Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of Least Square Support Vector Machine as a Mathematical Algorithm for Diagnosing Drilling Effectivity in Shaly Formations

http://jpst.ripi. ir Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2018, 8(1), 03-16 © 2018 Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) ABSTRACT The problem of slow drilling in deep shale formations occurs worldwide causing significant expenses to the oil industry. Bit balling which is widely considered as the main cause of poor bit performance in shales, especially deep shales, is being drilled with water-based mud. Therefore, efforts have been made to develop a model to diagnose drilling effectivity. Hence, we arrived at graphical correlations which utilized the rate of penetration, depth of cut, specific energy, and cation exchange capacity in order to provide a tool for the prediction of drilling classes. This paper describes a robust support vector regression (SVR) methodology that offers superior performance for important drilling engineering problems. Using the amount of cation exchange capacity of the shaly formations and correlating them to drilling parameters such as the normalized rate of penetration, depth of cut, and specific energy, the model was developed. The method incorporates hybrid least square support vector regression into the coupled simulated annealing (CSA) optimization technique (LSSVM-CSA) for the efficient tuning of SVR hyper parameters. Also, we performed receiver operating characteristic as a performance indicator used for the evaluation of classifiers. The performance analysis shows that LSSVM classifier noticeably performs with high accuracy, and adapting such intelligence system will help petroleum industries deal with the well drilling consciously.
On the Injective Galois Map

Let B be a Galois extension of B G with Galois group G, and α : H −→ B H the Galois map from the set of subgroups of G to the set of subextensions of B G . Then a sufficient condition on a set with a maximal number of subgroups is given under which α is one-to-one on the set. Moreover, the collection of such sets of subgroups is computed, and thus we can determine which Galois group H is unique for the Galois extension B over B H
Disease, Population Viability, and Recovery of Endangered Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep

ABSTRACT Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae) experienced a severe population decline after European settlement from which they have never recovered; this subspecies was listed as endangered under the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1999. Recovery of a listed species is accomplished via federally mandated recovery plans with specific population goals. Our main objective was to evaluate the potential impact of disease on the probability of meeting specific population size and persistence goals, as outlined in the Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep recovery plan. We also sought to heuristically evaluate the efficacy of management strategies aimed at reducing disease risk to or impact on modeled bighorn populations. To do this, we constructed a stochastic population projection model incorporating disease dynamics for 3 populations (Langley, Mono, Wheeler) based on data collected from 1980 to 2007. We modeled the dynamics of female bighorns in 4 age classes (lamb, yearling, adult, senescent) under 2 disease scenarios: 5% lower survival across the latter 3 age classes and persistent 65% lower lamb survival (i.e., mild) or 65% reduced survival across all age classes followed by persistent 65% lower lamb survival (i.e., severe). We simulated management strategies designed to mitigate disease risk: reducing the probability of a disease outbreak (to represent a strategy like domestic sheep grazing management) and reducing mortality rate (to represent a strategy that improved survival in the face of introduced disease). Results from our projection model indicated that management strategies need to be population specific. The population with the highest growth rate (; Langley; = 1.13) was more robust to the effects of disease. By contrast, the population with the lowest growth rate (Mono; = 1.00) would require management intervention beyond disease management alone, and the population with a moderate growth rate (Wheeler; = 1.07) would require management sufficient to prevent severe disease outbreaks. Because severe outbreaks increased adult mortality, disease can directly reduce the probability of meeting recovery plan goals. Although mild disease outbreaks had minimal direct effects on the populations, they reduced recruitment and the number of individuals available for translocation to other populations, which can indirectly reduce the probability of meeting overall, range-wide minimum population size goals. Based on simulation results, we recommend reducing the probability of outbreak by continuing efforts to manage high-risk (i.e., spatially close) allotments through restricted grazing regimes and stray management to ensure recovery for Wheeler and Mono. Managing bighorn and domestic sheep for geographic separation until Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep achieve recovery objectives would enhance the likelihood of population recovery.
Regional‐scale input of dispersed and discrete volcanic ash to the Izu‐Bonin and Mariana subduction zones

