Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ADBI Working Paper Series CITY SIZE, MIGRATION, AND URBAN INEQUALITY IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

This paper examines the relationship between city size, migration, and urban income inequality using the 1% sample of the 2005 Census in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). We calculate various measures of within-city income inequality for 252 PRC cities. It is found that city income inequality is significantly and positively correlated with city population size. As rural-to-urban migration is crucial in determining city size distribution in the PRC, we focus on exploring the role of massive migration into big cities on shaping this size-inequality relationship. We find that the share of migrants alone accounts for more than 40% of the city-size inequality premium. This is mainly because migration leads to a higher skill premium in larger cities by changing the skill composition of the labor force in those places. The main findings still hold after we deal with the endogeneity of migration using an instrument variable approach.
A preliminary study of contemporary binders by Time Resolved Laser Induced Fluorescence (TR-LIF) spectroscopy: characterization of the painting Nascita Della Forma by Nato Frascà

In this work, an original study of contemporary binders by Time Resolved Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TR-LIF) is presented. Specifically, fluorescence emission spectra of three classes of binders, commonly employed in contemporary artworks, such as acrylic, vinyl and natural ones, were investigated. The obtained results allow identifying each family through the study of their characteristic emission wavelengths and decay times. Finally, the capability of the TR-LIF technique was tested on a real artwork: Nascita Della Forma (Birth of the Form) by Nato Frascà (1962), housed in the MACRO-Museo d’Arte Contemporanea di Roma (Museum of Contemporary Art in Rome). The above-mentioned painting is characterized by several craquelures, probably due to the overlapping of materials with different chemical and physical properties. The spectra acquired on the selected painting are compared to the ones recorded from laboratory samples, in order to characterize the binders used by the artist.
Measurement of the iron spectrum in cosmic rays by VERITAS

The elemental energy spectra of cosmic rays play an important role in understanding their acceleration and propagation. Most current results are obtained either from direct measurements by balloon or satellite detectors, or from indirect measurements by air shower detector arrays on the Earth's surface. Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), used primarily for gamma-ray astronomy, can also be used for cosmic-ray physics. They are able to measure Cherenkov light emitted both by heavy nuclei and by secondary particles produced in their air showers, and are thus sensitive to the charge and energy of cosmic ray particles with energies of tens to hundreds of TeV. A measurement of the energy spectrum of iron nuclei, based on 71 hours of data taken by the VERITAS array of IACTs between 2009 and 2012, will be presented. The energy and other properties of the primary particle are reconstructed using a template-based likelihood fit. The event selection makes use of direct Cherenkov light, which is emitted by the primary particle before starting the air shower. A multivariate method is used to estimate the remaining background. Using these methods, the iron spectrum was measured in the energy range from 20 TeV to 500 TeV.
Osteonecrosis of the Jaws. Prevalence, Risk Factors and Role of Microbiota and Inflammation in a Population of Spain

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to determine the prevalence of ONJ in patients who have undergone intravenous bisphosphonate therapy, and relate the risk factors described (including Actinomices); indeed, to establish a protocol to reduce the risk of developing ONJ and to evaluate the evolution of the patient according to the sample’s antibiogram. Results: The prevalence of ONJ was 12.9%. Most of the non-diabetic patients did not develop ONJ (92.3%) (p = 0.048). In regards to the periodontal state, 94.3% of patients without periodontal problems did not develop ONJ (p = 0.001). Almost 50% of the necrosis were unifocal and located on the mandible (p < 0.001). The number of affected patients and the aggressiveness of the disease increased significantly three years after starting treatment (p < 0.001). 87.5% of biopsies showed the presence of Actinomyces. The inflammatory response was very variable, ranging from absent to intense but it increased with age (p = 0.005). The combination of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid showed good sensitivity in the majority of patients (82.6%). Conclusions: As the etiology of ONJ remains unknown, it is essential to prioritize prevention while assessing the risk factors.
The Politics of Industry in Nehru's India

The paper argues that the Indian Managing Agencies that controlled most industrial firms and their associated enterprises were themselves embodiments of pre-industrial forms of capital, accumulated through trading and moneylending. This militated against technological dynamism within the industrial firms because the managing agencies applied a profit maximising calculus across their various business activities, rather than in relationship to any individual firm. The group structure, in fact, facilitated the leakage of surpluses generated in industrial activity into the parallel speculative and money lending interests of the Managing Agents. After independence, the Government’s attempts to reform the industrial sector met resistance from politically influential businessmen who had supported the national anti-colonial movement. The British Government also interceded here. The social engineering that these reforms entailed, embodied in legislation, was thwarted by the combined pressures exerted by affected businessmen, but this should not prevent an appreciation of what the state was attempting.
The Efficiency of Developed Markets: Empirical Evidence from FTSE 100

