Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stable fluids

Building animation tools for fluid-like motions is an important and challenging problem with many applications in computer graphics. The use of physics-based models for fluid flow can greatly assist in creating such tools. Physical models, unlike key frame or procedural based techniques, permit an animator to almost effortlessly create interesting, swirling fluid-like behaviors. Also, the interaction of flows with objects and virtual forces is handled elegantly. Until recently, it was believed that physical fluid models were too expensive to allow real-time interaction. This was largely due to the fact that previous models used unstable schemes to solve the physical equations governing a fluid. In this paper, for the first time, we propose an unconditionally stable model which still produces complex fluid-like flows. As well, our method is very easy to implement. The stability of our model allows us to take larger time steps and therefore achieve faster simulations. We have used our model in conjuction with advecting solid textures to create many fluid-like animations interactively in two- and three-dimensions.
Fixed-Dose Combinations of Pioglitazone and Metformin for Lung Cancer Prevention

Combination treatment with pioglitazone and metformin is utilized clinically in the treatment of type II diabetes. Treatment with this drug combination reduced the development of aerodigestive cancers in this patient population. Our goal is to expand this treatment into clinical lung cancer chemoprevention. We hypothesized that dietary delivery of metformin/pioglitazone would prevent lung adenoma formation in A/J mice in a benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced carcinogenesis model while modulating chemoprevention and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in residual adenomas. We found that metformin (500 and 850 mg/kg/d) and pioglitazone (15 mg/kg/d) produced statistically significant decreases in lung adenoma formation both as single-agent treatments and in combination, compared with untreated controls, after 15 weeks. Treatment with metformin alone and in combination with pioglitazone resulted in statistically significant decreases in lung adenoma formation at both early- and late-stage interventions. Pioglitazone alone resulted in significant decreases in adenoma formation only at early treatment intervention. We conclude that oral metformin is a viable chemopreventive treatment at doses ranging from 500 to 1,000 mg/kg/d. Pioglitazone at 15 mg/kg/d is a viable chemopreventive agent at early-stage interventions. Combination metformin and pioglitazone performed equal to metformin alone and better than pioglitazone at 15 mg/kg/d. Because the drugs are already FDA-approved, rapid movement to human clinical studies is possible. Cancer Prev Res; 10(2); 116–23. ©2017 AACR.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in resected epileptic dysplastic neocortex.

OBJECT Nitric oxide has been associated with epileptogenesis. Previous studies have shown increased expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subunit NR2B receptors in epileptic dysplastic human neocortex. The expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and its relation to this subunit NR2B in epileptic dysplastic tissue has never been addressed. METHODS Ten patients with medically intractable epilepsy caused by focal cortical dysplasia (CD), and 2 patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (control group) underwent pre- and/or intraoperative invasive monitoring evaluations. Cortical samples from epileptogenic and nonepileptogenic areas were collected from each patient intraoperatively. Samples were processed for cresyl violet staining, immunocytochemical tests with nNOS, NeuN, and NR2B, and immunofluorescence analyses to evaluate colocalized immunoreactivity between nNOS and NR2B. RESULTS All samples obtained in the patients with epilepsy revealed CD in various degrees. In the nonepileptic sample group, cresyl violet staining revealed normal cortical architecture in 9 samples, but a mild degree of CD in 3. The density and intensity of nNOS-stained neurons was remarkably increased in the epileptic tissue compared with nonepileptic samples (p < 0.05). Two types of nNOS-stained neurons were identified: Type I, expressing strong nNOS immunoreactivity in larger neurons; and Type II, expressing weak nNOS immunoreactivity in slightly smaller neurons. Different from Type I neurons, Type II nNOS-stained neurons revealed immunoreactivity colocalized with NR2B antibody. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of nNOS in the epileptic samples and the immunoreactivity colocalization between nNOS and NR2B may suggest a possible role of nNOS and NO in the pathophysiological mechanisms related to in situ epileptogenicity.
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HEPATIC AND LUNG DISORDERS IN BOVINE CALVES

