Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Exploration Of The Effects Of Enhanced Compiler Error Messages For Computer Programming Novices

Computer programming is an essential skill that all computing students must master and is increasingly important in many diverse disciplines. It is also difficult to learn. One of the many challenges novice programmers face from the start are notoriously cryptic compiler error messages. These report details on errors made by students and are essential as the primary source of information used to rectify those errors. However these difficult to understand messages are often a barrier to progress and a source of discouragement. A high number of student errors, and in particular a high frequency of repeated errors – when a student makes the same error consecutively – have been shown to be indicators of students who are struggling with learning to program. This instrumental case study research investigates the student experience with, and the effects of, software that has been specifically written to help students overcome their challenges with compiler error messages. This software provides help by enhancing error messages, presenting them in a straightforward, informative manner. Two cohorts of first year computing students at an Irish higher education institution participated over two academic years; a control group in 2014-15 that did not experience enhanced error messages, and an intervention group in 2013-14 that did. This thesis lays out a comprehensive view of the student experience starting with a quantitative analysis of the student errors themselves. It then views the students as groups, revealing interesting differences in error profiles. Following this, some individual student profiles and behaviours are investigated. Finally, the student experience is discovered through their own words and opinions by means of a survey that incorporated closed and open-ended questions. In addition to reductions in errors overall, errors per student, and the key metric of repeated error frequency, the intervention group is shown to behave more cohesively with fewer indications of struggling students. A positive learning experience using the software is reported by the students and the lecturer. These results are of interest to educators who have witnessed students struggle with learning to program, and who are looking to help remove the barrier presented by compiler error messages. This work is important for two reasons. First, the effects of error message enhancement have been debated in the literature – this work provides evidence that there can be positive effects. Second, these results should be generalisable at least in part, to other languages, students and institutions.
Adjoint-based Anisotropic Mesh Adaptation for a Stabilized Finite-Element Flow Solver

An adjoint solver is implemented in the FUN3D stabilized finite-element flow solver. The adjoint solution is used to generate anisotropic, adapted meshes to control error in scalar output functionals, such as lift or drag coefficient. The inviscid and turbulent adjoints are verified with a finite-difference derivative approximation and can be used in design optimization in addition to mesh adaptation. The adjoint capability represents an extension of previous research using the FUN3D stabilized finite-element capability with metric-based mesh adaptation and interpolation-based error estimates to generate highly anisotropic adapted meshes for turbulent flows. In the present work, a metric-based approach is again utilized, where the adjoint and the primal solutions both contribute to the generation of a metric tensor field that is subsequently used to produce the required anisotropic mesh for each adaptation cycle. Adaptive results are then shown for an inviscid supersonic flow over a diamond airfoil, inviscid transonic flow over the ONERA M6 wing, and viscous laminar flow over the NACA 0012 airfoil, all using drag force as the output functional. Adjoint-based adaptation is compared with a multiscale solution-based approach that controls the Lp norm of Mach number interpolation error to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the adjoint-based adaptive mesh technology.
Non-Uniform Reducing the Involved Differentiators’ Orders and Lyapunov Stability Preservation Problem in Dynamic Systems

Although uniform reduction of the differentiators’ orders in the stable state-space integer order models yields in stable fractional order dynamics, stability may not be preserved by non-uniform reducing the orders of the involved differentiators. This fact causes that the powerful methods available for Lyapunov stability analysis of integer order systems cannot be easily applicable for stability analysis of the models obtained by non-uniform reduction of the orders (i.e., incommensurate order models). To overcome such a challenge, this brief aims to facilitate stability analysis of incommensurate order systems via finding whether stability of an incommensurate order system is deduced from the Lyapunov stability of its integer order counterpart. Applicability of this brief achievement is evaluated through stability analysis in some different case studies, such as the special case of linear time invariant systems, time–delay positive linear systems, Lotka–Volterra systems, and biological models.
Scale-invariant avalanche dynamics in the temperature-driven martensitic transition of a Cu-Al-Be single crystal

