the aptitude to detect ironic criticism. Our results indicate that the aptitude to detect ironic praise can be seen as distinct from the aptitude to detect ironic criticism. Generating unique variance in irony detection, ironic praise can be postulated as worthwhile to include in future studies—especially when studying the role of mental ability, personality, and humor in irony detection.
Physician and Nurse Attitudes Toward Artificial Hydration for Terminally Ill Cancer Patients in Japan: Results of 2 Nationwide Surveys

This study investigated physician and nurse attitudes toward artificial hydration in terminally ill cancer patients and compared differences in attitudes between these 2 professions and among clinical settings in Japan. The response rate was 53% (584/1123) for physicians and 79% for nurses (3328/4210). More physicians answered that artificial hydration alleviates the sensation of thirst. More palliative care unit physicians and nurses answered that withholding artificial hydration alleviated several physical symptoms. Oncologists answered that artificial hydration alleviated the sensation of thirst and fatigue. Discussion among patient-centered teams and individualized decision making are important. Because the differences identified here are attributable to differences in knowledge of artificial hydration for terminal cancer patients, oncologists should place greater emphasis on the opinion of palliative care specialists. Medical practitioners caring for terminal cancer patients should consider a broader range of views on hydration therapy, with a focus on effective hydration techniques and alternative interventions.
Association of polymorphisms in Th1, Th2 cytokine genes with hayfever and atopy in a subsample of EPIC‐Heidelberg

Background Hayfever is determined by an interaction of environmental and genetic factors and biologically characterized by an imbalanced T helper cell 1 (Th1) and Th2 immune response and elevated IgE levels against inhalant allergens. Indications exist that polymorphisms in cytokine genes involved in the regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance may contribute to the allergic phenotype.
Paucity of enkephalin production in neostriatal striosomal neurons: analysis with preproenkephalin–green fluorescent protein transgenic mice

Whether or not the striosome compartment of the neostriatum contained preproenkephalin (PPE)‐expressing neurons remained unresolved. To address this question by developing a sensitive detection method, we generated transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the specific transcriptional control of the PPE gene. Eight transgenic lines were established, and three of them showed GFP expression which was distributed in agreement with the reported localization of PPE mRNA in the central nervous system. Furthermore, in the matrix compartment of the neostriatum of the three lines, intense GFP immunoreactivity was densely distributed in the neuronal cell bodies and neuropil, and matrix neurons displayed > 94% co‐localization for GFP and PPE immunoreactivities. In sharp contrast, GFP immunoreactivity was very weak in the striosome compartment, which was characterized by intense immunoreactivity for mu‐opioid receptors (MOR). Although neostriatal neurons were divided into GFP‐immunopositive and ‐negative groups in both the striosome and matrix compartments, GFP immunoreactivity of cell bodies was much weaker (∼1/5) in GFP‐positive striosomal neurons than in GFP‐positive matrix neurons. A similar reciprocal organization of PPE and MOR expression was also suggested in the ventral striatum, because GFP immunoreactivity was weaker in intensely MOR‐immunopositive regions than in the surrounding MOR‐negative regions. As PPE‐derived peptides are endogenous ligands for MOR in the neostriatum and few axon collaterals of matrix neurons enter the striosome compartment, the present results raised the question of the target of those peptides produced abundantly by matrix neurons.
The case against child labor bans

We argue that enforcing blanket child labor restrictions in developing economies, as advocated in the ILO Convention 138, is harmful even in the long run. The social return to child labor can be higher than its private return if laws against crime and laws in favor of compulsory education are not enforced, in which case child labor crowds out both child crime and crime against children.
Fibrinogen Level as a Surrogate for the Outcome of Thrombolytic Therapy Using Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Lower Extremity Intravascular Thrombosis

