Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Peak residential water demand

Residential water consumption has been analysed by monitoring a water distribution system in a small town of about 1200 inhabitants, Piedimonte San Germano, in southern Italy. The design of a water distribution system is usually undertaken with reference to the maximum water required by customers—one of the most onerous operating conditions to which an hydraulic network is exposed. The aim of the present work has been to contribute to the characterisation of the peak water demand through statistical inferences on a large data sample collected from the system under consideration. Specifically, the data have been analysed for the effect of resampling the raw data with respect to time interval on the estimate of peak demand factor. Formulae are suggested to estimate the maximum flow demand for small towns, in relation to the number of users. In addition, statistical inferences have shown that the stochastic, maximum flow demand is described by the log-normal and Gumbel models. With reference to small residen.
THE CASE FOR VERB-ADJECTIVE COLLOCATIONS: CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS AND LEXICOGRAPHICAL TREATMENT

This article explores a type of co-occurrence pattern which cannot be adequately described by existing models of collocation, and for which combinatory dictionaries have yet failed to provide sufficient information. The phenomenon of “oblique inter-collocation”, as I propose to call it, is characterised by a concatenation of syntagmatic preferences which partially contravenes the habitual grammatical order of semantic selection. In particular, I will examine some of the effects which the verb cause exerts on the distribution of attributive adjectives in the context of specific noun classes. The procedure for detecting and describing patterns of oblique inter-collocation is illustrated by means of SketchEngine corpus query tools. Based on the data extracted from a large-scale corpus, this paper carries out a critical analysis of the micro-structure in Oxford Collocations Dictionary.
New flavone from the leaves of Neea theifera (Nyctaginaceae)

Neea theifera Oerst. (Nyctaginaceae) e amplamente utilizada na medicina popular brasileira para tratamento de ulceras gastricas e inflamacao. A investigacao fitoquimica das folhas de Neea theifera permitiu o isolamento e identificacao da nova flavona luteolina-7-O-[2''-O-(5'''O-feruloil)-β-D-apiofuranosil]-β-D-glucopiranosideo (1) alem dos oito compostos conhecidos vitexina, isovitexina, isoorientina, orientina, vicenina-2, crisoeriol, apigenina e luteolina. A identificacao quimica foi realizada por metodos espectroscopicos incluindo RMN-2D, bem como analises no UV e IES-EM. Neea theifera Oerst. (Nyctaginaceae) is widely used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of gastric ulcers and inflammation. Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Neea theifera afforded the isolation of the new flavone luteolin-7-O-[2''-O-(5'''-O-feruloyl)-βD-apiofuranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) besides the eight-known compounds vitexin, isovitexin, isoorientin, orientin, vicenin-2, chrysoeriol, apigenin and luteolin. Their chemical identification was established by NMR spectroscopic methods including 2D-NMR, as well as UV and ESI-MS analyses.
Academic Instruction for Students with Severe Disabilities

Most students who attend America's schools have the opportunity to become literate in reading, mathematics, science, and other content areas. Only recently have educators realized that this same educational opportunity should be available to students with moderate and severe developmental disabilities. Soon after students with severe disabilities received the right to a free public education, special educators proposed planning curricula based on a criterion of ultimate functioning in the community (Brown, Nietupski, & Hamre-Nietupski, 1976). In applying a criterion of community functioning, educators sometimes assumed students with severe disabilities should learn skills of daily living instead of academic content, rather than as a supplement to this learning. Independent functioning in the community is important for all students, but this ineludes acquiring some degree of academic competence. Changes in federal policy and new research have promoted a new emphasis on teaching academic content. Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, 1997, 2004), students with disabilities must (a) have access to the general curriculum, (b) be involved in the general curriculum, and (c) progress in the general curriculum (IDEA, 2004). Students who are unable to participate in the large-scale general assessments in content areas like reading, mathematics, and science must have the opportunity to show learning through an alternate assessment. Recent research has provided evidence that when given the opportunity to learn some defined academic content, students with moderate and severe developmental disabilities can do so. For example, Jameson, McDonnell, Johnson, Riesen, and Polychronis (2007) demonstrated that students acquired vocabulary aligned with grade-appropriate content in areas such as science and social studies when systematic instruction was embedded in general edueation classes. Jimenez, Browder, and Courtade (2008) found that students with moderate intellectual disabilities learned to perform a simple algebraic equation. Dymond et al. (2006) increased the parl:icipation of students with severe disabilities in a high school science elass using principles of universal design of learning (UDL; CAST, 2008). Studies such as these demonstrate that students with severe disabilities can rise to higher expectations for learning academic content.
Unique, non‐Earthlike, meteoritic ion behavior in upper atmosphere of Mars

