Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Two Presidencies

Recent scholarly attention has considerably advanced our understanding of executive orders. We argue that executive orders represent a valuable opportunity to assess the relevance of the two presidencies and the distinction between foreign and domestic policies. The over-time analysis (1953-1997) demonstrates significant differences in the effects for most of the variables explaining executive orders depending on the issue area. For example, we find that the president’s share of congressional party seats significantly affects executive orders on domestic policy, but no such effects are found on foreign policy. This result, as well as many others in the analysis, illustrates that factors shaping the executive’s ability to influence policy in Congress differ substantially in their effects on domestic as compared to foreign policy executive orders. We infer from our analysis that the two-presidencies distinction remains a useful one, at least for understanding executive orders.
Developing a brand performance measure for financial services brands

With no universal approach for measuring brand performance, we show how a consumer-based brand measure was developed for corporate financial services brands. Churchill's paradigm was adopted. A literature review and 20 depth interviews with experts suggested that brand loyalty, consumer satisfaction and reputation constitute the brand performance measure. Ten financial services organisations provided access to their consumers. Following a postal survey, 600 questionnaires were analysed through principal components analysis to identify the consumer-based measure. Further testing revealed this to be a valid and reliable brand performance measure.
On the Association between Operating Leverage and Risk

A link between the firm's operating decisions and the riskiness of its stocks was established. Differences in the production process affecting the relative shares of fixed and variable costs (i.e., the operating leverage) were found, both analytically and empirically, to be associated with risk differentials. Specifically, other things equal, the higher the operating leverage (i.e., the lower the unit variable costs) the larger the overall and systematic risk of the stocks. Various practical implications are suggested by these findings. On the firm level, it can be expected that large capital expenditures associated with an operating leverage increase will increase stock riskiness. In these cases, the cut-off rate used for the capital budgeting decision (i.e., the cost of capital) should allow for the increased risk. The use of the current cost of capital as the cut-off rate would probably result in a decrease in stock prices, adversely affecting stockholders' wealth. On the investor level, these findings might assist in the estimation of common stocks' risk given expected changes in the firm's operating leverage. Specifically, they suggest that, if a firm will experience a significant operating leverage change, the estimation of risk measures based exclusively on historical returns would be inappropriate.
Bicycle Evolution in China: From the 1900s to the Present

ABSTRACT This article examines four phases in bicycle evolution in China from initial entry and slow growth (1900s to 1978), to rapid growth (1978 to 1995), bicycle use reduction (1995 to 2002), and policy diversification (2002 to present). Two bicycle innovations, electric bikes, and public bikesharing (the shared use of a bicycle fleet), are also explored in this article. Electric bikes could provide a transitional mode on the pathway to bicycle and public transportation integration or to small battery electric cars. Four lessons have been learned from China's electric bike experience relevant to government policy and management. Public bikesharing represents an important step towards integrating the bicycle with bus, metro, and rail systems. Five early operational lessons have been identified from China's limited public bikesharing experience.
Integrating Behavioral Choice into Epidemiological Models of AIDS

Increased HIV risk creates incentives for people with low sexual activity to reduce their activity, but may make high-activity people fatalistic, leading them to reduce their activity only slightly, or actually increase it. If high-activity people reduce their activity by a smaller proportion than low-activity people, the composition of the pool of available partners will worsen, creating positive feedbacks, and possibly multiple steady states. Early public health efforts may allow societies to reach more favorable steady states.
Catheter-directed MR angiography and cross-sectional imaging for the assessment of renal artery stenosis.

PURPOSE Catheter-directed intraarterial (IA) gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced gradient-echo (GRE) imaging has been used in the setting of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-guided endovascular procedures for two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) depiction of blood vessels. In a swine model, the hypothesis was tested that the combination of 2D IA GRE and 2D cross-sectional steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging improves assessment of renal artery stenosis (RAS) compared with 3D IA GRE imaging alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bilateral RAS was surgically induced in seven pigs. Detection of stenoses was then compared between the combination of 2D projection IA GRE and cross-sectional 2D SSFP imaging without contrast agent and 3D IA GRE alone. Radiographic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was employed as the reference standard. Linear regression was used to compare stenosis measurements, with an alpha of 0.05. RESULTS Radiographic DSA and MR imaging were successful in the seven animals (14 stenoses). With use of linear regression analysis, the combination of 2D IA GRE and 2D SSFP imaging had a higher r(2) (0.87 vs 0.72) and a slope closer to unity (1.02 vs 0.77) compared with 3D IA GRE imaging alone. When comparing intercepts, the regression line for SSFP significantly differed from that of 3D IA GRE imaging (P < .05). CONCLUSION The combination of 2D IA GRE and cross-sectional 2D SSFP imaging improves the accuracy of RAS detection compared with IA 3D IA-GRE alone.
Patterns of Regional Inequality in the Enlarged Europe

