Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developer Centrality and the Impact of Value Congruence and Incongruence on Commitment and Code Contribution Activity in Open Source Software Communities

Open source software (OSS) communities are dependent on the code contributions of developers who, in many cases, never meet face-to-face and collaborate primarily through technology-enabled means. With their fluid membership, such communities often rely on engaging the commitment of developers to their cause. Given the changing nature of OSS communities, developers face barriers in appreciating appropriate ways of contributing to the collaborative effort. Such uncertainty about how to contribute results in OSS communities losing developers as they devote their attention to other, more welcoming, communities. In this research, we draw upon uncertainty reduction theory to argue that developers have two alternative avenues at their disposal to gain certainty about how to contribute: passive and interactive. Leveraging the person–environment fit perspective, we argue that congruence and incongruence in the OSS values of a developer and an OSS community serve as an avenue for passive approaches to gaining certainty, to the degree that appropriate ways of contributing are encoded in these values. Further, leveraging social network theory, we argue that centrality within a community’s communication network constitutes an avenue for interactive approaches for gaining certainty about how to contribute. Using polynomial regression analysis, we analyze survey and archival data from 410 developers in an OSS community. Results suggest that developer centrality moderates the impact of congruence and incongruence in OSS values on commitment. Moreover, commitment fully mediates the impact of OSS value congruence and incongruence on developer contribution activity. We discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice.
Collecting self-report research data with people with dementia within care home clinical trials: Benefits, challenges and best practice

One-third of people with dementia live in care home settings and in order to deliver better evidence-based care, robust research including clinical trials is required. Concerns have been raised by researchers about the capacity of care home residents with dementia to participate in clinical trials. This includes self-report measures, completion of which researchers have suggested may be unreliable or impossible and may cause distress for residents. Many trials, therefore, utilise only proxy completed outcome measures. This is despite evidence that individuals with mild through to advanced dementia can reliably report on outcomes, if appropriate measures and approaches to data collection are used. However, little has been written about best practice in data collection with this group. This study aimed to explore the experiences of researchers working on dementia trials in care homes and identify best practices to assist design of future trials. Thirty-three researchers completed an online, qualitative questionnaire outlining their experiences and the perceived benefits and challenges of data collection with people with dementia. We identified five main benefits: (1) improving the delivery of person-centred care, (2) hearing the voice of people with dementia, (3) residents spending time with researchers, (4) improving researcher understanding, and (5) having an evidence base from multiple sources. We also identified five main challenges: (1) effective communication, (2) fluctuating capacity, (3) causing distress to residents, (4) time pressures, and (5) staff availability. Researchers also made suggestions about how these can be overcome. We recommend that the challenges identified could be overcome using appropriate methods for collecting data. Thorough training for researchers on data collection with people with dementia was identified as important for ensuring successful data collection.
Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management

Pavement sealants are frequently applied to parking lots and driveways to improve their appearance and protect the integrity of the underlying asphalt. We performed a comprehensive literature review to summarize the potential impacts of refined coal‐tar–based sealant (RCTS) runoff to aquatic organisms and to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the lines of evidence presented in the literature. The studies reviewed included both laboratory and field exposures, with and without exposure to UV light, and measured effects on multiple endpoints associated with bacteria, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish. Several studies demonstrated that constituents in RCTS runoff can affect survival, growth, behavior, development, and molecular responses of aquatic organisms in controlled laboratory settings. However, translating effects observed in the laboratory to field settings, where runoff is diluted and constituents interact with particulate and dissolved stream constituents (e.g., organic matter), has proven difficult. In this review, we identify the strengths and weaknesses of the existing literature and provide recommendations for study designs and methods to fill the most critical data gaps in understanding the risk of this material to aquatic organisms. Our review highlights the need for environmentally relevant study designs that demonstrate cause–effect relationships under field conditions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:17–27. © 2019 SETAC
The Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies on Problematic Smartphone Use: Comparison between Problematic and Non-Problematic Adolescent Users

Prior work has suggested that individuals with deficits in emotion regulation skills are prone to compulsive behaviour and to following maladaptive coping strategies, such as smartphone overuse, to manage negative moods. Adolescence is a vulnerable developmental stage for deficits in emotion regulation, and these are linked to excessive smartphone use. The present study is the first to examine the links between the use of specific cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies and problematic smartphone use in a sample of adolescents. A total of 845 Spanish adolescents (455 females) completed the Spanish versions of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Smartphone Addiction Scale, along with a socio-demographic survey. The adolescents were divided into two groups: Non-problematic smartphone users (n = 491, 58.1%) and problematic smartphone users (n = 354, 41.9%). Significant group differences were found, with the problematic users reporting significantly higher scores for all maladaptive CER strategies, including higher self-blame, rumination, blaming of others and catastrophising. The results from logistic regression analyses show that rumination, catastrophising and blaming of others were the most important variables for distinguishing between the two groups, along with gender and parental control outside the home. In summary, these findings suggest the importance of specific maladaptive CER strategies in problematic smartphone use and provide insight for relevant targets for intervention designs.
SMAX1/SMXL2 regulate root and root hair development downstream of KAI2-mediated signalling in Arabidopsis

