Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Condition A and Scope Reconstruction

Dans certains environnements, la portee d'un syntagme quantificationnel deplace peut etre determinee soit par la position avant le mouvement (reconstruction de la portee) soit par la position apres le mouvement (portee de surface). Or, ces deux possiblites de portee engendrent des ambiguites au niveau de l'interpretation semantique. Deux approches ont ete avancees afin d'expliquer ces ambiguites : la reconstruction syntaxique et la reconstruction semantique. Un argument en faveur de la reconstruction syntaxique met en avant une correlation entre la reconstruction de la portee et la condition C de la theorie du liage. Le but de cet article est de montrer que la condition A de la theorie du liage peut servir de test supplementaire pour distinguer la reconstruction semantique de la reconstruction syntaxique.
Foreign Direct Investment in the African Food and Agriculture Sector: Trends, Determinants and Impacts

In this paper, we seek to answer three research questions: (1) What is the pattern of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the African food and agriculture sector in the last 15 years? (2) What are the drivers of FDI in the African food and agriculture sector? (3) What is the evidence on the impacts of private-sector investments in the African food and agriculture sector on the product and labor markets, with particular focus on income effects? Our analysis shows that a total of $48.737 billion was invested in the African food and agriculture sector by foreign private-sector investors between 2003 and 2017, with a noticeable peak in FDI inflows observed after the 2008/09 agricultural commodities shocks suggesting that international investors want to capitalize on high food prices. The initiatives such as the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition and Grow Africa, which aim to create a conducive environment for investment, might have also contributed to the growth of FDI volumes reported over the last years. Our econometric analysis reveals that market potential is one of the main drivers of FDI in food and agriculture sector in Africa. More specifically, population size consistently has a significant impact on sectoral FDI inflows in Africa, irrespective of the model specification. Among the supply-side factors, the size of agricultural land turns out to be an important predictor of FDI inflows. Agglomeration effects are also observed, with a lagged volume of FDI inflows having a very strong impact on the level of current FDI. Finally, infrastructure or institutional quality play an essential role in attracting investment. These findings give support to various strands of literature that we drew upon in the theoretical framework. Uncovering the impacts that private-sector investment has on the population proved not to be straightforward. Even though the literature is relatively abundant, it is flawed with multiple methodological issues that limit its internal and external validity. Despite these caveats, most of the studies reviewed in our paper seem to suggest positive impacts on farm and labor income. The effects on equality and poverty are not clear, as some investment schemes may be biased towards the better-off households. However, wage-employment opportunities generated by private-sector investment seem to benefit the poorest, especially when they target unskilled labor or women. Finally, there is evidence that private-sector investment might act as a driver of technical innovation. However, many research gaps remain.
The Effect of Income on Child Development

This study presents estimates of the effect of parental income on children's cognitive, social, and emotional development. The effect of current income is small, especially when income is treated as endogenous. The effect of permanent income is substantially larger, but relatively small when compared to the magnitude of recent policy-induced changes in income. Family background characteristics play a more important role than income in determining child outcomes. Policies that affect family income will have little direct impact on child development unless they result in very large and permanent changes in income.
The Influence of Business and Industry NGOs in the Negotiation of the Kyoto Mechanisms: the Case of Carbon Capture and Storage in the CDM

This article examines the role of business and industry NGOs (BINGOs) within the international climate negotiations. It develops a typology of BINGOs operating in the regime, and a framework for assessing the influence of these organizations. The framework is applied to a case study of the negotiation of carbon capture and storage technologies as a Kyoto Protocol mitigation option. In contrast to previous research, the article illustrates the existence of formal and informal networks among BINGOs, a variety of national delegations and international institutions, and demonstrates how these networks are tactically invoked in the effort to influence specific negotiation processes and outcomes. It is argued that BINGO activities influenced negotiations on regulatory design, and that a plausible explanation of business influence in this context lies in the notion of corporate technological power.
Addiction is a brain disease, and it doesn't matter: How the aetiology of neurological impairment guides Magistrates’ perceptions of criminal responsibility

