Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fluaoride and Its Health Impacts-A Critical Review

Fluorine is a biologically important trace element . In its ionic form fluoride, it is beneficial because the role it plays in bone and teeth mineralization. However this beneficial effect is felt when the fluoride concentration is low. At higher concentration the adverse effects of fluoride far out way its beneficial effects. Millions of people all over the world presently suffer from a debilitating bone disease called skeletal fluorosis and also from dental fluorosis. Apart from dental and skeletal fluorosis fluoride also affects many vital organs of the body. Scientists and Doctors across the world have worked extensively on the health impacts of fluoride on humans and animals and found that fluoride has tremendous impact on the living system.In this review the authors have made a holistic approach to highlight the impact of fluorosis on the entire body rather than confining the same to only bone and teeth.
OCT based Comparison of RNFL Thickness in Low to Moderate Myopic Eyes with NORMAL and Raised IOP

: Purpose: To compare Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer (RNFL) thickness with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in low to moderate myopic eyes with normal & raised Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) without any other glaucomatous changes. Methods: A Total of 60 low to moderate myopes (spherical equivalent [SE] between -6.0D & -0.5D) with 30 subjects with normal IOP ( ≤ 21 mmHg) and 30 with raised corrected IOP (≥ 22mmHg) were included in this cross-sectional study. Three circular scans were obtained for each eye at diameter of 3.4mm around the optic disc using RTVue OCT. A single index of average RNFL thickness throughout 360 degree was obtained. The mean RNFL of (n=60) eyes with raised IOP was compared with age matched randomly selected (n=60) eyes with normal IOP. Results: Mean RNFL was significantly thinner in eyes with raised IOP than in eyes with normal IOP, 91.01 ± 11.95 and 101.52 ± 10.13 respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggest that quantitative differences in RNFL thickness exist between age-matched low to moderate myopic eyes with normal and raised IOP. Thus, all myopic individuals with raised IOP should be considered for OCT to assess for damage of RNFL, as they are at risk of developing glaucoma in future.
Relaxation and flow mechanisms in ``fragile'' glass-forming liquids

Fragile glass‐forming liquids are characterized by strongly non‐Arrhenius temperature dependence of shear viscosity, and by unusually high heat capacity in the supercooled liquid above the glass transition. Using the inherent structure formalism, a theoretical model is developed to explain these characteristics. The vitrifying liquid is viewed as a dynamic patchwork of relatively strongly bonded (but amorphous) molecular domains that are separated by irregular walls of weakened bonds. Mean domain diameter ξ rises as temperature declines to minimize wall free energy, but the process is self‐limiting due to intradomain frustration energy. Shear flow occurs by a ‘‘tear and repair’’ mechanism involving elemental wall areas of mean size ξ2. The relation of the present model to the tiling models for glass formation is explored, and helps to establish the presence of anomalous heat capacity in the supercooled liquid. The analysis suggests in strongly supercooled fragile liquids that the Stokes–Einstein formula m.
Prosodic Marking of Narrow Focus in Seoul Korean

This paper explores prosodic marking of narrow (corrective) focus in Seoul Korean. Korean lacks lexical stress and it has a phonologized association between the Accentual Phrase (AP) initial segment and intonation. In the experiment, 4 speakers read sentences including a two-item list which were designed to elicit either an L or H AP-initial tone. The durational variations, the pitch events at prosodic boundaries, and F 0 span in 32 sentences read neutrally and 64 sentences read with one of the items under focus were analyzed. The results show that the focused constituent consistently initiates a new prosodic phrase. In comparison to the neutrally spoken or defocused counterpart, the focused constituent was more likely to be realized as an Intonational Phrase (IP) in some contexts. Bitonal IP boundary tones were more likely to occur under focus than monotonal tones. In addition, in focused constituents, durational expansion particularly at the phrase-edges, expansion in F 0 span, and raising of the phrase-initial pitch were observed. On the other hand, defocused constituents were not phonetically reduced compared to the neutral counterparts. The results imply that the phonetic cues spreading over the focused constituent complement the exaggerated prosodic boundaries.
Effect of whole sunflower seeds supplementation on performance of Zaraibi goats.

