Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Revision 2 1 2 Field and model constraints on silicic melt segregation by 3 compaction / hindered settling : the role of water and its effect 4 on latent heat release 5 6 7

6 7 Cin-Ty A. Lee, Douglas M. Morton, Michael J. Farner, Pranabendu Moitra 8 9 Department of Earth Science, MS-126, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, 10 USA 11 Department of Earth Sciences and United States Geological Survey, 900 University Ave., 12 University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 13 14 Words in abstract: 265 15 Words in text: 6503 16 10 Figures, 1 Table, 7 Supplementary Tables 17 18 *corresponding author, ctlee@rice.edu 19 20 21 To investigate how large volumes of silicic melts segregate to form granitic plutons, 22 we conducted a case study of a zoned pluton, in which SiO2 increases from intermediate (69 23 wt. %) to highly silicic compositions (74 wt. %) toward the contact with metasedimentary 24 wallrock. All other major, minor and trace elements vary systematically with SiO2 and 25 indicate that outward increasing SiO2 is due to a decrease in mafic elements and minerals. 26 Whole-rock oxygen isotopes and elemental variation diagrams do not support mixing with 27 wallrock as an explanation for the Si-rich boundary layer. Instead, mafic enclaves are 28 common in the pluton, but decrease in abundance in the outer 25 m of the pluton, 29 suggesting a mechanical origin for the Si-rich boundary layer. These observations, 30 combined with geochemical modeling, indicate that the silica-rich, enclave-poor boundary 31 layer formed by hindered settling or compaction of a crystal-rich (crystal fractions > 60 %) 32 magmatic mush. Segregation of melts at high crystal fraction is known to be a slow process. 33 However, petrography and Zr-based thermometry indicate that the residual Si-rich liquids 34 were water-saturated. Water decreases melt viscosity, which helps expulsion, but equally 35 importantly, water also delays much of the latent heat release to late in the thermal and 36 crystallization history of a cooling magma. We show that the higher the water content, the 37 longer the time interval over which a magma chamber resides at the stage when water38 saturated, high silica liquids form, allowing sufficient time for exfiltration of silicic liquids 39 before the magma body freezes. 40 41
Seasonal and interannual variability of the mineral dust cycle under present and glacial climate conditions

[1] We present simulations of the dust cycle during present and glacial climate states, using a model, which explicitly simulates the control of dust emissions as a function of seasonal and interannual changes in vegetation cover. The model produces lower absolute amounts of dust emissions and deposition than previous simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) dust cycle. However, the simulated 2- to 3-fold increase in emissions and deposition at the LGM compared to today, is in agreement with marine- and ice-core observations, and consistent with previous simulations. The mean changes are accompanied by a prolongation of the length of the season of dust emissions in most source regions. The increase is most pronounced in Asia, where LGM dust emissions are high throughout the winter, spring and summer rather than occurring primarily in spring as they do today. Changes in the seasonality of dust emissions, and hence atmospheric loading, interact with changes in the seasonality of precipitation, and hence of the relative importance of wet and dry deposition processes at high northern latitudes. As a result, simulated dust deposition rates in the high northern latitudes show high interannual variability. Our results suggest that the high dust concentration variability shown by the Greenland ice core records during the LGM is a consequence of changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation locally rather than a result of changes in the variability of dust emissions. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0315 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions; 1615 Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805); 3319 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: General circulation; 3344 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Paleoclimatology; KEYWORDS: dust, mineral aerosol, glacial climate, GCM simulation, LGM, GRIP/GISP ice cores
Fruit , Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology

Although pomegranate is an ancient fruit plant it has gained commercial significance recently. Nowadays there is increasing worldwide demand for this fruit owing to its superior pharmacological and therapeutic properties. The cultivated species of pomegranate, Punica granatum, is reported to contain 2n=16, 18 chromosomes. Inheritance of some fruit and flower types has been studied. Pomegranate, often a cross pollinated crop, is genetically heterozygous and adequate variation for several plant and fruit traits is generated in nature. Punica has ornamental ‘Double Flower’ and ‘Nana’ types. Some wild forms like ‘Daru’ possess resistance to pomegranate bacterial blight. Very little breeding work has been carried out in India, Israel, China and Iran. In this review, new varieties that are bred with specific objectives using modern breeding techniques are outlined. Criteria to be considered in developing varieties to suit the needs of growers, retailers and exporters are also presented along with important germplasm sources for various traits. Hybridization, mutation and polyploidy work in pomegranate has recently resulted in some new varieties. Hybridization and development of a hybrid population is relatively easy in pomegranate as the flowers are big, pollen is available in plenty and seeds germinate well; besides, many varieties are easily crossable. The inter-relation and inheritance of some fruit and plant traits is reviewed as these will serve as a guide in making a discreet selection of appropriate progeny from the segregating population. A consortium of pomegranate breeders working in various countries, germplasm exchange, and multi-location testing of varieties and initiating collaborative programmes should help in addressing some regional and international objectives in pomegranate breeding. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Experimental study on effect of the air flow rate on ventilation effectiveness in lecture room

