Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RELATIVE CLAUSES PROCESSING BEFORE THE HEAD NOUN : EVIDENCE FOR STRONG FORWARD PREDICTION IN TURKISH B

Over the past 20 years, researchers have found convincing evidence showing that sentence processing is incremental in head-initial languages like English. In head-final languages, since a verb comes at the end of the sentence, some researchers assumed that the parser must wait to see a verb in order to assign thematic roles (e.g., Pritchett, 1992) However, previous studies in Japanese showed that based on the information from case markers, the parser predicts upcoming constituents, and immediately makes decisions about the argument structure of the sentence even before the verb appears (e.g., Kamide & Mitchell, 1999; Miyamoto, 2002). In other words, sentences are processed incrementally (with no delay) even in head-final languages. Another evidence for the incrementality of sentence processing in head-final languages was provided from the study of structures that involve a filler-gap dependency such as scrambling sentences (e.g., Aoshima, Philips and Weinberg, 2004; Miyamoto & Takahashi, 2004). These studies have shown that as soon as the parser identifies the filler, it postulates a gap and
Bronchology – A Well Branched Tree

Lung cancer is responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide annually, and it is the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and the second most common in women. Lung cancer staging is the assessment of the degree to which a lung cancer has spread from its original source. As with most cancers, for lung cancer staging is of paramount impor‐ tance for the treatment planning process and prognosis. Two primary methods of lung can‐ cer staging are available: clinical staging and pathologic staging. In clinical staging, information is provided by noninvasive or minimally invasive techniques, such as physical examination, radiologic examination, endoscopic ultrasound, bronchoscopy, mediastinosco‐ py, and thoracoscopy. In pathologic staging, information obtained from clinical staging is combined with findings from both the invasive surgical procedure and the pathologic evalu‐ ation of excised tissue. Clinical staging is important and can help to determine the next ap‐ propriate step in therapy, such as the decision to proceed with pathologic staging, which remains the reference standard because the overall level of agreement between the two sys‐ tems only ranges from 35% to 55% [1].
Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment of Securidaca Longerpedunculata (Polygalaceae)

Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. (Polygalaceae) is a multipurpose tree valued for its medicinal uses in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Hence, it is threatened due to human pressure which affects its regeneration potential since it is uncultivated. This poses a challenge in efforts aimed at its conservation. The objective of the present study was to investigate the germination potential of Securidaca longepedunculata seeds which have a very low and erratic germination under natural conditions. Seeds were collected in Nylsvley Nature Reserve and a number of pre-treatments, namely seed coat removal, sulfuric acid, gibberellic acid, boiled water, cold water and control were tested for their efficiency to improve germination under field, laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The results showed that some of pre-treatments have a stimulating effects on seed germination and seedling growth. Removal of the seed coat resulted in the highest germination percentage. This pre-treatment gave 90% seed germination under greenhouse conditions, while it was 63.3% for those grown in the laboratory, whereas untreated seeds under field conditions showed 0% germination. Boiled and cold water pretreatments did not improve seed germination. The average heights of seedlings from different pre-treatments ranged from 4.5 cm to 22 cm with the highest seedling (22 cm) obtained in seed pre-treated with 400mg/l of gibberellic acid. It is concluded that removal of the seed coat is the most effective pre-treatment.
CASH HOLDINGS , AGENCY CONFLICTS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF LISTED FAMILY FIRMS IN GERMANY

We use a novel approach to study agency costs of family firms. Adopting the concept of the “marginal value of cash” proposed by Faulkender and Wang (2006, Journal of Finance) we find a generally positive relationship between founding family influence and the (marginal) valuation of cash holdings. The family firm cash valuation premium is present, even when studying reduced samples excluding (i) firms more likely to be financially constrained or (ii) firms with high investment opportunities and thereby less prone to free cash flow agency costs. When we analyse future operating performance, we find that family firms are more efficient in translating additional cash into future operating results. Our results provide additional evidence that founding families mitigate the free cash flow agency problem.
Leveraging Non-Conversational Tasks for Low Resource Slot Filling: Does it help?