This paper endeavors to examine weak form efficiency in the Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 (FTSE 100) under the ongoing theory of efficiency, namely the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). In particular, this paper aims to examine the presence of random walk in FTSE 100 during the period from 2001 January to 2009 November which could be the end of the peak of the global financial crisis. Unit root tests such as ADF and PP shows that the market is non-stationary and therefore, random walk hypothesis is accepted. According to GARCH (1, 1) outcomes, in all condition the market prices follow the random walk supporting the weak form market efficiency hypothesis. It can be concluded that in developed markets such as FTSE 100, the existence of weak form market efficiency is evident.
Effect of alley width and organic manure on productivity of groundnut and in-situ moisture conservation under dryland eco-system.

An experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2000-01 to 2005-06 to find out suitable alley width and organic manure for groundnut crop on medium black clay soil (vertisols). The pod and haulm yield of groundnut were improved with the increase in levels of alley width and recorded significantly highest under 9.6 m alley width. Whereas, significantly higher green bio mass of gliricidia and soil moisture content were obtained under 6.0 m alley width. Application of FYM @ 5.0 t ha-1 recorded significantly higher pod yield of groundnut, while lopping of gliricidia applied as mulch recorded significantly higher soil moisture content (%). Interaction effect was found non-significant in respect of pod and haulm yield of groundnut and green bio mass of glyricidia. Whereas, significantly higher soil moisture content was recorded under lopping of gliricidia applied as mulch with 9.6 m alley width. Growing of groundnut with glyricidia at the alley width of 9.6 m gave the highest net returns of Rs. 15668 ha-1 with the benefit: cost ratio of 1.12. While application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 gave the highest net returns of Rs.14230 ha-1 as compared to control.
NaCl effects in Zea mays L. x Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. hybrid calli and plants

High salt concentrations in soils negatively affect maize growth. Techniques such as remote hybridization and in vitro selection have been extensively used to accelerate breeding processes. In order to determine the usefulness of Tripsacum to improve salt tolerance in maize, the effects of NaCl, in vitro and in vivo , were evaluated in an intergeneric hybrid (MT) obtained from crossing Zea mays with Tripsacum dactyloides . Organogenic calli, induced from immature MT hybrid embryos, were exposed to different NaCl concentrations and the survival and regeneration percentages were calculated. Plants of the MT hybrid, obtained from the organogenic calli, were exposed to NaCl concentrations considered harmful for maize. The shoot dry weights of plants exposed to 250 mM NaCl did not show significant differences respect to the control ones. Although sodium content in shoots was incremented 2,5 fold, it was not toxic for this material. The MT hybrid showed better behavior, in vitro and in vivo , that maize genotypes exposed to similar conditions.
Toxicological Screening of Some Selected Legumes Seed Extracts

Legumes are excellent sources of protein, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, lipids, vitamins, carotenoids, macronutrients, a variety of micronutrients and phytochemicals. In a study carried in the University of Karachi in 2009, ethanolic extracts of seeds of eight legumes namely pea (Pisum sativum), desi and kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp. ), mash bean (Phaseolus mungo), mung bean (Vigna radiate L. wilczek), soybean (Glycine max) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were tested for different biological activities such as insecticidal activity, phytotoxic activity, wormicidal, anthelmintic activity as well as lethality bioassay. Most extracts (desi chickpea, cowpea, mash bean, mung bean, soybean and lentil) showed moderate activity at higher concentration of 1000 ig ml-1 and low or no activity at low doses (100 and 10µg ml-1). In vitro results showed that ethanolic extract of these plants caused appreciable mortality of second stage juveniles of Cephalobus litoralis and Helicotylenchus indicus. Higher concentrations used (2 % and 1 %) were found more effective and produced significant results as compared to 0.5 % of extracts. The mortality rate increased with increasing exposure time and was highest after 48 hours.
Lymphocyte DNA Damage in Chewing Tobacco Users of Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, by Using Comet Assay

Abstract The Chewing tobacco (CT) has a physically powerful association with the risk of oral leukoplakia (OL), oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). ST components exhibit genotoxicity and may alter the structure of DNA. Present study to investigate the effects of CT with smoking on lymphocyte DNA damage. After signing a consent form, volunteers provided blood samples (76 samples from including experimental and control subjects) to establish Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (STGE) or comet were evaluated. Present study found significant differences in the genetic damage induction. However, association was found between smokings had significant effect, and it can induce maximum amount of DNA damage. The genotoxic effect of CT should be considered in addition to other known hazards for assessing health risks
Modelling record times in sport with extreme value methods

