Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward green and soft: a 5G perspective

As the deployment and commercial operation of 4G systems are speeding up, technologists worldwide have begun searching for next generation wireless solutions to meet the anticipated demands in the 2020 era given the explosive growth of mobile Internet. This article presents our perspective of the 5G technologies with two major themes: green and soft. By rethinking the Shannon theorem and traditional cell-centric design, network capacity can be significantly increased while network power consumption is decreased. The feasibility of the combination of green and soft is investigated through five interconnected areas of research: energy efficiency and spectral efficiency co-design, no more cells, rethinking signaling/control, invisible base stations, and full duplex radio.
Asymptitic Hoint Normality of Outdegrees of Nodes in Random Recursive Trees

We study the joint probability distribution of the number of nodes of outdegree 0, 1, and 2 in a random recursive tree. We complete the known partial list of exact means and variances for outdegrees up to two by obtaining exact combinatorial expressions for the remaining means, variances, and covariances. The joint probability distribution of the number of nodes of outdegree 0, 1, and 2 is shown to be asymptotically trivariate normal and the asymptotic covariance structure is explicitly determined. It is also shown how to extend the results (at least in principle) to obtain a limiting multivariate normal distribution for nodes of outdegree 0, 1, …, k.
The utility of a board game for dengue haemorrhagic fever health education

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of an educational board game for increasing knowledge, positive attitudes‐beliefs, and self‐efficacy for dengue prevention in a sample of Philippine school children and adolescents. Effective board games are more advantageous than lectures because they are adaptable, inexpensive and foster learning independently of teachers or lecturers. Also tested were relationships between perceived fun by students playing the game and outcomes.Design/methodology/approach – A school‐based pre‐test/post‐test experimentally controlled design was employed in a Filipino primary and secondary school population.Findings – The lecture was more effective in increasing knowledge. But neither was more effective than the other in increasing positive attitudes‐beliefs and self‐efficacy. Both modes produced specifically significant increases in knowledge and self‐efficacy; only the lecture produced significant increases in attitudes‐beliefs. Also, there was a signific.
The role of small cells, coordinated multipoint, and massive MIMO in 5G

5G will have to support a multitude of new applications with a wide variety of requirements, including higher peak and user data rates, reduced latency, enhanced indoor coverage, increased number of devices, and so on. The expected traffic growth in 10 or more years from now can be satisfied by the combined use of more spectrum, higher spectral efficiency, and densification of cells. The focus of the present article is on advanced techniques for higher spectral efficiency and improved coverage for cell edge users. We propose a smart combination of small cells, joint transmission coordinated multipoint (JT CoMP), and massive MIMO to enhance the spectral efficiency with affordable complexity. We review recent achievements in the transition from theoretical to practical concepts and note future research directions. We show in measurements with macro-plus-smallcell scenarios that spectral efficiency can be improved by flexible clustering and efficient user selection, and that adaptive feedback compression is beneficial to reduce the overhead significantly. Moreover, we show in measurements that fast feedback reporting combined with advanced channel prediction are able to mitigate the impairment effects of JT CoMP.
External methods to address limitations of using global information on the narrow-down approach for hierarchical text classification

Classifying documents to a large-scale web taxonomy is a challenging research problem because of a large number of categories and associated documents in the taxonomy. The state-of-the-art solution known as the narrow-down approach utilizes a search engine to reduce an entire category hierarchy to most relevant categories and selects the best one among them using a classifier. In a recent language modelling approach, top-level category information (or global information) was used in judging the appropriateness of a local category, which led to performance improvements. However, we observe that using global information has a limited influence on the final category selection under some conditions. First, global information may be inaccurate even though it is generated by a top-level category classifier using an entire hierarchy. Second, it has little influence when two competing categories share the same top-level category or when the local category information has too strong an influence on the final category selection. To resolve the limitations, in this paper, we propose two external methods: (1) a meta-classifier with novel dependency features among top-level categories based on an ensemble learning framework; and (2) a query modification model based on a statistical feedback method to improve the query document representation instead of just juggling with information in the hierarchy. Our methods were evaluated using the Open Directory Project test collection.
Towards improving XML search by using structure clustering technique

Searching large XML repositories is a challenging research problem. The application of clustering on a large repository before performing a search enhances the search process significantly. Clustering reduces a search space into smaller XML collections that can be better searched. In this work, we present an enhanced XML clustering by structure method. Also, we introduce a new representation of XML structure that keeps all characteristics of XML structure without summarization. Then, we perform a benchmark comparison between the search results of our improved method to SAXON and Qizx XML XQuery processors. The comparison focuses on search processing time and accuracy of the results using different sizes of datasets for both homogeneous and heterogeneous XML documents. The attained results show better accuracy at the same level of performance.
Modern information retrieval in Arabic – catering to standard and colloquial Arabic users

