Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genotype variation in grain yield response to basal N fertilizer supply among different rice cultivars

Considering the great amount of basal N fertilizer but lower uptake ability at rice seedling, it was essential to increase the N use efficiency of basal fertilizer and reduce N pollution. So, a field experiment was conducted at Wuxi, China, under non-basal N and basal N fertilizer conditions, to identify the variation of grain yield response to basal fertilizer among 199 rice varieties with different genetic background, and finally choose the suitable rice varieties for us to increase basal N fertilizer efficiency and reduce N fertilizer pollution. The results show that highly significant genotype differences for grain yield and almost yield parameters existed in 199 rice varieties, and there were also great differences for agronomic N use efficiency (ANUE) and apparent recovery of applied basal N fertilizer (AR) among 199 rice varieties. Little response rice varieties HJY, 80-4, L454, SXJ, Daesong, WNZ and DXW2, and great response rice varieties NJ1X, HC106, QYDD, YTDBM, YJ2H, 4020 and 4024 were also screened in this study. Our results also show that the effects of basal fertilizer were mainly reflected on the early period of rice growth but not on the grain yield. This study identified genotype variation in grain yield response to basal N fertilizer supply and great ANUE and AY differences among the 199 rice cultivars, and also explored the reasons for these phenomena, which would provide us good information in increasing basal fertilizer efficiency and reducing N pollution. Key words: Basal fertilizer, rice varieties, response, nitrogen, grain yield.
Partitioning a regional groundwater flow system into shallow local and deep regional flow compartments

The distribution of groundwater fluxes in aquifers is strongly influenced by topography, and organized between hillslope and regional scales. The objective of this study is to provide new insights regarding the compartmentalization of aquifers at the regional scale and the partitioning of recharge between shallow/local and deep/regional groundwater transfers. A finite‐difference flow model was implemented, and the flow structure was analyzed as a function of recharge (from 20 to 500 mm/yr), at the regional‐scale (1400 km2), in three dimensions, and accounting for variable groundwater discharge zones; aspects which are usually not considered simultaneously in previous studies. The model allows visualizing 3‐D circulations, as those provided by Tothian models in 2‐D, and shows local and regional transfers, with 3‐D effects. The probability density function of transit times clearly shows two different parts, interpreted using a two‐compartment model, and related to regional groundwater transfers and local groundwater transfers. The role of recharge on the size and nature of the flow regimes, including groundwater pathways, transit time distributions, and volumes associated to the two compartments, have been investigated. Results show that topography control on the water table and groundwater compartmentalization varies with the recharge rate applied. When recharge decreases, the absolute value of flow associated to the regional compartment decreases, whereas its relative value increases. The volume associated to the regional compartment is calculated from the exponential part of the two‐compartment model, and is nearly insensitive to the total recharge fluctuations.
Probabilistic Meteorological Characterization for Turbine Loads

Beyond the existing, limited IEC prescription to describe fatigue loads on wind turbines, we look towards probabilistic characterization of the loads via analogous characterization of the atmospheric flow, particularly for today's "taller" turbines with rotors well above the atmospheric surface layer. Based on both data from multiple sites as well as theoretical bases from boundary-layer meteorology and atmospheric turbulence, we offer probabilistic descriptions of shear and turbulence intensity, elucidating the connection of each to the other as well as to atmospheric stability and terrain. These are used as input to loads calculation, and with a statistical loads output description, they allow for improved design and loads calculations.
Marginal Propensity to Consume with Economic Shocks - FIML Markov-Switching Model Analysis

Hamilton`s Markov-switching model [5] was extended to the simultaneous equations model. A framework for an instrumental variable interpretation of full information maximum likelihood (FIML) by Hausman [4] can be used to deal with the problem of simultaneous equations based on the Hamilton filter [5]. A comparison of the proposed FIML Markov-switching model with the LIML Markov-switching models [1,2,3] revealed the LIML Markov-switching models to be a special case of the proposed FIML Markov-switching model, where all but the first equation were just identified. Moreover, the proposed Markov-switching model is a general form in simultaneous equations and covers a broad class of models that could not be handled previously. Excess sensitivity of marginal propensity to consume with big shocks, such as housing bubble bursts in 2008, can be determined by applying the proposed model to Campbell and Mankiw`s consumption function [6], and allowing for the possibility of structural breaks in the sensitivity of consumption growth to income growth.
Adsorption geometry and interface states: Relaxed and compressed phases of NTCDA/Ag(111)

