Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The acquisition of nominal compounding in Swedish

In Swedish, as in other North Germanic languages, compounds are very common and a majority of the novel words in Swedish are compounds. This thesis aims at a presentation of compounding in Swedish and the problems involved in describing compounding, but mainly at an empirically founded description of children's creation and use of novel compounds and developing comprehension of compounds, especially nominal compounds. A Swedish compound contains two ore more word roots that elsewhere may function as independent words. The rightmost word is the head, which means that it determines the compound's gender and is declined for number, definiteness and case, and that the whole word is an instance (typically a hyponym) of the head. The compound is written as one word, and is pronounced with a particular intonation contour, characterized by two peaks. A noun that functions as modifier in a compound sometimes appears in a particular "liaison form". The empirical findings concerning children's acquisition of compounding are based on the following sources: (a) a corpus of around 340 spontaneous novel compounds collected from two children; (b) analysis of 258 novel nominal compounds produced by 10 children (aged between 3;5 and 6;8), who were encouraged to label picture cards. ; (c) the results of a pictureidentification experiment where 60 children (aged between 2;0 and 5;4) were asked to interpret 24 novel nominal compounds; and (d) the paraphrases of 18 novel compounds that 70 children were asked to give, 4 years in succession. Some observations and results are that the compound stress pattern is established before my period of investigation, i.e. before age 2; that proper identification of the head is established around age 3; that the deletion of a final -a in a modifying noun is the first liaison form mastered by children; and that many different semantic relationships are attributed by the children to hold between the head noun and the modifying noun.
2D Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Tree (SPIHT)On Embedded Devices For Multilead ECG Signal Compression

Heart disease is the number one cause of death in the world according WHO data. One of the mayor cause is the lack of cardiologists. One of the proposed solution is tele-electrocardiograph (Tele-ECG) system. However, the size of ECG data recorded from patient is not small. Therefore, it must be compressed during transmission process. This paper presents development of 2D SPIHT on embedded devices for multilead ECG signal compression. There are two main processes, preprocessing and compression process. Preprocessing includes base wander removal, beat detection, and beat normalization. Compression is started with 2D ECG array construction. Afterward, we apply wavelet decomposition to transform ECG signals from the time domain to frequency domain. Essentially, the outcome of wavelet decomposition has a similar derivative among subbands. This similarity is coded using the Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Tree (SPIHT) algorithm to reduce size of the data. The compression system is successfully implemented in an embedded device: BeagleboardC5. In this research, we use 8 leads (Lead-1, Lead-2, and Lead-V1 to V6) ECG signals taken from Physionet database. Experiment results show that the percentage root-mean-square difference (PRD) of this system is of 1.4763 for the compression ratio of 8. Keyword: ECG Signals Compression, SPIHT, Embedded Devices, Beagleboard
Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach

1. Thinking Like a Scientist. 2. Getting Started: Ideas, Resources, and Ethics. 3. Defining, Measuring, and Manipulating Variables. 4. Descriptive Methods. 5. Data Organization and Descriptive Statistics. 6. Correlational Methods and Statistics. 7. Probability and Hypothesis Testing. 8. Introduction to Inferential Statistics. 9. Experimental Design and Analysis I: Between-Subjects Designs. 10. Experimental Design and Analysis II: Correlated-Groups Designs. 11. Experimental Design and Analysis III: Designs with More Than Two Levels of an Independent Variable. 12. Experimental Design and Analysis IV: Complex Experimental Designs. 13. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Case Designs. 14. Nonparametric Inferential Statistics. 15. APA Communication Guidelines. Appendix A. Statistical Tables. Appendix B. Computational Formulas for ANOVAs. Appendix C. Answers to Odd-Numbered Chapter Exercises and All Review Exercises. Appendix D: Getting Started with Excel, SPSS, and the TI-84 Calculator. References.
Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Micro-structure of Cognition

