Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Use of signalling nouns in a learner corpus

Signalling nouns are nouns which have cohesive properties across and within clauses. A signalling noun is potentially any abstract noun the full meaning of which can only be made specific by reference to its context. Examples of nouns which can function as signalling nouns are attitude, assistance, difficulty, endurance, process, reason, result etc. Signalling nouns in discourse are closely associated with nominalisation and are problematic for learners. Based on a corpus of argumentative essays written by Cantonese L1 learners of English, this paper presents a taxonomy of error types and frequency data of the different error types in the use of signalling nouns. The paper then compares the average number of signalling nouns used per essay with grades awarded to the essays, on the one hand, and the numbers of signalling noun errors according to grades, on the other. In both cases there is a significant correlation. The findings confirm the intuitive idea that the use of signalling nouns adds to the overall coherence of a text.
Design of adaptive algorithms for the tracking of time‐varying systems

Abstract The design of adaptive algorithms for the purpose of the tracking of slowly time varying systems is investigated . A criterion for measuring the tracking capability of an algorithm in this situation was introduced in an earlier work; the domain of vali dity of this criterion is shown to be much wider than expected before. On the other hand, multistep algorithms, introduced in the Soviet literature, are generalized and systematically studied; they are shown to provide significant improvements over the classical (one-step) methods for the purpose of tracking. Finally, a complete design me thodology for adaptive algorithms used on time varying systems is given.
Effect of change point and imperfect debugging in software reliability and its optimal release policy

This article presents a software reliability growth model based on non-homogeneous Poisson process. The main focus of this article is to deliver a method for software reliability modelling incorporating the concept of time-dependent fault introduction and fault removal rate with change point. Also in this article, a cost model with change point has been developed. Based on the cost model optimal release policy with change point has been discussed. Maximum likelihood technique has been applied to estimate the parameters of the model. The proposed model has been validated using some real software failure data. Comparison has been made with models incorporating change point and without change point. The application of the proposed cost model has been shown using some numerical examples.
Wireless Mobile Internet

In this paper an overview of the traditional IP networks along with a brief concept of wireless IP network is described. The concept has been extended to wireless networks with mobile IP and their integration with the internet. Third generation partnership project approach to integrating mobile IP based on core network nodes has been discussed. Mobile IP technology for providing wireless multimedia services is also briefly touched upon.
THE EFFECTS OF LANGUAGE OF ASSESSMENT AND L2 READING PERFORMANCE ON ADVANCED READERS' RECALL

function of language of recall task and/or former L2 reading performance has yet to be investigated. The present study examines how much variance in L2 comprehension, measured via written recall, is accounted for by the condition (L1 or L2) of assessment under which it is administered. It also considers prior L2 reading achievement as a predictor of comprehension with advanced learners. Participants were 106 learners enrolled in Advanced Spanish at the university. Initial results indicate that overall language of recall does not matter with learners from advanced levels of language instruction. Language of recall accounts for only 3% of variance in written recall. However, when advanced learners are further analyzed according to prior L2 reading achievement instead of level of instruction, there are significant differences in the quantity recalled by language. Readers recall better in their native language when L2 reading achievement is taken into account, with learners of lower L2 reading achievement performing better on L1 recalls than L2 recalls. Prior L2 reading performance accounts for 28% of variance in L2 written recall. This positive relationship holds important implications for research, and it may suggest that, with learners from advanced levels of language instruction, researchers should assess reading achievement before making a decision about language of assessment for comprehension.
User Participation—A Closed Dialogue

User participation—a closed dialogue Prologue The arguments presented in this paper centre on attempts to forge architectures that are appropriate to the new South Africa. These efforts are rooted in our long-held, our modernist commitment to architectures that do not simply reflect the societies in which they are produced. Buildings, for us, are not merely images of what is, of how we live presently. On the contrary, we hold that, via its material presence as embodied human action, architecture can and does speak of what might be, of how we might live. Appropriate architectures for the new South Africa must, then, help to shape, to educate, people's desires. This, of course, is far from being solely a matter of form, of style. In the 19th century, engineers and architects were called on to accommodate new social relationships in the new building types they designed: factories, railway stations, public libraries, . So, in the 1990s, South African designers are being summoned to apply their knowledge and skills to the new spatial demands of their burgeoning democratic society. In confronting these expectations, architects are pressed to work closely with the users of the buildings they design; with, that is, the people, the community. In short, the new spatial forms which professionals propose are to embody the participatory processes by which they must be produced.
Evaluating the use of machine translation post-editing in the foreign language class

