Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shyness as basis for friendship selection and socialization in a youth social network

Shyness as a behavioral characteristic has been in focus of research in psychology for a number of decades. Adolescent shyness has, however, been relatively overlooked compared with studies conducted on children and adults. This dissertation concentrated on adolescent shyness, aiming to attain a better comprehension about how shyness during this developmental phase might affect, and be affected by social relationships. The first aim of this dissertation was to study in which way shyness influences and is influenced by significant people in adolescents’ lives: peers, friends, and parents. Study III showed that shy youths socialized each other over time into becoming even more shy. Study VI demonstrated that youths’ shyness affected parenting behaviors, more so than parent’s behaviors affected youth shyness. The second aim of this dissertation was to investigate what shyness means for adolescents’ choices of relationships with friends, whereas the third aim focused on whether adolescents’ ways of dealing with peers would have consequences for their internal and external adjustment. As Study I showed, youths might take on off-putting, startling appearances in order to cope with their shyness. This strategy seemed, nonetheless, not particularly successful for the shy youths in terms of emotional adjustment. Study III showed that adolescents who were shy tended to choose others similar to themselves in shyness as friends. Study II showed that shyness might indeed have some positive implications for adolescent development, as it was found to serve a protective role in the link between advanced maturity and various types of problem behaviors. Overall, the findings point to some gender differences regarding all of the abovementioned processes. In sum then, the studies in this dissertation show that even though youths’ shy, socially fearful characteristics affect their emotional adjustment and those around them, shy youths are part of a larger social arena where they are active agents in shaping their own development. Although adolescent shyness might be linked with several negative outcomes, however, it might be other people’s reactions to socially fearful behaviors that help create and/or maintain these outcomes over time.
A comprehensive review of mental health gatekeeper-trainings for adolescents and young adults

Abstract Mental disorders account for a larger burden of disease among adolescents and young adults than any other class of health conditions, and most of these disorders are untreated. Gatekeeper-trainings represent a potentially powerful mechanism for increasing access to treatment. This article is a comprehensive review of 21 gatekeepertraining studies conducted in schools and other youth settings around the world. Despite the widespread use of these programs, little is known about how they actually affect the abilities and actions of trained gatekeepers and the subsequent help-seeking behaviors of adolescents and young adults. Certain outcomes (knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy) have been commonly measured whereas others (behaviors, skills, and population-level outcomes) have rarely been assessed. The studies reviewed here also suggest that positive training effects often diminish over time. The article identifies opportunities for advancing gatekeeper-training research and practice.
Obesity as a Risk Factor for Low Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis

Study Design: A meta-analysis. Objective: To update the current knowledge about the association between overweight, obesity, and low back pain (LBP) risk, we conducted a meta-analysis of published cohort studies. Summary of Background Data: The association between obesity and LBP risk has been the research focus in the past decade. However, available data from studies on the association between obesity and LBP remains debatable. Methods: An extensive English language literature retrieval regarding the association between overweight, obesity, and the risk of LBP incidence was conducted on PubMed and EMBASE databases through December 2015. Meta-analysis for all the included literature was performed by STATA 12.0 to summarize test performance with Forest plots after a heterogeneity test. Moreover, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the potential candidate-effect factors. Results: A total of 10 cohort studies including 29,748 subjects satisfied the predefined eligibility criteria. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for overweight and obesity compared with normal weight was 1.15 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08–1.21) and 1.36 (95% CI, 1.18–1.57), respectively. Moreover, subgroup analysis proved that increased body mass index was associated with an increased incidence of LBP in both men (overweight: pooled OR=1.16, 95% CI, 1.04–1.31; obesity: pooled OR=1.36, 95% CI, 1.15–1.61) and women (overweight: pooled OR=1.24, 95% CI, 1.04–1.50; obesity: pooled OR=1.40, 95% CI, 1.08–1.82). There was no evidence of publication bias. Conclusions: Our findings consistently show that overweight and obesity are risk factors for LBP in men and women. Maintaining a healthy body weight may be one of the factors preventing the occurrence of LBP. Level of Evidence: Level 1.
The influence of increased bronchial responsiveness, atopy, and serum IgE on decline in FEV1. A longitudinal study in the elderly.

