Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effective red compensation of Sr 2 SiO 4 : Dy 3+ phosphor by codoping Mn 2+ ions and its energy transfer

Mn2+ ions codoped Sr2SiO4 : Dy3+ phosphors were prepared by the solid-state reaction method using NH4Cl as the flux. Their phase compositions, photoluminescence properties, and the energy transfer process were systematically investigated. All Mn/Dy codoped powders were α′-Sr2SiO4. The codoping concentration range of Mn2+ was ≤ 4.0mol% to keep the structure undamaged. The broad red emission of Mn2+ centered at 647nm in Sr2SiO4 :Mn, Dy powders, which effectively compensated the red emission of Sr2SiO4 : Dy3+ phosphor. The CIE chromaticity coordinates dramatically changed from (0.310, 0.340) to (0.332, 0.326) due to the red enhancement via the energy transfer from Dy3+ to Mn2+. This energy transfer is realized by the exchange interaction. But the luminescence quenching of Sr2SiO4 :Dy, Mn phosphor was mainly caused by the electric multipoles interaction. The concentration optimized (Sr0.96, Mn0.02, Dy0.02)2SiO4 phosphor with high and almost pure white emission has great potential to act as a single-matrix white phosphor for white LEDs.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADJUSTMENT AND NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL STATES AMONG FIRST YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS

Adjustment problems and negative emotional states such as depression, anxiety and stress are prevalent among university students. Previous studies have not identified the relationship between academic, social, personal emotional and attachment to university adjustment problems with depression, anxiety and stress among first year medical students. This study explored gender differences and relationships between adjustment problems and negative emotional states. In this study, 42 male and 57 female medical students completed the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Results indicated a moderate adjustment level and no significant gender differences among medical students. Significant gender differences were found in stress and anxiety but not in depression. There were significant negative correlations between various adjustment and depression, anxiety, and stress. Overall, in this study female students were more stressed and anxious compared to male students. Therefore, the university should carry out prevention programs to address these issues.
A Late Quaternary climate record based on long-chain diol proxies from the Chilean margin

Abstract. In this study we have applied different indices based on long-chain diols, i.e., the long-chain diol index (LDI) as a proxy for past SST, the diol index as an indicator of past upwelling conditions, and the nutrient diol index (NDI) as a proxy for nitrate and phosphate concentrations in seawater. The proxies were analyzed in marine sediments recovered at ODP Site 1234, located within the Peru–Chile upwelling system, with a ∼2 kyr resolution covering the last 150 kyr. We also generated TEX86H and U37K′ temperature and planktonic δ18O records, as well as total organic carbon (TOC) and accumulation rates (ARs) of TOC and lipid biomarkers (i.e., C37 alkenones, GDGTs, dinosterol, and loliolide) to reconstruct past phytoplankton production. The LDI-derived SST record covaries with TEX86H- and U37K′-derived SST records as well as with the planktonic δ18O record, implying that the LDI reflects past SST variations at this site. TOC and phytoplankton AR records indicate increased export production during the last interglacial (MIS 5), simultaneous with a peak in the abundance of preserved Chaetoceros diatoms, suggesting intensified upwelling during this period. The diol index is relatively low during the upwelling period, but peaks before and after this period, suggesting that Proboscia diatoms were more abundant before and after the period of upwelling. The NDI reveals the same trends as the diol index, suggesting that the input of nitrate and phosphate was minimal during upwelling, which is unrealistic. We suggest that the diol index and NDI should perhaps be considered as indicators for Proboscia productivity instead of upwelling conditions or nutrient concentrations.
A Comparative Study of Two High-Viscosity Ionomeric Cements for the Sealing of Newly Erupted Permanent Molars

Objective: To compare the retention and preventive aspects of two different types of high-viscosity glass ionomer cements for newly erupted permanent molars, considering the cost-benefit ratio in relation to public health. Material and Methods: fifty-four children (5-12 years) with erupted molars were selected. One hundred and fifty-four teeth were sealed, 75 with Ketac Molar (KM) and 79 with Vitro Molar (VM). Before and after sealant application, photos were taken and condensation silicone casts were produced in order to better classify tooth eruption stage and to assess the sealant retention rate. Results: Fifty-six percent of teeth sealed with KM showed fully retained material (FR) after the 5-month follow-up period; 18.4 % showed KM in two-thirds of the occlusal surface (partial retention 2- PP2); 23.7 % in one third of the occlusal surface (partial retention 1-PP1); and only 1.3 % of sealed teeth showed total loss (TL). Among teeth sealed with VM, 28.8 % showed total retention (TR) of the sealant after 5 months; 7.5 % of sealants were present in two-thirds of the occlusal surface (PP2); 10% were present in one third of the occlusal surface (PP1), and 53.7 % showed total loss of the sealant (TL). The development of only one active white spot caries lesion after total sealant loss was observed in the VM group. Conclusion: Occlusal surfaces of newly erupted permanent molars sealed with high-viscosity KM glass ionomer cement exhibited higher retention when compared to VM after a 5-the development of carious lesions in sealed teeth was similar in both materials, which confirms the good clinical performance of glass ionomer cement sealants in the evaluation period, being highly significant when considering the cost-benefit ratio in relation to public health (KM cost is 4 times higher than VM cost).
USAGE OF SELECTED RESOURCES FOR INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN MAINSTREAM PRIMARY SCHOOLS: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FROM A KENYAN PERSPECTIVE

