Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the Temperatures in an Asynchronous Machine Using Extended Kalman Filter

In order to monitor the thermal behavior of an asynchronous machine with squirrel cage rotor, a 9-order extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm is implemented to estimate the temperatures of the stator windings, the rotor cage and the stator core. The state-space equations of EKF are established based on the electrical, mechanical and the simplified thermal models of an asynchronous machine. The asynchronous machine with simplified thermal model in Dymola is compiled as DymolaBlock, a physical model in MATLAB/Simulink. The coolant air temperature, three-phase voltages and currents are exported from the physical model and are processed by EKF estimator as inputs. Compared to the temperatures exported from the physical model of the machine, three parts of temperatures can be estimated quite accurately by the EKF estimator. The online EKF estimator is independent from the machine control algorithm and can work under any speed and load condition if the stator current is nonzero current system. Keywords—Asynchronous machine, extended Kalman filter, resistance, simulation, temperature estimation, thermal model.
Implications of Climate Change for Agricultural Sector Performance in Africa: Policy Challenges and Research Agenda

The paper analysed how climate change (CC) has shaped African agriculture in the past and how it might impact on African farm economies in the future and what adaptation strategies African farmers have adopted to cope with these changes. The analyses covered all key farming systems and agro-climates of Africa in 11 countries in which data were collected from over 10,000 farm household surveys. Results provided evidence that African agriculture and the welfare of its rural population are vulnerable to CC. The highest risk of future CC damages is associated with specialised crop and livestock farming (mono systems) particularly under dryland conditions in arid and semi-arid regions. This indicates how difficult it is to achieve an African green revolution under the current high reliance on dryland systems (more than 95% of the land) given predicted harsh future climates (warmer and dryer projections) for most of the dryland areas in Africa. It will require substantial public and private investments in expanding irrigation and development of crop varieties and animal breeds that are tolerant to heat, water and low fertility stresses, and in building roads and marketing infrastructures that will improve access to critical inputs (e.g., fertiliser) and output trade. This essentially requires mainstreaming climate sensitivity as an integral component of all agricultural and broader economic development planning and policy design. Although the expected damages are large, many farming systems and communities in Africa face serious limiting conditions which reduce their ability to adapt and hence increase their vulnerability. Among the key factors found to constrain African farmers' ability to adopt effective adaptation measures are poor access to information, capital, technology and markets. Policies aimed at promoting farm-level adaptation need to emphasise the critical role of farmers' education; provision of improved climate, production and market information and the means to implement adaptations through affordable credit facilities. Other needed public interventions to help promote adaptation measures and reduce vulnerability include insurance against climate risks to farmers and provision of safety nets. Copyright The author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for the Study of African Economies. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Effect of deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of dual phase steel produced via strip casting simulation

The strip casting is a recently appeared technology with a potential to significantly reduce energy consumption in steel production, compared to hot rolling and cold rolling. However, the quantitative dependences of the steel microstructure and mechanical properties on strip casting parameters are unknown and require investigation. In the present work we studied the effects of strain and interrupted cooling temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties in conventional dual phase steel (0.08C-0.81Si-1.47Mn-0.03Al wt%). The strip casting process was simulated using a Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator. The steel microstructures were studied using optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mechanical properties were measured using microhardness and tensile testing. Microstructures consisting of 40-80% polygonal ferrite with remaining martensite, bainite and very small amount of Widmanstätten ferrite were produced. Deformation to 0.17-0.46 strain at 1050. °C refined the prior austenite grain size via static recrystallisation, which led to the acceleration of ferrite formation and the ferrite grain refinement. The yield stress and ultimate tensile strength increased with a decrease in ferrite fraction, while the total elongation decreased. The improvement of mechanical properties via deformation was ascribed to dislocation strengthening and grain boundary strengthening.
Sound absorption properties of sustainable fibrous materials in an enhanced reverberation room

In this paper, the measurement of sound absorption coefficient of novel sustainable fibrous materials is investigated. Nowadays the use of such materials is becoming wider for various applications, being ecological, biodegradable and renewable: they differ from traditional fibrous materials, as rock or glass wool, for their very low toxicity and polluting effects. These materials can be used in many ways: noise mitigation and building acoustic correction are surely among the most important. Sound absorbing layers made of natural fibres and of recycled raw materials have been tested in the reverberation room of the Acoustics Laboratory of the University of Perugia according to ISO 354 standard, in order to quantify their sound absorption properties and to make a comparison with traditional fibrous sound absorbers. An optimization of the reverberation room characteristics has been also carried out. Good sound field diffusivity inside the room is a fundamental requirement for the measurement accuracy. Among the parameters that mainly affect room diffusivity are the room shape and the sample disposition inside the room. In order to obtain accurate values of the sound absorption coefficient, specific actions were adopted. Test specimens were placed on the floor with edges nonparallel to the room walls. A partial closing of the lower room corners with absorbing and reflecting diffusers and suspended plane diffusers were also tested, obtaining a significant improvement of the results. The measured performance of the tested materials seems to be fully comparable with that of mineral wool fibres: because of their low impacts on the environment and the human health they can be seen as a valid alternative to conventional materials.
Prey capture in lizards: differences in jaw–neck–forelimb coordination

