Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
“Fake News” Is Not Simply False Information: A Concept Explication and Taxonomy of Online Content

As the scourge of “fake news” continues to plague our information environment, attention has turned toward devising automated solutions for detecting problematic online content. But, in order to build reliable algorithms for flagging “fake news,” we will need to go beyond broad definitions of the concept and identify distinguishing features that are specific enough for machine learning. With this objective in mind, we conducted an explication of “fake news” that, as a concept, has ballooned to include more than simply false information, with partisans weaponizing it to cast aspersions on the veracity of claims made by those who are politically opposed to them. We identify seven different types of online content under the label of “fake news” (false news, polarized content, satire, misreporting, commentary, persuasive information, and citizen journalism) and contrast them with “real news” by introducing a taxonomy of operational indicators in four domains—message, source, structure, and network—that together can help disambiguate the nature of online news content.
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) reduces transfusion requirements in anaemia of prematurity

Background: During the last two decades with the application of advanced technological supports have improved the survival rate of preterm very low birth weight (PT VLBW) infants. At the same time anemia of prematurity (AOP) one of the most frequent complications of these patients also has been increased in the neonatal units. Packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions are the mainstay of treatment of AOP. The frequency of blood transfusion is directly related to the exposure of the tiny preterm infants to various risks of transfusion. Objectives : To evaluate whether recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) therapy reduces the need of transfusions in AOP. Methods : A randomized controlled trial study was carried out at Neonatal Unit and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Dhaka Shishu (children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh with 60 PTVLBW neonates. Among them 30 in group I (rHuEPO group) and 30 in group II (control) were assigned. Therapy with rHuEPO (200 IU / kg / dose) thrice weekly was initiated on day 7 of life to group I for 2 weeks. From day 14 or after that as soon as enteral feeding was initiated oral iron and folic acid were received by both groups. Hematological assessment (haemoglobin, haematocrit level and reticulocyte count) were done at 6 and 10 weeks of life. Results : At the time of enrollment in the study PTLBW babies of both groups were almost similar in gestetional age, birth weight, hemoglobin, hematocrit values and reticulocyte count (p>0.05). During the 10 weeks observation period, hematological values were increased and the number of blood transfusions as well as the number of infants who received any transfusion were reduced in rHuEPO group compared to control group (p<0.01). No adverse effect of erythropoietin were found. Conclusion : The combination of rHuEPO and Iron, folic acid therapy significantly reduces the number of blood transfusion as well as the percentage of infants who received any transfusion in AOP. Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.6(2) 2015: 53-56
iling false vice reports : Distinguishing true from false allegations f rape ndré

False allegations constitute a problem since they may cause harm. To study the difference between true and false allegations we used a quasi-experimental approach. In the control condition likely true allegations were retrieved from criminal files. The victims, all female, were between the ages of 17 and 53 (M = 28.0, SD = 10.6). In the experimental condition women were invited to file a false allegation. Participants, all female, in the experimental conditions were between the ages of 18 and 52 (M = 28.0, SD = 10.6). We constructed a list of 187 variables based on our theory of fabricated rape. All items in the list were coded dichotomously. All variables that were coded as ‘present’ within cases were summed to obtain a total score; an independent t-test was used. The results of the control condition (N = 30) were compared with the experimental condition (N = 35) by use of chi-square tests. A Holm-Bonferoni method with Šidák correction was used to correct for the increased family-wise error rate. The independent t-test showed a significant difference between the mean number of present-coding of likely true allegations, (M = 59.13, SD = 11.00) and of false allegations (M = 35.74, SD = 9.33), t(63) = 9.28, p < . 0001, d = 2.34. Thus, significantly more variables were coded ‘present’ in likely true allegations. Fabricated stories of rape lack pseudo-intimate behavior and a wide variety of sexual acts. Also, in almost all fabricated stories of rape the attack was completed in less than 15 minutes while in likely true allegations the attack sometimes took over 60 minutes before it was completed. In conclusion, true and false allegations diverge from each other in essentials of the story told by the complainant. The differences could be used to predict the true nature of a rape allegation. © 2016 Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid. Published by Elsevier España, S.L. U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Prestar falsas declaraciones de delitos: la distinción entre alegaciones verdaderas y falsas de violación
Comparative Analysis of Pairwork and Individual Assignments in two ELT Classes