This thesis investigates the extent to which addiction and its associated neurobiological impairment are considered as factors in Magistrates' criminal sentencing decisions. Over four empirical studies, Magistrates were presented with sentencing scenarios and their decisions analyzed. Study 1 indicated that addiction can be treated as a disease of the mind, but only in the explicit absence of choice in its initiation. Where normative addiction narratives were confounded by removing choice, leniency was extended in common with similar impairment of alternate origin. This choice component was examined in the context of age of first drug use, maintenance of addiction, and the extent to which addiction might undermine perceptions of intoxication being voluntary. Study 2 found that choice was equivalently inculpating whether made as a juvenile or an adult, but leniency was observed where addiction was accompanied by an acquired (fictional) brain disease, suggesting it was not solely drug-use which set it apart. In Study 3, removing choice from addiction promoted leniency, but only where drug-use was ongoing and uninterrupted. Where it was not, removing choice resulted in harsher sentencing. Study 4 examined addiction as it influenced perceptions of choice in intoxication, finding that, in specific circumstances, intoxication could serve to mitigate, whilst addiction was more commonly seen as aggravating, even in the absence of intoxication. Results are discussed in relation to current legal standards which attach criminal responsibility to acts on the basis of volitional control over behaviour and deny excuse to offenders where they are understood to have created the circumstances of their own defence. These findings demonstrate impairment mediating leniency on the basis of its aetiology. Addiction is understood as a brain disease in theory, but is treated so in practice only where conventional aetiological narratives are confounded by varying perceptions of voluntariness in drug-use.
Movement Out of Control

This article is a comprehensive critique of the reductionist view of control advocated in recent minimalist studies, most notably Hornstein 1999. The core of this view is the claim that obligatory control should be collapsed with raising, and nonobligatory control with pronominal coreference. I argue that Hornstein's theory (a) overgenerates nonexisting structures and interpretations, (b) fails to derive a wide range of well-known raising/control contrasts, and (c) involves unstated stipulations belying the appeal to Occam's razor.
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers in the Twenty-first Century: China's Rise and the Fate of America's Global Position

Abstract Unipolarity is arguably the most popular concept used to analyze the U.S. global position that emerged in 1991, but the concept is totally inadequate for assessing how that position has changed in the years since. A new framework that avoids unipolarity's conceptual pitfalls and provides a systematic approach to measuring how the distribution of capabilities is changing in twenty-first-century global politics demonstrates that the United States will long remain the only state with the capability to be a superpower. In addition, China is in a class by itself, one that the unipolarity concept cannot explain. To assess the speed with which China's rise might transform this into something other than a one-superpower system, analogies from past power transitions are misleading. Unlike past rising powers, China is at a much lower technological level than the leading state, and the gap separating Chinese and U.S. military capabilities is much larger than it was in the past. In addition, the very nature of power has changed: the greatly enhanced difficulty of converting economic capacity into military capacity makes the transition from a great power to a superpower much harder now than it was in the past. Still, China's rise is real and change is afoot.
How Do Global Credit-Rating Agencies Rate Firms from Developing Countries?*

Abstract This paper examines the information content of firm ratings. We disentangle the relative contribution to firms' ratings of sovereign risks and of the individual firms' performance indicators employed by rating agencies. We reach three conclusions. First, the contribution of sovereign risk to firm ratings is high in developing countries but is negligible in developed countries. Second, even after controlling for the “country ceiling effect” (i.e., the constraint put on the private firms' rating by the rating of the country in which the firms operate), the information content of ratings for firms in developing countries is much smaller than for firms in developed countries. Third, cross-country indicators of information quality help explain these discrepancies, but they do not entirely account for them.
Singing Interaction: Embodied Instruments for Musical Expression in Opera

ABSTRACT In the opera Sing the Body Electric! A Corporatorio, artists from the disciplines of opera, dance and the development of new musical instruments collaborated to create an onstage fusion of different technologies and artistic practices that connected performer, scenography and instrument. Gestures and movements of singers were captured by custom-built technologies. The singers also used custom-built technologies for transforming their vocal qualities and for creating synthesized accompaniment in real time. In this way the singers’ bodily musical processes further extended their vocal performances, rooted in operatic praxis, allowing for heightened expressivity and emergent scenic subjects.
Why Do Big Firms Pay Higher Wages? Evidence from an International Database

Bigger firms pay higher wages. This note reports tests of the hypothesis that this big-firm premium (BFP) occurs because workers in big firms are more skilled. We use the International Adult Literacy Survey, which gives richer skill measures than those typically available in labor market surveys, to measure the BFP in nine countries with and without controls for worker skill. The results show that the BFP is not as universal as is often suggested, but in countries where it exists controlling for skills does little to reduce the size of the BFP.
Misallocation, Access to Finance, and Public Credit: Firm-Level Evidence

