Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Cognitive Component Analysis of Word Problem Solving

Word problem solving processes generally consist of four cognitive components, translation,integration, planning, and execution (Mayer, 1985, 1987; Mayer, Tajika, & Stanley, 1991). The problem comprehension process includes both translation and integration components and the problem solving process includes both planning and execution components. In the translation component, the student must translate each proposition from the problem into an internal representation. In the integration component, the student must select and combine information into a coherent representation of the entire problem. In the planning component, the student must break the problem down into a series of steps and generating a plan for solving it. In the execution component, the student must carry out mathematical operations. Problems were developed to examine each of these four components. Two experiments were carried out to explore which cognitive components influence difficultyin solving arithmetic word problems. In the firstexperiment, one hundred and ten fifth-graders were tested on these four problems. Subjects were divided into two groups, high problem solvers and low problem solvers, based on tests involving three cognitive components. The resultsshowed that there was an interaction between component and condition, in which the difference in scores between high problem solvers and low problem solvers was the largest on the problem integration component. In the second experiment, one hundred and seventy-four fifth-graders were tested on the problem comprehension process. The results showed that subjects performed best when they were presented relational pictures integrating each sentence of a word problem. The results of these two experiments are discussed in terms of the problem solving components. Note. This paper will be presented at the meeting of the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction, Aix-En-Provence, France, September, 1993. This research was supported by a grant from the University of California Pacific Rim Research Program to Richard E. Mayer (Experiment 1) and by a Grant-in-Aid for ScientificResearches, Ministry of Education, Science and Culture,No. 05680174 (Experiment 2). The author would like to thank Richard E. Mayer and Yukari Okamoto for checking English expression and helpful comments on an earlierversion of this paper.
Language curriculum transformation and motivation through action research

Abstract This article describes part of a larger action research study carried out in 2018 with secondary school learners and teachers of English in southern Argentina. The study was guided by two aims: (1) improving English language learner motivation, and (2) transforming the English as a foreign language (EFL) curriculum through teacher and learner engagement. The project also sought to help teachers develop professionally and exercise they agency as curriculum makers and developers through the support of teacher research. The study involved the participation of 920 learners in the design and implementation of EFL lessons which responded to their beliefs, expectations, and experiences. Data were collected through a survey, group and individual interviews, reflective journals, and whole class discussions. Drawing on thematic analysis and descriptive statistics, findings also show that learners moved from demotivation to motivation as they noted that they could contribute to curriculum enactment and transformation through active participation in teachers’ pedagogical decisions. Findings also reveal that the enactment of a context-responsive and bottom-up curriculum led to motivational synergy, and teachers’ agency enhancement through collaborative lesson planning, materials development, and research engagement for professional development. However, teachers experienced lack of confidence regarding teacher-made materials.
Modular Approach to Therapy for Children with Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, or Conduct Problems (MATCH-ADTC)

The WSIPP benefit-cost analysis examines, on an apples-to-apples basis, the monetary value of programs or policies to determine whether the benefits from the program exceed its costs. WSIPP’s research approach to identifying evidence-based programs and policies has three main steps. First, we determine “what works” (and what does not work) to improve outcomes using a statistical technique called meta-analysis. Second, we calculate whether the benefits of a program exceed its costs. Third, we estimate the risk of investing in a program by testing the sensitivity of our results. For more detail on our methods, see our Technical Documentation.
An Investigation of Neural Mechanisms Underlying Verb Morphology Deficits in Aphasia

Agrammatic aphasia is an acquired language disorder characterized by slow, non-fluent speech that include primarily content words. It is well-documented that people with agrammatism (PWA) have difficulty with production of verbs and verb morphology, but it is unknown whether these deficits occur at the single word-level, or are the result of a sentence-level impairment. The first aim of this paper is to determine the linguistic level that verb morphology impairments exist at by using magnetoencephalography (MEG) scanning to analyze neural response to two language tasks (one word-level, and one sentence-level). It has also been demonstrated that PWA benefit from a morphosemantic intervention for verb morphology deficits, but it is unknown if this therapy induces neuroplastic changes in the brain. The second aim of this paper is to determine whether or not neuroplastic changes occur after treatment, and explore the neural mechanisms by which this improvement occurs.
House Prices and Consumption: A New Instrumental Variables Approach

