Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Place attachment, host–tourist interactions, and residents’ attitudes towards tourism development: the case of Boa Vista Island in Cape Verde

ABSTRACT A clear understanding of residents’ attitudes towards tourism development and its determinants is a crucial pillar for designing tourism development strategies to promote sustainable development. The literature on the influence of host–tourist interactions and place attachment on residents’ attitudes towards tourism development in developing countries is still scarce. To extend knowledge in this field, this study aims at developing and testing a structural model to examine direct and indirect causal effects of place attachment, host–tourist interaction, and perceived positive and negative tourism impacts on the residents’ attitudes towards tourism development in an island tourism destination – Boa Vista Island in Cape Verde. Results suggest that the residents’ attitudes are positively affected by place attachment, host–tourist interaction, and perceived positive impacts; and negatively affected by perceived negative impacts. Host–tourist interaction emerges as the strongest (direct and indirect) determinant of the residents’ attitudes towards tourism development. Moreover, although both positive and negative perceptions of tourism impacts have significant impacts on the residents’ attitudes, the influence of the former is stronger than that of the latter. The paper ends with relevant theoretical and practical implications to promote positive residents’ attitudes towards tourism development in Boa Vista.
An econometric estimation of the Swedish hog market

The Swedish aggregated hog supply has been in a steadily decreasing trend during the last twenty years. In this paper the Swedish price supply relationship is examined to find elasticities for the market. The estimation of the supply function is made using AR (1) regression. The prices of inputs are made out of feed prices and the prices of output are the price paid to the producer. A risk variable is introduced to account for short term price fluctuations, however the risk variable shows no significance. The period that is studied is 1996-2015 and analyses quarterly data. The results suggest that the Swedish elasticities are in line with prior estimates in other hog markets in the world. The conclusion drawn is that the relationship between prices and supply are positive. Further research is proposed with further refined methods and more variables included to confirm the results of this paper.
Encountering camera surveillance and accountability at work - case study of the Swedish police

Today’s mobile cameras mean that anyone may easily be filmed and exposed to a wider audience meanwhile conducting their daily work. Police officers belong to an occupation that most frequently have to encounter this development. As state representatives, entitled to make use of violence at work, they end up being held accountable by a variety of actors capturing police initiatives on film. Police authorities around the world therefore have started to use body-worn cameras, aiming to enhance trust and transparency, but also as a means to control their work environment. On the one hand, cameras are described as a tool ensuring legal security and public trust in the police, on the other hand cameras are also associated with concern for surveillance and integrity. We intend, in this recently started study, to investigate what consequences this technology have on individual officers organising their own practices, and on the management of patrols wearing these cameras. The study is guided by the following questions: 1) What opportunities and challenges do individual officers associate with the introduction of cameras in their practice? 2) In what way is the use of cameras managed by the organisation, what tensions do they have to address between the individual officer’s practice, the management and the public? 3) What opportunities and challenges do the police associate with citizens using cameras to document the police? Theoretically the analysis draws on research on accountability, technological affordances and surveillance. Empirical material is planned to be collected through interviews, focus groups and document studies.
Retrospective Cost‐Effectiveness Analyses for Polio Vaccination in the United States

The history of polio vaccination in the United States spans 50 years and includes different phases of the disease, multiple vaccines, and a sustained significant commitment of resources. We estimated cost‐effectiveness ratios and assessed the net benefits of polio vaccination applicable at various points in time from the societal perspective and we discounted these back to appropriate points in time. We reconstructed vaccine price data from available sources and used these to retrospectively estimate the total costs of the U.S. historical polio vaccination strategies (all costs reported in year 2002 dollars). We estimate that the United States invested approximately $35 billion (1955 net present value, discount rate of 3%) in polio vaccines between 1955 and 2005 and will invest approximately $1.4 billion (1955 net present value, or $6.3 billion in 2006 net present value) between 2006 and 2015 assuming a policy of continued use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) for routine vaccination. The historical and future investments translate into over 1.7 billion vaccinations that prevent approximately 1.1 million cases of paralytic polio and over 160,000 deaths (1955 net present values of approximately 480,000 cases and 73,000 deaths). Due to treatment cost savings, the investment implies net benefits of approximately $180 billion (1955 net present value), even without incorporating the intangible costs of suffering and death and of averted fear. Retrospectively, the U.S. investment in polio vaccination represents a highly valuable, cost‐saving public health program. Observed changes in the cost‐effectiveness ratio estimates over time suggest the need for living economic models for interventions that appropriately change with time. This article also demonstrates that estimates of cost‐effectiveness ratios at any single time point may fail to adequately consider the context of the investment made to date and the importance of population and other dynamics, and shows the importance of dynamic modeling.
Renal epithelial cell‐derived monocyte colony stimulating factor as a local informant of renal injury and means of monocyte activation

