Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution, Hierarchy and Modular Organization in Complex Networks

by Erzsébet Ravasz Large systems in nature and civilization share some important organizing principles uncovered in the framework of complex network research. Here we aim to present a few advances in understanding the generic topological characteristics of these systems. We start with an introduction to basic concepts of network research, continuing with a repertoire of well studied network examples and a brief history of previous modelling efforts. Next, we present a detailed investigation of scientific collaboration networks, with special focus on the role of internal links in determining the networks’s scaling properties, and on limitations of certain measurements imposed by the database. Many real networks in nature and society share two generic properties: they are scale free and they display a high degree of clustering. We show that the scale free nature and high clustering of real networks are the consequence of a hierarchical organization, implying that small groups of nodes form increasingly large groups in a hierarchical manner, while maintaining a scale free topology. In hierarchical networks the clustering coefficient follows a strict scaling law, which can be used to identify the presence of a hierarchical organization in real networks. We find that several real networks, such as the World Wide Web, actor network, the Internet at the domain level and the semantic web obey this scaling law, indicating that
When Teaching Becomes Learning: A Theory and Practice of Teaching

Part I: Learning 1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 3 Motivation and Learning 4 The Learning Process 5 Learning Applications 6 Perception 7 Memory - Facts and Answers 8 Real Learning 9 A Model of the Mind 10 Tacit Learning and Conscious Learning 11 Learning and Experiencing Part II: Teaching 12 The Transmission Method and an Alternative Approach 13 The Teaching Process 14 Teaching a Factual Subject 15 Preparing a Lesson 16 Classroom Interaction 17 Difficult Lessons 18 Teachers and Learners Asking Questions 19 Overview Afterword Further Reading Notes Index.
A subdomain multilevel approach for the efficient MoM analysis of large planar antennas

Reference LEMA-ARTICLE-2000-010doi:10.1002/1098-2760(20000820)26:4 3.0. CO;2-CView record in Web of Science Record created on 2006-11-30, modified on 2016-08-08
The Effectiveness Of Graphic And Tabular Presentation Under Time Pressure And Task Complexity

Time pressure affects decision making and, therefore, should be considered in the design of decision support systems. Although long recognized as an important variable, time pressure has received little attention from information systems researchers. This research empirically tested the effects of presentation format, time pressure, and task complexity on decision performance. The objective was to determine the effective presentation format graphics or tables for the performance of tasks of varying complexities by decision makers under time pressure. Results showed that when time pressure was low, the effectiveness of the two presentation formats depended on the type and complexity of the task. With increasing time pressure graphics generally were found more advantageous. The findings add to the literature by showing the superiority of graphics over tables in supporting decision making under time pressure.
Application of a superconducting magnetic energy storage unit to improve the stability performance of power systems

This paper demonstrates the capability of a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit in improving transient as well as dynamic stability of power systems and to increase system damping. It can also be used to suppress any subsynchronous resonances. In this context, investigations have been conducted to a system consisting of a finite station represented by a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus-system via a short transmission line. Through this investigation, a new technique based on unequal /spl alpha/-mode (firing angle) that eliminates the necessity of using any extra controllers is used. Results have shown that SMES unit can effectively increase system stability and suppress any oscillations that might be caused due to any system fault.
Exploring the Internet Using Critical Thinking Skills: A Self-Paced Workbook for Learning to Effectively Use the Internet and Evaluate Online Information

As the amount - and quality - of information available on the Internet continues to expand dramatically, students not only need to learn Internet searching skills, but to develop literacy and critical thinking skills as well. This workbook uses active larning to help students discover how to find information on the Net, and assess the accuracy and relevance of all information they retrieve. Incorporating easy-to-follow explanations, graphic illustrations, eight hands-on practice sessions, and dozens of screen captures, the book teaches students - at their own pace - how to: develop efficient search strategies; analyze evidence, assumptions, and logical arguments in Internet sources; and use appropriate citation styles. Covered are: an overview of online information; learning to be a critical thinker; evaluating Internet information sources; searching on the Web; identifying bias, manipulative use of information, personal opinion, and currency of Internet information; and a discussion of Netiquette and citation styles for Listserv messages, World Wide Web, Gopher sites, FTP sites, and Usenet groups.
Statistical Methods for Trend Detection and Analysis in the Environmental Sciences