This study is conducted to investigate the effect of the air flow rate of cassette ceiling air conditioning on the ventilation effectiveness in lecture room. This study was done by analyzing the measurement data based on experiments conducted in the lecture room using measuring equipments such as Velocicalc, Accubalance Capture Hood and Q-Trak. Parameters consider in this study is CO2, CO, relative humidity (RH), air flow rate, air velocity and temperature. Nine points had been selected to calculate the average parameters value and the experiment was carried out repetitively with different air flow rates (low, medium and high). Despite of 80 students occupied the room with two out of ceiling cassette air-conditioning in these experiments were not unable to fully operate with its maximum performance, the result obtained shows that the lecture room’s concerning parameters for indoor air quality was still under the allowable limit suggested by ASHRAE for all investigated flow rate. The increase in flow rate should increase the ventilation effectiveness, since the indoor CO2 concentration was oppositely decreased as the flow rate increased. However, through simple mass balance calculation, the ventilation effectiveness for pollutant removal was calculated only on pollutant dispersion. This is caused by the simple mass equation derived from 1D steady state and cannot predict 3D effect such as the recirculation and stagnation zone. It is suggested to investigate this study through CFD analysis to understand the 3D effect for more accurate ventilation effectiveness analysis.
Effect of mounding times on yield of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) landraces in Sahel-Burkina Faso

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdcourt) was grown in the Sahel area of Burkina Faso in 2010 and 2011. Three mounding periods – 2 WAS (two weeks after sowing), 4 WAS and 7 WAS – were combined with two landraces in a randomized complete block design experiments (RCBD). These two landraces showed significant differences (P<0.05) for seed yield per plant, one hundred seeds weight and average yield. Mounding at 4 WAS induced a delay of 50% flowering (14 to 15 days) in comparison to mounding at 2 and 7 WAS. Mounding at 4 WAS reduced seed yield per plant by 9% in comparison with mounding at 2 WAS and by 29% in comparison with late mounding at 7 WAS. Mounding at 2 and 7 WAS led to the highest seed yield across the two years. Late timing at 7 WAS generated an average annual yield of 1461 kg/ha, followed by early mounding at 2 WAS with1144 kg/ha and medium mounding at 4 WAS with 887 kg/ha. Therefore, in the Sahelian agro ecological zone, farmers must avoid mounding at 4 WAS for landraces having a cycle which takes less than 90 days because it has a significant negative impact on Bambara groundnut yield.
Exploring the Impact of Education on Korean- American Entrepreneurs

Education has been shown to have myriad effects on people, from increasing their incomes to changing their views of the world. In the area of entrepreneurship, education creates opportunities and increases the rate of entrepreneurial activity. This study explores educationʼs effects on the immigrant entrepreneurship development processes and outcomes in the context of Korean-Americans by comparing a national sample of Korean-Americans with differing amounts of education. The sample is part of the National Minority Business Owners Surveys (NMBOS) carried out by the Lawrence N. Field Center for Entrepreneurship at Baruch College between 2003 and 2005. The authors hypothesize that high-education Korean-Americans will have larger and more successful businesses, have more varying types of businesses, and follow differing paths to business formation. In addition, the authors hypothesize that motivations, goals, and attitudes toward their businesses, families, and their lives generally will be different. Among other things, confidence and level of satisfaction with their business will be higher for the high-education group. The study finds that while the low- and high-education groups vary in their types of businesses, the paths followed into those businesses, and the size of their businesses, they are very similar as to their attitudes, motivations, and family interactions. Implications for future research are discussed.
Gross Job Creation, Gross Job Destruction and Employment Reallocation

This study measures the heterogeneity of establishment-level employment changes in the U.S. manufacturing sector over the 1972 to 1986 period. We measure this heterogeneity in terms of the gross creation and destruction of jobs and the rate at which jobs are reallocated across plants. Our measurement efforts enable us to quantify the connection between job reallocation and worker reallocation, to evaluate theories of heterogeneity in plant-level employment dynamics, and to establish new results related to the cyclical behavior of the labor market.
MODELING THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS AND PERFORMANCE AMONG MALAYSIAN LOCAL AUTHORITIES

