Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A classification model for human error in collaborative systems

A Classification Model for Human Error in Collaborative Systems The primary focus of the work reported in this thesis is to investigate and provide a means by which the occurrence of human error in collaborative systems can be better understood. The thesis suggests that much can be gained from looking at human error from a collaborative perspective as opposed to more traditional cognitive and behavioural approaches. The work is motivated through the failure of many human error analysis methodologies to fully capture and model the impact collaboration can have on the occurrence of human error. The basis of the work is the premise that human error can be examined and understood using accepted models of collaboration. This thesis describes the development of a classification model for understanding human error in collaborative systems. It describes how a model of collaborative human error was conceived and how its elements were developed into a classification mechanism. The classification model was developed and tested through its application and examination to a series of reported and observed examples of collaborative human error. Through the development of the classification model a structured approach was developed to support its application. This structured approach incorporated a framework of standard techniques that were adapted for the research. The issues raised in the research provide a means by which the complex nature of collaborative human errors can be broken down, enabling them to be understood and described. The model describes collaborative human error on three levels examining social issues, such as regulations, rules, beliefs, goals and historical factors; environmental issues, such as opportunities, interests and plans; and, issues of local interaction performed by user to complete a task. This unified approach provides a manageable way to investigate erroneous environments.
Evaluation of the Infectivity, Length of Infection, and Immune Response of a Low-Pathogenicity H7N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Specific-Pathogen-Free Chickens

Abstract The H7N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) field isolate (H7N2/chicken/PA/3779-2/97), which caused the 1997–98 AIV outbreak in Pennsylvania, was evaluated for its infectivity, length of infection, and immune response in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The composite findings of three clinical trials with various concentrations of virus indicated that this H7N2 subtype contained minimal pathogenicity for chickens. The concentration of the virus in the inoculum proved critical in the establishment of a productive infection in a chicken. Seven-day-old SPF chickens were not infected when inoculated with 100.7–2.0 mean embryo lethal dose (ELD50) of the H7N2 virus per bird. At this dose level, the immune response to this virus was not detected by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Nonetheless, chickens at ages of 5 and 23 wk old tested were successfully infected when exposed to 104.7–5.7 ELD50 of H7N2 infectious doses per bird by various routes of administration and also by direct contact. Infected birds started shedding virus as early as 2 days postinoculation, and the period of virus shedding occurred mostly within 1 or 2 wk postinoculation (WPI). This H7N2 subtype of AIV induced a measurable immune response in all birds within 2 wk after virus exposure. Antibody titers were associated with AIV infectious doses and age of exposure of birds. Challenge of these infected birds with the same H7N2 virus at 5 and 10 WPI indicated the infective virus was recoverable from cloacal swabs at 3 days postchallenge and disappeared thereafter. In these challenged birds, the antibody levels as measured by the HI test spiked within 1–2 wk.
Depression in Alzheimer's Disease: Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia and the Hamilton Depression Scale

This study compares the performance of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS) in detecting Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) major depression in subjects with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thirty-four subjects with this diagnosis and their caregivers were interviewed. The senior author conducted a diagnostic interview to determine RDC diagnosis. An investigator, blind to diagnosis, obtained demographic information and administered the Mini Mental State Examination, Global Deterioration Scale, CSDD and HDS. For each depression scale, the correlation with the RDC diagnosis of major depression was calculated, as were the sensitivity and specificity at various cutoff scores. Nonparametric receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to compare the performance of the two scales. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was . 91 for the CSDD and . 87 for the HDS. This differed from chance to a highly significant degree for both the CSDD and the HDS but the difference between the two scales was not statistically significant. Although the precision of the present study is limited by the small sample size, a cutpoint of 7 provided reasonable performance for both the CSDD and the HDS, yielding a sensitivity of . 90 for both scales and a specificity of . 75 for the CSDD and 0.63 for the HDS. Although the CSDD and the HDS are rating scales rather than diagnostic instruments, receiver operating characteristic analysis indicates that both demonstrate statistically significant discriminating ability for RDC major depression in mild to moderate, probable AD. Our data suggest that for most clinical purposes, a cutpoint of 7 may be suitable for the detection of RDC major depression in mild-to-moderate probable AD.
Influences of drying methods processing on nutritional properties of three fish species Govazym stranded tail, Hamoor and Zeminkan.