Monocyte accumulation in renal allografts is associated with allograft dysfunction. As monocyte influx occurs acutely following reperfusion, we investigated the effect of ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) on monocyte colony stimulating factor (m‐CSF), a key cytokine in monocyte recruitment. We hypothesized that renal tubule epithelial cells (RTECs) could produce m‐CSF in response to IRI, which could in turn promote monocyte activation. Real time PCR was used to measure levels of intragraft m‐CSF transcripts in patients during IRI and clinical rejection. Also, m‐CSF production by RTECs following IRI simulation in vitro was measured using ELISA. Monocyte expression of CD40 and CD80 was then analyzed using flow cytometry following co‐culture with supernatants of RTECs after IRI. Monocyte expression of CD40, CD80 and HLA‐DR was then examined following treatment with rh‐m‐CSF (10, 36, and 100 ng/ml), as was monocyte size and granularity. We found that intragraft m‐CSF transcription was significantly increased postreperfusion (P = 0.002) and during clinical rejection (P = 0.002). We also found that RTECs produced m‐CSF in response to IRI in vitro (P = 0.036). Monocytes co‐cultured with the supernatants of postischemic RTECs became activated as evidenced by increased expression of CD40 and CD80. Also, monocytes treated with recombinant m‐CSF assumed an activated phenotype exhibiting increased size, granularity and expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and HLA‐DR, and demonstrating enhanced phagocytic activity. Taken together, we suggest that renal tubular cell derived m‐CSF is a stimulus for monocyte activation and may be an important target for control of IRI‐associated immune activation.
Determinants of capital structure of Indian corporate sector: Evidence of regulatory impact

In this study we have made an attempt to answer two crucial questions - first, whether capital market regulations exert any influence on capital structure decisions of Indian corporate firms, and second, how to measure the capabilities of firm-specific factors to explain two theories of capital structure namely, static trade-off theory and pecking order hypothesis. In order to answer these two questions, we have employed static panel data model as proposed by Driscoll and Kraay (1998), considering 1154 firms for a period of 21 years (1989-2009) which resulted in 6946 observations. In this study we have looked at the impact of firm-specific and institutional factors on debt and equity separately in order to understand the explanatory power of the same set of factors in favour of trade-off theory and pecking order hypothesis. We find evidence in favour of the argument that institutional factors matter in financing decisions of corporations. Our results suggest that capital market regulations in India have adverse impact on the use of public debt and favorable impact on the use of equity capital. It is also found that firm-specific factors are more capable of explaining trade-off theory rather than explaining the information asymmetry in the public domain. This explains the fact that private lenders have superior firm specific information which helps firms in mobilizing resources from private sources rather than from the market. This study may be of some use for academicians and policy makers to understand the impact of regulation on the use of public debt and equity capital from the capital market by the firms.
Effects of Manganese on Streptococcus mutans Planktonic and Biofilm Growth

Streptococcus mutans, an agent of dental caries, was tested for growth in the presence or absence of manganese (Mn), since studies have linked Mn levels with cariogenic potential. Seven S. mutans serotype c strains were grown in chemically defined medium under different atmospheric conditions: 5% CO2, O2-enriched 5% CO2 (shaking) and anaerobic. There was significant strain variability with respect to Mn requirements under the various conditions tested. Both sucrose-dependent and sucrose-independent biofilm growth by strain UA159 were affected by the absence of Mn. S. mutans strains show highly variable responses to both high and low Mn concentrations.
Preproenkephalin mRNA is Regulated by an Interaction Between Steroid Hormones and Nociceptive Stimulation

