Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sporadic Legionnaires' Disease: Clinical Observations on 87 Nosocomial and Community‐Acquired Cases

To add information about sporadic Legionnaires' disease, 87 cases of L. pneumophila pneumonia were reviewed. Twenty cases were nosocomial infections and 67 cases were community-acquired. Most cases (64%) occurred between July and October.The mean age of patients was 51.4 years and males out-numbered females 2.5:1.0. Thirty-one percent of patients were receiving corticosteroid, immunosuppressive, or anti-neoplastic chemotherapy when illness began. Immunosuppression at onset of illness was more common in nosocomial infections (90%) than in community-acquired infections (14%). Seventy percent of patients had underlying diseases. Malignancies, renal failure, and transplantation were the most common conditions underlying nosocomial infections. Chronic lung disease and malignancies were the most common diseases underlying community-acquired infections. The case-fatality rate in nosocomial infection (70%) was greater than that in community-acquired disease (22%). Clinical, laboratory, and radiologic features of the cases were examined. Illness ranged from mild to severe. Extra-pulmonary findings of encephalopathy and renal failure were more common in fatal than in non-fatal cases. Indirect immunofluorescent and microagglutination antibody responses plateaued by the fourth week of illness.Twenty-nine patients died. The case-fatality rate of patients receiving erythromycin (6%) was less than that of patients receiving penicillin (36%), ampicillin (28%), cephalosporin (32%), or aminoglycosides (41%). Despite erythromycin therapy, the case fatality rate for nosocomial L. pneumophilia pneumonia was unacceptably high (25%).
How crucial is the social responsibility for tourism sustainability?

Purpose The paper aims to analyse the social responsibility concept and to explore its role in the implementation process of the tourism sustainability concept. The intention is to explore the way in which the social responsibility concept is implemented in the tourism and analyse how it contributes to its sustainability. Design/methodology/approach In this interpretivist research, the authors implemented a qualitative strategy using the following methods: content, critical and comparative analyses of the results reported in available scientific studies, categorization, causal analysis and mental mapping. The authors identified 14 thematic categories of research on the tourism social responsibility. For the causal description, the authors used driving force, pressure, state, impact, response (DPSIR) method. Findings The results include identification of the categories of the research topics concerning tourism social responsibility as well as categories of the approaches to the implementation of the social responsibility into the practice of the tourism sector. The causal description of this implementation process is elaborated in the form of the DPSIR model. The created mental map shows the specific facets of the social responsibility concept applied to the diverse tourism subsectors. Originality value The main contribution lies in basic overview of the conceptual (theoretical) and instrumental (practical) base for implementation of the social responsibility concept into the tourism, providing in this way a critical analysis of examples of the social responsibility practice in the key tourism subsectors. The examination of the causal analyses in the form of DPSIR model as well as employment of the content analyses in the form of mental map represent innovative approach to the tourism responsibility research.
Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy: Examining the Effects of Career Choice, Education, and Work Experience of Entrepreneurs

Prior research on the relationship between self-efficacy and career decision making is inconclusive because of the lack of theoretical background and causal conclusions. More research is needed to investigate how the educational background, career choice, and work experience, of entrepreneurs, influences their career decision-making self-efficacy beliefs and how those beliefs effect their decision to become entrepreneurs. The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent career choice, education, and work experience related to the level of career decision-making self-efficacy among participants in the Ventureprise business incubation program who are or are intending to become entrepreneurs. The education and longevity of work experience were examined. The objectives of this study were to investigate to what extent the level of career decision-making self-efficacy was affected by career choice in entrepreneurship, education level completed, and longevity of work experience. The results of the study indicated that, although there were observed increases in levels of career decisionmaking self-efficacy among those who chose entrepreneurship as a career, the results were not statistically significant. Similarly, increases in career decision-making self-efficacy were observed among participants with higher formal education levels. Finally, no correlation existed between years of work experience and career decision-making self-efficacy beliefs among participants. Findings were inconsistent with prior research, and recommendations for further research are made based on limitations of the current study.
Discrimination between the main activating and inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor positive natural killer cell subsets using newly characterized monoclonal antibodies

