Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do price-earnings ratios explain investment decisions better than Tobin’s q? Evidence from German firm-level data

ABSTRACT This article tests the additional information content of price-earnings ratios, with respect to Tobin’s q, in explaining firms’ investment behaviour. While Tobin’s q describes the expected future earnings related to those projected by the book value, the price-earnings ratio compares future growth of earnings based on the projection of current earnings. In other words, a high price-earnings ratio might indicate that investors are willing to rely on future earnings growth, even though current earnings are low. By using an unbalanced panel of about 500 listed firms from Germany over the period 1987–2007, we find that including the price-earnings ratio in the investment equation does not change the explanatory power of Tobin’s q. Most notably, the price-earnings ratio exerts a positive and significant impact on investment. These results are robust to the inclusion of a measure of the firm’s internal funds and of fixed effects and also to the use of different estimators.
Prognostic Significance of Estrogen Receptor Beta in Epithelial Hyperplasia of Usual Type With Known Outcome

The prognostic significance of ER-α expression in benign proliferative breast disease has been confirmed in epithelial hyperplasia of usual type (HUT). However, little is known about the role of ER-β in these lesions. Therefore, this study was performed to test the hypothesis that, in HUT lesions, the ratio of ER-α:ER-β is an accurate determinant of breast cancer risk and of predicting subsequent progression to invasive breast cancer. This case-control study analyzed a cohort of benign proliferative breast lesions and foci of ductal HUT in 117 patients with long follow-up (20 years). These foci were analyzed by morphometric image analysis together with immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies to ER-β1 and to ER-α. The data were compared with ER-β expression in all breast carcinomas that subsequently developed in the same patients as well as to ER-α expression in the corresponding tissues. In cases that progressed to carcinoma, the ratio of ER-α to ER-β in HUT was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in those that did not progress. None of the HUT foci from patients who progressed to breast cancer were simultaneously ER-α negative and ER-β positive. Using both ER-β and ER-α in a logistic model demonstrated a 75% correct classification rate for the cohort studied. These findings confirm the diagnostic and prognostic value of defining the ER-α and ER-β status of HUT lesions identified morphologically. The data support the hypothesis that high ER-α:ER-β levels characterize those cases within HUT likely to progress to breast cancer. The data also reveal that a reduced level of ER-β relative to ER-α is an accurate predictor of individual cases of HUT likely to progress to invasive breast carcinoma, thus supporting the concept that ER-α transcriptional activity is directly modulated by ER-β.
C-MYC and BCL2 translocation frequency in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas: A study of 97 patients

Purpose: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma with marked biologic heterogeneity. MYC and BCL2 rearrangements have been reported in a proportion of DLBCLs, where they may be associated with an adverse clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of MYC and BCL2 translocations in DLBCL and assess the prognostic impact in DLBCL patients. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we evaluated the expression patterns of CD 10, BCL6, and MUM 1 by immunohistochemistry in 121 cases with DLBCL in tissue microarray (TMA): 62 cases in germinal center B-cells (GCBs); and 59 cases in activated B-cells (ABCs) of which 60 were females and 61 were males. MYC and BCL2 rearrangements were investigated by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization on TMAs in 97 DLBCLs. Result: MYC rearrangements were observed in 11 of 97 cases. There was no association with other clinical features, including age, sex, and nodal/extranodal disease. MYC rearrangement was associated with significantly worse overall survival (P < 0.01). BCL2 rearrangements were observed in 14 of 97 cases. There was no association with other clinical features including age and sex. BCL2 rearrangement had a worse outcome (P < 0.01). MYC and BCL2 rearrangements were observed in 3 of 97 cases with the age of 53 (female), 53, 63 years old, respectively, died in 24, 18, and 35 months after the diagnosis. Two cases had primary nodal and one case primary extranodal presentations. All these patients had stage IV disease. Conclusion: We concluded that C-MYC and BCL2 may contribute to aggressive transformation, and more mechanism-based therapy should be explored. Targeted therapies involving these rearrangements and its associated pathways may change the fate of DLBCLs. Analysis of MYC gene rearrangement along with BCL2 is critical in the identification of high-risk patients with poor prognosis.
‘You feel you've been bad, not ill’: Sick doctors’ experiences of interactions with the General Medical Council

