Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the performance of markup language compression

Data compression is used in our everyday life to improve computer interaction or simply for storage purposes. Lossless data compression refers to those techniques that are able to compress a file in such ways that the decompressed format is the replica of the original. These techniques, which differ from the lossy data compression, are necessary and heavily used in order to reduce resource usage and improve storage and transmission speeds. Prior research led to huge improvements in compression performance and efficiency for general purpose tools which are mainly based on statistical and dictionary encoding techniques. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is based on redundant data which is parsed as normal text by general-purpose compressors. Several tools for compressing XML data have been developed, resulting in improvements for compression size and speed using different compression techniques. These tools are mostly based on algorithms that rely on variable length encoding. XML Schema is a language used to define the structure and data types of an XML document. As a result of this, it provides XML compression tools additional information that can be used to improve compression efficiency. In addition, XML Schema is also used for validating XML data. For document compression there is a need to generate the schema dynamically for each XML file. This solution can be applied to improve the efficiency of XML compressors. This research investigates a dynamic approach to compress XML data using a hybrid compression tool. This model allows the compression of XML data using variable and fixed length encoding techniques when their best use cases are triggered. The aim of this research is to investigate the use of fixed length encoding techniques to support general-purpose XML compressors. The results demonstrate the possibility of improving on compression size when a fixed length encoder is used to compressed most XML data types.
Implantation: Embryo score to predict implantation after in-vitro fertilization: based on 957 single embryo transfers

The purpose of this study was to devise an embryo score to predict the likelihood of successful implantation after in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Unlike most studies dealing with the influence of embryo stage and morphology on pregnancy, our study was based on single rather than multiple embryo transfers. A total of 957 single embryo transfers were carried out. No delivery was obtained after any of the 99 transfers using 1-cell embryos or embryos obtained after delayed fertilization. In the remaining 858 transfers, the embryos had cleaved. Higher pregnancy rates were obtained with embryos displaying no irregular cells (11.7 versus 6.9% ; P 38 years (8.2 versus 11.4% ; P < 0.05), even though embryo quality was similar regardless of age. Single embryo transfer allowed us to define a simple and useful embryo score to choose the best embryo for transfer to optimize IVF and embryo transfer outcome. The use of this embryo score could decrease multiple pregnancies after multiple embryo transfers.
Experimental interventions with sex offenders: a brief review of their efficacy

Sexual offending is an area which generates considerable public concern and which has received much attention, with a marked growth in a range of experimental interventions designed to reduce the risk of re-offending among participants. A number of significant challenges arise from this including the polythetic nature of the category “sex offender”. Any two people identified as sex offenders may have different and non-overlapping patterns of behaviour. Additionally most research and practice has focussed on those detected and convicted of sexual offences. Rates of reporting, detection and conviction in this area are generally very low, which suggests the existence of a large pool of undetected offenders. The extent to which this group differs from convicted groups is rarely acknowledged, yet an understanding of this is likely to be fundamental to efforts to prevent such offending and improve public protection.1,2 There have been two Cochrane Collaboration reviews of interventions with known sex offenders.3,4 Strikingly both reviews found no high quality randomised studies. The great majority of the research was excluded from review and was characterised as small scale and non-randomised, having high exclusion rates and being of relatively poor standard. Both reviews found only a small number of randomised studies, all of which had important weaknesses in terms of the description of randomisation and efforts to ensure blinding in assessment. Currently, cognitive behavioural group work is fashionable in the treatment of convicted sex offenders. The use of this approach, based on relapse prevention principles, was compared with a no treatment group by Marques et al . 5 The mean duration of follow-up for this study was three years. No difference was found between the two groups in terms of rates of sexual offending (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.26 to 2.28). The treatment group showed lower rates for …
Treatment adherence should be taken into account when reporting treatment outcomes in obstructive sleep apnea

