Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the genetic structure and diversity of maize (Zea mays L) landrace populations from Mexico

Maize (Zea mays L) is a globally important crop. In Mexico, its center of origin and diversity, it forms part of the culture and staple diet of present-day towns. This condition has allowed the development of a large number of maize landraces. In southern Mexico, in the states of Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche and Chiapas, little attention has been given to the diversity potential that landraces represent in order to make best use of them. This work therefore characterized the genetic structure and diversity of 16 maize landrace populations from the southern region of Mexico using ISSR markers. A total of 69 loci were generated with 100% polymorphism. The analysis revealed the formation of two groups with geographical and genetic origins in the Yucatan Peninsula and the state of Chiapas. Wide genetic diversity was found for the entire sample of assessed populations (He = 0.40 and I = 0.54), as well as in the groups formed (He = 0.36, I = 0.52 and He = 0.35, I = 0.50 respectively). At the population level within each group, the populations that formed the Yucatan Peninsula group had greater mean diversity values than in the Chiapas group (He = 0.33, I = 0.36 and He = 0.32, I = 0.35 respectively). Based on this information, it is recommended to develop in-situ conservation programs and to increase the existing ex-situ collections in the region that allow us to enhance the germplasm of the maize landraces of Mexico in breeding programs.
Cross-Country Stock Market Reactions to Major Terror Events: The Role of Risk Perception

The extant literature has established that the occurrence of major terrorist events leads to negative abnormal returns not only to the location of the event, but also to third countries. However, the literature has neither investigated which are the diffusion mechanisms of terrorist shocks, nor whether the diffusion pattern is uniform. Given terrorism's idiosyncrasies and motivated by memory-based utility and the Availability heuristic, we conjecture that the stock market reaction depends on the country's perceived terrorism risk. We document that terrorism risk perception is able to explain a statistically significant portion of cross-country abnormal returns' variation. Moreover, risk perception's predictive power over abnormal returns is robust, even when we take into account countries' terrorism record or when we control for economic linkages.
A new method for the measurement of maximal fat oxidation: a pilot study

Exercise intensity is one of the main factors determining the rate of fat oxidation during exercise. The 3-min incremental protocol is desirable for practical reasons and allows for the estimation of fat oxidation across a wide range of exercise intensities. However, the use of a small number of exercise intensities traditionally used to estimate fat oxidation does not allow for the precise estimation of exercise intensity at which the rate of fat oxidation is maximal (Fat max ). The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the determination of Fat max adopting 1-min step incremental bicycle ergometer protocol. In this study we also compared Fat max determined by 3-min step incremental bicycle ergometer test with Fat max measured by 1-min step icremental bicycle ergometer test. The average peak oxygen consumption (VO 2peak ) for the entire group of subjects was 48.85±7.58 ml/min/kg. The Fat max occurred at 47.2±4.9% of VO 2peak in Test 1 and at 51.3±7.4% of VO 2peak in Test 2, which corresponded to 35.8±7.4% and 36.1±8.0% of the maximal workload (W max ) in Tests 1 and 2, respectively. Heart rate (HR) in Fat max was at 63.9±6.8% and 62.1±6.2% from maximal HR in Tests 1 and 2, respectively. There were no significant differences (p<0.05) between work rate (WR), respiratory coefficent (RER) and HR at Fat max during both tests. Similary, the values of Fat max and VO fatmax were not significantly different in both tests. It appeared that the proposed 1-min step incemental exercise protocol can be used for the measurement of Fat max in physically active males as the obtained results were not different from previously used methods to calculate Fat max . However, the Fat max results are different as fat oxidation rate is affected by endurance, sex, age, body composition, exercise type and exercise duration.
Innovation and agricultural exports: the case of sub-Saharan Africa

The multifaceted nature of agricultural innovation makes it evident that technological, industrial, human and economic factors define and redefine agricultural innovation within new cultural and technological contexts. Juxtaposing the African condition to the earlier understanding of the cross-cultural dimensions of agricultural innovation, this paper proposes that technological insufficiencies in Africa shall necessitate the creation of an enabling environment which utilises an indigenous approach to agricultural innovation. Agricultural innovation ought to use intellectual capital based on human potential and indigenous approaches to enhance long term economic growth in the African context especially in the area of trade liberalisation and agricultural exports both within the region and outside the continent of Africa.
Simulation of regional‐scale water and energy budgets: Representation of subgrid cloud and precipitation processes within RegCM

