Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
International regulation of audit quality: full harmonization or mutual recognition? An economic approach

The market for audit services is modelled as a market with vertical product differentiation, rigid demand, third-party externalities and a liability rule. This framework is used to choose between full harmonization and mutual recognition as possible international regulatory regimes for audit quality. It is shown that if third-party externalities are zero, then full harmonization is at least as good as mutual recognition. If, however, externalities are not zero, then mutual recognition can yield a higher level of social welfare than full harmonization. These results are relevant for the debate on the international regulation of the provision of audit services, especially within the EU, and show that full harmonization is not necessarily the best option.
Modeling for Evaluation and Prediction of Effects of Short-Term Atmospheric Disturbance on Air-Sea Material Cycling

which the prediction accuracy depends on the certainties of parameters embedded in the models. However, some prognostic variables and parameters in models have large uncertainties because they have been simplified too much, or have not been calibrated sufficiently by observed results. Moreover, existing models cannot reproduce the influences of land materials discharged to the ocean through rivers on the coastal ecosystem and material cycling. Therefore, we need to implement necessary processes into models, without compromising the models’ conciseness, to reduce uncertainties in the parameter values, and to improve the models’ reliability for evaluating and predicting the effects of man-made activities, including global warming, on the marine ecosystem and air-sea material cycling. Considering the current situations above, the purpose of this study was to develop a marine ecosystem model that can evaluate and predict the detailed effects of man-made activities, including global warming, on the marine biomass and bioModeling for Evaluation and Prediction of Effects of ShortTerm Atmospheric Disturbance on Air-Sea Material Cycling
Do contemporaneous armed challenges affect the outcomes of mass nonviolent campaigns

Civil resistance is a powerful strategy for promoting major social and political change, yet no study has systematically evaluated the effects of simultaneous armed resistance on the success rates of unarmed resistance campaigns. Using the Nonviolent and Violent Conflict Outcomes (NAVCO 1.1) data set, which includes aggregate data on 106 primarily nonviolent resistance campaigns from 1900 to 2006 with maximalist political objectives, we find that contemporaneous armed struggles do not have positive effects on the outcome of nonviolent campaigns. We do find evidence for an indirect negative effect, in that contemporaneous armed struggles are negatively associated with popular participation and are, consequently, correlated with reduced chances of success for otherwise-unarmed campaigns. Two paired comparisons suggest that negative violent flank effects operated strongly in two unsuccessful cases (the 8-8-88 challenge in Burma in 1988 and the South African antiapartheid challenge from 1952 to 1961, with vio.
Thermal Conversion of Terminalia catappa Wood using Ni / NZA Catalyst to Produce pyrolysis Oil

Pyrolysis oil can be produced by pyrolysis of terminalia catappa wood using Ni/NZA catalyst. Objective of this research is to produce pyrolysis oil from terminalia catappa wood biomass as an alternative fuel, whille studying effect of weight ratio of catalyst Ni/NZA to biomass, effect of metal impregnation Nickel (Ni) on Natural Zeolite deAluminated (NZA) and characterization of physical and chemical properties of pyrolysis oil also studied. Process of pyrolysis was carried out in a pyrolysis reactor where 50 grams of biomass having + 100-200 mesh sieve size, various ratio of catalyst Ni/NZA to biomass weight of 2%; 4% and 6% and Ni metal impregnated onto Natural Zeolite deAluminated (NZA) of 0%; 1%; 1.5% and 2% and a silinap 500 ml were well mixed at temperature of 320 C under flowing of Nitrogen and then organic vapour produced were allowed to flow to a condenser for condensation and measured as pyrolysis oil. From the results it was found the largest yield of oil was on the use of ratio catalyst Ni/NZA to biomass 4% having the metal content of 2% which is 68.22%. Physical properties of pyrolysis oil was obtained density 0.806 g/ml, viscosity 7.591 cSt, acidity 74.078 mg NaOH/g sample, flash point 45.971 C and calorific value 43.708 MJ/kg respectively. And then chemical analysis of pyrolysis oil using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) was obtained several dominant chemical components such as acetic acid, 2-propanone, 1,2-ethanediol, propionic acid and methyl acetate respectively.
Genotoxicity Induced by Ocupational Exposure to Pesticides

