Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial of 10 percent versus 16 percent carbamide peroxide tooth-bleaching agents: one-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND The use of high-concentration tooth-bleaching agents has been associated with increased longevity of the whitening effect. The authors conducted a randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the longevity of the whitening effect at one year of two at-home tooth-bleaching agents. METHODS The authors randomly assigned 92 participants with a mean shade of C1 or darker for six maxillary anterior teeth into two equal-sized groups according to carbamide peroxide concentration: 10 percent (CP10) or 16 percent (CP16). Treatment involved the use of a whitening agent in a tray for two hours daily for three weeks. The authors evaluated tooth shade with a shade guide and a spectrophotometer at baseline and one week, six months and one year after bleaching. Participants in both groups answered questions about their dietary and oral hygiene behaviors. RESULTS At the one-year recall appointment, the teeth in both groups remained significantly lighter than at baseline. At this time, participants from the CP10 and CP16 groups consumed staining beverages and foods at a level as high as at the six-month recall appointment, and this consumption level was not statistically significant between groups (P > .5). CONCLUSIONS One year after bleaching, both treatment groups had the same median tooth shade, which remained lighter than at baseline. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Higher carbamide peroxide concentration does not increase the longevity of the whitening effect of at-home tooth-bleaching agents.
Morphological variation in the Weberian apparatus of Cypriniformes

Cypriniformes (which includes the minnows, carps, loaches, algae‐eaters, stone loaches, and suckers) is a morphologically diverse and incredibly speciose order of teleosts. It has been suggested that a number of evolutionary innovations, key to improved hearing and feeding, have played an important role in cypriniform fishes' success. One such innovation, the Weberian apparatus, is a novel assemblage of vertebral elements and modified ribs that relay and amplify sound pressure changes from the gas bladder to the inner ear. The Weberian apparatus unites Cypriniformes with other major orders into an extremely species‐rich group of fishes, the Otophysi. Together, otophysan fishes comprise one of the largest groups of fishes in the world, as well as the majority of freshwater fishes. Here we present a detailed comparison of the Weberian apparatus in a number of cypriniform families using cleared and stained specimens. We present data regarding inter‐ and intrafamilial morphological variation within Cypriniformes. With few, but evolutionarily important, exceptions we find that diagnostic features of the Weberian apparatus characterize each family. Interspecific variation within each of the families Balitoridae, Gyrinocheilidae, and Catostomidae is only slight, whereas variation among subfamilies within Cyprinidae and Cobitidae is far more significant. This comparative study identifies a number of distinct morphologies, some of which appear highly correlated with ecological niche. For example, inhabiting swift‐moving waters appears to be a key factor in the encapsulation of the anterior gas bladder in some cobitids, balitorids, and gobionin cyprinids. J. Morphol. , 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mexican American Family Processes: Nurturing, Support, and Socialization

The purpose of this ethnographic study with Mexican American families was to document characteristics of Mexican American family processes of nurturing, support, and socialization. Audiotaped conversations with participants were transcribed verbatim in Spanish or English. Content analysis was used to derive characteristics of family processes. Family nurturing was characterized by being kin-based and intimate in nature. Family support was kin-based, with material support oriented toward household needs; with emotional support grounded in shared stories, problem solving, and prayer; and with informational support offered in consejos (wisdom sayings and words of advice), stories, and guidance. Family socialization was kin-based, hierarchical, and ritualistic.
Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for focal pancreatic lesions in patients with normal parenchyma and chronic pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE:The clinical value of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of pancreatic lesions is uncertain in patients with normal parenchyma and chronic pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to analyze the diagnostic yield and influence of EUS-FNA on the clinical management of patients with pancreatic lesions, in the presence (CP) or absence (NP) of chronic pancreatitis.METHODS:A total of 207 consecutive patients with NP (n = 133) and CP (n = 74) were examined using linear array echo endoscopes for the procedure and 22-gauge needles.RESULTS:Adequate specimens were obtained from 200 lesions. A correct final diagnosis was established at histology (n = 108), bacteriology (n = 9), and clinical follow-up (n = 83). Cytology gave 17 false-negative EUS-FNA results (overall sensitivity: 85%). In patients with NP, 60 solid adenocarcinomas were detected, 32 other malignancies, and 38 benign lesions, with 11 false-negative results (sensitivity: 89%). In patients with CP, only seven of 13 malignancies (all solid adenocarcinomas) were identified using FNA (sensitivity: 54%). Overall, malignancy was identified in 116 patients, 32 of whom (27%) had lesions other than primary solid adenocarcinomas. Management was altered in 25 of these patients, which changed the surgical approach in 21%. EUS-FNA influenced the therapeutic approach in 44% of the total patient group.CONCLUSIONS:EUS-FNA was especially useful in patients with a focal pancreatic lesion with normal parenchyma. Its sensitivity in patients with CP was unacceptably low, and resection of the tumor using standard surgical techniques was still usually required to confirm the correct diagnosis. Diagnostic EUS-FNA influenced clinical management in nearly half of patients.
Validation and Test–Retest Reliability of a Health Measure, Health as Ability of Acting, Based on the Welfare Theory of Health

