Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The transient integral charge control relation&#8212;A novel formulation of the currents in a bipolar transistor

The present paper describes the transient integral charge control (TICC) relation. This term designates a formula describing the emitter, base, and collector terminal currents of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) for a one-dimensional current flow. The relation holds for dc as well as for transient bias conditions, and basically can be regarded as a more general formulation of Gummel's charge control relation [1], whose validity is restricted to dc conditions and to situations where recombination and generation effects are negligible. The structure of the TICC relation resembles Gummel's formulation extended by some additional terms. We shall use this relation in order to derive a formula for the high-frequency behavior of the transconductance. The expression obtained via the TICC relation allows for physical interpretation and simple calculation. The validity of the derived formulas is carefully checked by numerical means. This yields a validity range of our approach far beyond the Start of the high-current regime.
End-of-Life Discussion, Patient Understanding and Determinants of Preferences in Very Severe COPD Patients: A Multicentric Study

ABSTRACT Discussion about patients’ end-of-life (E-o-L) preferences should be part of the routine practice. Using a semi-structured interview with a scenario-based decision, we performed a prospective multicentre study to elicit the patients’ E-o-L preferences in very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We also checked their ability to retain this information and the respect of their decisions when they die. Forty-three out of ninety-one of the eligible patients completed the study. The choice of E-o-L practice was equally distributed among the three proposed options: endotracheal intubation (ETI), ‘ceiling’ non-invasive ventilation (NIV), and palliation of symptoms with oxygen and morphine. NIV and ETI were more frequently chosen by patients who already experienced them. ETI preference was also associated with the use of anti-depressant drugs and a low educational level, while a higher educational level and a previous discussion with a pneumologist significantly correlated with the preference for oxygen and morphine. Less than 50% of the patients retained a full comprehension of the options at 24 hours. About half of the patients who died in the follow-up period were not treated according to their wishes. In conclusion, in end-stage COPD more efforts are needed to improve communication, patients’ knowledge of the disease and E-o-L practice.
N-Butyl-4-methyl-6-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine

In the title compound, C15H19N3, the pyrimidine ring is approximately planar [maximum deviation = 0.007 (1) Å] and forms a dihedral angle of 3.15 (6)° with the benzene ring. In the crystal packing, intermolecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link pairs of neighbouring molecules into dimers with R 2 2(8) ring motifs. These dimers are stacked along the b axis.
Recommendations of the German Central Committee against Tuberculosis (DZK) and the German Respiratory Society (DGP) for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-tuberculous Mycobacterioses

Abstract Non-tuberculous mycobacterioses comprise a group of diseases caused by mycobacteria which do not belong to the Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis-complex and are not ascribed to M. leprae. These mycobacteria are characterized by a broad variety as to environmental distribution and adaptation. Some of the species may cause specific diseases, especially in patients with underlying immunosuppressive diseases, chronic pulmonary diseases or genetic predisposition, respectively. Worldwide, a rising prevalence and significance of non-tuberculous mycobacterioses is recognized. The present recommendations summarise current aspects of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, diagnostics – especially microbiological methods including susceptibility testing –, and specific treatment for the most relevant species. Diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterioses during childhood and in HIV-infected individuals are described in separate chapters.
Observations on the Cause of Bowlegs in Achondroplasia

An analysis of 148 radiographs of the tibia during skeletal maturation in patients with achondroplasia was performed. The fibula was always longer than the tibia. The distance between the proximal tibial and fibular physis was less than normal throughout growth. The distance between the distal tibial and fibular physis was normal in childhood and became increasingly greater during growth. Tibia varus increased during growth, and there was a particular increase in distal tibia varus toward the end of growth. The altered growth characteristics of the bones suggest a formulation of cause of bowlegs in achondroplasia.
The lips and the nasal apertures in the gnathostome fishes