Using a database of 23,000 firms in 45 economies, we test the quantitative importance of access to finance and access to public and private credit for the determination of misallocation. We first derive measures of factor market and size distortions, and then use these measures within a regression framework to test the significance of self-declared access-to-finance obstacles as well as the effect of access to a credit line issued by either a government-owned or private bank. We find that access-to-finance obstacles and private credit increase the dispersion of distortions. Public credit has a very small effect. For firms that do not face financial obstacles, public credit increases the dispersion of distortions; for firms that face financial obstacles, it slightly decreases dispersion. Public credit does not appear to compensate for the distortions that exist in private credit markets. Quantitatively, however, financial variables explain a very small part of the dispersion of factor market and size distortions.
Bilingual Education and English Proficiency

In 2001, California instituted a statewide test measuring English proficiency for English learners, students who are not proficient in English. In 2003 and 2004, nearly 500,000 English learners in grades 15 took this test each year. The relationship between bilingual education receipt and English proficiency is estimated using value-added regression models for each section of the testlistening and speaking, reading, and writing. In these regression models, students in bilingual education have substantially lower English proficiency of 0.3 standard deviations or more compared with other English learners in first and second grades. In contrast, the difference between bilingual education and other programs is usually less than 0.1 standard deviations for students in grades 35. These results hold for ordinary least squares, school fixed effects, and propensity score models.
The Pugwash Conferences and the Global Cold War: Scientists, Transnational Networks, and the Complexity of Nuclear Histories

This introductory essay elucidates the purpose and major themes of the special issue. The contributors to the issue provide an in-depth look at the Pugwash Conferences for Science and World Affairs (usually referred to as just Pugwash) to explore important themes in Cold War history. Among other topics covered in the issue are the impact of Pugwash in many countries, the nature of its organization, and the distinctive way in which it worked, as well as its importance for the relationship between scientists and the Cold War states and its role as a political actor and as a transnational actor. All of these issues and more make Pugwash a compelling subject for scholars of the Cold War.
Revisiting HiroshimainIran

cent of the U.S. public told pollsters that they approved of President Harry Truman’s decision to drop two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.1 In the more than seven decades since that time, however, U.S. public approval of the decision to use nuclear weapons against Japan has declined signiacantly. Seventy years after the end of the World War II, a majority of Americans no longer approved of Truman’s decision: a 2015 poll found that only 46 percent of Americans still viewed the atomic bombing of Japan as “the right thing to do. ”2 What accounts for this apparent decline in U.S. public support for using nuclear weapons and what is its signiacance? The answers to these questions are of more than just historical interest, for they can provide insights into whether the U.S. public would be a constraint against or a goad to encouraging a president to use nuclear weapons in international crises or conoicts in the future. The answers to these questions also help scholars and policymakers understand how Americans think about killing foreign civilians in war and how well they have internalized the principles of just war doctrine, such as noncombatant immunity, proportionality, and risk acceptance. An initial review of U.S. public opinion on the decision to drop the bomb provides both a vivid reminder of the depth of hostility that Americans felt to-
Understanding the Equity Home Bias: Evidence from Survey Data

This study uses survey data of fund managers' views on prospects for international equity markets to shed light on why investment portfolios are significantly biased towards domestic equities. We find that fund managers from the United States, the United Kingdom, continental Europe, and Japan show a significant relative optimism towards their home equity market. Where institutional factors have largely failed to explain the puzzle, our evidence lends support to behavioral explanations of the bias.
Tamed Transparency: How Information Disclosure under the Global Reporting Initiative Fails to Empower

In this contribution, we explore the tensions that seem inherent in the claim that transparency policies empower the users of disclosed information vis-vis those who are asked to provide the information. Since these tensions are particularly relevant in relation to voluntary disclosure, our analysis focuses on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) as the world's leading voluntary corporate non-financial reporting scheme. Corporate sustainability reporting is often hailed as a powerful instrument to improve the environmental performance of business and to empower societal groups, including consumers, in their relations with the corporate world. Yet, our analysis illustrates that the relationship between transparency and empowerment is conflictual at all four levels of activity examined in this article: in the rhetoric and policies of the GRI as well as in the actual reporting practice and in the activities of intermediaries in response to the organization's disclosure standard.
An Area-Wide Real-Time Database for the Euro Area

Abstract This paper describes how we constructed a real-time database for the euro area. The database covers more than 200 series regularly published in the European Central Bank Monthly Bulletin, as made available to the Governing Council members for their first monthly meeting. We study the properties of the real-time data flow and data revisions in the euro area, also providing comparisons with the United States and Japan. We illustrate how revisions contribute to the uncertainty surrounding key macroeconomic ratios and the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment.
Trade Liberalization and Institutional Reform

