Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Meningococcal meningitis prevention programs for college students: a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The incidence of meningococcal meningitis in college students is higher than in other populations. College students, especially 1st-year students living in dormitories or residence halls, are among those at highest risk of developing the disease. It is estimated that immunization can prevent up to 83% of cases among adolescents and college students. A review of the literature was undertaken to identify and critique the research-based prevention programs that are focused on college students. METHOD An extensive search of the Cochrane Database of systematic reviews, Medline, PubMed, and CINAHL was undertaken. The Journal of American College Health was hand searched, and bibliographies were reviewed for studies not otherwise identified. Four publications met the search criteria. These studies were reviewed and graded for level of evidence. FINDINGS One study could not be compared with the other three because of its lack of detail. Of the other three studies, two were descriptive and factors were identified that related to vaccination and nonvaccination in the college student population (both Evidence Grade C). Only one study was described that included an educational intervention, which resulted in increased vaccination rates in a college student population (Evidence Grade B). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The published literature is severely limited in the area of meningococcal meningitis prevention programs in the at-risk college student population. A critical need exists for controlled studies to test the interventions that are most effective in this population as well as broader-based studies to further identify those students at increased risk for the disease as well as for nonvaccination.
Multifractal structure of multiplicity distributions in particle collisions at high energies.

Experimental data on the bin size dependence of charged hadron multiplicity distributions in proton-antiproton collisions and electron-positron annihilation are analyzed in terms of multifractals. Linear relations are found between [l angle][ital n]ln[ital n][r angle]/[l angle][ital n][r angle] and ln[l angle][ital n][r angle], and also between ln[l angle][ital n][sup [ital q]][r angle] and ln[l angle][ital n][r angle] for [ital q]=2,3,4,. , where [ital n] is the multiplicity in a single bin of the (pseudo) rapidity space and [l angle] [r angle] stands for the event average. Generalized dimensions [ital D][sub [ital q]] for [ital q]=0,1,2, . are determined from the slopes. Our result suggests a power law of the form [l angle][ital n][sup [ital q]][r angle]=[ital c]([l angle][ital n][r angle]/[ital n][sub 0])[sup [ital b]][sub [ital q]].
Predicting Musculoskeletal Injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II Athletes From Asymmetries and Individual-Test Versus Composite Functional Movement Screen Scores.

CONTEXT Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores of ≤14 have been used to predict injury in athletic populations. Movement asymmetries and poor-quality movement patterns in other functional tests have been shown to predict musculoskeletal injury (MSI). Therefore, movement asymmetry or poor-quality movement patterns on the FMS may have more utility in predicting MSI than the composite score. OBJECTIVE To determine if an asymmetry or score of 1 on an individual FMS test would predict MSI in collegiate athletes. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II university athletic program. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 84 Division II rowers, volleyball players, and soccer players (men: n = 20, age = 20.4 ± 1.3 years, height = 1.77 ± 0.04 m, mass = 73.5 ± 4.8 kg; women: n = 64, age = 19.1 ± 1.2 years, height = 1.69 ± 0.09 m, mass = 64.8 ± 9.4 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The FMS was administered during preseason preparticipation examinations. Injury-incidence data were tracked for an academic year by each team's certified athletic trainer via computer software. An MSI was defined as physical damage to the body secondary to athletic activity or an event for which the athlete sought medical care, and resulted in modified training or required protective splitting or taping. Composite FMS scores were categorized as low (≤14) or high (>14). Pearson χ(2) analyses were used to determine if MSI could be predicted by the composite FMS score or an asymmetry or score of 1 on an individual FMS test (P < .05). RESULTS Athletes with FMS scores of ≤14 were not more likely to sustain an injury than those with higher scores (relative risk = 0.68, 95% confidence interval = 0.39, 1.19; P = .15). However, athletes with an asymmetry or individual score of 1 were 2.73 times more likely to sustain an injury than those without (relative risk = 2.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.36, 5.4; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Asymmetry or a low FMS individual test score was a better predictor of MSI than the composite FMS score.
Melting of Iron at Earth’s Inner Core Boundary Based on Fast X-ray Diffraction

