Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Analysis of Instrumental Variable Models: Acceptance-Rejection within Direct Monte Carlo

We discuss Bayesian inferential procedures within the family of instrumental variables regression models and focus on two issues: existence conditions for posterior moments of the parameters of interest under a flat prior and the potential of Direct Monte Carlo (DMC) approaches for efficient evaluation of such possibly highly non-elliptical posteriors. We show that, for the general case of m endogenous variables under a flat prior, posterior moments of order r exist for the coefficients reflecting the endogenous regressors’ effect on the dependent variable, if the number of instruments is greater than m +r, even though there is an issue of local non-identification that causes non-elliptical shapes of the posterior. This stresses the need for efficient Monte Carlo integration methods. We introduce an extension of DMC that incorporates an acceptance-rejection sampling step within DMC. This Acceptance-Rejection within Direct Monte Carlo (ARDMC) method has the attractive property that the generated random drawings are independent, which greatly helps the fast convergence of simulation results, and which facilitates the evaluation of the numerical accuracy. The speed of ARDMC can be easily further improved by making use of parallelized computation using multiple core machines or computer clusters. We note that ARDMC is an analogue to the well-known “Metropolis-Hastings within Gibbs” sampling in the sense that one ‘more difficult’ step is used within an ‘easier’ simulation method. We compare the ARDMC approach with the Gibbs sampler using simulated data and two empirical data sets, involving the settler mortality instrument of Acemoglu et al. (2001) and father's education's instrument used by Hoogerheide et al. (2012a). Even without making use of parallelized computation, an efficiency gain is observed both under strong and weak instruments, where the gain can be enormous in the latter case.
Emotion-Related Socialization Behaviours in Parents of Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder

Eisenberg, Cumberland and Spinrad (1998) defined Emotion-Related Socialization Behaviours (ERSBs) as parents’ behaviours that tend to promote their children’s emotional and social abilities. They distinguish three types of ERSBs in parents: their reactions to their children’s emotions, their emotion-related conversations and their emotional expressiveness. The two present studies compare these reactions (Study 1) and conversations (Study 2) in parents of children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and parents of typically developing (TD) children. Moreover, by applying several linear regression analyses by the stepwise method, they examined the extent to which such ERSBs vary according to individual characteristics in children and parents. Study 1 included 39 mothers and 31 fathers of ASD children and 39 mothers and 31 fathers of TD children. In Study 2, 29 mothers and 15 fathers of ASD children and 29 mothers and 15 fathers of TD children participated. For the two studies, children were matched for gender and global developmental age. Parents’ ERSBs, their openness to emotional processes and children’s personality were assessed by means of questionnaires. Children’s developmental age was assessed using the Differential Scales of Intellectual Efficiency. For each study, we considered mothers and fathers independently in our analyses, with a view to adapt parenting programmes for each parent if necessary. Results revealed that there are few differences between the two groups of parents in their ERSBs. Regression analyses showed that the variance in ERSBs in parents of ASD children was explained partially by their openness to emotional processes and by their children’s personality. Our results suggest that, although parents of ASD children are good “socializers of emotions”, intervention programs should take account of the fact that their ERSBs vary according to their own emotional abilities and their children’s personality. These studies emphasize the importance of identifying which individual characteristics are protective or risk factors for parent’s behaviours.
Faculae at the poles of the Sun revisited: infrared observations

Aims. This study extends earlier investigations on faculae and their small-scale magnetic fields near the solar poles (polar faculae – PFe) to measurements of the magnetically sensitive infrared (IR) Fe i lines at 1.5 μm, which provide more accurate information about the magnetic field than lines in the visible spectral range. Methods. PFe were observed with the Tenerife Infrared Polarimeter (TIP II) mounted at the Vacuum Tower Telescope/Observatorio del Teide/Tenerife. Several areas at various heliocentric angles were scanned. Faculae near the solar equator (equatorial faculae – EFe) were also observed for comparison with PFe. The full Stokes vector of the Fe i line pair at 1.5 μm was measured. The magnetic field properties were determined (1) from the centre of gravity (COG); (2) with the weak field approximation (WFA); (3) assuming the strong field regime (SFR); and (4) with inversions under the hypothesis of Milne-Eddington (ME) atmospheres. Line-of-sight (LOS) velocities were determined from the COG of I profiles and from the zero-crossing of the V profiles. Results. The main findings of this work can be divided in five parts: (1) the detected PFe do not harbour sufficient magnetic flux to account for the global flux observed with other methods. (2) Near the solar limb, the apparent, measured transversal field components are most times stronger than the longitudinal components by factors of up to 10 for both PFe and EFe, as found from observations with HINODE SOT. (3) Many PFe indeed harbour kilo-G magnetic fields. Of those, more than 85% possess the same magnetic polarity as the global field. The inclinations γ of the strong fields, |B |≥ 900 G in the SFR, are compatible with their vertical emergence from the solar surface. (4) The results for weaker fields, |B |≤ 600 G from ME inversions, indicate a random magnetic field orientation. (5) The velocities from I profiles and V zero-crossings are in average ∼0.3 km s −1 towards observer, for both PFe and EFe. The zero-crossings of V exhibit a large velocity dispersion, of up to 3 km s −1 .
Association of Serum Homocysteine and Serum Lipid with Eclampsia

