Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Review of psittacine beak and feather disease and its effect on Australian endangered species.

BACKGROUND Since it was first described in the early 1980s, psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) has become recognised as the dominant viral pathogen of psittacine birds in Australia. Our aim was to evaluate and review the effect of PBFD and its position as a key threatening process to Australian psittacine bird species. We review the origin/evolutionary pathways and potential threat of PBFD to endangered psittacine bird populations and captive-breeding flocks. CONCLUSIONS The most recent beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) phylogenetic analyses indicate that all endangered Australian psittacine bird species are susceptible to, and equally likely to be infected by, BFDV genotypes from a range of host psittacine species. Management of the disease in captive-breeding programs has relied on testing and culling, which has proven costly. The risk of PBFD should be considered very carefully by management teams contemplating the establishment of captive-breeding flocks for endangered species. Alternative disease prevention tools, including vaccination, which are increasingly being used in wildlife health, should be considered more seriously for managing and preventing PBFD in captive flocks of critically endangered species.
Rapid Quantification of Ethyl Carbamate in Spirits Using NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Ethyl carbamate (EC, urethane, C2H5OCONH2) is a genotoxic carcinogen and is regularly found in fermented food products including alcoholic beverages. In this study, the rapid method of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with partial least squares (PLS) regression is applied for the first time to the analysis of ethyl carbamate in stone fruit spirits (𝑛=119) and unrecorded alcohols (𝑛=27) (analysis time only 15 min per sample). The PLS procedure was validated using an independent set of samples (𝑛=43, 𝑅2=0.89, RMSE=0.14 mg/L) in comparison to reference GC/MS/MS results. The NMR method was found to outperform other screening techniques based on NIR or FTIR regarding sensitivity and selectivity. The major advantage over GC/MS/MS, besides the reduced time of instrumental analysis, is that no sample preparation besides addition of buffer with internal standard is required, while for GC/MS/MS labour-intensive sample extraction is necessary prior to measurement.
Asymptotic Stability of Small Bound States in the Discrete Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

Asymptotic stability of small bound states in one dimension is proved in the frame- work of a discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation with septic and higher power-law nonlinearities and an external potential supporting a simple isolated eigenvalue. The analysis relies on the dis- persive decay estimates from Pelinovsky and Stefanov (J. Math. Phys., 49 (2008), 113501) and the arguments of Mizumachi (J. Math. Kyoto Univ., 48 (2008), pp. 471-497) for a continuous nonlinear Schrodinger equation in one dimension. Numerical simulations suggest that the actual decay rate of perturbations near the asymptotically stable bound states is higher than the one used in the analysis.
Evaluation of Australian surveillance for freedom from bovine tuberculosis

BACKGROUND Australia declared freedom from bovine tuberculosis (TB) in accordance with international guidelines in 1997 and has since maintained ongoing surveillance for this disease, primarily through abattoir surveillance of cattle carcases (meat inspection) for TB-like granulomas. The objectives of this study were to estimate the sensitivity of Australia's surveillance system and quantify the probability that Australia is free from bovine TB at the specified design prevalence. METHODS The analysis included approximately 80 million records of individual cattle slaughtered and meat inspected at Australian abattoirs between 2005 and 2015 calendar years. Animals were identified and aggregated by property of birth within year. Herd- and population-level sensitivities and probability of freedom were estimated on an annual basis using a simulation model to account for uncertainty about the unit sensitivity of the meat inspection process. RESULTS The estimated median population sensitivity of Australia's TB surveillance system varied from a high of 80%, in years when traditional meat inspection was used, to as low as 50% after the introduction of visual-only meat inspection, for a design prevalence of 0.01% (19 herds) of Australian breeding cattle herds and 0.5% of animals within infected herds. The level of confidence in Australia's freedom from bovine TB was >95% after the first year of the analysis and >99.5% from 2007 through to the end of the analysis period in 2015. Reducing the animal-level or herd-level design prevalence, or the estimated sensitivity of meat inspection, reduced system sensitivity but confidence of disease freedom remained high. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated a very high level of confidence that Australia's cattle herd is truly free from bovine TB. Meat inspection for granulomas in the head and thorax of slaughtered cattle underpins this result by providing surveillance data on an extremely large number of animals each year.
An Extension of the Boundary Integral Method Applied to Periodic Disinfection of a Dynamic Biofilm

