Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Productive and Destructive Entrepreneurship in a Political Economy Framework

Recent research has highlighted the role of institutions in channeling entrepreneurs into activities with positive or negative effects on overall productivity. Embedding central elements from these theories into a political economy framework reveals the bilateral causal relation between entrepreneurs and institutions. Core features of the entrepreneur force us to view its effects on institutions as more than mechanic general equilibrium adjustments. Three analytically separate channels of influence are isolated, analyzed and exemplified. Entrepreneurs influence formal economic institutions through direct involvement in politics, by using their entrepreneurial talent to wield de facto political power and by altering the effect of formal institutions. We propose a parsimonious framework that incorporates these effects as well as the role of institutions in channeling entrepreneurial talent. We use examples from modern history as a real-world context to illustrate our framework.
Sodium Nitrite Induced Biochemical Alterations in the Blood Serum and its Amelioration by Aqueous Extract of Libyan Propolis in Guinea Pigs

The most essential aspects of food chemistry are the additives and preservatives. The addition of sodium nitrite as a food additive, to our foods may react with amines of the foods in the stomach and produces nitrosamines or large numbers of free radicals. These free radicals, known to cause oxidative stress, that could be harmful to different organs including liver and kidney. Flavonoids and various phenolics are the most important pharmacologically active constituents in propolis capable of scavenging free radicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium nitrite administration on some biochemical parameters in the blood serum and to explore the ability of aqueous extract of Libyan propolis as a natural source of antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of sodium nitrite in male Guinea pigs. In this study, twenty four adult male guinea pigs were used for this study and divided into four groups. The first group was control group, the 2nd was the propolis group orally received propolis (200 mg/kg body wt), the 3rd was the experimental and received sodium nitrite orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight, the 4th one co-administered sodium nitrite orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight with propolis (200 mg/kg body wt)daily for 30 days. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of serum biochemical (glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γglutamyltransferase activities, total proteins albumin, and globulin concentrations, A/G ratio, urea, uric acid, creatinine concentrations, sodium ion, and potassium ion concentrations ) parameters. In sodium nitrite treated animals, the serum glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γglutamyl transferase activities, urea, uric acid, creatinine, sodium ion, and potassium ion concentrations parameters were increased and serum total proteins albumin, and globulin concentrations, and A/G ratio, were decreased. Co-administration of propolis significantly improved of all biochemical parameters. It can be concluded that, sodium nitrite had adverse effects on some biochemical parameters in the blood serum. Propolis supplementation showed a remarkable amelioration of these abnormalities in sodium nitrite treated male Guinea pigs. It is recommended that the use of sodium nitrite must be limited and use of propolis as antioxidant to prevent the toxic effect. Further studies are necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of protection of serum biochemical alterations and potential usefulness of aqueous extract of Libyan propolis as a protective agent against sodium nitrite induced biochemical toxicity in clinical trials.
Sympatho-adrenergic inhibition of basal and acid-induced changes in duodenal motility, mucosal net fluid and alkaline secretion in the anaesthetized cat.

Experiments were performed on chloralose anaesthetized cats. A 2-cm segment of the proximal duodenum was isolated between two luminally situated balloons and perfused with isotonic saline containing [14C]-PEG 4000 as a non-absorbable marker. The perfusate was analysed with regard to alkalinity (back titration) and concentration of marker (liquid scintillation). Net alkalinization and net fluid transport were calculated with conventional equations. Motor activity in the duodenal wall was recorded as changes in volume of the proximal balloon. In presence of sympathetic neural activity (spontaneous or electrically stimulated) basal motor activity and mucosal alkaline secretion was low and increased minimally in response to luminal HCl (30 mM). Net fluid transport was in an absorptive state and shifted to a small secretion upon the acid-exposure. Subsequent to bilateral acute splanchnicotomy, or the administration of the adrenolytic guanethidine (3-4 mg kg-1, i.v.), spontaneous duodenal contractions occurred and the alkaline secretion was increased. Furthermore, both parameters were then markedly stimulated by luminal perfusion with 30 mM HCl. Basal net fluid transport was zero and turned into secretion upon the acid-exposure. No morphological changes of the duodenal surface epithelium could be detected. The study demonstrates the existence of splanchnic nerve-mediated, adrenergic inhibition of basal, as well as of acid-induced duodenal motility, fluid and alkaline secretion.
Follow‐up of Patients Treated for pT1aN0M0 Breast Cancer: 10‐year Survival and Prognostic Factors

