Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cicero's Ideal in his de Republica

Any attempt to sketch. Cicero's political ideals from his own treatises de Republica and de Legibus has to confront two difficulties, one of which, at least is real and insuperable. This obstacle is that both treatises are in their present condition so defective or fragmentary that we have to judge Cicero's ideal from a torso, not a complete work. The six books On the Republic were clearly finished and published just before Cicero started for Cilicia in 51 B.C.; but though the bulk of the first three books has been recovered from the Vatican palimpsest, of the last three we have only the Somnium Scipionis and the merest fragments, so that on education and, above all, on Cicero's specific remedy for the evils of the day, the ‘moderator rei publicae,’ we have to reconstruct his views from two or three isolated notices accidentally preserved. The de Legibus was begun as soon as, or before, the Republic was finished, but was discontinued during Cicero's proconsulate and the Civil War (51–48 B.C.).
Characterizing the Pyrenophora teres f. maculata–Barley Interaction Using Pathogen Genetics

Pyrenophora teres f. maculata is the cause of the foliar disease spot form net blotch (SFNB) on barley. To evaluate pathogen genetics underlying the P. teres f. maculata–barley interaction, we developed a 105-progeny population by crossing two globally diverse isolates, one from North Dakota and the other from Western Australia. Progeny were phenotyped on a set of four barley genotypes showing a differential reaction to the parental isolates, then genotyped using a restriction site-associated-genotype-by-sequencing (RAD-GBS) approach. Genetic maps were developed for use in quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis to identify virulence-associated QTL. Six QTL were identified on five different linkage groups and individually accounted for 20–37% of the disease variation, with the number of significant QTL ranging from two to four for the barley genotypes evaluated. The data presented demonstrate the complexity of virulence involved in the P. teres f. maculata–barley pathosystem and begins to lay the foundation for understanding this important interaction.
Language Planning as a Discourse on Language and Society: The Linguistic Ideology of a Scholarly Tradition.

SAMENVATTINGTaaiplanning als bezinning over taal en maatschappij:de taalkundige ideologie van een geleerde traditieTaalplanning is een traditie die vooral in de jaren 1960 en 1970 bijzonder productief was en in zich een groot optimisme ontwikkelde. De traditie viel wat stil in de jaren 1980, maar kent nu weer een heropbloei, o.m. omwille van de ontwikkelingen in Zuid-Afrika. In deze bijdrage wil ik een evaluatie van de voorbije traditie aansnijden, in het perspectief van de optimalisatie van het theoretisch, conceptueel en methodologisch kader van taalplanning-studies. Ik schets eerst kort de historische ontwikkeling van taalplanning, en ga vervolgens in op enkele ideologische aspecten die in veel traditioneel werk terug te vinden zijn. Ik bespreek achtereenvolgens de courante boutade dat taalplanning geen theoretische achtergrond zou hebben; de intuitieve beperkingen die taaiplanners zich in hun studies leken op te leggen; de organische visies op taal en maatschappij ; het oligolingualisme en de assumpties van efficientie en integratie. Vervolgens vat ik de kritieken van Glyn Williams en Andrew Apter samen. Zij bepleiten een sterkere politieke invalshoek, die taal naast een reeks andere maatschappelijke kenmerken plaatst. Ik sluit af met een pleidooi voor een combinatie van een historiografische en een etnografische benadering in het bestuderen van language planning.RESUMOLingvoplanado kiel debato pri lingvo kaj socio:la lingvistika ideologio de sciencista tradicioLingvoplanado estas tradicio kiu estis tre fekunda cefe en la 1960-aj kaj 1970-aj jaroj kaj kovis en si grandan optimismon. Gi iom fadis en la 1980-aj jaroj, sed nun denove floras, i.a. pro la evoluoj en Suda Afriko. Mi ci tie ekanalizas la tradicion de la pasinteco cele al plibonigo de la teoria, koncepta kaj metodologia kadro de studoj pri lingvoplanado. Mi koncize skizas la historian evoluon de lingvoplanado, kaj poste tusas aron da ideologiaj aspektoj kiujn oni renkontas en multaj el la tradiciaj laboraĵoj. Mi diskutas la aserton ke lingvoplanado ne havus teorian fonon, la intuiciajn limigojn kiujn lingvoplanantoj sajnis starigi al siaj propraj studoj, la organajn konceptojn de lingvo kaj socio, plurlingvismon, kaj la premisojn de efikeco kaj integrado. Mi resumas la kritikojn de Glyn Williams kaj Andrew Apter, kiuj pledas por pli politika aliro en kiu lingvo estas unu el aro da sociaj faktoroj. Fine mi pledas por tio ke en la studado de lingvoplanado oni uzu kombinon el historiografia kaj etnografia aliroj.
In vitro fermentation of feed ingredients by fresh or frozen pig fecal inocula.