The process selection for fish drying by fish processer depend on the fish species and consumer demand. Three fish species such as Govazym stranded tail, Hamoor and Zeminkan were purchased from market fish Behbahan. Govazim stranded tail, Hamoor and Zeminkan hold in 70°C oven for 24 h until completely dried. Fish drying carried out in the sun by placing it on a tray with a traditional outdoor sunlight at temperatures up to 37°C for 3 days. International standard AOAC methods were used for nutrients analysis of dried fish samples, Protein content of Hamoor in the oven method (%85.66 ±0.26) was higher than in others. The highest fat content (%5.56+0.04) in the sun method found for Hamoor and the lowest content (%3.22+0.12) is also in solar dry found for Govazym. The results showed that sun method creates a relative stability of the compounds. The oven drying method had a good effect on decreasing drying time. It is recommended that the fish drying with electric oven method is more suitable for feeding health nutrition and good shelf life.
Trajectory Analysis of Serum Biomarker Concentrations Facilitates Outcome Prediction after Pediatric Traumatic and Hypoxemic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children. Several studies over the past several years have evaluated the use of serum biomarkers to predict outcome after pediatric brain injury. These studies have all used simple point estimates such as initial and peak biomarker concentrations to predict outcome. However, this approach does not recognize patterns of change over time. Trajectory analysis is a type of analysis which can capture variance in biomarker concentrations over time and has been used with success in the social sciences. We used trajectory analysis to evaluate the ability of the serum concentrations of 3 brain-specific biomarkers – S100B, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and myelin basic protein (MBP) – to predict poor outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale scores 3–5) after pediatric TBI and HIE. Clinical and biomarker data from 100 children with TBI or HIE were evaluated. For each biomarker, we validated 2-, 3- and 4-group models for outcome prediction, using sensitivity and specificity. For S100B, the 3-group model predicted poor outcome with a sensitivity of 59% and specificity of 100%. For NSE, the 3-group model predicted poor outcome with a sensitivity of 48% and specificity of 98%. For MBP, the 3-group model predicted poor outcome with a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 61%. Thus, when the models predicted a poor outcome, there was a very high probability of a poor outcome. In contrast, 17% of subjects with a poor outcome were predicted to have a good outcome by all 3 biomarker trajectories. These data suggest that trajectory analysis of biomarker data may provide a useful approach for predicting outcome after pediatric brain injury.
Exhibiting leadership and facilitation behaviors in project-based work: Does team personal style composition matter?

Teams are increasingly becoming primary in the way employees in organizations conduct work. The effects of similarities and differences among team members in project-based work influence every aspect of that work. We explored the relationship between team composition attributes and team members' team leadership and facilitation behaviors, drawing from the literature on similarity-attraction effect. Data from two time points that are 12-week apart were collected from 144 professional employees working in 48 work teams to test the study's hypotheses. Using HLM 6.0 [45]the current study shows that when it comes to team composition, members of a team who are similar on the personal style traits extraversion and neuroticism, that have an affective tone, demonstrate greater team leadership and facilitation behaviors, we refer to as team process behaviors. We provide implications for generating team leadership and facilitation behaviors in project-based work.
Ten years of practice-based small group learning (PBSGL) in Scotland – a survey of general practitioners

