Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CREATION OF MARINE RESERVES AND INCENTIVES FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Abstract Despite a number of benefits, marine reserves provide neither incentives for fishermen to protect biodiversity nor compensation for financial loss due to the designation of the reserves. To obtain fishermen's support for marine reserves, some politicians have suggested that managers of new marine reserves should consider subsidizing or compensating those fishermen affected by the new operations. The objective of this paper is to apply principal–agent theory, which is still infrequently applied to fisheries, to define the optimal reserve area, fishing effort, and transfer payments in the context of symmetric and asymmetric information between managers and fishermen. The expected optimal reserve size under asymmetric information is smaller than that under symmetric information. Fishing efforts encouraged with a transfer payment are always less compared to those without payment. This reflects the fact that as the manager induces the fishermen to participate in the conservation program, the fishermen will take into account their effects on fish stock by decreasing their effort. Examples are also supplied to demonstrate these concepts.
Contents and Leachability of Heavy Metals (Pb, Cu, Sb, Zn, As) in Soil at the Pantex Firing Range, Amarillo, Texas

ABSTRACT Pantex firing range soil samples were analyzed for Pb, Cu, Sb, Zn, and As. One hundred ninety-seven samples were collected from the firing range and vicinity area. There was a lack of knowledge about the distribution of Pb in the firing range, so a random sampling with proportional allocation was chosen. Concentration levels of Pb and Cu in the firing range were found to be in the range of 11-4675 and 13-359 mg/kg, respectively. Concentration levels of Sb were found to be in the range of 1-517 mg/kg. However, the Zn and As concentration levels were close to average soil background levels. The Sn concentration level was expected to be higher in the Pantex firing range soil samples. However, it was found to be below the neutron activation analysis (NAA) detection limit of 75 mg/kg. Enrichment factor analysis showed that Pb and Sb were highly enriched in the firing range with average magnitudes of 55 and 90, respectively. Cu was enriched ~6 times more than the usual soil concentration levels. Tox-icity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was carried out on size-fractionated homogeneous soil samples. The concentration levels of Pb in leachates were found to be ~12 times higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory concentration level of 5 mg/L. Sequential extraction (SE) was also performed to characterize Pb and other trace elements into five different fractions. The highest Pb fraction was found with organic matter in the soil.
ANEURYSMAL SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, HYDROCEPHALUS, AND ACUTE PARAPARESIS

OBJECTIVE The triad of acute spontaneous intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), hydrocephalus, and profound paraparesis in the absence of anterior cerebral artery vasospasm or ischemia has not been described previously. In this report, we present 6 patients presenting with this triad and provide a critical analysis of the clinical characteristics, radiographic workup, and long-term outcome for such patients. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Six (0.9%) of 695 patients with nontraumatic SAH managed at Barnes-Jewish Hospital between January 2003 and January 2008 presented with profound paraparesis or paraplegia. All were Hunt and Hess Grade III or higher, and all had extensive SAH and ventriculomegaly on initial head computed tomography. Five patients underwent extensive spinal imaging, but no abnormality was identified. INTERVENTION Five patients underwent surgical aneurysm obliteration, whereas 1 patient had no underlying aneurysm identified on multiple angiograms. All of the patients required urgent ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus, and 5 patients went on to require permanent shunt placement. Five of the 6 patients had gradual resolution of their presenting paraparesis over the course of 3 to 6 months. CONCLUSION The clinical triad of SAH, hydrocephalus, and profound paraparesis has not been reported previously. In contrast to previous reports, these patients had aneurysms at varying sites, without evidence of vasospasm or ischemia. Interestingly, all required acute cerebrospinal fluid diversion, 5 of 6 patients required permanent shunting, and almost all demonstrated gradual and often complete resolution of their presenting paraparesis. The etiology of this syndrome remains to be defined, but a combined deleterious effect of SAH and acute ventricular distention on cerebral function is suggested.
Expectations of iPad Use in an Internal Medicine Residency Program: Is It Worth the “Hype”?

