Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SOLID STATE DEPROTECTION OF THIOACETALS AND THIOKETALS USING 1-BENZYL-4-AZA-1-AZONIABICYCLO[2.2.2]OCTANE PERIODATE AND ALUMINUM CHLORIDE

Carbonyl compounds are often protected as thioacetals and thioketals in organic synthesis,'** due to their stability under both acidic and basic conditions. Many procedures are available for the preparation of these derivatives 3-4 and extensive studies on the deprotection of these derivatives to the parent carbonyl compounds have been carried However, some of these methods for deprotection require higher temperatures, long reaction times and involve toxic metal ions and solvents which are detrimental to the environment? Therefore, there is need for a simple, less expensive and safer methods for deprotection of thioacetals and thioketals. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in reactions that proceed in the absence of solvent due to reduced pollution, low costs and simplicity in process and straightforward w~rk-up . ~ Because of our interest in development of solvent-free reactions? we now report 1 -benzyl-4-aza-l-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane periodate 1 as an efficient and selective reagent for the deprotection of thioacetal 2 or 3 (1 ,%dithioacetals and 1 ,Idithianes) to the corresponding carbonyl compounds 4. 1-Benzyl-4-aza1 -azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane periodate (1) is a mild, efficient, stable and inexpensive reagent; it is a white powder, which is quite soluble in polar
Neutron star mergers as sites of r-process nucleosynthesis and short gamma-ray bursts

Neutron star mergers have been long considered as promising sites of heavy [Formula: see text]-process nucleosynthesis. We overview the observational evidence supporting this scenario including: the total amount of [Formula: see text]-process elements in the galaxy, extreme metal-poor stars, geological radioactive elemental abundances, dwarf galaxies and short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs). Recently, the advanced LIGO and Virgo observatories discovered a gravitational-wave signal of a neutron star merger, GW170817, as well as accompanying multi-wavelength electromagnetic (EM) counterparts. The ultra-violet, optical and near infrared (n/R) observations point to [Formula: see text]-process elements that have been synthesized in the merger ejecta. The rate and ejected mass inferred from GW170817 and the EM counterparts are consistent with other observations. We however, find that, within the simple one zone chemical evolution models (based on merger rates with reasonable delay time distributions as expected from evolutionary models, or from observations of sGRBs), it is difficult to reconcile the current observations of the Eu abundance history of galactic stars for [Fe/H] [Formula: see text]. This implies that to account for the role of mergers in the galactic chemical evolution, we need a galactic model with multiple populations that have different spatial distributions and/or varying formation rates.
METALLICITIES OF YOUNG OPEN CLUSTERS. I. NGC 7160 AND NGC 2232

We present a moderate-resolution spectroscopic analysis of the 10–25 Myr clusters NGC 7160 and NGC 2232 using observations obtained with the WIYN 3.5 m telescope. Both NGC 7160 and NGC 2232 are found to have super-solar metallicities, with a mean [Fe/H] = 0.16 ± 0.03 (s.e.m.) for NGC 7160, and 0.22 ± 0.09 (s.e.m.) or 0.32 ± 0.08 for NGC 2232, depending on the adopted temperature scale. NGC 7160 exhibits solar distributions of Na, Fe-peak, and α-elements. NGC 2232 is underabundant in light elements Al and Si, by ∼0.25 and ∼0.15 dex, respectively; [Ni/Fe] is roughly solar. The abundance of lithium in NGC 2232 stars is in agreement with undepleted values reported for other cluster main-sequence stars. Our abundances are similar to other metal-rich open clusters and Galactic thin and thick disk stars.
The rates and time-delay distribution of multiply imaged supernovae behind lensing clusters

