Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes.

BACKGROUND It has been unclear whether repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids are beneficial. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (20 January 2015), searched reference lists of retrieved studies and contacted authors for further data. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of women who had already received a single course of corticosteroids seven or more days previously and considered still at risk of preterm birth. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We assessed trial quality and extracted data independently. MAIN RESULTS We included 10 trials (a total of 4733 women and 5700 babies) with low to moderate risk of bias. Treatment of women who remain at risk of preterm birth seven or more days after an initial course of prenatal corticosteroids with repeat dose(s), compared with no repeat corticosteroid treatment, reduced the risk of their infants experiencing the primary outcomes respiratory distress syndrome (risk ratio (RR) 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75 to 0.91, eight trials, 3206 infants, number needed to treat to benefit (NNTB) 17, 95% CI 11 to 32) and serious infant outcome (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.94, seven trials, 5094 infants, NNTB 30, 95% CI 19 to 79). Treatment with repeat dose(s) of corticosteroid was associated with a reduction in mean birthweight (mean difference (MD) -75.79 g, 95% CI -117.63 to -33.96, nine trials, 5626 infants). However, outcomes that adjusted birthweight for gestational age (birthweight Z scores, birthweight multiples of the median and small-for-gestational age) did not differ between treatment groups.At early childhood follow-up, no statistically significant differences were seen for infants exposed to repeat prenatal corticosteroids compared with unexposed infants for the primary outcomes (total deaths; survival free of any disability or major disability; disability; or serious outcome) or in the secondary outcome growth assessments. In women, for the two primary outcomes, there was no increase in infectious morbidity of chorioamnionitis or puerperal sepsis, and the likelihood of a caesarean birth was unchanged. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The short-term benefits for babies of less respiratory distress and fewer serious health problems in the first few weeks after birth support the use of repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids for women still at risk of preterm birth seven days or more after an initial course. These benefits were associated with a small reduction in size at birth. The current available evidence reassuringly shows no significant harm in early childhood, although no benefit.Further research is needed on the long-term benefits and risks for the woman and baby. Individual patient data meta-analysis may clarify how to maximise benefit and minimise harm.
Soft-tissue Ewing sarcoma in a low-incidence population: comparison to skeletal Ewing sarcoma for clinical characteristics and treatment outcome.

OBJECTIVE Due to the low incidence, treatments for Korean soft tissue Ewing sarcoma patients have been heterogeneous, and reported data are limited. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed soft tissue Ewing cases treated at our institution. METHODS We analyzed the clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment outcome of soft tissue Ewing sarcoma patients and compared with those of skeletal cases. RESULTS Twenty-seven soft tissue Ewing sarcoma cases were evaluated. Patients with soft tissue Ewing sarcoma were older than patients with skeletal tumors (P = 0.03), and tended to have metastasis at diagnosis (P = 0.12). However, sex ratios, pathologies, tumor volumes, and histologic response to preoperative chemotherapy were not different in the two groups. The 5-year overall survival (49.0%) and event-free survival (45.6%) of soft tissue Ewing sarcoma patients were similar to those of skeletal tumor patients (51.8% and 46.0%, respectively). Presence of metastasis at diagnosis and poor histologic response to preoperative chemotherapy were associated with an adverse outcome for both groups. Similar to skeletal tumors, central tumor location, pathology and tumor volume tended to be related to the survival of soft tissue Ewing sarcoma. However, age and the use of a modality other than surgery to achieve local control did not influence the survival of soft tissue Ewing sarcoma patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data could provide a basis to design a collaborative or multinational study targeting Ewing sarcoma family tumors.
Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND Headache, recurrent abdominal pain, and musculoskeletal pain affect many children, who report severe pain, distressed mood, and disability. Psychological therapies are emerging as effective interventions to treat children with chronic or recurrent pain. This is a substantially updated and expanded version of the Cochrane review published in 2003. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of psychological therapies for reducing pain, disability, and improving mood in children and adolescents with recurrent, episodic, or persistent pain. SEARCH STRATEGY Searches were undertaken of MEDLINE, PsycLIT, EMBASE and CONSORT. RCTs were sought in references of all identified studies, meta-analyses and reviews. Date of most recent search: August 2008. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) with at least ten participants in each arm post-treatment comparing psychological therapies with placebo, waiting list or standard medical care for children or adolescents with episodic, recurrent or persistent pain, were eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS All included studies were analysed and the quality of the studies recorded. All treatments were combined into one class: psychological treatments; headache and non-headache outcomes were separately analysed on three outcomes: pain, disability, and mood. MAIN RESULTS Thirty-four RCT studies were recovered; 29 met the inclusion criteria. The total number of participants completing treatments was 1432. Twenty studies addressed treatments for headache (including migraine); six for abdominal pain; one for both headache and abdominal pain, one study was for fibromyalgia, and one was for pain associated with sickle cell disease. The analysis of headache treatment versus control differences immediately post-treatment for pain gave an odds ratio (OR) of 5.51 (95% CI 3.28 to 9.24; z = 6.46, P < 0.05); NNT = 2.57 (CI 2.2 to 3.13). At follow-up, the OR was 9.91 (95% CI 3.73 to 26.33); z = 9.91, P < 0.05); NNT = 1.99 (CI 1.63 to 2.72). Analysis of non-headache treatment versus control differences immediately post-treatment for pain found a large effect size of -0.94 (95% CI -1.43 to -0.44) Z = 3.71, P < 0.05. At follow-up, a large effect size was found of -1.08 (95%CI -1.84 to -0.33); Z = 2.82, P < 0.05). There were no other significant effects. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Psychological treatments are effective in pain control for children with headache and benefits appear to be maintained. Psychological treatments may also improve pain control for children with musculoskeletal and recurrent abdominal pain. There is little evidence available to estimate effects on disability or mood.
Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride.

