Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling Recycling Targets: Achieving a 50% Recycling Rate for Household Waste in Denmark

Within the European Union (EU) a paradigm shift is currently occurring in the waste sector, where EU waste directives and national waste strategies are placing emphasis on resource efficiency and recycling targets. The most recent Danish resource strategy calculates a national recycling rate of 22% for household waste, and sets an ambitious goal of a 50% recycling rate by 2020. This study integrates the recycling target into the FRIDA model to project how much waste and from which streams should be diverted from incineration to recycling in order to achieve the target. Furthermore, it discusses how the existing technological, organizational and legislative frameworks may affect recycling activities. The results of the analysis show that with current best practice recycling rates, the 50% recycling rate cannot be reached without recycling of household biowaste. It also shows that all Danish municipalities will need to make efforts to recover all recyclable fractions, and that the increased recycling efforts of only selected municipalities will not be sufficient to reach the target.
Strong Converse for General Compound Channels

A general compound channel is considered, where no stationarity, ergodicity or information stability is required. Following the recent result on the capacity of this channel under the full Rx CSI, sufficient and necessary conditions are obtained for the strong converse to hold. In a nutshell, even though no information satiability is required upfront, the conditions imply that there exists a sub-sequence of (bad) channel states (indexed by the blocklength) for which the respective information density rates converge in probability to the compound channel capacity, i.e. this sub-sequence is information stable.
PHENOLOGY AND CROP STAND OF WHEAT AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN SOURCES AND TILLAGE SYSTEMS

Phenology and crop stand are the important determinant which fix crop growth cycle and directly or indirectly affect crop productivity. In Pakistan, the conventional tillage practices are used for the production of wheat since long ago. The present concern about the environmental pollution due to the intensive tillage practices and high inorganic fertilization is an important issue. Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Farm of NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar Pakistan during winter 2005-07 in Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with split plot arrangement having three replications. Twelve treatments of N, farmyard manure (FYM) and soybean residue (SR) management were arranged in subplots and three tillage practices [deep tillage (DT), conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT)] in main plots. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of N sources under different tillage systems on wheat. The MT plots took less days to emergence, boot, anthesis, milk and maturity stages than CT and DT. Both MT and CT proved superior in terms of plant height as well as crop stand i.e. emergence m -2 and tiller m -2 as compared to DT and were statistically at par with each other. Likewise, among the N sources, FYM application @ of 20 tons ha -1 combined with 60 kg N ha -1 delayed phenology, but improved crop stand and plant height compared to all other treatments followed by 20 tons FYM ha -1 combined with 30 kg N ha -1 . It is concluded that FYM application in combination with minimum N (30 or 60 kg N ha -1 ) is an alternative and sustainable practice for improving crop growth and stand.
A Re-Examination of the U.S. Underground Economy: Size, Estimation, and Policy Implications

We re-examine the size of the underground economy in the U.S. between 1972 and 2006, after properly adjusting for several statistical issues relating to its estimation. The dynamic error-correction-based currency demand approach confirms that income tax rates have no contemporaneous effect on currency demand, but they have positive and significant effects with a one-period lag. In addition, we observe that the size of the underground economy in the U.S. has grown considerably during the post-1990 period from $148.7 billion (3.4% of official GDP) in 1973 to $691.2 billion (6.0% of official GDP) in 2006. We also find that misspecified models have a propensity for overstating the size of the underground economy. During recessionary periods, the underground and official economies move in a same direction, although the growth rates of the underground economy are more unpredictable than those of the official economy.
Memory Monitoring and Control in Young and Intermediate-Age Adults

The way adults perceive and regulate learning (metamemory) is an important indicator of how they perform on memory tasks. This study assessed memory monitoring, control and performance in young and intermediate-age adults according to item type (with or without semantic relation), type of judgment of learning (JOL - immediate or delayed), and age. Twenty-six young adults (M = 22 years old) and 18 intermediate-age adults (M = 47 years old) participated, who responded to an experimental paradigm to evaluate metamemory. Results showed that related word-pairs received higher magnitude for the JOLs and better cued-recall scores. JOLs’ accuracy was similar between the age groups, delayed JOLs being more accurate only for young adults. Intermediate-age adults apparently based their allocation of study time less on JOLs or cued-recall than young adults.
Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Near Highway Pollutants in Motor Vehicle Exhaust on Inflammation Sensitive Biomarkers