The widespread use of colloquial dialects among the younger generation of Arabs is depriving many of them the fruits of information freedom. Although most Arabs have no problem with reading text in formal Arabic, widely known as Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), the younger generation is more adept at colloquial Arabic, mainly owing to the widespread use of social media. The current search engines cater mostly to MSA. This means that materials written in colloquial are off-limits to those who use MSA, and similarly the MSA contents are off-limits for those who communicate in colloquial only. To achieve the full potential of an information-retrieval system, we need a successful scheme that interprets queries whether they are in MSA, colloquial Arabic or a combination of both. In this paper we design an information-retrieval system that addresses our concern against the backdrop of one of the local dialects in Saudi Arabia. Our system is based on modifying an MSA stemming technique and a set of colloquial ↔ MSA conversion rules that are lexicon based. We tested the system using 44 queries on a corpus of over 1400 documents (MSA, colloquial, mix). The average precision was 84.3%, while the average recall was 96.5%. In the second test we compared the precision of the retrieved documents by our system vs Google and Yahoo! search engines. The respective average precisions were 78.2, 51.9 and 56.2%.
Routing in user-centric networks

This article considers the routing issues for user-centric network applications. User-centric network routing is a challenging problem because there may not always exist a complete stable path from an information source to its destination. In this article, we provide a brief overview on the state-of-the-art user-centric network routing schemes and discuss their performance in terms of data delivery ratio and delivery latency. We also present a few open research issues that are critical to user-centric network applications.
Incorporating social media comments in affective video retrieval

Affective video retrieval systems aim at finding video contents matching the desires and needs of users. Existing systems typically use the information contained in the video itself to specify its affect category. These systems either extract low-level features or build up higher-level attributes to train classification algorithms. However, using low-level features ignores global relations in data and constructing high-level features is time consuming and problem dependent. To overcome these drawbacks, an external source of information may be helpful. With the explosive growth and availability of social media, users’ comments could be such a valuable source of information. In this study, a new method for incorporating social media comments with the audio-visual contents of videos is proposed. Furthermore, for the combination stage a decision-level fusion method based on the Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence is presented. Experiments are carried out on the video clips of the DEAP (Database for Emotion Analysis using Physiological signals) dataset and their associated users’ comments on YouTube. Results show that the proposed system significantly outperforms the baseline method of using only the audio-visual contents for affective video retrieval.
The ratio of interferon-γ and interleukin-10 producing donor-specific cells as an in vitro monitoring tool for renal transplant patients

If in vitro tools can be used to predict which renal transplant patients are at risk for rejection and which patients are more predisposed to tolerance, the immunosuppressive regimen can be adjusted to prevent rejection before it becomes clinically apparent or, in case of a tolerant patient, medication can be reduced or even stopped. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with persistent stable graft function and of patients with (biopsy-confirmed) acute rejection were stimulated with donor cells and tested with Elispot analysis. A significantly higher number of donor-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma producing cells were found in patients with rejection, as determined with Elispot analysis. Furthermore, a trend towards a higher number of interleukin (IL)-10 producing cells was found in patients with stable graft function. The ratio of IFN-gamma/IL-10 producing cells showed to be the best tool to discriminate between nonrejecting patients and rejecting patients.
Effects of Rise Time and Noise Masking on Tone Pip Auditory Brainstem Responses

Scalp-recorded auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) monitor stimulus-related electrical events from the compound cochlear-acoustic nerve action potential and subsequent regions of the brainstem nuclei and auditory tracts (Jewett et al., 1970; Lev and Sohmer, 1972; Picton et al., 1974; Buckwald and Huang, 1975; Starr and Achor, 1978). Because the evoked potential is a function of the stimulus onset, alterations to that onset will affect the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the summed response (Hecox et al., 1976). For example, Goldstein and Kiang (1958) showed that by increasing the rise time of the stimulus envelope, the neural discharge from the cochlea was desynchronized and prolonged. Thus, increased signal rise time will produce a marked delay in the brainstem response latency (Hecox et al., 1976; Kodera et al., 1977; Cobb et al., 1978; Brinkman and Scherg, 1979; Kodera et al., 1979; Wood et al., 1979; Stapells and Picton, 1981). The reported difference in the degree of latency shift appears related to specific stimulus envelope properties. There have been several attempts to design a stimulus that when appropriately manipulated would elicit an auditory evoked potential that was both frequency specific and highly correlated to behavioral threshold measures (Teas et al., 1962; Eggermont et al., 1974; Davis, 1976a and b; Spoor and Eggermont, 1976; Zerlin and Naunton, 1976). The onset of the stimulus envelope must be rapid enough to initiate a synchronized neural discharge, yet contain such properties that would avoid acoustic energy spread, characteristic of a click. Recently, tone pip stimuli have achieved moderate success in recording low-frequency ABRs (Kodera et al., 1977; Suzuki and Horiuchi, 1977; Suzuki et al., 1977; Terkildsen et al., 1978; Wood et al., 1979; Bauch et al., 1980; Hayes andjerger, 1982). There still remains, however, some question as to the accuracy with which tone pips restrict responses to the lowfrequency regions of the cochlea (Davis,
Proton beam deflection in MRI fields: Implications for MRI-guided proton therapy.

