Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Converging climate beliefs and willingness to pay across progressive and conservative voters: evidence from Australia

ABSTRACT Understanding climate change beliefs across the political spectrum is a necessary prior step to assessing the acceptability of climate change policy. Using large national samples, we examine the change in stated Willingness to Pay for two different Australian climate policies (Direct Action and a Carbon Tax) between 2011 and 2016 and also examine stated Willingness to Pay for an Emissions Trading Scheme in 2016. We find evidence of convergence of Willingness to Pay according to voting intention in our 2016 survey. We also found increases in beliefs in human-induced climate change, scientific consensus, whether respondents believed they have personally experienced the effects of climate change and how worried they are about climate change. However, the proportion of respondents having these views remains small for some of these beliefs.
Splenic vessel patency: is it real menace to perform laparoscopic splenic vessel-preserving distal pancreatectomy

Purpose This study compared the patency of the splenic vessels between laparoscopic and open spleen and splenic vessel-preserving distal pancreatectomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a database of 137 patients who underwent laparoscopic (n = 91) or open (n = 46) spleen and splenic vessel-preserving distal pancreatectomy at a single institute from 2001 through 2015. Splenic vessel patency was assessed by abdominal computed tomography and classified into three grades according to the degree of stenosis. Results The splenic artery patency rate was similar in both groups (97.8 vs. 95.7%, P = 0.779). Also, the splenic vein patency rate was not significantly different between the 2 groups (74.7% vs. 82.6%, P = 0.521). Postoperative wound complication was significantly lower in the laparoscopic group (19.8% vs. 28.3%, P = 0.006), and hospital stay was significantly shorter in the laparoscopic group (7 days vs. 9 days, P = 0.001) than in the open group. Median follow-up periods were 22 months (3.7–96.2 months) and 31.7 months (4–104 months) in the laparoscopic and open groups, respectively. Conclusion Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy showed good splenic vessel patency as well as open distal pancreatectomy. For this reason, splenic vessel patency is not an obstacle in performing laparoscopic splenic vessel-preserving distal pancreatectomy.
Correlation of Low CD4+ Counts with High Dental Caries Prevalence in Children Living with Perinatal HIV/AIDS Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy

Objective: To investigate the correlation Cluster of Differentiation 4 + (CD4 + ) counts with a high prevalence of dental caries in Children Living with Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (CLWPHA). Material and Methods: An analytical observational research with a cross-sectional design was conducted at Tertiary General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Randomized total sampling consisted of 29 CLWPHA 1-12 years old at outpatient ward Infectious Disease Intermediate Unit (UPIPI) Tertiary General Hospital Doctor Soetomo Surabaya. Demographic details and recent CD4 + counts obtained from medical records. Decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft) in primary teeth and DMFT in permanent teeth index were used. Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation test (p<0.05) were performed. Results: Dental caries prevalence was 86.2%; meanwhile, the dmft/DMFT index score found were high (8.2 / 6.3). CD4 + count and caries showed significant correlation (r=-0.394, p<0.05). Tooth brushing frequency with caries showed a significant correlation (r=-0.419, p<0.05). Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy and caries showed an insignificant negative correlation (p<0.05). Conclusion: The high prevalence of dental caries in CLWPHA correlated with low CD4 + counts.
Clinical and MRI Characteristics of Uterine Cervical Adenocarcinoma: Its Variants and Mimics

Adenocarcinoma currently accounts for 10–25% of all uterine cervical carcinomas and has a variety of histopathological subtypes. Among them, mucinous carcinoma gastric type is not associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and a poor prognosis, while villoglandular carcinoma has an association with high-risk HPV infection and a good prognosis. They show relatively characteristic imaging findings which can be suggested by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), though the former is sometimes difficult to be distinguished from lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia. Various kinds of other tumors including squamous cell carcinoma should be also differentiated on MRI, while it is currently difficult to distinguish them on MRI, and HPV screening and pathological confirmation are usually necessary for definite diagnosis and further patient management.
Predicting and reflecting: a dual framework for dual process theory

