Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Equatorward Pathways of Solomon Sea Water Masses and Their Modifications

The Solomon Sea is a key region of the southwest Pacific Ocean, connecting the thermocline subtropics to the equator via western boundary currents (WBCs). Modifications to water masses are thought to occur in this region because of the significant mixing induced by internal tides, eddies, and the WBCs. Despite their potential influence on the equatorial Pacific thermocline temperature and salinity and their related impact on the low-frequency modulation of El Nino-Southern Oscillation, modifications to water masses in the Solomon Sea have never been analyzed to our knowledge. A high-resolution model incorporating a tidal mixing parameterization was implemented to depict and analyze water mass modifications and the Solomon Sea pathways to the equator in a Lagrangian quantitative framework. The main routes from the Solomon Sea to the equatorial Pacific occur through the Vitiaz and Solomon straits, in the thermocline and intermediate layers, and mainly originate from the Solomon Sea south inflow and from the Solomon Strait itself. Water mass modifications in the model are characterized by a reduction of the vertical temperature and salinity gradients over the water column: the high salinity of upper thermocline water [Subtropical Mode Water (STMW)] is eroded and exported toward surface and deeper layers, whereas a downward heat transfer occurs over the water column. Consequently, the thermocline water temperature is cooled by 0.15°-0.3°C from the Solomon Sea inflows to the equatorward outflows. This temperature modification could weaken the STMW anomalies advected by the subtropical cell and thereby diminish the potential influence of these anomalies on the tropical climate. The Solomon Sea water mass modifications can be partially explained (≈60%) by strong diapycnal mixing in the Solomon Sea. As for STMW, about a third of this mixing is due to tidal mixing.
Detection and characterization of hibernating myocardium

Since Tennant and Wiggers observed that coronary occlusion caused a reduction in cardiac contractile function, a lot has been written about the concept of hibernating myocardium. Known as the ‘smart heart’, hibernating myocardium is characterized by a persistent ventricular myocardial dysfunction with preserved viability, which improves with the relief of the ischaemia; this chronic downregulation in contractile function being a protective mechanism to reduce oxygen demand and thus ensure myocyte survival. This improvement usually results in an enrichment in the quality of life as well as enhanced ventricular function. In fact, it has been observed that the cardiac event rate in patients with viable dysfunctional left ventricular segments who are medically treated, is higher than the event rate in patients with comparable viability who are revascularized. Different degrees of histological alteration have been seen in hibernating myocardium, ranging from cellular de-differentiation (fetal phenotype) to cellular degeneration. Cellular de-differentiation has been associated with repetitive stunning. On the other hand, cellular degeneration (with more extensive fibrosis) has been associated with chronic low myocardial blood flow and a longer time to recovery after revascularization. These histological patterns may suggest an evolution from cellular de-differentiation to degeneration, which ends in scar formation if no revascularization is performed. In fact, several studies have described the clinical value of identifying and revascularizing hibernating segments as early as possible, to minimize fibrosis and morbidity from adverse events. Detection of hibernating myocardium still remains an important clinical problem. Imaging modalities to assess myocardial viability must differentiate potentially functional tissue from myocardium with no potential for functional recovery. These techniques fall into three broad categories: ventricular function assessment, myocardial perfusion imaging and myocardial metabolic imaging. PET imaging with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) and 11C-acetate, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with thallium and 99mTc-sestamibi, dobutamine echocardiograpy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fast computed tomography (CT) have been used for this purpose. PET imaging, in both perfusion and glucose metabolic activity, has become a standard for myocardial viability assessment, however, similar information may be available from carefully performed studies with perfusion tracers alone.
The Bowel Function Index for Evaluating Constipation in Pain Patients: Definition of a Reference Range for a Non-Constipated Population of Pain Patients

Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) is a severe, persisting side-effect of opioid therapy. The Bowel Function Index (BFIa, numerical analogue scale 0 − 100), calculated as the mean of three variables (ease of defaecation, feeling of incomplete bowel evacuation, and personal judgement of constipation) was developed to evaluate bowel function in opioid-treated patients with pain. This clinician-administered tool allows easy measurement of OIC from the patient's perspective. The purpose of this investigation was to define a reference range reflecting BFI values in non-constipated chronic pain patients who were recruited into a cross-sectional survey and asked for their perceptions of constipation. The BFI scores were assessed and compared with those of patients with confirmed OIC obtained from two previously published trials. Results were analysed and a reference range of BFI values of 0 − 28.8, into which 95% of non-constipated chronic pain patients fell, was defined. This permits discrimination between chronic pain patients with, or without, constipation.
Rare Noncoding Mutations Extend the Mutational Spectrum in the PGAP3 Subtype of Hyperphosphatasia with Mental Retardation Syndrome

HPMRS or Mabry syndrome is a heterogeneous glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor deficiency that is caused by an impairment of synthesis or maturation of the GPI‐anchor. The expressivity of the clinical features in HPMRS varies from severe syndromic forms with multiple organ malformations to mild nonsyndromic intellectual disability. In about half of the patients with the clinical diagnosis of HPMRS, pathogenic mutations can be identified in the coding region in one of the six genes, one among them is PGAP3. In this work, we describe a screening approach with sequence specific baits for transcripts of genes of the GPI pathway that allows the detection of functionally relevant mutations also including introns and the 5′ and 3′ UTR. By this means, we also identified pathogenic noncoding mutations, which increases the diagnostic yield for HPMRS on the basis of intellectual disability and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase. In eight affected individuals from different ethnicities, we found seven novel pathogenic mutations in PGAP3. Besides five missense mutations, we identified an intronic mutation, c.558‐10G>A, that causes an aberrant splice product and a mutation in the 3′UTR, c. *559C>T, that is associated with substantially lower mRNA levels. We show that our novel screening approach is a useful rapid detection tool for alterations in genes coding for key components of the GPI pathway.
The genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. 8. Natural selection on the degree of dominance of viability polygenes.

Recent reports (MUKAI et al. 1974; KATZ and CARDELLINO 1978; COCKERHAM and MUEAI 1978) have indicated that the Cy chromosome is not always dominant over its homologous chromosome with respect to viability. Thus, the genetic parameters previously estimated using viabilities determined by the Cy method are biased. In the present paper, the biases of the estimates for the polygenic mutation rate, the degree of dominance and the homozygous load are examined. The results indicate that the biases for the mutation rate and the degree of dominance are small and that the estimate of the homozygous load relative to the average viability of the population is not biased. INCE some experimental evidence suggested that the rearranged second chromcsome , Zn(2LR)SMI, which is marked with the Cy mutation, almost completely suppresses the effect of deleterious mutations located in homologous chromosome (MUKAI 1964; MUKAI et al. 1972). The object was to measure the method (WALLACE 1956) or its equivalent to estimate the relative viabilities of second or third chromosomes of Drosophila melanoigaster (MUKAI and YAMAGUCHI 1974, and earlier). However, recent careful experiments conducted by COCKERHAM and MUKAI (1978) clearly showed that the C y chromosome is not always completely dominant. Thus, it is necessary to examine how the estimates of genetic parameters such as the polygenic mutation rate, the degree of dominance and the homozygous genetic load, all of which are based on the assumed complete dominance of the Cy chromosome ( MUKAI 1964; MUKAI and YAMAZAKI 1968; MUKAI and YAMAGUCHI 1974; WATANABE, YAMAGUCHI and MUKAI 1976, etc.), are biased. Fortunately, the results of the examination show that the biases are small. This article presents the results, along with the effect of synergistic interaction (MUKAI 1969a) on the estimate of the polygenic mutation rate. * Paper No. 4 from the Laboratory of Population Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University 33, Fukuoka 812, Japan. This work was mainly supported by Grants 144001 and 348003 from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan. Genetics 94: 169-184 January, 1980.
Residual HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 Dna Production in the Genital Tract Reservoir of Women Treated with Haart: The Prospective Anrs Ep24 Gynodyn Study

