Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The "Ins" and "Outs" of the Depressive Disorders Section of DSM-5

In this article, we review and evaluate changes in the depressive disorders section from DSM-IV to DSM-5. We describe characteristics of three new depressive disorders: disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and persistent depressive disorder. We also discuss the controversial decision in DSM-5 to remove the bereavement exclusion from the criteria for major depressive disorder. Next, we review the decision to replace the diagnosis of depressive disorder not otherwise specified with two new diagnoses: other specified depressive disorder and unspecified depressive disorder. Finally, we discuss the inclusion of two novel specifiers in the DSM-5 depressive disorders section: “with anxious distress” and “with mixed features. ” For each of these changes, we examine the relevant research and discuss implications of the changes for research and clinical practice.
Seasonal Changes in Socio-Spatial Structure in a Group of Free-Living Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)

Ecological and social factors influence individual movement and group membership decisions, which ultimately determine how animal groups adjust their behavior in spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments. The mechanisms behind these behavioral adjustments can be better understood by studying the relationship between association and space use patterns of groups and how these change over time. We examined the socio-spatial patterns of adult individuals in a free-ranging group of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), a species with high fission-fusion dynamics. Data comprised 4916 subgroup scans collected during 325 days throughout a 20-month period and was used to evaluate changes from fruit-scarce to fruit-abundant periods in individual core-area size, subgroup size and two types of association measures: spatial (core-area overlap) and spatio-temporal (occurrence in the same subgroup) associations. We developed a 3-level analysis framework to distinguish passive associations, where individuals are mostly brought together by resources of common interest, from active association, where individuals actively seek or avoid certain others. Results indicated a more concentrated use of space, increased individual gregariousness and higher spatio-temporal association rates in the fruit-abundant seasons, as is compatible with an increase in passive associations. Nevertheless, results also suggested active associations in all the periods analyzed, although associations differed across seasons. In particular, females seem to actively avoid males, perhaps prompted by an increased probability of random encounters among individuals, resulting from the contraction of individual core areas. Our framework proved useful in investigating the interplay between ecological and social constraints and how these constraints can influence individual ranging and grouping decisions in spider monkeys, and possibly other species with high fission-fusion dynamics.
How should cost data in pragmatic randomised trials be analysed?

Pragmatic randomised trials are usually large scale multicentre studies in which interventions or medical policies are compared in a realistic setting.1 The intention is that conclusions from these trials, if accepted, can be adopted directly into medical practice.2 Economic evaluations carried out alongside these trials are increasingly common because it is often important to assess costs and cost effectiveness as well as clinical outcomes.3 Costs are usually derived from information about the quantity of healthcare resources used by each patient in the trial. The quantities of each resource used are multiplied by fixed unit cost values and are then summed over the separate types of resource to give a total cost per patient.4 Distribution of costs from a trial comparing endometrial resection with hysterectomy in women with menorrhagia. Costs are based on health resource use from randomisation to two years; they include preoperative, operative, hospital stay, complications, retreatment, and primary care components5 This information leads to a range of different costs across participants in the trial. As an example, the figure shows the distribution of costs in women with menorrhagia randomised to treatment with endometrial resection or abdominal hysterectomy.5 Such highly skewed distributions are typical of cost data; the long right hand tail reflects the fact that some patients incur high costs because of factors such as medical complications, reoperation, or extended hospital stay. ### Summary points Health economic evaluations are now commonly included in pragmatic clinical trials that inform policy decisions Despite the usual skewness in the distribution of costs, it is the arithmetic mean that is the most informative measure Measures other than the arithmetic mean do not provide information about the cost of treating all patients, which is needed as the basis for healthcare policy decisions Statistical analysis based on transforming cost data or …
Polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated gold nanoparticles inhibit endothelial cell viability, proliferation, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and reduce the magnitude of endothelial-independent dilator responses in isolated aortic vessels

