Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Government Support and Charitable Donations: A Meta-Analysis of the Crowding-out Hypothesis

With the growing body of literature on governance styles in which nonprofit organizations are involved in creating and implementing public services, there is a need for robust evidence on the effects of public funding on nonprofit revenues. This paper systematically reviews previous studies on the crowding-out hypothesis, which holds that private charitable donations are lower in situations of higher government support and vice versa. We find that about two-thirds of previous estimates find a negative correlation (crowding-out), while one-third of the estimates find a positive correlation (crowding-in). The results are strongly shaped by the research methods that are used. In experiments, a $1 increase in government support is associated with an average $0.64 decrease in private donations, while nonexperimental data analyses find an average increase of $0.06. Random-effects regression models show that, contrary to arguments that are prevalent in the literature, studies that take subsidies to organizations as a measure of government support are less likely to estimate crowding-out than studies that use a measure of direct government expenditures. Central government support is associated with higher charitable donations, while measures that include multiple levels of government tend to find negative correlations. The results challenge the consistency of prior research findings and demonstrate the contextual dependence of the validity of the crowding-out hypothesis.
Isolation, polymorphism and expression study of two distinct major histocompatibility complex class II B genes from half‐smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens are important in vertebrate immune system, which present peptides to CD4+ T cells. In the present study, cDNAs encoding MHC class II B gene were isolated from the cDNA library of half‐smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), and the full length cDNA sequences were got by rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction. The polymorphism of its open reading frame, 3′ untranslated region and intron 1 was studied. Nineteen class II B alleles were identified from nine individuals and clustered into two groups, designated as Cyse‐DAB and Cyse‐DBB. The deduced amino acid sequences among Cyse‐DAB and Cyse‐DBB alleles shared identities from 94.0% to 99.6% and 92.4% to 99.6%, respectively, while the identities between Cyse‐DAB and Cyse‐DBB genes varied from 85.1% to 92.0%. Three Cyse‐DAB alleles and one Cyse‐DBB allele were observed in each of two individuals, and three Cyse‐DBB alleles and one Cyse‐DAB allele in another individual, which indicated at least two loci existed in each gene. Two different 3′ UTR sequences were identified and one belonged to Cyse‐DAB, the other belonged to Cyse‐DBB. Both five Cyse‐DAB and five Cyse‐DBB intron 1 sequences were identified from genomic sequences, among which two sequences of each gene were identified in a single individual, which suggested the existence of at least two Cyse‐DAB and two Cyse‐DBB loci. Both the two genes’‐specific tissue and developmental stage expression were studied by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction, which showed that the two genes had similar expression patterns in tissue study with high expression in spleen and kidney, low expression in liver, gill and ovary, moderate expression in brain, heart, intestine and testis. While in developmental analysis, Cyse‐DBB had higher expression than Cyse‐DAB in early developmental stages, which indicated that the two genes might have different functions in those stages. Therefore, in half‐smooth tongue sole, two different MHC class II B genes exist and could differentiate from each other whether by sequence analysis or by developmental stage expression study.
Was the Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood Diagnosis Introduced into DSM-III as a Backdoor Maneuver to Replace Homosexuality? A Historical Note

Over the years, the DSM diagnosis of gender identity disorder (and its predecessors gender identity disorder of childhood [GIDC] and transsexualism) has attracted controversy as a mental disorder, for its diagnostic criteria, as a target of therapeutic intervention, and for its relationship to a homosexual sexual orientation. Another point of controversy is the claim that the diagnosis of GIDC was introduced into the DSM-III in 1980 as a kind of “backdoor maneuver” to replace homosexuality, which was deleted from the DSM-II in 1973. In this article, we challenge this historical interpretation and provide an alternative account of how the GIDC diagnosis (and transsexualism) became part of psychiatric nosology in the DSM-III. We argue that GIDC was included as a psychiatric diagnosis because it met the generally accepted criteria used by the framers of DSM-III for inclusion (for example, clinical utility, acceptablility to clinicians of various theoretical persuasions, and an empirical database to propose explicit diagnostic criteria that could be tested for reliability and validity). In this respect, the entry of GIDC into the psychiatric nomenclature was guided by the reliance on “expert consensus” (research clinicians)—the same mechanism that led to the introduction of many new psychiatric diagnoses, including those for which systematic field trials were not available when the DSM-III was published.
Hemoglobin, muscle oxidative capacity, and VO2max in African-American and Caucasian women.

