Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intracellular Na+ inhibits volume‐regulated anion channel in rat cortical astrocytes

Accumulating evidence indicates that increased intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) in astroglial cells is associated with the development of brain edema under ischemic conditions, but the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we report that in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes, elevations of [Na+]i reflecting those achieved during ischemia cause a marked decrease in hypotonicity‐evoked current mediated by volume‐regulated anion channel (VRAC). Pharmacological manipulations revealed that VRAC inhibition was not due to the reverse mode of the plasma membrane sodium/calcium exchanger. The negative modulation of VRAC was also observed in an astrocytic cell line lacking the predominant astrocyte water channel aquaporin 4, indicating that [Na+]i effect was not mediated by the regulation of aquaporin 4 activity. The inward rectifier Cl− current, which is also expressed by cultured astrocytes, was not affected by [Na+]i increase. VRAC depression by high [Na+]i was confirmed in adult astrocytes, suggesting that it was not developmentally regulated. Altogether, these results provide the first evidence that intracellular Na+ dynamics can modulate astrocytic membrane conductance that controls functional processes linked to cell volume regulation and add further support to the concept that limiting astrocyte intracellular Na+ accumulation might be a favorable strategy to counteract the development of brain edema.
Managerial Perceptions of Labor‐Management Cooperation

Using data from a survey of executives in charge of the labor relatins or human resource management funciton ar large U.S. corporations, athe authors to test the hypothesis of some unionists that management's perception of a cooperative relationship with the union is one in which the unions are pasive, willing to make concessions. and Satisfied with little or no role in the decision-making process. We find, as have others, that those managers who are most likely to view their relationship with the union as cooperative are those who also peceive the smallest role for unions in the decision-making process.
Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule Expression in the Human Central Nervous System: Immunohistochemical Analysis of 40 Patients

To determine factors affecting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule expression in situ in the human central nervous system (CNS) cryostat tissue sections from 36 autopsies and four biopsies were stained by immunoperoxidase with antibodies to class I (HLA-α chain, ß-2 microglobulin), class II (HLA-DR, HLADQ) MHC, lymphocyte, and macrophage antigens and Factor VHI-related antigen (VIII-RA). Stained cells and vessels/mm2 were counted in gray and white matter of four CNS anatomic levels. Class I molecules were found on parenchymal and endothelial cells (=50% of VIII-RA + vessels) but not neurons, and were more abundant in gray than white matter (p<0.02). Class I molecules were absent in infants, but in adults expression was unaffected by age, sex, postmortem interval, presence of CNS lesions, or systemic illnesses. Expression of HLA-a chain and ß-2 microglobulin were the same. Class II molecules were usually absent but were found on parenchymal and endothelial cells in older adults, most frequently in association with macrophage infiltrates and spinal cord tract degenerations, but not with systemic illnesses. Expression of HLA-DR was greater than that of HLA-DQ. In the human CNS, regulation of expression of MHC molecules is complex, can be affected by age, regional anatomy, and by local or remote CNS lesions, and may influence patterns and degrees of T cell immune responses.
Intrauterine growth pattern and risk of childhood onset insulin dependent (type I) diabetes: population based case-control study