Interplanetary dust particles have long been expected to produce permanent ionospheric metal ion layers at Mars, as on Earth, but the two environments are so different that uncertainty existed as to whether terrestrial‐established understanding would apply to Mars. The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission made the first in situ detection of the continuous presence of Na+, Mg+, and Fe+ at Mars and indeed revealed non‐Earthlike features/processes. There is no separation of the light Mg+ and the heavy Fe+ with increasing altitude as expected for gravity control. The metal ions are well‐mixed with the neutral atmosphere at altitudes where no mixing process is expected. Isolated metal ion layers mimicking Earth's sporadic E layers occur despite the lack of a strong magnetic field as required at Earth. Further, the metal ion distributions are coherent enough to always show atmospheric gravity wave signatures. All features and processes are unique to Mars.
Kinetic Study of Water Contaminants Adsorption by Bamboo Granular Activated and Non-Activated Carbon

The adsorptive capacity of metal ions from surface water with activated and non-activated carbon derived from bamboo was investigated. The validation of adsorption kinetics of Cl, PO4 and Pb was done by pseudo-first and second order model while adsorption isotherms was proved by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model for activated and non- activated bamboo granular carbon. Generally, the amount of metal ions uptake increases with time and activation levels and the pH of bamboo granular carbon increase with activation. Similarly, the pore space of the activated carbon also increases with activation levels. The correlation coefficients (R 2 ) show that the pseudo-second order model gave a better fit to the adsorption process with 0.9918 as the least value and 1.00 as the highest value as compared with the pseudo-first order with 0.813 as the highest value and 0 as the least. The Freundlich isotherm was more favorable when compared with the Langmuir isotherm in determining the adsorptive capacity of bamboo granular activated carbon. The study has shown that chemical activation increases the pore space, surface area and the pH of bamboo granular carbon which ultimately increases the adsorption rate of metal ions in the contaminated surface water.
GENDER ANALYSIS OF COMMUNAL CONFLICTS IN INDONESIA

Indonesia has seen communal conflicts occur in its regions since the Reform Era. In conflicts, women are regarded as vulnerable groups. Women's experience of conflict is unique and different from men. This study aimed to: 1) Identify the impacts of violent conflicts in Indonesia for the women who experience the conflict episodes; 2) Analyse the experience of women in facing violent conflict situations in Indonesia; and 3) Investigate the role of women in managing violent conflicts in Indonesia. The agency model in gender and development analysis is used to address the research aims. The results are that communal conflicts in Indonesia has several impacts for women in terms of social reproduction, livelihoods and participation in society. These impacts and experiences are related to the 5 expressions of women's agency. Women can actively participate in the three phases of conflict so that they can have a role in conflict prevention, peacebuilding process, as well as rehabilitation, reintegration and reconstruction post conflict by participating both in formal level (politics) or informal levels personally or in women's organizations. The Presidential Decree (Perpres) No. 18 Year 2014 as a result of the collective agency of women experiencing conflict is to be celebrated. But the real challenge is how to implement the Perpres in real-world setting in communal conflicts in Indonesia so that the negative impacts of conflict can be handled towards programs of conflict prevention, conflict management and peace process that is gender based which ensure equality and facilitate women's empowerment. Keywords: Gender Analysis, Communal Conflict, Agency, Women
The conservation value for birds of cacao plantations with diverse planted shade in Tabasco, Mexico

We surveyed birds in cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantations in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. The shade canopy was planted by farmers and consisted of approximately 60 species of trees with no single dominant species. Canopy height averaged 15 m and the structure was multi‐storied. We conducted 220 ten minute, 25 m radius point counts for birds and detected 1550 individuals from 81 species. The average number of birds/point and the expected diversity in a fixed number of individuals within the cacao surveyed were well within the range of other lowland habitats, including agricultural sites, that we have surveyed previously in neighbouring Chiapas. In the Tabascan cacao, the migrant group was composed, in part, of forest species, and dimorphic species were represented primarily by males, which in other areas are known to dominate forest or forest‐like habitats. In contrast to the composition of migrant species, we found few resident forest specialists in Tabascan cacao. Instead, the tropical resident group was composed of large‐bodied generalist species that use small patches of trees in open habitats. These results (moderate diversity, low numbers of forest specialists) differ from the few studies completed in ‘rustic’ cacao systems located near large tracts of forest. The planted shade cacao agroecosystem – at least in the absence of nearby forest – may have a limited value for conserving lost tropical forest bird diversity, but it provides habitat for woodland‐associated migratory species. Our results also indicate that the planted shade cacao plantations supported few small omnivorous or frugivorous species, probably because cacao itself, as well as the dominant shade trees, produce primarily mammal or wind dispersed fruit and seeds.
Fear or greed? What does a skewness index measure?

The Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) SKEW index is designed to capture investors’ fear in the US stock market. In this paper we pursue two objectives. First, we investigate the properties of the CBOE SKEW index in order to assess whether it captures fear or greed in the market. Second, we introduce and compare three measures of asymmetry of the Italian index options return distribution. These measures include: (i) the CBOE SKEW index adapted to the Italian market (we call it ITSKEW) and (ii) two model-free measures of skewness based on comparison of a bear and a bull index. Finally, we explore the existence and sign of the skewness risk premium. Several results are obtained. First, the Italian skewness index (ITSKEW) presents many advantages compared to the two model-free measures: it has a significant contemporaneous relation with market index returns and with model-free implied volatility. Both the ITSKEW and the CBOE SKEW indices act as measures of market greed (the opposite of market fear), since returns react positively to an increase in the skewness indices. Trading strategies show that the Italian market is characterized by a significant positive skewness risk premium.
Socializing with the Out-Group: Testing the Contact Hypothesis among School Students in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The purpose of this article is to test the contact hypothesis among self-identifying Bosniak, Croat, Serb, and Bosnian high school seniors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, using the Other-Group Orientation Scale (Roberts et al., 1999). This article finds that attending a ‘non-appropriate’ ethnic school statistically increases tolerance of out-group members, which conforms to the predictions of the contact hypothesis, originally put forth by Allport (1958). This field research also found that secondary schools are largely homogenous in the country, thus preventing high levels of cross-ethnic contact in schools, which was expected. This article represents the first post-war, countrywide quantitative testing of the contact hypothesis.
Investigating Cellular DNA Damage Responses Induced During Adenovirus Early Region 4 Mutant Infection and Their Impact on Viral DNA Replication

INVESTIGATING CELLULAR DNA DAMAGE RESPONSES INDUCED DURING ADENOVIRUS EARLY REGION 4 MUTANT INFECTION AND THEIR IMPACT ON VIRAL DNA REPLICATION by Jason Patrick Clark DNA double-strand breaks elicit the DNA damage response (DDR) in eukaryotic cells. This response involves the Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 (MRN) complex and activation of DNA damage kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) that phosphorylate proteins involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Adenovirus (Ad) is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus, which presents the cell with a genome that resembles a DNA double-strand break. Wild type Ad5 (Ad5) produces proteins that prevent a DDR while Ad early region 4 (E4) mutants lack this ability and therefore induce DDRs in infected cells. This work is aimed at studying the DDR during infection with a particular E4 mutant (H5dl1014) (1014), and analyzing the severe DNA replication defect that this mutant exhibits. From this work I have demonstrated that Ad E4 mutant 1014 infection induces a DDR and that 1014 DNA replication may be regulated through the MRN complex. INVESTIGATING CELLULAR DNA DAMAGE RESPONSES INDUCED DURING ADENOVIRUS EARLY REGION 4 MUTANT INFECTION AND THEIR IMPACT ON VIRAL DNA REPLICATION A thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Microbiology by Jason Patrick Clark Miami University Oxford, OH 45056 2010 Advisor____________________________ (Eileen Bridge) Reader____________________________ (Xiao-Wen Cheng) Reader____________________________ (Gary Janssen)
Applications of linear programming to optimize the cost-benefit criterion in production processes

In this paper linear programming was shortly characterized. The implementation of some basic functions for Octave have been presented. It is the GNU General Public License program for the optimization the cost-benefit criterion in production processes. A problem of dividing production tasks between workstations was presented in way that the cost of the realization was the smallest. The final score of the course was obtained the computational environment Octave using the GLPK (GNU Linear Programming Kit) function.
A New Look at Federalism

At a time when globalization is supposedly producing homogeneity, differences derived from ethnicity have become especially lethal. Ethnic violence within states is now much more common than interstate violence and also tends to be harder to stop. Since 1945, ethnic violence has played a major role in half of all wars, turned more than 12 million people into refugees, and caused at least 11 million deaths. Precisely because today’s wars are so often between peoples rather than states, civilian casualties have risen dramatically. Fewer than half of the casualties in World War II were noncombatants, while today some three-quarters of all war casualties are civilian. How can states avoid ethnic violence and best accommodate multiple ethnicities? Answering this question is probably most vital where ethnic identities have a territorial base. Geographically concentrated groups can pose challenges for national political parties, for state security forces, and even for the boundaries of the state itself. Is adopting federalism the best way to cope with territorially based diversity? A surprising and expanding range of polities seem to be leaning in a federal direction. In the past 25 years, the number of federal states among the advanced industrial societies has grown from five (Australia, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States) to seven (with the addition of Spain and Belgium). Italians voted to federalize last fall, and federalism is being debated in Corsica and the United Kingdom. Nancy Bermeo, professor of politics at Princeton University, writes on regime change. Her most recent publications include Civil Society Before Democracy: Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (2000, coedited with Philip Nord) and Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: Citizens and the Breakdown of Democracy (forthcoming, Princeton University Press). This essay draws on the author’s concluding chapter in Ugo Amoretti and Nancy Bermeo, eds., Federalism and Territorial Cleavages (Johns Hopkins University Press, forthcoming).
Influence of Education on the Solid Waste Management Practices of Communities in Kampala City

