Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional fatigue and upper extremity sensorimotor system acuity in baseball athletes.

CONTEXT The sensorimotor system controls the balance between upper extremity stability and mobility during athletic performance. Research indicates that fatigue hampers sensorimotor system function; however, few investigators have studied functional fatigue or multijoint, multiplanar measures. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of functional fatigue on upper extremity position reproduction in overhead throwing athletes. DESIGN Single-session, repeated-measures design. SETTING University musculoskeletal laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Sixteen healthy collegiate baseball players (age = 21.0 +/- 1.6 years, height = 175.8 +/- 10.2 cm, mass = 82.8 +/- 4.3 kg). INTERVENTION(S) Subjects threw a baseball from a single knee with maximum velocity (every 5 seconds) and rated their level of upper extremity exertion after every 20 throws. Subjects stopped after reporting above level 14 on the Borg scale and began posttests immediately. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We measured active multijoint reproduction of 2 positions: arm cock and ball release. Dependent variables were absolute and variable error for 10 joint motions: scapulothoracic internal-external rotation, upward rotation, and posterior tilt; glenohumeral internal-external rotation, horizontal abduction-adduction, and flexion-extension; elbow pronation-supination and flexion-extension; and wrist ulnar-radial deviation and flexion-extension. We calculated acuity for each joint and the entire upper extremity using 3-dimensional variable error. RESULTS Fatigue occurred after an average of 62 +/- 28 throws and increased 3-dimensional variable error scores (ie, decreased acuity) of the entire upper extremity and all joints in both positions (P < .05) except for the wrist in arm cock. Fatigue increased errors (ranging from 0.6 degrees to 2.3 degrees ) at arm cock for scapulothoracic internal-external rotation, upward rotation, and posterior tilt; glenohumeral internal-external rotation and flexion-extension; elbow flexion-extension; and wrist ulnar-radial deviation and at ball release for scapulothoracic internal-external rotation and upward rotation, glenohumeral horizontal abduction-adduction, elbow pronation-supination, and wrist ulnar-radial deviation and flexion-extension (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Functional fatigue affects the acuity of the entire upper extremity, each individual joint, and multiple joint motions in overhead throwers. Clinicians should consider the deleterious effects of upper extremity fatigue when designing injury prevention and rehabilitation programs and should incorporate multijoint and multiplanar endurance exercises. Compromised neuromuscular control of the scapulohumeral relationship may hold pathologic implications for this population as well.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in a passerine bird: the reed bunting Emberiza schoeniclus

Microsatellite loci consist of tandem repeats of short DNA sequences (5 5 bp), usually of less than 100 bp total length. These loci can be polymorphic due to variation between alleles in the number of repeat units. The application of such markers in molecular ecology is a recent development but it seems very likely that that they will be intensively used in the future (see Bruford & Wayne 1993 for a review). Polymorphic microsatellites have been reported in a variety of organisms including birds ( e g Ellegren 1992). Here, we report the isolation and characterization of six microsatellite loci in the reed bunting, Ernberim schoeniclus (Fringillidae). Cross-species amplification of the loci was also investigated in 13 other passerine species. Microsatellite loci were isolated after screening a reed bunting plasmid library with the dinucleotide probes (AC/GT),, and (AG/CT),, (Pharmacia) following standard procedures (Rassmann et al. 1991; Sambrook et al. 1989). Twenty-three positive clones were sequenced. Primers were designed for six loci (Escpl, Esc& Escp3, Esq.14, EscS , Escp6) (Table 1). PCR reactions were performed under the following conditions: 1 min at 94 "C, 1 min at 55 "C (Escpl, Escp2, Escp4, Escp5) or 52 "C (Escp3, Escp6), and 1 min at 72 "C (25 cycles) using a DNA thermal cycler (Techne PHC-3). Each PCR reaction (following Jeffreys et al. 1988) included 10-20 ng of total genomic DNA, 67m Tris-HC1 (pH 8.8), 16.6-m ammonium sulphate, 6.7mM MgCl,, 1 0 w 2-mercaptoethanol, 6 . 7 p ~ EDTA, 1.5 m of each nucleotide (Pharmacia), 170 mg/mL BSA (DNAase free, Pharmacia) and 10 pmoles of each primer in a total of 10 pL of distilled water. The PCR was initiated with a 'hot start' by first heating the samples for 5 min at 94 "C and by adding the Tnq DNA polymerase (1 unit/ sample, Advanced Biotechnologies) just before the first annealing step at 55 or 52 "C. Following this PCR, a single band of the predicted size was seen for all the loci except
Climate change decouples oceanic primary and export productivity and organic carbon burial

