Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corporate heritage awareness in the strategies of Finnish companies: Manager’s view

With Finland celebrating its 100th birthday in 2017, many Finnish companies have come to acknowledge their roots in the Finnish history. This paper aims at focusing on one way of creating a strong corporate brand – using the corporate heritage as an asset for the company. A corporate brand heritage is built by a brand’s interest in its past; the core values and symbols that have followed the brand through its entire history. A research gap focusing on the Finnish market was found, and so it was very current to study Finnish company strategies and the corporate heritage and awareness of the heritage the companies carry. The study was conducted through an empirical, qualitative study with interviews with four Finnish companies and two organizations from various fields of the market. All companies have been operating for at least three generations and thereby fill one criteria for a company with a heritage. By interviewing company managers about company heritage, factors such as core values concerning trustworthiness and an identity linked to the Finnish origins were cleary extracted to be central parts of heritage awareness within each case company. The results were analysed based on a heritage awareness model and its three dimensions. This study has contributed in the research area of corporate strategies that support heritage and heritage awareness. Findings suggest that within the Finnish companies, a strong Finnish identity and quality of each company’s work can be clearly distinguished as heritage aspects. Company managements can benefit from the findings by laying focus on the continuity of a strong identity both internally in the company as well as for the stakeholders. The Finnish identity is linked with quality and trustworthiness, which has followed through each company throughout their past, also supporting the heritage awareness. Future studies may deepen the understanding of corporate heritage and its awareness among Finnish companies by for example including cutomer’s views on companie’s heritage dimensions.
Fiscal Decentralization in Ethiopia: Achievements and Challenges

As one of the major dimensions of decentralization reform program, fiscal decentralization has been a worldwide phenomenon since the 1980s and since 1991 in Ethiopia. The major purpose of this study was to assess the achievements and challenges of fiscal decentralization in Ethiopia. The study mainly employed quantitative approach based on a panel data on revenue and expenditure assignments between the federal government of Ethiopia and regional state of governments. It applied two standard measures of fiscal decentralization: Expenditure Ratio (ER) and Revenue Ratio (RR). The finding shows that there is mismatch between expenditure and financial autonomy of sub-national governments in the devolution process, which in turn creates vertical imbalances. Another major finding of this study is that intergovernmental fiscal transfers are a major source of revenue for regional states of governments which shows heavy dependence on federal government subsidy. The author concludes that fiscal decentralization is promising in Ethiopia since it encourages sub-national governments to assume additional responsibilities. However, special attention must be given to enhance the fiscal autonomy of sub-national governments so as to realize the benefits of effective fiscal decentralization. Key w ords: Decentralization, Fiscal Decentralization, Revenue assignment, Expenditure assignment, fiscal inequity.
Board Composition and Companies’ Performance: Does Political Affiliation Moderate the Relationship?

Board composition is one of the distinct characteristics of Governance that is believed to contribute significantly to firm value. This study examines the impact of board composition, presence of nomination, audit and remuneration committees on companies’ performance. Additionally, the moderating effects of political affiliation on the relationship between board composition and companies’ performance is also tested. A sample size of 2280 companies from Bursa Malaysia for the period 2010 to 2012 is used. Hypotheses are tested using multiple linear regressions. The results indicate a positive relationship between board size and companies’ performance but a negative relationship is noted between independent directors and performance. No significance is noted for non-executive directors whilst the presence of committees indicates mixed results. As for political affiliation, it negatively moderates the relationship between independent directors and companies’ performance. These empirical evidences are in line with the Agency Theory, suggesting that board composition, presence of committees and politically affiliated members in the board do have an impact on companies’ performance.
Moral wrongs, disadvantages, and disability: a critique of critical disability studies

Critical disability studies (CDS) has emerged as an approach to the study of disability over the last decade or so and has sought to present a challenge to the predominantly materialist line found in the more conventional disability studies approaches. In much the same way that the original development of the social model resulted in a necessary correction to the overly individualized accounts of disability that prevailed in much of the interpretive accounts which then dominated medical sociology, so too has CDS challenged the materialist line of disability studies. In this paper we review the ideas behind this development and analyse and critique some of its key ideas. The paper starts with a brief overview of the main theorists and approaches contained within CDS and then moves on to normative issues; namely, to the ethical and political applicability of CDS.
THE EFFECTS OF STATIC STRETCHING AND ISOMETRIC STRENGTH ON HAMSTRING STRENGTH AND FLEXIBILITY ASYMMETRY Hamstring strength and flexibility asymmetry

