Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of sodium hypochlorite associated with EDTA and etidronate on apical root transportation.

AIM To evaluate the influence of sodium hypochlorite associated with EDTA and etidronate on apical root transportation. METHODOLOGY Forty-five roots of human mandibular molars with curvatures of 15-25° were embedded in acrylic resin to allow standardized angulation of the initial and final radiographs. The pre-instrumentation radiographs of the mesiobuccal canal of each root were taken using a radiograph digital sensor with a size 15 K-file in the canal. The canals were prepared with the ProTaper Universal system (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), using one of the following irrigation regimens during the instrumentation (n = 15): G1 - irrigation with 20 mL of saline solution (control); G2 - alternating irrigation with 2.5% hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) (15 mL); and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (5 mL). During instrumentation, the canal was filled with NaOCl and then between each exchange of instrument filled with EDTA for 1 min, and G3 - irrigation with 20 mL of 5% NaOCl and 18% etidronate solution (HEBP) mixed in equal parts. The postinstrumentation radiographs were made with a F3 instrument in the canal. The images were magnified and superposed with Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe Systems, Mountain View, CA, USA). Apical transportation was determined with AutoCAD 2012 software (Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA) by measuring the distance in millimetres between the tips of the instruments. The results were subjected to the nonparametric statistical Kruskal-Wallis test (α < 0.05). RESULTS The median transportation and interquartile range values were 0.00 ± 0.05 for G1, 0.08 ± 0.23 for G2 and 0.13 ± 0.14 for G3. Comparison between groups showed that apical transportation in G3 was significantly greater than in G1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The use of NaOCl associated with etidronate increased apical transportation in the canals of extracted teeth.
The Hidden Information Content: Evidence from the Tone of Independent Director Reports

The paper investigates the link between the information content of independent directors’ re-ports (IDRs) and future firm performance. By conducting sentiment analysis of 23,984 IDRs of the Chinese listed companies from 2004-2012, we find that the tone of IDRs is positively related with future firm performance. We also posit that the tone of IDRs and its association with firm performance depends on director’s incentives to monitor. Our results suggest that independent directors with greater career concerns (i.e., young directors, an expert in ac-counting or finance) are more critical in evaluating firm fundamentals and express more neg-ative tone in their reports. The relationship between the negative tone of IDRs and future firm performance is stronger for firms with greater monitoring needs. Overall, our evidence is consistent with the conjecture that career concerns motivate independent directors to dissem-inate information to external stakeholders.
Community preferences for social forestry facilitation programming in Lampung, Indonesia

A number of studies have discussed the importance of facilitation for improving the outcomes of Social Forestry programs. However, more detailed studies about the SF stakeholders should be prioritized, particularly those related to the types of facilitation among those that work with community forest user groups. This paper aims to fill this gap by analyzing community perspectives on who should be prioritized to receive facilitation and what type of facilitation is needed. We conduct the study in Lampung Province in 2017, focusing on Community Forestry (Hutan Kemasyarakatan/HKm), one of the first social forestry schemes implemented by the Indonesian Government. Based on an analysis of Analytic Hierarchy Process, this paper found that HKm participants have identified three top priorities for facilitation: individual members, community forestry groups, and other villagers (non-members of community forestry groups). Nevertheless, communities still see the importance of facilitation for external facilitators and government staff. The Analytic Hierarchy Process also shows that the most preferable type of facilitation for communities is based on entrepreneurship. These are particularly important for SF groups that have been established for more than ten years. This finding contrasts with previous studies arguing that the most needed facilitation in SF is strengthening community institutions.
Age-Associated Changes in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: Effect of Exercise

Aim of the present short review is to provide a comprehensive update on age-associated skeletal muscle damage, regeneration, and effect of endurance and resistance type of exercise training on muscle regeneration. Decrease in muscle quantity and quality leads to disability in the aging population. The degradation rate of muscle proteins during aging increased about two times, and muscle strength and motor activity decreased at the same time. Aging induced sarcopenia is a result of decreased synthesis and increased degradation of muscle proteins, which leads to the slower turnover rate of these proteins, especially contractile proteins, and this, in turn, leads to the decrease in muscle strength. Muscle damage is mainly caused by excessive strain in contracting fibre and aging muscle is particularly sensitive to it. The decreased synthesis and increased degradation rate of contractile proteins are in accordance with the increase destructive processes in muscle and lead to the decrease in the regeneration capacity and development of sarcopenia in the elderly. Exercise training increases muscle mass, oxidative capacity, contracile quality, regeneration capacity and via this, physiological functioning of skeletal muscle is improved in the elderly.
Self‐criticism and unconscious grandiosity: Transference–countertransference dimensions