The work aimed to study the effect of whole sunflower seeds’ supplementation on the digestibility, rumen activity, blood constituents and body weight change, milk yield, colostrum and milk composition and kids’ growth of Zaraibi goats. Fifteen Zaraibi goats with average body weights of 41.04±1.19 kg and aged 4-5 years at the last two months of pregnancy were divided into three groups (5 in each). The goats in the first group (control) were fed the basal ration (R1), which consisted of 50 % concentrate feed mixture (CFM) plus 50 % fresh berseem (winter ration) or plus 50 % berseem hay (summer ration) on dry matter (DM) basis. In the other two groups, 5 and 10 % of CFM were replaced by whole sunflower seeds for R2 and R3, respectively. Also, six digestibility trials were conducted to determine nutrient digestibility coefficients and nutritive values of the experimental rations during suckling period (winter ration) and mid-lactation period (summer ration) using Zaraibi bucks (3 in each group). Dry matter intake (DMI) and ether extract (EE) significantly (P 0.05). The pH value and
The effect of onset asynchrony in audio-visual speech and the Uncanny Valley in virtual characters

This study investigates if the Uncanny Valley phenomenon is increased for realistic, human-like characters with an asynchrony of lip movement during speech. An experiment was conducted in which 113 participants rated, a human and a realistic, talking-head, human-like, virtual character over a range of onset asynchronies for both perceived familiarity and human-likeness. The results show that virtual characters were regarded as more uncanny (less familiar and human-like) than humans and that increasing levels of asynchrony increased perception of uncanniness. Interestingly, participants were more sensitive to the uncanny in characters when the audio stream preceded the visual stream than with asynchronous footage where the video stream preceded the audio stream. This paper considers possible psychological explanations as to why the magnitude and direction of an asynchrony of speech dictates magnitude of perceived uncanniness and the implications of this in character design.
Moringa oleifera

Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam). is a type of local medicinal Indian herb which has turn out to be familiar in the tropical and subtropical countries. The other terms used for Moringa are Horseradish tree, Mulangay, Mlonge, Benzolive, Drumstick tree, Sajna, Kelor, Saijihan and Marango. Moringa oleifera division to become from Kingdom: Plantae, Division: Magnoliphyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Order: Brassicales, Family: Moringaceae, Genus: Moringa, Species: M. oleifera (Fahey, 2005). Moringa oleifera is one of the vegetables of the Brassica order and belongs to the family Moringaceae. The Moringaceae is a single genus family with 13 known species (Khawaja et al., 2010). Moringa oleifera is a small native tree of the sub-Himalayan regions of North West India, which is now indigenous to many regions in
The effects of long term nitrogen deposition on extracellular enzyme activity in an Acer saccharum forest soil

Anthropogenic N deposition affects litter decomposition and soil organic matter (SOM) storage through multiple mechanisms. Microbial community responses to long-term N deposition were investigated in a sugar maple-dominated forest in northern Michigan during the 1998–2000 growing seasons. Litter and soil were collected from three fertilized plots (30 kg N ha y) and three control plots. The activities of 10 extracellular enzymes (EEA) were assayed. ANOVA and meta-analysis techniques were used to compare treatment responses. EEA responses to N amendment were greater in litter than in soil (litter mean effect size [d ] 1⁄4 0.534 std. dev.; soil d 1⁄4 0:308). Urease, acid phosphatase and glycosidase (b-glucosidase, a-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, b-xylosidase) activities increased in both soil and litter; mean responses ranged from 7 to 56%. N-Acetylglucosaminidase activity increased 14% in soil but decreased 4% in litter. Phenol oxidase activity dropped 40% in soil, but increased 63% in litter. These responses suggest that N deposition has increased litter decomposition rate and depressed SOM decomposition. In previous studies, loss of phenol oxidase activity in response to N deposition has been attributed to suppression of lignin-degrading basidiomycetes. However, the decline of this activity in bacterially-dominated soil suggest that N inhibition of recalcitrant organic matter decomposition may be a more general phenomenon. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Stillbirths in relation to sow hematological parameters at farrowing: A cohort study

