Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Culture of open access in the University of Kashmir: a researcher's viewpoint

Purpose – A survey of University of Kashmir scholars was undertaken in 2008 to ascertain their experience, attitudes and perceptions about the open access (OA) movement. The purpose of this paper is to report the survey's findings.Design/methodology/approach – The study was based on data collected from scholars belonging to the Science and Social Science faculties at the University of Kashmir. A pre‐defined, closed‐ended, 14‐item questionnaire was distributed among 84 research scholars. The selection of scholars was based on stratified disproportionate sampling in which the sample size for the departments of both faculties was confined to four scholars, as only four research scholars were enrolled in the Department of Psychology.Findings – The majority of the scholars consulted both open access as well as library‐subscribed resources. Of OA resource users, four‐fifths consulted journals and two‐fifths consulted books. Colleagues (57.14 per cent) were the main referral sources of OA awareness with the leas.
Preload‐adjusted left ventricular dP/dtmax: a sensitive, continuous, load‐independent contractility index

• What is the central question of this study? The preload‐adjusted maximal change in pressure over time (PAdP/dtmax) accurately reflects systolic performance in varying conditions of inotropy and afterload. The objective of this study was to address whether PAdP/dtmax is a valid indicator of left ventricular function in the setting of large variations in preload. • What is the main finding and its importance? In a model of acute preload reduction, PAdP/dtmax properly reflected left ventricular systolic function. Given its simplicity, this real‐time index derived from single beat analysis should be tested further in clinical settings.
Undergraduate students' interaction with online information resources in their academic tasks: A comparative study

Purpose – This paper aims to identify the opinions of undergraduate students on the importance of internet‐based information sources when they undertake academic tasks.Design/methodology/approach – Based on a set of identified typical academic tasks for undergraduate students, three research questions were designed around the students' usage and views of information resources for completing these tasks. Web‐accessible questionnaires were used to collect data from participants in two universities in the USA and China, and the data were analyzed using quantitative methods, which included several statistic methods.Findings – The results confirm that undergraduate students use different information resources for various academic tasks. In their tasks, online electronic resources including search engines are the most commonly used resources, particularly for complex academic tasks. Social networking sites are not used for the students' individual academic tasks, and traditional resources still play equal or mo.
Spike‐in SILAC proteomic approach reveals the vitronectin as an early molecular signature of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C infections with hepatic iron overload

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐induced iron overload has been shown to promote liver fibrosis, steatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The zonal‐restricted histological distribution of pathological iron deposits has hampered the attempt to perform large‐scale in vivo molecular investigations on the comorbidity between iron and HCV. Diagnostic and prognostic markers are not yet available to assess iron overload‐induced liver fibrogenesis and progression in HCV infections. Here, by means of Spike‐in SILAC proteomic approach, we first unveiled a specific membrane protein expression signature of HCV cell cultures in the presence of iron overload. Computational analysis of proteomic dataset highlighted the hepatocytic vitronectin expression as the most promising specific biomarker for iron‐associated fibrogenesis in HCV infections. Next, the robustness of our in vitro findings was challenged in human liver biopsies by immunohistochemistry and yielded two major results: (i) hepatocytic vitronectin expression is associated to liver fibrogenesis in HCV‐infected patients with iron overload; (ii) hepatic vitronectin expression was found to discriminate also the transition between mild to moderate fibrosis in HCV‐infected patients without iron overload.
THE PARATHYROIDS—PHYSIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS

NORMAL AND PATHOLOGIC PHYSIOLOGY OF PARATHYROID GLANDS The parathyroid hormone has a marked influence on the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. Its primary action, in my opinion, for reasons which cannot be gone into, is on phosphorus metabolism, and the changes in the metabolism of calcium are dependent on the preceding changes in the metabolism of phosphorus. 1 Calcium Metabolism. — The metabolism of calcium is considerably simpler than that of phosphorus. Over 99 per cent of the body's calcium is in the form of a calcium phosphatecalcium carbonate compound which is deposited in the organic matrix of bone and teeth. In addition, there are small amounts of calcium in body fluids. The calcium in the blood except for a negligible part is in two forms, calcium ions and calcium proteinate. 2 The parathyroid hormone apparently regulates the level of calcium ions. There is considerable circumstantial evidence that the stimulus
MALDI imaging mass spectrometry to investigate endogenous peptides in an animal model of Usher's disease

