Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of three different ketofol proportions in children undergoing dental treatment

Aim and Background: Sedation is gaining popularity among dental procedures in children. Ketamine and propofol mixture, known as ketofol, is one of the promising choices in sedation protocols; however, there is no consensus on the exact ratio of ketamine plus propofol especially in dental practice. The aim of present study was to compare perioperative side effect profiles, recovery profiles, and satisfaction rates of both parents' and dentists' following three different ratio of ketofol mixtures in children undergoing dental treatment. Materials and Methods: Three study groups each containing 30 children scheduled for dental treatment were created. Following anesthesia induction with 5% sevoflurane, 50% nitrous oxide mixture in 50% oxygen, 1 mg/kg bolus ketofol dose was administered. Patients in Group 1 received ketofol as a 1:1 mixture, patients in Group 2 received 1:2 ketofol while in Group 3; 1:4 ketofol was administered at a constant dose of 100 μg/kg/min. Additional doses of the ketofol solution at the same concentration with infused solutions in groups (0.5 mg/kg from either 1:1, 1:2, or 1:4 proportions) were administered if required. Perioperative vital signs, side effects, postoperative side effects, recovery durations, parents' and dentists' satisfaction levels were compared between groups. Results: There were no significant differences between groups in terms of perioperative vital signs and side effects. Depth of sedation, dentists' satisfaction levels and postoperative side effects –myoclonus, hypersalivation and tachycardia were significantly higher in Group 1. Parents' satisfaction was highest in Group 3, however, necessity of additional doses and dissatisfaction of dentists' were found highest in this group. Mean duration of recovery recorded in Group 3 was shortest compared with other groups. Conclusion: Decreased ketamine doses in ketofol mixture was related with decreased side effect profile, high parents' satisfaction with fast recovery, however, dentists' satisfaction was lower. In this context, results of present study indicated that ketofol mixture of 1:2 ratio was more reliable choice than others when all investigated parameters evaluated simultaneously.
Board Structure Mandates: Consequences for Director Location and Financial Reporting

We examine how the director independence and financial expertise mandates of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) impacted board geography and financial reporting quality. Using 1998-2007 data on the residential addresses of individual directors, we document that directors on audit and other monitoring committees became significantly more distant from headquarters after SOX. The increase in distance was driven by firms that faced tight supply constraints in local director labor markets. We also find that firms experiencing an increase in the distance of financial experts around SOX exhibit a drop in earnings quality as well as a weaker (stronger) stock-market response to positive (negative) earnings surprises. Our findings suggest that, for some firms, the independence and financial expertise mandates led to changes in board geography that had negative consequences for financial reporting.
Comparative volatile compounds and primary metabolites profiling of pitaya fruit peel after ozone treatment.

BACKGROUND Ozone treatment can effectively inhibit fruit decay in many fruits during postharvest storage. However, little information is available for pitaya fruit. RESULTS Ozone treatment significantly reduced the decay rate and induced the enzyme activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, and also reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species. In total, 103 metabolites were detected and changed the content after ozone treatment, including 54 primary metabolites and 49 aromatic compounds. After significance and importance analysis, 37 metabolites were important. Some metabolites were induced by peel senescence to respond to senescence stress, including d-fructose, d-glucose, mannose, inositol, galactonic acid, ethanedioic acid and stearic acid. Some metabolic products of peel senescence were reduced by ozone treatment, including d-arabinose, glucaric acid, galacturonic acid, 1-hexanol, 4-ethylcyclohexanol, β-linalool, palmitoleic acid and 2-hydroxy-cyclopentadecanone. Some metabolites induced by ozone treatment might play a vital role in delaying the senescence and decay, including malic acid, succinic acid, pentenoic acid, eicosanoic acid, 2-hexenal, hexanal, 2-heptenal, 4-heptenal, 2-octenal and nitro m-xylene. CONCLUSION Ozone treatment significantly reduced decay and prolonged shelf-life without reducing fruit quality. In total, 37 metabolites might play an important role in ozone delayed fruit decay. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Let’s Chat: On-Screen Social Responsiveness Is Not Sufficient to Support Toddlers’ Word Learning From Video

