Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Composition of PM2.5 and PM10 Collected at Urban Sites in Brazil

Atmospheric particulate matter samples (PM2.5 and PM10) were collected at urban sites (Sao Paulo, SPA; Piracicaba, PRB) in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. In order to characterize the chemical composition of particulate matter, several chemical components were analyzed from the samples, and among these were inorganic and organic anions, monosaccharide anhydrides, and organic and elemental carbon. Long-range transport of the particulate matter while sugar cane was being burned contributed to an increase in PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at the SPA site. Sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, elemental carbon and particulate organic material (POM) were major components of the total PM2.5 and PM2.5-10. The contribution of POM to PM2.5 at PRB was 29%, similar to the results found for the winter season at the SPA site.The Cl^-/Na^+ ratio at the SPA site for PM2.5 was different from that at the other site, with chloride depletion indicating several sources beyond sea salt. The occurrence of levoglucosan and its correlations with potassium confirm the contribution of local biomass burning (at PRB) and long-range transported particles at SPA. OC/EC ratios and the correlation coefficients indicated secondary formation of OC at both sites.
Subsurface Transport of Phosphorus to Streams: A Potential Source of Phosphorus not Alleviated by Best Management Practices (BMPs)

vi I. PROBLEM AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES . 1 1.1 Subsurface Nutrient Transport Studies . 1 1.2 Hydraulic Conditions Promoting Subsurface Phosp rus Transport . 2 1.3 Objectives . 2 II. METHODOLOGY . 3 2.1 Soil Sampling . 4 2.2 Tracer and Phosphorus Injection Experiments . 6 2.3 Laboratory Column Experiments . 7 III. PRINCIPLE FINDINGS AND SIGNIFICANCE . 9 3.1 Soil Properties . 9 3.2 Tracer and Phosphorus Injection Experiments . 11 3.3 Laboratory Flow Experiments . 20 4.4 Research Implications . 23 IV. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK . 23 V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 24 VI. REFERENCES . 24 APPENDIX. AERIAL PHOTO OF FIELD SITE ALONG BARREN FORK CREEK . 27
Cloud computing adoption among higher education institutions in Yemen: An integrated conceptual framework

Leaders form an organization’s ethical climate and influence employees’ perceptions and intentions. Employees’ intentions become positive when leader’s personal ethics and ethical climate are congruent. The current study focused on the relationships among ethical leadership, distributive justice and ethical climate in the formation of employee’s turnover intention. The purpose of the study is (1) to examine whether leader’s ethics significantly impact over turnover intention, (2) to what extent distributive justice effects turnover intention, and (3) to determine the indirect impact of ethical leadership on turnover intention through ethical climate. The valid sample data was randomly collected through structured questionnaire distributed among 265 employees from 9 different banks located in Northern Punjab region of Pakistan. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis using AMOS 22.0. Results revealed that distributive justice is significantly related to turnover intentions and ethical climate mediated between ethical leadership and turnover intention. This study contributes to the existing literature by considering both, distributive justice and ethical leadership in predicting turnover intention. When enacting policies and procedures, leaders should set ethical and justice tone that can be helpful to facilitate ethical behavior and also minimize turnover intentions among employee .
Status of contralateral ear in unilateral chronic otitis media

Background: The aim of this study was to clinically, audiologically and radiologically examine the contralateral ear, and compare the findings with squamous and mucosal type of chronic otitis media . Methods: A prospective study of 15 months between April 2015 to July 2016 was conducted in the Otorhinolaryngology department, enrolling 80 patients with unilateral chronic otitis media. The contralateral ear was defined as the ear with no tympanic membrane perforation. Otoscopy, pure tone audiometry and X-ray mastoid or HRCT temporal bone were done on the patients. The results were recorded and analysed . Results: Descriptive statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 22 in Windows 7. It was seen that most of the Tympanic membranes were abnormal, with contralateral ear of squamous disease showing more abnormality. Retraction and thinning were the most common abnormalities. And 14.3% cases of pars tensa retractions in squamous cases were grade 4 retractions. Mastoids were mostly sclerosed or diploeic, and soft tissue was present in the mastoid antrum in a few cases. Hearing loss was seen in contralateral ear of 47% of squamosal disease and in 30.5 % of mucosal disease . Conclusions: The contralateral ear is now, what the diseased ear was yesterday. The contralateral ear shows unmistakable predilection towards developing chronic otitis media in the future .
Differential Effects of Law, Culture and Political Risk on Performance and Risk-taking Behavior of Fund Managers

