Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scoring the percentage of Ki67 positive nuclei is superior to mitotic count and the mitosis marker phosphohistone H3 (PHH3) in terms of differentiating flat lesions of the bladder mucosa

Aims To systematically compare different approaches for evaluating mucosal proliferative activity regarding their diagnostic role for delineating flat lesions of the bladder mucosa. Methods 32 carcinoma in situ (CIS) and 31 flat non-CIS conditions (low-grade dysplasia and reactive atypia) of the bladder mucosa were assessed by two independent pathologists in two rounds in terms of their proliferative activity assessed by the mitotic counts on H&E-stained sections (mitoses per mm2) and immunohistochemically using the MIB-1 antibody and the mitosis marker phosphohistone H3 (PHH3). Two different approaches for immunoscoring (percentage of stained nuclei vs dichotomised height of mucosal staining considering lower half vs full-thickness marker expression) were applied. κ statistics were used to evaluate interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility. Results Scoring the percentage of Ki67 expressing cell nuclei seems to be superior to dichotomisation of the height of mucosal staining as well as to PHH3 immunostaining and conventional mitotic counts in terms of delineating CIS from flat non-CIS conditions. This approach shows substantial (κ=0.62–0.65; p<0.001) interobserver and substantial to almost perfect (κ=0.67–0.83; p<0.001) intraobserver reproducibility. Conclusions The MIB-1 antibody is a useful adjunct in the differential diagnosis of conventionally challenging flat lesions of the bladder mucosa. In particular, 16% or more Ki67 positive cell nuclei favours CIS over flat non-CIS conditions, whereas 15% or less Ki67 positive cell nuclei is supportive of non-CIS conditions. However, due to some important limitations of MIB-1 staining, the MIB-1 antibody should be used as a component of a panel.
Receptors for the liver synthesized growth factors IGF‐1 and HGF/SF in uveal melanoma: intercorrelation and prognostic implications

Purpose: Uveal melanoma disseminates preferentially to the liver. The mechanism for this homing is largely unknown, but growth factors synthesized in the liver may be involved. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible relationship between cell surface receptors for two such growth factors: the c‐Met proto‐oncogene, which constitutes the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), and the insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‐1R). Their role as a prognostic factor was also clarified.
Effectiveness of an oral health education programme in primary schools in Zimbabwe after 3.5 years.

UNLABELLED Many medical and dental professionals in African nations believe that school teachers, through attendance of a short workshop, can be trained to provide oral health education. This increases the number of professionals available and is regarded as an important way forward in improving oral health. OBJECTIVES The current study assesses the effectiveness of an oral health education programme administered by schoolteachers in a district in Zimbabwe over a period of 3.5 years. METHODS The experimental group consisted of schools that had sent representatives to a regional workshop on oral health held in 1992. The control group was selected at random from schools not having attended the workshop. A total number of 439 boys and 526 girls were examined in 1992. Follow-up evaluations were carried out in 1993, 1994 and 1996. The dependent variables were plaque accumulation and caries increment in grade 2 and grade 4 children of experimental and control schools. RESULTS ANOVA test with year of evaluation (1992-94), experiment/control school, age and gender as independent variables showed no statistically significant difference in mean plaque scores in longitudinally examined original grade 2 (P>0.20) and grade 4 children (P=0.06) from experimental and control schools. The mean caries increment score in the experimental and control schools was 0.04 and 0.19, respectively. ANOVA test with fluoride levels and gender as independent variables on caries increment in experimental and control schools did not show a statistically significant difference (P=0.06). CONCLUSION The one-time training of teachers in aspects of oral health was ineffective in lowering plaque levels over a period of 3.5 years. Considering the low caries increment observed over the study period, the effect of the oral health programme on caries levels in the study group was inconclusive.
Colonic and anorectal motility testing in the high-resolution era

