Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The olfactory bulb volume in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease

This study addresses the question of whether the neuropathological findings on the olfactory bulb (OB) in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) correspond to a detectable change in volume of the OB. Additionally, the relationship between OB volume and residual olfactory function, clinical disease characteristics and age are investigated.
Gentamicin induced inhibition of steroidogenic enzymes in rat testis.

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, widely used for treating many gram negative bacterial infections. Though nephrotoxicity is the most highlighted side effect, it has also been found to cause an alteration in the phosphatase activities of testes and accessory sex organs and a decline in the sperm count. This study was designed to assess the effects of gentamicin on testicular steroidogenesis and to ascertain whether such alterations are reversible. Laboratory inbred adult, male, 'Wistar' strain rats were chosen as the experimental animal. A significant dose-dependant reduction in the activities of the two steroidogenic enzymes, accompanied with a significant decrease in ascorbic acid and elevation of level of cholesterol was observed. The effects were maximum at a dose of 100 mg/kg, b.wt. After 15 days of withdrawal of the drug therapy the biochemical parameters namely ascorbic acid and cholesterol returned to normal levels whereas the activities of the two dehydrogenases showed a compensatory increase. This indicates that gentamicin affects the steroidogenic enzymes, causing an alteration in the formation of testosterone, which was manifested in the elevated cholesterol in the adult rat testes. However, these alterations were reversible.
Newspaper Coverage of Health Issues in Nigeria (A Study of the Guardian and the Punch Newspapers January 2010 to December 2011)

The media have a role to play in communicating development messages. This study sought to establish the extent to which the media are working to set public agenda for the health sector so that it can mobilise both the government and the governed towards achieving a healthy state. The research methodology used was content analysis and the purposive sampling technique was adopted. The Guardian and The Punch newspapers were chosen based on AMPS 2010 newspaper readership data. This research covered a 24-month time period. A total of 554 health reports were found and analysed on the selected health issues. The single disease that garnered the most media attention was HIV/AIDS, and the most reported genre was straight news story. The newspapers did not give prominence to health issues. In light of the findings, this study recommends that the newspapers should endeavour to give more prominence to health issues. Keywords: Newspaper, Coverage, Prominence, Health issues
Clinical reasoning: concept analysis.

AIM This paper is a report of a concept analysis of clinical reasoning in nursing. BACKGROUND Clinical reasoning is an ambiguous term that is often used synonymously with decision-making and clinical judgment. Clinical reasoning has not been clearly defined in the literature. Healthcare settings are increasingly filled with uncertainty, risk and complexity due to increased patient acuity, multiple comorbidities, and enhanced use of technology, all of which require clinical reasoning. Data sources. Literature for this concept analysis was retrieved from several databases, including CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC and OvidMEDLINE, for the years 1980 to 2008. REVIEW METHODS Rodgers's evolutionary method of concept analysis was used because of its applicability to concepts that are still evolving. RESULTS Multiple terms have been used synonymously to describe the thinking skills that nurses use. Research in the past 20 years has elucidated differences among these terms and identified the cognitive processes that precede judgment and decision-making. Our concept analysis defines one of these terms, 'clinical reasoning,' as a complex process that uses cognition, metacognition, and discipline-specific knowledge to gather and analyse patient information, evaluate its significance, and weigh alternative actions. CONCLUSION This concept analysis provides a middle-range descriptive theory of clinical reasoning in nursing that helps clarify meaning and gives direction for future research. Appropriate instruments to operationalize the concept need to be developed. Research is needed to identify additional variables that have an impact on clinical reasoning and what are the consequences of clinical reasoning in specific situations.
Health‐related quality of life among patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

To assess health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and to compare it with that of the general population. Also, to examine changes in HRQoL in newly diagnosed PSC patients at a follow‐up 1–2 years later, and to compare their HRQoL with HRQoL of newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Furthermore, sources of and need for disease‐related information among PSC patients were surveyed.
Multienzymatic analyses of human malignant lymphomas. Correlation of enzymatic data with pathologic and ultrastructural findings in Burkitt's and lymphoblastic lymphomas

