Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Caries and periodontal experience among 998 priests and novices in Bangkok.

OBJECTIVE The present study was cross-sectional survey aiming to describe oral health status in terms of caries and periodontal experience and oral health behavior of 998 priests in Bangkok. MATERIAL AND METHOD The 998 priests, aged 12-92, from 28 temples in Bangkok were clinically examined at Priest Hospital using WHO methodology. Information on oral health behavior was obtained via questionnaires. RESULTS The prevalence and level of caries increased with ages. Overall, 89.5% had evidences of caries experience; 71.5% were related to untreated caries. The average DMFT score was 7.4 (DT=2.9, MT=3.2, FT= 1.2). About 72.9% needed 1-surface filling and 45.6% needed extraction. Similarly, gingivitis was highly prevalent for all age groups, with 73.4% having calculus. About 12.7% had periodontal pockets. However, the highest prevalence of periodontitis belonged to the 55-64-year-old priest at 41.4%. Tooth loss was dramatically prevalent among the elderly over 65. Even though most participatting priests had high evidences of caries and periodontal problems, only 57.7% perceived their own problems. The first and second common problems were calculus and food retention, at 48.9 and 44.1, respectively. With respect to level of education, priests who completed their education from primary school or lower had significantly higher number of DT MT and DMFT and lower number of FT than the group with higher education (p < 0.05). Similarly, nonsmokers had lower mean of MT, DMFT and prevalence of score 3 and score 4 than past smokers and current smokers (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Most priests in the 28 participatting temples still had unmet needs on dental services. Not only providing more access to dental services, the continuous implementation of community based oral health promotion and prevention, emphasizing related risks which needed to improved oral healthcare of the priests to limit oral health burdens in the future.
Asian Higher Education: An International Handbook and Reference Guide

Foreword Preface Introduction by Gerard A. Postiglione Bangladesh by Kowsar P. Chowdhury Cambodia by Thomas Clayton and Yuok Ngoy China by Weifang Min Hong Kong by Gerard A. Postiglione and Grace C. L. Mak India by N. Jayaram Indonesia by William Cummings, Manasse Malo, and Kamanto Sunarto Iran by Golnar Mehran Japan by Kukmiko Fujimura-Fanselow Laos by John C. Weidman Malaysia by Molly N. N. Lee Mongolia by John Weidman, Ochir Gerel, D. Badarch and Regesuriin Bat-Erdene Nepal by Murari Prasad Regmi North Korea by Gay Garland Reed and Bbong Gun Chung Papua New Guinea And The Pacific Islands by Mark Bray Philippines by Andrew Gonzalez, FSC Singapore by Eng Thye Jason Tan South Korea by Sungho H. Lee Sri Lanka by Swarna Jayaweera Taiwan by Shun-fen Chen Vietnam by Dang Ba Lam Selected Bibliography Index
In renal transplantation, one size may not fit all.

R enal transplantation represents a milestone of modern medicine. made possible in large part by advances in histocompatibility and immunosuppression. Transplants of cadaver origin done in the United States during the period 1 984 through 1988 enjoyed a 1-yr survival of 76%, with some centers achieving a rate of over 80%. During the same period. 1 -yr graft survival for one-haplotype matched living-related transplants and HLA identical sibling transplants averaged 88 and 94%, respectively (1). Despite this apparent success, grafts are subjected to both shortand bong-term insults that continue to be of major concern. For example. graft dysfunction is often evident during the first few weeks after transplantation. reflecting organ ischemia during procurement and preservation. early immunologic damage, and cyclosporine-mediated nephrotoxiclty. Of more long-term concern Is the inexorable loss of kidney grafts that have survived beyond the first year. Both the North American Transplant Registry at UCLA (2) and the International Transplant Study Registry in Heidelberg (3) report that 50% of cadaver transplants that survive to 1 yr fail within the next 7 yr. Indeed, renal transplant failure is among the most common causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). accounting for 26.6% of patients awaiting renal allografts in 1990 (4). The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) reports that nearly 20% of the renal transplants currently performed in the United States go to recipients in whom one or more prior allografts have failed (5). Although recipients of an HLA-identical living-related allograft enjoy a transplant half-life of 22 yr. 30% of these grafts fail within the first 1 0 yr (2). Furthermore, true HLA identity is achieved in no
Incidence of postoperative wound infections after open tendo Achilles repairs.