607.622 Although prey capture is thought to be based on the coordinated movements of the jaw and locomotor apparatus (i.e. the vertebral column and the limbs), jaw–neck–forelimb coordination has never been compared among related species. The kinematics of jaw, neck, and forelimb movements were recorded in lizards that use jaw prehension: Gerrhosaurus major, Tupinambis merianae, Varanus niloticus, and Varanus ornatus. These species provide a comparative framework to discuss the influence of morphological differences and ecological convergence on the jaw–neck–forelimb coordination patterns. Jaw–neck–forelimb coordination was quantified by determining whether maximum neck elevation and maximum forelimb flexion are synchronized with either the start of jaw opening or maximum gape. Significant differences in the jaw–neck–forelimb coordination pattern among species were observed, with maximum neck elevation being synchronized with the start of jaw opening in varanids, whereas in T. merianae and G. major, it is achieved closer to maximum gape. Differences in locomotor–feeding integration are suggested to be related to dietary specializations, and as such may play a role in feeding adaptation. The jaw–neck–forelimb coordination pattern used by varanids may indeed be advantageous to prepare a quick strike triggered from further away, providing a critical advantage when feeding on evasive prey. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105, 607–622.
Analyzing the Kuznets Relationship Using Nonparametric and Semiparametric Methods

This paper studies the income inequality and economic development relationship by using unbalanced panel data of OECD and non-OECD countries for the period 1962 - 2003. The nonparametric estimation results show that income inequality in OECD countries are almost on the backside of the inverted-U relationship, while non-OECD countries are approximately on the foreside, except that the relationship in both country groups shows an upturn at a high level of development. Development has an indirect effect on inequality through control variables, but the modes are different in the two country groups. The model specification tests show that the relationship is not necessarily captured by the conventional quadratic function. The cubic and fourth-degree polynomials, respectively, fit the OECD and non-OECD country groups best. The finding is robust regardless whether the specification uses control variables. Development plays a dominant role in mitigating inequality.
Non-binary branching process and Non-Markovian exploration process

We study the exploration (or height) process of a continuous time non-binary Galton-Watson random tree, in the subcritical, critical and supercritical cases. Thus we consider the branching process in continuous time (Z_{t})_{t\geq 0}, which describes the number of offspring alive at time t. We then renormalize our branching process and exploration process, and take the weak limit as the size of the population tends to infinity. Finally we deduce a Ray-Knight representation.
Religiosity, Spirituality, and Mental Health in Portugal: a call for a conceptualisation, relationship, and guidelines for integration (a theoretical review)

: In the Portuguese research society, particularly in the mental health field, little has been done regarding religiosity, spirituality and mental health. Thus, this paper strives to stimulate the interest in this area by providing an overview of the body of research on religiosity, spirituality and mental health, highlighting the role and importance these dimensions represent in the life of many people, whether in health or mental distress and illness. A brief review of the conceptualisation of religion (religiosity) and spirituality is provided, as well as some areas of disagreement and contention. Guidelines for the integration and professional training are also included, not discarding the ethical considerations inherent in this process. Finally, reflections are offered as to why bringing religiosity and spirituality into mental health field is important, as well as some implications for clinical practice, with particular focus on Portuguese mental health system.
DIABETIC STUDIES The Review of New Therapeutic Approaches in Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. It affects a substantial proportion of US adults over age 40. The condition is a leading cause of visual loss. Much attention has been given to expanding the role of current treatments along with investigating various novel therapies and drug delivery methods. In the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME), intravitreal pharmacotherapies, especially anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, have gained popularity. Currently, antiVEGF agents are often used as first-line agents in centerinvolved DME, with recent data suggesting that among these agents, aflibercept leads to better visual outcomes in patients with worse baseline visual acuities. While photocoagulation remains the standard treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), recent FDA approvals of ranibizumab and aflibercept in the management of diabetic retinopathy associated with DME may suggest a potential for pharmacologic treatments of PDR as well. Novel therapies, including small interfering RNAs, chemokines, kallikreinkinin inhibitors, and various anti-angiogenic agents, are currently being evaluated for the management of diabetic retinopathy and DME. In addition to these strategies, novel drug delivery methods such as sustained-release implants and refillable reservoir implants are either under active evaluation or have recently gained FDA approval. This review provides an update on the novel developments in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
TARGET ARTICLES: "Seven Myths About Emotional Intelligence"

