Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A review of the incidence and prevalence, types and aetiology of childhood cerebral palsy in resource-poor settings

Abstract Background: With 80% of children with disabilities living in resource-poor settings, it is likely that there is a high prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) and neurological impairment in these settings. The prevalence and incidence rates of disability, in particular of children with CP in resource-poor settings, are difficult to access and clarify. Aim: To review the recent literature relating to the prevalence, incidence, type and aetiology of cerebral palsy in low-income settings. Methods: A systematic search of studies published between 1990 and 2009 was performed using PubMed, Cinahl on Ovid, the Cochrane database, SCOPUS and information from international disability organisations. All studies with information about neurodisability, CP or disability in resource-poor settings were included. Titles and/or abstracts of all studies were reviewed and full texts of relevant studies were obtained. Results: Disparities in methodology, age range, classification systems and populations made studies difficult to compare. Population-based studies provided rates of childhood disability of 31–160/1000. When using limited age ranges of 2–9 years with the Ten Question Questionnaire, rates were 82–160/1000 for children disability and 19–61/1000 for neurological impairment. Rates of CP in population-based settings in China and India gave figures of 2–2.8/1000 births, similar to western settings. Hospital-based studies of CP showed increased rates of spastic quadriplegia rather than diplegia or hemiplegia and possibly increased rates of meningitis, jaundice and asphyxia and lower rates of low birthweight and prematurity in CP populations. These studies were small and not case-controlled or population-based. Conclusions: Rates of CP and neurological impairment are difficult to obtain in resource-poor settings. Methods of identifying children with CP and causal factors and the effects of disability need to be better classified in order to improve management and help shape preventive measures.
Poliovirus chimeras expressing sequences from the principal neutralization domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

Sequences from the principal neutralization domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain LAI or RF have been expressed in antigenic site 1 of the capsid of the Sabin strain of poliovirus type 1. A number of the resulting chimeras were viable. Viable variants bearing mutations within the insertion site spontaneously arose from several nonviable chimeras. In general, these mutations result in a decrease in positive charge in the substituted antigenic site 1. Two of the chimeras were genetically stable and have been further characterized. Both chimeras were neutralized by various HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. In rabbits, both chimeras produced high levels of antibodies which react with HIV-1 gp120/160 in immunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. One of the chimeras (HIV-1LAI) produced a significant but weak HIV-1 neutralizing response.
Deformation of brittle-ductile thrust wedges in experiments and nature

[1] Even though the rheology of thrust wedges is mostly frictional, a basal ductile decollement is often involved. By comparison with purely frictional wedges, such brittle-ductile wedges generally display anomalous structures such as backward vergence, widely spaced thrust units, and nonfrontward sequences of thrust development. Laboratory experiments are used here to study the deformation of brittle-ductile thrust wedges. Results are compared with natural systems in the Jura Mountains and the northern Pakistan Salt Range and Potwar Plateau. Two series of three models are used to illustrate the effects of varying the basal wedge angle (β) and shortening rate (V). These two parameters directly control variations in relative strength between brittle and ductile layers (BD coupling). Wedges with strong BD coupling (low β and high V) give almost regular frontward sequences with closely spaced thrust units and, as such, are not significantly different from purely frictional wedges. Weak BD coupling (high β and low V) gives dominantly backward thrusting sequences. Intermediate BD coupling produces frontward-backward oscillating sequences. The spacing of thrust units increases as coupling decreases. Back thrusts develop in parts of a wedge where BD coupling is weak, regardless of the thrust sequence. Wedges with weak BD coupling need large amounts of bulk shortening (more than 30%) to attain a state of equilibrium, at which stable sliding along the base occurs. On this basis, we argue that a state of equilibrium has not yet been attained in at least some parts of the Jura Mountains and eastern Salt Range and Potwar Plateau thrust systems.
Relationship between trauma and high-risk behavior among HIV-positive men who do not have sex with men (MDSM)

