Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thyroid Nodules in Diagnostic Pathology: From Classic Concepts to Innovations

Thyroid nodules are frequent in general population, found in 3.7–7% of people by palpation and 42–67% by ultrasonography (US). The differential diagnosis ranges from papillary (PC), follicular (FC) and medullary (MC) carcinomas to follicular adenoma (FA) and colloid goitre. Cancer risk in thyroid nodules varies: 5% in masses found by palpation, 1.6–15% by US, 3.9–11.3% by computed tomography (CT), 5–6% by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 30–50% by positron emission tomography (PET). The final diagnosis depends on fine needle aspiration (FNA) findings and histopathology. The recent WHO classification (2017) is based on classic morphology, including assessment of invasion and nuclei. New entities are defined to designate tumours with doubtful invasion or controversial nuclear features. By immunohistochemistry, PC expresses HBME-1, TROP2, CITED1 and CK19. Notably, PC can stain for CD20. MC is recognised by neuroendocrine differentiation. To distinguish FA vs. FC, evaluation of HBME-1, p27 and galectin has been suggested. Regarding miRNAs, miR-146b, miR-222, miR-221 and miR-181b are upregulated, while miR-145, miR-451, miR-613 and miR-137 are downregulated in PC. FC features downregulated miR-199a-5p and upregulated miR-197 and miR-346. In MC, miR-21 and miR-129-5p are downregulated. In addition, increased systemic inflammatory reaction can be poor prognostic factor in thyroid cancer. The aim of this chapter is to review classic and innovative histopathology of thyroid nodules for diagnostic pathology practice and research in multidisciplinary thyroid teams.
Permeability Estimation Directly From Logging‐While‐Drilling Induced Polarization Data

In this study, we present the prediction of permeability from time domain spectral induced polarization (IP) data, measured in boreholes on undisturbed formations using the El‐log logging‐while‐drilling technique. We collected El‐log data and hydraulic properties on unconsolidated Quaternary and Miocene deposits in boreholes at three locations at a field site in Denmark, characterized by different electrical water conductivity and chemistry. The high vertical resolution of the El‐log technique matches the lithological variability at the site, minimizing ambiguity in the interpretation originating from resolution issues. The permeability values were computed from IP data using a laboratory‐derived empirical relationship presented in a recent study for saturated unconsolidated sediments, without any further calibration. A very good correlation, within 1 order of magnitude, was found between the IP‐derived permeability estimates and those derived using grain size analyses and slug tests, with similar depth trends and permeability contrasts. Furthermore, the effect of water conductivity on the IP‐derived permeability estimations was found negligible in comparison to the permeability uncertainties estimated from the inversion and the laboratory‐derived empirical relationship.
REVIEW: The management of wild large herbivores to meet economic, conservation and environmental objectives

Summary 1. Wild large herbivores provide goods and income to rural communities, have major impacts on land use and habitats of conservation importance and, in some cases, face local or global extinction. As a result, substantial effort is applied to their management across the globe. To be effective, however, management has to be science-based. We reviewed recent fundamental and applied studies of large herbivores with particular emphasis on the relationship between the spatial and temporal scales of ecosystem response, management decision and implementation. 2. Long-term population dynamics research has revealed fundamental differences in how sex/age classes are affected by changes in density and weather. Consequently, management must be tailored to the age and sex structure of the population, rather than to simple population counts. 3. Herbivory by large ungulates shapes the structure, diversity and functioning of most terrestrial ecosystems. Recent research has shown that fundamental herbivore/vegetation interactions driving landscape change are localized, often at scales of a few metres. For example, sheep and deer will selectively browse heather Calluna vulgaris at the edge of preferred grass patches in heather moorland. As heather is vulnerable to heavy defoliation, in the long term this can lead to loss of heather cover despite the average utilization rate of heather in a management area being low. Therefore, while herbivore population management requires a large-scale approach, management of herbivore impacts on vegetation may require a much more flexible and site-specific approach. 4. Localized impacts on vegetation have cascading effects on biodiversity, because changes in vegetation structure and composition, induced by large herbivores affect habitat suitability for many other species. As such, grazing should be considered as a tool for broader biodiversity management requiring a more sophisticated approach than just, for example, eliminating grazing from conservation areas through the use of exclosures. 5. Synthesis and applications . The management of wild large herbivores must consider different spatial scales, from small patches of vegetation to boundaries of an animal population. It also requires long-term planning based on a deep understanding of how population processes, such a birth rate, death rate and age structure, are affected by changes in land use and climate and how these affect localized herbivore impacts. Because wild herbivores do not observe administrative or political boundaries, adjusting their management to socio-political realities can present a challenge. Many developing countries have established co-operative management groups that allow all interested parties to be involved in the development of management plans; developed countries have a lot to learn from the developing world’s example.
Brand Trust: An Australian Replication of a Two-Factor Structure

