Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differences of interaural phase and level in detection and lateralization: 1000 and 2000 Hz.

Detection and lateralization performance were measured using as a signal the same narrow band of noise that served as the masker. The center frequency of the noise band was either 1000 or 2000 Hz, in different experiments. Both diotic (N0‐S0) and dichotic (N0‐Sπ) data were taken at both frequencies. By varying the signal‐to‐masker ratio and the angle α at which the signal is added to the masker in the N0‐Sπ condition, it is possible to control the magnitudes of the two binaural cues—interaural time difference and interaural level difference. The outcomes at 1000 Hz support our previous findings—subjects differ in their sensitivities to the two cues, and the cues do not cancel perfectly when the task is detection. At 2000 Hz, even relatively large interaural time differences were of little or no benefit either for detection or lateralization, and interaural level difference was the primary binaural cue. At 1000 Hz, sizeable masking‐level differences (MLDs) were observed for all subjects at all values of α. At 2000 Hz, the MLDs were large at α = 0°; however, detectability was essentially the same in the conditions N0‐Sπ, α = 90°, and N0‐S0, α = 90° implying that in both of these conditions performance was based on the increment in level that occurred with signal onset.
Variation in the colour of broiler breast fillets in the UK

1. The normal range in colour of broiler breast muscle was assessed using an objective (instrumental) measure of colour in portioned breast fillets at a commercial processing plant. In addition, the relationship between colour and ultimate muscle pH (pH ult ) was also examined. 2. Considerable variation in colour was evident although minimal inter-flock variation was found. The exceptions were 2 free range flocks which produced breast fillets significantly lighter and less red. 3. Extremes of colour are likely to be discriminated against at the point of purchase. 4. A clear relationship between pH ult and L* values was found which provides more evidence for the existence of a PSE-like condition in broiler breast meat.
Prophylactic parenteral cephalosporins in surgery. Are the newer agents better

Parenteral prophylactic cephalosporins used in surgery were compared in 17 published studies. Examination of these studies reveals little justification for preference of one cephalosporin over another. For gastrointestinal, obstetrical-gynecologic, or cardiac operations, newer cephalosporins did not result in substantial decreases in adverse postoperative clinical events (eg, wound infections, intra-abdominal and pelvic infections, and endocarditis) when compared with older cephalosporins. There is no evidence that second- or third-generation cephalosporins result in postoperative infection rates lower than with first-generation cephalosporins. ( JAMA 1984;252:3277-3279)
Making abstract models complete †

Completeness is a key feature of abstract interpretation. It corresponds to exactness of the abstraction of fix-points and relies upon the need of absence of false alarms in static program analysis. Making abstract interpretation complete is therefore a major problem in approximating the semantics of programming languages. In this paper, we consider the problem of making abstract interpretations complete by minimally modifying the predicate transformer, i.e. the semantics, of a program. We study the mathematical properties of complete functions on complete lattices and prove the existence of minimal transformations of monotone functions to achieve completeness. We then apply minimal complete transformers to prove the minimality of standard program transformations in security, such as static program monitoring.
Genetic Diversity in Bananas and Plantains (Musa spp.)

Bananas and plantains belong to the family Musaceae and are cultivated throughout the humid tropics and sub-tropics. This crop is perennial with a faster relative growth rate compared to other fruit crops, while producing fruit all year round. Because of their nutritional value, bananas and plantains are considered the fourth most important crop worldwide after rice, wheat and corn. In many countries of Africa, bananas are considered an important part of the diet; the population in Uganda consumes per capita an average of 191 kg per year [1]. This crop also represents an important source of income for many rural families that work directly or indirectly in this industry. The edible Musa spp. originate from two wild species, Musa acuminata Colla and M. balbisiana Colla, with the A and B genomes, respectively, as well as their hybrids and polyploids.
Oral-rehydration therapy--the role of polymeric substrates.

Each year, diarrheal diseases kill at least 5 million children before they reach their fifth birthday. For the most part, poor countries bear the brunt of this burden. In many developing nations, it is usual for children to experience three or more serious episodes of diarrhea every year.1 In countries that are not poor, diarrhea remains a neglected but substantial problem, lurking in deprived, diseased, and institutionalized populations. In the United States, diarrhea remains one of the common reasons for the admission of children to hospitals. The elderly, especially in nursing homes, have high rates of diarrhea; its resulting morbidity .
Effects of ethanol on CYP2E1 levels and related oxidative stress using a standard balanced diet

Expression of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) is very much influenced by nutritional factors, especially carbohydrate consumption, and various results concerning the expression of CYP2E1 were obtained with a low-carbohydrate diet. This study describes the effects of ethanol treatment on CYP2E1 levels and its relationship with oxidative stress using a balanced standard diet to avoid low or high carbohydrate consumption. Rats were fed for 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks a commercial diet plus an ethanol-sucrose solution. The results have shown that ethanol administration was associated with CYP2E1 induction and stabilization without related oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that experimental models with a low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet produce some undesirable CYP2E1 changes that are not present when a balanced standard diet is given.
Pollen development of Rondeletia odorata (Rubiaceae).

Pollen wall ontogeny of RONDELETIA: odorata was studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) from tetrad stage until maturity. The ontogenetic sequence of wall development in RONDELETIA: follows, to some extent, the basic scheme in the angiosperms, i.e., development starts centripetally with the pro-columellae in a plasmalemma surface coating (primexine) at the early tetrad stage when the microspores are still enveloped by callose, until intine formation in young pollen grains. The main ontogenetical features of Rondeletia odorata pollen are (1) the very thin irregular foot layer, (2) development of a continuous layer of radially oriented membranous granular material under the thick endexine, (3) initiation of intine before first mitosis with characteristic radial plasmalemma invaginations, and (4) a strong stretching force upon engorgement just prior to dehiscence, which leads to reduction in thickness of all wall layers. The possible function of Golgi vesicles in the considerable increase in surface area of the plasmalemma at intine initiation is discussed. The endocingulum observed on acetolyzed and sectioned mature grains is explained ultrastructurally.
Nitrogen-fixing tree abundance in higher-latitude North America is not constrained by diversity.

The rarity of nitrogen (N)-fixing trees in frequently N-limited higher-latitude (here, > 35°) forests is a central biogeochemical paradox. One hypothesis for their rarity is that evolutionary constraints limit N-fixing tree diversity, preventing N-fixing species from filling available niches in higher-latitude forests. Here, we test this hypothesis using data from the USA and Mexico. N-fixing trees comprise only a slightly smaller fraction of taxa at higher vs. lower latitudes (8% vs. 11% of genera), despite 11-fold lower abundance (1.2% vs. 12.7% of basal area). Furthermore, N-fixing trees are abundant but belong to few species on tropical islands, suggesting that low absolute diversity does not limit their abundance. Rhizobial taxa dominate N-fixing tree richness at lower latitudes, whereas actinorhizal species do at higher latitudes. Our results suggest that low diversity does not explain N-fixing trees' rarity in higher-latitude forests. Therefore, N limitation in higher-latitude forests likely results from ecological constraints on N fixation.
Harmonic retrieval using higher order statistics: a deterministic formulation

Given a single record, the authors consider the problem of estimating the parameters of a harmonic signal buried in noise. The observed data are modeled as a sinusoidal signal plus additive Gaussian noise of unknown covariance. The authors define novel higher order statistics-referred to as "mixed" cumulants-that can be consistently estimated using a single record and are insensitive to colored Gaussian noise. Employing fourth-order mixed cumulants, they estimate the sinusoid parameters using a consistent, nonlinear matching approach. The algorithm requires an initial estimate that is obtained from a consistent, linear estimator. Finally, the authors examine the performance of the proposed method via simulations. >
The Effect of Formal and Informal Sanctions on Delinquency: A Longitudinal Comparison of Labeling and Deterrence Theories

Theoretical conflicts and contradictions tend to be more apparent than real. They commonly are based on little more than the choice of quite different levels of analysis, dissimilar operationalizations of key concepts, or a host of other factors that can foster significant misconceptions. From time to time, however, one encounters theoretically and substantively significant situations within which very matter-of-fact contradictions do exist. The purpose of this Article is to address one such contradiction in contemporary criminological theory and research. More specifically, the past two decades have witnessed a mas-
Neighborhood context and college plans.

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Effect of cementing technique and cement type on thermal necrosis in hip resurfacing arthroplasty—a numerical study

Femoral fractures within resurfacing implants have been associated with bone necrosis, possibly resulting from heat generated by cement polymerization. The amount of heat generated depends on cement mantle volume and type of cement. Using finite element analysis, the effect of cement type and volume on thermal necrosis was analyzed. Based on CT‐data of earlier implantations, two different models were created: a thick mantle model, representing a low‐viscosity “cement filling” technique, and a thin mantle model, representing a high viscosity “cement packing” technique. Six cement types were analyzed. The polymerization heat generation and its effect on bone necrosis were predicted. In the thin cement mantle models, no thermal necrosis was predicted. Thick cement mantle models produced thermal necrosis at the cement–bone interface depending on cement type. In the worst case, 6% of the bone at the cement–bone interface became necrotic, covering almost the entire cross‐sectional area. The current findings suggest a potential thermal drawback of thick cement mantles, although it is unclear whether thermal bone necrosis significantly affects implant fixation or increases the fracture risk. Furthermore, our study showed distinct differences between the heat generated and resulting thermal damage caused by the various cement types. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:364–370, 2012
Molecular aspects in the regulation of renal inorganic phosphate reabsorption: the type IIa sodium/inorganic phosphate co-transporter as the key player

The type IIa sodium/inorganic phosphate co-transporter is the rate-limiting inorganic phosphate transport pathway in renal brush-border membranes, and is thus a key player in overall inorganic phosphate homeostasis. Its regulation is mostly associated with membrane retrieval/reinsertion (traffic) of the transport protein. This membrane traffic is controlled by specific ‘motifs’ at the level of the transporter protein and probably involves interacting proteins (e.g. for scaffolding, regulation or sorting). The intracellular signaling mechanisms (e.g. the involvement of kinases) and the involvement of the cytoskeleton are not yet understood. Hereditary alterations in renal inorganic phosphate handling can be associated with factors controlling the expression of the brush-border type IIa sodium/inorganic phosphate co-transporter.
Targeting of extracellular proteases required for the progression of pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Its lethality is due, in large part, to its resistance to traditional chemotherapeutics. As a result, there is an enormous effort being put into basic research to identify proteins that are required for PDA progression so that they may be specifically targeted for therapy. OBJECTIVE To compile and analyze the evidence that suggests that extracellular proteases are significant contributors to PDA progression. METHODS We focus on three different extracellular protease subclasses expressed in PDA: metalloproteases, serine proteases and cathepsins. Based on data from PDA and other cancers, we suggest their probable roles in PDA. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Of the proteases expressed in PDA, many appear to have overlapping functions, based on the substrates they process, making therapeutics complicated. Two protease families most likely to have unique, critical functions during tumor progression, and therefore strong potential as therapeutic targets, are the a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) and the cathepsins.
CYP2D6 inhibition and breast cancer recurrence in a population-based study in Denmark.

BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibition reduces the concentration of 4-hydroxylated tamoxifen metabolites, but the clinical relevance remains uncertain. METHODS We conducted a large case-control study nested in the population of 11 251 women aged 35-69 years at diagnosis of stage I-III breast cancer between 1985 and 2001 on Denmark's Jutland Peninsula and registered with the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. We identified 541 recurrent or contralateral breast cancers among women with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) disease treated with tamoxifen for at least 1 year and 300 cancers in women with ER-negative (ER-) disease never treated with tamoxifen. We matched one control subject per case patient on ER status, menopausal status, stage, calendar time, and county, genotyped the CYP2D6*4 allele to assess genetic inhibition, and ascertained prescription history to assess drug-drug inhibition. We estimated the odds ratio (OR), associating CYP2D6 inhibition with breast cancer recurrence and adjusted for potential confounding with logistic regression. To address bias from incomplete information on CYP2D6 function, we used Monte Carlo simulation to complete a record-level probabilistic bias analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The frequency of the CYP2D6*4 minor allele was 24% in case patients with ER+ tumors, 23% in case patients with ER- tumors, and 22% each in control subjects with ER+ and ER- tumors. In women with ER+ tumors, the associations of one functional allele with recurrence (OR = 0.99; 95% confidence interval = 0.76 to 1.3) and no functional allele with recurrence (OR = 1.4; 95% confidence interval = 0.84 to 2.3) were near null, as were those for women with ER- tumors. The near-null associations persisted when evaluated by intake of medications, by combining genotype with medication history, in the probabilistic bias analysis, or by restricting the analysis to women with ER expression confirmed by re-assay. CONCLUSION The association between CYP2D6 inhibition and recurrence in tamoxifen-treated patients is likely null or small.
THE STUDY OF DRUG UTILIZATION PATTERN IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

Objective: The pattern of drug utilization in pediatric patients in a tertiary care hospital in erode dist was studied. Methods: The study was conducted in the two pediatric clinics in erode dist, during which prescription and case records were reviewed. Results: A total of 286 patient’s prescriptions were analyzed. In that 156(54.5%) patients were male and 130 (45.5%) patients were female. The study showed that significant uses of drugs were used for conditions like fever (34.6%), Respiratory Diseases (21.7%), gastrointestinal disorder (16.8%), and infection diseases (12.6%). These conditions were most common reason for hospitalization of the pediatric patients. Anti-infective agents were the main class of drugs prescribed [339 (24.8%)]. Other classes of commonly prescribed drugs were anti-inflammatory agents (20.8%), intravenous fluids (19.0%), and gastrointestinal therapy (14.7%), Drugs acting on the respiratory system (7.6%). The drugs which accounted for over 75 % of prescriptions included the anti-infective agents and anti-inflammatory. The anti-infective agents were mainly used in the inpatient settings. Of the anti-infective agents, antibiotics were most commonly prescribed. These agents also accounted for large percentage of injectables. Conclusion: Anti-infective agents are mostly prescribed drugs for pediatric patients. Antibiotics are prescribed to pediatric patients based on empherical therapy without sensitive test. Anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed without antacids. Parenteral route mostly prefer than oral route.
Partial Characterization of a Novel Reovirus Isolated from a Hypovirulent Strain (9B21) of Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr

A filamentous fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr. is the causal agent of the chestnut blight disease. This fungus has some hypovirulent strains. These strains are known to be infected by viruses. To date, many species of viruses havebeen found to be associated with C. parasitica strains. The number genome segments, their relative size, titer and sequence homology as well as the effects on host fungal virulence and morphology were varied among the C. parasiticaassociating viruses. Cryphonectria parasitica mycoreovirus-1 (CpMYRV1) is a newly characterized reovirus isolated from C.parasitica. The viral genome consists of 11 segments of dsRNA termed S1 to S11. The aims of this research were to determine the complete sequences of the three shortest segments (S9-S11) of CpMYRV1, and to analyze the relationship of the dsRNA segments to the segments within the reoviruses genome. Sequence analyses showed that segments S9, S10, and S11 are 1072 bp, 975 bp, and 732 bp in size with single ORFs coding for 297, 247, and 101 amino acids respectively. Genome segments S9 to S11 have common terminal sequences, 5’GAUCA--- GCAGUCA3’. The deduced amino acid sequence coded by segment 9 showed a similarity to P11 of evolutionarily related Rosellinia anti-rot virus (Reoviridae), while S10 or S11 exhibited they were no significant sequence similarities to the known sequences published.Key words: Cryphonectria parasitica, CpMYRV1, molecular characterization.
Infection of five human liver cell lines by dengue‐2 virus

Elevated serum transaminase levels of dengue patients indicate the possible impact of dengue virus infection on liver function. To elucidate the action of dengue virus infection in liver cells, an in vitro cell line system was established that mimicked the liver status of diverse clinical patients. Briefly, four hepatoma cell lines (HA22T, Huh7, Hep3B, and PLC) and one nonmalignant hepatocyte cell line (Chang liver) were included, representing various levels of tumorigenicity and differentiation. Our data showed that in these five cell lines, dengue‐2 virus attached to each cell type equally well; however, this virus had higher replication rates and levels of virion production in differentiated Huh7, PLC, Hep3B, and Chang liver cells. Likewise, a lower replication rate was observed in the de‐differentiated HA22T cells. Differentiation‐related factors seem to play an important role in dengue virus replication. Further study showed that sodium butyrate (NaB, a differentiation inducer) treatment enhanced dengue virus replication in HA22T cells. Moreover, we found that the severity of morphologic aberration and the increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels correlated with the virus replication rate in the four infected hepatoma cells. In conclusion, we showed that dengue virus can infect diverse liver cells with differing replication efficiency, which causes cytopathic effects (CPEs) of diverse severity. Among the CPEs, the increased AST levels correlated with the clinical results from 24 dengue fever patients, who showed increased AST levels at the onset of fever. In summary, we find that dengue‐2 virus replicates actively and causes severe CPEs in differentiated hepatoma cells. Factors related to differentiation as well as tumorigenicity seem to play critical roles, though the mechanisms of action remain unclear. J. Med. Virol. 60:425–431, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast and Robust Information Spreading

Disseminating information in large networks of distributed systems is a fundamental problem. The classical randomized protocol, where in each round every node chooses a random neighbor to exchange information with, is an attractive solution for its simplicity, robustness to failures, and efficiency for many topologies. However, since the running time of this protocol depends on the expansion of the network, there are topologies for which it is very inefficient, requiring a number of rounds significantly larger than the diameter (polynomial in the number of nodes, for networks with constant diameter). Recently, a new generation of randomized protocols have been proposed [3, 4], which provide stronger runtime guarantees achieving a number of rounds close to the diameter. However, it seems that these protocols are less robust, even against modest network changes or failures. In this paper we present a randomized information spreading algorithm that has runtime comparable to the newer algorithms, namely O(D · polylog(n)) rounds for any network with n nodes and diameter D, and is provably robust for various random failure models, similarly to the classical randomized protocol. Our algorithm relies on solving the Neighbor Exchange Problem [3], where each node must learn the information stored in each of its neighbors. The algorithm is simple and natural, and its main innovation is that nodes choose the neighbor to contact in each round with probability that decreases with the number of messages they have received originating from that neighbor. ∗Supported by the Simons Postdoctoral Fellows Program and NSF Award 0939370-CCF.