Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dual-stream Maximum Self-attention Multi-instance Learning

Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a form of weakly supervised learning where a single class label is assigned to a bag of instances while the instance-level labels are not available. Training classifiers to accurately determine the bag label and instance labels is a challenging but critical task in many practical scenarios, such as computational histopathology. Recently, MIL models fully parameterized by neural networks have become popular due to the high flexibility and superior performance. Most of these models rely on attention mechanisms that assign attention scores across the instance embeddings in a bag and produce the bag embedding using an aggregation operator. In this paper, we proposed a dual-stream maximum self-attention MIL model (DSMIL) parameterized by neural networks. The first stream deploys a simple MIL max-pooling while the top-activated instance embedding is determined and used to obtain self-attention scores across instance embeddings in the second stream. Different from most of the previous methods, the proposed model jointly learns an instance classifier and a bag classifier based on the same instance embeddings. The experiments results show that our method achieves superior performance compared to the best MIL methods and demonstrates state-of-the-art performance on benchmark MIL datasets.
A field proof‐of‐concept of aquifer imaging using 3‐D transient hydraulic tomography with modular, temporarily‐emplaced equipment

Hydraulic tomography is a field scale aquifer characterization method capable of estimating 3‐D heterogeneous parameter distributions, and is directly sensitive to hydraulic conductivity (K), thus providing a useful data source for improving flow and transport models. We present results from a proof‐of‐concept field and modeling study in which we apply 3‐D transient hydraulic tomography (3DTHT) to the relatively high‐K and moderately heterogeneous unconfined aquifer at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site. Short‐duration (20 min) partially penetrating pumping tests, for which observed responses do not reach steady state, are used as the aquifer stimulation. To collect field data, we utilize a system of temporarily emplaced packer equipment to isolate multiple discrete intervals in boreholes. To analyze the data, we utilize MODFLOW combined with geostatistical inversion code based on the quasilinear approach of Kitanidis (1995). This combination of practical software allows inversion of large datasets (>250 drawdown curves, and almost 1000 individual data points) and estimation of K at >100,000 locations; reasonable runtimes are obtained using a single multicore computer with 12 GB of RAM. The K heterogeneity results from 3DTHT are cross‐validated against K characterization from a large set of partially penetrating slug tests, and found to be quite consistent. The use of portable, modular equipment for field implementation means that 3DTHT data collection can be performed (including mobilization/demobilization) within a matter of days. Likewise, use of a practical, efficient and scalable numerical modeling and inversion strategy means that computational effort is drastically reduced, such that 3‐D aquifer property distributions can be estimated quickly.
Strategies to reverse drug resistance in malaria

Purpose of review Despite the current success of artemisinin combination therapy, the threat of drug-resistant falciparum malaria remains severe. Reversal of resistance to old drugs remains one strategy to deal with this problem. This review highlights recent significant findings. Recent findings This review provides a brief description of current antimalarials, their known or putative targets and mechanisms of resistance (where applicable). The main focus is recent reports on chloroquine resistance-reversing agents, including primaquine, so-called ‘reversed chloroquines’, novel resistance reversers such as xanthenes and two new mefloquine resistance-reversing compounds. A number of patents also report interesting new chloroquine resistance reversers, most notably HIV protease inhibitors. The review is confined to Plasmodium falciparum. Summary Only chlorpheniramine has so far shown some clinical utility as a chloroquine resistance reverser. Recent observations, however, that both primaquine and HIV protease inhibitors are chloroquine resistance reversers may eventually prove to be of clinical significance. ‘Reversed chloroquines’ are a scientifically innovative new class of antimalarial that both kill malaria parasites and have the potential to reverse resistance to their own antimalarial pharmacophore.
Can practice patterns and outcomes be successfully altered? Examples from cardiovascular medicine. The Clinical Quality Improvement Network (CQIN) Investigators.

