Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Directional mating and a rapid male population expansion in a hybrid Uruguayan population

The Uruguayan population has been considered as mainly European descent, with a negligible Native American or African contributions. Based on serological and molecular markers, recent studies demonstrate that these two populations had an important influence in the conformation of the present one. To the Northeastern region of Uruguay, a 20% Native American contribution was estimated using autosomal markers and a 62% Native American female origin based on mitochondrial markers. In this paper, we analyze four Y chromosome markers, two biallelic loci (M3 and YAP) and two microsatellites (DYS389I and DYS391), to characterize the male genetic contribution of a sample from the Northeastern city of Tacuarembó. We take different approaches to estimate the origin of male contributions to the population of Tacuarembó; Native American contribution ranges between 1.60% and 8.31%, confirming strong directional mating, which was also detected before with mitochondrial markers. Furthermore, the male population of Tacuarembó presents the characteristic of a population that suffered a bottleneck and a posterior expansion, confirmed using two microsatellite‐based statistics to analyze the past population growth; patrilocality and migration could be responsible of those characteristics. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 17:801–808, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[Prevalence of cutaneous lesions in Freixo de Espada à Cinta].

Incidence or prevalence studies on cutaneous lesions in general populations are not available. The community observed by the authors (Freixo de Espada à Cinta, North-Eastern Portugal) is relatively closed. A pre-tested questionnaire for socio-demographic and clinical information was used and a physical observation was conducted in January and February 1994 by the Dermatology Team of Santo António General Hospital, Oporto. The analysis was supported by independent tests (Pearson and Fisher chi 2, Student-t, Mann-Whitney and Kruskall-Wallis). The Spearman correlation coefficient was also used. The results indicated that 51.9% of 1000 subjects analysed were in phototype III. Concerning specific pathologies, the following percentages were observed: melanocytic nevi 81.2; hemangiomas 26.5; androgenetic alopecia 20.5; deshydrotic eczema 12.7; seborrheic keratosis 11; solar keratosis 9.6; acne vulgaris 9.5; seborrheic dermatitis 6.9; superficial mycosis 6.4; other dermatitis 5.5; vascular spiders 4.4; vulgar psoriasis 1.9; vulgar warts 1.5; pediculosis and scabiosis 1.2. ; herpes simplex 0.9; impetigo 0.7; tumours (neoplasias) 0.7; dysplastic nevi 0.6; urticaria 0.3. More than nine nevi were counted in 50% of the subjects observed. A difference was observed (p < 0.05) concerning the presence of nevi, mycosis, hemangiomas, non-specific dermatitis, vascular spider and solar keratosis according to sex. The females had more nevi in number than males (Mann-Whitney, p = 0.03). According to age there was a difference concerning the presence of nevi, superficial mycosis, deshydrotic eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, tumours, hemangiomas, non-specific dermatitis, vascular spider, solar keratosis (with linear augmentation by age) and seborrheic keratosis. Nevi increased with ageing (Rs = 0.10 p < 0.001) and a greater number were observed in age groups 0-9 and 60 or more years. Acne was observed in 9.4% of the females and 9.7% of the males, 46.2% in the 15-29 year-old age group. This study indicated that the population had a mean of nine nevi. Psoriasis was similar to that mentioned in other studies: about 1% in the United States of America. Atopic dermatitis (5.5%) is below the values for the northern population (> = 15%), but above that indicated for the English and American population. Nevertheless, the values of the present study were higher than those in the latter populations, when children until seven years old were considered. The Freixo de Espada à Cinta population above 60 years had solar keratosis in 30.6%, a value three times higher than the previous decade (10.9%); reference values were not found. Contrary to the literature, an association was not established between phototype and solar keratosis. Cutaneous tumours were observed in 0.7% of the cases.
Serum level of cardiac troponin I in pediatric patients with sepsis or septic shock