Introduction. Considerable (over 10%) bilateral strength and flexibility asymmetry is one of the causes that increase the risk of hamstring injuries. The aim of this study was to define the effect of static stretching exercises and isometric strength exercises on bilateral asymmetry of hamstring strength and flexibility in athletes. Material and methods. Thirty athletes participated in the study. They were randomly divided into three groups, i.e. two experimental ones (isometric and stretching) as well as the control group. Training programmes lasted for 4 weeks and were carried out during an off-season. Two tests were conducted, i.e. strength test (peak torque – PT) and flexibility test (knee range of motion – ROM). Results. Significant decrease in the bilateral asymmetry of strength (by 4.19%) and flexibility (by 3.23%) was only observed in the group where stretching exercises were applied (p 0.05). Conclusion. The assumption was that static stretching exercises ought to become an essential part of training programmes during an off-season.
CONSUMER AWARENESS FOR FOOD SAFETY IN TURKEY

BEKTAS, Z. K. , B. MIRAN, O. K. UYSAL and C. GUNDEN, 2011. Consumer awareness for food safety in Turkey. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 17: 470-483 The main objective of this study is to determine the level of consumer awareness about food safety in Izmir, one of the biggest provinces in Turkey. The data is obtained from a survey of 385 consumers in Izmir, between April-2004 and February-2005. According to probit models, high income and education as well as the presence of elderly individuals in the house increase the probability of having knowledge on food safety. Likewise, probability of married consumers with knowledge about food safety and high level of education, of being affected by food scandals is high. It is concluded that, increased awareness of food safety pass through informative campaigns targeting especially lowand middle-income groups and masses with low education levels, and through endeavours of improving the levels of education and welfare.
Effect of nitrogen application on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

The present research was aimed to study the effect of different levels of inorganic fertilizer N on the yield and yield components of barley varieties at KPK Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements. Barley varieties (local and sterling) were sown in the main plots whereas different nitrogen levels (i.e. 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg ha 1 ) were allotted to sub-plots. The results showed that different varieties and nitrogen levels had significantly (p<0.05) affected plant height, 1000 grains weight, grains spike -1 , straw yield, grain yield, biological yield, grain and plant N. Maximum grain spike -1 , thousand grain weight and grain yield was recorded in sterling. Taller plants, highest biological yield, straw yield, grain and plant N was observed in local variety. Nitrogen applied at the rate of 60 kg ha -1 resulted in maximum grain spike -1 , thousand grain weight, biological yield, grain yield, grain and plant N.
Legal Rational Myths: The New Institutionalism and the Law and Society Tradition

Recent years have witnessed the early stages of a convergence between the sociology of law and the sociology of organizations. Contemporary sociolegal scholarship increasingly recognizes that important aspects of legal life occur within bureaucratic settings, such as law firms, regulatory agencies and corporations.1 Simultaneously, contemporary organizations theory increasingly acknowledges that important aspects of organizational activity occur within legal environments, such as rights regimes, disputing cultures, and regulatory systems.2 Although few researchers have explicitly attempted
PRE-BIRTH GENETICS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND LEGAL VALORISATION OF THE CHRISTIAN MORALS

The article elaborates on pre-birth genetic testing, seen from the angle of avoidance of (i) eugenic choices and (ii) the moral and legal limits set for the genetic interventions. Genetic testing can be undertaken either during pregnancy, to discover if the fetus is at risk of a genetic disease (prenatal testing) or (more infrequently) prior to pregnancy, when embryos are tested to determine their genetic status (pre-implantation genetic diagnosis or PGD). Most testing conducted in the context of reproduction has been undertaken to establish the presence of genetic factors that are likely to directly affect the health of the child-to-be in predictable ways. These clinical differences are also reflected in the way the two technologies are regulated by the New Romanian Civil Code, adopted in October 2011. While PGD has provoked specific regulatory (legislative) responses, prenatal testing has attracted no such targeted regulation and operates within the confines of existing legislation around abortion: (a) the genetic modification of a person‟s biological origins is forbidden by contemporary Romanian law, unless it is oriented towards the prevention and treatment of genetic maladies, (b) the therapeutic finality of the genetic intervention, although not justifying in itself the ethical character of the medical act, represents a compulsory condition for the acceptance of the biomedical practice, and (c) as a reflection of the common Christian perception, the legislation has prohibited the creation of human embryos in the sole purpose of scientific research, without the existence of a „parental project‟. The distinction between prenatal testing and PGD is influenced by the value attributed to prenatal life. This depends on the views about when the early human embryo becomes a being which can bear rights and to whom the others owe obligations. Different moral arguments have been proposed by the Orthodox and Catholic theology to assist the bioethical deliberations in determining the moral status that should be attributed to prenatal life. This article discusses the complex moral questions raised by pre-birth genetic testing considering the idea that destroying an embryo is no less morally problematic than terminating a pregnancy.
Experimental assessment of marine bacterial respiration

