Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ÖRGÜTSEL ÇATIŞMA VE YÖNETİMİ: Spor Eğitimi Veren Yükseköğretim Kurumlarında Bir Uygulama

Catisma, sosyal yasamin normal bir boyutu oldugu gibi, orgutsel yasaminda bir gercegidir. Catisma kacinilmaz olduguna gore, cagdas orgutlerin ve yoneticilerin orgutsel amaclari gerceklestirmek icin, catismadan yararlanmayi ogrenmeleri onemli gorevleri arasindadir. Catisma yonetimi, birey ve orgut gelisimi icin pozitif sonuclara ulasmayi ve negatif sonuclari engellemeyi amaclar. Bu arastirmanin amaci; spor egitimi veren yuksek ogretim kurumlarinda gorev yapan yoneticilerin, calisanlar arasinda catisma cikmasi durumunda kullandiklari catisma yonetim sitillerini belirlemek ve yonetici-ogretim elemani goruslerini karsilastirmaktir. Arastirma tarama modelindedir. Arastirma evreni olarak Turkiye’de spor egitimi veren 9 universite, calisma grubu olarak da bu universitelerin ilgili bolumlerinde gorev yapan tum yoneticiler ve gonullu katilan ogretim elemanlari secilmistir. Toplam 38 yonetici, 70 ogretim elemani arastirmada yer almistir. Veri toplama araci olarak anket teknigi kullanilmis ve verilerin cozumlenmesinde frekans analizi, t –test ve tek yonlu varyans analizi tekniklerinden yararlanilmistir. Arastirma bulgularina gore; spor egitimi veren yuksekogretim kurumlarinda yoneticilerin catisma yonetiminde oncelik sirasina gore problem cozme, uzlasma, odun verme, kacinma ve hukmetme sitillerini kullandiklari, “problem cozme” ve “uzlasma” sitilleri hakkinda ogretim elemanlarinin gorusleri ile yonetici gorusleri arasinda 0.05 duzeyinde anlamli fark oldugu gorulmustur. Ayni sitiller acisindan yonetici ve ogretim elemanlarinin unvan durumlarina gore gruplar arasinda 0.05 duzeyinde anlamli fark bulunmustur. Sonuc olarak; spor egitimi veren yuksekogretim kurumlarinda gorev yapan yoneticilerin catisma durumunda genellikle problem cozme ve uzlasma sitillerini kullandiklari, ayrica unvan durumlarinin catisma yonetimi acisindan onemli bir degisken oldugu ortaya cikmistir
Phallometric Comparison of Pedophilic Interest in Nonadmitting Sexual Offenders Against Stepdaughters, Biological Daughters, Other Biologically Related Girls, and Unrelated Girls

This study compared the mean levels of sexual response to children produced by four groups of men with sexual offences against prepubescent girls and two comparison groups with other offences or no offences. All groups (N = 291) consisted of patients referred for clinical assessment of their sexual behavior or interests. Group assignment was determined by the victim's age and her relation to the patient: biological daughter; stepdaughter; other biologically related girl (e.g., sister, niece, granddaughter); unrelated girl; adult woman; and no known victim. The men with sexual offences had precisely one known victim each. The patients with offences may or may not have denied the act of which they were accused, but all patients denied an erotic preference for children. Sexual response to children was assessed by means of phallometric testing, a psychophysiological technique in which the individual's penile blood volume is monitored while he is presented with a standardized set of laboratory stimuli depicting male and female children and adults. The results indicated that the mean level of pedophilic response in men with offences against daughters or stepdaughters is intermediate between that in men with offences against otherwise-related or unrelated girls and that in men with no offences against girls at all.
Senkung der Arbeitslosenunterstützung: weniger Arbeitslosigkeit, mehr Effizienz

