Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modulation of somatosensory cortex underlying error compensation in a tactile speeded-response task

It is known that the ACC detects occurrence of errors, and either directly or through another source of cognitive control, modulates the motor and sensory areas to achieve compensatory behavioural changes (temporary adjustments in response speed, accuracy, and sensitivity to interference). Recruitment of the prefrontal area for cognitive control of post-error slowing has been demonstrated in fMRI experiments to some extent, while DLPFC enabled enhancement of selective attention against distracting stimuli has been theorized by the conflict monitoring model of error processing, but lacking in empirical evidence. Hence, the purpose of this study was to specifically implicate the DLPFC in post-error modulation of sensory processing, and the associated phenomenon of post-error reduction of interference.In a somatosensory version of the flanker task, vibrotactile stimuli were delivered to the fingertips for amplitude discrimination (between two levels). To enable isolation of the ERPs, the distractor (flanker) stimulus always preceded the target. The congruence ratio was 70%. Early somatosensory ERPs of the distractor stimulus were extracted and compared between post-error trials and post-correct trials to look for error related modulations. (The analysis focus is on distractor ERPs rather than target ERPs because the former is indicative of filtering/suppression of task-irrelevant inputs.) It was hypothesized that the custom flanker task will generate rERNs and produce PES, PIA, and PERI effects; the early ERPs will be modulated in post-error vs. post-correct trials; and individuals with larger rERN would exhibit more ERP modulations and greater PERI. The findings of the current study were that post error commission, the P50 component was suppressed and the P100 component was enhanced. These modulations did not occur in one specific error case, which was reported difficult for confident sensing of the stimuli
Spatio-temporal Variability of Acartia clausi (Copepoda, Calanoida) Population Structure, Abundance, Body Length, and Biomass in a Tropical Coastal Lagoon (Grand-Lahou, Côte d’Ivoire)

The spatial and seasonal variations of Acartia clausi population structure, abundance, biomass and body length variation in relationship to environmental variables were investigated in the Grand-Lahou lagoon at 21 stations from January to December 2004. A. clausi abundance, biomass and body (prosome) length showed considerable seasonal and spatial variation. On average, total population abundance and biomass obtained during the dry season (Mean: 7.11 ind/l and 9.08 µgC/l respectively) were higher than that those which have gotten during the wet season (Mean: 2.98 ind/l and 2.76 µgC/l respectively). The same tendency was registered for prosome length of all development stages, with 275-1000 µm during the dry season versus 225-975 µm during the wet season. A. clausi population (without the nauplii) was dominated by copepodids stages in all seasons. During the dry season, on average, copepodids stages constituted 76.65% of total density and 52.98% of total biomass. During the wet season, copepodids stages represented 92.23% of total density and 72.42% of total biomass. In the adults stages, on average females (F) were more numerous than males (M), with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.75. However, males were slightly more abundant than females during the dry season (February to April and September) with sex ratio (M/F) range from 1.10 to 1.46. Correlation on data of this study analyses showed that spatio-seasonal variations of A. clausi abundance, Biomass and Body length were mainly linked to water salinity, pH, transparency and dissolved oxygen, phosphates and nitrates concentrations.
CALIPSO polar stratospheric cloud observations: second-generation detection algorithm and composition discrimination

This paper focuses on polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) measurements by the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization) lidar system onboard the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) spacecraft, which has been operating since June 2006. We describe a second-generation PSC detection algorithm that utilizes both the CALIOP 532-nm scattering ratio (ratio of total-to-molecular backscatter coefficients) and 532-nm perpendicular backscatter coefficient measurements for cloud detection. The inclusion of the perpendicular backscatter measurements enhances the detection of tenuous PSC mixtures containing low number densities of solid (likely nitric acid trihydrate, NAT) particles and leads to about a 15% increase in PSC areal coverage compared with our original algorithm. Although these low number density NAT mixtures would have a minimal impact on chlorine activation due to their relatively small particle surface area, these particles may play a significant role in denitrification and therefore are an important component of our PSC detection. In addition, the new algorithm allows discrimination of PSCs by composition in terms of their ensemble backscatter and depolarization in a manner analogous to that used in previous ground-based and airborne lidar PSC studies. Based on theoretical optical calculations, we define four CALIPSO-based composition classes which we call supercooled ternary solution (STS), ice, and Mix1 and Mix2, denoting mixtures of STS with NAT particles in lower or higher number densities/volumes, respectively. We examine the evolution of PSCs for three Antarctic and two Arctic seasons and illustrate the unique attributes of the CALIPSO PSC database. These analyses show substantial interannual variability in PSC areal coverage and also the well-known contrast between the Antarctic and Arctic. The CALIPSO data also reveal seasonal and altitudinal variations in Antarctic PSC composition, which are related to changes in HNO 3 and H 2 O observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite.
Rate of Vaccination of Children at Diyala Province & the Effect of Parental Education on Vaccination Status, Hospital Based Study

