Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown head and neck primary site: a "selective treatment" approach.

OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of limiting treatment to the involved neck by way of neck dissection and adjuvant radiotherapy and reserving other therapies for salvage in the management of metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown head and neck primary site. DESIGN Retrospective study of patients whose clinicopathological data had been prospectively collected in a comprehensive head and neck database. SETTING A tertiary referral university hospital. PATIENTS The study population comprised 70 patients with metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown head and neck primary site. INTERVENTIONS Neck dissection alone in patients with pN1 disease confined to the lymph node. All remaining patients received neck dissection and adjuvant postoperative irradiation of the involved (dissected) neck. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of primary, regional, and distant recurrence and disease-specific and overall survival. RESULTS Nodal stage was pN1 in 5 patients (7%); pN2a in 13 (19%); pN2b in 30 (43%); pN2c in 4 (6%); and pN3 in 18 (26%). Neck dissection alone was performed in 10 patients (14%), while 60 patients (86%) underwent neck dissection and adjuvant irradiation. Median follow-up was 45 months. The primary tumor site emerged in 8 patients (11%). The 5-year control rates were 84% in the ipsilateral (dissected) neck and 93% in the contralateral (undissected) neck. The 5-year disease-specific and overall survival rates were 62% and 56%, respectively. Macroscopic extracapsular spread was the only statistically significant adverse prognostic factor (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The results of our selective treatment approach compare favorably with the results of other reported protocols using comprehensive irradiation or concurrent chemoradiation. However, patients with extracapsular spread and pN2 or pN3 disease were at high risk of treatment failure and may benefit from adjuvant chemoradiation. Although our protocol spares patients of potentially morbid therapies, salvage is rarely successful.
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF COMMOTIO RETINAE

The pathogenesis of commotio retinae in animal models has included extracellular edema, intracellular edema, and photoreceptor outer segment disruption. Histopathologic findings obtained within 24 hours of blunt trauma in a human eye with clinically-observed commotio retinae revealed photoreceptor outer segment disruption and damage to the retinal pigment epithelium. The major site of injury in commotio retinae seems to be at the level of the photoreceptor outer segment-retinal pigment epithelium junction.
Delay between the onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction and seeking medical assistance is influenced by left ventricular function at presentation.

OBJECTIVE--To determine whether the interval between the onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction and the patient's call for medical assistance (patient delay) is related to left ventricular function at the time of presentation. DESIGN--Prospective observational study. SETTING--Coronary care unit of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. PATIENTS--93 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Left ventricular stroke distance, expressed as a percentage of the age predicted normal value, measured first on admission, and then daily for 10 days or until discharge. Patients were questioned at admission to determine the time of onset of symptoms and the time of their call for medical assistance. RESULTS--Median (range) patient delay was 30 (1-360) min. Mean (SD) stroke distance on admission was 70(18)%, rising to 77(19)% on the second recording, and to 84(18)% on the day of discharge. Linear regression of log(e)(patient delay) against first, second, and last measurements of stroke distance gave correlation coefficients of 0.28 (P < 0.01), 0.18 (not significant), and 0.11 (not significant), respectively. CONCLUSIONS--Patient delay within the first 4 h after the onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction is positively related to left ventricular function on admission. A possible explanation is that deteriorating left ventricular function influences the patient's decision to call for help. This tendency for patients with more severe infarction to call for help sooner is an added reason for giving thrombolytic treatment at the first opportunity: those who call early have most to gain from prompt management.
N-[(1-Benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]benzamide

In the title compound, C20H22N2O2, the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. The phenyl rings are inclined to one another by 80.1 (1)° and make dihedral angles of 46.1 (1) and 40.2 (1)° with the mean plane of the piperidine ring. In the crystal, pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into inversion dimers. C—H⋯O interactions further link the molecules, forming a three-dimensional supramolecular network.
Cooperative Downloading in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Cost-Energy Perspective

Cooperative downloading in mobile ad hoc networks is an effective way to improve the efficiency of downloading files. This work addresses the problem while distributing content to a group of mobile terminals (MTs) that cooperate during the download process by forming mobile ad hoc networks. However, the efficiency, cost, and energy consumption of cooperative downloading are sensitive by content distribution, which is a challenge to get the optimal in mobile ad hoc networks. This paper proposes a cost distribution (OCD) algorithm and a content distribution algorithm based on auction (OCDA) for mobile ad hoc networks based on relative location of nodes and local optimization theory. In order to make cooperative users take part when the downloading is beginning, several rounds of content distribution approach are designed based on users' relative location in the cooperative ad hoc network. To satisfy users' personal demands, the paper also designs a local optimization mechanism based on cost and energy. The simulation results show that the cost and content distribution method can achieve better performance, higher downloading efficiency, and lower energy consumption than the self-organized market algorithm (SOMA) and the average distribution algorithm (ADA).
Earnings Management and Audit Quality in Europe: Evidence from the Private Client Segment Market