Background Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) demonstrate clinical potential for drug delivery and imaging diagnostics. As AuNPs aggregate in physiological fluids, polymer-surface modifications are utilized to allow their stabilization and enhance their retention time in blood. However, the impact of AuNPs on blood vessel function remains poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AuNPs and their stabilizers on endothelial cell (EC) and vasodilator function. Materials and methods Citrate-stabilized AuNPs (12±3 nm) were synthesized and surface-modified using mercapto polyethylene glycol (mPEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymers. Their uptake by isolated ECs and whole vessels was visualized using transmission electron microscopy and quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Their biological effects on EC proliferation, viability, apoptosis, and the ERK1/2-signaling pathway were determined using automated cell counting, flow cytometry, and Western blotting, respectively. Endothelial-dependent and independent vasodilator functions were assessed using isolated murine aortic vessel rings ex vivo. Results AuNPs were located in endothelial endosomes within 30 minutes’ exposure, while their surface modification delayed this cellular uptake over time. After 24 hours’ exposure, all AuNPs (including polymer-modified AuNPs) induced apoptosis and decreased cell viability/proliferation. These inhibitory effects were lost after 48 hours’ exposure (except for the PVP-modified AuNPs). Furthermore, all AuNPs decreased acetylcholine (ACh)-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, a key signaling protein of cell function. mPEG-modified AuNPs had lower cytostatic effects than PVP-modified AuNPs. Citrate-stabilized AuNPs did not alter endothelial-dependent vasodilation induced by ACh, but attenuated endothelial-independent responses induced by sodium nitroprusside. PVP-modified AuNPs attenuated ACh-induced dilation, whereas mPEG-modified AuNPs did not, though this was dose-related. Conclusion We demonstrated that mPEG-modified AuNPs at a therapeutic dosage showed lower cytostatic effects and were less detrimental to vasodilator function than PVP-modified AuNPs, indicating greater potential as agents for diagnostic imaging and therapy.
Physical layer energy optimization analysis for fixed bandwidth wireless sensor networks

We study the energy consumption of wireless sensor network links applying three widely used digital modulation schemes, i.e. MQAM, MPSK, and noncoherent MFSK. For MQAM and MPSK, pulse shaping is considered. Both transmitted signal power and circuit power are taken into account where the former is modeled using the relationship between cutoff rate and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the latter is modeled considering the power consumption of typical hardware used in wireless sensor nodes. A novel analytical tool for calculating the power efficiency of linear power amplifiers is used. Moreover, the bandwidth and data rate limitations of the IEEE 802.15. 4 standard are considered. For each modulation type, the optimum parameters for minimizing the energy per information bit are derived. Finally, a comparison among the three modulation types is presented.
Disambiguating Energy Disaggregation: A Collective Probabilistic Approach

Reducing household energy usage is a priority for improving the resiliency and stability of the power grid and decreasing the negative impact of energy consumption on the environment and public health. Relevant and timely feedback about the power consumption of specific appliances can help household residents reduce their energy demand. Given only a total energy reading, such as that collected from a residential meter, energy disaggregation strives to discover the consumption of individual appliances. Existing disaggregation algorithms are computationally inefficient and rely heavily on high-resolution ground truth data. We introduce a probabilistic framework which infers the energy consumption of individual appliances using a hinge-loss Markov random field (HL-MRF), which admits highly scalable inference. To further enhance efficiency, we introduce a temporal representation which leverages state duration. We also explore how contextual information impacts solution quality with low-resolution data. Our framework is flexible in its ability to incorporate additional constraints; by constraining appliance usage with context and duration we can better disambiguate appliances with similar energy consumption profiles. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework on two public real-world datasets, reducing the error relative to a previous state-of-the-art method by as much as 50%.
Effect of Banana Extract on Growth and Development of Protocorm Like Bodies in Dendrobium sp. orchid

An experiment was carried out in Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to investigate the effect of banana extract on micropropagation of Dendrobium sp. var. Sonia orchid through PLBs. The experiment was conducted during July 2012 to October 2013. Half-Murashige and Skoog (1/2MS) medium were used as basal medium and the medium was supplemented with banana extract at 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 ml L -1 with a control, where no banana extract was supplemented. The cultures were done in 100 ml conical flasks and maintain at 25°C with 30µ mol m -2 S -1 lighting provided by florescent tubes for 16 hours per day. Banana extract showed significant effect on growth and development of PLBs. Among the treatments, 100 ml L -1 banana extract enhanced new PLBs regeneration from explanted PLBs and growth and development of PLBs. Present research indicated that nutrient requirement for PLBs multiplication and plantlets growth of Dendrobium orchid is quantitatively different in vitro . Finally, 100 ml L -1 and 25 ml L -1 of banana extract may be recommended as supplement into 1/2MS medium for PLBs multiplication and plantlet regeneration, respectively in vitro. The Agriculturists 2015; 13(1) 101-108
Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in bladder afferent and spinal neurons following spinal cord injury.

