Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SYMPATHETIC CRYSTALLIZATION OF TRAPPED IONS

We have created multispecies Coulomb crystals in a linear Paul trap containing up to a few hundred ions of which more than 50{percent} were cooled only sympathetically through the Coulomb interaction with laser-cooled Mg{sup +} ions. In an extreme case, one laser-cooled ion maintained order in a 15thinspthinspion string. Ion species segregation was obtained by radiation pressure. Previous experiments and molecular dynamics simulations suggest the temperature is 10thinspthinspmK or lower. These results indicate that a wide range of atomic and molecular ions can be cooled and localized in linear Paul traps which is important for improvements in spectroscopic studies of such ions. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Lossless coding of light field camera data captured with a micro-lens array and a color filter

This paper describes an efficient lossless coding scheme for Light Field Camera (LFC) data. To exploit correlations among color components, our scheme utilizes four kinds of linear predictors which correspond to a 2×2 pattern of the Bayer color filter array. Moreover, their combinations are adaptively switched according to local properties of the LFC data. In order to improve coding efficiency, in this paper, disposition of reference samples as well as partitioning patterns for the above adaptive prediction are investigated by considering structures of a micro-lens array and the color filter used in the LFC. Experimental results demonstrate that the average coding rate of the proposed scheme is about 26 % and 30 % lower than those of JPEG 2000 and JPEG-LS based schemes, respectively.
Prognosticating the humic complexation for redox sensitive actinides through analogy, using the charge neutralisation model

Abstract The complexation of redox sensitive elements by humic acid (HA), described through the charge neutralisation model (CNM), has been reviewed in order to have a comprehensive scope. The data acquired in HUMICS program on thorium(IV), and data available in the literature, were reinterpreted according to the CNM, and adapted to uranium(IV), neptunium(IV) and plutonium(IV) through analogy in order to draw a boundary prediction. Otherwise, available data obtained in the framework of the CNM were used, or adapted if necessary, for other redox states when the analogy is justified, i.e. Am3+-Cm3+ for Pu3+, NpO2+ for PuO2+ and UO22+ for PuO22+. The obtained speciation diagrams indicate that, when (HA)=100 mg/L, redox sensitive actinides should be reduced to their +IV state when Eh≤650 mV/SHE for plutonium, Eh≤100 mV/SHE for neptunium and Eh≤-20 mV/SHE for U. Plutonium could be present as mixtures of plutonium(III) and (IV) depending on the pH value in reducing ground waters -150 ≤ Eh (mV/SHE) ≤ 150. The known reduction of neptunium(V) to neptunium(IV) in Gorleben ground waters seems also well represented, so is the stability of uranium(VI) in humic solution when Eh≥ 100 mV/SHE. Conversely, the known association of plutonium(VI) in marine systems is not satisfactorily represented, so does is the uranium behaviour under reducing conditions. Experiments under well-controlled conditions are still needed to ascertain the plutonium and uranium comportment in the presence of humic acid.
CONDITIONAL EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES: EVIDENCE FROM GREEK CEREAL FARMS

The objective of this paper is to assess technical efficiency of cereal production in Greece in a nonparametric framework while accounting for a set of exogenous variables. To this end, we implement robust partial frontier techniques on a sample of cereal-producing farms included in the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). Moreover, we assess the partial impacts of the environmental variables using non parametric regression tools.
PREY REMAINS IN NESTS OF FOUR CORNERS GOLDEN EAGLES, 1998–2008

the Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is among the most studied of raptors (Watson 1997, kochert et al. 2002). the easiest way to monitor its diet during the breeding season has been to sample remains in active nests (collopy 1983). In western North america, Golden eagle nests contain remains primarily of leporids (rabbits and hares) and sciurids (ground squirrels) but also of many other species (Olendorff 1976, Palmer 1988, kochert et al. 2002). Published information for the southwestern U. S. is limited to prey collected from 41 nests in southeastern New Mexico and western texas in the 1960s (Mollhagen et al. 1972), nine nests in central arizona in 1985 (eakle and Grubb 1986), and time-lapse photography and prey collected at four nests over two years in the trans-Pecos region of texas (lockhart 1976). Mammals, mostly hares, rabbits, and sciurids, dominate these samples. From 1998 to 2008 we rappelled into 182 active Golden eagle nests in 90 territories in northeastern arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico, visiting each territory one to five times for a total of 191 nest checks. the primary reason for these May and June visits was to band nestlings at an age of 4 to 6 weeks. the nests studied from 1998 to 2001 were distributed throughout the 65,000-km2 Navajo Nation; those studied from 2003 to 2008 were in the much smaller 3550-km2 Jicarilla Nation. all nests were on rock substrates (cliffs and buttes) within a variety of habitats ranging from nearly barren deserts at 1250 m elevation near the colorado river in arizona to rugged mesas and 2500-m mountains of the Navajo Nation, woodlands and forests near the continental divide, and the 2500-m mountains of the Jicarilla Nation in New Mexico. Great Basin desert scrub and desert grasslands dominate the lower desert habitats, while ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests cover the mountainous areas; woodlands of pinyon pine (P. edulis) and juniper (Juniperus spp.) and flats with sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata, A. frigida) occupy the middle elevations (Brown 1982). While habitats varied, all nests were within the colorado Plateau ecoregion. We did not census populations of prey, but lagomorphs were generally widespread and sometimes abundant, and ground squirrels and Gunnison’s prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) were locally common. large avian prey was lacking throughout the region, except for waterfowl at mountain lakes and Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in montane forests and openings. During visits to nests we documented 660 prey items of 24 species (table 1). We enumerated all species as the minimum number based on full bodies or counting of NOteS
Deep learning on C ∞ Manifolds

The intention of this note is to explain what it means to “train a machine learning model” to a mathematical audience. As a by-product we give a description of “training/backprop/gradient descent” in the category of smooth manifolds. I also explain briefly how going beyond the category of vector spaces can lead to novel classes of neural networks. Introduction Existing machine learning literature is not very accessible to people coming from a geometry/topology background. We explain in this note the perspective that machine learning problems are fascinating problems about flows on moduli spaces of maps. Outline Section 1 describes the program of “machine learning” in general. Section 2 gives a construction which is a geometric formalization of “back propagation”. Section 3 discusses neural networks and how our construction applies. The final section describes a simple example of how this framework allows one to do deep learning without linear maps. Acknowledgements This note is a version of what I circulated for the past year to explain what I’ve been working on to some of my colleagues in math/physics, I thank them for comments and discussion. In particular I thank Raouf Dridi for comments on this draft for spending time years ago to convince me that there are interesting geometry problems in machine learning. 1 Machine Learning as Variation Problem I’m going to explain the central problem in machine learning. For the remainder of this we stay in the category of smooth manifolds. Let X,Y be smooth manifolds. We’re given a finite set of points D ⊂ X × Y, |D| ≡ N ∈ N and we want to find a function f : X → Y that “approximates” D. In the sense that, ideally, we want this to commute
Survivability of synchronous generator-based distributed energy resources for transient overload conditions in a microgrid

The synchronous generator-based distributed energy resource (DER) is widely used nowadays due to its low cost and simple controls. However, the requirements for power delivery in a microgrid can be stringent due to the harsh demands. Frequent overloads can occur during the microgrid transition between grid-connection and islanded operation. Therefore, it is very important to have a clear understanding on the survivability of a synchronous generator-based DER for transient overload conditions. Recently, experimental tests on survivability of the DER were carried out in the Consortium of Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) Microgrid Testbed at American Electric Power. In this paper, an in-depth analysis of the synchronous generator-based DER operation during transient overload conditions is presented. The key relationships governing the system dynamic behavior are investigated to design the load shedding scheme for survivability of the synchronous generator-based DER. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed load shedding methods.
Low-Level Radiation Improvement of Health and Therapy of Cancer

