Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A SUPERLINEARLY CONVERGENT ALGORITHM FOR CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS by

This paper presents an algorithm which is globally convergent and whose rate of convergence is superlinear. The superlinear rate of convergence is achieved by using a search arc which solves a quadratic approximation to the original program, and global convergence is obtained by using an exact penalty function to determine step length. The algorithm incorporates a rule for choosing the penalty parameter, and employs a search arc rather than a search direction to avoid truncation of the step length near solution points. * Research sponsored by the National Science Foundation Grant ENG 73 08214-AOI, National Science Foundation (RANN) Grant ENV 76 04264 and the Joint Services Electronic Program Contract F44620-76-C-0100. t Department of Computing and Control, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London SW7 2BZ tt Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and the Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
Anthropogenic imprints on nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation nitrate in a nitrogen-polluted city in southern China

Abstract. Nitric acid (HNO 3 ) or nitrate (NO 3 − ) is the dominant sink for reactive nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO 2 ) in the atmosphere. In many Chinese cities, HNO 3 is becoming a significant contributor to acid deposition. In the present study, we measured nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) isotopic composition of NO 3 − in 113 precipitation samples collected from Guangzhou City in southern China over a two-year period (2008 and 2009). We attempted to better understand the spatial and seasonal variability of atmospheric NO x sources and the NO 3 − formation pathways in this N-polluted city in the Pearl River Delta region. The δ 15 N values of NO 3 − (versus air N 2 ) ranged from −4.9 to +10.1‰, and averaged +3.9‰ in 2008 and +3.3‰ in 2009. Positive δ 15 N values were observed throughout the year, indicating the anthropogenic contribution of NO x emissions, particularly from coal combustion. Different seasonal patterns of δ 15 N-NO 3 − were observed between 2008 and 2009, which might reflect different human activities associated with the global financial crisis and the intensive preparations for the 16th Asian Games. Nitrate δ 18 O values (versus Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) varied from +33.4 to +86.5‰ (average +65.0‰ and +67.0‰ in 2008 and 2009, respectively), a range being lower than those reported for high latitude and polar areas. Sixteen percent of δ 18 O values was observed lower than the expected minimum of +55‰ at our study site. This was likely caused by the reaction of NO with peroxy radicals; peroxy radicals can compete with O 3 to convert NO to NO 2 , thereby donate O atoms with much lower δ 18 O value than that of O 3 to atmospheric NO 3 − . Our results highlight that the influence of human activities on atmospheric chemistry can be recorded by the N and O isotopic composition of atmospheric NO 3 − in a N-polluted city.
Learning datives: The Tolerance Principle in monolingual and bilingual acquisition

We study the learnability problem concerning the dative alternations in English (Baker, 1979; Pinker, 1989). We consider how first language learners productively apply the double-object and to-dative constructions (give the book to library/give the library the book), while excluding negative exceptions (donate the book to the library/*donate the library the book). Our solution for first language acquisition is based on The Tolerance Principle, a formal model that detects productivity from the distributional properties of the input data (Yang, 2005, 2016). This principle predicts an acquisition stage where the constructions are productive, followed by a stage where learners retreat from overgeneralization and form more finely grained rules. This work calls for a formally rigorous model of acquisition, which can incorporate input effects and retain the benefits of an abstract generative grammar without resorting to piecemeal learning. We provide an analysis of child-directed speech in the CHILDES database to support the learning proposal for first language acquisition, while considering its potential applicability to second language (L2) acquisition and first language (L1) attrition.
The genome-wide analysis of the Bhils: The second largest tribal population in India

The name of the Bhil population was mentioned in early literature of the Subcontinent, which suggests their presence in India since prehistoric times. Studies based on classical and genetic markers suggest a unique identity of the Bhil, who currently live in western and central Indian states. Our previous studies on two Bhil groups living in central and western Indian regions drew different conclusions on their origin. However, the first study on the Bhil of central India was based on haploid DNA and a few autosomal markers, whereas the second study on the western Bhil explored large number of autosomal SNPs. Therefore, in this study we have reconnoitered the inter-population and intra-population relationships of Bhil groups at four different geographical locations by using >95,000 autosomal SNPs. A combination of statistical analysis revealed that all Bhil populations are likely to have had a common source sharing a pan-Bhil ancestry. This common ancestry is clearly seen amongst the Bhil of Gujarat who turned out to show the lowest degree of admixture with their neighbours, whereas the Bhil of Rajasthan showed the highest diversity with extensive admixture with the surrounding populations. Both inter-population and intra-population comparison suggest a shared Bhil genome followed by chunks sharing with the Nihali population, a language community speaking a so-called language isolate.
Teacher Quality and Learning Outcomes in Kindergarten

