Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Continuity of linear operators commuting with continuous linear operators

1. Introduction. In [6] and [8] we showed that centralisers (that is operators commuting with multiplication) on certain Banach algebras are necessarily continuous. In the present paper we consider whether an operator on a Banach space commuting with a continuous or a closed operator must itself be continuous. We also consider the more general problem of whether an operator S; E1 -- E2, satisfying ST1 = T2S, with T1, T2 continuous, must be continuous. If the operators T1, T2 are operators of scalar type [3, p. 226] or operators in BK spaces [15, p. 29] given by triangular matrices, we see that the only discontinuous S are the obvious ones. In ? 8 we consider operators in L1(-oo, + oo) and le(-oo, + oo) commuting with the translation operator (Tf)(x) =f(x + 1). For the L1 space any operator commuting with T is continuous, whereas in W6(-oo, +oo) we can find a discontinuous operator commuting with all the translation operators. A full solution to this problem might be useful in discussing the extent to which discontinuous homomorphisms between Banach algebras exist since if 0 is a homomorphism it satisfies f(ab)=0(a)0(b) which can be written ? bLa=L<(a) where LaX = ax. 2. Discontinuous commutants. The Banach-Steinhaus theorem [2, p. 27] makes it necessary to employ transfinite methods to "construct" discontinuous operators in Banach spaces. Thus it can be difficult, when considering whether there are discontinuous operators satisfying certain conditions, to show that the answer is affirmative. We consider two cases in which the construction is simple. First, however, some notation.
Dual-channel microwave scanning probe microscopy for nanotechnology and molecular biology

In this work we describe a new dual-channel scanning probe microscope performing simultaneously Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and wide-band Near Field Scanning Microwave Microscopy (wide-band SMM). Our SMM system exploits the STM feedback to keep a suitable distance between probe and sample. The system is new because our SMM performs broadband measurements of the reflection coefficient across the STM probe by means of an external VNA with no resonant circuit. A post-processing algorithm reduces the noise by comparing images recorded at different close frequencies.
Regional citrate anticoagulation for hemodialysis using a conventional calcium-containing dialysate.

Regional citrate anticoagulation is currently a frequently applied technique for hemodialysis patients at increased risk of bleeding. Most experience exists with isotonic citrate in combination with a calcium-free dialysate and separate substitution with calcium chloride. This method is effective, but rather cumbersome and laborious. In search for a less demanding, but equally safe and effective technique, we performed 203 double-needle hemodialysis sessions in 45 patients at high risk of bleeding using regional anticoagulation with hypertonic trisodium citrate (TSC) and a conventional calcium-containing dialysate. At the start of dialysis, citrate was infused at a rate of 75 mL/h; adjustments were made during dialysis according to the degree of anticoagulation and level of ionized calcium within the systemic circuit. The efficacy and short-term safety of regional anticoagulation with TSC as compared with heparin anticoagulation was ascertained in a cohort of 19 stable hemodialysis patients. Systemic anticoagulation did not occur, and plasma-ionized calcium remained on a stable level. Manifestations of citrate toxicity or hypocalcemia were not observed. Clotting within the dialyzer was noted in 18 of the 203 sessions (8.87%) and resulted in early termination of dialysis in only 3 cases (1.48%). In conclusion, the use of hypertonic TSC and a conventional calcium-containing dialysate was shown to be safe and effective. The risk of clotting of the extracorporeal circuit is limited and outweighed by the advantage of reduced procedural complexity. Compared with the use of a calcium-free dialysate, the number of analyses can be reduced substantially, making this method financially attractive.
Comments on ‘Influences of the Bermuda High and atmospheric moistening on changes in summer rainfall in the Atlanta, Georgia region, USA’

In a recent article, Diem (2012) examined the impact of the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH) and atmospheric moistening on summer rainfall variability in the Atlanta, Georgia region. In his paper, he indicated that the results concerning the variability of the NASH western ridge discussed in Li et al. (2011) are incorrect. We present new evidence here to show that the comments by Diem (2012) are unjustified; the main conclusions in Li et al. (2011) were drawn according to the data over a 60‐year (1948–2007) and 45‐year (1958–2002) periods of NCEP/NCAR and ERA‐40 reanalysis, whereas conclusions of Diem (2011) were based upon the trend analysis of a similar but different index of the NASH using sub‐periods of 1948–2009 (since late 1970s). The comment emphases the importance of climate dynamics to study precipitation variability over the Southeastern US and further strengthens the conclusions originally put forth in Li et al. (2011): over the last 60 years (1948–2007), the NASH has shown a significant trend of westward movement, and the meridional movement of the NASH western‐ridge (i.e. its latitudinal change) has enhanced in the recent three decades.
Comparison of treatments of bleeding varices: Effects of differences between treatment intended and treatment received