This paper considers an international sample of conventional and Islamic mutual funds to assess whether law, culture, and political risk affect the performance and risk-taking behavior of mutual funds. Overall, the results show strongly that legal conditions, culture, and political risk have robust differential effects on performance and risk-taking behavior of Islamic and conventional funds. We find that Islamic and conventional funds in developing countries with lower legal conditions, higher corruption and political risk have higher performance. Likewise, in such conditions, both of Islamic and conventional funds have lower return volatility and systematic risk. Overall, Hoefsted culture's values affect significantly the performance and risk-taking behavior of fund managers with robust differential effects between Islamic and conventional funds. The components of country legality and political risk Index have significant differential effects between Islamic and conventional funds. Overall, the data show the fund manager characteristics (experience, qualifications, etc) and specific fund features matter for the performance and risk-taking behavior of fund managers.
Morphometric study of cervical spine vertebrae in eastern region Nepalese population

Objective: To ascertain the normal values of mid-sagittal vertebral body Diameter, mid-sagittal canal diameter and canal-body ratio in adult Nepalese population. Methods : In this consent based descriptive, clinico -radiological study of 100 individuals who volunteered to being subjected to lateral projection radiographs of cervical spine. The sagittal canal diameter (CD), sagittal vertebral body diameter (VBD) and the canal-body ratio (CBR) was recorded on lateral projection radiographs (film to tube distance at 183 cms) and analyzed statistically. Results : The mean vertebral body diameter was 17.81±1.73mm (male:18.30±1.64mm;female:17.05±1.61mm), mean canal diameter was 17.18±1.67mm (males:17.31±1.74mm; females: 16.97±1.56mm),the mean canal body ratio was 0.97±0.13 (males:0.95±0.13; females:1.00±0.13). In mongoloids mean body diameter is 18.23±1.58 mm, mean canal diameter is 16.87±1.77 mm. and mean canal body ratio is 0.93±0.13. In non-mongoloids the mean body diameter was 17.48±1.79 mm, mean canal diameter was 17.42±1.59 mm, and mean canal body ratio was 1.00±0.13. Conclusion: The vertebral body diameter was significantly larger in men as compared to women, and this difference was statistically significant at all vertebral levels (p 0.05). The canal body ratio was greater in females than in males at all levels but this was also not statistically significant (p >0.05. The canal diameter was more in non-mongoloids as compared to mongoloids but this difference was not significant except at C2 level. Population in the eastern region of Nepal had values more nearer to Indian population but lesser than Europeans. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v11i3.9636 Health Renaissance 2013;11(3):224-228
The Determinant of Bank Interest Rates Spreads in Ghana

In Ghana, there is a widespread perception that interest rate spread is too wide. Banks, on the other hand, had justified the wide interest rate spread on the basis of some economic variables that affect the banks. The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of the bank interest margin in Ghana. This paper therefore examines the determinants of banking sector interest rate spreads in Ghana. Based on the availability of data, the paper focused on some banking industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of (IR) spread. This study used exploratory and explanatory approaches. The exploratory methodology was used to identify the factors affecting determination of interest rate spreads and an explanatory approach was employed to establish how the factors affect the determination of interest spread in Ghana. The study found that factors affecting the determination of interest rate spread in Ghana are GDP, Exchange Rate, Prime Rate, Treasury Bill Rate, Liquidity, Overhead Costs, Loan Loss Provisioning and Profit Margin.
Bank Capital Channels in the Monetary Transmission Mechanism

