Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Courts As Political Actors: Resistance to the Eu's New Economic Governance Mechanisms at the Domestic Level

Courts are increasingly considered to be political actors in liberal democracies as they deal with fundamental disagreements within a given polity. Because of its political salience and the extent of its consequences, the crisis of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has exposed such fundamental disagreements between and within its member-states, which numerous plaintiffs have brought before domestic courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The aim of this paper is to analyze this judicialization of the EMU crisis. Using a database on lawsuits introduced in all 28 member states with regard to crisis measures and the new EMU governance mechanisms introduced since 2010, we study which actors use the courts and under which circumstances. This article is embedded in the politics of law literature, developed in EU studies since the 1980s. Based on this literature we developed five central hypotheses on actors and legal timing in order to understand the process and the reasons for the judicialization of the EMU crisis. 1 We would like to thank Elisabeth Lentsch and the legal team of the H2020 EMU Choices project ID 649532 for their invaluable help in controlling the legal cases included in this article, as well as Markus Haverland, Fabien Terpan and the participants to the EMU Choices Mid-term Conference (Rome, 6-7 July 2017) for constructive remarks and suggestions.
Paradox of external finance in the Indian manufacturing sector

Purpose This paper aims to examine how financial development affects the growth of industries that are more dependent on external finance, demystifying the roles played by the banks, stock and bond markets. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply panel fixed-effects and dynamic panel generalized methods of moments on disaggregated industry-level data of the Indian manufacturing sector for the period of 2001-2015 to examine the relationship between financial development, banking market structure and economic growth. Findings The study finds that financial development has a significant impact on the growth process by reducing cost of external finance. Among the three sources of finance, the study finds that while the banking sector has been the most preferred source of external finance, increasing concentration and selective disbursement of credit have continued to dent the prospects of the industry. This paradoxical result explains the dismal performance of the Indian manufacturing sector. Originality/value The effect of financial development (encompassing banking market structure) on economic growth has received sparing attention. Related literature is unclear regarding the impact of banking market structure on the growth process in the context of emerging economies. The authors attempt to fill this important gap in the literature. Moreover, they add novelty to the literature by calculating the external dependence at the firm level, diverging from using US industry as a proxy for calculation of external dependence.
A naturalistic, 9-month follow-up, comparing olanzapine and conventional antipsychotics on sexual function and hormonal profile for males with schizophrenia

Second generation antipsychotics have less influence on prolactin levels than conventional antipsychotics (CA), which are commonly associated with sexual dysfunction and hyperprolactinaemia. However, only a few studies have been conducted assessing these newer antipsychotics and sexual function/dysfunction. The aim of this study is to evaluate the sexual function and hormonal profile of male schizophrenic patients taking olanzapine or CA. Sixty-three inpatients with acute episodes of schizophrenia were randomly assigned to take either olanzapine, or go on conventional antipsychotic treatment. The Dickson-Glazer sexual functioning questionnaire was used to assess sexual functioning where serum prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, total testosterone, free testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations were measured. All measurements were taken on discharge from the inpatient unit (baseline), and again at 3 and 9 months after discharge. Prolactin levels in the olanzapine group decreased more rapidly and were significantly lower than in the CA group after 3 months (12.1±6.3µg/l, p=0.01; 18.1±11.2µg/l, p=0.564, respectively). After nine months, there was a tendency toward normal levels in both groups, and the frequency of sexual complaints did not differ between the groups. This study showed no difference between olanzapine and conventional antipsychotics regarding sexual complaints in the treatment of schizophrenia, but did show a difference in the hormone level normalization rate.
Genome‐Wide Patterns of Genetic Distances Reveal Candidate Loci Contributing to Human Population‐Specific Traits

