Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reanalysis of tropospheric sulphate aerosol and ozone for the period 1980-2005 using the aerosol-chemistry-climate model ECHAM5-HAMMOZ

Understanding historical trends of trace gas and aerosol distributions in the troposphere is essential to evalu- ate the efficiency of existing strategies to reduce air pollution and to design more efficient future air quality and climate policies. We performed coupled photochemistry and aerosol microphysics simulations for the period 1980-2005 using the aerosol-chemistry-climate model ECHAM5-HAMMOZ, to assess our understanding of long-term changes and inter- annual variability of the chemical composition of the tro- posphere, and in particular of ozone and sulfate concentra- tions, for which long-term surface observations are avail- able. In order to separate the impact of the anthropogenic emissions and natural variability on atmospheric chemistry, we compare two model experiments, driven by the same ECMWF re-analysis data, but with varying and constant an- thropogenic emissions, respectively. Our model analysis in- dicates an increase of ca. 1 ppbv (0.055 ± 0.002 ppbv yr 1 ) in global average surface O3 concentrations due to anthro- pogenic emissions, but this trend is largely masked by the larger O3 anomalies due to the variability of meteorology and natural emissions. The changes in meteorology (not includ- ing stratospheric variations) and natural emissions account for the 75 % of the total variability of global average sur- face O3 concentrations. Regionally, annual mean surface O3 concentrations increased by 1.3 and 1.6 ppbv over Eu- rope and North America, respectively, despite the large an- thropogenic emission reductions between 1980 and 2005. A comparison of winter and summer O3 trends with mea- surements shows a qualitative agreement, except in North America, where our model erroneously computed a posi- tive trend. Simulated O3 increases of more than 4 ppbv in East Asia and 5 ppbv in South Asia can not be corroborated with long-term observations. Global average sulfate surface concentrations are largely controlled by anthropogenic emis- sions. Globally natural emissions are an important driver de- termining AOD variations. Regionally, AOD decreased by 28 % over Europe, while it increased by 19 % and 26 % in East and South Asia. The global radiative perturbation cal- culated in our model for the period 1980-2005 was rather small (0.05 W m 2 for O3 and 0.02 W m 2 for total aerosol direct effect), but larger perturbations ranging from 0.54 to 1.26 W m 2 are estimated in those regions where anthro- pogenic emissions largely varied.
Timing of the announcement and execution of open-market share repurchases for AEX-listed firms

This study uses daily handpicked repurchase execution data from AEX-listed firms. It tests various motives and market-reactions for ‘timing’ the announcement and execution for share repurchase programs. The study uses 51 announcements and 2,077 daily repurchase executions of AEX-listed firms, in the period 2007-2015. AEX-listed firms use prior (relative) underperformance to time both announcements and executions of share repurchase programs. Firms time their announcements and executions to signal undervaluation and to support their share prices. These motives are in line with the predictions of the overreaction and the contrarian-trading hypotheses. Furthermore, there is a short-term cumulative abnormal return (CAR) after announcement of 1.20%. This is in line with economic expectations. While, there is no (longer a) long-term CAR anomaly after announcement. Overall, the results are in agreement with the findings in comparable markets and recent studies on both the announcement and execution section.
COMPARISON OF ANTIRETROVIRAL SCHEMES USED IN INITIAL THERAPY FOR TREATMENT OF HIV/AIDS