Purpose: Monitoring of fibrinogen level is used to predict bleeding during lower extremity tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) infusions for peripheral arterial or venous thrombolysis. This practice is not fully addressed in the literature. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed fibrinogen levels and studied bleeding rate from charts of patients who underwent lower extremity tPA infusions at a single hospital from January 2010 to May 2012. Results: The rate of thrombolytic success did not correlate with fibrinogen level (P = .53). The rate of major bleeding was significantly higher for patients with a fibrinogen level at or below 150 mg/dL (P = .01). Patients whose tPA infusion was terminated within 46 hours had significantly lower rates of major bleeding (P = .01) and thrombolytic failure (P < .01). Periprocedural systolic blood pressure above 160 mm Hg was a risk factor for major bleeding (P = .02). There was no association between concomitant aspirin use (P = .90, .51) or hourly tPA dose (P = .71, .62) and thrombolytic success or major bleeding, respectively. Conclusion: Fibrinogen level ≤150 mg/dL is associated with increased risk of major bleeding during tPA infusions. We suggest serial fibrinogen measurement as a viable method to monitor bleeding risk during lower extremity tPA infusions.
Interaction between arsenic trioxide (ATO) and human neutrophils

The cytotoxic effect of arsenic trioxide (ATO) is known to be mediated by its ability to induce cell apoptosis in a variety of cells, including neutrophils. More recently, we demonstrated that ATO induced several parameters involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced neutrophil apoptosis but that caspase-4 was not involved. The aim of this study was to better understand how neutrophils are activated by ATO and to further demonstrate that ATO is an ER stressor. Human neutrophils were isolated from healthy blood donors and incubated in vitro in the presence or absence of ATO and several parameters were investigated. We found that ATO induced the expression of the proapoptotic GADD153 protein, a key player involved in ER stress-induced apoptosis, activated nuclear nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) DNA binding activities, and increased prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) production. Using an antibody array approach, we found that ATO increased the production of several cytokines, with interleukin 8 (IL-8) being the predominant one. We confirmed that ATO increased the production of IL-8 by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Treatment with a caspase-4 inhibitor did not inhibit IL-8 production. The results of the present study further support the notion that ATO is an ER stressor and that, although its toxic effect is mediated by induction of apoptosis, this chemical also induced, in parallel, NF-κB activation, the production of PGE2 and several cytokines probably involved in other cell functions. Also, we conclude that the production of IL-8 is not induced by a caspase-4-dependent mechanism, suggesting that ATO-induced caspase-4 activation is involved in other as yet unidentified functions in human neutrophils.
Reduced Contralateral Cerebrovascular Reserve in Patients with Unilateral Steno-Occlusive Disease

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) of major arterial vascular territories, particularly in the contralateral hemodynamically unaffected hemisphere, in patients with unilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) steno-occlusive disease compared to control subjects with risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, twenty-seven patients with right-sided unilateral ICA steno-occlusive disease (age range, 25 to 91 years; 17 males) and twenty-one patients with left-sided unilateral ICA steno-occlusive disease (age range, 24 to 83 years; 14 males) and 41 control subjects were studied. CVR was quantitated as the change in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) MRI signal (as a surrogate of cerebral blood flow), in response to a consistently applied step change in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). The CVR of each major arterial vascular territory was assessed in the ipsilateral hemodynamically affected hemisphere and compared to the corresponding territory in the contralateral hemisphere. Results: In patients, a significant reduction in CVR was observed in the ipsilateral anterior circulation compared to that of the corresponding territory on the contralateral side (0.027 ± 0.083 vs. 0.109 ± 0.066% BOLD change/mm Hg, p < 0.0001) and to controls (0.195 ± 0.054% BOLD change/mm Hg, p < 0.0001). The CVR of the contralateral anterior circulation was reduced on average by 50% compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The implication of these findings is that unilateral carotid stenosis affects the vascular reserve of both sides of the brain compared to control subjects. This indicates that the collateral blood flow support from the contralateral to the ipsilateral hemisphere comes at a cost of reduced reserve capacity in the contralateral hemisphere. The findings suggest that there may be a reduction in functional hyperemia associated with neuronal activation, not only affecting the hemisphere ipsilateral to an occlusion, but also the hemisphere contralateral to an occlusion. It remains to be determined if ‘stealing' from the ‘rich' to support the ‘poor' has clinical consequences over the long term.
FKBP5/FKBP51 enhances autophagy to synergize with antidepressant action

