Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unintentional Childhood Injuries in Urban Delhi: A Community-Based Study

Background: Childhood injuries claim around a million lives around the world each year. A community-based study on childhood injuries would provide valuable information on the epidemiology of injuries. Objective: To assess the prevalence of unintentional childhood injuries in an urban locality and determine various sociodemo graphic factors associated with childhood injuries. Methods: The study was done in urban Delhi among 1,639 children aged less than 18 years. Information on injuries in the last one year was collected. Only those injury episodes where treatment was sought or the child was left disabled after the injury were included. Treatment seeking behavior and the impact of injury on the child and the household were also assessed. Results: Among 1,639 children, 102 children suffered 116 episodes of various types of injuries in the last one year. Prevalence of injuries was 7.1% (95% CI: 5.9-8.4). Mean age was 8.5 ± 5.1 years. Prevalence was more in boys (8.4%) than girls (5.1%). Accidental falls (37.1%), dog bites (25%), and road traffic injuries (18.9%) were the three most common modes of injury. Two-thirds of children with injuries were taken to the emergency facility for treatment while 40% resorted to home remedies. Treatment expenses in some families led to the need for borrowing money, additional employment by another family member, and selling of household assets. Conclusions: The prevalence of childhood injuries in the past one year was 7.1%. Maximum injuries occurred at home and were mostly accidental falls and dog bites. Childhood injuries caused loss of school attendance and financial burden to the family.
Topographic localization of macular retinal ganglion cell loss associated with localized peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer defect.

PURPOSE To investigate the topographic relationship between ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) defects in open-angle glaucoma patients with localized RNFL defects, using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS We analyzed 140 eyes of 140 patients showing a localized RNFL defect in one hemifield, the angular width of which was limited to one clock-hour sector. The RNFL and macular GCIPL scans were obtained using SD-OCT. The clock-hour location and width of pRNFL defects on the RNFL deviation map were determined, and their topographic association with corresponding GCIPL defects on the GCIPL deviation map was assessed. RESULTS A "GCIPL deviation frequency map" demonstrating GCIPL defects corresponding to six different clock-hour locations of pRNFL defects was obtained, and it revealed the following specifics: (1) pRNFL defect at 12, 11, and 10 o'clock corresponded to GCIPL defect in the superior macula, as those at 8, 7, and 6 o'clock did to those in the inferior macula; (2) the overall GCIPL defect had an arcuate shape that appeared as a continuation of the pRNFL defect; (3) the temporal macular region was the frequently damaged site in either hemifield, and was larger in the inferior hemifield than in the superior hemifield. Additionally, an interindividual variability of GCIPL defect was noted for patients with the same clock-hour location of pRNFL defect. CONCLUSIONS The GCIPL deviation frequency map demonstrating the topographic relationship between pRNFL and GCIPL defects was generated using SD-OCT. Our results indicated the topographic location of retinal ganglion cell death associated with clock-hour location of pRNFL loss in vivo.
Prediction of posttraumatic adult respiratory distress syndrome by albumin excretion rate eight hours after admission.

BACKGROUND Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in trauma victims carries a mortality on the order of 50%. An early feature is an increased capillary permeability causing an extravasation of plasma proteins and water, leading to interstitial edema. In the kidney, the increase in microvascular permeability is manifested as increased albumin excretion detectable by sensitive immunoassay. METHODS Forty seven trauma victims were studied for 5 days; 32 of them had Injury Severity Scores > 18. A diagnosis of ARDS was made on the recommendations of the American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS (1994). Eight patients developed ARDS, five developed pulmonary dysfunction, and the remainder showed no significant pulmonary abnormality. RESULTS Using the near patient urine albumin immunoassay, albumin excretion rate (AER) was measured after admission. For patients with Injury Severity Score > 18, the median (95% confidence interval) AER 8 hours after admission was 63 (range, 40-99) microg per minute for those without impaired lung function and 339 (range, 162-454) microg per minute for those in the combined ARDS and pulmonary dysfunction group (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.0004). The median AER was 51 (range, 27-98) microg per minute for patients with Injury Severity Score < 18. The positive predictive value for the development of ARDS or pulmonary dysfunction of AER > 130 microg per minute was 85%, with a negative predictive value of 95%. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the capillary leak associated with the subsequent development of pulmonary dysfunction and ARDS can be detected within 8 hours of admission at the patient's bedside, thus providing a means of early identification of patients at greatest risk and allowing for early intervention.
Stress echocardiography for selecting potential responders to cardiac resynchronisation therapy

