Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ROLE OF NITROGEN IN FUNGOUS THERMOGENESIS.

Thermogenesis by fungi has been definitely proved by MIEHIE (10, 11), JAMES (7, 8), JAMES, RETTGER and THOM (9), NORMAN (12), GILMAN and BARRON (3) and others. The relation of substrate-composition to the thermogenic activity of the fungi involved has, however, received but little attention. Although the data presented by HARRISON (4) and those by NORMAN (13) clearly indicated the dependence of this process on the carbohydrate content of the substrate; the relationship that the nitrogen content, both as to type and amount, had to this process had not been investigated. Various investigators have recognized that nitrogen added to substrates high in cellulose, hemicellulose, and similar plant products, bears an important relation to decomposition of these materials by fungi. BARTHEL and BENGTSSON (1) found that the favorable influence of stable manure upon cellulose fermentation in the soil was exerted by the nitrogen added with the manure. The soil micro-flora in this case was not limited to fungi. WAKSMAN (17) also found that nitrogen additions greatly increased the cellulose-decomposing activity of the soil micro-flora, except under anaerobic conditions. WAKSMAN and DIEHM (18), working with pure cultures of various fungi growing in a sand substrate containing additions of hemicellulose compounds and nitrogen, found that the ratio of nitrogen assimilated to hemicellulose decomposed was 1: 35.5 for mannan, 1: 16.7 for xylan, and approximately 1: 35 for galactan. Further, in an experiment with fungous cultures growing in a liquid medium composed of ground corncobs with additional nitrogen, these investigators found that the ratio of nitrogen assimilated to corncob-xylan decomposed was 1:34.5. NORMAN (13) grew a number of fungi on oat straw with added ammonium carbonate and found that the "nitrogen factor" ranged from 0.50 for a species of Phoma to 0.83 for Aspergillus terreus Thom. He found, further, that the "nitrogen equivalent" was 3.33 for A. terreus-about an average for the fungi studied. This figure corresponds to a ratio of 1 part nitrogen to 30 parts organic matter and is quite similar to that determined by WAKSMAN and DIEHM for hemicellulose. Although considerable work has been done on the relation of nitrogen to fungous decomposition of cellulose and related materials, comparatively few
Visual intensity and pattern discrimination after lesions of the thalamofugal visual pathway in pigeons

Twenty‐seven pigeons were trained to discriminate between stimuli that differed in intensity or pattern. In 16 cases, bilateral, electrolytic, stereotaxic lesions were made in the nucleus opticus principalis thalami (OPT), which is the main thalamic terminus of the optic tract. In some cases, the lesions also interrupted the efferent fibers of nucleus rotundus thalami, which receives major input from the optic tectum. In an additional 11 cases, bilateral telencephalic lesions were made by aspiration. These lesions were in the accessory hyperstriatum, which contains the nucleus intercalatus, hyperstriati accessorii (IHA), which is the telencephalic target of OPT. Extensive destruction of either IHA or OPT produced little or no impairment of discrimination performance. However, those cases in which both OPT and nucleus rotundus were involved showed serious performance losses.
Pharmacotherapy of first-episode psychosis

