Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiative effects of interannually varying vs. interannually invariant aerosol emissions from fires

Abstract. Open-burning fires play an important role in the earth's climate system. In addition to contributing a substantial fraction of global emissions of carbon dioxide, they are a major source of atmospheric aerosols containing organic carbon, black carbon, and sulfate. These “fire aerosols” can influence the climate via direct and indirect radiative effects. In this study, we investigate these radiative effects and the hydrological fast response using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5). Emissions of fire aerosols exert a global mean net radiative effect of −1.0 W m−2, dominated by the cloud shortwave response to organic carbon aerosol. The net radiative effect is particularly strong over boreal regions. Conventionally, many climate modelling studies have used an interannually invariant monthly climatology of emissions of fire aerosols. However, by comparing simulations using interannually varying emissions vs. interannually invariant emissions, we find that ignoring the interannual variability of the emissions can lead to systematic overestimation of the strength of the net radiative effect of the fire aerosols. Globally, the overestimation is +23 % (−0.2 W m−2). Regionally, the overestimation can be substantially larger. For example, over Australia and New Zealand the overestimation is +58 % (−1.2 W m−2), while over Boreal Asia the overestimation is +43 % (−1.9 W m−2). The systematic overestimation of the net radiative effect of the fire aerosols is likely due to the non-linear influence of aerosols on clouds. However, ignoring interannual variability in the emissions does not appear to significantly impact the hydrological fast response. In order to improve understanding of the climate system, we need to take into account the interannual variability of aerosol emissions.
PARENTAL BEHAVIOR IN LAPWINGS (CHARADRIIDAE) AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH CLUTCH SIZES AND MATING SYSTEMS

It is generally assumed that parental behavior is much less demanding in birds that do not feed their young than in those that do (e.g., Graul, 1973; Wiley, 1974; Emlen and Oring, 1977; Welty, 1982 p. 293). That is, parental behavior requires less effort, or at least imposes fewer constraints on time and energy budgets, in the former. This assumption seems plausible, not only because parental feeding is lacking, but also because the young of such species are nidifugous and precocial, and hence relatively self-reliant. The assumption that parental behavior is less demanding in precocial birds is important because of its critical role in theories about clutch sizes and mating systems. If young are not fed, other parental behaviors are thought to constrain clutch size very little, so that additional factors, notably ability of females to form eggs, limit clutches to sizes below those at which parents might begin to have difficulty providing adequate care (Lack, 1968; see also Bengtson, 1971; von Haartman, 1971; Ricklefs, 1974; Rahn et al., 1975; Andersson, 1976). Mating system theory attributes the relatively high incidence of polygamy among birds that do not feed young to the lesser demands of parental behavior in these species (Lack, 1968 p. 150; Orians, 1969). In the evolution of mating behavior, the advantage, measured in number of additional offspring produced, of acquiring multiple mates is weighed against the decrease in the viability of those
Epstein‐Barr virus in tumours

The Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is the best characterized human virus known to infect most people all over the world. In most cases, primary infection with EBV is asymptomatic and the virus persists life‐long without causing any disease. The availability of sensitive detection methods, however, has led to the identification of a wide array of EBV‐associated disease entities. Although nearly 9000 publications have been written since the first description of this virus in 1964, many questions concerning its function and infection patterns remain unanswered. The direct involvement of EBV in the pathogenesis of a disease has only been established for infectious mononucleosis and lymphoproliferative disorders in the setting of congenital or acquired immunodeficiency. Extensive investigations on the role of EBV infection in the pathogenesis of all other EBV‐associated lymphoid and epithelial proliferations have led to the conclusion that EBV is not the primary causative agent but it can promote tumour development. Since the early steps in neoplastic development are difficult to assess, further studies are required to clarify the precise role of EBV infection. Furthermore, the clinical significance of the presence of EBV in neoplasia is largely unknown.
Community Case Study: Suicide Cluster in a Small Manitoba Community

Objectives: To review a cluster of suicides and suicidal ideation in a First Nations community. Method: The medical records and autopsy reports of the victims are reviewed. Collateral information obtained in the community is presented. A series of psychiatric assessments conducted at the local health centre in a 3-day period is outlined. The dilemma of developing appropriate treatment plans is discussed. Results: In the period from February 3 to May 5, 1995, an isolated northern Manitoba First Nations community had 6 suicides in a population of less than 1500. Several other suicide attempts occurred. Community resources were strained. Alcohol was a factor in 4 of the suicides. Previous sexual assault was cited in 4 of 5 female cases presenting with suicidal ideation. Conclusions: Cluster suicide is a shared psychiatric and public health problem of major concern. Dreams of beckoning are common following a suicide. Communities should have a prepared plan to deal with a suicide. Resources should be provided quickly in an effort to prevent a cluster of suicides from occurring. High-risk individuals must be identified. Substance abuse must be addressed. Resources to assess and treat victims of sexual abuse must be available.
Bright and dark breathers in Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattices

In this paper we study the existence and linear stability of bright and dark breathers in one-dimensional FPU lattices. On the one hand, we test the range of validity of a recent breathers existence proof [G. James, {\em C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris}, 332, Ser. 1, pp. 581 (2001)] using numerical computations. Approximate analytical expressions for small amplitude bright and dark breathers are found to fit very well exact numerical solutions even far from the top of the phonon band. On the other hand, we study numerically large amplitude breathers non predicted in the above cited reference. In particular, for a class of asymmetric FPU potentials we find an energy threshold for the existence of exact discrete breathers, which is a relatively unexplored phenomenon in one-dimensional lattices. Bright and dark breathers superposed on a uniformly stressed static configuration are also investigated.
Imaging of the abdominal aorta during examination of patients referred for transthoracic echocardiography.

BACKGROUND Screening for aneurysm of abdominal aorta (AAA) in the general population is costly and unrealistic, but examination of the abdominal aorta appears reasonable in a high risk cardiological population. METHOD As the abdominal aorta is easily accessible to standard transthoracic echocardiographic equipment, we tested this hypothesis in 301 consecutively referred patients (182 men, 119 women, mean age 58.6 +/- 16.5 years) by imaging the abdominal aorta at the end of the cardiac examination. RESULTS After exclusion of three patients operated on for AAA before, the native infrarenal segment most often involved in AAA was visualised in 297 out of 298 patients (99.7%), and the aortic bifurcation was seen satisfactorily in 285 of them (95.6%). The abdominal aorta was dilated (> or = 2 cm) in 44 patients (15%), all but one of whom were > 50 years old; 17 of these (5.7%) had AAA defined as segmental dilation with a maximum diameter of > or = 3 cm (15 men, 2 women, age 67.4 +/- surgical repair and one endovascular repair within one year after completion of the data collection. Their mean age was 70.1 +/- 7.9 years, ranging from 58 to 80 years. No significant surgical morbidity and no mortality was observed. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of dilative alterations of the abdominal aorta is high in cardiological patients. Visualisation during transthoracic echocardiography of the most important infrarenal segment is nearly always feasible (99.7%), including its bifurcation (95.6%). Since detection of life-threatening but asymptomatic AAA may save lives by offering safe elective surgical treatment or stenting, opportunistic examination of the abdominal aorta during routine transthoracic echocardiography, which involves little time and no additional cost, would appear to be highly effective and should be included in routine examinations, at least in patients over 50 years of age.
Recent trends in infant feeding.

Infant feeding patterns became misdirected in Western countries in the last 50 years through a misunderstanding of the relationship existing between mother and infant and through an overemphasis on the merely nutritional aspects of infant feeding. There are nutritional psychological and biological interactions and communications occurring between mother and child during feedings; these communications affect both. Young child feeding has undergone a change in very recent years especially in the U.S. in relation to all stages of the infant(fetus)-maternal relationship. The new practice is not to limit weight gain during pregnancy since there is new understanding of the effect of maternal nutrition on the fetus. The lactation process is not wholly instinctive but depends also on learned behavior and on a meshing of the infantile reflexes and the maternal prolactin and letdown reflexes. The resurgence of breast feeding in the U.S. approximately 25 years ago is attributable to efforts by the La Leche League of educated mothers and to publicity by pediatricians concerned about the deleterious effects of the move to bottle feeding in developing countries. 32.9% of American women were found to be breast feeding their infants at 2 months in 1978 compared to only 13.9% in 1971.
Osteoporosis in men.

