Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Retention of Women Offenders in a Community‐Based Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Program

&NA; Substance abuse is a major contributing factor to women being incarcerated in the United States, and substance abuse is a critical factor in the high recidivism rates of women offenders (50–70% within one year). Understanding factors that enhance and deter women from retention in substance abuse treatment will facilitate tailored interventions to improve treatment outcomes. This prospective study examined the relationship of substance use characteristics, childhood trauma, current trauma‐related symptoms, motivation to treatment, and socio‐demographic characteristics, in predicting the retention of women offenders in an urban, residential substance abuse program as they re‐enter the community from incarceration. All women were interviewed within the first week of admission to the residential program using the following measures: the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI), and socio‐demographic characteristics. Length of stay was tracked for all study participants (n = 105). Using multiple regression analysis, substance use characteristics did not predict retention. Age, current use of prescribed pain medication, sexual concerns, employment problems, and importance of drug treatment were significant predictors. Specifically, women remained in treatment longer if they were older, were not taking any prescription pain medication, reported concerns about employment, reported concerns about sexual problems, and reported lower importance of drug treatment, yet higher personal commitment to recovery. Higher scores for childhood emotional trauma, emotional neglect, and physical neglect were correlated with retention, but not statistically significant. These findings suggest the need to tailor individualized treatment to address the medical, employment, sexual and interpersonal relationships, and emotional trauma needs in this vulnerable population of women.
High prevalence of central obesity in rural South-Western Nigeria: Need for targeted prevention

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, and is now prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries. This study sets out to determine the prevalence of obesity as well as its predictors in rural South-Western Nigeria. Cross-sectional descriptive survey of 416 participants aged 20 to 70 years in two rural communities in Remo North Local Government area of Ogun State, Nigeria was taken. Relevant clinical and demographic parameters were obtained. Participants were screened for generalized and central obesity, using standard protocol. The prevalence of overweight and generalized obesity was 21.4 and 10.5%, respectively in all the participants. Females had a higher frequency of generalized obesity than the males (p<0.001). Central obesity was significantly more prevalent among the female participants with three different criteria (p≤0.001). More participants were classified as centrally obese using waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) or waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) than waist circumference (WC). Predictors of central obesity were age, female gender, alcohol and cigarette smoking. The prevalence of obesity is high in rural communities of South-Western Nigeria. Compared to men, the chances of developing central obesity (defined as increased WC) increased by 11-fold among the women. Targeted aggressive healthy lifestyle intervention becomes necessary to prevent future cardiovascular disease. Key words: Obesity, rural communities, cardiovascular disease.
Oral Contraceptives and Benign Ovarian Tumors

Whether use of combined oral contraceptives (OC) protects against benign ovarian tumors is unknown. A case-control study of pathologically confirmed benign ovarian tumors was conducted in the New York City area and included cases diagnosed from January 1, 1992, to December 31, 1993, and controls identified by random digit dialing. There were 196 cases with serous adenomas, 176 with teratomas, 311 with endometriomas, and 65 with mucinous adenomas. Interview data were used to determine contraceptive use. Ever use of OC was associated with a decreased risk of these benign tumors (ageand hospital-adjusted odds ratio = 0.79, 95% confidence interval: 0.60, 1.05). In histologic subgroup analyses, the risk of ovarian tumors was reduced for both current and past OC users. Among tumor subtypes, the risk reduction was greatest for women who had endometriotic lesions. The risk reduction also was greater for women who had used OC for more than 24 months. Protection against benign ovarian tumors may be an additional noncontraceptive benefit of OC use. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:242–6.
DETERMINANTS OF WEIGHT AND HEALTH STATUS PERCEPTION AMONG PORTUGUESE ADULTS

The aims of this research were to evaluate BMI categories, discrepancies between measured and reported BMI, health status’ perception and factors perceived as having the greatest importance in health, as well as to relate them with potencial determinants among the Portuguese adult population. Data from the study “Portuguese Population’s Food Habits and Lifestyles” were used (national representative sample of 3529 subjects). Although the prevalence of obesity seems to be decreasing, overweight is still observed in about half of the Portuguese adults; furthermore, its proportion may even be increasing in men. There was a positive association between age and BMI and the highest proportions of overweight were found in subjects with lower education levels. Values of measured BMI were higher than refered BMI. Older and less educated men underestimated more their BMI, as well as subjects with higher BMI. Portuguese adults showed a high health status perception and selected “food”, “stress”, “practicing exercise”, “smoking” or “drinking alcohol” as factors with greater importance in health. These factors were also associated with higher health status’ perception.
Neutrophil, TLR2, and TLR4 expression in newborns at risk of sepsis

