Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlates of pain in an in-treatment sample of opioid-dependent people.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS The limited literature on pain in opioid-treatment samples indicates that it is highly prevalent. Understanding the implications of pain on treatment outcomes is important, particularly in light of ageing opioid-treatment cohorts. This study explores correlates of pain, including aberrant behaviours related to prescribed opioids. Our hypothesis is that pain may increase aberrant opioid-related behaviours, including illicit substance use, among opioid-dependent people. DESIGN AND METHODS We examined pain in methadone or buprenorphine patients (n = 141) from three treatment services. Measures included basic demographics, Brief Pain Inventory, general mental health, physical health and quality of life measures, pain history and treatments, and an aberrant opioid-related behaviour scale. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine correlates of pain. RESULTS Forty percent reported current pain, measured with the first question of the Brief Pain Inventory. Correlates of pain were depression ratings [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 4.83], anxiety ratings (adjusted OR 4.29, 95% CI 1.88, 9.80) and self-reported health ratings (adjusted OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.16, 0.76). Contrary to our hypothesis, pain was not associated with greater use of illicit opioids, nor any aberrant opioid-related behaviours. Pain was comparable among methadone and buprenorphine patients. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The lack of association with pain and aberrant behaviours suggest that it should not be assumed that those in opioid treatment misuse medications in response to pain. The high prevalence of depression/anxiety symptoms indicates a need for further work with larger samples to explore pain and co-morbidity among opioid-dependent people.
Lessons from the CAGI‐4 Hopkins clinical panel challenge

The CAGI‐4 Hopkins clinical panel challenge was an attempt to assess state‐of‐the‐art methods for clinical phenotype prediction from DNA sequence. Participants were provided with exonic sequences of 83 genes for 106 patients from the Johns Hopkins DNA Diagnostic Laboratory. Five groups participated in the challenge, predicting both the probability that each patient had each of the 14 possible classes of disease, as well as one or more causal variants. In cases where the Hopkins laboratory reported a variant, at least one predictor correctly identified the disease class in 36 of the 43 patients (84%). Even in cases where the Hopkins laboratory did not find a variant, at least one predictor correctly identified the class in 39 of the 63 patients (62%). Each prediction group correctly diagnosed at least one patient that was not successfully diagnosed by any other group. We discuss the causal variant predictions by different groups and their implications for further development of methods to assess variants of unknown significance. Our results suggest that clinically relevant variants may be missed when physicians order small panels targeted on a specific phenotype. We also quantify the false‐positive rate of DNA‐guided analysis in the absence of prior phenotypic indication.
Optimum culture conditions required for the locally isolated Dunaliella salina

Bloom of Dunaliella salina was observed naturally in stagnant puddles of water off Kuwait's Bubiyan Island on 4 July 2004. In order to closely monitor this bloom, alga were collected and maintained as pure culture of the locally isolated D. salina. Set of experiments was conducted to study and evaluate the optimum culture conditions required for two samples of D. salina (one locally isolated and the other sample brought from Perth, Australia) to achieve the highest growth performance.
Simultaneous acquisition of high-contrast and quantitative liver T1 images using 3D phase-sensitive inversion recovery: a feasibility study

