Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Membrane-Destabilizing Peptide in Capsid Protein L2 Is Required for Egress of Papillomavirus Genomes from Endosomes

ABSTRACT Papillomaviruses are internalized via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. However, the mechanism by which viral genomes pass endosomal membranes has not been elucidated. In this report we show that the minor capsid protein L2 is required for egress of viral genomes from endosomes but not for initial uptake and uncoating and that a 23-amino-acid peptide at the C terminus of L2 is necessary for this function. Pseudogenomes encapsidated by L1 and L2 lacking this peptide accumulated in vesicular compartments similar to that observed with L1-only viral particles, and these mutant pseudoviruses were noninfectious. This L2 peptide displayed strong membrane-disrupting activity, induced cytolysis of bacteria and eukaryotic cells in a pH-dependent manner, and permeabilized cells after exogenous addition. Fusions between green fluorescent protein and the L2 peptide integrated into cellular membranes like the wild type but not like C-terminal mutants of L2. Our data indicate that the L2 C terminus facilitates escape of viral genomes from the endocytic compartment and that this feature is conserved among papillomaviruses. Furthermore, the characteristic of this peptide differs from the classical virus-encoded membrane-penetrating peptides.
Comparing Learning from Observing and from Human Tutoring.

A promising instructional approach corresponds to learning by observing others learn (i.e., by watching tutorial dialogue between a tutor and tutee). However, more work is needed to understand this approach’s pedagogical utility. Thus, in 2 experiments we compared student learning from collaborative observation of dialogue with 2 other instructional contexts: 1-on-1 human tutoring and collaborative observation of monologue. In Study 1 (N = 50), there was no significant difference in learning outcomes between the dialogue and tutoring conditions, while the dialogue condition was superior to the monologue condition. Study 2 (N = 40), which involved a younger population than in Study 1, did not replicate these results, in that students learned less from observing dialogue than from being tutored, and there was no significant difference between the dialogue and monologue conditions. To shed light on our results, we analyzed the verbal data collected during the 2 experiments. This analysis showed that in Study 1, the dialogue observers generated more substantive contributions than did the monologue observers. In contrast, in Study 2 there was no significant difference between the observers in terms of substantive contributions; moreover, the total number of contributions was modest, which may have hindered observer learning in that study. In general, our findings suggest that collaboratively observing tutorial dialogue is a promising learning paradigm, but more work is needed to understand how to support young students to effectively learn in this paradigm.
Perceived exertion in coaches and young swimmers with different training experience.

Session rating of perceived exertion (SRPE) is a practical method to assess internal training load to provide appropriate stimuli. However, coaches and athletes might rate training sessions differently, which can impair performance development. In addition, SRPE might be influenced by athletes' training experience. The authors studied 160 swimmers of different age groups and different competitive swimming experience and 9 coaches. SRPE was indicated by the swimmers 30 min after the end of a training session and before the training session by the coaches. Training-session intensities were classified into easy (SRPE <3), moderate (SRPE 3-5), and difficult (SRPE >5), based on coaches' perception. We observed that the correlation between coaches' and athletes' SRPE increased with increased age and competitive swimming experience, r = . 31 for the 11- to 12-y-old group (P < .001), r = . 51 for the 13- to 14-y-old group (P < .001), and r = . 74 for the 15- to 16-y-old group (P < .001). In addition, younger swimmers (11-12 y, P < .01; 13-14 y, P < .01) rated training intensity differently from coaches in all 3 categories (easy, moderate, and difficult), while the older group rated differently in only 1 category (difficult, P < .01). These findings suggest that the more experienced swimmers are, the more accurate their SRPE is.
Antioxidant activity of tetrandrine and its inhibition of quartz-induced lipid peroxidation.

