Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ice flow dynamics and surface meltwater flux at a land-terminating sector of the Greenland ice sheet

Abstract We present satellite-derived velocity patterns for the two contrasting melt seasons of 2009–10 across Russell Glacier catchment, a western, land-terminating sector of the Greenland ice sheet which encompasses the K(angerlussuaq)-transect. Results highlight great spatial heterogeneity in flow, indicating that structural controls such as bedrock geometry govern ice discharge into individual outlet troughs. Results also reveal strong seasonal flow variability extending 57 km up-glacier to 1200 m elevation, with the largest acceleration (100% over 11 days) occurring within 10 km of the margin coincident with spring melt. By late July 2010, 2 weeks before peak melt and runoff, 48 % of the 2400 km2 catchment had slowed to less than the winter mean. This observation supports the hypothesis that the subglacial hydrological system evolves from an inefficient distributed to an efficient drainage system, regulating flow dynamics. Despite this, the cumulative surface flux over the record melt year of 2010 was still greater compared with the perturbation over the average melt year of 2009. This study supports the proposition that local surface meltwater runoff couples to basal hydrology driving ice-sheet dynamics, and although the effect is nonlinear, our observations indicate that greater meltwater runoff yields increased net flux over this sector of the ice sheet.
Climate change, rural livelihoods and agriculture (focus on food security) in Asia-Pacific region

The objective of this paper is to identify climate change related threats and vulnerabilities associated with agriculture as a sector and agriculture as peopleâ€™s livelihoods (exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity). The paper analyses the connections between the nature of human action as drivers of threats as well as opportunities for sustainable agriculture and better human development outcomes. Broadly, it examines the impact of climate change on rural livelihoods, agriculture, food security. It discusses the options for adaptation and mitigation and requirements for implementation at local, national and international level of these measures. [WP-2011-014]. URL:[http://www.igidr. ac.in/pdf/publication/WP-2011-014.pdf]
Assessing carbon dioxide removal through global and regional ocean alkalinization under high and low emission pathways

Abstract. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels continue to rise, increasing the risk of severe impacts on the Earth system, and on the ecosystem services that it provides. Artificial ocean alkalinization (AOA) is capable of reducing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and surface warming and addressing ocean acidification. Here, we simulate global and regional responses to alkalinity (ALK) addition (0.25 PmolALK yr −1 ) over the period 2020–2100 using the CSIRO-Mk3L-COAL Earth System Model, under high (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5; RCP8.5) and low (RCP2.6) emissions. While regionally there are large changes in alkalinity associated with locations of AOA, globally we see only a very weak dependence on where and when AOA is applied. On a global scale, while we see that under RCP2.6 the carbon uptake associated with AOA is only ∼ 60 % of the total, under RCP8.5 the relative changes in temperature are larger, as are the changes in pH (140 %) and aragonite saturation state (170 %). The simulations reveal AOA is more effective under lower emissions, therefore the higher the emissions the more AOA is required to achieve the same reduction in global warming and ocean acidification. Finally, our simulated AOA for 2020–2100 in the RCP2.6 scenario is capable of offsetting warming and ameliorating ocean acidification increases at the global scale, but with highly variable regional responses.
The Influence of the Cultural Dimension Tightness/Looseness on the Decision-Making of Entrepreneurs: A study of the Netherlands, Germany and Indonesia

The theory of effectuation suggests that entrepreneurs can apply effectual and causal decision making. Individuals applying effectual logic begin with a given set of means and choose between possible effects that they can create with those means. Individuals applying causal logic select a desired effect and try to change the means they have in order to create that effect. The theory further suggests that the underlying beliefs of entrepreneurs influence the decision to use effectual or causal logic. It is theorized that these underlying beliefs are influenced by the tight of loose cultural background of the entrepreneurs. In tight nations, strong norms and values and low tolerance for deviant behavior of these norms and values have emerged. In loose nations, there consist weak norms and values and a high tolerance for deviant. For this paper, novice entrepreneurs from the Netherlands, Germany and Indonesia filled in a questionnaire. Using this data, this paper provides an analysis of the influence of the tight or loose background of novice entrepreneurs on the decision to apply effectual or causal decision making. The results show that both causal and effectual decision making are used by entrepreneurs in tight and loose nations.
The Interaction between Market Sentiments in the U.S. Financial Market and Global Equity Market

