Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Anti Tehri Dam Movement as a New Social Movement and Gandhism

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the Anti Tehri Dam Movement (ATDM) in the Uttarakhand region in north India has become a "new social movement" [Touraine 1981(1978); Offe 1985; Melucci 1989] with a complex and multi-layered character, and how its "newness" has developed in close relationship with Gandhisml in contemporary India. The ATDM is a movement against the Tehri dam,2 which has been constructed at Tehri (tihari), located in the upstream of the Ganges (garigii), the biggest river in India. This movement formally started in 1978, and has been one of the two most active and massive campaigns against dam constructions in India, together with the Anti Narmada Dam Movement [Khagram 2005 (2004)]. However, little research has been done on the ATDM, compared with the latter which has been widely studied [Dhawan 1990; Sumi 1990; Baviskar 1997; Dreze et al., 1997; Fisher 1997; Sangvai 2000; D'Souza 2002]. Priya [1992] conducted the first intensive fieldwork when the ATDM gained momentum and, therefore, had the advantage of conveying the vivid atmosphere of that time. Later, Pathak [2005] placed the ATDM in the context of the history of social movements in the Uttarakhand region,' as Guha had done in the case of the Chipko Movement.4 However, Pathak insisted that the ATDM had "failed", and as a result could
Living With a Long-term, Indwelling Urinary Catheter: Catheter Users' Experience

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of long-term catheter users within a heterogeneous population. SUBJECTS AND SETTINGS: The sample comprised 27 community-dwelling long-term catheter users. Participants included 14 female users (4 urethral, 10 suprapubic catheter) and 13 male users (6 urethral, 7 suprapubic) between 22 and 96 years of age. Interviews were conducted in participants' homes except 1, which took place in a urology outpatient department based on the participant's preference. METHODS: A qualitative research design using an interpretive description approach was used for data collection and analysis. All interviews were electronically recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interpretive description involved familiarization with the data, thematic analysis, and the development of an interpretive account. RESULTS: The impact of the catheter and daily living adjustments that catheter users made are captured within 8 themes: (1) making adjustments; (2) managing away from home; (3) nighttime adjustment; (4) catheter problems; (5) social interaction; (6) support from others; (7) unpredictability; and (8) intimacy and body image. CONCLUSIONS: Catheter users' experiences of living with a catheter are shaped by a variety of interrelated factors. Some participants were determined to overcome catheter-related problems and develop self-reliance while others adopted a more resigned approach to living with a catheter. Having a catheter enabled some participants to experience greater freedom while others led more restricted lives as a consequence of catheterization.
Leadership Characteristics of Protective Force Instructors

The National Nuclear Security Administration, the governmental agency responsible for safeguarding and security the United States’ nuclear weapons production and research facilities, employs an armed protective force that responds to the full spectrum of threats. Governmental reports previously identified protective force performance in need of improvement. The purpose of this quantitative study, through the use of correlational research, is to identify the beneficial leadership characteristics of instructors, from the full range of leadership model, that enhance training and increase officer performance during training and improve mission performance. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used to identify instructor leadership characteristics and student outcomes. Consistent with previous research results, transformational leadership had a stronger significant positive relationship with student outcomes than transactional and passive-avoidant leadership. LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTECTIVE FORCE INSTRUCTORS by
Multiple forms of U2 snRNA coexist in the silk moth Bombyx mori

Eight U2 snRNA variants were isolated from several Bombyx mori U2‐specific RT‐PCR libraries. U2 sequences and secondary structures were generated and examined in terms of potential RNA and protein interactions. Analysis indicated that nucleotide changes occurred in both stem/loop and single‐stranded areas. Changes in the double stranded areas were either compensatory, single substitutions (e.g. C ↔ U) or prevented the double‐stranded formation of one or two base pairs. The polymorphisms were clustered in moderately conserved regions. Some of the changes observed generated stronger base pairing. Inter‐species conserved protein or RNA‐binding sites were relatively unaffected. No polymorphic sites were found in known functional sequences. Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster U2 sequences are 95% and 70% similar at the 5′‐ and the 3′‐ends of the molecule, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the U2 sequences demonstrates remarkable conservation across species.
Temporal Sensemaking: Managers’ use of Time to Frame Organizational Change

