Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic studies of dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Clexane), and danaparoid sodium (Orgaran) in stable chronic hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) and danaparoid are an alternative to unfractionated heparin (UH) for anticoagulation during hemodialysis. Few data are available concerning their duration of action and whether drug accumulation occurs with continued use. We performed a prospective randomized study of the pharmacokinetics of dalteparin and enoxaparin plus danaparoid in 21 hemodialysis patients. METHODS Patients were randomly assigned to administration of enoxaparin, 40 mg; dalteparin, 2,500 U; or danaparoid, 34 U/kg, for 4 weeks. Antifactor Xa levels were measured at the end of weeks 1 and 4 immediately before the injection and at prescribed intervals up to 48 hours postinjection. RESULTS No bleeding or thrombotic episodes occurred during the study. Mean antifactor Xa activities 4 hours postinjection were 0.2 +/- 0.035 (SEM), 0.38 +/- 0.028, and 0.54 +/- 0.051 U/mL week 1 and 0.26 +/- 0.038, 0.40 +/- 0.055, and 0.64 +/- 0.050 U/mL week 4 for dalteparin, enoxaparin, and danaparoid, respectively. Both weeks 1 and 4, antifactor Xa activity 3 hours postdose was significantly greater for danaparoid sodium compared with enoxaparin and dalteparin. There were no significant differences between antifactor Xa activity week 4 versus week 1 for enoxaparin and dalteparin; however, danaparoid sodium levels during dialysis were significantly greater after 4 weeks of treatment (P = 0.0328, 1 hour; P = 0.003, 2 hours; P = 0.0128, 3 and 4 hours). CONCLUSION Dalteparin and enoxaparin provide adequate anticoagulation for hemodialysis using single bolus injections at relatively low doses. Danaparoid sodium at the current recommended dosage resulted in greater anticoagulation than enoxaparin or dalteparin and may have an
Anakinra: an inhibitor of IL-1 for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Anakinra (Amgen, Inc.) is a specific receptor antagonist of IL-1 that differs from naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist by the presence of a methionine group. Anakinra has been shown to be of benefit in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis, either when given alone or in combination with methotrexate, as assessed by improvement in clinical signs and symptoms, decreased radiographic progression and improvement in patient function, pain and fatigue, although it appears to be effective in fewer patients than anti-TNF agents. It has a favourable safety profile as demonstrated in clinical trials. The physician and patient must be cognizant of serious infectious episodes. Many of the rare side effects seen with TNF blockers, such as tuberculosis, other opportunistic infections, worsening of congestive heart failure and the development of demyelinating disease, have not been seen in patients treated with anakinra. Anakinra should not be given in combination with anti-TNF agents.
Strength Factors Among Women of Mexican Descent

Whereas few studies with Latina samples include strength factors (resilience, mastery, life satisfaction, and perceived energy level) as variables, even fewer include strength factors together with acculturation in the same study. As part of a larger study, the purpose of this analysis is to describe and examine the relationships between strength factors, risk factors such as acculturation and substance use, resource factors including financial adequacy and education, and the health and illness factor of perceived health status among a convenience sample of 315 lowincome women of Mexican descent, ages 21 to 40. Cross-sectional survey data were collected and analyzed. Results show intragroup differences related to the well-being of women of Mexican descent living with low incomes in urban settings.
Patellofemoral Joint Kinematics and Contact Pressures in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Patellofemoral joint kinematics, contact areas, and contact pressures were measured concomitantly before and after total knee arthroplasty in 10 fresh frozen human cadaver knees using an Instron machine, a custom patellofemoral joint testing jig, axial bone markers, a continuous video digitizing system, and Fuji pressure sensitive film. The implant used in this study was the Kirschner Performance Knee System with an all polyethylene, domed patellar component. For all tests, the patella was aligned in its anatomically neutral position. Patellofemoral joint contact areas decreased as much as 19-fold after total knee arthroplasty. Mean patellofemoral joint contact pressures increased as much as 32-fold, and peak patellofemoral joint contact pressures increased as much as 22-fold after total knee arthroplasty. No statistically significant differences between preoperative and postoperative specimens were observed with respect to the patellofemoral, patellotibial, or patellar tilt angles from 30° to 120° knee flexion. Thus, the elevated patellofemoral joint contact pressures observed after total knee arthroplasty in vitro are not a primary consequence of iatrogenically altered patellofemoral kinematics.
VWF/FVIII complex and the management of patient with inhibitors: from laboratory to clinical practice

