Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Climatology and long-term evolution of ozone and carbon monoxide in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS) at northern midlatitudes, as seen by IAGOS from 1995 to 2013

Abstract. In situ measurements in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) have been performed in the framework of the European research infrastructure IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System) for ozone since 1994 and for carbon monoxide (CO) since 2002. The flight tracks cover a wide range of longitudes in the northern extratropics, extending from the North American western coast (125° W) to the eastern Asian coast (135° E) and more recently over the northern Pacific Ocean. Several tropical regions are also sampled frequently, such as the Brazilian coast, central and southern Africa, southeastern Asia, and the western half of the Maritime Continent. As a result, a new set of climatologies for O3 (August 1994–December 2013) and CO (December 2001–December 2013) in the upper troposphere (UT), tropopause layer, and lower stratosphere (LS) are made available, including gridded horizontal distributions on a semi-global scale and seasonal cycles over eight well-sampled regions of interest in the northern extratropics. The seasonal cycles generally show a summertime maximum in O3 and a springtime maximum in CO in the UT, in contrast to the systematic springtime maximum in O3 and the quasi-absence of a seasonal cycle of CO in the LS. This study highlights some regional variabilities in the UT, notably (i) a west–east difference of O3 in boreal summer with up to 15 ppb more O3 over central Russia compared with northeast America, (ii) a systematic west–east gradient of CO from 60 to 140° E, especially noticeable in spring and summer with about 5 ppb by 10 degrees longitude, (iii) a broad spring/summer maximum of CO over northeast Asia, and (iv) a spring maximum of O3 over western North America. Thanks to almost 20 years of O3 and 12 years of CO measurements, the IAGOS database is a unique data set to derive trends in the UTLS at northern midlatitudes. Trends in O3 in the UT are positive and statistically significant in most regions, ranging from +0.25 to +0.45 ppb yr−1, characterized by the significant increase in the lowest values of the distribution. No significant trends of O3 are detected in the LS. Trends of CO in the UT, tropopause, and LS are almost all negative and statistically significant. The estimated slopes range from −1.37 to −0.59 ppb yr−1, with a nearly homogeneous decrease in the lowest values of the monthly distribution (5th percentile) contrasting with the high interregional variability in the decrease in the highest values (95th percentile).
Ultrasound Anatomical Visualization of the rabbit liver

The topic was to investigate the anatomical features of the rabbit liver by two- and three-dimensional ultrasonography. Eighteen sexually mature healthy clinically New Zealand rabbits aged eight months were studied. Two-dimensional ultarsonographic anatomical image of the rabbit liver presented it in the cranial abdominal region as a relatively hypoechoic finding. Its contours were regular and in close contact with the hyperechoic diaphragm. Liver parenchyma was heterogeneous. The gall bladder was visualized as an oval soft tissue structure, filled with anechoic content. Its walls were hypoechoic. Two-dimensional ultarsonographic anatomical image of left hepatic lobe was sharply distinguished to right hepatic lobe’s outlines. In three – dimensional ultrasonogarphic anatomical study, the organ image was in three orthogonal planes. Its relief was regular and uninterrupted. Left hepatic lobe was found on the left and the right hepatic lobe was a soft tissue point for gall bladder position. Left and lateral was left lateral hepatic lobe. It was covered partly by left medial hepatic lobe. The right hepatic lobe was visualized as a single structure. The gall bladder was an oval finding. Its walls were hyperechoic and regular, without roughness. The results could be used as a base for modern interpretation of rabbit liver anatomy.
Cost- Saving Measures in Public Secondary Schools: Are these strategies making education affordable in Kisumu West District, Kisumu County, Kenya?

