Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Consumer Prices and the Role of Energy Prices

A group of researchers has asserted that the rate of exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) to domestic prices has declined substantially over the last few decades. We revisit this claim of a downward trend in the rate of ERPT to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) by employing the vector autoregressive (VAR) model for the U.S. macroeconomic data under the current floating exchange rate regime. Our VAR approach that nests the conventional single equation method reveals very weak evidence of ERPT during the pre-1990 era. On the other hand, we observe statistically significant evidence of ERPT during the post-1990 era, which sharply contrasts with previous findings. After statistically confirming a structural break in ERPT to the total CPI via Hansen's (2001) test procedure, we seek the source of the structural break using the disaggregate level CPIs, which pinned down a key role of energy prices in explaining the emergence of the break. The dependency of the U.S. energy consumption on imports has increased since the 1990s. This change magnifies the effects of the exchange rate shock on domestic energy prices, resulting in greater responses of the total CPI via this energy price channel.
Separatrices in the Hamilton–Jacobi formalism of inflaton models

We consider separatrix solutions of the differential equations for inflaton models with a single scalar field in a zero-curvature Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker universe. The existence and properties of separatrices are investigated in the framework of the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism, where the main quantity is the Hubble parameter considered as a function of the inflaton field. A wide class of inflaton models that have separatrix solutions (and include many of the most physically relevant potentials) is introduced, and the properties of the corresponding separatrices are investigated, in particular, asymptotic inflationary stages, leading approximations to the separatrices, and full asymptotic expansions thereof. We also prove an optimal growth criterion for potentials that do not have separatrices.
Ecology And Influence Of Age And Habitats On The Diurnal Activity Patterns Of Cattle Egret (Bubulcus Ibis)

It was found that habitat types and age may influence diurnal activities of cattle egrets. In average, the grassland comprised 41.59% of all of diurnal activities, while forest and bushland comprised 21.54% and 35.79% of all of diurnal activities respectively (P 0.05). The adult cattle egrets spent much time feeding than sub-adults and juveniles. The feeding behaviour was the diurnal activity of cattle egrets performed most often in the morning hours. The diurnal activity patterns and time budgets of the cattle egrets may be due to their strategies to cope with environmental factors such temperatures, different habitats and food availability; and high foraging behaviour can be due to high energy demand.
Equity risk versus retirement adequacy: asset allocation solutions for KiwiSaver

New Zealand's KiwiSaver superannuation system operates with a conservatively low asset allocation towards equity investments. Evidence suggests ‘conservative’ portfolios are riskier than portfolios holding more growth assets when considering shortfall risk. This study employs stochastic simulation to determine the optimal asset allocation to improve the balance of probabilities for retirement adequacy. The findings show that KiwiSaver default funds are excessively conservative, preventing investors from reaching their retirement goals. Increasing the asset allocation to equities across the range of available KiwiSaver funds is the only solution to significantly improve retirement adequacy in New Zealand given the low contribution rates observed.
Variation in the decay resistance and its relationship with other wood characteristics in old Scots pines

L'etude a porte sur l'importance relative des facteurs a l'origine de la resistance naturelle a la pourriture du pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris). Pour commencer, la vitesse de pourriture a ete mesuree dans l'aubier et les parties externes et internes du duramen de 16 pins d'environ 170 ans. Un test de pourriture de six semaines a ete effectue sur des blocs de 5 x 15 x 30 mm dans des boites de Petri, dans lesquelles le champignon lignivore de la pourriture brune (Coniophora puteana) se developpait sur une base d'extrait de malt gelose. Les pertes de poids de l'aubier, de la partie externe du duramen et de la partie interne du duramen ont ete de 141, 57 et 108 mg/cm 3 , respectivement. La variation entre les arbres etait la plus grande dans la partie superficielle du duramen. Les densites du bois correspondantes etaient de 439, 456 et 411 mg/cm 3 . Ensuite, les pertes de poids, les caracteristiques chimiques des blocs adjacents et la quantite d'eau absorbee par ces derniers ont ete comparees, dans le but de determiner les facteurs affectant le plus la resistance a la pourriture du bois. Ce sont la teneur en composes phenoliques, en pinosylvine et ether mono-methylique de cette derniere, faisant partie du groupe des stilbenes, et la teneur en phenols totale determinee par le reactif de Folin-Ciocalteu qui expliquent le mieux les differences de pertes de poids du duramen. Les differences s'expliquent aussi dans une certaine mesure par le taux d'humidite du bois atteint dans une humidite elevee (HR de 100 %). Une correlation significative existait entre la quantite de stilbenes et la quantite d'eau absorbee par le bois immerge dans l'eau.
The stability of spray-dried microencapsulated β-carotene in the mixture of gum Arabic, OSA type modified starch and maltodextrin

