Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Green Manure Crops and n rates InfluenCe on VarIabIlIty of dry Matter and n Content at anthesIs and MaturIty In Wheat (TriTicum aesTivum l.)

AYNEHBAND, A. , F. GERAMI and E. FATEH, 2013. Green manure crops and n rates influence on variability of dry matter and n content at anthesis and maturity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 282-292 Efficient and economic utilization of green manure crops is crucial in sustainable agriculture. Field experiments were con ducted to study the effect of nitrogen supply through chemical N fertilizer and green manures on grain yield and nitrogen loss and gain of wheat as subsequent crop. The experimental design was split plots, arranged in randomized complete block with three replications. Results showed that, green manure differences in dry matter and nitrogen translocation efficiencies were re lated to nitrogen and biomass accumulated in plant reserve parts at both anthesis and maturity. Green manure dry matter translocation efficiencies ranged from 18.7 in cowpea to 22.5% in amaranth, nitrogen translocation efficiencies from 73.9 in sesbania to 76.6% in amaranth and contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grains from 32.8 in millet to 43.5% in amaranth. It has to indicate that all of them were greatest in the non-legume green manures. Increase in N application, decreased the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grains, but had various effect on N gain and losses. At the highest N application rates dry matter translocation efficiency, contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grain, nitrogen translocation efficiency, harvest index and nitrogen harvest index were greatest in amaranth (non-legume) green manure crops. But, at the optimum and lower N application rates (100 and 50 kg N ha -1 ) this parameters were greatest in all legume green manure crops. In addition, greatest N losses also occurred at the highest N rates. Consequently, high amounts of N accumulated at anthesis led to worst N loss at maturity.
Multiphysics Modelling of the Mandel- Cryer Effect

In porous medium studies the Mandel-Cryer effect is known, describing non-monotonic pore-water pressure evolution in response to loading or to changed stress conditions. In a 2D poro-elastic model we couple the pore water hydraulics with mechanics (HM). The Mandel-Cryer effect is identified in parts of the model region that are far from the drainage boundary. At parts of the loaded boundary an even more complex pressure evolution is revealed. Variations of the Biot-parameter as the coupling parameter clearly indicate the relevance of the two-way coupling between the involved physical regimes. Hence the Mandel-Cryer effect is a typical result of multi-physical coupling.
AGNfitter: A BAYESIAN MCMC APPROACH TO FITTING SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF AGNs

We present AGNfitter, a publicly available open-source algorithm implementing a fully Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to fit the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the sub-millimeter to the UV, allowing one to robustly disentangle the physical processes responsible for their emission. AGNfitter makes use of a large library of theoretical, empirical, and semi-empirical models to characterize both the nuclear and host galaxy emission simultaneously. The model consists of four physical emission components: an accretion disk, a torus of AGN heated dust, stellar populations, and cold dust in star-forming regions. AGNfitter determines the posterior distributions of numerous parameters that govern the physics of AGNs with a fully Bayesian treatment of errors and parameter degeneracies, allowing one to infer integrated luminosities, dust attenuation parameters, stellar masses, and star-formation rates. We tested AGNfitter’s performance on real data by fitting the SEDs of a sample of 714 X-ray selected AGNs from the XMM-COSMOS survey, spectroscopically classified as Type1 (unobscured) and Type2 (obscured) AGNs by their optical–UV emission lines. We find that two independent model parameters, namely the reddening of the accretion disk and the column density of the dusty torus, are good proxies for AGN obscuration, allowing us to develop a strategy for classifying AGNs as Type1 or Type2, based solely on an SED-fitting analysis. Our classification scheme is in excellent agreement with the spectroscopic classification, giving a completeness fraction of and , and an efficiency of and , for Type1 and Type2 AGNs, respectively.
Critical single domain grain sizes in chains of interacting greigite particles: Implications for magnetosome crystals

Magnetotactic bacteria contain chains of magnetically interacting crystals (magnetosomes), which aid navigation (magnetotaxis). To improve the efficiency of magnetotaxis, magnetosome crystals (which can consist of magnetite or greigite) should be magnetically stable single domain (SD) particles. Larger particles subdivide into nonuniform multidomain (MD) magnetic structures that produce weaker magnetic signals, while small SD particles become magnetically unstable due to thermal fluctuations and exhibit superparamagnetic (SP) behavior. In this study, we determined the stable SD range as a function of grain elongation and interparticle separation for chains of identical greigite grains using fundamental parameters recently determined for greigite. Interactions significantly increase the stable SD range. For example, for cube‐shaped greigite grains the upper stable SD threshold size is increased from 107 nm for isolated grains to 204 nm for touching grains arranged in chains. The larger critical SD grain size for greigite means that, compared to magnetite magnetosomes, greigite magnetosomes can produce larger magnetic signals without the need for intergrain interactions.
Statistical Matching using Fractional Imputation

