Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of anemia among urban school children of Punjab.

OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of anemia among urban school children of Punjab. DESIGN Cross sectional study. SETTING Urban schools of Ludhiana, Punjab. SUBJECTS Two thousand school children of 5-15 years age. METHODS Relevant history was taken and a complete physical examination done in all the children. Hemoglobin was estimated using cynmethemoglobin method and peripheral blood smears were also examined. Anemia was diagnosed when hemoglobin was less than 11 g/dl for children of 5-6 years age and 12 g/dl for more than 6 years age. RESULTS Overall prevalence of anemia was 51.5%. Girls had a significantly higher prevalence of anemia except at 5 years and 10-12 years age. More menarcheal girls were anemic as compared to non-menarcheal ones. The prevalence of anemia was high (38%) even in higher socioeconomic groups. Nearly half (47.6%) of well nourished children were anemic. The mean Hb also was lower than expected normal values in both nutritional groups. Compared to non-vegetarians (38%), more vegetarians (65.9%) were anemic. The commonest blood picture seen was microcytic hypochromic (55.4%). CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed a high prevalence of anemia among healthy urban school children of higher socio-economic classes. Vegetarians and girls, especially after menarche were more at risk to develop anemia.
Dynamics in the 1 : 2 spatial resonance with broken reflection symmetry

The dynamics near the 1:2 spatial resonance in systems with broken O(2) symmetry are described. The system is assumed to remain SO(2) invariant, and attention is focused on the behavior that replaces the structurally stable heteroclinic cycles present in the O(2)-symmetric system. The symmetry-breaking destroys these cycles, and introduces a variety of new bifurcations into the system, some which are associated with complex behavior. The possible scenarios with increasing symmetry-breaking are described and possible applications of the results are discussed. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS:05.45. −a; 47.20. Ky; 02.30. Hq
SELF‐CARE IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES: A Survey of Mothers

PurposeTo provide insight into mothers' perceptions of their children's development of diabetes-related capabilities and identify factors that influence these capabilities. Study Design and MethodMothers' perceptions of children's self-care practices were solicited using an 84-item fixed choice instrument authored by this investigator. Items that were based on the literature and results of a preliminary qualitative study solicited information regarding self-care practices, independence in management, parental involvement, dietary adherence, precision in skills, attitude about diabetes, and ability to manage abnormal blood glucose levels. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. ResultsForty-six boys and 42 girls aged 6 to 18 years were represented by the 88 mothers in this study. According to the mothers, children demonstrated higher levels of self-care abilities, independence, precision, and ability to manage blood glucose levels as they aged. The mothers believed, however, that older children had more negative attitudes about diabetes than did younger children. Girls learned skills earlier and were more independent in diabetes-related self-care, yet they had more difficulty than boys in adhering to dietary requirements. Some findings indicated the children engaged in behaviors that were potentially life-threatening or at least deleterious to their future health. Clinical ImplicationsNurses can use this study to help encourage parents to stay involved with their children's self-care practices into the adolescent years. Providing opportunities for communication with others who have type 1 diabetes should be encouraged. Knowledge of age and gender differences can help establish realistic expectations for self-care.
Paying for national health insurance--and not getting it.

The threat of steep tax hikes has torpedoed the debate over national health insurance. Yet according to our calculations, the current tax-financed share of health spending is far higher than most people think: 59.8 percent. This figure (which is about fifteen percentage points higher than the official Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services [CMS] estimate) includes health care-related tax subsidies and public employees' health benefits, neither of which are classified as public expenditures in the CMS accounting framework. U.S. tax-financed health spending is now the highest in the world. Indeed, our tax-financed costs exceed total costs in every nation except Switzerland. But the sub rosa character of much tax-financed health spending in the United States obscures its regressivity. Public spending for care of the poor, elderly, and disabled is hotly debated and intensely scrutinized. But tax subsidies that accrue mostly to the affluent and health benefits for middle-class government workers are mostly below the radar screen. National health insurance would require smaller tax increases than most people imagine and would make government's role in financing care more visible and explicit.
Sampled-data consensus of general linear multi-agent systems under switching topologies: averaging method

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates sampled-data consensus problems of general linear multi-agent systems under switching topologies. To perform the consensus analysis by the averaging method, the multi-agent system in the sampled-data setting is first converted into the continuous-time system with the input delay. Then, the approximate relationship between the states of this input delay system and the states of its averaged system is established by using the tool from non-standard analysis. Subsequently, a sufficient condition ensuring the sampled-data consensus is obtained by linear matrix inequalities. It is shown that the sampled-data consensus of general linear multi-agent systems, including exponential unstable agents, can be achieved, if the speed of topology switching is fast enough and the sampled-data consensus under the averaging topology can be achieved. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of theoretical analyses.
Distinctive Properties of the Hyaluronan-binding Domain in the Lymphatic Endothelial Receptor Lyve-1 and Their Implications for Receptor Function*

