Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi-color, rotationally resolved photometry of asteroid 21 Lutetia from OSIRIS/Rosetta observations

Context. Asteroid 21 Lutetia is the second target of the Rosetta space mission. Extensive pre-encounter, space-, and ground-based observations are being performed to prepare for the flyby in July 2010. Aims. The aim of this article is to accurately characterize the photometric properties of this asteroid over a broad spectral range from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared and to search for evidence of surface inhomogeneities. Methods. The asteroid was imaged on 2 and 3 January 2007 with the Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) of the Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) during the cruise phase of the Rosetta spacecraft. The geometric conditions were such that the aspect angle was 44 degrees (i.e., mid-northern latitudes) and the phase angle 22.4 degrees Lutetia was continuously monitored over 14.3 h, thus exceeding one rotational period and a half, with twelve filters whose spectral coverage extended from 271 to 986 nm. An accurate photometric calibration was obtained from the observations of a solar analog star, 16 Cyg B. Results. High-quality light curves in the U, B, V, R and I photometric bands were obtained. Once they were merged with previous light curves from over some 45 years, the sidereal period is accurately determined: P-rot = 8.168271 +/- 0.000002 h. Color variations with rotational phase are marginally detected with the ultraviolet filter centered at 368 nm but are absent in the other visible and near-infrared filters. The albedo is directly determined from the observed maximum cross-section obtained from an elaborated shape model that results from a combination of adaptive-optics imaging and light curve inversion. Using current solutions for the phase function, we find geometric albedos p(V) = 0.130 +/- 0.014 when using the linear phase function and p(V)(H - G) = 0.180 +/- 0.018 when using the (H - G) phase function, which incorporates the opposition effect. The spectral variation of the reflectance indicates a steady decrease with decreasing wavelength rather than a sharp fall-off.
Vertical relationships between health insurers and healthcare providers

The current institutional reforms in the Dutch healthcare sector may increase the extent of vertical relations (such as vertical contracts and vertical integration) between insurers and healthcare providers. Vertical relations may have both welfare increasing and welfare reducing effects. In this study, we focus on the latter, in particular on anticompetitive foreclosure. We distinguish three possible mechanisms that may lead to anticompetitive foreclosure, called respectively 'exclusivity', 'sabotage', and the 'waterbed effect'. We discuss under which conditions they come into play and which policy measures can prevent them.
The possible application of fungal enriched substratesin ruminant nutrition. A review

Concentrates used in ruminant nutrition are rich in proteins and carbohydrates, but many of them are deficient in several essential nutrients, such as lipids, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Grains contain quite small amounts of fats (on average 3.6%), and while linoleic acid is the major n-6 fatty acid (FA) found in grains, α-linolenic acid (n-3 FA) is detected only in small quantities in cereals. Also, the calculated ratio of n-6 (18:2):n-3 (18:3) in cereals varies. Apart from this, cereals are also deficient in other essential PUFAs of both n-6 (γ-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (AA)) and n-3 (eicosapentoenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) families as was reported previously (Čertík et al., 2006, 2008). GLA, the key intermediate in the n-6 FA family, is involved in maintaining proper cell functions in mammals. The insufficient supply of GLA from agricultural and animal sources has led to the seeking for microorganisms capable of producing GLA in high yields. Currently, the productivity of oleaginous microorganisms, as well as the biosynthesis of particular PUFAs that can be used as food additives (Bellou et al., 2016) are widely studied. Due to the extensive research on oleaginous lower filamentous fungi, the development of a process of solid state fermentation (SSF) in which microorganisms grow on a moist ABSTRACT. Microbial utilization of raw agro-substrates by solid-state fermentation (SSF) leads to an effective enrichment of prefermented cereal-derived substrates (PCS) with oleaginous fungi being a source of γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6). Such method could open up new possibilities in animal nutrition. In this review, the nutritional effects of various PCS used as components of basal diets are summarized through the integrating related studies. PCS with two oleaginous fungi (Thamnidium elegans and Cunninghamella echinulata) as GLA sources were described. Apart from fatty acids, other related fermentation parameters i.e. digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, methane and ammonia concentration, short-chain fatty acid profiles and protozoal counts were taken into account. The effectiveness of GLA sources in increasing ruminal GLA outputs varied, depending on the filamentous fungi used, in the order C. echinulate > T. elegans, but efficiency also depends on the cereal substrate type. However, in vivo studies are needed to determine the impact of using cereal substrates enriched with oleaginous fungi as a source of GLA on rumen metabolism as well as the quality of ruminant meat and dairy products. Received: 4 May 2017 Revised: 24 July 2017 Accepted: 15 February 2018
Material ( SOM ) for : Spectral Evidence for Hydrated Salts in Recurring Slope Lineae on Mars

