Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Zahavi's handicap principle

We study the plausibility of the handicap principle, using a bit-string model to represent both the genoma and the phenotype of the individuals of a population. We find that the distribution of genoma of population selforganizes due to the natural selection. The phenotype represents some trait of the interaction of individuals with others and with the environment so, it also suffers the pressure of natural selection. The handicap is introduced in sexual selection. At time of reproduction, females compare males according to the phenotype, choosing the one who has a phenotype representing the greatest handicap. Our results show that in this way females are able to see the quality of their possible mates and males have no possibility to cheat due to pressure of natural selection.
Investigation of Hydraulic and Natural Fracture Interaction: Numerical Modeling or Artificial Intelligence?

Hydraulic fracturing of naturally fractured reservoirs is a critical issue for petroleum indus‐ try, as fractures can have complex growth patterns when propagating in systems of natural fractures. Hydraulic and natural fracture interaction may lead to significant diversion of hy‐ draulic fracture paths due to intersection with natural fractures which causes difficulties in proppant transport and eventually job failure. In this study, a comparison has been made between numerical modeling and artificial intelligence to investigate hydraulic and natural frcature interaction. First of all an eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) model has been developed to account for hydraulic fracture propagation and interaction with natural frac‐ ture in naturally fractured reservoirs including fractures intersection criteria into the model. It is assumed that fractures are propagating in an elastic medium under plane strain and quasi-static conditions. Comparison of the numerical and experimental studies results has shown good agreement. Secondly, a feed-forward with back-propagation artificial neural network approach has been developed to predict hydraulic fracture path (crossing/turning into natural fracture) due to interaction with natural fracture based on experimental studies. Effective parameters in hydraulic and natural fracture interaction such as in situ horizontal differential stress, angle of approach, interfacial coefficient of friction, young’s modulus of the rock and flow rate of fracturing fluid are the inputs and hydraulic fracturing path(cross‐ ing/turning into natural fracture) is the output of the developed artificial neural network. The results have shown high potentiality of the developed artificial neural network ap‐ proach to predict hydraulic fracturing path due to interaction with natural fracture. Finally, both of the approaches have been examined by a set of experimental study data and the re‐ sults have been compared. It is clearly observed that both of them yield promising results © 2013 Keshavarzi and Jahanbakhshi; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. while numerical modeling yields more detailed results which can be used for further inves‐ tigations but it is computationally more expensive and time-consuming than artificial neural network approach. On the other hand, since artificial neural network approach is mainly da‐ ta-driven if just the input data is available (even while fracturing) the hydraulic fracture path (crossing/turning into natural fracture) can be predicted real-time and at the same time that fracturing is happening.
Association between mood states and performance of Brazilian elite sailors: Winners vs. non-winners

espanolDebido a sus peculiaridades, la navegacion a vela es un deporte que requiere un equilibrio emocional optimo de los atletas para obtener un alto rendimiento, en el que se identificaron seis estados de animo como decisivos para el mejor rendimiento deportivo; por ejemplo: alto nivel de vigor y niveles mas bajos de tension, depresion, ira, fatiga y confusion mental. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la asociacion entre los estados de animo y el rendimiento deportivo de los atletas que practican navegacion a vela en diferentes competencias. Participaron en esta investigacion sesenta y dos navegantes de alto nivel en clases colectivas e individuales, en cuatro competencias diferentes de vela. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en los lugares de las competencias y para valorar el estado de animo se utilizo la escala de animo de Brunel. Los ganadores presentaron diferentes estados de animo. Atletas con menor depresion (p EnglishSailing is a sport that requires optimum emotional balance for athletes to be able to yield optimum performances, given its unique peculiarities, where six mood states are identified as decisive, such as, high level of vigor and lower levels of tension, depression, anger, fatigue and mental confusion. The purpose of this study is to assess the association between mood states and athletic performance of sailors in different high performance competitions. Sixty-two elite sailors of single-handed and group classes participated in four major competitions. Assessment was carried out at the competition venues and the mood state was assessed using the Brunel Mood Scale. First-place winners in the four competitions showed different mood states from those who finished the races in other positions, especially taking into account depression (p
TIME TRANSFER USING AN ASYNCHRONOUS COMPUTER NETWORK: RESULTS FROM A 500 KM BASELINE EXPERIMENT

SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden and STUPI have performed a time transfer experiment over a 500km long baseline between Boras and Stockholm. The time transfer technique passively utilizes the data bit stream generated in an optical fiber computer network based on the packet over SONET/SDH technique. A small fraction of the optical signal is monitored both at the transmitter and at the receiver. When an occurrence of a unique bit sequence of the SDH frames is detected, an electrical pulse is generated and compared with a resolution of 100 ps to a local clock. With data from all four positions of an optical bidirectional link, two-way time-transfer can be achieved and any symmetrical variations in delay can potentially be cancelled. The results presented here have been obtained over OptoSUNET, the new Swedish University Network. In the experiment, 10 Gbit/s traffic from SP over OptoSUNET is extended in Stockholm to STUPI, a clock laboratory which is the second node in this setup. This reconnection enables that a communication channel is established between two nodes, with no intermediate jump. The time-transfer experiment includes more than 500 km of fiber transmission, of which several km is via air-lines. By comparing the results from a GPS carrierphase link, a precision better than ± 1 ns is achieved over several months of measurements between two Hydrogen-masers.
Genetic progresses from over three decades of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) breeding in Ethiopia

Eleven faba bean ('Vicia faba' L.) varieties released between 1977 and 2007, and two promising genotypes, were evaluated to estimate the genetic progresses made in 33 years of faba bean breeding in Ethiopia. The study was conducted at eight environments during 2007 and 2009 cropping seasons in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Records taken on grain yield, seed size and chocolate spot ('Botrytis fabae') severity were subjected to statistical analysis. Combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes and the test environments for all traits, the G E interaction effects being significant for grain yield and seed size. Regression of mean performance at all environments on year of varietal release showed positive relationship for grain yield (r = 0.48) and seed size (r = 0.80**) but negative for chocolate spot (r = -0.60*). The annual rates of genetic progresses were 8.74 kg ha-1, 8.07 g 1000 seeds-1 and -0.27% for grain yield, seed size and chocolate spot, respectively. The average cumulative gains over 33 years of breeding was, therefore, 288.4 kg (8.1%) for grain yield, 266.3 g (51.12%) for seed size and -8.9% for chocolate spot severity. Seed size showed the most dramatic response to breeding for the last 33 years may be because of a lesser polygenic nature of this trait and better availability of best donor parents as compared to grain yield. The relatively slower responses of grain yield and chocolate spot to breeding may be associated with the polygenetic nature of the former and shortage of good donor parents for the later. The prior release of an exceptionally stable and better adapted variety, CS20DK, in 1977 might also seemingly undermined progresses of later efforts. It is, therefore, strategically advisable that breeding efforts in the future should give due attention to building on the shortcomings of widely adapted varieties like CS20DK.
Intercropping with Switchgrass Improves Net Greenhouse Gas Balance in Hybrid Poplar Plantations on a Sand Soil

In the Pacific Northwest, commercial hybrid poplar (Populus generosa Henry × Populus canadensis Moench.) is managed at low stocking densities under irrigation for high-value timber production. The objectives of this study were to measure greenhouse gas emissions (CH4, CO₂, and N₂O) during intercropping of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) with hybrid poplar; estimate losses of fertilizer-N as N₂O, and estimate global warming potentials (GWP) of the intercrop. Cumulative above-ground biomass-C of the poplar monoculture (PM) closely matched the four year growing season (GS) soil CO₂–C emissions, where aboveground biomass of the switchgrass monoculture (SM) and intercrop (IC) exceeded GS CO₂–C emissions by 14.1 Mg C ha⁻¹. Soil CH₄–C uptake was not significantly different between treatments, while GS N₂O-N emissions for PM were ∼80% lower than both IC and SM. N₂O emissions factors averaged 0.7% of the applied N-fertilizer. Cumulative contributions of CO₂ emissions to GWP were offset by biomass-C resulting in a near zero balance (−5.1 Mg CO₂ₑq ha ⁻¹) for the PM, where, IC and SM sequestered significantly more CO₂ resulting in a net GWP of −42.5 and –32.2 Mg CO₂ₑq ha⁻¹, respectively. Intercropping with switchgrass can improve the net greenhouse gas balance of hybrid poplar. Continued research is needed on the effects of irrigated bioenergy production on GHG emissions in intercropped systems as they will become increasingly important as agricultural water use, water availability and quality are challenged by climate change.
Association between Blastocystis hominis and irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)

This study was designed to examine the association between Blastocystis hominis and irritable bowel syndrome(IBS). In this case-control study that conducted in Mashhad, Iran in 2014-2015, one hundred IBS cases and one hundred matched (age and sex) healthy people were participated. Direct stool examination, formalin-ether concentration technique and trichrome staining were done. The data were analyzed by SPSS20 with Fisher's exact test and T-test. One hundred IBS patients (31 males and 69 females) had a mean age of 29.5 (±7.4) years. B. hominis were positive in 26% of IBS participants, and 9% in control group (P-value=0.002,Risk Estimate=3.5). Giardia lamblia were positive in 6% of IBS participants, and in none of control participants (P-value=0.01). Trichrome staining for detection of B. hominis was more sensitive than direct examination and formalin-ether concentration technique (P-value <0/001). B. hominis was more frequent in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. For detection of B. hominis, trichrome staining was more sensitive than other methods. Authors suggest that in patients with IBS, stool should be examined with different methods for three times to obtain a more reliable diagnosis.
Economic Growth Arguments: The Role of the Capital Market

The study has examined critically the vital role capital market can play at improving economic growth. The total market capitalization and all share index were used as proxies for the independent variables while gross domestic product was used as proxy for economic growth, serving as dependent variable. The study considered the activities at the capital market as having value chain consequences that encapsulate the wheel of growth of the economy. As such, to test the validity the OLS regression analysis technique was adopted for empirical analysis. The result indicates a statistically significant relationship with total market capitalization while all share index showed a statistically insignificant relationship. In all, more instruments were recommended to be introduced in the market if the capital market would fully perform its function as lubricating channel of economic growth.
Elementary Steps in Heterogeneous Catalysis

Despite the great importance of heterogeneous catalysis, research in this field has long been characterized by its empiricism. Now, however, thanks to the rapid development of methods in surface physics, the elementary steps can be identified at the atomic level and the underlying principles understood. Defined single crystal surfaces are employed as models, based on the analysis of the surfaces of ‘real’ catalysts. Direct images, with atomic resolution, can be obtained using scanning tunneling microscopy, while electron spectroscopic methods yield detailed information on the bonding state of adsorbed species and the influence of catalyst additives (promotors) upon them. The successful application of this approach is illustrated with reference to the elucidation of the mechanism of ammonia synthesis. The catalyst surface is usually transformed under reaction conditions, and, as the processes involved are far-removed from equilibrium, such transformations can lead to intrinsic spatial and temporal self-organization phenomena. In this case, the reaction rate may not remain constant under otherwise invariant conditions but will change periodically or exhibit chaotic behavior, with the formation of spatial patterns on the catalyst surface.
Comparison of self-reported and register data on sickness absence among Norwegian patients participating in an occupational rehabilitation program

Background: Sick leave and return to work are common outcome variables in studies where the aim is to measure the effect of targeted interventions for individuals that are on sick leave benefits or other allowances. Use of official register data is often restricted, and research on sick leave and return to work are often based on the participants self-reports. However, there is insufficient documentation that there is agreement between self-reports and register data on sick leave benefits and allowances. Aims: The aim of this study was to analyse the individuals' knowledge about states of sick leave benefits or allowances compared with register data from The Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV) in Norway. Method: 153 individuals, sick-listed or on allowances, participated in a 4-week inpatient occupational rehabilitation program. 132 (86%) answered a questionnaire on assessments of work, sick leave, and allowances three months after completed rehabilitation. Self-reported data were compared with register data from NAV according to four categories: working, sick-listed, on medical/vocational rehabilitation allowance or disability pension. Agreement between self-reported and register data was evaluated in cross-tabulations and reported with kappa values. Stratified analyses were done for gender, age, education, medical diagnosis and length of sick leave/allowances at baseline. Results: Good agreement was found for medical/vocational rehabilitation allowance (kappa=.70) and disability pension (kappa=.65). Moderate agreement was found for working (kappa=.49) and fair agreement for sick-listed (kappa=.36). Stratified analyses showed significant better kappa values for individuals that had been sick-listed less than 12 months before entering the rehabilitation program. Conclusions: Agreements from good to fair were found between self-reported and official register data on sick leave. However, official register data is preferred in research because this will ensure complete data sets. Data on sick leave and other benefits are not absorbing states, and there are often multiple and recurrent episodes. These data may be hard to obtain from self-reports.
The VMC Survey. XXVII. Young Stellar Structures in the LMC’s Bar Star-forming Complex