A new large-scale cloud and precipitation scheme, which accounts for the sub- grid-scale variability of clouds, is coupled to NCAR's Regional Climate Model (RegCM). This scheme partitions each grid cell into a cloudy and noncloudy fraction related to the average grid cell relative humidity. Precipitation occurs, according to a specified autoconversion rate, when a cloud water threshold is exceeded. The specification of this threshold is based on empirical in-cloud observations of cloud liquid water amounts. Included in the scheme are simple formulations for raindrop accretion and evaporation. The results from RegCM using the new scheme, tested over North America, show significant improvements when compared to the old version. The outgoing longwave radiation, albedo, cloud water path, incident surface shortwave radiation, net surface radiation, and surface temperature fields display reasonable agreement with the observations from satellite and surface station data. Furthermore, the new model is able to better represent extreme precipitation events such as the Midwest flooding observed in the summer of 1993. Overall, RegCM with the new scheme provides for a more accurate representation of atmospheric and surface energy and water balances, including both the mean conditions and the variability at daily to interannual scales. The latter suggests that the new scheme improves the model's sensitivity, which is critical for both climate change and process studies.
Entrepreneurial engagement levels in the European Union

A multinomial logit model and survey data from the 25 EU member states and the US are used to establish the effect of demographic and other variables on various entrepreneurial engagement levels. These engagement levels range from "never thought about starting a business" to "thinking about it", "taking steps for starting up", "having a young business", "having an older business" and "no longer being an entrepreneur". Data of the 2004 Entrepreneurship Flash Eurobarometer survey containing over 13,500 ob-servations is used. Other than demographic variables such as gender, age, education level and whether par-ents are self-employed, the set of explanatory variables used includes country specific effects, measures of risk tolerance, internal and external locus of control and four perceptions of 'obstacles'. The 'obstacle' vari-ables include the perception by respondents of administrative complexities, of availability of financial sup-port, of accessibility of information for start-up and whether the current economic climate is favorable. Among the four perception variables only administrative complexities displays an unambiguous obstacle profile in that its presence has a significant negative impact on higher entrepreneurial engagement levels. Country effects suggest a clear underperformance of Europe relative to the US in less mature entrepreneu-rial phases.
Convergence: A Story of Quantiles and Spillovers

type="main"> In this paper, we revisit the analysis of cross-country convergence by combining spatial econometrics and panel quantile regressions to estimate conditional β-convergence models. Moreover, we use both exogenous and endogenous weight matrices. Our results show that indeed the effects of initial per capita income, investment rate, population growth and human capital on growth rates vary considerably across the estimated quantiles. Convergence is not a generalized phenomenon across the conditional growth distribution. Moreover, while using exogenous spatial weight matrices does not substantially alter the findings found in a-spatial models, it appears that endogenous weights dramatically affect the estimates of the convergence process.
Macrolepidoptera from the steppes of Dobrogea (south-eastern Romania)

Based on material collected during 2007–2009, we report 225 species of macrolepidoptera from the steppes of Dobrogea (south-eastern Romania). Besides numerous rare species with particular ecological preferences, we report Tarachidia candefacta (Hübner, [1831]) (Noctuidae) and Rhodostrophia discopunctata Amsel, 1935 (Geometridae) for the first time in the Romanian entomofauna. Several taxa of high zoogeographical significance for the Romanian and European fauna are commented. The conservation status and interest of the steppe areas from Dobrogea is brought into discussion. Samenvatting. Macrolepidoptera van de Dobrogea steppen (Zuidoost-Roemenië) Gebaseerd op materiaal verzameld tussen 2007 tot 2009, melden we 225 soorten Macrolepidoptera uit de steppen van Dobrogea (Zuidoost-Roemenië). Naast talrijke zeldzame soorten met specifieke ecologische voorkeuren, rapporteren we voor het eerst het voorkomen van Tarachidia candefacta (Hübner, [1831]) (Noctuidae) en Rhodostrophia discopunctata Amsel, 1935 (Geometridae) in de Roemeense entomologische fauna. Verscheidene taxa met belangrijke zoögeografische betekenis voor de Roemeense en Europese fauna worden besproken. De behoudsstatus en betekenis van de steppegebieden in Dobrogea wordt ter discussie gebracht. Résumé. Macrolépidoptères des steppes de Dobrogea (Sud-Est de la Roumanie) Sur base du matériel recueilli entre 2007 et 2009, nous mentionnons 225 espèces de macrolépidoptères des steppes de la Dobroudja (Sud-Est de la Roumanie). En plus de nombreuses espèces rares avec des préférences écologiques particulières, nous rapportons pour la première fois la présence de Tarachidia candefacta (Hübner, [1831]) (Noctuidae) et de Rhodostrophia discopunctata Amsel, 1935 (Geometridae) dans l’entomofaune roumaine. Un commentaire est fait concernant plusieurs taxons d’une grande importance zoogéographique pour la faune roumaine et européenne. L’état de conservation et l’intérêt des zones steppiques de la Dobroudja sont discutés.
Variation of Postembryonic Development Time and Number of Nymphal Instars on a Small Spatial Scale in Central European Grasshoppers (Caelifera: Acrididae)