A replication was conducted of Delgado-Ballester, Munuera-Aleman and Yague-Guillen’s (2003) brand-trust study to determine if their two-factor brand-trust scale as conceptualised generalises to the Australian context. A self-administered questionnaire that focused on consumer brand-trust shampoo perceptions was completed by 154 respondents. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis provided initial support for the two-factor structure of the brand-trust scale (BTS) as conceptualised. The relationship of the BTS dimensions with satisfaction and loyalty was also supported.
Farmers' Adaptation to Extreme Weather Events Through Farm Management and its Impacts on the Mean and Risk of Rice Yield in China

We explore how rice farmers adjust their farm management practices in response to extreme weather events and determine whether their adjustments affect the mean, risk, and downside risk of rice yield. Based on a survey of 1,653 rice farmers in China, our econometric analyses show that the severity of drought and flood in the study areas significantly increases the risk and downside risk of rice yield. The applied farm management measures respond to severe drought and flood and can be considered as adaptation to climate change, an issue often ignored in previous studies. We model adaptation and its impact on rice yield for adapters and non-adapters. Utilizing a moment-based approach, we show that adaptation through farm management measures significantly increases rice yield and reduces the risk and downside risk of rice yield. Several policies, including scaling up the cost-effective farm management adaptation and providing public services related to natural disasters, are recommended to improve adaptive capacity of farmers, particular the poor, in response to extreme events. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
The asymmetric commodity inventory effect on the optimal hedge ratio

Hedging strategies for commodity prices largely rely on dynamic models to compute optimal hedge ratios. This paper illustrates the importance of considering the commodity inventory effect (effect by which the commodity price volatility increases more after a positive shock than after a negative shock of the same magnitude) in modelling the variance-covariance dynamics. We show by in-sample and out-of-sample forecasts that a commodity price index portfolio optimized by an asymmetric BEKK-GARCH model outperforms the symmetric BEKK, static (OLS) or naive models. Robustness checks on a set of commodities and by an alternative mean-variance optimization framework confirm the relevance of taking into account the inventory effect in commodity hedging strategies.
Broca's Complex as the Unification Space for Language

The 1990s saw an enormous increase in sIndies investigating the brain correlates of language processing. Willi the advent of techniques for invivo scanning of the human brain in action (e.g., PET, fMKi, MEG), we no lunger need fo rely on I he experiments of nature in the form of a brain lesion, lo study the relation between brain and language. One could thus argue that a solid bridge between psycholing rustics and neurobiology has been established. In addition to the classical behavioral measures such as reaction limes, speech errors, acceptability ratings, etc., we are nowadays able to measure the neuronal responses that underlie specific language tasks. Psycho Unguis lies and. neurobiology arc on common ground, so one could think.
Remittance Behavior of Migrants and its Macroeconomic Effects in Four Developing Countries

The literature on the macroeconomic effects of remittances is inconclusive. This study establishes a relationship between remittances and other important macroeconomic variables, such as consumption, investment and economic growth in Bangladesh, Egypt, Pakistan, and Syria over the period 1975-2006. Overall results suggest that remittances have a positive impact on economic growth in Pakistan and Syria but a negative impact in Bangladesh and Egypt. Negative remittance-growth coefficients in those two countries suggest a counter-cyclical relationship. A key objective of this paper is to identify how the remittance behavior of migrants varies across countries. Results from panel estimation procedure shows that a combination of self-interest and enlightened self-interest behavior of migrants is responsible for the growth impact in Bangladesh. The enlightened self-interest motivation is also the most likely cause of the growth impact in Egypt. Finally, the self-interest behavior explains the growth impacts in Pakistan and Syria. Results from this paper have policy implications for developing countries which face dilemmas and debates on the impact of remittances on economic growth.
Surface switching of rotating fluid in a cylinder

We study the surface shape of water in an open cylinder driven by constant rotation of the bottom. Around the critical Reynolds number for the laminar-turbulent transition, the surface deformation, which is of the order of the container size, shows an aperiodic switching phenomenon between an axisymmetric shape and a nonaxisymmetric shape. The axisymmetric shape is observed as a steady state when the Reynolds number is smaller than that in the switching region, while the nonaxisymmetric shape is observed as a (quasi-) periodic state in which the surface rotates at almost constant angular velocity when the Reynolds number is larger than that in the switching region. A detailed analysis for the surface shape suggests that the flow with the nonaxisymmetric shape is turbulent.
Inter-generational distribution of resources in a model of economic growth: Taking the land vs. food trade-off into account