Changes in the distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (NOS-IR) after chronic (5-6 weeks) spinal cord injury (SCI) were examined in bladder afferent and spinal neurons in the region of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) in the L6-S1 spinal segments. Bladder afferent neurons in the L1, L2, L6 and S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were identified by retrograde axonal transport following injection of fluorogold (FG) into the urinary bladder. A differential distribution of NOS-IR was detected in DRG cells at different segmental levels of spinal cord intact animals with significantly greater numbers of NOS-IR cells present in thoracic (T8, T12; 30-40 NOS-IR cell profiles/section) and rostral lumbar (L1) DRGs (18 NOS-IR cell profiles/ section) compared to caudal lumbosacral (L5-S1) DRGs (0.2-0.4 NOS-IR cell profiles/section). A significant increase in the number of NOS-IR cells was detected in the L6-S1 DRG (p < or = 0.001; 12-20 NOS-IR cell profiles/section) and in the L1-L2 DRG (15-40 NOS-IR cell profiles/section) but not in the L5 DRG following SCI. In these ganglia, an average of 41.2 +/- 7.8% (L6) and 36.3 +/- 0.9% (S1) of FG-labeled bladder afferent neurons were NOS-IR. In contrast, in spinal cord intact animals, no FG-labeled bladder afferent neurons were NOS-IR. Following SCI, NOS-IR fibers were detected along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn extending from Lissauer's tract to the region of the SPN (lateral collateral pathway of Lissauer) of the L6 and S1 spinal segments. These NOS-IR fibers were not detected in adjacent spinal segments (L5, S2). SCI also significantly (p < or = 0.001) increased the number of spinal neurons in the region of the SPN (presumptive preganglionic neurons) in the L6-S1 spinal segments exhibiting NOS-IR. These results indicate that NOS-IR in bladder afferent and spinal neurons is plastic and can be up-regulated by chronic SCI. Changes in the neurochemical properties of these neurons after SCI may be mediated by pathological changes in the target organ (i.e., urinary bladder) and/or spinal cord.
The differences in panoramic mandibular indices and fractal dimension between patients with and without spinal osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate the relationship between osteoporosis, oral signs, body mass index and age; and to assess the possibility of using these parameters as an indicator of post-menopausal osteoporosis. The oral signs were panoramic-based mandibular indices, such as cortical width, cortical index, panoramic mandibular index and mandibular crest resorption degree; the number of teeth and fractal dimension analysis. METHODS Forty-eight post-menopausal women between the ages of 40 years and 64 years were evaluated. Mandibular indices and the number of mandibular teeth were measured and evaluated from panoramic radiographs and fractal dimension was calculated from the direct digital periapical radiographs of the mandibular premolar-molar region in box-counting method. Weight, height, menopausal status and age of the patients were recorded by questionnaire. Bone mineral densities of the patients were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS In this study there were no statistically significant differences between the osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic patients for cortical width, panoramic mandibular index, alveolar crest resorption degree, fractal dimension and the number of mandibular teeth, but there was a difference for cortical index. Binary logistic regression analyses demonstrated that age (P = 0.015) was an important risk factor for osteoporosis. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrated that osteoporotic patients were more likely to have altered inferior cortex morphology than non-osteoporotic patients and age is an important risk factor for osteoporosis.
Exploring the antecedents of trust in virtual communities

Although previous research has established that interpersonal trust and system trust are critical in shaping individual behaviour in virtual settings, the two perspectives have not been examined by IS researchers in virtual communities (VCs) simultaneously. Drawing from prior literature on trust and VCs, a research model for understanding the importance of trust in members and trust in system and their antecedents in VCs is presented. Six trust-building factors were identified using three trust-building bases (calculative base, relationship base and technology base). Data were collected from 324 members of a technical VC to test the model. The study shows that trust in members and trust in system have significant influences on knowledge sharing intention. The study also indicates that knowledge growth, perceived responsiveness and shared vision affect trust in members positively, while knowledge quality influences trust in system significantly. The study discusses the theoretical and managerial implications of this study and proposes several future research directions.
Evaluation of Renal Clinicopathological Changes in IgA Nephropathy by Urinary Podocytes Excretion and Podocalyxin Expression