Background While early reports highlight the benefits of tablet computing in hospitals, introducing any new technology can result in inflated expectations. Objective The aim of the study is to compare anticipated expectations of Apple iPad use and perceptions after deployment among residents. Methods 115 internal medicine residents received Apple iPads in October 2010. Residents completed matched surveys on anticipated usage and perceptions after distribution 1 month prior and 4 months after deployment. Results In total, 99% (114/115) of residents responded. Prior to deployment, most residents believed that the iPad would improve patient care and efficiency on the wards; however, fewer residents “strongly agreed” after deployment (34% vs 15% for patient care, P<.001; 41% vs 24% for efficiency, P=.005). Residents with higher expectations were more likely to report using the iPad for placing orders post call and during admission (71% vs 44% post call, P=.01, and 16% vs 0% admission, P=.04). Previous Apple iOS product owners were also more likely to use the iPad in key areas. Overall, 84% of residents thought the iPad was a good investment for the residency program, and over half of residents (58%) reported that patients commented on the iPad in a positive way. Conclusions While the use of tablets such as the iPad by residents is generally well received, high initial expectations highlight the danger of implementing new technologies. Education on the realistic expectations of iPad benefits may be warranted.
Women entrepreneurs and business venture growth: an examination of the influence of human and social capital resources in an Indian context

Abstract Current understanding of women entrepreneurs, and in particular those within emerging economies, remains limited. This is despite the fact that the prevalence of women entrepreneurs across emerging economies has grown. Consequently, using India as a research context, the purpose of this study was to identify specific human and social capital factors that may contribute to venture growth for women entrepreneurs in emerging economies. Results suggest that both human and social capital factors play a role in determining business growth for Indian women entrepreneurs. Specifically, human capital factors related to industry experience as well as prior entrepreneurial experience were significant contributors, as were social capital factors related to the size of individuals’ business networks and the support received from family members. However, education, parental business ownership, and network composition characteristics relative to kinship ties were not significant predictors of venture growth in an Indian context.
Significance of coagulase negative Staphylococcus from blood cultures: persisting problems and partial progress in resource constrained settings

Background and Objectives: Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) is frequently isolated from blood cultures but their significance is difficult to interpret. CoNS bacteria which are often previously dismissed as culture contaminants are attracting greater importance as true pathogens in the past decades. Clinical evaluation of these isolates suggests that although there is a relative increase of CoNS associated bloodstream infections in recent years, the microorganisms still remain the most common contaminants in blood cultures. The objective of this study was to determine the significance of CoNS isolated from blood cultures. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the rate of contamination in blood cultures in a tertiary care hospital. The paired specimens of blood were cultured using conventional culture methods and the isolates of coagulase negative staphylococci were identified by standard methodology. Clinical data, laboratory indices, microbiological parameters and patient characteristics were analyzed. Results: Of 3503 blood samples, CoNS were isolated from blood culture of 307 patients (8.76%). The isolates were reported as true pathogens of bloodstream infections in only 74 out of 307 cases (24.1%). In the vast majority, 212 of 307 (69.0%), they were mere blood culture contaminants and reported as insignificant/contaminant. Conclusion: Determining whether a growth in the blood culture is a pathogen or a contaminant is a critical issue and multiple parameters have to be considered before arriving at a conclusion. Ideally, the molecular approach is for the most part a consistent method in determining the significant isolates of CoNS. However, in countries with inadequate resources, species identification and antibiogram tests are recommended when determining significance of these isolates.
The independent and interactive roles of motivation, opportunity, and distributive justice on bribery activities

Most of the existing literature does not clearly address what the specific motivations of firms engaging in bribery are, the topic that this study investigates. In addition, the conditions that could directly and indirectly facilitate bribery are also discussed. Moreover, the perceptions of the briber on the perceived outcomes delivered by local officials are also considered. Based on extensive surveys at four international trade exhibitions, this study finds that affiliation and power motives have direct relationships with bribery. The opportunity to bribe derives from pervasiveness and arbitrariness of the host country, and distributive justice is also directly related to bribery. Further findings indicate that the relationship between affiliation motive and bribery is moderated by perceived distributive justice, while the relationship between power motive and bribery is moderated by opportunity. Managerial implications and academic contributions also presented in this study.
Human Platelets Secrete Chemotactic Activity for Eosinophils

Thrombin-stimulated platelets liberate factors that induce chemotaxis of eosinophils and raise their cytosolic Ca2+ content ([Ca2+],). The sources of this activity are the denseand a-granules because inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide/thromboxane A2 formation and the platelet-activating factor receptor-antagonist WEB 2086 have no effect. Platelets from patients with Storage-Pool Deficiency show about 60% of the normal chemotactic activity with little effect on [Ca2+],, whereas completely degranulated platelets fail to affect eosinophils. In concentrations secreted by the
Evaluating Successful Livelihood Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change in Southern Africa