Inspired by an influx of academic research, the writ ingof several best-selling trade texts, and frequent me dia exposure, emotional intelligence (El) has emerged recently as one of the most high profile of the psycholog ical constructs (Matthews, Zeidner, & Roberts, 2002). The concept has also prospered due both to cultural trends and orientations that stress the previously ne glected role of the emotions (with some claiming it con stitutes a zeitgeist) and to increasing efforts at standard ized assessment of individual differences in El (Mayer, Salovey & Caruso, 2000a). Common claims suggest that tests for El are predictive of important educational and( occupational criteria, beyond that proportion of variance that general intellectual ability predicts. Thus, the field has increasingly important implications for so ciety, particularly in the impetus to improve emotional fuinctioning in real life. Proponents of El claim that indi v iduals can enjoy happier and more fulfilled lives if they ar-e aware of both their own emotions and those of other people and able to regulate those emotions effectively. Another reason for the widespread, often uncritical, em bracing of the El construct is the suggestion that El gives hope for a more utopian, classless society. This vision for the future stands in contrast to research suggesting a preordained "cognitive elite" (Herrnstein & Murray, 1'994) because El is within anyone's realm to learn and cultivate. Goleman's (1995) widely read book claims that raising El is a panacea for all manner of psychologi cal and social problems. Despite the seeming importance of these claims, scientific investigation of a clearly identified construct of El is sparse. Many of the current propositions pre sented in bo h the populist and specialist literature have littl empirical substance (Matthews, Zeidner et al., 2002). Stripped of scientific trappings, it remains plausible that El is nothing but the latest in a long line of psychological fads. On the other hand, because sys tematic scientific research is just beginning, EI could ind ed mature into a construct that is theoretically me ningful, empirically important, and practically useful. In this article, we examine seven myths about El, that is, st ong, widely believed claims that purport edly give the concept of El scientific credibility. In each case, we identify weaknesses in evidence and ar gument that challenge the value of the El construct. Today's myth could become tomorrow's accepted wisdom, or it could be conclusively falsified. For each claim, we also evaluate the likelihood that it will even tually be substantiated by research. This article focuses on what we see as the key shortcomings of current work on El and the prospects for an eventual science of El. How ver, we also acknowledge the intrinsic inter est of the subject material and the various research ef for s inspired by the concept. Our aim is not to dismiss work on El out of hand, but to examine where the first wave of research on the construct is meeting barriers to progress, and whether those barriers can be overcome.
Eucalyptus reforestation induces soil water repellency

There is an increasing interest in eucalypt reforestation for a range of purposes in Australia, including pulp-wood production, carbon mitigation and catchment water management. The impacts of this reforestation on soil water repellency have not been examined despite eucalypts often being associated with water repellency and water repellency having impacts on water movement across and within soils. To investigate the role of eucalypt reforestation on water repellency, and interactions with soil properties, we examined 31 sites across the south-west of Western Australia with paired plots differing only in present land use (pasture v. plantation). The incidence and severity of water repellency increased in the 5-8 years following reforestation with Eucalyptus globulus. Despite this difference in water repellency, there were no differences in soil characteristics, including soil organic carbon content or composition, between pasture and plantation soils, suggesting induction by small amounts of hydrophobic compounds from the trees. The incidence of soil water repellency was generally greater on sandy-surfaced (<10% clay content) soils; however, for these soils 72% of the pasture sites and 31% of the plantation were not water repellent, and this was independent of measured soil properties. Computer modelling revealed marked differences in the layering and packing of waxes on kaolinite and quartz surfaces, indicating the importance of interfacial interactions in the development of soil water repellency. The implications of increased water repellency for the management of eucalyptus plantations are considered.
Effects of low radiation and low temperature at meiosis on pollen viability and grain set in wheat

Effets d'eclairements faibles et de temperatures basses au moment de la meiose sur la viabilite du pollen et la nouaison du ble. Des plantes de ble cultivees dans des enceintes climatisees ont ete soumises, au stade meiose, a des traitements combinant 2 niveaux de temperatures (15/18°C et 1,5/8° C nuit/jour) et de 2 niveaux d'eclairement (densite de flux de photons de 203 ± 26 et 11 ± 1 μmol m -2 s -1 ). Le taux de pollen viable a l'anthese (reaction fluorochromatique) a ete reduit par le rayonnement faible mais n'a pas ete affecte par les temperatures basses. Il n'y a pas eu d'interaction entre le rayonnement et la temperature. Les varietes Moulin et Pernel ont presente une reponse qualitativement identique, mais avec une sensibilite plus forte pour Moulin. Ces resultats ont ete valides dans 2 essais au champ avec la variete Pernel. Dans le premier, les plantes ont ete exposees a -2°C pendant 1 h 3 j consecutifs, a differents stades encadrant la meiose. Le froid a legerement reduit le nombre de grains par epi mais son effet n'a pas varie avec le stade de developpement auquel il etait applique. Dans le second essai, des parcelles ont ete ombrees, a la meiose, avec un filet ne laissant penetrer que 30% du rayonnement incident. L'ombrage a fortement reduit le nombre de grains par epi et a induit une sterilite.
Superordinate and Domain Category Structure: Evidence from Typicality Ratings

