Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supplier Networks : Evidence from India

Do tax systems distort firm-to-firm trade? This paper considers the effect of tax policy on supplier networks in a large developing economy, the state of West Bengal in India. Using administrative panel data on firms, including transaction data for 4.8 million supplier-client pairs, we first document substantial segmentation of supply chains between firms paying Value-Added Taxes (VAT) and non-VAT-paying firms. We then develop a model of firms’ sourcing and tax decisions within supply chains to understand the mechanisms through which tax policy interacts with supply networks. The model predicts partial segmentation in equilibrium because of both supply-chain distortions (taxes affect how much firms trade with each other) and strategic complementarities in firms’ decision to pay VAT. Finally, we test the model’s predictions using variations over time within-firm and within supplier-client pairs. We find that the tax system distorts firms’ sourcing decisions, and evidence of strategic complementarities in firms’ tax choices within supplier networks. These two mechanisms explain a substantial share of the supply chain segmentation that we observe ∗Gadenne: University of Warwick, Institute for Fiscal Studies and CEPR. Nandi: CTRPFP, Center for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta. Rathelot: University of Warwick and CEPR. We would like to thank Pol Antràs, Andrew Bernard, Michael Best, Luis Candelaria, Michael Devereux, Irem Guceri, Jyotsna Jalan, Sugata Marjit, Isabelle Méjean, Dennis Novy, Aureo de Paula, Ben Olken, Carlo Perroni, Imran Rasul, Debraj Ray, Camilla Roncoroni, Juan Carlos Suárez Serrato, Chris Woodruff, and numerous seminar participants for helpful comments. We are particularly thankful to the Directorate of Commercial Taxes of West Bengal, India for the permission to use their data.We gratefully acknowledge financial support from CAGE, the ESRC (grant reference ES/M010147/1), and UKAID through IFS’s TAXDEV and the IGC. All errors are our own.
The Influence of CYP 2 C 9 and VKORC 1 Gene Polymorphisms on Optimal Warfarin Doses After Heart Valve Replacement

A clinical effect of warfarin depends on highly polymorphic drug-metabolizing (CYP2C9) and drug-target (VKORC1) enzymes. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and VKORC1 (G-1639A) polymorphisms on the variability of warfarin dosage requirements in Lithuanian patients after heart valve replacement. Materials and Methods. The study included 83 patients with a mean age of 65.2 years (SD, 13.31) after heart valve replacement with an achieved stable international normalized ratio of 2–3.5. The restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to identify polymorphisms of VKORC1 and CYP2C9. Results. Daily warfarin dosage significantly correlated with weight (r=0.4087) and height (r=0.3883) of the patients. Patients younger than 60 years required significantly higher daily warfarin dosages than older patients. Two-thirds (66.3%) of the patients had the wild-type (WT) CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype; 38.6% and 54.2% of the patients had WT VKORC1 (G/G) and VKORC1 (G/A) genotypes, respectively. WT CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype was associated with a higher daily warfarin dosage (5.84 mg [SD, 2.84]) as compared to other CYP2C9 genotypes. Carriers of WT VKORC1 (G/G) required a higher warfarin dose as compared to (A/A) carriers (6.20±2.78 mg and 3.75±1.40 mg, respectively; P=0.04). Patients having CYP2C9*1/*1 or 1/*2 in combination with VKORC1 (G/G) or (G/A) genotypes required the highest daily warfarin dosage in comparison to other combinations of genotypes. Conclusions. The Lithuanian study sample is characterized by high a frequency (92.8%) of VKORC1 G/G and G/A genotypes that determines a higher warfarin-loading dose. Analysis of combined CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene variants allows the prediction of warfarin dosage. These results can be used to individualize treatment with warfarin in the field of heart surgery in Lithuania.
Serogroup identification , phenotypic detection of hemolysis and extended spectrum beta-lactamases of Escherichia coli isolated from psittacine of illegal wildlife trade in Fortaleza , Brazil

