Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Excessive tidal volume from breath stacking during lung-protective ventilation for acute lung injury*

Rationale:Low tidal volume ventilation strategies for patients with respiratory failure from acute lung injury may lead to breath stacking and higher volumes than intended. Objective:To determine frequency, risk factors, and volume of stacked breaths during low tidal volume ventilation for acute lung injury. Design, Setting, and Patients:Prospective cohort study of mechanically ventilated patients with acute lung injury (enrolled from August 2006 through May 2007) treated with low tidal volume ventilation in a medical intensive care unit at an academic tertiary care hospital. Interventions:Patients were ventilated with low tidal volumes using the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network protocol for acute lung injury. Continuous flow-time and pressure-time waveforms were recorded. The frequency, risk factors, and volume of stacked breaths were determined. Sedation depth was monitored using Richmond agitation sedation scale. Measurements and Main Results:Twenty patients were enrolled and studied for a mean 3.3 ± 1.7 days. The median (interquartile range) Richmond agitation sedation scale was −4 (−5, −3). Inter-rater agreement for identifying stacked breaths was high (kappa 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.98–0.99). Stacked breaths occurred at a mean 2.3 ± 3.5 per minute and resulted in median volumes of 10.1 (8.8–10.7) mL/kg predicted body weight, which was 1.62 (1.44–1.82) times the set tidal volume. Stacked breaths were significantly less common with higher set tidal volumes (relative risk 0.4 for 1 mL/kg predicted body weight increase in tidal volume, 95% confidence interval 0.23–0.90). Conclusion:Stacked breaths occur frequently in low tidal volume ventilation despite deep sedation and result in volumes substantially above the set tidal volume. Set tidal volume has a strong influence on frequency of stacked breaths.
MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF PSEUDO‐NITZSCHIA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) FROM MALAYSIAN BORNEO, INCLUDING THE NEW SPECIES PSEUDO‐NITZSCHIA CIRCUMPORA SP. NOV

Field sampling was undertaken to investigate the occurrence of Pseudo‐nitzschia Peragallo species in eight locations along the coast of Malaysian Borneo. A total of 108 strains of Pseudo‐nitzschia species were isolated, and their morphology examined with SEM and TEM. Additionally, molecular data from nuclear‐encoded partial LSU rDNA, and ITS regions, were characterized. A total of five species were confidently identified based on a combination of distinct morphological characteristics and supporting molecular evidence: P. brasiliana Lundholm, Hasle & Fryxell, P. cuspidata (Hasle) Hasle, P. dolorosa Lundholm & Moestrup, P. micropora Priisholm, Moestrup & Lundholm, and P. pungens (Grunow) Hasle var. pungens. However, one morphotype from Sarawak, while somewhat similar to P. caciantha, showed significant morphological distinction from this and any other of the currently described species. Most notably this morphotype possessed a characteristic pore arrangement in the poroids, with the fine pores in each perforation sector arranged in circles. Pair‐wise sequence comparison of the LSU rDNA between this unidentified morphotype and P. caciantha Lundholm, Moestrup & Hasle, revealed 2.7% genetic divergence. Phylogenetic analyses strongly supported the monophyly of the morphotype. Based upon these supporting data it is here described as a new species, Pseudo‐nitzschia circumpora sp. nov. A key to the six species of Pseudo‐nitzschia from Malaysian Borneo is presented. Molecular signatures for all species were established based on structural comparisons of ITS2 rRNA transcripts.
Research with children exposed to disasters

A number of logistical issues complicate the conduct of child disaster research. Like studies of adults, much of the child research has used a single cross‐sectional assessment of non‐representative samples, it fails to consider pre‐disaster contribution to post‐disaster problems, and it leaps to unwarranted causal conclusions from results providing mere associations. Despite concern about the accuracy of parental report and concern about children's understanding of certain terms, most child studies have used a single source of information – either the children themselves or their parents. As the field matures, greater attention to the sophistication of research methods and design will increase our understanding of children in the context of disasters. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning, Asset-Pricing Tests, and Market Efficiency

