Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of magnetic field strength on the properties of wind generated from hot accretion flow

Context. Observations indicate that wind can be generated in hot accretion flow. Wind generated from weakly magnetized accretion flow has been studied. However, the properties of wind generated from strongly magnetized hot accretion flow have not been studied. Aims. In this paper, we study the properties of wind generated from both weakly and strongly magnetized accretion flow. We focus on how the magnetic field strength affects the wind properties. Methods. We solve steady-state two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equations of black hole accretion in the presence of a largescale magnetic field. We assume self-similarity in radial direction. The magnetic field is assumed to be evenly symmetric with the equatorial plane. Results. We find that wind exists in both weakly and strongly magnetized accretion flows. When the magnetic field is weak (magnetic pressure is more than two orders of magnitude smaller than gas pressure), wind is driven by gas pressure gradient and centrifugal forces. When the magnetic field is strong (magnetic pressure is slightly smaller than gas pressure), wind is driven by gas pressure gradient and magnetic pressure gradient forces. The power of wind in the strongly magnetized case is just slightly larger than that in the weakly magnetized case. The power of wind lies in a range PW ~ 10−4–10−3 Ṁinc2, with Ṁin and c being mass inflow rate and speed of light, respectively. The possible role of wind in active galactic nuclei feedback is briefly discussed.
Organizational spirituality and teachers’ stress

Feeling of meaning at work and existence of unity between work and life are among concepts which are proposed recently in organizational spirituality paradigm. Accordingly, investigating elements of organizational spirituality and their effect on organizational setting is important. Current study is carried out focusing on specifying the role of organizational spirituality on teachers’ job stress. The research method is correlational and its' goal is applied. The whole population of the study was 326 which includes all Birjands' first grade high school teachers in 2014-2015 academic year. 196 persons were chosen from the population as the sample group based on stratified random sampling. To gather the required data two questionnaires of (Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson, 2003) organizational spirituality and (Doa, 1994) job stress questionnaire were used. The result of the study while confirming the negative effect of (the feeling of meaning at work) and (the feeling of relatedness at work|) on job stress revealed that alignment of personal values with organization does not have an impact on the rate of persons' stress at work.
Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.
Financial Constraints and Girls' Secondary Education: Evidence from School Fee Elimination in the Gambia

This study analyzes the impact of large-scale fee elimination for secondary school girls in The Gambia on the quantity, composition, and achievement of students. The gradual rollout of the program across geographic regions provides identifying variation in the policy. The program increased the number of girls taking the high school exit exam by 55 percent. The share of older test takers increased in poorer districts, expanding access for students who began school late, repeated grades, or whose studies had been interrupted. Despite these changes in the quantity and composition of students, there are robustly positive point estimates of the program on test scores, with suggestive evidence of gains for several subgroups of both girls and boys. Absence of learning declines is notable in a setting where expanded access could strain limited resources and reduce school quality. The findings suggest that financial constraints remain serious barriers to post-primary education, and that efforts to expand access to secondary education need not come at the expense of learning in low-income countries like The Gambia.
Stability of switched stochastic nonlinear systems by an improved average dwell time method

This paper investigates the stability of switched stochastic continuous-time nonlinear systems in two cases: (1) all subsystems are global asymptotically exponentially stable in the mean (GASiM); (2) both GASiM subsystems and unstable subsystems coexist, and proposes a number of new results on the stability analysis. Firstly, an improved average dwell time (ADT) method is established for the stability of switched stochastic system by extending our previous dwell time method. Especially, an improved mode-dependent average dwell time (MDADT) method for the switched stochastic systems whose subsystems are quadratically stable in the mean is also obtained. Secondly, based on the improved ADT and MDADT methods, several new results on the stability analysis are provided. It should be pointed out that the obtained results have two advantages over the existing results, one is the conditions of the improved ADT method are simplified, the other is that the obtained lower bound of ADT (τa) is also smaller than those obtained by other methods. Finally, two illustrative examples with simulation are given to show the correctness and the effectiveness of the proposed results.
Genetic diversity of Myanmar rice and their implementation on management methods

Gene Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan. Plant Genetic Resources Program, National Agricultural Research Center, Park Road, Islamabad-45500, Pakistan. Vegetables and Fruits Research and Development Center, Myanmar Agriculture Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Myanmar. Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302 004, India. Department of Agricultural Research, Yezin, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Myanmar. National Institute of Biological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
Biological turnover of DMS, DMSP and DMSO in contrasting open-sea waters