Background: Iraq is one of the countries which applicated routine vaccination schedule many years ago, however, still many infectious diseases attack children , e.g. whooping cough & tuberculosis, which was supposed to be absent or decreased dramatically by such vaccination program like what was happened at many developed countries since decades. Many causes had been implicated, one of these reasons may be the response of the population to that program. In Iraq, all the vaccines were given freely & the visits are voluntary, furthermore, many T.V. & Radio programs & newspapers urge the people towards vaccination, nevertheless, many children had not been vaccinated as we see in our clinical practice, but we don’t know to which degree this problem is present. So this study was came as a trial to expose some of secrets of this problem by finding the rate of vaccination, although it was a hospital based data, but it may give an idea about the vaccination status in the province, in addition, the effect of parental education on population compliance to the schedule will be searched. Patient & Method: The study was done at Al- Batool teaching hospital for maternity & children at Baquba city from 1 st of September 2011 – 1 st of September 2012, random sample was collected from both in- & out-patients, it involved children of one year old or below, history of immunization of those children according to the Iraqi schedule of vaccination was taken from parents, supported by vaccination card if it was available. Results: The immunization status of 259 child had been reviewed with the parents. Those were fully vaccinated children (in 180 child (70%)), partially vaccinated children (in 63 child (24%)) , & non- vaccinated children (in 16 (6 %)). Both mother’s & father’s education had positive significant effect on the compliance of the parents to vaccinate their children (p value was 0.000 & 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Rate of vaccination at this study was higher than that found in Iraq at 2010, but not reached to the level of well economic countries. we need to encourage vaccination, at the same time explaining their side effects and ways of management in front of vaccinations benefits to break up any refusal idea.
The Cultural Impact of Workflow Management Systems in the Financial Services Sector

The implementation of information systems is increasingly resulting in significant changes to the host organisation's culture. In particular, the workflow management system (WFMS) is one new technology that, because of its tendency to have a direct impact on the organisation and execution of work, has the potential to significantly modify an organisation's culture. This qualitative research investigates the nature of the relationship between WFMS and organisational culture, in the UK financial services sector. The research concludes that WFMS have the potential to modify culture in a positive way by improving the organisations' customer orientation, flexibility and quality focus.
Paleolimnology of a fluvial lake downstream of Lake Superior and the industrialized region of Sault Saint Marie

A paleolimnological study was undertaken to describe the past environment of the St. Mary's River down- stream of Lake Superior. Two sediment cores were obtained from the deepest part of Lake George, a fluvial lake in the river system. Rigorous analyses of radionuclides ( 210 Pb, 226 Ra, and 137 Cs) and chemical properties provided an accurate sediment chronology. More than 450 diatom species from 47 genera were identified. Diatom and geochemical data indicated gradual environmental change in response to anthropogenic activities, including logging, hydrologic manipulation, and steel, leather, and paper industries. A decline in water quality occurred gradually from the late 1800s through the 20th century in response to human activities, as was apparent from an increase in eutrophic-planktonic diatom taxa. A decline in benthic taxa and an increase in contaminant metals were also contemporaneous with impacts during the 20th century. Subfossil diatoms were similar to those recorded in paleolimnological investigations from the Great Lakes. However, diatom profiles indicate that the algal supply from upstream Lake Superior has been minimal and that the cores mainly reflect environmental characteristics of the near-upstream environment. Despite stochastic sedimentary regimes and complex habitats in the lotic system, this study reinforces the value of river paleolimnology at carefully selected sites.
Gastric Ulceration and Exercise Intensity in Standardbred Racehorses in Czech Republic