The major thrust of the study reported in this paper was to examine the cost-saving measures employed by school managers to make education affordable in public Secondary Schools in the study locale of Kisumu West District. The objective was to establish the extent to which these strategies had reduced the cost of subsidized secondary education to become affordable to all, especially among students from poor backgrounds. The study was premised on Cost Effectiveness Analysis based on the works of Hanusek (1986) and Levin (1995) who contend that analytical decision should take incorporate alternatives of both costs and consequences in a more systematic way. A descriptive survey research design was adopted to guide the study. Combinations of purposive and stratified sampling techniques were used to draw a sample size of 103 subjects comprising of 10 principals, 60 teachers, 30 members of the PTA, and 3 Ministry of Education officials deployed in the study locale. Questionnaire for teachers and principals were used to collect quantitative data while interviews with members of the PTA and Ministry of education officers generated qualitative data. It was established that despite the introduction of free day secondary education (FDSE), the latent cost of secondary education was still high and beyond the reach of the poor households. As a result, schools in the study locale had devised cost saving measures including: outsourcing basic services like transport services, converting classrooms into micro-libraries, sharing facilities with neighbouring institutions , introduction of income generating activities and assigning multiple tasks to staff, amongst others. Despite these innovative strategies, the cost of education had not substantially decreased for a majority of students from poor backgrounds. It is recommended that the Government of Kenya through the Ministry of education should increase the amount of capitation and also encourage schools to intensify income generating and cost saving measures geared towards making education affordable by all [310 words]. Key Words: Cost-saving measures, affordable education, Public secondary schools, free day secondary education, Kisumu West District, Kisumu County, Kenya.
NORTHERN TERRITORY DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS, INDUSTRY AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

iv Introduction . 1 Regional geological setting . 1 Victoria Basin . 1 Lithostratigraphy and age . 1 Wattie Group . 4 Wickham Formation (LPiw) . 5 Burtawurta Formation (LPib) . 6 Hughie Sandstone (LPih) . 6 Mount Sanford Formation (LPio) . 6 Neave Sandstone (LPin) . 7 Gibbie Formation (LPig) . 7 Seale Sandstone (LPim) . 7 Bullita Group . 8 Timber Creek Formation (LPbt) . 8 Skull Creek Formation (LPbs) . 10 Supplejack Dolostone Member (LPbu) . 10 Bynoe Formation (LPby) . 12 Weaner Sandstone (LPbw) . 13 Battle Creek Formation (LPba) . 13 Tijunna Group . 14 Wondoan Hill Formation (LPco) . 14 Stubb Formation (LPct) . 15 Auvergne Group . 15 Jasper Gorge Sandstone (LPaj) . 15 Structure of the Victoria Basin . 15 Regional structural setting . 15 Structural geology in VICTORIA RIVER DOWNS . 16 Economic geology of the Victoria Basin . 16 Base metals . 16 Hydrocarbons . 17 Diamonds . 17 Dimension stone . 17 Groundwater . 17 Wiso Basin . 17 Cambrian lithostratigraphy . 17 Antrim Plateau Volcanics (C _ la) . 17 Montejinni Limestone (C _ mm1, C _ mm2, C _ mm3) . 19 Economic geology of the Wiso Basin . 19 Copper . 19 Other base metals . 20 Hydrocarbons . 20 Diamonds . 20 Industrial minerals and gemstones . 20 Groundwater . 20 Mesozoic . 20 Cretaceous (Kl) . 20 Cenozoic . 21 Paleogene-Neogene . 21 Silcrete/Duricrust (Czo) (formerly Bardia Chert Member) . 21 Laterite (Czl) . 21 Undifferentiated Gravels (Czg) . 21 Black Soil (Czb) . 21 Superfi cial Soils (Czs) . 21 Quaternary . 21 Terrace Deposits (Qt) . 21 Alluvium (Qa) . 21 Economic geology of Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits . 21 Geological history . 22 Acknowledgements . 22 References . 23 Appendix list of measured sections . 25
Corrosion Damages Induced by Cyclic Exposure of 2024 Aluminum Alloy in Chloride-Containing Environments