This paper considers a model with three overlapping generations of which only the middle one is able to work. There is a trade-off between food and bio-fuel pro- duction. We try to study this trade-off, its influence on economic growth and on resource consumption. The paper should state that even, if the current generation has the total autonomy of decision about the usage of all resources, they will never use them completely. The memebers of the current generation will always leave some resources for production because in the phase of retirement they depend on the income of the next generation, the latter paying back the credit obtained when beeing young. Furthermore, it states that as long as land is an essential input for producing the final product (including food) the amount of land devoted to bio-fuel production will not raise endlessly. The pure consumption loan model by Samuelson (1958) serves as basis for our Overlapping-Generations-Model, which we will integrate into a model of endogenous economic growth with resources, exogenous technical progress and land as a further input. For realization of the optimal consumption pattern, which leads to the maximum of utility, individuals have to make four decisions. They have to commit themselves on the exploitation rate of the non-renewable resource and on the amount of renewable resource used for production. Coincidentally, the allocation of land, necessary for food production and for renewable resource regeneration, and the amount of leisure time devoted for resource production have to be determined. The results are confirmed by numerical examples and will be reviewed by empirical data.
How Issues Become (Re)constructed in the Media: Discursive Practices in the AstraZeneca Merger

In this article, we put forward a novel way of exploring difference and contradiction in merging organizations. We examine how the media (re)constructs meanings in a major cross-border merger. Based on an analysis of press coverage, we attempt to specify and illustrate how particular issues are (re)constructed in media texts through interpretations of ‘winning’ and ‘losing’. We also show how specific discourses are drawn on in this (re)construction. In the merger studied, discourse based on economic and financial rationale dominated the media coverage. Discourse promoting nationalistic sentiments, however, provided an alternative discursive frame to the dominant rationalistic discourse. We argue that the two basic discourses are enacted in three analytically distinct discursive practices in the media: factualizing, rationalizing and emotionalizing. We suggest that the ability of different actors such as top managers to make use of different discursive strategies and resources in promoting their ‘versions of reality’ in the media (or public discussion) is a crucial avenue for research in this area.
Adoption and Effective Integration of ICT in Teaching and Learning in Higher institutions in Ghana

This concept paper focuses on how the adoption and effective integration of ICT in higher education in Ghana is having an impact on teaching and learning. Several models that can be used to improve understanding concerning the diffusion, adoption and usage of new technologies in teaching higher institutions are discussed. Some of the models include Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Diffusion Innovation Model (DIM) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model. Impacts, as well as barriers to the use of ICT in teaching and learning in the universities will also be looked at. This study will help educational authorities and administrators who will seek to enhance teaching and learning in the universities as a means of improving performance and quality education. The study will also make contribution by way of providing insight into the problem of access to and usage of ICT for teaching and learning in Ghanaian universities. It is recommended that different models should be integrated for adoption and integration of ICT in universities.
The SLUGGS Survey: Calcium Triplet-based Spectroscopic Metallicities for Over 900 Globular Clusters

Although the colour distribution of globular clusters in massive galaxies is well known to be bimodal, the spectroscopic metallicity distribution has been measured in only a few galaxies. After redefining the calcium triplet index–metallicity relation, we use our relation to derive the metallicity of 903 globular clusters in 11 early-type galaxies. This is the largest sample of spectroscopic globular cluster metallicities yet assembled. We compare these metallicities with those derived from Lick indices finding good agreement. In six of the eight galaxies with sufficient numbers of high-quality spectra we find bimodality in the spectroscopic metallicity distribution. Our results imply that most massive early-type galaxies have bimodal metallicity as well as colour distributions. This bimodality suggests that most massive early-type galaxies experienced two periods of star formation.
A classification of semi-natural northern prealpine river stretches based on chironomid communities

