Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TCRα Genes Direct MHC Restriction in the Potent Human T Cell Response to a Class I-Bound Viral Epitope1

The underlying generic properties of αβ TCRs that control MHC restriction remain largely unresolved. To investigate MHC restriction, we have examined the CTL response to a viral epitope that binds promiscuously to two human leukocyte Ags (HLAs) that differ by a single amino acid at position 156. Individuals expressing either HLA-B*3501 (156Leucine) or HLA-B*3508 (156Arginine) showed a potent CTL response to the 407HPVGEADYFEY417 epitope from EBV. Interestingly, the response was characterized by highly restricted TCR β-chain usage in both HLA-B*3501+ and HLA-B*3508+ individuals; however, this conserved TRBV9+ β-chain was associated with distinct TCR α-chains depending upon the HLA-B*35 allele expressed by the virus-exposed host. Functional assays confirmed that TCR α-chain usage determined the HLA restriction of the CTLs. Structural studies revealed significant differences in the mobility of the peptide when bound to HLA-B*3501 or HLA-B*3508. In HLA-B*3501, the bulged section of the peptide was disordered, whereas in HLA-B*3508 the bulged epitope adopted an ordered conformation. Collectively, these data demonstrate not only that mobile MHC-bound peptides can be highly immunogenic but can also stimulate an extremely biased TCR repertoire. In addition, TCR α-chain usage is shown to play a critical role in controlling MHC restriction between closely related allomorphs.
Appropriateness in context

Dieser Beitrag analysiert und diskutiert verschiedene Auffassungen von Kontext und Angemessenheit (appropriateness). Er diskutiert Implikationen, die diese Auffassungen für die Analyse des Sprachgebrauchs haben, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von (1) Spracherwerb und -unterricht und (2) Kommunikation in Institutionen und Medien. Es wird eine relationale und dynamische Auffassung von Kontext und Angemessenheit vertreten, die auf der Mikro-Ebene Interaktionspartner und ihre Äusserungen in Bezug setzt, des weiteren Interaktionspartner und Äusserungen zu kommunikativen Handlungen in Bezug setzt und schliesslich Handlungen zum sozio-kulturellen Kontext und zur Gesellschaft in Bezug setzt. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, dass ein relationaler Bezugsrahmen eine feinmaschige Analyse des Sprachgebrauchs im Kontext ermöglicht, welche die Beziehungen zwischen Interagierenden und den kommunikativen Status ihrer Äusserungen ebenso in den Blick nimmt wie die Art und Weise, wie Interagierende die kommunikative Umgebung und ihr kommunikatives Handeln konzeptualisieren. Ein dynamischer Bezugsrahmen eröffnet sowohl für die Forschung als auch für die Interaktionspartner selbst neue Perspektiven. Kontext und kommunikative Umgebung sind nicht einfach aussersprachliche Gegebenheiten, sondern sind ko-konstruiert und ausgehandelt; Interaktionspartnern und potentiellen Interaktionspartnern stehen sprachliche Mittel zur Verfügung, mit denen Veränderungen auf der Mikrooder sogar auf der Mesound Makroebene erreicht werden können.
Determination of Key Structural Requirements of a K+ Channel Pore*

Among the highly conserved sites in K+ channel pores, the tyrosine-glycine sequence is believed to play an important role in selectivity. Here we describe a novel approach in which comprehensive mutagenesis of the YG sites of the voltage-gated K+ channel, Kat1, is combined with phenotypic screening in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and electrophysiological analysis in Xenopus oocytes to determine the roles of these sites in K+ selectivity. We show that structural constraints necessitate a tyrosine or phenylalanine at the first position to confer full K+ selectivity. Substitution to arginine creates a channel titratable by external pH, suggesting that the side group at this position may line the channel pore. Permeation is abolished by any increase in bulk at the adjacent glycine position unless accompanied by a compensatory mutation at the tyrosine site. These results suggest a model in which the selectivity filter of the K+ channel requires an aromatic residue paired with glycine within the pore loop in order to maintain maximal K+ selectivity.
Arterial oxygen desaturation during postoperative transportation: the influence of operation site