Karrikins are smoke-derived compounds presumed to mimic endogenous signalling molecules (KAI2-ligand, KL), whose signalling pathway is closely related to that of strigolactones (SLs), important regulators of plant development. Both karrikins/KLs and SLs are perceived by closely related α/β hydrolase receptors (KAI2 and D14 respectively), and signalling through both receptors requires the F-box protein MAX2. Furthermore, both pathways trigger proteasome-mediated degradation of related SMAX1-LIKE (SMXL) proteins, to influence development. It has previously been suggested in multiple studies that SLs are important regulators of root and root hair development in Arabidopsis, but these conclusions are based on phenotypes observed in the non-specific max2 mutants and by use of racemic-GR24, a mixture of stereoisomers that activates both D14 and KAI2 signalling pathways. Here, we demonstrate that the majority of the effects on Arabidopsis root development previously attributed to SL signalling are actually mediated by the KAI2 signalling pathway. Using mutants defective in SL or KL synthesis and/or perception, we show that KAI2-mediated signalling alone regulates root hair density and root hair length as well as root skewing, straightness and diameter, while both KAI2 and D14 pathways regulate lateral root density and epidermal cell length. We test the key hypothesis that KAI2 signals by a non-canonical receptor-target mechanism in the context of root development. Our results provide no evidence for this, and we instead show that all effects of KAI2 in the root can be explained by canonical SMAX1/SMXL2 activity. However, we do find evidence for non-canonical GR24 ligand-receptor interactions in D14/KAI2-mediated root hair development. Overall, our results demonstrate that the KAI2 signalling pathway is an important new regulator of root hair and root development in Arabidopsis and lay an important basis for research into a molecular understanding of how very similar and partially overlapping hormone signalling pathways regulate different phenotypic outputs.
Anatomical, Histological, and Histochemical Analyses of the Scent Glands of the Scorpion Mud Turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides)

Fossil evidence suggests that scent glands are basal features of Testudines. However, we know little about the structure of these glands in the Brazilian Kinosternidae. In this study, we described the macroscopic anatomy, histology, and histochemistry of the scent glands of three males and three females of Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides from the Marajó mesoregion, Pará State, Brazil. In all of the specimens analyzed, regardless of sex, we found four scent glands, including two axillary and two inguinal glands that were structurally similar to each other. Each gland consisted of a single holocrine secretory lobule, a large lumen surrounded by relatively thin glandular secretory epithelium, an adjacent narrow layer of loose connective tissue, and a thick layer of skeletal striated muscle tissue surrounded by a serous tunic. The secretory epithelium produced a characteristic malodorous yellowish substance that was passed via a single duct through a bone channel in the bridge connecting the carapace to the plastron and excreted through an outer pore in the plate of each respective gland. Histologically, the secretory epithelium presented cells with two types of secretory vacuoles. Type 1 vacuoles stained red were the largest and most frequently found, and stained positively with Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS), suggesting they contained glycoproteic complexes. Type 2 vacuoles were translucent, smaller in size and fewer in number, and negative for PAS staining. Because they are very primitive structures, scent glands must play important roles in the lives of chelonians, but their real function remains unknown. Several hypotheses suggest that they can act as protection against ectoparasites, as a repellent of predators, in addition to attracting mates and eliciting other pheromonal responses. In this study, all animals reacted by exuding malodorous substances when handled, as a form of defense. However, these are just assumptions that need to be clarified with additional studies on animal behavior. Anat Rec, 303:1489–1500, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Gelatin-Methacryloyl (GelMA) Formulated with Human Platelet Lysate Supports Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation and Enhances the Hydrogel’s Mechanical Properties

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture is a major focus of current research, since cultivation under physiological conditions provides more reliable information about in vivo cell behavior. 3D cell cultures are used in basic research to better understand intercellular and cell-matrix interactions. Moreover, 3D cell culture plays an increasingly important role in the in vitro testing of bioactive substances and tissue engineering. Gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels of different degrees of functionalization (DoFs) are a versatile tool for 3D cell culture and related applications such as bioprinting. Human platelet lysate (hPL) has already demonstrated positive effects on 2D cell cultures of different cell types and has proven a valuable alternative to fetal calf serum (FCS). Traditionally, all hydrogels are formulated using buffers. In this study, we supplemented GelMA hydrogels of different DoF with hPL during adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell (AD-MSCs) encapsulation. We studied the effect of hPL supplementation on the spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of AD-MSCs. In addition, the influence of hPL on hydrogel properties was also investigated. We demonstrate that the addition of hPL enhanced AD-MSC spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the addition of hPL also increased GelMA viscosity and stiffness.
Towards predictive eddy resolving simulations for gas turbine compressors