INTRODUCTION Tendo Achilles (TA), which is the confluence of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, is one of the most commonly injured tendons. The surgical repair of TA ruptures is associated with a significant risk of infection. This study examined several factors (i.e. gender, age, body mass index, history of diabetes mellitus, steroid use, acute or chronic TA injuries, type of surgical incision and type of sutures used) that may be associated with postoperative wound infection after open TA repair. METHODS This was a retrospective study involving 60 patients who underwent open TA repair over an 18-month period. Patients who had prior TA surgery or open TA injuries, or who needed soft tissues flaps were excluded. RESULTS Among the patients, 7 (11.7%) developed superficial wound infections that were successfully treated with oral antibiotics, while 3 (5.0%) developed deep wound infections that required at least one debridement procedure. No significant association was found between the risk of postoperative wound infection and gender, age, the presence of diabetes mellitus, acute or chronic ruptures, site of surgical incision and type of deep or superficial sutures used. CONCLUSION While diabetes mellitus and age did not appear to be associated with postoperative wound infections after open TA repair, obese patients were found to be two times more likely to develop a wound infection than normal-weight patients. The incidence of superficial wound infections in this study was similar to previously published results (11.7% vs. 8.2%-14.6%), but the incidence of deep infections was higher (5% vs. 1%-2%).
Intraductal papillary or mucinous tumors (IPMT) of the pancreas: Report of a case series and review of the literature

OBJECTIVES:Despite a better understanding of these co intraductal papillary or mucinous tumors (IPMT) of the pancreas still present difficulty relating to the predictive factors of malignancy and the risk of relapse after surgical resection. The aim of this study was to report on our experience and to compare it to previously published cases.METHODS:We studied retrospectively 26 patients (mean age 60.3 yr) presenting with IPMT. Of the 26 patients, 19 had surgical resection and seven did not. The main clinical feature was acute pancreatitis occurring in 38% of the patients. Segmental pancreatectomy was performed in all the cases. At pathological assessment of resection margins, tumor resection was considered as complete in 17 cases. Margins exhibited benign mucinous involvement, and resection was considered to be incomplete in one multifocal case and in one case with diffuse spread of the tumor.RESULTS:A total of 11 tumors were benign and five were malignant. Carcinomas were invasive in four cases (two invading the pancreatic parenchyma, one the duodenum, and one the peripancreatic nodes) and in situ in one case. Malignancy was not diagnosed preoperatively except when invasion was evident (duodenal spread). Although main pancreatic duct type and obstructive jaundice appeared as suggestive features for the risk of malignancy, no reliable preoperative predictive factors for malignancy could be identified as regarding to clinical parameters, biological examinations, carcinoembryonic antigen or CA19-9 levels in serum or in pure pancreatic juice, imaging, and cytological methods. Within 40.8 months mean follow-up after surgery (range 2–96 months), three patients (16%), two with malignant and one with benign tumor, had tumor relapse after respectively 7, 27, and 14 months. Margins were positive without malignant features in the two malignant cases and negative in the other case. Tumor relapse was malignant with diffuse spreading in the three cases, and the patients died within 34 months after surgical resection.CONCLUSIONS:Our series and the review of the literature indicate that preoperative indicators of malignancy in IPMT are still lacking. Concerning resection margins, complete tumor resection is usually possible by segmental pancreatectomy. Malignant relapses are not exceptional. Incomplete resection and diffuse or multifocal tumor represent poor prognostic factors. Total pancreatectomy should be considered in such cases.
Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli K-12 of chromosomal genes determining the O7 lipopolysaccharide antigen of a human invasive strain of E. coli O7:K1

