Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Practice Makes Perfect: An ERP Analysis of the Effects of Physical Practice on Cortical Signal as Evidenced by the N500

The benefits of motor and mental practice on physical performance have been identified for decades. Here, we used event-related potentials to examine the precise effect of motor practice on the cortical signal during physical performance. Participants were scanned before and after learning, having practiced a particular script in between these two sessions. All participants learned a particular hand sequence on their first scanning session and were later scanned again when performing a second hand sequence. The difference between the participant-groups was the hand sequence practiced in between the two scanning sessions. The N500 was examined for both pre and post scans for all participants across the frontal (F3, Fz, F4), frontal-central (FC3, FCz, FC4) and the central (C3, C4, C5) electrodes. Our hypothesis was that there would be no significant difference across the various electrode sites during the N500 between the pre and post-practice sessions for those who were tested twice on novel tasks but that there would be a significant difference for those who had practiced a task for a few days. There was a significant overall main affect of time for pre versus post scan sessions at the N500. There was also a significant interaction between time and group. Our results suggest that the group who had practiced the hand sequence tested at the post session revealed significantly different N500 deflection compared to those who had practiced a different hand sequence. Thus, the physical practice affected the cortical signal, namely it resulted in the presence of the N500.
Critical Findings Regarding the Reliability and Validity of the Thinking Styles Inventories 3 . 1 Use of Factor Analysis for Validating the Thinking Styles

The Thinking Styles Inventories (TSI) are questionnaires for assessing individual preferences in constructing knowledge. This paper identifies several problems concerning their validity, which range from an inadequate use of factor analysis, to missing information on the measurement model, to findings indicating a low discrimination between the thinking style scales. Against this background, two studies are conducted providing detailed insights into the measurement model of the TSI in German-speaking samples (Study I: 287 apprentices; Study II: 389 students). Although results indicate a high degree of reliability according to popular statistical rules, they confirm problems with the discriminant validity and criterion validity regarding achievement. The Thinking Styles Inventories should as a result be used with caution.
One-shot Learning In Deep Sequential Generative Models

Regardless of the Deep Learning community’s continuous advancements, the challenging domain of one-shot learning still persists. While the human brain is capable of learning a new visual concept with ease, sometimes even at a glance, Deep Learning-based techniques show serious drawbacks in handling problems with small datasets. Much of the existing work on one-shot learning employs a variety of sophisticated network algorithms, prior domain knowledge, and data manipulation to address the generalization challenges presented in such problems. In this work, we demonstrate a one-shot learning method that contains three learning networks –– a deep sequential generative model, a candidate network, and a Matching Network — thus offering an alternative approach to solving the one-shot classification problem. The proposed framework does not require domain knowledge, making it potentially portable to other domains. We show that our algorithm improves accuracy from 95.5% to 96.1% on the Omniglot dataset 20-way one-shot learning compared to current state-of-the-art.
Differences between 1999 and 2010 across the Falkland Plateau: fronts and water masses

Abstract. Decadal differences in the Falkland Plateau are studied from the two full-depth hydrographic data collected during the ALBATROSS (April 1999) and MOC-Austral (February 2010) cruises. Differences in the upper 100 dbar are due to changes in the seasonal thermocline, as the ALBATROSS cruise took place in the austral fall and the MOC-Austral cruise in summer. The intermediate water masses seem to be very sensitive to the wind conditions existing in their formation area, showing cooling and freshening for the decade as a consequence of a higher Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) contribution and of a decrease in the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) stratum. The deeper layers do not exhibit any significant change in the water mass properties. The Subantarctic Front (SAF) in 1999 is observed at 52.2–54.8° W with a relative mass transport of 32.6 Sv. In contrast, the SAF gets wider in 2010, stretching from 51.1 to 57.2° W (the Falkland Islands), and weakening to 17.9 Sv. Changes in the SAF can be linked with the westerly winds and mainly affect the northward flow of Subantarctic Surface Water (SASW), SAMW and AAIW/Antarctic Surface Water (AASW). The Polar Front (PF) carries 24.9 Sv in 1999 (49.8–44.4° W), while in 2010 (49.9–49.2° W) it narrows and strengthens to 37.3 Sv.
Iteratives Modell zur Optimierung von Speicherausbau und -betrieb in einem Stromsystem mit zunehmend fluktuierender Erzeugung

