Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reduced need for extraperitoneal pelvic packing for severe pelvic fractures is associated with improved resuscitation strategies

BACKGROUND Extraperitoneal pelvic packing (EPP) was introduced at Oslo University Hospital Ulleval (OUHU) in 1994. Published studies from other institutions have advocated its application as a first-line therapy in lieu of angiography. Extraperitoneal pelvic packing is invasive with a high risk of complications, and its role remains an issue of discussion. In line with international trends, an updated massive hemorrhage protocol was implemented at OUHU in 2007. We hypothesized a decreased need for EPP owing to the major changes in resuscitation strategies. METHODS Retrospective analysis of data from the OUH Trauma Registry and patient charts for the period 2002–2012 was performed. All pelvic fractures with Abbreviated Injury Severity (AIS) score of 3 or higher and/or transfused during the period before intensive care unit admission regardless of the pelvic AIS were included. The population was analyzed for trends and differences between 2002–2006 (P1) and 2007–2012 (P2). Further analysis was performed on the group of patients transfused five or more units of red blood cells (RBCs). RESULTS We included 648 patients (P1, 297; P2, 351). There was no difference in median injury severity score, pelvic AIS, or age between the two periods. Median base deficit on admission was higher in P2 (4.2 vs 3.3 mmol/L; p < 0.01). The EPP rate decreased from P1 to P2 (17–10%; p < 0.01). A similar reduction in the angiography rate (15% vs 9%; p < 0.01) was observed, with a concomitant decrease in hemorrhage-related deaths (10% vs 5%; p = 0.01). The subgroup analysis of patients transfused five or more units of RBCs revealed significant increase in the use of plasma and platelets in P2. Multiple logistic regression models for the subgroup transfused five or more units of RBCs confirm the change in resuscitation strategy to be significantly associated with reduced EPP, and identifying admission in P2 to be associated with a 63% decreased odds ratio for EPP. CONCLUSIONS The EPP and angiography rates for exsanguinating pelvic injuries have decreased with improved resuscitation strategies, reducing RBC requirements and hemorrhage-related deaths. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic study, level IV.
Thrombolysis Using Liposomal-Encapsulated Streptokinase: An In Vitro Study

Abstract The clot-lysing ability of streptokinase (SK) was examined using membrane-bound thrombi. Encapsulation of SK in large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) resulted in entrapping approximately 30% of its original activity. Measurements of streptokinase activity for liposomal-encapsulated streptokinase (LESK) indicated little loss of activity or leakage in Tris-buffered saline over a 24-hr period at temperatures of 4 and 23°C. However, incubation of free SK and LESK in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) at 37°C resulted in a decrease of SK activity. The retention of SK activity in LESK was considerably higher than that of unentrapped SK. Clot-dissolving time (CDT) was measured by monitoring the pressure drop during slow filtration in plasma through membrane-bound thrombi. The results indicated that both LESK and free SK were able to activate the fibrinolytic system. Without prior incubation in PPP at 37°C, the CDT of a SK and PPP mixture (SK/PPP) was 10.7 ± 1.9 min (n = 12), while that of a LESK and PPP mixture (LESK/PPP) was 12.4 ± 1.7 min (n = 12). The CDT-detected clot-lysing abilities of both SK and LESK were diminished by incubation in PPP, but to different extents. After 15- and 30-min incubations, the CDT of SK/PPP increased significantly to 15.5 ± 1.5 and 24.1 ± 2.4 min (n = 5, P < 0.05), respectively. In contrast, the CDT of LESK/PPP increased to 13.3 ± 0.8 min (n = 5) after 15 min of incubation and to 16.0 ± 1.1 min (n = 5, P < 0.05) after a 30-min incubation. These results suggest that entrapment of SK in liposomes preserves the thrombolytic potential of the plasminogen activator by limiting its exposure to the components of the plasma.
Antiretroviral effect of zidovudine–didanosine combination on blood and lymph nodes

