Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Breast microcalcifications: retrieval failure at prone stereotactic core and vacuum breast biopsy--frequency, causes, and outcome.

PURPOSE To retrospectively determine the frequency and causes of failure to retrieve microcalcifications in nonpalpable lesions, as judged on a radiograph of the specimen, and to determine outcome in patients with those lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to biopsy. The institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant study and granted a waiver of informed consent. Retrospective review was performed of 1701 consecutive nonpalpable microcalcification lesions in 1511 women aged 29-92 years (median age, 54 years) who underwent percutaneous stereotactic biopsy on a prone biopsy table. Biopsy was successively performed with 14-gauge core, 14-gauge vacuum, and 11-gauge vacuum devices, with mild selection bias, and for each lesion, biopsy was performed with one device. Radiographs of the specimen were obtained to see whether microcalcifications were retrieved. Patient, mammographic, and biopsy variables were correlated with negative radiographs of the specimen. At repeat biopsy or mammographic follow-up, outcome was evaluated in patients with benign histologic results and negative radiographs of the specimen by using Fisher exact test P values. RESULTS Radiographs of the specimen were negative in 16% (30 of 182) of lesions at 14-gauge core biopsy, in 4% (four of 96) of lesions at 14-gauge vacuum biopsy, and in 1% (19 of 1423) of lesions at 11-gauge vacuum biopsy (P < .001). Substantial bleeding was a significant factor (P < .001) in failure to retrieve microcalcifications at only 11-gauge vacuum biopsy. Histologic results in 53 lesions with negative radiographs of the specimen were malignant (n = 6), indicated atypical hyperplasia (n = 6), or were benign (n = 41). Follow-up in patients with 40 benign lesions was performed with repeat biopsy (n = 17, with malignancy in three lesions) or mammography (n = 23) for 15-128 months (median, 70 months); one patient with one lesion was lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION Failure to retrieve microcalcifications was least common with 11-gauge directional vacuum-assisted biopsy and occurred in 1% (19 of 1423) of lesions. Cancer was missed in 8% (three of 40) of benign lesions in patients who were followed up.
Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte-binding Antigen-175 are Associated With Protection From Clinical Malaria

Background: Antibodies to blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum antigens have been associated with protection against clinical malaria in some studies but not others. Many of these studies have not assessed whether high-titer antibodies are associated with protection and have not adjusted for differences in malaria exposure. Methods: The presence of high-titer antibodies to apical membrane antigen-1, erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175), and merozoite surface protein-119 (MSP-119) was assessed in 87 children living in a malaria holoendemic area of Kenya. The children were prospectively assessed during 1 year for clinical malaria. Results: In unadjusted analyses, high-titer antibodies to MSP-119, but not EBA-175 or apical membrane antigen-1, were associated with protection from clinical malaria. However, after adjustment for exposure, only high-titer antibodies to EBA-175 were associated with protection from clinical malaria (hazard ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24, 0.95; P = 0.03), and with reduced episodes of clinical malaria (incidence rate ratio, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.31, 0.81; P = 0.005). A trend toward increased protection from clinical malaria in children was seen with antibodies to both EBA-175 and MSP-119 (hazard ratio, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.03, 1.94; P = 0.18). Conclusions: High-titer antibodies to EBA-175 are associated with protection from clinical malaria in children in a malaria holoendemic area of Kenya. Accurate estimates of antibody-associated protection from clinical malaria require adjustment for malaria exposure.
Do Firms Adjust toward Target Leverage? Evidence from Defined Benefit Pension Plans

This paper investigates the influence of the external shock on the speed of adjustment (SOA) toward several target ratios of firms. To look at the impact of an exogenous shock on SOA, I employ mandatory contributions (MCs) of defined benefit (DB) pension plans as a measure of the external shock, and I find a negative impact of the exogenous shock on the level of leverage and SOA toward target leverage. This result is robust when including firm and year fixed effects, when using GMM or long differencing estimation to reduce the biases in estimation, and when assuming that mandatory contributions are endogenously determined. The negative impact of MCs on SOA is especially bigger for firms which have volatile historical leverage or stronger governance structure. Though the total liability level of DB pension plans has a negative impact on both the level of leverage and SOA toward target leverage, it becomes statistically insignificant or trivial in magnitude after including firm fixed effects and year dummies in the model. When examining the impact of MCs on SOA toward other target ratios of firms, I find a negative impact of MCs on SOA toward the target investment level.
Disposition in the Carbon Market and Institutional Constraints

