Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Root Lesion Nematode: Identification and Plant Resistance

Root lesion nematode, one of the three most devastated plant parasitic nematodes, is widespread in the world. They can invade various food and cash crops, and cause great agriculture loss. Recognition and identification of root lesion nematode are important joint of nematode management, as well as the mechanism research of plant anti-nematode, which is of great benefit to breed resistance varieties. In this review, the recent advances in nematode identification and research of plant anti-nematode are presented, and the importance of non-inaccuracy identification of nematode was emphasized. The mechanism of resistance to root lesion nematode was also discussed.
Baculovirus Displaying Hemagglutinin Elicits Broad Cross-Protection against Influenza in Mice

The widespread influenza virus infection further emphasizes the need for novel vaccine strategies that effectively reduce the impact of epidemic as well as pandemic influenza. Conventional influenza vaccines generally induce virus neutralizing antibody responses which are specific for a few antigenically related strains within the same subtype. However, antibodies directed against the conserved stalk domain of HA could neutralize multiple subtypes of influenza virus and thus provide broad-spectrum protection. In this study, we designed and constructed a recombinant baculovirus-based vaccine, rBac-HA virus, that expresses full-length HA of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (A/California/04/09) on the viral envelope. We demonstrated that repeated intranasal immunizations with rBac-HA virus induced HA stalk-specific antibody responses and protective immunity against homologous as well as heterosubtypic virus challenge. The adoptive transfer experiment shows that the cross-protection is conferred by the immune sera which contain HA stalk-specific antibodies. These results warrant further development of rBac-HA virus as a broad-protective vaccine against influenza. The vaccine induced protection against infection with the same subtype as well as different subtype, promising a potential universal vaccine for broad protection against different subtypes to control influenza outbreaks including pandemic.
Visualizing the spindle checkpoint in Drosophila spermatocytes

The spindle assembly checkpoint detects defects in spindle structure or in the alignment of the chromosomes on the metaphase plate and delays the onset of anaphase until defects are corrected. Thus far, the evidence regarding the presence of a spindle checkpoint during meiosis in male Drosophila has been indirect and contradictory. On the one hand, chromosomes without pairing partners do not prevent meiosis progression. On the other hand, some conserved components of the spindle checkpoint machinery are expressed in these cells and behave as their homologue proteins do in systems with an active spindle checkpoint. To establish whether the spindle checkpoint is active in Drosophila spermatocytes we have followed meiosis progression by time‐lapse microscopy under conditions where the checkpoint is likely to be activated. We have found that the presence of a relatively high number of misaligned chromosomes or a severe disruption of the meiotic spindle results in a significant delay in the time of entry into anaphase. These observations provide the first direct evidence substantiating the activity of a meiotic spindle checkpoint in male Drosophila.
ENUMERATING EXCEDANCES WITH LINEAR CHARACTERS IN CLASSICAL WEYL GROUPS

Several signed excedance-type statistics have nice formulae when summed over the symmetric group and over the hyperoctahedral group. Motivated by these, we consider sums of the form fχ,n(q) = ∑ w∈W χ(w)q exc(w) where W is a classical Weyl group of rank n, χ is a non-trivial one-dimensional character of W , and exc(w) is the excedance statistic of w. We give formulae for these sums in a more general multivariate setting. We sharpen existing results for types A and B and give new results for classical Weyl groups of type B and type D.
Extraction, Purification, and Characterization of Lignin Fractions from Sugarcane Bagasse

Three-step extraction of lignin fractions from ball-milled sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was studied with 96% dioxane, 50% dioxane, and 80% dioxane containing 1% NaOH at boiling temperature followed by purification to remove hemicelluloses. The total yields of hemicelluloses and lignin were 15.8% and 7.2% based on dried SCB, respectively. In the first step, 5.1% lignin (70.8% of the total extracted lignin) was isolated with 96% dioxane, which is higher than the traditional MWL procedure (3.3% lignin). In the second step, 10.4% hemicelluloses (65.8% of the total extracted hemicelluloses) were obtained with 50% dioxane. The obtained lignin fractions were characterized with FT-IR, 31P-NMR, and 2D 1H-13C HSQC. The results suggested that the ‘core’ of the lignin structure did not change dramatically during the sequential neutral and alkaline dioxane treatment processes. The contents of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the three lignin fractions based on 31P-NMR analysis were 1.66, 4.46, and 9.42 mmol/g lignin, respectively, higher than those from wood. The results also indicated that the lignin fractions obtained from SCB contained some amount of p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, significantly different from those extracted from softwood and hardwood.
Why are we here at the clinic? Parent-child (dis)agreement on referral problems at outpatient treatment entry.

