Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Displaced Intra-Articular Fractures of the Distal End of the Radius with Plates*

Thirty-four displaced intra-articular fractures of the distal aspect of the radius in thirty-four patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation with plates and screws. Although there was a high rate of complications (nine [26 per cent] of thirty-four fractures), twenty-eight patients (82 per cent) had a good or excellent result according to the system of Gartland and Werley and twenty patients (59 per cent) had a good or excellent result according to the modified system of Green and O'Brien at the most recent evaluation. Immediately postoperatively, the articular surface of the distal aspect of the radius was restored to a mean of 2 degrees of volar tilt and 20 degrees of radial angulation and radial length was improved by a mean of ten millimeters compared with the preoperative length. The articular surface was restored to congruity or to at most one millimeter of step-off in twenty-six patients (76 per cent). By the time of the most recent evaluation, the initial postoperative alignment had changed markedly in three patients (9 per cent) and degenerative osteoarthrosis (grade II or III) had developed in six patients (18 per cent). We considered that the initial postoperative alignment had changed markedly when the articular surface was displaced by two millimeters or more, when the extra-articular alignment had changed by more than 10 degrees of radial tilt, or when there was more than five millimeters of radial shortening. The potential for restoration of normal alignment and the stability of the fixation are the main advantages of internal fixation with plates. Restoration of congruity to the joint was the major difficulty in this group of patients.
RUNX1B Expression Is Highly Heterogeneous and Distinguishes Megakaryocytic and Erythroid Lineage Fate in Adult Mouse Hematopoiesis

The Core Binding Factor (CBF) protein RUNX1 is a master regulator of definitive hematopoiesis, crucial for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) emergence during ontogeny. RUNX1 also plays vital roles in adult mice, in regulating the correct specification of numerous blood lineages. Akin to the other mammalian Runx genes, Runx1 has two promoters P1 (distal) and P2 (proximal) which generate distinct protein isoforms. The activities and specific relevance of these two promoters in adult hematopoiesis remain to be fully elucidated. Utilizing a dual reporter mouse model we demonstrate that the distal P1 promoter is broadly active in adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) populations. By contrast the activity of the proximal P2 promoter is more restricted and its upregulation, in both the immature Lineage- Sca1high cKithigh (LSK) and bipotential Pre-Megakaryocytic/Erythroid Progenitor (PreMegE) populations, coincides with a loss of erythroid (Ery) specification. Accordingly the PreMegE population can be prospectively separated into “pro-erythroid” and “pro-megakaryocyte” populations based on Runx1 P2 activity. Comparative gene expression analyses between Runx1 P2+ and P2- populations indicated that levels of CD34 expression could substitute for P2 activity to distinguish these two cell populations in wild type (WT) bone marrow (BM). Prospective isolation of these two populations will enable the further investigation of molecular mechanisms involved in megakaryocytic/erythroid (Mk/Ery) cell fate decisions. Having characterized the extensive activity of P1, we utilized a P1-GFP homozygous mouse model to analyze the impact of the complete absence of Runx1 P1 expression in adult mice and observed strong defects in the T cell lineage. Finally, we investigated how the leukemic fusion protein AML1-ETO9a might influence Runx1 promoter usage. Short-term AML1-ETO9a induction in BM resulted in preferential P2 upregulation, suggesting its expression may be important to establish a pre-leukemic environment.
A cAMP and Ca2+ coincidence detector in support of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release in mouse pancreatic β cells

