Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
APOLLO_NG - a probabilistic interpretation of the APOLLO legacy for AVHRR heritage channels

Abstract. The cloud processing scheme APOLLO (AVHRR Processing scheme Over cLouds, Land and Ocean) has been in use for cloud detection and cloud property retrieval since the late 1980s. The physics of the APOLLO scheme still build the backbone of a range of cloud detection algorithms for AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) heritage instruments. The APOLLO_NG (APOLLO_NextGeneration) cloud processing scheme is a probabilistic interpretation of the original APOLLO method. It builds upon the physical principles that have served well in the original APOLLO scheme. Nevertheless, a couple of additional variables have been introduced in APOLLO_NG. Cloud detection is no longer performed as a binary yes/no decision based on these physical principles. It is rather expressed as cloud probability for each satellite pixel. Consequently, the outcome of the algorithm can be tuned from being sure to reliably identify clear pixels to conditions of reliably identifying definitely cloudy pixels, depending on the purpose. The probabilistic approach allows retrieving not only the cloud properties (optical depth, effective radius, cloud top temperature and cloud water path) but also their uncertainties. APOLLO_NG is designed as a standalone cloud retrieval method robust enough for operational near-realtime use and for application to large amounts of historical satellite data. The radiative transfer solution is approximated by the same two-stream approach which also had been used for the original APOLLO. This allows the algorithm to be applied to a wide range of sensors without the necessity of sensor-specific tuning. Moreover it allows for online calculation of the radiative transfer (i.e., within the retrieval algorithm) giving rise to a detailed probabilistic treatment of cloud variables. This study presents the algorithm for cloud detection and cloud property retrieval together with the physical principles from the APOLLO legacy it is based on. Furthermore a couple of example results from NOAA-18 are presented.
On the temporal evolution of long‐wavelength mantle structure of the Earth since the early Paleozoic

The seismic structure of the Earth's lower mantle is characterized by a dominantly degree‐2 pattern with the African and Pacific large low shear velocity provinces (i.e., LLSVP) that are separated by circum‐Pacific seismically fast anomalies. It is important to understand the origin of such a degree‐2 mantle structure and its temporal evolution. In this study, we investigated the effects of plate motion history and mantle viscosity on the temporal evolution of the lower mantle structure since the early Paleozoic by formulating 3‐D spherical shell models of thermochemical convection. For convection models with realistic mantle viscosity and no initial structure, it takes about ∼50 Myr to develop dominantly degree‐2 lower mantle structure using the published plate motion models for the last either 120 Ma or 250 Ma. However, it takes longer time to develop the mantle structure for more viscous mantle. While the circum‐Pangea subduction in plate motion history models promotes the formation of degree‐2 mantle structure, the published pre‐Pangea plate motions before 330 Ma produce relatively cold lower mantle in the African hemisphere and significant degree‐1 structure in the early Pangea (∼300 Ma) or later times, even if the lower mantle has an initially degree‐2 structure and a viscosity as high as 1023 Pas. This suggests that the African LLSVP may not be stationary since the early Paleozoic. With the published plate motion models and lower mantle viscosity of 1022 Pas, our mantle convection models suggest that the present‐day degree‐2 mantle structure may have largely been formed by ∼200 Ma.
Turbulent structure of high-amplitude pressure peaks within the turbulent boundary layer