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein iteratives Modellkonzept zur wirtschaftlichen Ausbau- und Einsatzoptimierung von Kraftwerken und Speichern in Stromerzeugungssystemen mit einem hohen Anteil an fluktuierender Einspeisung entwickelt. Die Aufgabe ist in Teilmodelle fur Kraftwerks- und Speicherausbau gegliedert, welche jeweils als lineare Optimierungsprobleme formuliert sind. Ein weiteres Modell bestimmt die Zuverlassigkeit des Erzeugungssystems. Die durch den Speichereinsatz veranderte Fahrweise der Kraftwerke und die Zuverlassigkeit des variierten Systems werden in einer Iterationsschleife ruckgekoppelt und ermoglichen somit erstmalig eine sukzessive Anpassung von Kraftwerks- und Speicherausbau. Als Leitgrose fur die mindestens benotigte Kraftwerkskapazitat dient ein gefordertes Zuverlassigkeitsniveau des Erzeugungssystems.
Validation of Clyde River SuperDARN radar velocity measurements with the RISR-C incoherent scatter radar

Abstract. The study considers simultaneous plasma velocity measurements in the eastward direction carried out by the Clyde River (CLY) Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) high-frequency (HF) radar and Resolute Bay (RB) incoherent scatter radar – Canada (RISR-C). The HF velocities are found to be in reasonable agreement with RISR velocities up to magnitudes of 700–800 m s−1 while, for faster flows, the HF velocity magnitudes are noticeably smaller. The eastward plasma flow component inferred from SuperDARN convection maps (constructed for the area of joint measurements with consideration of velocity data from all the radars of the network) shows the effect of smaller HF velocities more notably. We show that the differences in eastward velocities between the two instruments can be significant and prolonged for observations of strongly sheared plasma flows.
Aging and Attitudes Towards Strategic Uncertainty and Competition: An Artefactual Field Experiment in a Swiss Bank

We study the attitudes of junior and senior employees towards strategic uncertainty and competition, by means of a market entry game inspired by Camerer and Lovallo (1999). Seniors exhibit higher entry rates compared to juniors, especially when earnings depend on relative performance. This difference persists after controlling for attitudes towards non-strategic uncertainty and for beliefs on others' competitiveness and ability. Social image matters, as evidenced by the fact that seniors enter more when they predict others enter more and when they are matched with a majority of juniors. This contradicts the stereotype of risk averse and less competitive older employees.
Does Relationship Lending Promote Growth? Savings Banks and SME Financing

This paper addresses the question whether close borrower-lender relationships, so called hausbank-relationships, facilitate the funding and beneficial development of SME. To this end, we derive a model which relates a firm's growth rate to its need for external funds and subsequently compute the firms that exceed their predicted growth rate. We then use this measure to identify specific characteristics that are associated with long- and short-term financing of firm growth, in particular the influence of relationship lending. We find that close ties with savings banks predict firms' access to external finance to fund growth. Moreover, the long-term liabilities of firms with hausbank-relationships almost double those with multiple relationships while the overall leverage is about the same. In turn, we find an strong empirical relationship between the provision of long-term funds and firm growth.
Observational consequences of structured jets from neutron star mergers in the local Universe

The recent multi-messenger discovery of binary neutron star (BNS) merger GW170817 showed that $\gamma$-ray emission in short GRBs is wider than the central energetic narrow cone, and weakly expands out to tens of degrees. Here we explore some of the observational consequences of this structured emission, taking the reconstructed angular emission profile of gamma-ray burst GRB170817A to be typical. We calculate the expected fraction of gravitational-wave observations from BNS mergers that will have an observed GRB counterpart to be $\sim30\%$, implying that joint gravitational-wave and GRB observations will be common. Further, we find that $\sim10\%$ of observed short GRBs occur within 200 Mpc. Finally, we estimate a BNS merger rate of $\sim500$ Gpc$^{-3}$yr$^{-1}$.
Higher Lefschetz Traces and Spherical Euler Characteristics

Higher analogs of the Euler characteristic and Lefschetz number are introduced. It is shown that they possess a variety of properties generaliz- ing known features of those classical invariants. Applications are then given. In particular, it is shown that the higher Euler characteristics are obstructions to homotopy properties such as the TNCZ condition, and to a manifold being homologically K¨ahler.
How will ocean acidification affect marine photosynthetic organisms? A review

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is increasing year on year, mainly as a result of burning fossil fuels. Although carbon dioxide dissolves in the oceans, mitigating atmospheric effects, it does result in a reduction of the alkalinity of sea water; an effect termed Ocean Acidification (OA). The subsequent changes in carbon chemistry will most likely affect marine photosynthetic organisms in a number of ways; including the ability of organisms to build calcium carbonate shells or skeletons (calcification) and primary production. Previous work indicates that both processes respond to OA, but not always in the same way. Consequently the aim of this review is to evaluate how our understanding of the effects of OA on calcification and primary production has progressed in recent years. It is concluded after examining the literature that our understanding has not developed, with recent work either agreeing with or contradicting past studies. However, there has been an increase in the number of multi-factorial studies, and so from this point of view our understanding has increased. To gain a better understanding, it is imperative that more comparable data becomes available, which although this sounds self-evident does mean that a consensus must be reached on the best methodology to use.
Evaluation of Wave Frequency Correlations in Horizontal annular Flow

