Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trading Preferentially: Theory and Policy

The best kind of economic theory has almost always reflected policy concerns, while informing policy in turn. This is particularly so when it comes to the theory of international trade, going back to Adam Smith's discovery of the demerits of mercantilism and his invention of economic science, both in The Wealth of Nations. The theory of preferential trading is no exception. The original burst of creative theorising about Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs), associated with what Bhagwati (1991) has called the First Regionalism', is well known to have come from Jacob Viner's (1950) work on what he called the 'customs union issue' and was a result of his having been commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment to examine the appropriate design of the world trading system with the end of the Second World War. In turn, the impending formation of the Common Market, leading to the Treaty of Rome in 1957, played a role in the further development of the theory at the hands of James Meade (1955), Richard Lipsey (1958) and others.2 The recent burst of theorising about PTAs is also a reflection of the new policy questions raised by the fact that the United States abandoned in the early 1980s its policy of avoiding PTAs, even though sanctioned by Article 24 of the GATT, and concentrating exclusively on multilateral trade negotiations
Do We Understand Life after Genocide? Center and Periphery in the Construction of Knowledge in Postgenocide Rwanda

Abstract: Do we really understand life after genocide? A reflection on the construction of knowledge in and on Rwanda reveals that it is rife with contradictory assertions and images, and that there is a discrepancy between image and reality. This article attempts to map the center(s) of knowledge construction in postgenocide Rwanda, the place not only where policy is made, but also where knowledge is actively construed, managed, and controlled. It argues that an overall cultivation of the aesthetics of progress and a culturally specific communication code have contributed to an active interference in the scientific construction of knowledge. It stresses the need for scholars and observers to reveal the social and historical context for the knowledge being generated. It also urges them to physically and mentally move away from the center of society: to adopt a bottom-up perspective that captures the voices of ordinary people.
Pé em risco aumentado de ulceração em doentes com diabetes Mellitus tipo 2

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of foot at increased risk of ulceration in diabetic patients in a Primary Health Care population according to the classification system of the IWGDF. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical observational. Location: Three Primary Care Centres (PCC) in Matosinhos, Portugal. Population: Patients with type 2 diabetes, holders of the Diabetic Guide and residents in Portugal. Methods:A total of 237 participants were obtained through simple random sampling technique with reposition. The data were obtained through interviews, objective examination and analysis of processes. Demographic data was collected as well as Body Mass Index, diabetes duration and glycaemic control. The presence of peripheral neuropathy and vasculopathy was assessed in order to classify patients according to the classification system of the IWGDF. Results: Among the 237 participants, 46% were male, averaging 63 years. The prevalence of foot at increased risk of ulceration was 18.1% and it was found an association with the condition retirement. Conclusions: This study showed that the prevalence of diabetic patients with foot at increased risk of ulceration in Primary Health Care is significant, highlighting the need for early detection of changes in the foot and investment in the education of diabetics on feet care.
INTERVENTION TO REDUCE SEDENTARY TIME AND IMPROVE CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK FACTORS AMONG SEDENTARY EMPLOYEES

Background: More than half of the US adult population is sedentary and this type of behavior is known to increase an individual's risk for overweight/obesity hypertension cardiovascular disease stroke type 2 diabetes mellitus anxiety and depression. Few interventions have been conducted with the purpose of reducing sedentary time to improve cardiometabolic risk factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the worksite intervention program Pedal@Work in reducing daily sedentary time and improving risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. Methods: Forty sedentary overweight/obese adults (21-65 years) working a minimum of 35 hours per week were recruited to participate in a 12 week intervention. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention (N=23; 42.6 years; 86.9% females) or wait-list control (N=17; 47.6 years; 94.1% females) group. Sedentary time was measured objectively over seven days with a StepWatch activity monitor. Cardiometabolic risk factor measures included resting heart rate blood pressure height weight body mass index waist circumference percent body fat estimated cardiorespiratory fitness and fasting blood lipids. All measures were collected at baseline and 12 weeks. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test group and time differences in cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: The intervention group significantly reduced daily minutes of sedentary time (P<0.01) and percent daily time spent sedentary (P=0.03) compared to the control group from baseline to 12 weeks. The intervention group also significantly increased percent daily time spent in moderate intensity activity (P=0.04) compared to the control group. There was a significant group x time interaction for waist circumference (P=0.03). No changes were observed for any other cardiometabolic risk factors. Conclusion: The results from this study suggest the intervention group significantly reduced their sedentary time and improved their waist circumference compared to baseline and compared to their control counterparts. These findings are important considering the increasing number of sedentary occupations and the rising prevalence of obesity in the U.S.
Reconstructing volcanic plume evolution integrating satellite and ground-based data: application to the 23 November 2013 Etna eruption

