Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thin disc, thick disc and halo in a simulated galaxy

Within a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation, we form a disc galaxy with subcomponents which can be assigned to a thin stellar disc, thick disk, and a low mass stellar halo via a chemical decomposition. The thin and thick disc populations so selected are distinct in their ages, kinematics, and metallicities. Thin disc stars are young (<6.6 Gyr), possess low velocity dispersion (�U,V,W = 41,31,25 kms 1 ), high [Fe/H], and low [O/Fe]. Conversely, the thick disc stars are old (6.6<age<9.8 Gyrs), lag the thin disc by �21 km/s, possess higher velocity dispersion (�U,V,W = 49,44,35 kms 1 ), and have relatively low [Fe/H] and high [O/Fe]. The halo component comprises less than 4% of stars in the “solar annulus” of the simulation, has low metallicity, a velocity ellipsoid defined by (�U,V,W = 62,46,45 kms 1 ) and is formed primarily in-situ during an early merger epoch. Gas-rich mergers during this epoch play a major role in fuelling the formation of the old disc stars (the thick disc). We demonstrate that this is consistent with studies which show that cold accretion is the main source of a disc galaxy’s baryons. Our simulation initially forms a relatively short (scalelength �1.7kpc at z=1) and kinematically hot disc, primarily from gas accreted during the galaxy’s merger epoch. Far from being a competing formation scenario, we show that migration is crucial for reconciling the short, hot, discs which form at high redshift in �CDM, with the properties of the thick disc at z=0. The thick disc, as defined by its abundances maintains its relatively short scale-length at z = 0 (2.31kpc) compared with the total disc scale-length of 2.73kpc. The inside-out nature of disc growth is imprinted the evolution of abundances such that the metal poor �-young population has a larger scale-length (4.07kpc) than the more chemically evolved metal rich �-young population (2.74kpc).
Evaluation of the Protective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Plantago major Plant Against CCl4 Induced Genotoxicity and Biochemical Disturbance in Rat

This study was carried out through 2010-2014, seasons on on …fresh herbs of Plantago major plant, which was collected from a private nurseries of El Qanater el Khayreyya, Al- Qaluobia Governorate, Egypt. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective potential of ethanolic crud extract of Plantago major against oxidative stress induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in different tissues in rats. Our results observed that CCl4 exhibited a significant increase in the levels of serum glucose and lipid profile i.e. total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) with a significant decrease in the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). Also, CCl4 increase liver function including serum aminotransferases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALPh), total protein, albumin (ALB) and total bilirubin activities and kidney function including the levels of serum urea, uric acid and creatinine amounts. Treatment with ethanolic P. major extract at 100mg/kg b.wt before, with and after treatment with CCl4 significantly prevented all of these typically observed changes . Also, P. major extract statistically significant (P<0.01) inhibit DNA damage induced by CCl4 in bone marrow and sperms of rats. Our findings indicate that P. major has a significant protective effect against CCl4 induced genotoxicity and biochemical changes in rat, which may be due to its antioxidant properties.
Immunization With a DNA Vaccine Cocktail Encoding TgPF, TgROP16, TgROP18, TgMIC6, and TgCDPK3 Genes Protects Mice Against Chronic Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii; and a major source of infection in humans is via ingestion of T. gondii tissue cysts. Ultimately, the goal of anti-toxoplasmosis vaccines is to elicit a sustainable immune response, capable of preventing formation of the parasite tissue cysts—or, at least, to restrain its growth. In this study, we formulated a cocktail DNA vaccine and investigated its immunologic efficacy as a protection against the establishment of T. gondii cysts in the mouse brain. This multicomponent DNA vaccine, encoded the TgPF, TgROP16, TgROP18, TgMIC6, and TgCDPK3 genes, which play key roles in the pathogenesis of T. gondii infection. Results showed that mice immunized via intramuscular injection three times, at 2-week intervals with this multicomponent DNA vaccine, mounted a strong humoral and cellular immune response, indicated by significantly high levels of total IgG, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation when compared with non-immunized mice. Immunization also induced a mixed Th1/Th2 response, with a slightly elevated IgG2a to IgG1 ratio. The increased production of proinflammatory cytokines gamma-interferon, interleukin-2, and interleukin-12 (p < 0.0001) correlated with increased expression of p65/RelA and T-bet genes of the NF-κB pathway. However, no significant difference was detected in level of interleukin-4 (p > 0.05). The number of brain cysts in immunized mice was significantly less than those in non-immunized mice (643.33 ± 89.63 versus 3,244.33 ± 96.42, p < 0.0001), resulting in an 80.22% reduction in the parasite cyst burden. These findings indicate that a multicomponent DNA vaccine, encoding TgPF, TgROP16, TgROP18, TgMIC6, and TgCDPK3 genes, shows promise as an immunization strategy against chronic toxoplasmosis in mice, and calls for a further evaluation in food-producing animals.
Incorporation of Multiple-Days Information to Improve the Generalization of EEG-Based Emotion Recognition Over Time