Purpose of review The past few years have seen an increase in the number of research and clinical groups around the world using high-resolution manometry (HRM) to record contractile activity in the anorectum and colon. Yet despite the uptake and growing number of publications, the clinical utility and potential advantages over traditional manometry remain undetermined. Recent findings Nearly all of the publications in the field of anorectal and colonic HRM have been published within the last 3 years. These studies have included some data on normal ranges in healthy adults, and abnormalities in patient groups with constipation or fecal incontinence, anal fissure, perineal descent, rectal cancer, and Hirschsprung's disease. Most of the studies have been conducted on adults, with only three published studies in pediatric populations. Very few studies have attempted to show advantages of HRM over traditional manometry Summary High-resolution anorectal and colonic manometry provide a more comprehensive characterization of motility patterns and coordinated activity; this may help to improve our understanding of the normal physiology and pathophysiology in these regions. To date, however, no published study has conclusively demonstrated a clinical, diagnostic, or interventional advantage over conventional manometry:
Role of individual's T‐cell immunome in controlling HIV‐1 progression

Viral and host factors can influence HIV‐1 progression, among them human leucocyte antigen (HLA) has shown the strongest effect. However, studies on the functional contribution of HLA in controlling HIV progression toward AIDS are limited by multiple issues, including the viral strain variability within the study subjects. In this study, in a cohort of children infected with a monophyletic strain (CRF02_AG) during an outbreak, we evaluated the HIV‐1 Gag, Vif, Vpr, Tat and hepatitis C virus E1/E2 (as control) proteins circulating in a cohort for the capability to be presented by the HLA molecules in the same population. A total of 70 Non‐progressors and 37 Progressors to AIDS were evaluated. In the presence of a constant capability of HIV‐1 to mutate in the region containing epitopes of Gag protein, the number of epitopes recognized in silico by the combination of the HLA alleles along the Gag consensus sequence is significantly higher in the Non‐progressors compared with Progressors (HLA‐A: Non‐progressors = 1·532 ± 1·211, Progressors = 0·7714± 1·031, P = 0·0016; HLA‐B: Non‐progressors = 1·556 ± 1·298, Progressors = 1·000 ± 0·817, P = 0·0319; HLA‐DR: Non‐progressors = 13·30± 9·488, Progressors = 7·294 ± 6·952, P = 0·0006). Similar results were obtained for the other HIV‐1 proteins Vif and Vpr, whereas no differences were obtained in the number of epitopes for the hepatitis C virus E1/E2 protein sequence or for the scrambled HIV‐1 sequence. Finally, the results were confirmed also in a subgroup of subjects where both HLA typing and Gag sequence were available. In conclusion, in the absence of bias due to viral strain diversity, it is the overall fitting of the HLA molecules that are capable of better binding HIV‐1 proteins in determining the major role in the control of HIV‐1 replication and progression to AIDS.
β-Carotene autoxidation: oxygen copolymerization, non-vitamin A products, and immunological activity

Carotenoids are reported to have immunological effects independent of vitamin A activity. Although antioxidant activity has been suggested as a basis of action, the ability of carotenoids to autoxidize to numerous non-vitamin A products with immunological activity is an alternative yet to be fully explored. We have undertaken a systematic study of -carotene autoxi- dation and tested the product mixture for immunological activity. Autoxidation proceeds predominantly by oxygen copolymer- ization, leading to a defined, reproducible product corresponding to net uptake of almost 8 molar equivalents of oxygen. The product, termed OxC-beta, empirical formula C40H60O15 versus C40H56 for -carotene, contains more than 30% oxygen (w/w) and 85% -carotene oxygen copolymers (w/w) as well as minor amounts of many C8−C18 norisoprenoid compounds. No vitamin A or higher molecular weight norisoprenoids are present. The predominance of polymeric products has not been reported previ- ously. The polymer appears to be a less polymerized form of sporopollenin, a biopolymer found in exines of spores and pollen. Autoxidations of lycopene and canthaxanthin show a similar predominance of polymeric products. OxC-beta exhibits immu- nological activity in a PCR gene expression array, indicating that carotenoid oxidation produces non-vitamin A products with immunomodulatory potential.
Atraumatic bilateral patellar tendon rupture, A case report and review of the literature.

