Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Comparison of Beef, Pork and Chicken Meat from Maracaibo City (Venezuela)

This study aimed to evaluate the proximate composition, minerals and cholesterol content of cuts of Chicken Breast (CB), Longissimus Dorsi of Beef (LDB) and Longissimus Dorsi of Pork (LDP) to provide information that allows elucidating nutritional differences among these three meat cuts. The analysis was carried out for 150 samples, 50 per species, obtained from meat markets from Maracaibo (Venezuela). The highest concentration of lipids was found in CB (6.87 g/100 g fresh tissue), followed by LDP (4.76 g/100 g fresh tissue) and LDB (2.83 g/100 g fresh tissue). The same behaviour was found for moisture content, where CB, LDP and LDB had 75.05 g/100 g fresh tissue, 74.40 g/100 g fresh tissue and 73.29 g/100 g fresh tissue, respectively. On the other hand, the protein concentration in LDB (21.76 g/100 g fresh tissue) exceeded to LDP (20.94 g/100 g fresh tissue) and CB (20.50 g/100 g fresh tissue). The highest cholesterol content was observed in CB (73.42 mg/100 g), followed by LDB (70.22 mg/100 g) and LDP (65.42 mg/100 g). Iron (Fe) was lower in CB compared to LDB and LDP. LDP exceeded in calcium (Ca) content to LDB and CB. Species had an influence on the nutritional content of meat. The results of this research indicated that CB was not a recommendable option in low-fat dietary regimens due to its high content of total lipids and cholesterol; these results contrast with those obtained in LDP.
Economic Analysis on the Value of Winter Housing for Dairy Farming in Tararua District

This study examined the economic impact of a wintering barn facility on a dairy farm in the Tararua District, relative to its ability to reduce nitrogen leaching, as a means of achieving Horizon’s proposed nitrogen discharge limit. The analysis showed that the provision of a wintering facility had a significant impact in reducing nitrogen leaching, down to just above the required limit. The economic cost of this was significant, in the absence of improved payouts or the farmer intensifying the system to cover the cost of the facility. If the farm was intensified in order to cover the cost of the wintering facility, the level of nitrogen leaching rose accordingly. The study therefore indicates that the provision of a wintering barn as a means of reducing nitrogen leaching is problematic – while it can reduce leaching rates its economic viability is very dependent on payout levels and supplementary feed costs, and intensifying the system to improve the economic viability results in increased leaching rates well above the proposed limits.
Teacher Quality Differences Between Teacher Preparation Programs: How Big? How Reliable? Which Programs Are Different?

Sixteen US states have begun to hold teacher preparation programs (TPPs) accountable for teacher quality, where quality is estimated by teacher value-added to student test scores. Yet it is not easy to identify TPPs whose teachers are substantially better or worse than average. True teacher quality differences between TPPs are small; estimated differences are not very reliable; and when many TPPs are compared, multiple comparisons increase the danger of misclassifying ordinary TPPs as good or bad. Using a large and diverse dataset from Texas, we evaluate statistical methods for estimating teacher quality differences between TPPs. The most convincing estimates come from a value-added model where confidence intervals are widened by the inclusion of teacher random effects (or teacher clustering in large TPPs) and further widened by the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Using these confidence intervals, it is rarely possible to tell which TPPs, if any, are better or worse than average. The potential benefits of TPP accountability may be too small to balance the risk that a proliferation of noisy TPP estimates will encourage arbitrary and ineffective policy actions.
The Role of Fluoride and Casein Phosphopeptide/Amorphous Calcium Phosphate in the Prevention of Erosive/Abrasive Wear in an in vitro Model Using Hydrochloric Acid