The problems posed in understanding and working through the patient’s layers of self‐criticism are challenging for both patient and analyst. In particular, this paper explores some countertransference phenomena related to underlying grandiosity embedded in self‐criticism. For patients who are self‐critical, analyzing grandiose elements may create further grounds for self‐reproach or open up new modes of self‐experience and freedom. The paper tries to focus on how the analyst’s experience of the patient’s self‐criticism often shifts over the course of analytic work. It is important for the analyst to not be crippled by a fear of considering the relevance of underlying grandiosity in relation to self‐reproach. Understanding this dimension of self‐reproach can help elucidate why it is so durable and refractory to interpretation. The patient has a stake in holding on to this self‐punishment because it perpetuates self‐regulatory fantasies. These fantasies sometimes relate to the feeling that the patient will be more successful or better loved by holding on to aspects of self‐reproach. Sometimes these fantasies are based in competitive or dominant strategies related to winning out or retaliating over parents or siblings.
Developing and Fostering Passion in Academic and Nonacademic Domains

The purpose of this study was to explore how passion was manifested among gifted and talent youth selected from a larger longitudinal study of child and adolescent development. The gifted sample included 25 high school and college students who were selected because they were in a gifted program in elementary school. The talent sample included 41 high school students who were selected because they were highly involved in athletics and the arts in middle childhood. The authors found that passion was more characteristic of participation in nonacademic activities (i.e., sports and the arts). Talented youth were more likely to talk about wanting to do their activity all the time, experiencing flow, getting emotional release from participation, and internalizing the activity into their identity. The authors also found that school settings, and especially regular classrooms as compared with gifted and advanced classes, appeared to undermine rather that support passion. The authors discuss implications of their findings for creating school environments that can foster passion. Putting the Research to Use We found very little evidence of passion in our interviews with gifted high school and college youth. Instead, most of these youth talked about being bored and that little motivated them besides demonstrating their ability. Unfortunately, many of the youth talked negatively about aspects of both the academic and social environment. We offer suggestions for teachers and schools on how to increase passion in the classroom. Students are more likely to experience passion in environments where they feel supported by peers who are of similar ability and motivation levels, where teachers model enthusiasm and press for understanding, where there is adequate challenge, and where are opportunities to work on varied, meaningful, and cognitively complex tasks.
Creating safety by strengthening clinicians' capacity for reflexivity

This commentary explores the nature of creating safety in the here-and-now. Creating safety encompasses two dimensions: revisiting specific behaviours by focusing on substandard performance (reflection), and a more broad-ranging attention to everyday behaviours that are taken as given (reflexivity). The piece pays particular attention to this second dimension of creating safety. Two techniques that promote reflexivity are discussed: video-filming real-time, everyday clinical practice and inviting clinicians' feedback about their own footage, and reflecting on the knowledge and questions that patients and families have about their care, and about unexpected outcomes and clinical incidents. The piece concludes that feedback about everyday practice using these methods is critical to enhancing the safety of everyday activity.
Long‐Term Comparison of Trace Organics Removal Performances Between Conventional and Membrane Activated Sludge Processes

The removal of trace organic compounds through membrane bioreactors (MBR) compared with a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in a long‐term study was investigated. Two MBR pilot plants were operated in parallel to a full‐scale WWTP fed with the same municipal raw wastewater. Polar compounds (phenazone‐type pharmaceuticals, their metabolites, and carbamazepine) and less polar estrogenic steroids (estradiol, estrone, and ethinylestradiol) were quantified. The removal rate of phenazone, propyphenazone, and formylaminoantipyrine by the conventional WWTP was less than 15%. Significantly higher removal rates (60 to 70%) started to be clearly monitored in the pilot plants after approximately 5 months. Higher removal rates coincided with higher temperatures in the summer. The conventional WWTP removed, on average, more than 90% of the natural steroids estrone and estradiol and approximately 80% of the synthetic ethinylestradiol. Approximately 99% of estradiol and estrone and approximately 95% of ethinylestradiol was eliminated by the MBR processes.
A review of supply chain risk management: definition, theory, and research agenda