Speciation and turnover of the methylated sulfur compounds dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were studied in waters of the open western Mediterranean, the near-coastal North Sea and the subpolar North Atlantic, with chlorophyll a concentrations spanning 2 orders of magnitude (0.12 to 13 µg l -1 ). Particulate DMSP (DMSPp: 5 to 340 nM) was the predominant pool in most waters. Dissolved and particulate dimethyl sulfoxide were also found at significant concentrations (DMSOd: 2 to 25 nM, DMSOp: 3 to 16 nM). Bio- logical DMSP consumption rates were estimated from the time course of total (dissolved + particu- late) DMSP concentration in dark incubations. Dimethyl sulfide production and consumption rates were determined by the 'inhibitor addition' method. High DMS production and consumption rates were found during a bloom of Phaeocystis sp. in North Sea waters. In all samples, turnover time con- stants for total DMSP and DMS were of the same order, ranging from 0.7 to 5.4 and from 0.3 to 2.1 d, respectively. DMS formation was the fate for 9 to 96% of the DMSP consumed. Use of chloroform as an inhibitor gave estimates of DMS production and consumption rates approximately 70% higher than those obtained with dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl selenide. In some incubation experiments, the time course of DMSO concentration has been followed along with DMS and DMSP for the first time. Evidence for active biological cycling (production and consumption) of DMSO in seawater is presented.
Territoriality in Organizations

Territorial feelings and behaviors are important, pervasive, and yet largely overlooked aspects of organizational life. Organizational members can and do become territorial over physical spaces, ideas, roles, relationships, and other potential possessions in organizations. We examine how territorial behaviors are used to construct, communicate, maintain, and restore territories in organizations. We then go on to discuss the organizational consequences of these behaviors, including their effects on organizational commitment, conflict, preoccupation, and individual isolation.
Net Primary Productivity of Forest Trees: A Review of Current Issue

Forest growth is important both economically and ecologically and it follows a predictable general trend with age. Generally, the growth of all forests accelerates as canopies develop in young forests and declines substantially soon after the maximum leaf area is attained. The causes of this decline trend are multiple. Initially, age- and size-related declines were attributed to photosynthesis-respiration imbalance. Subsequently, several competing hypotheses have been proposed over the years, although nutrient and hydraulic limitation hypotheses appear to be the most likely to have caused it. In this paper, the authors attempt to review these hypotheses and concentrate on one related aspect, as this can set the scene for further examining the issues of age-related versus size-related processes.
THE USEFULNESS OF APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY AS A METHOD TO IDENTIFY MASS SPORTS PROGRAM SUCCESS

The importance of the relationship between good health and physical activity is well known. Despite the growth of public mass sports programs in many countries, few evaluate them to ensure they meet their targets. Measuring organizational effectiveness and program success in public sports organizations is difficult and cannot be done directly as it involves a number of complex dimensions involving both internal (organizational) and external (customer) factors. Recognizing this, the paper advances the Appreciative Inquiry approach as a culturally sensitive method to focus on the positives of human experience rather than finding faults or gaps and as a means of identifying the success factors of service delivery. The paper outlines the research strategy to investigate success in Malaysian mass sport programs.
The Interaction of Obesity Related Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Economics: An Experimental Economics Approach with Mice

Food intake is greatly influenced by economic factors. Consequently, neuroeconomics has been identified as a new and important area for understanding the interaction between genotypes and phenotypes related to food intake. A foundational element of economics is choice between alternatives. Changing food choices are a central element in the explanation of the increasing obesity rates in human populations. The purpose of this research is to incorporate the key element of choice into the investigation of food intake and weight-related phenotypes for mice in an operant chamber setting. Using normal mice, and mice with a mutation in the Tubby gene (Tub-Mut) which results in adult onset obesity, this research will investigate different behavioral responses among genotypes, as well as unexplored phenotype outcomes when mice are confronted with a falling price of a high fat food relative to a low fat food. Results for both genotypes indicate that as the price of the high fat food falls, consumption of that food increases, but consumption of the low fat food does not decrease in a compensatory fashion. For both genotypes, weight and body fat percentage increases with decreasing high fat food price, but ghrelin and leptin levels do not significantly change. The Tub-Mut shows a significant increase in the area under the glucose tolerance curve, suggestive of a diabetic state. These results show that accounting for choice in neuroeconomic studies is important to understanding the complex regulation of body weight and diabetes.
Studies of the Reproductive Biology of Toona ciliata M. Roem under the Himachal Pradesh Condition