Generalised access to the Internet and globalisation has led to increased demand for translation services and a resurgence in the use of machine translation (MT) systems. MT post-editing or the correction of MT output to an acceptable standard is known to be one of the ways to face the huge demand on multilingual communication. Given that the use of translation and MT post-editing are increasing the demand for language-skilled professionals, in this article we aim at evaluating the use of MT post-editing in the foreign language class. For this purpose we make use of computer-aided error analysis (CEA) to extract patterns of error found in translation and MT post-editing into the foreign language. This methodology will provide some insights as to the main difficulties found by the students in post-editing into the foreign language and about the suitability of using raw MT output as input for foreign language written production. Thus, a comparative analysis of error frequency is performed on the results of a group of advanced students of Spanish doing post-editing as compared to another group doing translation in order to gauge the level of difficulty of MT post-editing as opposed to translation into the foreign language.
Computer-Mediated Communications: The Focus Is on Me

The extent to which computer-mediated commumcation mstills a state of demdlvl-duation (low private and low public self-awareness) versus a state of high private self-awareness and low public self-awareness was experimentally exammed. Self-report measures of private and public self-awareness were administered to 55 subjects following either face-to-face or computer-mediated problem-solving discussions. It was found that, relative to the face-to-face comparison group, subjects usmg computer-me-diation reported significantly higher levels of pnvate self-awareness, and margmally lower levels of public self-awareness. This findmg suggests that computer users were not demdlvlduated. Although computer users did not evaluate the social context differently from subjects commumcatmg face-to-face, their evaluations were associated with the degree of public self-awareness they were expemencmg. Low public self-aware computer users were more likely to evaluate the social context negatively. The social evaluations of face-to-face subjects were not related to their levels of self-awareness. The implications of these findmgs for the social psychological impact of computers and their use m different contexts are discussed.
Analytical Modeling and Simulation for Dual Metal Gate Stack Architecture (DMGSA) Cylindrical/Surrounded Gate MOSFET

A Dual metal gate stack cylindrical/surrounded gate MOSFET (DMGSA CGT/SGT MOSFET) has been proposed and an analytical model has been developed to examine the impact of this structure in suppressing short channel effects and in enhancing the device performance. It is demonstrated that incorporation of gate stack along with dual metal gate architecture results in improvement in short channel immunity. It is also examined that for DMGSA CGT/SGT the minimum surface potential in the channel reduces, resulting increase in electron velocity and thereby improving the carrier transport efficiency. Furthermore, the device has been analyzed at different bias point for both single material gate stack architecture (SMGSA) and dual material gate stack architecture (DMGSA) and found that DMGSA has superior characteristics as compared to SMGSA devices. The analytical results obtained from the proposed model agree well with the simulated results obtained from 3D ATLAS Device simulator.
Perceptual reasoning in adaptive fusion processing

The author previously published a unified perceptual reasoning system framework for adaptive sensor fusion and situation assessment. Ths framework is re-examined to highlight the role of human perceptual reasoning and to establish the relationship between human perceptual reasoning and the Joint Director of Laboratories (JDL) fusion levels. Mappings between the fusion levels and the elements of perceptual reasoning are defined. Methods to populate the knowledge bases associated with each component of the perceptual reasoning system are highlighted. The concept and application of perception, the resultant system architecture and its candidate renditions using distributed interacting software agents (ISA) are discussed. The perceptual reasoning system is shown to be a natural governing mechanism for extracting, associating and fusing information from multiple sources while adaptively controlling the fusion level processes for optimum fusion performance. The unified modular system construct is shown to provide a formal framework to accommodate various implementation alternatives. The application of this architectural concept is illustrated for distributed fusion systems architectures and is sued to illustrate the benefits of the adaptive perceptual reasoning system concept.
Klinische Umsetzbarkeit eines Setups in der lingualen Orthodontie

As a pilot study, 20patients, consecutively treated and finished with a lingual system in both arches, have been analysed (Incognito™, TOP-Ser-vice für Lingualtechnik GmbH, Bad Essen, Germany). The objective of this study was to identify the extent of variation between the target setup and the actual treatment result. To achieve this, measurements have been made between the canines, in both upper and lower arches; in the initial model, the setup model and the final model. The dental surfaces were scanned with a high-resolution 3Dscanner (GOM, Braun-schweig, Germany), digitalised with an ATOS-digitising system, and then digitally measured using MagicsV.9. 5.1 software. By analysing this computer-assisted data, it was proven that the setup created prior to treatment and representing the desired treatment outcome could be fully realised in the corresponding arches, with a medial deviation of significantly less than 0.5mm. This study was carried out in context of the Master’s Degree in Lingual Orthodontics at the Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH, Head of Department: Professor Dr. R.Schwestka-Polly).
A performance model for concurrent message transfer on Playthrough rings

