Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Galveston Orientation Amnesia Test ( GOAT ) GALVESTON ORIENTATION AMNESIA TEST ( GOAT )

Closed head injury (CHI) is frequently followed by post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and is characterized by a transitory state of confusion and disorientation. The PTA duration has been used to quantify the CHI severity and to predict disorders in cognitive functions, as well as to foresee any alteration in the functional capacity of posttrauma victims. The Galveston Orientation Amnesia Test (GOAT) is the first systematized instrument created, and the most broadly applied, to assess PTA. This article presents the GOAT, the conceptual basis for the development of the instrument, and its adaptation and validation to the Brazilian culture. In addition, the article describes the application of the instrument and makes comments on the restrictions of its use. Brazilian research results showed evidences of the GOAT's validity. They also point to the indicators of post-trauma conditions in which the GOAT must be applied, and highlight the difficulties in the application of the instrument.
The influence of spectator sports facilities on customer satisfaction and profitability

Sports spectators have come to expect comfort and convenience from sporting facilities, making it necessary for teams to build and renovate facilities at record paces (King, 1999). This building boom is being driven by the need for sports facilities to raise attendance and generate more money (Mitchell, 1999). Judging from this activity, it appears that sport managers have realized a link between the physical facility and profitability. Sport management research, however, has revealed mixed results regarding how aspects o f the physical facility contribute to customer behaviors. Despite the overwhelming anecdotal evidence, many authors have found that the physical facility has little effect on spectator behavior (Rasmussen, Riemer, & Fink, in review; Wann & Wilson, 1999). This study serves to test a conceptual framework that addresses the discrepancies in the existing sport management research. Drawing from the sport management and services marketing literatures, this conceptual framework looks at the physical facility along with the core product, and service processes as they contribute to customer satisfaction and profitability. This framework extends previous research by considering a more inclusive number o f facility factors, using the more meaningful outcome variable of profitability, and by evaluating the role of team identification as it relates to the importance o f the physical facility in influencing profitability.
Trainees can learn minimally invasive aortic valve replacement without compromising safety.

OBJECTIVES Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (Mini-AVR) is a technically advanced procedure. However, it results in equivalent operative mortality, less bleeding and reduced intensive care/hospital stay when compared with conventional AVR. Our aim was to assess the impact of trainee performance on short-term outcomes of patients undergoing elective and urgent Mini-AVR where a significant proportion were performed by trainees. METHODS All patients undergoing non-emergency, elective and urgent, isolated Mini-AVR between September 2005 and December 2012 were studied. Operative details and short-term outcomes, with particular attention to trainee performance, were analysed. RESULTS During the study period, there were 205 Mini-AVR with a median age of 67 years (range 29-86); 74 (36%) operations were performed by trainees. The overall median cross-clamp and bypass times were 42 (range 33-63) and 59 min (range 59-94) for the attending surgeon and 52 (range 42-63) and 71 min (range 59-94) for the trainee (P = 0.03). Five Mini-AVR patients (2.4%) required conversion to full sternotomy for ascending aortic replacement, right ventricular bleeding, coronary artery bypass graft surgery and failure to cardiovert. None of these cases were performed by trainees. Median lengths of intensive care and hospital stay were 1 and 5 days and were not different for attending surgeon and trainee. Only 1 (0.5%) patient died in hospital. CONCLUSIONS Mini-AVR can be performed with a low conversion rate and hospital stay and taught to trainees without compromising safety.
Reits' Growth Options and Asset Pricing Dynamics across Time

Our paper makes two empirical contributions on REITs’ asset pricing over three sequential and mutually exclusive time periods. The first yields the beta estimates of (i) assets, (ii) growth options and (iii) assets-in-place, embedded in the valuations of REITs. We develop a new approach to estimate the latter two betas and, to our knowledge, provide the first-ever REIT evidence on them. The second investigates the evolving roles, from a capital markets viewpoint, of the four pricing factors of the Carhart model on REITs’ portfolio returns. In each investigation, we clean out, when needed, the unprecedented and overwhelming effects of GFC and the Eurozone bailout crisis. Our main results show that (i) the betas of growth options are larger than those of assets-in-place, raising a question mark about the ‘income stock’ description of REITs, (ii) the estimates of the equity beta for REITs are always positive and very highly significant, not consistent with the reports of the ‘death of beta’ from the mainstream finance literature, (iii) the capital markets’ one-year momentum measure does not affect REITs’ portfolio returns, and (iv) REITs exhibit a lot of progress in integration into the capital markets.
Gene set enrichment analysis: A genome-wide expression profile-based strategy for discovering functional microRNA–disease relationships