We have combined high sensitivity, extra-low differential temperature scanning rate calorimetry, and acoustic emission (AE) measurements to study avalanches during the cubic ↔ 18R martensitic transition of a Cu-Al-Be single crystalline shape memory alloy. Both AE and calorimetry corroborate a good power-law behavior for cooling with an exponent ε 1.6. For heating, a slope is observed in the maximum likelihood curves, which confirms that our data are affected by an exponential cutoff. An effective energy exponent, ε ∼ 1.85, and a cutoff, λ−1 = 0.115(38) × 10−3 aJ, were determined by fits of power-laws with exponential damping. The long tail observed in the low-temperature region by calorimetric measurements suggests the existence of significant elastic effects that constrain the progress of the transformation at low temperatures. While thermodynamic features such as transformation enthalpy and entropy are those expected for Cu-based shape-memory alloys undergoing a cubic ↔ 18R transition, the critical behavior deviates from the corresponding behavior expected from this symmetry change. These deviations are a consequence of the elastic hardening induced by the interplay of the transformation with dislocation jamming, which has the effect of effectively reducing the number of pathways connecting the parent and martensitic phase.
Orthogonal complex structures on domains in R^4

An orthogonal complex structure on a domain in R^4 is a complex structure which is integrable and is compatible with the Euclidean metric. This gives rise to a first order system of partial differential equations which is conformally invariant. We prove two Liouville-type uniqueness theorems for solutions of this system, and use these to give an alternative proof of the classification of compact locally conformally flat Hermitian surfaces first proved by Pontecorvo. We also give a classification of non-degenerate quadrics in CP^3 under the action of the conformal group. Using this classification, we show that generic quadrics give rise to orthogonal complex structures defined on the complement of unknotted solid tori which are smoothly embedded in R^4.
Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes Based on FAPb1−xSnxBr3 Nanocrystals Synthesized at Room Temperature

Sn-doped perovskites using formamidinium as cation have been reported in solar cells and photodetectors. However, there is a lack of study of their luminescent properties for light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Here, we report a facile synthesis of formamidinium lead tin bromine, FAPb<sub>1−</sub><italic><sub>x</sub></italic>Sn<italic><sub>x</sub></italic>Br<sub>3</sub> (0 ≤ <italic>x</italic> ≤ 0.5) nanocrystals (NCs) at room temperature. Interestingly, the photoluminescence (PL) is initially enhanced in FAPb<sub>1−</sub><italic><sub>x</sub></italic>Sn<italic><sub>x</sub></italic>Br<sub>3</sub> NCs with increasing <italic>x</italic> from 0 to 0.3, which could be ascribed to electronic state modulation induced by Sn doping. The highest PL quantum yield reaches to 97.5% (<italic>x</italic> = 0.2). The transient absorption spectroscopy results show increasing trapping rate of hot excitons so that radiative recombination is effectively promoted. However, higher Sn content (<italic>x</italic> > 0.3) leads to PL quenching, as reported, due to the oxidation of Sn<sup>2+</sup> to Sn<sup>4+</sup>, which leaves abundant Pb vacancies generating trap states promoting nonradiative recombination. Finally, we fabricated LEDs based on the as-prepared NCs with high performance, and the best performing device with <italic>x</italic> = 0.3 showed a maximum brightness of 7492 cd·m<sup>−2</sup>, current efficiency of 45.99 cd·A<sup>−1</sup>, and external quantum efficiency of 11.38%.
Extending Narrow-Correlator Technology to P(Y)-Code Receivers: Benefits and Issues

