Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Challenges faced by midwives in implementing the prevention of mother to child transmission programme during the post-natal period at Khayelitsha Community Health Clinic, Western Cape Province.

Background: In the South Africa, the number of HIVpositive pregnant women is rising and has resulted in more than 70,000 babies being born with HIV infection annually since the year 2000. In response to the escalating number of HIV-positive pregnant women, the Department of Health of South Africa, decided, in 2002, to implement the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme at 18 pilot sites in the country. An effective PMTCT programme could reduce the incidences of maternal and child mortalities in the country. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the PMTCT programme that was done in 2010 showed that, although the programme was rendered effectively during pregnancy and labour, there were still irregularities that appeared, especially during the postnatal period. Khayelitsha was the first pilot site in South Africa to provide Antiretroviral Therapy and initiate the Nurse Initiated Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (NIMART) at primary care level in the public sector. Midwives are the health professionals who render the PMTCT services to HIV-positive mothers and their babies until six weeks post-delivery. They have managed to test almost 100% of pregnant women during the antenatal period and the HIVpositive women were started on the PMTCT programme during their first visit. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the challenges that midwives faced in rendering care to postnatal HIV-positive mothers enrolled in the PMTCT programme at the Khayelitsha Community Health Clinic in the Western Province of South Africa. Method: An exploratory design and qualitative approach was followed. The study population consisted of midwives who were rendering PMTCT services to HIV-positive mothers and their infants during the postnatal period. Purposive sampling was conducted until data saturation was reached. Six participants were included in the sample. The participants were informed about the study by means of an Information Sheet, advised that the study was voluntary and reminded that they could withdraw from the study at any time, without prejudice. In-depth, unstructured individual interviews were conducted with each of the participants. With the permission of participants, an audio tape recorder was used during the interviews to collect data, while the researcher took field notes to supplement and verify the voice recordings, after the interviews. The seven steps of Colaizzi were used to analyse the data. Six themes and sixteen sub-themes emerged during the data analysis. Trustworthiness
P2.19 COMPOSITE STRUCTURE OF VORTICAL HOT TOWERS IN HURRICANE GUILLERMO (1997)

Tropical cyclones intensify through a combination of processes, including environmental interactions, heat and moisture exchanges with the oceans, and inner-core dynamical processes. Environmental factors known to favor TC intensification include: warm sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), minimal deep-layer vertical wind shear, high mid-tropospheric relative humidity, large low-level relative vorticity, and enhanced upper-level eddy angular momentum flux convergence (Kaplan and DeMaria 2003). Oceans provide the required heat and moisture to sustain the TC’s deep convection, upperlevel warm core, and intense surface winds. This energy is transferred from the ocean via surface fluxes. Greater fluxes, which favor TC intensification, occur when a storm passes over deep, warm ocean features such as warm-core eddies, loop currents, and the Gulf Stream (Shay et al. 2000; Hong et al. 2000). Finally, internal symmetric and asymmetric dynamical processes can lead to intensification. Such processes are linked to mesoscale convective features, including mesovortices, vortex Rossby waves (VRWs), deep convective hot towers (HTs), vortical hot towers (VHTs), and eyewall replacement cycles (Eastin et al. 2005b; Simpson et al. 1998; Hendricks et al. 2004; Montgomery and Kallenbach 1997; Willoughby 1990; many others). This research will focus on the implications of one particular component of internal dynamics, the VHT. Before discussing the role of VHTs to intensification, a brief review of the HT route to intensification is warranted. HTs are tall cumulonimbus towers containing undilute or nearly undilute updrafts that transport high equivalent potential temperature (Θe) air from the subcloud layer to the upper troposphere, reaching or penetrating the tropopause (Simpson et al. 1998). Even though the intrinsic scale of HTs has not been formally defined in previous literature, the term has historically referred to towers with approximately 5 km wide updrafts (e.g. Riehl and Malkus 1958; Malkus
INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL PERFORMANCE AND CASH-BASED INCENTIVE PAYMENTS FOR EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS: IMPACT OF REMUNERATION COMMITTEE AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE FEATURES

We use a sample of 964 executive directors representing 354 Singapore publicly listed firms to examine linkage between firm performance and cash-based bonus payments. As a pooled OLS regression model may hide different models that characterize subsets of observations we use latent class analysis to further examine the data and to identify more specifically the influence of corporate governance features. Our latent class analysis results indicate that remuneration committees with members having their interests better aligned with shareholders (such as presence of a significant owner) appear more likely to consider the incremental value of tying executive director compensation to intellectual capital performance. Remuneration committees with a lower risk of influence from managerial power were also found to be more likely to support a compensation linkage for executive directors to intellectual capital performance. The influence of the remuneration committee features is evident for both entrepreneurial and traditional firms. Overall, our findings are consistent with both the optimal-contract pricing and managerial power views of executive compensation setting.
Expenditure Efficiency and the Optimal Size of Government in Developing Countries

