Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When do self-discrepancies have specific relations to emotions? The second-generation question of Tangney, Niedenthal, Covert, and Barlow (1998)

Self-discrepancy theory (E. T. Higgins, 1987) hypothesizes that actual-ideal discrepancies are uniquely related to dejection emotions, whereas actual-ought discrepancies are uniquely related to agitation emotions. A review of the literature testing this hypothesis supports an affirmative-answer to the question "Is there an effect? " However, as the results of J. P. Tangney, P. M. Niedenthal, M. V. Covert, and D. H. Barlow's (1998) study indicate, the predicted unique relations are not always found. Their article contributes to the development of self-discrepancy theory by shifting attention to the second-generation question "When is there an effect? " Four variables that moderate the likelihood of finding unique discrepancy-emotion relations are discussed in the present article: the magnitude of a self-discrepancy, the accessibility of a self-discrepancy, the applicability and relevance of a self-discrepancy in a current context, and the importance of a self-discrepancy to the person.
Assessing the efficiency of multiplicative mixed model equations to account for heterogeneous variance across herds in carcass scan traits from beef cattle.

Data (n = 2,658) from live animal ultrasonic measures from 17 Angus herds were used to evaluate a multiplicative mixed model that incorporates scaling factors to correct for across-herd heterogeneity of variance. Traits included were ribeye muscle area (EMA), surface fat at the P8 site (P8), surface fat between the 12th and 13th ribs (RIB12), and weight at scanning (WEIGHT). Cattle ranged in age from 501 to 698 d and represented 291 contemporary groups. Data were initially analyzed using single-trait, animal model, Method R procedures to estimate variance components and heritabilities (h2). These estimates were incorporated into a multiplicative mixed model that simultaneously estimates breeding values (EBV) and heterogeneity factors. Re-estimation of h2 after scaling the data with the correction factors was explored to obtain a measure of the improvement in the genetic evaluation and to detect changes in ranking of individuals and herds. Initial h2 estimates for EMA, P8, RIB12, and WEIGHT were . 36, . 39, . 29, and . 48, respectively. Scaling factors ranged from . 25 for P8 in a herd with eight records to 1.96 for RIB12 in a herd with 86 individuals. Re-estimates of h2 increased by an average of 4.2% for all the traits as a result of correcting for heterogeneity. Deviations of new scaling factors were within expectations. Correlations between EBV with and without heterogeneity correction were greater than . 97 for all the traits. However, some substantial re-rankings of herds were observed for some traits in the smaller herds.
Decoration of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by metal nanoparticles and metal oxides using chemical evaporation method

The powder patterns of the as-prepared and acid treated MWCNTs are shown by the XRD spectra. The TEM results show the microstructure of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes well decorated with metal nanoparticles (Cu, Fe, Ni) and metal oxides (CuO, Fe 2 O 3 , NiO), while the SEM show the surface morphology. KEYWORDS Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, metaloxides, scanning electronmicroscopy, transmission electronmicroscopy.
Microbacter margulisiae gen. nov., sp. nov., a propionigenic bacterium isolated from sediments of an acid rock drainage pond.

A novel anaerobic propionigenic bacterium, strain ADRI(T), was isolated from sediment of an acid rock drainage environment (Tinto River, Spain). Cells were small (0.4-0.6×1-1.7 µm), non-motile and non-spore-forming rods. Cells possessed a Gram-negative cell-wall structure and were vancomycin-resistant. Strain ADRI(T) utilized yeast extract and various sugars as substrates and formed propionate, lactate and acetate as major fermentation products. The optimum growth temperature was 30 °C and the optimum pH for growth was pH 6.5, but strain ADRI(T) was able to grow at a pH as low as 3.0. Oxidase, indole formation, and urease and catalase activities were negative. Aesculin and gelatin were hydrolysed. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain ADRI(T) were anteiso-C15 : 0 (30.3 %), iso-C15 : 0 (29.2 %) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (14.9 %). Major menaquinones were MK-8 (52 %) and MK-9 (48 %). The genomic DNA G+C content was 39.9 mol%. Phylogenetically, strain ADRI(T) was affiliated to the family Porphyromonadaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes. The most closely related cultured species were Paludibacter propionicigenes with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 87.5 % and several species of the genus Dysgonomonas (similarities of 83.5-85.4 % to the type strains). Based on the distinctive ecological, phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics of strain ADRI(T), a novel genus and species, Microbacter margulisiae gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is ADRI(T) ( = JCM 19374(T) = DSM 27471(T)).
Causal Effects of Software Patents on Firm Growth: Evidence from a policy reform in Japan

