Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) of freshwater fish in Africa, including erection of Kirstenella n. gen. and description of Tetracampos martinae n. sp.

A survey of bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) parasitizing African freshwater fish is provided. Based on criticalevaluation of type specimens and extensive, newly collected material, only the following seven species, instead of 19 taxalisted in the literature, are considered to be valid and their redescriptions are provided: Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (with 3 synonyms from Africa); Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze, 1782) (marginally in Africa); Ichthybothrium ichthybori Khalil, 1971; Kirstenella gordoni (Woodland, 1937) n. comb. (1 synonym); Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) (4 synonyms); and Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 (4 synonyms). In addition, Tetracampos martinae Kuchta n. sp. is proposed for tapeworms from the catfish Bagrus meridionalis from Lake Malawi. The new speciesdiffers from T. ciliotheca in a much larger body (19 cm versus 3 cm), dorsoventally flattened strobila and numerous (39 versus25–35) and longer apical hooks (up to 98 µm versus less than 50 µm). Kirstenella Kuchta n. gen. is proposed to accommodate Senga gordoni Woodland, 1937 as its type species. The new genus is distinguished from other genera of the Bothriocephalidaeby the presence of an apical disc armed with two lateral semicircles of large hooks, cortical vitelline follicles and large-sizedcirrus-sac. All but one valid species were recollected. Bothriocephalidean cestodes are widely distributed throughout Africa,but only two species, B. acheilognathi and T. ciliotheca, occur in other continents. All but one species (B. acheilognathi) exhibit narrow host specificity, being limited either to one host species (K. gordoni in Heterobranchus bidorsalis and T. martinae in Bagrus meridionalis) or one host genus (I. ichthybori in Ichthyborus spp., P. polypteri in Polypterus spp. and T. ciliotheca in Clarias spp.). Molecular data based on partial sequences of the large subunit rDNA (lsrDNA) show monophyletic position of all African taxa analysed (B. acheilognathi, I. ichthybori, K. gordoni, P. polypteri and T. ciliotheca).
Toxicity of Insecticides in a Glass-Vial Bioassay to Adult Brown, Green, and Southern Green Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Abstract Adult brown, Euschistus servus (Say); green, Acrosternum hilare (Say); and southern green, Nezara viridula (L.), stink bugs were collected from soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. , in fall 2001 and 2002 near Stoneville, MS, and Eudora, AR. A glass-vial bioassay was used to determine LC50 values for the three species of stink bugs for the pyrethroids bifenthrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, λ-cyhalothrin, and permethrin, and the organophosphates acephate, dicrotophos, malathion, and methyl parathion. Results confirmed findings of other researchers that the brown stink bug was less susceptible to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides than were green and southern green stink bugs. The susceptibility of all three stink bug species to the insecticides tested was very similar at both test locations. The study established baseline insecticide mortality data from two locations in the mid-South for three stink bug species that are pests of soybean and cotton, Gossypium spp. Data from the tests are valuable for future use in studies on resistance and in resistance monitoring programs.
United We Fall: All-or-None Forgetting of Complex Episodic Events

Do complex event representations fragment over time, or are they instead forgotten in an all-or-none manner? For example, if we met a friend in a café and they gave us a present, do we forget the constituent elements of this event (location, person, and object) independently, or would the whole event be forgotten? Research suggests that item-based memories are forgotten in a fragmented manner. However, we do not know how more complex episodic, event-based memories are forgotten. We assessed both retrieval accuracy and dependency—the statistical association between the retrieval successes of different elements from the same event—for complex events. Across 4 experiments, we show that retrieval dependency is found both immediately after learning and following a 12-hr and 1-week delay. Further, the amount of retrieval dependency after a delay is greater than that predicted by a model of independent forgetting. This dependency was only seen for coherent “closed-loops,” where all pairwise associations between locations, people, and objects were encoded. When “open-loops” were learned, where only 2 out of the 3 possible associations were encoded, no dependency was seen immediately after learning or after a delay. Finally, we also provide evidence for higher retention rates for closed-loops than for open-loops. Therefore, closed-loops do not fragment as a function of forgetting and are retained for longer than are open-loops. Our findings suggest that coherent episodic events are not only retrieved, but also forgotten, in an all-or-none manner.
What is the other 85% of V1 doing?