This work was supported by the EPSRC through an iCASE award sponsored by Rolls-Royce plc. Rolls-Royce plc are gratefully acknowledged for allowing the use and modification of their CFD solver HYDRA. The work used the ARCHER UK National Supercomputing Service (http://www.archer.ac.uk) under EPSRC grant EP/L000261/1, and thanks go to both for their support.
A Novel Prognostic Marker in Patients Undergoing Spinal Surgery: Prognostic Nutritional Index

Abstract Objective The relationship of a preoperative Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) with perioperative adverse events (PAEs) other than delirium has never been described in patients undergoing spinal surgery. We aimed to evaluate the impact of admission PNI on the outcome of patients undergoing spinal surgery. Methods Medical records of 408 consecutive patients 50 years or older undergoing spinal surgery were reviewed. Patients' information including demographic data, routine preoperative laboratory tests, and PNI were collected to assess the association between these factors and PAEs. The PNI was calculated from this formula: 10 × serum albumin (g/dL) + 0.005 × total lymphocyte count/mm3. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the cutoff value of the PNI. Results PAEs occurred in 61 (14.9%) of the patients. Older patients and those with more comorbid conditions such as atrial fibrillation, chronic renal failure, history of malignancy, and diabetes mellitus tended to have a higher rate of PAEs. Patients with PAEs had higher C-reactive protein (4.4 ± 5.4 vs 2.2 ± 3.0 mg/dL; p < 0.001) but had lower hemoglobin levels (12.2 ± 1.57 vs 13.1 ± 1.84 g/dL; p < 0.001) on admission. Patients who had PAEs had a significantly lower preoperative PNI (46.1 ± 4.4 vs 51.9 ± 5.8; p < 0.001) compared with patients without a PAE. Multivariate analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76–1.35; p < 0.04), PNI < 47.7 (OR: 2.51; 95% CI, 1.188–5.477; p = 0.008) and the presence of diabetes (OR: 3.23; 95% CI, 11.326–7.474; p = 0.004) were significant and independent predictors of PAEs. Conclusion This study is the first to demonstrate that a lower preoperative PNI is associated with PAEs in patients undergoing spinal surgery.
Animal Models of Pneumococcal pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common bacterial pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infections and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children and the elderly. Another important aspect related to pneumococcal infections is the persistent rate of penicillin and macrolide resistance. Therefore, animal models have been developed to better understand the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease and test new therapeutic agents and vaccines. This narrative review will focus on the characteristics of the different animal pneumococcal pneumonia models. The assessment of the different animal models will include considerations regarding pneumococcal strains, microbiology properties, procedures used for bacterial inoculation, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive approaches.
Scattering properties and femtosecond laser ablation thresholds of human and canine vocal folds at 776-nm wavelength

Abstract. Ultrafast laser ablation may provide a treatment for vocal fold (VF) scarring. Optical properties of VFs must be known prior to clinical implementation to select appropriate laser surgery conditions. We present scattering lengths of epithelium ℓs , ep, superficial lamina propria ℓs , SLP, and ablation thresholds Fth of human and canine VF tissues. Our experimental approach involves an image-guided, laser-ablation-based method that allows for simultaneous determination of ℓs and Fth in these multilayered tissues. Studying eight canine samples, we found ℓs , ep = 75.3 ± 5.7 μm, ℓs , SLP = 26.1 ± 1.2 μm, Fth , ep = 1.58 ± 0.06 J / cm2, and Fth , SLP = 1.55 ± 0.17 J / cm2. Studying five human samples, we found ℓs , ep = 42.8 ± 3.3 μm and Fth , ep = 1.66 ± 0.10 J / cm2. We studied the effects of cumulative pulse overlap on ablation threshold and found no significant variations beyond 12 overlapping pulses. Interestingly, our studies about the effect of sample storage on the scattering properties of porcine VF show a 60% increase in ℓs , ep for fresh porcine VF when compared to the same sample stored in isotonic solution. These results provide guidelines for clinical implementation by enabling selection of optimal laser surgery parameters for subsurface ablation of VF tissues.
Calves Infected with Virulent and Attenuated Mycoplasma bovis Strains Have Upregulated Th17 Inflammatory and Th1 Protective Responses, Respectively

