Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Uncertainties and re-analysis of glacier mass balance measurements

AbstractGlacier-wide mass balance has been measured for more than sixty years and is widelyused as an indicator of climate change and to assess the glacier contribution to runo and sea level rise. Until present, comprehensive uncertainty assessments have rarely 5 been carried out and mass balance data have often been applied using rough errorestimation or without error considerations. In this study, we propose a framework forre-analyzing glacier mass balance series including conceptual and statistical toolsetsforassessmentofrandomandsystematicerrorsaswellasforvalidationandcalibration(if necessary) of the glaciological with the geodetic balance results. We demonstrate 10 the usefulness and limitations of the proposed scheme drawing on an analysis thatcomprises over 50 recording periods for a dozen glaciers and we make recommen-dations to investigators and users of glacier mass balance data. Reanalysis of glaciermass balance series needs to become a standard procedure for every monitoring pro-gramme to improve data quality and provide thorough uncertainty estimates.
Attitudes towards ICT-based interactions: A Bachelor of Education case study

This paper focuses upon describing and understanding the responses of a small case of undergraduate teacher education students (n=30) in a Western Australian University towards a planned information communication technology (ICT) interaction. The research was undertaken as part of an ongoing investigation into students' planned use of ICT in 2008 and required the sample to engage in an interaction with a purposebuilt animation. Prior to the interaction the students were asked to participate in the completion of a questionnaire in order to elicit their intentions to use ICT, their attitudes towards such an interaction, their perceived social pressure to interact with ICT, their perceived control over their capacity to interact with ICT and their beliefs and expectations about the various factors that potentially assist or hinder their use of ICTs. During the activity the students were observed and at the completion of the interaction each participant was interviewed. The questionnaire gathered data relating to the Theory of Planned Behaviour in order to determine the students' planned use of ICTs. While the quantitative data revealed the students believed that interacting with ICTs was pleasant, helpful and easy, the qualitative findings indicated that a number experienced feelings of anxiety and intimidation while working through the interaction. Ongoing research will further investigate the relationships between variables in order to determine likely influences on ICT interaction behaviour and predictions of student success. This research reports on the slippage between the students' initial attitudes and feelings and their actual responses while working through the interaction. Implications for pre-service education programs, as well as instructional design which utilises animation and text are also discussed in the research.
Investigating the Effect of Government Health Expenditure on HDI in Iran

Human development is used as one of the most important indices to measure the level of countries development in resent decades. This study examines the effect of government health expenditure on human development index (HDI) by using the ordinary least squares method (OLS) over the period 1990-2009 in Iran. The results show a positive and significant elationship between government health expenditure and human development index. Also, Granger Causality Test indicates that there is no bilateral relationship between the government health expenditure and HDI in Iran. Journal: Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology
Numerical Simulation of Circulation and Salinity Structure in Chilika Lagoon

Abstract Chilika Lagoon (19°28′–19°54′N, 85°06′–85°36′E), on the Orissa coast, India, is one of the world's unique ecospheres. It is the largest brackish water lagoon with estuarine character. Because of its rich biodiversity and socioeconomic importance, it was designated as a “Ramsar site”—a wetland of international importance—in 1981. Interest in detailed analysis of the circulation, biotic, and abiotic factors affecting the lagoon and its limnology is a result of the opening of the new mouth on 23 September 2000 to resolve the threat to its environment from various factors—eutrophication, weed proliferation, siltation, industrial pollution, and depletion of bioresources. This paper describes the development of a two-dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic model for Chilika Lagoon and the resulting simulation of currents and salinity corresponding to (i) the Southwest and Northeast monsoon seasons and (ii) pre- and post–mouth-opening conditions. Numerical experiments are performed to understand the different factors—wind, tides and freshwater influx—and their independent and collective roles. Comparison of results obtained with one or both of the openings is made to quantify and validate the changing salinity pattern, which has improved the productivity of the lagoon. Our study shows the salinity levels to be much lower during the southwest monsoon compared to the northeast monsoon, which is validated by observations. The decrease in salinity is attributed to more freshwater influx during the southwest monsoon. There is a significant increase (14%–66%, depending on the sector) in salinity after opening of the new mouth, the maximum change being observed in the channel that connects the lagoon to the sea. The constriction in the lagoon that blocks the tidal effects entering the lagoon is found to be responsible for maintaining the main body of the lagoon with low salinity. The dynamic model will be an important input for our on going work in seasonal study of the ecology of Chilika Lagoon.
Anxiety as Predictor of Aspiration among the Achievers

