Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rings of invariant polynomials for a class of Lie algebras

Let G be a group and let 7r: G -GL(V) be a finite-dimensional representation of G. Then for g c G, 7r(g) induces an automorphism of the symmetric algebra S(V) of V. We let I(G, V, ff) be the subring of S(V) consisting of elements invariant under this induced action. If G is a connected complex semisimple Lie group with Lie algebra L and if Ad is the adjoint representation of G on L, then Chevalley has shown that I(G, L, Ad) is generated by a finite set of algebraically independent elements. However, relatively little is known for nonsemisimple Lie groups. In this paper the author exhibits and investigates a class of nonsemisimple Lie groups G with Lie algebra L for which I(G, L, Ad) is also generated by a finite set of algebraically independent elements. 1. Let G be a group, let V be a finite-dimensional vector space over a field F with basis {vl, . , vm}, and let 7be a representation of G on V, Tr: G -* GL(V). Then for g E G, w7(g) induces an automorphism, also denoted by 7T(g), on the symmetric algebra of V, S(V)=F[vl, . , vmJ. We say that p(v1, ., v.) E S(V) is an invariant polynomial for (G, V, rT) if 7(g)p(V1 * *., V.) = p(7T(g)V1,. , 7T(g)Vm) = P(V1,** , Vm), for all g E G. Let I(G, V, 7T) be the algebra of all invariant polynomials for (G, V, 7). I(G, V, 7T) is clearly independent of the choice of the basis {vl, . , v. } for V. More specifically, let G be a connected complex semisimple Lie group with Lie algebra L, and let Ad be the adjoint representation of G on L. Then I(G, L, Ad) is generated by I algebraically independent homogeneous polynomials, where I equals the rank of L. This theorem is due to Chevalley, see [1, Theorem A, p. 778] and [5, Theorem 5.37, p. 507]. Another example that should be mentioned is as follows. Let G= R4 ? SO(l, 3) be the inhomogeneous Lorentz group, R being the field of real numbers, then I(R4 ? SO(1, 3), R4 @ Bo(l, 3), Ad) is generated by 2 algebraically independent homogeneous polynomials of degrees 2 and 4. This Received by the editors October 27, 1970. AMS 1970 subject classifications. Primary 22E99; Secondary 15A72, 17B35.
Global systematics of octupole excitations in even-even nuclei

We present a computational methodology for a theory of the lowest axially symmetric octupole excitations applicable to all even-even nuclei beyond the lightest. The theory is the well-known generator-coordinate extension (GCM) of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) self-consistent mean field theory. We use the discrete-basis Hill-Wheeler (HW) method to compute the wave functions with an interaction from the Gogny family of Hamiltonians. Comparing to the compiled experimental data on octupole excitations, we find that the performance of the theory depends on the deformation characteristics of the nucleus. For nondeformed nuclei, the theory reproduces the energies to about ±20% apart from an overall scale factor of ≈1.6. The performance is somewhat poorer for (quadrupole) deformed nuclei, and for both together the dispersion of the scaled energies about the experimental values is about ±25%. This compares favorably with the performance of similar theories of the quadrupole excitations. Nuclei having static octupole deformations in HFB theory form a special category. These nuclei have the smallest measured octupole excitation energies as well as the smallest predicted energies. However, in these cases the energies are seriously underpredicted by the theory. We find that a simple two-configuration approximation, the minimization after projection (MAP) method, is almost as accurate as the full HW treatment, provided that the octupole-deformed nuclei are omitted from the comparison. This article is accompanied by a tabulation of the predicted octupole excitations for 818 nuclei extending from drip-line to drip-line, computed with several variants of the Gogny interaction.
Structured Debt Ratings: Evidence on Conflicts of Interest

