Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Outcomes After Combined ACL and ALL Reconstruction: Response

Dear Editor: We read with great interest the article by SonneryCottet et al about objective and subjective outcomes after combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction. We congratulate the authors on this interesting study, which not only provided relevant follow-up information on the described technique but also extra-articular reconstruction historical data as well as ALL anatomy descriptions. As far as we are aware, according to previous publications, the ALL shows a nonisometric behavior during flexion-extension. In anatomic studies, Claes et al found that the ALL increases around 3 mm with flexion. On the other hand, Dodds et al concluded that the ALL decreases around 4 mm with flexion. We believe that these differences are caused by the different femoral attachments they found. Helito et al performed a study with tomography and found that the ALL increases around 6 mm with knee flexion, similar to the findings by Claes et al. Because of these findings, we believe that the key to complete the ALL anatomic study is to define the ALL femoral attachment. Even though most studies showed it to be anterior and distal to the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) femoral attachment, some authors, such as Dodds et al and Caterine et al, in some of their cases, found it to be posterior and proximal to the LCL. The only study that showed the histological features of this insertion was the one performed by Helito et al, who found it anterior and distal to the LCL. Kittl et al showed that the femoral point found by Dodds et al showed the most isometric behavior in comparison with the other attachments found, which is compatible to the femoral fixation method of Sonnery-Cottet et al, presenting more tension with knee extension. However, Parsons et al showed that the ALL is apparently more important to internal rotation with . 35 of flexion. Helito et al showed that the length increase of the ALL was more important from 60 to 90 , having an antagonistic behavior when compared with the popliteus muscle tendon. Due to this nonisometric behavior, we believe that even though the authors had excellent results with isometric ALL fixation, this is a question without an answer, which must be studied in greater detail. Nowadays, ligament reconstruction tends to follow a more ‘‘anatomic’’ than ‘‘isometric’’ pattern, and this is the current tendency for the ACL in particular. We believe that the same principles must be followed by the ALL, and this ligament fixation should be performed with knee flexion. In conclusion, we again congratulate the authors on this admirable study, which is the first one with significant follow-up focused on ALL reconstruction for extra-articular augmentation and which brings attention to the ALL behavior during range of motion so as to improve reconstruction techniques.
Comparing the genetic structure of codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) from Greece and France: long distance gene-flow in a sedentary pest species

Abstract Codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is the most important insect pest of apple production in Europe. Despite the economic importance of this pest, there is not information about the genetic structure of its population in Greece and the patterns of gene-flow which might affect the success of control programs. In this study, we analysed nine samples from apple, pear and walnut from various regions of mainland Greece using 11 microsatellite loci. Six samples from the aforementioned hosts from southern France were also examined for comparison. Bayesian clustering and genetic distance analyses separated the codling moth samples in two genetic clusters. The first cluster consisted mainly of the individuals from Greece, and the second of those from France, although admixture and miss-classified individuals were also observed. The low genetic differentiation among samples within each country was also revealed by FST statistics (0.009 among Greek samples and 0.0150 among French samples compared to 0.050 global value among all samples and 0.032 the mean of the pair-wise values between the two countries). These FST values suggest little structuring at large geographical scales in agreement with previous published studies. The host species and local factors (climatic conditions, topography, pest control programs) did not affect the genetic structure of codling moth populations within each country. The results are discussed in relation to human-made activities that promote gene-flow even at large geographic distances. Possible factors for the genetic differentiation between the two genetic clusters are also discussed.
Opportunities for industry-university collaboration: A case study from Mozambique

Standing research regarding collaborations between universities and the public/private sector highlights promising benefits for both stakeholders involved. However, as of now, such collaboration is still rare and needs therefore further investigation. This qualitative case study takes up two main purposes. Firstly, it explores Information Technology (IT) needs and challenges in Mozambique for governmental institutions and universities. Secondly, it examines obstacles, which prevent industry-university collaboration within the context of education in computer science. The focus of this research is to solve industry's problems through increased collaborations with universities, thus strengthening the overall development of the country. Methods of data collection, interviews, observations, and a document analysis were used to gain an insight to the research field. The presented results in this research paper indicate that a lack of Internet and computational resources, project management and limited available funds have been challenging for both sides, governments and universities. Furthermore, current low-tech paper-based systems and insufficient IT skills are obstacles to overcome as well. It is suggested that increased industry-university collaborations, with the support of a university based academic-industrial board, could significantly contribute towards mitigating these challenges in Mozambique.
The educational aspirations of children of immigrants in Italy

