Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) predation and habitat complexity on the structure of littoral zone fish assemblages

Fish assemblages in small lakes ( 50 ha) in central Ontario were characterized to determine the impact of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) predation and habitat complexity on the structure of littoral zone fish assem - blages. Data were collected employing minnow traps and visual assessment. Although species richness did not differ between lakes with and without smallmouth bass, species composition and relative abundance did differ. We identified two distinct fish assemblage types: one characterized by small-bodied species, mainly cyprinids, and a second by large- bodied centrarchid species, e.g., smallmouth bass. Smallmouth bass appear to reduce abundance, alter habitat use, and extirpate many small-bodied species such as brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), pearl dace (Margariscus margarita), and Phoxinus spp.
Incorporation of veterinary antibiotics into crops from manured soil

Abstract Under farming conditions, winter wheat was cultivated on manure-fertilised soil. The liquid manure originated from pigs medicated under control with chlortetracycline (CTC), sulfadiazine (SFD) and trimethoprim (TMP). Dur-ing 8 months of storage the initial concentration of CTC and SFD in the manure decreased by 50 - 60 %. This ma-nure was used as a fertiliser, thereby remarkable amounts of antibiotics were administered to soil. Antibiotic recov-ery rates from soil peaked after the 2 nd slurry administra-tion (SFD: 90 µg/kg dw, CTC-compounds: 20 µg/kg dw) in the plough layer (0 - 25 cm) and dropped to a low level within  to 5 months. Wheat was grown on this soil. CTC and SFD were readily taken up by the roots, translocated within the plants into stems and leaves; CTC even into the wheat grain (~ µg/kg fw) after twofold slurry application in spring. Experiments with non-labelled and  H-labelled antibiotics using hydroponically grown wheat, lamb’s let-tuce and carrots corroborate the result that intact plants can take up substantial amounts of antibiotics by the roots. Our study has revealed a novel way of human exposure to vet-erinary antibiotics by plant derived food.
Excessive Base Money and Global Financial Crisis in Relation to the Essence of the So-Called "Abenomics"

After the financial crisis of 2008, we are facing possibility of a global financial crisis further. Most of the financial crises have occurred in situations when there is so much money in the financial market, but they have not often occurred in cases when the market does not have enough money. This thought, however, is not general common sense in the financial academic field. Based on general understanding, the cause of financial crisis is the lack of money with the rise of interest rates in the financial market. If the lack of money is the reason for financial crisis, then we have never met with any financial crisis, because most leading countries have much money in the financial market in nowadays. According to theory of Economics, government deficit plus current account surplus means surplus of savings in the private sector of the country. Currently, most countries with big-scale economy have big deficits in their national accounts. But there is enough money in the business sector. I focus on this aspect and then analyze the base money policy of the central bank of some countries, and analyze its effect or the meaning of excessive base money in the financial market. As a general economic rule, the excess of money in a financial market causes a low interest rate. On the other hand, governments are faced with less money. If enough money in the money market flows to the treasury account, the government gets national fiscal balance. But it is not easy for most governments to create the balance. The reason behind this is the failure of a national economic and fiscal policy, including tax policy. Many countries and communities are facing problems with the flow of money from the private sector to the government. This problem is one of the biggest international issues which should be solved immediately (Taylor, 2009). Of course, we cannot neglect the fact that there are countries having little money even their private sector like Greece, Italy, Spain, and so on. Economic growth is the only measure to solve the financial problem in these countries. I do not consider these countries in this paper. The financial markets that I focus on in this paper are the US, the EURO Area, China and Japan. Many experts and economic politician worldwide consider “Abenomics” noteworthy. It aims at increasing base money in the financial market of Japan. The biggest purpose of this policy is for breaking away from deflation. Japanese Prime minister Abe also expects devaluation of the Yen, and increase in Japanese export. Later in this paper, we will see that the amount of Japanese base money had been decreased by the Central Bank of Japan before the global financial crisis of 2007. The hypothesis is that the cause of a financial crisis in recent years is in the excessive financial resources in a financial market. This paper attempts to elucidate the relation between the trend of global base money and the financial crisis.
A locally mass-conserving semi-Lagrangian regional NWP model with conserved quasi-Lagrangian vertical coordinates