Abstract Objective: To investigate whether prenatal growth affects the risk of development of childhood onset insulin dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus. Design: Population based case-control study. Setting: Data from a nationwide childhood diabetes case register were linked with data from the nationwide Swedish Medical Birth Registry. Subjects: Data from a total of 4584 diabetic children born after 1973 and diagnosed with diabetes from 1978 to 1992 were studied. For each child with insulin dependent diabetes three control children were randomly selected from among all infants born in the same year and at the same hospital as the proband. Main outcome measures: Birth weight, gestation, maternal age and parity, number of previous spontaneous abortions, and sex specific birth weight by gestational week expressed as multiples of the standard deviation (SD). Results: There was a clear trend in the odds ratio for childhood onset diabetes according to SD of birth weight. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for small for gestational age after stratification for maternal age, parity, smoking habits, and maternal diabetes was 0.81 (0.65 to 0.99) and for large for gestational age after similar stratification was 1.20 (1.02 to 1.42). Conclusions: Intrauterine conditions that affect prenatal growth seem also to affect the risk of development of childhood diabetes in the way previously described for postnatal growth: a poor growth decreases and an excess growth increases the risk. The mechanism for this association is unclear. Key messages By linking two nationwide population based reg- isters the effect of intrauterine growth on the risk for childhood onset insulin dependent diabetes is estimated There was a clear trend in the risk for childhood onset diabetes according to differences in birth weight by gestational age expressed as multiples of SD from population means The adjusted odds ratio for babies who were small for gestational age was significantly decreased and for large for gestational age babies was significantly increased A poor intrauterine growth decreases and an excess growth increases the risk of development of childhood insulin dependent diabetes
Treatment with Glucocorticoids or Calcineurin Inhibitors in Primary FSGS.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In primary FSGS, calcineurin inhibitors have primarily been studied in patients deemed resistant to glucocorticoid therapy. Few data are available about their use early in the treatment of FSGS. We sought to estimate the association between choice of therapy and ESRD in primary FSGS. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We used an inception cohort of patients diagnosed with primary FSGS by kidney biopsy between 1980 and 2012. Factors associated with initiation of therapy were identified using logistic regression. Time-dependent Cox models were performed to compare time to ESRD between different therapies. RESULTS In total, 458 patients were studied (173 treated with glucocorticoids alone, 90 treated with calcineurin inhibitors with or without glucocorticoids, 12 treated with other agents, and 183 not treated with immunosuppressives). Tip lesion variant, absence of severe renal dysfunction (eGFR≥30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)), and hypoalbuminemia were associated with a higher likelihood of exposure to any immunosuppressive therapy. Only tip lesion was associated with initiation of glucocorticoids alone over calcineurin inhibitors. With adjusted Cox regression, immunosuppressive therapy with glucocorticoids and/or calcineurin inhibitors was associated with better renal survival than no immunosuppression (hazard ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.28 to 0.86). Calcineurin inhibitors with or without glucocorticoids were not significantly associated with a lower likelihood of ESRD compared with glucocorticoids alone (hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.15 to 1.18). CONCLUSIONS The use of immunosuppressive therapy with calcineurin inhibitors and/or glucocorticoids as part of the early immunosuppressive regimen in primary FSGS was associated with improved renal outcome, but the superiority of calcineurin inhibitors over glucocorticoids alone remained unproven.
Metabolite Profiles in Sepsis: Developing Prognostic Tools Based on the Type of Infection*

Objectives: Currently used biomarkers insufficiently discriminate between patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome of non-infectious origin and sepsis. The aim of this study was to identify surrogate markers that distinguish between systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis as well as the underlying type of infection by targeted metabolomics. Design: Retrospective analysis. Settings: Six sites of the Hellenic Sepsis Study Group and at Jena University Hospital. Patients: A total of 406 patients were analyzed: 66 fulfilling criteria for diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 100 for community-acquired pneumonia, 112 for urinary tract infection, 83 for intra-abdominal infection and 45 for bloodstream infection. Patients were divided into test cohort (n = 268) and confirmation cohort (n = 138). Interventions: A total of 186 metabolites were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Measurements and Main Results: Serum concentrations of most acylcarnitines, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids were altered in sepsis compared to systemic inflammatory response syndrome. A regression model combining the sphingolipid SM C22:3 and the glycerophospholipid lysoPCaC24:0 was discovered for sepsis diagnosis with a sensitivity of 84.1% and specificity of 85.7%. Furthermore, specific metabolites could be used for the discrimination of different types of infection. The glycerophospholipid lysoPCaC26:1 identified patients with community-acquired pneumonia in sepsis or severe sepsis/septic shock. Within severe sepsis/septic shock, patients with bloodstream infection could be discriminated by a decrease of acetylornithine. Changes of metabolites between sepsis and severe sepsis/septic shock also varied according to the underlying type of infection, showing that putrescine, lysoPCaC18:0 and SM C16:1 are associated with unfavorable outcome in community-acquired pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections and bloodstream infections, respectively. Conclusions: Using a metabolomics approach, single metabolites are identified that allow a good, albeit at about 14% false positive rate of sepsis diagnosis. Additionally, metabolites might be also useful for differentiation and prognosis according to the type of underlying infection. However, confirmation of the findings in ongoing studies is mandatory before they can be applied in the development of novel diagnostic tools for the management of sepsis.
Clostridium difficile in Retail Meat Products, USA, 2007