These two volumes, although only in part concerned directly with child language, nevertheless represent an approach which will increasingly impinge on acquisition theory. The two volumes are best described as a connectionist manifesto: wide in scope and full of energy, willingness to attack rather than to side-step problems, invention and promise. James McClelland and David Rumelhart edited the book and they also contributed to a majority of the chapters. The book introduces connectionism (or parallel distributed processing (PDP)) and demonstrates how it can be applied in varied areas of psychology, biology and artificial intelligence. The first volume is a general outline of foundations of the PDP research programme and of basic principles of connectionist models. The second volume presents specific models of various psychological and biological processes. (A third volume which should be available by the time this review is published makes available connectionist tools.) The psychological processes covered are schema-based thinking, speech perception, reading, learning and memory, learning morphology, and sentence processing. This form certainly makes the book a good introduction into connectionism. It allows readers to start in the area of their expertise, to familiarize themselves with the approach and to move to chapters outlining principles, or other models, if they get that far. A developmental psychologist interested in getting the flavour of connectionism should certainly read part 1 in the first volume and part 4 in the second volume. Connectionism is an approach to cognitive science like symbolic approaches, it is concerned with the processes of internal representation and it uses them to explain thinking, perceiving, acting, learning and development. What is new and attractive about connectionism is the kind of representational processes postulated. These are quite different from what researchers in psychology and AI are used to. They are not symbolic; there are no explicit statements of, for example, rules, schemas or prototypes. Connectionist representations are not ' local' single symbols do not represent single entities or their sets. Rather, 'each entity is represented by a pattern of activity distributed over many computing elements and each computing element is involved in representing many entities' (vol. 1, p. 77). So, for example, one network could ' represent' several rules and exceptions to them. We are asked to think about PDP models as a way of IMPLEMENTING symbolic representations in parallel networks: occasionally it is asserted that symbolic models of cognitive processes are only approximations to mechanisms of distributed representations. The problems which exercise con-
E-Examinations from Student's Perspective - the Future of Knowledge Evaluation

Process of transferring knowledge and skills is strictly associated with the measurement of its effectiveness. It’s hard to imagine teaching without checking the results and evaluation of students. At the same time, the current educational system is based on the traditional paradigm existing for many years. In this model we have face-to-face contact between tutor and student. The consequence of this situation and old habits is a big resistance and difficulty to implement new educational solutions. On the other hand, technological progress may not be stopped and young generation expects changes in the current education system. This also is closely linked with examination system and the change of existing traditional paper evaluation into e-exams. The aim of this article is to deepen the knowledge of existing examination forms and to describe student’s opinions on different forms of knowledge check. The article presents authors research results in this area.
Enhanced sampling and applications in protein folding

Enhanced sampling and applications in protein folding by Cheng Zhang We show that a single-copy tempering method was useful in protein-folding simulations of large scale and high accuracy (explicit solvent, atomic representation, and physics-based potential). The method used a runtime estimate of the average potential energy from an integral identity to guide a random walk in the continuous temperature space. It was used for folding three mini-proteins, trpzip2 (PDB ID: 1LE1), trp-cage (1L2Y), and villin headpiece (1VII) within atomic accuracy. Further, with a dihedral bias potential added on the roof temperature, the method was able to fold four larger helical proteins: α3D (2A3D), α3W (1LQ7), Fap1NRα (2KUB) and S-836 (2JUA). We also discuss how to optimally use simulation data through an integral identity. With the help of a general mean force formula, the identity makes better use of data collected in a molecular dynamics simulation and is more precise than the common histogram approach. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Dr. Jianpeng Ma and members of the Ma lab for support. I thank the members of the thesis committee, Drs. Jianpeng Ma, Oleg Igoshin and James McNew for guiding the thesis process. I also thank Drs. Jianpeng Ma, Oleg Igoshin and Bruce Johnson for guiding the previous master thesis. I thank Drs. Michael Deem, Thomas Woolf, John Straub, Michael Shirts, Thomas Truskett, and Montgomery Pettitt for helpful discussions. The computations were done on several computer clusters, the Shared University Grid at Rice (SUG@R) funded by NSF under Grant EIA-0216467, a 2010 IBM Shared University Research (SUR) Award on IBM's Power7 high performance cluster (BlueBioU) to Rice University, the Cyberinfrastructure for Computational Research (STIC) funded by NSF under Grant CNS-0821727, and the National Science Foundation through TeraGrid resources provided by Texas Advanced Computing Center under grant number TG-MCB100013. The computing resources were gratefully acknowledged. Uses of the programs GROMACS [1-4], Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) [5] and other software are gratefully acknowledged.
Bit and power loading procedures for OFDM systems with bit-interleaved coded modulation

We present adaptive power and bit loading schemes for a bit-interleaved coded OFDM system with perfect channel state information and square quadrature amplitude modulation constellations. In order to minimize the bit error rates at the output of the Viterbi decoder subject to bit rate and power constraints, an analytical expression for the bit error rate of a hard-decision device has to minimized with respect to the number of bits and the power assigned to the subcarrier channel. The prohibitive complexity of the optimum solution can be circumvented by a simple suboptimum two-step procedure where the bit and power loading parts are decoupled. It is shown by Monte Carlo simulations that for broadband systems with Rayleigh fading the loading procedures provides a SNR gain of up to 6 dB for an average bit error rate level of 10/sup -6/.
IMPROVING STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILL THROUGH PICTURE MEDIA IN GRADE X OF OFFICE ADMINISTRATION 2 OF SMK NEGERI 1 TEMPEL