Early intervention in psychosis has attracted more attention in the last few years. The treatment of this phase of the disorders requires a specific and adapted approach. The issue of engaging the patient is so critical that it influences not only the choice of medication, but also the context and the way in which it is administered. In the case of a first admission, patients should be observed for 24 – 48 h without any antipsychotic treatment, in order to clarify the diagnosis and exclude the possiblity that symptoms are caused by acute intoxication with illicit substances, for example. The diagnosis is often difficult and unstable. A dimensional, rather than a categorical approach, is usually more likely to be adopted. In recent years, atypical antipsychotics have become the most frequently used first-line treatment. They are less likely to cause secondary negative symptoms, cognitive impairments and dysphoria. They also appear to influence the course of depression and hostility/aggression better than conventional neuroleptics, have possibly mood-stabilising properties and, subjectively, are often better accepted by patients. On the risk side, prevalence of acute extrapyramidal side effects and possibly tardive dyskinesia are lower, compared to the older neuroleptics. Although, the risk for short-term weight gain, cardiovascular, and especially hyperglycaemic complications are somewhat higher for some of these antipsychotics. Finally, the dose should be adapted as it has been shown that patients presenting a first psychotic episode respond to a lower dose of antipsychotic. This article focuses on the pharmacotherapy of first-episode psychosis, on the basis of a computerised and a manual search for articles dealing with antipsychotic treatment of these patients. Findings are discussed and combined in clinical guidelines for first-episode affective and non-affective psychosis, for patients with incomplete recovery or treatment resistance, for cases of emergency and for side effects associated with antipsychotic treatment.
A Protocol for Sensitive Large‐Scale Screening of Blood Donors for IgA Deficiency

Abstract. A protocol for large‐scale screening of blood donors for IgA deficiency using a tanned cell passive haemagglutination‐inhibition (PHI) technique and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described. Evidence presented suggests that native serum from a case of IgA paraproteinaemia, suitably diluted and heated to 56°C for 60 min, can act as a satisfactory and simple alternative to purified IgA preparations in the PHI test.
Assaying ornithine and arginine decarboxylases in some plant species.

A release of (14)CO(2) not related to ornithine decarboxylase activity was found in crude leaf extracts from Lycopersicon esculentum, Avena sativa, and especially from the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-bearing Heliotropium angiospermum when incubated with [1-(14)C]- or [U-(14)C]ornithine. The total (14)CO(2) produced was about 5- to 100-fold higher than that due to ornithine decarboxylase activities calculated from labeled putrescine (Put) found by thin-layer electrophoresis in the incubation mixtures. Partial purification with (NH(4))(2)SO(4) did not eliminate completely the interfering decarboxylation. When incubated with labeled arginine, a very significant (14)CO(2) release not related to arginine decarboxylase activity was observed only in extracts from H. angiospermum leaves, especially in Tris.HCl buffer. Under the assay conditions, these extracts exhibited oxidative degradation of added Put and agmatine (Agm) and also revealed a high arginase activity. Amino-guanidine at 0.1 to 0.2 millimolar prevented Put degradation and greatly decreased oxidative degradation of Agm; ornithine at 15 to 20 millimolar significantly inhibited arginase activity. A verification of the reliability of the standard (14)CO(2)-based method by assessing labeled Put and/or Agm-formed in the presence of added aminoguanidine and/or ornithine when needed-is recommended especially when crude or semicrude plant extracts are assayed.When based on Put and/or Agm formed at 1.0 to 2.5 millimolar of substrate, the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase in the youngest leaves of the tested species ranged between 1.1 and 3.6 and 1 and 1600 nanomoles per hour per gram fresh weight, respectively. The enzyme activities are discussed in relation to the biosynthesis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
The performance effects of combining rational and intuitive approaches in making new product idea evaluation decisions

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Human Capital, Business Cycles and Labor Supply Volatility

