Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Projection and Phrase Structure

Perfect Syntax dispenses with the idea of externally forced imperfections in syntax. This article presents a system of principles relating (L) LF representations and lexical items that aims to be compatible with this assumption. The core of this theory is that phrase structures are viewed as projection lines (lexical items and their projections) linked by an Insert relation. This explains uniqueness and locality of projection, the fact that phrases and nonphrasal elements can immediately dominate each other only when they are part of the same projection line, and most effects of the target projects requirement. I attribute a residue to the Generalized Projection Principle, for which I also provide an explanation. In addition, I explore various consequences of the present approach for the Move/Chain relation.
Effect of Sales Approaches on the Growth of Women Street Vending in Kenya

Entrepreneurship is perceived as one of the substantial aspects that lead to development, where entrepreneurs are faced with the task of organizing and managing businesses and in the process assuming all risks of their entrepreneurial ventures. Women entrepreneurs all over the world are contributing numerous ideas, energy and capital resources and making a difference in the business world. This study examined the response that poses as an important factor for growth in the entrepreneurial world. The study provides insight into the role of sales approaches on the growth of Women Street vending in Kenya. The specific objective of this study was to determine the effect of sales approaches on the growth of Women Street vending in Kenya. The target population of the study consisted of 384 women street vendors in Nairobi who were selected through probability sampling using the systematic sampling technique. The method used for primary data collection was questionnaires that were prepared and administered to women street vendors in the streets of three of Nairobi’s markets. Data analysis employed quantitative techniques on the questionnaires and hypothesis testing and qualitative methods for content analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data collected where the descriptive statistics involved frequencies and percentages and the inferential statistics involved correlation analysis and regression to test for the relationship of the variables. Various tests like sampling adequacy test, normality and multicollinearity were carried out during data analysis and the study presents the findings using tables and charts. The response rate of the study was 315 respondents out of the possible 384 a majority of who ranged from 18 to 36 years of age. The correlation results showed that sales approaches were strongly associated to growth of women street vendors in Kenya. Logistic Regression results showed a statistically significant relationship between sales approaches and growth of women street vending. The study concluded that sales approaches have a positive and significant effect on the growth of Women Street vending in Kenya. Based on the findings it was recommended that women engaging in street vending should come up with strategic sales approaches which will ensure they remain relevant in the market. Key words: Sales approaches, Women Street Vending, Growth
Investor aspirations for Indigenous land and sea management in Australia

ABSTRACT Partnerships between Indigenous peoples and non-local investors have been the source of significant innovation in environmental management across the globe. Indigenous land and sea management in Australia is a growing economic sector that has been used to create jobs, training and income in remote Indigenous Australia. While the aspirations of Indigenous people for Indigenous land and sea management have been reported widely, the aspirations of non-local investors are less clear. In this article, we present an analysis of the aspirations of investors and, in so doing, seek to strengthen partnerships between Indigenous peoples and investors globally. There can be an implicit assumption that investment in the sector is purely to achieve biophysical outcomes, such as increased protection of biodiversity in key bioregions. Our analysis suggests that this is partly true, though significantly underestimates the willingness of investors to contribute to the realisation of social, economic and cultural benefits. Based on these results, we offer two recommendations for advancing Indigenous land and sea manager-investor partnerships: (1) investors should identify and clearly communicate their aspirations for entering partnerships, and (2) Indigenous peoples should be supported to develop clear protocols for investment in their land sea management programmes.
Somewhere between Jim Crow & Post-Racialism: Reflections on the Racial Divide in America Today

Abstract In 1965, when Dædalus published two issues on “The Negro American,” civil rights in the United States had experienced a series of triumphs and setbacks. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 extended basic citizenship rights to African Americans, and there was hope for further positive change. Yet 1965 also saw violent confrontations in Selma, Alabama, and the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles that were fueled by racial tensions. Against this backdrop of progress and retreat, the contributors to the Dædalus volumes of the mid-1960s considered how socioeconomic factors affected the prosperity, well-being, and social standing of African Americans. Guest editor Lawrence D. Bobo suggests that today we inhabit a similarly unsettled place: situated somewhere between the overt discrimination of Jim Crow and the aspiration of full racial equality. In his introduction, Bobo paints a broad picture of the racial terrain in America today before turning the volume over to the contributors, who take up particular questions ranging from education and family support, to racial identity and politics, to employment and immigration.
Computer and Information Technology, Firm Growth, and Industrial Restructuring: Evidence from Manufacturing in the People's Republic of China