Abstract Introduction: Practice-based small group learning (PBSGL) has grown in Scotland since its pilot in 2004. There are now over 2,100 clinicians in 370 groups across the UK. The programme is used by all 14 territorial health boards in NHS Scotland. It seemed timely to undertake an evaluation of the programme. Method: A questionnaire was developed and piloted. It consisted of 16 questions with two free text questions asking respondents what had motivated them to join PBSGL, and what encouraged them to stay. The questionnaire was converted into an electronic format and emailed to all qualified general practitioners (GPs) in Scotland. Results: A wide range of GPs were involved in PBSGL and the mean number of modules studied per year was 6.8. The vast majority (589 (88.2%)) of respondents met in their own home or practice and were either very likely (549 (82.2%)) or likely (93 (13.9%)) to continue with the programme. The dominant reasons to join and stay with the programme related to learning issues: meeting learning needs, learning from peers and issues of peer support. Conclusion: PBSGL has become an established continuous professional development resource for many GPs in Scotland. It is well-received and likely to continue.
Who Stood to Gain from Colonialism? A Case Study of Early Modern European Colonialism in the Caribbean

Both Adam Smith and Karl Marx considered British colonies to be a net burden on British society. Ever since the issue has been a controversial one and has received a great deal of attention from scholars, not least thanks to the publication of Eric Williams's book “Capitalism and Slavery”. To a large extent the debate has been concerned with the issue of whether the profits from colonialism were large enough to have a decisive effect upon, or at least contribute to, the industrialisation of Britain and/or other countries in Europe.
Differential effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) at the nucleus tractus solitarii of transgenic rats with low brain angiotensinogen

Objectives In this study, we investigated the effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1–7) at the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) in transgenic rats with a severe deficit in brain angiotensinogen production, TGR(ASrAOGEN) (TGR). Methods Angiotensin II (10 pmol), angiotensin-(1–7) (10 pmol) or NaCl (0.9%/50 nl) were microinjected into the nTS of urethane-anaesthetized TGR (n = 36) and Sprague Dawley (SD) (n = 34) rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were measured via a femoral artery catheter and the baroreflex control of heart rate was evaluated after increases in MAP induced by phenylephrine (baroreflex bradycardia). Results Angiotensin II microinjections into the nTS of the TGR induced a higher decrease in MAP and heart rate (−37 ± 5 mmHg and −69 ± 12 b.p.m., respectively) in comparison to SD rats (−18 ± 1 mmHg and −43 ± 5 b.p.m., respectively). In contrast, changes after angiotensin-(1–7) microinjections into the nTS of TGR (−6 ± 1 mmHg and −13 ± 4 b.p.m.) were significantly smaller than that induced in SD (−11 ± 2 mmHg and −24 ± 6 b.p.m.). The baseline baroreflex sensitivity to phenylephrine of TGR was accentuated in comparison to SD rats (0.70 ± 0.06 versus 0.44 ± 0.03 ms/mmHg). Angiotensin II microinjection into the nTS produced similar attenuation in the baroreflex bradycardia in both SD (0.28 ± 0.07 versus 0.5 ± 0.07 ms/mmHg, before injection) and TGR (0.44 ± 0.1 versus 0.82 ± 0.1 ms/mmHg, before injection). In contrast, angiotensin-(1–7) microinjection elicited a facilitation of the baroreflex bradycardia in SD (0.68 ± 0.12 versus 0.41 ± 0.03 ms/mmHg, before injection), while in TGR, angiotensin-(1–7) induced an attenuation of baroreflex bradycardia (0.34 ± 0.07 ms/mmHg versus 0.55 ± 0.05 ms/mmHg, before injection). Conclusions These results indicate that a permanent inhibition of angiotensinogen synthesis in the brain can lead to an increase in the sensitivity of the baroreflex control of heart rate (baroreflex bradycardia) and an increase in angiotensin II responsiveness at the nTS. However, the nTS effect of angiotensin-(1–7) was significantly attenuated in these transgenic rats. These data further indicate that the decrease in brain angiotensins in the transgenic rats may be functionally relevant and support the concept of differential regulatory mechanisms for the effects of the two angiotensin peptides.
Early nasal continuous positive airway pressure for preterm neonates: the need for randomized trials

The use of early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) as prophylaxis and treatment for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm neonates, with or without prophylactic surfactant, is becoming increasingly popular. However, the justification for this is limited to comparisons between centres and comparisons of historical controls.
Insurance disruption due to spousal Medicare transitions: implications for access to care and health care utilization for women approaching age 65.