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the extant literature on supply chain risk management (SCRM, including risk identification, assessment, treatment, and monitoring), developing a comprehensive definition and conceptual framework; to evaluate prior theory use; and to identify future research directions. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review of 354 articles (published 2000-2016) based on descriptive, thematic, and content analysis. Findings There has been a considerable focus on identifying risk types and proposing risk mitigation strategies. Research has emphasised organisational responses to supply chain risks and made only limited use of theory. Ten key future research directions are identified. Research limitations/implications A broad, contemporary understanding of SCRM is provided; and a new, comprehensive definition is presented covering the process, pathway, and objectives of SCRM, leading to a conceptual framework. The research agenda guides future work towards maturation of the discipline. Practical implications Managers are encouraged to adopt a holistic approach to SCRM. Guidance is provided on how to select appropriate risk treatment actions according to the probability and impact of a risk. Originality/value The first review to consider theory use in SCRM research and to use four SCRM stages to structure the review.
Household saving, health, and healthcare utilization in Japan

The impact of health and healthcare utilisation on household savings and financial portfolios is explored using data from the Japanese Household Panel Survey (JHPS) and he Keio Household Panel Survey (KHPS). Whereas poor physical health is associated with higher savings and larger financial portfolios, poor mental health is found to have the opposite effects. Hospital visits, hospitalisation, and screening are associated with greater savings and larger financial portfolios. We also explore how the share of savings expressed as a proportion of total financial assets is affected by our health measures. We find that portfolio re-balancing effects associated with our health measures are outweighed by pure 'size' effects, in that our health measures affect the total value of a household's financial portfolio and its components (i.e., savings and securities), but not its overall composition.
An Appraisal of Control of Construction Materials in the Nigerian Building Industry: A Case Study of Abuja, Nigeria

An effective project control system is essential to the successful delivery of a construction project. Projects of substantial sizes or complexity need to be continually managed to guarantee any possibility of success. The project team uses control standards to continually check progress against acceptable standards. The study is aimed at studying building production control of materials in the Nigerian building industry. The study focused on articulating the existing knowledge on efficient and effective building production control of materials. Data were collected through the administration of a structured questionnaire to experienced professionals in construction sites and offices. The result shows that 60% of the sites use materials scheduling in controlling materials and the control planning is mostly carried out by quantity surveyors. It was observed that some of the major factors affecting qualitative building production control of materials are; poor planning of materials control, late delivery of materials to site, poor storage and poor material testing. It is recommended that; proper materials management will reduce time delay (delivery), cost of purchase, poor quality and thereby stopping wastes; building industries should have a prepared document for controlling building materials; an enlightening program should be conducted to educate people on the areas of material control; the three basic tool (planning material, scheduling and ABC analysis) should be included in controlling materials.
Cardiovascular outcome trials in type 2 diabetes and the sulphonylurea controversy: Rationale for the active-comparator CAROLINA trial

Sulphonylureas (SUs) are widely used glucose-lowering agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with apparent declining efficacy over time. Concerns have been raised from observational retrospective studies on the cardiovascular (CV) safety of SUs but there are few long-term data on CV outcomes from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving the use of this class of agents. Most of the observational studies and registry data are conflicting and vary with study population and methodology used for analyses. To address the SU controversy, we reviewed the recently published literature (until end of the year 2011) to evaluate the impact of SUs on CV outcomes in modern, longer-term (≥72 weeks) RCTs where they were compared in a head-to-head fashion versus an active comparator or were used as part of a treatment strategy. We identified 15 trials and found no report of an increase in the incidence of CV events with the use of SUs. However, the available data are limited, and, most importantly, there was no adequately powered formal head-to-head CV outcome trial designed to address CV safety. Since SUs are still being advocated as second-line therapy added-on to metformin, as one of several classes, and in certain circumstances first-line therapy in T2DM management, definitive data from a dedicated RCT addressing the CV safety question with SUs would be informative. Cardiovascular Outcome Study of Linagliptin versus Glimepiride in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (CAROLINA) is such a trial, ongoing since November 2010, and is currently the largest head-to-head CV outcome trial that involves a comparison of a SU (glimepiride) with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (linagliptin) and will provide a unique perspective with respect to CV outcomes with these two commonly used agents.
THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS ON THE WATER INTAKE AND BODY WEIGHT OF MICE