In vitro techniques can offer a rapid, repeatable and cost-effective alternative to in vivo experiments. We investigated the gas production (GP) of nine different feeds commonly used in Italian and Maltese pig farms in order to assess the use of the Ankom system in this species and to compare the in vitro microbial activity fresh or frozen inocula derived from piglet feces. Proximate and polyphenolic analyses were determined for all substrates. Fermentation profiles were measured according to the cumulative GP technique. Analysis of GP values revealed significant differences in the fermentation patterns mainly due to substrate and inoculum effects. Fermentation parameters varied significantly according to the substrate ingredients. The frozen inoculum generally led to more total GP than for fresh, with the exception of hard wheat bran pellets (HWBP), pelleted pulp and mature carob. Conversely the fresh fecal inoculum had an earlier maximum time to reach maximum GP than the frozen, showing a higher maximum rate of GP in all substrates excepting for HWBP. A significant difference in frozen and fresh inocula was found for the complete formulation. Further studies are required to confirm the variation between fresh and frozen fecal inocula to a wider range of feed, including those that could have negative biological effects.
Sm480: a high molecular weight Schistosoma mansoni antigen associated with protective immunity

Rabbit antisera were raised against an antigen present in Schistosoma mansoni adult worms and eggs, and were shown to yield a single immunoprecipitin arc in immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion against S. mansoni egg and worm antigen extracts. The antisera conferred partial but significant protection (22–30%) against a S. mansoni challenge when transferred to mice five and six days after the mice had been infected percutaneously with 200 cercariae. The egg and the worm forms of the antigen were immunologically cross‐reactive, but the egg antigen possessed peptidolytic activity that could be inhibited with serine protease inhibitors. In indirect immunofluorescence the rabbit antisera reacted with surfaces of cercariae, five‐day old lung‐stage schistosomula, miracidia and praziquantel‐treated adult worms. Gel‐filtration chromatography demonstrated a relative molecular size of approximately 480 kDa for both the egg and worm forms of the antigen, and lectin‐affinity chromatography indicated both were glycosylated. The serine protease activity and large relative molecular size of egg Sm480 were confirmed by a combination of radiolabelling with tritiated di‐isopropyl fluorophosphate, immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Community-Based Mental Health Services: Is Coercion Necessary?

In community mental health, limitation of service recipient choice and freedom takes place through mechanisms ranging from subtle to blatant. The justification of coercion in these settings typically focuses on recipient deficits. We argue that this focus must shift to the service system itself, and that the most successful efforts to improve recipient engagement will be those that support respectful provider–recipient relationships and the delivery of services that help recipients achieve goals of their choosing.
Entrepreneuring on Website

This paper investigates the factors that may have great affects on the business of private online firms using e-commerce technology in Zhejiang province, China. Our findings, based on the surveys of 149 Internet enterprises in Zhejiang province, China, show that technology acknowledgement and educational level play very important roles in online entrepreneurship, followed by learning ability and bandwagon pressure of the entrepreneurs. The investment reveals less importance to the online entrepreneuring, the guanxi network is also not significant in enhancing the performance of the online business
Empirical links between natural mortality and recovery in marine fishes

