Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification and Characterization of the Insulin Receptor in the R 3230 AC Mammary Adenocarcinoma of the Rat JoanThillyHarmon 2 a dRussellHiIf 3

ton, shown to be localized in the plasma membrane of target cells. Numerous investigations into the nature of this inter action have been published, most often using cells and membranes from adipose tissue, liver, placenta, muscle, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts(ii). Propertiesthatare fre quently examined are specificity for the ligand, satunability, and affinity of the receptor. These properties have recently been reviewed (2, 16). To our knowledge, no detailed studies have been directed toward investigation of insulin receptors in mammary carci nomas, although 1 report has appeared on insulin binding to membrane preparations of 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthnacene-induced tumors (12) and there was another re port on binding to normal mammary tissue (15). Studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that growth of the R3230AC mammary tumor could be influenced by alteration ofthe insulinstatusofthe host.For example, growth ofthis tumor was retarded by administration of insulin, whereas tumor growth was enhanced in animals made diabetic (1). In these previous studies, it was found that insulin did not enhance glucose metabolism as reflected by no increase in activities of certain glycolytic enzymes, non did insulin in crease utilization of labeled glucose by tumor slices in vitro. To gain further information on the role of insulin in the growth of this neoplasm, 2 additional approaches were used: (a) characterization of glucose transport and the effect of insulin on this transport was examined utilizing enzymatically dissociated tumor cells (8, 9); and (b) the presence of an insulin receptor was established and its properties were characterized in these cells. The data presented here indicatethatthe R3230AC mam many carcinoma contains a receptor for insulin , which dem onstrates properties similar to those reported for normal cells. To support this conclusion, we investigated the inter action of labeled insulin with tumor cells in vitro with regard to satu rability, association , dissociation , and specificity. Some other aspects of peptide hormone binding expeni ments, such as hormone degradation and adsorption, were alsostudied.
Longitudinal Study of the Maternal Insulin-Like Growth Factor System before, during and after Pregnancy in Relation to Fetal and Infant Weight

Background: The maternal insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is considered to be involved in fetal growth regulation. However, available data linking this system to fetal growth are contradictory and incomplete. Aims: To measure components of the IGF system before, during and after pregnancy in healthy women and to relate these results, and their changes during pregnancy, to fetal weight (gestational week 31) and birth weight. Methods: Serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-3 protease activity were assessed in 23 women before conception, at weeks 8, 14, 20, 32 and 35 of pregnancy and 2 weeks postpartum. The data were analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression. Results: One third of the variability in fetal weight was explained by IGF-I in combination with IGFBP-3 protease activity, both assessed at gestational week 32 (p = 0.013). Birth weight was negatively correlated (r = –0.43 to –0.59) with IGFBP-1 at gestational week 20 (p = 0.041), 32 (p = 0.012) and 35 (p = 0.003). Conclusion: We propose there is a finely tuned balance among the components of the IGF system, providing a means for fetal growth regulation.
Patients with suspected meniscal tears: prevalence of abnormalities seen on MRI of 100 symptomatic and 100 contralateral asymptomatic knees.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MR abnormalities of the knee on the symptomatic and contralateral asymptomatic sides in patients with suspected meniscal tears. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. One hundred patients (mean age, 42.7 years; range, 18-73 years) referred for suspected meniscal tears were prospectively examined with MRI of both knees when the contralateral knee was asymptomatic. The prevalence of various types of meniscal tears and other MR abnormalities was determined. RESULTS Meniscal tears were found in 57 symptomatic knees and in 36 contralateral asymptomatic knees. In those 57 patients with a meniscal tear on the symptomatic side, the prevalence of asymptomatic tears in the contralateral side was 63% (36/57). Horizontal or oblique meniscal tears were found medially in 32 and laterally in 11 symptomatic knees, and medially in 29 and laterally in eight asymptomatic knees. Radial, vertical, complex, or displaced tears were found medially in 18 and laterally in five symptomatic knees, and medially in five and laterally in none of the asymptomatic knees. Collateral ligament abnormalities were found in 53 symptomatic knees and in six asymptomatic knees. Pericapsular soft-tissue abnormalities were found in 64 symptomatic and in 12 asymptomatic knees. Edema-like bone marrow abnormalities were found in 36 symptomatic and in three asymptomatic knees. CONCLUSION Horizontal or oblique meniscal tears are frequently encountered in both asymptomatic and symptomatic knees and may not always be related to symptoms. However, radial, vertical, complex, or displaced meniscal tears and abnormalities of the collateral ligaments, pericapsular soft tissues, and bone marrow are found almost exclusively on the symptomatic side and appear to be clinically more meaningful.
Heat Capacities and Thermodynamic Properties of the Pyrrhotites FeS and Fe

