Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abnormal crowd behavior detection using behavior entropy model

Using Behavior Entropy model, we introduce a novel method to detect and localize abnormal behaviors in crowd scenes. Our key insight is to estimate the behavior entropy of each pixel and whole scene by considering defined pixels' behavior certainty. For this purpose, we introduce information theory and energetics concept to define pixel's behavior certainty based on video's spatial-temporal information. Scene entropy behavior and behavior entropy image can be used to detect and localize anomalies respectively. We discuss parameters' setting by analyzing how they influence model's detecting and localizing abilities, and our model is robust to parameter setting. The experiments are conducted on several publicly available datasets, and show that the proposed method captures the dynamics of the crowd behavior successfully. The results of our method, indicates that the method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in detecting and localizing several kinds of abnormal behaviors in the crowd.
Heterogeneity in tuberculosis transmission and the role of geographic hotspots in propagating epidemics

The importance of high-incidence “hotspots” to population-level tuberculosis (TB) incidence remains poorly understood. TB incidence varies widely across countries, but within smaller geographic areas (e.g., cities), TB transmission may be more homogeneous than other infectious diseases. We constructed a steady-state compartmental model of TB in Rio de Janeiro, replicating nine epidemiological variables (e.g., TB incidence) within 1% of their observed values. We estimated the proportion of TB transmission originating from a high-incidence hotspot (6.0% of the city’s population, 16.5% of TB incidence) and the relative impact of TB control measures targeting the hotspot vs. the general community. If each case of active TB in the hotspot caused 0.5 secondary transmissions in the general community for each within-hotspot transmission, the 6.0% of people living in the hotspot accounted for 35.3% of city-wide TB transmission. Reducing the TB transmission rate (i.e., number of secondary infections per infectious case) in the hotspot to that in the general community reduced city-wide TB incidence by 9.8% in year 5, and 29.7% in year 50—an effect similar to halving time to diagnosis for the remaining 94% of the community. The importance of the hotspot to city-wide TB control depended strongly on the extent of TB transmission from the hotspot to the general community. High-incidence hotspots may play an important role in propagating TB epidemics. Achieving TB control targets in a hotspot containing 6% of a city’s population can have similar impact on city-wide TB incidence as achieving the same targets throughout the remaining community.
Validation of GOME-2/MetOp-A total water vapour column using reference radiosonde data from the GRUAN network

Abstract. The main goal of this paper is to validate the total water vapour column (TWVC) measured by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) satellite sensor and generated using the GOME Data Processor (GDP) retrieval algorithm developed by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR). For this purpose, spatially and temporally collocated TWVC data from highly accurate sounding measurements for the period January 2009–May 2014 at six sites are used. These balloon-borne data are provided by the GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN). The correlation between GOME-2 and sounding TWVC data is reasonably good (determination coefficient, R2, of 0.89) when all available radiosondes (1400) are employed in the inter-comparison. When cloud-free cases (544) are selected by means of the satellite cloud fraction (CF
Quality control of smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli: the case for blinded re-reading.

SETTING Quality control of sputum smear microscopy, which is essential for ensuring correct tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, is often performed through the unblinded rereading of all positive slides and a sample of negative slides. OBJECTIVE To assess misclassification error introduced by knowledge of prior results. METHODS The Southern Vietnam Regional TB Laboratory prepared three gold-standard sets of 750 slides: an unblinded set, an unblinded set in which 13% of negative slides were replaced by weakly positive slides purposefully mislabelled as negative, and a blinded set. Six provincial technicians who normally perform district quality control each reread 125 slides from each set. RESULTS In the three sets only one negative slide was misread as positive. In the unblinded set (referent), 2.9% (9/311) positive slides were misread as negative, compared with 18.7% (57/305) in the blinded set (prevalence ratio [PR] = 6.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.3-12.8; P < 0.001), and 11.3% (33/293) in the unblinded set with mislabelled slides (PR = 3.9; 95%CI 1.9-8.0; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS False-negative error was more common than false-positive error. Knowledge of prior reading influences re-reading. Blinded re-reading of systematically selected slides would appear preferable, although this method requires high levels of proficiency among quality control technicians.
Why Do Policy-Motivated Justices Conform to Unfavorable Precedents? The Role of Social-Legal Backgrounds and Precedential Characteristics

