Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface permanent magnet synchronous machine design for saliency-tracking self-sensing position estimation at zero and low speeds

Elimination of externally mounted position sensors and their associated cables is a goal for virtually all drive manufacturers. This paper addresses design methods of surface permanent magnet (SPM) synchronous machines for saliency-tracking self-sensing (position sensorless) position estimation. Machine saliency is created by stator magnetic saturation due to the rotor zigzag leakage flux from surface permanent magnets. Using the machine saliency created by zigzag leakage flux can allow a SPM machine to be suitable for saliency-tracking position estimation without the need of any further special rotor design modification. In addition, another major benefit is achieved, i.e. a saliency role reversal whereby Ld>Lq. This has the advantage of reducing machine cross-saturation and increasing the feasible region for accurate position estimation. All the design procedures are verified by the finite element analysis (FEA), and a 50W SPM machine prototype is used for performance validation.
A critical review of analytical methods used for the chemical characterisation and quantification of phlorotannin compounds in brown seaweeds

Abstract Introduction Phlorotannins, the phenolic compounds found in brown seaweeds, are a unique and diverse class of compounds showing a huge potential for food and pharmaceutical applications. Objective This review will give an account of the colorimetric assays used and a discussion of their quantitative and qualitative analytical shortcomings. It will also discuss other more complex and modern analytical chemistry methods that are currently being developed to study phlorotannins. The purpose of this review is to increase awareness of these bioactive compounds and promote further development of robust analytical methods for use in biology, food science, pharmacology and biomedical and cosmeceutical sciences. Results Whilst the biological activity and huge commercial potential of the phlorotannins has been widely reported throughout the literature, the chemical structures and reactivity of these compounds is still not well understood. The phlorotannin content of seaweed is usually characterised using colorimetric assays. However, although these methods give a reasonable overall estimation of the total phenolic content, they lack precision and specificity. Conclusion This review highlights the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used colorimetric assays. Novel techniques are highlighted using more selective chemistry to identify this class of compounds.
An ultra-small RFID chip: /spl mu/-chip

An ultra-small (0.3 /spl times/ 0.3 /spl times/ 0.06 mm) radiofrequency identification chip, called the /spl mu/-chip, has been developed for use in a wide range of individual recognition applications. The chip is designed to be thin enough to be applied to the paper and paper-like media widely used in retailing to create certificates that have monetary value, as well as to tokens. It was designed and fabricated using 0.18-/spl mu/m standard CMOS technology.
Working Students: Their Benefits, Challenges and Coping Mechanisms

This descriptive survey study finds out the challenges, benefits and coping mechanisms of working students in the different companies and colleges in the Kingdom of Bahrain during the Academic Year 2016 – 2017. Included in the study were 150 working students. Frequency, Rank, & Mean were used to determine the dominant challenges, benefits, and coping mechanisms of working students. T-test was used to determine the significant difference on the dominant challenges & coping mechanisms of the working students for their type of part-time job. The results revealed that out of the 150 respondents who are working mostly in the private sector, their main reason why they work part-time is because of additional money and not so much for experience. Many of them are into business and customer service. Their serious challenge is of their friends & family’s complain of spending less time with them. Although their highest benefit revealed is winning a lot of friends at work and financial security. Nevertheless, they find comfort to have a strong support system from family, friends and significant others as their highest source of coping mechanism aside from their high hopes and determination in finishing their career. Inferential analysis revealed that there is significant difference in the dominant challenges & coping mechanism of the working students for their type of part-time job. Thus, both the null hypotheses were rejected.
Terahertz free‐space dielectric property measurements using time‐ and frequency‐domain setups

Based on a simple and effective calculation method, two free‐space measurement setups are employed to investigate the dielectric properties of various materials at terahertz (THz) frequencies. One setup involves THZ time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS) at a frequency range of 0.4 to 1 THz. The other setup comprises a vector network analyzer (VNA) with pairs of VAN extenders (VNAXs) and diagonal standard gain horns (SGHs) at a frequency range of 0.22 to 1.1 THz. The calculation method is verified for the THz‐TDS system and employed in the VNA system for the first time. Dielectric properties, including refractive indices, power absorption coefficients, relative permittivities, and loss tangents, are calculated from measured transmission data. Several materials, including printed circuit boards and 3D printing materials, are characterized to verify the calculation method and compare the measurement setups.
Ameliorative Potentials Of Cyperus Esculentus Oil On Type 2 Diabetes Induced By High Fat Diet And Low Dose Streptozotocin In Male Wistar Rats