Toona ciliata is an important timber species of India which is found in H.P. as natural populations, mostly along the cultivated fields and roads. The present studies on various facets of reproductive biology were conducted under the Dept. of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources during 2011 in which three sites namely Jaunaji, Dharja and Kandaghat with elevations 1400 m, 1215 m and 1180 m respectively in district Solan. The studies included full coverage of phenophases as a physiological basis of reproductive growth. The phenological studies included the morphological characters such as leafing, flowering and fruiting in which leaf bud appearance was first observed in L2 (Dharja) followed by L1 (Jaunaji) and L3 (Kandaghat). Fruit development at first instance was recorded in L1 (Jaunaji), L2 (Dharja) and the lastly from L3 (Kandaghat). The floral morphology was also one of the parameter in which the type of inflorescence was observed to be consisting of numerous flowers born in thyrse bearing paniculate racemes at the apex of the branchlets bearing compound leaves. The flowers are functionally unisexual but morphologically bisexual. Calyx is polysepalous. Corolla was found to have five equal sized petals which were longer than the calyx and adnate near the base. Anthesis of flowers was observed to take place between 7.00 a.m. to 1.00 p.m. for all the three localities. The mode of pollination was observed to be both cross and self pollination but tends to be out crossed.The pollen grains exhibited a light creamish colour. Pollinators were found to be thrips and bees.
Magnetic vortex dynamics in interacting micromagnets

We have studied magnetic vortex oscillations in circular LSMO (La0.7Sr0.3MnO3) disks by micromagnetic simulations. The simulations were performed using the MuMax3 software developed at the DyNaMat group (Dynamics of Functional Nano Materials) at Ghent University. A magnetic vortex confined in a magnetically soft ferromagnet with micron-sized lateral dimensions possesses a characteristic dynamic excitation known as the translational mode. Initial simulations focused on investigating this rotation of a vortex core around its equilibrium position. Calculations of the eigenfrequencies, extracted through a Fourier transform of the temporal oscillations of the average magnetization distribution, proved to be in agreement with analytical predictions. Further simulations focused on investigating vortex-vortex interactions, in order to verify the analogy with electrostatics predicted by condensed matter theory. This was done by mapping the respective trajectories of two vortices confined in two overlapping micron-sized disks. A rudimentary method for quantifying this interaction was introduces, based on aspect ratio of the horizontal and vertical diameters of a given trajectory. Comparing the trajectories for vortices with different rotational modes, as well as for different center-to-center distances between the ferromagnetic disks, a repulsive interaction was verified.
Can testate amoeba‐based palaeohydrology be extended to fens?

Numerous palaeoecological studies have used testate amoeba analysis to reconstruct Holocene hydrological change in peatlands, and thereby past climatic change. Current studies have been almost exclusively restricted to ombrotrophic bogs and the period since the fen–bog transition. Although the critical link between peatland surface wetness and climate is less direct in minerotrophic peatlands, such records may still be of value where there are few others, particularly if multiple records can be derived and inter‐compared. Expanding the temporal and spatial scope of testate amoeba‐based palaeohydrology to minerotrophic peatlands requires studies to establish the primacy of hydrology and the efficacy of transfer functions across a range of sites. This study analyses testate amoeba data from wetlands spanning the trophic gradient in the eastern Mediterranean region. Results demonstrate that different types of wetlands have distinctly different amoeba communities, but hydrology remains the most important environmental control (despite water table depth being measured at different times for different sites). Interestingly, Zn and Fe emerge as significant environmental variables in a subset of sites with geochemical data. Testate amoeba–hydrology transfer functions perform well in cross‐validation but frequently perform poorly when applied to other sites, particularly with sites of a different nutrient status. It may be valid to use testate amoebae to reconstruct hydrological change from minerotrophic peatlands with an applicable transfer function; however, it may not be appropriate to use testate amoebae to reconstruct hydrological change through periods of ecosystem evolution, particularly the fen–bog transition. In practice, the preservation of amoeba shells is likely to be a key problem for palaeoecological reconstruction from fens. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Origins and Extent of Entrepreneurial Action-Orientedness: An Experimental Study