Ninety‐seven patients with recent or active var‐iceal bleeding were randomly assigned to oral pro‐pranolol, endoscopic sclerotherapy plus oral pro‐pranolol, or transhepatic sclerotherapy plus oral propranolol. The effects of treatment on the number of units transfused, rebleeding of any magnitude, major rebleeding, and death were assessed in these patients, 82% of whom were alcoholic and 81% Child's Class C. After a minimum follow‐up interval of 2 yr (range, 27‐65 mo), major rebleeding rates were 65% for propranolol alone, 45% for endoscopic sclerotherapy plus propranolol, and 60% for transhepatic sclerotherapy plus propranolol. The corresponding death rates were 81% for propranolol alone, 55% for endoscopic sclerotherapy plus propranolol, and 66% for transhepatic sclerotherapy plus propranolol (p = 0.03). Thirty‐three patients (34%) never received propranolol; 8 due to medical contraindications and 25 because they died or bled enough to meet the definition of treatment failure within 3 or 4 days of randomi‐ zations (no significant differences among treatment groups). Patients assigned to propranolol alone bled sooner, bled more units, and had a higher mortality rate than patients treated by endoscopic sclerotherapy plus propranolol. Patients treated with transhepatic sclerotherapy plus propranolol had intermediate results. Propranolol alone is inadequate treatment for esophageal var‐iceal bleeding in patients with advanced liver disease.
Tense, aspect and the passive voice in L1 and L2 academic texts

This study analyses specific written discourse production in which NNSs’ usage of English tenses and voice appears to be dramatically different from that of NSs. The data for the study narrowly focuses on a small number of verb phrase features, such as tenses, aspects and the passive voice, examining how they are presented in writing instruction texts and identifying areas of L2 learning in need of intensive instruction. The main goal of the analysis is to identify the patterns and median frequency rates of L1 and L2 uses of three English tenses (the present, the past and the future), two aspects (the progressive and the perfect), and passive verb structures encountered in a NS and NNS corpus of L1 and L2 academic student academic texts (746 essays/226,054 words). The results of the study demonstrate that even after many years of L2 learning and use, advanced NNS students may have difficulty with the conventionalized uses of tenses, aspects and the passive voice in written academic discourse. The paper also offers a few practical techniques to improve NNS students’ production of passable L2 written academic prose. Therefore, the types of texts and contexts in which NNSs may choose to use particular tenses, aspects and voice (or to avoid them) represent an important research venue because such investigations can lead to new insights into learners’ real-life L2 skills. In particular, in academic writing that all NNS students in universities in English-speaking countries must produce in copious quantities, the issues of tense, aspect and specifically passive voice usage are usually seen as very important (Michaelis, 1994; Nehls, 1988, 1992; Swales and Feak, 2000). The study presented here analyses specific written discourse production in which NNSs’ usage of English tense and voice appears to be dramatically different from that of NSs. The data for the study narrowly focuses on a small number of verb phrase features, such as tenses, aspects and the passive voice, with the goal of identifying areas of L2 learning in need of intensive instruction, in light of the fact that these important features of academic text are barely even mentioned in most writing instructional texts. The paper also offers a few practical techniques to improve NNS students’ production of passable L2 written academic prose. The research goal of this study is to analyse the patterns and median frequency rates of L1 and L2 uses of three English tenses (the present, the past and the future with both will- and would-constructions), two aspects (the progressive and the perfect) and passive verb structures encountered in a NS and NNS corpus of L1 and L2 academic student academic texts (746 essays/226,054 words).
Effect of IBV-H120 Vaccination in Broilers on Colibacillosis Susceptibility After Infection with a Virulent Massachusetts-Type IBV Strain

Abstract Vaccination against infectious bronchitis (IB) is aimed to protect against clinical IB. The question is, however, whether vaccinated birds are also protected against predisposure for colibacillosis after a subsequent IBV infection. We examined this research question in four experiments. One-day-old commercial broilers, housed in isolators, were vaccinated with IB vaccine strain H120 by coarse spray or ocularly. Twenty-eight days after vaccination, broilers were challenged with the virulent IBV strain M41. Five days later, broilers were inoculated with Escherichia coli strain 506. Body weight uniformity, severity of E. coli airsacculitis, and systemic E. coli infection at 7 days following E. coli inoculation were used as parameters for colibacillosis. IBV vaccination reduced both the number of broilers with E. coli airsacculitis as well as the severity of airsacculitis significantly after challenge with IBV-M41 and E. coli 506. However, in spray-vaccinated groups, no significant reduction of the number of birds with systemic colibacillosis or the severity of this infection was obtained, and body weight uniformity was not significantly improved compared with nonvaccinated, IBV-M41, and E. coli 506-challenged groups. Eye-drop vaccination resulted in conflicting results.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphism and risk of intracranial aneurysm in a Chinese population