We have geochemically and statistically characterized bulk marine sediment and ash layers at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1149 (Izu‐Bonin Arc) and Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 52 (Mariana Arc), and have quantified that multiple dispersed ash sources collectively comprise ∼30–35% of the hemipelagic sediment mass entering the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana subduction system. Multivariate statistical analyses indicate that the bulk sediment at Site 1149 is a mixture of Chinese Loess, a second compositionally distinct eolian source, a dispersed mafic ash, and a dispersed felsic ash. We interpret the source of these ashes as, respectively, being basalt from the Izu‐Bonin Front Arc (IBFA) and rhyolite from the Honshu Arc. Sr‐, Nd‐, and Pb isotopic analyses of the bulk sediment are consistent with the chemical/statistical‐based interpretations. Comparison of the mass accumulation rate of the dispersed ash component to discrete ash layer parameters (thickness, sedimentation rate, and number of layers) suggests that eruption frequency, rather than eruption size, drives the dispersed ash record. At Site 52, the geochemistry and statistical modeling indicates that Chinese Loess, IBFA, dispersed BNN (boninite from Izu‐Bonin), and a dispersed felsic ash of unknown origin are the sources. At Site 1149, the ash layers and the dispersed ash are compositionally coupled, whereas at Site 52 they are decoupled in that there are no boninite layers, yet boninite is dispersed within the sediment. Changes in the volcanic and eolian inputs through time indicate strong arc‐related and climate‐related controls.
Three-dimensional wake transition of a square cylinder

Three-dimensional (3-D) wake transition for flow past a square cylinder aligned with sides perpendicular and parallel to the approaching flow is investigated using direct numerical simulation. The secondary wake instability, namely a Mode A instability, occurs at a Reynolds number ( $Re$ ) of 165.7. A gradual wake transition from Mode A* (i.e. Mode A with vortex dislocations) to Mode B is observed over a range of $Re$ from 185 to 210, within which the probability of occurrence of vortex dislocations decreases monotonically with increasing $Re$ . The characteristics of the Strouhal–Reynolds number relationship are analysed. At the onset of Mode A*, a sudden drop of the 3-D Strouhal number from its two-dimensional counterpart is observed, which is due to the subcritical nature of the Mode A* instability. A continuous 3-D Strouhal–Reynolds number curve is observed over the mode swapping regime, since Mode A* and Mode B have extremely close vortex shedding frequencies and therefore only a single merged peak is observed in the frequency spectrum. The existence of hysteresis for the Mode A and Mode B wake instabilities is examined. The unconfined Mode A and Mode B wake instabilities are hysteretic and non-hysteretic, respectively. However, a spanwise confined Mode A could be non-hysteretic. It is proposed that the existence of hysteresis at a wake instability can be identified by examining the sudden/gradual variation of the 3-D flow properties at the onset of the wake instability, with sudden and gradual variations corresponding to hysteretic (subcritical) and non-hysteretic (supercritical) flows, respectively.
The Correlation between Rock Pool Size and Species Diversity

The relationship rock pool area holds; when compared with the species diversity of algae, was investigated on a rocky shore at Celmyn bay during mid-October 2014. Small experimental procedures were specifically designed to test whether the size of the rock pools recorded, made an impact on the total species diversity that occurred on the mid-shore at low tide, to test the hypothesis that seaweed diversity; in large mid-shore level rock pools, would be greater than that of smaller mid-shore level rock pools. Although during testing an apparent increase in diversity was noted in relation to increasing rock pool size, no significant difference was found between the two variables and the stated hypothesis of the investigation was shown by the results to be rejected in favour of the null hypothesis. Therefore emphasising that there may be outstanding factors which this study has not addressed, which may have an effect on the species diversity of rock pools on a rocky shore.
Photodynamic Therapy and Skin Cancer

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common type of cancer among white skin individuals worldwide with an increasing incidence over the last years. NMSC is mostly treated with surgical or non-invasive methods such as cryotherapy or topical chemotherapeutics. Over the last years, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) which is a well-tolerated, safe and effective alternative treatment option. PDT involves a photosensitizer, a light source and tissue oxygen and is based on a photo-oxidation reaction in the target tissue which results to a selective destruction of the cancer cells. PDT has been approved for treatment of actinic keratosis, Bowen’s disease and basal cell carcinoma in Europe. Off-label uses include treatment of invasive squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Paget’s disease and prevention of recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in organ-transplant recipients. Also combination of PDT with other treatment options such as cryotherapy, surgery and topical therapies has been reported with improved efficacy, tolerability and long-term results. Development of novel photosensitizers and light sources together with targeted delivery systems will increase specificity, efficiency and treatment field of PDT in the future. This chapter aims to give the reader an overview of the important applications of PDT, including indications, approved treatments, advantages and disadvantages of this method such as future trends.
Potassium supplying capacity as indicated by soil colour in Ferralsol environment