Computer and information technology is considered one of the most powerful engines of modern growth, but more empirical evidence is needed to quantify its impacts. This paper studies the role of computer and information technology in industrial restructuring by observing structural change in the manufacturing sector in the People's Republic of China using a large firm-level data set. Computer and information technology is found to boost changes in industrial structure substantially. This paper also identifies faster and higher-quality growth of firms as the underlying channel through which computer use can improve industrial structure. Firms using computers grow faster, spend more on research and development, and enjoy greater productivity.
From Paraphrase Database to Compositional Paraphrase Model and Back

The Paraphrase Database (PPDB; Ganitkevitch et al., 2013) is an extensive semantic resource, consisting of a list of phrase pairs with (heuristic) confidence estimates. However, it is still unclear how it can best be used, due to the heuristic nature of the confidences and its necessarily incomplete coverage. We propose models to leverage the phrase pairs from the PPDB to build parametric paraphrase models that score paraphrase pairs more accurately than the PPDB’s internal scores while simultaneously improving its coverage. They allow for learning phrase embeddings as well as improved word embeddings. Moreover, we introduce two new, manually annotated datasets to evaluate short-phrase paraphrasing models. Using our paraphrase model trained using PPDB, we achieve state-of-the-art results on standard word and bigram similarity tasks and beat strong baselines on our new short phrase paraphrase tasks.
Ethnic Chinese Networks in International Trade

We find that ethnic Chinese networks, proxied by the product of ethnic Chinese population shares, increased bilateral trade more for differentiated than for homogeneous products. This suggests that business and social networks have a considerable quantitative impact on international trade by helping to match buyers and sellers in characteristics space, in addition to their effect through enforcement of community sanctions that deter opportunistic behavior. For trade between countries with ethnic Chinese population shares at the levels prevailing in Southeast Asia, the smallest estimated average increase in bilateral trade in differentiated products attributable to ethnic Chinese networks is nearly 60.
Does Terrorism Dominate Citizens’ Hearts or Minds? The Relationship between Fear of Terrorism and Trust in Government

ABSTRACT Terrorism only poses a small risk to people but tends to be a major source of public fear. Through fear, terrorism has far-reaching implications for public governance. In this paper we look at trust in government as a potential mitigating factor of fear of terrorism. We discern between calculative trust, based on analytical assessment of previous and expected future actions, and relational trust, based on emotions and perceived value similarity with government. We find that relational trust decreases fear of terrorism. A similar but less robust negative relationship exists between calculative trust and fear. However, our regression analyses suggest that relational trust, in fact, may mediate the relationship between calculative trust and fear of terrorism. In other words, the more citizens think government is able to prevent terrorist attacks and feel that authorities are doing enough, the more they, in turn, feel that their government shares their values, and the less fearful they are of future terrorist attacks.
Teacher Workforce Developments: Recent Changes in Academic Competitiveness and Job Satisfaction of New Teachers

Policy makers and school leaders are perennially concerned with the capacity of the nation's public schools to recruit and retain highly skilled teachers. Over the past two decades, policy strategies including the federal No Child Left Behind Act and alternative pathways to teaching, as well as changes in the broader labor market, have altered the context in which academically skilled college graduates choose whether to enter teaching, and, if so, where to teach. Using data from 1993 to 2008, we find that schools nationwide are recruiting a greater share of academically skilled college graduates into teaching, and that increases in teachers’ academic skills are especially large in urban school districts that serve predominantly nonwhite students. On the other hand, the increase in the share of academically skilled teachers coincides with the lower likelihood of nonwhite teachers being employed. Once teaching, nonwhite teachers report substantially lower job satisfaction than other teachers. The issue of how to recruit and support an academically skilled and diverse teacher workforce remains pressing.
A Very Short Note on Existential Constructions

A VERY SHORT NOTE ON EXISTENTIAL CONSTRUCTIONS Norbert Hornstein University of Maryland, College Park The main assumption behind Chomsky’s (1995, 2000) analysis of existential constructions (ECs) like (1a) is that the associate several books has its Case requirement discharged in the same way as in (1b). In particular, the associate agrees with finite T and thereby checks its (nominative) Case. Call this the T-Agree Hypothesis (TAH).
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration

This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.
Art, Science and Communities of Practice