Abstract The positive and negative high-amplitude pressure peaks (HAPP) are investigated in a turbulent boundary layer at $R{e}_{\theta } = $ 1900 in order to identify their turbulent structure. The three-dimensional velocity field is measured within the inner layer of the turbulent boundary layer using tomographic particle image velocimetry (tomo-PIV). The measurements are performed at an acquisition frequency of 10 000 Hz and over a volume of $418\times 149\times 621$ wall units in the streamwise, wall-normal and spanwise directions, respectively. The time-resolved velocity fields are applied to obtain the material derivative using the Lagrangian method followed by integration of the Poisson pressure equation to obtain the three-dimensional unsteady pressure field. The simultaneous volumetric velocity, acceleration, and pressure data are conditionally sampled based on local maxima and minima of wall pressure to analyse the three-dimensional turbulent structure of the HAPPs. Analysis has associated the positive HAPPs to the shear layer structures formed by an upstream sweep of high-speed flow opposing a downstream ejection event. The sweep event is initiated in the outer layer while the ejection of near-wall fluid is formed by the hairpin category of vortices. The shear layers were observed to be asymmetric in the instantaneous visualizations of the velocity and acceleration fields. The asymmetric pattern originates from the spanwise component of temporal acceleration of the ejection event downstream of the shear layer. The analysis also demonstrated a significant contribution of the pressure transport term to the budget of the turbulent kinetic energy in the shear layers. Investigation of the conditional averages and the orientation of the vortices showed that the negative HAPPs are linked to both the spanwise and quasi-streamwise vortices of the turbulent boundary layer. The quasi-streamwise vortices can be associated with the hairpin category of vortices or the isolated quasi-streamwise vortices of the inner layer. A bi-directional analysis of the link between the HAPPs and the hairpin paradigm is also conducted by conditionally averaging the pressure field based on the detection of hairpin vortices using strong ejection events. The results demonstrated positive pressure in the shear layer region of the hairpin model and negative pressure overlapping with the vortex core.
On embeddings of compacta in Euclidean space

In [5] it was shown that any two embeddings of a k-dimensional compact absolute neighborhood retract into euclidean n-space, En(n > 5 and 2k+2 <n), are equivalent by an ambient isotopy of En, provided the complement of each embedding is uniformly locally 1-connected (abbreviated 1-ULC). The purpose of this paper is to prove a generalization of the result stated above for embeddings of arbitrary compacta in En. The following theorem is the main result.
An Integrative Model of Factors Related to Computing Course Performance

A path modeling approach is adopted to examine inter-relationships between factors influencing computing behavior and computing course performance. Factors considered are gender, personality, intellect and computer attitudes, ownership, and experience. Among many other conclusions, intrinsic motivation is suggested as a major factor which can explain many variables' relationship with course performance. Similarly to the common finding for non-computing specialist students, a male advantage in previous computing experience is observed, gender differences in computer ownership partially explaining this. In the absence of an attitudinal gender difference, the ownership difference is suggested to stem from the perception of computers as objects stereotypically bought by and for males. However, while having implications with respect to the gender imbalance usually observed on programming-oriented and more technically-oriented applications courses, these differences are not shown to confer a male advantage in course performance.
Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in elk winter ranges.

Recent increases in elk (Cervus elaphus L.) herbivory and changes in hydrology towards drier conditions have contributed to declines in willow (Salix spp. L.) communities in the winter ranges for elk in Rocky Mountain National Park. In 1994, we constructed 12 large elk exclosures in 2 watersheds of the winter range for elk in the park, and conducted field experiments from 1995 to 1999 to investigate the effects of herbivory and proximity to surface water on the dynamics of C and N. Litterfall biomass averaged 65.6 and 33.0 g m(-2) inside and outside the exclosures, respectively. Elk herbivory increased (P < 0.05) N concentration of willow litter from 1.25 to 1.49%, but there were no differences in losses of C and N from litterbags placed in grazed and ungrazed plots in any of the growing seasons. Carbon losses from litterbags were higher in lower landscape positions (P = 0.001), in comparison to upper landscape positions. Shoot biomass of willow plants fertilized with N averaged 27.3 g and was higher (P < 0.05) than that of unfertilized plants, which averaged 20.2 g, indicating that N availability limits plant growth in our study sites. Elk herbivory had no effect on soil inorganic N availability, even though we estimated that the return of N to the soil in grazed plots could be as much as 265% of the N return in exclosed plots. In the long-term, greater return of N to the soil combined with increased litter quality in the grazed plots could contribute to increases in N cycling rates and availability, and these changes could affect ecosystem structure and function in the winter range for elk in Rocky Mountain National Park. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v54i4_menezes
The resistivity and microstructure of heavily drawn Cu‐Nb alloys