PURPOSE The purpose of this paper was to determine whether differences in hemoglobin (Hb) and muscle aerobic capacity exist between African-American (AA) and Caucasian (CA) premenopausal women and to determine whether Hb and aerobic capacity of the muscle are associated with the racial differences in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). METHODS 43 AA and 46 CA sedentary premenopausal women were subjects. Percent body fat was determined by four-compartment model, leg lean tissue by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, VO2max during a graded exercise test, aerobic capacity of the calf muscle by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and serum Hb by the cyanide method. RESULTS AA women had reduced VO2max (AA 29.3 +/- 3.0 vs CA 33.6 +/- 5.6 mL.kg(-1) bdw(-1). min, P < 0.01), reduced muscle aerobic capacity (AA 24.3 +/- 5.8 vs CA 21.3 +/- 4.8 s, P = 0.01, where lower values indicate higher aerobic capacity), and reduced Hb (AA 11.8 +/- 1.3 vs CA 12.9 +/- 0.8 g.dL(-1), P < 0.01). The racial difference in VO2max persisted whether the values were unadjusted or adjusted for fat-free mass or leg lean tissue. Multiple regression analysis revealed that both Hb and muscle aerobic capacity were related to VO2max after adjusting for each other, race, and either fat-free mass or leg lean tissue. Being AA was associated with reduced VO2max in mL O2.kg leg lean tissue(-1). min(-1) (zero-order simple Pearson-product correlation -0.60, P < 0.01). When multiple regression was used, the correlation between race and VO2max decreased but persisted (-0.40, <0.01) after adjusting for Hb and muscle aerobic capacity. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that differences in Hb and aerobic capacity of muscle are related to reduced VO2max in AA women. However, Hb and aerobic capacity of the muscle can only partially explain the racial differences in VO2max.
Labour Market Policies in Denmark

: Labour market reforms in Denmark are reviewed. Over the last decade, the reform intensity in Denmark has been high, addressing both structural issues pertaining to the number of people in work ages being dependent on public transfers as well as the challenges arising from increasing longevity and an ageing population. Maintaining a high employment rate is essential for social, distributional and public finance reasons. The reforms implemented have both tightened eligibility conditions for various elements of the social safety net, not least for early retirement and pensions as well as social assistance, and increased incentives for work via benefit adjustments and tax reforms. The report is
Does gender influence outcome of AAA endoluminal repair?

BACKGROUND It has been suggested that female patients have a less favourable outcome of endoluminal repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Yet, data on stratified per gender are lacking. METHODS We reviewed our prospective database of 402 endografts over a 4-year period and the peri- and postoperative course in the 25 (6%) female patients was compared with the 377 (94%) male patients. Median follow-up was 24 months (range 1-56 months). Logistic regression analysis was performed to test the effect of five confounding variables (gender, age, ASA grade IV, EUROSTAR class D or E, AAA diameter) on failure of AAA exclusion. RESULTS There were no perioperative deaths in the female group and 5 (1.3%) in the male group (p = 0.8). Major perioperative morbidity occurred in 17% versus 6% (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.2-10.6; p = 0.026). There were 1 (4%) and 5 (1%) conversions to open repair in the female and male groups, respectively (p = 0.3). Late failure of AAA exclusion occurred in 5 (21%) and 26 (7%) patients, respectively (p = 0.03). Of the five variables examined for their influence on failure of AAA exclusion, female gender (hazard ratio 4.42; 95% CI 1.4-13.4; p = 0.009) and AAA diameter (hazard ratio 1.05; 95% CI 1.009-1.09; p = 0.017), were positive independent predictors of late failure of AAA exclusion on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Endoluminal AAA repair in female patients appear associated with a less favorable outcome when compared to their male counterparts. These data may be taken into consideration when endoluminal AAA repair is suggested to a female patient.
[Pathological changes of lungs in patients with severity acute respiratory syndrome].

