Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Does CEO Work Experience and Myopic Behavior Influence CSR Engagement

While there is a growing body of studies examining both the differences between firms that perform strongly and poorly with regard to corporate social responsibility (CSR), most have ignored the important role of the CEO in formulating and implementing CSR initiatives, especially with regard to CEO work experience. The sample is based on data from the US S&P 1,500 firms for the period from 2003 to 2012, from which we manually collect data on the CEOs’ prior work experience. Thus, this study explores the impact of a CEO’s prior work experience on CSR. In a further examination of myopic behavior, this study attempts to uncover the circumstances under which CEO’s prior work experience is related to CSR. This study finds that CEOs with international experience have more incentive to invest in CSR, but those with throughput-function work experience have less incentive to do so. In addition, this work finds that CEOs with international experience are more likely to engage in CSR activities even if they face earnings forecast pressure from analysts. However, CEOs with throughput-function work experience are more likely to cut CSR expenditures in order to increase short-term earnings when they are faced with earnings forecast pressure. The findings of this study will extend the existing CSR studies, with important implications for management practice.
Teaching spirituality to student nurses

Since Florence Nightingale, spiritual care has been embraced in professional nursing as the integration and promotion of purpose and meaning in life. Research reports that nurses have a prominent regard for spiritual care and acknowledge that it is part of their role. The intention of this literature review is to explore effective ways for nursing faculty to teach spiritual care. This in turn will help to advance spiritually educated nurses who can rise above obstacles to providing spiritual care to clients. During the nursing formation process, spiritual care must be integrated into the nursing curricula throughout the didactic and clinical nursing education. Numerous nurses today consider themselves underprepared to meet the spiritual needs of their clients, despite nursing’s past dedication to spiritual care. Research further supports the appeal of clients to have their spiritual needs addressed while hospitalized. Given the suitable resources and education, nurses can be positioned to address the spiritual care of clients. Relevant nursing education on more effective ways to teach spiritual care will enhance the delivery of this vital aspect of holistic nursing. The focus of holistic patient care is based on the Neuman systems model, where the spiritual variable considerations are necessary for a truly holistic perspective and caring concern for the patient. As part of a successful pedagogy, a course of action and theory-based approach must be translated into preparing student nurses to incorporate spiritual care into their emerging practices.
A comparative assessment of the nutritional contents of 'wara', a west African soft cheese using calotropis procera and cymopogon citratus as coagulants

The processing line of West African soft cheese varieties (processed with Calotropis procera (Sodom apple) and Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) leaf extracts was assessed for nutrient compositions ( nitrogen, crude protein, fat, lactose, moisture content ), pH , total aerobic plate count and trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Na, Ca, Mg and K) . The percentage of nutrient composition, pH and the total aerobic plate count of microbes were: milk (nitrogen (2.05), protein (2.78), fat (5.33), lactose (1.86), moisture contents (88.75), pH (3.91) and total aerobic plate count (7.3logcfu/ml); Calotropis procera processed cheese (nitrogen (2.00), protein (2.56), fat (4.43), lac tose (1.72), moisture contents (62.89), pH (3.58) and total aerobic plate count (7.34logcfu/ml); Cymbopogon citratus processed cheese (nitrogen (2.01), protein (2.53), fat (4.33), lactose (1.68), moisture contents (63.56), pH ( 3.56) and total aerobic plate count (7.43 logcfu/ml). There were significant differences between the parameters measured in the raw milk and processed cheese at 95% confi dence limit. However, the parameters measured varied slightly in the two cheese varieties ( Calotropis procera and Cymbopogon citratus ). The total aerobic plate counts in milk and cheese were higher than international standards set by C odex alimentarius. Addition of leave extracts (Calotropis procera and Cymbopogon citratus ) increased the total aerobic plate counts but the counts dropped at the curdling point during processing. Cymbopogon citratus cheese had a higher total aerobic plate count than the Calotr opis procera cheese although not at a significant level . There was an increase in Fe, Zn, Cu and Na along the processing line, but a decrease ensued in Mn, Ca, Mg and K. There was no significant difference in the Zn, Cu, Mn, Ca, Mg, K, N, protein, fat and lactose contents of the two cheese types although all trace elements and nutrients assayed were higher in the Calotropis procera processed cheese with the exception of Fe content. The study suggests the use of Cymbopogon citratus leaf extract as a local milk coagulant due to report s of probable health hazard from the use of C. procera . However , further work on improving the yield of cheese when Cymbopogon citratus is used as coagulant is still necessary.
Agency Costs, Corporate Governance and Ownership Concentration: The Case of Agro-Industrial Companies in Indonesia