Modern humans originated in Africa before migrating across the world with founder effects and adaptations to new environments contributing to their present phenotypic diversity. Determining the genetic basis of differences between populations may provide clues about our evolutionary history and may have clinical implications. Herein, we develop a method to detect genes and biological processes in which populations most differ by calculating the genetic distance between modern populations and a hypothetical ancestral population. We apply our method to large‐scale single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from human populations of African, European and Asian origin. As expected, ancestral alleles were more conserved in the African populations and we found evidence of high divergence in genes previously suggested as targets of selection related to skin pigmentation, immune response, senses and dietary adaptations. Our genome‐wide scan also reveals novel candidates for contributing to population‐specific traits. These include genes related to neuronal development and behavior that may have been influenced by cultural processes. Moreover, in the African populations, we found a high divergence in genes related to UV protection and to the male reproductive system. Taken together, these results confirm and expand previous findings, providing new clues about the evolution and genetics of human phenotypic diversity.
Measuring the effect of body-worn cameras on complaints in Latin America

Purpose More than a half a dozen published studies have observed the effect of body-worn cameras (BWCs) on complaints against the police. Nearly all, with varying degrees of methodological sophistication, tell a similar story: a strong reduction in complaints filed against the police once BWCs are in use. However, the entirety of the published evidence comes from English speaking countries, limited to the USA and the UK, and is restricted to the effects of BWCs on response policing. The purpose of this paper is to extend this body of research to Latin America, and to specialized policing jobs. Design/methodology/approach The authors measured the consequence of equipping traffic police officers with BWCs in five out of the 19 traffic police departments in Uruguay (n=208), and compared these settings to both the pre-test figures as well as to the non-treatment departments. Interrupted time-series analyses and repeated measures of analysis were used for significance testing. Findings Statistically significant differences emerged between the before–after as well as the between–groups comparisons: complaints were five times higher in the comparison vs the treatment jurisdictions, and there were 86 percent fewer cases compared to the pre-treatment period. Research limitations/implications These outcomes suggest that the effect of BWCs on complaints is ubiquitous. Practical implications The findings indicate that BWCs provide an effective solution for reducing grievances against the police, which can potentially be a marker of increased accountability, transparency and legitimacy for the Latin American law enforcement departments. Originality/value This study is an extension of findings on BWCs to non-English-speaking police departments, with a focus on specialized policing rather than patrol policing.
Use of Clinical Dementia Rating in Detecting Early Cognitive Deficits in a Community-based Sample of Chinese Older Persons in Hong Kong

With increasing demand for dementia care in the Chinese community, there is a pressing need to identify practical and valid assessment tool for early detection of dementia. In a sample of 473 randomly recruited community-dwelling Chinese older persons aged 60 or above, we evaluated the cognitive characteristics of subjects with Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of 0.5. The cognitive profiles of CDR 0.5 subjects were compared with standard clinical criteria for mild cognitive impairment. The Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale and list learning delay recall test scores were between −1 and −2 SD below the cutoff for clinically not-demented subjects (CDR 0). Concordance between CDR 0.5 and mild cognitive impairment classifications were related to educational level of the subjects. A higher agreement was found in subjects having >6 years of education than subjects having ≤2 years of education (85.2% vs. 53.8%) (χ2=35.41, df=2, P<0.0001). The results suggested that CDR is able to identify mild but significant cognitive impairment in the Chinese community. The use of CDR suggested that attention should be paid to local cultural characteristics. With the use of cognitive evaluation, special adjustments are required to fit the performance of the respondents with different educational background.
Major Depression and Insomnia in Chronic Pain

ObjectivesInsomnia and depression are common problems for people with chronic pain, and previous research has found that each is correlated with measures of pain and disability. The goal of this study was to examine the combined impact of major depression and insomnia on individuals with chronic pain. MethodsThe participants were patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain who underwent evaluation at an interdisciplinary treatment center. On the basis of semistructured interviews, participants were classified in three groups depending on whether they: (1) met criteria for major depression with insomnia (n = 38); (2) had insomnia without major depression (n = 58); or (3) had neither insomnia nor major depression (n = 47). The groups were then compared on self-report measures that included the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Multidimensional Pain Inventory. ResultsParticipants with major depression and insomnia reported the most difficulty on measures of affective distress, life control, interference, and pain severity, although the insomniac patients without major depression also had elevated scores on some measures. In regression analyses, insomnia severity ratings did not contribute uniquely to the prediction of psychosocial problems when depression was controlled, but they did contribute to the prediction of pain severity. ConclusionsThese results suggest that patients with chronic pain and concurrent major depression and insomnia report the highest levels of pain-related impairment, but insomnia in the absence of major depression is also associated with increased pain and distress.
The World Health Organization's Definition of Health: A Short Review of Critiques and Necessity of A Shifting Paradigm