There is increasing evidence that toll-like receptors (TLR) play a key role in the mediation of systemic responses to invading pathogens during sepsis. Saliva is an important body fluid for detecting physiological and pathological conditions of the human body. Neutrophils are participants in the acute response against pathogens in many tissues, and their influx into the oral cavity may occur at any time. Objective To compare mean neutrophils and the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in saliva and blood of newborns at risk for sepsis to those of healthy newborns. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2011 in the Division of Neonatology, Department of Child Health, ulin General Hospital, lambung mangkurat university medical School, banjarmasin. Case subjects were newborns with sepsis risk factors (30 infants), while 30 healthy infants were in the control group. Saliva and blood specimen examinations were performed in the Biomedical Laboratory of brawijaya university medical School, malang. We used T-test for statistical analyses. Results From saliva specimens, mean neutrophils were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (14.43 (SD 12.21) % vs. 5.63 (SD 6.78) %, respectively, (P=0.021)). In addition, mean TLR2 and mean TLR4 saliva levels were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (TLR2: 64.97 (SD 26.42) % vs. 40.06 (SD 6.23) %, respectively, (P=0.011); TLR4: 1.5 (SD 1.61) % vs. 0.57 (SD 0.53) %, respectively, (P=0.044)). From blood specimens, mean neutrophils were also significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (1.09 (SD 0.61)% vs. 0.21 (SD 0.09)%, respectively, (P=0.000)). Similarly, mean blood TLR2 and TLR4 levels were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (TLR2: 92.51 (SD 5.51) % vs. 81.74 (SD 11.79) %, respectively, (P=0.003); TLR4: 0.71 (SD 1.42) % vs. 0.12 (SD 0.06) %, respectively, (P=0.000)). Conclusion There are significant increases in neutrophils, as
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COSTS OF DISEASES OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE, IN RELATION TO MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS

Meat and meat products are important vehicles of foodborne illness outbreaks in European countries. Salmonellas were the most commonly reported aetiology of infection, although the relative importance of other agents varied. The factors contributing to the increase in food poisoning and salmonellosis in England and Wales related both to foods eaten and their preparation. The implication of foods of animal origin as principle vehicles of infection was strengthened by reports associating these foods with outbreaks of human illness, and reports of salmonella infection in animals and poultry. The current increase in salmonella infection associated with poultry products suggests that reducing infection in, or contamination of poultry could significantly decrease human illness. The problem of human salmonellosis is multi-factorial. Trends are driven by both intrinsic factors relating to the microbiological quality of the food and standards of preparation, and extrinsic factors, such as ambient temperature, which amplify the intrinsic effects. Many of these factors may be amenable to preventive activities, including programs to reduce infection in animals and poultry and programs to educate the consumer in safe food handling. The costs of human salmonella infection in England and Wales were estimated to be between £231 million and £331 million in 1988 of which £143 million to £205 million may have been associated with meatborne infection. Reductions in human illness, as modelled by irradiation of poultry meat, could give substantial economic gains.
Drug and Alcohol Use and the Link with Homelessness: Results from a Survey of Homeless People in London

A community survey using a structured questionnaire was used with 389 homeless<fnoteref rid="fn2">1</fnoteref> people currently or recently sleeping rough (on the streets) in London. Data were collected on respondents' histories of homelessness and of substance use, and dependence on the main substance used in the last month was measured. In the month before the interview, 83% (324) of the sample had used a drug, 36% (139) were dependent on heroin and 25% (97) on alcohol. Sixty-three per cent (244) reported that their drug or alcohol use was one of the reasons they first became homeless, but the majority (80%, 310) had used at least one additional drug since then. Overall, drug and alcohol use, injecting, daily use and dependency increased the longer the respondents had been homeless. A clear link exists between substance use and homelessness: initiatives to tackle homelessness must simultaneously tackle the drug use of homeless people.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF BLOOD COMPONENTS TO MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA REPERFUSION INJURY AND THE BENEFITS OF VITAMIN E IN THE DIABETIC HEART

Type 2 diabetes is a major risk factor in cardiovascular disease especially ischemic heart disease. The American Diabetes Association advocates that all diabetics are at risk for coronary myocardial infarctions (MI). Restoration of blood flow to the area of the myocardium that has undergone ischemia is the most important therapeutic goal in treating MI. However, restoration of blood to the myocardium contributes to further damage to the ischemic area. This phenomenon is known as ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury. Previous studies have found that experimentally induced diabetic animals are more susceptible to I-R injury compared to non-diabetic animals. One reason why diabetic hearts may be more susceptible to I-R injury may be due to the increased oxidative stress in diabetics. Diabetics also suffer from increased blood coagulation possibly due to increased thrombin activity. Thrombin, independent of its role in coagulation, may be contributing to additional myocardial damage following ischemia. This dissertation describes three experiments: First, determine if a non-thrombogenic dose of thrombin impairs cardiac recovery and compliance in isolated non-diabetic rat hearts using a red cell perfusate following 30 minutes of global ischemia. Second, determine if type 2 diabetic rats exhibit increased platelet microparticle formation (PMP), increased thrombin activity and increased coagulability. Third, determine if Mi's were larger in diabetic rat hearts compared to non-diabetics and if vitamin E reduced MI size and improve cardiac function following coronary artery occlusion. We found that a non-thrombogenic thrombin dose significantly reduced recovery from global I-R and reduced myocardial compliance. Thrombin may act as a contributing
How young people are socialised to wine: The experiences of the Generation Y cohort in the US and Australasia