This paper adopts the volatility index and Baker-Wurgler index as the U.S. financial market sentiment measures. Using monthly data from June 1965 to December 2010, we identify the causal relationships between sentiment and the performance of global equity markets. We include 23 G20 market indices, 28 European indices, 25 Asia-Pacific indices, and 10 Americas indices, and employ Granger causality procedure to explore the linkages. We find that the international equity markets are not greatly affected by the U.S. financial market sentiment. The type of extreme sentiment, whether it is optimistic or pessimistic, is irrelevant to its influential power. The equity markets that are affected by the volatility index do not cluster in any region. In contrast, the majority of global equity markets can Granger cause the U.S. investor sentiments, with optimistic market atmosphere being more affected. The equity markets in the Americas and Europe are highly influential to the U.S. investors, compared to the Asian markets.
Labour regulation, corporate governance and varieties of capitalism

The literature aimed at exploring labor regulation and cross-country comparisons has left partly unexplored two major points: the first is the influence of employees within managerial processes, through the channel of employee representation at firm level. The second point concerns potential complementarities or substitutions between patterns of ownership or shareholder protection and labour regulation. The paper offers a critical overview of some selected studies that have started at filling these gaps by considering labour institutions for their influence on the ‘balance’ of power inside the firm, between owners, management, and employees. Firstly, it examines the literature which gives a central importance to the effects of legal origins on labour regulation and labour market outcomes. Secondly, it reviews the studies which focus on informal rules and de-facto practices and favour a stakeholder approach. A particular concern is paid to the overall consequences of the different institutional setups in the perspective of the “varieties of capitalism”, in which systems of labour regulation exert their function by strategical interactions with other institutions. Finally, it presents recent theoretical and empirical studies centring on employee investments in firm-specific human capital and on institutional devices which have the effect of tying the fortunes of the employee together with those of the firm. In the varieties of capitalism characterised by general skills and patterns of radical innovation, it is emphasized the internal governance exerted by ‘critical employees’. In economies with firm and industry specific skills, cooperation of employees with management in more shareholder value oriented firm (‘negotiated shareholder system’) are the more successful roads.
The post‐Palaeozoic uplift history of south‐eastern Australia

Vertical movements within mountainous terrain may be indicative of either active tectonism or of passive isostatic rebound of the crust to the erosion of the highlands. During the active orogenic phase, the landscape evolution is controlled largely by the tectonic process but once this ceases or is reduced in intensity, the erosional unloading and concomitant rebound becomes the dominant landscape‐forming process. It is this latter phase that is examined here. It is argued that the southeastern highlands are a residual of the Palaeozoic Lachlan Fold Belt, rather than having been rejuvenated in Tertiary time. It is concluded that the erosional rebound model explains many of the recent geomorphological observations that attest to little landscape evolution since the early Tertiary. The model adopted is of a mountain range that is initially in local isostatic equilibrium but which responds regionally to the erosional unloading. The crust or lithosphere is modelled as a viscoelastic layer so that rebound is n.
Vulnerability, Volunteerism, and Age-Friendly Communities: Placing Rural Northern Communities into Context

Volunteerism is considered to be one aspect of age-friendly communities. To be age-friendly is to indicate that the community is committed to promoting the well-being and contributions of older people. Rural northern communities can be vulnerable to external forces, and this vulnerability impacts volunteerism. Using a focused ethnographic approach, the purpose of this study was to examine aging in place in a rural northern community in northern Ontario in a state of economic transition and instability. Interviews were conducted with 84 participants, including older adults, health and social care providers, and other community members. There were several themes emerging associated with the idea of volunteering, including a lack of volunteers, volunteer burnout, community attitudes, a lack of newcomer participation, and a transitory lifestyle. These themes were discussed against the backdrop of a community in a state of economic instability, and reflected the demographic, economic, and social changes that the community had experienced over the last few years. The findings suggest that when examining the aspect of volunteerism within the age-friendly framework, the context of the community has to be taken into consideration.
Testing a measurement model of multidimensional intrinsic motivation in studying for examination

Intrinsic motivation is seen as a stronger driver for academic success compared to extrinsic motivation. This study proposed a comprehensive framework for intrinsic motivation by incorporating five different theories in a measurement model. The reason is that there is no single theory that can explain the internal drive to study since different motives logically work together to create the intrinsic motivation. The purpose of this study was to test a measurement model that combined five different theories of motivation when students studied for their examination. The five intrinsic forces were future time perspective, achievement need, learning goal orientation, expectation values, and self determination. The items for each construct were constructed based on literature review in order to provide a tool to measure the level of intrinsic motivation for studying examinations in high school students. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the five–dimension model of intrinsic motivation was found to be acceptable. However, due to high correlations among the five constructs, a second-order factor model measuring intrinsic motivation was suggested. Although the items were found to have acceptable reliability and validity, there is a need to further test the models with different and larger samples. Results have practical implications for teachers to utilize the instrument as well as to pay more attention to the importance of cultivating intrinsic motivation in school children.
MEASUREMENT AND DISCLOSURE OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: An Exploratory Study