Why do policy-motivated justices conform to unfavorable precedents? This article suggests that two theories, social-legal backgrounds and precedential characteristics, help explain why justices support unfavorable precedents. To test the explanatory power of these theories, the article uses data from the 1953–94 terms that ascertains whether justices cast precedential votes. The results, after testing multiple indictors of each theory, suggest that precedential voting is more likely when cases have older landmark precedents, cases have positive precedent vitality, and justices have a strong social-legal background. However, the likelihood of precedential voting decreases when justices have an elite legal pedigree and when justices confront a well-cited landmark precedent. This implies that future tests of legal decision making need to sort out the ambivalent effects of precedent and social-legal backgrounds.
Small molecule drug activity in melanoma models may be dramatically enhanced with an antibody effector

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) 38C2 belongs to a group of catalytic antibodies that were generated by reactive immunization and contains a reactive lysine. 38C2 catalyzes aldol and retro‐aldol reactions, using an enamine mechanism, and mechanistically mimics natural aldolase enzymes. In addition, mAb 38C2 can be redirected to target integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 through the formation of a covalent bond between a β‐diketone derivative of an arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) peptidomimetic and the reactive lysine residue in the antibody combining site to provide the chemically programmed mAb cp38C2. In this study, we investigated the potential of enhancing the activity of receptor‐binding small molecule drug (SCS‐873) through antibody conjugation. Using a M21 human melanoma xenograft model in nude mice, cp38C2 inhibited the growth of the tumor by ˜81%. The chemically programmed antibody was shown to be highly active at a low concentration while SCS‐873 alone was ineffective even at dosages ˜1,000‐fold higher than those used for the chemically programmed antibody. In vitro programming of the catalytic antibody was shown to be as effective as in vivo programming. In an experimental metastasis assay, treatment with mAb cp38C2 significantly prolonged overall survival of tumor‐bearing severe combined immuno‐deficient (SCID) mice when compared to treatment with unprogrammed mAb 38C2, SCS‐873 alone or the integrin‐specific monoclonal antibody LM609. In vitro, cp38C2 inhibited human and mouse endothelial and human melanoma cell adhesion, migration and invasion. Additionally, cp38C2 inhibited human and mouse endothelial cell proliferation and was active in complement‐dependent cytotoxicity assays. These studies establish the potential of chemically programmed monoclonal antibodies as a novel and effective class of immunotherapeutics that combine the merits of traditional small molecule drug design with immunotherapy. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intravascular catheter-related infections: new horizons and recent advances.

BACKGROUND Central venous catheters have become essential devices for the management of critically and chronically ill patients; however, their use is often complicated by catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs), many of which could be prevented. METHODS This report is based on a literature review of more than 100 published articles in intravascular catheter-related infections. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the methods of diagnosis of CRBSI as they relate to its pathogenesis and on novel preventive techniques and approaches to management. RESULTS Catheter-related bloodstream infections may be diagnosed by different methods, including simultaneous quantitative blood cultures, with the central blood culture yielding at least 5-fold colony-forming units greater than the peripheral blood culture, and simultaneous blood cultures, whereby the catheter-drawn blood culture becomes positive at least 2 hours before the peripheral blood culture. Novel preventive techniques include the use of ionic silver, an anticoagulant/antimicrobial flush solution, a new aseptic hub, and antimicrobial impregnation of catheters and dressings. Management of CRBSIs should be based on whether the infection is complicated or uncomplicated. CONCLUSIONS Novel technologies that have been proved to aid in the diagnosis and prevention of CRBSIs should be considered in clinical practice. The management approach should be based on the type of microorganism causing the infection and on whether the infection is complicated or uncomplicated.
Medial collateral ligament injuries in football