The patentability of software dramatically expanded in the United States, European Union, and Japan during the 1990s. Using the exogenous policy change, this paper identifies the causal effect of filing software patents through the policy reform on the firms' subsequent growth. We find that small software firms as well as large firms increase software patent applications due to the expansion of patentable subject matter. However, the results show that such patent explosion has an insignificant effect on larger firms' performance, while it improves the subsequent performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We also find that the number of patent attorneys in the same prefecture has a significant effect only for small firms, which is the main driving factor of improving the firm's performance. These results suggest that broadening the scope of software patents does contribute to innovation, especially for SMEs with a small patent portfolio and business assets through decreasing the cost of patenting activity.
Pea3 determines the isthmus region at the downstream of Fgf8‐Ras‐ERK signaling pathway

It has been shown that strong Fgf8 signal activates Ras‐ERK signaling pathway to determine metencephalon, which consists of rhombomere 1 (r1), where the cerebellum differentiates, and isthmus (r0). The present study was undertaken to check if Ets type transcription factor Pea3 functions downstream of Ras‐ERK signaling to determine metencephalon. Pea3 misexpression resulted in repression of Otx2 expression in the mesencephalon, induction of Gbx2 and Fgf8 expression in the mesencephalon, and differentiation of the trochlear neurons in the posterior mesencephalon. Fate change of the tectum to the cerebellum did not occur. Repression of Pea3 function by misexpressing the chimeric molecule of Engrailed repressor domain EH1 and Pea3 (eh1‐Pea3) resulted in induction of Otx2 expression in the metencephalon, repression of Gbx2 and Fgf8 expression in the metencephalon, and differentiation of the oculomotor neurons in the isthmus. It was concluded that Pea3 plays a pivotal role in determination of the isthmus (r0) property downstream of Fgf8‐Ras‐ERK signaling.
Morphometric index of the developing murine kidney

Mammalian kidney morphogenesis begins when the ureteric bud (UB) induces surrounding metanephric mesenchyme to differentiate into nephrons, the functional units of the mature organ. Although several genes required for this process have been identified, the mechanisms that control final nephron number and the localization of distinct tubular segments to cortical and medullary zones of the kidney remain poorly understood. This finding is due, in part, to the lack of quantitative studies describing the acquisition of mature renal structure. We have analyzed the following parameters of the developing murine kidney throughout embryogenesis: nephron and UB tip number, distance between UB branch points and total kidney, and cortical and medullary volume. Results of this morphometric analysis reveal previously unrecognized changes in the pattern of UB growth and rate of nephrogenesis. In addition, this morphometric index provides a much‐needed reference for accurately describing renal paterning defects exhibited by genetically altered mice. Developmental Dynamics 231:601–608, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Capsule Structural Heterogeneity and Antigenic Variation in Cryptococcus neoformans