This paper contributes to the recent literature on financial reporting quality in private (i.e. non-listed) companies (Ball and Shivakumar, 2005; Burgstahler et al., 2006) by examining whether in these types of companies Big 4 audit firms, as high quality auditors, provide a constraint on earnings management. Considering incentives of auditors to supply a high audit quality in private firms, we expect that Big 4 auditors have an incentive to constrain earnings management only in high tax alignment countries, where financial statements are more scrutinized by tax authorities and the probability that an audit failure is detected is higher. Using data on private firms in European countries, this study provides evidence consistent with this expectation.
Brain Death Impairs Pancreatic Microcirculation

Brain death (BD) influences the quality of donor grafts in transplantation. To evaluate the impact of BD on pancreas grafts, we investigated the influence of BD on the microcirculation and histology of the pancreas in a rat model of explosive BD. A group of Wistar rats (n = 7), rendered brain dead by inflating an intracranially inserted Fogarty catheter was compared with controls (CO) using intravital epifluorescence‐microscopy over 4 h after BD induction; functional capillary density (FCD), leukocyte adherence (AL) in post‐capillary venules, histology and pancreatic enzymes were investigated. Four hours after BD, FCD decreased (333 ± 11 vs. baseline 444 cm/cm2± 5 SEM; p < 0.01) and showed lower values than CO (388 ± 9 p < 0.01). In BD, AL was increased (628 cells/mm2± 110 SEM vs. baseline 123 ± 32, and vs. CO 180 ± 33; p < 0.001). BD caused increased histological damage (CO 1.6 score‐points ± 0.7 SD vs. BD 8.3 ± 7.1; p < 0.05). Amylase was higher in BD (p < 0.05) but did not reach pathological values. We show for the first time that BD causes relevant changes in pancreatic microcirculation, histology and leukocyte endothelial interaction which might have a serious impact on the function of grafts. New strategies for preventing this damage are therefore highly desirable in order to improve the outcome of pancreas transplantation.
The Neocortex of Indian River Dolphins (Genus Platanista): Comparative, Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

We investigated the morphology of four primary neocortical projection areas (somatomotor, somatosensory, auditory, visual) qualitatively and quantitatively in the Indian river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica, P. gangetica minor) with histological and stereological methods. For comparison, we included brains of other toothed whale species. Design-based stereology was applied to the primary neocortical areas (M1, S1, A1, V1) of the Indian river dolphins and compared to those of the bottlenose dolphin with respect to layers III and V. These neocortical fields were identified using existing electrophysiological and morphological data from marine dolphins as to their topography and histological structure, including the characteristics of the neuron populations concerned. In contrast to other toothed whales, the visual area (V1) of the ‘blind' river dolphins seems to be rather small. M1 is displaced laterally and the auditory area (A1) is larger than in marine species with respect to total brain size. The layering is similar in the cortices of all the toothed whale brains investigated; a layer IV could not be identified. Cell density in layer III is always higher than in layer V. The maximal neuron density in P. gangetica gangetica is found in layer III of A1, followed by layers III in V1, S1, and M1. The cell density in layer V is at a similar level in all primary areas. There are, however, some differences in neuron density between the two subspecies of Indian river dolphins. Taken as a whole, it appears that the neocortex of platanistids exhibits a considerable expansion of the auditory field. Even more than other toothed whales, they seem to depend on their biosonar abilities for navigation, hunting, and communication in their riverine habitat.
Expression of β-arrestin 1 in gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma and its relation with progression.

OBJECTIVE Arrestins act as mediators of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization and trafficking, also actin as a scaffold for many intracellular signaling network. The role that β-arrestin 1 plays in gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (GCA) and its clinicopathologic significance are untouched. METHODS Fifty patients with gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma were retrospectively enrolled and β-arrestin 1 was detected using immunohistochemistry in tissue samples. RESULTS Nuclear expression of β-arrestin 1 was observed in 78% of GCA samples (39/50) and cytoplasmic expression in 70% (35/50). β-arrestin 1 could be found in both nucleus and cytoplasm of 54% GCA (27/50) or in either of them in 94% (47/50). β-arrestin 1 protein positivity in well/ moderately differentiated carcinomas was significantly higher than that in poorly differentiated carcinomas (P=0.005). We found increased expression of β-arrestin 1 in cytoplasm was correlated with lymph nodal metastasis (P=0.002) and pathological lymph nodal staging (P=0.030). We also found β-arrestin 1 to be over-expressed in glandular epithelia cells of mucinous adenocarcinoma, a tumour type associated with an adverse outcome of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (P=0.022). CONCLUSION β-arrestin 1 is over-expressed in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma. However, β-arrestin 1 has no relationship with the prognosis of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (P>0.05). Our data imply that β-arrestin 1 in cytoplasm may be involved in differentiation and metastasis of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma.
Frame Synchronization for Gaussian Channels