The lymphatic endothelial hyaluronan (HA) receptor Lyve-1 is a member of the Link protein superfamily most similar to the leukocyte HA receptor CD44. However, the structure of Lyve-1 and the nature of its interaction with ligand are obscure. Here we present new evidence that Lyve-1 is functionally distinct from CD44. Using truncation mutagenesis we confirm that Lyve-1 in common with CD44 contains an extended HA-binding unit, comprising elements flanking the N and C termini of the consensus lectin-like Link module, bridged by a third conserved disulfide linkage that is critical for HA binding. In addition, we identify six essential residues Tyr-87, Ile-97, Arg-99, Asn-103, Lys-105, and Lys-108 that define a compact HA-binding surface on Lyve-1, encompassing the epitope for an adhesion-blocking monoclonal antibody 3A, in an analogous position to the HA-binding surface in CD44. The overtly electrostatic character of HA binding in Lyve-1 and its sensitivity to ionic strength (IC50 of 150 mm NaCl) contrast markedly with CD44 (IC50 > 2 m NaCl) in which HA binding is mediated by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. In addition, unlike the extended Link module in CD44, which binds HA efficiently when expressed as a soluble monomer (Kd = 65.7 μm), that of Lyve-1 requires artificial dimerization, although the full ectodomain is active as a monomer (Kd = 35.6 μm). Finally, full-length Lyve-1 did not form stable dimers in binding-competent 293T transfectants when assessed using bioluminescent resonance energy transfer. These results reveal that elements additional to the extended Link module are required to stabilize HA binding in Lyve-1 and indicate important structural and functional differences with CD44.
The effects of the generalized use of iodized salt on occupational patterns in Switzerland

This paper examines the impact of salt iodization in Switzerland in the 1920s and 1930s on occupational patterns of cohorts born after the intervention. The generalized use of iodized salt successfully combatted iodine deficiency disorders, which were previously endemic in some areas of Switzerland. The most important effect of universal prophylaxis by means of iodized salt was the eradication of mental retardation inflicted in utero by lack of iodine. This paper looks for evidence of increased cognitive ability of those treated with iodine in utero by examining the occupational choice and characteristics of occupations chosen by cohorts born after the intervention. By exploiting variation in pre-existing conditions and in the timing of the intervention, I find that cohorts born in previously highly-deficient areas after the introduction of iodized salt self-selected into higher-paying occupations. I also find that the characteristics of occupations in those areas changed, and that cohorts born after the intervention engaged to a higher degree in occupations with higher cognitive demands, whereas they opted out of physical-labor-intensive occupations.
Mechanical Ventilation for Children With Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure After Stem Cell Transplantation: Quo Vadis?

Pediatric Critical Care Medicine www.pccmjournal. org 379 the authors “crowd sources” the existing literature to select SNPs that have been shown to be of value because they alter biological function. Unfortunately, almost nothing is free. The enhanced power of candidate SNP studies is purchased by sacrificing the broad inclusivity of a genome-wide association study. The authors found that there was no association between the minor alleles of the SNPs that they elected to study and outcome after steroid exposure in SIRS. It might be tempting to classify this as a negative study; however, the authors’ careful analysis revealed a very important finding: children who are homozygous for the most common type of GCR alleles (wild type) appear to experience a worse outcome if they are treated with steroids. This finding is consistent with a previous retrospective investigation by Markovitz et al (9) that revealed an increased mortality when children with septic shock were treated with steroids. The current study anchors these findings to a genotype, bringing us a step closer to a biological understanding of this phenomenon. Although this discovery is exciting, it is imperative to replicate these findings in a different group of pediatric patients (10, 11). This will assure investigators and clinicians that the conclusions from this investigation can be extended to other populations. Once that has been done, the door will be open for investigations to determine why patients with the wild-type genotype are more susceptible to deleterious effects from steroid therapy during SIRS. Within the medical community, the widespread sentiment that steroids may be beneficial in the treatment of SIRS has made it difficult to conduct randomized trials to determine the effect of this intervention. The authors’ results contradict that widely held sentiment. The possibility that steroids are not beneficial and may be harmful in SIRS should be used to inform future trials on this topic. Investigators who design and participate in such trials would be well advised to adopt equipoise regarding the use of steroids in SIRS. There is still much to learn on this subject; however, the provocative new information provided by the authors enhances our understanding and provides some of the best evidence to date that the use of steroids in SIRS should not be considered a mandatory intervention.
c-Cbl Mediates Ubiquitination, Degradation, and Down-regulation of Human Protease-activated Receptor 2*