The blood glucose‐lowering hormone glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) stimulates cAMP production, promotes Ca2+ influx, and mobilizes an intracellular source of Ca2+ in pancreatic β cells. Here we provide evidence that these actions of GLP‐1 are functionally related: they reflect a process of Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release (CICR) that requires activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and the Epac family of cAMP‐regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMPGEFs). In rat insulin‐secreting INS‐1 cells or mouse β cells loaded with caged Ca2+ (NP‐EGTA), a GLP‐1 receptor agonist (exendin‐4) is demonstrated to sensitize intracellular Ca2+ release channels to stimulatory effects of cytosolic Ca2+, thereby allowing CICR to be generated by the uncaging of Ca2+ (UV flash photolysis). This sensitizing action of exendin‐4 is diminished by an inhibitor of PKA (H‐89) or by overexpression of dominant negative Epac. It is reproduced by cell‐permeant cAMP analogues that activate PKA (6‐Bnz‐cAMP) or Epac (8‐pCPT‐2′‐O‐Me‐cAMP) selectively. Depletion of Ca2+ stores with thapsigargin abolishes CICR, while inhibitors of Ca2+ release channels (ryanodine and heparin) attenuate CICR in an additive manner. Because the uncaging of Ca2+ fails to stimulate CICR in the absence of cAMP‐elevating agents, it is concluded that there exists in β cells a process of second messenger coincidence detection, whereby intracellular Ca2+ release channels (ryanodine receptors, inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) receptors) monitor a simultaneous increase of cAMP and Ca2+ concentrations. We propose that second messenger coincidence detection of this type may explain how GLP‐1 interacts with β cell glucose metabolism to stimulate insulin secretion.
Incidence of allergic rhinitis in general practice, 1981-92.

OBJECTIVES To determine the epidemiology of hay fever and to consider the role of pollution. DESIGN Examination of data on weekly incidence of allergic rhinitis and hay fever by age, sex, region, and location. SETTING Royal College of General Practitioners Weekly Returns Service. Practice data were based on registered populations of 220,000 in 1981, rising to 700,000 in 1992 from England and Wales. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Numbers of new cases of hay fever and allergic rhinitis. Data on pollen counts for Darlington, Derby, and London. RESULTS The incidence of allergic rhinitis fluctuated greatly from year to year but showed no trend. Peaks in hay fever coincided with peak pollen counts. No important differences were found between urban and rural locations or different parts of the country with respect to both size and timing of the peaks. Incidence was highest in children (5-14 years). CONCLUSIONS The similarity of the results throughout England and Wales does not support an important role for local pollutants in hay fever. However, the possibility that levels of pollutants are high enough to act as an adjuvant in hay fever across the whole study area has not been excluded.
Global Gene Expression Analysis in Human Uterine Epithelial Cells Defines New Targets of Glucocorticoid and Estradiol Antagonism1

ABSTRACT In preparation for embryo implantation and pregnancy, the uterine epithelium undergoes a genomic and biological transition that mediates adhesion and invasion of the blastocyst. These events resemble an inflammatory response, and the immune system likely takes an active role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Although glucocorticoids are primary mediators of the immune system, the functional role of glucocorticoid signaling in the uterine epithelium is not well defined. To investigate the dynamic relationship between glucocorticoids and reproductive hormones, we performed whole-genome microarray analysis in a human uterine endometrial cancer cell line (ECC1 cells) treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) alone or in combination with estradiol (E2). Over 10 000 genes were significantly regulated in the presence of Dex and/or E2. Surprisingly, unique targets of Dex and E2 together represented the largest group of regulated genes. Ingenuity pathway analysis found both overlapping and independent regulated networks for each hormone. Several hundred genes were found to be coregulated by Dex and E2, including several that were antagonistically regulated. The effects of glucocorticoids and E2 are mediated primarily through the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) and estrogen receptor (ESR1), respectively. In silico promoter analysis revealed that NR3C1 and ESR1 response elements are enriched in antagonistically regulated genes, and signaling through these receptors was required for antagonism. Glucocorticoid and E2 antagonism of target genes may represent a critical junction between the immune system and female reproductive system. Moreover, identification and ontology analysis of glucocorticoid-regulated genes in a uterine epithelial-like cell line suggests that glucocorticoid signaling regulates important biological functions, including immune cell trafficking and embryonic development.
Enhanced accuracy in differential diagnosis of radiation necrosis by positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging coregistration: technical case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE To demonstrate the usefulness of positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coregistration for differentiation of radiation necrosis and recurrent tumor in stereotactic planning. CLINICAL PRESENTATION T1-weighted MRI scans of a 43-year-old woman revealed a contrast-enhancing lesion 4 years after open removal of a recurrent, right parieto-occipital Grade II oligodendroglioma and subsequent external radiation therapy. The suspected contrast-enhancing lesion revealed only moderate tracer uptake (1.3 times the uptake in the contralateral normal cortex) in a coregistered [11C]methionine positron emission tomographic scan. Approximately 15 mm posterior and mesial to the center of the contrast-enhancing lesion, however, an area of higher tracer uptake was found (1.8 times that of the contralateral normal cortex), which exhibited only very minor contrast enhancement on MRI. TECHNIQUE The coregistered images were used for planning stereotactic serial biopsies, from the contrast-enhancing lesion as well as from the area with higher methionine uptake. Histological examination demonstrated that the contrast-enhancing lesion with low methionine uptake was necrotic tissue, and the nonenhancing area with high methionine uptake was recurrent tumor. CONCLUSION High-resolution positron emission tomography and modern coregistration techniques allow differentiation of contrast enhancement and methionine uptake in irradiated brain tissue within small areas. High methionine uptake is typical for recurrent tumor tissue and can be differentiated from minor tracer accumulation resulting from disruption of the blood-brain barrier or macrophage activity within the necrotic area.
Beyond localization: The role of traditional neuropsychological tests in an age of imaging

Rapid advances in structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) present two significant challenges to the rationale and role of the traditional neuropsychological assessment in the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy surgery candidates today. The first is a direct challenge to the model of material‐specific memory that has underpinned much clinical practice over the last 50 years. The second, more fundamental, challenge goes to the very heart of the lateralizing/localizing approach that has been the cornerstone of clinical neuropsychology practice in epilepsy surgery centers to date. This review examines these challenges and suggests some ways in which the profession might respond and adapt. We conclude that noninvasive neuropsychological assessment remains a critical investigation in the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy surgery patients. Its value stretches beyond the localization of a surgically remediable seizure focus. Once a vital test, other investigations are now superior in this respect in many cases. However, new technologies have enhanced the role of the traditional neuropsychological assessment, which is now able to provide unparalleled insights and predictions into the way in which the underlying pathology, seizures, and proposed surgery shape an individual’s profile of cognitive abilities. Detailed neuropsychological feedback enables the patient to make an informed decision, and forms the basis of the tailor made preemptive rehabilitation programs that can be implemented preoperatively, minimizing the most significant morbidity associated with epilepsy surgery today.
The effectiveness of various robotic technologies in assisting older adults

There is concern about the expanding size of the ageing population and burgeoning care costs for older adults. Robotic technology could assist older adults. In this study, the effectiveness of the robotic technologies is evaluated. A systematic literature review was undertaken of peer-reviewed literature. An initial set of 8533 studies was evaluated for relevance; these were reduced to a final subset of 58 studies finally subjected to analysis. This study categorised the problems encountered by older adults, identified robot types deployed to overcome them and derived a subjective effectiveness score. The most used and most effective robots were companion robots followed by telepresence robots. The findings imply positive effects of robotic technologies in helping elderly people’s problems. Although robotic technologies could bring some innovation into aged care, more research is needed to design and develop robots to be of assistance and support elderly in having an independent lifestyle.
Progression of cerebral white matter lesions is not associated with development of depressive symptoms in elderly subjects at risk of cardiovascular disease. The PROSPER Study

Cerebral white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans have been associated with vascular disease and late‐life depression, both in the general population and in psychiatric patients. Therefore, a cerebrovascular etiology for late‐onset depression has been hypothesized. However, longitudinal studies on the causal role of white matter hyperintensities in the development of depressive symptoms in elderly adults are lacking.
Bank Risk-Taking and the Real Economy: Evidence from the Housing Boom and Its Aftermath

The short-termism of lenders amplifies boom-bust credit cycles, leading in turn to real costs for the aggregate economy. During the U.S. housing credit boom, publicly-traded banks increased mortgage lending activity and relaxed standards much more than privately-held banks, and more so if they were run by short-term oriented CEOs. In the ensuing bust, counties with greater exposure to short-term oriented public banks experienced more severe downturns across a variety of outcomes, including economically large drops in aggregate employment, durable consumption, and retail sales. The findings hold for text-based measures of short-term focus and are robust to using an identification strategy that instruments for county mortgage lending with shocks that are plausibly unrelated to local economic conditions. In all, we provide micro-founded evidence that the ownership structure and short-term focus of depository institutions matter for the real economy. 1 Views expressed are those of the authors and do not represent the views of the Board or its staff. Contacts: antonio.falato@frb.gov, giovanni.favara@frb.gov, dscharfstein@hbs.edu. We thank Marco di Maggio, Dan Greenwald (discussant), Marcin Kacperczyk (discussant), Amir Kermani (discussant), seminar participants at UC Berkeley, Stanford, Cambridge, LSE, Imperial, Dartmouth, and the New York Fed, and conference participants at the AFA, SFS Cavalcade, and LBS Summer Finance Symposium for helpful comments and discussions. Jane Brittingham, Mihir Gandhi, Gerardo Sanz-Maldonado and Becky Zhang provided excellent research assistance. Scharfstein thanks the Division of Research at Harvard Business School for financial support. All remaining errors are ours.
The Relationship between Administrative Corruption and Wages in Egypt's Governmental Sector: An Experimental Analysis

This study investigates the hypothesis that raising wage could reduce administrative corruption. We use experimental methodology applied to 120 participants to test two hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that the higher the wage, the lower the rate of acceptance of bribes (a proxy for corruption), either at zero or positive conviction rates. The second hypothesis is the higher the conviction rate, the lower the rate of acceptance of bribes for both the low-wage and high-wage groups. The main finding of this study is that all obvious differences between wage groups (whether with positive or zero conviction rates) in the acceptance rates of bribes are not significant. This suggests the two hypotheses are not supported.
Patient Predictors of Process and Outcome in Short‐Term Individual Psychotherapy

Twenty-one psychiatric outpatients were treated with short-term, psychoanalytically oriented, individual psychotherapy. Outcome ratings were provided by the patient, the therapist, and an independent assessor. Process ratings were provided by the patient and the therapist at the end of therapy. From a series of multiple regression analyses two pretherapy predictor scores (defensive style of the patient, object choice of the patient) emerged as good predictors of several of the process and outcome ratings. The two predictor scores were statistically independent of one another and were not significantly related to initial severity of disturbance. Attention to these two concepts in future research and in clinical assessment of patients for short-term individual psychotherapy is recommended.
Roles of DNA Sequence and Sigma A Factor in Transcription of the vraSR Operon

ABSTRACT Cell wall damage in Staphylococcus aureus induces a rapid genome-wide response, referred to as the cell wall stress stimulon. This response is mediated by a two-component system, the vancomycin resistance-associated sensor/regulator (VraSR). The response regulator protein VraR is a transcription factor. Here, we demonstrate that two VraR binding sites in the vraSR operon control region are involved in the regulation of the vraSR operon. The sites are centered at the −60 and −35 nucleotide positions and are referred to as R1 and R2, respectively. DNase I footprinting and lux operon reporter vector studies showed that both of these sites communicate intimately with each other to fine-tune the activity of the vraSR operon. Mutagenesis of the VraR binding sites showed that dimerization of unphosphorylated VraR at R1 is driven by a hierarchy in VraR binding and by the proximity of the two tandem VraR binding sequences at this site. On the other hand, these studies show that the lack of sequence conservation and the distance between the VraR binding sequences in R2 ensure that VraR is recruited to this site only when phosphorylated (hence, under stress conditions). Furthermore, we demonstrate that sigma A (SigA) factor is involved in the regulation of the vraSR operon. Our study shows that sigma A factor does not bind to the vraSR operon control region in the absence of VraR, suggesting that VraR may interact directly with this factor.
CYP2W1 polymorphism: functional aspects and relation to risk for colorectal cancer.

AIM This study aims to investigate the possible association between the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and allelic variants of CYP2W1 and their functional properties. MATERIALS & METHODS The distribution of three different CYP2W1 alleles (CYP2W1*1, CYP2W1*2 and CYP2W1*6) in 1785 CRC patients and 1761 healthy blood donors was determined using the TaqMan(®) (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) allelic discrimination assay or allele-specific amplification. Corresponding gene products (CYP2W1.1, CYP2W1.2 and CYP2W1.6) were expressed in human colon cancer SW480 cells and their activities towards two different substrates, the duocarmycin analogs ICT2706 and ICT2726, were monitored. RESULTS No significant differences in the distribution of CYP2W1*1, CYP2W1*2 and CYP2W1*6 alleles were found between CRC patients and controls. The CYP2W1.1, CYP2W1.2 and CYP2W1.6 variant enzymes were expressed at the similar levels in the transfected SW480 cells and had comparable kinetics in terms of the metabolism of the duocarmycin ICT2726, as well as in the bioactivation of ICT2706 into a cytotoxic product. CONCLUSION These epidemiological data obtained from a large population of CRC patients and controls cannot confirm the previously suggested decreased risk for CRC among carriers of CYP2W1*2. On the molecular level, this conclusion is further supported by the similar catalytic characteristics of the CYP2W1.1, CYP2W1.2 and CYP2W1.6 variants of CYP2W1.
Assessing black progress: voting and citizenship rights, residency and housing, education.

Farley discusses progress US blacks have made in the areas of voting and citizenship rights, residency and housing, and education. A major goal of the civil rights movement was to permit blacks to influence the electoral process in the same manner as whites. Most important in this regard was the Voting Rights Act of 1965; the proportion of southern blacks casting ballots increased sharply since the early 1960s. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlawed racial segregation in public accommodations, but by the turn of the century, Jim Crow laws in southern states called for segregation in most public places. Common customs and government policy in the North resulted in similar segregation of blacks from whites. The Montgomery bus boycott and similar protests in dozens of other cities led to enactment of Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which proscribed such racial practices. By the late 1960s, blacks in all regions could use the same public accommodations as whites. In most metropolitan areas, de facto racial segregation persisted long after the laws were changed. Supreme Court decisions and local open-housing ordinances supported the right of blacks to live where they could afford. However the major change was the Fair Housing Act of 1968, which outlawed racial discrimination in the sale or rental of most housing units. The separation of blacks from whites did not end in the 1970s. Today, in areas which have large black populations, there are many central city neighborhoods and a few in the suburbs which are either all-black or are becoming exclusively black enclaves. Most other neighborhoods have no more than token black populations. Another major effort of civil rights organizations has been the upgrading of housing quality for blacks. By 1980, only 6% of the homes and apartments occupied by blacks lacked complete plumbing facilities (down from 50% in 1940). Unlike the modest changes in residential segregation, racial differences in housing quality have been greatly reduced. By 1960, black students approached parity with whites in terms of measurable aspects of school facilities. In 1940, young blacks averaged about 3 fewer years of educational attainment than whites; the time is nearing when the years of schooling completed by blacks and whites will be the same. In small and medium-sized cities throughout the country, public schools are generally integrated. However, the situation in the largest metropolitan areas is very different. Today, large public schools are segregated, in large part, because blacks and whites live in separate school districts.