Arterial oxygen saturation in 132 patients was measured using a Biox IV oximeter with an ear probe, during transfer from theatre to recovery room following a variety of surgical procedures. Oxygen saturation decreased to 85% or less in 21.9% of patients and to 90% or less in 61.4%. No predictive factors were identified. It is recommended that supplementary oxygen be given to all patients in the immediate postoperative period, including the period of transit to the recovery room.
Software maintenance in Hong Kong

In order to find out the state of software maintenance in Hong Kong, we have conducted a questionnaire survey, supplemented by telephone interviews and industrial visits. Our results indicate that, in Hong Kong, about 66% of the total software life cycle cost is spent on software maintenance. The average application system is about 5.1 years old, consisting of 577 programs and 308,000 lines of code. The most often cited problems in software maintenance are staff turnover, poor documentation and changing user requirements. We also observed that software maintenance work has not been given proper recognition. This paper attempts to contrast our survey findings with that of a similar survey conducted in USA. We also present some initial results of a series of experiments to compare OO with 4GL and conventional development approaches.
Computational Results with a Cutting Plane Algorithm for Designing Communication Networks with Low-Connectivity Constraints

We describe a cutting plane approach to the problem of designing survivable fiber optic communication networks. This problem can be formulated as a minimum cost network design problem with certain low-connectivity constraints. Computational results on real-world telephone network design problems demonstrate the effectiveness of our cutting plane method. The facet-inducing inequalities for the convex hull of the solutions to this problem on which our algorithm is based are studied in detail in a companion paper.
Obstetric factors and pregnancy outcome in placenta previa

Introduction: Placenta previa is one of the major causes for maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze the obstetrical factors associated with placenta previa and to find out the maternal and perinatal outcome of these cases. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of TUTH. Hospital chart records of four years (1st January 2008 to 31st December 2011) were collected. Chart records of all women who had undergone cesarean section for placenta previa were reviewed. Relevant clinical findings were noted. Results: During the study period, there were 82 cases of cesarean sections done for placenta previa, which is 0.55% of the total deliveries. Of the eighty two cases, charts could be obtained of the 70 patients for the analysis. 21.4% had total placenta previa. Maximum women were in age group 26-30 years. Sixty one percent of the patients were multipara. Sixteen patients had history of cesarean section and 20 cases had abortions in previous pregnancy. Malpresentation was present in more than one fifth (21.4%) of the patient. 45.7% of the babies were preterm and 27% were low birth weight babies. Seven babies had neonatal death. Almost one third (31.4%) of the patient had blood loss ≥500ml. There were four cases with blood loss ≥1000ml. Among them two had loss of more than two liters. Ten patients required blood transfusion. One patient had cesarean hysterectomy. Conclusion: Placenta previa poses danger to both the mother and the baby. There is high maternal morbidity and adverse perinatal outcome. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/joim.v34i2. 9053 Journal of Institute of Medicine August, 2012; 34:2 38-41
Towards a practical definition of professional behaviour

Context Professionalism remains a challenging part of the medical curriculum to define, teach and evaluate. We suggest that one way to meet these challenges is to clarify the definition of professionalism and distinguish this from medical ethics. Methods Our analysis is two staged. First, we reviewed influential definitions of professionalism and separated elements relating to (a) ethico-legal competencies, (b) clinical competence and (c) professionalism. In reference to professionalism, we then distinguished between aspirational virtues/values and specific behaviours. From these, we develop a working definition of medical professional behaviour consisting of six domains of behaviour: responsibility; relationships with and respect for patients; probity and honesty; self awareness and capacity for reflection; collaboration and team work; and care of colleagues. Second, we tested this working definition against empirical data concerning disciplinary action against practising doctors using (a) sources in the literature and (b) an original analysis of complaints received by the Medical Board of South Australia. Conclusion Our empirical analysis supports the relevance of four of the six potential domains: responsibility; relationships with and respect for patients; probity and honesty; self awareness and capacity for reflection. There are additional reasons for retaining ‘collaboration and team work’ in the medical professional behaviour curriculum but ‘care of colleagues’ may be better addressed in the ethico-legal curriculum. Our definition of professional behaviour is consistent with the theoretical literature, captures behaviours that predict future complaints against practitioners and is consistent with current complaints about professionalism in South Australian practitioners. This definition can further the teaching and assessing of professional behaviour in medical schools.
The Effects of Ketamine and Neuroleptanalgesia on the Evoked Electrospinogram and Electromyogram in Man