Objectives: To evaluate serum level of contractile protein troponin I (cTnI) within the 24 hrs of sepsis and septic shock diagnosis in children and to correlate with the outcome (discharge from hospital or death). Design: Prospective, observational study. Setting: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, at Hospital Infantil Nossa Senhora da Glória, Vitória, ES, Brazil. Patients: Two hundred eighteen consecutive admissions of septic patients. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: Measurement of serum cTnI (IMMULITE cTnI assay, Diagnostic Product Corporation, Los Angeles, CA) and creatine kinase MB isoenzyme and electrocardiographic tracings were performed within 24 hrs of sepsis or septic shock diagnosis. The pediatric index of mortality, pediatric index of mortality-2 was calculated for each patient. Primary diseases most frequently associated were pneumonia (42%) and meningitis (18%). The overall mortality was 12% (27 cases), 2.7% in the sepsis group, and 33% in the septic shock group. Both Pediatric Index of Mortality and Pediatric Index of Mortality-2 reached good discrimination. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were infrequent (9.2%). Abnormal serum levels of cTnI occurred in ten (4.5%) patients, significantly more frequent in the septic shock group than in sepsis group (13% vs. 0.7%, respectively; p = 0.000). Although frequency of elevated serum cTnI was significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors (5 of 27 vs. 5 of 191, respectively; p = 0.003), this frequency not showed significant relationship with electrocardiogram alteration, creatine kinase MB isoenzyme levels, etiology of sepsis, or length of hospital days. In addition, a logistic regression analysis, taking in account age, gender, length of hospital days, sepsis definition, presence of meningitis, creatine kinase MB isoenzyme, and cTnI serum levels, demonstrated that severity of septic disease was the only variable significantly associated with the death. Conclusions: Evaluation of serum levels of cTnI within the first 24 hrs of diagnosis of sepsis or septic shock in children was not better than creatine kinase MB isoenzyme or clinical evaluation, to predict the outcome (death or discharge from hospital) of septic process.
Profile Assessment of Students Non-Occupationally Exposed to PAHs in Pearl River Delta

To assess the profile exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of middle school students from Pearl River Delta, China, multiple biomarkers, including urinary 1- and 2-hydroxynathalene (1- and 2-OHN), 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHF), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 9-OHPhe) and 6-hydroxychrysene (6-OHChr) were determined by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry in negative mode. Nine urinary metabolites were detected in authentic samples with the exception of 6-OHChr. The mean concentrations of urinary PAH metabolites of students in Guangzhou were higher than those in Conghua and Zhuhai, indicating that Guangzhou has the worse environment. And the exposure levels of young children were significantly higher than those in USA. The atmosphere factor might be the main influence factor. Smoking had significant effects on PAH exposure, but there were not significant difference between passive-smokers and non-smokers and genders. The analysis results showed that using 2-OHN, 1-+9- OHPhe, 2-OHF and 1-OHP as the biomarker were more suitable and could reduce the individual variance.
Dynamics of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in a rural community in the Brazilian semi-arid region

Human beings have accumulated rich experience with natural resources over time, but such knowledge can be strongly influenced by several factors, such as age, sex and occupation. This study focuses on the influence of these factors on knowledge of medicinal plants in a rural community in northeastern Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 102 people, with the number of plants and uses cited studied for quantitative analysis. Through this research, it was possible to show that the social variables studied (age, sex and informants occupation) have contributed to the formation of different patterns of knowledge regarding medicinal resources. The results indicate that awareness of this dynamic is necessary for the proper implementation of projects where the goal is the sustainable use of natural resources (because it indicates the different levels of knowledge within a community), for studies intended to discover new drugs (because it indicates the peculiarities of certain groups), and for biodiversity conservation strategies.
Acridine orange-epifluorescence technique for counting bacteria in natural waters.

FRANCISCO, D. E. , MAH, R. A. & RABIN, A. C. 1973. Acridine orange-epifluorescence technique for counting bacteria in natural waters. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. , 92: 416-421. Total direct counts of aquatic bacteria from natural samples were estimated by epifluorescence microscopy after acridine orange staining. Cells were concentrated by membrane filtration on black membrane filters and counted directly. Using this method, bacterial counts of pure cultures corresponded to those obtained by the Petroff-Hauser and Coulter counter methods. Epifluorescence counting is the method of choice for ecological studies of the natural distribution of bacteria in aquatic environments since it permits ready discrimination of bacteria from detritus and does not rely on the adequacy of culture methods to elicit growth of all viable organisms. Total counts obtained in this way were related to glucose and acetate uptake by resident microbial populations of lake water sample. Viable counts of the same samples were not related.
Exploitation of the HIV‐1 coat glycoprotein, gp120, in neurodegenerative studies in vivo

Neuronal loss has often been described at post‐mortem in the brain neocortex of patients suffering from AIDS. Neuroinvasive strains of HIV infect macrophages, microglial cells and multinucleated giant cells, but not neurones. Processing of the virus by cells of the myelomonocytic lineage yields viral products that, in conjunction with potentially neurotoxic molecules generated by the host, might initiate a complex network of events which lead neurones to death. In particular, the HIV‐1 coat glycoprotein, gp120, has been proposed as a likely aetiologic agent of the described neuronal loss because it causes death of neurones in culture. More recently, it has been shown that brain neocortical cell death is caused in rat by intracerebroventricular injection of a recombinant gp120 coat protein, and that this occurs via apoptosis. The latter observation broadens our knowledge in the pathophysiology of the reported neuronal cell loss and opens a new lane of experimental research for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to limit damage to the brain of patients suffering from HIV‐associated dementia.
ANTIMALARIAL DRUG COMBINATION THERAPY Report of a WHO Technical Consultation

