Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Construction of matched verbal and design continuous paired associate tests.

We developed verbal and figural continuous paired associate tests (CPAT) that are matched on internal consistency and on the distributional properties of mean item difficulty, variance, and skewness. The Verbal CPAT is composed of high frequency nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Selection of the designs was guided by literature on the effects of right-hemisphere damage on memory for designs. One hundred subjects were given 80 items from the verbal CPAT and 80 items from the designs CPAT. Twenty subjects at these five ranges of Wechsler Memory Quotient were evaluated: less than or equal to 79, 80-89, 90-99, 100-109, greater than or equal to 109. The final 40-item version of the Verbal CPAT had a mean of 26.72, a SD of 7.03, and an alpha of . 859. The Designs CPAT had a mean of 26.42, a SD of 7.75, and an alpha of . 886. Neither test was significantly skewed. These matched tests should be useful in making inferences about differences between verbal and figural memory that are not confounded with the problem of differential test sensitivity.
ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF BLOOD-TESTING PROCEDURES

This paper is devoted to the performance analysis and optimization of blood testing procedures. We present a queueing model of two queues in series, representing the two stages of a blood-testing procedure. Service (testing) in stage 1 is performed in batches, whereas it is done individually in stage 2. Since particular elements of blood can only be stored and used within a finite time window, the sojourn time of blood units in the system of two queues in series is an important performance measure, which we study in detail. We also introduce a profit objective function, taking into account blood acquisition and screening costs as well as profits for blood units, which were found uncontaminated and were tested fast enough. We optimize that profit objective function w.r. t. the batch size and the length of the time window.
Risk of hospitalization due to motor vehicle crashes among Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans diagnosed with traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was deemed the 'signature injury' of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars (OEF/OIF/OND). Civilians with severe TBI have increased risks of motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). Little is known about MVC risk among Veterans with TBI, many of whom incurred TBIs that were mild in severity. OBJECTIVE To examine associations between TBI and MVC-related hospitalizations among OEF/OIF/OND Veterans who use Veterans Health Administration (VA) healthcare. METHODS Using national VA data, we identified 277,330 Veterans who enrolled in VA within one year of deployment. MVC, TBI, and other diagnoses were identified using ICD-9-CM codes. We estimated risk of subsequent MVC hospitalization for those with, versus without, TBI using time-to-event analyses. Time-varying Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) while controlling for potential confounders, including psychiatric diagnoses. RESULTS There were 28,551 Veterans diagnosed with TBI; 130 were subsequently hospitalized for MVC. In adjusted models, those with TBI were four times more likely to be hospitalized for MVC than those without (HR = 4.2; CI = 3.3-5.3). CONCLUSION Veterans with TBI had substantially greater risk of MVC-related hospitalizations. These Veterans may benefit from enhanced driving safety interventions to reduce risk.
Expression of Human Differentiated Embryo-Chondrocyte Expressed Gene 1 in Gastric Carcinoma and Its Correlation with STAT3

DEC1, also known as SHARP-2 or Stral3, is an important molecule in embryonic differentiation and a bHLH type transcriptional regulator. It has recently been identified to be abundantly expressed in several human tumors and might play an important role in tumor development. But its expression in gastric carcinoma is unknown. In this study we show that DEC1 was frequently expressed in six gastric carcinoma cell lines with different background and tumor tissues from patients with gastric carcinoma. A significant association of DEC1 expression with STAT3 expression was also proved. These findings suggest that DEC1 is strongly related with gastric carcinoma; it might play its role in tumor development through STAT3-signaling pathway.
The International Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry Update for the Epilepsy Foundation