OBJECTIVE To offer an attributive opinion of recent improvements in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) practice patterns and patient outcomes in the culture of an active health care research program. DATA SOURCES Review of original clinical data from five sequential, consecutively enrolled, AMI patient cohorts at the University of Alberta Hospitals from 1987-93. DATA SYNTHESIS Early cohorts had low use of trial-proven efficacious therapies for AMI, particularly among high risk older and female patients. Over time, there were continuous and marked increases in the use of efficacious therapies and decreased use of nonefficacious therapies, with a parallel decrease in mortality among high risk patients. CONCLUSIONS In a large tertiary care hospital between 1987 and 1993 the use of evidence-based AMI therapy and survival in high risk patients significantly increased. The continuity and large size of these improvements in AMI practice patterns, compared with similar populations reported in the contemporary literature, suggest it is unlikely they were due to chance. Rather, intercurrent repeated measurement and reporting of key health care performance indicators, and initiation of explicit critical path AMI practice guidelines provide a more likely explanation. Future studies by a network of community and university investigators will test whether these findings are true for a broad AMI population and whether similar practice definition and improvement tools are effective for other cardiac problems, including the management of congestive heart failure.
Prediction of fully compensated ferrimagnetic spin-gapless semiconducting FeMnGa/Al/In half Heusler alloys

First-principles calculations suggest that C1b-ordered FeMnZ (Z = Al, Ga, In and Al0.5Ga0.5) alloys are half-metallic fully compensated ferrimagnets with a spin-gapless semiconducting nature. In such materials, full spin polarization, spin-gapless properties and absence of external stray fields, thus exhibiting minimal energy losses, are expected.
Regulation of the xcp secretion pathway by multiple quorum‐sensing modulons in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is largely dependent upon the extracellular production of a number of secreted proteins with toxic or degradative activities. The synthesis of several exoenzymes is controlled in a cell‐density‐dependent manner by two interlinked quorum‐sensing systems. Their secretion across the outer membrane occurs through the Xcp translocation machinery. The xcp locus located at 40 min on the chromosome consists of two divergently transcribed operons, namely xcpPQ and xcpR to xcpZ. In this study, transcriptional fusions were constructed between the xcpP and xcpR genes and the lacZ reporter. Transcriptional activation of the xcpP and xcpR genes in P. aeruginosa is growth‐phase dependent and the lasR–lasI autoinduction system is required for this control. In the heterologous host Escherichia coli, the lasR gene product, together with its cognate autoinducer N‐(3‐oxododecanoyl)‐l‐homoserine lactone (OdDHL), activates both the xcpP–lacZ and the xcpR–lacZ gene fusion. The second P. aeruginosa quorum‐sensing modulon rhlR–rhlI (vsmR–vsmI ) is also involved in the control of the xcp genes. Expression of the lacZ fusions is strongly reduced in PANO67, a pleiotropic mutant defective in the production of N‐acyl‐homoserine lactones responsible for the activation of RhlR. Furthermore, introduction of the lasR mutation in PANO67 results in additional diminution of xcpR transcription, indicating that the two systems can regulate their target genes independently. These data demonstrate that expression of the xcp secretion system depends on a complex regulatory network involving cell–cell signalling which controls production and secretion of virulence‐associated factors.
fNIRS study of walking and walking while talking in young and old individuals.

BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that gait is influenced by higher order cognitive and cortical control mechanisms. However, less is known about the functional correlates of cortical control of gait. METHODS Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, the current study was designed to evaluate whether increased activations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were detected in walking while talking (WWT) compared with normal pace walking (NW) in 11 young and 11 old participants. Specifically, the following two hypotheses were evaluated: (a) Activation in the PFC would be increased in WWT compared with NW. (b) The increase in activation in the PFC during WWT as compared with NW would be greater in young than in old participants. RESULTS Separate linear mixed effects models with age as the two-level between-subject factor, walking condition (NW vs WWT) as the two-level repeated within-subject factor, and HbO2 levels in each of the 16 functional near-infrared spectroscopy channels as the dependent measure revealed significant task effects in 14 channels, indicating a robust bilateral increased activation in the PFC in WWT compared with NW. Furthermore, the group-by-task interaction was significant in 11 channels with young participants showing greater WWT-related increase in HbO2 levels compared with the old participants. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first evidence that oxygenation levels are increased in the PFC during WWT compared with NW in young and old individuals. This effect was modified by age suggesting that older adults may under-utilize the PFC in attention-demanding locomotion tasks.
Cognitions Associated With Attempts to Empathize: How Do We Imagine the Perspective of Another?

