Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Gender, Maternal Education, and Birth Order on the Development of Language Comprehension: A Longitudinal Study from 18 to 36 Months of Age

Objective: To investigate the impact of child gender, maternal education, and birth order on language comprehension (LC) status at 18 and 36 months of age and on the change in LC between these time points. Gender interactions and interactions between maternal education and birth order are also examined. Methods: This study is based on data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Maternal report data on education, birth order, and child language in a sample of 44,921 children were used in linear regression analyses. Results: At 18 and 36 months of age, first-born girls of mothers with high educational attainment had the highest level of LC. Between 18 and 36 months of age, first-born boys of mothers with high educational attainment had the highest increase in LC. Having a highly educated mother contributed more to the increase in LC in boys than in girls. The boys whose mothers had the highest education level had lower scores than the girls whose mothers had the lowest educational level, at both ages. Although significant, the considerable effect of high maternal education was not substantially dependent on birth-order status. Conclusions: Boys develop LC at a faster rate than girls between 18 and 36 months, but girls still remain superior in their level of LC at 36 months of age. Being firstborn or having a highly educated mother does not compensate for this lag.
Comparison of the RETE and TREAT production matchers for soar (A summary)

RETE and TREAT are two well known algorithms used for performing match in production systems (rule-based systems). In this paper, we compare the performance of these two algorithms in the context of Soar programs. Using the number of tokens processed by each algorithm as the performance metric, we show that the RETE algorithm performs better than the TREAT algorithm in most cases. Our results are different than the ones shown by Miranker for OPS5. The main reasons for this difference are related to the following: (i) fraction of times no joins need to be done; (ii) the long chain effect; (iii) matching of static structures; and (iv) handling of combinatorial joins. These reasons go beyond Soar in their applicability, and are relevant to other OPS5-based production systems that share some of Soar's properties. We also discuss several implementation issues for the two algorithms.
Next-to-leading tail-induced spin–orbit effects in the gravitational radiation flux of compact binaries

The imprint of nonlinearities in the propagation of gravitational waves—the tail effect—is responsible for new spin contributions to the energy flux and orbital phasing of spinning black hole binaries. The spin–orbit (linear in spin) contribution to this effect is currently known at leading post-Newtonian (PN) order, namely 3PN for maximally spinning black holes on quasi-circular orbits. In the present work, we generalize these tail-originated spin–orbit terms to the next-to-leading 4PN order. This requires in particular extending previous results on the dynamical evolution of precessing compact binaries. We show that the tails represent the only spin–orbit terms at that order for quasi-circular orbits, and we find perfect agreement with the known result for a test particle around a Kerr black hole, computed by perturbation theory. The BH-horizon absorption terms have to be added to the PN result computed here. Our work completes the knowledge of the spin–orbit effects to the phasing of compact binaries up to the 4PN order, and will allow the building of more faithful PN templates for the inspiral phase of black hole binaries, improving the capabilities of ground-based and space-based gravitational wave detectors.
Orthostatic limb shaking from carotid hypoperfusion

Limb shaking and other involuntary episodic movements may be a concomitant of carotid artery occlusive disease.1-3 The possibility that limb shaking can be caused by cerebral ischemia has been supported by reports of patients in whom there was no response to antiepileptic medications and an absence of epileptiform activity on ictal and interictal encephalogram, but in whom there was abnormality of cerebral blood flow. In several instances, symptoms improved after treatment with antiplatelet agents or avoiding iatrogenic hypotension.2-4 We present a patient with this unusual syndrome that was initially treated as a seizure who eventually responded to an uncommon type of endarterectomy. A 66-year-old right-handed man with a history of hypercholesterolemia, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and pacemaker insertion for sick sinus syndrome was referred for evaluation of recurrent left-sided involuntary movement. His spells began 14 months before presentation. He repeatedly dropped keys from his hand when getting out of his car. He noted clumsiness and tremorlike motion …
Commentary: is Faecalibacterium prausnitzii a potential treatment for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis?

