Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extended Dual Virtual Paths Algorithm Considering the Timing Requirements of IEC61850 Substation Message Types

The high-availability seamless redundancy (HSR) protocol is a representative protocol that fulfills the reliability requirements of the IEC61850-based substation automation system (SAS). However, it has the drawback of creating unnecessary traffic in a network. To solve this problem, a dual virtual path (DVP) algorithm based on HSR was recently presented. Although this algorithm dramatically reduces network traffic, it does not consider the substation timing requirements of messages in an SAS. To reduce unnecessary network traffic in an HSR ring network, we introduced a novel packet transmission (NPT) algorithm in a previous work that considers IEC61850 message types. To further reduce unnecessary network traffic, we propose an extended dual virtual paths (EDVP) algorithm in this paper that considers the timing requirements of IEC61850 message types. We also include sending delay (SD), delay queue (DQ), and traffic flow latency (TFL) features in our proposal. The source node sends data frames without SDs on the primary paths, and it transmits the duplicate data frames with SDs on the secondary paths. Since the EDVP algorithm discards all of the delayed data frames in DQs when there is no link or node failure, unnecessary network traffic can be reduced. We demonstrate the principle of the EDVP algorithm and its performance in terms of network traffic compared to the standard HSR, NPT, and DVP algorithm using the OPNET network simulator. Throughout the simulation results, the EDVP algorithm shows better traffic performance than the other algorithms, while guaranteeing the timing requirements of IEC61850 message types. Most importantly, when the source node transmits heavy data traffic, the EDVP algorithm shows greater than 80% and 40% network traffic reduction compared to the HSR and DVP approaches, respectively. key words: IEC61850, high-availability seamless redundancy, timing requirements, dual virtual paths, extended dual virtual paths, sending delay, delay queue, traffic flow latency, traffic reduction
Understanding how opportunism and resource capability affect performance in exporter–LSP outsourcing relationships

ABSTRACT Logistics service providers (LSPs) play strategic roles in contemporary global supply chains. The resources and capabilities at the disposal of LSPs make them easily adaptable to the needs and exigencies of their clients. Though opportunism is a threat to business relationships, the LSP–client relationship studied here shows opportunism can be both a threat and an opportunity in resource and capability utilisation. This paper finds opportunism to be not only a threat but also an incentive in enhancing LSPs resource capability. Opportunism has a double-edged or dual effect demonstrated by the curvilinear relationship between opportunism and resource capability in relation to performance. The paper highlights implications for theory and management and future research directions.
The Performance and Long-Run Driving Forces of Securitised Property in the Australian and United Kingdom Markets

In a comparison between Australian and United Kingdom property markets this paper re-examines the sensitivity and importance of interest rates and stock market price behaviour on securitised property by decomposing their long-run impact between transient and permanent effects. This is achieved in a framework that accounts for endogenously determined structural breaks. The results provide a different perspective on the relationship securitised property has with these markets and sheds new light on their long-run interaction. The literature has produced mixed results on whether interest rates or stock market performance drive long run behaviour in securitised property markets. The results from this research show that, once structural breaks are accounted for, securitised property in Australian and UK property markets is driven by both interest rate and stock market changes.
Towards effective non-viral gene delivery vector

Despite very good safety records, clinical trials using plasmid DNA failed due to low transfection efficiency and brief transgene expression. Although this failure is both due to poor plasmid design and to inefficient delivery methods, here we will focus on the former. The DNA elements like CpG motifs, selection markers, origins of replication, cryptic eukaryotic signals or nuclease-susceptible regions and inverted repeats showed detrimental effects on plasmids’ performance as biopharmaceuticals. On the other hand, careful selection of promoter, polyadenylation signal, codon optimization and/or insertion of introns or nuclear-targeting sequences for therapeutic protein expression can enhance the clinical efficacy. Minimal vectors, which are devoid of the bacterial backbone and consist exclusively of the eukaryotic expression cassette, demonstrate better performance in terms of expression levels, bioavailability, transfection rates and increased therapeutic effects. Although the results are promising, minimal vectors have not taken over the conventional plasmids in clinical trials due to challenging manufacturing issues.
Human Lung Fibroblasts Present Bacterial Antigens to Autologous Lung Th Cells