Background Tumor-to-liver contrast is low in images of chronically diseased livers because gadolinium-based hepatocyte-specific contrast agents (Gd-EOB-DTPA) accumulate less to hepatocytes. Purpose To determine whether phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) could improve the T1 contrasts of Gd-based contrast agents and liver parenchyma and simultaneously provide accurate T1 values for abdominal organs. Material and Methods The image contrasts of phantoms with different Gd concentrations that were obtained using PSIR were compared to conventional turbo field echo (TFE) results. T1 value was estimated using PSIR by performing iterations to investigate the two IR magnetization evolutions. The estimated T1 values were validated using IR-spin echo (IR-SE) and Look-Locker (L-L) sequences. In an in vivo study, the liver-to-spleen and liver-to-muscle contrasts of the PSIR and TFE images of seven volunteers were compared, as were the T1 values of liver parenchyma, spleen, and muscle obtained using PSIR and L-L sequences. Results The PSIR images showed T1 contrasts higher than those in the TFE results. The PSIR and IR-SE T1 values were linearly correlated. Additionally, the R1 estimated using PSIR were correlated with those measured using IR-SE and L-L. In the in vivo study, the liver-to-spleen and liver-to-muscle contrasts of PSIR were significantly higher than those obtained using TFE. T1 values of abdominal organs obtained using PSIR and L-L were clearly correlated. Conclusion PSIR may be capable of improving liver image T1 contrasts when Gd-based contrast agents are employed and simultaneously yielding accurate T1 values of abdominal organs.
Single‐channel properties of BK‐type calcium‐activated potassium channels at a cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminal

1 A high‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium channel (BK KCa) was characterized at a cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminal using the calyx synapse isolated from the chick ciliary ganglion. 2 The channel had a conductance of 210 pS in a 150 mM:150 mM K+ gradient, was highly selective for K+ over Na+, and was sensitive to block by external charybdotoxin or tetraethylammonium (TEA) and by internal Ba2+. At +60 mV it was activated by cytoplasmic calcium [Ca2+]i with a Kd of ≈0.5 μM and a Hill coefficient of ≈2.0. At 10 μM [Ca2+]i the channel was 50 % activated (V½) at ‐8.0 mV with a voltage dependence (Boltzmann slope‐factor) of 32.7 mV. The V½ values hyperpolarized with an increase in [Ca2+]i while the slope factors decreased. There were no overt differences in conductance or [Ca2+]i sensitivity between BK channels from the transmitter release face and the non‐release face. 3 Open and closed times were fitted by two and three exponentials, respectively. The slow time constants were strongly affected by both [Ca2+]i and membrane potential changes. 4 In cell‐attached patch recordings BK channel opening was enhanced by a prepulse permissive for calcium influx through the patch, suggesting that the channel can be activated by calcium ion influx through neighbouring calcium channels. 5 The properties of the presynaptic BK channel are well suited for rapid activation during the presynaptic depolarization and Ca2+ influx that are associated with transmitter release. This channel may play an important role in terminating release by rapid repolarization of the action potential.
Occurrence of F 42 colonization factor in Escherichia coli strains isolated from piglets with diarrhea 1

Penatti M.P.A. , Silva A.S. , Valadares G.F. & Leite D.S. 2005. Occurrence of F42 colonization factor in Escherichia coli strains isolated from piglets with diarrhea. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):31-33. Depto Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp, Campinas, SP 13081-970, Brazil. E-mail: domingos@unicamp.br The objective of this study was to determine the presence of the colonization factor F42 in 168 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic stools of newborn piglets. The presence of F42 in 12 (7.1%) strains was detected with the agglutination test. Through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of F42 positive strains, gene encoding enterotoxins (ST-I, ST-II, LT-I and LT-II) were detected. The finding of ST-I/ST-II genes in 50% of the strains, ST-I (16%) and ST-II (25%) indicates a strong association of FC F42 with heat-stable enterotoxins (91%). In contrast, the thermolabile enterotoxin (LT-I and LT-II) genes were not detected. Serogroups of F42 positive strains were determined, serogroup O8 being the most prevalent (41,7%). Other serogroups, as there are O9, O11, O18, O32, O35, O98 and O101, were also identified. Thus, FC F42 was confirmed as an additional factor of virulence in the pathogenesis of porcine colibacillosis.
3-D fracture tracing for X-ray computed tomography data