The expression of preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA has previously been shown to be regulated by steroid hormones in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) and to be regulated by noxious stimuli in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (DH). The present in situ hybridization study in ovariectomized rats showed that PPE mRNA expression in both the VMH and the lumbar DH, responds to the interaction between a noxious peripheral stimulus and ovarian steroid hormones. In the VMH, either estradiol or estradiol+progesterone increased the mean PPE mRNA content per cell by 100% compared with vehicle‐treated rats. Unilateral hindpaw injection of 5% formalin, as compared to saline, significantly increased mean PPE mRNA content per VMH cell in rats treated with vehicle or estradiol but not those treated with estradiol+progesterone. Regression analysis for mean PPE mRNA content per VMH cell as a function of intensity of hindpaw inflammation showed a significant positive correlation coefficient after vehicle and estradiol treatment (P<0.02) but a strong trend towards a negative correlation coefficient after estradiol+progesterone treatment (P<0.06). ANOVA for homogeneity of regression coefficients showed a significant difference across hormone groups (P<0.01).
Optimal Cutoff Points for Anthropometric Variables to Predict Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Background Insulin resistance (IR) is a major cardiometabolic risk factor in females with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The euglycemic clamp is the gold standard method to measure IR. However, considering the time and cost that it takes, surrogate markers of IR are now widely used. The current study aimed at evaluating the cutoff points of even less invasive anthropometric and body composition variables to predict IR in females with PCOS. Methods The current cross sectional study selected 224 females with PCOS, using Rotterdam criteria, referred to reproductive endocrinology research center; 88 of which were diagnosed with insulin resistance. Receiver operating characteristics curve was used to explore the best cutoff values of each anthropometric and body composition measures. IR was defined as homeostasis model assessment formula greater or equal to 2.6: HOMA-IR = fasting insulin (mU/L) × fasting plasma glucose (mM/L)/22.5. Results The highest area under the curve (0.751) was for the multiplication of waist circumference (WC) by body mass index (BMI), as a single index. The highest sensitivity and specificity were for body water (BW) percentage (82% for values greater than 32.85%) and WC (79% for values greater than 88 cm), respectively. Conclusions It was concluded that there were simple anthropometric variables; e.g., WC × BMI, percentage of BW, and WC that could help to estimate IR in clinical settings especially when the gold standard or surrogate markers of IR were unavailable.
Combining formal and informal contract enforcement in a developed legal system: a latent class approach

Abstract How do firms combine a broad range of contract enforcement mechanisms into coherent governance structures? How often are distinct structures used in an economy? We develop a new empirical approach, based on latent class analysis, to answer these questions. Economy-level data from Hungary are used to derive a data-driven typology of contractual governance between firms. The joint use of law, morality, self-enforcing contracts, reputation and community norms is examined. They are shown to be combined into bilateral, third-party or comprehensive governance structures. The crucial governance choice is whether to move beyond bilateralism and, if yes, whether to use a mixture of (formal and informal) third-party mechanisms as a substitute or a complement. Complementarity is much more common. We find no instances of ‘impersonal exchange’; the law never stands alone. By implication, economic development may be best understood as a process from a narrower towards a broader set of enforcement mechanisms.
EXPLORING HEALTH PROMOTING LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS OF JAPANESE COLLEGE WOMEN: PERCEPTIONS, PRACTICES, AND ISSUES

The purpose of this study was to explore health promoting lifestyle behaviors (HPLBs) of college women in Japan. In addition, perceived health status and concerns were evaluated. The methods used were both qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative data from focus groups with 38 Japanese college women were used to develop a questionnaire. Subsequently, 546 randomly selected college women responded to the mailed survey (response rate 54%). Forty percent of the college women respondents perceived themselves as "rather unhealthy" or "unhealthy. " The investigator conclude that (1) perceived HPLBs, health status, and health concerns were mutually associated, thus, to increase perceived health status and/or decrease perceived health concerns, promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors must be considered; (2) the number of perceived motives or cues and the number of perceived health concerns of importance to college women must be considered to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors.
Geo-Spatial Modeling of Access to Water and Sanitation in Nigeria

The paper presents the development and implementation of a geo-spatial model for mapping populations’ access to specified types of water and sanitation services in Nigeria. The analysis uses geo-referenced, population-representative data from the National Water and Sanitation Survey 2015, along with relevant geo-spatial covariates. The model generates predictions for levels of access to seven indicators of water and sanitation services across Nigeria at a resolution of 1 × 1 km2. Overall, the findings suggest a sharp urban–rural divide in terms of access to improved water, basic water, and improved water on premises, a low availability of piped water on premises and of sewerage systems throughout the country, a high concentration of improved sanitation in select states, and low rates of nationwide open defecation, with a few pockets of high rates of open defecation in the central and southern non-coastal regions. Predictions promise to hone the targeting of policies meant to improve access to basic services in various regions of the country. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
Gastric Emptying of Solids Is Slower in Functional Dyspepsia Unrelated to Helicobacter pylori Infection in Female Children and Teenagers

Aim: To evaluate gastric emptying of solids in children and adolescents with functional dyspepsia with and without Helicobacter pylori infection. Patients and Methods: The study included 27 female patients (mean age 13.38 ± 2.81 y) with functional dyspepsia according to Rome II criteria who were selected after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy found no major mucosal abnormality. Fragments were collected from the esophagus, gastric antrum, and gastric body for histological examination and rapid urease test. H pylori infection was diagnosed according to the rapid urease test and histological appearance. The histological appearance of the gastric mucosa was evaluated according to modified Sydney criteria. A 13C-octanoic breath test was performed after a test meal (2 slices of toasted bread, 10 g margarine, and 1 egg with 100 μLof the tracer dipped in the yolk) with 13 points of air collection in 4 hours. Results: Infection with H pylori was observed in 12 of 27 patients (44.4%). The gastric emptying half-time was shorter in infected patients than in uninfected patients (mean ± SD 153.4 ± 20.0 min vs 179.2 ± 32.2 min; P = 0.019), as was the lag phase (106.3 ± 22.6 vs 126.6 ± 22.7 min; P = 0.038). There was no relationship between gastric emptying (half-time and lag phase) and degree of histological abnormality. Vomiting and nausea were associated with slower gastric emptying in patients without H pylori gastritis more often than in infected patients. Conclusions: The study suggests that delayed gastric emptying can play an important role in a subgroup of dyspeptic patients, particularly those without H pylori infection who have nausea and vomiting.
The Clockwork Orange Drosophila Protein Functions as Both an Activator and a Repressor of Clock Gene Expression

The Drosophila clock relies on transcriptional feedback loops that generate daily oscillations of the clock gene expression at mRNA and protein levels. In the evening, the CLOCK (CLK) and CYCLE (CYC) basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) PAS-domain transcription factors activate the expression of the period (per) and timeless (tim) genes. Posttranslational modifications delay the accumulation of PER and TIM, which inhibit CLK/CYC activity in the late night. We show here that a null mutant of the clockwork orange (cwo) gene encoding a bHLH orange-domain putative transcription factor displays long-period activity rhythms. cwo loss of function increases cwo mRNA levels but reduces mRNA peak levels of the 4 described CLK/CYC targets, inducing an almost complete loss of their cycling. In addition, the absence of CWO induces alterations of PER and CLK phosphorylation cycles. Our results indicate that, in vivo, CWO modulates clock gene expression through both repressor and activator transcriptional functions.
Effectuation, network-building and internationalisation speed

We extend research on the speed of new venture internationalisation by distinguishing between effectual and non-effectual (i.e. causal) network-building approaches, and conceptualising their differential effects on the dimensions of initial entry speed, country (i.e. international) scope speed and international commitment speed. Drawing upon the extant literature on internationalisation speed, network building and effectuation theory, we argue that an effectual approach to network-building is positively associated with initial entry speed and international scope speed, but negatively associated with international commitment speed, while a causal approach is negatively associated with initial entry speed and international scope speed, but positively associated with international commitment speed. In addition, we contribute to effectuation scholarship by elaborating on the causal–effectual distinction in network-building and offering internationalisation speed as an important and interesting outcome variable.
The role of E‐cadherin in low‐grade ductal breast tumourigenesis

Grade I invasive ductal breast carcinomas have a specific pattern of genetic aberrations, namely gain of 1q and loss of 16q. This pattern is very similar to the changes seen in invasive lobular breast carcinomas (ILCs). The gene on 16q involved in ILC is known to be E‐cadherin (CDH1). This study has investigated whether the same gene is responsible for grade I invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), using allele imbalance analysis, mutation screening, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The data suggest that despite the shared pattern of genetic aberrations seen in grade I IDC and ILC, CDH1 is not the target gene in low‐grade ductal tumourigenesis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.