Heat capacities were measured from 5 to 350 K for two pyrrhotites at the iron-rich limit (Fel.OooS) and the sulfur· rich limit (Feo.mS) of the homogeneity range. The heat-capacity curves follow the normal sigmoid shape with the exception of an upward trend for Fel.OooS above 300 K, and two small, broad humps for FeO.877S near 8 and 30°K. From these data the entropy and enthalpy functions were calculated. At 298.15°K the values of Cp , S°-50°, and (HO-HoO) IT are 12.08, 14.415, and 7.496 caI/mole oK, respectively, for Fcl.OooS, and 11.92, 14.529, and 7.396 caI/mole oK for Feo.877S. The values on FeS are lower by approximately 10% over the range 58 to 296°K than those previously reported in the literature.
Cellular and subcellular localization of Kir2.1 subunits in neurons and glia in piriform cortex with implications for K+ spatial buffering

Potassium channels of the Kir2 family are widely expressed in neurons and glia, where they form strong inwardly rectifying channels. Existing functional hypotheses for these channels in neurons are based on the weak outward conductance, whereas the leading hypothesis for glia, that they promote potassium spatial buffering, is based on inward conductance. Although the spatial buffering hypothesis has been confirmed for Müller glia in retina, many aspects of Kir2 channels that will be required for understanding their functional roles in neurons and other forms of glia have received little or no study. Particularly striking is the paucity of data regarding their cellular and subcellular localization. We address this gap for Kir2.1‐containing channels by using light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. The analysis was of piriform cortex, a highly epileptogenic area of cerebral cortex, where pyramidal cells have K+‐selective strong inward rectification like that observed in Müller cells, where Kir2.1 is the dominant Kir2 subunit. Pyramidal cells in adult piriform cortex also lack Ih, the mixed Na+‐K+ current that mediates a slower form of strong inward rectification in large pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus. The experiments demonstrated surface expression of Kir2.1‐containing channels in astrocytes and in multiple populations of pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells. Findings for astrocytes were not consistent with predictions for K+ spatial buffering over substantial distance. However, findings for pyramidal cells suggest that they could be a conduit for spatially buffering K+ when it is highly elevated during seizure. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:877–893, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Urban Driving Conditions

ABSTRACT This paper reports on the analysis of on-road vehicle speed, emission, and fuel consumption data collected by four instrumented vehicles. Time-, distance-, and fuel-based average fuel consumption, as well as CO, HC, NOx, and soot emission factors, were derived. The influences of instantaneous vehicle speed on emissions and fuel consumption were studied. It was found that the fuel-based emission factors varied much less than the time- and distance-based emission factors as instantaneous speed changed. The trends are similar to the results obtained from laboratory tests. The low driving speed contributed to a significant portion of the total emissions over a trip. Furthermore, the on-road data were analyzed using the modal approach. The four standard driving modes are acceleration, cruising, deceleration, and idling. It was found that the transient driving modes (i.e., acceleration and deceleration) were more polluting than the steady-speed driving modes (i.e., cruising and idling) in terms of g/km and g/ sec. These results indicated that the on-road emission measurement is feasible in deriving vehicle emissions and fuel consumption factors in urban driving conditions.
Characterization of High-Performance Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell: A DFT/TDDFT Study

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is currently a promising technology that makes solar energy efficient and cost-effective to harness. In DSSC, metal-free dyes such as indoline-containing D149 and D205 have been proven to be potential alternatives for traditional metal organic dyes. In this work, a DFT/TDDFT characterization for D149 and D205 was carried out using different functionals, including B3LYP, MPW1K, CAM–B3LYP, and PBE0. Three different conformers for D149 and four different conformers for D205 were identified and calculated in a vacuum. The performance of different functionals on calculating the maximum absorbance of the dyes in a vacuum and five common solvents (acetonitrile, chloroform, ethanol, methanol, and THF) were examined and compared to determine the suitable computational setting for predicting properties of these two dyes. Furthermore, deprotonated D149 and D205 in solvents were also considered, and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital .
Evidence for selective induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression by unsaturated and nonmetabolized fatty acids in adipocytes