Fur die anhaltend hohe Arbeitslosigkeit und die im internationalen Vergleich hohe Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland wird von Wissenschaft und Politik unter anderem auch die Arbeitslosenversicherung verantwortlich gemacht. Insbesondere altere Arbeitslose haben hierzulande eine sehr lange Anspruchsdauer auf Arbeitslosengeld; die Arbeitslosenhilfe wird im Prinzip unbefristet gewahrt. Mit der Agenda 2010 hat die Bundesregierung eine Reform des Arbeitslosengeldes angekundigt: Die Bezugsdauer soll fur jungere Arbeitslose auf zwolf Monate, fur altere auf 18 Monate beschrankt werden. Auserdem steht eine Reform der Arbeitslosenhilfe auf der wirtschaftspolitischen Agenda. Die Arbeitslosenhilfe soll mit der Sozialhilfe zusammengelegt werden, fur arbeitsfahige Hilfebezieher soll mit dem "Arbeitslosengeld II" ein neuer Leistungsanspruch eingefuhrt werden. Im Folgenden wird gezeigt, wie sich die Arbeitslosenunterstutzung in Deutschland auf die Dauer und Betroffenheit von Arbeitslosigkeit auswirkt. Die empirischen Ergebnisse weisen auf ausgepragte Mitnahmeeffekte beim Arbeitslosengeld hin. Die starke Ausweitung der Anspruchsdauer auf Arbeitslosengeld hat bei den Mannern die Arbeitslosigkeit erheblich steigen lassen; auch die Arbeitslosenhilfe hat hierzu beigetragen. Hingegen beeinflusst die Hohe der Arbeitslosenunterstutzung die Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit nur in relativ geringem Mase. In Deutschland besteht somit ein erheblicher Reformbedarf beim Arbeitslosengeld und bei der Arbeitslosenhilfe. Die in der Agenda 2010 vorgesehenen Reformen lassen daher nicht nur eine Reduktion der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit, sondern auch eine effizientere Arbeitslosenversicherung erwarten.
Relations among Measures, Climate of Control, and Performance Measurement Models*

Cause-and-effect relations among performance measures are alleged to be distinguishing features of performance measurement models (PMM), such as balanced scorecards. This study reports the evolution of the study of a PMM that was developed by a large U.S.-based company for its closely linked distribution channel. Motivated by the literature on PMM and causality, we report an analysis of linked performance measures for 31 quarters (1997 – 2005) and 31 business units. We find minimal statistical significance and no significant predictive ability in the model (i.e., no Granger causality), yet the company and its distributors express satisfaction with the model and with both company and distributor profitability. Reasoning that cause and effect was not the only explanation for scorecard success, we thoroughly analyze qualitative data for how managers perceived and used (a) the relations in the scorecard and (b) the climate of control intended and achieved in the organization through the scorecard. We find that the PMM’s logical and finality relations support the company’s climate of control. We also find qualitative evidence that the use of the PMM creates an effective climate of control. We tentatively conclude that effective management control does not require statistically significant cause-and-effect relations in a PMM when other factors create a strong climate of control.
A Study of the Replacement Mechanism of the Pulmonate Radula

Results obtained from a histological, autoradiographic, and operative investigation of the radulae of two pulmonates have led to the formulation of the following theory of radula replacement. The radula is secreted continually by the permanent odontoblasts and continually moves anteriorly. The superior epithelium of the radular gland is produced by division of cells near the odontoblasts and moves forward at the same rate as the radula; the cells produce materials that harden the radula and then die. The inferior epithelium is also produced by division of cells near the odontoblasts, but initially moves anteriorly at only a quarter of the rate of the radula. The epithelium then changes shape from a columnar to a pavement epithelium. It is suggested that it then moves forward at the same rate as the radula. The pavement epithelium secretes the subradular membrane which may serve to attach the epithelium to the radula, and the supralateral radula tensor muscles are attached to the basement membrane of this epithelium. At the extreme anterior end of the radula the inferior epithelium becomes again columnar and secretes a cuticle continuous with the buccal cuticle. This process detaches the subradular membrane and the radula from the epithelium. The epithelial cells then die and disintegrate. The detached radula and subradular membrane show a change of staining properties suggestive of reversal of the tanning, and they then break up.
Quantitative in vivo analysis of small bowel motility using MRI examinations in mice – proof of concept study