A Teoria de Duplo Processo tem ganhado fama enquanto um arcabouco para explicar evidencias em tarefas de raciocinio e tomada de decisao. Essa teoria propoe que deve haver uma distincao afiada no pensamento para explicar dois aglomerados correlacionaisde caracteristicas. Um aglomerado descreve um processo rapido e intuitivo (Tipo 1), enquanto o outro descreve um devagar e reflexivo (Tipo 2) (Evans, 2008; Evans & Stanovich, 2013; Kahneman, 2011). Entretanto, como Samuels (2009) notou, existe um problema em determinar o motivo desse grupo de caracteristicas formarem aglomerados,mais do que os rotulos Tipo (ou sistema) 1 e 2 conseguem capturar, o problema da uniao. Entendemos que podem haver diferencas nas arquiteturas cognitivas que sustentam cada tipo de processo, assim exigindo arcaboucos cognitivos distintos para cada. Argumentamos que a abordagem do processamento preditivo (como apresentada porHohwy, 2013 e Clark, 2016) e um arcabouco mais adequado para processos do Tipo 1. Tal abordagem propoe que a cognicao tem o trabalho de prever o que perturbara os inputs sensoriais em um proximo momento. Essas nao sao previsoes pessoais mas multiplasprevisoes subpessoais que ate o sistema visual realiza em varios niveis em cada milissegundo que passa. Ao inves de ser baseado em representacoes simbolicas de cada aspecto do mundo, essas previsoes sao realizadas com base em informacao estatisticaatualizada a cada momento. Kahneman (2011) vem argumentando que existe uma ligacao entre a percepcao e processamento Tipo 1. O que sustentamos e que tal ligacao existe pois julgamentos do Tipo 1 na verdade sao previsoes derivadas de niveis altos de sistemasperceptivos que funcionam por meio do processamento preditivo. Por outro lado, argumentamos que tal arquitetura nao funciona para processos do Tipo 2. Em vez disso, esses processos parecem estar baseados em sistemas simbolicos classicos executandobusca heuristica como explicado por Newell (1980). Em conclusao, propomos que uma arquitetura dupla e necessaria para explicar por qual motivo existem dois aglomerados de caracteristicas. Esse arcabouco incluiria processamento preditivo para explicacao deprocessos do Tipo 1 e computacoes em representacoes simbolicas para processos do Tipo 2.
Clinical Outcomes Of Colistin In Combination With Either 6-G Sulbactam Or Carbapenems For The Treatment Of Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Pneumonia With High MIC To Sulbactam, A Prospective Cohort Study

Purpose Extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (XDRAB) is an important cause of nosocomial pneumonia with limited therapeutic options. Colistin-based regimen is the recommended treatment. Which drugs should be combined with colistin remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of patients with XDRAB pneumonia who were treated with colistin, combined with either 6-g sulbactam or carbapenems, in the setting of high MIC to sulbactam. Patients and methods In this prospective cohort study, hospitalized patients diagnosed with XDRAB pneumonia in Phramongkutklao Hospital were enrolled. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were 7- and 14-day mortality, length of stay, ventilator days and factors associated with mortality. Results From 1 July 2016 to 30 September 2017, 182 patients were included; 92 received colistin plus sulbactam and 90 received colistin plus carbapenems. Most of the patients were males diagnosed with ventilator-associated pneumonia in medical intensive care unit. Overall mortality rates at 7, 14, 28 days were 24.2%, 37.4%, and 53.3%, respectively. Mortality rates did not differ between sulbactam group and carbapenem groups at 7 days (19.6% vs 28.9%, p-value 0.424, adjusted HR 1.277; 95% CI = 0.702–2.322), 14 days (34.8% vs 40%, p = 0.658, adjusted HR 1.109; 95% CI = 0.703–1.749) and 28 days (51.1% vs 55.6%, p = 0.857, adjusted HR 1.038; 95% CI = 0.690–1.562). Length of stay, ICU days and ventilator days did not differ. Complications of treatment including acute kidney injury were not statistically different. Conclusion In XDRAB pneumonia with high MIC to sulbactam, differences in mortality rates were not statistically significant between colistin plus 6-g sulbactam and colistin plus carbapenems.
Rectal Lymphogranuloma Venereum, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Among 34 men with proctitis in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 16 (47%) had Chlamydia trachomatis infection, 11 (68.8%) of which were biovar lymphogranuloma venereum. The outbreak was probably local, as in Europe. In Argentina, lymphogranuloma venereum should be a suspected cause of proctitis in HIV-infected men who have had unprotected anal sex with men.
Verbal Abuse among Nurses in Tertiary Care Hospitals