We exploit connections between extreme value theory and record processes to develop inference methods for record processes. Record processes have trends in them even when the underlying process is stationary. We study the problem of estimating the underlying trend in times achieved in sports from record data. We develop new methods for inference, simulating record series in non-stationary contexts, and assessing fit which account for the censored characteristic of record data and we apply these methods to athletics and swimming data.
Banking on Foreigners: The Behavior of International Bank Claims on Latin America, 1985-2000

The significant rise in foreign bank claims observed during the 1990s, following their steep decline during the 1980s debt crisis, reignited interest in understanding the behavior of these flows. This paper analyzes changes in foreign bank claims on the Latin American private sector over the period 1985-2000. We find that banks transmit shocks from their home countries (where banks' headquarters are located) and that changes in claims on individual host countries (those that receive claims) are correlated with aggregate changes in claims on other countries. However over time, we observe that foreign bank claims have become less responsive to external factors. Also, we present evidence that the sensitivity offoreign bank claims to host factors diminishes, as banks' aggregate exposure rises. Finally, we find that foreign bank claims react more to positive than to negative host shocks and are not significantly curtailed during crises.
The Volatility Behavior and Dependence Structure of Commodity Futures and Stocks ∗

This paper finds substantial risk diversification potential between certain commodity groups and stocks by exploring the dependence between their patterns of regime switching. None of the commodity groups share a common volatility regime with stocks, nor are the regime switching patterns of grains, industrials, metals, or softs, dependent on that of stocks. Simultaneous volatile regimes of commodity futures and stocks tend to be infrequent and short-lived. In addition, in spite of financial contagion, animal products, grains, and softs typically demonstrate very low correlations with stocks even in simultaneous volatile regimes.
Ion microprobe U-Pb dating of a dinosaur tooth

Wasserburg concordia intercept age of 115 ± 10 Ma (2σ; MSWD = 0.59) on a 238 U/ 206 Pb- 207 Pb/ 206 Pb- 204 Pb/ 206 Pb diagram. The age provides a constraint on the depositional age of the fossil in its host Hasandong Formation as Early Aptian. The success of the ion microprobe dating depends on the heterogeneities of diagenetically incorporated U and Pb at the few hundred µm scale, the consequent variations in Pb isotopic compositions due to radioactive decay and the closed-system behavior of U and Pb. There are at least three end-members to explain the variations of minor chemical components such as FeO, SiO2 and Al2O3, and trace elements such as Th, U and rare earth elements (REE) in the sample by a simple mixing model. They are (1) very low minor and REE, very high common Pb with variable U abundances, (2) low common Pb, high minor, REE, and U abundances, and (3) low minor, common Pb, and U with intermediate REE abundances, even though groups (2) and (3) may consist of a larger group. Various contributions of the three (and/or two) end-members during diagenetic prosesses may cause the elemental fractionation of U and Pb in a fossil tooth.
The Velocity Dispersion Function of Very Massive Galaxy Clusters: Abell 2029 and Coma

Based on an extensive redshift survey for galaxy clusters Abell 2029 and Coma, we measure the luminosity functions (LFs) and stellar mass functions (SMFs) for the entire cluster member galaxies. Most importantly, we measure the velocity dispersion functions (VDFs) for quiescent members. The MMT/Hectospec redshift survey for galaxies in A2029 identifies 982 spectroscopic members; for 838 members, we derive the central velocity dispersion from the spectroscopy. Coma is the only other cluster surveyed as densely. The LFs, SMFs, and VDFs for A2029 and Coma are essentially identical. The SMFs of the clusters are consistent with simulations. The A2029 and Coma VDFs for quiescent galaxies have a significantly steeper slope than those of field galaxies for velocity dispersion . The cluster VDFs also exceed the field at velocity dispersion . The differences between cluster and field VDFs are potentially important tests of simulations and of the formation of structure in the universe.
Coral nursery and transplantation of the staghorn coral, Acropora downingi in Sabah Al-Ahmad Sea City, Kuwait, Arabian Gulf