We assigned two cohorts of kindergarten students, totaling more than 24,000 children, to teachers within schools with a rule that is as-good-as-random. We collected data on children at the beginning of the school year, and applied 12 tests of math, language and executive function (EF) at the end of the year. All teachers were filmed teaching for a full day, and the videos were coded using a well-known classroom observation tool, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (or CLASS). We find substantial classroom effects: A one-standard deviation increase in classroom quality results in 0.11, 0.11, and 0.07 standard deviation higher test scores in language, math, and EF, respectively. Teacher behaviors, as measured by the CLASS, are associated with higher test scores. Parents recognize better teachers, but do not change their behaviors appreciably to take account of differences in teacher quality .
Effects of MWNT nanofillers on structures and properties of PVA electrospun nanofibres

In this study, we have electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) nanofibres and PVA composite nanofibres containing multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) (4.5 wt%), and examined the effect of the carbon nanotubes and the PVA morphology change induced by post-spinning treatments on the tensile properties, surface hydrophilicity and thermal stability of the nanofibres. Through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) characterizations, we have observed that the presence of the carbon nanotubes nucleated crystallization of PVA in the MWNTs/PVA composite nanofibres, and hence considerably improved the fibre tensile strength. Also, the presence of carbon nanotubes in PVA reduced the fibre diameter and the surface hydrophilicity of the nanofibre mat. The MWNTs/PVA composite nanofibres and the neat PVA nanofibres responded differently to post-spinning treatments, such as soaking in methanol and crosslinking with glutaric dialdehyde, with the purpose of increasing PVA crystallinity and establishing a crosslinked PVA network, respectively. The presence of carbon nanotubes reduced the PVA crystallization rate during the methanol treatment, but prevented the decrease of crystallinity induced by the crosslinking reaction. In comparison with the crosslinking reaction, the methanol treatment resulted in better improvement in the fibre tensile strength and less reduction in the tensile strain. In addition, the presence of carbon nanotubes reduced the onset decomposition temperature of the composite nanofibres, but stabilized the thermal degradation for the post-spinning treated nanofibres. The MWNTs/PVA composite nanofibres treated by both methanol and crosslinking reaction gave the largest improvement in the fibre tensile strength, water contact angle and thermal stability.
Micropropagation of Phalaenopsis amabilis cv. Cool 'Breeze' with using of flower stalk nodes and leaves of sterile obtained from node cultures

In this study we tried to produce this flower by micropropagation method with use of flower stalk nodes and leaves of sterile which are obtained from node cultures as explant. We examined different experiments such as sterilization of nodes with different concentration of sodium hypochlorite for introduction of the best method for sterilization and the influences of different concentration of BA and NAA on MS media for shoot formation, IAA and NAA on 1:2 MS media for root induction and NAA, BA and TDZ for the production of seedlings on the Jen medium. The results shown that the best assembly for sterilization is about 7% sodium hypochlorite. The highest shoot formation achieved 15.3, produced planet from one node, obtained from MS medium contained 4.40 mgL-1 BA and 1 mgL-1 NAA. The best result earned from root induction about 2.45 roots, each planet from 1:2 MS media contained 1 mgL-1 IAA. Protocorms were gradually emerged from cultivated leaf sides at sixth week of the culture. Results indicated that with augmented concentration on TDZ the production of protocorms increased, but enlarged concentration on TDZ had profound consequence in reducing the active sample. The lowest losses of protocorm belonged to the supplement of 0.5mg/l TDZ (0.66) and the highest deprivation achieved from treatment of TDZ complement with 3mg/l. The best adoption (93%) effectively performed in the second medium (cocopit, coal, industrial cartridge + the bites of yonolit in volume ratio 1+1+2+4), In the first medium (cocopit + coal in volume ratie 5 to 1) and also 90.2% of explants were survived.
Long Range Sequence Generation via Multiresolution Adversarial Training