The use of soil colour as Munsell data was explored for in situ indication of soil potassium (K) supplying capacity referring to soil contents of clay and exchangeable K as well as the ratio of K to soil capacity of exchangeable cation (CEC) of 998 aerobic soil samples from Cote d’Ivoire (7uN - 10uN) according to unequal stratified sampling. Soil horizons were classified as H1 (0 – 20 cm), H2 (20 – 60 cm), H3 (60 – 80 cm) and H4 (80 – 150 cm) and 10 class of soil redness were defined in increasing order. Highest value of K/CEC was recorded for 10YR in H2 of upper, middle and foot slopes like for 5YR in H4 at the summit. Highest soil K and K/CEC ratio accounted for redness class 2 meanwhile, lowest values are observed for redness class 10 also characterized by highest soil content of clay. Lowest subsoil contents of clay and K/CEC ratio were significantly ( P < 0.01) observed for redness class 1 and 2 for H2 and H3 in some extend. Clay mineralogy, soil depth and topographic section were relevant aspects of soil K supplying capacity. Further investigations were suggested as specific ecological survey to improve the accuracy of the method.
Time-dependent entrainment of smoke presents an observational challenge for assessing aerosol–cloud interactions over the southeast Atlantic Ocean

Abstract. The colocation of clouds and smoke over the southeast Atlantic Ocean during the southern African biomass burning season has numerous radiative implications, including microphysical modulation of the clouds if smoke is entrained into the marine boundary layer. NASA's ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) campaign is studying this system with aircraft in three field deployments between 2016 and 2018. Results from ORACLES-2016 show that the relationship between cloud droplet number concentration and smoke below cloud is consistent with previously reported values, whereas cloud droplet number concentration is only weakly associated with smoke immediately above cloud at the time of observation. By combining field observations, regional chemistry–climate modeling, and theoretical boundary layer aerosol budget equations, we show that the history of smoke entrainment (which has a characteristic mixing timescale on the order of days) helps explain variations in cloud properties for similar instantaneous above-cloud smoke environments. Precipitation processes can obscure the relationship between above-cloud smoke and cloud properties in parts of the southeast Atlantic, but marine boundary layer carbon monoxide concentrations for two case study flights suggest that smoke entrainment history drove the observed differences in cloud properties for those days. A Lagrangian framework following the clouds and accounting for the history of smoke entrainment and precipitation is likely necessary for quantitatively studying this system; an Eulerian framework (e.g., instantaneous correlation of A-train satellite observations) is unlikely to capture the true extent of smoke–cloud interaction in the southeast Atlantic.
Dendroglaciological evidence for Holocene glacial advances in the Todd Icefield area, northern British Columbia Coast Mountains

Accelerated glacial recession and downwasting in Pacific North America is exposing land surfaces and fea- tures buried by glacial advances that, in many locations, predate the recent Little Ice Age (LIA). Dendrochronologic analyses of increment core samples from living trees (Abies lasiocarpa, Tsuga mertensiana) and samples of subfossil wood collected in the Todd Icefield area, Boundary Ranges, British Columbia Coast Mountains, provide the basis for a dendroglaciological and radiocarbon-based reconstruction of late Holocene glacier activity. Five intervals of glacier ex- pansion were recorded by trees killed or buried by advancing glaciers: (1) an advance prior to 3000 14 C years BP; (2) an advance at 3000 14 C years BP that coincides with the regional Tiedemann advance; (3) an unattributed advance at 2300 14 C years BP; (4) a two-phase advance at 1700 and 1450 14 C years BP that corresponds with the regional First Millennium advance; (5) an advance with three phases of expansion that began prior to 750 14 C BP and is con- sistent with the regional early LIA interval and a two-phase interval of late LIA expansion culminating after 240 and 100 years BP. This chronology of late Holocene glaciation matches that emerging from similar investigations in the coastal cordillera of Pacific North America and provides additional support for the regional significance of both the Tiedemann and the First Millennium advances. Resume : Une recession et une fonte glaciaire accelerees dans l'ocean Pacifique en Amerique du Nord exposent des sur- faces de terrain et des traits caracteristiques enfouis sous des avancees glaciaires lesquelles, dans bien des cas, datent d'avant le recent Petit Âge glaciaire. Des analyses dendrochronologiques d'echantillons proportionnels de carottes pris
A historical perspective of embryo-related technologies in South America

Abstract Livestock production is of great importance for the economy of most South American countries, a region that accounts for 23.0% of the world cattle population (Food Agriculture Organization - FAO, 2017). Not surprisingly, the embryo industry is historically very active in this region, particularly in Argentina and Brazil. The field of bovine embryo transfer underwent a remarkable change in the past two decades in Brazil, mainly due to in vitro embryo production (IVEP). Total embryo production increased dramatically, along with constant changes in the main features of the embryo industry - from market niches to mass production, from beef to the dairy sector, from zebu to European breeds. Recently, IVEP has also emerged in other South American countries. This review summarizes and describes factors driving the changes in the Brazilian embryo industry and discusses some of the impacts upon other embryo-related technologies.
The Influence of Combustor Swirl on Turbine Stator Endwall Heat Transfer and Film Cooling Effectiveness in a 1.5-Stage Axial Turbine