Two distinctly different types of upper and lower lips, and a third type of upper lip are found in the gnathostome fishes, and they may be called the primary, secondary and tertiary lips. The primary lips lie immediately external to the dental arcades developed in relation to the palatoquadrates and mandibulae, and they must, because of this position, have primarily lain but slightly, if at all, anterior to the oral plate of embryos. The primary cavity of the mouth lies internal to these lips. The hypophysial invaginations probably lay external to them, as they actually do lie external to the upper and primary lip of Petromyzon, and to both the primary and secondary upper lips of Amia and Acipenser. The secondary lips of either side lie external to the primary ones, and have been developed from what was primarily simply a fold of the external dermis that lay posterior to the angle of the gape of the primary lips. The pressure of the musculus adductor mandibulae, where it passed around the angle of the primary gape, caused this fold to bulge forward across that angle, and its anterior surface was then presented antero-mesially. The crest of this fold then formed a secondary angle of the gape, which lay antero-lateral to the primary angle, and short secondary lips ran forward from it, in either jaw, to join the primary lips. These primarily short secondary lips then gradually extended forward in either jaw and ultimately there reached the median line and coalesced with their fellows of the opposite side, a band of the external surface of the head, lying between these secondary lips and the primary ones, thus being enclosed in the cavity of the mouth as a secondary 73
Pain catastrophizing predicts poor response to topical analgesics in patients with neuropathic pain.

BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that high levels of pain catastrophizing might predict poorer response to pharmacological interventions for neuropathic pain. OBJECTIVE The present study sought to examine the clinical relevance of the relation between catastrophizing and analgesic response in individuals with neuropathic pain. Clinically meaningful reductions were defined in terms of the magnitude of reductions in pain through the course of treatment, and in terms of the number of patients whose end-of-treatment pain ratings were below 4⁄10. METHODS Patients (n=82) with neuropathic pain conditions completed a measure of pain catastrophizing at the beginning of a three-week trial examining the efficacy of topical analgesics for neuropathic pain. RESULTS Consistent with previous research, high scores on the measure of pain catastrophizing prospectively predicted poorer response to treatment. Fewer catastrophizers than noncatastrophizers showed moderate (≥ 2 points) or substantial reductions in pain ratings through the course of treatment. Fewer catastrophizers than noncatastrophizers achieved end-of-treatment pain ratings below 4⁄10. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that the development of brief interventions specifically targeting catastrophic thinking might be useful for enhancing the effects of pharmacological interventions for neuropathic pain. Furthermore, failure to account for the level of catastrophizing might contribute to null findings in clinical trials of analgesic medication.
The iLab Shared Architecture: A Web Services Infrastructure to Build Communities of Internet Accessible Laboratories

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology's iLab project has developed a distributed software toolkit and middleware service infrastructure to support Internet-accessible laboratories and promote their sharing among schools and universities on a worldwide scale. The project starts with the assumption that the faculty teaching with online labs and the faculty or academic departments that provide those labs are acting in two roles with different goals and concerns. The iLab architecture focuses on fast platform-independent lab development, scalable access for students, and efficient management for lab providers while preserving the autonomy of the faculty actually teaching the students. Over the past two years, the iLab architecture has been adopted by an increasing number of partner universities in Europe, Australia, Africa, Asia, and the United States. The iLab project has demonstrated that online laboratory use can scale to thousands of students dispersed on several continents.
Community studies on hepatitis B in Rajahmundry town of Andhra Pradesh, India, 1997–8: unnecessary therapeutic injections are a major risk factor

In Rajahmundry town in India, 234 community cases of jaundice were interviewed for risk factors of viral hepatitis B and tested for markers of hepatitis A–E. About 41% and 1·7% of them were positive for anti-HBc and anti-HCV respectively. Of 83 cases who were tested within 3 months of onset of jaundice, 5 (6%), 11 (13·3%), 1 (1·2%), 5 (6%) and 16 (19·3%) were found to have acute viral hepatitis A–E, respectively. The aetiology of the remaining 60% (50/83) of cases of jaundice could not be established. Thirty-one percent (26/83) were already positive for anti-HBc before they developed jaundice. History of therapeutic injections before the onset of jaundice was significantly higher in cases of hepatitis B (P = 0·01) or B–D (P = 0·04) than in cases of hepatitis A and E together. Other potential risk factors of hepatitis B transmission were equally prevalent in two groups. Subsequent studies showed that the majority of injections given were unnecessary (74%, 95% CI 66–82%) and were administered by both qualified and unqualified doctors.
Magnesium supplementation prevents experimental chronic cyclosporine a nephrotoxicity via renin-angiotensin system independent mechanism.

