Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Giant synaptic potentials in immature rat CA3 hippocampal neurones.

1. Intracellular recordings were made from rat CA3 hippocampal neurones in vitro during the first eighteen days of postnatal life. The cells had resting membrane potentials more negative than ‐51 mV, action potentials greater than 55 mV and membrane input resistances of 117 +/‐ 12 M omega. An unusual characteristic of these cells was the presence of spontaneous giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) which were observed during the first eight postnatal (P) days in over 85% of neurones. They were less frequent between P9 and P12 (48%) and disappeared after P12. 2. The GDPs were synchronously generated by a population of neurones; they reversed polarity at ‐27 mV when recorded with KCl‐containing electrodes and at ‐51 mV with potassium acetate‐ or potassium methylsulphate‐filled electrodes. 3. The GDPs were blocked by bath application of bicuculline (10 microM) or picrotoxin (100‐200 microM). Exogenously applied gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA; 0.2‐1 mM) induced at resting membrane potential a bicuculline‐sensitive membrane depolarization which reversed polarity at ‐25 and ‐51 mV when recorded with KCl‐ or potassium methylsulphate‐filled electrodes respectively. 4. The GDPs were reduced in frequency or blocked by the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists DL‐2‐amino‐7‐phosphonoheptanoate (AP‐7; 50 microM), D(‐)2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovalerate (AP‐5, 10‐50 microM) and (+‐)3‐(2‐carboxypiperazin‐4‐yl)‐propyl‐1‐phosphonic acid (CPP, 10‐50 microM) or NMDA channel blockers phencyclidine (2 microM) and ketamine (20 microM). 5. Stimulation of the hilus during the first week of life evoked a GDP followed by a hyperpolarization. The GDPs were generated by a population of synchronized neurones and reversed polarity at ‐27 mV with KCl‐filled electrodes and at ‐52 mV with potassium acetate‐ or potassium methylsulphate‐containing electrodes. 6. Bath application of bicuculline (1‐10 microM) or picrotoxin (100‐200 microM) reversibly blocked the evoked GDPs in the majority of cells. The NMDA receptor antagonists AP‐5 (50 microM), AP‐7 (50 microM) and CPP (30 microM) usually reduced the amplitude and the duration of the evoked GDPs. In neurones in which evoked GDPs were blocked by bicuculline, a NMDA‐mediated component was revealed by increasing the strength or the frequency of stimulation. 7. During the second week of postnatal life, when spontaneous GDPs were extremely rare or absent, superfusion with bicuculline (10 microM) induced, as in adult slices, interictal discharges. These reversed polarity near 0 mV with KCl‐ or potassium acetate‐containing electrodes and were reduced in amplitude and duration by AP‐5 (50 microM). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Sperm chromosome complements in a man heterozygous for a reciprocal translocation 46,XY,t(9;13)(q21.1;q21.2) and a review of the literature

Sperm chromosome complements were studied in a man heterozygous for a reciprocal translocation t(9;13)(q21.1;q21.2). A total of 89 spermatozoa were karyotyped after in vitro penetration of hamster eggs. The frequencies of alternate, adjacent 1 and adjacent 2 segregations were 46.9%, 35.8% and 17.3% respectively. For alternate segregation, the number of normal spermatozoa (21) was not significantly different from the number of spermatozoa carrying a balanced form of the translocation (17), as theoretically expected. The proportion of spermatozoa with an unbalanced form of the translocation was 53.1%. There was no evidence for an interchromosomal effect since the frequency of numerical abnormalities (unrelated to the translocation) was within the normal range of control donors. Data from a total of 31 reciprocal translocations studied by sperm chromosomal analysis were reviewed.
Financial Repression and Interest Rate Liberalization in China