The present research aimed at to measure the relationship between anxiety and aspiration among academic achievers. A purposive sample consisted of 200 students with average age 15 years of both gender; 100 female students (high academic achievers =50, low achievers = 50) and 100 male students ( high academic achievers = 50, low academic achievers= 50)were taken from Higher secondary schools of Abbottabad. Taylor manifest anxiety scale (Taylor & Spence,1953) along with Study-Habit Scale( Ansari,1983) were administered on the sample. Results showed satisfactory reliability that is . 747 and . 836 for the both scales respectively. Analysis of results revealed that the pattern of achievement of a student depends on his/her aspiration level and anxiety has association with level of aspiration in students. Study further highlighted that achievers tend to have considerably higher achievement scores have higher aspiration as the result of perceived high anxiety. Students with low achievement scores have lower aspiration as the result of perceived high anxiety. Least-square line of Regression with achievement status as the outcome of aspiration and anxiety as the predictor variable indicated good model of fit showed that results indicate there was positive significant relationship between students' high level of academic achievement and anxiety. The study filled some identified gapes in literature and tries to stress the need for more research on this topic.
How Promising is South-South Trade as a Contributor to Economic Development in Asia and South America? Insights from Estimating Income Elasticities of Import Demand

The recent global economic crisis which originated in the global North but quickly spread to the global South has raised questions about the desirability and viability of export regimes primarily orientated towards the markets of high-income countries. The experience of crisis and contagion made developing countries intensify their efforts to diversify sources of economic growth and their search for alternative models of economic development. Expanding South-South trade relationships increasingly became viewed as one such alternative. Yet how promising a strategy is this? In an attempt to provide an answer to this question, this paper first documents the dynamic evolution of South-South trade in past decades and puts forward some theoretical considerations. It then undertakes an econometric analysis to estimate income elasticities of import demand for bilateral trade relationships among a sample of developing Asian and South American countries and two key Northern markets, the Eurozone and the US. Applying an ARDL approach to estimation, our econometric analysis yields mixed results with regard to the question whether South-South trade is generally characterized by higher income elasticities of import demand than South-North trade. While this is largely true for trade involving developing Asian economies, the same does not hold for South American countries. Moreover, income elasticities for imports from the global South are comparatively high in the US (and actually higher than for South-South trade flows in many cases) but this does not equally apply for the Eurozone. Still, our findings show that South-South trade can be a promising alternative source of economic growth, especially if South-North income growth and import growth differentials in favor of the former continue to persist. These findings, thus, provide a rationale for policies aimed at facilitating trade among developing countries.
Demand for food away from home in Slovakia

We analyze demand for food away from home (FAFH) in Slovakia by means of a double-hurdle model using recent Slovak Household Budget Survey data covering the period 2006–2012. The estimated unconditional income elasticity of FAFH demand (1.37) demonstrates that away-from-home eating is still perceived as a luxury by Slovak households. An important feature of our applied theoretical framework is measurement of the effect of a wife's opportunity cost of time. Results indicate that households where the wife is employed have significantly higher expenditure on FAFH compared to households where the wife is unemployed or a housewife. Further FAFH market growth can be expected in Slovakia in the future, driven by rising GDP, increasing participation of women in the job market, demographic changes towards an increase in the proportion of single-person households, and adoption of more individualistic lifestyles.
OA 000 EN The influence of leaf thickness on the CO 2 transfer conductance and leaf stable carbon isotope ratio for some evergreen tree species in Japanese warm-temperate forests

It was theoretically shown that carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthesis in the leaves of C 3 plants linearly correlates to the ratio of partial pressure of CO2 in the intercellular airspaces ( Pi) to that of ambient air ( Pa, Farquhar, O’Leary & Berry 1982). Thereafter, carbon isotopic composition ( δC) in C3 plants has been widely used as an index of various plant physiological features that are influenced by long-term weighed average of Pi/Pa. For example, δC was correlated with water-use efficiency in crop genotypes (Farquhar & Richards 1984; Condon, Farquhar & Richards 1990), in plants grown in arid regions (Ehleringer & Cooper 1988; Ehleringer 1993) and in the species or populations along the gradient of water availability (Garten & Taylor 1992; Stewart et al. 1995). In forest trees, leaf δC increased along the height of the trees, which was probably because long-term weighed average of Pi decreased with the increase in irradiance (Francey t al. 1985; Ehleringer et al. 1986; Hanba et al. 1997). However, the simple theoretical model of the relation between δC and Pi/Pa was based on an assumption that CO2 partial pressure at the carboxylation site was equal to Pi (Farquhar et al. 1982). This assumption means that CO 2 transfer conductance from the substomatal cavity to the carboxylation site ( gi) is infinite, which is clearly inappropriate for thick hypostomatous leaves. Epron et al. (1995) showed that the ratio of CO2 partial pressure of the carboxylation site (Pc) to Pi can go down to 0·6 in some tree species. The low Pc that is caused by small gi may increase leaf δC. Then, it would be dangerous to use the leaf δC as a simple index of leaf physiological status such as Functional Ecology 1999 13,632–639
The Hausdorff measure of the closed support of super-brownian motion

