Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic studies of temporomandibular disorders: challenges from an epidemiologic perspective.

UNLABELLED Adequate data on the incidence, prevalence, natural history, and clinical course of temperomandibular disorders (TMD) and other chronic pain conditions are largely lacking, though the need to derive such basic data is recognized by clinicians, researchers, and public health agencies. This paper discusses challenges to the epidemiologic study of TMD diagnosis. These challenges include:• CASE DEFINITION There is currently poor agreement regarding which combinations of clinical and psychosocial findings differentially define cases of TMD• Differentiation of normal variation v pathophysiologic signs: To what extent do commonly gathered clinical measurements constitute pathophysiologic signs of TMD v reflect normal biologic variation• Reliability of clinical measurement: Factors influencing reliability of clinical signs and reliability of examiners have not been adequately assessed• Progressive v self-limiting disease activity: Do TMD subtypes represent a continuum of pathologic disease activity, or nonmutually exclusive categories describing largely symptomatic pain conditions that are selflimiting or stable.It is recommended that epidemiologic studies not be constrained by a priori definitions of TMD subtypes, but continue to gather data on clinical signs and symptoms that have theoretical and clinical relevance to mandibular dysfunction and psychosocial status. An approach is proposed for development of reliable and valid criteria of TMD subtypes suitable for epidemiologic research.
Hippocampal Complex Spike Cells do not Change Their Place Fields if the Goal is Moved Within a Cue Controlled Environment

It has been shown that most hippocampal complex‐spike cells fire at specific locations in relation to a set of controlled spatial cues and that they continue to fire in the appropriate places when the cues are removed (O'Keefe and Conway, 1978; O'Keefe and Speakman, 1987). However, the goal remained in a constant position relative to the controlled cues throughout these experiments. It is therefore possible that the unit firing was related to the goal location and not to the controlled cues as was suggested. For example, firing in a particular location might signal the rat's intention to make a particular turn towards the goal from that location and not the location itself. There are many reasons for believing that this is an unlikely class of explanations; nevertheless a test of this hypothesis was undertaken in the present experiment. Nineteen place units were recorded from three rats as they performed the task of finding the goal location. After obtaining an accurate picture of the place fields in relation to the controlled cues and the goal, the location of the goal relative to the cues was moved and the animal retrained to the new goal. After the new goal was being consistently chosen, a second picture of the place fields of the same units was obtained. If the fields were related to the environment created by the cues then they would remain the same during the two stages of the experiment. If they were related to the goal, or to the intended movements towards the goal, then they would rotate relative to the cues. As expected, the majority of place fields remained in the same place in relation to the cues during the two stages of the experiment and were not influenced by the goal relocation. In only two cases was there any suggestion that the place fields changed their location after the goal was moved. It was concluded that the activity of place cells is related to an animal's location in an environment and that the results accord with cognitive map theory of hippocampal function (O'Keefe and Nadel, 1978).
Discovery prospects of dwarf spheroidal galaxies for indirect dark matter searches

We study the prospects for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) to find new dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the Milky Way. Adopting models of Milky-Way halo substructure and phenomenological prescriptions connecting subhalos and satellite galaxies, we obtain surface brightness distributions of V-band magnitude that lead us to predict that LSST will discover tens to hundreds of dwarf spheroidal galaxies above its sensitivity. The soon-to-be-discovered dwarfs will be interesting targets for indirect searches of dark matter annihilation yields. We forecast the distribution function of gamma-ray emission from dark matter annihilation in these objects, and discuss the detectability of these signals at both Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). By combining information from the predicted dwarf galaxies, we obtain an expected sensitivity to the annihilation cross section ⟨ σ v ⟩ of 10−26 cm3 s−1 (for dark matter particles of mass 10 GeV with Fermi-LAT) and 5× 10−24 cm3 s−1 (for dark matter particles of mass 500 GeV with CTA). We find that the current uncertainties in the mass measurement of the Milky-Way halo are relatively minor compared with the Poisson errors associated to drawing the most promising dwarfs from the underlying flux distribution.
Energy intake and milk production in mink (MUSTELA vison)‐effect of litter size

