Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enzymuria in Gentamicin-Induced Kidney Damage

To assess their potential value as early indicators of gentamicin-induced kidney damage, lysosomal hydrolases were measured in the 24-h urines of rats receiving 30 or 60 mg of gentamicin per kg per day for 15 days. Proteinuria, urine osmolality, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine clearance were also measured. Kidney tissue was examined by both light and electron microscopy. Beta-galactosidase, beta-n-acetyl-hexosaminidase, and alpha-fucosidase were sensitive indicators and were significantly elevated above control values by day 3 at both doses (P < 0.01). Proteinuria, urine osmolality, and tests reflecting glomerular filtration rate were later indicators of nephron damage. Changes by light microscopy were detected on day 5. Necrosis was most prominent in the proximal convoluted tubules on day 10. Electron microscopy revealed numerous cytosomes with myeloid bodies within the proximal tubular epithelium on day 5. Lysosomal enzymuria appears to be an early manifestation of gentamicin nephrotoxicity and may possibly be related to the lysosomal abnormalities seen on electron microscopy.
The Effects of Vasoactive Drugs on Intestinal Functional Capillary Density in Endotoxemic Rats: Intravital Video-Microscopy Analysis

BACKGROUND: The use of vasoactive drugs to restore arterial blood pressure in patients with septic shock remains a cornerstone of intensive care medicine. However, vasopressors can accentuate the hypoperfusion of the gut during septic shock, allowing bacterial translocation and endotoxemia. In this study, we compared the effects of different vasoactive drugs on intestinal microcirculation and tissue oxygenation, independent of the effects of fluid therapy, in a rat model of endotoxemic shock. METHODS: Pentobarbital-anesthetized Wistar Kyoto rats were submitted to endotoxemic shock induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (2 mg/kg IV). Arterial blood pressure was normalized by a continuous infusion of different vasoactive drugs, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, or a combination of dobutamine and norepinephrine. The functional capillary density (FCD) of the muscular layer of the small intestine was evaluated by intravital video-microscopy. Mesenteric venous blood gases and lactate concentrations were also analyzed. RESULTS: FCD decreased by approximately 25% to 60% after the IV infusion of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and phenylephrine. Administration of dopamine, dobutamine, and the combination of dobutamine and norepinephrine did not induce significant alterations in gut FCD. In addition, the mesenteric venous lactate concentration increased in the presence of phenylephrine and showed a tendency to increase after the administration of epinephrine and norepinephrine, whereas there was no observable increase after the administration of dopamine, dobutamine, and the combination of dobutamine with norepinephrine. CONCLUSION: This study confirms dissociation of the systemic hemodynamic and microvascular alterations in an experimental model of septic shock. Moreover, the results indicate that the use of dopamine, dobutamine, and dobutamine in combination with norepinephrine yields a protective effect on the microcirculation of the intestinal muscular layer in endotoxemic rats.
EFFECT OF DENSITY RATIO ON THE HYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO DROPS IN SIMPLE SHEAR FLOW

The effect of density ratio on the hydrodynamic interaction between two drops in simple shear flow at finite Reynolds numbers is studied considering the gravity influence. In this study the full Navier-Stokes equations are solved by a finite difference/front tracking method. The interaction of two drops contains approach, collision, and separation. For a range of density ratios, the interaction between deformable drops increases the cross-flow separation of their centres. The distance between the drop centres along the velocity gradient direction increases irreversibly after collision and reaches a new steady-state value after separation. The interaction between drops is affected by the density ratio. As the density ratio increases, the final equilibrium position of drops moves to the higher velocity region and the drop deformation increases. Drop deformation prevents drop coalescence at finite Reynolds numbers; the reduced collision cross-section of the drops allows them to glide past each other. The drops accelerate while sliding over each other. As the density ratio decreases, drops rotate more slowly, and the point at which the drops separate is delayed. Keywords– Shear flow, front-tracking method, finite difference method, Reynolds number, Capillary number, Froude number
Climate change adaptation in the urban planning and design research: missing links and research agenda

This paper investigates the extent and the nature of how the urban planning literature has addressed climate change adaptation. It presents a longitudinal study of 157 peer-reviewed articles published from 2000 to 2013 in the leading urban planning and design journals whose selection considered earlier empirical studies that ranked them these journals. The findings reveal that the years 2006–07 represent a turning point, after which climate change studies appear more prominently and consistently in the urban planning and design literature; however, the majority of these studies address climate change mitigation rather than adaptation. Most adaptation studies deal with governance, social learning, and vulnerability assessments, while paying little attention to physical planning and urban design interventions. This paper identifies four gaps that pertain to the lack of interdisciplinary linkages, the absence of knowledge transfer, the presence of scale conflict, and the dearth of participatory research methods. It then advocates for the advancement of participatory and collaborative action research to meet the multifaceted challenges of climate change.
Never, Ever Getting Started: On Prospect Theory Without Commitment

