Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Literature Review Study on Atomic Ions Dissolution of Titanium and Its Alloys in Implant Dentistry

This review of literature paper was done in order to conduct a review of the literature and an assessment of the effects of titanium implant corrosion on peri-implant health and success in the oral environment. This paper evaluates and critically reviews the findings of the multiple in-depth in vivo and in vitro studies that are related to corrosion aspects of the titanium and its alloys. A literature survey was conducted by electronic search in Medline and studies that were published between 1940 and August 2018 were selected. The search terms used were types of corrosion, corrosion of titanium implants, titanium corrosion, metal ion release from the titanium implants, fretting and pitting corrosion, implant corrosion, peri implantitis, and corrosion. Both in vivo and in vitro studies were also included in the review. The search and selection resulted in 64 articles. These articles were divided on the basis of their context to different kinds of corrosion related to titanium dental implants. It is evident that metal ions are released from titanium and titanium alloy dental implants as a result of corrosion. Corrosion of implants is multifactorial, including electrical, chemical, and mechanical factors, which have an effect on the peri-implant tissues and microbiota. The literature surveyed showed that corrosion related to titanium and its alloys has an effect on the health of peri-implant soft and hard tissue and the long term survival of metal dental implants. It can be concluded that presence of the long-term corrosion reaction along with continuous corrosion leads to the release of ions into the peri-implant tissue but also to a disintegration of the implant that contribute to material fatigue and even fracture of the abutments and implant body or both. This combined impact of the corrosion, bacterial activity, chemical reactions, and functional stresses are to be looked at as important factors of implant failure. The findings can be used to explore the possible strategies of research to investigate the biological impact of implant materials.
Preclinical Evaluation of Benzazepine-Based PET Radioligands (R)- and (S)-11C-Me-NB1 Reveals Distinct Enantiomeric Binding Patterns and a Tightrope Walk Between GluN2B- and σ1-Receptor–Targeted PET Imaging

The study aims to investigate the performance characteristics of the enantiomers of 11C-Me-NB1, a recently reported PET imaging probe that targets the GluN2B subunit of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Methods: Reference compound Me-NB1 (inhibition constant for hGluN1/GluN2B, 5.4 nM) and the phenolic precursor were prepared via multistep synthesis. Following chiral resolution by high-performance liquid chromatography, enantiopure precursor compounds, (R)-NB1 and (S)-NB1, were labeled with 11C and validated in rodents using in vitro/ex vivo autoradiography, PET experiments, and dose–response studies. To illustrate the translational relevance, (R)-11C-Me-NB1 was validated in autoradiographic studies using postmortem human GluN2B-rich cortical and GluN2B-deficient cerebellar brain slices. To determine target engagement, receptor occupancy was assessed at different plasma concentrations of CP101,606, a GluN2B receptor antagonist. Results: The radiosynthesis of (R)- and (S)-11C-Me-NB1 was accomplished in 42% ± 9% (decay-corrected) radiochemical yields. Molar activity ranged from 40 to 336 GBq/μmol, and an excellent radiochemical purity of greater than 99% was achieved. Although (R)-11C-Me-NB1 displayed heterogeneous accumulation with high selectivity for the GluN2B-rich forebrain, (S)-11C-Me-NB1 revealed a homogeneous distribution across all brain regions in rodent brain autoradiograms and predominantly exhibited σ1-receptor binding. Similar to rodent brain, (R)-11C-Me-NB1 showed in postmortem human brain tissues higher binding in the cortex than in the cerebellum. Coincubation of the GluN2B-antagonist CERC-301 (1 μM) reduced cortical but not cerebellar binding, demonstrating the specificity of (R)-11C-Me-NB1 binding to the human GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor. In vivo specificity of (R)-11C-Me-NB1 in the GluN2B-expressing cortex, striatum, thalamus, and hippocampus was demonstrated by PET imaging in rodents. Applying GluN2B-antagonist eliprodil, an evident dose–response behavior was observed with (R)-11C-Me-NB1 but not with (S)-11C-Me-NB1. Our findings further underline the tightrope walk between GluN2B- and σ1-receptor–targeted imaging, illustrated by the entirely different receptor binding behavior of the 2 radioligand enantiomers. Conclusion: (R)-11C-Me-NB1 is a highly selective and specific PET radioligand for imaging the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor. The entirely different receptor binding behavior of (R)-11C-Me-NB1 and (S)-11C-Me-NB1 raises awareness of a delicate balance that is underlying the selective targeting of either GluN2B-carrying NMDA or σ1-receptors.
Laboratory Courses with Guided-Inquiry Modules Improve Scientific Reasoning and Experimental Design Skills for the Least-Prepared Undergraduate Students