Objective: To explore the association of urinary podocyte excretion and renal expression of podocyte-specific marker podocalyxin (PCX) with clinicopathological changes in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Methods: Morning urine samples from IgAN patients and healthy controls were collected. The expression of glomerular PCX was quantified in 50 IgAN patients diagnosed by renal biopsy. IgAN was classified based on the Lee’s Grading system and scored according to the Katafuchi semiquantitative criteria. Morphological evaluation of podocyte was determined by electron microscopy. Results: The amount of urinary podocytes in the IgAN patients was significantly higher than that in the healthy controls (p < 0.01). Pairwise comparison among Lee’s grades of IgAN showed that the median of urinary podocytes in Lee’s I–II group was lower than that in Lee’s III, IV, and V groups (p < 0.05); group III lower than group V (p < 0.05). The positive rate of urinary podocytes was the highest in Lee’s IV and V groups (100%), and lowest in Lee’s I–II group (55%). Multiple comparison among groups of Lee’s grades of IgAN showed that the glomerular PCX expression in Lee’s I–II group was higher than that in Lee’s III, IV, and V groups (p < 0.05); groups III and IV higher than group V (p < 0.05). The amount of urinary podocytes in IgAN patients was negatively correlated with PCX expression (r = −0.702, p < 0.01), but positively correlated with 24-h urinary protein (r = 0.465, p < 0.01) and glomerular (r = 0.233, p < 0.01) and renal tubular pathological scores (r = 0.307, p < 0.05). The glomerular PCX expression was negatively correlated with 24-h urinary protein (r = −0.367, p < 0.05) and glomerular (r = −0.560, p < 0.05) and tubular pathological scores (r = −0.377, p < 0.05). Electron microscopy showed significant changes in podocytes of IgAN, especially in the foot process. Conclusion: The amount of urinary podocyte can reflect the loss of podocytes in renal tissue, which may be a marker of IgAN progression.
On the relationship between class structure and social stratification

The 1988–2013 POLPAN study was conducted during the period of intensive change in the Polish society. When assessing the current condition of social structure in the light of the outcomes of that transformation, it is important to consider a number of factors that finally contributed to the systemic change and its various consequences. In the course of the last twenty five years we have seen a unique series of processes of historical importance for the Polish society. Those were, above all:
Cobalamin C Deficiency Shows a Rapidly Progressing Maculopathy With Severe Photoreceptor and Ganglion Cell Loss.

PURPOSE To describe in detail the retinal structure and function of a group of patients with cobalamin C (cblC) disease. METHODS Patients (n = 11, age 4 months to 15 years) with cblC disease (9/11, early onset) diagnosed by newborn screening underwent complete ophthalmic examinations, fundus photography, near-infrared reflectance imaging, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Electroretinograms (ERGs) were performed in a subset of patients. RESULTS Patients carried homozygous or compound heterozygote mutations in the methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type C (MMACHC) gene. Late-onset patients had a normal exam. All early-onset patients showed a maculopathy; older subjects had a retina-wide degeneration (n = 4; >7 years of age). In general, retinal changes were first observed before 1 year of age and progressed within months to a well-established maculopathy. Pseudocolobomas were documented in three patients. Measurable visual acuities ranged from 20/200 to 20/540. Nystagmus was present in 8/11 patients; 5/6 patients had normal ERGs; 1/6 had reduced rod-mediated responses. Spectral-domain OCT showed macular thinning, with severe ganglion cell layer (GCL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) loss. Inner retinal thickening was observed in areas of total GCL/ONL loss. A normal lamination pattern in the peripapillary nasal retina was often seen despite severe central and/or retina-wide disease. CONCLUSIONS Patients with early-onset cblC and MMACHC mutations showed an early-onset, unusually fast-progressing maculopathy with severe central ONL and GCL loss. An abnormally thickened inner retina supports a remodeling response to both photoreceptor and ganglion cell degeneration and/or an interference with normal development in early-onset cblC.
The consensus problem in networks with transmission delays

We study discrete- and continuous-time consensus problems on networks in the presence of distributed time delays. We focus on information transmission delays, as opposed to information processing delays, so that each node of the network compares its current state with the past states of its neighbours. We consider directed and weighted networks where the connection structure is described by a normalized Laplacian matrix and show that consensus is achieved if and only if the underlying graph contains a directed spanning tree. This statement holds independently of the transmission delays, which is in contrast to the case of processing delays. Furthermore, we calculate the consensus value explicitly, and show that it is determined by the history of the system over an interval of time, unlike the case of processing delays where the consensus value depends only on the initial state of the system at time zero. This provides the consensus algorithm with improved robustness against noise.
Increasing completion of neural networks coursework

The assessment of the author's second year module on neural networks requires students to write a program to implement a neural network and to then apply it to a real world problem of their choice. In recent years, significant numbers of students failed to complete the work. Some did not apply their network and some even failed to implement the network. This paper describes a series of refinements to the coursework, its support and its assessment, as a result of which only two students failed to complete the work this year.
The Case for Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries

The paper reviews two different CSR conceptualizations, one by Carroll (1979,1991) and one by Lantos (2001) arguing that Lantos' (2001) dichotomous conceptualization of discretionary responsibility into altruistic and strategic may be quite promising in the context of developing countries. The paper then presents the findings of an empirical study undertaken in the Lebanese context, illustrating the continued prevalence of altruistic CSR in developing countries. The differing dynamics of altruistic and strategic CSR are highlighted and implications drawn relating to the usefulness of a strategic CSR approach in the context of developing countries