Objective To explore the views of sick doctors on their experiences with the General Medical Council (GMC) and their perception of the impact of GMC involvement on return to work. Design Qualitative study. Setting UK. Participants Doctors who had been away from work for at least 6 months with physical or mental health problems, drug or alcohol problems, GMC involvement or any combination of these, were eligible for inclusion into the study. Eligible doctors were recruited in conjunction with the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund, the GMC and the Practitioner Health Programme. These organisations approached 77 doctors; 19 participated. Each doctor completed an in-depth semistructured interview. We used a constant comparison method to identify and agree on the coding of data and the identification of central themes. Results 18 of the 19 participants had a mental health, addiction or substance misuse problem. 14 of the 19 had interacted with the GMC. 4 main themes were identified: perceptions of the GMC as a whole; perceptions of GMC processes; perceived health impacts and suggested improvements. Participants described the GMC processes they experienced as necessary, and some elements as supportive. However, many described contact with the GMC as daunting, confusing and anxiety provoking. Some were unclear about the role of the GMC and felt that GMC communication was unhelpful, particularly the language used in correspondence. Improvements suggested by participants included having separate pathways for doctors with purely health issues, less use of legalistic language, and a more personal approach with for example individualised undertakings or conditions. Conclusions While participants recognised the need for a regulator, the processes employed by the GMC and the communication style used were often distressing, confusing and perceived to have impacted negatively on their mental health and ability to return to work.
Association between the current use of low-dose oral contraceptives and cardiovascular arterial disease: a meta-analysis.

CONTEXT The long-term cardiovascular safety of widely used oral contraceptives (OCs) is still debated, and no meta-analysis assesses the modern use of OCs and the associated cardiovascular risks. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with current use of low-dose combined OCs. DATA SOURCES All studies published between January 1980 and October 2002 were searched using MEDLINE, BIOSIS, and Scientific Citations. STUDY SELECTION Original studies were selected independently by two investigators (J.P.B., P.A.E.) based on inclusion criteria: low-dose combined OC (<50 mug of ethinyl-estradiol); more than 10 cases in low-dose users; clear definition of cases; concurrent controls; and control for age. A third investigator (J.E.N.) adjudicated disagreements. From 2715 identified articles, 14 independent studies were included. DATA EXTRACTION All data were abstracted by one investigator (J.P.B.) in a systematic manner. Classification of OCs and types of exposure were directly abstracted from studies. Current use was defined as use at the time of the event or within 3 months. Only peer-reviewed studies with definition of events as definite or possible, based on prespecified criteria, were included. DATA SYNTHESIS The summary risk estimates associated with current use of low-dose OCs were 1.84 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.38, 2.44] for myocardial infarctions and 2.12 (95% CI = 1.56, 2.86) for ischemic strokes. The overall summary odds ratio for both outcomes was 2.01 (95% CI = 1.63, 2.48). Second generation OCs were associated with a significant increased risk of both myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke events [1.85 (95% CI = 1.03,3.32) and 2.54 (95% CI = 1.96,3.28), respectively]; and third-generation OCs, for ischemic stroke outcome only [2.03 (95% CI = 1.15,3.57)]. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, a rigorous meta-analysis of the literature suggests that current use of low-dose OCs significantly increases the risk of both cardiac and vascular arterial events, including a significant risk of vascular arterial complications with third generation OCs.
Diagnostic Classification Models: Recent Developments, Practical Issues, and Prospects

More than three decades after their introduction, diagnostic classification models (DCM) do not seem to have been implemented in educational systems for the purposes they were devised. Most DCM research is either methodological for model development and refinement or retrofitting to existing nondiagnostic tests and, in the latter case, basically for model demonstration or constructs identification. DCMs have rarely been used to develop diagnostic assessment right from the start with the purpose of identifying individuals’ strengths and weaknesses (referred to as true applications in this study). In this article, we give an introduction to DCMs and their latest developments along with guidelines on how to proceed to employ DCMs to develop a diagnostic test or retrofit to a nondiagnostic assessment. Finally, we enumerate the reasons why we believe DCMs have not become fully operational in educational systems and suggest some advice to make their advent smooth and quick.
Effects of region of interest sizes on apparent diffusion coefficient measurements of pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin tumor, and normal parotid parenchyma.

Background Tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements may be influenced by region of interest (ROI) sizes; however, this effect has not been systematically studied in parotid tumors. Our purpose was to determine the effects of ROI size on ADC measurements for the differentiation of pleomorphic adenoma (PA), Warthin tumor (WT), and normal parotid parenchyma. Methods Sixty-five patients including 37 with PA (lesions, n=37) and 28 with WT (lesions, n=36) were examined with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Participants with normal contralateral parenchyma of the parotid gland constituted the control group (n=56). The mean ADC values and standard deviations (SDs) of the ADC (ADCSD) of 12 concentric round ROIs (areas: 9, 28, 34, 50, 60, 82, 93, 98, 115, 130, 136, and 149 mm2) for tumors and normal tissue were measured by using custom-made software. Homogeneity index, which was defined by the ADCSD/mean ADC, was also calculated. One-way repeated analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed on the mean ADCs, ADCSDs, and homogeneity indices of the 12 ROIs in each group. The three parameters at different ROIs among PA, WT, and normal parotid parenchyma were compared using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results There was excellent agreement for the ADC measurements with the 12 ROIs for PA [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 0.98], WT (ICC, 0.99), and normal parotid parenchyma (ICC, 0.95). No significant differences were observed in the mean ADCs of the 12 ROIs for each of the three groups (P=0.744-0.990). Among the three groups, the mean ADC of normal parotid parenchyma [(0.94±0.003)×10-3 mm2/s] was significantly lower than that of both PA [(1.72±0.01)×10-3 mm2/s] and WT [(1.16±0.01)×10-3 mm2/s] in the 12 ROIs, whereas the PA group had the highest mean ADC values. No significant differences were found in the mean ADCSDs with each ROI between PA and WT (all P>0.017). PAs had lower homogeneity indices compared with WTs and normal parotid parenchyma (all P<0.01). Conclusions The effect of ROI size on ADC measurements could be excluded from the differentiation of PA, WT, and normal parotid parenchyma. Homogeneity index was a useful parameter in discriminating between the three groups.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of sensory reeducation following digital replantation and revascularization