The problem of locating a periodically inserted frame synchronization pattern in random data for a M -ary digital communication system operating over the additive white Gaussian noise channel is considered. The optimum maximum-likelihood decision rule, high signal-to-noise approximate maximum likelihood decision rule, and ordinary correlation decision rule for frame synchronization are derived for both coherent and noncoherent phase demodulation. A general lower bound on synchronization probability is derived for the coherent correlation rule. Monte Carlo computer simulations of all three decision rules, along with evaluations of the lower bound for the coherent correlation rule, were performed for the coherent MPSK, coherent, and noncoherent M ary orthogonal, and 16 QAM signaling schemes. These results show that in each case the high signal-to-noise maximum-likelihood rules have a performance nearly equal to that of the maximum-likelihood rules over a wide range of practically interesting signal-to-noise ratios (SNR's). These high SNR decision rules also provide significant performance improvement over the simple correlation rules. Moreover, they are much simpler to implement than the maximum-likelihood decision rules and, in fact, are no more complex than the correlation rules.
Aspects of the phonology and verb morphology of three Yemeni dialects

This thesis challenges a number of widely held assumptions concerning dialectology. Generative approaches to dialectology have assumed that related dialects share identical underlying representations and that dialect variation results from different rules or different ordering of the same rules. In the introduction, it is demonstrated that this position is untenable. Firstly, it is claimed that there can be no such notion as an objective dialect and that the term 'dialect' is most sensibly used to describe what native speakers perceive to be their language variety; and secondly, it is argued that different dialects may have independent underlying representations. In this light, the task of the dialectologist is seen to be examination of the different levels of the grammar in which dialect variation may and does take place. In terms of this overall perspective, the thesis adopts a model of underspecification first proposed by Pulleyblank (1986) and Archangeli (1984). While certain aspects of the phonology are viewed as language universal, this model does permit and exploit language specific variation, and thereby proves particularly apt for an approach to dialectology which rejects positing a single underlying representation for cognate forms in related dialects. These general principles are applied to a study of three mutually intelligible dialects spoken in the western mountain range of North Yemen: Hubaiji, Gabiini and Kusmi. Aspects of phonology and verb morphology are investigated and it is seen how dialect variation is manifested in different components of the grammar. Chapter one establishes the set of syllable types and examines syllabification processes. Chapter two determines the identity of vocalic features and the vocalic matrix: to this end, the minimal vowel is established for the dialects. In chapter three, consonantal features are considered and the identity of the minimal consonant Is determined. Chapter four looks at the sound triliteral verb in terms of voice and inflection. Chapter five considers the possibility of two minimal segments within a single prosodic system and establishes the Identity of the minimal consonant at the lexical level. Chapters six, seven and eight investigate dialect variation in the lexical component by considering: feminine verbal and nominal inflections; non-sound triliteral verbs; and [+R] spread (the spread of lip rounding) as it affects vowels of the perfective verbal stem. In the Appendix, note is made of utterance-final phenomena.
WEARINESS AND LOYALTY LOSS IN RECURRENT SERVICE MODELS

For recurrent service providers (fast-food, entertainment, medical care,.), retaining loyal customers is obviously a key issue. The customers' loyalty essentially depends on their service satisfaction defined via an ad-hoc utility function. Among several criteria, the utility function strongly depends on the past perceived waiting time. Moreover, the patience that customers consent to allow in waiting does often decrease as a function of the successive utilizations of the service (i.e. weariness). We propose here an idealized queueing model in which the customers' loyalty is determined only by the individual experience gained during the successive visits to a service (i.e. the waiting time and the number of services yet recieved). For regimes where the law of large numbers holds, a deterministic approach enables to analytically discuss the resulting multi-agent dynamics governing the customers' flows. One is able, in particular, to fully calculate, analytically, the characteristics of the emerging complex patterns (i.e. here structured temporal oscillations) which are observed to be strongly structurally stable.
Oxidative status in iron‐deficiency anemia