Spectral Evidence for Hydrated Salts in Recurring Slope Lineae on Mars Authors: Lujendra Ojha1*, Mary Beth Wilhelm1, 2, Scott L. Murchie3, Alfred S. McEwen4, James J. Wray1, Jennifer Hanley5, Marion Massé6, Matt Chojnacki4, Affiliations: 1School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. 2Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA. 3Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA. 4Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. 5Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA. 6Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique, Nantes, France. This SOM contains (1) a general description of our dataset and methodology, (2) details of our atmospheric correction, validation approach and spectral mixture model, (3) supplementary figures to illustrate RSL activity and areas analyzed in CRISM images, and (4) Tables S1 and S2 that list the data used in this work. (1) Dataset and Methodology: CRISM1 full-resolution targeted (FRT ~18 m/pix), full-resolution short (FRS ~18 m/pix), and Along Track Oversampled (ATO 18 m/pix, with enhanced overlap to support processing to ~6 m/pixel) observations at Infrared (IR: 1.0-3.9 μm) wavelengths coordinated with HiRISE observations were used to examine the spectral characteristics of RSL. We chose not to inspect images in the VNIR detector range (0.4-1.0 μm), because our focus was clear evidence for or against signs of hydration, which is primarily detected using absorptions in the IR detector wavelength range. The CRISM images which were analyzed to study spectral characteristics of RSL described here are listed in Table S1, along with the coordinated HiRISE images in which the lineae were initially identified. Table S1 also lists the central latitude and longitude of the images along with their solar longitude (Ls), and exact coordinates for the location of spectra presented here. Table S2 lists exact coordinates of the denominator areas used to create the ratio spectra of RSL shown here. CRISM I/F images were downloaded from PDS and were preprocessed using ENVI’s (Exelis Visual Spectral evidence for hydrated salts in recurring slope lineae on Mars SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2546
Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance responses of poplars to free-air CO2 enrichment (PopFACE) during the first growth cycle and immediately following coppice.

• Using the Poplar Free Air CO2 Enrichement (PopFACE) facility we investigated the effects of elevated [CO2 ] on the diurnal and growth cycle responses of photosynthesis and conductance in three poplar species. • In situ diurnal measurements of photosynthesis were made on Populus alba, P. nigra and P. ×euramericana and, in parallel, in vivo maximum capacity for carboxylation (Vc,max ) and maximum rates of electron transport (Jmax ) were determined by gas exchange measurement. • Light saturated (Asat ) and daily integrated (A') photosynthesis increased at elevated [CO2 ] in all species. Elevated [CO2 ] decreased Vc,max and Jmax for P. nigra and Jmax for P.¥euramericana but had no effect on stomatal conductance in any of the species throughout the first growth cycle. During post-coppice re-growth, elevated [CO2 ] did not increase Asat in P. nigra and P.×euramericana due to large decreases in Vc,max and Jmax . • A 50% increase in [CO2 ] under these open-air field conditions resulted in a large and sustained increase in Asat . Although there were some differences between the species, these had little effect on photosynthetic rates at the growth [CO2 ]. Nevertheless the results show that even fast growing trees grown without rooting volume restriction in the open may still show some down-regulation of photosynthetic potential at elevated [CO2 ].
Equitable Voting Rules

