Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Definition of Health 2.0 and Medicine 2.0: A Systematic Review

Background During the last decade, the Internet has become increasingly popular and is now an important part of our daily life. When new “Web 2.0” technologies are used in health care, the terms “Health 2.0" or "Medicine 2.0” may be used. Objective The objective was to identify unique definitions of Health 2.0/Medicine 2.0 and recurrent topics within the definitions. Methods A systematic literature review of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL) and gray literature on the Internet using the search engines Google, Bing, and Yahoo was performed to find unique definitions of Health 2.0/Medicine 2.0. We assessed all literature, extracted unique definitions, and selected recurrent topics by using the constant comparison method. Results We found a total of 1937 articles, 533 in scientific databases and 1404 in the gray literature. We selected 46 unique definitions for further analysis and identified 7 main topics. Conclusions Health 2.0/Medicine 2.0 are still developing areas. Many articles concerning this subject were found, primarily on the Internet. However, there is still no general consensus regarding the definition of Health 2.0/Medicine 2.0. We hope that this study will contribute to building the concept of Health 2.0/Medicine 2.0 and facilitate discussion and further research.
Weight Status and Weight-Management Behaviors Among Philadelphia High School Students, 2007–2011

Introduction The prevalence of obesity among youth may be stabilizing and even declining in some areas of the United States. The objective of our study was to examine whether the stabilization in obesity prevalence among Philadelphia high school students was accompanied by changes in weight-management behaviors. Methods We evaluated changes in self-reported weight status and weight-management behaviors by using data collected by the Youth Risk Behavior Survey in 2007, 2009, and 2011. We used multivariable regression models controlling for race/ethnicity and age to estimate prevalence. Results Although the proportion of overweight and obese students did not change significantly during the study period, we found that approximately half of female students and 30% of male students reported trying to lose weight. Among female students, we observed significant increases in the proportion engaging in 5 or more days of physical activity per week (26.0% in 2007 to 31.9% in 2011; P = .003) and significant decreases in the proportion consuming at least 1 soda per day (31.1% in 2007 to 22.5% in 2011, P = .001). The proportion of female students who fasted for weight loss also increased significantly during the study period (12.2% in 2007 to 17.0% in 2011, P = .02). We found no significant changes in behavior among male students. Conclusion Although the prevalence of obesity and overweight may have reached a plateau among Philadelphia high school students, most students still failed to meet recommendations for healthful weight-management behaviors. Continued public health initiatives are necessary to promote participation in healthful weight-management behaviors.
Association between aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) -344C/T polymorphism and atrial fibrillation among Han and Kazak residents of the Xinjiang region.

OBJECTIVES Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one the most common and complex types of clinical arrhythmia syndromes. In recent years, an association between CYP11B2 gene polymorphisms and atrial myocardial fibrosis has received a significant amount of attention. This study explores the relationship between CYP11B2 gene-344C/T polymorphism and AF among Kazak and Han residents in the Xinjiang region and further clarifies the molecular mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. METHODS The study is a case-control study using traditional methods. We selected 156 Kazak and 203 Han patient cases in the Xinjiang region who had non-valvular atrial fibrillation as well as 307 Kazak and 418 Han cases of non-AF patients as a control group. Blood samples were collected, and DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood samples. The presence of the CYP11B2 gene-344C/T polymorphism was determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Differences in the genotypes and allele distributions among the 2 groups were compared using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 17.0 statistical software. Student's t test, the chi-squared test and logistic regression methods were used for the data analysis. RESULTS The genotypes of both ethnic groups followed a Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium distribution. The 2 patient groups, compared with their respective control groups, showed significant dominant models in CYP11B2 gene-344C/T polymorphism genotype frequency and B1 allele frequency (P<0.05). The frequencies of the CYP11B2 gene-344C/T polymorphism in the Kazak patient group were higher compared with the control groups (P<0.05). The frequencies of the CYP11B2 gene-344C/T polymorphisms in the Han patient group was also higher compared with the control group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the frequencies of the CYP11B2 gene-344C/T genotypes were significantly different between the Kazak and Han patient groups and the control groups. CONCLUSION CYP11B2 gene -344C/T polymorphism is associated with AF.
Gene expression of differentiation- and dedifferentiation markers in normal and malignant human thyroid tissues.