Levels of autophagy markers rise upon treatment of cells with antidepressants. However, it was not known whether this phenomenon might be linked to other antidepressant pathways or to any physiological effect. In this punctum, we summarize and discuss our recent findings that provide evidence for a role of the cochaperone FKBP5/FKBP51 (FK506 binding protein 5) in autophagy as a prerequisite for antidepressant action in cells, mice, and humans. FKBP5 associates with BECN1, changes its phosphorylation and protein levels and enhances markers of autophagy and autophagic flux. The effects of antidepressants on autophagy as well as their physiological effects in mice and human depend on FKBP5.
Lysine Metabolism Is Concurrently Regulated by Synthesis and Catabolism in Both Reproductive and Vegetative Tissues1[w]

The functional role of Lys catabolism in balancing Lys levels in plants has only been directly demonstrated in developing seeds. Seed-specific expression of a bacterial feedback-insensitive dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHPS) in an Arabidopsis knockout mutant of the AtLKR/SDH gene that regulates Lys catabolism synergistically boosted Lys accumulation in mature seeds, but it also severely reduced the growth of seedlings derived from them. Here we further tested whether the inhibition of seedling growth was due to a negative physiological effect of excess Lys on seed maturation or to defective postgermination catabolism of Lys, which accumulated in the mature seeds. To address these questions, we coexpressed a bacterial DHPS gene with an RNAi construct of AtLKR/SDH, both under control of the same seed-specific promoter, to restrict Lys synthesis and catabolism to the developing seeds. Coexpression of these genes boosted seed Lys content and caused a significant, metabolically unanticipated increase in Met content, similarly to our previous report using plants expressing the bacterial DHPS on an AtLKR/SDH knockout background. However, postgermination seedling growth was significantly improved when the reduction of Lys catabolism was restricted to seed development, suggesting that defective postgermination Lys catabolism was responsible for inhibition of seedling growth in the AtLKR/SDH knockout plants expressing the bacterial DHPS gene in a seed-specific manner. Constitutive expression of the bacterial DHPS in the AtLKR/SDH knockout mutant boosted Lys levels in vegetative tissues in a similar manner to that observed in seeds, further demonstrating that Lys catabolism plays an important regulatory role in balancing Lys levels.
Sister Act: Understanding Sorority Women's Communication About Condom Use

Sister Act: Understanding Sorority Women‘s Communication About Condom Use. (August 2010) Rachael Agnes Hernandez, B.S., The University of Texas at Austin Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Barbara Sharf Young women‘s sexual health is declining. Sorority women face an intersectionality of risk for the negative consequences of sexual activity because of college attendance, sex, and age. The influence of peer communication about condom use can provide a buffer to the risk these women face. I investigated this communication through focus groups, using the theory of communication privacy management and grounded theory to understand focus group findings. The results revealed themes regarding characteristics of communicators and context of communication including communication topic and setting. The women use strategies, boundaries and rules to negotiate communication privacy and engage in comfortable communication. Additionally, the women seek to maintain a good reputation for their social group, and follow explicit and implicit rules to do so. The implication of this analysis includes improvements in sorority and college student sexual health programming and continued research on communication in social support organizations like sororities. iii
Depolarization-induced alkalinization (DIA) in rat hippocampal astrocytes.