Mr. St&n.KareIs is Manager of the Time Space Position Information &ion of WC’s EIecZomagnetic Systems department ? &. &els is responsible for analysis and simulation of vehicle nav&ion involving integrated sensors such as Global Pcsidoning,G ystem (GPS), inertial measurement devices lasers and radars. W. tieIs received his B.S. in Physics born California State Polytechnic at San Luis Obispo, California (1968). an ! vf.S. in Electrical Engineeting (1974) and an Engineer’s Degree in Electical Engineering (1976) 6om the University of Southern California
The Impact of it Management Sophistication on Perceived it Importance in Strategic Alignment

Yet with a recent rise in environmental uncertainty, firms are asking how their IT management can be more sophisticated in identifying and responding to changing and dynamic business threats and opportunities. Whether how firms perceive IT importance to the organization helps IT management sophistication and therefore strategic alignment is still not clear. This research investigates how business executive perceives IT importance for strategic alignment may be contingent upon IT management sophistication. IT management sophistication represents the extent to which IT management practices have evolved and formalized in planning, control, organization, and integration of IT activities. We use contingency theory to construct a research model to test causal relationships. Using data from a matched survey of IT and business executives in 109 firms, we show that perceived IT importance predicts IT management sophistication, particularly the control aspect, which is the most important aspect for strategic alignment; we also show that planning aspect can be too formal and thereby offset strategic alignment. We further show that IT management sophistication mediates effective IT/business relationships; in which it can incentivise the building of a more comprehensive, agile and strategy-oriented system for collecting and analyzing market information. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Three-dimensional effects on the transfer function of a rectangular-section body in turbulent flow

This paper investigates the influence of three-dimensional effects on the transfer function of a rectangular-section body in turbulent flow. The dimensionless factor $\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$ , as derived by Li et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 847, 2018, pp. 768–785), is adapted to evaluate this influence. The calculation of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$ requires the spanwise influence term. For this purpose, an adapted form of the lift coherence function is derived, enabling the use of the measured lift coherence for the estimation of the spanwise influence term. Three rectangular models with different cross-sections (chord-to-depth ratios of 3, 5 and 10) are chosen for testing, and a NACA 0015 airfoil model is tested for comparison. Using the measured spanwise influence terms, the dimensionless factors of these models are then numerically calculated under different ratios of the turbulent integral scale to the chord $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$ and aspect ratios $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ . It is shown that the dimensionless factors of the rectangular models increase as $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ increase, which are similar to the dimensionless factor of the airfoil model. If $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ have suitable values, the strip theory could be applicable to the rectangular-section body. It is also found that the dimensionless factors of all the rectangular models are larger than the dimensionless factor of the airfoil model under the same parameters. The smaller the chord-to-depth ratio is, the larger the dimensionless factor is. Using the strip theory to calculate the lift response of the rectangular-section body may provide more accurate estimation. Additionally, the one-wavenumber transfer functions of these models are determined under the consideration of the three-dimensional effects. The results show that the experimental transfer functions of the rectangular models cannot be captured by the Sears function. They are larger than the Sears function at lower frequencies, while falling at a faster rate as the frequency increases. For bluff bodies with separated flow, the modified transfer function presented here appears to be an appropriate approach.
Pressure dependency on a nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator

The behavior of a nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (ns-DBD) plasma actuator with the ambient pressure from 30 to 100 kPa was characterized with Schlieren images. Shock wave propagation speed and strength were recorded, showing clear trends with decreasing ambient pressure. Higher ambient pressures result in stronger shock waves; this has been observed irrespective of the actuator thickness. This might be explained with fewer air molecules to ionize at lower ambient pressures and hence a lower temperature from the exothermal recombination reactions. The thickness of the dielectric barrier also influences the shock strength. In accordance with previous findings, it was confirmed that a thinner dielectric barrier results in a greater shock strength. NS-DBD shock waves were modeled numerically using OpenFOAM through a source term added to the energy equation, which controls the amount of thermal energy added to the near-wall deposition region. The compressible, unsteady sonicFoam solver was used with second order schemes. A mesh sensitivity study gives confidence that the solution is grid independent. The overall shock wave structure and propagation speed match well with experimental data. The heat addition required to reproduce experimental results varied with ambient pressure. Less heating of the near-wall region was needed with lower ambient pressures.The behavior of a nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (ns-DBD) plasma actuator with the ambient pressure from 30 to 100 kPa was characterized with Schlieren images. Shock wave propagation speed and strength were recorded, showing clear trends with decreasing ambient pressure. Higher ambient pressures result in stronger shock waves; this has been observed irrespective of the actuator thickness. This might be explained with fewer air molecules to ionize at lower ambient pressures and hence a lower temperature from the exothermal recombination reactions. The thickness of the dielectric barrier also influences the shock strength. In accordance with previous findings, it was confirmed that a thinner dielectric barrier results in a greater shock strength. NS-DBD shock waves were modeled numerically using OpenFOAM through a source term added to the energy equation, which controls the amount of thermal energy added to the near-wall deposition region. The compressible, unsteady sonicFoam solver was used.
The Cygnus A Jet: Parabolic Streamlines up to Kiloparsec Scales

We investigated the distance dependence of the transverse width of the jet W(r) of Cygnus A, one of the typical Fanaroff–Riley type II radio galaxies; the radial (deprojected) distance r ranged from 0.28 pc to 60 kpc (from 1.1 × 103 to 2.4 × 108 RS) on both the approaching and counter-jet sides. The power-law dependences (W(r) ∝ ra) of the jet-width profile in the parsec-scale and kiloparsec-scale regions consistently show a ∼ 0.55. For the first time, we have discovered that active collimation, i.e., a smooth reduction in the opening angle with increasing distance, persists up to distances beyond the Bondi radius. We have also discovered an apparent discontinuity in the radial profiles of the jet width, by which the jet downstream appears to widen a factor of six compared with the expectation from extrapolating the upstream profile, at the radial distance between 57 and 170 pc (from 2.3 × 105 to 6.8 × 105 RS, including the Bondi radius for Cygnus A), which is a blank in our measurements. We discuss possible explanations. The cross-section of jets was physically inflated and collimation again owing to the loss of dynamic equilibrium or a recollimation shock in a relatively flat profile of ambient pressure. We also discuss an alternative possibility to explain the observed discontinuity by a multi-layered structure in the jets: an outer (slower) layer and an inner (faster) layer with flows that are progressively accelerated with distance, throughout the parabolic streamline. The outer layer would be in lower brightness at small distances, whereas the inner layer attenuates at large distances, due to Doppler debeaming as a highly inclined jet of Cygnus A.
Issues in Esahie Nominal Morphology: From Inflection to Word-formation

ions over full forms (cf. Blevins 2006: 532-533). The conceptualization of the morpheme as the minimum unit of meaning is completely discarded, and instead, emphasis is placed on full words and the (paradigmatic) relationship that exists between them. This implies that the computation of the meaning of complex words does not necessarily involve the segmentation and decomposition of the meanings of the various subparts of the word. The partwhole relation that is expressed between a word and the morphemes that make them up as enshrined in morpheme-based models is acknowledged to exist between words as well as the paradigms within which such words can be contrasted. In contemporary WP models (Anderson 1992; Aronoff 1994; Stump 2001; 2016), word formation is represented as realizational (spellout) rules, or instructions for associating bundles of morphosyntactic properties (paradigm cells) with forms, where the morpho-syntactic properties are associated with a morphological
The real Ginibre ensemble with $k = O(n)$ real eigenvalues

We consider the ensemble of Real Ginibre matrices with a positive fraction $\alpha>0$ of real eigenvalues. We demonstrate a large deviations principle for the joint eigenvalue density of such matrices and we introduce a two phase log-gas whose stationary distribution coincides with the spectral measure of the ensemble. Using these tools we provide an asymptotic expansion for the probability $p^n_{\alpha n}$ that an $n\times n$ Ginibre matrix has $k=\alpha n$ real eigenvalues and we characterize the spectral measures of these matrices.
3D structure and dynamics of filaments in turbulence simulations of WEST diverted plasmas

