Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global Changes in Drought Conditions Under Different Levels of Warming

Higher evaporative demands and more frequent and persistent dry spells associated with rising temperatures suggest that drought conditions could worsen in many regions of the world. In this study, we assess how drought conditions may develop across the globe for 1.5, 2, and 3°C warming compared to preindustrial temperatures. Results show that two thirds of global population will experience a progressive increase in drought conditions with warming. For drying areas, drought durations are projected to rise at rapidly increasing rates with warming, averaged globally from 2.0 month/°C below 1.5°C to 4.2 month/°C when approaching 3°C. Drought magnitudes could double for 30% of global landmass under stringent mitigation. If contemporary warming rates continue, water supply‐demand deficits could become fivefold in size for most of Africa, Australia, southern Europe, southern and central states of the United States, Central America, the Caribbean, north‐west China, and parts of Southern America. In approximately 20% of the global land surface, drought magnitude will halve with warming of 1.5°C and higher levels, mainly most land areas north of latitude 55°N, but also parts of South America and Eastern and South‐eastern Asia. A progressive and significant increase in frequency of droughts is projected with warming in the Mediterranean basin, most of Africa, West and Southern Asia, Central America, and Oceania, where droughts are projected to happen 5 to 10 times more frequent even under ambitious mitigation targets and current 100‐year events could occur every two to five years under 3°C of warming.
Gravity current flow past a circular cylinder: forces, wall shear stresses and implications for scour

The flow of compositional gravity currents past circular cylinders mounted above a wall is investigated numerically. Two- and three-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations are employed to quantify the force load on the cylinder, along with the friction velocity at the bottom wall near the cylinder, for Reynolds numbers in the range of 2000–45 000. While two-dimensional simulations accurately capture the impact stage, they are seen to overpredict the force and friction velocity fluctuations throughout the transient stage. Comparisons between gravity current and constant-density flows past circular cylinders show that the impact and transient stages are unique to gravity current flows. During the quasi-steady stage, on the other hand, the wake structures and the values of the drag, the peak-to-peak lift, the vortex shedding frequency and the friction velocity below the cylinder are comparable. The friction velocity below the cylinder depends chiefly on the Reynolds number formed with the front velocity and the gap width. The maximum friction velocity at impact is about 60% larger than during the quasi-steady stage or in a constant-density flow. This raises the possibility of aggressive erosion behaviour at impact, which may occur in a spanwise localized fashion because of the larger friction velocity near the lobes.
CS-TR-2018-001 : An Empirical Study of Continuous Integration Failures in TravisTorrent

Continuous Integration(CI) is a widely used development practice where developers integrate their work after submitting code changes at central repository. CI servers usually monitor central repository for code change submission and automatically build software with changed code, perform unit testing, integration testing and provide test summary report. If build or test fails developers fix those issues and submit the code changes. Continuous submission of code modification by developers and build latency time creates stalls at CI server build pipeline and hence developers have to wait long time to get build outcome. In this paper, we categorize CI failures from TravisTorrent data set and studied the frequency of different failures. Our study on 1,187 CI failures from TravisTorrent data set shows that 829 of the CI failures are test failures, compared with 252 build script errors, 49 JavaDoc errors, and 67 stylechecking errors. It also reveals that 10.8% of CI-failure repair commits contains only build script revisions, and 25.6% CI-failure repair commits involve at least one build script revision.Furthermore, we proposed build prediction model that uses TravisTorrent data set with build error log clustering and AST level code change modification data to predict whether a build will be successful or not without attempting actual build so that developer can get early build outcome result. With the proposed model we can predict build outcome with an average F-Measure over 87% on all three build systems (Ant, Maven, Gradle) under the cross-project prediction scenario.
Crown structure and growth efficiency of red spruce in uneven-aged, mixed-species stands in Maine

Several hypotheses about the relationships among individual tree growth, tree leaf area, and relative tree size or position were tested with red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growing in uneven-aged, mixed-species forests of south-central Maine, U.S.A. Based on data from 65 sample trees, predictive models were developed to (i) estimate the amount of foliage held by individual trees from sapwood cross-sectional area and (ii) define the relationship between stem volume growth and three variables: total foliage area, relative position in the stand, and the degree of past suppression. A model that included variables representing tree size (or relative social position) and degree of past suppression (live branch whorls per unit crown length) indicated that stem volume growth first increased but later decreased over leaf area when other variables were held constant. Growth efficiency declined with increasing tree leaf area, although greater height and diameter enhanced growth efficiency and greater past suppression diminished growth efficiency. The decline in growth efficiency with greater leaf area likely is attributable to one or several of the factors previously identified as contributing to growth declines in mature, even-aged stands.
Saturable and reverse saturable absorption of Rhodamine B in methanol and water