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the progression in morphologic changes of lungs in SARS patients. METHODS Four cases of SARS with lung tissue samples available (including one for ultrastructural examination) were enrolled into the study. Histochemical study for VG, Masson, reticulin, orcein, PAS, sirius red stains and immunohistochemical study for vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, HHF-35, CD34, F8, collagen types I and III were also performed. RESULTS According to the morphologic changes, lung lesions in SARS were subcategorized into 3 phases: acute exudative inflammation, fibrous proliferation and the final fibrotic stage. Two cases belonged to the acute exudative phase, in which the course was less than 20 days. The principal lesions consisted of acute alveolar exudative inflammation, hyperplasia of alveolar epithelium, necrosis, alveolar hyaline membrane formation, alveolar desquamation and focal fibroplasia. The acute exudative protein was PAS-positive. There was an increase in reticulin fiber formation. The reactive fibroblasts were highlighted by desmin and vimentin. One case belonged to the fibroproliferative stage, in which the course was around 25 days. Major lesions included proliferative interstitial pneumonia with early pulmonary fibrosis. There was also evidence of organizing pneumonia, with an increase in reticulin fiber formation, which had a glomeruloid appearance on special stain. The mesenchymal cells showed either myofibroblastic (which expressed desmin, HHF-35, smooth muscle actin and vimentin) or fibroblastic (which expressed vimentin only) differentiation. Fibroelastosis and fibroplasia was also noted. The remaining case belonged to the fibrotic stage, in which the course was around 75 days. The main features included diffuse fibrosis and honeycomb change, which were highlighted by sirius red stain. Immunohistochemistry showed mainly types I and IV collagen fibers. In all lesions, there was also an increase of number of CD68-positive macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The morphologic progression in lungs of SARS patients is characterized by the development of increased fibrosis. The primitive mesenchymal cells, hyperplastic alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis.
Bronchoalveolar lavage analysis in victims of severe facial burns.

OBJECTIVE To analyze bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens of burn victims who inhaled smoke, in order to identify alterations associated with mortality or survival. METHODS Eighteen victims of facial burns were submitted to BAL up to 24 h after the event. We investigated cell and protein content, including TNF-alpha, HLA-DR, CD14, CD68 and iNOS. RESULTS Of the 18 patients submitted to bronchoscopy, 8 (44.4%) died during the follow-up period. The mean age of patients who died was significantly higher (44.7 vs. 31.5 years). On average, the patients who died had burns covering 60.1% of the total body surface area, compared with 26.1% in the survivors (p < 0.0001). Of the 18 patients submitted to bronchoscopy, 11 (61.1%) showed endoscopic signs of smoke inhalation injury, and 4 (36.4%) of those 11 died. Of the 7 patients with no signs of smoke inhalation injury, 4 (57.1%) died. The mean number of ciliated epithelial cells in the BAL fluid was significantly higher in the patients who died than in the survivors (6.6% vs. 1.4%; p = 0.03). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of any of the other parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The total body surface area burned was a predictive factor for mortality. Increased numbers of ciliated epithelial cells in the BAL fluid, denoting bronchial epithelial desquamation, were associated with higher mortality in patients with facial burns.
Transplantation of Co-Microencapsulated Hepatocytes and HUVECs for Treatment of Fulminant Hepatic Failure