Natural killer (NK) cells are key components of the innate anti‐viral and anti‐tumour immune responses. NK cell function is regulated by the interaction of killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. In this study, we report on the generation of KIR‐specific antibodies allowing for discrimination between activating and inhibitory KIR. For this purpose, BALB/c mice were immunized with human KIR2DS2 recombinant protein. The precise specificity of KIR2DS2‐specific clones was determined on KIR‐transfected BW cells and KIR‐genotyped NK cells. When used in combination with EB6 (KIR2DL1/2DS1) or GL183 (KIR2DL2/2DL3/2DS2), two KIR‐specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 8C11 (specific for KIR2DL1/2DL2/2DL3/2DS2) and 1F12 (specific for KIR2DL3/2DS2), discriminated activating KIR2DS1 (8C11− EB6+) from inhibitory KIR2DL1 (8C11+ GL183−) and KIR2DL2 (1F12− GL183+), while excluding the main HLA‐Cw‐specific KIR. Using these mAbs, KIR2DS1 was shown to be expressed on the surface of NK cells from all individuals genotyped as KIR2DS1+ (n = 23). Moreover, KIR2DS1 and KIR2DL1 were independently expressed on NK cells. We also determined the amino acid position recognized by the 8C11 and 1F12 mAbs, which revealed that some KIR2DL1 allele‐encoded proteins are not recognized by 8C11. Because most available anti‐KIR mAbs recognize both inhibitory and activating forms of KIR, these newly characterized antibodies should help assess the expression of activating and inhibitory KIR and their functional relevance to NK biology.
Breast cancer subtypes and response to docetaxel in node-positive breast cancer: use of an immunohistochemical definition in the BCIRG 001 trial.

PURPOSE To investigate the prognostic and predictive significance of subtyping node-positive early breast cancer by immunohistochemistry in a clinical trial of a docetaxel-containing regimen. METHODS Pathologic data from a central laboratory were available for 1,350 patients (91%) from the BCIRG 001 trial of docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (TAC) versus fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) for operable node-positive breast cancer. Patients were classified by tumor characteristics as (1) triple negative (estrogen receptor [ER]-negative, progesterone receptor [PR]-negative, HER2/neu [HER2]-negative), (2) HER2 (HER2-positive, ER-negative, PR-negative), (3) luminal B (ER-positive and/or PR-positive and either HER2-positive and/or Ki67(high)), and (4) luminal A (ER-positive and/or PR-positive and not HER2-positive or Ki67(high)), and assessed for prognostic significance and response to adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS Patients were subdivided into triple negative (14.5%), HER2 (8.5%), luminal B (61.1%), and luminal A (15.9%). Three-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates (P values with luminal B as referent) were 67% (P < .0001), 68% (P = .0008), 82% (referent luminal B), and 91% (P = .0027), respectively, with hazard ratios of 2.22, 2.12, and 0.46. Improved 3-year DFS with TAC was found in the luminal B group (P = .025) and a combined ER-positive/HER2-negative group treated with tamoxifen (P = .041), with a marginal trend in the triple negatives (P = .051) and HER2 (P = .068) subtypes. No DFS advantage was seen in the luminal A population. CONCLUSION A simple immunopanel can divide breast cancers into biologic subtypes with strong prognostic effects. TAC significantly complements endocrine therapy in patients with luminal B subtype and, in the absence of targeted therapy, is effective in the triple-negative population.
Candidate regulators of mammary branching morphogenesis identified by genome‐wide transcript analysis

