Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
forDebris flow triggering characteristics and occurrence probability after extreme rainfalls : case study in the Chenyulan watershed , Taiwan

Rainfall and other extreme events often trigger debris flows in Taiwan. This study examines the debris flow triggering characteristics and probability of debris flow occurrence after extreme rainfalls. The Chenyulan watershed, central Taiwan, which has suffered from the Chi-Chi earthquake and extreme rainfalls, was selected as a study area. The rainfall index (RI) was used to 15 analyze the return period and characteristics of debris flow occurrence after extreme rainfalls. The characteristics of debris flow occurrence included the variation in critical RI, threshold of RI for debris flow triggering, and recovery period, the time required for the lowered threshold to return to the original threshold. The variations in critical RI after extreme rainfall and the recovery period associated with RI are presented. The critical RI threshold was reduced in the years following an extreme rainfall event. 20 The reduction in RI as well as recovery period were influenced by the RI. Reduced RI values showed an increasing trend over time, and it gradually returned to the initial RI. The empirical relationship between the probability of debris flow occurrence (P) and corresponding return period (T) of the rainfall characteristics for areas affected by extreme rainfalls and affected by the Chi-Chi earthquake were developed. Finally, a method for determining the P of a rainfall event is proposed based on the 25 relationship between P and T. This method was successfully applied to evaluate the probability of debris flow occurrence after extreme rainfalls.
ADBI Working Paper Series STRUCTURAL CHANGE, TRADE, AND INEQUALITY: SOME CROSS-COUNTRY EVIDENCE

The process of transition from a low-income to a high-income country involves a structural transformation of the economy along with a change in the distribution of income and wealth in the economy. This study examines how this process of structural change impacts on inequality for a sample of advanced, emerging, and transition economies. Trade liberalization, through a reduction in tariff and removal of nontariff barriers, aids the process of structural transformation and simultaneously changes the income distribution in an economy. This study investigates whether structural change impacts inequality. Using a panel of 217 countries during the period 1991–2014 and the System GMM method of dynamic panel data analysis, it is found that the process of structural change increases income inequality, while trade liberalization and FDI inflows help to reduce it. Income distribution is found to be more equal to infrastructure development. The econometric results are robust and have important policy implications.
‘T-RANS’ Simulation of Deterministic Eddy Structure in Flows Driven by Thermal Buoyancy and Lorentz Force

The paper reports on the application of the Time-dependent Reynolds-Averaged Navier– Stokes (T-RANS) approach to analysing the effects of magnetic force and bottom-wall configuration on the reorganisation of a large coherent structure and its role in the transport processes in Rayleigh– Bénard convection. The large-scale deterministic motion is fully resolved in time and space, whereas the unresolved stochastic motion is modelled by a ‘subscale’ model for which the conventional algebraic stress/flux expressions were used, closed with the low-Re number 〈k〉-〈ε〉-〈θ2〉 three-equation model. The applied method reproduces long-term averaged mean flow properties, turbulence second moments, and all major features of the coherent roll/cell structure in classic Rayleigh–Bénard convection in excellent agreement with the available DNS and experimental results. Application of the T-RANS approach to Rayleigh–Bénard convection with wavy bottom walls and a superimposed magnetic field yielded the expected effects on the reorganisation of the eddy structure and consequent modifications of the mean and turbulence parameters and wall heat transfer.
SAMPLE SIZE AND STRUCTURE FOR MULTILEVEL 1 MODELLING : MONTE CARLO INVESTIGATION 2 FOR THE BALANCED DESIGN 3

The aim of the study is to examine the robustness of the estimates 7 and standard errors in the case of different structure of the sample and its 8 size. The two-level model with a random intercept, slope and fixed effects, 9 estimated using maximum likelihood, was taken into account. We used 10 Monte Carlo simulation, performed on a sample of the equipotent groups. 11
Calorie reduction in food: Sensory Performance of a New Sweetener and Fat Replacer Optimization

