Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial patterns and determinants of postnatal care use in Ethiopia: findings from the 2016 demographic and health survey

Objective Postnatal care (PNC) is essential for preventing maternal and newborn deaths; however, it still remains less well recognised in low-income and middle-income countries. This study was aimed to explore geographical patterns and identify the determinants of PNC usage among women aged 15–49 years in Ethiopia. Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data. A total of 7193 women were included in this analysis. We employed spatial scan statistics to detect spatial inequalities of PNC usage among women. A multilevel binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with women’s PNC. Results The prevalence of PNC usage among women was 6.9% (95% CI 6.3% to 7.5%). The SaTScan spatial analysis identified three most likely clusters with low rates of PNC use namely southwestern Ethiopia (log likelihood ratio (LLR)=18.07, p<0.0001), southeast Ethiopia (LLR=14.29, p<0.001) and eastern Ethiopia (LLR=10.18, p=0.024). Women with no education (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR)=0.55, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.84) and in the poorest wealth quantile (AOR=0.55, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.78) were less likely to use PNC, while women aged 35–49 years (AOR: 1.75, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.04) and with at least four antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR=2.37, 95% CI 1.71 to 3.29) were more likely to use PNC. Conclusion PNC usage remains a public health problem and has spatial variations at regional levels in the country. Low prevalence of PNC was detected in the Somali, Oromia, Gambella and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region (SNNPR) regions. Women with low educational status, old age, being in poorest wealth quantile and history of ANC visits were significantly associated with PNC usage. Hence, it is better to strengthen maternal health programmes that give special emphasis on health promotion with a continuum of care during pregnancy.
Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil by Using Calcium Oxide Derived from Mud Clam Shell

The catalytic potential of calcium oxide synthesized from mud clam shell as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production was studied. The mud clam shell calcium oxide was characterized using particle size analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and BET gas sorption analyzer. The catalyst performance of mud clam shell calcium oxide was studied in the transesterification of castor oil as biodiesel. Catalyst characterization and transesterification study results of synthesized catalyst proved the efficiency of the natural derived catalyst for biodiesel production. A highest biodiesel yield of 96.7% was obtained at optimal parameters such as 1 : 14 oil-to-methanol molar ratio, 3% w/w catalyst concentration, 60°C reaction temperature, and 2-hour reaction time. Catalyst reusability test shows that the synthesized calcium oxide from mud clam shell is reusable up to 5 times.
Effects of asset ownership on child health indicators and educational performance in Tanzania

Using a nationally representative data from 3 waves of Tanzania National Panel Survey (TZNPS), we estimate the effects of household asset ownership and community assets on educational and health outcomes of children. We start with a simple modification of the quantity-quality tradeoff model to show a theoretical relationship between assets and child outcomes. Empirically, using the panel data random effects models, we are able to establish a causal relationship between child wellbeing and asset ownership. After controlling for household income proxied by current consumption, we find that assets have significant effects on both educational and health outcomes of children. Although assets have positive effects on child health outcomes, effect on educational outcome is asset specific. Household and community assets have positive effects on child educational performance but agricultural assets have adverse effects. JEL codes: I15, I25
Farmers' impatience and fertilizer use in Burkina Faso

This paper investigates the reasons why African farmers who face similar nan- cial constraints, market environments and agro-ecological conditions di er in their chemical fertilizer use behaviors. We analyze the in uence of individual preferences on fertilizer use. We model the fertilizer investment decision of a farmer : the model predicts that the quantity of fertilizer used is an increasing function of discounting. We then empirically test the empirical relevance of such a model, building upon an agricultural survey that we conducted on 1277 maize producers in the Mouhoun and Tuy provinces of Burkina Faso and upon an eld experiment we led to elicit their risk aversion and discounting. Controlling for individual nancial constraints and access to fertilizer, we show that experimental choices about time preferences correlate with observed fertilizer use behavior. This paper presents one of the the rst eld evidence that links hypothetical time discount questions to observed agri- cultural decisions. (Resume d'auteur)
Early Detection of Depression: Social Network Analysis and Random Forest Techniques