The study analyzed effects of mixtures of three carriers: gum Arabic, OSA-type modified starch and maltodextrin, applied in different ratios on the properties of β-carotene microencapsulated by spray drying. β-Carotene emulsions were prepared using highpressure two-stage homogenization. Emulsion properties and microcapsule features were characterized. Correlations between the studied characteristics were determined with the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The study showed that the use of media mixed in equal proportions increased pigment retention during the storage of microcapsules to a lesser extent than the mixtures with different ratios of the carriers. The matrix which was the most effective in protecting the core was made of a mixture of modified starch, gum Arabic and maltodextrin in the ratio of 1:3:2. It was also found that the higher content of gum Arabic in the mixture of carriers was more effective in preventing β-carotene degradation than an increasing content of OSA-type modified starch.
FLO: Fast and Lightweight Hyperparameter Optimization for AutoML

Integrating ML models in software is of growing interest. Building accurate models requires right choice of hyperparameters for training procedures (learners), when the training dataset is given. AutoML tools provide APIs to automate the choice, which usually involve many trials of different hyperparameters for a given training dataset. Since training and evaluation of complex models can be time and resource consuming, existing AutoML solutions require long time or large resource to produce accurate models for large scale training data. That prevents AutoML to be embedded in a software which needs to repeatedly tune hyperparameters and produce models to be consumed by other components, such as large-scale data systems. We present a fast and lightweight hyperparameter optimization method FLO and use it to build an efficient AutoML solution. Our method optimizes for minimal evaluation cost instead of number of iterations to find accurate models. Our main idea is to leverage a holistic consideration of the relations among model complexity, evaluation cost and accuracy. FLO has a strong anytime performance and significantly outperforms Bayesian Optimization and random search for hyperparameter tuning on a large open source AutoML Benchmark. Our AutoML solution also outperforms top-ranked AutoML libraries in a majority of the tasks on this benchmark.
The normalization and slope of the dark matter (sub-)halo mass function on sub-galactic scales

Simulations of cold dark matter make robust predictions about the slope and normalization of the dark matter halo and subhalo mass functions on small scales. Recent observational advances utilizing strong gravitational lensing have demonstrated the ability of this technique to place constraints on these quantities on subgalactic scales corresponding to dark matter halo masses of 106–$10^9\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. On these scales the physics of baryons, which make up around 17 per cent of the matter content of the Universe but which are not included in pure dark matter N-body simulations, are expected to affect the growth of structure and the collapse of dark matter haloes. In this work, we develop a semi-analytic model to predict the amplitude and slope of the dark matter halo and subhalo mass functions on subgalactic scales in the presence of baryons. We find that the halo mass function is suppressed by up to 25 per cent, and the slope is modified, ranging from −1.916 to −1.868 in this mass range. These results are consistent with current measurements, but differ sufficiently from the expectations for a dark matter only universe that it may be testable in the near future.
Rough solutions of the 3-D compressible Euler equations

