Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous high- and low-latitude reconnection: ESR and DMSP observations

Abstract. We present EISCAT Svalbard Radar and DMSP observations of a double cusp during an interval of predominantly northward IMF on 26 November 2000. In the cusp region, the ESR dish, pointing northward, recorded sun-ward ionospheric flow at high latitudes (above 82° GL), indicating reconnection occuring in the magnetospheric lobe. Meanwhile, the same dish also recorded bursts of poleward flow, indicative of bursty reconnection at the subsolar magnetopause. Within this time interval, the DMSP F13 satellite passed in the close vicinity of the Svalbard archipelago. The particle measurement on board exhibited a double cusp structure in which two oppositely oriented ion dispersions are recorded. We interpret this set of data in terms of simultaneous merging at low- and high-latitude magnetopause. We discuss the conditions for which such simultaneous high-latitude and low-latitude reconnection can be anticipated. We also discuss the consequences of the presence of two X-lines in the dayside polar ionosphere. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (solar wind-magnetosphere interactions) – Ionosphere (polar ionosphere; plasma convection)
Figures of merit for testing standard models: application to dark energy experiments in cosmology

Given a standard model to test, an experiment can be designed to (i) measure the standard model parameters, (ii) extend the standard model or (iii) look for evidence of deviations from the standard model. To measure (or extend) the standard model, the Fisher matrix is widely used in cosmology to predict expected parameter errors for future surveys under Gaussian assumptions. In this paper, we present a framework that can be used to design experiments that will maximize the chance of finding a deviation from the standard model. Using a simple illustrative example, discussed in Appendix A, we show that the optimal experimental configuration can depend dramatically on the optimization approach chosen. We also show some simple cosmology calculations, where we study baryonic acoustic oscillation and supernovae surveys. In doing so, we also show how external data, such as the positions of the cosmic microwave background peak measured by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, and theory priors can be included in the analysis. In the cosmological cases that we have studied (Dark Energy Task Force Stage III), we find that the three optimization approaches yield similar results, which is reassuring and indicates that the choice of optimal experiment is fairly robust at this level. However, this may not be the case as we move to more ambitious future surveys.
Competition Climbing as Serious Leisure

Serious Leisure has received considerable attention in the leisure research for the past forty years. Building on recent efforts to operationalize serious leisure constructs, this study examined the relationship between serious leisure characteristics and rewards in the context of indoor competition climbing, a sport recognized as a potential serious leisure pursuit. The purposes of the study were to validate the 18-item Serious Leisure Inventory Measure (SLIM) as well as the three-factor model of serious leisure proposed by previous researchers. A national sample of 646 indoor competition climbers completed a 59-item survey. Results suggest partial validation of the 18-Item SLIM and a three factor model of serious leisure characteristics and rewards. Serious leisure characteristics significantly, positively contributed to personal and social rewards in the structural model, confirming the relationships and distinctions between these constructs. Further replication and validation of the 18-Item SLIM with different populations is recommended.
In Vitro Binding Potentials of Bentonite, Yeast Cell Wall and Lactic Acid Bacteria for Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A

Background: This study intended to assess individual and combined adsorption potentials of three adsorbents (processed bentonite as an inorganic adsorbent, and cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and of the GG strain of Lactobacillus rhamnosus as organic adsorbents) for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A under in vitro conditions. Methods: This study was conducted in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran in 2106. A pre-test with four treatments of bacteria and yeast (live or dead) with five replications was designed and conducted to study the effects of these biotic and abiotic organic adsorbents on toxin adsorption efficiency. The experiment in the main study had seven treatments including two toxins (2 ppm) and three adsorbents with five replications using the completely randomized design. Toxin quantities were measured by an HPLC instrument. Results: The various types of dead organic adsorbents were more capable of adsorbing toxins compared to the live ones. The processed bentonite was considerably more efficient in adsorbing aflatoxin B1 (93.51) compared to the other treatment groups (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed between the effects of yeast and bacterial cell walls in adsorbing aflatoxin B1. However, the bacterial cell walls (61.71) had higher adsorption efficiencies in adsorbing ochratoxin A than the processed bentonite and yeast cell walls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Processed bentonite (or montmorillonite) and bacterial cell walls are able to adsorb considerable quantities of aflatoxin B1and ochratoxin A, and can be used in multiple mycotoxin contaminations as an effective strategy for preventing or reducing the harmful effects of these toxins.
Labour supply and skills demands in fashion retailing