Imaging MS (MSI) has emerged as a valuable tool to study the spatial distribution of biomolecules in the brain. Herein, MALDI‐MSI was used to determine the distribution of endogenous peptides in a rat model of Usher's disease. This rare disease is considered as a leading cause of deaf‐blindness in humans worldwide. Cryosections of brain tissue were analyzed by MALDI‐MSI to differentiate between healthy and diseased rats. MSI results were highly reproducible. Tissue‐specific peptides were identified by MS/MS using LC‐Orbitrap and MALDI‐TOF/TOF analyses. These peptides were proposed for histological classification due to their particular spatial distribution in the brain, for example, substantia nigra, corpus callosum, and hippocampus. Several endogenous peptides showed significantly increased ion densities, particularly in the colliculi superiores and in the substantia nigra of diseased rats, including peptides derived from Fsd1, dystrobrevin‐β, and ProSAAS. Furthermore, several proteolytic degradation products of the myelin basic protein were identified, of which one peptide is most likely mediated by calpain‐2. Our findings contribute to the characterization of this animal model and include possible peptide markers of disease.
Discussion to i-15

of important topics in CS61C z C program: you need to understand how C program works. z MIPS: need to understand MIPS assembly program, especially procedure calling convention. z Memory allocation: need to understand best fit, first fit and next fit. z Logic design:  You are given a description. Then, you need to express it into a logic table. In case of sequential logic, you also need to express it in a state diagram.  It is straightforward to transform the logic table into logic gates and Verilog code. z Virtual memory:  some analytic problems: tag, index and offset size. Total address space that can be represented or page size to represent an address space. z Interrupts:  interrupts have priority.  User process < low priority interrupt < high priority interrupt  Lower priority process resume after higher priority process finishes. z Pipeline: need to know when data and control hazards happen and find them in a sequence of code z Cache:  AMAT = hit time + miss rate * miss penalty  Set associativity helps miss rate. Direct mapped cache helps faster hit time. Larger block size causes higher miss penalty but helps lower miss rate.  Various replacement policy: Random, LRU and MRU  Split cache / unified cache: split cache has separate cache for instruction and data cache. It increases bandwidth.  Unified cache: inst and data share the memory space. Can use memory space economically. z Hard disk.  Factors of performance: seek time + rotational delay + transfer time + controller overhead z CPU organization & performance  CPU time = CPI * Number of instructions * clock cycle time = CPI * Number of Instructions / clock rate  PerfA/PerfB = CPU timeB / CPU timeA
Raman Spectroscopy in the Diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis

Abstract Introduction At present, the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC) requires the histologic demonstration of characteristic mucosal inflammatory changes. A rapid and noninvasive diagnosis would be of value, especially if it could be adapted to a simple rectal probe. Raman spectroscopy creates a molecular fingerprint of substances by detecting laser light scattered from asymmetric, vibrating, and chemical bonds. We hypothesize that Raman spectroscopy can distinguish UC from non-UC colon tissue rapidly and accurately. Materials and Methods Colon tissue specimens were obtained from patients operated at the Children's Hospital of Michigan, United States, including UC colon and non-UC colon. The samples were examined with a Renishaw inVia Raman microscope (Gloucestershire, United Kingdom) with a 785 nm laser. Principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis were used to classify groups. Final classification was evaluated against histologic diagnoses using leave-one-out cross-validation at a spectral level. Results We compared Raman spectroscopy examination of colon specimens from four patients with UC and four patients without UC. A total of 801 spectra were recorded from colon specimens. We evaluated 100 spectra each from the mucosal and serosal surfaces of patients with UC and 260 spectra from the mucosal surface and 341 spectra from the serosal surface of the patients who did not have UC. For samples from the mucosal surface, the Raman analysis had a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 89%. For samples from the serosal surface, Raman spectroscopy had a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 93%. When considering each tissue sample and deciding the diagnosis based on the majority of spectra from that sample, there were no errors in the diagnosis. Conclusions Raman spectroscopy can distinguish UC from normal colon tissue rapidly and accurately. This technology offers the possibility of real-time diagnosis as well as the ability to study changes in UC-afflicted colon tissue that do not appear histologically.
Proteomic analysis in Giardia duodenalis yields insights into strain virulence and antigenic variation

Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite of the small intestine in vertebrates, including humans. Assemblage A of G. duodenalis is one of the two discrete subtypes that infects humans, and is considered a zoonotic assemblage. Two G. duodenalis Assemblage A strains BRIS/95/HEPU/2041 and BRIS/83/HEPU/106, constituting virulent and control strains respectively, were analyzed in one of the first comparative shotgun proteomic studies performed in this parasite. Protein extracts were prepared using a multiplatform approach with both an in‐gel and in‐solution sample preparation to enable us to assess the complementarity for future Giardia proteomic studies. Protein analysis revealed that BRIS/95/HEPU/2041 possessed a wider and more varied repertoire of variant surface proteins (VSPs), which are hypothesized to be involved in host adaptation, immune evasion, and virulence. A total of 35 VSPs were identified, with three common to both strains, six unique to BRIS/82/HEPU/106, and twenty‐six unique to BRIS/95/HEPU/2041. Additionally, up to 25.6% of all differentially expressed proteins in BRIS/95/HEPU/2041 belonged to the VSP family, a trend not seen in the control BRIS/83/HEPU/106. Greater antigen variation in BRIS/95/HEPU/2041 may explain aspects of virulence phenotypes in G. duodenalis, with a highly diverse population capable of evading host immune responses.
Regulatory–auxiliary subunits of CLC chloride channel–transport proteins