We have performed a 4-yr prospective survey of the association of allergen skin test positivity, total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), and bronchial responsiveness to methacholine, with longitudinal decline in FEV1, in subjects over 65 yr of age. In 1987, 324 subjects completed a respiratory questionnaire, and underwent measurement of FEV1 and FVC, methacholine challenge, skin prick testing (to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat fur, mixed grasses, and Aspergillus fumigatus) and estimation of total serum IgE. After an interval of 4 yr, 212 subjects were reexamined. The mean annual decline in FEV1 was significantly higher in males than in females, but was not significantly influenced by smoking habits defined at the start of the study. The relation of atopy (skin test reaction to allergen > or = 3 mm greater than saline control), increased bronchial responsiveness (PD20FEV1 < or = 6.4 mumoles methacholine) and serum IgE > 80 IU/ml, to annual decline in FEV1 was examined for each risk factor individually with adjustment for age, sex, height, and initial FEV1, by multiple linear regression. Both atopy and bronchial responsiveness were significantly associated with accelerated decline in FEV1. Elevated IgE was correlated with faster FEV1 decline in subjects who were current smokers at the start of the study. In a multiple regression model examining the mutually adjusted associations of all relevant variables with annual decline in FEV1, male sex was the most important predictor (B = 38.6 ml/yr, 95% Cl = 4.3, 72.9). Increased bronchial responsiveness also tended to be associated with accelerated decline in FEV1. In further analyses incorporating the same variables, but restricted to specific smoking categories, age was the only significant factor in the never-smokers, whereas both atopy (B = 44.5 ml/yr, 95% Cl = 3.8, 85.3) and increased bronchial responsiveness (B = 43.5 ml/yr, 95% Cl = 4.6, 82.3) were significant predictors of accelerated FEV1 decline in former and current smokers combined. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Surveillance for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease During 2000–2005 in a Population of Children Who Received 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

Objectives: To assess the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in all children younger than 5 years of age in the Northern California Kaiser Permanente (NCKP) health care system during a 5-year surveillance period (2000–2005) after the introduction in April 2000 of routine use of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Methods: This was a laboratory-based surveillance study of all children younger than 5 years of age in the NCKP health care system from April 2000 to March 2005. The comparison group was all children younger than 5 years of age in the NCKP health care system from April 1996 to March 2000. Data obtained from clinical databases included microbiologic identification and susceptibility testing; serotyping of isolates; immunization records; and IPD diagnoses for inpatients and outpatients. IPD was defined as a positive culture of Streptococcus pneumoniae from a normally sterile body site. Results: For all serotypes, the mean annual incidence of IPD during the postlicensure surveillance period was 15.3 cases/100,000 person-years (105 p-y) compared with 62.5 cases/105 p-y in the prelicensure years of 1996–2000. The average incidence of IPD caused by vaccine serotypes was reduced from 50.1 cases/105 p-y during the prelicensure years to 4.9 cases/105 p-y during the postlicensure period. The average incidences of IPD caused by cross-reactive and by nonvaccine serotypes were 5.8 and 5.3 cases/105 p-y, respectively, during the prelicensure years and 2.5 and 6.2 cases/105 p-y, respectively, during the postlicensure period. Of the 131 IPD cases observed during the postlicensure surveillance period, bacteremia (50.4%) and pneumonia (31.3%) were the most common diagnoses. During the 5-year postlicensure surveillance period, only 3 subjects who were identified to be fully vaccinated for age with PCV7 (3 doses by 7 months of age or 4 doses by 18 months of age) developed vaccine-serotype IPD. Conclusion: The incidence of IPD has significantly decreased in a large population of children after the introduction of PCV7. Vaccine-type IPD was rare in patients who received full 4-dose immunization with PCV7. There is no clear evidence of a significant increase in nonvaccine-serotype IPD. Introduction of a 4-dose infant schedule of PCV7 into this population has resulted in a marked and sustained reduction of IPD in children.
Growth Responses of Opposite Sign Among Different Neuron Types Exposed to Thyroid Hormone.

