Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimación y simulación de la precipitación en Galicia a escala mensual

Se han comparado diferentes metodos de interpolacion geoestadistica (krigeado ordinario, krigeado universal, simulacion condicionada) entre si y con un metodo de interpolacion no geoestadistico (distancias inversas), utilizando para ellos datos de precipitacion total mensual (en mm) registrados en 121 estaciones climatologicas localizadas dentro de la Comunidad Autonoma de Galicia. Se cartografio la precipitacion en cada mes analizado con el metodo de las distancias inversas y, cuando, se puso en evidencia dependencia espacial, tambien se usaron los restantes metodos. Un analisis estadistico preliminar puso de manifiesto la heterogeneidad espacial de la precipitacion en Galicia, observandose una mayor variabilidad durante la estacion seca. En base a los valores de asimetria y curtosis, se asumio que los datos mensuales de precipitacion presentan una distribucion aproximadamente normal. El metodo de las distancias inversas se mostro suficientemente adecuado para efectuar una estimacion rapida de la precipitacion a la escala estudiada. Los mapas resultantes presentan, en general, un aspecto discontinuo. El siguiente paso fue analizar la dependencia espacial de la precipitacion; esta se puso en evidencia en 33 de los 48 meses analizados aunque el modelo teorico ajustado a los semivariogramas experimentales o residuales fue diferente segun el mes estudiado. El alcance y el efecto pepita de los modelos ajustados fue variable, oscilando el primero entre 2.99 y 59.87 Km. y el segundo entre 0 y 64.02 % del valor de la meseta. La primera tecnica de interpolacion geoestadistica utilizada fue la del krigeado ordinario que ofrecio mapas muy suavizados y con errores elevados. Se empleo informacion secundaria (altitud del terreno, distancia a la costa y latitud) para mejorar la anterior estimacion mediante la tecnica de krigeado universal. Se observo una notable influencia de la topografia sobre los valores de precipitacion estimados. Por ultimo se utilizo el metodo de la simulacion condicionada que ofrecio mapas que presentan una variabilidad que los hace parecer reales reproduciendo, al mismo tiempo, los valores medidos.
Functional Heterogeneity and High Frequencies of Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Healthy Seropositive Donors

ABSTRACT Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is largely asymptomatic in the immunocompetent host, but remains a major cause of morbidity in immunosuppressed individuals. Using the recently described technique of staining antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with peptide-HLA tetrameric complexes, we have demonstrated high levels of antigen-specific cells specific for HCMV peptides and show that this may exceed 4% of CD8+ T cells in immunocompetent donors. Moreover, by staining with tetramers in combination with antibodies to cell surface markers and intracellular cytokines, we demonstrate functional heterogeneity of HCMV-specific populations. A substantial proportion of these are effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes, as demonstrated by their ability to lyse peptide-pulsed targets in “fresh” killing assays. These data suggest that the immune response to HCMV is periodically boosted by a low level of HCMV replication and that sustained immunological surveillance contributes to the maintenance of host-pathogen homeostasis. These observations should improve our understanding of the immunobiology of persistent viral infection.
Structural relationships of dental anxiety, mood, and general anxiety

The aim of this study was to explore the structural relationships between dental anxiety, mood, and general anxiety among 220 dentally anxious patients who participated in a clinical study. A structural equation modeling analysis (SEM) was applied by using the LISREL program on the hypothesized latent variables dental anxiety, mood, and general anxiety, which were measured by means of several psychometric tests. The final model showed that mood and general anxiety had positive factor loadings on dental anxiety. However, the impact of the general anxiety latent variable was not significant as compared with the mood factor. Another finding was that the residual variance for the latent variable dental anxiety was 0.68, indicating that a major portion of the variance is still unexplained by the tested variables. In conclusion, this study showed a relationship between dental anxiety, general anxiety, and mood among dentally anxious patients.
Vaccine adjuvant MF59 promotes the intranodal differentiation of antigen-loaded and activated monocyte-derived dendritic cells