We characterize the investment or gambling behavior of a prospect theory decision maker who is aware of his time-inconsistency but lacks commitment. Such a "sophisticate'' takes fewer risks than an expected utility maximizer with the same utility function (but no probability weighting). For most prospect theory specifications, a sophisticate never gambles or invests in the stock market, even if expected gains are arbitrarily high. This result is the antithesis to Ebert & Strack (2015), who show that decision makers who are naive about their time inconsistency never stop gambling.
Modulation of bilirubin neurotoxicity by the Abcb1 transporter in the Ugt1-/- lethal mouse model of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

Moderate neonatal jaundice is the most common clinical condition during newborn life. However, a combination of factors may result in acute hyperbilirubinemia, placing infants at risk of developing bilirubin encephalopathy and death by kernicterus. While most risk factors are known, the mechanisms acting to reduce susceptibility to bilirubin neurotoxicity remain unclear. The presence of modifier genes modulating the risk of developing bilirubin-induced brain damage is increasingly being recognised. The Abcb1 and Abcc1 members of the ABC family of transporters have been suggested to have an active role in exporting unconjugated bilirubin from the central nervous system into plasma. However, their role in reducing the risk of developing neurological damage and death during neonatal development is still unknown.To this end, we mated Abcb1a/b-/- and Abcc1-/- strains with Ugt1-/- mice, which develop severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. While about 60% of Ugt1-/- mice survived after temporary phototherapy, all Abcb1a/b-/-/Ugt1-/- mice died before postnatal day 21, showing higher cerebellar levels of unconjugated bilirubin. Interestingly, Abcc1 role appeared to be less important.In the cerebellum of Ugt1-/- mice, hyperbilirubinemia induced the expression of Car and Pxr nuclear receptors, known regulators of genes involved in the genotoxic response.We demonstrated a critical role of Abcb1 in protecting the cerebellum from bilirubin toxicity during neonatal development, the most clinically relevant phase for human babies, providing further understanding of the mechanisms regulating bilirubin neurotoxicity in vivo. Pharmacological treatments aimed to increase Abcb1 and Abcc1 expression, could represent a therapeutic option to reduce the risk of bilirubin neurotoxicity.
Capture-recapture: a useful methodological tool for counting traffic related injuries?

Introduction—Although the capture-recapture technique is increasingly employed in studies of human populations to correct for under-ascertainment in traditional epidemiological surveillance, it has rarely been used in injury research. Objectives—To estimate the completeness of official data sources on traffic related injuries (TRIs) by using the capture-recapture technique and to calculate an ascertainment corrected number of fatal and serious TRIs among Scottish young people aged 15–24 years. The appropriateness of the approach in this context is also assessed. Method—A two sample capture-recapture technique was applied to two official sources of TRI data. Data on TRIs were obtained from the Scottish Health Service and the STATS19 dataset at the University of Essex Data Archive for 1995. Four standards (A-D) of matching were applied to fatalities and serious TRIs to allow plausible relaxation of matching standards within the context of the data collection setting. The completeness of each data source was assessed, and an ascertainment corrected number of fatalities and serious TRIs calculated. Results—The ascertainment corrected number of TRI fatalities among 15–24 year olds using standard D was 104. This represents only a small increase in the number of fatalities using capture-recapture than when using each individual dataset. The completeness of the Scottish Health Service database for TRI fatalities was 93%. The STATS19 database was 95% complete. The ascertainment corrected number of TRI hospital admissions was 1969. The STATS19 and the Scottish Health Service databases were approximately two thirds and three quarters complete respectively for non-fatal TRIs requiring hospitalisation. Conclusions—Injury researchers have advocated the linkage of major datasets to supplement and improve the quality of injury data. Using capture-recapture we found that routine databases enumerate TRI fatalities accurately, in contrast to injury morbidity databases that do not. Capture-recapture is a potentially useful method of evaluating the completeness of data sources and identifying biases within datasets. However, ascertainment corrected rates should be viewed with caution. A number of requirements of the capture-recapture technique are unachieved in this study of injury in the human population.
T-251A polymorphism of IL-8 relating to the development of histological gastritis and G-308A polymorphism of TNF-&agr; relating to the development of macroscopic erosion