Patients with early breast cancer are considered to have a good prognosis. However, the published literature regarding long-term survival in these cases is limited. This study examined long-term survival, as well as prognostic factors, in patients treated for pT1aN0M0 breast tumors with a 10-year minimum follow-up. 115 eligible patients treated during 1994–2000 were included. The median duration of follow-up (± quartile interval) was 144 ± 35 months. The median age was 56 years. The rate of recurrence-free survival at 10 years was 89.9%. The overall survival rate at 10 years was 94.3%. The overall survival was significantly higher for the youngest group of patients at diagnosis (± 55 years). Three of the 13 deaths observed were due to breast cancer. This series confirms the favorable long-term prognosis of patients treated for pT1aN0M0 breast cancer. The risk of distal recurrence was low but sometimes occurred long after the initial treatment. The role of adjuvant systemic therapy in case of unfavorable histoprognostic factors has yet to be determined.
The effect of postoperative artificial ventilation on arterial blood oxygenation.

SUMMARY Arterial blood samples were taken at hourly intervals for three hours from ten patients who were artificially ventilated in the immediate postoperative period following mitral valve replacement. Constant minute volume ventilation was used without periodic hyperinflation. Over the three-hour period the arterial blood oxygen tension rose slightly. It was concluded that constant volume ventilation was not associated with a progressive fall in the arterial blood oxygen tension in these circumstances.
Alzheimer's disease in the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Registry of Aging Twin Veterans. III. Detection of cases, longitudinal results, and observations on twin concordance.

