Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2005.

OBJECTIVES This report presents both age-adjusted and unadjusted statistics from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) on selected health measures for children under 18 years of age, classified by sex, age, race, Hispanic origin, family structure, parent education, family income, poverty status, health insurance coverage, place of residence, region, and current health status. The topics covered are asthma, allergies, learning disability, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), prescription medication use, respondent-assessed health status, school-loss days, usual place of health care, time since last contact with a health care professional, selected measures of health care access and utilization, and dental care. SOURCE OF DATA NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Data are collected for all family members during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the time of interview. Additional information about children is collected for one randomly selected child per family in face-to-face interviews with an adult proxy respondent familiar with the child's health. SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS In 2005, most U.S. children under 18 years of age had excellent or very good health (82%). However, 9% of children had no health insurance coverage, and 5% of children had no usual place of health care. Thirteen percent of children had ever been diagnosed with asthma. An estimated 7% of children 3-17 years of age had a diagnosed learning disability, and an estimated 7% of children had ADHD.
Survival, body weights, feed efficiency, and carcass traits of 7/8 White Composite and 1/8 Duroc, 1/8 Meishan, 1/8 Fengjing, or 1/8 Minzhu pigs.

Pigs were the progeny of White Composite boars mated to gilts that were either 1/4 Duroc, 1/4 Meishan, 1/4 Fengjing, or 1/4 Minzhu and the remainder 3/4 White Composite. One-eighth Meishan and 1/8 Fengjing pigs averaged approximately . 5 more nipples than 1/8 Duroc pigs and . 2 more nipples than 1/8 Minzhu pigs (P < .05), respectively. Duroc, Meishan, and Minzhu crosses did not differ (P > .05) for survival at birth or at 14 and 28 d. Fengjing crosses had a lower survival rate (P < .05) at all three ages than Duroc and Meishan crosses. Duroc crosses were heavier (P < .05) than Chinese crosses at birth. At 56 d, Duroc and Meishan crosses did not differ (P > .05) for BW, but both were heavier (P < .05) than Minzhu crosses. Body weight at 70 d did not differ significantly (P > .05) among breed types. Duroc crosses were heavier (P < .05) than any of the Chinese crosses at 98, 126, and 154 d of age. At 154 d, Fengjing crosses were lighter (P < .05) than Meishan or Minzhu crosses. The effect of breed type was not detected for average probe backfat thickness of gilts at 99.7 kg. Duroc crosses consumed the most feed, and Fengjing crosses consumed the least during each interval and during the total period (P < .05). Feed consumption of Meishan and Minzhu crosses was intermediate to and significantly (P < .05) different from that of Duroc and Fengjing crosses. At 184 d of age, breed types did not differ (P > .16) for measures of carcass fat thickness, marbling score, color score, and firmness score. At 184 d of age, weights of all carcass cuts were heavier (P < .05) for Duroc than for Chinese crosses with the exception of untrimmed loin weight of Minzhu crosses. There were few significant differences among breed types when carcass traits were compared at a constant carcass weight, although Duroc crosses generally were superior. Relative to similar Duroc crosses, these results suggest that 1/8 Chinese pigs would grow less rapidly (P < .05) and produce less weight of trimmed lean cuts at a constant carcass weight.
Stem-cell organization in mouse small intestine

We have investigated stem-cell organization in mouse small intestine (SI) by using a cellular marker induced by somatic mutation. In small intestinal whole mounts from heterozygous Dlb-1b/ Dlb-1a mice stained with a peroxidase conjugate of Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA-Px), mutations of Dlb-1bin stem cells result in loss of DBA-Px binding and so are recognizable as wholly or partly unstained crypts. The frequency of these clonal patterns can be measured during the accumulation of spontaneous mutations in untreated mice, or after treatment with ethylnitrosourea (ENU). The results show that there is a single infrequently dividing stem cell that maintains the epithelium of each crypt through a population of transit stem cells. The entire crypt epithelium is renewed approximately every 12 weeks.
Comparison of myeloma cell contamination of bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cell harvests

