Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of expertise, semantics, and learning in spatial memory

This research investigates the mechanisms that underpin object location memory. It approaches this endeavour by examining a recently reported phenomenon of spatial memory, that of exclusivity. Exclusivity states that given the opportunity to encode or retrieve two spatial memories, only one memory is relied upon for object location. This implies that two memories for where an object is located are not better than one. The role of limited capacity has been implicated in the exclusive processing of multiple objects. Accordingly, the aim of this thesis is to explore possible methods that enhance cognitive capacity in a way to overcome exclusivity. These methods include expertise, semantics and learning. It was proposed that expertise would allow for holistic processing of information and it would therefore increase the likelihood of spatial memory integration. Also, the connection between two related spatial memories was manipulated through the employment of semantic categories to aid in paired memory recognition. In addition to this, a learning paradigm was used which allowed for repeated exposure of spatial information over a 5 and 10 day period. The results of these studies indicate a failure to overcome exclusivity. This suggests that exclusive processing is a robust feature of spatial memory. The findings offer a number of important insights for the field. They provide two important accounts for the processing of multiple object locations. One argues memories are encoded and retreival in a strategic manner to avoid interference. The second proposes fragments of memories are encoded and constructively drawn upon at recall. This thesis also puts forward a unique explanation of how multiple object locations are learnt over time.
Glycerol: A Major By-product in the Biodiesel Manufacturing Process

Biyodizel uretim maliyeti, gelistirilen ayirma tekniklerinin yani sira atik kizartma yaglari ve yenilemeyen bitkisel yaglarin kullanimi gibi cok sayida strateji ile azaltilabilir. Biyodizel uretim prosesi, baslica gliserolun yan urun olarak elde edildigi bir transesterifikasyon basamagindan ileri gelmektedir. Ekonomik getirileri olan gliserol yan urun prosesine ilave olarak bu gliserolun kullanimi rafine edilmemis ham materyal oldugundan dolayi sinirlidir. Ham gliserol miktarinin her gecen gun artmasiyla atik bertaraf konulari da gundeme gelmektedir. Son zamanlarda arastirmacilar atik gliserolu faydali bir takim urunlere donusturme olasiliklari uzerine yogunlasmislardir. Atik gliserolun mikrobiyal yolla metan, 1,3-propandiol, etanol, suksinik asit ve H2 gazi gibi degerli urunlere donusumunun mumkun oldugu kayit edilmistir. Bu derlemede ham gliserolun kullanim olanaklari ve biyodizel piyasasinda onemli bir yan urun olan gliserolun degerlendirme yollari uzerinde durulmustur.
Tradition and Change in Legal English: Verbal Constructions in Prescriptive Texts

In this volume the author examines verbal constructions in prescriptive legal texts written in English. Modal auxiliaries such as shall, may and must are analysed, as well as indicative tenses such as the present simple, and also non-finite constructions such as the -ing form and -ed participles. Results are based on specially compiled corpora of prescriptive texts coming from a wide range of English-speaking countries and also international organizations such as the European Union and the UN. The author also analyses the nature, extent and impact of the calls for change in legal language coming from the Plain Language Movement. Although legal language tends to be depicted as being highly conservative and unchanging, the author shows that in certain parts of the English-speaking world a minor revolution would appear to be taking place, while in other parts there is greater resistance to change.
Human Visual System Models in Computer Graphics

At the receiving end of visual data are humans; thus it is only natural to take into account various properties and limitations of the human visual system while designing new image and video processing methods. In this dissertation we build multiple models of human vision with different focuses and complexities, and demonstrate their use in computer graphics context. The human visual system models we present perform two fundamental tasks: predicting the visual significance, and the detection of visual features. We start by showing that a perception based importance measure for edge strength prediction results in qualitatively better outcomes compared to commonly used gradient magnitude measure in multiple computer graphics applications. Another more comprehensive model including mechanisms to simulate maladaptation is used to predict the visual significance of images shown on display devices under dynamically changing lighting conditions. The detection task is investigated in the context of image and video quality assessment. We present an extension to commonly used image quality metrics that enables HDR support while retaining backwards compatibility with LDR content. We also propose a new “dynamic range independent” image quality assessment method that can compare HDR-LDR (and vice versa) reference-test image pairs, in addition to image pairs with the same dynamic range. Furthermore, the design and validation of a dynamic range independent video quality assessment method, that models various spatiotemporal aspects of human vision, is presented along with pointers to a wide range of application areas including comparison of rendering qualities, HDR compression and temporal tone mapping operator evaluation.
Cost-of-living indices and revealed preference