Objective The relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) gene polymorphisms and intracranial aneurysm (IA) has been studied in Caucasian and Japanese populations. The present study aimed to investigate this association in a Chinese population. Methods Patients with confirmed IA and age- and sex-matched control subjects without evidence of IA were enrolled. ACE I/D gene polymorphisms were analysed using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results A total of 220 patients with IA and 220 matched controls were enrolled. In the IA group, 64, 106 and 50 patients were of the II, ID and DD genotypes, respectively, compared with 44, 99 and 77 subjects in the control group. The ACE DD genotype and D allele frequencies were significantly lower in the IA group compared with the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in the site, shape, size and Fisher Grade of aneurysms between genotypes in patients with IA. Conclusion The ACE DD genotype may be a protective factor for IA in a Chinese population.
The role of disparities and socioeconomic factors in access to kidney transplantation and its outcome

ABSTRACT Background: Research focused on identifying vulnerable populations and revealing specific risk factors for barriers along the pathway from ESRD to kidney transplantation has been mostly descriptive and the causes of existing disparities remain unclear. However, several socio-economic factors that are associated with the access to and the outcome of the kidney transplantation have been identified. Summary: While the presence of racial, gender, and geographic disparities is noted, we were interested mostly to describe potential socio-economic factors associated with and possibly responsible for the presence of such disparities. In this review we focused on five factors: education level, employment status, income, presence of substance addiction or abuse, and marital status. We describe the new method to quantify patients' socio-economic status and identify the group of high risk in terms of the transplant outcome, easily calculated social adaptability index, previously associated with clinical outcome in several patient populations including those with kidney transplant. At the end, based on literature analyzed we offer potential interventions that potentially can be used in order to reduce the degree of disparities. Conclusion: Based on review of literature socio-economic factors are associated with and possibly responsible for healthcare disparities. Social adaptability index allows quantifying the degree of socio-economic status and identifying the group of high risk for inferior transplant outcome.
A pH/enzyme-responsive polymer film consisting of Eudragit® FS 30 D and arabinoxylane as a potential material formulation for colon-specific drug delivery system

Polymer film based on pH-dependent Eudragit® FS 30 D acrylic polymer in association with arabinoxylane, a polysaccharide issued from gum psyllium, was produced by way of solvent casting. Physical-chemical characterization of the polymer film samples was performed by means of thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, water-equilibrium swelling index (Is) and weight loss of the films in KCl buffer solution of pH 1.2, in KH2PO4 buffer solution of pH 5.0, or in KH2PO4 buffer solution of pH 5.0 consisting of 4% enzyme Pectinex® 3X-L (w/v) were also carried out for the film characterization. No chemical interactions between the Eudragit® FS 30 D and the arabinoxylane polymer chains were evidenced, thus suggesting that the film-forming polymer structure was obtained from a physical mixture of both polymers. The arabinoxylane-loader films showed a more pronounced weight loss after their immersion in buffer solution containing enzyme Pectinex® 3X-L. The introduction of the arabinoxylane makes the film more susceptible to undergo an enzymatic degradation. This meant that the enzyme-dependent propriety issued from the arabinoxylane has been imprinted into the film formulation. This type of polymer film is an interesting system for applications in colon-specific drug delivery system.
A new subdivision of anterior piriform cortex and associated deep nucleus with novel features of interest for olfaction and epilepsy

The anterior part of the piriform cortex (the APC) has been the focus of cortical‐level studies of olfactory coding and associative processes and has attracted considerable attention as a result of a unique capacity to initiate generalized tonic‐clonic seizures. Based on analysis of cytoarchitecture, connections, and immunocytochemical markers, a new subdivision of the APC and an associated deep nucleus are distinguished in the rat. As a result of its ventrorostral location in the APC, the new subdivision is termed the APCVR. The deep nucleus is termed the pre‐endopiriform nucleus (pEn) based on location and certain parallels to the endopiriform nucleus. The APCVR has unique features of interest for normal function: immunostaining suggests that it receives input from tufted cells in the olfactory bulb in addition to mitral cells, and it provides a heavy, rather selective projection from the piriform cortex to the ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO), a prefrontal area where chemosensory, visual, and spatial information converges. The APCVR also has di‐ and tri‐synaptic projections to the VLO via the pEn and the submedial thalamic nucleus. The pEn is of particular interest from a pathological standpoint because it corresponds in location to the physiologically defined “deep piriform cortex” (“area tempestas”) from which convulsants initiate temporal lobe seizures, and blockade reduces ischemic damage to the hippocampus. Immunostaining revealed novel features of the pEn and APCVR that could alter excitability, including a near‐absence of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic “cartridge” endings on axon initial segments, few cholecystokinin (CCK)‐positive basket cells, and very low γ‐aminobutyric acid transporter‐1 (GAT1)‐like immunoreactivity. Normal functions of the APCVR‐pEn may require a shaping of neuronal activity by inhibitory processes in a fashion that renders this region susceptible to pathological behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:289–307, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The description of physical signs of illness in photographs by physicians with abnormal colour vision