Hot Enough to Melt Iron Earth's core is divided into a fluid outer core and a solid inner core, both composed predominately of iron at extremely high pressures and temperatures. The boundary between these two regions is largely controlled by the melting point of iron at ∼330 GPa, which in turn influences heat transfer and geodynamo generation. Anzellini et al. (p. 464, see the Perspective by Fei) compressed iron in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell, tracking its structure and texture by using time-resolved x-ray diffraction as the pressure increased to 200 GPa. The melting curve suggests the possibility of high heat flux and partial melting at the core-mantle boundary. High-temperature and -pressure experiments simulate the melting behavior of metallic iron in Earth’s core. [Also see Perspective by Fei] Earth’s core is structured in a solid inner core, mainly composed of iron, and a liquid outer core. The temperature at the inner core boundary is expected to be close to the melting point of iron at 330 gigapascal (GPa). Despite intensive experimental and theoretical efforts, there is little consensus on the melting behavior of iron at these extreme pressures and temperatures. We present static laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments up to 200 GPa using synchrotron-based fast x-ray diffraction as a primary melting diagnostic. When extrapolating to higher pressures, we conclude that the melting temperature of iron at the inner core boundary is 6230 ± 500 kelvin. This estimation favors a high heat flux at the core-mantle boundary with a possible partial melting of the mantle.
Deactivation by benzodiazepine of the basal forebrain and amygdala in normal humans during sleep: a placebo-controlled [15O]H2O PET study.

OBJECTIVE The authors' goal was to identify differences in regional brain activity between physiological and benzodiazepine-induced sleep to clarify the brain structures involved in the drug's hypnotic effect. METHOD Using positron emission tomography, they compared regional cerebral blood flow during non-REM sleep in nine volunteers treated with placebo or triazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, in a double-blind, crossover design. RESULTS Blood flow in the basal forebrain and amygdaloid complexes was lower during non-REM sleep when subjects were given triazolam than when they were given placebo. CONCLUSIONS The hypnotic effect of the benzodiazepines may be mediated mainly by deactivation of the forebrain control system for wakefulness and also by the anxiolytic effect induced by deactivation of the emotional center.
Multimodal Goal Recognition in Open-World Digital Games

Recent years have seen a growing interest in player modeling to create player-adaptive digital games. As a core player-modeling task, goal recognition aims to recognize players’ latent, high-level intentions in a non-invasive fashion to deliver goal-driven, tailored game experiences. This paper reports on an investigation of multimodal data streams that provide rich evidence about players’ goals. Two data streams, game event traces and player gaze traces, are utilized to devise goal recognition models from a corpus collected from an open-world serious game for science education. Empirical evaluations of 140 players’ trace data suggest that multimodal LSTM-based goal recognition models outperform competitive baselines, including unimodal LSTMs as well as multimodal and unimodal CRFs, with respect to predictive accuracy and early prediction. The results demonstrate that player gaze traces have the potential to significantly enhance goal recognition models’ performance.
Serologic reactivity to purified recombinant and native 29-kilodalton peripheral membrane protein of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica

The 29-kDa peripheral membrane protein of Entamoeba histolytica has recently been demonstrated to have epitopes on pathogenic clinical isolates which were not detected by monoclonal antibodies on nonpathogenic isolates. To analyze the serological response to this protein, we tested 93 serum specimens (from 33 patients with amebic liver abscess, 7 patients with colitis, 2 patients with ameboma, 18 individuals harboring a nonpathogenic zymodeme strain, 10 healthy Mexican migrant workers, and 23 healthy controls) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using immunoaffinity-purified native or recombinant protein. When tested by ELISA with the native antigen, 79% (26 of 33) of the serum specimens from patients with amebic liver abscess, 4 of 9 serum specimens from symptomatic patients with colitis or ameboma, and serum from one migrant worker were positive. None of the 18 subjects harboring a nonpathogenic strain or 23 control individuals were seropositive to the native antigen (sensitivity, 71%; specificity, 98%). Of 30 serum specimens from patients with amebic liver abscess tested with recombinant antigen, 27 were seropositive (90%). In addition, six patients with colitis or ameboma and two individuals who harbored a nonpathogenic strain were seropositive to the recombinant antigen. One healthy Mexican migrant worker tested positive by both ELISAs (sensitivity, 87%; specificity, 94%). Immunoblotting of 51 serum specimens to sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured native 29-kDa protein was less sensitive (65%) than ELISA in detecting serum antibodies to the antigen. These results suggest a similar antibody response to native and recombinant antigens (r = 0.86) and support the potential utility of a quantitative assay with defined recombinant antigen for the serodiagnosis of invasive amebiasis in nonendemic areas in conjunction with other diagnostic tools.
THE HUMAN CYP3A SUBFAMILY: PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS*

STEVEN A. WRIGHTON,† ERIN G. SCHUETZ, KENNETH E. THUMMEL, DANNY D. SHEN, KENNETH R. KORZEKWA, and PAUL B. WATKINS Department of Drug Disposition Lilly Research Laboratories Lilly Corporate Center Mail Drop 0730 Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Memphis, Tennessee 38105 Department of Pharmaceutics Box 357610 University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 Department of Pharmacy University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 Camitro Corporation 4040 Campbell Avenue Menlo Park, California 94025 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
A Fair Resource Sharing Mechanism between Mobile Virtual Network Operators

Mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) are mobile operators without their own infrastructure or government issued spectrum licenses. They purchase spectrum resources from primary mobile network operators (MNOs) to provide communication services under their own brands. MVNOs are expected to play an important role in mobile network markets, as this will increase the competition in retail markets and help to meet the demand of niche markets. However, with the rapidly increasing demand of mobile data traffic, efficient utilization of the limited spectrum resources owned by MVNOs has become an important issue. We propose here a resource sharing mechanism between MVNOs against the background of network functions virtualization (NFV). The proposed mechanism enables MVNOs to improve their quality of service (QoS) by sharing spectrum resources with each other. A nash bargaining solution based decision strategy is also devised to ensure the fairness of resource sharing. Extensive numerical evaluation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed models and mechanisms. key words: mobile virtual network operator, fair resource sharing, network functions virtualization
ER Stress Controls Iron Metabolism Through Induction of Hepcidin

Ironing Out Stress The peptide hormone, hepcidin, is secreted from the liver in response to extracellular factors, including inflammation, and regulates iron homeostasis by controlling transmembrane iron transport. Vecchi et al. (p. 877) showed that intracellular stress signals in the endoplasmic reticulum also control hepcidin expression and can thus modulate local or systemic iron traffic. This mechanism occurs through the transcription factor CREBH, which is a known mediator of the inflammatory response. Collectively, the results suggest a direct link between the intracellular stress response, innate immunity, and iron metabolism. Stress signals in the endoplasmic reticulum activate a transcription factor that induces the expression of an iron-regulatory hormone. Hepcidin is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the liver and controls body iron homeostasis. Hepcidin overproduction causes anemia of inflammation, whereas its deficiency leads to hemochromatosis. Inflammation and iron are known extracellular stimuli for hepcidin expression. We found that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress also induces hepcidin expression and causes hypoferremia and spleen iron sequestration in mice. CREBH (cyclic AMP response element–binding protein H), an ER stress–activated transcription factor, binds to and transactivates the hepcidin promoter. Hepcidin induction in response to exogenously administered toxins or accumulation of unfolded protein in the ER is defective in CREBH knockout mice, indicating a role for CREBH in ER stress–regulated hepcidin expression. The regulation of hepcidin by ER stress links the intracellular response involved in protein quality control to innate immunity and iron homeostasis.
Common evolutionary origin of the phage T4 dam and host Escherichia coli dam DNA-adenine methyltransferase genes

We compared the known DNA nucleotide and encoded amino acid sequences of the Escherichia coli and bacteriophage T4 dam (DNA-adenine methyltransferase) genes. Despite the absence of any DNA sequence homology, there were four regions (11 to 33 residues long) of amino acid sequence homology containing 45 to 64% identity. These results suggest that the genes for these two enzymes have a common evolutionary origin.
Software psychology: human factors in computer and information systems

This book should be either read carefully, or at least skimmed, by almost all programmers, programming managers, and any people concerned with the realities of software and software systems. The author defines "Software psychology" on p. 3 as:The study of human performance in using computer and information systems. Understanding of human skills and capacity to design effective computer systems can be improved by application of the techniques of experimental psychology; the analysis of cognitive and perceptual processes; the methods of social, personnel and industrial psychology; and the theories of psycholinguistics.
Conic-Sector-based control to circumvent passivity violations

This paper explores the use of the Conic Sector Theorem for both stability analysis and controller design. Ensuring input-output stability of plants experiencing passivity violations is the motivation behind this work. Given a previously designed controller and plant that has experienced a (partially unknown) passivity violation, a novel sector bound selection procedure is presented. This procedure can be used to assess input-output stability of the violated plant and original controller via the Conic Sector Theorem. Should input-output stability not be ensured, two original controller synthesis methods are suggested: one is designed to mimic the H2 controller, and the other is inspired by strictly positive real controller synthesis. Both methods guarantee input-output stability by selecting controllers within appropriate conic sectors, and involve only the evaluation of readily solvable linear matrix inequalities and algebraic Riccati inequalities. A numerical simulation is provided as a proof of concept.
Antibodies to TRIC agents in tears and serum of naturally infected humans.

Antibodies to six trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) antigens were measured by indirect immunofluorescence in matched specimens of serum and tears from individuals with chronic trachoma. Antibodies (to TRIC antigens type A and/or C) were present in the serum of 78% of Tunisian children, six to eight years old, with severe trachoma and in the tears of 59%. In contrast, antibodies (to TRIC antigens type B, D, and E) were found in the serum and tears of only 6% of Navajo children of similar age with mild trachoma. Among Navajo students 13-20 years old with mild trachoma, 48% had antibodies (to antigens B, D, and E) in serum, but antibodies in tears were very rare. These were usually of lower titer than those in serum, were directed at the same TRIC antigenic types, and paralleled the severity of clinical activity in TRIC infections. The role of lachrymal antibodies in resistance to TRIC infection is not apparent.
Factors Inhibiting the Adoption of a Uniform Pricing Mechanism for Building Services

This study describes an empirical investigation revealing the critical obstacles to the adoption of a uniform pricing mechanism for building services from the perspective of industry practitioners. A total of 157 questionnaires conducted on quantity surveyors (N=75), mechanical engineers (N=39) and electrical engineers (N=43) were collected and used for the study. T –test statistics was run to identify ten significant factors from a list of fourteen factors identified. Relative importance indices were computed for each factor from the perspectives of the practitioners so as to determine the most critical obstructive factors. The result shows that the five most important obstructive factors in order of significance are: (1) difficulty in the interpretation of the Standard Method of Measurement by design consultants (2) the late involvement of building services design consultants (3) quantity surveyors' insufficient skill in mechanical and electrical services technology (4) drawings of services are often not ready for billing at the tender stage and (5) the lack of a generally accepted Standard Method of Measurement for mechanical and electrical services.
Evidence for middle Eocene and younger land emergence in central Panama: Implications for Isthmus closure

The rise of the Isthmus of Panama, linked to a number of climatic, paleoceanographic, and biological events, has been studied mostly from indirect, often distal, geochemical and biotic evidence. We have upgraded existing geologic mapping in central Panama with more than 2000 field stations, over 40 petrographic analyses, and more than 30 new geochronological and thermochronological analyses. This data set suggests that the isthmus was an uninterrupted chain above sea level from late Eocene until at least late Miocene times. The basement complex of central Panama is a folded-faulted, ∼3-km-thick arc sequence, intruded by granitoid bodies and onlapped by mildly deformed upper Eocene and Oligocene strata. Six U/Pb zircon ages in the granitoids–along with published geochronological data—reveal intense late Paleocene to middle Eocene magmatism (58–39 Ma), a temporary cessation of magmatic activity between 38 and 27 Ma, and renewed magmatism between 25 and 15 Ma in a position ∼75 km south of the former magmatic axis. Thermochronological analyses in zircon (eight U-Th/He ages), and in apatite crystals (four U-Th/He ages and nine fission-track ages) obtained from a subset of 58–54 Ma granitoid bodies record a concordant Lutetian-age (47–42 Ma) cooling from ∼200 °C to ∼70 °C in ∼5 m.y. , and cooling below ∼40 °C between 12 and 9 Ma. Cooling is linked to exhumation by an angular unconformity that separates the deformed basement complex below from mildly deformed, upper Eocene to Oligocene terrestrial to shallow-marine strata above. Exhumation and erosion of the basement complex are independently confirmed by lower Miocene strata that have a detrital zircon signature that closely follows the central Panama basement complex age distribution. These results greatly restrict the width and depth of the strait separating southern Central America from South America, and challenge the widely accepted notion that the Central American Seaway closed in late Pliocene time, when the ice age began.
Functional neuroimaging of circadian fatigue

Along with the increase of demanding mental effort work, sleep loss, extended work period, mental fatigue is a very common phenomenon in everyday modern life. Recently, mental fatigue has been receiving increasing attention from military, transport, health. However, very little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms underlying mental fatigue. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate neuronal activation pattern for circadian mental fatigue. An auditory discrimination task was administered to ten subjects in a 25 hours sleepless experiment. Functional MRI images were acquired at four time points (9 am, 2 pm, 3 am, 9 am the following day) to determine changes in subjects' brain activation. Results showed that the circadian fatigue causes general decreased activity of the brain. Some regions significantly related to mental fatigue included: right superior temporal gyrus, left thalamus, right inferior frontal and middle frontal decreased activity with time, while activation in inferior parietal cortex was found to closely link to circadian rhythm. The results suggest that circadian mental fatigue effects neuronal activation in a particular trend.
Identification of Three Point Mutations on the Sodium Channel Gene in Pyrethroid-Resistant Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

ABSTRACT In the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), the development of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides has become a problem worldwide. To identify this species' resistance mechanism, we analyzed partial nucleotides and deduced the amino acid sequences of the para-orthologous sodium channel gene by using 10 Japanese strains of T. tabaci that have a variety of susceptibility levels to pyrethroids. Six nucleotide substitutions were found in their cDNA sequences. Three of these create amino acid substitutions, M918T, T929I, and L1014F, which are well known to be associated with knockdown resistance in some pest insects. In the five highly resistant strains, two mutations, M918T and L1014F, were always detected with wild-type sequences, suggesting that these strains have both mutations heterozygously. A moderately resistant strain was homozygous for the T929I mutation. This is the first report to identify these three major mutations within the same species.