Recent empirical evidence based on microdata panels indicates the importance of banks’ balance sheets for the monetary transmission mechanism. This paper builds a dynamic general equilibrium model to analyse the macroeconomic consequences of changes in the cost of bank capital, and thus the cost of bank credit. The model includes the interaction between the supply side (banking sector) and the demand side (corporate sector) of the credit market. The analysis suggests that bank capital channels may be an important part of the monetary transmission mechanism, particularly when there are large, direct shocks to banks’ balance sheets. Such shocks could occur when there are structural changes that affect the banking system. The impulse responses are likely to be magnified due to the interaction between the supply and the demand sides of the credit market.
Breast Cancer Coping Strategies after Diagnosis: A Six-month Follow-up

Introduction: Breast cancer is a tragic experience that accompanies stressful situations for patients. Adjustment with breast cancer has a significant effect on decreasing stress and increasing the patients› quality of life. Methods: In a prospective cross-sectional study, breast cancer patients› experiences were evaluated at Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC), Motamed Cancer Institut (MCI), Tehran, Iran. To evaluate coping strategies in breast cancer patients, a modified Ways of Coping-cancer Version (WOC-CA) questionnaire was used. A written informed consent was obtained from the patients. Results: From a total of 187 breast cancer patients participated in this study, 177 cases followed up for 6 months later. The mean age of the patients was 47.3 ± 9.6 years. Eighty-seven percent of the patients were married, 91% of the subjects had middle and high education and most of them (83%) were housewife. Seven coping strategies were used by the patients after diagnosis and 6 months later. The most commonly used coping strategies after diagnosis included «seeking for social support», «spirituality», and «positive cognitive restructuring» and the least used coping strategy was «detachment». The most frequently used strategies 6 months after the diagnosis were «seeking for social support», «spirituality», «positive cognitive restructuring», and «making changes» and the least commonly used ones included «wishful thinking», and «keeping feelings to self-coping strategies». Conclusions: It seems that clinicians should provide enough information about the treatment and survival before the surgery. The patients› concerns about the way of adjustment with the disease, especially religious thinking and advices about the way of coping with breast cancer should be considered.
Laminar Natural Convection in a Square Enclosure with Discrete Heating of Vertical Walls

Natural convection heat transfer in a square air-filled enclo- sure with one discrete flush heater is examined numerically. The enclo- sure is vertical with isothermal heating strip on one wall, the remainder of the wall and the opposing one are isothermally maintained at a lower temperature. The top and bottom sides are adiabatic. The two dimen- sional differential conservation equations of mass, momentum and en- ergy are solved by a finite difference method for Rayleigh number var- ying from 102 to 10 6 . The changes in temperature and flow fields (stream functions) with increase in Rayleigh number are investigated for different heater locations. The isothermal cold sections adjacent to the heater assist the development of secondary circulation cells, that de- pend upon both Rayleigh number and the position. With discrete heat- ing and cooling sections on one wall, the flow is characterized by boun- dary layers lining these sections with separate circulation cells. The variation of the local Nusselt number is influenced by this flow pattern and the average Nusselt number is higher than that of a discrete heating strip mounted on an adiabatic wall. The optimum location over the range of Rayleigh number is for the heater mounted at the center of the wall, s/L = 0.5 a result confirmed by previous experiments.
COMPACTNESS AND GLOBAL ESTIMATES FOR A FOURTH ORDER EQUATION OF CRITICAL SOBOLEV GROWTH ARISING FROM CONFORMAL GEOMETRY