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and 3‐thia fatty acids are hypolipidemic and decrease insulin resistance in Type II diabetic animals. To exert such an action, these FAs could decrease adipose tissue lipolysis or increase esterification. Glyceroneogenesis is an important metabolic pathway in adipocytes for re‐esterification of FAs originating from lipolysis and in hepatocytes for triacylglycerol synthesis during fasting. Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) plays a key role in this pathway. Here we show that the PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) stimulates PEPCK mRNA in glucose‐deprived adipose tissue explants from fed rats and in 3T3‐F442A differentiated adipocytes. This effect is maximum at 3 h, stable up to at least 11 h of treatment, and affects the transcription of the gene. PEPCK mRNA half‐life is not affected. Among a series of adipocyte transcripts, only the adipocyte lipid binding protein mRNA is also increased by DHA, although later than the PEPCK mRNA and at a much lower extent. DHA has no effect on PEPCK gene expression in the H4IIE hepatoma cells in which this gene is responsive to other inducers like cAMP. This lack of effect is not due to a failure of DHA to act in H4IIE cells since it induces the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT‐1) mRNA. Therefore, the DHA effect appears to be cell‐selective. Results of experiments using either tetradecylthio acetic acid and α‐bromopalmitate, two nonmetabolized Fas, or a series of inhibitors of FA metabolism show that the FA effect on PEPCK mRNA is not due to a product of its metabolism. Hence, polyunsaturated and nonmetabolized FAs stimulate adipose PEPCK, therefore potentially enhancing glyceroneogenesis and reducing FA output. This mechanism could participate in the hypolipidemic action of PUFAs. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 651–661, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The 38th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture Why we need cognitive explanations of autism

In the 70 years since autism was described and named there have been huge changes in the conceptualization of this enigmatic condition. This review takes a personal perspective on the history of autism research. The origins of the first cognitive theories of autism, theory of mind and weak central coherence, are discussed and updated to inform future developments. Selected experimental findings are interpreted in the historical context of changes that have been brought about by advances in methodology. A three-level framework graphically illustrates a causal chain between brain, mind, and behaviour to facilitate the identification of phenotypes in neurodevelopmental disorders. Cognition is placed at the centre of the diagram to reveal that it can link together brain and behaviour, when there are complex multiple mappings between the different levels.
Focus Group Interview as a Tool for Qualitative Research: An Analysis

Focus group interview is one of the valuable tools for collecting qualitative data. In view of extensive literature on the subject, this paper examines the background, purpose, rationale, and various forms of focus groups to be used in qualitative research. Characteristics of moderator, major phases and criteria of successful focus groups have also been discussed. It is concluded that the focus groups, compared to other techniques, may yield shared understanding and several perspectives of a given topic if they are conducted by well-trained efficient researchers.
A novel approach to soft tissue sarcoma therapy : targeting tumor hypoxia

Single agent doxorubin was introduced for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma beginning in the 1970’s. Since then, combination therapies with an anthracylcine backbone are commonly used, but have failed to show significant improvements in survival compared to single agent doxorubicin. TH-302, a pro-drug activated by tumor hypoxia, is a promising new therapeutic agent for soft tissue sarcomas. This novel agent has been shown to be safe in phase I and II clinical trials with minimal added toxicity. The data has suggested that TH-302 in addition to doxorubicin may have promising activity when compared to traditional combination therapy. A phase 3 study comparing TH-302 in addition to doxorubicin against doxorubicin alone has completed accrual. An improvement in outcomes would be proof of principal that targeting tumor hypoxia is an effective strategy for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma.
Stimulus Frequency and Dose—Response Curve to d-Tubocurarine in Man

The relationship of the frequency of motor-nerve stimulation to the dose-response to d-tubocurarine was studied in 45 adult patients during nitrous oxide–oxygen–morphine-thiopental anesthesia. One of five stimulus frequencies, 0.1, 0.15, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 Hz, was employed in each of five groups of nine patients. Cumulative dose–response curves for inhibition of evoked thumb adduction were constructed at each frequency on log probit scales and the ED50 and ED95 values were determined. The apparent potencies of d-tubocurarine at 0.5 and 1.0 Hz were significantly different from that at 0.1 Hz; for example, at 0.1 Hz the ED50 and ED95 were 0.25 and 0.52 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding values at 1.0 Hz were 0.07 and 0.15 mg/kg, respectively, or approximately 3.5 times less. The durations of recoveries of the twitch from 5–25 per cent of control at 1.0 and 0.5 Hz were 13 ± 2 min (mean ± SE) and 20 ± 2 min, respectively. These durations were significantly different from that at 0.1 Hz (30 ± 2 min). These results emphasize the importance of defining the stimulus frequency for meaningful interpretation of the dose-response relationships for nondepolarizing relaxants in man. Slow stimulus rates (0.1–0.15 Hz) are most useful clinically, since all levels of clinical relaxation can be achieved at these rates without abolishing the evoked twitch response.
Comparative Study on Startup Performance of UAHR and UASB Reactors in Anaerobic Treatment of Distillery Spentwash

