Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of DNA synthesis and mitosis in hormone-dependent differentiation.

While cell division frequently plays a prominent role in morphogenesis, differentiated cells in most embryonic and adult tissues, i.e., those synthesizing a characteristic cell product, seldom divide. In contrast, many differentiated cell types can be forced to synthesize DNA and undergo mitosis by cultivation in vitro. Under these circumstances cells frequently lose those functions which characterize their differentiated state. '-5 Recent work in this area suggests that the environment in which daughter cells are formed, rather than cell division per se, determines whether specific functions are retained or lost.6-8 Although cell division may not be responsible for the loss of or failure to express cell function, this does not exclude the possibility that the environmental factors which produce changes in specialized cell function act during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. It is the purpose of the present investigations to determine if cell division may make a cell particularly vulnerable to environmental factors which are capable of producing changes in cell function. Specifically, it will be shown that DNA synthesis and/or cell division in mammary-gland epithelium is necessary for the initiation of differentiation (casein synthesis), and that daughter cells in this tissue have different functional properties when formed in different hormonal environments. Materials and Methods. -Animals: C3H/HeN female mice 9-12 days into their first pregnancy and virgin mice 3 months old were used in all studies reported here. Virgin mice are those reared from birth in the absence of males. Culture techniques: The technique of culturing small explants of mammary gland tissue in medium 199 (Microbiological Associates) gassed with 95 per cent air 5 per cent CO2 using a modified Chen procedure has been described.9 10 In these experiments, however, disposable Falcon plastic microdiffusion dishes were used rather than watch glasses and Petri dishes. Assay for casein and DNA synthesis: Determination of casein synthesis is based on the amount of PiI2 incorporated into Ca-ion-renlin precipitable casein (during a 4-hr pulse), as previously described.10 Starch gel electrophoresis of the casein precipitated by rennin demonstrated that it was indistinguishable from authentic mouse-milk casein. " DNA synthesis was determined in explants exposed to 0.5 Ac/ml of tritiated thymidine (Schwarz BioResearch, sp. act. 6.25 c/mM) for 4 hr. The explants were defatted by acetone extraction and then 2.5 mg of carrier bovine casein was added. The explants and the carrier were precipitated with an equal volume (2 ml) of cold 10 per cent TCA and then washed four times with cold 5 per cent TCA and three times with ether: ethanol (1: 3). The precipitate was dissolved in hyamine overnight and then counted in toluene-PPO-POPOP in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. Chemicals and hormones: Colchicine (Calbiochem) was used at a concentration of 0.025 ,g/ml of medium. This was the minimal concentration required to observe
Architectures of multisubunit complexes revealed by a visible immunoprecipitation assay using fluorescent fusion proteins

ABSTRACT In this study, we elucidated the architectures of two multisubunit complexes, the BBSome and exocyst, through a novel application of fluorescent fusion proteins. By processing lysates from cells co-expressing GFP and RFP fusion proteins for immunoprecipitation with anti-GFP nanobody, protein–protein interactions could be reproducibly visualized by directly observing the immunoprecipitates under a microscope, and evaluated using a microplate reader, without requiring immunoblotting. Using this ‘visible’ immunoprecipitation (VIP) assay, we mapped binary subunit interactions of the BBSome complex, and determined the hierarchies of up to four subunit interactions. We also demonstrated the assembly sequence of the BBSome around the centrosome, and showed that BBS18 (also known as BBIP1 and BBIP10) serves as a linker between BBS4 and BBS8 (also known as TTC8). We also applied the VIP assay to mapping subunit interactions of the exocyst tethering complex. By individually subtracting the eight exocyst subunits from multisubunit interaction assays, we unequivocally demonstrated one-to-many subunit interactions (Exo70 with Sec10+Sec15, and Exo84 with Sec10+Sec15+Exo70). The simple, versatile VIP assay described here will pave the way to understanding the architectures and functions of multisubunit complexes involved in a variety of cellular processes. Highlighted Article: The architectures of the BBSome and exocyst are revealed by a visible immunoprecipitation assay, which can detect interactions between fluorescent fusion proteins without performing western blotting.
Selective depletion of nk cell activity in vivo and its effect on the growth of NK‐sensitive and nk‐resistant tumor cell variants