Small bowel motility analyses using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could reduce current invasive techniques in animal studies and comply with the ‘three Rs’ rule for human animal experimentation. Thus we investigated the feasibility of in vivo small bowel motility analyses in mice using dynamic MRI acquisitions. All experimental procedures were approved by the institutional animal care committee. Six C57BL/6 mice underwent MRI without additional preparation after isoflurane anaesthetization in the prone position on a 4.7 T small animal imager equipped with a linear polarized hydrogen birdcage whole-body mouse coil. Motility was assessed using a true fast imaging in a steady precession sequence in the coronal orientation (acquisition time per slice 512 ms, in-plane resolution 234 × 234 µm, matrix size 128 × 128, slice thickness 1 mm) over 30 s corresponding to 60 acquisitions. Motility was manually assessed measuring the small bowel diameter change over time. The resulting motility curves were analysed for the following parameters: contraction frequency per minute (cpm), maximal contraction amplitude (maximum to minimum [mm]), luminal diameter (mm) and luminal occlusion rate. Small bowel motility quantification was found to be possible in all animals with a mean small bowel contraction frequency of 10.67 cpm (SD ± 3.84), a mean amplitude of the contractions of 1.33 mm (SD ± 0.43) and a mean luminal diameter of 1.37 mm (SD ± 0.42). The mean luminal occlusion rate was 1.044 (SD ± 0.45%/100). The mean duration needed for a single motility assessment was 185 s (SD ± 54.02). Thus our study demonstrated the feasibility of an easy and time-sparing functional assessment for in vivo small bowel motility analyses in mice. This could improve the development of small animal models of intestinal diseases and provide a method similar to clinical MR examinations that is in concordance with the ‘three Rs’ for humane animal experimentation.
Contrast‐to‐noise ratios of diffusion anisotropy indices

The degree of diffusion anisotropy in different brain regions is usually measured by a diffusion anisotropy index (DAI) such as relative anisotropy (RA) and fractional anisotropy (FA). FA has been reported to have a higher contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) than RA. The present work compares the CNRs of seven DAIs in theoretical propagation‐of‐error calculations, in simulations, and in human brain measurements over small and large anisotropy differences. In simulations all seven CNRs were similar for small anisotropy differences. Small differences among the DAIs appeared at higher anisotropy levels and lower signal‐to‐noise ratios with certain tensor orientations. The DAIs fell into three groups based on algebraic relationships and small CNR differences. The group with RA and FA had the best CNR. Human brain regions with small anisotropy differences had similar CNR for all seven DAIs, and the scatter in the data was greater than any expected differences. With large anisotropy differences, a small advantage appeared for RA over FA in some simulations and for FA over RA in other simulations. The CNR between brain regions with very different anisotropies was different for each DAI. The apparent reported advantage of FA over RA is explained by biologic heterogeneity and by noise‐induced bias in the DAI values and their standard deviations. Magn Reson Med 53:911–918, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glomerular vessels of the rat kidney with special reference to double efferent arterioles. A scanning electron microscope study of corrosion casts.

Corrosion casts of the blood vascular beds of the rat kidney were prepared with methacrylic methyl ester resin. The casts of the individual glomeruli were isolated and coated with carbon and gold to be observed under the scanning electron microscope.1. True double efferent arterioles arising separately from the glomerulus were encountered in 11 out of the 1, 200 glomeruli examined. They were independent vessels formed separately by the capillaries of different glomerular lobules.2. In 55 out of the 1, 200 glomeruli, the normal efferent arteriole arising singly from the glomerulus showed precocious branching at the hilum of the glomerulus. This type of vessel perhaps was described erroneously as two efferent arterioles in previous light microscope studies.3. Constrictions were often found in the juxtaglomerular segment of the afferent arteriole and rarely in the efferent arteriole. This suggests the occurrence of a sphincter at these sites.4. A preliminary description of the glomerular casts in juvenile rats was made. Occasional duplication of efferent arterioles was found in 8-day-old rats.5. Microdissection of the isolated glomerular casts softened by alcohol enabled the observation of glomerular lobules and their capillary connections. For this purpose the use of resin not containing plasticizer was recommended.
Demographic analysis of polycystic kidney disease patients: a single center experience