Objective: To determine associations between stillbirths and sow hematological parameters at farrowing. Materials and methods: A total of 160 sows from a high-performing Danish farrow-to-finish herd were chosen for the study. Standard hematological parameters were measured in sows within nine days before farrowing. At farrowing, dead piglets were collected and stillborns were identified using a lung floatation technique. The number of live-born piglets and parity of the sow was recorded after termination of farrowing. A generalized linear model was fitted to analyze the associations between each hematological parameter and the probability of stillbirth. Results: The mean (standard deviation) sow hemoglobin concentration before farrowing was 108.5 (8.6) g/L. In total, 29 sows (18.1%) were anemic ie, hemoglobin concentration below 100 g/L. The mean number of total born and stillborn piglets per litter was 16.3 (4.1) and 1.2 (2.2), respectively. The average parity of sows was 2.8 (1.8). Piglet stillbirth was associated with several hematological parameters of the sow, namely hemoglobin concentration, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, red blood cell distribution width, hemoglobin distribution width, platelet distribution width, number of reticulocytes, reticulocyte hemoglobin content, and reticulocyte cellular volume. Parity of the sow and total number of piglets born per litter were also associated with stillbirths. Implications: The probability of piglet stillbirth in this study is affected by several hematological parameters of the sow. There is also an association between probability of stillbirth and parity of the sow.
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers for Diabetic Retinopathy and Medical Management Affecting Oxidative Stress

Changes in dietary habits and lifestyles associated with rapid economic growth have dramatically increased the incidence of diabetes and related vascular complications. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of diabetes, is associated with both environmental and genetic factors. Several metabolic abnormalities are implicated in its pathogenesis; however, the exact mechanism remains to be determined. Among them, oxidative stress is expected to play an important role. Environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors affecting the oxidative stress responsi‐ ble for DR are reviewed in this paper. The knowledge about genetic biomarkers of DR is quite extensive, whereas the awareness about epigenetics and epigenetic markers is only beginning to be understood. Modulation of epigenetic changes by pharmaceutical means may provide a potential strategy to retard the progression of DR. In addition to the intense medical management, these strategies include dietary measures (antioxidants) and the introduction of epigenetic drugs, such as inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone demethylases.
A study of serum amylase levels in acute organophosphorous poisoning at Government Dharmapuri Medical College Hospital , Dharmapuri

Introduction: In India, OP compounds cause more self-poisoning deaths in southern and central India. In Northern India, aluminum phosphide causes most deaths with a fatality ratio. Poisoning due to occupational exposure, accounted for about one fifth of the incidents, with a fatality ratio of less than 1%. More than 90% of the non-occupational incidents were suicidal, with a fatality rate more than 10% and the majority of the subjects are young males. Accidental exposures accounted for 810% of the incidents and homicidal use (less than 1%) were other forms of poisoning. The reported overall mortality following OP insecticide poisoning varies from 4-30% in different countries and institutions. Aim: To estimate serum Amylase levels in acute organophosphorus compound poisoning and the find out the clinical outcomes. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in Government Dharmapuri Medical College Hospital, Dharmapuri. Study duration was from January 2017 to June 2017. Of a total of 145 patients with organophosphorus compound poisoning admitted to the hospital during the study period, 40 were included in the study. 10 healthy (age matched) individuals were kept as a control. Biochemical evaluation which includes Serum Amylase Blood glucose, urea, creatinine, and Liver function tests were analyzed and matched among the two groups. Results: The biochemical results have not shown much variation from the normal levels in our study. P. Elango, G. Indumathi. A study of serum amylase levels in acute organophosphorous poisoning at Government Dharmapuri Medical College Hospital, Dharmapuri. IAIM, 2017; 4(9): 6-11. Page 7 In the study, the Amylase levels were significantly elevated at the time of admission (185.2 U/L) and have shown a gradual remission with proper treatment. The mean Amylase level in severely poisoned patients was 297.7 U/L which was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the healthy control group. On comparing the Amylase levels in first 24 hours against control, the variations were considered to be significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion: From the observation we made, it could be suggested that OP pesticide poisoning is a serious condition that needs rapid diagnosis and treatment. The mean Amylase level in first 24 hours of OP poisoning was 154 U/L which is significantly higher than the control groups.
Magnitude of Ideological Voting on the U.S. Supreme Court Choices in Context: How Case-Level Factors Influence the