Preface. Contributing authors. Part I METHODOLOGY. 1 Introduction. 1.1 What is a trend? 1.2 Why analyse trends? 1.3 Some simple examples. 1.4 Considerations and Difficulties. 1.5 Scope of the book. 1.6 Further reading. References. 2 Exploratory analysis. 2.1 Data visualisation. 2.2 Simple smoothing. 2.3 Linear filters. 2.4 Classical test procedures. 2.5 Concluding comments. References. 3 Parametric modelling - deterministic trends. 3.1 The Linear trend. 3.2 Multiple regression techniques. 3.3 Violations of assumptions. 3.4 Nonlinear trends. 3.5 Generalized linear models. 3.6 Inference with small samples. References. 4 Nonparametric trend estimation. 4.1 An introduction to nonparametric regression. 4.2 Multiple covariates. 4.3 Other nonparametric estimation techniques. 4.4 Parametric or nonparametric? References. 5 Stochastic trends. 5.1 Stationary time series models and their properties. 5.2 Trend removal via differencing. 5.3 Long memory models. 5.4 Models for irregularly spaced series. 5.5 State space and structural models. 5.6 Nonlinear models. References. 6 Other issues. 6.1 Multisite data. 6.2 Multivariate series. 6.3 Point process data. 6.4 Trends in extremes. 6.5 Censored data. References. Part II CASE STUDIES. 7 Additive models for sulphur dioxide pollution in Europe (Marco Giannitrapani, Adrian Bowman, E. Marian Scott and Ron Smith) 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Additive models with correlated errors. 7.3 Models for the SO2 data. 7.4 Conclusions. References. 8 Rainfall trends in southwest Western Australia (Richard E. Chandler, Bryson C. Bates and Stephen P. Charles). 8.1 Motivation. 8.2 The study region. 8.3 Data used in the study. 8.4 Modelling methodology. 8.5 Results. 8.6 Summary and conclusions. References. 9 Estimation of Common tends for tropical index series (Alain F. Zuur, Elena N. Ieno, Christina Mazziotti, Giuseppe Montanari, Attilio Rinaldi and Carla Rita Ferrari). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Data exploration. 9.3 Common trends and additive modelling. 9.4 Dynamic factor analysis to estimate common trends. 9.5 Discussion. Acknowledgement. References. 10 A Space-time study on forest health (Thomas Kneib and Ludwig Fahrmeir). 10.1 Forest health: survey and data. 10.2 Regression models for longitudinal data with ordinal responses. 10.3 Spatiotemporal models. 10.4 Spatiotemporal modelling and analysis of forest health data. Acknowledgements. References. Index.
High-Speed Digital Circuits