Urban atmospheric air pollution is considered a significant challenge for environmental Health (Brunekreef & Holgate, 2002; World Health Organization [WHO], 2003). Growing epidemiological evidence has supported the association between air pollution and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (Brook et al., 2010). The biological mechanisms underlying these associations remain obscure (Kaufman 2010). One possible explanation to this association is that air pollution has been shown to cause pulmonary inflammation which is further associated with the production of local inflammatory mediators (Nurkiewicz et al., 2008; Nurkiewicz et al., 2009; Kido et al., 2011). These mediators in turn enter the systemic circulation and could contribute to the acceleration of atherothrombotic disease (Seaton et al., 1999; Ghio et al., 2000; Peters et al., 2001b; van Eeden & Hogg, 2002; Pope et al., 2004). Animal models of accelerated atherosclerosis following exposure to air pollution, strongly support this potential mechanism (Sun et al., 2005; Niwa et al., 2008). Low grade systemic inflammation has repeatedly been shown to be a contributing factor in the etiopathogenesis of atherothrombotic disease (Libby 2002; Danesh et al., 2005; Libby, 2006). A hint to the link between air pollution and systemic inflammation arises from studies demonstrating some type of correlation between inflammatory biomarkers, and the amount of outdoor atmospheric particles and volatile gases (Schwartz, 2001; Ghio et al., 2003; Liao et al., 2005; Diez Roux et al., 2006; Steinvil et al., 2008). Exposure to combustion-derived air pollution is associated as well to an early (1-2 h) and sustained (24 h) rise in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (Peters et al., 2001a; Peters et al., 2004). Toxicological diesel exposure studies have demonstrated a selective and persistent impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation that occurs in the presence of mild systemic inflammation (Mills et al., 2007; Tornqvist et al., 2007), coronary vasoconstriction (Cherng et al., 2009), as well as an increase in ex-vivo thrombus formation and invivo platelet activation (Lucking et al., 2008). Less attention has however been given to measuring pollutants and exposures near heavily-trafficked highways. The most widely reported pollutants in vehicular exhaust include carbon monoxide, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, unburned hydrocarbons (from fuel and crankcase oil), particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other organic compounds that derive from combustion (Brugge
The Mediating Effect of Adult Attachment on the Relation between Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Perpetration and Victimization in Thailand

The current study investigated the effects of exposure to abusive and supportive childhood experiences on intimate partner perpetration and victimization using adult attachment as a mediator. A sample of 1010 heterosexual adults completed measures of the Exposure to Abusive and Supportive Environments Parenting Inventory (EASE-PI), Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), Adult Attachment Questionnaire, and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Structural equation modeling revealed that abusive childhood experiences affected perpetration and victimization directly and indirectly through anxiety over abandonment and avoidance of intimacy, supportive childhood experiences affected perpetration through anxiety over abandonment, and affected victimization through both anxiety over abandonment and avoidance of intimacy. The implications suggested a decrease in abusive childhood experiences and an increase in supportive childhood experiences are necessary to reduce IPV perpetration and victimization. s and industries. The study also investigates the effects of years of job tenure on gender wage gaps. The results demonstrate that, in both provinces, regardless of industry, the size of the organization proves significant in explaining gender wage gaps, while years of tenure are insignificant. this study showed that students who have learned through the E-book method achieve design efficiently better in their post-test scores than those in the traditional method. Students at the internal motivation level perform design efficiently better in their post-test scores than those at external motivation level. The E-book method proved to help students with external motivation in their post-test score motivation.
Partial Replacement of Fishmeal with Hazelnut Meal in Diets for Juvenile Gilthead Sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Hazelnut meal was evaluated as an alternative protein source to fishmeal in diets of gilthead sea bream with an initial weight of 35.08±0.29 g. Incorporation levels of hazelnut meal were 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Each diet was tested in triplicate for ten weeks. There were no significant differences between the experimental diets and the control in final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, or feed and protein efficiency ratios. In addition, the level of hazelnut meal did not significantly affect the whole body composition of the sea bream. In conclusion, up to 40% hazelnut meal could be included in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles without adverse effects on growth rate or body composition. Introduction Feed cost is the largest operational cost in aquaculture and protein is the most expensive component in feeds. Fishmeal is the main protein source in most fish feeds, particularly for carnivorous species. Annual world fishmeal production averages about 7.05 million tons, 31.5% of which is used in fish feeds (Hardy, 2006). This percentage is expected to increase to 65% in 2010. Moreover, El-Nino events occurring every five to seven years on average reduces global fishmeal supplies. As a result, availability and prices of fishmeal has become problematic (Hardy, 2006). Reliance of fish diets on fishmeal is dangerous and the search for alternative sources is extremely important to ensure the sustainability of the industry (Glencross et al., 2007). Hazelnut meal is obtained after oil is extracted from hazelnuts. Turkey is the top producer, followed by Italy, Spain, and the USA (Kilic and Alkan, 2006). Even though hazelnuts are used mainly in the manufacture of chocolate, its oil fraction has drawn considerable attention due to health-related fea* Corresponding author. Tel. : +90-242-2510585, fax: +90-242-2510584, email: yemre57@yahoo.com
USE OF LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER FORMALISM TO SOLVE TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS PROBLEM OF STEPPED BEAMS ACCORDING TO TIMOSHENKO THEORY

