Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis – XXVIII – Response of Plants to Polyalkylglucopyranose and Polyacylglucopyranose

A series of discoveries began 63 years ago through the collaboration of Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson 1948. Paving the path (Benson 2002a) has since included the publications that have described the initial products of carbon fixation, from phosphoglycerate onward. From its inception, the program has followed a design that has been based on far-reaching interdisciplinary discourse, quoting the philosophy of Alexander Graham Bell, that, "Great discoveries and improvements invariably involve the cooperation of many minds. " For example, investigations three decades ago by Wolf, Nonomura & Bassham 1985, established characteristics of the alga, “Showa,” that accumulated the highest in vitro concentrations of hydrocarbons, 40% botryococcenes; from which gasoline and aviation fuels may be derived by catalytic hydrocracking in a conventional petroleum refinery. Studies of algal metabolism were as critical to the development of concepts of the Prize from 1948 through 1961, as they are today--special reference given to the lollipop (Nobelprize, 2011), a flat panel glass chamber that was designed by Benson and built by Harry Powell for controlled culture of Chlorella to track radiolabeled carbon metabolism in the laboratory --and thereby, paths converged, as Nonomura & Benson 1992 developed experimental methods for the feeding of single-carbon (C1) fragments to “Showa. ” That led to foliar delivery into angiosperms of up to 15 M C1 formulations supplemented with normally phytotoxic levels of ammoniacal nitrogen. When these applications were undertaken in sunlit fields, adjacent controls wilted by mid-afternoon, but rows treated with C1 formulations remained fully turgid, showing no signs of wilt. Moreover, Benson & Nonomura 1992 discovered that treatments with these C1 formulations inhibited glycolate formation, confirming their observations of long durations of reduced photorespiration. In addition to replicating increased yields, Ligocka et al. 2003 discovered corresponding increases of nitrate reductase and alkaline phosphatase by C1 formulations. In the meantime, Gout et al. 2000 followed metabolism of the C1 formulations by NMR to the identification of methyl--Dglucopyranoside; be that the case, little is known about glycosylation although it is a natural process in the metabolism of C1 fragments. Thus, in our programs of experimental biology, we investigated responses of plants to substituted glycopyranosides (Benson, 2002a); and we recently showed that not only do substituted glycopyranosides improve productivity, they are transported in plants and metabolized (Benson et al., 2009; Biel et al., 2010;
Development of a Multidimensional Instrument of Person–Environment Fit: The Perceived Person–Environment Fit Scale (PPEFS)

This research identifies four challenges in the field of person–environment fit (PE fit): the multidimensionality of PE fit, the integration of fit theories, the simultaneous effects of the multiple dimensions, and the function of the dimensions. To address those challenges, we develop a theory-driven and systematically validated multidimensional instrument, the Perceived Person–Environment Fit Scale (PPEFS), consisting of four measures: the Person–Job Fit Scale (PJFS), the Person–Organisation Fit Scale (POFS), the Person–Group Fit Scale (PGFS), and the Person–Supervisor Fit Scale (PSFS). Data are collected from 532 employees and 122 managers for two independent studies with multiple rater sources and multiple time points. A series of validation analyses and hypothesis tests reveals that the PPEFS measures have good psychometric properties (i.e. reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity) and exhibit incremental validity above and beyond Cable and DeRue's (2002) fit measures. Furthermore, the measures are reflected by a superordinate (vs. aggregate) construct of PE fit. Overall, the four different types of fit significantly predict in-role behavior, job satisfaction, intent to quit, and organisational citizenship behavior (OCB), each explaining the greatest amount of variance in different outcomes. The PPEFS should prove useful in future research regarding PE fit.
Investigating cost overruns and delay in urban construction projects in Iran

Abstract Urban construction, as one of the most important sectors of construction industry in Iran, commonly faces significant cost overruns and delay. The main objective of this study is to evaluate how small, medium and large urban construction projects perform in terms of cost and time. Moreover, different types (road or building) and nature (new or renovation) of construction projects are considered in this research. This study looks at the urban construction projects in Karaj, the capital of Alborz Province, Iran. In this study, 72 urban construction projects are surveyed by reviewing their documents and their real performance. To analyze the collected data, the statistical analyses including class range analysis, independent-sample T-test and correlation analysis are used. This study shows that large urban construction projects are faced higher cost overruns and delay. Moreover, the time- and cost-performance of the new-build projects in overall is better than renovation projects. Furthermore, the cost-performance of urban road projects is better than building projects. The findings offer descriptive statistical cost and time performance information to support realistic time and cost estimation in urban construction projects.
Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of viral acute respiratory tract infections in young children. The virus is characterised by distinct seasonality that is dependent upon the latitude and its ability to cause reinfection. Respiratory syncytial virus demonstrates a complex molecular epidemiology pattern as multiple strains and/or genotypes cocirculate during a single epidemic. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between RSV genetic diversity, reinfection, and clinical features. Here, we review the evidence behind this relationship together with the impact that the advancement of whole genome sequencing will have upon our understanding and the need for reconsidering the classification of RSV genotypes.
Unintentional firearm death across the urban-rural landscape in the United States