Purpose: Microencapsulated hepatocytes might solve immunological rejection, broadening a new perspective for the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). However, the transplantation of microcapsulated hepatocytes is limited by low cell viability Nevertheless, the co-microencapsulation of hepatocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) may make the treatment of FHF more promising. Methods: We prepared the microcapsules using the high-voltage electrostatic droplet spray method, transplanted the empty microcapsules, isolated hepatocytes, microcapsulated hepatocytes, and co-microencapsulated hepatocytes and HUVEC intraperitoneally into rat models of FHF induced by D-aminogalactose (D-gal). After 1, 3, and 7 days, and 2, 3, and 4 weeks posttransplantation, we calculated the mortality and assessed alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and albumin (ALB) levels in the serum of the model; evaluated the integrality and recovery of microcapsules; and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) the recovered microcapsules as well as the liver of the FHF rats. Results: Hepatocyte-specific functions, including the levels of ALT, AST, and ALB in the serum of the co-microencapsulation group, were significantly better than those in the other groups (p<0.05) from 2 to 4 weeks after transplantation. Moreover, cotransplantation of the microencapsulated hepatocytes and HUVECs decreased the mortality rate of the FHF rats. The recovered microcapsules were intact, and recovery was up to 90%. H&E staining showed that the microencapsulated cells were still alive, and the liver tissues had started to recover after 4 weeks posttransplantation. Conclusion: The microcapsules have good biocompatibility and immunoprotection to protect the hepatocytes from immunological rejection. Cotransplantation of the microencapsulated hepatocytes and HUVECs could decrease mortality rates and improve liver function in FHF.
Cigarette smoke inhalation and risk of lung cancer: a case–control study in a large Japanese population

Several studies have shown that cigarette smoke inhalation is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (LC) in European populations. The aim of our study was to clarify the relationship between cigarette smoke inhalation and the risk of LC in a Japanese population. We carried out a large case–control study of cigarette smoking and the risk of LC in Japan. Cases were newly diagnosed patients with histologically confirmed LC (n=653). Controls (n=1281) included hospital controls (n=453) and community-based controls (n=828). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived from unconditional logistic regression analysis, adjusted for basic confounding variables including age, sex, drinking status, fruit and vegetable intake, family history of LC, occupation, and years of education. Compared with never smokers, ORs for ever smokers who do not inhale cigarette smoke (noninhalation) and ever smokers who inhale cigarette smoke (inhalation) were 1.72 (95% CI: 1.15–2.59) and 3.28 (95% CI: 2.38–4.53), respectively, when adjusted for basic confounding variables. When the analysis was restricted to ever smokers, the OR adjusted for basic confounding factors and pack-year of the risk of LC in the inhalation group was significantly higher than that in the noninhalation group. OR for the inhalation group compared with the noninhalation group was 1.52 (95% CI: 1.06–2.18, P=0.021). A similar pattern was observed in subcategory analyses for adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma, and other histological types, although without statistical significance. Our case–control study showed that inhalation of cigarette smoke is a significant risk for LC independent from pack-years in a Japanese population.
PENGARUH MODAL INTELEKTUAL DANPROFITABILITAS TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN STUDIPADA PERUSAHAAN PERTAMBANGAN YANGTERDAFTAR di BURSA EFEK INDONESIA 2009-2013

This research of intellectual capital and profitability has been conducted in many countries and in many aspects, but the research of intellectual capital and profitability in Indonesia is limited. Results of previous research also has many differences. This research aims to examine the effect of intellectual capital and profitability on firm value in mining companies. This research uses a model-Value Added Intellectual Pulic Coefficients (VAICTM) with the calculate three individually proxy that is value added capital employed (VACA), value added human capital (VAHU), and value added structural capital (STVA) and profitability (ROE) on firm value in mining companies as measured by Tobin’s Q. The sample used is a mining company listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) in the period 2009-2013. The research Collecting data using purposive sampling method. Data were obtained representing 70 observation. This research used multiple linear regression to analyze the data. The results showed that the value added capital employed (VACA), value added human capital (VAHU), dan value added structural capital (STVA) does not effect on the Tobin’s Q . While return on equity (ROE) effect on the Tobin’s Q. Keywords: intellectual capital, VACA, VAHU, STVA, profitability, firm value, Tobin’s Q. Penelitian mengenai modal intelektual dan profitabilitas telah dilakukan di banyak negara dan dalam banyak aspek, namun penelitian modal intelektual dan profitabilitas di Indonesia masih terbatas. Hasil penelitian terdahulu juga memiliki banyak perbedaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh modal intelektual dan profitabilitas terhadap nilai perusahaan pada perusahaan pertambangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan model Pulic-Value Added Intellectual Coefficients (VAICTM) dalam menghitung tiga proksi secara terpisah yaitu value added capital employed (VACA), value added human capital (VAHU), dan value added structural capital (STVA) dan profitabilitas (ROE) terhadap nilai perusahaan pada perusahaan pertambangan yang diukur dengan Tobin’s Q. Sampel penelitian yang digunakan adalah perusahaan pertambangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode tahun 2009-2013. Pengumpulan data penelitian menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Data yang diperolah berjumlah 70 observasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan regresi linear berganda untuk menganalisis data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa value added capital employed (VACA), value added human capital (VAHU), dan value added structural capital (STVA) tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai perusahaan (Tobin’s Q). dan profitabilitas yang diukur dengan return on equity (ROE) berpengaruh terhadap nilai perusahaan (Tobin’s Q). Kata Kunci: modal intelektual, VACA, VAHU, STVA, profitabilitas, return on equity (ROE), nilai perusahaan (Tobin’s Q).
Working hard to know your neighbor's margins: Local descriptor learning loss

