Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early development of the chondrocranium in Salmo letnica (Karaman, 1924) (Teleostei: Salmonidae)

The ontogenetic development of the chondrocranium of Ohrid trout Salmo letnica was studied from hatching until 92 days post-hatching (dph). Most of the samples were in toto trypsin cleared and stained, some specimens were used for serial histological sectioning. The serial histological sections of fish specimens at the age of 92 dph were used for a graphical reconstruction of the cartilaginous neurocranium. A chronological evaluation of the formation of the cartilaginous skull in the early development of S. letnica was performed. In order to investigate to what degree the ontogeny of the Ohrid trout is unique, the results were compared with data of the development of other salmonids, as well as some non-salmonid teleosts. The development of the cartilaginous structures of the Ohrid trout was found to be similar to that of other salmonids. Most of the cartilage structures of the neurocranium and the viscerocranium are present at the moment of hatching of this species. A fully developed chondrocranium was observed at the age of 92 dph, when the first signs of cartilage resorption could also be observed.
'Rulers Ruled by Women': An Economic Analysis of the Rise and Fall of Women's Rights in Ancient Sparta

Until modern times, most women possessed relatively few formal rights. The women of ancient Sparta were a striking exception. Although they could not vote, Spartan women reportedly owned 40 percent of Sparta’s agricultural land, and enjoyed other rights that were equally extraordinary. We offer a simple economic explanation for the Spartan anomaly. The defining moment for Sparta was its conquest of a neighboring land and people, which fundamentally changed the marginal products of Spartan men’s and Spartan women’s labor. To exploit the potential gains from a reallocation of labor—specifically, to provide the appropriate incentives and the proper human capital formation—men granted women property (and other) rights. Consistent with our explanation for the rise of women’s rights, when Sparta lost the conquered land several centuries later, the rights for women disappeared. Two conclusions emerge that may help explain why women’s rights have been so rare for most of history. First, in contrast to the historical norm, the optimal (from the men’s perspective) division of labor among Spartans involved women in work that was not easily monitored by men. Second, the rights held by Spartan women may have been part of an unstable equilibrium, which contained the seeds of its own destruction.
Strategic Delegation and Centralised Climate Policy

We analyse a principal-agent relationship within the context of international environmental agreements. First, the principals of the two countries decide whether to link their domestic emission permit markets to an international market and delegate, in either case, the decision on permit issuance to an agent who acts on their behalf. In the case of linking, the delegated agents decide cooperatively on the total level of emissions and the allocation of permits. In the last stage, emission permits are traded. Solving by backwards induction and employing a Nash-Bargaining Solution, we ask whether emissions are in fact lower in the cooperative outcome given the strategic considerations in the choice of the delegates. In addition, we explore whether the prospect of cooperation makes linking less probable.
1 Healthy practice of female soccer and futsal : 2 identifying sources of stress , anxiety and depression 3

The aim of this study was to examine the post-injury psychological impact looking for to 15 avoid sources of health issues. We have analyzed differences in the stress, anxiety and depression 16 levels between male and female football players who have suffered at least one injury during the 17 last season played respect to similar players who have not been injured. A descriptive 18 cross-sectional design was used. The participants were 187 football players and data on the player’s 19 injuries were collected. A Self-reported Questionnaire collected number, type and severity of 20 injuries sustained during the previous sports season (twelve months), and also the player’s current 21 situation being injured or not injured. To evaluate the psychological variables, the DASS-21 22 questionnaire was used. Results indicated that the male injured players presented anxiety levels 23 higher than those who were non-injured. When we observe the female players’ data, the stress 24 levels of the non-injured ones are higher than those of the injured players. Regarding the 25 non-injured athletes, results showed that the female non-injured players presented values in 26 anxiety higher than those corresponding to the non-injured male players. Thus, sport injury affects 27 mental health issues such as anxiety and stress, and in a different way regarding gender. 28
The equine stomach: a personal perspective (1963-2003).