OGG1 Ser326Cys: rs1052133 and XRCC1 Arg194Trp: rs1799782 as well as the combined genotypes of these polymorphisms with PON1 Gln192Arg. The modifications of the genotoxic susceptibility as a function of pesticide exposure was measured by MN tests and DNA damage induction in the peripheral leukocytes of the vineyard workers. Our study demonstrated that the polymor‐ phisms in the BER pathway could modulate the susceptibility to DNA damage caused by the pesticides. Since this repair pathway is the major cellular defense against oxidative DNA damage, our results corroborate existing evidence, which suggests an involvement of oxidative damage in the pesticide-induced genotoxic effects. Our study also reinforces the importance of considering combined effects of metabolism and repair-variable genotypes on the individ‐ ual susceptibility towards DNA damage. It seems feasible to conclude that these two processes act cooperatively in determining the final response to pesticide exposure. to overcome the induction of oxidative stress. the level of peroxidation was significantly different in the harvest group relative to application and control groups. feasible to that the in to all the free and compensate for the increased levels of lipid peroxidation. and (PPE) an onto results obtained from the tests. An age observed for (exposed and control). with relative to those without. We ± The examined exposure time was 30.3 ± 15.6 years. The results showed increased levels of MN in lymphocytes and modified consumption of folates and B 12, (p = 0.030 and p = 0.014, respectively). No significant correlation between DNA damage (MN frequency, comet assay) and age, gender, smoking, years of exposure or BMI could be observed. Similar results were obtained for the genetic polymorphism of MTHFR C677T. A diet with appropriate folate and vitamin B 12 supplements was able to facilitate adequate DNA repair.
Climate change and plant distribution: local models predict high‐elevation persistence

Mountain ecosystems will likely be affected by global warming during the 21st century, with substantial biodiversity loss predicted by species distribution models (SDMs). Depending on the geographic extent, elevation range, and spatial resolution of data used in making these models, different rates of habitat loss have been predicted, with associated risk of species extinction. Few coordinated across‐scale comparisons have been made using data of different resolutions and geographic extents. Here, we assess whether climate change‐induced habitat losses predicted at the European scale (10 × 10′ grid cells) are also predicted from local‐scale data and modeling (25 m × 25 m grid cells) in two regions of the Swiss Alps. We show that local‐scale models predict persistence of suitable habitats in up to 100% of species that were predicted by a European‐scale model to lose all their suitable habitats in the area. Proportion of habitat loss depends on climate change scenario and study area. We find good agreement between the mismatch in predictions between scales and the fine‐grain elevation range within 10 × 10′ cells. The greatest prediction discrepancy for alpine species occurs in the area with the largest nival zone. Our results suggest elevation range as the main driver for the observed prediction discrepancies. Local‐scale projections may better reflect the possibility for species to track their climatic requirement toward higher elevations.
Ammonia and nitrite oxidation in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific

Nitrification plays a key role in the marine nitrogen (N) cycle, including in oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), which are hot spots for denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox). Recent evidence suggests that nitrification links the source (remineralized organic matter) and sink (denitrification and anammox) of fixed N directly in the steep oxycline in the OMZs. We performed shipboard incubations with 15N tracers to characterize the depth distribution of nitrification in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP). Additional experiments were conducted to investigate photoinhibition. Allylthiourea (ATU) was used to distinguish the contribution of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidation. The abundance of archaeal and β‐proteobacterial ammonia monooxygenase gene subunit A (amoA) was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The rates of ammonia and nitrite oxidation showed distinct subsurface maxima, with the latter slightly deeper than the former. The ammonia oxidation maximum coincided with the primary nitrite concentration maximum, archaeal amoA gene maximum, and the subsurface nitrous oxide maximum. Negligible rates of ammonia oxidation were found at anoxic depths, where high rates of nitrite oxidation were measured. Archaeal amoA gene abundance was generally 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than bacterial amoA gene abundance, and inhibition of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria with 10 μM ATU did not affect ammonia oxidation rates, indicating the dominance of archaea in ammonia oxidation. These results depict highly dynamic activities of ammonia and nitrite oxidation in the oxycline of the ETNP OMZ.
Gaussian Semi‐parametric Estimation of Fractional Cointegration

Abstract. We analyse consistent estimation of the memory parameters of a nonstationary fractionally cointegrated vector time series. Assuming that the cointegrating relationship has substantially less memory than the observed series, we show that a multi‐variate Gaussian semi‐parametric estimate, based on initial consistent estimates and possibly tapered observations, is asymptotically normal. The estimates of the memory parameters can rely either on original (for stationary errors) or on differenced residuals (for nonstationary errors) assuming only a convergence rate for a preliminary slope estimate. If this rate is fast enough, semi‐parametric memory estimates are not affected by the use of residuals and retain the same asymptotic distribution as if the true cointegrating relationship were known. Only local conditions on the spectral densities around zero frequency for linear processes are assumed. We concentrate on a bivariate system but discuss multi‐variate generalizations and show the performance of the estimates with simulated and real data.
Fraction Character izations Using the Laser-Induced Incandescence Detection Method

There is an urgent need to decrease the total emissions from combustion systems including diesel and spark ignition (SI) reciprocating engines, power plants, and other industrial faciliti es. The undesirable exhaust emissions include CO2, NOx, SOx, aerosol, and particulate matter. In particular, aerosols and particulate are known to produce adverse health effects and are suspected of contributing to high alti tude clouds, which adversely affect the earth’s climatology. Besides environmental and health concerns, there is also a strong need to control soot and other particulates in the exhaust plume because of their adverse influence on the performance of the power generation systems. In order to develop processes and techniques for limiting the emission of soot, we must first possess suitable means for reliably measuring various soot-related parameters.
Regularity results for the solutions of a non-local model of traffic flow

We consider a non-local traffic model involving a convolution product. Unlike other studies, the considered kernel is discontinuous on R. We prove Sobolev estimates and prove the convergence of approximate solutions solving a viscous and regularized non-local equation. It leads to weak, $C([0,T],L^2(\R))$, and smooth, $W^{2,2N}([0,T]\times\R)$, solutions for the non-local traffic model.
Measurable dynamics of $S$-unimodal maps of the interval

— In this paper we sum up our results on one-dimensional measurable dynamics reducing them to the S-unimodal case (compare Appendix 2). Let / be an S-unimodal map of the interval having no limit cycles. Then / is ergodic with respect to the Lebesgue measure, and has a unique attractor A in the sense of Milnor. This attractor coincides with the conservative kernel of/. There are no strongly wandering sets of positive measure. If / has a finite a. c. i. (absolutely continuous invariant) measure a, then it has positive entropy: h^(f)>0. This result is closely related to the following: the measure of Feigenbaum-like attractors is equal to zero. Some extra topological properties of Cantor attractors are studied.
DIFFERENCES IN CONCENTRATIONS OF ALLERGENIC POLLENS AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS IN DENIZLI, TURKEY

