Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hemorrhagic Disease in White-tailed Deer in Texas: A Case for Enzootic Stability

Although antibodies to viruses in both the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) serogroups have been reported from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Texas (USA), there are few reports of hemorrhagic disease (HD) in these populations. To understand the extent and diversity of exposure to the North American EHDV and BTV serotypes in these deer populations, we serologically tested 685 white-tailed deer collected from November 1991 through March 1992 throughout their range in Texas. Overall, 574 (84%) of deer had antibodies to EHDV or BTV Prevalence estimates varied according to ecological region, from 57% in the Gulf Prairies to 100% in the northwest Edwards Plateau. Based on serum neutralization tests, the deer had evidence of previous exposures to multiple EHDV and BTV serotypes, with evidence of exposure to two to five serotypes detected in each ecological region. The apparent lack of HD in relation to this high antibody prevalence cannot be explained, but may be related to enzootic stability in which a near perfect host-virus relationship exists.
Adverse Drug Reactions in Children: The Double‐Edged Sword of Therapeutics

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a major health problem worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality rates. ADRs are classified into Type A (augmented) and Type B (bizarre) ADRs, with the former group being more common and the latter less common but often severe and clinically more problematic due to their unpredictable nature and occurrence at any dose. Pediatric populations are especially vulnerable to ADRs due to the lack of data for this age group from the drug development process and because of the wide use of off‐label and unlicensed use of drugs. Children are more prone to specific types of ADRs because of the level of maturity of body systems involved in absorption, metabolism, transportation, and elimination of drugs. This state‐of‐the‐art review provides an overview of definitions, classifications, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of ADRs and discusses the available evidence for related risk factors and causes of ADRs in the pediatric population.
Global Equity Country Allocation: An Application of Factor Investing

Under the paradigm of factor investing, we create a global factor allocation strategy using country indexes and portfolio construction methodologies that are robust to estimation error. Implementable through exchange-traded funds or index futures, a portfolio based on country indexes with favorable factor exposures significantly outperforms, both economically and statistically, the world market capitalization portfolio. The outperformance remains significant after taking into account transaction costs, alternative portfolio construction methodologies, and tracking error constraints. From a practical investment perspective, country-based factor portfolios offer a viable alternative implementation of factor investing in a world of illiquidity, transaction costs, and capacity constraints.
Circadian rhythms in sleep and wakefulness and in salivary melatonin and cortisol concentrations in mothers of term and preterm infants.

We compared the effects of the demands of term and preterm infants on the daily rhythms of sleep and wakefulness and salivary melatonin and cortisol concentrations in mothers for up to 5 months after either birth (term group) or arrival of the infant home (preterm group). Although there were relatively small differences between the term and preterm groups in the daily patterns of infant sleep-wake behavior, there were more marked differences in the maternal sleep-wake parameters. During the first 8 weeks after the arrival of the infant home, the mothers of preterm infants had significantly less time asleep and fewer sleep bouts per 24 hours than did the mothers of term infants. The mothers of preterm infants spent a significantly longer proportion of each night awake (30-40%) for the first 8 weeks than did the mothers of the term infants (20-30%). There was also a significant difference between the term and preterm groups in the effect of time of day on maternal salivary melatonin concentrations. In the term group, maternal melatonin concentrations were higher at night (10 p.m.-6 a.m.) than at any other time of day. In contrast, in the preterm group maternal melatonin concentrations between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. were only higher than those measured between 6 a.m. and 2 p.m. Salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in the mothers of preterm infants than in the mothers of term infants throughout the 10-week study period, but the peak in salivary cortisol concentrations occurred between 2 a.m. and 10 a.m. in both the term and preterm groups. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Effect of Intravenous Contrast on Photon Radiation Therapy Dose Calculations for Lung Cancer

Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans on the photon radiation dose calculations for lung cancer treatment planning. Materials and Methods:Nonionic iodinated intravenous contrast (Iohexol) was administered during the treatment planning CT scan of 9 patients with node-positive non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The potential effect of intravenous contrast was studied by changing the density of the contrast-enhanced vessels. A total of 9 patients were treated in this study: 5 patients with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and 4 patients with three-dimensional (3D) conformal radiation therapy. A treatment plan was generated from an unmanipulated “normal contrast” planning scan. The same planning parameters were then applied to a “no contrast” planning scan. The effect of intravenous contrast was quantified by calculating the percent change of dose in a variety of target and normal structures. To evaluate a worst-case scenario, the comparison between “normal contrast” and “no contrast” planning scans was repeated, assigning each vessel the artificial high density of 1.3 g/cm3. Results:Dose differences between the planning image set using intravenous contrast and the image set without contrast were less than 2.5% for planning target volumes. A worst-case scenario in which normal contrast was overridden with an artificially high density of 1.3 g/cm3 led to small dose differences of less than 3%. Conclusions:Planning lung radiation therapy treatment using CT scans that contain intravenous contrast does not result in clinically significant errors in dose delivery.
Immunodominance Hierarchies and Gender Bias in Direct TCD8‐Cell Alloreactivity