Abstract Most scholarship on Supreme Court decision making assumes that justices’ ideological preferences exhibit a uniform impact on their choices across a variety of situations. I develop a theoretical framework positing the impor-tance of case-level context in shaping the magnitude of ideological voting on the Court. I hypothesize how issue-related factors influence this magnitude. I test the hypotheses using a multilevel modeling framework on data from the 1953-2004 terms. The results provide support for several of the hypotheses; issue salience, issue attention, the authority for the decision (statutory inter-pretation versus constitutionality of federal or state laws), intercourt conflict, the presence of a lower court dissent, and mandatory versus discretionary jurisdiction all significantly influence ideological voting. Overall, the article adds significant qualifications to extant theories of judicial decision making by showing how ideological voting on the Court is shaped by the varying situa-tions that confront the justices from case to case.Downloaded from apr.sagepub. com
Types, Morphologies and Distributions of Antennal Sensilla of Quadrastichus erythrinae (Hymenptera: Eulophidae)

Abstract To uncover the relationship between chemical receptors and behaviors of the erythrina gall wasp (EGW), Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim (Hymenptera: Eulophidae), and to elucidate the chemical connections between the parasite and the host plant, the present study focused on determining the types, morphologies and distributions of the various antennal sensilla of adult EGW. With scanning electron microscopy and 3-dimensional microscopy, we found that the antennae of EGW adults have 6 kinds of sensilla, namely, sensory pore sensilla, chaetica sensilla, multiporous plate sensilla, trichoid sensilla, basiconic capitate peg sensilla and uniporous trichoid sensilla. Both the male and female wasps have these 6 kinds of sensilla. However the types and numbers of sensilla on the funicle and clava differed between males and females, but such a difference was not seen on the scape and pedicel between the 2 sexual genders. We found one kind of sensillum located on the end of pedicel of Q. erythrinae Kim that has not been described previously. The results of our research may aid use of EGW in the biological control of undesirable Erythrina spp. trees.
Bacterial Biofilms and Suspended Matter in the Sewer System: Examination at Various Scales