We introduce a novel Bartik-like instrument for house prices consisting of the local composition of housing characteristics interacted with aggregate changes in the marginal prices of these characteristics. Using household-level panel data, we estimate elasticities of nondurable consumption expenditures with respect to house prices of around 0.1. These consumption effects are concentrated among the young and those most likely to be facing tight borrowing constraints. A decomposition shows that identifying variation in the instrument is associated with times and locations where house prices have varied the most: during the housing bust of the mid-2000s and in the western United States. (JEL D12, E21, G51, R21, R31)
Novel Geometric Area Analysis Technique for Anomaly Detection Using Trapezoidal Area Estimation on Large-Scale Networks

The prevalence of interconnected appliances and ubiquitous computing face serious threats from the hostile activities of network attackers. Conventional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are incapable of detecting these intrusive events as their outcomes reflect high false positive rates (FPRs). In this paper, we present a novel Geometric Area Analysis (GAA) technique based on Trapezoidal Area Estimation (TAE) for each observation computed from the parameters of the Beta Mixture Model (BMM) for features and the distances between observations. As this GAA-based detection depends on the methodology of anomaly-based detection (ADS), it constructs the areas of normal observations in a normal profile with those of the testing set estimated from the same parameters to recognise abnormal patterns. We also design a scalable framework for handling large-scale networks, and our GAA technique considers a decision engine module in this framework. The performance of our GAA technique is evaluated using the NSL-KDD and UNSW-NB15 datasets. To reduce the high-dimensional data of network connections, we apply the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and evaluate its influence on the GAA technique. The empirical results show that our technique achieves a higher detection rate and lower FPR with a lower processing time than other competing methods.
The Effectiveness of Realistic Mathematics Education Approach on Ability of Students’ Mathematical Concept Understanding

This research is an experimental research which aim is to know whether Realistic Mathematics Education approach is effective on ability of students’ mathematical concept understanding or not. The population in this research is all the students of class VIII SMP Negeri 20 Medan, North Sumatera. The sample is the students of class VIII-1 as experimental group and the students of class VIII-2 as control group. The instruments which are used consist of the ability of mathematical concept understanding test, teacher’s observation notes, and student’s observation notes. Data analysis is done with t test. The results of this research proves that Realistic Mathematics Education approach is effective on the ability of students’ mathematical concept understanding.
What is Wrong with the Hungarian Legal System and How to Fix it

Institutions are made up of the interplay of three components: (1) formal rules, (2) actual practices and (3) narratives. However, lawyers in post-socialist countries do not see law through institutionalist lenses, but often nurture a false and simplistic idea of the law: they consider it to be the sum of rules, disregarding often the actual practices of the rules’ addressees and narratives attached to the law (encompassing everything from the raison d’etre and goal of the institution, its symbolism, the public discourse surrounding it, and social attitudes towards the institution). This restricted view makes Hungarian lawyers blind and to a certain extent also defenceless against recent authoritarian tendencies. Institution-building has been a moderately successful feat in Hungary. To put it more pessimistically, it has partially failed since the end of socialism, in particular when it comes to actual practices and narratives. In the Hungarian context, consideration of the problems of institution-building suggests two general conclusions: on the one hand, the lack of unison among the individual elements (rules, practices, narratives) renders institutions less stable and consequently less capable of inducing compliance with the law; on the other, the institutions that have been established have failed to deliver prosperity to the political community. This paper describes the constitution-making of 2010/11 from the perspective of institution-building. This institutionalist view of the law yields two main specific findings: (1) Historical experience shows that besides honest determination, the radical institutional overhaul of a complete legal system can only be successful in the presence of external pressure, the effect of which has unfortunately decreased with Hungary’s accession to the EU. That is, institution-building should go hand-in-hand with effective international and EU obligations undertaken in more sober political moments to guarantee that the political community will not later enter into a self-destructive mode. (2) Taking elements beyond mere rules more consciously into account, such as actual practices and narratives in the realm of legislation, the application of the law and legal training would ideally result in the gradual reinforcement of substantive cultural elements. This, however, requires political action, more precisely the adjustment of formal rules. Since this is not in the interest of the incumbent decision-makers, overcoming the impasse seems unlikely for the time being.
Potential influence of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on phytoplankton primary productivity in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Nine years after the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) oil spill (20 April–15 July 2010), the recovery of primary productivity at the ocean surface remains to be investigated. Here, we used the normalized fluorescence line height (nFLH) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer as an indicator of chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a). First, from the spatiotemporal variations of nFLH between 2001 and 2017, a reduction of nFLH after the DwH oil spill was observed (for a relatively long period, from 2011 to 2014). Second, a stepwise multiple regression model was used to examine which of the following environmental factors could explain the annual variations in nFLH: river discharge, total nitrogen load, total phosphorus load, photosynthetically available radiation, sea surface temperature and wind speed. Results show that river discharge, sea surface temperature and wind speed are the primary factors that regulated the annual nFLH variations in the DwH area during the pre-spill years. In contrast, this same model could not explain the reduction of nFLH for the four years after the DwH oil spill. After 2015, nFLH appears to have resumed to the pre-spill concentrations. Here we suggest that the nFLH reduction between 2011 and 2014 could have originated from the DwH oil spill, although the exact mechanism is yet to be determined.
Financial crises, credit ratings, and bank failures : emerging market instability - do sovereign ratings affect country risk and stock returns?

