Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The optimization of a projectile from a three-coil reluctance launcher

This paper presents the design of a 3-coil reluctance launcher system and realization of an experimental prototype. A Maxwell model of the system was constructed andnite elements analysis (FEA) was applied before building the experimental prototype. The effect of variations in projectile parameters (such as material and length of the projectile) on projectile velocity was studied using the model. Then the experimental prototype of the launcher system was built. A velocity measurement system was also designed and implemented to measure the muzzle velocity of the launched projectiles. A total of 9 projectiles of 3 different sizes made of 3 different materials were constructed to be launched by the system. Each projectile was launched via capacitors charged with DC voltage between 50 and 200 V and the muzzle velocities were measured. Finally, the effects of projectile material and projectile length on muzzle velocity and launcher efficiency were examined. In this study, an easy-to-use, low-cost, portable, and structurally simple reluctance launcher that can be operated in relatively low voltage levels was implemented. Theoretical and experimental results were compared and it is concluded that the results are consistent with each other.
Apically extruded debris and irrigants during root canal filling material removal using Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, R-Endo and ProTaper Next systems

Background. The present study aimed to compare the amount of apically extruded debris and irrigants produced by various nickel-titanium instruments. Methods. A total of 100 single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were root canal treated and prepared for agar gel model. The root canal fillings were removed using Reciproc Blue, ProTaper Next, R-Endo, WaveOne Gold systems or hand instrumentation. The mean weights of apically extruded materials were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni tests. Results. Hand instrumentation resulted in significantly more debris and irrigants than other systems (P<0.05). The mean amount of apically extruded debris and irrigants produced by Reciproc Blue system was significantly greater than motordriven instruments (P<0.05). No significant difference was detected between ProTaper Next and WaveOne Gold systems (P>0.05), while they both produced significantly less apically extruded material than R-Endo system (P<0.05). Conclusion. All the instruments caused apical extrusion. ProTaper Next and WaveOne Gold systems were associated with significantly less apical extrusion.
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: stellar and gas misalignments and the origin of gas in nearby galaxies

Misalignment of gas and stellar rotation in galaxies can give clues to the origin and processing of accreted gas. Integral field spectroscopic observations of 1213 galaxies from the SAMI Galaxy Survey show that 11% of galaxies with fitted gas and stellar rotation are misaligned by more than 30 degrees in both field/group and cluster environments. Using SAMI morphological classifications and Sersic indices, the misalignment fraction is 45+/-6% in early-type galaxies, but only 5+/-1% in late-type galaxies. The distribution of position angle offsets is used to test the physical drivers of this difference. Slower dynamical settling time of the gas in elliptical stellar mass distributions accounts for a small increase in misalignment in early-type galaxies. However, gravitational dynamical settling time is insufficient to fully explain the observed differences between early- and late-type galaxies in the distributions of the gas/stellar position angle offsets. LTGs have primarily accreted gas close to aligned rather than settled from misaligned based on analysis of the skewed distribution of PA offsets compared to a dynamical settling model. Local environment density is less important in setting the misalignment fractions than morphology, suggesting that mergers are not the main source of accreted gas in these disks. Cluster environments are found to have gas misalignment driven primarily by cluster processes not by gas accretion.
HAT-P-67b: An Extremely Low Density Saturn Transiting an F-subgiant Confirmed via Doppler Tomography

We report the discovery of HAT-P-67b, which is a hot-Saturn transiting a rapidly rotating F-subgiant. HAT-P-67b has a radius of , and orbites a , host star in a ∼4.81 day period orbit. We place an upper limit on the mass of the planet via radial velocity measurements to be , and a lower limit of by limitations on Roche lobe overflow. Despite being a subgiant, the host star still exhibits relatively rapid rotation, with a projected rotational velocity of , which makes it difficult to precisely determine the mass of the planet using radial velocities. We validated HAT-P-67b via two Doppler tomographic detections of the planetary transit, which eliminate potential eclipsing binary blend scenarios. The Doppler tomographic observations also confirm that HAT-P-67b has an orbit that is aligned to within 12°, in projection, with the spin of its host star. HAT-P-67b receives strong UV irradiation and is among one of the lowest density planets known, which makes it a good candidate for future UV transit observations in the search for an extended hydrogen exosphere.
Rotating Machinery Diagnosis with Acoustic Emission Techniques

This paper developed a diagnostic system for detection of abnormalities of rotary machines by the AE measurement method. We aimed at preventive maintenance of plants. First, the developed diagnostic method for rubbing is described and then diagnosis of damaged journal bearings and a wireless AE monitoring method for abnormal rotor conditions are presented. Finally, the diagnostic method with AE technique for rotating machines which was developed for a comprehensive diagnostic approach is discussed
Iron and liver fibrosis: Mechanistic and clinical aspects