Probability of species recovery is thought to be correlated with specific aspects of organismal life history, such as age at maturity and longevity, and how these affect rates of natural mortality (M) and maximum per capita population growth (rmax). Despite strong theoretical underpinnings, these correlates have been based on predicted rather than realized population trajectories following threat mitigation. Here, we examine the level of empirical support for postulated links between a suite of life-history traits (related to maturity, age, size and growth) and recovery in marine fishes. Following threat mitigation (medium time since cessation of overfishing = 20 years), 71% of 55 temperate populations had fully recovered, the remainder exhibiting, on average, negligible change (impaired recovery). Singly, life-history traits did not influence recovery status. In combination, however, those that jointly reflect length-based mortality at maturity, Mα, revealed that recovered populations have higher Mα, which we hypothesize to reflect local adaptations associated with greater rmax. But, within populations, the smaller sizes at maturity generated by overfishing are predicted to increase Mα, slowing recovery and increasing its uncertainty. We conclude that recovery potential is greater for populations adapted to high M but that temporal increases in M concomitant with smaller size at maturity will have the opposite effect. The recovery metric documented here (Mα) has a sound theoretical basis, is significantly correlated with direct estimates of M that directly reflect rmax, is not reliant on data-intensive time series, can be readily estimated, and offers an empirically defensible correlate of recovery, given its clear links to the positive and impaired responses to threat mitigation that have been observed in fish populations over the past three decades.
Identification of SNP in HSP90AB1 and its Association with the Relative Thermotolerance and Milk Production Traits in Indian Dairy Cattle

Heat shock proteins (Hsp) play crucial role in cellular thermotolerance and heat stress response. In the present work, Allele specific PCR (AS-PCR) was standardized to detect the nucleotide polymorphism within the HSP90AB1 gene (SNP g.4338T>C) in Indian breeds of dairy cattle. The identified genotypes were associated with relative thermotolerance in terms of physiological parameters and milk production traits. The results of the experiments revealed that the genotype frequency of CC, CT, and TT for Sahiwal were 0.05, 0.78, and 0.17, respectively, and in Frieswal, the frequencies were 0.20, 0.70, and 0.10, respectively. The average rectal temperature (ART) and average respiration rates (ARR) were recorded during peak summer stress and heat tolerance coefficient (HTC) was calculated. The association studies indicated that TT genotypes had significantly (P < 0.01) higher HTC and lower ARR values than CT and CC in both the breeds. The TT genotype animals also had better production parameter in terms of total milk yield (TMY) (P < 0.01). These findings may partly suggest the role of HSP90AB1 polymorphisms in the regulation of heat stress response and consequent effect on production traits. Nevertheless, involvement of other regulatory mechanisms cannot be overruled.
Thermal Treatment of Stabilized Air Pollution Control Residues in a Waste Incinerator Pilot Plant. Part 2: Leaching Characteristics of Bottom Ashes

With the perspective of generating only one solid residue from waste incineration, co-feeding of municipal solid waste and air pollution control residues stabilized by the Ferrox process was investigated in the TAMARA pilot plant incinerator as described in Bergfeldt et al. (Waste Management Research, 22, 49-57, 2004). This paper reports on leaching from the combined bottom ashes. Batch leaching test, pH- static leaching tests, availability tests and column leaching tests were used to characterize the leaching properties. The leaching properties are key information in the context of reuse in construction or in landfilling of the combined residue. In general, the combined bottom ashes had leaching characteristics similar to the reference bottom ash, which contained no APC residue. However, As and Pb showed slightly elevated leaching from the combined bottom ashes, while Cr showed less leaching. The investigated combined bottom ashes had contents of metals comparable to what is expected at steady state after continuous co-feeding of APC residues. Only Cd and Pb were partly volatilized (30-40%) during the incineration process and thus the combined bottom ashes had lower contents of Cd and Pb than expected at steady state. Furthermore, a major loss of Hg was, not surprisingly, seen and co-feeding of Ferrox-products together with municipal solid waste will require dedicated removal of Hg in the flue gas to prevent a build up of Hg in the system. In spite of this, a combined single solid residue from waste incineration seems to be a significant environmental improvement to current technology.
COLCHICINE‐BINDING ACTIVITY IN PARTICULATE FRACTIONS OF MOUSE BRAIN 1

