Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Reserve and Regular Bottlings: Why Pay for a Difference Only the Critics Claim to Notice?

I report my tests of the hypothesis that wine consumers cannot distinguish the difference between regular and reserve bottlings of otherwise-similar wines. My results suggest that only about one purchaser in five should even consider buying the reserve bottling of a wine, rather than the regular. But since I cannot tell you how to distinguish that one person out of five, we can all aspire to drinking the reserve. I have more than 800 observations of wine drinkers’ who engaged in the following experiment. The drinker faces 3 glasses of wine, two of which contain identical wines [either the regular or the reserve] and the third contains a different wine [the other one]. I record whether the drinker can distinguish wines whether he can tell the singleton from the doubleton and, if the drinker can distinguish, which wine he prefers. I find that just over 40 per cent of the drinkers distinguish correctly, whereas one-third could if the process were random. Of those 40 percent who can distinguish, 52 percent prefer the more expensive, reserve wine, where as half would if the process were random. For this data set, 52 percent does not differ significantly from the expectedif-random half. I have recorded the sex of the testers and I can find that men can distinguish the wines better than random, but women cannot. The differences are so small, even though significant, however, that the Exact F test detects no significant difference between the ability of men and women in these tests. The results span tests of wines from Bordeaux, Burgundy, the Rhone, Spain, New Zealand, Italy, California [both red and white], Oregon, and Australia; the tests include still and sparkling wines. 1 Also, V. Duane Rath Professor of Accounting, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, 1101 East 58 Street, Chicago IL 60637; 773.702. 7261; fa x 206.202. 2114; roman.weil@gsb.uchicago. edu. I prepared this paper for the 9 Oenometrics Meeting of the Vineyard Data Quantification Society, Budapest, May 22-24, 2003, whose attendees provide my final data set. Some past attendees asked why is an accountant doing such work. I respond as follows. First, note that accounting is an intellectual discipline even though you probably think of it as bookkeeping and tax reporting. Accounting records in aggregating numbers information about complex transactions. Then, it attempts to enable users of that information to deduce from the numbers the underlying reality and how to use the data in decision making. Similarly, wine ratings record in aggregating numbers useful information about complex sensory experience. This paper attempts to help the user decide how to use the reported data in making decisions. Shannon Harwick assisted in the compilation of the data for this research and in the writing of this paper. Neither he nor I can distinguish better than random. M.L. Marais helped us with choosing suitable tests for the sex test. He can.
Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words: English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese

Wierzbicka demonstrates that every language has its "key concepts" (expressed in key words) and that these concepts reflect the core values of the culture in question. Examining empirical evidence from five languages, and using her own "natural semantic metalanguage" to provide an analytical framework, she shows that cultures can be revealingly studied, compared and explained to outsiders through their key concepts.
Receiver synchronisation techniques for CDMA mobile radio communications based on the use of a priori information