ABSTRACT Cryptococcus neoformans is a human pathogenic fungus with a capsule composed primarily of glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) that is important for virulence. Current views of GXM structure postulate a polymer composed of repeating mannose trisaccharide motifs bearing a single β(1,2) glucuronic acid with variable xylose and O-acetyl substitutions to form six triads. GXM from different strains is notoriously variable in triad composition, but it is not known if the polymer consists of one or more motif-repeating units. We investigated the polymeric organization of GXM by using mass spectrometry to determine if its compositional motif arrangement was similar to that of bacterial capsular polysaccharides, namely, a polymer of a single repeating unit. The results were consistent with, and confirmatory for, the current view that the basic unit of GXM is a repeating mannose trisaccharide motif, but we also found evidence for the copolymerization of different GXM repeating units in one polysaccharide molecule. Analysis of GXM from isogenic phenotypic switch variants suggested structural differences caused by glucuronic acid positional effects, which implied flexibility in the synthetic pathway. Our results suggest that cryptococcal capsule synthesis is fundamentally different from that observed in prokaryotes and employs a unique eukaryotic approach, which theoretically could synthesize an infinite number of structural combinations. The biological significance of this capsule construction scheme is that it is likely to confer a powerful avoidance strategy for interactions with the immune system and phagocytic environmental predators. Consistent with this premise, the antigenic variation of a capsular epitope recognized by a nonprotective antibody was observed under different growth conditions.
The impact of private R&D on the performance of food-processing firms: Evidence from Europe, Japan and North America

This report investigates the impact of corporate research and development (R&D) on firm performance in the food-processing industry. The agro-food industry is usually considered to be a low-tech sector (the share of total output that is attributable to R&D is around 0.27% in the EU). However, the agro-food industry is very heterogeneous. On the one hand, there are many highly innovative food-processing firms with intensive R&D activity and, on the other hand, many food-processing firms derive and adopt innovations from other sectors such as machinery, packaging and other manufacturing suppliers. We perform data envelopment analysis (DEA) with two-step bootstrapping, which allows us to correct the bias in (in)efficiency and generate unbiased estimates for (in)efficiencies. We use a corporate dataset of 307 companies from agriculture and food-processing industries from the EU, the USA, Canada and Japan for the period 1991â€“2009. The estimates suggest that R&D has a positive effect on firmsâ€™ performance, with marginal gains decreasing at the R&D level, and performance differences detected across regions and food sectors. General public expenditure in R&D is also associated with a positive impact on firm performance. As a result, policy support for this type of non-high-tech innovative sector is expected to generate growth. However, results that suggest heterogeneity in R&D effects across EU Member States may point to differences in the implications of innovation policies across EU regions.
Are Endoscopic Ultrasonography Imaging Characteristics Reliable for the Diagnosis of Small Upper Gastrointestinal Subepithelial Lesions?

Purpose of the Study To compare the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) imaging with histopathology in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions. Methods Thirty-seven patients (21 female; mean age: 55 y) underwent endoscopic submucosal resection (ESMR) of upper gastro intestinal subepithelial lesions at a tertiary care facility. All patients underwent EUS before ESMR of the lesion. Information regarding location, size, echogenecity, layer of origin, presumptive diagnosis based on EUS imaging, and histopathology diagnosis after ESMR of the subepithelial lesion was recorded. Results Twenty-seven subepithelial lesions were resected from the stomach, 5 from the esophagus, and 5 from the duodenum. The mean size of the lesions was 9 mm (range, 6-18 mm). Thirty-six lesions originated from the submucosa, and 1 from the muscularis propria. Using histopathology as the gold standard, the overall diagnostic accuracy of EUS imaging was 49% (18 out of 37). The accuracy of EUS imaging for the diagnosis of esophageal, gastric, and duodenal subepithelial lesions was 20%, 56%, and 40%, respectively. One patient developed a microperforation, and 1 developed bleeding during the ESMR procedure. No complications were reported with the EUS procedure. Conclusions The diagnostic accuracy of EUS imaging is inferior to histopathology in the diagnosis of small upper gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions. Endoluminal resection is a relatively safe and noninvasive modality that not only provides tissue sample for accurate diagnostic interpretation, but also aids in the complete removal of small subepithelial lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Survivability factors for Canadian cyclists hit by motor vehicles