Objective To explore stable and functional microRNA (miRNA)–disease relationships using a genome-wide expression profile pattern matching strategy. Methods We applied the ranked microarray pattern matching strategy Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to identify miRNA permutations with similar expression patterns to diseases. We also used quantitative reverse transcription PCR to validate the predicted expression levels of miRNAs in three diseases: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), oesophageal cancer, and colorectal cancer. Results We found that hsa-miR-200 c was upregulated more than 40-fold in oesophageal cancer. The expression of miR-16 and miR-124 was not consistently upregulated in IBD or colorectal cancer. Conclusions Our results suggest that this expression profile matching strategy can be used to identify functional miRNA–disease relationships.
Cross-platform service user experience: a field study and an initial framework

Many web-based services utilize both desktop and mobile terminals in delivering content and functionality to their users. In terms of user experience (UX), the overall chain of interactions, including mobile and non-mobile settings, becomes a central design target. The aim of this study was to investigate, what are the key elements of user experience associated with these, cross-platform interactions. This paper presents the findings from a four week long field study with three web-based cross-platform services. During the study, participants used the services on both their PCs and mobile devices. Diaries and interviews were used for gathering users' experiences with the services. Based on our findings and reflection with related work, we argue that central elements of cross-platform service UX include fit for cross-contextual activities, flow of interactions and content, and perceived service coherence. We propose an initial conceptual framework of cross-platform user experience. The framework can be used to guide the design of cross-platform web services, as it draws attention to elements of user experience that are essentially influenced by the characteristics of cross-platform settings.
Stability of Running Economy in Young Children

Few studies have been conducted documenting the length of time required for young children to achieve stable measures of running economy. Hence the purpose of this study was to quantify within- and between-day stability in running economy among young children. To address this issue, 30 6-year olds (16 girls, 14 boys) completed three test sessions within a 2 wk period. During Sessions 1 and 2 subjects performed three 5 min level treadmill runs at 2.23 m x sec(-1). During Session 2 expired air was collected during the last 2 min of each 5 min run (R1, R2, R3) and analyzed to determine VO2. In Session 3 subjects completed a single 5 min run (R4) at 2.23 m x sec(-1) and VO2 was measured during the last 2 min of running. Data analysis revealed no significant difference (p>0.05) in absolute or relative VO2 across trials. The average coefficient of variation for both absolute and relative VO2 among runs completed in Session 2 was 2.17 %, and the mean coefficient of variation for VO2 between R4 and the average VO2 of R1, R2, and R3 was 2.51 % and 2.35% for absolute and relative VO2, respectively. Moreover intraclass correlation coefficients for absolute and relative VO2 across all runs were 0.99 and 0.96, respectively. Viewed in concert, these results suggest that following 15 minutes of level treadmill running practice, stable within- and between-day measures of running economy can be obtained in young, prepubescent children.
Autoimmune thyroid disease in children with mongolism.

Thyroid function in mongol children has attracted the attention of investigators for many years. Certain clinical similarities between mongolism and cretinism have led, not only to misdiagnosis, but even to the suggestion that altered thyroid function might play a part in the clinical manifestations of mongolism. Much of the earlier use of thyroid therapy in patients with this syndrome was based on this assumption. The results of thyroid function studies in patients with mongolism have been controversial; some have been suggestive of thyroid insufficiency, whereas others have been more in keeping with thyroid overactivity (Kurland et al., 1957; Jackim, Wortis, and Adesman, 1961). However, most patients are clinically euthyroid, and, so far, no conclusive evidence of altered thyroid function in this group of patients has been presented. The purpose of this paper is to report 3 cases of mongolism with coexisting hyperor hypothyroidism, and to present the growing evidence for a relation between mongolism and thyroid autoimmunity.
Change in thiocyanate and sodium 24 spaces during growth.

The spaces occupied by one or more of the four substances, thiocyanate, sodium24, mannitol and inulin, were determined in 36 subjects ranging from premature infants to adults. No conclusions could be drawn concerning the spaces occupied by mannitol and inulin, since, under the conditions of the observations in our human subjects, neither of these spaces reached a constant value. There is a definite decrease in the spaces occupied by thiocyanate and sodium24 as growth proceeds. If the changes in the spaces occupied by these two substances reflect corresponding changes in extracellular fluid volume, they indicate that young infants have an extracellular volume which is 57 (sodium24) to 78 (thiocyanate)% greater than that of the adult. The decrease in the spaces occupied by thiocyanate and sodium24 occurs at two distinct periods of growth: primarily during early infancy and also during adolescence.
Multiple sclerosis risk after optic neuritis: final optic neuritis treatment trial follow-up.