Mechanisms that arrest G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling prevent uncontrolled stimulation that could cause disease. Although uncoupling from heterotrimeric G-proteins, which transiently arrests signaling, is well described, little is known about the mechanisms that permanently arrest signaling. Here we reported on the mechanisms that terminate signaling by protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), which mediated the proinflammatory and nociceptive actions of proteases. Given its irreversible mechanism of proteolytic activation, PAR2 is a model to study the permanent arrest of GPCR signaling. By immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, we observed that activated PAR2 was mono-ubiquitinated. Immunofluorescence indicated that activated PAR2 translocated from the plasma membrane to early endosomes and lysosomes where it was degraded, as determined by immunoblotting. Mutant PAR2 lacking intracellular lysine residues (PAR2Δ14K/R) was expressed at the plasma membrane and signaled normally but was not ubiquitinated. Activated PAR2 Δ14K/R internalized but was retained in early endosomes and avoided lysosomal degradation. Activation of wild type PAR2 stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase c-Cbl and promoted its interaction with PAR2 at the plasma membrane and in endosomes in an Src-dependent manner. Dominant negative c-Cbl lacking the ring finger domain inhibited PAR2 ubiquitination and induced retention in early endosomes, thereby impeding lysosomal degradation. Although wild type PAR2 was degraded, and recovery of agonist responses required synthesis of new receptors, lysine mutation and dominant negative c-Cbl impeded receptor ubiquitination and degradation and allowed PAR2 to recycle and continue to signal. Thus, c-Cbl mediated ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation of PAR2 to irrevocably terminate signaling by this and perhaps other GPCRs.
Recall of Dreams and the Probability of Stage 1-REM Sleep

The self-reported recall of night dreams of 762 Ss when asked during the day was 37.5%. The Stage 1-REM state of sleep in the last hour of sleep was obtained for 32 Ss over 3 nights. The probability of awakening or being awakened from a Stage 1-REM state during the last hour of sleep was approximately 45%. Probability of recall when aroused from Stage 1-REM is 83%. The estimated probability of dream recall as a result of a Stage 1-REM morning awakening is almost identical with the self-reported probability (.45 × .83 = 37.4).
Ventilatory Management and Extubation Criteria of the Neurological/Neurosurgical Patient

Approximately 200 000 patients per year will require mechanical ventilation secondary to neurological injury or disease. The associated mortality, morbidity, and costs are significant. The neurological patient presents a unique set of challenges to airway management, mechanical ventilation, and defining extubation readiness. Neurological injury and disease can directly or indirectly involve the process involved with respiration or airway control. This article will review the basics of airway management and mechanical ventilation in the neurological patient. The current state of the literature evaluating extubation criteria in the neurological patient will also be reviewed.
A 4 $\times$ 4 MIMO-OFDM Baseband Receiver With 160 MHz Bandwidth for Indoor Gigabit Wireless Communications

This paper presents the design and implementation of a 4 × 4 multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) baseband receiver for indoor high-throughput wireless communication systems. The receiver uses bandwidths of 40, 80, and 160 MHz that correspond to three operation modes of 128, 256, and 512-point FFT, respectively. Four spatial streams are supported to offer the maximum uncoded data rate of 2.6 Gbps. Channel pre-processing based on sorted QR decomposition and the non-constant K-best soft-output MIMO detector are adopted to enhance the system performance. The addressing scheme for the QR phase memory is proposed to deal with the processing-time discrepancy between the write-in and read-out accesses. The high-throughput pipelined architecture for the non-constant K-best soft-output MIMO detector with selected discard-paths is analyzed to show a balance between performance and complexity. This receiver IC integrates 1.034 M logic gates as well as a total of 835 Kb SRAM in 90 nm CMOS technology and can generate hard output for 64-QAM constellation. The coded system performance is also provided with the soft-output MIMO detection. From the measurement results, the power consumption of the chip is 424 mW, 97 mW, and 26 mW at 1.16 V, 0.8 V and 0.66 V, respectively, for operations in 160 MHz, 80 MHz, and 40 MHz bandwidth modes. Compared to the prior works for 80 MHz channel bandwidth, this work supports wider channel bandwidth and achieves higher throughput.
Differential expression of glutamate dehydrogenase in cultured neurons and astrocytes from mouse cerebellum and cerebral cortex