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document, including maps and tables do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omission excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The authors wish to recognise the contributions made to the writing of this report at country level by Ministries of Health and other partners, Regional Offices of WHO, and at a global level by mission reports, partners and the RBM team. 4 ANTIMALARIAL DRUG COMBINATION THERAPY ABBREVIATIONS ACT artemisinin-based combination therapy AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AQ amodiaquine CQ chloroquine CT combination therapy DHA dihydroartemisinin DRAs drug regulatory authorities G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase GMP good manufacturing practice HIV human immuno-deficiency virus P. falciparum Plasmodium falciparum P. vivax Plasmodium vivax RBM Roll Back Malaria SP sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine TDR Special programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases WHO World Health Organization
Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports The Impact of Puck Possession and Location on Ice Hockey Strategy

I create a state space within the game of ice hockey by noting which team has possession, and in what location of the rink the puck is located. This space is used to model the game as a semiMarkov process, as data from a series of games in 2004-2005 NCAA play suggest that the system cannot be modeled as a continuous time Markov process. The model is then used to determine the average number of goals scored by a team as a function of the starting state. These scoring probabilities are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of several commonly used tactics. Author Notes: The author thanks George Lindsey, Gopi Goswami, Jim Greiner, Erol Pekoz and Carl Morris for their helpful suggestions, as well as his anonymous reviewers.
Loss analysis of current source converter for 10kV IGCT in 7MW PMSG wind turbine systems

This paper provides a power converter loss and thermal description for current source type 7MW-class medium voltage wind turbines. The target current source type converter system employs 10kV IGCT as a main power semiconductor platform which has been recently developed and has the potential to push wind turbine systems to higher power and voltage rating. Transient thermal modelling of a four-layer Foster network for heat transfer is utilized to better estimate the transient junction and case temperature of power semiconductors during various operating conditions in wind turbines. The loss analysis is confirmed through PLECS simulations. The simulation result shows that the largest total losses of CSC is generated under the power factor of 0.9 leading condition. 10kV IGCT and diodes have the potential to improve the power density and reliability of large scaled wind turbine systems.
Adiabatic regularization in closed Robertson-Walker universes.

Adiabatic regularization is a particularly efficient method of regularization for numerical studies of the dynamics of quantum scalar fields in homogeneous cosmological spacetimes. We show that of the possible ways to apply adiabatic regularization in a closed Robertson-Walker universe, only one yields the accepted trace anomaly and vacuum energy for a conformal scalar field. The method is to use the continuum measure appropriate to a flat space, while otherwise retaining the form of the subtractions appropriate to a closed space. We also show that this procedure is equivalent to point splitting, although technically much simpler.
Preoperative communication to improve safety: a literature review.

patient safety has been at the forefront of the U.S. healthcare industry since the Institute of Medicine’s publication, To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System, was released in 1999.1 This study shocked the nation with its estimate that as many as 98,000 deaths occur in the United States annually as a result of medical errors.1 Since then, the issue of patient safety in the healthcare setting has continued to draw attention from the public, insurance providers, hospital administrators, and healthcare providers. Patients expect to be reasonably safe when under medical supervision.2 Yet despite an ongoing push for drastic improvement of the safety culture in healthcare, medical errors continue to occur at unacceptable rates.3 Healthcare environments are complex and tightly coupled systems that have proven to be error-prone.1 This is particularly true in the perioperative setting due to its fastpaced and production-driven nature. Given the constraints of the setting—the need for speed, the often difficult and complex procedures, and the necessity of a decision-making hierarchy—any effort to reduce errors and improve safety must take the human factor into account. To Err Is Human proposed that hospitals could improve patient safety by implementing methods to simplify and standard2.1 CONTACT HOURS
Economic implications of end-of-life care in the ICU

Purpose of reviewAdvance care planning and palliative care interventions can improve the quality of end-of-life care by reducing unwanted high intensity care at the end of life. This may have important economic implications and may reduce the financial burden of patients’ families. We review the literature to examine the impact advance care planning and palliative care has on ICU utilization, specifically ICU admissions and ICU length of stay (LOS), and to provide insight into ways to reduce costs and financial burden of care while simultaneously improving quality of care. Recent findingsWe identified three studies assessing the impact of palliative care consultation on ICU admissions for patients with life-limiting illness; all three demonstrate reduced ICU admissions for patients receiving palliative care consultation. Among 16 studies evaluating ICU LOS as an outcome, five report no change and 11 report decrease in LOS for patients receiving advance care planning or palliative care. These studies are heterogeneous in design and target population; however, a trend toward reduced ICU utilization exists. SummaryAdvance care planning and palliative care can reduce ICU utilization at the end of life. The degree to which reducing ICU utilization decreases emotional and financial burden of end-of-life care for patients and families is unknown.
OMALIZUMAB, A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY AGAINST IgE FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALLERGIC DISEASES

