Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Redistributive Effects of Tax Evasion: A Comparison between Conventional and Multi-Criteria Perspectives

The first part of the paper extends the approach developed by Lambert and Ramos (1997) for the measurement of the redistributive effects of a personal income tax to include tax evasion. Particular attention is paid to the concept and measurement of horizontal equity. We show that the criteria adopted to identify the equals are critical in order to evaluate the fairness of income taxation. In particular, we compare the traditional criterion, when income alone is considered (what we call conventional perspective), with a criterion based on a composite set of socio-economic features (multi-criteria perspective). Secondly, this framework is applied to the measurement of the redistributive effects of tax evasion in Italian income tax. The empirical analysis shows that in the multi-criteria perspective, taxation improves the horizontal equity of pre-tax income distribution whereas, if the sole income is assumed as criterion of equity, income tax determines horizontal inequity.
Investigating Relationships among Pre-Service Science Teachers' Conceptual Knowledge of Electric Current, Motivational Beliefs and Self-Regulation.

Background:The purpose of this study is to examine relationships among pre-service science teachers’ conceptual knowledge of electric current, motivational beliefs, and self-regulation. One hundred and twenty-seven students (female = 107, male = 20) enrolled in the science education program of a public university in Ankara participated the study.Materials and methods:A concept map technique was used to determine students’ conceptual knowledge level of electric current. To determine students’ motivational beliefs and self-regulation, a scale developed by Velayutham, Aldridge, and Fraser (2011) was first translated into Turkish and adapted to Turkish culture and then used as a measurement tool.Results:Results showed that students’ motivational beliefs were positively associated with their self-regulation, and students’ task value, self-efficacy, and self-regulation were positively related with students’ conceptual knowledge of electric current.Conclusions:These results show that students’ motivational beliefs and self-regulation have important roles in students’ conceptual knowledge level when assessed using concept map technique.
Numerical simulation of the effect of particle size on the erosion damage in ball valves of pressure reducing station

Ball valve is one of valves that have many applications in industry especially in gas delivery systems. This kind of valve is categorized in the on - off flow control valve. This study aims to investigate unusual application of ball valve to control fluid flow in industry and its destructive effect including erosion of ball and body of valve. Simulation of industrial ball valve is done using ANSYS Fluent software and effect of erosion on it is investigated in different working conditions. In this article, working condition is performed regarding 2 different concentrations for suspended particles as well as four positions of ball in different angles. We assess the effect of increased particle diameter on the rate of erosion for three diameters (3.86e-6 m , 267.45e-6 m and 531.03e-6 m) in four conditions of valve (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and two different concentrations of particle (3% and 6%). It is shown that rate of erosion is increased with increased particle diameters in 25%, 50% and 75% open state of valve. On the contrary, the results show that opposite rule governs complete open state. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that increase in particle diameter decreases the area of erosion in four conditions of valve.
Cytogenetic analysis of Astyanax laticeps (Cope, 1894) (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from the laguna dos Patos system

The genus Astyanax is prominent among Characiformes, due to the large number of species found and its wide geographic distribution. In this work, Astyanax laticeps specimens from the laguna dos Patos system were cytogenetically analyzed. A diploid number of 2n = 50 chromosomes distributed into 6m+16sm+16st+12a (FN = 88) was found, without differences between males and females. A few small heterochromatin blocks were observed, besides three more conspicuous C-bands, corresponding to NORs, as confirmed by silver nitrate and CMA 3 staining, FISH, and DAPI negative staining. These regions were located in a medium-sized subtelocentric and in a large subtelocentric chromosomal pair, probably because of a deletion of this region in one homologous chromosome, or due to a transposition event between them. O genero Astyanax e destacado entre os Characiformes, pelo grande numero de especies encontradas e a ampla distribuicao geografica. Neste trabalho, foram analisados citogeneticamente especimes de Astyanax laticeps do sistema da laguna do Patos. O numero diploide observado foi de 2n = 50 cromossomos distribuidos em 6m+16sm+16st+12a (NF= 88), sem diferencas entre machos e femeas. Foram observados poucos blocos de heterocromatina, alem de tres bandas-C mais conspicuas, correspondentes as NORs, confirmado pela coloracao com nitrado de prata,CMA 3 , FISH, e coloracao negativa ao DAPI. Estas regioes foram localizadas em um cromossomo subtelocentrico de tamanho medio e em um par subtelocentrico grande, provavelmente devido a delecao desta regiao em um dos cromossomos homologos, ou por eventos de transposicao entre eles.
A semi-analytical model for diffuse reflectance in marine and inland waters

Abstract. A semi-analytical model for predicting diffuse reflectance of coastal and oceanic waters is developed based on the water-column optical properties and illumination conditions. Diffuse reflectance (R) is an apparent optical property that is related to the Gordon's parameter (bb/(a+bb)) through a proportionality factor "f". The conventional assumption of "f" as a constant (0.33) yields large errors in case of turbid and productive coastal waters and a predictive model based on this assumption is generally restricted to open-ocean waters (low chlorophyll case). In this paper, we have sorted the dependent factors that influence "f" values in the water column. Here, the parameter "f" is modeled as a function of wavelength, depth, inherent optical properties (IOPs) and illumination conditions. This work eliminates the spectral constants (KChl and KSS) associated with our previous model and constrains the present model to be solely dependent on the IOPs and illumination conditions. Data used for parameterization and validation are obtained from in situ measurements in different waters within coastal environments. Validation shows good agreement between the model R and in situ R values with the overall mean relative error of less than a few percent. The model is valid for a wide range waters within coastal and open-ocean environments.
Observations on the morphological diversity and distribution of two siliceous nannoplankton genera, Hyalolithus and Petasaria

Scale-bearing siliceous nannoplankton are occasionally encountered in surface seawater samples, but are rarely identified or illustrated. In this study, the morphological diversity of the haptophyte Hyalolithus neolepis and the enigmatic Petasaria heterolepis are investigated in scanning and transmission electron microscopes using materials from around the world. Results show that H. neolepis scales exhibit variation in the width of the marginal hyaline area, but intermediate specimens make separation of the two morphologies difficult. Petasaria heterolepis scales also show differences, in the presence of tubercle rows in the hyaline area and degree of hyaline areal coverage, but separation into discrete varieties is difficult at present. However, specimens with scales bearing a protuberance are considered to be distinct enough to warrant the erection of a new species, Petasaria protuberans Jordan,Malinverno, Å upraha, Thomsen et Young sp. nov.
The content of bioactive constituents as a quality index for Vietnamese teas

Although Vietnam is one of the largest tea producing countries in the world, there is only limited data on the quality of Vietnamese grown teas. To provide a general measure of quality for Vietnamese grown teas, the content of catechins and caffeine in Vietnamese green, black and oolong teas was determined and compared with teas from other countries. The results showed that the content of catechins and caffeine in Vietnamese grown green teas was 70 mg/g and 21 mg/g whereas the levels were 34 mg/g and 19 mg/g in Vietnamese oolong teas and 12 mg/g and 20 mg/g in Vietnamese black teas, respectively. The findings also indicated that, despite some minor differences, the three types of Vietnamese teas were found to be comparable to their Chinese, Japanese and Australian marketplace counterparts.
Information Use and Acquisition in Price�?Setting Oligopolies

Asymmetric price-setting multi-product suppliers have access to multiple sources of information about demand conditions, where the publicity of each source corresponds to the cross-industry correlation of signals received from it. A signal’s influence on suppliers’ prices is increasing in its publicity as well as in its precision. The emphasis on relatively public information is stronger for smaller suppliers who control narrower product portfolios. When information is endogenously acquired, suppliers listen to only a subset of information sources. This subset is smaller when products are less differentiated and when the industry is less concentrated. Smaller suppliers focus attention on fewer information sources. The inefficiencies arising from information acquisition and use are identified. The associated externalities depend upon the extent of product differentiation, the concentration of the industry, and the degree of decreasing returns to scale.
Budesonide treatment of collagenous colitis

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Measurements and modeling of cross-shore morphodynamics