ion means that every possible attribute is not represented by the object, thus 34 helping make necessary simplifications. Encapsulation means that the attributes that are present are hidden, and the user or programmer has to interact with or ask the object for information. The fourth characteristic of OOP is polymorphism. Polymorphism refers to the fact that different objects can respond to the same function call, but each object will implement its own version of that procedure; a print call to a B3D_Tracer will print out its length and midpoint, whereas a print call to a B3D_Tile will print out its location. A B3D_Tile is a collection of nine B3D_Tracers, which is an example of the characteristic that object also can be aggregated – meaning one object can consist of a multitude of other objects. A fracture network, for another example, is comprised of many smaller fracture sheets. Finally, objects are classified by hierarchies, a trait which is called object inheritance. Commonly referred to as the “is-a” relationship, inheritance means that some classes inherit the properties of overarching classes much like a sandstone “is-a” sedimentary rock, and thus has the properties that all sedimentary rocks share, but with unique encapsulated properties. In summary, the philosophy of the object-oriented programmer is that the world is made of hierarchical objects that can be abstracted, encapsulated, aggregated, and queried in similar ways (Clark 2013). The OOP philosophy guided the original construction of Blob3D as well as how the tracing algorithm described by this paper operates with the B3D_Tracer and B3D_Tile object
Micropropagation of oregano (Origanum vulgare×applii) from meristem tips

Summary‘Mendocino’ oregano (Origanum vulgare × applii) cultivated in Argentina has been subject to progressive yield loss as a consequence of continuous vegetative propagation. A method of reducing damage to the shoot tip during sterilization procedures for micropropagation is proposed. Single shoot cuttings are less sensitive to disinfecting substances than green tips. Meristems taken from young plantlets that grew in vitro produced less oxidation during the culture than those dissected immediately after disinfecting from plants grown in the field. This work describes the effects of the growth regulators benzyladenine (BA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at various concentrations and combinations on micropropagation of O. vulgare × applii. Treatment with 0.28 μM BA and 0.53 μM NAA gave greatest effiency (mean: 22.2 nodes per plantlet). After 60 d 100% of rooted plantlets could be formed per explant under optimum conditions.
Increased C-Reactive Protein Level After Renal Stent Implantation in Patients with Atherosclerotic Renal Stenosis

Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level has been demonstrated in patients with coronary artery disease after coronary stent implantation, but no data are available in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis concerning whether such changes of CRP also exist after renal artery stent implantation. The authors hypothesize that elevated CRP level may also be present in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis after stent implantation owing to mechanical disruption of atherosclerotic plaque. In total, 24 patients were enrolled in this study. Of these, 14 patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis received renal angioplasty plus stent implantation (group A, mean age 51 ±8 years), and 14 age- and gender-matched patients underwent renal angiography for diagnostic purpose as a control group (group B, mean age 50 ±8 years). Peripheral blood samples were taken before the procedure and at 6 and 24 hours after the procedure in both groups. Plasma CRP concentration was measured by using immunoturbidimetry. The results showed that there was no difference in clinical characteristics or in baseline CRP levels between the 2 groups. However, median CRP level was found to increase significantly at 6 hours from 0.13 to 0.17 mg/dL (p<0.05), and peaked at 24 hours (0.21 mg/dL) after renal artery stent implantation (p<0.001). Mean CRP rose from 0.30 ±0.09 to 0.37 ±0.15 mg/dL at 6 hours (p<0.05) and peaked at 24 hours (0.43 ±0.18 mg/dL) after renal artery stent implantation (p<0.01), while no such changes were observed after renal angiography in group B (p>0.05, respectively, at different time points). The results of the present study indicate, from evidence of increased plasma CRP concentrations, that renal artery stent implantation could trigger an inflammatory response due to mechanical disruption of atherosclerotic plaque of the renal artery, which is a pattern very similar to that of coronary stent implantation.
Oscillation of fluid‐filled cracks triggered by degassing of CO2 due to leakage along wellbores