We have investigated nonlinear absorption of Rhodamine B dye in methanol and water near resonance (532 nm) on the higher-energy (435 nm) and lower-energy (600 nm) sides of the absorption band, using an open-aperture Z-scan technique with nanosecond pulses. We observed reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at 435 nm in both of the solvents, and a transition from saturable absorption (SA) to RSA with an increase in either intensity or concentration at 600 nm in methanol. A transition from RSA to SA with an increase in concentration at 600 nm was observed with water as the solvent. We used theoretical analysis based on rate equations to determine the two-photon and excited-state absorption coefficients from the experimental results.
Exploring the relationship among new literacies, reading, mathematics and science performance of Turkish students in PISA 2012

Turkish students on average had lower scores than OECD countries on mathematics, science, and reading at international assessment programs. As PISA measures the extent to which 15-year-old students are prepared to handle the challenges they may encounter in their future lives, and evaluates students’ ability to reflect and to apply their knowledge and experience to real-life situations, low scores on this assessment should be investigated carefully. Therefore, in this study we aimed to explore the relationships between new literacy skills, reading, mathematics, and science performance of Turkish students. The results showed that new literacy skills measured in PISA had two dimensional structure including at and outside of school new literacy skills. These new literacy skills were shown to predict reading performance significantly, at school negatively and outside of school positively. It was also shown that reading performance and new literacy skills were effective in the prediction of both mathematics and science performances.
From continuous time random walks to the generalized diffusion equation

Abstract We obtain a generalized diffusion equation in modified or Riemann-Liouville form from continuous time random walk theory. The waiting time probability density function and mean squared displacement for different forms of the equation are explicitly calculated. We show examples of generalized diffusion equations in normal or Caputo form that encode the same probability distribution functions as those obtained from the generalized diffusion equation in modified form. The obtained equations are general and many known fractional diffusion equations are included as special cases.
Effect of nitrogen sources on production of β-galactosidase from Bifidobacterium animalis Bb12 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 grown in whey under different culture conditions

The present study examined the effect of various nitrogen source such as yeast extract, peptone, casein hydrolysate, tryptone, ammonium sulphate and whey (control) on the growth of B. animalis Bb12 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 11842 and production of β-galactosidase (β-gal) grown in deproteinized whey by these organisms. The organisms were grown in deprotenized whey (control) and that containing 3.5% of yeast extract, peptone, casein hydrolysate, tryptone, ammonium sulphate was supplemented as a nitrogen source and β-gal activity was determined using o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) as a substrate. The strains were able to utilize a wide range of nitrogen sources such as yeast extract, peptone, casein hydrolysate, tryptone and ammonium sulphate in deproteinized whey. In general, yeast extract and peptone were found to be more suitable for β-galactosidase production. The highest level of β-gal activity at 45.69 unit/mL was produced with peptone followed by yeast extract at 43.44 unit/mL by B. animalis Bb12 and 46.6 unit/mL was produced with casein hydrolysate followed by yeast extract at 46.25 unit/mL by L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842. This study showed that whey medium supplemented with nitrogen sources was suitable for fermentation by B. animalis Bb12 and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 and production of β-gal.
Equity Market Timing and Capital Structure: Evidence from Tunisia and France

This paper investigates the relevance of market timing considerations on the debt-equity choice using a panel of tunisian and french listed firms. Consistent with the market timing theory, we find that firms tend to issue equity when their market valuations are relatively higher than their book values and after market performance improvement. As a consequence, these firms become underlevraged in the short-term and this impact of equity market timing on capital structure persists beyond eight years.
The nitrogen cycle and its influence on the European greenhouse gas balance