The CLC family of chloride channels and transporters is composed by nine members, but only three of them, ClC‐Ka/b, ClC‐7 and ClC‐2, have been found so far associated with auxiliary subunits. These CLC regulatory subunits are small proteins that present few common characteristics among them, both structurally and functionally, and their effects on the corresponding CLC protein are different. Barttin, a protein with two transmembrane domains, is essential for the membrane localization of ClC‐K proteins and their activity in the kidney and inner ear. Ostm1 is a protein with a single transmembrane domain and a highly glycosylated N‐terminus. Unlike the other two CLC auxiliary subunits, Ostm1 shows a reciprocal relationship with ClC‐7 for their stability. The subcellular localization of Ostm1 depends on ClC‐7 and not the other way around. ClC‐2 is active on its own, but GlialCAM, a transmembrane cell adhesion molecule with two extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)‐like domains, regulates its subcellular localization and activity in glial cells. The common theme for these three proteins is their requirement for a proper homeostasis, since their malfunction leads to distinct diseases. We will review here their properties and their role in normal chloride physiology and the pathological consequences of their improper function.
Prevalence of HPV infection in racial-ethnic subgroups of head and neck cancer patients.

The landscape of HPV infection in racial/ethnic subgroups of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients has not been evaluated carefully. In this study, a meta-analysis examined the prevalence of HPV in HNC patients of African ancestry. Additionally, a pooled analysis of subject-level data was also performed to investigate HPVprevalence and patterns of p16 (CDNK2A) expression amongst different racial groups.Eighteen publications (N = 798 Black HNC patients) were examined in the meta-analysis, and the pooled analysis included 29 datasetscomprisedof 3,129HNC patients of diverse racial/ethnic background.The meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of HPV16 was higher among Blacks with oropharyngealcancer than Blacks with non-oropharyngeal cancer. However, there was great heterogeneity observed among studies (Q test P<0.0001). In the pooled analysis, after adjusting for each study, year of diagnosis, age, gender and smoking status, the prevalence of HPV16/18 in oropharyngeal cancer patients was highest in Whites (61.1%), followed by 58.0% in Blacks and 25.2% in Asians (P<0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in HPV16/18 prevalencein non-oropharyngeal cancer by race (P=0.682). With regard to the pattern of HPV16/18 status and p16 expression, White patients had the highest proportion of HPV16/18+/p16+ oropharyngeal cancer (52.3%), while Asians and Blacks had significantly lower proportions (23.0% and 22.6%, respectively) [P <0.0001]. Our findings suggest that thepattern of oropharyngeal cancer that appears to differ by raceand this may contribute to survival disparities by race.
Genetic disruption of Smad7 impairs skeletal muscle growth and regeneration

Smad7 is an intracellular antagonist of transforming growth factor‐β signalling pathways and modulates muscle growth in vivo. Loss of Smad7 results in decreased muscle mass, reduced force generation, fibre type switching from glycolytic towards oxidative type and delayed recovery from injury. Upregulated Smad2/3 signalling in Smad7−/− muscle results in reduced myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Smad7 is an important regulator of muscle growth and may be a potential intracellular therapeutic target for muscle disorders.
EVIDENCE OF AN ALTERED THYROID FUNCTION IN MAN DURING TREATMENT WITH LITHIUM CARBONATE

Lithium has been used successfully in the treatment of manic-depressive disease for almost twenty years (Baastrup and Schou 1967). Some patients have received the drug daily for more than ten years. Considering what is known about the chronic toxicity of other drugs, i t is remarkable that practically no reports of any chronic side effects of lithium salts in psychiatric patients have been communicated. Neither does there seem to have been any systematic study of the chronic toxicity of lithium in experimental animals in the doses used in the clinic. For these reasons it is very important to be constantly on the look-out for the appearance of unusual effects during lithium therapy. The possible existence of a late complication from the thyroid gland in lithium-treated patients has been discussed here in Scandinavia for several years now. Thus some patients treated with lithium for a few months have developed a diffuse goitre. Some of these patients have developed symptoms of hypothyroidism. In December 1967 Schou concluded that the role of Iithium in the thyroid enlargement was uncertain (Schou 1968). Under no circumstances was there any evidence for a statistically significant effect on the thyroid gland a t that time. About one year ago we started a study on the pharmacological and clinical effects of lithium in man. One of our aims was to investigate the possible effects on the thyroid gland. The study was prompted by the previously mentioned reports of thyroid enlargement and the accidental finding that some of the lithium-treated patients in the clinic had low levels of proteinbound iodine in the serum. Thus the study was undertaken to ascertain whether any alteration of thyroid function can be registered in relation to the administration of lithium carbonate in therapeutic doses to manicdepressive patients.
Do libraries matter? Public libraries and the creation of social capital