ABSTRACT Introduction: Verbal abuse against nurses who are major working force can affect the work performance and productivity in hospital. Verbal abuse is epidemic in tertiary care hospitals though it is most preventable with healthcare professions. The study aims to identify the prevalence of verbal abuse among nurses in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses in two tertiary care hospitals in Chitwan using self-administered questionnaire from August–December, 2018. The researcher used the convenient sampling technique and total 331 nurses were taken for the study. Results: Prevalence of verbal abuse was found to be 122 (36.9 %) [34.25%-39.55% at 95% CI] among nurses. Perpetrators of the verbal abuse were relatives of the patients 64 (48.9%) followed by staff member 29 (23.77%), patient 23 (17.6%), management or supervisor 4 (3.1%) and from colleague 2 (1.5%). Frequency of verbal abuse as sometimes, once and all the times were 95 (77.86%), 20 (16.03%) and 7 (5.7 %) respectively. Study showed that verbal abuse was mostly done by relatives of the patient. Consequence of verbal abuse was disturbing memories, thoughts or an image ultimately reducing the job satisfaction. No any action was taken except verbal warning for 20 (58.8%) perpetrators. Conclusions: Verbal abuse is frequently prevalent in nurses and mostly from patient's visitors. Hence, nurses should maintain their respect and authority otherwise it will lead to decrease in their performance that shows direct impact on patient care and consequently the effectiveness of the health care system.
Comparative genomic analysis and multi-drug resistance differences of Acinetobacter baumannii in Chongqing, China

Introduction Multidrug-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a serious problem to public health. There is still a significant gap in the understanding of the multidrug-resistance and the genome diversity evolutionary process of A. baumannii in China, especially in the central and western regions. Methods Ten A. baumannii strains were collected from three hospitals in Chongqing, China. Whole-genome re-sequencing was used to obtain differences in genomic levels among strains. The diversity were determined by multi-locus sequence typing method, and investigate the genetic relationship between the ten strains and others by phylogenetic analysis. Comparative analysis focused on resistance genes related to insertions and deletions (InDels) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed. Results The overall G+C% content was 39.05%~39.43%, the average sequencing depth was 273.95~428.99, and the alignment ratio of the sequencing data was 92.93%~99.27%. A total of 42 InDels and 11,387 SNPs were detected in the coding sequence region of the isolates. Phylogenetic tree shows that the 10 A. baumannii isolates were divided into four relative groups, and there exist the possibility of cross-regional spread pattern. A total number of 19 drug resistance genes had been found in each strain, and efflux pump-related genes accounted for the most. Only AacA4 underwent a change in InDel. Six types of drug resistance genes were found in the SNPs resistance gene-related loci, among which gene ANT(3’’)-II and QacE mutations were found in each strain. Conclusion In this study, the main mechanism of A. baumannii multi-drug resistance is due to the multi-drug efflux pump related genes. The point mutations at the SNPs sites of the six types of resistance genes are the main differences in A. baumannii between Chongqing and the eastern coastal areas of China.
Minimally invasive, pressure probe based sampling allows for in-situ gene expression analyses in plant cells