If d >-_ 3 it is shown that the measure-valued superBrownian motion (in Rd) of Dawson and Watanabe distributes its mass over its closed support in a uniform manner with respect to Hausdorff p-measure, where ~p (x) = x2log+ log + 1 /x, and does so for all times simultaneously. This together with a less precise result for d = 2 shows that the closed supports are Lebesgue null sets for all positive times a. s. when d>_2.
Pre-perihelion activity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Context. Comets are believed to hold a relatively pristine record of the physical and chemical processes that occurred during the formation and evolution of the solar system. Thorough investigations of these small bodies, such as the one that will be performed by the ESA/Rosetta cornerstone mission, are thus supposed to bring strong and unique constraints on the origins of the solar system. Aims. Because comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko was only recently selected as the target for the ESA/Rosetta mission, there has been little opportunity to study its pre-perihelion activity. This phase is, however, very important for the mission, since the global mapping of the nucleus and the choice of landing site for Philae will be performed during this pre-perihelion phase. Here, we report previously unpublished data of the last pre-perihelion passage of this comet, observed between May and September 2008. Methods. The gas and dust activity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko are studied through visible spectroscopy and broadband imaging, respectively, covering a range of pre-perihelion heliocentric distances between 2.99 and 2.22 AU. Results. The data we have gathered on the dust activity are consistent with trends observed by other authors and show a strong asymmetry between the pre- and post-perihelion phases of the orbit. The spectra do not show any lines due to the emission of volatiles, and upper limits on their production rates are typically one order of magnitude lower than at the equivalent post-perihelion heliocentric distances. The asymmetry in the pre- and post-perihelion phases of the activity may be due to a dusty crust quenching the activity at the surface of 67P. We estimate that this crust could be about 12 cm thick, although not uniform across the surface. Even if no gas is individually detected, the coma surface brightness profiles might indicate a possible contamination from gaseous species emitted before the comet actually reaches perihelion. © 2014 ESO.
Protein Modifications after Foxtail Millet Extrusion: Solubility and Molecular Weight

With the aim of illustrating the effects of extrusion cooking on the solubility of proteins in foxtail millet and their molecular basis, foxtail millet was extruded at five barrel temperature profiles and feed moisture contents. The proteins of raw and extrudate samples were extracted with six solutions sequentially. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of total protein and Starch Granule-Associate Protein (SGAP) was performed. Extrusion caused a significant decrease in globulin, setarin and glutelin fractions with a corresponding increase in SDS- and SDS+2-ME-soluble and residual fractions. Increasing extrusion temperature or moisture content all led to SDS-soluble fraction decrease, while SDS+2-ME-soluble fraction increase. SDS-PAGE demonstrated that disulfide bond cross-linking occurred among glutelin and with setarin subunits. Extrusion had a less pronounced impact on the 60 kDa SGAP than the other middle-high molecular weight subunits. It is the protein- protein interaction shift from electrostatic force to hydrophobic and/or hydrogen forces and covalent disulfide cross- links that contributed to the decreased solubility of protein in foxtail millet extrudates.
Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and European IPR Policy

The last decade has been characterised by a tightening of IPR regulations worldwide. The premise underlying this trend is that the stringent regulation of IPRs enhances innovativeness. IPRs have been identified as a central aspect of EU innovation policy. The harmonisation of IPRs provides a clear-cut mechanism for reducing trade barriers and simplifying existing national regulations. The question of whether IPRs should be further strengthened in conjunction with their harmonisation is subject to controversy. The main message of this paper is that changes in IP regimes should be used cautiously and assessed through careful evaluation.
Game hoarding in Europe: stock-price consequences of local bias?