OBJECTIVE To assess the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) after optic neuritis and the factors predictive of high and low risk. DESIGN Subjects in the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial, who were enrolled between July 1, 1988, and June 30, 1991, were followed up prospectively for 15 years, with the final examination in 2006. SETTING Neurologic and ophthalmologic examinations at 13 clinical sites. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred eighty-nine subjects with acute optic neuritis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Development of MS and neurologic disability assessment. RESULTS The cumulative probability of developing MS by 15 years after onset of optic neuritis was 50% (95% confidence interval, 44%-56%) and strongly related to presence of lesions on a baseline non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Twenty-five percent of patients with no lesions on baseline brain MRI developed MS during follow-up compared with 72% of patients with 1 or more lesions. After 10 years, the risk of developing MS was very low for patients without baseline lesions but remained substantial for those with lesions. Among patients without lesions on MRI, baseline factors associated with a substantially lower risk for MS included male sex, optic disc swelling, and certain atypical features of optic neuritis. CONCLUSIONS The presence of brain MRI abnormalities at the time of an optic neuritis attack is a strong predictor of the 15-year risk of MS. In the absence of MRI-detected lesions, male sex, optic disc swelling, and atypical clinical features of optic neuritis are associated with a low likelihood of developing MS. This natural history information is important when considering prophylactic treatment for MS at the time of a first acute onset of optic neuritis.
Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Prices

Based on arguments of the `reference- dependent' theory of consumer choice we assume that a retailer's discount of a manufacturer's suggested retail price changes consumers' demand. We can show that the producer benefits from suggesting a retail price. If consumers are additionally sufficiently `loss averse', e.g. consumers' disappointment from higher than suggested retail prices is sufficiently high, the producer can force the retailer to take the suggested price in equilibrium and thus capture some of the retailer's profits. A producer always benefits from investing into an advertising campaign with suggested retail prices.Keywords: manufacturer's suggested retail price, vertical product differentiation, advertising, reference dependence, loss aversion
The role of the lateral-line efferent system in Xenopus laevis.

1. Efferent impulses have been recorded from branches of lateral-line nerves. The functional significance of the efferent innervation and its action on afferent impulse activity has been examined. 2. Neither mechanical stimulation of the lateral-line receptors nor electrical stimulation of afferent nerves excites lateral-line efferent activity. 3. Trains of efferent impulses accompany all active movements for their duration. In immobilized animals a close correlation exists between impulses in lateral-line efferent nerve fibres and motor impulses in ‘large’ nerves innervating ‘twitch’ muscles, but not with impulses in nerves innervating ‘slow’ muscles. A close similarity also exists between impulse activity in different lateral-line efferent fibres. 4. Whereas electrical stimulation of ascending tracts in the spinal cord fails to excite lateral-line efferent fibres, stimulation of the spinal cord in the region of descending reticular motor axons causes efferent impulses to follow each pulse after brief, constant, latencies. It is suggested that the efferent neurones may be innervated by axon collaterals from reticular cells. 5. Electrical stimulation of efferent fibres innervating a lateral-line receptor produces transitory inhibition of impulse activity in the afferent nerve fibres. The inhibition has a long variable latency (11-30 ms) and persists for 40-60 ms. Upon cessation of inhibition, caused by a train of efferent impulses, afferent impulses reappear at an accelerated frequency (after-discharge), and quickly return to resting frequency. 6. A role of the lateral-line efferent neurones during active movement is discussed.
The Impact of Hedge Accounting Rules on Enterprise Risk Management Adoption Practices by Multinationals

We predict that adoption of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) by multinational non-financial firms is inter-related with firm hedge accounting policies and GAAP quality. We hypothesize that sources of both market risk and idiosyncratic risk mitigate the ability of ERM-adopting firms to produce greater risk reduction. Therefore, we predict that sources of firm specific risk, such as pension risk, and hedge accounting policies, as well as GAAP quality, interact with ERM to affect incentives facing multinational firms to reduce their risk. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that firms adopting ERM experience a reduction in stock return volatility but only for the period following implementation. Our results also find that income smoothing; GAAP choice and geographical complexity mitigate the effect of ERM adoption on risk and return volatility for ERM-adopting firms.
Relationship between clinical factors and severity of esophageal candidiasis according to Kodsi's classification.