Current studies have got a series of satisfying accuracies in EEG-based emotion classification, but most of the classifiers used in previous studies are totally time-limited. To produce generalizable results, the emotion classifier should be stable over days, in which the day-to-day variations of EEG should be appropriately handled. To improve the generalization of EEG-based emotion recognition over time by learning multiple-days information which embraces the day-to-day variations, in this paper, 17 subjects were recruited to view several video clips to experience different emotion states, and each subject was required to perform five sessions in 5 days distributed over 1 month. Support vector machine was built to perform a classification, in which the training samples may come from 1, 2, 3, or 4 days' sessions but have a same number, termed learning 1-days information (L1DI), learning 2-days information (L2DI), learning 3-days information (L3DI), and learning 4-days information (L4DI) conditions, respectively. The results revealed that the EEG variability could impair the performance of emotion classifier dramatically, and learning more days' information to construct a classifier could significantly improve the generalization of EEG-based emotion recognition over time. Mean accuracies were 62.78, 67.92, 70.75, and 72.50% at L1DI, L2DI, L3DI, and L4DI conditions, respectively. Features at L4DI condition were ranked by modified RFE, and features providing better contribution were applied to obtain the performances of all conditions, results showed that the performance of SVMs trained and tested with the feature subset were all improved for L1DI, L2DI (*p < 0.05), L3DI (**p < 0.01), and L4DI (*p < 0.05) conditions. It could be a substantial step forward in the development of emotion recognition from EEG signals because it may enable a classifier trained on one time to handle another.
Locally used plants for malaria therapy amongst the Hausa, Yoruba and Ibo communities in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

A mini survey was conducted to ascertain the plants locally used in Northeastern Nigeria to treat malaria amongst the three major ethnic groups. Three traditional healers from each of the three Nigerian major ethnic groups (Ibo, Hausa and Yoruba) resident in Maiduguri were interviewed to ascertain the plants used traditionally in their locality to treat malaria. The study showed that the plants commonly used include Azadirachta indica, Magnifera indica, Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Musa sapientum, Citrus limon and Cymbopogen citratus. Their selected parts are prepared in various liquid mixtures and administered orally. The herbalists claim that these traditional plants remedies are effective and elicit little or no side effects. However, the traditional healers treat malaria and a wide range of other health problems using medicinal plants of unverified efficacy in various unstandardized dosage forms. Hence, there is need for scientific evaluation and standardization of these formulations and dosages, if found effective, to eliminate the possibility of short to long term toxic effects.
A Fundamental Approach to Cyber Risk Analysis