1. Ludvigsson JF. Commentary: coeliac disease and atherosclerosis –hand in hand? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 549–50.2. De Marchi S, Chiarioni G, Prior M, Arosio E. Young adults withcoeliac disease may be at increased risk of early atherosclerosis.Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 162–9.3. Chiarioni G, Bassotti G, Germani U, et al. Gluten-free dietnormalizes mouth-to-cecum transit of a caloric meal in adultpatients with celiac disease. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 2100–5.4. Szucs G, Timar O, Szekanecz Z, et al. Endothelial dysfunctionprecedes atherosclerosis in systemic sclerosis –relevance forprevention of vascular complication. Rheumatology 2007; 46:759–62.
Antibody to the aids virus in Kaposi's sarcoma in Nigeria

The present study has investigated whether Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in Nigeria is associated with infection with the AIDS virus variously called human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV‐III), lymphadenopathy/ AIDS virus (LAV), and AlDS‐associated retrovirus (ARV). Serum samples from 40 KS patients, 30 patients with malignant melanoma of the foot (contemporaneous controls), and 50 normal nontumour‐bearing controls were tested for anti‐AIDS virus antibody by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The assay consistently and reproducibly failed to show seropositivity in all the patients and controls. These results show that Kaposi's sarcoma in Nigeria is not associated with infection with the AIDS virus and that the virus is not endemic in this region.
A New Modular Brain Organization of the BOLD Signal during Natural Vision

The resting blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal is synchronized in large-scale brain networks (resting-state networks, RSNs) defined by interregional temporal correlations (functional connectivity, FC). RSNs are thought to place strong constraints on task-evoked processing since they largely match the networks observed during task performance. However, this result may simply reflect the presence of spontaneous activity during both rest and task. Here, we examined the BOLD network structure of natural vision, as simulated by viewing of movies, using procedures that minimized the contribution of spontaneous activity. We found that the correlation between resting and movie-evoked FC (ρ = 0.60) was lower than previously reported. Hierarchical clustering and graph-theory analyses indicated a well-defined network structure during natural vision that differed from the resting structure, and emphasized functional groupings adaptive for natural vision. The visual network merged with a network for navigation, scene analysis, and scene memory. Conversely, the dorsal attention network was split and reintegrated into 2 groupings likely related to vision/scene and sound/action processing. Finally, higher order groupings from the clustering analysis combined internally directed and externally directed RSNs violating the large-scale distinction that governs resting-state organization. We conclude that the BOLD FC evoked by natural vision is only partly constrained by the resting network structure.
Complications in septoplasty.

The most frequent complications of septoplasty are deformities, infections, and perforations. The effects of each of these complications, however, can be very different. Dislocations and deformities of the septum may result not only in an impaired airway but also in visible deformities of the entire nasal base and dorsum. A patient who underwent septoplasty can be "stigmatized. " Infections may lead not only to septal abscess but also to endocranial complications such as meningitis or septicemia with endocarditis. Permanent perforations of the nasal septum can result in significant symptoms if they are located in the anterior part of the nose. Surgical closure is the treatment of choice, with a high success rate if the patients are selected properly. Besides these three major types of complications there are many others, from smell disturbances to blindness. Causes, prevention, and correction of selected complications are presented and data of the recent literature reported.
Shaping Citizen Perceptions of Police Legitimacy: A Randomized Field Trial of Procedural Justice

Exploring the relationship between procedural justice and citizen perceptions of police is a well-trodden pathway. Studies show that when citizens perceive the police acting in a procedurally just manner-by treating people with dignity and respect, and by being fair and neutral in their actions-they view the police as legitimate and are more likely to comply with directives and cooperate with police. Our article examines both the direct and the indirect outcomes of procedural justice policing, tested under randomized field trial conditions. We assess whether police can enhance perceptions of legitimacy during a short, police-initiated and procedurally just traffic encounter and how this single encounter shapes general views of police. Our results show significant differences between the control and experimental conditions: Procedurally just traffic encounters with police (experimental condition) shape citizen views about the actual encounter directly and general orientations toward the police relative to business-as-usual traffic stops in the control group. The theorized model is supported by our research, demonstrating that the police have much to gain from acting fairly during even short encounters with citizens.
Preservation of wild feline semen by freeze-drying: experimental model