The differential effects of ketamine and neurolept-analgesia (NLA) on the evoked electrospinogram (EESG) and evoked electromyogram (EEMG) were studied in man. The EESG from epidural spaces of T10–L1 and the EEMG from the calf muscle in response to posterior-tibial-nerve stimulation were recorded simultaneously. Ketamine enhanced the amplitude of the N1 component of the EESG and that of the H-reflex, while it depressed P2-wave amplitude of the EESG. NLA depressed amplitudes of all components of the EESG and EEMG, and prolonged the latencies. The results of this study of the electrical activities of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system indicate that neuronal mechanisms underlying the production of narcosis by ketamine and by NLA are different in character.
Physical properties of CdS/ITO thin films growth by CBD technique with substrate oscillating agitation

Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates were prepared by chemical bath deposition technique by using different conditions to agitate the bath and the substrate. For substrate, an oscillating device working at 37 Hz was adapted to support each ITO substrate in order to agitate the substrate during deposition, meanwhile the chemical solution is heated and/not agitated. The deposited films were characterized on their morphology, on the band gap energy, and on thickness. The implemented novel technique for substrate oscillation has shown to improve the films quality, by the chemical bath without colloidal precipitates and by the clean film surfaces obtained. CdS films with variable deposition time can be achieved depending on the agitating technique. The mean band gap energy obtained around 2.41 eV is similar to the typical value reported in the literature for this material. In addition, by oscillating only the substrate during deposition is possible to obtain clean films and avoid the formation of colloidal precipitates on the chemical bath, normally presented when it is magnetically or ultrasonically agitated.
Congenital Microcoria Associated With Late-Onset Developmental Glaucoma

Purpose:To demonstrate that developmental glaucoma (instead of the term goniodysgenetic glaucoma is used in this paper), defined as glaucoma with goniodysgenesis resulting from a fetal maldevelopment of the iridocorneal angle, develops in association with congenital microcoria. Methods:Three subjects descended from a family with autosomal dominant congenital microcoria and goniodysgenesis were followed up for more than 25 years. Results:The extended family consisted of 3 generations including 8 males and 10 females. In the second generation, 2 of 7 subjects who presented with a history of congenital microcoria had late-onset goniodysgenetic glaucoma. In the third generation, all 3 descendants of the second generation subjects with congenital microcoria had congenital microcoria with goniodysgenesis. Two of these subjects developed late-onset goniodysgenetic glaucoma in both eyes during the 25-years follow-up period. They were both treated with a trabeculectomy in both eyes to control the glaucoma. Histologically, the iridocorneal angle tissues from the patients showed thick juxtacanalicular connective tissue with accumulations of a basement membrane-like extracellular matrix. Conclusion:Congenital microcoria are considered to be frequently associated with the incidence of late-onset goniodysgenetic glaucoma.
Designing Iron-Amended Biosand Filters for Decentralized Safe Drinking Water Provision

There are ongoing efforts to render conventional biosand filters (BSF) more efficient for safe drinking water provision. One promising option is to amend BSF with a reactive layer containing metallic iron (Fe0). The present communication presents some conceptual options for efficient Fe0-amended BSF in its fourth generation. It is shown that a second fine-sand layer should be placed downwards from the Fe0-reactive layer to capture dissolved iron. This second fine-sand layer could advantageously contain adsorbing materials (e.g. activated carbons, wooden charcoals). An approach for sizing the Fe0-reactive layer is suggested based on 3 kg Fe0 per filter. Working with the same Fe0 load will ease comparison of results with different materials and the scaling up of household BSF to large scale community slow sand filters (SSF).
A Study on the Mycobacterial yield from Gastic–Lavage and Broncho–Alveolar Lavage in the Diagnosis of Childhood Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Tertiary Care Centre in Bhagalpur.

