Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Weed interference in the sweet sorghum crop

This is a phytosociological study which determined the critical period of weed interference in sweet sorghum crops. The experiment was a randomized block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of increasing periods of control or coexistence of weeds in different phenological stages of crop growth: 0-3 (V3), 0-5 (V5), 0-7 (V7), 0-9 (V9), 0-11(V11) fully expanded leaves and 0-R5 (harvest). The weed community was evaluated for the number of individuals and their correspondent dry mass accumulation, for each weed population in different periods of coexistence. Sweet sorghum was harvested at 101 days after emergence, when we measured plant height, stem diameter, total soluble solids (oBrix) according to the periods of coexistence between crop and weeds, besides the yield of stems. Commelina benghalensis and Panicum maximum were the two species of greater relative importance in the area. The lack of weed control, during the crop cycle, led to an increase in total soluble solids (oBrix) and reduction by 9 and 25% in plant height and stem diameter, respectively, when compared with the hoed control throughout the cycle. Accepting losses of 5% in stem yield, the critical period of weed interference corresponded to the period between phenological growth stages V3 and V11.
Direct estimation of low-dimensional components in additive models

Additive regression models have turned out to be a useful statistical tool in analyses of high-dimensional data sets. Recently, an estimator of additive components has been introduced by Linton and Nielsen which is based on marginal integration. The explicit definition of this estimator makes possible a fast computation and allows an asymptotic distribution theory. In this paper an asymptotic treatment of this estimate is offered for several models. A modification of this procedure is introduced. We consider weighted marginal integration for local linear fits and we show that this estimate has the following advantages. (i) With an appropriate choice of the weight function, the additive components can be efficiently estimated: An additive component can be estimated with the same asymptotic bias and variance as if the other components were known. (ii) Application of local linear fits reduces the design related bias.
Commutators and Analytic Dependence of Fourier-Bessel Series on (0, ∞)

Abstract In this paper we study the boundedness of the commutators $[b,\,{{S}_{n}}]$ where $b$ is a $\text{BMO}$ function and ${{S}_{n}}$ denotes the $n$ -th partial sum of the Fourier-Bessel series on $(0,\,\infty )$ . Perturbing the measure by $\text{exp(}2\text{b)}$ we obtain that certain operators related to ${{S}_{n}}$ depend analytically on the functional parameter $b$ .
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN ATLANTIC SALMON FERTILIZATION SUCCESS: IMPLICATIONS FOR EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE

Mating structure can influence the variance in individual reproductive suc- cess, which in turn has important implications for a population's effective size. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) males are characterized by alternative reproductive strategies, ma- turing as small parr in fresh water and/or as considerably larger anadromous males following a migration to sea. The potential for significant variation in individual reproductive success in both sexes is high. We established two experimental crosses each involving four anad- romous females, four anadromous males, and 20 mature male parr in a seminatural spawning environment. We used hyper-variable microsatellite loci to identify the parents of 755 embryos and to quantify the variance in individual fertilization success. Anadromous males generally dominated fertilization success, with a mean individual fertilization success of 15.7% and 19.3% in replicates A and B, respectively, as compared with 1.9% and 1.2% for the mature male parr. There was no relationship between individual mature male parr size and individual fertilization success in any individual nest, nor was there any relationship between anadromous male size and individual fertilization success in either replicate. There was some evidence of size being an important determinant of both the frequency of spawning and the overall individual parr fertilization success among those parr identified as having spawned, although these relationships were not always significant. Both anadromous males and females were identified as having spawned with multiple partners, although the fre- quency of multiple anadromous males spawning simultaneously with a female was low. Fertilization of eggs by parr can significantly increase the effective number of males on a nest-by-nest basis; however, the variance in individual anadromous male fertilization suc- cess appears to have the greatest overall influence on effective population size.
On uniform asymptotic risk of averaging GMM estimators

This paper studies the averaging GMM estimator that combines a conservative GMM estimator based on valid moment conditions and an aggressive GMM estimator based on both valid and possibly misspecified moment conditions, where the weight is the sample analog of an infeasible optimal weight. We establish asymptotic theory on uniform approximation of the upper and lower bounds of the finite‐sample truncated risk difference between any two estimators, which is used to compare the averaging GMM estimator and the conservative GMM estimator. Under some sufficient conditions, we show that the asymptotic lower bound of the truncated risk difference between the averaging estimator and the conservative estimator is strictly less than zero, while the asymptotic upper bound is zero uniformly over any degree of misspecification. The results apply to quadratic loss functions. This uniform asymptotic dominance is established in non‐Gaussian semiparametric nonlinear models.
Optimal Flow Control and Single Split Architecture Exploration for Fluid-Based Thermal Management