China has been experiencing financial repression for a long time. The main feature of this repression is a regulated interest rate system. This results in private firms’ low likelihood of getting money from the official banking system, and at the same time seeded the emergence of the shadow banks, which introduces uncontrollable risks into the Chinese economy. Also, other policy goals, such as monetary policy efficiency, cross-border capital mobility and a free-floating exchange rate, have to be sacrificed to maintain the dictated interest rates. We use an overlapping generations model to study the macroeconomic consequences of financial repression in an economy, as well as the effects of a potential interest rate liberalization reform of the Chinese financial system. We find that if the state-owned firm continues to have priority getting credit from the official banks, an interest rate liberalization may not deliver a convergence of the two interest rate systems and a shrinkage of the shadow banking industry. ∗Department of Economics, Indiana University Bloomington. 105 South Woodlawn Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408. Email: hu21@indiana.edu. †Third year paper committee: Todd Walker(Chair), Grey Gordon, Juan Carlos Hatchondo.
What Will Happen to Retirement Income for 401(k) Participants After the Market Decline?

This paper uses administrative data from millions of 401(k) participants dating back to 1996 as well as several simulation models to determine 401(k) plans' susceptibility to several alleged limitations as well as its potential for significant retirement wealth accumulation for employees working for employers who have chosen to sponsor these plans. What will happen to 401(k) participants after the 2008 market decline will be largely determined by the extent to which the features of automatic enrollment, automatic escalation of contributions, and automatic investment are allowed to play out. Simulation results suggest that the first two features will significantly improve retirement wealth for the lowest-income quartiles going forward, and the third feature (primarily target-date funds) suggest that a large percentage of those on the verge of retirement would benefit significantly by a reduction of equity concentrations to a more age-appropriate level.
The induction of laboratory-based amoebic gill disease revisited.

Previous work in our laboratory defined a method of inducing laboratory-based amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Gills of AGD-affected fish were scraped and the debris placed into fish-holding systems, eliciting AGD in naïve Atlantic salmon. While this method is consistently successful in inducing AGD, variability in the kinetics and severity of infections has been observed. It is believed that the infections are influenced by inherently variable viability of post-harvest amoeba trophozoites. Here, a new method of experimental induction of AGD is presented that redefines the infection model including the minimum infective dose. Amoebae were partially purified from the gills of AGD-affected Atlantic salmon. Trophozoites were characterized by light microscopy and immunocytochemistry and designated Neoparamoeba sp. , possibly Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis. Cells were placed into experimental infection systems ranging in concentration from 0 to 500 cells L(-1). AGD was detected by gross and histological examination in fish held in all systems inoculated with amoebae. The number of gross and histological AGD lesions per gill was proportional to the inoculating concentration of amoebae indicating that the severity of disease is a function of amoeba density in the water column. The implications of these observations are discussed in the context of the existing AGD literature base as well as Atlantic salmon farming in south-eastern Tasmania.
What open access research can do for Wikipedia

This study examines the degree to which Wikipedia entries cite or reference research and scholarship, and whether that research and scholarship is generally available to readers. Working on the assumption that where Wikipedia provides links to research and scholarship that readers can readily consult, it increases the authority, reliability, and educational quality of this popular encyclopedia, this study examines Wikipedia’s use of open access research and scholarship, that is, peer-reviewed journal articles that have been made freely available online. This study demonstrates among a sample of 100 Wikipedia entries, which included 168 sources or references, only two percent of the entries provided links to open access research and scholarship. However, it proved possible to locate, using Google Scholar and other search engines, relevant examples of open access work for 60 percent of a sub-set of 20 Wikipedia entries. The results suggest that much more can be done to enrich and enhance this encyclopedia’s representation of the current state of knowledge. To assist in this process, the study provides a guide to help Wikipedia contributors locate and utilize open access research and scholarship in creating and editing encyclopedia entries.
Channel assignment using genetic algorithm based on geometric symmetry