ييادج زج ود رشب قوقح و تملاس نآ نيمضت و نيمأت هك دنتسه مه اب طبترم و ريذپان ـنهد دوـبهب و هدـننك مهارـف اـه رـه رد هاـفر هد هعماج صخاش زا يكي ناونع هب تملاس نآ لابند هب و رشب قوقح ،هافر فيرعت . تسا يا هـك دنتسه زيگنارب ثحب يميهافم ،هافر داجيا ياه نامتفگ و اهدركيور اب بسانتم يم نييبت و فيرعت فلتخم ياه فـيرعت اـهنت تـشادهب يناهج نامزاس فيرعت رضاح لاح رد هچ رگا . دنوش دروم يم بوسحم نامزاس نيا وضع ياهروشك يوس زا تملاس يارب قفاوت نيـب هـعماج ،فـيرعت نـيا شيادـيپ عورـش زا اـما ،دوش ،لـلملا مهم ،فيرعت تايلك رد . تسا هدرك دراو نآ رب يياهدقن او ياهدقن نيرت ارگ لآ هديا ،ندوب مهبم لماش هدر ،تـيعماج مدع ،ندوبن عنام ،ندوب نزو مدع ا كي ره هب يهد ،ندوبن يتايلمع ،تملاس داعبا ز لقت ي ل ارگ و يي دوبن رعت ي ف قد ي ق تيعضو زا بط ي ع ي ب و ي راـم ياهدـمايپ . دوـب ي يم اهدقن نيا شلاچ اب ار تملاس ياه ماظن دركلمع دناوت هنيزه شيازفا ،مدرم تاعقوت و تاراظتنا شيازفا ريظن يياه شرتسگ ،تملاس ياه يب پ بيسآ ،روحم روآ نف ماظن كي هيور يب و ييآراك شهاك و داسف عوقو يارب هوقلاب يريذ اـس هجاوم يتلادع نـيا يواـكاو و تخانـش . دز يم اهدقن هناهاگآ ميمصت هب دناوت نـيا رد . دماجنايب روشك نآ تملاس دحاو نيرتكد و رظن بولطم نامتفگ اب بسانتم نآ فيرعتزاب يارب رت يا راتفاب هب رصتخم هراشا نمض ،هاتوك يرورم هعلاطم مهم هب ،فيرعت ن يم هراشا تملاس فيرعت رب هدراو ياهدقن نيرت يخرب تياهن رد . دوش يملاسا نامتفگ رب ينتبم تملاس فيرعتزاب يارب يتسايس تاداهنشيپ . تسا هديدرگ هئارا يناريا
Genetic structure of circumpolar populations: A synthesis