Slot filling is a core operation for utterance understanding in task-oriented dialogue systems. Slots are typically domain-specific, and adding new domains to a dialogue system involves data and time-intensive processes. A popular technique to address the problem is transfer learning, where it is assumed the availability of a large slot filling dataset for the source domain, to be used to help slot filling on the target domain, with fewer data. In this work, instead, we propose to leverage source tasks based on semantically related non-conversational resources (e.g., semantic sequence tagging datasets), as they are both cheaper to obtain and reusable to several slot filling domains. We show that using auxiliary non-conversational tasks in a multi-task learning setup consistently improves low resource slot filling performance.
Managing work-based postgraduate medical education in clinical departments

• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Impatience , Indeterminacy , and Fiscal Policy for Equilibrium Selection

This paper studies the role of scal policy as an equilibrium selection device under the presence of intertemporal complementarities. To this end, we assume that the individual rate of time preference is endogenously determined by the social level of education. We show how intertemporal complementarities of aggregate human capital can generate multiple equilibria and we examine the role of Ramsey second-best and growth-maximizing scal policies in equilibrium selection. We nd that scal policy can resolve equilibrium indeterminacy because in a Stackelberg environment the government is equipped with additional information and adequate tools, namely the tax rate and the allocation of aggregate endowments, to carry out two tasks, equilibrium selection and welfare (or growth) maximization. JEL classi cation: D90, H21, E62. Keywords: endogenous time preference, aggregate human capital, optimal scal policies. Acknowledgments:We have bene ted from comments and suggestions by C. Arkolakis, C. Azariadis, G. Economides, P. Koundouri, L. Marattin, T. Palivos, A. Philippopoulos, E. Vella, A. Xepapadeas, and seminar participants at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the European Public Choice Society, the PGPPE 2009 Workshop in Graz, the RCEA 2009 Workshop of Recent Developments in Economic Growth, the 7th Conference on Research on Economic Theory and Econometrics, the University of Crete, and the Athens University of Economics and Business. The usual disclaimer applies. Department of Economics, University of Cyprus, P.O. box 20537, Doryforos Building, Block C, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus, e-mail: evangelos.dioikitopoulos@aueb.gr. yCorresponding author: Department of International and European Economic Studies, Athens University of Economics and Business, Patision Str 76, Athens 10434, Greece. e-mail: skalyvitis@aueb.gr
Lipid Profile & Apolipoproteins in Neonates in relation to Birth Weight and Gestational Maturity

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular disease is a common cause of death in developed countries and also is a rising trend in developing countries.The objective of this study was to study lipid profile& apolipoproteins in neonates in relation to birth weight and gestational maturity. Methods: A total of 150 neonates were selected which were grouped on the basis of gestational age and birth weight.Umbilical venous blood was collected from them. Lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides), apolipoproteins (apo B and apo A-I) and atherogenic index were evaluated and compared. Results: Total cholesterol (TC) and LDL were significantly higher in preterm low birth weight ( LBW ) newborns as compared to term LBW neonates (P=0.05). VLDL and apolipoprotein B were increased highly significantly in preterm LBW newborns than in term LBW group( P=0.001) . TC/HDL and LDL/HDL were significantly increased in preterm LBW newborns than in term LBW group(P=0.05) and preterm NBW babies than term NBW group(P=0.05). Apo B/Apo A-I was highly significantly increased in preterm neonates in comparison to term group(0.71v/s 0.54, P=0.001). Gestational age and birth weight were inversely correlated with TC, LDL , VLDL, apolipoprotein B , TC/HDL, LDL/HDL and Apo B/Apo A-I. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a trend towards worse lipid profile in preterm low birth weight newborns . There is a need to investigate if this atherogenic lipid profile is a marker for future cardiovascular diseases.
GENETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF SMALL VENDACE ( COREGONUS ALBULA ( LINNAEUS , 1758 ) ) POPULATION IN THREE LATVIAN LAKES

Because of a high degree of variability of the vendace it seems to be important to determine the morphological changes in vendace populations that have occurred since the last studies of midtwentieth century. The lack of basic data on biology and population status of the local vendace populations hinders sustainable utilization of this fish and efforts to manage its reproduction in Latvian lakes. INTRODUCTION
Summer 6-15-2016 HOW CULTURAL VALUES INFLUENCE THE APPROPRIATION OF TECHNOLOGY-MEDIATED LEARNING

Information technology (IT) is an important enabler of innovative learning scenarios. Today, numerous IT-enabled learning scenarios – often referred to as technology-mediated learning (TML) – such as massive open online courses, are applied worldwide across different cultures. However, little insights are available regarding the appropriation of TML and how culture influences the appropriation process. Based on adaptive structuration theory and espoused cultural values, we develop and evaluate a theoretical model capturing the cultural effects in the context of TML appropriation. By means of structural equation modeling and a partial least squares approach, we research the moderating role of espoused cultural values and its influence on TML appropriation. The results show that faithfulness, comfort with technology, and collaborative learning appropriation significantly affect learning success as appropriation outcome. Moreover, the results indicate that espoused cultural values influence the appropriation of TML. The present paper thus theoretically contributes to the scientific discussion concerning TML appropriation and the impact of culture on the deployment of IT while also making a practical contribution by deriving implications for TML application across different cultures.
How Benign is Endometriosis: Multi-Scale Interrogation of Documented Evidence

Endometriosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of endometrium-like tissue outside the uterus primarily on pelvic organs and tissues. It affects up to 15% of women in the reproductive age group and is often associated with pelvic pain and subfertility. Different theories explain how retrograde menstruation gives rise to endometrial deposits at ectopic sites, and how several other factors are involved in the progression of the disease. Its final diagnosis is established through direct visualization at laparoscopy or surgery followed by histological confirmation. Available epidemiological reports along with histopathological observations and molecular studies shed interesting light on the pathogenetic basis of different variants of the disease like deep infiltrating endometriosis and ovarian endometriosis. Evidence also suggests that endometriosis is a neoplastic condition which serves as a precursor of ovarian and endometrial cancers. In the present review, we have attempted to take a stock of the current epidemiological and molecular knowledge regarding endometriosis associated cancers and develop a model of functional network with interactions among critical genomic factors regulating cellular processes leading to fibrotic reaction. It is being conjectured that cyclic bleeding associated with inflammatory and oxidative stress followed by repeated tissue injury and repair along with recurrent estrogenic stimulation and ovulatory events in the pelvic environment bring about the complex phenotype of atypical endometriosis and associated neoplasm with a trade-off malignant transformation in high risk population. Finally, we have presented an algorithm for pre-emptive monitoring and management of endometriosis-associated cancers.
What Causes the Target Stock Price Run-Up Prior to M & A Announcements ?

We investigate the target stock price run-up prior to M&A announcements between 1981 and 2011. About one third of the total price run-up occurs before announcements, and the pre-announcement run-up does not seem to be caused by market anticipation of M&As, toehold acquisitions or reported insider trading. Instead, the pre-announcement run-up is significantly larger when media attention on insider trading is lower, when institutional ownership is lower, and when probability of informed trading is higher. The findings are consistent with the view that the target stock price run-up prior to M&A announcements is caused by unreported insider trading.
Managerial Overconfidence and Debt Maturity Structure of Malaysian Construction and Material Companies

This study presents the relationship between managerial overconfidence and debt maturity structure of listed Malaysian Construction and Material companies. The study examines 57 companies for a period of six years from 2005 to 2010. The result shows that when the confidence level of managers increases, the preference for long-term debt decreases. This usually is the case for small-sized companies. Highly overconfident managers endeavor to match the assets structure and debt maturity structure for the purpose of interest payments. Hence, under their management, the maturity period of the debt structure would be reduced when the company is able to increase its profits. The tenure of the manager and the debt ratio does positively (negatively) and significantly influence the debt maturity structure. Overconfident managers with low educational levels, most likely choose long-term debt structure and managers with a finance or technical background show positive relationship towards debt maturity structure regardless of the level of the managerial overconfidence.
Interweaving Strategy to Improve the Mixing Properties of MCMC Estimation for Time-Varying Parameter Models ∗

Time-varying parameter models have become increasingly popular in macroeconometric research. Their flexibility, however, entails the risk of over-parameterization, such that model specification, through deciding whether parameters are fixed or vary over time, may be of key importance. FrühwirthSchnatter and Wagner (2010) show how to extend Bayesian variable selection in a standard regression framework to the state space models required to estimate time-varying parameters. A crucial aspect of their MCMC approach is the use of a non-centered reparameterization of the model. In this paper we look at the implications of this alternative representation on the mixing properties of the Markov chain. We first document that convergence is adversely affected when the variance of the innovations to the time-varying parameters grows large relative to that of the error terms in the observation equation. We next show that the MCMC mixing efficiency can be boosted considerably by interweaving the non-centered with the original centered parameterization, while still being able to carry out state space model selection. Our simulations further show that interweaving often even improves on the best performer out of the original centered and non-centered parameterization such that our strategy may also be fruitful outside a model selection framework.
Demographic Differences in Postgraduate Students ’ Attitudes and Use of ICT Facilities in Rivers State University of Science and Technology , Port