Both particulate and soluble fractions of brain homogenates bound [3H]colchicine. Approximately one‐half of the total colchicine‐binding activity in mouse brain was found in the particulate fraction. Of the particulate fractions, the microsomal and nerveending subfractions which sediment at the 1·0–1·2 m interface on sucrose gradients were richest in colchicine‐binding activity. Intact microtubules were not found in these fractions, but colchicine‐binding activity of these fractions may be related to the presence of microtubular protein.
Association between CC motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) polymorphisms and asthma risk: an updated meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Findings regarding the associations between the CC motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) -403G/A and -28C/G polymorphisms and asthma risk are controversial.We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether CCL5 polymorphisms are associated with asthma risk. METHODS We searched the Pubmed, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases for studies published before June 2013. The strength of associations was calculated using ORs with 95% CIs. RESULTS Twenty case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. We did not observe a significant association between the CCL5 -403G/A polymorphism and asthma risk (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.93-1.30; P = .25). The CCL5 - 28C/G polymorphism, however, was associated with a significantly elevated asthma risk (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02-1.33; P = .02). Subgroup analyses found that the CCL5 -28C/G polymorphism was significantly associated with asthma risk in Asians (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01-1.33; P = .04) and children (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03-1.63; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that the CCL5 -28C/G polymorphism is a risk factor for asthma.
Study of the Relationship between Changes in Lactic Acid Bacterial Cell Components and Stimulation of IL-12 Production under Salt-Stressed Conditions

One hundred and seventeen strains of plant origin lactic acid bacteria were observed to have interleukin (IL)-12 production-inducing activities using mouse peritoneal macrophages. Pediococcus pentosaceus (KKM122) was chosen for its stable and strong IL-12 production-inducing activity. There was no significant difference in IL-12 activity induced by the KKM122 strain grown in culture conditions of 0% and 6% NaCl. The cell wall components of cells grown in 6% salt condition, however, significantly induced lower IL-12 production as compared with those of cells grown in 0% salt condition. Cell wall components enhanced IL-12 activity by removing cytoplasmic components when KKM122 strain was cultured in 0% salt condition. The immunoenhancing factor was mainly present in the cell wall components. IL-12 production-inducing activities were dependent on both the amount of bacterial cytoplasmic components and the structure of the cell wall components under the NaCl concentration in the culture medium.
Sum mutual information of block-faded MIMO MAC with LMMSE channel estimation for packet transmission

