Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Torsional Shoe Flexibility on Gait and Stability in Children Learning to Walk

Purpose: To examine the effects of different torsional flexibilities of shoes on gait and stability in children who are newly walking. Methods: Twenty-five children walking 5 months or less were evaluated barefoot and in 4 shoes with different torsional flexibilities (UltraFlex, MidFlex, LowFlex, and Stiff). Gait pattern was assessed using GaitMatII. Stability was determined by the number of stumbles/falls during functional tasks. Results: Stance time was shorter barefoot compared with all shoe conditions (P = .000). Stance time was shorter in UltraFlex than in LowFlex (P = .000). Step width was wider in UltraFlex than in MidFlex and LowFlex (P = .028). Velocity, step length, and the number of stumbles/falls did not differ significantly across shoe conditions. Children walking for 2 months or less had significantly more stumbles and falls than children walking more than 2 months (P = .003). Conclusions: Stance time and step width differ across shoe conditions. Stability does not differ across shoe conditions.
Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Friedrichs' Systems. I. General theory

This paper presents a unified analysis of discontinuous Galerkin methods to approximate Friedrichs' systems. An abstract set of conditions is identified at the continuous level to guarantee existence and uniqueness of the solution in a subspace of the graph of the differential operator. Then a general discontinuous Galerkin method that weakly enforces boundary conditions and mildly penalizes interface jumps is proposed. All the design constraints of the method are fully stated, and an abstract error analysis in the spirit of Strang's Second Lemma is presented. Finally, the method is formulated locally using element fluxes, and links with other formulations are discussed. Details are given for three examples, namely, advection-reaction equations, advection-diffusion-reaction equations, and the Maxwell equations in the so-called elliptic regime.
Associations between serum leptin level and bone turnover in kidney transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Obesity is associated with increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the general population and in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A direct effect of adipose tissue on bone turnover through leptin production has been suggested, but such an association has not been explored in kidney transplant recipients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS This study examined associations of serum leptin with PTH and with biomarkers of bone turnover (serum beta crosslaps [CTX, a marker of bone resorption] and osteocalcin [OC, a marker of bone formation]) in 978 kidney transplant recipients. Associations were examined in multivariable regression models. Path analyses were used to determine if the association of leptin with bone turnover is independent of PTH. RESULTS Higher leptin levels were associated with higher PTH and lower vitamin D levels, and adjustment for vitamin D attenuated the association between leptin and PTH. However, higher leptin was also significantly associated with lower levels of the bone turnover markers: 1 SD higher leptin was associated with 0.13 lower log-OC (-0.17, -0.08, P < 0.001) and 0.030 lower log-CTX (-0.045, -0.016, P < 0.001) after multivariable adjustments. Path analysis indicated that the association of leptin with PTH was mostly mediated through vitamin D, and that the association between leptin and bone turnover was independent of PTH and vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS Elevated leptin level is associated with lower bone turnover independent of its effects on serum PTH in kidney transplant recipients.
Resolution of bone defects of varying dimension and configuration in the marginal portion of the peri-implant bone. An experimental study in the dog.