[1] We present evidence for a seismic source associated with degassing CO2 during leakage along two wellbores instrumented with arrays of downhole seismometers. More than 200 microseismic events were detected in direct vicinity of the monitoring wells. The observed seismic waves are dominantly P waves and tube waves, with no (or extremely weak S) shear waves. The waveforms of these events indicate extremely rapid amplitude decays with distance across the arrays, consistent with the seismometers being in the near field of the seismic source. The frequency characteristics, first-motion polarities and S to P amplitude ratios suggest a single force source mechanism. Because the seismic arrays were located at the depth where the density of ascending CO2 changes most rapidly, it appears that the transition of CO2 from supercritical fluid to gas triggers an oscillation of fluid-filled cavities and fractures very close to the wellbores in which the monitoring arrays were deployed. In many aspects, the observed waveforms show a striking similarity to those modeled for degassing processes below volcanoes. We suggest that the single force represents bubble growth and resulting oscillations in cement cavities between the steel casing of the well and the rock adjacent to the wellbores and/or within fractures in the rock just outside the wellbores.
Fluctuations in male ischaemic heart disease mortality in Russia 1959-1998: assessing the importance of alcohol.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS The decline in cardiovascular mortality in Russia following the Soviet anti-alcohol campaign of 1985-1988 and the subsequent increase when these extreme alcohol controls were repealed suggested that alcohol consumption is responsible for a substantial number of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) deaths in Russia. To examine whether a similar conclusion can be drawn on the basis of a time-series analysis covering a longer time period, namely 1959-1998. DESIGN AND METHODS Using ARIMA time-series analysis, the male IHD mortality rates from 1959 to 1998 were analysed in relation to three indicators of alcohol consumption: estimated per capita consumption, mortality from liver cirrhosis and alcohol poisonings. Cigarette sales and lung cancer mortality were used as indicators of smoking. RESULTS Each indicator of alcohol consumption had positive and statistically significant relationships with male IHD mortality in bivariate autoregressive integrated moving average models. The association was stronger in models predicting changes in premature male IHD mortality (30-54 years). At least one alcohol indicator was significantly related to IHD mortality in multivariate models, and in the case of premature IHD mortality, both mortality indicators were significant. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The results provide additional empirical evidence supporting alcohol's conceivable negative effects on IHD in Russia and the idea that binge drinking could be the mechanism through which this effect is mediated. There were no signs of any protective effects from alcohol among Russian men.
Quick Anandamide transport

N-Arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide) is an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors and displays many of the same receptor-mediated physiological effects as D-tetrahydrocannabinol (D-THC), the active component of marijuana. As with any neurotransmitter, there must be tight control of anandamide receptor-mediated signaling and a means of rapid removal of the molecule from the system. Thus, the process by which anandamide is transported into the cell for metabolism has been a topic of much interest and has been implicated as a potential drug target in the treatment of several disease states that are reported to have an association with the endocannabinoid system. In this review, we will discuss the current models proposed for the mechanism of anandamide transport, the progress that has been made in the development of compounds that specifically inhibit anandamide transport, the observed effects of anandamide transport inhibition in vivo, and finally, potential therapeutic applications of compounds that inhibit anandamide transport. D 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Morphosyntactic complexity: A typology of lexical splits

A key notion in understanding language is ‘possible word (lexeme)’. While there are lexemes that are internally homogeneous and externally consistent, we find others with splits in their internal structure (morphological paradigm) and inconsistencies in their external behavior (syntactic requirements). I first explore the characteristics of the most straightforward lexemes, in order to establish a point in the theoretical space from which we can calibrate the real examples we find. I then schematize the interesting phenomena that deviate from this idealization, including suppletion, syncretism, deponency, and defectiveness. Next I analyze the different ways in which lexemes are ‘split’ by such phenomena. I set out a typology of possible splits, along four dimensions: splits that are (i) based on the composition/feature signature of the paradigm versus those based solely on morphological form; (ii) motivated (following a boundary motivated from outside the paradigm) versus purely morphology-internal (‘morphomic’); (iii) regular (extending across the lexicon) versus irregular (lexically specified); (iv) externally relevant versus irrelevant: we expect splits to be internal to the lexeme, but some have external relevance (they require different syntactic behaviors). I identify instances of these four dimensions separately: they are orthogonal, and therefore not dependent on each other. Their interaction gives a substantial typology, and it proves to be surprisingly complete: the possibilities specified are all attested. The typology also allows for the unexpected patterns of behavior to overlap in particular lexemes, producing some remarkable examples. Such examples show that the notion ‘possible word’ is more challenging than many linguists have realized.
Hospital admission due to infections in multiple sclerosis patients