Microbiological and pathological studies were undertaken on liver and lungs of bovine calves received for post mortem examination. The bacterial organisms isolated from liver and lungs were E. coli (15), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4), Proteus mirabilis (4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3), Corynebacterium pyogenes (3), Staphylococcus aureus (3), Streptococcus pyogenes (1) and Citrobacter divergens (1). Gross and histopathological studies revealed that main pathological conditions in liver were acute hepatitis, cirrhosis al ong with fatty changes congestion and haemorrhages. Gram-negative rod shaped bacilli were also demonstrated in hepatic lesions by Taylor's stain in which E. coli organism was isolated from liver. The characteristic pathological conditions observed in lungs were suppurative pneumonia, fibrinous pneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia. Suppurative bronchopneumonia was associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae, while Staphylococcus aureus infection was characterized by acute interstitial pneumonia. Streptococcus infection in calves was associated with perivascular oedema in lungs. One case of cow calf revealed tuberculosis granuloma in which red coloured co ccobacilli were demonstrated by Ziehl Neelsen stain.
Choline intake and genetic polymorphisms influence choline metabolite concentrations in human breast milk and plasma.

BACKGROUND Choline is essential for infant nutrition, and breast milk is a rich source of this nutrient. Common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) change dietary requirements for choline intake. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether total choline intake and/or SNPs influence concentrations of choline and its metabolites in human breast milk and plasma. DESIGN We gave a total of 103 pregnant women supplemental choline or a placebo from 18 wk gestation to 45 d postpartum and genotyped the women for 370 common SNPs. At 45 d postpartum, we measured choline metabolite concentrations in breast milk and plasma and assessed the dietary intake of choline by using a 3-d food record. RESULTS On average, lactating women in our study ate two-thirds of the recommended intake for choline (Adequate Intake = 550 mg choline/d). Dietary choline intake (no supplement) correlated with breast-milk phosphatidylcholine and plasma choline concentrations. A supplement further increased breast-milk choline, betaine, and phosphocholine concentrations and increased plasma choline and betaine concentrations. We identified 5 SNPs in MTHFR that altered the slope of the intake-metabolite concentration relations, and we identified 2 SNPs in PEMT that shifted these curves upward. Individuals who shared sets of common SNPs were outliers in plots of intake-metabolite concentration curves; we suggest that these SNPs should be further investigated to determine how they alter choline metabolism. CONCLUSION Total intake of choline and genotype can influence the concentrations of choline and its metabolites in the breast milk and blood of lactating women and thereby affect the amount of choline available to the developing infant. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00678925.
Plasma amino acids patterns and age of onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify whether abnormalities in plasma amino acid (AA) levels could be biological correlates of the age of onset in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We undertook plasma AA profiling in a large population comprising 117 newly diagnosed ALS patients and 117 matched controls. ALS patients were stratified in early (58 patients aged < 55 years) versus late onset (59 patients aged > 74 years). We applied a rapid and reproducible method for the analysis of AA using amine reactive isotope coded tags in conjunction with liquid chromatography coupled to Multiple Reaction Monitoring-Mass Spectrometry. Results showed that values of only three AA were significantly different in ALS patients and controls. We found lower levels of leucine and higher levels of glutamate and leucine in early-onset ALS compared to their matched controls. In conclusion, different AA patterns related to the ALS age of onset were found, providing insight into possibly aberrant biochemical pathways that might unlock key pathological pathways.
Change in perceived risk associated with marijuana use in the United States from 2002 to 2012