This study aims to investigate determinants of agency costs on agro-industrial firms that are listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). Modeling of agency costs is analyzed by performing regression analysis of panel data. This study employs secondary data of 54 companies from year 2010 to 2013. The results show that agency costs are affected by the effectiveness of good governance mechanism, especially the function of board of directors (BOD) and board of commissioners (BOC) in conducting their duties, dividend payout and leverage. Whereas, independent commissioners and auditor committee are not significant factors in mitigating agency costs. Ownership concentration affects agency costs in vary. The results can help management, investors and other decision makers to implement better governance practices in agro-industrial firms in Indonesia.
Comparative analysis of sticky SGA costs and cost of goods sold: Evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange

Article history: Received October 28, 2013 Received in revised format 20 November 2013 Accepted 12 January 2014 Available online January 15 2014 One of the primary assumptions in accounting industries is to expect an increase (decrease) in cost of production is proportion to increase (decrease) in sales revenue. However, there are some evidences that the cost of production does not decrease with the same trend as revenue decreases. This phenomenon is called sticky behavior since the cost of production in not reduced as the sales decreases especially in operating as well as administration department. In this paper, we present an empirical investigation to study sticky behavior on 70 selected firms from Tehran Stock Exchange over the period 2002-2011. The results indicate that sales and general administration cost (SGA) as well as the costs of sold goods strongly have sticky behaviors. © 2014 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Modeling of heat generations for different tool profiles in friction stir welding: study of tool geometry and contact conditions

In this work, improved heat generation models are developed for straight and tapered shoulder geometries with different tool pin profiles in friction stir welding. The models are developed considering the welding process as a combination of the pure sliding and the pure sticking conditions. From the results, the amount of heat generation is directly proportional to the number of edges in the pin profiles in such a way that the heat generated in the profiles increases from the triangular pin profile to hexagonal pin profile. Also, increase in the tool rotational speed under constant weld speed increases the heat input while increase in the weld speed under constant tool rotational speed decreases the heat input and the rate of heat generation at the shoulder in a flat shoulder tool is more than that of conical/tapered shoulder tool. The predicted results show good agreements with the experimental results in literature.
Corporate Governance and Bank Performance: Evidence from Macedonia

The role of banks is integral and significant to the economic development and private initiative of any country. Therefore, we can read different and opposing studies in economic literature about various bank corporate governance regimes and issues. Given the renewed attention on the corporate governance in banks with the global financial crises, this paper investigates the relevance of board size, board composition and CEO qualities in the Macedonian banks and their performance. Thus, the following paragraphs will elaborate on the development of hypotheses to test whether good corporate governance structure can contribute towards higher banks performance measured by Return on assets (ROA), Return on equity (ROE), Cost-Income ratio and Capital adequacy ratio (CAR). We find that board size is only positively related to the bank’s profitability measures by ROA. Further, the research indicates negative association between board independence and ROA and ROE. Also, the results stress that banks in Macedonia which is managed by powerful CEOs that hold this position for a longer period are more profitable than those with CEOs serving their first four-years tenure. In addition, it is important to highlight that our research findings and insights is different and more important than some other studies, both practical and theoretical, as the primary object of study is commercial banks from insufficiently explored financial system and developing economy.
Diatoms and their influence on the biologically mediated uptake of atmospheric CO 2 in the Arabian Sea upwelling system

Abstract. Sediment trap experiments have been carried out in order to study processes controlling shifts from diatom to non-diatom dominated systems in the western Arabian Sea. One of our major problems was to link sediment trap records to surface ocean processes. Satellite-derived observations on upper ocean parameters were helpful to reduce this problem in the past and gain a new quality by combining it with results obtained during the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the Arabian Sea. The new results imply that intense grazing can decline or impede the development of large diatom blooms in a silicon-enriched near shore upwelling system off Oman. In the open western Arabian Sea diatom blooms recover within the offshore advecting upwelled water and lead to peak organic fluxes into the deep sea but only during the later phase of the upwelling season. During onset of the upwelling season grazing favoured by eolian iron inputs causing the formation of thinner diatom shells seems to prevent the development of a large diatom bloom within the silicon-enriched offshore advecting upwelled water. An increased relevance of diatoms and diatom-grazing copepods in the planktonic community as well as oligotrophic conditions seem to raise the ratio between organic carbon formation and calcium carbonate carbon precipitation (rain ratio) in the surface water. The decomposition of organic matter in the water column reduces the rain ratio within in the sinking matter especially in the oligotrophic region dominated by cyanobacteria and reduces also the variation of the carbon to nutrient uptake ratios seen in the surface water.
Variación genética altitudinal en el crecimiento de plantas de Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. En campo