PURPOSE This paper investigates, via magnetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation, the ability to deliver proton beams to the treatment zone inside a split-bore MRI-guided proton therapy system. METHODS Field maps from a split-bore 1 T MRI-Linac system are used as input to geant4 Monte Carlo simulations which model the trajectory of proton beams during their paths to the isocenter of the treatment area. Both inline (along the MRI bore) and perpendicular (through the split-bore gap) orientations are simulated. Monoenergetic parallel and diverging beams of energy 90, 195, and 300 MeV starting from 1.5 and 5 m above isocenter are modeled. A phase space file detailing a 2D calibration pattern is used to set the particle starting positions, and their spatial location as they cross isocenter is recorded. No beam scattering, collimation, or modulation of the proton beams is modeled. RESULTS In the inline orientation, the radial symmetry of the solenoidal style fringe field acts to rotate the protons around the beam's central axis. For protons starting at 1.5 m from isocenter, this rotation is 19° (90 MeV) and 9.8° (300 MeV). A minor focusing toward the beam's central axis is also seen, but only significant, i.e., 2 mm shift at 150 mm off-axis, for 90 MeV protons. For the perpendicular orientation, the main MRI field and near fringe field act as the strongest to deflect the protons in a consistent direction. When starting from 1.5 m above isocenter shifts of 135 mm (90 MeV) and 65 mm (300 MeV) were observed. Further to this, off-axis protons are slightly deflected toward or away from the central axis in the direction perpendicular to the main deflection direction. This leads to a distortion of the phase space pattern, not just a shift. This distortion increases from zero at the central axis to 10 mm (90 MeV) and 5 mm (300 MeV) for a proton 150 mm off-axis. In both orientations, there is a small but subtle difference in the deflection and distortion pattern between protons fired parallel to the beam axis and those fired from a point source. This is indicative of the 3D spatially variant nature of the MRI fringe field. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, accurate magnetic and Monte Carlo modeling have been used to assess the transport of generic proton beams toward a 1 T split-bore MRI. Significant rotation is observed in the inline orientation, while more complex deflection and distortion are seen in the perpendicular orientation. The results of this study suggest that due to the complexity and energy-dependent nature of the magnetic deflection and distortion, the pencil beam scanning method will be the only choice for delivering a therapeutic proton beam inside a potential MRI-guided proton therapy system in either the inline or perpendicular orientation. Further to this, significant correction strategies will be required to account for the MRI fringe fields.
Regularized partial least squares with an application to NMR spectroscopy

High‐dimensional data common in genomics, proteomics, and chemometrics often contains complicated correlation structures. Recently, partial least squares (PLS) and Sparse PLS methods have gained attention in these areas as dimension reduction techniques in the context of supervised data analysis. We introduce a framework for Regularized PLS by solving a relaxation of the SIMPLS optimization problem with penalties on the PLS loadings vectors. Our approach enjoys many advantages including flexibility, general penalties, easy interpretation of results, and fast computation in high‐dimensional settings. We also outline extensions of our methods leading to novel methods for non‐negative PLS and generalized PLS, an adoption of PLS for structured data. We demonstrate the utility of our methods through simulations and a case study on proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy data. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2012
Nephroprotective and clinical potential of statins in dialyzed patients

Background: The combination of increased cardiovascular mortality and vascular complications due to dyslipidaemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has focused attention onto the potential beneficial effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA) inhibitors (statins) on the course of CKD. Objective: To examine the use of statins in CKD. Methods: A review of relevant literature. Results/conclusion: Current evidence from clinical trials in CKD patients on maintenance dialysis is limited. Therefore, the routine use of statins in this population remains the decision of individual physicians in discussion with their patients.
Distributed Hardwired Barrier Synchronization for Scalable Multiprocessor Clusters