Eclampsia is one of the most common pregnancy complications causing high mortality and morbidity for both mother and foetus especially in developing countries. Many studies suggest that elevated homocysteine level is an important risk factor for eclampsia. The aim of this study was to explore the association between serum homocysteine with eclampsia and to establish serum homocysteine measurement as a reliable test for early detection of eclampsia. In a case control study serum homocysteine and lipid profile were measured in 52 controls (healthy uncomplicated pregnant women) and 50 eclamptic pregnant women. Serum homocysteine in eclampsia cases (10.44±4.08 μmol/L) found to be significantly increased (p < 0.001) compared to controls (7.97±3.46 μmol/L). Serum HDL-cholesterol concentration found to be significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in the cases (35.98±6.35 mg/dl) compared to controls (42.69±6.09 mg/dl). A significant negative correlation (r-.801, p < 0.01) was found between serum homocysteine and HDL-cholesterol concentration among cases. It can be concluded that elevated serum homocysteine and HDL-cholesterol deficiency were associated with eclampsia. But elevated homocysteine itself might be a factor associated with eclampsia irrespective of lipid profile status. Key Words: Homocysteine, Eclampsia. doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1. 2842 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.7-10
Multi-method research on consumer–brand associations: Comparing free associations, storytelling, and collages

What consumers know and think consciously and unconsciously about a brand influences their attitudes and behaviors toward the brand and ultimately brand success. Therefore, keeping track of what consumers know is advisable. This article considers the value of using three approaches to assess brand knowledge: free association technique, storytelling, and collage-creation. Each method is suitable for tapping and reproducing different aspects of brand knowledge. The empirical study combines the three methods in an explorative setting to retrieve consumer brand knowledge regarding a major sports brand. The study compares knowledge that each method elicits and provides brand management with recommendations how to decide when to use each method and whether to employ one or more of these methods. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intra- Urban Residential Mobility: A Review and Synthesis

THIS PAPER PROVIDES A CRITICAL REVIEW AND SURVEY OF THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE ON INTRA-URBAN HOUSEHOLD MOBILITY AND A SYNTHESIS OF THE THEORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOCIAL SCIENTISTS TO UNDERSTANDING THE DETERMINANTS OF LOCAL MOBILITY. THE ANALYSIS ATTEMPTS TO RECONCILE THESE PERSPECTIVES AND THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE INTO A UNIFIED THEORY OF THE MOBILITY DECISION BASED ON MEASURABLE CONCEPTS, AND IT PRESENTS SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR EMPIRICAL RESEARCH.
Luminosity Bias: From Haloes to Galaxies

Abstract Large surveys of the local Universe have shown that galaxies with different intrinsic properties such as colour, luminosity and morphological type display a range of clustering amplitudes. Galaxies are therefore not faithful tracers of the underlying matter distribution. This modulation of galaxy clustering, called bias, contains information about the physics behind galaxy formation. It is also a systematic to be overcome before the large-scale structure of the Universe can be used as a cosmological probe. Two types of approaches have been developed to model the clustering of galaxies. The first class is empirical and filters or weights the distribution of dark matter to reproduce the measured clustering. In the second approach, an attempt is made to model the physics which governs the fate of baryons in order to predict the number of galaxies in dark matter haloes. I will review the development of both approaches and summarise what we have learnt about galaxy bias.
Effects of Disturbance Frequency on Stream Benthic Community Structure in Relation to Canopy Cover and Season

