Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth, yield, economics and water use efficiency of onion (Allium cepa L.) under different micro irrigation systems

Selection of the proper irrigation method will be advantageous to manage limited water supplies and increase crop profitability. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, field economics and water use efficiency on onion under different micro irrigation system. This study was conducted in PFDC field, ICAR-CIAE Bhopal. In this study four irrigation methods (Drip, Sprinkler, Perforated pipe and Flood irrigation method) were used. The higher onion yield obtained with the drip irrigation followed by perforated pipe system and the lowest yield was obtained in flood irrigation system. The large onion sized was higher for the drip irrigation method than the other three methods. It was concluded that drip irrigation system gives more yield and increased onion size while using almost half of the water. This was due to drip irrigation system allowing for more frequent and smaller irrigation depths with higher irrigation efficiency.
State of the App: A Taxonomy and Framework for Evaluating Language Learning Mobile Applications

The widespread growth in availability and use of smartphones and tablets has facilitated an unprecedented avalanche of new software applications with language learning and teaching capabilities. However, little has been published in terms of effective design and evaluation of language learning apps. This article reviews current research about the potential of apps for language learning and presents a taxonomy of available apps and their use for language learning. The article also presents a framework consisting of four categories for evaluating language learning apps (technology, pedagogy, user experience, and language learning) and a set of criteria within the categories. Finally, the article proposes areas for further research.
Examining the Deep Belief Network for Subpixel Unmixing with Medium Spatial Resolution Multispectral Imagery in Urban Environments

Mixed pixels in medium spatial resolution imagery create major challenges in acquiring accurate pixel-based land use and land cover information. Deep belief network (DBN), which can provide joint probabilities in land use and land cover classification, may serve as an alternative tool to address this mixed pixel issue. Since DBN performs well in pixel-based classification and object-based identification, examining its performance in subpixel unmixing with medium spatial resolution multispectral image in urban environments would be of value. In this study, (1) we examined DBN’s ability in subpixel unmixing with Landsat imagery, (2) explored the best-fit parameter setting for the DBN model and (3) evaluated its performance by comparing DBN with random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA). The results illustrated that (1) DBN performs well in subpixel unmixing with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.06 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0077. (2) A larger sample size (e.g., greater than 3000) can provide stable and high accuracy while two-RBM-layer and 50 batch sizes are the best parameters for DBN in this study. Epoch size and learning rate should be decided by specific applications since there is not a consistent pattern in our experiments. Finally, (3) DBN can provide comparable results compared to RF, SVM and MESMA. We concluded that DBN can be viewed as an alternative method for subpixel unmixing with Landsat imagery and this study provides references for other scholars to use DBN in subpixel unmixing in urban environments.
Plasma Blobs Concurrently Observed With Bubbles in the Asian‐Oceanian Sector During Solar Maximum

With simultaneous ionospheric measurements from ROCSAT‐1 satellite and ground ionosondes/GPS receivers, three cases of concurrent plasma blobs and bubbles in the same magnetic meridian were observed around 22:30 LT in Asian‐Oceanian sector during solar maximum. Two cases were observed: equatorial spread F (ESF) over Vanimo station (geog. 2.7°S, 141.3°E; geom. 11.2°S, 146.2°W) and plasma blobs around 8.0°S (geom.) on 1 June and 6 October 2003. The other case observed equatorial spread F over Hainan station (geog. 19.5°N, 109.1°E; geom. 9.1°N, 179.1°W) and plasma blob near the dip equator on 8 March 2004. Plasma blobs were all observed near 600‐km height near the equator. Equatorial spread F and amplitude scintillations from the ground stations were observed near the same magnetic meridian, indicating the existence of bubbles. Considering that both plasma bubbles and blobs are field‐aligned elongated structures, magnetic field line mapping shows that in the two cases at Vanimo, blobs were above bubbles, providing direct observational evidence for blob formation in the intermediate stage of plasma bubble evolution; in the case at Hainan, the blob and bubble were likely at similar height, and it could be generated by gravity wave.
Glacial geomorphology of the Chirripó National Park, Costa Rica

ABSTRACT Several regions of tropical America show imprints of past glacial activity. These relict landforms can support the understanding of past climate conditions, such as during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and the implications that these paleoclimatic conditions could have had on landscape change. Here, we present and analyze glacial morphologies for the Chirripó National Park in Costa Rica based on aerial imagery (1:25,000), detailed Digital Elevation Models, geomorphic mapping, as well as geomorphic assessments in the field to determine and validate landforms. This study adds valuable insights into the reconstruction of the maximum expansion of tropical glaciation during the LGM in Costa Rica and into tropical America glacial landscapes in general.
Survey of Saturn Whistler Mode Hiss Intensity