ABSTRACT Through editorials such as Bob Root-Bernstein’s ArtScience “manifesto” in Leonardo Vol. 44, No. 3 (2011), Leonardo has long encouraged a broader and more inclusive understanding of the subtle interplay between science and art, and the belief that as individuals and cultural agents we all blend both aspects in our respective fields of endeavor. However, discourse and collaboration across the arts, sciences and humanities is not yet a mature and fully effective process. The authors contribute to this debate by drawing on elements of their Project Dialogue research program, set alongside published accounts of experiences at earlier U.K. art-science programs, to sketch out a theoretical framework that could inform ArtScience through a re-formulated cultural model of knowledge encompassing art and science.
Attitude and Academic Success in Practical Agriculture: Evidence from Public Single-Sex High School Students in Ibadan, Nigeria

This study examined the attitude and academic performance of public single-sex (Boys’ and Girls’ only) high school students in the teaching and learning of Agricultural Science in the aspect of practical knowledge of Agriculture. We investigated whether there were significant differences in the mean achievement test scores of students in practical Agriculture in the selected schools. We also examined the relationship between their academic performance in practical agriculture and their attitude to the subject. The study was a descriptive survey design carried out at Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. Six public single-sex (Boys’ and Girls’ only) schools were randomly selected from three Local Government Areas (LGAs) within Ibadan Zone comprising eleven LGAs in 2018. Sixty-nine Senior Secondary School (SSS III) students were randomly selected in Boys’ only (3) schools while ninety-seven students were randomly selected in Girls’ only (3) schools giving a total of 166 students that participated in this study. Practical Agricultural Science Students’ Achievement Test (PASSAT) and Students’ Attitude towards Practical Agriculture Questionnaire (SATPAGQ) were used for data collection. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Multiple Comparison techniques and t-test for equality of means. The ANOVA test was significant (p = .00). Post Hoc (Tukey HSD) test, a multiple comparison technique on the ANOVA showed that PASSAT mean scores obtained by one Girls’ only school was significantly different from one Boys’ only schools another two Girls’ only schools’ mean scores at 5% significant level. It was found that availability of school farm, use of instructional materials were not enough to bring about significant boost in academic success in PASSAT especially in three of the schools with less than average mean scores of 34.51, 40.23 and 44.07. The study therefore recommended that government and relevant stakeholders (Parents-Teachers Association, Old Boys’ and Girls’ Association among others) should provide human resources and needed infrastructural facilities for effective teaching and learning of Agricultural Science in both single-sex and Co-educational schools for better academic performance.
Organized Crime, Illicit Economies, Civil Violence & International Order: More Complex Than You Think

This essay analyzes the multiple threats that organized crime and illicit economies pose to states and the international order, with a particular focus on the security dimensions of the crime-conflict nexus. In analyzing the range of responses by states and the international community to the nexus of criminal economies and civil wars, insurgencies, and terrorism, this essay also highlights how premature and ill-conceived government efforts to combat illicit economies have counterproductive effects, hampering efforts to suppress militancy and, in some cases, generating dangerous international spillovers of criminality. The second part of the essay examines various pathways out of the conflict-crime nexus, including defeating militants without suppressing illicit economies, suppressing crime and illicit economies without ending conflict, and state co-optation of illicit economies. The essay concludes with policy recommendations.
Examining sport involvement in youth basketball players: an analysis from self-determination theory

PALABRAS CLAVE: entorno deportivo, motivacion, implicacion, baloncesto. RESUMEN: A traves del siguiente trabajo se pretendio comprobar la implicacion deportiva de los jovenes jugadores de baloncesto, analizando la importancia de los otros significativos sobre los aspectos motivacionales, y como estas variables podian determinar dicha implicacion en el baloncesto. 284 jugadores de baloncesto con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 16 anos completaron diferentes cuestionarios encaminados a analizar estas variables. Los resultados indican como el clima motivacional creado por el entrenador, padres y companeros predice positivamente la satisfaccion la motivacion intrinseca a traves de la satisfaccion de las necesidades psicologicas basicas, y como la motivacion intrinseca predice la implicacion en la practica deportiva. Como conclusion, destacar la importancia que adquieren los comportamientos de los otros significativos (padres, entrenador y companeros) en los procesos motivacionales de los jugadores de baloncesto, comprobando la relevancia de estos aspectos para explicar la implicacion hacia el baloncesto.
Explaining Multidimensional Poverty: A Household-Level Analysis