Several tolerance mechanisms have been introduced to explain how bacterial biofilms are protected from disinfection. One mechanism describes the transition between two subpopulations of bacteria, one of which consumes nutrients, divides, and is susceptible to antimicrobial agents. The other subpopulation consists of dormant bacteria that are insensitive to treatments. It has been shown that the presence of this persister subpopulation can explain experimental observations of bacterial tolerance, at least in simplified domains. This investigation describes the development of a two-dimensional model of an established biofilm immersed in a flowing bulk fluid, where the biofilm influences the fluid dynamics and where the fluid flow can deform the biofilm. We introduce several extensions to this model, including the reaction between the biofilm and the antimicrobial agent, bacterial and exo-polymeric substance production, and persister dynamics. The model and numerical methods are based on the boundary integra.
Induced abortion : A risk factor for infertility in Nigerian women

SummarySummaryThe cases were 104 women attending the infertility clinic of the Obafemi Awolowo University hospital between 30 October 1992 and 30 September 1993. The controls were 571 women attending the antenatal clinic of the hospital during the same time. Both cases and controls were investigated for socio-demographic characteristics and history of abortion. Abortion history was elicited using the ‘value-free' technique and stratified into: (1) definitely induced; (2) definitely spontaneous; and (3) unclassified. The results show that induced abortion was associated with infertility (odds ratio 74; confidence interval 4.0 to 13.8) whereas unclassified abortion had only a modest association with infertility (odds ratio 1.8; confidence interval 1.0 to 3.3). Spontaneous abortion also only had a weak association with subsequent infertility (odds ratio 1.9; confidence interval 1.0 to 3.7). These results confirm the widely held clinical impression that induced abortion predisposes to infertility in regions w.
The Automorphism Group of a Johnson Graph

Using an analysis of the clique structure and only the most elementary group theory, we determine the automorphism group of the Johnson graph $J(n,i)$, for $n\neq2i$. Although this is a special case of results of Jones [European J. Combin. , 26 (2005), pp. 417-435], unlike his proof, ours uses no heavy group-theoretic machinery. We make a conjecture for the case $n=2i$.
ENDOTHELIUM. ITS DEVELOPMENT, MORPHOLOGY, FUNCTION, AND PATHOLOGY

By reading, you can know the knowledge and things more, not only about what you get from people to people. Book will be more trusted. As this endothelium its development morphology function and pathology, it will really give you the good idea to be successful. It is not only for you to be success in certain life you can be successful in everything. The success can be started by knowing the basic knowledge and do actions.
Anisotropic Alpha-Kernels and Associated Flows

The Laplacian raised to fractional powers can be used to generate scale spaces as was shown in recent literature by Duits, Felsberg, Florack, and Platel [$\alpha$ scale spaces on a bounded domain, in Scale Space Methods in Computer Vision, L. D. Griffin and M. Lillholm, eds., Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci. 2695, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2003, pp. 494-510] and Duits, Florack, de Graaf, and ter Haar Romeny [J. Math. Imaging Vision, 20 (2004), pp. 267-298]. In this paper, we study the anisotropic diffusion processes by defining new generators that are fractional powers of an anisotropic scale space generator. This is done in a general framework that allows us to explain the relation between a differential operator that generates the flow and the generators that are constructed from its fractional powers. We then generalize this to any other function of the operator. We discuss important issues involved in the numerical implementation of this framework and present several examples of fractional versions of the Perona-Malik and Beltrami flows along with their properties.
Multistep and Multistage Convolution Quadrature for the Wave Equation: Algorithms and Experiments