Numerical weather and climate modelling is under constant development. Semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian (SISL) models have proven to be numerically efficient for both numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate modelling, due to the ability to use long time steps. While future generations of non-hydrostatic NWP models may be formulated differently, it is likely that several climate models in a number of years from now will continue to be based on the primitive equations employing the traditional SISL technique. Chemical/aerosol feedback mechanisms are becoming more and more relevant in NWP as well as climate models, since the biogenic and anthropogenic emissions can have a direct effect on the dynamics and radiative properties of the atmosphere (Arneth et al. 2009; Baklanov 2010; Baklanov and Korsholm 2008; Forkel et al. 2012). To include chemical feedbacks a prognostic representation of chemical species is neccesary, i.e. online coupling. For the models to be able to include a large number of chemical species, the advection schemes must have a high degree of multi-tracer efficiency, e.g Lauritzen et al. (2010). In this paper a new semi-Lagrangian (SL) advection method is introduced. It combines an inherently mass conserving 2D semi-Lagrangian advection scheme with semiimplicit time-stepping and employing a fully Lagrangian
Hofstadter butterflies of carbon nanotubes: Pseudofractality of the magnetoelectronic spectrum

The electronic spectrum of a two-dimensional square lattice in a perpendicular magnetic field has become known as the Hofstadter butterfly [Hofstadter, Phys. Rev. B 14, 2239 (1976). ]. We have calculated quasi-one-dimensional analogs of the Hofstadter butterfly for carbon nanotubes (CNTs). For the case of single-wall CNTs, it is straightforward to implement magnetic fields parallel to the tube axis by means of zone folding in the graphene reciprocal lattice. We have also studied perpendicular magnetic fields which, in contrast to the parallel case, lead to a much richer, pseudofractal spectrum. Moreover, we have investigated magnetic fields piercing double-wall CNTs and found strong signatures of interwall interaction in the resulting Hofstadter butterfly spectrum, which can be understood with the help of a minimal model. Ubiquitous to all perpendicular magnetic field spectra is the presence of cusp catastrophes at specific values of energy and magnetic field. Resolving the density of states along the tube circumference allows recognition of the snake states already predicted for nonuniform magnetic fields in the two-dimensional electron gas. An analytic model of the magnetic spectrum of electrons on a cylindrical surface is used to explain some of the results.
Production of Egyptian gluten-free bread.

This investigation aimed to produce gluten-free bread (GFB) for celiac disease patients. GFB doughs made from rice flour, corn starch, defatted soy flour and chickpea flour at different levels with addition of 3 % xanthan gum, which had pronounced effect on viscoelastic properties yielding strengthened and gave a farinograph and extensograph curves similar to the curves of wheat flour dough. The obtained farinograph results showed evident increase (p<0.05) in water absorption, arrival time, dough development time and dough stability of all gluten-free dough samples as compared with control. Also, extensograph results showed that dough elasticity and consequently proportional number were gradually increased in the GFB blends, while, extensibility and dough energy were decreased. Regarding the chemical composition of GFB samples, it could be noticed that protein, fat and ash contents were gradually increased from 10.10, 1.67 and 0.95 in the control sample to 12.94, 1.75 and 1.90 % in GFB blend 3, respectively. While, crude fiber and carbohydrate contents were slightly decreased in GFB samples. Also, GFB samples exhibited good sensory properties and there were no significant differences between those samples and the control in all organoleptic properties. It could be concluded that Egyptian gluten-free bread from native starchy flours can be produced with low cost and high quality.
Decomposing Wage Polarization in the U . S .

This paper argues that the decline of middle wages in the U.S. during the 1990s (“wage polarization”) is the result of asymmetric changes in inequality at different occupations. Inequality has relatively increased at occupations with higher wages and has decreased at occupations with lower wages. I show this using a new decomposition method based on the third moment (skewness), which quantifies the contributions of different factors to the total increase in wage polarization. The drop in occupational inequality at low paying occupations is unique for the period of the 1990s, while inequality at high paying occupations has steadily increased in the last three decades.
Can reading time predict mind wandering in expository text

278 Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Lt Summary Prior research has suggested that episodes of mind wandering not only negatively impact text comprehension but also are associated with fluctuations in reading behavior. However, these studies typically do not account for differences in the fundamental nature of the text itself, namely, whether it is narrative or expository in structure. As much research has supported the idea that these text genres are processed differently, it is of interest to determine whether similar changes in reading patterns are observed when mind wandering in an expository text. The present study examined whether fluctuations in sentence‐by‐sentence reading times were associated with periods of mindless reading during processing of an expository text. Results indicated that although mindless reading did negatively impact learning, probed reading time did not vary as a function of mind wandering. These results suggest that research aimed at studying mind wandering while reading may need to account for text genre.
Survey on Benefits and Barriers of E-Procurement: Malaysian SMEs Perspective

Procurement is one of the major aspects for an enterprise to improve its supply chain management and hence enterprise performance. The advent of Internet has introduced e-commerce and drastically changing the way procurement is done to improve operation efficiency and reduce transaction cost significantly. Thereby, this lead to the term "e-procurement" or "e-purchasing". However, many Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) still perceive e-procurement as infeasible although e-procurement is introduced in the early 2000. Hence, this paper attempts to provide a comprehensive survey on existing literature with regards to the benefits and barriers of e-procurement in the perspective of Malaysian SMEs. Highlighting the benefits and identifying the major barriers of SMEs e-procurement implementation enables formation of effective solution to encourage more adoption of eprocurement system in Malaysian SMEs.
THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ORAL CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION AND HIGH PROTEIN DIET ON MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND BODY COMPOSITION

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 6 weeks of oral creatine supplementation and a high-protein diet on muscular strength and body composition. Thirty-six college athletes (at least 1 year of weight training experience) volunteered to take part in the study. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups: creatine and protein (Cr + Pro, n=9), creatine (Cr, n=9), protein (Pro, n=9), and placebo (P, n=9). They showed no significant difference in their pretest values. Cr consumed 5 g of creatine monohydrate in a flavored sucrose drink four times per day for 6 day. After 6 days, supplementation was reduced to 5 g.d-1.Cr +Pro ingested Cr in a same procedure plus a high protein diet (1.6 g.kg/day). Pro ingested placebo plus a high protein diet (1.6 g.kg /day). Placebo ingested a starched, sucrose drink. 1RM strength of arm flexors, bench press, squat and body composition was measured before and after a 6-wk resistance training program. The subjects trained (3 day.Week-1) with determined training loads. Results showed that body mass and lean tissue mass increased to a greater extent with training in Cr + Pro compared to the other groups, and in Cr compared to P group (p< 0.05). There were no significant changes in percent body fat for groups. Cr + Pro group demonstrated greater improvement in 1RM of squat, bench press and arm flexors than other groups. Also, subjects who supplemented with Cr + Pro had similar increases in 1RM of squat, bench press compared to placebo group (p< 0.05). There were not significant differences between Cr supplementation and high protein diet on muscular strength and body composition.
Distraction and Boredom: Students Faced to Digital Economy

The aim of this article is to understand the meaning of the emotional experiences students are faced with when giving attention (Beck & Davenport, 2001) to techniques developed by the major players in the digital economy and its consequences on their future professional life. Our goal is to show, from a qualitative study, that the emotional dependence of the youth on digital technology generates a multi-active source of scatter and thus boredom. Only those who have mastered the time spent on these tools are satisfied. The students who are not bored have the ability to manage their time and productivity via digital resources. These results are the outcome of a study conducted over a two years period that investigates the new emotional spirit of capitalism, continuing the work of Boltanski and Chiapello (1999). It questions the emotional experience of students when faced with the dynamic of the economyi¯s marketing techniques and its effect on attention (Illouz, 2006; Martin-Juchat, 2008, 2014).
1 Effect of exposure time of laser HeNe 632 . 8 nm , 1 m / watt on wound healing process in rabbits

The objective of this work was to assess a compare grossly and microscopically, the effect of exposure time of He-Ne 632.8 nm. 1 m/watt in wound healing in rabbits. For this purpose 15 adult male rabbits were used, divided into 3 groups, 5rabbits in each group. Xylazine 20 mg/kg and ketamine 10mg/kg used I/m to induce general anesthesia. Surgical open wound was made and immediately. The 1,2 and 3 groups were exposure to 632.8 nm. 1 m/watts low level laser during 3,5 and 7minte. All the groups exposure was done on 1, 3 , 5 and 7 day. The spacement for histological studies taken on 3, 5 and 7 days and immediately kept in 10% buffer formaline for 24 hours. The result revealed that among three groups were the wound closed by fifth day under microscopic examination the slide show complete remodeling and natural skin layers of dermis, epidermis in comparison with groups first and 3. The 1 group shows fibroblast and collagen fibers fill the gap, while the third group shows mature normal structure at same stage.
Series WP-1 828 Meta-Analysis of Field Experiments Shows Significantly More Racial Discrimination in Job Offers than in Callbacks

Field experiments using fictitious applications have become an increasingly important method for assessing hiring discrimination. Most field experiments of hiring, however, only observe whether the applicant receives an invitation to interview, called the “callback. ” How adequate is our understanding of racial discrimination in the hiring process based on an assessment of differences in callback rates, when the ultimate subject of interest is discrimination in job offers? To address this question, the researchers perform a statistical meta-analysis of all available field experimental studies of racial discrimination in hiring that go to the job offer outcome. Their sample includes 12 studies encompassing more than 8,300 job applications. They find significant additional discrimination in hiring after the callback: Majority applicants in our sample receive 52% more callbacks than comparable minority applicants, but majority applicants receive 128% more job offers than comparable minority applicants. The additional discrimination from interview to job offer is uncorrelated with the level of discrimination earlier in the hiring process. The researchers conclude by discussing the substantive and methodological implications of our findings. A previous version of this paper was presented at the April 2018 meetings of the Southern Sociological Society in New Orleans, LA. The authors received helpful comments from Michael Gaddis and Arnfinn Midtbøen. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support for this project from the Russell Sage Foundation, Award #88-15-06.
AUTOMORPHISMS OF FUNCTION FIELDS

1. Let K be an algebraic function field of one variable over the constant field k and let g > 0 be the genus of K. Let 9 be the group of all automorphisms of K that leave the elements of k fixed (and that leave a given place Po of K/k fixed if g = 1). A classical theorem due to Schwartz-Klein-NoetherWeierstrass-Poincar&-Hurwitz when g>1 (and older for g =1) says that 57 is finite if k is the field of complex numbers. From this one can easily deduce the same result if k is any field of characteristic zero. The theorem for k an algebraically closed field of characteristic p= 0 was proved by H. L. Schmid in 1938 [5], and a less computational proof for any algebraically closed k was given recently by Iwasawa and Tamagawa [3]. We intend to show how this result can be very easily proved by one of the classical arguments (given in essence, but somewhat imprecisely, in [1]) if we replace integration on the Riemann surface R of K by use of its jacobian variety J, and finally we shall show what the corresponding result is when k is an arbitrary field. The reasons for including here the easy case g =1 will become apparent in the last section. The analytic proof we have in mind runs as follows: 57 is naturally isomorphic to the group of complex analytic homeomorphisms of R (that leave Po fixed if g = 1). First consider the special case in which R is elliptic or hyperelliptic. R can then be considered (in one and only one way) as a two-sheeted covering surface of a Riemann sphere S (such that, if g =1, Po is a branch point of this covering). The elements of 57 give rise to analytic homeomorphisms of S that permute the ramification points of S. Since g > 0, the ramification points are in finite number > 2. The finiteness of 57 then follows from (1) any analytic homeomorphism of S leaving three distinct points fixed is the identity, and (2) any element of 5' that leaves all points of S fixed is either the identity or merely interchanges the sheets of R. On the other hand if K is not elliptic or hyperelliptic, then the ratios of the differentials of the first kind of K give rise to the canonical embedding of R in S,-1, the complex projective space of dimension (g 1), and the automorphisms of K/k correspond one-one to projective transformations of S,. 1 that map R onto itself. It follows that G can be considered as a Lie group with a finite number of components that acts analytically on R (see the second lemma of ? 2 for details), so it remains only to show that the component of the identity G of G has only one point. Hence we have to show that if ai, a2C G are homotopic (as maps of R), then al = 02. So let w be any differential of the first kind on R
A Comprehensive Review on Biomass Torrefaction

Biomass is a versatile energy resource that could be used as a sustainable energy resource in solid, liquid and gaseous form of energy sources. Torrefaction is an emerging thermal biomass pretreatment method that has an ability to reduce the major limitations of biomass such as heterogeneity, lower bulk density, lower energy density, hygroscopic behavior, and fibrous nature. Torrefaction, aiming to produce high quality solid biomass products, is carried out at 200-300 °C in an inert environment at an atmospheric pressure. The removal of volatiles through different decomposition reactions is the basic principle behind the torrefaction process. Torrefaction upgrades biomass quality and alters the combustion behavior, which can be efficiently used in the co-firing power plant. This paper presents a comprehensive review on torrefaction of biomass and their characteristics. Despite of the number of advantages, torrefaction is motivated mainly for thermochemical conversion process because of its ability to increase hydrophobicity, grindability and energy density of biomass. In addition to this, torrefied biomass could be used to replace coal in the metallurgical process, and promoted as an alternative of charcoal.
Estimating a Structural Macro Finance Model of Term Structure

This paper aims to estimate a structural macro flnance model of term structure based on the approximate solution of a standard dynamic general equilibrium model with nominal rigidities. To capture the nonlinearity that can contribute to a more precise analysis of the dynamics of macro variables and the yield curve, we apply a second order approximation of the equilibrium conditions to solve the model. New closed-form solutions for bond yields are proposed to make estimation practically feasible. We estimate the model based on US data by Bayesian methods. Our results provide clear macroeconomic interpretations of term structure factors such as level, slope, and curvature. Also, our analysis favors the explanation that the downward trend of the level of the yield curve and term premia after the early 1980s is primarily related with changes in monetary policy. However, the impact of the Volcker disin∞ation policy on this decline is found to be delayed.
The geometry of iterated loop spaces

Operads and -spaces. - Operads and monads. - A? and E? operads. - The little cubes operads . - Iterated loop spaces and the . - The approximation theorem. - Cofibrations and quasi-fibrations. - The smash and composition products. - A categorical construction. - Monoidal categories. - Geometric realization of simplicial spaces. - Geometric realization and S*, C*, and ? *. - The recognition principle and A? spaces. - E? spaces and infinite loop sequences. - Remarks concerning the recognition principle.