Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generating consumer insights into physical activity patterns for three different segments

Abstract Segmentation theory has been suggested as an effective way to target social marketing programmes to meet different needs of different subgroups in order to achieve behaviour change more effectively. The aims of this research were two fold. First, to identify whether distinct physical activity consumer segments existed among an urban population sample and second, to observe how physical activity levels changed over a one-year period. A two-step cluster analysis was used to identify homogenous subgroups in the study population. Next, repeated measures ANOVA, with post hoc group analysis, was conducted to examine changes in physical activity over time and to determine if there was a significant difference between the identified segments. Three segments were identified at baseline: female positivists, active males and young and motivated. Findings indicate that physical activity changed over time for the better in all three segments with positive changes observed both in terms of the number of physical activity sessions and time spent on physical activity for exercise, recreation or sport in the past seven days. Implications for future research and practice are outlined.
Release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) from Guinea Pig Dura Mater in vitro is Inhibited by Sumatriptan But Unaffected by Nitric Oxide

Migraine attacks can be provoked by administration of nitroglycerin, suggesting a role for nitric oxide (NO). The fact that release of the neuropeptide CGRP from trigeminal sensory nerves occurs during the pain phase of migraine and that NO can augment transmitter release prompted us to study CGRP release from the in situ dura mater in guinea pig skulls. Release of CGRP by capsaicin or by high potassium concentration was concentration-dependent and counteracted in calcium-free medium. The anti-migraine compound, sumatriptan, inhibited CGRP release via the 5-HT1-receptor. The NO donors, nitroglycerin, sodium nitroprusside and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine did not influence CGRP release, alone or together with the stimulants. We concluded that the skull preparation is well suited for scrutinizing CGRP release from dura mater. The fact that sumatriptan inhibits CGRP release as in migraine patients suggests a use for the present preparation in headache research.
A new intelligence solution for power system economic load dispatch

Economic Load Dispatch is one of the most important tasks to be performed in the operation and planning of a power system that decides the generation schedule of generating units with an objective of minimizing the total fuel cost. Normally, the fuel cost of generators can be treated as a quadratic function of real power generation. In fact, valve point loading effect in thermal power plants introduces discontinuity. The classical optimization methods require continuous differentiable objective functions; therefore they at times provide global minima. The evolutionary computation methods can handle non-differential and non-convex objective functions and provide global or near global optimum solutions. Evolutionary techniques such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Differential Evolution (DE), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) saw wide applications in economic load dispatch. Similar to evolutionary computation, physical behaviour intelligence called gravitational search intelligence is recently developed and has not been applied in many fields. Use of gravitational search intelligence not only avoids coding and monotonous decoding as prevalent in transformations of GA but also results in less burden on parameter settings, population size, number of iterations and no memory requirement of solution as in PSO. In this paper, Gravitational Search algorithm (GSA) is applied to economic load dispatch problem with valve point loading and Kron's loss. Its performance is compared for accuracy and speed with contemporaries heuristic search techniques like PSO, DE, and GA and traditional method sequential quadratic programming (SQP) on 3, 6, 13 and 40-unit test systems. The simulation results reveal that GSA has a great potential in handling complex optimization problems and capable to discover quality solution quickly even for large scale systems.
How cost sharing reduced medical spending of participants in the health insurance experiment.

In a controlled trial of the effects of medical insurance on spending and health status, much less was spent on medical care when patients had to pay for it themselves. They economized by being less prone to seek treatment or be hospitalized for their illnesses. The average cost per hospitalization and per ambulatory episode was the same for all insurance plans. ( JAMA 1983;249:2220-2222)
Retinal oximetry imaging in Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND Structural and physiological abnormalities have been reported in the retina in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Retinal oximetry detects changes in retinal oxygen metabolism in many eye diseases, where structural changes are seen. OBJECTIVE To compare oxygen saturation in retinal blood vessels in patients with AD and a healthy cohort. METHODS Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin was measured in retinal blood vessels, using imaging with spectrophotometric noninvasive retinal oximeter. 18 individuals with mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer-type (stage 3-5 according to the Global Deterioration Scale) and 18 healthy subjects underwent retinal oximetry in a case control study. RESULTS Retinal oxygen saturation in arterioles and venules in patients with moderate AD was significantly elevated compared to healthy individuals. Retinal arterioles have 94.2 ± 5.4% oxygen saturation in moderate AD compared with 90.5 ± 3.1% in healthy subjects (mean ± SD, n = 10, p = 0.028). Retinal venules were 51.9 ± 6.0% saturated in moderate AD compared with 49.7 ± 7.0% in healthy subjects (mean ± SD, n = 10, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION This is the first study of retinal oxygen metabolism in any central nervous system disease. It discovers abnormalities in retinal oxygen metabolism in AD. The findings are similar to those seen in age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Noninvasive retinal oximetry may offer new insights into pathophysiology of AD. Further studies are needed to confirm and expand these findings.
The impact of “distance” on multinational enterprise subsidiary capabilities: a value chain perspective