This paper focuses on the influence of cyclic exposure to chloride solutions on corrosion damage morphology developed on AA2024. The influence of the temperature during the air exposure periods was studied. Cyclic corrosion tests led to enhanced global corrosion damage compared to continuous immersion tests with residual mechanical properties of corroded samples significantly lower for cyclic tests. The corrosion morphology depended on the exposure conditions. For cyclic tests with air exposure periods at room temperature (CR tests), the corrosion defects were significantly longer; for a cyclic test with air exposure periodsat -20 °C (CF tests), the propagation of corrosion defects was not promoted; however, the density of corroded grain boundaries was markedly increased. For CR samples, the corrosion damage observed was mainly explained taking into account electrochemical processes occurring at the tip of the defect which could be considered as an occluded zone characterized by a chloride-enriched electrolyte and Hþ reduction as major cathodic reaction. For CF tests, the interaction between the stresses induced by the phase transformation of the medium i.e solidification and the hydrogen enrichment of the substrate could be a possible mechanism explaining the evolution of the global mechanical properties of the corroded samples
Analisis Perilaku Penggunaan Sistem Informasi Menggunakan Model UTAUT

Pemanfaatan teknologi informasi merupakan hal yang penting bagi organisasi, karena dapat meningkatkan efektifitas dan efisiensi kinerja organisasi. Namun penerapan teknologi informasi tidak selalu berhasil. Salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan penerapan teknologi informasi adalah sikap pengguna yang memanfaatkan teknologi tersebut. UTAUT merupakan kombinasi delapan model user acceptance of technology yang telah dikembangkan sebelumnya. Studi empiris yang mengadopsi model UTAUT telah banyak dilakukan. UTAUT juga digunakan oleh beberapa peneliti untuk melihat niat dan perilaku pengguna teknologi informasi di bidang pendidikan. Karena itu penelitian ini juga dikembangkan dengan mengadopsi model UTAUT untuk melihat niat pengguna SIAk di STT Musi dan STIE Musi. Empat konstruk dari UTAUT digunakan sebagai determinan yang mempengaruhi niat pengguna (behavioral intention), yaitu: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence dan facilitating conditions. Data didapatkan melalui 300 kuesioner yang disebarkan secara acak kepada mahasiswa STT MUsi dan STIE Musi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa behavioral intention secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh performance expectancy, effort expectancy dan facilitating conditions, sedangkan factor social influence ditemukan tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan.
Volatility Transmission in Energy Futures Markets

This study is novel in its application of a multivariate heterogeneous autoregressive model to studying volatility transmission patterns in energy futures markets. In particular, the nature of volatility spillovers between futures on crude oil, natural gas and gasoil is examined by using range-based volatility proxies and splitting volatility in components defined over different time horizons. The results provide evidence that crude oil futures carry significant information for the volatility evolution of other energy futures traded on the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) and reveal interesting insights into the sources of the documented volatility interrelations. Short-term shocks in Brent oil volatility significantly affect the volatility of gasoil futures, while the impact of oil and gasoil on natural gas is driven by the long-term volatility component. Additionally, Brent oil and gasoil ICE futures volatilities exhibit strong positive dynamic correlation, whereas the remaining pairwise correlation curves fluctuate around zero.
Comparison of two methods estrus synchronization by CIDR and sponge along with PMSG various levels on Baloochi ewes on reproductive performance in breeding season

The aim of the present study is to compare two estrus synchronization by CIDR and sponge on ewes along with PMSG various amounts in reproduction season. 56 Baloochi breed ewes (45.8 ± 1.3 kg of BW) were divided into two experimental groups. In first experiment, 28 heads of ewes were divided into four groups (n=7/in each group). Estrus synchronization ewes group received CIDR for 14 days. During CIDR exit, four groups received 1 milliliter normal saline serum, 150ml, 300ml, and 450ml international PMSG unit for the first, second, third and fourth group by injection respectively. In the second experiment sponge was used instead of CIDR. 40 hours after injection of PMSG, 6 rams entered the flock. The observed results in the first and second experiment showed that the rates of multiparous, multiple birth and lambing in those groups which received 450 unit PMSG were higher than the other groups (p<0.05). There was not any significant difference between both groups in estrus synchronization (p<0.05). These results suggest that 450 IU PMSG was more effective in increasing Multi birth rate in the Baloochi ewes in breeding season. (Didarkhah M, Danesh Mesgaran M. Comparison of two methods estrus synchronization by CIDR and sponge along with PMSG various levels on Baloochi ewes on reproductive performance in breeding season. J Am Sci 2013;9(5s):168-172). (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience. org. 26
Differences and Differentiations : Common Origins and Divergent Practices