A multidimensional poverty index is constructed for the Philippines using the Alkire-Foster methodology and data from a 2011 annual poverty indicators survey. This is disaggregated into urban and rural population groups, as well as by dimension and administrative region. At the province level, the study finds a positive relation between poverty incidence and intensity, but the highest intensity levels are experienced in areas where incidence is not that high relative to other areas. Provinces with high incomes generally have low poverty indices and the relationship appears to be nonlinear. An examination of household poverty using mixed logit analysis shows that poverty risk rises with household size. A substantial reduction of the risk is observed for households with heads who were able to matriculate high school. The household head's health status has a negative impact on the household's risk of being poor. These are contrasted with the results using the income poverty definition. Policy implications are drawn from the calculations and the econometric results.
AP Adjacency as a Precedence Constraint

Abstract Attributive APs precede certain other categories (PPs, genitive DPs, etc.), when the noun precedes both (Giurgea 2009, Adger 2012). This observation may suggest an analysis in terms of X-bar-style “structural layering. ” However, such an account faces several problems: (a) in languages with PP-AP-N order, scrambling of the AP is permitted; (b) in languages with AP-N-PP or PP-N-AP order, there is evidence that the AP can c-command the PP, as well as the other way around; and (c) in languages with N-AP-PP order, the AP can take scope over the PP, as well as the other way around, arguably as a consequence of a structural ambiguity. We therefore develop an alternative analysis based on a striking parallel between the syntax of attributive APs and that of objects: while OV languages systematically allow adverbs to intervene between object and verb, VO languages tend to require verb-object-adverb order. This aspect of verbal syntax is familiar and can be captured in terms of a well-known linear constraint: Case Adjacency (Stowell 1981, Janke and Neeleman 2012). We propose that this constraint has a nominal counterpart that ensures N-AP adjacency in noun-initial structures. Thus, this instance of NP/VP parallelism has its source in parallel constraints, rather than parallel structural layers.
The Right to Be Right: Civil-Military Relations and the Iraq Surge Decision

President George W. Bush's Iraq surge decision in late 2006 is an interesting case for civil-military relations theory, in particular, the debate between professional supremacists and civilian supremacists over how much to defer to the military on decisions during war. The professional supremacists argue that the primary problem for civil-military relations during war is ensuring the military an adequate voice and keeping civilians from micromanaging and mismanaging matters. Civilian supremacists, in contrast, argue that the primary problem is ensuring that well-informed civilian strategic guidance is authoritatively directing key decisions, even when the military disagrees with that direction. A close reading of the available evidenceboth in published accounts and in new, not-for-attribution interviews with the key playersshows that the surge decision vindicates neither camp. If President Bush had followed the professional supremacists, there would have been no surge because his key military commanders were recommending against that option. If Bush had followed the civilian supremacists to the letter, however, there might have been a revolt of the generals, causing the domestic political props under the surge to collapse. Instead, Bush's hybrid approach worked better than either ideal type would have.
Getting Really Edgy: On the Edge of the Edge

The article argues that in constructions where there is more than one phrase at a phasal edge, only the highest edge is available for movement and anaphor binding. This shows that only the outermost edge counts as the edge of a phase for the Phase Impenetrability Condition ( PIC). The article also demonstrates that moving the element that counts as the phasal edge in multiple specifier/adjunct cases can affect the PIC status of the remaining edges. These conclusions provide a new argument for the contextuality of phasehood. A number of recent works have argued that the phasal status of a phrase can be affected by the syntactic context in which it occurs. This article goes one step further: it shows that the concept of phasal edge, more precisely the status of a specifier/adjunct regarding the PIC, can also be affected by the syntactic context in which the specifier/adjunct occurs. The article also discusses several issues regarding the syntax and semantics of adjectives, possessors, and demonstratives, including what Partee (2006) calls familiar demonstratives, as well as anaphor binding.
World War II and Convergence

Proxies that measure the effect of World War II on a country's capital stock are used as instruments for estimating standard cross-country growth regressions. The war's destruction should offer a natural experiment that allows us to consistently estimate the speed at which productivity growth converges to its long-run path. This paper presents evidence that convergence rates are approximately 4 to 6 per annum, substantially larger than conventional wisdom.
The Term Structure of Forward Exchange Premiums and the Forecastability of Spot Exchange Rates: Correcting the Errors

We develop a framework to extract information regarding subsequent spot rate movements from the term structure of forward exchange premiums while admitting possible deviations from rationality and the presence of risk premiums. Using weekly dollarsterling, dollar mark, and dollaryen data, the restrictions implied by our framework are not rejected, and spot and forward exchange rates together are well represented by a vector error correction model (VECM). Dynamic out-of-sample forecasts up to one year ahead indicate that the VECM is strikingly superior to a range of alternative forecasts, including a random walk and standard spot-forward regressions.