Allogeneic solid organ transplantation often occurs across multiple donor–recipient HLA mismatches with consequent risk of allograft rejection. However, there is growing evidence that not all HLA mismatches are equivalent in their stimulation of allogeneic T cells making it important to determine which of these might be more significant as predictors of allograft rejection. To this end, we used defined antigen‐presenting cell (APC) transfectants expressing single MHC‐I allotypes as target cells that could discriminate the relative contribution of individual mismatched MHC‐I allotypes to direct T‐cell alloreactivity. We demonstrate remarkably reproducible patterns of immunodominance in reactivity across mismatched MHC‐I allotypes. These patterns are HLA context‐dependent, partly reflecting alloantigenic competition in responder cell responses. In strong alloresponses, we also observed an increased percentage of alloreactive TCD8 cells in female responders, regardless of the stimulator gender, highlighting HLA‐independent factors in the potency of the alloresponse. This approach provides a potential measure of specific alloreactive T cells that could be used in clinical practice for selection of donors, assessment of posttransplant outcomes, modulation of immunosuppression and detection of rejection episodes.
Relative ability of different bovine leukocyte populations to support active replication of rinderpest virus

Bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were infected with the pathogenic Saudi isolate of rinderpest virus (RPV) in order to identify the cell subpopulation(s) susceptible to active replication of this virus. Flow cytometry analysis, using a monoclonal antibody recognizing the H glycoprotein of RPV, showed that monocytes were the main subpopulation in which the virus replicated, whereas <2% of lymphocytes expressed viral antigen. The activation of PBMC with concanavalin A before infection resulted in an increase in the capacity of lymphocytes to support RPV replication; >90% of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes expressed viral antigen at 3 days postinfection, although < or = 40% of gamma/delta T cells were productively infected. B-lymphocyte activation with pokeweed mitogen also resulted in increased replication of this virus in these cells, involving up to 40% of B lymphocytes. An enhancement of lymphocyte susceptibility to infection and active replication by RPV was observed upon coculture of RPV-infected PBMC on bovine endothelial cells. Such enhancement was most marked with the B-cell and CD4+ T-cell subpopulations. Contact between lymphocytes and extracellular matrix components did not alter the capacity of RPV to replicate in lymphocytes. This intercellular contact with endothelial cells increased the viability of certain lymphocyte subpopulations, but it alone could not explain the increased sensitivity to RPV. Intercellular signalling, which resulted in interleukin-2 receptor upregulation, probably played a role. In summary, monocytes are the main target for active, productive infection by RPV. Similar replication in lymphocytes depends on their activation state and on contact with accessory cells such as endothelial cells. These characteristics have important implications for virus traffic in vivo and the pathogenesis of this disease.
Trigger warnings as respect for student boundaries in university classrooms

ABSTRACT The fierce public and scholarly debate over trigger warnings in university classrooms has often characterized the issue as one of academic freedom and ignored the social justice arguments for trigger warnings. In this essay, we argue that trigger warnings expand academic speech by engaging students more fully in their own learning. Specifically, we understand trigger warnings as a means of respecting students’ intellectual, emotional, and physical boundaries. By framing trigger warnings in this way, we argue that they are tools of worldmaking to the degree that they promise to improve accessibility, engage students better in learning, and cultivate more socially just and livable campuses.
Psychological Empowerment and Organisational Commitment among Academic Staff of Public Universities in Malaysia