Enzyme activity measurements are of great relevance to the classification and biochemical characterization of the various types of leukemias, but they have been much less studied in solid lymphoid tumors. The authors report investigations in human lymphomas. The levels of the following enzymes were determined: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase alpha (DP alpha), adenosine deaminase (ADA), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), thymidine and uridine kinases (TK and UK, respectively), and thymidine phosphorylase (ThPh). Moreover, cytochemical investigations were done in the group of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL), and ultrastructural studies were performed in seven of the nine LL of this series. These results were obtained: (1) TdT (90 cases) was highly specific for LL; eight of nine LL were positive, and all other histologic types were negative; the only TdT, acid esterase (AcE) positive, nonconvoluted LL was probably related to TdT normal medullary thymocytes, and had an unfavorable clinical course with resistance to a vincristine‐and‐prednisone‐including treatment; (2) ADA (61 cases) could distinguish clearly between the high levels of LL and the low levels found in any other group of lymphomas; among LL, the highest values were found in T‐cell‐derived neoplasias, and the lowest value in a periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) positive, acid phosphatase negative case that showed the presence of large nucleoli at the ultrastructural analysis, a finding that is unusual for LL and possibly related to a more immature differentiation stage; (3) PNP (39 cases) values alone were not clinically relevant, but together with ADA levels, a subset of T‐LL with high ADA:PNP ratio could be selected among LL; (4) DP alpha (61 cases), and TK and UK (37 cases) were found in concentrations reflecting the malignancy of the non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, and were more elevated in the high‐grade malignant lymphomas; (5) ThPh (34 cases) was always elevated in Hodgkin's disease, but low in Burkitt's lymphoma and LL; thus, they had a high TK:ThPh ratio that could be useful in predicting clinical response to thymidine treatment. The authors think that taken together, multiple enzyme determinations could be useful in the characterization of human lymphomas.
Superintelligence as superethical

Human extinction by evil, super-intelligent robots is standard fare for outlandish science fiction—but Nick Bostrom’s book Superintelligence (2014) summarizes a robot apocalypse scenario worth taking very seriously. The story runs basically like this: once we have a machine with genuine intelligence like ours, it will quickly be able to design even smarter and more efficient versions, and these will be able to design still smarter ones, until AI explodes into a “superintelligence” that will dwarf our own cognitive abilities the way our own abilities dwarf those of a mouse.1 There is no special reason to think this superintelligence will share any of our own goals and values, since its intelligence won’t have been shaped by the evolutionary history that endowed us with our particularly human needs (such as for companionship or salty snacks). Its ultimate goal might be simply to maximize the total number of paperclips in the world, if some enterprising paperclip company happens to be the first to stumble on the trick to genuine AI. Such a superintelligent Paperclip Maximizer, driven by its own internal value system rather than any actual malice, will quickly think of devastatingly effective ways to turn all available resources—including us humans—into paperclips.2 All this could happen so fast that we wouldn’t even have time for the luxury of worrying about any other ethical implications of genuine AI.3
Economic development and residential water consumption in Chile

Abstract A better understanding of the relative importance of factors related to climate change and to changes associated with economic growth would serve to inform water policy and to focus scarce public resources on anticipated problems arising from distinct sources of changes in water demand. This article investigates the determinants of residential water consumption in Chile, a developing country that has seen noteworthy changes in incomes, household size, poverty rates and levels of urbanization, and which is projected to experience significant climatic but varied changes, depending on the region of the country. Panel data for 1998-2010 at the municipal level is used to analyze the sensitivity of residential water demand to climate and development-related factors. In the case of Chile, the effect on water consumption of these development-related changes is estimated to be several times that of the changes associated with climate projections for 50 to 80 years in the future.
Janus kinase activation by cytokine oncostatin M decreases PCSK9 expression in liver cells[S]

PCSK9 degrades LDL receptor (LDLR) in liver and thereby influences the circulating level of LDL cholesterol. Hence, mechanisms inhibiting PCSK9 expression have potential for cholesterol-lowering intervention. Previously, we demonstrated that oncostatin M (OM) activates LDLR gene transcription, resulting in an increased LDL uptake in HepG2 cells and a reduction of plasma LDL in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Here we identify the suppression of PCSK9 expression by OM as one new mechanism that increases LDLR protein in HepG2 cells. Treating HepG2 cells with OM decreases PCSK9 mRNA and protein levels. Inhibition studies and small interfering RNA -targeted depletion revealed a critical role for JAK1 and JAK2 in mediating this OM inhibitory effect. Furthermore, we showed that OM induces transient phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 and sustained activation of ERK signaling molecules. While depletion of STAT members in HepG2 cells did not affect OM inhibitory activity on PCSK9 expression, blocking activation of the MEK1/ERK signaling pathway resulted in attenuation of the OM inhibitory effect. Finally, by using an anti-hamster PCSK9 antibody, we demonstrated the in vivo suppression of liver PCSK9 mRNA and protein expression by OM in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Our study uncovered a cytokine-triggered regulatory network for PCSK9 expression that is linked to JAKs and the ERK signaling pathway.
Gap junctions in normal and neoplastic mammary gland