Background The female genital tract constitutes a reservoir for HIV providing active production of both cell-free HIV RNA and cell-associated DNA within the cervicovaginal secretions. The objective of this study was to prospectively assess residual HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA production in the genital tract reservoir of women initiating HAART over an 18-month period. Methods Paired blood and cervicovaginal lavage samples were collected at inclusion and 1, 6, 12 and 18 months after HAART initiation, in 23 women in first-line HAART and six women in virological failure, for measurement of HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA shedding and/or drug concentrations. Results A dramatic decrease of HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA occurred in both blood and cervicovaginal samples over the first 6 months on HAART, followed by a shelf up to 18 months, independently of the drugs’ genital pharmacokinetics. While cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA became undetectable in >90% of women from 6 months on HAART, genital HIV-1 DNA remained frequently detectable (27–50%). Nearly 40% of women with sustained undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA after 6–18 months on HAART harboured transient HIV-1 RNA (15% of women) or HIV-1 DNA (31% of women) in their genital secretions. Conclusions Low-level cervicovaginal HIV-1 shedding is frequently evidenced in HAART-treated women with transient HIV-1 RNA and persistent HIV-1 DNA despite a systemic control of viral replication, resulting in possible residual genital infectivity.
From relativistic quantum fields to condensed matter and back again: updating the Gross-Neveu phase diagram

During the last few years, the phase diagram of the large N Gross–Neveu model in 1 + 1 dimensions at finite temperature and chemical potential has undergone a major revision. Here, we present a streamlined account of this development, collecting the most important results. Quasi-one-dimensional condensed matter systems like conducting polymers provide real physical systems which can be approximately described by the Gross–Neveu model and have played some role in establishing its phase structure. The kink–antikink phase found at low temperatures is closely related to inhomogeneous superconductors in the Larkin–Ovchinnikov–Fulde–Ferrell phase. With the complete phase diagram at hand, the Gross–Neveu model can now serve as a firm testing ground for new algorithms and theoretical ideas.
Electron mobility and localization effects in high-density Ne gas.

We report on the measurements of electron as well as ion mobility in neon gas at low temperature (close to the critical temperature) and up to very high density (N\ensuremath{\approxeq}180\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$). We have found evidence of localized electron states at densities larger than (90--100)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. The transition from the region of quasifree states to that of coexisting quasifree and localized states takes place in a density range in fairly good agreement with the predictions of a simple bubble model. The mobility data of the quasifree electron are in disagreement with the actual multiple-scattering theory. The detailed calculation of the mean mobility in the high-density region where localization takes place is still an unsolved problem.
miR-155 and miR-146b negatively regulates IL6 in Helicobacter pylori (cagA+) infected gastroduodenal ulcer.

OBJECTIVE Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the main cause of gastroduodenal ulcer. The molecular mechanisms that underlying this progress are still not very clear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that function as negative regulator of numerous target genes at posttranscriptional level. miRNAs plays important roles in the development of many infection related diseases. The roles of miRNAs in the development of H. pylori-infected gastroduodenal ulcer haven't been well studied yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS The miRNA and mRNA profiles in normal gastroduodenal biopsy, H. pylori-infected gastroduodenal biopsy and H. pylori-infected gastroduodenal ulcer biopsy samples were compared and analyzed to identify potential related miRNAs and their target genes. The differential expression of the identified miRNAs and their target gene were validated in an independent set of H. pylori positive gastroduodenal ulcer biopsy samples by immunohistochemistry staining and RT-PCR. Then microRNA mimics were transfected to gastric epithelial cells infected with H. pylori 26695 (cagA+). RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to confirm the target gene of the identified microRNAs. RESULTS The integrative analysis and immunohistochemistry staining validation indicated that miR-155 and miR-146b, as well as their predicted target gene IL6, are up-regulated in H. pylori positive gastroduodenal ulcer. Further experiments in gastric epithelial cells revealed that H. pylori 26695 (cagA+) infection induces IL6 overexpression. But the overexpression of IL6 is weaken due to negative regulation by miR-155 and miR-146b. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the up-regulation of miR-155 and miR-146b decreases H. pylori (cagA+)-introduced IL6 overexpression, which might weaken the cleanup of H. pylori (cagA+) and contributes to ulcer.
Throwing while looking through prisms