Do clinic-referred children and their parents agree on the problems for which treatment is undertaken? The authors asked 381 outpatient-clinic-referred children and their parents to list, independently, the child's target problems. Of the parent-child pairs, 63% failed to agree on even a single problem. When problems were grouped into broad categories (e.g., delinquent, withdrawn), more than a third of the pairs still failed to agree on a single broad problem area. Parent-child agreement was higher for externalizing than for internalizing problem categories (though poor for both). Low parent-child agreement may help explain the poor outcomes often reported for clinic-based child therapy.
Involvement of AT2 receptors at NRVL in tonic baroreflex suppression by endogenous angiotensins.

We evaluated the role of endogenous angiotensin II and III (ANG II and ANG III) at the rostral nucleus reticularis ventrolateralis (NRVL) in the modulation of baroreceptor reflex (BRR) response and the subtype of angiotensin receptors involved in this process. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized and maintained with pentobarbital sodium were used. Exogenous application of ANG II or ANG III (10, 20, or 40 pmol) by bilateral microinjection into the NRVL significantly suppressed the BRR response to transient hypertension induced by phenylephrine (5 micrograms/kg i.v.). The suppressive effect of ANG II (20 pmol) was reversed by an equimolar dose (1.6 nmol) of its peptide antagonist, [Sar1, Ile8]ANG II, and the nonpeptide antagonists for AT1 and AT2 receptors, losartan and PD-123319, respectively. On the other hand, the inhibitory action of ANG III (20 pmol) was blunted by its peptide antagonist. [Ile7]ANG III or PD-123319, but not by losartan. Blocking the endogenous activity of the angiotensins by microinjection into the bilateral NRVL of [Sar1, Ile8]ANG II, [Ile7]ANG III, or PD-123319 elicited an appreciable enhancement of the BRR response, whereas losartan produced minimal effect. These results suggest that, under physiological conditions, both endogenous ANG II and ANG III may exert a tonic inhibitory modulation on the BRR response by acting selectively on the AT2 receptors at the NRVL.
The Jaw Adductors of Strepsirrhines in Relation to Body Size, Diet, and Ingested Food Size

Body size and food properties account for much of the variation in the hard tissue morphology of the masticatory system whereas their influence on the soft tissue anatomy remains relatively understudied. Data on jaw adductor fiber architecture and experimentally determined ingested food size in a broad sample of 24 species of extant strepsirrhines allows us to evaluate several hypotheses about the influence of body size and diet on the masticatory muscles. Jaw adductor mass scales isometrically with body mass (β = 0.99, r = 0.95), skull size (β = 1.04, r = 0.97), and jaw length cubed (β = 1.02, r = 0.95). Fiber length also scales isometrically with body mass (β = 0.28, r = 0.85), skull size (β = 0.33, r = 0.84), and jaw length cubed (β = 0.29, r = 0.88). Physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) scales with isometry or slight positive allometry with body mass (β = 0.76, r = 0.92), skull size (β = 0.78, r = 0.94), and jaw length cubed (β = 0.78, r = 0.91). Whereas PCSA is isometric to body size estimates in frugivores, it is positively allometric in folivores. Independent of body size, fiber length is correlated with maximum ingested food size, suggesting that ingestive gape is related to fiber excursion. Comparisons of temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid PCSA in strepsirrhines of different diets suggest that there may be functional partitioning between these muscle groups. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution à l'étude des antennes micro-rubans à ondes de fuite