A combined resistivity transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study has been done on heavily drawn Cu‐20 vol % Nb alloys (so‐called in situ alloys). The results show that electron scattering at Cu‐Nb interfaces makes the major contribution to resistivity in heavily drawn wire. The dislocation contribution is small and constant at deformation strains greater than around 4, apparently as a result of dynamic recovery/recrystallization of the Cu matrix which occurs during room‐temperature drawing. Results of this study and other recent TEM dislocation studies indicate that the dislocation density in heavily drawn Cu‐20 vol % Nb material does not exceed 1011 cm−2. It is demonstrated here that the 1013‐ cm−2 dislocation density predicted by the resistivity study of Karasek and Bevk [J. Appl. Phys. 52, 1370 (1981)] is high because the interface scattering contribution is more strongly reduced by coarsening than they assumed. It is shown that resistivity measurements provide a means of evaluating an average Cu ch.
MESOSCOPIC NUMERICAL MODEL TO SIMULATE DEGRADATION AND ULTIMATE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES AFFECTED BY CORROSION

aInternational Center for Computational Methods in Engineering (CIMEC), Güemes 3450 PTLC, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina, psanchez@intec.unl. edu.ar, http://www.cimec. org.ar bPolytechnical University of Catalunia (UPC), Campus Nord, Modul C-I, Gran Capitán s/n, 08034 Barcelona, Spain, xavier.oliver@upc.es, http://www.upc. edu/es cGIMNI, National Technological University (UTN-FRSF), Lavaise 610, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina, storo@frsf.utn.edu.ar, http://www.frsf.utn.edu.ar
An Experimental Research on the Effects of Types of Glossing on Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition through Reading

A large amount of research has been conducted to delve into the means of improving the rate of incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading, which includes providing glosses or annotations, increasing the reoccurrence of the target words and taking the advantage of dictionaries. But little has been done on the effects of different types of glossing on incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading. The present study has been aimed at finding out whether the three different types of glossing, i.e. glossing in Chinese, glossing in English, and glossing in both Chinese and English, have different effects on enhancing the incidental vocabulary acquisition rate through reading. From the data analysis of the present study, it has been found that in terms of enhancing the depth of vocabulary knowledge in incidental vocabulary learning through reading, glossing in both Chinese and English is the most effective glossing type, whether it be in the immediate retention testing section or the delayed retention testing section. In terms of enhancing the breadth of vocabulary knowledge, glossing in Chinese is the most effective one in the immediate retention of the breadth of word knowledge, and glossing in both Chinese and English is the most effective in the delayed retention of the breadth of word knowledge. On the basis of these findings, implications and suggestions for the arena of foreign language teaching and other related fields have been proposed.
Nuclear discs as clocks for the assembly history of early-type galaxies: the case of NGC 4458

Approximately 20% of early-type galaxies host small nuclear stellar discs that are tens to a few hundred parsecs in size. Such discs are expected to be easily disrupted during major galactic encounters, hence their age serve to constrain their assembly history. We use VIMOS integral-field spectroscopic observations for the intermediate-mass E0 galaxy NGC 4458 and age-date its nuclear disc via high-resolution fitting of various model spectra. We find that the nuclear disc is at least 6 Gyr old. A clue to gain narrow limits to the stellar age is our knowledge of the nuclear disc contribution to the central surface brightness. The presence of an old nuclear disk, or the absence of disruptive encounters since z � 0.6, for a small galaxy such as NGC 4458 which belongs to the Virgo cluster, may be consistent with a hierarchical picture for galaxy formation where the smallest galaxies assembles earlier and the crowded galactic environments reduce the incidence of galaxy mergers. On the other hand, NGC 4458 displays little or no bulk rotation except for a central kpc-scale kinematically-decoupled core. Slow rotation and decoupled core are usually explained in terms of mergers. The presence and age of the nuclear disc constraint these mergers to have happened at high redshift.
MODELS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ELECTRONS AND POLAR OPTICAL PHONONS IN NANOSTRUCTURES

