Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using the random forest algorithm to integrate hydroacoustic data with satellite images to improve the mapping of shallow nearshore benthic features in a marine protected area in Jamaica

Hydroacoustic and optical remote sensing have been commonly used to map shallow nearshore benthic features. However, the number, type, scale, and accuracy of the mapping products that can be obtained from the two sensors differ; as such, there can be limited agreement between their mapping products. These differences can be further accentuated if the hydroacoustic data are interpolated to produce a map. Interpolation introduces spatial uncertainty and reduces map accuracy. Consequently, maps generated from the two sensors may provide dissimilar spatial and temporal representations of the same benthic features. We therefore compared the performance of a random forest regression (RFr) and a universal kriging (UK) interpolation method and a post-classification enhancement that can be used to increase the accuracy and complementarity of benthic habitat maps derived from hydroacoustic data. First, we used single beam echosounder (SBES) survey bathymetry data from the Bluefields Bay marine protected area (MPA) in western Jamaica (13.82 km2 in size), to create a bathymetric surface model (BSM), from which rugosity and bathymetric position index (BPI) maps were generated. Next, the RFr was used to create submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) percentage cover maps from the SBES SAV cover data by predicting cover at un-sampled locations. Predictors included auxiliary data such as depth, BPI, survey points coordinates and radiometrically corrected, deglinted and water column corrected image reflectance index values from each of the following: WorldView-2, Geoeye-1 and Landsat 8. Additionally, a SAV map was created using the UK. The most accurate SAV cover thresholds were identified and were used to create binary maps from the RFr and UK maps. A rugosity derived coral reef map was then added to the binary maps. The resulting benthic habitat maps had comparable accuracies and class coverage to benthic maps classified from GeoEye-1 and WorldView-2 images using pixel and object-based classifiers. However, map accuracies were calculated using a suboptimal number of reference points (<50) for two of the benthic map classes (SAV absent and coral reef). This was not considered to be problematic as the addition of the coral reef class to the binary maps resulted in a significant decrease in uncertainty (standard error and confidence interval width of the overall accuracy) and a significant increase in the user’s accuracy of the SAV absent map class. Also, the difference in uncertainty and accuracy between the map classes did not change. The methods used in this study can therefore be used to increase the accuracy (and to decrease the uncertainty) and the complementarity of maps derived from hydroacoustic data.
HLA-DR expressing peripheral T regulatory cells in newly diagnosed patients with different forms of autoimmune thyroid disease.

BACKGROUND Several reports have claimed a role for T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). The aim of the present study was to examine whether changes in the number of peripheral CD4 + CD25highHLA-DR + lymphocytes, a subpopulation of Tregs, occur in patients with AITD. METHODS Three-color flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of CD4 cells expressing CD25, CD25high, and HLA-DR in 70 newly diagnosed and untreated AITD patients and 20 controls. The intensity of CD25 expression on these cells was also examined. RESULTS The proportion of CD4 + CD25 + cells as well as the proportion of CD4 + CD25high cells among the population of CD4 lymphocytes was not different in AITD patients relative to controls. However, a significant increase in the proportion of CD4 + CD25highHLA-DR + cells among the population of CD4 lymphocytes was found in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS In HT patients there is a quantitative increase of CD4 + CD25highHLA-DR + cells that may indicate a compensatory expansion of this subpopulation of Tregs in an attempt to suppress the immune response.
Randomized Study Assessing the Accuracy of Cervical Facet Joint Nerve (Medial Branch) Blocks Using Different Injectate Volumes

Background:Neck pain is a frequent cause of disability, with facet joint arthropathy accounting for a large percentage of cases. The diagnosis of cervical facet joint pain is usually made with diagnostic blocks of the nerves that innervate them. Yet, medial branch blocks are associated with a high false-positive rate. One hypothesized cause of inaccurate diagnostic blocks is inadvertent extravasation of injectate into adjacent pain-generating structures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of medial branch blocks by using different injectate volumes. Methods:Twenty-four patients received cervical medial branch blocks, using either 0.5 or 0.25 ml of bupivacaine mixed with contrast. One half of the patients in each group were suballocated to receive the blocks in the prone position and the other half through a lateral approach. Participants then underwent computed tomography of the cervical spine to evaluate accuracy and patterns of aberrant contrast spread. Results:Sixteen instances of aberrant spread were observed in nine patients receiving blocks using 0.5 ml versus seven occurrences in six patients in the 0.25 ml group (P = 0.07). Aberrant spread was most commonly observed (57%) when an injection at C3 engulfed the third occipital nerve. Among the 86 nerve blocks, foraminal spread occurred in five instances using 0.5 ml and in two cases with 0.25 ml. The six “missed” nerves were equally divided between treatment groups. No significant difference in any outcome measure was observed between the prone and lateral positions. Conclusions:Reducing the volume during cervical medial branch blocks may improve precision and accuracy.
New Class Divisions in a Modern Working Life?