Purpose The aim of this paper is to investigate how multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiary capabilities are influenced by the firm-specific advantages (FSAs) of the parent company, as well as by cultural and geographic distance between the home and host country. Design/methodology/approach This paper assesses how the effects of the parent FSAs, cultural distance and geographic distance on subsidiary capabilities vary for different value-chain activities, with an empirical application to 60 foreign subsidiaries operating in Canada. Findings This paper uncovers distinct, three-way interaction effects among parent-level FSAs, cultural distance and geographic distance for upstream versus downstream activities in the value chain. Originality/value We find that in special cases, high levels of distance can be positive for MNEs, in terms of driving the creation of stronger subsidiary capabilities.
Halogen bonding in a series of Br(CF2)nBr-DABCO adducts (n = 4, 6, 8).

Halogen bonding (XB) is a highly-directional class of intermolecular interactions that has been used as a powerful tool to drive the design of crystals in the solid phase. To date, the majority of XB donors have been iodine-containing compounds, with many fewer involving brominated analogues. We report the formation of adducts in the vapour phase from a series of dibromoperfluoroalkyl compounds, BrCF2(CF2)nCF2Br (n = 2, 4, 6), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the colourless crystals identified 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dibromoperfluorobutane (1/1), C4Br2F8·C6H12N2, (I), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,6-dibromoperfluorohexane (1/1), C6Br2F12·C6H12N2, (II), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,8-dibromoperfluorooctane (1/1), C8Br2F16·C6H12N2, (III), each of which displays a one-dimensional halogen-bonded network. All three adducts exhibit N.Br distances less than the sum of the van der Waals radii, with butane analogue (I) showing the shortest N.Br halogen-bond distances yet reported between a bromoperfluorocarbon and a nitrogen base [2.809 (3) and 2.818 (3) Å], which are 0.58 and 0.59 Å shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii.
EXCESS CASH HOLDINGS, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY AND SHAREHOLDER VALUE: EUROPEAN EVIDENCES

In this paper, we examine the marginal value of extra liquidity for a sample of excess cash listed companies (i.e. ECs) operating in the five largest E.U. economies (France, Italy, Germany, Spain and UK). After had shown that these companies are generally penalised by the market, in line with previous literature, we show that extra cash held is not detrimental to shareholder value when it is combined with high investment opportunities leading, hence, in a premium of 1€ extra held. This relation is even stronger during the financial crisis of 2008. These results confirm that the main reason why ECs are generally valued less by the market is the concern that their managers may deploy excess cash in value-destroying activities. However, EC firms are not penalized ceteris paribus when there are investment opportunities. In addition, such relation is stronger with the presence of financial constraints and lack of liquidity, as explained by the transaction and precautionary motive for holding cash.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome After an Escherichia coli O 111 Outbreak

Background: In August 2008, the largest known US serotype 1 Escherichia coli O111 outbreak occurred in Oklahoma, causing 341 illnesses, including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS is not well described in non-O157 E coli outbreaks but occurs in 2% to 15% of O157 infections, predominantly among children. We examined outbreak-related hospitalizations to characterize E coli O111 illness, the HUS attack rate, and factors associated with subsequent HUS diagnosis among hospitalized patients.
Developing an Exploratory Framework Linking Australian Aboriginal Peoples’ Connection to Country and Concepts of Wellbeing

Aboriginal people across Australia suffer significant health inequalities compared with the non-Indigenous population. Evidence indicates that inroads can be made to reduce these inequalities by better understanding social and cultural determinants of health, applying holistic notions of health and developing less rigid definitions of wellbeing. The following article draws on qualitative research on Victorian Aboriginal peoples’ relationship to their traditional land (known as Country) and its link to wellbeing, in an attempt to tackle this. Concepts of wellbeing, Country and nature have also been reviewed to gain an understanding of this relationship. An exploratory framework has been developed to understand this phenomenon focusing on positive (e.g., ancestry and partnerships) and negative (e.g., destruction of Country and racism) factors contributing to Aboriginal peoples’ health. The outcome is an explanation of how Country is a fundamental component of Aboriginal Victorian peoples’ wellbeing and the framework articulates the forces that impact positively and negatively on this duality. This review is critical to improving not only Aboriginal peoples’ health but also the capacity of all humanity to deal with environmental issues like disconnection from nature and urbanisation.
Strategic Alliances, Externalities, and Financial Constraints

This paper models a financially constrained entrepreneur and a deep-pocket incumbent developing an innovative product through a strategic alliance. We find that i) the financial constraints of the entrepreneur can be tightened by an increase in his endowment or a reduction in agency conflicts, which contrasts with traditional corporate finance theories; ii) the main agency conflict in alliances is the free-riding problem between the two collaborators, and a third party — an outside investor — can be introduced to address this problem; and iii) the incentive-compatible financial claims of alliances include debt, equity, warrants, convertible debt, and preferred equity, which are consistent with empirical observations.
Guidance of neuronal growth cones: selective fasciculation in the grasshopper embryo.

