Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Radiation Belts, Natural and Artificial.

Data on the time- and space-dependence of trapped particles in three categories were obtained by detectors on the Explorer XV satellite. An unexpected secondary peak in the distribution of high-energy protons was found. The fluxes of high-energy protons slowly increased with time but apparently were not affected by geomagnetic events that caused perturbation of the electron fluxes on the same lines of force. About 1 or 2% of the electrons generated by the nuclear detonation of July 9, 1962 were found to be present in the geomagnetic field 125 days later. The electron fluxes in the region between L = 1.25 and 1.65 earth radii varied by less than 35% over the period from day 110 to day 206 after the detonation of 9 July. The spatial distributions of high- and low-energy electrons are quite different. Electrons in the region above L = 1.7 earth radii are strongly perturbed by magnetic disturbances. A new outer zone of both high- and low-energy electrons was formed by the magnetic storm which began December 18, 1962. (P.C.H.)
Regulation of Inducible Heparanase Gene Transcription in Activated T Cells by Early Growth Response 1*

Cleavage of heparan sulfate by the β-d-endoglucuronidase heparanase (HPSE) is a fundamental event in a number of important physiological processes including inflammation, wound healing, and angiogenesis. HPSE activity has also been directly correlated with pathological conditions such as tumor growth and metastasis and autoimmune disease. The tight regulation of HPSE expression and function is critical to ensure homeostasis of the normal physiological processes to which it contributes and to prevent imbalance toward pathological situations. Little is known about the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate HPSE expression. In this study we have shown human HPSE gene transcription in Jurkat T cells is induced upon activation. Functional analysis of the HPSE promoter has identified a 280-bp region that is highly inducible. Mutation studies together with supershift experiments have identified a 4-bp motif that binds the transcription factor early growth response-1 (Egr1) and is critical in regulating inducible HPSE gene transcription. Furthermore, the overexpression of Egr1 resulted in the enhanced activation of the HPSE promoter. By using MAPK pathway inhibitors, we have also shown that inducible expression of HPSE mRNA and the activity of the 280-bp HPSE promoter element are dependent on the ERK1/2 (MEK1/2) pathway. This pathway is critical for induction of Egr1 expression at both the mRNA and protein level in T cells, an observation that provides further support to Egr1 playing an important role as a key activator of HPSE expression. In addition, HPSE and Egr1 were shown to co-localize by immunohistochemistry to invading mononuclear leukocytes in actively induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. These findings provide the first insight into the mechanisms controlling inducible transcription of the HPSE gene, and could represent an important lead into understanding how HPSE expression is deregulated in metastatic tumor cells.
Dose–response relationship between total cadmium intake calculated from the cadmium concentration in rice collected from each household of farmers and renal dysfunction in inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin, Japan

The association between total cadmium (Cd) intake and abnormal urinary findings was investigated in the Cd‐polluted Jinzu River basin. In 1967 and 1968 the most systematic and large‐scale health examinations were conducted among the entire population aged over 30 years of this region. We performed this study by targeting the subjects participating in the 1967 health survey conducted mainly in the heavily polluted area. From subjects who had eaten household rice of known Cd concentration, 1075 inhabitants who had either resided in their current household since birth or who had moved there from a non‐polluted area (group A), and 780 inhabitants who had resided in the current household since birth (group B), were selected as the target population. The total Cd intake for each person was calculated from the Cd dose ingested from rice and other foods. Logistic regression analysis was performed using the prevalence of abnormal urinary findings (proteinuria, glucosuria and proteinuria with glucosuria) as the criterion variable and the total Cd intake and age as explanatory variables. In subjects of groups A and B the odds ratios became higher as the dose of total Cd intake increased. Odds ratios in subjects of group A were statistically significant except for glucosuria of men and proteinuria of women. In subjects of group B the odds ratios were also significant for proteinuria + glucosuria of men and glucosuria of women.
Effects of apple pomace-mixed silage on growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs.

We measured the growth performance and meat quality of 10 crossbred (Yorkshire × Duroc × Landrace) neutered male pigs to evaluate the effects of apple pomace-mixed silage (APMS). The pigs were divided into two groups and were respectively fed the control feed and the AMPS ad libitum during the experiment. No difference was found in the finished body weight, average daily gain, carcass weight, back fat thickness or dressing ratio between the control and the AMPS treatments, but average dairy feed intake (dry matter) was significantly lower and feed efficiency was significantly higher using the APMS treatment (P < 0.05). With regard to meat quality, the APMS increased the moisture content but decreased the water holding capacity (P < 0.05) compared with the control treatment. Furthermore, the APMS affected the fatty acid composition of the back fat by increasing linoleic acid (C18:2n6), linolenic acid (C18:3) and arachidic acid (C20:0) levels, while decreasing palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and heptadecenoic acid (C17:1) levels, compared with the control treatment. These results indicate that feeding fermented apple pomace to finishing pigs increases the feed efficiency and affects the meat quality and fatty acid composition of back fat.
User experience in social commerce: in friends we trust