This paper investigates the impact of banking and submission constraints, set by the EU Emission Trading Scheme, on the efficiency of the carbon permits spot market using intra-daily data. My aim is to identify whether there is a Disposition effect in the spot market. I will examine a data set that includes spot prices for the First and Second Phases of the Scheme from 24 June 2005 to 07 August 2009. I find that the Disposition effect is significantly high at the beginning of each Phase and decreases close to the first compliance event. In the light of these results I propose a lifting of the ban on banking between Phases and an increased emissions information disclosure in order to increase the efficiency of the Scheme.
Familial Low Birthweight Dwarfism with an Unusual Facies and a Skin Eruption

Though a number of dwarfs are readily recognized as belonging to a particular eponymous group, cases are still encountered that do not quite fit into any category. The following patient is described in detail because of the unusual facies, the associated 'eczema', the apparent familial incidence and the resemblance to a number of cases reported in the American literature. It probably forms a distinct syndrome which should be recognizable on clinical grounds.
Uptake and accumulation of 3H-6,7-dihydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline by peripheral sympathetic nerves in vivo.

3H-6,7-dihydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline was prepared by condensation of 3H-dopamine with formaldehyde. When administered intravenously, this 3H-alkaloid was taken up into the mouse heart and into the submaxillary glands and irides of rats. Additionally, uptake into adrenal glands was also observed. Confirmation that uptake was into sympathetic nerve terminals of the heart was achieved by experiments with chemically denervated (6-hydroxydopamine-treated) mice, and by use of catecholamine uptake inhibitors (cocaine and desmethylimipramine). These treatments diminished uptake of the 3H-alkaloid into the heart by 48 to 79%. Similarly, uptake specifically into nerve terminals of the iris and submaxillary gland was identified in experiments with surgically denervated rats (unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy). Denervation reduced the 3H-alkaloid by 75 to 84% in the iris and by 39 to 53% in the submaxillary gland. The 3H-alkaloid in aluminum hydroxide-purified extracts of tissues was identified by thinlayer chromatography. In denervated preparations, or after cocaine or desmethylimipramine, the 3H-alkaloid was more extensively metabolized. Neuronal 3H-alkaloid was relatively protected from metabolic transformation. The relationship of these observations to a hypothesis about tetrahydroisoquinoline biosynthesis from endogenous catecholamines during ethanol metabolism is discussed.
Reduction of the threshold for long‐term potentiation by prior theta‐frequency synaptic activity

Activation of the lateral perforant path input to the dentate gyrus with theta‐patterned conditioning trains produced LTP of synaptic efficacy that changed in magnitude as an inverted U‐shaped function of the number of trains. The LTP induction function was not fixed, however, and could be shifted to the left by administering 5 Hz “priming” stimulation to the lateral path 10 min prior to the conditioning trains. The priming effect was input specific and selective to a narrow window of stimulus frequencies. The shift to the left of the LTP induction function by priming stimulation was blocked by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine sulphate. Nimodipine, an antagonist of L‐type voltage‐sensitive calcium channels, did not mimic the priming effect but instead produced a general facilitation of LTP is induction. These data demonstrate that the degree to which LTP is induced in the lateral path is a non‐linear function of afferent activity, and that this function, including LTP threshold, can be shifted to the left by prior synaptic activity at hippocampal theta‐rhythm frequencies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does SGLT2 inhibition with dapagliflozin overcome individual therapy resistance to RAAS inhibition?

