Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reintroduction of threespine stickleback into Cheney and Scout Lakes, Alaska

Background: Marine or anadromous threespine stickleback have colonized many northern Holarctic lakes after glacial recession, and their freshwater descendants have diverged in characteristic ways. Such divergence begins within a few generations, but previous studies have sampled only one generation or initiated sampling several generations after the populations were founded. Rotenone treatment of two Cook Inlet lakes to exterminate invasive northern pike also eliminated native threespine stickleback, creating an opportunity to introduce anadromous stickleback and observe their adaptation to freshwater conditions for multiple generations, beginning immediately after we founded the populations. Methods: In 2009 and 2011, we released about 3000 reproductively mature anadromous threespine stickleback into each lake. We sampled the source population and made annual samples from the two introduced populations. These samples have been preserved for future analysis. We estimated annual variation in relative abundance, made preliminary morphological observations, and assessed parasite diversity. Results: Anadromous stickleback released into the lakes produced abundant progeny, many of which survived and became reproductively mature the following spring. Both populations experienced demographic bottlenecks in 2013 and 2014 and began to recover in 2015. Preliminary observations indicate that stickleback in both lakes resemble anadromous stickleback, but by 2015 about 20% of the specimens in one population had a highly heritable, freshwater phenotype. One lake population had roughly twice as many parasite species and a much higher prevalence of a large metazoan parasite than either the anadromous ancestor or the other lake population. Our preliminary observations indicate that substantial †Deceased 11 March 2016. Correspondence: M.A. Bell, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5245, USA. email: michael.bell@stonybrook.edu Consult the copyright statement on the inside front cover for non-commercial copying policies. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2016, 17: 157–178 © 2016 Michael A. Bell evolution occurred during the first few generations, our existing samples can be used to study contemporary evolution, and sampling should be continued.
Reconnecting statistical physics and combinatorics beyond ensemble equivalence

In statistical physics, the challenging combinatorial enumeration of the configurations of a system subject to hard constraints (microcanonical ensemble) is mapped to a mathematically easier calculation where the constraints are softened (canonical ensemble). However, the mapping is exact only when the size of the system is infinite and if the property of ensemble equivalence (EE), i.e. the asymptotic identity of canonical and microcanonical large deviations, holds. For finite systems, or when EE breaks down, statistical physics is currently believed to provide no answer to the combinatorial problem. In contrast with this expectation, here we establish exact relationships connecting conjugate ensembles in full generality, even for finite system size and when EE does not hold. We also show that in the thermodynamic limit the ensembles are directly related through the matrix of canonical (co)variances of the constraints, plus a correction term that survives only if this matrix has an infinite number of finite eigenvalues. These new relationships restore the possibility of enumerating microcanonical configurations via canonical probabilities, thus reconnecting statistical physics and combinatorics in realms where they were believed to be no longer in mutual correspondence.
The Travel Behavior of Immigrants and Race/Ethnicity Groups: An Analysis of the 2001 National Household Transportation Survey

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between travel behavior and immigrant status. The National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) allows us to explore the relationships between travel behavior and characteristics that are usually hard to discern in surveys with smaller samples. The place of birth and year of immigration to the US on travel behavior was tested for commute mode and for general travel variables such as yearly miles driven, number of weekly walk trips, and number of daily trips by all modes. Full models that include spatial and socio-demographic variables were estimated for each of the dependent variables. The effects of place of birth and year of arriving to the US were found to be significant in the full models that control for commute mode and yearly miles driven but not for weekly walk trips or number of daily trips. Understanding the differences in travel behavior and the possible explanations for these differences can help in modeling travel demand, finding policies best suited to meeting the travel needs of foreign born communities, and addressing environmental justice concerns.
Anti-Transgender Hate Speech and Hate Crime: A Ten-Year Analysis of the Relationship Between Local Attitudes and Violent Hate Crime

Anti-Transgender hate crimes have been on the rise in recent years, but the reasons for this are unclear. The main question this thesis works to answer is: How do state-by-state variations in hate speech, as measured by Google searches for derogatory transgender terminology, relate to hate crimes in that state, as measured by reported hate-motivated murders of transgender people, in the United States from 2008-2017? This analysis utilizes data of reported hate crimes against transgender people, taking into account the identity of that individual, along with the economic, social, and political climate of the state in the year the victim died. Overall, the findings are inconclusive and point to a need for further research. However, discrimination against the transgender community is still well-documented and, combined with this analysis, leads to the need to research more. Moving forward, data collection on transgender people needs to become more robust to help with further analyses and to further reinforce the need for legal protection of transgender people. Finally, this thesis provides potential areas of further research as well as policy recommendations to protect the transgender community in the United States.
' Illness ' . . . and Its Human Values