In this paper, startup performance of Upflow Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor and Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactors in anaerobic treatment of distillery spentwash has been studied under identical conditions of operation. Various effluent characteristics like pH, Electrical Conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Total Solids and other process parameters like biogas production and methane per cent in biogas were studied until the attainment of steady state. The startup of the reactors has been completed and steady state condition attained on 25th day of reactor operation in UAHR and 34th day in UASB reactor. The treated effluent characteristics of both reactors were fairly steady after attaining the steady state condition. The pH of treated effluent during steady state condition was almost neutral for both reactors even though the influent had an acidic pH. The maximum COD, BOD and TS removal efficiencies were as high as 79.60%, 87.39% and 69.96% in UAHR as compared with UASB of 72.98%, 81.34% and 66.23%, respectively during the steady state period. The maximum volumetric gas production of 149 L m-3 produced more in UAHR than in UASB reactor during steady state condition. The population of total anaerobic bacteria and methanogenic bacteria also more as that of the other parameters in UAHR than in UASB reactor and it were 55.2 x 103 ml-1 and 40.0 x 102 ml-1 respectively in UAHR. It is found that from an overall assessment the UAHR has proved superior in its performance compared to the UASB reactor during the startup process.
Up-regulation of a fibroblast growth factor binding protein in children with renal diseases.

BACKGROUND Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is an angiogenic growth factor that is involved in renal growth and the pathogenesis of renal diseases. We have detected high levels of bFGF accumulated in the kidney of HIV-transgenic mice and in children with HIV-associated renal diseases and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). However, the mechanism modulating the activity of bFGF under these circumstances is poorly understood. We carried out experiments to determine whether a secreted binding protein (FGF-BP) that modulates the activity of bFGF during the process of tumor growth was expressed in pediatric kidneys and to define whether the expression of FGF-BP was altered in pediatric renal diseases associated with high levels of bFGF. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies were done in 41 renal sections from children with HIV nephropathies, HUS, other pediatric renal diseases, controls, and fetal kidneys. Western blots and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction studies were done in selected urine samples and cultured renal cells. Recombinant FGF-BP was produced to study the mitogenic activity of FGF-BP in cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTEcs). RESULTS The expression of FGF-BP was up-regulated predominately in renal tubular epithelial cells in children with renal tubular injury, HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), and HUS, and FGF-BP was secreted in the urine of these patients. FGF-BP was also abundantly expressed in developing fetal renal tubules. Recombinant FGF-BP enhanced the mitogenic effects of bFGF in cultured human RPTEcs. CONCLUSIONS The localization of FGF-BP in renal tubular epithelial cells could provide a mechanism by which the activity of bFGF is modulated in developing and regenerating renal tubules of children.
The Genetic Basis of the Osteochondrodysplasias

The osteochondrodysplasias are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormal growth and remodeling of cartilage and bone, affecting from 2 to 4.7 per 10,000 individuals. Most osteochondrodysplasias are heritable and many have elaborate patterns of genetic transmission. Affected individuals generally require management by multidisciplinary teams of specialists. In this review, we divide the osteochondrodysplasias into groups based on their genetic relationships, including mutations in various types of collagen, fibroblast growth factor, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, parathyroid hormone receptor, the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter, enzymes such as steroid sulfatases, transcription factor SOX9, and a cysteine proteinase, cathepsin K. We describe the major osteochondrodysplasias, define their causes and clinical manifestations, and provide the orthopaedic surgeon with an understanding of the underlying molecular defects as well as the anatomical aspects of these disorders.
Static Charged Black Holes in $(2+1)$ Dimensional Dilaton Gravity

A one parameter family of static charged black hole solutions in $(2+1)$-dimensional general relativity minimally coupled to a dilaton $\phi\propto ln({r\over\beta})$ with a potential term $e^{b\phi}\Lambda$ is obtained. Their causal strutures are investigated, and thermodynamical temperature and entropy are computed. One particular black hole in the family has the same thermodynamical properties as the Schwarzschild black hole in $3+1$ dimensions. Solutions with cosmological horizons are also discussed. Finally, a class of black holes arising from the dilaton with a negative kinetic term (tachyon) is briefly discussed.
Rapid enumeration of physiologically active bacteria in purified water used in the pharmaceutical manufacturing process

Physiologically active bacteria in purified water used in the manufacturing process of pharmaceutical products were enumerated in situ. Bacteria with growth potential were enumerated using the micro‐colony technique and direct viable counting (DVC), followed by 24 h of incubation in 100‐fold diluted SCDB (Soybean Casein Digest Broth) at 30 °C. Respiring and esterase‐active bacteria were detected by fluorescent staining with 5‐cyano‐2,3‐ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) and 6‐carboxyfluorescein diacetate (6CFDA), respectively. A large number of bacteria in purified water retained physiological activity, while most could not form colonies on conventional media. The techniques applied in this study enabled bacteria to be counted within 24 h so results could be available within one working day. These rapid and convenient techniques should be useful for the systematic monitoring of bacteria in water used for pharmaceutical manufacturing.