Tetrandrine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that has been used in China as an antifibrotic drug to treat the lesions of silicosis. Its mechanism in the treatment of silicosis is unclear. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping was employed to investigate the antioxidant properties of tetrandrine. The spin trap used was 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). Tetrandine efficiently reacted with hydroxyl (.OH) radicals with a reaction rate of approximately 1.4 x 10(10) M-1 s-1. The . OH radicals were generated by the Fenton reaction [Fe(II) + H2O2) as well as by reaction of chromium(V) with H2O2. Similar results were obtained using . OH radicals generated by reaction of freshly fractured quartz particles with aqueous medium. Tetrandrine also scavenged superoxide (O2-) radicals produced from xanthine/xanthine oxidase. The effect of tetrandrine on lipid peroxidation induced by freshly fractured quartz particles was evaluated using linoleic acid as a model lipid. The results showed that tetrandrine caused a significant inhibition on freshly fractured quartz-induced lipid peroxidation.
UV-induced photolesions elicit ATR-kinase-dependent signaling in non-cycling cells through nucleotide excision repair-dependent and -independent pathways

Activation of signaling pathways by UV radiation is a key event in the DNA damage response and initiated by different cellular processes. Here we show that non-cycling cells proficient in nucleotide excision repair (NER) initiate a rapid but transient activation of the damage response proteins p53 and H2AX; by contrast, NER-deficient cells display delayed but persistent signaling and inhibition of cell cycle progression upon release from G0 phase. In the absence of repair, UV-induced checkpoint activation coincides with the formation of single-strand DNA breaks by the action of the endonuclease Ape1. Although temporally distinct, activation of checkpoint proteins in NER-proficient and NER-deficient cells depends on a common pathway involving the ATR kinase. These data reveal that damage signaling in non-dividing cells proceeds via NER-dependent and NER-independent processing of UV photolesions through generation of DNA strand breaks, ultimately preventing the transition from G1 to S phase.
Prognostication of Critically Ill Patients With Cancer: A Long Road Ahead.

Critical Care Medicine www.ccmjournal. org 1787 huge sample size causes a great impression on all readers, a huge sample can make the insignificant significant (6), what is a problem when we are looking for prognostic factors. Ostermann et al (1) analyzed the trend of ICU mortality, hospital mortality, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay over almost 2 decades and showed that even with a maintained disease severity, the mortality decreased. In a similar study, Wallace et al (4) evaluated 2 decades of ICU utilization and clinical outcomes in a comprehensive cancer center in the United States. As Ostermann et al (1), Wallace et al (4) also showed a decrease in hospital mortality but not in patients with an unplanned ICU admission and a solid tumor, whereas Ostermann et al (1) showed a mortality decrease in patients with unplanned ICU admission with solid tumor or hematological malignancies. The reasons for the divergent results may be in differences between the populations, patients care, or ICU beds availability. The North American (4) and the British (1) study showed an auspicious decrease in mortality; however, the reasons of the decrease can only be hypothesized. The decrease in mortality probably is not related to the cancer treatment since oncologic surgeries and radiotherapy are unusual during the ICU stay; additionally, the impact of urgent chemotherapy upon mortality is unknown and can be lifesaving only in very selected patients (7, 8). So, we hypothesize that the decrease in mortality of critically ill cancer patients may be associated with improvements in the care, irrespective of the presence of cancer. Corroborating this hypothesis, a previous longitudinal study with critically ill patients (9), mostly without cancer, showed a decrease in hospital mortality that was more intensive than the decrease in mortality showed in the longitudinal studies that included only cancer patients (1, 4). Besides the decreased mortality attributed to improvements in the care, better ICU organizational characteristics were also associated with a decrease in the mortality. In a recent study that included only cancer patients admitted to 70 Brazilian ICU, authors showed that the implementation of protocols, the presence of clinical pharmacists in the ICU, and close collaboration between oncologists and the ICU team decreased the mortality (10). A limitation of Ostermann et al (1) study is the low external validity because the study was performed in a region with healthcare organizational characteristics and ICU bed availability that are particular. In conclusion, Ostermann et al (1) offered us an interesting and relevant study that did not shed new light on prognostic factors of cancer patients but reinforced the knowledge about the trend of decrease in ICU and hospital mortality of critically ill patients with cancer.
Dysgeusia with amlodipine--a case report.

