Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Comorbidity of ADHD in the General Population of Saudi Arabian School-Age Children

Objective: To investigate comorbidity of oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), anxiety, and depression and to investigate the impaired social and academic developments among children with ADHD in primary school settings in Saudi Arabia. Method: Data for the purpose of this study are obtained from parent and teachers of 652 primary school children attending Grades 1 to 3 (children aged between 7 and 9 years). Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic rating scale, which has relevance and found to be reliable by previous studies, is used in the study. Results: ODD and CD are reported to be present in close to two thirds (73%) of children with ADHD, as assessed with DSM-IV-TR criteria. Anxiety and depression disorder are estimated to be present in 36% of children with ADHD. Children with ADHD show high levels of impairment in academic achievements (63%) and social performance (90%), compared with non-ADHD children. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a significant minority of disruptive children may have their difficulties compounded by the presence of ADHD, which raises the question whether their problems are known and whether they have received appropriate help. It is important to develop a specific set of psychological clinical intervention for helping children with ADHD, ODD, CD, and other related problems. Educating teachers and parents about ADHD and its comorbidity is considered essential in this regard. (J. of Att. Dis. 2010; 14(1) 25-30)
Alternative of Lower-Cost Glass-Ionomer Sealant in the Prevention of Caries Lesions in Brazilian Children

Objective: To compare retention, preventive effectiveness and longevity of two different high-viscosity glass-ionomer sealants Ketac Molar ® and Maxxion R ® in the sealing of erupting and out-of-occlusion first permanent molar in children aged 5-7 years. Material and Methods: Children with past caries experience with healthy erupting first permanent molarwere included in the study. Teeth 16 and 46 were sealed with Ketac Molar ® and teeth 26 and 36 were sealed with Maxxion R ® . After 8 months, the retention of sealants was evaluated using the following criteria: total retention; presence of sealant in two thirds of the occlusal surface; presence of sealant in one third of the surface; and total absence of the sealant. Results: Statistical difference between materials was observed, and Ketac Molar ® retention was superior to that of Maxxion R ® (p<0.05). Regarding the development of caries in sealed first permanent molar , none of the teeth sealed with Ketac Molar ® or Maxxion R ® developed caries lesion. Conclusion: Ketac Molar ® retention is significantly superior to that of Maxxion R ® , but the preventive effectiveness in the development of carious lesions is similar for both, which is extremely interesting for the field of public health, since the cost of the material is significantly lower.
Support for Altruistic Behavior in Rats

Evidence for altruistic behaviors in rats has been continually building over many years, with a large surge in the past 10 years. Many researchers have posited that rats have the cognitive capabilities to engage in these altruistic behaviors that were at one time only attributed to species that are more complex. The results of many of the studies on altruistic behaviors in rats show parallels with non-human primate studies suggesting that what has been observed in rats is indeed altruism as it has been defined in primates. Research focused on rat altruism has provided evidence that these behaviors are influenced by familiarity, similar to findings among primates. Other evidence for altruistic behavior in rats is apparent in their ability to apply a cost-benefit analysis when an opportunity to provide help is presented. There is also evidence that rats rely on previous experiences and predictions of future behaviors of others to make judgments when engaging in altruistic behaviors. Studies have also shown that rats exhibit these altruistic behaviors without the presence of a tangible reward, a primary component in the definition of altruism. The findings presented and the parallels with non-human primate studies provide good evidence that rats are capable of engaging in altruistic behaviors, and that rats may be good candidates for an alternative animal model for further studying altruism. Having rats as a valid model for the study of altruism opens the door to study facets of this behavior that otherwise would not be able to be studied. Because of the important contribution of altruism to social interactions, better understanding of this behavior will hopefully aid in positively influencing social societies such as those lived in by humans and other primates.
Frequency tuning of the whispering-gallery modes of silica microspheres for cavity quantum electrodynamics and spectroscopy.

We have tuned the whispering-gallery modes of a fused-silica microresonator over nearly 1 nm at 800 nm, i.e., over half a free spectral range, or 10(6) linewidths of the resonator. This result has been achieved by use of a new method based on the stretching of a two-stem microsphere. We describe devices that will permit new cavity QED experiments with this high- Q optical resonator when it is desirable to optimize its coupling to emitters with given transition frequencies. The demonstrated tuning capability is compatible with both UHV and low-temperature operation, which should be useful for future experiments with laser-cooled atoms or single quantum dots.
The Information Content of the Implied Volatility Term Structure on Future Returns