Social commerce (s-commerce), a new form of commerce that involves using social media, has been rapidly developing. While the adoption of social technology is well studied, new theoretical development is needed to explain the specific characteristics of s-commerce and their interactions with the user. This study analyses consumer behaviours in s-commerce, focusing on the role of social influence in s-commerce. A model is created to validate the relationship between the subjective norm and trust, social support, attitude, and intention. The results of the model show that the subjective norm is a key behavioural antecedent to use s-commerce. In the extended model, the moderating and mediating effects of the subjective norm on relationships among variables were found to be significant. The new set of variables adapted from previous research can be s-commerce-specific, acting as factors that enhance attitudes and behavioural intentions in s-commerce. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of building a theory of social interaction and providing practical insights into developing user-centered s-commerce as a platform.
Laboratory comparison of a titanium trauma splint with three conventional ones for the treatment of dental trauma.

AIM This was to evaluate the efficacy of a Titanium Trauma Splint (TTS) by comparing it with three other devices commonly used in the care of dental trauma, a Resin Splint (RS), Button-Bracket Splint (BS) and a Wire- Composite Splint (WCS). METHODS The four types of splints were applied on experimental dental models, including in the splints the teeth from canine to canine of each maxilla. Two load-tests for each device were applied with the dental model inclined to 45 degrees or less, and increasing forces were applied to the incisal edges from 0N to 50N, in the first test, and from 0N to 100N in the second. At the same time the displacement involved of the splinted teeth was assessed and then the ratio between the two measured sizes was graphically represented. RESULTS In the level tests the displacements of the splinted teeth caused by the force of 80N were: 0.39 mm for the BS, 0.37 mm for the TTS, 0.35 mm for the WCS and 0.30 mm for the RS. In the inclined tests, the splints under the effect of 40N, showed displacements as: 1.65 mm RS, 1.83 mm BS, 1.89 mm TTS and 2.16 mm WCS. CONCLUSION With the exception of RS as to rigidity, the other three splints were practically the same in response. Considering other characteristics, the TTS proved to be a promising device for the treatment of dental traumas.
How the Norwegian Maritime Sector can succeed in internationalizing LNG-technology to Southeast Asia : A Case Study of Rolls-Royce Marine

The future potential of LNG as a bunker fuel in the Southeast Asian market is huge, although it is still immature. An emerging market for LNG-propulsion in the region creates a business opportunity for Norwegian companies delivering relevant products and services. This is a summary of the strategy that will yield the highest return on a foreign market entry with focus on export of LNG-technology in the Southeast Asian region. This thesis has assessed the gas producing and consuming countries, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam, hereby referred to as the ASEAN-countries. Successful internationalization demands resource commitment and good timing, and therefore we recommend entering two countries with the purpose of exporting LNG-propulsion technology: Singapore and Indonesia. All countries can potentially adapt technology for using LNG as a marine fuel, but Singapore and Indonesia are most likely to develop small-scale LNG first. Singapore has one of the busiest ports in the world with a 20 per cent global market share for bunkering. It is a technological frontrunner in the region, and the government has taken initiatives towards establishing standards for bunkering and operations with LNG as a bunker fuel. Companies are invited to attend Joint Industry Projects on technical and commercial aspects concerning LNG-propulsion, and this is an opportunity to change the context and affect how the market will evolve. Moreover, Singapore has one of the best business environments in the world and it is easy but expensive to establish with an entity in the country. In total, Singapore is most likely to adapt LNG as a bunker fuel and consequently LNG-sponsors should be present in the country. Indonesia is the Southeast Asian region’s largest country in terms of population, area and economy. Combined with an ideal topography for small-scale LNG, Indonesia is the potentially largest market for LNG-technology in the region. LNG as marine fuel can become a reality, especially in Eastern parts of Indonesia, quite fast. The challenge in Indonesia is a complicated business environment with poor property rights as foreigners cannot have a majority share post in a local company, the red tape is extensive and corruption is a problem. However, it is possible to do ethical business in the country and at the same time succeed, but it takes adaption of strategy. Traditional Western-style strategy will not work. Long-term relations, trust and efficient alliances with local companies are required to capitalize from the Indonesian market for LNG-technology and other products and services. The figure at the right demonstrates the two most decisive variables that will determine the evolvement of the LNG bunker fuel market in Southeast Asia: • The oil-gas differential: If the price difference increase in favor of LNG, it is very stimulating • Degree of standard agreements in the LNG-technology: Ship owners rely on standards for bunkering and operations for LNG
The epidemiology and health care burden of tennis elbow: a population-based study.