Government efficiency plays a significant role in the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. Based on panel data from 63 developing countries 1990 to 2003, we calculate efficiency scores using Data Envelopment Analysis, incorporate them into a simple model of growth with government expenditure. We find that there is a critical level of efficiency required for government expenditure to have positive effect on growth. Further, above a critical level of efficiency, greater efficiency lowers the optimal size of government expenditure required to maximize growth.
Direct medical costs of treating Mexican children under 2 years of age with respiratory syncytial virus

Background. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent etiologic agent causing lower respiratory tract infection in children <2 years of age. Between 0.5 and 3% of patients will require hospitalization. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct medical cost of treating children <2 years old with suspicion of RSV at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Methods. Direct medical costs were estimated from an institutional perspective. Medical records were reviewed from patients <2 years of age who attended emergency services in second-level hospitals including subjects who required hospitalization. Estimated costs were obtained with the microcosting technique using the institutional costs from IMSS (year 2010). Costs were reported in USD (year 2011). Results. When analyzing total medical costs, outpatient management yielded a cost of $230.0 ± $10.30 U.S. dollars (USD), whereas hospitalized patients exhibited an average cost of $8,313.20 ± $595.30 USD. The main components of outpatient management costs were emergency visits, specialist consultations and diagnostic testing (41.6%, 32.7% and 10.7% of the total cost, respectively). In the case of hospitalized patients, intensive care unit cost (89.3%) and overall hospitalization cost (6.5%) represented 95.7% of the total cost. Conclusions. RSV is a disease that represents a significant economic burden for health care institutions, although most patients are treated on an outpatient basis.
THE EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN ON BODY COMPOSITION OF PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED PANCREATIC CANCER

vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi LIST OF TABLES xii ABBREVIATIONS xiii CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to cancer cachexia 1 Statement of importance 1 Definition 1 Epidemiology 2 Pathophysiology 2 Energy balance and appetite regulation 3 Pathogenesis of cancer anorexia 5 Adipose tissue metabolism in cancer cachexia 7 Muscle metabolism in cancer cachexia Sarcopenia 8 Trophic influence on skeletal muscle in cancer cachexia 9 Inflammation 10 CHAPTER 2 – Curcumin 12 Origins and biochemistry 12
Consideration of Reinforcer Magnitude with Respect to Preference and Reinforcer Assessment Outcomes

This study examined the correspondence between preference for systematically differing magnitudes of edible stimuli and relative progressive ratio (PR) breakpoints. A primary MSWO preference assessment was used to rank eight different edible items. Next, a secondary MSWO preference assessment determined preference for 0.5, 2, and 10 g of HP and LP items. Following a baseline phase, 0.5, 2, and 10 g of both the HP and LP items (i.e., six stimuli total) were tested individually under PR reinforcer assessment administrations. In contrast to previous research, there was not a direct correspondence between preference and PR breakpoints. In addition, HP stimuli did not consistently produce higher breakpoints when compared to LP stimuli, irrespective of magnitude. PROGRESSIVE RATIOS AND REINFORCER MAGNITUDE 3
The marketing orientation as a university management philosophy: a framework to guide its application

[EN] The environment in which university institutions develop their activities has become more competitive over recent decades and market elements have been introduced into the sector. Accordingly, universities have shown a growing interest in developing and maintaining a favourable and distinctive image among their stakeholders. To this end, many of them have focused their efforts on the improvement and renewal of training programs. However, such efforts have not always been matched in the transmission of a more favourable perception among their stakeholders. This context calls for university management with a marketing orientation. However, university marketing is in its early stages in many parts of the world and the incorporation of marketing principles and practices in the field of higher education encounters much reluctance from citizens and academics. This contribution sets out the reasons for this resistance, which may be grounded in a misconception about the discipline, and a working framework for marketing management in universities is proposed to facilitate the practical implementation of marketing philosophy in such institutions. It is a framework whose design involves a combination of services marketing and corporate marketing proposals and highlights aspects that managers of higher education institutions should focus on 1) to meet the demands of different stakeholders with varied (and sometimes conflicting) interests and 2) to move towards the development of a favourable perception among the stakeholders of the institutions they manage.
The Effects of Enjoyment on an Enterprise Information System

It is time to consider enjoyment factor into enterprise information system (EIS) as young man getting used to always fun from Facebook, iPhone. This study integrated enjoyment into EIS success model of DeLone and Mclean. The study result showed that enjoyment plays a key role to EIS success model through its impact to user’s satisfaction and continuous intention. This study made contribution to academy as well as IT industry. The suggestions derived from study result also conducted.
Personal sense in subjective language research in the blogosphere