A 59-year-old male patient was diagnosed as having essential hypertension and was prescribed amlodipine 2.5 mg 6 years ago; this was increased to 5 mg 2 years ago. The patient is an alcoholic. Physical and laboratory examination was essentially normal. He had no other concurrent illness or signs of vitamin deficiency. About a month ago he developed loss of taste sensation and numbness in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. It was sudden in onset. One week later the patient ran out of amlodipine supply and did not refill it. At the time he reported return of taste sensation. After 10 days he started taking amlodipine again, following which he had loss of taste sensation. After this he consulted the physician and was told that this medication was probably the cause of his loss of taste. Search of the literature has revealed that only two patients were reported to have dysgeusia with nifedipine [1]. A large postmarketing surveillance did not reveal any taste loss with the calcium channel blockers [2]. The causal relationship in this case is strengthened by the de-challenge and re-challenge which the patient had inadvertently done himself. The only inexplicable factor is the delay in onset of dysgeusia. This topic assumes importance in the light of the fact that amlodipine is a very commonly prescribed drug.
Avellino Corneal Dystrophy Exacerbated After LASIK: Scanning Electron Microscopic Findings

Purpose: To evaluate the ultrastructure of the cornea of Avellino corneal dystrophy (ACD) exacerbated by LASIK. Methods: Three ACD patients with exacerbation of granular corneal deposits after LASIK underwent surgical removal of the corneal flap. The corneal flap was processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: SEM of all patients showed abnormal granular clusters in the fibrils of the corneal flap. Conclusion: Laser in situ keratomileusis induces corneal collagen abnormalities and adhesions of granular material in ACD patients.
Electroacupuncture pretreatment exhibits anti-depressive effects by regulating hippocampal proteomics in rats with chronic restraint stress

The clinical effect of electroacupuncture on depression is widely recognized. However, the signal transduction pathways and target proteins involved remain unclear. In the present study, rat models of chronic restraint stress were used to explore the mechanism by which electroacupuncture alleviates depression. Rats were randomly divided into control, model, and electroacupuncture groups. Chronic restraint stress was induced in the model and electroacupuncture groups by restraining rats for 28 days. In the electroacupuncture group, electroacupuncture pretreatment at Baihui (GV20) and Yintang (GV29) acupoints was performed daily (1 mA, 2 Hz, discontinuous wave, 20 minutes) prior to restraint for 28 days. Open field tests and body weight measurements were carried out to evaluate the depressive symptoms at specific time points. On day 28, the crossing number, rearing number, and body weights of the model group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Behavior test results indicated that rat models of depressive-like symptoms were successfully established by chronic restraint stress combined with solitary raising. On day 28, an isobaric tag for a relative and absolute quantitation-based quantitative proteomic approach was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins in hippocampal samples obtained from the model and electroacupuncture groups. The potential function of these differential proteins was predicted through the use of the Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG) database. Twenty-seven differential proteins (uncharacteristic proteins expected) were selected from the model and electroacupuncture groups. In addition to unknown protein functions, COG are mainly concentrated in general prediction function, mechanism of signal transduction, amino acid transport and metabolism groups. This suggests that electroacupuncture improved depressive-like symptoms by regulating differential proteins, and most of these related proteins exist in nerve cells.
Intraburst and Interburst Signaling by Climbing Fibers