High-performance cooling is often necessary for thermal management of high power density systems. However, human intuition and experience may not be adequate to identify optimal thermal management designs as systems increase in size and complexity. This article presents an architecture exploration framework for a class of single-phase cooling systems. This class is specified as architectures with multiple cold plates in series or parallel and a single fluid split and junction. Candidate architectures are represented using labeled rooted tree graphs. Dynamic models are automatically generated from these trees using a graph-based thermal modeling framework. Optimal performance is determined by solving an appropriate fluid flow distribution problem, handling temperature constraints in the presence of exogenous heat loads. Rigorous case studies are performed in simulation, with components subject to heterogeneous heat loads and temperature constraints. Results include optimization of thermal endurance for an enumerated set of 4051 architectures. The framework is also applied to identify cooling system architectures capable of steady-state operation under a given loading.
Black–White Differences in Intergenerational Economic Mobility in the United States

In recent decades, blacks have experienced substantially less upward mobility and substantially more downward mobility from one generation to the next than whites. These results are shown to be highly robust to a variety of measurement issues. The author examines rates of intergenerational mobility by race and asks whether such racial differences in the U.S. are likely to be eliminated and, if so, how long it might take.
Evaluating the impact of a generalist teacher-led music program on early childhood school children’s singing skills and attitudes to music

This article reports on the impact of a generalist teacher-led music program on early childhood school children’s singing skills and attitudes to music. Singing tests and class surveys were administered to students in 11 Australian primary schools where music specialists mentored classroom teachers over the period of one to two school terms. The results show that implementing music activities in early education settings can positively impact young children’s singing skills and attitudes to music regardless of gender, ethnicity and socio-economic standing of the school. The study provides empirical evidence of the benefits accrued by children through access to music education.
The role of morphology in acoustic reduction

This paper examines the role of morphological structure in the reduced pronunciation of morphologically complex words by discussing and re-analyzing data from the literature. Acoustic reduction refers to the phenomenon that, in spontaneous speech, phonemes may be shorter or absent. We review studies investigating effects of the repetition of a morpheme, of whether a segment plays a crucial role in the identification of its morpheme, and of a word's morphological decomposability. We conclude that these studies report either no effects of morphological structure or effects that are open to alternative interpretations. Our analysis also reveals the need for a uniform definition of morphological decomposability. Furthermore, we examine whether the reduction of segments in morphologically complex words correlates with these segments' contribution to the identification of the whole word, and discuss previous studies and new analyses supporting this hypothesis. We conclude that the data show no convincing evidence that morphological structure conditions reduction, which contrasts with the expectations of several models of speech production and of morphological processing (e.g., WEAVER++ and dual-route models). The data collected so far support psycholinguistic models which assume that all morphologically complex words are processed as complete units.
ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED THREE PHASE PARTITIONING OF PHYCOCYANIN FROM SPIRULINA PLATENSIS

In this study ,conventional three phase partitioning (TPP) and ultrasound assisted three phase partitioning (UATPP) were explored for the extraction and purification of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis. and the process were optimized. rhizomes. Factors affecting partitioning efficiency such as ammonium sulfate concentration, crude extract to t-butanol ratio, time and pH on phycocyanin partitioning were optimized for conventional TPP. Except the similar parameters were also optimized for UATPP. Irradiation time at different frequencies, duty cycle and rated power were also studied for UATPP. Optimal purification parameters for conventional TPP were 0-50%(w/v)ammonium sulfate concentration with 1:1(v/v)ratio of crude extract:t-butanol at pH 7.0, which gave 4.13 purification factor with 77.3% recovery of phycocyanin after 20 min of conventional stirring. The optimized parameters for UATPP yielding maximum purity of 6.69 purification factor of phycocyanin with 94.3% recovery comprised of 0-50%(w/v)ammonium sulfate concentration, crude extract to t-butanol ratio 1:1 (v/v), pH 7, at 25 kHz frequency and 150W ultrasonication power with 50% duty cycle for 5min irradiation time. SDS PAGE analysis of partitioned phycocyanin shows two bands α and β in the range of 18 and 20 KDa. UATPP was found to be an attractive technique for the extraction and purification of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis.
The Intertemporal Keynesian Cross

