Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stable carbon isotopic compositions of low‐molecular‐weight dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, α‐dicarbonyls, and fatty acids: Implications for atmospheric processing of organic aerosols

Stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) were measured for 23 individual organic species including 9 dicarboxylic acids, 7 oxocarboxylic acids, 1 tricarboxylic acid, 2 α‐dicarbonyls, and 4 fatty acids in the aerosols from Gosan background site in East Asia. δ13C values of particle phase glyoxal and methylglyoxal are significantly larger than those previously reported for isoprene and other precursors. The values are consistently less negative in oxalic acid (C2, average −14.1‰), glyoxylic acid (−13.8‰), pyruvic acid (−19.4‰), glyoxal (−13.5‰), and methylglyoxal (−18.6‰) compared to other organic species (e.g., palmitic acid, −26.3‰), which can be explained by the kinetic isotope effects during atmospheric oxidation of pre‐aged precursors (e.g., isoprene) and the subsequent gas‐particle partitioning after the evaporation of clouds or wet aerosols. The δ13C values of C2 is positively correlated with C2 to organic carbon ratio, indicating that photochemical production of C2 is more pronounced than its degradation during long‐range atmospheric transport. The isotopic results also suggest that aqueous phase oxidation of glyoxal and methylglyoxal is a major formation process of oxalic acid via the intermediates such as glyoxylic acid and pyruvic acid. This study provides evidence that organic aerosols are intensively photochemically aged in the western North Pacific rim.
Income-diversification in banking sector of Pakistan : a ‘ Blessing ’ or ‘ Curse ’ ?

Changing trends in economy and customers’ expectations are directing banks to search the new ways of income generation. Banks are now moving towards diversification of their revenues to reduce risk of their portfolios and to increase the profitability. In effort of diversifying the income generation activities, banks are indulging in noninterest income generation activities by reducing their reliance on traditional banking activities. Diversification of income generating activities (either interest based or non-interest based) can enhance the profitability by reducing overall risk involved in banking operation. Contrary to this, over reliance on income diversification can increase the risk and reduce the risk adjusted return of banks. Considering the importance of income diversification for developing financial markets, this study aims to fill the gap in existing literature of Pakistan byempirically exploring the relationship between income diversification and banking performance for the period of 2006-2013. The results of the study have shown positive impact of income diversification on performance of banks in Pakistan. The findings of the study are important for bankers to understand how income diversification affects the performance of banks. The findings are also helpful to the banks’ management and regulators to understand the role of income diversification in value creation and risk-reduction for the stakeholders.
Solution of a Minimal Model for Many-Body Quantum Chaos

We solve a minimal model for quantum chaos in a spatially extended many-body system. It consists of a chain of sites with nearest-neighbour coupling under Floquet time evolution. Quantum states at each site span a $q$-dimensional Hilbert space and time evolution for a pair of sites is generated by a $q^2\times q^2$ random unitary matrix. The Floquet operator is specified by a quantum circuit of depth two, in which each site is coupled to its neighbour on one side during the first half of the evolution period, and to its neighbour on the other side during the second half of the period. We show how dynamical behaviour averaged over realisations of the random matrices can be evaluated using diagrammatic techniques, and how this approach leads to exact expressions in the large-$q$ limit. We give results for the spectral form factor, relaxation of local observables, bipartite entanglement growth and operator spreading.
Team GESIS Cologne: An all in all sentence-based approach for FEVER

In this system description of our pipeline to participate at the Fever Shared Task, we describe our sentence-based approach. Throughout all steps of our pipeline, we regarded single sentences as our processing unit. In our IR-Component, we searched in the set of all possible Wikipedia introduction sentences without limiting sentences to a fixed number of relevant documents. In the entailment module, we judged every sentence separately and combined the result of the classifier for the top 5 sentences with the help of an ensemble classifier to make a judgment whether the truth of a statement can be derived from the given claim.
Monetary Policy and Inflation Performance: Evidence from Exchange Rate Regimes in Sri Lanka