Background. We have previously shown that correction of hypomagnesemia by magnesium (Mg) supplementation ameliorates chronic cyclosporine A (CsA) nephropathy via inhibiting gene expression of fibrogenic molecules. Experiments were conducted to further elucidate upstream mechanism of the beneficial effects upon CsA nephrotoxicity. Methods. CsA (15 mg/kg/day, subcutaneous [SC]) was administered daily to rats maintained on low sodium diet for 7, 14, and 28 days. Because blockade of renin-angiotensin system improves chronic CsA nephropathy, the effects of Mg supplementation and those of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) were compared on renal function, renal histology, mononuclear cell infiltration, and gene expression profile. Results. CsA induced a decline in glomerular filtration and developed characteristic striped fibrosis that were mostly evident at day 28. Mg attenuated CsA-induced impaired renal function, whereas ACEI did not. Interstitial inflammation as evidenced by monocyte/macrophage infiltration preceded the renal fibrosis and increased progressively with the CsA treatment period. Concomitantly, CsA markedly up-regulated expression of chemoattractant proteins, osteopontin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. These changes were abolished by Mg but were only partially affected with ACEI. CsA promoted renal mRNA expression of fibrogenic molecules and extracellular matrices that were almost completely abolished by Mg but partially suppressed by ACEI. Similarly, CsA-induced chronic fibrotic lesion was markedly attenuated by Mg supplementation but was partially attenuated by ACEI. Conclusion. Mg supplementation abolished CsA-induced precedent interstitial inflammation possibly via inhibition of chemoattractants expression and consequently attenuated tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In this protective mechanism, factors independent of the renin-angiotensin system appears to be mainly involved.
Imaging characteristics of metastatic nodes and outcomes by HPV status in head and neck cancers

Although several imaging characteristics of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have been reported, imaging features of nodal metastasis and influence to outcomes have not been well studied thus far. The purpose of the study was to investigate the imaging characteristics of nodal metastasis by HPV status in HNSCC and to clarify whether those findings influence the outcomes.
Diagnosis and management of substance use disorders among inpatients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE The study examined the extent of clinical recognition of comorbid substance use disorders and the clinical management of these disorders among inpatients hospitalized for an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. METHODS Medical records of 42 inpatients who met research diagnostic criteria for both schizophrenia and a current substance use disorder were reviewed for information about admission evaluation, inpatient management, discharge diagnosis, and disposition. RESULTS Alcohol use disorders were the most frequent co-occurring substance-related diagnoses, found for 86 percent of the dually diagnosed inpatients. Twenty-four patients (57 percent) did not receive a diagnosis of a substance-related disorder at admission, and 19 (45 percent) did not receive a substance-related diagnosis at discharge. Referral to inpatient or outpatient substance abuse treatment was documented for a minority of subjects. CONCLUSION The results suggest that improvements are needed in the process of clinical care for inpatients with schizophrenia who have co-occurring substance-related disorders. They highlight a need for education of health care providers and continuous quality improvement in this area.
The Prevalence of Elder Self-Neglect in a Community-Dwelling Population

