Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The determination of creatinine in plasma or serum, and in urine; a critical examination.

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Germinable soil seed-bank of former grassland converted to coniferous plantation

The influence of afforestation with cedars on field layer vegetation and on the germinable soil seed-bank were investigated along a 60-m transect merging from open grassland to sparse and dense canopy cover. A total of 132 species were found, 76 in the seed-bank and 109 in the vegetation, with 53 species in common. Conifer cover was not found to be associated with a decrease in total number of species in the vegetation or seed-bank, but the mean number of species in the vegetation, total cover in field layer vegetation and mean number of individuals in the seed-bank decreased significantly from grassland to forest stands. The grassland seed-bank was dominated by Saxifraga tridactylites and Veronica agrestis; the seed-bank of plots of scattered cedars was dominated by Trifolium incarnatum ssp. molinerii; and that of dense cedar plantations was dominated by Campanula rapunculus. The number and cover of grassland species of field layer vegetation decreased in the forest, with respect to open grassland, and the same trend was found for density of individuals in the seed-bank. It is concluded that grassland restoration by cutting cedars cannot rely on the presence of grassland species in the soil seed-bank.
OUTCOME OF SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AZOOSPERMIA

The efficacy of reanastomosis was evaluated in 30 patients with obstructive azoospermia, including 19 postvasectomy cases; 7 cases complicating inguinal herniorrhaphy; 2 cases with a characterized isolated congenital anomaly; 1 case of Young's syndrome; and 1 case with an unknown, possibly congenital cause. In the postvasectomy group, successful vasovasostomy was achieved in 15 of 18 cases (83.3%; 1 postvasectomy patient dropped out of the study prior to analysis). Duration of obstruction in the 3 cases where anastomosis failed was 6, 9, and 20 years. In the group where obstruction followed inguinal herniorrhaphy, unilateral vasovasostomy was performed in 6 cases, and transepididymovasostomy was performed in 1 case. Success was achieved in 3 of 6 cases (50%; 1 case was not included because failure of spermatogenesis was detected postoperatively). In all 4 remaining cases, microsurgical epididymovasostomy or transepididymovasostomy was performed, but success was achieved only in the case of Young's syndrome. Although mailed questionnaires and telephone interviews indicated occurrence of natural pregnancy in only 4 affected couples, postoperative sperm counts were relatively satisfactory as in previous reports.
Rare Gases, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen: Concentrations and Isotopic Composition in Lunar Material

The concentrations and isotopic abundances of the rare gases have been investigated in fines and three types of rocks. The results obtained from different grain-size fractions and from samples etched to different degrees with nitric and hydrofluoric acids demonstrate the strong concentrations of the solar-wind component in the surface layers of the grains. Exposure ages as well as gas retention ages have been determined in different types of Apollo 11 material. Hydrogen, nitrogen, and other gases have been analyzed by a high-resolution mass spectrometer. As compared with that in terrestrial water, deuterium is depleted by at least a factor of 3 in the investigated type C rocks.
Evaluation of an individualised asthma programme directed at behavioural change

An individualised asthma programme directed at behavioural change was evaluated in asthmatic subjects who reported complaints and impairment, despite adequate medical treatment. Mild-to-moderate asthma patients (n=23) were randomly assigned to a programme or waiting list condition. Outcome measures were: McMaster Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, Asthma Symptom Checklist, Negative Emotionality Scale, Knowledge, Attitude and Self-Efficacy Asthma Questionnaire, Adherence Scale, and peak flow measurements. Both groups were evaluated at three consecutive moments, each separated by 3 months; the programme was delivered between the first two evaluations. At onset the patient received a workbook containing information, exercises and homework assignments. Psycho-education, behavioural and cognitive techniques were introduced during six 1‐h individual sessions. Compared with controls the programme group reported less symptoms (obstruction, fatigue), better quality of life (activity, symptoms, emotions), decreased negative affectivity, and increased adherence, immediately after finishing the programme and at 3 months follow-up. All three cognitive variables (knowledge, attitude towards asthma, self-efficacy) and day and night peak flow ratings improved in the programme group but not in the waiting list group. Participation in an individualised programme resulted in improvement of asthma morbidity, and asthma-related behaviour and cognitions, in subjects reporting symptoms and impairment despite adequate medical therapy.
The Restless Brain: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Resting—State Functional Connectivity, and Intrasubject Variability