Abstract The incidence of heterosexual HIV transmission continues to increase in the USA. However, little is known about factors that influence high-risk behavior among men who do not have sex with men (MDSM). This study examines the association of childhood sexual abuse and high-risk behaviors among MDSM. The Coping with HIV/AIDS in the Southeast (CHASE) study included 611 HIV-positive individuals in the Southeastern US Bivariate statistics were used to examine the influence of childhood sexual abuse among MDSM, men who have sex with men (MSM), and women. Study findings indicated that among MDSM with HIV, childhood sexual abuse predicted a higher number of sexual partners, alcohol and drug use problems, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and less trust in medical providers. Similar statistically significant relationships between childhood sexual abuse and negative outcomes were not found for MSM and women with the exception of childhood sexual abuse predicting PTSD and alcohol use in women. Study findings indicate a need for more in-depth research to examine the role of childhood sexual abuse in shaping adult risk behaviors among MDSM as well as a need to assess for and address childhood sexual abuse in this population.
Alterations in viscoelastic properties following premature birth may lead to hypertension and cardiovascular disease development in later life

The aim of this review was to identify the underlying relationship between preterm birth and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Preterm birth significantly affects the elastin content and viscoelastic properties of the vascular extracellular matrix in human arteries. Inadequate elastin synthesis during early development may cause a permanent increase in arterial stiffness in adulthood.
Effect of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone on progesterone synthesis by cultured rat cumulus cells.

This study examined the responsiveness of the rat cumulus oophorus to gonadotropin in terms of progesterone (P) secretion. Immature female rats pretreated with a single injection of PMS gonadotropin were used. Oocyte-cumulus complexes were isolated aseptically from large preovulatory follicles or from the oviduct shortly after ovulation and cultured in modified Eagle's medium. Ten cumuli from each rat were cultured for 24 or 48 h, with change of medium after 12 and 24 h. P accumulation in the culture medium was determined by RIA, and cell morphology was examined. Cumuli isolated from rats killed before the endogenous LH/FSH surge and cultured in hormone-free medium secreted low amounts of P (<10 pg/cumulus/ day) throughout the culture period. By contrast, cumuli isolated 3–5 h after the surge secreted high amounts of P (300–400 pg/day). This increment in P secretion was abolished by pentobarbital treatment of the rats during the critical period. Postovulatory cumuli isolated from the oviduct 5–9 h after o.
Adequacy of Communicable disease Surveillance System Attributes for Target Disease of Expanded Program on Immunization in Al – Najafe Governorate

Objective: To evaluate the communicable disease control surveillance system to target disease of expanded program on immunization at primary Health Care Center, Health Care Sectors, and Health Directorate throughout indicate the level of usefulness of surveillance system characteristics of simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, representativeness, timeliness, stability. Methodology: descriptive evaluation study is conducted on primary health care centers, primary health sectors, health directorates in ALNajafe Governorate from 25 March 2015 to 30 January 2016. A probability multistage sample of (22) subjects which is selected from communicable disease for target disease of surveillance system units. Data were collected throughout the utilization of the developed questionnaire and interview technique. Questionnaire has been divided into three main parts consist, form(A) especially for health directorate, form (B) for health sectors, and form (C) for primary health care centers that consists of attributes items ( 80) items. Results: The study results indicate that the study results The major frequency suspected and confirmed diseases are tuberculosis and hepatitis B. The system is average complex, inflexible, unacceptability, unrepresentative, low utility, unstable system in primary health care centers and health care sectors while were opposite surveillance system at health directorate. Recommendations: recommend reveal Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Further studies should be conducted to involve more governments in Iraq about the effectiveness of the surveillance system and to determine the factors that cause it is in affectivity. Apply the surveillance system as a unit in the faculty of nursing curriculums to increase the community health nurses' experience in area of surveillance system. Also, regarding Ministry of Health of recommendation Used of community health nurses as a managers to manage the surveillance system to benefit from their experience in surveillance system and all the community and community health nursing duties.
Survey of the incidence and aetiology of mastitis on dairy farms in England and Wales

A survey of clinical and subclinical mastitis was carried out on 97 dairy farms in England and Wales, selected at random from members of a national milk recording scheme. The farmers were asked to collect aseptic milk samples from five consecutive cases of clinical mastitis and from five quarters with high somatic cell counts using a defined protocol, and they completed a questionnaire that included information on the cows sampled, the herd and the history of mastitis in the herd. The samples were collected throughout the year. The mean incidence of clinical mastitis was 47 cases per 100 cows per year (estimated from historic farm records) and 71 cases per 100 cows per year (estimated from the samples collected). Streptococcus uberis and Escherichia coli were isolated in pure culture from 23·5 per cent and 19·8 per cent, respectively, of the clinical samples; 26·5 per cent of the clinical samples produced no growth. The most common isolates from the samples with high cell counts were coagulase-negative staphylococci (15 per cent), S uberis (14 per cent) and Corynebacterium species (10 per cent). Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-positive staphylococci together accounted for 10 per cent of the samples with high somatic cell counts; 39 per cent produced no bacterial growth.
Mannose‐binding lectin and innate immunity