Concept typicality demonstrates the graded nature of category membership. At the most general (domain) level, however, typicality has not been studied. The domain level plays a critical role in theoretical accounts of the neurological implementation of semantic categories, with studies being divided along the correct domain classification: living/nonliving vs. animate/inanimate. We collected typicality ratings to further understand: (1) the relation between categorization at the domain and superordinate levels and (2) the internal organization of the domain level. Ten superordinate categories across 280 items were studied. The domain level was distinguished from the superordinate level along multiple dimensions, including typicality being unrelated to feature sharedness, but related to prevalence of feature types. The animate/inanimate distinction was supported by a simpler feature type analysis and a more reliable superordinate categorization. We argue that domain categorization relies on processes that are largely independent from those at the more specific, superordinate, level and occurs along the animacy dimension.
A new species of tapir from the Amazon

Abstract All known species of extant tapirs are allopatric: 1 in southeastern Asia and 3 in Central and South America. The fossil record for tapirs, however, is much wider in geographical range, including Europe, Asia, and North and South America, going back to the late Oligocene, making the present distribution a relict of the original one. We here describe a new species of living Tapirus from the Amazon rain forest, the 1st since T. bairdii Gill, 1865, and the 1st new Perissodactyla in more than 100 years, from both morphological and molecular characters. It is shorter in stature than T. terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) and has distinctive skull morphology, and it is basal to the clade formed by T. terrestris and T. pinchaque (Roulin, 1829). This highlights the unrecognized biodiversity in western Amazonia, where the biota faces increasing threats. Local peoples have long recognized our new species, suggesting a key role for traditional knowledge in understanding the biodiversity of the region. Resumo Todas as espécies conhecidas de antas viventes são alopátricas: 1 no sudeste da Ásia e as 3 na América Central e América do Sul. Entretanto, o registro fóssil para antas é mais amplo geograficamente, incluindo Europa, Ásia, América do Norte e do Sul, encontrados desde o Oligoceno tardio, tornando a distribuição atual um relicto da original. Descrevemos aqui uma nova espécie de Tapirus vivente da floresta amazônica, a primeira desde T. bairdii Gill, 1865, e o primeiro novo Perissodactyla em mais de 100 anos, a partir de caracteres morfológicos e moleculares. O novo táxon é menor em estatura do que T. terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) com morfologia distinta do crânio, sendo basal ao clado formado por T. terrestris e T. pinchaque (Roulin, 1829). Esta descoberta destaca a biodiversidade oculta no oeste da Amazônia, onde a biota enfrenta ameaças crescentes. Alguns povos locais há muito tempo reconheceram esta nova espécie, sugerindo um papel fundamental para o conhecimento tradicional na compreensão da biodiversidade da região.
Hardiness and Mood Disturbances in Swimmers while Overtraining

The personality construct of hardiness has been introduced as a moderator in the stress-illness relationship. Hardy individuals are thought to alter their appraisal of stress into a less stressful form. Mood disturbances have been found to be a product of intensive physical training. This investigation examines the relationships between hardiness and mood disturbances in swimmers who are overtraining and between hardiness, mood disturbances, and coping behaviors. Swimmers (N=253) from eight universities and seven competitive club programs completed the Cognitive Hardiness Inventory, the Profile of Mood States, the Everly Coping Scale, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale at the beginning of their competitive season, and at two 7-week intervals. Hardy swimmers experienced fewer mood disturbances during the season than nonhardy swimmers. Specifically, hardy swimmers had lower feelings of tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion, and higher feelings of vigor. Hardy swimmers also possessed m.
Hemolysis, Fish Mortality, and LC‐ESI‐MS of Cultured Crude and Fractionated Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum) 1

Schug, Kevin A. , Theodore R. Skingel, Sandra E. Spencer, Carlos A. Serrano, Cuong Q. Le, Christopher A. Schug, Theodore W. Valenti, Jr., Bryan W. Brooks, Laura D. Mydlarz, and James P. Grover, 2010. Hemolysis, Fish Mortality, and LC‐ESI‐MS of Cultured Crude and Fractionated Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum). Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):33‐44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009. 00389.x