The evaluation of the existing wave frequency correlations was discussed in this paper. Fourcorrelations were tested using the experimental data of the air-water horizontal annular flow in 16 mmand 26 mm inner diameter pipes. Different liquid viscosity and surface tension were used in theexperiment. To obtain annular flow pattern, the superficial gas and liquid velocity were set at 12 to 40m/s and 0.05 to 0.2 m/s, respectively. The wave frequency increases with the increasing of gas andliquid superficial velocity. However, the effect of superficial liquid velocity is less significant than thatof superficial gas velocity. The examination of the existing correlations for the wave frequency showsthat the accuracy of the correlation is generally only valid for certain cases of experiment andproducing large error for the other cases
Structural properties of the one-dimensional drift-diffusion models for semiconductors

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the one-dimensional current and voltage drift-diffusion models for arbitrary types of semiconductor devices and under the assumption of vanishing generation recombination. We show in the course of this paper, that these models satisfy structural properties, which are due to the particular form of the coupling of the involved systems. These structural properties allow us to prove an existence and uniqueness result for the solutions of the current driven model together with monotonicity properties with respect to the total current I, of the electron and hole current densities and of the electric field at the contacts. We also prove analytic dependence of the solutions on I. These results allow us to establish several qualitative properties of the current voltage characteristic. In particular, we give the nature of the (possible) bifurcation points of this curve, we show that the voltage function is an analytic function of the total current and we characterize the asymptotic behavior of the currents for large voltages. As a consequence, we show that the currents never saturate as the voltage goes to +00, contrary to what was predicted by numerical simulations by M. S. Mock (Compel. 1 (1982), pp. 165-174). We also analyze the drift-diffusion models under the assumption of quasi-neutral approximation. We show, in particular, that the reduced current driven model has at most one solution, but that it does not always have a solution. Then, we compare the full and the reduced voltage driven models and we show that, in general, the quasi-neutral approximation is not accurate for large voltages, even if no saturation phenomenon occurs. Finally, we prove a local existence and uniqueness result for the current driven model in the case of small generation recombination terms.
Assessing Atmospheric Response to Surface Forcing in the Observations . Part I : Cross Validation of Annual Response Using GEFA , LIM , and FDT

Three statistic methods [generalized equilibrium feedback analysis (GEFA), linear inverse modeling (LIM), and fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT)] are compared for their assessment of the atmospheric response to sea surface temperature variability in the coupled climate system with a sample length comparable with the observations (decades). The comparison is made first in an idealized coupled model and then in the observations. For daily to pentad data, for a linear stochastic system, the simple model study demonstrates that all three methods are able to provide a consistent assessment of the atmospheric response. For monthly data, GEFA is able to produce an assessment comparable with the daily or pentad assessments using the three methods. The consistence of the three methods is further confirmed in the observations for the responses of the atmospheric geopotential height (at 200 hPa) to the tropical ENSO mode and the North Pacific mode. It is found that the three methods produce a consistent response with the overall pattern correlation over 0.95 and the amplitude difference within 10%–20%. The consistent results in both the simple model and the observations suggest that the three statistical methods can be used as a cross validation on the robustness of the assessment of the atmospheric response to surface forcing in the observations.
On the value of conditioning data to reduce conceptual model uncertainty in groundwater modeling

Recent applications of multimodel methods have demonstrated their potential in quantifying conceptual model uncertainty in groundwater modeling applications. To date, however, little is known about the value of conditioning to constrain the ensemble of conceptualizations, to differentiate among retained alternative conceptualizations, and to reduce conceptual model uncertainty. We address these questions by conditioning multimodel simulations on measurements of hydraulic conductivity and observations of system‐state variables and evaluating the effects on (1) the posterior multimodel statistics and (2) the contribution of conceptual model uncertainty to the predictive uncertainty. Multimodel aggregation and conditioning is performed by combining the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) method and Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). As an illustrative example we employ a 3‐dimensional hypothetical system under steady state conditions, for which uncertainty about the conceptualization is expressed by an ensemble (M) of seven models with varying complexity. Results show that conditioning on heads allowed for the exclusion of the two simplest models, but that their information content is limited to further differentiate among the retained conceptualizations. Conditioning on increasing numbers of conductivity measurements allowed for a further refinement of the ensemble M and resulted in an increased precision and accuracy of the multimodel predictions. For some groundwater flow components not included as conditioning data, however, the gain in accuracy and precision was partially offset by strongly deviating predictions of a single conceptualization. Identifying the conceptualization producing the most deviating predictions may guide data collection campaigns aimed at acquiring data to further eliminate such conceptualizations. Including groundwater flow and river discharge observations further allowed for a better differentiation among alternative conceptualizations and drastic reductions of the predictive variances. Results strongly advocate the use of observations less commonly available than groundwater heads to reduce conceptual model uncertainty in groundwater modeling.
Marital Status and Derived Pension Rights: A Political Economy Model of Public Pensions with Borrowing Constraints