Traumatic rupture of the patellar tendon is the result of severe overloading of the extensor mechanism of the knee in young, athletic patients. In contrast, prior injection of steroids and a variety of systemic diseases are associated with an increased tendency to rupture with little or no trauma1,2. The rarity of bilateral patellar tendon rupture and the symmetry of the findings on physical examination may cause clinicians to miss the diagnosis. We report a case of spontaneous bilateral patellar tendon rupture in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. The patient was seen twice in the emergency department without the injury being recognized. This case highlights the potential difficulties in diagnosing atraumatic bilateral patellar tendon rupture. A thirty-year-old woman with a sixteen-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus and recently diagnosed fibromyalgia was brought by ambulance to a local emergency department because of bilateral knee pain and an inability to bear weight on either leg. She was taking prednisone (20 mg/day) on an ongoing basis. She described a sharp pain in the right knee while standing still, which caused her to shift her weight to the left knee. She also reported a twisting sensation in the left knee with subsequent pain, and an inability to bear weight on either leg. Physical examination showed a left knee effusion and an inability to extend either knee, which the examining physician attributed to pain. Radiographs of the left knee showed no fracture (Fig. 1). The patient was diagnosed as having a knee sprain; she was treated with a knee immobilizer bilaterally and was given crutches for walking. Fig. 1: Lateral radiograph of the knee, made at the time of initial presentation, demonstrating patella alta. Seven days later, the patient returned to the emergency department because of continued inability to walk due to …
Interval Endurance Capacity of Talented Youth Soccer Players

The purpose of this study, in which 113 talented youth soccer players (M = 16.0 yr., SD = 1.5), selected by their age and level of performance participated, was to investigate interval endurance capacity needed to play at the highest level of competition in the age-category 12 through 18. Multivariate analyses of covariance with factors of level of performance and age category showed that players ages 16 through 18 years outscored the players ages 12 through 15 years on the interval endurance capacity (p <.05). In both age categories, elite players outscored less skilled players (p <.05). In the age category 12–15 years, the elite players participated more in soccer training than less skilled players (p <.05), whereas less skilled players participated more in additional training than the elite players (p <.05). No differences were found for total training (p >.05). In conclusion, development of the interval endurance capacity seems crucial for a talented youth soccer player to be successful.
Rapid Late Pleistocene Incision of Atlantic Passive-Margin River Gorges

The direct and secondary effects of rapidly changing climate caused large rivers draining the Atlantic passive margin to incise quickly into bedrock beginning about 35,000 years ago. Measured in samples from bedrock fluvial terraces, 10-beryllium shows that both the Susquehanna and Potomac Rivers incised 10- to 20-meter-deep gorges along steep, convex lower reaches during the last glacial cycle. This short-lived pulse of unusually rapid down-cutting ended by 13,000 to 14,000 years ago. The timing and rate of downcutting are similar on the glaciated Susquehanna and unglaciated Potomac Rivers, indicating that regional changes, not simply glacial meltwater, initiated incision.
Transgenic Insecticidal Corn: The Agronomic and Ecological Rationale for Its Use

Ortman, Eldon E. ; Barry, B. Dean; Buschman, Laurent L. ; Calvin, Dennis D. ; Carpenter, Janet; Dively, Galen P.; Foster, John E. ; Fuller, Billy W. ; Hellmich, Richard L. ; Higgens, Randall A. ; Hunt, Thomas E. ; Munkvold, Gary P.; Ostlie, Kenneth R. ; Rice, Marlin E. ; Rousch, Richard T. ; Sears, Mark K. ; Shelton, Anthony M. ; Siegfried, Blair D. ; Sloderbeck, Phillip E. ; Steffey, Kevin L. ; Turpin, F. Tom; and Wedberg, John L. , "Transgenic Insecticidal Corn: The Agronomic and Ecological Rationale for Its Use" (2001). Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology. 35. https://digitalcommons.unl. edu/entomologyfacpub/35
Polyethism in Termites