- Humans have more than tripled the circulation of reactive nitrogen (Nr) in Europe, mainly through the production and release of fertilizers, in addition to fossil fuel combustion and biological nitrogen fixation. - NitroEurope has combined experiments and modelling to quantify nitrogen fluxes and their influence on the European greenhouse gas budget. Additional synthesis activities have shown how these effects compare with the climate effects of Nr via aerosol and ozone. - The new methods developed and comprehensive datasets obtained show how Nr interacts with other drivers of change at site, landscape, regional and European scales, pointing to opportunities for better Nr management and the development of mitigation options. - A comprehensive nitrogen budget has been established, showing that Europe produces 15.6 Tg Nr annually, with 11.2 Tg from fertilizers, 3.4 Tg from combustion sources and 1 Tg from biological nitrogen fixation. In addition to the combustion emissions, agricultural Nr use is very leaky, wasting about 13 Tg to air and water annually. - Atmospheric deposition of Nr increases the carbon storage of European forests, but this is constrained by an increase in Nr losses, while the ammonia (NH3) fraction of Nr deposition also represents a loss of productivity from agricultural systems. - Comparing the warming effects of Nr emissions (N2O formation, ozone warming and phytotoxic effects) with the cooling effects (faster forest growth, altered methane lifetime and aerosol formation) leads to a rough balance over Europe (-16 m (-47 to +15) mW m-2). - Cost-benefit analysis indicates that the threats of Nr particles to human health and of Nr deposition to biodiversity loss greatly outweigh their potential climate benefits. - There are many opportunities to reduce the climate warming effects of Nr losses. - Efforts to reduce the Nr-related warming effects of tropospheric ozone must decrease both NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), requiring ongoing improvement in combustion technologies and further efforts to reduce transport mileage and energy use. - Efforts to reduce N2O emissions must focus on improving overall nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture, for which the implementation of technical measures to reduce ammonia emissions, denitrification to N2 and nitrate leaching is essential. - The overall European nitrogen cycle is driven by the human quest for luxury consumption of animal products. Of the Nr in crops produced or imported to Europe (12 Tg) only 15% is used to feed people directly, with 85% going to feed animals. - Avoiding dietary excess of meat and diary products would provide a major contribution to decreasing the climate warming effects of N2O, while reducing the threat of Nr emissions to human health and biodiversity at the same time.
Satellite microwave SST observations of transequatorial tropical instability waves

Satellite measurements of sea‐surface temperature (SST) by the TRMM Microwave Imager reveal previously unreported features of tropical instability waves (TIWs). In the Pacific, TIW‐related variability is observed from the eastern boundary to at least 160°E. Cusp‐shaped distortions of SST fronts and associated trains of anticyclonic vortices both north and south of the equator propagate westward at ∼0.5 m s−1 with approximately 50% larger meridional displacements in the north. In the Atlantic, TIWs and associated anticyclonic vortices are clearly observed only on the north side of the equator where they propagate from the eastern boundary to the western boundary at ∼0.3 m s−1.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) More than happy: the need for disentangling positive emotions

Despite great advances in scientific understanding of emotional processes in the last decades, research into the communication of emotions has been constrained by a strong bias toward negative affective states. Typically, studies distinguish between different negative emotions, such as disgust, sadness, anger, and fear. In contrast, most research uses only one category of positive affect, ‘‘happiness,’’ which is assumed to encompass all positive emotional states. This article reviews recent research showing that a number of positive affective states have discrete, recognizable signals. An increased focus on cues other than facial expressions is necessary to understand these positive states and how they are communicated; vocalizations, touch, and postural information offer promising avenues for investigating signals of positive affect. A full scientific understanding of the functions, signals, and mechanisms of emotions requires abandoning the unitary concept of happiness and instead disentangling positive emotions.
PDGF-BB promotes the differentiation and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells through the Src/JAK2 signaling pathway

Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) serves a critical function in human osteoblast differentiation and proliferation. Src and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) are involved in these processes. In our previous study, it was identified that Src could promote the phosphorylation of JAK2. However, it has yet to be determined whether the Src/JAK2 signaling pathway affects PDGF-BB-mediated osteoblast differentiation and proliferation. In the present study, western blotting, polymerase chain reaction, alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase and Cell Counting kit-8 were employed to explore these questions. Firstly, it was demonstrated that PDGF-BB activates the Src/JAK2 signaling pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that PDGF-BB expression promoted MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation and proliferation; this process was suppressed by AG1295, SU6656 and AG490, which are inhibitors of PDGFR-β, Src and JAK2, respectively. SU6656 downregulated the activity of Src and JAK2, while AG490 only downregulated JAK2 activity. Therefore, it was concluded that Src is upstream of JAK2. PDGF-BB also upregulated the expression of osteogenesis-associated genes, and the formation of mineral nodules. However, these effects were markedly inhibited by treatment with SU6656. This indicated that PDGF-BB promoted MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation and proliferation by activating the Src/JAK2 signaling pathway. These results suggested that PDGF-BB may have potential applications in the treatment of osteoporosis and bone fractures.
Impact of Combined Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell (ADMSC) and Low-Energy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Protecting Brain Death-Induced Remote Organ Damage in Rat

