Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Breast tumors educate the proteome of stromal tissue in an individualized but coordinated manner

Proteomic analysis of the tumor-associated stroma reveals extensive and coordinated regulation by breast cancers. Profiling the tumor stroma proteome Communication between a tumor and cells in the surrounding stroma contributes to tumor growth, progression, and drug resistance. Thus, targeting this communication, in the primary tumor and especially in metastatic niches, may be an effective way to treat cancer. Wang et al. grew patient breast tumors subcutaneously in mice and obtained species-distinguished proteomic profiles of the tumors (human) and tumor-associated stroma (mouse). The authors found that all breast tumors consistently altered clustered subsets of the stromal proteome, particularly proteins involved in immune signaling, but that these varied in a subtype- and stage-specific manner. These findings may have future implications for treatment stratification and provide a platform from which to understand this experimental model and tumor-stroma interactions on a large-scale protein level. Cancer forms specialized microenvironmental niches that promote local invasion and colonization. Engrafted patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) locally invade and colonize naïve stroma in mice while enabling unambiguous molecular discrimination of human proteins in the tumor from mouse proteins in the microenvironment. To characterize how patient breast tumors form a niche and educate naïve stroma, subcutaneous breast cancer PDXs were globally profiled by species-specific quantitative proteomics. Regulation of PDX stromal proteins by breast tumors was extensive, with 35% of the stromal proteome altered by tumors consistently across different animals and passages. Differentially regulated proteins in the stroma clustered into six signatures, which included both known and previously unappreciated contributors to tumor invasion and colonization. Stromal proteomes were coordinately regulated; however, the sets of proteins altered by each tumor were highly distinct. Integrated analysis of tumor and stromal proteins, a comparison made possible in these xenograft models, indicated that the known hallmarks of cancer contribute pleiotropically to establishing and maintaining the microenvironmental niche of the tumor. Education of the stroma by the tumor is therefore an intrinsic property of breast tumors that is highly individualized, yet proceeds by consistent, nonrandom, and defined tumor-promoting molecular alterations.
Experimental investigation on the heat transfer between a heated microcantilever and a substrate

This work describes the heat transfer process from a heated microcantilever to a substrate. A platinum-resistance thermometer with a 140 nm width was fabricated on a SiO 2 -coated silicon substrate. The temperature coefficient of resistance estimated from the measurement was 7X10- 4 K -1 , about one-fifth of the bulk value of platinum. The temperature distribution on the substrate was obtained from the thermometer reading, as the cantilever raster scanned the substrate. Comparison between the measurement and calculation reveals that up to 75% of the cantilever power is directly transferred to the substrate through the air gap. From the force-displacement experiment, the effective tip-specimen contact thermal conductance was estimated to be around 40 nW/K. The findings from this study should help understand the thermal interaction between the heated cantilever and the substrate, which is essential to many nanoscale technologies using heated cantilevers.
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Skills To Succeed in the Host: Virulence and Regulation

SUMMARY Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a primary enteric pathogen infecting both humans and animals. Infection begins with the ingestion of contaminated food or water so that salmonellae reach the intestinal epithelium and trigger gastrointestinal disease. In some patients the infection spreads upon invasion of the intestinal epithelium, internalization within phagocytes, and subsequent dissemination. In that case, antimicrobial therapy, based on fluoroquinolones and expanded-spectrum cephalosporins as the current drugs of choice, is indicated. To accomplish the pathogenic process, the Salmonella chromosome comprises several virulence mechanisms. The most important virulence genes are those located within the so-called Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). Thus far, five SPIs have been reported to have a major contribution to pathogenesis. Nonetheless, further virulence traits, such as the pSLT virulence plasmid, adhesins, flagella, and biofilm-related proteins, also contribute to success within the host. Several regulatory mechanisms which synchronize all these elements in order to guarantee bacterial survival have been described. These mechanisms govern the transitions from the different pathogenic stages and drive the pathogen to achieve maximal efficiency inside the host. This review focuses primarily on the virulence armamentarium of this pathogen and the extremely complicated regulatory network controlling its success.
The relative importance of human resource management practices for innovation

ABSTRACT Human resource management (HRM) practices are generally expected to stimulate a firm's innovation performance. However, which of these practices really pay off? Based on a unique dataset that includes detailed information for both a firm's innovation activities and a broad set of HRM practices, we find that primarily new workplace organization practices seem to enhance a firm's innovation activities. Flexible practices of working time management and incentive payment schemes show only small effects on both innovation propensity and innovation success. Further training does only affect innovation success, but not innovation propensity. Overall, we find a stronger linkage between HRM practices and innovation propensity than with innovation success. Further, we find that innovation propensity increases, first, with the number of combinations of HRM practices adopted by a firm but not with the number of combinations of HRM practices from different groups of HRM practices adopted by a firm.
An Empirical Study on the Removal of Self-Admitted Technical Debt