Individual patients show a large variation in their response to renin‐angiotensin‐aldosteron system (RAAS) inhibition (RAASi), both in surrogates such as albuminuria and in hard renal outcomes. Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2) have been shown to lower albuminuria and to confer cardiovascular and, possibly, renal protection. To establish whether individual therapy resistance to RAASi can be overcome by adding an SGLT2 inhibitor, we assessed individual albuminuria responses in patients exposed to both RAASi and the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. We used data from a randomized controlled cross‐over trial designed to assess the albuminuria‐lowering effect of 6‐week treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg/d. We extracted from the electronic medical records data on the albuminuria response upon initiation of RAASi before the trial period, and analysed individual albuminuria responses to RAASi and to dapagliflozin. We retrieved data on RAASi for 26 patients (age, 62 years [SD, 8]; female gender, 6 [23%]; 24‐hour urinary albumin excretion, 521 [187‐921] mg/24 h). The mean albuminuria‐lowering response to RAASi was 26.5% (range, −76.1% to 135.1%). The addition of dapagliflozin res in a further reduction of 34.9%, (range, −83.9 to 94.2). Interestingly, the albuminuria response to RAASi significantly correlated with the response to dapagliflozin (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.635 [95% CI, 0.328‐0.821]; P < .001), indicating that patients who did not respond to RAASi also did not respond to dapagliflozin. We concluded that individual therapy resistance to RAASi cannot be overcome with the addition of a completely different class of drugs, SGLT2 inhibitors. These data suggest that the individual drug response is an intrinsic individual characteristic, possibly unrelated to the type of intervention, unless the mode of action of dapagliflozin on albuminuria is through the RAAS.
Water Community: An Empirical Analysis of Cooperation on Irrigation in South India

I A controlled supply of water is crucial for much of the world's agriculture. This is particularly the case in many of the semi-arid and uneven-rainfall areas of South Asia. While there is considerable amount of work on the management of large canal systems and the structure and practices of the irrigation bureaucracy, economists have only recently started paying attention to issues of local community-level cooperation and other institutional arrangements that are key to substantially improving the existing levels of utilization of irrigation potential. Community institutions can have various functions in different irrigation systems: For example, they aim at pooling efforts and resources in constructing and maintaining field channels at the local outlet level, at regulating water allocation and monitoring violations; in cases of tank irrigation also at desilting, weeding, and stopping encroachments on tank beds; at repairing, maintaining, and controlling water allocation from public and community tubewells; at controlling groundwater overexploitation with privately owned pumps in areas with fragile aquifers, and so on. Water reform in the sense of building or promoting such community institutions of cooperation is at least as important as land reform in rural development. 2 But the history of local community-level cooperation in water management in South Asia is rather mixed. 3 There are several documented examples of successful local community water management (although usually at a rather low level of organizational form) in different parts of the region, some of them going many hundreds of years back in history and still surviving, but there are also numerous cases of failure of cooperation, leading sometimes to an anarchical scramble for water. It is important to understand the conditions working for and against sustainability of local cooperation in situations of general social and economic interdependence.
Concomitant over‐expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in pancreatic cancer

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic polypeptide that activates 2 distinct high‐affinity tyrosine kinase receptors, flk‐1/KDR and flt‐1. In the present study, we characterized the expression of VEGF and its receptors flk‐1/KDR and flt‐1 in the normal human pancreas and in human pancreatic cancer tissues and cell lines. VEGF, flk‐1/KDR and flt‐1 mRNA levels were elevated in cancer tissues compared with normal pancreas. By immuno‐histochemistry, VEGF, flk‐1/KDR and flt‐1 immunoreactivity co‐localized in many of the cancer cells within the tumor mass. Three (AsPC‐1, Capan‐1 and MIAPaCa‐2) of 6 pancreatic cancer cell lines expressed flk‐1/KDR mRNA and protein, and 4 cell lines (AsPC‐1, Capan‐1, T3M4 and PANC‐1) expressed flt‐1 mRNA transcripts. Binding studies with 125I‐labeled VEGF165 indicated that only Capan‐1 cells exhibited high levels of specific binding. Furthermore, VEGF enhanced the growth of Capan‐1 cells but was without effect in the other cell lines. VEGF also enhanced mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and c‐fos induction in Capan‐1 cells, whereas the MAPK kinase inhibitor PD98059 abolished the growth‐stimulatory effect of VEGF. These data indicate that human pancreatic cancers have the capacity to over‐express VEGF and its receptors and suggest that in some instances VEGF may directly promote pancreatic cancer growth via the MAPK pathway. Int. J. Cancer 85:27–34, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asset Substitution and Underinvestment: A Dynamic View