A brief summary is made of the models used to describe the interaction between electrons and polar optical phonons in nanostructures. Simpler models are compared with the model that describes optical modes that satisfy both mechanical and electrical boundary conditions. Satisfaction of these boundary conditions requires modes to be a linear combination (LC) of longitudinal (LO), transverse (TO) and interface (IF) modes. The role of lattice dispersion turns out to be crucial. If accuracy is not essential, the simple models can provide adequate results, provided that coupled-mode and hot-phonon effects are absent.
Conversion and Attachment Insecurity Among Orthodox Jews

Radical conversion, which entails a sweeping transformation of existing meaning systems, is often precipitated by emotional distress. Nevertheless, although many individuals turn toward religion when distressed, few undertake total and radical conversions. Previous research suggests that insecurely attached individuals—who resemble James's disillusioned, doubting, and divided sick souls—may be particularly prone to radical conversions. Thus, the present research examined insecure parental attachment history and convert status among 122 Orthodox and 31 non-Orthodox Jews, hypothesizing that converts to and from Orthodox Judaism, who undertake an all-encompassing transformation of beliefs, behaviors, values, and life's purpose, would report greater insecurity in parental attachment history than nonconverts. Results indicate that converts report greater maternal and paternal insecurity, as compared to both nonconverts and those with intra-Orthodox religious change. Thus, further research examining insecure attachment, and associated religious stressors and doubts, may uncover some of the individual differences underlying radical conversions.
Influence of seasonality, timing of insemination and rectal temperature on conception rate of crossbred dairy cows

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rectal temperature (RT) on conception rate (CR), as well as the effects of seasonality (spring-summer vs. autumn-winter) and timing of artificial insemination (AI) (morning vs. afternoon) on RT and CR in crossbred dairy cows (Holstein x Gyr). The experiment was conducted on a dairy farm in Centralina, MG, where 1,219 conventional and fixed-time inseminations were analyzed. The RT was measured immediately before AI using a digital thermometer. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed using ultrasonography between 28 and 60 days after AI. T The effects of seasonality and timing of AI on RT were analyzed with a Mann-Whitney U test and the effects of RT (above or below the average), seasonality and timing of AI on CR were analyzed with a Chi-squared test, both using the SAS program. The RT average was 39.4°C. Cows with RT ? 39.4°C had lower CR than cows with RT < 39.4°C (25.78% vs. 32.54%; P = 0.0096). During spring-summer, cows had higher RT (39.44°C ± 0.025 vs. 39.27°C ± 0.022; P < 0.0001) and lower CR (25.49% vs. 31.75%; P = 0.0146) compared with autumn-winter. Cows inseminated in the morning had lower RT (38.96°C ± 0.022 vs. 39.60°C ± 0.018; P < 0.0001) and higher CR (32.86% vs. 26.06%; P = 0.0102) than cows inseminated in the afternoon. In conclusion, crossbred dairy cows with rectal temperature equal to or greater than 39.4°C had lower conception rate. Moreover, rectal temperature and conception rate were affected by seasonality and insemination time.
Surviving the effects of barotrauma: assessing treatment options and a ‘natural’ remedy to enhance the release survival of line caught pink snapper (Pagrus auratus)