This article questions the usefulness of a traditional class divide as a tool for understanding a contemporary working environment among manual and non‐manual workers in the oil service industry. The case of study is an enterprise within a supply chain with asymmetrical relationships between companies. Our findings show that the traditional manual/non‐manual class division is still relevant for understanding differences in perceived work situation in a modern work organisation. However, alongside a cleavage between manual and non‐manual workers, we find a cleavage between workers with differing amounts of contact with employees in organisations higher up in the supply chain.
Infants with cystic fibrosis: Pulmonary function at diagnosis

Meconium ileus (MEC), failure to thrive (FTT), and a combination of FTT and pulmonary symptoms (COMB) are the most frequent symptoms of cystic fibrosis (CF) at the time of diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to compare to normal controls (NC) the pulmonary function of CF infants at the time of diagnosis, when grouped by these symptoms. The measurements of pulmonary function included oxygen saturation (SaO2), functional residual capacity (FRC), mixing index (MI), total respiratory system compliance (Crs), and maximal flow at FRC (VmaxFRC).
Visual Apparent Movement Research: Review, 1935–1955, and Bibliography, 1955–1963

Publications from 1935 to 1955 on visual apparent movement are compiled, described and broadly classified by content to facilitate reference search. Since understanding of the basic processes in visual real movement is regarded as essential to the explanation of apparent movement, critical evaluation is minimal and studies of real movement are cited where pertinent. A supplementary appendix provides references covering the period of 1955 to 1963 organized to correspond with text sections that describe the earlier work.
Association of low-protein supplemented diets with fetal growth in pregnant women with CKD.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Women affected by CKD increasingly choose to get pregnant. Experience with low-protein diets is limited. The aim of this study was to review results obtained from pregnant women with CKD on supplemented vegan-vegetarian low-protein diets. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS This was a single-arm, open intervention study between 2000-2012 of a low-protein diet in pregnant patients with stages 3-5 CKD or severe proteinuria (>1 g/d in the first trimester or nephrotic at any time). Stages 3-5 CKD patients who were not on low-protein diets for clinical, psychologic, or logistic reasons served as controls. The setting was the Obstetrics-Nephrology Unit dedicated to kidney diseases in pregnancy. The treated group included 24 pregnancies--21 singleton deliveries, 1 twin pregnancy, 1 abortion, and 1 miscarriage. Additionally, there were 21 controls (16 singleton deliveries, 5 miscarriages). The diet was a vegan-vegetarian low-protein diet (0.6-0.8 g/kg per day) with keto-acid supplementation and 1-3 protein-unrestricted meals allowed per week. RESULTS Treated patients and controls were comparable at baseline for median age (35 versus 34 years), referral week (7 versus 8), eGFR (59 versus 54 ml/min), and hypertension (43.5% versus 33.3%); median proteinuria was higher in patients on the low-protein diet (1.96 [0.1-6.3] versus 0.3 [0.1-2.0] g/d; P<0.001). No significant differences were observed in singletons with regard to gestational week (34 versus 36) or Caesarean sections (76.2% versus 50%). Kidney function at delivery was not different, but proteinuria was higher in the diet group. Incidence of small for gestational age babies was significantly lower in the diet group (3/21) versus controls (7/16; chi-squared test; P=0.05). Throughout follow-up (6 months to 10 years), hospitalization rates and prevalence of children below the third percentile were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION Vegan-vegetarian supplemented low-protein diets in pregnant women with stages 3-5 CKD may reduce the likelihood of small for gestational age babies without detrimental effects on kidney function or proteinuria in the mother.
Assessment of structure and conduct of yam wholesale market in Efon Alaaye Local Government Area of Ekiti State, Nigeria

This study assessed the structure and conduct of yam wholesale market in Efon Alaaye Local Government Area of Ekiti State of Nigeria. The primary data was collected with structured questionnaire and administered to yam wholesalers in the study area between 1995 and 2008. The study employed the use of descriptive statistics of frequency, and percentages. The study revealed that the capital required to enter the yam marketing industry in 2008 ranged between N25,000 and N100,000. There was no evidence of dominant firms, price collision or predatory pricing among the wholesalers and most traders sold their product according to the prevailing price in the market irrespective of the costs incurred. 100% each of the respondents expressed inadequate capital, high cost of labour, and high cost of transport while 85.7% expressed lack of storage facilities, and 71.1% competition from other firms as the problems encountered in the industry. Both formal and informal financial arrangement should be encouraged by the government and nongovernmental organization while the wholesalers too should endeavour to form themselves into cooperatives, they should reduce the quantity of yam kept in storage per unit of time, while research into techniques and economics of establishment and use of yam storage should be conducted. Government should improve rural road conditions all in an attempt to enhance marketing of yam and other agricultural products. Key words: Wholesalers, market structure, conduct.
Lateral Eye-Movement as Related to Mathematical and Musical Problem Solving

39 Ss were asked to solve arithmetic problems and identify melodies. More lateral eye-movements were made to the right on arithmetic questions than on musical ones, in line with previous findings. Contrary to prediction, neither speed nor accuracy in answering was related to direction of eye-movement for either type of question.
The influences of family environment on personality traits

In order to clarify the influences of family environment on the development of personality traits, 150 children (104 males and 46 females, mean age 13.2 ± 2.4 years) who had been interviewed at the Child Guidance Clinic in Osaka were investigated. From 13 behavioral characteristics (activity, talkativeness, sociability, social skills, rule‐keeping, will, aggression, emotional control, imagination, anxiety, maturity, intelligence, and neuroticism), factor analysis identified three personality traits: extraversion, maturity, and intellect. The effects of family environment (maternal and paternal participation in child rearing before and after 4 years of age, child‐rearing style, parental relationship, sibling relationship, number of siblings, birth order, and socioeconomic status) on these personality traits were examined based on a structural equation model. The results found, first, that extraversion was negatively associated with overprotection/interference and with maternal participation in child rearing. Maturity correlated with high socioeconomic status, appropriate child‐rearing style, and paternal participation in child rearing. Intellect was related to high socioeconomic status and maternal participation in child rearing. Second, path analysis with selected variables revealed that 8% of variance in extraversion, 14% in maturity, and 10% in intellect was due to family environment. Third, children with high introversion or high intellect had stronger influences from family environment than did those with high extraversion or low intellect.
Cellular Proliferation in Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors: Associations with c-KIT and Its Role in Prognostication

Canine cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) is a common neoplastic disease in dogs. Due to the prevalence of canine MCTs and the variable biologic behavior of this disease, accurate prognostication and a thorough understanding of MCT biology are critical for the treatment of this disease. The goals of this study were to evaluate and compare the utility of the proliferation markers Ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region (AgNOR) as independent prognostic markers for canine MCTs and to evaluate the use of these markers in combination, as each marker assesses different aspects of cellular proliferation. An additional goal of this study was to evaluate the associations between cellular proliferation and c-KIT mutations and between cellular proliferation and aberrant KIT protein localization in canine MCTs. Fifty-six MCTs treated with surgical excision alone were included in this study. Each MCT was evaluated for Ki67 expression, PCNA expression, and KIT protein localization using immunohistochemistry; for AgNOR counts using histochemical staining; and for the presence of internal tandem duplication c-KIT mutations using polymerase chain reaction amplification. In this study, increased Ki67 and AgNOR counts were both associated with significantly decreased survival. On the basis of these results, we recommend that the evaluation of cellular proliferation, including evaluations of both Ki67 expression and AgNORs, should be routinely used in the prognostication of canine MCTs. Additionally, the results of this study show that MCTs with aberrant KIT protein localization or internal tandem duplication c-KIT mutations are associated with increased cellular proliferation, further suggesting a role for c-KIT in the progression of canine MCTs.
Responses evoked in single sympathetic nerve fibres of the rat tail artery by systemic hypoxia are dependent on core temperature

No direct evidence exists of the changes evoked by systemic hypoxia in sympathetic nerves to the rat cutaneous circulation, and of the concomitant changes in cutaneous blood flow. Here we investigated responses evoked by two levels of systemic hypoxia (12% and 8% inspired O2) in single sympathetic units supplying tail caudal ventral artery (CVA) in spontaneously breathing anaesthetized rats, whilst simultaneously recording tail blood flow and vascular resistance (TVR) from the CVA, under conditions of modest hypothermia and hyperthermia. During modest hypothermia and normoxia, TVR was high and CVA unit activity was present, with marked respiratory modulation and a rhythmictiy (T‐rhythm) that was often independent of respiration. Hypoxia evoked a graded fall in TVR indicating vasodilatation, but there were no consistent changes in CVA unit firing rate or T‐rhythm frequency, although respiratory modulation increased. By contrast, during hyperthermia, TVR was low and CVA unit activity was absent. Systemic hypoxia evoked graded increases in TVR, indicating vasoconstriction, and in 8% O2 there was recommencement of firing in some CVA units, at low discharge rate, with respiratory modulation but no T‐rhythm. These results indicate that the changes evoked by systemic hypoxia in TVR and sympathetic nerve activity to CVA are dependent on core temperature. During modest hypothermia, hypoxia‐induced cutaneous vasodilatation in the tail is independent of sympathetic activity, whereas during hyperthermia, when sympathetic activity is ‘switched off’, severe hypoxia initiates respiratory‐related low level activity, causing cutaneous vasoconstriction.
Measuring drought based on a CGE model with multi-regional irrigation water

