Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What are the effects of different search engine interface designs on user behaviour

Studying user behaviour in the context of web search is becoming more and more popular. Search engines are the main way for internet users to conduct informational, navigational and transactional search tasks. The latter is of particular interest, as search engine result pages (SERPs) for transactional queries always include sponsored listings, i.e. ads. These sponsored listings are the main revenue stream for most search engine providers and each click on such a listing means the providers get paid a small sum, also called pay-per-click (PPC). Consequently, this means it is crucial for any search engine provider to design ads that draw the most amount of clicks and different providers use alternative SERP interface designs for transactional search queries. This research focusses on whether there is a difference in transactional search behaviour between different search engine interface designs. Therefore, this study first reviewed scientific as well as non-scientific literature on this topic. Based on this review, we found that an experiment using an eye-tracking device is a very common method for research on user behaviour in online search. The review also revealed that visual hierarchy, competition for attention and banner blindness, are three important factors that may influence transactional search behaviour. This influence was studied by looking at Google and Bing’s different interfaces using an eye-tracking device. In this experiment, participants were required to complete a number of transactional search tasks using both search engines. The results show that only small differences were found in transactional search behaviour for two different search engine interfaces. Regarding the three factors, we found that the way visual hierarchy is organised is not directly related to transactional search behaviour. Moreover, competition for attention was not influential on search behaviour. Lastly, the banner blindness phenomenon only exists to a certain extent and search behaviour is only slightly influenced by this. Overall, this study contributed to a deeper understanding of differences in search behaviour between different search engine interfaces. Although search engine interfaces for transactional queries differ, we see that they have little or no effect on user search behaviour.
Social Skills Instruction Carried out by Teachers Working at Private Special Education Institutions in Turkey.

Anadolu University Abstract: As social beings, humans have to learn social behaviors, too. The social behavior repertoire is increased by learning, and is affected by any factors that may impact learning. Individuals with developmental disabilities need systematic teaching in order to acquire social skills (SS) in natural settings. Via SS instruction, SS are taught to individuals who have social inadequacies or, in other words, such individuals are taught how to use the skills they already have in their repertoire. In this study, in order to determine the SS teaching practices of teachers who work at private special education centers, semi-structured interviews were conducted and the data collected have been analyzed by using inductive analysis procedures. The participants of this study were 14 teachers. The results demonstrated that teachers were having serious problems and inadequacies regarding SS instruction. It can be said that, there is a need for supportive services for systematic planning of SS instruction for pre-service and in-service teachers.
Experimental investigation of the effect of wetting-layer states on the gain–current characteristic of quantum-dot lasers

Using experimental measurements of the gain–current characteristic as a function of temperature in InGaAs quantum-dot lasers, we demonstrate that it is the population of wetting-layer states that leads to a saturation of the population inversion in dot states and hence to the saturation of gain in a quantum-dot laser. At 300 K, the maximum modal gain for a three-layer structure is reduced from 53 to 14 cm−1.
The Role of External Support in Civil War Termination

Many studies highlight the role that international intervention can play in prolonging civil wars. Yet, direct military intervention is just one way that external actors become involved in civil conflicts. In this article, a model is developed and analyzed that shows that when the government is unsure about how external support to the rebels will help rebel war-making capacity, it is the government that will continue fighting rather than settle the dispute. Different types of external support to rebels influence their fighting capacity differently, and some types of support create uncertainty about how new resources will translate into war-making ability. Specifically, more fungible sources of support (such as direct financial support) generate the most uncertainty for states as they attempt to estimate the effect of support to rebels on the conflict. Increased uncertainty inhibits bargained settlement, and disputes characterized by fungible external support are less likely to end than those where rebels receive different kinds of support. Empirical analyses demonstrate strong support for this argument; rebels that receive highly fungible external support (money and guns) are less likely to see conflict termination than rebels that do not.
Recent geodetic unrest at Santorini Caldera, Greece

After approximately 60 years of seismic quiescence within Santorini caldera, in January 2011 the volcano reawakened with a significant seismic swarm and rapidly expanding radial deformation. The deformation is imaged by a dense network of 19 survey and 5 continuous GPS stations, showing that as of 21 January 2012, the volcano has extended laterally from a point inside the northern segment of the caldera by about 140 mm and is expanding at 180 mm/yr. A series of spherical source models show the source is not migrating significantly, but remains about 4 km depth and has expanded by 14 million m3since inflation began. A distributed sill model is also tested, which shows a possible N‐S elongation of the volumetric source. While observations of the current deformation sequence are unprecedented at Santorini, it is not certain that an eruption is imminent as other similar calderas have experienced comparable activity without eruption.
Studies on Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) of CNT NPs

