Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Financial Education and the Debt Behavior of the Young

Young Americans are heavily reliant on debt and have clear financial literacy shortcomings. In this paper, we study the effects of exposure to financial training on debt outcomes in early adulthood among a large and representative sample of young Americans. Variation in exposure to financial training comes from statewide changes in high school graduation requirements. Using a flexible event study approach, we find that both mathematics and financial education, by and large, decrease reliance on nonstudent debt and improve repayment behavior. Economics training, on the other hand, increases both the likelihood of holding outstanding debt and the prevalence of repayment difficulties.Received July 9, 2014; accepted December 5, 2015 by Editor Stefan Nagel.
Explaining darker deep convective clouds over the western Pacific than over tropical continental convective regions

Abstract. This study attempted to explain why deep convective clouds (DCCs) over the western Pacific are generally darker than those found over tropical African and South American land regions. The western Pacific domain was further divided into its land and ocean regions to deduce the general differences in DCC characteristics between convectively active tropical land and ocean regions. DCC in this study is defined as a single-layer cloud whose thickness is greater than 15 km, and it is determined from CloudSat-measured reflectivity profiles. Corresponding MODIS-measured reflectivities at 0.645 μm were examined, along with the analysis of cloud products from Cloud Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) measurements. From an analysis of the four January months of 2007–2010, a distinct difference in ice water path (IWP) between the ocean region of the western Pacific and the three tropical land regions was revealed. Distinct differences in the effective radius between land and ocean were also found. The findings lead to a conclusion that smaller IWP over the western Pacific ocean region than over the tropical land regions, which should be caused by different cloud microphysics between land and ocean, is the main cause of smaller reflectivity there.
A Large Scale Multi-Label Action Dataset for Video Understanding

The world is inherently multi-label. Even when restricted to the space of actions, multiple things and events often happen simultaneously and a single label is commonly in-sufﬁcient for adequately explaining the full meaning of an event. To develop methods reaching human-level understanding of dynamical events, we need to capture the complex nature of our environment. Here, we present a multi-label extension to the Moments in Time Dataset which includes annotation of multiple actions in each video. We perform a baseline analysis and compare recognition results, class selectivity, and network robustness of a temporal relation network (TRN) trained on both single-label Moments in Time and the proposed multi-label extension.
Determinants of Time to First Marriage Among Rural Women in Ethiopia

Age at marriage is of particular interest because it marks the transition to adulthood in many societies; the point at which certain options in education, employment, and participation in society are foreclosed. This study aimed to investigate demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting age at first marriage in Ethiopian women. The data source used for the analysis was the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, which is country representative survey. The study considered 10,417 women aged 15-49 years from nine regions and one city administration. Accelerated failure time model was used for identifying factors associated with age at first marriage. The median time for age at first marriage was 17 years (95% CI: 16.90, 17.10). Based on Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) the Log-logistic accelerated failure time model was found to be the best model in describing the age at first marriage among other candidate models. The result based on this model showed that region, women’s educational level, wealth index and religion significantly affect timing of first marriage. Women who had secondary and higher education prolonged time-to-first marriage by the factor of ɸ =1.42 and ɸ =1.46, respectively. Women from Oromia, Somali, SNNP and Dire Dawa have prolonged time to age at first marriage by ɸ=1.02, ɸ=1.05, ɸ=1.08, and ɸ=1.09 respectively. However, women from Amhara region (ɸ =0.89), Benishangul-Gumuz region (ɸ =0.95) and Gambela region (ɸ =0.95) had a significantly higher risk of early first marriage compared to their counterparts in the Tigray region. The acceleration factors for middle wealth index and rich are 0.99 and 0.98 respectively using poor household reference. This implied that poor household women have longer time-to-age at first marriage. Improving girls and young women access to education is important for rising the women’s age at first marriage, which is vital for empowering them and enhancing their participation in any sector.
Property rights and investment in agriculture: Evidence for Ghana

This article develops a theoretical framework to examine the relationship between land tenure agreements and households’ investment in land improvement and conservation measures. It then analyzes this relationship with a multivariate probit model based on a survey data from a sample of 560 plots belonging to 246 farmers from 6 villages in the Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana. A major hypothesis tested is that investment in productivity enhancing and conservation techniques are influenced by land tenure systems. The theoretical analysis and empirical results generally reveal that land tenure differences significantly influence farmers’ decisions to invest in land improvement and conservation measures. Furthermore, reduced-form productivity regressions show that tenure differences do affect land productivity.
Mesio-distal crown dimension of permanent dentition in normal, crowding, and spacing of young adult sample aged 18-25 years