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) or depression is among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, affecting more than 300 million people globally. Early detection is critical for rapid intervention, which can potentially reduce the escalation of the disorder. Objective This study used data from social media networks to explore various methods of early detection of MDDs based on machine learning. We performed a thorough analysis of the dataset to characterize the subjects’ behavior based on different aspects of their writings: textual spreading, time gap, and time span. Methods We proposed 2 different approaches based on machine learning singleton and dual. The former uses 1 random forest (RF) classifier with 2 threshold functions, whereas the latter uses 2 independent RF classifiers, one to detect depressed subjects and another to identify nondepressed individuals. In both cases, features are defined from textual, semantic, and writing similarities. Results The evaluation follows a time-aware approach that rewards early detections and penalizes late detections. The results show how a dual model performs significantly better than the singleton model and is able to improve current state-of-the-art detection models by more than 10%. Conclusions Given the results, we consider that this study can help in the development of new solutions to deal with the early detection of depression on social networks.
Time-resolved DNA release from an O-antigen–specific Salmonella bacteriophage with a contractile tail

Myoviruses, bacteriophages with T4-like architecture, must contract their tails prior to DNA release. However, quantitative kinetic data on myovirus particle opening are lacking, although they are promising tools in bacteriophage-based antimicrobial strategies directed against Gram-negative hosts. For the first time, we show time-resolved DNA ejection from a bacteriophage with a contractile tail, the multi-O-antigen–specific Salmonella myovirus Det7. DNA release from Det7 was triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen receptors and notably slower than in noncontractile-tailed siphoviruses. Det7 showed two individual kinetic steps for tail contraction and particle opening. Our in vitro studies showed that highly specialized tailspike proteins (TSPs) are necessary to attach the particle to LPS. A P22-like TSP confers specificity for the Salmonella Typhimurium O-antigen. Moreover, crystal structure analysis at 1.63 Å resolution confirmed that Det7 recognized the Salmonella Anatum O-antigen via an ϵ15-like TSP, DettilonTSP. DNA ejection triggered by LPS from either host showed similar velocities, so particle opening is thus a process independent of O-antigen composition and the recognizing TSP. In Det7, at permissive temperatures TSPs mediate O-antigen cleavage and couple cell surface binding with DNA ejection, but no irreversible adsorption occurred at low temperatures. This finding was in contrast to short-tailed Salmonella podoviruses, illustrating that tailed phages use common particle-opening mechanisms but have specialized into different infection niches.
Quartet cards as the media of career exploration for lower-grade primary school students

A career developed through the optimization of one’s potentials will irrevocably play a role in the development of self-identity as well as the psychological well-being of the individual. When children are introduced and allowed to explore as many career options as possible during their developmental stage, they are more likely to have a fruitful career development in the future. The preceding study showed that the career interests and knowledge of lower-grade primary students fit the Holland Career Categories: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional (RIASEC). It was also found that the students’ career interest and knowledge levels varied, with most in the low level. This second-year study aims to expand the results of the previous study by developing the use of Quartet cards as the media of career exploration for lower-grade primary students. By using the research and development method, this study develops Quartet Career Cards into three difficulty levels: low, medium, and high. The Quartet cards media have undergone feasibility tests conducted by experts in theory and media, as well as a series of field testing consisting of preliminary, main, and operational stages among a total of 266 primary students of grades 1, 2, and 3. A revision was made on several components including the images, information, colors, font sizes, illustration styles, and card sizes. The findings show that Quartet Career Cards meet the feasibility standards for the media of career exploration
Bank Competition, Stock Market and Economic Growth in Ghana

The paper empirically investigates the relationship between bank competition, stock market and economic growth in Ghana using time series data for the period between 1992 and 2009. Short and long run relationship were established within the frameworks of Granger causality and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)/ Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (OLS) approach respectively. It was found that bank competition and stock market development granger cause economic growth in Ghana. Also, in the long run, banking competition is good for economic growth. However, there is a disproportionate response of economic growth to stock market development. It is recommended that policy to promote banking competition should be vigorously pursued.
What are algal turfs? Towards a better description of turfs