1. State of the Art in 1963 It was in 1963 that I received my DVM from Cornell University. Developing a specialty in equine gastroenterology was the furthest thing from my mind. I was planning to be a cow doctor. Perhaps it was because of that bias, or because my memory is failing, that I remember virtually nothing that we might have been taught about equine gastrointestinal (GI) problems, except that surgical correction of a colic was a last resort that rarely had a favorable outcome. J.D. Wheat demonstrated the incorrectness of that maxim, however, during my internship the next year at the University of California at Davis. I no longer have the notes I took in veterinary school that document what I should have remembered, but I have had another look at some of the texts of that era, which now reside in the dank and cobwebbed lower depths of the Marston Science Library at the University of Florida. Those texts, and what they include with respect to the equine stomach are the following.
(TTTA)n polymorphism of CYP19 (aromatase gene) in Euro- and Afro-Brazilians

We investigated the polymorphic tetranucleotide repeat (TTTA)n located in the fourth intron of the CYP19 gene in two Brazilian populations. The frequencies of the five common alleles (A) in Euro- and Afro-Brazilians were, respectively: seven repeats (A5), 0.586 and 0.80; eight repeats (A4), 0.092 and 0.06; nine repeats (A3), 0.014 and 0.01; eleven repeats (A2), 0.284 and 0.09; twelve repeats (A1), 0.021 and 0.04. In addition, one Euro-Brazilian individual had a rare allele with 13 repeats. The allelic frequencies in Euro- and Afro-Brazilians differed statistically (p < 10-3). The two samples were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p = 0,828 and p = 0,995).
The boycott model of foreign product purchase: an empirical test in China

Purpose - The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate and ascertain the effects of integrative motivation on the willingness to participate in boycott activities. Design/methodology/approach - This paper uses a mail survey to examine the relationships among six constructs in a boycotting issue context, in order to explore Chinese consumers' willingness to boycott against Japanese products or services with the fallout from a Japanese former PM's continuous visits to a controversial war shrine since 2001. Findings - The findings suggest that there are significant and positive pairwise relationships between boycott participation and three factors (i.e. animosity, efficacy, and prior purchase). High animosity towards Japanese goods and the other two constructs, at the high end of the attitude spectrum, increase the level of willingness to engage in consumer boycott practices. Practical implications - Consumer boycotts are a worldwide and historic phenomenon in modern society. As the number of protests grows and as local authorities recognize the economic and political impact of such activities, then multinational companies (MNCs) and host countries begin to see the historic and cultural perspective of these events in addition to the conventional consumer behaviour perspective. To enable boycotting to become less harmful, MNC management need to understand what makes local consumers so affronted. The results of the evaluation can potentially be generalized towards a strategic analysis of the boycott model in other hostile market situations. Originality/value - The findings of this paper offer pivotal implications for decision makers and the management of those Western multinational enterprises who are concerned with increasing their share of the world's largest consumer market. In particular, Japanese MNCs need to pay much more attention to the oppressed and potentially explosive emotion of animosity as the legacy of past conflicts (i.e. war, economic, political, etc.) between Japan and China.
Analyzing opinion dynamics in online social networks

In this paper, we examine the challenge of performing analyses of opinion dynamics in online social networks. We present a model for studying the influence exerted by peers within the network, emphasizing the role that skepticism can play with respect to establishing consensus of opinion. From here, we focus on some key extensions to the model, with respect to the nature of peers (their familiarity relationships, their empathy) and the presence of peers with particular profiles, as well as with specific clustering of peer relationships. Specifically, we show that the influence of trusted confidants on individuals behaves in a predictable fashion; moreover, we show that the underlying model is robust to individual variations in empathy within the population. These empirical results provide important insights to those seeking to examine and analyze patterns of influence within social networks.
Structural relations and pseudosymmetries in the andorite homologous series