ABSTRACT Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that allogenic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADMS) and extracorporeal shock wave (ECSW) therapy could attenuate brain death (BD)-induced remote cardiac organ damage in rat. Methods: Adult-male SD rats (n=30) were equally divided into group 1 (sham control); group 2 (BD); group 3 [BD + ECSW (0.15 mJ/mm2/300 impulses applied to skull surface 3 h after BD induction)]; group 4 [BD + ADMSC (1.2 x 106 cell) by intravenous injection 3 h after BD induction]; and group 5 (BD-ECSW-ADMSC). Animals were sacrificed by 6 h after BD induction and the heart specimens harvested. Results: ELISA analysis showed that the circulating level of inflammation (IL-6/MPO/TNF-α) was lowest in group 1, highest in group 2, significantly lower in groups 5 than in groups 3 and 4, and significantly lower in group 4 than in group 3 (all p<0.0001). Flow cytometry demonstrated that circulating inflammatory (Ly6G+) cells and circulating/splenic immune (CD3/CD4+/CD3/CD8+) exhibited an identical pattern whereas Treg+ cells expressed an opposite pattern of inflammatory biomarkers (all p<0.001). The protein expressions of inflammatory (IL-1s/MMP-9/TNF-α/NF-κB/), and apoptotic (cleaved/caspase-3/PARP/ mitochondrial Bax), oxidative-stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/oxidized protein) biomarkers exhibited an identical pattern, whereas the protein expressions of mitochondrial integrity (mitochondrial cytochrome C) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4/IL-10) biomarkers exhibited an opposite pattern to inflammatory biomarkers among the five groups (all p<0.0001). The expressions of myocardial inflammatory (CD14+/CD68+) and immune (CD3+/CD4+) cells displayed an identical pattern of inflammatory biomarkers among the five groups (all p<0.0001). Conclusion: ECSW-ADMSC therapy effectively protected the remote cardiac organ against BD-induced damage.
Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections in a Tertiary Institution in Western Nigeria

Studies carried out in different countries has shown that the social and economic situation of an individual is an important cause in the prevalence of intestinal parasites. A parasitological and questionnaire study was therefore carried out among the students of the Federal Polytechnic Ede a tertiary institution in Osun State, Nigeria. The questionnaire assessed the level of knowledge of the students about Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) and the parasitological study assessed the prevalence of STH among this group of students. A total of 252 stool samples were examined using direct smear and concentration technique. Ascaris lumbricoides (12.7%) and Hookworm species (8%) were the only STHs recovered from the stool samples of the students. Ascaris infection was more common than hookworm in all the age groups studied and the prevalence of both infections decreases with age. The prevalence of both infections was higher in males than in females but there was no statistical significance difference between the prevalence of infection with age and sex (P< 0.05). However, egg counts revealed that most of the students infected had light infections with both parasites. The result of the questionnaire revealed that most of the students were not aware of the mode of transmission and control of STHs. A statistically significant number of the students did not know the correct mode of transmission (P=0.0389) and correct mode of treatment (P=0.0121) of the intestinal parasites. In view of this result, it is expedient that health education on major parasitic diseases should not be limited to primary and secondary schools as it is usually done in this area but be extended to tertiary institutions so as to reduce the burden of the diseases. (New York Science Journal. 2010;3(1):1-5). (ISSN: 1554-0200).
Cyberbullying: competencia social, motivación y relaciones entre iguales

El reconocimiento de cierto solapamiento entre el acoso cara a cara (bullying) y el ciberacoso (cyberbullying) puede indicar que variables de cognicion social, cuya influencia ha sido reconocida en el bullying, tambien esten presentes en el acoso cibernetico. El objetivo de la investigacion fue estudiar el ajuste social de los implicados en cyberbullying y analizar las diferencias en la percepcion de la competencia social, la motivacion y el apoyo de los iguales, entre victimas, agresores y agresores victimizados del cyberbullying. Un total de 505 adolescentes (47,3% chicas) con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 16 anos (M=13.95; DT=1.42) participaron en el estudio. Se utilizaron instrumentos para adolescentes validados en espanol y se analizaron las propiedades psicometricas para la adaptacion de la escala de competencia social. Analisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios mostraron indices optimos de fiabilidad y validez. Se observo una mayor implicacion de los ciberagresores victimizados. Las comparaciones entre roles a traves de pruebas no parametricas mostraron en los ciberagresores un mayor apoyo social que el resto de perfiles y altos niveles en metas de popularidad. Las cibervictimas destacaron por su alta percepcion de competencia social. Los ciberagresores victimizados mostraron altos niveles de metas de popularidad y baja aceptacion social. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que la forma en que el grupo de iguales gestiona su vida emocional y social puede estar explicando la situacion de cyberbullying entre los adolescentes.
Henstock multivalued integrability in Banach lattices with respect to pointwise non atomic measures

Henstock-type integrals are considered, for multifunctions taking values in the family of weakly compact and convex subsets of a Banach lattice $X$. The main tool to handle the multivalued case is a R{\aa}dstr\"om-type embedding theorem established by C. C. A. Labuschagne, A. L. Pinchuck, C. J. van Alten in 2007. In this way the norm and order integrals reduce to that of a single-valued function taking values in an $M$-space, and new proofs are deduced for some decomposition results recently stated in two recent papers by Di Piazza and Musial based on the existence of integrable selections.