We have conducted an extensive survey of whistler mode hiss emission at Saturn using nearly the complete data set from the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science investigation. We distinguish the hiss emission by frequency and intensity threshold criteria. The survey includes all longitudes and latitudes >25° for r < 10 RS, limited to the availability of plasma density data. The results indicate that hiss intensity is highest at high latitude, and the level of intensity is larger than chorus by at least an order of magnitude. After a rapid increase in intensity starting near L = 13, the hiss intensity remains relatively constant extending to L > 100. The intensity of the hiss as a function of frequency has a shallow peak near 35 Hz but remains always in the range ~5 × 10−5 nT2 < I < ~10−3 nT2. These survey results will be important in modeling the scattering interactions of whistler mode emissions with electrons in the Saturn magnetosphere. Based on recent particle and field observations, sources of Saturn hiss occur on and near the footprints of field‐aligned currents, plasma injections, and reconnected field lines.
A Review of Radar‐Rain Gauge Data Merging Methods and Their Potential for Urban Hydrological Applications

Radar‐rain gauge merging techniques have been widely used to improve the applicability of radar and rain gauge rainfall estimates by combining their advantages, while partially overcoming their individual weaknesses. Despite significant research in this area, guidance on the suitability of and factors affecting merging techniques at the fine spatial‐temporal resolutions required for urban hydrological applications is still insufficient. In this paper, an in‐depth review of radar‐rain gauge merging techniques is conducted, with a focus on their potential for urban hydrological applications. An overview is first given of existing merging techniques and an application‐oriented categorization is proposed: (1) radar bias adjustment methods, (2) rain gauge interpolation methods using radar spatial association as additional information, and (3) radar‐rain gauge integration methods. A detailed review is given of studies focusing on the evaluation and intercomparison of merging methods, based upon which the most widely used and best performing techniques from each category are identified. These are mean field bias adjustment, kriging with external drift, and Bayesian merging. Climatological, operational, and methodological factors affecting merging performance are then reviewed and their relevance for urban applications discussed. Based on this review, conclusions on merging potential for urban applications are drawn and research gaps are identified, which should be addressed to provide further guidance on the use of merging techniques for urban hydrological applications.
Reflections On Thai Culture

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Geostrophic currents in the northern Nordic Seas from a combination of multi-mission satellite altimetry and ocean modeling

Abstract. A deeper knowledge about geostrophic ocean surface currents in the northern Nordic Seas supports the understanding of ocean dynamics in an area affected by sea ice and rapidly changing environmental conditions. Monitoring these areas by satellite altimetry results in a fragmented and irregularly distributed data sampling and prevents the computation of homogeneous and highly resolved spatio-temporal datasets. In order to overcome this problem, an ocean model is used to fill in data when altimetry observations are missing. The present study provides a novel dataset based on a combination of along-track satellite-altimetry-derived dynamic ocean topography (DOT) elevations and simulated differential water heights (DWHs) from the Finite Element Sea ice Ocean Model (FESOM) version 1.4. This innovative dataset differs from classical assimilation methods because it substitutes altimetry data with the model output when altimetry fails or is not available. The combination approach is mainly based on a principal component analysis (PCA) after reducing both quantities by their constant and seasonal signals. In the main step, the most-dominant spatial patterns of the modeled differential water heights as provided by the PCA are linked with the temporal variability in the estimated DOT from altimetry by performing a principal component synthesis (PCS). After the combination, the annual signal obtained by altimetry and a constant offset are re-added in order to reference the final data product to the altimetry height level. Surface currents are computed by applying the geostrophic flow equations to the combined topography. The resulting final product is characterized by the spatial resolution of the ocean model around 1 km and the temporal variability in the altimetry along-track derived DOT heights. The combined DOT is compared to an independent DOT product, resulting in a positive correlation of about 80 %, to provide more detailed information about short periodic and finer spatial structures. The derived geostrophic velocity components are evaluated by in situ surface drifter observations. Summarizing all drifter observations in equally sized bins and comparing the velocity components shows good agreement in spatial patterns, magnitude and flow direction. Mean differences of 0.004 m s−1 in the zonal and 0.02 m s−1 in the meridional component are observed. A direct pointwise comparison between the combined geostrophic velocity components interpolated onto the drifter locations indicates that about 94 % of all residuals are smaller than 0.15 m s−1. The dataset is able to provide surface circulation information within the sea ice area and can be used to support a deeper comprehension of ocean currents in the northern Nordic Seas affected by rapid environmental changes in the 1995–2012 time period. The data are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.900691 (Müller et al., 2019).
Determinants of Enrolment and Renewing of Community-Based Health Insurance in Households With Under-5 Children in Rural South-Western Uganda