MF59 is an oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant approved for human influenza vaccination in European Union. The mode of action of MF59 is not fully elucidated yet, but results from several years of investigation indicate that MF59 establishes an immunocompetent environment at injection site which promotes recruitment of immune cells, including antigen presenting cells (APCs), that are facilitated to engulf antigen and transport it to draining lymph node (dLN) where the antigen is accumulated. In vitro studies showed that MF59 promotes the differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). Since after immunization with MF59, monocytes are rapidly recruited both at the injection site and in dLN and appear to have a morphological change toward a DC-like phenotype, we asked whether MF59 could play a role in inducing differentiation of Mo-DC in vivo. To address this question we immunized mice with the auto-fluorescent protein Phycoerythrin (PE) as model antigen, in presence or absence of MF59. We measured the APC phenotype and their antigen uptake within dLNs, the antigen distribution within the dLN compartments and the humoral response to PE. In addition, using Ovalbumin as model antigen, we measured the capacity of dLN APCs to induce antigen-specific CD4 T cell proliferation. Here, we show, for the first time, that MF59 promotes differentiation of Mo-DCs within dLNs from intranodal recruited monocytes and we suggest that this differentiation could take place in the medullary compartment of the LN. In addition we show that the Mo-DC subset represents the major source of antigen-loaded and activated APCs within the dLN when immunizing with MF59. Interestingly, this finding correlates with the enhanced triggering of antigen-specific CD4 T cell response induced by LN APCs. This study therefore demonstrates that MF59 is able to promote an immunocompetent environment also directly within the dLN, offering a novel insight on the mechanism of action of vaccine adjuvants based on emulsions.
Special electronically reconfigurable lossy/lossless integrator in application of functional generator

This paper deals with idea of an electronically reconfigurable integrator utilized in nonlinear application of functional generator and study of its features in this circuit. The integrator can be electronically readjusted to lossy and lossless type as well as this integrator also offers electronic tuning of time constant. Possibility of simple electronic reconfiguration provides generation of square wave and selection to generate triangular or exponential (relaxation) output waveforms in node of working capacitor. Intentions of synthesis and design were confirmed by PSpice simulations.
Updated 34-band Photometry for the SINGS/KINGFISH Samples of Nearby Galaxies

We present an update to the ultraviolet-to-radio database of global broadband photometry for the 79 nearby galaxies that comprise the union of the KINGFISH (Key Insights on Nearby Galaxies: A Far-Infrared Survey with Herschel) and SINGS (Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey) samples. The 34-band data set presented here includes contributions from observational work carried out with a variety of facilities including GALEX, SDSS, Pan-STARRS1, NOAO, 2MASS, Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer, Spitzer, Herschel, Planck, JCMT, and the VLA. Improvements of note include recalibrations of previously published SINGS BVRCIC and KINGFISH far-infrared/submillimeter photometry. Similar to previous results in the literature, an excess of submillimeter emission above model predictions is seen primarily for low-metallicity dwarf or irregular galaxies. This 33-band photometric data set for the combined KINGFISH+SINGS sample serves as an important multiwavelength reference for the variety of galaxies observed at low redshift. A thorough analysis of the observed spectral energy distributions is carried out in a companion paper.
Emission lines in the atmosphere of the irradiated brown dwarf WD0137−349B

ESL acknowledges the support of STFC studentship. SLC acknowledges support from the University of Leicester College of Science and Engineering. CH highlights the financial support of the European community under the FP7 ERC starting grant 257431. This work was supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council [ST/M001040/1].
Serotonin 5‐HT2 Receptors: Two States Versus Two Subtypes