Ο συγχρονισμός του δέκτη είναι ένα σοβαρό πρόβλημα στα συστήματα κινητών ασύρματων επικοινωνιών στα οποία το κανάλι υπόκειται σε γρήγορες μεταβολές. Ειδικά στα συστήματα «Διευρυμένου Φάσματος» (Spread Spectrum) η επικοινωνία είναι αδύνατη αν δεν προηγηθεί ο συγχρονισμός της λαμβανομένης ψευδοτυχαίας ακολουθίας διεύρυνσης φάσματος (PN code) με το αντίγραφό της που χρησιμοποιεί ο δέκτης τόσο στο χρόνο (φάση) όσο και στη συχνότητα. Ο συγχρονισμός φάσης και συχνότητας επιτυγχάνεται συνήθως από τον δέκτη, χρησιμοποιώντας μια δυσδιάστατη σάρωση της περιοχής αβεβαιότητας φάσης-συχνότητας. Γενικά η διαδικασία αυτή πρέπει να ολοκληρωθεί με επιτυχία σε συνθήκες πολύ χαμηλών σηματοθορυβικών λόγων (SNR), εξαιρετικά γρήγορα και με την ελάχιστη δυνατή προσθήκη νέων κυκλωματικών διατάξεων (hardware) στο δέκτη. Κατά τη διάρκεια του διδακτορικού εξετάστηκαν νέες τεχνικές συγχρονισμού ενός δέκτη διευρυμένου φάσματος οι οποίες αποσκοπούν στην ελάττωση του μέσου χρόνου ανάκτησης της ψευδοτυχαίας ακολουθίας διεύρυνσης φάσματος (PN code mean acquisition time). Πιο συγκεκριμένα το διδακτορική διατριβή εστιάστηκε σε νέες διατάξεις συγχρονισμού οι οποίες χρησιμοποιούν a priori πληροφορία προκειμένου να ελαττώσουν τον μέσο χρόνο ανάκτησης της ψευδοτυχαίας ακολουθίας. Το πρώτο μέρος της διατριβής είναι εφαρμόσιμο σε συστήματα δορυφόρων χαμηλής τροχιάς (Low Earth Orbit satellites). Στη περίπτωση αυτή ο επίγειος δέκτης είναι αντιμέτωπος με μεγάλες συχνότητες Doppler και επομένως πρέπει να σαρώσει μια μεγάλη περιοχή αβεβαιότητας συχνότητας προκειμένου να εντοπίσει τη σωστή συχνότητα Doppler. Προτάθηκε μια μέθοδος υπολογισμού της συνάρτησης πυκνότητας πιθανότητας της συχνότητας Doppler που αντιμετωπίζει ο επίγειος δέκτης μέσα στο δορυφορικό ίχνος (spot beam). Αποδείξαμε ότι δεδομένης της θέσης και της ταχύτητα του δορυφόρου καθώς και της θέσης του κέντρου του δορυφορικού ίχνους, η κατανομή του Doppler μέσα στο ίχνος δεν είναι ομοιόμορφη. Υπό καλά καθορισμένες συνθήκες η συνάρτηση πυκνότητας πιθανότητας Doppler μπορεί να προσεγγιστεί από μια παραβολή. Δεδομένης αυτής της συνάρτησης πυκνότητας πιθανότητας ως a priori πληροφορίας, αναλύονται κάποιεςστρατηγικές σάρωσης της περιοχής αβεβαιότητας Doppler και εκτιμώνται οι επιπτώσεις στο μέσο χρόνο ανάκτησης της ψευδοτυχαίας ακολουθίας. Στο δεύτερο μέρος της διατριβής αναπτύσσεται μια καινούργια μέθοδος συγχρονισμού, η οποία βασίζεται σε μια ταχεία σάρωση της περιοχής αβεβαιότητας. Κάθε κελί της δυσδιάστατης περιοχής αβεβαιότητας εξετάζεται δυο φορές. Η πρώτη είναι μια απλή και γρήγορη γραμμική σάρωση, η χρονική διάρκεια της οποίας είναι σημαντική παράμετρος του συστήματος και πρέπει να βελτιστοποιηθεί. Το αποτέλεσμα της γρήγορης σάρωσης χρησιμοποιείται ως a priori πληροφορία η οποία καθορίζει τη στρατηγική σάρωσης της δεύτερης και τελευταίας εξέτασης. Το νέο αυτό σύστημα συγχρονισμού συγκρίνεται με τα πιο γνωστά συστήματα της βιβλιογραφίας και αποδεικνύεται ότι μπορεί να ελαττώσει σημαντικά το μέσο χρόνο ανάκτησης της ψευδοτυχαίας ακολουθίας σε Gaussian κανάλια. Η απόδοσή του εξετάζεται και σε κανάλια Rayleigh.
Interpretable machine learning and sparse coding for computer vision

Machine learning o↵ers many powerful tools for prediction. One of these tools, the binary classifier, is often considered a black box. Although its predictions may be accurate, we might never know why the classifier made a particular prediction. In the first half of this dissertation, I review the state of the art of interpretable methods (methods for explaining why); after noting where the existing methods fall short, I propose a new method for a particular type of black box called additive networks. I o↵er a proof of trustworthiness for this new method (meaning a proof that my method does not “make up” the logic of the black box when generating an explanation), and verify that its explanations are sound empirically. Sparse coding is part of a family of methods that are believed, by many researchers, to not be black boxes. In the second half of this dissertation, I review sparse coding and its application to the binary classifier. Despite the fact that the goal of sparse coding is to reconstruct data (an entirely di↵erent goal than classification), many researchers note that it improves classification accuracy. I investigate this phenomenon, challenging a common assumption in the literature. I show empirically that sparse reconstruction is not necessarily the right intermediate goal, when our ultimate goal is classification. Along the way, I introduce a new sparse coding algorithm that outperforms competing, state-of-the-art algorithms for a variety of important tasks.
Encoding of argument structure in Romanian and SiSwati