In the current ESC/ACC/AHA guidelines, the selection of patients for cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) is based upon the QRS duration, which reflects interventricular dyssynchrony. However, about 30% of patients do not respond to CRT. It has previously been demonstrated that the presence of left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony is predictive of response to CRT after implantation. Most criteria assessing such dyssynchrony were derived from data obtained with resting Doppler echocardiography. The recently published PROSPECT (Predictors of Response to CRT) trial failed to identify echocardiographic measures of dyssynchrony that could routinely be recommended for patient selection before CRT implantation. Therefore, solutions may come from other echocardiographic modalities, such as dobutamine stress echocardiography and exercise echocardiography. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the usefulness of stress echocardiography to predict response to CRT. This review will show how exercise-induced changes in dyssynchrony and severity of mitral regurgitation and the role of preserved contractile reserve may help to better identify potential responders.
The exercise addiction inventory: a quick and easy screening tool for health practitioners

Background: Exercise addiction is not routinely screened for probably because available instruments take a long time to administer, their scoring may be complicated, and their interpretation is not always obvious. A new psychometric instrument has been developed that is capable of identifying people affected by, or at risk of, exercise addiction: the exercise addiction inventory (EAI). A preliminary report showed the EAI had good reliability and validity. Objectives: To test further the EAI’s psychometric properties and show that it would be quick and simple to administer by general practitioners. Methods: A sample of 200 habitual exercisers were given the EAI and two existing exercise addiction scales (obligatory exercise questionnaire; exercise dependence scale). Two weeks later, another sample of 79 exercisers were administered the EAI to determine the test-retest reliability of the questionnaire. Results: The original data from the preliminary report were reanalysed to determine the split half correlation of the EAI. This was found to be 0.84 (Guttman split-half coefficient). A correlation between weekly frequency of exercising and EAI scores was also determined, and it was found that the two variables shared 29% of the variance (r2 = 0.29). The test-retest reliability of the scale was found to be very good (0.85). Conclusions: The EAI is a valid and reliable tool which would be capable of helping general practitioners to quickly and easily identify people affected by, or at risk of, exercise addiction.
Intrarenal urea recycling leads to a higher rate of renal excretion of potassium: an hypothesis with clinical implications

Purpose of reviewThis review aims to illustrate why urea recycling may play an important role in potassium (K+) excretion and to emphasize its potential clinical implications. Recent findingsA quantitative analysis of the process of intrarenal urea recycling reveals that the amount of urea delivered to the distal convoluted tubule is about two-fold larger than the quantity of urea excreted in the urine. As the number of osmoles delivered to the late cortical distal nephron (CCD) determines its flow rate when aquaporin 2 water channels have been inserted in the luminal membrane of principal cells, urea recycling may play an important role in regulating the rate of excretion of K+ when the distal delivery of electrolytes is not very high. SummaryUrea recycling aids the excretion of K+; this is especially important in patients with disorders or those who are taking drugs that lead to a less lumen-negative voltage in the CCD. As a large quantity of urea is reabsorbed daily in the inner medullary collecting duct, the assumption made in the calculation of the transtubular K concentration gradient that there is no appreciable reabsorption of osmoles downstream CCD is not valid.
A Robust One-Cycle Controlled Full-Bridge Series-Parallel Resonant Inverter for a High-Frequency AC (HFAC) Distribution System

Resonant inverters are connected to a high-frequency AC (HFAC) bus, where power is delivered to different locations for points-of-use power management. Such a power distribution system subjects to more perturbations and load uncertainties than inverters operating with single load. A novel voltage control method is proposed in this paper for a high-frequency full-bridge resonant inverter with series-parallel resonant tank. A modified one-cycle controlled phase-shift modulation is proposed to effectively compensate the input line variations. The uncertainty model of the high frequency resonant inverter is developed and analyzed with the resonant circuit component tolerance, input line and load variations taken into design considerations. The voltage feedback controller is designed based on the Hinfin robust control theory and is implemented with analog discrete devices. The proposed control scheme has the advantages of fast response for both input line and load perturbations. It also ensures a wide range of system stability and guarantees robustness of the power converter. Both simulations and experimental results are provided to verify with the theoretical analysis through an experimental prototype of a full-bridge resonant inverter with an output power of 150-W operating at 1 MHz and an output voltage of 28 V (rms).
An Investigation into Health Information Environment of Market Women in Offa, Kwara State Nigeria