Changes in sovereign debt ratings and outlooks affect financial markets in emerging economies. They affect not only the instrument being rated (bonds) but also stocks. They directly impact the markets of the countries rated and generate cross country contagion. The effects of rating and outlook changes are stronger during crises, in nontransparent economies, and in neighboring countries. Upgrades tend to take place during market rallies, whereas downgrades occur during downturns, providing support to the idea that credit rating agencies contribute to the instability in emerging financial markets.
A posteriori error estimators, adaptivity, convergence, and implementation

This paper reviews the state of the art and dis- cusses very recent mathematical developments in the field of adaptive boundary element methods. This includes an over- view of available a posteriori error estimates as well as a state-of-the-art formulation of convergence and quasi-opti- mality of adaptive mesh-refining algorithms.
THE ROLES OF ACADEMIC INVENTORS IN MEDICAL INNOVATION PROCESSES: EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF IPR OWNERSHIP AND IP NATURE

This paper analyses four medical innovation processes originating from Stanford and Uppsala universities with the purpose of understanding how intellectual property rights (IPR) ownership and intellectual property (IP) nature influence the behaviour of academic inventors. We analyse this behaviour through the roles enacted and evaluate the requirements the roles pose by developing a method to assess the requirements of individual roles, which we label as role intensity. We find that both IPR ownership and IP nature can influence the academic inventors’ roles and role intensities. In contrast to assumptions in research and policy, we find that IPR ownership does not influence the roles and role intensities in a remarkable way. We also find support that research and policy should distinguish between patentable and non-patentable inventions in the field of medical invention as these two types of IP nature are associated with different roles and role intensities. These findings contribute to the literature on commercialisation of science and innovation management by demonstrating the importance of IP nature in influencing the roles of inventors. Managerial and policy implications are provided.
Deceptive Journalism: Characteristics of Untrustworthy News Items

ABSTRACT Trustworthiness is key in journalism, yet some journalists intentionally deceive their audiences by fabricating sources or inventing news stories altogether. Earlier research suggests that deceitful news articles have characteristics that are different from trustworthy news articles. We aimed to confirm and expand on the existing literature by examining the case of Perdiep Ramesar, an esteemed Dutch journalist until it was discovered in 2014 that sources were non-existing in 126 of his articles for national newspaper Trouw (“Fidelity”). Using content analysis, we searched for systematic differences in source use and presentation comparing Ramesar’s deceptive news articles with two same-sized sets of reliable articles, (1) articles on similar topics from other journalists and (2) articles with verifiable sources from Ramesar himself. Results indicate that compared to real news sources, fictitious sources are more often secondary definers, who are presented in more stereotypical ways and through more and longer direct quotations. Furthermore, negations and self-references occur more often in deceptive news articles.
Change Readiness in the Norwegian Police: The Relationship between Change, Communication and Competing Values Topics