This paper studies the asset-pricing implications of parameter uncertainty. We show that, when investors must learn about expected cash flows, empirical tests can find patterns in the data that differ from those perceived by rational investors. Returns might appear predictable to an econometrician, or appear to deviate from the Capital Asset Pricing Model, but investors can neither perceive nor exploit this predictability. Returns may also appear excessively volatile even though prices react efficiently to cash-flow news. We conclude that parameter uncertainty can be important for characterizing and testing market efficiency.
Community Structure of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria under Long-Term Application of Mineral Fertilizer and Organic Manure in a Sandy Loam Soil

ABSTRACT The effects of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure on the community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was investigated in a long-term (16-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included seven treatments: organic manure, half organic manure N plus half fertilizer N, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK, and the control (without fertilization). N fertilization greatly increased soil nitrification potential, and mineral N fertilizer had a greater impact than organic manure, while N deficiency treatment (PK) had no significant effect. AOB community structure was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of the amoA gene, which encodes the α subunit of ammonia monooxygenase. DGGE profiles showed that the AOB community was more diverse in N-fertilized treatments than in the PK-fertilized treatment or the control, while one dominant band observed in the control could not be detected in any of the fertilized treatments. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the DGGE bands derived from N-fertilized treatments belonged to Nitrosospira cluster 3, indicating that N fertilization resulted in the dominance of Nitrosospira cluster 3 in soil. These results demonstrate that long-term application of N fertilizers could result in increased soil nitrification potential and the AOB community shifts in soil. Our results also showed the different effects of mineral fertilizer N versus organic manure N; the effects of P and K on the soil AOB community; and the importance of balanced fertilization with N, P, and K in promoting nitrification functions in arable soils.
A retrospective study of drug-related problems in Australian aged care homes: medication reviews involving pharmacists and general practitioners.

BACKGROUND Drug-related problems (DRPs) in Australian aged care homes have been studied previously. However, little is known about the acceptance and implementation of pharmacists' recommendations by general practitioners (GPs) to resolve DRPs. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to investigate the number and nature of DRPs identified by accredited clinical pharmacists. The secondary objective was to study the GP acceptance and implementation of pharmacist recommendations to resolve DRPs. METHODS This was a retrospective study of 500 randomly selected, de-identified medication reviews performed by 10 accredited clinical pharmacists over 6 months across 62 aged care homes. The DRPs identified by pharmacists were subsequently classified by the drugs involved, types of problem (indication, effectiveness and safety) and medical diagnoses of the patient. GP written feedback on the medication review reports determined implementation of pharmacists' recommendations to resolve the DRPs. RESULTS A total of 1433 DRPs were identified in 480 of the 500 residents. Potential DRPs were frequently classified as risk of adverse drug reactions, need for additional monitoring and inappropriate choice of a drug. Alimentary, cardiovascular, central nervous system and respiratory drugs were most frequently implicated, accounting for more than 75% of the DRPs. GPs' acceptance and implementation of pharmacists recommendations were 72.5% (95% CI; 70.2, 74.8) and 58.1% (95% CI; 55.5, 60.6), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Over 96% of the residents had potential DRPs identified by pharmacists. GP acceptance of pharmacists' recommendations was independent of the drug category, but not independent of the disease category.
Subcellular distribution of connexin45 in OFF bipolar cells of the mouse retina