Objectives: To examine the prevalence of self-neglect and its specific behaviors in a community-dwelling population of older adults. Method: A population-based cohort study conducted between 2007 and 2010 rated participant’s personal and home environment, particularly with regard to hoarding, personal hygiene, house in need of repair, unsanitary conditions, and inadequate utility. Prevalence estimates were presented across health-related variables of health status, physical function, and cognitive function. Results: There were 4,627 older adults (1,645 men and 2,982 women). Prevalence of self-neglect in older adults increased with lower health status in both men (4.7% in very good/excellent health, 7.9% in good health, and 14.9% in fair/poor health) and women (4.5% in very good/excellent health, 7.9% in good health, and 10.6% in fair/poor health). For those with ≥3 Katz impairments, the prevalence of self-neglect in older adults was 12.8% in men and 13.8% in women. For those with MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) ≤20, the prevalence of self-neglect in older adults was 18.8% in men and 13.6% in women. Discussion: Self-neglect was clearly prevalent among older adults, especially among those with lower health status and physical and cognitive function.
High-density lipoprotein subfractions and influence of endothelial lipase in a healthy Turkish population: A study in a land of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Abstract Purpose. Low concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is prevalent in Turkey. Endothelial lipase (EL) regulates lipoprotein metabolism. Small, lipid-poor HDL particles represent more-efficient cholesterol acceptors than their large, lipid-rich counterparts. The aim of this study was to investigate HDL subfractions and the effect of EL on HDL concentrations in healthy Turkish population. Methods. 102 healthy subjects were included in the study (mean age 33.6 ± 10.3 years, 42 female). HDL subfractions were assayed by single precipitation method and EL concentrations were measured by competitive enzyme immunoassay. Results. Mean HDL concentrations were 1.45 ± 0.37 mmol/L in women, 1.10 ± 0.30 mmol/L in men. Small HDL subfraction levels did not differ statistically between < 1 mmol/L and ≥ 1.6 mmol/L total HDL groups. Small HDL was not correlated with EL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglyceride (TG) and age but positively correlated with total cholesterol and HDL (r = 0.2, p = 0.017; r = 0.2, p = 0.028, respectively). Large HDL was not correlated with age, EL and total cholesterol, and negatively correlated with HDL, LDL, TG (r = − 0.7, p < 0.001; r = − 0.2, p = 0.045; r = − 0.3, p < 0.001, respectively). If subjects were divided into two groups as HDL< 1 mmol/L and HDL > 1.6 mmol/L, mean EL concentrations were 475.83 ± 521.77 nmol/L and 529.71 ± 276.92 nmol/L, respectively (p = 0.086). Conclusion. There were no differences between small HDL concentrations in the HDL low and high groups. Our data did not support EL to be the reason for low HDL in a healthy Turkish population. Our results in a healthy population may serve as a reference for clinical studies on HDL subfractions.
Combining Ability Estimates for Yield and Fibre Quality Traits in Line X Tester Crosses of Upland Cotton, (Gossypium hirsutum)

This study was to estimate the GCA of the parents and SCA considered for the development of high yielding and better quality cultivars. Eleven genotypes and 28 F1 hybrids obtained by crossing 4 lines and 7 testers in line X tester mating system were sown in randomized complete block design. L X T analysis revealed significant GCA and SCA effects for all the traits except earliness. Among the parents: MCU 12 for number of bolls per plant, boll weight, seed cotton yield per plant, F 1861 for seed cotton yield and number of bolls per plant, SOCC 17 for earliness, SURABHI for number of sympodia and TCH 1641 for ginning outturn and lint index with high GCA. Parent F 776 and F1861 were good combiners for fibre quality traits. The high yielding quality hybrids were deducted with significant SCA effects for seed cotton yield and fibre characteristics.
Morphogenetic characterization of seeded and seedless varieties of Kinnow Mandarin ('Citrus reticulata' Blanco)