Abstract While a great deal of wine marketing attention has focused on the wine consumption patterns of Generation Y, little is known about their wine socialisation; that is, the age, situation and influences which saw them first consume wine and develop an ongoing engagement with the product. Purpose: The research has sought to provide an exploratory analysis of the wine preferences and wine socialisation experiences of US and Australasian Gen Y respondents in relation to their alcohol socialisation and consumption in general. Design/methodology/approach : The data were collected via an online survey that was distributed to eligible participants (of legal drinking age and Gen Y age restrictions) in the US and Australasia. Descriptives statistics, Chi-square and t-tests were used to analyse the data. Findings : Respondents in both samples reported that they started drinking wine later than they started drinking alcohol in general. Early experiences with wine were most likely to be influenced by family and to occur in a non-commercial setting, while early experiences with other types of alcohol were mostly influenced by friends. Participants report taste, situational context and price to be the most important factors when choosing wine today.
Adapting to a new culture: A study of the expectations and experiences of Filipino nurses in the Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust

Many UK hospitals are recruiting nurses increasingly from overseas to alleviate acute shortages. Nurses recruited from the Philippines were chosen for this study because they form the largest group of overseas nurses recruited to the Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust and they are required to undertake an adaptation programme before achieving Nursing and Midwifery Council registration to practise. The study explores the expectations and experiences of nurses from the Philippines and ascertains whether their expectations match their experiences Following ethical approval, 120 questionnaires were distributed. Data were collected from 45 of the questionnaires and eight semi-structured interviews. Participants were asked the reasons for their migration, their experiences of recruitment, pre-arrival expectations, their thoughts of the trust's adaptation programme, and their good and bad experiences. They were also asked to evaluate the opportunities they were given for training and career development in the trust. Differences emerged between respondents' high expectations of nursing and living in the UK and their actual experiences. The majority described their financial expectations as being unmet. Many of their experiences were good, but some experienced certain problems during recruitment and in their clinical areas. Some participants also experienced what they perceived as racial discrimination from patients and colleagues. It was concluded that participants had high expectations of earning more money, of having a higher standard of living and of gaining professionally, but that unmet expectations could lead to dissatisfaction, affect attitudes and behaviour and promote eventual resignation from the organisation. The majority of the ward managers were regarded as being friendly and supportive, and the trust's adaptation programme was thought to be invaluable. However, recipients of discrimination and indifference are reluctant to report incidents, but host staff and recruits can learn from each other and gain mutual benefit.
Utilization of pharmacogenomics and therapeutic drug monitoring for opioid pain management.

AIMS The use of medication in pain management currently involves empirical adjustment based on observed clinical outcome and the presence of adverse drug reactions. In this study, pharmacogenomics and therapeutic drug monitoring were used to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of genotyping chronic pain patients on analgesic therapy. It was hypothesized that patients who have inherited polymorphisms in CYP2D6 that make them poor or intermediate metabolizers of opioid medications would have higher steady-state concentrations of those opioids and may be more likely to experience adverse drug reactions. MATERIALS & METHODS In an attempt to investigate the relationship between the polymorphic enzymes, steady-state drug concentrations, therapeutic effects and side effects, 61 patients were clinically evaluated and genotyped, and drug concentrations were measured and outcomes analyzed. Samples were collected and DNA extracted from whole blood using a Puregene DNA isolation kit. CYP2D6 genotyping (*3, *4, *5, *6, *7, *8 and gene duplication) were carried out using Pyrosequencing. Steady-state plasma concentrations of methadone, oxycodone, hydrocodone and tramadol were determined by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The results demonstrated the prevalence of CYP2D6 polymorphisms in the population undergoing pain management was not statistically different from the general population. The majority of the pain patients (54%) were extensive metabolizers; 41% were intermediate metabolizers and 5% poor metabolizers. Poor metabolizers in general tended to have the highest steady-state drug concentrations compared with extensive metabolizers (poor metabolizers > intermediate metabolizers > extensive metabolizers) although this wasn't statistically significant. Also, a relationship between oxycodone steady-state drug concentrations and pain relief was found. A total of 80% of patients reporting adverse drug reactions also had impaired CYP2D6 metabolism. The remaining 20% with adverse drug reactions had other cofactors (i.e., drug-drug interactions) that could explain the toxicity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that patient care may be improved by genotyping and following therapeutic drug concentrations. Benefits include increased efficiency in proper drug selection, dose optimization and minimization of adverse drug reactions to improve patient outcome and safety. In addition, this study clearly demonstrated a relationship between oxycodone steady-state drug concentrations and pain relief. Future large-scale prospective studies are needed to confirm the clinical value of using genetic information to guide pain management therapy.
THE EFFECT OF 3000 mg INTRAVENOUS VITAMIN C ON SERUM NITRIC OXIDE LEVEL OF SEVERE BURNT INJURY PATIENTS