Although the theoretical importance of perspective taking has long been recognized, surprisingly little work has documented the cognitions associated with attempts to imagine another’s point of view. To explore this issue and to determine whether perspective taking increases the likelihood of self-related thoughts, two experiments were carried out. In the first, a thought-listing procedure was used to assess observer cognitions; in the second, a less reactive measure was used. Instructions to imagine the self in the target’s position and instructions simply to imagine the target’s perspective produced increased levels of self-related cognition relative to a traditional control condition; the imagine-self condition also produced more self-thoughts and fewer target thoughts than did the imagine-target condition. The control condition produced thoughts suggesting that the observers were distancing themselves from the target. Observers receiving no instructions at all reported cognitions that closely resembled those of observers who received imagine-target instructions.
Revival of the fittest.

In his recent note, Hedonism and the Value of Money, George shared his enthusiasm for the 1961 E-Type Jaguar. Although this “breathtakingly pretty” car survived the test of time, Jaguar Cars as an independent company didn’t fare quite as well; a defensive merger with British Motor Corporation and a subsequent ill-fated merger with Leyland Motor Company ended with enforced nationalisation in 1975. Although it regained its independence in 1984, Jaguar lost it again a few years later this time to Ford and was finally sold along with Land Rover to the Indian Tata group in 2008. Jaguar’s history is colourful but not unusual; survival for more than a short number of years in the corporate world is increasingly rare.
Functional anatomy and muscle moment arms of the pelvic limb of an elite sprinting athlete: the racing greyhound (Canis familiaris)

We provide quantitative anatomical data on the muscle–tendon architecture and geometry of the pelvic limb of an elite sprint athlete, the racing greyhound. Specifically, muscle masses, muscle lengths, fascicle lengths, pennation angles and muscle moment arms were measured. Maximum isometric force and power of muscles, the maximum muscle torque at joints and tendon stress and strain were estimated. We compare data with that published for a generalized breed of canid, and other cursorial mammals such as the horse and hare. The pelvic limb of the racing greyhound had a relatively large volume of hip extensor muscle, which is likely to be required for power production. Per unit body mass, some pelvic limb muscles were relatively larger than those in less specialized canines, and many hip extensor muscles had longer fascicle lengths. It was estimated that substantial extensor moments could be created about the tarsus and hip of the greyhound allowing high power output and potential for rapid acceleration. The racing greyhound hence possesses substantial specializations for enhanced sprint performance.
Comparison of the Phonation-Related Structures among Pig, Dog, White-Tailed Deer, and Human Larynges

There is an important need for good animal models of the larynx for the study of the physiology of phonation. The dog's larynx has been used as an animal model for more than 2 centuries of phonatory research. However, there is some evidence that the pig larynx has advantages over the dog larynx as a model of phonation. Another larynx that is readily available is the deer larynx. In this comparative study, the laryngeal anatomy and function were examined in 4 species — human, pig, dog, and white-tailed deer. Particular attention was directed to those structures that one would predict could affect phonation, from the anatomic and biomechanical point of view. Although the vocal fold length was similar for all 4 species, the larynges described differed in some phonation-related characteristics. The data suggest that from a structural perspective, the pig larynx is a superior model for phonatory research.
Clock gene polymorphism, migratory behaviour and geographic distribution: a comparative study of trans‐Saharan migratory birds

Migratory behaviour is controlled by endogenous circannual rhythms that are synchronized by external cues, such as photoperiod. Investigations on the genetic basis of circannual rhythmicity in vertebrates have highlighted that variation at candidate ‘circadian clock’ genes may play a major role in regulating photoperiodic responses and timing of life cycle events, such as reproduction and migration. In this comparative study of 23 trans‐Saharan migratory bird species, we investigated the relationships between species‐level genetic variation at two candidate genes, Clock and Adcyap1, and species’ traits related to migration and geographic distribution, including timing of spring migration across the Mediterranean Sea, migration distance and breeding latitude. Consistently with previous evidence showing latitudinal clines in ‘circadian clock’ genotype frequencies, Clock allele size increased with breeding latitude across species. However, early‐ and late‐migrating species had similar Clock allele size. Species migrating over longer distances, showing delayed spring migration and smaller phenotypic variance in spring migration timing, had significantly reduced Clock (but not Adcyap1) gene diversity. Phylogenetic confirmatory path analysis suggested that migration date and distance were the most important variables directly affecting Clock gene diversity. Hence, our study supports the hypothesis that Clock allele size increases poleward as a consequence of adaptation to the photoperiodic regime of the breeding areas. Moreover, we show that long‐distance migration is associated with lower Clock diversity, coherently with strong stabilizing selection acting on timing of life cycle events in long‐distance migratory species, likely resulting from the time constraints imposed by late spring migration.
Long‐Term Monitoring of the Brazil Current Transport at 22°S From XBT and Altimetry Data: Seasonal, Interannual, and Extreme Variability

The seasonal and interannual variability of the Brazil Current (BC) at 22°S is examined using expendable bathythermograph (XBT) transect and satellite altimetry data from 1993 to 2017. The XBT‐based mean absolute geostrophic transport of the BC is estimated as 4.7 ± 1.9 Sv, with additional 0.9 ± 0.9 Sv along the shelf. The strong agreement between the absolute dynamic height and altimetric sea surface height is used in two methods to reconstruct a daily time series of the BC transport since 1993. The altimetry‐based methods can represent well the BC transport seasonal cycle, whereas the XBT‐based estimates are slightly aliased by the strong regional mesoscale variability. At interannual timescales, the BC transport is significantly correlated (r = 0.43) with the wind stress curl in the western half of the basin with a lag of 19 months, which is consistent with baroclinic adjustment timescales. Other sources of variability can be observed in a case study of the summer 2009/2010 event, which was characterized by strong sea surface temperature anomalies of approximately 3 °C. During the event, the BC reached 11 Sv for nearly 3 months, partly driven by an increased coastal upwelling from a cyclonic wind stress anomaly, a standing eddy along the section, and thermosteric anomalies that reached the offshore side of section in February. Heat anomalies were transported southward along the subtropical gyre following the BC path in a period of 2 months, which is consistent with advective timescales. Potential implications for extreme sea level and summer precipitation events in South America are discussed. Plain Language Summary Two methods were developed to create a 25‐yearlong time series of the Brazil Current (BC) volume transport across 22°S using expendable bathythermograph data and altimetry. The seasonal variability of the BC is out‐of‐phase with the wind stress curl across the basin, suggesting that wave adjustment and local winds control the seasonality. At interannual timescales, the wind stress curl in the western side of the basin and the regional upwelling control the BC variability. In the summer of 2009/2010, the BC transport was 3 times stronger than its mean. The event was characterized by a strong warm sea surface temperature anomaly propagating westward into the region and an associated anticyclonic wind stress anomaly. Results suggest that the BC strengthening was linked to a decreased near‐shore sea level of ~20 cm due to increased coastal upwelling, and an increased offshore sea level of 15 cm influenced by the warm anomaly.
Effects of partial replacement of ryegrass by low protein feeds on rumen fermentation and nitrogen loss by dairy cows.

Three rumen fermentation studies in combination with three feeding trials were carried out to investigate the effect of partial replacement of heavily fertilized perennial ryegrass by low protein feedstuffs on pH and concentrations of VFA and NH3 N in the rumen and on N excretion in milk, urine, and feces by dairy cows. Feedstuffs tested were high fiber concentrate mixtures based on sugar beet pulp and soybean hulls and high starch concentrate mixtures based on corn (Experiments 1 and 2), corn silage (Experiment 1), dried and ensiled pressed sugar beet pulp and high moisture ear corn silages with or without husks (Experiment 3). In the fermentation studies, N intake ranged between . 43 and . 57 kg/d. Partial replacement often increased DMI (maximal by 2.6 kg), resulting in minor effects on N intake. Urinary N excretion ranged between 30 and 58% of N intake and decreased by 30 to 40% when grass was partially replaced. Fecal N output was between 25 and 30% of N intake and tended to increase with the low protein feed. The reduction in urinary N excretion corresponded to a decrease of rumen NH3 N. Replacement by concentrate mixtures based on corn reduced milk fat content; for mixtures based on beet pulp, milk fat content was not changed.
Combined lung and liver transplantation: the United States experience.

Address correspondence to: Eiichi Azuma, M.D., Department of Cell Transplantation, Mie University School of Medicine, 2–174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan. E-mail: e-azuma@clin.medic. mie-u.ac. jp Submitted 3 November 2005. Revision requested 16 February 2006. Accepted 20 February 2006. Copyright © 2006 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ISSN 0041-1337/06/8201-142 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp. 0000225780.90991. 49 REFERENCES
Stratigraphische Begriffe für das Quartär des norddeutschen Vereisungsgebietes

Abstract. Norddeutschland und angrenzende Gebiete, beeinflusst durch die skandinavischen Inlandvereisungen, sind klassische Regionen der Quartargeologie und -stratigraphie. Der Schweizer Geologe VON MORLOT (1844) vermutete bereits, dass die nordischen Vergletscherungen das Erzgebirge in Sachsen erreicht haben konnten. Die Entdeckung der Gletscherschrammen auf triassischem Muschelkalk in Rudersdorf bei Berlin durch TORRELL (1875) fuhrte zur generellen Akzeptanz der Glazialtheorie in Deutschland. PENCK (1879) vermutete, dass Norddeutschland durch drei voneinander getrennte Vergletscherungen beeinflusst wurde. Die Kartierung der pleistozanen Ablagerungen durch den Preussischen Geologischen Dienst seit 1910 war ein Meilenstein fur die Quartarstratigraphie, und die Begriffe „Elster“, „Saale“ und „Weichsel“ wurden in die wissenschaftliche Literatur eingefuhrt. Quartargeologen wie L. SIEGERT, W. WEISSERMEL, K. KEILHACK, R. GRAHMANN und P. WOLDSTEDT beschrieben bereits Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts fundamentale Zusammenhange der Glazialgeschichte des nordmitteleuropaischen Tieflandes und ihre Korrelation mit fluvialen Prozessen. Die Quartarstratigraphie in Norddeutschland besitzt nicht zuletzt durch das dichte Netz an Bohrungen und durch die gut untersuchten Profilaufschlusse in den Braunkohlentagebauen eine solide Basis. Von besonderer Bedeutung fur die Stratigraphie ist in diesem Gebiet die Verzahnung von glaziarer und periglaziarer Fazies, d.h. die Beziehung zwischen Schotterterrassen, Moranenablagerungen und uberdies zwischengeschalteten Interglazialsedimenten. In ihrer vertikalen Abfolge folgen sie in klassischer Weise dem stratigraphischen Grundgesetz.
Coinfection with Toxoplasma gondii Inhibits Antigen-Specific Th2 Immune Responses, Tissue Inflammation, and Parasitism in BALB/c Mice Infected with Leishmania major

ABSTRACT Lesion size, cellular infiltration, and tissue parasitism in the footpads of BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major were all dramatically inhibited during acute but not chronic infection withToxoplasma gondii. Similarly, acute but not chronic toxoplasmosis at the time of infection with L. major had a strong inhibitory effect on development of acquired immune responses mediated by Th2 lymphocytes. In contrast, no major changes inLeishmania-specific Th1-mediated responses were observed in mice coinfected with T. gondii.