Polyethism or division of works among workers of social insects is always a hot issue among entomologists. Honey bees, ants, and wasps are the main target for scientists to study the division of works. Studying polyethism in termites has been increased recently due to the damages to the forests, buildings, boats and even water preserving monuments. Every year a huge amount of money is spent to control these isopteran social insects in the south east of Asia, the US, Australia and other tropical and subtropical regions. As understanding the polyethism in these social insects can be a hand in controlling them, in this review we have tried to explain different kinds of polyethism and their importance in these social insects.
Prenatal exposure to radiofrequencies: Effects of WiFi signals on thymocyte development and peripheral T cell compartment in an animal model

Wireless local area networks are an increasing alternative to wired data networks in workplaces, homes, and public areas. Concerns about possible health effects of this type of signal, especially when exposure occurs early in life, have been raised. We examined the effects of prenatal (in utero) exposure to wireless fidelity (WiFi) signal‐associated electromagnetic fields (2450 MHz center‐frequency band) on T cell development and function. Pregnant mice were exposed whole body to a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg, 2 h per day, starting 5 days after mating and ending 1 day before the expected delivery. Sham‐exposed and cage control groups were used as controls. No effects on cell count, phenotype, and proliferation of thymocytes were observed. Also, spleen cell count, CD4/CD8 cell frequencies, T cell proliferation, and cytokine production were not affected by the exposure. These findings were consistently observed in the male and female offspring at early (5 weeks of age) and late (26 weeks of age) time points. Nevertheless, the expected differences associated with aging and/or gender were confirmed. In conclusion, our results do not support the hypothesis that the exposure to WiFi signals during prenatal life results in detrimental effects on the immune T cell compartment. Bioelectromagnetics 33:652–661, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prospective comparison of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.

OBJECTIVE To compare mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2, respectively) and to assess the impact of maternal HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections on child survival. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Maternal and child health center in a lower socioeconomic class district of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. PARTICIPANTS A total of 18,099 women delivering between 1990 and 1992 were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. A cohort of 613 pregnant women and their infants was followed prospectively (138 women reactive to HIV-1, 132 reactive to HIV-2, 69 reactive to both viruses, and 274 HIV-seronegative). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Rates of perinatal transmission for HIV-1, HIV-2, and both viruses, determined from results of serological and polymerase chain reaction tests on children; survival of infants born to HIV-1-positive, HIV-2-positive, dually reactive, and HIV-seronegative women. RESULTS Of the 18,099 women tested, 9.4% were reactive to HIV-1 alone, 1.6% to HIV-2 alone, and 1.0% to both viruses. The rate of perinatal transmission of HIV-1 was 24.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.8% to 33.7%), compared with 1.2% (95% CI, 0.0% to 3.5%) for HIV-2 (relative risk, 21.3; 95% CI, 2.9 to 154.3). Overall, 19.0% (95% CI, 9.0% to 29.0%) of infants of dually reactive women became infected; of the 11 children concerned, 10 were infected with HIV-1 and one with HIV-1 and HIV-2. Infants of HIV-seropositive mothers had a reduced survival; mortality rates were 15.1, 13.0, 6.5, and 3.4 deaths per 100 child-years, respectively, for children of HIV-1-positive, dually reactive, HIV-2-positive, and HIV-seronegative women. CONCLUSIONS The rate of perinatal transmission of HIV-2 (1.2%) was much lower than the rate of perinatal transmission of HIV-1 (24.7%), and this was associated with more favorable survival for infants of HIV-2-infected mothers. Dually reactive women could transmit both viruses, although transmission usually involved HIV-1 only. Public health guidelines should incorporate advice that perinatal transmission of HIV-2 is rare.
Endogenous Production of Lipoic Acid Is Essential for Mouse Development