We present a systematic experimental assessment of the effect of pre-incubation filtration procedures on marine bacterial respiration (BR) measurements. The in vivo electron transport system (ETS) method, which enables measurements of BR using short incubation times (~1 h) and without the requirement of pre-incubation size-fractionation procedures, was employed in 20 experiments from 2 different ecosystems: the NW Iberian Peninsula shelf and shelf-break, and the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. BR was determined in both pre-incubation size-fractionated filtered (PF) and pre-incubation unfiltered (PU) treatments. Additionally, the effect of incubation time (up to 24 h) on BR, community respiration (CR), bacterial production (BP), and picoplankton community composition was assessed in 6 of the experiments; the standard oxygen consumption method (i.e. Winkler) was also applied in PF treatments. The mean contribution of BR to total CR (%BR) obtained with the in vivo ETS method in PU and short-time incubated samples was 31 ± 4% (mean ± SE; n = 20). PF procedures increased BR by 264 ± 46% (n = 20). This overestimation in creased with incubation time. The %BR in PF 24 h-incubated samples was >100% using either the in vivo ETS method (%BR = 109 ± 31%, n = 6) or the Winkler method (%BR = 185 ± 34%, n = 6). By contrast, incubation time did not significantly affect BR or CR rates in the PU experiments. Metabolic changes during extended incubations following PF coincided with a significant in crease in the proportion of very high nucleic acid content bacteria to total heterotrophic bacteria. In this study, PF combined with extended incubation times resulted in an overestimation of BR and %BR of ~300% and an underestimation of bacterial growth efficiency of ~50% compared to PU, shortincubated samples. These results may partially reconcile bacterial carbon consumption assessments and estimates of organic carbon flow in oligotrophic waters.
Himalayan Journal of Sciences

Phenology, the distribution of plant activities in time, is highly correlated with seasonal changes in water status of trees (Borchert 1994a, b). Leaf phenology in both seasonal and non-seasonal environments is a central element in plant strategies for carbon gain (Kikuzawa 1995). The timing of leaf fall and bud break in tropical and subtropical trees is generally determined by plant water status, which in turn is a function of the interaction between the environmental water status and the structural and functional state of the tree (Reich 1994). Seasonal variation in water status not only determines phenology but also the distribution of trees and forest composition (Borchert 1994a, Zobel et al. 2001). Engelbrecht et al. (2007) has shown that differential drought sensitivity shapes plant distribution in tropical forests at both regional and local scales. The role of drought in controlling species distribution and performance is still poorly understood for Himalayan trees, although indirect evidence and existing measurements suggest that tree distribution is strongly related to drought (Zobel and Singh 1995, Tewari 1998, Poudyal et al. 2004, Shrestha et al. 2006a). In the context of global warming, mountain ecosystems are being affected more than lowlands, and the extent of drought in mountains is likely to increase in the future (Iyngararasan et al. 2002). Alteration in seasonal coordination of photoperiod and thermal regime affects plant performance (Hanninen 1991), competitive relationships among forest trees, and species distribution and abundance (Lechowicz and Koike 1995). Because the water relations of Himalayan tress cannot be accurately understood only by inference from forest studies elsewhere (Zobel et al. 2001) there is a need for detailed study on water relations and their relationships to phenology and adaptation to seasonal drought. Due to the monsoon, Himalayan trees are exposed to drought for several months each year (Zobel and Singh 1997). Despite their unequal leaf life spans, most trees of this region Phenology and water relations of eight woody species in the Coronation Garden of Kirtipur, central Nepal
THICKNESS DEBIT IN CREEP PROPERTIES OF PWA 1484

The effect of section thickness on the creep properties of a single crystal superalloy, PWA 1484 was investigated. For this purpose, a series of isothermal, constant load creep tests were conducted on uncoated sheet specimens in air at temperatures ranging from 760°C to 982°C and at stresses varying from 207 MPa to 758 MPa. The average time to reach 1% creep strain showed very weak dependence on specimen thickness at all test conditions. In contrast, the thickness debit associated with rupture life showed a complex dependence on test conditions. For example, creep rupture lives obtained at 760°C and 758 MPa decreased sharply (60%) with a reduction in specimen thickness from 3.18 mm to 0.38 mm. However, rupture lives of specimens tested at 871°C and 982°C exhibited a relatively modest dependence on specimen thickness. The results have been interpreted qualitatively in terms of the effect of plastic constraint on the deformation and fracture of ligaments between the interdendritic creep voids created during creep deformation.
A 14-year dataset of in situ glacier surface velocities for a tidewater and a land-terminating glacier in Livingston Island, Antarctica