department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The Program in Physical Therapy, ^Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, and The Irene Walter Johnson Institute of Rehabilitation Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA Correspondence to: W. T. Thach, MD, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8108, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
Educational Debt in the Context of Career Planning: A Qualitative Exploration of Medical Student Perceptions

ABSTRACT Phenomenon: Medical students in the United States face increasing educational debt because medical education costs have risen while public investment in higher education has declined. Contemporary students borrow more money and accumulate debt far surpassing that of previous generations of physicians, and both interest rates and terms of loan repayment have changed significantly in the last decade. As a result, the experiences of medical students differ from the experiences of physician educators. Little is known about how contemporary medical students view their debt in the context of career planning. Understanding contemporary U.S. medical students’ lived experiences of educational debt is important, because high debt levels may affect medical students’ well-being and professional development. Approach: The study's purpose was to explore contemporary students’ views of their debt in the context of career planning. In 2012, 2nd-year medical students enrolled in a health policy course at one medical school were invited to write an essay about how debt influences their career choices. The authors analyzed 132 essays using immersion and crystallization and iterative, team-based coding. Code-recode strategies, member checking, and reflexivity ensured validity and rigor. Findings: Three themes emerged about the meaning of debt: debt symbolizes lack of social investment, debt reinforces a sense of entitlement, and debt is a collective experience. Four approaches to debt management emerged: anticipation, avoidance, acceptance, and disempowerment. Insights: Medical students’ views of debt are more complex than previously reported. Medical educators should recognize that many students experience debt as a stressor, acknowledge students’ emotions about debt, and invite discussion about the culture of entitlement in medical education and how this culture affects students’ professionalism. At the same time, educators should emphasize that students have many repayment options and that regardless of specialty choice, most physicians repay their debts without significant difficulty. Further exploration is needed of the relationships between the amount of debt owed, students’ attitudes toward their debt, and other student characteristics. Because students experience debt in a range of ways, more nuanced approaches to understanding and reframing student perceptions of debt are necessary.
Cryotherapy and inflammation: evidence beyond the cardinal signs

Abstract Background: Cryotherapy is one of the most popular electro-physical agents used to 'treat' acute inflammation after a soft tissue injury. Much of the clinical rationale for this is based on anecdotal reports, with most clinicians accepting that cryotherapy has an 'anti' inflammatory effect after injury. There have been a number of recent advances towards improving our understanding of the inflammatory process after soft tissue injury. Objectives: To review the rationale for cryotherapy intervention in the acute phases of soft tissue injury, whilst considering physiological, cellular and molecular models of inflammation. Methods: Qualitative review of recent evidence. Results: Research is restricted to animal models, applying various forms of cryotherapy after induced soft tissue injury. Outcomes focus on the effect that cooling has on key physiological, biochemical and molecular inflammatory events including: secondary cell death, white blood cell behaviour, apoptosis, blood flow and oedema formation. Conclusion: Cryotherapy can have an influence on key inflammatory events at a cellular and physiological level after an acute soft tissue injury. However, the relative benefits of these effects have yet to be fully elucidated and it is difficult to contextualize within a human model. It is important to continue to update our rationale for applying common electro-physical agents such as cryotherapy after acute soft tissue injury, based on contemporary models of inflammation.
Next to soft corrections to Drell-Yan and Higgs boson productions