During four academic years (1974-1978) at a major university, 51 of 70 knee injuries sustained by football players were Grade I or II sprains of the medial collat eral ligament of the knee. All were managed identically with an active rehabilitation program involving partial or no immobilization. Players with Grade I sprains returned to full, unprotected participation after an average of 10.6 days of time loss; those with Grade II sprains returned after 19.5 days. Neither group showed an appreciably increased likelihood of rein- jury. The likelihood of sustaining any knee injury was more than three times greater during spring as op posed to fall football.
Accuracy and Reproducibility of an Exercise Prescription Based on Ratings of Perceived Exertion for Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer Exercise

The accuracy of regularing exercise intensity by Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was examined. Subjects underwent 4 production trials, 2 on a treadmill (PIA, P1B) and 2 on a cycle ergometer (P2A, P2B). 9 untrained subjects used only their perceptions of effort to regulate exercise intensity. Target intensity was the RPE equivalent to 60% VO2mx. Exercise intensity (VO2) during P1A, P1B, and P2A did not differ from the target, but during P2B was lower than target. During P1A and P1B heart rate did not differ from the target but was lower than target during P2A and P2B. RPE seems a valid means of regulating exercise intensity during repeated bouts of treadmill exercise at 60% VO2max; however, exercise intensity during repeated bouts on the cycle ergometer may be lower than target.
Identification de lois de comportement enrichie pour les géomatériaux en présence d'une localisation de la déformation

Modeliser la localisation de la deformation dans les geomateriaux de maniere objective necessite l'utilisation de methodes capables de regulariser le probleme aux limites en introduisant une longueur caracteristique. Dans le cadre de ce travail de these, nous avons choisis d'utiliser les milieux a microstructures de types second gradient. Une question, alors se pose quant a l'identification des parametres constitutifs qui interviennent dans la formulation de ces milieux. L'objectif de cette these est de mettre en place une methode d'identification d'une loi de comportement enrichie de type second gradient. L'identification parametrique d'une loi constitutive ecrite dans un formalisme de milieu enrichi de type second gradient local est etudiee. Une partie de l'identification peut-etre realisee a partir d'essais homogenes, mais l'identification complete necessite de considerer des modes de deformation a forts gradients, comme cela est le cas en presence d'une localisation de la deformation. La procedure d'identification developpee s'appuie sur des resultats experimentaux d'essais mecaniques sur le gres de Vosges, pour lesquels le mode de deformation des echantillons a ete caracterise a l'aide de mesures de champs cinematiques, y compris en regime localise. Un certain nombre d'observables peuvent etre extraits de ces essais, qui servent a appuyer la comparaison entre calculs numeriques et observations experimentales. L'identification necessite le calcul d'une matrice de sensibilite pour l'optimisation des observables. Afin de calculer cette matrice, deux etudes de sensibilite sont effectuees. Ces etudes consistent a evaluer l'influence de la variation de chaque parametre constitutif sur les donnees selectionnees. La premiere etude de sensibilite porte sur la partie homogene des essais, elle permet l'optimisation d'un certain nombre de parametres qui jouent un role uniquement dans cette partie. La deuxieme etude concerne le regime de deformation localise. Celle-ci permet le calcul de la matrice de sensibilite. Grâce a cette matrice, il est possible de demarrer l'optimisation des observables. Ainsi, chaque observable pourra etre optimise independamment des autres. A l'issue de cette optimisation un jeu de parametre est propose. Il permet de reproduire de maniere fiable, les essais experimentaux a 20 et 30 MPa de confinement.
A biopsychosocial perspective to the burnout of Korean workers with diabetes.