INTRODUCTION Observations of mice, rats, and human clinical trials demonstrate the efficacy of low-dose radiation immunotherapy. The immune system is an essential component of effective antimutagenic control of the enormous burden of relentless metabolic DNA alterations produced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) leaked from mitochondria. Our modeling of the human antimutagenic biosystem includes antioxidant prevention, enzymatic repair of DNA alterations and removal of persistent DNA alterations by apoptosis and the immune system that reduce DNA damage from ~10 DNA alterations/cell/d to ~1 “mutation”/cell/d. In comparison, only ~5x10 DNA alterations/cell/d and ~10 “mutations”/cell/d are produced by 0.1 cGy/y background low LET radiation (Figure 1). The accumulation of gene mutations with aging gradually impairs DNA damage-control. This in turn increases the rate of accumulation that is associated with increased risk of cancer with the 3 to the 5 power of age. Death from cancer at an early age is usually the result of severe genetic impairment of DNA damagecontrol. Similarly, high-dose, high dose rate radiation also increases the risk of cancer by exceeding the homeostatic capacity of the antimutagenic system.
Inhibition of cdc 2 Activation by INH / PP 2 A

INH, a type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A), negatively regulates entry into M phase and the cyclin B-dependent activation of cdc2 in Xenopus extracts. INH appears to be central to the mechanism of the trigger for mitotic initiation, as it prevents the premature activation of cdc2. We first show that INH is a conventional form of PP2A with a Ba regulatory subunit. We next explore the mechanism by which it inhibits cdc2 activation by examining the effect of purified PP2A on the reaction pathways controlling cdc2 activity. Our results suggest that although PP2A inhibits the switch in tyrosine kinase and tyrosine phosphatase activities accompanying mitosis, this switch is a consequence of the inhibition of some other rate-limiting event. In the preactivation phase, PP2A inhibits the pathway leading to T161 phosphorylation, suggesting that this activity may be one of the rate-limiting events for transition. However, our results also suggest that the accumulation of active cdc2/cyclin complexes during the lag is only one of the events required for triggering entry into mitosis.
Epigenetic correlates of plant phenotypic plasticity: DNA methylation differs between prickly and nonprickly leaves in heterophyllous Ilex aquifolium (Aquifoliaceae) trees

Phenotypic plasticity is central to the persistence of populations and a key element in the evolution of species and ecological interactions, but its mechanistic basis is poorly understood. This article examines the hypothesis that epigenetic variation caused by changes in DNA methylation are related to phenotypic plasticity in a heterophyllous tree producing two contrasting leaf types. The relationship between mammalian browsing and the production of prickly leaves was studied in a population of Ilex aquifolium (Aquifoliaceae). DNA methylation profiles of contiguous prickly and nonprickly leaves on heterophyllous branchlets were compared using a methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) method. Browsing and the production of prickly leaves were correlated across trees. Within heterophyllous branchlets, pairs of contiguous prickly and nonprickly leaves differed in genome-wide DNA methylation. The mean per-marker probability of methylation declined significantly from nonprickly to prickly leaves. Methylation differences between leaf types did not occur randomly across the genome, but affected predominantly certain specific markers. The results of this study, although correlative in nature, support the emerging three-way link between herbivory, phenotypic plasticity and epigenetic changes in plants, and also contribute to the crystallization of the consensus that epigenetic variation can complement genetic variation as a source of phenotypic variation in natural plant populations. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London
A 2.8-W Q-Band High-Efficiency Power Amplifier