This dissertation provides a comparative analysis of the function played by Romanian weak (clitic) pronouns and Siswati object markers in the encoding of argument structure. The central claim is that both weak pronouns in Romanian as well as object (and subject) markers in Siswati are pronominal signs which satisfy the syntactic as well as the semantic requirements of the verbal sign they combine with. The basic assumptions are that (i) formal rules operate on tuples of strings, rather than strings, (ii) semantic rules identify predicate placeholders by their restriction on the construal of the saturating argument, and (iii) the relation between syntactic and semantic structure is exhaustively characterised by pairing formal and semantic rules. The structure of the Romanian verb cluster is analysed in terms of rules which operate on the exponent, categorial and semantic levels simultaneously. Preverbal and postverbal accusative weak pronouns are generated by rules having the same category function (resulting in identical phrase structures), but different exponent functions (resulting in different word orders). The exponent and categorial functions correspond to simple Literal Movement Grammar rules and are thus parsable in polynomial time. The meaning of a weak pronoun can be saturated by the meaning of a direct object sign with matching formal features. Non-local direct object signs are combined with a verb before this verb is embedded – the argument combines with the predicate, while the concatenation of their strings is deferred. Following Cognitive Grammar, I assume that linguistic expressions encode both conceptual content and the speaker’s construal of this content. The morphosyntactic realisation of an argument depends mainly on its construal. Arguments are construed asymmetrically as figure, ground, background or oblique. The various valency changing constructions in Siswati are analysed in terms of modes which change not only the conceptual content, but also the construal restrictions associated with the placeholders of the predicate. Subject and object markers are analysed as pronominal signs whose meanings saturate the placeholders restricted to figure and ground arguments respectively. The central claim is compared with and defended against (i) the claim that weak pronouns are the phonological realisation of syntactic features (and thus are not signs) and (ii) the claim that subject markers which co-occur with a coreferent NP sign have lost their semantic value and are therefore merely formal agreement devices.
The psychological well-being, health and functioning of older people in England

Psychological or subjective well-being is a topic of major national and international policy interest. The analyses summarised in this chapter focus on the relationship of psychological well-being with demographic factors, health, and physical and cognitive functioning in ELSA. Cross-sectional analyses of the rich set of well-being measures obtained in 2010–11 are presented, together with longitudinal analyses testing whether well-being in 2002–03 and 2004–05 predicted health and disability in 2010–11 and mortality. Several different aspects of psychological well-being are examined, including evaluative well-being (general satisfaction with life), affective or hedonic well-being (enjoyment, positive affect and depressive symptoms) and eudemonic well-being (purpose in life, self-acceptance and control). Among the findings of the chapter are:
Principles of Modern Microbiology

Principles of Modern Microbiology presents an authoritative, balanced introduction to microbiology for majors. Ideal for the one-semester course, the text provides a manageable amount of detail, omitting topics that were previously taught in prerequisite courses, while still maintaining a level of intellectual rigor appropriate for students at this level. A dynamic art program presents accurate molecular & cellular images in an innovative 3-D like style, while the author's clear, student-friendly writing style helps students grasp difficult concepts. Great Experiments boxes throughout the text describe real-world experiments and allow students to gain a clear sense of the experimental process as it applies to microbiology. Complete with a wealth of student and instructor resources, Principles of Modern Microbiology is sure to engage and inspire majors who are looking to expand their knowledge of the many facets of microbiology.
Teaching and Learning Online

Abstract To prepare U. S. preservice teachers for online teaching and reaching diverse learners and to provide English instruction to Taiwanese students, American and Taiwanese university students corresponded by e-mail. U.S. preservice teachers explored theory and practice of online instruction, corresponded as tutors to teach English language and American culture, and reflected on their experiences. Taiwanese students practiced English and exchanged cultural information. This research explores documentation of the online teaching and learning experience to identify benefits and limitations of online teaching and learning, online teaching strategies, and cultural aspects associated with cross-cultural collaboration.
A Swedish Base Vocabulary Pool