Intravenous injection of rabbit anti‐asialo‐GM1 serum, an antiserum previously shown to eliminate splenic natural killer (NK) activity in vitro, profoundly depressed NK activity in CBA, DBA/2 and BALB/c nu/nu mice. The effect on NK activity was selective, as treatment of mice with anti‐asialo‐GM1 serum did not affect the development of other cytotoxic cells including cytotoxic macrophages following injection of poly I:C, or cytotoxic T cells in response to allogeneic cells. The role of NK cells in controlling tumor cell growth was investigated using an NK‐sensitive (cl 27v‐IC2) and an NK‐resistant (cl 27av) subline of the murine lymphoma L5178Y. Initial studies showed that cl 27v‐IC2 cells were at least 100 times less tumorigenic than were cl 27av cells in both syngeneic DBA/2 mice and BALB/c nu/nu mice. In addition, treatment of DBA/2 mice with poly I:C, which boosted NK activity, markedly depressed the growth of cl 27v‐IC2 cells, but not of cl 27av cells. On the other hand, treatment of DBA/2 mice and BALB/c nu/nu mice with antiasialo‐GM11 serum led to a marked increase in tumorigenicity of cl 27v‐IC2 cells, but had no effect on the tumorigenicity of cl 27av cells. In addition, the protection against cl 27v‐IC2 growth afforded by poly‐I:C treatment was abrogated by injection of anti‐asialo‐GM1 serum. The possibility that the effects observed were caused by binding of the injected antibodies to the tumor cells was minimized by: (1) using a clone of tumor cells (cl 27v‐IC2) that lacks chemically detectable asialo‐GM1, and (2) pre treating animals with anti‐asialo‐GM1 rather than administering antiserum and tumor cells concurrently. These studies provided compelling evidence that NK cells could play an active role in controlling tumor growth. Selective depletion of NK activity by injection of antiasialo‐GM1 serum is a method which would be generally applicable to studying the role of NK cells in disease processes.
ZAM distribution analysis of radiowave ionospheric propagation interference measurements

This work investigates the occurrence of radiowave propagation disturbances across a wide range of VLF and LF frequencies received prior to a seismic event (Mw=4), that took place on May 12th 2012, the epicenter of which was very close (14Km) to the receiver. The signals analysed were from 4 VLF and 6 LF European transmitters. This seismic event produced precursory ionospheric disturbances, identified as spectral distortion, before its occurrence, providing a distinct pattern. Although the basis of the ionosphere interaction with seismic phenomena has been well documented in previous studies, the close proximity of the receiver to the seismic event provides a new perspective to this study. The received signals have undergone normalisation and then they have been processed by the application of the Zhao-Atlas-Marks Distribution (ZAMD). Diagrams of the signals relevant to the phenomena are presented as well as the the result of the application of the ZAMD.
Equine gastric ulceration syndrome: treatment and prevention

KNOWLEDGE of the clinical signs, incidence, aetiology, management, treatment and prevention of equine gastric squamous mucosal ulceration has developed since the original groundbreaking work performed by Murray and others over 20 years ago (Murray and others 1989). Equestrian disciplines in which horses have been found to have a high incidence of squamous ulceration include racing (Murray and others 1996), endurance (Tamzali and others 2011) and showing (McClure and others 1999), but significant proportions of horses used for less demanding pleasure pursuits may also have gastric ulceration (Luthersson and others 2009). Although omeprazole has been shown to be highly effective in suppressing gastric acid production and enhancing the rate of ulcer healing (Murray and others 1997), it is expensive and not permitted for use in many competitive events. There is therefore great demand for the production of alternatives, such as gastroprotective feed supplements, that are allowed according to competition rules. Many such products are available, but very few are supported by convincing clinical evidence regarding their efficacy in suppressing ulcer development. On p 147 of this issue of Veterinary Record , Sanz and others (2014) report a prospective crossover study designed to assess the ability of an oral pectin-lecithin complex to prevent the development of ulcers in an experimental model. The evidence published previously regarding the efficacy of this complex in either preventing or treating equine gastric …
Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 in Umbilical Cord Blood from Mature Infants