This study aims to describe the efforts of using picture media to improve the writing skill of the students of Grade X Office Administration 2 of SMK Negeri 1 Tempel and to investigate whether the students’ writing skill improves significantly through picture media. This action research study consisted of two cycles, carried out in nine sessions from January 5th 2011 to February 2nd 2011. The researcher worked collaboratively with the English teacher and the students. The subjects of this research were 36 students of Grade X Office Administration 2 of SMK Negeri 1 Tempel. The data of this study were qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative data were obtained by observing the teaching and learning process during the implementation of the actions and interviewing the students and the collaborator. The qualitative data were in the forms of field notes and interview transcripts. Meanwhile, the quantitative data were obtained by conducting a survey and assessing the students’ writing skill through a pretest and two posttests. Therefore, the quantitative data were students’ responses to the questionnaire and students’ writing scores. The data collected from class observations and interviews were analyzed based on the qualitative data analysis model by Miles and Huberman (1994). Meanwhile, the data collected from survey and writing tests were computed by using Microsoft Excel computer program and SPSS versions 17.0 and the results were analysed by using descriptive statistics. The results of Cycle I showed that the use of picture media was effective to improve students’ writing skills. Some actions were implemented in Cycle I: using pictures to improve students’ motivation in writing, using classroom English in the teaching and learning process, and improving students’ writing skill through pictures. Though the implementation of using classroom English was not maximal, the implementation of actions in Cycle I was successful to make the students familiar with English words. Therefore, the researcher improved the action in Cycle II by maximizing the use of English and minimizing the use of Bahasa Indonesia in the instructions. Besides, in Cycle II, the implemented actions included improving students’ motivation in writing by using picture games, improving students’ writing skill through pictures, and using tasks in improving students’ punctuation and capitalization mastery. The actions implemented were successful in improving the students’ writing skill. The findings were supported by the means of the students’ writing score which improved from 59.31 in the pretest to 70.36 in the posttest in Cycle I with t = -15.117 (p<0.05) and 75.91 in the posttest in Cycle II with t = -7.282 (p<0.05).
A finite domain-testing strategy for computer program testing.

Abstract : Program testing continues to be a practical approach to software validation, however the strategies currently being used lack a solid analytical foundation. The goal of this research is to analyze the program testing process, develop a strategy to maximize its effectiveness, and identify its limitations. A program can be viewed as a complex mapping from a N-dimensional space of input variables to an M-dimensional space of output variables. In the testing process the correctness of the program over a domain of this input space is inferred from its observed correctness on a small set of 'well-chosen' test values for that domain. The Domain Testing Strategy is used to determine the necessary set of test values and is shown to be successful for all types of errors except a small subclass called 'Missing Path Errors of Reduced Dimensionality'. The domain testing Strategy is developed for both continuous and discrete input spaces and for both linear and nonlinear predicates. The domain testing strategy is developed for both continuous and discrete input spaces and for both linear and nonlinear predicates. The only completely effective testing strategy is an exhaustive test which is totally impractical. The domain testing strategy offers a major reduction in the high cost of computer program testing with a minimal loss of testing effectiveness. (Author)
Contrastive analyses, translation and speaker involvement : the case of "puisque" and "aangezien"

The goal of this article is threefold. First, I would like to demonstrate the strength of corpus studies combining both comparable and parallel corpora for contrastive linguistic analyses. My second aim is to bring some additional evidence to the linguistic validity of the Speaker Involvement Scale (Degand and Pander Maat, in press; Pander Maat and Degand, 2001), and finally, I would like to illustrate how the interaction between corpus analyses and the use of the Speaker Involvement Scale can bring us closer to a thorough description of the supposed French-Dutch translation pair puisqueaangezien (‘since’). Contrastive linguistics and translation studies have shared a common domain of investigation for many years. The aim of contrastive linguistics is to describe similarities and divergences between two or more languages through systematic comparisons. The goal of these comparisons can be both theoretical and applied. Translation studies proceed in a similar way, but here the goal is to systematically compare original texts with their
A 0.7-V MOSFET-only switched-opamp ΣΔ modulator in standard digital CMOS technology

A 0.7-V MOSFET-only /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator for voice band applications is presented. The second-order modulator is realized using a switched-opamp technique. All capacitors are realized using compensated MOS devices operated in the depletion region. A combination of parallel and series compensated depletion-mode MOSCAPs is used to obtain high area efficiency. The circuit is fabricated in a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The only components used are standard n-MOS and p-MOS transistors with threshold voltages of approximately 400 mV. All transistors are operated within the supply voltage window of 0.7 V; voltage boosting techniques are not used. The active area is 0.082 mm/sup 2/. The modulator achieves 67-dB signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio, 70-dB signal-to-noise ratio, and 75-dB dynamic range at 8-kHz signal bandwidth and consumes 80 /spl mu/W of power.
Clitic Placement in Bulgarian Compound Tenses: PF-Side vs. Syntactic Approaches