Liver fibrosis is characterised by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix that interrupts normal liver functionality. It is a pathological stage in several untreated chronic liver diseases such as the iron overload syndrome hereditary haemochromatosis, viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes. Interestingly, regardless of the aetiology, iron-loading is frequently observed in chronic liver diseases. Excess iron can feed the Fenton reaction to generate unquenchable amounts of free radicals that cause grave cellular and tissue damage and thereby contribute to fibrosis. Moreover, excess iron can induce fibrosis-promoting signals in the parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, which accelerate disease progression and exacerbate liver pathology. Fibrosis regression is achievable following treatment, but if untreated or unsuccessful, it can progress to the irreversible cirrhotic stage leading to organ failure and hepatocellular carcinoma, where resection or transplantation remain the only curative options. Therefore, understanding the role of iron in liver fibrosis is extremely essential as it can help in formulating iron-related diagnostic, prognostic and treatment strategies. These can be implemented in isolation or in combination with the current approaches to prepone detection, and halt or decelerate fibrosis progression before it reaches the irreparable stage. Thus, this review narrates the role of iron in liver fibrosis. It examines the underlying mechanisms by which excess iron can facilitate fibrotic responses. It describes the role of iron in various clinical pathologies and lastly, highlights the significance and potential of iron-related proteins in the diagnosis and therapeutics of liver fibrosis.
Getting the HOTS with what's in the box: Developing higher order thinking skills within a technology-rich learning environment

Educators are divided with regards to the value of computer technology as a learning tool. Some maintain that computers have had little impact on students’ learning; others suggest that computers have the potential to enhance learning. Within this second group there are those who believe that computers are having a significant impact, while others believe that their potential is yet to be realised. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between students working in a technologyrich environment and their development of higher order, critical and creative, thinking skills. Staff and students from one school participated in this case study. Data were collected by teachers as part of the normal teaching-learning program, supplemented by classroom observations and teacher interviews. In addition, data pertaining to the technology infrastructure was collated from school databases. The data were used to determine the degree of correlation between factors of the learning environment and the extent to which higher order thinking skills (HOTS) were demonstrated by the students. Collations of the statistically significant, and statistically insignificant, correlations allowed relationships between environmental factors and HOTS to be established. The results indicate that studying within a technology-rich learning environment improves students’ higher order thinking skills, determined by measuring their critical and creative thinking. Factors such as length of time spent in the environment have a positive, non-linear effect on the development of critical thinking skills. These factors have no significant correlation with the development of creative thinking skills. The interaction of students’ computer skills and the classroom environmental factors was shown to be complex. Three-dimensional correlations were performed to derive equations that explain these interactions. Students with better developed computing skills scored higher on critical and creative thinking activities. This was most significant for students with better computer programming skills and the ability to competently manipulate Boolean logic. The most significant factors in developing higher order thinking skills were the students’ levels of computer skills, tempered with their attitudes towards computers and computer classes, and the teacher-student relationships within the technology-rich learning environment. The research suggests that in order to develop students' higher order thinking skills schools should endeavour to integrate technology across all of the learning areas. This will allow students to apply technology to the attainment of higher levels of cognition within specific contexts. This will need to be paralled by providing students the opportunity to develop appropriate computer skills.
Fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth treated with a regenerative endodontic protocol

Abstract This study aims to evaluate fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth after treatment with regenerative endodontic procedure (REP) using tricalcium silicate cements (TSCs) as cervical plugs. Bovine incisors were sectioned to standard crown/root ratio. Pulp tissue was removed and canals were enlarged to a standardized diameter. Teeth were then treated with a REP protocol consisting of NaOCl and EDTA irrigation, intracanal medication with triple-antibiotic paste for 14 days followed by a TSC cervical seal and composite restoration. Teeth were divided into groups according to the material used; Mineral-Trioxide-Aggregate (MTA), Biodentine, TotalFill. Teeth filled with guttapercha (GP) and intact teeth served as controls. All teeth subjected to an increasing compressive force (rate of 0.05 mm/s at a 45° angle to the long axis of the tooth) until fracture. All treated teeth exhibited significantly lower resistance to fracture compared to the intact teeth but no difference was found between the TSC groups (Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn’s multiple comparison, p < .05). TSCs applied at the cervical area of simulated immature teeth treated with REP did not reinforce fracture resistance.
Identification and characterization of nonpolio enterovirus associated with nonpolio-acute flaccid paralysis in polio endemic state of Uttar Pradesh, Northern India