(against bradykinin) has previously been found in ArgAP from human erythrocytes (Soderling, 1982). It should be noted that Arg-AP is a highly specific, C1-requiring aminopeptidase. It would only be detected using substrates with N-terminal Arg or Lys that are tripeptides or smaller; it does not have broad-specificity aminopeptidase activity. As Camargo points out, there are several similarities between endooligopeptidase A and the endopeptidase associated with Arg-AP. However, insensitivity to EDTA is not one of them (see Table 3, McDermott et al., 1988). In common with metalloendopeptidase EC 3.4. 24.15 (EP 24.15; Orlowski et al., 1983), the endopeptidase activity (assayed with neurotensin) is inhibited by EDTA and 1,lO-phenanthroline. Whereas the endopeptidase is sensitive to p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulphonic acid, we have further shown that it is not inhibited by 1 mM iodoamtamide or the more selective cysteine protease inhibitor E-64. We conclude that the endopeptidase activity is primarily metal dependent, resembling EP 24.15. The specificity of Arg-AP endopeptidase activity is the same as both endooligopeptidase A and EP 24.15 in the hydrolysis of bradykinin ( Phe5-Ser6) and neurotensin (Arg8-Arg9) and the same as EP 24.15 in the hydrolysis of angiotensin I ( Pro7-Phe’) and luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (Ty$-Gly6). The specificity of endooligopeptidase A, however, is slightly different, because it does not hydrolyse intact luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (Camargo et al., 1982). Endooligopeptidase A and EP 24.15 have both been reported to generate [Leu’lenkephalin from dynorphinl-8 (Chu and Orlowski, 1985; Camargo et al., 1987), although it is claimed that endooligopeptidase A is the only cytosolic enzyme to have this specificity (Toffoletto et al., 1988). We have repurified ArgAP and shown that it also hydrolyses this peptide at Leu5-Arg6, thus generating Leu-enkephalin. It is worth noting that there is good evidence from inhibitor studies for the involvement of EP 24.15 in the catabolism of dynorphin,-8, neurotensin, and bradykinin by rat brain synaptic membranes and hypothalamic slices (Checler et al., 1985; Acker et al., 1987; McDermott et al., 1987). In summary, we believe that the evidence is against the endopeptidase activity associated with Arg-AP being a contaminant (although this remains a possibility) and that the endopeptidase resembles the metallopeptidase EP 24.15 more closely than the cysteinedependent endooligopeptidase A. J. R. McDennott D. Mantle B. Lauffart A. M. Gibson J. A. Biggins Newcastle General Hospital Newcastle upon Tyne, England
The Response of Neuropathic Pain and Pain in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome I to Carbamazepine and Sustained-Release Morphine in Patients Pretreated with Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Double-Blinded Randomized Study

Forty-three patients with peripheral neuropathic pain, exclusively pain reduced by spinal cord stimulation (SCS), were switched into a painful state after SCS inactivation. This mode was used to assess the pain-relieving effect of carbamazepine (CMZ) and opioids in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. In Phase 1, the patients were randomly allocated to receive either CMZ (600 mg/d) or placebo during an SCS-free period of 8 days. In Phase 2, after a CMZ elimination interval of 7 days, 38 patients received either sustained-release morphine (90 mg/d) or placebo for 8 days. In cases of intolerable pain, the patients were authorized to reactivate their SCS. The pain intensity was rated on a numeric analog scale. In 38 patients who completed Phase 1, significant delay in pain increase was observed in the CMZ group as compared with placebo (P = 0.038). In Phase 2, the trend observed with morphine was insignificant (P = 0.41). Two CMZ patients and one morphine patient showed complete pain relief and preferred to continue the medication. Thirty-five patients returned to SCS. We conclude that CMZ is effective in peripheral neuropathic pain. Morphine obviously requires larger individually titrated dosages than those used in this study for results to be adequately interpreted. Implications This study included patients with neuropathic pain suppressed by spinal cord stimulation (SCS). After deactivation of SCS, different drug effects were evaluated. In contrast to morphine, carbamazepine showed significant pain relief compared with placebo.
Synchronization of Oestrus in Goats with Progestogen Sponges and Short Term Combined FGA, PGF2α Protocols

— The study aimed to evaluated the reproductive performance response to short term oestrus synchronization during the transition period. One hundred and sixty-five indigenous multiparous non-lactating goats were subdivided into the following six treatment groups for oestrus synchronization: NT control Group (N= 30), Fe-21d, FGA vaginal sponge for 21days+eCG at 19 th d; FPe-11d, FGA 11d + PGF2 α and eCG at 9 th d; FPe-10d, FGA 10d+ PGF2 α and eCG at 8 th d; FPe-9d, FGA 9d +PGF2 α and eCG at 7 th d; PFe-5d, PGF2 α at d0 + FGA 5d + eCG at 5 th d. The goats were natural mated (1 male/6 females). Fecundity rates (n. births /n. females treated x 100) were statistically higher (P<0.05) in short term FPe-9d (157.9%), FPe- 11d (115.4%), FPe-10d (111.1%) and PFe-5d (107.7%) groups compared to the NT control Group (66.7%).
Explorer Multisensory Oddity Detection as Bayesian Inference