Bezdukova, B. , P. Jahn, M. Vyskoail, J. Plach˘: Gastric Ulceration and Exercise Intensityin Standardbred Racehorses in Czech Republic. Acta Vet. Brno 2005, 74: 67-71. The objective of our study was to determine prevalence of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in individual groups of Standardbred horses in the Czech Republic divided in accordance to training intensity, to determine association between training intensity and prevalence of gastric ulcers and severity of gastric ulcers in these horses. Fifty four 2-year-old or older Standardbred racehorses engaged in routine training and racing were selected for this study. Prevalence of gastric ulcers was 20.00% in Standardbred racehorses with no training intensity, 16.67% in horses in mild training, 68.42% in horses in intermediate training and 79.12% in horses in high intensity training. Significant association was proven between training intensity and occurrence of gastric ulcers. Positive correlation between training intensity and gastric ulceration severity was proven as well. From the results we concluded that gastric ulcers are common in Standardbred horses in training in Czech Republic. Their prevalence and severity is dependent on the training intensity.
Investigations on Some Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Infesting Domestic Buffalo and Cattle from Haryana, India.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the diversity and intensity of hard tick species infesting domestic buffalo and cattle from Haryana, India. A total of 17 collections were performed from 10 allopatric populations during the study period of August 2011 to January 2013. Out of a total number of 662 animals surveyed, 309 animals were found infested with ticks from three different genera of family Ixodidae and a total of 867 ticks were collected and identified. The genera recorded were Hyalomma Koch, 1844, Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 and Dermacentor Koch, 1844. Tick species identified of the three genera were Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum Koch, 1844, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum Koch, 1844, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1888), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (Koch, 1844) and Dermacentor spp. The present study revealed that Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus (Boophlilus) microplus are the most common vector species infesting buffalo and cattle in this state. The level of infestation, the seasonal epidemiology of ticks and the associated management practices to adopt are discussed.
Self-Rated Health as Private Information in Predicting Mortality: A Logit Analysis Using KLIPS

Using a ten-year span of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study and a logit specification, this study aims to analyze whether self-rated health has private information about future mortality controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health behaviors, and critical medical factors. In particular, it is explored whether predictive power of self-rated health varies with age. For that purpose, the data is divided into three age groups consisting of 30-44, 45-54, and 55-69 groups. It is shown that predictive power of self-rated health on mortality exhibits an increasing and non-decreasing pattern with age. Recently, one noticeable phenomenon in the Korean pension market has been that the enrolment into a defined contribution plan has increased compared to a defined benefit plan. Unlike the workers in DB plan, workers in DC plan annuitize wealth upon retirement. Thus, if individuals have more private information about their health at retirement phase than at younger phase in their lifetimes, the annuity markets at retirement age are likely to suffer from more informational problem. Given the empirical results, it may become hard to insure longevity risk for workers in DC plans in Korea compared to those who are enrolled into DB plans.
Broiler Responses to Reduced Protein and Energy Diets Supplemented With Lysine, Methionine and Threonine

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of low crude protein (CP) corn-soybean meal diets which contained low ME levels with lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) and threonine (Thr) above that recommended by the National Research Council (NRC, 1994) on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and serum constituents from 12 to 33 d of age. A total of 100 Ross chicks were randomly distributed in a randomized complete block design among 20 cages with 5 replicate cages / treatment with four dietary treatments: T1=Control diet (21% CP and 3150 kcal/kg ME); T2, T3 and T4 contained 19.5% CP and 115% of Lys, Met and 108% of Thr compared to the NRC requirements; T2, T3 and T4 contained 3150, 3100 and 3050 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg, respectively. Cumulative feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio from 12 to 33 d of age was not affected by treatment. Birds which had received T2 and T3 had a higher dressing percentage compared to those which had received T1. Breast muscle yield followed the same trend; heavier breasts were obtained from birds which had received T2 and T3. Serum uric acid concentration was influenced by treatment; it was significantly higher for birds which had received the control diet compared to all other treatments. Based on presented evidences, it can be concluded, that by fortifying crystalline amino acids to broilers diet at this stage of production, dietary CP and ME could be reduced to 19.5% and 3050 kcal/kg, respectively.
Temporal and spatial variability of glyoxal as observed from space

Abstract. Glyoxal, CHO.CHO, is produced during the oxidation of volatile organic compounds, VOC, released by anthropogenic activities, biogenic processes and biomass burning. It has a short chemical lifetime of a few hours in the boundary layer and lower troposphere and therefore serves as an indicator and a marker of photochemical hot-spots and their response to changing atmospheric conditions around the globe. For this reason more than five years of CHO.CHO observations (2002–2007), retrieved from the radiances measured by the satellite instrument SCIAMACHY, were obtained and analyzed both temporally and spatially. The largest columns of CHO.CHO (>6.1014 molec cm−2) are found in the tropical and sub-tropical regions, associated with high biological activity and the plumes from vegetation fires. The majority of the identified hot spots are characterized by a well-defined seasonality: the highest values being observed during the warm and dry periods as a result of the enhanced biogenic, primarily isoprene, emissions and/or biomass burning from natural or man-made fires. The regions influenced by anthropogenic pollution also encounter enhanced amounts of glyoxal. The ratio "CHO.CHO to HCHO, RGF" over the biogenically influenced photochemical hot-spots is approximately 0.045. For the studied regions, the presence of pyrogenic and anthropogenic emissions increases and decreases this number respectively. Although the 2002–2007 period of observation is limited, over the northeastern Asia a significant annual increase in CHO.CHO in addition to a seasonal cycle is reported.
Spatial and temporal variability of snow accumulation in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, including two deep ice coring sites at Dome Fuji and EPICA DML