Progress in the characterization of gap junctions and their constituent connexin sub‐units is leading to a greater understanding of the structure, function, and regulation of this cell–cell communication channel. Although much of the experimental evidence generated to date is correlative, recent work utilizing reverse genetic approaches to manipulate connexin gene function has provided direct evidence that intercellular communication via gap junctions plays key roles in development, cellular differentiation, and organogenesis. Pathogenic mutations in human connexin genes have now been identified. Furthermore, a considerable body of experimental evidence correlates a loss of junctional communication with progression to a malignant phenotype. Although the cell biology of the mammary gland has been extensively studied, the role(s) of gap junctions in the development, differentiation, and maintenance of this tissue are unknown. Gap junctions were first reported in the mammary gland following freeze‐fracture and electron microscopic analyses. The development of anti‐connexin antibodies and the cloning of individual connexin isoforms have enabled this work to be extended, but there are contradictory reports in the temporal expression patterns of these proteins within mammary epithelium. In addition, a recent report in this Journal1 has implied by immunocytochemistry that there is up‐regulation of connexin protein in some human breast tumours, a novel observation which may be inconsistent with the proposed tumour suppressor role for gap junctions. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PENGARUH CURRENT RATIO, DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO, TOTAL ASSET TURNOVER, NET PROFIT MARGIN DAN UKURAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN LABA

The purpose of this study was to analyze the significance effect of current ratio, debt to equity ratio, total asset turnover, net profit margin and size of the company profit growth. This type of research is empirical research in the pharmaceutical sub-sector manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2011-2015. A sample of 8 companies with total sampling technique. Data collection technique used documentation. Mechanical analysis using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the current ratio of no significant effect on earnings growth. Debt to equity ratio significant effect on earnings growth. Total asset turnover have a significant effect on earnings growth. Net profit margin significant effect on earnings growth. Company size significantly influence the profit growth Keywords: current ratio, debt to equity ratio, total asset turnover, net profit margin, firm size, profit growth.
DOES LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM GENERATE HETEROZYGOSITY‐FITNESS CORRELATIONS IN GREAT REED WARBLERS?

Abstract Heterozygosity‐fitness correlations (HFCs) at noncoding genetic markers are commonly assumed to reflect fitness effects of heterozygosity at genomewide distributed genes in partially inbred populations. However, in populations with much linkage disequilibrium (LD), HFCs may arise also as a consequence of selection on fitness loci in the local chromosomal vicinity of the markers. Recent data suggest that relatively high levels of LD may prevail in many ecological situations. Consequently, LD may be an important factor, together with partial inbreeding, in causing HFCs in natural populations. In the present study, we evaluate whether LD can generate HFCs in a small and newly founded population of great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus). For this purpose dyads of full siblings of which only one individual survived to adult age (i.e., returned to breed at the study area) were scored at 19 microsatellite loci, and at a gene region of hypothesized importance for survival, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). By examining siblings, we controlled for variation in the inbreeding coefficient and thus excluded genome‐wide fitness effects in our analyses. We found that recruited individuals had significantly higher multilocus heterozygosity (MLH), and mean d2 (a microsatellite‐specific variable), than their nonrecruited siblings. There was a tendency for the survivors to have a more diverse MHC than the nonsurvivors. Single‐locus analyses showed that the strength of the genotype‐survival association was especially pronounced at four microsatellite loci. By using genotype data from the entire breeding population, we detected significant LD between five of 162 pairs of microsatellite loci after accounting for multiple tests. Our present finding of a significant within‐family multilocus heterozygosity‐survival association in a nonequilibrium population supports the view that LD generates HFCs in natural populations.
Work-Family Stressors and Work-Family Satisfaction: Effect of Sense of Coherence at a Metropolitan Municipality

This article contributes to emergent research by examining the linkage between work–family stressors and their effect on work-family satisfaction (WFS) at a metropolitan municipality in South Africa. Extant literature on stress has either not adequately examined the linkage between domain specific stressors and domain specific satisfaction or have suggested models with direct connections. The present study suggests a mediating model and assesses the mediation. Specifically, it claims that sense of coherence (SOC) plays a mediating part in the in the work and family stressors - WFS relationship. This mixed methods research applied a variance-based structural equation modelling (Partial Least Squares) to a sample of 307 professional level employees at a metropolitan municipality in South Africa. The finding supports the importance of SOC and its influence on WFS. Additionally, mediation hypotheses theorise how SOC plays a critical mediating influence in the work-family stressor-WFS relationship. Data analysis suggest that (a) work stressors and WFS interrelated in a manner that SOC fully mediated the effect of work stressors on WFS (b) SOC partially mediated the relationship between family stressors and WFS. The findings have both theoretical and practical implications.
[Comparison of dietary reference intakes (DRI) between different countries of the European Union, The United States and the World Health Organization].