The paper deals with the channel assignment problem in a hexagonal cellular network with two-band buffering, where channel interference does not extend beyond two cells. Here, for cellular networks with homogeneous demands, we find some lower bounds on the minimum bandwidth required for various relative values of s/sub 0/, s/sub 1/, and s/sub 2/, the minimum frequency separations to avoid interference for calls in the same cell, or in cells at distances of one and two, respectively. We then present an algorithm for solving the channel assignment problem in its general form using the elitist model of genetic algorithm (EGA). We next apply this technique to the special case of hexagonal cellular networks with two-band buffering. For homogeneous demands, we apply EGA for assigning channels to a small subset of nodes and then extend it for the entire cellular network, which ensures faster convergence. Moreover, we show that our approach is also applicable to cases of nonhomogeneous demands. Application of our proposed methodology to well-known benchmark problems generates optimal results within a reasonable computing time.
Broadband Material Parameter Characterization for Practical High-Speed Interconnects on Printed Circuit Board

Mainstream applications nowadays offer high-speed performance that until recently was only present in high-end applications. Special high-frequency materials and processing steps are, due to their inherent cost, not suited for high-volume applications. In this paper, a wideband material characterization technique to compare the behavior of different base materials is presented. The methodology can also be used for a quantitative analysis of the high-frequency limitations of traditional printed circuit board processing steps as thick copper plating and surface finish. It is based on the propagation constant extraction as part of the multiline through-reflect-line calibration. This powerful calibration technique makes it possible to directly compare different materials or processing steps, without the need for advanced modelling. From the extracted propagation constant, a more detailed analysis of the dielectric constant and the loss factor of the substrate material can be performed, based on known and tested formulas for microstrip transmission lines. Adaptations for a high track thickness to substrate height ratio and for the presence of a solder mask can be derived from the results. The practical material parameter extraction method proposed in this paper makes it possible for designers to overcome some of the high-frequency limitations associated with high-volume applications.
Quality of conduct and reporting of meta-analyses of surgical interventions.

BACKGROUND Meta-analyses are useful tools for summarizing surgical evidence as they aim to encompass multiple sources of information on a particular research question, but they may be prone to methodological and reporting biases. We evaluated the conduct and reporting of meta-analyses of surgical interventions. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed a systematic review of 150 meta-analyses of randomized trials of surgical interventions published between January 2010 and June 2011. A comprehensive search strategy was executed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Data were independently extracted by 2 authors using the PRISMA statement (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, a standardized quality of reporting guideline) and AMSTAR (a tool for methodological quality). Descriptive statistics were used for individual items, and as a measure of overall compliance, PRISMA and AMSTAR scores were calculated as the sum of adequately reported domains. A median of 8 trials (interquartile range = 8) was included in each meta-analysis. One third of all meta-analyses had an author with a background in epidemiology and/or statistics. Forty-four percent were published in PRISMA-endorsing journals with a median impact factor of 3.5. There was moderate compliance with PRISMA, with an average of 71% of items reported, but poorer compliance with AMSTAR, with 48% of items adequately described, on average. CONCLUSIONS Substantial gaps in the conduct and reporting of meta-analyses within the surgical literature exist, mainly in the specification of aims and/or objectives, the use of preplanned protocols, and the evaluation of potential bias at the review (rather than trial) level. Editorial insistence on using reporting guidelines would improve this situation.
Low rank Multivariate regression

We consider in this paper the multivariate regression problem, when the target regression matrix $A$ is close to a low rank matrix. Our primary interest in on the practical case where the variance of the noise is unknown. Our main contribution is to propose in this setting a criterion to select among a family of low rank estimators and prove a non-asymptotic oracle inequality for the resulting estimator. We also investigate the easier case where the variance of the noise is known and outline that the penalties appearing in our criterions are minimal (in some sense). These penalties involve the expected value of the Ky-Fan quasi-norm of some random matrices. These quantities can be evaluated easily in practice and upper-bounds can be derived from recent results in random matrix theory.
The Recognition of HLA-B27 by Human CD4+ T Lymphocytes1