Summary. We and others have previously shown that inhibitor containing plasma from patients with congenital haemophilia A sometimes reacts less with von Willebrand factor (VWF) containing concentrates compared with highly purified plasma‐derived or recombinant factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates. To further substantiate the haemostatic role of a variation in inhibitor reactivity with different FVIII concentrates, we compared the inhibitor titres from 11 plasma samples against a panel of FVIII concentrates and correlated titre with the capacity to inhibit thrombin generation. Three plasma‐derived concentrates were tested: Fandhi (Grifols) which contains VWF with a final ratio of approximately 1 (VWF IU per IU FVIII:C); Haemate (CSL Behring) with a ratio of 2.5 and Haemofil M (Baxter), a monoclonal antibody‐purified concentrate containing only trace amounts of VWF. In addition, the recombinant FVIII concentrate Kogenate Bayer (Bayer) containing no VWF was included in the panel. A statistically significant difference in measured titres against the four concentrates was found. The inhibitor titre needed to inhibit 50% maximum thrombin generation was lowest for Kogenate Bayer and highest and similar for Fandhi and Haemate. This study confirms the results from previous research regarding variation of inhibitor reactivity against different concentrates and further shows that the VWF containing concentrates Fandhi and Haemate added to FVIII‐deficient plasma with the presence of inhibitor generate more thrombin than do the purified concentrates Haemofil M and Kogenate Bayer. A further interesting aspect could be that bypass therapy may have an increased efficacy when infused together with FVIII concentrates containing VWF. However, the clinical implications of all these findings in vitro need to be established.
Preliminary results of an exploratory study towards a general task and data model for telemedical visualizations

Pictures. ” Journal of Gerontology 45 (5): P205–9. Strehle, E M, and N Shabde. 2006. “One Hundred Years of Telemedicine: Does This New Technology Have a Place in Paediatrics? ” Archives of Disease in Childhood 91 (12): 956–59. Wickens, Christopher D, Rolf Braune, and Alan Stokes. 1987. “Age Differences in the Speed and Capacity of Information Processing: I. A Dual-Task Approach. ” Psychology and Aging 2 (1). American Psychological Association: 70. Wilkinson, Leland. 2010. “The Mathematical Foundation of Analytic Visualizations. ” Zhang, P, G Tao, and K L Irwin. 2000. “Utilization of Preventive Medical Services in the United States: A Comparison between Rural and Urban Populations. ” The Journal of Rural Health: Official Journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association 16 (4). Wiley Online Library: 349–56. Zimic, Mirko, Jorge Coronel, Robert H Gilman, Carmen Giannina Luna, Walter H Curioso, and David a J Moore. 2009. “Can the Power of Mobile Phones Be Used to Improve Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Developing Countries? ” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103: 638–40.
Proliferation gradients in the inner ear of the monkey (Macaca mulatta) embryo

Radioautographic studies were conducted on early developmental stages of the inner ear in monkey (Macaca mulatta) embryos ranging in age from stage 11 to stage 20 (25 to 39 days' gestation) and labeled for one hour with [3H] thymidine. The most active period of proliferation occurred at stage 13, at which time all regions of the otocyst, including the endolymphatic duct, were heavily labeled. In subsequent stages the dorsal portion of the endolymphatic duct failed to incorporate label, whereas proliferation continued in the ventral portion of the duct near its communication with the medial wall of the otocyst. The duct thus appeared to grow upward as a result of cell division from below. Mitotic activity continued in the remainder of the otocyst although there was a progressive temporal decrease in the labeling index. Spatial gradients also occurred, with dorsal and lateral regions less active than ventral and medial ones. As the otocyst differentiated, the cells in various areas became attenuated. These flattened cells were still capable of undergoing cell division, as indicated by the presence of labeled nuclei in all regions of the utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts, and cochlear duct.
X-Ray Bolometric Corrections for Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei

We present X-ray bolometric correction factors, (≡ / ), for Compton-thick (CT) active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with the aim of testing AGN torus models, probing orientation effects, and estimating the bolometric output of the most obscured AGNs. We adopt bolometric luminosities, , from literature infrared (IR) torus modeling and compile published intrinsic 2–10 keV X-ray luminosities, , from X-ray torus modeling of NuSTAR data. Our sample consists of 10 local CT AGNs, where both of these estimates are available. We test for systematic differences in values produced when using two widely used IR torus models and two widely used X-ray torus models, finding consistency within the uncertainties. We find that the mean of our sample in the range of is log10 = 1.44 ± 0.12 with an intrinsic scatter of ∼0.2 dex, and that our derived values are consistent with previously established relationships between and and and Eddington ratio ( ). We investigate if is dependent on by comparing our results on CT AGNs to published results on less-obscured AGNs, finding no significant dependence. Since many of our sample are megamaser AGNs, known to be viewed edge-on, and furthermore under the assumptions of AGN unification whereby unobscured AGNs are viewed face-on, our result implies that the X-ray emitting corona is not strongly anisotropic. Finally, we present values for CT AGNs identified in X-ray surveys as a function of their observed , where an estimate of their intrinsic is not available, and redshift, useful for estimating the bolometric output of the most obscured AGNs across cosmic time.
Percutaneous vertebroplasty for acute vertebral body fracture and deformity in multiple myeloma: a short report

We describe seven patients with multiple myeloma who were treated for acute vertebral body fractures with percutaneous vertebroplasty to a total of 14 vertebrae. Six of the seven patients had at least a 50% decrease in their pain scores at 24 h following vertebroplasty. There were no procedure‐related complications. These encouraging results prompt us to suggest further large‐scale evaluation of this procedure in myeloma patients.
Breast-feeding and postpartum relapse in women with rheumatoid and inflammatory arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that breast-feeding increases the risk of postpartum flare in inflammatory polyarthritis. METHODS We compared disease activity during pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum among 49 non-breast-feeders, 38 first-time breast-feeders, and 50 repeat breast-feeders. RESULTS After we adjusted for possible confounders, including treatment, first-time breast-feeders had increased disease activity 6 months postpartum, based on self-reported symptoms, joint counts, and C-reactive protein levels. CONCLUSION Postpartum flare may be induced by breast-feeding.
High-energy astrophysical neutrinos: The Upper bound is robust

We elucidate the physical basis for the upper bound on high energy neutrino fluxes implied by the observed cosmic ray flux. We stress that the bound is valid for neutrinos produced either by $p,\ensuremath{\gamma}$ reactions or by $p\ensuremath{-}p(n)$ reactions in sources which are optically thin for high energy protons to photo-meson and nucleon-meson interactions. We show that the upper bound is robust and conservative. The Waxman-Bahcall bound overestimates the most likely neutrino flux by a factor $\ensuremath{\sim}5/\ensuremath{\tau},$ for small optical depths $\ensuremath{\tau}. $ The upper limit cannot be plausibly evaded by invoking magnetic fields, optically thick active galactic nuclei (AGNs), or large hidden fluxes of extragalactic protons. We describe the implications of the bound for future experiments including the AMANDA, ANTARES, Auger, ICECUBE, NESTOR, and OWL/AIRWATCH detectors.
A waveguide model of the return stroke channel with a “metamaterial” corona