Time delays of gravitationally lensed sources can be used to constrain the mass model of a deflector and determine cosmological parameters. We here present an analysis of the time-delay distribution of multiply imaged sources behind 17 strong lensing galaxy clusters with well-calibrated mass models. We find that for time delays less than 1000 days, at z = 3.0, their logarithmic probability distribution functions are well represented by P(log Δt) = 5.3 × 10−4Δt/M2502, with = 0.77, where M250 is the projected cluster mass inside 250 kpc (in 1014M☉), and is the power-law slope of the distribution. The resultant probability distribution function enables us to estimate the time-delay distribution in a lensing cluster of known mass. For a cluster with M250 = 2 × 1014M☉, the fraction of time delays less than 1000 days is approximately 3%. Taking Abell 1689 as an example, its dark halo and brightest galaxies, with central velocity dispersions σ≥500kms−1, mainly produce large time delays, while galaxy-scale mass clumps are responsible for generating smaller time delays. We estimate the probability of observing multiple images of a supernova in the known images of Abell 1689. A two-component model of estimating the supernova rate is applied in this work. For a magnitude threshold of mAB = 26.5, the yearly rate of Type Ia (core-collapse) supernovae with time delays less than 1000 days is 0.004±0.002 (0.029±0.001). If the magnitude threshold is lowered to mAB ~ 27.0, the rate of core-collapse supernovae suitable for time delay observation is 0.044±0.015 per year.
Reproducibility of Non-X-ray Background for the X-ray Imaging Spectrometer aboard Suzaku

One of the advantages of the X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XIS) system on board Suzaku is its low and stable non-X-ray background (NXB). In order to make the best use of this advantage, modeling the NXB spectra with high accuracy is important to subtract them from the spectra of on-source observations. We construct an NXB database by collecting XIS events when the dark Earth covers the XIS FOV. The total exposure time of the NXB data is about 785 ks for each XIS. It is found that the count rate of the NXB anti-correlates with the cut-off-rigidity and correlates with the count rate of the PIN upper discriminator (PIN-UD) in Hard X-ray Detector on board Suzaku. We thus model the NXB spectrum for a given on-source observation by employing either of these parameters and obtain a better reproducibility of the NXB for the model with PIN-UD than that with the cut-off-rigidity. The reproducibility of the NXB model with PIN-UD is 4.55-5.63% for each XIS NXB in the 1-7 keV band and 2.79-4.36% for each XIS NXB in the 5-12 keV band for each 5 ks exposure of the NXB data. This NXB reproducibility is much smaller than the spatial fluctuation of the cosmic X-ray background in the 1-7 keV band, and is almost comparable to that in the 5-12 keV band.
Embracing Your Inner “Guide on the Side”: Using Neuroscience to Shift the Focus from Teaching to Learning

This article explores the effect of incorporating the precepts of neuroscience in a social constructivist theory of learning on student performance in an introductory course in marketing. The authors delivered the pilot class in a flipped format because it facilitates including the neuroscience considerations of dual coding, working memory, activation of prior knowledge, and practice into the course design. The data indicate that those in the pilot class significantly outperformed those in the traditional 3-hr lecture format class on the comprehensive final examination. The authors conclude that it is paying attention to neuroscience in the design of the pilot course that contributes to the successful performance of the students.
Dynamic Graph Attention Network For Traveling Officer Problem

The proliferation of illegal parking has a major impact on traffic safety and efficiency. The problem of studying how to capture as many parking infringements as possible in a limited time is called Traveling Officer Problem (TOP), which is a variant of Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). Compared with TSP, the state of the nodes in the path of TOP changes (0 or 1) over time and the time is limited. The purpose of TOP is to capture as many points with the state of 1 as possible in a limited time. According to the parking information provided by the traffic management system, we propose a Dynamic Graph Attention Network (DGAT) to address this problem. The results on real datasets from Melbourne, Australia show that our model has clear advantages over other optimization algorithms in many metrics, especially the capture rate.
Dependence of residual rotation measure on intervening Mg II absorbers at cosmic distances

We investigate the dependence of residual rotation measure (RRM) on intervening absorption systems at cosmic distances by using a large sample of 539 SDSS quasars in conjunction with the available rotation measure catalog at around 21cm wavelength. We found an excess extragalactic contribution in standard deviation of observed RRM of about 8.11+/-4.83 Rad/m^2 in our sample with intervening MgII absorber as compare to the sample without MgII absorber. Our results suggest that intervening absorbers could contribute to the enhancement of RRM at around 21cm wavelength, as was found earlier for RM measurements at around 6cm wavelength.
Equal access to the courts in translation: a corpus-driven study on translation shifts in waivers of counsel