This article will pose the following challenge: that despite four decades of research characterizing the response properties of V1 neurons, we still do not have a decent picture of how V1 really operates—i.e., how a population of its neurons represents natural scenes under realistic viewing conditions. We identify five problems with the current view that stem largely from biases in the design and execution of experiments, in addition to the contributions of non-linearities in the cortex that are not well understood. Our purpose is to open the window to new theories, a number of which we describe along with some proposals for testing them.
Results of multiple cell simulations of a CDMA cellular system focusing on SIR based power control

This paper contemplates to identify some problems when SIR (signal to interference power ratio) based closed loop transmit power control is applied to the reverse link of a CDMA cellular system with multiple cells. For that purpose the outage ratio and amount of interference have been evaluated by simulating the transmit power control and the user capacity defined in terms of the outage ratio is also obtained. Some problems of the maximum transmit power of the mobile user terminal and a mixture of terminals with different target SIR or different maximum transmit power have been found from those results.
Towards early diagnosis of late-onset sepsis in preterm neonates: dual magnetoimmunosensor for simultaneous Procalcitonin and C-Reactive Protein determination in diagnosed clinical samples.

Early diagnosis of sepsis, combining blood cultures and inflammation biomarkers, continues to be a challenge, especially in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants because of limited availability of blood samples. Traditional diagnostic proce-dures are cumbersome, not fast enough and require relatively large volumes of sample. Empiric use of antibiotics, before diagnostic confirmation, is required to decrease mortality, leading to potential antibiotic resistances and side effects in VLBW infants. To solve this, a dual magneto-immunosensor is proposed for simultaneous assessment of two of the most important sepsis biomarkers: procalcitonin (PCT for early phase) and C-reactive protein (CRP for late phase). This "sam-ple-to-result" approach exhibited an excellent sensitivity, selectivity, precision and stability using low sample volumes (< 30 µL) and under 20 min of total assay. The analytical usefulness of the approach was demonstrated by analyzing rele-vant clinical samples of preterm neonates with sepsis suspicion.
A simple algorithm for non-invasive diagnosis of significant liver histological changes in patients with CHB and normal or mildly elevated alanine transaminase levels

Abstract Significant liver histological changes (SLHC) were defined as moderate to severe liver inflammation (A2 or higher) and/or fibrosis (F2 or higher) using the METAVIR scoring system. This study aimed to develop an algorithm for the non-invasive detection of SLHC in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and normal or mildly elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. Using liver histology as gold standard, we developed a simple algorithm for the diagnosis of SLHC in a training set (504 patients), and then validated the diagnostic accuracy in a validation set (166 patients). A new algorithm (AAG) attributed to age, ALT, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) was developed. In the training set, the area under ROC curve (AUROC) of AAG was significantly higher than that of ALT, aspartate transaminase (AST), GPR, and APRI for the diagnosis of SLHC (0.74, 0.68, 0.65, 0.56, and 0.53, respectively; all P < .05). In the validation set, the AUROC of AAG was also higher than that of ALT, AST, GPR, and APRI (0.73, 0.65, 0.62, 0.62, and 0.61, respectively; all P < .05). Using AAG ≥ 2, the sensitivity and negative predictive value was 84% to 98% and 75% to 94%, respectively, for the diagnosis of SLHC. Using AAG ≥ 6, the specificity and positive predictive value was 93% to 97% and 67% to 79%, respectively, for the diagnosis of SLHC. The AAG algorithm represents a novel noninvasive method for the diagnosis of SLHC in CHB patients with normal or mildly elevated ALT levels.
Identification of ARTS-1 as a novel TNFR1-binding protein that promotes TNFR1 ectodomain shedding

Proteolytic cleavage of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) generates soluble receptors that regulate TNF bioactivity. We hypothesized that the mechanism of TNFR1 shedding might involve interactions with regulatory ectoproteins. Using a yeast two-hybrid approach, we identified ARTS-1 (aminopeptidase regulator of TNFR1 shedding) as a type II integral membrane protein that binds to the TNFR1 extracellular domain. In vivo binding of membrane-associated ARTS-1 to TNFR1 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation experiments using human pulmonary epithelial and umbilical vein endothelial cells. A direct relationship exists between membrane-associated ARTS-1 protein levels and concordant changes in TNFR1 shedding. Cells overexpressing ARTS-1 demonstrated increased TNFR1 shedding and decreased membrane-associated TNFR1, while cells expressing antisense ARTS-1 mRNA demonstrated decreased membrane-associated ARTS-1, decreased TNFR1 shedding, and increased membrane-associated TNFR1. ARTS-1 neither bound to TNFR2 nor altered its shedding, suggesting specificity for TNFR1. Although a recombinant ARTS-1 protein demonstrated selective aminopeptidase activity toward nonpolar amino acids, multiple lines of negative evidence suggest that ARTS-1 does not possess TNFR1 sheddase activity. These data indicate that ARTS-1 is a multifunctional ectoprotein capable of binding to and promoting TNFR1 shedding. We propose that formation of a TNFR1-ARTS-1 molecular complex represents a novel mechanism by which TNFR1 shedding is regulated.
Towards the development of user tools for knowledge acquisition in digital document analysis