Lung fibroblasts are key structural cells that reside in the submucosa where they are in contact with large numbers of CD4+ Th cells. During severe viral infection and chronic inflammation, the submucosa is susceptible to bacterial invasion by lung microbiota such as nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Given their proximity in tissue, we hypothesized that human lung fibroblasts play an important role in modulating Th cell responses to NTHi. We demonstrate that fibroblasts express the critical CD4+ T cell Ag-presentation molecule HLA-DR within the human lung, and that this expression can be recapitulated in vitro in response to IFN-γ. Furthermore, we observed that cultured lung fibroblasts could internalize live NTHi. Although unable to express CD80 and CD86 in response to stimulation, fibroblasts expressed the costimulatory molecules 4-1BBL, OX-40L, and CD70, all of which are related to memory T cell activation and maintenance. CD4+ T cells isolated from the lung were predominantly (mean 97.5%) CD45RO+ memory cells. Finally, cultured fibroblasts activated IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokine production by autologous, NTHi-specific lung CD4+ T cells, and cytokine production was inhibited by a HLA-DR blocking Ab. These results indicate a novel role for human lung fibroblasts in contributing to responses against bacterial infection through activation of bacteria-specific CD4+ T cells.
CONSUMPTION OF AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATED PEANUT BUTTER: A HEALTH THREAT TO THE POPULATION IN LUSAKA URBAN-ZAMBIA

Aflatoxin contamination is a major global Public Health problem especially in developing countries. Consumption of contaminated peanut butter poses a serious public health challenge. Aflatoxin is implicated in cancer, low immunity, and stunting among children and increases morbidity and mortality. To investigate aflatoxin contamination levels in peanut butter from local and international suppliers in selected Lusaka urban district outlets, a cross sectional quantitative study was carried out. A total of 109 peanut butter samples collected from local and international sources were tested for aflatoxin contamination levels using AccuScan Reveal Q+ test. The findings showed that nine (8.3%) of the 109 samples satisfied the 0 to 4ppb European standards, and were deemed safe for public consumption, while the majority (91.7%) were not. However, using the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) standard, of up to 15ppb, 83 (76.1%) samples were found to be safe for consumption. There was a marked difference in aflatoxin contamination of products with P-value of less than 0.00001. The study revealed high aflatoxin contamination in local compared to international products at 15ppb standard where 25 local products compared to 1 product of the international origin were contaminated above 15ppb. To protect the safety of consumers, it is recommended that the regulatory agency, the Zambia Bureau of Standards (ZABS) provides guidance on standards and monitor compliance. To control the movement of contaminated peanut products across borders and their consumption, collaborative research and consumer awareness will be critical.
The effects of environmental factors on B2B e-services purchase: perceived risk and convenience as mediators

Purpose Based on the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) framework, this paper aims to analyze the influence of environmental factors (e.g. competitive pressure) on the firm’s evaluations (i.e. perceived risk and convenience) and response (intention to purchase e-services). Design/methodology/approach A model is tested with data from a survey with 430 micro- and small-sized enterprises (MSEs) in an emerging country. The following constructs were measured: external factors, data security, lack of knowledge, perceived risk, convenience and purchase intention. Company size, internet use and previous experience were control variables. Findings MSEs’ intention to purchase e-services is strongly influenced by convenience, which in turn is more affected by external factors. Perceived risk is mainly affected by lack of knowledge and data security. Overall, the model supports the mediating role of perceived risk and convenience in the relationship between Stimuli factors (external factors, data security and lack of knowledge) on response (purchase intentions). For instance, data security influences purchase intention only through the mediation of perceived risk and convenience. Practical implications Firms interested in providing e-services for MSEs should improve the perceived convenience of e-commerce. At the same time, they can also reduce the lack of knowledge and increase data security to reduce the perceived risk of the decision-maker. Originality/value This paper demonstrates mediating effects of perceived risk and convenience, considering a SOR framework, as well as the analysis of business-to-business e-services in an understudied context, i.e. MSEs in an emerging country.
Interventions to improve osteoporosis treatment following hip fracture. A prospective, randomized trial.