HUMAN CAPITAL, BUSINESS CYCLES AND LABOR SUPPLY VOLATILITY Diana Alessandrini Advisors: University of Guelph, 2014 Thanasis Stengos and Stephen Kosempel This doctoral thesis investigates the effect of business cycles on individuals decisions, with an emphasis on human capital accumulation. The first chapter shows that low-productivity individuals take advantage of the education sector during a recession by substituting schooling for work and accumulating more human capital. Whereas, high-productivity individuals face a lower unemployment rate and earn a higher labor income. Therefore, they are less likely to leave the labor market and accumulate more human capital. By using survey data from the Current Population Survey, I confirm that this was the case in the US for the period 1986-2011. The findings of the first chapter have important implications on the volatility puzzle in Real Business Cycle models. One of the shortcomings of these models is the inability to correctly predict the volatility of hours worked. Specifically, the volatility is lower than empirical estimates. The second chapter shows that it is possible to improve the ability of the model to predict labor supply volatility by modeling heterogeneity in productivity. Further, previous papers in the literature find that education can explain the volatility puzzle in a representative-agent setting. I show that this is no longer the case once heterogeneity is introduced in the model and agents face a finite lifetime. The third chapter focuses on the empirical relationship between business cycles and post-secondary education using Canadian data. The cyclicality of schooling decisions has been extensively analyzed in the literature by using US data. However, there are no studies on the Canadian economy. Main results show that university enrollment is counter-cyclical. Ability, proxied by parental education, negatively affects the counter-cyclicality of university enrollment. Further, economic downturns stimulate the acquisition of theoretical rather than practical education. In fact, contrary to university enrollment, college enrollment is pro-cyclical and enrollment in other (non-university) PSE institutions is acyclical. Finally, macroeconomic conditions mainly affect decisions of recent high-school graduates. Workers are not likely to return to school during recessions.
Sequencing Analysis of cDNA Clones Encoding the American Cockroach Cr-PI Allergens

A previous article described the isolation of several λgt22A cDNA clones expressing the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) Cr-PI allergens recognized by both human atopic IgE antibodies and anti-Cr-PI monoclonal antibodies (Wu, C. H., Lee, M. F., and Liao, S. C. (1995) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 96, 352-359). This article presents the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of two cDNA clones encoding major allergens of P. americana. Clones C12 and C20 encode proteins of 685 and 631 amino acids with two potential N-glycosylation sites each. The predicted molecular weights for C12 and C20 cloned proteins are 79,300 and 75,500 with isoelectric point values of 6.26 and 6.63, which are compatible with the determined sizes (Mr 78,000 and 72,000) and isoelectric point value (6.2) of the Cr-PI allergens of P. americana. A high degree of identity (69.1%), including several overlapped predicted central antigenic determinant residues, was found between two allergens. The anti-fusion protein antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was able to detect crude American cockroach extract, Cr-PI, recombinant proteins, and commercial cockroach extracts, which provides further evidence that two allergens share common antigen determinants. Recombinant allergens of clones C12 and C20 both showed 47.4% skin reactivities on 19 cockroach-sensitive asthmatic patients. Unexpectedly, although no sequence similarity was found to other known allergens, two aromatic amino acid-rich allergens were found to have a striking sequence identity to insect storage proteins (20.1-33.9%), insect juvenile hormone-suppressible proteins (30.9-36.4%), and arthropod hemocyanins (29.7-34.6%). Results suggested that two prominent allergens of P. americana are ancestrally related to these insect hemolymph proteins and represent a new group of proteins in the hemocyanin superfamily. These data will now facilitate epitope-mapping studies, and the recombinant allergens may be valuable for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Stick Insect Locomotion on a Walking Wheel: Interleg Coordination of Leg Position