Regional economic inequalities are increasing in most of the European Union (EU) member states, while between-nation inequalities in the enlarged Europe are declining in the last years. The economic differences between East and West Europe are gradually diminishing and the EU is becoming a relatively homogeneous economic, legal, and political field, which promotes social and economic cohesion in Europe (at a rate of approximately 2 per cent per year). Most of the regional economic inequalities are already inequalities within nations. The economic and income inequalities in the enlarged EU can be largely explained by different regional employment patterns, industrial structures and the region's location within the European space: central urban regions with a good research and traffic infrastructure, qualified employees, a high employment rate and knowledge-intensive services are the best predictors for high income levels. The slow convergence process in the enlarged EU may not increase popular support for the European integration process because the most important frame of reference is still the nation-state where regional inequalities are increasing.
Education as a Factor in Intergenerational Mobility in Soviet Society

By ideological design, class inheritance was to have been eliminated in the USSR. We hypothesize that education had a potent effect on destination rank in Soviet society in its final years.We examine the effects of occupation and education of respondents'parents and of having parents in the nomenclatura using data on 5079 young adults in Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Russia's Sverdlovsk region, and Ukraine's Kharkiv region. We code occupations using a slight modification of Erikson and Gold-thorpe's (1992) scheme. We estimate conditional multinomial logistic regression models to assess the net impacts of parental background and of own education and gender on destination in 1991, shortly before the USSR collapsed. We find relatively high intergenerational mobility in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine's industrial centres, and to a lesser extent in Estonia and Latvia. Destination is affected very strongly by education and somewhat less strongly by gender. Net of own education and gender, parental background had surprisingly weak effects. Father's education and direct inheritance had modest effects, with inheritance generally greatest in Estonia and Latvia. Parents in the nomenclatura had insignificant effects. Soviet society in its final years was quite open, though arguably not meritocratic, with limited social reproduction, occurring primarily in Estonia and Latvia
ASKING LATINO STUDENTS: STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE DUAL CREDIT HIGH SCHOOL – COMMUNITY COLLEGE BRIDGE PROGRAMS

This study explores and identifies factors that contribute to Latino students’ enrollment and persistence in the first two years of a 2+2+2 program (high school – community college – university). As community college leaders attempt to reach the fastest growing, youngest minority group in the United States (Passel, Cohn, & Lopez, 2011), questions emerge on how to create and implement an effective high school to college bridge program. The research focused on discovering insights and gaining understanding from the perspectives of Latino students participating in the high school years of a 2+2+2 bridge program. This qualitative inquiry situated in the interpretive paradigm used a case study approach to identify effective factors appropriate for this type of bridge program. Seven high school participants were selected through a process of purposeful sampling, based on their completion of the high school years in a 2+2+2 bridge program. Parental consent was obtained. The principal instruments for data collection included face-to-face semi-structured interviews, a research journal, and field notes. Analysis of the data and information involved categorizing, coding, memoing, and theming triangulated from the multiple data sources. The findings from study participants revealed that six integral elements are needed for a successful program that supports high school to community college persistence for Latino students enrolled in a 2+2+2 bridge program. These six elements are: 1) keep the cost negligible or nothing for students and parents; 2) decide what courses to teach in the program and align these specific high school curricula with the community college credit courses; 3) start the student involvement with the program from the post-freshman summer, to establish student
Job Satisfaction of Hospitality Educators

This paper examines current satisfaction levels of faculty employed at four-year hospitality management programs in the United States and Canada. An instrument designed to measure respondents'satisfaction with various aspects of their jobs was developed and mailed to all four-year members of the Council on Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Education (CHRIE). Of 400 distributed surveys, 233 completed questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 58.25%. A principal components analysis of the satisfaction items was conducted from which 10 factors emerged that were shown to contribute to the educators' overall levels of satisfaction. The results indicated that educators were most satisfied with a work achievement factor and were least satisfied with support/assistance and compensation factors.
IMPORTANT LESSONS FROM STUDYING THE CHINESE ECONOMY

In 1979 the United States and China established normal diplomatic relations, allowing me to visit China and study the Chinese economy. After doing so for thirty years since and advising the government of Taiwan in the 1960s and the 1970s and the government of the People? s Republic of China in the 1980s and the 1990s this is an opportune moment for me to summarize the important lessons that I have learned. The lessons will be summarized in four parts: on economic science, on formulating economic policy and providing economic advice, on the special characteristics of the Chinese economy and on the experience of China? s economic reform. At the beginning I should comment on the quality of Chinese official data on which almost all quantitative studies referred to in this article were based. Chow (2006(a)) has presented the view that by and large the official data are useful and fairly accurate. The main justification is that every time I tested an economic hypothesis or estimated an economic relation using the official data the result confirmed the well-established economic theory. It would be a miracle if I had the power to make the Chinese official statisticians fabricate data to support my hypotheses. Even if I had had the power, most of the data had already been published for years before I conceived the ideas of the studies reported in this article.
Anterior torque control using partial-osseointegrated mini-implants: biocreative therapy type I technique.

AIM To show the effectiveness of the osseointegration-based mini-implant (C-Implant) in managing anterior torque control during en masse retraction of anterior dentition. Severe gable bends can be applied on utility archwire that is directly engaged in the hole of C-Implants to generate anterior torque on the anterior segment of teeth to resist lingual tipping during en masse retraction. This treatment mechanics is called the biocreative therapy type I technique. Partial osseointegration of C-Implants on the anteroposterior alveolar ridge is stable enough to resist intrusive force, vertically, and retraction force, anteroposteriorly, at the same time. METHODS The different treatment concept and procedure for treating maximum anchorage using the C-Implant is shown with case reports of treated patients. The biomechanics and clinical applications of this treatment are also described. RESULTS The authors show how C-Implants can provide effective torque control during anterior retraction, the potential indications thereof, and the simplicity of the mechanics. CONCLUSION The resistance to rotation force of the C-Implant can be used for anterior intrusion during retraction without concern of extrusion on posterior anchorage teeth. The biocreative therapy type I is a simple and quick technique for anterior torque control.
Effects of Limb Loading on Gait Initiation in Persons with Moderate Hemiparesis

Abstract Purpose: To examine the immediate effect of symmetrical weight bearing (SWB) on temporal events of gait initiation (GI) patterns and timing and amplitude of lower distal limb muscles activity during GI in persons with hemiparesis. Method: The study was a within-subjects design. Twelve persons with hemiparesis were recruited from the Veterans Affairs Brain Rehabilitation Research Center at the Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs, Gainesville, Florida. GI trials were performed from 4 beginning limb-loading conditions presented in a randomized order: (1) GI with the paretic limb during natural (asymmetrical) weight bearing (NWB); (2) GI with the nonparetic limb during NWB; (3) GI with the paretic limb during SWB; and (4) GI with the nonparetic limb during SWB. Temporal events of ground reaction forces (GRFs) and timing and amplitude of distal muscles activity were measured during GI trials in a motion analysis laboratory. Results: There were no significant effects of SWB on the temporal events of GRFs and timing and amplitude of distal muscles activity when initiating gait with the paretic limb. Onset of tibilais anterior (TA) muscle was delayed significantly with less amplitude when initiating gait with the paretic limb in both NWB and SWB conditions. However, when initiating gait with the nonparetic limb, TA muscle on the paretic limb was activated normally with greater amplitude in both NWB and SWB conditions. Conclusion: Initiating gait with the nonparetic limb as pregait activity may more effectively challenge the dynamic balance for a symmetrical gait pattern than the standard SWB in persons with hemiparesis.
Acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice

The induction of acute hepatic damage by acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol [APAP]), also termed paracetamol, is one of the most commonly used experimental models of acute liver injury in mice. The specific values of this model are the highly reproducible, dose-dependent hepatotoxicity of APAP and its outstanding translational importance, because acetaminophen overdose is one of the most frequent reasons for acute liver failure (ALF) in humans. However, preparation of concentrated APAP working solutions, application routes, fasting period and variability due to sex, genetic background or barrier environment represent important considerations to be taken into account before implementing this model. This standard operating procedure (SOP) provides a detailed protocol for APAP preparation and application in mice, aimed at facilitating comparability between research groups as well as minimizing animal numbers and distress. The mouse model of acetaminophen poisoning therefore helps to unravel the pathogenesis of APAP-induced toxicity or subsequent immune responses in order to explore new therapeutic interventions for improving the prognosis of ALF in patients.
Teaching the Fuzzy Front End of Innovation: Experimenting with Team Learning and Cross-Organizational Integration