The International Registry, established in 1992, forms part of an epidemiologic safety program monitoring pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to lamotrigine (LTG). This primarily prospective observational study aims to assess the risk of all major malformations associated with first trimester exposure to LTG monotherapy. Data on LTG polytherapy and patterns of specific malformation types also are reviewed. Physicians from around the world (31 countries) report exposure to LTG during pregnancy (therapy type, dose, and treatment duration) and subsequent outcomes to the registry on a voluntary basis. Details of how to enroll patients are available at http://www.inveresk. com/activereg/activereg.asp. Prospective reporting early in pregnancy is encouraged to increase the accuracy of treatment history and to avoid the bias associated with retrospective reporting. Physicians are then approached close to the expected delivery date to confirm treatment and epilepsy history during pregnancy and to ascertain the health of the infant. Major congenital malformations (MCMs) are almost always ascertained at birth or during the hospital stay by the attending physician. Malformations are classified according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) criteria, and the reports are reviewed by an independent pediatrician. The percentage of MCMs is calculated for prospective first trimester LTG monotherapy and polytherapy exposures separately. Chromosomal abnormalities are not included in the numerator, as these are unlikely to be related to AED exposure during pregnancy. Retrospective cases are excluded from risk estimates but are reviewed to determine any patterns of malformation types. Conclusions are developed by a scientific advisory committee. Between September 30, 1992, and March 31, 2004, 12 MCMs were observed among 414 monotherapy ex-
ELF sferic energy as a proxy indicator for sprite occurrence

Broadband ELF/VLF measurements of sferics near Ft. Collins, Colorado, demonstrate that ELF sferic energy is a proxy for sprite occurrence which can be used to estimate the number of sprites produced by a thunderstorm. Ultra‐long range (∼12,000 km) measurements at Palmer Station, Antarctica, confirm the application of this proxy to storms where no video observations of sprites are available. Comparison with high‐resolution photometer measurements demonstrate the simultaneity of sprite luminosity and an ELF “second pulse” believed to be radiated by electrical currents within the sprite body [Cummer et al., 1998]. Measurements of the second ELF pulse are used to identify a quantitative relationship between the current in sprites and total sprite luminosity.
Clinical and microbiological effects of subgingival and gingival marginal irrigation with chlorhexidine gluconate.

Recent interest in the local delivery of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents has stimulated interest in the efficacy of various treatment regimens. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) delivered daily by home-applied marginal irrigation as a 0.04% solution in combination with a single professional irrigation of 0.12% CHX was tested over a 3-month period. Sixty periodontal maintenance patients each having at least 2 pockets greater than or equal to 4 mm probing depth, and bleeding on probing were assigned to either Group 1: one professional subgingival 0.12% CHX (Peridex) irrigation (Perio Pik) followed by adjunctive daily home marginal 0.04% CHX irrigation (Pik Pocket); Group 2: one professional subgingival 0.12% CHX irrigation followed by adjunctive daily home marginal water irrigation; Group 3: one professional subgingival water irrigation followed by adjunctive daily home marginal water irrigation; or Group 4: control. At baseline and 3 month visits, subgingival plaque samples were taken from 2 sites per patient. Cultural microbiological analysis was performed using non-selective and selective media. Plaque Index, Gingival Index, pocket probing depths, and gingival recession were assessed. Scaling and root planing (supportive periodontal treatment) was provided for each patient followed by subgingival irrigation as outlined above. At 3 months the Gingival Index and pocket probing depths were both significantly reduced (P less than .05) in all irrigation groups compared to baseline. There were no significant changes in clinical parameters in the control group from baseline to 3 months. In Group 1 the GI was significantly reduced (P less than .05) compared to Group 4 at 3 months. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mucin mRNA Expression in Normal and Vasomotor Inferior Turbinates