OBJECTIVE To assess whether a husband's Medicare transition leads to insurance disruptions for his wife that impact her perceived access to care, health care utilization, or health status. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING Respondents were married women under age 65 from the 2003-2005 round of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (N=655). STUDY DESIGN Instrumental variable (IV) linear and IV-probit analyses provided unbiased estimates of the effect of an insurance disruption on study outcomes. The instrument was the husband's age: (1) women with husbands who transitioned to Medicare within the previous year (age 65-66); (2) women with husbands who did not transition (60<age<65). DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS Respondents were surveyed via telephone and mail. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS After adjustment, women who experienced an insurance disruption due to their husband's Medicare transition had a greater probability of experiencing a change in usual clinic/provider (71 percent), delaying filling or taking fewer medications than prescribed because of cost (75 percent), going to the emergency room (52 percent), and had lower average mental health scores than women who did not experience an insurance disruption. CONCLUSIONS Despite consistent insurance coverage, the insurance disruption that accompanies a spouse's Medicare transition has adverse access and health care utilization consequences for women.
The Clinical Evaluation of a Fluoride-containing Orthodontic Bonding Material

A clinical trial comparing a conventional adhesive, Concise®, with a new fluoride-containing composite cement is described. The bond failure rate, plaque score, gingival health, and enamel decalcification were assessed for each material after a minimum period of 1 year. The preliminary results show no significant difference between the two materials for each of the variables examined, although there was a reduction in the number of white spot lesions using the fluoride-containing composite. The level of fluoride ion concentration required to inhibit the growth of oral micro-organisms is discussed.
Nonclassical behavior of the thymus leukemia antigen: peptide transporter-independent expression of a nonclassical class I molecule

The thymus leukemia (TL) antigen is a major histocompatibility complex- encoded nonclassical class I molecule. Here we present data demonstrating that expression of the TL antigen, unlike other class I molecules, is completely independent of the function of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). The TL antigen is expressed by transfected TAP-2-deficient RMA-S cells when these cells are grown at 37 degrees C. In transfected RMA cells, the kinetics of arrival of TL antigen on the cell surface are similar to those of a classical class I molecule. The kinetics are not altered in TAP-deficient RMA-S cells, demonstrating that surface TL expression in TAP-deficient cells is not due to the stable expression of a few molecules that leak out by a TAP-independent pathway. Soluble TL molecules produced by Drosophila melanogaster cells are highly resistant to thermal denaturation, unlike peptide-free classical class I molecules synthesized by these insect cells. In addition, these soluble TL molecules are devoid of detectable bound peptides. The results demonstrate that the TL antigen is capable of reaching the surface without bound peptide, although acquisition of peptide or some other ligand through a TAP-independent pathway cannot be formally excluded. We speculate that the ability of the TL antigen to reach the cell surface, under conditions in which other class I molecules do not, may be related to a specialized function of the TL molecule in the mucosal immune system, and possibly in the stimulation of intestinal gamma delta T cells.
Anti-HIV type 1 memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses associated with changes in CD4+ T cell numbers in progression of HIV type 1 infection.