This study aimed to identify serogroups of Escherichia coli important for human health in isolates from psittacine of illegal wildlife trade in Ceará State. In addition, hemolysis and production of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) was assessed in the isolates. A total of 78 E. coli strains isolated from different Psittaciformes species from a wildlife rehabilitation center in Fortaleza, Brazil. The isolates used in this study were previously identified and stored. Serogroup identification was performed using polyvalent sera for EPEC (O55, O111, O119, O114, O125, O86, O126, O127, O128), EIEC (O136, O124) and EHEC (O157). ESBL detection was performed with double disk synergy method. For hemolysis detection, isolates were inoculated in blood agar base enriched with ovine blood. Only 31 (39.7%) isolates were seropositive and the most frequent were O127, O114, O128 and O111. There was no agglutination for serogroups O55, O124, O136 or O157. Considering both seropositive and seronegative isolates, 9 (11.5%) and 35 (44.9%) presented hemolysis and ESBL production, respectively. In conclusion, the investigated psittacine from illegal wildlife trade hosted ESBL-producing E. coli strains and some belong to important serogroups often linked to severe human infections.
Agrobacterium mediated callus based transformation protocol for transferring DREB 1 A gene in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L . )

The present study was designed to optimize protocol for transferring DREB1A gene in wheat and selection of one suitable cultivar among Lasani-08, Inqlab-91, Chakwal-97 and GA-02 for the development of transgenic plants. The already optimized callus induction and regeneration media was used for tissue culture. Different treatments of optical density (O.D.), hygromycin, cefotaxime and acetosyringone concentrations were optimized. After optimization of these parameters, the four wheat cultivars were compared with different treatments of infection and co-cultivation time. The Lasani-08 was found to be one of the best cultivars among four cultivars based on the maximum hygromycin resistant calli (18.36%). Its calli were shifted on regeneration media for the development of transgenic plants. The transformed gene was confirmed using gene specific primers through conventional PCR. A lethal dose (50 mg/l) of hygromycin for selection of transformed calli, 300 μM of acetosyringone to enhance transformation process and 500 mg/l cefotaxime to eliminate Agrobacterium after cocultivation, were optimized. The infection time (5 min) and co-cultivation time (48 h) were found to be the most suitable parameters for the maximum transformation efficiency. PCR confirmed that 0.38% of regenerated plants were transgenic. This study will provide a way for transferring other agronomically important genes in wheat cultivars for their improvement.
Productivity Slowdown , Exhausted Opportunities and the Power of Human Ingenuity — Schumpeter

Western economies nowadays are confronted with a predicted productivity slowdown resulting in diminishing rates of economic growth. While some scholars see these developments as an indication of the approaching end of growth due to fully exploited technological opportunities, this article contends that the possibilities for radical, paradigm changing innovations are far from being exploited. Building on contributions from Schumpeter and Georgescu-Roegen, we argue that the human capacity to expand technological and intellectual frontiers must not be underestimated. In a selective retrospect, our narrative identifies and describes four historical incidents reflecting different perceptions of the power of the human mind. It synthesizes the mentioned economists’ viewpoints with the effects of these incidents to reproduce the intellectual roots of the recently developed concept of Dedicated Innovation Systems (DIS). We conclude that traditional macro-level indicators are not suitable to capture transformation processes, which is why we propose to interpret growth indicators and the alleged productivity slowdown quite differently. We argue that human ingenuity and transformation processes dedicated to sustainability will open up new opportunity spaces, thereby combining an increase in economic welfare and social justice with a reduction of negative environmental impact.
Customers Have Different Customer Loyalty Determinants ?