Mucins are the major glycoprotein component of respiratory tract secretions. Little is known about their expression in the upper respiratory tract. In order to define this expression, in situ hybridization was performed on 19 normal and 4 vasomotor rhinitis (VMR) inferior turbinates to identify mucin mRNA. MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC7 were expressed in both the normal and VMR turbinates. MUC 4 and MUC5AC were the most highly expressed mucins. MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, and MUC5AC were expressed mainly by the epithelial border, whereas MUC5B and MUC7 were expressed by the submucosal glands. MUC1 and MUC4 exhibited a diffuse expression by multiple cell types along the mucosal border, whereas MUC2 and MUC5AC expression appeared to be limited to a subpopulation of epithelial cells, most likely goblet cells. Although MUC1, MUC4, and MUC5AC showed sporadic submucosal glandular expression, MUC5B and MUC7 appeared to be the predominant submucosal gland mucins in the inferior turbinates. MUC3 and MUC6 expression, which have been found primarily in the gastric mucosa, were not seen in any of the inferior turbinate samples examined. The only difference seen between normal and VMR turbinates was a slight decrease in MUC1 expression in the VMR group. The variety of mucins expressed and the diversity of their expression patterns may have significance in terms of the rheologic and particle clearance properties of nasal secretions. Understanding the expression patterns in normal turbinates will serve as the foundation for further study of these mucins in disease states.
The Giant Protein AHNAK Is a Specific Target for the Calcium- and Zinc-binding S100B Protein

Transformation of rat embryo fibroblast clone 6 cells by ras and temperature-sensitive p53val135 is reverted by ectopic expression of the calcium- and zinc-binding protein S100B. In an attempt to define the molecular basis of the S100B action, we have identified the giant phosphoprotein AHNAK as the major and most specific Ca2+-dependent S100B target protein in rat embryo fibroblast cells. We next characterized AHNAK as a major Ca2+-dependent S100B target protein in the rat glial C6 and human U-87MG astrocytoma cell lines. AHNAK binds to S100B-Sepharose beads and is also recovered in anti-S100B immunoprecipitates in a strict Ca2+- and Zn2+-dependent manner. Using truncated AHNAK fragments, we demonstrated that the domains of AHNAK responsible for interaction with S100B correspond to repeated motifs that characterize the AHNAK molecule. These motifs show no binding to calmodulin or to S100A6 and S100A11. We also provide evidence that the binding of 2 Zn2+ equivalents/mol S100B enhances Ca2+-dependent S100B-AHNAK interaction and that the effect of Zn2+ relies on Zn2+-dependent regulation of S100B affinity for Ca2+. Taking into consideration that AHNAK is a protein implicated in calcium flux regulation, we propose that the S100B-AHNAK interaction may participate in the S100B-mediated regulation of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
Inequality in mortality decreased among the young while increasing for older adults, 1990–2010

Narrowing of the life expectancy gap In the United States, the rich can expect to enjoy better health and a longer life than the poor. Despite policies directed at improving the health of both the young and the poor, there is little evidence that this relationship has changed. Currie and Schwandt looked specifically at the life expectancy of present-day children and young adults, finding that mortality inequality has in fact declined over the past 25 years (see the Perspective by Bailey and Timpe). Science, this issue p. 708; see also p. 661 U.S. social policies aimed at helping poor families have increased life expectancy and decreased mortality. Many recent studies point to increasing inequality in mortality in the United States over the past 20 years. These studies often use mortality rates in middle and old age. We used poverty level rankings of groups of U.S. counties as a basis for analyzing inequality in mortality for all age groups in 1990, 2000, and 2010. Consistent with previous studies, we found increasing inequality in mortality at older ages. For children and young adults below age 20, however, we found strong mortality improvements that were most pronounced in poorer counties, implying a strong decrease in mortality inequality. These younger cohorts will form the future adult U.S. population, so this research suggests that inequality in old-age mortality is likely to decline.
C Virus Infection-Related Marginal Zone-like B Cell Clones in /low - Expansion of Functionally Anergic CD21