This paper develops an overlapping-generation model featuring four types of households: single female, single male, one-breadwinner couple and two-breadwinner couple. The paper considers majority voting over public pension in the presence of derived pension rights for one-breadwinner couples. In an economy with a low in- tertemporal elasticity of substitution, borrowing-constrained one-breadwinner cou- ples may prefer a lower tax rate than do other types of households, although the for- mer attain a higher benefit-to-cost ratio of public pension than do others. Changes in the gender wage gap, the level of derived pension rights, and the fraction of two- breadwinner couples produce an inverse U-shaped relationship between the relevant variable and the tax rate.
An Analysis of Student Percutaneous Injuries at Dalhousie Dental School

C l i n M e d International Library Citation: Maillet PJ, Zwicker DH, Hachey SM, Mason LN, Brillant MGS (2016) An Analysis of Student Percutaneous Injuries at Dalhousie Dental School. Int J Oral Dent Health 2:023 Received: December 20, 2015: Accepted: January 30, 2016: Published: February 03, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Maillet PJ, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Maillet et al. Int J Oral Dent Health 2016, 2:1
Agronomic, physical and chemical characterization of banana fruits

The purpose of this study was to characterize 26 banana accessions of the active genebank of Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits (Brazil) for agronomic, physical and physicochemical characteristics. The plant height of the diploid 028003-01 and triploid Walha was short. Regarding the number of fruits and bunch weight, the triploids Caipira, Thap Maeo and the tetraploids Ambrosia and Calipso performed particularly well. Total carotenoid contents were highest in the diploids Jaran and Malbut. The total contents of flavonoid and polyphenol, two natural antioxidants, were highest in tetraploid Teparod. Wide genetic variability was detected for most agronomic, physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits of the banana accessions, enabling the planning of breeding for the development of hybrids with short stature, high yield, pest resistance and high carotenoid, flavonoid and/or polyphenol contents.
The End of the Dichotomy: The Effect of Social Proximity to Prototype and Periphery Group Members on Political Attitudes

Objective We extend prototype theory to explain why nonmembers who are socially connected to group members hold political attitudes that differ from nonmembers lacking that connection. We anticipate that the intensity of nonmember attitudes varies by connection to a prototype or periphery group member. Methods Using data from the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), we model group-salient political attitudes for veterans, union members, and their family members. Results We find social distance from group members is theoretically linked to within-group variation that distinguishes prototype from periphery group members. Conclusion Analysis of political attitudes is enhanced beyond the traditional member/nonmember dichotomy by accounting for nonmembers’ social distance from group members.
“Information needs changing over time” : a critical discussion

For the past twenty years phrases such as "stable information needs", "unstable information needs" or "information needs changing over time" are found in many contributions to information science. At first view these concepts seem to be easy and clearly understandable. However, after some considerations different questions arise: For which types of information need do we see that these needs are changing over time - for all types, or only for certain types? How do information needs relate to changes in the world, or to changes in the human understanding of the world? We will show that "information need changing over time" is a very complex concept and only understandable if we distinguish between changes in the world, situation/context, user, types of information need and interpretation of data. Clarity of writing is essential in scientific writing and authors using the concept "information needs changing over time" or similar phrases should clearly define what they mean by the phrases to ensure that no ambiguity exists when readers interpret their writings.
A pilot trial of 'panic online' as a self-guided treatment for panic disorder

Panic Online (PO) is a well-established evidence-based internet intervention program for panic disorder (PD) (with or without agoraphobia), when supported by a therapist (email or face-to-face). However, there has been no exploration to date as to whether PO is also effective when administered in a selfguided format (i.e., with no therapist assistance provided). The objective of this pilot trial was to examine whether PO as a self-guided program was effective at reducing panic symptomatology and furthermore, whether participants found the program format satisfactory. Pre- and post-treatment clinical interviews were conducted by telephone with six participants and experience of using the self-guided PO program was also explored. Paired samples t-tests revealed that PD and agoraphobia were significantly reduced by posttreatment, but panic frequency (over the previous month) did not significantly change. Qualitatively, all participants reported being satisfied with the program, however all participants reported that access to human support during the intervention (e.g., to answer questions, to be heard, to help motivate) was preferable. Initial pilot data suggests that PO self-guided works effectively as a stand-alone clinical internet-based treatment program for PD, however additional research is required to definitively establish its efficacy. Keyword s: Computer-aided psychotherapy; panic disorder and agoraphobia; self-help; CBT