With the aging of the population, there is a growing recogni- tion that osteoporosis and fractures in men are a significant public health problem, and both hip and vertebral fractures areassociatedwithincreasedmorbidityandmortalityinmen.Osteoporosisinmenisaheterogeneousclinicalentity:whereasmostmenexperiencebonelosswithaging,somemendeveloposteoporosisatarelativelyyoungage,oftenforun-explainedreasons(idiopathicosteoporosis). Decliningsexsteroidlevelsandotherhormonalchangeslikelycontributetoage-relatedboneloss,asdoimpairmentsinosteoblastnumberand/oractivity.Secondarycausesofosteoporosisalsoplayasignificantroleinpathogenesis. Althoughthereisongoingcontroversyregardingwhetherosteoporosisinmenshouldbe diagnosed based on female- or male-specific reference ranges (because some evidence indicates that the risk of fracture is similar in women and men for a given level of bone mineral density), a diagnosis of osteoporosis in men is generally made based on male-specific reference ranges. Treatment consists both of nonpharmacological (lifestyle factors, calcium and vitamin D supplementation) and pharmacological (most com- monly bisphosphonates or PTH) approaches, with efficacy similar to that seen in women. Increasing awareness of os- teoporosis in men among physicians and the lay public is critical for the prevention of fractures in our aging male population. ( Endocrine Reviews 29: 441–464, 2008)
Nuclear expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 indicates poorer prognosis in gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis plays a pivotal role in cancer progression and metastases in various epithelial cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the localization and correlation between CXCL12/CXCR4 expression and clinicopathological features in gastric cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 111 Japanese patients with primary gastric cancers, which invade submucosa or more, all of whom underwent gastrectomy between 1992 and 1996. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed. RESULTS A significant correlation was found in the immunoreactivity of nuclear CXCR4 and poor differentiation (p=0.0026), infiltrated pattern (p<0.0001), larger size (p<0.0001), advanced stage (p=0.0342) and reduced 5-year survival rate (30% vs. 61%, p=0.0012). Multivariate analysis revealed that high nuclear CXCR4 immunoreactivity (RR: 3.077, p=0.0329) retained its strength as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. CONCLUSION High immunoreactivity of nuclear CXCR4 in gastric cancer suggests that CXCL12 binds to its unique receptor CXCR4 at the membrane, translocates to the nucleus and then becomes more invasive, and thus can be considered a prognostic factor.
Engaging Students to Learn Through the Affective Domain: A new Framework for Teaching in the Geosciences

Abstract To motivate student learning, the affective domain—emotion, attitude, and motivation—must be engaged. We propose a model that is specific to the geosciences with theoretical components of motivation and emotion from the field of educational psychology, and a term we are proposing, “connections with Earth” based on research in the fields of environmental education and art education. When all three of these components (motivation, emotion, and connections with Earth) are combined in the classroom, students may experience greater interest in and connection to the content. This interest and connection may lead to greater motivation to learn and value the content. We use our model to evaluate three practices in geoscience education and show that their demonstrated success in achieving student learning lies in the attention to students' affective needs as well as to delivery of content. We propose a future research agenda using currently developed, validated instruments that can measure these motivational and attitudinal shifts to determine what practices work best for our students from both cognitive and affective perspectives. Although this was conducted in both Europe and the United States, the implications of this research may extend across cultures and nationalities. Additional research needs to be conducted to understand these implications.
eTourism: A comparison of Online and Offline Bookings and the Importance of Hotel Attributes

Internet is an important tool for information searching and purchasing of products especially in tourism. This paper investigates the impact of demographic and travel characteristics of hotel guests on online and offline reservations. It also examines the importance of hotel attributes in selecting a hotel and the differences in priorities between guests who book their accommodation online and offline. Data was collected by surveys of guests in three hotels in Dubrovnik. The results of the study showed that the method of booking mostly depends on the nature of travel, and that the importance of hotel attributes does not differ much between different groups of guests.
Proteolytic Cleavage of the Amino Terminus of the UL15 Gene Product of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Is Coupled with Maturation of Viral DNA into Unit-Length Genomes

ABSTRACT The UL15 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), like UL6, UL17, UL28, UL32, and UL33, is required for cleavage of concatameric DNA into genomic lengths and for packaging of cleaved genomes into preformed capsids. A previous study indicated that the UL15 gene encodes minor capsid proteins. In the present study, we have shown that the amino-terminal 509 amino acids of the UL15-encoded protein are sufficient to confer capsid association inasmuch as a carboxyl-terminally truncated form of the UL15-encoded protein with an M r of approximately 55,000 readily associated with capsids. This and previous studies have shown that, whereas three UL15-encoded proteins with apparent M rs of 83,000, 80,000, and 79,000 associated with wild-type B capsids, only the full-length 83,000-M r protein associated with B capsids purified from cells infected with viruses lacking functional UL6, UL17, UL28, UL32, and UL33 genes (B. Salmon and J. D. Baines, J. Virol. 72:3045–3050, 1998). Thus, all viral mutants that fail to cleave viral DNA into genomic-length molecules also fail to produce capsid-associated UL15 80,000- and 79,000-M r proteins. In contrast, the 80,000- and 79,000-M r proteins were readily detected in capsids purified from cells infected with a UL25 null virus that cleaves, but does not package, DNA. The conclusion that the amino terminus of the 83,000-M r protein is truncated to produce the 80,000- and/or 79,000-M r protein was supported by the following observations. (i) Whereas the C termini of the 83,000-, 80,000-, and 79,000-M r proteins are identical, immunoreactivity dependent on the first 35 amino acids of the UL15 83,000-M r protein was absent from the 80,000- and 79,000-M r proteins. (ii) The 79,000- and 80,000-M r proteins were detected in capsids from cells infected with HSV-1(UL15M36V), an engineered virus encoding valine rather than methionine at codon 36. Thus, initiation at codon 36 is unlikely to account for production of the 80,000- and/or 79,000-M r protein. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that capsid-associated UL15-encoded protein is proteolytically cleaved near the N terminus and indicate that this modification is tightly linked to maturation of genomic DNA.
MASS SPECTROMETRY IN STRUCTURAL AND STEREOCHEMICAL PROBLEMS, IV. VINDOLININE.

