Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What's Different about Social Media Networks? A Framework and Research Agenda

In recent years, we have witnessed the rapid proliferation and widespread adoption of a new class of information technologies, commonly known as social media. Researchers often rely on social network analysis (SNA) when attempting to understand these technologies, often without considering how the novel capabilities of social media platforms might affect the underlying theories of SNA, which were developed primarily through studies of offline social networks. This article outlines several key differences between traditional offline social networks and online social media networks by juxtaposing an established typology of social network research with a well-regarded definition of social media platforms that articulates four key features. The results show that at four major points of intersection, social media has considerable theoretical implications for SNA. In exploring these points of intersection, this study outlines a series of theoretically distinct research questions for SNA in social media contexts. These points of intersection offer considerable opportunities for researchers to investigate the theoretical implications introduced by social media and lay the groundwork for a robust social media agenda potentially spanning multiple disciplines.
A comparison of respiratory care workload with 2 different nebulizers.

UNLABELLED Aerosol therapy via small-volume nebulizer (SVN) accounts for a large proportion of the respiratory care workload. Treatment time is mostly nebulization time, which is highly variable, depending on SVN design. We studied the workload effect of adopting a faster nebulizer. We hypothesized that time saved by faster SVN treatment can be used by respiratory therapists for other patient-care activities. METHODS We compared day-shift workload distribution in a post-thoracic-surgery ward during 2 consecutive 30-day periods. To deliver bronchodilators (3 mL unit dose), during the baseline period we used the VixOne nebulizer (average nebulization time 9 min), and during the intervention period we used the NebuTech HDN (nebulization time limited to 3 min). We recorded the per-shift number of various respiratory-therapy procedures, which have been assigned standard treatment times, and compared the per-shift numbers of procedures during the baseline and intervention periods. RESULTS The per-shift number of procedures were similar during the baseline and intervention periods (33.8/shift vs 33.3/shift, P = .68), as was the per-shift number of SVN treatments (11.9/shift vs 11.8/shift, respectively, P = .81). The per-shift time required for the procedures was greater during the baseline period (4.7 h vs 3.6 h, P < .001). The per-shift time available to deliver optional value-added respiratory therapies was higher in the intervention period (0.75 h vs 0.50 h, P < .04). The time savings from the faster nebulizer corresponded to 1.8 full-time equivalents and theoretical net annual savings of $66,491. We did not use treatment "stacking" (ie, simultaneous administration of SVN treatments to multiple patients). CONCLUSIONS The NebuTech HDN substantially reduces SVN-administration time, without adverse effects or events, and the time savings were used for value-added patient-care activities. Shorter treatment times can play a role in coping with the national shortage of qualified respiratory therapists.
Mental Health Services in School-Based Health Centers

Mental health issues affect 20–25% of children and adolescents, of which few receive services. School-based health centers (SBHCs) provide access to mental health services to children and adolescents within their schools. A systematic review of literature was undertaken to review evidence on the effectiveness of delivery of mental health services in SBHCs. Databases were searched extensively for research studies published between January 1990 and March 2014. Data analysis was based on the method proposed by the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Twenty-three studies were selected for review. Each study was explored for accessibility and content of mental health services in SBHCs. SBHCs provide access and eliminate barriers to mental health services. Students who exhibited high-risk behaviors were more likely to have sought services at the SBHC. However, there is a lack of high-quality research evaluating mental health services in the SBHCs and their effect on children and adolescents.
Productivity feedback did not terminate the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)

Abstract. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) occurred approximately 55 million years ago, and is one of the most dramatic abrupt global warming events in the geological record. This warming was triggered by the sudden release of thousands of gigatons of carbon into the atmosphere and is widely perceived to be the best analogue for current anthropogenic climate change. Yet, the mechanism of recovery from this event remains controversial. A massive increase in the intensity of the marine biological pump ("productivity feedback") has been suggested to cause a drawdown of atmospheric CO2 and subsequent carbon sequestration in the ocean. A re-evaluation of the "productivity feedback hypothesis", based on biogenic barium mass accumulation rates (Ba-MARs) for a site in the Southern Ocean, finds that any increase in export production lagged the initial carbon release by at least ~70 000 years. This implies that export production did not facilitate rapid removal of excess carbon from the atmosphere. Thus, the most likely mechanism for carbon removal appears to be silicate weathering, which occurred at much slower rates than previously assumed.
A radiation effect from low doses of tritiated thymidine or x-rays.

When the number of millimoles of3 H-labeled thymidine administered to mice is kept constant, but the quantity of radioactivity is increased from 1 μCi/mouse to 10, 25, and 88 μCi/mouse, a radiation effect is produced in proliferative tissues (intestine and testis). The radiation effect causes acceleration of the removal of the long-term nonvolatile tissue activity which probably is mainly in DNA. Low exposures to x-rays (25 R), which are too low to cause significant levels of cell killing can produce a similar radiation effect. The radiation effect may be related to the repair of cellular sublethal damage.
Effect of controlled oral hygiene procedures on caries and periodontal disease in adults.