'Illness' has been largely defined by the medical profession, and 'mental illness' by psychiatry. Their main authority lies in the claim that their knowledge is objective and value-neutral. Thomas Szasz and other critics of the concept of 'mental illness' are not convinced by this claim and believe that psychiatry is a moral, not a medical discipline. They do, however, accept the natural science view of physical illness. The present paper outlines the medical model of illness and mental illness as presented by Christopher Boorse. Criticisms of the concept of 'mental illness' by Szasz are presented to suggest that the concept is a mistake. The notions of 'species design' and psychic malfunctioning are re-assessed. Arguments are offered to suggest that the concept of physical illness is also normative and not an objective account of reality as claimed by medicine. Ideas of existential philosophers are incorporated to show how medical science reflects specific values. In conclusion, the concept 'illness' is defined as a practically useful metaphor and 'mental illness' dismissed as a misleading concept. We lock up people who gravely and harmfully trespass the limits of understanding. We consider harmlessly insane those systems of interpretation which violate the bounds of good sense by consensus, the bounds which separate that which can be understood from that which cannot. Some things have meaning; some things do not. It is well not to confuse the categories. You may plausibly chart types and meanings of schizophrenic doodle loops; but if you chart types and meanings of clouds and stones, they will come and carry you away. You will have regressed historically; you will have crossed the border, and committed yourself to the other side of the desk . (Dillard, 1982:138-9) Our understanding of illness has been shaped by medical science. Psychiatry is the result of applying this medical understanding to the psychological realm. 'Mental illness' is closely tied to our ideas of physical illness. But this extension of the term 'illness' to mental problems instigates virulent debate. The medical view sees itself as enlightened and rests upon a belief in scientific progress which will eventually 'cure' human suffering. Opposite views question the concept of mental illness, and see the true motives of psychiatry as social and political. They say 'mental illness' is a
PATH COEFFICIENT-ANALYSIS IN CASHEW

Eleven characters namely collar girth of the tree, leaf length, leaf breadth, panicle length, panicle breadth, number of nuts/panicle. apple length, apple girth, apple weight, single nut weight and nut yield/tree were recorded on six genotypes of cashew. The correlation analysis showed that characters, collar girth, leaf length and number of nuts/panicle had significantly positive association with nut yield/tree. The path analysis revealed that collar girth, panicle breadth, number of nuts/panicle, apple weight and nut weight had high or very high direct effect on nut yield/tree. Most of the characters had high positive indirect effect through collar girth and high negative indirect effect through apple weight on nut yield/tree. Hence, the characters collar girth, panicle breadth, number of nuts/panicle, apple weight and nut weight should be considered as selection indices in the cashew improvement programme.
Meat Characteristics and Quality Changes during Storage of Boer Crossbred Goat Dressed via Conventional-Skinning and Singeing Methods

The effect of carcass dressing via conventional-skinning and singeing on samples from legs and shoulders of the Boer crossbred goat was examined. After deboning and resizing from its primary cuts, proximate composition, total collagen, and some physicochemical characteristics of the samples were determined. Storage study was then conducted to evaluate the physicochemical stability of samples over 5 days of refrigerated storage. Meat samples prepared by the singeing method generated significant lower moisture, ash, myoglobin, and redness (a*) as compared to those prepared by the skinning method (P < 0.05), while significant higher pH, cook loss, lightness (L*), and yellowness (b*) were noted (P < 0.05). Samples from the leg cut revealed lower protein and ash content, tender texture, and higher cook loss compared to samples from the shoulder cut (P < 0.05). During storage, samples that were subjected to singeing exhibited higher cook loss, discoloration, lipid oxidation (PV and TBARS), and metmyoglobin percentage compared to samples that were exposed to skinning (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, the lower oxymyoglobin percentage was obtained (P < 0.05) in those prepared from by than by skinning. Samples from the leg cut had higher cook loss, tender texture, and oxymoglobin percentage, while lower TBARS formation and metmyoglobin percentage were noted (P < 0.05). Drip loss, cook loss, lightness, and metmyoglobin percentage of samples increased with longer number of storage days, while redness, shear force, and oxymyoglobin decreased (P < 0.05). Discoloration and oxidation products from singeing are 2 substantial characteristics should be concerned when supplying meat for the retail market.
VHF radar observations during equatorial counter electrojet events