A key goal for the perceptual system is to optimally combine information from all the senses that may be available in order to develop the most accurate and unified picture possible of the outside world. The contemporary theoretical framework of ideal observer maximum likelihood integration (MLI) has been highly successful in modelling how the human brain combines information from a variety of different sensory modalities. However, in various recent experiments involving multisensory stimuli of uncertain correspondence, MLI breaks down as a successful model of sensory combination. Within the paradigm of direct stimulus estimation, perceptual models which use Bayesian inference to resolve correspondence have recently been shown to generalize successfully to these cases where MLI fails. This approach has been known variously as model inference, causal inference or structure inference. In this paper, we examine causal uncertainty in another important class of multi-sensory perception paradigm – that of oddity detection and demonstrate how a Bayesian ideal observer also treats oddity detection as a structure inference problem. We validate this approach by showing that it provides an intuitive and quantitative explanation of an important pair of multi-sensory oddity detection experiments – involving cues across and within modalities – for which MLI previously failed dramatically, allowing a novel unifying treatment of within and cross modal multisensory perception. Our successful application of structure inference models to the new ‘oddity detection’ paradigm, and the resultant unified explanation of across and within modality cases provide further evidence to suggest that structure inference may be a commonly evolved principle for combining perceptual information in the brain. Citation: Hospedales T, Vijayakumar S (2009) Multisensory Oddity Detection as Bayesian Inference. PLoS ONE 4(1): e4205. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0004205 Editor: Hiroaki Matsunami, Duke Unviersity, United States of America Received August 15, 2008; Accepted December 1, 2008; Published January 15, 2009 Copyright: 2009 Hospedales et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: TMH was supported by the Neuroinformatics Doctoral Training Center (Neuroinformatics DTC) at the University of Edinburgh. SV is supported by a fellowship of the Royal Academy of Engineering in Learning Robotics, co-sponsored by Microsoft Research. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: t.hospedales@ed.ac. uk
An agonist–antagonist cerebellar nuclear system controlling eyelid kinematics during motor learning

The presence of two antagonistic groups of deep cerebellar nuclei neurons has been reported as necessary for a proper dynamic control of learned motor responses. Most models of cerebellar function seem to ignore the biomechanical need for a double activation–deactivation system controlling eyelid kinematics, since most of them accept that, for closing the eyelid, only the activation of the orbicularis oculi (OO) muscle (via the red nucleus to the facial motor nucleus) is necessary, without a simultaneous deactivation of levator palpebrae motoneurons (via unknown pathways projecting to the perioculomotor area). We have analyzed the kinetic neural commands of two antagonistic types of cerebellar posterior interpositus neuron (IPn) (types A and B), the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the OO muscle, and eyelid kinematic variables in alert behaving cats during classical eyeblink conditioning, using a delay paradigm. We addressed the hypothesis that the interpositus nucleus can be considered an agonist–antagonist system controlling eyelid kinematics during motor learning. To carry out a comparative study of the kinetic–kinematic relationships, we applied timing and dispersion pattern analyses. We concluded that, in accordance with a dominant role of cerebellar circuits for the facilitation of flexor responses, type A neurons fire during active eyelid downward displacements—i.e., during the active contraction of the OO muscle. In contrast, type B neurons present a high tonic rate when the eyelids are wide open, and stop firing during any active downward displacement of the upper eyelid. From a functional point of view, it could be suggested that type B neurons play a facilitative role for the antagonistic action of the levator palpebrae muscle. From an anatomical point of view, the possibility that cerebellar nuclear type B neurons project to the perioculomotor area—i.e., more or less directly onto levator palpebrae motoneurons—is highly appealing.
Dysmyelination in class I MHC transgenic mice