This qualitative study explores the relationship between time and organizational change, a recently emerging area of scholarly interest. Through the narrative analysis of managers’ own stories of change, I discern five distinct “worlds” of organizational change within the “same” significant government mandated organizational change in the “same” organizational context. The analysis provides evidence that managers temporally make sense of their experiences of change, actively configuring the relationship between the past, present, and future in different ways. In doing so, managers construct the organizational change and their enacted reality of that organizational change in different ways. This research augments recent work linking time and agency, demonstrates a broader temporal basis than retrospection for sensemaking, and contributes to our knowledge of researching and implementing organizational change.
Speed endurance training is a powerful stimulus for physiological adaptations and performance improvements of athletes

The present article reviews the physiological and performance effects of speed endurance training consisting of exercise bouts at near maximal intensities in already trained subjects. Despite a reduction in training volume, speed endurance training of endurance‐trained athletes can maintain the oxidative capacity and improve intense short‐duration/repeated high‐intensity exercise performance lasting 30 s to 4 min, as it occurs in a number of sports. When combined with a basic volume of training including some aerobic high‐intensity sessions, speed endurance training is also useful in enhancing performance during longer events, e.g. 40 K cycling and 10 K running. Athletes in team sports involving intense exercise actions and endurance aspects can also benefit from performing speed endurance training. These improvements don't appear to depend on changes in maximum oxygen uptake (), muscle substrate levels, glycolytic and oxidative enzymes activity, and membrane transport proteins involved in pH regulation. Instead they appear to be related to a reduced energy expenditure during submaximal exercise and a higher expression of muscle Na+,K+ pump α‐subunits, which via a higher Na+,K+ pump activity during exercise may delay fatigue development during intense exercise. In conclusion, athletes from disciplines involving periods of intense exercise can benefit from the inclusion of speed endurance sessions in their training programs.
An update on pharmacological treatment of erectile dysfunction with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors

Introduction: Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-i) are used for the oral treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Since the launch of sildenafil more than 15 years ago, new molecules have become available. At present, in addition to tadalafil and vardenafil, there are three other drugs, udenafil, avanafil and mirodenafil, marketed in some countries which appear to be promising. Areas covered: The clinical pharmacological differences in dosage and side effects of all PDE5-i are evaluated. Expert opinion: All PDE5-i are equally effective and safe for the treatment of ED. On-demand use of any PDE5-i is also safe for patients with comorbid conditions. Tadalafil seems to be the preferred drug by patients and physicians, probably due to its peculiar pharmacological profile that makes sexual intercourse more spontaneous for the patients. Preliminary data suggest that the use of vardenafil may also be beneficial in cases of ED associated with premature ejaculation. Daily treatment is another option in men with ED and documented vascular or prostate disease. In geriatric or in difficult-to-treat populations, the evaluation of testosterone plasma levels will help to predict the efficacy of any PDE5-i. Remarkably, when such drugs are withdrawn for any reason, ED most often continues to occur because of the presence of an underlying disease.
Labor Market Outcomes and the Transition to Adulthood

According to Sheldon Danziger and David Ratner, changes in the labor market over the past thirty-five years, such as labor-saving technological changes, increased globalization, declining unionization, and the failure of the minimum wage to keep up with inflation, have made it more difficult for young adults to attain the economic stability and self-sufficiency that are important markers of the transition to adulthood. Young men with no more than a high school degree have difficulty earning enough to support a family. Even though young women have achieved gains in earnings, employment, and schooling relative to men in recent decades, those without a college degree also struggle to achieve economic stability and self-sufficiency.The authors begin by describing trends in labor market outcomes for young adults—median annual earnings, the extent of low-wage work, employment rates, job instability, and the returns to education. Then they examine how these outcomes may contribute to delays in other markers of the transition to adulthood—completing an education, establishing independent living arrangements, and marrying and having children. They conclude that adverse changes in labor market outcomes are related to those delays but have not been shown to be the primary cause.Danziger and Ratner next consider several public policy reforms that might improve the economic outlook for young adults. They recommend policies that would increase the returns to work, especially for less-educated workers. They propose raising the federal minimum wage and adjusting it annually to maintain its value relative to the median wage. Expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit for childless low-wage workers, the authors say, could also raise the take-home pay of many young adult workers, with minimal adverse employment effects. New policies should also provide work opportunities for young adults who cannot find steady employment either because of poor economic conditions or because of physical and mental disabilities or criminal records that make it hard for them to work steadily even when the economy is strong. Finally, the authors recommend increasing federal Pell grants for college and improving access to credit for would-be college students to raise the educational attainment of young adults from low-income families.
Cultural influence on brand loyalty of rural consumers in the Indian context