BACKGROUND Unintentional injuries are one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Many of these injuries are preventable, and unintentional firearm injuries, in particular, may be responsive to prevention efforts. We investigated the relationship between unintentional firearm death and urbanicity among adults. METHODS This study was a retrospective analysis of national death certificate data. Unintentional adult firearm deaths in the United States from 1999 to 2006 were identified using the Multiple Cause of Death Data files from the National Center for Health Statistics. Decedents were assigned to a county of death and classified along an urban-rural continuum defined by population density and proximity to metropolitan areas. Total unintentional firearm death rates by county were analyzed in adjusted analyses using negative binomial regression. RESULTS A total of 4,595 unintentional firearm injury deaths of adults occurred in the United States during the study period (a mean of 574.4 per year). Adjusted rates of unintentional firearm death showed increases from urban to rural counties. Americans in the most rural counties were significantly more likely to die of unintentional firearm deaths than those in the most urban counties (relative rate, 2.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.44–3.21, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Rates of unintentional firearm death are significantly higher in rural counties than in urban counties. Prevention strategies should be tailored to account for both geographic location and manner of firearm injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Epidemiologic study, level III.
Ischemia‐Modified albumin levels in patients with end‐stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis: does albumin analysis method affect albumin‐adjusted Ischemia‐Modified albumin levels?

Ischemia‐Modified albumin (IMA) has been used as an early marker in the evaluation of the patients with acute coronary syndrome. We aimed to evaluate IMA in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis and the effect of albumin methods on albumin‐adjusted IMA levels. A total of 30 ESRD patients were included in this study. Serum IMA and albumin levels were measured before and after a hemodialysis session. Albumin concentrations were determined with bromocresol green and bromocresol purple methods. Postdialysis IMA and albumin‐adjusted IMA levels with two different albumin methods were significantly increased compared with the predialysis levels (P<0.05). However, we did not find any difference in albumin‐adjusted IMA levels in either at the beginning or at the end of the dialysis session. IMA levels increase after hemodialysis, whereas albumin method has no effect on albumin‐adjusted IMA levels. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 24:273–277, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Impact of Related-Party Outsourcing and Trustee Director Affiliation on Investment Performance of Superannuation Funds

The heavy reliance of Australian superannuation funds on service providers enables these entities to play an important role in fund operations and have a significant influence on the costs and investment performance of superannuation funds. The use of service providers creates a nexus of financial intermediation with multiple layers of principle-agent relationships and potential agency problems between trustees and service providers. Taking advantage of the industry’s new disclosure regime, this paper examines the impact of related-party outsourcing and trustee director affiliation on the investment performance of Australian superannuation funds. We find that for-profit funds significantly underperform when using related-party service providers. The underperformance is more severe when trustee boards are controlled by affiliated trustee-directors, and belongs to a vertically integrated conglomerate group.
Systematic Review of SMART Recovery: Outcomes, Process Variables, and Implications for Research

Clinical guidelines recommend Self-Management and Recovery Training (SMART Recovery) and 12-step models of mutual aid as important sources of long-term support for addiction recovery. Methodologically rigorous reviews of the efficacy and potential mechanisms of change are available for the predominant 12-step approach. A similarly rigorous exploration of SMART Recovery has yet to be undertaken. We aim to address this gap by providing a systematic overview of the evidence for SMART Recovery in adults with problematic alcohol, substance, and/or behavioral addiction, including (i) a commentary on outcomes assessed, process variables, feasibility, current understanding of mental health outcomes, and (ii) a critical evaluation of the methodology. We searched six electronic peer-reviewed and four gray literature databases for English-language SMART Recovery literature. Articles were classified, assessed against standardized criteria, and checked by an independent assessor. Twelve studies (including three evaluations of effectiveness) were identified. Alcohol-related outcomes were the primary focus. Standardized assessment of nonalcohol substance use was infrequent. Information about behavioral addiction was restricted to limited prevalence data. Functional outcomes were rarely reported. Feasibility was largely indexed by attendance. Economic analysis has not been undertaken. Little is known about the variables that may influence treatment outcome, but attendance represents a potential candidate. Assessment and reporting of mental health status was poor. Although positive effects were found, the modest sample and diversity of methods prevent us from making conclusive remarks about efficacy. Further research is needed to understand the clinical and public health utility of SMART as a viable recovery support option.
Blood flow in human temporal muscle during tooth grinding and clenching as measured by 133xenon clearance.