Objectives: To highlight recent advances in the conceptualization of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) emerging from neuroimaging and endophenotypic approaches. Methods: We selectively reviewed recent published literature on the phenomena of resting-state functional connectivity, intrasubject variability, and diffusion tensor imaging pertaining to ADHD. Results: Recent advances based on the novel approach of resting-state functional connectivity appear to be highly promising and likely to link to studies of intrasubject variability. Conclusions: Endophenotypic fractionation may offer a means of addressing the complex heterogeneity of ADHD on the path to testable models of pathophysiology. Such models focusing on intrasubject variability, intrinsic brain activity, and reward-related processing are progressing rapidly.
The Internet and the banks' strategic distribution channel decisions

Bank customers are divided into an Internet banking segment and a branch banking segment and it is argued the former is growing and the latter is declining. This development is predicted dramatically to change the distribution channel structure in the retail banking sector. Two important strategic distribution channel decisions face banks. The first is whether to target the branch banking segment or the Internet banking segment. The other regards the geographical area banks aim to serve. This can be the local/national area or several nations. Based on this, four pure distribution channel strategies and a dual strategy are identified and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Differential presynaptic inhibition of actions of group II afferents in di‐ and polysynaptic pathways to feline motoneurones

The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the effects of presynaptic inhibition of transmission from group II muscle afferents to neurones in the dorsal horn and in the intermediate zone and the consequences of these differences for reflex actions of group II afferents upon α‐motoneurones. The degree of presynaptic inhibition was estimated from the degree of depression of monosynaptic components of population EPSPs (field potentials) evoked by group II muscle afferents in deeply anaesthetized cats. The decrease in the area of field potentials was considerably larger and longer lasting in the intermediate zone, where they were often obliterated, than in the dorsal horn, where they were reduced to about two‐thirds. Presynaptic inhibition of field potentials evoked by other afferents at the same locations was much weaker. Intracellular records from α‐motoneurones revealed that short latency EPSPs and IPSPs evoked from group II afferents are considerably reduced by conditioning stimuli that effectively depress intermediate zone field potentials of group II origin. The results of this study lead to the conclusion that strong presynaptic inhibition of transmission to intermediate zone interneurones allows a selective depression of disynaptic actions of group II muscle afferents on α‐ and γ‐motoneurones, mediated by these interneurones, and favours polysynaptic actions of these afferents.
Effect of the walking speed to the lower limb joint angular displacements, joint moments and ground reaction forces during walking in water

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in ground reaction forces (GRF), joint angular displacements (JAD), joint moments (JM) and electromyographic (EMG) activities that occur during walking at various speeds in water and on land. Method: Fifteen healthy adults participated in this study. In the water experiments, the water depth was adjusted so that body weight was reduced by 80%. A video-motion analysis system and waterproof force platform was used to obtain kinematics and kinetics data and to calculate the JMs. Results: Results revealed that (1) the anterior-posterior GRF patterns differed between walking in water and walking on land, whereas the medio-lateral GRF patterns were similar, (2) the JAD patterns of the hip and ankle were similar between water- and land-walking, whereas the range of motion at the knee joint was lower in water than on land, (3) the JMs in all three joints were lower in water than on land throughout the stance phase, and (4) the hip joint extension moment and hip extensor muscle EMG activity were increased as walking speed increase during walking in water. Conclusions: Rehabilitative water-walking exercise could be designed to incorporate large-muscle activities, especially of the lower-limb extensor muscles, through full joint range of motion and minimization of joint moments.
Evidence-based global health.

The effectiveness of many interventions to improve health in poor populations in the developing world remains untested and therefore unproven. It is sometimes assumed that what works is known and that the only challenge is to make interventions widely available to underserved populations worldwide the so-called know-do gap. However other than vaccination few global health interventions are evidence-based. Evidence-based global health requires use of the evidence from randomized controlled trials and other scientifically valid studies to evaluate global health interventions and to measure progress in improving global health. Randomized controlled trials of global public health interventions are often cluster trials randomizing groups or communities. When evidence from randomized trials is not available or is difficult to generalize observational studies provide useful information but must be carefully interpreted. Global health needs assessment and monitoring also rely on observational studies. This issue of THE JOURNAL illustrates the different approaches used in evidence-based global health research with 1 individual and 3 cluster randomized controlled trials conducted in resource-poor communities to evaluate essential interventions aimed at preventing diseases and disorders prevalent in the developing world and 4 observational studies measuring or estimating the frequency of specific health problems and associated risk factors for a number of important worldwide public health concerns. (excerpt)
Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)‐Fc fusion protein induces leukotriene C4 secretion in platelet‐activating factor‐stimulated eosinophils

