Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bipedicle Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap for Unilateral Breast Reconstruction: Seven Years’ Experience

Background: The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap has recently gained popularity as a breast reconstruction technique; however, insufficient blood supply, which can be augmented by the bipedicle flap, is its major drawback. Methods: The authors analyze a consecutive series of DIEP flaps performed over 7 years and propose a strategy that includes three options for reconstructing the blood supply of the bipedicle flap. Results: One hundred thirteen patients aged 20 to 56 years (mean, 41.9 years) underwent unilateral breast reconstruction with 96 bipedicle and 17 unipedicle DIEP flaps. The three options the authors proposed to reconstruct the blood supply of the bipedicle flap were applied in 94 patients. The mean follow-up period was 12.4 months. Two flaps were lost in the bipedicle group and one flap was lost in the unipedicle group (p = 0.721). One patient developed partial flap loss in the bipedicle group and three patients developed partial flap loss in the unipedicle group (p = 0.011). The overall fat necrosis occurred in 12 patients in the bipedicle group and eight patients in the unipedicle group (p = 0.02). Complications occurred in the abdomen in four patients in the bipedicle group and one patient in the unipedicle group (p = 0.565). One patient (0.9 percent) in the bipedicle group complained of abdominal asymmetry. No hernia occurred during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Bipedicle DIEP flap surgery for unilateral breast reconstruction is a safe and acceptable procedure, especially for patients who have midline infraumbilical incisional scars. With the strategy and options the authors present, the blood supply of the bipedicle DIEP flap can be easily reconstructed in all situations.
The effect of increasing degrees of spinal flexion on cerebrospinal fluid pressure

The effects of increasing degrees of flexion on cerebrospinal fluid pressure were investigated in 12 neurosurgical patients requiring lumbar subarachnoid drains. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure and central venous pressure were measured in three positions: fully flexed (‘chin on chest’), flexed at ninety degrees and straight. There was a significant increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure on moving from the fully flexed to the flexed position (p < 0.0001), but not from the flexed to the straight position. These results were mirrored by smaller changes in central venous pressure. In patients without intracranial pathology these increases in cerebrospinal fluid pressure are probably unimportant. However, intracranial pathology may result in low cerebral perfusion pressures and any increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure in this group may be harmful. The fully flexed position should be avoided when inserting lumbar drains in at risk patients.
Regression of Lid-Induced Corneal Topography Changes After Reading

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to investigate the magnitude of lid-induced corneal topography changes as a function of time spent reading and the subsequent time course of regression of these changes. Methods. Six young subjects, five myopes and one emmetrope with normal ocular health, participated in the study. Corneal topography of one eye was measured with videokeratoscopy before four reading sessions of 10, 30, 60, and 120 min duration performed on four separate mornings. Corneal topography was again measured at fixed intervals up to 180 min after each reading session. A control trial without reading was also performed on a separate morning. Results. All six subjects showed significant changes in corneal topography directly after each of the reading sessions. Longer reading periods caused larger corneal changes. Local instantaneous power changes reached up to 5.95 D (± 2.80 D), whereas refractive power changes in the superior cornea ranged up to 1.26 D (± 0.44) for the 120-min reading trial. The duration of regression of corneal changes showed slower recovery times after longer reading periods. The pattern of regression was similar for all reading times, showing a rapid recovery within the first 10 minutes followed by a slower regression period. Conclusions. The length of time spent reading has a cumulative effect on the period over which corneal topography remains altered as a result of lid forces.
5. Anabolic Steroids — The Drugs That Give and Take Away Manhood. A Case with an Unusual Physical Sign