The theoretical modelling of metal-organic interfaces represents a formidable challenge, especially in consideration of the delicate balance of various interaction mechanisms and the large size of involved molecular species. In the present study, the energies of interface states, which are known to display a high sensitivity to the adsorption geometry and electronic structure of the deposited molecular species, have been used to test the suitability and reliability of current theoretical approaches. Two well-ordered overlayer structures (relaxed and compressed monolayer) of NTCDA on Ag(111) have been investigated using two-photon-photoemission to derive precise interface state energies for these closely related systems. The experimental values are reproduced by our DFT calculations using different treatments of dispersion interactions (optB88, PBE-D3) and basis set approaches (localized numerical atomic orbitals, plane waves) with remarkable accuracy. This underlines the trustworthiness regarding the description of geometric and electronic properties.
A Cross Sectional Study of Contraceptive Uses and Unmet Need for Family Planning Among Rural Population of Vadodara.

Introduction: Unmet need of contraception remains a national problem. The study was conducted among the eligible couples of rural area of Vadodara district, India, to assess the unmet need for contraception and to determine the use of different types of contraception along with the reasons associated with the unmet needs of contraception. Objective: This study aimed to measure the prevalence of contraception and reasons for unmet need of contraception. Methods: This was community based cross-sectional study. In this study 100 couples who were sexually active, fecund and in which women are in reproductive age group were enrolled. The sample population was selected by two stage random sampling method. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents with written consent. Results: This study enlighten that, in a rural area 72% of eligible couple was practicing any type of family planning method. Unmet need for contraception was 20 per cent. Among those having unmet need (n=20), lack of knowledge (55%), ignorance (25%), inaccessibility (10%) and non-affordability (10%) were responsible factors for unmet need. Conclusion: This study revealed lack of knowledge was the main reason for the unmet need of contraception among study population. Government should have to organise frequent family planning awareness programme at community level.
Mucus trap in coral reefs: formation and temporal evolution of particle aggregates caused by coral mucus

Corals exude large volumes of nutrient-containing mucus when exposed to air during low spring tides, as a protective mechanism against desiccation and UV radiation. Currents and waves of the incoming flood detach the mucus from the corals, thereby increasing organic carbon and nutrient concentrations in the reef water. During transport into the reef lagoon, a large fraction of the mucus dissolves. Roller-table experiments demonstrated that this dissolved mucus leads to the forma- tion of marine snow. The non-dissolving gel-like fraction of the mucus rapidly accumulates sus- pended particles from the flood water and forms in temporal sequence mucus strings, flocs, surface films, surface layers and thick mucus floats. In a platform reef in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, we characterized each of these mucus phases and observed the exponential increase of algal and bacter- ial cells in the ageing mucus aggregates. Within 3 hours, the dry weight of the aggregates increased 35-fold, chlorophyll a 192-fold, bacteria cell density 546-fold, C 26-fold, and N 79-fold. After waves destroy the buoyant mucus floats, the mucus aggregates release enclosed gas bubbles and quickly sink to the lagoon sediments, where they are consumed by the benthic community. This releases ag- gregate-bound nutrients, which fuel benthic and planktonic production in the lagoon. During ebb tide, corals filter the lagoon water and close the recycling loop. We conclude that coral mucus en- hances the filtration capacity of coral reefs and fuels reef benthos, thereby increasing the import of oceanic particles and enhancing recycling in the reef ecosystem.
Attractivity of omnivore, carnivore and herbivore mammalian dung to Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in a tropical Atlantic rainforest remnant

In this study, performed in a remnant of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, three types of dung from animals with distinct alimentary habits were utilized, in order to verify possible differences of attractivity of these dungs to the Scarabaeinae and the influence of seasonality in the attractivity. Three habitats were sampled: edge, clearing and forest core, each with 40 pitfall traps. A total of 2,137 beetles were collected from August 2005 to July 2006. Canthidium sp. 1 (43%) and Dichotomius sericeus (41%) were the most abundant species. From the total number of beetles collected, 80.5% were attracted to human dung, 11% to jaguar dung, 7.8% to waterbuck dung and 0.7% to the control. The species Canthidium sp.1, Canthidium sp. 2, Ateuchus sp. , Canthon nigripenne, Canthonella sp. and D. sericeus came to all three bait types. Eight species were found in the baits with human dung, where Canthidium sp.1 (49%) and D. sericeus (39%) were the most common. A significant difference in attractiveness of the different baits was observed; the highest abundance found in traps baited with human dung (F = 36.59; g.l. = 3; p < 0.0001). A significant difference in richness was observed between rainy and dry seasons (F = 12.29; g.l. = 1; p < 0.001), the highest richness found in the dry season.
The Intended and Unintended Consequences of the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program

The Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (HRRP) is a prominent Pay−for− Performance (P4P) program of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) intended to reduce hospital readmissions. In this article, I use a regression kink design to examine whether hospitals that were penalized under the HRRP changed the process of care for patients targeted and untrageted by the policy, as measured by the amount and composition of resource use (e.g. length of stay, and spending on radiology, pharmacy, and laboratory). Estimates indicate that hospitals penalized for excess heart attack (AMI) readmissions decreased AMI readmissions by 30% and increased spending on AMI patients by 20%. This additional care had no impact on mortality. Interestingly, I ﬁnd that these hospitals also increased the quantity of care for patients with diagnoses not targeted by the HRRP. Hospitals penalized for excess readmissions for relatively more frequent conditions (pneumonia and heart failure) did not respond to the HRRP incentives. I show using a conceptual model of hospital behavior that as the number of patients in the targeted condition rises, the hospital’s marginal cost of reducing the penalty increases by relatively more than the marginal beneﬁt. This intuitive result is novel and fundamental to the discussion on the relative incentive to reduce readmissions across medical diagnoses and how P4P programs can be optimized to reﬂect this diﬀerential cost.
Study of the stability of dried tomato halves during shelf‐life to minimise oxidative damage

Optimal operating conditions for storage of dried tomato halves were investigated to obtain decreased oxidative damage, evaluated in terms of colour variation, combined with microbial stability of the product, ie inhibition of growth of eumycetes. Experiments were planned using a saturated factorial design. Variables studied were the moisture content of dried tomato halves in the range 10- 60%, temperature in the range 5-30 °C and storage time in the range 1-38 days. Eighteen storage experiments were carried out in the dark under vacuum at the storage conditions indicated by the experimental design. At the end of each experiment, surface colour was measured by a tristimulus colorimeter, and growth of eumycetes was evidenced by olfactory and visual perception, followed by qualitative microbial analysis. Eumycetes were present in all stored products, except that at 10% moisture, and, generally speaking, storage conditions did not allow micro-organisms to grow. From isoresponse curves the optimal region for storage to minimise oxidative damage was extrapolated, which was represented by residual moisture values between 20 and 40% and 18 °C storage tem- perature, with a minimum point of colour variation at approximately 30% moisture content and 10 °C. # 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Social Insurance and Conflict : Evidence from India

Can public interventions persistently reduce conflict? This paper studies whether social insurance is effective in reducing conflict. Adverse income shocks have been empirically and theoretically identified as robust drivers of conflict. An effective social insurance system moderates the impact of adverse shocks on household incomes, and hence, could attenuate the link between these shocks and conflict. This paper shows that a public employment program in India provides social insurance. The program guarantees 100 days of employment at minimum wages providing an alternative source of income following bad harvests. This has an indirect pacifying effect. By moderating the link between productivity shocks and incomes, the program uncouples productivity shocks and conflict.
Plackett-Burman Design to Optimize Biosurfactant Production by Marine Bacillus subtilis N10

Surfactants are amphipathic molecules which reduce surface tension and are widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. In the present study, the production of biosurfactant by Marine Bacillus subtilis N10 was studied. B. subtilis was grown in Laury broth (LB) medium and biosurfactant production was evaluated by measuring the biodegradation of Paraffin oil, haemolytic activity, drop collapsing test, oil displacement test, surface tension and emulsification index (E24) each 24 h. Plackett-Burman experimental design was used to maximize biosurfactant production. Emulsification index (E24) (80%) was elevated up to 1.14 fold increase when compared to its production under the basal conditions. Using the predicted optimal medium, effect of physical parameters revealed that, optimum temperature was 35 o C with pH of 6, and after 24h of incubation, will give rise to a highest Emulsification index (86%). Moreover, the stability of the produced biosurfactant was tested which showed that, biosurfactant produced was stable to high temperature (100 �C), neutral to alkaline pH (6-12) and high concentration of electrolyte (up to 20%).
High-throughput sequencing for algal systematics

ABSTRACT In recent years, the use of molecular data in algal systematics has increased as high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has become more accessible, generating very large datasets at a reasonable cost. In this perspectives paper, our goal is to describe how HTS technologies can advance algal systematics. Following an introduction to some common HTS technologies, we discuss how metabarcoding can accelerate algal species discovery. We show how various HTS methods can be applied to generate datasets for accurate species delimitation, and how HTS can be applied to historical type specimens to assist the nomenclature process. Finally, we discuss how HTS data such as organellar genomes and transcriptomes can be used to construct well-resolved phylogenies, leading to a stable and natural classification of algal groups. We include examples of bioinformatic workflows that may be applied to process data for each purpose, along with common programs used to achieve each step. We also discuss possible strategies and the new skill set that will be required to fully embrace HTS as a part of algal systematics, along with considerations of cost and experimental design. HTS technology has revolutionized many fields in biology, and will certainly do the same in algal systematics.
Association of Breast cancer symptoms findings with the occurrence of Breast cancer