We adopt the Heston (1993) stochastic volatility (SV) model framework to examine the theoretical relationship between the term structure of implied volatility and the expected excess returns of underlying assets. Three alternative approaches are adopted for our compilation of the variables representing the information on the squared VIX level and the term structure in support of our empirical investigation of the information content of the level and term structure variables on future excess returns in the S&P 500 index. Our empirical results provide support for the important role of the term structure in the determination of future excess returns, with such predictive power being discernible for various horizons. Overall, the information content of the term structure variable is found to be significant, and indeed, a strong complement to that of the level variable. In particular, due to the mean-reversion behavior of volatility, the information in the term structure of implied volatility is found to be very effective in the prediction of shorter-term excess returns.
On a refinement of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture in positive characteristic

We formulate a refined version of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for abelian varieties over global function fields. This refinement incorporates both families of congruences between the leading terms of Artin-Hasse-Weil $L$-series and also strong restrictions on the Galois structure of natural Selmer complexes and constitutes a precise analogue for abelian varieties over function fields of the equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture for abelian varieties over number fields. We then provide strong supporting evidence for this conjecture including giving a full proof, modulo only the assumed finiteness of Tate-Shafarevich groups, in an important class of examples.
An Exploratory Note on Interstate Living-Cost Differentials

This exploratory study seeks to identify factors that systematically influence interstate living-cost differentials. Living costs refer to the average cost of living for a four-person family in each of the 50 states. For the year 1977, the living cost level is found to be an increasing function of population density, average income, and the degree of urbanization, while being a decreasing function of the presence of right-to-work laws.
Economic Freedom and Growth in U.S. State-Level Market Incomes at the Top and Bottom

This paper investigates the relationship between economic freedom and income growth and inequality across U.S. states over the period 1979 to 2011. The focus is on market income at the top and bottom of the income distribution. Results show that increases in overall freedom are associated with average income growth. When viewed separately, an increase in overall freedom is associated with larger income growth rates for income earners in the bottom 90% relative to the top 10%. Interestingly, results show that increases in overall economic freedom are related to larger relative growth rates for top 10% incomes within high income states, and larger relative growth rates for bottom 90% incomes within low income states. Top-to-bottom income ratio regressions suggest a negative and statistically significant relationship between economic freedom and income inequality.
Dolutegravir and rilpivirine for the maintenance treatment of virologically suppressed HIV-1 infection

ABSTRACT Introduction: Triple combinations of antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs are the standard treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but the challenges include long-term side effects, high costs, and adherence. The recent advent of potent and well-tolerated ART has renewed the interest for newer ART strategies. A dual regimen with the combination of dolutegravir (DTG) and rilpivirine (RPV), two well-tolerated, metabolic-friendly, and potent drugs could offer additional benefits. Areas covered: A review of recent randomized trials and observational cohorts concerning the use of a dual therapy with DTG plus RPV as a switching strategy in patients with viral suppression. Expert commentary: Currently, data of more of 900 patients switched to this dual regimen are available. This combination shows a high rate of virological suppression, above 90% at 48 weeks, few discontinuations due to adverse events, improvement in bone and kidney parameters for patients discontinuing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lack of loss of the inflammatory control achieved with triple therapy, and a neutral effect on lipid parameters. Thus, for the first time, a dual regimen without protease inhibitors is effective, avoiding metabolic side effects and drug interactions. Longer follow-up is needed, but this dual regimen appears as a promising strategy for aging HIV-infected patients.
A Bootstrapping Approach With CRF and Deep Learning Models for Improving the Biomedical Named Entity Recognition in Multi-Domains

Biomedical named entity recognition (biomedical NER) is a core component to build biomedical text processing systems, such as biomedical information retrieval and question answering systems. Recently, many studies based on machine learning have been developed for a biomedical NER. The machine learning-based approaches generally require significant amounts of annotated corpora to achieve high performance. However, it is expensive to manually create a large number of high-quality corpora due to the demand for biomedical experts. In addition, most existing corpora have focused on several specific sub-domains, such as disease, protein, and species. It is difficult for a biomedical NER system trained with these corpora to provide much information for biomedical text processing systems. In this paper, we propose a method for automatically generating the machine-labeled biomedical NER corpus that covers various sub-domains by using proper categories from the semantic groups of a unified medical language system (UMLS). We use a bootstrapping approach with a small amount of manually annotated corpus to automatically generate a significant amount of corpus and then construct a biomedical NER system trained with the machine-labeled corpus. At last, we train two machine learning-based classifiers, conditional random fields (CRFs) and long short-term memory (LSTM), with the machine-labeled data to improve performance. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective to improve performance. As a result, the proposed one obtains higher performance in 23.69% than the model that trained only a small amount of manually annotated corpus in F1-score.
A Bayesian case-controls exploration of the malleability of attentional bias for threat in social phobia