Field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of disturbance frequency on invertebrates and periphyton colonizing bricks in a third order Rocky Mountain (USA) stream. After an initial colonization period (30 days), sets of bricks were turned over at intervals of 0, 3, 9, 27, or 54 days. Invertebrate species richness and density were reduced as disturbance frequency increased. These trends were evident for both seasons (summer and fall) and sites (open vs. closed canopy). Invertebrate species diversity (H′) displayed no effect during the fall experiment; however, H′ was reduced at high frequencies of disturbance during the summer experiment. Baetis tricaudatus was the most abundant invertebrate on the substrata at both sites and seasons. Alloperla, Baetis, Cinygmula, Chironomidae, Drunella grandis, Hydropsyche, and Seratella tibialis increased in absolute abundances as disturbance frequency decreased. Four other abundant taxa (Capnia, Cleptelmis, Glossosoma, and Isoperla) displayed no clear response to disturbance in either absolute or relative abundances. Species in low abundance tended to colonize only the less frequently disturbed bricks. During both seasons, periphyton biomass increased as disturbance frequency decreased at the open canopy site, while no trend was apparent at the closed canopy site. Periphyton accumulation monitored over time and among treatments revealed that frequent disturbances maintained low standing crops at an open canopy site. These data suggest that disturbance frequency can directly influence the benthic community at the scale of individual rock "islands" by reducing invertebrate richness, total animal density, and periphyton biomass. The effect of disturbance on species diversity (H′) was seasonal, further emphasizing the importance of considering seasonality in stream field studies.
Crowd Counting Using Scale-Aware Attention Networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of crowd counting in images. Given an image of a crowded scene, our goal is to estimate the density map of this image, where each pixel value in the density map corresponds to the crowd density at the corresponding location in the image. Given the estimated density map, the final crowd count can be obtained by summing over all values in the density map. One challenge of crowd counting is the scale variation in images. In this work, we propose a novel scale-aware attention network to address this challenge. Using the attention mechanism popular in recent deep learning architectures, our model can automatically focus on certain global and local scales appropriate for the image. By combining these global and local scale attentions, our model outperforms other state-of-the-art methods for crowd counting on several benchmark datasets.
1 Social Customer Relationship Management and 2 Organizational Characteristics 3

Social customer relationship management (SCRM) is a new philosophy influencing the 10 relationship between customer and organization, where the customer gets opportunity to control 11 relationship through social media. The paper aims on (a) identification of current level of SCRM and 12 also on (b) influence of basic organizational characteristics on SCRM level. The data were gathered 13 through the questionnaire distributed in 362 organization headquartered in the Czech Republic. The 14 questionnaire comprised 54 questions focusing on the significance of marketing and CRM practices, 15 establishing a relationship with the customer, online communities, the use of social media in 16 marketing, and acquiring and managing information. The majority of questions were scalable and 17 used typical five-level Likert scale. Results showed that larger firms more often set up their own 18 online communities and manage them strategically, moreover they are able to manage information 19 better. Contrariwise, small sized organizations use social networks as a way to establish 20 communication with the customer more than large sized entities. Use of social media for marketing 21 purposes is significantly higher in organizations oriented on consumer markets than on business 22 markets. 23
Sik Bilong Ples: an Exploration of Meanings of Illness and Well‐Being Amongst the Wosera Abelam of Papua New Guinea

This paper examines indigenous concepts of health and well-being amongst the Wosera Abelam, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Indigenous conceptual frameworks for understanding human well-being are remarkably resilient despite the use of western medical services and nutritional advice from health clinics. Their resilience is probably attributable to their embeddedness within a wider worldview that emphasises the social context of health and well-being and thus makes them resistant to change. Whilst the Wosera Abelam are open and receptive to modern health services, their response to these services remains considerably influenced by indigenous concepts of health and illness.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) A search for molecular biomarkers in gastro-intestinal cancer

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Korean Coreference Resolution with Guided Mention Pair Model Using Deep Learning

The general method of machine learning has encountered disadvantages in terms of the significant amount of time and effort required for feature extraction and engineering in natural language processing. However, in recent years, these disadvantages have been solved using deep learning. In this paper, we propose a mention pair (MP) model using deep learning, and a system that combines both rule‐based and deep learning‐based systems using a guided MP as a coreference resolution, which is an information extraction technique. Our experiment results confirm that the proposed deep‐learning based coreference resolution system achieves a better level of performance than rule‐ and statistics‐based systems applied separately.
Ethnobotany and Agrobiodiversity: Valuation of Plants in the Homegardens of Southwestern Uganda