Police-reported data from Transport Canada’s National Collision Database (NCDB) are analyzed with a view to identify and quantify various factors that can impact the survivability of cyclists involved in a motor vehicle collision. A Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression and a multiple imputation (MI) process address the variable selection and missing data problems, respectively. The resulting probabilistic model suggests that collision sur-vivability depends largely on the cyclist’s age and helmet usage. Survivability improves with age up to age 21, peaks for cyclists aged 21 to 34, and falls after age 35. Controlling for age and other factors, a bicycle helmet reduces the risk that a cyclist fatality will occur by approximately 34% (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.56-0.78). Survivability in general, and the apparent safety benefits of bicycle helmets in particular, do not appear to depend on the sex of the cyclist once the type of collision and other factors are controlled for. Head-on and rear-end collisions tend to be more deadly. Certain environmental and situational variables, like strong winds and traffic control devices, also appear to impact survivability. There might be opportunities to sensitize cyclists of various age groups about the risks they are exposed to while cycling, and prevent or better protect cyclists from head-on and rear-end collisions.
Performance Evaluation of 802.11 Standards Operating in TVWS and Higher Frequencies under Realistic Conditions

The digital switch-over has triggered the development of new wireless standards which are expected to use unoccupied TV channels known as TV white space. Wi-Fi like systems in TVWS are foreseen as cost effective high data rate communication systems which might provide significant coverage compared to existing 802.11 Wi-Fi systems. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of downlink throughput of three 802.11 standards, namely 802.11af in the TV band, 802.11g in the 2.4GHz band and 802.11p in the 5.9GHz band. The study is the first to compare the three standards considering realistic conditions such as availability of TV channels, realistic modelling of wireless channels and considering the effect of AP and DVB-T interference in rural and urban environments in the United Kingdom. We have shown that the overall benefit of operation in TVWS is mainly governed by the AP density, number of available TV channels and the AP transmission power.
Genetic Rescue of Chondrodysplasia and the Perinatal Lethal Effect of Cartilage Link Protein Deficiency*

The targeted disruption of cartilage link protein gene (Crtl1) in homozygous mice resulted in a severe chondrodysplasia and perinatal lethality. This raised the question of whether the abnormalities seen in Crtl1 null mice are all caused by the absence of link protein in cartilage or whether the deficiency of the protein in other tissues and organs contributed to the phenotype. To address this question we have generated transgenic mice overexpressing cartilage link protein under the control of a cartilage-specific promoter, and then these transgenic mice were used for a genetic rescue of abnormalities in Crtl1 null mice. While the overexpression of cartilage link protein resulted in no abnormal phenotype, the cartilage-specific transgene expression of link protein could completely prevent the perinatal mortality of link protein-deficient mice and, depending on the level of the link protein expression, rescue skeletal abnormalities. Although link protein was originally isolated from cartilage, we found and determined Crtl1 transcripts and corresponding proteins in every organ tested from mouse embryos to aging animals. We also identified three additional members of the link protein family, all co-localized with hyaluronic acid-binding proteoglycans in the mouse genome. The ubiquitous presence of link protein suggests a general and systemic function of link protein in the organization of extracellular matrix in a number of tissues, possibly interacting with other proteoglycans, such as versican, brevican, and neurocan.
Effect of autonomic nervous system manipulations on gastric myoelectrical activity and emotional responses in healthy human subjects.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the gastric myoelectrical and emotional responses provoked by two psychophysiological stimuli known to cause in one case increased sympathetic nervous system activity and in the other increased parasympathetic nervous system activity. METHODS Electrogastrograms (EGGs) were recorded, and interbeat intervals (IBIs) were obtained from electrocardiographic recordings from 20 subjects during baseline and in response to a shock avoidance task (shock stimulus) and forehead cooling (dive stimulus). After each experimental period, subjects reported their emotional experience by rating descriptors ranging from serenity to excitement. RESULTS During the shock stimulus, IBIs decreased significantly (p < .05), gastric tachyarrhythmias increased (p < .05), and emotional arousal increased, as indexed by reports of increased interest, excitement, and activation. In contrast, during the dive stimulus, IBIs increased (p < .05), but there were no associated changes in gastric myoelectrical activity or emotional arousal. CONCLUSIONS Acute stress can evoke arousal and dysrhythmic gastric myoelectrical activity, and these acute changes, which occur in healthy individuals, may provide insight into functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Prospects for Irish Regions and Counties: Scenarios and Implications