Recent studies have demonstrated that training individuals with a social phobia to attend to non-threat is related to short-term (Amir et al., 2008) as well as long-term decrease in anxiety (e.g., Schmidt et al., 2009). However, to date, no study has examined the adaptation of this attention bias modification procedure into a single-case design for social phobia. Using an attention training procedure based on a modified dot-probe task, the present single-case study examined whether such procedure enabled a client with a social phobia to reduce attentional biases and to transfer this rehabilitation on anxiety response to a speech performance, social anxiety symptoms severity, and diagnosis of social phobia. Using a Bayesian probabilistic approach, case’s performances were compared to a normative sample before, after the treatment, at a two-month follow-up, at a six-month follow-up, as well as one year after the treatment. The results suggested the efficacy of the rehabilitation program on the attentional bias for threat cues and the generalization of these beneficial effects to decrease in anxiety symptoms during the two- and six-month follow-up period. A significant decrease in both subjective and behavioral anxiety during speech performance was also observed. However, a set back of the attentional bias for threat as well as symptoms of social anxiety was observed at the one-year follow up.
Framing and visual type: Effect on future Zika vaccine uptake intent

Introduction The Zika virus is associated with the birth defect microcephaly, and while a vaccine was not available in early- 2017, several were under development. This study’s purpose was to identify effective communication strategies to promote uptake of a new vaccine, particularly among women of reproductive age. Design and methods In order to study the effects of Zika message framing (gain vs. loss) and visual type (photo vs. infographic) on future Zika vaccine uptake intent, a 2×2 between-subjects experiment was performed via an online survey in 2017 among 339 U.S. women of reproductive age (18-49 years). Participants were exposed to one of four messages, all resembling Instagram posts: gain-framed vs. loss-framed infographic, and gain-framed vs. loss-framed photo. These messages were followed by questions about Zika vaccine uptake intent as well as intermediate psychosocial variables that could lead to intent. Results There was no interaction between framing and visual type (P=0.116), and there was no effect for framing (P=0.185) or visual type (P=0.724) on future Zika vaccine uptake intent, which is likely indicative of insufficient dosage of the intervention. However, when focusing on intermediate psychosocial constructs that are known to influence behavior and intent, gain-framed messages were more effective in increasing subjective norms (P=0.005) as related to a future Zika vaccine, as well as perceived benefits (P=0.016) and self-efficacy (P=0.032). Conclusions Gain-framed messages seem to be more effective than loss-framed messages to increase several constructs that could, in turn, affect future Zika vaccine uptake intent. This is a novel finding since, traditionally, loss-framed messages are considered more beneficial in promoting vaccine-related health behaviors. Significance for public health The study described in this paper is significant for the field of public health for several reasons: It takes a proactive approach in studying messaging focused on the Zika vaccine before that vaccine is available, allowing for quick implementation of its limited results. In addition, this study centers on messaging in the form of realistic images consistent with those that could be posted on Instagram, thereby focusing on a relatively new yet immensely popular communications platform that few are focusing on presently.
The evolution of disability in Parkinson disease

The objectives of this study are to assess the level of disease severity associated with disability in Parkinson disease (PD) and the sequence of loss of independence in basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs and IADLs). Six hundred eighteen patients with PD were evaluated for disease severity with the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) and for disability with the Older Americans Resource and Services Disability Subscale (OARS). The association between patient‐reported disability on ADLs and IADLs and level of disease severity on the total UPDRS was examined cross‐sectionally. Disability, with loss of independent function is reported between total UPDRS scores 30 to 40, and HY stages II to III. Difficulty with daily activities, without loss of independent function is reported earlier, at UPDRS <20 and HY I to II. Difficulty with walking is initially reported, followed by problems with a number of gait‐dependent activities including housework, dressing, transferring in and out of bed, and traveling in the community. The transition from HY stage II to III marks a pivotal milestone in PD, when gait and balance impairment results in disability in many gait‐dependent activities. The onset of disability in PD can be identified by asking patients about their walking, housework, dressing, and traveling. While individual patients vary in progression, the benchmarks of disability in this study provide guidance when counseling patients about prognosis. Better understanding of the stages of disability may facilitate the development of novel outcome measures in clinical trials in PD. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Protests as Strategic Games: Experimental Evidence from Hong Kong's Antiauthoritarian Movement*