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) seems to be a highly specific intestinotrophic mediator. From animal studies, GLP-2 is known to increase in the early neonatal period before it falls to adult level. No studies in newborn infants addressing this specific subject have been published so far. Objectives: To measure GLP-2 concentrations in umbilical cord blood from healthy mature infants and to assess any influence from the processes associated with spontaneous birth to GLP-2 production. Subjects: Twenty-one children delivered by elective cesarean section for maternal reasons and 18 children delivered spontaneously vaginally and without complications were included. Gestational age (GA) was median (range) 38.7 (40.7–37.1) weeks and 40.2 (41.9–38) weeks, and birth weight was median (range) 3,210 (4,820–2,100) g and 3,396 (4,225–3,050) g, respectively. The infants had no diagnosed diseases or malformations. Methods: Umbilical cord blood was collected shortly after birth. Plasma was separated and GLP-2 immunoreactivity was measured with a specific NH2-terminal radioimmunoassay. Results: GLP-2 was detected in all samples. Mean values ±SD were 16.7 ± 3.9 pmol/l and range was 32–11 pmol/l, which is comparable to adult fasting levels. No significant correlation to birth weight (p = 0.087) or to cesarean section (p = 0.059) was found. In multiple linear regression analysis (GLP-2 vs. GA + cesarean section), neither vaginal delivery nor GA were statistically significantly related to the level of GLP-2 (p = 0.28 and 0.18), respectively. Conclusions: GLP-2 is present in human cord blood by the time of birth. The level of GLP-2 is comparable to adult fasting levels. Spontaneous birth at most induces a minor increase in GLP-2 in term infants. In the narrow age interval studied, no significant effect of maturation was seen.
Field Evaluation of Mosquito Control Devices in Southern Louisiana

ABSTRACT The effect of 2 mosquito traps and 2 repellent systems on the catch of adult mosquitoes in American Biophysics Corporation (ABC) light traps was evaluated over a 14-month period at 3 locations in Louisiana. Devices evaluated included 1) ABC Mosquito Magnet® with dry ice and octanol; 2) the BioSensory 500 cc Dragonfly® Biting Insect Trap with CO2, octenol, and Mosquito Cognito®, which uses ConcealTM inhibitor; 3) the SC Johnson OFF! ® Mosquito Lantern; and 4) the ThermaCell® cordless mosquito repellent system. The number of adult mosquitoes caught in the ABC light traps, at the SC Johnson OFF! ® Mosquito Lantern, and ThermaCell® cordless mosquito repellent treatment sites was significantly lower than the number collected at the ABC Mosquito Magnet or the Dragonfly/Mosquito Cognito trap system sites. When the 2 repellent devices were placed in combination with the ABC traps, mosquito numbers were significantly reduced when compared with sites with ABC traps alone. These data indicate that the SC Johnson OFF! Mosquito Lantern and ThermaCell cordless mosquito system may reduce attack from biting mosquitoes due to the reduction in their numbers. In the same study, the mosquito counts of the trapping devices also were reported.
Glaucoma in Microspherophakia: Presenting Features and Treatment Outcomes