The variation of postembryonic development time and number of nymphal instars of several species of central european grasshoppers were examined at 2 adjacent sites characterised by different sward conditions such as insolation and vegetation structure. In 5 out of 6 species of Gomphocerinae, 5 nymphal instars were developed in both sexes. But only at the site with higher heat supply, a few of the males have done so whereas the larger part passed through 4 instars. At both sites, however, 5 instars occurred at least in part of the females of these species. In Chorthippus mollis (Charpentier 1825), it became obvious that at the site with a higher heat supply, a higher percentage of the females passed through 5 instars. Only Chorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt 1921) showed a constant number of 4 instars in the study area. In Chorthippus parallelus, a higher heat supply led to decreased nymphal development time. In Chorthippus mollis, however, the more frequent insertion of an additional nymphal instar led to a prolonged development time in the females. In the males, the effect of a small percentage of long cycle specimen was likely covered by the influence of the higher temperature. Thus, no clear difference between the 2 sites could be observed on the population level. , The ecological significance of the variation of the postembryonic development is discussed with regard to the adapting of life cycles to seasonal environments. According to GRANT et al [1993] it is supposed that reaching a greater body size leads to a more increased fecundity compared with the advances of a longer season suitable for reproduction.
State and Development: Child Mortality and the War on Terror: Afghanistan from 2007 to 2010

To estimate the impact of armed confl ict on child mortality, I use annual variations in violence across provinces in Afghanistan to identify children more affected by war than others. I find that children in provinces with higher level of violence have a higher chance of survival until the age of five compared to children in provinces with lower levels of violence. This finding is unexpected and surprising, however, it can be explained by higher development efforts in these provinces. In the provinces with more violence (e.g. Kabul, Kandahar), and therefore more terrorist attacks on mainly US-led ISAF troops, higher investments in the local infrastructure are more likely. This is, because the US is the major donor of development aid in Afghanistan. Thus, I capture improvements in the health system as an effect of a higher infl ux of development aid in the US controlled provinces. Therefore, a positive effect of improvements in the health system outweighs a potentially negative effect of violence on child mortality.
Factoring emerging markets into the relationship between global liquidity and commodities

What caused the mid-2000s world commodity price "bubble" and the recent commodity price growth during the economic recovery after the 2007-2009 recession? The classical "supply and demand" interpretation offered by some observers suggests that rapid global industrial growth over the past decade - the so-called "demand channel" - is the key driver of price growth. Others have argued that recent bouts of commodity price growth were directly related to central banks, especially the U.S. Federal Reserve, injecting too much money or "liquidity" into the financial system. They assert that high commodity prices are a result of excessively loose monetary policy. This paper extends the current research in this area by incorporating emerging economies, the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) nations specifically, into global measures. It is hypothesized that factoring BRIC nations into the analysis provides useful information for examining the relationship between commodity prices and global liquidity that is not captured by advanced country data alone. The statistical model in this paper accounts for the two-way relationships that can exist between output, price, and monetary variables in a globally interconnected system. Various tests of the model consistently suggest that the "demand channel" plays a large part in explaining commodity price growth whether BRIC countries are included or excluded from the analysis. However, excess liquidity may also play a part in explaining price growth. In addition, factoring in BRIC country data leads to the conclusion that unexpected movements in liquidity eventually explain more of the variation in commodity prices than unexpected demand shocks. This specific result is not caught in the sample that only incorporates advanced economies. Therefore, policymakers and researchers should not ignore emerging markets when examining commodity prices and monetary factors in a global context. Studies that exclude these countries lose key information on the effects of global monetary fluctuations.
High-temperature ammonium white mica from the Betic Cordillera (Spain)

Abstract High-temperature, ammonium-rich white mica has been identified for the first time in deep Paleozoic (and probably older) polymetamorphic schists from the Internal Zone of the Betic Cordillera (Spain). Ammonium-rich white mica has been characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, electron microprobe, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. High-temperature, ammonium-rich white mica shows some significant chemical differences with tobelite formed in hydrothermal and low-temperature metamorphic rocks. Although the average formula, Ca0.09Na0. 01K0.15(NH4)0.75(Al1.70Ti0.01Fe0.26Mg0.13)(Si2.99Al1.01)O10(OH)2, is typical of a dioctahedral mica, the chemical plots reveal a clear deviation toward the trioctahedral field. Thus, the increase in Fe + Mg contents is not accompanied by the parallel increase of Si contents, characteristic of the phengitic substitution, which is characteristic of low-pressure conditions of formation. Chemical differences are also accompanied by notable differences in the optical properties, both features suggesting that the term tobelite is not appropriate for this mica. Ammonium-rich white mica relics only persist in some graphite-rich microdomains, defining the first schistosity. Textural relations indicate that this mica formed during an older pre-Alpine metamorphic episode.
Managing professional jurisdiction and domestic energy use