The organic carbonaceous materials play an important role in governing the optical transport phenomena and bioavailability of nanomaterials. The nanomaterials established for the absorption of neutral organic compounds do not always apply to the facts and the importance of accounting for the particular sorption behavior of being increasingly recognized. This work carries out a study on the reaction of synthesis and optical and electrical characterizations of CNT carbon nanostrutures. The crystal size was calculated by using Scherer equation as 55 nm and its thermal diffusivity 4.515 × 10-7 m2/sec, the conductivity of the sample was measured as 75.69. At the surface, the progressive incorporation of dopant triggers the diffusion of CNT to the surface, which results in fast formation carbon nanostructures of CNT, its crystallite size lies in the range of 36 nm.
Solid state synthesis and its characterization of high density cordierite ceramics using fine oxide powders

First, we succeeded in synthesizing and sintering cordierite ceramics via the solid state reaction route without the melting process by using single phase oxide powders. They are highly pure and fine amorphous silica, α-alumina and magnesia powders. Usually, cordierite ceramics was synthesized by a sol-gel route. Alternatively, it was prepared by a solid state reaction route using impure minerals such as talc, or the other which required melt-quenching and crystallization processes, though using single phase raw material powders. This is probably because single phase raw material powders especially alumina are deficient in reactivity. We have succeeded in synthesizing cordierite ceramics via the solid state reaction route without melt-quenching and crystallization processes, by adopting a reactive α-alumina as one of raw material powders. As a result, cordierite formation of the starting raw material mixture went to completion at 1270°C. The mixture was sintered at 1430°C for 2 h. Its bulk density reached 98% theoretical, its flexural strength reached 243 MPa, which agreed with the best value already reported, its fracture toughness was 3.5 MPa·m1/2 far larger than the reported value of 2.3 MPa·m1/2, its thermal expansion coefficient (from RT. to 800°C) is 1.8 × 10-6/K, which might be probably the ultimately smallest value experimentally expected and its dielectric constant was sufficiently small as 4.8 to 5.2 between extremely a wide frequency range, namely, from 1 MHz to 1 GHz with low loss tangent of < 6 × 10-3. These properties were found more excellent or at least comparable compared with the best properties reported already and suitable for substrate materials on micro-electronic applications.
Organizational Ambidexterity in Small Firms: The Role of Top Management Team Behavioral Integration and Entrepreneurial Orientation

This study proposes a conceptual model that explains the relationship between top management team (TMT) behavioral integration in the interaction with the entrepreneurial nature of small firms and the two dimensions of organizational ambidexterity (OA). Furthermore, it suggests that each of the two OA dimensions–balance dimension and combined dimension–has a different impact on firm performance. While the combined dimension of OA positively contributes to firm performance, the balance dimension of OA is more likely to have an inverted U-shaped relationship with firm performance. The present research, therefore, sheds more light on the conceptualization of OA as well as the relationship between OA and its managerial antecedents and organizational consequences.
On transversely flat conformal foliations with good measures. II

Transversely ﬂat conformal foliations with good transverse invariant measures are Riemannian in the C 1+Lip sense. In particular, transversely similar foliations with good measures are transversely Riemannian as trans- versely C ! -foliations.
Effect of solar ultraviolet radiation on the formation of shallow, early successional biofouling communities in Hong Kong

The effect of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on a shallow-water (4 cm) tropical fouling community was assessed during the succession of macrobenthic species on artificial substrates at the Wong Shek fish farm, Hong Kong. The early successional communities developing under 3 radiation treatments (PAR + UV-A + UV-B = 280 to 700 nm; PAR + UV-A = 320 to 700 nm, and PAR = 400 to 700 nm) were monitored for 14 wk. A total of 8 species of algae and 8 species of invertebrates colonised the experimental tiles. During the first 8 wk of the experiments, there were no differences among treatments in diversity, percentage of cover of species and the biomass of the colonisers. During the following 6 wk, the communities exposed to UVR had lower species richness than the communities exposed to only PAR had. The species diversity (after 79 and 98 d) of the 3 treatments varied, but the total percentage of species cover and the entire community biomass were not significantly different across the experiment. Juveniles of the polychaete Hydroides elegans and the barnacle Balanus amphitrite, juveniles of the clams Perna viridis and Modiolus comptus, and the algae Enteromorpha sp. , Ectocarpus sp. and Cladophora sp. were responsible for the dissimilarity between communities developed under different UVR treatments. The algae constituted a higher percentage of the cover under the full sunlight spectrum, whereas the polychaete, the barnacle and the clams were dominant in the no-UVR treatment. Our outdoor experiment revealed that UVR inhibited the settlement and decreased post-settlement survival of H. elegans. We concluded that UVR affects the composition of early successional, shallow water biofouling communities in tropical waters as well as the settlement and mortality of single species.
Common and distinct cognitive bases for reading in English–Cantonese bilinguals