We demonstrate the importance of intertemporal marginal propensities to consume (iMPCs) in disciplining general equilibrium models with heterogeneous agents and nominal rigidities. In a benchmark case, the dynamic response of output to a change in the path of government spending or taxes is given by an equation involving iMPCs, which we call the intertemporal Keynesian cross. Fiscal multipliers depend only on the interaction between iMPCs and public deficits. We provide empirical estimates of iMPCs and argue that they are inconsistent with representative-agent, two-agent and one-asset heterogeneous-agent models, but can be matched by models with two assets. Quantitatively, models that match empirical iMPCs predict deficit-financed fiscal multipliers that are larger than one, even if monetary policy is active, taxation is distortionary, and investment is crowded out. These models also imply larger amplification of shocks that involve private borrowing, as we illustrate in an application to deleveraging.
Traffic sign classification with deep convolutional neural networks

In this work, a new library for training deep neural networks for image classification was implemented from the ground up, with the purpose of supporting GPU acceleration through OpenCL™, an open framework for heterogeneous parallel computing. The library introduced here is the first attempt at creating a C# deep learning toolbox, and can thus be more easily integrated with other projects under the . NET framework. The availability of cross-platform tools, covering as many developing environments as possible, can in fact accelerate the deployment of deep learning algorithms into a wide range of industrial applications, including advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicles. The library was tested on the German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) data set, containing 51839 labelled images of real-world traffic signs. The performance of a classic deep convolutional architecture (LeNet) was compared to that of a deeper one (VGGNet), when trained with different regularisation methods. Dropout was observed to be particularly effective in counteracting overfitting for both models. Interestingly, the VGGNet model was observed to be more prone to overfitting, despite having a significantly lower number of parameters (462k) compared to the LeNet model (827k). This led to argue that architectural depth plays a crucial role in determining the capacity of a model, in accordance with some recent theoretical findings. The best classification accuracy (96.9%) on the test GTSRB data was obtained using an ensemble of four deep convolutional neural networks, including both architectures and trained using both images converted to greyscale and the original RGB raw images.
Ten Years of Experience with Scientific TerraSAR-X Data Utilization

This paper presents the first comprehensive review on the scientific utilization of earth observation data provided by the German TerraSAR-X mission. It considers the different application fields and technical capabilities to identify the key applications and the preferred technical capabilities of this high-resolution SAR satellite system from a scientific point of view. The TerraSAR-X mission is conducted in a close cooperation with industry. Over the past decade, scientists have gained access to data through a proposal submission and evaluation process. For this review, we have considered 1636 data utilization proposals and analyzed 2850 publications. In general, TerraSAR-X data is used in a wide range of geoscientific research areas comprising anthroposphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere. Methodological and technical research is a cross-cutting issue that supports all geoscientific fields. Most of the proposals address research questions concerning the geosphere, whereas the majority of the publications focused on research regarding “methods and techniques”. All geoscientific fields involve systematic observations for the establishment of time series in support of monitoring activities. High-resolution SAR data are mainly used for the determination and investigation of surface movements, where SAR interferometry in its different variants is the predominant technology. However, feature tracking techniques also benefit from the high spatial resolution. Researchers make use of polarimetric SAR capabilities, although they are not a key feature of the TerraSAR-X system. The StripMap mode with three meter spatial resolution is the preferred SAR imaging mode, accounting for 60 percent of all scientific data acquisitions. The Spotlight modes with the highest spatial resolution of less than one meter are requested by only approximately 30 percent of the newly acquired TerraSAR-X data.
Higher than anticipated diversity within an Albinaria species (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae) in southern Turkey