Abstract. Recent explosive volcanic eruptions recorded worldwide (e.g. Hekla in 2000, Eyjafjallajokull in 2010, Cordon-Caulle in 2011) demonstrated the necessity for a better assessment of the eruption source parameters (ESPs; e.g. column height, mass eruption rate, eruption duration, and total grain-size distribution – TGSD) to reduce the uncertainties associated with the far-travelling airborne ash mass. Volcanological studies started to integrate observations to use more realistic numerical inputs, crucial for taking robust volcanic risk mitigation actions. On 23 November 2013, Etna (Italy) erupted, producing a 10 km height plume, from which two volcanic clouds were observed at different altitudes from satellites (SEVIRI, MODIS). One was retrieved as mainly composed of very fine ash (i.e. PM20), and the second one as made of ice/SO2 droplets (i.e. not measurable in terms of ash mass). An atypical north-easterly wind direction transported the tephra from Etna towards the Calabria and Apulia regions (southern Italy), permitting tephra sampling in proximal (i.e. ∼ 5–25 km from the source) and medial areas (i.e. the Calabria region, ∼ 160 km). A primary TGSD was derived from the field measurement analysis, but the paucity of data (especially related to the fine ash fraction) prevented it from being entirely representative of the initial magma fragmentation. To better constrain the TGSD assessment, we also estimated the distribution from the X-band weather radar data. We integrated the field and radar-derived TGSDs by inverting the relative weighting averages to best fit the tephra loading measurements. The resulting TGSD is used as input for the FALL3D tephra dispersal model to reconstruct the whole tephra loading. Furthermore, we empirically modified the integrated TGSD by enriching the PM20 classes until the numerical results were able to reproduce the airborne ash mass retrieved from satellite data. The resulting TGSD is inverted by best-fitting the field, ground-based, and satellite-based measurements. The results indicate a total erupted mass of 1.2 × 109 kg, being similar to the field-derived value of 1.3 × 109 kg, and an initial PM20 fraction between 3.6 and 9.0 wt %, constituting the tail of the TGSD.
Cannibalism, among Other Solutions of Adaption, in Habitats Where Food Is Not Available for Salamandra infraimmaculata Larvae Diet in Breeding Places in Xeric Habitats

The present study examines the inherent flexibility in the feeding responses of S. infraimmaculata larvae to various breeding places. In addition, the study examines the hypothesis that in dry conditions, the water breeding places are the limiting factor for the survival and completion of the life cycle of populations of S. infraimmaculata. In the breeding sites, the food for larvae is not available, and cannibalism is the specific adaptation for larvae to grow and complete metamorphosis. S. infraimmaculata larvae feed on various invertebrates in different habitats, and cannibalism involves the adaptation to breeding places where food is not available. The growth only by cannibalism as the only way to adapt to these habitats because no food is found in breeding places at the southern border of its distribution is described here for the first time, not only in salamanders but in other animals as well.
A Peek into What Today's Language Learners as Researchers Actually Do

Language learners today have a much wider choice of reference materials than in the past. In addition to dictionaries, grammar books and encyclopaedias, nowadays it is also possible for students to look things up on the Internet, in term banks and in corpora. Much of the literature on the pedagogical value of these resources focuses on what each of them can achieve separately. However, little has been said about how learners as researchers actually cope with all of it together. Modelling itself on Varantola's (1998) analysis of how translators use dictionaries, the aim of this study was to find out more about how a group of advanced learners of English were grappling with the use of paper references and new technology together. The results indicate that while there was no clear competition between paper and digital references, there was a marked preference for bilingual over monolingual support, for materials mediated by terminologists and lexicographers over ones requiring more autonomous user interpretation, and for more prestigious over lesser-known resources. The study also made it clear that more resources does not necessarily mean better research, and that in addition to training learners to use separate resources, it is essential to teach them how to integrate their skills at using them together, particularly with respect to combining bilingual with monolingual research.
Prevalence of emotional disorders among medical students in a Malaysian university