We present a framework that resums threshold enhanced large logarithms to all orders in perturbation theory for the production of a pair of leptons in Drell-Yan process and of Higgs boson in gluon fusion as well as in bottom quark annihilation. These logarithms include the distributions $((1-z)^{-1} \log^i(1-z))_+$ resulting from soft plus virtual (SV) and the logarithms $\log^i(1-z)$ from next to SV contributions. We use collinear factorisation and renormalisation group invariance to achieve this. We find that the resummed result is a solution to Sudakov type differential equation and hence it can predict soft plus virtual contributions as well as next to SV contributions to all orders in strong coupling constant to the partonic coefficient function in terms of infrared anomalous dimensions and process independent functions. The $z$ space resummed result is shown to have integral representation which allows us to resum the large logarithms of the form $\log^i(N)$ retaining $1/N$ corrections resulting from next to SV terms. We show that in $N$ space, tower of logarithms $a_s^n/N^\alpha \log^{2n-\alpha} (N), a_s^n/N^\alpha \log^{2n-1-\alpha}(N) \cdots $ etc for $\alpha =0,1$ are summed to all orders in $a_s$.
Combination of FVIII and by‐passing agent potentiates in vitro thrombin production in haemophilia A inhibitor plasma

The by‐passing agents, recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) and activated prothrombin complex concentrate (APCC), are important tools in the treatment of patients with haemophilia A and high‐responding inhibitory antibodies. It has been observed clinically that in some patients undergoing immune tolerance induction the bleeding frequency decreases, hypothetically caused by a transient haemostatic effect of infused FVIII not measurable ex vivo. We evaluated how by‐passing agents and factor VIII (FVIII) affect thrombin generation (TG) in vitro using plasma from 11 patients with severe haemophilia A and high titre inhibitors. Samples were spiked with combinations of APCC, rFVIIa and five different FVIII products. Combination of APCC and FVIII showed a synergistic effect in eliciting TG (P < 0·005) for four FVIII products. When rFVIIa and FVIII were combined the interaction between the preparations was found to be additive. APCC and rFVIIa were then combined without FVIII, resulting in an additive effect on thrombin production. Each product separately increased TG above baseline. In conclusion, the amount of thrombin formed in vitro by adding a by‐passing agent, was higher in the presence of FVIII. Our findings support the use of FVIII in by‐passing therapy to optimize the haemostatic effect.
Smooth‐muscle differentiation in stromal cells of malignant and non‐malignant breast tissues

A mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb) recognizing α‐smooth‐muscle actin has been used to study smooth‐muscle differentiation features in the stromal cells of desmoplastic reactions accompanying mammary tumors. We have studied, by the same immunohistochemical technique, a series of malignant and non‐malignant human breast tissues. Cells composing the desmoplastic reaction were found to express α‐smooth‐muscle actin in all the 11 breast carcinomas examined, whereas no immunostain was demonstrated in the stromal cells of 7 breast tissue samples histologically defined as normal. Three of 9 cases of fibrocystic disease showed a minority of positively stained stromal cells, generally in association with epithelial hyperplasia. All the 7 cases of sclerosing adenosis, 3 of 4 cases of diffuse papillomatosis and all 3 intraductal papillomas exhibited a majority of immunoreactive stromal cells. Numerous stromal cells in 3 of 11 circumscribed fibroadenomas analyzed expressed low amounts of α‐smooth‐muscle actin. The factor(s) responsible for smooth‐muscle differentiation in stromal cells are presently unknown, but the detection of this previously unsuspected stromal cell phenotype in non‐malignant mammary tissues might help in characterizing the variant morphological aspects designated under the label “fibrocystic disease” and in understanding the biology of pre‐malignant or early malignant lesions of the breast.