BACKGROUND It was demonstrated that a marginal defect of about 1 mm between the bone wall and the metal surface after implant installation can heal with a high degree of bone fill and osseointegration. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present animal experiment was to study bone healing at implant sites with hard tissue defects of varying dimensions and configuration. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four Labrador dogs were used. All mandibular premolars and first molars were extracted. After 3 months of healing, five experimental sites, two control (C1, C2) and three test (T1, T2, T3) sites, were identified. In all five sites, custom-made implants with a sand-blasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface and with an outer dimension of 3.3x10 mm, were used. In site C1, traditional implant installation was performed. In site C2, the marginal 5 mm of the canal, prepared for the implant, was widened to 5.3 mm using a step-drill. Thus, following the installation of the implant, a circumferential gap occurred between the bone tissue and the metal rod that was 5 mm deep and between 1 and 1.25 mm wide. In test site T1, the canal was widened to establish a marginal gap of 2-2.25 mm. In test sites T2 and T3, the marginal 5 mm of the canal was first widened to 5.3 mm (T2) or 7.3 mm (T3). The buccal bone wall opposite the defect was subsequently removed. Following the placement of a cover screw in sites C2, T1, T2, and T3, a resorbable membrane was placed over the defect. All implants were submerged. After 4 months of healing, block biopsies of each implant site were dissected and processed for ground sectioning. RESULTS The observations disclosed that four-wall defects of different dimensions (1-2.25 mm wide) that occurred in the marginal portion of the recipient sites following implant installation were resolved during healing. Further, at sites where the buccal bone wall during defect preparation was intentionally removed, healing resulted in defect resolution at the mesial, distal, and lingual aspects. At the buccal aspects, healing was incomplete but the dimension of the defect was reduced by the limited amounts of new bone formation extending from the lateral and apical borders of the defect. CONCLUSION Wide marginal defects may during healing be filled with bone. In such defects a high degree of osseointegration may occur to implants designed with an SLA surface.
Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by melatonin in human breast cancer cells

Melatonin exerts oncostatic effects on breast cancer by interfering with the estrogen‐signaling pathways. Melatonin reduces estrogen biosynthesis in human breast cancer cells, surrounding fibroblasts and peritumoral endothelial cells by regulating cytokines that influence tumor microenvironment. This hormone also exerts antiangiogenic activity in tumoral tissue. In this work, our objective was to study the role of melatonin on the regulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in breast cancer cells. To accomplish this, we cocultured human breast cancer cells (MCF‐7) with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). VEGF added to the cultures stimulated the proliferation of HUVECs and melatonin (1 mm) counteracted this effect. Melatonin reduced VEGF production and VEGF mRNA expression in MCF‐7 cells. MCF‐7 cells cocultured with HUVECs stimulated the endothelial cells proliferation and increased VEGF levels in the culture media. Melatonin counteracted both stimulatory effects on HUVECs proliferation and on VEGF protein levels in the coculture media. Conditioned media from MCF‐7 cells increased HUVECs proliferation, and this effect was significantly counteracted by anti‐VEGF and 1 mm melatonin. All these findings suggest that melatonin may play a role in the paracrine interactions between malignant epithelial cells and proximal endothelial cells through a downregulatory action on VEGF expression in human breast cancer cells, which decrease the levels of VEGF around endothelial cells. Lower levels of VEGF could be important in reducing the number of estrogen‐producing cells proximal to malignant cells as well as decreasing tumoral angiogenesis.
Describing the Practice of Introspection

: The main objective of this article is to capitalise on many years of research, and of practice, relating to the use of introspection in a research context, and thus to provide an initial outline description of introspection, while developing an introspection of introspection. After a description of the context of this research, I define the institutional conditions which would enable the renewal of introspection as a research methodology. Then I describe three aspects of introspective practice: 1) introspection as a process of becoming aware, theorized through Husserl’s model of consciousness modes; 2) introspection as recollection, through the model of retention and awakening in Husserl’s theory of memory; 3) the use of universal descriptive categories for the description of all lived experiences, as a guide for skilled practice of introspection in research. Finally I examine the question of the validation of introspective data, suggesting a strong distinction between the ethical criterion and the epistemic criterion of truth.
Characteristics of 629 Vestibular Schwannomas According to Preoperative Caloric Responses

Objectives: To assess the contribution of preoperative caloric responses in patients with vestibular schwannoma on the following: preoperative parameters and postoperative results (facial function and hearing preservation). Study Design: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Setting: Tertiary referral center. Patients: A group of 629 patients who underwent vestibular schwannoma surgery. Main Outcome Measures: Caloric responses are quantified in terms of slow-phase nystagmus velocities generated during warm and cool irrigations of each ear, with asymmetry between the two horizontal semicircular canals was quantified by the Jongkees formula. When unilateral weakness (UW) was less than 20%, caloric response was regarded as normal (group N). When UW was greater than 70%, caloric response was classified as severe caloric weakness (group S), and when the UW was comprised between 70 and 20%, caloric response was classified as moderate (group M) caloric weakness (CW). Results: 47.8% of the studied patients were included in group S, 38.2% in group M, and 14% in group N. Preoperative mean hearing loss was higher in group S compared with that in groups M and N. The auditory brainstem response threshold was higher in group S compared with that in group N and also higher in group M compared with that in group N. A good correlation was observed between CW and tumor size. Postoperative facial palsy was more frequent in group S compared with groups N and M. Postoperative hearing preservation was more frequently observed in group N compared with groups S and M. Conclusion: Our results suggest that caloric responses are well correlated with the studied preoperative and intraoperative factors and provide predictive factors with regard to postoperative facial palsy and hearing outcome.
Proteasome regulation, plant growth and stress tolerance