RESUMO Um dos problemas da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) em pacientes com HIV e a sua adesao ao tratamento. O objetivo desse estudo foi relacionar os esquemas adotados na terapia inicial destes tratamentos com suas taxas de adesao, as mudancas de TARV e os custos do tratamento. Participaram do estudo pacientes acima de 16 anos de idade, HIV positivos, com tratamento ha mais de 30 dias. A adesao a TARV foi calculada baseada na retirada dos medicamentos, que foi relacionado ao tempo total de tratamento. Avaliou-se em quantos paciente s a TARV foi alterada. Os custos de cada esquema terapeutico tambem foram estimados relacionando com os beneficios de cada tratamento. 142 pacientes que realizaram entre 38 e 1.150 dias de t ratamento foram incluidos (57,7% homens). Os esquemas com menor custo, maior adesao e menor necessidade de mudanca de tratamento foram efavirenz com biovir e efavirenz com lamivudina e t enofovir. Esse estudo sugeriu quais os esquemas terapeuticos mais vantajosos para inicio do tratame nto, tanto do ponto de vista do paciente, como do sistema de saude. Essa informacao pode servir de su bsidio aos medicos na decisao do inicio da TARV.
Comparing the Effects of Atorvastatin on LDL Reduction through Systematic Review Method and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND & GOAL: LDL is one of the important risk factors that cause cardiovascular diseases. Improving one's lifestyle accompanied by taking medicine can be effective in reducing the amount of LDL. This study aims at comparing the effects of Atorvastatin on reducing LDL using systematic review method and meta-analysis. MATERIALS & METHODS: In this systematic review, Pub Med, Scopus, Elsevier and Google Scholar search engine were applied to do a search within the time span of 2003-2014 using standard key words. Articles which met the entrance criteria were studied. Random effects model was used to integrate the results through meta-analysis. Data were analyzed using Stata software (version 11.1). FINDINGS: In a systematic review, 11 articles were passed through the process of meta-analysis with a sample size of 3662 individuals and a mean of 333 subjects per study. The rate of LDL reduction was 33.32 milligrams per Deciliter by Atorvastatin. The meta-regression graph based on age showed that in the studies where the age of the sample has been younger, the amount of LDL has been higher and in studies with older sample age, the LDL rate has been lower. The meta-regression graph to BMI showed that people with higher BMI, showed more reduction in LDL and individuals with lower BMI, indicated less LDL reduction. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the study, LDL reduction takes place better and more quickly in the elderly and fat individuals. Atorvastatin was more effective in reducing the rate of LDL.
University of Huddersfield Repository Perceiving ‘capability’ within dynamic capabilities: the role of owner-manager self-efficacy

This article combines two popular, yet separate concepts, dynamic capabilities and self-efficacy. Both are concerned with ability / capability and offer potentially valuable synergies. As such, our in-depth qualitative study based in three micro-enterprises in the United Kingdom (UK), investigated, ‘what role(s) may owner-manager perceived self-efficacy play as a micro-foundation of dynamic capabilities in micro-enterprises? ’ Our findings show that perceived self-efficacy can influence dynamic capability enactment in multifaceted ways and even suggest that in some cases, perceived self-efficacy is a crucial component of dynamic capabilities, without which there may be no such capability. These insights help open up the black box of dynamic capabilities by contributing important knowledge to the growing body of research into the micro-foundations of such capabilities. Furthermore, our study illuminates the importance of idiosyncratic micro-foundations of dynamic capabilities in micro-enterprises and expands extant knowledge of the potential effects of self-efficacy in the small business and entrepreneurship domain.
Modeling healthcare quality: life expectancy SURS in the G7 countries and Korea

In this study I have made efforts towards investigating healthcare in two arenas. First, can a model with life expectancy as a proxy for healthcare quality be used to objectify the study of efficiency in the G7 countries and Korea? Table 1 and the results section have illuminated many factor variables which vary between countries and characterize the environments in which different healthcare systems have developed. The analysis also illuminates an inherent structural difference in the mechanism of delivering healthcare throughout the developed world. Secondly, can these aggregate data be used to show us anything new about the studies performed by Peter Zweifel and Friedrich Breyer? Did the SISYPHUS Syndrome disappear in the early 1990s as Zweifel suggested in 2002? No, in Table 2 I have demonstrated through SURS that over the time period 1990-2009 there are clear statistically significant SISYPH variables in at least Canada, Germany, Korea, and Britain. Lastly, can I confirm Breyer’s model of HCE in Germany and can it be useful in other countries? Yes to extent possible the methodologies were replicated in a SURS fashion in an effort to simultaneously test and examine different variables in different countries. I was unable to confirm the results of Breyer in his 2011 examination of the sickness fund members for Germany. However, I was able to offer primitive characterizations of the other G7 countries and Korea and how their HCE move.
Comparative assessment of fertility and hatchability of Barred Plymouth Rock, White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red and White Rock hen