Steady state mRNA transcript levels of thyroid differentiation markers such as TSH receptor (TSHR), thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) as well as a potential marker of dedifferentiation, c-myc, marker were investigated in patients with thyroid tumors and in normal controls using Northern blot analysis. Blots were normalized by acridine orange staining whereas analysis of beta-actin mRNA levels revealed highly variable levels already in normal tissue suggesting regulation of this "constitutively" expressed gene. Determination of c-myc mRNA revealed increased steady state mRNA levels in anaplastic carcinomas (ATC) as compared to normal tissues. However, in some patients c-myc transcript levels were lower in the tumor than in the adjacent normal tissue reducing the significance of c-myc as a marker of dedifferentiation. High levels of TSH mRNA were found in control thyroids, whereas in ATC no normal TSHR mRNA was detected. In PTC and follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC) the transcripts varied from increased to markedly reduced levels. In one patient with FTC 2 independent preparations of the tumor revealed different results, undetectable and clearly detectable TSHR mRNA levels. Xenotransplantation of this tissue on nude rats showed a variable expression pattern in the individual xenotransplantations suggesting heterogeneity of the tumor tissue. Tg and TPO mRNA were strongly expressed in normal tissues and completely lost in all ATC. In differentiated thyroid tumors the transcript levels of Tg and TPO varied from normal to complete loss of expression of either Tg or TPO, or both. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abstinence duration modulates striatal functioning during monetary reward processing in cocaine patients

Pre‐clinical and clinical studies in cocaine addiction highlight alterations in the striatal dopaminergic reward system that subserve maintenance of cocaine use. Using an instrumental conditioning paradigm with monetary reinforcement, we studied striatal functional alterations in long‐term abstinent cocaine‐dependent patients and striatal functioning as a function of abstinence and treatment duration. Eighteen patients and 20 controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a Monetary Incentive Delay task. Region of interest analyses based on masks of the dorsal and ventral striatum were conducted to test between‐group differences and the functional effects in the cocaine group of time (in months) with no more than two lapses from the first time patients visited the clinical service to seek treatment at the scanning time (duration of treatment), and the functional effects of the number of months with no lapses or relapses at the scanning session time (length of abstinence). We applied a voxel‐wise and a cluster‐wise FWE‐corrected level (pFWE) at a threshold of P < 0.05. The patient group showed lower activation in the right caudate during reward anticipation than the control group. The regression analyses in the patients group revealed a positive correlation between duration of treatment and brain activity in the left caudate during reward anticipation. Likewise, length of abstinence negatively correlated with brain activity in the bilateral nucleus accumbens during monetary outcome processing. In conclusion, caudate and nucleus accumbens show a different brain response pattern to non‐drug rewards during cocaine addiction, which can be modulated by treatment success.
Sex hormone levels, genetic androgen receptor polymorphism, and anxiety in ≥50-year-old males.

