Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patellofemoral joint stress during running with alterations in foot strike pattern.

PURPOSE This study aimed to quantify differences in patellofemoral joint stress that may occur when healthy runners alter their foot strike pattern from their habitual rearfoot strike to a forefoot strike to gain insight on the potential etiology and treatment methods of patellofemoral pain. METHODS Sixteen healthy female runners completed 20 running trials in a controlled laboratory setting under rearfoot strike and forefoot strike conditions. Kinetic and kinematic data were used to drive a static optimization technique to estimate individual muscle forces to input into a model of the patellofemoral joint to estimate joint stress during running. RESULTS Peak patellofemoral joint stress and the stress-time integral over stance phase decreased by 27% and 12%, respectively, in the forefoot strike condition (P < 0.001). Peak vertical ground reaction force increased slightly in the forefoot strike condition (P < 0.001). Peak quadriceps force and average hamstring force decreased, whereas gastrocnemius and soleus muscle forces increased when running with a forefoot strike (P < 0.05). Knee flexion angle at initial contact increased (P < 0.001), total knee excursion decreased (P < 0.001), and no change occurred in peak knee flexion angle (P = 0.238). Step length did not change between conditions (P = 0.375), but the leading leg landed with the foot positioned with a horizontal distance closer to the hip at initial contact in the forefoot strike condition (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Altering one's strike pattern to a forefoot strike results in consistent reductions in patellofemoral joint stress independent of changes in step length. Thus, implementation of forefoot strike training programs may be warranted in the treatment of runners with patellofemoral pain. However, it is suggested that the transition to a forefoot strike pattern should be completed in a graduated manner.
Suicide rates according to education with a particular focus on physicians in Norway 1960–2000

Background. Suicide rates are higher in certain educational groups. The highest rates are generally found in the medical and allied professions, but the empirical evidence for high suicide rates may be questionable. This study compares the rate of suicide among trained physicians, dentists, nurses, police officers and theologians with the rate among other university graduates and the general population according to sex, age and time period. Method. Census data from 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 relating to education were linked to suicide as cause of death data from Statistics Norway, and followed up for the period 1960–2000, comprising 46 and 49 million person-years among men and women respectively. Results. Physicians still have a higher rate compared with other graduates and the general population, both among males [43·0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 35·3–52·5] and females (26·1, 95% CI 15·1–44·9). Suicide rates increased steeply by age among physicians and other graduates, whereas for non-graduates the rate was highest in the 40–60 years age group. The suicide rate among female nurses was also elevated, whereas police officers seemed to have an intermediate suicide risk. The rate among theologians was low (7·0, 95% CI 2·9–16·9). The suicide rates in the 1990s were significantly lower than in the 1980s. Conclusions. The high suicide rates among physicians and elderly graduates are of concern. The reasons why graduates are more vulnerable than others when getting older and the low rate among theologians warrant further study.
Ingroup Ambivalence and Experienced Discomfort: The Moderating Roles of Affective Versus Cognitive Attitudinal Basis, Group Identification, as Mediated by Negative Beliefs About the Ingroup

ABSTRACT Prior research has found individuals' reactions to vary depending on whether such associations are activated by emotions (an affective basis) or by beliefs (a cognitive basis) about the object's properties. Accordingly, this conceptual distinction should be relevant also for the discomfortive responses to one's ambivalent attitudes regarding fellow group members (or the ingroup). Findings from two studies support the argument that ambivalence-associated discomfort a) is a general tendency when it regards affect-based ambivalence towards fellow group members, while b) only holds for the more identified group members when ambivalence concerns beliefs about the ingroup, and for this latter group members c) this tendency is driven by the strength of their negative beliefs about the ingroup or fellow group members.
Estimation histologique de l’âge à la mort à partir du deuxième métacarpe chez l’humain