One of the central questions of developmental neuro­ biology concerns how the diversity and specificity of individual neurons are generated during embryonic development. One major component of neuronal diver­ sity is the complex axonal morphology of individual neurons, largely generated early in development and in­ timately involved in the ability of neurons to find their correct synaptic targets. By a process of precise pathfinding, growth cones find the appropriate neurons or muscle cells, often by traveling long distances along stereotyped routes that involve a series of cell-specific choices and turns. Growth cone motility, as described from cell culture experiments, involves three phases: extension, adhe­ sion, and contraction (Bray 1982; Letourneau 1982). Growth cones extend numerous fingerlike filopodia, approximately 0.1 /im in diameter and up to 50 /tm or more in length. These filopodia radiate in many direc­ tions from the growth cone, transiently exploring their environment. Some of the filopodia contact other cell surfaces or extracellular basement membranes; they strongly adhere to some of these surfaces but their adhesion to others is much weaker. Filopodia are retracted in a contractile cycle. If adhesion is weak, the filopodium is retracted; if, however, its adhesion is strong, then tension in that direction is increased during the contractile cycle and the leading tip of the growth cone advances toward the point of attachment (Bray 1982; Letourneau 1982). Thus, the key to understand­ ing the diverse and specific choices made by growth cones during embryogenesis involves in large part un­ derstanding the behavior, environment, and selective adhesion of their filopodia as they make cell-specific decisions. We would like to understand how the growth cones of different neurons, confronted with the same environ­ ment, make different and stereotyped choices. Such di­ vergent choices by growth cones imply both hetero­ geneity in their cellular environment and heterogeneity in their responses to that environment. We would like to know what cellular and molecular cues in an embryo influence the choices made by individual growth cones, and how these growth cones are determined by their mitotic ancestry and earlier cell interactions to respond to those cues. Our strategy has been first to examine, and then to manipulate, the cellular environment of identified growth cones during embryonic develop­
Graph based inversed matrix in electric circuits solutions

The matrix calculus is very frequently used in electrical engineering to calculate the different parameters of (but not only) electric circuits. One of the most important points of mathematical background of this analysis is the calculation of inverse matrix. This can be realised by numerous well-known algebraic methods (unit/identity matrix, different algebraic supplements, etc.) or numerical techniques. Inverting of matrixes is a well-known method; nevertheless, idea of alternating paths (presented in the paper) is completely new and unpublished. The electric circuit can be represented in the form of a graph and this graph structure rewritten into the form of matrixes. The paper shows the inverse matrix acquisition without using any algebraic technique - directly from graph structure. The presented technology can further be used as an input for any numerical method used for circuit parameters analysis or on- and off-line simulation. Practically, this is based on the following steps: the electric circuit is transformed into the graph structure. A new graph structure is created using the presented algorithm. The matrix system describing this graph structure, obtained without use of any conventional technique, is the inverse matrix of the original graph. The proposed utilization of alternative paths essentially differs from work of other authors.
Long‐term benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children with Type 1 diabetes: a 4‐year follow‐up

Aims To determine the safety and effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in attaining long‐term glycaemic control in paediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes and to compare the results with those previously recorded in the same patients taking multiple daily injections (MDI) (four injections a day).
Different Effects of Glyburide and Glipizide on Insulin Secretion and Hepatic Glucose Production in Normal and NIDDM Subjects