The structure of quatrandorite is reported for the first time from an untwinned sample from Oura mine, San Jose, Bolivia. The mineral crystallizes in P2 1 /c, a = 19.1686 (19) A, b = 17.160 (3) A, c = 13.042 (2) A, β = 90.008 (12)°, V = 4289.9 (11) A 3 , Z = 4. Refinement to R obs = 5.66% was obtained with Jana2006. Quatran-dorite belongs to the andorite series, whose members share two cell parameters while the third can be expressed as n × 4.3 A, with n = 2, 4 and 6 for ramdohrite (uchucchacuaite, fizelyite), quatrandorite and senandorite, respectively. Both quatrandorite and senandorite are strongly pseudosymmetric up to Cmcm with one parameter corresponding to n = 1 (~ 4.3 A). The hypothetical structure corresponding to Cmcm is also the aristotype common to both minerals. The strong structural similarity of quatrandorite and senandorite may explain their co-existence in some samples, which has in the past led to hypothesize the existence of a further member of the series , nakaseite, which was however later shown to consist of a random stacking of the two minerals. The Cmcm aristotype is not common to the n = 2 minerals (uchucchacuaite, ramdohrite, fizelyite), which are thus structurally less closely related to the two other members. A common aristotype to all three minerals can nevertheless be obtained via a different path, which leads to Cmme with the same cell parameters as Cmcm; the degree of pseudo-symmetry in this supergroup is however lower and there remain a difference in one sulfur position in this aristotype. It nevertheless confirms previous reports in the literature stating that the bulk of the structure of the minerals of this series can be reduced to a common principle, essentially a distorted galena; the departures from it are however crucial for the realization of the individual structures.
Oscillation Theorems for Third-Order Half-linear Delay Dynamic Equations with Damping

This article is concerned with oscillatory behavior of a class of third order half-linear delay dynamic equation with damping ( r(x 2 ) ) (t) + p(t) ( x 2 )γ (t) + q(t)x (τ (t)) = 0, on an arbitrary time scale T with sup T = ∞ and lim t→∞ τ(t) = ∞. We establish some new sufficient conditions which ensure that every solution oscillates or converges to zero. Example is given to illustrate our main results. AMS subject classification: 34K11, 39A10, 34N05.
The Role of Peripheral Nerve Blocks in the Interdisciplinary Care of Children with Chronic Pain: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

Chronic pain of childhood is an extremely complex condition which can lead to damaging effects on physical and social wellbeing. Some children with severe chronic pain embark on a downward spiral of decreased physical, psychological and social functioning. This includes loss of mobility and inability to participate in physical and sporting activities, poor sleep, difficulty concentrating on school work, school absenteeism, social isolation and family stress. As chronic pain persists the child can experience increased pain intensity, distress, anxiety and depression. When enmeshed in this disordered lifestyle the child and their family require coordinated integrated care. The interdisciplinary team management approach, based on pharmacology, physiotherapy and psychology, is now well established to be the standard of care for children with chronic pain. Treatment goals are targeted to individual children after careful consideration of the history and examination. In appropriately selected children peripheral nerve blocks can provide immediate and effective pain relief. This chapter will present a referenced review of the literature on interdisciplinary paediatric chronic pain management whilst highlighting the role of peripheral nerve blocks. The case histories of eight paediatric patients with chronic pain who gained significant relief from peripheral nerve blocks will be presented. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (1986). One defining characteristic of pain is its duration. Acute pain is relatively short-term pain that typically lasts until the underlying cause has been identified and treated. On the other hand, chronic pain is understood to mean prolonged pain or “pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing" (Turk & Okifuji, 2001) and while defined time frames that determine a diagnosis of chronic pain vary, the definition adopted by most studies, including those cited here, is pain lasting longer than three months. Chronic pain can have its roots in one or a combination of types of pain mechanism. Types of pain include nociceptive, inflammatory, neuropathic or psychogenic pain (DSM-IV “Pain Disorder”). Extreme caution is required before labelling a patient with a diagnosis of
Exploring the Relationship Between Occupational Stress and Organizational Commitment among Nurses in Selected Jordanian Hospitals