A new technique to ameliorate the effects of barotrauma was tested based on observations of pink snapper, Pagrus auratus (Forster), inadvertently piercing their everted stomach with their teeth and releasing trapped swim bladder gases. This technique was termed buccal venting and involved piercing the everted stomach protruding into the buccal cavity or out of the mouth with a 16-gauge hypodermic needle (a practice previously not encouraged). Short-term (~3 days) survival of buccal-vented fish was not significantly different from laterally vented fish nor untreated controls. Both buccal and lateral venting techniques were shown to cause no harm and allowed fish to return to depth. The short-term (1–3 days) post-release survival of line caught snapper was 88% with no significant difference in survival across three depth ranges tested (37–50, 51–100 and 101–180 m). Survival of sublegal pink snapper ( 0.05) from that of legal-sized fish (≥35 cm TL). Healing of the swim bladder was observed in 27% of pink snapper dissected after ≤3 days in captivity, and healing of stomachs was observed in 64% of pink snapper that had been buccal vented. Relatively high post-release survival rates of line caught pink snapper may offer some protection for snapper stocks where high fishing pressure and legal size restrictions result in the majority of the catch having to be released.
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION AND INFERENCE ON COINTEGRATION - WITH APPUCATIONS TO THE DEMAND FOR MONEY

Many papers have over the last few years been devoted to the estitnation and testing of long-run relations under the heading of cointegration. Granger (1981), Granger and Weiss (1983), Engle and Granger (1987), Stock (1987), Phillips and Oullaris (1986), (1987), Johansen(1988b), (1989), Johansenand Juselius (1988), canonical analysis. Box and Tiao (1981), Velu, Wichem and Reinsel (1987), Pena and Box (1987). reduced rank regression, Velu, Reinsel and Wichem (1986), and Ahn and Reinsel (1987), common trends. Stock and Watson (1987), regression with integrated regressors, Phillips (1987), Phillips and Park (1986a), (1988b), (1989), as weU as under the heading testing for unit roots, see for instance Sims, Stock, and Watson (1986). There is a special issue of this BULLETIN (1986) dealing mainly with cointegration and a special issue of the Journal of Economic Dynamics and Cotitrol (1988) deeding with the same problems. We start with a vector autoregressive model (cf. (1.1) below) and formulate the hypothesis of cointegration as the hypothesis of reduced rank of the longrun impact matrix II = afi'. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the method of maximum likelihood in connection with two examples. The results concern the calculation of the maximum likelihood estimators and likelihood ratio tests in the model for cointegration under linear restrictions on the cointegration vectors 0 and weights a. These results are modifications of die procedure ^ven in Johansen (1988b) and apply the multivariate technique of partial canonical correlations, see Anderson (1984) or Tso (1981). For ii^erence we apply the results of Johamen (1989) on the asymptotic distribution of thelikelUuKxl ratio test. These disttibutiom are givai in terms of a multivmate Brownian motion process and are tabidated in the Appendix. Inferences on a aiyd fi imder linear restrictions can be amducted using the usual x^ distribution as an approximation to the distribution of likelihood ratio test. We also apply the limiting distribution of the tnaximum liketifaood estimator to a Wald test for hypotheses about a and 0.
Reply to reviewers” by Marine Remaud et al

The quality of the representation of greenhouse gas (GHG) transport in atmospheric General Circulation Models (GCMs) drives the potential of inverse systems to retrieve GHG surface fluxes to a large extent. In this work, the transport of CO2 is evaluated in the latest version of the LMDz GCM, developed for the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) relative to the LMDz version developed for CMIP4 :::::: CMIP5. Several key changes have been implemented between the two versions; those include a more elaborate radiative scheme, new sub-grid scale parameterizations of convective and bound5 ary layer processes, and a refined vertical resolution. We performed a set of simulations of LMDz with the different physical parameterizations, two different horizontal resolutions and different land surface schemes, in order to test the impact of those different configurations on the overall transport simulation. By modulating the intensity of vertical mixing, the physical parameterizations control the interhemispheric gradient and the amplitude of the seasonal cycle in the summer northern hemisphere, as emphasized by the comparison with observations at surface sites. However, the effect of the new parameterizations depends 10 on the region considered, with a strong impact over South America (Brazil, Amazonian forest) but a smaller impact over Europe, Eastern Asia and North America. A finer horizontal resolution reduces the representation errors at observation sites near emission-hot spots or along the coastlines. In comparison, the sensitivities to the land surface model and to the increased vertical resolution are marginal.