In this paper Lagrange multiplier formalism has bee n used to find a solution to a free transverse vibrations problem of stepped bea ms. The beams have been circumscribed according to the Timoshenko theory. The sample numerical calculations for a cantilever two-stepped beam have been carried out to illustrat e the validity and accuracy of the pre- sent method.
CVPM 1.1: a flexible heat-transfer modeling system for permafrost

Abstract. The Control Volume Permafrost Model (CVPM) is a modular heat-transfer modeling system designed for scientific and engineering studies in permafrost terrain, and as an educational tool. CVPM implements the nonlinear heat-transfer equations in 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D Cartesian coordinates, as well as in 1-D radial and 2-D cylindrical coordinates. To accommodate a diversity of geologic settings, a variety of materials can be specified within the model domain, including organic-rich materials, sedimentary rocks and soils, igneous and metamorphic rocks, ice bodies, borehole fluids, and other engineering materials. Porous materials are treated as a matrix of mineral and organic particles with pore spaces filled with liquid water, ice, and air. Liquid water concentrations at temperatures below 0 ∘C due to interfacial, grain-boundary, and curvature effects are found using relationships from condensed matter physics; pressure and pore-water solute effects are included. A radiogenic heat-production term allows simulations to extend into deep permafrost and underlying bedrock. CVPM can be used over a broad range of depth, temperature, porosity, water saturation, and solute conditions on either the Earth or Mars. The model is suitable for applications at spatial scales ranging from centimeters to hundreds of kilometers and at timescales ranging from seconds to thousands of years. CVPM can act as a stand-alone model or the physics package of a geophysical inverse scheme, or serve as a component within a larger Earth modeling system that may include vegetation, surface water, snowpack, atmospheric, or other modules of varying complexity.
Fermentation in broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract as affected by high dietary inclusion of barley and by beta-glucanase supplementation

Over a period of 5 weeks an experiment was performed with 192 one-day-old Cobb 500 cockerels, which were randomly divided into two experimental groups of 12 cages (replicates) of 8 birds each. The objective of the experiment was to estimate whether the supplementation of a barleybased diet with β-glucanase influences the performance and gastrointestinal ecosystems of broiler chickens in terms of ileal viscosity and pH as well as the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and lactic acid in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. In the period from day 15 to day 35, dietary enzyme supplementation significantly improved FCR values (1.90 vs 1.85). Body weight gains, liver and caeca weights were not affected by β-glucanase inclusion. Enzyme supplementation decreased ileal viscosity (P≤0.05) and affected SCFA concentrations in the crop and caeca. In digesta from different gastrointestinal segments, lactic acid was detected at the highest levels in the ileum, followed by the crop, gizzard and caeca. The total concentration of SCFAs was found to be highest in the caeca, followed by the ileum, crop, and gizzard. In the crop, the concentrations of acetate, and in the caeca, those of propionate as well as of total SCFA, increased following dietary enzyme supplementation. In none of the examined gastrointestinal segments was the pH value affected (P≤0.05) by enzyme supplementation.
Can Consumer Complaints Reduce Product Reliability? Should We Worry?