In today’s knowledge-based economy, measurement, management and disclosure of intellectual capital (IC) are very crucial for enhancing business performance and economic growth, both in manufacturing as well as service organizations. This study attempts to provide an insight into the style of IC disclosures and measurements done by the Indian companies. First, a longitudinal study was carried out to analyze how three Indian firms--Reliance Industries Limited, Balrampur Chini Mills and Shree Cement Limited--disclose their IC reports. Second, in order to survey the recent IC measurement scenario, we conducted another study of 8 Indian pharmaceutical companies in which the market value added (MVA) approach is applied for measuring IC on their 2004-05 to 2008-09 annual reports. Also, it seeks to measure the effectiveness of IC as compared to tangible assets (TA) for the selected companies. On an average, the selected pharmaceutical companies reported a positive value of IC; significant correlation has been noticed between TA and net operating profits. However, no significant difference was found between percentage of IC to MV and percentage of TA to MV. The results of longitudinal study confirmed that IC disclosure in these companies is almost negligible and its disclosure had not received any preference from the mentors of these corporations. IC reports may initially be used for ‘internal’ management purposes; but an ‘external’ stakeholder-focus of IC report should be the ultimate goal. Unfortunately, the omission of IC information may adversely influence the quality of decisions made by shareholders, or lead to material misstatements.
Creating sustainable physical sciences learning environments: A case for decolonised and transformative learning

There is an urgent need for transformation and decolonisation of teaching and learning of physical sciences. This need is evidenced by, among other factors, the alarming rate at which learner enrolment in physical sciences and science education, in general, is decreasing. Central to these causes is apparent, persistent below-expectation learner performance in science education, which, in turn, causes scepticism about the quality of teaching and learning, and questions about the quality of support given to teachers to sustain the required level of learner performance. Thus, decolonisation and transformation of teaching and learning should persistently pursue meaningful and functional knowledge creation. To this end, service-learning projects for teaching and learning physical sciences hold promise. The main reason for this consideration resides in the empowering capacity and resultant decolonising and transformative nature of the created knowledge. Thus, using service-learning projects to create knowledge that is meaningful and functional is equivalent to creating sustainable physical sciences learning environments. Bricolage’s principles of multiple perspectives and multiple theories served as a useful lens for scrutinising the diverse knowledge of the participants. Van Dijk’s socio-cognitive critical discourse analysis was pivotal for analysing, interpreting and making sense of participants’ prevalent knowledge and experiences. The principles of participatory action research and free attitude interviews were applied as an approach and technique for data generation. The major finding suggests that using service learning projects to create sustainable (physical sciences) learning environments, contributes substantially to decolonising and transforming teaching and learning.
The Mechanism for Spreading Online Reputation

Acquiring a good reputation and being able to convey to an audience the good image of a company or a destination is a vital issue in today’s virtual world. The quality of what is transmitted and the influence of social networks through which the promotional or marketing messages are spread are the major elements at play. This work examines the second issue: how messages are spread over a social network. Through a series of numerical simulations this paper highlights the main factors affecting the diffusion of information in a social networked group and clarifies the role played by different actors with respect to the influence and importance of their position in the network.
High-TC superconductivity in ultrathin crystals: implications for microscopic theory

High-transition temperature (high-TC) superconductivity is associated with layered crystal structures. This work considers superconductivity in ultrathin crystals (of thickness equal to the transverse structural periodicity distance d for one formula unit) of 32 cuprate, ruthenate, rutheno-cuprate, iron pnictide, organic and transuranic compounds, wherein intrinsic optimal (highest) transition temperatures TC0 (10−150 K) are assumed. Sheet transition temperatures TCS = αTC0, where α < 1, are determined from Kosterlitz–Thouless (KT) theory of phase transitions in two-dimensional superconductors. Calculation of α involves superconducting sheet carrier densities NS derived theoretically from crystal structure, ionic valences, and known doping, a two-fluid model for the temperature dependence of the superconducting magnetic penetration depth, and experimental data on KT transitions; α is on average 0·83 (varying with standard deviation 0·11). Experiments on several thin crystal structures of thickness dF appr.
Finnish wolves avoid roads and settlements

The avoidance of roads and human settlements by wolves (Canis lupus) in a harvested population was studied in boreal woodland landscapes in east-central Finland with a low density of humans (2 km - 2 ) and roads (0.4 km/km - 2 ). The abundance of the primary prey, i.e. moose, is moderate with approximately 50 moose per wolf within wolf pack territories. Twelve alpha wolves in six territories were captured, fitted with radio-collars, and ground-tracked during 1998-2002. The number of wolves has recently been increasing in Finland and they have also expanded their range. This in turn has raised a certain degree of concern among people living in the area, and the wolves are often perceived as a safety threat both to people and domestic animals. We found that wolves tended to avoid human constructions. The avoidance distances were highest for buildings (1000 m) and for roads (250 m). Extrapolating from the avoidance distances to give an estimate for the entire study area revealed that 48% of the study area would potentially be subject to reduced use by the wolf.
How Do Private Family Firms Face the Crisis? Empirical Evidence from Belgium