Past studies on the differential effects of active learning based on students’ prior preparation and knowledge have been mixed. The purpose of the present study was to ask whether students with different levels of prior preparation responded differently to laboratory courses in which a guided-inquiry module was implemented. In the first study, we assessed student scientific reasoning skills, and in the second we assessed student experimental design skills. In each course in which the studies were conducted, student gains were analyzed by pretest quartiles, a measure of their prior preparation. Overall, student scientific reasoning skills and experimental design skills did not improve pretest to posttest. However, when divided into quartiles based on pretest score within each course, students in the lowest quartile experienced significant gains in both studies. Despite the significant gains observed among students in the lowest quartile, significant posttest differences between lowest and highest quartiles were observed in both scientific reasoning skills and experimental design skills. Nonetheless, these findings suggest that courses with guided-inquiry laboratory activities can foster the development of basic scientific reasoning and experimental design skills for students who are least prepared across a range of course levels and institution types.
Dietary and non-dietary determinants of linear growth status of infants and young children in Ethiopia: Hierarchical regression analysis

Introduction Childhood growth faltering remains a major public health problem in developing countries. We aimed to identify the distal, underlying, and proximal dietary and non-dietary factors associated with length-for-age (LFA) of infants and young children in Ethiopia. Methods We used a nationally representative sample of 2,932 children aged 6–23 months from the Ethiopian demographic and health survey (EDHS) conducted in 2016. Hierarchical regression analysis was done to identify the factors associated with LFA. Findings Pastoral residence (adjusted β (aβ) = -0.56, 95%CI = -0.82, -0.31, P<0.001) and poorest household wealth category (aβ = -0.57, 95%CI = -0.66, -0.48, P<0.001) were the basic factors negatively associated with LFA. Among underlying factors, maternal wasting (aβ = -0.43, 95%CI = -0.58, -0.28, P<0.001), and unimproved toilet facility (aβ = -0.48, 95%CI = -0.73, -0.23, P<0.001) were negatively associated with LFA. Proximal factors found positively associated with LFA were dietary diversity (aβ = 0.09, 95%CI = 0.043, 0.136, P<0.001), meal frequency (aβ = 0.04, 95%CI = 0.00, 0.08, P = 0.042), and vitamin A supplementation (aβ = 0.16, 95%CI = 0.03, 0.29, P = 0.020). Male sex (aβ = -0.26, 95%CI = -0.39, -0.14, P<0.001), age (aβ = -0.12, 95%CI = -0.13, -0.10, P = 0.001), small birth size (aβ = -0.45, 95%CI = -0.62, -0.29, P<0.001), and not currently breastfeeding (aβ = -0.29, 95%CI = -0.47, -0.11, P = 0.003) were negatively associated with LFA. Conclusion LFA was associated with various influences at distal, underlying, and proximal levels. A multi-pronged approach, addressing the various factors comprehensively, would represent an important consideration to promote linear growth in early childhood in Ethiopia.
Preparation of Layer-by-Layer Nanofiltration Membranes by Dynamic Deposition and Crosslinking