Homeostasis of peripheral B cell subsets is disturbed during chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, leading to the occurrence of autoimmunity and B cell lymphoproliferation. However, mechanisms by which HCV causes lymphoproliferation remain contro-versial. We report in this article on the elevated number of clonal CD21 2 /low IgM + CD27 + marginal zone (MZ)-like B cells, which correlates with autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation in HCV patients. We found an increase in autoreactive BCRs using V H 1– 69 and V H 4–34 genes in CD21 2 /low MZ B cells. CD21 2 /low MZ B cells showed impaired calcium-mediated signaling, did not upregulate activation markers, and did not proliferate in response to BCR triggering. CD21 2 /low MZ B cells also were prone to dying faster than their CD21 + counterparts, suggesting that these B cells were anergic. CD21 2 /low MZ B cells, in contrast, remained responsive to TLR9 stimulation. Gene array analyses revealed the critical role of Early growth response 2 and Cbl-b in the induction of anergy. Therefore, HCV patients who display high frequencies of unresponsive CD21 2 /low MZ B cells are more susceptible to developing autoimmunity and/or lymphoproliferation. These cells remain in peripheral blood controlled by functional anergy instead of being eliminated, and chronic antigenic stimulation through TLR stimulation may create a favorable environment for breaking tolerance and activating these cells. The Journal of Immunology , 2011, 187: 000–000.
Plasma osteopontin is not associated with vascular markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in a population of young adults without symptoms of cardiovascular disease. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Abstract Objective: Osteopontin is used as a biomarker for measuring the severity of atherosclerosis, but the role of osteopontin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is not clear. Methods: The distribution and determinants of osteopontin were studied in a randomized cohort of 1,817 young adults (aged 30–45 years) without clinical symptoms of atherosclerosis. Results: The mean ± SD osteopontin concentration was 60.7 ± 15.6 μg/mL in men and 51.7 ± 16.0 μg/mL in women. In multivariable models the correlates of osteopontin explained 6.9% (Model R2) of the total variation in osteopontin in men, including CRP (β = 3.02, p < 0.0001), SHBG (β = 0.21, p < 0.0001), total cholesterol (β = − 1.78, p = 0.002), age (β = − 0.26, p = 0.02) and alcohol use (β = 0.57, p = 0.04) and of these CRP had the greatest influence (Partial R2 = 2.1%). In women, multivariable correlates of osteopontin included CRP (β = 2.90, p < 0.0001), total cholesterol (β = − 1.99, p = 0.002), insulin (β = − 1.76, p = 0.001), physical activity (β = 0.66, p = 0.03), adiponectin (β = 0.25, p = 0.008) and diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.14, p = 0.003). These five variables explained 6.7% (Model R2) of the total variation in osteopontin, with CRP (Partial R2 = 2.7%) having the greatest influence. Osteopontin was not associated with carotid intima-media thickness, carotid elasticity, brachial endothelial function or the presence of a carotid plaque in either sex. Conclusion: We found no evidence of association between osteopontin levels and early vascular markers of atherosclerosis in asymptomatic young adults, suggesting that osteopontin is not implicated in the preclinical atherosclerotic changes in vascular structure and function.
Histological structure of the long bones of penguins

The gross structure of the skeleton of the penguins is well known (e.g., Gervais and Alix, 1877; Watson, 1883; Lowe, ’33; Menzbier, 1887). Most authors have commented on the density of the penguin’s long bones and the absence of pneumatization in the humerus, but the histology of the long bones in these birds has not been described. Even Foote (’16), who described the histological structure of the femur in 40 species of birds, did not consider the penguins. Increased bone density in secondarily marine vertebrates is well known, and is always associated with profound histological differences in the bones. Among reptiles it occurred in the extinct nothosaurs (Zangerl, ’35), among the mammals in the sirenians (Fawcett, ’42). The significance of this increased density, which is unknown in fresh-water forms, is not understood. It is usually attributed to the necessity for reducing buoyancy, but in some marine vertebrates (ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, cetaceans) the skeleton has gone to the opposite extreme and the bones are spongy, even cavernous. In fossil series the pachyostotic condition, characterized by extreme thickness and structural density of bones (Zangerl, ’35), is found among early marine forms, and tends to be replaced by the spongy condition in later forms of the same group. Zangerl has suggested that the spongy bone structure of the ichthyosaurs and whales is “postpa.chyostotic,” and that increased bone density is a transitory condition common to most secondarily marine vertebrates. The penguins, the most highly marine of the birds, resemble other groups of secondarily marine veretbrates in their extremely high bone density. In the present paper the histological structure of penguin long bones is examined and compared with conditions in marine reptiles and mammals.
[Endogenous secretion and reabsorption of 65zinc in ruminants as affected by zinc deficiency and feeding of ethylenediaminetetraacetate or cadmium].