How can the extremely uncertain front end of innovation – managing the fuzzy front end – be taught to graduate students? This paper describes and analyses experiments with experiential, problem-based learning focused on the front end of innovation. The focus is on the learning and cross-organizational integration of student teams; factors that have been identified as central to the success of teams involved in the front end of innovation. An experiential course, ‘From an idea to a business plan in product development’, was developed in conjunction with an actual company, and piloted with four student groups in 2007 and 2008. Data on this novel course were collected through participant observation, team self-assessment and questionnaires. This paper reports favourable results for the effectiveness of the course design; it discusses the impact of team size and cross-organizational team composition on team performance; and identifies the implications for teaching the front end of innovation.
Determinants of Scholarly Productivity among Male and Female Economists

A model of the determinants of articles produced by male and female economists is estimated using data from a survey of members of the American Economics Association. Years of experience, coauthorship rates, gender, research-teaching orientation of the respondent's institution, and teaching loads are shown to be important estimators. Coauthorship appears to increase the overall production of articles and may help explain why collaboration among economists has increased in recent years. Males produce, on average, about seven more articles than females, with approximately 59% of gender-specific differentials left unexplained by the variables included in the model. (JEL JO) Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Promoting Family: A Contingency Model of Family Business Succession

Succession is a challenge to family businesses for a number of reasons, including the need to address the issue of intergenerational handover. This article focuses on one aspect of succession in family business by investigating when family members are preferred as successors. Results from 860 family businesses indicate that specific (tacit) knowledge characteristics combined with a favorable transaction atmosphere, in certain contexts, make a family member the most suitable successor. A conceptual model is presented that outlines when inside-family succession is preferred.
Excessive deficits: sense and nonsense in the Treaty of Maastricht.

In this paper we evaluate internationally agreed limits on public sector debt and deficits, such as those agreed by the EC countries in the Treaty of Maastricht as preconditions for membership in a monetary union. These fiscal convergence criteria require that general government budget deficits should not exceed 3% of GDP and that the gross debt of the general government should not be above 60% of GDP. The Maastricht requirements, especially the debt criterion, are much more stringent than those required to ensure public sector solvency. Their implementation would require an excessive degree of fiscal retrenchment which would adversely affect the level of economic activity. The deficit guideline does not appear to be sensible, since the numerical criterion refers to the nominal interest payments-inclusive financial deficit, with no corrections for inflation and real output growth, no cyclical adjustment and no appropriate allowance for future revenue-producing public sector investment. The verbal qualifications are too vague to neutralize the potential for serious damage attached to the numerical guidelines. We discuss the various `externality' arguments in favour of binding fiscal rules and find them wanting, both theoretically and empirically. An argument in favour of external enforcement of binding fiscal rules might be made in the presence of `excessive deficits' due to political distortions. We conclude that the fiscal convergence criteria should be disregarded or applied quite loosely in order to avoid the risk of serious fiscal overkill.
Growth of new start-up firms: evidence from the Japanese manufacturing industry

This study investigates firm growth as the post-entry performance of new start-up firms. Using data on Japanese manufacturing firms founded during 1992–1996, the determinants of growth are identified among new start-up firms. The effect is examined, not only of firm-specific characteristics but also of entrepreneur-specific, industry-specific and local characteristics on firm growth. It is found that younger and small-sized firms are more likely to grow among the start-ups. It is also found that entrepreneur's age and educational background affect the growth of start-ups. It is not shown, however, that industry specialization induces the growth of start-ups.
Limits to Arbitrage and Value Investing: Evidence From Brazil

ABSTRACT In this article we show that the results obtained by accounting-based fundamental analysis strategies observed in the US market cannot be directly extended to emerging markets with less developed institutional environments and narrow equity markets as found in Latin America. We use Brazil as a special case and through standard tests show the apparent usefulness of financial statement analysis as an effective investment tool. We show that an investor could have changed his/her high book-to-market (HBM) portfolio one-year (two years) market-adjusted returns from 5.7% (42.4%) to 26.7% (120.2%) by selecting financially strong HBM firms listed on the São Paulo Stock Exchange. Our tests were performed using stock returns from 1995 to 2007 and financial and accounting data from 1994 to 2004. When one considers low book-to-market (LBM) firms, the results of the study indicate that an investor could change his/her mean (median) one-year market adjusted return from −11.9% (−7.4%) to 8.1% (2.5%) by adopting the strategy proposed. However, additional investigation demonstrates that the returns generated by these strategies are significantly dependent on stock's liquidity, and when we consider only stocks where arbitrage is possible, the previous results do not hold. These findings contribute to the literature that tries to address the impact of limits to arbitrage on some well reported capital markets phenomena related to financial reporting.