This report considers sources of bias in cost-of-living and price indices, with particular reference to the UK's retail price index. The sources of bias discussed are caused by the introduction of new goods, quality change in existing goods and commodity substitution by consumers. New methods of quantifying these biases and correcting them are presented with empirical applications.
Assessment of teatcup cluster vacuum records in milking-time tests.

The only contact between the cow and the milking machine during milking is within the teatcups. All impact from the machine on the animal has to work through this interface. Vacuum acting on parts of the teat and mechanical pressure from the liner on the teat constitute the main elements. These influence milk flow, and possible damage to the teat tissue. Modern measuring equipment has made it possible to record conditions in the teatcup throughout a full milking, and make benchmarking of the milking process. In the Nordic countries such systems have been utilized in the milking advisory services for more than a decade, and an upgraded system is to be launched in near future. A short summary of scientific basis, a description of how the system is used in the advisory services of Nordic dairy organizations, and some words about current development are given here.
The Role of Prototype Learning in Hierarchical Models of Vision.

I conduct a study of learning in HMAX-like models, which are hierarchical models of visual processing in biological vision systems. Such models compute a new representation for an image based on the similarity of image sub-parts to a number of specific patterns, called prototypes. Despite being a central piece of the overall model, the issue of choosing the best prototypes for a given task is still an open problem. I study this problem, and consider the best way to increase task performance while decreasing the computational costs of the model. This work broadens our understanding of HMAX and related hierarchical models as tools for theoretical neuroscience, while simultaneously increasing the utility of such models as applied computer vision systems.
Anaphora, Discourse, and Understanding: Evidence from English and French

1. Introduction 2. Anaphora and discourse 3. Semantic-pragmatic determinants of anaphoric value: the role of the indexical segment 4. Exophora, saliency, and discourse memory 5. Reference within a discourse model: the mental representation of 'antecedents' and discourse referents 6. The user's perspective: the on-line processing of discourse anaphors 7. Conclusion
Estimation of illuminants from color signals of illuminated objects

Color constancy is the ability of the human visual systems to discount the effect of the illumination and to assign approximate constant color descriptions to objects. This ability has long been studied and widely applied to many areas such as color reproduction and machine vision, especially with the development of digital color processing. This thesis work makes some improvements in illuminant estimation and computational color constancy based on the study and testing of existing algorithms. During recent years, it has been noticed that illuminant estimation based on gamut comparison is efficient and simple to implement. Although numerous investigations have been done in this field, there are still some deficiencies. A large part of this thesis has been work in the area of illuminant estimation through gamut comparison. Noting the importance of color lightness in gamut comparison, and also in order to simplify three-dimensional gamut calculation, a new illuminant estimation method is proposed through gamut comparison at separated lightness levels. Maximum color separation is a color constancy method which is based on the assumption that colors in a scene
Entropy of Hidden Markov Processes and Connections to Dynamical Systems: Papers from the Banff International Research Station Workshop

Hidden Markov processes (HMPs) are important objects of study in many areas of pure and applied mathematics, including information theory, probability theory, dynamical systems and statistical physics, with applications in electrical engineering, computer science and molecular biology. This collection of research and survey papers presents important new results and open problems, serving as a unifying gateway for researchers in these areas. Based on talks given at the Banff International Research Station Workshop, 2007, this volume addresses a central problem of the subject: computation of the Shannon entropy rate of an HMP. This is a key quantity in statistical physics and information theory, characterizing the fundamental limit on compression and closely related to channel capacity, the limit on reliable communication. Also discussed, from a symbolic dynamics and thermodynamical viewpoint, is the problem of characterizing the mappings between dynamical systems which map Markov measures to Markov (or Gibbs) measures, and which allow for Markov lifts of Markov chains.
Arie Selinger's Power Volleyball