Ce travail concerne l'etude des antennes micro-rubans a ondes de fuite (aof), en vue de l'obtention des caracteristiques de rayonnement et de balayage, pour leur utilisation dans des reseaux bidimensionnels. D'une maniere generale, nous proposons un modele de guide d'ondes pour caracteriser les differentes formes de ces antennes. La methode de galerkin est utilisee comme methode de resolution. Le champ lointain est obtenu a partir du champ proche par transformee de fourier. Dans une premiere partie, une analyse bidimensionnelle des antennes a ondes de fuite uniforme et non uniforme est presentee. La confrontation des caracteristiques de rayonnement theoriques et experimentales en bande x et ku pour une antenne uniforme se revele satisfaisante. Dans la deuxieme partie est presentee l'etude tridimensionnelle des aof a patch periodique simples et couplees. L'effet de la variation d'epaisseur d'un gap d'air introduit dans la structure sur la direction du lobe principal permet de concevoir un balayage electronique a frequence constante. Dans la troisieme partie, un modele de guide d'ondes equivalent defini a partir de l'analyse tridimensionnelle permet de remplacer efficacement cette derniere par une analyse bidimensionnelle qui reduit considerablement le temps de calcul
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE: Mismatch negativity (MMN) reveals sound grouping in the human brain

To investigate a part of the structure of the memory trace, auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from reading subjects while they were presented with two different stimulus-series simultaneously. A clear mismatch negativity (MMN) was obtained from each series, when the stimulus sequence consisted of a high-frequency series and a lowfrequency series. Moreover, the MMN showed independent elicitation within each series. However, if the frequency range of one series overlapped with that of the other series, the amplitude of the MMN was prominently reduced, suggesting that the two processing functions indexed by MMN coexisted simultaneously in the preattentive acoustic system and were produced by the respective grouping of high-frequency tones and low-frequency tones. NeuroReport 11:1597±1601 & 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Downlink power allocation for wireless systems through network utility maximization

We study power allocation problems in wireless systems through network utility maximization framework. In this framework, the type of utility function represents the characteristics of each service. Hence, to deal with multiclass services in the system, it is important to accommodate various types of utility functions. In this paper, we develop a simple algorithm that can accommodate four types of utility functions in a unified way, while providing asymptotically optimal power allocation. Those types of utility functions can represent most of services in wireless networks. We first develop an algorithm that solves a general optimization problem and, then, show that our algorithm can be applied to the downlink power allocation problem.
High-Throughput Radiometric CYP2C19 Inhibition Assay Using Tritiated (S)-Mephenytoin

A rapid and sensitive radiometric assay for assessing the potential of drugs to inhibit cytochrome P450 (P450) 2C19 in human liver microsomes is described. The new assay, which does not require high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation or mass spectrometric detection, is based on the release of tritium as tritiated water that occurs upon CYP2C19-mediated 4′-hydroxylation of (S)-mephenytoin labeled with tritium in the 4′ position. Because this reaction is subject to an NIH shift, tritium was also introduced into the 3′- and 5′-positions of the tracer to enhance formation of a tritiated water product. Tritiated water was separated from the substrate using 96-well solid-phase extraction plates. The reaction is NADPH-dependent and sensitive to CYP2C19 inhibitors. IC50 values for 15 diverse drugs differed less than 2.5-fold from those determined by quantification of the unlabeled 4′-hydroxy-(S)-mephenytoin product, using HPLC coupled to mass spectrometric detection. All of the steps of the new assay, namely incubation, product separation, and radioactivity counting, are performed in a 96-well format and can be automated. This assay represents a non-HPLC, high-throughput version of the classic (S)-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation assay, which is the most widely used method to assess the potential for CYP2C19 inhibition of new chemical entities.
The Impact of Company Characteristics on Derivatives Usage: Survey Study of Large Croatian Companies