We model the lightning return stroke channel as a three layer cylindrical waveguide, consisting of (1) highly conducting thin core channel; (2) “metamaterial” corona, i.e., corona with an effective bulk anisotropic dielectric permittivity tensor which is due to the fine structure of leaders branching away from the main channel; and (3) the surrounding non‐conducting air. The lowest axially symmetric TM mode in this waveguide represents the return stroke current wave. We find time‐ and space‐domain solutions for the current wave in a channel connected to the ground driven by an axial current of Bruce‐Golde model temporal shape concentrated at the point of the channel connection to the ground. The front of the current wave is found to be dispersed, and the speed of the front is significantly (by a factor of 5–10 for some parameters) slower than the speed of light. The calculated radial electric field is found to be consistent with experimental measurements. When the second layer of the waveguide is filled with an isotropic material, the slowdown of the wavefront is found to be smaller. The time‐ and space‐domain calculations are also supported by the numerical solution of a dispersion equation, which shows that the phase velocity may be significantly less than the speed of light.
Heterogeneous Adjustments in Bank Leverage after Deposit Insurance Adoption

This paper empirically investigates the bank leverage adjustments after deposit insurance adoption. Banks are found to increase significantly their leverage after the introduction of deposit insurance. However, the banks’ responses appear to be heterogenous. The magnitude of the change in bank leverage decreases with (i) the size, (ii) the systemicity and (iii) the initial capitalisation of banks so that the most systemic and the most highly leveraged banks are unresponsive to deposit insurance. As a result, implementing a deposit insurance scheme could have important competitive effects.
Patterns of song evolution and sexual selection in the oropendolas and caciques

Although oscine bird song is widely thought to have evolved under the influence of sexual selection, few studies have used phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate how these vocalizations have changed historically. In the present study, we use a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial sequence data to reconstruct vocal evolution in the oropendolas and caciques, an oscine group with diverse taxon-specific song patterns and a wide range in levels of sexual size dimorphism. Our reconstructions show that large changes in song organization and structure have occurred on branches of the phylogeny with relatively high levels of size dimorphism. The particular vocal components that changed, however, often differed in different phylogenetic lineages. These patterns indicate that sexual selection has had important influences on song evolution in these birds, but has targeted different components of song in different taxa. Our results provide insight into how sexual selection influences bird song and suggest directions for future research to uncover the behavioral mechanisms driving vocal evolution. Copyright 2004.
Specific mutations of basal core promoter are associated with chronic liver disease in hepatitis B virus subgenotype D1 prevalent in Turkey

The role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genetics in the clinical manifestations of infection is being increasingly recognized. Genotype D is one of eight currently recognized major HBV genotypes. The virus is ubiquitous worldwide, but shows different features in different regions. One hundred and ninety‐eight patients with chronic HBV infection were enrolled in this study, 38 of whom had been diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV DNA was isolated from the patients' blood samples and the entire genome and/or the basal core promoter/core promoter region sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genomes revealed that subgenotype D1 is the most prevalent subgenotype in Turkey, but there was no definite phylogenetic grouping according to geography for isolates from different regions within Turkey, or for isolates in Turkey relative to other parts of the world. Turkish isolates tended to be genetically similar to European and central Asian isolates. Overall, HBV‐infection in Turkey appears to be characterized by early HBeAg seroconversion, a high incidence of the A1896 core promoter mutation and a small viral load. Genotype D characteristic mutations A1757 and T1764/G1766 were found in the BCP region. T1773 was associated with T1764/G1766 and a larger viral load. In conclusion, infection with HBV genotype D in Turkey has a similar clinical outcome to that of Europe and central Asia. Genotypic mutations in genotype D may be linked with disease prognosis in Turkey, but further studies with higher sample numbers and balanced clinical groups are needed to confirm this.
Traumatic injury risk and agricultural transitions: A view from the American Southeast and beyond.