BACKGROUND In spite of more than 100 years of investigations the question of reduced sodium intake as a health prophylaxis initiative is still unsolved. OBJECTIVES To estimate the effects of low sodium versus high sodium intake on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), plasma or serum levels of renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides. SEARCH METHODS PUBMED, EMBASE and Cochrane Central and reference lists of relevant articles were searched from 1950 to July 2011. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies randomizing persons to low sodium and high sodium diets were included if they evaluated at least one of the above outcome parameters. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently collected data, which were analysed with Review Manager 5.1. MAIN RESULTS A total of 167 studies were included in this 2011 update.The effect of sodium reduction in normotensive Caucasians was SBP -1.27 mmHg (95% CI: -1.88, -0.66; p=0.0001), DBP -0.05 mmHg (95% CI: -0.51, 0.42; p=0.85). The effect of sodium reduction in normotensive Blacks was SBP -4.02 mmHg (95% CI:-7.37, -0.68; p=0.002), DBP -2.01 mmHg (95% CI:-4.37, 0.35; p=0.09). The effect of sodium reduction in normotensive Asians was SBP -1.27 mmHg (95% CI: -3.07, 0.54; p=0.17), DBP -1.68 mmHg (95% CI:-3.29, -0.06; p=0.04). The effect of sodium reduction in hypertensive Caucasians was SBP -5.48 mmHg (95% CI: -6.53, -4.43; p<0.00001), DBP -2.75 mmHg (95% CI: -3.34, -2.17; p<0.00001). The effect of sodium reduction in hypertensive Blacks was SBP -6.44 mmHg (95% CI:-8.85, -4.03; p=0.00001), DBP -2.40 mmHg (95% CI:-4.68, -0.12; p=0.04). The effect of sodium reduction in hypertensive Asians was SBP -10.21 mmHg (95% CI:-16.98, -3.44; p=0.003), DBP -2.60 mmHg (95% CI: -4.03, -1.16; p=0.0004). In plasma or serum there was a significant increase in renin (p<0.00001), aldosterone (p<0.00001), noradrenaline (p<0.00001), adrenaline (p<0.0002), cholesterol (p<0.001) and triglyceride (p<0.0008) with low sodium intake as compared with high sodium intake. In general the results were similar in studies with a duration of at least 2 weeks. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Sodium reduction resulted in a 1% decrease in blood pressure in normotensives, a 3.5% decrease in hypertensives, a significant increase in plasma renin, plasma aldosterone, plasma adrenaline and plasma noradrenaline, a 2.5% increase in cholesterol, and a 7% increase in triglyceride. In general, these effects were stable in studies lasting for 2 weeks or more.
Manual of dietetic practice