We test the hypothesis, based on popular and theoretical perspectives, that entrepreneurs are more action-oriented than other occupational groups. We compare their playing strategies in an optimal stopping game using a randomized online experiment among 100s of entrepreneurs, managers and employees. Our experimental results show that entrepreneurs are indeed more action-oriented than others. We theorize that this is driven by their lower levels of loss aversion and higher levels of curiosity. Our empirical test results show that (i) entrepreneurs score indeed higher, on average, than managers and employees on curiosity and lower on loss aversion; (ii) the difference in action-orientedness between entrepreneurs and others vanishes when controlling for individual curiosity levels and (iii) an alternative treatment that provides subjects with counterfactual information (about what would have happened in case of stopping) increases their willingness to stop. Under some assumptions, the combination of these results leads to the conclusion that the higher action-orientedness of entrepreneurs can be linked to their greater curiosity, but not to their lower level of loss aversion. Hence, we find support for the intuitive idea that (curiosity driven) action-orientedness enhances the identification and/or exploitation of opportunities.
Rewarding and punitive switching barriers in a continuous purchasing setting: The impact of relationship age

Continued growth and expansion of online banking services has further enhanced the importance of customer retention for banks. However, understanding of factors that impact the efficacy of switching barriers in the banking industry continues to be inadequate, particularly in the case of online banking. The reasons for switching service providers have been studied to some extent but what has not been examined adequately is why some customers decide not to switch after having thought of switching. This paper examines the reasons why some customers of banks decide not to switch after seriously considering a switch. The role that the age of the customer’s relationship with the existing bank in the decision not to switch is also studied. Effectiveness of switching barriers in this context is measured by four factors, namely, service recovery, trust, switching costs and lack of alternative attractiveness. Consistency and reliability of these four factors is confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and reliability tests. Results show that the relationship age between the bank and the customer affect the effectiveness of switching barriers. In particular, those with longer relationships with their main banks claimed that it was more difficult to change to another main bank than those with shorter relationships.
Influence of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Leaf Consumption on Rat Lipid Metabolism

The nutrient content of the leaves of sweet potato cultivar Koganesengan was determined to be 35.0 kcal energy, 89.0 g water, 3.9 g protein, 0.8 g fat, 1.0 g carbohydrates, 1.2 g minerals, and 4.1 g dietary fiber/ 100 g fresh weight. The polyphenol content of the leaves was 11.5 g chlorogenic acid equivalents per 100 g dry weight. Some reports have described that the consumption of dietary fiber and polyphenols is effective in treating dyslipidemia. Therefore, we investigated the influence of sweet potato leaves on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet. After 35 days of rearing, the weight gain and adipose tissue weight were lower in the rats fed a high-fat diet supplemented with sweet potato leaves than in those not fed sweet potato leaves. Plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, and liver total cholesterol level were significantly lower in rats fed sweet potato leaves compared to rats fed the high-fat diet alone. These results suggested that the simultaneous intake of sweet potato leaf and the high-fat diet inhibited the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in rats.
EVOLUTION OF RELATIVISTIC PLASMOID CHAINS IN A POYNTING-DOMINATED PLASMA

In this paper, we investigate the evolution of plasmoid chains in a Poynting-dominated plasma. We model the relativistic current sheet with a cold background plasma using the relativistic resistive magnetohydrodynamic approximation and solve for its temporal evolution numerically. We perform various calculations using different magnetization parameters of the background plasma and different Lundquist numbers. Numerical results show that the initially induced plasmoid triggers a secondary tearing instability, which gradually fills the current sheet with plasmoids, as has also been observed in the non-relativistic case. We find that plasmoid chains greatly enhance the reconnection rate, which becomes independent of the Lundquist number when the Lundquist number exceeds a critical value. In addition, we show that the distribution of plasmoid size becomes a power law. Since magnetic reconnection is expected to play an important role in various high-energy astrophysical phenomena, our results can be used for explaining the physical mechanisms of those phenomena.
A Chemotaxonomic Approach to the Fatty Acid and Tocochromanol Content of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae)

In this study, the fatty acid, tocopherol and tocotrienol composition in the seed oil of Cannabis sativa L. , which is traded under the common name hemp seed oil, were determined by using GLC and HPLC techniques. While a- linolenic, linoleic, oleic and palmitic acid were the main fatty acid components, g - linolenic (18:3 n-6) and stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3) were found as unusual minor fatty acids in the seed oil. g - linolenic acid is an important fatty acid used both as a healthy nutrient and as a therapeutic agent. The occurrence of this fatty acid in some plant groups may have practical consequences with respect to genetic engineering or plant breeding for renewable lipid resources and may be of significant interest in plant chemotaxonomy and evolution. While the hemp seed oil was rich in tocopherols, particularly g- tocopherol, tocotrienols were not present. The chemotaxonomic importance of the fatty acids and tocochromanols (tocopherol and tocotrienols) was discussed in the family (Cannabaceae) pattern.