-20 N -20 0 1+2 t 0 servations during eEl events are shown in this paper. Fig. 1 shows the time variations of the magnetic fiel~ strength (11H) and the mean Doppler frequency fD on 21 July 1976. On this quiet day with Ap = 3, both a morning and an evening CEJ event were observed. The morning CEJ event lasted for 3 hr (0600-0900 hrs 1ST). The dotted line in the I1H panel which represents the average midnight levels of I1H (average of 0000-0300 hrs 1ST) can be considered as the base line value of H. The mean Doppler frequency (In) is proportional to a weighted mean value of the east-west drift speed of the ionization irregularities in the height region which contributes to the backscatter power. The horizontal mean drift speed is given by VD(m/s) = 5.s1D(Hz)
Gas Hydrates of the Middle America TrenchDeep Sea Drilling Project Leg 84

On DSDP Leg 84, gas hydrates were found at three sites (565, 568, and 570) and were inferred, on the basis of inorganic and organic geochemical evidence, to be present at two sites (566 and 569); no evidence for gas hydrates was observed at Site 567. Recovered gas hydrates appeared as solid pieces of white, icelike material occupying fractures in mudstone or as coarse-grained sediment in which the pore space exhibited rapid outgassing. Also a 1.05-m-long core of massive gas hydrate was obtained at Site 570. Downhole logging indicated that this hydrate was actually 3 to 4 m thick. Measurements of the amount of methane released during the decomposition of these recovered samples clearly showed that gas hydrates had been found. The distribution of evolved hydrocarbon gases indicated that Structure I gas hydrates were present because of the apparent inclusion of methane and ethane and exclusion of propane and higher molecular weight gases. The water composing the gas hydrates was fresh, having chlorinities ranging from 0.5 to 3.2‰. At Sites 565, 568, and 570, where gas hydrates were observed, the chlorinity of pore water squeezed from the sediment decreased with sediment depth. The chlorinity profiles may indicate that gas hydrates can often occur finely dispersed in sediments but that these gas hydrates are not recovered because they do not survive the drilling and recovery process. Methane in the gas hydrates found on Leg 84 was mainly derived in situ by biogenic processes, whereas the accompanying small amounts of ethane likely resulted from low-temperature diagenetic processes. Finding gas hydrates on Leg 84 expands observations made earlier on Leg 66 and particularly Leg 67. The results of all of these legs show that gas hydrates are common in landward slope sediments of the Middle American Trench from Mexico to Costa Rica.
Observations of energetic electrons up to 200 keV associated with a secondary island near the center of an ion diffusion region: A Cluster case study

[1] An antiparallel reconnection event is recognized in the magnetotail, and a secondary island with a strong core magnetic field is identified near the center of the ion diffusion region. In the island, the electron density peaks in the outer region while the dip is in the core region with a strong core magnetic field. A strong electron beam parallel to the magnetic field, as well as an obvious current antiparallel to the magnetic field with density up to ∼40 nA/m2, is observed in the outer region of the island. This suggests that the strong core magnetic field inside the island is generated by the electron beam and then the antiparallel current in the outer region of the island. The electron density dip in the core region is formed due to the existing strong core field, which expels electrons out of the core region. The electron flat-top distributions are detected in the ion diffusion region except the core region of the island, and the shoulder energy range of the flat-top distributions is from 100 eV to 4 keV. An enhancement of the energetic electron flux up to 200 keV is found in the ion diffusion region, and a further increase of energetic electron fluxes is observed inside the island. Waves at the lower hybrid frequency are intensified in the ion diffusion region, while the intensification is strong in the outer region of the island and becomes very weak in the core region.
Photogrammetric Monitoring of an Artificially Generated Shallow Landslide

An artificial rainfall event was applied to a forested slope in Ruedlingen, northern Switzerland. The experiment triggered a landslide which resulted in mobilising about 130 m3 of debris. The event was monitored by a photogrammetric network of four cameras, operating at 5 to 8 frames per second, in order to quantify spatial and temporal changes by tracking tennis balls pegged into the ground. Image measurements were performed using automated image matching methods, implemented through a software package developed in‐house. Three‐dimensional coordinates of the target points were estimated by running a customised type of bundle adjustment, achieving a positioning precision of ± 1·8 cm.
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT IN BANKING SYSTEM (CASE OF KOSOVO)

The operating environment of the banking market is difficult and competitive is changing dimanthically since their focus is the steady growth of profit as well as consumer demand are in a constantly changing trajectory. Therefore, banks are increasingly focused on identifying customer needs, pulling and storing them. Customer Relationship Management is a process that provides banking business with the opportunity to create and maintain long-term relationships with customers. This concept allows the business the bank to identify, segment, communicate and build long-term relationships with customers on an individual basis regarding their needs for banking products and services as well as value added. Using modern technologies, customer relations management has come to an effective strategy to maintain the existing structure and develop a high-quality customer base. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the benefits of presenting the concept of Customer Relationship Management in the Kosovo banking sector by defining strategies, adapting the organizational structure, culture and internal processes with the help of modern technology. The banking sector in Kosovo is at the stage of his development, after the end of the war in 1998, this system began to set out his consolidation steps. The study was done on the basis of quantitative and qualitative research methods.
A Coupled-Mode Technique for Wave-Current Interaction in Variable Bathymetry Regions