Significance Climate and ecosystem changes in the Northeast Pacific decoupled primary and export productivity and organic carbon burial during climate warming of the last deglaciation. These findings challenge and clarify the meaning of paleoceanographic proxies of productivity and provide key constraints for modeling of the ocean’s biological pump as a potential carbon feedback mechanism associated with large-scale climate change. To our knowledge, this is the first clear demonstration that primary productivity, export productivity, and carbon burial are significantly decoupled under scenarios of large-scale climate change. This is an important constraint on biogeochemical carbon cycle models, which generally assume such changes covary. Understanding responses of oceanic primary productivity, carbon export, and burial to climate change is essential for model-based projection of biological feedbacks in a high-CO2 world. Here we compare estimates of productivity based on the composition of fossil diatom floras with organic carbon burial off Oregon in the Northeast Pacific across a large climatic transition at the last glacial termination. Although estimated primary productivity was highest during the Last Glacial Maximum, carbon burial was lowest, reflecting reduced preservation linked to low sedimentation rates. A diatom size index further points to a glacial decrease (and deglacial increase) in the fraction of fixed carbon that was exported, inferred to reflect expansion, and contraction, of subpolar ecosystems that today favor smaller plankton. Thus, in contrast to models that link remineralization of carbon to temperature, in the Northeast Pacific, we find dominant ecosystem and sea floor control such that intervals of warming climate had more efficient carbon export and higher carbon burial despite falling primary productivity.
Spatial tuning of cells in and around lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: X and Y relay cells and perigeniculate interneurons.

An arrangement for mounting an object to a support structure having a rear side which is difficult of access, has an anchoring element including a base portion and a plurality of leg portions extending from the base portion, and a mounting element arranged for mounting the object to the support structure and urging the anchoring element to abut against the support structure at the rear side thereof. The leg portions of the anchoring element are substantially rigid in a longitudinal direction which corresponds to a loading direction of the arrangement, and are resiliently yieldable in a transverse direction so that when the anchoring element is inserted into a mounting hole of the support structure the leg portions are urged toward one another in the transverse direction, and when the anchoring element passes rearwardly beyond the rear side of the support structure the leg portions spread apart from one another in the transverse direction. The mounting element extends through an inner passage of the base portion of the anchoring element and is operative for urging the latter so that the leg portions of the anchoring element abut against the support structure at the rear side of the latter.
Composite transposable elements in the Xenopus laevis genome.

Members of two related families of transposable elements, Tx1 and Tx2, were isolated from the genome of Xenopus laevis and characterized. In both families, two versions of the elements were found. The smaller version in each family (Tx1d and Tx2d) consisted largely of two types of 400-base-pair tandem internal repeats. These elements had discrete ends and short inverted terminal repeats characteristic of mobile DNAs that are presumed to move via DNA intermediates, e.g., Drosophila P and maize Ac elements. The longer versions (Tx1c and Tx2c) differed from Tx1d and Tx2d by the presence of a 6.9-kilobase-pair internal segment that included two long open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 had one cysteine-plus-histidine-rich sequence of the type found in retroviral gag proteins. ORF2 showed more substantial homology to retroviral pol genes and particularly to the analogs of pol found in a subclass of mobile DNAs that are supposed retrotransposons, such as mammalian long interspersed repetitive sequences, Drosophila I factors, silkworm R1 elements, and trypanosome Ingi elements. Thus, the Tx1 elements present a paradox by exhibiting features of two classes of mobile DNAs that are thought to have very different modes of transposition. Two possible resolutions are considered: (i) the composite versions are actually made up of two independent elements, one of the retrotransposon class, which has a high degree of specificity for insertion into a target within the other, P-like element; and (ii) the composite elements are intact, autonomous mobile DNAs, in which the pol-like gene product collaborates with the terminal inverted repeats to cause transposition of the entire unit.
Direct-to-consumer advertising with interactive internet media: global regulation and public health issues.

DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER ADVERTISING (DTCA) IS LEgal only in the United States and New Zealand and has been linked with drug overutilization, public health concerns, and higher costs. Despite global proscriptions, DTCA is the most rapidly increasing form of pharmaceutical marketing, with approximately $4 billion in US expenditures, outpacing physician marketing and research and development. The Internet has rapidly developed, with users moving from passive information using read-only “Web 1.0” technology to interactive tailored relationships using “Web 2.0” technology. This includes social networking sites and other interactive systems, resulting in new online DTCA marketing opportunities that transcend geopolitical borders. Currently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not issued guidelines on this form of DTCA marketing. Yet electronic DTCA with Web 2.0 technology already has the potential for significant presence and may have unrealized public health effects.
Social factors affecting education quality of Iranian medical & dental students.

PURPOSE Positive social behavior of student is an important factor in the integrity of educational quality. Unbalanced behavior can disrupt the progress of students in learning. The present study evaluates the effect of social factors on education quality of dental and medical students. MATERIALS & METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 227 randomly selected students (109 dental and 118 medical). The questionnaire contained three domains of cultural collectivism, self-concept, and social adjustment adapted from California Test of Personality. It also included demographic questions like; field of study, gender and home city of residence. Data was analyzed using SPSS (version#19) software. Pearsons' correlation coefficient and independent t-test were used at the P-value of 0.05. RESULTS Generally, girl students showed higher cultural collectivism (P=0.028) and social adjustment (P=0.04). On the contrary, boys were better in self-concept behavior (P=0.34). Home city of residence evidenced with no significant effect on any aspects of social attitudes of subjects. Pearsons' correlation coefficient test showed a weak correlation between cultural collectivism and self-concept (r=0.134, P=0.04) and between cultural collectivism and social adjustment, as well. (r=0.252, P=0.001) Independent t-test showed a significant difference between male and female students concerning cultural collectivism and social adjustment. Reliability of cultural collectivism, self-concept and social adjustment scales ranged from very good to moderate, α=0.83, α=0.63, and α=0.54 respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicated that female students show better cultural collectivism and social adjustment skills. It also proved that home city of residence has no significant effect upon social behavior of either medical or dental students.
Characterisation of Several Rye Cultivars with Respect to Arabinoxylans and Extract Viscosity

Arabinoxylans are considered as the major limiting factor for use of rye in animal feeding. In this study, four selected winter rye cultivars were grown at nine locations and tested for arabinoxylans including total (TAX), soluble (SAX) and insoluble fractions (IAX), extract viscosity, falling numbers and crude protein contents. Amounts of TAX ranged on average between 89 and 103 g/kg wholemeal flour, and the extract viscosity between 2.6 and 5.1 cSt. The extract viscosity was significantly correlated with falling numbers and all three arabinoxylan fractions. Arabinoxylan contents and extract viscosity were influenced by the rye genotype. The anthocyanin free hybrid cultivar Helltop combined reduced TAX, SAX and IAX levels with low extract viscosity and high crude protein contents and seems to be more suitable for use in animal feeding than the other three cultivars tested in this respect.
Adaptive waveform design for enhanced detection of extended target

This paper considers waveform design for target detection with variations in the target impulse response (TIR). A generalized model of the TIR that consists of both the deterministic term and random term is introduced. Based on the derivation of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detector and the optimization function for waveform design, an iterative algorithm with the criteria of maximizing the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and minimizing the mean square error (MSE) is proposed. Simulation results verify the efficiency of the proposed method.
Development of a Patient Acuity Model for an Inpatient Rehabilitation Unit