Part 1 General dietetic principles and practice: basic principles of a healthy diet dietary reference values and recommended dietary allowances normal nutrient intakes food tables computers in dietetics dietary assessment methodology dietary assessment in clinical practice dietary modification giving dietary advice measurements of body composition assessment of nutritional status in clinical situations estimation of nutritional requirements for the provision of nutritional support enteral feeding enteral feeding in paediatric patients total parenteral nutrition institutional feeding food policy. Part 2 Foods and nutrients: dietary energy dietary protein and amino acids dietary fats and fatty acids dietary carbohydrate dietary fibre (non-starch polysaccharide) vitamins minerals trace elements fluid drug-nutrient interactions miscellaneous substances food additives artificial and substitute sweeteners sources of specific foods and food components manufactured food products free from specified ingredients health foods and alternative diets food legislation food labelling. Part 3 Nutritional needs of population sub-groups: pregnancy low birth-weight infants infants pre-school children school-age children adolescents elderly people low-income groups black and minority ethnic communitites vegetarianism and veganism chronic physical disablement people with a learning disability sports nutrition. Part 4 Therapeutic dietetics for disease states: disorders of the mouth disorders of the oesophagus disorders of the stomach and duodenum disorders of the pancreas cystic fibrosis the malabsorption syndrome cocliac disease inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) disorders of the colon intestinal surgery and resection liver and biliary disease paediatric liver and biliary disease renal disease gout and renal stones diabetes and renal disease diabetes mellitus obesity hypertension hyperlipidamias coronary heart disease stroke multiple sclerosis mental illness eating disorders Prader-Willi syndrome diseases of the blood rickets and osteomalacia osteoporosis arthritis disorders of the skin food allergy and intolerance AIDS and HIV disease cancer - diet and causation cancer - dietary management diets for immunosuppressed patients care of the terminally ill. Part 5 Dietetic management of acute trauma: metabolic consequences of injury intensive therapy units spinal cord and brain injury burn injury surgery pressure sores. Part 6 Investigative procedures: metabolic balance diets diagnosis tests preparation of the bowel for investigative procedures and surgery dietetic research. Part 7 Appendices: conversion factors and formulae biochemical and haematological reference ranges height, weight, and skinfold standards BMR equations and ready reference table typical weights and portion sizes of common foods. (Part contents)
Seeing Pedestrians at Night: Visual Clutter Does Not Mask Biological Motion

The phenomenon of biological motion – placing reflective markers on a pedestrians' major joints – has been shown to make pedestrians more conspicuous to drivers at night. However most relevant studies have been conducted in scenarios relatively free of visual clutter. Because clutter could mask the perception of biological motion, we tested whether extraneous points of light degrade drivers' ability to detect pedestrians. Twelve younger and 12 older volunteers drove along a closed road at night and indicated whenever they saw a pedestrian. A pedestrian walked in place wearing all black clothing alone or with retroreflective markings in one of four configurations. On half of the trials the pedestrian was surrounded by reflective cones and posts (clutter). Clothing configuration dramatically influenced conspicuity. The pedestrian was usually not seen when he wore no reflective markings or when he wore a reflective vest. But when he wore reflectors on his ankles and wrists the younger and older drivers responded at mean distances of 285 m and 141 m, respectively. Importantly, the presence of visual clutter did not significantly influence performance. These results confirm that biological motion can enhance the conspicuity of pedestrians; this effect is robust to the presence of visual clutter.
Response rates and adverse effects of continuous once-daily sunitinib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a single-center study in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE Therapy targeted against the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway is a standard of care for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. This study assessed the response rates and toxicity profiles of sunitinib on a continuous once-daily dosing regimen in Turkish patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. METHODS Between April 2006 and August 2010, 74 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received sunitinib on a continuous, once-daily dosing regimen were included. Sunitinib was administered daily at a dose of either 37.5 mg (94% of the patients) or 25 mg (6% of the patients), without interruption, either as a second-line treatment after interferon-α or as a first-line treatment. Response, toxicity, progression-free survival and overall survival were evaluated. RESULTS Of the 74 patients, 65 (88%) were diagnosed with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The median treatment duration was 10 months (range, 2-42 months). The most common treatment-related adverse events were fatigue (75%), stomatitis (51%) and hypertension (50%). The most common Grade 3 or 4 adverse events were anemia (10%) and hand-foot syndrome (7%). Dose reductions were required in 50% of the patients, and early treatment discontinuation was necessary in 16% of the patients. Cardiovascular events were the most common adverse events that resulted in drug discontinuation. The objective response rate and the disease control rate were 30 and 78%, respectively. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 13 and 25 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Continuous, once-daily administration of sunitinib was generally well tolerated in Turkish patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma in a daily practice setting. This study's response rates were comparable to those in previous randomized trials.
Coreceptor tropism determined by genotypic assay in HIV‐1 circulating in Thailand, where CRF01_AE predominates