Summary: Innate immunity is the earliest response to invading microbes and acts to contain infection in the first minutes to hours of challenge. Unlike adaptive immunity that relies upon clonal expansion of cells that emerge days after antigenic challenge, the innate immune response is immediate. Soluble mediators, including complement components and the mannose binding lectin (MBL) make an important contribution to innate immune protection and work along with epithelial barriers, cellular defenses such as phagocytosis, and pattern‐recognition receptors that trigger pro‐inflammatory signaling cascades. These four aspects of the innate immune system act in concert to protect from pathogen invasion. Our work has focused on understanding the protection provided by this complex defense system and, as discussed in this review, the particular contribution of soluble mediators such as MBL and phagocytic cells. Over the past two decades both human epidemiological data and mouse models have indicated that MBL plays a critical role in innate immune protection against a number of pathogens. As demonstrated by our recent in vitro work, we show that MBL and the innate immune signaling triggered by the canonical pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs), the Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), are linked by their spatial localization to the phagosome. These observations demonstrated a novel role for MBL as a TLR co‐receptor and establishes a new paradigm for the role of opsonins, which we propose to function not only to increase microbial uptake but also to spatially coordinate, amplify, and synchronize innate immune defenses mechanism. In this review we discuss both the attributes of MBL that make it a unique soluble pattern recognition molecule and also highlight its broader role in coordinating innate immune activation.
Non-tumoral Disease Involvement of the Perirenal Space: Evaluation with Computed Tomography

Fifteen patients with non-tumoral, retroperitoneal disease involving the perirenal spaces were evaluated using abdominal computed tomography (CT). The disease entity included urinomas (2 patients), blunt abdominal traumas (2 patients), abscesses due to ureteral stones (1 patient) and renal stones (1 patient), abscess formation status post extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) (1 patient), hematoma after ESWL (1 patient), ureteral catheter-induced traumas (2 patients), pyelonephritis (1 patient), and pancreatitis (4 patients). All patients were evaluated with non-enhanced CT and 11 patients were studied using intravenous contrast enhancement. One patient had a perirenal urinoma and one had a hematoma that extended down through the inferior cone to the pelvic cavity. One patient had a urinoma and one patient had a hematoma that passed the midline anterior to the great vessels. We concluded that retroperitoneal disease can involve the perirenal spaces and CT is a good imaging tool to evaluate the extent of the disease.
A Complex Oscillating Network of Signaling Genes Underlies the Mouse Segmentation Clock

The segmental pattern of the spine is established early in development, when the vertebral precursors, the somites, are rhythmically produced from the presomitic mesoderm. Microarray studies of the mouse presomitic mesoderm transcriptome reveal that the oscillator associated with this process, the segmentation clock, drives the periodic expression of a large network of cyclic genes involved in cell signaling. Mutually exclusive activation of the notch–fibroblast growth factor and Wnt pathways during each cycle suggests that coordinated regulation of these three pathways underlies the clock oscillator.
Confocal laser scanning microscopic observation of glycocalyx production by Staphylococcus aureus in mouse skin: does S. aureus generally produce a biofilm on damaged skin?

Summary Background Bacteria that adhere to damaged tissues encase themselves in a hydrated matrix of polysaccharides, forming a slimy layer known as a biofilm. This is the first report of detection of glycocalyx production by Staphylococcus aureus using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) on damaged skin tissues.
Special Female Hermaphroditism Associated with Multiple Disorders

Female hermaphroditism of the nonadrenal variety is clinically unusual. Among such patients is a special group of masculinized females in whom the cause of masculinization is unidentified and who also have serious multiple somatic anomalies. These patients have been considered to comprise a special group of female hermaphrodites. Fourteen examples are collected from the literature, and a new case report is recorded. The patient had an enlarged clitoris, double vagina, bicornuate uterus, anomalous position of the urethral meatus, congenital deafness, ectodermal defect, athyreotic cretinism, pancreatic achylia, mental retardation and primordial dwarfism.
Experimental Aspects of the Pathogenesis of Robin Sequence