A lot of processes within process-based models, like Unibest-TC, are still not well understood. Consequently, numerous experiments are carried out to get more insight in these processes. As part of the European HYDRALAB-III project, experiments were carried out in the Gro¼e Wellenkanal (GWK) of the ForschungsZentrum KAuste in Hannover, Germany. Data was obtained from wave heights, °ow velocities, sediment concentrations and bed level measurements. Ruessink et al. (2007) stated that the calibration procedure of Unibest-TC focuses on net sedi- ment transport rates only and free model parameters may compensate for missing or incompletely described processes. Therefore, they suggest to collect concentration and velocity profiles under a wide range of natural conditions, and use these data to validate the temporal and spatial variability of the bedload and suspended sediment transport formulations predicted by the present formulations. This resulted in the following research objective: The validation of the cross-shore profile model Unibest-TC using data collected in a full-scale wave flume. The model is validated step-by-step using wave height, velocity, sediment concentration and bed level data
Landscape of fear in Europe: wolves affect spatial patterns of ungulate browsing in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland

Large carnivores can either directly influence ungulate populations or indirectly affect their behaviour. Knowledge from European systems, in contrast to North American systems, on how this might lead to cascading effects on lower trophic levels is virtually absent. We studied whether wolves Canis lupus via density-mediated and behaviorally-mediated effects on their ungulate prey species influence patterns of browsing and tree regeneration inside the Bialowieza National Park, Poland. Browsing intensity of tree saplings (height class <150 cm), irrespective of tree species or forest type, was lower inside a wolf core area (50.5%) where predator presence is highest, than in the remainder of the wolf pack’s home range (58.3%). Additionally, browsing intensity was reduced when the amount of coarse woody debris (CWD), which can act as a ? ungulate escape impediment', increased (within 5-m radius) inside the wolf core area. No relationship existed outside the core area. As a result, the proportion of trees growing out of herbivore control increased more strongly with increasing amount of CWD inside compared to outside the wolf core area. This suggests that next to direct effects of wolves on ungulate density caused by a higher predation pressure inside the core area, risk effects are important and are enhanced by habitat characteristics. These results indicate that behaviorally-mediated effects of predators on prey can become more important than density-mediated effects in affecting lower trophic levels. This is the first study we are aware of, that shows CWD can create fine-scale risk effects on ungulates with the potential for cascading effects of large predators on patterns of tree regeneration for a European forest system. This knowledge broadens the discussion on how the impact of large predators on ecosystem functioning depends on the physical landscape, by illustrating these effects for a system which largely contrasts in this respect to the North American systems.
The Syntax of Early English

1. Language change and grammar change 2. An outline of Old English syntax 3. An outline of Middle English syntax 4. The Verb Second constraint and its loss 5. The loss of object-verb word order 6. Verb-particles in Old and Middle English 7. Changes in infinitival constructions 8. The history of the 'easy to please' construction 9. Grammaticalization and grammar change.
Modelling and Estimation of Volatility Using ARCH/GARCH Models in Jordan's Stock Market

Financials have been concerned constantly with factors that have impact on both taking and assessing various financial decisions in firms. Hence modelling volatility in financial markets is one of the factors that have direct role and effect on pricing, risk and portfolio management. Therefore, this study aims to examine the volatility characteristics on Jordan’s capital market that include; clustering volatility, leptokurtosis, and leverage effect. This objective can be accomplished by selecting symmetric and asymmetric models from GARCH family models. This study applies; ARCH, GARCH, and EGARCH to investigate the behavior of stock return volatility for Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) covering the period from Jan. 1 2005 through Dec.31 2014. The main findings suggest that the symmetric ARCH /GARCH models can capture characteristics of ASE, and provide more evidence for both volatility clustering and leptokurtic, whereas EGARCH output reveals no support for the existence of leverage effect in the stock returns at Amman Stock Exchange.
Is the spread of knowledge the key to decrease HIV/AIDS prevalence in South Africa?

The thesis aims to measure the impact HIV/AIDS knowledge has on risk-related behavior among youths in rural areas of South Africa; a country with the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence in the world. The HIV/AIDS problem of South Africa is of enormous importance to thousands of people since it has affected the development of the country for decades. In November of 2014, a field study was conducted in Hluhluwe, a township located in a rural part of South Africa. In this thesis, previously research together with a chosen theoretical framework and gathered data is used in order to create a contribution to this field of study. Overall, the results from the study imply that HIV knowledge does not have a clear effect on youths’ risk-related behavior; it is more likely other factors that determine an individual’s risk-related behavior in this case. The fact that individuals live in a world with high HIV/AIDS prevalence might affect their life expectancy and future beliefs, and this in turn could affect their decision-making.
An Extended Theory of Rational Addiction