Cette etude teste l’hypothese que le remodelage osseux dans le deuxieme metacarpe peut etre utilise pour estimer l’âge a la mort. Les metacarpes utilises dans cette analyse proviennent d’un cimetiere d’Ontario, incluant des individus d’origine europeenne (n=63; 34 hommes; 29 femmes). Leur âge varie de 19 a 61 ans (moyenne: 41,1±11,6). L’âge etait connu ou a ete estime independamment a partir de la morphologie generale du squelette. A partir de lames minces coupees a la mi-diaphyse, la densite de population des osteons (OPD; osteons/mm2 intacts et fragmentaires) a ete calculee pour huit colonnes du perioste a l’endoste, deux par quadrant anatomique. Les regressions par calibration classique ont produit une serie d’equation pour les estimations de l’âge pour chaque sexe, sexes combines, et en fonction de la lateralite. La methode utilisee diminue l’efficacite des estimations mais elle a l’avantage de reduire les biais. Quand les sexes sont combines, l’OPD est correle moderement mais significativement avec l’âge (droit r2= 0,35; gauche r2=0,28). Cependant, quand les hommes et les femmes sont analyses separement, la correlation entre l’OPD et l’âge dans l’echantillon feminin est meilleure (droit r2=0,48; gauche r2=0,39) alors que celle des hommes est reduite (droit r2=0,29; gauche r2=0,22). Ce resultat a deja ete observe dans d’autres etudes, mais n’est pas explique. Les resultats demontrent aussi une meilleure correlation entre l’OPD et l’âge du cote droit que du cote gauche. Tous les resultats presentes ici supportent l’hypothese que l’OPD du metacarpe est correle avec l’âge effectif (c’est-a-dire connu ou estime), les regressions de l’OPD sur l’âge (droit-gauche combines ou separes, sexes combines ou separes) etant toutes significatives.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Preventative Management of Skin Cancers in Organ Transplant Recipients: A Review of Single‐ and Multicenter Retrospective Studies from 2006 to 2010

Background Organ transplant recipients (OTRs) taking immunosuppressants are at high risk of skin cancer, which is the most common malignant condition in OTRs, so dermatologic surveillance is important for OTRs. Objectives To characterize the most common skin cancers arising from chronic immunosuppression in OTRs. Methods A PubMed search for retrospective single‐ and multicenter studies reporting skin cancer incidence from 2006 to 2010 was undertaken. Data regarding each study's immunosuppressive regimen, affected skin cancer cohort, and associated risk factors were extracted. Results Thirty‐six articles that met our inclusion criteria reported incidences of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), Kaposi's sarcoma, melanoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. NMSC was the most commonly reported cancer of all skin cancers after transplantation. Common risk factors were sex, age, sunlight exposure, and immunosuppressive agent‐related (duration, type). Conclusion Sun education programs and frequent screenings in organ transplant clinics have provided the best preventative strategies after transplantation, although the characteristics of the immunosuppressive regimen also play an important role. Thus, the adjuvant strategy of modifying immunosuppression may be effective when confronting severe transplant‐associated skin cancer. Although the decision‐making process for curbing levels of immunosuppression is difficult, further long‐term, randomized controlled studies should assess the effect of using less immunosuppressant medication while preserving graft function.
Sympathetic nerves and the progression of chronic kidney disease during 5/6 nephrectomy: Studies in sympathectomized rats

1. Chronically increased sympathetic nerve activity is present during chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, its role in contributing to hypertension or the progression of CKD remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to determine whether neonatal sympathectomy attenuates hypertension in 5/6 nephrectomized rats and affects renal structure and function in a blood pressure‐independent manner.
Mapping And Determinants Of Intra-Asean Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Indonesia Case Study

As one of the pillars of the ASEAN Economic Community, capital flows are expected to increase among ASEAN countries through the implementation of the AEC at the end of 2015. As the country with the biggest economy in ASEAN, Indonesia is the largest recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) from the region. This investment is expected to not only expand the size of the market and the search for resources, but also to make Indonesia a production base for exports. This research aims to map Indonesia’s FDI originating from ASEAN-5 countries and to identify the determinants of FDI. Besides that, this study also aims to analyse the behavior of Indonesia’s outward FDI to ASEAN-5 countries whilst also examining the shifting patterns of FDI into more high-tech sectors of the economy. The method used in this study is dynamic data panel analysis with Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and structural breaks Bai and Perron analysis. The results of the study show that the determinants of inward intra-ASEAN FDI into Indonesia are the previous year’s FDI, Indonesia’s GDP, the GDP of the country of origin, distance, relative productivity, natural resources, road infrastructure, bilateral trade, and the volume of exports. Meanwhile, the determinants of Indonesia’s outward FDI are GDP of the destination country, bilateral trade, and the characteristics of the state of Singapore. The FDI that has entered Indonesia has tended to be orientated toward pursuing local markets, as is the case for Indonesia’s outward FDI. In regard to the apparent shift of Indonesia’s inward FDI to more high-tech sectors, a sustainable shift in this direction was not found. Rather, the study found that intra-ASEAN FDI into Indonesia tended to shift towards the tertiary sector.
Conducting on-line surveys in software engineering