A coupled-mode technique for wave-current interaction is presented, with application to the problem of wave scattering by steady currents in variable bathymetry regions, and current variations on various scales. We consider obliquely incident waves on a horizontally nonhomogeneous current in a variable-depth strip, which is characterized by straight and parallel bottom contours. The flow associated with the current is assumed to be parallel to the bottom contours (along-axis current) and it is considered to be known. In a finite subregion containing the bottom irregularity we assume an arbitrary horizontal current structure. Outside this region, the current is assumed to be uniform (or zero). At a first-order of approximation the wave flow is assumed to be irrotational, i.e. the vorticity of the total field is the same with the vorticity associated with the current. Then, restricting ourselves to linear, monochromatic (harmonic) waves of absolute frequency ω, the wave potential, including the scattering effect by the current, is obtained as a solution to the modified Helmholtz equation, subject to the free-surface boundary condition formulated with respect to the intrinsic frequency, the bottom boundary condition, and the conditions at infinity. Based on an appropriate variational principle, in conjunction with a rapidly-convergent local-mode series expansion of the wave field in a finite subregion containing the current variation and the bottom irregularity, a coupled-mode system is obtained that can be considered as a generalization of the one derived by Athanassoulis & Belibassakis (1999). The present approach can be considered as an extension of the works by Smith (1983, 1987), and some of its main features are that it can be further elaborated to treat lateral discontinuities (e.g. vertical vortex sheets) and more general vertical current profiles with cross-jet component, and to include the effects of weak nonlinearity.
Analisis Pengaruh Karakteristik Perusahaan Terhadap Pengungkapan Akuntansi Sumber Daya Manusia (Studi pada perusahaan non keuangan yang terdaftar di bei periode 2011-2013)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik perusahaan terhadap pengungkapan akuntansi sumber daya manusia. Karakteristik perusahaan dalam penelitian ini di dasarkan pada size, profitabilitas, umur, diversifikasi produk, dan leverage. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan non keuangan yang terdaftar di BEI pada tahun 2011-2013. Penentuan sampel penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling yang diperoleh sebanyak 70 perusahaan. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder, yaitu berupa laporan tahunan perusahaan yang terdaftar di BEI pada periode waktu antara tahun 2011-2013. Metode analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil analisis data dapat disimpulkan bahwa variabel profitabilitas, diversifikasi produk dan laverage berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pengungkapan akuntansi sumber daya manusia. variabel size dan umur berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap pengungkapan akuntansi sumber daya manusia. Variabel size, profitabilitas, umur, diversivikasi produk dan leverage berpengaruh terhadap pengungkapan ASDM perusahaan. Sebesar 60,7% pengungkapan ASDM perusahaan dapat dijelaskan oleh size, profitabilitas, umur, diversivikasi produk dan leverage. Sedangkan sisanya 39,3% dijelaskan oleh variabel lain di luar model. Kata kunci : Pengungkapan ASDM, Sumber Daya Manusia, karakteristik perusahaan, perusahaan non keuangan, laporan tahunan.
Evaluation of phonological awareness training on reading improvement and skills

Background and Aim: Reading is not only a fundamental skill in learning but also an imp­ortant channel in dealing with the outside world. However, hearing impairment affects linguistic growth, including speaking and reading; deve­lopment of understanding; and academic achi­evement. The purpose of this study was to inv­estigate the effect of phonological awareness training on improving phonological reading and awareness in primary school children with hea­ring impairment. Methods: The present study has a quasi-experi­mental design. The research was conducted as pretest, intervention and posttest. A total of 20 children with moderate to severe hearing loss were enrolled in the experimental group and 20 subjects in another group as the control. Rea­ding and dyslexia test (NEMA) was used to ass­ess reading improvement and phonological awa­reness was assessed by the phonological aware­ness questionnaire. The data normality was che­cked by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and non-parametric Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U test were used to evaluate non-parametric data. Results: Based on the results, after teaching the phonological awareness strategies to the experi­mental group, their reading and phonological awareness scores increased significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). Also the results show higher phonological awareness scores in girls. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that improvement of phonological awareness in children with hearing loss can improve and res­olve their reading performance and problems.