Although cerebellar Purkinje cell complex spikes occur at low frequency (∼1/s), each complex spike is often associated with a high-frequency burst (∼500/s) of climbing fiber spikes. We examined the possibility that signals are present within the climbing fiber bursts. By intracellularly recording from depolarized, nonspiking Purkinje cells in anesthetized pigmented rabbits, climbing fiber burst patterns were investigated by determining the number of components in the induced compound EPSPs during spontaneous activity and during visual stimulation. For our sample of 43 cells, >70% of all EPSPs were of the compound type composed of two or three EPSPs. During spontaneous activity, the number of components in each compound EPSP was not related to the latency to the succeeding compound EPSP. Conversely, the number of components in each compound EPSP was related to its latency after the preceding compound EPSP. This latency increased from 0.62 s for one-component EPSPs to 1.69 s for compound EPSPs with four or more components. The effect of visual stimulation on the climbing fiber activity was studied in 19 floccular Purkinje cells whose low-frequency interburst climbing fiber response was modulated by movement about the vertical axis. During sinusoidal oscillation (0.1 Hz, ±10°), compound EPSPs with a larger number of components tended to be more prevalent during movement in the excitatory direction than in the inhibitory direction. Thus, climbing fibers can, in addition to modulation of their low interburst frequency, transmit signals in the form of the number of spikes within each high-frequency burst.
Foregone Conclusions?

During much of the 20th century, human diversity and prehistory in the Pacific Islands were often framed in simple terms. Many agreed that there were two kinds of native peoples on the Pacific Islands, sometimes labeled as Polynesians (including Micronesians) and Melanesians and now more often as Austronesians and Papuans. Furthermore, it was said that these two peoples had arrived in the Pacific during two separate periods of settlement. Some questioned the simplicity of this story, but it continued to dominate how many thought about the islanders and their past. The simplicity of this chronicle masks its deficiencies as a framework for understanding human diversity and prehistory in the Pacific. It is not just simple, it is too simple. It is also based on unrealistic assumptions about the character and differentiation of human populations.
Decision support for adaptive action – assessing the potential of geographic visualization

This study explores the role of geographic visualization for supporting the implementation of climate change adaptation. Interviews and group discussions with planners and decision makers indicate that geographic visualization bears primary potential for communicative purposes. In order to respond to analytical needs a high level of interactivity including the exploration of background data and the ability to link the tools with own databases were some of the key requirements made by the participants. The study concludes that more than better climate predictions, awareness and involvement may be precisely what is needed to narrow the implementation gap in climate change adaptation.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SWINE CYSTICERCOSIS IN TWO RURAL COMMUNITIES OF WEST-CAMEROON

To determine the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis, a survey was carried out in 27 villages belonging to two rural communities of West-Cameroon (Bafou and Bamendou). Between January and August 2000, a total of 707 pigs were examined serologically and by tongue inspection. Serum samples were examined for circulating parasite antigen using a monoclonal antibody-based sandwich enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) and for antibodies against cysticerci (Ab-ELISA). Seventy-eight samples (11.0%) were found positive in the Ag-ELISA and 154 (21.8%) in the Ab-ELISA, while by tongue inspection on the same animals cysticerci were detected in forty-three pigs (6.1%). Gibbs Sampling using results of these three tests indicated that the estimated prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was 10.9 %. Analysis of the Ag-ELISA results demonstrated that adult pigs showed a significantly higher seroprevalence (15%) than young ones (8.4%). There was no statistical difference in cysticercosis prevalence in pigs raised in households with or without a latrine. Animals that were reported to be usually confined were significantly less infected (9.9%) than free roaming pigs (16.2%). Infection rates were significantly higher in pigs that had access to human faeces (13.8%) than those which did not have access (9.1%). This study has identified some community behavioural and environmental practices that should be modified to prevent continuous transmission of porcine cysticercosis.
High‐throughput mining of E‐genome‐specific SNPs for characterizing Thinopyrum elongatum introgressions in common wheat

