Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial variations in aboveground net primary productivity along a climate gradient in Eurasian temperate grassland: effects of mean annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution

Concomitant changes of annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution within the context of global climate change have dramatic impacts on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of grassland ecosystems. In this study, combining remote sensing products with in situ measurements of ANPP, we quantified the effects of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and precipitation seasonal distribution (PSD) on the spatial variations in ANPP along a climate gradient in Eurasian temperate grassland. Our results indicated that ANPP increased exponentially with MAP for the entire temperate grassland, but linearly for a specific grassland type, i.e. the desert steppe, typical steppe, and meadow steppe from arid to humid regions. The slope of the linear relationship appeared to be steeper in the more humid meadow steppe than that in the drier typical and desert steppes. PSD also had significant effect on the spatial variations in ANPP. It explained 39.4% of the spatial ANPP for the entire grassland investigated, being comparable with the explanatory power of MAP (40.0%). On the other hand, the relative contribution of PSD and MAP is grassland type specific. MAP exhibited a much stronger explanatory power than PSD for the desert steppe and the meadow steppe at the dry and wet end, respectively. However, PSD was the dominant factor affecting the spatial variation in ANPP for the median typical steppe. Our results imply that altered pattern of PSD due to climate change may be as important as the total amount in terms of effects on ANPP in Eurasian temperate grassland.
Effects of seston concentration on feeding, digestion and growth in the mussel Mytilus edulis

Mussels Mytilus edulis L. were fed a mixed diet comprising 2 algal species and ashed silt at a range of concentrations simulating natural conditions both above and below the level at which pseudofaeces were produced. Rates of ingestion increased to an asymptotic value at the highest concentration tested. Although gut passage times declined with increasing ingestion rate, efficiencies of food absorption remained relatively constant, probably signifying a balance between total gut contents and the rate of production of digestive enzymes. Measured physiological rates were similar to those recorded for mussels in the natural habitat. Respiration rates increased exponentially with increased rates of absorption, and the scope for growth was linearly related to absorbed ration, reaching a maximum value at the highest ration concentrations tested. The metabolic costs of feeding and growth represented 16 % of the absorbed ration at twice the maintenance requirement, and increased to 22 % at 4x maintenance. Despite these increased respiratory losses, we conclude that the limits to growth are set primarily by constraints on feeding behaviour, particularly on the processes of digestion and absorption.
‘Stuck Out Here’: The Critical Role of Broadband for Remote Rural Places

Abstract In a rapidly evolving digital society, broadband connectivity is increasingly critical. Everyday experiences are mediated by technology, be they related to work, education, leisure or health care; technology impacts at many levels. Access to broadband Internet is considered to be essential to contemporary society. Despite this growing recognition, broadband access is still not ubiquitous across all of the UK, with access being particularly problematic in remote rural areas. This paper considers the role of broadband in the economic and social sustainability of remote rural places. During research which explored the use of broadband and its applications amongst small rural business owners located across rural Scotland, qualitative in-depth interviews explored how interviewees used the Internet in the development of and sustainability of their business activities as well as exploring other forms of use such as those relating to education, leisure and social participation. The findings reveal how broadband access and use can impact on rural business owners, and subsequently contribute to the sustainability of life in remote rural Scotland.
Finite group schemes, local moduli for abelian varieties, and lifting problems

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The effect of a self-monitoring program on perceptually impaired students' compliance to class rules

Scully, Michael A. The Effect of a Self Monitoring Program on Perceptually Impaired Students' Compliance to Class Rules, 1995. Advisor: Dr. Jay Kuder Special Education The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a self-monitoring procedure that was designed to increase compliance to classroom rules in a middle school setting. Four male seventh grade students classified as Perceptually Impaired with histories of discipline and academic difficulties served as subjects for this investigation. After a baseline period in which a rating scale was used to evaluate their behavior, the subjects were taught to use the same scale and were required to rate their compliance to a predetermined set of rules. Points to be used for participation in a reinforcement activity could be earned if their ratings corresponded with the teacher's. The results of the intervention indicated that the self-monitoring program improved the ability of all the subjects to follow the prescribed rules of the class. Data showed that the positive results continued during a subsequent maintenance period.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEARNING STYLES GRAMMAR STUDENTS AND SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT/ПОВЕЗАНОСТ СТИЛОВА УЧЕЊА УЧЕНИКА ГИМНАЗИЈЕ СА ШКОЛСКИМ УСПЕХОМ