Plant cells contain a mixture of 26S and 20S proteasomes that mediate ubiquitin dependent and ubiquitin independent proteolysis, respectively. The 26S proteasome contains the 20S proteasome and one or two regulatory particles that are required for ubiquitin dependent degradation. Comparative analyses of Arabidopsis proteasome mutants revealed that a decrease in 26S proteasome biogenesis causes heat shock hypersensitivity and reduced cell division rates that are compensated by increased cell expansion. Loss of 26S proteasome function also leads to an increased 20S proteasome biogenesis, which in turn enhances the cellular capacity to degrade oxidized proteins and thus increases oxidative stress tolerance. These findings suggest the intriguing possibility that 26S and 20S proteasome activities are regulated to control plant development and stress responses. This mini review highlights some of the recent studies on proteasome regulation in plants.
Spherical crystal agglomeration of ibuprofen by the solvent-change technique in presence of methacrylic polymers.

The effects of Eudragit(R) nature on the formation and spherical agglomeration of ibuprofen microcrystals have been examined when solvent change (ethanol-water) technique is applied. Four methacrylic polymers (Eudragit(R) S100, L100, RS, and RL), with different solubility and solubilizing ability, were used. The extrapolated points of maximum temperature deviation rate in crystallization liquid that reflect the maximum crystallization rate and the corresponding water addition were determined, as well as crystal yielding and incorporation of drug and polymer in the agglomerates. The physicomechanical properties of the agglomerates, such as size, sphericity, surface roughness and porosity, as well as flow and packing or compression behavior during tableting, were evaluated for different drug/polymer ratios. It was found that crystal yield is greatly reduced in the presence of water-insoluble polymers and that formation of the microcrystals and incorporation of drug and polymer are affected by the polymer nature. Crystal formation changes are attributed to alterations in the metastable zone, whereas the changes in drug and polymer incorporation and crystal yield are caused by changes in the polymers' solubility and micellization. The size of agglomerates depends on the polymer nature and its interactions with the ibuprofen microcrystals formed. Sphericity, surface roughness, and intraparticle porosity of agglomerates increase, in general, with the presence of polymer owing to changes in habit and growth rate of the microcrystals and to their coating before binding into spherical agglomerates. The particle density or intraparticle porosity and size changes determine flow or packing behavior and densification of agglomerates at low compression. The incorporation and brittleness of the polymer determine the deformation under higher compression pressure, expressed as yield pressure, Py.
[Complications and costs associated with chickenpox in immunocompetent children].

