Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tone and Intonation in Mambila

Mambila is a Bantoid language spoken in the Nigeria-Cameroon borderland. It is a language with four level lexical tones and two grammatical tones. Previous work by the author (see references) indicates that pitch realization in Mambila is rather tightly constrained with respect to downtrends, the intrinsic F0 of vowels, and the overall scaling of tones. The present chapter combines this earlier work with newly reported research to present an overview of tone and intonation in Mambila. The major question addressed is whether Mambila, with its complex and crowded tone space, uses F0 differences to signal differences in sentence type: declaratives, polar questions, and content questions. The results of a series of experimental investigations reveal no consistent contribution of F0 in distinguishing sentence type: Mambila is a language which does not have intonation, as this concept is usually understood. The implications of these findings for intonation theory are discussed in the closing paragraphs of the chapter.
О реализации функции планирования в региональной социально-экономической системе

Главной задачей региональной политики государства является эффективное использование потенциала, выработка и осуществление мер государственного регулирования развития территорий и их взаимодействия. За период реформ в стране так и не удалось добиться снижения дифференциации в уровнях социально-экономического развития и бюджетной обеспеченности регионов [2, 3].
Discovery of multiphase cold accretion in a massive galaxy at z = 0.7

We present detailed photo+collisional ionization models and kinematic models of the multiphase absorbing gas, detected within the Hubble Space Telescope(HST)/COS, HST/STIS and Keck/HIRES spectra of the background quasar TON 153 at 104 kpc along the projected minor axis of a star-forming spiral galaxy (z = 0.6610). Complementary g′r′i′Ks photometry and stellar population models indicate that the host galaxy is dominated by an ∼4 Gyr stellar population with slightly greater than solar metallicity and has an estimated log M* = 11 and a log M_vir = 13. Photoionization models of the low-ionization absorption (Mg i, Si ii, Mg ii and C iii), which trace the bulk of hydrogen, constrain the multicomponent gas to be cold (log T = 3.8–5.2) and metal poor (inline image). A lagging halo model reproduces the low-ionization absorption kinematics, suggesting gas coupled to the disc angular momentum, consistent with cold accretion mode material in simulations. The C iv and O vi absorption is best modelled in a separate collisionally ionized metal-poor (−2.50 ≤ [X/H] ≤ −1.93) warm phase with log T = 5.3. Although their kinematics are consistent with a wind model, given the 2–2.5 dex difference between the galaxy stellar metallicity and the absorption metallicity we indicate that the gas cannot arise from galactic winds. We discuss and conclude that although the quasar sightline passes along the galaxy minor axis at a projected distance of 0.3 virial radii, well inside its virial shock radius, the combination of the relative kinematics, temperatures and relative metallicities indicates that the multiphase absorbing gas arises from cold accretion around this massive galaxy. Our results appear to contradict recent interpretations that absorption probing the projected minor axis of a galaxy is sampling winds.
Factor Structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

This study evaluated the factor structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) with a diverse sample of 1,248 European American, Latino, Armenian, and Iranian adolescents. Adolescents completed the 10-item RSES during school as part of a larger study on parental influences and academic outcomes. Findings suggested that method effects in the RSES are more strongly associated with negatively worded items across three diverse groups but also more pronounced among ethnic minority adolescents. Findings also suggested that accounting for method effects is necessary to avoid biased conclusions regarding cultural differences in self-esteem and how predictors are related to the RSES. Moreover, the two RSES factors (positive self-esteem and negative self-esteem) were differentially predicted by parenting behaviors and academic motivation. Substantive and methodological implications of these findings for cross-cultural research on adolescent self-esteem are discussed.
Decentralization, Social Capital and Regional Convergence