INTRODUCTION While associations between somatic changes and sex hormone levels in aging men have been explored in many studies, the association of testosterone and estradiol with psychic symptoms other than depression and the role of the genetically determined CAG repeat (CAGn) polymorphism of the androgen receptor (AR) have received much less attention. AIM The purpose of this article is to investigate the associations between general anxiety, phobic anxiety and panic with sex hormone levels and the genetic androgen receptor polymorphism in aging males. METHODS This cross-sectional study of males aged ≥50 years included 120 consecutive patients of the Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, 76 consecutive patients of the Andrology Clinic, and 100 participants from the general population; all of them completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), the Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) Scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Morning blood samples were analyzed for total and free testosterone, estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and the CAGn AR polymorphism. Psychosomatic patients also underwent psychiatric assessment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Scores on the Anxiety subscales of the BSI and PHQ, Anxiety disorders according to International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10). RESULTS The two clinical samples had significantly longer CAGn of the AR and higher anxiety levels compared to the population sample. Anxiety scores were positively correlated with CAGn in psychosomatic patients and in andrological patients, in the latter also with estradiol levels, while the population sample showed no significant correlations between anxiety scores, CAGn and sex hormones. Anxiety cases according to BSI, PHQ, and ICD-10 had significantly longer CAGn of the AR when compared to the other participants, but there were no significant differences in testosterone or free testosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that genetically determined long CAGn of the AR is an independent risk factor for higher anxiety, panic and phobic anxiety levels.
Breastfeeding and vertical transmission of HIV‐1

An estimated one‐third to one‐half of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) worldwide is due to breastfeeding. The exact frequency of breast milk HIV‐1 transmission is unknown, but it has been estimated to be 14% in the setting of established maternal HIV‐1 infection and 29% in the setting of acute maternal infection. The timing of breast milk transmission during the course of lactation also remains unknown, but two studies have found an association between duration of breastfeeding and risk of infant infection. In one such study, prolonged breastfeeding for 15 months or longer was associated with a twofold increased transmission risk. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA can be detected in over 50% of breast milk samples and is correlated with CD4 depletion and vitamin A deficiency. The presence of breast milk HIV‐1 provirus is associated with increased transmission risk. Many current intervention strategies to prevent vertical transmission of HIV‐1 are aimed at in utero or perinatal transmission. In developing countries in which breastfeeding by HIV‐1 infected women is recommended practice, additional intervention strategies to reduce breast milk transmission warrant evaluation.
Induction Therapy with Basiliximab versus Thymoglobulin in African-American Kidney Transplant Recipients

Background. It has been suggested that the use of antilymphocyte induction therapy in African-American (AA) renal transplant recipients reduces the risk of acute rejection (AR) and improves graft survival. It is not clear whether the efficacy of basiliximab (BSX) is different from that of Thymoglobulin (ATG) in this regard. Methods. We retrospectively assessed the effect of induction therapy with BSX versus ATG in 88 AA renal allograft recipients receiving transplants at our center between July 2001 and June 2003 and followed for 19±7 months. All patients were maintained on mycophenolate mofetil, prednisone, and either tacrolimus or sirolimus. Study endpoints included patient and graft survival, graft function, and incidence of AR and cytomegalovirus infection. Regression models were used to evaluate the independent effect of each induction agent on these endpoints. Results. Thirty-six patients received ATG, and 52 received BSX. The groups were comparable with regard to donor race and age, and recipient sex, body mass index, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching, and hepatitis C virus serostatus. The ATG group was younger, more likely to receive retransplant, had longer duration of end-stage renal disease and higher panel reactive antibody, and was less likely to receive live-donor organs. However, after adjusting for all these variables, graft outcomes, as well as renal function, were comparable between the two induction groups. We found that the degree of HLA mismatch, delayed graft function, and AR were the only significant predictors of graft loss. Conclusion. The results of our study suggest that the choice of induction agent may not have a major impact on graft outcomes in AA renal-allograft recipients.
Home Polysomnography in Methadone Maintenance Patients with Subjective Sleep Complaints