Star formation is a hierarchical process, forming young stellar structures of star clusters, associations, and complexes over a wide range of scales. The star-forming complex in the bar region of the Large Magellanic Cloud is investigated with upper main-sequence stars observed by the VISTA Survey of the Magellanic Clouds. The upper main-sequence stars exhibit highly nonuniform distributions. Young stellar structures inside the complex are identified from the stellar density map as density enhancements of different significance levels. We find that these structures are hierarchically organized such that larger, lower-density structures contain one or several smaller, higher-density ones. They follow power-law size and mass distributions, as well as a lognormal surface density distribution. All these results support a scenario of hierarchical star formation regulated by turbulence. The temporal evolution of young stellar structures is explored by using subsamples of upper main-sequence stars with different magnitude and age ranges. While the youngest subsample, with a median age of log(τ/yr) = 7.2, contains the most substructure, progressively older ones are less and less substructured. The oldest subsample, with a median age of log(τ/yr) = 8.0, is almost indistinguishable from a uniform distribution on spatial scales of 30–300 pc, suggesting that the young stellar structures are completely dispersed on a timescale of ∼100 Myr. These results are consistent with the characteristics of the 30 Doradus complex and the entire Large Magellanic Cloud, suggesting no significant environmental effects. We further point out that the fractal dimension may be method dependent for stellar samples with significant age spreads.
Magnetic Phase Dependence of the Anomalous Hall Effect in Mn$_3$Sn Single Crystals

Thermodynamic and transport properties are reported on single crystals of the hexagonal antiferromagnet Mn$_3$Sn grown by the Sn flux technique. Magnetization measurements reveal two magnetic phase transitions at $T_1$ = 275 K and $T_2$ = 200 K, below the antiferromagnetic phase transition at $T_N$ $\approx$ 420 K. The Hall conductivity in zero magnetic field is suppressed dramatically from 4.7 $\Omega^{-1}$cm$^{-1}$ to near zero below $T_1$, coincident with the vanishing of the weak ferromagnetic moment. This illustrates that the large anomalous Hall effect (AHE) arising from the Berry curvature can be switched on and off by a subtle change in the symmetry of the magnetic structure near room temperature.
Efficiency And Equity Impacts Of The Rental Market For Cropland In Vietnam And Sources Of Transaction Costs Impeding The Market

This research investigates the efficiency and equity impacts of the cropland rental market in rural Vietnam and attempts to identify the determinants and importance of transaction costs impeding this market. A generalised ordered logit model with shifting thresholds accounting for effects of transaction costs associated with market participation was specified and estimated using pooled data extracted from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys of 2004 and 2008. The findings show that the cropland rental market reduced imbalances in factor endowments, transferring cropland to those households more willing and able to farm. Equity advantages were also revealed as cropland transferred from relatively land-rich to relatively land-poor households, allowing young farmers to ‘scale the agricultural ladder’. However, the market is constrained by transaction costs that effect lessors and lessees differently. It is recommended that the Vietnamese government should complete its land registration programme and consider relaxing restrictions on the use of wetlands to grow crops other than rice. It should also focus on improving access to all-weather roads as this encourages participation on both sides of the rental market whereas better access to communications infrastructure was found to promote only the supply side.
Effect of Feedback on Performance in the Lane-Change Test

The Lane-Change Test (LCT) is an easy-to-use methodological tool that has proven useful for researching dual-task driving situations. This paper examines the effect of feedback on LCT performance. Feedback is important for maintaining the focus of attention on the primary (driving) task and providing motivation for learning. An experiment was conducted in which two driver groups performed the LCT with or without end-of-block summary feedback. Results showed that the presence of feedback significantly improved performance, as revealed by lower overall means and lower standard deviations (with practice) of lateral deviation values. The authors conclude that feedback can have a positive effect on performance in the LCT and, therefore, it may be critical to include such feedback when using this, as well as similar tasks, to investigate dual-task driving situations.