This paper examines the success of small-scale farming livelihoods in adapting to climate variability and change. We represent adaptation actions as choices within a response space that includes coping but also longer-term adaptation actions, and define success as those actions which promote system resilience, promote legitimate institutional change, and hence generate and sustain collective action. We explore data on social responses from four regions across South Africa and Mozambique facing a variety of climate risks. The analysis suggests that some collective adaptation actions enhance livelihood resilience to climate change and variability but others have negative spillover effects to other scales. Any assessment of successful adaptation is, however, constrained by the scale of analysis in terms of the temporal and spatial boundaries on the system being investigated. In addition, the diversity of mechanisms by which rural communities in southern Africa adapt to risks suggests that external interventions to assist adaptation will need to be sensitive to the location-specific nature of adaptation.
Golden-rule social security and public health in a dynastic model with endogenous longevity and fertility

In this paper we investigate long-run optimal social security and public health and their effects on fertility, longevity, capital intensity, output per worker and welfare in a dynastic model with altruistic bequests. Under empirically plausible conditions, social security and public health reduce fertility and raise longevity, capital intensity and output per worker. The effects of social security, except that on longevity, are stronger than those of public health. Numerically, they can improve welfare (better when they are used together than used separately). We also illustrate numerically that there exists a unique convergent solution in the dynamic system at the steady state.
Absorptive capacity, knowledge management and innovation in entrepreneurial small firms

– The purpose of this article is to explore SME capacity to absorb and manage knowledge as a prior condition to the successful adoption of innovations and entrepreneurial growth. , – Drawing on the findings from more than 1,500 SME owners across regular quarterly SERTeam surveys and from other large scale studies, this article examines the effects of experiential and formal knowledge on the development of SME absorptive capacity. , – There were significant age, educational and size effects that influence SME acquisition and assimilation of knowledge. Primarily, it is the small firms of 15+ employees that have the capacity to absorb and use new knowledge – especially those with higher educational levels and clear growth objectives. These firms are not startups but they do tend to be younger firms with younger founders. , – Given the main policy aim is the development of clusters and of knowledge‐based firms, policy makers should focus on SMEs recently started by graduates or people with technical qualifications; educators need to develop technology and innovation management programmes for these firms. , – This article makes an important contribution to the identification of priorities for public SME development support and areas where business schools and enterprise trainers could maximise their economic and developmental impact.
Managing ethically with global stakeholders: A present and future challenge

The article discusses aspects of managing ethically with global stakeholders. A firm's major stakeholders include consumers, employees, owners, the community government, competitors, and the natural environment. In the context of global ethics the community is the host nation in which the firm is doing business and the government represents all the separate sovereign nations that serve as hosts to investing multinational corporations. In terms of global ethics decision making the focus is on the extent to which the manager uses home-country ethical standards versus host-country ethical standards in shaping practice. The concept of corporate social responsibility appears to provide a framework for global business ethics.
The impact of market sentiment on capital structures in the USA

This paper represents one of the first studies to document an empirical relation between market sentiment and capital structure in the USA. In a sample of US firms we find that market sentiment as proxied by the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index is pervasive and significant in explaining firm financing decisions, both in the long and short terms. When market sentiment is higher firms in the following year have higher levels of debt. This result is robust to different regression models, different model specifications, as well as different calculations of sentiment and sample selection. The results confirm that the general level of optimism/pessimism in society affects financial decisions and leads to market wide phenomenon. This provides some support to the existing literature that overconfident managers use relatively more debt in a firm's capital structure. Market-to-book is found to be a significant determinant of capital structure as documented by previous studies. Evidence of persistence of long-past market-to-book ratios was shown to be not very robust.
Characterization of a Class of Functions Synthesized from Examples by a SUMMERS Like Method Using a "B.M.W." Matching Technique

This paper describes first a program synthesis from examples method using a SUMMERS like methodology together with a sophisticated pattern matching technique, the BOYER-MOORE-WEGBREIT algorithm. We then characterize the class of functions synthesized from a restricted BMW algorithm. Our methodology is founded on three grounds.The first one is a precise characterization of the list domains fitting the synthesis from examples problem. The second one is SUMMERS' technique of input-output examples transformation into computational traces. The third one is the description by a restricted program scheme of the functions in the class. It seems to us that the proofs methods easily extend to the general class.
POLLEN‐OVULE RATIOS: A CONSERVATIVE INDICATOR OF BREEDING SYSTEMS IN FLOWERING PLANTS