2 Abstract: A total of 3000 eggs; 750 eggs from each breed namely Barred Plymouth Rock (BPR),White Leghorn (WLH), Rhode Island Red (RIR) and White Rock (WR) were collected in 3 batches following AI from individually caged hens and were hatched to compare hatching parameters among breeds. The different hatchability traits of hen of different breeds; BPR, WLH, RIR and WR we re compared. Hatching egg weight had no significant (P>0.05) difference among 4 genotypes. Fertility was highest in WLH, intermediate in WR and lowest and similar in BPR and RIR (P 0.05), but it differed among batches (P 0.05) difference in dead in germs (DG) and dead in shell (DS) were found attributable to genotype, but DG and DS differed significantly(P 0.05). Chick weight at hatching was highest (P 0.05) difference in batches. There were some correlations among different hatchability traits depending on genotype within breed. The correlations were more profound among WLH. It was clear that chick weight as per cent of egg weight was not just a function of egg weight, but also genotype played an important role favouring the heavier breeds.
Recovery at Work: Understanding the Restorative Side of “Depleting” Client Interactions

Research on burnout has considered client interactions solely as depleting, with work recovery possible only while employees are off the job. Drawing on an episodic perspective of work, I argue that there is unaccounted for variability in the nature of a caregiver's client interactions such that some are actually restorative rather than depleting. I outline the foundations of such variability through simultaneous consideration of the extent to which a given interaction is (1) depleting of regulatory resources and (2) generative of three particular resources shown to compensate for the effects of ego depletion. Beyond the depleting interactions that have been the focus of research to date, the resulting typology reveals two restorative interaction types (replenishing and breakthrough) that I theorize positively shape compassionate care provision in both the short and long term. Replenishing interactions primarily serve as a regulatory break with momentary effects on caregivers' subsequent ability to self-r.
Evaluation of Certain Resistance Inducing Chemicals against Sheath Blight Incidence in Paddy (Oryza sativa L.)

Sheath blight disease of caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most destructive phytopathogen of rice and has a yield ubiquitous occurrence in all the rice growing, countries. The foliar application at certain resistance inducing chemical, namely, acibenzolar, NAA, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on the control of sheath blight disease incidence in IR-50 rice indicated the improved efficacy at salicylic acid to other chemical induced systemic resistance to Pathogen by SA-treatment at root or soil. The present study discovered that salicylic acid was found to decrease the sheath blight incidence in IR-50 rice and it might be clue to the salicylic acid augmented induced systemic resistance of rice plant against Rhizoctonia solani. The results concluded the efficiency of salicylic acid in reducing the sheath blight incidence by 19.10 per cent and 28.12 per cent at 0.10 and 0.075 per cent concentrations, correspondingly.
Adverse Selection in Insurance Contracting

In this survey we present some of the more significant results in the literature on adverse selection in insurance markets. Sections 1 and 2 introduce the subject and Section 3 discusses the monopoly model developed by Stiglitz (1977) for the case of single-period contracts extended by many authors to the multi-period case. The introduction of multi-period contracts raises many issues that are discussed in detail; time horizon, discounting, commitment of the parties, contract renegotiation and accidents underreporting. Section 4 covers the literature on competitive contracts. The analysis is more complicated because insurance companies must take into account competitive pressures when they set incentive contracts. As pointed out by Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976), there is not necessarily a Cournot-Nash equilibrium in the presence of adverse selection. However, market equilibrium can be sustained when principals anticipate competitive reactions to their behavior or when they adopt strategies that differ from the pure Nash strategy. Multi-period contracting is discussed. We show that different predictions on the evolution of insurer profits over time can be obtained from different assumptions concerning the sharing of information between insurers about individual's choice of contracts and accident experience. The roles of commitment and renegotiation between the parties to the contract are important. Section 5 introduces models that consider moral hazard and adverse selection simultaneously and Section 6 covers adverse selection when people can choose their risk status. Section 7 discusses many extensions to the basic models such as risk categorization, multidimensional adverse selection, symmetric imperfect information, reversed or double-sided adverse selection, principals more informed than agents, uberrima fides and participating contracts.
MODIFICACIÓN DE LA SUPERFICIE DE CÁTODOS METÁLICOS MEDIANTE EL USO DESCARGAS DE ARCO PULSADO DE BAJA PRESIÓN

Electrical discharges in a pulsed vacuum arc system at low pressure were produced using a peak current of 100A with pulses of 30 ms. Discharges were carried out applying a voltage of 104 V between the electrodes. Materials used as cathodes were Ti, Zr, Ni, Cu, Mo, and W. The cathodes' morphology after the discharge production was studied using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. Ti and Zr presented the highest erosion. Moreover, circular craters on Ni and Mo cathodes were observed and a region of the Zr cathode, with high erosion and a high quantity of craters was analyzed. The discharge voltage for each material was measured, obtaining arc voltage values. Finally, relationships between arc voltages and some material characteristics such as the melting point and the boiling point were observed, presenting an exponential tendency.
COSMETIC SURGERY AND THE TELEVISUAL MAKEOVER A Foucauldian feminist reading

I argue that the televisual cosmetic surgical makeover is usefully understood as a contemporary manifestation of normalization, in Foucault’s sense—a process of defining a population in relation to its conformity or deviance from a norm, while simultaneously generating narratives of individual authenticity. Drawing on detailed analysis of “Extreme Makeover,” I suggest that the show erases its complicity with creating homogeneous bodies by representing cosmetic surgery as enabling of personal transformation through its narratives of intrinsic motivation and authentic becoming, and its deployment of fairy tale tropes.
Same-sign dileptons as a search tool at CMS

This document presents a dissertation conducted on the analysis of a dataset of 19.5 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment at CERN’s LHC during its Run 1 period of data-taking. Two separate analyses are documented targeting the search for new physics in the same-sign di-lepton final state accompanied by jets, missing transverse momentum (Emiss T ) and jets originating from hadronization of bquarks. An executive summary on the theoretical framework is given along with a description of both the LHC itself and the CMS experiment. This is followed by the detailed description of the analysis strategies in the search for different kind of SUSY production, including a search for colored production and in the context of electroweak production of SUSY. Since no excess of collision data is observed with respect to the estimations for SM backgrounds, limits are set on various models of SUSY production and the masses of gluinos, squarks, charginos, and neutralinos. These limits extend beyond previously published results in similar searches conducted at CMS and elsewhere and present some of the most competitive results obtained so far. Finally, a study on a SM background for the aforementioned searches, namely that of so-called ‘fake’ leptons is presented trying to explain some of the problems and concerns for the implemented approaches. Furthermore, ideas are presented to circumvent some of these issues by means of Monte-Carlo simulation. Concluding remarks are given on the past and the future of the same-sign final state at the end of this document to highlight the exciting future for particle physics in the upcoming years.
TETRAHEDRAL IRON IN SMECTITE : A CRITICAL COMMENT