The mammary gland develops in a process known as branching morphogenesis, whereby a distal epithelial bud extends and bifurcates to form an extensive ductal network. Compared with other branched organs, such as the lung and kidney, little is known about the molecular basis of branching in the mammary gland. Here we report a microarray profiling strategy to identify novel genes that may regulate mammary branching. We microdissected terminal end bud (TEB) and mature duct microenvironments from β‐actin–green fluorescent protein reporter mice and compared their RNA expression profiles with epithelium‐free mammary stroma by means of microarray. We identified 1,074 genes enriched in the TEB microenvironment, 222 genes enriched in the mature duct microenvironment, and 385 genes enriched in both TEB and mature duct microenvironments. The microarray correctly predicted the expression of genes known to be enriched in the epithelium (Ets‐5) and stroma (MMP‐14) of TEBs and in the mature duct microenvironment (MMP‐3). The microarray also correctly predicted the localization of previously uncharacterized genes, such as the TEB‐enriched SPRR‐1a, the duct‐enriched casein‐γ, and the general epithelial marker pleiotrophin. Analysis of genes enriched in TEBs revealed several genes in the Wnt (Wnt‐2, Wnt‐5a, Wnt‐7b, Dsh‐3, Frizzled‐1, Frizzled‐2), hedgehog (Dhh), ephrin (Ephrin‐B1, Eph‐A2), and transcription factor (Twist‐1, Twist‐2, Snail) families. In situ hybridization verified that these genes were enriched in the TEB epithelium (Wnt‐5a, Wnt‐7b, Dhh, Eph‐A2) or TEB stroma (Wnt‐2, Frizzled‐1, Ephrin‐B1). We discuss the potential roles of these genes in mammary branching morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 235:3404–3412, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between vestibular primary afferents and vestibulospinal neurons in lampreys

The distribution of vestibular primary afferents as well as their relationship with vestibulospinal and other brainstem neurons were studied in lampreys using anatomical tracers. Afferents from the anterior (aVIIIn) and the posterior (pVIIIn) branches of the vestibular nerve were located mainly in the ventral nucleus of the octavolateral area. The relationship between afferents and vestibulospinal neurons was studied by applying one fluorescent tracer to the whole vestibular nerve or one of its branches and applying another tracer to the spinal cord. Some afferents showed large, bulb‐like enlargements (bulbs) and about 20 of these were found in the anterior and the intermediate octavomotor nucleus, whereas about 40 were found in the posterior octavomotor nucleus. Some of the bulbs made apparent contact with vestibulospinal neurons in the intermediate octavomotor nucleus and originated mostly from the aVIIIn, whereas bulbs in the posterior octavomotor nucleus originated from the pVIIIn. Applications of biocytin to hemisegments of rostral spinal cord labeled vestibulospinal neurons located in the ipsilateral intermediate octavomotor nucleus and the contralateral posterior octavomotor nucleus. In addition, vestibular primary afferents with bulbs in apparent contact with vestibulospinal neurons were transneuronally labeled by biocytin. They were observed in the ipsilateral aVIIIn and the contralateral pVIIIn and could be followed in the labyrinths, where they innervated the vertical and horizontal arms of the semicircular canal crests. Taken together, these results indicate that vestibular primary afferents from the aVIIIn innervate predominantly vestibulospinal neurons of the intermediate octavomotor nucleus, whereas afferents from the pVIIIn innervate vestibulospinal neurons in the posterior octavomotor nucleus. This anatomical organization suggests that afferents carrying bulbs convey dynamic information to vestibulospinal neurons, which, in turn, project to the spinal cord networks. J. Comp. Neurol. 427:255–273, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in rat lungs by intratracheal instillation of nickel oxide nanoparticles