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) specific activities, kinetic properties and allosteric regulation were studied in extracts from cultured neurons and astrocytes prepared from mouse cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Considerable differences were observed in the specific activity of the enzyme among the different cell types with astrocytes expressing the highest GDH activity. This may reflect the functional importance of these cells in glutamate uptake and metabolism. Among the neurons, the glutamatergic cerebellar granule cells showed a GDH specific activity that was 60% higher (P < 0.01) than that of the GABAergic cerebral cortical neurons. Also, the Km for ammonia was 1.7‐fold higher in the cortical neurons than in the other cell types. These findings may reflect a particular need for the glutamatergic granule cells to synthesize glutamate via the GDH pathway. No differences were observed among the different cell types with regard to the allosteric properties of GDH expressed by these cells. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early determination of neurological outcome after prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although there are various methods of determining neurological prognosis after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the final outcome of patients often remains unclear for quite a long time. METHODS We investigated 30 consecutively admitted patients who had been successfully resuscitated by the team of the local mobile intensive care unit after cardiac arrest. Determinations of the period of anoxia and of the cardiopulmonary resuscitation time, clinical investigation, echocardiography, electroencephalography, evoked potentials, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy were performed. RESULTS Demonstration of brain lactate in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P < .01) and absent N20 waves in short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (P < .01) proved to be significant in terms of a poor prognosis. Correlations between both duration of anoxia and cardiopulmonary resuscitation time and neurological outcome could be shown as well (both P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and short-latency evoked potentials are of great benefit in the prognostic evaluation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Self-Taught Learning for Activity Spotting in On-body Motion Sensor Data

Activity spotting has shown to be a highly beneficial approach in context recognition, however lacking robustness limits its widespread use. This work introduces the concept of self-taught learning to activity spotting, which is inspired by natural human learning. The self-taught learning concept was adapted for activity spotting, in particular, to make use of unlabeled data, which does not need to include rel-evant pattern events. Thus, the approach can utilise background data (NULL class), for which a large amounts of data often exist. A performance comparison of self-taught and conventional activity spotters showed the potential of this new learning approach. Furthermore, an analysis using reduced amounts of supervised training instances yielded up to ~15% larger performance for the self-taught spotter compared to the conventional one.
The retinoid‐X receptor ortholog, ultraspiracle, binds with nanomolar affinity to an endogenous morphogenetic ligand

The in vivo ligand‐binding function and ligand‐binding activity of the Drosophila melanogaster retinoid‐X receptor (RXR) ortholog, ultraspiracle, toward natural farnesoid products of the ring gland were assessed. Using an equilibrium fluorescence‐binding assay, farnesoid products in the juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis pathway, and their epoxy derivatives, were measured for their affinity constant for ultraspiracle (USP). Farnesol, farnesal, farnesoic acid and juvenile hormone III exhibited high nanomolar to low micromolar affinity, which in each case decreased upon addition of an epoxide across a double bond of the basic farnesyl structure. Similar analysis of the substitution on C1 of methyl ether, alcohol, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid showed that each conferred weaker affinity than that provided by the methyl ester. Attention was thus focused for a ring‐gland farnesoid product that possesses the features of methyl ester and lack of an epoxide. A secreted product of the ring gland, methyl farnesoate, was identified possessing these features and exhibited an affinity for ultraspiracle (Kd = 40 nm) of similar strength to that of RXR for 9‐cis retinoic acid. Mutational analysis of amino acid residues with side chains extending into the ligand‐binding pocket cavity (and not interacting with secondary receptor structures or extending to the receptor surface to interact with coactivators, corepressors or receptor dimer partners) showed that the mutation C472A/H475L strongly reduced USP binding to this ring gland product and to JH III, with less effect on other ring‐gland farnesoids and little effect on binding by (the unnatural to Drosophila) JH I. Along with the ecdysone receptor, USP is now the second arthropod nuclear hormone receptor for which a secreted product of an endocrine gland that binds the receptor with nanomolar affinity has been identified.
Stochastic Variance-Reduced Hamilton Monte Carlo Methods

We propose a fast stochastic Hamilton Monte Carlo (HMC) method, for sampling from a smooth and strongly log-concave distribution. At the core of our proposed method is a variance reduction technique inspired by the recent advance in stochastic optimization. We show that, to achieve $\epsilon$ accuracy in 2-Wasserstein distance, our algorithm achieves $\tilde O\big(n+\kappa^{2}d^{1/2}/\epsilon+\kappa^{4/3}d^{1/3}n^{2/3}/\epsilon^{2/3}\big)$ gradient complexity (i.e., number of component gradient evaluations), which outperforms the state-of-the-art HMC and stochastic gradient HMC methods in a wide regime. We also extend our algorithm for sampling from smooth and general log-concave distributions, and prove the corresponding gradient complexity as well. Experiments on both synthetic and real data demonstrate the superior performance of our algorithm.
Broadband CDMA for personal communications systems

Multipath propagation in a broadband CDMA environment is described. A propagation model for broadband spread-spectrum signals is presented. Experimental results relating to the sharing of the band by fixed service microwave users and mobile personal communications network (PCN) users are discussed. Field tests indicate that PCN systems can provide high-quality communications when sharing the spectrum with fixed-service microwave systems in suburban and urban areas. <<ETX>>