Handwritten documents provide a rich source of data and, with the growth in the availability of digitised documents, it becomes increasingly important to improve our ability to analyse and extract “knowledge” from such sources. This paper describes an approach to the provision of tools which can extract information about the writer of handwritten documents, especially those which were written in earlier times and which constitute key elements in our heritage and culture. We show how the constraints inherent in such documents influence our analytical approach, and we also show how developing appropriate “knowledge extraction” techniques can also be essential in other, more general, important application scenarios.
Effects of exercise intensity on anticipation timing performance during a cycling task at moderate and vigorous intensities in children aged 7–11 years

Abstract This study examined coincidence anticipation timing performance at moderate and fast stimulus speeds before, during, and after a 15 minute cycling task. In a within-subject design, 24 children (18 males and 6 females) exercised on a cycle ergometer under two experimental conditions: exercise intensities of 50% (moderate) and 75% (vigorous) heart rate reserve. Coincidence anticipation timing was measured using the Bassin Anticipation Timer at stimulus speeds of 5 and 8 mph. A 2 (intensity) × 3 (time) repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to evaluate the effect of exercise intensity on coincidence anticipation performance before, during, and immediately after the cycling task. Results indicated that for absolute error there was no significant main effect for time (p = .633) or experimental condition (p = .782) at the 5 mph stimulus speed. However, there was a significant interaction effect between experimental condition and time (p = 0.026) at the 5 mph stimulus speed. At the 8 mph stimulus speed, there was no significant main effect for time (p = .910) or condition (p = .938), or interaction effect between experimental condition and time (p = .591). Cycling exercise at moderate intensity appears to influence anticipation timing performance during and immediately after exercise in children, but only when stimulus speeds are moderate in nature.
Is Introducing the Five Sentence Patterns of English Sentences Appropriate for Junior High School Students

Conventionally, five sentence patterns (hereafter, FSPs) of English sentences have long been introduced to first-year high school students in Japan. In accordance with the 2008 Course of Study, new EFL textbooks have been prepared for junior high school students. Among them, the FSPs are now introduced in an EFL textbook authorized by the Japanese ministry of education for third-year junior high school students (hereafter, JHS III .) Therefore, this introduction is a new trial, and it is necessary to examine whether the introduction of the FSPs is appropriate or not. This study, which was conducted prior to the use of the textbook in 2012, analyzed the data of 114 junior high school third-year junior high school students, focusing on the relationship between their ability to understand English sentences and their ability to recognize sentence patterns. The result shows a similar tendency as that of high school freshmen in Yano (1996), which suggests that it is not inappropriate to introduce the FSPs to JHSIII. 1 Background This study examines the relationship between two abilities of Japanese junior high school students: the ability to understand the meaning of English sentences and the ability to recognize the sentence pattern of English sentences. In the history of TEFL in Japan, the five sentence patterns (hereafter, FSPs) of English sentences have long been introduced in EFL textbooks for high school students in order to explain the structure of English sentences. Kasajima and Seki (2011) introduce each of the FSPs in the EFL textbook New Horizon English Course 3 to JHSIII with a colored illustration of a train. This EFL textbook is authorized by the Ministry of Education, Sports, Science, and Technology (hereafter, MEXT). This is the first time the FSPs have used outside of an appendix. Each car of the train carries one of the four elements that comprise English sentences: subject, verb, object, and complement (See Appendix 1). Such designations as “the first sentence pattern” of FSPs are not emphasized. Yano (1996) conducted research on the usefulness of the FSPs in understanding English. The subjects were made up of three groups: high school freshmen, technical college students, Is Introducing the Five Sentence Patterns of English Sentences Appropriate for Junior High School Students?
Within-host infectious disease models accommodating cellular coinfection, with an application to influenza†