In many language technology applications, there is a need for a base vocabulary, i.e. a vocabulary that could be reused for most domains and text types. For many languages, there exist one or more frequency dictionaries that contain some kind of base vocabulary, often based on a combination of the word’s frequency and dispersion in a corpus. A major problem with base vocabularies in frequency dictionaries is that they are not publicly available in electronic format. Another problem is that although such base vocabularies can be useful for some applications, the corpora they are based on (usually news articles) might not be representative for other applications, and so the base vocabularies will be of less use. A general-purpose, reusable, base vocabulary should therefore be based on a corpus with multiple genres and domains, such as a balanced corpus. A third problem is what to include in, or rather exclude from, the base vocabulary. For some applications, the base vocabulary should be large (e.g. in machine translation and morphology analysis), but for others it should be small (e.g. for stylometry), or variable-sized (e.g. in computer-aided language learning). To make the base vocabulary reusable for several applications, we propose a base vocabulary pool, i.e. a ranked and annotated base vocabulary where the ranking is stable across genres and domains, and from which various subsets could be extracted for various needs.
Phosphate adsorption studies using carbon prepared from stem bark of Eucalyptus teriticornis Smith

RemovaJ of phosphate ions was studied using carbon prepared from stem bark of Eucalyptus teriticomis Smith (family Myrtaceae), from aqueous solution. Study was carried out in the batch technique as a function of contact time, phosphate concentration, temperature and pH of the solution. Equilibrium time for studied concentrations was not same. The sorption process follows reversible first order kinetics and fits Langmuir sorption isotherm. The forward rate constants increased with decrease in concentration. Maximum sorption was observed at lower temperature and higher pH. Nature of sorption was exothermic and this was supported by Kd vaJues. Desorption study attd effect of other ions are aJso studied. Phosphorus is generally regarded as the most limiting element for eutrophication 1.2. The possible entry of this ion into aquatic environment is probably in two ways. First one is household sewage water, while second one is industrial effluen~s--parti cularly fertilizer industries which produce phosphate fertilizers . Before discharging these pollutants, it is essential to treat them. Biological methods have been found to be useful, but these are not always successful due to long term biodegradation. Therefore, physico-chemical methods have been adopted in treatment of waste waters. Out of the~e methods, adsorption process plays an important role in water and advanced waste water treatment applications.
実証的研究論文 Effects of Contextual Constraint on the Processing of Polysemous Words in Japanese EFL Reading

This study aims to examine the effect of contextual constraint on the processing of polysemous words in Japanese EFL reading. A total of 44 Japanese university students read both strongly and weakly constraining sentences, that is, sentences that contained target polysemous words constrained to subordinate meanings unfamiliar to the participants. After reading each sentence, the students completed a lexical decision task, in which they classified two types of probe words (representing the dominant and subordinate meanings of the target words) as words or nonwords, as quickly as possible. The results showed that degree of contextual constraint influenced lexical decision latency. Specifically, in the weakly constraining sentences, the participants responded to the subordinate meanings of the target words more quickly than to their dominant meanings. In contrast, there were no significant differences in lexical decision latency between the two probe types in the strongly constraining sentences. Taken together, these findings suggest that the role of dominant meanings in the processing of unfamiliar subordinate meanings of polysemous words differs according to the strength of the contextual constraint.
Colour vision in Cupiennius salei - a behavioural approach with virtual reality