Vindolinine is a new dihydroindole alkaloid, isolated1' 2 from Vinca rosea Linn. , shown2 to have a carbomethoxy function presumably attached to an invertible center (-CHC02CH3) and considered to be C21H24-26N202 (see ref. 1) or C22H26N202 (see ref. 2). We now propose the expression IA (no absolute configuration implied), which thus represents a structure of considerable biogenetic interest. This structural assignment is based largely on interpetations of mass-spectrometric fragmentation patterns3 coupled with NMR measurements; until now, no classical chemical degradations (dehydrogenation, Hofmann degradation, oxidation, etc.) have been performed; in fact, not a single one of the carbon atoms of this hexacyclic molecule has been "captured" in the form of a known degradation product. Nevertheless, we feel that, in the present instance, the data adduced by physical methodsnotably mass spectrometry-coupled with "biogenetic likeliness" are overwhelmingly in favor of structure IA. Basically, only three types of reactions were employed, namely, acylation, hydrogenation, and reduction with lithium aluminum hydride or lithium aluminum deuteride. However, by various permutations of these three reaction types, over 30 derivatives of the alkaloid were prepared (see Table 1), and these afforded a multiplicity of "labels," which permitted the assignment of at least 13 peaks in its mass spectrum (Fig. 1) to specific portions of the molecule. Furthermore, by making some simple assumptions about factors which would favor energetically certain fragmentation paths-such as tendency toward aromatization of the dihydroindole grouping, cleavage of quaternary centers (especially when aided by allylic activation), establishment of conjugated systems, stability of allylic radicals or carbonium ions (especially those adjacent to nitrogen), etc.-it is even possible to assign likely structures to many of these mass spectral species. Discussion of Partial Structure. -Vindolinine must be hexacyclic. This follows from the correct empirical formula C21H24N202, established by mass spectrometry of nearly 30 derivatives (Table 1) and the presence of a single double bond. We should now like to outline the evidence which leads to the following partial structure, which encompasses all of the atoms but lacks three of the six rings:
Determinants of Consumers’ Purchasing Intentions for the Hydrogen-Electric Motorcycle

In recent years, increasing concerns regarding the energy costs and environmental effects of urban motorcycle use have spurred the development of hydrogen-electric motorcycles in Taiwan. Although gasoline-powered motorcycles produce substantial amounts of exhaust and noise pollution, hydrogen-electric motorcycles are highly energy-efficient, relatively quiet, and produce zero emissions, features that suggest their great potential to reduce the problems currently associated with the use of motorcycles in city environments. This study identified the significant external variables that affect consumers’ purchase intentions toward using hydrogen-electric motorcycles. A questionnaire method was employed with a total of 300 questionnaires distributed and 233 usable questionnaires returned, yielding a 78% overall response rate. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to test the research hypothesis. The research concluded that (1) product knowledge positively influenced purchase intentions but negatively affected the perceived risk; (2) perceived quality via hydrogen-electric motorcycles positively influenced the perceived value but negatively affected the perceived risk; (3) perceived risk negatively affected the perceived value; and (4) the perceived value positively affected purchase intentions. This study can be used as a reference for motorcycle manufacturers when planning their marketing strategies.
Octopus: A Design Methodology for Motion Capture Wearables

Human motion capture (MoCap) is widely recognised for its usefulness and application in different fields, such as health, sports, and leisure; therefore, its inclusion in current wearables (MoCap-wearables) is increasing, and it may be very useful in a context of intelligent objects interconnected with each other and to the cloud in the Internet of Things (IoT). However, capturing human movement adequately requires addressing difficult-to-satisfy requirements, which means that the applications that are possible with this technology are held back by a series of accessibility barriers, some technological and some regarding usability. To overcome these barriers and generate products with greater wearability that are more efficient and accessible, factors are compiled through a review of publications and market research. The result of this analysis is a design methodology called Octopus, which ranks these factors and schematises them. Octopus provides a tool that can help define design requirements for multidisciplinary teams, generating a common framework and offering a new method of communication between them.
In Search of Earnings Predictability

We use search volume for a …rm’s products to predict the earnings surprises of that …rm. We …nd that increases (decreases) in the search volume index (SVI) of a …rm’s most popular product predict positive (negative) revenue surprises and standardized unexpected earnings (SUE). SVI also predicts earnings surprises relative to analyst forecasts and the earnings announcement return. Taken together, the evidence suggests that search volume for a …rms’products is a value-relevent leading indicator that the market does not fully incorporate into its expectations of earnings.