This paper provides a framework actuaries can use to think about cyber risk. We propose a differentiated view of cyber versus conventional risk by separating the nature of risk arrival from the target exposed to risk. Our review synthesizes the literature on cyber risk analysis from various disciplines, including computer and network engineering, economics, and actuarial sciences. As a result, we identify possible ways forward to improve rigorous modeling of cyber risk, including its driving factors. This is a prerequisite for establishing a deep and stable market for cyber risk insurance.
Anti‐Immigrant Propaganda by Radical Right Parties and the Intellectual Performance of Adolescents

In recent years radical right political parties have become a substantial electoral force in many countries around the world. Based on the vision of a mono-ethnic state, anti-immigration is these parties' core message. Connecting research on discrimination, social exclusion, and social identity threat, it was assumed that this anti-immigrant propaganda undermines the intellectual performance of immigrant adolescents. In an experiment conducted at Austrian schools, the intelligence test performance of adolescents with an immigration background decreased after they were exposed to radical right election posters whereas ethnic majority adolescents remained unaffected. The results further suggest that individuals with a strong ethnic minority identity are less vulnerable to the detrimental impact of the radical right propaganda.
Neutrinos from WIMP annihilations obtained using a full three-flavor Monte Carlo approach

Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are one of the main candidates for making up the dark matter in the Universe. If these particles make up the dark matter, then they can be captured by the Sun or the Earth, sink to the respective cores, annihilate, and produce neutrinos. Thus, these neutrinos can be a striking dark matter signature at neutrino telescopes looking towards the Sun and/or the Earth. Here, we improve previous analyses on computing the neutrino yields from WIMP annihilations in several respects. We include neutrino oscillations in a full three-flavor framework as well as all effects from neutrino interactions on the way through the Sun (absorption, energy loss, and regeneration from tau decays). In addition, we study the effects of non-zero values of the mixing angle θ13 as well as the normal and inverted neutrino mass hierarchies. Our study is performed in an event-based setting which makes these results very useful both for theoretical analyses and for building a neutrino telescope Monte Carlo code. All our results for the neutrino yields, as well as our Monte Carlo code, are publicly available. We find that the yield of muon-type neutrinos from WIMP annihilations in the Sun is enhanced or suppressed, depending on the dominant WIMP annihilation channel. This effect is due to an effective flavor mixing caused by neutrino oscillations. For WIMP annihilations inside the Earth, the distance from source to detector is too small to allow for any significant amount of oscillations at the neutrino energies relevant for neutrino telescopes.
ResNet with one-neuron hidden layers is a Universal Approximator

We demonstrate that a very deep ResNet with stacked modules with one neuron per hidden layer and ReLU activation functions can uniformly approximate any Lebesgue integrable function in $d$ dimensions, i.e. $\ell_1(\mathbb{R}^d)$. Because of the identity mapping inherent to ResNets, our network has alternating layers of dimension one and $d$. This stands in sharp contrast to fully connected networks, which are not universal approximators if their width is the input dimension $d$ [Lu et al, 2017; Hanin and Sellke, 2017]. Hence, our result implies an increase in representational power for narrow deep networks by the ResNet architecture.
Dimming the “Halo” Around Monogamy: Re-assessing Stigma Surrounding Consensually Non-monogamous Romantic Relationships as a Function of Personal Relationship Orientation

Previous research suggests that both monogamous and consensually non-monogamous (CNM) participants rate monogamous targets more positively. However, this pattern of stigma toward CNM relationships and the “halo effect” surrounding monogamy is at odds with the view that people typically favor members from their own groups over members of other groups. In the current research, we sought to re-examine the halo effect, using a more direct measure of stigma (i.e., desired social distance), in a methodological context that differentiates between the three most common types of CNM relationships. A convenience sample (N = 641) of individuals who self-identified as monogamous (n = 447), open (n = 80), polyamorous (n = 62), or swinger (n = 52) provided social distance ratings in response to these same relationship orientations in a counterbalanced order. Congruent with prior findings, CNM participants favored monogamous targets over CNM targets as a broad category (replicating the halo effect). However, results indicated this effect dissipated when participants were asked to differentiate between relationships they identify with, and other CNM relationships. Furthermore, supplementary findings suggest that monogamous targets were perceived to be the least promiscuous and were associated with the lowest perceived sexually transmitted infection (STI) rates, while swinger targets were perceived as the most promiscuous and were associated with the highest perceived STI rates. Consequently, our results imply social distance is partly attributable to the perception of STI risk, but not perceptions of promiscuity.
FLOW‐CYTOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CELL‐SURFACE GLYCANS OF SYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATES (SYMBIODINIUM SPP.) 1