We prove the local-in-time well-posedness for the solution of the compressible Euler equations in $3$-D, for the Cauchy data of the velocity, density and vorticity $(v,\varrho, \fw) \in H^s\times H^s\times H^{s'}$, $22$. Due to the works of Smith-Tataru and Wang for the irrotational isentropic case, the local well-posedness can be achieved if the data satisfy $v, \varrho \in H^{s}$, with $s>2$. In the incompressible case the solution is proven to be ill-posed for the datum $\fw\in H^\frac{3}{2}$ by Bourgain-Li. The solution of the compressible Euler equations is not expected to be well-posed if the data merely satisfy $v, \varrho\in H^{s}, s>2$ with a general rough vorticity. By decomposing the velocity into the term $(I-\Delta_e)^{-1}\curl \fw$ and a wave function verifying an improved wave equation, with a series of cancellations for treating the latter, we achieve the $H^s$-energy bound and complete the linearization for the wave functions by using the $H^{s-\f12}, \, s>2$ norm for the vorticity. The propagation of energy for the vorticity typically requires $\curl \fw\in C^{0, 0+}$ initially, stronger than our assumption by 1/2-derivative. We perform trilinear estimates to gain regularity by observing a div-curl structure when propagating the energy of the normalized double-curl of the vorticity, and also by spacetime integration by parts. To prove the Strichartz estimate for the linearized wave in the rough spacetime, we encounter a strong Ricci defect requiring the bound of $\|\curl \fw\|_{L_x^\infty L_t^1}$ on null cones. This difficulty is solved by uncovering the cancellation structures due to the acoustic metric on the angular derivatives of Ricci and the second fundamental form.
Running Title : Gender Bias after Assisted Conception Main Title : Effects of Assisted Reproductive Technologies ( ART ) on Human Sex Ratio at Birth

_________________________________________ Running Title: Gender Bias after Assisted Conception Main Title: Effects of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) on Human Sex Ratio at Birth Walid E. Maalouf, PhD Mina N. Mincheva, MMedSc Bruce K. Campbell, DSc Ian C.W. Hardy, PhD Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, the University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK, and School of Biosciences, the University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK Correspondence to: Dr Walid E Maalouf Tel: 0115 82 30699 Fax: 0115 82 30651 Email: walid.maalouf@nottingham.ac. uk
PHASEN: A Phase-and-Harmonics-Aware Speech Enhancement Network

Time-frequency (T-F) domain masking is a mainstream approach for single-channel speech enhancement. Recently, focuses have been put to phase prediction in addition to amplitude prediction. In this paper, we propose a phase-and-harmonics-aware deep neural network (DNN), named PHASEN, for this task. Unlike previous methods which directly use a complex ideal ratio mask to supervise the DNN learning, we design a two-stream network, where amplitude stream and phase stream are dedicated to amplitude and phase prediction. We discover that the two streams should communicate with each other, and this is crucial to phase prediction. In addition, we propose frequency transformation blocks to catch long-range correlations along the frequency axis. Visualization shows that the learned transformation matrix implicitly captures the harmonic correlation, which has been proven to be helpful for T-F spectrogram reconstruction. With these two innovations, PHASEN acquires the ability to handle detailed phase patterns and to utilize harmonic patterns, getting 1.76dB SDR improvement on AVSpeech + AudioSet dataset. It also achieves significant gains over Google's network on this dataset. On Voice Bank + DEMAND dataset, PHASEN outperforms previous methods by a large margin on four metrics.
Pain-related and performance anxiety and their contribution to pain in music students : a pilot study

background Pain complaints are common among musicians, whose occupation is highly demanding on both a physical and a psychological level. The purpose of the present study was to better understand the severity of musculoskeletal pain in orchestra musicians by measuring the potential contributions of biological (medical diagnosis), psychosocial (age, gender, instrument, practice and exercising history, and occupational satisfaction), and psychological (pain-related anxiety, performance anxiety, and affect) variables.
Aspects on growth and anatomy of internodes and leaves of cadmium-treated Solanum lycopersicum L. plants.