Background: Physicians with congenital colour vision deficiency (0have)reporte dificultiesculties recognising certain physical signs of illness, for example, jaundice, red rashes and pallor, and interpreting coloured charts, diagrams and slide projections. However, there has been little study of the effects of CCVD on the performance of medical practitioners.
Does Lipophilicity Per Se Induce Adjuvant Effects? Methyl Palmitate as Model Substance Does Not Affect Ovalbumin Sensitization

Anthopogenically introduced substances and pollutants are suspected to promote senstitization and development of allergic airway diseases, that is, acting as adjuvants. Lipophilicity may serve as an immunological warning signal, promoting adjuvant effects. Whether the lipophilicity of an inhaled compound induces immunomodulatory effects was investigated in a murine inhalation model with the highly lipophilic methyl palmitate (MP) as model substance. First, studies of acute effects following a 1-h exposure of up to 348 mg/m3 MP showed no effects on cell composition in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or on lung function parameters. Thus, MP did not possess irritant or inflammatory properties, which may be a precursive stimulus for adjuvant effects. Second, mice were exposed to aerosols of MP, 6 or 323 mg/m3, for 1 h followed by a 20-min low-dose ovalbumin (OVA) inhalation. OVA only and OVA + Al(OH)3 served as control groups. Exposures were performed 5 times/wk for 2 wk followed by a weekly exposure for 10 wk. Finally, the mice were challenged with a high-dose OVA aerosol for 3 consecutive days. Neither OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G1, IgE, or IgG2a production, nor inflammatory cells in BAL, nor respiratory patterns were significantly affected in the MP groups. The OVA + Al(OH)3 group had a significantly higher IgG1 and IgE production, as well as higher eosinophil infiltration in the BAL fluid. These studies showed that effects of adjuvants not are necessarily due to their lipophilicity; that is, additional structural properties are required.
The Effects of Large and Small Scale Turbulence on Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere.

Abstract : Propagation of acoustic waves in the atmosphere is affected by several mechanisms. Two of the effects are the scattering of sound by small-scale atmospheric turbulence and fluctuation of the speed of sound gradients by the passage of large-scale atmospheric turbulence. Small- and large-scale atmospheric turbulence causes the acoustic waves to be altered by different mechanisms. Until recently, the majority of work in turbulence effect on acoustics has concentrated on the small-scale turbulence regime of the inertial subrange of the Kolmogorov spectrum. Earlier small-scale turbulence models have concentrated on the statistical-based work of Tatarski. Current turbulence models deal more with the structural nature of the turbulence because the statistical approach does not account for all of the turbulence effects being measured during acoustic propagation experiments. The large-scale turbulence problem cannot be handled very well with a statistical approach to atmospheric turbulence because the regime of the large-scale turbulence extends into the energy containing subrange or sometimes referred to as the source region. This report discusses the current and past turbulence models used to treat the effect of small- and large-scale turbulence on atmospheric acoustic propagation. (AN)
Annotated suffix trees for text modelling and classification

Suffix trees are compact and versatile data structures in whi ch paths from the root to nodes represent substrings of the encoded text. By annotating such a tree wit h the frequencies of substrings, it is possible to construct a compact model of text that captures its sequen tial nature. This thesis investigates the use of such a model in the representation and classification of te xt. The basic approach in this thesis is to use an Annotated Suffix Tree (AST) to represent a pre-specified collection of texts (“class”). A document, represented as a string or another (“auxiliary”) suffix tree, is matched to the AST to allow, firstly, the scoring of matches be twe n the document and the AST and, secondly, the identification of a number of substrings (“featur es”) that maximally contribute to the matching score. Based on this, methods are proposed for the interrela ted problems of: (i) classification of text against several, possibly overlapping, classes, (ii) high lighting the features in a text which are most relevant to a particular class (this problem, to our knowled ge, has never before been computationally addressed). The developed methods are applied to well-established text analysis problems such as e-mail spam filtering and document classification, with three aims in min d: (i) to adjust parameters of the scoring function and assess the effect on performance, (ii) to test t he method on benchmark and newly developed test sets, and (iii) to generate human-readable evalua tions of classification features within query documents. Experiments show that the AST method is competitive with oth er current approaches and in some cases, such as spam filtering, achieves higher classificatio n accuracy; the method also allows the tackling of problems not typically addressed by current alternative methods. The AST method is therefore a useful addition to the arsenal of available classification m ethods.