In recent decades, the advancements in layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly technology have provoked increasing interest in the preparation of multilayer polyelectrolyte membranes with excellent performance. In the current study, a novel nanofiltration (NF) membrane was prepared by pressure-driven layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly of polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyacrylicacid (PAA) on a porous substrate with chemical crosslinking. The effect of deposition pressure on separation performance of the prepared membranes was studied. The surface morphology, hydrophilicity and the charge property of the dynamically-deposited membranes were compared with those prepared by static adsorption. The characterization results showed that dynamic deposition process resulted in a smoother membrane surface with improved hydrophilicity. The mechanism of water-path formation was proposed to interpret the effect of pressure on the membrane performance. Glutaraldehyde (GA) was used as a crosslinker to reduce the number of polyelectrolyte bilayers for obtaining good separation performance. The rejections of different inorganic salts of the dynamically-deposited NF membrane were also investigated.
P2X7 Receptors Drive Poly(I:C) Induced Autism-like Behavior in Mice

Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a principal environmental risk factor contributing to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which compromises fetal brain development at critical periods of pregnancy and might be causally linked to ASD symptoms. We report that endogenous activation of the purinergic ion channel P2X7 (P2rx7) is necessary and sufficient to transduce MIA to autistic phenotype in male offspring. MIA induced by poly(I:C) injections to P2rx7 WT mouse dams elicited an autism-like phenotype in their offspring, and these alterations were not observed in P2rx7-deficient mice, or following maternal treatment with a specific P2rx7 antagonist, JNJ47965567. Genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of maternal P2rx7s also counteracted the induction of IL-6 in the maternal plasma and fetal brain, and disrupted brain development, whereas postnatal P2rx7 inhibition alleviated behavioral and morphological alterations in the offspring. Administration of ATP to P2rx7 WT dams also evoked autistic phenotype, but not in KO dams, implying that P2rx7 activation by ATP is sufficient to induce autism-like features in offspring. Our results point to maternal and offspring P2rx7s as potential therapeutic targets for the early prevention and treatment of ASD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder caused by genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies highlighted the importance of perinatal risks, in particular, maternal immune activation (MIA), showing strong association with the later emergence of ASD in the affected children. MIA could be mimicked in animal models via injection of a nonpathogenic agent poly(I:C) during pregnancy. This is the first report showing the key role of a ligand gated ion channel, the purinergic P2X7 receptor in MIA-induced autism-like behavioral and biochemical features. We show that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of both maternal and offspring P2X7 receptors could reverse the compromised brain development and autistic phenotype pointing to new possibilities for prevention and treatment of ASD.
Extracellular vesicles deliver Mycobacterium RNA to promote host immunity and bacterial killing

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to carry microbial components and function in the host defense against infections. In this study, we demonstrate that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) RNA is delivered into macrophage‐derived EVs through an M.tb SecA2‐dependent pathway and that EVs released from M.tb‐infected macrophages stimulate a host RIG‐I/MAVS/TBK1/IRF3 RNA sensing pathway, leading to type I interferon production in recipient cells. These EVs also promote, in a RIG‐I/MAVS‐dependent manner, the maturation of M.tb‐containing phagosomes through a noncanonical LC3 pathway, leading to increased bacterial killing. Moreover, treatment of M.tb‐infected macrophages or mice with a combination of moxifloxacin and EVs, isolated from M.tb‐infected macrophages, significantly lowered bacterial burden relative to either treatment alone. We hypothesize that EVs, which are preferentially removed by macrophages in vivo, can be combined with effective antibiotics as a novel approach to treat drug‐resistant TB.
Thinking about negative life events as a mediator between depression and fading affect bias

The current research examined the links between depressive symptomology and anxiety on the fading of affect associated with positive and negative autobiographical memories. Participants (N = 296) recalled and rated positive and negative events in terms of how pleasant or unpleasant they were at the time they occurred and at the time of event recollection. Multilevel mediation analyses identified evidence that higher levels of depressive symptoms were directly associated with lower affect fade for both negative and positive memories. Tests of indirect effects indicated that depressive symptoms were indirectly related to lower affect fade for negative (but not positive) autobiographical memories via the heightened tendency to think about negative (but not positive) memories. Anxiety was unrelated to affect fade both directly and indirectly. These results suggest that people higher in depressive symptoms retain more negative affect due to an increased likelihood of thinking about negative autobiographical events.
Generation of PET Attenuation Map for Whole-Body Time-of-Flight 18F-FDG PET/MRI Using a Deep Neural Network Trained with Simultaneously Reconstructed Activity and Attenuation Maps