This article summarizes research conducted on the genetic structure of circumpolar populations of Alaska, Siberia, and the Aleutian Archipelago from 1977 to present. Three research programs are described: (1) 1977–1978, on the genetics of small, Yupik‐speaking communities of St. Lawrence Island (Savoonga and Gambell) compared with Inupk communities of King Island and Wales, Alaska. This research, based on 25 standard protein and blood markers, demonstrated genetic discontinuity between the populations of the two language groups, patterns of gene flow, and the co‐evolution of genes and languages in the Arctic. (2) 1989–1995, on the origins of Native American populations in Siberia. DNA was collected from two Evenki reindeer herding populations: Surinda and Poligus, a Ket community on the Stony Tunguska River, Sulamai, and a cattle‐herding village from Gorno Altai, Mendur‐Sokhon. Using an assortment of molecular markers, such as mitochondrial DNA, DNA fingerprints, and nonrecombining Y‐chromosome markers, this research demonstrated the close genetic affinities among the Siberian and the Native American indigenous groups. (3) 1999 to present, on the origins of populations of the Aleutian Islands and their underlying genetic structure. A total of 11 inhabited islands from the Aleutian Archipelago were sampled and based on mtDNA sequences was shown to cluster tightly with Siberian Eskimo and Chukchi populations. Evidence of genetic drift through founder effect was demonstrated on Bering Island, where the D2 haplotype was fixed. Genetic discontinuity based on mtDNA was shown through SAMOVA between Kamchatkan and Aleut populations. An intimate relationship between geography and genetics through Mantel tests was observed for both Siberia (r = 0.55 P > 0.001) and the Aleutian Islands (r = 0.72 P > 0.000). The genetic structure of the populations of the Aleutian Archipelago most closely approximates the isolation‐by‐distance model. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:203–217, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding hostility towards so-called "barbarians" : a quantitative analysis of public attitudes towards foreign nationals in post-apartheid South Africa.

South Africa is a regional hub for international immigration and the country currently hosts at least two million international migrants. Public opinion surveys in South Africa have shown clear evidence of the public’s animosity towards international immigrants and immigration. Non-quantitative researchers have highlighted the role of nationalism and racial alienation in shaping these attitudes. But the influence of these factors has not been tested using quantitative public opinion data. Existing quantitative attitudinal research on international migration in the country is instead mainly focused on discerning changes in public opinion. As a result, significant gaps in the scholarship have emerged that impair our understanding of how attitudes towards immigrants and immigration form in post-apartheid South Africa. The aim of this study is to investigate what micro-level sociological indicator factors are shaping attitudes. The study examines four different types of attitudes: (i) general evaluations; (ii) prejudice; (iii) perceived threat; and (iv) policy preferences. The thesis expands on previous public opinion research by using quantitative research methods to quantify different determinants of these attitudes. Nationally representative public opinion data from the South African Social Attitude Survey was used. The study examines how adult South African public’s attitudes towards international migrants are affected by three key clusters of micro-level sociological indicators: (i) socio-economic status; (ii) group identities; and (iii) intergroup contact. This thesis provides new insight into how we understand antiimmigrant sentiment in the country and sheds new light on areas that past academic literature has either neglected or overlooked. The study follows the 'papers model' and consists of five peer-reviewed research articles. Each paper uses quantitative research methods to discern what micro-level sociological indicators are influencing attitudes towards foreign nationals in post-apartheid South Africa. Two main conclusions can be drawn from the study. First, individual socio-economic status was not a central driver of attitudes towards international migrants and immigration. Second, intergroup contact and group identities (and the key factors related to group identity) tend to be better drivers of attitudes. The most influential group identity factors driving attitudes are: (i) social ties with neighbours; (ii) national identity; (iii) societal interest; and (iv) racial alienation. The results of this study suggest that anti-immigrant sentiment in South Africa can be confronted by changing patterns of intergroup contact and group identifications. This will require a war of ideas, a battle for ordinary South Africans’ hearts and minds.
Precautionary Energy Storage

Energy storage technologies were primarily used to take advantage of dispatchable sources of energy and demand variability, and the underlying economic analysis focused mainly on pumped hydro storage. Today, increasing shares of renewable energy (RE) have drawn attention to the role of storage technologies in dealing with the vulnerabilities caused by renewables. With the presence of intermittent RE, however, not much consideration has been given to energy storage due to precautionary motives. In our study, we look at to what extent a convex marginal utility (prudence) and a convex marginal cost (frugality) can spur precautionary energy storage. We use a simple theoretical model of energy consumption and production with intermittent renewable sources, dispatchable thermal systems, and energy storage. First, we characterize the optimal solution and demonstrate how prudence and frugality lead to higher levels of energy saving. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the optimal allocation can be decentralized through competitive markets. Our analysis indicates that prudence
Factors involved in rejection of concordant xenografts in complement-deficient rats.