We analyze a monopolist’s pricing and product reliability problem when consumers are entitled to product replacement but have heterogeneous cost of exercising this right, and we assess the implications of a decrease in consumers’ claiming cost on reliability, profit, and welfare. We find that reducing consumers’ claiming cost may reduce reliability and increase profit. Additionally, the model can explain why some firms encourage consumers to complain while others discourage consumers from complaining. We also show that welfare and profit are partially aligned, specially when consumers’ claiming cost are relatively low and the firm prefers to promote complaints; consequently, we find that encouraging complaints will eventually increase welfare
Effect of Product Differentiation of Substitutes on Competitive Strategy in Deposit Taking Saccos in Kericho County, Kenya

Deposits taking SACCOs in Kenya operate in a competitive banking industry dominated by well-established mainstream commercial banks and other financial service providers. Porters five forces industry model is applicable especially the threats of substitute in analyzing the competitive environment. This study sought to assess the effect of product differentiation of substitutes on competitive strategy in deposit taking SACCOs in Kericho County, Kenya. In particular, the study examined the effect of product quality, branding, innovation, customer service and superiority on competitive strategies. The target population in this study comprised of management staff drawn from five deposit-taking SACCOs in Kericho County constituting the accessible population of 25 management staff and 184921 SACCO members. The study adopted the descriptive research design and employed stratified random sampling technique to get study sample. A structured questionnaire was used in data collection. The research instrument was pilot tested before being used in collection of data for the main study. Prior to data collection, the researcher sought the necessary consents and permits from the relevant authorities. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 24 software facilitated data analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in the analysis. Descriptive statistics comprised measures of distribution (frequencies and central tendencies), measures of central tendencies (means) and measures of variation or dispersion (standard deviations). Inferential statistics constituted Pearson’s correlation and multiple regressions. The results of analysis were presented in tables, graphs and charts. The findings show that there was a positive association between product differentiation of substitute and competitive strategy in deposit taking savings and credit co-operatives. The findings show that product differentiation of substitute has a significant effect on customer satisfaction. The study recommended that SACCO management consider, scaling up the quality of products and service; conducting further investigations before competitive strategy formulation, to better understand how their clients think and respond; and adopting competitive strategies that technology oriented and up to date, so as to boost product differentiation. The management also needs to up their game in strategy formulation and implementation and look beyond their ilk especially when crafting competitive strategies.
A Decision Tree Approach for Achieving High Customer Satisfaction at Urban Interchanges

Abstract This paper introduces a decision tree approach, which can be used for the assessment of the design, operation and services provided at urban transport interchanges. Realizing a customer satisfaction survey, feedback was received from 239 users of the Riga International Coach Terminal on crucial attributes, including: travel information, wayfinding information, time and movement, access, comfort and convenience, station attractiveness, safety and security, emergency situation handling and overall satisfaction. Findings revealed the most significant parameters that need to be addressed in order to increase users’ satisfaction, which can gradually improve the overall attractiveness of the terminal and the efficient provision of its services.
The Pricing Of Audit Services: Evidence From Romania

The main objective of this study is to investigate factors influencing theamount of external audit fees in Romania. Of particular interest is the examination ofthe potential effect of the client size, client complexity, and the size of the audit firmon external audit fees. An audit fee model is used to examine the effect of audit clientsize, client complexity, and the size of the audit firm on the amount of audit fees for asample of audit engagements performed in the tow of Romanian major counties. Thestudy’s results indicate that the amount of external audit fees is significantlyinfluenced by the audit client size, by the amount of turnover, by the number ofemployees. This study is original since it is the first to empirically investigate factorsinfluencing the pricing of audit services in on Romanian audit fee market.
47-51 NAB 2014 (1.2) SC_1006 paper 4

1. Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 3. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 4. Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Faculty Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 5. School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: Dr. Helmi Wasoh Email: helmi_wmi@upm.edu. my
Attractive Supervisors: How Does the Gender of the Supervisor Influence the Performance of the Supervisees?

A series of field and laboratory experiments were conducted in which single-sex groups of male or female students competed in different intellectual tasks to earn money or university grades (N = 291). The supervisor of these groups was one of several young and attractive males or females. The results show that when the supervisor was a female, the performance of male participants was, on average, negatively influenced. Group size moderated this effect such that having a female supervisor produced a negative effect in small groups and a positive effect in large groups of male supervisees.
The role of ‘ matching ’ and managerial competencies in alleviating entrepreneurial firms ’ internationalization barriers-A UK perspective

This study examines the role of managerial competen c and matching, a comprehensive networking concept, in overcoming internationalizat ion barriers for small entrepreneurial firms. We draw on the resource-based view of the fi rm and on the matching concept and conclude in an empirical study of 106 UK companies that managerial competencies can reduce both internal and external export barriers. Furthermore, the study shows that matching can alleviate the negative effect of inter al export barriers on export performance. Implications for academics and manager s in practice are provided, as well as suggestions for future research.