Omalizumab, a recombinant, humanised monoclonal antibody against human IgE, will be introduced soon for the treatment of allergic asthma. This antibody binds circulating IgE molecules and inhibits the type I immune response in the lung and other target organs. In the phase II and III studies performed, it demonstrated a significant and important effect in controlling and stabilising asthma by reducing exacerbations and the need for inhaled corticosteroids. The safety and tolerability up to one year of treatment were very good. This new treatment may have a role in patients with difficult‐to‐control asthma, with recurrent exacerbations, and those with concurrent asthma, nose and eye symptoms.
Brief report: social risk factors predict cigarette smoking progression among adolescents with asthma.

OBJECTIVE To compare smoking progression in adolescents with and without asthma and to compare their psychosocial risk factors. METHODS Participants were 1,507 adolescents with asthma and 1,507 healthy matched controls from Waves I and II of the Add Health Project assessed at baseline and again 1 to 2 years later at follow-up. Three levels of smoking progression (defined as smoking more frequently and/or intensely over time) were identified: (a) Late Experimenters (never smokers at baseline, ever smokers at follow-up), (b) Early Experimenters (ever smokers at baseline, current/current frequent smokers at follow-up), and (c) Early Smokers (current smokers at baseline, current frequent smokers at follow-up). RESULTS Twenty percent of adolescents experienced progression in their smoking behavior; those with and without asthma were equally likely to progress. Among adolescents who progressed, 37% were Late Experimenters, 42% were Early Experimenters, and 21% were Early Smokers. Exposure to friends who smoked was a consistent and powerful social risk factor for smoking progression among adolescents with asthma-more so than among adolescents without asthma. This effect was intensified among Late Experimenters by the presence of a positive history of parent smoking. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the importance of addressing cigarette smoking behavior and its social risk factors among adolescents with asthma in both clinical and public health contexts, during early adolescence, and through research on this topic.
Comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic detection of methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus

Aims: Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen causing a wide range of infections ranging from mild skin and soft tissue infections to severe, life-threatening infections. Accuracy in the detection of methicillin resistance is important to avoid treatment failures. The aim of this study was to compare the results of phenotypic and genotypic test methods to detect methicillin resistance and also to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty-two S. aureus strains isolated from skin and soft tissue samples were analyzed for methicillin resistance using oxacillin and cefoxitin disk diffusion (DD), oxacillin screen agar test, cefoxitin E-test, and mecA gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: 77 of 242 S. aureus isolates were mecA positive. Oxacillin, cefoxitin DD, oxacillin screen agar test and cefoxitin E-test exhibited sensitivities as 98.7%, 98.7%, 100%, 100%, and specificities as 96.9%, 97.5%, 96.9%, 97.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Results of oxacillin screen agar and cefoxitin DD test were in concordance with mecA gene PCR. Thus, it is determined that especially cefoxitin test can be an alternative to PCR in routine.
Glutamate‐induced calcium increase mediates magnesium release from mitochondria in rat hippocampal neurons

Excess administration of glutamate is known to induce Ca2+ overload in neurons, which is the first step in excitotoxicity. Although some reports have suggested a role for Mg2+ in the excitotoxicity, little is known about its actual contribution. To investigate the role of Mg2+ in the excitotoxicity, we simultaneously measured intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+, using fluorescent dyes, Fura red, a fluorescent Ca2+ probe, and KMG‐104, a highly selective fluorescent Mg2+ probe developed by our group, respectively. Administration of 100 μM glutamate supplemented with 10 μM glycine to rat hippocampal neurons induced an increase in intracellular Mg2+ concentration ([Mg2+]i). Extracellular Mg2+ was not required for this glutamate‐induced increase in [Mg2+]i, and no increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) or [Mg2+]i was observed in neurons in nominally Ca2+‐free medium. Application of 5 μM carbonyl cyanide p‐(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), an uncoupler of mitochondrial inner membrane potential, also elicited increases in [Ca2+]i and [Mg2+]i. Subsequent administration of glutamate and glycine following FCCP treatment did not induce a further increase in [Mg2+]i but did induce an additive increase in [Ca2+]i. Moreover, the glutamate‐induced increase in [Mg2+]i was observed only in mitochondria localized areas. These results support the idea that glutamate is able to induced Mg2+ efflux from mitochondria to the cytosol. Furthermore, pretreatment with Ru360, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, prevented this [Mg2+]i increase. These results indicate that glutamate‐induced increases in [Mg2+]i result from the Mg2+ release from mitochondria and that Ca2+ accumulation in the mitochondria is required for this Mg2+ release. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.