We propose a new deep learning–based approach to provide more accurate whole-body PET/MRI attenuation correction than is possible with the Dixon-based 4-segment method. We use activity and attenuation maps estimated using the maximum-likelihood reconstruction of activity and attenuation (MLAA) algorithm as inputs to a convolutional neural network (CNN) to learn a CT-derived attenuation map. Methods: The whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT scan data of 100 cancer patients (38 men and 62 women; age, 57.3 ± 14.1 y) were retrospectively used for training and testing the CNN. A modified U-net was trained to predict a CT-derived μ-map (μ-CT) from the MLAA-generated activity distribution (λ-MLAA) and μ-map (μ-MLAA). We used 1.3 million patches derived from 60 patients’ data for training the CNN, data of 20 others were used as a validation set to prevent overfitting, and the data of the other 20 were used as a test set for the CNN performance analysis. The attenuation maps generated using the proposed method (μ-CNN), μ-MLAA, and 4-segment method (μ-segment) were compared with the μ-CT, a ground truth. We also compared the voxelwise correlation between the activity images reconstructed using ordered-subset expectation maximization with the μ-maps, and the SUVs of primary and metastatic bone lesions obtained by drawing regions of interest on the activity images. Results: The CNN generates less noisy attenuation maps and achieves better bone identification than MLAA. The average Dice similarity coefficient for bone regions between μ-CNN and μ-CT was 0.77, which was significantly higher than that between μ-MLAA and μ-CT (0.36). Also, the CNN result showed the best pixel-by-pixel correlation with the CT-based results and remarkably reduced differences in activity maps in comparison to CT-based attenuation correction. Conclusion: The proposed deep neural network produced a more reliable attenuation map for 511-keV photons than the 4-segment method currently used in whole-body PET/MRI studies.
Mouse models of GNAO1-associated movement disorder: Allele- and sex-specific differences in phenotypes

Background Infants and children with dominant de novo mutations in GNAO1 exhibit movement disorders, epilepsy, or both. Children with loss-of-function (LOF) mutations exhibit Epileptiform Encephalopathy 17 (EIEE17). Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations or those with normal function are found in patients with Neurodevelopmental Disorder with Involuntary Movements (NEDIM). There is no animal model with a human mutant GNAO1 allele. Objectives Here we develop a mouse model carrying a human GNAO1 mutation and determine whether clinical features of the GNAO1 mutation including movement disorder would be evident in the mouse model. Methods A mouse Gnao1 knock-in GOF mutation (G203R) was created by CRISPR/Cas9 methods. The resulting offspring and littermate controls were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests. A previously reported GOF mutant mouse knock-in (Gnao1+/G184S) was also studied for comparison. Results Gnao1+/G203R mutant mice are viable and gain weight comparably to controls. Homozygotes are non-viable. Grip strength was decreased in both males and females. Male Gnao1+/G203R mice were strongly affected in movement assays (RotaRod and DigiGait) while females were not. Male Gnao1+/G203R mice also showed enhanced seizure propensity in the pentylenetetrazole kindling test. Mice with a G184S GOF knock-in also showed movement-related behavioral phenotypes but females were more strongly affected than males. Conclusions Gnao1+/G203R mice phenocopy children with heterozygous GNAO1 G203R mutations, showing both movement disorder and a relatively mild epilepsy pattern. This mouse model should be useful in mechanistic and preclinical studies of GNAO1-related movement disorders.
Adaptive Optics Retinal Imaging in CNGA3-Associated Achromatopsia: Retinal Characterization, Interocular Symmetry, and Intrafamilial Variability

Purpose To investigate retinal structure in subjects with CNGA3-associated achromatopsia and evaluate disease symmetry and intrafamilial variability. Methods Thirty-eight molecularly confirmed subjects underwent ocular examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and nonconfocal split-detection adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). OCT scans were used for evaluating foveal hypoplasia, grading foveal ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption, and measuring outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness. AOSLO images were used to quantify peak foveal cone density, intercell distance (ICD), and the coefficient of variation (CV) of ICD. Results Mean (±SD) age was 25.9 (±13.1) years. Mean (± SD) best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.87 (±0.14) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution. Examination with OCT showed variable disruption or loss of the EZ. Seven subjects were evaluated for disease symmetry, with peak foveal cone density, ICD, CV, ONL thickness, and BCVA not differing significantly between eyes. A cross-sectional evaluation of AOSLO imaging showed a mean (±SD) peak foveal cone density of 19,844 (±13,046) cones/mm2. There was a weak negative association between age and peak foveal cone density (r = −0.397, P = 0.102), as well as between EZ grade and age (P = 0.086). Conclusions The remnant cone mosaics were irregular and variably disrupted, with significantly lower peak foveal cone density than unaffected individuals. Variability was also seen among subjects with identical mutations. Therefore, subjects should be considered on an individual basis for stratification in clinical trials. Interocular symmetry suggests that both eyes have comparable therapeutic potential and the fellow eye can serve as a valid control. Longitudinal studies are needed, to further examine the weak negative association between age and foveal cone structure observed here.
Auditory event-related potentials and function of the medial olivocochlear efferent system in children with auditory processing disorders

Abstract Objective: The objectives were to investigate the function of central auditory pathways and of the medial efferent olivocochlear system (MOCS). Design: Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded following the delivery of the stimulus /da/ in quiet and in ipsilateral, contralateral, and binaural noise conditions and correlated to the results of the auditory processing disorders (APD) diagnostic test battery. MOCS function was investigated by adding ipsilateral, contralateral, and binaural noise to transient evoked otoacoustic emission recordings. Auditory brainstem responses and pure tone audiogram were also evaluated. Study Sample: Nineteen children (7 to 12 years old) with APD were compared with 24 age-matched controls. Results: Otoacoustic emissions and ABR characteristics did not differ between groups, whereas ERP latencies were significantly longer and of higher amplitudes in APD children than in controls, in both quiet and noise conditions. The MOCS suppression was higher in APD children. Conclusions: Findings indicate that children with APD present with neural deficiencies in both challenging and nonchallenging environments with an increase in the timing of several central auditory processes correlated to their behavioural performances. Meanwhile, their modulation of the auditory periphery under noisy conditions differs from control children with higher suppression.
Canine sterile steroid-responsive lymphadenitis in 49 dogs.

OBJECTIVES To report clinical and laboratory features, treatment responses and outcome in dogs diagnosed with sterile steroid-responsive lymphadenitis in the United Kingdom. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of dogs diagnosed with sterile steroid-responsive lymphadenitis from 2009 to 2016 at six specialist referral centres were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS The study included 49 dogs. Springer spaniels appeared to be over-represented (16 of 49 dogs). Young dogs (median age: 3 years and 9 months) and females (31 of 49) were frequently affected. Clinical presentation was variable, with pyrexia (39 of 49), lethargy (35 of 49) and anorexia (21 of 49) the most commonly reported clinical signs. Lymph node cytology or histopathology demonstrated neutrophilic, pyogranulomatous, granulomatous or necrotising lymphadenitis without a detectable underlying cause in all cases. Because a sterile immune-mediated aetiology was suspected, all dogs received prednisolone, which was followed by rapid resolution of clinical signs and lymphadenopathy in most cases. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Sterile steroid-responsive lymphadenitis should be considered in dogs with pyrexia of unknown origin with inflammatory lymphadenopathy if no underlying cause can be found and often responds well to immunosuppressive corticosteroid therapy.