Statistical matching is a technique for integrating two or more data sets when information available for matching records for individual participants across data sets is incomplete. Statistical matching can be viewed as a missing data problem where a researcher wants to perform a joint analysis of variables that are never jointly observed. A conditional independence assumption is often used to create imputed data for statistical matching. We consider an alternative approach to statistical matching without using the conditional independence assumption. We apply parametric fractional imputation of Kim (2011) to create imputed data using an instrumental variable assumption to identify the joint distribution. We also present variance estimators appropriate for the imputation procedure. We explain how the method applies directly to the analysis of data from split questionnaire designs and measurement error models.
Role of iron‐spin transition in ferropericlase on seismic interpretation: A broad thermochemical transition in the mid mantle?

Most of the lower mantle is relatively simple in terms of seismic structure. Lateral variations are weaker compared to its bottom part and to the upper mantle and seismic velocities increase smoothly with depth. To a first order, these features appear consistent with the adiabatic compression of a homogeneous medium. Here we show, instead, that seismic data require a change of chemical and/or thermal state with depth below ∼1600 km, if the effect of the spin‐transition of Fe2+ in ferropericlase on the elastic signature of a typical lower mantle assemblage is taken into account. The inferred thermochemical structure helps to reconcile geochemical and geophysical observations and has profound implications on the dynamical evolution of our planet.
3D vegetation structure influence on boreal forest bird species richness

Bird populations across the world are in danger with decreasing numbers and more species continually becoming red-listed. One main driver behind this trend is human-caused habitat loss and degeneration, which in particular has been identified as a major threat in forested regions. The importance of forest vegetation structure for bird diversity has been shown in many studies, though typically for small restricted study areas. Here I used a large region of interior boreal Sweden as study area. I used point census count data from the Swedish National Bird Monitoring program combined with recently published nation-covering lidar data, to investigate how bird species richness was affected by 3D forest structure. In total 37 forest-associated bird species were included. Non-parametric random forest models and generalized linear models (GLMs) were used, rendering R2 values of 36% and 15%, respectively. Variation in vegetation density and canopy height were the two most important forest structure features to predict bird species richness. Height evenness, also known as foliage height diversity (FHD), scored low in variable importance despite being considered a significant driver of bird diversity by many authors. A constrained correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination method was performed to explore habitat selection and niche width for individual bird species. Species with similar habitat preferences were nested in the CCA diagram but showed large overlaps, suggesting that there is a signal in the data but also much noise. Thus, separating between habitat generalists and specialists was not possible. For conservation applications and prioritizations, bird species richness is not necessarily a suitable measure. Rather, the contribution to beta and gamma diversity, as well as the specific habitat preferences of rare, red-listed and specialist species, should guide conservation measures and forest management practices. Future studies should extend further towards a landscape-based study design where forest fragmentation and configuration are significant components.
The mid-Frasnian subsidence pulse in the Lublin Basin (SE Poland): sedimentary record, conodont biostratigraphy and regional significance

Most of the thickness of Frasnian sediments in the central segment of the Lublin Basin, i.e. up to 300 metres, is represented by a single transgressive-regressive Cycle VIa, developed in the carbonate-sulphate platform facies. The age of the transgressive part falls into the interval between the upper part of the Upper hassi Zone and the jamieae Zone, whereas the upper boundary runs between the upper part of the Lower rhenana Zone and the lower part of the Upper rhenana Zone. Basin architecture and conodont biostratigraphic data confirm the tectonic nature of the cycle, which represents a short-term increase in Frasnian subsidence and depositional rates. Based on the conodont data, it is plausible that the onset of the tectonic subsidence in the Lublin Basin and the incipient Pripyat Graben rifting correspond closely in age. They can thus be attributed to the common tectonic mechanism of regional extension in the south-west part of the East European Platform. The lack of any Late Devonian magmatic activity in the Lublin Basin and the synchronous development of this basin with the Pripyat Graben favour the idea that intraplate stresses were the primary factors controlling subsidence in both depocentres during themid Frasnian to Famennian. The hypothetical mantle plume could have merely amplified the effects of crustal extension in the Pripyat Graben, thus facilitating a typical rift development.
Modeling stomatal conductance in the earth system: linking leaf water-use efficiency and water transport along the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum

Abstract. The Ball–Berry stomatal conductance model is commonly used in earth system models to simulate biotic regulation of evapotranspiration. However, the dependence of stomatal conductance (gs) on vapor pressure deficit (Ds) and soil moisture must be empirically parameterized. We evaluated the Ball–Berry model used in the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) and an alternative stomatal conductance model that links leaf gas exchange, plant hydraulic constraints, and the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (SPA). The SPA model simulates stomatal conductance numerically by (1) optimizing photosynthetic carbon gain per unit water loss while (2) constraining stomatal opening to prevent leaf water potential from dropping below a critical minimum. We evaluated two optimization algorithms: intrinsic water-use efficiency (ΔAn /Δgs, the marginal carbon gain of stomatal opening) and water-use efficiency (ΔAn /ΔEl, the marginal carbon gain of transpiration water loss). We implemented the stomatal models in a multi-layer plant canopy model to resolve profiles of gas exchange, leaf water potential, and plant hydraulics within the canopy, and evaluated the simulations using leaf analyses, eddy covariance fluxes at six forest sites, and parameter sensitivity analyses. The primary differences among stomatal models relate to soil moisture stress and vapor pressure deficit responses. Without soil moisture stress, the performance of the SPA stomatal model was comparable to or slightly better than the CLM Ball–Berry model in flux tower simulations, but was significantly better than the CLM Ball–Berry model when there was soil moisture stress. Functional dependence of gs on soil moisture emerged from water flow along the soil-to-leaf pathway rather than being imposed a priori, as in the CLM Ball–Berry model. Similar functional dependence of gs on Ds emerged from the ΔAn/ΔEl optimization, but not the ΔAn /gs optimization. Two parameters (stomatal efficiency and root hydraulic conductivity) minimized errors with the SPA stomatal model. The critical stomatal efficiency for optimization (ι) gave results consistent with relationships between maximum An and gs seen in leaf trait data sets and is related to the slope (g1) of the Ball–Berry model. Root hydraulic conductivity (Rr*) was consistent with estimates from literature surveys. The two central concepts embodied in the SPA stomatal model, that plants account for both water-use efficiency and for hydraulic safety in regulating stomatal conductance, imply a notion of optimal plant strategies and provide testable model hypotheses, rather than empirical descriptions of plant behavior.
An Investigation of Anxiety Among Elementary School Students Towards Foreign Language Learning

Foreign language anxiety (FLA) plays a crucial role in language learning. This study aims to investigate the level of FLA and the impact of gender differences among EFL elementary school students. The sample of the study was 146 males and 114 female 6th. Grade Saudi Students of public schools in the Southern Region of Saudi Arabia. Foreign language classroom anxiety Scale (FLCAS) was administered and 10 students were selected and interviewed. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. T-test was used to compare the level of foreign language anxiety among male and female students. The findings of the quantitative and qualitative data went in parallel. They showed that FLA was moderate among our participants. They also revealed that gender difference did not play a significant impact on anxiety towards foreign language learning. Furthermore, some pedagogical implications and recommendations were provided to enrich early age EFL teaching in Saudi Arabia and to overcome the negative effects of anxiety among foreign language learners.
VARIABLE STRUCTURE BEHAVIOURAL CONTROLLER FOR MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS

Computer simulations by Brogan [1] showed that the assumption of mutual attractive and repulsive forces between members of a group leads to acceptable social behaviours. Artificial potential fields (APFs) were first introduced for obstacle avoidance by Khatib [2]. Using APFs and through simulations, Reif [3] showed that the quasi static modelling also leads to acceptable social behaviours. Gazi [4] considered a model of quasi-static swarm with massless and dimensionless members in n dimensional space and discussed the cohesion and goal convergence. To be more practical Etemadi [5] introduced a gradual decrease in view and later [6] discussed a sharp limitation of sight. Non-holonomic constraints on motion of a group of inertia-less particles are studied by Dimarogonas [7]. Based on the APFs, Kim [8] discussed collision and unreachable goal problems and proposed some frameworks for decentralized control of self-organizing systems. Burger [9], Bıyık [10] and Haddad [11] developed methods for large scale modelling of swarms. Vicsek [12] showed that using the nearest neighbour rule, a group of agents with equal velocities in different directions will finally move in a unified direction. Later Jadbabaie [13] revised this method and strengthened the proof which based on, Olfati-saber [14] combined both graph and energy methods to study the flocking phenomena.
Semen Quality and Chromatin Condensation in Domestic Cat Sperm During Passage Through the Epididymis