Traditionally, researchers have considered that only Al 3§ substitutes in the SiO4 tetrahedral layer of 2:1 phyllosilicates, particularly, in smectites. The traditional approach of assigning all Si present in a chemical analysis to the tetrahedral layer and then making up the atomic unit cell deficit with Al 3+ was well established by Ross and Hendricks (1945). They were unable to distinguish tetrahedral Fe 3+ (lVFe3+), however, and therefore the possible tetrahedral substitution of Fe 3§ was never taken into consideration. If a calculation of the chemical formula of a particular nontronite showed so much Fe as to suggest WFe3+, they appear to have assumed that the additional Fe was present as an impurity. Osthaus (1954) used acid dissolution rates to demonstrate that this simplistic approach was not warranted, and that Fe 3§ was indeed present in Garfield nontronite in both the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets. Several nontronite analyses were presented by Goodman et al. (1976) and Cardile and Johnston (1985) which indicated on a chemical formulae basis such a low AP + content and such a high Fe 3+ content that WFe3+ substitution must exist. If ~VFe3+ is indeed present in a given smectite, its presence should be accounted for when presenting structural formulae. This is clearly not being done. Furthermore, disagreement still exists in the literature concerning the fitting ofIVFe 3 + resonances to the M6ssbauer spectra of nontronites. This is exemplified by Lear and Stucki (1987) who disputed the JVFe3+ assignment of Goodman et al. (1976) for standard SWa1 nontronite from Grant County, Washington, as supplied by the Source Clay Minerals Repository of The Clay Minerals Society. The intent of the present note is to draw attention to the necessity of adopting a standard procedure for determining the WFe3+ content of smectites using M6ssbauer spectroscopy and to show that such an analysis should be carried out when presenting structural formulae of clay minerals.
The changed role of the lender of last resort: Crisis responses of the Federal Reserve, European Central Bank and Bank of England

This paper analyzes whether the Lender of Last Resort function has changed in consequence of the recent Global Financial Crisis. The unprecedented emergency actions of the Federal Reserve, European Central Bank and the Bank of England are analyzed in terms of Walter Bagehot's traditional Lender of Last Resort doctrine. The central banks' actions are compared to identify the extensions and paint a general picture of the modern and much more comprehensive Lender of Last Resort function, which includes provision of liquidity and collateral, lowering interest rates and expansionary monetary policy, loosening collateral standards, supporting critical institutions, opening special liquidity facilities that target specific markets or groups of agents, and becoming market maker of last resort and buyer of last resort. The Lender of Last Resort function has been found to have changed.
TEM and SEM-CL Analysis of Baddeleyite in NWA 3171: Geochronological Implications for Martian Meteorites

orites. C. D. K. Herd, R.A. Stern, E.L. Walton, J. Li and C. Bibby, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E3, herd@ualberta.ca, Physical Sciences, Grant MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5J 2P2, CANMET-Materials Technology Laboratory, Natural Resources Canada, 568 Booth St., Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0G1.
Position-specific and Team-ranking-related Morphological Characteristics in German Amateur Soccer Players - a Descriptive Study

The purpose of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics in German amateur soccer players based upon their ranking in the championship table and the position of the players. Seventy-two male Fifth Division soccer players from four clubs volunteered for this study. The examination of the teams was conducted within 10 days of the preparation period for the second half of the season when teams A through D were ranked 6th, 5th, 2nd and 11th in the Division. Anthropometric measurements included body weight and height, skinfold thickness (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, calf), biepicondylar humerus and femur breadths, upper arm (flexed and tensed), thigh and calf girths. Somatotypes were calculated using the Heath-Carter equations.No differences were found between the means of the different anthropometric variables of the four teams (p <.05). In all groups, the somatotype means of the soccer players were mesomorph-endomorph. Compared to field players, goalkeepers showed higher values for body height, body weight and arm girth (p <.05). This study showed that there were no anthropometric and somatotype differences between the soccer teams of different club ranking. Compared to field players, goalkeepers showed higher body height and weight, higher biepicondylar femur and humerus breadths, higher arm, thigh and calf girths, and higher mesomorphy. Discriminant function analyses were unable to separate the players’ position on the basis of body composition or somatotype. No differences were found between the means of the different anthropometric variables of the four teams (p < .05).