The study examined the health information environment of market women in Offa, a semi-urban area in Kwara State of Nigeria. The aim of the study was to identify the information needs of market women, to investigate the information sources, information seeking behaviour and the challenges associated with the use of information sources. Data was collected through a questionnaire. The return rate of the questionnaire administered was 93.5 percent. The findings revealed that the market women have diverse health information needs which include among others malaria fever, hygiene, anti-natal/post-natal care. The main sources of health information used by the market women include family / neighbours and radio. The study made recommendations such as the state government supporting the state library board. The public library should also assist to provide unlimited access to information through the audio-visual materials. Keywords : Health information environment, market women, Offa Metropolis
The aging clock: circadian rhythms and later life

Circadian rhythms play an influential role in nearly all aspects of physiology and behavior in the vast majority of species on Earth. The biological clockwork that regulates these rhythms is dynamic over the lifespan: rhythmic activities such as sleep/wake patterns change markedly as we age, and in many cases they become increasingly fragmented. Given that prolonged disruptions of normal rhythms are highly detrimental to health, deeper knowledge of how our biological clocks change with age may create valuable opportunities to improve health and longevity for an aging global population. In this Review, we synthesize key findings from the study of circadian rhythms in later life, identify patterns of change documented to date, and review potential physiological mechanisms that may underlie these changes.
Systematic Structural Characterization of Metabolites in Arabidopsis via Candidate Substrate-Product Pair Networks[C][W]

An algorithm is presented for visualizing reversed phase LC-MS metabolome data in biochemical reaction networks, which led to the structural elucidation of 145 of the 229 profiled compounds and included phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, (neo)lignans/oligolignols, benzenoids, indolics, glucosinolates, and apocarotenoids. Plant metabolomics is increasingly used for pathway discovery and to elucidate gene function. However, the main bottleneck is the identification of the detected compounds. This is more pronounced for secondary metabolites as many of their pathways are still underexplored. Here, an algorithm is presented in which liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry profiles are searched for pairs of peaks that have mass and retention time differences corresponding with those of substrates and products from well-known enzymatic reactions. Concatenating the latter peak pairs, called candidate substrate-product pairs (CSPP), into a network displays tentative (bio)synthetic routes. Starting from known peaks, propagating the network along these routes allows the characterization of adjacent peaks leading to their structure prediction. As a proof-of-principle, this high-throughput cheminformatics procedure was applied to the Arabidopsis thaliana leaf metabolome where it allowed the characterization of the structures of 60% of the profiled compounds. Moreover, based on searches in the Chemical Abstract Service database, the algorithm led to the characterization of 61 compounds that had never been described in plants before. The CSPP-based annotation was confirmed by independent MSn experiments. In addition to being high throughput, this method allows the annotation of low-abundance compounds that are otherwise not amenable to isolation and purification. This method will greatly advance the value of metabolomics in systems biology.
Macro-Finance and Factor Timing: Time-Varying Factor Risk and Price of Risk Premiums

This paper documents empirically that increases in the book-to-market spread predict larger market premiums in sample and larger size, value, and investment premiums (also) out of sample. In addition, increases in the investment (or profitability) spread exclusively predict larger investment (or profitability) premiums. This predictability generates “factor timing” strategies that deliver substantial economic gains out of sample. I argue theoretically that the book-to-market spread is a price of risk proxy, while the investment and profitability spreads are factor risk proxies. The evidence confirms standard theoretical predictions in the macro-finance literature and contradicts the hypothesis of constant factor risks.
Adult-onset hereditary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis caused by a single-base deletion in CSF2RB

Background Disruption of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signalling causes pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Rarely, genetic defects in neonatal or infant-onset PAP have been identified in CSF2RA. However, no report has clearly identified any function-associated genetic defect in CSF2RB. Methods and results The patient was diagnosed with PAP at the age of 36 and developed respiratory failure. She was negative for GM-CSF autoantibody and had no underlying disease. Signalling and genetic defects in GM-CSF receptor were screened. GM-CSF-stimulated STAT5 phosphorylation was not observed and GM-CSF-Rβc expression was defective in the patient's blood cells. Genetic screening revealed a homozygous, single-base deletion at nt 631 in exon 6 of CSF2RB on chromosome 22, which caused reductions in GM-CSF dependent signalling and function. Both parents, who were second cousins, showed no pulmonary symptoms, and had normal GM-CSF-signalling, but had a CSF2RB allele with the identical deletion, indicating that the mutant allele may give rise to PAP in an autosomal recessive manner. Conclusions This is the first report identifying a genetic defect in CSF2RB that causes deficiency of GM-CSF-Rβc expression and impaired signalling downstream. These results suggested that GM-CSF signalling was compensated by other signalling pathways, leading to adult-onset PAP.
Malaria Immunoepidemiology in Low Transmission: Correlation of Infecting Genotype and Immune Response to Domains of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 3