Whereas listed family firms have already received great attention concerning the effect of the crisis on performance, few studies focus on private family firms acting in a hostile environment. This paper tries to fill this gap by investigating how the financial and economic crises affect the relationship between family involvement and performance. This research is led on the Belgian market and based on panel data collected on the period 2002-2011. Multiple regression analysis and Heckman two-steps method show that private family firms exhibit greater performance during the crisis. These results seem to confirm that family involvement enhances potential of resilience in private firms so that they outperform their non-family peers during periods of crisis.
Pharmacotherapy of Hematologic Malignancies with Tipifarnib

The illumination of cellular processes in cancer has revolutionized oncology drug development leading to a shift from non-specific chemotherapy to the selective targeting of tumorigenic signal transduction pathways. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) target proteins needing prenylation for functioning, thus inhibiting a wide variety of molecular targets crucial for cell proliferation and survival. Tipifarnib (R115777, Zarnestra®), a potent and specific inhibitor of Farnesyltransferase, can attain strong inhibition of tumor growth in preclinical models. As a single agent, tipifarnib has demonstrated activity in several hematologic malignancies, namely acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma. However, considering the complexity of the molecular aberrations implicated in the pathogenesis of hematologic neoplasms, it is rather unlikely that monotherapy with tipifarnib will serve as a stand-alone treatment approach. Indeed, improved results have been achieved by combining tipifarnib with other anticancer agents, whereas the first efforts for the identification of molecular predictors of response are reporting intriguing results. Ongoing trials are anticipated to define the exact role of tipifarnib in the treatment of hematologic malignancies.
Structure, Spectroscopy, and Microscopic Model of Tubular Carbocyanine Dye Aggregates

Self-assembled cylindrical aggregates of amphiphilic carbocyanine dye molecules are interesting candidates for synthetic light-harvesting systems and electronic energy transport wires. To be able to optimize the properties of such systems, detailed information on the molecular structure as well as the static and dynamic optical properties is required. We report cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) experiments on 3,3‘-bis(3-sulfopropyl)-5,5‘,6,6‘-tetrachloro-1,1‘-dioctylbenzimidacarbocyanine (C8S3) aggregates that reveal a double-layer tubular structure. By combining these results with information from both isotropic and polarized spectral responses, a detailed molecular picture of these aggregates is obtained. The basis of our theoretical analysis of the spectroscopic data is the formation of the inner and outer cylinders by rolling cyanine sheets with a brick-layer structure onto cylindrical surfaces with diameters of 11 and 16 nm. This model very well reproduces the spectral properties of th.
Solar activity variations of nighttime ionospheric peak electron density: SOLAR ACTIVITY VARIATIONS OF NIGHTTIMENmF2

[1] Monthly median NmF2 (maximum electron density of the F2-layer) data at Okinawa, Yamagawa, Kokubunji, and Wakkanai have been collected to investigate the solar activity dependence of the nighttime ionosphere. The result shows that there are seasonal and latitudinal differences of the solar activity variation of nighttime NmF2. The main seasonal effects are as follows: nighttime NmF2 increases with F107 linearly in equinoctial months (March and September), and it tends to saturate with F107 increasing in summer solstice month (June). What is peculiar is that there is an amplification trend of nighttime NmF2 with F107 in winter solstice month (December). The latitudinal difference is mainly displayed by the evolvement course of the variation trend between NmF2 and F107. Using hmF2 (peak height of the F2-layer) data and the NRLMSISE00 model, we estimated the recombination loss around the F2-peak at different solar activity levels. We found that the solar activity variation of the recombination processes around the F2-peak also shows seasonal dependence, which can explain the variation trends of nighttime NmF2 with F107 qualitatively, and field-aligned plasma influx plays an important role in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest region. During the first several hours following sunset in December, there are faster recombination processes around the F2-peak at medium solar activity level in mid-latitude regions. This feature is suggested to be responsible for inducing the amplification trend in winter. In virtue of the calculation of neutral parameters at 300-km altitude and hmF2 data, the variation trend of the recombination processes around the F2-peak with F107 can be explained. It shows that both the solar activity variations of hmF2 and neutral parameters (neutral temperature, density, and vibrational excited N2) are important for the variation trend of nighttime NmF2 with F107. Furthermore, the obvious uplift of hmF2 at low solar activity level following sunset in December is important for the amplification trend.