Energy intake and milk production were measured in 12 mink dams raising litters of 3, 6 and 9 kits one to four weeks post partum by means of balance experiments and measurements of milk intake of the kits by the water isotope dilution technique. The dams were fed ad libitum on a conventional wet mink diet (DM: 323 g/kg; CP: 173 g/kg; ME: 4.4 MJ/kg). Milk samples collected from dams with corresponding litter sizes and lactation weeks, and body composition of kits nursed by these dams, were analysed for content of DM, ash, N and fat. The ME and drinking water consumption were higher in dams nursing 9 kits than in dams nursing 3 kits. The N and water balances as well as the live weight of dams were not affected by litter size. Daily milk production was higher in dams nursing 9 kits than in dams nursing 3 kits. The DM, N and fat content of the milk increased during lactation, but were not affected by litter size. Individual kit live weight was higher in litters of 3 than in litters of 6 and 9 kits four weeks post partum. The DM and fat content of the kits were lowest in kits from litters of 9 kits, whereas these kits had the highest protein content. Daily ME for maintenance of kits and the efficiency of utilisation of ME in milk for body gain were estimated to 356 kJ/kg0.75, kp ≈0.53 and kf ≈0.71, respectively. In conclusion, daily milk production increased with increasing litter size, but not in proportion to the number of kits, indicating that milk production limits the growth rate of the young. In the fourth week of lactation, milk production was not different between dams nursing 6 or 9 kits, indicating a maximum capacity.
Kramers–Fokker–Planck operators with homogeneous potentials

In this article we establish a global subelliptic estimate for Kramers–Fokker–Planck operators with homogeneous potentials V(q) under some conditions, involving in particular the control of the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix of the potential. Our subelliptic lower bounds are the optimal ones up to some logarithmic correction.
Constraints on a Bianchi type I spacetime extension of the standard 
ΛCDM
 model

We consider the simplest anisotropic generalization, as a correction, to the standard $\Lambda$CDM model, by replacing the spatially flat Robertson-Walker metric by the Bianchi type-I metric, which brings in a new term $\Omega_{\sigma 0}a^{-6}$ (mimicking the stiff fluid) in the average expansion rate $H(a)$ of the Universe. From Hubble and Pantheon data, relevant to the late Universe ($z\lesssim 2.4$), we obtain the constraint $\Omega_{\sigma0}\lesssim10^{-3}$, in line with the model-independent constraints. When the baryonic acoustic oscillations and cosmic microwave background (CMB) data are included, the constraint improves by 12 orders of magnitude, i.e., $\Omega_{\sigma0}\lesssim10^{-15}$. We find that this constraint could alter neither the matter-radiation equality redshift nor the peak of the matter perturbations. Demanding that the expansion anisotropy has no significant effect on the standard big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), we find the constraint $\Omega_{\sigma0}\lesssim10^{-23}$. We show explicitly that the constraint from BBN renders the expansion anisotropy irrelevant to make a significant change in the CMB quadrupole temperature, whereas the constraint from the cosmological data in our model provides the temperature change up to $\sim11\, \rm mK$, though it is much beyond the CMB quadrupole temperature.
Broad-band X-ray analysis of local mid-infrared-selected Compton-thick AGN candidates