We describe how a time-discretized wave equation in a homogeneous medium can be solved by boundary integral methods. The time discretization can be a multistep, Runge-Kutta, or a more general multistep-multistage method. The resulting convolutional system of boundary integral equations belongs to the family of convolution quadratures of Lubich. The aim of this work is twofold. It describes an efficient, robust, and easily parallelizable method for solving the semidiscretized system. The resulting algorithm has the main advantages of time-stepping methods and of Fourier synthesis: at each time-step, a system of linear equations with the same system matrix needs to be solved, yet computations can easily be done in parallel; the computational cost is almost linear in the number of time-steps; and only the Laplace transform of the time-domain fundamental solution is needed. The new aspect of the algorithm is that all this is possible without ever explicitly constructing the weights of the convolution quadrature. This approach also readily allows the use of modern data-sparse techniques to efficiently perform computation in space. We investigate theoretically and numerically to which extent hierarchical matrix ($\mathcal H$-matrix) techniques can be used to speed up the space computation. The second aim of this article is to perform a series of large-scale 3D experiments with a range of multistep and multistage time discretization methods: the backward difference formula of order 2 (BDF2), the Trapezoid rule, and the 3-stage Radau IIA methods are investigated in detail. One of the conclusions of the experiments is that the Radau IIA method often performs overwhelmingly better than the linear multistep methods, especially for problems with many reflections, yet, in connection with hyperbolic problems, BDFs have so far been predominant in the literature on convolution quadrature.
Mathematical and Numerical Analysis of Linear Peridynamic Models with Nonlocal Boundary Conditions

In this paper, we study the linear bond-based nonlocal peridynamic models with a particular focus on problems associated with nonstandard nonlocal displacement loading conditions. Both stationary and time-dependent problems are considered for a one-dimensional scalar equation defined on a finite bar and for a two-dimensional system defined on a square. The related peridynamic operators and associated functional spaces are analyzed. Applications to the numerical analysis of the finite-dimensional approximations to peridynamic models are also illustrated.
An overview of the patterns of prescription opioid use, costs and related harms in Australia.

AIMS To report Australian population trends in subsidized prescribed opioid use, total costs to the Australian government to subsidize these medicines and opioid-related harms based on hospitalizations and accidental poisoning deaths. METHODS We utilized three national aggregated data sources including dispensing claims from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, opioid-related hospitalizations from the National Hospital Morbidity Database and accidental poisoning deaths from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. RESULTS Between 1992 and 2012, opioid dispensing episodes increased 15-fold (500 000 to 7.5 million) and the corresponding cost to the Australian government increased 32-fold ($8.5 million to $271 million). Opioid-related harms also increased. Opioid-related hospitalizations increased from 605 to 1464 cases (1998-2009), outnumbering hospitalizations due to heroin poisonings since 2001. Deaths due to accidental poisoning (pharmaceutical opioids and illicit substances combined) increased from 151 to 266 (2002-2011), resulting in a rise in the death rate of 0.78 to 1.19 deaths/100 000 population over 10 years. Death rates increased 1.8 fold in males and 1.4 fold in females. CONCLUSIONS The striking increase in opioid use and related harms in Australia is consistent with trends observed in other jurisdictions. Further, there is no evidence to suggest these increases are plateauing. There is currently limited evidence in Australia about individual patterns of opioid use and the associated risk of adverse events. Further research should focus on these important issues so as to provide important evidence supporting effective change in policy and practice.
Initial therapy, persistence and regimen change in a cohort of newly treated type 2 diabetes patients.

