Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chairperson Collectivism and the Compensation Gap between Managers and Employees: Evidence from China

Research Question/Issue. Few studies have examined the determinants of the compensation gap between managers and workers, despite the significant public attention the issue has received. In particular, few studies have examined how nations' formal systems, such as their institutional and legal arrangements, and informal systems, such as their cultures and traditions, affect the compensation gap. We use the chairperson's native place of origin as a proxy for cultural differences within China and examine how chairperson collectivism affects compensation gaps between managers and average workers. Research Findings/Insights. The results show that the compensation gap in a company run by a chairperson from a collectivistic culture tends to be smaller than that of a company run by a chairperson from an individualistic culture. This effect tends to be stronger if a chairperson has a longer tenure and works in a state&#8208;owned enterprise or in a firm located in collectivistic regions. Theoretical/Academic Implications. The study provides new insights into the determinants of the compensation gap by incorporating the cultural traits of management. It also broadens the understanding of compensation gaps in emerging markets and shows that cultural differences play an important role in understanding the compensation gap in China. Practitioner/Policy Implications. Cultural characteristics should be taken into account when developing compensation contracts. Stakeholders need to consider alternative mechanisms, such as higher pay for performance, to counteract the higher compensation gap due to differences in cultural preferences.
Negative-pressure wound therapy: systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND In negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT), a wound is covered with an airtight dressing, and negative pressure is applied. This is thought to promote healing. We evaluated NPWT with an updated, systematic review of the literature. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases for randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of NPWT for the treatment of acute or chronic wounds. The primary outcome was complete wound closure. RESULTS We found reports of 9 RCTs in addition to the 12 covered by earlier IQWiG reviews of this topic. Five of the 9 new trials involved NPWT systems that are not on the market. The frequency of complete wound closure is stated in only 5 of the 9 new reports; a statistically significant effect in favor of NPWT was found in only two trials.The results of 8 of the 9 new trials are hard to interpret, both because of apparent bias and because diverse types of wounds were treated. CONCLUSION Although there may be a positive effect of NPWT, we did not find clear evidence that wounds heal any better or worse with NPWT than with conventional treatment. Good RCTs are still needed to evaluate NPWT.
High‐throughput sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of chronic Propionibacterium acnes meningitis in an allogeneic stem cell transplant recipient

A 40‐year‐old man with chronic myelogenous leukemia presented multiple times over a period of 3 years with episodes of confusion, wide‐based gait and falls because of recurrent hydrocephalus despite repeated therapeutic lumbar punctures. These problems occurred in the context of persistent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis and leptomeningeal enhancement. Extensive diagnostic workups and therapeutic trials had failed to identify a clinically plausible cause or produce any significant improvement in the CSF and neuroimaging abnormalities.
Insulin-mediated Glucose Uptake in Nondialyzed and Dialyzed Uremic Insulin-dependent Diabetic Subjects

A three-step euglycemic insulin clamp was performed in six matched groups: nine healthy subjects, 10 insulin-dependent diabetic (IDD) subjects with normal kidney function, 10 nondiabetic uremic subjects, six nondialyzed uremic IDD subjects, seven uremic IDD subjects on chronic hemodialysis (HD), and six uremic IDD subjects on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Insulin was infused sequentially at rates of 0.5 (step 1), 2.0 (step 2), and 4.0 (step 3) mU · kg−1 · min−1. Each dose was given for 120 min; however, in theIDD subjects with fasting hyperglycemia, step 1 of the clamp was slightly extended. Average serumfree insulin levels at steady state ranged from 22 to 342 μU/ml and were comparable in all groups. Step 3 glucose infusion rate (GIR), the last 30 min of the infusion period, was extremely suppressed in nondialyzed uremic IDD subjects, amounting to 53% of that in healthy subjects (7.7 ± 0.7 versus 14.4 ± 0.9 mg · kg−1 · min−1 P < 0.001) indicating severe insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. As expected, step 3 glucose disposal was also reduced in IDD subjects with normal kidney function (12.4 ± 0.6 mg · kg−1 · min−1) and nondiabetic uremic subjects (9.2 ± 0.6 mg · kg−1 · min−1) as compared with healthy subjects (P = 0.06 and P < 0.001, respectively). The pronounced impairment of insulin responsiveness in nondialyzed uremic IDD subjects was almost equal to the sum of the defects in nondiabetic uremic and IDD subjects with normal kidney function. Step 2 of the sequential insulin infusion resulted in differences in GIR between the above-mentioned groups that were analogous to those encountered at the highest insulin infusion rate. During step 1 the average steady-state GIR, reflecting the sum of suppression of glucose production and stimulation of glucose utilization, was more than twofold higher in healthy subjects than in the nondialyzed patient groups. In contrast, the insulin action on Iipoiysis and ketogenesis as assessedby changes in serum NEFA and blood 3-hydroxybutyrate was normal in the patient groups. In the patients treated by HD and CAPD insulin responsiveness (step 3 GIR) was enhanced or tended to be so compared with nondialyzed uremic IDD individuals (9.5 ± 0.7 and 12.2 ± 0.7 mg kg−1 min−1 P = 0.07 and P < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, GIR at all three steps was significantly higher in the CAPD group than in the HD group (P = 0.08, P < 0.001, and P < 0.03). No difference in degree of azotemia or glycemic and metabolic control wasobserved between the dialyzed groups. In conclusion, nondialyzed uremic IDD individuals exhibit extreme insulin resistance in peripheral tissue that is probably the result of several intracellular defects. In uremic IDD subjectstreated with CAPD, the insulin-mediated glucose uptake is closer to normal than in IDD subjects on HD. Potentially lower peripheral insulinemia in diabetic CAPD patients having insulin administered intraperitoneally may contribute to this difference.
Cleavage of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Proteinase from the N-Terminally Adjacent p6* Protein Is Essential for Efficient Gag Polyprotein Processing and Viral Infectivity