The estimate of the number and space density of obscured AGN over cosmic time still represents an open issue. While the obscured AGN population is a key ingredient of the X-ray background synthesis models and is needed to reproduce its shape, a complete census of obscured AGN is still missing. Here we test the selection of obscured sources among the local 12-micron sample of Seyfert galaxies. Our selection is based on a difference up to three orders of magnitude in the ratio between the AGN bolometric luminosity, derived from the spectral energy distribution (SED) decomposition, and the same quantity obtained by the published XMM-Newton 2-10 keV luminosity. The selected sources are UGC05101, NGC1194 and NGC3079 for which the available X-ray wide bandpass, from Chandra and XMM-Newton plus NuSTAR data, extending to energies up to ~30-45 keV, allows us an accurate determination of the column density, and hence of the true intrinsic power. The newly derived NH values clearly indicate heavy obscuration (about 1.2, 2.1 and 2.4 x10^{24} cm-2 for UGC05101, NGC1194 and NGC3079, respectively) and are consistent with the prominent silicate absorption feature observed in the Spitzer-IRS spectra of these sources (at 9.7 micron rest frame). We finally checked that the resulting X-ray luminosities in the 2-10 keV band are in good agreement with those derived from the mid-IR band through empirical L_MIR-L_X relations.
H0
 tension as a hint for a transition in gravitational theory

We propose a cosmological model, \"u$\Lambda$CDM, based on {\it \"uber-gravity}, which is a canonical ensemble average of many theories of gravity. In this model, we have a sharp transition from (a purely) $\Lambda$CDM era to a phase in which the Ricci scalar is a constant. This transition occurs when the Ricci scalar reaches a critical scale or alternatively at a transition redshift, $z_\oplus$. We use the observations of baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) and Supernovae Ia (SNe), as well as the cosmic microwave background (CMB) data to constrain \"u$\Lambda$CDM. This yields $H_0=70. 6_{-1.3}^{+1.1}$ km/s/Mpc, $\Omega_m=0.2861 \pm{0.0092} $ and $z_\oplus=0. 537_{-0.375}^{+0.277}$, providing a marginally better fit with a Akaike information criterion of 0.8. %After adding in the data from BAO in the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest in quasar spectra, we get $\Delta\chi^2=-2.14$, where the best fit occurs at $H_0=71. 2_{-1.5}^{+1.8}$ km/s/Mpc, $\Omega_m=0.280\pm 0.013$ and $z_{\oplus}= 0.41^{+0.31}_{-0.29}$. Therefore, \"u$\Lambda$CDM can ease the $H_0$-tension, albeit marginally, with one additional free parameter. We also provide a preliminary study of the linear perturbation theory in \"u$\Lambda$CDM which points to interesting potential {\it smoking guns} in the observations of large scales structure at $z < z_{\oplus}$.
Two-loop calculation of Yang-Mills propagators in the Curci-Ferrari model

The Landau-gauge gluon and ghost correlation functions obtained in lattice simulations can be reproduced qualitatively and, to a certain extent, quantitatively if a gluon mass is added to the standard Faddeev-Popov action. This has been tested extensively at one loop, for the two and three point correlation functions of the gluons, ghosts and quarks. In this article, we push the comparison to two loops for the gluon and ghost propagators. The agreement between lattice results and the perturbative calculation considerably improves. This validates the Curci-Ferrari action as a good phenomenological model for describing the correlation functions of Yang-Mills theory in the Landau gauge. It also indicates that the perturbation theory converges fairly well, in the infrared regime.
Lithium Attachment to C60 and Nitrogen- and Boron-Doped C60: A Mechanistic Study

Fullerene-based materials including C60 and doped C60 have previously been proposed as anodes for lithium ion batteries. It was also shown earlier that n- and p-doping of small molecules can substantially increase voltages and specific capacities. Here, we study ab initio the attachment of multiple lithium atoms to C60, nitrogen-doped C60 (n-type), and boron doped C60 (p-type). We relate the observed attachment energies (which determine the voltage) to changes in the electronic structure induced by Li attachment and by doping. We compare results with a GGA (generalized gradient approximation) functional and a hybrid functional and show that while they agree semi-quantitatively with respect to the expected voltages, there are qualitative differences in the electronic structure. We show that, contrary to small molecules, single atom n- and p-doping will not lead to practically useful modulation of the voltage–capacity curve beyond the initial stages of lithiation.
Simplicial generation of Chow rings of matroids