Since nanoparticles easily agglomerate to form larger particles, it is important to maintain the size of their agglomerates at the nano-level to evaluate the harmful effect of the nanoparticles. We prevented agglomeration of nickel oxide nanoparticles by ultrasound diffusion and filtration, established an acute exposure model using animals, and examined inflammation and chemokine expression. The mass median diameter of nickel oxide nanoparticle agglomerates suspended in distilled water for intratracheal instillation was 26 nm (8.41 nm weighted average surface primary diameter). Male Wistar rats received intratracheal instillation of nickel oxide nanoparticles at 0.1 mg (0.33 mg/kg) or 0.2 mg (0.66 mg/kg), and were dissected 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the instillation. The control group received intratracheal instillation of distilled water. Three chemokines (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1), CINC-2αβ, and CINC-3) in the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined by quantitative measurement of protein by ELISA. Both CINC-1 and CINC-2αβ concentration was elevated from day 3 to 3 months in lung tissue and from day 3 to 6 months in BALF. On the other hand, CINC-3 was elevated on day 3 in both lung tissue and BALF, and then decreased. The total cell and neutrophil counts in BALF were increased from day 3 to 3 months. In lung tissue, infiltration of mainly neutrophils and alveolar macrophages was observed from day 3 to 6 months in alveoli. These results suggest that CINC was involved in lung injury by nickel oxide nanoparticles.
Board nationality and educational background diversity and corporate social performance

Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationship between the nationality and educational background diversity of directors serving on corporate boards and the firms’ corporate social performance (CSP). Design/methodology/approach This study measures nationality diversity by directors’ national citizenship and measures educational background diversity by countries from which they earned their undergraduate and post undergraduate degrees. It measures firms’ CSP using the MSCI ESG ratings. The study uses both univariate and multivariate analyses to empirically test the hypotheses. Findings Using a sample of US firms, the authors find that board nationality diversity and educational background diversity are positively associated with CSP. The findings suggest that improving director nationality diversity and educational background diversity could improve firms’ social performance. Originality/value This study shows that the increasing trend of foreign nationals in the US boards could shift the focus of US corporations to be more stakeholder-oriented.
CDCL-inspired Word-level Learning for Bit-vector Constraint Solving

The theory of quantifier-free bit-vectors (QF_BV) is of paramount importance in software verification. The standard approach for satisfiability checking reduces the bit-vector problem to a Boolean problem, leveraging the powerful SAT solving techniques and their conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) mechanisms. Yet, this bit-level approach loses the structure of the initial bit-vector problem. We propose a conflict-driven, word-level, combinable constraints learning for the theory of quantifier-free bit-vectors. This work paves the way to truly word-level decision procedures for bit-vectors, taking full advantage of word-level propagations recently designed in CP and SMT communities.
A Retrospective Comparison of Anesthetic Agents in Electroconvulsive Therapy

A recent lack of availability of the anesthetic agent methohexital in the United States allowed for a naturalistic study of the efficacy and the adverse effects of alternatives. Methohexital, propofol, and thiopental were compared as anesthetic agents for electroconvulsive therapy in 95 patients treated during a 23-month period in a general public hospital. Missed seizures and arrhythmias were infrequently observed (<4% for any agent). Methohexital was found significantly related to longer seizure durations in comparison with both other agents (P < 0.01). The use of propofol was associated with increased risk of missed seizure (8.9%) compared with methohexital (3.9%) and thiopental (3.2%). Propofol was also associated with higher doses of administered energy, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.018) observed between propofol and thiopental. Although propofol required the greatest energy delivery, it was associated with the shortest seizure durations. Methohexital resulted in the longest seizure duration, and thiopental was associated with the least amount of energy delivery with an intermediate seizure length.
Real-time ultrasonic measurement of fat thickness and longissimus muscle area: I. Description of age and weight effects.