ABSTRACT As the number of limited English proficiency speakers in the United States continues to increase, court administrators face mounting pressure to ensure that services are provided to linguistic minorities and that the availability and adequacy of these services meet this growing need and provide equal footing to non-English-speaking litigants. Several states now provide legal forms and documentation in multiple languages in order to provide greater transparency and access to the legal system and to ensure due process for non-English-speaking parties. The translation process and quality control/assurance mechanisms, however, vary across these programs. This corpus-driven study examines translations of court-provided waivers of counsel. The results reveal shifts potentially attributable to a residual effect of the source language or to differing legal systems. Problematic target language renditions at the lexical and syntactic level potentially alter the end user’s ability to understand the performative nature of the source text. Changes to the (perceived) function in the target language may hinder equal access to the legal system. The results raise important questions related to ethics, equal access, and due process, while also serving as a step toward understanding the multilingual legal environment in the United States.
Viability of vector-tensor theories of gravity

We present a detailed study of the viability of general vector-tensor theories of gravity in the presence of an arbitrary temporal background vector field. We find that there are six different classes of theories which are indistinguishable from General Relativity by means of local gravity experiments. We study the propagation speeds of scalar, vector and tensor perturbations and obtain the conditions for classical stability of those models. We compute the energy density of the different modes and find the conditions for the absence of ghosts in the quantum theory. We conclude that the only theories which can pass all the viability conditions for arbitrary values of the background vector field are not only those of the pure Maxwell type, but also Maxwell theories supplemented with a (Lorentz type) gauge fixing term.
Nanogold for In Vitro Inhibition of Salmonella Strains

The pathogenic strains of Salmonella typhi, paratyphi, and typhimurium are the major cause of typhoid and food poisoning in children and adults in developing countries. According to WHO estimation, 22 million cases of typhoid fever and 200,000 related deaths occur worldwide each year with an additional 6 million cases of paratyphoid fever estimated to occur annually with the highest incidence in children, resulting in a high death rate. The high use of antibiotics has also given rise to drug-resistant strains. Hence, it was of importance to assess the inhibition and quick detection of pathogenic strains of Salmonella. This study aims to investigate the chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for its antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of S. typhi and S. paratyphi including food sample isolates. The GNPs were characterized using visible color change, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, DLS, FESEM, TEM, and zeta potential. The plasmon peak at 525 nm and 535 nm confirmed the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The size of the chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were in the range of 40-60 nm, while FESEM and TEM images revealed that the GNPs were spherical in shape. For antimicrobial activities, five of the Salmonella strains were isolated from fish and egg samples, while the other seven were S. typhi and S. paratyphi from clinical samples. The inhibition factor for GNPs showed higher inhibition against S. paratyphi, while the inhibition factor for S. typhi were found to be higher than Ciprofloxacin-30. This is the first study of the antibacterial efficacy of GNPs against pathogenic strains of Salmonella. The obtained results suggest that nanobioconjugated gold may be of interest in the detection of typhoid and high potential use in areas in biomedicine as an alternative to antibiotics.
Rapid real-time generation of super-resolution hyperspectral images through compressive sensing and GPU