Abstract. We present a 14-year record of in situ glacier surface velocities determined by repeated global navigation satellite system (GNSS) measurements in a dense network of 52 stakes distributed across two glaciers, Johnsons (tidewater) and Hurd (land-terminating), located on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The measurements cover the time period 2000–2013 and were collected at the beginning and end of each austral summer season. A second-degree polynomial approximation is fitted to each stake position, which allows estimating the approximate positions and associated velocities at intermediate times. This dataset is useful as input data for numerical models of glacier dynamics or for the calibration and validation of remotely sensed velocities for a region where very scarce in situ glacier surface velocity measurements have been available so far. The link to the data repository is as follows: http://doi.pangaea. de/10.1594/PANGAEA.846791 .
The network of subject co-popularity in Classical Archaeology

Im vorliegenden Aufsatz kartieren wir komplexe Netzwerkeigenschaften der Archaologischen Bibliographie. Insbesondere beleuchten wir die allgemeine Struktur thematischer Unterteilungen sowie die(Ko-)Popularitat spezifischer Themen in Publikationen der Klassischen Archaologie – entsprechend den Aufzeichnungen der bibliographischen Datenbank seit 1956. Zur Kartierung der angesprochenen Phanomene verwenden wir Methoden und Werkzeuge der Netzwerkforschung. Unsere Ergebnisse bilden die Basis fur weitere Untersuchungen auf dem Weg zu einem tieferen Verstandnis archaologischer Datenmengen sowie einem neuen Gesamtbild der Disziplin.
Effect of Relative Humidity on Aerosol Generation through Experiments at Low Concentrations of Gaseous Nitric Acid and Ammonia

Particle generation of ammonium nitrate from gaseous nitric acid and ammonia at low concentrations (100-600 ppbv) was investigated using a flow-type reactor with a silanized inner wall for deactivation. The particle number concentration of the generated aerosols was maximum at a constant relative humidity (RH) of around 60% in experiments at different gas concentrations. The RH of 60% coincides with the deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) of ammonium nitrate, and the physical state of particles is thought to be different below and above DRH. The size distribution of the particles was greatly affected by the RH. The NH4NO3 content in the wet particles was measured and compared with the value derived from the hydration-dehydration cycle. This report provides a simple and convenient method to generate NH4NO3 particles.
Vibration of a Beam on an Elastic Foundation Using the Variational Iteration Method

: Modelling of Timoshenko beams on elastic foundations has been widely used in the analysis of buildings, geotechnical problems, and, railway and aerospace structures. For the elastic foundation, the most widely used models are one-parameter mechanical models or two-parameter models to include continuity and cohesion of typical foundations, with the two-parameter usually considered the better of the two. Knowledge of free vibration characteristics of beams on an elastic foundation is considered necessary for optimal design solutions in many engineering applications, and in this work, the efficient and accurate variational iteration method is developed and used to calculate natural frequencies of a Timoshenko beam on a two-parameter foundation. The variational iteration method is a technique capable of dealing with some linear and non-linear problems in an easy and efficient way. The calculations are compared with those using a finite-element method and other analytical solutions, and it is shown that the results are accurate and are obtained efficiently. It is found that the effect of the presence of the two-parameter foundation is to increase the beam&rsquo;s natural frequencies and this is thought to be because of the shear-layer stiffness, which has an effect on the elastic stiffness. By setting the two-parameter model&rsquo;s stiffness parameter to zero, it is possible to obtain a one-parameter foundation model, and so, comparison between the two foundation models is also made.
Development of a Selective Medium for Rhodococcus Equi

Rhodococcus equi is a frequent cause of chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia, lymphadenitis, and enteritis in foals, in most cases during the first four months of life. This study was carried out to develop a selective medium for the organism for its isolation from highly contaminated sources such as soil and feces of grazing herbivores. Twenty-eight clinical isolates of R. equi recovered from lesions of infected foals were tested for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents by disk diffusion and microbroth dilution susceptibility testing methods. In-vitro the most active antibiotics were gentamicin, amikacin, netilmicin, erythromycin and trimethoprim/sulphonamide combination whereas oxacillin, cloxacillin, ceftiofur, ceftazidime, aztreonam, trimethoprim, novobiocin, and nystatin were routinely impotent to tested isolates. Based on these susceptibility patterns of R. equi isolates a selective agar medium was developed. The medium contained aztreonam 100 (μg/ml, novobiocin 25 (μg/ml and nystatin 100 Units/ml with (herein referred to as IST-ANYT) or without (herein called IST-ANY) 0.005 % potassium tellurite. After the medium was proved for its selectivity for R. equi, it was tested with a number of soil and fecal samples for isolation of the organism from a Quarter Horse breeding farm in Columbus, OH. All soil samples (n=10) and fecal specimens from the rectum of healthy mares (n=12) yielded R. equi on either medium after 48 hours of incubation while the organism was not isolates from feces of any yearlings (n=4). These results show the satisfactory capacity of the new selective medium for isolation of R. equi from contaminated sources, and confirm the findings of others that the organism is widespread in equine feces and their soil environment.