Background Gene expression analyses are conducted using multiple approaches and increasingly research has been focused on assessing gene expression at the level of a tissue or even single-cells. To date, methods to assess gene expression at the single-cell in plant tissues have been semi-quantitative, require tissue disruption, and/or involve laborious, possibly artifact-inducing manipulation. In this work, we used grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. Zinfandel) as a model in order to examine the validity and reproducibility of an in-situ gene expression analysis method combining a cell pressure probe (CPP) with quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results We developed a method to directly assess gene expression levels via qPCR from cellular fluids sampled in-situ with a CPP. Cellular fluids, with volumes in the picoliter range, were collected from intact berries with a CPP at various depths across skin and mesocarp tissues. The expression of a key anthocyanin biosynthetic gene, UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (VviUFGT), was analyzed as a test case since its expression is restricted to cells producing anthocyanins in grape berry skins during ripening. The method identifies samples contaminated with significant levels of genomic DNA by amplifying a region of VviUFGT that spans an intron. Therefore false positives were discarded which occurred in 28% of the samples tested. Shallow probing of skin cells showed high VviUFGT expression as expected while deeper probing of mesocarp cells resulted in no VviUFGT expression. Conclusions The clear correspondence of VviUFGT expression to the targeted cell samples suggests that the in-situ gene expression analysis using a CPP is reliable and does not result in contamination as the probe moves through tissues. This method can be paired to single-cell transcriptomic analyses in the future. We conclude that this technique represents a minimally invasive method of sampling plant cells in-situ which creates an opportunity for the analysis of cellular level, spatiotemporal responses in heterogeneous plant tissues.
PARC: ultrafast and accurate clustering of phenotypic data of millions of single cells

Motivation New single-cell technologies continue to fuel the explosive growth in the scale of heterogeneous single-cell data. However, existing computational methods are inadequately scalable to large datasets and therefore cannot uncover the complex cellular heterogeneity. Results We introduce a highly scalable graph-based clustering algorithm PARC - phenotyping by accelerated refined community-partitioning – for ultralarge-scale, high-dimensional single-cell data (> 1 million cells). Using large single cell mass cytometry, RNA-seq and imaging-based biophysical data, we demonstrate that PARC consistently outperforms state-of-the-art clustering algorithms without sub-sampling of cells, including Phenograph, FlowSOM, and Flock, in terms of both speed and ability to robustly detect rare cell populations. For example, PARC can cluster a single cell data set of 1.1M cells within 13 minutes, compared to >2 hours to the next fastest graph-clustering algorithm, Phenograph. Our work presents a scalable algorithm to cope with increasingly large-scale single-cell analysis. Availability and Implementation https://github.com/ShobiStassen/PARC
Mechanotransduction of strain regulates an invasive phenotype in newly transformed epithelial cells

Carcinoma, the most common type of cancer, develops in the sheets of cells forming the epithelium and lining our organs and cavities. It usually begins with the transformation of a single cell via the activation of oncogenes such as Ras. The capacity of epithelia to eliminate newly transformed cells via apical extrusion is believed to be a critical defense mechanism to eradicate initial stages of carcinoma. Our organs and tissues are in constant motion, exposing epithelial cells to mechanical stretch. How these external forces impact the onset and progression of tumor growth is thus of primary interest, but little is known currently. Here we show that mechanical strains jeopardize the epithelial defense mechanisms against RasV12-transformed MDCK cells by impeding their apical extrusion. Concurrently, they prevent the formation of strong circumferential belts of actin in RasV12 cells, previously established as a primary step of apical extrusion under static conditions. Cyclic stretching also changes the metastatic phenotype of newly transformed cells by greatly promoting the formation of RasV12 protrusions. We show that RasV12 and wild type MDCK cells possess distinct sensitivity to strain. External forces remodel their actin cytoskeletons and adhesion complexes differently, resulting in a more invasive system dynamic. Our work also shows that the Rho-ROCK mechanotransduction pathway is involved in regulating the mechanically-induced switch to a more aggressive phenotype. Such insight may lead to the targeting of mechanotransduction pathways in innovative future therapies. Significance statement Cancer progression is increasingly viewed as a complex journey in which the mechanical properties of the microenvironment play a key role. The entire human body is in constant motion, yet the initial stage of cancer development at the cellular level is commonly studied in static petri dishes. Here we demonstrate that in a mechanically dynamic microenvironment, oncogenic Ras-transformed cells exhibit drastically different cellular dynamics and movements when compared to static conditions. They grow larger invasive protrusions, and they are much less likely to be eliminated from the healthy tissues. A deeper understanding of how external physical cues regulate early stage microtumor growth can reveal potentially new and unexplored avenues for cancer therapies.
Feasibility of working with a wholesale supplier to co-design and test acceptability of an intervention to promote smaller portions: an uncontrolled before-and-after study in British Fish & Chip shops