Purpose:To report the clinical features, management, and treatment outcomes of glaucoma in microspherophakia. Methods:Medical records of 159 eyes of 80 subjects with microspherophakia were reviewed. The clinical features at presentation, presence of glaucoma, methods of treatment, and their outcomes were noted. Glaucoma was diagnosed based on intraocular pressure (IOP)≥22 mm Hg on 2 different occasions and/or glaucomatous optic disc damage. Angle closure was defined as occludable angles >270 degrees with or without presence of peripheral anterior synechiae. Results:Glaucoma was diagnosed in 81 eyes (51%). The mean age of subjects was 20±13 years, mean refractive error was −13.5±5.5, the mean IOP was 27.7±11.1 mm Hg. IOP≥22 mm Hg was present in 84% of eyes, disc damage in 59% of the eyes, 75% eyes had angle closure, and 25% had open angle on gonioscopy. Subluxation of crystalline lens was seen in 53 eyes and 14 eyes had dislocation of the lens; systemic associations were present in 21 subjects (3 Marfan syndrome, 18 Weill-Marchesani syndrome). Nine eyes out of 51 and 2 out of 16 eyes responded to medical treatment and laser iridotomy, respectively. Of the 48 eyes that required surgical intervention, 24 eyes underwent trabeculectomy. Complete success probability of trabeculectomy was 86% [95% confidence interval (CI), 63%-95%] at 6 months, 77% (95% CI, 53%-90%) at 1 year, which was maintained till 7 years, and reduced to 61% (95%CI, 26%-84%) at 8 years. Nearly 20% of eyes at presentation and 30% of the eyes at last follow-up were blind due to glaucoma. Conclusions:More than half of the eyes with microspherophakia in this series presented with glaucoma; angle closure was the predominant form of glaucoma. Blindness due to glaucoma in microspherophakia was 20% to 30%.
Case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting with t(14;18)/BCL2, t(8;14)/cMYC, and t(1;2)/FCGR2B

The majority of follicular lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma are associated with reciprocal translocations involving BCL2 and cMYC, respectively. Unusual reports of aggressive lymphoma presenting with both translocations have been described as well as rare cases with a third structural alteration usually involving BCL6. The patient described here presented with aggressive high‐grade lymphocytic leukemia, FAB subtype L2 (ALL‐L2), and three reciprocal translocations, t(14;18)(q32;q21), t(8;14)(q24.1;q32), and t(1;2) (q22–23;p13). Despite immature morphology the leukemic blasts had a mature B‐cell phenotype; they were positive for surface immunoglobulin heavy chains and negative for CD34, TdT, and CD10. Most reported dual t(14;18)/t(8;14) cases have not shown sIg and were positive for CD10. Molecular genetic analyses showed the typical rearrangements of BCL2 and cMYC as well as the FCGR2B gene on chromosome 1q23. The occurrence of a third oncogene rearrangement in association with the dual BCL2, cMYC translocations in ALL patients is very rare. To our knowledge, this is the first case where the third hit involves the FCGR2B locus. This report reiterates the poor prognosis associated with activation of cMYC together with elevated Bcl‐2 expression. These data also support recent evidence that dysregulation of FCGR2B may play a role in tumor progression. Am. J. Hematol. 74:112–118, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Acetabular Loading in Rehabilitation

Acetabular fractures are produced by high energy injuries that often cause dislocation of the fragments with gaps and steps (Olson et al., 1997). The goal of operative treatment of such fractures is to restore acetabular anatomy with perfect fragment reduction and stable fixation in order to enable early joint movement (Letournel and Judet, 1993). The fixation of the fragments is not strong enough to allow weight bearing before the bone is healed (Goulet et al., 1994; Olson, 2003) and in some patients even physical therapy with initial passive motion and continued active exercises without weight bearing could lead to dislocation of fragments and early posttraumatic osteoarthritis (Letournel and Judet, 1993). Early physical therapy of patients with acetabular fractures therefore requires careful selection of exercises in order to prevent excessive loading of the injured acetabular region. Current guidelines for nonoperative management of acetabular fractures and postoperative management of surgical procedures in the acetabular region recommend initial bed rest followed by passive motion in the hip joint. Initial active non-weight-bearing exercises commence a few days after surgery and include active flexion, extension and abduction in the hip in the upright position. The same set of exercises in supine or side-lying abduction is usually postponed until 5-14 days postoperatively. Partial weight-bearing with stepwise progression usually starts 6 weeks postoperatively and full weight bearing is eventually allowed at 10 weeks (Maurer et al., 1997). Recently, interesting information was obtained by direct measurements of acetabular contact pressures during rehabilitation exercises in subject with pressure-instrumented partial endoprostheses where it was found that acetabular pressures may not follow the predicted rank order corresponding to the commonly prescribed temporal order of rehabilitation activities (Givens-Heiss et al., 1992; Tackson et al., 1997). It has been found that hip stress magnitudes in some non-weight bearing exercises can exceed hip stress in weight bearing exercises or even gait. Due to technical complexity and invasiveness of direct contact stress distribution measurement, various mathematical models for calculation of the contact stress distribution in the hip joint have been proposed (Brand, 2005; Daniel et al., 2008; Genda et al., 2001; Ipavec et al., 1999; 1995; Legal and Reinicke, 1980; Pedersen et al., 1997). Recently, amathematical model has been developed that enables computation of the contact stress distribution at any given position of
Reinitiation Within One Cell Cycle of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis Induced by Simian Virus 40