Abstract Context. The role of a dynamic legal, medical, and social setting in affecting the perceived risk associated with smoking marijuana has not been well studied. We sought to determine whether there has been a change in the perceived risk associated with marijuana use over time. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the 2002–2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Respondents were asked to classify the risk of smoking marijuana. Regression analysis and the Mann–Whitney U test were used to analyze the data. Results. A total of 614579 respondents were identified. Between 2002 and 2012, the percent of respondents who characterized regular marijuana use as being associated with “great risk” decreased from 51.3% to 40.3%, while the percent of respondents who characterized it as being associated with “no risk” increased from 5.7% to 11.7%. The percent of respondents who characterized occasional use as “great risk” decreased from 38.2% to 30.7%, while the percent of respondents who characterized it as “no risk” increased from 10% to 16.3%. There was a significant negative temporal trend in the perceived risk for both occasional and regular use of marijuana from 2002 to 2012 after controlling for age and gender (p < 0.001 for both). Increasing age was significantly associated with increased perceived risk for both occasional and regular marijuana use (p < 0.001). Males have a significantly lower perceived risk for regular marijuana use as compared with females (p < 0.001). Individuals who used marijuana during the preceding month reported a lower risk perception in both regular and occasional use. Conclusion. Between 2002 and 2012, there was a significant decrease in the perceived risk associated with occasional and regular marijuana use. Younger age, male gender, and past month use were also associated with decreased perceived risk.
Comparison of serum levels of calcium and magnesium among preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria -

Background: Despite numerous studies, the exact aetiology of pre-eclampsia remains unknown. Some studies have shown that supplementation of calcium and magnesium could ameliorate the effects of pre-eclampsia. The objective of this study was to compare the calcium and magnesium levels in the serum of Nigerian women with or without pre-eclampsia. Methods: In this study, serum calcium and magnesium levels were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry in 54 patients and 48 healthy normotensive pregnant women. The mean, standard deviation, Student’s‘t’ test and Pearson correlation were employed. Results: Serum calcium was significantly lower in patients than controls (9.17 ± 0.6 vs. 7.22 ± 0.5 mg/dl. P <0.001) (t test). Plasma Magnesium was significantly lower in patients than controls 13.19 ± 1.1 vs. 9.81 ± 0.7 mg/dl. P <0.001). The systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed significant inverse correlation with both calcium and magnesium (P<0.01). Conclusion: There was significant reduction in the levels of calcium and magnesium in patients with pre-eclampsia. Dietary supplementation of these trace elements may help to prevent pre-eclampsia.
T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia and plasma cell disorders

Although neutropenia is not common as an initial presentation in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), it is a common adverse effect of the therapy used for MM and a more frequent problem in relapsed or refractory disease. In rare cases, neutropenia may accompany the diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). T-cell large granular lymphocytic (T-LGL) leukemia is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by a clonal expansion of T-LGLs with a cytotoxic phenotype (CD3, CD8, and CD57). It is a relatively rare malignancy and accounts for 2-5% of chronic lymphoproliferative diseases in the US. T-LGL leukemia typically presents in patients over 60 years of age, with neutropenia being the most common cytopenia at diagnosis. The association between T-LGL leukemia and Bcell disorders has been reported in the setting of indolent and aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. There have been few reports of T-LGL leukemia co-existing with plasma cell disorders, and these generally consist of case reports or small case series. Here we report the largest case series of patients published to date with a diagnosis of plasma cell disorder and co-existing T-LGL leukemia. We conducted a retrospective review of all patients seen at the Mayo Clinic between January 1994 and June 2018 with a diagnosis of T-LGL leukemia and a plasma cell disorder (PCD). Patients were identified from a database search of bone marrow histopathology records and
Convergence of Relaxed Matrix Parallel Multisplitting Chaotic Methods for H-Matrices

Based on the methods presented by Song and Yuan (1994), we construct relaxed matrix parallel multisplitting chaotic generalized USAOR-style methods by introducing more relaxed parameters and analyze the convergence of our methods when coefficient matrices are H-matrices or irreducible diagonally dominant matrices. The parameters can be adjusted suitably so that the convergence property of methods can be substantially improved. Furthermore, we further study some applied convergence results of methods to be convenient for carrying out numerical experiments. Finally, we give some numerical examples, which show that our convergence results are applied and easily carried out.
Cost‐Benefit and Efficacy of Aprotinin Compared with ε‐Aminocaproic Acid in Patients Having Repeated Cardiac Operations: A Randomized, Blinded Clinical Trial

Background: Aprotinin and epsilon‐aminocaproic acid are routinely used to reduce bleeding during cardiac surgery. The marked difference in average wholesale cost between these two drug therapies (aprotinin, $1,080 vs. epsilon‐aminocaproic acid, $11) has generated significant controversy regarding their relative efficacies and costs. Methods: In a multicenter, randomized, prospective, blinded trial, patients having repeated cardiac surgery received either a high‐dose regimen of aprotinin (total dose, 6 x 106 kallikrein inactivator units) or epsilon‐aminocaproic acid (total dose, 270 mg/kg). Results: Two hundred four patients were studied. Overall (data are median [25th‐75th percentiles]), aprotinin‐treated patients had less postoperative thoracic drainage (511 ml [383–805 ml] vs. 655 ml [464–1,045 ml]; P = 0.016) and received fewer platelet transfusions (0 [range, 0–1] vs. 1 [range, 0–2]; P = 0.036). The surgical field was more likely to be considered free of bleeding in aprotinin‐treated patients (44% vs. 26%; P = 0.012). No differences, however, were seen in allogeneic erythrocyte transfusions or in the time required for chest closure. Overall, direct and indirect bleeding‐related costs were greater in aprotinin‐ than in epsilon‐aminocaproic acid‐treated patients ($1,813 [$1,476–2,605] vs. $1,088 [range, $511–2,057]; P = 0.0001). This difference in cost per case varied in magnitude among sites but not in direction. Conclusions: Aprotinin was more effective than epsilon‐aminocaproic acid at decreasing bleeding and platelet transfusions. Epsilon‐aminocaproic acid, however, was the more cost‐effective therapy over a broad range of estimates for bleeding‐related costs in patients undergoing repeated cardiac surgery. A cost‐benefit analysis using the lower cost of half‐dose aprotinin ($540) still resulted in a significant cost advantage using epsilon‐aminocaproic therapy (P = 0.022).
Stages of substance use among adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa

Objectives (1) To examine whether there is a developmental pattern of use of the following substances among high-school students in Cape Town, South Africa: tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, Mandrax, Ecstasy and crack cocaine. (2) If such a pattern is present, to investigate whether it is affected by gender or racial differences. Study type Cross-sectional analytical study. Sample Multistage cluster sample of 2930 students in Grades 8 and 11 at 39 schools in Cape Town, South Africa. Data source Anonymous and confidential self completed questionnaire. Results Lifetime usage prevalence rates were 42.1 % for cigarettes, 43.8% for alcohol, 12.3% for cannabis, and 3.6% for Mandrax, Ecstasy or crack. There was a significant ordering effect, which was consistent across gender but not race classification. For black and white students, the sequence was cigarettes or alcohol, followed by cannabis and then Mandrax, Ecstasy or crack. For coloured students (those deriving from Asian, European and African ancestry), the sequence was cigarettes, followed by alcohol, cannabis and then Mandrax, Ecstasy or crack. Conclusions There is a developmental sequence of substance use in this population which is identical for males and females but not for different race classifications. Future research should elucidate the reasons for the developmental sequence.
Urinary Excretion of Pentose Phosphate Pathway-Associated Polyols in Early Postnatal Life

Background: Two new inborn errors in the pentose phosphate pathway have been described: ribose-5-isomerase deficiency and transaldolase deficiency. These defects are characterized by accumulation of specific polyols in body fluids. Little is known about human polyol metabolism, but there are indications for a physiological role primarily during early development. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the urinary excretion of polyols in neonates with special interest on a possible impact of the grade of maturity. For comparison, urinary polyol excretion in older children was also studied. Methods: Urine samples of 40 neonates born between gestational week 25 and 41 were analyzed for the excretion of pentose phosphate pathway-associated polyols (erythritol, D-arabitol, ribitol, xylitol). These metabolites were also quantified in urine obtained from 77 children aged 4 weeks to 10 years. Results: The results show high urinary polyol excretions after birth independent of the week of gestation. During the first months of life, the concentrations decreased exponentially and reached a fairly stable steady state thereafter. Conclusions: Urinary excretion of polyols shows an age dependency with highest concentrations postnatally independent of the grade of maturity. These findings suggest a possible connection between the formation of pentose phosphate pathway-associated polyols and fetal development.
Production , Manufacturing and Logistics Analyzing the effect of the inventory policy on order and inventory variability with linear control theory