We study the effect of a diverted magnetic geometry on edge plasma turbulence, focusing on the three-dimensional structure and dynamics of filaments, also called blobs, in simulations of the WEST tokamak, featuring a primary and secondary X-point. For this purpose, in addition to classical analysis techniques, we apply here a novel fully 3D blob recognition and tracking (BRAT) algorithm, allowing for the first time to resolve the three-dimensional structure and dynamics of the blobs in a turbulent 3D plasma featuring a realistic magnetic geometry. The results are tested against existing theoretical scalings of blob velocity (Myra et al 2006 Phys. Plasmas). The complementary analysis of the 3D structure of the filaments shows how they disconnect from the divertor plate in the vicinity of the X-points, leading to a transition from a sheath-connected regime to the ideal-interchange one. Furthermore, the numerical results show non-negligible effects of the turbulent background plasma: approximately half of the detected filaments are involved in mutual interactions, eventually resulting in negative radial velocities, and a fraction of the filaments is generated by turbulence directly below the X-point.
Galactic Bulges from HST-NICMOS Observations: Ages and Dust

We present optical and near-infrared colour maps of the central regions of bulges of S0 and spiral galaxies obtained with WFPC2 and NICMOS on the HST. By combined use of HST and ground-based data the colour information spans from a few tens of pc to a few kpc. In almost all galaxies the colour profiles in the central 100-200 pc become more rapidly redder. We attribute the high central colour indices to a central concentration of dust. We infer an average extinction at the center of A_V = 0.6 - 1.0 mag. Several objects show central dust rings or disks at sub-kpc scales similar to those found by others in giant ellipticals. For galactic bulges of types S0 to Sb, the tightness of the B-I vs I-H relation suggests that the age spread among bulges of early type galaxies is small, of at most 2 Gyr. Colours at 1 R_eff, where we expect extinction to be negligible are similar to than those of elliptical galaxies in the Coma cluster, suggesting that these bulges formed at the same time as the bright galaxies in Coma. Furthermore the galaxy ages are found to be independent of their environment. Since it is likely that Coma was formed at redshift z > 3, our bulges, which are in groups and in the field, also must have been formed at this epoch. Bulges of early-type spirals cannot be formed by secular evolution of bars at recent epochs, since such bulges would be much younger. There are three galaxies of type Sbc and later, their bulges are younger and could perhaps arise from secular evolution of transient bars. Our results are in good agreement with semi-analytic predictions (Baugh et al. 1996, 1998, Kauffmann 1996), who also predict that bulges, in clusters and in the field, are as old as giant ellipticals in clusters.
Evolution of the Warm-Core Structure during the Eyewall Replacement Cycle in a Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclone

This study examines the evolution of the warm-core structure during the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) and the subsequent eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone (TC) under idealized conditions. Results show that prior to the SEF, the TC exhibited a double warm-core structure centered in the middle and upper troposphere in the eye region, and as the storm intensified with a rapid outward expansion of tangential winds, the warm core strengthened and a secondary off-center warm ring developed between 8- and 16-km heights near the outer edge of the eye. During the SEF, both the upper-level warm core and the secondary off-center warm ring rapidly strengthened. As the secondary eyewall intensified and contracted and the primary eyewall weakened and dissipated, the off-center warm ring extended inward and merged with the inner warm core to form a warm core typical of a single-eyewall TC. Results from the azimuthal-mean potential temperature budget indicate that the warming in the eye is due to subsidence and the warming above 14-km height outside the eye is largely contributed by radial warm advection in the outflow. The development of the off-center warm ring is largely due to the subsidence warming near the inner edge of the primary eyewall and in the moat area and the warming by diabatic heating in the upper part of the inner eyewall below 14-km height. Further analysis indicates that the eddy advection also played some role in the warming above 12-km height in the upper troposphere.