ABSTRACT α-Lipoic acid (LA) is a cofactor for mitochondrial α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes and is one of the most potent, natural antioxidants. Reduction of oxidative stress by LA supplementation has been demonstrated in patients with diabetic neuropathy and in animal models. To determine how normal development or pathological conditions are affected by genetic alterations in the ability of mammalian cells to synthesize LA and whether dietary LA can circumvent its endogenous absence, we have generated mice deficient in lipoic acid synthase (Lias). Mice heterozygous for disruption of the Lias gene develop normally, and their plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances do not differ from those of wild-type mice. However, the heterozygotes have significantly reduced erythrocyte glutathione levels, indicating that their endogenous antioxidant capacity is lower than those of wild-type mice. Homozygous embryos lacking Lias appear healthy at the blastocyst stage, but their development is retarded globally by 7.5 days postcoitum (dpc), and all the null embryos die before 9.5 dpc. Supplementing the diet of heterozygous mothers with LA (1.65 g/kg of body weight) during pregnancy fails to prevent the prenatal deaths of homozygous embryos. Thus, endogenous LA synthesis is essential for developmental survival and cannot be replaced by LA in maternal tissues and blood.
Performance of spatial modulation schemes using transmit antenna selection with imperfect feedback

This paper investigates the effects of feedback errors on the performance of transmit antenna selection (TAS)-aided spatial modulation (SM) schemes, and provides insightful view-points for assessing and comparing the performance of TAS/SM schemes to other open- and closed-loop spatial multiplexing and diversity schemes in case of feedback imperfections. Average bit error rate performances of TAS/SM schemes for M-ary digital modulations are examined via both Monte Carlo simulations and numerical evaluation of semi-analytical derivations. Additionally, asymptotic behaviour of the antenna index error probability of TAS/SM schemes has been examined in order to sketch the overall diversity order of the average bit error rate performances.
Intentions to prescribe preexposure prophylaxis are associated with self-efficacy and normative beliefs.

To the Editor—We read with interest the article by Karris et al [1], which describes that although a majority of North American infectious disease physicians (74%) support the provision of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to at-risk individuals, strikingly few (9%) had prescribed PrEP. However, there remains a paucity of data regarding the views of primary care providers, who are best poised to prescribe PrEP to at-risk, HIV-negative patients. We conducted an online survey in December 2012 to understand factors associated with intentions to prescribe PrEP among physicians in the United States. Using a model based on the theory of planned behavior, we hypothesized that physicians’ intentions to prescribe PrEP are driven by attitudes, self-efficacy, and normative beliefs [2–4].
Measurement and evaluation of satisfaction process in Chinese online shopping context

The purpose of this study is to develop a satisfaction process model for measuring online shopping customer satisfaction in China from the perspective of total online shopping experience. The authors test the hypotheses through structural equation model analysis based on a survey of 488 online customers. The regression results suggest that the degree of satisfaction at each stage is subject to the shopping experience of that stage as well as the degree of satisfaction at previous stages, and they combine to lead to overall satisfaction.
Secure Cooperative Half-Duplex Cognitive Radio Networks With $K$ -th Best Relay Selection

In this paper, we study the secrecy performance of a half-duplex cognitive relay network in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers and multiple primary users. In particular, generic $K$ th best relay selection schemes for opportunistic relay selection (ORS) and partial relay selection (PRS) are proposed. Exact closed-form and asymptotic expressions for secrecy outage probability (SOP) of the considered schemes are derived. The outcome shows that ORS is able to achieve full secrecy diversity order while PRS obtains unit diversity order. Besides, the order of the selected relay is proved to affect the secrecy diversity order in the ORS scheme but not the PRS scheme, while the number of primary users does not have influence on the diversity order. Additionally, the significance of the change in the number of relays on the SOP enhances at higher orders of selected relay. Nevertheless, increasing the number of eavesdroppers reduces the secrecy diversity gain of the considered system in both schemes.
Limitations of the capacity of the M-user binary adder channel due to physical considerations

The capacity of the M-user binary adder channel, subjected to various restrictions of physical nature, is investigated. The underlying propagation media considered are (i) fiber-optic, with lossless coupling and Poisson statistics, (ii) radio, under Rayleigh fading, and (iii) radio with constant amplitudes and random phases. Whereas the capacity of the unrestricted (ideal) model for the binary adder channel is known to increase without limit with the number of users, it is shown in the present paper that, for each of these cases, the total capacity is upper-bounded by a constant independent of the number of users: in case (i) by 1.7Q/sub T/ bits per channel use, where Q/sub T/ is the parameter of the Poisson process, in case (ii) by 4.33 bits per channel use, and in case (iii) by 4.27 bits per channel use. >