By studying the interaction between social capital and decentralization, we show that political decentralization can be a source of divergence across heterogeneous regions. In particular, we claim that since the local endowments of social capital display their effect on the economy mainly through the functioning of local institutions, decentralization enhances (hampers) growth wherever social capital is high (low). We define our hypothesis within a growth model with public capital, and use the North-South divide in Italy to assess the quantitative plausibility of our model. A calibration exercise shows that it accounts for the major swings in the Italian regional divide since 1861.
Wolf Pack Activism

Blockholder monitoring is central to corporate governance, but blockholders large enough to exercise significant unilateral influence are rare. Mechanisms that enable moderately sized blockholders to exert collective influence are therefore important. Existing theory suggests that engagement by moderately sized blockholders is unlikely, especially when the blocks are held by delegated asset managers who have limited skin in the game. We present a model in which multiple delegated blockholders engage target management in parallel, that is, “wolf pack activism. ” Delegation reduces skin in the game, which decreases incentives for engagement. However, it also induces competition over investor capital (i.e., competition for flow). We show that this increases engagement incentives and helps ameliorate the problem of insufficient engagement, although it can also foster excess engagement. Under competition for flow, the total amount of capital seeking skilled activist managers is relevant to engagement incentives, which helps to predict when and where wolf packs arise. Flow incentives are particularly valuable in incentivizing engagement by packs with smaller members. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
Environmental Regulations, Market Structure and Technological Progress in Renewable Energy Technology - A Panel Data Study on Wind Turbines

We study the impact of environmental regulations on the patent activities for wind turbines between 1980 and 2008. We explicitly control for energy market liberalisation and take a potential interaction between liberalisation and policy instruments into account. We find a strong and highly significant effect of environmental tax revenues, which we regard as a proxy for the extent to which energy prices changed in favour of renewable energies, as well as foreign demand for wind turbines on innovation activities. In addition, we find that price-based policy instruments are more effective in fostering innovations in the wind turbine technology when energy markets are fully open to competition. In contrast, non-price-based policy instruments such as grants or low interest rate loans are largely independent from whether or not energy markets are liberalised.
Länderindex Familienunternehmen - Erbschaftsteuer im internationalen Vergleich

Nach der festgestellten Verfassungswidrigkeit einzelner Regelungen hat der Gesetzgeber 2016 weitreichende Anderungen des deutschen Erbschaftsteuer- und Schenkungsteuergesetzes bei der Vererbung von Betriebsvermogen beschlossen. Einer entlastend wirkenden Absenkung des Kapitalisierungsfaktors stehen Verscharfungen im Bereich der Behandlung von Verwaltungsvermogen und eine verzinsliche Stundung gegenuber. Zusatzlich wurden mit dem abschmelzenden Verschonungsabschlag und der Verschonungsbedarfsprufung neue Regelungen fur die Vererbung groser Betriebsvermogen eingefuhrt, die z. B. beim Abschlagsmodell keinerlei Verschonung des Betriebsvermogens mehr ab einer gewissen Hohe vorsehen. In der vorliegenden Studie werden die Auswirkungen der rechtlichen Anderungen durch die Reform mit Hilfe von Simulationsrechnungen quantifiziert, um eine differenzierte Analyse der Neuerungen zu ermoglichen.
Comparative Advantage and International Risk Sharing: Together at Last

The overwhelming consensus in the theoretical literature is that access to international risk sharing in the presence of uninsured total factor productivity (TFP) shocks induces a country to specialize more in its comparative advantage industries. This paper demonstrates that the eect of nancial integration on production patterns depends on preferences and on the structure of the variance-covariance matrix of TFP shocks present in the economy. Using a variant of the standard 2 2 Ricardian model with TFP shocks by Helpman and Razin (1978), I show that if TFP shocks aect each industry in all countries the same way, the standard assumption, then nancial integration indeed leads to a more specialized production structure. However, if shocks are not correlated across countries and aect all industries in a country the same way, then the eect of nancial integration is ambiguous. I also show that in the absence of international risk sharing the Helpman-Razin model generally has (discrete) multiple equilibria | an overlooked phenomenon. I build a framework with a continuum of goods in the spirit of Eaton-Kortum and show how the multiple equilibria can be numerically bounded. Using this framework I explore the welfare eects
SECRETÁRIO MUNICIPAL DA SAÚDE