Local bias within a country and between countries is well established in the empirical literature. However, the underlying reasons are less well established. In a simple supply and demand framework, Hong, Kubik, and Stein (hereafter HKS) [2008. The only game in town: Stock-price consequences of local bias. Journal of Financial Economics 90, no. 1: 20–37. ] find an ‘only-game-in-town’ effect in the USA – the stock price in a region decreases in the ratio of aggregate book value of listed firms to the aggregate personal income (‘RATIO’). We first replicate the HKS (2008) study using European data and find an opposite effect, a ‘game-hoarding’ effect. We then investigate the underlying factors of RATIO and find that after controlling for differences in origin of law, investor rights, corruption and Euro adoption, neither a game-hoarding effect nor an only-game-in-town effect is strongly supported in the European case. The results are important in understanding the concept of local bias in a cross-country framework.
Panel Discussion Inflation Targeting

economy is operating in the region of price stability, public expectations and beliefs about the central bank’s plans and objectives, always important, become even more so. First, because the public can no longer safely assume that the central bank prefers lower to higher inflation, expectations about future policy actions and future inflation may become highly sensitive to what the public perceives to be the Fed’s “just right” level of inflation. Uncertainty about this “just right” level of inflation thus may translate, in turn, into broader economic and financial uncertainty. Second, at very low inflation rates, the zero lower bound on the policy interest rate is more likely to become relevant, which increases the potential importance of effective expectations management by monetary policymakers. For example, when interest rates are very low, the best way to ease policy may be to explain to the public that the current low interest rate will be maintained for a longer period, rather than simply lowering the current rate. It seems to me that the enhanced importance of public beliefs and expectations about monetary policy in the region of price stability argues for greater attention by the central bank to its methods of communication when inflation is low. On the premise that effective communication is even more crucial near price stability, I will focus today on how an incremental move toward inflation targeting, in the form of the announcement of a longrun inflation objective, might help the Fed communicate better and perhaps improve policy decisions as well, without the costs feared by those concerned about a potential loss of flexibility. As usual, my views are not to be attributed to my colleagues on the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or the Federal Open Market Committee. As a preliminary, I need to introduce the idea of the optimal long-run inflation rate, or OLIR for short. (Suggestions for a catchier name are welcome.) Panel Discussion
Evaluation of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Components of Bread and Durum Wheat Genotypes

The present study aimed at investigating the effect of different levels of nitrogen on yield and yield components of bread and durum wheat. To this end the experiment was conducted in 2010-2011 in south west of Iran as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plot included four levels of nitrogen 60, 120, 180, 240 kg.ha -1 and the sub plot included four wheat genotypes (Chamran, S- 85-19, Dena, and Behrang). The results showed that effect of nitrogen fertilizer on biological yield and grain yield was significant at 1% level and on the number of spike per area unit, number of spikelet per spike, number of grain per area unit, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index at 5% probability level was significant. The highest grain yield and biological yield by 554.60 and 1271 g.m -2 , belonged to treatment with application of 240 kg.ha -1 nitrogen, respectively. The highest harvest index by 46.71% belonged to the control treatment. Finally, the results indicated that among the genotypes, the highest number of grains per spike by 30 grain belonged to Dena cultivar and highest grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index by 524.34, 1168.80 g.m -2 ,
Study of cognitive impairment and suspected dementia in geriatric population and its association with socio-demographic factors in urban slum area of metropolitan city

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Mental Health Report 2001, by the year 2025, elderly population will make up for more than 20% of the total world population. Literature suggests that the prevalence of dementia in geriatric population is 1% at the age of 6064 years and it doubles every five years thereafter. Thus prevalence is 30-40% at the age of 85 and above. Few epidemiological studies done in India showed the prevalence of dementia in the range of 2 % to 4 %. Though these percentages appear to be minimal, the actual number of individuals affected by dementia is very high because of rapidly increasing and ageing population. ABSTRACT
COHESION IN NARRATIVE ESSAY WRITING OF EFL SECONDARY STUDENTS IN THAILAND

Cohesion has been in the limelight of many linguists in terms of investigating how texts are related to each other. This study examines what cohesive devices are used in students’ narrative essays and which cohesive device is most frequently used in each type among three groups of students. Thirty participants, all of whom were grade 11 students at a public school in Bangkok, were divided into three groups: advanced, intermediate and beginner. The main instrument for data analysis was a sample of 30 finished student’s narrative essays in which cohesion was extracted. The findings revealed that four types of cohesion: reference, substitution, conjunction and lexical cohesion were found in students’ narrative essays, while elliptical cohesion was noticeably absent. The comparison of each sub-category among three target groups showed that 141 personal references ‘I’ was the most frequently used in the advanced group, followed by 113 additive conjunctions ‘and’ in the advanced group, 95 collocations in the advanced group and 18 nominal substitutions ‘one’ in the beginner group respectively. This study could provide useful suggestions for the EFL writing classroom for not only students to improve the use of cohesion in their writings but also for teachers to prepare a practical writing pedagogy for the EFL students.