It could be speculated for patients with myeloma and other lymphoproliferative disorders that peripheral blood stem cells may be preferable to bone marrow for autologous transplantation because they may be less contaminated by neoplastic cells. To test this possibility, the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement and limiting dilution polymerase chain reaction were used to sensitively quantify myeloma cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cell collections, taken at a similar time, from eight patients with multiple myeloma. Levels of residual disease in the peripheral blood stem cell harvests were variable and did not reflect the tumour burden in the marrow. Peripheral blood stem cells contained 1.7 to 23 700‐fold fewer myeloma cells compared with the bone marrow and would have resulted in reinfusion of 0.08 to 59 480‐fold fewer myeloma cells based on total reinfused CFU‐GM and 0.24 to 24 700‐fold fewer myeloma cells based on total reinfused nucleated cells. Assuming that the proportion of clonogenic myeloma cells is equivalent, peripheral blood stem cells may be better than bone marrow as a source of haemopoietic stem cells for transplantation in multiple myeloma. The clinical follow‐up suggested that patients transplanted with peripheral blood stem cells containing a low number of myeloma cells had better disease control than those transplanted with peripheral blood stem cells containing a high number.
Hypnotics and actual driving performance

ABSTRACT Several related studies of the residual effects of hypnotic drugs on actual driving performance have been conducted using a standard approach and the most recent is described in detail. In it, 12 female formerly diagnosed insomniacs and hypnotic users acted as subjects. They were treated in two separate series with placebo for 2 nights, then hypnotic medication for 8 nights followed by placebo again for 3 nights. In one series, the medication was nitrazepam (10 mg nocte) and in the other, temazepam (20 mg nocte). Eleven subjects completed both series in a double‐blind, cross‐over (with respect to drugs) design. Their driving performance was repeatedly tested on a 100 km primary highway circuit, in normal traffic, during both the morning and afternoon (10–11 hours and 16–17 hours after drug and placebo ingestion, respectively). Nitrazepam but not temazepam significantly impaired driving performance, the difference lasting throughout the active medication period. These results along with those obtained in the earlier studies are compared to show degrees of driving impairment which follow the use of various hypnotics.
In vivo 31P MRS of experimental tumours

More than 50% of cancers fail to respond to any individual treatment and tumour follow‐up after treatment plays a major role in routine therapy planning and pharmacological research. Today, MRS is the only technological approach providing non‐invasive access to tumour biochemistry. Ten years ago, expectations were raised concerning 31P MRS as an exciting and promising technical approach to the study of tumours. However the expectations have not always come to fruition. How close are we now to seeing routine 31P NMR in clinical oncology? This review of the 127 published papers shows spectroscopy results in more than 150 experimental animal tumour models. These tumour/host/treatment systems provide us with a useful basis to evaluate the current state of the art, summarize the basic knowledge presently available, determine the key points underlying the present disappointment of some clinical oncologists and stimulate new basic research. The information collected concerns the discussion of the reliability of experimental models in oncology, the technical improvement of magnetic resonance technology and the monitoring of bioenergetic status, pH regulation and phospholipid metabolism in treated and untreated tumours. Recent advances (two‐thirds of the papers have been published in the last 5 years) seem to provide more optimistic perspectives than those generally accepted a few years ago, in the depressing period following early pioneering work.
Combining Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Susceptibility Weighted Imaging on the Substantia Nigra of 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Rhesus Monkey Model of Parkinson's Disease.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate whether combining diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) techniques would provide a sensitive method for differentiating between 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced rhesus monkey model of Parkinson's disease (PD) and wild-type controls. Subjects and Methods Seventeen rhesus monkeys were divided into two groups. A series of intramuscular injections of either saline (control group, n = 8) or MPTP (0.2 mg/kg body weight; PD group, n = 9) were given to the monkeys, twice a week. Then, SWI and DTI scans were obtained from the monkeys with Siemens Magnetom Verio 3.0T superconductive MRI system. Region of interest analysis was performed on substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). In addition, immunohistochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxylase was applied to assess degeneration of SN dopaminergic neurons. Results Monkeys in the PD group displayed mild to moderate motor symptoms assessed using Kurlan's scale. With SWI scans, decreased width of SNc but increased width of SNr was found in PD group monkeys compared to controls. Calculation of the ratios of widths of SNc and SNr to the anterior and posterior mesencephalic diameter also reflected narrower SNc but wider SNr than controls. Decreased SWI signal intensity of SNc and SNr suggested iron deposition in both subregions of SN. The DTI scans showed lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values in SNc of the PD group monkeys, while no change of FA values in SNr was detected. Immunohistochemical test displayed generalized loss of dopaminergic neurons in SN of PD group monkeys. Conclusion Combining the use of DTI and SWI can provide a sensitive method for differentiating between MPTP-induced rhesus monkey model of PD and wild-type controls. This effective imaging modality might provide additional information for characteristic identification of PD at early stages, thus enhancing the ability to make early diagnosis, and monitor progression of the natural history and treatment effects.
Varicella-Zoster virus infections of the nervous system: clinical and pathologic correlates.