I. Divulgar o resultado dos recursos, conforme apresentado no ANEXO I do presente termo. II. Divulgar o resultado definitivo das inscrições, conforme ANEXO II, contendo os nomes dos candidatos, a função e a situação. III. Informar que, com base no princípio da autotutela, visando sanar possíveis irregularidades, foram feitas as correções de digitação de nomes e de categorias profissionais, as quais passam a constar no ANEXO II. IV. Retificar, por impossibilidade de cálculo, a pontuação máxima da experiência profissional prevista no barema contido no ANEXO III do edital inaugural, para onde se lê 50, leia-se 47 pontos, tendo em vista que, as experiências de trabalho vivenciadas em instituições diferentes, mas em períodos concomitantes, foram consideradas somente uma vez para fins de pontuação, sendo atribuída a respectiva pontuação de maior valor.
Coupled Evolution of Topography and Orographic Precipitation in Varied Climates

9 10 Precipitation patterns in mountain ranges are strongly controlled by topography, highly variable in 11 space, and persistent over timescales for which measurements exist. The impact of spatial 12 patterning of precipitation on landscape evolution is examined with a coupled model of orographic 13 precipitation and surface erosion. For a range of plausible climate variables, steady-state 14 precipitation patterns vary from nearly uniform and maximizing over the highest topography to 15 highly spatially variable, closely coupled to small-scale topography and maximizing low on 16 windward slopes. Such precipitation patterns are a first-order control on significant aspects of 17 modeled landscape morphology including range scale and ridge-valley scale relief, channel 18 concavity, and the position of the main drainage divide. An association between more uniform 19 precipitation patterns and cooler climates is suggested based on field studies and the strong 20 dependence of precipitation fall speed (and hence advection distance) on precipitation phase. The 21 coupled evolution of precipitation patterns and topography further demonstrates the fundamental 22 importance of the coupled climate, erosion and tectonic system for mountain geomorphology. 23
Hydrocarbon-Derived Carbonate Cements of Subsurface Origin in the Vulcan Sub-Basin, Timor Sea

Localized carbonate cementation occurs in the Eocene Grebe Sandstone of the Vulcan Sub-basin, Timor Sea, Australia. The cements have been previously interpreted as originating from microbial methane oxidation and sulfate reduction in a shallow subsurface environment and were related to hydrocarbon leakage. Here we reassess these localized carbonate cements in the Grebe Sandstone, and reported new findings. Petrography shows that there are two facies of sands in the Grebe Sandstone: (1) cemented, mostly fine-grained sands; and (2) loose, often coarse-grained sands. In addition, two types of carbonate matrix occur in the Grebe Sandstone: (1) spars to microspars in calcareous, fine-grained sandstones; and (2) micritic to microsparry matrix associated with limestone grains. Stable carbon isotopic values reveal that only the cements associated with sandstones were probably hydrocarbon-derived, and the resultant mineral is mainly calcite. Petrographic attributes and Mn(superscript +2) and Co(superscript +2) compositions of these cements differ significantly from those of modern cold-seep carbonates at or near the sea floor. Moreover, the hydrocarbon-derived carbonate mineralization only occurs in the fine-grained sands, not in the coarse-grained sands. In other word, the cementation was not only dependent on hydrocarbon leakage but also on the lithofacies of the host rock. We propose that the extent of hydrocarbon-related cementation alone cannot be used to evaluate the trap integrity as has been previously suggested.
A SPITZER SURVEY OF MID-INFRARED MOLECULAR EMISSION FROM PROTOPLANETARY DISKS. II. CORRELATIONS AND LOCAL THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS

We present an analysis of Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph observations of H2O, OH, HCN, C2H2, and CO2 emission, and Keck-NIRSPEC observations of CO emission, from a diverse sample of T Tauri and Herbig Ae/Be circumstellar disks. We find that detections and strengths of most mid-IR molecular emission features are correlated with each other, suggesting a common origin and similar excitation conditions for this mid-infrared line forest. Aside from the remarkable differences in molecular line strengths between T Tauri, Herbig Ae/Be, and transitional disks discussed in Pontoppidan et al., we note that the line detection efficiency is anti-correlated with the 13/30 μm spectral slope, which is a measure of the degree of grain settling in the disk atmosphere. We also note a correlation between detection efficiency and Hα equivalent width, and tentatively with accretion rate, suggesting that accretional heating contributes to line excitation. If detected, H2O line fluxes are correlated with the mid-IR continuum flux, and other co-varying system parameters, such as L⋆. However, significant sample variation, especially in molecular line ratios, remains, and its origin has yet to be explained. Local thermal equilibrium (LTE) models of the H2O emission show that line strength is primarily related to the best-fit emitting area, and this accounts for most source-to-source variation in H2O emitted flux. Best-fit temperatures and column densities cover only a small range of parameter space, near ∼1018 cm−2 and 450 K for all sources, suggesting a high abundance of H2O in many planet-forming regions. Other molecules have a range of excitation temperatures from ∼500to1500 K, also consistent with an origin in planet-forming regions. We find molecular ratios relative to water of ∼10−3 for all molecules, with the exception of CO, for which n(CO)/n(H2O) ∼ 1. However, LTE fitting caveats and differences in the way thermo-chemical modeling results are reported make comparisons with such models difficult, and highlight the need for additional observations coupled with the use of line-generating radiative transfer codes.
Managerial ) Style over Substance : Determinants of Devaluation for Female Supervisors in an Indian Garment Factory by Ranjitha Shivaram

Despite the rising representation of women in management, female managers continue to be devalued compared to male managers, presenting a challenge for gender inequality in organizations. This study helps address a significant gap in the literature by investigating if the devaluation of female managers can be explained by their lower effectiveness in motivating worker performance. We investigate this question by using a methodological framework that combines unique personnel records, ethnographic and field-experimental data in the context of a large Indian garment factory where female supervisors are devalued and paid 15% less than their male counterparts to manage a female workforce. First, we demonstrate that the devaluation of female supervisors cannot be explained by their lower managerial effectiveness. By exploiting within-worker changes in supervisor gender in the personnel data, we find that female supervisors elicit 5% higher worker performance than male supervisors. Second, we ethnographically and experimentally show that female supervisors outperform their male counterparts by adopting a "non-authoritative managerial style," and further suggest that this style could lead to devaluation by upper management. Combined, these results rule out managerial substance as an explanation for the devaluation of female managers, pointing instead to managerial style as a prime determinant of gender inequality in the workplace. Thesis Supervisor: Susan Silbey Title: Leon and Anne Goldberg Professor of Humanities, Sociology and Anthropology
THE METALLICITY EVOLUTION OF LOW-MASS GALAXIES: NEW CONSTRAINTS AT INTERMEDIATE REDSHIFT

We present abundance measurements from 26 emission-line-selected galaxies at z ∼ 0.6–0.7. By reaching stellar masses as low as 108 M☉, these observations provide the first measurement of the intermediate-redshift mass–metallicity (MZ) relation below 109 M☉. For the portion of our sample above M > 109 M☉ (8/26 galaxies), we find good agreement with previous measurements of the intermediate-redshift MZ relation. Compared to the local relation, we measure an evolution that corresponds to a 0.12 dex decrease in oxygen abundances at intermediate redshifts. This result confirms the trend that metallicity evolution becomes more significant toward lower stellar masses, in keeping with a downsizing scenario where low-mass galaxies evolve onto the local MZ relation at later cosmic times. We show that these galaxies follow the local fundamental metallicity relation, where objects with higher specific (mass-normalized) star formation rates (SFRs) have lower metallicities. Furthermore, we show that the galaxies in our sample lie on an extrapolation of the SFR–M* relation (the star-forming main sequence). Leveraging the MZ relation and star-forming main sequence (and combining our data with higher-mass measurements from the literature), we test models that assume an equilibrium between mass inflow, outflow, and star formation. We find that outflows are required to describe the data. By comparing different outflow prescriptions, we show that momentum, driven winds can describe the MZ relation; however, this model underpredicts the amount of star formation in low-mass galaxies. This disagreement may indicate that preventive feedback from gas heating has been overestimated, or it may signify a more fundamental deviation from the equilibrium assumption.
Normal and Premature Adrenarche.