This study explores the determinants of customer loyalty in the Korean mobile telecommunications market with the emphasis on customer satisfaction and switching costs as major predictors of customer loyalty. South Korea has now become one of the world’s most leading mobile service markets with the launch of its advanced LTE services; the LTE service subscription rate in Korea has exceeded 50% as of November 2013. This raises a question as to whether LTE service subscribers are different from 3G service subscribers. In this rapidly changing environment of mobile service markets, this study examines the validity of the traditional determinants of customer satisfaction in data-service oriented mobile markets, analyzes the effect of customer satisfaction and switching costs on customer loyalty, and assesses the difference between 3G and LTE subscribers with respect to their determinants of customer loyalty. The results showed that there are significant differences between 3G and LTE subscribers while traditional factors such as call quality, data quality, customer support, and price perception are still significant determinants of customer satisfaction.
Determination of Co-infection in Diseased Seven khramulya (Capoeta capoeta)

Bu calisma, hasta siraz baliklarinda ( Capoeta capoeta ) gorulen olumlerin nedenini belirlemek ve tespit edilen etkenlerin balik dokusunda meydana getirdigi hasari tespit etmek amaciyla yurutulmustur. Dis bakida baliklarin yuzgeclerinde ve karin bolgesinde hemoraji, yani sira solungaclarda nekroz, renkte koyulasma ve pullarda dokulme tespit edilirken, icbakida ise abdominal boslukta kanli ve kokulu bir sivinin oldugu ayrica ic organlarda nekroz, dalakta buyume ve ic organlarda hiperemi ve hemoraji tespit edilmistir. Parazitolojik muayene sonucunda, incelenen hasta baliklarin solungaclarinda Gyrodactylus sp. derisinde ise Trichodina sp. parazitlerine rastlanilmistir. Bakteriyolojik olarak izole edilen bakteriler Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio fluvialis, Staphlococcus warneri ve S. capitis olarak identifiye edilmistir. Histopatolojik olarak, epikardiyum da kalinlasma, miyopati, bobrek dokusunda periglomerular ve tubuler odem, melanomakrofaj ve hemosiderin odaklari yani sira inflamasyon hucrelerinin infiltrasyonu, karacigerde hiperemi, infilamasyon hucrelerinin filtrasyonu gozlenmistir. Bu calisma ile hasta siraz baliklarinin karma enfeksiyonundan ilk kez hastalik etkeni olarak A. hyrophila, V. fluvialis, S. warneri ve S. capitis izole ve identifiye edilmis ayrica bu patojen bakterilerin dokularda meydana getirdigi patolojik degisiklikler detayli bir sekilde arastirilmistir.
Employee perspective on communication and engagement

Purpose The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how supervisor-employee communication affects the employee engagement on the shop floor of manufacturing organisations. To achieve this purpose, the two below research objectives were developed: ü To identify how supervisor-employee communication impacts employee engagement ü To identify any barriers to supervisor-employee communication Method The study had a deductive, qualitative research approach as a conceptual framework was developed from literature and then verified with empirical data collected through semistructured interviews. The research strategy was holistic and single case as all eight interviews were conducted with respondents from a single organisation. The interviewees were selected using a maximum variation, purposive sampling technique. Lastly, the collected data was analysed using a form of thematic analysis. Findings The main finding was that supervisor-employee communication was proven to have a significant impact on the employee engagement among the shop floor workers in the manufacturing organisation. In addition, supervisor-employee communication was proven to affect the employee engagement in a similar way that literature suggested. Furthermore, the findings supported the definition of employee engagement as a shared responsibility between the employee and the supervisor. Theoretical implications This study provided additional data to the existing literature on supervisor-employee communication and employee engagement while investigating the relationship between these two concepts in a new setting. Not only did this study contribute with rather unique data from the manufacturing industry, but it also adopted the employee perspective of the phenomenon. Previous research has predominantly consisted of studies with the perspective of management rather than the employees. Therefore, this study offers a foundation upon which further, both qualitative and quantitative research within this area can be conducted. Practical implications The main practical implication that this study has offered is highlighting the importance of supervisor-employee communication when it comes to generating and maintaining employee engagement on the shop floor of manufacturing organisations. The supervisor’s role and way of communicating has been identified as crucial for the employees’ level of engagement and this study has provided some guidance for supervisors in this matter.
How do independent directors view CEO pay disparity in China ?