The aim of this study was to conduct a validation and assess the test–retest reliability of the health questionnaire based on Nordenfelt’s Welfare Theory of Health (WTH). The study used a questionnaire on health together with the Short Form 12-Item Health Survey (SF-12) questionnaire, and 490 pupils at colleges for adult education participated. The results of the study are in accordance with Nordenfelt’s WTH. Three hypotheses were stated, and the first was confirmed: People who were satisfied with life rated higher levels than those who were dissatisfied with life concerning both mental and physical health, measured with the SF-12. The second hypothesis was partially confirmed: People with high education were more often satisfied with life than those with low education, but they were not healthier. The third hypothesis, that women are unhealthy more often than men, was not confirmed. The questionnaire on health showed acceptable stability.
Targeting myocardial remodelling to develop novel therapies for heart failure

The failing heart is characterized by complex tissue remodelling involving increased cardiomyocyte death, and impairment of sarcomere function, metabolic activity, endothelial and vascular function, together with increased inflammation and interstitial fibrosis. For years, therapeutic approaches for heart failure (HF) relied on vasodilators and diuretics which relieve cardiac workload and HF symptoms. The introduction in the clinic of drugs interfering with beta‐adrenergic and angiotensin signalling have ameliorated survival by interfering with the intimate mechanism of cardiac compensation. Current therapy, though, still has a limited capacity to restore muscle function fully, and the development of novel therapeutic targets is still an important medical need. Recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of myocardial dysfunction in HF is paving the way for development of new treatments capable of restoring muscle function and targeting specific pathological subsets of LV dysfunction. These include potentiating cardiomyocyte contractility, increasing cardiomyocyte survival and adaptive hypertrophy, increasing oxygen and nutrition supply by sustaining vessel formation, and reducing ventricular stiffness by favourable extracellular matrix remodelling. Here, we consider drugs such as omecamtiv mecarbil, nitroxyl donors, cyclosporin A, SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic Ca2 + ATPase 2a), neuregulin, and bromocriptine, all of which are currently in clinical trials as potential HF therapies, and discuss novel molecular targets with potential therapeutic impact that are in the pre‐clinical phases of investigation. Finally, we consider conceptual changes in basic science approaches to improve their translation into successful clinical applications.
Determination of tear volume and tear flow.

The dynamics of tear flow ivere studied for human subjects using fluorescein as an indicator. A new fluorophotometer attachable to a slit lamp was designed to determine fluorescein concentration of tears in situ. After the instillation of about 1 id of fluorescein solution (1.0 Gm. L.-) into the cul-de-sac, its concentration in the tears was found to decay in a single exponential pattern. In most cases, the turnover rate teas initially fast and became slower after about flve minutes. The initial faster turnover rate was interpreted as the result of stimulation of lacrimation due to the application of solution, and the subsequent slower decay interpreted as the physiologic turnover. The initial turnover showed individual variation and was lower in older than in younger persons. The physiologic turnover rate was fairly constant among normal subjects, the average being about 16 per cent minr The tear volume in the cul-de-sac ivas measured with two methods. The dilution method consisted of instilling 16.2 fil of fluorescein solution (0.10 Gm. hr) sampling after blinking and determining the dilution ratio. This method was found to be subject to large errors due to lacrimation. The second method involved the construction of a semilog plot of concentration decay after the application of a known amount (about 1 id) of fluorescein solution (1.0 Gm. L.-'), the extrapolation of the decay curve to zero time, and the computation of the tear volume from the zero time concentration. The latter method gave very consistent results. The average tear volume obtained was 7.0 2.0 fj-l, with no significant difference between age groups, sexes, and fellow eyes. This value agreed well with the probable tear volume calculated from anatomical considerations. The combination of the tear volume and turnover rate determinations gave an average tear flow of 1.2 id niinr with a range of 0.5 to 2.2 ixl minr. The tear volume was found to increase with increasing tear flow. Since the tear volume obtained with the zero time method corresponds to an initial faster tear flow, the normal tear volume with a normal tear flow was estimated from the volume-flow relationship; the average normal tear volume was 6.2 2.0 id.
A quantitative analysis of changes in the olfactory epithelium following bulbectomy in hamster