1 Quine, W. V. , "New Foundations for Mathematical Logic," American Mathematical Monthly, 44, 70-80 (1937). 2 Curry, H. B. , review of same, Zentr. Mathematik, 16, 193 (1937). 3 Rosser, Barkley, "On the Consistency of Quine's 'New Foundations for Mathematical Logic,' "J. Symbolic Logic, 4, 15-24 (1939); Rosser, Barkley, and Wang, Hao, "Non-Standard Models for Formal Logics," Ibid., 15, 113-129 (1950). 4 Wang, Hao, "A Formal System of Logic," Ibid., 25-32. ' Quine, W. V. , Mathematical Logic, New York, 1940; Cambridge, Mass. , 1947, 1951. 6 Whitehead, A. N. , and Russell, Bertrand, Principia Mathematica, Cambridge, England, 1910-1913; 3 vols. 7 Wiener, Norbert, "A Simplification of the Logic of Relations," Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. , 17, 387-390 (1912-1914). 8 Tarski, Alfred, "Einige Betrachtungen uber die Begriffe der w-Widerspruchsfreiheit und der w-Vollstindigkeit," Monatsh. Mathematik u. Physik, 40, 97-112 (1933); Beth, E. W. , "Une d&nonstration de la non-contradiction de la logique des types au point de vue fini," Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde, 19, 59-62 (1936). 9 Rosser, Barkley, "Definition by Induction in Quine's 'New Foandations for Mathematical Logic,' " J. Symbolic Logic, 4, 80-81 (1939); "The Axiom of Infinity in Quine's New Foundations," Ibid., at press; Quine, W. V. , "On the Axiom of Infinity, c-Inconsistency, and Non-Standard Models," Ibid., pending.
19 A Review of Aflatoxin M 1 , Milk , and Milk Products

Aflatoxins are a group of closely related heterocyclic compounds produced predominantly by two filamentous fungi, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Recent studies have shown that some A. nominus and A. tamarii strains are also aflatoxin producing, of which A. nominus is phenotypically similar to A. flavus (Kurtzman et al, 1987; Goto et al., 1997). Ito et al. (2001) isolated one more strain, A. pseudotamarii, which can produce aflatoxin. These fungi belong to the class Hyphomycetes, subdivision Deuteromycotina and family Aspergillaceae. They contaminate a vast array of food and agricultural commodities. Aspergillus species are capable of growing on a variety of substrates and under a variety of environmental conditions. Therefore, most foods are susceptible to aflatoxigenic fungi at some stage of production, processing, transportation, and storage. The outbreak of aflatoxicosis (famous as Turkey ろXわ disease) in England in 1960 caused the death of a large population of livestock (Blount, 1961) and led to the discovery of aflatoxin in groundnut meal contaminated by A. flavus (Hesseltine, 1979). Subsequently, aflatoxins were found in other feeds, especially maize (Chakrabarty, 1981) and cottonseed meal (Sharma et al., 1994). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and milk products is considered to pose certain hygienic risks for human health. Mammals that ingest aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets eliminate into milk amounts of the principal 4-hydroxylated metabolite known as “milk toxin” or aflatoxin M1 (Figure. 1). The economic impacts attributed to aflatoxin are incurred directly by loss in crops, livestock, and dairy and indirectly by a recurring expenditure in quality-control programs, research and education, lower foreign exchange earnings, and increased storage and packaging costs of vulnerable commodities. The potential hazard of aflatoxins to human health has led to worldwide monitoring programs for the toxin in various commodities as well as regulatory actions by nearly all countries.
Epidemiology and risk factors for tinnitus after leisure noise exposure in Flemish young adults