Objective: Most patients in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) complain of poor sleep. Few studies have examined MMT patients' sleep using polysomnography (PSG), and none to our knowledge have employed home PSG. Standard sleep laboratory research protocols often require two consecutive PSG nights because of inter-night variability in sleep attributed to first-night adaptation to a novel sleep environment and recording procedures. The purpose of this study was to assess the stability of sleep measures across two consecutive nights of home PSG in opioid-dependent MMT patients. Methods: Home PSG was performed in 50 MMT patients with subjective sleep complaints. Participants were 54% female and 82% white with mean age = 36.8 years, median methadone dose = 100 mg/day, and median MMT duration = 286 days. Results: Thirty-six participants completed two consecutive nights of at-home PSG and 14 completed one. For the former group, no differences in sleep measures were found across recordings. The one-night group had significantly less total sleep time, Stage 2 sleep, REM sleep, and shorter REM latency than the two-night group. Conclusions: Home PSG is a viable method for recording sleep in opioid-dependent MMT patients, and was stable across consecutive nights of study. Two nights of home PSG for MMT patients, therefore, are not necessarily required and confidence in the reliability of data from one night of recording can be assumed. Excluding MMT research participants with one PSG may exclude patients with the worst sleep—precisely the group that most warrants investigation.
Low Birth Weight Is Associated with Reduced Nephron Number and Increased Blood Pressure in Adulthood in a Novel Spontaneous Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Model in Yucatan Miniature Swine

Background: Impaired fetal growth and rapid postnatal growth are associated with programming of hypertension and metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Objectives: This study evaluated this phenomenon in a novel spontaneous intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) model in Yucatan miniature pigs. Methods: IUGR piglets (n = 6, 3 days old, 0.73 ± 0.11 kg) were paired with a normal weight (NW) same-sex littermate (n = 6, 1.11 ± 0.13 kg), fed milk replacer for 4 weeks followed by a standard diet ad libitum for 5 h/day. At 9 months of age, arterial blood pressure (BP) telemeters were implanted to assess BP before (0.5% NaCl) and after (4.5% NaCl) a 7-day salt-loading period. At 10 months of age, nephron numbers were determined. Results: Prior to sexual maturity, IUGR pigs showed greater (p < 0.05) relative feed intake and experienced significant catch-up growth. Adult IUGR pigs also had higher BP (diastolic BP: 93.8 ± 5.5 vs. 90.0 ± 8.7 mm Hg, p < 0.05) and 43% fewer nephrons per kidney (p < 0.05). Nephron number was positively associated with birth weight and negatively correlated with BP (p < 0.05). Acute salt loading increased BP in both groups (p < 0.05); however, the degree of salt sensitivity was similar between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, IUGR piglets have reduced nephron endowment associated with a modest BP increase in early adulthood. This new model can be used to conduct longitudinal mechanistic studies on the early programming phenomenon.
PEDIATRIC AND CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Original Studies Transcatheter Closure of Double Atrial Septal Defects With a Single Amplatzer Device

Transcatheter closure of single secundum atrial defects has become the standard of treatment. The purpose of our study was to analyze the results of using a single Amplatzer device for closure of double atrial septal defects. Such defects were diagnosed in 41 out of 363 patients with atrial septal defects (ASDs) closed by transcatheter method. In 39, a single Amplatzer device was used. The size of the larger defect ranged from 5 to 18 mm, the smaller defect from 2 to 7 mm, with the distance between the borders of the communications ranging from 2 to 12 mm. We performed sizing and closure of only the larger defect. The mean size of implanted devices was 16.5 5.5 mm, equal to the stretched diameter of the main defect or 1–4 mm larger. The closure rate assessed by color Doppler flow examination was 61% after 24 hr, 78% after 1 month, 83% after 3 months, 86% after 1 year, and 95% after 2 years. If the distance between the two defects exceeded 7 mm, residual leaks were observed but tended to decrease and disappear with time. Selected patients with double atrial septal defects can be effectively treated with implantation of a single Amplatzer device. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:237–241.
Calcium‐dependent and independent mechanisms of capsaicin receptor (TRPV1)‐mediated cytokine production and cell death in human bronchial epithelial cells