The use of standardised classifications, or operational definitions, is essential if dif- ferent researchers are to measure and compare similar entities. In the marine realm, algal 'turfs' are increasingly reported to be globally expanding at the expense of kelps and canopy-forming algae. However, ecological research about the underlying drivers of this shift is limited by a vague and inconsistent definition of what exactly a turf is. In order to stimulate more effective descriptions of 'turfs' and facilitate communication of research outcomes and comparisons across studies, we reviewed the use of the term turf in ecological studies of temperate coasts and coral reefs and (1) identified the main types and distribution of algal assemblages known as 'turfs', (2) examined the descriptions of turfs so that we may recognise some general characteris- tics, including those contingent on environmental conditions; and (3) offered character descrip- tions that could improve communication and comparisons. These descriptors centre on reporting information on the morphology, height, density of thalli, the amount of sediment trapped in turfs and a description of the area covered by turfs, including their patchiness and persistence. Our review recognised these as common attributes that could be usefully described across a wide range of circumstances and provide insights into the ecology of turfs and their interactions with other assemblages in a community. The use of common descriptors would provide the term 'turf' with greater scientific value.
Measuring E-Learning Readiness among EFL Teachers in Intermediate Public Schools in Saudi Arabia.

This studywill determine their readiness level for the e-learning in several aspects such as attitude toward e-learning, and computer literacy also this study attempt to investigate the main the barriers that EFL teachers have to overcome while incorporating e-learning into their teaching. The theory upon which the study was technology acceptance model (TAM) was selected to measure the attitude toward e-learning among EFL teachers and computer literacy. The sample of the study is 71 EFL teachers from the public school. Who were randomly selected to take part in the questionnaire. The findings revealed that the level of computer literacy has a positive influenced on the attitude toward e-learning among EFL teachers in the public school. The EFL teachers showed that the administration did not quite support the e-learning in their schools. The poor support of school administration in e-learning indicates that there is an administrative gap between the Minister of Education and schools’ administration. This issue arises due to unclear e-learning policy in the education in Saudi Arabia. This issue also had an impact on the school administration in support e-learning. It is claimed that EFL teachers had two important issues when they adopt e-learning in their teaching: lack of reliability of the software and lack of time.
Electrochromic glazing and facade photovoltaic panels: a strategic assessment of the potential energy benefits

This article describes a methodology to compare the energy benefit that may result from the adoption of two very different facade technologies in non-domestic buildings. A comparison is made of the energy benefit that might result from: (a) replacing conventional glass with electrochromic (EC) glazing; and, (b) installing PV panels across the opaque sections of vertical facade. The energy benefit from electrochromic glazing is predicted on the basis of displaced electric lighting usage against standard glazing with blinds, whereas the energy benefit from facade PV panels is equal to their delivered electrical output. The evaluation setting is a `typical' six metre deep perimeter office space with vertical glazing. Office orientations for each of the four cardinal compass points are considered. Performance evaluations are founded on a full year's hourly meteorological data for fourteen locales across the world. The predicted energy benefit from electrochromic glazing and facade PV are related to the total annual vertical irradiation incident on the building facade. The findings indicate that the energy benefit that results from replacing standard glazing with electrochromic glazing may exceed that of facade PV for the majority of cases studied. Surprisingly, electrochromic glazings are found to provide the greatest energy benefit for those cases at the lower end of the experienced range in total annual vertical irradiation. The effectiveness of widespread deployment across multiple facades for each locale is examined. The likelihood that electrochromic glazing alone can offer sufficient solar protection without recourse to additional shading is assessed using the recently formulated useful daylight illuminance (UDI) scheme.
Incorporation of Milk Yield, Dry Matter Intake and Phosphorous Excretion Predictive Functions in the Development of a Multi-Objective Dairy Feed Formulation Software Program

Predictive functions for milk yield, dry matter intake, and phosphorous-manure derived from the National Research Council 2001 and the present study were incorporated in the development of a multiple objective dairy feed formulation software program (MoF-Dairy Edition-2010); that attempted to optimise feed cost, milk yield and profits while minimising Phosphorous-excretion in manure. Important objects in the feed milling industry considered in the program development were feed millers, dairy farmers, and government feed policy regulatory guidelines. The multi-objective formulation approach comprises hierarchical design levels which include data, model, tools, and output layers. Program database objects are manipulated using VB.NET programming language within a Microsoft . NET Framework Environment. Users interact with the program by providing individual details after which a customer system instance is created. Program formulation inputs are entered through VB forms linked to the core simulation model layer (Microsoft SQL Server Database) to automatically calculate and generate nutrient requirements in accordance with NRC, 2001 for the particular cow or cow production groups under specified production performance parameters. The final solution is obtained by allowing the program to solve for the most feasible combination of available ingredients under the imposed formulation, ingredient as well as nutrient constraints. Program outputs include tailor-made reports on feed formulae; and the accompanying physical nutrient compositions and nutrient deviation analysis; potential unit and gross P-manure environmental pollution, and business economic analysis; detailing concentrate supplementation rates per cow per milking as well as the corresponding projected daily milk profit margins.
Reducing Rural Households' Annual Income Fluctuations Due to Rainfall Variation Through Diversification of Wildlife Use: Portfolio Theory in a Case Study of South Eastern Zimbabwe