Continuous replacement of sensory neurons is a normal process in the olfactory system of adult vertebrates. The capacity for replacement following experimentally induced degeneration of sensory neurons makes this system ideal for the study of the dynamics of neural populations. A quantitative analysis was made to determine the time course and degree of cell replace‐ment in the olfactory epithelium following unilateral bulbectomy in adult hamsters. Histological measurements of number of cells and epithelial thickness were made for up to 194 days postoperatively. Results for each experimental animal were expressed as a percentage of the contralateral control side. There was an immediate degeneration of cells, the number decreasing to 39% by day 4. During days 4–15 new growth resulted in an increase in cell number, which was maintained at a level of 60–70% through day 194. Epithelial thickness decreased to 60–70% during the degeneration period, but there was no recovery during subsequent days 4–194. Analysis of epithelial cells by cell type (supporting, receptor, and basal cells) showed that changes in cell numbers were limited to the neural cell populations (receptor and basal). This study confirms that olfactory sensory neurons are capable of replacement following degeneration in spite of the absence of normal target tissue. However, the observed recovery does not reach control levels and the functional capacity of replacement neurons requires further study.
Information behaviour of primary health care providers in rural Uganda: An interaction-value model

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the accessibility and use of health information among primary health care providers. The study focused on women and health workers' experiences with information in rural Uganda.Design/methodology/approach – Face‐to‐face interviews (82) were conducted using an interview schedule that consisted of open questions and one relating to health information critical incidents. A holistic inductive paradigm was used with a grounded theory analysis. An “Interaction‐value model” emerged from the study. The model was driven by the value and impact of information, unlike previous information models which have been driven by information needs.Findings – The findings have a number of implications for improving information provision, and further research.Originality/value – This study has demonstrated that, although an information need could trigger off an information activity, the subsequent information processes could only be sustained by the value of information. Th.
The influence of sleep onset on the diurnal variation in cardiac activity and cardiac control

Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity vary diurnally, with a reduction in HR and BP, and a shift to vagal dominance during the dark phase. However, the cause of these changes, particularly the relative influence of sleep and circadian mechanisms, remains uncertain. The present study assessed the effect of sleep onset on HR, BP, high frequency (HF) component of heart rate variability (HRV), low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio and pre‐ejection period (PEP). Sleep onset was dissociated from circadian influences by having subjects go to sleep at two different circadian phases, their normal time of sleep onset (normal sleep onset, NSO), and after a delay of 3 h (delayed sleep onset, DSO). The assumption was that changes caused by sleep onset would occur in association with sleep onset, irrespective of its timing, while circadian effects would have a consistent circadian phase and be independent of when sleep onset occurred. Thirteen and 17 subjects were run in the NSO and DSO conditions, respectively. Following a 1‐h adaptation period, data collection began 2 h before subjects’ normal time of sleep onset and continued until morning awakening. The lights were turned out after 2 h in the NSO condition and 5 h in the DSO condition. Subjects were required to maintain a supine position throughout the experimental sessions. The night‐time decrease in HR was found to be due to both sleep onset and a circadian influence, with the circadian component being more prominent. In contrast, the fall in BP was largely due to a sleep onset effect. Increased vagal activity, as reflected in the HF component and a shift to vagal dominance in the LF/HF ratio, appeared to be primarily a function of the sleep system, while sympathetic activity, as assessed by PEP, reflected a circadian influence.
Mineralogic constraints on sulfur‐rich soils from Pancam spectra at Gusev crater, Mars

The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Spirit excavated sulfur‐rich soils exhibiting high albedo and relatively white to yellow colors at three main locations on and south of Husband Hill in Gusev crater, Mars. The multispectral visible/near‐infrared properties of these disturbed soils revealed by the Pancam stereo color camera vary appreciably over small spatial scales, but exhibit spectral features suggestive of ferric sulfates. Spectral mixture models constrain the mineralogy of these soils to include ferric sulfates in various states of hydration, such as ferricopiapite [Fe2/32+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2·20(H2O)], hydronium jarosite [(H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6], fibroferrite [Fe3+(SO4)(OH)·5(H2O)], rhomboclase [HFe3+(SO4)2·4(H2O)], and paracoquimbite [Fe3+2(SO4)3·9(H2O)].
Anti‐arrhythmic effects of prazosin and propranolol during coronary artery occlusion and re‐perfusion in dogs and pigs