BACKGROUND Diseases that present with protean manifestations are the diseases most likely to pose diagnostic challenges for both clinicians and pathologists. Among the most diverse disorders caused by a single known toxic, metabolic, neoplastic, or infectious agent are the central and peripheral nervous system complications of varicella-zoster virus (VZV). METHODS The pathologic correlates of the neurologic complications of VZV infection, as well as current methods for detecting viral infections, are discussed and presented in pictorial format for the practicing pathologist. RESULTS Varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox (varicella), usually in childhood; most children manifest only mild neurologic sequelae. After chickenpox resolves, the virus becomes latent in neurons of cranial and spinal ganglia of nearly all individuals. In elderly and immunocompromised individuals, the virus may reactivate to produce shingles (zoster). After zoster resolves, many elderly patients experience postherpetic neuralgia. Uncommonly, VZV can spread to large cerebral arteries to cause a spectrum of large-vessel vascular damage, ranging from vasculopathy to vasculitis, with stroke. In immunocompromised individuals, especially those with cancer or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, deeper tissue penetration of the virus may occur (as compared with immunocompetent individuals), with resultant myelitis, small-vessel vasculopathy, ventriculitis, and meningoencephalitis. Detection of the virus in neurons, oligodendrocytes, meningeal cells, ependymal cells, or the blood vessel wall often requires a combination of morphologic, immunohistochemical, in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The PCR analysis of cerebrospinal fluid remains the mainstay for diagnosing the neurologic complications of VZV during life. CONCLUSIONS Varicella-zoster virus infects a wide variety of cell types in the central and peripheral nervous system, explaining the diversity of clinical disorders associated with the virus.
Electron paramagnetic spectroscopic evidence of exercise-induced free radical accumulation in human skeletal muscle

The present study determined if acute exercise increased free radical formation in human skeletal muscle. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained in a randomized balanced order from six males at rest and following single-leg knee extensor exercise performed for 2 min at 50% of maximal work rate (WRMAX) and 3 min at 100% WRMAX. EPR spectroscopy revealed an exercise-induced increase in mitochondrial ubisemiquinone [0.167 ± 0.055 vs. rest: 0.106 ± 0.047 arbitrary units (AU)/g total protein (TP), P < 0.05] and α-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone-adducts (112 ± 41 vs. rest: 29 ± 9 AU/mg tissue mass, P < 0.05). Intramuscular lipid hydroperoxides also increased (0.320 ± 0.263 vs. rest: 0.148 ± 0.071 nmol/mg TP, P < 0.05) despite an uptake of α-tocopherol, α-carotene and β-carotene. There were no relationships between mitochondrial volume density and any biomarkers of oxidative stress. These findings provide the first direct evidence for intramuscular free radical accumulation and lipid peroxidation following acute exercise in humans.
The determinants of consumer behavior towards email advertisement