This study extends the rational addiction theory by introducing an endogenous discounting of future utilities. The discount rate depends on habits accumulating over time because of the repeated consumption of an addictive good. The endogeneity of the discount rate affects consumption decisions via a habit-dependent rate of time preference and discloses a patience-dependence trade-off. The existence of a steady state in which habits do not grow and its optimality are proven. The local stability properties of the steady state reveal that the equilibrium can be a saddle node, implying smooth convergence to the steady state, but also a stable or unstable focus, potentially predicting real-world behaviors such as binge drinking or extreme addiction states that may drive to death. The stability of the steady state mostly depends on the habit formation process, suggesting that heterogeneity in habit formation may be a key component to explain heterogeneity in time preferences.
ASL sign lowering as undershoot: A corpus study

American Sign Language (ASL) signs that are located on the forehead in their canonical form are often articulated lower during natural signing. Previous studies have examined this phenomenon from a phonetic perspective, treating it as a form of undershoot, and from a variationist sociolinguistic perspective, treating it as a categorical process. This study sees if the findings and explanations of these studies can be extended to the lowering of signs formed in locations other than the forehead. In a corpus of natural conversational signing from six signers, we measure the vertical displacement of over 3000 tokens of signs canonically formed at the face, head, or neck. While there is some apparent evidence for a categorical lowering process in a minority of signs and considerable evidence for undershoot, neither alone can explain the full range of displacement patterns across all signs and locations. Undershoot must be carefully planned and controlled: no matter how sloppy the signing, signers systematically avoid contacting their eyes. The results can be explained if there is a somatosensory forward-modelling mechanism that can veto undesirable gestural scores and whose decisions are incorporated during learning into the phonological distributions representing the locations of signs.
THE USE OF JIGSAW COLLABORATIVE LEARNING METHOD IN TEACHING SOCIO-SCIENTIFIC ISSUES: THE CASE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

This research examines the influence of Jigsaw, which is a collaborative learning (CL) method, on students’ views and decision-making processes concerning the use of nuclear energy. The research included 60 fourth-year undergraduate students attending the science teacher training program of a university in Turkey in the 2013–2014 academic year. In the research, firstly an attempt was made to provide students with scientific literacy on the subject through Jigsaw method. Then the groups formed for the Jigsaw method created argumentative texts in which they expressed their views. In the end, the students developed positive attitudes and supported the establishment of nuclear power plants in Turkey. They had negative views about the use of nuclear energy before teaching. Their views turned to positive after teaching to a great extent. It was seen that gaining enough knowledge to do logical reasoning through teaching was influential on their capability to reach positive decisions. Furthermore, it was revealed that decision-making processes are affected by variables such as scientific literacy, awareness, and suggestions for reducing risks. Key words: collaborative learning, Jigsaw, nuclear energy, socio-scientific issues.
Heat and moisture production in growing-finishing pigs and broilers

Heat and moisture production are important parameters for designing ventilation and climate control systems in livestock housing. In 2002 a report was published of the CIGR Section II Working Group on Climatization of Animal Houses ‘Heat and moisture production at animal and house levels’ with formula to calculate heat and moisture production for different livestock categories. The objective of this paper is to discuss these CIGR formula for growing-finishing pigs and broilers. Results from calculated heat and moisture production with the relatively simple formula in the CIGR report were compared with results from a more comprehensive model. From this comparison the following conclusions were drawn: 1) The relatively simple CIGR formula to calculate total heat production of growing-finishing pigs give similar results as the comprehensive model in which protein and fat retention are calculated, and seems therefore sufficient accurate. Only the table to calculate metabolizable energy needs to be updated, because of genetic improvement of the pigs in the last decades. 2) To calculate total heat production for growing-finishing pigs a linear correction factor is used for indoor temperature. Although this does not fit with the concept of a thermo-neutral zone, this could be done without large error. 3) Calculation of moisture production in growing-finishing pigs can be improved by separating moisture production from the pigs and moisture production from the rest of the house. This, more fundamental approach for determining moisture production, is needed to be able to accurately calculate moisture production under less average conditions. 4) The CIGR equation to calculate total heat production of broilers is too simple, while it is not related to the main variable determining heat production, the ME intake. 5) The CIGR formula to calculate moisture production of broilers should not only depend on indoor temperature, but also on live weight of the birds. Similar as for pigs, it is also suggested to separate moisture production from the animals and moisture production from the rest of the house.