A case is presented in which the abuse of anabolic steroids by a body builder led to an unusual physical sign. The case discusses the effects that anabolic steroid abuse can have upon manhood. The frequency of anabolic steroid misuse is increasing. The implications of this with respect to psychiatric illness and violent crime are discussed. It is well known that the use of anabolic steroids among young men, body builders in particular, is growing apace (Perry and Littlepage, 1992), and they may be aware of the risks of impurity and contamination. There is a wide range of anabolic steroids in use; they are often used in doses of greater than lmg/kg per day. As well as single use, the misuser may ‘stack’ (use more than one at a time) or ‘pyramid’ (use increasing doses of a given drug) the steroids (Kennedy, 1990). The physical and psychiatric effects of anabolic steroids are well known (Kashkin and Kleber, 1989; Brower, 1992; Pope and Katz, 1988). However, we describe a case with psychiatric symptoms, a violent outburst and a unique (? ) physical sign.
Pharmacokinetics of oral zidovudine (azidothymidine) in patients with AIDS when administered with and without a high‐fat meal

Zidovudine is the only drug currently approved tor the treatment of HIV infection. The present recommended doses found to be efficacious in patients with AIDS (200 mg every 4 h) achieve serum zidovudine concentrations > 0.267 μg/ml (1 μmol/l). Since patients often take zidovudine with food, we have investigated the effect of a liquid high-fat meal on the rate of absorption of zidovudine and on the peak serum concentration achieved. Eight patients received their usual dose of zidovudine (100 mg or 250 mg), with and without a liquid high-fat meal, on two separate study days, in a randomized crossover fashion. Blood and urine samples were collected over a 4-h period. In the absence of food, zidovudine is rapidly absorbed; the time to reach maximal serum concentration (Tmax) was 0.68 (± 0.25) h and the mean peak serum concentration (Cmax) achieved was 0.49 (± 0.3) μg/ml (dose normalized to 100 mg dose). In the presence of a high-fat meal, Tmax was significantly prolonged [1.95(±0.69)h; P < 0.05] and the Cmax reduced [0.245 (± 0.12) μg/ml; P < 0.05]. This demonstrates that to achieve maximal zidovudine serum concentrations, patients should take this medication on an empty stomach.
3 Ecological Niches and Diversity Maintenance

Why do some places have much higher diversity than others? Explaining patterns of species diversity on the earth is a problem of long-standing for ecologists. Numerous diversity patterns have been documented [1], but the mechanisms behind these patterns remain poorly understood. If we knew the mechanisms, surer decisions in conservation and management would be possible. Understanding can be sought in many different ways. A dominant approach in community ecology is to search for explanations through the study of species interactions [2, 3]. This approach is motivated by the competitive exclusion principle, which suggests that there are limits to how similar species can be in their ecology while coexisting with one another in a stable way [2-6]. However, the competitive exclusion principle is challenged by the existence of many highly diverse communities of seemingly similar species. A response to this challenge is neutral theory, which postulates that many coexisting species are ecologically identical in respects that matter, and do not coexist stably. Instead, they undergo random walks to extinction, with diversity replenished by speciation, and immigration of species from other areas [7]. The neutral theory has been successful in predicting some diversity patterns in nature [8], but fails in other areas [9-12], and is limited in the nature of the predictions that it can produce [13]. Other responses to the diversity challenge take the competitive exclusion principle seriously, although with a broad definition of stability [5]. These responses seek to understand the various ways that species differ from one another, how these differences structure species interactions and ultimately contribute to diversity maintenance in terms of species coexistence mechanisms [3, 5, 14, 15]. Traditional approaches focus on the differences between similar species in the ways they exploit resources, with some attention to the role of natural enemies in mediating or modifying interactions. New developments emphasize that the relationships that species have with their natural enemies are potentially just as important for diversity maintenance as their relationships with resources, and can have very similar outcomes [16]. Other directions focus on structuring and variation in the physical environment, emphasizing that the abilities of similar species to coexist with one another may have much to do with physical environmental structure [15, 17-19]. Testing diversity maintenance hypotheses in nature is a vexing challenge [3]. Data are often limited and manipulating systems experimentally for testing diversity maintenance questions poses serious difficulties. Moreover, devising definitive tests of mechanisms has been problematic [20, 21]. However, work on coexistence mechanisms in variable
Cognitive and mood changes in men undergoing intermittent combined androgen blockade for non‐metastatic prostate cancer