Abstract The present report describes the result of a clinical trial in which a group of adults have been maintained on a proper oral hygiene standard over a 6-year period. In 1971–72, 375 individuals were recruited to a test group and 180 to a control group. During the 6 years of trial, 65 persons from the test group and 34 controls were lost. The patients were divided into three age groups; I 50 years. The members of the test and control groups were first subjected to a Baseline examination which included assessments of oral hygiene, gingivitis, periodontal disease and caries. Following this examination all caries lesions were treated and ill-fitting dental restorations adjusted. Each patient was also given a detailed case presentation and a dental prophylaxis. The control group patients were not involved in any further dental health programs during the subsequent 6-year period. Once a year, however, they were recalled to a public dental health clinic for examination and received symptomatic dental treatment. The test group participants, on the other hand, were given a preventive treatment, repeated once every 2–3 months which included (1) instruction and practice in oral hygiene techniques and (2) meticulous prophylaxis. The patients were re-examined 3 and 6 years after the baseline examination. At the Follow-up examinations the parameters studied at the Baseline examination were recorded again. The findings demonstrated that a preventive program which stimulates individuals to adopt proper oral hygiene habits may resolve gingivitis and prevent progression of periodontal disease and caries. Traditional dental care, on the other hand, did not prevent the progression of caries and periodontitis in adults.
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease); a study of surgically resected adrenal glands.

The problem of relating structural alterations in the adrenal cortex to functional changes occurring in a variety of syndromes is of interest to both the pathologist and the clinician. In general, the relationship of adrenal cortical atrophy or destruction to the clinical syndrome of hypoadrenocorticism is clear. On the other hand, the recognition of the unusually stimulated cortex rests upon marked changes in weight, advanced hyperplasia, adenomas, and carcinomas; few more refined morphologic criteria are available. In reported cases of typical Cushing's disease, few are cited in which the adrenal glands are normal in size or only equivocally enlarged.1'2 Twenty per cent of the cases in the present group would ordinarily be included in this category. One might conclude that in some instances of Cushing's disease the abnormality lies elsewhere than in the adrenal gland, or that there may not always be a morphologic reflection of the hyperfunctioning state. An alternative possibility-and perhaps a more hopeful one for the pathologist-is that the adrenal gland lesions customarily related to hyperactivity represent extremes and that subtle alterations are often overlooked. The present investigation was initiated as a histologic study of benign cortical hyperplasia in Cushing's disease, in the hope of elucidating the early or milder alterations and of tracing their progression to the fully developed state. Cases of adrenal adenoma associated with Cushing's disease were included for the purpose of comparison.
EFFECTS OF ENDOTHELIN‐1 ON THE CONTRACTILITY OF CARDIOMYOCYTES FROM THE SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RAT

1. Disturbances in cardiovascular responsiveness to endogenous endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. In this study the inotropic responses of cardiomyocytes derived from normotensive Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) strains to ET‐1 (10‐11‐10‐8 mol/L) were characterized. Isotonic contraction cycles of ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from age‐matched (11 week) WKY and SHR rats were recorded using a rapid digital imaging technique and evaluated by computation of a range of normalized parameters.
Neurobiologic Correlates of Developmental Dyslexia: How Do Dyslexics' Brains Differ from Those of Normal Readers?

The principles of cognitive neuroscience rely on correlations between variations in behavior and associated variations in the form of the brain. Virtually all of the conventional localization experience stems from lesion studies in adults. With the inherent lack of focal lesions in the developmenta l disorders, this approach has proved less than satisfactory. The localization, size, and age of occurrence of an anomaly in the developing brain have crucial implications for the specific nature of its behavioral con­ sequences. Therefore, many researchers in the field of the devel­ opmental disorders have attempted to use a cognitive neuro­ science approach to study in vivo the anomalous development of the brain in many disorders, including dyslexia. How have the available imaging techniques helped our understanding and con­ firmed anatomic localization theories in dyslexia? The following sections attempt to address this question rel­ ative to the recent application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to the in vivo study of the brain in dyslexia, particularly hemispheric asymmetries, corpus callosum, temporal lobe, and planum temporale. Reasons behind the often contradictory results are discussed. Finally, the future directions of correla­ tion studies in the developmental disorders are explored, to set the stage to answer the challenge posed by the complexity of the developing brain. A comprehensive review of early neuroimaging studies in dyslexia was published by Hynd and Semrud-Clikeman in 1989. Therefore, the focus of this review will be limited to the eight recent MRI studies in this developmental disorder (Table 1).
Electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal studies on the soluble proteins of various tumors and of livers from rats fed 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene.