If, as Adam Smith once famously suggested, Britain was a nation of shopkeepers then it is now a nation of shopworkers. Retail is now a significant part of the UK economy, accounting for £256 billion in sales and one-third of all consumer spending (Skillsmart, 2007). It is the largest private sector employer in the UK, employing 3m workers, or 1 in 10 of the working population. For future job creation in the UK economy retail is also similarly prominent and the sector is expected to create a further 250,000 jobs to 2014 (Skillsmart, 2007). The centrality of retail to economic success and job creation is apparent in other advanced economies. For example, within the US, retail sales is the occupation with the largest projected job growth in the period 2004-2014 (Gatta et al., 2009) and in Australia retail accounts for 1 in 6 workers (Buchanan et al., 2003). Within the UK these workers are employed in approximately 290,000 businesses, encompassing large and small organizations and also a number of sub-sectors. This variance suggests that retail should not be regarded as homogenous in its labour demands. Hart et al. (2007) note how skill requirements and the types of workers employed may differ across the sector. This chapter further opens up this point, providing an analysis of the labour supply and skills demands for the sub-sectors of clothing, footwear and leather goods, which are described by Skillsmart (2007: 48) as being 'significant categories in UK retailing'.
Long-term observations of black carbon mass concentrations at Fukue Island,western Japan, during 2009–2015: constraining wet removal rates andemission strengths from East Asia

Abstract. Long-term (2009–2015) observations of atmospheric black carbon (BC) mass concentrations were performed using a continuous soot-monitoring system (COSMOS) at Fukue Island, western Japan, to provide information on wet removal rate constraints and the emission strengths of important source regions in East Asia (China and others). The annual average mass concentration was 0.36 µg m−3, with distinct seasonality; high concentrations were recorded during autumn, winter, and spring and were caused by Asian continental outflows, which reached Fukue Island in 6–46 h. The observed data were categorized into two classes, i.e., with and without a wet removal effect, using the accumulated precipitation along a backward trajectory (APT) for the last 3 days as an index. Statistical analysis of the observed ΔBC ∕ ΔCO ratios was performed to obtain information on the emission ratios (from data with zero APT only) and wet removal rates (including data with nonzero APTs). The estimated emission ratios (5.2–6.9 ng m−3 ppb−1) varied over the six air mass origin areas; the higher ratios for south-central East China (30–35° N) than for north-central East China (35–40° N) indicated the relative importance of domestic emissions and/or biomass burning sectors. The significantly higher BC ∕ CO emission ratios adopted in the bottom-up Regional Emission inventory in Asia (REAS) version 2 (8.3–23 ng m−3 ppb−1) over central East China and Korea needed to be reduced at least by factors of 1.3 and 2.8 for central East China and Korea, respectively, but the ratio for Japan was reasonable. The wintertime enhancement of the BC emission from China, predicted by REAS2, was verified for air masses from south-central East China but not for those from north-central East China. Wet removal of BC was clearly identified as a decrease in the ΔBC ∕ ΔCO ratio against APT. The transport efficiency (TE), defined as the ratio of the ΔBC ∕ ΔCO ratio with precipitation to that without precipitation, was fitted reasonably well by a stretched exponential decay curve against APT; a single set of fitting parameters was sufficient to represent the results for air masses originating from different areas. An accumulated precipitation of 25.5 ± 6.1 mm reduced the TE to 1∕e. BC-containing particles traveling to Fukue must have already been converted from hydrophobic to hydrophilic particles, because the behavior of TE against APT was similar to that of PM2.5, the major components of which are hydrophilic. Wet loss of BC greatly influenced interannual variations in the ΔBC ∕ ΔCO ratios and BC mass concentrations. This long-term data set will provide a benchmark for testing chemical transport/climate model simulations covering East Asia.
Evaluation of Brine shrimp lethality and antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract on some drug resistance bacteria in Bangladesh.

Abstract Azadirachta indica (Neem) is very useful traditional medicinal plant in the subcontinent. Each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. In this present studies the bioactivity and antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract was evaluated. For bioactivity, Brine shrimp lethality test was done for A. indica ethanolic leaf extract and determined LC50 was 37.15 μg/ml indicating that the prepared extract was rich in bioactive compounds. Ethanolic leaf extract was also used to evaluate antibacterial activity and the extract exhibited significant activity against the tested bacterial strain. However, inhibitory activity was concentration and test organism dependent. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the extract compare to Gram-negative bacteria. All of the tested bacteria showed sensitivity at higher concentration (7mg/ml) but multi drug resistant bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was very sensitive even at very low concentration (2mg/ml). Further, the results depict that leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica could be used as a potential source of antimicrobial agents against the bacterial strains tested.
Nest Relocation and Colony Founding in the Australian Desert Ant, Melophorus bagoti Lubbock (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Even after years of research on navigation in the Red Honey Ant, Melophorus bagoti, much of its life history remains elusive. Here, we present observations on nest relocation and the reproductive and founding stages of colonies. Nest relocation is possibly aided by trail laying behaviour, which is highly unusual for solitary foraging desert ants. Reproduction occurs in synchronised mating flights, which are probably triggered by rain. Queens may engage in multiple matings, and there is circumstantial evidence that males are chemically attracted to queens. After the mating flight, the queens found new colonies independently and singly. Excavation of these founding colonies reveals first insights into their structure.
Development and Validation of a Short Form of the Attitude Toward Poverty Scale