A celebrated result in social choice is May's Theorem (1952), providing the foundation for majority rule. May's crucial assumption of symmetry, often thought of as a procedural equity requirement, is violated by many choice procedures that grant voters identical roles. We show that a modification of May's symmetry assumption allows for a far richer set of rules that still treat voters equally, but have minimal winning coalitions comprising a vanishing fraction of the population. We conclude that procedural fairness can coexist with the empowerment of a small minority of individuals. Methodologically, we introduce techniques from discrete mathematics and illustrate their usefulness for the analysis of social choice questions.
Initial-syllable lengthening of an utterance-internal phrase in Korean

This study reports anti-hierarchical initial-syllable lengthening of an utterance-internal phrase in Korean. That is, the phrase-initial syllable (e.g., /a/ of “apa-do” or /ma/ of “mapa-do”) starting with a voiced phoneme (i.e., vowels or voiced consonants) manifests itself as significantly longer when it is preceded by another phrase without a pause than when it leads an utterance or follows a pause utterance-internally. The phenomenon was examined with regard to two other factors: (1) tempo and (2) tenseness of the consonant (/p, p′, p/) following the target syllable /a/. First, the effect of tempo on initial lengthening was not significant. Apart from the statistical significance, however, a tendency was observed, i.e., the slower the tempo is, the greater the lengthening. By contrast, the faster the tempo is, the higher the ratio (%) of lengthening. Second, contrary to our expectations, initial-syllable lengthening was even greater before tense stops /p′, p/ than before lax stop /p/ regardless of tempo, and it was remarkable when it comes to the ratio (%), which means that initial lengthening is free of the pre-consonantal vowel shortening effect. Final-syllable lengthening is a pre-boundary marker, while the initial-syllable lengthening is regarded as a post-boundary marker of a phrase.
Reference Physiological Ranges for Serum Biochemical Parameters among Healthy Cameroonians to Support HIV Vaccine and Related Clinical Trials

SUMMARY Background: A valid scientific evaluation of the efficacy of HIV vaccines or antiretroviral drugs includes measurement of changes in physiological parameters of subjects from known established baseline reference ranges. This study was designed to establish reference ranges for biochemical parameters among healthy adult Cameroonians to support planned HIV Vaccine clinical trials and scaling up of ARV drugs among AIDS patients. Methods: After informed consent, blood and urine samples were collected from a total of 576 adult Cameroonians and analyzed for the presence of underlying pathologies that may affect biochemical parameters. Samples from 501 of them were found eligible for the determination of reference biochemical parameters. After complete assay, the data were subjected to both parametric and non parametric statistics for analyses with 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles considered as the lower and upper limits of reference ranges. Results: There were 331(66.1%) males and 170(33.9) females, with 359(71.7%) and 142(28.3) of them residing in the urban and rural areas respectively. Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in the following biochemical parameters between urban and rural participants: AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, total protein, albumin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and the bilirubins. When the data were regrouped into sex, there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in the following parameters between males and females: AST, ALT, creatinine, albumin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and direct bilirubin. Conclusion: The present study shows that sex and geographic location have significant impact on reference physiological biochemical parameters of healthy, adult Cameroonians; hence this should be taken into consideration when monitoring participants either during HIV Vaccine clinical trials or on antiretroviral (ARV) drugs treatment.
Variations in fatty acid proportions during desiccation of Telfairia occidentalis seeds harvested at physiological and agronomic maturity

