Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-Coding RNA Roles in Ruminant Mammary Gland Development and Lactation

The ruminant mammary gland (MG) is an important organ charged with the production of milk for young and human nourishment. Many factors influence MG productivity, including nutrition, genetics, breed, epigenetics (including non-coding RNA [ncRNA]), disease pathogens and other environmental factors. In recent years, increasing research is beginning to determine the role of non-coding RNA in MG functions. Non-coding RNAs (small interfering RNA [siRNA], microRNA [miRNA], PIWI-interacting RNA [piRNA], small nucleolar RNA [snoRNA] and long non-coding RNA [lncRNA]) are a class of untranslated RNA molecules that function to regulate gene expression, associated biochemical pathways and cellular functions and are involved in many biological processes. This chapter presents a review of the current state of knowledge on the role of ncRNAs (particularly miRNAs and lncRNAs) in the MG and lactation processes, lacta- tion signalling pathways, lipid metabolism, MG health of ruminants as well as miRNA roles in milk recipients. Finally, the potential application of new genome editing technol- ogy for ncRNA studies in MG development, the lactation process and milk components is presented.
Retranslocation of nutrients and zinc sulphate fertilization of banana plants in central Amazon

Banana cultivation is ranked as one of the agricultural activities of greatest economic importance and social signi cance in Brazil. The area under banana cultivation in Brazil (516,000 ha) is larger than India and Ecuador, leading countires in production, but with rather lower productivity due to lack of adequate crop management, particularly fertilizer application. The objective of this work was to investigate the rate of nutrient retranslocation and the effect of fertilization on the yield and uniformity of banana bunches cultivated in central Amazon region. Two  eld experiments were conducted in a xanthic Ferralsol (dystrophic Yellow Latosol) - predominant soil of the region, examining: a) the nutrient translocation rate in twelve plants; and b) the ef ciency of zinc use, in a completely randomized blocks in split plot design with four rates of ZnSO 4 (0, 30, 60 and 120 g plant -1 cycle -1 ) and two application times (in the hole together with the seedling or applied in the  fth month after planting), with four replicates. Under the local edaphoclimatic conditions, the results show that N, P, K, Mg and Cu have a high retranslocation rate. The plant yield was in uenced by the rates of ZnSO 4 , with the most ef cient application method being in the planting hole. Results indicated that at high concentrations, zinc had mobility in the phloem from the leaves to the fruits. The proposed critical leaf zinc concentration at the start of in orescence was 12.9 mg kg -1 for the third leaf.
Community Service Versus Electronic Monitoring—What Works Better?: Results of a Randomized Trial

The present study is based on a controlled experiment in Switzerland with 240 subjects randomly assigned either to community service or to electronic monitoring. Measures of outcome include reconvictions, self-reported delinquency and several measures of social integration such as marriage, income and debts. The findings, based on subjects who successfully completed their sanction, suggest, with marginal significance (p < 0.10), that those assigned to electronic monitoring reoffended less than those assigned to community service, that they were more often married and lived under more favourable financial circumstances. Electronic monitoring may be an alternative to noncustodial sanctions. With increasing demands for non-custodial sanctions, it is crucial having more alternatives available.
Shortgrass range vegetation and steer growth response to intensive-early stocking

A 9-year grazing trial was conducted to compare shortgrass vegetation and steer responses under intensive-early stocking (IES) at 2 stocking rates to season-long stocking (SLS). The stocking rates were (1) equal to SLS, with twice as many steers used for the first half of the SLS grazing season (2X-IES), and (2) greater than SLS. with 3 times as many steers used for the same period (3X-IES). The hypothesis tested was that SLS and 2X-IES would be similar and sustainable in terms of productivity and vegetation composition, whereas 3X-IES would be different and not sustainable. The 3 treatments were assigned to 6 pastures in a randomized-complete block. Grazing was initiated on or near 1 May each year and continued until about 15 July for IES and about 1 October for SLS. Steers were weighted at initiation of grazing and in mid-July, and SLS steers were weighed in October. Vegetation data were collected in July and October in each pasture from 10 randomly located plots. Species composition of grasses was estimated, and grasses and forbs were clipped separately to determine biomass availability. Steer total gain and average daily gain (ADG) under SLS and 2X-IES were equal (P>0.10) during the early season, but 3X-IES gain and ADG were less (P 0.10). Grass and total biomass availability were reduced (P<0.10) over time by 3X-IES. The hypothesis was supported: SLS and 2X-IES were equal in terms of both livestock performance and vegetation responses, but livestock performance and biomass availability were reduced and vegetation composition changed under 3X-IES. Thus, 3X-IES was not sustainable. While SLS and 2X-IES appear biologically equal, using them simultaneously on separate land areas may reduce market variability risk by marketing twice per year.
Applications of knot theory in fluid mechanics