Injection of endotoxin of Gram-negative bacilli into NCS mice caused an immediate reduction or interruption of water intake by these animals, with a resultant loss of body weight. Endotoxins prepared by three different techniques from four different cultures of Gram-negative bacilli yielded products having approximately the same activity in inhibiting water intake. The minimum effective dose was 0.1 µg. or less. With all toxin preparations tested, the duration of the effect was directly related to the dose injected. The heat-killed cells of Esch. coli proved approximately as effective as the endotoxins prepared from Gram-negative bacilli. In contrast, heat-killed cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BCG) were much less active, and heat-killed cells of Staphylococcus aureus were essentially inactive. Mice previously treated with endotoxin exhibited a marked degree of tolerance to the inhibition of water intake caused in normal animals by a subsequent treatment with the same material. Tolerance could also be induced by vaccination with heat-killed Gram-negative bacilli. Tolerance overlapped from one bacterial species to another but was more pronounced toward the endotoxin prepared from the bacterial culture with which the animal was vaccinated. The duration of the inhibitory effect of endotoxin on water intake was much shorter with mice fed a complete diet than with mice fed a deficient diet (corn). It took approximately the same dose of endotoxin (0.1 µg.) to inhibit water intake, reduce the influx of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and enhance staphylococcal infection.
Vitamin E levels in term and premature newborn infants.

Evidence has been presented to show that: 1. The average vitamin E level in plasma or serum at birth is . 23 mg. /100 cc. with wide variations in both term and premature infants regardless of birth weight. 2. The average level of vitamin E in cord blood is equal to the average level of the infant's blood taken within the first 24 hours, although in any one case they may vary as much as 50% to 75%. 3. The vitamin E level in term infants appears to be higher after five days, averaging . 36 mg. /100 cc. 4. The vitamin E level in premature infants does not increase for two months. Between three and six months of age it increased to an average of . 50 mg. /100 cc.
Do the Y-set and double-bag systems reduce the incidence of CAPD peritonitis? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND Peritonitis is the most frequent serious complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). It has a major influence on the number of patients switching from CAPD to haemodialysis and has probably restricted the wider acceptance and uptake of CAPD as an alternative mode of dialysis. This systematic review sought to determine if modifications of the transfer set (Y-set or double-bag systems) used in CAPD exchanges are associated with a reduction in peritonitis and an improvement in other relevant outcomes. METHODS Based on a comprehensive search strategy, we undertook a systematic review of randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing double-bag and/or Y-set CAPD exchange systems with standard systems, or comparing double-bag with Y-set systems, in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with CAPD. Only published data were used. Data were abstracted by a single investigator onto a standard form and subsequently entered into Review Manager 4.0. 4. Its statistical package, Metaview 3.1, calculated an odds ratio (OR) for dichotomous data and a (weighted) mean difference for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Twelve eligible trials with a total of 991 randomized patients were identified. In trials comparing either the Y-set or double-bag systems with the standard systems, significantly fewer patients (133/363 vs 158/263; OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.24-0.46) experienced peritonitis and the number of patient-months on CAPD per episode of peritonitis was consistently greater. When the double-bag systems were compared with the Y-set systems significantly fewer patients experienced peritonitis (44/154 vs 66/138; OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.27-0.71) and the number of patient-months on CAPD per episode of peritonitis was also greater. CONCLUSIONS Double-bag systems should be the preferred exchange systems in CAPD.
Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of the human brain

Multislice proton MR spectroscopic images (SI) of the brain were quantitated, using the phantom replacement technique. In 16 normal volunteers, ranging in age from 5 to 74 years, average “whole brain” concentrations of choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) were found to be 2.4 ± 0.4, 7.9 ± 1.3, and 11.8 ± 1.0 (mM, mean ± SD), respectively. These values are in good general agreement with those previously determined by single‐voxel localization techniques. Cortical gray matter was found to have lower Cho and NAA levels, compared to those of white matter, corpus callosum, and basal ganglia. Cho was also found to increase significantly with age in several locations. Quantitative multislice proton SI is feasible in the clinical environment, and regional and age‐dependent variations occur that must be accounted for when evaluating spectra from pathological conditions.
Insider Trading Ahead of Cyber Breach Announcements

Abstract Stock market reactions to cybersecurity breach announcements are generally negative. We find significant evidence of opportunistic insider trading, with insiders saving an average of $35,009 due to timely selling in the three months before the announcement of a cybersecurity breach. Late filing violations by insiders are more likely to occur near the announcement of a cyber breach. The bulk of opportunistic trading tends to occur 55–72 days before the public announcement. The results lend support to the U.S. Security and Exchange Commission’s recently announced goal of tightening restrictions on insider trading ahead of cyber breach announcements.