Why is it that oligodendrocytes do not normally express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules? To examine the effect of aberrant MHC expression in oligodendrocytes, transgenic mice have been produced which expressed the class I MHC gene, H‐2Kb, under direction of the MBP promoter [Turnley et al. (1991b) Nature, 353:566‐569; Yoshioka et al. (1991) Mol. Cell. Biol., 11:5479‐5486]. A proportion of these mice exhibited a shivering phenotype, with tonic seizures and early death. Oligodendrocyte function and viability was shown to be affected, resulting in severe dysmyelination of the CNS. Is this phenomenon of cell damage due to aberrant expression of MHC molecules restricted to oligodendrocytes, and could other, non‐MHC molecules, when aberrantly expressed, result in similar cell damage? This paper discusses these questions and examines possible mechanisms for the oligodendrocyte damage and hypomyelination observed in these transgenic mice. Finally, the implications of aberrant MHC expression in oligodendrocytes for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low switching threshold using nonlinearities in stopband-tapered waveguide Bragg gratings

We numerically study the nonlinear switching characteristics in a waveguide grating with a linearly tapered stopband. This type of design shows promising results in decreasing the threshold switching power, while simultaneously preserving a significant extinction ratio. We find that the switching threshold changes linearly with the tapering coefficient. The physical explanation for these phenomena is discussed. Potential applications for this type of device include all-optical switches and isolators.
Reverse First Dorsal Metatarsal Artery Adipofascial Flap

An adipofascial flap distally based on the first dorsal metatarsal artery is described. This flap was used successfully in three cases with skin defects of the distal foot. The advantages of this flap are minimal donor site morbidity and its applicability for larger defects. The surgical technique is described, and indications, advantages, and disadvantages of the method are discussed and compared with the distally based first dorsal metatarsal artery fasciocutaneous flap. The reverse first dorsal metatarsal artery adipofascial flap offers a new solution for reconstruction of distal foot defects.
Serpent Mound : A Fort Ancient icon ?

Le Grand Tumulus au Serpent du comte d'Adams (Ohio) est generalement attribue a la culture Adena (v. 800 av. J.-C. a 100 apr. J.-C.). Cependant, aucun element de cette culture ne provient du tumulus lui-meme et son attribution culturelle est fondee sur la proximite du Serpent et d'un tertre Adena, d'autres sepultures Adena et un site montrant plusieurs composantes d'occupation. L'habitat a livre des elements des cultures Adena et de Fort Ancient dans une sequence correctement stratifiee. En 1991, les auteurs ont mene une fouille a l'interieur de la structure dans le but d'obtenir un materiel radiometriquement datable d'un contexte associe a la construction de cet ouvrage de terre. Deux dates identiques, 970 ± 70 BP ont ete obtenues par radiocarbone. Ces dates et d'autres elements suggerent qu'une periode prehistorique tardive pourrait etre consideree comme probable pour la construction du Tumulus au Serpent
Transscleral Red Laser Cyclophotocoagulation for the Treatment of Therapy-Resistant Inflammatory Glaucoma

Purpose To evaluate in a retrospective study the long-term usefulness of red 647 nm krypton and 670 nm diode laser for transscleral contact cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) in the treatment of therapy-resistant inflammatory glaucoma. Methods The authors treated 48 eyes of 38 consecutive patients (mean age 36.8 years, range 6–81 years) with therapy-resistant inflammatory glaucoma secondary to chronic uveitis (45/48), chronic scleritis (1/48), or combined scleritis with keratouveitis (2/48) using transscleral red 647 nm Krypton or 670 nm Diode laser. All eyes had failed maximum tolerated medical therapy and 19/48 (40%) eyes also previous antiglaucoma surgery. Laser power at the scleral surface was 0.35 to 0.45 W and the application time 10 seconds each. The follow-up was 42.8± 40.0 (range 2–145) months. Results The mean preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) of 35.6±8.1 mmHg fell to 6–21 mmHg level in 75% after one or repeated CPC. Among adult patients this was achieved in 85%, among children in 54%. More than one treatment was needed in 52%. No cases of hypotony, phthisis bulbi, or other devastating complications occurred. Conclusions Transscleral CPC using red 647 nm krypton or 670 nm diode laser is an effective and well-tolerated procedure for the treatment of therapy-resistant inflammatory glaucoma in adults. CPC can be considered before incisional antiglaucoma surgery with a shunt or antimetabolites is undertaken