This study aimed to assess the effect of tooth width in malocclusion in relation to normal, crowding, and spacing dentition. Materials and methods: The sample included dental casts of some dental students and orthodontic patients; their age was (18-25) years and having three groups normal, crowding, and spacing dentition groups. The sample was equally divided to three groups normal, crowding, and spacing dentition groups, each group contained 50 maxillary and 50 mandibular casts that were further subdivided by gender; all the stone casts were measured by highly sensitive digital vernier. Results and Conclusions: Non-significant side difference was found in both dental arches in the three studied groups. Males had higher mesiodistal crown dimension than females in all three groups, with significant gender difference in crowding and normal dentition groups. The mesiodistal distance of the segment measurements (Total Anterior material; Total Posterior material and Total teeth material) were larger in crowded dentition then followed by normal and spaced dentition groups respectively in both gender. Total Anterior material in both arches had direct significant correlation with crowding malocclusion, while maxillary Total Anterior material had indirect significant correlation with spacing malocclusion.
Chemical-free Processing of Sweet Sorghum Juice of Cultivar Sucrosorgho 506

The development of sweet sorghum syrup producing technology for the juice of cultivar Sucrosorgho 506 was completed. The applicability of different existing syrup production technologies including sugar beet-based sugar production technology, and sugar cane processing technology was also tested. The new chemical-free syrup production technology was realized at laboratory-scale and large laboratory-scale. The proposed technology offers a chemical free separation and concentration of carbohydrates, and consists of centrifugal separation; ultrafiltration extended with an approved sterilization followed by nanofiltration to separate carbohydrates and inorganics, and finally a vacuum evaporation to reach syrup state. By using this technology the initial glucose:fructose:sucrose ratio could be preserved in the syrup, therefore not limiting its further use. The possible food application was established by sensory analysis. It was revealed that the syrup produced via the developed process obtained the most attractive character that enables the opportunity to use as natural sweetener.
Productive and morphogenetic responses of buffel grass at different air temperatures and CO2 concentrations

The objective of the present trial was to evaluate the productive and morphogenetic characteristics of buffel grass subjected to different air temperatures and CO2 concentrations. Three cultivars of buffel grass (Biloela, Aridus and West Australian) were compared. Cultivars were grown in growth chambers at three temperatures (day/night): 26/20, 29/23, and 32/26 °C, combined with two concentrations of CO2: 370 and 550 µmol mol-1. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with three replications. There were interactions between buffel grass cultivars and air temperatures on leaf elongation rate (LER), leaf appearance rate (LAR), leaf lifespan (LL) and senescence rate (SR), whereas cultivars vs. carbon dioxide concentration affected forage mass (FM), root mass (RM), shoot/root ratio, LL and SR. Leaf elongation rate and SR were higher as the air temperature was raised. Increasing air temperature also promoted an increase in LAR, except for West Australian. High CO2 concentration provided greater SR of plants, except for Biloela. Cultivar West Australian had higher FM in relation to Biloela and Aridus when the CO2 concentration was increased to 550 µmol mol-1. West Australian was the only cultivar that responded with more forage mass when it was exposed to higher carbon dioxide concentrations, whereas Aridus had depression in forage mass. The increase in air temperatures affects morphogenetic responses of buffel grass, accelerating its vegetative development without increasing forage mass. Elevated carbon dioxide concentration changes productive responses of buffel grass.
What Has Financed Government Debt?

Dynamic rational expectations models imply that the real value of debt in the hands of the public must be equal to the expected present-value of surpluses. We impose this equilibrium condition on an identified VAR and characterize the way in which the present-value support of debt varies across various types of fiscal policy shocks and between fiscal and non-fiscal shocks. The role of expected primary surpluses in supporting innovations to debt depends on the nature of the shock. For some fiscal policy shocks, debt is supported almost entirely by changes in the present-value of surpluses, however, in the case of other fiscal policy shocks, surpluses fail to adjust and instead leave a large role for expected changes in discount rates. Horizons over which debt innovations are financed are long - on the order of fifty years - while present-values calculated up to any finite horizon up to then fluctuate wildly, particularly following government spending and transfer shocks.
The VANDELS ESO public spectroscopic survey