The study examined the level of the Three-Component Model of organisational commitment (TCM) and its relationship with psychological empowerment. The sample was selected through a three-stage cluster random sampling among academic staff from three public universities in Malaysia. Cross-sectional survey research questionnaires were used as instruments of data collection. All variables under study have met the testing standard of reliability, validity and normality. SPSS version 22 was used to analyse the data obtained from 225 respondents of the study. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the levels of organisational commitment, and inferential statistical techniques such as Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression were used to examine the relationship between organisational commitment and psychological empowerment. The levels of organisational commitment of respondents were reported to be generally moderate but variations exist across its three different components namely the affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment. The results of Pearson’s correlation indicated a significant and positive relationships between all these three components of organisational commitment and overall organisational commitment with overall psychological empowerment and its four-dimensional components. The strongest relationship was identified between overall organizational commitment and psychological empowerment’s dimension of impact. The multiple regression analyses indicated that more than 20% of the variance in the overall scores of organizational commitments could be predicted by the overall psychological empowerment and its four-dimensional components. In addition, the multiple regression analyses indicated that the two strongest predictors of organisational commitment were the dimension of meaning and impact. Overall, the study has provided evidence of a significant relationship between excellent empowerment practices with organisational commitment among the academic staff in public universities in Malaysia. The study has its implications towards enhancement of policies and administration in higher education in Malaysia.
Randomized Noninferiority Trial of Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Compared with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine plus Amodiaquine for Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention in Burkina Faso

ABSTRACT The WHO recommends that children living in areas of highly seasonal malaria transmission in the Sahel subregion should receive seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine (SPAQ). We evaluated the use of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHAPQ) as an alternative drug that could be used if SPAQ starts to lose efficacy. A total of 1,499 children 3 to 59 months old were randomized to receive SMC with SPAQ or DHAPQ over 3 months. The primary outcome measure was the risk of clinical malaria (fever or a history of fever with a parasite density of at least 3,000/μl). A cohort of 250 children outside the trial was followed up as a control group. Molecular markers of drug resistance were assessed. The risk of a malaria attack was 0.19 in the DHAPQ group and 0.15 in the SPAQ group, an odds ratio of 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 1.72). Efficacy of SMC compared to the control group was 77% (67% to 84%) for DHAPQ and 83% (74% to 89%) for SPAQ. pfdhfr and pfdhps mutations associated with antifolate resistance were more prevalent in parasites from children who received SPAQ than in children who received DHAPQ. Both regimens were highly efficacious and well tolerated. DHAPQ is a potential alternative drug for SMC. (This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00941785.)
The case for bistatic HF surface wave radar

This paper examines some of the issues associated with implementation of HF surface wave radars (HFSWR) in bistatic and monostatic configurations. Most HFSWRs deployed in the field are pseudo-monostatic although they may not be optimum for all deployments. Radar transmitter spectral characteristics, detection performance based on received signal strength and site selection criteria are considered in this paper for both HFSWR configurations. These are compared to determine if a bistatic HFSWR might be the better option.
A SEROLOGIC SURVEY FOR SELECTED INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF BLACK BEARS IN IDAHO

Two hundred sixty-five black bears (Ursus americanus) from northcentral Idaho were examined serologically over a five-year period for antibodies against selected infectious disease agents. The number of positive serum samples per number of sera tested and percent positive for each infectious agent is: tularemia, 65/340 (19); brucellosis, 18/332 (5); toxoplasmosis, 23/303 (8); leptospirosis, 2/196 (1); trichinosis, 16/122 (13); Q-fever, 13/210 (6); St. Louis encephalitis, 3/340 (1); western equine encephalitis, 4/334 (1); Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, 6/282 (2). Black bears may serve as an indicator for infection in other wildlife, domestic animals and humans in the area.
Effects of decalcification on bulk and compound-specific nitrogen and carbon isotope analyses of dentin.

RATIONALE For bulk carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of dentin, samples are typically decalcified. Since the non-protein carbon in dentin is low, whole sample analysis may produce reliable data. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of bone and tooth dentin protein is a powerful tool for reconstructing the flow of carbon and nitrogen in modern and past food webs. Decalcification has also been used to prepare bone and dentin samples for CSIA, but the effects of this process on bulk dentin, amino acid composition, and their specific isotope values are not known. METHODS The bulk isotope values of raw and decalcified dentin from a sperm whale tooth were measured to determine the effects of decalcification and the accuracy of untreated dentin results. CSIA was also performed on decalcified and raw dentin to examine differences in the amino acid isotope values and molar composition between these two approaches. RESULTS Analysis of raw dentin yields precise and accurate bulk isotope measurements for this animal. The isotopic values of decalcified samples and raw dentin for individual amino acids were similar, but the average of the isotope value offsets between the two sample types was significant. The presence of inorganic material complicated raw sample processing for individual amino acid isotope values, and may have contributed to the isotopic differences between decalcified and raw samples. CONCLUSIONS Decalcification is not needed to measure bulk isotope values in dentin from this modern odontocete, probably because the lipid and carbonate concentrations are low and the carbon isotope values of dentin protein and carbonate are similar. This method should not be applied in some cases (e.g., with fossil dentin and modern bone). Decalcification should still be used prior to CSIA since significant matrix issues occur with raw dentin processing and decalcification does not alter the amino acid molar composition or isotopic values of dentin.
Including pupils who are perceived to have challenging behaviour within mainstream schools : exploring the impact of exclusion interventions and SENCos' efficacy beliefs