OBJECTIVES To detect cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a large population of twins living throughout the United States and to examine concordance for AD in twins as a function of age and genotype for apolipoprotein E (APOE). SETTING Nationwide survey. DESIGN Multistage screening and field evaluation beginning with two telephone interviews and culminating with laboratory tests, longitudinal neuropsychological measures, physician examination, and diagnostic consensus among experts. PARTICIPANTS Membership in 1990-1991 of intact pairs in the National Academy of Sciences--National Research Council Registry of veteran twins, then aged 62 to 73 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Completeness of case detection was examined in collateral studies. Zygosity and APOE genotypes were determined by restriction mapping. Concordance was calculated by the proband method. RESULTS Ninety subjects who screened positively for AD were studied in person, and 60 whose differential diagnoses included AD were followed up, as were their co-twins. Sensitivity of screening was estimated at greater than 99%, but 24% of subjects refused participation after initial screening. Seven of 38 diagnoses of AD have been confirmed at autopsy, and 31 other subjects eventually met criteria for probable or possible AD (prevalence estimate, 0.42%, 95% confidence interval, 0.29% to 0.56%), with good interrater reliability (intraclass r = .86). Excluding one discordant pair with unknown zygosity, concordance rates were 21.1% (4/19) for monozygotic and 11.1% (2/18) for dizygotic probands. Concordance was 50% for twins sharing the epsilon 4/epsilon 4 genotype at APOE, but there were no affected co-twins of 15 probands with onset before age 70 years, no epsilon 4 allele, and no family history of AD. The mean (SD) period of discordance in the latter pairs was 11.3 (3.3) years. CONCLUSIONS The multistage case-detection approach achieved reliable and valid diagnoses of AD with high apparent sensitivity but substantial attrition after initial screening. Genetic influences in AD at this age are limited, except among homozygotes for allele epsilon 4 at APOE. Subjects with early-onset AD who lack the epsilon 4 allele are not rare, and their condition appears to have little genetic influence. They should be ideal for studies on environmental cause of AD.
Inspiratory stridor in elite athletes.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Diagnosis and medical intervention for exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) are often based on self-reported symptoms, without spirometric confirmation. Inspiratory stridor (IS), a symptom of vocal cord dysfunction (VCD), is frequently mistaken for EIB wheeze. Athletes with exercise IS that spontaneously resolves on activity cessation are suspect for VCD and may not have EIB. This study estimated IS prevalence in elite athletes and determined its relationship to EIB. SUBJECTS/METHODS Three hundred seventy athletes (174 female and 196 male subjects) provided a medical history, and underwent spirometry before and after exercise challenge. Exercise challenges were conducted in cold, dry ambient conditions. EIB positive (EIB +) was defined as a > or = 10% postexercise fall in FEV(1). Athletes were monitored for IS during exercise; 78.4% of the athletes in this study (n = 290) were tested on multiple occasions. RESULTS EIB was identified in 30% of 370 athletes tested (58 female and 53 male subjects). IS was observed in 5.1% (18 female and 1 male subjects) during exercise and spontaneously resolved in these subjects within 5 min after exercise cessation. Ten IS-positive (IS +) athletes (52.6%) were EIB +, and 8 of these athletes had a previous EIB diagnosis; however, beta(2)-agonist treatment resolved IS in only 2 subjects. Eight of nine IS +/EIB-negative (EIB -) athletes had a previous EIB diagnosis; seven subjects received beta(2)-agonist treatment with no IS resolution. Resting spirometric measurements did not distinguish IS, but postexercise mid-flow (FEF(50)/FIF(50)) ratio > 1.5 was more frequent (33%, p < 0.05) among IS + athletes. The FEF(50)/FIF(50) ratio was higher for IS +/EIB + athletes than for IS -/EIB + athletes (1.97 +/- 1.69 vs 0.81 +/- 0.39, p < 0.05). The postexercise fall in FVC was greater (p < 0.05) for IS +/EIB - athletes (9.2 +/- 5.0%) than for IS-negative (IS -) /EIB - athletes (5.3 +/- 4.3%). No difference in postexercise FEV(1) was identified between IS + and IS - athletes (within EIB + or EIB - groups). CONCLUSIONS Five percent of athletes were IS +, with EIB comorbidity observed in 53% of these subjects. Misdiagnosis of IS as EIB is common. The lack of a beta(2)-agonist response in combination with postexercise serial spirometry can be useful in excluding solitary IS and confirming EIB diagnosis.
Specialty-Based Variation in Applying Maternal-Fetal Surgery Trial Evidence

Introduction: The Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) compared prenatal with postnatal surgery for fetal myelomeningocele (MMC). We sought to understand how subspecialists interpreted the trial results and whether their practice has changed. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional, mailed survey of 1,200 randomly selected maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) physicians, neonatologists, and pediatric surgeons. Results: Of 1,176 eligible physicians, 670 (57%) responded. Compared to postnatal closure, 33% viewed prenatal closure as “very favorable” and 60% as “somewhat favorable. ” Most physicians reported being more likely to recommend prenatal surgery (69%), while 28% were less likely to recommend pregnancy termination. In multivariable analysis, neonatologists were more likely to report prenatal closure as “very favorable” (OR 1.6; 95% CI: 1.03-2.5). Pediatric surgeons and neonatologists were more likely to recommend prenatal closure (OR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.3-3.3, and OR 2.9; 95% CI: 1.8-4.6) and less likely to recommend termination (OR 3.8; 95% CI: 2.2-6.7, and OR 4.7; 95% CI: 2.7-8.1). In addition, physicians with a higher tolerance for prematurity were more likely to report prenatal closure as “very favorable” (OR 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.05). Discussion: In light of the MOMS trial, the vast majority of pediatric subspecialists and MFMs view prenatal MMC closure favorably. These attitudes vary by specialty and risk tolerance.
PERINATAL OUTCOMES OF PREMATURITY AND BIRTH WEIGHT ACCORDING TO MATERNAL CAFFEINE CONSUMPTION.