This paper compares competing ways of understanding the fact that clitics but nothing else freely and necessarily intervene between the two verbal heads in Bulgarian compound tenses of the type [participle + auxiliary]. These involve a participle fronted for focus reasons. I argue that prosodic and morphological approaches are inadequate, nor is any PFfiltering necessitated. Instead, the complex head structure [[participle + clitics] + [auxiliary]] must be created syntactically, with the participle adjoining to the clitics before the resulting complex adjoins to the auxiliary.
Modeling the impact of the fast power control on the WCDMA uplink

The behavior and consequences of the uplink closed loop power control in the uplink of a WCDMA system are analyzed with help of theory and link level simulations. Firstly, the impact of the fast transmit power control (TPC) on the uplink required E/sub b//Io and average transmit power levels are discussed. Furthermore, it is shown how TPC effects can be modeled in network level calculations and an example of TPC corrected capacity numbers is presented. Secondly, the impact of the TPC on the cell range is discussed.
Transition analysis on FPGA for multiplier-block based FIR filter structures

This paper presents a study on the power consumption analysis of several multiplier-block based FIR filter structures. Transitions have been counted for the filter structures that were implemented on an FPGA device. The algorithms employed to generate the multiplier-blocks are compared with respect to their power performance. A new term, Glitch Path count, has been proposed and tested for use as an indicator of power consumption. This measure has been shown to be more correlated with the transition counts than the adder-count and logic depth approaches.
Implementation of Spread Spectrum Image Steganography

Abstract : Steganographic techniques are useful to convey hidden information by using various types of typically-transmitted multimedia data as cover for concealed communication. Spread Spectrum Image Steganography (SSIS) is a data-hiding/hidden-communication method that uses digital imagery as a cover signal. This report describes an SSIS prototype system for embedding messages in images and extracting messages from stegoimages. The components, which were written in the Java and C programming languages, were kept modular to provide a workbench for further experimentation. We discuss experiments that were performed with the system, along with possible avenues of future research to improve the SSIS process.
Performance of convolutionally coded unbalanced QPSK systems

An evaluation is presented of the performance of three representative convolutionally coded unbalanced quadri-phase-shift-keying (UQPSK) systems in the presence of noisy carrier reference and crosstalk. The use of a coded UQPSK system for transmitting two telemetry data streams with different rates and different powers has been proposed for the Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar mission. Analytical expressions for bit error rates in the presence of a noisy carrier phase reference are derived for three representative cases: (1) I and Q channels are coded independently; (2) I channel is coded, Q channel is uncoded; and (3) I and Q channels are coded by a common 1/2 code. For rate 1/2 convolutional codes, QPSK modulation can be used to reduce the bandwidth requirement.
Design and evaluation of web interface signs to improve web usability : a semiotic framework

A semiotic framework (Semiotic Interface sign Design and Evaluation SIDE) was developed for user-intuitive interface sign design and evaluation. Examples of signs are small images, navigational links, buttons and thumbnails, with which users interact with web UIs. This paper presents an assessment of the SIDE framework. The focus is on (i) the quality of the SIDE framework for evaluation of interface signs, and (ii) the contributions of the SIDE framework from an evaluator perspective. Two empirical user studies were carried out, involving 23 participants. Data was collected via interviews, problem-solving assignments and feedback questionnaires, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative analyses. The study shows that the SIDE framework is applicable to designing and evaluating interface signs and helps improve the intuitiveness of interface signs.
A surface wind speed map for Mexico based on NARR and observational data

A systematic comparison of the surface wind speed records extracted from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) database and the network of automated surface observation stations of the Mexican National Weather Service has been conducted. The work presented here is based on a multi‐step procedure that initiates with a point‐to‐point comparison of surface observations and NARR grid point, followed by the reconstruction of missing data from the quality‐controlled observational data set using an iterative technique based on principal component analysis (PCA). Subsequently, the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) sets for NARR and the reconstructed observational data set were compared globally using a group comparison criterion that is also based on PCA. Different observational periods were evaluated, leading to the highest similarity between the two sets for the case in the year 2010. A wind speed map for Mexico was created by joining the quality‐controlled, filtered and reconstructed observational data with the NARR map using a weighting technique based on distance weighting, local similarity of the EOFs and data recovery.