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Climato-stratigraphic subdivision of the Pleistocene in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany and adjoining areas: status and problems

Abstract. In Schleswig-Holstein wurden in den zuruckliegenden vier Jahrzehnten detaillierte Untersuchungen an Probenmaterial aus Aufschlussen und Kernbohrungen durchgefuhrt. Analysen der Kiesfraktion und von ‚Leitgeschieben‘ aus glazialen Ablagerungen wurden fur die Interpretation und Korrelation genutzt. Glazifluviatile Sedimente wurden TL- und OSL-datiert. Zusammen mit der stratigraphischen Information aus organischen Ablagerungen konnte eine neue klimatostratigraphische Tabelle des Pleistozans fur Schleswig-Holstein mit revidierter Gliederung des Mittel- und Oberpleistozans erstellt werden. Die Pollensequenz der altesten pleistozanen Warmzeit (Warmhorn-Thermomer) wird erstmals veroffentlicht. Das Unterpleistozan (Altpleistozan) und das untere Mittelpleistozan sind bei Lieth und bei Gorleben (Niedersachsen) in zwei kontinuierlichen Schichtfolgen vollstandig dokumentiert, abgelagert in einem Wechsel von warmen und kalten Klimaphasen. Der oberste Abschnitt der Abfolge von Lieth und der unterste der Abfolge von Gorleben uberlappen. Die kombinierte Abfolge bietet ein einzigartiges Referenzprofil fur Korrelationen innerhalb Europas. Bisher wurden in Schleswig-Holstein nur drei Kaltzeiten mit Vergletscherungen nachgewiesen, Elster- und Saale-Kaltzeit im oberen Mittelpleistozan und die Weichsel-Kaltzeit im Oberpleistozan. Eine mogliche pra-elsterzeitliche Vergletscherung wird diskutiert. Die Holstein-Warmzeit wird mit MIS 9e korreliert. Das Saale umfasst einen unteren Abschnitt mit nicht-glaziaren Kaltzeiten und mit Warmzeiten, der ‚Wacken-Warmzeit‘ (=Domnitz) und der ‚Leck-Warmzeit‘, korreliert mit MIS 7e und MIS 7c, und einen glaziaren oberen Abschnitt. Wahrend des Weichsel gab es wahrscheinlich zwei Phasen mit Vergletscherung, die erste im fruhen Mittelweichsel (‚Ellund-Phase‘, spates MIS 4 oder/und fruhes MIS 3), die zweite im oberen Weichsel (MIS 2). Die weichselzeitliche Vergletscherung Schleswig-Holsteins endet um 15 ka BP, als grosflachige stagnierende Eisflachen und Toteismassen des Jungbaltischen Gletschervorstoses (‘Mecklenburg-Phase’) schmolzen.
Pros and Cons

discharge from the drain. Colorectal anastomosis is a frequently performed procedure in any colorectal service. A serious and therefore feared complication is abdominal or pelvic sepsis following anastomotic leakage. In order to treat or prevent anastomotic dehiscence, some surgeons routinely use a drain. In contrast, others use drains if in doubt regarding the qual-ity of the anastomosis performed, while others never use drains. Once anastomotic leakage occurs, it is generally agreed that a drain should be used for therapeutic purposes. This report gives a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to an-swer the question of whether there is any appreciable benefit of prophylactic drainage of colorectal anastomoses. Furthermore, we show our results in association between drainage procedure and anastomotic leakage or surgical site infection, and introduce an optimal management of prophylactic drainage in elective colorectal surgery.
Describing linked datasets with the VoID vocabulary

VoID is an RDF Schema vocabulary for expressing metadata about RDF datasets. It is intended as a bridge between the publishers and users of RDF data, with applications ranging from data discovery to cataloging and archiving of datasets. This document is a detailed guide to the VoID vocabulary. It describes how VoID can be used to express general metadata based on Dublin Core, access metadata, structural metadata, and links between datasets. It also provides deployment advice and discusses the discovery of VoID descriptions.
PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA BERBASIS MASALAH UNTUK SISWA SMP