Objective: To investigate the effect of various fluoride compounds and casein phosphopeptide/amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on the reduction of erosive/abrasive tooth wear. Methods: Forty enamel samples were prepared from bovine lower incisors, stratified and allocated to 4 groups (1–4). Samples in group 1 remained untreated and served as negative controls. The test samples were treated for 2 min/day as follows: group 2 amine/sodium fluoride gel (pH 4.8; 12,500 ppm), group 3 sodium fluoride gel (pH 7.1; 12,500 ppm) and group 4 CPP-ACP-containing mousse. De- and remineralization cycling was performed for 20 days with 6 erosive attacks for 20 s with HCl (pH 3.0) per day. Samples were stored in artificial saliva between cycles and overnight. Toothbrushing (15 s; 60 strokes/min; load 2.5 N) with a toothpaste slurry was performed each day before the first and 1 h after the last erosive exposure. Tooth wear was measured by comparing baseline surface profiles with the corresponding posttreatment profiles. Results: Tooth wear was significantly reduced in groups 2 and 3 compared with group 1, while the enamel loss of group 4 was not significantly lower compared to the negative control group 1. Between the fluoride groups 2 and 3, no significant difference in tooth wear was recorded. Conclusion: Erosive/abrasive tooth wear under the conditions used could be reduced significantly by the daily application of fluoride gels, irrespective of the fluoride compound, while the application of CPP-ACP-containing mousse was less effective.
Microfinance and its discontents: women in debt in Bangladesh

this has meant for women. The next chapter analyses the gender dynamic of the Bhakti Movement, while the fifth chapter foregrounds the types of protest around nineteenthcentury concerns about women’s roles, functions, rights and identities. The sixth chapter engages with questions of feminism in the context of caste as well as the modern Indian nation-state. The final chapter provides a restatement of Jain’s argument about the ‘indigenous roots of feminism’ in India, invoking the evidence of the previous chapters to underscore its point. Indigenous Roots of Feminism is an ambitious book that tries to make an important point – that resistance did not come to Indian women only with colonial modernity. While the aim and the intentions cannot be faulted, Jain’s book suffers from several flaws in execution. Jain’s treatment of ancient and modern texts often seems impressionistic and confused – sometimes, for instance, modern retellings are uncritically used as explanation and description of values and thought processes in the epics. This lack of historical and conceptual rigour also manifests in how Jain sees women –women in Indigenous Roots of Feminism are always a transparent category whose motives and meanings, even when these are not clearly stated, are ever an open text for Jain. The ease with which Jain assumes that the anonymously produced text, Simantni updesh, is written by a woman is a case in point (92). Finally, Jain is guilty of reproducing in her book precisely the overwhelming focus on Hindu religious and cultural narratives which she says whitewashes the presence and contribution of other religions to modern India’s common heritage and its gender politics in the present (270). Substantial problems notwithstanding, Jasbir’s Jain’s Indigenous Roots of Feminism will be of interest for those researching alternative trajectories for the emergence and consolidation of feminism in different non-western and/or non-white cultures and communities. Equally, Jain’s references bring some little known books by and about women to mainstream notice.
A capacidade de gastos dos municípios brasileiros: arrecadação própria e receita disponível

Municipalização é o nome mais apropriado para a onda de descentralização consolidad a pela Reforma Tributária de 1988. É crescente a importância dos municípios no financiamento e nos gastos do setor público brasileiro. Contudo, pouco se conhece do papel desta esfera de governo no debate fiscal do país e há muito preconceito sobre a eficiência e eficácia das administrações locais. Primeiro, há um certo erro em acreditar que todo governo deveria se auto-sustentar, mesmo de menor escala e em regiões mais pobres, o que não ocorre nem mesmo em países mais desenvolvidos. Segundo, os tributos típ icos de governos locais – especialmente incidentes sobre o patrimônio e taxas – são os que apresentam maior dificuldade para se administrar e explorar seu potencial. Terceiro, num país de dimensões continentais e profundas disparidades territoriais, funcionais, econômicas e sociais tendem a faltar informações atualizadas e precisas.
Global Perspective on Structural Labour Market Reforms in Europe