Objective The Pierre Robin Sequence (PRS) is a good example of disturbed embryonic development of the secondary palate involving insufficient mandibular growth, failed forward tongue movement, and, in the case of a cleft, impeded fusion of the secondary palate. Discussion continues regarding which of the involved pathogenetic factors is the primary cause of the induced cascade of signs: insufficient mandibular growth or failed descent of the tongue. Design Forty-five randomly selected, 18-day-old formalin-fixed A/WySn mouse fetuses were investigated. The strain is known to have a basic genetic defect and as much as 44% clefts in the offspring. Twenty-four fetuses in the group had a cleft palate. Mandible position was measured relative to the head and to the presence or absence of a cleft. Cleft width and tongue position were also determined. Thirty-eight NMRI mouse fetuses of the same age served as controls. Results All A/WySn fetuses showed marked mandibular retrognathia, which was more severe in the cleft group (p < .05), but there was no correlation between the degree of retrognathia and cleft width. The median cleft width was 3.4 mm (1.6 through 6.3 mm). The tongue was in the cleft in all 12 fetuses with wide clefts (>3.4 mm wide), and free in the oral cavity in the other 12. Tongue position did not influence the degree of retrognathia (p < .05). Moreover, the tongue was free in all fetuses with severe retrognathia. Conclusion The results support the primary role of retroposition of the mandible in the development of cardinal symptoms of Pierre Robin Sequence.
Anomaly Detection System Based on Classifier Fusion in ICS Environment

The detection of cyber-attacks has become a crucial task for highly sophisticated systems like industrial control systems (ICS). These systems are an essential part of critical information infrastructure. Therefore, we can highlight their vital role in contemporary society. The effective and reliable ICS cyber defense is a significant challenge for the cyber security community. Thus, intrusion detection is one of the demanding tasks for the cyber security researchers. In this article, we examine classification problem. The proposed detection system is based on supervised anomaly detection techniques. Moreover, we utilized classifiers algorithms in order to increase intrusion detection capabilities. The fusion of the classifiers is the way how to achieve the predefined goal.
Compartmentalization of RNA processing factors within nuclear speckles.

In the mammalian cell nucleus pre-mRNA splicing factors are organized in a speckled pattern. The fluorescence signal within speckles appears homogeneous when cells are immunolabeled with antibodies directed against pre-mRNA splicing factors and examined by fluorescence microscopy. We have reexamined the speckled domains using serial dilutions of antibodies against SR proteins, snRNPs, and a 3' end processing protein by immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Using higher antibody dilutions, the speckled domains consist of numerous subdomains that are spherical and heterogeneous in size ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 micrometer in diameter. We refer to these subdomains as "subspeckles. " Each speckle is composed of 5 to 50 subspeckles and in some cases in actively transcribing cells, strings and loops of subspeckles were observed to extend from the speckled domains. Upon inhibition of RNA polymerase II transcription, the strings and loops of subspeckles were no longer observed. Subspeckles were also not observed in coiled bodies. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization we found subspeckles to be colocalized with transiently expressed beta-tropomyosin RNA transcripts. The compartmentalization into subspeckles may represent an efficient way of organizing these factors for their subsequent transport to transcription/RNA processing sites.
Pulsed‐dye laser treatment for recalcitrant viral warts: a retrospective case series of 227 patients

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Aquareovirus Effects Syncytiogenesis by Using a Novel Member of the FAST Protein Family Translated from a Noncanonical Translation Start Site

ABSTRACT As nonenveloped viruses, the aquareoviruses and orthoreoviruses are unusual in their ability to induce cell-cell fusion and syncytium formation. While an extraordinary family of fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins is responsible for orthoreovirus syncytiogenesis, the basis for aquareovirus-induced syncytiogenesis is unknown. We now report that the S7 genome segment of an Atlantic salmon reovirus is polycistronic and uses a noncanonical CUG translation start codon to produce a 22-kDa integral membrane protein responsible for syncytiogenesis. The aquareovirus p22 protein represents a fourth distinct member of the FAST family with a unique repertoire and arrangement of structural motifs.