Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An insight on career satisfaction level, mental distress and gender differences in working conditions among Japanese obstetricians and gynecologists

We read with much interest the article by SugiuraOgasawara et al. We wish to share our scientific views on the published article. The results of the study give rise to a few interesting findings that need to be explained further. In the study, it was observed that 7.7% of females and 8.9% of males were suffering from depression or anxiety. However, earlier studies in various parts of the world, including Japan, reported that females had a twofold increase in risk of depression compared to males. The higher rate of depression or anxiety in male obstetricians and gynecologists needs further explanation. Another interesting finding in the study was the percentage of subjects with single or divorced status, which was significantly higher in females than in males. This finding again was not in accordance with earlier studies that reported that individuals who were separated or divorced had significantly higher rates of depression than those who were currently married. There must be a reason why the female obstetricians and gynecologists in the present study were coping much better than their male counterparts, despite being single or divorced. The study also found that the childless rates of the female respondents were significantly higher. It has been noted in this study that childlessness was a risk factor for mental distress but the prevalence of mental distress was higher in males. The authors mention in the introduction section that females were regarded to have low status in Japan. It is interesting to know that the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (JSOG) has a mere 1.9% of its representatives as females. An important question asked is the level of stress that can be handled by the females. In this regard the hormonal level tests could throw more light on the topic. Stress may need to be controlled or it may result in complete burnout. Alarmingly, earlier research reports depict that stress without conflict resolution may lead to burnout, which may influence technical performance, cause unnecessary medical errors and affect physical and mental status, thereby resulting in suicides. In this regard, it is very pertinent that adequate coping strategies are planned judiciously. In the present study, female obstetricians and gynecologists had significantly better social support and working conditions during pregnancy, delivery and childbearing, which is praiseworthy. We appreciate the meticulous work by the authors and thank the editor for publishing articles on an important health-related issue.
Conversion of rural abattoir wastes to an organic fertilizer and its application in the field cultivation of tomato in India

Abstract Sophisticated capital intensive waste-recycling technologies are unviable in small rural abattoirs in India due to low volume of wastes (principally blood and rumen digesta) generated and lack of infrastructural facilities. We report recycling of slaughterhouse wastes as an organic fertilizer, ‘bovine-blood-rumen-digesta-mixture’ (BBRDM). Bovine blood and rumen digesta were mixed in 3:1 ratio in a metallic container, boiled and stirred continuously till the mixture was largely free of water. The mass was sun-dried for 3 days to obtain the final product. BBRDM was applied for field cultivation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L., local variety ‘Patharkuchi’) in West Bengal state (India) during 2012–13 and 2013–14. We compared tomato yields obtained with BBRDM (N:P2O5:K2O 30.36:1:5.75) and conventional inorganic fertilizers [diammonium phosphate (DAP), N:P2O5:K2O 18:46:0 + potash, N:P2O5:K2O 0:0:44]. BBRDM was applied at a higher rate compared with DAP + potash to meet the farmers’ desire for enhanced yields. 75 kg ha−1 was applied at the 2nd week while 150 kg ha−1 was applied at the 8th week after transplantation. Yields (total fruit weight) obtained from BBRDM-treated plants were higher in comparison with DAP + potash-fertilized plants by 46–48% as the former supplied 2.5 times more nitrogen (N) than the latter. The partial factor productivity of DAP + potash was 73–76% higher than BBRDM. Conversely, as BBRDM was produced through local entrepreneurship from slaughterhouse wastes, the cost of this organic product would be expected to be much lower than the commercial inorganic fertilizer. Furthermore, application of BBRDM negates the environmental cost of treating slaughterhouse effluent. Considering the same cost of applying 225 kg fertilizer ha−1, higher yield with BBRDM should result in greater potential revenue for the farmer compared with yields with DAP + potash. The C/N ratio of BBRDM is 4.8, having relatively high N content. Accordingly, rapid release of plant-available N was observed in BBRDM-fertilized soils. The temporal increase in soil NH4 +may be attributed to lack of soil N immobilization. Local farmers are willing to accept the new fertilizer as a substitute for currently used chemical fertilizers.
Marriage, Social Insurance and Labor Supply

This paper develops a model of marriage, labor supply, savings and divorce under limited commitment and uses it to understand the impact of major welfare reforms, including the time-limited eligibility in the TANF program. In the model, taxes and welfare can affect whether marriage and divorce take place, the extent to which people work as single or as married individuals, as well as the allocation of resources within marriage. The model thus provides a framework for estimating not only the short-term effects of welfare reforms on labor supply, but also the extent to which welfare benefits affect family formation and the way that transfers are targeted within the family. This is particularly important because many of these benefits ultimately are designed to support the wellbeing of women and children. The limited commitment framework in our model allows us to capture the effects on existing marriages as well as marriages that will form after the reform has taken place, offering a better understanding of transitional impacts as well as longer run steady state effects. Using variation provided by the introduction of time limits in welfare benefits eligibility following the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 (welfare reform) and data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation between 1985 and 2011, we provide reduced form evidence of the importance of these reforms on a number of outcomes relevant to our model. We then estimate the parameters of the model using the same source of variation.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY OF THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE ELECTRORETINOGRAM (ERG)