Adrenarche is the maturational increase in adrenal androgen production that normally begins in early childhood. It results from changes in the secretory response to ACTH that are best indexed by dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) rise. These changes are related to the development of the zona reticularis (ZR) and its unique gene/enzyme expression pattern of low 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 with high cytochrome b5A, sulfotransferase 2A1, and 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5. Recently 11-ketotestosterone was identified as an important bioactive adrenarchal androgen. Birth weight, body growth, obesity, and prolactin are related to ZR development. Adrenarchal androgens normally contribute to the onset of sexual pubic hair (pubarche) and sebaceous and apocrine gland development. Premature adrenarche causes ≥90% of premature pubarche. Its cause is unknown. Affected children have a significantly increased growth rate with proportionate bone age advancement that typically does not compromise growth potential. Serum DHEAS and testosterone levels increase to levels normal for early female puberty. It is associated with mildly increased risks for obesity, insulin resistance, and possibly mood disorder and polycystic ovary syndrome. Five-10% of premature pubarche is due to virilizing disorders, which are usually characterized by more rapid advancement of pubarche and compromise of adult height potential than premature adrenarche. Most cases are due to nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Algorithms are presented for the differential diagnosis of premature pubarche.This review highlights recent advances in molecular genetic and developmental biologic understanding of ZR development and insights into adrenarche emanating from mass spectrometric steroid assays.
Phosphoryl Exchange Reaction Catalyzed by Enzyme I of the Bacterial Phosphoeno 1 pyruvate : Sugar Phosphotransferase System

Enzyme I of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system catalyzes phosphoryl transfer from phosphoenolpyruvate to the heat-stable phosphoryl carrier protein, HPr. Enzyme I also catalyzes a rapid phosphoryl exchange reaction in which the phosphoryl moiety of phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred to pyruvate. Additionally, Enzyme I plus HPr catalyze the slow hydrolysis of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate and inorganic phosphate. A simple and quantitative assay was developed for measuring these reactions. “C-Labeled phosphoenolpyruvate or pyruvate was used, and the formation of [‘4C]pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate was measured, respectively. The two radioactive products were separated by conversion of pyruvate to the dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative and extraction into ethyl acetate. Employing this assay, the Enzyme I-catalyzed phosphoryl exchange and sugar phosphorylation reactions showed sigmoidal kinetics when reaction rate was plotted versus Enzyme I concentration. The enzyme was activated by M g + , Mn2+, and Co2+ but not by other divalent cations tested. The pH optimum in the presence of Mg2’ was 1.5. Kinetic binding constants were estimated as follows: P-enolpyruvate, 0.4 m ~ ; pyruvate, 2 m ~ ; Mg“’, 2 mm; P-enolpyruvate (bound to phospho-Enzyme I), 2.5 m ~ ; and pyruvate (bound to free Enzyme I), 20 m ~ . Low concentrations of bromopyruvate irreversibly inactivated the enzyme, while oxalate appeared to be a potent transition state inhibitor. Enzyme I catalyzed exchange reactions when aketobutyrate or fl-hydroxypyruvate replaced pyruvate, but higher homologues of pyruvate were essentially inactive. Bacterial extracts catalyzed the hydrolysis of phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of low concentrations of Co2+. This activity was not attributable to a known enzyme constituent of the PTS.