The analytic descriptive survey was carried out with the purpose to comparatively analyze the differences in postgraduate students’ use and attitudes towards ICT facilities in technical and science education at the River state University of Science and technology, Portharcourt. The population of the study is 158 which comprised all postgraduate students 2014/2015 academic session, in the faculty of technical and science education, River State University of science and Technology Port Harcourt. 100 respondents constitute the sample size, drawn using random sampling techniques. The researchers constructed part one of the questionnaire and adapts a 33-item list of beliefs and characteristics related to information and communication technology (ICT) developed by Havelka (2003). The researchers administered the instrument on one-on-one to each PG students during a lecture and their responses collected immediately. The study utilized 93 duly completed questionnaires for the data analysis. Items whose mean scores is less than 3.0 were regarded as not utilized and disagreed. While items with mean value 3.0 and above were regarded to be utilized and agree. The hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance, null hypotheses is accepted when the stated level of significance is less that computer level of significance, otherwise it is rejected. The study found that postgraduate students’ use and attitudes to ICT facilities is not significantly related to demographic factors like gender, subject and type of degree of study.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL DISPOSITION OF SINGLE PARENTHOOD OF CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK: COUNSELLING IMPLICATIONS.

This paper identify parent’s age, education level, level of income generating capacities of the family and family support system as the psycho-social disposition of single parenthood of children born out of wedlock. There are many factors such as the parent’s age, education level, level of income generating capacities of the family and family support system which could influence how children develop in single parent families. Single parenting most certainly affects the child or children and it is up to single mother or single father to be aware of these. Children in single parent families often have to contribute more to the household and family than children with two parents. Children learn to work as a team. This paper concluded that, single-parents household (out of wedlock) found to have less income and lacking support tend to have increase in stress and conflict. Also, they often struggle with time management issues due to balancing of many different areas of life on their own. However this paper suggest that, Since there is little conclusive evidence that single-parent families are harmful, society should stop stigmatizing families headed by single mothers and give them the support they need. Essentially, whether poor mothers are single because they are divorced or because they never married, it is wrong for a society to allow mothers to raise children in poverty and then tell them that it’s their fault when their children have deprived lives. Lastly, programs of schools, colleges, and vocational and professional training institutions ought to accommodate a plurality of women’s life plans, combining childbearing and childrearing with other activities.
The Reporting and Classification of Causes of Death in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England: The Example of Sheffield

After outlining registration and certification procedures I look at the practical implementation of cause of death registration at the local level drawing partly on an analysis of the civil death registers for the large industrial town of Sheffield [England] in the mid-nineteenth century. These registers allow us to explore how causes of death were described by medical practitioners and to assess the extent to which the official recommended nomenclature prepared by William Farr.was being adopted at the time by medical men. The individual-level cause of death data provided in the Sheffield registers are then grouped to attempt a comparison with the published classifications and to illuminate how problematic or ambiguous causes of death were assigned to the formal categories of the nosology. (EXCERPT)
⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢

Unlike Mandler’s (1999; Theorem 6) impossibility result about the Sraffian indeterminacy of the steady-state equilibrium, we show that any stationary growth equilibrium with an endogenous growth rate is indeterminate in terms of Sraffa (1960) under the simple overlapping generation economy. Moreover, we also check that this indeterminacy is generic.
The Mediating Role of Institutional Factor on the Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth

Entrepreneurship has long been perceived as a crucial determinant for economic growth. There has been a considerable upsurge in researches trying to determine the main elements driving entrepreneurship and the channel through which entrepreneurship generates economic growth; however, a global consensus has not been reached yet on theoretical, methodological and empirical levels. The basic problem arises from the choice of appropriate variables reflecting the measures of the entrepreneurial activity and institutional environment and the outcome of such measures. This study examines the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth as well as the determinants of entrepreneurship in an unbalanced data set for 86 countries for the period 1996-2015 by considering different measures of entrepreneurial activity (TEA and Business Density) and different institutional arrangements (Distance to Frontier, Global Competitiveness index and composite governance index). A system of simultaneous equations is adopted in order to adjust for the fact that we are not able of controlling all possible bases of endogeneity between Entrepreneurship and institutions. Results have revealed different coefficients sign and magnitude based on the measures being assessed. Our findings suggest that institutional variables have positive and significant effect on entrepreneurship measured by Business Density and the latter has also a positive effect on economic growth though the significance level differ depending on the institutional variables employed. Similar conclusions cannot be drawn for entrepreneurship measured as TEA where certain measures of institutions appeared to have e negative effect on entrepreneurship and the latter has also a negative effect on economic growth.