VANDELS is a uniquely deep spectroscopic survey of high-redshift galaxies with the VIMOS spectrograph on ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT). The survey has obtained ultradeep optical (0.48 < λ < 1.0 μm) spectroscopy of ≃2100 galaxies within the redshift interval 1.0 ≤ z ≤ 7.0, over a total area of ≃0.2 deg2 centred on the CANDELS Ultra Deep Survey and Chandra Deep Field South fields. Based on accurate photometric redshift pre-selection, 85 per cent of the galaxies targeted by VANDELS were selected to be at z ≥ 3. Exploiting the red sensitivity of the refurbished VIMOS spectrograph, the fundamental aim of the survey is to provide the high-signal-to-noise ratio spectra necessary to measure key physical properties such as stellar population ages, masses, metallicities, and outflow velocities from detailed absorption-line studies. Using integration times calculated to produce an approximately constant signal-to-noise ratio (20 < tint< 80 h), the VANDELS survey targeted: (a) bright star-forming galaxies at 2.4 ≤ z ≤ 5.5, (b) massive quiescent galaxies at 1.0 ≤ z ≤ 2.5, (c) fainter star-forming galaxies at 3.0 ≤ z ≤ 7.0, and (d) X-ray/Spitzer-selected active galactic nuclei and Herschel-detected galaxies. By targeting two extragalactic survey fields with superb multiwavelength imaging data, VANDELS will produce a unique legacy data set for exploring the physics underpinning high-redshift galaxy evolution. In this paper, we provide an overview of the VANDELS survey designed to support the science exploitation of the first ESO public data release, focusing on the scientific motivation, survey design, and target selection.
Impact of Knowledge Sharing and Leakage on Innovative Performance

Organizations share knowledge in order to achieve its strategic objectives and enhance innovative performance, most important business process and critical knowledge are subjected to unwanted leakage. This study focused on the aspects and concerns associated with knowledge sharing within and outside organizations. To achieve this objective, the study construct, validate, and test the structure equation modeling for knowledge sharing, knowledge leakage, and innovation performance. A survey was designed and the data were collected in 2015 from managers and owners of 600 industrial companies in KSA. The total responses were 276. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the constructs, then subjected to structure equation modeling to test hypothesis. Model fit parameters indicated normal fit and suitability as the research model. Finding indicated that knowledge leakage negatively mediate the positive impact of knowledge sharing on innovation performance, and some of leakage may be beneficial and have a positive impact, especially when sharing knowledge with customers and competitors in order to develop market innovation. Theoretical implication supplement few empirical studies that shown knowledge leakage as mediator leads to minimize positive results of knowledge sharing. Since KSA recently began the transition to knowledge economy, where much of knowledge sharing occurs dramatically, the study provides analytical framework for Managerial and practical implication about important aspects of knowledge sharing, the method and measures proposed by this study allow organizations to map, formalize and measure their knowledge activities, model can be applied in corporate level to identify the specific impact among organizational units and company's networks.
PEER GROUP EFFECTS AND OPTIMAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

The belief that peers' characteristics influence the behavior and outcomes of students in school has been important in shaping public policy. How peers affect individuals depends on the educational system prevailing. I analyze two different systems: tracking and mixing, and I propose several criteria to compare them. I find that at compulsory level, average human capital across the population is maximized under tracking, although tracking does not dominates mixing according to first order stochastic dominance. The education system that maximizes college attendance depends on the income level in the population and on the opportunity cost of college attendance.
Interacting relativistic quantum dynamics of two particles on spacetimes with a Big Bang singularity

Relativistic quantum theories are usually thought of as being quantum field theories, but this is not the only possibility. Here, we consider relativistic quantum theories with a fixed number of particles that interact neither through potentials nor through exchange of bosons. Instead, the interaction can occur directly along light cones, in a way similar to the Wheeler-Feynman formulation of classical electrodynamics. For two particles, the wave function is here of the form ψ(x1, x2), where x1 and x2 are spacetime points. Specifically, we consider a natural class of covariant equations governing the time evolution of ψ involving integration over light cones or even more general spacetime regions. It is not obvious, however, whether these equations possess a unique solution for every initial datum. We prove for Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker spacetimes that in the case of purely retarded interactions, there does, in fact, exist a unique solution for every datum on the initial hypersurface. The proof is based on carrying over similar results for a Minkowski half-space (i.e., the future of a spacelike hyperplane) to curved spacetime. Furthermore, we show that also in the case of time-symmetric interactions and for spacetimes with both a Big Bang and a Big Crunch, solutions do exist. However, initial data are then not appropriate anymore; the solution space gets parametrized in a different way.Relativistic quantum theories are usually thought of as being quantum field theories, but this is not the only possibility. Here, we consider relativistic quantum theories with a fixed number of particles that interact neither through potentials nor through exchange of bosons. Instead, the interaction can occur directly along light cones, in a way similar to the Wheeler-Feynman formulation of classical electrodynamics. For two particles, the wave function is here of the form ψ(x1, x2), where x1 and x2 are spacetime points. Specifically, we consider a natural class of covariant equations governing the time evolution of ψ involving integration over light cones or even more general spacetime regions. It is not obvious, however, whether these equations possess a unique solution for every initial datum. We prove for Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker spacetimes that in the case of purely retarded interactions, there does, in fact, exist a unique solution for every datum on the initial hypersurface. The proof .
Genetic Survey of Human Rotavirus Strains Involved in Gastroenteritis among Children in Four North-Central States of Nigeria