Kinnow (Citrus reticulata Blanco) mandarin is a superior fruit crop in Pakistan; however, it is characterized by high number of seeds which is disliked by consumers and the processing industry. The objective of this work was to document the morphological and genetic differences in selected seeded and seedless Kinnow strains from two different locations i.e., Citrus Research Institute Sargodha and University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The morphological characters suggested variations in external and internal characters of seeded and seedless fruits such as growth habit, fruit shape and texture. Likewise chemical composition of seedless fruit was different than seeded including TSS and Ascorbic acid. Whereas PCA analysis suggested fruit weight, peel weight, non-reducing sugars and fruit diameter were largely contributing for the variations among the seeded and seedless strains of Faisalabad and Sargodha regions. The genetic characterization was carried out using Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. Two unique fragments of sizes 1000 bp each were detected by RAPD primers GL A-2 and GL C-19 in seedless strains which can be used as a fingerprint for the identification of seedless plants. The results obtained from SSR analysis showed 81.62% of overall polymorphism in seeded and seedless strains of two locations. This variation will help to develop molecular markers for seedless Kinnow strains.
Within-group human variation in the Asian Pleistocene: the three Upper Cave crania.

Numerous studies on Pleistocene samples have shown that within-group cranial variation was greater than that seen today. The three anatomically modern Upper Cave crania (UC 101, UC 102, and UC 103) from Zhoukoudian, China provide one of the best samples available for addressing the issue of the antiquity of the modern pattern of within-group cranial variability because archaeological evidence indicates that they are spatially and temporally restricted. Research on the Upper Cave fossils usually only includes UC 101 and UC 103 because of postmortem damage to UC 102's cranial vault. However, the face of UC 102 is undamaged, allowing for most facial measurements to be performed accurately. In this study we use facial dimensions to compare all three Upper Cave specimens, and we evaluate whether the variation seen among them is larger than that observed in extant populations. Using a worldwide sample of modern populations to establish a baseline, the three Upper Cave crania were compared to each other. Since there is disagreement over the sex of UC 102, this specimen is treated alternately as a female and as a male. Results show that the Upper Cave specimens exhibit significantly more variation than do individuals within more recent human populations, especially if UC 102 is considered male. Furthermore, results indicate that the fossils never fall into the same modern human group, and that each specimen is significantly atypical of its nearest modern neighbor in multivariate space. We conclude that the three Upper Cave crania do not represent a family group but are representative of the larger contemporaneous heterogeneous Asian Pleistocene population. Our results support the contention that today's within-group homogeneity is a relatively recent phenomenon, and is likely the result of a Neolithic population expansion and its many effects.
Circulating basement membrane zone antibodies are found in lichen sclerosus of the vulva

This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of basement membrane zone (BMZ) antibodies, their subtypes and clinical correlations in 96 patients attending the Oxford vulval clinic with lichen sclerosus (LS) of the vulva. Indirect immunofluorescence of serum (intact and split skin) to immunoglobulin (Ig)G was performed looking for the presence or absence of staining at the BMZ. Eighteen patients' sera (14 with positive indirect immunofluorescence to IgG) were examined for IgG antibodies of subclasses IgG1, 2 and 3, and 23 sera were examined for IgG4 subclass. Immunoblotting was performed in seven patients, and showed antibodies to BP180 in six patients and BP230 in one. One‐third of patients with vulval LS had BMZ antibodies binding to the epidermal side of salt split skin. Immunoblotting showed antibodies to BP180 collagen XVII (six of seven patients) and BP230 in one. The subclasses were chiefly IgG1 and 2, different from those seen in bullous pemphigoid. No clinical correlation was found between the presence of antibodies and the presence of erosions, severity of scarring, age of onset of disease or response to treatment. These antibodies may be a reflection of a tendency to produce autoantibodies or be relevant to pathogenesis.
Oil Spill Detection in Radarsat and Envisat SAR Images

We present algorithms for automatic detection of oil spills in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The algorithms consist of three main parts, namely: 1) detection of dark spots; 2) feature extraction from the dark spot candidates; and 3) classification of dark spots as oil spills or look-alikes. The algorithms have been trained on a large number of Radarsat and Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) images. The performance of the algorithm is compared to manual and semiautomatic approaches in a benchmark study using 59 Radarsat and Envisat images. The algorithms can be considered to be a good alternative to manual inspection when large ocean areas are to be inspected