In this paper we present an overview of some recent results on applications of knot theory in fluid mechanics, as part of a new discipline called ‘topological fluid mechanics’ (TFM). The choice of the topics covered here is deliberately restricted to those areas that involve mainly a combination of ideal fluid mechanics techniques and knot theory concepts, complemented with a brief description of some other concepts that have important applications in fluid systems. We begin with the concept of topological equivalence of fluid flow maps, giving a definition of knotted and linked flux-tubes. In the fluid mechanics context Reidemeister’s moves are interpreted in terms of local actions of fluid flows performed on fluid structures. An old theorem of Lichtenstein (1925) concerning the isotopic evolution of vortex structures in the context of the Euler equations is re-proposed and discussed in the TFM context for the first time. Then, we review the relationship between helicity and linking numbers and we present some recent results on magnetic relaxation of linked, knotted and braided structures in magnetohydrodynamics. In the context of the Euler equations (and under certain approximations given by the so-called ‘localized induction’ for vortex structures) we briefly examine some interesting relationships between integrability and existence and stability of vortex filaments in the shape of torus knots. We conclude with an overview of some new results concerning electrically charged knots embedded in a viscous fluid, elastic relaxation of strings and braids and relationships between energy levels and topological information. Some simple bounds on elastic energy levels given by global geometric quantities and topological quantities are presented and discussed for the first time. 1. Modern developments in topological fluid mechanics. Knotted and linked structures are ubiquitous in nature and in fluid flows in particular. Their scale lengths range from 10÷10m, for tiny macromolecules, polymers, defect lines and superfluid vortices, to 10 ÷ 10m, for fluid eddies, vortex filaments, tornadoes, and up to 10 ÷ 10m for gigantic magnetic flux-tubes, plasma loops and magnetic arches present in 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 76-02; Secondary 54M99. Financial support from The Leverhulme Trust is kindly acknowledged. The paper is in final form and no version of it will be published elsewhere.
Accumulation by urban dispossession: struggles over urban space in Accra, Ghana

Despite the growing recognition of the utility of Marxist theories of primitive accumulation for understanding the current ‘neoliberal’ phase of capitalist development, there is a lack of in-­‐depth research on the particular dynamics that ‘accumulation by dispossession’ assumes at the urban scale. This is a problem compounded by the lack of dialogue between Marxist theorists of primitive accumulation and critical urban geographers researching neoliberalism at the urban scale, particularly in the context of the Global South. This thesis addresses these shortcomings through an in-­‐depth empirical case study of struggles over urban space in Accra, Ghana. Situated within a critical urban theory approach, it draws on a range of qualitative data gathered during fieldwork to explore the actors, motives, mechanisms and struggles that lie behind accumulation by dispossession at the urban scale – or accumulation by urban dispossession -­‐ in Accra. This thesis argues that neoliberal structural adjustment has created a large ‘informal proletariat’ in Accra. This dispossessed surplus population has been expelled from the formal capitalist economy and therefore has to create ‘urban commons’ in order to reproduce itself outside of the capital relation. Since these commons place limits to capital’s ability to valorise the urban fabric, state-­‐led accumulation by urban dispossession is a strategic response that employs a range of physical-­‐legal and discursive mechanisms to overcome these limits through the gentrification of the urban environment, the enclosure of the urban commons, and the expulsion of the informal poor. The thesis also demonstrates how non-­‐state actors in Accra enact accumulation by urban dispossession through governmental technologies that reshape the subjectivities of informal settlement dwellers so as to enclose them within a market logic. Rather than being passive victims, however, this thesis argues that Accra’s informal proletariat actively contests accumulation by urban dispossession by creating and defending urban commons through a combination of everyday acts of ‘quiet encroachment’ and organised collective action.
THE ROLE OF SMEs IN ASSESSING THE CONTRIBUTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO GDP IN THE ROMANIAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Given the negative effects of the economic crisis on the Romanian economy, entrepreneurship represents one of the main pillars of economic recovery and the authorities need to act in support of private entrepreneurship initiative. Even though entrepreneurship does not equate to the small and medium-sized enterprises, there is strong support in literature regarding the importance of SMEs in national economies due to the authorities` potential of intervention and their contribution to gross value added. The fluctuating evolution of the Romanian business environment has led to a high volatility of its contribution to GDP, which is especially true in the case of SMEs due to their lack of technology and capital and difficult access to financing, as well as limited know-how compared to the large companies that control the Romanian market. Successful entrepreneurial initiative leads to sustainable businesses and ensures a smooth transition from business ideas to the creation of value added, thus supporting economic growth and the narrowing of macroeconomic gaps which have been generated during the economic recession. As a distinctive and dynamic component of Romanian entrepreneurship, the SME segment has a significant contribution to GDP. This study aims at assessing the contribution of entrepreneurship, through its SME segment, to Romania`s GDP in the main economic sectors and, at the same time, the estimation of output gap at sectoral level, thus filling a gap in entrepreneurship-related domestic literature.
Quality Assessment of Some Springs in the Awing Community, Northwest Cameroon, and Their Health Implications