In the mouse retina, connexin45 (Cx45) participates in the gap junction between ON cone bipolar cells and AII amacrine cells, which constitutes an essential element of the primary rod pathway. Although it has been shown that Cx45 is also expressed in OFF bipolar cells, its subcellular localization and functional role in these cells are unknown. Here, we analyzed the localization of Cx45 on OFF bipolar cells in the mouse retina. For this, we used wild‐type mice and a transgenic mouse line that expressed, in addition to native Cx45, a fusion protein consisting of Cx45 and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Cx45‐EGFP expression generates an EGFP signal at gap junctions containing Cx45. Combining immunohistochemistry with intracellular injections, we found that Cx45 was present on dendrites and axon terminals of all OFF bipolar cell types. Cx45 was not found at intersections of two terminal processes of the same type, suggesting that Cx45 might not form gap junctions between axon terminals of the same OFF bipolar cell type but rather might connect OFF bipolar cells to amacrine or ganglion cells. In OFF bipolar cell dendrites, Cx45 was found predominantly in the proximal outer plexiform layer (OPL), well below the cone pedicles. Cx45 did not colocalize with Cx36, which is found predominantly in the distal OPL. We conclude that Cx45 is expressed on OFF bipolar cell dendrites, presumably forming gap junctions with cells of the same type, and on OFF bipolar cell axon terminals, presumably forming heterologous gap junctions with other retinal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:433–450, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accessibility and use of information sources among computer scientists and software engineers in Israel: Academy versus industry

Hypothesizing that workplace significantly affects information-seeking patterns, this study compared accessibility and use of information sources among 233 Israeli computer scientists and software engineers, employed in industry and academy, using a mail questionnaire, which yielded a usable reply rate of 33%. The two groups were found to differ significantly in age, education, seniority, and type of research they performed (basic vs. applied). Printed textbooks, professional journals, and oral discussions with colleagues or experts in the organization were common to both groups, topping almost all lists of accessibility and use. For most information sources, however, the two groups differed significantly and consistently. Printed professional journals as well as printed and electronic conference or meeting papers were consistently more accessible and more often used by the academy group, while the industry group reported greater access to and more frequent use of electronic textbooks and trade or promotional literature. In regard to handbooks and standards, in-house technical reports (printed), government technical reports (Internet), librarians and technical specialists (Internet), and oral discussions with supervisors, no significant differences in accessibility were found, but their use by the industry group was much higher. In both groups, accessibility was only partly related to use, and more so among the academy than the industry group.
''Don't Know'' Means ''Don't Know'': DK Responses and the Public's Level of Political Knowledge

Does the public know much more about politics than conventionally thought? A number of studies have recently argued, on various grounds, that the ‘‘don’t know’’ (DK) and incorrect responses to traditionally designed and scored survey knowledge items conceal a good deal of knowledge. This paper examines these claims, focusing on the prominent and influential argument that discouraging DKs would reveal a substantially more knowledgeable public. Using two experimental surveys with national random samples, we show that discouraging DKs does little to affect our picture of how much the public knows about politics. For closed-ended items, the increase in correct responses is large but mainly illusory. For open-ended items, it is genuine but minor. We close by examining the other recent evidence for a substantially more knowledgeable public, showing that it too holds little water.
Antigen‐independent adhesion of CD4 CD45RA T cells from cord blood

Antigen‐independent adhesion of resting adult CD4+ CD45RO+ T cells to B lymphocytes has been shown to be transient and can be down‐regulated by CD4 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule interactions. Conversely, adhesion of adult CD4+ CD45RA+ subpopulation to B cells is not regulated by ligands of CD4. We have investigated the regulation of adhesion of cord blood CD45RA+ CD4+ T lymphocytes. In contrast to adult CD45RA+ CD4+ T cells, cord blood CD45RA+ CD4+ T cells were strongly sensitive to the down‐regulation of adhesion mediated by the CD4‐HLA class II interaction, since adhesion to MHC class II(+) B cells was transient and inhibited by an anti‐CD4 antibody. In addition, human immunodeficiency virus gpl60, synthetic gpl06‐derived peptides encompassing a CD4 binding site inhibited conjugate formation between cord blood CD45RA+ CD4+ T cells and B cells. Following activation of the cord blood CD4 T cells by an anti‐CD3 antibody, a conversion from a transient to a stable adhesion pattern of cord blood CD4 T cells to B cells occurred in 2 days. The reversal to a transient adhesion occurred at day 8 following anti‐CD3 activation in correlation with a complete shift to a CD45RO phenotype of the cord blood CD4 T cells. These data suggest that CD4 T cell adhesion can be developmentally regulated.
Catalytic Reduction of Dinitrogen to Ammonia at a Single Molybdenum Center