This study assessed the effectiveness of the use of selected teaching/learning resources in the implementation of Inclusive Education (I.E) for Special Needs Education (SNE) learners in mainstream primary schools. Focusing on the organisational effectiveness of the school management in meeting the needs of Special needs Learners, research questions explored the following: the availability of the selected teaching/learning resources, effectiveness of the use of available teaching /learning for Inclusive Education, challenges in the use of available teaching/learning resources and possible improvements with regard to the implementation of Inclusive Education for Special Needs Learners in mainstream primary schools. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Out of 150 schools that had integrated Special Needs Learners in Bungoma Count, Kenya, 20% were stratified, proportionately and randomly sampled. Pur posive sampling was used to obtain the participants; head teachers, regular, and special teachers. The sample comprised of 30 head teachers, 120 regular teachers and 8 special teachers (total 158). Data were collected using questionnaires for 30 head teachers, 120 regular teachers, interview schedules for 8 special teachers and observation schedule. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study find ings reveal that the integration of inclusive education has not been accompanied by support structures; educators lack the knowledge in handling the available resources, the available learning resources are inadequate and inappropriate. The study recommends that Ministry of education and school managers can implement inclusion smoothly and effectively through a variety of vehicles including in-service opportunities, professional support groups, mentoring activities, monitoring the degree of collaboration between general and special educators and improving the school setting to accommodate learner diversity. In addition, the government should improve on funding to cater for facilities and modification of structures.
Induction of Morphogenetic Callus and Multiple Shoot Regeneration in Ceropegia pusilla Wight and Arn.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the most suitable concentration of plant growth regulators and perfect explant (node, internode and thin cell layer explants-TCLs) for callus induction and subsequent organogenesis in an endangered medicinal Ceropegia pusilla. The best callus induction was found on the MS medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) 13.32 µM L + 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) 1
OPTIMAL IDENTIFICATION OF GROUND-WATER POLLUTION SOURCES

A new mathematical model for identifying pollution sources in aquifers is presented. The model utilizes Lagrange Constrained Optimization Method (LCOM) and is capable to inversely solve unsteady fluid flow in saturated, heterogeneous, anisotropic confined and/or unconfined aquifers. Throughout the presented model, complete advection-dispersion equation, including the adsorption as well as retardation of contaminant, is considered. The well-known finite element method is used to discretize and solve the governing equations. The model verification is implemented using a hypothetical example. Also, the applicability of the developed code is illustrated by the real field problem of Ramhormoz aquifer in southwestern Iran.
Seasonal constraints on the mandible allometry of Lucanus cervus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)

In insects, allometries of exaggerated traits such as horns or mandibles are often considered species specific and constant during a season. However, given that constraints imposed by the advancing season affect the developmental processes of organisms, these allometries may not be fixed, and the switch point between morphs may vary between populations and within populations during a season. The hypothesis of such a seasonal variation in exaggerated traits was tested using the dimorphic males of the beetle Lucanus cervus. The remains of specimens killed by predators were collected along forest tracks from mid May to late August 2008 in a protected lowland forest in northern Italy. The largest beetles were collected in mid May and average size thereafter decreased. Males collected early in the season mostly had large mandibles (i.e. they belonged to the major morph). In contrast, late in the season the probability of finding males with large mandibles was very low. The threshold body size determining morph expression also shifted during the season. Early in the season, the threshold pronotum width for a 50% chance of developing into the major morph was 1.74 cm, whereas later in the season it was 1.90 cm. This shift in the threshold body size was interpreted as the effect of phenotypic plasticity in a population exposed to constraints imposed by the advancing season.
The Impact of Sequence Map, Answering Question, and 3-2-1 Techniques on EFL Learners’ Summary Writing Ability

Considering the challenges inherent in learning and teaching of summary writing in EFL/ ESL settings, it is crucial to look into various instructional techniques thoroughly. This study investigated the relative effectiveness of three summary writing techniques: Sequence map, answering question, and 3-2-1 technique. To this end, 60 language learners from an English language institute in Ahvaz participated in the study. Before implementing the instructional techniques, a pre-test was administered to gauge the participants' fundamental knowledge of L2 summary writing. Three experimental groups were instructed through the already-mentioned techniques for ten weeks while the control group was given no such treatment. Finally, a post-test was administered to ascertain the effectiveness of such techniques in improving EFL learners' summary writing. The TOEFL-iBT scoring rubric was adopted to score the summaries holistically. Paired sample t-test and ANOVA were run to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the sequence map group outperformed the other three groups in terms of the written summaries. The study further implies that the employment of graphical or spatial representation of textual concepts reduces the complexity and ambiguity of the presented information.
Perceived Professional Competency Level and Job Performance of Block-Level Extension Agents in Bhutan

The primary purpose of this study was to identify the perceptions of extension agents in Bhutan on the professional competencies they considered important and possessed. The results of the study showed that extension agents have lower confidence on the technical knowledge they possessed in the respective subject areas. The other priority training requirements for extension agents identified by the study were on: how to conduct situational analysis, ability to prepare visual aids, finding ways to encourage farmers to adopt innovations, visualizing future extension prospects and problems, introducing new extension methods, building confidence in meeting objectives, creating awareness of the government policy and ability to organize and present a seminar. The junior extension agents have a higher confidence on some competencies compared to their seniors. Therefore, the departments of agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry in the Ministry of Agriculture should regularly conduct training needs analysis and provide in-service training to update the knowledge and skills of extension agents.
The effects of rainfall intensity and rock fragment cover on soil hydrological responses in Central Chile

In Chile, 60% of the usable land is affected by erosion and the effects of rock fragment cover, however protecting the soil against these degradation processes have been sparsely studied. Understanding the effects of rainfall intensity and rock fragment cover on soil hydrological processes is a major challenge for the formulation and implementation of proper soil conservation plans. The effects of rock fragment cover on soil erosion rate, surface runoff, sediment concentration and infiltration rate were studied on a Cambisol in Central Chile using the CAZALAC rainfall simulator. Nine rainfall simulations consisting of different combinations of rainfall intensities (70 mm h-1, 90 mm h-1, and 120 mm h-1) and rock fragment cover (0%, 40%, and 70%) were carried out. Rock fragment cover contributed to delay the time to start surface runoff and the amount surface runoff was in most of the cases directly proportional to rainfall intensity and inversely proportional to rock fragment cover percentage. Rock fragment cover reduced surface runoff in up to 72.06% in the case of the highest rainfall intensity. Final infiltration rate increased directly proportional to the percentage of rock fragment cover for each of the studied rainfall intensities. Erosion rate tended to be reduced by rock fragments (82.2% of reduction in the case of the highest rainfall intensity and rock fragment cover), but this positive effects were not always proportional to rock fragment cover percentage. In general, lower sediment concentrations were found in covered soils (more than a tenfold reduction in the case of 120 mm h-1 rainfall intensity).
Self-Prediction: Exploring the Parameters of Accuracy

We conducted four studies to explore people's self-prediction processes. Study I examined the types of information people report using when making self-predictions. Five categories of information were determined. Studies 2 and 3 examined the relation between the use of different categories of information and self-prediction accuracy. Using correlational and experimental methodologies, these two studies demonstrated the utility of attending to personal base rate and personal disposition information in formulating accurate self-predictions. Individual differences in accuracy as a function of public and private self-consciousness were also evident. Study 4 found that more certain selfpredictions, as well as predictions that were distinct from what was expected for the average individual, were more accurate. Overall, the findings suggest the importance of attending to individuating information in formulating accurate self-predictions.
Economic impacts of drought risks for water utilities through 1 Severity-Duration-Frequency assessment under climate change 2 scenarios 3