S. Montgomery, J. Hillert and S. Bahmanyar Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, € Orebro University Hospital and € Orebro University, € Orebro; Clinical Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
Diuron-induced rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis: Mode of action and human relevance evaluations using the International Programme on Chemical Safety framework

Abstract Diuron, a high volume substituted urea herbicide, induced high incidences of urinary bladder carcinomas and low incidences of kidney pelvis papillomas and carcinomas in rats exposed to high doses (2500 ppm) in a 2-year bioassay. Diuron is registered for both occupational and residential uses and is used worldwide for more than 30 different crops. The proposed rat urothelial mode of action (MOA) for this herbicide consists of metabolic activation to metabolites that are excreted and concentrated in the urine, leading to cytotoxicity, urothelial cell necrosis and exfoliation, regenerative hyperplasia, and eventually tumors. We show evidence for this MOA for diuron using the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) conceptual framework for evaluating an MOA for chemical carcinogens, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and IPCS framework for assessing human relevance.
Quality Competition and Entry Deterrence: When to Launch an Extra Brand

In this paper, we study the rational for an incumbent to launch a second brand when facing potential entry in a market with quality differentiated products and a fringe producer. Depending on market size, costs for a second brand and a potential entrant's setup cost the incumbent might use a second brand both when deterring and when accommodating entry. The analysis generates predictions about the equilibrium degree of product differentiation, the presence of a multiproduct incumbent, and the determinants of successful entry.
Lack of association between an interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) gene variation and refractory temporal lobe epilepsy.

PURPOSE We attempted to confirm recent findings of Kanemoto et al. that demonstrated a positive association (p < 0.017) between a polymorphism in the promoter region of the interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta) gene and the clinical phenotype of temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE+HS). METHODS We determined the frequency of this polymorphism in a group of 61 TLE+HS patients of European ancestry and compared it with that found in 119 ethnically matched control subjects. RESULTS Analysis of genotype and allele frequencies showed no statistically significant difference in the distribution of the polymorphism between the two groups (p = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that this IL-1beta promoter polymorphism does not act as a strong susceptibility factor for TLE+HS in a population of individuals of European ancestry.
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany

The molecular background of flower development has been intensively studied within core eudicots, and several studies have confirmed the extended ABC model as the molecular background of flower development in this plant group. The core eudicots are characterized as having one copy of each of the B-class genes and at least two copies of A-class genes: one is expressed in floral meristems, the other in inflorescence meristems. In monocots and non-core eudicots the validity of the ABC model is under discussion. Generally, more than one functional copy is found of at least one of the B-class genes. The A-class genes apparently are expressed in meristems of both flower and inflorescence. Morphologically petaloid stamens and styles are well known within the petaloid monocots, whereas the phenomenon is rare in core eudicots. A simple model based on the extra copies of B-class genes can explain the molecular background of petaloid stamens in the monocots; the only requirement is that two copies of the same gene have different expression patterns and are responsible for develop ment of petals and stamens, respectively. The formation of petaloid styles can be explained in the same way, but this hypothesis requires that A-and C-class gene expression is not mutually exclusive in monocots. The difference in expression of the A-class genes outside the floral organs shows a fundamental difference between monocot and core eudicot flowers.