This manuscript proposes a theoretical analysis of the lack of contact between the different social psychologies existing in Brazil. We present two viewpoints that characterize extreme positions in the discipline, on the one hand a more empirical social psychology; on the other a social psychology predominantly theoretical and anti-empirical. Lack of contact feeds stereotypes and prejudices, which, in turn, create a vicious cycle that creates and expands differentiation between groups, feeding ethnocentric blindness. In conclusion we propose that the lack of contact between the more empiricist social psychology and the critical social psychology renders the fi rst irrelevant and the second dogmatic, with wide repercussions for the area’s bibliographic production, the formal training of social psychologists, and professional meetings.
Building livelihood resilience: a case study of factors affecting farm households’ adoption of coping and adaptive strategies in rural Nigeria

Recent research on social and ecological resilience has recognised the importance of identifying opportunities in adversities, providing a wealth of theoretical knowledge; but empirical evidence remains a major gap not only for sustainability debates but also for focusing development objectives. The aim of this paper is to identify aspect of rural livelihoods that assists in sustaining households’ coping and adaptive capacities during a crisis, thus attempting to diagnose which element of a livelihood has potential for maximising livelihood resilience and minimising vulnerabilities. This paper takes an example of how a society reorganises under a process of novel change by examining households’ coping and risk management strategies in response to shock and stress created by avian influenza (H5N1) outbreaks in rural Nigeria. Using a multivariate probit model accounting for complementarities and substitution effects, the paper shows the significance of social capital, market access, communal insurance and ex ante biosecurity investment in influencing responses and in strengthening coping capacities; and argues that these elements may also have potential for maintaining livelihood resilience in the rural area.
Effects of sulfate aerosol forcing on East Asian summer monsoon for 1985–2010

We examine the effect of anthropogenic aerosol forcing on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.1. 1. One control and two sensitivity model experiments were conducted in order to diagnose the separate roles played by sea surface temperature (SST) variations and anthropogenic sulfate aerosol forcing changes in East Asia. We find that the SST variation has been a major driver for the observed weakening of the EASM, whereas the effect of the anthropogenic aerosol forcing has been opposite and has slightly intensified the EASM over the recent decades. The reinforcement of the EASM results from radiative cooling by the sulfate aerosol forcing, which decelerates the jet stream around the jet's exit region. Subsequently, the secondary circulation induced by such a change in the jet stream leads to the increase in precipitation around 18–23°N. This result indicates that the increase in anthropogenic emissions over East Asia may play a role in compensating for the weakening of the EASM caused by the SST forcing.
Rapid prototyping for direct manufacture

Introduces the concept of using technologies collectively known as rapid prototyping (RP) for the manufacture of end‐use products rather than prototypes, and presents recent examples. Gives details of a cost analysis performed by De Montfort University and Delphi Automotive Systems (France). Discusses the findings from the cost analysis along with opinions generated from an Internet based conference held from November 2000 to January 2001. The combination of findings from the cost analysis with expert opinions generated by the Internet conference have helped to identify the potential future for rapid manufacturing. In particular covers the issues of material properties, quality control and identification of suitable products.
Towards Promoting a Responsive and Inclusive Tertiary Education System in South Africa through Multilingualism