AIMS The aim was to describe the utilization of antidiabetic agents, in terms of persistence and regimen change, in the management of a cohort of newly treated type 2 diabetes patients and to investigate associated socio-demographic and treatment factors. METHODS A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using the national pharmacy claims database in Ireland. Subjects were analyzed for persistence and regimen change. Cox proportional hazards regression examined associations of socio-demographic and treatment factors on treatment patterns. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs are presented. RESULTS A total of 20947 subjects were identified in the study over a 2 year period. Most were initiated on metformin (76%) or sulphonylureas (22%) and 77% were persistent with therapy 12 months after initiation. The likelihood of non-persistence was significantly lower in the youngest (40-49 years) age groups (reference 60-69 years) (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.42, 1.84) and those on sulphonylureas (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.36, 1.64). The likelihood of receiving a regimen change was significantly lower in the older (80+ years) age groups (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.56, 0.71), females (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.86, 0.95), and those with pre-existing CVD (1 vs. 0 CVD medicines) (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.74, 0.90), and higher in those on sulphonylureas (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.73, 1.94). CONCLUSIONS Type of treatment, pre-existing CVD and demographic factors are shown to be associated with the observed treatment patterns. Guideline recommended agents were widely used on treatment initiation though a substantial minority were not initiated on the recommended first line agent. Use of guideline recommended agents was not as evident during treatment progression. Further optimization of initial and subsequent antidiabetic agent prescribing may be possible.
Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains With Vancomycin Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 2 &mgr;g/mL in New York City Area Hospitals and Implications on Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment

Vancomycin and linezolid minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined via Etest for 171 isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from 5 New York City area hospitals, with a 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulation performed for pharmacodynamic analysis. Pharmacodynamic targets, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to MIC (AUC/MIC) ratios, were >345 for vancomycin and >82.9 for linezolid. Parameters were based on AUC/MIC associated with clinical success for vancomycin in patients with pulmonary infections and bacteriostatic effect for linezolid in a neutropenic murine thigh infection model. MRSA, 98.8% and 99.4%, was susceptible to vancomycin (MIC50/MIC90, 2/2 &mgr;g/mL) and linezolid (MIC50/MIC90, 1/1 &mgr;g/mL), respectively. Cumulative fractions of response were 3%, 27%, and 92% for vancomycin 1000 mg every 12 hours, every 8 hours, and linezolid 600 mg every 12 hours, respectively. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus with vancomycin MIC >1 &mgr;g/mL predominated, with a resulting decrease in the probability of achieving pharmacodynamic exposure. Linezolid MICs were unaffected by increased vancomycin MICs and retained optimal pharmacodynamic target attainment.
A comparison of breathing exercises, incentive spirometry and mobilisation after coronary artery surgery

We compared early mobilisation (sitting in a chair and walking on the second post-operative day) and instruction in huffing and coughing alone, and in conjunction with breathing exercises or incentive spirometry as methods of restoring lung function to pre-operative values and preventing chest infection in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. A total of 131 pre-operative males were randomly allocated to receive one of the three treatments. All of the patients were seen by a physiotherapist prior to surgery and for the first 5 post-operative days. Lung function, including functional residual capacity (FRC) and blood gas tensions, was measured on the ward before and after operation. A daily assessment of chest discomfort was recorded on a visual analogue scale and the distance walked each day was noted. There were no significant differences between the groups at the start of the study or at any time after operation. On the second day, FRC and vital capacity (VC) were only 61 and 39% (mean va.
Drug disposition and modelling before and after gastric bypass: immediate and controlled-release metoprolol formulations.