Objective:To evaluate the antiretroviral effect of a combination of zidovudine (ZDV) and didanosine (ddI) on plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and lymph nodes after 24 weeks. Methods:Eight patients naive of antiretroviral therapy were followed by monthly blood samples and two surgical lymph-node biopsies taken at baseline and after 24 weeks. CD4+ T cells were counted monthly by flow cytometry. Plasma HIV-1 RNA was measured monthly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Infectious cellular viraemia was measured monthly by a culture technique. Proviral DNA titres in PBMC were measured by endpoint dilution PCR at baseline and 24 weeks. Infectious HIV-1 and proviral DNA titres were measured in the lymph-node mononuclear cells (LNMC). The total HIV-1 RNA content of lymph nodes was measured by PCR. In some cases, phenotypic resistance to ZDV was measured, and codon 215 and 74 mutations in PBMC and LNMC were analysed. Results:A mean increase in CD4 cell count of 122 × 106/l, a mean decrease in HIV-1 RNA of 1.47 log10 in plasma and a mean decrease in HIV-1 DNA titre of 0.63 log10 were found after 24 weeks of therapy. Nevertheless, there were no statistically significant changes in the mean infectious HIV-1 titre in PBMC and LNMC, in the HIV-1 DNA titre in LNMC or in the total lymph-node HIV-1 RNA burden at week 24. Phenotypic or genotypic markers of drug resistance were rarely found in PBMC at week 24, although they were detected in LNMC from some patients. Conclusion:A discrepancy in the therapeutic effect can be observed between lymphoid organs and blood after 24 weeks of therapy with ZDV and ddI. This difference could be explained by the insufficient antiretroviral potency of this combination facing the significant viral burden present in lymph nodes. Development of drug resistance in this compartment prior to blood can be demonstrated in some cases, although other mechanisms remain to be investigated in future studies to explain this difference.
Fate mapping Nkx2.1‐lineage cells in the mouse telencephalon

The homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.1 is expressed in the pallidal (subcortical) telencephalon, including the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and preoptic area. Studies have shown that Nkx2.1 is required for normal patterning of the MGE and for the specification of the parvalbumin (PV)‐ and somatostatin (SST)‐expressing cortical interneurons. To define the contribution of Nkx2.1 lineages to neurons in the mature telencephalon, we have generated transgenic mice carrying the genomic integration of a modified bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) in which the second exon of Nkx2.1 is replaced by the Cre recombinase. Analysis of these mice has found that they express the Cre recombinase and Cre reporters within Nkx2.1‐expressing domains of the brain, thyroid, pituitary, and lung. Telencephalic expression of reporters begins at about embryonic day 10.5. Expression both of Cre and of recombination‐based Cre reporters is weaker within the dorsalmost region of the MGE than in other Nkx2.1‐expressing regions. In this paper, we present fate‐mapping data on Nkx2.1‐lineage neurons throughout the telencephalon, including the cerebral cortex, amygdala, olfactory bulb, striatum, globus pallidus, septum, and nucleus basalis. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:16–29, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Employee Unethical Behavior to Shame as an Indicator of Self-Image Threat and Exemplification as a Form of Self-Image Protection: The Exacerbating Role of Supervisor Bottom-Line Mentality

Employee unethical behavior continues to be an area of interest as real-world business scandals persist. We investigate what happens after people engage in unethical behavior. Drawing from emotion theories (e.g., Tangney & Dearing, 2002) and the self-presentation literature (e.g., Leary & Miller, 2000), we first argue that people are socialized to experience shame after moral violations (Hypothesis 1). People then manage their shame and try to protect their self-images by engaging in exemplification behaviors (i.e., self-sacrificial behaviors that give the attribution of being a dedicated person; Hypothesis 2). We also examine the moderating role of supervisor bottom-line mentality (BLM; i.e., a supervisor’s singular focus on pursuing bottom-line outcomes) in relation to our theoretical model. We argue that high supervisor BLM intensifies the employee unethical behavior to shame relationship (Hypothesis 3) and results in heightened exemplification as a way to protect one’s self-image by portraying the self as a dedicated person who is worthy of association (Hypothesis 4). We test our theoretical model across 2 experimental studies and 2 field studies. Although our results provide general support for Hypotheses 1, 2, and 3, our results produced mixed findings for Hypothesis 4. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Developmental profiles of various cholinergic markers in the rat main olfactory bulb using quantitative autoradiography