Sweet proteins are an attractive alternative to the most traditional sweeteners. This I study case focuses on the sensory characterization of MNEI, obtained by recombinant expression in cells of E. coli with high yields. Since MNEI is an High Intensity Sweeteners (HIS) it could be used in the beverage industry meeting the consumer needs about the low calorie content and the sweetness of beverage. Thus, the specific objectives of this study were, first, the determination of taste detection (DT) and recognition threshold (RT) of MNEI in different conditions typical of beverage processing and of beverage consumption, concerning mineral content, serving temperature of the product, pH and thermal treatment, and then to compare dynamic sensory performance of MNEI, with that of aspartame, saccharin and sucrose. A selected panel evaluated DT and RT of MNEI by using a modified version of difference from Reference method. Through the modified method, assessors were also asked to give a qualitative information about the perceived taste, thus it was also possible to obtain the RT of MNEI. Then, equi-sweet concentrations of different sweeteners were found through difference from Reference method, by using a selected panel. Next sweeteners, at those concentrations, were analysed thought time-Intensity (t-I) and Temporal Dominance of Sensation (TDS), to determinate sweetness evolution over time and the interaction between sweetness and other stimuli, respectively, by using a trained panel. The results demonstrated that MNEI DT and RT were much lower than those of sucrose. Besides, both mineral content and serving temperature affected MNEI DT, whereas pH and thermal treatment did not affect perceived sweetness. The modified version of difference from Reference method was useful for RT determination. Equi-sweetness values of MNEI and of three market sweeteners were determined. Time-Intensity results showed that MNEI differed from sucrose, meanwhile TDS results showed that, in presence of other stimuli, these differences were reduced The dominant attributes of model beverages were, first, strawberry flavour and, then, sweet, for all sweeteners, with some differences.
Featured Article The Relationship between Food Assistance and Health: A Review of the Literature and Empirical Strategies for Identifying Program Effects

There is a large and growing body of literature on the impact of food assistance programs on body weight and health. We review this literature in the context of an economic model of consumption and time allocations in order to elucidate the multiple pathways between food assistance and health. We then present a general empirical framework for comparing and contrasting different identification strategies, some of which have been used to evaluate food assistance programs, from the treatment effects literature. In addition to discussing the most widely used methods, we highlight recent advances that may be of interest to food assistance researchers.
CHAPTER 136 Model Study of Reservoir Riprap Stability

A series of large scale (1:15) experiments have been undertaken to assist the Societe d'Energie de la Baie James (SEBJ) in the development of new design guidelines for riprap. The stability of revetments resting on 1:1.8 and 1:2.25 (V:H) slopes is considered. In an attempt to quantify the relative roles of stone size, gradation and armour layer thickness, these tests were undertaken with stone gradations varying from (Mmax/Mmin ranging from 1 to 10) and with armour layers both 2.2Dn50 and 2.7Dn50 thick. Introduction The La Grande Hydroelectric complex includes over 100 km of earth dykes. Over the past 15 years a small percentage of these dykes have suffered wave damage and have needed repair. (Caron et al, 1993, Levay et al, 1993 and 1994). The Societe d'Energie de la Baie James (SEBJ) was mandated to review the designs of these dykes and contracted the Canadian Hydraulics Centre (CHC) to undertake a physical model testing program. In the first phase of this study, repair schemes were developed for several dykes which have experienced damage (Mansard et al, 1994) The second phase of this study focused on improving riprap design techniques. This paper reviews some of the findings of this second phase. In undertaking the original construction and the repair works, SEBJ has garnered extensive experience with riprap design and construction. Their experience suggests that riprap specifications based on a minimum acceptable stone size (Mmin), along with controls on stone gradation can provide an efficient and practical method for design, construction and quality control (Tournier et al., 1996). 1 Canadian Hydraulics Centre, Bldg. M-32, National Research Council Canada, Montreal Road, Ottawa, K1A 0R6. 2 Hydro-Quebec, 75 Boul. Rene Levesque Quest, Montreal, Quebec, H2Z 1A4.
Working memory, number sense, and arithmetical performance