According to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 36 wild feline species are threatened by extinction or severely endangered, and to save them is the target of several conservation programs. This study aimed to assess the viability of the freeze-drying technique for domestic cat sperm cells, with the ultimate goal of transferring this technology to the wild feline species. The domestic cat is an excellent experimental model for wild felids. It is in this scenario that the freeze-drying process (low-temperature vacuum dehydration) of sperm cells shows its value in preserving male cats’ germplasm. Results from membrane and DNA integrity analysis are promising and validates the use of frozen-dried sperm samples in intracytoplasmic sperm injections (ICSIs). Further studies are still necessary to evaluate the ICSI embryo production using domestic cat frozen-dried sperm and the possibility of using such technology with wild felines.
Effects of training and detraining on the static and dynamic balance in elderly fallers and non-fallers: A pilot study

Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of training based on static and dynamic balance in single and dual task conditions in order to analyse the effects of detraining on static and dynamic balance in healthy elderly fallers and non-fallers. Method. A group of 16 subjects were trained: eight fallers aged 71.1 ± 5.0 years and eight non-fallers aged 68.4 ± 4.5 years. The subjects were evaluated 3 months before the training period, 2 days before the training period, 2 days after the end of the training period and 3 months after the training period. All subjects performed a unipedal test with eyes open and eyes closed. Gait parameters were analysed under single-task and dual motor-task conditions. Results. This study demonstrated a loss of physical capacities over 3 months for stride time, single support time for fallers in both conditions. Physical training significantly improves static and dynamic balance under single and dual task conditions. Lastly, after 3 months of detraining, a loss of the physical training effects were measured for fallers and non-fallers on the different walking parameters in the two conditions and on the unipedal tests. Conclusions. The absence of stimulation before the trained period shows a negative effect of ageing on walking and falls whereas training permits an improvement in static balance and the pattern of walking under single and dual task conditions, which could be due to an increase in muscular strength and a better division of attention. On the other hand, 3 months of detraining inhibited the effects of training, which showed the speed of the decline caused by ‘natural’ ageing.
Distinct p300-Responsive Mechanisms Promote Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis by Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax Protein

ABSTRACT The dysregulation of cellular apoptosis pathways has emerged as a critical early event associated with the development of many types of human cancers. Numerous viral and cellular oncogenes, aside from their inherent transforming properties, are known to induce programmed cell death, consistent with the hypothesis that genetic defects are required to support tumor survival. Here, we report that nuclear expression of the CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300-binding domain of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) transactivator, Tax, triggers an apoptotic death-inducing signal during short-term clonal analyses, as well as in transient cell death assays. Coexpression of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 increased serum stimulation; incubation with the chemical caspase inhibitor z-Val-Ala-dl-Asp fluoromethylketone antagonized Tax-induced cell death. The CBP/p300-binding defective Tax mutants K88A and V89A exhibited markedly reduced cytotoxic effects compared to the wild-type Tax protein. Importantly, nuclear expression of the minimal CBP/p300-binding peptide of Tax induced apoptosis in the absence of Tax-dependent transcriptional activities, while its K88A counterpart did not cause cell death. Further, Tax-mediated apoptosis was effectively prevented by ectopic expression of the p300 coactivator. We also report that activation of the NF-κB transcription pathway by Tax, under growth arrest conditions, results in apoptosis that occurs independent of direct Tax coactivator effects. Our results allude to a novel pivotal role for the transcriptional coactivator p300 in determining cell fate and raise the possibility that dysregulated coactivator usage may pose an early barrier to transformation that must be selectively overcome as a prerequisite for the initiation of neoplasia.
Utilisation of laboratory services by health workers in a district hospital in Malawi