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan model pembelajaran matematika berbasis masalah yang valid, praktis, dan efektif untuk siswa SMP kelas VIII semester 2. Tahap-tahap pengembangan model pembelajaran matematika berbasis masalah terdiri atas (1) tahap pendahuluan, (2) tahap prototiping yang meliputi perencanaan, evaluasi dan revisi, dan (3) tahap penilaian produk. Kualitas model pembelajaran matematika berbasis masalah mengacu pada kriteria kualitas menurut Nieveen yaitu meliputi kriteria valid, praktis, dan efektif. Pembelajaran matematika berbasis masalah diujicobakan di SMP Negeri 15 Yogyakarta dengan melibatkan 33 siswa dan seorang guru matematika. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas (1) instrumen penilaian kevalidan komponen model dan perangkat pendukung pembelajaran, (2) instrumen penilaian kepraktisan dari guru dan siswa, dan (3) instrumen keefektifan yang meliputi lembar tes hasil belajar dan angket apresiasi siswa terhadap pembelajaran matematika berbasis masalah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran matematika berbasis masalah yang mencakup sintak/langkah-langkah pembelajaran, sistem sosial, prinsip reaksi, sistem pendukung dan dampak instruksional dan pendukung, beserta perangkat pendukung pembelajaran telah memenuhi kriteria valid, praktis, dan efektif. Kata kunci : pengembangan, model pembelajaran, pembelajaran matematika berbasis masalah
Syntactic complexity : diachrony, acquisition, neuro-cognition, evolution

1. Introduction (by Givon, T.) 2. Part I. Diachrony 3. From nominal to clausal morphosyntax: Complexity via expansion (by Heine, Bernd) 4. Re(e)volving complexity: Adding intonation (by Mithun, Marianne) 5. Multiple routes to clause union: The diachrony of complex verb phrases (by Givon, T.) 6. On the origins of serial verb constructions in Kalam (by Pawley, Andrew) 7. A quantitative approach to the development of complex predicates: The case of Swedish Pseudo-Coordination with sitta "sit" (by Hilpert, Martin) 8. Elements of complex structures, where recursion isn't: The case of relativization (by Shibatani, Masayoshi) 9. Nominalization and the origin of subordination (by Deutscher, Guy) 10. The co-evolution of syntactic and pragmatic complexity: Diachronic and cross-linguistic aspects of pseudoclefts (by Koops, Christian) 11. Two pathways of grammatical evolution (by Dahl, Osten) 12. Part II. Child language 13. On the role of frequency and similarity in the acquisition of subject and non-subject relative clauses (by Diessel, Holger) 14. 'Starting small' effects in the acquisition of early relative constructions in Spanish (by Rojas Nieto, Cecilia) 15. The ontogeny of complex verb phrases: How children learn to negotiate fact and desire (by Givon, T.) 16. Part III. Cognition and neurology 17. Syntactic complexity versus concatenation in a verbal production task (by Barker, Marjorie) 18. The emergence of linguistic complexity (by MacWhinney, Brian) 19. Cognitive and neural underpinnings of syntactic complexity (by Fernandez-Duque, Diego) 20. Neural mechanisms of recursive processing in cognitive and linguistic complexity (by Tucker, Don M.) 21. Syntactic complexity in the brain (by Friederici, Angela D.) 22. Part IV. Biology and evolution 23. Neural plasticity: The driving force underlying the complexity of the brain (by Tublitz, Nathan) 24. Recursion: Core of complexity or artifact of analysis? (by Bickerton, Derek) 25. Index
Developing Teaching Style in Adult Education

EXPLORING THE PERSONAL SIDE OF TEACHING Relating Personal Growth and Teaching Style Understanding Basic Concepts of Teaching and Learning Analyzing the Instructional Process REFLECTING ON THE TEACHING AND LEARNING EXCHANGE Content Environment The Teacher The Learning Community The Learner INTEGRATING TEACHING CONCEPTS WITH TEACHING STYLE Matching Methods to Teaching Style Developing a Personal Style.
Coverbs and Complex Predicates in Wagiman