We present a multi-resolution approach for generative modeling of spatiotemporal sequences. Our approach focuses on a key challenge of modeling long-term temporal dependencies that is common in complex spatiotemporal phenomena. For instance, realistic modeling of basketball players behavior requires capturing long-term goals and how they inﬂuence short-term decisions. Our multi-resolution approach has several attractive properties. First, it is completely unsupervised, and requires no additional labeling of high-level semantics such as long-term goals. Second, the multi-resolution aspect allows us to model conditional distributions beyond forward sampling, such as conditioning on future behavior. Finally, our approach integrates generative adversarial training, which enables us to learn generative models that signiﬁcantly outperform conventional generative sequence modeling. We validate the effectiveness of our model on synthetic sequences and spatiotemporal basketball player trajectory generation.
Numerosity discrimination in infants : Evidence for two systems of representations

Two experiments investigated numerosity discrimination in 6-month-old infants, comparing their performance on both large numbers (4 vs. 8 elements) and small numbers (2 vs. 4 elements) with both total filled area and total contour length controlled for. These studies provide the first direct comparison between discrimination of small and large numbers in infants with the same methodology, the same type of stimuli, and the same continuous variable controls. Results showed that infants succeeded in discriminating 4 from 8 elements but failed to discriminate 2 from 4 elements, providing evidence for the existence of two systems of number representations in infancy. q 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Factors Leading to Students’ Satisfaction in the Higher Learning Institutions

There is an increasing need to understand factors that affect satisfaction of students with learning. This study will explore the relationship between student satisfaction and teacher-student relationship, teacher preparedness, campus support facilities and experiences provided by the institute to the students. Study is a necessary activity that most people must engage in for much of their lives to support themselves and their families; however, motivation and student satisfaction vary for students. Some students are motivated by a sense of accomplishment, some by helping others, and others by personal fulfillment. Some students get satisfied by personality grooming, personal values, and psychological needs fulfillment. The data was collected through questionnaire from the students of selected universities. This study focuses on factors that influence student satisfaction for the purpose of improving quality and thereby better performance. Keywords: Student satisfaction, Student-teacher relationship, Faculty preparedness, Campus facilities, Higher education
A comparison of treatment effects estimators using a structural model of AMI treatment choices and severity of illness information from hospital charts

We compare the performance of various matching estimators using a novel approach that is feasible in the absence of experimental data. We estimate a structural model of hospital choices and catheterization for Medicare heart attack victims using hospital chart data on patient heterogeneity. With the estimated structural parameters, we simulate data for which the treatment effect is known. We find that as measures of individual heterogeneity are added to the controls, matching estimators perform well. However, the estimators do a poor job recovering the true treatment effect when measures of individual heterogeneity are unavailable. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Market Evolution , Bidding Strategies , and Survival of Art Dealers ∗

We show the value of expertise during the evolution of a market characterized by asymmetric information. Using a unique historical data set, we show how market dynamics encourage entrants. Our results provide evidence that better informed dealers pay about 24% more for an artwork of the same quality than less informed dealers. Additionally, our results indicate that informed dealers are more likely to survive in the market. Our evidence supports the conjecture that, in common value auctions, when information asymmetries are present, dealers with better information benefit. These results have important implications for maintaining and sustaining competitive advantage.
Local Friedel sum rule on graphs

We consider graphs made of one-dimensional wires connected at vertices and on which may live a scalar potential. We are interested in a scattering situation where the graph is connected to infinite leads. We investigate relations between the scattering matrix and the continuous part of the local density of states, the injectivities, emissivities and partial local density of states. Those latter quantities can be obtained by attaching an extra lead at the point of interest and by investigating the transport in the limit of zero transmission into the additional lead. In addition to the continuous part related to the scattering states, the spectrum of graphs may present a discrete part related to states that remain uncoupled to the external leads. The theory is illustrated with the help of a few simple examples.
Correlation between SYNTAX Score and Pattern of Risk Factors in Patients Referred for Coronary Angiography in Cardiology Department, Menoufia University