Given (M,g) a smooth compact Riemannian manifold of dimension n ≥ 5, we investigate compactness for fourth order critical equations like Pgu = u2♯-1, where is a Paneitz–Branson operator with constant coefficients b and c, u is required to be positive, and is critical from the Sobolev viewpoint. We prove that such equations are compact on locally conformally flat manifolds, unless b lies in some closed interval associated to the spectrum of the smooth symmetric (2,0)-tensor field involved in the definition of the geometric Paneitz–Branson operator.
Performance management antecedents and public sector organizational performance: empirical evidence from Nigeria

Using data from MDA-wide survey administered on the public sector organizations in the North-eastern part of Nigeria, the study examine some antecedents of the performance management practice and how these antecedents influenced public sector organizational performance. The hypotheses of the study were tested using the survey data from 63 public sector organizations notably ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs). Pearson zero-order correlation was used to analyze the hypothesized relationship. The study found that, certain antecedents such as performance measurement and institutional culture have significant positive association with public sector organizational performance. Thus, the study provides an avenue for MDAs in Nigeria and elsewhere to redesign, redefine and formulate policies for improving their hitherto unencouraging performance. The study also recommended that, more performance management mechanisms are needed to complement and improve the public sector efficiency.
The subelliptic ∞-Laplace system on Carnot–Carathéodory spaces

Abstract. Given a Carnot–Carathéodory space with associated frame of vector fields , we derive the subelliptic ∞-Laplace system for mappings , which reads in the limit of the subelliptic p-Laplacian as . Here is the horizontal gradient and is the projection on its nullspace. Next, we identify the variational principle characterizing the subelliptic ∞-Laplacian system, which is the “Euler–Lagrange PDE” of the supremal functional for an appropriately defined notion of horizontally ∞-minimal mappings. We also establish a maximum principle for for solutions to the subelliptic ∞-Laplacian system. These results extend previous work of the author [J. Differential Equations 253 (2012), no. 7, 2123–2139; Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. , to appear] on vector-valued calculus of variations in L∞ from the Euclidean to the subelliptic setting.
Multivariate Statistical Analyses of Fluoride and Other Physicochemical Parameters in Groundwater Samples of Two Megacities in Asia: Lahore and Sialkot

The present study was carried out to evaluate the current status of contaminants and their sources in groundwater samples collected from Lahore and Sialkot. A total of 93 samples were collected from different localities of Lahore and Sialkot and analyzed for the determination of various physicochemical parameters. The results of the study revealed that mean fluoride and chloride contents of water samples from Lahore were higher than the values recommended by Pak-EPA and WHO whereas the mean nitrate and sulphate levels of these samples were well within the limits. The order observed for these physicochemical parameters from Lahore was Cl− > alkalinity > > > F−. All the observed physicochemical parameters for water samples from Sialkot were found to be greater than those of Lahore, due to a more intensive industrial activity in Sialkot. The correlation study revealed the strongest correlation among conductance and alkalinity in samples from both cities. Fluoride and sulphate were found to be positively correlated in samples from Lahore and negatively correlated in samples from Sialkot. Multivariate analysis in terms of principle component analysis and cluster analysis furnished information about the sources of various parameters in groundwater samples.
COOLING EFFECTS OF TWO TYPES OF TREE CANOPY SHAPE IN PENANG, MALAYSIA

Shade trees provide a cooling effect by blocking sunlight, increased ambient air humidity and provide shade during the day. All trees cannot offer relief from the heat in the same amount. This study compared the shading effectiveness of two types of canopy shape (rounded and spreading) in the landscape of Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. There are four species selected for this study. Field measurement of microclimate conditions under the tree canopy and open spaces were repeated on a sunny day. The effect of trees shade on air temperature, surface temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and solar transmission were also compared and related to the leaf area index (LAI). It was found that the air temperature under the canopy could be reduced between 0.67 °C to 2.55 °C, while the surface-soil temperature can be reduced between 3.23 °C to 8.15 °C. Tree species with higher LAI values, Swietenia macrophylla (Big leaf mahogany) and Tabebuia rosea (Tecoma) provide significantly more cooling than the other species. Reduction of surface temperature is positively correlated with leaf area index. This study shows that shade tree in tropical climates are helpful in improving the outdoor thermal comfort, cooling ground surface by encouraging more latent heat and reduces air temperature by encouraging more evapotranspiration. Thus, the selection of tree species with higher leaf area index value can maximize the benefits they provide to the surrounding area.
Letters to a young poet ; &, The letter from the young worker