Con el objetivo de determinar la posible existencia de un patron de variacion genetica altitudinal en el crecimiento, supervivencia y resistencia a heladas entre poblaciones de Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. , se recolecto semilla de ocho poblaciones a lo largo de un transecto altitudinal (2100 a 2800 m) en los bosques de Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro, Michoacan, Mexico. Las procedencias se evaluaron en campo en dos sitios a 2200 y 2800 m de altitud. Hubo diferencias significativas entre procedencias para crecimiento en altura y en diametro promedio de copa, pero no se encontro un patron altitudinal definido de diferenciacion genetica entre las poblaciones. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (piU0.05) entre sitios de plantacion para el crecimiento a los 15 meses, diametro basal, diametro de copa, fenologia de yema a 16 y 27 meses, danos por heladas y supervivencia. El crecimiento promedio en el sitio a menor altitud (Los Amoles, 2200 m) fue significativamente superior que en el sitio de mayor elevacion (Cerro de Pario, 2800 m) al termino del estudio. No existe evidencia significativa (piU0.05) de interaccion genotipo×ambiente.
Vegetation and proximity to the river control amorphous silica storage in a riparian wetland (Biebrza National Park, Poland)

Abstract. Wetlands can modify and control nutrient fluxes between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, yet little is known of their potential as biological buffers and sinks in the biogeochemical silica cycle. We investigated the storage of amorphous silica (ASi) in a central-European riparian wetland. The variation in storage of ASi in the soil of an undisturbed wetland was significantly controlled by two factors: dominance of sedges and grasses and distance to the river (combined (R2=78%). Highest ASi storage was found near the river and in sites with a dominance of grasses and sedges, plants which are well known to accumulate ASi. The management practice of mowing reduced the amount of variation attributed to both factors (R2=51%). Although ASi concentrations in soils were low (between 0.1 and 1% of soil dry weight), ASi controlled the availability of dissolved silica (DSi) in the porewater, and thus potentially the exchange of DSi with the nearby river system through both diffusive and advective fluxes. A depth gradient in ASi concentrations, with lower ASi in the deeper layers, indicates dissolution. Our results show that storage and recycling of ASi in wetland ecosystems can differ significantly on small spatial scales. Human management interferes with the natural control mechanisms. Our study demonstrates that wetlands have the potential to modify the fluxes of both DSi and ASi along the land-ocean continuum and supports the hypothesis that wetlands are important ecosystems in the biogeochemical cycling of silica.
Using late-time optical and near-infrared spectra to constrain Type Ia supernova explosion properties

The late-time spectra of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are powerful probes of the underlying physics of their explosions. We investigate the late-time optical and near-infrared spectra of seven SNe Ia obtained at the VLT with XShooter at > 200 d after explosion. At these epochs, the inner Fe-rich ejecta can be studied. We use a line-fitting analysis to determine the relative line fluxes, velocity shifts, and line widths of prominent features contributing to the spectra ([Fe II], [Ni II], and [Co III]). By focusing on [Fe II] and [Ni II] emission lines in the ~7000-7500 A region of the spectrum, we find that the ratio of stable [Ni II] to mainly radioactively produced [Fe II] for most SNe Ia in the sample is consistent with Chandrasekharmass delayed-detonation explosion models, as well as sub-Chandrasekhar mass explosions that have metallicity values above solar. The mean measured Ni/Fe abundance of our sample is consistent with the solar value. The more highly ionized [Co III] emission lines are found to be more centrally located in the ejecta and have broader lines than the [Fe II] and [Ni II] features. Our analysis also strengthens previous results that SNe Ia with higher Si II velocities at maximum light preferentially display blueshifted [Fe II] 7155 A lines at late times. Our combined results lead us to speculate that the majority of normal SN Ia explosions produce ejecta distributions that deviate significantly from spherical symmetry.
NAO influence on extreme winter temperatures in Madrid (Spain)