UNLABELLED Objetive: identify whether there is an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, like prematurity or decreased weight in newborns, associated with caffeine consumption during the first half of pregnancy in pregnant women of our population. METHODS transversal study carried out in 1 175 patients from Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital of Granada (Spain). Information about caffeine consumption during first half of gestation and perinatal outcomes was obtained by personal interview, medical records and telephone call after delivery. The average caffeine intake was calculated from meals and drinks included in a validated questionnaire. RESULTS there was no difference in caffeine consumption in pregnant women with birth weight ≥2 500 g and.
Alcohol Use and Participation in Organized Recreational Sports Among University Undergraduates

Objective: The authors examined alcohol use among students involved in recreational sports. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study of alcohol use in which researchers separate recreational sports participants from intercollegiate athletes and examine them as a separate group of interest. Participants: The authors generated a random sample of 494 students from the undergraduate population at a 4-year university. Methods: They used a Web-based survey to collect data and stratified and weighted the sample by residence status to more accurately reflect the population. Results: Students who participated in recreational sports used alcohol at a greater frequency and intensity than did those who were not involved in recreational sports across a variety of measures, even alongside other variables, including race, sex, and Greek membership. Conclusions: On the basis of these findings, alcohol consumption among those participating in recreational sports appears to be an area worthy of consideration in future research.
Spinal cord infarction

We reviewed 44 cases of ischemia and infarction of the spinal cord at two university hospitals.Three patients experienced transient ischemic attacks. Etiologies of completed strokes were diverse and included rupture and surgical repair of aortic aneurysms, aortic dissection, aortic rupture and thrombosis, global ischemia, anterior spinal artery embolism, repair and thrombosis of spinal arteriovenous malformations, hematomyelia, epidural hematoma, cervical osteophytosis, celiac plexus block, systemic lupus erythematosus, coagulopathy, and decompression sickness. Motor function improved in 12 patients, was substantial in only one, and occurred largely within the first 2 to 4 weeks. Favorable ambulatory outcome correlated with improving neurologic examinations and relatively preserved strength in hip abductors and knee extensors. More extensive deficits without initial improvement portended a more severe prognosis. Autonomic dysfunction, pain, paresthesia, and depression were common and impeded recovery in some patients. The mean level of deficit was at T-8 and in cases of global ischemia was at T-9, which leads us to dispute the classical view of a midthoracic watershed zone of ischemic vulnerability near T-4. NEUROLOGY 1996;47: 321-330
Treatment of Ewing sarcoma family of tumors: current status and outlook for the future.

BACKGROUND The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) comprises a group of well-characterized neoplasms with aggressive behavior. Despite significant progress with the use of intensive multiagent chemotherapy and local control measures, a significant proportion of patients die of disease progression. Chemotherapy dose intensification and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) have been explored by many institutions without obvious benefit in high-risk patients. Our current understanding in the biology and treatment of ESFT suggests that a more rational approach to the development of risk-adapted therapy should be undertaken. PROCEDURE We performed a review of the most relevant data regarding the current status in the treatment of ESFT. The results of the major American and European cooperative groups were analyzed, including the treatment strategies used and the prognostic factors identified for both localized and metastatic ESFT. RESULTS The intensification of alkylating agents and topoisomerase-II inhibitors is feasible and has resulted in some survival improvement for selected patients. This benefit seems to be restricted to patients with localized disease, and a proportion of survivors are at risk of developing treatment-related hematologic malignancies. Nevertheless, these advances have resulted in a re-definition of prognostic factors, which may help to define risk groups based on tumor load parameters as well as biologic factors (type of fusion transcript and histologic response to chemotherapy). Patients with advanced metastatic disease may benefit from HSCT. New strategies such as immunotherapy and the use of biologic modifiers may have a role in the treatment of ESFT. CONCLUSIONS Future treatment for ESFT should consider risk-adapted strategies and the inclusion of newer therapies such as biologic modifiers for the minimal residual disease. A modified risk-adapted therapy is proposed.
Superinfection-induced apoptosis and its correlation with the reduction of viral progeny in cells persistently infected with Hz-1 baculovirus