Technical debt refers to the phenomena of taking shortcuts to achieve short term gain at the cost of higher maintenance efforts in the future. Recently, approaches were developed to detect technical debt through code comments, referred to as Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD). Due to its importance, several studies have focused on the detection of SATD and examined its impact on software quality. However, preliminary findings showed that in some cases SATD may live in a project for a long time, i.e., more than 10 years. These findings clearly show that not all SATD may be regarded as 'bad' and some SATD needs to be removed, while other SATD may be fine to take on.Therefore, in this paper, we study the removal of SATD. In an empirical study on five open source projects, we examine how much SATD is removed and who removes SATD? We also investigate for how long SATD lives in a project and what activities lead to the removal of SATD? Our findings indicate that the majority of SATD is removed and that the majority is self-removed (i.e., removed by the same person that introduced it). Moreover, we find that SATD can last between approx. 18-172 days, on median. Finally, through a developer survey, we find that developers mostly use SATD to track future bugs and areas of the code that need improvements. Also, developers mostly remove SATD when they are fixing bugs or adding new features. Our findings contribute to the body of empirical evidence on SATD, in particular, evidence pertaining to its removal.
EMPREENDEDORISMO E DESENVOLVIMENTO: UMA RELAÇÃO EM ABERTO DOI: 10.5773/rai.v8i3.785

This study aims to analyze the relationship between entrepreneurship indicators published by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), supported by the Total Entrepreneurship Activity (TEA), and the Human Development Index (HDI) of selected countries. The theoretical framework discusses the concepts of entrepreneurship and development specifically from a broader perspective than the purely economic issue. Data from reports of UNDP and IBQP were used to relate these indicators and a Pearson correlation analysis was performed. The result of this study shows that all correlations are negative, thus it is possible to infer that countries considered in the GEM survey are more entrepreneurial. The countries in the GEM survey occupy the first places in the ranking of entrepreneurship, therefore countries with the lowest HDIs were the ones reported with high TEA. This points out to a reflection on the relationship established between development and entrepreneurship and the theoretical framework used to conceptualize entrepreneurship in the relationship established between development and entrepreneurship in the GEM study.
In situ detection of spontaneous superoxide anion and singlet oxygen production by mitochondria in rat liver and small intestine

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Women and the Birth of Russian Capitalism. A History of the Shuttle Trade

each soldier on his small computer, enabling him to receive information, give orders to the squad and send videos and photos to headquarters. The examination of the structure, command and operations of Special Operation Forces (SOF) may also be of special interest to the reader. It can also serve as one of the many examples of the depth and quality of the contributions. One learns that the SOF is subordinated to the chief of the General Staff and has to be distinguished from the spetsnaz of the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU). The creation of the SOF Command did not take place on 3 March 2013, when General Valery Gerasimov made the corresponding announcement, but two years earlier. Contrary to speculation, the forces subordinated to SOF Command do not include the seven spetsnaz brigades of the GRU and it is, therefore, not the Russian equivalent of the US Special Operations Command (SOCOM). Equally contrary to some reports, there is no evidence that SOF soldiers took part at the start of the armed confrontation between the Kiev authorities and pro-Russian activists in Ukraine’s Donetsk and Lugansk regions (p. 130). In sum, this book covers the most important aspects of the military dimension of Russia’s annexation of the Crimea and provides an excellent background to understanding the military conflict between Moscow and Kiev in eastern Ukraine.
The Interpretation of Unanticipated News Arrival and Analysts’ Skill

Analysts’ functions are divided into discovery and interpretation roles, but distinguishing between the two is nontrivial. We conjecture that analysts’ interpretation skill can be gauged by their forecast revisions following material unanticipated news, in particular, following nonearnings 8-K reports, which arrive at the market unexpectedly. We establish that unanticipated 8-Ks are informative for analysts and find that analysts who are more likely to revise their forecasts following unanticipated 8-Ks provide more timely and accurate forecasts. We document a positive association between analysts’ tendency to react to unanticipated 8-Ks and market reaction to their recommendation changes, suggesting investors prefer these analysts’ opinions.
T Cells from Lungs and Livers of Francisella tularensis-Immune Mice Control the Growth of Intracellular Bacteria

ABSTRACT Parenteral and respiratory vaccinations with the intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis have been studied using the live vaccine strain (LVS) in a mouse model, and spleen cells from immune mice are often used for immunological studies. However, mechanisms of host immunological responses may be different in nonlymphoid organs that are important sites of infection, such as lung and liver. Using parenteral (intradermal) or respiratory (cloud aerosol) vaccination, here we examine the functions of resulting LVS-immune liver or lung cells, respectively. Surprisingly, LVS was considerably more virulent when administered by cloud aerosol than by intranasal instillation, suggesting method-dependent differences in initial localization and/or dissemination patterns. Only low doses were sublethal, and resolution of sublethal cloud aerosol infection was dependent on gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Nonetheless, survival of cloud aerosol or parenteral infection resulted in the development of a protective immune response against lethal LVS intraperitoneal or aerosol challenge, reflecting development of systemic secondary immunity in both cases. Such immunity was further detected by directly examining the functions of LVS-immune lung or liver lymphocytes in vitro. Lung lymphocytes primed by respiratory infection, as well as liver lymphocytes primed by parenteral infection, clearly controlled in vitro intracellular bacterial growth primarily via mechanisms that were not dependent on IFN-γ activity. Thus, our results indicate functional similarities between immune T cells residing in spleens, livers, and lungs of LVS-immune mice.
Validation of Reference Genes in Cervical Cell Samples from Human Papillomavirus-Infected and -Uninfected Women for Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays

ABSTRACT Reference genes for quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) studies must be validated for the cell type studied and should be stable between the groups that represent the independent variable in an experimental design. We sought to identify the reference genes in cervical cell specimens showing the most stable expression between human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected and -uninfected women without high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Using endocervical cells collected by cytology brush and Sybr green-based qRT-PCR, eight candidate genes were screened for amplification efficiency, specificity, and overall stability (by use of geNorm software). The five most stable genes were then further evaluated both for overall stability (geNorm) and intergroup stability (by use of NormFinder software) in specimens from HPV-negative and HPV-positive women. The combination of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) and RPLP0 was the most stable overall, with a geNorm stability measure of 0.603. The intergroup analysis showed GAPDH to be the most stable single gene and RPLP0 to be second most stable and also showed that these genes represent the most stable two-gene combination, with a NormFinder stability value of 0.130. The fact that these two distinct approaches identified the same pair of genes provides added confidence that, when the focus is on HPV infection, a normalization factor derived from these two genes is likely to be appropriate.
Fear‐Potentiated Startle in Mice

Pavlovian fear conditioning is frequently used to assess the behavioral, physiological, genetic and molecular correlates of learning and memory. In the typical Pavlovian conditioned fear procedure a neutral stimulus, such as a tone, is paired with a mildly aversive stimulus such as a foot shock. The tone conditioned stimulus (CS) comes to elicit a variety of behaviors that are indicative of learned fear. One of the more prominent of these behaviors is a potentiated acoustic startle response. While fear‐potentiated startle in mice is qualitatively similar to that in rats, the stimulus parameters and procedures for producing optimum fear‐potentiated startle in mice differ considerably from those used in rats. Procedures outlined in this unit include initial assessment of startle, fear conditioning and fear‐potentiated startle testing. Special attention is paid to the parameters that affect the magnitude of fear‐potentiated startle and procedures designed to systematically examine these parameters are included.
Consenting to Exclude? Empirical Patterns of Democracy and Immigrant Integration Policy

Studies explaining immigrant integration policies commonly focus on single aspects such as right-populist party politics or the immigration legacy of a country. This neglects the overall character of the democratic system within which policy-making unfolds. Research on empirical patterns of democracy, in turn, suggests that consensus democracies pursue ‘kinder and gentler’ policies and outperform majoritarian democracies in terms of minority representation. The article tests whether this conclusion holds for the specific group of immigrant minorities and analyses the relationship between patterns of democracy and immigrant integration policy using a new dataset on empirical democracies in 30 European and North American countries. Simultaneously estimating the character of democratic systems in terms of power dispersion and its effect on integration policies, the analysis reveals a distinct ‘Janus-faced’ pattern: while proportional power dispersion tends to coincide with more inclusive immigrant integration policies, pronounced veto structures tend to foster exclusion.
Consumers' literacy and preferences for sustainability labels: an exploratory analysis on Italian young adults

Activists and policy makers strongly encourage consumers to act as responsible citizens when purchasing everyday products. Accordingly, retailers and brands are competing on the market introducing a plethora of sustainability labels that should address increasing customer demand. Nevertheless, the usefulness of these labelling schemes in aiding consumers to make informed purchase decisions is still heavily debated. Results of a survey on Italian young consumers (N = 500) reveal low levels of individuals' familiarity with sustainability labels and highlight that several socio-demographic characteristics and food habits have a significant impact on consumers' knowledge of these labels.
Acute renal effects of endothelin-A blockade: interspecies differences.