The aim of this study is to investigate the ameliorative potentials of Cyperus esculentus (Tigernut) oil, in type 2 diabetes induced with the combination of high fat diet and a low dose streptozotocin (35mg/kg) in male Wistar rats. Forty rats weighing between 100-115g were divided randomly into group of five (n=8), 3 groups were subsequently fed with a high fat diet (HFD) for 30 days and the other 2 were maintained on normal rat chow (NPD). Results revealed an increase in body weight amongst the groups fed with a HFD and treatment with C. esculentus oil significantly (P<0.05) reduced the body weight (HFD+STZ+CEO). Glycated hemoglobin (HbAIC), G6PDH and α-Amylase activity were significantly stabilized in C.esculentus oil treated group. Oral glucose tolerant test with a load dose of 150 mg/kg glucose showed there was a rapid blood sugar level clearance in HFD+STZ+CEO as compared to untreated group (HFD+STZ). Atherogenic index (AIP) levels was significantly (p<0.05) lowered in the treated groups (HFD+STZ+GLI 0.262±0.40 and HFD+STZ+CEO 0.18±0.03) when compared to untreated groups (HFD+STZ 0.495±0.66 and NFD+STZ 0.495±0.57) as well as Triglyceride and VLDL levels. Enzymatic antioxidants activities were enhanced by C. esculentus oil. Therefore, C. esculentus oil may be used as either a therapeutic agent or as a dietary choice for the management of type 2 diabetes.
The System Science Development of Local Time‐Dependent 40‐keV Electron Flux Models for Geostationary Orbit

At geosynchronous Earth orbit, the radiation belt/ring current electron fluxes with energies up to several hundred kiloelectron volts can vary widely in magnetic local time (MLT). This study aims to develop Nonlinear AutoRegressive eXogenous models using system science techniques, which account for the spatial variation in MLT. This is difficult for system science techniques, since there is sparse data availability of the electron fluxes at different MLT. To solve this problem, the data are binned from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) 13, 14, and 15 by MLT, and a separate Nonlinear AutoRegressive eXogenous model is deduced for each bin using solar wind variables as the inputs to the model. These models are then conjugated into one spatiotemporal forecast. The model performance statistics for each model varies in MLT with a prediction efficiency between 47% and 75% and a correlation coefficient between 51.3% and 78.9% for the period from 1 March 2013 to 31 December 2017.
Genomic Analysis Reveals Hypoxia Adaptation in the Tibetan Mastiff by Introgression of the Gray Wolf from the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Mastiff (TM), a native of the Tibetan Plateau, has quickly adapted to the extreme highland environment. Recently, the impact of positive selection on the TM genome was studied and potential hypoxia-adaptive genes were identified. However, the origin of the adaptive variants remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the signature of genetic introgression in the adaptation of TMs with dog and wolf genomic data from different altitudes in close geographic proximity. On a genome-wide scale, the TM was much more closely related to other dogs than wolves. However, using the ‘ABBA/BABA’ test, we identified genomic regions from the TM that possibly introgressed from Tibetan gray wolf. Several of the regions, including the EPAS1 and HBB loci, also showed the dominant signature of selective sweeps in the TM genome. We validated the introgression of the two loci by excluding the possibility of convergent evolution and ancestral polymorphisms and examined the haplotypes of all available canid genomes. The estimated time of introgression based on a non-coding region of the EPAS1 locus mostly overlapped with the Paleolithic era. Our results demonstrated that the introgression of hypoxia adaptive genes in wolves from the highland played an important role for dogs living in hypoxic environments, which indicated that domestic animals could acquire local adaptation quickly by secondary contact with their wild relatives.
In-Home Emissions Performance of Cookstoves in Asia and Africa

This paper presents results from eight field studies in Asia and Africa on the emissions performance of 16 stove/fuel combinations measured during normal cooking events in homes. Characterizing real-world emissions performance is important for understanding the climate and health implications of technologies being promoted as alternatives to displace baseline cooking stoves and fuels. Almost all of the stove interventions were measured to have substantial reductions in PM2.5 and CO emissions compared to their respective baseline technologies (reductions of 24–87% and 25–80%, for PM2.5 and CO emission rates, respectively), though comparison with performance guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) suggests that further improvement for biomass stoves would help realize more health benefits. The emissions of LPG stoves were generally below the WHO interim PM2.5 emissions target (1.75 mg/min) though it was not clear how close they were to the most aspirational ISO (0.2 mg/min) or WHO (0.23 mg/min) targets as our limit of detection was 1.1 mg/min. Elemental and organic carbon emission factors and elemental-to-total carbon ratios (medians ranging from 0.11 to 0.42) were in line with previously reported field-based estimates for similar stove/fuel combinations. Two of the better performing forced draft stoves used with pellets—the Oorja (median ET/TC = 0.12) and Eco-Chula (median ET/TC = 0.42)—were at opposite ends of the range, indicating that important differences in combustion conditions can arise even between similar stove/fuel combinations. Field-based tests of stove performance also provide important feedback for laboratory test protocols. Comparison of these results to previously published water boiling test data from the laboratory reinforce the trend that stove performance is generally better during controlled laboratory conditions, with modified combustion efficiency (MCE) being consistently lower in the field for respective stove/fuel categories. New testing approaches, which operate stoves through a broader range of conditions, indicate potential for better MCE agreement than previous versions of water boiling tests. This improved agreement suggests that stove performance estimates from a new ISO laboratory testing protocol, including testing stoves across low, medium, and high firepower, may provide more representative estimates of real-world performance than previously used tests. More representative results from standardized laboratory testing should help push stove designs toward better real-world performance as well as provide a better indication of how the tested technologies will perform for the user.
A Background-Free Direction-Sensitive Neutron Detector