The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between organizational culture, management control systems and performance within Malaysian local authorities. A research instrument was developed and self-administered to 899 head of departments in the local authorities of Peninsular Malaysia. Out of the 899 questionnaires distributed, 372 were returned, which resulted in 335 usable responses that were used for further analysis. The findings of the study showed that the organizational culture significantly affects the management control systems and performance. The relationships between organizational culture and performance, through the management control systems were also reported to be significant. Therefore, this study supported the premise of the contingency theory, which holds that organizational culture can influence the practices of management control systems, and, eventually affects the organizational performance. The results also generally support the hypothesis that management control systems serve as important mediators in the relationship between organizational culture and performance.
Modelling intra-regional geographic mobility in a rural setting

Large-scale models are often used in the urban planning context to model the effects of, for instance, a change in land-use policies or transportation infrastructure. This class of models accounts for factors such as the spatial distribution of jobs and workers, commuting flows, housing markets, modal choice and so on. One criticism of such models is their complexity, computational demands and data requirements. In this paper, we develop a model which shares certain features with large-scale models, but which is appropriate for studying development at the intra-regional level in a rural setting. The rural setting means that not all of the traditional features of a large-scale model are relevant, and these can therefore be omitted. This allows us to create a simple model which still captures the most relevant effects of large-scale models.
Experimental Study on the Pulsation Frequencies of Aviation Fuel Pool Fires

In order to make a comparison between the pulsation frequencies of liquid fuel pool fires and diffusion flame of gas fuels, which had been investigated by some predecessors, experiments on flame pulsation frequency of aviation fuel pool fires were performed. Six different pans were used with diameters of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 m. An electronic balance was used to record instantaneous fuel mass and to determine the quasi-steady state of the pool fire. The flame area was determined from flame images of a quasi-steady pool fire recorded by a CCD video camera. Binary images were generated with a Matlab program using a luminance threshold method. The instantaneous flame heights were then calculated based on these binary flame images. Frequency distribution of flame heights were obtained by means of fast Fourier transforms. The Strouhal and Richardson numbers were used to analyze the relationship of different influencing factors with the flame pulsation frequency. An empirical best fit relationship between the pulsation frequency of aviation fuel pool fires and pool diameters was established based on experimental data. It is found that for the same pool size, flame pulsation frequency results from the empirical relationship of this study are lower than previously found. The pulsation frequency differences between the two types of flames decrease with the increase of the pool size. In consideration of the periodical characteristic of the dynamic evolution process of pool flames, the phenomenon was analyzed qualitatively. The analysis indicates that it is due to the duration of lag time for radiant heat transfer from flames to liquid fuel that makes the fuel evaporation delay that, in turn, decreases the flame pulsation frequency.
DGGE detection and screening of lignocellulolytic bacteria from the termite gut of Coptotermes formosanus

Aims: Termites thrive in terrestrial ecosystems and play an important role in the bio-recycling of lignocellulose. The objective of this study is to isolate and detect bacteria from the termite gut of Coptotermes formosanus and to screen their various enzyme activities by qualitative methods. In addition, this study was aimed to isolate lignin and furfural tolerant strains for various industrial bioprocesses. Methodology and Results: In this study, 50 worker termites of Coptotermes formosanus were collected from dead trees, from a forest in Taichung, Taiwan in June 2008 and the composition of the microbial flora from the termite guts was analyzed by DGGE analysis. The results proved that anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria consisting of Acinetobacter, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Escherichia coli, and Caulobacter readily existed in the guts of termites. Although the majority of these gut symbionts have not yet been cultivated or identified, some related bacteria were isolated. Two isolates 1-8 and 2-2 of Genus Bacillus, exhibited endocellulase, protease, lipase, amylase, peroxidase and lignin peroxidase activity. Under aerobic conditions, the growth density of isolate 1-8 cultured in 1000 ppm lignin containing MSM medium was two-folds higher than cultured in MSM medium without lignin. Furthermore, the isolate 1-8 was tolerant to 20 mM furfural supplemented in the MSM medium. HPLC analysis confirmed Bacillus isolate 1-8 could degrade up to 15 mM furfural. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Hind gut bacteria from C. formosanus were detected by culture independent DGGE method. Also, Bacillus isolates 1-8 and 2-2 obtained by culture dependent methods could withstand higher concentration of furfural and as well as lignin. These isolates may be co-cultured with ethanologenic bacteria and be used as an industrial biocatalyst for biofuel production.
Labour productivity , factor intensity and labour costs in South African manufacturing