One purpose of empirical software engineering is to enable an understanding of factors that influence software development. Surveys are an appropriate empirical strategy to gather data from a large population (e.g., about methods, tools, developers, companies) and to achieve an understanding of that population. Although surveys are quite often performed, for example, in social sciences and marketing research, they are underrepresented in empirical software engineering research, which most often uses controlled experiments and case studies. Consequently, also the methodological support how to perform such studies in software engineering is rather low. However, with the increasing pervasion of the Internet it is possible to perform surveys easily and cost-effectively over Internet pages (i.e., on-line), while at the same time the interest in performing surveys is growing. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First we want to arise the awareness of on-line surveys and discuss methods how to perform these in the context of software engineering. Second, we report our experience in performing on-line surveys in the form of lessons learned and guidelines.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices with Regard to PD Access: A Report from the Peritoneal Dialysis Access Subcommittee of The Ontario Renal Network Committee on Independent Dialysis

The Ontario Renal Network (ORN) is a provincial organization that coordinates chronic kidney disease (CKD) care in Ontario, Canada. Ontario is Canada’s largest province, with a population of approximately 13 million people. Approximately 16,561 patients were receiving chronic renal replacement therapy in 2011. Of these, 1,679 (10%) were undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) (1). In an effort to better understand the variability in PD utilization and practices within the province, and to understand opportunities to maximize the utilization of home dialysis therapies among eligible patients, the ORN established the Independent Dialysis Committee. A PD Access Subcommittee was subsequently formed to better understand and explore the barriers to successful and timely establishment of PD access and PD utilization across different programs. In an initial effort to understand the role of successful and timely PD access, a survey was administered to all regional CKD programs in Ontario. The primary objective of this survey was to characterize the variability in the current state of PD catheter-related practices across programs in Ontario. Secondary objectives were to: 1) evaluate adherence to current evidence-based PD access practices, and 2) identify perceived PD accessrelated bottlenecks in regional programs that may be limiting growth in PD.
The impact of the Internet of Things (IoT) on servitization: an exploration of changing supply relationships

Abstract This research paper explores the emerging potential of IoT technology as an enabler for manufacturers seeking to exploit opportunities for new production, business and operating models. Following an analysis of extant literature and exploration of four in-depth cases, the paper presents four dominant pathways to servitizing the business model through IoT implementation. This first finding is extended in the cross-case analysis, through a categorization of cases into the four pathways, comparing different levels of supplier integration and information exchange. Using this data and categorizations, the paper arrives at certain theoretical propositions regarding the wider impact of IoT technology implementation on information exchange and relational rents through self-enforcing safeguards, risk and financial incentive sharing and lastly transaction cost economics. These propositions lead to the recommendation for suppliers to adopt a servitization pathway of ‘operational service’ models, in order to reap maximum competitive benefit and return on specific investments. This suggests a dependence on the servitization pathway chosen by the supplier, implying that there is no single solution to deal with buyer-supplier relationships in IoT servitization environments.
Depression of an Instrumental Response by a Single Devaluation of its Outcome

In three experiments rats were trained to make two different instrumental responses for different outcomes. Then the outcomes were given a single differential conditioning experience with lithium chloride. That differential treatment was sufficient to produce differential instrumental responding in a subsequent test. Re-exposure to the devalued outcome was not necessary for an impact on instrumental performance.
The cytoarchitecture of the nucleus angularis of the barn owl (Tyto alba)

The cochlear nucleus angularis (NA) of the barn owl (Tyto alba) was analyzed using Golgi, Nissl, and tract tracing techniques. NA forms a column of cells in the dorsolateral brainstem that partly overlaps with, and is rostral and lateral to, the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM). Highest best frequencies are mapped in lateral NA (NAl), intermediate in medial NA (NAm), and lowest in the foot region (NAf). Cell density followed the tonotopic axis and decreased with decreasing best frequency. NA contained four major cell classes: planar, radiate, vertical, and stubby. Planar and radiate classes were further subdivided into bipolar and multipolar types according to their number of primary dendrites. Planar neurons were confined to an isofrequency band, whereas radiate neurons had dendrites that could extend across an isofrequency band. Vertical cells had long dendrites oriented perpendicularly to isofrequency bands. Stubby cells were the most numerous and were confined to an isofrequency band because of their short dendrites. Neurons in each of these four classes projected to the inferior colliculus and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. J. Comp. Neurol. 429:192–205, 2001. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How does board diversity affect the financial performance of commercial banks in indonesia? An inquiry