The action of some Ω amino acids and the influence of ethanol on the oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the ERG were tested. Low doses of β‐alanine, an inhibitory amino acid, selectively suppressed the amplitude of the OPs without affecting the a‐ and b‐waves. The earlier OPs (O1 O2) appeared somewhat more sensitive to the drug than the later ones (O3—O5). Higher doses extinguished all the OPs but also affected the maximum amplitude of the a‐and b‐wave. There was no noticeable change of the threshold sensitivity of the a‐ and b‐waves. Valine in corresponding concentrations did not affect the OPs. Taurine did not change the OPs in most experiments but in some experiments a concurrent decrease of the OPs, a‐ and b‐waves occurred. Thus, these findings support the view that only inhibitory feed‐back circuits initiated by the amacrines give rise to the OPs. Ethanol had a differential and selective effect on the OPs. The later OPs (O3—O5). were sensitive to ethanol. In conclusion, these results support the notion that the individual oscillatory peaks are likely to have different origins and that the later OPs may perhaps be related to the off‐components in response to brief stimulus light.
Outside-In signaling of soluble and solid-phase fibrinogen through integrin alphaIIbbeta3 is different and cooperative with each other in a megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line, CMK.

The function and the outside-in signaling pathways of alphaIIbbeta3 were examined in relation to cell adhesion using a megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line, CMK. After 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment, the cells adhered to the culture plate and underwent megakaryocytic differentiation with expression of alphaIIbbeta3. Binding of soluble fibrinogen to the cells via alphaIIbbeta3 was dependent on cell adhesion. Cell detaching reduced the affinity of this integrin for soluble fibrinogen, although its surface expression was almost unchanged. In contrast, detached cells became tightly adherent to the fibrinogen-coated plate (solid-phase fibrinogen). The same ligand, fibrinogen, present either in soluble or solid-phase form, triggered differential signaling pathways mediated by alphaIIbbeta3. By the stimulation with soluble fibrinogen, Syk was tyrosine-phosphorylated but FAK was dephosphorylated, whereas solid-phase fibrinogen promptly caused tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK followed by delayed phosphorylation of Syk. In addition, the binding of soluble fibrinogen to the cells adherent to fibrinogen-coated plate resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of integrin beta3 and a complex formation of integrin beta3 with Syk. This implies the cooperation of both soluble and solid-phase fibrinogen-mediated signaling pathways.
Early Death, Morbidity, and Need of Treatment Among Extremely Premature Infants

Objective. To determine outcomes, in terms of perinatal and early death, need for treatment, and morbidity at the time of discharge home, among extremely preterm infants. Design. A prospective observational study of all infants with a gestational age (GA) of 22 to 27 completed weeks or a birth weight of 500 to 999 g who were born in Norway in 1999 and 2000. Results. Of 636 births, 174 infants (27%) were stillborn or died in the delivery room, 86 (14%) died in the NICU, and 376 (59%) were discharged from the hospital. The risk of being registered as stillborn or not being resuscitated increased with decreasing GA below 25 weeks. The survival rates for all births and for infants admitted to a NICU were, respectively, 0% for <23 weeks, 16% and 39% for 23 weeks, 44% and 60% for 24 weeks, 66% and 80% for 25 weeks, 72% and 84% for 26 weeks, 82% and 93% for 27 weeks, and 69% and 90% for >27 weeks. For the survivors, days of mechanical ventilation decreased from a median of 37 days to 3 days and the proportion in need of oxygen at 36 weeks’ postconceptional age decreased from 67% to 26% at 23 and 27 weeks’ GA, respectively. At 40 weeks’ postconceptional age, the respective figures were 11% and 6%. The proportion with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) requiring treatment decreased from 33% for GA of 23 weeks to 0% for >25 weeks. Periventricular hemorrhage of more than grade 2 occurred for 6% of the survivors and significant periventricular leukomalacia occurred for 5%, with no significant association with GA. The proportion of survivors without severe neurosensory or pulmonary morbidity increased from 44% for 23 weeks’ to 86% for 27 weeks’ GA. Apart from ROP, the morbidity rate was not associated with GA. Conclusions. The survival rate was high and the morbidity rate at discharge home was low in the present study, compared with previous population-based studies. With the exception of ROP, the morbidity rates among the survivors were not higher at the lowest GAs, possibly because withholding treatment was considered more acceptable for the most immature infants. The need for intensive care increased markedly for survivors with the lowest GAs.
Retention of Indigenous nursing students in New Zealand: A cross-sectional survey