Annual rural incomes in Southern Africa show large rainfall-induced fluctuations. Variable rainfall has serious implications for agro-pastoral activities (crop cultivation and livestock keeping), whereas wildlife and tourism are less affected. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of wildlife income in reducing rainfall-induced fluctuations in households' annual incomes. We analyse costs and benefits from agro-pastoral systems in southeastern Zimbabwe by means of a two-tier longitudinal survey and wildlife benefits through analysis of wildlife revenues. We use the portfolio theory framework to investigate whether wildlife conservation has the potential for farmers to reduce risk associated with agricultural production. Results show that even though wildlife income is small, it tends to be less volatile than income from the agro-pastoral system. Furthermore, the addition of wildlife as an asset to the rural farmers' portfolio of assets showed that wildlife can be used as a hedge asset to offset risk from agricultural production without compromising on return. The potential of diversification using wildlife is, however, limited since agriculture and wildlife assets are positively correlated. We conclude that revenues from wildlife have some potential to reduce annual household income fluctuations, but only to a limited extent. We argue that if wildlife is organised on a more commercial basis, a more substantial role can be played by wildlife income in reducing variations in rural households' incomes.
Open dialogue in the UK: qualitative study

Background Open dialogue is an integrative approach to the organisation of specialist mental health services and therapeutic meetings. Aims This qualitative study sought to explore service users' and clinicians’ experiences of network meetings during the implementation of open dialogue in a modified version, for a UK-based mental health service. Method In total 19 participants were interviewed (8 service users and 11 clinicians) and an inductive thematic analysis of the data was conducted. Results Four dominant themes were identified: (1) open dialogue delivery, (2) the impact of open dialogue principles; (3) intense interactions and enhanced communication, and (4) organisational challenges. Clinicians considered open dialogue as a preferred, but challenging way of working, while being therapeutic. The data indicated that service users' experiences of network meetings were mixed. There was a wide variety of service user views as to what the purpose of a network meeting was and for some witnessing reflective conversations felt strange. However, the majority described feeling listened to and understood, excluding one service user who described their experience as distressing. Clinicians expressed an authentic self in their interactions with service users and both service users and clinicians described network meetings as emotionally expressive, although this was described as overwhelming at times. Conclusions The results of this thematic analysis indicate that service users' and clinicians’ experiences of open dialogue warrant further investigation. The intensity of interactions in network meetings should be carefully considered with service users before gaining consent to commence treatment. Implementation of open dialogue should be monitored to assess clinician- and service-level adherence to the principles of the approach. Declaration of interest None.
Comparative Correlatives in German and Dutch: Germanic Word Order and Some Asymmetry

The present article approaches comparative correlatives in German and Dutch from the viewpoint of the cartographic approach. In particular, we address this issue by utilizing the notion of “selfanswering questions” that den Dikken et al. (2000) posit in their investigation of a type of specificational pseudocleft. We argue that German comparative correlatives and some types of Dutch counterparts constitute a topic-comment structure, forming a Topic projection, while simultaneously establishing a copula structure, i.e. TP, by the “in-parallel” probes advocated by Chomsky (2008). On the other hand, a certain type of Dutch comparative correlative, made up of the same initial phrases with hoe, forms a simple copula structure without requiring the topiccomment structure while the matrix copula verb is covert. This analysis of a type of comparative correlative is compatible with Iwasaki’s (2011) argument on English comparative correlatives, which adopts Culicover & Jackendoff’s (1999) abandoned “Hypothesis E” and insists that the comparative correlative comprises the TP with the covert T and V. The argument that some types of Dutch comparative correlatives, as well as German counterparts, characterize a topic-comment structure is called for by the consideration of the verb position, whereby the topic is an independent sentence and so is the comment. The argument that a type of Dutch comparative correlative is a copula structure is supported by the verb position that signals that the second clause is an embedded clause.