BACKGROUND Treatment of osteoporosis following a hip fracture has been notoriously poor. Many efforts have been made to improve treatment rates. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a perioperative inpatient intervention program, involving patient education and providing a list of questions for the primary care physician, increased the percentage of patients in whom osteoporosis was addressed following a hip fracture. METHODS A prospective, randomized trial involving eighty patients who had been admitted to an academic medical center with a low-energy hip fracture was conducted. During their hospitalization, the study group patients were engaged in a fifteen-minute discussion regarding the association between osteoporosis and hip fractures, the efficacy of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and of bisphosphonates in its treatment, and the importance of medical follow-up for osteoporosis management. These patients were also provided with five questions regarding osteoporosis treatment to be given to their primary medical physician, and they were reminded about the questions during a follow-up telephone call six weeks later. The patients in the control group received a brochure describing methods for preventing falls. Both groups were contacted by telephone at six months after discharge to determine whether osteoporosis had been addressed. Positive indicators of intervention included assessment of bone mineral density with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and initiation of antiresorptive therapy. RESULTS The average age in each group was eighty-two years, and 78% of the patients were female. Four patients in each group did not survive through the six-month follow-up period and were excluded from the trial. Fifteen (42%) of the thirty-six patients who had been randomized to the study group, compared with only seven (19%) of the thirty-six patients in the control group, had their osteoporosis addressed by their primary physician. This difference between the groups was significant (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Patients who were provided with information and questions for their primary care physician about osteoporosis were more likely to receive appropriate therapeutic intervention than were patients who had not received the information and questions. Orthopaedic surgeons have a unique opportunity to improve the rate of osteoporosis treatment in the perioperative period following a hip fracture by educating patients and directing them toward channels for long-term osteoporosis management.
Reasoning by analogy requires the left frontal pole: lesion-deficit mapping and clinical implications.

SEE BURGESS DOI101093/BRAIN/AWW092 FOR A SCIENTIFIC COMMENTARY ON THIS ARTICLE : Analogical reasoning is at the core of the generalization and abstraction processes that enable concept formation and creativity. The impact of neurological diseases on analogical reasoning is poorly known, despite its importance in everyday life and in society. Neuroimaging studies of healthy subjects and the few studies that have been performed on patients have highlighted the importance of the prefrontal cortex in analogical reasoning. However, the critical cerebral bases for analogical reasoning deficits remain elusive. In the current study, we examined analogical reasoning abilities in 27 patients with focal damage in the frontal lobes and performed voxel-based lesion-behaviour mapping and tractography analyses to investigate the structures critical for analogical reasoning. The findings revealed that damage to the left rostrolateral prefrontal region (or some of its long-range connections) specifically impaired the ability to reason by analogies. A short version of the analogy task predicted the existence of a left rostrolateral prefrontal lesion with good accuracy. Experimental manipulations of the analogy tasks suggested that this region plays a role in relational matching or integration. The current lesion approach demonstrated that the left rostrolateral prefrontal region is a critical node in the analogy network. Our results also suggested that analogy tasks should be translated to clinical practice to refine the neuropsychological assessment of patients with frontal lobe lesions.
The Importance of Reviewing Pathology Specimens Before Mohs Surgery

BACKGROUND The review of outside biopsy slides before performing surgery is the standard of care in many surgical specialties. Previous studies have shown high discrepancy rates between the original and second‐opinion diagnoses. The frequency with which this practice changes the diagnosis and management of patients undergoing Mohs surgery is undocumented in the literature. It is standard practice at our institution to review all outside biopsy slides before Mohs surgery. OBJECTIVE To investigate how often review of outside biopsies by an internal dermatopathologist changes patients' initial referral diagnosis and subsequent management. METHODS & MATERIALS This is a retrospective review of all patients referred to Mohs surgery from January 2003 through March 2007. The number of cases in which the diagnosis changed and how this change affected management were recorded. RESULTS Seventy‐four of 3,345 (2.2%) cases were identified in which the diagnosis changed after review of the biopsy slides. Management was affected in the majority (61%) of cases. Board‐certified dermatopathologists originally read nearly half of the biopsies. CONCLUSION Review of outside biopsy slides before surgery can change the diagnosis in a large proportion of patients, with a resulting change in management. This quality‐assurance practice may improve patient care. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Firm-specific determinants of FDI from GCC to MENA countries