Abstract Internationally the recruitment and retention of Indigenous and minority peoples into nursing is a persistent challenge, despite their participation being essential in reducing health disparities and improving health service quality for Indigenous and minority users. We aimed to identify Māori (Indigenous to New Zealand) nursing students’ experiences of undertaking a nursing degree program. A non-experimental cross-sectional survey was undertaken with undergraduate nursing students identifying as Māori. The surveys were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. One hundred and eight students responded, with a career, stable income, and desire to make a difference in Māori health outcomes motivating most to embark on a nursing program. They reported numerous obstacles that compromised their academic advancement. However, affirming students’ identities; providing academic support; accessing Indigenous role models, mentors and relevant clinical experiences; and, having supportive teaching and learning environments and the inclusion of Indigenous content in curricula; were identified as strategies that promoted retention in nursing programs.
Far-infrared vibrational modes of DNA components studied by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

The far-infrared dielectric function of a wide range of organic molecules is dominated by vibrations involving a substantial fraction of the atoms forming the molecule and motion associated with intermolecular hydrogen bond vibrations. Due to their collective nature such modes are highly sensitive to the intra- and intermolecular structure and thus provide a unique fingerprint of the conformational state of the molecule and effects of its environment. We demonstrate the use of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) for recording the far-infrared (0.5–4.0 THz) dielectric function of the four nucleobases and corresponding nucleosides forming the building blocks of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA). We observe numerous distinct spectral features with large differences between the molecules in both frequency-dependent absorption coefficient and index of refraction. Assisted by results from density-functional calculations we interpret the origin of the observed resonances as vibrations of hydrogen bonds between the molecules.
Dengue Encephalopathy

Dengue encephalopathy or dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) with CNS involvement used to be considered a relatively rare condition; but the number of cases reported in human studies has been increasing every year. Diagnosis of dengue encephalopathy is based on clinically diagnosed DHF according to the W.H. O. criteria (1980), with CNS manifestations consisting of abrupt onset of hyperpyrexia, nontransient alteration of consciousness, headache, vomiting‐with or without seizures ‐and normal CSF. Many factors may be considered to be directly or indirectly associated with CNS signs and symptoms in DHF, the main pathology being leakage of plasma into serous spaces and abnormal hemostasis, leading to hypovolemic shock and hemorrhage in many organs of the body. Acute liver failure is considered to be one of the main factors causing brain pathology. One hundred fifty‐two cases of dengue encephalopathy admitted during 3 periods at the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta were studied retrospectively. The overall incidence was 152 out of 2,441 DHF cases, or 6.2%. The most pronounced symptoms were hyperpyrexia, alteration of consciousness and convulsions. Laboratory examination showed an unusually high increase of serum transaminases, hyponatremia, and hypoxia. Neurologic abnormalities detected were hemiparesis and tetraparesis of the extremities, and second nerve atrophy; such abnormalities were found in 10 out of the 152 cases, or 6.5%.
Association between XRCC1 G399A Polymorphism and Late Complications to Radiotherapy in Saudi Head and Neck Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND It has been hypothesized that patient to patient variation in normal tissue reactions to radiotherapy is associated with the presence of polymorphic variations in genes involved in DNA repair. PURPOSE To test for a possible association between two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), XRCC1 399 G>A Arg/Gln and XRCC3 241 C>T Thr/Met and late reactions to radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this case control study, 50 Head and Neck cancer patients were retrospectively recruited. The grade (G) of fibrosis, a late complication to radiotherapy, was scored using the RTOG/EORTC grading system. Radiosensitive patients with moderate to severe subcutaneous and deep tissue fibrosis (cases, G2-3, n=25) where matched with patients with minimal fibrotic reactions (control, G0-1, n=25). The two nonsynonymous SNPs were genotyped by direct sequencing of DNA extracted from blood or cultured fibroblasts. RESULTS Allelic frequency showed significant association with grade of fibrosis for XRCC1 399 G/A (p=0.05), but not for XRCC3 241 C>T (p=0.10). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study corroborates the association between XRCC1 399 G>A and risk of late normal tissue complications following radiotherapy in our patients. Large studies are required to unravel more SNPs that can influence radiosensitivity and ascertain the associations with reactions to radiotherapy in order to be used as genetic predictive biomarkers of individual radiosensitivity. KEY WORDS Single nucleotide polymorphism - Radiosensitivity - Late reactions to radiotherapy - XRCC1 - XRCC3.
CEO Compensation Determinants: “Is the Size or Performance of the Firm a determinant of CEO Compensation in Pakistan1”