A highly efficient and high-power monolithic power amplifier operating at Q-band is presented utilizing 0.15-mum pseudomorphic InGaAs/GaAs HEMT production process on 2-mil-thick substrate. Over 42-46 GHz frequency range, the amplifier demonstrated maximum power of 2.8 W (34.5 dBm) and power-added efficiency (PAE) of 23% to 26% when operated at 5 V and 250 mA/mm. The amplifier attained maximum PAE of 24% to 29% and power of 33.6-34 dBm when biased at 5 V and 125 mA/mm. At these power levels and PAEs, the amplifier exhibited power densities in excess of 430 mW/mm. With device periphery ratio of 1:2.857, effective phase compensation of the input feed network, and low-loss output-combining network, the power amplifier has been able to attain state-of-the-art efficiency and power performance
The sense and availability of industry standards of indebtedness for businesses in the Czech republic

The aim of this article was to reveal attitude of businesses in the Czech Republic towards capital structure optimization and the use of industry standards as benchmarks for their level of leverage. Despite several decades of capital structure theories development and refinement, none of the theories indicating how managers should act seem to be ready to determine the definite ratio of debt and equity used in corporate capital structure yet. The use of debt offers a company both pluses by creating more investment opportunities, and minuses associated with the higher risk for investors. Most capital structure models assume vigorous approach of companies towards capital structure optimization. Companies may, however, exert rather a passive approach towards their capital structure. The questionnaire survey indicated that majority of respondents had no target value of the debt ratio. This contribution was focused on the sense and availability of sectoral recommendations concerning corporate indebtedness that might serve as a useful benchmark for companies. By comparing financial ratios to other businesses in the same industry, it is possible to make judgements about a company’s basic financial health. The sense of the use of industry standards for the debt ratio is that the ratio appropriate for other firms in a similar branch should be appropriate for the company as well. Availability of industry standards in countries with highly developed capital markets is extensive. Availability and accessibility of industry standards for companies in the Czech Republic proofed to be requiring more effort and knowledge. The questionnaire survey indicated that most respondents don't use industry standards for the debt ratio as they have no interest in comparison with the indebtedness in the sector. However, there was a noticeable group of respondents which stated that they don’t use any industry standards for indebtedness at present, but they would appreciate if such standards were more accessible.
Does Pioglitazone Increase the Risk of Bladder Cancer in Japanese Diabetic Patients

Objective: To investigate the risk of bladder cancer with pioglitazone, the data of diabetic patients treated at Teikyo Chiba Medical Center were analyzed retrospectively. Methods: From February 2009 to October 2011, 720 patients were treated with pioglitazone, and 742 patients were not treated with pioglitazone at Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center. The numbers of newly diagnosed bladder cancers from February 2009 to December 2013 in these patients and the occurrence of bladder cancer among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were identified. The duration of diabetes, sex, age, smoking, and medication for diabetes were obtained from the medical records. The occurrence of bladder cancer was defined as incident cases after the initiation of pioglitazone. Statistical significance was analyzed by Fisher’s exact test. Results: About 2% of diabetic patients had bladder cancer. The incidence of bladder cancer was not different between the pioglitazone group (15/720, 2.0%) and the no pioglitazone group (14/742, 1.9%). No oral diabetes medication was related to the risk of bladder cancer. However, use of insulin was significantly related to bladder cancer risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–6.84; p=0.0246), and sex was also significantly related to bladder cancer (HR: 6.001; 95% CI: 1.397–43.06; p=0.0137). The duration of diabetes and smoking were not associated with bladder cancer risk. Conclusion: In this study, use of pioglitazone was not related to bladder cancer risk, while use of insulin was related
Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite Rhythmic Gymnasts