The general aim of this paper is to investigate the educational aspirations of the children of immigrants living in Italy and attending the last year of primary school (8th grade). We look at the educational aspirations both as a predictor of educational choice and as a measure of social integration. We consider both secondary school track and university aspirations as indicators of educational preferences in the short and long run. Data have been collected during the 2005-2006 school year and they come from the ITAGEN survey: the first Italian nation-wide extensive survey on children with at least one foreign-born parent. First, we analyze association between aspirations and structural characteristics (e.g. migration status and country of origin) and social aspects such as family socioeconomic status, and friendship ties. These aspects seem to be determinants in defining both short and long time aspirations, while long-term aspirations are not associated with migration status. Second, we investigate the relevance of context in delineating educational aspirations. To develop this second aspect we perform multilevel analysis that takes into account both individual and school level variables. Our hypothesis, confirmed both for short and long aspirations, is that attending a school where most of the Italian pupils have high educational aspirations may lead children of immigrants to enhance their own aspirations.
Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of tapentadol oral solution for treating moderate to severe pain in pediatric patients

Background: This trial is part of the global pediatric clinical development program investigating the administration of the strong analgesic tapentadol in children and adolescents. Patients and methods: The single site, open-label phase 2 trial evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of tapentadol and its major metabolite, tapentadol-O-glucuronide, as well as safety and tolerability and efficacy of a single dose of tapentadol oral solution (1 mg/kg) in patients (2 to <18 years) undergoing dental, ear, nose, or throat surgery. Blood sampling and pain intensity measurements were conducted using age-appropriate schedules and rating scales, respectively. Adverse events were monitored throughout the trial. Results: Sixty-six patients were treated. They were stratified by age: Group 1 (12 to <18 years), n=21; Group 2 (6 to <12 years), n=28; and Groups 3 (3 to <6 years) and 4 (2 to <3 years), n=17. Serum tapentadol concentrations observed in these pediatric patients were within the range observed in adults after administration of a single tapentadol immediate-release dose (50–100 mg), whereas those of the metabolite tapentadol-O-glucuronide were within the same range or lower than in adults who received comparable single doses of tapentadol. Pain intensity improved over time across all age groups. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were nausea (24.2%), vomiting (16.7%), dizziness (9.1%), and headache (6.1%). Conclusion: A single dose of tapentadol oral solution (1 mg/kg) administered to pediatric patients (2 to <18 years) resulted in serum tapentadol concentrations within the targeted range shown to be safe and efficacious in adults. Tapentadol demonstrated good tolerability and safety; within the limitations of the trial design, improvements in postsurgical pain intensity were observed across the age groups. Tapentadol may provide a new treatment option in the management of moderate to severe pediatric pain.
Good Outcome Following Catastrophic Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis due to Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia : Case Report and Review of Literature

Introduction: Systemic anticoagulation with heparin is the primary treatment of acute cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT). Treatment of CVT due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenic thrombosis (HITT) is a management conundrum. In the acute phase when continuous parenteral anticoagulant is necessary, argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, has been used for HITassociated thrombosis. In cases of catastrophic CVT with severe neurologic compromise or when anticoagulation does not result in clinical improvement, the safety and efficacy of combination therapy with systemic anticoagulation, directed thrombolysis and thrombectomy is unknown. Case Report: We report a patient with catastrophic CVT due to HIT presenting with unresponsiveness. CT brain showed intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral edema, cerebral herniation and extensive cerebral sinus thrombosis. She was treated initially with argatroban and subsequently had decompressive craniectomy for intracranial hypertension. Cerebral angiography showed persistent sinus thrombosis despite systemic anticoagulation, endovascular thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy. Continuous intra-sinus alteplase infusion was started concurrently with systemic argatroban infusion x 24 hours. The patient made a remarkable recovery and achieved a mRS=1 in 6 months. Conclusion: Aggressive multimodal therapy with systemic anticoagulation, continuous intra-sinus thrombolytic infusion, mechanical thrombectomy and neurointensive treatment is a reasonable management option for patients with catastrophic CVT who failed initial anticoagulation therapy. Argatroban is an effective alternative when heparin is contraindicated.
Dissociation and posttraumatic stress 1 year after the World Trade Center disaster: follow-up of a longitudinal survey.