This study investigated the influence of public education on solid waste management in Kampala city. Across sectional survey research design was used because of the heterogeneous nature of the study population. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods. The sample size comprised of 289 respondents selected per division using multistage sampling using guidelines provided by 1970 Krejcie and Morgan correlation tables. The study established the organizations involved in public education to include; Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), Village Health teams (VHTs), NGOs and the private sector companies. Public meetings, use of mass media, community demonstrations and instruction to individual heads of households are the key strategies being used to educate the communities in the city on waste management. It was concluded that public education is improving waste management in the city. There is however less education on waste separation and organic waste management which constitutes over 50% of the waste generated in the city. Waste separation would improve on the quality and quantity of plastic waste supplied to recycling industries and education on organic waste management would reduce on quantity and cost of waste disposed of at the landfill.
Plant functional types and elevated CO 2 : A method of scanning for causes of community alteration

In this paper, a general method for an a posteriori plant functional type (PFT) analysis of global change effects on community composition is developed. We apply the method to a case study, specifically the Giessen-FACE experiment. This experiment involves a Central European meadow that has been exposed to moderate CO 2 -enrichment since May 1998. The method for an a posteriori PFT-analysis: The method consists of four working steps and uses a combination of standard gradient analysis and Random Forests (RF). (1) The trait composition of the species is studied using Principal Components Analysis. Species trait information is gathered from databases. Natural PFT, i.e. groups of species with similar trait-sets, are identified specifically for the community under study. (2) A ranking of the species according to standardized/absolute CO 2 abundance response is obtained from Redundancy Analysis. Initially, species with a response above or below the median are grouped into three response groups (RG) each having similar behaviour, i.e. positive/negative or no-response. (3) The outlyingness measure of RF is used to shift RG boundaries until satisfactory RG homogeneity is achieved. RF is utilized to find the best traits for the RG classification. The behaviour of species representative of the RG is derived from RF class centers. (4) From knowledge gained in steps 1-3, hypotheses about the causes underlying the community alteration are built. Strengths/weaknesses of the method are discussed. Application of the method to the case study: The community consists of three natural PFT. Five species are summer-green forbs of varying competitiveness. Four species are evergreen ruderal forbs characterized as (semi-) basal rosette plants. The third natural PFT contains evergreen, more or less competitive species, mostly grasses, but also a few forbs. Negative standardized CO 2 -response was practically restricted to two natural PFT, i.e. the summer-greens, irrespective of their competitiveness, and the evergreen ruderals. Standard positive response covered part of the evergreen competitive natural PFT. Among them was Glechoma hederacea, one of the forbs with the greatest similarity to grasses. Two hypotheses were formulated to explain the response pattern: (1) Summer-greens lost in competition with evergreens, because the annual time-integral they can use for enhanced growth was more limited with year-round CO 2 -enrichment. (2) As rosette plants, ruderal evergreens lagged behind evergreen competitors because periods with full sunlight, which enabled them to gain additional carbon, were shorter for them. Absolute responses were additionally dependent on dominance patterns. The most striking difference to standard responses was the restriction of positive response to (sub-)dominant grasses.
$C^*$-algebras generated by three projections

In this short note, we prove that for a $C^*$-algebra $\aa$ generated by $n$ elements, $M_{k}(\tilde{\aa})$ is generated by $k$ mutually unitarily equivalent and almost mutually orthogonal projections for any $k\ge \de(n)=\min\big\{k\in\mathbb N\,|\,(k-1)(k-2)\ge 2n\big\}$. Then combining this result with recent works of Nagisa, Thiel and Winter on the generators of $C^*$--algebras, we show that for a $C^*$-algebra $\aa$ generated by finite number of elements, there is $d\ge 3$ such that $M_d(\tilde A)$ is generated by three mutually unitarily equivalent and almost mutually orthogonal projections. Furthermore, for certain separable purely infinite simple unital $C^*$--algebras and $AF$--algebras, we give some conditions that make them be generated by three mutually unitarily equivalent and almost mutually orthogonal projections.