Dinitrogen (N2) was reduced to ammonia at room temperature and 1 atmosphere with molybdenum catalysts that contain tetradentate [HIPTN3N]3– triamidoamine ligands {such as [HIPTN3N]Mo(N2), where [HIPTN3N]3– is [{3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2C6H3NCH2CH2}3N]3–} in heptane. Slow addition of the proton source [{2,6-lutidinium}{BAr′4}, where Ar′ is 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3]and reductant (decamethyl chromocene) was critical for achieving high efficiency (∼66% in four turnovers). Numerous x-ray studies, along with isolation and characterization of six proposed intermediates in the catalytic reaction under noncatalytic conditions, suggest that N2 was reduced at a sterically protected, single molybdenum center that cycled from Mo(III) through Mo(VI) states.
HFE C282Y Mutation as a Genetic Modifier Influencing Disease Susceptibility for Chronic Myeloproliferative Disease

Iron metabolism has been implicated in carcinogenesis and several studies assessed the potential role of genetic variants of proteins involved in iron metabolism (HFE C282Y, TFR S142G) in different malignancies. Few reports addressed this issue with relation to chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPD). The aims of our study were (a) to examine the potential associations of CMPD development with genetic modifiers of iron metabolism in a large cohort of CMPD patients; (b) to examine associations of genetic variants of proteins involved in iron metabolism; and acquired JAK2 V617F mutation with clinical characteristics of CMPD. HFE C282Y was genotyped in 328 CMPD patients and 996 blood donors as controls, HFE H63D, and TFR S142G were tested in CMPD patients and 171 first time blood donors. JAK2 V617F mutation was tested in CMPD patients and in 122 repeated blood donors. Decreased C282Y allele frequency (allele frequency ± 95% confidence interval) was found in the CMPD group (1.8% ± 1.0%) compared with controls (3.4% ± 0.8%; P = 0.048). TFR S142G allele frequency was reduced among V617F-negative CMPD patients (34.8% ±7.6%) compared with controls (47.8% ± 5.4%; P = 0.02). The frequency of JAK2 V617F was 75.9% (249 of 328) in the CMPD group. At presentation, elevated hemoglobin levels were found in V617F-positive patients compared with V617F-negative counterparts (P < 0.000). Vascular complications (26.6% versus 15.2%; P = 0.039) as well as female gender (57.4% versus 41.8%; P = 0.019) were more common in V617F-positive patients. We found that HFE C282Y might be associated with a protective role against CMPD. Because chronic iron deficiency or latent anemia may trigger disease susceptibility for CMPD, HFE C282Y positivity may be a genetic factor influencing this effect. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(3):929–34)
MRI and ultrasonographic detection of morphologic and hemodynamic changes in chronic renal allograft rejection in the rat

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the sonographic, MRI, and histopathologic findings in a rat model of chronic renal allograft rejection. Materials and methods: Allogeneic renal grafts (male DA kidney into male Lewis rat with unilateral nephrectomy, N = 27) and syngeneic renal grafts (male Lewis kidney into male Lewis rat, N = 19) were examined serially with ultrasound, MRI, and histology. Results: Nonparametric Spearman rank correlation showed significance between the histologic score and the following parameters: the MRI score (rs = 0.91, P < 0.01, N = 46), the ultrasound score (rs = 0.9, P < 0.01, N = 46), the power Doppler score (rs = 0.86, P < 0.01, N = 46), and the MRI perfusion (rs = –0.80, P < 0.01, N = 45). Positive correlations were also found between the MRI volume estimations (graft rs = 0.49, P < 0.01, N = 46; native rs = 0.59, P < 0.01, N = 46), and the ultrasound volume estimations (graft rs = 0.39, P < 0.01, N = 45; native rs = 0.64, P < 0.01, N = 46) as well as with actual graft weight. Conclusions: This study shows that both MRI and ultrasound can provide complementary, accurate information compared to histology in regard to the alterations in anatomy and hemodynamic changes associated with chronic allograft nephropathy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:232–241. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioceramics: Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) of Calcium Phosphates

Calcium phosphates (Ca-P) are major constituents of calcified tissues, and are also extensively used for the elaboration of biomaterials. However, the usual high-temperature sintering processes generally lead to strong alterations of their chemical, physical and biological properties. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a non-conventional sintering technique based on the use of pulsed current, enabling fast heating and cooling rates, and lower sintering temperatures are often observed. The sintering of several orthophosphates (DCPD, amorphous TCP, beta-TCP, OCP, HA and biomimetic nanocrystalline apatites) by SPS was investigated in order to track potential advantages of this technique over usual Ca-P sintering methods. Special attention was given to the SPS consolidation of highly bioactive nanocrystalline apatites.
Sonographic Evaluation of Diaphragmatic Excursion and Thickness in Healthy Infants and Children

M‐mode sonography is a noninvasive method for detection of diaphragmatic excursion and thickness. A few studies have assessed diaphragmatic kinetics in children with diaphragmatic paresis and paralysis, but to our knowledge, no data about normal values in pediatrics are available. The aims of this study were to determine reference values for diaphragmatic excursion and thickness, as evaluated by sonography in healthy infants and children, and identify correlations between them and anthropometric measurements, age, and sex.
Analysis of a fiber-optic passive loop-resonator gyroscope: Dependence on resonator parameters and light-source coherence

Analysis has been made of a fiber-optic passive loop resonator, the heart of the gyroscope. The performance characteristics are heavily dependent on the resonator parameters, such as coupling intensity loss of the input light, coupling coefficient between two fiber lines in an evanescent-field directional coupler, and losses of the light traveling in the fiber loop, as well as on the temporal coherence of the input light. A two input and two output system is considered for a passive loop-resonator gyroscope. Differential output operation of the two output signals is described.
Benefits, barriers, and cues to action of yoga practice: a focus group approach.

OBJECTIVES To explore perceived benefits, barriers, and cues to action of yoga practice among adults. METHODS Focus groups were conducted with persons who had never practiced yoga, practitioners of one year or less, and practitioners for more than one year. The Health Belief Model was the theoretical foundation of inquiry. RESULTS All participants acknowledged a variety of benefits of yoga. Barriers outweighed benefits among persons who had never practiced despite knowledge of benefits. Positive experiences with yoga and yoga instructors facilitated practice. CONCLUSIONS Newly identified benefits and barriers indicate the need for quantitative research and behavioral trials.
Accessibility and crystallinity of cellulose

The accessibility of cellulose samples having various degrees of crystallinity was studied with respect to molecules of water, lower primary alcohols, and lower organic acids. It was found that small water molecules have full access to non-crystalline domains of cellulose (accessibility coefficient α = 1). Molecules of the lowest polar organic liquids (methanol, ethanol, and formic acid) have partial access into the non-crystalline domains ( α <1), and with increasing diameter of the organic molecules their accessibility to cellulose structure decreases. Accessibility of cellulose samples to molecules of various substances is a linear function of the coefficient α and the content of non-crystalline domains. The relationship between crystallinity (X) and accessibility (A) of cellulose to molecules of some liquids has been established as A = α (1-X). The water molecules were found to have greater access to cellulose samples than the molecules of the investigated organic liquids. The obtained results permit use of accessibility data to estimate the crystallinity of cellulose, to examine the structural state of non-crystalline domains, and to predict the reactivity of cellulose samples toward some reagents.