Purpose The purpose of the study is to develop a scale to identify and measure cultural factors and brand loyalty among rural consumers. The study also seeks to analyze the impact of identified cultural factors on the overall brand loyalty of rural consumers. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire was developed to measure cultural factors and brand loyalty of rural consumers. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out to identify cultural factors, and a regression analysis was carried out to study the impact of the identified factors on brand loyalty. Findings Four dimensions of culture were identified from the study, i.e. virtuousness, religion, sociability and ethnocentrism. The analysis reveals that virtuousness is the most influencing factor on brand loyalty of rural consumers, followed by sociability and religion. Ethnocentrism was found to have insignificant influence on brand loyalty. Research limitations/implications The Indian rural market is a market of opportunity and unlimited business potential. An understanding of the cultural factors of rural markets and their influence on brand loyalty would help marketers and business organizations build an appropriate market strategy to explore benefits. Originality/value The paper attempts to explore the influence of certain cultural factors on the brand loyalty of Indian rural consumers, which has not been researched extensively. This provides a good insight for all marketers who want to succeed in this market.
Archaeosomes as Self-adjuvanting Delivery Systems for Cancer Vaccines*

Archaeal ether glycerolipid vesicles (archaeosomes) efficiently deliver exogenous antigen for induction of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Because induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells is critical for protective vaccination against tumors, we compared the ability of various archaeosome lipid compositions to evoke a strong CD8+ CTL response to entrapped antigen. Subcutaneous immunization of mice with ovalbumin (OVA) entrapped in all archaeosome lipid compositions evoked a primary (day 10) splenic CTL response indicating processing for MHC class I presentation. Interestingly, several polar lipid compositions from halophilic archaea were very potent to adjuvant this early CTL response. Despite this, the lytic units reduced substantially by weeks 6–7. More importantly, at >50 weeks, only Methanobrevibacter smithii and Thermoplasma acidophilum both rich in bipolar membrane-spanning caldarchaeols, demonstrated recall memory CTLs. Immunization of mice with OVA entrapped in M. smithii, Halobacterium salinarum or T. acidophilum vesicles provided prophylactic protection against challenge with OVA-expressing solid tumors at 6 weeks. Even a dose of 3 μg OVA in archaeosomes significantly delayed tumor growth. Tumor protection was also noted in a therapeutic design wherein OVA-archaeosomes were injected concurrent with the tumor challenge. Interestingly, antigen-free T. acidophilum but not antigen-free H. salinarum archaeosomes provided innate therapeutic protection. Vaccination with a CTL peptide epitope from the melanoma differentiation antigen, tyrosinase-related protein 2, in archaeosomes induced a protective CD8+ response against B16OVA metastasis, indicating potential for targeting self, tumor antigens. Thus, lipid structural properties of archaea may differentially modulate primary, long-term and/or innate immunity, impacting adjuvant choice for vaccine design. *Publication 42484 of the National Research Council, Canada.
Moloney Murine Sarcoma Virus Genomic RNAs Dimerize via a Two-Step Process: a Concentration-Dependent Kissing-Loop Interaction Is Driven by Initial Contact between Consecutive Guanines

ABSTRACT Retroviruses contain two plus-strand genomic RNAs, which are stably but noncovalently joined in their 5′ regions by a dimer linkage structure (DLS). Two models have been put forward to explain the mechanisms by which the RNAs dimerize; each model emphasizes the role of specific molecular determinants. The kissing-loop model implicates interactions between palindromic sequences in the DLS region. The second model proposes that purine-rich stretches in the region form purine quartet structures. Here, we present an examination of the in vitro dimerization of Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MuSV) RNA in the context of these two models. Dimers were found to form spontaneously in a temperature-, time-, concentration-, and salt-dependent manner. In contrast to earlier reports, we found that deletion of neither the palindrome nor the consensus purine motifs (PuGGAPuA) affected the level of dimer formation at low concentrations of RNA. Rather, different purine-rich sequences, i.e., consecutive stretches of guanines, were found to enhance both in vitro RNA dimerization and in vivo viral replication. Biochemical evidence further suggests that these guanine-rich (G-rich) stretches form guanine quartet structures. We also found that the palindromic sequences could support dimerization at significantly higher RNA concentrations. In addition, the G-rich stretches were as important as the palindromic sequence for maintaining efficient viral replication. Overall, our data support a model that entails contributions from both of the previously proposed mechanisms of retroviral RNA dimerization.
All-D-Enantiomers of β-Amyloid Exhibit Similar Biological Properties to All-L-β-Amyloids*

The amyloidogenic peptide β-amyloid has previously been shown to bind to neurons in the form of fibrillar clusters on the cell surface, which induces neurodegeneration and activates a program of cell death characteristic of apoptosis. To further investigate the mechanism of Aβ neurotoxicity, we synthesized the all-D- and all-L-stereoisomers of the neurotoxic truncated form of Aβ (Aβ25-35) and the full-length peptide (Aβ1-42) and compared their physical and biological properties. We report that the purified peptides exhibit nearly identical structural and assembly characteristics as assessed by high performance liquid chromatography, electron microscopy, circular dichroism, and sedimentation analysis. In addition, both enantiomers induce similar levels of toxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. These data suggest that the neurotoxic actions of Aβ result not from stereoisomer-specific ligand-receptor interactions but rather from Aβ cellular interactions in which fibril features of the amyloidogenic peptide are a critical feature. The promiscuous nature of these β-sheet-containing fibrils suggests that the accumulation of amyloidogenic peptides in vivo as extracellular deposits represents a site of bioactive peptides with the ability to provide inappropriate signals to cells leading to cellular degeneration and disease.
Signs of Accelerated Preclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

Objective. Preliminary evidence suggests that ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is associated with an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. We investigated subclinical atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness in patients with AS compared with controls, and identified CV and AS related risk factors for atherosclerotic disease. Methods. A total of 59 patients with AS who were scheduled for etanercept treatment according to the ASsessments in Ankylosing Spondylitis guidelines and 30 healthy controls were recruited. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed as the average intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery. Arterial stiffness was determined by distensibility, compliance, and Young’s elastic modulus of the carotid artery. Results. AS patients had a greater IMT (0.62 ± 0.09 mm vs 0.57 ± 0.09 mm in controls; p = 0.02), a difference that remained after adjustment for traditional CV risk factors. AS was associated with higher carotid pulse pressure (47 ± 7 mm Hg vs 44 ± 8 mm Hg in controls; p = 0.04), but this was not due to local vessel wall properties. Among AS patients, age and body mass index (BMI) were determinants of IMT. Age, BMI, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and disease duration were identified as determinants of stiffness indices. No relationship was found between large-vessel properties and higher Bath AS disease indices or C-reactive protein values. Conclusion. AS was associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness, supporting epidemiological evidence of an increased CV risk in these patients. Whether these differences are due to AS or to a higher prevalence of CV risk factors in patients with AS remains to be determined.
Toxicity of Non-protein Amino Acids to Humans and Domestic Animals

Non-protein amino acids are common in plants and are present in widely consumed animal feeds and human foods such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa), which contains canavanine, and lentil (Lens culinaris), which contains homoarginine. Some occur in wild species that are inadvertently harvested with crop species. Some nonprotein amino acids and metabolites can be toxic to humans, e.g. Lathyrus species contain a neurotoxic oxalyl-amino acid. Some potential toxins may be passed along a food chain via animal intermediates. The increased interest in herbal medicines in the Western countries will increase exposure to such compounds.
A new shading concept based on natural tooth color applied to direct composite restorations.

OBJECTIVE Patient demands have prompted manufacturers to improve intrinsic optical properties of resin composites and clinicians to refine application procedures. The aim of this study is to present a shading concept based on colorimetric L*a*b* and contrast ratio data of human dentin and enamel. METHOD AND MATERIALS Extracted teeth of the A and B Vita shade groups (n = 8 per group) were sectioned according to 2 different planes to measure specific color (using the CIE L*a*b* system) and opacity (contrast ratio). Standardized samples of enamel and dentin shades of a new composite system (Miris, Coltène Whaledent) were submitted to the same colorimetric evaluation for comparison with natural tissues. RESULTS Comparison of teeth from the Vita groups A and B having the same chroma showed limited variations regarding a* (green to red) and b* (blue to yellow) values; the only significant variation was the increasing b* values (yellow) with increasing chroma (A1 to A4 and B1 to B3). As for dentin contrast ratio, limited differences were reported, while enamel proved to increase in translucency with age (reduced contrast ratio). CONCLUSION These data served as the foundation of the so-called natural layering concept, which makes use of 2 basic composite masses (dentin and enamel) that optically mimic natural tissues. This concept allows for simplified clinical application and layering of composite, as it uses only 1 universal dentin hue with several chroma levels and 3 enamel types for young, adult, and old patients, each exhibiting specific tints and translucency levels.
Peripheral eosinophil counts as a marker of disease activity in intrinsic and extrinsic asthma

Background: Recently it has been suggested that the bronchospasm and hyperresponsiveness phenomena observed in asthma are secondary to the actions of the eosinophils; the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the peripheral number of eosinophils and various markers of disease activity in a group of asthmatics examined in childhood (mean age 10 years) and early adulthood (mean age 21 years).