The literature discusses the relationships between working memory (WM) and mathematical performance, but the results regarding which components of WM are most influential to numerical competence are still controversial. The correlations between number sense (NS) and WM are recent. The present study aimed at correlating (Spearman) the WM capacity (central executive component – numerical and non-numerical information; and phonological – memory for digits, sentences, short stories), the arithmetical performance (TDE arithmetic subtest) and the NS (Number Knowledge Test). The research involved 79 students, from the 4th to the 7th year of elementary school, with average and below average performance in arithmetic. A better performance in the central executive component correlated to a better performance in NS and arithmetic. We did not observe the same relation for the phonological component. Educational implications result from expanding knowledge in this area. We emphasize the importance of a more significant uniformity in the instruments that assess these domains.
Sexual ratio and floral biology of the dioecious Neea theifera Oerst. (Nyctaginaceae) in a cerrado rupestre of central Brazil

Dioecy is characterized by a complete separation of sexual functions on male and female plants. It has evolved many times in flowering plants and is widespread among distinct Angiosperm families. It is viewed as a reproductive strategy to reduce endogamy, and to promote optimal resource allocation between male and female sexual functions. Neea theifera is a common species in Cerrado, neotropical savannas in Brazil, but information regarding its reproductive biology is still incomplete. In order to investigate how environmental conditions possibly affect this dioecious species, we studied its floral biology, sex ratio and spatial distribution of sexual morphs along a soil-altitudinal gradient. The sex ratio did not significantly deviate from the expected 1:1 ratio. However, flower abundance in the population was significantly biased towards staminate flowers. Female individuals were larger than male individuals and plant size was negatively correlated with altitude, but did not differ between sexual morphs. The population did not show spatial segregation of sexes and male individuals were sexually mature earlier than female ones. Staminate flowers were larger than pistillate flowers and presented high pollen viability. Meliponini bees, small flies and thrips were potential pollinators, but pollination success was very low. Dioecy in N. theifera corroborates many general features of this reproductive strategy, such as woody habit, inconspicuous flowers, pollination by small generalist insects and differential resource allocation between male and female plants. However, reproduction in this species seems to be impaired by pollinator limitation. The results showed that the soil-altitude gradient influenced the growth pattern of the species and may play an important role in its reproductive biology but did not affect dioecy directly.
Molecular Cloning of Rat Obese cDNA and Augmented Gene Expression in Genetically Obese Zucker Fatty ( falfa ) Rats

The obese (ob) gene has recently been isolated through a positional cloning approach, the mutation of which causes a marked hereditary obesity and diabetes mellitus in mice. In the present study, we isolated rat ob cDNAand examined the tissue distribution of the ob gene expression in rats. We also studied the gene expression in genetically obese Zucker fatty (falfa) rats. The rat ob gene product, a 167 amino acid protein with a putative signal sequence, was 96 and 83% homologous to the mouse and human ob proteins, respectively. Northern blot analysis using the rat ob cDNA probe identified a single mRNAspecies of 4.5 kb in size in the adipose tissue, while no significant amount of ob mRNA was present in other tissues in rats. The ob gene was expressed in the adipose tissue with region specificities. The rank order of the ob mRNAlevel in the adipose tissue was epididymal, retroperitoneal, and pericardial white adipose tissue > mesenteric and subcutaneous white adipose tissue -interscapular brown adipose tissue. The ob gene expression occurred in mature adipocytes rather than in stromalvascular cells isolated from the rat adipose tissue. Expression of the ob gene was markedly augmented in all the adipose tissue examined in Zucker fatty (falfa) rats at the stage of established obesity. The present study leads to the better understanding of the physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of the ob gene. (J. Clin. Invest 1995. 96:1647-1652.)
Energy expenditure and food consumption by breeding Cape gannets Morus capensis '