Given the vital role of independent directors in determination of executives’ compensation, we explore how independent directors view the CEO pay disparity. Using the data of all companies listed on the Shenzhen and Shanghai stock exchanges for the period 2005 to 2015, we find that the proportion of independent directors on the board is negatively associated with the extent to which executives’ pay is dispersed. This finding suggests that independent directors view the dispersion of the CEO’s and other executive directors’ pay from the managerial power theory perspective rather than from the tournament theory.
DISTRIBUTION OF SALMONELLA SPECIES IN BUFFALOES IN SOME MIDDLE GOVERNORATES OF IRAQ

This study was planned to isolate and type Salmonella from buffalo in three middle governorates in Iraq. One hundred fi fty milk samples were collected from 150 lactating buffaloes in the fi eld, and in the slaughter house (150) fecal samples were collected at slaughter time and (900) samples were collected post slaughtering:150 samples from each organ: gall bladder, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver, small intestine and cecum. Diagnostic study depended upon the morphological and cultural properties of the isolates on some selective media like Brilliant Green , XLD, SS agar and Hicrome rajhans medium, modifi ed (Salmonella agar modifi ed) were used in addition to different biochemical tests, API-20E and KB 003 Hi25^TM Enterobacteriaceae Identifi cation Kit, latex test and serotyping of isolates. Twenty-two isolates were obtained from the fecal samples and organs; these isolates belonged to three serotypes (Salmonella anatum (68.18%), S.muenchen (18.18%) and S. enteritidis (13.64%), while no isolate was obtained from milk samples. In animals from slaughter houses, the percentage of infection varied in examined organs and feces: in bile duct and liver, the percentage was 3.33% each; in mesenteric lymph nodes, 2.67%; in spleen and cecum, 2% each; and in feces, 1.33%. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella against 15 antimicrobial drugs revealed that all isolates were resistant (100%) to chloramphenicol, suphamethoxazole, erythromycin, cloxacillin, and tetracycline, and all isolates were sensitive to amicacin and trimethoprimwhile neomycine, gentamycine, cefi xime, ciprofl oxacin, kanamycin and streptomycin gave intermediate results.
Budget Implementation and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Exploratory Review (2014-2018)

The study examined the implementation of budget and economic growth in Nigeria from 2014-2018. The objective is to investigate the impact of Public Capital Expenditure (PCE), Public Recurrent Expenditure (PRE) and Public Debt Expenditure (PDEX) on economic growth of Nigeria during the period under review. Using expost factor research design, data on PCE, PRE and PDEX (explanatory variables) and economic growth (dependent variable) proxied by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) were collected from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) reports. The data were empirically analyzed using multiple regressions. The results revealed that PCE and PRE have significant impact on GDP except PDEX that do not show any impact. The study recommended that government should pay attention to budgeting more of her resources (revenues) on PCE and PRE, implement and monitor the budgets for desired economic growth.
Contextual factors in early career teaching: A systematic review of international research on teacher induction and mentoring programs

Early career teachers (ECTs) are situated in a dynamic contextual landscape that both influences their development and practice and dictates professional expectations for instruction and professional learning. This systematic review of international research literature sought to establish the understanding of teacher induction and mentoring program support of ECTs through the following research questions: 1) which nations and regions are represented in research literature that details formal or programmatic support of ECTs? 2) what international research evidence is there to describe various contextual factors that affect experiences of ECTs? and, 3) how do teacher induction and mentorship programs respond to the various contextual factors affecting ECTs? Upon detailing our review method and sampling procedures, we synthesize the convergences and divergences of the findings within each of the contextual factors. The conceptualization of contextual factors in this review included social, political, cultural, organizational, and personal forces that influence the professional practices of ECTs. Finally, we summarize the review findings in a heuristic model that offers a visual representation of the implications of our findings, and discuss the implications for policy, practice, and future research. Beginning teachers’ awareness of federal/national policies and administrative duties. Several studies outlined the role beginning teacher induction programs in fostering policies and procedures. Perry and found test results showed beginning teachers’ “ability to understand local, state, and federal policies and procedures” was significantly improved after three years of teaching in comparison to their first year. In Greece, the Ministry of Education 100-hour induction program provided beginning teachers with specific training focusing on duties, legal rights, and obligations; this was a rare opportunity for many Greek teachers (Grammatikopoulos
Forecast-based Monetary Policy in Sweden 1992-1998 : A View from Within