Blogs are a very important part of the digital world, indeed they can be viewed as a digital representation of the whole world. People share pictures and videos, describe their daily life, ask questions and, of course, give opinions. The blogosphere presents a unique opportunity to obtain huge statistics about what people like, feel, need – about their ‘private states’. The vast and ever-growing volumes of ‘bloggers’ and thus, information, demand an automated way of analyzing blog texts. This gives rise to a new research direction combining computing, linguistics and psychology: sentiment analysis: the computational treatment of (in alphabetical order) opinion, sentiment, and subjectivity in text. Objective characteristics of the writers based on their texts can be analyzed: their age, gender, social affiliation, character; subjective characteristics as moods, negative or positive opinions – polarity, emotions towards an object – can also be investigated. In the thesis we argue that individual component of word meaning is an essential phenomenon in subjectivity, and elaborate the notion of Personal Sense, described in [Leontev, 1978], to apply it to subjective language investigations. The Personal Sense technique is developed to represent objective characteristics and private states of blog authors. We describe a number of experiments where we demonstrate how more can be said about the author and their private states by harnessing individual Personal Sense; and present a new Personal Sense-based subjectivity, polarity and emotion annotation framework.
An optimized method for the generation of AFLP markers in a stingless bee (Melipona quadrifasciata) reveals a high degree of intracolonial genetic polymorphism

This study describes an optimized protocol for the generation of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers in a stingless bee. Essential modifications to standard protocols are a re- striction enzyme digestion (EcoRI and Tru1I) in a two-step procedure, combined with a touchdown program in the selective PCR amplification step and product labelling by incorporation of α( 33 P)dATP. In an analysis of 75 workers collected from three colonies of Melipona quadrifasciata we obtained 719 markers. Analy- sis of genetic variability revealed that on average 32% of the markers were polymorphic within a colony. Compared to the overall percentage of polymorphism (44% of the markers detected in our bee samples), the observed rates of within-colony polymorphism are remarkably high, considering that the workers of each colony were all offspring of a singly mated queen. amplified fragment length polymorphism / genotyping / stingless bee / genetic polymorphism / Melipona / Apidae
How do helicopter pilots know when to stop, turn or pull up?

The title of this paper, posed as a question, reflects the current interest in gaining an improved understanding of visual perception in flight control to inform the development of design guidelines for future pilot vision aids. The paper develops the optical flow theory of visual perception into its most recent incarnation, tau-coupling, where tau is the time to closure to surfaces at current velocity. General tau-theory posits that the closure of any type of gap, using any form of sensory input, is guided by sensing and constantly adjusting the tau of the gap. According to the theory, and contrary to what might be expected, information about the distance to obstacles or the landing surface, for example, and about the speed and deceleration of approach, are not necessary for precise control of landing or stopping. Analysis is presented that supports the importance of tau-coupling in flight control. Results from simulation trials conducted at DERA and at The University of Liverpool demonstrate the considerable power of what we describe as tau-guides, that lead the pilot to adopt a prospective flight control strategy.
Sex detection of Carica papaya and Cycas circinalis in pre-flowering stage by ISSR and RAPD

The sex of Carica papaya, an angiosperm and Cycas circinalis, a gymnosperm was studied using ISSR and RAPD techniques in pre-flowering stage. One female-specific band generated from ISSR profile using primer (GACA) 4 was detected in papaya, which seems to have importance from agricultural point of view. Sequencing of a male-specific RAPD band (PCR with primer OPB 01) in C. circinalis revealed homology with putative retro elements of diverse plants, probably indicating its use in the detection of male C. circinalis in future.
Selective feeding by benthic foraminifera on phytodetritus on the western Antarctic Peninsula shelf: evidence from fatty acid biomarker analysis

This study presents the first direct evidence, based on biochemical analysis of fresh material, that certain benthic foraminifera feed selectively on specific components of seasonally deposited phytodetritus in their natural environment. Three abundant species of benthic foramini- fera, the calcareous species Globocassidulina subglobosa and Quinqueloculina seminula and the agglutinated species Thurammina albicans, collected after the deposition of phytoplankton bloom material at a shelf site (560 m water depth) west of the Antarctic Peninsula in March 2001, showed significant differences in their fatty acid profiles compared to the surrounding phytodetritus. Fur- thermore, the 2 calcareous species contained significantly higher amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) than were found in their presumptive phytodetrital food source, indicating that the foraminifera discriminate between, and selectively feed on, the different components of the deposited material. Possible implications for the benthic food web are discussed.
An investigation on levels of the empathic tendencies of elite university tennis players in terms of different variables