ABSTRACT Maturation of infectious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles requires proteolytic cleavage of the structural polyproteins by the viral proteinase (PR), which is itself encoded as part of the Gag-Pol polyprotein. Expression of truncated PR-containing sequences in heterologous systems has mostly led to the autocatalytic release of an 11-kDa species of PR which is capable of processing all known cleavage sites on the viral precursor proteins. Relatively little is known about cleavages within the nascent virus particle, on the other hand, and controversial results concerning the active PR species inside the virion and the relative activities of extended PR species have been reported. Here, we report that HIV type 1 (HIV-1) particles of four different strains obtained from different cell lines contain an 11-kDa PR, with no extended PR proteins detectable. Furthermore, mutation of the N-terminal PR cleavage site leading to production of an N-terminally extended 17-kDa PR species caused a severe defect in Gag polyprotein processing and a complete loss of viral infectivity. We conclude that N-terminal release of PR from the HIV-1 polyprotein is essential for viral replication and suggest that extended versions of PR may have a transient function in the proteolytic cascade.
Quantitative analysis of messenger RNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐2 and MMP‐9), tissue inhibitor‐2 of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP‐2), and steroidogenic enzymes in bovine placentomes during gestation and postpartum

The relationship between the mRNA expression of proteolytic and steroidogenic enzymes in bovine placentomes was examined. Caruncle and cotyledon tissues were collected every 6 hr after spontaneous parturition until the fetal membranes were released. Based on the time of fetal membrane release after parturition, the specimens were classified as follows: (1) the early group, in which the fetal membranes were released within 6 hr after parturition; and (2) the late group, in which the fetal membranes were released 6–12 hr after parturition. The placentomes from a slaughterhouse were additionally collected as samples for the examination of enzymes during the gestation period. The mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the cotyledon was observed to be higher than that in caruncle tissues; however, the mRNA expression patterns of P450scc and StAR tended to be similar in both placental tissues. On the other hand, although the expression levels of TIMP‐2 mRNA in both caruncle and cotyledon tissues were similar, during gestation and postpartum the expression levels of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 mRNA were approximately 10 times higher in caruncle than in cotyledon tissue. Marked contrasting changes in mRNA expression patterns between pre‐ and postpartum periods were observed for MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in caruncle tissues and for MMP‐9 and TIMP‐2 in cotyledon tissues. The present study provides the first evidence that MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and TIMP‐2 mRNAs are expressed in bovine placentomes during the gestational and postpartum periods and suggests that these enzymes, in conjunction with steriodogenic enzymes, mediate fetal membrane detachment after parturition. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 801–807, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homicide in Ireland 1972-1991

While crime rates have undoubtedly increased this has been predominantly in the area of property crime. While violent crime has increased this has not been mirrored in an increase in the overall homicide rate as stated in official statistics Notwithstanding this apparent stasis in the level of homicide we have little information of a scientific nature on the patterns of homicide within. our society, whether these have changed over this period of social change, and whether the pattern of homicide in this country differs from that in other jurisdictions. Homicide crimes by their serious nature absorb large amounts of police resources in their detection, of court time and resources in trial, and on conviction these crimes are likely to attract lengthy prison sentences. Apart from mere scientific curiosity there is a practical benefit to police, courts, and prison service in having an accurate base of information which, for example, may facilitate detection and subsequent sentence and rehabilitation planning. To date this criminological database has been lacking in Ireland'. Other jurisdictions do undertake analysis of homicides rates and trends. Review of the scientific research literature on the subject;" reveals a relative paucity of systematic descriptive studies of homicide in the European context, with the possible exception of the Scandinavian countries. The few comprehensive studies that have been undertaken are often limited to a review of completed murders, i.e. court. decisions of murder, rather than the broader phenomenon of homicide. The present. study aims to attempt to bridge this gap in criminological knowledge in the Irish context: This study is limited to a description of the characteristics of homicide occurring in Ireland. It does not purport to comprehensively review and discuss the legal issues involved in homicide such as degrees of responsibility, etc.
Obstetric hospitalizations among Italian women, regular and irregular immigrants in North‐Eastern Italy