Recent turbulent times have once again demonstrated how important flexible product and labour markets are to dampen the effects of adverse economic shocks. A number of labour market reforms have been implemented to enhance economic resilience and flexibility. However, accounting for the efficacy of policy interventions requires going beyond national boundaries and evaluating international interactions and global interdependencies, which may strengthen or weaken economic responses. Concentrating on open European economies, this paper deals with labour market institutions and structural reforms in a general equilibrium framework, which allows to analyse the intricate connections between labour policy choices and international trade (openness), paying special attention to labour market policy shocks. Amid discussions about a fiscal union in Europe, we empirically demonstrate that labour market policies can have positive and negative spillovers to trading partners, thereby calling for coordinated policies within a trading bloc. We answer three types of questions: what would have happened had all economies implemented structural labour market reforms simultaneously? How heterogeneous are responses in a single economy to shocks conducted in every other country? Relatedly, how heterogeneous are responses by all economies to a reform in one given economy?
Normal Values and Variation of Radiographic and CT Infant Lateral Iliac Wall Angles in Normal and Dysplastic Hips

Purpose Indices from 3-D ultrasound may have a role in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) assessment, but require a way to determine spatial orientation relative to body axes. The lateral iliac wall angle is a potentially suitable reference axis in 3-D ultrasound. We sought to quantify normal values and variations of the infant iliac wall angle on radiography, and compare with computed tomography (CT). Methods Acetabular and lateral iliac angles were measured on frontal pelvic radiographs of 200 patients (400 hips, 183 with DDH) and coronal CT of 20 patients (40 hips) aged 0-12 months. Relationships among morphologic indices and demographics were assessed using linear regression, Welch's t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and coefficients of variance (CoV). Reliability was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Results The radiographic iliac angle averaged 53.0° ± 7.7° (mean ± standard deviation; 95% CI, 38°-68°) in DDH vs. 56.2° ± 6.7° (95% CI, 43°-69°) in normal hips (p<0.001), correlated weakly with age (r = 0.25), and showed no inter-sex differences (p = 0.79). Inter-reader and intra-reader reliability were ICC = 0.946 and 0.965. CT iliac angle had mean difference 5.8° ± 6.2° (p<0.01), CoV = 10% and r = 0.68 vs. corresponding radiographs. Conclusions The radiographic infant lateral iliac wall angle has mean value 53-56° in dysplastic and normal hips with consistent range of variation approximately ±15°, was measured with high reliability, does not differ by sex, and is only slightly lower in the youngest infants. The iliac wall angle is an unbiased reference axis that may be suitable to establish general spatial orientation of 3-D hip ultrasound images.
Long-term Outcome After Microendoscopic Diskectomy for Lumbar Disk Herniation: A Prospective Clinical Study With a 5-Year Follow-up

BACKGROUND:Several authors have reported results obtained with the microendoscopic diskectomy (MED) technique, but the long-term outcome has not been described. This report summarizes our clinical experience with the lumbar MED technique with a long-term follow-up period. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of the MED for lumbar disk herniation and to report long-term outcome and complications (5-year follow-up). METHODS:One hundred twenty consecutive patients with lumbar disk herniation were treated with the METRx system.We included all types of lumbar herniated disks: contained, not contained, foraminal, and migrated disk herniations. The results were evaluated with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score, Oswestry Disability Index score, patient satisfaction questionnaire, and modified Macnab criteria. RESULTS:The average age of patients was 41 years; 65 were men and 55 were women. The most commonly affected level was L5-S1 (54.2%). The follow-up time after surgery was 5 years in all cases. We obtained good or excellent results in 75% of patients and regular results in 18%. Good subjective satisfaction was observed with surgery in 92% of patients. The mean decrease in the Oswestry Disability Index score was 52.8 ± 21.6; the mean decrease in leg VAS score was 6.1 ± 2.3; and the mean decrease in lumbar VAS score was 1.9 ± 3.3. Adjusted mean differences were statistically significant in all cases (P < .05). CONCLUSION:MED not only reduces the incision, tissue damage, and postoperative period of incapacity but also offers long-term results comparable to those of conventional techniques.
C‐peptide makes a comeback