The evolutionary shift from xenogamy (outcrossing) to autogamy (selfing) has been mediated through decreased flower size and alterations in floral morphology (Ornduff, 1969) which reduce the energetic cost per flower (Cruden, unpubl.) and facilitate self-pollination, respectively. Recently, a number of workers have shown that the flowers of self-incompatible and other xenogamous taxa produce more pollen grains than closely related self-compatible and/or autogamous taxa (Arroyo, 1973; Baker, 1967; Cruden, 1973; Gibbs et al., 1975; Lloyd, 1965; Vries, 1974). In contrast to other floral characteristics the number of ovules per ovary in the taxa studied did not decrease. In these taxa the evolutionary shift from xenogamy to autogamy has been accompanied by a decrease in the ratio of pollen grains to ovules (PIO). It is generally accepted that differences in breeding systems tend to be correlated with successional stages. Colonizers of disturbed habitats and plants of early successional stages tend to be self-compatible and/or autogamous (Baker, 1955, 1959, 1965; Stebbins, 1958) whereas plants of later successional stages, including tropical forest trees, tend to be xenogamous (Baker, 1959; Bawa, 1974; Bawa and Opler, 1975; Stebbins, 1950, 1958). Since, as I will show, PIO's are an integral part of a plant's breeding system, they also should be correlated with habitat or successional stage. My overall objective is to show that PIO's reflect the likelihood of sufficient pollen grains reaching each stigma to result in maximum seed set. The more efficient the transfer of pollen, the lower the PIO should be. It follows logically that cleistogamous flowers should have the lowest PIO's, and that autogamous flowers will have lower PIO's than xenogamous flowers, i.e., that PIO's are correlated with breeding systems. My data show that this is the case and suggest that PI O's are integrated with other facets of a plant's breeding system. Second, I show that there is a strong correlation between the breeding system, hence PIO's, and successional stage. In addition, I briefly circumscribe what constitutes a sufficient number of pollen grains to assure maximum seed set and discuss evidence that supports the notion that some plants tend to minimize pollen production. Finally, I discuss deviations from the general pattern to show that PIO's are a better predictor of a plant's breeding system than other morphological characteristics.
Balance-of-payments constrained growth, structural change, and the Thai economy

This paper tests the balance-of-payments constrained growth model using Thailand as a case study. The study explicitly considers the potential existence of a structural break when estimating the model. On balance, it is found that Thailand's long-run economic growth over the period 1962-2009 is balance-of-payments constrained. Besides the positive effect of export growth, changes in the terms of trade also played a role, but had an adverse effect on the growth performance of Thailand. Thailand's economic growth declined following the Asian financial crisis in 1998 and this study reveals that the root cause of this disappointing performance lay in the dramatic decline in the world income elasticity of demand for its manufacturing exports. This is likely to be the result of an adverse structural change within the sector.
Agglomeration economies and location choice of Korean manufacturers within the United States

Employing the micro data for 1997–2004, we investigate the location decision of Korean-affiliated manufacturing investments in the United States. The conditional logit estimates confirm that although industry-specific Korean agglomeration and domestic agglomeration play an important role, the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) location is more sensitively affected by the interstate difference in endowment conditions than by the same nationality agglomeration. Both business service and intermediate good agglomeration are main determinants of FDI location. Furthermore, estimation results show substantial change in the location pattern after recovery from the Asian financial crisis. We find quite different patterns of location decision across industry groups; dispersion forces work greater than the agglomeration force in the consumer goods industry, forward linkages with US upstream firms can be seen in the assembly and processing industry, and typical follow-the-leader pattern mixed with market potential effect by Korean immigrants is seen in the basic material manufacturing industry.
Use of rpoB gene analysis for identification of nitrogen‐fixing Paenibacillus species as an alternative to the 16S rRNA gene

Aim: To avoid the limitations of 16S rRNA‐based phylogenetic analysis for Paenibacillus species, the usefulness of the RNA polymerase beta‐subunit encoding gene (rpoB) was investigated as an alternative to the 16S rRNA gene for taxonomic studies.
ClpB is the Escherichia coli heat shock protein F84.1

ClpB is thought to be involved in proteolysis because of its sequence similarity to the ClpA subunit of the ClpA-ClpP protease. It has recently been shown that ClpP is a heat shock protein. Here we show that ClpB is the Escherichia coli heat shock protein F84.1. The F84.1 protein was overproduced in strains containing the clpB gene on a plasmid and was absent from two-dimensional gels from a clpB null mutation. Besides possessing a slower growth rate at 44 degrees C, the null mutant strain had a higher rate of death at 50 degrees C. We used reverse transcription of in vivo mRNA to show that the clpB gene was expressed from a sigma 32-specific promoter consensus sequence at both 37 and 42 degrees C. We noted that the clpB+ gene also caused the appearance of a second protein spot, F68.5, on two-dimensional gels. This spot was approximately 147 amino acids smaller than F84.1 and most probably is the result of a second translational start on the clpB mRNA. F68.5 can be observed on many published two-dimensional gels of heat-induced E. coli proteins, but the original catalog of 17 heat shock proteins did not include this spot.