Joint engagement with a speaker is one cue children may use to establish that an interaction is relevant to them and worthy of attention. People on pre-recorded video cannot engage contingently with a viewer in shared experiences, possibly leading to deficits in learning from video relative to learning from responsive face-to-face encounters. One hundred and seventy-six toddlers (24 and 30 months old) were offered referential social cues disambiguating a novel word’s meaning in one of four conditions: responsive live (a speaker was present and engaged with children); unresponsive video (a speaker on video looked at the camera and smiled at scripted times); unresponsive live (although present, the speaker behaved as she did on the unresponsive video), and responsive video (a speaker on closed-circuit video engaged with children, as in video chat). Children of both ages reliably learned the word in the responsive live condition, and older children (30 months) learned in the unresponsive live condition. Neither group learned in the responsive or unresponsive video conditions. The results show that the addition of communicative social cues to the video presentation via video chat was not sufficient to support learning in this case. Rather, toddlers’ transfer and generalization of words presented on video chat may depend on other contextual factors, such as co-viewers who scaffold their learning. Live, responsive video as implemented in this and prior studies is compared, with implications for the use of video chat via the Internet with young children.
Speech-in-Noise and Quality-of-Life Measures in School-Aged Children With Normal Hearing and With Unilateral Hearing Loss.

OBJECTIVES (1) Measure sentence recognition in co-located and spatially separated target and masker configurations in school-aged children with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) and with normal hearing (NH). (2) Compare self-reported hearing-related quality-of-life (QoL) scores in school-aged children with UHL and NH. DESIGN Listeners were school-aged children (6 to 12 yrs) with permanent UHL (n = 41) or NH (n = 35) and adults with NH (n = 23). Sentence reception thresholds (SRTs) were measured using Hearing In Noise Test-Children sentences in quiet and in the presence of 2-talker child babble or a speech-shaped noise masker in target/masker spatial configurations: 0/0, 0/-60, 0/+60, or 0/±60 degrees azimuth. Maskers were presented at a fixed level of 55 dBA, while the level of the target sentences varied adaptively to estimate the SRT. Hearing-related QoL was measured using the Hearing Environments and Reflection on Quality of Life (HEAR-QL-26) questionnaire for child subjects. RESULTS As a group, subjects with unaided UHL had higher (poorer) SRTs than age-matched peers with NH in all listening conditions. Effects of age, masker type, and spatial configuration of target and masker signals were found. Spatial release from masking was significantly reduced in conditions where the masker was directed toward UHL subjects' normal-hearing ear. Hearing-related QoL scores were significantly poorer in subjects with UHL compared to those with NH. Degree of UHL, as measured by four-frequency pure-tone average, was significantly correlated with SRTs only in the two conditions where the masker was directed towards subjects' normal-hearing ear, although the unaided Speech Intelligibility Index at 65 dB SPL was significantly correlated with SRTs in four conditions, some of which directed the masker to the impaired ear or both ears. Neither pure-tone average nor unaided Speech Intelligibility Index was correlated with QoL scores. CONCLUSIONS As a group, school-aged children with UHL showed substantial reductions in masked speech perception and hearing-related QoL, irrespective of sex, laterality of hearing loss, and degree of hearing loss. While some children demonstrated normal or near-normal performance in certain listening conditions, a disproportionate number of thresholds fell in the poorest decile of the NH data. These findings add to the growing literature challenging the past assumption that one ear is "good enough. "
Characteristics of Unmaintainable Source Code in Software Development by Multiple Organizations