Despite polio eradication, nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) detection amid polio surveillance, which is considered to have implications in paralysis, requires attention. The attributes of NPEV infections in nonpolio-AFP (NPAFP) cases from Uttar Pradesh (UP), India, remain undetermined and are thus investigated. A total of 1839 stool samples collected from patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) from UP, India, between January 2010 and October 2011 were analyzed as per the WHO algorithm. A total of 359 NPAFP cases yielded NPEVs, which were subjected to microneutralization assay, partial VP1 gene-based molecular serotyping and phylogenetic analysis. Demographic and clinical-epidemiological features were also ascertained. Echoviruses (29%) and Coxsackievirus (CV)-B (17%) were the most common viruses identified by the microneutralization assay. The molecular genotyping characterized the NPEVs into 34 different serotypes, corresponding to Enterovirus (EV)-A (1.6%), EV-B (94%) and EV-C (5.3%) species. The rarely described EV serotypes, such as EV-C95, CV-A20, EV-C105, EV-B75, EV-B101, and EV-B107, were also identified. NPEV-associated AFP was more prevalent in younger male children, peaked in the monsoon months and was predominantly found in the central part of the state. The NPEV strains isolated in the study exhibited genetic diversity from those isolated in other countries. These form part of a different cluster or subcluster existing in cocirculation, limited to India only. This study augments the understanding of epidemiological features and demonstrates the extensive diversity exhibited by the NPEV strains in NPAFP cases from the polio-endemic region. It also underscores the need or effective long-term strategies to monitor NPEV circulation and its associated health risks in the post-polio eradication era.
Austral winter external and internal atmospheric variability between 1980 and 2014

We examine the interannual variability of the seasonal mean atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere during austral winter. The three major modes are identified by rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis. As expected, REOF1 is associated with the Southern Annular Mode which is dominated by internal atmospheric dynamics. REOF2 displays a wave train, linked to the western North Pacific monsoon and the Pacific‐Japan pattern in East Asia in the same season; REOF3 resembles the Pacific‐South American pattern. Externally forced variability strongly projects on both REOF2 and REOF3 so that in the ensemble mean, an atmospheric model with prescribed observed sea surface temperature captures considerable parts of the time evolution of REOF2 (50%) and REOF3 (25%), suggesting a potential predictability for the two modes.
INSIGHTS ON THE DUSTY TORUS AND NEUTRAL TORUS FROM OPTICAL AND X-RAY OBSCURATION IN A COMPLETE VOLUME LIMITED HARD X-RAY AGN SAMPLE

We describe a complete volume limited sample of nearby active galaxies selected by their 14–195 keV luminosity, and outline its rationale for studying the mechanisms regulating gas inflow and outflow. We also describe a complementary sample of inactive galaxies, selected to match the host galaxy properties. The active sample appears to have no bias in terms of active galactic nucleus (AGN) type, the only difference being the neutral absorbing column, which is two orders of magnitude greater for the Seyfert 2s. In the luminosity range spanned by the sample, log L 14 − 195 keV [ erg s − 1 ] = 42.4 ? > –43.7, the optically obscured and X-ray absorbed fractions are 50%–65%. The similarity of these fractions to more distant spectroscopic AGN samples, although over a limited luminosity range, suggests that the torus does not strongly evolve with redshift. Our sample confirms that X-ray unabsorbed Seyfert 2s are rare, comprising not more than a few percent of the Seyfert 2 population. At higher luminosities, the optically obscured fraction decreases (as expected for the increasing dust sublimation radius), but the X-ray absorbed fraction changes little. We argue that the cold X-ray absorption in these Seyfert 1s can be accounted for by neutral gas in clouds that also contribute to the broad-line region (BLR) emission, and suggest that a geometrically thick neutral gas torus co-exists with the BLR and bridges the gap to the dusty torus.
Structure–activity relationship of an antimicrobial peptide, Phylloseptin-PHa: balance of hydrophobicity and charge determines the selectivity of bioactivities

Background Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from the skin secretions of amphibians are now considered as a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics. Phylloseptins are a family of AMPs identified in the skin secretions of Phyllomedusinae tree frogs which exhibit highly conserved structural characteristics. This study examines the structure–activity relationship of the newly discovered phylloseptin, Phylloseptin-PHa (PSPHa) from Pithecopus hypochondrialis. Materials and methods PSPHa and modified analogs were produced by solid phase synthesis and purified by reverse-phase HPLC. Rationally designed modified analogs incorporating changes in significant physicochemical parameters such as hydrophobicity, hydrophobic moment and net charge were investigated to determine their influence on secondary structure, antimicrobial activity, membrane permeabilization and cytotoxicity. Results Overall, we found that when rationally designing AMPs by altering their primary structure it is important to keep a balance between hydrophobicity and charge. Conclusion This study provides new insights which will help in the future development of AMPs as alternatives to conventional antibiotics for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections.
FORECASTING STOCK MARKET VOLATILITY: EVIDENCE FROM SIX EMERGING MARKETS