Some springs in Awing, North West Cameroon, were assessed in order to ascertain their quality for human consumption. Achialum, Meupi, and Ala’amiti quarters in Awing depend on springs as the major source of drinking water and inhabitants consume it in its natural state without prior assessment and treatment. Water samples were collected from Achialum, Meupi, and Ala’amiti and analysed for organoleptic, physicochemical, and bacteriological parameters using standard methods. Results of organoleptic and physicochemical parameters showed that most of the parameters fell below WHO limits. Water quality index results, based on physicochemical parameters only, showed that Achialum and Ala’amiti springs were of good quality while Meupi spring was of poor quality. Water quality index may not carry enough information about the real quality situation since a single bad parameter value can give misleading information about the water quality. However, the bacteriological aspect revealed the presence of faecal coliforms and pathogenic bacteria in all the springs that justified the high rate of water borne diseases recorded in the area. This poor water quality could be associated to poor hygiene and farming practices. Thus, the population of Awing should implement home water treatment methods such as boiling, filtration, or chlorination before consumption.
Mathematical Model for Laboratory System of Bioluminescent Whole-Cell Biosensor with Optical Element

The fiber-optic biosensor with encapsuled bioreporters use a special optical element (OE) from pure silica with an active layer contents bioluminescent bioreporters was developed as a real in-situ detector for on-line measurement in remote localities. The active layer of biosensor contents bioluminescent bioreporters – genetic modified cells, which are sensitive to its surrounding environment-immobilized in silica matrix on the end of OE. Bioreporters are able to react by emission of visible light (≈500 nm) – bioluminiscence reaction (BL) – in presence of specific analyte. The genetic modified bacterial stain Pseudomonas putida TVA8 was chosen as biorecognition part of biosensor producing BL in the presence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylens (BTEX). Very low level of BL signal was detected by high-sensitive photon-counter. The sensitivity of biosensor depends on a value of detected BL and it can be very low. The signal is also affected by number of cells (light sources) immobilized into the active layer and transmission through OE. Mathematical model of OE shape was developed based on geometric optics. The numerical model is built around the MATLAB scripting language. Simulation of ray transmission was calculated for OE with different shape.
A Case Study of Health Tourism in the Jeju Province, South Korea

The United States Census Bureau (2006) reported that in 2005 more than 46 million Americans lacked health insurance, and that by 2019 national spending for health care would exceed $4.5 trillion (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2010). Because those numbers are expected to increase, health tourists are seeking better opportunities for low-cost, high-quality treatment in other countries, plus the added benefit of experiencing foreign cultures. Health tourism is a rapidly growing market in both advanced and developing countries. The purpose of this study was to develop an applicable model of health tourism, the Jeju-Style Health Tourism Model, for Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and to provide other cities and countries with its implications. This study employed a focus group, indepth interviews, and content analysis to discover important factors in developing the model. The results suggested that four major sources must be executed together to maximize the benefits of health tourism development. On a foundation of natural resources, knowledge-based resources were most important (54.5%), followed by artificial resources (25.7%), and expenses-based resources (19.8%).
PURSUING THE FRUITS OF KNOWLEDGE: COGNITIVE ETHNOBOTANY IN MISSOURI'S LITTLE DIXIE

This sludy investigates cthnobotanical knowledge variation in Little Dixie, a folk cultural rcgion in Central Missouri. Data wcrc obtained from twenty "experts" and twenty "novices" who fre~-listed Ihe names and uses for wild plants and rated Ihem according to cultural usefulness, ecological value, beauty, and overall appeal. 11 is hypolhesized and demonstrated that novices privilcge species that an> perceptually distinctive and ecologically abundant, while cxperts emphasize specil:. '5 with high usc potential. Accordingly, novices emphasize beau­ ty, a form-b<lsed variable, in their evaluation of listed species, while experts em­ phasize cultural utility, a function-based variable. These results suggest thai the acquisition of ethnobotanical expertise entails a shift from morphological, imag­ istic information processing to the cognitive assimilation of abstracl, utilitarian factors gained through learning and cultural experience.
Unawareness of Alcoholic Content of Alcopops among 13-Year Old Italian Teenagers