We have cloned and studied the expression in Escherichia coli K-12 of chromosomal rfb genes determining the biosynthesis of the O7 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen from E. coli K1 strain VW187. Two E. coli K-12 strains carrying recombinant cosmids gave positive coagglutination reactions with protein A-rich staphylococcal particles bearing an O7-specific rabbit polyclonal antiserum. Silver-stained polyacrylamide gels of total membranes extracted with hot phenol showed O side chain material which had O7 specificity as determined by immunoblotting experiments. However, the amount of O7 LPS expressed in E. coli K-12 was considerably lower than that produced by the wild-type strain VW187. Deletion and transposition experiments identified a region of about 17 kilobase pairs which is essential for the expression of O7 LPS. The existence of homologies between the O7 LPS genes and other E. coli O side chain genes was investigated by Southern blot hybridization experiments. An O7-specific probe fragment of 15 kilobase pairs did not hybridize to genomic DNA digests of E. coli strains belonging to several different O types, demonstrating that the O7 LPS genes are unique.
Expression and regulation of L‐cystine transporter, system xc−, in the newly developed rat retinal Müller cell line (TR‐MUL)

The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the expression and regulation of the L‐cystine transporter, system xc−, in Müller cells. In this study, newly developed conditionally immortalized rat Müller cell lines (TR‐MUL) from transgenic rats harboring the temperature‐sensitive SV 40 large T‐antigen gene were used as an in vitro model. TR‐MUL cells express large T‐antigen and grow well at 33°C with a doubling time of 30 h, but do not grow at 39°C. TR‐MUL cells express typical Müller cell markers such as S‐100, glutamine synthetase, and EAAT1/GLAST, whereas EAAT2/GLT‐1 and EAAT5 are not detected. TR‐MUL cells also exhibit little or no expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein. We found that TR‐MUL5 cells exhibited [14C]L‐cystine uptake activity and expressed xCT and 4F2hc, which involve system xc−. The uptake of [14C]L‐cystine was significantly inhibited by L‐glutamic acid and L‐aspartic acid, whereas L‐leucine had no effect. Following diethyl maleate (DEM) treatment, the glutathione concentration in TR‐MUL5 cells was reduced in the first 24 h, then gradually recovered for more than 24 h. The L‐cystine uptake rate and the xCT expression level in TR‐MUL5 cells were enhanced by DEM treatment. In contrast, the 4F2hc expression level was unchanged. In conclusion, TR‐MUL cells have the properties of Müller cells and exhibit system xc−‐mediated L‐cystine uptake activity. The oxidative stress conditions following DEM treatment activate L‐cystine transport in TR‐MUL cells due to the enhanced transcription of the xCT gene. GLIA 9999:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel integrase inhibitors for HIV

Importance of the field: Integrase inhibitors are the newest class of antiretroviral agents developed to treat HIV-1 infection. Raltegravir (RAL), the only integrase inhibitor (INI) currently approved for the treatment of HIV-infected patients, has proven to be a potent and well-tolerated antiretroviral (ARV) agent. It is currently approved and used for the treatment of both ARV-experienced and ARV-naive patients. Nevertheless, the relatively low genetic barrier for resistance of RAL encourages the search for new INIs with different mechanisms of actions and resistance profiles. Areas covered in this review: Here we review the data available about INI that are currently being tested in clinical trials or are in preclinical development: elvitegravir (EVG), S/GSK1349572, S/GSK1265744 and LEDGINs. We focus on their clinical efficacy, pharmacokinetic, safety and resistance profiles. What the reader will gain: Up-to-date overview on the currently available, clinically relevant INIs and promising preclinical inhibitors at all phases of development. Take home message: Integrase inhibitors represent the newest therapeutic class available to treat HIV-1 infection. There are a variety of compounds either available in the clinic (RAL), advancing to Phase III trials (EVG), or in earlier phases of development. Taken together, this class offers new treatment options for the HIV-infected individual.
Frequency and Distribution of Nerves in Scrapie-affected and Unaffected Peyer's Patches and Lymph Nodes