Symbiodinium spp. dinoflagellates are common symbionts of marine invertebrates. The cell‐surface glycan profile may determine whether a particular Symbiodinium is able to establish and maintain a stable symbiotic relationship. To characterize this profile, eight Symbiodinium cultures were examined using eight glycan‐specific fluorescent lectin probes. Confocal imaging and flow‐cytometric analysis were used to determine significant levels of binding of each probe to the cell surface. No significant variation in glycan profile was seen within each Symbiodinium culture, either over time or over growth phase. No cladal trends in glycan profile were found, but of note, two different Symbiodinium cultures (from clades A and B) isolated from one host species had very similar profiles, and two other cultures (from clades B and F) from different host species had identical profiles. Two lectin probes were particularly interesting: concanavalin A (ConA) and Griffonia simplicifolia‐II (GS‐II). The ConA probe showed significant binding to all Symbiodinium cultures, suggesting the widespread presence of cell‐surface mannose residues, while the GS‐II probe, which is specific for glycans possessing N‐acetyl groups, showed significant binding to six of eight Symbiodinium cultures. Other probes showed significant binding to the following percentage of Symbiodinium cultures examined: wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), 37.5%; peanut agglutinin (PNA), 50%; Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA), 50%; phytohemagglutinin‐L (PHA‐L), 62.5%; soybean agglutinin (SBA), 50%; and Griffonia simplicifolia‐IB4 (GS‐IB4), 12.5%. This study highlights the complexity of cell‐surface glycan assemblages and their potential role in the discrimination of different dinoflagellate symbionts by cnidarian hosts.
Estimating the distribution and relative density of satellite-tagged loggerhead sea turtles using geostatistical mixed effects models

Movement and location data collected via satellite-linked telemetry tags are often used to inform spatial conservation measures for threatened marine populations. Most applied telemetry studies aim to reconstruct the continuous utilization distribution underlying reported locations to characterize the relative intensity of space use. However, commonly applied space use estimators do not directly estimate the underlying distribution of interest and, perhaps more importantly, ignore correlations in space and time that may bias estimates. Here we describe how geostatistical mixed effects models, which explicitly account for spatial and/or temporal correlation using Gaussian random fields, can be applied to estimate utilization distributions from satellite telemetry data. We use simulation testing to compare the performance of the proposed models with several conventional space use estimators. Our results suggest that geostatistical mixed effects models outperform conventional estimators when the number of tag transmissions changes over time, a common source of bias in satellite telemetry studies that is rarely addressed. We illustrate this approach via application to satellite telemetry location observations collected from 271 large juvenile and adult loggerhead sea turtles in the western North Atlantic from 2004 to 2016. We demonstrate how such models can be used to predict the overall spatial distribution of tagged individuals, as well as seasonal shifts in densities at smaller time scales. For tagged loggerheads, overall predicted densities were greatest in the shelf waters along the US Atlantic coast from Florida to North Carolina, but monthly predictions highlight the importance of summer foraging habitat in the Mid-Atlantic Bight.
Family size and sex-specific parental effort in black-legged kittiwakes