Conventional multiprocessors mostly use centralized, memory-based barriers to synchronize concurrent processes created in multiple processors. These centralized barriers often become the bottleneck or hot spots in the shared memory. In this paper, we overcome the difficulty by presenting a distributed and hardwired barrier architecture, that is hierarchically constructed for fast synchronization in cluster-structured multiprocessors. The hierarchical architecture enables the scalability of cluster-structured multiprocessors. A special set of synchronization primitives is developed for explicit use of distributed barriers dynamically. To show the application of the hardwired barriers, we demonstrate how to synchronize Doall and Doacross loops using a limited number of hardwired barriers. Timing analysis shows an O(10/sup 2/) to O(10/sup 5/) reduction in synchronization overhead, compared with the use of software-controlled barriers implemented in a shared memory. The hardwired architecture is effective in implementing any partially ordered set of barriers or fuzzy barriers with extended synchronization regions. The versatility, scalability, programmability, and low overhead make the distributed barrier architecture attractive in constructing fine-grain, massively parallel MIMD systems using multiprocessor clusters with distributed shared memory. >
All-to-All Personalized Communication in a Wormhole-Routed Torus

All-to-all personalized communication, or complete exchange, is at the heart of numerous applications in parallel computing. It is one of the most dense communication patterns. In this paper, we consider this problem in a torus of any dimension with the wormhole-routing capability. We propose complete exchange algorithms that use optimal numbers of phases (if each side of the tori is a multiple of eight) or asymptotically optimal numbers of phases (otherwise). Interestingly, in order to achieve this, we only make weak assumptions-that a node is capable of sending and receiving at most one message at a time, and the network is capable of supporting the dimension-ordered (or e-cube) minimum routing.
Technical Note: Development and validation of an open data format for CT projection data.

PURPOSE Lack of access to projection data from patient CT scans is a major limitation for development and validation of new reconstruction algorithms. To meet this critical need, this work developed and validated a vendor-neutral format for CT projection data, which will further be employed to build a library of patient projection data for public access. METHODS A digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM)-like format was created for CT projection data (CT-PD), named the DICOM-CT-PD format. The format stores attenuation information in the DICOM image data block and stores parameters necessary for reconstruction in the DICOM header under various tags (51 tags to store the geometry and scan parameters and 9 tags to store patient information). To validate the accuracy and completeness of the new format, CT projection data from helical scans of the ACR CT accreditation phantom were acquired from two clinical CT scanners (Somatom Definition Flash, Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany and Discovery CT750 HD, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI). After decoding (by the authors for Siemens, by the manufacturer for GE), the projection data were converted to the DICOM-CT-PD format. Off-line CT reconstructions were performed by internal and external reconstruction researchers using only the information stored in the DICOM-CT-PD files and the DICOM-CT-PD field definitions. RESULTS Compared with the commercially reconstructed CT images, the off-line reconstructed images created using the DICOM-CT-PD format are similar in terms of CT numbers (differences of 5 HU for the bone insert and -9 HU for the air insert), image noise (±1 HU), and low contrast detectability (6 mm rods visible in both). Because of different reconstruction approaches, slightly different in-plane and cross-plane high contrast spatial resolution were obtained compared to those reconstructed on the scanners (axial plane: GE off-line, 7 lp/cm; GE commercial, 7 lp/cm; Siemens off-line, 8 lp/cm; Siemens commercial, 7 lp/cm. Coronal plane: Siemens off-line, 6 lp/cm; Siemens commercial, 8 lp/cm). CONCLUSIONS A vendor-neutral extended DICOM format has been developed that enables open sharing of CT projection data from third-generation CT scanners. Validation of the format showed that the geometric parameters and attenuation information in the DICOM-CT-PD file were correctly stored, could be retrieved with use of the provided instructions, and contained sufficient data for reconstruction of CT images that approximated those from the commercial scanner.
A novel QoS routing protocol for LEO and MEO satellite networks

The rapid advance of communication and satellite technology pushes broadband satellite networks to carry on multimedia traffic. However, the function of onboard routing cannot be provided in existing satellite networks with inter‐satellite links, and quality of service (QoS) of satellite networks cannot be reliably guaranteed because of great difficulties in processing of long distance‐dependent traffic. In this paper, a two‐layered low‐Earth orbit and medium‐Earth orbit satellite network (LMSN) is presented. A novel hierarchical and distributed QoS routing protocol (HDRP) is investigated, and an adaptive bandwidth‐constrained minimum‐delay path algorithm is developed to calculate routing tables efficiently using the QoS metric information composed of delays and bandwidth. The performance of LMSN and HDRP is also evaluated through simulations and theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing Efficient Parallel Algorithms on Mech-Connected Computers with Multiple Broadcasting

Semigroup and prefix computations on two-dimensional mesh-connected computers with multiple broadcasting (2-MCCMBs) are studied. Previously, only square 2-MCCMBs with N processing elements were considered for semigroup computations of N data items, and O(N/sup 1/6/) time was required. It is found that square machines are not the best form for semigroup computations, and an O(N/sup 1/8/)-time algorithm is derived on an N/sup 5/8/*N/sup 3/8/ rectangular 2-MCCMB. This time complexity can be further reduced to O(N/sup 1/9/) if fewer processing elements are used. Parallel algorithms for prefix computations with the same time complexities are derived. >