Wagiman is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by about ten people in the top end of the Northern Territory. It possesses an unusual open class of words which Wilson calls 'coverbs'. Coverbs are responsible for conveying a wide range of mostly verbal and adjectival meanings. They are most frequently paired with an inflecting verb from a closed class to form a complex predicate: the coverb and inflecting verb jointly determine the verbal semantics and argument structure of the clause. This book provides a descriptive and analytical account of the behaviour of coverbs in Wagiman, especially their role in complex predicate formation. The author seeks to discover what governs which pairings of coverbs and inflecting verbs are possible, and how the meaning of the whole can be derived from the meanings of the parts. Wilson pursues a formal account of Wagiman complex predicates within Lexical Functional Grammar, seeing complex predicate formation as the fusion of Lexical Conceptual Structures.
English learning with Web 2.0 : an investigation into Chinese undergraduates' technology (non)use and perspectives

Moving beyond the ‘Web 2.0’ and ‘digital native’ rhetoric, this thesis investigates what Chinese undergraduates are actually doing (and not doing) with online tools and applications to learn English outside the classroom and, why they choose to do so. Particular attention is paid to their use and non-use of the social web in their English learning context. A sociocultural framework is adopted to understand learners’ behaviours surrounding digital technology. This theoretical position puts learners at the centre of their English learning and decision-making regarding technology use. It guides the exploration into the contextually mediated choices and practices of English learners in the so-called ‘2.0’ era. Data collection for this mixed sequential study took place during the 2010-2011 academic year. The data consist of a survey of 1,485 undergraduates and semi-structured interviews with 49 participants in two large Chinese universities. The data demonstrate a few embryonic signs of how Chinese undergraduates try to ‘escape’ from their English learning context with online technologies. However, a vast majority of the participants chose to use the web as an instrument to handle their academic duties. When it comes to English learning, their use of Web 2.0 is limited and mostly non-interactive and unspectacular. In light of the above, the thesis goes on to consider a number of contextual factors that appear to constrain participants’ use of technology – not least the discourses of English learning and the cultural artefact of exams. Based on these findings, the thesis provides a framework that challenges existing beliefs about (language) learning with Web 2.0, and that contributes to understandings of how context mediates language learners’ behaviours surrounding digital technologies. The thesis concludes by suggesting ways of maximizing the learning potential of Web 2.0 for English learners at Chinese universities.
Detecting Hospital Acquired Infections usingMachine Learning

Every year a large number of patients contract infections due to theirhospital stay. These infections are a major hazard to patient safetycausing increased mortality and morbidity in affected patients. Manualdetection and reporting of these infections add to the workload of themedical staff which makes it infeasible to do on a continuous basis. Thegoal is to automate detection using machine learning methods. This willbe done using supervised learning and data available in electronic patientrecords. As most of the data available is in unstructured free-textthe emphasis of this thesis is on how to turn this text into features thatare able to capture the patterns associated with hospital acquired infections.Three different data representations are explored: bag of words,complex symbolic sequences and simple parameters by information extraction.The classifiers used are support vector machines and gradienttree boosting. The data-set used consists of 300 hospitalizations fromKarolinska University Hospital, Sweden from 2011 and 2012. These hospitalizationshave been marked has having a hospital acquired infectionor not by medical experts and the class distribution is: 53% contain ahospital acquired infection and 47% do not. Support vector machinesand gradient tree boosting perform similarly for the task but the focus ison gradient tree boosting due to its visualization capabilities. The bestresults, evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation, are obtained by gradienttree boosting giving a F1-score in the range of 0.82-0.83, recall in therange 0.88-0.89 and a precision of 0.78, for all three data representations.Future research will have to focus on how to incorporate moreparameters into the information extraction based representations, howto capture patterns common only in minority subclasses and how wellthe three data representations workload with larger datasets