Preface. 1. Definition of the Problems. Introduction--Circuit Complexity.Complexity and High Speed.Time and Frequency Metrics in Digital and in Analog Circuits.Lumped Versus Distributed Equivalent Circuits.Computational Methods of Analysis.Essential Parasitics.Estimation of Inductance Effects.Lumped Versus Distributed Reactive Components.Voltage and Current in a Circuit.Voltage Measurements.Equivalent Circuit and Distinctive Circuit Nodes.Modes and the Equivalent Circuit.Isolated Versus Nonisolated Inductances. 2. Models of Devices And of Low-Frequency Circuits. Introduction.Electron Triodes.Device Characteristics.Amplification Mechanisms.High-Frequency Circuit Model.Equivalent Circuit Model.Analysis of the Simple Digital Circuit Models.Modes of a Uniform and Straight RC Chain.Understanding the Modes of the Circuit--I.Understanding the Modes of the Circuit--II.Non-monotonic RC Circuit Response.Mechanisms of Long-Lasting Metastable States in CMOS D-Latches. 3. Ground and Voltage Sources. Introduction.Communication Between Circuits.Ground as an Isolation Wall.Impedance of a Power Supply.Power Supply Connection in Hybrid Integrated Circuits.Interconnect Response Analysis Methods.Grounds of Strongly Connected Circuit Blocks.Transients in an Input/Output Buffer Frame--I.Transients in an Output Buffer Frame--II.Response of the Output Buffer Frame Immediately after Discharge.Interpretation of I/O-Buffer-Frame Noise Simulation. 4. Digital Circuit Theory Including Inductance. Introduction.Inductance Effects.Local Time in an Oscillatory LCR Circuit.Analysis of a Device Driving an Interconnect.Generalization of the Theory to Many-Loop Circuits.Time Shift Between the Nodes.Modes of a Uniform Straight LCR Chain.Elmore's Formula for the LCR Chain Circuit. 5. Microstates, Submicrostates, And Local Times. Introduction.Forward and Backward Flow of Local Time.Microstates and Submicrostates--I.Microstates and Submicrostates--II.Microstates and Submicrostates--III.Mutual Inductance Coupling.Circuits Having No Backbone RC Circuit.Inductance and Black Boxes.Quasistatic Charge Transfer. 6. Complexity of Interconnects. Introduction.Complexity of Interconnects.Initial Conditions of RC Transmission Lines.Common-Ground RC Transmission Lines.RC Transmission Line with Ground Resistance.Coupled RC Transmission Lines.LC Transmission Line.LCR Transmission Lines.Future Directions for Integrated Circuit Theory. References. Index. 020163483XT04062001
Information Systems Theory: Explaining and Predicting Our Digital Society, Vol. 2

The overall mission of this book is to provide a comprehensive understanding and coverage of the various theories and models used in IS research. Specifically, it aims to focus on the following key objectives: To describe the various theories and models applicable to studying IS/IT management issues. To outline and describe, for each of the various theories and models, independent and dependent constructs, reference discipline/originating area, originating author(s), seminal articles, level of analysis (i.e. firm, individual, industry) and links with other theories. To provide a critical review/meta-analysis of IS/IT management articles that have used a particular theory/model.To discuss how a theory can be used to better understand how information systems can be effectively deployed in todays digital world. This book contributes to our understanding of a number of theories and models. The theoretical contribution of this book is that it analyzes and synthesizes the relevant literature in order to enhance knowledge of IS theories and models from various perspectives. To cater to the information needs of a diverse spectrum of readers, this book is structured into two volumes, with each volume further broken down into two sections. The first section of Volume 1 presents detailed descriptions of a set of theories centered around the IS lifecycle, including the Success Model, Technology Acceptance Model, User Resistance Theories, and four others. The second section of Volume 1 contains strategic and economic theories, including a Resource-Based View, Theory of Slack Resources, Portfolio Theory, Discrepancy Theory Models, and eleven others. The first section of Volume 2 concerns socio-psychological theories. These include Personal Construct Theory, Psychological Ownership, Transactive Memory, Language-Action Approach, and nine others. The second section of Volume 2 deals with methodological theories, including Critical Realism, Grounded Theory, Narrative Inquiry, Work System Method, and four others. Together, these theories provide a rich tapestry of knowledge around the use of theory in IS research. Since most of these theories are from contributing disciplines, they provide a window into the world of external thought leadership.
Effects of spreading code on the performance of CDMA picocellular systems with RAKE receivers

By exploiting analytical and semianalytical methodologies, performance of DS-CDMA system for picocellular applications, including multipath propagation channels and a RAKE receiver, is evaluated. The system performance is defined in terms of both the mean bit error probability and outage probability, taking the exact evaluation of spreading codes correlation into account. The spreading sequences investigated include some well known two-level sequences and multilevel sequences with complex mapping. By varying the spreading codes and propagation channel conditions, the following aspects have been considered in the numerical results: a comparison of RAKE receivers and simple correlator receivers, the trade-off between receiving taps number and performance, the degradation effects due to not ideal spreading code correlation, and a comparison between binary and multilevel sequences.
A Computer Utility Incorporating the FFT Algorithm for a Signal and System Theory Course