Aims: To identify priorities for improving effective use of laboratory services in a district hospital in Malawi. Methods: A prospective observational study of clinician–patient interactions to analyse laboratory test requesting practices and utilisation of laboratory results. The proportion of tests that was appropriately ordered, processed and ultimately influenced clinical management was used to assess effectiveness of utilisation. Results: 420 clinical consultations between health professionals and patients were observed. 92% of tests were ordered appropriately, 84% were processed by the laboratory and 64% of results influenced patient management. 73–79% of high-volume tests (haemoglobin, microscopy for malaria and tuberculosis) and 32% of low-volume tests influenced management. Conclusions: 25% of commonly requested laboratory tests were not utilised effectively; because of the high volume, interventions to improve their use are likely to be cost effective. Although 68% of low-volume tests were not used efficiently, the cost of providing support for these tests in a resource-poor setting needs to be balanced against their clinical usefulness. In contrast to published information, this study shows significant under-requesting of laboratory tests that were available. Measures to increase appropriate test requests will have implications for clinician education as well as laboratory space, budgets and staffing levels.
Chemopreventive Properties of Genipin on AGS Cell Line via Induction of JNK/Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway

Roles of dietary phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention via induction of nuclear factor‐erythroid‐2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)‐mediated antioxidant enzymes have been well established in a number of studies. In this study, FACS analysis was used to reveal that the intracellular reactive oxygen species level decreased at 0–25 μM of genipin treatment. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis and Western blotting were used to demonstrate that genipin treatment resulted in the upregulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, as well as upregulation of gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase. Finally, we found that C‐Jun‐NH2‐kinase (JNK) was also dose‐dependently activated, where depleting JNK by using a biochemical inhibitor indicated that JNK was upstream of Nrf2. Interestingly, the antioxidant effects were limited to the treatment in the lower dosage of genipin, where higher dosage of genipin treatment resulted in the increased reactive oxygen species level and cytotoxicity. Thus, this study demonstrates for the first time that lower dosage of genipin results in the induction of JNK/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and protection from cell death.
A Mathematical Model of Regional Citrate Anticoagulation in Hemodialysis

Background/Aims: Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) during hemodialysis (HD) has several advantages over heparin anticoagulation, but calcium (Ca) derangements are a major concern necessitating repeated monitoring of systemic ionized Ca (Ca2+). We developed a mathematical model of Ca and citrate (Ci) kinetics during RCA. Methods: Using patient- and treatment-related parameters, including pre-HD serum Ca and protein concentrations, hematocrit, blood and dialysate flow rates, dialysate composition and access recirculation, the model computes all relevant aspects of RCA based on physicochemical, biochemical and physiological principles such as chemical Ca and Ci equilibria, transmembrane solute fluxes and Ci metabolic rate. The model was validated in 17 treatments using arterial Ci infusion, Citrasate® dialysate, and no postdialyzer Ca substitution. Results: Measured and predicted systemic Ca2+ before HD was 1.08 ± 0.06 and 1.05 ± 0.05 mmol/l, respectively (difference –0.03 ± 0.046, 95% confidence interval, CI, –0.055 to –0.007), and at 15 min into the treatment 1.01 ± 0.05 and 1.02 ± 0.05 mmol/l, respectively (difference 0.012 ± 0.054, 95% CI –0.015 to 0.04). At 15 min, the measured and predicted predialyzer Ca2+ was 0.33 ± 0.06 and 0.39 ± 0.05 mmol/l, respectively (difference 0.06 ± 0.03; 95% CI 0.044–0.077), and the measured and predicted postdialyzer Ca2+ was 0.7 ± 0.05 and 0.61 ± 0.05 mmol/l, respectively (difference –0.09 ± 0.04; 95% CI –0.11 to –0.07). Bland-Altman analysis showed no systematic bias in these predictions. Conclusion: This novel model of RCA shows excellent accuracy in predicting systemic, pre- and postdialyzer Ca2+ concentrations and may prove valuable in both research and clinical applications of RCA.
Challenges in modelling near field antenna-body interactions