Using cluster analysis, ecological profiles of the species, and the (Diamesinae + Orthocladiinae) / Chironominae ratios, prealpine rivers were classified by their chironomid communities based on 338 species: (1) summer-cold mountain rivers (Isar, Salzach, Inn/Muhldorf), (2) summer-warm moraine-stretches (Wurm, Alz/moraine rupture, Amper, Altmuhl), (3) the summer-warm lowland river Upper Alz (lake outlet and the stretch to Altenmarkt village), (4) the lower section of the river Inn regulated by dams, which is dominated by a littoral community. The river Upper Alz is faunistically differentiated along it's course. Classification of river stretches is predominantly explained by rhithral and eurytope species. Potamal and littoral species had no effect on classification. The results suggest that water temperature is the most important factor of the chironomid-based river classification, which is in harmony with studies by Rossaro (1992) and Lindegaard & Brodersen (1995). Locally, other morphological parameters as reach slope and substrate may be important factors as well. However, further data are needed to clarify their role in species distribution.
Context considered : the relationship between media environments and advertising effects

t 13 Introductionn 14 Definitionn of Advertising Context 15 Literaturee Search 16 Resultss 18 Objectivee Context Characteristics 19 Vehiclee Type 20 Specificc Features of the Vehicle 21 Congruencee of Context and Advertisement 22 Objectivee Context Characteristics: Conclusion and Discussion 26 Subjectivee Context Characteristics 27 Intensityy 27 Valencee 31 Subjectivee Context Characteristics: Conclusion and Discussion 33 Generall Discussion, Implications and Future Research 35
Promotion Rat Race and Public Policy

This study investigates whether excess effort to climb a career ladder justifies policy interventions. The answer depends on whether the government is able to levy a higher tax burden on career workers than on non-career workers. Both a tax on top income aimed at lowering the rewards of promotion and a labour law that restricts excess effort require such a differentiation in the tax burden to improve welfare. The differentiation in tax burden prevents that the welfare gain of reducing excess effort is neutralized by the welfare cost connected to an increase in the number of career workers.
Satellite observations of middle atmosphere gravity wave activity and dissipation during recent stratospheric warmings

Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are circulation anomalies in the polar region during winter. They mostly occur in the Northern Hemisphere and affect also surface weather and climate. Both planetary waves and gravity waves contribute to the onset and evolution of SSWs. While the role of planetary waves for SSW evolution has been recognized, the effect of gravity waves is still not fully understood, and has not been comprehensively analyzed based on global observations. In particular, information on the gravity wave driving of the background winds during SSWs is still missing. 5 We investigate the boreal winters 2001/2002 until 2013/2014. Absolute gravity wave momentum fluxes and gravity wave dissipation (potential drag) are estimated from temperature observations of the satellite instruments HIRDLS and SABER. In agreement with previous work, we find that sometimes gravity wave activity is enhanced before the central date of major SSWs, particularly during vortex-split events. Often, SSWs are associated with polar-night jet oscillation (PJO) events. For these events, we find that gravity wave activity is strongly suppressed when winds reverse from eastward to westward (usually 10 after the central date of a major SSW). In addition, gravity wave potential drag at the bottom of the newly forming eastward directed jet is remarkably weak, while considerable potential drag at the top of the jet likely contributes to the downward propagation of both the jet and the new elevated stratopause. During PJO events, we also find some indication for poleward propagation of gravity waves. Another striking finding is that obviously localized gravity wave sources, likely mountain waves and jet-generated gravity waves, play an important role during the evolution of SSWs and potentially contribute to the triggering 15 of SSWs by preconditioning the shape of the polar vortex. The distribution of these hot spots is highly variable and strongly depends on the zonal and meridional shape of the background wind field, indicating that a pure zonal average view sometimes is a too strong simplification for the strongly perturbed conditions during the evolution of SSWs. 1 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. , doi:10.5194/acp-2016-276, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Published: 25 April 2016 c © Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License.
Climate precursors of multidecadal drought variability in the western United States

Low‐frequency (periodicities lower than 20 years) hydrologic variability in the western United States over the past 500 years is studied using available tree‐ring reconstructions of Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), streamflow, and climate indices. Leading rotated principal component (RPC) scores of a gridded tree‐ring reconstruction of the PDSI from 1525 to 1975 are significantly correlated with indices representing large‐scale climate variations from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. RPC1 (31%) is related to the influence of North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variations, indexed by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). RPC2 (24%) is apparently related to North Atlantic SST variations, indexed by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). RPC3 (19%) is moderately correlated with a smoothed version of the Southern Oscillation Index. Consistent with recent studies of instrumental data, RPC1 (PDO) and RPC2 (AMO) explain a large part of the multidecadal hydrologic variability of the interior western United States. Western U.S. PDSI variability exhibits significant pentadecadal (and longer) oscillations in the epochs from circa 1525 to 1650 and 1850 to 1975, while bidecadal oscillations are prevalent in the middle epoch from circa 1650 to 1850. The changes in spectral characteristics of western U.S. PDSI were related to similar changes in the PDO (and therefore in RPC1). In contrast, RPC2 had a regular periodicity of 51 years for the past ∼500 years. This regularity is intriguing, and although RPC2 was primarily related to the AMO in this study, the influence from Pacific climate cannot be discarded.