This paper examines empirical evidence on monetary policy and inflation performance across exchange rate regimes in Sri Lanka. The criterion used to examine inflation performance is the degree of inflation persistence. Three alternative definitions of inflation persistence are used to model inflation dynamics. First, autocorrelation properties of inflation process are examined. Estimates of traditional Phillips curve and the hybrid-new Keynesian Phillips curve (H-NKPC) suggest a significant upward shift in inflation persistence following the change in exchange rate system in late 1977. Recursive estimates of coefficient on lagged inflation and Chow parameter stability tests confirm these results. Second, inflation response to systematic monetary policy actions is examined. Results suggest that inflation is more persistent and monetary policy is more accommodative in the flexible exchange rate regime. However, the correlation between money growth and inflation is found to be modest. Finally, inflation response to non-systemic policy actions (i.e., policy shocks) is examined through impulse response functions of an unrestricted VAR system. Results suggest that policy shocks are more persistent in the flexible exchange rate regime, than in the fixed exchange rate regime. However, maximum lag length of inflation response to a policy shock is not significantly different across regimes, suggesting that results from the impulse response analysis are inconclusive. Overall, there is substantial evidence to suggest that the shift in inflation persistence coincides with the change in exchange rate regimes. Moreover, during the flexible regime, higher monetary accommodation has resulted in higher inflation persistence. Because of sluggish response of inflation to changes in monetary policy measures, more stringent monetary policy measures may be needed to curb inflationary pressures. (JEL E 31, E 52) Key Words: Inflation Persistence, Monetary Policy, Exchange Rate Regimes DOI: 10.4038/ss.v37i1. 1227 Staff Studies Volume 37 Numbers 1& 2 2007 p.69-117
Oblique electrostatic excitations in a magnetized plasma in the presence of excess superthermal electrons

The nonlinear propagation of ion-acoustic waves is considered in a magnetized plasma, composed of kappa distributed electrons and an inertial ion fluid. The fluid-dynamical system of equations governing the dynamics of ion-acoustic waves is reduced to a pseudoenergy-balance equation. The properties of arbitrary amplitude, obliquely propagating ion-acoustic solitary waves are thus investigated via a mechanical-motion analog (Sagdeev potential) approach. The presence of excess superthermal electrons is shown to influence the nature of magnetized ion-acoustic solitons. The influence on the soliton characteristics of relevant physical parameters such as obliqueness (the angle between soliton propagation direction and magnetic field), the electron deviation from a Maxwellian (“superthermality”) and the soliton speed is investigated.
Memristor-based unit cell for a detector readout circuit

This paper presents a memristor based unit cell design for a readout integrated circuit (ROIC). The memristor is a nonvolatile nanoscale circuit component that has dynamic resistance dependent on the total charge applied between the positive and negative terminals. In the circuit presented, the memristor acts as the integrator in the unit cell. This eliminates the need for a large integrating capacitor. Simulations demonstrate the functionality of the unit cell, where the memristor is accurately modeled according to previously published device characterization data. The results show that memristors can potentially be used to reduce the unit cell area, which could increase the fill factor of the photodetector in single chip detector and readout designs.
HARD TICKS (ACARI: IXODIDAE)-VECTORS FOR LYME DISEASE SPIROCHETES IN ROMANIA

In this study 1868 questing Ixodes ricinus ticks (nymphs and adults), collected in six different sites from three counties (Giurgiu, Sibiu and Tulcea) in Romania, were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by reverse line blot (RLB) for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato presence. The bacteria were found in 18.04 % of the investigated ticks. The prevalence of infection was higher in Ixodes ricinus nymphs (19.1 %) than in adults (15.37 %). Three B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies were detected: B. afzelii (61.13 %), B. garinii (31.16 %) and B. valaisiana (7.72 %). No mixed infections were detected in the investigated ticks. The highest infection prevalence in I. ricinus nymphs was detected at Cristian (Sibiu County) – 22.03 %, while in adults it was at Comana (Giurgiu County) – 19.77 %. This preliminary study provides evidence that Lyme disease spirochet es are present in different regions of Romania and at a relatively high prevalence in Ixodes ricinus vector, thus posing a risk of infection to human subjects that undergo work or leisure activities in the areas infested by ticks.
Evaluation of Juvenile Delinquency Cases

The aim of this study was to evaluate the juvenile criminal cases examined by forensic medicine department taking cognisance of the age, gender, education level, number of siblings, type of crime, characteristics of the children’s family, with whom the child lived with and thereby providing needful awareness to the population. This is a retrospective study of the data of children examined by forensic medicine with a claim of crime between June 2006 to June 2010 in Çorum, Turkey. Data were evaluated in terms of gender, age, education level, mental status, number of siblings, type of crime and the characteristics of the childrens’ family. There were 246 cases, of which 29 (12%) were female and 217 (88%) were male. 204 cases were between 14 and 15 years of age, 108 (44%) cases were 14 years old, 96 (39%) cases were 15, 38 (15%) cases were 13 years old and 4 (2%) cases were 12 years old. The criminal behavior patterns of children according to age and chi-square analysis of crime patterns among children aged 13 to 14 were evaluated and no significant differences were detected (P>0.05). There was significant difference in sexual crimes among 15 years old children according to the other age groups (P<0.05). 12 years old children showed significant differences for crimes against the property than the other age groups (P<0.05). All 12 years old children have committed crimes against the property. Physical violence against other individuals was found to be the highest in the age group of 14 (25%). Juvenile delinquency is increasing significantly in our country as well as the whole world and appears to be a major public health problem. Social environment, family and living conditions as well as the child's intelligence and psychiatric status are important factors affecting juvenile delinquency. For this reason psychiatric evaluation of this age group is needed for preventing juvenile delinquency.
The Characterization of Pseudomonas fluorescens