Purpose – Librarians and the library profession keep repeating that libraries contribute greatly to generating social capital by “building community”. However, little evidence of this has been presented. This paper aims to be a first step towards correcting this situation by asking whether public libraries matter in the creation of generalized trust.Design/methodology/approach – This study used quantitative data in analyzing macro‐level data on whether public library expenditure could explain social trust patterns in the OECD countries. Additionally, a few qualitative interviews with public library leaders in the USA and Norway were used to indicate by what mechanisms, or by which processes, libraries generate generalized trust.Findings – The main finding is that public libraries seem the most important factor in creating generalized trust in the OECD area, even more so than efficient/impartial public institutions. However, there is the problem of causal direction. It might be the case that it is high tru.
Maternal obesity characterized by gestational diabetes increases the susceptibility of rat offspring to hepatic steatosis via a disrupted liver metabolome

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a common complication of pregnancy, but its effects on the offspring are poorly understood. We developed a rat model of diet‐induced gestational diabetes mellitus that recapitulates many of the clinical features of the disease, including excessive gestational weight gain, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinaemia and mild hyperglycaemia. Compared to the offspring of lean dams, exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus during the prenatal period resulted in obesity, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in young rat offspring that consumed a postnatal diet that was low in fat. The combination of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and the postnatal consumption of a high‐fat diet by the offspring caused a more severe metabolic phenotype. Metabolomic profiling of the liver tissues of the offspring of gestational diabetic dams revealed accumulation of lipotoxic lipids and reduced phosphatidylethanolamine levels compared to the offspring of lean dams. The results establish that gestational diabetes mellitus is a driver of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in the offspring.
Structural determinants of interaction, trafficking and function in the ClC‐2/MLC1 subunit GlialCAM involved in leukodystrophy

The extracellular domain of GlialCAM is necessary for its targeting to cell junctions, as well as for interactions with itself and MLC1 and ClC‐2. The C‐terminus of GlialCAM is not necessary for interaction but is required for targeting to cell junctions. The first three residues of the transmembrane segment of GlialCAM are required for GlialCAM‐mediated ClC‐2 activation.
Exercise: the lifelong supplement for healthy ageing and slowing down the onset of frailty

The beneficial effects of exercise have been well recognized for over half a century. Dr Jeremy Morris's pioneering studies in the fifties showed a striking difference in cardiovascular disease between the drivers and conductors on the double‐decker buses in London. These studies sparked off a vast amount of research on the effects of exercise in health, and the general consensus is that exercise contributes to improved outcomes and treatment for several diseases including osteoporosis, diabetes, depression and atherosclerosis. Evidence of the beneficial effects of exercise is reviewed here. One way of highlighting the impact of exercise on disease is to consider it from the perspective of good practice. However, the intensity, duration, frequency (dosage) and counter indications of the exercise should be taken into consideration to individually tailor the exercise programme. An important case of the beneficial effect of exercise is that of ageing. Ageing is characterized by a loss of homeostatic mechanisms, on many occasions leading to the development of frailty, and hence frailty is one of the major geriatric syndromes and exercise is very useful to mitigate, or at least delay, it. Since exercise is so effective in reducing frailty, we would like to propose that exercise be considered as a supplement to other treatments. People all over the world have been taking nutritional supplements in the hopes of improving their health. We would like to think of exercise as a physiological supplement not only for treating diseases, but also for improving healthy ageing.
A "librarian-LIS faculty" divide in open access practice

– This paper seeks to examine a librarian‐faculty divide in authors' OA contributions with regard to article self‐archiving and OA consumptions with regard to citation counts. , – This paper measures the OA availabilities and citations of scholarly articles from 20 top‐ranked LIS journals published in 2006. A logistic regression analysis is taken to make the comparisons. , – It finds that there is no correlation between the numbers of OA articles and the professional status of the authors. However, librarian authors differ from faculty authors in the citation and self‐citation rates of their articles. There are also differences between these two groups of authors in co‐authorship and the numbers of article pages and references. , – This study takes a new approach to compare the publications of librarians and faculty in library and information science for their open access availability and citations. The findings may help OA advocates and administrators to make appropriate policy changes.