ABSTRACT Recently, compressive sensing (CS) has offered a new framework whereby a signal can be recovered from a small number of noisy non-adaptive samples. This is now an active area of research in many image-processing applications, especially super-resolution. CS algorithms are widely known to be computationally expensive. This paper studies a real time super-resolution reconstruction method based on the compressive sampling matching pursuit (CoSaMP) algorithm for hyperspectral images. CoSaMP is an iterative compressive sensing method based on the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP). Multi-spectral images record enormous volumes of data that are required in practical modern remote-sensing applications. A proposed implementation based on the graphical processing unit (GPU) has been developed for CoSaMP using computed unified device architecture (CUDA) and the cuBLAS library. The CoSaMP algorithm is divided into interdependent parts with respect to complexity and potential for parallelization. The proposed implementation is evaluated in terms of reconstruction error for different state-of-the-art super-resolution methods. Various experiments were conducted using real hyperspectral images collected by Earth Observing-1 (EO-1), and experimental results demonstrate the speeding up of the proposed GPU implementation and compare it to the sequential CPU implementation and state-of-the-art techniques. The speeding up of the GPU-based implementation is up to approximately 70 times faster than the corresponding optimized CPU.
Business Intelligence (BI) system evolution: a case in a healthcare institution

Abstract Business Intelligence (BI) systems are an important part of many organisations’ IT portfolios. While the evolutionary nature of other kinds of decision support technology has been noted, there is little research investigating the evolutionary nature of BI systems. This paper presents a case study of a BI system development in a large Australian healthcare institution and uses evolutionary theories from decision support systems (DSS) to understand the system evolution observed. The paper concludes that the theories describing evolution in DSS can also be effectively applied to BI as well. BI practitioners and developers should be aware of evolutionary triggers, as well as the different kinds of evolution that can affect BI system evolution.
A DEEP CHANDRA ACIS STUDY OF NGC 4151. II. THE INNERMOST EMISSION LINE REGION AND STRONG EVIDENCE FOR RADIO JET–NLR CLOUD COLLISION

We have studied the X-ray emission within the inner ∼150 pc radius of NGC 4151 by constructing high spatial resolution emission line images of blended O vii, O viii, and Ne ix. These maps show extended structures that are spatially correlated with the radio outflow and optical [O iii] emission. We find strong evidence for jet–gas cloud interaction, including morphological correspondences with regions of X-ray enhancement, peaks of near-infrared [Fe ii] emission, and optical clouds. In these regions, moreover, we find evidence of elevated Ne ix/O vii ratios; the X-ray emission of these regions also exceeds that expected from nuclear photoionization. Spectral fitting reveals the presence of a collisionally ionized component. The thermal energy of the hot gas suggests that ≳ 0.1% of the estimated jet power is deposited into the host interstellar medium through interaction between the radio jet and the dense medium of the circumnuclear region. We find possible pressure equilibrium between the collisionally ionized hot gas and the photoionized line-emitting cool clouds. We also obtain constraints on the extended iron and silicon fluorescent emission. Both lines are spatially unresolved. The upper limit on the contribution of an extended emission region to the Fe Kα emission is ≲ 5% of the total, in disagreement with a previous claim that 65% of the Fe Kα emission originates in the extended narrow line region.
THE STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF FORMING AND EARLY STAGE STAR CLUSTERS

We study the degree of angular substructure in the stellar position distribution of young members of Galactic star-forming regions, looking for correlations with distance from cluster center, surface number density of stars, and local dynamical age. To this end we adopt the catalog of members in 18 young (∼1–3 Myr) clusters from the Massive Young Star-Forming Complex Study in Infrared and X-ray Survey and the statistical analysis of the angular dispersion parameter, δADP, N. We find statistically significant correlation between δADP, N and physical projected distance from the center of the clusters, with the centers appearing smoother than the outskirts, consistent with more rapid dynamical processing on local dynamical, free-fall or orbital timescales. Similarly, smoother distributions are seen in regions of higher surface density, or older dynamical ages. These results indicate that dynamical processing that erases substructure is already well-advanced in young, sometimes still-forming, clusters. Such observations of the dissipation of substructure have the potential to constrain theoretical models of the dynamical evolution of young and forming clusters.
Structural mining of large-scale behavioral data from the internet