Within-host models are useful tools for understanding the processes regulating viral load dynamics. While existing models have considered a wide range of within-host processes, at their core these models have shown remarkable structural similarity. Specifically, the structure of these models generally consider target cells to be either uninfected or infected, with the possibility of accommodating further resolution (for example, cells that are refractory to infection and cells that are in an eclipse phase). Recent findings, however, indicate that cellular coinfection is the norm rather than the exception for many viral infectious diseases, and that cells with high multiplicity of infection are present over at least some duration of an infection. The reality of these cellular coinfection dynamics is not accommodated in current within-host models although it may be critical for understanding within-host dynamics. This is particularly the case if multiplicity of infection impacts infected cell phenotypes such as their death rate and their viral production rates. Here, we present a new class of within-host disease models that allow for cellular coinfection in a scalable manner by retaining the low-dimensionality that is a desirable feature of many current within-host models. The models we propose adopt the general structure of epidemiological ‘macroparasite’ models that allow hosts to be variably infected by parasites such as nematodes and host phenotypes to flexibly depend on parasite burden. Specifically, our within-host models consider target cells as ‘hosts’ and viral particles as ‘macroparasites’, and allow viral output and infected cell lifespans, among other phenotypes, to depend on a cell’s multiplicity of infection. We show with an application to influenza that these models can be statistically fit to viral load and other within-host data, that they can reproduce notable features of within-host viral dynamics, and that important in vivo quantities such as the mean multiplicity of cellular infection can be easily quantified with these models once parameterized. The within-host model structure we develop here provides an alternative approach for modeling within-host viral load dynamics and allows for a new class of questions to be addressed that consider the effects of cellular coinfection, collective viral interactions, and viral complementation in within-host viral dynamics and evolution.
Tele-Audiological Surveillance of Middle Ear Status among Individuals with Cleft Lip and/or Palate in Rural South India

Abstract Background: A community-based program for the comprehensive management of communication disorders among individuals with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) was implemented in two rural districts in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The program was successful in terms of early surgical repair, orthodontic management and speech correction; however, audiological surveillance was challenging due to poor follow-up rates. Purpose: The aim of the study was to compare tele-audiological and in-person audiological surveillance to identify the most beneficial approach for the identification and treatment of middle ear disease (MED) in individuals with CLP in this rural community-based program. Research Design: Quasi-experimental study. Study Sample: All beneficiaries older than 5 years actively seeking services in Cuddalore (n = 44) and Thiruvannamalai (n = 65) districts of Tamil Nadu, India, were included in the study. Individuals in Cuddalore district were assigned to the tele-audiological surveillance group, whereas individuals in Thiruvannamalai district were assigned to the in-person audiological surveillance group. Methods: In the tele-audiological surveillance group, video-otoscopy examinations were performed by trained community-based rehabilitation workers (CBRWs). Pure-tone audiometry and tympanometry were performed by an audiologist from the tertiary care hospital through remotely accessed equipment using broadband internet at the participants’ homes and monthly camps. Findings from those with suspected MED were forwarded to the otolaryngologist at the tertiary care hospital for remote diagnoses and treatment plans. Subsequently, CBRWs relayed the otolaryngologist’s recommendations to the individuals receiving services at the community. In the in-person audiological surveillance group, video-otoscopy, pure-tone audiometry, and tympanometry were performed by the audiologist following standard testing procedures at monthly camps. Individuals with suspected MED and impacted cerumen were referred for in-person diagnoses and treatment plans. Follow-up audiological surveillance was conducted in both districts after implementation of the otolaryngologist’s recommendations. Data Analysis: The coverage, follow-up rate for intervention and cost-outcomes from the provider's perspective were analyzed and compared between two groups. Results: Tele-audiological surveillance provided superior coverage (68%) compared with in-person audiological surveillance (38%). The tele-audiological surveillance group showed greater follow-up compliance (61%) than the in-person audiological surveillance group (19%) for treatment plans such as cerumen management and hearing aid fitting provided locally. Compared with in-person audiological surveillance, tele-audiological surveillance resulted in cost saving of USD 47 per individual. Conclusion: Tele-audiological surveillance was beneficial for the purpose of identifying and providing treatment in patients having CLP with MEDs in rural locations.
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Liver Biopsy Using a Core Needle for Hepatic Solid Mass

Background/Aims This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) using a core needle for hepatic solid masses (HSMs). Additionally, the study aimed to assess factors that influence the diagnostic accuracy of EUS-FNB for HSMs. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent EUS-FNB for the pathological diagnosis of HSMs was conducted between January 2013 and July 2017. The procedure had been performed using core needles of different calibers. The assessed variables were mass size, puncture route, needle type, and the number of needle passes. Results Fifty-eight patients underwent EUS-FNB for the pathologic evaluation of HSMs with a mean mass size of 21.4±9.2 mm. EUS-FNB was performed with either a 20-G (n=14), 22-G (n=29) or a 25-G core needle (n=15). The diagnostic accuracy for this procedure was 89.7%, but both specimen adequacy for histology and available immunohistochemistry stain were 91.4%. The sensitivity and specificity of EUS-FNB were 89.7% and 100%, respectively. There was one case involving bleeding as a complication, which was controlled with endoscopic hemostasis. According to the multivariate analysis, no variable was independently associated with a correct final diagnosis. Conclusions EUS-FNB with core biopsy needle is a safe and highly accurate diagnostic option for assessing HSMs. There were no variable factors associated with diagnostic accuracy.