Abstract Using chromic oxide as a nonabsorbed marker, endogenous secretion and reabsorption of 65 Zn in various segments of the gastrointestinal tract were studied in seven zinc-deficient and six normal calves and in eight deficient and eight normal goats. All were fed a highly digestible low zinc purified diet. The animals were euthanatized 14 days following a single oral dose of 65 Zn, at which time all the gastrointestinal 65 Zn was assumed to be of endogenous origin, though the amount present would be reduced by reabsorption. Dry matter digestibility, 65 Zn, and chromic oxide were determined in each section. Dry matter was absorbed in the rumen of both species with large amounts of secretion into the upper small intestine and reabsorption in the lower small intestine. Zinc-65 was secreted into the rumen and reticulum followed by variable amounts of reabsorption in the abomasum. Large amounts of 65 Zn were secreted into the anterior section of the small intestine with nearly all of it reabsorbed farther down the small intestine. The feeding of EDTA and cadmium did not have a clear-cut effect on 65 Zn or dry matter secretion or reabsorption in most sections. Likewise, a zinc-deficiency did not have a marked and consistent influence in most sections. There were appreciable differences in apparent dry matter and 65 Zn secretion into the upper small intestine between calves which fasted overnight and goats fed three hours prior to sacrifice. It is believed that this effect was due primarily to difference in the length of time since feeding the low residue diet.
Tobacco, Nicotine, and Headache

Migraineurs variably attribute the cause of their headache to tobacco exposure, whereas tobacco is often stated to cause headache‐related disability worldwide. Given tobacco's physiological and emotional addictiveness and migraine's substantial economic impact, improved functionality can be difficult for those with migraine exposed to tobacco products. Environmental tobacco exposure in indoor spaces and workplaces is associated with exacerbation of headache. Avoidance of headache triggers is included in most comprehensive migraine treatment programs, yet tobacco awareness, avoidance, or coping is rarely emphasized as part of that regimen.
Three‐dimensional dynamic bone histomorphometry

Dynamic bone histomorphometry is the standard method for measuring bone remodeling at the level of individual events. Although dynamic bone histomorphometry is an invaluable tool for understanding osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases, the technique's two‐dimensional nature requires the use of stereology and prevents measures of individual remodeling event number and size. Here, we used a novel three‐dimensional fluorescence imaging technique to achieve measures of individual resorption cavities and formation events. We performed this three‐dimensional histomorphometry approach using a common model of postmenopausal osteoporosis, the ovariectomized rat. The three‐dimensional images demonstrated the spatial relationship between resorption cavities and formation events consistent with the hemiosteonal model of cancellous bone remodeling. Established ovariectomy was associated with significant increases in the number of resorption cavities per unit bone surface (2.38 ± 0.24 mm−2 sham surgery versus 3.86 ± 0.35 mm−2 bilateral ovariectomy [OVX], mean ± SD, p < 0.05) and total volume occupied by cavities per unit bone volume (0.38% ± 0.06% sham versus 1.12% ± 0.18% OVX, p < 0.001), but there was no difference in surface area per resorption cavity, maximum cavity depth, or cavity volume. In addition, we found that established ovariectomy is associated with increased size of bone formation events because of the merging of formation events (23,700 ± 6,890 µm2 sham verusus 33,300 ± 7,950 µm2 OVX). No differences in mineral apposition rate (determined in 3D) were associated with established ovariectomy. That established estrogen depletion is associated with increased number of remodeling events with only subtle changes in remodeling event size suggests that circulating estrogens may have their primary effect on the origination of new basic multicellular units with relatively little effect on the progression and termination of active remodeling events. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research