As the Internet becomes ever more pervasive in the lives of hundreds of millions of people, our understanding of its physical structure has outpaced our understanding of the dynamic patterns of traffic generated by its users. This work aims to develop a better understanding of the structure of Internet traffic in a manner consistent with individual privacy and computational constraints. I first examine network flow data from the Internet2 network, using it to form “behavioral networks” based on the flows attributable to specific network applications. The heavy-tailed distributions associated with these networks suggest unbounded variance and poorly defined means in distributions of user behavior. However, a novel application of hierarchical clustering to similarity data derived from these networks makes it possible to classify network applications robustly based on their observed behavior. I then focus on Web traffic, using a large collection of HTTP request data to build a weighted subset of the Web graph. Analysis of this weighted graph reveals more heavy-tailed distributions and the presence of a large body of stationary traffic. The traffic data are also shown to contradict key assumptions of the random surfer model used by PageRank. I conclude with the development of ABC, an behaviorally plausible agent-based model of Web traffic that incorporates backtracking, bookmarks, and a sense of topical locality. The ABC model is shown to approximate real user activity more accurately than PageRank on both artificial and empirically generated graphs.
Evolution of the luminosity-to-halo mass relation of LRGs from a combined analysis of SDSS-DR10+RCS2

We study the evolution of the luminosity-to-halo mass relation of Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs). We select a sample of 52 000 LOWZ and CMASS LRGs from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) SDSS-DR10 in the ~450 deg^2 that overlaps with imaging data from the second Red-sequence Cluster Survey (RCS2), group them into bins of absolute magnitude and redshift and measure their weak lensing signals. The source redshift distribution has a median of 0.7, which allows us to study the lensing signal as a function of lens redshift. We interpret the lensing signal using a halo model, from which we obtain the halo masses as well as the normalisations of the mass-concentration relations. We find that the concentration of haloes that host LRGs is consistent with dark matter only simulations once we allow for miscentering or satellites in the modelling. The slope of the luminosity-to-halo mass relation has a typical value of 1.4 and does not change with redshift, but we do find evidence for a change in amplitude: the average halo mass of LOWZ galaxies increases by 25_{-14}^{+16} % between z=0.36 and 0.22 to an average value of 6.43+/-0.52 x 10^13 h70^-1 Msun. If we extend the redshift range using the CMASS galaxies and assume that they are the progenitors of the LOWZ sample, we find that the average mass of LRGs increases by 80^{+39}_{-28} % between z=0.6 and 0.2
A HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE STUDY OF LYMAN LIMIT SYSTEMS: CENSUS AND EVOLUTION

We present a survey for optically thick Lyman limit absorbers at z < 2.6 using archival Hubble Space Telescope observations with the Faint Object Spectrograph and Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. We identify 206 Lyman limit systems (LLSs), increasing the number of cataloged LLSs at z < 2.6 by a factor of ∼10. We compile a statistical sample of 50 τLLS ⩾ 2 LLSs drawn from 249 QSO sight lines that avoid known targeting biases. The incidence of such LLSs per unit redshift, l(z) = dn/dz, at these redshifts is well described by a single power law, l(z)∝(1 + z)γ, with γ = 1.33 ± 0.61 at z < 2.6, or with γ = 1.83 ± 0.21 over the redshift range 0.2 ⩽ z ⩽ 4.9. The incidence of LLSs per absorption distance, l(X), decreases by a factor of ∼1.5 over the ∼0.6 Gyr from z = 4.9 to 3.5; l(X) evolves much more slowly at low redshifts, decreasing by a similar factor over the ∼8 Gyr from z = 2.6 to 0.25. We show that the column density distribution function, f(NH i), at low redshift is not well fitted by a single power-law index (f(NH i) ∝ N−βH i) over the column density range 13 ⩽ log NH i ⩽ 22 or log NH i ⩾ 17.2. While low- and high-redshift f(NH i) distributions are consistent for log NH i>19.0, there is some evidence that f(NH i) evolves with z for log NH i ≲ 17.7, possibly due to the evolution of the UV background and galactic feedback. Assuming LLSs are associated with individual galaxies, we show that the physical cross section of the optically thick envelopes of galaxies decreased by a factor of ∼9 from z ∼ 5 to 2 and has remained relatively constant since that time. We argue that a significant fraction of the observed population of LLSs arises in the circumgalactic gas of sub-L* galaxies.