1. Depolarization of glial cells causes their intracellular pH (pHi) to increase. To more completely characterize this depolarization-induced alkalinization (DIA) in mammalian astrocytes, we studied DIA in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes. Astrocytes were loaded with the fluorescent pH indicator 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF), and pHi was monitored with the use of an imaging system. Cells were studied approximately 24 h after removing them from serum-containing culture medium. In HCO-3-buffered solution containing 3 mM K+, mean baseline pHi was 7.14 +/- 0.14 (mean +/- SD). 2. Astrocyte pHi rapidly and reversibly alkalinized when bath [K+] was increased from 3 to 12 mM. In HCO-3-buffered solution, mean DIA amplitude was 0.16 +/- 0.01 pH units, and mean rate of pHi change was 0.076 +/- 0.03 pH units/min. In contrast, DIA elicited in nominally HCO-3-free, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-buffered solution was much smaller (0.03 +/- 0.01 pH units, 0.04 +/- 0.01 pH units/min; P < 0.0001), indicating that DIA was, in large part, a HCO-3-dependent process. Subsequent experiments were carried out in HCO-3-buffered solution. 3. The relationship between DIA and variable changes in bath [K+] was examined. Increasing bath [K+] from 3 to 6 mM produced a DIA of 0.07 +/- 0.04 pH units, and lowering [K+] to 0.5 mM resulted in an acid shift of 0.08 +/- 0.05 pH units. The effects of these changes in [K+] on membrane potential were measured in separate experiments by whole cell patch-clamp recording. On the basis of these data, it was possible to construct a relationship between Vm and pHi; shifting membrane potential approximately 10 mV resulted in a pHi shift of approximately 0.07. 4. Application of 0.5 mM Ba2+ depolarized Vm and elicited DIA in astrocytes. This indicated that depolarization, in the absence of an increase in [K+], could cause DIA. Application of Ba2+ also blocked K(+)-induced DIA, presumably because blockade of K+ channels prevented any depolarization by K+. 5. Cells with more alkaline baseline pHis exhibited larger and more rapidly developing DIAs. The mechanism of this effect is not known. 6. The timing of serum removal affected astrocyte DIA. Cells studied approximately 24 h after serum removal always exhibited robust DIA (mean = 0.16 +/- 0.01 pH units). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Expectations and limitations after bilateral pulmonary artery banding.

OBJECTIVES Bilateral pulmonary artery banding (bil-PAB) has been developed as a part of a hybrid procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). We use this procedure for palliation of complex congenital heart disease, particularly in patients with arch anomaly. We reviewed our experience with bil-PAB. METHODS Sixty-six consecutive cases between 2003 and 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Fifty-one patients (77%) had single ventricle physiology (HLHS: 37, HLHS variant: 13, others: 1). Twelve patients had biventricular physiology [5 interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect (VSD); 4 coarctation of the aorta with VSD; 2 truncus arteriosus; 1 other]. In 3 patients, it was difficult to determine if the physiology was single ventricle or biventricle due to borderline left ventricle size. Age and body weight at the time of operation were 4.3 ± 3.4 days and 2.7 ± 0.5 kg, respectively. Overall hospital mortality was 11% (7/66). Of the 42 patients from 2010, only 1 with multiple anomalies died between bil-PAB and the second-stage operation. Thirteen patients (20%) required reoperation of bil-PAB. The mean waiting time for the next operation was 44.3 ± 42.8 days. The body weight at the second-stage operation was 3.2 ± 0.8 kg. Seven (11%) patients developed patent ductus arteriosus obstruction during the waiting period. Twenty-four patients were 2.5 kg or less; 20 patients in this group progressed to the second-stage operation and of these 19 gained body weight. Forty-two patients were above 2.5 kg, but of these only 23 patients gained body weight. Ten patients underwent bil-PAB because of shock and 8 of these recovered from shock. In 2 borderline cases, the patients underwent the Norwood procedure and 1 patient had arch repair and VSD closure. CONCLUSIONS Bil-PAB could be applied to a wide variety of complex diseases. Our mortality rates with bil-PAB improved significantly post-2010. Good indications for bil-PAB were shock and situations where it was unclear whether the physiology was single ventricle or biventricular. Body weight gain was difficult to predict, but patients weighing less than 2.5 kg could be expected to gain body weight after the procedure.