The use of explicit inflation targets has meant that monetary policy has become more transparent and also easier to evaluate. The analysis in this paper is based on forecasts by Sveriges Riksbank (the central bank of Sweden) on real output and inflation. Our purpose is to separate the effects on the interest-rate instrument from (i) discretionary changes in the rule for monetary policy, and (ii) judgements in forecasting. We first feed the Riksbank’s forecasts into two different simple rules for interest-rate policy. The differences between the interest rates implied by these benchmark rules and the actual policy rate are interpreted as measures of “policy shocks”. Second, we compare the Riksbank’s forecasts with alternative forecasts. Using a benchmark rule for the setting of the policy rate, we can use the differences between the forecasts to define measures of the effects of the Riksbank’s “judgements” on its interestrate policy. JEL classification: E37, E42, E52
Expression of Bax gene after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Objective:To study the relationship between expression of Bax gene and extent of spinal cord injury. Methods:36 adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal, mild (moderate) and severe injury groups. The rats were killed at 14 days after spinal cord injury. Expression of Bax was determined with S-P immunohistochemical methods. Results:The percentage of bax positive cases in normal and injury groups were 5.6% and 58.3%, in mild(moderate) and severe groups were 18.5% and 59.3%, respectively; there were significant difference (P0. 05). Conclusions:The expression of Bax gene had strong connection with the process of rats' spinal cord injury and showed increased tendency with the spinal cord injury degree.
Clinical Study Influence of Soy Lecithin Administration on Hypercholesterolemia

1 Department of Pharmacy, Camilo Castelo Branco University, Rua Carolina Fonseca 584-Itaquera, 08230-030 São Paulo, SP, Brazil 2 Department of Pharmacy, Santo Amaro University, R Isabel Schmidt 339, 04743-030 São Paulo, SP, Brazil 3 Health and Biological Sciences Department, Mackenzie Presbiterian University, Rua da Consolação 896, Campus São Paulo, 01302-907 São Paulo, SP, Brazil 4 Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Campinas-São Paulo, P.O. Box 6111, 13083-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Tilburg University Foreign Currency Loans-Demand or Supply Driven ?

Motivated by current concerns over foreign currency exposures in emerging economies, we examine the currency denomination of business loans made in Bulgaria prior to the current crisis. We analyze information on the requested and granted currency for more than hundred thousand loans granted by one bank to sixty thousand different firms during the period 20032007. This unique data set allows us to disentangle demand-side from supply-side determinants of foreign currency loans. We find that the bank in our sample often grants loans in foreign currency even when a firm requests a loan in local currency. The bank lends in foreign currency, not only to less risky firms, but also when the firm requested a large or long-term loan and after the bank itself received more funding in euro. These results suggest that foreign currency borrowing in Eastern Europe is not only be driven by borrowers who try to benefit from lower interest rates but may be partly supply-driven with banks hesitant to lend long-term in local currency and eager to match the currency structure of their assets and liabilities.
A realistic model of pitch perception explains the N 100 m morphology evoked by chords – Details on methods

These spectro-temporal patterns are then further integrated in cortex. The integrator is a network of cortical ensembles consisting on N selective populations, parametrised by the lag l and receiving the direct input Il(t) from the subcortical processing; and two non-selective populations, one excitatory and one inhibitory [3]. Each of the populations can be described as a network of spiking neurons simplified using a meanfield approximation [6]. By assuming a constant activity in the non-selective population, a linear transfer function for the ensemble of interneurons, and that the fast gating variables (GABA and AMPA) of the populations reach equilibrium much faster than the slow (NMDA) gating variables, the phase space of model can be further simplified to a set of N dynamic equations [3, 4]. This simplified system is represented as a set N selective ensembles showing mutual effective inhibitions and recurrent self-excitations (see Figure 1A) [3, 4]: