Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting Permission Over-claim of Android Applications with Static and Semantic Analysis Approach

Android access control granularity based on its permission mechanism is relatively coarse, which cannot effectively protect the user privacy. Many Android applications do not strictly abide by the principle of least privilege (PLP). Both benign and malicious apps may request more permissions than those they really use. We rethink previous permission over-claim problem of Android applications, and extend it to three kinds of problems: Explicit Permission Over-claim, Implicit Permission Over-claim and Ad Library Permission Over-claim. The latter two problems are new that have not been raised by any previous work. Static analysis is to decompile the applications to generate intermediate code and then analyze the usage of permissions. Our static analysis on 10710 applications shows that 76.08% of them may have Explicit Permission Over-claim problem, among those there are 424 applications that have sensitive permissions, which are only used in the advertisement library’s code of the applications rather than developer’s own code. They have Ad Library Permission Over-claim problem. The main idea of our semantic analysis is to calculate the semantic similarity between apps’ descriptions and function phrases. If the similarity exceeds a certain threshold, the app is considered relevant to the corresponding function. We compare the results of the semantic analysis with those of manual reading of 102 Android application descriptions. The F-measures of the three chosen functions are 80.82%, 70.48% and 89.62%, respectively. The evaluation results show our method can efficiently detect the above three kinds of permission over claim problems which indicates that our method would be helpful for normal users to have a clear understanding of permission usage of Android applications.
Tool use and collaborative work of dock assembly in practice*

Abstract In order to deepen the understanding of the intrinsic interactions and interplay between humans, tools, and environment from a systems perspective, research in the wild (RITW) approaches have gained traction during recent decades as they provide a higher ecological validity of findings. This paper presents a RITW study, investigating how assembly, in this case dock assembly of forwarders, was done in practice. As our theoretical foundation, we used the framework of distributed cognition, which is one of the main pillars of RITW. The findings are presented in narrative form, describing and highlighting that the workers achieve an efficient production outcome by being integral parts of the whole production process and doing so through coordination of activities benefitting the shared goal of the distributed socio-technical system.
Coping strategies and self-esteem in women with breast cancer

Coping with a breast cancer diagnosis and the use of different strategies is key to overcoming this stressful situation. Various psychological variables are related to how patients cope with the disease, one of which is self-esteem. The current study analyses the how age influences patients with breast cancer in terms of the coping strategies used to deal with the disease, exploring whether self-esteem influences the use of such strategies, along with the possible interrelation between these variables. Self-esteem is studied using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale and coping strategies were assessed using the COPE-28 scale, both in their Spanish versions. The sample consisted of 121 women (with breast cancer), aged between 30 and 77 years (M = 49.33, SD = 8.90). The results indicate that active coping is the strategy with the highest score. We found significant, age-mediated relationships between self-esteem scores and active coping strategies such as positive reframing, acceptance, or use of emotional support. Knowing how to cope with the disease will help in the development of psychological interventions that improve the quality of life in these patients throughout the oncological disease process.
Coping with the threat of terrorism: A review

Abstract Terrorism creates a ripple of fear and uncertainty. Although most individuals are resilient and recover over time, a minority remains functionally and psychologically impaired. In this paper, we examine research on coping strategies employed in the aftermath of terrorist events, theories and empirical findings related to appraisal processes that influence individuals’ primary attributions of risk, and normative processes that shape secondary appraisals, which predict specific coping behaviors. We also describe individual diatheses and factors promoting resilience that may influence coping and functioning in the face of terrorism. Finally, we offer suggestions for future research.
Dividend Policy and Stock Prices 1 Dividend Policy and Stock Prices – A Case of KSE-100 Index Companies

Dividend policy is a widely researched topic in the field of investments and finance but still it remains a mystery that whether Dividend Policy affects the Stock Prices or not. The results of researches conducted in various stock markets are different. There are many internal and external factors, which simultaneously affect stock prices and it is almost impossible to segregate the effect of each so the variations remain. This paper is an attempt to explain the effect of Dividend Policy on the Stock Prices by taking a sample of 131 companies listed at Karachi Stock Exchange for a period of 10 years from 2001to 2010. Various theories related to dividend policy are tested in various parts of the world with different results and findings. Various other articles are reviewed, written in Pakistan and abroad to see the significance of dividend policy on the stock prices and to compare the results of this research with those conducted earlier. Sample size is large i.e. almost one fourth of the total listed companies of Karachi Stock Exchange so the results are reliable and valid. In the last decade stock market of Pakistan went through many changes and huge ups and downs were seen. The economic crisis of the world in year 2008-09 also affected the market adversely. In the last couple of years the markets have again shown steady upward trend. All these fluctuations in the stock prices due to external factors, including international factors, make it difficult to check the impact of dividend policy. Here it is also pertinent to mention that stock markets of Pakistan are mainly speculative and capital gains are mostly sought by investors, particularly individual investors. Institutions and long term investors give due consideration to dividends and dividend polices of companies, which is a large and significant portion of the total investment in the stock markets. Panel data approach is used to explain the relationship between dividends and stock prices after controlling the variables like Profit after Tax, Earnings per Share and Return on Equity. Results indicate that Stock Dividend, Dividend Policy and Stock Prices 3 Profit after Tax, Earnings per Share and Return on Equity have positive relation with Stock Prices and significantly explain the variations in the market prices of shares, while Retention Ratio has negative, insignificant relation with stock prices. Overall model is significant. Results of Fixed and Random Effect Models further validate these results. Overall results of this study indicate that Dividend Policy has significant positive effect on Stock Prices.
Use of transdominant mutants of the origin-binding protein (UL9) of herpes simplex virus type 1 to define functional domains

UL9, the origin-binding protein of herpes simplex virus type 1, contains six sequence motifs conserved in a large superfamily of RNA and DNA helicases. Single-amino-acid substitution mutations in these motifs inactivate UL9 function in vivo (R. Martinez, L. Shao, and S. K. Weller, J. Virol. 66:6735-6746, 1992). Overexpression of wild-type UL9 is inhibitory to plaque formation in a transfection assay which measures viral plaque formation by infectious herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA. Constructs containing mutations in motif I, II, or VI exhibit even stronger inhibitory effects in the same assay and thus can be considered strong transdominant inhibitors of plaque formation by the wild-type virus. The transdominant phenotype can be relieved by introducing a second mutation in the DNA-binding domain or by deleting the N-terminal 35 amino acids of the protein. The inhibitory effects of wild-type UL9 can also be partially relieved by deletion of amino acids 292 to 404. We propose that the N-terminal 35 amino acids of UL9 and residues 292 to 404 may define new functional domains of the UL9 protein.
Does slow motion impact on the perception of foul play in football?

Abstract Objectives: Slow-motion replays of foul play situations are now used in the education and training of sports officials. We investigated the impact of video speed on the decision-making process of association football referees and how this interacted with expertise. Methods: Three different groups of referees, varying in level of expertise, assessed video clips from an in-game perspective. Video clips represented corner kick and open play situations in which a foul occurred or not. For these foul/no foul situations, the referees had to make a technical (no foul; indirect free kick; direct free kick; or penalty kick) and a disciplinary decision (no card; yellow card; or red card), under both slow-motion and real-time viewing conditions. Accuracy scores were determined by comparing participant’s responses with the decisions of an expert panel. Results: Significant differences were observed across groups for foul/no foul situations, suggesting that the experts were able to process the available information more effectively than their less expert colleagues. The accuracy scores for the technical decision were higher in slow motion (67%) compared to a real-time viewing condition (56%), particularly for corner kick situations. No differences were found between real time and slow motion for the disciplinary decision. Conclusions: Slow-motion footage results in higher accuracy scores for complex technical decisions. These findings have implications for the use of slow-motion replays in the decision-making process of referees.
Breath isoprene during acute respiratory exacerbation in cystic fibrosis.

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) experience a combination of chronic systemic oxidative stress, generation of free radicals in the lungs due to a hyperimmune response and a diminished ability to scavenge free radicals secondary to malabsorption and increased consumption. The authors asked the question, "Does breath isoprene content reflect systemic oxidative stress? " The study involved 12 CF patients and 12 matched healthy controls. The patients were sampled during acute respiratory exacerbation (increased respiratory symptoms, reduction in forced expiratory volume (FEV1) of >10%, and a decision to treat with intravenous antibiotics) and after two weeks of antibiotic treatment. Blood samples were examined for markers of oxidative stress. Breath samples were analysed for isoprene content. Malondialdehyde (MDA), erythrocyte membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein sulphydryls and protein carbonyls all showed evidence of increased oxidative stress which was moderated by antibiotic treatment. Breath isoprene production rate was significantly lower in patients during exacerbation than in controls with a mean difference of-39 (95% confidence interval (CI) -11-57) pmol.min.kg(-1) and increased to normal values following treatment (mean change 63 (95% CI 42-84) pmol.min.kg(-1)). In conclusion, breath isoprene cannot be considered a reliable marker of oxidative stress.
Abundance of Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) and Its Parasitoid Cryptochaetum iceryae (Diptera: Cryptochaetidae) in Argentina Blueberry Crops

ABSTRACT Icerya purchasi Maskell is a polyphagous scale pest of ornamentals and several other crops. It has two natural specialist enemies that maintain its populations at low levels: Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) and Cryptochaetum iceryae (Williston). I. purchasi was recently observed in blueberry crops (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in Argentina. Seven blueberry fields located in different agricultural landscapes were sampled from July 2006 to September 2008. I. purchasi was present only in the citrus areas of Gobernador Castro, San Pedro, and Concordia. In the last locality, it was present in January 2007, and the abundance was very low. In Buenos Aires, I. purchasi was more abundant in Gobernador Castro where it was present throughout all study period. In San Pedro, it was only registered in August 2007 and March, April, and June 2008. In Gobernador Castro, where the abundance was highest, the dominant crop near blueberries is citrus. The low abundance in San Pedro and Concordia fields may be attributable to the replacement of citrus crops by nonhosts. In Concordia and San Pedro fields, no parasitized I. purchasi were found. In Gobernador Castro, the proportion of adults parasitized was 0.805 ± 0.286. When the risk of parasitism was analyzed for three density categories, there were no significant differences. R. cardinalis was present only in Gobernador Castro, and very few individuals were observed. The presence and abundance of I. purchasi in blueberry crops in Argentina seems to be linked to the structure of the landscape at the regional level, and the variable incidence of C. iceryae suggests major constraints to the scale's population growth.
The Influence of Large Clinical Trials in Orthopedic Trauma: Do They Change Practice?

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of top fracture trials on the practice of orthopedic surgeons. Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Participants: We electronically administered the survey to all members of the Canadian Orthopedic Association. We received responses for 222 surveys, of which, 178 surveys were completed. Intervention: We distributed a survey that evaluated the influence of 7 important fracture studies (6 randomized controlled trials and 1 prospective cohort study) on practice, patient care and the overall advancement of knowledge in the field of orthopedics. This study was approved by our local ethics review board. Main outcome measure: The primary outcome measure was the perceived general influence and impact of important fracture studies on the perceptions and practice of orthopedic surgeons. Results: The Clavicular Fixation Trial (2007) and Tibial Fracture Trial (SPRINT, 2008) were perceived by surgeons to have the greatest influence on advancing overall knowledge in the field, improving personal practice, and the most influence on improving patient care. On the other hand, the Bone Stimulation in Fractures Trial (2011) and the recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2-BESST Trial (2002) had the lowest mean influence ranks. The probability of changing practice was significantly higher (Odds Ratio, 2.89; 95% confidence interval, 2.16–3.88; P < 0.00001) when studies had positive outcomes in comparison with negative outcomes. Conclusions: Despite the complexity and costs associated with clinical trials in orthopedic trauma, the results from this survey suggest that these studies result in a demonstrable perceived influence and impact on the practice of orthopedic surgeons.
Hospitals, nationality and culture: Social workers, experiences and reflections

INTRODUCTION: Social work accrediting bodies mandate that workers analyse ways in which cultural values and structural forces shape client experiences and opportunities and that workers deconstruct mechanisms of exclusion and asymmetrical power relationships. This article reports the findings of a small-scale qualitative study of frontline hospital social workers’ experiences and understanding of their mandate for culturally sensitive practice. METHODS: The study involved one-hour, semi-structured interviews with 10 frontline hospital social workers. The interviews sought to understand how frontline workers and their organisations understood culturally sensitive practice. Drawing on their own social cultural biographies, workers described organisational policy and practices that supported (or not) culturally sensitive practice. Narrative analysis was used to extract themes. FINDINGS: Data indicate that frontline hospital social workers demonstrated their professional mandate for culturally sensitive practice. Workers were firm in their view that working with the culturally other requires humility as well as a preparedness to value and engage the multiple cultural meanings that evolve in the patient–worker encounter. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight that mandating cultural sensitivity does not necessarily result in such practice. Cultural sensitivity requires an understanding of how cultural and social location may be implicated in sustaining the dominant cultural narrative and signals the need for workers, systems and organisations to facilitate appropriate learning experiences to explore culturally sensitive practice.
Effect of Local Application of Progesterone on Human Adipose Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase

Adipose tissue (AT) lipoprotein lipase (LPL) of parametrial fat pads has been shown to increase in female rats following Progesterone (Pg) administration, whereas subcutaneous AT-LPL remained unchanged (Steingrimsdottir, Basel and Greenwood 1980). Whether or not this action was a direct one through AT progestin receptors (Gray and Wade 1979) or was mediated by the systemic effects of Pg on insulin secretion or food intake is an open question (Wade and Gray 1979). Therefore we studied the effect of the application of percutaneous Pg (Perc-Pg), which is known to result in increased local subcutaneous concentrations of Pg without increase in systemic concentration (Marty, James, Hajo and Wepierre 1980), on LPL in the femoral subcutaneous AT. This region might be considered as sexually differentiated in humans, women having consistently larger fat cells here (Krotkiewski, Sjostrom, Bjorntorp and Smith 1975). Table 1 Effect of Perc Pg application of fat cell size and AT-LPL activity.
DETC 2007 / DAC-35745 FLEXIBLE AND RECONFIGURABLE SYSTEMS : NOMENCLATURE AND REVIEW