Abstract The present work describes the first attempt at cultivating corals in the northern Arabian Gulf where seawater temperature ranges from 13 to 33°C and salinity exceeds 40 psu, exceeding normal lethal limits for coral survival. Despite the environmental extremes, natural recruitment of corals occurred in Sabah Al-Ahmad Sea City water ways during 2009, this encouraged an attempt to create an in situ coral nursery and establish a coral garden. A mid-water suspended coral PVC nursery (3 m2) was installed at 3.5 m depth for rearing staghorn coral, Acropora downingi for transplantation into artificial lagoons in Sabah Al-Ahmad Sea City. Fragments of Acropora downingi colonies damaged by boat anchoring were collected (n = 240) from patch reefs at Min Al Zour and Qit At Binaya, Kuwait. Coral nubbins obtained from fragments were glued individually to discs made of powdered Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAF Slag) and marine grade cement. Nubbins showed up to 56% survival and a mean skeletal extension of 10.6–13.4 mm (SD ± 0.8) in 10 months. The nursery served as an artificial reef ecosystem. Transplantation of 116 Acropora downingi colonies was carried out (in June 2014 and June 2015) and monitored colonies (n = 6) attained an average geometric mean diameter (GMD) of 73.6 mm (SD ± 2.91) in one year. The first batch of A. downingi transplants (June 2014) showed a survival rate of 43% but the second batch (June 2015) showed 89.5% survival. Temperature induced mortality, detachment rate reduced after using marine grade cement and additive mixture instead of epoxy.
A biodiversity conservation plan for Papua New Guinea based on biodiversity trade-offs analysis

A rapid biodiversity assessment ("BioRap") project identified candidate areas for biodiversity protection in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and provides an ongoing evaluation framework for balancing biodiversity conservation and other land use needs. Achieving a biodiversity protection target with minimum opportunity cost was an important outcome given that biodiversity values overlap with forestry production values, and high forgone forestry opportunities would mean significant losses to land owners and the government. Allocation of 16.8% of PNG's land area to some form of biodiversity protection was required, in order to achieve the level of biodiversity representation/persistence that would have been possible using only 10% of the land area if there were no constraints on land allocation and no land use history. This result minimizes potential conflict with forestry production opportunities while also taking account of land use history, human population density and previous conservation assessments. The analysis provides more than a single set of proposed priority areas. It is a framework for progressively moving towards a country-wide conservation goal, while at the same time providing opportunities to alter the priority area set in light of new knowledge, changes in land use, and/or changes in economic and social conditions.
Provision of Healthcare Services for Children in Iran: Common Ethical Principles and Obstacles to Successful Implementation

Ethics is an essential element in the provision of healthcare services. Fundamental ethical values determine the manner in which the professional behavior is implemented in the healthcare area. These ethical principles find meaning in time and place and in the social context of ethical values and among children as vulnerable groups. So, this study examined the ethical principles of providing health care services for children and barriers to their application in Iran from key informants’ perspective. Therefore, qualitative content analysis method was used by means of semi-structured questionnaire to theoretical saturation scale with the participation of 20 key informants. Each interview underwent the process of implementation, evaluation, coding, and analysis, and then its findings were presented in two dimensions: desirable principles and barriers for its application, including 15 classes. Desirable principles include autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, confidentiality, accent, consent, and participation. Obstacles to their compliance also included weakness of the policy landscape, weakness of the judicial system, cultural conservatism, socio-economic inequality, services commodification with unequal distribution, resource mismanagement (limitation), weakness of the professional education system, and the emergence of complex situations. From the key informants’ point of view, codes of ethics do not differ significantly from international principles, but their application is faced with difficulties, and they are likely to be improved through evidence-based policies according to the results of scientific studies.
Does public education expenditure cause economic growth? Comparison of developed and developing countries

The purpose of this paper is to examine the long-run relationship between public education expenditures and economic growth. The social benefits of education exceed its private benefits. Therefore, education is considered a merit good; if not supplied by the public sector, private production is undersupplied. The study has employed heterogeneous panel data analysis. Panel unit root tests are applied for checking stationarity. The single-equation approach of panel cointegration (Kao, 1999); Pedroni's Residual-Based Panel Cointegration Test (1997; 1999) is applied to determine the existence of long-run relationship between public education expenditures and gross domestic production. Lastly, panel fully modified ordinary least square results indicate that the impact of public education expenditures on economic growth is greater in the case of developing countries as compare to the developed countries, which verified the “catching-up effect” in developing countries.
Performance Analysis of Various Readout Circuits for Monitoring Quality of Water Using Analog Integrated Circuits

This paper presents a comparative performance study of various analog integrated circuits (namely CC-II, DVCC, CDBA and CDTA) used with ISFET for monitoring the quality of water. The use of these active components makes the implementation simple and attractive. The functionality of the circuits are tested using Tanner simulator version 15 for a 70nm CMOS process model also the transfer functions realization for each is done on MATLAB R2011a version, the Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware description language(VHDL) code for all scheme is simulated on Xilinx ISE 10.1 and various simulation results are obtained and its is found that DVCC is most stable and consume maximum power whereas CC-II is the least stable and consumes minimum power amongst all the four deployed analog IC's. Detailed simulation results are included in the paper to give insight into the research work carried out.