This study outlines the development and validation of a short form of the 37-item Attitude toward Poverty (ATP) scale. Employing a cross-sectional survey design, the authors sampled 319 undergraduate students at a mid-sized university located in central Canada. The short form evinced high levels of internal consistency ranging from . 87 to . 89. Evidence for the validity was established through correlational analyses and independent samples t-tests. The findings suggest the short form is a feasible alternative to the original ATP scale for researchers and academics seeking to assess the poverty-related attitudes of university students.
Discovery of a stellar companion to the nearby solar-analogue HD 104304

Sun-like stars are promising candidates to host exoplanets and are often included in exoplanet surveys by radial velocity (RV) and direct imaging. In this paper we report on the detection of a stellar companion to the nearby solar-analogue star HD 104304, which previously was considered to host a planetary mass or brown dwarf companion. We searched for close stellar and substellar companions around extrasolar planet host stars with high angular resolution imaging to characterize planet formation environments. The detection of the stellar companion was achieved by high angular resolution measurements, using the "Lucky Imaging" technique at the ESO NTT 3.5m with the AstraLux Sur instrument. We combined the results with VLT/NACO archive data, where the companion could also be detected. The results were compared to precise RV measurements of HD 104304, obtained at the Lick and Keck observatories from 2001-2010. We confirmed common proper motion of the binary system. A spectral type of M4V of the companion and a mass of 0.21 M_Sun was derived. Due to comparison of the data with RV measurements of the unconfirmed planet candidate listed in the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia, we suggest that the discovered companion is the origin of the RV trend and that the inclination of the orbit of approximately 35 degrees explains the relatively small RV signal.
EFFECT OFBETAINE LEVELS ON BROILER PERFORMANCE UNDER CYCLIC HEAT STRESS

This study was carried out at the Research Poultry Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University,Egypt. It was designed to study the effect of betaine supplementation on broilers performance under cyclic heat stress. A total number of 375 Ross, one day-old were equally divided into five groups (75 birds/group) with three replicates (25birds / replicat). In the first group, birds were fed a commercial ration produced with ALWADI Company without any betaine supplementation and served as control group. While, birds in the 2, 3, 4 and 5 groups were fed the same diet with supplemented betaine at different levels of 100, 150, 200 and 250% i.e. 2, 3, 4 and 5kg betaine/1000 kg diet, respectively compared to the company recommendations. All birds were daily exposed to cyclic heat stress (35C) from 8 AM to 4 PM and then from 4 PM to 7 AM , they were exposed to natural ambient temperature. Chicks in all groups were housed in partitioned litter floor. Each pen was used as a replicate (25chicks) of the treatment, provided with a feeder and one nipple for supplementing water. Feed and water were available ad-libitim throughout the experimental period. All chicks were exposed to traditional continuous lighting programs with 60 watt from incandescent lamb at the height of 2.4 m from the floor up to the marketing age. The results showed that the BW and BWG significantly improved in treated groups. Feed consumption and feed conversion ratio significantly improved in treated groups. Rectal temperature significantly increased at 42 days of age and respiration rate significantly increased at 14, 21 and 42 days of age in treated groups. Heart percentage significantly increased in treated groups compared to control group. Chemical composition of meat was no significantly affected with betaine levels compared to control group.
Pawpaw (Carica papaya) wine: With low sugar produced using Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from a local drink 'burukutu'

The juice from well-ripped pawpaw fruit (Carica papaya) was used to produce wine by fermentation using a yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from a fermented local beverage drink "Burukutu'. The "must" and wine were analyzed daily during fermentation and after ageing respectively: determining pH, specific gravity, titratable acidity and reducing sugar content. Initially, the pH was 6.8, and after fermentation it decreased to 5.5, specific gravity decreased from 20.6 to 8.0%, reducing sugar concentration decreased from 16.7 to 1.10 g, while titratable acidity increased from 0.33 to 1.25% at the end of secondary fermentation. The alcoholic content of the wine was 10.12% after fermentation and increased to 10.14% after aging while temperature during fermentation rose from 28.3 to 29.4°C. The wine presented a brilliant yellow color with a slight sweet flavor. Sensory evaluation showed that pawpaw wine had slight potential when compared to other commercial samples (p < 0·05). These results showed that pawpaw can be successfully used in the production of low sugar table wine. It is therefore recommended that wine producers should use pawpaw in wine production. This will reduce the amount of wastages that occurred in Pawpaw fruits every year and also serve as a method of pawpaw fruit preservation.
THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL ADEQUACY, EFFICIENCY, SIZE, EQUITY, LIQUIDITY AND FEE BASED INCOME TO BEHAVIOR OF FUNDING AND FINANCING OF ISLAMIC BANKING IN INDONESIA

Bank as the financial intermediary institution take a role to facilitate the channeling between the parties who have excessive fund and distribute to the parties who need fund. This study aimed to see the implication of CAR, efficiency, size, equity, liquidity and fee based income to the behavior of funding and financing. This study used Data Envelopment Analysis to measure efficiency value through intermediary approach and Multiple Regression Analysis. The samples are 11 Islamic Banks listed in Financial Service Authority database in years period January 2010 until December 2014. The result indicates that CAR has positive and significant impact to funding behavior, however some other determinants such as efficiency, asset, equity, liquidity and fee based income do not affect funding behavior. Meanwhile asset and liquidity has positive and significant impact to financing, equity has negative impact to financing, however other determinants such as CAR, efficiency and fee based income do not affect financing behavior.
Do Oppositional Identities Reduce Employment for Ethnic Minorities?

We develop a model in which non-white individuals are defined with respect to their social environment (family, friends, neighbors) and their attachments to their culture of origin (religion, language), and in which jobs are mainly found through social networks. We find that, depending on how strongly they are linked to their culture of origin, non-whites choose to adopt ‘oppositional’ identities, since some individuals may identify with the dominant culture (status seekers) and others may reject that culture (conformists), even if it implies adverse labour market outcomes. We then test this model using a unique data-set that contains extensive information on various issues surrounding ethnic identity and preferences in Britain. We examine the two main issues of the theoretical model. First, what factors might lead some to adopt or possess such an oppositional identity? Second, what are the consequences for employment and is there an employment penalty for those who possess an oppositional identity? We find that indeed the social environment of individuals has a strong influence on their identity choice. We also find that those non-whites who have preferences that accord with being a conformist do experience an employment penalty.
Analysis of the Impact of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies on Output among Crop Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria: Double Difference Estimator from a Regression Analysis Approach

The study examined the impact of savings and credit cooperative societies on crop output among crop farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used to select 85 and 72 beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of saving and credit cooperative societies (SACCOS). Data were obtained through a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Double difference estimator from a regression analysis were employed for data analysis. Results indicate that the difference between before and after values was 277.50kg, which is the second single difference. The double difference, that is, the difference between the two output differences is 296.03kg. This revealed that the double difference estimates of the crop output of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of SACCOS Credit had a positive value. Also, the result of double difference estimates from regression analysis revealed that the coefficient of the interaction term ( T i *P t ) had a positive coefficient of 296.029 and statistically significant at 5% level of significance. Among the constraints encountered by the farmers in their cooperative activities, high cost of farm inputs was ranked first which was followed by inadequate capital. Poor access to loan and high interest rate was ranked third and fourth constraints respectively. The study recommended that savings and credit cooperative societies should also intensify efforts in linking farmers to appropriate source of farm inputs. Also, farmers are encouraged to diversify their livelihood activities by engaging in non-farming activities in order to augment farm family income and thereby alleviate poverty among the respondents. Keywords : Savings and Credit Cooperative, Crop output, Crop farmers, Niger State
Performance Appraisal Procedural Justice: The Role of a Manager’s Implicit Person Theory

Although there is a vast literature on employee reactions to procedural injustice, little is known about the important issue of why some managers are less procedurally just than others. In this field study we found that a manager’s implicit person theory (IPT; i.e., extent of assumption that people can change) predicted employees’ perceptions of the procedural justice with which their last performance appraisal was conducted. These procedural justice perceptions in turn predicted employees’ organizational citizenship behavior, as partially mediated by their organizational commitment. This research provides an initial empirical basis for a new line of inquiry that extends existing IPT theory into the realm of perceptual, attitudinal, and behavioral responses to people as a function of their IPT. Other contributions to the IPT, performance appraisal, and procedural justice literatures are discussed.