Objective. Italy has become an important host country for economic immigrants. The study is aimed at providing a descriptive analysis of obstetric hospitalizations among Italian and immigrant women in North‐Eastern Italy. Design. Population‐based registry descriptive study. Setting. Veneto Region, Italy. Methods. All obstetric hospitalizations in 2006–2007 were extracted from the regional archive of hospital discharge records (n = 144,698). Discharges for vaginal delivery, cesarean section, threatened abortion and other antepartum diagnoses, miscarriages, and induced abortions were identified among residents with Italian or foreign citizenship, and irregular immigrants. Hospitalization rates for the above diagnostic categories were computed for Italian and foreign Veneto residents. Main outcome measures. Delivery rates, proportion of cesarean sections, hospitalization rates for antepartum hospitalizations, miscarriage, induced abortion, and hospitalization rate ratios of immigrants versus Italian women. Results. Among Italian women, regular and irregular immigrants, the percentages of teenage deliveries were 0.7, 2.9, and 8.4%; the ratios of miscarriages to deliveries were 0.16, 0.15 and 0.35; the ratios of induced abortions to deliveries were 0.13, 0.24 and 0.81, respectively. Regular immigrants accounted for 10% of population aged 15–49 and for 20% of deliveries. The age‐related increase in miscarriage risk was steeper among regular immigrants. The induced abortions to deliveries ratio peaked among Italians aged <25 and regular immigrants aged ≥35 years. 40% of Italians and 30% of regular immigrants sought care outside nearest hospitals. Conclusions. Wide differences in reproductive behavior, health status, and patterns in the access to health services exist between Italians, regular and irregular immigrants even though they represent three connected populations.
Sensorimotor development in neonatal progesterone receptor knockout mice

Early exposure to steroid hormones can permanently and dramatically alter neural development. This is best understood in the organizational effects of hormones during development of brain regions involved in reproductive behaviors or neuroendocrine function. However, recent evidence strongly suggests that steroid hormones play a vital role in shaping brain regions involved in cognitive behavior such as the cerebral cortex. The most abundantly expressed steroid hormone receptor in the developing rodent cortex is the progesterone receptor (PR). In the rat, PR is initially expressed in the developmentally‐critical subplate at E18, and subsequently in laminas V and II/III through the first three postnatal weeks (Quadros et al. [2007] J Comp Neurol 504:42–56; Lopez & Wagner [2009]: J Comp Neurol 512:124–139), coinciding with significant periods of dendritic maturation, the arrival of afferents and synaptogenesis. In the present study, we investigated PR expression in the neonatal mouse somatosensory cortex. Additionally, to investigate the potential role of PR in developing cortex, we examined sensorimotor function in the first two postnatal weeks in PR knockout mice and their wildtype (WT) and heterozygous (HZ) counterparts. While the three genotypes were similar in most regards, PRKO and HZ mice lost the rooting reflex 2–3 days earlier than WT mice. These studies represent the first developmental behavioral assessment of PRKO mice and suggest PR expression may play an important role in the maturation of cortical connectivity and sensorimotor integration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 16–24, 2014
Demyelination in primate autoimmune encephalomyelitis and acute multiple sclerosis lesions: A case for antigen‐specific antibody mediation

Neuropathological and ultrastructural features of central nervous system demyelination were compared in marmoset experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and in 3 cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) displaying recent lesions. At the edges of EAE and MS lesions, a zone of myelin vacuolation was common, whereas in the lesion proper, myelin sheaths were consistently transformed into vesiculated membranous networks. These networks became dissociated from axons by cell processes from macrophages. Oligodendrocytes were remarkably spared and evidence of myelin repair was present but not prominent. Axonal pathology was more common in the MS material than in marmoset EAE. Immunocytochemistry, using gold‐labeled encephalitogenic peptides of MOG and silver enhancement to detect MOG autoantibodies, revealed the presence of MOG‐specific autoantibodies over vesiculated myelin networks. Gold‐labeled antibody to IgG also gave a positive reaction. Gold‐labeled peptide of myelin basic protein did not react with MOG/EAE tissue, but the same conjugate gave positive staining in MS (and in marmoset EAE induced by whole white matter), perhaps indicating broader spectrum immunoreactivity or sensitization to myelin antigens. Thus, vesicular disruption of myelin was a constant feature in these evolving, highly active lesions in primate EAE and MS and appeared causally related to the deposition of antigen‐specific autoantibodies. Ann Neurol 1999;46:144–160
[Locus of control and self-concept in interpersonal conflict resolution approaches].