Mycoplasma bovis is a critical bovine pathogen, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, the virulent HB0801 (P1) and attenuated HB0801-P150 (P150) strains of M. bovis were used to explore the potential pathogenesis and effect of induced immunity from calves’ differential transcriptomes post infection. Nine one-month-old male calves were infected with P1, P150, or mock-infected with medium and euthanized at 60 days post-infection. Calves in P1 group exhibited other clinical signs and pathological changes compared to the other two groups. Transcriptome profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed seven and 10 hub differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in P1 and P150 groups compared with mock-infected group, respectively. Then, P1-induced pathogenesis was predicted to be associated with enhanced Th17, and P150-induced immunity with Th1 response and expression of ubiquitination-associated enzymes. Association analysis showed that 14 and 11 DEGs were positively and negatively correlated with pathological changes, respectively. Furthermore, up-regulated expression in molecules critical to differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells in lung and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in P1 group was validated at RNA and protein levels. The results confirmed virulent and attenuated strains might be associated with biased differentiation of pro-inflammatory pathogenic Th17 and Th1 subsets respectively.
Subretinal and Retrolaminar Migration of Intraocular Silicone Oil Detected on CT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intraocular silicone oil injection has been used to treat complicated retinal detachments, and recently its retrolaminar and intracranial migration has been reported. The purpose of this study was to document the prevalence of posterior migration of intraocular silicone oil on head CT and describe the clinical and radiologic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 57 patients with intraocular silicone oil injection who underwent unenhanced head CT between November 2008 and July 2018. All images were visually evaluated for subretinal and retrolaminar migration of intraocular silicone oil involving the anterior visual pathway (optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract) and the ventricular system. Attenuation values of those structures were measured and compared with those of the contralateral or adjacent normal structures. RESULTS: We detected subretinal and retrolaminar silicone oil migration in 7 of the 57 patients (12%), noting silicone oil at the optic nerve head (n = 2), retrolaminar optic nerve (n = 5), optic chiasm (n = 3), optic tract (n = 3), and in the lateral ventricles (n = 1). Attenuation values of the structures with silicone oil migration were significantly higher than those of the control regions (optic nerve head, 69.2 ± 12.4 vs 29.8 ± 10.2 HU, P < .001; retrolaminar optic nerve, 59.9 ± 11.6 vs 30.9 ± 8.6 HU, P < .001; optic chiasm, 74.2 ± 11.0 vs 25.6 ± 6.9 HU, P < .001; optic tract, 70.1 ± 4.7 vs 28.7 ± 7.2 HU, P < .001). No significant ophthalmic or neurologic complications were documented in the patients with silicone oil migration. CONCLUSIONS: Subretinal and retrolaminar migration of intraocular silicone oil is common. Although there were no apparent complications associated with silicone oil migration, the radiologist and clinician should be aware of this phenomenon.
The effect of aquatic exercises on the physical and functional fitness of adults with Down syndrome: A non-randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND The importance of exercise for individuals with Down syndrome (DS) has been well documented. The use of aquatic exercises may be an attractive alternative to land-based exercises for individuals with musculoskeletal conditions such as low muscle tone and excess adiposity as found in adults with DS. As a result, the purpose of the current study was to study the effect of an aquatic training intervention on the functional fitness for adults with DS. METHODS Participants were recruited from two intellectually disabled care centres in the Western Cape of South Africa. Twenty-three adults with DS (13 men and 10 women) (31.4 ± 7.4 years) were allocated to an aquatic training group or a control group. The exercise group performed 35 min of aquatic training, three times a week for 6 weeks, with an increase duration of 45 min after 3 weeks. Outcome measures assessed were aerobic capacity, muscular strength, functional ability and balance. RESULTS The aerobic capacity and functional ability of the participants in the aquatic group improved significantly than in the control group with strong to medium effect sizes. Two out of the three strength parameters also improved significantly than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The functional fitness of adults with DS improved with an aquatic intervention but was insufficient to improve balance and upper body strength. The improvement of various parameters associated with functional fitness is important in this population who age prematurely, suffer from the early onset of age-related conditions, are vulnerable to falls and susceptible to chronic conditions.
The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infection and Transmission

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been found to be released by any type of cell and can be retrieved in every circulating body fluid, namely blood (plasma, serum), saliva, milk, and urine. EVs were initially considered a cellular garbage disposal tool, but later it became evident that they are involved in intercellular signaling. There is evidence that viruses can use EV endocytic routes to enter uninfected cells and hijack the EV secretory pathway to exit infected cells, thus illustrating that EVs and viruses share common cell entry and biogenesis mechanisms. Moreover, EVs play a role in immune response against viral pathogens. EVs incorporate and spread both viral and host factors, thereby prompting or inhibiting immune responses towards them via a multiplicity of mechanisms. The involvement of EVs in immune responses, and their potential use as agents modulating viral infection, will be examined. Although further studies are needed, the engineering of EVs could package viral elements or host factors selected for their immunostimulatory properties, to be used as vaccines or tolerogenic tools in autoimmune diseases.