Transmission of sheep scrapie and some other prion diseases, including variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of man, probably occurs via the oral route. A disease-associated variant of the host-coded prion protein (PrPd) accumulates in germinal center follicles of lymphoid tissues, including Peyer's patches of the gut, where it can be detected before its accumulation in the central nervous system. To investigate the potential role of lymphoid tissue nerves in neuroinvasion, we used immunohistochemical methods to study the frequency and distribution of nerves and PrPd accumulation in Peyer's patches and other lymphoid tissues from scrapie-affected and unaffected sheep. Nerves were infrequently found in secondary follicles of Peyer's patches, but never in germinal centers of the other lymphoid tissues tested. No differences in the frequency or distribution of nerves were found in relation to the presence or absence of PrPd accumulation. PrPd accumulation and nerves were only infrequently present together in Peyer's patches. These results suggest that, even if amplification of infectivity in lymphoid tissues facilitates neuroinvasion, nerves within lymph nodes and germinal centers of Peyer's patches do not play a primary role in transport of infectivity to the central nervous system. However, sheep between 2 and 4 months of age had significantly more nerve fibers within follicles than older groups. It is therefore possible that a general increase in nerve density of the intestine during early phases of life may contribute to an increased susceptibility of young animals to oral prion infection.
Coffee Intake and Gastric Cancer Risk: The Singapore Chinese Health Study

Background: Despite experimental evidence showing chemopreventive effects of coffee-related compounds on gastric carcinogenesis, epidemiologic studies generally do not support coffee–gastric cancer associations. Observational data are lacking among high-risk populations with sufficient regular coffee consumption. Methods: We examined the association between caffeinated coffee intake and gastric cancer risk in a population-based cohort that enrolled 63,257 Chinese men and women ages 45 to 74 years between 1993 and 1998 in Singapore. Incident gastric cancer cases (n = 647) were identified after a mean follow-up of 14.7 years. Biomarkers of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection were measured in a subset of gastric cancer cases with blood collected before cancer diagnosis and their matched controls. Results: In the total cohort, daily versus nondaily coffee intake was associated with a statistically nonsignificant decrease in gastric cancer risk [HR = 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69–1.04]. In women, the inverse association strengthened and reached statistical significance (HR = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.46–0.87). In analyses restricted to never smokers and nondrinkers of alcohol, inverse associations strengthened in the total cohort (HR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.52–0.91) and in women (HR = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.37–0.74). There was no coffee–gastric cancer risk association among men, regardless of smoking status or alcohol consumption. Similar results were observed in the nested case–control study after adjustment for H. pylori infection. Conclusion: Daily coffee consumption may reduce the risk of gastric cancer in high-risk populations, especially among women. Impact: Research aimed at identifying the compounds in coffee that may protect against gastric carcinogenesis is warranted. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(4); 638–47. ©2014 AACR.
In-Group Ratings Are Affected by Who Asks and How: Interactive Effects of Experimenter Group-Membership and Response Format

ABSTRACT In three experiments, participants rated how well a number of adjectives described their in-group (e.g. kind-hearted, helpful, intelligent, efficient, etc.). In Experiment 1, females were found to rate their ingroup (females) more favorably when reporting verbally to female (rather than male) experimenters. This finding was further explored in two subsequent experiments where response format (written vs. verbal) was also manipulated. Both experiments revealed an interaction such that ethnic Swedes rated their in-group (Swedes) the most favorably when reporting verbally to an in-group experimenter and the least favorably when reporting verbally to a Middle Eastern experimenter. Results are discussed in relation to correction and contextual activation of social norms.
Prospective Evaluation Of The Length Of The Lower Common Pathway In The Differential Diagnoss Of Various Forms Of AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