The pair work assignments have always been considered to be more beneficial for the language learners when compared to individual assignments in many respects. However, the case is not clear as there are not many studies on the issue; since there are so many variables to control during a research conducted to find out the claimed superiority. In this respect, comprehensive grammatical error analysis and the analysis of discourse which aims to reveal the co-operation and solidarity levels have much to serve in order to compare the success levels of two assignment types. In the present paper, it is found out that the pair-work assignments not only have positive contributions for the production of "good English", but also lead to the development of inter-personal relations as well as co-operation among foreign language learners.
Socioeconomic differences in food preference and their influence on healthy food purchasing choices

Background: Studies have shown that socioeconomic groups differ in their dietary behaviours, and it has been suggested that these differences partly account for health inequalities between social groups. To-date, however, we have a limited understanding of why socioeconomic groups differ in their dietary behaviours. This paper addresses this issue by examining the relationship between socioeconomic status, food preference (likes and dislikes) and the purchase of ‘healthy’ food (i.e. food consistent with dietary guideline recommendations). Methods: This study was based on a dual-sample, dual-method research design. One sample was systematically selected from the Australian Commonwealth electoral roll and the data collected using a mail-survey methodology (81% response rate, n=403). The second consisted of a convenience sample of economically disadvantaged people recruited via welfare agencies (response rate unknown, n=70). A mail survey methodology was deemed inappropriate for this sample, so the data were collected by personally delivering the questionnaire to each respondent. Results: Socioeconomic groups differed significantly in their food purchasing choices and preferences. The food choices of respondents in the welfare sample were the least consistent with dietary guideline recommendations, and they reported liking fewer healthy foods (all results were independent of age and sex). Notably, socioeconomic differences in preference explained approximately 10% of the socioeconomic variability in healthy food purchasing behaviour. Conclusion: Whilst it is not clear why socioeconomic groups differ in their food preferences, possible reasons include: reporting bias, differential exposure to healthy food as a consequence of the variable impact of health promotion campaigns, structural and economic barriers to the procurement of these foods, and subculturally specific beliefs, values, meanings, etc.
Uncertainty of transport parameters in flame models : a database from virial coefficient measurements

In combustion models, the uncertainty in transport data is often either not considered or not quantified when validating chemical kinetic mechanisms. The molecular parameters used to determine the coefficients of diffusivity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity are subject to experimental uncertainty and thus can influence model predictions. In this study, we build on previous efforts establishing a framework for quantifying the uncertainty in flame models due to transport. We examine decades of experimental data on the coefficients of the virial equation of state for several key combustion molecules, and use Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods to generate a distribution of possible fits consistent with the data. With these distributions, we establish a new publicly-available transport database and combine it with a relatively untuned mechanism in the literature, propagating the distributions through transport models and flame models to obtain uncertainties on species diffusivities and flame speed. Results show significant differences from established parameter values for some species, and that the uncertainty in flame behavior from transport uncertainty is largely governed by the species that dominate the fresh gas mixture, along with species involved in rate-limiting reactions. This work establishes a protocol for future comparison with experimental flame data.
Physiotherapy for patients with soft tissue shoulder disorders: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of physiotherapy for patients with soft tissue shoulder disorders. DESIGN: A systematic computerised literature search of Medline and Embase, supplemented with citation tracking, for relevant trials with random allocation published before 1996. SUBJECTS: Patients treated with physiotherapy for disorders of soft tissue of the shoulder. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Success rates, mobility, pain, functional status. RESULTS: Six of the 20 assessed trials satisfied at least five of eight validity criteria. Assessment of methods was often hampered by insufficient information on various validity criteria, and trials were often flawed by lack of blinding, high proportions of withdrawals from treatment, and high proportions of missing values. Trial sizes were small: only six trials included intervention groups of more than 25 patients. Ultrasound therapy, evaluated in six trials, was not shown to be effective. Four other trials favoured physiotherapy (laser therapy or manipulation), but the validity of their methods was unsatisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that ultrasound therapy is ineffective in the treatment of soft tissue shoulder disorders. Due to small trial sizes and unsatisfactory methods, evidence for the effectiveness of other methods of physiotherapy is inconclusive. For all methods of treatment, trials were too heterogeneous with respect to included patients, index and reference treatments, and follow up to merit valid statistical pooling. Future studies should show whether physiotherapy is superior to treatment with drugs, steroid injections, or a wait and see policy.
Family Practice Nurses and Smoking Cessation Interventions for Pregnant Women