Proinsulin C‐peptide was for long considered to be without biological activity of its own. New findings demonstrate, however, that it is capable of eliciting both molecular and physiological effects, suggesting that C‐peptide is in fact a bioactive peptide. When administered in replacement doses to animal models or to patients with type 1 diabetes, C‐peptide ameliorates diabetes‐induced functional and structural changes in both the kidneys and the peripheral nerves. It augments blood flow in a number of tissues, notably skeletal muscle, myocardium, skin and nerve. These effects are thought to be mediated via a stimulatory influence on Na+,K+‐ATPase and on endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Specific binding of C‐peptide to cell membranes of intact cells and to detergent‐solubilized cellular components has been demonstrated, indicating the existence of cell‐surface binding sites for C‐peptide. A number of intracellular responses are elicited by C‐peptide, including a rise in Ca2+ concentration and activation of MAP‐kinase signaling pathways. Many but not all of C‐peptide's intracellular effects can be inhibited by pertussis toxin, supporting the notion that C‐peptide may interact via a G‐protein‐coupled receptor. Additional data suggest that C‐peptide may interact synergistically also in the insulin signaling pathway. Combined, the available observations show conclusively that C‐peptide is biologically active, even though its molecular mechanism of action is not as yet fully understood. The possibility that replacement of C‐peptide in patients with type 1 diabetes may serve to retard or prevent the development of long‐term complications should be evaluated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International Migration and Economic Development: Lessons from Low-Income Countries

Contents: Part I: Introduction 1. The Context 2. The Determinants of Migration: Controls, Pressures and Outcomes Part II: Consequences for Economic Development in the Countries of Origin 3. Labor Market Responses to Emigration 4. Emigration of the Highly Skilled: Regimes, Costs and Responses 5. Reported and Informal Remittances: How Much? Who Sends? Who Benefits? 6. The Diaspora and Transnational Networks 7. Repeat and Return Migration: A Habit or 'There and Back Again' 8. Poverty, Inequality and the Social Impacts of Migration Part III: Conclusions: Policy Choices and the Political Economy of Migrations Regimes 9. Who Benefits from International Migration? Beyond Economic Development at Origin 10. Migration Regimes and Economic Development: Policy Implications References Index
Identification of key performance characteristics of elite Australian football umpires

This research aimed to present a hierarchy of key attributes for Australian football umpires. Elite Australian football umpires (n = 19) and their coaches (n = 5) participated in this study. A list of attributes necessary for sports officiating was obtained from past research and adapted specifically for Australian football umpires. Umpires were required to rate each attribute on a scale of 0–9 (least to most importance), and provide a justification of its importance to performance. A modified questionnaire was developed with attributes removed or added, according to the first survey round. This research identified two cognitive attributes: knowing the laws/interpretations and decision-making as the two highest rated attributes, respectively. Psychological attributes composure and concentration were rated highly by the umpires, ranked as number three and five, respectively. The game skill attribute of teamwork was rated as the fourth highest. Fitness was the only physical attribute to be rated in the most important category. Results highlight the importance of cognitive and psychological attributes to elite performance; however, participant feedback suggests that the integration of all attributes is critical. This knowledge establishes an understanding of the key attributes for expert performance, and this information could be used by coaches for the assessment and development of Australian football umpires.
A wideband radial substrate integrated power divider at K-band

A wideband 1:7 radial power divider for operation at K-band is proposed. The divider features a radial substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity enclosed in a multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) as well as microstrip matching structures and feed-lines on the top and bottom layers. The divider is designed using standard high-frequency substrate. Including the outer vias, the divider cavity has a diameter of about 7 mm. Thus a compact design is achieved. Measurement and simulation results are presented. The measured -10 dB reflection bandwidth of the divider is 9 GHz or 45% with a center frequency of 20 GHz.
Effect of hydroxychloroquine on the survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA L)