INTRODUCTION Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or intraoral devices is regarded as successful if a reduction in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) below 5 is achieved while the devices are used. It is, however, common knowledge that a majority of patients are not adherent to the treatment during 100% of the total sleep time under everyday, nonlaboratory conditions. In line with the theory that limited adherence leads to periods of sleep without effective treatment, studies have shown a positive relationship between hours of CPAP use and a favorable outcome. The effectiveness of conservative treatment regarding the reduction of AHI depends both on its impact on airway obstruction and compliance. Presently, the second aspect is often overlooked. Currently, when reporting on treatment effectiveness of conservative treatment, the reduction in AHI while using CPAP in laboratory situations is documented. An artificial compliance of 100% is assumed. Therefore, we propose that treatment adherence should be taken into account when reporting outcomes of treatment of OSA with regard to the AHI and comparing effects of different treatment options. EVIDENCE FOR CHANGE In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial, patients with OSA were randomly assigned to therapeutic or sham CPAP treatment for a period of 3 months, with a washout period of 1 month in between. A statistically significant greater mean reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol was observed in a subgroup of patients who used CPAP 5 hours. Similar results were found in a prospective long-term follow-up study and a randomized controlled trial. A significant decrease in the 24-hour mean arterial pressure was achieved in patients who used CPAP >5.3 hours/day, and a statistically significant decrease in systolic BP was observed in patients who use CPAP 5.6 hours/night. Hours of CPAP use was an independent predictor of reduction in BP. In a retrospective cohort study, the 5-year cumulative survival rate was significantly higher in patients with sleep apnea and hypertension who used CPAP 6 hours/night. Weaver et al. reported a linear-dose relationship between hours of CPAP use and improvement in daytime sleepiness after 3 months of therapy in a recent follow-up cohort study of patients with severe OSA. This current evidence demonstrates that clinical outcome is dependent on compliance to treatment in a dose-dependent manner.
Plasmodium falciparum response to chloroquine and artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT) in Guinea-Bissau

Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and is the most common malaria species in sub-Saharan Africa. Chloroquine used to be the most common drug for the treatment of malaria. Due to development of resistance, chloroquine is no longer efficacious in most of the world. The first line option for treatment of P. falciparum is now artemisinin based combination therapy, such as artemether-lumefantrine. In Guinea-Bissau, in contrast to the rest of Africa, chloroquine has been considered to be effective by practitioners in line with clinical trials by our group. Artemether-lumefantrine replaced chloroquine for the treatment of malaria in Guinea-Bissau in 2008. The main aim of this thesis has been to study if and why chloroquine has remained efficacious in Guinea-Bissau. We have shown that chloroquine resistance is associated with the CVIET haplotype at amino-acid positions 72-76 of the chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt). Genotyping and in vitro data presented in the thesis indicate that the proportion of resistant P. falciparum has been stable and low (~25%) since the early 90’s. In line with that, P. falciparum with pfcrt 76T do not accumulate during the high transmission season, in Guinea-Bissau. Concurrently, approximately 3 times standard dose chloroquine has been routinely prescribed and taken without severe adverse events. In a randomized clinical trial, we show that the PCR corrected day 28 and day 42 efficacies of double standard dose chloroquine were 95 and 94% respectively. The corresponding artemether-lumefantrine efficacies were 97%. Both antimalarial treatment options were well tolerated. The PCR corrected day 28 efficacies of double standard dose and standard dose chloroquine against P. falciparum with pfcrt 76T were 78-87% and 38%, respectively. Chloroquine concentrations were lower in children with PCR adjusted treatment failure compared to children with PCR adjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response by day 42. Recrudescent P. falciparum following treatment with artemether-lumefantrine or chloroquine appeared to carry opposite alleles at pfcrt codon 76 and multidrug resistance gene codon 86. The dose and concentration dependent efficacy of chloroquine against P. falciparum with pfcrt 76T indicate that chloroquine resistance can be overcome by higher doses of chloroquine. High total chloroquine doses are well tolerated when split into repeated smaller daily doses. The lack of seasonal accumulation of pfcrt 76T indicates that the dosage schedule commonly used in Guinea-Bissau is efficacious and that pfcrt 76T is associated with a loss of fitness. Double standard dose chloroquine and artemetherlumefantrine fulfill the WHO efficacy requirements for antimalarials about to be adopted as treatment policy.
Analog Magnitudes Support Large Number Ordinal Judgments in Infancy