We introduce a new presentation of the Chow ring of a matroid whose variables now admit a combinatorial interpretation via the theory of matroid quotients and display a geometric behavior analogous to that of nef classes on smooth projective varieties. We apply these properties to produce a bijection between a standard monomial basis of our presentation and a relative generalization of Schubert matroids. As a corollary we obtain the Poincare duality property for Chow rings of matroids. We then give a formula for the volume polynomial with respect to our presentation and show that it is log-concave in the positive orthant. We recover the portion of the Hodge theory of matroids in [AHK18] which implies the Heron-Rota-Welsh conjecture on the log-concavity of the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial. We emphasize that our work eschews the use of flipping, which is the key technical tool employed in [AHK18]. Thus our proof does not leave the realm of matroids.
Gyrator-Based Analysis of Resonant Circuits in Inductive Power Transfer Systems

In this paper, first, it is found that not only the magnetically coupled inductors but also all inductive power transfer systems (IPTSs) inherently have the nature of a gyrator. Widely known characteristics of IPTSs such as impedance inversion and source-type conversion are proved to be the nature of the gyrator. A graphical approach that utilizes the gyrator is proposed for the modeling of IPTSs in general. The proposed graphical technique enables manipulations on the circuit diagram instead of on the circuit equations, which are difficult to handle when the system order is higher than 4. Hence, the equivalent model can be obtained almost by inspection conveniently, giving fruitful physical insights that are limitedly achieved with the equation manipulations. Steady-state analyses at any frequency are possible, and equivalent series resistances can also be included in the proposed model. Five selected electrical characteristics, i.e., source-to-load gain, load-independent output voltage/current characteristics, power factor at the source, sign of the source phase angle, and allowances of open/short loads are evaluated for three widely used IPTS topologies. Also, this technique is extended to the mistuned case for verifying the general use of the approach. An experimental prototype of the voltage-source-type inductor-capacitor-inductor secondary-parallel (V-LCL-P) topology was built to demonstrate the proposed approach for both perfectly tuned and mistuned situations at 85 W and 100 kHz.
The efficacy of diabetic foot care education.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To survey the efficacy of education about factors that influence the learning process and behaviour of diabetics following a nursing interventional project in diabetic foot care education. BACKGROUND Educating diabetics can change their behaviour, which may contribute to the prevention of diabetic foot ulcer and amputation. However, there is little information on the factors that contribute to effectiveness of foot care education. DESIGN Survey. METHODS The data before education were collected by using structured assessment based on a practical reasoning scheme. The interventional diabetic foot care education project immediately followed. We used verbal and written patient education material. After education (six months), we used a questionnaire by postadministration. The data were analysed using content analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. RESULTS We discovered a rise of knowledge, willingness and motivation to learn and to change the behaviour of diabetics after education. The clinical parameters (weight, Body Mass Index, blood pressure) demonstrated a statistically significant positive change six months after education. CONCLUSION The findings after education show a rise in knowledge, willingness and motivation, which are important factors that contribute to changing behaviour of diabetics in diabetic foot care. After education, we identified better results in terms of weight and blood pressure, both of which play a role in the prevention of diabetic ulcer. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The education valuable tool ensures knowledge, motivation and willingness to change behaviour in order to prevent diabetic foot complications of diabetics. By using structured assessment, nurses are able to modify their educational interventions.
How Do Neural Networks See Depth in Single Images?