In this paper we apply linear control theory to study the effect of various inventory policies on order and inventory variability, which are key drivers of supply chain performance. In particular, we study a two-echelon supply chain with a stationary demand pattern under the influence of three inventory policies: an inventory-on-hand policy that bases orders on the visible inventory at an installation, an installation-stock policy that bases orders on the inventory position (on-hand plus on-order inventory) at an installation, and an echelon-stock policy that bases orders on the inventory position at that installation and all downstream installations. We prove analytically that the inventory-on-hand policy is unstable in practical settings, confirming analytically what has been observed in experimental settings and in practice. We also prove that the installation-stock and echelon-stock policies are stable and analyze their effect on order and inventory fluctuation. Specifically, we show the general superiority of the echelon-stock in our setting and demonstrate analytically the effect of forecasting parameters on order and inventory fluctuations, confirming the results in other research. 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Nutritional Status and Nutritional Knowledge of Malay Pregnant Women in Selected Private Hospitals in Klang Valley

Adequate nutrition is important for mothers and their offspring during and after birth. This cross sectional study was conducted to determine nutritional status and nutritional knowledge of pregnant women from two selected private hospitals in Klang Valley, Malaysia. A total of 236 Malay pregnant women aged between 20 to 45 years old (mean age 31+5 years) were recruited through convenient sampling method. Socio-demographic data, nutritional knowledge and a 24-hours diet recall were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric and haemoglobin data were obtained from the antenatal records in the respective hospitals. The percentages of participants who were underweight, normal, overweight and obese before pregnancy were 12.7%, 55.1%, 25.0% and 7.2% respectively. Among those who were obese before pregnancy, a total of 59.7% had inadequate weight gain, 24.6% gained adequate weight and 15.7% gained excessive gestational weight. About 33.5% of subjects were anaemic (Hb < 11.0g/dL). The mean daily energy intake of the participants was 1748 ± 526 kcal which was 76% of RNI. Calcium (73% of RNI), folic acid (36% of RNI), niacin (89% of RNI) and vitamin D (40% of RNI). The nutritional knowledge level of subjects was moderate (51.9 ± 13.8%). Lower monthly household income (p < 0.001), educational level (p < 0.001) and gestational stage (p < 0.05) of participants were associated with a lower nutritional knowledge level. Nutritional knowledge score was positively correlated with gestational weight gain (r = 0.166, p < 0.05) and haemoglobin level (r = 0.200, p < 0.05). Subjects who claimed practising food taboos had higher nutritional knowledge score (54.9 ± 12.5%) than those who did not (49.9 ± 14.4%)(p < 0.05). A comprehensive nutrition education should be integrated in the antenatal classes to improve nutritional status of pregnant women. DOI : http://dx.doi. org/10.17576/JSKM-2014-1202-08
Intersession exposure of rabbits to conditioning apparatus, avoidance extinction, and intertrial behavior.

Albino rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculm) were extinguished 48 hr. after singlesession avoidance acquisition. Treatments involved detention in the apparatus (exposure) for 30, 60, or 120 min. just prior to extinction (Experiment 1), In Experiment 2, the rabbits were exposed for 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, or 480 min. Controls for both experiments received: (a) immediate extinction; (b) detention in a neutral situation just prior to delayed extinction; or (c) no treatment during the intersession delay (ISD). Intersession delay produced incubation; i.e., heightened resistance to extinction (RTE). Exposures of 240 and 480 min. reduced RTE. Resistance to extinction was a U-shaped function of exposures ranging 0-120 min. Spontaneous responses declined over periods of exposure. Intertrial responses in extinction varied inversely with exposure.