Sensory recovery following digital replantation plays an important role in the restoration of hand function. Twelve patients with twenty‐four replanted or revascularized digits were randomly selected to enter a program of sensory reeducation, and another 15 patients with 22 replanted or revascularized digits were selected as controls who did not receive sensory reeducation. A moving two‐point discrimination and a Semmes‐Weinstein pressure threshold test were evaluated for monitoring the sensory recovery. The period of sensory reeducation was 18.83 weeks on average, and the mean follow‐up time was 11.94 months. The group that received sensory reeducation significantly improved to a better degree of moving two‐point discrimination and Semmes‐Weinstein threshold level by both univariate and multiple regression analysis. We suggest that sensory reeducation should be an integral part of the postoperative rehabilitation protocol following digital replantation and revascularization. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The co-production of campus safety and security: a case study at the University of Georgia

Campus safety and security is a salient issue and an area of increasing concern facing educational institutions in the United States. Yet little is known regarding ongoing efforts and resulting difficulties to co-produce campus safety and security. This article contributes to the literature on co-production by examining student and campus police officer perceptions of the professional–service user relationship in the context of campus safety and security. Findings suggest that demographic and contextual factors shape user and professional perceptions of their relationship in different ways, and that these perceptual differences affect efforts to co-deliver services. Points for practitioners This article describes the views of university police personnel and students regarding the co-production of safety and security on a research university campus in the United States. Data gleaned from the research illustrates that while police officers and students may have differing views of one another and their roles in co-production, they agree that public safety would be served by opportunities for police and students to meet one another and have personal interaction outside of formal, law enforcement-driven situations. This suggests the value of well-developed engagement strategies, as well as the potential benefit of harnessing ‘teachable moments’ during which police and the student population can learn about one another.
Induction of prophage lambda by chlorophenols

Chlorinated phenols, which are used primarily as wood preservatives and fungicides, are present in most air, water, and soil samples in industrialized areas as well as in the urine of most people. We have examined the ability of phenol and the 19 isomers of chlorophenol to induce DNA damage using the Microscreen prophage‐induction assay in Escherichia coli. Seven of the isomers (2,3,4,‐tr, 2,4,5‐tri, 3,4,5‐tri, 2,3,4,5‐tetra, 2,3,6‐tri, 2,4,6‐tri, and pentachlorophenol) induced prophage lambda in the presence of S9, with the first three being ∼ 10 times more potent than the last three. The more potent isomers have either one or no chlorine atom ortho to the OH group; whereas the less potent isomers have two chlorine atoms ortho to the OH group. Although none of the 20 compounds is mutagenic in Salmonella, the prophage‐induction results agree with findings by others that most of these seven isomers are clastogenic, are associated with cancer and chromosomal aberrations in humans (pentachlorophenol), and are carcinogenic in radents (2,4,6‐tri and pentachlorophenol). A likely basis for the genotoxicity of the seven isomers involves the metabolism of the parent isomer to a chlorohydroquinone, which can form a chlorobenzosemiquinone in the presence of oxygen. These two metabolites can produce free radicals that can cause DNA strand breaks, resulting in prophage induction in E. coli or, possibly, the chromosomal aberrations/cancer associated with human exposure to chlorophenols.
The development of public relation skills in aspiring community college presidents

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iv DEDICATION . vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 The Research Setting . 1 A Growing Public Relations Role . 3 Today’s Environment for Community College Presidents . 6 Financial Shortages . 7 Competing Mission Statements . 8 A Push for Accountability . 10 Problem Statement . 12 Research Questions . 12 Assumptions . 13 Delimitations of the Study . 14 Limitations of the Study . 15 Significance of the Study . 16 Researcher’s Perspective . 16 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW . 19 The Making of Leaders . 19 The Making of Specific Groups of Leaders . 24 The Development of Public Relations Skills in Leaders . 28 Leadership Preparation Methods . 33 Terminal Degrees . 36
Reconstructing the Mosaic Glycolytic Pathway of the Anaerobic Eukaryote Monocercomonoides