The existence of possible relationships among the developmental profile of various cholinergic markers in the main olfactory bulb (OB) was assessed by using in vitro quantitative autoradiography. Muscarinic receptors were visualized with [3H]pirenzepine (muscarinic M1‐like sites) and [3H]AF‐DX 384 (muscarinic M2‐like sites); nicotinic receptors by using [3H]cytisine (nicotinic 42‐like subtype) and [125I]α‐bungarotoxin (nicotinic 7‐like subtype); cholinergic nerve terminals by using [3H]vesamicol (vesicular acetylcholine transport sites) and [3H]hemicholinium‐3 (high‐affinity choline uptake sites).
Near-field scattering by physical theory of diffraction and shooting and bouncing rays

The problem of electromagnetic wave scattering is very important in defense applications. The research on this topic was mostly centered on far-field analysis: assume an incident plane wave, compute its scattered field due to the scatterer, and evaluate the radar cross section (RCS) of the scatterer. When the transmitting and receiving antennas are far from the scatterer, the incident wave can be approximated by a plane wave on every part of the target, the far-field analysis thus applies. However, in practical applications, there are many situations that the distance between the transmitting antenna and the scatterer is not large enough to treat the field arriving the scatterer as a plane wave. In these conditions the far-field analysis is not valid, and a near-field analysis is necessary. Most scattering papers on academic journals are related to the far-field analysis. The only near-field study that the author knows is the NcPTD code developed in DEMACO by Lee (1991). However, in this study only the physical theory of diffraction (PTD) is modified to deal with near-field scattering of convex scatterers. The method of shooting and bouncing rays (SBR), which is useful in evaluating the far-field RCS of concave targets, was not included. Also, the formulae are not explicit. This paper presents the PTD and SBR formulae for near-field scattering from a unified view.
MAPK pathway activation through BRAF gene fusion in pilocytic astrocytomas; a novel oncogenic fusion gene with diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential

Recently, a new mechanism for activation of B‐RAF was identified resulting from a tandem duplication, generating a fusion protein with constitutive BRAF activity and thereby activating the MAPK pathway. Different fusion variants involving BRAF and KIAA1549 were demonstrated, present in 80% of pilocytic astrocytomas in children. As the KIAA1549–BRAF fusion gene is detected at a much lower frequency in diffuse low‐grade astrocytomas and survival was much longer than expected in the patients with a ‘non‐pilocytic’ astrocytoma carrying the fusion gene, identification of this fusion gene can be of diagnostic and prognostic value. In the near future, interference with the (fusion gene causing) activation of the MAPK signalling cascade may open new therapeutic avenues for children with pilocytic astrocytomas, as a first line of defence against tumour growth or in situations where the tumour has become refractory to other therapeutic modalities. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD147, CD44, and the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Signaling Pathway Cooperate to Regulate Breast Epithelial Cell Invasiveness*