BACKGROUND In Spain, there are some organizations and scientific societies that have edited reference values of recommended nutrient intake, but whose data does not always agree in terms of format and content. AIMS To review the definitions, data and methodology that other countries or groups of countries have followed to obtain and document their own reference values in order to offer basic information to facilitate the establishment of the best reference values for the Spanish population. FIELD: Review of the available information in different countries (or groups of countries) from the European Union, the United States and World Health Organization. The analysed data concerned to healthy populations. CONCLUSIONS Reference intakes differ among the examined countries according to population groups, included nutrients, methodology and frequency of published reviews. However, most of the countries define major concepts in the same way, although with different names in each country. On the other hand, most of the studied cases represent only a scientific organization in charge of the publication and update of the values of dietary reference intakes, but not in Spain. In that context, it looks convenient to reach a consensus among all Spanish organizations and scientific societies that are involved in this task, in order to establish an acceptable reference values.
The technology diffusion in patent transaction network: An example of TFT-LCD industry

This study investigates several distinctive features of a patent transaction market. Through social network analysis, a patent transaction market can reveal the relationship between portfolio clusters, the position of key market players, as well as the behaviors of patent practicing entities (PEs) and non-practicing entities (NPEs). This study's findings show: first, a mature period for a patent transaction market exhibits clusterization and a small-world structure whereby a limited number of players maintain large technological or patent monetization portfolios. Second, the network evolution of a technology market is asynchronous to technology development. Third, technology diffusion in patent transactions will demonstrate a pattern of cooperation, and the typology of a technological transaction chain The result not only reveals the IPR strategy of leading technology firms but also demonstrates the social structure of their competitive advantage. This analysis provides insights into patent transaction networks, and also addresses management implications for firms interested in acquiring market competition or market governance.
Muscle fatigue, lactate, and pyruvate in mitochondrial myopathy with progressive external ophthalmoplegia

We studied muscle fatigue and serum lactate and pyruvate levels in 20 patients with mitochondrial myopathy with progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO). Fatigue was assessed in the adductor pollicis muscle (AP) using a low‐intensity exercise protocol (20 min). Forces (TFs) and relaxation times of ulnar nerve evoked twitches, compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs), and maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) were monitored. Serum lactate and pyruvate levels were independently measured at rest and after exercise on a bicycle (15 min, 30 W). Most patients showed abnormal fatigue of the AP with a reduction of TFs and MVCs and normal CMAPs. The reduced TFs were significantly correlated with lactate levels at rest (r = −0.60, P < 0.05) and less so with those after exercise (r = −0.47, P < 0.05). Pyruvate levels revealed a similar correlation although they were widely scattered. We conclude that abnormal fatigue in PEO is metabolic, is localized beyond the muscle fiber membrane, and involves the electromechanical coupling and the contractile apparatus. Serum lactate levels at rest are good predictors of fatigue in PEO. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Zonated expression of cytokines in rat liver: Effect of chronic ethanol and the cytochrome P450 2E1 inhibitor, chlormethiazole

The release of proinflammatory cytokines by endotoxins and during oxidative stress is considered to be an early key step in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Ethanol‐inducible cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) has potentially pro‐oxidative and toxicological properties, and its expression is restricted to the perivenous region of liver. We investigated zonal differences of cytokine expression in rat liver and how these are affected by alcohol exposure and by chlormethiazole (CMZ), a transcriptional and posttranslational inhibitor of hepatic CYP2E1. Periportal and perivenous cell lysates were obtained by the digitonin pulse technique from livers of rats treated with ethanol and CMZ for 38 days. Cytokine expression on the mRNA and protein levels was quantified using competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Chronic ethanol treatment significantly increased the expression of CYP2E1, microsomal p‐nitrophenol hydroxylase activity (indicative for CYP2E1 enzyme activity), and the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), and interleukin (IL)‐1β (1.4‐ to 4.6‐fold). In contrast, ethanol caused a decrease in IL‐4 expression and had no influence on IL‐6 expression. CMZ treatment caused a reduction in hepatic CYP2E1 expression and in the ethanol‐induced cytokine expression by 40% to 60%. Expression of IL‐6, IL‐2, and IL‐4 mRNA occurred preferentially in the periportal region, whereas ethanol caused a pronounced increase in the perivenous expression of TGF‐β1, which was inhibited by CMZ as monitored both on the mRNA and protein levels. These results show the zonated expression of several cytokines and the counteraction of CMZ on all effects of ethanol on cytokine expression. The data further strengthen a link between increased CYP2E1 expression and enhanced cytokine expression as important events in the development of ALD.