Background. Polycystic kidney disease is the most common genetic kidney disease, expressed autosomal dominantly. The incidence of this disease is 1/400-1/1000 and it’s responsible for the 5-10% of all the end stage renal disease. In this study we retrospectively evaluated the demographic characteristics of polycystic kidney disease patients referred to our nephrology outpatient clinic between January 2003 and December 2006. Methods. Demographic characteristics analyzed were gender, age, smoking and the existence of hypertension, hematuria, urinary system infection, renal calculi and renal replacement therapy, respectively. Hypertension was defined as a blood pressure measurement over 130/80 mmHg. The urinary system infection was diagnosed by urine culture and renal calculi by urinary system ultrasonography. Results. We examined 136 patients (65 men, mean age: 47.31±16.34 years). Hypertension was the most common finding observed in our patient population. Only 42.85% of our patients’ blood pressure was under effective control. Twenty two patients (16.17%) had urinary tract infection and 39 patients (28.67%) had renal calculi. Conclusions. In conclusion, since penetrance of polycystic kidney disease is 100%, it should be investigated in suspected cases and among their family members. Careful follow up of these patients is mandatory because the disease can easily progress to renal failure.
Antagonistic Interactions between Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Retinoic Acid Receptor Signaling in Colorectal Cancer Cells

ABSTRACT Deregulated activation of RAS/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling and defects in retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling are both implicated in many types of cancers. However, interrelationships between these alterations in regulating cancer cell fates have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that RAS/ERK and RAR signaling pathways antagonistically interact with each other to regulate colorectal cancer (CRC) cell fates. We show that RAR signaling activation promotes spontaneous differentiation of CRC cells, while ERK activation suppresses it. Our microarray analyses identify genes whose expression levels are upregulated by RAR signaling. Notably, one of these genes, MKP4, encoding a member of dual-specificity phosphatases for mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, mediates ERK inactivation upon RAR activation, thereby promoting the differentiation of CRC cells. Moreover, our results also show that RA induction of RAR target genes is suppressed by the ERK pathway activation. This suppression results from the inhibition of RAR transcriptional activity, which is shown to be mediated through an RIP140/histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated mechanism. These results identify antagonistic interactions between RAS/ERK and RAR signaling in the cell fate decision of CRC cells and define their underlying molecular mechanisms.
The many faces of airway inflammation. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Asthma Research Group.

Airway diseases, predominantly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are among the world's most prevalent diseases. The prevalence of asthma has been incasing over the past 20 yr in most countries where this has been studied, and it affects up to 10% of the populations of most developed countries. COPD is the sixth cause of death in the world and affects 4-6% of people more than 45 yr of age. In 1985, more than 5.4 million Americans were estimated to have COPD and COPD is the most rapidly rising cause of death among individuals over the age of 65 yr in the United States (1). These diseases constitute a major financial burden to society, wit both direct and indirect costs. Both asthma and COPD are identified by the presence of characteristic symptoms and functional abnormalities, with airway obstruction being the sine qua non of both diseases. The airway obstruction in asthma must be reversible to establish a diagnosis, whereas COPD is defined as a syndrome characterized by abnormal tests of expiratory flow that do not change markedly over periods of several months of observation (2). Both diseases are now known to be caused by lung inflammation induced by different initiating factors, most likely environmental allergens, occupational sensitizing agents, or viral respiratory infections in asthma and cigarette smoking in COPD. However, some patients wit asthma who do not smoke also develop irreversible airway obstruction similar to COPD. Also, the treatments used to manage both diseases resemble each other. This review compares and contrasts asthma and COPD wit regard to the following aspects: the risks for development, th functional and structural abnormalities,the inflammatory activity and the site of the inflammation, animal models of both diseases and current and potential new treatments for the diseases. The review was developed as a result of a workshop held in Whistler, Canada, involving clinical and basic scientists actively working in these two areas. It is hoped that by comparing the two diseases, new insights can be attained about each.
Analysis of High-Dimensional Structure-Activity Screening Datasets Using the Optimal Bit String Tree