INTRODUCTION Increasing incidence of tuberculosis (TB) as well as the escalating trend of resistance to anti-TB drugs has attracted much attention during the past decades and has turned out the need for early microbiological conrmation of TB and drug sensitivity testing more than ever. [1] On the other hand, approximately 50% of patients with suspected active TB are either unable to produce sputum or demonstrate a negative sputum smear for acid fast bacillus (AFB). [2]Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is difcult in children with pulmonary tuberculosis as compared to adults where sputum is positive in upto two third of patients. [3] Children with pulmonary tuber-culosis typically have closed caseous leasions with a relatively small number of mycobacteria. The large cavitary population of tubercle bacilli seen in adults is usually absent in children. [4,5] This is compounded by the difculty in collecting sputum in children as they swallow the expectorate coming from the lungs. To obtain the respiratory tract secretions procedures like gastric lavage (GL) and the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have been used. Gastric lavage collects the respiratory secretions which are swallowed at night. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples the alveolar epithelial lining uid directly and has been found to be useful in the diagnosis of several respiratory infections including tuberculosis. [6]
Evaluation of the Perception of Community Pharmacists Regarding their Role in Pakistan's Healthcare System: A Qualitative Approach

Purpose : To explore the perception of community pharmacists regarding their role in Pakistan's healthcare system. Methods: A qualitative study design was adopted. A semi-structured interview guide was developed and face to face interviews were conducted. The participants were community pharmacists and were recruited through one of the researcher’s personal contacts in two cities of Pakistan (Islamabad and Lahore) from April to June 2008. The interviews were conducted at the pharmacists’ work-place. Arrangements for the time and place of interview were made during initial contacts. Written consent was obtained from the participants prior to the interview. Results: Among the respondents interviewed, seven were male and three female community pharmacists aged between 25 and 50 years. All the participants regularly dispensed > 50 prescriptions daily. Thematic content analysis yielded 5 major themes: (a) provision of pharmacy services to consumers, (b) counseling at pharmacy, (c) application of Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP), (d) Pakistan Pharmacy Association (PPA) contribution towards pharmacy profession, and (e) strategies to improve community pharmacies. Conclusion: Community pharmacies in Pakistan currently face shortage of pharmacists. This has resulted in non-provision of patient counseling; rather services are more focused more on the management of pharmacies than clients. As a result, there is little public awareness of the pharmacist’s role in health care. Keywords : Perception, Community pharmacist, Patient care, Pakistan, Qualitative methodology.
Measuring patient-level clinical outcomes of home health care.

PURPOSE To examine the use of the Outcomes Assessment and Information Set (OASIS) data to analyze patient-level outcomes of home health care. DESIGN OASIS data were obtained on 1,015 patients who received home health care services for 60 days or fewer from a large, independent home health agency between August 1998 and December 1999. METHODS An index was constructed consisting of 16 OASIS measures, primarily activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Scores were computed for functional status on admission and at discharge. Predictors of functional status at discharge were identified by regression analysis. FINDINGS 78.1% of patients improved, 18.5% declined, and 2.8% showed no change. The model explained 57.2% of variance in functional status at discharge. Age, visual impairment, having Medicaid as a payer, urinary incontinence, cognitive impairment, and use of unplanned or emergency care were negatively associated with functional outcomes of care. Being treated for open wounds or lesions, cardiovascular and orthopedic conditions were positively associated with functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS OASIS data can be used to analyze patient-level functional outcomes of short-term home health services. Further research is needed to continue refining methods of analyzing patient outcomes and their predictors.
Grup Rehberliğinin Sınav Kaygısına Etkisi Üzerine Öğrenci Görüşleri