1. The soluble proteins of preneoplastic livers of rats fed 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) and those of livers adjacent to DAB-induced tumors exhibit essentially the same electrophoretic properties as those of the livers of stock or basal diet-fed rats. 2. The soluble proteins of DAB-induced liver tumor and its mesenteric metastases show a marked reduction of the slowly migrating (veronal, 0.1 µ, pH 8.6) electrophoretic h components, and a great increase in the more rapidly moving A and N components. 3. The electrophoretic properties of the soluble proteins of DAB-induced liver tumor, its mesenteric metastasis, Jensen sarcoma, Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, and Flexner-Jobling carcinoma show essentially similar electrophoretic patterns. The slowly growing, chloroform-induced, transplantable mouse hepatoma 112 B yielded an electrophoretic pattern intermediate between those of non-neoplastic mouse liver and other tumors. 4. The soluble proteins of the livers of rats fed stock diet, basal diet, and liver tissue adjacent to DAB tumors exhibit similar velocity sedimentation properties. However, the soluble proteins of DAB-induced liver tumor contain two rapidly sedimenting components whose comparable regions in the non-neoplastic liver extracts are minor and ill-defined. 5. Some implications of these findings with regard to carcinogenesis are discussed.
Captopril: pharmacology, metabolism and disposition.

By inhibiting ACE, captopril blocks the conversion of AI or AII and augments the effects of bradykinin both in vitro and in vivo. In rats, dogs, and monkeys with 2-kidney renal hypertension, orally administered captopril rapidly and markedly reduces blood pressure; this antihypertensive effect apparently occurs via a renin-dependent mechanism; that is, the inhibition of ACE. In 1-kidney renal hypertension studies in rats and dogs, it was determined that oral doses of captopril markedly lowered blood pressure, but only after several days of dosing; the mechanism is thought to be non-renin dependent. In SHR, daily oral doses of captopril progressively lowered blood pressure; normal levels were attained by the sixth month. In all species studied, the reduction in blood pressure resulted from a reduction in total peripheral resistance; cardiac output remained unchanged or increased. In humans, captopril reduces blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension with low, normal, and high renin levels, and in patients with renovascular hypertension and hypertension associated with chronic renal failure. In hypertensive patients with high plasma renin activity, captopril apparently exerts most of its pharmacologic effects through inhibition of ACE. The means by which captopril reduces high blood pressure associated with low or normal PRA is not known, but it is clear that captopril does not act on an overactive plasma renin-angiotensin system in these cases. The antihypertensive effect of captopril is enhanced when it is given in combination with a diuretic or after salt depletion. Captopril was rapidly and well absorbed in all species tested, including man. Studies in rodents indicated that ingestion of food caused a reduction in the extent of absorption and bioavailability of captopril. Captopril and/or its metabolites were distributed extensively and rapidly throughout most tissues of normal rats; no radioactivity was detected in the brain. In vitro and in vivo, captopril formed disulfide bonds with albumin and other proteins. This binding was reversible in nature. In vitro studies in blood indicates that the disulfide dimer of captopril and mixed disulfides of captopril with L-cysteine and glutathione were formed. In intact blood cells, captopril remained in the reduced form (sulfhydryl), whereas in whole blood or plasma, captopril was converted to its disulfide dimer and other oxidative products. Biotransformation of captopril may involve both enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Serum Neurotrophin Concentrations in Polish Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa

Objectives: Several lines of evidence suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in weight regulation and eating behaviors as well as in the activity-dependent neuroplasticity underlying learning and memory behaviors involving the hippocampus. In anorexia nervosa (AN) patients, abnormal serum BDNF concentrations, cognitive impairments and specific personality traits have been traditionally observed. This study explores the levels of four serum neurotrophins [BDNF, neurotrophin 3 (NTF3), neurotrophin 4 (NTF4) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)] with respect to their use as potential biomarkers for AN. This study also investigates any associations that might exist between serum neurotrophin levels and neurocognitive impairment or personality traits. Methods: Serum neurotrophin concentrations were measured in 60 AN patients (AN group) and 45 healthy controls (HC group). We correlated the serum levels of the four neurotrophins BDNF, NTF3, NTF4 and GDNF and the clinical type of anorexia. We also analyzed the relationship between serum neurotrophin levels and the Beck Depression Inventory, body mass index, executive functions by the Wisconsin Card Sorting test (WCST) and personality dimensions by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) test. Results: Serum NTF4 concentrations were significantly lower when comparing all AN patients (34.7 ± 72.5 pg/ml) or restriction type AN patients (29.1 ± 62.5 pg/ml) with the HC group (58.4 ± 135.8 pg/ml; p = 0.004 and p = 0.005, respectively). A significant correlation (p < 0.005) between BDNF serum levels and patient personality dimensions as measured by the TCI test was observed. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between NTF4 and GDNF serum levels and executive function as measured by the WCST. Conclusions: These data suggest that NTF4 might serve as a biomarker for AN. Furthermore, BDNF and GDNF serum levels appear to be associated with personality traits and executive function.
EVIDENCE FROM LAND-TITLING AND MICROFINANCE PROGRAMMES

A majority of people, particularly in developing countries, live outside the ambit of formal law, yet – within mainstream legal scholarship – we still lack an adequate theory of “informal law” (social norms, conventions and other non-formal rules that influence behaviour) and its relationship with formal legal systems. Drawing on a variety of theoretical traditions that address the issue of legal informality – ranging from law and development to sociological approaches (like legal pluralism) to economic approaches (like New Institutional Economics, and social capital theory) – this paper seeks to take a step forward in developing a fuller theory of institutions.
The Effect of Learning on Climate Policy under Fat-tailed Uncertainty

We construct an endogenous (Bayesian) learning model with fat-tailed uncertainty on the equilibrium climate sensitivity and solve the model with stochastic dynamic programming. In our model a decision maker updates her belief on the climate sensitivity through temperature observations each time period and takes a course of action (carbon reductions) based on her belief. We find that the uncertainty is partially resolved over time, although the rate of learning is relatively slow, and the decision maker with a possibility of learning lowers the efforts to reduce carbon emissions relative to the no-learning case. The larger the tail effect, the larger the counteracting learning effect. Learning at least partly offsets the tail-effect of deep uncertainty. This is intuitive in that the decision maker fully utilizes the information revealed to reduce uncertainty, and thus she can make a decision contingent on the updated information. In addition, with various scenarios, we find that learning enables the economic agent to have less regrets for her past actions after the true value of the uncertain variable turns out to be different from the initial best guess. Furthermore the optimal decisions in the learning case are less sensitive to the true value of the uncertain variable than the decisions in the uncertainty case. The reason is that learning lets uncertainty converge to the true value of the state in the sense that the variance approaches 0 as information accumulates.
Rupture characteristics of major and great (Mw ≥ 7.0) megathrust earthquakes from 1990 to 2015: 2. Depth dependence

Depth‐varying characteristics of high‐frequency seismic radiation for megathrust earthquakes have been inferred from several recent giant earthquakes and large tsunami earthquakes. To quantify any depth dependence more extensively, we analyzed 114 Mw ≥ 7.0 thrust‐faulting earthquakes with centroid depths from 5 to 55 km on circum‐Pacific megathrusts using teleseismic body wave finite‐fault inversions and source spectrum determinations. Large tsunami earthquakes and some other shallow events at depths less than about 18 km have unusually long source durations, and low values of static stress drop (ΔσE), Vr3ΔσE, and apparent stress, with relatively depleted high‐frequency radiation. Deeper events have no clear global trend with source depth for moment‐normalized centroid time or total duration, static stress drop, moment‐scaled radiated energy, apparent stress, or radiation efficiency. Regional behavior among the 17 sampled subduction zones generally conforms to the global composite. The source spectra have high‐frequency logarithmic spectral decay slopes averaging ~ −1.6. There is relative enrichment in high‐frequency spectral levels with increasing source depth manifested in reduced high‐frequency spectral decay slope. The ratio of high‐frequency (0.3–1 Hz) radiated energy to total energy increases correspondingly. These observations suggest that overall dynamic rupture processes are relatively insensitive to source depth, but varying scale lengths of megathrust heterogeneity may contribute to modest enrichment of high‐frequency seismic radiation for events deeper on the megathrust. A weak correlation of higher estimated average megathrust temperature at 30 km depth with higher spectral decay rate indicates that the depth‐varying pattern may in part result from frictional properties being influenced by temperature variations or by systematic reduction of average attenuation with increasing depth along the megathrust.
Etiology and clinico-social profile of chronic kidney disease cases admitted to a dialysis unit in a rural tertiary care hospital Ms

Chronic kidney disease is an emerging public health global problem, and the incidence as well as prevalence of the disease is on the rise. Clinico-social profile, etiology, associated risk factors and financial burden due to the disease were studied among 50 patients reporting to dialysis unit of a tertiary hospital in rural settings. The study revealed that diabetes, hypertension and analgesic nephropathy are responsible for 92% of the cases. In addition, considerable financial burden on the patients and families due to medical and non-medical costs of the disease management was brought out by the study. The authors recommend that CKD should be included in national programme for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases so that the disease is detected early and comprehensive management to the patients is ensured to prevent progression of disease, disability, handicap and premature death.