Few studies have explored the source of infants’ ordinal knowledge, and those that have are equivocal regarding the underlying representational system. The present study sought clear evidence that the approximate number system, which underlies children’s cardinal knowledge, may also support ordinal knowledge in infancy; 10 - to 12-month-old infants’ were tested with large sets (>3) in an ordinal choice task in which they were asked to choose between two hidden sets of food items. The difficulty of the comparison varied as a function of the ratio between the sets. Infants reliably chose the greater quantity when the sets differed by a 2:3 ratio (4v6 and 6v9), but not when they differed by a 3:4 ratio (6v8) or a 7:8 ratio (7v8). This discrimination function is consistent with previous studies testing the precision of number and time representations in infants of roughly this same age, thus providing evidence that the approximate number system can support ordinal judgments in infancy. The findings are discussed in light of recent proposals that different mechanisms underlie infants’ reasoning about small and large numbers.
Experience Sampling Methods: A Discussion of Critical Trends and Considerations for Scholarly Advancement

In the organizational sciences, scholars are increasingly using experience sampling methods (ESM) to answer questions tied to intraindividual, dynamic phenomenon. However, employing this method to answer organizational research questions comes with a number of complex—and often difficult—decisions surrounding: (1) how the implementation of ESM can advance or elucidate prior between-person theorizing at the within-person level of analysis, (2) how scholars should effectively and efficiently assess within-person constructs, and (3) analytic concerns regarding the proper modeling of interdependent assessments and trends while controlling for potentially confounding factors. The current paper addresses these challenges via a panel of seven researchers who are familiar not only with implementing this methodology but also related theoretical and analytic challenges in this domain. The current paper provides timely, actionable insights aimed toward addressing several complex issues that scholars often face when implementing ESM in their research.
The Effect of Information Asymmetry and Environmental Uncertainty on Earnings Management Practices among Malaysian Technology-Based Firms

This study examines the factors influencing firms to practice earnings management. Specifically, this study examines the effect of information asymmetry and environmental uncertainty on earnings management practices among technology-based firms listed in Bursa Malaysia. Using the annual reports of 83 firms over a period of two years from 2011 to 2012, this study found no significant relationship between information asymmetry and uncertainty environment on the occurrences of earnings management among the firms. Such results indicate that these two factors are not important factors for decision-making. The findings in this study contribute to the users of financial reports particularly the stakeholders in defining the determinants of earnings management practices among firms when it comes to decisionmaking.
Sequence requirements for the termination of rolling‐circle replication of plasmid pT181

Most small multicopy plasmids of Gram‐positive bacteria and many in Gram‐negative bacteria replicate by a rolling‐circle (RC) mechanism. The replication initiator proteins encoded by the RC plasmids and single‐stranded bacteriophages of Escherichia coli have origin‐specific nicking‐closing activities that are required for the initiation and termination of RC replication. We have investigated the sequence requirements for termination of RC replication of plasmid pT181. The initiator nick site is located in the loop of a hairpin region (IRII) within the pT181 origin of replication. By mutational analysis, we have found that several nucleotides within the stem of IRII which are critical for the initiation activity are dispensable for termination of replication. We also demonstrate that nucleotides in the right arm of IRII, but not the left arm, are absolutely required for termination of RC replication. We have also identified specific nucleotides in IRII that are critical for its termination activity. The sequence of the right arm of the hairpin must be located downstream of the initiator nick site for termination, suggesting that termination requires a specific orientation of the initiator protein at the origin.
Factors affecting farmers’ WTP for innovative fertilizer against soil salinity

Salt stress noxiously shocks agricultural yield all over the world affecting production either it is for subsistence or economic outcomes. However, the market for anti-salinity products is still developing and little is known about the willingness to pay for agricultural supplies, these have been largely focused on using stated preference methods only. This paper applied both Contingent and Inferred Valuation Method for the purpose of examining the determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for two packages of an innovative anti-salinity fertilizer, which does not yet exist in the market, in the regions of southwest Greece. With the aid of questionnaire, primary data were obtained from 150 farmers. Willingness to pay for the two packages of liquid fertilizer was measured through dichotomous choice. For the econometric analysis, interval regression model was used. The results revealed that farmers’ willingness to pay for the specific anti-salinity product is influenced by a host of factors. Especially, the regression showed that the size of cultivated land, the level of education, the knowledge scale about salinity, the package of liquid fertilizer that farmers usually buy and the consequentiality script have a positive effect on willingness to pay, whilst hypothetical bias and inferred valuation method have a negative effect. Also, we examined a methodological issue concerning the order that the package of fertilizer was appeared in the willingness to pay question which has a positive effect on willingness to pay. The implication is that taking these factors into account while large companies are looking for new and profitable products by investing for research and development enables companies’ managers to come up with projects that win acceptance from the farmers.
Presence of Social Presence during Disasters