At the end of the nineties, the FDTD simulation of a basic coaxial-MSL transition typically took about an hour; real-life problems were practically impossible to solve without supercomputing resources. Thanks to the tremendous performance boost in hardware and the advent of more efficient simulation technologies, computational power no longer limits to accurately simulate the most complex electromagnetic (EM) problems. As for near field antenna-body interactions, computations of detailed CAD-based radiating sources in the proximity of anatomical human models can be effectively carried out even with inexpensive commercial PCs. For cost and productivity reasons, replacing complex RF measurements by simulations is surely attractive. Then, what is the barrier to the 100%-numerical stage? Without pretending to deliver a comprehensive response to this question, this paper explains why defining an accurate model of a complex wireless device remains a major difficulty. Changing from the viewpoint of radiation performances evaluation to exposure assessment, the authors introduce a novel concept based on the combination of near-field vector measurement and simulation techniques which may offer an alternative to the 100%-numerical, with the advantage to get around source modelling difficulties under certain conditions.
In vivo confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of onychomycosis.

To the Editor: Onychomycosis is a common nail disease that frequently is caused by dermatophytes and is diagnosed by direct microscopy. Conventional diagnostic methods are often time consuming and can produce false-positive or false-negative results. We report a case of onychomycosis diagnosed by confocal microscopy and confirmed with routine potassium hydroxide (KOH) examination and fungal culture. Confocal microscopy is a reliable, practical, and noninvasive technique in the diagnosis of onychomycosis. A 46-year-old woman presented with yellow-brown discoloration and dystrophy of the toenails (Figure 1) that had become worse over a 5-year period. She was otherwise healthy and had no other dermatologic problems. Examination revealed yellow-brown discoloration, subungual hyperkeratosis, and onycholysis of the toenails. Clinically, a diagnosis of onychomycosis was made. Potassium hydroxide examination of a scraping from the subungual region showed fungal elements. Growth of Trichophyton rubrum on Sabouraud dextrose agar was determined. We performed both in vivo and in vitro confocal laser scanning microscopic examination of the nail of the right great toe (Figure 2). For the diagnosis of onychomycosis in our case, we used a multilaser reflectance confocal microscope (RCM) with a wavelength of 786 nm. In vivo confocal microscopy of the nail revealed branching hyphae just below the surface of the nail plate. Hyphae were seen as refractile, bright, linear structures along the laminates of the nail. Onychomycosis is a common condition affecting 5.5% of the population worldwide and representing 20% to 40% of all onychopathies and approximately 30% of cutaneous mycotic infections.1,2 There are many methods available to confirm the clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis by detecting the causative organisms. Direct microscopic examination of the scraping with a KOH culture, histopathologic assessment with periodic acid–Schiff staining, immunofluorescence analysis with calcofluor white staining, enzyme analysis, and polymerase chain reaction can be used for diagnosis of fungal infections. The most frequently used diagnostic method for onychomycosis
Predictors of clinical recovery from vestibular neuritis: a prospective study

We sought to identify predictors of symptomatic recovery in vestibular neuritis. Forty VN patients were prospectively studied in the acute phase (median = 2 days) and 32 in the recovery phase (median = 10 weeks) with vestibulo‐ocular reflex, vestibular‐perceptual, and visual dependence tests and psychological questionnaires. Clinical outcome was Dizziness Handicap Inventory score at recovery phase. Acute visual dependency and autonomic arousal predicted outcome. Worse recovery was associated with a combination of increased visual dependence, autonomic arousal, anxiety/depression, and fear of bodily sensations, but not with vestibular variables. Findings highlight the importance of early identification of abnormal visual dependency and concurrent anxiety.