Epidemiology is not an easy discipline to assess a large patient population. In their epidemiology article, Dr. Sanders and his associates have taken a manageable approach using a relatively homogeneous and small community (Olmstead County Minnesota) (1). This community is the home of the Mayo Clinic, and as such, adds the Mayo resources to a highly efficient county government. Mayo Clinic’s Dr. Morrey, one of the authors, is, as well, a world expert in the diagnosis and treatment of elbow disorders.
Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevalence and Characteristics of Market Vendors in Eastern China

Background and Objectives Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have soared in China. To address the impact, we studied market stall vendors in eastern China. Goal The goal was to determine STD prevalence and predictors. Study Design A total of 1536 randomly selected market stall vendors were interviewed and tested for STDs. Results The prevalence of any STD was 20.1% among those reporting sexual intercourse and 5.5% among those reporting never having sexual intercourse. Among those reporting sexual intercourse, chlamydia was most common (9.4%), followed by herpes (9.3%). A total of 4.5% of those reporting never having sexual intercourse had herpes infection, but none had chlamydia. Prevalence of all STDs was higher among females, and those with low education and multiple partners. The pharmacy was the major source of health care (48.8%). Conclusion Generalizing from the results, targeting only STD clinic patients and persons reporting multiple partners for intervention will exclude a high proportion of those with STDs. More effective, less stigmatized sources of STD treatment should be developed.
Reversible Steganographic Scheme with High Embedding Capacity using Dual Cover Images

The advances in Internet technology and digital image representation helped the user to easily exchange the secret message. On Internet the transmission of the secret message is conducted using digital images which created new needs, issues and opportunities to the researcher. The basic objective of secret message communication is to transmit a message securely by embedding it into a cover-image such that unintended observers are unable to detect it. The image steganographic schemes are used in secret message communication. In this paper, we have proposed reversible steganographic scheme for gray-scale images. This scheme uses dual cover images to hide secret image and generates the perceptually similar dual stegoimages. Further, to extract the secret image the knowledge of dual stegoimages and stego-key are necessary which improved the security of this scheme. The experimental results show that the scheme provides a higher embedding capacity and robustness with un-noticeable distortions in the stegoimages. The performance of the scheme is analyzed for various types of image processing attacks on stegoimage. The proposed scheme was found rigid to the image processing attacks.
Growth Resurgence, Productivity Catching-up and Labour Demand in CEECs

The collapse of communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe marked a historical event for the countries on both sides of the iron curtain. Using the recently released EU KLEMS database on detailed sectoral growth and employment measures, we analyse the productivity performance in the period after 1995 for five transition economies, i.e. the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia, and compare their performance with a group of European core economies and partly Austria as a neighbouring small open economy. Our analysis reveals a strong catching-up process with the Western European economies in terms of productivity and sectoral structures. The factors driving this convergence process, however, differ across countries and industries. Apart from an analysis at the aggregate or broad sectoral performance we devote special emphasis to the detailed industry level and in particular to the manufacturing industry, which has served as the main driver in growth and productivity. We demonstrate that the Central and Eastern European countries have successfully specialized in higher-tech industries while maintaining gaps, albeit diminishing, in services. As the strong productivity catching-up was accompanied by low employment growth in the period 1995-2004 - despite high unemployment levels - we also investigate the labour market structures and the changes in patterns of employment.
Operational Atmospheric Correction for Imaging Spectrometers Accounting for the Smile Effect

Hyperspectral pushbroom imagers are affected by a number of artifacts, such as pixel nonuniformity, spectral smile, and keystone. These have to be taken into account during system correction, orthorectification, or atmospheric correction, as performed in processing and archiving facilities (PAFs). This contribution is presenting an efficient and accurate smile correction method integrated in the atmospheric correction. The proposed technique will be used in the PAF of the German hyperspectral Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program mission. The spectral smile shift across the detector array is parametrized with a fourth-order polynomial function for each channel based on the instrument optical design model or measured laboratory data. Alternatively, spectral smile shifts can be calculated from image data using channels in atmospheric absorption regions. The concept for the time-optimized processor is outlined, and the results are presented for simulated EnMAP data and existing pushbroom imagery [HYPERION, AISA (Airborne Imaging Spectrometer for Applications), and HYSPEX (Hyperspectral Camera)].
Deductive Verification of Concurrent Programs and its Application to Secure Information Flow for Java

Formal verification of concurrent programs still poses a major challenge in computer science. Our approach is an adaptation of the modular rely/guarantee methodology in dynamic logic. Besides functional properties, we investigate language-based security. Our verification approach extends naturally to multi-threaded Java and we present an implementation in the KeY verification system. We propose natural extensions to JML regarding both confidentiality properties and multi-threaded programs.
Racial Disparities in Access to and Outcomes of Kidney Transplantation in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Results From the ESPN/ERA-EDTA (European Society of Pediatric Nephrology/European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association) Registry.