HLA-B27 transgenic animal models suggest a role for CD4+ T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of the spondyloarthropathies, and murine studies have raised the possibility that unusual forms of B27 may be involved in disease. We demonstrate that CD4+ T cells capable of recognizing B27 can be isolated from humans by coculture with the MHC class II-negative cell line T2 transfected with B27. These CD4+ T cells recognize a panel of B27-transfected cell lines that are defective in Ag-processing pathways, but not the nontransfected parental cell lines, in a CD4-dependent fashion. Inhibition of responses by the MHC class I-specific mAb w6/32 and the B27 binding mAb ME1 implicates the recognition of a form of B27 recognized by both of these Abs. We suggest that B27-reactive CD4+ T cells may be pathogenic in spondyloarthropathies, particularly if factors such as infection influence expression of abnormal forms of B27.
Two Phase Pressure Drop of CO2, Ammonia, and R245fa in Multiport Aluminum Microchannel Tubes

An experimental investigation of adiabatic, two-phase, frictional pressure drop was conducted using 6-port and 14port microchannels with hydraulic diameters of 1.54 mm and 1.02 mm, respectively. Two-phase fluid flow conditions include mass fluxes from 50 to 440 kg/s.m 2 , qualities between 0 and 1, and saturation temperatures for working fluids carbon dioxide at 15oC, ammonia at 35oC, and R245fa at 40oC. Experimentation indicates that twophase pressure drop is dependent upon the average kinetic energy density of the flow, hydraulic diameter, and friction factor, allowing the single-phase pressure drop equation with a modified homogeneous fluid density to predict two-phase pressure drop.
A decision analysis model for diagnostic strategies using DNA testing for hereditary haemochromatosis in at risk populations.

BACKGROUND New techniques for diagnosing hereditary haemochromatosis (HHC) have become available alongside traditional tests such as liver biopsy and serum iron studies. AIM To evaluate DNA tests in people suspected of having haemochromatosis at clinical presentation compared to liver biopsy, and in family members of those diagnosed with haemochromatosis compared to phenotypic iron studies in UK. METHODS Decision analytic models were constructed to compare the costs and consequences of the diagnostic strategies for a hypothetical cohort of people with suspected haemochromatosis. For each strategy, the number of cases of haemochromatosis identified and treated and the resources used were estimated. RESULTS For diagnostic strategies in people suspected clinically of having haemochromatosis, the DNA strategy is cost saving compared to liver biopsy (cost saved per case detected, 123 pounds) and continues to be so across all ranges of parameters. For family testing, the DNA strategy is cost saving for the offspring of the proband but not for siblings. If the DNA test cost were to reduce by 40% to 60 pounds or, if in the phenotypic model, those with initially normal iron indices were retested twice instead of once, the DNA strategy would be the cheaper one. CONCLUSION Diagnostic strategies involving DNA testing are likely to be cost saving in clinical cases with iron overload and in the offspring of index cases. This study supports the UK guideline recommendations for the use of DNA testing in UK.
Diagnostics of transformer insulation based on dielectric response measurements

Dielectric response measurements on oil-impregnated pressboard samples of different density and moisture content at different ageing times are analysed in this paper. In order to understand the impact of moisture, ageing condition of the insulation and other ageing products on dielectric response measurements, samples are prepared under different conditions and contribution of various parameters are determined. To understand the impact of vibration on mechanical strength of solid insulation a vibration experiment is designed and results are analysed in this paper. Then, analysis of measurements on two field transformers are also carried out based on the findings from the laboratory experiments on oil-impregnated pressboard samples.
Reviewing the E-Collaboration marketplace: A survey of electronic collaboration systems

Electronic collaboration systems that support and enable communication, coordination and collaboration between people in shared projects, processes and teams within organisations and for cross-organisational use have significantly changed under the influence of Web 2.0 technologies and social software. The electronic collaboration marketplace is made up of numerous systems that offer a large variety of features. A classification approach is presented that classifies electronic collaboration systems and thus structures the diverse collaboration marketplace. Collaboration systems are evaluated and compared using a set of evaluation criteria that allow for the assessment of all major collaboration tasks. Thus completeness of systems as well as the main focus of applicability of individual collaboration systems is determined.
Brillouin light-scattering intensities for thin magnetic films with large perpendicular anisotropies.