There have been many droughts in China that have caused severe losses. Previous studies evaluating droughts were from meteorological and hydrological perspectives. We measure the Chinese drought of 2000 based on a static computable general equilibrium model of China's macroeconomy, which describes the relationships between drought, agricultural production, and rural households' welfare from an economic perspective. In the model, the irrigation water inputs of the 16 regions of China are estimated and combined with the same regions' cropland inputs. Thus, the drought is simulated as an external impact by reducing the productivity of different crops in different regions. The reductions in 10 crop outputs and the rural households' welfare, total consumption and food consumption from 16 regions are more severe than those from a perfect market reaction. The findings herein are also distinct in that the five rural households that suffer most as a result of drought are from southern areas. The results provide an available reference for the Chinese government's decision on what measures to take to prevent drought and its impacts. The model can be further improved by incorporating meteorological and hydrological models to identify droughts using more accurate indexes.
Neurobehavioral effects of obstructive sleep apnea: an overview and heuristic model

Purpose of review Obstructive sleep apnea can cause significant daytime behavioral and adaptive deficits, conventionally called ‘neurobehavioral’ because they are presumed to be mediated by the brain. The past few years have witnessed a marked increase in research into the neurobehavioral effects of obstructive sleep apnea, making it difficult for researchers and clinicians to stay abreast of the field. This article summarizes recent findings on the neurobehavioral effects of adult and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea, and presents a heuristic model to guide future research and clinical conceptualizations. Recent findings Recent publications have suggested overlapping but distinct neurobehavioral deficits that tend to accompany obstructive sleep apnea in the adult versus childhood years. There have been exciting new developments into the mechanisms by which obstructive sleep apnea may result in these deficits, including findings based upon advanced neuroimaging tools and carefully controlled animal research. There has also been accumulating evidence for potential moderators of morbidity; that is, factors that alter the nature or severity of neurobehavioral deficit resulting from obstructive sleep apnea. Task- and context-related factors that may affect outcome have been identified, as have potential markers for individual risk and resiliency. Summary The relation between obstructive sleep apnea and neurobehavioral deficit is probably not dependent on a single mediating mechanism, nor is it invariant across individuals. In outlining several potential moderating factors, the model presented here was designed to provide a guide for future research and a way of thinking about obstructive sleep apnea that better captures the wide variation in neurobehavioral outcome seen by practicing clinicians.
Promotion Incentives in the Public Sector: Evidence from Chinese Schools

We provide the first evidence that promotion incentives can influence effort of employees in the public sector by studying China’s system of annual evaluations and promotions for teachers. Theoretical predictions from a tournament model of promotion incentives are tested using panel data on primary and middle school teachers in western China. Consistent with theory, we find that promotions are associated with significant wage increases, that higher wage increases are associated with higher effort, that teachers increase effort in the years leading up to promotion eligibility but reduce effort if they are repeatedly passed over for promotion, and that increasing the number of competitors reduces the relative performance of those at the extremes of the skill distribution. Evaluation scores are positively associated with time spent on teaching and with student test scores, diminishing concerns that evaluations are manipulated.
Transplant Glomerulopathy: Risk and Prognosis Related to Anti-Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II Antibody Levels

Background. Transplant glomerulopathy (TG) is a histopathologic entity of kidney allografts related to anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies. The goal of this study was to determine the relationships among antibody characteristics (level and specificity), risk for TG, and graft survival. Methods. The presence and characteristics of anti-HLA antibody were assessed by single antigen beads assays in stored pretransplant sera from 598 kidney recipients with negative T-cell crossmatch. Transplant glomerulopathy was diagnosed by surveillance and clinical biopsies. Results. Thirty-nine percent of patients presented with anti-HLA antibodies pretransplant. Transplant glomerulopathy was diagnosed in 73 patients (12%) during 54±19 months of follow-up. The risk of TG increased with higher anti-HLA-II antibody levels (HR=1.890, 95% CI 1.42–2.52; P<0.0001), donor specificity of the antibodies (3.524 [1.67–7.44]; P=0.001), and in patients with history of antibody-mediated rejection (4.985 [2.77–8.97]; P<0.0001, multivariate Cox). Graft survival during the follow-up period was 95% without TG and 62% with TG (P<0.0001). The presence of C4d in peritubular capillaries was an independent risk factor for graft failure after TG diagnosis. Thus, 25% of TG/C4d− and 80% of TG/C4d+ grafts failed (P<0.0001). Of interest, higher anti-HLA-II levels were related to the presence of C4d (3.216 [1.376–7.517]; P=0.007). Conclusions. In T-cell negative crossmatch patients, higher anti-HLA-II antibody levels are related to the increase in the risk of developing TG. Higher antibody levels are also related to the presence of C4d in peritubular capillaries in TG biopsies. Furthermore, the presence of C4d in TG is related to the reduced graft survival.