1 Open‐chest dogs and pigs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone were used to evaluate the antiarrhythmic effect of prazosin and propranolol during a 30 min period of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 15 min of reperfusion. 2 In dogs, both prazosin and propranolol reduced the incidence of ventricular premature depolarizations and ventricular tachycardia during the occlusion period. During the 45 min period of occlusion and re‐perfusion, the incidence of ventricular fibrillation was significantly reduced in the prazosin‐treated and propranolol‐treated dogs. 3 In pigs prazosin reduced the incidence of ventricular premature depolarizations during occlusion and propranolol reduced the incidence of both ventricular premature depolarizations and ventricular tachycardia during occlusion, but the incidence of ventricular fibrillation was not significantly reduced in the prazosin‐ and propranolol‐treated pigs. 4 Prazosin reduced arterial pressure and propranolol lowered heart rate in both dogs and pigs, but a comparison of mean arterial pressure and heart rate in animals surviving and those not surviving the 30 min of coronary artery occlusion and 15 min of re‐perfusion showed no significant difference.
Larval development in Cnidaria: A connection to bilateria?

Summary: Among the basal animal phyla, the Cnidaria display many characteristics similar to the Bilateria (the higher Metazoa). However, the relation of that outgroup phyla to the Bilateria is still equivocal. Additionally to morphological and genetic data, studies on cnidarian embryogenesis are essential to clarify the Cnidaria‐Bilateria relationship. We analyzed cellular differentiation during planula larvae development of the jellyfish Podocoryne carnea. Within 24 to 30 h postfertilization, the diploblastic body structure and all cell types found in polyps have already differentiated in the larva. Whereas the differentiating smooth muscles, RFamide‐positive nerve cells, or nematocytes (stinging cells) express no axial polarity, a newly discovered tyrosine‐tubulin‐positive nervous system develops gradually in repetitive patterns from anterior to posterior. These data demonstrate that part of the cnidarian nervous system develops from anterior to posterior in serially repeated patterns. This developmental mechanism seems to follow the bilaterian pattern and would have antedated the Cambrian explosion. genesis 29:110–114, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proving Finitely Presented Groups are Large by Computer

We present a theoretical algorithm that given any finite presentation of a group as input, will terminate with answer yes if and only if the group is large. We then implement a practical version of this algorithm using Magma and apply it to a range of presentations. Our main focus is on two-generator one-relator presentations, for which we have a complete picture of largeness if the relator has exponent sum zero in one generator and word length at most 12, as well as if the relator is in the commutator subgroup and has word length at most 18. Indeed, all but a tiny number of presentations define large groups. Finally, we look at fundamental groups of closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds, for which the algorithm readily determines that at least a quarter of the groups in the SnapPea closed census are large.
Effect of dexmedetomidine on consumption of anesthetic agents, duration of surgery, time to extubation and post-operative emergence during endoscopic nasal surgeries: a pilot study

Our aim was to study the effects of dexmedetomidine on anesthetic consumption, duration of surgery, time to extubation and post-operative emergence when used as an adjunct to general anesthesia in endoscopic nasal surgeries. Fifty two patients scheduled for elective nasal surgery (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery and Functional Endoscopic Nasal surgery) were randomized into two groups. Dexmedetomidine - group (D) and placebo or control - group (C). Dexmedetomidine was administered to the D group at a bolus dose of 0.5 ug/kg via an intravenous infusion pump over 10 min. Intraoperative maintenance was supplied by a continuous infusion of 0.2 ug/kg/hr. Infusion of Dexmedetomidine was stopped when the major surgical intervention was over. Group C was given equal amounts of normal saline, instead of Dexmedetomidine. The intraoperative hemodynamics during the surgery were recorded on a proforma. The duration of surgery, time to extubation and amount of anesthetic agents consumed in both the groups were noted. We found that there was a statistically significant difference in anesthetic consumption between both groups. The time to extubation was more in group C(p value < 0.05) . Awakening scores were better in group D(p value < 0.05). No significant difference in the duration of surgery was found.Our conclusion was that Dexmedetomidine reduces anesthetic agent consumption significantly when used as an adjunct in endoscopic nasal surgeries, thereby leading to shorter extubation
A Case Study on Achieving Legitimation in Information Systems Action Research Projects

Theoretical and practical aspects of strategies for achieving legitimacy in Information Systems projects are not a widely researched topic. Legitimation is particularly relevant for projects involving action research interventions though it is desirable also in those including observations. An overview of action research and of past work on legitimation strategies in Management and Information Systems is provided. The paper then illustrates the practical application of heuristics for achieving legitimacy proposed by Landry and co-workers originally in Operations Research to an intervention aiming at improvement of software development productivity in an outsourced information systems project. The findings, limitations and possible directions for future research are presented.