The effects of cadmium (Cd) on growth parameters and anatomy of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) internodes and leaves differing in age were addressed. Six-day-old seedlings were hydroponically cultivated and exposed for 10 d to increasing concentrations of CdCl 2 (0-100 IM). Cd restricted both fresh and dry mass of leaves and internodes depending on the tissue age. Morphological changes were observed following Cd-exposure, including the reduction in the internode length and diameter as well as decreasing leaf area and thickness. Stem morphogenesis was altered too, cellular division disorders being associated with abnormal enlargement of both cortical and medullar cell layers. Histological study at the internode level revealed that Cd restricted the expansion of tissues in concomitance with the presence of peculiar structures in the cortical and medullar parenchymas. Furthermore, under high Cd-treatment (100 IM CdCl 2 ), reduction of the mesophyll cell size and spongy intercellular space volume leading to leaf blade thinning was observed. The intensity of the above Cd-induced anatomical changes differed depending on the organ developmental stages at which they were first exposed to the contaminant.
Existence of very weak solutions of doubly nonlinear parabolic equations with measure data

We deal with a Cauchy–Dirichlet problem with homogeneous boundary conditions on the parabolic boundary of a space-time cylinder for doubly nonlinear parabolic equations, whose prototype is ∂tu− div ( |u||Du|Du ) = μ with a non-negative Radon measure μ on the right-hand side. Here, the doubly degenerate (p ≥ 2, m ≥ 1) and singular-degenerate (p ∈ ( 2n n+2 , 2), m ≥ 1) cases are considered. The central objective is to establish the existence of a solution in the sense of distributions (see Theorem 1.4). The constructed solution is obtained by a limit of approximations, i.e. we use solutions of regularized Cauchy–Dirichlet problems and pass to the limit to receive a solution for the original Cauchy– Dirichlet problem.
Yang-Baxter integrable Lindblad equations

We consider Lindblad equations for one dimensional fermionic models and quantum spin chains. By employing a (graded) super-operator formalism we identify a number of Lindblad equations than can be mapped onto non-Hermitian interacting Yang-Baxter integrable models. Employing Bethe Ansatz techniques we show that the late-time dynamics of some of these models is diffusive.
CAUSES FOR OVER CONSUMPTION IN BROILER CHICKENS

The experiment was conducted to investigate the causes of over consumptioninbroiler chickens (Ross, 308). 128 broiler chickens were classified in two feed intake class levels (low & high) and ho used randomly in individual cages in two rooms. Broilers were fed ad libitum (6:00 -24:00) Pelleted Ground Wheat (PGW), Pelleted Whole Wheat (PWW), and Mash Ground Wheat (MGW) diets from 10 th -32 daysof age. The experiment thus had a 2◊3 factorial design. AMEn experimental data analysis showed that no over consumer broilers were found between low and high feed intake classes. Diets had a significant (P<0.0001) effect on weight gain, feed intake, and feed/gain, but there was no effect on relative weight ofgizzards and DM crop contents. Diets feed form had a higher effect on broilers performance than of ground and whole wheat based diet. A significantly higher (P<0.05) feed intake, higher weight gain and better feed/gain were found for broilers fed PGW and P WW diets than for broilers fed MGW diet. Broilers fed PWW diet had lower (P<0.05) pH in gizzard contents than PGW and MGW diets fed, but there was no significant difference between PGW and MGW diets. Small quantity of feed was stored in crop temporarily, b ut gizzard stored larger quantity of feeds. It is difficult to conclude whether feed over consumption may cause reduced nutrient utilization from this study, since no feed overconsumption was observed. It can be concluded, however, that in some situations,
Breakfast Consumption Pattern and its Association with Academic Performance

Nearly 30 per cent of the Indian adolescents tend to skip breakfast, and the prevalence of this trend has been growing gradually over the year. Breakfast as the first meal of the day, has been studied for its influence on health issues, psychological impact, as well as day- to- day performance. Beyond simply satisfying hunger, breakfast has been shown to improve both, the health and the cognitive abilities, of individuals. The main aim of the present study was to find out the association of breakfast consumption patterns with Academic performance of adolescent girls. In the present study, 213 students were selected as the study subjects. Among these it was found that 27 per cent of the subjects were breakfast skippers, and 73 per cent of them were Regular breakfast eaters . Skipping Breakfast was shown to interfere with cognition, with a significant difference (p value 0.026) being observed when the cognitive abilities of regular breakfast eaters was compared to that of skippers. Also the varying pattern of mean memory capacities was found to be dipping vertically (66.40 to 61.77) among the regular breakfast eaters as compared to the skippers. Regular breakfast eaters (62.5 per cent) had a high average IQ level as compared to a much lower, 37.5 per cent skippers. 73.8 per cent college going girls who consume breakfast regularly follow a similar pattern of having normal/average IQ levels as compared to that of just 26.19 per cent breakfast skippers. Regular breakfast eaters hence, possess a clear advantage over skippers, when compared in terms of Academic performance and IQ levels. Skipping Breakfast has shown to interfere with cognition. Whopping 90 per cent regular eaters were found to have very good cognitive ability as compared to just 10 per cent skippers. Following a similar trend, 87.5 per cent regular breakfast eaters were analyzed to have good cognitive abilities when compared to skippers in this category (12.5%).
The Cold Circumgalactic Environment of MAMMOTH-I: Dynamically Cold Gas in the Core of an Enormous Lyα Nebula