The detection and measurements of properties of neutrons are of great importance in many fields of research, including neutron scattering and radiography, measurements of solar and cosmic-ray neutron flux, measurements of neutron interaction cross sections, monitoring of neutrons at nuclear facilities, oil exploration, and searches for fissile weapons of mass destruction. Many neutron detectors are plagued by large backgrounds from X-rays and gamma rays, and most current neutron detectors lack single-event energy sensitivity or any information on neutron directionality. Even the best detectors are limited by cosmic ray neutron backgrounds. All applications would benefit from improved neutron detection sensitivity and improved measurements of neutron properties. Here, we show data from a new type of detector that can be used to determine neutron flux, energy distribution, and direction of neutron motion. The detector is free of backgrounds from X-rays, gamma rays, beta particles, and relativistic singly charged particles. It is relatively insensitive to cosmic ray neutrons because of their distinctive angular and energy distributions. It is sensitive to thermal neutrons, fission spectrum neutrons, and high-energy neutrons, with detection features distinctive for each energy range. It is capable of determining the location of a source of fission neutrons based on characteristics of elastic scattering of neutrons by helium nuclei. A portable detector could identify 1 g of reactor grade plutonium 1 m away with less than 1 min of observation time.
Caching in wireless multihop device-to-device networks

We consider a wireless device-to-device (D2D) network in which the nodes are uniformly distributed at random over the network area and can cache information from a library of possible messages (files). Each node requests a file in the library independently at random, according to a given popularity distribution, and downloads from other nodes having the requested file in their local cache via multihop transmission. Under the classical “protocol model” of wireless ad hoc networks, we characterize the optimal throughput scaling law by presenting a feasible scheme formed by a decentralized caching policy for the parameter regimes of interest and a local multihop transmission protocol. The scaling law optimality of the proposed strategy is shown by deriving a new throughput upper bound. Surprisingly, we show that decentralized uniform random caching yields optimal scaling in most of the system interesting regimes. We also observe that caching improves the throughput scaling law of classical ad hoc networks, and that multihop improves the previously derived scaling law of caching wireless networks under one-hop transmission.
Does Audit Committee Accounting Expertise Help to Promote Audit Quality? Evidence from Auditor Reporting of Internal Control Weaknesses

In this study, we examine whether greater accounting expertise among audit committee members helps safeguard auditor independence by reducing the likelihood of auditor dismissal following an adverse internal control opinion or an income-decreasing restatement of previously filed financial statements. We find that auditors are less likely to be dismissed in the year following an adverse internal control opinion or an income-decreasing restatement of previously filed financial statements when the audit committee has greater accounting expertise (measured by the proportion of accounting experts on the audit committee). Importantly, we find similar results when limiting the sample to observations where the CEO likely wields greater influence over the audit committee. These findings have important implications for corporate nominating committees choosing board members that will serve on the audit committee, especially in light of recent research suggesting that greater CEO influence over the audit committee can reduce audit committee effectiveness.
Screening of Psychiatric Disorders among Hearing-Impaired Children and Adolescents Aged 4 - 16 Years Attending Special Education Institutions in Karachi

Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric problems and to identify associated factors among hearing-impaired children and adolescents (aged 4 - 16 years) attending special education institutions in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study, using stratified random sampling was conducted in two special education institutions in Karachi from September 2010 to July 2011 on 272 hearing-impaired children aged 4 - 16 years. Multi-informant rating (responding parent and teacher) was used to assess the prevalence of psychiatric problems on Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Kappa statistic was computed to assess agreement between parents/teachers ratings. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors associated with psychiatric problems of children. Results: An overall parent-rated prevalence of psychiatric problems among hearing-impaired children was estimated as 18% and teacher-rated prevalence as 32.7%; poor inter-rater agreement was found between the two raters (Kappa statistic = 0.09). Multivariate model indicated protective effect of child’s age greater than 6 months at the time of diagnosis AOR: 0.49; 95% CI (0.25, 0.96). Depression among responding parents AOR: 2.61; 95% CI (1.34, 5.11) was identified as a risk factor. Children with good performance AOR: 3.09; 95% CI (1.04, 9.25) and fair/poor performance AOR: 3.43; 95% CI (1.17, 10.04) were more likely to have psychiatric problems compared to children with outstanding/excellent performance. Cronbach’s alpha of 0.71 on overall SDQ indicated an acceptable internal consistency. Conclusion: Awareness programs should be held for parents and teachers for better dealing with hearing-impaired children.
Mechanical properties and microstructure of Sn-based solder joints at cryogenic temperature