Abstract Objective: Young people regularly expose themselves to leisure noise and are at risk of acquiring tinnitus. This study examined the prevalence of leisure noise-induced tinnitus among Flemish young adults as well as the relation with sociodemographic factors, health-related variables and attitudes and beliefs towards noise. Design: A self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate the presence of noise-induced tinnitus, the amount of leisure noise and attitudes towards noise and hearing protection. Study sample: 517 subjects between 18 and 30 years were included. Results: Temporary and chronic tinnitus occurred in 68.5% and 6.4% of the sample, respectively. Chronic tinnitus was more prevalent in male subjects and associated with more hearing-related symptoms. Furthermore, subjects with chronic tinnitus were more aware of the risks of noise and the importance of hearing protection. Finally, higher levels of leisure noise were independently associated with chronic tinnitus. Conclusions: Tinnitus is observed frequently in young adults. Results also indicate that persons with chronic tinnitus were exposed to a higher noise dose during their lives. Longitudinal studies may be useful to evaluate whether the experience of chronic tinnitus has led to behavioural changes. These findings further underpin the importance of educating youth about the risks of leisure noise exposure.
Collectively exercising the right of access: individual effort, societal effect

The debate about how to govern personal data has intensified in recent years. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, which came into effect in May 2018, relies on transparency mechanisms codified through obligations for organisations and citizen rights. While some of these rights have existed for decades, their effectiveness is rarely tested in practice. This paper reports on the exercise of the so-called right of access, which gives citizens the right to get access to their personal data. We study this by working with articipants—citizens for whom the law is written—who collectively sent over a hundred data access requests and shared the responses with us. We analyse the replies to the access requests, as well as the participant's evaluation of them. We find that non-compliance with the law's obligations is widespread. Participants were critical of many responses, though they also reported a large variation in quality. They did not find them effective for getting transparency into the processing of their own personal data. We did find a way forward emerging from their responses, namely by looking at the requests as a collective endeavour, rather than an individual one. Comparing the responses to similar access requests creates a context to judge the quality of a reply and the lawfulness of the data practices it reveals. Moreover, collective use of the right of access can help shift the power imbalance between individual citizens and organisations in favour of the citizen, which may incentivise organisations to deal with data in a more transparent way.
A topographical study of mechanical and electrical properties of single myocytes isolated from normal guinea‐pig ventricular muscle

Major regional differences in the electrical properties of myocytes from ventricular muscle have been described previously, on the basis of samples taken from a maximum of three regions in each heart. In order to define the topographical basis for such differences, we studied the electrical and mechanical properties of single myocytes isolated from 20 regions throughout the ventricles in the normal guinea‐pig heart. Single myocytes were isolated using an enzymatic dispersion method, and were studied under conditions that were close to physiological. Cell capacitance and action potentials were recorded using the switch‐clamp technique, and cell length and evoked shortening were measured using a photodiode array system. In the left ventricular free wall, mid‐myocardial cells were longer and had greater capacitative surface area than surface myocytes. There were transmural but not longitudinal differences in APD90 (action potential duration to 90% repolarization), with the longest APD90 in subendocardial and the shortest in subepicardial myocytes. We found a septum – left ventricular free wall – right ventricular free wall gradient, with the longest APD90 in the septum and the shortest in the right ventricular free wall. The regional distribution of APD90 was closely mirrored by relaxation time. Peak cell shortening was greater in subendocardial myocytes than in subepicardial myocytes in the left ventricular free wall, and in myocytes from the left side of the septum compared with the right. We concluded that the regional distribution of APD is closely and inversely related to the sequence of ventricular depolarization, and that the regional variations in cell shortening amplitude are related principally to reported regional variations in wall stress.
Cycling Effect on the Random Telegraph Noise Instabilities of nor and nand Flash Arrays