Purpose: A patient classification tool for measuring acuity in acute in‐patient rehabilitation patients was needed. A search of the literature failed to uncover an acuity measure specific for this population. Design: A new tool was designed based on the Functional Independence Measure. Methods: The tool was created and preliminary testing was done to establish usability and reliability. Results and Conclusions: Preliminary testing revealed ease of use and moderately good reliability. Clinical Relevance: The in‐patient acuity measure is a straightforward tool that can be used to assist with staffing and budgeting. Preliminary testing showed good validity and reliability.
Microsomal epoxide hydrolase deletion enhances tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in mice after MPTP treatment

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder. Epidemiological studies have suggested most cases of PD are linked to environmental risk factors. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) is a conserved enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of a large number of epoxide intermediates such as drugs and epoxides of environmental toxins. We hypothesize that changes in mEH are involved in the pathogenesis of PD by modulating the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to environmental stress. Herein we reported that acute treatment with the neurotoxin MPTP (1‐methyl‐4‐phemyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine) markedly increased the mEH immunoreactivity in the nigrostriatal system of C57BL/6 mice. Next, mEH knockout (KO) mice were used, and we found that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐positive cell loss was significantly lower in the substantia nigra of mEH KO mice compared with wild‐type (WT) mice after MPTP treatment. The mean dopamine turnover ratios were significantly increased in MPTP‐treated mEH KO mice compared with WT. In addition, TH is the rate‐limiting enzyme for dopamine biosynthesis, and its activity is mainly regulated by TH phosphorylation at Ser‐31 (pSer31) and Ser‐40 (pSer40). Double immunofluorescence showed that both pSer31 and pSer40 are completely colocalized in total TH‐positive cells. However, immunoblotting confirmed that there was a significantly higher level of pSer31 in mEH‐KO mice when compared with WT mice after MPTP, and no marked differences among TH and its phosphorylation levels occurred after saline injection. These data suggested that mEH deficiency facilitates TH phosphorylation in the nigrostriatal dopamine system, which may be associated with an increased resistance of dopaminergic neurons to environmental toxins. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytotoxicity of Wortmannin Triggers Programmed Cell Death in MCF-7 Cells; Biochemical and Morphological Analysis

Objective: The primary objective was to study whether the cytotoxicity of Wortmannin (Wtmn) triggers apoptotic programmed cell death on the widely-used model breast cancer MCF-7 cell to understand this small molecule’s biological signaling mechanisms. Methods: In this present study, MCF-7 cells anti-proliferative activities determined by using MTT assays to quantify the cytotoxicity of the Wtmn. The direct cellular and molecular effect of Wtmn was investigated selectively using flow cytometric cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assays, fluorescent and phase contrast microscopy. Results: Our biochemical and morphological experimental analysis showed that Wtmn inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and facilitates their entry into the apoptosis mode of programmed cell death. Conclusion: Our experimental results directed towards elucidating the cytotoxicity of Wtmn and it’s biological mechanisms indicates anti-proliferative and apoptogenic properties. This strategy can serve as a screening model for anti-cancer treatment in-vitro.
Factor Vlla/Tissue Factor-Catalyzed Activation of Factors IX and X on a Cell Surface and in Suspension: A Kinetic Study

Summary The kinetics of activation of factor IX and factor X by factor Vila was studied in the presence of various sources of tissue factor: (1) a surface membrane of human ovarian carcinoma cell line, OC-2008 (2) the cell lysate (of 002008) and (3) reconstituted purified human tissue factor. The rates of activation of factors IX and X were monitored in activation peptide release assays using tritiated substrates. The results indicate that the apparent K m values for factor IX and factor X were similar for a given tissue factor, but varied with tissue factor source. The source of tissue factor greatly influenced the apparent differences in V max for factors IX and X. When a surface of monolayer provided tissue factor, the Vmax of factor IX was only 2-3 fold lower than factor X, but when either a cell lysate or purified tissue factor was the source of cofactor activity, the difference in V max rose to about 8-10 fold. Although, the tissue factor apoprotein in the cells was expressed entirely on the outer surface membrane, the activity of tissue factor on the intact cell surface was 50 to 100fold lower than in the lysed cell preparation.
The CEACAM1 transmembrane domain, but not the cytoplasmic domain, directs internalization of human pathogens via membrane microdomains