The MAMMOTH-I Nebula at redshift 2.3 is one of the largest known Lyα nebulae in the universe, spanning ∼440 kpc. Enormous Lyα nebulae like MAMMOTH-I typically trace the densest and most active regions of galaxy formation. Using sensitive low-surface-brightness observations of CO(1−0) with the Very Large Array, we trace the cold molecular gas in the inner 150 kpc of the MAMMOTH-I Nebula. CO is found in four regions that are associated with either galaxies or groups of galaxies that lie inside the nebula. In three of the regions, the CO stretches up to ∼30 kpc into the circumgalactic medium (CGM). In the centermost region, the CO has a very low velocity dispersion (FWHMCO ∼ 85 km s−1), indicating that this gas is dynamically cold. This dynamically cold gas coincides with diffuse rest-frame optical light in the CGM around a central group of galaxies, as discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope. We argue that this likely represents cooling of settled and enriched gas in the center of MAMMOTH-I. This implies that the dynamically cold gas in the CGM, rather than the obscured active galactic nucleus, marks the core of the potential well of this Lyα nebula. In total, the CO in the MAMMOTH-I Nebula traces a molecular gas mass of MH2 ∼ 1.4(αCO/3.6) × 1011 M⊙, with roughly 50% of the CO(1−0) emission found in the CGM. Our results add to the increasing evidence that extended reservoirs of molecular gas exist in the CGM of massive high-z galaxies and protoclusters.
Network Classifiers With Output Smoothing

This work introduces two strategies for training network classifiers with heterogeneous agents. One strategy promotes global smoothing over the graph and a second strategy promotes local smoothing over neighbourhoods. It is assumed that the feature sizes can vary from one agent to another, with some agents observing insufficient attributes to be able to make reliable decisions on their own. As a result, cooperation with neighbours is necessary. However, due to the fact that the feature dimensions are different across the agents, their classifier dimensions will also be different. This means that cooperation cannot rely on combining the classifier parameters. We instead propose smoothing the outputs of the classifiers, which are the predicted labels. By doing so, the dynamics that describes the evolution of the network classifier becomes more challenging than usual because the classifier parameters end up appearing as part of the regularization term as well. We illustrate performance by means of computer simulations.
Character-based NMT with Transformer

Character-based translation has several appealing advantages, but its performance is in general worse than a carefully tuned BPE baseline. In this paper we study the impact of character-based input and output with the Transformer architecture. In particular, our experiments on EN-DE show that character-based Transformer models are more robust than their BPE counterpart, both when translating noisy text, and when translating text from a different domain. To obtain comparable BLEU scores in clean, in-domain data and close the gap with BPE-based models we use known techniques to train deeper Transformer models.
TENER: Adapting Transformer Encoder for Named Entity Recognition

The Bidirectional long short-term memory networks (BiLSTM) have been widely used as an encoder in models solving the named entity recognition (NER) task. Recently, the Transformer is broadly adopted in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks owing to its parallelism and advantageous performance. Nevertheless, the performance of the Transformer in NER is not as good as it is in other NLP tasks. In this paper, we propose TENER, a NER architecture adopting adapted Transformer Encoder to model the character-level features and word-level features. By incorporating the direction and relative distance aware attention and the un-scaled attention, we prove the Transformer-like encoder is just as effective for NER as other NLP tasks.