Disentangling cryptic diversity is important for evolutionary and biogeographical research and conservation planning. In some cases, close examination of the morphology of taxa enables their accurate distinction, but often this is only possible by genetic analysis. In the present study we used geometric morphometrics and genetic analysis of two mitochondrial markers (CO1 and 12S) to explore cryptic diversity within the land snail species Albinaria lycica distributed in a limited area in SW Turkey. Our analyses revealed large and higher than anticipated genetic and morphometric differences between and within the two A. lycica subspecies, which supports our hypothesis that cryptic diversity in such a small geographical scale can occur. Moreover, the correlation of geographic distances with morphometric and genetic ones suggests an isolation-bydistance pattern of population structure. These results confirm earlier studies showing the power of multidisciplinary approaches to characterizing the enormous, and often cryptic, diversity of clausiliid land snails.
The Level of Detail in Infants' Word Learning

This article summarizes recent findings on infant word learning and recognition. Infants initially store very detailed representations of words, including details that are not truly necessary for word recognition. As they are exposed to more varied productions of words, they develop more sophisticated knowledge about which details are important, and streamline their representations, allowing them to better recognize words across different contexts, speakers, and environments.
Dark Energy Survey year 1 results: Galaxy-galaxy lensing

We present galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements from 1321 sq. deg. of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 1 (Y1) data. The lens sample consists of a selection of 660,000 red galaxies with high-precision photometric redshifts, known as redMaGiC, split into five tomographic bins in the redshift range 0.15<z<0.9 . We use two different source samples, obtained from the Metacalibration (26 million galaxies) and Im3shape (18 million galaxies) shear estimation codes, which are split into four photometric redshift bins in the range 0.2<z<1.3 . We perform extensive testing of potential systematic effects that can bias the galaxy-galaxy lensing signal, including those from shear estimation, photometric redshifts, and observational properties. Covariances are obtained from jackknife subsamples of the data and validated with a suite of log-normal simulations. We use the shear-ratio geometric test to obtain independent constraints on the mean of the source redshift distributions, providing validation of those obtained from other photo-z studies with the same data. We find consistency between the galaxy bias estimates obtained from our galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements and from galaxy clustering, therefore showing the galaxy-matter cross-correlation coefficient r to be consistent with one, measured over the scales used for the cosmological analysis. The results in this work present one of the three two-point correlation functions, along with galaxy clustering and cosmic shear, used in the DES cosmological analysis of Y1 data, and hence the methodology and the systematics tests presented here provide a critical input for that study as well as for future cosmological analyses in DES and other photometric galaxy surveys.
Review of Metanotal Sculpture of Aphidiine Wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae)

Abstract Morphological data on metanotal sculpture of aphidiine wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae), are reviewed based on the specimens collected in Ukraine. Specimens of 20 species of 13 genera were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Differences in menatonal morphology appear diagnostic for some genera or generic groups, such as tribes and subtribes. Seven general types of metanotal sculpture were distinguished. The proposed diagnostic characters are: the relative proportions of the metanotum and its parts (metascutellum, metascutellar arms), the shape and setation of the metascutellum, the number and form of the carinae arising from the base of metascutellum toward the mesoscutellum. To facilitate describing the structure of the metanotum in Aphidiinae, following measurements were established: the length and width of the metanotum and the metascutellum, the length of the metascutellar arms. The discovered characters could be used as additional diagnostic tools for aphidiine identification, and perhaps also in studies on their evolution and phylogeny.
The Sound of Intelligence

Introduction: Music has a special place in human activity due to its antiquity and ubiquity. No culture is without music and as evidence, some of the oldest archaeological relics found are musical instruments. On one hand, many music lovers admit that they know nothing about it, but they enjoy it. On the other hand, if we all like music, how can we explain the differences between people’s musical preferences? Are these preferences influenced by the previous accumulated knowledge which has in the cultural context? Objective: This research aims to investigate a link between musical preferences and the crystallized intelligence component, which is heavily dependent on the cultural aspects and also to answer the question why people seem to settle in their tastes of music as they get older. Methods: The Intelligence Structure Test (I-S-T 2000R) was applied to 100 subjects (64 women and 36 men) and also, two questionnaires have been applied, which aimed to investigate the musical preferences of the study’s participants. The first questionnaire contains questions about musical preferences, while the second one has an audio file attached , which contains fragments of different musical genres. Results: After statistically processing the collected data, it has been showed that the participants who scored above average at the Intelligence Structure Test prefer mostly to listen to classical and rock music, while those with a lower score listen to commercial and rhythmic music. Conclusions: The study indicates links between musical preferences and crystallized intelligence – the culture’s reflection over the structure of intelligence.