The present study aims at exploring the relationship between occupational stress and organizational commitment among nurses in selected Jordanian hospitals, and measuring the level of occupational stress and the level of organizational commitment among nurses in selected Jordanian hospitals in Amman. The research population consisted of two governmental teaching hospitals, and a systematic random sample of 150 nursing personnel was selected. A self-administered questionnaire was used for collecting data for this study. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher based on pertinent literature. It includes two main parts; one of them is the occupational stress (sources of work pressure, health information, and coping strategies), the other one is the organizational commitment. The findings of the present study revealed that occupational stress is present among thirty percent of the nurses; and forty percent of the nurses had organizational commitment. The study also reveals that the organizational commitment is statistically significantly negatively correlated to occupational stress (P = 0.025, r = -0.18). Based on the previous findings relevant recommendations were made. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى استكشاف العلاقة بين الضغوط المهنية والالتزام التنظيمي، بالإضافة إلى قياس مستوى الضغوط المهنية ومستوى الالتزام التنظيمي لدى الممرضين في المستشفيات الأردنية في مدينة عمان. وقد تألف مجتمع الدراسة من مستشفيين حكوميين تعليميين، وتم اختيار عينة عشوائية منتظمة تألفت من (150) مبحوثا. واعتمدت الاستبانة كأداة لجمع بيانات الدراسة ، حيث طورت الاستبانة بالاعتماد على الأدبيات الإدارية، وقد احتوت على جزأين رئيسيين: تناول احدهما الضغوط المهنية (مصادر ضغط العمل، والمعلومات الصحية، واستراتيجيات التكيف) ، في حين تناول الجزء الأخر الالتزام التنظيمي. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن هناك ضغوط مهنية لدى (30%) من الممرضين، كما أن (40%) من الممرضين لديهم التزام تنظيمي، كما أظهرت الدراسة أن هناك علاقة عكسية ضعيفة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين الالتزام التنظيمي والضغوط المهنية(P=0.025, r= -0.18). وبناء على النتائج قدمت الدراسة عددا من التوصيات ذات العلاقة بموضوعها.
Adaptation and Evolution in a Gravitational Environment — A Theoretical Framework for the Limited Re-Generative Post- Natal Time Window of the Heart in Higher Vertebrates

The origin and the meaning of life on the earth was traditionally attributed to an intelligent creator as an independent act until 1859 when Charles Darwin compiled the book The Origin of Species (Darwin, 1859). In this book Darwin introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection (Figure 1, central panel) opening a new perspective to read what looks like the largest experiment on earth called biological life. This new perspective has proposed a reversal of the traditional view where the intelligence is placed above the experiment by introducing the concept of transformation or evolution (Dennett, 2009). In this upside down view intelligence is not excluded but, rather, is within the experiment and drives the so called "struggle for life" in a dynamic planet where habitats are continuously destroyed and created.
Intergroup Sentiments, Political Identity, and Their Influence on Responses to Potentially Ameliorative Proposals in the Context of an Intractable Conflict

Two studies examined the association of particular sentiments and political identities with Jewish-Israeli students’ responses to a generic plan to end the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and to narrower proposals for cooperative undertakings. Three composites—hatred/anger, compassion/empathy (reverse-coded), and guilt/shame (reverse-coded), and also a global composite combining these three sets of sentiments, were generally associated with negative responses to those plans and negative attributions about the wisdom and patriotism of supporters of those plans. Most of the associations between the global sentiments composite and the relevant responses continued to be statistically significant even after controlling for participants’ political identity. The interaction between the relevant sentiments and the putative authorship of one of the proposals was also investigated. Issues of generalizability, replicability, robustness, and of the relevance of mediational analysis, as well as implications for conflict resolution and potential directions for future research are addressed in a concluding discussion.
Exploiting Consistency among Heterogeneous Sensors for Vehicle Anomaly Detection

Modern vehicles house many advanced components; sensors and Electronic Control Units (ECUs) — now numbering in the 100s. These components provide various advanced safety, comfort and infotainment features, but they also introduce additional attack vectors for malicious entities. Attackers can compromise one or more of these sensors and flood the vehicle’s internal network with fake sensor values. Falsified sensor values can confuse the driver, and even cause the vehicle to misbehave. Redundancy can be used to address compromised sensors, but adding redundant sensors will increase the cost per vehicle and is therefore less attractive. To balance the need for security and cost-efficiency, we exploit the natural redundancy found in vehicles. Natural redundancy occurs when the same physical phenomenon causes symptoms in multiple sensors. For instance, pressing the accelerator pedal will cause the engine to pump faster and increase the speed of the vehicle. Engine RPM and vehicle speed are multiple sensors which respond in a related fashion to the same cause of the accelerator pedal. The challenge is identifying the relationship between similar but different sensors under normal operation and detecting anomalous be-havior accurately. In this paper, we develop the tools to capture the relationship between sensors. Specifically, we use the pairwise correlation between key variables, and use cluster-analysis to identify distinct behavior of drivers. Moreover, we show preliminary results of using these tools to detect attacks within a vehicular communication bus.
Vector cross products on manifolds

possesses an almost complex structure. The properties of these manifolds have been investigated by Calabi [6], Gray [11], and Yano and Sumitomo [22]. The almost complex structure, which is a generalization of the one on S6, is defined in terms of a vector cross product on R7, which is a generalization of the ordinary Gibbs vector cross product on R3. In this paper we give a general definition of vector cross product (? 2), and then study vector cross products on manifolds. Vector cross products are interesting for three reasons: first, they are themselves natural generalizations of the notion of almost complex structure; secondly, a vector cross product on a manifold M gives rise to unusual almost complex structures on certain submanifolds of M; thirdly, vector cross products provide one approach to the study of Riemannian manifolds with holonomy group G2 or Spin (7). Vector cross ptoducts on vector spaces have been studied from an algebraic standpoint in Brown and Gray [5] and from a topological standpoint in Eckmann [9] and Whitehead [20]. We consider the topological existence of vector cross products on manifolds in ? 2. Then in ? 3 we give conditions for the existence of vector cross products on vector bundles over CW-complexes in terms of characteristic classes. As an extra feature of our investigations we determine the behavior of the triality automorphism of Spin (8) on Spin characteristic classes. In ? 4 we discuss vector cross products from a differential geometric point of view and in ? 5 we develop some important relations between vector cross products and curvatures. The rest of the paper (? 6 and ? 7) is devoted to almost complex structures on manifolds. We show in ? 6 that every orientable 6-dimensional submanifold of R8 possesses an almost complex structure. Such an almost complex structure is defined by means of a 3-fold vector cross product on R8. We also show that all of Calabi's manifolds can be obtained by this method. However, the almost complex structures constructed here are more general in several ways. In the first place, we consider 6-dimensional orientable submanifolds M of arbitrary 8-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian manifolds M possessing 3-fold vector cross products, e.g., parallelizable 8-dimensional manifolds. Secondly, the metric of M we use may be indefinite provided it has signature (4, 4). (Here we
STAGE II Conducting the review PHASE 5 Study quality assessment

2.5. 1 Study quality assessment and bias 2 2.5. 2 Bias and quality assessment 2 2.5. 3 Quality threshold for study selection 4 2.5. 4 Development of quality assessment instruments 6 2.5. 5 Quality assessment of effectiveness studies 8 2.5. 6 Quality assessment of test accuracy studies 11 2.5. 7 Quality assessment of qualitative research 12 2.5. 8 Quality assessment of economic evaluations 13 2.5. 9 Key points 16 2.5. 10 References 17
Simultaneous non-vanishing of GL(3) × GL(2) and GL(2) L-functions

Abstract Fix g a Hecke–Maass form for SL3(). In the family of holomorphic newforms f of fixed weight and large prime level q, we find the average value of the product $L(\half,g\times f)L(\half,f)$. From this we derive a result on the simultaneous non-vanishing of these L-functions at the central point.