The paper analyses the firm-level factors that encourage companies from the Gulf countries to conduct investments in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) using mergers and acquisitions. Numerous local investors do not seem to be deterred by dissuasive locational variables and ineffective integration in the MENA region. Trade agreements amongst MENA countries, e.g., Arab Maghreb Union, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), and the Arab Cooperation Council did not enhance foreign direct investment (FDI) between those nations due to structural gaps and incongruences. Therefore, the aim of this research consists in investigating the extent to which GCC firms' decisions to conduct investments in MENA region are explained by their characteristics (size, age, performance, state ownership, and debt structure). Those factors are assumed to exert an influence on M&A decisions along with other institutional and economic factors. The findings reveal that while firm's size and performance exert a positive effect on a firm's decision to expand within MENA region, state ownership has a negative influence. The study also aligns with the results from more mainstream research Received: June, 2018 1st Revision: September, 2018 Accepted: November, 2018 DOI: 10.14254/20718330.2018/11-4/1 Journal of International Studies S ci en ti fi c P a pe rs © Foundation of International Studies, 2018 © CSR, 2018 Journal of International Studies Vol.11, No.4, 2018 10 on born-global firms, since firm's age has no significant power on internal MENA FDI outflows. This study sheds light on a rather underexplored research area. Future research could examine the impact of other explanatory organizational and country-level variables.
Prognostic factors in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

A retrospective evaluation of 285 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance was performed to identify variables associated with progression, actuarial progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Three variables, level of uninvolved immunoglobulins (HR 4.98, CI95% 2 –12.4, p=0.0006), monoclonal protein concentration (HR 4.04, CI95% 1.6–10.34, p=0.004), and erythrosedimentation rate (HR 3.94, CI95% 1.33–11.6, p=0.01), showed independent prognostic significance. With a median follow-up of 66 months (range 6–378), PFS and OS at 10 years were 89% and 91% respectively.
Quality Assurance of Essential Primary Health Care Services at Primary Health Care Centers in AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf Governorate

Objective(s): To determine the quality assurance for essential primary health care services in AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf Governorate, identify the relationships between the quality assurance for essential primary health care services and characteristics of the organizational system, client satisfaction, and provided service. Methodology: A descriptive study is conducted throughout the period of September 1st 2016 to August 3rd 2017. A simple random sample of (504) subjects is selected through the use of probability sampling approach. The sample is divided into three groups which include (18) directors of primary health care centers, (18) primary health care services providers, and (468) consumers. A simple random sample of (504) subjects is selected through the use of probability sampling approach. The sample is divided into three groups which include (18) directors of primary health care centers, (18) primary health care services providers, and (468) consumers. Data is collected through the utilization of constricted questionnaires and the interview technique as means of data collection and keeping records of all available contacts that facilitate the access to the study sample. Interviews are conducted with directors of primary health-care centers, consumers, and workforce. Each interview takes approximately (5-10) minutes. The data collection was carried out from March 25 to June 6 2017. Content validity of the instrument is determined through a panel of (15) experts, and reliability through a pilot study. The data are analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures. Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that the mean catchments population for PHC centers is high; shortages of the medical, medical assistants, and administration workforce. The nursing, medical assistants, and administration staff are poorly distributed, maternal and child health services including family planning and health education services are in critical level, consumers showed inadequate overall satisfaction with primary health care services. Recommendations: The study recommends that to increase the total number of PHC centers according to the numbers of consumers within area; collaboration and coordination should be initiated between Ministry of Health, Ministry of Higher Education and Educational agencies to establish planning system to provide PHC facilities with workforce needed according to the numbers of consumers within the area, taken into accounts national standards; provision of scientific booklet on standards operating procedures (SOPs) and guided by clear job description in all fields of primary health care service provision. Keywords: Quality Assurance, Primary Health Care Services , Primary Health Care Centers .
Infrastructure Requirements for Automated Driving

In the past few years, the research and development of automated driving have made significant leaps in bringing theory into reality. Forecasts suggest that highly automated vehicles (SAE Level 4) may be on the streets and highways within the next decade. However, current road infrastructure is designed for human drivers, and may not be able to deal with the integration of highly automated vehicles. Therefore, whether to upgrade the infrastructure or not, and how to do so has become a key issue for the deployment of automated vehicles. To cope with the wide range of uncertainties involved, this study uses two of the main driving forces, namely, public expenditure and collaboration level among stakeholders to develop plausible scenarios in order to explore feasible infrastructure requirements for various future scenarios. Two rounds of interviews with manufacturers, road operators and academicians were conducted. The first round aimed at specifying potential requirements and the second one aimed at mapping requirements into the most likely scenarios. Under all plausible scenarios, clear and harmonized road signs and lane markings, High-Definition (HD) maps and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication technology are found to be key requirements while dedicated lanes can only be considered under the advanced scenario (high public expenditure and high collaboration level among stakeholders). There will be a transition from physical infrastructure to digital infrastructure since the opening of public roads for automated vehicles, but physical infrastructure requirements should never be ignored before this transition is finished. Results provide guidelines to prepare roads for highly automated vehicles.