9 Introduction . 10 Background and context . 10 The present review . 11 Method . 12 Phase one: searching . 13 Phase two: mapping . 15 Phase three: synthesis . 17 Findings . 17 General characteristics of the nine studies located via the systematic literature search . 17 General characteristics of the nine studies located via the systematic literature search (continued) . 34 Design characteristics of the nine studies . 35 Findings from the application of the Weight of Evidence (WoE) tool. 37 Addressing the systematic review questions . 39 Discussion . 47 Limitations of review . 48 Recommendations for practice . 49 Recommendations for future research . 49 Chapter 2. Bridging document . 51 Deciding on the research topic: exploring general challenging behaviour literature . 51 Deciding on the focus of the systematic review . 55 The research process: the systematic review . 56 Deciding on the empirical research questions: bridging the project . 57
Apoplastic Reactive Oxygen Species Transiently Decrease Auxin Signaling and Cause Stress-Induced Morphogenic Response in Arabidopsis1[W][OA]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are ubiquitous signaling molecules in plant stress and development. To gain further insight into the plant transcriptional response to apoplastic ROS, the phytotoxic atmospheric pollutant ozone was used as a model ROS inducer in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and gene expression was analyzed with microarrays. In contrast to the increase in signaling via the stress hormones salicylic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene, ROS treatment caused auxin signaling to be transiently suppressed, which was confirmed with a DR5-uidA auxin reporter construct. Transcriptomic data revealed that various aspects of auxin homeostasis and signaling were modified by apoplastic ROS. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of auxin signaling showed that transcripts of several auxin receptors and Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (Aux/IAA) transcriptional repressors were reduced in response to apoplastic ROS. The ROS-derived changes in the expression of auxin signaling genes partially overlapped with abiotic stress, pathogen responses, and salicylic acid signaling. Several mechanisms known to suppress auxin signaling during biotic stress were excluded, indicating that ROS regulated auxin responses via a novel mechanism. Using mutants defective in various auxin (axr1, nit1, aux1, tir1 afb2, iaa28-1, iaa28-2) and JA (axr1, coi1-16) responses, ROS-induced cell death was found to be regulated by JA but not by auxin. Chronic ROS treatment resulted in altered leaf morphology, a stress response known as “stress-induced morphogenic response. ” Altered leaf shape of tir1 afb2 suggests that auxin was a negative regulator of stress-induced morphogenic response in the rosette.
Characteristics of cerebral microembolism during carotid stenting and angioplasty alone.

BACKGROUND Cerebral microembolism has often been documented by transcranial Doppler imaging during carotid angioplasty and stenting. However, few data are available about its characteristics during the 2 different kinds of procedure. OBJECTIVES To compare the incidence of microemboli occurring during angioplasty alone with that during stenting in the different phases of the procedures and to relate it to periprocedural cerebrovascular complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-eight patients underwent 41 procedures (15 angioplasty alone and 26 stenting) for symptomatic carotid stenoses of 70% or more. Transcranial Doppler monitoring was performed to detect microemboli in the middle cerebral artery during 3 phases of the procedure: (1) guidewire crossing, (2) first dilatation in case of angioplasty alone or stent release with predilatation if performed, and (3) further dilatation. RESULTS Microemboli occurred in all cases in phase 1 of the procedure but less frequently in the arteries treated with stenting when compared with those treated with angioplasty alone in phase 2 and particularly (P<.02) in phase 3. The mean number of microemboli was highest in phase 2, predominant (P<.05) during angioplasty alone, and particularly reduced (P<.02) in phase 3 during the stenting procedures. During 2 (5%) of the 41 procedures, cerebrovascular complications occurred in phase 1, with the number of microemboli being higher than mean values. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral microembolism is a very common event, especially during guidewire crossing and angioplasty alone compared with stenting. Further studies concerning the prognostic significance of this are advisable.