We investigated memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLm) responses to HIV-1 as a determinant of HIV-1 disease progression, in relation to plasma HIV-1 load and T lymphocyte numbers in a longitudinal study of 14 homosexual men with incident HIV-1 infection. Study participants were selected who exhibited failure of T cell homeostasis, i.e., a downward inflection in CD3+ T cells that occurs in >75% of persons 1.5 to 2.5 years before development of AIDS, and compared with participants who developed low CD4+ T cell counts associated with possible T cell homeostasis failure, a subject who progressed rapidly to AIDS without well-defined T cell inflection, and subjects who had long-term preservation of T cell homeostasis (nonprogressors). High CTLm responses against Gag, but not Pol or Env, soon after seroconversion were associated with a slower loss of CD4+ T cells 1-4 years after seroconversion. Anti-Env CTLm responses decreased in most subjects around the time that T cell homeostasis failed. Plasma HIV-1 RNA increased exponentially (1.59-fold per year) over the 5 years preceding failure of T cell homeostasis, and there was a shift from a non-syncytium-inducing/CCR5 coreceptor phenotype of HIV-1 to a syncytium-inducing/CXCR4 phenotype, regardless of high or increasing levels of anti-HIV-1 CTLm during this time. These observations suggest that decreases in CTLm and increasing virus load are independent factors contributing to HIV-1 disease progression.
Mode of action of abscisic Acid in barley aleurone layers : induction of new proteins by abscisic Acid.

As part of a continuing effort to elucidate the mode of action of abscisic acid (ABA) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Himalaya) aleurone layers, we have investigated the induction of several polypeptides by ABA in this tissue. There were nine ABA-induced polypeptides as observed by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and considerably more (at least 16 spots) on a two-dimensional gel. These proteins started to show enhanced synthesis 2 to 4 hours after ABA treatment, and their synthesis continued for at least 48 hours. In vitro translation using total RNA isolated from ABA-treated aleurone layers indicated that translatable mRNA levels of these proteins essentially paralleled the levels of in vivo synthesized proteins. The most abundant of the ABA-induced proteins was a 29 kilodalton polypeptide which was also synthesized in tissue incubated without ABA. In vivo synthesis of this protein declined as ABA concentration was decreased, with 1 nanomolar ABA approaching control level. Cell fractionation experiments located the 29 kilodalton major ABA-induced protein in 1,000g and 13,000g pellets; most other induced proteins were in the 80,000g supernatant. The 29 kilodalton protein appeared to be sensitive to degradation by sulfhydryl type proteases. As expected, the induction of these proteins by ABA was suppressed by gibberellic acid. Phaseic acid, the first stable metabolite of ABA, suppressed the gibberellic acid-enhanced alpha-amylase synthesis but was unable to induce the ABA-induced proteins. None of the ABA-induced proteins were secreted into the incubation medium. A 36 kilodalton ABA-induced protein showed cross-reactivity with antibody against a barley lectin specific for glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine.
Buddhism ‘Rematerialized’ and the Archaeology of the Gautama Buddha

For many Indologists the above quotation, delivered over twenty years ago, still holds true. Indeed, this belief is founded on many cases where material evidence conflicted with the textual evidence, and the former was discounted as a local aberration (Schopen 1991, 6-7). A growing body of textually-based scholars, however, most notably Schopen, are attempting to understand the development and nature of Buddhism through a study of the conflicts presented between Buddhist texts, artefacts and contemporary Buddhist practice (Gellner 1992; Gombrich 1971; Schopen 1997; 1991). One of the great conflicts of contemporary Sri Lankan Buddhist practice is that although the Buddha has achieved Nirvana, and thus cannot directly intervene in the world of gods and humans, he, and his relics, are still venerated (Fig. 1). Such practices were often compared by nineteenthcentury European textual scholars of Buddhism as being similar to the 'popish' degradation from Christianity's original path. As a result, relic worship was more or less removed from any serious studies of Buddhism, a state of affairs which still exists today. In response to this removal, Kevin Trainor, an Associate Professor of Religion at Vermont, set out to correct the concept, established by over a century of scholarship, that perceives 'the ritualised devotion to the person of the Buddha as evidence of the degeneration of the [Buddhist] tradition' (p. 5). The result of this correction is this book.