The research focuses on identifying learning styles of students using Experiential Learning Theory. Тhe paper explores the connection between the preferred learning styles of students with academic achievement аnd gender differences. The findings indicate that assimilating learning style most preferred by students. Furthermore, the study shows that there are significant differences in learning styles of students in terms of gender differences of students. The results suggest that within the school context in Serbia such teaching strategies are applied that encourage the development of the assimilating style – lectures through which a number of information systematized in a logical structure are transferred to students. Also, most of the students who have excellent school achievements actually prefer the assimilating learning style. This finding can be explained by the assumption that students develop their own learning styles in accordance with teachers' expectations .
Trend in distribution pattern of anaemia in children 6 months to 5 year: a prospective hospital based study

Anaemia is a major public health problem that affects developing as well as developed countries and has significant adverse health consequences, as well as adverse impacts on economic and social development. Anaemia is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and nearly one-third of the population is found to be anaemic due various reasons. Globally, 43% of children aged 6 months to 5 years found to be anaemic. According to WHO anaemia is Hemoglobin concentration less than 11g/dl in children 6months to 5 years, below 11.5g/dl in children 5year to 11 years and below 12g/dl in children 12-14 year. Anaemia can be due to various types; Nutritional anaemia is important among children especially in developing countries. 20% of all death occurs globally in children under five years of age. Anaemia is direct cause of death when it is severe. Also, it is recognised that mild and moderate anaemia may also contribute to mortality risk.
Capital Account Liberalization: What Do Cross‐Country Studies Tell Us?

Capital account liberalization, it is fair to say, remains one of the most controversial and least understood policies of our day. One reason is that different theoretical perspectives have very different implications for the desirability of liberalizing capital flows. Another is that empirical analysis has failed to yield conclusive results. The answer, another influential strand of thought contends, is that this efficient-markets paradigm is fundamentally misleading when applied to capital flows. Limits on capital movements are a distortion. It is an implication of the theory of the second best that removing one distortion need not be welfare enhancing when other distortions are present.
Muscle metabolism in sheep and cattle in relation to high rigor temperature – overview and perspective

An increasing number of Australian slaughter plants were found not to meet the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) pH–temperature window, due to high rigor temperatures, particularly at plants where grain-fed animals were slaughtered. Hence, the red meat processing industry in Australia supported a research program focused on resolving this issue, as carcasses that do not meet the MSA pH–temperature window are excluded from MSA grading. This special issue of Animal Production Science describes the outcomes of a major program identifying ante- and post-mortem factors related to heat-induced toughening in both beef and sheep meat through literature reviews and targeted research to find interventions to prevent the impact of high rigor temperature on meat quality, particularly tenderness. This paper provides an overview of the outcomes of the research program, some of which require further research before implementation. It is suggested that an entire supply-chain approach be applied to establish the most efficient and cost-effective way of reducing the incidence of high rigor temperature.
Biological parameters of three Trichogramma pretiosum strains (Riley, 1879) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

This project has an objective to study the biological parameters of Trichogramma pretiosum on eggs of H. armigera . The three strains of T. pretiosum were evaluated: TM, TMC and TLEM, from different places. The experimental establishing was completely randomizing with twenty repeats per treatment, being used by a female parasitoid by repetition and later on they were offered 20 H. armigera eggs. The experiment was kept on BOD cameras to 25 ± 2° C, UR 60 ± 10% and photo phase of 14 hours. Evaluating the following biological parameters: parasitism percentage, emergency percentage, number of adults emerged per egg, sex ratio, viability, and longevity and cycle duration. The parasitism percentage, viability and number of individuals per egg were higher for TM and TMC. The TMC strain presented a larger sex ratio proportion, not being different statistically from the TM stream. The longevity of the strain TM was different regarding the others. There was no variation regarding the cycle duration. Therefore, according with the evaluated biologic parameters, it is concluded that Trichogramma pretiosum strain TM obtained a better egg development of H. armigera on laboratory conditions.
Modelling Escherichia coli dynamics in the river Zenne (Belgium) using an OpenMI based integrated model