Öğrenciye yardım ilişkisi, ilköğretimde ağırlıklı olarak rehberlik ve araştırma merkezlerince, ortaöğretim okullarında rehberlik servislerince yürütülürken, üniversitelerde ise rehberlik merkezlerince geliştirilerek sürdürülmektedir. Rehberlik hizmetlerinde rehber uzman olmaksızın, sadece idarecilerle ve branş öğretmenleriyle öğrenciye yardım etmeye çalışmak; yeterli zaman bulmada ve her öğrenciye ulaşmada sorun yaratır. Bunların yanında, öğrencinin sorunları tek yönlü değildir, sorunları; meslek seçiminden arkadaşlık ilişkilerine, ergenlik dönemi problemlerinden ders çalışma becerilerine kadar geniş bir yelpazede ele almak ve incelemek gerekmektedir.
The Role of a “Common Is Moral” Heuristic in the Stability and Change of Moral Norms

Moral norms are fundamental for virtually all social interactions, including cooperation. Moral norms develop and change, but the mechanisms underlying when, and how, such changes occur are not well-described by theories of moral psychology. We tested, and confirmed, the hypothesis that the commonness of an observed behavior consistently influences its moral status, which we refer to as the common is moral (CIM) heuristic. In 9 experiments, we used an experimental model of dynamic social interaction that manipulated the commonness of altruistic and selfish behaviors to examine the change of peoples’ moral judgments. We found that both altruistic and selfish behaviors were judged as more moral, and less deserving of punishment, when common than when rare, which could be explained by a classical formal model (social impact theory) of behavioral conformity. Furthermore, judgments of common versus rare behaviors were faster, indicating that they were computationally more efficient. Finally, we used agent-based computer simulations to investigate the endogenous population dynamics predicted to emerge if individuals use the CIM heuristic, and found that the CIM heuristic is sufficient for producing 2 hallmarks of real moral norms; stability and sudden changes. Our results demonstrate that commonness shapes our moral psychology through mechanisms similar to behavioral conformity with wide implications for understanding the stability and change of moral norms.
Dementia : Radiologic Perspective

Recent years have witnessed impressive advances in the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with varying success either to contribute to patient clinical work up aimed at establishing a diagnosis of degenerative dementia, as well as to monitor disease progression. Conventional MRI of the brain has an important role in differentiating Alzheimer Disease (AD) from other pathologies, including non-AD neurodegenerative dementias (1). MRI-based measures of atrophy are regarded as valid markers of disease state and progression, and the quantification of volumetric changes from serial MRI scans has the potential for monitoring the efficacy of disease-modifying agents (2). In addition, several other promising non-conventional MR approaches have emerged or are under development/refinement to provide a new complete picture of AD pathology in vivo . These new techniques are likely able to fill voids and improve our ability to diagnose and monitor or understand the pathophysiology of the disease.
Leaf Area Prediction Using Three Alternative Sampling Methods for Seven Sierra Nevada Conifer Species

Prediction of projected tree leaf area using allometric relationships with sapwood cross-sectional area is common in tree- and stand-level production studies. Measuring sapwood is difficult and often requires destructive sampling. This study tested multiple leaf area prediction models across seven diverse conifer species in the Sierra Nevada of California. The best-fit whole tree leaf area prediction model for overall simplicity, accuracy, and utility for all seven species was a nonlinear model with basal area as the primary covariate. A new non-destructive procedure was introduced to extend the branch summation approach to leaf area data collection on trees that cannot be destructively sampled. There were no significant differences between fixed effects assigned to sampling procedures, indicating that data from the tested sampling procedures can be combined for whole tree leaf area modeling purposes. These results indicate that, for the species sampled, accurate leaf area estimates can be obtained through partially-destructive sampling and using common forest inventory data.