This work was designed for low-temperature mechanical properties of the solder joints, the temperature is 293K, 223K, 173K, and 123K, in order to get the mechanical strength and mechanism of fracture at low temperature; Cryogenic temperature (77K) storage experiment is applied to get microstructure of internal solder joint, and the evolution of IMC and other microstructures, as well as solder joints' mechanical properties, failure modes and failure mechanisms The results show that tensile strength of the solder joints increases first and then decreases along with the decreasing temperature, 63Sn37Pb/Cu and 62Sn36Pb2Ag/Ag joints reach their maximum strength at 173K and 223K respectively. Cryogenic temperature storage has no effect on IMC growing, but tin whisker is found in some parts of 63Sn37Pb/Cu and 62Sn36Pb2Ag/Cu solder joints stored for 10 days, without appearance in solder joints that stored for 20 days and those lead-free solder jonits. Sn whisker is random and unpredictable.
Monetary Policy Spillovers, Capital Controls and Exchange Rate Flexibility, and the Financial Channel of Exchange Rates

We assess the empirical validity of the trilemma (or impossible trinity) in the 2000s for a large sample of advanced and emerging market economies. To do so, we estimate Taylor-rule type monetary policy reaction functions, relating the local policy rate to real-time forecasts of domestic fundamentals, global variables, as well as the base-country policy rate. In the regressions, we explore variations in the sensitivity of local to base-country policy rates across different degrees of exchange rate flexibility and capital controls. We find that the data are in general consistent with the predictions from the trilemma: Both exchange rate flexibility and capital controls reduce the sensitivity of local to base-country pol- icy rates. However, we also find evidence that is consistent with the notion that the financial channel of exchange rates highlighted in recent work reduces the extent to which local policymakers decide to exploit the monetary autonomy in principle granted by flexible exchange rates in specific circumstances: The sensi- tivity of local to base-country policy rates for an economy with a flexible exchange rate is stronger when it exhibits negative foreign-currency exposures which stem from portfolio debt and bank liabilities on its external balance sheet and when base-country monetary policy is tightened. The intuition underlying this finding is that it may be optimal for local monetary policy to mimic the tightening of base-country monetary policy and thereby mute exchange rate variation because a depreciation of the local currency would raise the cost of servicing and rolling over foreign-currency debt and bank loans, possibly up to a point at which finan- cial stability is put at risk.
The relationship between nutrition and infectious diseases: A review

Nutrition and infectious diseases are related to each other in some aspects. First, nutrition affects the development of human body immune system. Moreover, nutrition can influence emerge of infectious diseases (e.g., gastrointestinal infections), food poisoning, intestinal diseases, and systemic infectious diseases. In this review, the mentioned aspects of the relationship between nutrition and infections are discussed. Furthermore, the relationship between malnutrition and infectious diseases, nutrition in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency and relationship between overeating and infection are reviewed. Overall, some factors can weaken the body's ability to fight infection and cause malnutrition. The factors include anorexia, traditional behaviors, reduction of intestinal absorption, metabolic damage, disorder metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates, reduction of vitamins, iron, zinc, and copper. In the case of the relationship between malnutrition and infection, a large number of studies have illustrated a bidirectional interaction of malnutrition and infection. In this aspect, to treat serious acute malnutrition and limit the rate of death, some preventive studies applied antibiotics, probiotic bacteria, and prebiotic foods. In the future, studies may be conducted on intestinal or systematic immunomodulation.
Differentially expressed genes in the midguts of BmNPV-susceptible and resistant silkworm strains determined using suppression subtractive hybridization

Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) has caused great economic losses to sericulture and considerable effort has been made to identify disease resistance genes in B. mori. We constructed differential expression gene libraries of the resistant near-isogenic line (NIL) BC10 and susceptible strain 306 using the suppression subtractive hybridization technique. A total of 23 differentially expressed genes were obtained, of which 17 genes were upregulated in BC10, and 6 genes were upregulated in 306. These differentially expressed genes are involved in cell metabolism, transmembrane transport, cytoskeleton, protease, development and immunity. Six BC10 upregulated genes were verified by real-time quantitative PCR, and the results were consistent with those of subtractive hybridization. The resistance trait of NIL BC10 was inherited from the resistant strain NB, and its genetic background was 99.99% similar to that of recurrent parent 306. The upregulated genes in NIL BC10 may be associated with silkworm BmNPV resistance.