Pastoralism in Africa: past, present and future

Michael Bollig, Michael Schnegg, and Hans-Peter Wotzka, eds. Pastoralism in Africa: Past, Present and Future. New York: Berghahn, 2013. xviii + 525 pp. Maps. Notes. Index. $99.00. Cloth.Pastoralism in Africa is the latest in a series of edited collections, stretching back to the mid 1970s, that describe the current state of pastoralism and review scholarship and research in the field. Such volumes reflect the interests and perspectives of their editors and contributors, but they also provide a series of benchmarks against which to measure progress and change both in the literature and on the ground. The present volume is no exception, and both its structure and its constituent case studies suggest how pastoralism has changed in the last decade and what new perspectives and areas of interest have emerged.While older studies tended to focus on refining typologies of pastoralism, treating pastoral societies as both distinctive and homogenous, the editors here use a more dynamic framework based on three axes: labor input, capital/investment, and what they rather awkwardly call "world view" (the cultural significance of livestock-holding, independent of its economic or subsistence importance). These three axes make it possible to detect rapid and short-term adaptation and to account for differences within the group. Similarly, while the classic pastoral ethnographies are invoked, contributors do not see them as "normative" or as presenting ideal types of pastoralist organization. In effect, what is developed here is almost a "disequilibrium" model of pastoral society to match the ecological models now used to understand the pastoral environment. Such models capture the essence of a contemporary adaptive and varied pastoral mode in which livestock keeping is but one of a number of strategies of survival and accumulation, part of a "portfolio" of options and resources. In pursuit of the same flexibility, contributors also place pastoralists within a wider world of state and nonstate actors, not as encapsulated and frequently embattled groups but in interaction with others. They trace networks, not boundaries. This is made very clear in the two chapters on the livestock trade. Peter Little's study of livestock marketing in the northern Kenya borderlands is part of a long tradition of research, but Meike Meerpohl's chapter on trade routes in the eastern Sahara covers ground, including a valuable historical survey, that will probably be less familiar.The book is divided into three main parts. The first has five chapters that deal with the prehistory of pastoralism in the Eastern Sahara, the northern Rift Valley, Sahelian West Africa, and southern Africa. Their inclusion suggests that "paleo-pastoralism" has finally become part of the mainstream. The extension of time depth is much to be welcomed, and it is noticeable that the arguments put forward for dating and change, though still tentative, are much firmer then before. Another shift can be seen in the next secdons, where half the chapters deal with Namibia and two more with the Eastern Saharan borderlands. The classic sites of study-the Rift Valley, the Horn of Africa, and the Sahel, for example-are largely absent, though the concluding chapter by John Galaty does revisit the Maasai, the Nuer, the Fulbe, and the Tswana in a study of modern territoriality and mobility. The choice of focus is partly a reflection of the interests of the contributors, many of whom have been associated with the Cologne University project, but it also reminds us that coverage of pastoralism has always been, and perhaps still is, uneven and that different perspectives and a broader view of pastoralism itself will bring new areas and communities onto the research agenda. …