Continuous measurements of anterior-posterior leg position recorded from stick insects walking on a wheel were tested for relationships among spatial and temporal parameters of leg coordination. This analysis revealed that the protraction of middle and rear legs is guided by the ipsilateral front and middle legs respectively. Protraction endpoint for each rear leg shows a significant positive correlation with the simultaneous position of the ipsilateral middle leg (Figs 1,2; Table 1). An analogous, but somewhat weaker, correlation exists between the protraction endpoint of each middle leg and the position of the ipsilateral front leg. This coordination of spatial parameters was tested experimentally by manipulating the position of the forward leg. When a middle leg is restrained in various positions, the ipsilateral rear leg adjusts its protraction endpoint accordingly (Fig. 3). However, its retraction endpoint does not undergo parallel shifts; consequently, step amplitude, protraction duration, and step frequency all change as a function of middle leg position. When a sinusoidal movement is imposed on either a middle or front leg, the adjacent, caudal leg continuously adjusts its protraction endpoint according to the momentary position of the forward leg (Fig. 4). This adjustment is again accompanied by changes in step amplitude and step period, changes which may affect all five unrestrained legs. The anterior-posterior leg position measured in our experiments primarily reflects the angle of the coxo-thoracic joint; this angle is monitored by hair rows and hairplates located on the coxa (Wendler, 1964; Baessler, 1965). Modifying these external proprioceptive inputs revealed both inter- and intrasegmental control functions. The caudally situated hair rows are important for measuring the small variations in the position of the target leg which occur during normal walking. Immobilization of these hairs on a middle leg causes the mean protraction endpoint of the ipsilateral rear leg to shift forward (Fig. 5: o1 versus C) and reduces or eliminates the step by step correlation of this protraction endpoint with middle leg position (Table 1). The additional immobilization of the cranially situated hairplates usually leads to a caudal shift in the protraction endpoint of the ipsilateral rear leg (Fig. 5: o2 versus o1) and reduces any residual correlation (Table 1). The actual position of the protraction endpoint reflects an integration of intersegmental signals representing the position of the target leg and intrasegmental signals from the sensory hairs on the protracting leg. Both operations may affect the duration of protraction in both the operated target leg and the adjacent, caudal leg.
WORK-RELATED STRESSORS OF WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT AND STRESS CROSSOVER ON MARRIAGE QUALITY

Based on international experience and the present socioeconomic situation in Croatia three theoretical models were created about influence of work-related stressors and crossover effect on marriage quality. The first model represented the direct influence of work-related stressors on marriage quality and the other two were mediation ones. The first mediation model consisted of four exogenous and four endogenous variables and in the second mediation model covariate variable was added. The models were tested on 340 full-time-employed marital couples representing the quota sample of Zagreb and Zagreb metropolitan area. Models were evaluated using SEM separately for wives and for the husbands. The best model for predicting marital partners' marriage quality was the mediation model with covariate. By this model 39% of husband's and 57% of wife's marriage quality was explained. Also, according to results, there was a crossover effect present, i.e. work-related stressors of one marital partner influenced the marriage quality of the other marital partner.
PRODUCTION OF LIGNINOLYTIC ENZYMES BY SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION USING Pleurotus eryngii

Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Gillet (MCC58) was investigated for its ability to produce various ligninolytic enzymes such as laccase (Lac), manganese peroxidase (MnP), aryl alcohol oxidase (AAO), and lignin peroxidase (LiP) by solid-state fermentation (SSF), which was carried out using a support substrate from the fruit juice industry. The chemical content of grape waste from this industry was studied. Also, the production patterns of these extracellular enzymes were researched during the growth of the organism for a period of 20 days and the protein, reducing sugar, and nitrogen levels were monitored during the stationary cultivation. The highest Lac activity was obtained as 2247.62 ± 75 U/L on day 10 in the presence of 750 µM Mn2+, while the highest MnP activity was attained as 2198.44 ± 65 U/L on day 15 in the presence of 500 µM Mn2+. Decolorization of methyl orange and reactive red 2 azo dyes was also achieved with ligninolytic enzymes, produced in SSF of P. eryngii.
Walking: A Complex Behavior Controlled by Simple Networks

Understanding how behavior is controlled requires that modeling be combined with behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroanatomical investigations. One problem in studying motor systems is that they have considerable autonomy; they are not driven solely by inputs. Choosing walking as the object of study is promising because it is a comparably simple and easy-to-elicit behavior, but it exhibits the special feature of most motor behavior—the interaction between central, autonomous components and peripheral, sensory influences. This article reviews the control of walking in stick insects, beginning with behavioral studies of single-leg control and the interleg coordinating mechanisms. These behavioral results are tested and supported by modeling the control system in an artificial neural network computer simulation and a six-legged robot. Supporting neurophysiological results also are considered. Together, the results indicate that the high flexibility and adaptability is based on a simple distributed control structure.
Total Knee Arthroplasty: Range of Motion across Five Systems