The use of derivatives for risk management purposes has been a worldwide phenomenon for several decades. Researches show that use of derivatives as a tool of corporate risk management can contribute to the creation of company’s market value and shareholder wealth. Studies on companies’ motives for derivatives usage and non-usage were conducted in USA, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Belgium, Sweden, Taiwan and Pakistan. In the recent years, the subject of derivatives markets has been abundantly covered in Croatian literature as well. At the moment, there is no derivatives market in Croatia, and only viable exchange trading is spot trading of securities on the Zagreb Stock Exchange. However, those interested can trade at major European and world exchanges through mediation of domestic and foreign brokers. For this reason, the attitude of Croatian companies towards derivatives trading imposed as insufficiently studied area of research. For the purpose of this paper a primary research was conducted among large Croatian companies. The purpose of the research was to determine the extent to which large Croatian companies are familiar with the concept and strategies of derivatives trading, how many companies use derivatives, the type of most commonly used derivatives and motives for use and non-use of derivatives among Croatian companies. The analysis of survey results was conducted through cross-tabulation in order to assess the impact of company characteristics on derivatives usage.
Oestrogen deficiency impairs intestinal calcium absorption in the rat

1 The effects of ovariectomy on the relationships between calcium consumption and calcium balance and its components were assessed in adult (10‐14 months) sham‐operated and ovariectomized (Ovx) rats fed a semi‐synthetic diet with the calcium content varying between 0·02 and 0·4 %. 2 Adaptation to dietary calcium restriction was monitored for 47 days from commencement of a 0·02 % Ca diet. 3 Response to 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (20 ng kg−1 day−1) administration in sham and Ovx rats and oestradiol (E2) (20 μg kg−1 day−1) replacement in Ovx rats was assessed in rats fed a 0·05 % Ca diet. 4 Ovx rats had lower intercepts for the relationships between calcium consumption and both calcium balance (P < 0·005) and intestinal calcium absorption (P < 0·005) compared with sham rats, but 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D was not reduced in Ovx rats. 5 The magnitude of adaptation to dietary calcium restriction was unaffected by ovariectomy. 6 Intestinal calcium absorption was stimulated by an equivalent amount in sham and Ovx rats following 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D administration, although this did not reach statistical significance for sham (sham, t= 1·91, n.s.; Ovx, t= 3·18, P < 0·05). 7 Oestradiol replacement in Ovx rats induced a marked increase in intestinal calcium absorption (t= 8·25, P < 0·005), without stimulating circulating 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D levels and led to a marked increase in calcium balance (t= 6·89, P < 0·005). 8 These data indicate that the impairment of intestinal calcium absorption following ovariectomy is not the result of reduced circulating 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D or reduced intestinal responsiveness to 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D. Moreover E2 stimulates intestinal calcium absorption probably by a direct effect on the intestine.
Prelox® for Improvement of Erectile Quality

Sexual desire typically persists when men grow older although their ability to attain and maintain erections sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse gradually declines. Decreasing erectile quality is a common age-related problem affecting the lives of both men and their partners. Lifestyle plays an important role in the onset of erectile quality problems, and timely improvements such as a healthier diet and exercise may significantly slow the progression to erectile dysfunction with increasing age. Essentially, all cardiovascular risk factors – including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, obesity and cigarette smoking – impair endothelial function, which in turn directly translates into declining erectile function. In this regard a man’s penis does indeed represent a barometer indicating his cardiovascular health status. Once endothelial function has declined to a point where its restoration is not feasible, pharmacological interventions with phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors may temporarily bypass physiological processes so that affected men may still enjoy sexual intercourse. A timely intervention that helps to restore endothelial function will have the advantage of preserving a man’s ability to spontaneously respond to sexual arousal. Prelox®, a patented complex formulation consisting of Pycnogenol® and L-arginine aspartate, has been demonstrated in four clinical trials to naturally restore healthy erectile quality in men presenting with moderate erectile problems. Pycnogenol, a key component of Prelox, was shown in human pharmacological studies to act as a catalyst on endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase for amplified synthesis of NO, the initial mediator for triggering an erection. Its combination with the enzyme’s substrate, L-arginine, synergistically increases synthesis of NO, the key component involved in vasodilatation for improved blood flow to engorge the penis. According to reviewed clinical trials, Prelox will help men with moderate erectile problems to regain healthy erectile function, greater confidence to initiate and sustain erections and more frequent morning erections. As a result of higher intercourse frequency, men taking Prelox developed significantly higher plasma testosterone values. Prelox is a safe, well-tolerated and efficacious treatment for mild to moderate cases of declining erectile quality.
Films liquides tombants avec ou sans contre-écoulement de gaz : application au problème de l'engorgement dans les colonnes de distillation