Eosinophil adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) is important for cellular recruitment into allergic inflammatory sites. To determine whether eosinophil adhesion to VCAM‐1 affects cell function, leukotriene C4 (LTC4) was measured. Human eosinophils were incubated with platelet‐activating factor (PAF) in the presence or absence of soluble VCAM‐Fc fusion protein (sVCAM‐Fc) or immobilized VCAM‐Fc. sVCAM‐Fc induced a concentration‐dependent increase in LTC4 secretion, which was dependent on the presence of PAF and not blocked by cyclic peptides shown to inhibit α4β1‐dependent adhesion. Likewise, soluble ICAM‐Fc induced a concentration‐ dependent LTC4 secretion. LTC4 secretion was induced by the calcium ionophore, A23187, and the combination of sVCAM‐Fc and A23187 had synergistic properties. It is interesting to note that Mn2+ or anti‐β1 monoclonal antibody, TS2/16, inhibited LTC4 secretion induced by sVCAM‐Fc and PAF. Eosinophil adhesion to VCAM‐Fc or interleukin‐1β‐stimulated endothelial cells did not induce LTC4 secretion. These data suggest that sVCAM‐Fc‐induced LTC4 secretion depends on distinct signals from those of eosinophil adhesion. J. Leukoc. Biol. 65: 71–79; 1999.
Trends, challenges and opportunities for LIS education and training in Eastern and Southern Africa

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the status, trends and challenges of library and information education and training in Eastern and Southern Africa. It notes that library and information education and training in Africa is undergoing rapid change, with difficult challenges to be overcome. For example, during the past 20 years, the number of library schools has grown in some regions and declined in some, such as South Africa. Common LIS factors include amalgamation, re‐orientation, and curriculum review and revision.Design/methodology/approach – The authors' extensive experience with and exposure to LIS education has been used together with observations and literature survey in the field to inform this paper.Findings – It is evident that LIS schools have, to a greater or lesser extent, been redesigning their curricula to keep track of the latest developments in the information world and keep their teaching market‐related. New qualification programmes have been developed to provide opportun.
Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Questions have been raised regarding the relative efficacy and tolerability of the different serotonin transport inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. We compared the results from four large multicenter placebo-controlled trials of the serotonin transport inhibitors clomipramine hydrochloride (N = 520), fluoxetine hydrochloride (N = 355), fluvoxamine maleate (N = 320), and sertraline hydrochloride (N = 325) for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. METHODS Effect size was calculated by subtracting the end-point drug treatment mean change from the end-point placebo mean change and dividing by the end-point pooled change standard deviation. A test for overall differences between effect sizes was conducted, followed by all possible pairwise comparisons. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale was the primary outcome measure for all four studies. RESULTS All four agents were significantly more effective than placebo, with clomipramine significantly more effective than the other three treatments, which did not differ in effect size. A significantly greater percentage of patients treated with clomipramine were rated much or very much improved than were patients treated with fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, or sertraline. CONCLUSION While the results of this meta-analysis support the superiority of clomipramine, head-to-head, double-blind comparisons of these compounds would be the best test of comparative efficacy and tolerability.
The effect of garl ic on plasma l ipids and lipoproteins in rats fed on high cholesterol enriched diet

Gar l ic has been repor ted in some populat ions to posses s hypol ipdemic ef fect in par t icular on low densi ty l ipoprotein choles terol , thus prevent ing cardiovascular disease r isk. Sixteen male albino rats of seven weeks old were purchased for this study. These were divided into four groups of four per group. Group A was fed on a high choles terol diet and gar l ic, group B was fed on high choles terol diet only, group C was fed on normal diet (cont rols ) and group D was fed on normal diet and gar l ic. The plasma l ipids, l ipoproteins and t issues his tological appearances were determined us ing standard procedures. Resul ts showed s igni f icant decreased in the mean wet t issue weight of the kidney (p plasma HDLC al though not s tat ist ical ly signi f icant was higher in these groups. Histological f indings showed pronounced atheromatous changes in the coronary ar tery of rats fed on high choles terol diet . The consumption of raw garlic has beneficial effect on plasma total cholesterol, and LDLC in rats fed on high cholesterol diet.
Developmental Differences in Cognitive Control of Socio-Affective Processing