— Six healthy human subjects performed grinding and clenching of teeth, to assess if pain releasing and strenuous muscular exercise causes a decrease or total stop of the blood flow through the temporal muscles, as measured by 133Xenon clearance. The mean blood flow/volume of muscle tissue was 25.4 ml×min−1×l−1 during rest, whereas the mean flow was 101.8 ml×min−1×l−1 during grinding, and 62.9 ml×min−1×l−1 during clenching. It is suggested that facial pains induced by strenuous exercise of the jaw muscles are not due to ischemia. On the contrary, the blood flow seems to increase about 300% during grinding and about 150% during clenching.
Drug flashbacks: reported frequency in a military population.

An anonymous drug questionnaire was administered to 2,256 men enlisted in the Army who were either entering or leaving Viet Nam. The percentage of respondents who reported flashbacks arising from the use, of "acid" (LSD and STP) was 23 percent; amphetamines, five percent; and marijuana, one percent. The majority of men attributing flashbacks to drugs other than acid had also used acid. No relationship was found between reports of flashbacks and frequency of acid use, exposure to a combat zone, or birth order.
The Impact of Disclosure Quality on Analysts’ Forecast in China

Since the establishment of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange’s (SZSE) Disclosure Ranking System in 2001, listed companies’ disclosure quality has been increasing year by year in China. Better disclosure quality helps reduce the information asymmetry between the managers of those companies and external investors. This implies that analysts can access more timely, valuable, and reliable information to understand companies’ overall operating status, financial reports, and accrual components of earnings. As analysts can save time and costs when disclosure quality is higher, their earnings forecast error and optimism bias are reduced and the divergence in their opinions about the firm prospects decreases. We investigate whether disclosure quality affects analysts’ forecasting behavior in China’s securities market using the disclosure ranking data obtained from SZSE, and find that higher disclosure quality improves analysts’ forecast accuracy, alleviates forecast optimism, and reduces forecast dispersion.
Viral shedding and immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection in older adults.

BACKGROUND Comprehensive analyses of host, viral, and immune factors associated with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in adults have not been performed. METHODS Adults with RSV infection identified in both outpatient and inpatient settings were evaluated. Upper and lower respiratory tract virus load, duration of virus shedding, select mucosal chemokine and cytokine levels, humoral and mucosal immunoglobulin responses, and systemic T-cell responses were measured. RESULTS A total of 111 RSV-infected adults (61 outpatients and 50 hospitalized patients) were evaluated. Hospitalized subjects shed virus in nasal secretions at higher titers and for longer durations than less ill outpatients, had greater mucosal interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels throughout infection, and had higher macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α) levels early in infection. Persons >64 years old and those with more severe disease had a higher frequency of activated T cells in the blood than younger, less ill subjects at infection. Multivariate analysis found that the presence of underlying medical conditions, female sex, increased mucosal IL-6 level, and longer duration of virus shedding were associated with severe disease. Older age and increased nasal MIP-1α levels were of borderline statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Multiple factors, but not older age, are independently associated with severe RSV infection in adults. The presence of underlying medical conditions had the greatest influence on disease severity.
The functional capacity of the kidney denervated by autotransplantation in the dog.

The influence of renal nerves on the renal tubular transport of sodium chloride has been a source of controversy for many years. Both conceptual and methodologic differences have contributed to the continuing conflict. The conceptual disagreements concern the primacy of glomerular filtration rate changes (as opposed to intrinsic alteration in tubular transport) in explaining differing rates of sodium excretion between denervated and innervated kidneys in the same animals. The methodologic problems relate to the validity of the procedures conventionally employed for denervation. The first of these, interruption of all visible nerves entering at the hilus, has been criticized because of the possibility that some nerve fibers may be left intact. The second, section of the splanchnic nerves, has been criticized because splanchnic structures other than the kidneys lose their nerve supply. The contention of Quinby (1) that complete denervation depends upon section and resuture of renal artery, vein and ureter has been frequently cited (2). Studies have recently been reported on a human kidney which fulfilled Quinby's criteria for denervation (3). This organ, which had been transplanted from one identical twin to another, was totally denervated at the time of transplantation, and the denervation was restricted to the involved organ. The objections to conventionally denervated kidneys were thereby obviated. The data demonstrated that the transplanted kidney could accomplish the majority of functions examined
Polarimetric Simulations of Bistatic Scattering From Perfectly Conducting Ocean Surfaces With 3 m/s Wind Speed at L-Band

In this paper, we simulate the fully polarimetric bistatic scattering behavior resulted from the interaction of electromagnetic wave with all scales of ocean waves, with a focus on the dependence of such behavior on wind direction and incidence angle. The numerical approach is our recently developed second stochastic degree iterative algorithm with sparse matrix (SM) and Chebyshev approximation. The illuminated area is 86 wavelength × 86 wavelength, which represents about 2.5 dominant wavelengths for a 3 m/s Elfouhaily spectrum at L-band, implying that the effect of gravity wave has been adequately included. The total number of surface unknowns is 2130 048. Our numerical treatment is capable of pushing down the numerical noise floor to below -50 dB and providing excellent agreement of cross-polarized backscattering coefficients, hence the fulfillment of the reciprocity relation. The numerical results confirm the interesting bistatic patterns for the copolarized signals such as the change with the wind direction of shape of a strong signal region (SSR) which includes the specular direction and its vicinity, and the more visually identifiable double-peaked mound at lower incidence angle. In addition, the results reveal a deep signal level valley across elevation seen by either polarization, and quite different behaviors of HH and VV outside of the vicinity of specular direction. The bistatic scattering behaviors of the two cross-polarized signals appear generally similar. The polarization ratio (PR) is larger than unity except for a very limited scattering range around the specular direction, and rises quickly with scattering angles, in both the forward and backward directions.
Free Access to Landsat Imagery

[Figure][1] Free image. This Landsat 5 image of the southeastern corner of the Black Sea is part of the general U.S. archive that will be accessible for free under the new USGS policy. CREDIT: BOSTON UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR REMOTE SENSING We are entering a new era in the Landsat Program, the oldest and most venerable of our Earth-observing satellite programs. With little fanfare, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has begun providing imagery for free over the Internet. Throughout the history of the Landsat Program, the cost and access to imagery has always limited our ability to study our planet and the way it is changing. Beginning with a pilot program to provide “Web-enabled” access to Landsat 7 images of the United States that were collected between 2003 and this year, the USGS now plans to provide top-quality image products for free upon request for the entire U.S. archive, including over 2 million images back to Landsat 1 (1972) [for details and schedules, see ([1][2])]. The release by NASA and the USGS in January 2008 of a new Landsat Data Distribution Policy ([2][3]) was a key step to this goal. Free imagery will enable reconstruction of the history of Earth's surface back to 1972, chronicling both anthropogenic and natural changes during a time when our population doubled and the impacts of climate change became noticeable. The Landsat Science Team: 1. 1. [↵][4]USGS Technical Announcement ([http://landsat.usgs.gov/images/squares/USGS\_Landsat\_Imagery_Release.pdf][5]). 2. 2. [↵][6]Landsat Missions ([http://ldcm.usgs.gov/pdf/Landsat\_Data\_Policy.pdf][7]). [1]: pending:yes [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [5]: http://landsat.usgs. gov/images/squares/USGS_Landsat_Imagery_Release. pdf [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2. in text" [7]: http://ldcm.usgs. gov/pdf/Landsat_Data_Policy. pdf
Recurring polynyas over the Cosmonaut Sea and the Maud Rise

Two remarkable deep ocean polynyas observed in the Antarctic region during the winter of 1980, here referred to as the Cosmonaut polynya and the Maud Rise polynya, are discussed. It is proposed that both polynyas are products of deep-reaching convection which introduces warmer deep water into the surface layer. Hydrographic data at both sites indicate the existence of localized doming of the pycnocline. This brings warmer, saltier deep water close to the sea surface, which has been demonstrated to be an effective preconditioner for deep-reaching convection. A possible relationship between the two polynyas is sugggested in that both are in the eastern margins of the Weddell Sea.
Hearing-damage Risk and Communication Interference in Dental Practice

The use of high-speed air-turbine handpieces, operated at 300, 000 to 400, 000 revolutions per minute, has led to concern over the possibility of noise-induced hearing loss. Sound levels were measured in clinical settings and in a pre-clinical laboratory for estimation of hearing-damage risk among dentists, and the extent of communication interference. Octave-band sound pressure levels were obtained with use of a Fast-Fourier-Transform analyzer and associated instrumentation. The results of this study indicate that the sound energy contribution of a typical dental practice is about 8% to 12% of the dentist's average 24-hour noise exposure. However, noise levels during dental procedures result in an articulation index of 0.21 to 0.37, corresponding to understanding of about 18% to 48% of nonsense syllables and 52% to 90% of sentences. It appears that hearing-damage risk is slight among dentists using modern equipment. However, further noise control in handpieces is necessary so that error-free communication during dental procedures can be ensured.