Severe Candida esophagitis (CE) may lead to development of strictures, hemorrhage, esophagotracheal fistula, and a consequent decrease in quality of life. Although the severity of CE has been classified based on macroscopic findings on endoscopy, the clinical significance remains unknown. The aim of the study was to elucidate the predictive clinical factors for endoscopic severity of CE. Patients who underwent upper endoscopy and answered questionnaires were prospectively enrolled. Smoking, alcohol, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, systemic steroids use, proton pump inhibitor use, H2 blocker use, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were assessed on the same day of endoscopy. GI symptoms including epigastric pain, heartburn, reflux, hunger cramps, nausea, dysphagia, and odynophagia were assessed on a 7-point Likert scale. Endoscopic severity was classified as mild (Kodsi's grade I/II) or severe (grade III/IV). Of 1855 patients, 71 (3.8%) were diagnosed with CE (mild, n = 48; severe, n = 23). In the CE patients, 50.0% (24/48) in the mild group and 23.1% (6/23) in the severe group did not have any GI symptoms. In HIV-infected patients (n = 17), a significant correlation was found between endoscopic severity and declining CD4 cell count (Spearman's rho = -0.90; P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that GI symptoms (odds ratio [OR], 3.32) and HIV infection (OR, 3.81) were independently associated with severe CE. Patients in the severe group experienced more epigastric pain (P = 0.02), reflux symptoms (P = 0.04), dysphagia (P = 0.05), and odynophagia (P < 0.01) than those in the mild group. Of the GI symptoms, odynophagia was independently associated with severe CE (OR 9.62, P = 0.02). In conclusion, the prevalence of CE in adults who underwent endoscopy was 3.8%. Silent CE was found in both mild and severe cases. Endoscopic severity was associated with characteristic GI symptoms and comorbidity of HIV infection. A decline in immune function correlated with CE disease progression.
the Visual Mismatch Negativity Component and English and Vietnamese Colors

The Whorfian hypothesis proposes that the structure of language shapes thoughts. This hypothesis has been addressed through a diverse facet of topics, the most frequent one being color. It has been well established that color categories produce a category advantage, with better performance on a discrimination task for betweencompared to within-color categories. Interestingly, this category advantage is eliminated in the presence of verbal interference, suggesting language to be the driving factor. Then the question became how and to what degree language influences color categories. Using an automatic and pre-attentive change detector, the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN), a cross-linguistic study observed that a change in luminance elicited a larger deviancy during an oddball task when different terminology for the two luminance levels were linguistically available compared to when they were not. As a follow-up, exploiting the differences between Vietnamese and English color terminology, this study looked at the deviancy effect between color pairs that were and were not linguistically differentiated. It was numerically demonstrated that having a single term for a color pair eliminated a difference perception as reflected by the vMMN. However, it is unclear whether or not this influence of language is present in the absence of attention, as attentional-like components were observed in conjunction with the vMMN in response to the deviant stimulus. These findings further supports the hypothesis that language shapes thoughts, however, they also raise concerns in regards to the degree of automaticity with which this effect occurs. For my DaddyFor all that you have done for me. I can’t even begin to count the ways. Cho BaCho hết điều ba làm cho con và da dinh minh. Bao nhiêu lần ba đã hy sinh, con không thể nào đếm được. Chapter 1: Introduction
Biological invasion risks and the public good: an economic perspective

We postulate that the causes of the problem of invasive alien species are primarily economic and, as such, require economic solutions. Invasive alien species are of increasing concern for four reasons. First, introductions are increasing sharply, while mechanisms for excluding or eradicating alien species have been either withdrawn or progressively weakened. Both trends are due to the liberalization of and increase in international travel and trade, an economic phenomenon. Second, the costs of invasions are rising rapidly due partly to increasing human population density, and partly to increasing intensity of production in genetically impoverished agricultural systems. Third, biological invasions are associated with a high degree of uncertainty both because they involve novel interactions, and because invasion risks are endogenous. Actual risks depend on how people react to the possibility of invasions. Fourth, the exclusion and control of invasive species is a "weakest-link" public good. This places the well-being of society in the hands of the least effective provider. We argue that an economic solution to the problem of invasive species has two components. One is to use incentives to change human behavior so as to enhance protection against the introduction, establishment, and spread of invasive behavior. The other is to develop institutions that support the weakest members of global society, converting a "weakest-link" to a "best-shot" public good.
The think aloud method for qualitative evaluation of an intelligent tutoring system interface

In an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), the graphical user interface is the main mode of interaction between the program and the user. Thus, it is important to evaluate its usability, which is the system's efficiency and ease of use. For these evaluations, methods such as Nielsen heuristics and questionnaires are more recurrent. However, such procedures cannot detect problems that were not foreseen by the experimenters. This paper presents a case study using the protocol Think Aloud for the usability evaluation of the ITS PAT2Math. The case study showed that the protocol allows to obtain previously not foreseen information in relation to both functional questions of the graphical interface and to the emotions of the users. Think Aloud revealed to be an interesting approach to a formative evaluation of ITSs and other computer learning environments.