An investigation was carried out on the airborne pollen fall in the State of Denizli during the year 2000. Two Durham samplers were placed at different heights above the ground. The averages of pollen counts from 2 samplers were calculated at the end of year. The pollen from 34 flowering plant taxa (20 arboreal +14 non-arboreal) with a total average of 6856 grains/cm 2 dominated the atmosphere in this State. Out of these 83.9 % belonged to the arboreal, 16.10 % to the non-arboreal plants and 6.25% were from the family Poaceae. The pollen counts from two heights were different. At higher level (15 m) the total pollen concentration was 7717 per cm 2 , out of which 6471 per cm 2 were of arboreal origin and 1246 per cm 2 non-arboreal ones. At the lower level (1.50 m) it was 5995 per cm 2 , out of which 5033 per cm 2 belonged to the arboreal and 962 per cm 2 to the non-arboreal group. The maximum number of pollen counts was recorded from the arboreal plants because this area gets enough precipitation for the growth of arboreal species The highest number of pollen in the arboreal plants followed the trend as; Pinaceae (40.92%), Cupressaceae/Taxaceae (14.16%), Quercus (9.8%), Olea europaea (7.03%) and Platanus orientalis (5.69%), and for nonarboreal representatives these were Poaceae (6.25%) Chenopodiaceae/ Amaranthaceae (2.67%), Fabaceae (1.65%) and Carex (1.22%). Maximum pollen density was recorded during the spring season and minimum in autumn. During this study period the number of allergic patients treated in the hospitals was 1552 persons, with an outstanding increase during the months of April, March, May and August.
Sensitivity of tree growth to the atmospheric vertical profile in the Boreal Plains of Manitoba, Canada

This paper investigates the influence of surface climate and atmospheric circulation on radial growth of eight boreal tree species growing in the Duck Mountain Provincial Forest, Manitoba, Canada. Tree-ring residual chronologies were built, transformed into principal components (PCs), and analysed through correlation and response functions to reveal their associations to climate (temperature, precipitation, and drought data for the period 19121999, as well as local geopotential height data for the period 19481999). Geopotential height correlation and composite charts for the Northern Hemisphere were also constructed. Correlation and response function coefficients indicated that radial growth of all species was negatively affected by temperature-induced drought stresses from the summers previous and current to ring formation. The summer drought stress alone explained nearly 28% of the variance in PC1. Warm spring temperature was also a positive factor for Pinus banksiana Lamb. and Picea glauca (Moench) V.
On the rank of the Rees–Sushkevich varieties

A specific numerical characteristic of a variety of semigroups, the rank, is introduced. It is proved that the Rees–Sushkevich varieties with the same derivative, i.e., containing the same 0-simple semigroups, are determined by their rank uniquely up to permutation identities. As a consequence, answers to several well-known questions are obtained. In particular, a description is given for the Rees–Sushkevich varieties satisfying finiteness conditions (finiteness of the base of identities or of the lattice of subvarieties, generation by a finite semigroup or by a completely 0-simple semigroup, the condition of maximality, minimality, finite width, etc.). Some applications of an algorithmic nature are presented. In particular, it is shown that a Rees–Sushkevich variety defined by a finite set of identities or by a finite semigroup has a decidable (polynomially decidable) equational theory if and only if its derivative has the same property. This holds true for combinatorial varieties.
Dielectric Trapping of Biopolymers Translocating through Insulating Membranes

Sensitive sequencing of biopolymers by nanopore-based translocation techniques requires an extension of the time spent by the molecule in the pore. We develop an electrostatic theory of polymer translocation to show that the translocation time can be extended via the dielectric trapping of the polymer. In dilute salt conditions, the dielectric contrast between the low permittivity membrane and large permittivity solvent gives rise to attractive interactions between the cis and trans portions of the polymer. This self-attraction acts as a dielectric trap that can enhance the translocation time by orders of magnitude. We also find that electrostatic interactions result in the piecewise scaling of the translocation time τ with the polymer length L. In the short polymer regime L≲10 nm where the external drift force dominates electrostatic polymer interactions, the translocation is characterized by the drift behavior τ∼L2. In the intermediate length regime 10nm≲L≲κb−1 where κb is the Debye–Hückel screening parameter, the dielectric trap takes over the drift force. As a result, increasing polymer length leads to quasi-exponential growth of the translocation time. Finally, in the regime of long polymers L≳κb−1 where salt screening leads to the saturation of the dielectric trap, the translocation time grows linearly as τ∼L. This strong departure from the drift behavior highlights the essential role played by electrostatic interactions in polymer translocation.
Influence Of Library Environment And User Education On Undergraduates’ Use Of Library At The University Of Ibadan, Nigeria