Les films liquides tombants et cisailles par un contre-ecoulement de gaz jouent un role preponderant dans de nombreux processus industriels. En effet, les ondes a l'interface gaz/liquide augmentent sensiblement les transferts de chaleur et de masse entre les deux phases. Nous avons cherche, dans un premier temps, a mieux comprendre la dynamique 2D et 3D d'un film liquide tombant sur un plan incline grâce a des outils experimentaux (visualisations par ombroscopie, mesures d'epaisseur) et numeriques (modeles d'equations reduits, analyses de stabilite). Le point optimal de fonctionnement des procedes se situe proche de la limite d'engorgement caracterisee par un envahissement de l'espace disponible par la phase liquide. Notre objectif, dans un second temps, a ete de mieux comprendre les mecanismes physiques a l'origine de l'engorgement grâce a la realisation d'experiences en geometrie simplifiee (canal plan). Ces travaux s'inscrivent dans le cadre d'un contrat CIFRE entre le laboratoire FAST et la societe Air Liquide afin d'appliquer les resultats au procede de distillation de l'air. Deux dispositifs experimentaux ont ete mis en place : l'un a temperature ambiante (etude fondamentale), l'autre a temperature cryogenique (etude appliquee et confidentielle).
A Proof-Theoretic Account of Programming and the Role of Reduction Rules

Summary Looking at proof theory as an attempt to ‘code’ the general pattern of the logical steps of a mathematical proof, the question of what kind of rules (introduction, elimination, reduction) can make the meaning (use) of a logical connective completely explicit does not seem to have been answered satisfactorily. The lambda calculus seems to have been more coherent simply because the use of ‘λ’ together with its projection 'apply' is specified by what can be called a 'reduction' rule: β-conversion. We attempt to analyse the role of proof rules, making use of a set of formal rules designed to capture both the notions of proof theory and those of the lambda-calculus: Martin-Lof's Intuitionistic Type Theory. Resume Si on considere la theorie de la demonstration comme une tentative de ‘codifier’ les pas logiques d'une demonstration mathematique, on se rendra compte qu'on n'a pas repondu de facon satisfaisante a la question suivante: quelles sont les regies (introduction, elimination, reduction) qui rendent completement explicite le sens (l'utilisation) d'un connecteur logique? Le lambda-calcul a ete apparemment plus coherent, tout simplement parce que l'utilisation du‘λ’ avec sa projection 'apply' est specifiee par une regie de 'reduction': β-conversion. Nous essayons d'analyser le role des regies de demonstration, en utilisant un systeme formel de regies concu pour englober a la fois les notions de la theorie de la demonstration et celles du lambda-calcul: la Theorie Intuitionniste des Types de Martin-Lof. Zusammenfassung Wenn man Beweistheorie als einen Versuch, ein allgemeines Muster der logischen Schritte in einem mathematischen Beweis zu kodifizieren, betrachtet, so scheint die Frage nach der Art von Regeln (Einfuhrung, Elimination, Reduktion), die die Bedeutung (den Gebrauch) von logischen Operatoren vollstandig beschreiben, nicht zufriedenstellend beantwortet. Der Lambda-Kalkul erscheint, koharenter, einfach deshalb weil der Gebrauch von ‘λ’ zusammen mit dessen Projektion 'apply' durch Regeln bestimmt wird, die man 'Reduktions'-Regeln nennen kann: β-Konversion. Wir versuchen, die Rolle von Beweisregeln zu analysieren, indem wir ein Regelsystem verwenden, das sowohl die Begriffe der Beweistheorie als auch diejenigen des Lambda-Kalkuls erfasst, namlich die Martin-Lofsche Typentheorie.