The acute renal effects of LU135252 (LU), a selective endothelin-A (ETA) receptor antagonist, were studied in conscious rats after i.p. administration of 1-10 mg/kg LU, and in clearance studies in anesthetized dogs during left intrarenal infusion of 0.01-0.1 mg/kg/min. In the rat (n = 12), LU (10 mg/kg i.p.) decreased diuresis (-36%), excretion of Na (-55%) and Cl (-38%) but not of K and creatinine, as measured in 8-h collections in metabolic cages. Excretion of oral NaCl load (5% of body weight) during 4 h decreased from 68 +/- 2% (vehicle) to 50.5 +/- 5% (LU; n = 12, p < 0.01). Blood pressure was not affected. In contrast, left intrarenal LU infusion at 0.01, 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg/min in the dog (n = 4) had no effect on renal hemodynamics or excretory function, whereas it mildly decreased blood pressure. In addition, intrarenal LU (0.03 mg/kg/ min; n = 6) had no effect on the renal response to volume expansion (7% bw) by 0.9% NaCl i.v. These markedly different effects of acute ETA blockade were observed at similar systemic plasma levels of LU in the two species. It is concluded that in the rat, but not in the dog, acute blockade of ETA receptors can impair renal excretory function, most likely at the tubule level. This interspecies difference in the role of endogenous ET in the regulation of renal function is probably due to a different ET receptor profile and distribution in rat and dog kidneys.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children: a 10 years experience at tertiary care hospital.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate presenting features, treatment modalities and response to therapy in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. METHODS The retrospective study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised clinical data, presenting demographics, clinical spectrum, management and outcome of children admitted with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura from 2001 to 2010. SPSS 20 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Records of 95 children between 0-15 years in the period 2001 to 2010 were reviewed. The overall mean age at the time of presentation was 6.1±3.8 years. There were 45(47.3%) male and 50(52.7%) female cases. A total of 34(35.8%) patients had history of preceding illness. Regarding clinical presentations, bruises 81(85.3%), petechial rash 75(79%), epistaxis 23(24%) were common. Median platelet count at the time of presentation was 5,000 (Inter-quartile range: 4000-13,000). Spontaneous recovery was seen in 7(7.4%) children. Overall, 24(25.2%) patients received intravenous immunoglobulin G and only 19(20%) showed complete response. Besides, a total of 32(33.7%) patients did not respond and only 5(5.3%) developed chronic ailment. CONCLUSION Bruises, petechial rash and epistaxis were the common presentations. Overall prognosis was good.
A Hybrid Approach to Service Recommendation Based on Network Representation Learning

Network representation learning has attracted much attention as a new learning paradigm to embed network vertices into a low-dimensional vector space, by preserving network information. In this paper, in the light of user co-tag network and social network, we introduced network representation learning techniques into the learning of user preference, to encode user social relations into a continuous vector space. First, we proposed a hybrid network representation learning approach to effectively utilize users’ tagging and social relationships, and then we took it for service recommendation. The experimental results show that, compared with four baselines on two public data sets, the improvement ratio over the baselines is up to 50% in terms of Recall@10 and Precision@10 and the improvement is even more than 90% in terms of NDGG@10 and MRR@10.
Offline Detection, Identification, and Correction of Branch Parameter Errors Based on Several Measurement Snapshots

This paper proposes a three-stage offline approach to detect, identify, and correct series and shunt branch parameter errors. In Stage 1 the branches suspected of having parameter errors are identified through an Identification Index (II). The II of a branch is the ratio between the number of measurements adjacent to that branch, whose normalized residuals are higher than a specified threshold value, and the total number of measurements adjacent to that branch. Using several measurement snapshots, in Stage 2 the suspicious parameters are estimated, in a simultaneous multiple-state-and-parameter estimation, via an augmented state and parameter estimator which increases the V-θ state vector for the inclusion of suspicious parameters. Stage 3 enables the validation of the estimation obtained in Stage 2, and is performed via a conventional weighted least squares estimator. Several simulation results (with IEEE bus systems) have demonstrated the reliability of the proposed approach to deal with single and multiple parameter errors in adjacent and non-adjacent branches, as well as in parallel transmission lines with series compensation. Finally the proposed approach is confirmed on tests performed on the Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie network.