PURPOSE: To describe 1) smoking cessation (SC) interventions by Family Practice Nurses (FPN) during prenatal visits, and 2) the predictors and barriers of FPN-provided SC counselling for pregnant women. DESIGN: Non-experimental, descriptive, correlational design. Onetime, cross-sectional questionnaire using a previously validated questionnaire, modified and converted to electronic format. METHODS: Descriptive and multivariable analysis. Predictors investigated included nurses’ age, beliefs about their role in SC, self-efficacy to provide effective counselling, SC training, and interest in updating SC knowledge. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-nine members of the Ontario Family Practice Nurses’ interest group (18% response rate) working in primary care settings across Ontario. RESULTS: Nearly one quarter (21.5%) of respondents never offer SC counselling to pregnant women. Nurses with higher levels of self-efficacy were more likely to provide SC counselling. Nurses are less likely to provide concrete assistance in the quitting process or arrange follow-up. The most commonly cited barriers included lack of time and cost of medication. CONCLUSIONS: FPNs are not consistently providing evidence-based SC interventions for pregnant women. Training to enhance self-efficacy may increase the frequency, efficiency and quality of FPN-provided SC interventions. SMOKING CESSATION INTERVENTIONS FOR PREGNANT WOMEN viii
Study of Cryptococcal Meningitis in HIV Seropositive Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre

Objectives: With the increase in the incidence of HIV infection, there is an increase in incidence of cryptococcal meningitis. The present study was taken-up to study the various manifestations of cryptococcal meningitis with respect to its clinical manifestations, diagnostic features, and response to therapy. Methods: All patients who presented with features suggestive of meningitis and a low CD4 count were initially screened for cryptococcal meningitis. 100 HIV seropositive patients who were diagnosed to have cryptococcal meningitis based on CSF culture of Cryptococcus neoformans were included in the study. Results: Most of the patients (77%) were in the age group of 26 40 years. Headache (95%), vomiting (76%), and fever (70%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Mean CD4 count was 60.27 ± 41.51 (range 4 192). Presenting symptoms in cryptococcal meningitis and mixed infection were similar. Raised CSF proteins, and CSF pleocytosis was significantly more in patients with mixed infection. Altered sensorium and CD4 count of ≤ 50 was associated with poor prognosis. Conclusion: In half of the patients, cryptococcal meningitis was the AIDS-defining illness. Majority of the patients had an acute to subacute presentation and India ink negativity does not rule-out cryptococcal meningitis. Response to therapy with amphotericin B and fluconazole is well tolerated with a good recovery.
Forest extraction income participation and return analysis in south-western Nigeria

This study investigates the determinants of participation of poor rural households in forest resources extraction income and return to such enterprises in South-western Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling approach was adopted in selecting the respondents’ sample for the study. A total of four hundred and fifty households were interviewed with the aid of structured questionnaires. The data indicate that plank marketing, vegetables selling, furniture making, fuel wood, fruit and charcoal marketing were found to be prominent relative to total sampled population while bush meat selling, dried fish selling, broom selling, honey selling, wood craft trading, snail selling, medicinal plants selling, pole and leaves marketing in that order were moderately prominent. Also, gum, dye, fibre, insect and spices marketing were the least prominent. The study also suggests that five policy driven variables such as education, marital status, household size, forest access and forest management laws have a significant effect on the household participation in forest-related businesses. Gross Margin for the enterprises was 48.5 meaning that FREs has the potential of returning 48.5% profit of the total investment worth to the households on monthly basis. So, policy conception and application that will enhance the value chain for these businesses is expected to boost forest related enterprises returns in the study area.
Using a Computer Module to Teach Use of the EpiPen

Background: The medical literature suggests that patients and physicians are deficient in their ability to use a self-injectable epinephrine device (EpiPen®) for management of anaphylaxis. This study aims to determine whether a computer module is an effective tool for the instruction of a technical skill to medical trainees. Methods: ﻿ We conducted a two group comparison study of 35 Post-Graduate Year 1 and 2 Family Medicine residents. Participants were instructed on use of the EpiPen® using either a written module or a computer module. Participants were evaluated on use of the EpiPen® using standardized objective outcome measures by a blinded assessor. Assessments took place prior to and following instruction, using the assigned learning modality. ﻿ ﻿ ﻿ Results: There were 34 participants who completed the study. Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in demonstrating use of the EpiPen® following training (p <0.001 for both). A significant post-training difference favouring the computer module learners over the written module learners was observed (p = 0.035). However, only 53% and 18% of candidates (computer module and written module, respectively) were able to correctly perform all of the checklist steps. Conclusion: While our findings suggest computer modules represent an effective modality for teaching use of the EpiPen® to medical trainees, the low number of candidates who were able to perform all the checklist items regardless of modality needs to be addressed.
The epidemiology of cardiovascular malformations