OBJECTIVES To test a model in which biological and psychosocial factors associated with diabetes contribute to burnout in workers with diabetes. METHODS In a cross-sectional design, job burnout was related to positive affect, level of diabetes (ie, HbA1c), stress from diabetes, and health-to-work conflict. The model was tested by structural equation modeling using data of 156 Korean employees with diabetes. RESULTS Diabetes-related stress and health-work conflict, influenced by HbA1c and positive affect, were associated with job burnout, even controlling for health-related variables. CONCLUSIONS The study supports the biopsychosocial model of interactions between psychosocial and biological factors and progression of disease.
Randomized comparison of 5 and 10 microgram doses of two recombinant hepatitis B vaccines.

UNLABELLED The high cost of hepatitis B vaccines remains an obstacle to their use. Since the recommended adult dose of Recombivax HB (MSD) is 10 micrograms and that of Engerix B (SKB) is 20 micrograms, we sought to determine if 10 microgram doses of each vaccine are equally immunogenic. Further, since 5 microgram doses of Recombivax are routinely used in those < or = 29 years of age in the US military, we sought to compare this dose with 5 microgram doses of Engerix B. Lower doses of Engerix would result in vaccine cost savings. METHODS members of the Belize Defence Force who were > or = 18 years of age (median 24) without detectable anti-HBc were randomly assigned to receive Recombivax, 5 or 10 micrograms, or ENgerix, 5 or 10 micrograms IM at 0, 1, and 6 months. Randomization was weighted toward Engerix. RESULTS after 3 doses, geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of anti-HBs were highest among those receiving Recombivax 10 micrograms (n=22) or 5 micrograms (n=46) with GMC anti-HBs of 744 and 570 mIU ml-1, respectively. Similar proportions in the two groups developed > or = 10 mIU m-1 anti-HBs (100 and 98%). Among the 91 people who received Engerix 10 micrograms, the GMC anti-HBs was 325 mIU ml-1 and 91% developed > or = 10 mIU ml-1. The 87 people who received Engerix 5 micrograms had the lowest GMC, 177 mIU ml-1 (p < 0.05 compared with either Recombivax group). Only 86% attained > or = 10 mIU ml-1 anti-HBs (p > 0.05 compared with other regimens). The proportion attaining > or = 100 mIU ml-1 was lower in the 5 microgram Engerix group (63%) compared with 80% in the 5 microgram or 95% in the 10 microgram Recombivax groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Engerix administered in 5 microgram doses is less immunogenic than 5 or 10 microgram doses of Recombivax. In healthy populations < 30 years of age, regimens of half the recommended adult dose (5 micrograms of Recombivax or 10 micrograms of Engerix) are highly immunogenic and may result in significant vaccine cost savings.
Results of Internal Sphincterotomy for Anal Fissure

9. We need to know more about those patients with primary hyperparathyroidism whose plasma calcium levels fall with cortisone, especially whether they are mostly those who have osteitis fibrosa. 10. There seems no simple explanation for the fact that when hyperparathyroidism secondary to renal disease is finally proved to have occurred because of the finding of hyperplastic glands at post-mortem examination these patients always have osteitis fibrosa (Gilmour, 1947). Yet only about 30% of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, even when of long duration, get osteitis fibrosa. 11. The parathyroids in renal disease from sarcoidosis need further study. Our own data and our reading of the literature suggest that secondary hyperparathyroidism from this cause is much rarer than should be expected but that " primary "-that is, autonomous tumour formation-hyperparathyroidism occurs more often than can be accounted by chance. 12. Patients with parathyroid cancer need further study in case they show a different evolution from patients with adenoma.
Multi-Market Trading and Cross-Asset Integration

We study how trading in multiple markets affects the integration of a firm’s capital structure. Using daily data on cross-listed securities and credit default swaps (CDS) traded around the world, we find that foreign listing improves the synchronicity between firm stock and CDS returns. This effect is robust to the inclusion of market and firm-level controls, and it manifests itself most profoundly among larger, more liquid, better credit quality firms, as well as among firms with higher analyst coverage. Integration tests reveal that, after foreign listing, firm-specific credit risk becomes more exposed to both world and local equity market risks, with a larger change in the world market beta. Our results suggest that cross-listings have an important impact on debt and equity market integration, and that this integration is more easily attained for securities of more visible firms.
Is Hip Muscle Weakness a Predisposing Factor for Patellofemoral Pain in Female Novice Runners? A Prospective Study