Organizational change has been a topic for debate in the Norwegian police organization recent years. The following thesis investigated potential facilitators of change readiness in the Norwegian police. Specifically, whether internal and external communication and two climate types of the Competing Values Framework (internal process and human relations), predicted change readiness. The study is a part of a long-term collaborative project between the University of Oslo and the Norwegian Police University College. The data was collected prior to this thesis. The study was cross-sectional, collected through self-report surveys, targeting a variation of employees in three different districts in the Norwegian police and yielded a total response rate of 58.21 % (N=1007). After removal of blanks and missing values, the final sample size was 848 which represents the basis of this analysis. The hypotheses were investigated with structural equation modeling, demonstrating varying results. Internal and external communication facilitated both climate types, but human relations climate did not demonstrate a significant relationship to change readiness. Moreover, the indirect effect through human relations climate was non-significant, suggesting that communication through this climate type did not facilitate change readiness. Interestingly, internal and external communication proved to facilitate change readiness through internal process climate, which is contradictory to previous studies of salient climate types identified in the police organization. The overall findings suggest that internal process climate is the prominent climate type in the police organization, when a change context is introduced. The implications to be made is that the police suggestively are a result of several sub-climates, facilitated by the demands and needs of the organization in a specific context. Thus, proposing that a more tailored approach to change is advantageous to improve readiness.
Risk Parity, Maximum Diversification,and Minimum Variance: An Analytic Perspective

Analytic solutions to risk parity, maximum diversification, and minimum variance portfolios provide useful perspectives about their construction and composition. Individual asset weights depend on both systematic and idiosyncratic risk in all three risk-based portfolios, but systematic risk eliminates many investable assets in long-only, constrained, maximum-diversification, and minimum-variance portfolios. On the other hand, risk-parity portfolios include all investable assets, and idiosyncratic risk has little effect on weight magnitude. The algebraic forms for optimal asset weights derived in this article yield generalizable properties of risk-based portfolios, in contrast to empirical simulations that employ a specific set of historical returns, proprietary risk models, and multiple constraints. These analytic solutions reveal precisely how various kinds of predicted risk affect the relative magnitude of security weights in each type of risk-based portfolio construction.
Pure Factor Portfolios and MultivariateRegression Analysis

Linking factor portfolio construction to cross-sectional regressions of security returns on standardized factor exposures leads to a transparent and investable perspective on factor performance. Under capitalization weighting, multivariate regression coefficients translate to portfolio returns that are benchmark relative and cleared of secondary factor exposures. The methodological contributions in this article are illustrated using a 50-year data set of 1,000 large U.S. stocks and five factor exposures: value, momentum, small size, low beta, and profitability. Using two case studies in factor portfolio analysis, the authors focus on cheapness, as measured by earnings yield, and interest rate risk, as measured by sensitivity to the 10-year Treasury bond return.
Changing Teachers’ Perspective of Students from Lower Socioeconomic Families

With the poverty cycle continuing and many communities facing an increased number of lower socioeconomic status (SES) families, it is essential to understand the perception teachers have regarding students living in poverty and how teachers’ life experiences may differ from those of students who come from lower SES families. Many constructs, including socioeconomic status, can influence a child's ability to ready. The focus of this study is to identify what K-2 teachers know about students who live in lower SES households and how knowledge of their circumstances can be used to help children learn. Does professional development aimed at increasing teachers’ knowledge of students living in poverty change how they teach or increase their empathy towards these students? Qualitative methodology was used for this study, which sought to evaluate the knowledge of K-2 reading teachers regarding students living in poverty and to assess the influence of one professional development session on the instructional approach of teachers at David Leech Elementary School. Two methods anchored the study: a survey and interviews. A survey of the K-2 reading teachers was used to enhance the investigator’s understanding of how the professional development training, “Chocolate in Poverty,” may have influenced teacher perspectives on students in poverty. Interviews were then conducted with the grade level leaders in kindergarten, first, and second grades. The teacher responses to the survey and interview questions identified the need for additional trainings specific to the impact poverty has on student learning. Future trainings should provide teachers with resources such as research-based interventions that are proven to support students from lower SES families, strategies to increase parent engagement, and information identifying the available resources in the Leechburg community and how to access the resources. Moving forward, conversations with teachers, parents, and other community stakeholders will further explore ways teachers can support lower SES students overcome the challenges faced at school and in their home lives.