Objectives Genetic variations of the inflammatory IL-8 and TNF-&agr; genes can influence the outcome of gastric alterations. Our aims were to determine the prevalence and effect of the T-251A functional polymorphism of IL-8 and the G-308A polymorphism of TNF-&agr; in histological and macroscopic gastric diseases related to Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from biopsy samples from patients with gastritis (n=86, H. pylori positive=41), atrophy (n=32, H. pylori positive=13), intestinal metaplasia (IM) (n=43, H. pylori positive=22) and from histologically negative patients (n=57). The samples were divided by macroscopic diagnosis into erosion and negative groups. The T-251A polymorphism was examined with the amplification refractory mutation system method; the G-308A polymorphism was determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. For statistical evaluation, Fischer's exact test was used. Results In the case of T-251A of IL-8, the frequency of the A/A genotype was significantly increased in gastritis (P=0.049) and IM (P=0.038) groups as compared with the histologically negative ones. No relationship was found between macroscopic erosions and H. pylori infection. In the case of G-308A, the G/G genotype frequency was statistically increased in erosions as compared with negative groups (P=0.035). No difference in the distribution of G-308A genotypes in relation to histological alterations and the H. pylori infection was observed. Conclusions The effect of the polymorphism of IL-8 seems to be relevant in the pathogenesis of histological gastritis and IM, and the effect of the polymorphism of TNF-&agr; is relevant in the pathogenesis of macroscopic erosive gastritis.
Tax compliance over the firm life course

This article provides a new model of tax compliance over the firm life course, focusing on the dynamics in the underlying motivations and capacities for tax compliance. We review and structure the relevant literature on the early life course of firms: the traditional stages of growth models and a less deterministic dynamic state model of developmental phases. Building on these insights on the changing nature of the firm and the role of the founder-entrepreneur, we construct a new model of tax compliance over the firm life course. We provide several potential avenues for future research as well as practical implications of our model.
Probability Logic and Probabilistic Induction

This article reviews some philosophical aspects of probability and describes how probability logic can give precise meanings to the concepts of inductive support, corroboration, refutation, and related notions, as well as provide a foundation for logically sound statistical inference. Probability logic also provides a basis for recognizing prior distributions as an integral component of statistical analysis, rather than the current misleading practice of pretending that statistics applied to observational data are objective. This basis is important, because the use of realistic priors in a statistical analysis can yield more stringent tests of hypotheses and more accurate estimates than conventional procedures. (Epidemiology 1998;9:322–332)
Airway obstruction following palatoplasty: analysis of 247 consecutive operations.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS Between February 1987 and September 1997, 247 patients underwent primary repair of a cleft of the secondary palate by one surgeon, using the double-opposing Z-plasty (Furlow) technique. This retrospective study reviews perioperative and postoperative airway compromise among these patients. The purposes of this study were to identify factors associated with airway obstruction following palatoplasty and to analyze the management of those patients. Although infants experiencing airway problems following Wardill-Kilner and Von Langenbeck palatoplasty have been described, airway complications in a group of Furlow repair patients has not been previously reported. RESULTS Fourteen patients (5.7%) had airway problems. The average age of these patients was 18 months, which was not significantly different from those without airway problems. Airway obstruction occurred as late as 48 hours after the completion of surgery. Twelve of the 14 patients had severe airway compromise requiring continued postoperative intubation, reintubation, or tracheostomy (one). There were no deaths. Thirteen of the 14 patients with postoperative airway problems (93%) had other congenital anomalies in addition to clefting, a named congenital disorder, or both. Seven of those 13 had Pierre Robin sequence. In contrast, only 40 of the 233 patients without airway problems (17%) had additional congenital anomalies or named disorders. Presence of other congenital anomalies was associated with a significantly increased risk of airway obstruction (p =.005). CONCLUSION Patients with cleft palate with the Pierre Robin sequence or other additional congenital anomalies had an increased risk of airway problems following palatoplasty. Awareness of this risk permits identifying those patients prior to surgery so that they can be monitored and managed appropriately, minimizing the likelihood of major complications or death.
Occult pulmonary embolism in intensive care unit patients undergoing chest computed tomography scan: incidence and effect on outcomes.

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of occult pulmonary embolism (PE) and the associated morbidity in an intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Fifteen-bed ICU of a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred patients who underwent chest computed tomography (CT) scans with administration of contrast. INTERVENTIONS The patients were classified into 3 groups: (1) Occult PE if the chest CT scan was not taken, specifically for elucidating the diagnosis of PE, but it confirmed this diagnosis; (2) non-occult PE if the chest CT scan was taken to elucidate a suspected diagnosis of PE and confirmed this diagnosis; and (3) the chest CT scan did not confirm this diagnosis. The analysis was conducted to identify the effect of a diagnosis of occult PE on the outcomes of patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Among the 200 patients who underwent chest CT scan, 27 (13%) patients had PE, in whom 18 (9%) were classified as occult PE and 9 (4.5%) as non-occult PE. The duration of ICU stay was increased in patients with PE, as compared with the controls (23 [18-48] days v 17 [10-20] days v 14 [7-29] days; p = 0.02 for occult PE, non-occult PE, and controls, respectively). No difference was observed in mortality rate among the 3 groups. CONCLUSION Occult PE was found in 9% of the cohort. This emphasized the need for developing diagnostic strategies in high-risk patients. Future studies should aim at assessing interventions for preventing this event.
Varicella Among Immigrants from the Tropics, a Health Problem