Das visuelle System der nachtaktiven Jagdspinne Cupiennius salei Keys, ist einer der am besten untersuchten Sinne bei Spinnen. Diese Spinne hat acht Augen, die sich in zwei Reihen angeord- net, in der frontalen Region des Prosomas befinden. Elektroretinogramme und intrazellula re Ableitung zeigen eine breite spektrale Sensitivita t die von etwa 300 nm bis 650 nm reicht. Diese Bandbreite wurde auch in Verhaltensexperimenten best atigt. Die vorliegende Studie besch aftigt sich mit der Frage ob C. salei Targets (Rechtecke) nur durch Verwendung der Farbinformation von einem einfarbigen Hintergrund unterscheiden kann. Die Spinnen zeigen ein ausgepra gtes Interesse an vertikalen Strukturen und laufen auf diese zu. Es wurden sowohl blaue Targets auf gru nem Hintergrund, als auch gru ne Targets auf blauem Hintergrund in verschiedenen Intensita ten pra sentiert. Die Verhaltensantwort auf diese beiden Konditionen wurde in zwei verschiedenen experimentellen Aufbauten getestet. In beiden Fa llen wurde sowohl das Target und der Hintergrund mittels Projektoren projiziert und deren Kontrastverhaltnis vera ndert. Experiment I wurde mit frei laufenden Spinnen in einer 210 cm x 210 cm grosen Arena durchgefu hrt. In dieser Arena wurde der Hintergrund und das Target (Breite 42 cm, Ho he 70 cm ) an die Hinterwand projiziert. Cupiennius salei brauchte einen Kontrast von 0.4 (Tar- get blau) bzw. 0.6 (Target grun) um das Target signifikant o fter als die anderen Bereichen der Arena anzulaufen. Im Rahmen von Experiment II wurde eine Virtuelle Realitat (VR) mit einem Laufkompensator entwickelt (SpiderVR). SpiderVR ermo glicht es einer frei laufenden Spinne virtuelle Stimuli zu pra sentieren, wobei die Spinne auf einer Kugel platziert wird und durch eine Kompensations- bewegung immer an der gleichen Stelle gehalten wird. Die die Spinne umgebende Projektion ist homogen und umfasst 360° horizontal und 50° vertikal. Die Gr ose eines einzelnen Pixels im visuellen Feld der Spinne betragt weniger als 0.2° und ist somit unterhalb der Auflosungsgrenze ihrer Augen. In Experiment II wurde um die Spinne herum ein virtueller Zylinder mit einem Durchmesser von 400 cm simuliert, der in acht gleich grose vertikale Segmente geteilt wurde. Jeweils sieben dieser Segment wurden in der Farbe des Hintergrunds gefa rbt und eines in der des Targets. Wie in Experiment I waren Targets nur dann attraktiv wenn sie dunkler waren als der Hintergrund. Jedoch war schon ein Kontrast von 0.25 ausreichend um dieses Verhalten auszulosen. Wenn Farbsehen in diesem Verhalten eine Rolle spielt, mu sste Cupiennius salei das Target in allen Konditionen sehen, und, wenn sonst keine Struktur gegeben ist, auf dieses zulaufen. Dies konnte in den hier durchgefuhrten Versuchen nicht besta tigt werden, somit wird angenom- men, dass in diesem Verhaltenskontext Farbwahrnehmung keine Rolle spielt. Des weiteren wird angenommen, dass dieses Verhalten durch Kontrastwahrnehmung zustande kommt, und helle Targets kein attraktives Ziel darstellen.
Clinical application of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction in 3 Thoroughbred horses with superficial digital flexor tendonitis : Case Report

TYRNENOPOULOU (Π. ΤΥΡΝΕΝΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) P. Equine Unit, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece DIAKAKIS (Ν. ΔΙΑΚΑΚΗΣ) N. Equine Unit, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ANGELOPOULOU (Σ. ΑΓΓΕΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) S. Veterinary Clinic, Athens Racetrack, Greece PYRROS (Α. ΠΥΡΡΟΣ) A. Veterinary Clinic, Athens Racetrack, Greece MPAROUS (Ε. ΜΠΑΡΟΥΣ) E. Veterinary Clinic, Athens Racetrack, Greece KOLIAKOS (Γ. ΚΟΛΙΑΚΟΣ) G. Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece KARAYANNOPOULOU (Μ. ΚΑΡΑΓΙΑΝΝΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) Μ. Surgery and Obstetrics Unit, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece http://dx.doi. org/10.12681/jhvms.15865
Microwave Radar and Radiometric Remote Sensing

Book Information A successor to the classic Artech House Microwave Remote Sensing series, this comprehensive and up-to-date resource previously published by University of Michigan Press provides you with theoretical models, system design and operation, and geoscientific applications of active and passive microwave remote sensing systems. To facilitate understanding and use of the material, the book includes 50 MATLAB-based computer codes and the book’s website (http://mrs.eecs.umich.edu/) includes interactive modules based on theoretical and empirical models.
Evaluating Four Aspects of JavaScript Execution Behavior in Benchmarks and Web Applications

JavaScript is a dynamically typed and object-based script- ing language with runtime evaluation. It has emerged as an important language for client-side computation of web applications. Previous stud- ies have shown differences in behavior between established JavaScript benchmarks and real-world web applications. However, there still remain several important aspects to explore. In this study, we compare the JavaScript execution behavior of four ap- plication classes, i.e., four established JavaScript benchmark suites, the first pages of the top 100 sites on the Alexa list, 22 different use cases for Facebook, Twitter, and Blogger, and finally, demo applications for the emerging HTML5 standard. Our results extend previous studies by iden- tifying the importance of anonymous and eval functions, showing that just-in-time compilation often decreases the performance of real-world web applications, and a detailed bytecode instruction mix evaluation.