Abstract The language question in post-democratic South Africa continues to take centre stage in the field of education. A recent announcement by the University of Natal (UKZN) that it would be mandatory for all first year students in 2014 to study isiZulu indicates a vision that could gradually usher in a tertiary education system that is bilingual in the KwaZulu Natal Province in South Africa. A related development in the Ministry of Basic Education which makes it mandatory for all primary school children to study an African language as from 2014 is also supportive of bi/multilingual education. Notwithstanding the fact that in the South African context, English has greater currency than African languages, this paper makes a strong case for promoting regional bi/multilingualism in South African universities. Drawing on the Singaporean socio-linguistic situation, innovative national and international tertiary initiatives aimed at promoting ‘epistemological access’ through bi/multilingualism and the ecology of language metaphor, the paper argues that whereas language was used to create artificial divisions and boundaries in the apartheid era, it can be used to promote student success, economic prosperity, social cohesion and human rights in post-apartheid South Africa.
The Analysis of Competitive Interdependencies through Social Network Analysis: The Case Study of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil

This paper aims to analyze, utilizing scanner data, the relationships of competitive interdependency in the extra-virgin olive oil sector in Italy. One of the most important aspects of the competitiveness analysis is the concept of competitive interdependency, as the competitive performances of a product depend upon the number of competitors on the same shop shelf. The “Social Network Analysis” (SNA) has been applied to investigate these interdependencies by elaborating extra-virgin olive oil sales data from a national level survey. The SNA methodology has provided a useful tool to analyse the competitive relationships between each selected extra-virgin olive oil brand and the others on the same shop shelf. The conclusions aim to discuss the results of the study, which has provided useful information about high quality Italian olive oil segments, and to evaluate future opportunities and actual limits of this new methodology to approach the analysis of competitive brand networks.
INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL STATUS AND CORPORATE IMAGE ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION: A TEST IN THE MOBILE PHONE SECTOR

Corporate image is one among the intangible company assets, and when used strategically, it can ensure long-term company profitability though customer satisfaction. This study aimed at testing the influence of corporate image and social comparison on customer satisfaction in the mobile sector in Tanzania. A structured questionnaire was employed in data collection from a convenience sample of mobile phone users that yielded 98 usable questionnaires. Regression analysis indicates social status to be a significant predictor of customer satisfaction compared to corporate image. The results imply managers need not only focus on improving the corporate image but also enhancing the social status of their customers through their marketing strategies. Despite being sector specific, the study elucidates the impact of both corporate image and social status for the sector as well as for a specific marketing environment.
Have they learnt to interrupt?: Comparing how women management students and senior women managers in Australia perceive workplace communication dilemmas

Purpose – Changing language ideology and the decreased popularity of overt feminism suggest that aspiring female managers may be less influenced than senior women managers by the gender of the speaker in evaluating whether specific communication strategies are effective and probable. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this issue.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 255 second‐year female management students evaluate strategies for the same workplace dilemmas as senior women managers (Barrett). Findings – For short‐ and medium‐term dilemmas students, like senior women managers, regard masculine communication strategies with a feminine element as effective. They are less influenced by the speaker's gender than senior women managers in evaluating the strategies' probability. But when seeking promotion, students avoid some strategies they consider effective, and believe men would use. Students' confidence as communicators affects their personal choice of strategy.Research limitations/implications .
KARYOTYPE AND EVOLUTION OF THE Tropidurus nanuzae SPECIES GROUP (SAURIA, IGUANIDAE)

The karyotypes of Tropidurus nanuzae, T. amathitesand T. divaricatus, which form the nanuzae group, are presented. Data were obtained by Giemsa and NOR staining, C-banding and R-banding after in vivo treatment with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). All females have 2n =36 with 12 metacentric or submetacentric macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes, while males have 2n =35. The mechanism of sex determination is of the XXAA :XAY/ Atype. The only chromosome difference among these species is related to the position of a secondary constriction and to the NOR localization on macrochromosome pair 6, as the result of a pericentric inversion. These data support the idea of monophyly in the species of the nanuzae group. Morphological and ecological evidence indicates that allopatric speciation is the most likely explanation for the differentiation of T. amathites and T. divaricatus, and the cytogenetic data support this mode of speciation.