Asset substitution and underinvestment are two of the most discussed agency problems in finance. A recent empirical study by Graham and Harvey (2001), however, finds little evidence that corporate executives are concerned about asset substitution and underinvestment problems when they make firms' investment and financing decisions. This paper notices that the two problems are formulated based on one-shot relationships between equity holders and debt holders. The paper examines these two issues in multi-period dynamic arrangements. It is found that if a firm issues debt only once, then the firm has an incentive to increase the firm risk after the debt is in place. If a firm wants to issue debt periodically, however, in order to capture the tax benefit associated with all future debts, the firm may not have an incentive to increase its risk. It is also found that the underinvestment problem can be greatly reduced or even essentially eliminated in a dynamic model because undertaking an investment now benefits equity holders in the future.
Comparison of lead acid and Li-ion battery in solar home system of Bangladesh

Different technical issues regarding the use of Li-ion and lead acid battery in solar photovoltaic system is presented in this study. Economic comparison for using these two types of batteries in solar home system (SHS) of Bangladesh is also presented in terms of net present cost (NPC). Li-ion batteries, especially LiFeSO4 batteries, are technically more advantageous for use in intermittent solar photovoltaic system than conventional lead acid battery. Fast charging rate, high energy density, extended cycle life, low maintenance are advantages of Li-ion batteries compared to lead acid batteries. At present main disadvantage of Li-ion batteries is its high capital cost. From HOMER (an micro-grid simulation software) it is found that instead of high cycle life and maximum depth of discharge (DOD) of Li-ion batteries than lead acid ones, NPC of SHS with Li-ion battery is higher than that of system with lead acid battery if project lifetime is less than 5 years. For project lifetime greater than 5 years, NPC of Li-ion based system is comparable to lead acid system. Moreover, for small size of systems using Li-ion batteries in SHS is economical than lead acid batteries. As system size increases, use of Li-ion battery in SHS becomes costlier than lead acid battery. Environmental effect of two considered types of batteries is also discussed here.
Extensive vascularization of developing mouse ovaries revealed by caveolin‐1 expression

Expression screening for genes preferentially expressed in mouse fetal ovaries relative to testes identified Cav‐1 as a candidate female‐specific gene. Cav‐1 encodes caveolin‐1, a component of the cell membrane invaginations known as caveolae, which are involved in lipid regulation and signal transduction. In situ hybridization revealed high levels of Cav‐1 mRNA in developing ovaries, compared with moderate or low levels in testes. Analysis of caveolin‐1 protein distribution by immunofluorescence showed this difference to be due to the development of a dense and complex vascular network in the developing ovary. These observations point to a higher degree of differentiation and organization of the early stage mammalian ovary than previously suspected. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HRM in Russian Industrial Companies: An Overview of Past Studies and New Observations

This paper summarizes the findings of HRM practices over the past decade and supplements them with the results of a recent survey of 200 CEOs of domestic industrial companies and CEOs of several Russian manufacturing subsidiaries of MNCs. We identify the resilient archetype of the Russian HRM system and variations inspired by the differences in strategic position and current economic performance of industrial companies.
Do Auditor Resignations Convey Private Information About Continuing Audit Clients?

The paper investigates how auditor resignations affect capital market participants' perception of firms from which the auditors resign ("former clients") and of firms that continue as clients of the resigning auditor ("continuing clients"). We find that resignation announcements result in significant negative abnormal returns for former clients and in significant positive abnormal returns for a sample of continuing clients (matched on industry, time period, and recent stock-price performance). As in prior work on auditors' actions, these effects are most pronounced when the news media reports the resignation. We investigate continuing clients because in recent years auditors have adopted a portfolio approach to risk management that includes centralized risk-based screening. We propose that the absence of resignation signals that, despite its poor performance, the continuing client has satisfied the auditor's unobservable risk-screening process. Therefore, the positive abnormal returns observed for the continuing clients suggest that despite their poor recent performance, the auditor believes the continuing clients' accounting methods and financial reporting choices are not misleading. We rule out a competition-based intra-industry information transfer as an alternative explanation for the positive abnormal returns.
Early assessment of left ventricular viability of dyskinesia and akinesia myocardium in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Real-time contrast echocardiography versus low-dose dobutamine echocardiography