Nitric oxide (NO) has a potential role to cause systemic hypotension and apoptosis, contributing to tissue damage and multipleorgan failure in severe burnt. Antioxidative effect of Vitamin C supreses free radical formation, blocks pro-inflammatory cytokinerelease and inhibit NO production. The purpose of this research is to review the effect of intravenous vitamin C 3000 mg on serumNO level in severe burnt injury patient post fluid resuscitation. Randomized pre test and post test controlled group designexperimental studied on 12 severe burnts patient at the Burn Unit of Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. Samples were divided into 2groups K1 (control) administered with vitaminC 2x400 mg/24 hour for 72hours; K2, administered with intravenous vitamin C 3000mg for 72 hours. Serum NO level was re-examined by Griess method. The results were analyzed by paired t-test (significant atp<0.05). After research, serum NO level of K1 showed no significant increase compared to day 1 (p=0.21); serum NO level of K2showed no significant decrease compared to day 1 (p=0.06); there is a statistically significant decrease of serum NO level in K2compared to K1 (p=0.02). There was no significant change in Blood Gas Analysis (BGA), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), and SerumCreatinine (SC) on K1. There was significant decreased in White Blood Cell (WBC) on K2 (p=0.01). Administration of intravenousvitamin C 3000 mg/24 hours for 72 hours showed significant decrease in serum NO level of severe burnt patients. (FMI 2014;50 63-66)
Subclinical microcrania, subclinical macrocrania, and fifth-month fetal markers (Of growth retardation or edema) in schizophrenia: A co-twin control study of discordant monozygotic twins

Summary: We tested the hypothesis that gestational injuries in some patients with schozophrenia would leave their mark as a subtle reduction in head circumference (subclinical microcrania). Conclusions: The head circumferences of all subjects were in the normal range. Decreased head circumference in affected MZ co-twins (relative to unaffected MZ co-twin) characteriazes discordant MZ pairs with larger finger-ridge-count differences (i.e., second-trimester fetal-size differences). This study using ideal genetic controls suggests that, while present only in some patients with schizophrenia, the decrease in head circumference is most likely a consequence of in-utero nonshared environmental deleterious events manifesting as groth retardation or as fetal edema and occurring around the fifth prenatal month.
Leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction is attenuated by low-intensity exercise training and vitamin C supplementation in diabetic rats

Objective: To determine the effects of vitamin C supplementation and low-intensity exercise training on diabetesinduced endothelial dysfunction. Methods: Male Spraque-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (Con), diabetes (DM) (streptozotocin; 50 mg/kg BW, i.v.), diabetes with supplemented vitamin C (DM+Vit.C; 1 g/L mixed in drinking water), diabetes with low-intensity exercise-trained (DM+Ex; running 5 times/week with 13-15 m/min velocity for 30 minutes) and diabetes with supplemented vitamin C and exercisetrained (DM+Vit.C+Ex) groups. The number of leukocyte-endothelial cell (EC) interactions in mesenteric postcapillary venules was monitored using intravital fluorescence videomicroscopy. Liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level, an indicator for oxidative stress, was determined by using the thiobarbituric acid reaction. Results: At 24 weeks, the plasma vitamin C level was significantly increased (p<0.05) in DM+Vit.C and DM+Vit.C+Ex rats when compared with DM rats. DM+Ex and DM+Vit.C+Ex rats had lower triglyceride levels and heart weights when compared with DM rats (P<0.05). Mean arterial pressures were significantly decreased in all treatment groups. DM rats had significantly higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) than Con. The number of adherent leukocytes and levels of MDA were significantly lower in DM+Vit.C, DM+Ex and DM+Vit.C+Ex than those of DM rats. Conclusion: The increased leukocyte-EC adherence in diabetic rats is significantly related to increased ROS, based on lower MDA levels. Vitamin C supplementation and regular low-intensity exercise training can prevent these deleterious effects, including hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertriglyceridemia, and leukocyte-EC adherence. Vitamin C supplementation combined with low-intensity exercise training is highly effective in preventing diabetic cardiovascular complications. Keywords: Diabetic rat, endothelial dysfunction, exercise training, leukocyte, vitamin C.