One of the problems in effectively teaching a course in signal and system theory is the difficulty of performing the mathematical operations involved in the application of theory to meaningful problems. In theory, the Fourier transform, convolution and correlation operations usually are readily grasped by the student but the application often proves to be difficult. Performing the integral operations requires painstaking care to get proper limits on the integrals, displacing functions properly, etc. It seems that the student gains little insight to the problem under analysis by these manipulations. Typically, only the simplest type of functions are handled by this analytic approach. This paper describes the Signal Analysis Program, a computer utility which employs the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm and is designed to relieve the user from time consuming and tedious calculations. Classes of problems and signal functions, previously deemed too complicated to treat in an undergraduate course, require little more concern than the simplest of problems. The effectiveness and applicability of this utility has been demonstrated by students applying it to many other areas where it is not a course requirement.
Trends and variability in pan evaporation and other climatic variables at Ibadan, Nigeria, 1973–2008

Understanding changes in evaporation rates is expected to be of great importance for water resource planning and management. This paper examines pan evaporation data as an example of the detection and attribution of trends in climate variables. Records of pan evaporation (Epan), rainfall (R), radiation (SR), wind speed (WS), temperature (Ta) and humidity (RH) for the period 1973–2008 were collected from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Mann–Kendall trend and Sen's slope tests were performed on the respective meteorological variables and a variability index (VI) was also computed for these. The results showed that annually Epan, SR and WS significantly decrease (P < 0.001) while R, Ta, and RH showed insignificant increasing trends in the last four decades. Epan and SR decrease at the rate of 8.3 mm year−2 and 37.8 MJ m−2 year−1, respectively. Similar to Epan, SR decreased significantly in all the months (P < 0.01) and the reduction ranged from 5.1% per decade in March to 9.3% per decade in August. The result of VI showed that the decrease in Epan and other explanatory variables is rather recent. Regression between Epan and other variables indicates that about 30, 15 and 6% of its variance can be explained by SR, WS and VPD (vapour pressure deficit), respectively. The possible roles of dust‐haze known as ‘harmattan’ winds and monsoon clouds in attenuating SR and hence reducing Epan are discussed. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Double blending: online theory with on‐campus practice in photography instruction

This paper presents a blended learning model in which the online component is not used to replace some of the traditional on‐campus activities of a course but to introduce new teaching objectives that would not have been possible to achieve, because of class time limitations and the nature of the course. The instructional model was aimed at integrating a theoretical layer of visual literacy in a traditional practical photography course, using various online individual and collaborative activities. The paper presents the model, details the instructional design of the web‐based elements and their integration with the practical on‐campus activity, and summarises an evaluation study performed with three classes. We suggest that this double blending approach combining online theory with on‐campus practice could be used to cope with similar instructional challenges in other subject matter domains.
Hermetic and Web Plagiarism Detection Systems for Student Essays—An Evaluation of the State-of-the-Art

Plagiarism has become a serious problem in education, and several plagiarism detection systems have been developed for dealing with this problem. This study provides an empirical evaluation of eight plagiarism detection systems for student essays. We present a categorical hierarchy of the most common types of plagiarism that are encountered in student texts. Our purpose-built test set contains texts in which instances of several commonly utilized plagiaristic techniques have been embedded. While Sherlock was clearly the overall best hermetic detection system, SafeAssignment performed best in detecting web plagiarism. TurnitIn was found to be the most advanced system for detecting semi-automatic forms of plagiarism such as the substitution of Cyrillic equivalents for certain characters or the insertion of fake whitespaces. The survey indicates that none of the systems are capable of reliably detecting plagiarism from both local and Internet sources while at the same time being able to identify the technical tricks that plagiarizers use to conceal plagiarism.
Concrete encased in fiberglass reinforced plastic

Fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRP) have very high tensile strength but relatively low modulus and poor stability in compression. 1t is proposed co construct FRP plain concrete composite members, in which an FRP casing is used as a form that stays permanently with the member, confining the concrete and acting as tensile reinforcement. Such a combination can result in significant savings in material and construction costs. Circular FRP-encased concrete cylinders tested in concentric compression exhibit very high strength and ductility. Rectangular FRP-encased concrete beams were constructed also with varying amounts of unidirectional FRP reinforcement added at the bottom. Such beams have very good strength and ductility, and their deflections are almost completely reversible, even after loading co their peak capacity, provided that enough FRP reinforcement has been added at the bottom to prevent brittle failure by fracture of the FRP in tension.
Why care about Linear Hair Growth Rates (LHGR)? A study using in vivo imaging and computer assisted image analysis after manual processing (CAIAMP) in unaffected male controls and men with male pattern hair loss (MPHL)

BackgroundThe words “hair growth” frequently encompass many aspects other than just growth.ObjectivesReport on a validation method for precise non-invasive measurement of thickness together with linear hair growth rates of individual hair fibres. To verify the possible correlation between thickness and linear growth rate of scalp hair in male pattern hair loss as compared with healthy male controls.Materials and methodsTo document the process of validation of hair growth measurement from in vivo image capturing and manual processing, followed by computer assisted image analysis. We analysed 179 paired images obtained with the contrast-enhanced-phototrichogram method with exogen collection (CE-PTG-EC) in 13 healthy male controls and in 87 men with male pattern hair loss (MPHL). ResultsThere was a global positive correlation between thickness and growth rate (ANOVA; p<0.0001) and a statistically significantly (ANOVA; p<0.0005) slower growth rate in MPHL as compared with equally thick hairs from controls. Finally, the growth rate recorded in the more severe patterns was significantly (ANOVA; P≤0.001) reduced compared with equally thick hair from less severely affected MPHL or controls subjects.ConclusionReduced growth rate, together with thinning and shortening of the anagen phase duration in MPHL might contribute together to the global impression of decreased hair volume on the top of the head. Amongst other structural and functional parameters characterizing hair follicle regression, linear hair growth rate warrants further investigation, as it may be relevant in terms of self-perception of hair coverage, quantitative diagnosis and prognostic factor of the therapeutic response.
Improving Stock-Flow Reasoning With Verbal Formats

Background. Stock-flow (SF) problems are ubiquitous in nature, ranging from the accumulation of water in a tub to the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere. However, research on SF failure repeatedly demonstrates that people have severe difficulties understanding even the most basic SF problems. Purpose. This study tested the hypothesis that people’s understanding of SF problems depends on the presentation format used. Specifically, we expect SF failure to decrease when avoiding previously used scientific formats comprising coordinate systems and graphs, and SF problems are presented in verbal formats. Method. Participants (N = 107) solved a range of different SF problems with experimentally varied presentation formats (verbal vs. graphic). We assessed fundamental understanding of graphs and graphical versus verbal production of stocks and in- and outflows. Results. Solution rates show that (a) SF failure is at least partially caused by specifics of the presentation format used previously; (b) fundamental misunderstandings in the construction of graphs can explain previous findings; and (c) the majority of participants arrived at the correct solution when SF problems were presented verbally. Conclusion. The present study indicates that people are able to solve SF problems when they are presented in accessible formats. This result bears implications for simulation-based learning and assessment, and for the communication of SF problems.
Decentralized vs. model predictive control of an industrial glass tube manufacturing process

For the glass tube manufacturing process considered in this paper, one of the controlled variables can only be measured after a considerable time delay. For this process a decentralized (diagonal) PI-controller is compared to a dynamic matrix control (DMC) scheme. The DMC controller shows superior performance in set-point tracking. However, its disturbance rejection properties are comparable. By analyzing the DMC scheme in state-space form, it is shown that the time delay limits the achievable performance of the DMC controller regardless of its tuning parameters. To overcome this limitation, at least partly, it is suggested to use a suitable disturbance model.