The incidence of varicella in Tamil refugees in Denmark was evaluated. Of 256 Tamils, 44% developed varicella infection in the first few months after arrival, representing 38% of the adults, and 68% of the children. During approximately four months' observation in Denmark, 75% of the refugees with no history of varicella developed a typical infection whereas only 2% of those with a history of varicella developed the disease. Tropical refugees with a negative history of varicella must therefore be considered non-immune. Nine of 44 fertile women were pregnant. Two aquired the varicella infection during the first-trimester, none in relation to delivery. By organizing a health-check on arrival, prophylactic measures can reduce the health hazard of varicella infection in refugees from the tropics.
Myc‐Max heterodimers activate a DEAD box gene and interact with multiple E box‐related sites in vivo.

The c‐Myc protein is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis though heterodimerization with Max to form a transcriptionally active sequence‐specific DNA binding complex. By means of sequential immunoprecipitation of chromatin using anti‐Max and anti‐Myc antibodies, we have identified a Myc‐regulated gene and genomic sites occupied by Myc‐Max in vivo. Four of 27 sites recovered by this procedure corresponded to the highest affinity ‘canonical’ CACGTG sequence. However, the most common in vivo binding sites belonged to the group of ‘non‐canonical’ E box‐related binding sites previously identified by in vitro selection. Several of the genomic fragments isolated contained transcribed sequences, including one, MrDb, encoding an evolutionarily conserved RNA helicase of the DEAD box family. The corresponding mRNA was induced following activation of a Myc‐estrogen receptor fusion protein (Myc‐ER) in the presence of a protein synthesis inhibitor, consistent with this helicase gene being a direct target of Myc‐Max. In addition, as for c‐Myc, the expression of MrDb is induced upon proliferative stimulation of primary human fibroblasts as well as B cells and down‐regulated during terminal differentiation of HL60 leukemia cells. Our results indicate that Myc‐Max heterodimers interact in vivo with a specific set of E box‐related DNA sequences and that Myc is likely to activate multiple target genes including a highly conserved DEAD box protein. Therefore, Myc may exert its effects on cell behavior through proteins that affect RNA structure and metabolism.
Single-electron effect in PtSi/porous Si Schottky junctions

PtSi/porous Si schottky junctions exhibit a breakdown type current-voltage (I-V) curve in reverse bias mode. Below breakdown their current density is much less than regular PtSi/Si junctions. The breakdown voltage decreases with application of infrared radiation for both n and p-type junctions. N-type junctions are sensitive to IR wavelengths of up to 7 /spl mu/m even at room temperature. The small reverse bias current, the change of breakdown voltage with radiation, and IR sensitivity at room temperature can all be explained by single-electron effect. Numerical results show that representative porous schottky junctions exhibit depletion capacitances in 10/sup -19/ f range which is enough to observe single-electron effect at room temperature. Single-electron effect and avalanche multiplication can explain existing experimental data.
Composition, in Vitro Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Leaf and Twig Parts of Cupressus Cashmeriana

The chemical composition and in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils isolated from the leaf and twig of Cupressus cashmeriana have been investigated. The essential oils were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC–FID and GC–MS, respectively. The leaf oil mainly consisted of α-pinene (21.8%), epizonarene (8.0%), sabinene (7.9%), limonene (7.6%), γ-terpinene (7.0%), and allo-aromadendrene (7.0%); the twig oil was mostly carvacrol methyl ether (35.4%), manool (16.1%), carvacrol (14.2%), and (2Z,6E)-farnesol (6.9%). Twig oil, but not leaf oil, was able to reduce nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 without reducing the cell viability. In addition, twig oil showed better antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than leaf oil. The major ingredient of the twig oil that was responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities was carvacrol.
TESTING THE THREE FACTOR MODEL OF FAMA AND FRENCH: EVIDENCE FROM TURKEY

The 3 Factor Model, used for explaining the variation in common stock returns has added a fresh insight into asset pricing. The explanatory power of the Model has been tested by employing data of firms from various sectors, countries and regions. The Model has been tested using data of the firms quoted to Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE), too. But the findings were conflicting. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the 3 Factor Model could capture the variation in common stock returns of firms quoted to ISE or not, by using a data set including firms from the financial sector, for a longer time period. Considering the findings, it would be possible to emphasize that even though the 3 Factor Model could explain most of the variation in common stock returns over the period July of 1993 to June of 2004, there might be still some missing factors in the Model. In other words, the Model could not capture the variation in common stock returns totally.