The authors present analytical models to approximate average message queueing time, service time, and token round trip time on ring topology local area networks that use a Playthrough protocol. Playthrough's data-link-layer protocol uses a continually circulating control token, source removed update control messages, and destination-removed data messages to achieve concurrent transfer of multiple messages of arbitrary length. The models of data-message service time and token round trip time are used in a queueing system model for average message waiting time in this class of multiserver circuit-switched ring. The collection of analytical models is shown to adequately approximate simulated queueing times for messages transmitted using a shortest-outbound-distance-first queueing discipline. This analysis differs from earlier approximations in that it includes the effects of both bridge traffic and downstream blocking traffic on the waiting times experienced by messages arriving at an arbitrary node. <<ETX>>
A geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar; for tectonic mapping, disaster management and measurements of vegetation and soil moisture

A geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with an orbit inclination of 50-65/spl deg/ can provide daily coverage of all of North and South America. Longitudinally, the width of the mapped area would be on the order of /spl plusmn/50/spl deg/ at the Equator, somewhat more at the most northern/southern latitudes. Within the area mapped, very good temporal coverage can be obtained-up to several mappings during the 12 hours per day where the satellite is in the "right" hemisphere. This would be a key capability in relation to disaster management, tectonic mapping and modeling, vegetation and soil moisture mapping, and for operational and semi-operational requirements. A constellation of geosynchronous satellites could provide global coverage.
Consumer Trust in Electronic Channels: The Impact of Electronic Commerce Assurance on Consumers' Purchasing Likelihood and Risk Perceptions

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of third-party-provided electronic commerce assurance on consumers' likelihood to purchase products and services online and their concerns about privacy and transaction integrity. Study hypotheses are based on marketing theory concerning the role of trust (e.g., Morgan and Hunt, 1994) and risk (e.g., Murray, 1991 and Roselius, 1971) in consumer decision making. The impact of various product and vendor risk levels on consumer responses is also tested. 1,109 subjects participated in a 2 (high and low product risk) by 2 (high and low vendor risk) by 3 (third-party assurance, self-proclaimed assurance, no assurance) computerized online experiment. As hypothesized, third-party assurance significantly increased purchasing likelihood and reduced consumers' concerns about privacy and transaction integrity. However, interestingly, no significant differences could be detected between different third-party assurance providers. As expected, product risk and vendor risk had negative effects on purchasing likelihood, and vendor risk had a positive impact on concerns. Also, a significant but weak interaction term was found in the sense that third- party assurance had slightly more impact on purchasing likelihood when the vendor risk condition was high. Theoretical predictions were supported. Research findings offer some theoretical insight into the decision making of online consumers and suggest management implications for online vendors and third-party EC assurance providers such as accountants or consumer unions.
Detection and monitoring of unstable high-mountain slopes with L-band SAR interferometry

This contribution reports on the potential and limitations of L-band differential SAR interferometry for the detection and monitoring of unstable high-mountain slopes. SAR data of the JERS-1 satellite for the Swiss Alps have been analyzed together with ERS SAR data. Significant results for permafrost creep and rockslides after glacier retreat are presented.
Magnetic Drug Targeting—Biodistribution of the Magnetic Carrier and the Chemotherapeutic agent Mitoxantrone after Locoregional Cancer Treatment