We examined developmental differences in cognitive control in the context of distracting communicative cues varying in socio-affective significance. Adults and children (6–13 years) performed a Stroop-type task that required manual responses to a target word (LEFT/RIGHT) in the context of to-be-ignored spatial cues that were symbolic (arrow pointing left or right), social (left/right averted eye gaze in faces), or socio-emotional (happy, angry and fearful faces with left/right averted eye gaze). On the basis of the finding that accuracy was lower in the context of spatially incongruent than congruent cues, it was concluded that spatial direction, cued by both arrows and eye gaze, interfered with response selection. Interference did not differ between adults and children indicating that cognitive control of spatial attention directed by symbolic and social information is mature by 6 years. Interference from averted eye gaze was insensitive to the valence of facial emotion in adults and in children between 6–9 but not 10–13 years. Older children showed more interference from averted eye gaze in angry faces than younger children or adults. Thus, cognitive control of socio-affective processing differs in the preadolescent years relative to earlier in late childhood and adulthood.
The non-linear dynamics of output and unemployment in the U.S

This paper studies the joint dynamics of U.S. output and unemployment rate in a non-linear VAR model. The non-linearity is introduced through a feedback variable that endogenously augments the output lags of the VAR in recessionary phases. Sufficient conditions for the ergodicity of the model, potentially applying to a larger class of threshold models, are provided. The linear specification is rejected in favour of our threshold VAR. However, in the estimation the feedback is found to be statistically significant only on unemployment, while it transmits to output through its cross-correlation. This feedback effect from recessions generates important asymmetries in the propagation of shocks, a possible key to interpret the divergence in the measures of persistence in the literature. The regime-dependent persistence also explains the finding that the feedback from recession exerts a positive effect on the long-run growth rate of the economy, an empirical validation of the Schumpeterian macroeconomic theories. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multidrug‐Resistant Organisms in Dialysis Patients

Multidrug‐resistant organisms (MDROs) have emerged as important causes of healthcare‐associated infections (HAIs), and these infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Dialysis patients have been particularly affected by these pathogens, with colonization and infection rates often exceeding those seen in persons with other types of healthcare exposure. The infection control practices that are currently recommended for use in dialysis facilities and other healthcare settings have the potential to eliminate, or at least substantially reduce transmission of and infection with MDROs. Unfortunately, recent data suggest that these recommended practices are not consistently implemented. Additional efforts and research are needed to increase healthcare workers' awareness of and adherence to infection prevention measures, to develop new and more effective prevention strategies, and to determine cost‐effective approaches to MDRO prevention to optimize the safety and quality of care provided to dialysis patients.
Operating Margins of a 10 V Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard Circuit Using  ${\rm NbN}/{\rm TiN}_{x}/{\rm NbN}/{\rm TiN}_{x}/{\rm NbN}$ Double-Junction Stacks

The operating margins of a 10 V programmable Josephson voltage standard circuit using Operating margins of a 10 V programmable josephson voltage standard circuit using NbN/TiNx/NbN/TiNx/NbN double-junction stacks was investigated as a function of microwave frequency and operating temperature. The circuit contained 32 arrays of 5 120 Operating margins of a 10 V programmable josephson voltage standard circuit using NbN/TiNx/NbN/TiNx/NbN double-junction stacks. In other words, the circuit contained 327 680 Operating margins of a 10 V programmable Josephson voltage standard circuit using NbN/TiNx/NbN/TiNx/NbN junctions. It was found that the operating margins (the heights of the constant-voltage step) of the arrays varied largely with microwave frequency and operating temperature. The microwave-frequency dependence was due to the resonance of the microwaves in the circuit. The temperature dependence of the circuit was due to the temperature dependence of the IcRn product of the junctions, where Ic was the critical current Rn and was the normal resistance. Fortunately, however, the operating margin was maximized by changing the temperature of the chip, mounted on the cold head of a cryocooler.
Quality of care in the oncology outpatient setting from patients' perspective: a systematic review of questionnaires' content and psychometric performance

Cancer care is increasingly provided in the outpatient setting, requiring specific monitoring of care quality. The patients' perspective is an important indicator of care quality and needs to be assessed with well designed, psychometrically sound questionnaires. We performed a systematic literature review of currently available patient satisfaction measures for use in cancer outpatient care settings.