We test if issuers of asset- and mortgage-backed securities receive rating favors from agencies with which they maintain strong business relationships. Controlling for issuer fixed effects and a large set of credit risk determinants, we show that agencies publish better ratings for those issuers that provide them with more bilateral securitization business. Such rating favors are larger for very complex structured debt deals and for deals issued during the credit boom period. Our analysis is based on a new deal-level rating statistic that accounts for the full distribution of tranche ratings below the AAA cut-off point of a structured debt deal.
Towards a framework for the quantitative assessment of trawling impact on the seabed and benthic ecosystem

A framework to assess the impact of mobile fishing gear on the seabed and benthic ecosystem is presented. The framework that can be used at regional and local scales provides indicators for both trawling pressure and ecological impact. It builds on high-resolution maps of trawling intensity and considers the physical effects of trawl gears on the seabed, on marine taxa, and on the functioning of the benthic ecosystem. Within the framework, a reductionist approach is applied that breaks down a fishing gear into its components, and a number of biological traits are chosen to determine either the vulnerability of the benthos to the impact of that gear component, or to provide a proxy for their ecological role. The approach considers gear elements, such as otter boards, twin trawl clump, and groundrope, and sweeps that herd the fish. The physical impact of these elements on the seabed, comprising scraping of the seabed, sediment mobilization, and penetration, is a function of the mass, size, and speed of the individual component. The impact of the elements on the benthic community is quantified using a biological-trait approach that considers the vulnerability of the benthic community to trawl impact (e.g. sediment position, morphology), the recovery rate (e.g. longevity, maturation age, reproductive characteristics, dispersal), and their ecological role. The framework is explored to compare the indicators for pressure and ecological impact of bottom trawling in three main seabed habitat types in the North Sea. Preliminary results show that the Sublittoral mud (EUNIS A5.3) is affected the most due to the combined effect of intensive fishing and large proportions of long-lived taxa.
Imported Input Varieties and Product Innovation: Evidence from Five Developing Countries

We examine how access to imported intermediate inputs affects firm‐level product innovation in five developing counties. We combine trade data with survey data on innovation and develop a method to determine whether new inputs were essential for the product innovation. We find evidence that the number of newly imported varieties has a significant impact on product innovations that rely on new inputs and provide suggestive evidence that this effect comes from access to better quality imports. We extend our analysis to assess the consequences of the increase in the number of Chinese exporting firms on product innovation in developing countries.
Eigenvalue estimates for singular left-definite Sturm-Liouville operators

The spectral properties of a singular left-definite Sturm-Liouville operator $JA$ are investigated and described via the properties of the corresponding right-definite selfadjoint counterpart $A$ which is obtained by substituting the indefinite weight function by its absolute value. The spectrum of the $J$-selfadjoint operator $JA$ is real and it follows that an interval $(a,b)\subset\mathbb R^+$ is a gap in the essential spectrum of $A$ if and only if both intervals $(-b,-a)$ and $(a,b)$ are gaps in the essential spectrum of the $J$-selfadjoint operator $JA$. As one of the main results it is shown that the number of eigenvalues of $JA$ in $(-b,-a) \cup (a,b)$ differs at most by three of the number of eigenvalues of $A$ in the gap $(a,b)$; as a byproduct results on the accumulation of eigenvalues of singular left-definite Sturm-Liouville operators are obtained. Furthermore, left-definite problems with symmetric and periodic coefficients are treated, and several examples are included to illustrate the general results.
Prevalence of Penicillium s pecific Ig E level and allergy symptoms among office workers in a selected company in Bangi , Malaysia

Indoor fungal reservoirs, particularly airborne Penicillium species, were identified throughout the ventilation system of the building and dissemination of fungi from those reservoirs was found to be occurring all the time. The objectives of this study were to determine the association between air concentration of indoor mould (Penicillium) and allergy symptoms among office workers. The study design used in this research was a cross-sectional study. Risk factors were identified through the questionnaire survey. Office workers were selected based on the proximity of their workstations to the microbiological air sampler used for the mould sampling. Results from the current study suggests that individual susceptibility of exposed subjects might be influenced by several factors associated with mould exposure; for example, inhaled mycotoxins or volatile organic compounds, which may, in some complex way, affect the immune response. This study provides the much needed preliminary baseline data for developing guidelines with validated findings that will be of use for policy decisions in Malaysia regarding indoor air quality. Results from this study are recommended for use in planning and implementing control measures in order to reduce the exposure to indoor mould and promote healthy working environment among the workers.
Deep Schlumberger sounding and the crustal resistivity structure of central Australia

Summary. Three 200 km Schluniberger resistivity soundings have been conducted over the central Australian shield, using telephone lines to obtain the large electrode spacings. These represent the first crustal scale controlled source electrical study to be carried out in this continent. A computer controlled data acquisition system was used which allowed precise measurements to be made with only modest emission currents (0.1 -0.5 A). The three soundings, centred on the towns of Renner Springs, Wauchope and Aileron, showed the southern part of the study area (the Arunta Block) to be an order of magnitude more resistive than the more northerly section (the Tennant Creek Block). This difference correlates with the higher heat flow of the Tennant Creek Block. A lowering of apparent resistivity at large electrode spacings for one sounding (Wauchope) is taken to indicate the presence of a low resistivity layer in the middle crust, at a depth less than 20 km. However, the effect of the highly conductive overburden characteristic of inland Australia, combined with the large transverse resistance of the crust, prevented the other two soundings from detecting such a layer. Without support from these two soundings, it is impossible to be sure that the lowered resistivity at Wauchope is not caused merely by lateral variations in near-surface resistivity. The data also show that crustal resistivities are much lower than the expected values for dry rock, whether or not a low resistivity layer is included in the model. This implies a widespread occurrence of free water in the crust, with greater amounts occurring at depth if the low resistivity zone exists.
Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in starburst galaxies: New data from NGC 253 and Mrk 231 and their implications

Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios are excellent measures of nuclear processing, but few such data have been taken toward extragalactic targets so far. Therefore, using the IRAM 30-m telescope, CN and CO isotopologues have been measured toward the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 and the prototypical ultraluminous infrared galaxy Mrk 231. Toward the center of NGC 253, the CN and (CN)-C-13 N = 1 -> 0 lines indicate no significant deviations from expected local thermodynamical equilibrium after accounting for moderate saturation effects (10 and 25%) in the two detected spectral components of the main species. Including calibration uncertainties, which dominate the error budget, the C-12/C-13 ratio becomes 40 +/- 10. This is larger than the ratio in the central molecular zone of the Galaxy, suggesting a higher infall rate of poorly processed gas toward the central region. Assuming that the ratio also holds for the CO emitting gas, this yields O-16/O-18 = 145 +/- 36 and O-16/O-17 = 1290 +/- 365 and a S-32/S-34 ratio close to the one measured for the local interstellar medium (2025). No indication of vibrationally excited CN is found in the lower frequency fine structure components of the N = 1 -> 0 and 2 -> 1 transitions at rms noise levels of 3 and 4 mK (15 and 20 mJy) in 8.5 km s-1 wide channels. Peak line intensity ratios between NGC 253 and Mrk 231 are similar to 100 for (CO)-C-12-O-16 and (CO)-C-12-O-18 J = 1 -> 0, while the ratio for (CO)-C-13-O-16 J = 1 -> 0 is similar to 250. This and similar (CO)-C-13 and (CO)-O-18 line intensities in the J = 1 -> 0 and 2 -> 1 transitions of Mrk 231 suggest C-12/C-13 similar to 100 and O-16/O-18 similar to 100, in agreement with values obtained for the less evolved ultraluminous merger Arp 220. Also, when accounting for other (scarcely available) extragalactic data, C-12/C-13 ratios appear to vary over a full order of magnitude, from >100 in ultraluminous high redshift galaxies to similar to 100 in more local such galaxies to similar to 40 in weaker starbursts that are not undergoing a large scale merger to 25 in the central molecular zone of the Milky Way. With C-12 being predominantly synthesized in massive stars, while C-13 is mostly ejected by longer lived lower mass stars at later times, this is qualitatively consistent with our results of decreasing carbon isotope ratios with time and rising metallicity. It is emphasized, however, that both infall of poorly processed material, initiating a nuclear starburst, and the ejecta from newly formed massive stars (in particular in the case of a top-heavy stellar initial mass function) can raise the carbon isotope ratio for a limited amount of time.
IMMUNOCOMPETENCE EXPLANATIONS OF MALE FACIAL MASCULINITY

Currently the Immunocompetence Hypothesis dominates research into female attraction to male facial masculinity. Although studies have shown links between masculinity and possible indicators of health such as fluctuating asymmetry, preferences for facial masculinity do not co-vary with preferences for apparent health (BOOTHROYD et al. 2005). Here we build on that work with two studies. Study 1 addresses the concern that apparent health may not fully reflect long term immune function by investigating how masculinity preferences correlate with preferences for other potential indicators of ‘good genes’: symmetry and averageness. Study 2 investigated whether masculinity preferences were dependant upon the presence of other indicators of ‘good immunity’ in the face, by showing observers both symmetric and asymmetric masculinity stimuli. Across three samples, women’s masculinity preferences were inversely correlated with symmetry preferences, counter to prediction, and there were no consistent associations with apparent health or averageness. Results of Study 2 suggested that masculinity preferences may be enhanced in symmetric stimuli; however, these results appear to have been driven by a single stimulus, suggesting that more research is needed into the potential importance of initial stimulus properties when investigating masculinity preferences.
X-ray properties of NGC 300 - I. Global properties of X-ray point sources and their optical counterparts

We present X-ray properties of NGC 300 point sources, extracted from 66 ks of XMM-Newton data taken in 2000 December and 2001 January. A total of 163 sources were detected in the energy range of 0.3–6 keV. We report on the global properties of the sources detected inside the D 25 optical disk, such as the hardness ratio and X-ray fluxes, and on the properties of their optical counterparts found in B, V, and R images from the 2.2 m MPG/ESO telescope. Furthermore, we cross-correlate the X-ray sources with SIMBAD, the USNO-A2.0 catalog, and radio catalogues.
In-line Analysis of Entrainment through Image based Probe Measurement Technology

A new optical approach for entrainment detection is presented using a measurement probe, which is applicable at different axial and radial positions within the column in an industrial environment. The new developed probe enables in-line detection and on-line analysis of entrained droplets between separation stages respectively at the column head. Different test rigs (up to DN 450) are used for data sampling. The new construction of the probe uses a purge gas stream to protect the front window of the probe from wetting, providing a non-wetted and clear view, leading to better image qualities and low purge medium consumption. A comparison of the measurement results with the Phase-Doppler-Anemometry shows a good agreement. As expected, entrainment depends on liquid and gaseous flow rates. Capability of models from literature to cope with the available data are discussed.
Gas evolution during vitrification of sodium sulfate and silica

This paper describes the operation of an apparatus designed to identify species evolved during vitrification of hazardous waste materials and to measure the temperatures at which they are evolved. To demonstrate the utility of the apparatus for designing off-gas systems, the authors present the results of heating various sulfates alone and in the presence of silica. During vitrification, the decomposition behavior of some waste components will be affected by the chemical composition of the melt. For example, they found that when silica is present during heating, SO{sub x} gases are evolved at lower temperatures than when pure sodium sulfate is heated. Such analyses will be important in the design of off-gas units for waste vitrification systems.
DFT Studies on the Interaction of Defective Graphene-Supported Fe and Al Nanoparticles

The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of Fe13 and Al13 nanoparticles adsorbed on monovacancy defective graphene have been determined using density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). Graphene vacancies are used as anchoring points for these pure metal nanoparticles, ensuring their isolated stability on the surface, thereby maximizing their catalytic reactivity through the availability of undercoordinated surface sites along with a high surface area. The results of this work indicate that the strong binding of Fe13 and Al13 nanoparticles on defective graphene (−6.98 and −3.84 eV in adsorption energy, respectively) is due to strong hybridization of the nanoparticles with the sp2 dangling bonds of neighboring carbons near the vacancy. Charge difference and Bader charge analyses of the Fe13 and Al13 adsorbed systems suggest that charge redistribution of defective graphene occurs to a greater extent in the Fe13 system than in the Al13 system due to the strongly hy.
Multidecadal (1960–2011) shoreline changes in Isbjørnhamna (Hornsund, Svalbard)

A section of a gravel-dominated coast in Isbjornhamna (Hornsund, Svalbard) was analysed to calculate the rate of shoreline changes and explain processes controlling coastal zone development over last 50 years. Between 1960 and 2011, coastal landscape of Isbjornhamna experienced a significant shift from dominated by influence of tide-water glacier and protected by prolonged sea-ice conditions towards storm-affected and rapidly changing coast. Information derived from analyses of aerial images and geomorphological mapping shows that the Isbjornhamna coastal zone is dominated by coastal erosion resulting in a shore area reduction of more than 31,600 m2. With ~3,500 m2 of local aggradation, the general balance of changes in the study area of the shore is negative, and amounts to a loss of more than 28,000 m2. Mean shoreline change is −13.1 m (−0.26 m a−1). Erosional processes threaten the Polish Polar Station infrastructure and may damage of one of the storage buildings in nearby future.
MATERNAL HYPERTENSION AS A RISK FACTOR ASSOCIATED WITH LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

Objective: to investigate the association between maternal hypertension and low birth weight, in a public hospital in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 317 individuals, such that the case group was composed of 87 mothers of children born with a weight of less than 2500 g and/or gestational age less than 37 weeks, and the control group was composed of 230 mothers of newborns of weight greater than or equal to 2500 g and gestational age greater than or equal to 37 weeks. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were applied to the data gathered. Results: The results showed a statistically significant difference in maternal age between the study groups. The use of medications and number of prenatal consultations were also shown to be associated with low birth weight. After appropriate adjustments, the association between maternal hypertension and low birth weight was demonstrated to be strong and statistically significant (OR = 3.84; 95% CI: 1.92 – 7.68). Conclusions: The findings indicate that maternal hypertension is a possible risk factor for low birth weight.
Ethical Concerns in the Rise of Co-Authorship and Its Role as a Proxy of Research Collaborations

Increasing specialization, changes in the institutional incentives for publication, and a host of other reasons have brought about a marked trend towards co-authored articles among researchers. These changes have impacted Science and Technology (S&T) policies worldwide. Co-authorship is often considered to be a reliable proxy for assessing research collaborations at micro, meso, and macro levels. Although co-authorship in a scholarly publication brings numerous benefits to the participating authors, it has also given rise to issues of publication integrity, such as ghost authorships and honorary authorships. The code of conduct of bodies such as the American Psychological Association (APA) and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) make it clear that only those who have significantly contributed to the study should be on the authorship list. Those who have contributed little have to be appropriately “acknowledged” in footnotes or in the acknowledgement section. However, these principles are sometimes transgressed, and a complete solution still remains elusive.
Consumers Balance Time and Money in Purchasing Convenience Foods

Demand for ready-to-eat foods from restaurants and grocery stores has been growing in the United States. These foods save households time in meal preparation, but they have also been associated with inferior dietary quality and, consequently, poor health for Americans. The demand for such “convenience foods” varies significantly from person to person, and the factors that influence these individual choices are not clear. This study considers four broad groups of factors: consumers’ financial resources, prices, consumers’ time constraints, and the food environment consumers face. We find that higher income is associated with increased demand for restaurant food, while participation in food assistance programs is associated with increased demand for ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat supermarket food. Consumers facing tight time constraints from employment tend to purchase more food from full-service restaurants and less from supermarkets. On the other hand, consumers whose time constraints stem from childcare responsibilities tend to purchase more fast food. The location of restaurants and stores has little effect on demand for convenience foods after controlling for financial resources, time constraints, and relative prices.