: The nature and architecture of suspended matter (SM) and bacterial biofilms collected in Greater Nancy sewer system were investigated alongtwo years. Samples were taken from three sewer sections from upstream to downstream. Samples characterizations were conducted at millimetric scale using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) and nanometric scale using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Several physicochemical and bacterial parameters were studied such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total bacteria, total suspended solid (TSS), volatile matter (VM) and particle size distribution of SM. The concentration of DOC decreases along the sewer from upstream to downstream. No clear evolution was found in total bacterial number along sewer. TSS was mainly composed of VM, and was found to decrease along the sewer. The temporal evolution of wastewater quality at a given sampling site shows no obvious change in total bacterial number. DOC and TSS concentrations were highest at midday, and decreases to reach their lowest value at 6h00. The volume size distribution of SM evolves from a multimodal distribution at upstream to a monomodal one at downstream of the sewer system. This decrease of particle size along sewer is likely related to the settling of SM and not to the degradation of suspended organic matter. Microscopic investigations indicated that SM and biofilm have similar composition (bacterial cells, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), cellulose fibers, cell lyses detritus, organo-mineral detritus and mineral particles). Nevertheless, they have different 3D architectures. In SM, cellulose fibers form a skeleton for bacterial aggregates and biomass formation, within which bacteria may biodegrade fibers. The structural quantification revealed an open and patchy SM with 0.8 as porosity and 45% as coverage surface. Whereas, biofilms were more compact and denser than SM (porosity 0.55, coverage surface 92%). Water channels were identified through the biofilm depth with a decrease of areal porosity from the top to the bottom. Cellulose fibers were embedded in EPS matrix andbacterial division participates to biofilm growth. Viruses including bacteriophages were encountered within biofilms which may be considered as a potential reservoir of pathogenic viruses, especially during combined sewer overflows. Exchanges between SM and biofilms have been proven. On one handby the transfer of cellulose fibers from sewage to biofilms. On the other hand by the detachment of some parts from mature biofilms and their transport in sewage.
Inviscid smoothed particle hydrodynamics

In smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), artificial viscosity is necessary for the correct treatment of shocks, but often generates unwanted dissipation away from shocks. We present a novel method of controlling the amount of artificial viscosity, which uses the total time derivative of the velocity divergence as shock indicator and aims at completely eliminating viscosity away from shocks. We subject the new scheme to numerous tests and find that the method works at least as well as any previous technique in the strong-shock regime, but becomes virtually inviscid away from shocks, while still maintaining particle order. In particular sound waves or oscillations of gas spheres are hardly damped over many periods.
17 p Deletion in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Risk Stratification and Therapeutic Approach

The introduction of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of interphase nuclei in the routine diagnostics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has greatly advanced the evaluation of genetic abnormalities. Interphase FISH also allows the detection of genetic abnormalities in nondividing cells. By FISH, genomic aberrations are detected in approximately 80% of CLL cases with a disease-specific probe set. If more than just 1 chromosomal aberration is detected, according to the hierarchical model of Döhner and colleagues, the prognosis is determined by the most unfavorable alteration. Deletions of the short arm of chromosome 17 (17p deletion) are found in 3% to 10% of CLL cases at diagnosis and/or with first-line treatment indication and in 30% to 50% of relapsed/refractory CLL. Breakpoints are distributed over the 17p10-p11.2 region. TP53 is located in band 17p13.1, is always affected, and is the centerpiece of pathogenic importance of 17p deletions; 80% to 90% of cases with monoallelic 17p deletion harbor TP53 mutation
Continuity and Change in Social-ecological Systems: the Role of Institutional Resilience

In recent years recurring political, economic, and environmental crises require questioning and re-evaluating dominant pathways of human development. However, political and economic frameworks seem to encompass deeply rooted resistance to fundamental changes (e.g., global financial crisis, climate change negotiations). In an effort to repair the system as fast as possible, those paradigms, mechanisms, and structures that led into the crisis are perpetuated. Instead of preserving conventional patterns and focusing on continuity, crises could be used as an opportunity for learning, adapting, and entering onto more sustainable pathways. However, there are different ways not only of arguing for sustainable pathways of development but also of conceptualizing continuity and change. By focusing on institutions, we illustrate the tension between the concepts of continuity and change, how they interact, and how they build or degrade institutional resilience. The analysis draws on empirical research in South Africa and Uzbekistan, which were locked in persistent regimes over decades. Faced with the challenge to transform, Uzbekistan chose a pathway of institutional continuity, while South Africa opted for comprehensive reforms and a high level of change. Based on these case studies, we illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of institutional continuity and change. Elements of institutional continuity during times of transformation include preserving key institutions, which define how the rules are made; maintaining social memory; providing transparency of reform processes and allowing them time to take effect. Elements of institutional change required during phases of consolidation include flexible legislation; regular reviews; and adaptation of legislation during and after implementation.