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant molecules that can play an important role in the pathogenesis of iron‐deficiency anemia (IDA). The aim of this study was to investigate oxidative status in patients with IDA and alteration of oxidative status after iron treatment. Thirty‐three female patients with IDA and 25 healthy controls were included in this study. Oxidant and total antioxidant capacity were determined using free oxygen radicals test and free oxygen radicals defence (Form CR 3000, Callegari, Parma, Italy). Catalase activity was measured by spectrophotometer using a commercially available kit (Bioxytech Catalase‐520, OxisResearch, Portland, OR). Oxidant activity in patients with IDA was significantly higher than controls (P<0.05), while total antioxidant and catalase activity were significantly lower (P<0.05). After treatment, oxidant, antioxidant, and catalase activity reached the levels of the control group, and no significant differences were observed among groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, our data indicate that blood reactive oxygen species was lower and total antioxidant and catalase activity were higher after rather than before treatment in patients with IDA. The results of our study support the higher oxidative stress hypothesis in IDA; however, due to the limited number of cases included, more studies may be required to confirm the results. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 23:319–323, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancement of positron emission tomography-computed tomography image quality using the principle of stochastic resonance

Purpose: Acquisition of higher counts improves visual perception of positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) image. Larger radiopharmaceutical doses (implies more radiation dose) are administered to acquire this count in a short time period. However, diagnostic information does not increase after a certain threshold of counts. This study was conducted to develop a post processing method based on principle of “stochastic resonance” to improve visual perception of the PET-CT image having a required threshold counts. Materials and Methods: PET-CT images (JPEG file format) with low, medium, and high counts in the image were included in this study. The image was corrupted with the addition of Poisson noise. The amplitude of the Poisson noise was adjusted by dividing each pixel by a constant 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32. The best amplitude of the noise that gave best images quality was selected based on high value of entropy of the output image, high value of structural similarity index and feature similarity index. Visual perception of the image was evaluated by two nuclear medicine physicians. Results: The variation in structural and feature similarity of the image was not appreciable visually, but statistically images deteriorated as the noise amplitude increases although maintaining structural (above 70%) and feature (above 80%) similarity of input images in all cases. We obtained the best image quality at noise amplitude “4” in which 88% structural and 95% feature similarity of the input images was retained. Conclusion: This method of stochastic resonance can be used to improve the visual perception of the PET-CT image. This can indirectly lead to reduction of radiation dose.
Transition-Based Disfluency Detection using LSTMs

In this paper, we model the problem of disfluency detection using a transition-based framework, which incrementally constructs and labels the disfluency chunk of input sentences using a new transition system without syntax information. Compared with sequence labeling methods, it can capture non-local chunk-level features; compared with joint parsing and disfluency detection methods, it is free for noise in syntax. Experiments show that our model achieves state-of-the-art f-score of 87.5% on the commonly used English Switchboard test set, and a set of in-house annotated Chinese data.
An exploratory study into the drivers of channel change

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to aim to understand the factors influencing the magnitude of change in distribution channels. Distribution channels are slow to change due to a number of factors. Yet, the distribution mix is a vital part of a company's competitive position and companies must, therefore, constantly examine their mix of channels to most closely approximate the changing needs of its customers. It therefore is important to look at the factors influencing change in distribution.Design/methodology/approach – A model of channel change is developed and tested with data from financial services organizations in the UK. In addition to quantitative data, the researchers also collected qualitative feedback.Findings – The degree of channel change is related to: volatility in customers' needs; the sophistication of the target customer; product sophistication; environmental conflict; volatility in competitors' strategies; scope economies; and company size.Research limitations/implications – The sa.
Microfluidics device for single cell gene expression analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We have measured single‐cell gene expression over time using a microfluidics‐based flow cell which physically traps individual yeast using µm‐sized structures (yeast jails). Our goal was to determine variability of gene expression within a cell over time, as well as variability between individual cells. In our flow cell system, yeast jails are fabricated out of PDMS and gene expression is visualized using fluorescently‐tagged proteins of interest. Previously, single‐cell yeast work has been done using micromanipulation on agar, or FACS. In the present device agar is eliminated, resulting in a superior optical system. The flow of media through the flow cell washes daughter cells away, eliminating the need for micromanipulation. Unlike FACS, the described device can track individual yeast over a time course of many hours. The flow cells are compatible with the needs of quantitative fluorescence microscopy, and allow simultaneous measurements to be done on a large number of individual yeast. We used these flow cells to determine the expression of HSP104‐GFPand RAS2‐YFP, genes known to affect yeast life span. The results demonstrate inter‐cell variation in expression of both genes that could not have been detected without this single‐cell analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.