BACKGROUND Factors that contribute to xenograft (Xg) rejection were investigated in complement C6-deficient (C-) PVG rats. METHODS First and second hamster hearts were transplanted in C6-deficient and C6-sufficient PVG rats. Xenoantibody (XAb) formation, hemolytic C (CH50) activity and immunohistochemistry were studied. RESULTS PVG C6-deficient rats rejected Xgs 3 days later than PVG C6-sufficient rats. Surprisingly, C activation participated in the rejection in PVG C- rats, as shown by partially recovered serum CH50 levels and deposition of C factors in the Xgs. As we found that cultured endothelial cells produced C6 in vitro, we hypothesized that Xg endothelial cells corrected the C6 defect in PVG C- rats. This was probably induced by IgM XAbs as: (1) it did not occur in immunosuppressed PVG C- rats in which XAb formation was prevented, and (2) transfer of IgM XAbs to naive, xenotransplanted PVG C- rats accelerated the recovery of CH50 and concomitantly Xg rejection. Thirty days after rejection of a first Xg, when no IgM XAbs or CH50 activity but high levels of IgG XAbs were detected in PVG C- rats, second Xgs underwent a hyperacute rejection. This time, complement was not involved, as no serum CH50 nor C deposition was found in the Xg. Instead, IgG antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was involved as: (1) IgG XAbs were deposited in the Xg and (2) hyperacute rejection was induced in naive PVG C- rats by transfer of IgG XAbs, and (3) this rejection was delayed to 5+/-3 days if the adoptive hosts were first irradiated. CONCLUSIONS In the face of a defect of host C factors, IgM XAb may induce cells of the Xg to secrete C factors which may correct the C defect of the host. Even if activation of lytic C can be prevented, IgG XAb may still provoke an acute Xg rejection by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Effect of Resistance Exercise Training on Bone Formation and Resorption in Young Male Subjects Assessed by Biomarkers of Bone Metabolism

We studied the effects of high intensity resistance exercise training on bone metabolism in 17 young adult Oriental males (23–31 years) by measuring sensitive biomarkers of bone formation and resorption. The subjects were assigned to a training group and a sedentary group. The training group followed a weight training program three times per week for 4 months. In the training group, serum osteocalcin concentration and serum bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly increased within the first month after the beginning of resistance exercise training, and the elevated levels remained throughout the training period, while there was no significant change in plasma procollagen type‐I C‐terminal concentration. Urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion was transiently suppressed and returned to the initial value but was never stimulated during the 4 months. These results suggest that the resistance exercise training enhanced bone formation without prior bone resorption. In the sedentary group, there was no significant difference in bone metabolic markers except plasma procollagen type‐I C‐terminal, which continuously decreased during the experimental period. There were no significant changes in total and regional bone mineral density in either group. In conclusion, (1) resistance exercise training increased markers of bone formation, while it transiently suppressed a marker of bone resorption, and (2) such adaptive changes of bone metabolism to resistance exercise training occurred during the early period of the training, before changes in bone density were observable through densitometry.
Laboratory diagnosis of invasive candidiasis

Severe infections due to Candida species have become more frequent during the past two decades because of the increasing numbers of immunosuppressed patients being treated in our hospitals. Distinguishing colonization from invasive disease requires knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to invasion. To assist the clinician in therapeutic decisions, clinical microbiologists should identify to species Candida organisms isolated from immunosuppressed patients. Quantitative or semiquantitative cultures of urine, burn tissues, intravascular catheter tips, and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens may provide useful information. Immunofluorescent staining of certain specimens can enhance diagnostic yield. The lysis-centrifugation blood culture technique offers some advantages over traditional broth techniques in detecting Candida fungemia. Antibody testing is of limited diagnostic value in highly immunosuppressed patients. Developing simple and reliable tests for detecting antigens or metabolites of Candida spp. in the sera of infected patients has proven difficult. Methods for typing Candida albicans are evolving. Typing should prove useful for studying the epidemiology of candidiasis in hospitalized patients.