Purpose – The aim of this study was to develop a theoretical model of email advertising effectiveness and to investigate differences between permission‐based email and spamming. By examining different types of email (i.e. permission‐based email and spamming), the present study empirically tested the theoretical linkage between email advertising values, perceived instrusiveness, and the attitudinal‐behavioural dispositions towards email advertising.Design/methodology/approach – A survey was conducted using 221 respondents from Taiwan. Two scenarios were designed for the present study. The questionnaires were equally divided into two sets, with the first half containing a scenario depicting permission‐based email, and the other half containing a scenario describing a spamming email. Each respondent only received one set of the survey.Findings – Results from a survey of 221 Internet users in Taiwan indicate that values and attitudes toward, and the perceived intrusiveness of, email advertising significantly .
Frequent Accesses to Totally Implanted Vascular Ports in Pediatric Oncology Patients are Associated with Higher Infection Rates

Purpose Totally implanted vascular (TIVA) ports are used in children for repeated blood samples or intravenous treatments. We have recently published a prospective evaluation of surgical incidents and early complications associated with these devices. This work is the final part of the same study, assessing late complications over a follow-up of 2 yrs. Methods From January 2006 to January 2008, children older than 1 yr of age with a diagnosis of solid or blood cell malignancy were included. Insertion technique and care of the device were standardized. Every manipulation was prospectively recorded by specialized nurses. Obstruction was documented clinically. When bacteremia was suspected, routine central and peripheral blood cultures were drawn. Results Forty-five consecutive patients were enrolled in the study. Mean age at the time of the procedure was 8.5 yrs. There was no catheter-related infection within the first 4 weeks post-surgery. No device had to be removed because of infection or obstruction during follow-up. Frequent accesses to the port (≥3 per day over a 10–day period) were associated with an 8–fold risk of infection. Conclusion Insertion and use of TIVA devices were frequently associated with complications. No device had to be removed because of infection or obstruction over the follow-up period, although no prophylactic antibiotic agent was used. Restrictive use of antibiotics may prevent opportunistic infection. Frequent access to the device was significantly associated with line infection (odds ratio=8.43). No risk factor was identified for obstruction which occurred at a rate of 5.3 per 10,000 accesses.
Breast cancer: primary treatment with external-beam radiation therapy and high-dose-rate iridium implantation.

PURPOSE To evaluate a treatment for breast cancer and to demonstrate the safe use of iridium-192 high-dose-rate (HDR) implantations. MATERIALS AND METHODS In December 1984, the authors began to use HDR Ir-192 brachytherapy to deliver an interstitial boost to the primary site in conservative breast cancer treatment. By December 1989, 212 patients with 216 tumors were treated with external-beam irradiation of 45-50 Gy to the whole breast, which was followed by an interstitial 10-Gy boost. Median follow-up was 62 months (range, 36-101 months). RESULTS Ten patients (10 of 216 breasts, 4.6%) developed local tumor recurrences, and 36 (17.0%) had distant metastases. At 5 years, overall survival was 88%, local tumor control was 96%, and disease-free survival was 81%. There were no serious complications. CONCLUSION The use of an HDR source as a boost to the primary tumor site after external-beam radiation therapy with a dose of 10 Gy in one fraction is a safe procedure and does not negatively affect cosmetic appearance.
The facial nerve versus the retromandibular vein: a new anatomical relationship

The facial nerve is an important nerve that controls different functions. Its relationship to the retromandibular vein and parotid tumours should be pre-operatively estimated to avoid nerve injury or bleeding that may result from a different unknown nerve–vein relationship. Here, we report the case of a 65-year-old male with Warthin’s tumour of the right parotid gland and who under went superficial parotidectomy that showed a novel facial nerve and retromandibular vein relationship.
Analysis of similarity/dissimilarity of protein sequences