Objectives: The role of SYNTAX (SX) score in assessing the complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) is well established. In this study we investigate the relationship between conventional risk factors of CAD with its complexity using SX score. Methods: The study consisted of 52 patients with CAD who were admitted to Cardiology Department—Menoufia University Hospitals for elective coronary angiography. The overall SX score was calculated prospectively using the SX score algorithm. Then comparison was done between populations with and without each risk factor. Results: There was a statistically significant correlation between age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and smoking with SX score results (p 0.05). In a multivariate regression analysis, including conventional risk factors of CAD as independent covariates, it revealed that aging, having diabetes mellitus and smoking were identified as significant independent risk factors for CAD complexity. Conclusion: Advanced age, having diabetes mellitus and cigarette smoking are considered to be independent risk factors for the complexity of CAD. Therefore, when these factors present, we expect that the SX score of the patient to be high indicating a complex CAD.
Supplementation with Rich-Polyphenolsolive Tree Powder Improves Fasting Blood Glucose and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : A 14-Weeks Randomized , Double-Blind , Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Despite the fact that olive tree extracts have been used for long time as antidiabetics in Mediterranean folk medicine, there are few studies providing support to this view. To assess the effect of rich-polyphenols olive extract on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on human subjects with type 2 diabetes. 80 T2DM patients were randomized to receive 3 g of olive tree powder or placebo during 14 weeks. changes from baseline in glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and lipid profile were determined and compared between groups. The lipid profile levels of treated group have been decreased significantly (p< 0.0001 vs. placebo group), while the value of HDL-cholesterol raises to 51.5 ± 9.4 mg/dL (p= 0.007 vs. placebo). The administration of rich-polyphenols olive tree powder resulted in a significant reduction (vs. placebo) in HbA1c (p< 0.0001), fasting glucose (p< 0.0001), and insulin resistance (p= 0.0002). The average value of fasting glucose of the treated group was under the normal level defined by the American Diabetic Association (114.2 ± 15.2 mg/dL) by the end of the 14 weeks. Supplementation with olive tree extract was associated to a net improvement in fasting plasma glucose, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in subjects with T2DM, suggesting its potential therapeutic effect as an antidiabetic.
CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN DENTAL ENAMEL USING THE ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUE

The aims of this study were to determine the concentration and identify the distribution of existent trace elements in dental enamel from whole sections of dental organs. In this study the distribution of trace elements was analyzed considering three main areas: the surfaces near the dentin-enamel junction and the external and intermediate surfaces. Seventeen location points were studied in the enamel tissue through scanning electron microscopy. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical elements were performed by spectral dispersive X-ray energy. The results of the present study indicate the presence of thirteen trace elements (Al, Sn, Sb, I, Si, Yb, Ba, K, Br, Sr, Sc, In, S), their distribution and concentration models are presented here and different anatomical distributions in the crown of the dental organ are shown. In conclusion, with the energy dispersive spectral X-ray analysis, different element distributions and concentrations of trace elements were identified in the thickness of the
Heuristics and Biases: Introduction – Heuristics and Biases: Then and Now

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a series of papers by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman revolutionized academic research on human judgment. The central idea of the “heuristics and biases” program – that judgment under uncertainty often rests on a limited number of simplifying heuristics rather than extensive algorithmic processing – soon spread beyond academic psychology, affecting theory and research across a range of disciplines including economics, law, medicine, and political science. The message was revolutionary in that it simultaneously questioned the descriptive adequacy of ideal models of judgment and offered a cognitive alternative that explained human error without invoking motivated irrationality. The initial papers and a variety of related work were collected in a 1982 volume, Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (Kahneman, Slovic, & Tversky, 1982). In the time since, research in the heuristics and biases tradition has prospered on a number of fronts, each represented by a section of the current volume. In this opening chapter, we wish to put the heuristics and biases approach in historical context and discuss some key issues that have been raised since the 1982 book appeared. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Any discussion of the modern history of research on everyday judgment must take note of the large shadow cast by the classical model of rational choice. The model has been applied most vigorously in the discipline of economics, but its considerable influence can be felt in all the behavioral and social sciences and in related policy fields such as law and medicine.
Was the Cold European Winter of 2009/10 Modified by Anthropogenic Climate Change? An Attribution Study

AbstractAn attribution study has been performed to investigate the degree to which the unusually cold European winter of 2009/10 was modified by anthropogenic climate change. Two different methods have been included for the attribution: one based on large HadGEM3-A ensembles and one based on a statistical surrogate method. Both methods are evaluated by comparing simulated winter temperature means, trends, standard deviations, skewness, return periods, and 5% quantiles with observations. While the surrogate method performs well, HadGEM3-A in general underestimates the trend in winter by a factor of ⅔. It has a mean cold bias dominated by the mountainous regions and also underestimates the cold 5% quantile in many regions of Europe. Both methods show that the probability of experiencing a winter as cold as 2009/10 has been reduced by approximately a factor of 2 because of anthropogenic changes. The method based on HadGEM3-A ensembles gives somewhat larger changes than the surrogate method because of differe.