In software development, there are numerous reasons why a development organization changes. These include cost reduction and retiring developers. Often the quality of software developed by multiple organizations is low, leading to problems such as difficulty in the evolution of source code. To detect factors indicating low evolvability of software, we focus two maintain-ability characteristics of software development: defect proneness and refactoring tendencies of the source code. We investigate the changes in the relationship of software metrics and the number of defects. Then we compare the results and editing tendencies for refactoring and evolving software in experiments using OpenOffice.org, which is developed by multiple companies, and a tool developed by outsourcing. Defects tend to concentrate on files that depend on many other files. Additionally, the code review confirms that refactoring before and after a development organization change is important for future developments.
Automatic Analysis of Lesion in Cardiovascular Image using Fully Convolutional Neural Networks

Deep learning algorithms, especially convolutional neural networks, have increasingly become a methodology of choice for analyzing medical images. And in the lung nodule detection, fundus disease diagnosis, microscopic image analysis and some other fields have achieved a very good performance. In this paper, we introduce the automatic analysis of lesions in cardiovascular OCT images which few people ever did before. According to the characteristics of the image itself, we propose an architecture that includes two task branches, a classification network and a regression network, which can effectively identify the region of interest in the image through joint training end-to-end. Besides, we also introduce a feasible method that can alleviate the class imbalance problem, one of the common challenges in medical image analysis.
Computational Modeling and Reverse Engineering to Reveal Dominant Regulatory Interactions Controlling Osteochondral Differentiation: Potential for Regenerative Medicine

The specialization of cartilage cells, or chondrogenic differentiation, is an intricate and meticulously regulated process that plays a vital role in both bone formation and cartilage regeneration. Understanding the molecular regulation of this process might help to identify key regulatory factors that can serve as potential therapeutic targets, or that might improve the development of qualitative and robust skeletal tissue engineering approaches. However, each gene involved in this process is influenced by a myriad of feedback mechanisms that keep its expression in a desirable range, making the prediction of what will happen if one of these genes defaults or is targeted with drugs, challenging. Computer modeling provides a tool to simulate this intricate interplay from a network perspective. This paper aims to give an overview of the current methodologies employed to analyze cell differentiation in the context of skeletal tissue engineering in general and osteochondral differentiation in particular. In network modeling, a network can either be derived from mechanisms and pathways that have been reported in the literature (knowledge-based approach) or it can be inferred directly from the data (data-driven approach). Combinatory approaches allow further optimization of the network. Once a network is established, several modeling technologies are available to interpret dynamically the relationships that have been put forward in the network graph (implication of the activation or inhibition of certain pathways on the evolution of the system over time) and to simulate the possible outcomes of the established network such as a given cell state. This review provides for each of the aforementioned steps (building, optimizing, and modeling the network) a brief theoretical perspective, followed by a concise overview of published works, focusing solely on applications related to cell fate decisions, cartilage differentiation and growth plate biology. Particular attention is paid to an in-house developed example of gene regulatory network modeling of growth plate chondrocyte differentiation as all the aforementioned steps can be illustrated. In summary, this paper discusses and explores a series of tools that form a first step toward a rigorous and systems-level modeling of osteochondral differentiation in the context of regenerative medicine.
Energy Scaling, Second Stokes Oscillation, and Raman Gain-Guiding in Monolithic Diamond Raman Lasers

Energy scaling of the first Stokes oscillation is compared in micro-lensed and plane-plane monolithic diamond Raman lasers under 532-nm pumping. A maximum Raman pulse energy of $92~\mu \text{J}$ at 573 nm was achieved with the micro-lensed device, whereas in a plane-plane configuration, the maximum Raman pulse energy was 3.1 mJ. The second Stokes generation at 620 nm in 2 and 1 mm long micro-lensed monolithic diamond Raman lasers is also reported. The best conversion efficiency from the pump at 532 nm, namely, 63%, was observed in a 2 mm long crystal at the pump pulse intensity of 4.5 GW/cm2. By measuring the output Raman laser beam caustic, it was found that the second Stokes intracavity beam radius at the output coupler of the micro-lensed device is at least two times smaller than that expected from the ABCD matrix calculations of the resonator mode. A Raman gain-guiding mechanism is suggested to explain this difference.
Bacteriophage Therapy Testing Against Shigella flexneri in a Novel Human Intestinal Organoid-Derived Infection Model

Objective: Enteric bacterial pathogens cause diarrheal disease and mortality at significant rates throughout the world, particularly in children younger than 5 years. Our ability to combat bacterial pathogens has been hindered by antibiotic resistance, a lack of effective vaccines, and accurate models of infection. With the renewed interest in bacteriophage therapy, we sought to use a novel human intestinal model to investigate the efficacy of a newly isolated bacteriophage against Shigella flexneri. Methods: An S. flexneri 2457T-specific bacteriophage was isolated and assessed through kill curve experiments and infection assays with colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells and a novel human intestinal organoid-derived epithelial monolayer model. In our treatment protocol, organoids were generated from intestinal crypt stem cells, expanded in culture, and seeded onto transwells to establish 2-dimensional monolayers that differentiate into intestinal cells. Results: The isolated bacteriophage efficiently killed S. flexneri 2457T, other S. flexneri strains, and a strain of 2457T harboring an antibiotic resistance cassette. Analyses with laboratory and commensal Escherichia coli strains demonstrated that the bacteriophage was specific to S. flexneri, as observed under co-culture conditions. Importantly, the bacteriophage prevented both S. flexneri 2457T epithelial cell adherence and invasion in both infection models. Conclusions: Bacteriophages offer feasible alternatives to antibiotics for eliminating enteric pathogens, confirmed here by the bacteriophage-targeted killing of S. flexneri. Furthermore, application of the organoid model has provided important insight into Shigella pathogenesis and bacteriophage-dependent intervention strategies. The screening platform described herein provides proof-of-concept analysis for the development of novel bacteriophage therapies to target antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
CNN-Based Mitosis Detection for Assisting Doctors to Diagnosis

Breast cancer kills more than 500,000 people every year all over the world. The number of mitotic cells is one important indicator to evaluate breast cancer progressing, and mitotic counting is very tedious and easy to make mistake. Therefore, the development of computer-aided detection (CAD) system is important in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. In this paper, we propose a CAD system based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically count mitotic cells. The proposed system consists of three steps. First, a normalization process is exploited to reduce the illumination variance and noise among different individuals as well as highlight the nuclei regions, which can simplify the problem of mitotic counting. Second, an improved convolutional neural network based on LeN et-5 is established to extract features. Last, Softmax can finally determine the location of mitotic cells. Our CAD system was evaluated on the dataset provide by 2012 ICPR mitosis detection challenge, and experimental results revealed that F1 score achieved 0.884.
Epidemiologic Assessment of Microtia in Over 23 Million Consecutive United States Births

Purpose: Conflicting data exist regarding the incidence, demographics, and abnormalities associated with microtia. Using a large national cohort database, a comprehensive evaluation of microtia in the United States was performed. Methods: The Kids’ Inpatient Database was reviewed over a 15-year consecutive period. Information regarding patient demographics, comorbidities, postoperative complications, and hospital setting was collected. Statistical tests were analyzed using independent t tests and &khgr;2 analysis. Results: A total of 23,479,792 births over 15 consecutive years from 1997 to 2012 were included in the study. Microtia was identified in 1563 births. Incidence of microtia was higher in males (P<0.01) and patients of Asian or Hispanic race (P<0.01). Patients with microtia had significantly more congenital anomalies relative to the rest of the population (P<0.01). Specifically, cardiac and genitourinary anomalies were 51 and 19 times, respectively, more likely in microtia patients. Risk of associated congenital anomalies with microtia was highest in female and Black patients. 12.6% of all microtia patients had an associated craniofacial syndrome with a comparable postsurgical course to the nonsyndromic population. Conclusion: This study represents the largest national, longitudinal study of microtia allowing for demographic, socioeconomic, and comorbidity commentary. By quantifying relative risk of associated congenital anomalies, it can help inform the type and utility of screening modalities when evaluating microtia patients.
In-Band Emission Interference in D2D-Enabled Cellular Networks: Modeling, Analysis, and Mitigation