During emergencies, affected people use social media platforms for interaction and collaboration. Social media is used to ask for help, provide moral support, and to help each other, without direct face-to-face interactions. From a social presence point of view, we analyzed Twitter messages to understand how people cooperate and collaborate with each other during heavy rains and subsequent floods in Chennai, India. We conducted a manual content analysis to build social presence classifiers comprising intimacy and immediacy concepts which we used to train a machine learning approach to subsequently analyze the whole dataset of 1.65 million tweets. The results showed that the majority of the immediacy tweets are conveying the needs and urgencies of affected people requesting for help. We argue that during disasters, the online social presence creates a sense of responsibility and common identity among the social media users to participate in relief activities.
Losing pieces of the puzzle: threats to marine, estuarine, and diadromous species

The number of marine species at risk of extinction is rising. Understanding the threats that contribute to extinction risk in the seas is thus critical to conservation. When major threats to marine, estuarine, and diadromous species on the US Endangered Species Act and IUCN Red lists were ranked according to the number of species they affect, strong consensus in the ranking of threats across species and between institutions emerged. Overexploitation is the most frequent threat to vulnerable marine species, with approximately half of threatened species caught as bycatch in fisheries. Habitat degradation, the primary threat to terrestrial species, ranks second in impact on marine species. Loss of listed marine species would probably affect ecosystem function and delivery of ecosystem services because many of these species are strong inter-actors, including ecosystem engineers, taxa that provide important nutrient links between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and a disproportionate number of high trophic-.
Enlargement of Cervical Spinal Cord Correlates With Improvement of Motor Function in Upper Extremities After Laminoplasty for Cervical Myelopathy

Objective The correlation between postoperative spinal cord enlargement at the most compressive disc level and clinical outcome is controversial. The relationship between spinal cord enlargement at neurologically symptomatic disc level and clinical recovery has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between postoperative spinal cord enlargement at neurologically symptomatic disc level and neurologic outcome. Methods We studied 55 consecutive patients between 1995 and 2002. All patients underwent preoperative neurologic examination to determine the neurologically symptomatic disc level of the spinal cord and computed tomographic myelography twice before and 4 weeks after laminoplasty. The cross-sectional areas of both spinal cord and dural sac from C3/4 to C7/T1 disc levels were measured on computed tomographic myelography images. The Japanese Orthopedic Association scoring system was used for clinical evaluation before and 1 year after surgery. Results Total score improved significantly from 10.2±2.8 (SD) to 13.0±3.0 after operation. Motor and sensory function scores of upper and lower extremities also improved significantly. The enlargement of spinal cord area at the neurologically symptomatic disc level correlated significantly with improvement in motor function scores of upper extremities (rs=0.421 P=0.0052). However, there were no significant relationships between the enlargement of the spinal cord at the most compressive disc level or that at the dural sac and any categories of Japanese Orthopedic Association scoring system. Conclusion Postsurgical enlargement of the cervical spinal cord at the neurologically symptomatic disc level at 4 weeks postoperatively correlated with recovery of motor function of the upper extremities at 1 year.
Regulation of T cell activation , anxiety , and male aggression by RGS 2

*Amgen Institute and ¶Ontario Cancer Institute, Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1 Canada; †Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5S1A8 Canada; ‡Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Neural Systems, Memory, and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724; §Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, AB T1K3 M4 Canada; and iDepartment of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
The Effects of Exposure to Psychological Violence in the Workplace on Commitment and Turnover Intentions: The Moderating Role of Social Support and Role Stressors

Exposure to workplace violence has been identified as a serious and universal issue facing modern organizations. The present study focuses more specifically on exposure to psychological violence, and its association with turnover intentions as mediated by workplace affective commitment. In addition, we also explore the moderating role of various facets of job demands (role stressors) and resources (social support) on the aforementioned relations. Data collected from 1,228 university employees indicated that experiencing psychological violence at work was associated with lower levels of workplace affective commitment and higher levels of turnover intentions, and that the relation between psychological violence and turnover intentions was partially mediated by commitment. Furthermore, role stressors and social support were found to moderate the negative relation between exposure to psychological violence and workplace affective commitment, as well as between commitment and turnover intentions, but not the direct relation between psychological violence and turnover intentions. Theoretical and research implications for the literature on psychological violence and practical suggestions for minimizing its damaging consequences are proposed.