Serial ultrasonic measures of fat thickness (FTU) and longissimus muscle area (LMU) were taken on 180 feedlot steers representing 11 sire-breed groups at two 60-d intervals. Cattle then were slaughtered in four groups of 45 at 21-d intervals with ultrasonic measures taken at each interval. Analyses of variance indicated weight (WT) effects (P < .001) for all FTU measures and many of the LMU measures. Age was a source of variation (P < .05) for FTU and LMU over the first five measurement dates. Sire-breed (SBD) effects (P < .001) were prevalent for all FTU estimates and early LMU predictions. Some dam line and SBD x dam line interactions were detected (P < .1) for the FTU and LMU estimates. Age effects were described quadratically (P < .001) when FTU and LMU were regressed on age (R2 = 47 and 68%, respectively). When FTU and LMU were regressed on WT, effects were described quadratically (P < .001) with R2 values of 46 and 72%, respectively. Animals then were assigned to one of four biological types (BT) based on percentage of retail product (0-mm fat trim) using discriminant cluster analysis. Within BT, ultrasonic variables were regressed on age. Quadratic effects (P < .01) were detected for both FTU and LMU. Weight also contributed to variation observed in both ultrasonically measured variables for all BT (P < .001). These data indicate that changes in fat and muscle size as affected by age and weight are detectable using serially collected ultrasound measures. Furthermore, the age and weight relationships of predicted FTA and LMA varied across the four biological types. This suggests a need for derivation of biological type-specific age and(or) weight adjustment equations for cattle evaluation purposes.
Blood Platelet Behaviour in Mothers and Neonates

Summary Blood platelet behaviour was compared in mothers at birth and their babies, and in non-pregant, female controls. Platelet responses to arachidonic acid (AA) and to adrenaline were measured in platelet-rich plasma and the inhibitory effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) were determined. Platelets from the mothers differed from those from the neonates and controls in that lower concentrations of AA were needed to induce platelet aggregation and a release reaction. In addition, more PGI2 was needed to inhibit AA-induced platelet aggregation. Platelets from the neonates differed from the mothers and controls in that they were almost completely insensitive to adrenaline. They did not differ from the controls in their sensitivity to AA or PGI2 but the extent of the release reaction induced by AA was significantly reduced.
Currently legislated decreases in nitrogen deposition will yield only limited plant species recovery in European forests

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) pollution is considered responsible for a substantial decline in plant species richness and for altered community structures in terrestrial habitats worldwide. Nitrogen affects habitats through direct toxicity, soil acidification, and in particular by favoring fast-growing species. Pressure from N pollution is decreasing in some areas. In Europe (EU28), overall emissions of NOx declined by more than 50% while NH3 declined by less than 30% between the years 1990 and 2015, and further decreases may be achieved. The timescale over which these improvements will affect ecosystems is uncertain. Here we use 23 European forest research sites with high quality long-term data on deposition, climate, soil recovery, and understory vegetation to assess benefits of currently legislated N deposition reductions in forest understory vegetation. A dynamic soil model coupled to a statistical plant species niche model was applied with site-based climate and deposition. We use indicators of N deposition and climate warming effects such as the change in the occurrence of oligophilic, acidophilic, and cold-tolerant plant species to compare the present with projections for 2030 and 2050. The decrease in N deposition under current legislation emission (CLE) reduction targets until 2030 is not expected to result in a release from eutrophication. Albeit the model predictions show considerable uncertainty when compared with observations, they indicate that oligophilic forest understory plant species will further decrease. This result is partially due to confounding processes related to climate effects and to major decreases in sulphur deposition and consequent recovery from soil acidification, but shows that decreases in N deposition under CLE will most likely be insufficient to allow recovery from eutrophication.
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: A Critical Clinical Review

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is the most common liver disease of pregnancy. It is characterized by pruitus, elevated levels of maternal serum bile salts, and normal or mildly elevated liver enzymes occurring after 30 weeks of pregnancy. The primary risks associated with this condition include preterm delivery, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and stillbirth. Management of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy utilizes a 2-prong approach of oral medications and comfort measures along with active management close to term. The goal of active management has been to deliver women between 37 and 39 weeks of gestation in order to prevent the risk of stillbirth. Currently, expert opinions vary as to recommendations for fetal surveillance and induction of labor. Controversy exists as to whether there is an increased incidence of stillbirth between 37 and 39 weeks of gestation. This critical clinical review is a comprehensive overview of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, including background, controversies, and care of the pregnant woman with this condition and how to provide appropriate follow-up care later after delivery.