The study investigated the influence of library environment and user education on undergraduates’ use of the University central library at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.The study adopted the survey research design and the population consisted of 18,034 regular undergraduates in ten faculties from which a sample size of 360 respondents was selected using the proportionate, random sampling technique. The research instrument used for data collection was a self-developed questionnaire while data was analysed using frequency distribution, percentages, mean and standard deviation together with regression and correlation analysis.The finding of the study revealed that library environment at the University of Ibadan was characterised by good library building (mean=3.75), seating arrangement (mean=3.59), availability of information resources (mean=3.54), and fair electricity supply while there was poor Internet connectivity and Wi-Fi within and outside the library (mean=2.39). Methods of delivering user education were library orientation for new students (64.3%) and use of library course (53.4%) with guided library tour. Most undergraduates used the library daily or weekly in order to study and read for examinations. However, inadequate technological facilities to use for electronic sources (mean=2.65), and poor network/internet connectivity to access electronic databases were some of the major challenges of using the University library. The study found a significant relationship between the independent variables (library environment and user education) and the dependent variable (use of library) (r = .342, N= 322, P < .01); while both library environment and user education jointly and independently contributed to the use of library among the undergraduates. programmes given more priority in the University library in order to sensitise more students and draw their attention to the available resources and services while the environment of the University library (both internal and external) should be made more conducive to always attract the users to the library.
Enhanced Removal of Heavy Metals and SOD-1 Rises by Chronic Nutraceutical Supplementation in Patients with Long-Term Dental Amalgams

Introduction: The accumulations of heavy metal/s in human body is a serious health problem. Aim: we have evaluated whether 80 days of chronic supplementation with several nutraceuticals (selenium, silimarine, L-Glutamine, L-Glutathione, Cordiceps among others) could prevent heavy metal accumulation in patients with long-term amalgams (n=17, average: 5 dental amalgams for 15 years). These selected patients have long-term dental amalgams for at least 10 years (average: 15 years) and they had five amalgams (average). In addition, we have evaluated whether 80 days of nutraceutical supplementation (day 80) may prevent certain oligoelement/s deficency found among patients with long-term dental amalgams as compare their basal levels (day zero, d0: controls before any supplementation). Material and methods: we have compared a plethora of hair’s heavy metals/oligoelements among patients with longterm dental amalgams after 80 days of nutritional supplementation (n=17, day 80 (d80), g/g hair by ICP-MS) as compare their basal levels before any supplementation (day zero, n=17). The mean heavy metals/oligoelements +S.E. M are shown as control percentage before any supplementation (day 0, controls are 100 % of value). Results: The chronic supplementation with nutraceuticals for 80 consecutive days rised salivary SOD-1 and increased GSH (reduced form) levels and also prevented heavy metal accumulation; in fact, their Hg, Ag, Sn, Cu, Al, Pb) levels were significantly reduced after 80 days of supplementation among patients with long-term dental amalgams (average: 5) as compare their basal levels (before any supplementation at day 0). In addition, Sodium (Na) levels decreased, Boron and Lithium increased after 80 days of supplementation as compare their respective basal levels. Conclusion: These salivary GSH and SOD-1 activity rised could enhance heavy metal detoxification after 80 days of supplementation with nutraceuticals (silimarine, selenium (Se), L-Glutamine, Cordiceps) in these patients. This is the first clinical study in which phytonaturals enhanced heavy metal/s removal and also rised endogenous antioxidant systems (SOD-1 activity or GSH levels) among patients with long-term dental amalgams (five).