Opening up to global trade and investment is often thought to trigger institutional improvement by raising the expected benefits of institutional reform and reducing incumbents' incentives and ability to preserve the status quo. However, recent experience is not entirely consistent with this conventional wisdom. We suggest an explanation based on variation across countries in firms' reliance on ambient institutions. Large, well-established firms depend less on an economy's institutions than do small and incipient firms. Multinational firms likewise can use their global organizations to sidestep weak local institutions. Firm heterogeneity of this sort can thus contribute to markedly different institutional responses to liberalizationinstitutional development is better in locations where firms and potential entrants benefit more from such development. Our framework also suggests that institutional development might occur in stages. In an economy whose basic institutions are sound, individuals rationally invest in entrepreneurial capability and firms rationally invest less in institution substitutes. Economies with firms that rely more on ambient institutions or with more potential entrants who would rely on those institutions are more likely to experience further institutional improvement following accession to the global economy. Economies with fewer firms or potential entrants dependent on sound institutions, in acceding to the global economy, may exhibit scant institutional improvement, and perhaps even institutional deterioration. Political rent-seeking is not necessary for the latter outcome, but expands the range of conditions under which it ensues.
Tall Buildings and Land Values: Height and Construction Cost Elasticities in Chicago, 1870–2010

Abstract Despite unprecedented vertical growth in large cities, the economics of skyscrapers remain understudied. We combine data on tall buildings with a panel of land prices covering 140 years to analyze the determinants of urban heights. We provide estimates of the land price elasticity of height, the height elasticity of construction cost, and the elasticity of substitution between land and capital for tall buildings. The land price elasticity of height increased substantially over time, and it is larger for commercial than for residential buildings, which suggests that the supply side helps to produce the typical segregation of urban land uses.
Boys Named Sue: Disruptive Children and Their Peers

This article proposes an unusual identification strategy to estimate the effects of disruptive students on peer behavior and academic outcomes. Because boys with names most commonly given to girls may be more prone to misbehavior as they get older, they may become differentially disruptive in school. In elementary school there is no relationship between names and boys' behavior, but on transition to middle school, a large gap emerges in behavior between boys with names associated with girls and other boys. Using boys' names as an instrumental variable, I utilize data on names, classroom assignment, behavior problems, and student test scores from a large Florida school district in the school years spanning 199697 through 19992000 to directly measure the effects of classroom disruption on peer performance. I find that behavior problems are associated with increased peer disciplinary problems and reduced peer test scores, indicating that disruptive behavior of students has negative ramifications for their peers.
Long-Run Trends in the Quality of Teachers: Evidence and Implications for Policy

One of the key provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act requires states to ensure that every teacher be highly qualified. Though the meaning of highly qualified remains hotly contested, the legislation's emphasis on teachers is well founded. Nearly all modern research on the subject finds teacher effectiveness to be among the most important school inputs into student achievement. Yet recent literature, including my own work (Corcoran, Evans, and Schwab 2004), finds evidence that the quality of teachers has steadily eroded over time. In particular, the likelihood that a high-aptitude female pursued a career in teaching dropped precipitously between 1960 and 2000. In this article, I summarize these and related findings, review some of the most common explanations for the trend in teacher quality, and discuss policies that have been advanced to attract talented graduates to the teaching profession.
STRESS, SELF-COMPASSION, AND COPING MECHANISMS AMONG GRADUATE SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS

iii LIST OF TABLES . vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 Problem Formulation.1 Purpose of the Study. 2 Significance of the Project for Social Work. 3 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW. 4 Introduction. 4 Graduate School Stressors. 4 Compassion Fatigue. 4 Academic Obligations . 5 Psychological Well-Being. 5 Benefits of Self-Compassion. 7 Mindfulness and Self-Compassion. 7 Gaps in the Literature. 8 Theories Guiding Conceptualization. 9 Summary. 11 CHAPTER THREE: METHODS . 1
Enjoying the Quiet Life under Deregulation? Evidence from Adjusted Lerner Indices for U.S. Banks

Abstract The quiet life hypothesis posits that firms with market power incur inefficiencies rather than reap monopolistic rents. We propose a simple adjustment to Lerner indices to account for the possibility of forgone rents to test this hypothesis. For a large sample of U.S. commercial banks, we find that adjusted Lerner indices are significantly larger than conventional Lerner indices and trending upward over time. Instrumental variable regressions reject the quiet life hypothesis for cost inefficiencies. However, Lerner indices adjusted for profit inefficiencies reveal a quiet life among U.S. banks.