Background: In Finland, organized national mammography screening program has shown a decrease in mortality from breast cancer since its introduction in late 1980s. The incidence and mortality rate is rapidly rising in countries where regular screening program is not available. However, it is still not clear how much the presence of symptoms in screening exams increases the risk of breast cancer. We proposed a study to assess the association of earlier symptoms findings with the occurrence of breast cancer. Method: A cross-sectional study was performed among women aged between 50 and 69 years who had breast cancer screening during the period 2006-2010. A total of 1.2 million mammography screening was performed and symptoms (lump, retraction, scar, secretion and mole) were reported by women and radiographer at the time of screening visit. Six thousand, four hundred and forty-five women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast cancer risk was calculated for each symptom using the odds ratios (OR) at 95% confidence intervals (CI) with or without interaction effect in logistic regression model. Moreover, tumor characteristics were linked with self-reported as well as radiographer reported symptoms. Results: Women reporting of lump had an increased odds of breast cancer in both selfreported (OR = 7.23, 95% CI = 6.45 to 8.11) as well as in radiographer findings (OR = 6.74, 95% CI = 6.12 to 7.41). Similarly, retraction had 3-fold increased risk of breast cancer in self-reported and 2.14-fold increase in radiographer reported findings. Other symptoms showed little increase in odds of breast cancer. The three-way interaction of symptoms (lump, retraction and scar) and the breast cancer risk was found higher in both self-reported (OR = 12.25, 95% CI = 2.93 to 51.12) as well as in radiographer reported (OR = 11.4, 95% CI = 4.63 to 28.09) symptoms. A lower sensitivity and higher specificity was found in selfreported and in radiographer reported symptoms. Conclusion: Our findings reinforce the importance of fully evaluating the symptoms as a predictor of breast cancer. This study may be relevant for a large number of countries (without mammography screening program) to develop clinical breast examination as an alternative option in population-based breast cancer control, however, the impact may vary with study settings and availability of screening and diagnostic services.
Implications of coral reef buildup for the controls on atmospheric CO2 since the Last Glacial Maximum

We examine the effect on atmospheric CO2 of the occurrence of increased shallow water carbonate deposition and regrowth of the terrestrial biosphere following the last glacial. We find that contrary to recent speculations that changes in terrestrial carbon storage were primarily responsible for the observed similar to20 ppmv late Holocene CO2 rise, a more likely explanation is coral reef buildup and other forms of shallow water carbonate deposition during this time. The importance of a responsive terrestrial carbon reservoir may instead be as a negative feedback restricting the rate of CO2 rise possible in the early stages of the deglacial transition. This separation in time of the primary impacts of regrowth of the terrestrial biosphere and increased shallow water carbonate deposition explains the occurrence of an early Holocene carbonate preservation event observed in deep-sea sediments. We demonstrate that their combined influence is also consistent with available proxy estimates of deep ocean carbonate ion concentration changes over the last 21 kyr. Accounting for the processes that act on the carbonate chemistry of the ocean as a whole then allows us to place strong constraints on the nature of the remaining processes that must be operating at the deglacial transition. By subtracting the net CO2 effect of coral reef buildup and terrestrial biosphere regrowth from recent high-resolution ice core data, we highlight two periods, from 17.0 to 13.8 kyr and 12.3 to 11.2 kyr BP characterized by sustained rapid rates of CO2 increase (> 12 ppmv kyr(-1)). Because these periods are coincident with Southern Hemisphere "deglaciation,'' we argue that changes in the biogeochemical properties of the Southern Ocean surface are the most likely cause.
Deli-Fisher GAN: Stable and Efficient Image Generation With Structured Latent Generative Space

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are powerful tools for realistic image generation. However, a major drawback of GANs is that they are especially hard to train, often requiring large amounts of data and long training time. In this paper we propose the Deli-Fisher GAN, a GAN that generates photo-realistic images by enforcing structure on the latent generative space using similar approaches by DeliGAN as introduced in Gurumurthy et al. (2017). The structure of the latent space we consider in this paper is modeled as a mixture of Gaussians, whose parameters are learned in the training process. Furthermore, to improve stability and efficiency, we use the Fisher Integral Probability Metric as the divergence measure in our GAN model, instead of the Jensen-Shannon divergence. We show by experiments that the Deli-Fisher GAN performs better than DC-GAN, WGAN, and the Fisher GAN as measured by inception score.