We propose a new classification method called the Optimal Bit String Tree (OBSTree) to identify quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs). The method introduces the concept of a chromosome to describe the presence/absence context of a combination of descriptors. A descriptor set and its optimal chromosome form the splitting variable. A new stochastic searching scheme that contains a weighted sampling scheme, simulated annealing, and a trimming procedure optimizes the choice of splitting variable. Simulation studies and an application to screening monoamine oxidase inhibitors show that OBSTree is advantageous in accurately and effectively identifying QSAR rules and finding different classes of active compounds. Details of the algorithm, SAS code, and simulated and real datasets are available online as supplementary materials.
Flexibility and development of mirroring mechanisms

The empirical support for the shared circuits model (SCM) is mixed. We review recent results from our own lab and others supporting a central claim of SCM that mirroring occurs at multiple levels of representation. By contrast, the model is silent as to why human infants are capable of showing imitative behaviours mediated by a mirror system. This limitation is a problem with formal models that address neither the neural correlates nor the behavioural evidence directly.
Ground motion prediction of realistic earthquake sources using the ambient seismic field

Predicting accurate ground motion is critical for earthquake hazard analysis, particularly in situations where sedimentary basins trap and amplify seismic waves. We exploit the information carried by the ambient seismic field to extract surface‐wave Green's functions between seismic stations and to predict long‐period ground motion from earthquakes. To do so, we modify the surface impulse response to correct for the source depth and for the double‐couple focal mechanism. These corrections are derived under the assumption that material properties in the immediate vicinity of the source depend only on depth. Using this local 1‐D assumption, we solve the surface‐wave eigenproblem and compute the fundamental‐mode displacement eigenfunctions to express the surface‐wave excitation at the source. We validate this technique, which we call the virtual earthquake approach, by comparing computed seismograms with earthquake waveforms from four moderate earthquakes that occur near broadband stations in southern California. The depth and mechanism corrections show clear improvements of the predicted ground motion relative to the surface impulse response.
Simulated Optical Performance of Custom Wavefront Soft Contact Lenses for Keratoconus

Purpose. Outstanding improvements in vision can theoretically be expected using contact lenses that correct monochromatic aberrations of the eye. Imperfections in such correction inherent to contact lenses are lens flexure, translation, rotation, and tear layer effects. The effects of pupil size and accommodation on ocular aberration may cause further difficulties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether nonaxisymmetric soft contact lenses could efficiently compensate for higher-order aberrations induced by keratoconus and to what extent rotation and translation of the lens would degrade this perfect correction. Methods. Height topography data of nine moderate to severe keratoconus corneas were obtained using the Maastricht Shape Topographer. Three-dimensional ray tracing was applied to each elevation topography to calculate aberrations in the form of a phase error mapping. The effect of a nonaxisymmetric soft contact lens tailored to the corneal aberrations was simulated by adding an opposite phase error mapping that would theoretically compensate all corneal-induced optical aberrations of the keratoconus eyes. Translation (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mm) and rotation (2.5°, 5.0°, 7.5°, and 10°) mismatches were introduced. The modulation transfer function (MTF) of each eye with each displaced correction and with various pupil sizes (3, 5, and 7 mm) was deduced from the residual phase error mapping. A single performance criterion (mtfA) was calculated as the area under the MTF over a limited spatial frequency range (5 to 15 periods per degree). Finally, the ratio (RmtfA) of corrected mtfA over uncorrected mtfA provided an estimate of the global enhancement in contrast sensitivity with the customized lens. Results. The contrast improvement ratios RmtfA with perfectly located lenses were for an average pupil size of 4.5 mm between 6.5 and 200. For small translation errors (0.25 mm), RmtfA ranged between 2 and 7. The largest lens translation tested (1 mm) often resulted in poorer performance than without correction (RmtfA <1). More than threefold improvements were achieved with any of the angular errors experimented. RmtfA values showed significant variations for pupil diameters between 3 and 7 mm. Conclusions. Three-dimensional aberration-customized soft contact lenses may drastically improve visual performance in patients with keratoconus. However, such lenses should be well positioned on the cornea. In particular, translation errors should not exceed 0.5 mm. Angular errors appeared to be less critical. It is further questioned whether the visual system is able to adapt to variations in optical performance of the correction in situ due to lens positioning and pupil size.