Range of motion after total knee arthroplasty is an important variable in determining clinical outcome. The goal of this study was to assess range of motion across five types of posterior-stabilized knee prostheses used sequentially in the same institution during 17 years. The hypothesis was that absolute flexion would improve in newer models of this basic prosthesis design. Only primary knee arthroplasties in patients with osteoarthritis were evaluated. A retrospective analysis was done. Three hundred fifty-eight knees with osteoarthritis were reviewed. The average arc of motion was 103° before surgery and 111° after surgery. Absolute flexion was clinically similar but improved from before surgery (110°) to after surgery (113°). No difference was found when comparing improvements in range of motion among the different types of prostheses used. This study did not show that any knee system made a difference in determining the final range of motion postoperatively. Height emerged as a predictive factor of absolute flexion. Preoperative range of motion is the most important variable in determining improvements in range of motion, with height playing a secondary role. Level of Evidence: Prognostic study, Level II-1
The appearance of re-cycled urea in the digestive tract of goats during the final third of a once daily feeding of a low-protein ration

1. An experiment was carried out with goats fed on a low-protein ration to clarify the importance of the rumen and significance of saliva in the appearance of re-cycled urea in the digestive tract during the final third of a once daily feeding regimen. The isotope-dilution method with [15N]urea and 15NH4Cl was used. 2. When the serum urea level was 58 mg N/l, the amount of urea transferred from the blood urea pool to the rumen ammonia pool was 48.6 mg N/l, which was estimated to be approximately 43% of the total amount of urea having appeared in the NH3 pool of the digestive tract. When the serum urea level was 106 mg N/l, the corresponding amount of NH3 was 77.7 mg N/h, which was estimated to be approximately 46% of this total amount. 3. The amount of saliva secreted was measured directly by the oesophageal fistula method. Salivary secretion serves as a mode of transfer of blood urea to the rumen NH3 pool. Then the ratio, salivary secretion:diffusion through the rumen wall during the final third of the cycle was calculated to be 1:4–1:6. 4. In goats fed on a low-protein diet, the rumen is an important site of appearance of blood urea in the digestive tract. It was verified that the principal mode of transfer of blood urea to the rumen was the direct diffusion through the wall of the rumen.
Content and ratings of mature-rated video games.

OBJECTIVES To quantify the depiction of violence, blood, sexual themes, profanity, substances, and gambling in video games rated M (for "mature") and to measure agreement between the content observed and the rating information provided to consumers on the game box by the Entertainment Software Rating Board. DESIGN We created a database of M-rated video game titles, selected a random sample, recorded at least 1 hour of game play, quantitatively assessed the content, performed statistical analyses to describe the content, and compared our observations with the Entertainment Software Rating Board content descriptors and results of our prior studies. SETTING Harvard University, Boston, Mass. PARTICIPANTS Authors and 1 hired game player. MAIN EXPOSURE M-rated video games. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percentages of game play depicting violence, blood, sexual themes, gambling, alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs; use of profanity in dialogue, song lyrics, or gestures. RESULTS Although the Entertainment Software Rating Board content descriptors for violence and blood provide a good indication of such content in the game, we identified 45 observations of content that could warrant a content descriptor in 29 games (81%) that lacked these content descriptors. M-rated video games are significantly more likely to contain blood, profanity, and substances; depict more severe injuries to human and nonhuman characters; and have a higher rate of human deaths than video games rated T (for "teen"). CONCLUSION Parents and physicians should recognize that popular M-rated video games contain a wide range of unlabeled content and may expose children and adolescents to messages that may negatively influence their perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors.
Design and Development of a Superconducting Helical Undulator for a Polarized Positron Source

A small test model superconducting helical undulator for the production of 20 MeV photons has been constructed and tested. The undulator has a period of 14 mm, a bore of approximately 4 mm and produces a magnetic flux density on-axis of 0.8 T as required by the TESLA facility. Work is now underway to modify this design to meet the requirements of the ILC positron source and to manufacture a full scale prototype. This paper details the design, construction and measurements of the small test model and the modeling work necessary to extend that design for use in the ILC