We introduce a novel loss for learning local feature descriptors which is inspired by the Lowe's matching criterion for SIFT. We show that the proposed loss that maximizes the distance between the closest positive and closest negative patch in the batch is better than complex regularization methods; it works well for both shallow and deep convolution network architectures. Applying the novel loss to the L2Net CNN architecture results in a compact descriptor -- it has the same dimensionality as SIFT (128) that shows state-of-art performance in wide baseline stereo, patch verification and instance retrieval benchmarks. It is fast, computing a descriptor takes about 1 millisecond on a low-end GPU.
The new antiarrhythmic drug vernakalant: ex vivo study of human atrial tissue from sinus rhythm and chronic atrial fibrillation.

AIMS Vernakalant is a newly developed antiarrhythmic drug against atrial fibrillation (AF). However, its electrophysiological actions on human myocardium are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Action potentials (APs) and ion currents were recorded in right atrial trabeculae and cardiomyocytes from patients in sinus rhythm (SR) and chronic AF. Vernakalant prolonged early repolarization in SR and AF, but late only in AF. AP amplitude (APA) and dV/dtmax were reduced in a concentration- and frequency-dependent manner with IC50 < 10 µM at >3 Hz. Effective refractory period was increased more than action potential duration (APD) in SR and AF. INa was blocked with IC50s of 95 and 84 µM for SR and AF, respectively (0.5 Hz). Vernakalant did not reduce outward potassium currents compared with time-matched controls. However, area under the current-time curve was reduced due to acceleration of current decline with IC50s of 19 and 12 µM for SR and AF, respectively. Vernakalant had less effect on APD than the IKr blocker E-4031, blocked IK,ACh, and had a small inhibitory effect on IK1 at 30 µM. L-Type Ca(2+) currents (SR) were reduced with IC50 of 84 µM. CONCLUSION Rate-dependent block of Na(+) channels represents the main antiarrhythmic mechanism of vernakalant in the fibrillating atrium. Open channel block of early transient outward currents and IK,ACh could also contribute.
Sun Exposure and Psychotic Experiences

Objective Sun exposure is considered the single most important source of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency has been suggested to play a role in the etiology of psychotic disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between sun exposure and psychotic experiences (PEs) in a general population sample of Swedish women. Methods The study population included participants from The Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health cohort study. The 20-item community assessment of psychic experiences (CAPEs) was administered between ages 30 and 50 to establish PEs. Sun exposure as measured by (1) sunbathing holidays and (2) history of sunburn was measured between ages 10 and 39. The association between sun exposure and PEs was evaluated by quantile regression models. Results 34,297 women were included in the analysis. Women who reported no sunbathing holidays and 2 or more weeks of sunbathing holidays scored higher on the CAPE scale than women exposed to 1 week of sunbathing holidays across the entire distribution, when adjusting for age and education. Similarly, compared with women who reported a history of one sunburn, the women with none or two or more sunburns showed higher scores on the CAPE scale. Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that, in a population-based cohort of middle aged women, both low and high sun exposure is associated with increased level of positive PEs.