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-concept and locus of control in interpersonal conflict resolution approaches and to determine the predictors of conflict resolution approach choices. METHOD The study included 345 students aged between 18 and 28 years that were studying at universities in Ankara. Data were collected using the Interpersonal Conflict Resolution Approaches Scale to measure conflict resolution approaches, the Social Comparison Scale to measure self-concept, and the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale to measure locus of control. RESULTS It was observed that confrontation approach to interpersonal conflict was predicted by self-concept (beta = 0.396, P < 0.001) Moreover, self-concept was related to self-disclosure (beta = 0.180, P < 0.01) and emotional expression (beta = 0.196, P < 0.001) approaches. Locus of control played a role in the choice of all resolution approaches. In addition to these findings, it was observed that females used self-disclosure (beta = -0.163, P < 0.01) and emotional expression (beta = -0.219, P < 0.001), while males used approach (beta = 0.395, P < 0.001) and public behavior (beta = 0.270, P < 0.001) approaches in the resolution processes. DISCUSSION Self-concept and locus of control were related to the behaviors adopted in the interpersonal conflict resolution process. Individuals with a positive self-concept and an internal locus of control adopted solutions to interpersonal conflict resolution that were more effective and constructive.
Effect of beta-chemokines on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication, binding, uncoating, and CCR5 receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages.

OBJECTIVES We examined the effect and time of addition of beta-chemokines on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication, binding, and uncoating in human macrophages and measured CCR5 receptor expression during virus binding and uncoating. METHODS Macrophages were treated with beta-chemokines before infection, at infection, or postinfection, and virus replication was determined by p24 antigen level. Binding and uncoating of 35[S]-methionine-labeled HIV-1 was measured. CCR5 expression was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS The beta-chemokines potently inhibited virus replication. The strongest inhibition occurred when cultures were pretreated and maintained with beta-chemokines. Beta-chemokines also caused strong inhibition of viral uncoating and a considerable decrease in CCR5 expression during uncoating. CONCLUSIONS CCR5 receptors appear to be internalized and recycled to the cell surfaces during HIV entry. The down-regulation of CCR5 expression by beta-chemokines during virus uncoating probably accounts for the reduction in virus uncoating (entry) and hence in virus replication.
Pollinator adaptation and the evolution of floral nectar sugar composition

A long‐standing debate concerns whether nectar sugar composition evolves as an adaptation to pollinator dietary requirements or whether it is ‘phylogenetically constrained’. Here, we use a modelling approach to evaluate the hypothesis that nectar sucrose proportion (NSP) is an adaptation to pollinators. We analyse ~ 2100 species of asterids, spanning several plant families and pollinator groups (PGs), and show that the hypothesis of adaptation cannot be rejected: NSP evolves towards two optimal values, high NSP for specialist‐pollinated and low NSP for generalist‐pollinated plants. However, the inferred adaptive process is weak, suggesting that adaptation to PG only provides a partial explanation for how nectar evolves. Additional factors are therefore needed to fully explain nectar evolution, and we suggest that future studies might incorporate floral shape and size and the abiotic environment into the analytical framework. Further, we show that NSP and PG evolution are correlated – in a manner dictated by pollinator behaviour. This contrasts with the view that a plant necessarily has to adapt its nectar composition to ensure pollination but rather suggests that pollinators adapt their foraging behaviour or dietary requirements to the nectar sugar composition presented by the plants. Finally, we document unexpectedly sucrose‐poor nectar in some specialized nectarivorous bird‐pollinated plants from the Old World, which might represent an overlooked form of pollinator deception. Thus, our broad study provides several new insights into how nectar evolves and we conclude by discussing why maintaining the conceptual dichotomy between adaptation and constraint might be unhelpful for advancing this field.
Progression in gastric carcinoma relative to the ratio of CD44 epithelial variant transcript to CD44 hematopoietic variant transcript

It has been suggested that CD44 splice variants play a role in the progression of certain epithelial cancers and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. In this study, we investigated the epithelial variant/hematopoietic variant (E/H) ratio (the amount of the CD44 epithelial variant transcript relative to the CD44 hematopoietic variant transcript) in human gastric carcinoma compared with normal gastric mucosa.