ABSTRACT Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is a major cause of global infant mortality, and no effective vaccine currently exists. Multiple potential vaccine targets have been identified, and immunoepidemiology studies have played a major part in assessing those candidates. When such studies are carried out in high-transmission settings, individuals are often superinfected with complex mixtures of genetically distinct P. falciparum types, making it impossible to directly correlate the genotype of the infecting antigen with the antibody response. In contrast, in regions of low transmission P. falciparum infections are often genetically simple, and direct comparison of infecting genotype and antigen-specific immune responses is possible. As a test of the utility of this approach, responses against several domains and allelic variants of the vaccine candidate P. falciparum merozoite surface protein 3 (PfMSP3) were tested in serum samples collected near Iquitos, Peru. Antibodies recognizing both the conserved C-terminal and the more variable N-terminal domain were identified, but anti-N-terminal responses were more prevalent, of higher titers, and primarily of cytophilic subclasses. Comparing antibody responses to different PfMSP3 variants with the PfMSP3 genotype present at the time of infection showed that anti-N-terminal responses were largely allele class specific, but there was some evidence for responses that cross-reacted across allele classes. Evidence for cross-reactive responses was much stronger when variants within one allele class were tested, which has implications for the rational development of genotype-transcending PfMSP3-based vaccines.
On the Relationship between Molecular Hit Rates in High-Throughput Screening and Molecular Descriptors

High-throughput screening (HTS) is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to identify novel chemical starting points for drug discovery projects. The current study focuses on the relationship between molecular hit rate in recent in-house HTS and four common molecular descriptors: lipophilicity (ClogP), size (heavy atom count, HEV), fraction of sp3-hybridized carbons (Fsp3), and fraction of molecular framework (fMF). The molecular hit rate is defined as the fraction of times the molecule has been assigned as active in the HTS campaigns where it has been screened. Beta-binomial statistical models were built to model the molecular hit rate as a function of these descriptors. The advantage of the beta-binomial statistical models is that the correlation between the descriptors is taken into account. Higher degree polynomial terms of the descriptors were also added into the beta-binomial statistic model to improve the model quality. The relative influence of different molecular descriptors on molecular hit rate has been estimated, taking into account that the descriptors are correlated to each other through applying beta-binomial statistical modeling. The results show that ClogP has the largest influence on the molecular hit rate, followed by Fsp3 and HEV. fMF has only a minor influence besides its correlation with the other molecular descriptors.
Monitoring of resistance to spirodiclofen and five other acaricides in Panonychus citri collected from Chinese citrus orchards.

BACKGROUND Citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is one of the most important pesticide-resistant pests in China. In order better to understand its resistance status, six populations of the mite were collected from Chinese citrus orchards for monitoring of resistance to spirodiclofen and another five acaricides. RESULTS All the samples collected in the field in 2006 were susceptible to spirodiclofen. However, the LC(50) values in populations sampled in 2009 ranged from 3.29 to 418.24 mg L(-1) spirodiclofen, a 127-fold difference between the least and most sensitive populations. Compared with a susceptible strain, 50-fold and 90.8-fold resistance to spirodiclofen was detected in populations sampled from Pinghe and Fuzhou in 2009, as well as cross-resistance to spirotetramat. The LC(50) values for abamectin, fenpropathrin, hexythiazox and pyridaben in the collected samples ranged from 0.041 to 3.52 mg L(-1), from 23.91 to 696.16 mg L(-1), from 13.94 to 334.19 mg L(-1) and from 48.90 to 609.91 mg L(-1) respectively. CONCLUSION Great variations in resistance to the tested acaricides were observed among the sampled populations. The Pinghe population developed resistance to all the acaricides tested. The Jianning population was susceptible to most acaricides tested, except pyridaben. Resistance management strategies were conducted on the basis of these observations.
Long-Term Vihangam Yoga Meditation and Scores on Tests of Attention

Although the literature indicates that meditation has beneficial effects on several aspects of human functioning, few studies have specifically investigated the effects of meditation on various domains of attention. This study was conducted to examine the differences in various domains of attention between long-term concentrative meditators versus matched controls. 15 practitioners of Vihangam Yoga (> 10 yr. experience) were enrolled in the study. Controls matched on age, sex, and years of education were recruited. Both groups were administered the Stroop, Trail-Making, and Digit Symbol Substitution tests as well as the Digit Forward and Digit Backward tests. The group of Vihangam Yogis had significantly better mean performance on all tests of attention. Long-term Vihangam Yoga meditation improves attention span, processing speed, attention alternation ability, and performance in interference tests.