OBJECTIVES Chickenpox is a common infection of childhood in countries that have not included the corresponding vaccination in their immunization schedules. Chickenpox is usually benign in immunocompetent children, and treatment is not needed. The objectives of this study were to investigate the frequency and characteristics of chickenpox complications that require hospital treatment in immunocompetent children and the clinical progression in children of mothers with perinatal chickenpox. In addition, the hospital costs associated with chickenpox in the studied children were calculated. METHODS This was a retrospective study using the clinical records of children with chickenpox hospitalized at the Children's Hospital of Panama, from January 1991 through December 2000. We analyzed the types of complications, the clinical progression, and the hospital costs of the chickenpox patients. RESULTS Of 5 203 children seen in outpatient consultations, 568 of them (11%) were hospitalized. We included 513 children in our study: 381 (74%) with chickenpox acquired in the community, 92 (18%) the children of mothers with chickenpox, and 40 (8%) with nosocomial chickenpox. The most frequent complications were cutaneous and subcutaneous infections (45%), respiratory infections (25%), and neurological changes (7%). The respiratory and cutaneous complications occurred sooner and among younger patients than did the neurological changes. Overall, 13 of the children (2.5%) died. The case fatality rate was 8% for chickenpox with respiratory and neurological complications and 0% for chickenpox with cutaneous complications. Of the 92 children with a mother with chickenpox, 60 of them (65%) did not develop the disease, and none of the 92 died. In contrast, 2 of the 32 neonates (6%) with perinatal chickenpox died. The mean length of hospitalization was 8.9 days (standard deviation, +/- 17.4 days). Parenteral pharmacotherapy was used with the great majority of the children, particularly antibiotics (54%), acyclovir (17%), and intravenous immunoglobulin (14%). The mean per-patient cost of hospitalization was US$ 1 209. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that chickenpox is associated with a sizable number of expensive complications and a not-insignificant case fatality rate in immunocompetent children. Routine vaccination against chickenpox could reduce the impact of this disease on the health of children in Panama
Complement-mediated binding of naturally glycosylated and glycosylation-modified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to human CR2 (CD21)

Particulate glycoproteins lacking sialic acid, such as desialylated enveloped viruses, readily activate complement through the alternative pathway. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) contains two heavily glycosylated and partially sialylated envelope glycoproteins: a surface gp120 and a transmembrane gp41. The abilities of naturally glycosylated HIV-1 and glycosylation-modified HIV-1 to interact with the complement system were examined with a biological assay which measured the binding of whole virus particles to cells expressing CR2 (CD21), the complement receptor found naturally in abundance on follicular dendritic cells and immature B cells. HIV-1 IIIB was synthesized in the presence or absence of the mannosidase II inhibitor, swainsonine, to give rise to high-mannose-type, nonsialylated, nonfucosylated carbohydrate moieties. The virus also was treated with neuraminidase or endo-beta-galactosidase to remove terminal sialic acids. An enzyme immunoassay specific for HIV-1 p24 core protein was used to quantitate the amount of virus bound to cell surfaces. Virus particles incubated with 1:3-diluted, fresh HIV-1-negative human serum as a source of complement readily bound to MT-2 (CD4+ CR2+) and Raji-3 (CD4- CR2+) cells but not to CEM (CD4+ CR2-) cells, suggesting that the virus bound to CR2 independently of CD4. Compared with heat-inactivated or C3-deficient sera, fresh complement increased binding by as much as 62 times for naturally glycosylated virus, and 5 times more than this for glycosylation-modified virus. Similar observations were made with freshly isolated, non-mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Additional evidence that HIV-1 bound to CR2 independently of CD4 was provided by the fact that binding was blocked by monoclonal antibody OKB7 (anti-CR2) but not by OKT4a (anti-CD4). Also, the virus bound to transfected K562 cells (CD4-) which expressed recombinant human CR2 but did not bind to untransfected K562 cells. Results obtained with complement component-deficient sera indicated that binding required the alternative complement pathway. Raji-3 and transfected K562 cells could not be infected with HIV-1 in the presence of complement, suggesting that utilization of CR2 as a receptor in the absence of CD4 does not allow virus entry. The demonstration of CR2 as a receptor for HIV-1 in the presence of complement, together with the ability to enhance binding by desialylation, provides new insights into mechanisms of HIV-1-induced immunity and immunopathogenesis.
Diversity of Diazotrophic Unicellular Cyanobacteria in the Tropical North Atlantic Ocean

ABSTRACT We present data on the genetic diversity and phylogenetic affinities of N2-fixing unicellular cyanobacteria in the plankton of the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Our dinitrogenase gene (nifH) sequences grouped together with a group of cyanobacteria from the subtropical North Pacific; another subtropical North Pacific group was only distantly related. Most of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequences from our tropical North Atlantic samples were closely allied with sequences from a symbiont of the diatom Climacodium frauenfeldianum. These findings suggest a complex pattern of evolutionary and ecological divergence among unicellular cyanobacteria within and between ocean basins.
Residues of sulfadiazine and doxycycline in egg matrices due to cross-contamination in the feed of laying hens and the possible correlation with physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and physiological parameters