On the basis of a selected pair of physicochemical properties of amino acids, we introduce a dynamic 2D graphical representation of protein sequences. Then, we introduce and compare two numerical characterizations of protein graphs as descriptors to analyze the nine ND5 proteins. The approach is simple, convenient, and fast. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Branched crural bypass has no advantage over simple crural bypass in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease

This retrospective study compared mid-term outcome of a simple crural bypass (SCB, n=72) and branched crural bypass (BCB, n=23) constructed with reverse or in situ saphenous grafts or prosthetic grafts in patients with peripheral arterial disease grade III to IV (Fontaine classification) and type D lesions (TASC II classification). Life table analysis showed comparable primary (P=0.83), assisted (P=0.76), and secondary patency rates (P=0.78), limb salvage rates (P=0.64), and survival rates (P=0.81) between BCB and SCB. Comparison between the saphenous vein grafts and prosthetic grafts showed better primary (P=0.0089), assisted (P=0.0013), and secondary patency rates (P=0.0089) where venous grafts were used, but not limb salvage rates (P=0.072). In the SCB group, anastomoses to the anterior tibial artery had worse primary (P=0.023), assisted (P=0.035), and secondary (P=0.042) patency rates, but comparable limb salvage rates (P=0.57). We conclude that BCB provides no advantage but also no additional risk for the patient. When choosing a target crural artery, evidence shows the posterior tibial artery or fibular artery should be preferred to the anterior tibial artery.
SUBSTRATES AND THE POTASSIUM AND SODIUM LEVELS OF GUINEA PIG:

MAMMALIAN cerebral slices in vitro concentrate potassium during incubation at 37", following the rapid loss which occurs as soon as they are placed in the medium; this concentration is minimised in the absence of glucose or oxygen (KREBS, ECGLESTON and TERNER, 1951; PAPPIUS and ELLIOTT, 1956). In the non-inulin space of such slices there is a lower level of sodium' than is present in the medium (BACHELARD, CAMPBELL and MCILWAIN, 1962). The substrates which permit the sane rate of respiration as glucose have been examined in mammalian cerebral tissues (ASHFORD and DIXON, 1935; DICKENS and GREVILLE, 1935; MCILWAIN and RODNIGHT, 1962). They have also been examined for their ability to maintain phosphocreatine synthesis by the tissue (U'OODMAN and MCILWAIN, 1961). Evidence has been presented that the levels of transmembrane potentials are related to the potassium gradients across the cell membranes in cerebral slices in vitro, as they are in other excitable tissues (see HODGKIN, 1951 ; HILLMAN and MCILWAIN, 1961). Conditions including lack of substrate, hypoxia, or application of electrical pulses, depress the tissue potassium, the resting membrane potential and phosphocreatine (HILLMAN, CAMPBELL and MCILWAIN, 1963 ; MCILWAIN, 1.952). In the present study, the potassium and sodium of the non-inulin space of tissues maintained under such conditions have been estimated in order to elucidate the mechanisms which maintain the ions at intracellular concentrations different from those of the media.
Classification of Percussive Sounds using Machine Learning

In this master thesis the focus have been on machine learning using convolutional neural networks and more specifically multi-class classification of percussive instruments. Recent advances in the CNN domain makes this a competitive field of research compared with other machine learning algorithms. I present a modified CNN based on work from different past and present research. Different architectures of networks have been tested in this work. The fundamental network of the new networks I have contributed with has shown promising results on its own. It also performs well, regardless of the techniques applied internally (i.e. batch normalization, 50 % dropout). The results are gathered from a dataset comprising 3713 sound files consisting of both digital and acoustic recordings, through multiple epoch experiments and preliminary testing.