Modern low-emission combustor concepts, such as lean combustion pose challenges to turbine design in terms of a flatter temperature profile with increased thermal load towards the endwalls. Moreover, a highly 3-dimensional inflow condition of both total pressure and inflow angles is present. This means, that a careful understanding of heat transfer and sophisticated cooling techniques are required with respect to the turbine’s nozzle guide vane. A large scale 1.5-stage axial turbine rig has been set up to examine varying inflow conditions to the turbine. This work presents commissioning results of simultaneous heat transfer and film cooling effectiveness measurements by the means of infrared thermography with the auxiliary wall method, yielding high spatial resolution. Gas concentration measurements are used as a reference. Results are shown for swirling inflow, typical for a state-of-the-art aero-engine lean combustor and compared to a baseline case with axial inflow for different coolant injection rates. Nusselt numbers show the typical characteristics for a turbine vane endwall. An increase is observed with increased coolant injection, except for the trailing edge region, where a decrease is achieved for the design configuration. Film cooling effectiveness values determined by the auxiliary wall method show a good agreement with gas concentration measurements for the upstream part of the endwall. Swirling inflow increases Nusselt 1 Corresponding author, Phone: +49 (6151) 16 2450, Fax: +49 (6151) 16 4159 2 Further contributing author: Christoph Steinhausen numbers within the passage, while film cooling effectiveness values are decreased to 75% resp. 50% of their level compared to axial inflow.
Survey of Trap Contents of Four Species of Bladderworts (Utricularia) from Harlow Lake in Marquette, MI.

Bladderwort (Utricularia spp.) is a carnivorous macrophyte, which utilizes a bag-like trap to capture prey. There are many species of Utricularia, including U. resupinata, which is unique in that it is completely buried in the sediment, except for the tips of its leaves. There is a lack of information pertaining to the trap content among different species of Utricularia from the same habitat, including in the Great Lakes bladderworts. The trap contents of four species of Utricularia species from one location in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan were surveyed. U. vulgaris, U. intermedia, U. minor, and U. resupinata were analyzed for a difference in diversity and abundance of prey. Five specimens of four Utricularia species were randomly collected from Harlow Lake, Marquette, MI. Traps were removed, fixed, measured, and contents were examined and identified to order. There was no significant difference in species diversity between trap contents; however, there were unique organisms found only in certain bladderwort species. Only U. intermedia contained prey from the order Ephemeroptera, U. minor and U. intermedia contained Trichoptera, and only U. vularis contained individuals in Unionoida, Basommatophora, and Copepoda. U. intermedia had the highest Shannon diversity index of 1.26, followed by U. vulgaris (1.13), U. minor (0.848), and U. resupinata (0.41). The most abundant order was Cladocera in all species except U. minor, which was dominated by Ostracoda. Although a more extensive survey of trap contents, including consideration of invertebrate community structure and bladder morphology and phenology, is needed to gain more accurate analysis results, this project has demonstrated fewer differences in prey in different Utricularia species than was expected, suggesting less niche separation than might be expected given their shared environment.
MODELING OF FLOW NUMBER OF ASPHALT MIXTURES USING A MULTI–KERNEL BASED SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE APPROACH

Flow number of asphalt–aggregate mixtures as an explanatory factor has been proposed in order to assess the rutting potential of asphalt mixtures. This study proposes a multiple– kernel based support vector machine (MK–SVM) approach for modeling of flow number of asphalt mixtures. The MK–SVM approach consists of weighted least squares–support vector machine (WLS–SVM) integrating two kernel functions in order to improve the learning and generalization ability of WLS–SVM. In the proposed method, a linear convex combination of the radial basis function (RBF) and Morlet wavelet kernel functions is adopted, which are considered as the most popular kernel functions. To validate the efficiency of the proposed method, experiments are conducted on a database including 118 uniaxial dynamic creep test results. The results of the statistical criteria show a good agreement between the predicted and measured flow number values. Further, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MK–SVM approach has more superior performance than the single kernel based WLS–SVM and other methods found in the literature.
Assessment of Social Responsibility Initiatives of Corporate Organizations on the Entrepreneurial Development of Ishiagu, Ebonyi State Nigeria

The assessment of entrepreneurial level initiatives of Corporate Organizations who invest on communal lands without adequate impact assessment in Ishiagu, Ivo LGA of Ebonyi State, Nigeria have been carried out. This assessment spelt out the level of corporate social responsibility among other salient issues and the entrepreneurial level development of Ishiagu indigene. Beside this, other objectives include: level of compliant to environmental and socio-cultural sustainability. The findings of the study indicated a fair impact on entrepreneurial level of the inhabitant of the communities, fair ecological sustainability but poor socio-cultural sustainability. The paper concluded that legislation to enforce CSR be put in place by government and activities be monitor for compliance.