To determine the presence of Clostridium difficile, we sampled cooked and uncooked meat products sold in Tucson, Arizona. Forty-two percent contained toxigenic C. difficile strains (either ribotype 078/toxinotype V [73%] or 027/toxinotype III [NAP1 or NAP1-related; 27%]). These findings indicate that food products may play a role in interspecies C. difficile transmission.
The Impact of Attachment Style on Sexual Satisfaction and Sexual Desire in a Sexually Diverse Sample

ABSTRACT Research has indicated that adult romantic attachment is influential and important to sexual and relationship satisfaction. Sexual desire, although not a direct focus of attachment literature, is highly related to sexual and relationship satisfaction, suggesting it may also be impacted by attachment style in romantic couples. However, the research conducted on sexual desire, sexual satisfaction, and attachment has been largely heterocentric, making it difficult to determine whether the findings documented in the literature thus far are relevant in a sexually diverse group of individuals. The current study aimed to better understand the way that attachment style may impact sexual desire, sexual satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction in a sample of sexually diverse men and women. In total, 955 individuals (63.4% cisgender women, 30.7% cisgender men, 6.0% genderqueer, 54.8% straight, 20.4% bisexual, 18.4% gay) participated in a web-based study examining relationship dynamics. Three multivariate regression models indicated that attachment style significantly predicted relationship satisfaction (29% of variance accounted for), sexual satisfaction (19% of variance accounted for), and sexual desire (4% of variance accounted for). Attachment style appears to be a more important contributing factor to satisfaction than desire among diverse sexual orientations. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
What Should the Weights of the Three Major Currencies be in a Common Currency Basket in East Asia

We consider what type of regional common currency should be introduced in East Asia in the future. The common currency basket is, in itself, more desirable as an anchor currency. In this paper we define two types of currency basket and investigate the long-term sustainability of adopting a common currency basket in East Asia. From our empirical results, a larger weight (but less than 100 percent) for the US dollar in the common currency basket tends to make bilateral exchange rates among East Asian countries stable in the long run. Copyright 2006 East Asian Economic Association.
MALDIquant: a versatile R package for the analysis of mass spectrometry data

UNLABELLED MALDIquant is an R package providing a complete and modular analysis pipeline for quantitative analysis of mass spectrometry data. MALDIquant is specifically designed with application in clinical diagnostics in mind and implements sophisticated routines for importing raw data, preprocessing, non-linear peak alignment and calibration. It also handles technical replicates as well as spectra with unequal resolution. AVAILABILITY MALDIquant and its associated R packages readBrukerFlexData and readMzXmlData are freely available from the R archive CRAN (http://cran.r-project.org). The software is distributed under the GNU General Public License (version 3 or later) and is accompanied by example files and data. Additional documentation is available from http://strimmerlab.org/software/maldiquant/.
Immigrant Self-Employment

Using large-scale data on immigrants in the Netherlands, the authors tested competing arguments about the role of origin- and host-country human capital and bonding and bridging social capital in immigrants' self-employment. When taking job-skill level into account, immigrants with a higher level of origin- and destination-country education are less likely to be self-employed than salary employed. Likewise, the likelihood of self-employment decreases with origin-country work experience but not with host-country work experience. The presumed positive effect of bonding social capital is not found, but this study's results suggest that immigrants with an access to bridging social capital are more likely to be self-employed than those without such contacts.
CD69 upregulation on T cells as an in vitro marker for delayed‐type drug hypersensitivity

Background: T cells play a key role in delayed‐type drug hypersensitivity reactions. Their reactivity can be assessed by their proliferation in response to the drug in the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). However, the LTT imposes limitations in terms of practicability, and an alternative method that is easier to implement than the LTT would be desirable.
Objects and Mappings: Incompatible Principles of Display Design --- A Critique of Marino and Mahan