ABSTRACT The study explores the relationship between phonological awareness and early reading for bilingual children learning to read in two languages that use different writing systems. Participants were 57 Cantonese–English bilingual 6-year-olds who were learning to read in both languages. The children completed cognitive measures, phonological awareness tasks, and word identification tests in both languages. Once cognitive abilities had been controlled, there was no correlation in word identification ability performance across languages, but the correspondence in phonological awareness measures remained strong. This pattern was confirmed by a principal components analysis and hierarchical regression that demonstrated a different role for each phonological awareness factor in reading performance in each language. The results indicate that phonological awareness depends on a set of cognitive abilities that is applied generally across languages and that early reading depends on a common set of cognitive abilities in conjunction with skills specific to different writing systems.
Probiotics in human health

Probiotics are bacterial cultures or living microorganisms, which on ingestion in a certain quantity, promote, and enhance health benefits. A few conventional foods containing probiotics include yogurt, fermented and unfermented milk, cheese, etc. Strains of genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most widely used probiotic bacteria. Conventionally, probiotics have been associated with the gastrointestinal tract; however, recently several investigators have suggested the use of probiotics for oral health. This article describes the mechanism of action and role of probiotics in general and oral health and discusses the potential benefits of probiotics in oral health.
BIO-OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE INNER CONTINENTAL SHELF OFF SANTOS ESTUARINE SYSTEM, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL, AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OCEAN COLOR ALGORITHM PERFORMANCE

A classificacao otica de massas de agua costeira auxilia na compreensao de processos fisicos e biogeoquimicos e permite otimizar algoritmos de cor do oceano. Neste estudo, identificamos 3 classes oticas de aguas na plataforma continental interna adjacente a Baia de Santos (Brasil), com base na reflectância de sensoriamento remoto observada durante outubro/2005 e marco/2006. ANOVA indicou influencia estuarina crescente entre as classes 1 a 3, sendo que a ultima apresentou altos valores de clorofila-a, nutrientes e coeficientes de absorcao da luz. A materia orgânica dissolvida colorida (MODC) dominou a absorcao da luz em todas as classes, mostrando forte correlacao com a salinidade em outubro/2005, sugerindo influencia da pluma do rio da Prata na regiao. Os resultados indicam dinâmica bastante complexa da MODC na plataforma interna de Santos. O desempenho do algoritmo global para clorofila-a (OC3), testado pelos dados radiometricos e de clorofila-a in situ, foi bem inferior em outubro/2005 comparado a marco/2006. Como nao houve mudancas substanciais nos espectros de absorcao pelo fitoplâncton entre as duas epocas, os resultados mostram que as propriedades de absorcao da luz pela MODC devem ser consideradas prioritariamente na otimizacao de algoritmos bio-oticos na regiao.
Collaborative Activities Understanding from 3D Data

The aim of this work is the recognition of activities performed by collaborating people, starting from a 3D data sequence (specifically, a MOCAP sequence), independently from the point of view from which the sequence is taken and from the physical aspects of the subjects. Many progresses have been made in this field and, in particular, we start from results, for the recognition of actions performed by a single person, obtained in the past years, by Medioni, Gong and other authors, (Gong et al., 2014; Gong and Medioni, 2011; Gong et al., 2012), trying to go a step forward. Following their works, actions are represented by structured multivariate time series in the joint-trajectories space. Two main methods are considered for solving this problem. First, given a sequence consisting of an arbitrary number of actions, Kernelized Temporal Cut is applied to find the time instants in which action transitions occur. Then, the spatio-temporal manifold model, a framework designed by (Gong and Medioni, 2011), is used for representing the time series data in a one-dimensional space and the spatial-temporal alignment algorithm is introduced in order to find matches between action segments. The resulting procedure, named Dynamic Manifold Warping, allows us to classify actions, just by comparing the current action segment with few labelled sequences taken from a given database. The works cited above omit several issues and, without a clear parametrization of them, no implementation is possible. We have sorted out the most suitable parametrization for our implemented algorithm obtaining a good performance in the experiments.
On the use of the beta divergence for musical source separation