The effect of a training-based linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) channel estimator on the sum mutual information of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiple access channel (MAC) is investigated. The contribution of the present work consists in relating information-theoretic bounds on the sum mutual information with practical system parameters that impact on the training-based LMMSE MIMO channel estimator. The unboundness of the sum mutual information and conservation of the multiplexing gain are shown for a block fading channel model even in the presence of channel estimation errors. Then, as an application of the bounds, mutual information-maximizing power allocation strategies under total energy constraints are considered.
Computed Tomography Evaluation of Right Heart Dysfunction in Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Purpose: To evaluate the role of qualitative assessment of right heart dysfunction on multidetector computed tomography (CT) in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Methods: Seventy-four consecutive adults with pulmonary embolism diagnosed on multidetector nongated CT were identified between July 2002 and March 2004. There were 47 women and 27 men, with a mean age of 62 years. Each CT scan was jointly reviewed by 2 of 3 reviewers in consensus. The CT scans were qualitatively assessed for dilatation of the right ventricle and the position of the interventricular septum. Scans were considered positive for right heart dysfunction if, on visual integration of multiple axial images, the right ventricle was dilated or the interventricular septum was straightened or bowed into the left ventricle. The extent of pulmonary vascular obstruction was graded using the CT clot burden scoring system. Reports of echocardiograms (n = 30) were reviewed when available. The sensitivity and specificity of CT and echocardiography in demonstrating right heart dysfunction were calculated and compared using pulmonary vascular obstruction of ≥30% as the reference standard. Results: Sixty-six percent (49 of 74 patients) with pulmonary embolism had right heart dysfunction on CT, with right ventricular dilatation in 38 patients and septal straightening or bowing in 44 patients. Forty-nine percent (36 of 74 patients) had pulmonary vasculature obstruction of ≥30%. There was a significant difference between the mean clot burden of patients with (12.8) and without (7.5) right heart dysfunction on CT (P = 0.0021). The sensitivity and specificity of CT in demonstrating right heart dysfunction were 81% (29 of 36 patients) and 47% (18 of 38 patients), respectively. Forty-one percent (30 of 74 patients) had technically adequate echocardiograms within 48 hours of CT. Fifty-seven percent (17 of 30) of the echocardiograms were positive for right heart dysfunction. There was no significant difference between the mean clot burden of patients with (12.7) and without (10.3) right heart dysfunction on echocardiography. Echocardiography had a sensitivity of 56% (10 of 17 patients) and a specificity of 42% (5 of 13 patients) in demonstrating right heart dysfunction. Conclusion: Qualitative assessment of the cardiac chambers is a quick and practical means of evaluating for right heart dysfunction on CT. Computed tomography findings of right heart dysfunction in patients with acute pulmonary embolism compare favorably with echocardiography and correlate with a higher mean pulmonary arterial clot burden. Because most patients do not undergo echocardiography, chest CT often provides the only opportunity to evaluate for right heart dysfunction in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.
Expression of endogenous galectin-1 and galectin-3 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Galectins, a family of beta-galactoside-binding animal lectins, might be involved in tumor progression. In this study, the expression patterns of galectin-1 and -3 were examined immunohistochemically in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), with emphasis on its development and progression as well as its histopathologic features, by use of samples of normal intrahepatic bile duct (n = 20), biliary epithelial dysplasia (n = 15), ICC (n = 40), and a cholangiocarcinoma cell line, CCKS1. In normal intrahepatic bile ducts, galectin-3 was constitutively but weakly expressed, whereas galectin-1 was not expressed. In hepatolithiasis, biliary epithelial dysplasia was strongly positive for galectin-3 but negative for galectin-1. Galectin-3 was frequently and strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of well-differentiated ICCs, and its expression was significantly decreased and less intense or even absent in poorly differentiated ICCs. Galectin-1 was expressed in carcinoma cells in ICC, and its incidence and extent were correlated with histologic dedifferentiation of ICC. Proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index (LI) was higher in ICC cases positive for galectin-1 than in those that were negative. Galectin-1 was strongly expressed in cancerous stroma of ICC, and this stromal expression was related to histologic dedifferentiation of ICC. In the carcinoma cell line CCKS1, galectin-1 and -3 were expressed in the cytoplasm of carcinoma cells, and galectin-1 was additionally detected in the culture medium. These results suggest that galectin-1 was newly expressed on carcinoma cells of ICC, and its overexpression seems to be associated with neoplastic progression and proliferative activities, and the expression of galectin-1 in cancerous stroma may also be related to the progression of ICC. Galectin-3 expression in epithelial cells is up-regulated in the preneoplastic and early neoplastic stages of ICC, although galectin-3 tends to disappear at later stages of ICC. HUM PATHOL 32:302-310.
Pre-treatment C-reactive protein as a prognostic factor for recurrence after surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS We examined the prognostic value of pre-treatment C-reactive protein (CRP) after surgical resection (SR) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 298 patients with HCC who underwent SR were analyzed. They were categorized into a CRP-positive group (group A: CRP >0.2 mg/dl, n=130) and a CRP-negative group (group B: CRP <0.2 mg/dl, n=168). Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were compared. RESULTS The 1- and 3-year cumulative OS rates were 87.0% and 68.3% in group A and 95.9% and 81.1% in group B (p=0.194). The corresponding RFS rates were 61.6% and 30.3% in group A and 77.2% and 44.9% in group B (p=0.004). In multivariate analysis, the pre-treatment CRP level was a significant prognostic factor linked to RFS (p=0.046). CONCLUSION Pre-treatment CRP levels may be a useful predictor of recurrence after SR for HCC.