BACKGROUND Racial disparities in kidney transplantation in children have been found in the United States, but have not been studied before in Europe. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Data were derived from the ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry, an international pediatric renal registry collecting data from 36 European countries. This analysis included 1,134 young patients (aged ≤19 years) from 8 medium- to high-income countries who initiated renal replacement therapy (RRT) in 2006 to 2012. FACTOR Racial background. OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS Differences between racial groups in access to kidney transplantation, transplant survival, and overall survival on RRT were examined using Cox regression analysis while adjusting for age at RRT initiation, sex, and country of residence. RESULTS 868 (76.5%) patients were white; 59 (5.2%), black; 116 (10.2%), Asian; and 91 (8.0%), from other racial groups. After a median follow-up of 2.8 (range, 0.1-3.0) years, we found that black (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.34-0.72) and Asian (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.41-0.71) patients were less likely to receive a kidney transplant than white patients. These disparities persisted after adjustment for primary renal disease. Transplant survival rates were similar across racial groups. Asian patients had higher overall mortality risk on RRT compared with white patients (HR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.14-5.49). Adjustment for primary kidney disease reduced the effect of Asian background, suggesting that part of the association may be explained by differences in the underlying kidney disease between racial groups. LIMITATIONS No data for socioeconomic status, blood group, and HLA profile. CONCLUSIONS We believe this is the first study examining racial differences in access to and outcomes of kidney transplantation in a large European population. We found important differences with less favorable outcomes for black and Asian patients. Further research is required to address the barriers to optimal treatment among racial minority groups.
Incidence of silent hemorrhage and delayed deterioration after stereotactic brain biopsy.

OBJECT Many neurosurgeons routinely obtain computerized tomography (CT) scans to rule out hemorrhage in patients after stereotactic procedures. In the present prospective study, the authors investigated the rate of silent hemorrhage and delayed deterioration after stereotactic biopsy sampling and the role of postbiopsy CT scanning. METHODS A subset of patients (the last 102 of approximately 800 patients) who underwent stereotactic brain biopsies at the Toronto Hospital prospectively underwent routine postoperative CT scanning within hours of the biopsy procedure. Their medical charts and CT scans were then reviewed. A postoperative CT scan was obtained in 102 patients (aged 17-87 years) who underwent stereotactic biopsy between June 1994 and September 1996. Sixty-one patients (59.8%) exhibited hemorrhages, mostly intracerebral (54.9%), on the immediate postoperative scan. Only six of these patients were clinically suspected to have suffered a hemorrhage based on immediate postoperative neurological deficit: in the remaining 55 (53.9%) of 102 patients, the hemorrhage was clinically silent and unsuspected. Among the clinically silent intracerebral hemorrhages, 22 measured less than 5 mm. 20 between 5 and 10 mm, five between 10 and 30 mm, and four between 30 and 40 mm. Of the 55 patients with clinically silent hemorrhages, only three demonstrated a delayed neurological deficit (one case of seizure and two cases of progressive loss of consciousness) and these all occurred within the first 2 postoperative days. Of the neurologically well patients in whom no hemorrhage was demonstrated on initial postoperative CT scan, none experienced delayed deterioration. CONCLUSIONS Clinically silent hemorrhage after stereotactic biopsy is very common. However, the authors did not find that knowledge of its existence ultimately affected individual patient management or outcome. The authors, therefore, suggest that the most important role of postoperative CT scanning is to screen for those neurologically well patients with no hemorrhage. These patients could safely be discharged on the same day they underwent biopsy.
Corporate Diversification and Firm Performance: Evidence from Swedish Acquisitions

We study the short- and long-term valuation effects of Swedish takeovers. Using a sample of 93 bidding firms that acquired 101 targets between 1980 and 1995, we find that diversifying acquisitions lead to a negative market reaction and deterioration of the operating performance of the bidder. Our findings do not support the internal capital market hypothesis that postulates information asymmetries and market imperfections enhance the value of diversification. We find that the typical bidder is a growing firm while the target has a weaker performance than its industry competitors. Performance gains in each of the three years following the acquisition occur only when bidders expand their core business rather than diversify in peripheral lines of business. The announcement gains are also greater for firms that chose to expand their core lines of business. Our findings suggest that focused acquisitions lead to greater synergies and operating efficiencies than diversifying acquisitions. This implies that agency costs associated with diversification outweigh possible benefits arising from the creation of internal capital markets. Further, we find that concentrated ownership in the hands of insiders does mitigate the losses of diversifying bidders.