The effect of desiccation on lipid content, fatty acid composition and the antioxidative enzymic capacity was investigated in seeds of Telfairia occidentalis, harvested at physiological and agronomic maturity. Seeds were dried at 5 and 28 oC, environments that induced different drying and metabolic rates. Desiccation of seeds was associated with decreased antioxidative enzymic capacity (of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase), and thus increased likelihood of free radical attack and decreased viability (germinability). Agronomically mature seeds contained predominantly saturated fatty acids (tridecanoic), with very low levels of the major fatty acids of edible oilseeds (palmitic, stearic or the unsaturated C18 fatty acids). There was increased accumulation of the mono-unsaturated (oleic) and polyunsaturated (linoleic) fatty acids when seeds were dried at 28 oC and moisture contents have reduced to about 42 % or lower. In contrast, seeds dried at 5 oC maintained high levels of saturated fatty acids and lower levels of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results suggest the need to develop different post-harvest protocols for seed storage, and for processing T. occidentalis to ‘improve' the seed fatty acid profile as an oilseed for human and animal food. The use of a novel phage-based technology as a practical tool for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in Africa Tracy Seaman1, Andre Trollip1, Richard Mole2, Heidi Albert1* 1Biotec Laboratories Ltd., c/o National Health Laboratory Service, PO Box 9066, Cape Town 8000, South Africa. 2Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Ipswich, United Kingdom. *Corresponding ; Tel: +27 (0)21 425 1541 / +27 (0)82 902 8199, Fax: +27 (0)21 425 9857, E-mail: Alberth@mweb.co.za Sub-Saharan Africa has experienced a significant increase in tuberculosis cases in recent years, fuelled by high rates of TB-HIV co-infection in the region. The diagnosis of tuberculosis is based largely on clinical assessment, sputum smear microscopy and chest radiography. Although smear microscopy is useful for detecting the most infectious cases, a significant portion of cases are negative on sputum smears, making diagnosis more difficult. New tests are urgently needed. The FASTPlaqueTB test, a bacteriophage-based method, has been evaluated in several studies in Africa and elsewhere. Studies in South Africa and Pakistan reported that between half and two-thirds of smear-negative culture-positive TB cases were detected by the FASTPlaqueTB test within 2 days. This suggests a beneficial role for this test in the early diagnosis of clinically suspected smear-negative cases. The same technology has been applied to develop a rapid test to indicate multi-drug resistant TB, FASTPlaqueTB-MDRi. This test gave equivalent results to conventional drug susceptibility methods, but with more rapid results. The tests are simple to perform and require no specialised equipment, making the technology suitable for widespread implementation. (African Journal of Biotechnology: 2003 2(2): 33-39)
Parameter Improvement of the Soccer League Competition Algorithm by Introducing Stubborn Players: Application to Water Distribution Network

A modified soccer league algorithm is presented in this paper. The effect of stubborn fixed players is investigated and the algorithm is implemented to three benchmark water distribution networks. The modified algorithm is compared to several algorithms. The results show that the modified algorithm performs better than the soccer league competition algorithm, in particular, on the average number of evaluations required to find the optimal cost. Computational results show that the utility benefit of both the individual player and team is essential. The algorithm becomes more reliable when utility benefits are high and as the number of fixed players increases.
Predicting Early Adolescents’ Adjustment: Interaction between Friends’ Behaviors and Friends’ Demographic Characteristics

ii Acknowledgments iii List of Tables vii List of Figures ix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Theoretical Models 5 Chapter 3: Literature Review 10 Friends’ Deviant Behavior Predicts Adolescents’ Externalizing Problems 10 Friends’ Deviant Behavior Predicts Adolescents’ Internalizing Problems 12 Internalizing Problems not Explained by Friends’ Deviancy 14 Friends’ Prosocial Behavior Predicts Adolescents’ Internalizing and Externalizing Problems 15 Friends’ Demographics and Adolescents’ Internalizing and Externalizing Problems. 17 Sex of Friends 18 Older Friends 20 In-School vs. Out-of-School Friends 21 Interactions between Friends’ Demographic Characteristics and Friends’ Behaviors. 22
Effects of dufferent proportions of dietary structural and monstructural carbohydrates on ruminal fermentation and microbial growth efficiency in sheep

Four sheep were used in a 4×4 Latin square design to study the effect of different dietary proportions of structural carbohydrate (SC) and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) (SC:NSC ratio: 0.55, 1.12, 2.25 and 5.24) on rumen fermentation and microbial growth effi ciency. As the dietary SC: NSC ratio increased, ruminal pH and ammonia concentration increased (P<0.001), but total rumen VFA concentration decreased (P<0.001). When dietary SC:NSC ratio increased from 0.55 to 1.12, the molar percentage of acetate increased (P<0.001) and the molar proportion of propionate decreased (P<0.001). However, when the ratio increased from 1.12 to 5.24, there were no changed molar percentages of acetate and of propionate. Both daily microbial nitrogen production and microbial effi ciency decreased with increasing dietary SC:NSC ratio.
NATIVE MOSQUITOCIDAL BACTERIA AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS 1 AGAINST THE MOSQUITO VECTOR, CULEX PIPIENS