Several bacterial pathogens exploit carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) to promote attachment and uptake into eukaryotic host cells. The widely expressed isoform CEACAM1 is involved in cell–cell adhesion, regulation of cell proliferation, insulin homeostasis, and neo‐angiogenesis, processes that depend on the cytoplasmic domain of CEACAM1. By analysing the molecular requirements for CEACAM1‐mediated internalization of bacteria, we surprisingly find that the CEACAM1 cytoplasmic domain is completely obsolete for bacterial uptake. Accordingly, CEACAM1‐4L as well as a CEACAM1 mutant with a complete deletion of the cytoplasmic domain (CEACAM1 ΔCT) promote equivalent internalization of several human pathogens. CEACAM1‐4L‐ and CEACAM1 ΔCT‐mediated uptake proceeds in the presence of inhibitors of actin microfilament dynamics, which is in contrast to CEACAM3‐mediated internalization. Bacteria‐engaged CEACAM1‐4L and CEACAM1 ΔCT, but not CEACAM3, localize to a gangliosid GM1‐ and GPI‐anchored protein‐containing portion of the plasma membrane. In addition, interference with cholesterol‐rich membrane microdomains severely blocks bacterial uptake via CEACAM1‐4L and CEACAM1 ΔCT, but not CEACAM3. Similar to GPI‐anchored CEACAM6, both CEACAM1‐4L as well as CEACAM1 ΔCT partition into a low‐density, Triton‐insoluble membrane fraction upon receptor clustering, whereas CEACAM3 is not detected in this fraction. Bacterial uptake by truncated CEACAM1 or chimeric CEACAM1/CEACAM3 molecules reveals that the transmembrane domain of CEACAM1 is responsible for its association with membrane microdomains. Together, these data argue for a functional role of lipid rafts in CEACAM1‐mediated endocytosis that is promoted by the transmembrane domain of the receptor and that might be relevant for CEACAM1 function in physiologic settings.
Master cast accuracy in single-tooth implant replacement cases: an in vitro comparison. A technical note.

PURPOSE This in vitro study evaluated the accuracy of master casts obtained by using (1) copings modified by sandblasting and coating their roughened surfaces with impression adhesive before final impression procedures and (2) gold machined UCLA abutments as impression copings in final impression procedures for single-tooth implant replacement cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A polymeric resin model with a standard single implant was used to simulate a clinical situation. A group of 20 impressions were made using square impression copings sandblasted to roughen their external surfaces at a supragingival level and then coated with Impregum polyether adhesive; a second group of 20 impressions were made using gold machined UCLA abutments as impression copings. The castable part of the UCLA abutments was secured with resin to the gold machined section of the UCLA abutment to prevent movement of the castable part itself on the gold machined portion during the impression procedures; the castable portion of the UCLA was also coated with the Impregum polyether adhesive to improve the stability of the gold machined UCLA abutment inside the impression material. Master casts fabricated for both groups were analyzed to detect rotational position change of the hexagon on the implant replicas in the master casts with reference to the resin model. RESULTS The rotational position changes of the hexagon on implant replicas were significantly less variable in the master casts obtained using gold machined UCLA abutments as impression copings than in the master casts achieved with the roughened square impression copings. DISCUSSION Improved precision of the impression was achieved when the gold machined UCLA abutments were used as impression copings. CONCLUSION This report suggests that using gold machined UCLA abutments as impression copings in the final impression procedures can enable the clinician to achieve a more accurate orientation of the implant replicas in the laboratory master casts for single-tooth implant replacement cases.