ABSTRACT All eukaryotes carry out glycolysis, interestingly, not all using the same enzymes. Anaerobic eukaryotes face the challenge of fewer molecules of ATP extracted per molecule of glucose due to their lack of a complete tricarboxylic acid cycle. This may have pressured anaerobic eukaryotes to acquire the more ATP-efficient alternative glycolytic enzymes, such as pyrophosphate-fructose 6-phosphate phosphotransferase and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase, through lateral gene transfers from bacteria and other eukaryotes. Most studies of these enzymes in eukaryotes involve pathogenic anaerobes; Monocercomonoides, an oxymonad belonging to the eukaryotic supergroup Excavata, is a nonpathogenic anaerobe representing an evolutionarily and ecologically distinct sampling of an anaerobic glycolytic pathway. We sequenced cDNA encoding glycolytic enzymes from a previously established cDNA library of Monocercomonoides and analyzed the relationships of these enzymes to those from other organisms spanning the major groups of Eukaryota, Bacteria, and Archaea. We established that, firstly, Monocercomonoides possesses alternative versions of glycolytic enzymes: fructose-6-phosphate phosphotransferase, both pyruvate kinase and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase, cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase, and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (class II, type B). Secondly, we found evidence for the monophyly of oxymonads, kinetoplastids, diplomonads, and parabasalids, the major representatives of the Excavata. We also found several prokaryote-to-eukaryote as well as eukaryote-to-eukaryote lateral gene transfers involving glycolytic enzymes from anaerobic eukaryotes, further suggesting that lateral gene transfer was an important factor in the evolution of this pathway for denizens of this environment.
Is Value Really Riskier than Growth? An Answer with Time-Varying Return Reversal

We investigate the dynamics of the value anomaly in order to identify the driving forces of the anomaly. We show that the large positive value-minus-growth portfolio returns are explained by an over-reaction (under-reaction) to the positive (negative) market movements in short, specific time periods, during which the average returns of value-minus-growth portfolios are more than 2% a month. We propose an explanation based on behavioral biases: the dynamics of the value anomaly reflect the increased speed of return reversals subsequent to overreaction. Two conditions that increase the return reversals are proposed: when investors respond to public signals asymmetrically or when public signals become noisy. Our empirical results reveal that the value anomaly is explained by either one of these two channels.
Total sodium, potassium and chloride in adult man.

The development of the isotopic dilution method has brought about a renewed interest in the subject of total body composition, with the result that a considerable amount of information is now available on total exchangeable sodium, potassium, and chloride in man. The situation with regard to direct chemical analysis is quite different, however. Although a number of human fetuses and newborn babies have been analyzed for these three constituents (for references see 1), data for adult man are meager. Shohl has reported results of calculations based upon an examination of the older literature (2). Widdowson, McCance, and Spray (3) have analyzed three adult carcasses for a number of constituents, including Na and K; only one of their subjects was free from serious disease, however. The opportunity for adding to knowledge in this field presented itself recently when the carcasses of two adult males were made available for analysis. This report is concerned with total content of Na, K, and Cl in these two subjects; values for water and fat content are also included. Procedures used in preserving and later in dissecting the bodies have been presented elsewhere, and values for water, fat, protein, calcium, phosphorus, and total ash content are also given (4, 5).
Morphological plasticity of olfactory ensheathing cells is regulated by cAMP and endothelin‐1

Olfactory ensheathing cells (ECs) are a promising tool for the repair of injury in the adult central nervous system. However, important aspects of the cell biology of ECs remain unclear, such as whether ECs exist as a single population or as two subpopulations with Schwann cell‐like and astrocyte‐like characteristics. The morphologies of these subpopulations are used as defining characteristics, yet ECs are known to be morphologically plastic. To elucidate this apparent inconsistency, we investigated the morphological plasticity of ECs in culture. We defined purified ECs as immunopositive for both p75 neurotrophin receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein. In MEM D‐valine modification + 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum, 87%–90% of ECs displayed a flat morphology. In three different serum‐free media (N2 medium, neurobasal medium + B27 supplement, and DMEM/F‐12 medium + G5 supplement), 78%–84% of ECs displayed process‐bearing morphology. Ensheathing cells switched reversibly between these morphologies within a day of the serum conditions being changed. Exposure to 1 nM endothelin‐1 in serum‐free medium prevented the switch from flat to process‐bearing morphology, while 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP accelerated this change. The effects of both agents were completely reversible and similar to that reported for astrocytes. Both flat and process‐bearing ECs were immunopositive for brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, neurotrophin‐4, and TrkB but not TrkA. Together, these results suggest that ECs exist as a single morphologically plastic population. GLIA 41:393–403, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.