Aims: Alcopops are ready-mixed drinks containing approximately the same amount of alcohol as beer, usually sweet, and flavoured, particularly appealing to young people. The present study was aimed to investigate whether young adolescents aged 12-14 years, corresponding to the average age of the first drink, are capable of identifying the presence of alcohol in these beverages. Methods: Administration of a questionnaire comprising 8 questions investigating knowledge and consumption of different alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages to a sample of 13-year old Italian students. Results: More than 20% of a sample of 224 students reported that they were unaware of the alcoholic content of alcopops at the age of the first drink. The number of students unable to distinguish alcopops from non-alcoholic beverages was significantly higher than students who were not able to distinguish beer from alcohol-free beverages. Conclusions: At the age of the first drink, the identification of alcopops as alcoholic beverages is more difficult than that of other beverages containing the same amount of alcohol. Information aimed at increasing the ability of adolescents to distinguish between alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages should be provided to young adolescent students before they start drinking.
POLYMORPHISM STUDY IN BARLEY ( Hordeum vulgare ) GENOTYPES USING MICROSATELLITE ( SSR ) MARKERS

The experiment was conducted at the Molecular Breeding Lab of Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARl) to assess the inter and intra species diversity within the barley genotypes. Ten barley genotypes were used for polymorphism study through SSR markers. Among them, six markers showed distinct polymorphism within the barley genotypes. It was observed that the genotypes BB-1 and BB-3 were more diverged (0.255) compared to other genotypes. On the other hand, the genotypes BB-2, P-33, P-19, and P-25 were very much similar in their genetic level (83.00%) followed by BB-2, BB-4, BHL-19, P-19, BHL-18, BB-5, P-19, P-25, and P-33 (78.70%). The two dimensional graphical view of Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCO) showed the spatial distribution of the 10 barley genotypes along the two principal axes. The genotypes viz., BB-1 and BB-3 were found far away from centroid of the cluster and rest of the genotypes were placed around the centroid (Fig. 8). The genotypes that placed far away from the centriod were more genetically diverged compared to the genotypes placed near the centriod which were likely to be genetically more similar.
The magnitude and causes of uncertainty in global model simulations of cloud condensation nuclei

Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interaction effects are a major source of uncertainty in climate models so it is important to quantify the sources of uncertainty and thereby direct research efforts. However, the computational expense of global aerosol models has prevented a full statistical analysis of their outputs. Here we perform a variance-based analysis of a global 3-D aerosol microphysics model to quantify the magnitude and leading causes of parametric uncertainty in model-estimated present-day concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Twenty-eight model parameters covering essentially all important aerosol processes, emissions and representation of aerosol size distributions were defined based on expert elicitation. An uncertainty analysis was then performed based on a Monte Carlo-type sampling of an emulator built for each model grid cell. The standard deviation around the mean CCN varies globally between about ±30% over some marine regions to ±40–100% over most land areas and high latitudes, implying that aerosol processes and emissions are likely to be a significant source of uncertainty in model simulations of aerosol–cloud effects on climate. Among the most important contributors to CCN uncertainty are the sizes of emitted primary particles, including carbonaceous combustion particles from wildfires, biomass burning and fossil fuel use, as well as sulfate particles formed on sub-grid scales. Emissions of carbonaceous combustion particles affect CCN uncertainty more than sulfur emissions. Aerosol emission-related parameters dominate the uncertainty close to sources, while uncertainty in aerosol microphysical processes becomes increasingly important in remote regions, being dominated by deposition and aerosol sulfate formation during cloud-processing. The results lead to several recommendations for research that would result in improved modelling of cloud–active aerosol on a global scale.
Toward design of the antiturbulence surface exhibiting maximum drag reduction effect

The flow development in a groove-modified channel consisting of flat and grooved walls was investigated by direct numerical simulations based on the Navier–Stokes equations at a Reynolds number of $5\times 10^{3}$ based on the full channel height and the bulk velocity. Simulations were performed for highly disturbed initial flow conditions leading to the almost instantaneous appearance of turbulence in channels with flat walls. The surface morphology was designed in the form of profiled grooves aligned with the flow direction and embedded in the wall. Such grooves are presumed to allow development of only the statistically axisymmetric disturbances. In contrast to the rapid production of turbulence along a flat wall, it was found that such development was suppressed over a grooved wall for a remarkably long period of time. Owing to the difference in the flow structure, friction drag over the grooved wall was more than 60 % lower than that over the flat wall. Anisotropy-invariant mapping supports the conclusion, emerging from analytic considerations, that persistence of the laminar regime is due to statistical axisymmetry in the velocity fluctuations. Complementary investigations of turbulent drag reduction in grooved channels demonstrated that promotion of such a state across the entire wetted surface is required to stabilize flow and prevent transition and breakdown to turbulence. To support the results of numerical investigations, measurements in groove-modified channel flow were performed. Comparisons of the pressure differentials measured along flat and groove-modified channels reveal a skin-friction reduction as large as $\text{DR}\approx 50\,\%$ owing to the extended persistence of the laminar flow compared with flow development in a flat channel. These experiments demonstrate that early stabilization of the laminar boundary layer development with a grooved surface promotes drag reduction in a fully turbulent flow with a preserving magnitude as the Reynolds number increases.