The infection of secondary cultures of Chinese hamster cells with simian virus 40 (SV40) induces the appearance of cells with polyploid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content or chromosomal component within one cell generation. The mechanism of this phenomenon was studied by the use of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporation as a DNA density marker. When cultures were treated with 14C-BUdR and colcemide and harvested at 48 hr postinfection, only hybrid and light DNA molecules were found in control cultures, whereas in infected cultures there were also heavy molecules. The proportion of heavy DNA synthesized during the experimental period varied from 13 to 25%. It was determined by DNA-DNA hybridization that the heavy DNA consisted of cellular DNA. In radioautographic experiments, it was shown that, under the conditions used, a fraction of the infected cell population twice replicated its complete DNA content. Analysis of the kinetics indicated that the heavy DNA resulted from the reinitiation of DNA synthesis after the initial replication of the entire cell DNA. It was concluded that, after infection with SV40, a fraction of the Chinese hamster cell population undergoes two cycles of DNA synthesis without intervening mitosis.
A Fourier Pseudospectral Method for Solving Coupled Viscous Burgers Equations

Abstract The Fourier pseudo-spectral method has been studied for a one- dimensional coupled system of viscous Burgers equations. Two test problems with known exact solutions have been selected for this study. In this paper, the rate of con- vergence in time and error analysis of the solution of the first problem has been studied, while the numerical results of the second problem obtained by the present method are compared to those obtained by using the Chebyshev spectral collocation method. The numerical results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional one in terms of accuracy and convergence rate.
DNA Toroids: Framework for DNA Repair in Deinococcus radiodurans and in Germinating Bacterial Spores

Bacteria belonging to the family Deinococcaceae survive exposure to >1.5 megarads of ionizing irradiation or to extreme desiccation without lethality or mutagenesis (2, 31, 35). This tolerance derives from the ability of these species to accurately mend numerous double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), thus reassembling an intact genome from hundreds of fragments in a manner that restores chromosomal continuity. The only known mechanism that enables accurate repair of DSBs in bacteria is RecA-dependent homologous recombination, whereby information lost at a lesion is restored by a homologous DNA sequence that acts as a template (22-24). As such, DNA repair via homologous recombination strictly depends upon the ability of cellular systems to perform a rapid and efficient genomewide search for homologous DNA sites (27). However, following extensive DNA fragmentation, no intact template remains. Homologous search conducted under such circumstances would necessarily entail repetitive reinspection of multiple randomly dispersed DNA fragments, rendering the process inherently futile (9a, 36). Indeed, the first phase of DNA repair in Deinococcus radiodurans was shown to be RecA independent (9), implying that this phase does not rely on homologous recombination. The high resistance of bacterial spores to irradiation and desiccation indicates that DSBs inflicted by these assaults on dormant spores are efficiently and accurately mended upon germination. However, DNA repair involving homologous search processes cannot occur in germinating spores, because bacterial spores regularly carry only one copy of their genomes (5). Consequently, germinating spores lack the template required for accurate homologous-recombination-mediated repair of DSBs.