SUMMARY: A study of phytopathogenic pseudomonads was begun, but it was found that they could not easily be differentiated from the commonly occurring soil- and water-inhabiting fluorescent pseudomonads. A collection of 169 isolates, including 24 named cultures from various collections, was studied. Both old and new kinds of diagnostic characters, cytological, physiological and biochemical, were investigated under standard conditions. Recordings were made at frequent intervals during a 28-day incubation period. Each character was investigated at least three times during a period of at least five years in order to assess its stability. A clear differentiation between Pseudomonas hydrophila (NCTC ‘7810) and P. icthyosmia (NCTC 8049) and the rest of the collection was apparent; these two isolates belong to the genus A m m a s Kluyver & van Niel. The use of the vibriostatic pteridine derivative 0/129 revealed a close relationship between them and Vibrio icthyodermis PL 1. Of the 169 isolates (including at least 20 named species) 165 had 26 common definable and stable characters; these are offered for an extended definition of the genus Pseudomonas. A further 43 characteristics were not common to all 165 isolates. No two of these characters were correlated. One isolate had 42/43 positive characters and one had only 4, and there was a very great range of variation. Among 58 selected isolates there were 21 small groups of identical isolates, but the largest number in any group was 5; the remaining 107 isolates each had a different combination of the 43 characters. Even 10 fluorescent isolates, originally obtained from a single plating of 1 loopful of river water, showed 9 different combinations of characters. A small group of 5 isolates appeared to conform with Pseudomonas aeruginosa as defined by Haynes (1951) and Gaby (1955) but many fluorescens-type isolates were closely related when considered on the basis of all the characters investigated. Several of the named phytophathogens showed a close relationship, or apparent identity, with soil and water isolates; many phytophathogens, however, had a conspicuous number of negative characters, suggesting loss of adaptability in a more selective environment. The 134 soil- and water-type isolates had 11 positive characters, and 9 others almost always positive. On this basis, and adopting the view that all these characters merit equal emphasis (see Tanner, 1918; Sneath, 1957a, b) it is thought that further divisions into subgroups (species? ) are not justified, and that these characters should be used to describe accurately P. fluorescens Migula 1894. A definition of this species is suggested.
Impacts of Tillage on Biodiversity of Microarthropod Communities in Two Different Crop Systems

Different uses of land by humans alter the physico chemical characteristics of the soil and affect the soil microhabitat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of tillage in three different human land uses on microarthropods biodiversity in Khuzestan province, southwest of Iran. Three microhabitats including a permanent grassland with old Date-Palms around and no till system, and two wheat fields, one with conservative agricultural practices and low till system and the other with conventional agricultural practices (deep tillage), were compared for the biodiversity of the two main groups of soil microarthropods (Oribatida and Collembola). Soil samples were collected from the top to a depth of 15 cm bimonthly during a period of two years. Significant differences in the biodiversity index of microarthropods were observed between the different tillage systems (F = 36.748, P =0.000). Indeed, analysis of species diversity showed that the diversity index at the conservative field with low till (2.58 ± 0.01) was higher (p < 0.05) than the conventional tilled field (2.45 ± 0.08) and the diversity of natural grassland was the highest (2.79 ± 0.19, p < 0.05). Indeed, the index of biodiversity and population abundance differed significantly in different seasons (p < 0.00). Keywords—Biodiversity, collembola, microarthropods, oribatida.
Fp((X)) IS DECIDABLE AS A MODULE OVER THE RING OF ADDITIVE POLYNOMIALS

Let p be a prime number, K be the henselization of the rational functions over the finite field Fp and R be the ring of additive polynomials over K. We show that the field of Laurent series over Fp is decidable seen as an R-module. Moreover, we provide a recursively enumerable axiom system (satisfied by K) in the language of R-modules together with a unary predicate for the valuation ring, modulo which every positive primitive formula is equivalent to a universal formula. Consequently the R-module theory of the field of Laurent series is model-complete in this language and admits K as its prime model.
Optimization of photoelectrochemical water splitting performance on hierarchical TiO2 nanotube arrays