12 Climate change and increasing water demands show the need for implementing planning 13 strategies for financial sustainability of sectors, which are highly dependent on water resources, 14 such as water utility companies. The financial vulnerability of these companies increases 15 considering water supply growth and low availability scenarios, resulting in less profits or 16 economic bankrupt. Generally, methods to estimate financial impacts caused by drought are not 17 as numerous and clear as those for floods due to the complex characteristics of the phenomenon. 18 Therefore, we propose a new assessment to estimate the business interruption cost considering 19 the uncertainties in the climate and urban demand projections in the medium and long term. 20 The methodology integrates the semi-distributed hydrological simulation procedures linked to 21 the Water Evaluation and Planning system (WEAP) under radiative climate forcing scenarios 22 RCP 4.5 and 8.5 from the regional climate model outputs Eta-INPE/MIROC5 and HadGEM23 ES (RCM). The approach continues with the hydrological drought assessment "Severity24 Duration-Frequency” (SDF), based on stationary and non-stationary water demand assumptions 25 to establish the method’s threshold levels. Likewise, the methodology defines a water tariff 26 price delimited by the drought duration and the system’s robustness analysis to determine 27 revenue loss scenarios in the water utility, through planning periods: 2007-2040, 2041-2070, 28 and 2071-2099. As a case study, the approach is applied to the Cantareira Water Supply System 29 in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR), the main water supply source for about 11 30 million people. The results show that the water-cost outputs based on Eta-MIROC5 present 31 higher revenue losses in the company than those based on HadGEM-ES. Meanwhile, the 32 relationship between RCP scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 showed lower variability compared to the 33 analyzed climate-with-water demand scenarios. However, the Non-stationary demand (NSD) 34
Civic Spaces: Mexican Hometown Associations and Immigrant Participation

The study of civic participation and social capital in the United States has, until recently, been silent on the role of immigrant-serving organizations. There is a new line of scholarship, which indicates that ethnic organizations are generally disadvantaged in relation to White mainstream organizations on factors such as resources and political visibility. Our fieldwork on Mexican hometown associations (HTAs) in Los Angeles shows that transnational associations are even more disadvantaged than ethnic organizations that primarily serve the native born. However, this marginality leaves some counterintuitive advantages, namely the creation of safe spaces where undocumented immigrants, recent immigrants, and those with limited English proficiency can get involved in civic and political activities. We explore the extent to which these dynamics vary by gender and immigrant generation, and over time as Mexican hometown associations increasingly turn their attention to political issues in the United States.
TWO-COMPONENT STRUCTURE OF THE Hβ BROAD-LINE REGION IN QUASARS. I. EVIDENCE FROM SPECTRAL PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

We report on a spectral principal component analysis (SPCA) of a sample of 816 quasars, selected to have small Fe ii velocity shifts with spectral coverage in the rest wavelength range 3500–5500 Å. The sample is explicitly designed to mitigate spurious effects on SPCA induced by Fe ii velocity shifts. We improve the algorithm of SPCA in the literature and introduce a new quantity, the fractional-contribution spectrum, that effectively identifies the emission features encoded in each eigenspectrum. The first eigenspectrum clearly records the power-law continuum and very broad Balmer emission lines. Narrow emission lines dominate the second eigenspectrum. The third eigenspectrum represents the Fe ii emission and a component of the Balmer lines with kinematically similar intermediate-velocity widths. Correlations between the weights of the eigenspectra and parametric measurements of line strength and continuum slope confirm the above interpretation for the eigenspectra. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the validity of our method to recognize cross talk in SPCA and firmly rule out a single-component model for broad Hβ. We also present the results of SPCA for four other samples that contain quasars in bins of larger Fe ii velocity shift; similar eigenspectra are obtained. We propose that the Hβ-emitting region has two kinematically distinct components: one with very large velocities whose strength correlates with the continuum shape and another with more modest, intermediate velocities that is closely coupled to the gas that gives rise to Fe ii emission.
Influence of Type of Mentoring Relationship on Youth Empowerment in secondary schools in Njoro Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya

Youths, aged between 15 and 24 years, in secondary schools in Kenya, have been facing challenges such as drugs and substance abuse; negative peer pressure; unemployment and societal negative perceptions among others. This has led to the youth being labeled as source of society's problems rather than its potential asset. Various interventions have been established such as talent nurturing programs, revival of youth polytechnics, entrepreneurship trainings and youth mentoring programs. In Kenya, mentoring is a relatively new concept though studies done in developed countries have shown that mentoring has resulted to youth empowerment. However, little has been documented about mentoring relationships in Kenya; hence this study established the influence of type of mentoring relationship on youth empowerment. A sample of 107 youth was randomly sampled from the purposively selected secondary schools with mentoring programs. Majority of the respondents were involved in more than one type of mentoring relationship at any given time. Those involved in traditional mentoring which is an informal type of mentoring relationship were 98.1%; they were also in formal type of mentoring relationships; peer and reverse mentoring were common at 91.6%; team mentoring (78.5%); situational mentoring (69.2%); group mentoring (57.0%); flash mentoring (56.1%) and E/tele mentoring (44.9%). Despite the youths being involved in various mentoring relationships, only traditional, peer mentoring, team mentoring, group mentoring and flash mentoring resulted to youth empowerment. There is need for interventions in which the policy makers develop a framework for mentoring programs as a key component in the school curriculum.