Deep neural networks have lead to a breakthrough in depth estimation from single images. Recent work shows that the quality of these estimations is rapidly increasing. It is clear that neural networks can see depth in single images. However, to the best of our knowledge, no work currently exists that analyzes what these networks have learned. In this work we take four previously published networks and investigate what depth cues they exploit. We find that all networks ignore the apparent size of known obstacles in favor of their vertical position in the image. The use of the vertical position requires the camera pose to be known; however, we find that these networks only partially recognize changes in camera pitch and roll angles. Small changes in camera pitch are shown to disturb the estimated distance towards obstacles. The use of the vertical image position allows the networks to estimate depth towards arbitrary obstacles – even those not appearing in the training set – but may depend on features that are not universally present.
GlidarCo: gait recognition by 3D skeleton estimation and biometric feature correction of flash lidar data

Gait recognition using noninvasively acquired data has been attracting an increasing interest in the last decade. Among various modalities of data sources, it is experimentally found that the data involving skeletal representation are amenable for reliable feature compaction and fast processing. Model-based gait recognition methods that exploit features from a fitted model, like skeleton, are recognized for their view and scale-invariant properties. We propose a model-based gait recognition method, using sequences recorded by a single flash lidar. Existing state-of-the-art model-based approaches that exploit features from high quality skeletal data collected by Kinect and Mocap are limited to controlled laboratory environments. The performance of conventional research efforts is negatively affected by poor data quality. We address the problem of gait recognition under challenging scenarios, such as lower quality and noisy imaging process of lidar, that degrades the performance of state-of-the-art skeleton-based systems. We present GlidarCo to attain high accuracy on gait recognition under the described conditions. A filtering mechanism corrects faulty skeleton joint measurements, and robust statistics are integrated to conventional feature moments to encode the dynamic of the motion. As a comparison, length-based and vector-based features extracted from the noisy skeletons are investigated for outlier removal. Experimental results illustrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in improving gait recognition given noisy low resolution lidar data.
POPQORN: Quantifying Robustness of Recurrent Neural Networks

The vulnerability to adversarial attacks has been a critical issue for deep neural networks. Addressing this issue requires a reliable way to evaluate the robustness of a network. Recently, several methods have been developed to compute $\textit{robustness quantification}$ for neural networks, namely, certified lower bounds of the minimum adversarial perturbation. Such methods, however, were devised for feed-forward networks, e.g. multi-layer perceptron or convolutional networks. It remains an open problem to quantify robustness for recurrent networks, especially LSTM and GRU. For such networks, there exist additional challenges in computing the robustness quantification, such as handling the inputs at multiple steps and the interaction between gates and states. In this work, we propose $\textit{POPQORN}$ ($\textbf{P}$ropagated-$\textbf{o}$ut$\textbf{p}$ut $\textbf{Q}$uantified R$\textbf{o}$bustness for $\textbf{RN}$Ns), a general algorithm to quantify robustness of RNNs, including vanilla RNNs, LSTMs, and GRUs. We demonstrate its effectiveness on different network architectures and show that the robustness quantification on individual steps can lead to new insights.
MR imaging and localized proton MR spectroscopy in late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

PURPOSE Late juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a lysosomal neurodegenerative disorder caused by the accumulation of lipopigment in neurons. Our purpose was to characterize the MR imaging and spectroscopic findings in three children with late infantile NCL. METHODS Three children with late infantile NCL and three age-matched control subjects were examined by MR imaging and by localized MR spectroscopy using echo times of 135 and 5. Normalized peak integral values were calculated for N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline, creatine, myo-inositol, and glutamate/glutamine. RESULTS MR imaging revealed volume loss of the CNS, most prominently in the cerebellum. The T2-weighted images showed a hypointense thalamus and hyperintense periventricular white matter. Proton MR spectra revealed progressive changes, with a reduction of NAA and an increase of myo-inositol and glutamate/glutamine. In long-standing late infantile NCL, myo-inositol became the most prominent resonance. Lactate was not detectable. CONCLUSION MR imaging in combination with proton MR spectroscopy can facilitate the diagnosis of late infantile NCL and help to differentiate NCL from other neurometabolic disorders, such as mitochondrial or peroxisomal encephalopathies.