This study analyzes board diversity and its effect on financial performance, as measured by age, gender, and nationality of board members using a sample of nine (9) commercial banks in Cikarang, West Java, Indonesia. The study uses multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that age and nationality have significant effect, while gender has insignificant effect on financial performance. However, simultaneously all of the independent variables significantly affect the Return on Asset, with the coefficient determinant in this research is 20.8%.
Girls' Education, Stipend Programs and their Effects on the Education of Younger Siblings

This paper examines the link between the Female Secondary School Stipend Program in Bangladesh, its effects on schooling of girls, and the subsequent impact on the education of their younger siblings. The stipend program was introduced nationwide in 1994, and affected girls in rural areas who were of secondary school age (grades 6-10) in 1994 or later, but not boys of the same cohort. We examine the effect of educational attainment of older siblings on schooling outcomes of younger siblings. We also examine the role of the gender of older siblings on the schooling outcomes of younger siblings. We find that the education of older siblings has a positive effect on the schooling of younger siblings, and that the effect is stronger on younger brothers than on younger sisters. When we take into account the endogeneity of education of older siblings, we find that their gender composition generally has no effect on the schooling attainment of younger siblings. The instrumental variable estimates, using stipend program eligibility as an instrument, suggest that the completed years of schooling by younger siblings would increase by about 0.13 years if the education of older siblings increased by one year. The intent-to-treat effect suggests that the stipend program increased schooling by 2.6 years. This implies about a 10 per cent increase in the schooling of younger siblings if elder siblings participated in the program. Our results suggest that school programs that benefit children's education could bring both short- and long-term gains, not only directly to the affected children, but also indirectly to their siblings.
Menstrual cycle interval and ovulation in women with localization-related epilepsy

In an investigation of 100 women with localization-related epilepsy, anovulatory cycles were significantly greater in proportion in women with 21–25 or 33–35 day cycles (Group B) and in women with less than 21 or more than 35 day cycles (Group C) than in women with normal 26–32 day intervals (Group A). Groups B and C also had significantly higher estradiol/progesterone ratios than Group A. Nevertheless, almost one-half (46.2%) of the anovulatory cycles occurred in women with normal 26–32 day cycles.
Craniofacial resection for malignant paranasal sinus tumors: Report of an International Collaborative Study

Malignant tumors of the superior sinonasal vault are rare, and, because of this and the varied histologic findings, most outcomes data reflect the experience of small patient cohorts. This International Collaborative study examines a large cohort of patients accumulated from multiple institutions experienced in craniofacial surgery, with the aim of reporting benchmark figures for outcomes and identifying patient‐related and tumor‐related predictors of prognosis after craniofacial resection (CFR).
Stigma, Schizophrenia and the Media: Exploring Changes in the Reporting of Schizophrenia in Major U.S. Newspapers

Newspaper media are a major source of information about mental illness in the United States. Previous research has shown that some printed material has been both negative and stigmatizing, which can have a detrimental impact on individuals with mental illnesses. Such perceptions represented in the media may cause those with mental illnesses to internalize a negative and stigmatizing stereotype and hinder the public’s understanding of mental illness. In recent years, advocacy groups have increased their efforts to combat stigmatization of those with mental illnesses. This study focused specifically on the use of stigmatizing language concerning schizophrenia in U.S. newspapers. Because advocacy to decrease stigmatization of mental illness has increased in recent years, this study compared media depictions of schizophrenia in 2000 and 2010 to determine if there had been a reduction in reporting of dangerousness and perpetration of crime by people with schizophrenia or in stigmatizing language. All articles published in five high-circulation newspapers from diverse urban geographical regions between January 1 and June 1 in 2000 and 2010 that contained the words “schizophrenia” or “schizophrenic” were reviewed. Articles were categorized under the categories of education, incidental reference, medical and pharmaceutical news, metaphorical use, charity, obituary, medically inappropriate, and human interest. Human interest articles were further subcategorized into advocacy, crimes committed by people with schizophrenia, crimes committed against those suffering from schizophrenia, and issues related to poor mental health care. There was a statistically significant decrease in reporting of crime committed by people with schizophrenia in 2010 compared with 2000. However, no significant difference was found in metaphorical usage of the terms schizophrenia and schizophrenic between 2000 and 2010. (Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2011;17:439–446)