Next-generation network is considered as a device-to-device (D2D)-enabled system. The overlay in-band scheme can be used by the cellular user equipments and D2D user equipments (DUEs) to send data. The cellular and D2D links experience the in-band emission interference (IEI) from the DUEs that use the adjacent frequencies. This paper models the IEI impact by using stochastic geometry and analytically investigates this impact on cellular and D2D links. The IEI inter-cell and IEI intra-cell are separately assessed, and the expected D2D resource block (DRB) reuse factor is evaluated. Furthermore, the distance-density-based strategy is proposed to mitigate the IEI by controlling the number and location of served DUEs for each DRB. Also, the optimal power allocation algorithm is proposed by calculating the optimal DUEs transmission power profile that mitigates IEI and maximizes DUEs sum rate. The performance is improved significantly for the proposed methods. The application scenario is identified for each mitigation method.
Gearing up for the 21st century space race

A new space race is imminent, with several industry players working towards satellite-based Internet connectivity. While satellite networks are not themselves new, these recent proposals are aimed at orders of magnitude higher bandwidth and much lower latency, with constellations planned to comprise thousands of satellites. These are not merely far future plans --- the first satellite launches have already commenced, and substantial planned capacity has already been sold. It is thus critical that networking researchers engage actively with this research space, instead of missing what may be one of the most significant modern developments in networking. In our first steps in this direction, we find that this new breed of satellite networks could potentially compete with today's ISPs in many settings, and in fact offer lower latencies than present fiber infrastructure over long distances. We thus elucidate some of the unique challenges these networks present at virtually all layers, from topology design and ISP economics, to routing and congestion control.
On the Implementation of Carrierless Amplitude and Phase Modulation in Visible Light Communication

Carrierless amplitude and phase modulation (CAP) is one of the spectrally efficient schemes that have been proposed to tackle the limited modulation bandwidth challenge in visible light communication (VLC). The VLC technology leverages existing lighting fixtures to provide wireless data communication, which makes it attractive for many applications. However, the commercially available white light emitting diodes (LEDs) that are predominantly employed in VLC offer low modulation bandwidths that limit the achievable data rate. Thus, CAP modulation is employed to improve achievable data rate, primarily due to its implementation simplicity and high spectral efficiency. The CAP scheme also has a special feature in that it can be implemented as a single band or a multiband scheme which provides design flexibility. This paper presents an in-depth study of the implementation of CAP in LED-based VLC systems, highlighting the unique features that make it specially suited for VLC applications. Furthermore, a comprehensive investigation is carried out regarding the design parameters of the CAP modulation transceiver, its benefits, and techniques to mitigate the challenges of CAP-based VLC systems.
Team Leadership and Performance: Combining the Roles of Direction and Contribution

In knowledge-intensive projects, one of the challenges project team leaders often face is how to combine their roles of direction and contribution. In this paper, we propose a game-theoretic model of team leadership of coproductive projects and study how team leaders should combine their directing and contributing efforts depending on the team and project characteristics. Our analysis reveals that two types of team leadership approaches arise in equilibrium, namely, “participatory” team leadership, under which the team leader gives the team members full discretion on their choice of effort, and “directive” team leadership, under which the team leader demands team members exert higher effort than what they would choose to exert voluntarily. We find that directive team leadership is optimal when the team members have low incentives, that is, when their rewards are low, the size of the team is large, or failure is not too costly (e.g., continuation is possible); otherwise, participatory team leadership is op.