Background: Hip muscle weakness has been proposed to contribute to patellofemoral malalignment and the development of the patellofemoral dysfunction syndrome (PFDS). However, from the retrospective studies that have addressed this issue, it is still unclear if hip muscle weakness is a cause or a consequence of PFDS. Purpose: This study was undertaken to investigate if hip muscle weakness is a predisposing factor for the development of PFDS. Study Design: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Before the start of a 10-week “start to run” program, the isometric strength of the hip flexor, extensor, abductor, adductor, and external and internal rotator muscles was measured in 77 healthy female novice runners. During the 10-week training period, patellofemoral pain was diagnosed and registered by an orthopaedic surgeon. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in strength of any of the assessed hip muscle groups between the runners who did and did not develop PFDS. Logistic regression analysis did not identify a deviation in strength of any of the assessed hip muscle groups as a risk factor for PFDS. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that isometric hip muscle strength might not be a predisposing factor for the development of PFDS.
A Study of Bacterial Profiling on Coins and Currencies under Circulation and Identifying the Virulence Gene in Chennai (TN)

Coins and currency notes are widely exchanged between various communities for trade. These currency notes and coins may serve as a carrier of microbes, thus leading to the transmission of infectious diseases. In our research work, we have collected 31 currency notes and 31 coins from three different communities namely, bus conductors, public toilets agents and pharmacies to reveal the bacteria profile of circulating coins and currency notes. The samples were subjected to cultivation and isolation followed by staining and biochemical tests to identify the bacterial strain. In our analysis, we found that the currencies had Staphylococcus aureus and Klebseiella pneumoniae at higher frequencies; Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus fecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freudii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at lower frequencies. Virulence of the strains, S.aureus and K.pneumoniae were determined by the presence of the conserved gene called HtrA in PCR. The study showed that the coins and currency notes can also act as vehicle for bacterial survival and transmission of diseases in humans while in continuous circulation.
Expression of the gene of interest fused to the EGFP-expressing gene in transgenic mice derived from selected transgenic embryos.

The present paper describes the expression of a target fusion gene, WAP/hGH fused to the EGFP-expressing gene in transgenic mice derived from the transfer of transgenic embryos selected because of their expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The 6.7-kb fusion gene was microinjected as a single cassette gene construct into the pronuclei of mouse zygotes. The surviving embryos were cultured and were classified according to the EGFP expression patterns at the morula or blastocyst stage. After the transfer of embryos with uniform-expression or mosaic-expression of EGFP, transgenesis occurred in 85.7% to 86% or 44.1% to 44% of the pups, respectively. No transgenic pups were derived from EGFP negative embryos. In the transgenic females, EGFP was ubiquitously expressed under the control of the CAG promoter, and hGH was expressed under the control of the WAP promoter in an appropriate fashion: hGH was secreted into the milk of lactating transgenic females. The presence or absence of the expression of EGFP coincided with that of the hGH gene in the transgenic mice. The present cassette gene construct is a useful example for circumventing the routine analyses of DNA and RNA required for the generation and maintenance of transgenic lines.
Parametrically guided estimation in nonparametric varying coefficient models with quasi-likelihood

Varying coefficient models (VCMs) allow us to generalise standard linear regression models to incorporate complex covariate effects by modelling the regression coefficients as functions of another covariate. For nonparametric varying coefficients, we can borrow the idea of parametrically guided estimation to improve asymptotic bias. In this paper, we develop a guided estimation procedure for the nonparametric VCMs. Asymptotic properties are established for the guided estimators and a method of bandwidth selection via bias-variance tradeoff is proposed. We compare the performance of the guided estimator with that of the unguided estimator via both simulation and real data examples.