In this paper, we show that by varying the voltages during two-step anodization the morphology of the hierarchical top-layer/bottom-tube TiO2 (TiO2 NTs) can be finely tuned between nanoring/nanotube, nanopore/nanotube, and nanohole–nanocave/nanotube morphologies. This allows us to optimize the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting performance on the hierarchical TiO2 NTs. The optimized photocurrent density and photoconversion efficiency in this study, occurring on the nanopore/nanotube TiO2 NTs, were 1.59 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE and 0.84% respectively, which are the highest values ever reported on pristine TiO2 materials under illumination of AM 1.5G. Our findings contribute to further improvement of the energy conversion efficiency of TiO2-based devices.
Climate dynamics along the arid northern coast of Chile: The 1997–1998 Dinámica del Clima de la Región de Antofagasta (DICLIMA) experiment

[1] The DICLIMA field experiment was designed to test and quantify the hypothesis of an afternoon enhancement of the coastal subsidence in the extremely arid northern Chile because of solar heating over the west slope of the Andes. Ten-day campaigns near Antofagasta (23°S) were carried out in January 1997, July 1997, and January 1998. Significant diurnal cycles in temperature, mixing ratio, and wind from about 1000 to 4000 m above sea level were observed. This layer was decoupled from the marine boundary layer circulation below by the subsidence inversion when its base was under the average height of the coastal mountain range. The solar heating cycle over the Andes and associated circulation resulted in a mean afternoon zonal divergence above the subsidence inversion base of about 30 × 10−6 s−1, exceeding by a factor of 5 typical subtropical west coast divergences. The corresponding early morning convergence was particularly intense during the austral winter experiment. In spite of the very strong El Nino conditions that prevailed during the July 1997 and January 1998 experiments, the overwhelming control that radiation exerts on the daily cycles of the atmospheric circulation over the west slope of the Andes seems to guarantee the general validity of the results.
Hierarchy of risk factors for stenosis of arteriovenous fistula in chronic hemodialysis patients using TOPSIS method.

fistulas (AVF) are so far the best option as vascular access in hemodialysis patients, being associated with lesser complications and better outcome than catheters or grafts (Turmel-Rodrigues et al 2000), therefore preservation of functionality of AVF is of utmost importance. The most frequent cause of AVF dysfunction is stenosis (Turmel-Rodrigues 2012), which has been associated to numerous conditions related to the patient or to the surgical procedure (Lee et al 2009). These factors associated with stenosis and its severity need to be defined and ranked in order to identify patients at risk in due time for prophylactic measures. To our knowledge, such an attempt at ranking of risk for AVF stenosis has not been conducted yet. Early correction of these factors could avoid the evolution to thrombosis. The aim of our study was to assess factors associated with stenosis of AVF in a prevalent hemodialysis population and establish a hierarchy among several identified risk factors for stenosis and its hemodynamic significance.
A model for the evolution of the Earth's mantle structure since the Early Paleozoic

[1] Seismic tomography studies indicate that the Earth's mantle structure is characterized by African and Pacific seismically slow velocity anomalies (i.e., superplumes) and circum-Pacific seismically fast anomalies (i.e., a globally spherical harmonic degree 2 structure). However, the cause for and time evolution of the African and Pacific superplumes and the degree 2 mantle structure remain poorly understood with two competing proposals. First, the African and Pacific superplumes have remained largely unchanged for at least the last 300 Myr and possibly much longer. Second, the African superplume is formed sometime after the formation of Pangea (i.e., at 330 Ma) and the mantle in the African hemisphere is predominated by cold downwelling structures before and during the assembly of Pangea, while the Pacific superplume has been stable for the Pangea supercontinent cycle (i.e., globally a degree 1 structure before the Pangea formation). Here, we construct a proxy model of plate motions for the African hemisphere for the last 450 Myr since the Early Paleozoic using the paleogeographic reconstruction of continents constrained by paleomagnetic and geological observations. Coupled with assumed oceanic plate motions for the Pacific hemisphere, this proxy model for the plate motion history is used as time-dependent surface boundary condition in three-dimensional spherical models of thermochemical mantle convection to study the evolution of mantle structure, particularly the African mantle structure, since the Early Paleozoic. Our model calculations reproduce well the present-day mantle structure including the African and Pacific superplumes and generally support the second proposal with a dynamic cause for the superplume structure. Our results suggest that while the mantle in the African hemisphere before the assembly of Pangea is predominated by the cold downwelling structure resulting from plate convergence between Gondwana and Laurussia, it is unlikely that the bulk of the African superplume structure can be formed before ∼230 Ma (i.e., ∼100 Myr after the assembly of Pangea). Particularly, the last 120 Myr plate motion plays an important role in generating the African superplume. Our models have implications for understanding the global-scale magmatism, tectonics, mantle dynamics, and thermal evolution history for the Earth since the Early Paleozoic.