The objectives were to identify and quantify changes occurring in cat sperm as they pass through the epididymis, vas deferens and ejaculate. Cat epididymides obtained by orchidectomy were divided into six regions (1 to 6) and sperm cells were released by mincing each epididymal region. The semen quality was assessed by light microscopy and the sperm chromatin condensation was measured by flow cytometry. The sperm motility was minimal in region 1 and increased significantly (p < 0.05) when the sperm passed from this region, with maximum motility reached in region 6, the vas deferens and ejaculate. Progressive motility and the percentage of sperm with normal morphology increased during epididymal transit. The most prevalent defects in abnormal spermatozoa were found in the tail. The mean degree of maturation (± standard error of the mean) of sperm chromatin condensation was 72.9 ± 9.4% in region 1 and was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in region 3 (94.4 ± 2.6%). Chromatin condensation or decondensation processes were studied further in cat epididymides (four portions: initial segment, caput, corpus and cauda) by incubating sperm with alkaline phosphatase (AP) or dithiothreitol (DTT), respectively, followed by staining with propidium iodide and analysis by flow cytometry. After AP treatment, the fluorescence intensity approximated that found in the initial segment. The DTT treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the fluorescence of the chromatin condensation in all parts, except the initial segment. Cat sperm chromatin was shown to undergo condensation during passage through the epididymis and the condensation process was reversed by reducing disulfide to sulfhydryl bonds or promoted by dephosphorylation.
Effects of Economic Crisis on International Circulators to Hungary

Circular mobilities have become frequent during the era of globalisation. This contribution provides empirical evidence relevant to the long-term international circular migrants admitted into Hungary in economic crisis period 2009-2012 in comparison with before decline of 2006-2008. The principal aim of this paper is to quantify some socio-demographic effects of economic crisis on the international circulators. Initially, we define the circulation within the conceptual framework between the continuum of transnationalism and translocalism. This is achieved by performing the critical literature review on definitions of circulation followed by the international migration and economic contexts. Then we analyse macro-scale data set on long-term international circular migrants based on an original statistical method. In the light of absolute and relative indicators we study changes in time series of circulators in comparison with first immigrants as reference group. We seek to gain insight into the change of socio-demographic composition of international circulators by gender, age and family status. We embed the empirical results into the recent migratory context and try to find possible explanations and interpretations of the effects measured. Lastly, we guess a new characteristic of multiple movers, namely international circulators are partially resistant to some negative effects of economic crisis.
Flux chamber study of particle formation from Durvillaea potatorum

Environmental context. Kelp at Mace Head, Ireland, produces large quantities of iodine when exposed to sunlight at low tide and this iodine results in the rapid production of particles. Cape Grim, Tasmania, also has large colonies of kelp (Durvillaea potatorum) but its role in particle formation appears limited. A flux chamber was used to better understand the response of Durvillaea potatorum to light stress and ozone. Abstract. Brown kelp, in particular Laminara digitata at Mace Head, Ireland, has been shown to emit iodine when under stress, resulting in new particle formation. The Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station, Tasmania, is surrounded by rocky reefs that support large colonies of the brown kelp Durvillaea potatorum. During an intensive campaign in February 2006 at Cape Grim, levels of IO, OIO and methyl iodide remained at background levels and no particle formation events could be associated with locally generated precursor iodine species. In order to better understand the limitations of the local kelp to provide a source of precursor species, samples of Durvillaea potatorum were collected from the beach below the Cape Grim Station and tested for their capacity to initiate particle formation using a flux chamber technique. Particles were observed only when the kelp was exposed to both very high levels (>100 ppb) of ozone and natural solar radiation. There was a high correlation between ozone level and particles produced. The particles resulting from exposure to high levels of ozone were aromatic and volatile. Durvillaea potatorum appears to plays a very limited role in contributing to particle formation at Cape Grim, but it does represent a source of atmospheric iodine under photo-oxidative stress, of 18 pmol g–1 (fresh weight) min–1 and is likely to have a significant role in atmospheric chemistry at this site.
Searching for Extragalactic Sources in the VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea Survey

We search for extragalactic sources in the VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea survey that are hidden by the Galaxy. Herein, we describe our photometric procedure to find and characterize extragalactic objects using a combination of SExtractor and PSFEx. It was applied in two tiles of the survey: d010 and d115, without previous extragalactic IR detections, in order to obtain photometric parameters of the detected sources. The adopted criteria to define extragalactic candidates include 1.0 < 2.1 < C < 5; and and the colors: 0.5 < (J–Ks) < 2.0 mag; 0.0 < (J–H) < 1.0 mag; 0.0 < (H–Ks) < 2.0 mag and (J–H) + 0.9 (H–Ks) > 0.44 mag. We detected 345 and 185 extragalactic candidates in the d010 and d115 tiles, respectively. All of them were visually inspected and confirmed to be galaxies. In general, they are small and more circular objects, due to the near-IR sensitivity to select more compact objects with higher surface brightness. The procedure will be used to identify extragalactic objects in other tiles of the VVV disk, which will allow us to study the distribution of galaxies and filaments hidden by the Milky Way.