This work was made possible by the generous contribution of the Margarete Ammon Foundation, Munich, Germany and the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, AL 552/2-1+2). Parts of this study were presented at the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics: Discovery, Biology, and Clinical Applications, October 29-November 2, 2001, Miami Beach, Florida, USA.Magnetic Drug Targeting means the specific delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to their desired targets, e.g. tumors, by using magnetic nanoparticles (ferrofluids) bound to these agents and an external magnetic field which is focused on the tumor. This type of target directed drug injection attempts to concentrate a pharmacologic agent by enhancing its efficacy while simultaneously minimizing deleterious side effects. In previous studies, we have been able to demonstrate the efficacy of this type of localized intraarterial chemotherapy in VX2 squamous cell carcinoma among rabbits [Alexiou, C, Arnold, W. , Klein, R.J., Parak, EG. , Hulin, P., Bergemann, C, Erhardt, W. , Wagenpfeil, S. and Liibbe, A.S. "Locoregional cancer treatment with Magnetic Drug Targeting", Cancer Res. 60 (2000) 6641-6648]. In the present investigation, we have studied the biodistribution of ferrofluids and chemotherapeutic agent by measuring the amount in the tumor, peritumoral area, various organs and body fluids (e.g. blood and urine), with and without Magnetic Drug Targeting. We compared results to that of administering a chemotherapeutic agent soley. An external magnetic field was directed toward the tumor for 60min. Biodistribution of ferrofluids in the tumor was investigated using histological cross sections and measured semi-quantitatively using 123I-labeled nanoparticles and quantitatively by the use of radioactive 59Fe-ferrofluids. Mitoxantrone was quantitatively measured using HPLC-analysis. The strength of the external magnetic field was 0.6 Tesla (permanent magnet) in the 123iodine study and 1.7 Tesla (electromagnet) in the 59Fe-study and HPLC-analysis. The concentration of the ferrofluids (FFs) in the tumor region i.e. the tumor tissue and the surrounding area, which was under the influence of an external magnetic field, was found to be much higher than in the absence of one. In contrast to systemic chemotherapy, a much higher concentration of mitoxantrone in the tumor and the peritumoral area (region surrounding the tumor < 1 cm), by using only 50% and 20% of the normal dose was seen. Thus, the higher concentration of mitoxantrone could explain the therapeutic efficacy of Magnetic Drug Targeting in treatment of VX2 squamous cell carcinoma in rabbits in our previous studies with the advantage of no adverse clinical side effects.
An Initial Comparison of Live Instruction and Immersive Video Modes of Progressive Muscle Relaxation

Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) is an established treatment for the reduction of anxiety, and has been delivered via live instruction, audiotape, videotape, and immersive video. Although previous research has compared some of these modes of PMR delivery, this is the first study to compare live instruction with immersive video. Participants completed one session of either live instruction or immersive video PMR, and outcome data was obtained for affect, satisfaction, and heart rate. Results indicate the comparability of live instruction and immersive video PMR conditions, as well as the overall effectiveness of a single session of PMR. Moreover, results suggest the potential superiority of immersive video over live instruction in terms of perceived value.
Pathogenesis and diagnosis of bronchiectasis

Educational aims To describe the important factors involved in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis. To define how a diagnosis of bronchiectasis is made. Summary Bronchiectasis is an important cause of respiratory morbidity but one that has generally had a low profile. The prevalence of this condition varies but is common in certain indigenous populations and, anecdotally, in developing nations. It also has been recently recognised to be an ongoing problem in developed countries. As bronchiectasis is heterogeneous with a large number of predisposing factors and, generally, a long clinical history, the pathogenesis has not been well defined. The combination of a microbial insult and a defect in host defence allow the establishment of persistent bronchial infection and inflammation leading to progressive lung damage. Lung function testing usually demonstrates a mild to moderate obstructive pattern, which arises from inflammation in the small airways. There are a number of risk factors associated with this condition, which is commonly idiopathic. The microbiology of bronchiectasis is complex and changes as the disease progresses. The diagnosis is made by a combination of clinical symptoms and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) demonstrating abnormal airway dilatation.
Two-stage control charts for high yield processes

In this paper, a two-stage control chart for monitoring the defective rate of high-yield processes is proposed and studied. The Cumulative Count of Conforming control chart is generalized by using the number of items inspected until two defective items are observed. As this will increase the time to alarm, a two-stage approach combining both schemes is proposed. The occurrence of a defective within n1 items inspected in the first stage indicates that the process is out of control. If no defective occurs within n1 items inspected, the occurrence of two defectives within the next n2 - n1 in the second stage also indicates that the process is out of control. The probability of making a false alarm at the first and second stages are equal to α1 and α2, respectively. This procedure improves the sensitivity of the control chart in detecting shifting of the process defective rate p when p is at the parts-per-million order of magnitude.
CyberDeutsch: Language Production and User Preferences in a Moodle Virtual Learning Environment.

This case study focuses on two learners who took part in an intensive online German course offered to intermediate level students in the Department of Languages of the Open University. The course piloted the use of a Moodle-based virtual learning environment and a range of new online tools which lend themselves to different types of language learning activities (e.g., wikis for collaboration and blogs for reflective learning). The study shows that an online language course can combine different approaches to learning and teaching, such as using language communicatively and focusing on form and language practice. It also illustrates the link between students' choice of tools and their learning preferences (focus on form or communication; preference for written or spoken language).