Gannets (genus Morus) are piscivorous seabirds with a breeding distribution restricted to the cool to temperate waters of the mid latitudes. Field metabolic rates of breeding Cape gannets M. capensjs and their chicks were measured using doubly labelled water. Energy expenditures of adults incubating or brooding chicks at the nest were 2090 kJ d-l (24.2 W, 2.9 x basal metabolic rate, BMR). Metabolic rates of adults at sea were 4670 kJ d-' (54.1 W, 6.5 X BMR). Overall field metabohc rates (FMRs), assuming birds spend half their time on land and half at sea, were 3380 kJ d-' (39 1 W, 4.7 X BMR). Relative FMRs of adult birds were high compared with those of most other volant seabirds and approach those of high latitude seabirds that use mainly flapping flight, including the closely related northern gannet M, bassanus. Such high values probably reflect the high energy cost of sustained flapping flight and the plunge-diving foraging of gannets while at sea. Food consumption rates, calculated on the basis of the chemical composition of Cape anchovy Enyraulis capensis and energy expenditure determined from CO2 production, averaged 691 g d' for incubating or brooding adults and 521 g d-' for chcks. A pair of gannets successfully raising a chick would consume 246 kg of fish over the course of a breeding season. Total annual consumption of the gannet population in the southern Benguela upwelling system amounted to no more than 23 400 t. Of this 9000 t was accounted for by the commercially important anchovy. This probably represents no more than 1 % of the total adult spawner biomass of this fish in the region.
Treatise of Universal Induction

Understanding inductive reasoning is a problem that has engaged mankind for thousands of years. This problem is relevant to a wide range of fields and is integral to the philosophy of science. It has been tackled by many great minds ranging from philosophers to scientists to mathematicians, and more recently computer scientists. In this article we argue the case for Solomonoff Induction, a formal inductive framework which combines algorithmic information theory with the Bayesian framework. Although it achieves excellent theoretical results and is based on solid philosophical foundations, the requisite technical knowledge necessary for understanding this framework has caused it to remain largely unknown and unappreciated in the wider scientific community. The main contribution of this article is to convey Solomonoff induction and its related concepts in a generally accessible form with the aim of bridging this current technical gap. In the process we examine the major historical contributions that have led to the formulation of Solomonoff Induction as well as criticisms of Solomonoff and induction in general. In particular we examine how Solomonoff induction addresses many issues that have plagued other inductive systems, such as the black ravens paradox and the confirmation problem, and compare this approach with other recent approaches.
Intrathecal Therapy For the Management of Cancer and Noncancer Pain 1

ancer pain results from the growth of cancer in human tissues, as well as the therapies implemented to treat a malignancy. Adequate pain control can be achieved in the great majority of patients by implementing an aggressive pharmacologic treatment strategy using opioids and adjuvants. The implementation of such a strategy may achieve adequate pain control in 90% to 95% of patients. Consequently, 5% to 10% of patients will require some form of invasive therapy. When specific guidelines are followed, the great majority of patients with cancer-related pain can expect adequate pain control. Control of pain and its related symptoms is a cornerstone of cancer treatment because it enhances quality of life by improving function and promoting compliance with treatment. Control of pain allows patients to focus on the joys of life. In addition to its salutary effects on quality of life, mounting evidence suggests that good pain control may positively influence survival. To implement optimal analgesic therapy, a thorough history and physical examination are essential, as is the judicious use of diagnostic testing to try to define the pathophysiologic components involved in the expression of pain. Intrathecal (IT) opioids are very effective for the treatment of somatic and visceral pain, but IT bupivacaine and/or clonidine is necessary for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Thus, a definition of the specific pathophysiologic components of a patient’s pain is critical for successful management of it. Part I: Cancer Pain
M ay 2 01 6 Higher dimensional Thompson groups have Serre ’ s property

The Thompson group V is a subgroup of the homeomorphism group of the Cantor set C. Brin [3] defined higher dimensional Thompson groups nV as generalizations of V . For each n, nV is a subgroup of the homeomorphism group of Cn. We prove that nV has property FA, and especially the number of ends of nV is equal to 1. This is a generalization of the corresponding result of Farley [7], who studied the Thompson group V = 1V . 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 20F69, Secondary: 37E05.
Efficacy of Newer Insecticides against Sucking Insect Pests of Okra

Field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2010 and 2011 to evaluate the efficacy of six newer insecticides against sucking insect pests on okra cv Arka Anamika. Thiamethoxam spraying recorded the lowest leafhopper population and all the six insecticides were significantly superior to control in both the years. Whitefly population was lowest in spiromesifen treated plots.
Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy of B IRADS Score

Background: Breast lump is one of the commonest complaints with which patients present in breast clinics. As approximately 10% of breast masses ultimately lead to a diagnosis of breast cancer, it is important for women with a breast lump to receive appropriate evaluation. A confident diagnosis can be made in 95% of the cases through a combination of clinical examination, imaging and fine needle aspiration cytology. Histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosis. Methods: This is a prospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology, K.V. G Medical College, Sullia on 50 patients who presented with clinically palpable breast lump. Patients were subjected to sonomammography and Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BIRADS) scoring followed by FNAC and histopathological examination. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of sonomammogram in relation to the BIRADS score and FNAC taking histopathology as the gold standard was calculated. Result: FNAC had significantly higher sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy compared to sonographical diagnosis using BIRADS score. Conclusion: FNAC could be considered as the first method to evaluate breast lesions, recognized by means of imaging techniques.
Auditor Tenure and Financial Reporting Fraud : Have the Relations Changed Post Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ?

In this study, we investigated how auditor tenure and several related variables of the audit environment, such as the type of auditor (Big-N/other), audit firm tenure, client size, are related to the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting. The study contributes to the debate on audit firm rotation. While PCAOB (2014) requires that public companies in the U.S. rotate their engagement partners every five years, there is no requirement to rotate audit firms, and there are mixed results in the extant literature on the relation between audit firm tenure and fraudulent financial reporting. For example, Knechel and Vanstraelen (2007) do not find any evidence that tenure is associated with an increase or decrease in audit quality but other researchers find that longer auditor tenure is associated with higher audit quality (e.g., Myers et al., 2003 and Geiger et al., 2002).
Qualitative feed restriction on productive performance and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens

A trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of qualitative restriction at different rearing phases on liver fatness and plasma triglycerides without impairing the productive performance of broiler chickens. One hundred and seventy-six male chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments and reared in battery brooders (16 pens with 11 birds each) from 1 to 49-day-old. In the control group, chicks were fed a starter diet (1 to 28-day-old) with 3,300kcal ME/kg of diet and 22.5% CP; grower diet (29 to 42-day-old) 3,300kcal ME/kg of diet and 18.2% CP; and the finisher diet (43 to 49-day-old) 3,300kcal ME/kg and 18.2% CP. Three restrict groups were fed a low 2,800kcal ME/kg of diet and 24% CP from 7 to 14-dayold (treatment 1); from 7 to 21-day-old (treatment 2); and from 22 to 35-day-old (treatment 3). All treatments were fed control diet before and after the feed restriction period. Feed intake was not affected during the feed restriction period; nevertheless, weight gain was lower (P<0.05) for chicks fed restricted diet from 7 to 21 and from 21 to 35-day-old. At the end of each restriction period, scores of liver for fatty infiltration were higher in restricted birds compared to control birds, although no changes were detected in plasma triglyceride levels. On the 49 day of age, less intracellular fatty infiltration was observed in the liver of previously restricted birds compared to control birds, and weight gain was also lower in the restricted groups. Moreover, triglyceride plasma levels were similar among treatments, but decreased in 12-hour-fasted broilers compared to non-fasted birds. The low energy:protein ratio diet affected weight gain and fatty infiltration in the liver, but had no effect on plasma levels of triglycerides.