AIMS The aim of the present study was to evaluate the disposition of metoprolol after oral administration of an immediate and controlled-release formulation before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery in the same individuals and to validate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for predicting oral bioavailability following RYGB. METHODS A single-dose pharmacokinetic study of metoprolol tartrate 200 mg immediate release and controlled release was performed in 14 volunteers before and 6-8 months after RYGB. The observed data were compared with predicted results from the PBPK modelling and simulation of metoprolol tartrate immediate and controlled-release formulation before and after RYGB. RESULTS After administration of metoprolol immediate and controlled release, no statistically significant difference in the observed area under the curve (AUC(0-24 h)) was shown, although a tendency towards an increased oral exposure could be observed as the AUC(0-24 h) was 32.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36, 63.5] and 55.9% (95% CI 5.73, 106) higher following RYGB for the immediate and controlled-release formulation, respectively. This could be explained by surgery-related weight loss and a reduced presystemic biotransformation in the proximal gastrointestinal tract. The PBPK values predicted by modelling and simulation were similar to the observed data, confirming its validity. CONCLUSIONS The disposition of metoprolol from an immediate-release and a controlled-release formulation was not significantly altered after RYGB; there was a tendency to an increase, which was also predicted by PBPK modelling and simulation.
Oscillations toward the Singularity of Locally Rotationally Symmetric Bianchi Type IX Cosmological Models with Vlasov Matter

We analyze the dynamics of a class of cosmological solutions of the Einstein–Vlasov equations. These equations describe an ensemble of collisionless particles (which represent galaxies or clusters of galaxies) that interact gravitatively through Einstein's equations of general relativity. The cosmological models we consider are spatially homogeneous, of Bianchi type IX, and locally rotationally symmetric (LRS). We prove that generic solutions exhibit an oscillatory behavior close to the singularities (the “big bang” in the past and the “big crunch” in the future); this is in contrast to the behavior of Einstein-vacuum or Einstein–Euler solutions. To establish this result we make use of dynamical systems theory; we introduce dimensionless dynamical variables that are defined on a compact state space. In this formulation the oscillatory behavior of generic solutions is represented by the existence of heteroclinic cycles on the boundary of the state space.
Hormonal contraceptive use in Ireland: trends and co‐prescribing practices

Hormonal contraceptives are highly prevalent. Currently, little is known about Irish hormonal contraceptive trends to date since the 1995 British media contraceptive controversy. The aim of this study was to examine recent trends in contraceptive use in Ireland and to determine the frequency of co‐prescriptions with important interacting medications. Approximately 40% of the Irish population are prescribed 70% of total medicines under the Irish GMS scheme. Medicines were identified using the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system. Regression analysis was used to examine trends over time. Of all contraceptives dispensed in 2013, oral contraceptives were used the most (74%) and long acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) the least (7.5%). Fourth generation combined oral contraceptives (COCs) predominated, although a slight significant decline was shown (P < 0.0001). Second and third generation COCs were significantly increasing and decreasing, respectively (P < 0.0001). Progestin‐only pills were significantly increasing (P < 0.0001 across age groups). Low rates of contraceptive co‐prescribing with important interacting drugs are shown. However, 93.6% of those on enzyme‐inducing anti‐epileptic medications were co‐prescribed ineffective contraception containing <50 μg oestrogen.Irish prescribing trends of second and third generation COCs have remained consistent since 1995. The slow decline in fourth generation COC uptake follows new evidence of an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) reported in 2011. The low, but increasing, uptake of LARCs is consistent with other countries. Co‐prescribing practices involving hormonal contraceptives requires continued vigilance. This study emphasizes the need to optimize co‐prescribing practices involving hormonal contraceptives and anti‐epileptic medications and highlights the need to address the barriers to the currently low uptake of LARC methods in Ireland.
A Variational Principle for Computing Slow Invariant Manifolds in Dissipative Dynamical Systems

A key issue in dimension reduction of dissipative dynamical systems with spectral gaps is the identification of slow invariant manifolds. We present theoretical and numerical results for a variational approach to the problem of computing such manifolds for finite-dimensional dynamical systems using trajectory optimization. The corresponding objective functional reflects a variational principle that characterizes trajectories on slow invariant manifolds. For a two-dimensional linear system and a common nonlinear test problem we show analytically that the variational approach asymptotically exactly identifies the slow invariant manifold in the limit of either an infinite time horizon of the variational problem with fixed spectral gap or infinite spectral gap with a fixed finite time horizon. Numerical results are presented for the linear and nonlinear model problems as well as for a more realistic higher-dimensional chemical reaction mechanism.