Chemokine (C‐C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) inhibitors are a novel class of antiretroviral agents that are promising for treatment of patients who harbour the HIV‐1 R5 strain. Data on coreceptor tropism in non‐B HIV‐1 subtypes are limited. We studied coreceptor tropism in HIV‐1 circulating in Thailand, where CRF01_AE predominates, using a genotypic assay.
Effects of Smoking Cessation Education for Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a smoking cessation education for patients with percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. The Sixty subjects were assigned to either the treatment group. The treatment intervention was a onetime program during hospitalization. Data were collected during several time periods: before treatment, immediately after treatment, two weeks later, and one month after the treatment. Data were analyzed with the SPSS 14.0 program with an independent t-test, x 2 test, repeated measures ANOVA. Results: There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of knowledge and attitude. The significance was absent for the testing two weeks post group intervention and then one month later the significance was again detected in the amount of smoking and smoking behavior. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that smoking cessation education could be utilized for inpatients with percutaneous coronary intervention as nursing intervention in hospitals effectively. Further research is recommended in order to understand the change in significance in the different time periods.
Efficacy and safety of once‐daily maraviroc plus ritonavir‐boosted darunavir in pretreated HIV‐infected patients in a real‐life setting

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)‐sparing regimens may be needed in patients with NRTI toxicity. Maraviroc (MVC) plus ritonavir‐boosted darunavir (DRV‐r) or atazanavir is associated with slightly lower response rates than triple therapy in drug‐naïve patients. No information is available on these combinations in pretreated patients. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of MVC plus DRV/r once‐daily (qd) in HIV‐infected pretreated patients.
Patterns of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and HIV drug resistance over time in the Stratall ANRS 12110/ESTHER trial in Cameroon

The emergence of HIV drug resistance is a crucial issue in Africa, where second‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART) is limited, expensive and complex. We assessed the association between adherence patterns and resistance emergence over time, using an adherence measure that distinguishes low adherence from treatment interruptions, in rural Cameroon.
Etravirine in treatment‐experienced, HIV‐1‐infected children and adolescents: 48‐week safety, efficacy and resistance analysis of the phase II PIANO study

PIANO (Paediatric study of Intelence As an NNRTI Option; TMC125‐C213; NCT00665847) assessed the safety/tolerability, antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of etravirine plus an optimized background regimen (OBR) in treatment‐experienced, HIV‐1‐infected children (≥ 6 to < 12 years) and adolescents (≥ 12 to < 18 years) over 48 weeks.
Psychosocial combined with agonist maintenance treatments versus agonist maintenance treatments alone for treatment of opioid dependence.

BACKGROUND Maintenance treatments are effective in retaining patients in treatment and suppressing heroin use. Questions remain regarding the efficacy of additional psychosocial services. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of any psychosocial plus any agonist maintenance treatment versus standard agonist treatment for opiate dependence SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group trials register (June 2011), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Issue 6, 2011), PUBMED (1996 to 2011); EMBASE (January 1980 to 2011); CINAHL (January 2003 to 2011); PsycINFO (1985 to 2003) and reference list of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trial comparing any psychosocial plus any agonist with any agonist alone for opiate dependence. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial quality quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS 35 studies, 4319 participants, were included. These studies considered thirteen different psychosocial interventions. Comparing any psychosocial plus any maintenance pharmacological treatment to standard maintenance treatment, results do not show benefit for retention in treatment, 27 studies, 3124 participants, RR 1.03 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.07), abstinence by opiate during the treatment, 8 studies, 1002 participants, RR 1.12 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.37), compliance, three studies, MD 0.43 (95% CI -0.05 to 0.92), psychiatric symptoms, 3 studies, MD 0.02 (-0.28 to 0.31), depression, 3 studies, MD -1.70 (95% CI -3.91 to 0.51) and results at the end of follow up as number of participants still in treatment, 3 studies, 250 participants, RR 0.90 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.07) and participants abstinent by opioid, 3 studies, 181 participants, RR 1.15 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.36). Comparing the different psychosocial approaches, results are never statistically significant for all the comparisons and outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For the considered outcomes, it seems that adding any psychosocial support to standard maintenance treatments do not add additional benefits. Data do not show differences also for contingency approaches, contrary to all expectations. Duration of the studies was too short to analyse relevant outcomes such as mortality. It should be noted that the control intervention used in the studies included in the review on maintenance treatments, is a program that routinely offers counselling sessions in addition to methadone; thus the review, actually, did not evaluate the question of whether any ancillary psychosocial intervention is needed when methadone maintenance is provided, but the narrower question of whether a specific more structured intervention provides any additional benefit to a standard psychosocial support. These interventions probably can be measured and evaluated by employing diverse criteria for evaluating treatment outcomes, aimed to rigorously assess changes in emotional, interpersonal, vocational and physical health areas of life functioning.