In the poultry industry, the widespread use of veterinary drugs such as antimicrobial compounds may lead to the presence of residues in whole eggs, egg white and egg yolk. During this study, laying hens received experimental feed containing sulfadiazine or doxycycline at cross-contamination levels of 2.5%, 5% and 10% of the therapeutic concentration. Since the therapeutic dose is 250 mg kg−1 for both substances, cross-contamination concentrations in the feed of 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg kg−1 were expected. Whole egg, egg white and egg yolk samples were collected during the treatment and depletion period and were analysed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For both drugs, a plateau phase was reached within 3–5 days and residue concentrations were detected in all egg matrices. For the 10% cross-contamination group, residual sulfadiazine concentrations of 208, 299 and 60 µg kg−1 and residual doxycycline concentrations of 455, 332, 206 µg kg−1 were detected in whole egg, egg white and egg yolk on day 13 of the treatment period, respectively. Both sulfadiazine and doxycycline had higher concentrations in egg white than in egg yolk, but the egg white–egg yolk ratio was higher for sulfadiazine than for doxycycline. As neither drug is allowed in Belgium for use in laying hens, residues may pose food safety concerns.
Relationship between the near‐Earth interplanetary field and the coronal source flux: Dependence on timescale

[1] The Ulysses spacecraft has shown that the radial component of the heliospheric magnetic field is approximately independent of latitude. This has allowed quantification of the total open solar flux from near-Earth observations of the interplanetary magnetic field. The open flux can also be estimated from photospheric magnetograms by mapping the fields up to the “coronal source surface” where the field is assumed to be radial and which is usually assumed to be at a heliocentric distance r = 2.5RS (a mean solar radius, 1RS = 6.96 × 108 m). These two classes of open flux estimate will differ by the open flux that threads the heliospheric current sheet(s) inside Earth's orbit at 2.5RS < r < 1R1 (where the mean Earth-Sun distance, 1R1 = 1 AU = 1.5 × 1011 m). We here use near-Earth measurements to estimate this flux and show that at sunspot minimum it causes only a very small (≈0.5%) systematic difference between the two types of open flux estimate, with an uncertainty that is of order ±24% in hourly values, ±16% in monthly averages, and between −6% and +2% in annual values. These fractions may be somewhat larger for sunspot maximum because of flux emerging at higher heliographic latitudes.
Neuroprotective activity of chlormethiazole following transient forebrain ischaemia in the gerbil

1 The effect of chlormethiazole, and other drugs which potentiate γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) function on delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus has been examined in the gerbil. 2 Chlormethiazole (100 mg kg−1, i.p.) and two other drugs previously reported to be neuroprotective (dizocilpine, 3 mg kg−1, i.p. and ifenprodil, 4 mg kg−1, i.p.) were all found to prevent neurodegeneration of CA1/CA2 neurones in the hippocampus when given 30 min before a 5 min episode of bilateral carotid artery occlusion. 3 Chlormethiazole (100 mg kg−1) was neuroprotective when given up to 3 h, after the ischaemic episode. 4 Given 1 h after the cartoid artery occlusion, chlormethiazole produced significant protection against hippocampal neurodegeneration at a dose of 50 mg kg−1, but not at 25 mg kg−1. 5 Phenobarbitone (100 mg kg−1, i.p.) and Saffan (alphaxalone, 45 mg kg−1plus alphadalone, 15 mg kg−1, i.p.) were not protective when given 1 h after the ischaemic episode while pentobarbitone (30 mg kg−1, i.p.) had a modest protective effect. 6 Evidence is presented to show that neither the operating procedure nor the chlormethiazole administration lowered rectal or cerebral temperature. 7 The data suggest that chlormethiazole may be a useful treatment in the prevention of neurodegeneration following stroke or cardiac arrest.