Samples of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis (Pf), both proved to be safe to living 12 organisms and environment, were isolated from rural soil of Saudi Arabia, and evaluated for entomopathogenicity 13 against 3 rd larval stage of Culex pipiens. Spore-crystal mixture of the Bt isolate showed a mosquitocidal activity 14 similar to that of the reference B. t. israelensis H14 (Bti-H14). However, toxin extract of Pf, identified as glycolipid 15 biosurfactants, showed 14 times higher toxicity than that of the Bti-H14. This significant difference in toxicity could 16 be attributed to the difference in the bacterial product used as it was the purified crude toxins of pf compared to 17 spore-crystal mixture of Bt isolate or Bti-H14. Light and electron microscopy showed destructive effects for the Pf 18 toxin extract on the midgut epithelial layer of treated larvae. Epithelial cells were first appeared with cytoplasmic 19 extensions followed by cellular and nuclear degradation. Additionally, Pf toxin extract has a devastating effect on 20 the peritrophic membrane that may have resulted in septicemia. In addition, scanning electron microscopy showed 21 body shrinkage in Pf toxin-treated larvae which was clearly noted compared to untreated control ones. This could be 22 attributed to the surface activity of characteristic to this bacterial extract. Molecular characterization of the current 23 Bt isolate, investigating the synergistic effect of combining both the Bt spore-crystal mixture (or δ-endotoxins) and 24 the Pf toxin on mosquito larvae, as well as isolating more native Bt isolates from the Saudi environment, are 25 currently under investigation. These data may be of a great help for stepping up an effective control measure against 26 mosquito vectors in Saudi Arabia 27
Flexural Behaviour Of Strengthened RC Beams With Multi-Directional Basalt Fibre - Reinforced Polymer Composites

Abstract The paper describes an experimental behaviour of the basalt fibre reinforced polymer composite by external strengthening to the concrete beams. The BFRP composite is wrapped at the bottom face of R.C beam as one layer, two layers, three layers and four layers. The different characteristics - are studied in - first crack load, ultimate load, tensile and compressive strain, cracks propagation, crack spacing and number of cracks etc. To - investigate, total of five beams size 100mm× 160mm×1700mm were cast. One beam is taken as control and others are strengthened with BFRP composite with layers. From this investigation, the first crack load is increased depending on the increment in layers from 6.79% to 47.98%. Similarly, the ultimate load carrying - capacity is increased from 5.66% to 20%. The crack’s spacing is also reduced with an increase in the number of layers
Vegetal burgers of cashew fiber and cowpea: formulation, characterization and stability during frozen storage

This work aimed to obtain a vegetable burger from the cashew juice production residue (fiber) and cowpea that are two abundant materials in Northeast Brazil. Fiber was washed and pressed in an expeller for five times. Cowpea was soaked in water and, after skin removal, ground to obtain a paste. Hamburgers were made by mixing the cashew fiber, the cowpea paste, and the ingredients used in traditional burger recipes, then shaped and frozen. Four sensory tests were performed to define: (1) the need of cooking the cowpea paste with the other ingredients; (2) the fiber/paste proportion; (3) ingredients to enhance the sensory characteristics; (4) burger acceptance. The resultant formulation had 29.3% of cashew fiber, 29.3% of cowpea paste, 25.1% of tomato, 6.8% of onion, 5.3% of sweet pepper, 1.3% of garlic, 0.1% of black pepper, 0.2% of dehydrated parsley, 1.2% of salt and 1.4% of corn oil. The sensory acceptance was 7.8 in a 9-point hedonic scale. Proximate composition was 71.08% moisture, 2.07% ashes, 4.86% proteins, 1.19% lipids and 20.79% total carbohydrates. Stability was evaluated during frozen storage (-18 oC) for 180 days. In this period, acidity increased and pH and ascorbic acid decreased. As to color, a* and b* values increased, indicating that the burgers became more orange/brown. The burger was considered microbiologically safe and shelf-stable for at least 6 months.