The research consists of a screening model aimed at evaluating the Emphatic Tendency Levels of elite university tennis players in terms of different variables. The research sample comprises 151 athletes, 68 females and 83 males, who had voluntarily responded to the survey out of 416 athletes participating to the Universities Tennis Tournament, organized by Turkish University Sports Federation (TUSF). The Scale of Empathic Tendency (SET), developed by Dokmen, was used as the data collection tool. The Scale had been developed with a view to measure the individual potential to develop empathy in daily life. The mean and standard deviation was computed to statistically analyze the data. The t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric groups were employed, and outcomes were presented in tables. The statistical significance level was selected as 0.05. As a result, no significant correlation was found between the SET scores of athletes and the age/gender variables. Nevertheless, the girls' score was higher than the boys'. Moreover, the perceived family attitude and the educational level of mothers were found to be significantly correlated with the SET scores.
New particle formation events during EUCAARI campaign

New particle formation events measured on board the ATR-42 aircraft during the EUCAARI campaign S. Crumeyrolle, H. E. Manninen, K. Sellegri, G. Roberts, L. Gomes, M. Kulmala, R. Weigel, P. Laj, and A. Schwarzenboeck Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, UMR 6016, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France, Toulouse, France Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, Université de Grenoble 1/CNRS, Grenoble, France
Allometry, biomass and litter decomposition of the New Zealand mangrove Avicennia marina var. australasica

Accurate estimates for biomass pools and fluxes are the key for assessing the potential of vegetation to counteract anthropogenic carbon emissions. However, such data are laborious to retrieve and still missing for many ecosystems. In this study, I used the harvest method to estimate above- and below-ground biomass, and litter traps and litterbags to measure litterfall and decomposition of the New Zealand mangrove Avicennia marina var. australasica at Mangawhai Harbour, northern New Zealand from April 2013 to March 2014. Total above-ground biomass of A. marina was estimated at 2.69 - 8.88 kg m-2 and below-ground biomass at 11.62 - 14.7 kg m-2. The root-shoot ratio at this site was 1.73. Fine roots contributed most to the biomass stock with almost 50 % of the below-ground and 37 % of the total biomass. Woody biomass made up 32 %, coarse roots 27 %, leaf biomass 3 %, and pneumatophores and seedlings 1 % of the total biomass. More than 70 % of the root mass was located within 40 cm below the surface. Annual litterfall production of A. marina was estimated as 331.94±69.8 - 476.63±66.1 g m-2 y-1, with leaf litter accounting for 66.6 % - 82.3 %. Litterfall production positively correlated with temperature but it did not show any relationship with monthly maximum wind speed nor total rainfall. Leaf litter of A. marina at Mangawhai harbour decomposed rapidly during the first 37-39 days with 50-60 % of the initial dry weight lost. A further ~15-25 % was lost during the following 40 days, after which biomass loss became even slower. Litter decomposition was 96.5 % complete after 332 days with the average (linear) rate of decomposition of -3.99 % per day. From my findings, New Zealand mangroves store a total of 0.2 - 1.1 Mt carbon (C) above-ground and 1.06 - 1.72 Mt C below-ground. This, together with the high carbon density (6 - 9.9kg C m-2), implies that New Zealand mangroves are carbon-rich ecosystems.
Comparative analysis of non-destructive and destructive measurements of some proximate compositions of wheat for confectionery and pasta production

In this research work, comparative evaluations of proximate compositions of wheat (Triticum aestivum) using non-destructive and destructive methods were determined. DA7200 near infra-red (NIR) spectrophotometer was used to measure some proximate compositions of wheat as a non-destructive method while the standardized conventional method by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) food analysis scheme was used for the destructive approach. A randomized block design of 6 (Quality attributes) × 2 (Laboratory method of analysis) × 3 (Replicates) making a total of 36 samples used for the experiment. SPSS 20.0 statistical package was used to determine significant levels (P < 0.05) for the values obtained from both methods using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Nondestructive measurement had significantly higher values of moisture content for wheat 11.07  0.03%, crude fibre 3.00  0.00% and carbohydrate 71.80  0.35% over the destructive measurement having 9.50  0.10%, 2.67 ± 0.07% and 67.28  0.39%, respectively. Near infra-red techniques for obtaining the proximate compositions in wheat was therefore found to be more economical and faster without destroying the actual proximate compositions of the grains, therefore recommended for used over the conventional method.
THERMAL STABILITY OF HEXAMETHYLDISILOXANE (MM) FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS

The design of efficient ORC units for the usage of industrial waste heat at high temperatures requires direct evaporating systems without an intermediate thermal oil circuit. Therefore, the thermal stability of high temperature working fluids gains importance. In this study, the thermal degradation of hexamethyldisiloxane (MM) is investigated in an electrically heated tube. The results include qualitative remarks on degradation products as well as the annual degradation rate as quantitative parameter. It is shown that MM is stable up to a temperature of 300 °C with annual degradation rates of less than 3.5 %. Furthermore, the break of a silicon-carbon bond can be a main chemical reaction that influences the thermal degradation. Finally, the impact of the results on the future design of ORC units is discussed.