Objectives To explore the feasibility of working with a wholesale supplier to co-design and deliver, and to assess the acceptability of, an intervention to promote smaller portions in Fish & Chip shops. Design Uncontrolled before-and-after study. Setting Fish & Chip shops in northern England, 2016. Participants Owners (n=11), a manager and customers (n=46) of Fish & Chip shops; and intervention deliverers (n=3). Intervention Supplier-led, three-hour engagement event with shop owners and managers, highlighting the problem of excessive portion sizes and potential ways to reduce portion sizes; provision of box packaging to serve smaller portions; promotional posters and business incentives. Data collection In-store observations and sales data collected at baseline and postintervention. Exit survey with customers. Semistructured interviews with owners/managers and intervention deliverers postintervention. Results Twelve Fish & Chip shops were recruited. Observational data were collected from eight shops: at baseline, six shops did not promote the availability of smaller portion meals; at follow-up, all eight did and five displayed the promotional poster. Seven out of 12 shops provided sales data and all reported increased sales of smaller portion meals postintervention. Of 46 customers surveyed: 28% were unaware of the availability of smaller portion meals; 20% had bought smaller portion meals; and 46% of those who had not bought these meals were interested to try them in the future. Interviews revealed: owners/managers found the intervention acceptable but wanted a clearer definition of a smaller portion meal; the supplier valued the experience of intervention co-production and saw the intervention as being compatible with their responsibility to drive innovation. Conclusions The co-design of the intervention with a supplier was feasible. The partnership facilitated the delivery of an intervention that was acceptable to owners and customers. Sales of smaller meal packaging suggest that promotion of such meals is viable and may be sustainable.
Design Characteristics of Studies Reporting the Performance of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms for Diagnostic Analysis of Medical Images: Results from Recently Published Papers

Objective To evaluate the design characteristics of studies that evaluated the performance of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for the diagnostic analysis of medical images. Materials and Methods PubMed MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched to identify original research articles published between January 1, 2018 and August 17, 2018 that investigated the performance of AI algorithms that analyze medical images to provide diagnostic decisions. Eligible articles were evaluated to determine 1) whether the study used external validation rather than internal validation, and in case of external validation, whether the data for validation were collected, 2) with diagnostic cohort design instead of diagnostic case-control design, 3) from multiple institutions, and 4) in a prospective manner. These are fundamental methodologic features recommended for clinical validation of AI performance in real-world practice. The studies that fulfilled the above criteria were identified. We classified the publishing journals into medical vs. non-medical journal groups. Then, the results were compared between medical and non-medical journals. Results Of 516 eligible published studies, only 6% (31 studies) performed external validation. None of the 31 studies adopted all three design features: diagnostic cohort design, the inclusion of multiple institutions, and prospective data collection for external validation. No significant difference was found between medical and non-medical journals. Conclusion Nearly all of the studies published in the study period that evaluated the performance of AI algorithms for diagnostic analysis of medical images were designed as proof-of-concept technical feasibility studies and did not have the design features that are recommended for robust validation of the real-world clinical performance of AI algorithms.