Representation aiding (and similar approaches that share the general orientation) has a great deal of utility, predictive ability, and explanatory power. Marino and Mahan (2005) discuss principles that are critical to the RA approach (configurality, emergent features, and mappings) in a reasonable fashion. However, the application of these principles is far from reasonable. The authors explicitly realize the potential for interactions between nutrients: "The nutritional quality of a food product is a multidimensional concept, and higher order interactions between nutrients may exist" (p. 126). However, they made no effort to discover the nature of these interactions: "No attempt was made to identify contingent interactions between nutrients" (p. 126). Despite not knowing the nature of the interactions between nutrients, they purposely chose a highly configural display that produced numerous emergent features dependent upon these interactions: "A radial spoke display was selected because of the strong configural properties of such display formats (Bennett & Flach, 1992)" (p. 124). Finally, the authors show apparent disdain for the specific mappings among domain, agent, and display that are fundamental to the RA approach: "[O]ther configural display formats could have been used" (p. 124). It is impossible to reconcile these statements and the RA approach to display design. However, these statements make perfect sense if a perceptual object is a guiding principle in one's approach to display design. Marino and Mahan (2005) draw heavily upon the principle of a perceptual object in their design justifications, experimental predictions, and interpretations of results. As we have indicated here and elsewhere (Bennett & Flach, 1992), we believe that these two sets of organizing principles for display design (i.e., objects and mappings) are incompatible. Display design will never be an exact science; there will always be elements of art and creativity. However, the guiding principles have moved well beyond the simple strategy of throwing variables into a geometric object format and relying upon the human agent's powerful perceptual systems to carry the design.
Allocating Pupils to Their Nearest Secondary School: The Consequences for Social and Ability Stratification

This study examines the proposition that secondary school choice in England has produced a stratified education system, compared with a counterfactual world where pupils are allocated into schools based strictly on proximity via a simulation that exploits the availability of pupil postcodes in the National Pupil Database. The study finds current levels of sorting in the English secondary school system-defined as pupils who do not attend their proximity allocation school-to be around 50 per cent, but estimates that only one-in-five pupils are potentially active in sorting between non-faith comprehensive schools. School segregation is almost always lower in the proximity counterfactual than in the actual data, confirming that where pupils are sorting themselves into a non-proximity school, it does tend to increase social and ability segregation. The difference between school and residential segregation is greatest in urban areas and LEAs with many pupils in grammar and voluntary-aided schools.
Hotel performance and competitive advantage: a contingency approach

Performance measurement is an important managerial activity that is of key concern to the hotel general manager. Unfortunately, there has been a paucity of hospitality related research to assess the appropriateness of existing hotel performance measurement systems in use. This conceptual paper shows how a performance measurement system has the potential to deliver competitive advantage. This paper speculates that competitive advantage can be achieved if inputs, processes, outputs, markets, environmental characteristics are congruent with business objectives.
Current Research and Statistical Practices in Sport Science and a Need for Change

Current research ideologies in sport science allow for the possibility of investigators producing statistically significant results to help fit the outcome into a predetermined theory. Additionally, under the current Neyman-Pearson statistical structure, some argue that null hypothesis significant testing (NHST) under the frequentist approach is flawed, regardless. For example, a p-value is unable to measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, unable to measure the size of an effect or the importance of a result, and unable to provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis. Many of these downfalls are key questions researchers strive to answer following an investigation. Therefore, a shift towards a magnitude-based inference model, and eventually a fully Bayesian framework, is thought to be a better fit from a statistical standpoint and may be an improved way to address biases within the literature. The goal of this article is to shed light on the current research and statistical shortcomings the field of sport science faces today, and offer potential solutions to help guide future research practices.
Contrasts in neuropsychological test profile between patients with first‐eoisode schizophienia and first‐episohe affective disorders

Patients with first‐episode (FE) schizophrenia (n=27), unipolar depression (n=10) and bipolar disorder (n=17) and age‐ and gender‐matched healthy control subjects (n=27) were administered a battery of neuropsychological (NP) tests. FE schizophrenics performed significantly less well than patients with affective disorders in the area of visual motor processing and attention. Affective disorder patients without psychotic features did not perform significantly differently to controls. However, affective disorder patients with psychotic features performed as poorly as schizophrenics, with the most pronounced impairment in the area of visual motor processing and attention. Our data tentatively suggest the existence of a dichotomy in neuropsychological impairment, with psychotic patients showing similar neuropsychological deficits, while non‐psychotic affective patients perform comparably to controls.
Public and private organizations in Latin America: a comparison of reward preferences

Compares Latin American graduate students in management with work experience in government and business. Explores similarities and differences in work‐related incentives between public and private sector groups. Finds that while administrative reforms in developing countries may assume differences in the importance of job security across the two sectors and neglect the possibility of a national or community service orientation, these assumptions are not supported by this study. Discovers that although the two groups showed no difference in the importance of salary, financial incentives related to performance were significantly more important to private sector respondents as a reason to stay in the sector. Finds differences between the groups on public service motivation, an issue not previously explored in this region. Claims these findings have important implications for Civil Service reform and development of incentive systems for privatization strategies.