Non-negative Tensor Factorisation based methods have found use in the context of musical sound source separation. These techniques require the use of a suitable cost function to determine the optimal factorisation, and most work has focused on the use of the generalised Kullback-Liebler divergence, and more recently the Itakura-Saito divergence. These divergences can be regarded as limiting cases of the parameterised Beta divergence. This paper looks at the use of the Beta Divergence in the context of musical source separation with a view to determining an optimal value of Beta for this problem. This is considered for both magnitude and power spectrograms. In an effort to avoid potential local minima in the Beta divergence, the use of a "tempered" Beta Divergence is also explored. Also presented are the update equations for the generalised non-negative tensor factorisation model described in this paper which were previously unpublished. (6 pages)
Why is grammaticalization irreversible?

Abstract Grammaticalization, the change by which lexical categories become functional categories, is overwhelmingly irreversible. Prototypical functional categories never become prototypical lexical categories, and less radical changes against the general directionality of grammaticalization are extremely rare. Although the pervasiveness of grammaticalization has long been known, the question of why this change is irreversible has not been asked until fairly recently. However, no satisfactory explanation has been proposed so far. Irreversibility cannot be attributed to the lack of predictability, to the interplay of the motivating factors of economy and clarity, or to a preference for simple structures in language acquisition. I propose an explanation that follows the general structure of Keller's (1994) invisible-hand theory: language change is shown to result from the cumulation of countless individual actions of speakers, which are not intended to change language, but whose side effect is change in a particular direction. Grammaticalization is a side effect of the maxim of extravagance, that is, speakers' use of unusually explicit formulations in order to attract attention. As these are adopted more widely in the speech community, they become more frequent and are reduced phonologically. I propose that degrammaticalization is by and large impossible because there is no counteracting maxim of “anti-extravagance,” and because speakers have no conscious access to grammaticalized expressions and thus cannot use them in place of less grammaticalized ones. This is thus a usage-based explanation, in which the notion of imperfect language acquisition as the locus of change plays no role.
Putting off until tomorrow what is better done today: Academic procrastination as a function of motivation toward college work.

This study examined the relative impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and personality variables on procrastination behavior of college students. A total of 96 undergraduates completed the Procrastination Assessment Scale-Students, the Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale, the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, the Work Preference Inventory, Burns' Perfectionism Scale, and the Locus of Control Scale. Multiple regression analyses of the results found that lack of extrinsic motivation, perfectionism, and an external attributional style all predicted the tendency to procrastinate. On the other hand, low procrastinators were motivated by both external and internal factors more than high procrastinators, while high procrastinators put off tasks due to aversion. Students with low intrinsic motivation made attributions to context and luck, particularly when they succeeded, while students with higher levels of intrinsic motivation made attributions to ability and effort for success, and effort for failure. Lack of extrinsic motivation contributed to procrastination for all students. (Contains 40 references.) (MDM) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Putting off until tomorrow 1 Running head: PUTTING OFF UNTIL TOMORROW Putting off Until Tomorrow What is Better Done Today: Academic Procrastination as a Function of Motivation Toward College Work Renee Reasinger and Sheila Brown low Catawba College
Spectroscopic Inversions of the Ca ii 8542 Å Line in a C-class Solar Flare

We study the C8.4-class solar flare SOL2016-05-14T11:34 UT using high-resolution spectral imaging in the Ca ii 8542 Å line obtained with the CRISP imaging spectropolarimeter on the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope. Spectroscopic inversions of the Ca ii 8542 Å line using the non-LTE code NICOLE are used to investigate the evolution of the temperature and velocity structure in the flaring chromosphere. A comparison of the temperature stratification in flaring and non-flaring areas reveals strong footpoint heating during the flare peak in the lower atmosphere. The temperature of the flaring footpoints between log τ 500 ≈ − 2.5 and − 3.5 , where τ500 is the continuum optical depth at 500 nm, is ∼ 5 – 6.5 kK close to the flare peak, reducing gradually to ∼ 5 kK . The temperature in the middle and upper chromosphere, between log τ 500 ≈ − 3.5 and −5.5, is estimated to be ∼6.5–20 kK, decreasing to preflare temperatures, ∼5–10 kK, after approximately 15 minutes. However, the temperature stratification of the non-flaring areas is unchanged. The inverted velocity fields show that the flaring chromosphere is dominated by weak downflowing condensations at the formation height of Ca ii 8542 Å.