Glyburide (GB) and glipizide (GZ) differ in their pharmacokinetics, but it is not known whether they also differ in mode of action. To examine this question, 10 young healthy subjects and 6 non-insulindependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients participated in each of three studies: 1) infusion of saline for 120 min followed by a 100-min hyperglycemic (125 mg/dl) clamp; 2) 120-min primed continuous infusion of GZ followed by a 100-min hyperglycemic clamp; and 3) 120-min primed continuous infusion of GB followed by a 100-min hyperglycemic clamp. The GB and GZ infusions were continued throughout the hyperglycemic clamp. Similar plasma concentrations of GB and GZ were obtained in both groups. All studies were performed with [3-3H]glucose to allow quantification of hepatic glucose production. When administered under basal conditions of glycemia, the acute phase (0-10 min) of plasma insulin and C-peptide increase in both control and NIDDM subjects was twice as great with GZ compared with GB (P < .01). During the hyperglycemic-clamp studies performed in normal subjects, both GB and GZ increased the first- (1.6-fold) and second- (2.2-fold) phase plasma insulin responses more than hyperglycemia alone. During the hyperglycemic clamp in NIDDM subjects, the first-phase plasma insulin response was absent, and the second-phase insulin response was markedly impaired. Neither GB nor GZ improved first-phase insulin secretion in the NIDDM patients. In both NIDDM and control subjects, the effects of hyperglycemia and sulfonylurea drugs (both GB and GZ) on the first- and second-phase plasma insulin responses were simply additive. These results challenge the concept that sulfonylurea agents, when given acutely, potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In NIDDM patients, GB decreased basal hepatic glucose production (2.30 ± 0.30 mg · kg−1 · min−1) more effectively than GZ (to 0.40 ± 0.12 vs. 0.82 ± 0.11 mg · kg−1 · min−1 P < .01). These results indicate that the acute administration of GB and GZ to NIDDM subjects has quantitatively different results on hepatic glucose production and acute plasma insulin response to hyperglycemia.
Liquidity Management and Central Bank Strength: Bank of England Operations Reloaded, 1889-1910

Is a strong commitment to monetary stability enough to ensure credibility? The recent literature suggests it might not be if the central bank cannot perform pure interest rate policy and has to resort to balance sheet policy: the central bank’s financial strength (i.e. the long-term sustainability of its policy) is also a determinant of credibility. This paper provides historical evidence on the issue by focusing on the case of the Bank of England at the heyday of the classical gold standard. It shows that as the Bank was not perceived as having the means to fulfil all of its obligations, the efficacy of its interest rate policy was poor. Failing to reform for political economy reasons, the Bank eventually had to default on its formal convertibility mandate.
Bafilomycin Induces the p21-Mediated Growth Inhibition of Cancer Cells under Hypoxic Conditions by Expressing Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α

Bafilomycin A1, a macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species, has been used as an inhibitor of vacuolar H+ ATPase (V-ATPase). Bafilomycin has been also evaluated as a potential anticancer agent because it inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth. Although these anticancer effects of bafilomycin are considered to be attributable to the intracellular acidosis by V-ATPase inhibition, the exact mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we tested the possibility that bafilomycin targets a tumor-promoting factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Bafilomycin A1 and its analog, concanamycin A, were found to up-regulate HIF-1α in eight human cancer cell-lines, and this effect is attributed to inhibited degradation of HIF-1α protein. Furthermore, the HIF-1α induction by bafilomycin was augmented by hypoxia, which caused a robust induction of p21 and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. The cell cycle inhibition was shown only in cancer cells expressing both HIF-1α and p21. In HIF-1α(+/+) or HIF-1α(-/-) fibrosarcomas grafted in nude mice, bafilomycin showed the HIF-1α-dependent anticancer effect. Based on these results, the exorbitant expression of HIF-1α is likely to contribute to the anticancer action of bafilomycin.
Is lack of evidence of inbreeding depression in a threatened New Zealand robin indicative of reduced genetic load?

Continuous inbreeding exposes deleterious recessive alleles to selection and can thereby lead to partial purging of the genetic load and reduced inbreeding depression. Purging has been well documented in experimental laboratory populations, but evidence of reduced inbreeding depression due to purging in wild populations is largely lacking. This study examines the inbreeding load associated with juvenile survival at a protected island site of a bottlenecked population of the Stewart Island robin Petroica australis rakiura. Based on a complete pedigree of the island population, we found little evidence that inbreeding coefficients explained any additional variation in juvenile survival, once demographic factors such as the effects of density, timing of fledging and age of mother were taken into account. Lethal equivalents, a standardized measure of the strength of inbreeding depression, were close to zero (B=0.24, 95% CI=−1.92–1.04, n=326) and lower than that documented for an island population of a widespread congener (B=6.71, 95% CI=−0.66–14.08, n=238) and for several other species for which significant inbreeding depression was detected (B=1.30–7.47). There are several reasons as to why studies can fail to detect pedigree‐based inbreeding depression in wild populations, but evidence presented here of low lethal equivalents and relatively high survival of both inbred and non‐inbred juveniles are consistent with a population that has undergone partial purging of its genetic load during historical population bottlenecks. Although our study does not imply a complete absence of inbreeding depression, it is one of the first studies of a wild population where weak inbreeding depression for juvenile survival appears to be associated with a prolonged bottleneck.