El objetivo principal de este estudio fue identificar las caracteristicas morfologicas para determinar la tendencia de la estructura fisica, las diferencias y similitudes de acuerdo con las categorias basadas en la edad de la Seleccion Chilena de Gimnasia Ritmica. Se realizo un analisis antropometrico de 60 gimnastas, fraccionado por categorias: preescolares y escolares (n = 11), junior (n = 28) y senior (n = 21). El analisis antropometrico se determino en base al estudio de la composicion corporal, a traves del metodo de fraccionamiento pentacompartimental (Kerr), del somatotipo (Heath & Carter) y el indice de masa corporal (Quetelet). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre los ninos preescolares y escolares y las categorias superiores (junior y senior) en las variables antropometricas generales de masa corporal, altura e IMC. En cuanto a la composicion corporal, solo encontramos diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de masa muscular entre los preescolares y escolares, cuando se comparan con las otras dos categorias. En el estudio del somatotipo, la prevalencia de la categorizacion ectomorfica solamente se encontro en los ninos preescolares y escolares (meso-ectomorfo), mientras que en la categoria junior se observo un somatotipo mesomorfo-ectomorfo y un tipo central en la categoria senior. En conclusion, la morfologia de los seleccionados de gimnasia ritmica chilena depende de la categoria, como se observa en las caracteristicas antropometricas, relacionados con la composicion corporal y el somatotipo. Por lo tanto, este factor no es util para establecer una tendencia clara en la estructura morfologica para este deporte a nivel nacional.
Effect of Maternal Anaemia on APGAR Score of Newborn

Background: To study the effect of maternal anaemia on APGAR score of newborn and to compare it with that of non-anaemic mothers. Methods: In this cross sectional study 100 subjects were divided into two groups; each containing 50 subjects on the basis of consecutive non probability sampling . Group A included 50 anaemic pregnant women (haemoglobin < 11.0 g/dl) and group B 50 non-anaemic(haemoglobin >11.0 g/dl) pregnant women. In APGAR scoring five factors (which Apgar stands for) were used to calculate the baby’s condition and each scored on a scale of 0 to 2, with 2 being the best score.A baby who scored 8 or above was considered in good health and a score of less than 8 was considered low. Data was compared using t-test at a confidence level of 95%. Frequencies were calculated for categorical data. These were compared using chi-square test, and p<0.05 was statistically significant. Results: Difference between the two groups was found to be statistically very significant (p<0.003)in this variable also, as 16 out of 50 babies delivered to mothers in the anemic group showed a low APGAR at one minute as against 04 out of 50 in the babies delivered to the mothers in the non anemic group . Difference between the two groups was found to be statistically significant (p<0.012) . Twelve out of 50 babies delivered to mothers in the anemic group in our study showed a low APGAR at five minutes as against 03 out of 50 in the babies delivered to the mothers in the non anemic group.The number of anemic mothers who showed a low APGAR score of their infants were more at both one (32%) and five minutes (24%) as compared to the non anemic group (08% and 06% respectively), with a statistically highly significant difference of these two variables (p<0.003 and p<0.01 respectively) between the two groups. Conclusion: There was a linear relationship of maternal anaemia in pregnancy with greater probability of low APGAR score at one and five
Large-scale phylogenetic analysis of Amorphophallus (Araceae) derived from nuclear and plastid sequences reveals new subgeneric delineation.

Remarkably little is known about the evolution of the emblematic genus Amorphophallus. To shed new light on phylogenetic relationships between species of Amorphophallus and test its current classification, the first well-sampled molecular phylogenetic analysis is presented here, comprising 157 species for which we generate nuclear (ITS1) and plastid (rbcL and matK) sequences. Our combined plastid and nuclear maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences provide a solid backbone for subgeneric delineation in supporting the existence of four major clades. These latter clades are here formally recognized as subgenera (two of which are new): Amorphophallus, Metandrium, Scutandrium and Afrophallus. Each subgenus is discussed based on selected morphological features and additional traits (e.g. distribution). Finally, our results strongly support the inclusion of the genus Pseudodracontium in Amorphophallus and the required taxonomic changes are proposed here. In addition to clarifying species relationships in Amorphophallus and proposing a new infrageneric classification, this study provides a baseline for researchers working on the evolution and biogeography of Araceae and more broadly on the tropical flora, especially in Southeast Asia.