Background: CD147 induces invadopodia activity and invasiveness in breast epithelial cells. Results: CD147 forms complexes with CD44 and EGFR in lipid raftlike membrane domains and induces hyaluronan-CD44-dependent EGFR-Ras-ERK signaling that promotes invadopodia activity and invasiveness. Conclusion: CD147 induces signaling complexes critical to invasiveness in breast epithelial cells. Significance: CD147 is a potential therapeutic target and disease marker in breast cancer. The immunoglobulin superfamily glycoprotein CD147 (emmprin; basigin) is associated with an invasive phenotype in various types of cancers, including malignant breast cancer. We showed recently that up-regulation of CD147 in non-transformed, non-invasive breast epithelial cells is sufficient to induce an invasive phenotype characterized by membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP)-dependent invadopodia activity (Grass, G. D., Bratoeva, M., and Toole, B. P. (2012) Regulation of invadopodia formation and activity by CD147. J. Cell Sci. 125, 777–788). Here we found that CD147 induces breast epithelial cell invasiveness by promoting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-Ras-ERK signaling in a manner dependent on hyaluronan-CD44 interaction. Furthermore, CD147 promotes assembly of signaling complexes containing CD147, CD44, and EGFR in lipid raftlike domains. We also found that oncogenic Ras regulates CD147 expression, hyaluronan synthesis, and formation of CD147-CD44-EGFR complexes, thus forming a positive feedback loop that may amplify invasiveness. Last, we showed that malignant breast cancer cells are heterogeneous in their expression of surface-associated CD147 and that high levels of membrane CD147 correlate with cell surface EGFR and CD44 levels, activated EGFR and ERK1, and activated invadopodia. Future studies should evaluate CD147 as a potential therapeutic target and disease stratification marker in breast cancer.
[Dissecting aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery--a case report].

The authors present a case of dissecting aneurysm of the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in a 47-year-old female, who suffered from mild subarachnoid hemorrhage. Right vertebral angiogram showed typical "pearl and string" sign of the PICA, but we could not fully understand the condition until a surgical exposure revealed a purple sausage-like dissecting aneurysm of the PICA. The aneurysm was wrapped with muscle pieces. Postoperatively she developed Wallenberg's syndrome, but it subsided gradually. No specific disorder concerning the mural dissection was found in this patient, except for a history of mild hypertension. This case is unusual because it affected not an arterial trunk but a small branch and we could find only one other case reported in the literature. Other formerly reported cases were of arterial trunks. The intracranial dissecting aneurysm has been known as a rare cause of cerebral infarct in children and adolescents. Infants are also affected and referred to as "infantile hemiplegia". It mainly affects one of the trunk arteries and cause a severe ischemic stroke, and surgically treatable case is rare. But as the typical angiographic findings are commonly known the number of the reported cases is increasing at an accelerating rate, and some of them are being noted to need surgical treatment because they cause subarachnoid hemorrhage. We here emphasize that not only trunk arteries but also small branch arteries can develop mural dissection, leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Dissecting aneurysm of a smaller artery would be milder in symptom, and would give more chance for surgical intervention. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BCL10 as a new candidate gene for immune response in pigs: cloning, expression and association analysis

BCL10 is an apoptotic regulatory molecule identified through its direct involvement in t(1; 14)(p22; q32) of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and was implicated in the pathogenesis of this and several other tumour types. BCL10 was recognized as an antigen receptor‐specific regulator of NF‐κB, which showed close association with immune responses. In this study, we cloned and characterized BCL10 from the porcine spleen and analysed its genomic structure. BCL10 was mapped to SSC4q21–q23 by the IMpRH panels, it is closely linked to the marker S0161 and SW1461. This gene has three exons and two introns. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that BCL10 was widely expressed in all the examined tissues. Transient transfection indicated that porcine BCL10 was located in cytoplasm in Pig Kidney Epithelial cells. BCL10 gene displays the opposite expression trend between the two treatments mimic virus and bacteria of polyriboinosinic‐polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The level of the BCL10 mRNA was up‐regulated during 12–24 h and peaking at 48 h when treated with LPS, whereas it was down‐regulated during 0–48 h and highest at 0 h (cells without treating with Poly I:C) when treated with Poly I:C. One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site was identified in the 3′‐untranslated region of porcine BCL10. Association analysis revealed that this SNP was significantly associated with intermediate cell mass (eosinophile granulocyte, basophile granulocyte and histoleucocyte) percentage, absolute intermediate cell mass count and mean red blood cell volume of 0‐day‐old pigs, and red blood cell count of 17‐day‐old pigs (P < 0.05), and also had significant associations with red blood cell count and haemoglobin concentration of 32‐day‐old pigs (P < 0.01).
Molecular Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance

SUMMARY The determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of a clinical isolate, especially with increasing resistance, is often crucial for the optimal antimicrobial therapy of infected patients. Nucleic acid-based assays for the detection of resistance may offer advantages over phenotypic assays. Examples are the detection of the methicillin resistance-encoding mecA gene in staphylococci, rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the spread of resistance determinants across the globe. However, molecular assays for the detection of resistance have a number of limitations. New resistance mechanisms may be missed, and in some cases the number of different genes makes generating an assay too costly to compete with phenotypic assays. In addition, proper quality control for molecular assays poses a problem for many laboratories, and this results in questionable results at best. The development of new molecular techniques, e.g., PCR using molecular beacons and DNA chips, expands the possibilities for monitoring resistance. Although molecular techniques for the detection of antimicrobial resistance clearly are winning a place in routine diagnostics, phenotypic assays are still the method of choice for most resistance determinations. In this review, we describe the applications of molecular techniques for the detection of antimicrobial resistance and the current state of the art.
A qualitative descriptive study of perceived sexual effects of club drug use in gay and bisexual men

Club drug use is often associated with unsafe sexual practices, and use remains prevalent among gay and bisexual men. Although epidemiological studies commonly report the risk of engaging in unsafe sex due to the effects of particular club drugs, there remain gaps in the literature regarding the specific sexual effects of such substances and the context of their use in this population. We examined secondary data derived from interviews with 198 club drug-using gay and bisexual males in New York City and qualitatively describe subjective sexual effects of five drugs: ecstasy, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), ketamine, powder cocaine and methamphetamine. Differences and commonalities across the five drugs were examined. Results suggest that each drug tends to provide (1) unique sexual effects, (2) its own form of disinhibition and (3) atypical sexual choices, often described as ‘lower sexual standards’. Differences across drugs emerged with regard to social, sensual and sexual enhancement, sexual interest and impotence. Although some common perceived sexual effects exist across drugs, the wide variation in these effects suggests different levels of risk and may further suggest varying motivations for using each substance. This study seeks to educate public health officials regarding the sexual effects of club drug use in this population.
Diagnostic and prognostic role of serum glypican 3 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

α‐Feto protein (AFP) is the widely used tumor marker in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic and prognostic validity of a novel marker, serum Glypican‐3 (GPC3) and to compare AFP in patients with HCC. One hundred and twenty‐eight patients (75 patients with HCC, 55 patients with cirrhosis, and 28 healthy controls) were included in this study. Cut‐off value of GPC3 was 3.9 pg/ml. AFP was divided into four subgroups, according to cut‐off values with 13, 20, 100, and 200 ng/ml. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of GPC3 and AFP13, AFP20, AFP100, AFP200 subgroups and also GPC3+AFP13, GPC3+AFP20, GPC3+AFP100, GPC3+AFP200 combinations were compared. Serum GPC3 levels were significantly higher in patients with HCC and cirrhosis compared with control subjects (P<0.05). The median serum GPC3 levels were 3.9 pg/ml in controls, 5.51 pg/ml in patients with cirrhosis, and 5.13 pg/ml in those with HCC. The median serum AFP levels were 1.37 ng/ml in controls, 2.32 ng/ml in cirrhotics, and 50.65 ng/ml in HCC patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of GPC3 was 61.33, 41.82, 58.97, and 44.43%, respectively. The values for AFP were 68.57, 94.55, 94.12, and 70.27%, respectively. There was no correlation between GPC3 levels and prognostic parameters. GPC3 is not a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for HCC. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 25:350–353, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence and predictors of venous thromboembolism recurrence after a first isolated distal deep vein thrombosis

Isolated distal deep vein thrombosis (iDDVT) (i.e. without proximal DVT or pulmonary embolism) represents half of all cases of lower limb DVT. Its clinical significance and management are controversial. Data on long‐term follow‐up are scarce, especially concerning risk and predictors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence.