Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal statistical–dynamical prediction of the North Atlantic Oscillation by probabilistic post-processing and its evaluation

Abstract. Dynamical models of various centres have shown in recent years seasonal prediction skill of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). By filtering the ensemble members on the basis of statistical predictors, known as subsampling, it is possible to achieve even higher prediction skill. In this study the aim is to design a generalisation of the subsampling approach and establish it as a post-processing procedure. Instead of selecting discrete ensemble members for each year, as the subsampling approach does, the distributions of ensembles and statistical predictors are combined to create a probabilistic prediction of the winter NAO. By comparing the combined statistical–dynamical prediction with the predictions of its single components, it can be shown that it achieves similar results to the statistical prediction. At the same time it can be shown that, unlike the statistical prediction, the combined prediction has fewer years where it performs worse than the dynamical prediction. By applying the gained distributions to other meteorological variables, like geopotential height, precipitation and surface temperature, it can be shown that evaluating prediction skill depends highly on the chosen metric. Besides the common anomaly correlation (ACC) this study also presents scores based on the Earth mover's distance (EMD) and the integrated quadratic distance (IQD), which are designed to evaluate skills of probabilistic predictions. It shows that by evaluating the predictions for each year separately compared to applying a metric to all years at the same time, like correlation-based metrics, leads to different interpretations of the analysis.
Bucking the trend: the diversity of Anthropocene ‘winners’ among British moths

An appreciation of how some species are becoming more common despite unprecedented anthropogenic pressures could offer key insights for mitigating the global biodiversity crisis. Research to date has largely focused on declining species, while species that are becoming more common have received relatively little attention. Macro-moths in Great Britain are well-studied and species-rich, making them an ideal group for addressing this knowledge gap. Here, we examine changes in 51 successful species between 1968 and 2016 using 4.5 million occurrence records and a systematic monitoring dataset. We employ 3D graphical analysis to visualise long-term multidimensional trends in prevalence (abundance and range) and use vector autoregression models to test whether past values of local abundance are useful for predicting changes in the extent of occurrence. The responses of Anthropocene winners are heterogeneous, suggesting multiple drivers are responsible. Changes in range and local abundance frequently occur intermittently through time, demonstrating the value of long-term, continuous monitoring. There is significant diversity among the winners themselves, which include widespread generalists, habitat specialists, and recent colonists. We offer brief discussion of possible causal factors and the wider ecosystem implications of these trends.
Multivariate design estimations under copulas constructions. Stage-1: Parametrical density constructions for defining flood marginals for the Kelantan River basin, Malaysia

Comprehensive understanding of the flood risk assessments via frequency analysis often demands multivariate designs under the different notations of return periods. Flood is a tri-variate random consequence, which often pointing the unreliability of univariate return period and demands for the joint dependency construction by accounting its multiple intercorrelated flood vectors i.e., flood peak, volume & durations. Selecting the most parsimonious probability functions for demonstrating univariate flood marginals distributions is often a mandatory pre-processing desire before the establishment of joint dependency. Especially under copulas methodology, which often allows the practitioner to model univariate marginals separately from their joint constructions. Parametric density approximations often hypothesized that the random samples must follow some specific or predefine probability density functions, which usually defines different estimates especially in the tail of distributions. Concentrations of the upper tail often seem interesting during flood modelling also, no evidence exhibited in favours of any fixed distributions, which often characterized through the trial and error procedure based on goodness-of-fit measures. On another side, model performance evaluations and selections of best-fitted distributions often demand precise investigations via comparing the relative sample reproducing capabilities otherwise, inconsistencies might reveal uncertainty. Also, the strength & weakness of different fitness statistics usually vary and having different extent during demonstrating gaps and dispensary among fitted distributions. In this literature, selections efforts of marginal distributions of flood variables are incorporated by employing an interactive set of parametric functions for event-based (or Block annual maxima) samples over the 50-years continuously-distributed streamflow characteristics for the Kelantan River basin at Gulliemard Bridge, Malaysia. Model fitness criteria are examined based on the degree of agreements between cumulative empirical and theoretical probabilities. Both the analytical as well as graphically visual inspections are undertaken to strengthen much decisive evidence in favour of best-fitted probability density.
What should we do when a model crashes? Recommendations for global sensitivity analysis of Earth and environmental systems models

Abstract. Complex, software-intensive, technically advanced, and computationally demanding models, presumably with ever-growing realism and fidelity, have been widely used to simulate and predict the dynamics of the Earth and environmental systems. The parameter-induced simulation crash (failure) problem is typical across most of these models despite considerable efforts that modellers have directed at model development and implementation over the last few decades. A simulation failure mainly occurs due to the violation of numerical stability conditions, non-robust numerical implementations, or errors in programming. However, the existing sampling-based analysis techniques such as global sensitivity analysis (GSA) methods, which require running these models under many configurations of parameter values, are ill equipped to effectively deal with model failures. To tackle this problem, we propose a new approach that allows users to cope with failed designs (samples) when performing GSA without rerunning the entire experiment. This approach deems model crashes as missing data and uses strategies such as median substitution, single nearest-neighbor, or response surface modeling to fill in for model crashes. We test the proposed approach on a 10-parameter HBV-SASK (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning modified by the second author for educational purposes) rainfall–runoff model and a 111-parameter Modélisation Environmentale–Surface et Hydrologie (MESH) land surface–hydrology model. Our results show that response surface modeling is a superior strategy, out of the data-filling strategies tested, and can comply with the dimensionality of the model, sample size, and the ratio of the number of failures to the sample size. Further, we conduct a “failure analysis” and discuss some possible causes of the MESH model failure that can be used for future model improvement.
How Low Are U.S. Wage Rates? A McWage Comparison

Thanks to the standardized work protocol and technology of McDonald’s restaurants, the hourly wage rate of basic crew McDonald’s workers offers consistent, easy-to-interpret, and up-to-date wage comparisons for workers supplying identical skill input under uniform hedonic job conditions. The McWage rate captures variation in low-skill labor costs across locations, while the Big Macs (earned) Per Hour (BMPH) index measures the purchasing power of labor income. We compare 2016 McWages across 11,365 restaurants corresponding to 80% of all US US McDonald’s restaurants covering counties with 97% of US population. The 5/95 percentile range of BMPH across US counties is 1.6/2.3 suggesting only limited labor market integration. In future, these data can be used to measure the pass-through price effects of minimum wage legislation. Acknowledgments The data were collected in phone interviews by ISA Corp under exemption #7779 granted by the Princeton University Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects. We would like to thank participants in the 2017 International Comparison of Income, Prices and Production conference for their comments. Matej Belin provided excellent research assistance. Address Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-2098, USA. e-mail: c6789@Princeton.edu
Internal Audit Performance With Internal Audit Quality Office Of West Java Province

The Study were employees of West Java Province, describe Internal Audit Performance with effect internal audit quality Department of Environment of West Java Province. The method used in this study is descriptive and verification method.Sampling 40 respondents, with data collection technique in this study was using a questionnaire. Using the SPSS version 24 program. The results Internal audit Performance make Professional standar has an effect on theinternal audit quality .
The utility of stoichiometric and metabolic theory for understanding the foraging habitat and excretion of Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Background: Recent extensions to ecological stoichiometry theory propose that the evolution of an organism’s elemental content plays an important role in shaping the structure and function of ecosystems. Other work has shown that the elemental content of sticklebacks is meaningfully altered by genetic differences in armour. Questions: Does genetic-based intraspecific variation in threespine stickleback elemental content explain intraspecific variation in foraging habitat and elemental excretion rates? Are there theoretical effects of intraspecific variation in elemental demand on the community and ecosystem ecology of stickleback populations? Hypotheses: High phosphorus (low N: P) sticklebacks containing phosphorus-rich traits and genetics will preferentially target phosphorus-rich prey types and exhibit lower rates of phosphorus excretion. Methods: We studied ten wild populations of threespine stickleback, including two focal populations naturally diverse in individual stoichiometry, related traits, and genetics. Individuals from these populations were captured, excreted, and sacrificed to assess morphology, stoichiometry, genetics, and foraging habitat (using δC stable isotopes). Results: The N: P ratio of stickleback explained much of the intraspecific variation in δC isotopes within populations; high N: P individuals and Eda genotypes were associated with high N: P diet types. But elemental excretion rates and ratios were not correlated with stickleback N: P; instead, they varied in relation to metabolic factors and to reproductive investment. In particular, females investing in low phosphorus reproductive tissues showed high rates of phosphorus excretion. Conclusions: Genetic-based differences in elemental demand can influence how individuals forage, and highlight the importance of considering sex and reproductive investment when evaluating the ecosystem effects of phenotypic variation. Overall, our results provide partial support for ecological stoichiometry theory as a useful framework for understanding the interplay between intraspecific variation and ecology, and we suggest that evolution can influence ecology through the evolution of elementally expensive traits.
Gendered violence and human rights: An evaluation of widowhood rites in Nigeria

Abstract This paper evaluates the connecting fabric between gendered violence and human rights through the dire lenses of widowhood rites in Oshimili-North Local Government Area in Delta State, Nigeria. This evaluation stems from the Sustainable Development Goal-5 whose aim is the eradication of all forms of discrimination against women as well as harmful practices. Hinged on the theories of cultural relativism and universalism, the paper provides information on the existence of dehumanizing cultural practices related with widowhood rites despite the enactment of human rights instruments that are expected to address this form of discrimination targeted mostly against women. In-depth interviews were conducted among widows who voluntarily shared their experiences. Findings show widows’ acceptability of widowhood practices despite their educational and financial status notwithstanding. Also worthy of note is that women are perpetrators of these widowhood rites and they ensure its strict compliance among other widows. It recommends the dire need of the Nigerian government to domesticate the global rights regime into its legal framework, education of the populace through the interpretation, appropriation and the reconstructing of these transnational discourses into the indigenous and ensure that, effective monitoring mechanisms are in place to guarantee the effective protection of this vulnerable population.
An experimental investigation: The effects of familiarity and lighting on face recognition accuracy.

Face recognition often plays an important role in identification in many forensic settings as well as other commercial settings. Despite its prevalence, eyewitness memory and identification are highly error prone. Many factors can influence face recognition accuracy under a variety of different conditions. The aim of this research is to explore the influence of familiarity and lighting to accurately identify the correct face from CCVT footage in an experimental recognition memory task. Results found a large effect of familiarity in all responses where familiar targets were correctly identified more often than unfamiliar targets. Results found no significant differences between the lighting conditions, which may suggest that lighting has little to no effect on accuracy of identification in this task. Further analysis found that participants were better able to discriminate familiar faces from the distractor faces in line-ups compared to unfamiliar faces. It also found that familiarity or lighting did not appear to bias observers to make incorrect decisions. It can be concluded that a familiarity advantage is consistent across viewing conditions, suggesting that familiar faces provide the most accurate identification responses. This can effectively be explained by sensitivity as a significant difference was again found for familiarity. It is also concluded that it is not possible to fully determine the influence of lighting on face recognition accuracy from this study alone. No clear bias was found between conditions, which suggests that the familiarity and lighting have no impact of the likeliness of choice in this sample.
CMAR_A_203831 6489..6497

Dena Firouzabadi 1 Alireza Rezvani Amirreza Dehghanian * Laleh Mahmoudi * 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 2Hematology and Oncology Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 3Hematology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 4Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 5Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
A new glycoside hydrolase family reveals a novel catalytic 2 apparatus and active site location for beta-propeller enzymes

The human gut microbiota utilize complex carbohydrates as major nutrients. The 33 requirement for an efficient glycan degrading systems exerts a major selection 34 pressure on this microbial community. Thus, we propose that these bacteria 35 represent a substantial resource for discovering novel carbohydrate active 36 enzymes. To test this hypothesis we focused on enzymes that hydrolyse 37 rhamnosidic bonds as cleavage of these linkages is chemically challenging and 38 there is a paucity of information on L -rhamnosidases. Here we screened the 39 activity of enzymes derived from the HGM bacterium Bacteroides 40 thetaiotaomicron , which are upregulated in response to rhamnose-containing 41 glycans. We identified a novel  - L -rhamnosidase, BT3686, which is the founding 42 member of a new glycoside hydrolase family, GH-BT3686. In contrast to other 43 rhamnosidases, BT3686 cleaved L -Rha-  1,4- D -GlcA linkages through a retaining 44 double displacement mechanism. The crystal structure of BT3686 showed that 45 the enzyme displayed a type A seven-bladed  -propeller fold. Mutagenesis and 46 crystallographic studies, including the structure of BT3686 in complex with the 47 reaction product GlcA, revealed a novel location for the active site among  - 48 propeller enzymes cited on the posterior surface of the rhamnosidase. In contrast 49 to the vast majority of glycoside hydrolases, the catalytic apparatus of BT3686 50 does not comprise a pair of carboxylic acid residues but, uniquely, a single 51 histidine functions as the only discernable catalytic amino acid. Intriguingly the 52 histidine, His48 is not invariant in GH-BT3686, however, when engineered into 53 structural homologs lacking the imidazole residue,  - L -rhamnosidase activity was 54 established. The potential contribution of His48 to the catalytic activity of BT3686 55 is discussed.
www.econstor.eu Matching Frictions, E¢ ciency Wages, and Unemployment in the USA and the UK

This paper combines matching frictions with e¢ ciency wages to deter shirking in a model that is estimated for the USA and the UK to derive the underlying structural parameters. Methods robust to weak instruments are used to show that, for both countries, both matching frictions and e¢ ciency wages play a signi cant role in enabling the model to t the data even with non-prescriptive formulations for wage determination. The results indicate that adding an e¢ ciency wage element to matching frictions may be a better way to t the data than simply searching for an alternative wage formulation. Keywords: Matching frictions, e¢ ciency wages, unemployment, shirking, robust inference JEL classi cation: E2, J3, J6
Necrotizing fasciitis and diabetes mellitus

Correspondence to Dr. Nissar Shaikh, Department of Anesthesia/ICU and Pain Mgt. , Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha-Qatar. E-mail: nissarfirdous@hotmail.com INTRODUCTION: Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare, potentially fatal, rapidly progressing necrotizing infection of subcutaneous tissue and superficial fascia with secondary necrosis of overlying skin. It is perhaps the most severe form of soft-tissue infection and is potentially limb and life threatening. AIM: This retrospective study was conducted to analyze necrotizing fasciitis; its presentation; predisposing factors, particularly diabetes mellitus; type of infection. The study also emphasizes medical, surgical management and prognosis of this condition. METHODOLOGY: Medical records of patients with necrotizing fasciitis admitted to surgical intensive care unit of our hospital between January 1995 and February 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients with necrotizing fasciitis were treated in our surgic l intensiv care unit during the review period. As many as 56.4% of the cases had diabetes mellitus, 75.5% of the cases were males and 24.5% were females. Mean age of diabetic patients was 55 and that of nondiabetic patients was 40.2 years. Type 1 necrotizing fasciitis was more common in diabetic patients, whereas type 2 necrotizing fasciitis was more common in nondiabetic patients. The study showed that 63.4% of cases had type 2 necrotizing fasciitis. E. coli was the commonest bacterium isolated from necrotic tissue of diabetic patients, and streptococcus was the commonest cause of necrotizing fasciitis in nondiabetic patients. Necrotizing fasciitis of perineum and genitalia was more common in diabetic patients (30.2%), while leg and foot necrotizing fasciitis was more common in nondiabetic patients (35.8%). The overall mortality was 16%. In diabetic patients, it was 15.1%; and nondiabetic patients, 17.1%. DISCUSSION: Diabetic patients were older; type 1 necrotizing fasciitis was more common in them. There was no signiÞ cant difference in mortality between diabetic and nondiabetic patients with necrotizing fasciitis.
The Stock Market between Classical and Behavioral Hypotheses: An Empirical Investigation of the Warsaw Stock Exchange

In empirical studies of the efficient market hypothesis using a classic approach, attention has generally been paid to the weak form of performance; other aspects of efficiency, such as informational efficiency, have not been addressed. Also, the study of alternative theories, such as behavioral hypotheses, is neglected. This article seeks to investigate not only the weak and informational forms of the efficient market hypothesis, but also to test the adaptive and fractal market hypotheses as two alternative theories by conducting an empirical study on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
Self-sustained elastoinertial Tollmien–Schlichting waves

Direct simulations of two-dimensional plane channel flow of a viscoelastic fluid at Reynolds number $Re=3000$ reveal the existence of a family of attractors whose structure closely resembles the linear Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) mode, and in particular exhibits strongly localized stress fluctuations at the critical layer position of the TS mode. At the parameter values chosen, this solution branch is not connected to the nonlinear TS solution branch found for Newtonian flow, and thus represents a solution family that is nonlinearly self-sustained by viscoelasticity. The ratio between stress and velocity fluctuations is in quantitative agreement for the attractor and the linear TS mode, and increases strongly with Weissenberg number, $\mathit{Wi}$. For the latter, there is a transition in the scaling of this ratio as $\mathit{Wi}$ increases, and the $\mathit{Wi}$ at which the nonlinear solution family comes into existence is just above this transition. Finally, evidence indicates that this branch is connected through an unstable solution branch to two-dimensional elastoinertial turbulence (EIT). These results suggest that, in the parameter range considered here, the bypass transition leading to EIT is mediated by nonlinear amplification and self-sustenance of perturbations that excite the TS mode.
Multi-level language teaching in a New Zealand secondary school : a practitioner research study

I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . II DEFINITIONS . III CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION . 1 BACKGROUND . 1 CONTEXT . 1 RATIONALE . 2 RESEARCH AIMS . 4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS . 4 THESIS OUTLINE . 5 CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW . 6 INTRODUCTION . 6 SCOPE AND CONTEXT . 7 FACTORS INFLUENCING SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION . 7 Language teaching methods . 7 INPUT . 8 Learner talk . 8 REPORTED ISSUES IN THE TEACHING OF MULTILEVEL LANGUAGE CLASSES. 9 REASONS WHY TEACHING MULTILEVEL LANGUAGES CLASSES IS CONSIDERED A PROBLEM . 10 Pedagogy . 10 Two separate lessons within one class . 11 Teaching all levels as one class . 12 STRATEGIES TO MANAGE THE TEACHING OF MULTILEVEL LANGUAGE CLASSES. 12 Learner-centred practice . 12 The teacher's role . 13 Intrinsic motivation . 13 Power sharing . 14 The role of the learner . 14 Change in relationship between teacher and learner . 15 Curriculum design . 15 The role of direct instruction . 16 Developing self-regulated learners. 17 Grouping . 18 Task-based learning . 19 CONCLUSION . 20 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . 2