Originally written to a young man considering a career in the German military, Rainer Maria Rilke's beautiful letters explore a huge range of subjects delicately and with a passionate sensitivity. The recipient, Franz Kappus, began to send his poetry to the 27-year-old Rilke when a student, seeking advice. Their correspondence lasted from 1902 to 1908, and Kappus collated and published the ten letters after Rilke's death. The letters contain insights which are as profound today as when they were written, touching on sexuality, love, creativity and other aspects of the human condition. The book is perennially and hugely influential in the US, where it enjoys the accolade of being Lady Gaga's favourite book.
Retailer Service Quality and Customer Loyalty: Empirical Evidence in Vietnam

This study investigates the relationship between retailer service quality and customer loyalty by conducting questionnaire survey on 664 buyers in several supermarkets in Vietnam. This questionnaire was constructed with 49 retail service quality items covering 6 service quality dimensions namely Physical aspects, Reliability, Personal Interaction, Problem solving and Policy and Information of goods, and 2 customer loyalty items. Statistical analysis results indicate the significant link between customer loyalty and such dimensions of service quality as Problem solving, Policy and Personal Interaction. From these findings, both managerial and theoretical implications have been discussed.
Effect of seasonal variation and solvent systems on estimation of phytochemicals and screening of anthelmintic activity of Kydia calycina Roxb. Leaf.

Kydia calycina (KC) is commonly known as Kydia tree belongs to the family Malvaceae. The tree has many ethanobotanical uses like leaves are used for treatment of skin diseases, abscess, wounds, cuts, boils, body pain, roots are used as anti-rheumatic etc. The present study was aimed to investigate anthelmintic activity of various solvent extracted leaves and to understand the influence of seasonal variations on phytoconstituents content and screening of the said activity. Leaves were extracted with aqueous, methanol and equi-mixure of aqueous and methanol solvents (1:1). Various proximate analysis like presence of moisture content, extractive values, total ash value, water and acid soluble ash were estimated as per IP-1996. Thereafter preliminary phytoconstituents screening of all the individual leaf extracts were carried out as per the standard method described. Furthermore anthelmintic activity was carried out against Pheretima posthuma (Earthworms) at varied concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml and compared with standard Albendazole (12.5 and 25 mg/ml) and distilled water as control. Results revealed the presence of glycoside, carbohydrates, steroids and terpenoids in various extracts with varied ranges of results in proximate analysis. Furthermore the highest anthelmintic activity was showed by the equal mixture of aqueous and methanol extract (paralysis at 4.47± 0.23 min followed by death at 10.14± 1.02 min at 100 mg/ml) when compared with the standard Albendazole (paralysis at 2.14± 0.04 min followed by death at 4.21± 0.11 min at 12.5 mg/ml). Results concluded that KC leaf has significant dose dependent anthelmintic activity based on the selected solvents for extraction, type of constituent present and influenced by seasonal variations.
Selfies| The Gestural Image: The Selfie, Photography Theory, and Kinesthetic Sociability

A selfie, whatever else it might be, is usually a photograph: a pictorial image produced by a camera. This banal observation informs widespread understandings of the selfie as a cultural category: “A photograph that one has taken of oneself” (Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year, 2013, p. 1). Yet despite the selfie’s obvious photographic provenance, little scholarly research has drawn systematically on the intellectual resource most closely associated with the aesthetics of its host medium: photography theory.