The intensity of light scattered from thermal magnetic waves in thin magnetic films with large perpendicular uniaxial anisotropies was calculated. The anisotropies were large enough to pull the magnetization out of the sample plane. The intensity of light scattered from the surface magnetic mode in a 3.0-monolayer-thick fcc Fe film grown on Cu(001) was measured as a function of the applied in-plane dc magnetic field. The measured intensities were found to be in excellent agreement with those calculated using the magnetic parameters determined from the measured values of the surface-mode frequency. Both the frequency and intensity data indicated that the magnetization of the Fe film was oriented perpendicular to the sample plane in zero applied field.
Cost-Minimizing Intervention in a Market-Based Financial System

Is taxpayer money best spent on supporting the real or the financial sector? When the financial sector’s net worth is low, limited funding liquidity in financial markets exacerbates credit rationing and depresses real activity. Public intervention can increase real investment by lending directly to the real sector or to financial institutions. Successful interventions are costly to the taxpayer because the private sector’s participation constraints imply that the government overpays for its claims. Lending to financial institutions is cheaper than supporting the real sector directly because it minimizes rents by optimally sharing downside risk between the public and the private sectors. ∗Department of Economics, Princeton University. Email: darmouni@princeton.edu. I would like to thank Valentin Haddad, Nobu Kiyotaki, Stephen Morris, Hyun Shin, David Sraer and Wei Xiong for helpful comments.
Identifying Key Amino Acid Residues That Affect α-Conotoxin AuIB Inhibition of α3β4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors*

Background: α-Conotoxin AuIB interacts with α3β4 nAChRs and GABAB receptors, but structural determinants of these interactions are unknown. Results: Using alanine scanning mutagenesis and molecular dynamics, we identified residues crucial for AuIB·α3β4 nAChR interaction. Conclusion: We identified the key residues that mediate AuIB·α3β4 nAChR interaction. Significance: Ability to direct α-conotoxin binding to nAChRs or GABAB receptors will improve analgesic conopeptides. α-Conotoxin AuIB is a selective α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype inhibitor. Its analgesic properties are believed to result from it activating GABAB receptors and subsequently inhibiting CaV2.2 voltage-gated calcium channels. The structural determinants that mediate diverging AuIB activity at these targets are unknown. We performed alanine scanning mutagenesis of AuIB and α3β4 nAChR, homology modeling, and molecular dynamics simulations to identify the structural determinants of the AuIB·α3β4 nAChR interaction. Two alanine-substituted AuIB analogues, [P6A]AuIB and [F9A]AuIB, did not inhibit the α3β4 nAChR. NMR and CD spectroscopy studies demonstrated that [F9A]AuIB retains its native globular structure, so its activity loss is probably due to loss of specific toxin-receptor residue pairwise contacts. Compared with AuIB, the concentration-response curve for inhibition of α3β4 by [F9A]AuIB shifted rightward more than 10-fold, and its subtype selectivity profile changed. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that Phe-9 of AuIB interacts with a two-residue binding pocket on the β4 nAChR subunit. This hypothesis was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis of the β4-Trp-59 and β4-Lys-61 residues of loop D, which form a putative binding pocket. AuIB analogues with Phe-9 substitutions corroborated the finding of a binding pocket on the β4 subunit and gave further insight into how AuIB Phe-9 interacts with the β4 subunit. In summary, we identified critical residues that mediate interactions between AuIB and its cognate nAChR subtype. These findings might help improve the design of analgesic conopeptides that selectively “avoid” nAChR receptors while targeting receptors involved with nociception.