CEO compensation has been a focus of attention for many decades among researchers, financial analyst, and the general public due to a striking rise in the pay of executives. Researchers have tried to find out the reasons and factors underlying CEO compensation. The large numbers of studies carried out on the topic are still controversial with varying results. In Pakistan only a limited number of studies have been carried out on the topic. Researchers are keen on finding the determinants of CEO compensation and many studies on the topic have been carried out. According to Tosi (1989) there have been around 250 researches carried out on the topic during the last century; however the outcomes of these researches have not proved to be very convincing. As different researchers use different method of research, there is a controversy among researchers in isolating the imperative CEO compensation determinants, the characteristics of these determinants and the way these determinants have an effect on CEO pay. Another factor that adds to the controversial results in determining the determinants of CEO compensations are the sources used to collect data on executive pay. This research aspires to isolate the main determinant of CEO compensation in the light of the previous literature. There was no single data base from which data related to CEO compensation, size of the firm, and performance of firm could be gathered. As a result of this the sample size had to be restricted to a time frame of three years and panel data of 15 companies of KSE. The small sample size was due to the fact that companies who suffered a loss from the years 2008-2010 were eliminated. Also, companies for which annual reports for the years 2008-2010 could not be found were also eliminated. In order to obtain results and come to a conclusion, different tests were used including descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, pooled OLS and common effects models. The research shows that CEO compensation does not have any significant relationship with performance of the firm. However, it has a significant / positive relationship with size of the firm.
Biological impact of freezing Plk1 in its inactive conformation in cancer cells

Human polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a key regulator of mitosis, is over-expressed in various human tumors. It is a negative prognostic factor for cancer patients and a measure for the aggressiveness of a tumor. Thus, targeting Plk1 might be a promising approach for cancer therapy. Kinase inhibitors are divided in type I inhibitors, targeting the highly conserved active conformation, and the more selective type II inhibitors, targeting the inactive conformation of kinases. We analyzed our previously identified type II Plk1 inhibitor SBE13 which is able to inhibit Plk1 activity. To determine its ability to induce cell death in cancer cells, we applied kinase assays, Western blot analyses, FACScan analyses, Caspase assays and immunofluorescence studies. We detected decreased cell proliferation, delayed progression through the cell cycle in lower SBE13 concentrations, a G2/M arrest using higher SBE13 concentrations followed by apoptosis, and abnormal mitotic figures. Notably, SBE13 did not influence activity of other kinases (Plk2, Plk3, Aurora A), indicating the selectivity of this type II Plk1 inhibitor. This study suggests that Plk1 kinase inhibitors targeting the inactive conformation of Plk1 may be considered for the development of cancer therapeutics.
On The Relationship Between Volume Reaction And Consensus Of Investors - Implications For Interpreting Tests Of Information-Content

* Associate Professor, University of Chicago. I gratefully acknowledge the generous assistance of Nicholas Dopuch and Richard Leftwich in the preparation and editing of this manuscript, as well as comments and suggestions offered by the Ohio State Accounting Colloquium. I also acknowledge earlier correspondence with Nils Hakansson concerning the proof employed in this paper, and Jerold Zimmerman concerning the issue of volume reaction. Any remaining errors are solely my responsibility. [Accepted for publication July 1980. ] ' This is somewhat in contrast to discussion of the relationship between volume reaction and information when the information is distributed asymmetrically among investors. Copeland [1976], for example, discusses a sequential information arrival model in which an element of information is disclosed (at no cost) to homogeneous traders one at a time during a trading period. Morse [1979] surveys more recent work on the effect of asymmetrically distributed information. However, information which is distributed asymmetrically is fundamentally different from information which is made publicly available. In the former situation, trading occurs because one group of investors has access to information not available to some other group, whereas in the latter situation, trading occurs despite the fact that all investors come to know the information simultaneously.
Mean and Variance Corrected Test Statistics for Structural Equation Modeling with Many Variables

Data in social and behavioral sciences are routinely collected using questionnaires, and each domain of interest is tapped by multiple indicators. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is one of the most widely used methods to analyze such data. However, conventional methods for SEM face difficulty when the number of variables () is large even when the sample size () is also rather large. This article addresses the issue of model inference with the likelihood ratio statistic . Using the method of empirical modeling, mean-and-variance corrected statistics for SEM with many variables are developed. Results show that the new statistics not only perform much better than but also are substantial improvements over other corrections to . When combined with a robust transformation, the new statistics also perform well with non-normally distributed data.