Social scientists have long viewed the decision to protest as strategic, with an individual's participation a function of their beliefs about others’ turnout. We conduct a framed field experiment that recalibrates individuals’ beliefs about others’ protest participation, in the context of Hong Kong's ongoing antiauthoritarian movement. We elicit subjects’ planned participation in an upcoming protest and their prior beliefs about others’ participation, in an incentivized manner. One day before the protest, we randomly provide a subset of subjects with truthful information about others’ protest plans and elicit posterior beliefs about protest turnout, again in an incentivized manner. After the protest, we elicit subjects’ actual participation. This allows us to identify the causal effects of positively and negatively updated beliefs about others’ protest participation on subjects’ own turnout. In contrast with the assumptions of many recent models of protest participation, we consistently find evidence of strategic substitutability. We provide guidance regarding plausible sources of strategic substitutability that can be incorporated into theoretical models of protests.
Numerical Development

&NA; In this review, we attempt to integrate two crucial aspects of numerical development: learning the magnitudes of individual numbers and learning arithmetic. Numerical magnitude development involves gaining increasingly precise knowledge of increasing ranges and types of numbers: from nonsymbolic to small symbolic numbers, from smaller to larger whole numbers, and from whole to rational numbers. One reason why this development is important is that precision of numerical magnitude knowledge is correlated with, predictive of, and causally related to both whole and rational number arithmetic. Rational number arithmetic, however, also poses challenges beyond understanding the magnitudes of the individual numbers. Some of these challenges are inherent; they are present for all learners. Other challenges are culturally contingent; they vary from country to country and classroom to classroom. Generating theories and data that help children surmount the challenges of rational number arithmetic is a promising and important goal for future numerical development research.
Generalized many-channel conductance formula with application to small rings.

The conductance of a sample scattering elastically and coupled to leads with many channels is derived. We assume that all the incident channels on one side of the sample are fed from the same chemical potential. The transmitted and reflected streams are determined by the incident streams through the multichannel scattering properties of the sample. We do not assume that the channels equilibrate with each other. Our result differs from those given earlier by other authors, except for that of Azbel [J. Phys. C 14, L225 (1981)], which is confirmed. We point out that a similar result is obtained for the conductance in a single channel at a temperature above zero. As an application, we obtain the dependence on channel number N of the contributions to the conductance of a small ring, periodic in the Aharonov-Bohm flux through it. Terms whose period is h/e as well as those with period h/2e vary with N as 1/N.
The Diminishing Benefits of U.S. Cross-Listing: Economic Consequences of SEC Rule 12h-6

On Mar. 21, 2007, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) passed Exchange Act Rule 12h-6 to make it easier for cross-listed firms to deregister from the U.S. market and escape its regulatory costs. Using difference-in-difference (DD) tests, we find that, on average, Rule 12h-6’s passage induced an increase in voting premium, a decline in equity raising, and a decline in cross-listing premium. These effects are observed for exchange-listed firms and for firms from countries with weak investor protection. We conclude that although cross-listed firms are still valued at a significant premium over non-cross-listed firms, the rule decreased the value of commitment to the U.S. regulatory system.
Effects of Influenza on Alveolar Macrophage Viability Are Dependent on Mouse Genetic Strain

Secondary bacterial coinfections following influenza virus pose a serious threat to human health. Therefore, it is of significant clinical relevance to understand the immunological causes of this increased susceptibility. Influenza-induced alterations in alveolar macrophages (AMs) have been shown to be a major underlying cause of the increased susceptibility to bacterial superinfection. However, the mechanisms responsible for this remain under debate, specifically in terms of whether AMs are depleted in response to influenza infection or are maintained postinfection, but with disrupted phagocytic activity. The data presented in this article resolves this issue by showing that either mechanism can differentially occur in individual mouse strains. BALB/c mice exhibited a dramatic IFN-γ–dependent reduction in levels of AMs following infection with influenza A, whereas AM levels in C57BL/6 mice were maintained throughout the course of influenza infection, although the cells displayed an altered phenotype, namely an upregulation in CD11b expression. These strain differences were observed regardless of whether infection was performed with low or high doses of influenza virus. Furthermore, infection with either the H1N1 A/California/04/2009 (CA04) or H1N1 A/PR8/1934 (PR8) virus strain yielded similar results. Regardless of AM viability, both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice showed a high level of susceptibility to postinfluenza bacterial infection. These findings resolve the apparent inconsistencies in the literature, identify mouse strain–dependent differences in the AM response to influenza infection, and ultimately may facilitate translation of the mouse model to clinical application.