BACKGROUND We conducted a 1-year follow-up of an original mail survey of early reactions to the World Trade Center disaster. METHOD Of the 75 subjects originally surveyed, 58 (77%) responded. The survey included measures of dissociation (Dissociative Experiences Scale, Cambridge Depersonalization Scale, Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale), post-traumatic stress (Impact of Event Scale-Revised), social support (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-short form), and a life quality measure (Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-short form). We hypothesized that dissociative versus posttraumatic symptoms at follow-up could be dissected on the basis of early reactions. RESULTS Responders and nonresponders did not differ in baseline characteristics. Exposure was not associated with dissociation or posttraumatic stress at follow-up. Of distress, dissociation, and posttraumatic stress at baseline, baseline dissociation was the strongest predictor of outcome dissociation while baseline posttraumatic stress was the strongest predictor of outcome posttraumatic stress. Of 4 peritraumatic distress factors generated in the original survey, "loss of control" and "guilt/shame" were significantly related to dissociation and posttraumatic stress at outcome, while "helplessness/anger" was only associated with posttraumatic stress at outcome. Lesser improvement in posttraumatic stress over the first year was significantly related to less social support and greater comorbid dissociation. Interim social support was associated with better life quality and fewer symptoms at outcome. CONCLUSION There was evidence for partly independent pathways toward dissociation versus posttraumatic stress 1 year after the disaster. Feelings of guilt and shame, and persistent dissociation, were poor prognostic factors, while social support had a powerful ameliorating influence.
A Prediction Model for Determining Over Ground Walking Speed After Locomotor Training in Persons With Motor Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Background/Objective: To develop and test a clinically relevant model for predicting the recovery of over ground walking speed after 36 sessions of progressive body weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) in individuals with motor incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: A retrospective review and stepwise regression analysis of a SCI clinical outcomes data set. Setting: Outpatient SCI laboratory. Subjects: Thirty individuals with a motor incomplete SCI who had participated in locomotor training with BWSTT. Eight individuals with similar diagnoses were used to prospectively test the prediction model. Main Outcome Measures: Over ground walking speed was assessed using the 10-m walking test. Methods: The locomotor training program consisted of 36 sessions of sequential comprehensive training comprised of robotic assisted BWSTT, followed by manual assisted BWSTT, and over ground walking. The dose of locomotor training was standardized throughout the protocol. Results: Clinical characteristics with predictive value for walking speed were time from injury onset, the presence or absence of voluntary bowel and bladder voiding, a functional spasticity assessment, and over ground walking speed before locomotor training. The model identified that these characteristics accounted for 78.3% of the variability in the actual final over ground walking speed after 36 sessions of locomotor training. The model was successful in prospectively predicting over ground walking speed in the 8 test participants within 4.15 ± 2.22 cm/s in their recovered walking speed. Conclusions: This prediction model can identify individuals who are most likely to experience success using locomotor training by determining an expected magnitude of training effect, thereby allowing individualized decisions regarding the use of this intensive approach to rehabilitation.
Surface polaritons of a left-handed material slab

The dispersion relations of the surface polaritons of a slab made of a material which has dispersive permittivity and permeability, and is left-handed over a frequency band in the microwave range of several GHz, are investigated. Four branches of p polarized surface polaritons and two branches of s polarized ones are found to exist. The possibility of experimentally observing the surface polaritons by the attenuated total reflection method is demonstrated.
Joint Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Their Active Intracellular Metabolites in HIV Patients

ABSTRACT The population pharmacokinetic parameters of zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC), and their active intracellular metabolites in 75 naïve HIV-infected patients receiving an oral combination of AZT and 3TC twice daily as part of their multitherapy treatment in the COPHAR2-ANRS 111 trial are described. Four blood samples per patient were taken after 2 weeks of treatment to measure drug concentrations at steady state. Plasma AZT and 3TC concentrations were measured in 73 patients, and among those, 62 patients had measurable intracellular AZT-TP and 3TC-TP concentrations. For each drug, a joint population pharmacokinetic model was developed and we investigated the influence of different covariates. We then studied correlations between the mean plasma and intracellular concentrations of each drug. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination best described the plasma AZT concentration, with an additional compartment for intracellular AZT-TP. A similar model but with zero-order absorption was found to adequately described concentrations of 3TC and its metabolite 3TC-TP. The half-lives of AZT and 3TC were 0.81 h (94.8%) and 2.97 h (39.2%), respectively, whereas the intracellular half-lives of AZT-TP and 3TC-TP were 10.73 h (69%) and 21.16 h (44%), respectively. We found particularly a gender effect on the apparent bioavailability of AZT, as well as on the mean plasma and intracellular concentrations of AZT, which were significantly higher in females than in males. Relationships between mean plasma drug and intracellular metabolite concentrations were also highlighted both for AZT and for 3TC. Simulation with the model of plasma and intracellular concentrations for once- versus twice-daily regimens suggested that a daily dosing regimen with double doses could be appropriate.
Chapter 2 Characterization of Phosphorus Forms in Soil Microorganisms

Soil microorganisms act as sink and source of phosphorus (P) and mediate key processes in the soil P cycle, e.g., P mineralization and immobilization (Oberson and Joner 2005). The role of mycorrhizal fungi in P absorption and transport to plant roots is well documented (Jakobsen et al. 2002; Jansa et al. 2011), but the role of the soil microbial biomass (i.e., soil bacteria, archaea, and mostly saprophytic fungi) in soil P cycling is less well defined. Microbial P immobilization can affect P availability by removing inorganic P from the soil solution, especially when soluble carbon is available for microbial growth (B€unemann et al. 2004a; Olander and Vitousek 2004). In the absence of recent carbon inputs, gross organic P mineralization rates of between 1.4 and 2.5 mg P kg 1 day 1 have been measured for arable soils (Oehl et al. 2004; Frossard et al. 2011). Microbial activity in a grassland soil was also shown to be required to replenish organic P in the soil solution (Seeling and Zasoski 1993). Thus, although the microbial biomass contains only 0.4–2.5% of total P in cropped soils and up to 7.5% in grassland soils, it can play a fundamental role in the soil P cycle, especially when its turnover time is only a few months (Oberson and Joner 2005). The main forms of P in microorganisms are shown in Table 2.1. Based on values for P-limited aquatic bacteria (Vadstein 2000), the dominant forms of microbial P are nucleic acids and phospholipids (together 60%), cytoplasmic inorganic P (10%), cytoplasmic organic P (10%), and polyphosphate (20%). However, the distribution of P forms in microbial cells changes with environmental conditions, in particular with carbon and nutrient availability (Herbert 1961). Changes may be either qualitative (i.e., some cell components may occur in cells only under certain environmental conditions), or quantitative (i.e., the concentration of cell components that are always present may increase or decrease). This could ultimately affect
Change Detection in Complex Scenes: Hemispheric Contribution and the Role of Perceptual and Semantic Factors

The perceptual salience and semantic relevance of objects for the meaning of a scene were evaluated with multiple criteria and then manipulated in a change-detection experiment that used an original combination of one-shot and tachistoscopic divided-visual-field paradigms to study behavioural hemispheric asymmetry. Coloured drawings that depicted meaningful situations were presented centrally and very briefly (120 ms) and only the changes were lateralised by adding an object in the right or in the left visual hemifield. High salience and high relevance improved both response times (RTs) and accuracy, although the overall contribution of salience was greater than that of relevance. Moreover, only for low-salience changes did relevance affect speed. RTs were shorter when a change occurred in the left visual hemifield, suggesting a right-hemisphere advantage for detection of visual change. Also, men responded faster than women. The theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.
On sampling without replacement with unequal probabilities of selection.

A sample of n different units is to be drawn from a population or stratum in such a way that unit i has probability np,, assumed less than 1, of appearing in the sample. A mathematical solution of this problem is given by a formula from which the required probability of selection of any possible sample can be calculated: this formula is an extension of one, due to Durbin, for n = 2. The required npi can be achieved in practice in three ways: (a) by evaluating the required probabilities for all possible samples, and selecting one; (b) selecting units without replacement, with probabilities of selection that must be recalculated after each drawing; and (c) by selecting up to n units with replacement, the first drawing being made with probabilities pi, and all subsequent ones with probabilities proportional to p(l -npi), and rejecting completely any sample that does not contain n different units. Method (c) seems likely to be the most convenient in practice. The probability of the simultaneous appearance in the sample of any pair of units is relatively easily calculated, so that unbiased variance estimates can be obtained without undue labour.
‘You're HIV Positive’: Perinatally infected young people's accounts of the critical moment of finding out their diagnosis

This paper presents the recollections of 28 young people (15–24 years old) of formally learning that they had acquired HIV perinatally. Prior to the naming of their illness, many participants had experienced repeated biographical disruption through ill health and other major life events. However, the critical moment in their HIV trajectory was when they were told their diagnosis. How information about their diagnosis was managed previously, often disguised, combined with the ways in which the disclosure process was handled communicated to young people the inherent dangers and stigma associated with revealing their HIV status to others. The formal disclosure occasion also signalled to most participants the route of their HIV infection as well as previously hidden health information about family members. Although some young people discovered their diagnosis in an unplanned way, most described the disclosure of their HIV status as a structured event, usually a formal telling with those in authority naming the condition. This even applied to those for whom the discovery that they were HIV positive was a process that happened over time. This paper describes their memories of the disclosure event which for half took place over the age of 12. They received messages conveying the imperative to keep this information a secret to avoid being stigmatised and to protect themselves and their families. They described subsequent feelings of isolation and distress. Policy-makers and clinicians need to consider the WHO disclosure recommendations whilst taking into account individual circumstances.