Homegardens are species-rich agroforestry systems with a high diversity of associated traditional knowledge. These systems are an important part of food security for rural marginalized poor around the world, particularly in the humid tropics. Despite the high diversity and cultural importance, little is known about the livelihood-relevant plant diversity contained in the homegardens of southwestern Uganda. Here we employ the quantitative ethnobotany indices use reports (UR) and the cultural importance index (CI) to describe the importance of plants and plant types in the region’s homegardens. Data is based on inventories of 102 homegardens in the Greater Bushenyi from 2014 and reveals 225 useful plant species in 14 different use categories with 3,961 UR, 54% for food, 15% for economic uses, and 11% for medicine. The findings highlight the importance of homegarden plants for subsistence farming households and indicate that they are important places for conservation of botanical agrobiodiversity that should be considered part of the conservation movement in Uganda. Efforts to conserve both botanical and food system diversity in the extremely rich but rapidly deteriorating regional socio-cultural and ecological systems should consider homegardens for their role in conservation of plants and preservation of traditional knowledge.
Do risk and time preferences have biological roots

We revisit the claims about the biological underpinnings of economic behavior by specifically exploring if observed gender differences in risk/time preferences can be explained by natural fluctuations in progesterone/estradiol levels during the menstrual cycle and by prenatal exposure to testosterone and estrogen levels. We find no effect of the menstrual cycle (and thereby, of associated fluctuations in progesterone and estradiol levels) or of the digit ratio on either risk or time preferences.
The impact of magnetic fields on the IMF in star-forming clouds near a supermassive black hole

Star formation in the centers of galaxies is thought to yield massive stars with a possibly top-heavy stellar mass distribution. It is likely that magnetic fields play a crucial role in the distribution of stellar masses inside star-forming molecular clouds. In this context, we explore the effects of magnetic fields, with a typical field strength of 38 μG, such as in RCW 38, and a field strength of 135 μG, similar to NGC 2024 and the infrared dark cloud G28.34+0.06, on the initial mass function (IMF) near (≤10 pc) a 10 7 solar mass black hole. Using these conditions, we perform a series of numerical simulations with the hydrodynamical code FLASH to elucidate the impact of magnetic fields on the IMF and the star-formation efficiency (SFE) emerging from an 800 solar mass cloud. We find that the collapse of a gravitationally unstable molecular cloud is slowed down with increasing magnetic field strength and that stars form along the field lines. The total number of stars formed during the simulations increases by a factor of 1.5−2 with magnetic fields. The main component of the IMF has a lognormal shape, with its peak shifted to sub-solar (≤0.3 M� ) masses in the presence of magnetic fields, due to a decrease in the accretion rates from the gas reservoir. In addition, we see a top-heavy, nearly flat IMF above ∼ 2s olar masses, from regions that were supported by magnetic pressure until high masses are reached. We also consider the effects of X-ray irradiation if the central black hole is active. X-ray feedback inhibits the formation of sub-solar masses and decreases the SFEs even further. Thus, the second contribution is no longer visible. We conclude that magnetic fields potentially change the SFE and the IMF both in active and inactive galaxies, and need to be taken into account in such calculations. The presence of a flat component of the IMF would be a particularly relevant signature for the importance of magnetic fields, as it is usually not found in hydrodynamical simulations.
Assessing the effect of vegetation‐related bank strength on channel morphology and stability in gravel‐bed streams using numerical models

Bank strength due to vegetation dominates the geometry of small stream channels, but has virtually no effect on the geometry of larger ones. The dependence of bank strength on channel scale affects the form of downstream hydraulic geometry relations and the meandering‐braiding threshold. It is also associated with a lateral migration threshold discharge, below which channels do not migrate appreciably across their floodplains. A rational regime model is used to explore these scale effects: it parameterizes vegetation‐related bank strength using a dimensionless effective cohesion, Cr*. The scale effects are explored primarily using an alluvial state space defined by the dimensionless formative discharge, Q*, and channel slope, S, which is analogous to the Q–S diagrams originally used to explore meandering‐braiding thresholds. The analyses show that the effect of vegetation on both downstream hydraulic geometry and the meandering‐braiding threshold is strongest for the smallest streams in a watershed, but that the effect disappears for Q* > 106. The analysis of the migration threshold suggests that the critical discharge ranges from about 5 m3/s to 50 m3/s, depending on the characteristic rooting depth for the vegetation. The analysis also suggests that, where fires frequently affect riparian forests, channels may alternate between laterally stable gravel plane‐bed channels and laterally active riffle‐pool channels. These channels likely do not exhibit the classic dynamic equilibrium associated with alluvial streams, but instead exhibit a cyclical morphologic evolution, oscillating between laterally stable and laterally unstable end‐members with a frequency determined by the forest fire recurrence interval. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.