Diploid Thinopyrum elongatum (EE, 2n = 2x = 14) and related polyploid species constitute an important gene pool for improving Triticeae grain and forage crops. However, the genomic and molecular marker resources are generally poor for these species. To aid the genetic, molecular, breeding and ecological studies involving Thinopyrum species, we developed a strategy for mining and validating E‐genome‐specific SNPs using Th. elongatum and common wheat (Triticum aestivum, AABBDD, 2n = 6x = 42) as experimental materials. By comparing the transcriptomes between Chinese Spring (CS, a common wheat variety) and the CS‐Th. elongatum octoploid, 35,193 candidate SNPs between E genome genes and their common wheat orthologs were computed. Through comparative genomic analysis, these SNPs were putatively assigned to the seven individual E genome chromosomes. Among 420 randomly selected SNPs, 373 could be validated. Thus, approximately 89% of the mined SNPs may be authentic with respect to their polymorphism and chromosomal location. Using 14 such SNPs as molecular markers, complex E genome introgressions were reliably identified in 78 common wheat‐Th. elongatum hybrids, and the structural feature of a novel recombinant chromosome formed by 6E and 7E was revealed. Finally, based on testing 33 SNPs assigned to chromosome 3E in multiple genotypes of Th. elongatum, Pseudoroegneria stipifolia (carrying the St genome related to E) and common wheat, we suggest that some of the SNP markers may also be applicable for genetic studies within and among the Thinopyrum species (populations) carrying E and/or St genomes in the future.
Human papillomavirus infects placental trophoblast and Hofbauer cells, but appears not to play a causal role in miscarriage and preterm labor

Recently, an association between human papillomavirus infection and both spontaneous abortion and spontaneous preterm delivery was suggested. However, the reported human papillomavirus prevalence in pregnant women varies considerably and reliable conclusions are difficult. We aimed to investigate human papillomavirus infection in placental tissue of a Danish study cohort. Furthermore, we studied the cellular localization of human papillomavirus.
Site of Selective Action of Halothane on the Peripheral Chemoreflex Pathway in Humans

Halothane in humans depresses the ventilatory response to hypoxemia in a manner that suggests a selective action on one or more components of the peripheral chemoreflex arc. To test the hypothesis that this action is at the carotid bodies themselves, the authors studied the ventilatory response to subanesthetic concentrations of halothane (0.15–0.30% inspired) in six fit volunteers maintained in a steady state of isocapnic hypoxemia (PEo2 50 mmHg). Upon exposure to halothane, hypoxemia-driven ventilation decreased promptly and progressively (from 7.5 · 1.2 1 · min−1 · m−2 in the control state to 5.9 · 0.9 and 4.8 · 0.7 1 · min−1 · m−2 at 30 s and 60 s of inhalation respectively, means · SEM). The relationship of hypoxemia-driven ventilation to end-tidal halothane tensions at 30 and 60 s of halothane wash-in (PEHal 0.4 and 0.6 mmHg, respectively) approached the relationship observed in near steady states of halothane inhalation. The results are interpreted as indicating that the site of selective action is at a tissue that accumulates halothane very rapidly during the first minute of inhalation. To make possible such pharmacokinetics, that tissue would require 1) a location having a brief circulatory transit time from the lungs, and 2) an extremely high rate of perfusion in relation to its capacity for uptake of halothane. The only tissue of the peripheral chemoreflex pathway that can satisfy these requirements is that of the carotid bodies.
Aging, source memory, and the experience of “remembering”

ABSTRACT In a previous study, we found source memory for perceptual features to differentiate between younger but not older adults’ reports of recollective (“remember”; R) and “know” (K) experiences. In two experiments with younger (17–30 years) and older (64–81 years) participants, we examined whether memory for meaningful speaker sources would accompany older adults’ recollective experience. Indeed, memory for male and female speakers (but not partial memory for gender; Experiment 1) as well as bound memory for speakers and their facial expressions (Experiment 2) distinguished between both younger and older adults’ RK reports. Thus, memory for some sources forms a common basis for younger and older adults’ retrieval experience. Nonetheless, older adults still showed lower objective source memory and lower subjective source-attribution confidence than younger adults when reporting recollective experiences, suggesting that source memory is less relevant to their retrieval experience than for younger adults.