The impact of program/erase (P/E) cycling on the random telegraph noise (RTN) threshold voltage instability of NOR and NAND flash memories is studied in detail. RTN is shown to introduce exponential tails in the distribution of the threshold voltage variation between two subsequent read operations on the cells. Tail height is shown to increase as a function of the stress levels, with a larger relative increase for the NAND case. The slope of the distribution instead remains nearly independent of the number of applied P/E cycles. This reveals that trap generation takes place according to the native trap distribution over the active area and means that the tail slope is a basic RTN parameter, depending on the cell process details for a fixed technology. These results are important for the design of the threshold voltage levels in multilevel nor and NAND technologies.
Perioperative Risks Associated with Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Based on Surgical Treatment Strategies

Background Few studies have provided nationwide estimates of patient characteristics and procedure-related complications, or examined postsurgical outcomes for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) comparatively with respect to surgical approach. The objective of this study is to identify patients at risk for morbidity and mortality directly related with the selected approach, report an overall nation-wide complication rate for each approach against which surgeons can compare themselves, and direct future research to improve patient outcomes. Methods Patients surgically treated for CSM were retrospectively identified using ICD-9-CM codes from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. Four cohorts were compared for demographics and hospital system-related data: anterior (ACDF, ACCF), posterior decompression without fusion, decompression with posterior fusion, and combined anterior-posterior. Multivariate analysis was also used to determine the odds ratio of morbidity and mortality among the cohorts. Results 54,416 discharges were identified between 2001 and 2010: 34,400 anterior, 9,014 decompression procedures without fusion, 8,741 decompression procedures with posterior fusion, and 2,261 combined anterior-posterior. Groups were statistically different with respect to age, length of hospital stay, mortality, and complications. Groups were statistically different for Deyo score except between posterior decompression only and combined approaches. Using multivariate analysis and adjusting for covariates, the combined (2.74[2.18-3.44]) and laminectomy (1.22[1.04-1.44]) cohorts had an increased risk of mortality when compared to anterior alone. Conclusion These findings are the first to determine the rates and odds of perioperative risks directly related to combined anterior-posterior procedures. This study provides clinically useful data for surgeons to educate patients and direct future research to improve patient outcomes.
Theology for the Third Millennium: An Ecumenical View

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Influence of salts and gelatin on disintegration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by freeze‐pressing

The disintegration by freeze‐pressing of a low concentration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspended in aqueous solutions of gelatin and different salts has been studied at different temperatures. In the freeze‐pressing process deionized water and salt solutions flow in pulses, whereas samples with increasing concentrations of gelatin or cells tend to flow more smoothly. This smooth flow enhances the disruption efficiency particularly at lower temperatures, which seems to be of great practical importance. The addition of salts also promotes disintegration. The presence of both gelatin and salts works antagonistically on disintegration presumably because of different modes of action at disruption of cells.
Clinical guidelines for depressive disorders. Summary of recommendations relevant to family physicians.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an illness of great importance in public health. In primary care practices, patients with major depression have greater levels of disability than those with other chronic conditions, such as diabetes, arthritis, chronic back pain, or hypertension. According to the World Health Organization, by 2020 depression will cause more disability than infectious diseases, cancer, or accidents and will be second only to ischemic heart disease as a cause of disability. In the summer of 2001, a working group of the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) partnered with the Canadian Psychiatric Association to publish Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment of Depressive Disorders. The full text of the guidelines, with references, is available on both websites: www.canmat. org and www.cpa-apc.org. Most of the recommendations were based on level I (meta-analysis or replicated randomized controlled trials) or level II evidence (at least one randomized controlled trial). Statements made in this summary are based on the guidelines and are not specifically referenced. We summarize the recommendations relevant to family physicians.