In 2000, the European Union (EU) launched the Water Framework Directive (WFD), calling for a good ecological status for water bodies by 2015 through integrated river basin management. Despite huge investments, the river Zenne (Belgium) still acquires high loads of pollutants. A multidisciplinary research project was therefore launched to evaluate the effects of river basin wastewater management plans on the river9s ecological functioning. Different water quantity and quality processes were considered, and different models were used for each process. For the integration of these models – in view of a holistic analysis – we opted for the Open Modelling Interface (OpenMI). This paper discusses early results of integrated faecal bacteria modelling considering five models. The integrated model is shown to reproduce concentrations of Escherichia coli (used as indicator faecal bacteria) with ‘Very Good’, and ‘Satisfactory’ accuracy for dry weather, and long-term simulations respectively. For both cases, it is found that the E. coli concentrations in the river are well above EU level for bathing water, with occasional combined sewer overflows (CSOs) from the Brussels9 sewer systems making the ecological status even worse. We also found OpenMI-based integration to be very useful. However, the calculation time overhead for such OpenMI integrated models remains significant.
3D deflagration simulations leaving bound remnants: a model for 2002cx-like Type Ia supernovae

cx-like supernovae are a sub-class of sub-luminous Type Ia supernovae. Their light curves and spectra are characterized by distinct features that indicate strong mixing of the explosion ejecta. Pure turbulent deagrations have been shown to produce such mixed ejecta. Here, we present hydrodynamics, nucleosynthesis and radiative transfer calculations for a 3D full-star deagration of a Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf. Our model is able to reproduce the characteristic observational features of SN 2005hk (a proto-typical 2002cx-like supernova), not only in the optical, but also in the near- infrared. For that purpose we present, for the rst time, ve near-infrared spectra of SN 2005hk from 0:2 to 26:6 days with respect to B-band maximum. Since our model burns only small parts of the initial white dwarf, it fails to completely unbind the white dwarf and leaves behind a bound remnant of 1.03 M { consisting mainly of unburned carbon and oxygen, but also enriched by some amount of intermediate-mass and iron-group elements from the explosion products that fall back on the remnant. We discuss possibilities for detecting this bound remnant and how it might inuence the late-time observables of 2002cx-like SNe.
Determination of Sex from Footprint Dimensions in Contemporary Indian Bengali Population: A Pilot Study

Footprint dimensions are vital evidences obtained from scenes of crime. Forensic scientists use this information to help identify the offender. Footprints have also been used to build the biological profile of an unknown individual for identification. The measurements are specific for race and sex. The objectives of the present study are to examine the sexual dimorphism of footprint dimensions in adults of an Indian Bengali sample and determine the sex from those measurements. The study was done on 100 adult volunteers of ethnic Bengali origin of West Bengal. Footprints were taken on glossy paper with blue stamp pad ink, and then measurements were taken to the nearest mm. Discriminant function analysis was conducted using several linear measurements, and discriminant function was obtained. Sex determination was successful in 82.0% of the samples. This study provides useful baseline morphometric data of footprints of the Indian Bengali population, which will aid in forensic investigations.
Aqueous extract of Lannea microcarpa attenuates dextran sulphate-induced paw oedema and xylene-induced ear oedema in rodents

Background: Lannea microcarpa Engl. and K. Krause (Family Anacardiaceae), a tropical tree is used traditionally used in Africa for both medicinal and non-medicinal purposes. Folkoric uses of the plant include wound healing, conjunctivitis, stomatitis and gingivitis among others. Inflammatory reactions are involved in several diseases which this plant is traditionally used to manage. This study was therefore aimed at investigating the antiinflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of Lannea microcapa . Methods: Oedema was induced in the right hind paws of Sprague Dawley rats (200-250g, 12 weeks old, n=5) using dextran sulphate solution whiles ear oedema was induced in ICR mice (25-30g, 6 weeks old, n=5) using xylene solutions. Aqueous extracts of ALM (30, 100 and 300mg kg-1) were administered in a set of rats and mice for both prophylactic and therapeutic studies. In the dextran sulphate-induced paw oedema, rats (200-250g) were treated orally with ALM (30, 100 and 300 mg kg-1) for both prophylactic and therapeutic studies. The paw thickness of the rats was measured before and after dextran sulphate injection at an hourly interval for 5 h. For xylene-induced ear oedema, ICR mice (25-30g) were given the same doses of the ALM and the ear weight of mice were measured after 2 h. Results: In the dextran sulphate-induced paw oedema, the ALM reduced the mean maximal paw oedema significantly (P ≤0.05) to 36.392±9.207% and 26.050±3.396% at 100 and 300 mg kg -1 (prophylaxis) and 32.192±5.670%, 31.398±6.921% and 31.593±5.841% at 30, 100 and 300 mg kg-1 (therapeutic) in dose dependent manner when compared to the control respectively. Similarly, the ALM dose dependently showed a significant (P ≤0.05) reduction of percentage mean oedema in xylene-induced ear oedema by 43.56%, 59.63% and 68.07% at 30, 100 and 300 mg kg -1 when compared to the control respectively. Conclusions: Aqueous extract of Lannea microcapa (30 -300 mg kg-1) caused significant reduction of oedema in both dextran sulphate-induced paw oedema and xylene-induced ear oedema.
Risk Attitudes and Household Migration Decisions