The research provides projections for regions and counties across Ireland up to the year 2040, examining what will happen if current spatial planning patterns continue, and what would happen in a range of alternative scenarios. If the current pattern of growth continues, it will lead to a further gap in prosperity between Dublin and the rest of the country. In Dublin, it will lead to additional housing demand and increased long-distance commuting. Projections show that if current trends continue, population growth, employment growth and jobs growth will be concentrated in Dublin and the Mid-East of Ireland. The research finds that the most positive outcomes would result from a scenario in which growth is split equally between the East and Midland region and the rest of the country. This would relieve pressure in the Dublin region, while still allowing significant growth. Scaling up second-tier cities would provide a greater range of functions in surrounding areas. To achieve this, it is necessary to develop within the cities the necessary infrastructure, such as water and wastewater infrastructure, urban public transport, schools etc. It is essential that affordable housing and other amenities are provided in cities in order to attract people to live there and to avoid further sprawl. The increased scale of the second-tier cities would allow them and their wider hinterland to generate more start-up firms and attract more FDI.
STRUCTURE FOR COORDINATION Part I

Dans cet article en deux parties, l'A. propose un inventaire des donnees representatives pertinentes permettant de determiner la structure de la coordination. Dans la premiere partie, il a presente les analyses effectuees sur la coordination qui ont pour particularite de ne pas traiter les conjonctions comme des tetes de syntagmes conjonctifs. Dans cette deuxieme partie, il presente les analyses qui considerent les conjonctions comme des tetes de syntagmes conjonctifs : celles ou les propositions coordonnees sont des specificateurs et des complements dans des syntagmes conjonctifs avec complement recursif ou avec sepcificateur recursif, celles ou les coordonnees sont des adjoints et celles ou les conjonctions sont des tetes sans syntagme. Il termine cette deuxieme partie par une bibliographie complete sur le sujet
Morphological characterization of spinal cord dorsal horn lamina I neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat

Many Rexed's lamina I neurons are nociceptive and project to the brain. Lamina I projection neurons can be classified as multipolar, fusiform, or pyramidal, based on cell body shape and characteristics of their proximal dendrites in the horizontal plane. There is also evidence that both multipolar and fusiform cells are nociceptive and pyramidal neurons nonnociceptive. In this investigation we identified which types of lamina I neurons belong to the spinoparabrachial tract in the rat and characterized them regarding the presence or absence of neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK‐1r) immunoreactivity. For this, cholera toxin subunit B (CTb), conjugated to a fluorescent marker was injected unilaterally into the parabrachial nucleus. Sections were additionally stained for the detection of NK‐1r immunoreactivity and were examined using fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Serial confocal optical sections and 3D reconstructions were obtained for a considerable number of neurons per animal. Using immunofluorescence, we assessed the proportion of lamina I neurons belonging to the spinoparabrachial (SPB) tract and/or expressing NK‐1r. The relative distribution of neurons belonging to the SPB tract was: 38.7% multipolar, 36.8% fusiform, 22.7% pyramidal, and 1.9% unclassified. Most of the SPB neurons expressing NK‐1r were either multipolar or fusiform. Pyramidal SPB neurons were seldom immunoreactive for NK‐1r, an observation that provides further support to the concept that most lamina I projection neurons of the pyramidal type are nonnociceptive. In addition, our study provides further evidence that these distinct morphological types of neurons differ in their phenotypic properties, but not in their projection patterns. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:287–297, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.