The conduction time over the lower common pathway (LCP) in AVNRT can be assessed by subtracting the H A‐interval during tachycardia (HAt) from that during ventricular pacing at exactly the same cycle length (HAp) (ΔHA = HAp ‐ HAt). tt has been suggested that H‐A measurements may help in the differentiation of Slow/Fast from Slow/Slow AVNRT. This study evaluated prospectively in 61 consecutive patients with AVNRT (43 ± 15 y; 46 women, all with antegrade conduction during AVNRT over the slaw pathway) how often a reliable measurement of the length of the LCP could be made, and in how far the results were concordant with mapping criteria for the differentiation of Slow/Fast from Slow/Slow A VNRT. A new para‐Hisian pacing technique (using only the His bundle catheter) was applied in all patients. Comparison of HAt and HAp was possible in 44 of the 61 patients (72%). In these 44 patients, HAp was longer than HAt in 12 patients, indicating the presence of a LCP. All patients with ΔHA ≥ 15 ms had earliest retrograde atrial activation in the posterior septum (Slow/Slow AVNRT, n = 6) or simultaneously in the anterior and posterior septum (n = 1). On the other hand, 31 of the 32 patients without evidence of a substantial LCP (ΔHA ≤ 0) had typical Slow/Fast AVNRT. Moreover, although it appears logical for Slow/Fast A VNRT to have a shorter HAt than Slow'Slow A VNRT, an HAp of ≥ 70 ms was a better discriminator between the two forms of AVNRT than any HAt value. Therefore, ΔHA ≥ 15 ms (sens. ≥86%; spec. ≥97%) or HAp ≥ 70 ms (sens. = 100%; spec. ≥89%) were highly indicative for the Slow/Slow variant of AVNRT. Using a para‐Hisian pacing technique, H‐A measurements can be performed in 72% of A VNRT patients. They can be used as an important tool in the differentiation of Slow/Fast and Slow/Slow A VNRT.
Prevalence of constipation in the German population – a representative survey (GECCO)

Background Variable prevalence rates between 2.4 and 35% have been reported for chronic constipation across different countries worldwide, with a low 5% for Germany. Objectives and methods We conducted a computer-assisted telephone interview among 15,002 representative individuals in Germany, asking about health-related problems, including constipation. Those who acknowledged the presence of constipation symptoms during the preceding 12 months were questioned concerning constipation features and sociographic variables. Results Of 15,002 individuals interviewed, 2,239 (14.9%) acknowledged having experienced constipation during the last 12 months, 864 (5.8%) reported constipation during the last 4 weeks, and 380 (2.5%) had current constipation symptoms; 4.4% had taken medication because of their constipation, and 2.6% had consulted a doctor for constipation. In comparison to non-constipated volunteers, those constipated had a lower health quality of life and poorer health, and lower income and social status. Conclusion Up to 15% of the general (German) population report symptoms of constipation depending on the definition. This matches pooled constipation rates across 18 countries (14%).
Quantitative 1H MRS imaging 14 years after presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis

Clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) are events suggestive for emerging multiple sclerosis (MS). A majority of patients develop MS within months or years whilst others remain clinically isolated. The goal of this study was to investigate whether biochemical metabolites detectable by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) may serve to distinguish between these two groups. We investigated 41 patients 14 years after presentation with a CIS and 21 controls with combined quantitative short echo 1H MRS and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and assessed disability according to the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). At follow-up, 32 had developed MS, and 9 still had CIS. Compared with controls, MS patients demonstrated significantly higher concentrations of myo-inositol (Ins) in normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and lesions. Lesions also demonstrated a reduced N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) level and an increase in choline-containing compounds (Cho). The NAWM Ins concentration was correlated with EDSS (r = 0.48, p = 0.005). MS normal appearing cortical grey matter (CGM) exhibited a decreased NAA. Patients who remained CIS did not differ significantly from controls in any MRS measure. Metabolite changes in normal appearing white and grey matter in MS indicate diffuse involvement of the entire MS brain, which was not seen in the persisting CIS patients. Elevated Ins in MS NAWM appeared functionally relevant. It may indicate glial cell proliferation or gliosis.