A total of six hundred stool samples collected from children and infants (0-5 years) presenting diarrheaat the hospital located in the four north central states of Nigeria (Niger, Kwara, Nasarawa and Federal Capital Territory) were examined for possible detection of rotavirus antigens using enzymes linkedimmunosorbent assay. 27 cases (5%) were found to be positive. The result of the reverse transcription(RT) of the viral RNA to cDNA revealed that, the vp7 gene appeared large and bold while the vp4 genehad small and faint bands. Further identification of the rotavirus isolated using Reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Agarose Gel electrophoresis, indicated strains G1 (11%), G2(15%), G8 (15%) and P4 (8%), P6 (11%), P8 (11%) as the strains identified. An indication that, theabove mentioned strains may be the dorminant strains in circulation in the study areas. Furtherinvestigation on the remaining parts of north central states is conducted in order to arrive at betterconclusion on the strains of the virus present in the entire north central region.
Late Vistulian and Holocene mollusc assemblages from Calcareous tufa at the Ostrysz Hill (Podhale Basin, S Poland)

Late Vistulian and Holocene mollusc-bearing deposits, developed as solifluction sediments, travertines and calcareous tufa, occur in a valley of a small stream on NE slopes of the Ostrysz Hill near Ma3e Ciche in the Podhale Basin (S Poland). Several types of rich and differentiated mollusc assemblages, corresponding to consecutive phases of the evolution of climate and palaeogeographical conditions during the Late Vistulian and Holocene, were found in eleven profiles.
ENERGY APPROACH IN ANALYSIS OF MICROPLASMA POWDER SURFACING MODES

A new procedure for analysis of microplasma powder surfacing modes was proposed on the basis of evaluation of the value of definite integral of welding current magnitude during the time of arc running on the item. It is realized by digital processing of signals from current and voltage sensors with galvanic decoupling from the welding circuit, registered using the analog-digital converter. Its algorithm allows evaluation of the amount of heat applied to the anode for different models of specialized surfacing equipment under the conditions of variation of welding current and of a number of stationary technological parameters, and correlating this value with microor macrocracking susceptibility of items from high-temperature nickel alloys in fusion welding. It is established that at limited welding current overall heat input of micropalsma arc into the anode is proportional to weld pool volume and surfacing efficiency. In the case of multilayer surfacing of airfoil edge of GTE blade from JS32 and JS26 alloys it is shown that optimization of the total amount of heat energy allows prevention of microcracking in such a welded joint. 24 Ref. , 8 Figures.
The frequency dependence and locations of short‐period microseisms generated in the Southern Ocean and West Pacific

The origin of the microseismic wavefield is associated with deep ocean and coastal regions where, under certain conditions, ocean waves can excite seismic waves that propagate as surface and body waves. Given that the characteristics of seismic signals generally vary with frequency, here we explore the frequency‐ and azimuth‐dependent properties of microseisms recorded at a medium aperture (25 km) array in Australia. We examine the frequency‐dependent properties of the wavefield, and its temporal variation, over two decades (1991–2012), with a focus on relatively high‐frequency microseisms (0.325–0.725 Hz) recorded at the Warramunga Array, which has good slowness resolution capabilities in this frequency range. The analysis is carried out using the incoherently averaged signal Capon beamforming, which gives robust estimates of slowness and back azimuth and is able to resolve multiple wave arrivals within a single time window. For surface waves, we find that fundamental mode Rayleigh waves (Rg) dominate for lower frequencies (<0.55 Hz) while higher frequencies (>0.55 Hz) show a transition to higher mode surface waves (Lg). For body waves, source locations are identified in deep ocean regions for lower frequencies and in shallow waters for higher frequencies. We further examine the association between surface wave arrivals and a WAVEWATCH III ocean wave hindcast. Correlations with the ocean wave hindcast show that secondary microseisms in the lower‐frequency band are generated mainly by ocean swell, while higher‐frequency bands are generated by the wind sea, i.e., local wind conditions.
Windows of opportunity and seasoned equity offerings: An empirical study

Abstract Taking a sample of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) by firms listed on Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) from the year 1992 to 2012, we examine two of the key issues concerning SEOs. First, whether SEOs are underpriced, issued at a price lower than the prevailing market price; and second, whether companies time their issues. Study of 162 SEOs exhibits significant underpricing at 1% significance level leading us to conclude that SEOs in India are significantly underpriced. Analysis of abnormal returns for 114 SEOs taking different event windows surrounding issue opening dates reveals that, except for the −1 to + 1 event window, CAAR for all other event windows are significantly negative. This leads us to conclude that investors in India experience significantly negative abnormal returns surrounding SEO issue opening. Overall, findings of the study reveal that SEOs in India are underpriced and that there exist windows of opportunity for SEOs in India.