Background : Emotional disorder, one of the common human emotional states is defined as feelings of sadness and tiredness in response to life events, such as disappointments. It is one of the major problems among students and although it consists of more than half of all mental disorders, it is often left untreated each year worldwide. Aim : To determine the prevalence of emotional disorders among medical students at a university in Malaysia. Methods : A cross sectional study design was used. All medical students at a local university in Malaysia were included in the study. A questionnaire similar to the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used as a screening instrument. Results : A total of 41.9% of the medical students were found to have emotional disorders. Factors found to have a significant association with emotional disorders were relationship of the respondents with their parents ( c 2 = 6.02, d.f. = 1, p < 0.05), siblings ( c 2 = 6.94, d.f. = 1, p < 0.05) and lecturers ( c 2 = 4.80, d.f. = 1, p < 0.05), as well as pressure prior to exams ( c 2 = 10.30, d.f. = 1, p < 0.05). Conclusion : The prevalence of emotional disorders among medical students was high. There was significant association between emotional disorders and respondents’ relationship with their parents, siblings and lecturers, as well as level of pressure prior to exam. Early detection of this condition is important to prevent psychological morbidity and its unwanted effects on medical students and young doctors. „ 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia and Wonca
Investigating the sensitivity of observed spectral energy distributions to clumpy torus properties in Seyfert galaxies

This research was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (PIEF-GA-2012-327934). CRA acknowledges financial support from the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through project PN AYA2010-21887-C04.04 (Estallidos). AAH acknowledges support from the Spanish Plan Nacional de Astronom´ia y Astrofisica under grant AYA2009-05705-E and from the Augusto G. Linares Program through the Universidad de Cantabria. OGM and JMRE acknowledge support from the Spanish MICINN through the grant AYA2012-39168-C03-01.AAR acknowledges financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through projects AYA2010–18029 (Solar Magnetism and Astrophysical Spectropolarimetry) and Consolider-Ingenio 2010 CSD2009-00038. AAR also acknowledges financial support through the Ramon y Cajal fellowships. CP acknowledges support from NSF-0904421.
An autoradiographic study of the distribution of the vagus nerve in the wall of the ferret stomach

In this study, the normal distribution of the dorsal and ventral vagal trunks in the wall of the stomach of the ferret was investigated by the method of partial acute vagotomy and analyzed by light autoradiography. The dorsal trunk is distributed to the dorsal surface of the body and both surfaces of the pylorus. The ventral trunk reaches principally to the body of the ventral surface of the stomach. Three months after partial vagotomy, tritiated leucine was injected into the vagal dorsal motor nucleus to map any anatomical changes in the gastric distribution of each abdominal vagal trunk.
Color: The Secret Influence

1. The Color Connection. 2. Color: Pigment and Light. 3. Color Myths and Biases. 4. Color and Health. 5. Color and Psychology. 6. Color in Interiors. 7. Color in Architecture and Landscape Design. 8. Color in Advertising and Marketing. 9. Color in Fashion and Textile Design. 10. Color in Culture and Society. 11. Color Order Systems. 12. Color: Pushing the Envelope. Index. Workbook.
Quasi-two-day wave in an unstable summer atmosphere - some numerical results on excitation and propagation

Abstract. Based on numerical calculations we demonstrate that small changes in the smooth climatological background atmosphere may lead to an unstable mean zonal wind distribution in the summer middle atmosphere. We relate these changes to small ones because locations and power of the main circulation structures are conserved, except for the acceleration of the easterly jet in the stratosphere/mesosphere. The instability forces oscillations propagating westward with a period of about 2 days and zonal wave numbers s=3 and/or 4. There are variations in the mean zonal wind distribution due to the excitation and transient propagation of these waves, and the numerical results correspond to features of these variations observed in experimental studies. The growing waves tend to remove the source of excitation. This process is effective enough to reduce the strong easterly jet and to remove the strong negative gradient of the zonal mean potential vorticity in the region of the instability. Therefore, when these parameters are calculated as mean values over a long time interval, the obtained values are too small to provide the instability. Strong 2-day waves, in turn, are unstable and can generate secondary waves with longer periods and lower zonal wave numbers. This effect is only significant for extremely strong 2-day waves. Another process is found to be more effective to produce secondary waves. We demonstrated that the 2-day wave with s=3 forced by nonlinear interaction between the 10-14 day planetary waves and the 2-day wave of zonal wave number 4 is unstable. This wave instability generates secondary waves with amplitudes that are large enough to be observed by ground-based radars, for example.
A model-based viewpoint determination method for multiple object 3-D motion estimation

A model-based viewpoint determination method is developed to estimate multiple object 3-D motion from an image sequence. Unlike other 3-D motion estimation methods, the motion is not calculated from optical flow or image feature displacement between image frames. Instead, object 3-D positions and orientations are obtained by determining object viewpoints for each image frame. There are two stages in the viewpoint determination. First, the relational structures in an edge line image are matched with the relational structures in 2-D projections of 3-D model lines to select an object model from the model library. In the second stage, the selected object model is verified using a viewpoint consistence constraint. An application of this method to real-world image sequences is shown. <<ETX>>
Isolation of a potential antifungal Bacillus subtilis 37-JM07 strain from straw and its biocontrol efficacy to combat green mold diseaseof commercial mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus

Nine Bacillus strains were isolated from straw used in composting for mushroom cultivation and studied for their antifungal potential. The isolate 37-JM07 showed growth inhibition of all five phytopathogenic fungi used in spot inoculation method and it was identified as Bacillus subtillis. In vitro antagonism assay using single streak and double streak methods of dual culture technique has revealed the immense potential of the B. subtilis 37-JM07 with broad spectrum antifungal activity against 12 phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, the isolate 37- JM07 also could inhibit two gram positive bacteria in some extent. Cell free culture supernatant without concentration failed to suppress the growth of any fungi tested. In vivo field experiment resulted in 100% elimination of incidence of green mold disease in mushroom cultivation caused by Trichoderma harzianum due to treatment with B. subtilis 37-JM07. Moreover, about a 30% increase of mushroom yield over uninoculated control was also contributed by this potential Bacillus biocontrol agent.
Effect of pig dung fertilizer on zooplankton production

Objectives: To test the effect of pig dung fertilizer on zooplankton production in research station on wetlands at the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin. Methodology and Results: The fertilization was carried out using pig dung inside treatment T 1 buckets, whereas the control medium (T 0) was not fertilized. The medium was seeded with phytoplankton. Each bucket was seeded with zooplankton with initial density of 52 individual/l. The zooplankton density evolution was followed through sampling every seven days from the seeding. The trophic and physico-chemical parameters were recorded. The pig dung utilization improved the chemical properties of the medium water. That fertilization had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on plankton production. Thus, the fertilized media offered the best phytoplankton biomass and the best zooplankton maximum density of 1071 individual/l. Conclusions and application of findings: The zooplankton production is realizable with pig dung. The dynamic of zooplankton population, points out copepods dominance which are rotifers and cladocerans predators. Key-words : pig dung, fertilization, zooplankton production.
Spontaneous succession in limestone quarries as an effective restoration tool for endangered arthropods and plants

Summary 1. The view of post-mining sites is rapidly changing among ecologists and conservationists, as sensitive restoration using spontaneous succession may turn such sites into biodiversity refuges in human-exploited regions. However, technical reclamation, consisting of covering the sites by topsoil, sowing fast-growing herb mixtures and planting trees, is still commonly adopted. Until now, no multi-taxa study has compared technically reclaimed sites and sites left with spontaneous succession. 2. We sampled communities of vascular plants and 10 arthropod groups in technically reclaimed and spontaneously restored plots in limestone quarries in the Bohemian Karst, Czech Republic. For comparison, we used paired t-tests and multivariate methods, emphasizing red-list status and habitat specialization of individual species. 3. We recorded 692 species of target taxa, with a high proportion of red-listed (10%) and xeric specialist (14%) species, corroborating the great conservation potential of the quarries. 4. Spontaneously restored post-mining sites did not differ in species richness from the technical reclaimed sites but they supported more rare species. The microhabitat cover of leaf litter, herbs and moss, were all directly influenced by the addition of topsoil during reclamation. 5.Synthesis and applications. Our results show that the high conservation potential of limestone quarries could be realized by allowing succession to progress spontaneously with minimal intervention. Given the threat to semi-natural sparsely vegetated habitats in many regions, active restoration measures at post-mining sites should be limited to maintenance of early successional stages, instead of acceleration of succession.
Chapter 3. Housing Older Canadians

ABSTRACT Reflecting a world-wide trend toward avoidance of institutionahzation and the fostering of aging in place in the community, a range of housing alternatives has been developed for older persons in Canada. This paper examines: (1) current patterns of housing and living arrangements of older Canadians; (2) philosophies that have dominated policy and production of housing for seniors for the last 30 years; and (3) seniors' preferences and utilization rates of various options. Data sources include the 1991 census and two cross-Canada studies, one urban and one rural, in which seniors were asked about their housing and related support service needs, usage patterns and preferences. The paper concludes with a discussion of emerging trends blending shelter and services and of policy gaps that need to be addressed in meeting the future housing needs of older Canadians.