ABSTRACT Professionals involved in organizing and undertaking domestic works, such as extensions, maintenance and refurbishment, have an important role in influencing how homes are configured and how occupants live within them. Despite this, the professional identities of these actors, and their impact on domestic energy use, is often overlooked. In response, this paper argues that one useful way of examining their influence is to consider how professional identities shape everyday working practices in relation to clients. Data from two UK interview and observation studies are combined: one with heating installers and the other with architects. The data are analysed using concepts from Abbott’s ‘system of professions’ framework that focuses on how the routine working practices of professional groups are born of how they see themselves and the tasks for which they are responsible. This comparison provides insights into how these two groups manage their professional ‘jurisdictions’ during their client interactions and what this means for policy-makers and industry representatives hoping to influence their work in pursuit of less carbon-intensive living. It also points to the value of further in-depth studies that explore how the routine management of professional jurisdiction impacts upon domestic energy use in a range of contexts.
Community structure of epibenthic megafauna in the Chukchi Sea

Climate change and increased focus on resource development in Arctic Seas have fueled interest in the Chukchi Sea, yet few quantitative studies have been conducted on the larger, epifaunal component of seafloor communities, which serves important roles in sediment biogeo- chemical processes and provides a food source for fishes and marine mammals. Here we provide quantitative data on the present condition of benthic epifaunal abundance and biomass from the Chukchi shelf and examine the influence of environmental variables on epifaunal communities. We collected 45 beam trawl samples in the Russian and United States sectors of the Chukchi Sea in 2004, 2007 and 2008. Gross abundance estimates ranged from 229 to 70 879 ind. 1000 m -2 , and gross bio- mass estimates ranged from 1628 to 217 023 g wet wt 1000 m -2 . Overall, abundance and biomass were dominated by echinoderms (66 and 45%, respectively) and crustaceans (17 and 31%, respec- tively). The ophiuroid Ophiura sarsi and the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio overwhelmingly domi- nated abundance and biomass. The holothurian Myriotrochus rinkii also occurred in large numbers, and the urchin Strongylocentrotus pallidus was another major contributor to biomass. A total of 165 taxa (mostly species) were identified; the highest numbers were Mollusca (45) and Crustacea (33). Cluster analysis identified 6 distinct groups plus 6 unique stations with 54 to 88% between-cluster dissimilarity, with separation based largely on substrate type and latitude. Water mass characteristics and indices of food availability appeared less influential in generating the observed composition, abundance and biomass patterns. Comparisons with previous studies suggested an increase in over- all epibenthic biomass since 1976, including an increase in the biomass of C. opilio.
Nitrogen Losses: Gaseous and Leached Nitrogen Balance

Nitrogen is the element with the greatest influence on plant production and on protein content in the case of grain crops. Nevertheless, nitrogen over-fertilization produces environmental problems such as water pollution and global warming, which has led to the declaration of vulnerable zones to nitrate pollution in the European Union and to the adhesion of many countries to the Kyoto protocol. In the case of wheat there is a demand for producing quality grain, which is primed with a bonus price. Under these both economical and environmental circumstances, arose the need for a rational system of nitrogen fertilization which enabled the optimization of nitrogen use under the specific edaphoclimatic of Northern Spain. In order to cope with this objective a net of nitrogen fertilization assays was established by means of which a series of fertilization strategies together with some associated diagnosis tools were evaluated. Thus, N losses occurring both by nitrate leaching and by N 2 O emissions to the atmosphere were quantified, as well as plant N extractions regarding the different nitrogen fertilizer treatments applied.
Roles of Affiliated Ownership on Manager’s Perquisites in Indonesia: Stage of Firm Cycle Approach

The research is purposely designed for determining perquisites in private sector through ownership, either those which are affiliated in business group and non-group; or family and group ownership non-family ownership and group affiliated. Moreover, the research examines either perquisites in private sectors is really exist on different stage of firm cycle, and different ownership structure. There will be 2 hypotheses with 8 minor hypotheses based on four firm’s stages. This research uses linear regression Pooled Least Square with interaction variables. The result showed that perquisites manager’s occurred on maturity stage in group and family group. The tendency showed that cash flow is used to maintain manager behavior by monitoring mechanism of debt policy. In the growth stage, this research is able to explain that cash flow is used for perquisites and managers tend to use it; however debt is used to bonding such perquisites behavior. Moreover, this research also found that ownership concentration also minimizes manager’s perquisites. The major differences of this research compared to the previous research are the proposed arguments in which companies are divided into group and non-group affiliation, and also family and non-family group. Besides, this research divides the companies groups into different stages such as maturity, growth, star, and decline.