Activation of the capsaicin receptor (VR1 or TRPV1) in bronchial epithelial cells by capsaicinoids and other vanilloids promotes pro‐inflammatory cytokine production and cell death. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TRPV1‐mediated calcium flux from extracellular sources as an initiator of these responses and to define additional cellular pathways that control cell death. TRPV1 antagonists and reduction of calcium concentrations in treatment solutions attenuated calcium flux, induction of interleukin‐6 and 8 gene expression, and IL‐6 secretion by cells treated with capsaicin or resiniferatoxin. Most TRPV1 antagonists also attenuated cell death, but the relative potency and extent of protection did not directly correlate with inhibition of total calcium flux. Treatment solutions with reduced calcium content or chelators had no effect on cytotoxicity. Inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism and cyclo‐oxygenases also prevented cell death indicating that TRPV1 agonists disrupted basal arachidonic acid metabolism and altered cyclo‐oxygenase function via a TRPV1‐dependent mechanism in order to produce toxicity. These data confirm previous results demonstrating calcium flux through TRPV1 acts as a trigger for cytokine production by vanilloids, and provides new mechanistic insights on mechanisms of cell death produced by TRPV1 agonists in respiratory epithelial cells. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:266–275, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20084
Acanthocephalan Phylogeny and the Evolution of Parasitism1

Abstract The study of parasite evolution relies on the identification of free-living sister taxa of parasitic lineages. Most lineages of parasitic helminths are characterized by an amazing diversity of species that complicates the resolution of phylogenetic relationships. Acanthocephalans offer a potential model system to test various long-standing hypotheses and generalizations regarding the evolution of parasitism in metazoans. The entirely parasitic Acanthocephala have a diversity of species that is manageable with regards to constructing global phylogenetic hypotheses, exhibit variation in hosts and habitats, and are hypothesized to have close phylogenetic affinities to the predominately free-living Rotifera. In this paper, I review and test previous hypotheses of acanthocephalan phylogenetic relationships with analyses of the available 18S rRNA sequence database. Maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood inferred trees differ significantly with regard to relationships among acanthocephalans and rotifers. Maximum-parsimony analysis results in a paraphyletic Rotifera, placing a long-branched bdelloid rotifer as the sister taxon of Acanthocephala. Maximum-likelihood analysis results in a monophyletic Rotifera. The difference between the two optimality criteria is attributed to long-branch attraction. The two analyses are congruent in terms of relationships within Acanthocephala. The three sampled classes are monophyletic, and the Archiacanthocephala is the sister taxon of a Palaeacanthocephala + Eoacanthocephala clade. The phylogenetic hypothesis is used to assess the evolution of host and habitat preferences. Acanthocephalan lineages have exhibited multiple radiations into terrestrial habitats and bird and mammal definitive hosts from ancestral aquatic habitats and fish definitive hosts, while exhibiting phylogenetic conservatism in the type of arthropod intermediate host utilized.
Time-Domain Measurement and Analysis of Mechanical Step Transitions in Mode-Tuned Reverberation: Characterization of Instantaneous Field

We report on time-domain measurement and statistical analysis of field transients that are caused by mechanical transitions between the stationary states of an overmoded resonant cavity. These transitions and field transients are produced by the stepwise rotation of a mode tuner (reflective paddle wheel) inside a reverberation chamber excited by an uninterrupted time-harmonic source. It is shown that the cross-correlation function between the so-called stir sequences enables the reconstruction of the averaged mechanical motion of the mode tuner. Evolutions of the probability distribution and statistics of the transmission S-parameter show correlation with tuner motion and demonstrate nonstationarity of the cavity field. The influence of the operating frequency and various motor parameters is investigated. In estimating the evolving maximum-to-average ratio, the variations in the underlying (parent) distribution are shown to be considerably more influential than the variations of the number of independent samples. Semi- and fully empirical estimates of this ratio are compared with the directly measured values, and fully empirical estimation allows for more accurate prediction. It is shown that the measured local minima and local maxima of this ratio can be identified with short- and long-tailed instantaneous parent distributions, respectively. The effect is physically interpreted as modal bunching and dilation. The results are relevant to EMC immunity testing in reverberation chambers.