Very little is known about the evolution of labour productivity at the firm-level over the 20 years since the transition to democracy in South Africa. This paper aggregates 11 surveys of the manufacturing sector to investigate this in more detail. At an aggregate level real labour productivity has approximately doubled but much of this increase is due to within-industry changes, especially ‘catchup’ by originally lower productivity industries. These increases in real labour productivity have been accompanied by increases in real wages. The within-industry changes seem to differ by firm size smaller firms have become more labour productive relative to larger firms. This does not seem to be driven by changes in capital intensity across different sized firms but does seem to be associated with changes in real labour costs. Average real wages at smaller firms seem to be rising relative to larger firms. Analysis of comparable surveys suggests that one mechanism driving this is the exit of lower productivity, unskilled-labour intensive smaller firms. This exit is further correlated with the industrial bargaining structure and growth in import competition. The Research Project on Employment, Income Distribution and Inclusive Growth is based at SALDRU at the University of Cape Town and supported by the National Treasury. Views expressed in REDI3x3 Working Papers are those of the authors and are not to be attributed to any of these institutions. © REDI3x3 1 www.REDI3x3. org Labour productivity, factor intensity and labour costs in South African manufacturing1
Data Mining in Cloud Computing

Data.Mining is a process of extracting potentially useful information from raw Data, so as to improve the quality of the information service. With the rapid development of the Internet, the size of the data has increased from KB level to TB even PB level; The object of data mining is also more and more complicated, so the data mining algorithm need to be more efficient. Cloud computing can provide infrastructure to massive and complex data of data mining, as well as new challenging issues for data mining of cloud computing research are emerged. This paper introduces the basic concept of cloud computing and data mining firstly, and sketches out how data mining is used in cloud computing; Then summarizes the research of parallel programming mode especially analyses the Map-reduce programming model and it's development platform-Hadoop; finally, overviews efficient mass data mining algorithm based on parallel programming model and mass data mining service based on the cloud computing.
INFLATION DYNAMICS AND NEW KEYNESIAN PHILLIPS CURVE : AN OPEN ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE FOR PAKISTAN

The study has tested the empirical validity of the open economy New Keynesian Phillips curve (NKPC) model with Pakistan’s data over the period 1972 to 2012. The estimates of the open economy hybrid NKPC reveal that although both the lagged period inflation and future inflation are statistically significant but the coefficient of lagged period inflation is quantitatively larger than the expected inflation which means that the price setting behavior is dominantly backward looking in Pakistan. Furthermore, the output gap has proved to be inflation forcing variable in the country. Finally, the inflation dynamics of Pakistan seem to be strongly influenced from the external factors like terms of trade and trade openness. The findings of the study suggest that the open economy NKPC can be used as a benchmark model for understanding the inflation behaviour in Pakistan. JEL classification: C13; C32;E31.
Death tolls from natural disasters: Influence of interactions between fiscal decentralization, institution, and economic development

Previous research shows that the effect of decentralization on damage caused by natural disasters will differ according a country’s level of economic development. To investigate this matter further, this paper uses cross-country data from 1990 to 2001 to examine how decentralization, institution, and economic development influence the number of deaths caused by natural disasters. The major findings are that decentralization reduces deaths and its effect is strengthened in countries with lower levels of public sector corruption and better functioning legal systems. Furthermore, the interaction between decentralization and high quality institutions has a greater contribution to the reduction of deaths in more developed countries.
Abundance and production of particle-associated bacteria and its implication in a mangrove dominated estuary.

An annual study was carried out in the Mandovi, a mangrove dominated tropical estuary to assess the contribution of particle-associated bacteria (PAB) to the system's variability in terms of abundance and productivity. The suspended load, which was composed of inorganic mineral grains and allochthonous materials including mangrove litter, was high during the southwest monsoon season (sw monsoon). The ratio of organic:inorganic content of these particles was low during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The PAB abundance ranged from 1.0 x 10 10 m -2 to 22.8 x 10 10 m -2 and accounted for 4 to 94% of the total bacterial abundance. The variation in PAB abundance was due to their preferential colonization, which depended on the quantity and quality of the particles. The average annual PAB production was 214 μg. C.m -2 d -1 and contributed to an average of 35% of the total bacterial production. The primary productivity (PP) was 137, 14 and 163 μg. C.m -2 d -1 for the pre-monsoon, sw monsoon and post-monsoon periods respectively. The calculated maximum bacterial carbon demand (BCD) of PAB was 37% of the total BCD. On an annual basis <1% of PP contributed to PAB-BCD. It is suggested that the rest of the BCD was met from mangrove litter, and other allochthonous sources. PCA analysis showed that biotic parameters were predictors for ~ 50% of the variability and had a marked seasonality linked to salinity. The allochthonous sources contributed significantly to the structure of the biological community of this mangrove dominated estuary.