Summary Clutch and brood reduction is widespread in birds and is mainly caused by lower parental effort during incubation or chick rearing. In black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla, early chick rearing seems to be more costly for females than males. We, thus, hypothesized that energetically constrained females may be responsible for the low feeding delivery causing brood-reduction. Furthermore, as previous studies have experimentally shown that only females reduce their feeding effort after brood-reduction, we hypothesized that females should decrease their investment after natural clutch or brood reduction. For three consecutive years, we observed parental attendance and feeding behaviour during chick rearing in pairs that hatched only one of their eggs, lost one of their two hatchlings or raised two chicks. We found that in pairs that lost one egg, parents behaved as predicted, with females showing low feeding effort. Furthermore, we found that before brood-reduction, females, but not males delivered less food to their chicks than parents that raised two chicks, and that A-chicks were more aggressive when females delivered less food to them. These results suggest that females may be responsible for brood-reduction. However, after brood-reduction, contrary to what was expected, females did not show lower feeding rate than females raising two chicks. We discuss two non-exclusive potential mechanisms at the origin of this result, namely that brood-reduction may be due to (i) low quality females that are not able to feed their two chicks enough or to (ii) females that adaptively restrained their feeding effort to maximize their residual reproductive value.
Revisiting the subgrid-scale Prandtl number for large-eddy simulation

The subgrid-scale (SGS) Prandtl number (Pr) is an important parameter in large-eddy simulation. Prior models often assume that the ‘−5/3’ inertial subrange scaling applies to the wavenumber range from 0 to k∆ (the wavenumber corresponding to the filter scale ∆) and yield a Pr that is stability-independent and scale-invariant, which is inconsistent with experimental data and the results of dynamic models. In this study, the SGS Prandtl number is revisited by solving the co-spectral budgets of momentum and heat fluxes in an idealized but thermally stratified atmospheric surface layer. The SGS Prandtl number from the co-spectral budget model shows a strong dependence on the atmospheric stability and increases (decreases) as the atmosphere becomes stable (unstable), which is in good agreement with recent field experimental data. The dependence of Pr on the filter scale is also captured by the co-spectral budget model: as the filter scale becomes smaller, the SGS Prandtl number decreases. Finally, the value of SGS Prandtl number under neutral conditions is shown to be caused by the dissimilarity between momentum and heat in the pressure decorrelation term and the flux transfer term. When the dissimilarity exists only in the flux transfer term, the fact that under neutral conditions the SGS Prandtl number is usually smaller than the turbulent Prandtl number for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations is an indication of a stronger spectral transfer coefficient for heat than for momentum. The model proposed in this study can be readily implemented.
Feelings of stigmatization and depressive symptoms in psoriasis patients

Aim. The objective of the study was to show the correlation between the feelings of stigmatization and depressive symptoms in psoriasis patients. The study has considered severity of feelings of stigmatization and depressive symptoms, as well as factors such as gender and skin lesions visibility. Methods. The study involved 54 adult subjects suffering from psoriasis – 26 women and 28 men. The patients filled in the 33-item Feelings of Stigmatization Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. Moreover, the subjects were asked to mark the location of their psoriatic lesions on a schematic drawing. Results. A correlation was found between feelings of stigmatization and depressive symptoms in the psoriasis patients. No differences between women and men were found with regard to depressive symptoms and feelings of stigmatization (except for the secretiveness aspect). It was found that location of skin lesions did not have an effect on occurrence of depressive symptoms and feelings of stigmatization (except for the shame and guilt aspect). Conclusions. It is still necessary to change the public attitude to patients with psoriasis. It is also very important to provide the patients with psychotherapeutic support aimed at enhancing their self-acceptance in order to overcome any feelings of stigmatization and to prevent them from depression.
Energy control of a pendulumwith quantized feedback ?

The problem of controlling a nonlinear system to an invariant manifold using quantized state feedback is considered by the example of controlling the pendulum’s energy. A feedback control law based on the speed gradient algorithm is chosen. The main result consisting in precisely characterizing allowed quantization error bounds and resulting energy deviation bounds is presented.