S. Fujita, P. Holmlund, I. Andersson, I. Brown, H. Enomoto, Y. Fujii, K. Fujita, K. Fukui, T. Furukawa, M. Hansson, K. Hara, Y. Hoshina, M. Igarashi, Y. Iizuka, S. Imura, S. Ingvander, T. Karlin, H. Motoyama, F. Nakazawa, H. Oerter, L. E. Sjöberg, S. Sugiyama, S. Surdyk, J. Ström, R. Uemura, and F. Wilhelms National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Tokyo, Japan Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Division of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, The Royal Inst. of Tecknology, Stockholm, Sweden Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan
Influences of horizontal and vertical aspects of land cover and their interactions with regional factors on patterns of avian species-richness

Abstract We examined how both horizontal and vertical aspects of land-cover diversity influence patterns of avian species-richness across North America. Using count data from Breeding Bird Survey routes within the conterminous USA and land-cover data from the National Land Cover Data-set, we analyzed relationships between species-richness estimates, vegetative strata, landscape diversity and elevation and geographic position using both linear-regression models and a classification and regression tree. We found that latitude, the diversity of land-cover classes present, and the proportion of the landscape containing cover-classes representing 3 vegetative strata had the strongest influence on species richness. This illustrates that, while broad-scale biodiversity trends are strongly influenced by dominant regional factors, they are also sensitive to the structure of the intermediate-level landscape. Thus, factors at multiple scales must be considered when modeling spatial patterns of biodiversity such as avian species-richness.
STIRRING IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS IN NANOLITER CAVITIES

In this paper, we present immiscible liquid mixing within nanoliter droplet-based ‘cavities’ in microfluidic devices. In doing so, we create biphasic droplets with tunable internal structures, from near-equilibrium drop-in-drop morphologies to complex yet uniform non-equilibrium steady-state structures. The droplets contain an aqueous mixture of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran (DEX), and are injected into an immiscible oil in a simple microfluidic T-junction device. Aqueous droplets with tunable spatial heterogeneity in structure and composition could potentially be used to conduct in vitro biochemistry in environments that more closely emulate in vivo milieus than conventional macro or micro methods.
Microhabitat use and prey capture of a bottom-feeding top predator, the European shag, shown by camera loggers

Studies of the fine-scale use of foraging habitat are essential for understanding the role of seabirds in marine ecosystems. However, until recently, relationships between foraging and habi- tat usage were only possible at a coarse scale. We used miniaturized bird-borne digital still-picture camera loggers to obtain high-quality images of the foraging habitat used by 9 European shags Pha- lacrocorax aristotelis. Underwater images revealed that shags are almost exclusively benthic feeders, but used 2 very distinct foraging habitats: sandy areas and rocky areas with brittlestars, soft corals and kelp. We found no evidence that individuals specialize on a particular habitat. Birds were recorded in rocky and sandy areas over the course of a day and in some cases within a trip. Foraging behaviour differed markedly between habitats. In rocky areas birds foraged solitarily, over a wide range of depths (10 to 40 m) and travelled along the bottom while searching for bottom-living fish such as butterfish Pholis gunnellus. In contrast, shags using sandy habitat frequently fed with con- specifics, foraged mainly at 2 depths (24 or 32 m) and spent the bottom phase of the dive probing into the sand with their bill, presumably to catch lesser sandeels Ammodytes marinus, the major prey item in the diet. This study highlights the flexible foraging strategy of European shags and illustrates how image and dive data can be combined to improve our understanding of the factors influencing the foraging success of benthic feeders.
A COMPARISON OF TWO TECHNIQUES THAT MEASURE VOCAL TRACT SHAPE

This study compares vocal tract shapes of four vowels for a single speaker estimated via analysis of magnetic resonance images and acoustic reflectometer measurements. The first and second resonances of the vocal tract shapes from the two different methods are compared to the first and second formants obtained from an acoustic analysis of the speech signal. It is demonstrated that speech production is compromised by the mouthpiece used for the acoustic reflectometer, and as such this tool is not useful for studying articulatory phonetics.