Extremely cold days (ECDs), with minimum tem- peratures lower than 4.6 C, have been analysed for Madrid. This threshold corresponds to the 5th percentile of the pe- riod 1963-1999. Adopting a case analysis approach, five synoptic patterns have been identified that produce these ex- tremely low temperatures. Three of them are associated with cold air flows over the Iberian Peninsula, and the other two with a lack of significant circulation over the region. A non- linear association with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has been identified using log-linear models. The NAO pos- itive phase leads to an increase in the winter frequency of those synoptic patterns associated with stagnant air flow over Iberia, while those characterised by cold, northern flows do not appear to be similarly influenced.
Tariff-Tax Reforms in Large Economies

This paper studies tariff-tax reforms in a calibrated two-region global New Keynesian model composed of a developing and an advanced region. In our baseline calibration, a revenue-neutral reform that lowers tariffs in developing countries can reduce domestic welfare. The reason is that the increase in developing countries welfare due to higher output is dominated by the welfare losses stemming from the deterioration of the terms of trade. On the other hand, the reform increases output and welfare in the advanced countries and in the world as a whole. The effects that we highlight have not been studied in previous contributions to the literature, which typically looks at tariff-tax reforms using a small open economy framework. Nominal rigidities have important implications for adjustment dynamics in our model. In the case of a "point-for-point" reform, for example, price stickiness implies that the international dynamics of output is reversed compared to a revenue neutral reform.
Impact of Climate Change on the Indian Economy: Evidence from Foodgrain Yields

We analyse the effects of rainfall and temperature on yields of paddy and millets (pearl millet and sorghum) in India for the period 1966–1999, at the district level. Unlike other studies, we control for fertiliser use and irrigation. We find that paddy (India's leading food crop) is sensitive to the climate variables but also to fertiliser use and irrigation. Millets are less affected by climate variables although sorghum shows some sensitivity to temperature. Our results have important implications for how India's agriculture will adapt to climate change.
Distributed parameter-based voltage stability index for identification of critical lines and voltage stability margin in power system

Abstract This paper proposes a distributed parameter-based voltage stability index (DPVSI) for assessment of voltage stability of the power system. Proposed index incorporates the effects of distributed parameters of transmission line to predict voltage collapse. Critical loading of different lines is determined by raising active/reactive loading of different lines till the index reaches its critical value. Different contingencies are also ranked on the basis of index. Reactive power margin of the system is measured by mapping the index value in terms of reactive power margin of the system. The proposed index is investigated on IEEE 30-bus and 118-bus test systems to prove its potential.
Risk Factors Associated With Leishmaniasis

Received date: April 25, 2014, Accepted date: April 26, 2014, Published date: April 30, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Oryan A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Differential population dynamics, inequality and political violence in India

Certain forms of demographic change have been claimed to render states more susceptible to political violence. This project addresses the inte raction of two such processes, age structure transitions leading to large ‘youth bulges’, and di fferential population growth between religious and ethnic groups. While previous works have indicated that both youth bulges and differential growth rates affect low-intensity conflict risks, t his study asks whether cycles of violence follow peaks in age structure transitions within religious and ethnic groups as suggested by Samuel P Huntington. An analysis of cross-regional, time-ser ies violence data for Indian states (1989-2009) serves as the empirical illustration, testing wheth er differential demographic dynamics may contribute to explain trends in violence. It is fur ther addressed how the impacts of demography on conflict may be conditioned by levels of vertical a nd horizontal (i.e. inter-group) inequalities, by migration, and by levels of education. The study us es Indian census and survey data, including newly developed inequality measures based on individual-level survey data, and age- and genderspecific educational attainment data for religious groups. It further employs new georeferenced conflict events data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP).
The Magnitude of Teacher Expectation Effects: Differences in Students, Teachers and Contexts

This article aimed to present a comprehensive review of the moderators of teacher expectation effects. It concluded the factors which may strengthen or weaken the effects of teacher expectancies in classrooms. Apart from student characteristics, this article highlighted the individual differences in teachers and contextual features which have not been systematically reviewed to date. It seemed that some teacher and contextual variables were likely to generate and modify teacher expectation effects to a significant extent. Implications and future research direction were also discussed.