Objective: In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), hydroxychloroquine prevents disease flares and damage accrual and facilitates the response to mycophenolate mofetil in those with renal involvement. A study was undertaken to determine whether hydroxychloroquine also exerts a protective effect on survival. Methods: Patients with SLE from the multiethnic LUMINA (LUpus in MInorities: NAture vs nurture) cohort were studied. A case-control study was performed within the context of this cohort in which deceased patients (cases) were matched for disease duration (within 6 months) with alive patients (controls) in a proportion of 3:1. Survival was the outcome of interest. Propensity scores were derived by logistic regression to adjust for confounding by indication as patients with SLE with milder disease manifestations are more likely to be prescribed hydroxychloroquine. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the risk of death and hydroxychloroquine use with and without the propensity score as the adjustment variable. Results: There were 608 patients, of whom 61 had died (cases). Hydroxychloroquine had a protective effect on survival (OR 0.128 (95% CI 0.054 to 0.301 for hydroxychloroquine alone and OR 0.319 (95% CI 0.118 to 0.864) after adding the propensity score). As expected, the propensity score itself was also protective. Conclusions: Hydroxychloroquine, which overall is well tolerated by patients with SLE, has a protective effect on survival which is evident even after taking into consideration the factors associated with treatment decisions. This information is of importance to all clinicians involved in the care of patients with SLE.
Cyclomaltodextrinase, Neopullulanase, and Maltogenic Amylase Are Nearly Indistinguishable from Each Other*

Over 20 enzymes denoted as cyclomaltodextrinase, maltogenic amylase, or neopullulanase that share 40–86% sequence identity with each other are found in public data bases. These enzymes are distinguished from typical α-amylases by containing a novel N-terminal domain and exhibiting preferential substrate specificities for cyclomaltodextrins (CDs) over starch. In this research field, a great deal of confusion exists regarding the features distinguishing the three groups of enzymes from one another. Although a different enzyme code has been assigned to each of the three different enzyme names, even a single differentiating enzymatic property has not been documented in the literature. On the other hand, an outstanding question related to this issue concerns the structural basis for the preference of these enzymes for CDs. To clarify the confusion and to address this question, we have determined the structures of two enzymes, one from alkalophilicBacillus sp. I-5 and named cyclomaltodextrinase and the other from a Thermus species and named maltogenic amylase. The structure of the Bacillus enzyme reveals a dodecameric assembly composed of six copies of the dimer, which is the structural and functional unit of the Thermus enzyme and an enzyme named neopullulanase. The structure of theThermus enzyme in complex with β-CD led to the conclusion that Trp47, a well conserved N-terminal domain residue, contributes greatly to the preference for β-CD. The common dimer formation through the novel N-terminal domain, which contributes to the preference for CDs by lining the active-site cavity, convincingly indicates that the three groups of enzymes are not different enough to preserve the different names and enzyme codes.
Muscle length effect on corticospinal excitability during maximal concentric, isometric and eccentric contractions of the knee extensors

What is the central question of this study? Does sensory input from peripheral mechanoreceptors determine the specific neural control of eccentric contractions? How corticospinal excitability (i.e. muscle responses to motor cortex stimulation) is affected by muscle length has never been investigated during eccentric contractions. What is the main finding and its importance? Muscle length does not influence corticospinal excitability during concentric and isometric maximal contractions, but does during eccentric maximal contractions. This indicates that neural control in eccentric contractions differs from that in concentric and isometric contractions.
Socioeconomic and gender group differences in early literacy skills: a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis approach

Socioeconomic status and gender are important demographic variables that strongly relate to academic achievement. This study examined the early literacy skills differences between 4 sociodemographic groups, namely, boys ineligible for free or reduced-price lunch (FRL), girls ineligible for FRL, boys eligible for FRL, and girls eligible for FRL. Data on kindergarteners (N = 462) were analysed using multiple-group confirmatory factory analysis. Early literacy skill differences between boys and girls are more nuanced than previously reported; subsidy status and gender interact. Both boys and girls from high-poverty households performed significantly lower than the girls from low-poverty households in alphabet knowledge, phonological awareness, and spelling. There were gender gaps, with a female advantage, among children from high-poverty households in alphabet knowledge and spelling and among children from low-poverty households in alphabet knowledge. These results highlight the importance of employing methodologically sound techniques to ascertain group differences in componential early literacy skills.