背景 低劑量dobutamine 心臟超音波被證實為應用於評估首次罹患急性心肌梗塞病患之左心室心肌存活性的準確影像工具之一，但是，除了無法應用於已使用強心劑之病患及耗時的缺點外，dobutamine 用於急性心肌梗塞病患有引發進一步心肌缺氧之危險。 即時造影劑超音波是評估微型血管灌流之利器。 本研究之目的是想比較即時造影劑超音波和低劑量dobutamine 心臟超音波，用於評估首次罹患急性心肌梗塞病患無法收縮及收縮困難的左心室心肌之存活性。 方法 共四十五位首次罹患急性心肌梗塞病患在胸痛發作後的一週內，進行二度空間心臟超音波，即時造影劑超音波之檢查，及低劑量dobutamine 心臟超音波。 四個月後所有病患予以追蹤二度空間心臟超音波，用以評估無法收縮及收縮困難的左心室心肌之存活性。 結果 我們共分析260 個收縮困難或無法收縮的心肌區域，經即時造影劑超音波檢查，呈現均勻分部或塊狀顯影之區域可用於預測左心室心肌存活的敏感度為81.4%，特異性為76.7%，準確度為79.4%，正向預測值81. 8%為及負向預測值為75%，此準確性與低劑量dobutamine 心臟超音波不相上下 (79.4% vs. 76.8%, p = 0.52)，而即時造影劑超音波檢查有較高之敏感度 (81.4% vs. 68.9%, p ＜ 0.005)，低劑量dobutamine 心臟超音波有較高之特異性(76.7% vs. 87.6%, p ＜ 0.01)。 即時造影劑超音波檢查平均耗時較少 (374 ± 102 seconds vs. 785± 216 seconds, p ＜ 0.001），且無任何併發症。 而在dobutamine 心臟超音檢查中，4.5%病人罹患頭痛及2.2%病患有胸悶之症狀 (p ＜ 0.001)。 結論 即時造影劑超音波雖然受到下壁或後壁“衰退現象”的限制，但仍可早期評估急性心肌梗塞病患之左心室心肌存活性，其準確性與低劑量dobutamine 心臟超音波不相上下。 同時，即時造影劑超音波可以更安全及省時的應用於早期評估左心室心肌存活性。
A case study of risk disclosure in five European banks

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the development of risk disclosures in five large banks operating in European countries between the years 2010 and 2013. Research design: The disclosures are analysed based on common risk disclosures relating to four types of risk; credit, market, operational and liquidity risk. This study focuses on the banks‟ risk disclosures and their consistency with the applicable frameworks Pillar 3 and IFRS 7. This study is a case study, which has used a quantitative content analysis in order to analyse the risk disclosures of the sample banks. The data analysis is conducted with the use of a disclosure grid based on Pillar 3 and IFRS 7. The data is collected from consolidated annual reports and risk reports of the sampled banks. Findings: Out of the four risks studied credit risk remains the most dominant followed by market risk, as in previously conducted studies. The operational risk and liquidity risk are out of these four risks still the least disclosed. In respect of the five guiding principles of Pillar 3, and the disclosure requirements in IFRS 7, one may reasonably conclude that 2013 was the most transparent year out of the four years studied. Contribution: Overall this case study will not draw any general conclusions in terms of the development of risk disclosures due to the nature of the study. Furthermore, there are very few previous studies which discuss the subject of risk reporting in financial institutions to compare the results with. Value: The authors consider the solution of Danske Bank and Rabobank to be more efficient and valuable for the reader. These two banks have a separate document containing the extensive risk report and their annual reports only holds the risk infomartion required by the regulations.
Pengaruh Manajemen Laba Real Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan

This research is conducted to obtain empirical evidence that (I) there is an influence of real earning manajement on the firm's value. (ii) Firms value which was practiced real earnings manajemen more than firms was not practiced. The sample used in this research is non financial company that listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (ISE) that performs income increasing pattern Period 2004 - 2007. Prior to test the hypotheses, the researcher employed regression model. Then, descriptive statistics, one sample t-test, and two independent samples t-test are used to test the research. Hypothetical test results show that real earning manajement is a positive correlation with the firm's value and firms value which was practiced real earnings manajernen more than firms was not practiced.