Purpose: Men with prostate‐specific antigen (PSA)‐only relapse of prostate cancer after primary therapy are generally fully functional and asymptomatic with a life expectancy of up to 10 or more years. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a common treatment option. This study examined mood and cognitive changes in otherwise healthy men with prostate cancer prior to, during and after ADT.
Reversible peripheral neuropathy in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism

We describe a 40‐year‐old male with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism presenting with tetany, proximal weakness, signs of hypocalcaemia including Chvostek and Trousseau's and diminished tendon reflexes in the upper and lower limbs. Electrophysiological studies revealed a sensory‐motor neuropathy, predominantly axonal as evidenced by decreased CMAP amplitudes, with normal distal latencies‐velocites, except for median nerve where a prolonged distal latency was observed. Serial nerve conduction studies were performed at repeated intervals for 2 years, while he received treatment for hypoparathyroidism (calcium and vitamin D supplementation). A progressive improvement in neuropathy both clinical and on electrophysiological studies was observed. Occurrence of peripheral neuropathy in hypocalcaemic states such as hypoparathyroidism and its reversibility after normalization of calcium homeostasis lend proof to the role of critical Ca2+ ion concentration in the normal functioning of the peripheral axons.
Forearm sympathetic withdrawal and vasodilatation during mental stress in humans

1 In humans, mental stress elicits vasodilatation in the muscle vascular beds of the forearm that may be neurally mediated. We sought to determine the extent to which this vasodilatation is due to sympathetic withdrawal, active neurogenic vasodilatation, or β‐adrenergically mediated vasodilatation. 2 We simultaneously measured forearm blood flow and muscle sympathetic nerve traffic to the forearm during mental stress in humans. In a second study, we measured forearm blood flow responses to mental stress after selective blockade of α‐adrenergic neurotransmission in one forearm. In a final study, we measured forearm blood flow responses to mental stress after unilateral anaesthetic blockade of the stellate ganglion, alone or in combination with selective β‐adrenergic receptor blockade of the forearm. 3 During mental stress, muscle sympathetic nerve activity decreased from 5113 ± 788 to 1509 ± 494 total integrated activity min− (P < 0.05) and forearm vascular resistance decreased from 96 ± 29 to 33 ± 7 mmHg (dl of tissue) min ml− (P < 0.05). Considerable vasodilatation was still elicited by mental stress after selective blockade of α‐adrenergic neurotransmission. Vasodilatation also occurred during mental stress after stellate ganglion blockade. This dilatation was reduced by selective blockade of β‐adrenergic receptors in the forearm. 4 Our results support a role for both sympathetic withdrawal and β‐adrenergic vasodilatation as the major causes of the forearm vasodilatation during mental stress in humans.
PAR and UVBR effects on photosynthesis, viability, growth and DNA in different life stages of two coexisting Gigartinales: implications for recruitment and zonation pattern

The effects that ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280 to 400 nm) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400 to 700 nm) had on early life stages of Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus were studied to determine if differences in UVR tolerance could influence their recruitment success on the upper eulittoral shores of Helgoland (North Sea). Photosynthesis, germination capacity, DNA damage and carpospore repair were measured after exposures to different time lengths and intensi- ties of PAR+UV-A+ UV-B, PAR + UV-A or PAR alone, and also after recovery in low white light. Ger- mination and photosynthesis of the low light adapted carpospores of both species were inhibited as PAR was increased. Supplemental UV-A and UV-B had a small additional effect on the Fv/Fm of M. stellatus but this effect was more pronounced in C. crispus. However, photosynthesis of both species significantly recovered after 48 h. Carpospore viability in C. crispus was more sensitive than in M. stellatus to UVR, while a higher dose was needed to achieve 50% germination inhibition in M. stel- latus. Furthermore, UV-B-induced DNA damage, measured as cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), was less in M. stellatus spores, which also exhibited an efficient DNA repair mechanism com- pared with C. crispus. In contrast, growth and chlorophyll a contents in young gametophytes of both species were not affected by repeated UV exposures. Higher total carotenoid was measured in plants exposed to UVR, indicating a photoprotection role, because photosynthesis completely acclimated to UVR after 3 d. Furthermore, DNA damage was not detected on mature fronds of both species when exposed to the full solar spectrum. Therefore, the susceptibility of carpospores to UVR could influ- ence species recruitment to the upper eulittoral zone.
Cutting Edge: Dendritic Epidermal γδ T Cell Ligands Are Rapidly and Locally Expressed by Keratinocytes following Cutaneous Wounding