This paper forecasts the stock market volatility of six emerging countries by using daily observations of indices over the period of January 1999 to May 2010 by using ARCH, GARCH, GARCH-M, EGARCH and TGARCH models. The study reveals the positive relationship between stock return and risk only in Brazilian stock market. The analysis exhibits that the volatility shocks are quite persistent in all country’s stock market. Further the asymmetric GARCH models find a significant evidence of asymmetry in stock returns in all six country’s stock markets. This study confirms the presence of leverage effect in the returns series and indicates that bad news generate more impact on the volatility of the stock price in the market. The study concludes that volatility increases disproportionately with negative shocks in stock returns. Hence investors are advised to use investment strategies by analyzing recent and historical news and forecast the future market movement while selecting portfolio for efficient management of financial risks to reap benefits in the stock markets.
Genotypic variability and response to selection in foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ( L . ) P . Beauv

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is a summer annual C4 short-season crop used as cereal and forage. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters useful for genetic improvement of traits related to grain and forage yield in populations adapted to Argentina. Genotypic variation, genotypic correlations and the expected genetic gain in pure lines selection were estimated in cultivars Carapé INTA y Yaguané INTA. The cultivars differed mainly in number of tillers, plant height and panicle size. Yaguané INTA showed higher levels of genotypic variation than Carapé INTA in all traits. The number of tillers had strong negative correlations with the rest of morphological traits in Yaguané INTA while these correlations were less marked in Carapé INTA. The expected genetic gains in Yaguané INTA were higher than those obtained in Carapé INTA for all traits with greater gains in panicle size and number of tillers. The estimated parameters suggest that Yaguané INTA has the greatest potential for genetic improvement.
UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF CAR OWNERSHIP: SOME UNANSWERED QUESTIONS

This discussion paper arises from the first year of a PhD study into household car ownership decisions. It begins by summarising explanations for the past (aggregate) increases in car ownership, reviewing research from the fields of economics, urban and transport planning, and social psychology. Car ownership trends have been examined in terms of consumer behaviour; changing land use patterns; changing social norms and the life-course. Though there are convincing explanations for past increases in car ownership at the aggregate level, the paper goes on to draw together evidence suggesting that there are significant and perhaps counter-intuitive underlying variations. Previous analysis of the British Household Panel Survey by Dargay and Hanly has revealed that there are only a slightly larger number of households increasing car ownership (8.2 per cent) than there are households reducing car ownership (7.6 per cent) each year. Similarly, at the local level, a comparison for this present paper, of the 1991 and 2001 censuses reveals that car ownership levels per capita were either maintained or reduced in 8.6 per cent (688) of the electoral wards in England. Indeed, a significant minority – 6.2 million households in Great Britain, either choose, or are constrained to continue living without a car. This underlying variation in (changing) car ownership levels has important implications for transport policy, and the paper concludes by posing a series of questions which may benefit from further research. While it seems that car ownership levels naturally tend to increase, are there (predictable) conditions under which the demand for privately owned cars might be reduced? If so, do these relate to macro or micro-level factors, to spatial planning or the transport system, or to the physical or the social environment? The paper explores such questions.
Experimental Study of Solvent Debinding on Water Soluble PEG Behavior for Water Atomised

Growth of environmental friendly binders like Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has received considerable interest because it is a water-soluble binder which is safe to the environment. From the study, PEG removal in water during solvent debinding was observed as a function of temperature against time by determining the density value of compacts. SS 316L water atomised powder around 5 μm particle size with powder loading 61 vol. % were mixed using 73 vol. % of PEG, 25 vol. % of PMMA and 2 vol. % of SA. The injected compact using injection moulding machine was solvent debinding in water leaching at different times and temperatures. The effect of temperature and time on the leaching performance of PEG in water was investigated through relative density observations and microstructural analysis using an optical microscope (OM). The amount of PEG removed increased with time for all temperatures. Observations using different immersion temperatures: 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C with different immersion times were used: 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours (h) for removing the PEG binder. After 12 h, the brown compact at the highest immersion temperature of 80 oC showed 100 % PEG loss. The microstructure showed that as the time of debinding increased, the shape of the pores and particles became clearer with the remaining binder component of PMMA polymer attached to the particles as most of the PEG was removed from the green compact. The relative density values of the brown compact were reduced when compared to the green compact which ascertained the removal of the PEG binder during the solvent debinding process. Keywords— polyethene glycol (PEG); SS 316L water atomised powder; metal injection moulding; solvent debinding; density measurement; microstructural analysis.