This thesis is submitted to Newcastle University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Published Work. It includes a series of published papers as well as new unpublished work. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to epidemiology, particularly in relation to the description and analysis of malformations and birth defects. Chapter 2 gives a brief introduction to the complex topic of cardiovascular malformations, in particular the problems of definitions and terminology and the importance of diagnostic hierarchy of multiple malformations. Chapter 3 describes the paediatric cardiology database and the preliminary studies which produced the first five published papers. Chapter 4 presents 10 important papers on aspects of the epidemiology of cardiovascular malformations – which together form the main part of this thesis. Chapter 5 presents a systematic review of published studies of the prevalence of congenital cardiovascular malformations which investigates whether there is any evidence of a real difference between populations. It finds wide variation in the reported prevalence at live birth of all congenital cardiovascular malformations (2-30 per 1000 live births) and of individual malformations and concludes that differences are almost certainly explained by various types of ascertainment bias. Specific malformations predicted to show least susceptibility to ascertainment bias show least variation in reported prevalence. The review makes recommendations for consistent methodology for future reports to allow proper comparison between different populations. Chapter 6 looks forward to consider the directions in which research might go in the future, looking in particular at outcome research and its use in performance analysis, and at future investigations into the aetiology of malformations.
The fundamental group, rational connectedness and the positivity of Kähler manifolds

Firstly, we confirm a conjecture asserting that any compact Kähler manifold N with Ric > 0 must be simply-connected by applying a new viscosity consideration to Whitney’s comass of . p; 0/-forms. Secondly we prove the projectivity and the rational connectedness of a Kähler manifold of complex dimension n under the condition Rick > 0 (for some k 2 11; : : : ; no, with Ricn being the Ricci curvature), generalizing a well-known result of Campana, and independently of Kollár, Miyaoka and Mori, for the Fano manifolds. The proof utilizes both the above comass consideration and a second variation consideration of [40]. Thirdly, motivated by Ric and the classical work of Calabi and Vesentini [6], we propose two new curvature notions. The cohomology vanishingH . N; T N/ D 10o for any 1 q n and a deformation rigidity result are obtained under these new curvature conditions. In particular, they are verified for all classical Kähler C-spaces with b2 D 1. The new conditions provide viable candidates for a curvature characterization of homogeneous Kähler manifolds related to a generalized Hartshone conjecture.
Relationship of Glycosylated Hemoglobin with Fasting Plasma Glucose and 2 Hours After Breakfast Plasma Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2 hours (2-hr) after breakfast (ABF) plasma glucose, are often used to monitor and manage glycemia in stable diabetic patients. Data regarding the relationship and relative contribution of FPG and 2-hr ABF plasma glucose to HbA1c level in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are insufficient. Objective: To examine the correlation of FPG, and 2-hr ABF with HbA1c in known patients having T2DM; and to find out which one of FPG and ABF is the dominant contributor to overall glycemia in monitoring diabetes. Study Design and Methods: The study was carried on 664 known T2DM patients under treatment and routine follow-up at a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. FPG & 2-hr ABF plasma glucose concentrations were measured by hexokinase method. HbA1c was measured by high performance liquid chromatography based hemoglobin assay system. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship of FPG and ABF with HbA1c and their significance. Results: Both FPG and ABF levels were correlated with HbA1c but higher correlation was seen between FPG and HbA1c. The correlation coefficients between FPG and HbA1c and between ABF and HbA1c were 0.722 and 0.664 respectively. Both the correlations were found statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: In patients with T2DM, FPG and ABF both were significantly correlated with HbA1c; and in our study we found that overall correlation of HbA1c with FPG was higher than ABF plasma glucose level.
Effects of task-irrelevant background speech on verbal working memory tasks

Immediate serial recall of visually presented verbal items is impaired by task-irrelevant background speech that the participants are instructed to ignore. This so-called “irrelevant speech effect” (ISE) has been attributed to interference with phonological representations, interference with representations of serial order, or attentional capture away from the focal task. In order to learn more about the task characteristics necessary for ISE evocation, we designed 3 verbal working memory tasks that were comparable with respect to task structure, but differed in the cognitive processes involved. In each task, sequences of 7 German nouns were presented pictorially. In Task 1, participants had to reconstruct the serial order of the items. In Task 2, participants had to decide which of the 7 words represented by the pictures had no “partner” with the same initial phoneme. In Task 3, participants had to decide which of the 7 items had no “partner” with respect to semantic category. Serial order reconstruction of verbal items and phonological categorization were significantly impaired by irrelevant speech, whereas semantic categorization was unaffected. Implications for theoretical accounts of the ISE are discussed.