TCR-specific activation is pivotal to dendritic epidermal T cell (DETC) function during cutaneous wound repair. However, DETC TCR ligands are uncharacterized, and little is known about their expression patterns and kinetics. Using soluble DETC TCR tetramers, we demonstrate that DETC TCR ligands are not constitutively expressed in healthy tissue but are rapidly upregulated following wounding on keratinocytes bordering wound edges. Ligand expression is tightly regulated, with downmodulation following DETC activation. Early inhibition of TCR–ligand interactions using DETC TCR tetramers delays wound repair in vivo, highlighting DETC as rapid responders to injury. To our knowledge, this is the first visualization of DETC TCR ligand expression, which provides novel information about how ligand expression impacts early stages of DETC activation and wound repair.
Self-recovering multirate equalizers using redundant filterbank precoders

Transmitter redundancy introduced using FIR filterbank precoders offers a unifying framework for single- and multi-user transmissions. With minimal rate reduction, FIR filterbank transmitters with trailing zeros allow for perfect (in the absence of noise) equalization of FIR channels with FIR zero-forcing equalizer filterbanks, irrespective of the input color and the channel zero locations. Methods of exploiting input diversity, blind channel estimators, block synchronizers, and direct self-recovering equalizing filterbanks are derived. The resulting algorithms are computationally simple, require small data sizes, can be implemented online, and remain consistent (after appropriate modifications) even at low SNR colored noise. Simulations illustrate applications to multi-carrier modulation through channels with deep fades, and superior performance relative to the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) and existing output diversity techniques relying on multiple antennas and fractional sampling.
Solasodine Induces Apoptosis, Affects Autophagy, and Attenuates Metastasis in Ovarian Cancer Cells

Abstract Solasodine, a steroidal alkaloid isolated from solanaceous species, exhibits anticancer activities on several cell lines. This study aimed to explore the antitumor potential of solasodine on ovarian cancer cells. The MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase release assay, Hoechst 33342 staining, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine staining assay, and Annexin V/PI assay were conducted to investigate the antiproliferation and apoptosis-inducing effects of solasodine. Monodansylcadaverine staining was performed to label the acidic puncta on ovarian cancer HEY cells. A wound healing assay and Transwell assay were carried out to determine whether solasodine elicits an antimetastatic effect on HEY cells. A gelatin zymography assay was applied to detect the enzymatic activities of matrix metalloproteinases. Western blot was employed to examine relevant protein expression. Results revealed that solasodine inhibited cell viabilities in a time- and dose-dependent manner, triggered apoptotic body formation, reduced cell mitochondrial membrane potential, and interfered with autolysosome degradation in ovarian cancer cells. Solasodine also suppressed the migration and invasion of HEY cells by downregulating matrix metalloproteinase expression and activities. This study could be used as a basis for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of the antiproliferation, apoptosis-inducing, autophagy-modifying, and antimetastatic activities of solasodine.
Nematode community, trophic structure and population fluctuation in soybean fields

Amostragens temporal (mensalmente em tres campos por 12 meses) e espacial (uma vez, em 23 campos, de marco a abril) foram feitas na principal regiao sojicola do Distrito Federal. Nos dois tipos de amostragem foram encontrados 53 generos de nematoides, sendo 13 deles detectados apenas pela temporal e um somente pela espacial. Do total, 53% foram fitoparasitos, 35% bacteriofagos e cerca de 12% micofagos, predadores e onivoros. Esses constituiram a comunidade de nematoides, dominada por Helicotylenchus (40% da abundância total), Acrobeles (15%), Cephalobus (7,6%), Meloidogyne (5,6%) e Pratylenchus (4,9%). Heterodera glycines nao foi encontrado neste estudo. Nao houve diferenca quanto aos indices Ds, H', Es, T, FF/BF, (FF+BF)/PP, MI, PPI, mMI e Dorylaimida (%) entre as duas amostragens, mas houve diferenca quanto aos indices d e J'. Os fitoparasitas tiveram populacoes reduzidas no final do ciclo da cultura, se mantiveram em nivel baixo na estacao seca e no periodo de desenvolvimento inicial das plantas, aumentando durante o crescimento das mesmas. Os micofagos se mantiveram em baixa populacao durante o ano, mas se elevaram em junho e julho, periodo de pos-colheita, em que raizes se encontravam em decomposicao por fungos do solo. Os bacteriofagos tiveram suas populacoes ligeiramente reduzidas durante a seca e a fase inicial das chuvas, mas se elevaram no meio da estacao chuvosa, estando, aparentemente, associadas a alta umidade do solo. Dentre os cinco generos mais abundantes, Acrobeles e Pratylenchus povoaram mais solos umidos, enquanto Cephalobus e Meloidogyne adaptaram bem em solos secos, mas Helicotylenchus sobreviveu abundantamente numa grande faixa de umidade.
Positron emission tomographic findings in Filipino X‐linked dystonia–parkinsonism

Regional and global metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRGlc and GMR) were estimated using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography in 3 patients with Filipino X‐linked dystonia‐parkinsonism (lubag). In all 3 patients a selective reduction in normalized striatal glucose metabolism (rCMRGlc/GMR) was observed compared with 15 normal volunteer subjects. Presynaptic nigrostriatal function was assessed in these patients using [18F]fluorodopa and positron emission tomography. Striatal rate constants for [18F]fluorodopa uptake were found to be in the normal range in all 3 patients with lubag. These findings suggest that the extrapyramidal manifestations of lubag are metabolically localized to the striatum and that clinical parkinsonism in these patients may be secondary to extranigral factors.
Further evidence of the intricacy of memory span.

Memory span was measured for lists of verbal items constructed such that the items in the first half of the list were of one category and those of the second half were of another. In Experiment 1, the lists consisted of digits and words (e.g., 2, 8, 7, horse, cow, sheep or horse, cow, sheep, 2, 8, 7); in Experiment 2, they consisted of words from the same semantic domain and words from different semantic domains; in Experiments 3 and 4, they consisted of words that rhymed and words that did not rhyme. A category-order effect occurred in each experiment: Span was larger when the digits, same-domain words, or rhyming words occurred in the first half of the list than when they occurred in the second half. These findings suggest that memory span is more complex than is generally assumed.
Relationship Violence, Fear, and Exposure to Youth Violence Among Adolescents in New York City

Previous research has shown that there is an overlap between experiences of youth violence and adolescent relationship violence. Yet, little research exists which investigates the sex differences in the associations between specific types of youth violence and relationship violence while controlling for potential confounders. This study addresses this gap in the literature by exploring the associations between experiences of youth violence and receiving and delivering relationship violence in an urban adolescent sample. From 2006 to 2007, 1,454 adolescents aged 13 to 21 years in New York City completed an anonymous survey that included the validated Conflict in Adolescent Relationships Inventory that estimates experiences of relationship violence in the previous year as well as the prevalence of various exposures to youth violence. Bivariate and multivariate analyses assessed the overlap between experiencing other types of youth violence and delivering and receiving physical relationship violence and sexual coercion. Compared with youth in nonviolent relationships, we found a significant association between delivering and receiving relationship physical violence and sexual coercion with participating in a fight, missing school due to fear, being threatened/injured with a weapon, gang membership, and carrying a weapon among both males and females. We also identified the sex differences between these specific associations of youth and relationship violence. Service providers working with adolescents experiencing relationship violence should be aware that they face a higher concurrent risk of experiencing or participating in other forms of youth violence. Likewise, providers working in the area of youth violence intervention and prevention should consider the possibility of concurrent relationship violence. Based on these findings, further research should explore whether interventions targeting relationship violence can also impact participation in youth violence and vice versa.