OBJECTIVES Bioarchaeological research has documented a general decline in health with the transition from foraging to farming, primarily with respect to changing patterns of morbidity. Less is known about changes in injury risk, an aspect of health more obviously tied to particular landscapes and behaviors associated with different subsistence regimes. The purpose of this research is to evaluate several hypotheses emerging from the ideal free distribution model (Fretwell & Lucas, ) that predict injury risk based on subsistence-specific practices and land use patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS Postcranial fracture frequencies for long bones and clavicles in human skeletal remains from three Southeast U.S. regions permit examination of variability in injury risk among low-intensity (floodplain) farmers. Published data on six hunter-gatherer samples, four low-intensity agriculturalist samples, and six high-intensity agriculturalist samples comprise a comparative sample for examining variability in injury risk across three distinct subsistence traditions. Differences are evaluated using Z scores and the Fisher Exact test, Chi-Square test, and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS While statistically significant differences are apparent among low-intensity farming groups in the Southeast sample, in the global comparison postcranial fractures are significantly less common in low-intensity agriculturalists than in hunter-gatherers or high-intensity agriculturalists. DISCUSSION The results of this study support the hypothesis that, with respect to traumatic injury risk, low-intensity farming is a risk-averse subsistence strategy in comparison with full-time foraging or high-intensity agriculture. These data suggest that it is not agriculture per se that predicts an increase in this health risk, but rather the mode and intensity of agricultural production, findings that have important ramifications for our understanding of the health consequences of major subsistence transitions.
Test‐retest stability of cerebral mGluR5 quantification using [11C]ABP688 and positron emission tomography in rats

This study evaluates the reproducibility of the quantification of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) densities in rats using the PET radiotracer [11C]ABP688 and pharmacokinetic models that are based on an input function, which is derived from a reference tissue. Seven rats underwent dynamic PET scans (60 min) after bolus injection of [11C]ABP688. Kinetic analyses included: binding potential (BPND) determined by calculating (a) the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) and (b) its two‐steps simplified version (SRTM2); (c) multilinear reference tissue model (MRTM) and (d) its 2‐parameter version (MRTM2); (e) noninvasive graphical analysis (NIGA). Parametric images were generated representing BPND by the MRTM2 model. BPND determinations were reproducible with low to acceptable variability ranging from 5 to 10% and reproducibility scores (intraclass correlation coefficient) between 0.51 and 0.88. The pharmacokinetic model that showed lowest overall variability was the SRTM. In contrast, the use of the NIGA was associated with significantly lower reproducibility scores. Comparison of parametric images revealed no significant bias between test and retest measurements and is therefore suitable to compare groups at voxel levels. In conclusion, our results suggest that noninvasive quantification of [11C]ABP688 imaging is reproducible and reliable for PET studies of the cerebral mGluR5 in rats. Synapse, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Family study of subthreshold psychopathology in a community sample

Background There has been increasing interest in the validity and familial transmission of subthreshold psychiatric conditions and the relationship between subthreshold conditions and full syndrome (FS) disorders. However, most of these studies examined a single subthreshold condition and thus fail to take into account the high co-morbidity among subthreshold conditions and between subthreshold conditions and FS disorders. Method A family study of subthreshold psychiatric conditions was conducted with 739 community-drawn young adults and their 1744 relatives. We examined (1) whether relatives of probands with subthreshold major depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, alcohol use, substance use, and/or conduct disorder exhibited an increased rate of the corresponding (homotypic) FS disorder; (2) whether subthreshold disorders were associated with increased familial rates of other (heterotypic) FS disorders; (3) whether subthreshold and FS conditions are associated with similar familial liabilities; and (4) whether these homotypic and heterotypic associations persisted after controlling for co-morbidity. Results Significant homotypic associations were observed for subthreshold anxiety, alcohol, conduct, and a trend was observed for major depression. Only the homotypic association for alcohol and conduct remained after controlling for co-morbid subthreshold and FS conditions. Many heterotypic associations were observed and most remained after controlling for co-morbidity. Conclusions It is important to broaden the study of subthreshold psychopathology to multiple disorders. In particular cases, controlling for co-morbidity with other subthreshold and FS conditions altered the patterns of familial aggregation. Etiological processes that are common to particular disorders and subthreshold conditions are discussed.