ABSTRACT We analyze the relation between risk attitudes and household migration decisions. Using data of rural-urban migrants in China and their family members left behind, we obtain three key findings: (i) conditional on migration gains, less risk-averse individuals are more likely to migrate; (ii) conditional on own risk aversion, individuals are more likely to migrate the higher the risk aversion of the other household members; and (iii) conditional on average risk aversion, households with more dispersed risk preferences are more likely to send migrants. These findings are in line with a stylized model that we develop. Our results provide evidence that the distribution of risk attitudes within the household affects whether a migration takes place and who will emigrate. They also suggest that the risk diversification gain to other household members may lead to migrations that would not take place when decisions were made at the individual level.
Description of the male and larva of Schizomyia tuiuiu Urso-Guimarães & Amorim (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), new records and a key to Neotropical species of Schizomyia Kieffer

ABSTRACT Male and larva of Schizomyia tuiuiu Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002 are described, new occurrences of S. tuiuiu and S. maricaensis Sousa & Maia, 2007 are registered and a key to Neotropical species of Schizomyia Kieffer, 1889 are presented. The examined specimens are deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP).
Maize streak virus: A review of pathogen occurrence, biology and management options for smallholder farmers

Maize streak disease is a major threat to cereal crops amongst smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa causing up to US$480 million losses annually. It is caused by Maize streak virus (MSV), a geminivirus that is indigenous to Africa. The virus is transmitted by at least 11 Cicadulina species, with Cicadulina mbila being the main vector. In addition to cereals, the virus also infects wild grasses. There are 11 known MSV strains, designated with the letters A to K, according to alphabetical order. MSV-A is the most severe and economically important strain that attacks maize. The other strains attack cereal crops other than maize. The control of MSV is most effective when cultural and chemical methods are integrated with plant breeding for resistance. While host plant resistance is the best method of MSV management, it is not usually easy to conventionally produce resistant cultivars. Genetic engineering has been successfully employed in producing MSV-resistant maize. However, opponents of genetic engineering have prevented the adoption of the technology by most African countries. This means that smallholder farmers have to continue growing susceptible cultivars or buy the slightly more expensive conventionally-bred cultivars.
Analysis of complex two-phase instabilities in a vertical thermosyphon reboiler operating at sub-atmospheric pressures

One of the characteristics of multiphase flows with which the operation of process units have to contend is that they often manifest instabilities that have no equivalence in single-phase flow (Bouré et al. 1973). These instabilities result often in the occurrence of undesirable large pressure, flow and/or volume fraction oscillations, which, at best, upset the expected behaviour of the multiphase flow system, resulting in a logical decrease in the reliability and life of the components and, at worst, can lead to serious flow stoppage or structural failure. Although two-phase instabilities have been studied extensively, large gaps of unexplained behaviour still remain due to the complex nature of flow, pressure drop and heat transfer mechanisms and the interactions that occur between the three. There is still substantial work ongoing in the field as these instabilities may be detrimental in the smooth operation, control, mechanical integrity and safety of heat exchangers in a multitude of their industrial applications. This paper sheds light on the experimental studies of transient behaviour at reduced pressures conducted on the thermosyphon research facility at the University of Manchester in the Morton Laboratory. These studies were initiated because literature does not contain many references to this mode of operation and existing design techniques do no adequately cover operation in sub-atmospheric pressures. Thus, the studies meant to establish the operating limits of a full scale replica of an industrial sized natural circulation thermosyphon reboiler comprising 50 vertically-mounted 25 mm OD tubes of 3 m length. Water is used as the process fluid and condensing steam is the heating source. A constant fluid level is maintained at the top of the tube-sheet using an overflow line. The behaviour in the flow-induced unstable region, the heat-induced unstable region and the stable region have been investigated. This work attempts to identify the lower and upper thresholds of instability at various reduced process pressures. For the conditions investigated, explicit thresholds are determined for the transitions between the stable region and the two unstable regions. Instability is defined based on the magnitude of oscillations observed in continuously monitored flows around the recirculation loop. The experiments revealed that the region of stable operation is very dependent on process pressure and progressively becomes smaller as the vacuum becomes lower. The use of throttling in the heat-induced unstable region to return to stable operation tends to be over a narrow region, outside of which the sole way to regain stability is to lower the heat load. In the region of flow-induced instability, throttling of the fluid at the inlet is useless and actually makes the situation worse. These instabilities are alleviated by increasing the heat load or flooding the reboiler.