The demands on today’s products have become increasingly complex as customers expect enhanced performance across a variety of diverse and changing system operating conditions. Reconfigurable systems are capable of undergoing changes in order to meet new objectives, function effectively in varying operating environments, and deliver value in dynamic market conditions. Research in the design of such responsive and changeable systems, however, currently faces impediments in effective and clear discourse due to ambiguity in terminology. Definitions of the terms flexibility and reconfigurability, two related concepts in reconfigurable system design, are explored based on their original lexical meanings and current understanding in design literature. Design techniques that incorporate flexibility both in the design (form) and performance (function) space are presented. Based upon this literature survey, a classification scheme for flexibility is proposed, and its application to reconfigurable system design is explored. This paper also presents recent methodologies for reconfigurable system design and poses important research questions that remain to be investigated.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors KDR and Flt-1 in gastric cancer cells.

AIM The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors KDR and Flt-1 by gastric carcinoma tissues and different gastric carcinoma cell lines was detected to elucidate the molecular mechanism of this growth factor in promoting tumor growth. METHODS The expression of VEGF, Flt-1 and KDR was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in gastric cancer cell lines RF-1, RF-48, AGS-1, NCI-N87, NCI-SNU-1, NCI-SNU-5, NCI-SNU-16 and KATO-III. The expression of Flt-1 and KDR in paraffin-embedded specimens of gastric cancer was determined by immunohistochemistry. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to assess the role of VEGF in tumor cell proliferation. RESULTS All 8 gastric cancer cell lines analyzed expressed VEGF(121) and VEGF(165) and six of them expressed both Flt-1 and KDR, while cell line NCI-SNU-5 expressed Flt-1 only and cell line KATOIII expressed neither Flt-1 nor KDR. The gastric carcinoma tissues expressed Flt-1 and KDR widely, with the positive rate of expression of Flt-1 and KDR being 84.6 % and 70 % respectively. The exogenous VEGF stimulated the growth of KDR-positive cell lines NCI-N87 and AGS-1 in a dose-dependent manner but exhibited no effect on the growth of KDR-negative cell line NCI-N87. CONCLUSION VEGF and its receptors KDR and Flt-1 were expressed widely in gastric carcinoma cells and the VEGF stimulated KDR-positive tumor cell growth directly. These results suggest that VEGF may play a role in promoting tumor growth and metastasis by participating in both paracrine and autocrine pathways.
Cholangiocarcinoma: Aggressive Surgical Intervention Remains Justified

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) continues to be a difficult disease to both diagnose and treat. Optimal treatment includes resection to histologically negative margins. In recent years, advanced imaging, including magnetic resonance cholangiography and endoscopic ultrasound, has presumably improved the accuracy of determining resectability. From 2004 to 2009, a total of 61 patients with cholangiocarcinoma were evaluated for resection. The majority were men (37) and ages ranged from 29 to 87 years (mean, 67 years). Only 31 per cent were found to be obviously unresectable based on imaging alone. The remaining 69 per cent underwent exploration, at which time resection was found unfeasible in an additional 25 per cent (overall 56% unresectable). Although all resection specimens had grossly negative margins, 37 per cent were ultimately found to be microscopically positive. The overall 5-year actuarial survival for patients undergoing resection was 39.2 per cent with no survival difference between those with positive and negative margins. Despite advances in diagnostic imaging, more than half of patients with CCA presenting for surgical evaluation are ultimately found to be unresectable. However, the final determination can still only be made at the time of exploration. Even in the presence of microscopic residual disease, surgical intervention results in improved survival. An aggressive stance toward surgical intervention in patients with CCA remains justified.
Determining the effect of immunosuppressant adherence on graft failure risk among renal transplant recipients

The objective was to use the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) to quantify the relationship between immunosuppressant therapy (IST) adherence and risk of graft failure among adult renal transplant recipients (RTRs). A secondary objective was to examine the relationship among select patient characteristics and IST adherence. The study sample included adult RTRs who: received primary transplant between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2005; experienced graft survival for at least 12 months post‐transplant and had at least 12 months of data in the USRDS; utilized Medicare coverage for IST; and were prescribed cyclosporine or tacrolimus. IST adherence was measured by medication possession ratio (MPR). Pearson chi‐square tests were used to examine associations between patient characteristics and MPR quartiles. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess relationships among time to graft failure, MPR, and patient characteristics. Thirty‐one thousand nine hundred and thirteen RTRs met inclusion criteria. Older age, female gender, white race, deceased donors, and tacrolimus were associated with greater adherence (p < 0.001). Cox proportional hazard modeling indicated greater adherence, white race, and having a living donor were significantly associated with longer graft survival (p < 0.05). Future prospective studies should further examine the clinical significance of IST nonadherence as it relates to graft failure.