Differential induction of necrosis or apoptosis was found upon challenge of cells of the insect Spodoptera frugiperda productively or persistently infected with Hz-1 baculovirus, respectively. Unlike parental SF9 cells, which were essentially all killed by virally induced necrosis, persistently infected cells underwent a process of massive cell death by apoptosis; cells which were not killed by apoptosis then reestablished a cell monolayer. Upon viral challenge, the yield of viral progeny was reduced greatly in persistently virus-infected cells but not in parental cells. Immunolabelling of individual cells revealed that upon viral challenge, production of viral progeny was detectable only in necrotic cells and not in apoptotic cells. These results indicated that induction of apoptosis greatly reduces the yield of viral progeny in cells persistently infected with Hz-1 baculovirus. This is the first report of apoptosis induction in persistently infected cells upon viral superinfection.
Telling Global Public Health Stories

In consultation with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Center for Global Health (CDC CGH), this study compared narrative and non-narrative message designs for global public health initiative issues management. A multiple-message experimental design prompted participants (N = 669) to read a message about a CDC CGH initiative, and measured perceptions of agency reputation, support for a global public health mission, and intentions to share information. Narrative message design had direct effects on intentions to share the message interpersonally and through social media and indirect effects on the outcomes through perceptions of message features and mediating states (i.e., story structure, understanding, personal relevance, information overload) and transportation. The study contributes to theory and practice by confirming the mediating role of transportation, building on a message features approach to the study of narrative persuasion, and speaking to the challenges of issues management in global public health.
Determinants of Convertible Bond Structure

Theoretical research argues that convertible bonds mitigate the contracting costs of moral hazard, adverse selection, and financial distress. Using firm-specific and macroeconomic factors of the contracting costs, we examine the extent to which they impact the likelihood of issuance and the structure of convertible bonds. Our evidence indicates that moral hazard, adverse selection, and expected financial distress costs are all important determinants of the likelihood of issuing convertible bonds over straight bonds. We also analyze the structure of convertible bonds issued by studying whether these bonds are more debt-like or equity-like. The evidence indicates that moral hazard costs do not influence bond structure, while adverse selection costs are somewhat important in determining the structure. Expected financial distress costs have the strongest statistical and economic impact on convertible bond structure.
Determination of cadmium and lead in urine of some Nigerian subjects

Forty-one urine samples of smokers and non-smokers from Ile-Ife, Nigeria were analyzed for normal cadmium and lead levels after acid digestion. Results of the preliminary study show that concentrations of cadmium obtained were generally low compared with lead. The mean urinary levels from non-smokers ranged from 0.05 - 0.02 to 0.16 - 0.01 w g ml -1 and from 0.02 - 0.03 to 0.88 - 0.04 w g ml -1 for cadmium and lead respectively, whilst, for smokers, urinary levels varied between 0.07 - 0.01 and 0.23 - 0.02 w g ml -1 and between 0.28 - 0.03 and 1.02 - 0.02 w g ml -1 were obtained for cadmium and lead, respectively. Cd levels in urine of smokers and non-smokers are higher than the recommended normal level of 0.0085 w g ml -1 , while levels of Pb are above the 0.08-0.15 w g ml -1 exposure range. Results of spiking experiments with urine gave high percentage recoveries for both elements (Cd, 87.9 - 0.40%) and (Pb, 90.40 - 0.12%). Blank determination was done for background correction.
Effects of Cu+2 and pH on the fitness of Ceriodaphnia dubia (Richard 1894) (Crustacea, Cladocera) in microcosm experiments

An important disturbance of anthropogenic origin frequently occurring in freshwater ecosystems is a rise in the concentration of heavy metals in solution, among which copper stands out due to its known toxicity. However, the study of the chemical behavior of copper in solution is highly dependent on pH. In this study, the effect of ionic copper on the fitness of Ceriodaphnia dubia was assessed in microcosm experiments under different conditions of Cu+2 and pH.