Background: The desire for universal health coverage in developing countries has brought attention to communitybased health insurance (CBHI) schemes in developing countries. The government of Uganda is currently debating policy for the national health insurance programme, targeting the integration of existing CBHI schemes into a larger national risk pool. However, while enrolment has been largely studied in other countries, it remains a generally under-covered issue from a Ugandan perspective. Using a large CBHI scheme, this study, therefore, aims at shedding more light on the determinants of households’ decisions to enrol and renew membership in these schemes. Methods: We collected household data from 464 households in 14 villages served by a large CBHI scheme in southwestern Uganda. We then estimated logistic and zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regressions to understand the determinants of enrolment and renewing membership in CBHI, respectively. Results: Results revealed that household’s socioeconomic status, husband’s employment in rural casual work (odds ratio [OR]: 2.581, CI: 1.104-6.032) and knowledge of health insurance premiums (OR: 17.072, CI: 7.027-41.477) were significant predictors of enrolment. Social capital and connectivity, assessed by the number of voluntary groups a household belonged to, was also positively associated with CBHI participation (OR: 5.664, CI: 2.927-10.963). More positive perceptions on insurance (OR: 2.991, CI: 1.273-7.029), access to information were also associated with enrolment and renewing among others. Burial group size and number of burial groups in a village, were all significantly associated with increased the likelihood of renewing CBHI. Conclusion: While socioeconomic factors remain important predictors of participation in insurance, mechanisms to promote inclusion should be devised. Improving the participation of communities can enhance trust in insurance and eventual coverage. Moreover, for households already insured, access to correct information and strengthening their social network information pathways enhances their chances of renewing.
A CONTENT-BASED READABILITY FORMULA FOR FILIPINO TEXTS

Several well-known formulas for measuring readability of texts have been developed for use particularly in assessing English texts. For assessing texts in other languages, these formulas were found inadequate or even inappropriate primarily because of the differences in the syntactic structure and lexical nature between and among languages. Thus, some countries have adapted or developed their own formulas to assess reading texts in their respective languages. To date, there is no known formula being widely used to establish the readability of Filipino texts. This study attempted to develop a readability formula that can be used as the standard in determining the readability levels of Filipino academic books required in the different content area subjects, from Kinder to fourth year high school, that use Filipino as the medium of instruction.
Beyond Static Benchmarking: Using Experimental Manipulations to Evaluate Land Model Assumptions

Land models are often used to simulate terrestrial responses to future environmental changes, but these models are not commonly evaluated with data from experimental manipulations. Results from experimental manipulations can identify and evaluate model assumptions that are consistent with appropriate ecosystem responses to future environmental change. We conducted simulations using three coupled carbon‐nitrogen versions of the Community Land Model (CLM, versions 4, 4.5, and—the newly developed—5), and compared the simulated response to nitrogen (N) and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment with meta‐analyses of observations from similar experimental manipulations. In control simulations, successive versions of CLM showed a poleward increase in gross primary productivity and an overall bias reduction, compared to FLUXNET‐MTE observations. Simulations with N and CO2 enrichment demonstrate that CLM transitioned from a model that exhibited strong nitrogen limitation of the terrestrial carbon cycle (CLM4) to a model that showed greater responsiveness to elevated concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere (CLM5). Overall, CLM5 simulations showed better agreement with observed ecosystem responses to experimental N and CO2 enrichment than previous versions of the model. These simulations also exposed shortcomings in structural assumptions and parameterizations. Specifically, no version of CLM captures changes in plant physiology, allocation, and nutrient uptake that are likely important aspects of terrestrial ecosystems' responses to environmental change. These highlight priority areas that should be addressed in future model developments. Moving forward, incorporating results from experimental manipulations into model benchmarking tools that are used to evaluate model performance will help increase confidence in terrestrial carbon cycle projections.
Pit latrine faecal sludge solid waste quantification and characterization to inform the design of treatment facilities in peri-urban areas: A case study of Kanyama

The purpose of the study was to quantify waste content in faecal sludge using an appropriate method and characterise the solid wastes inherent with the faecal sludge into categories. A total of eight (8) domestic pit-latrines were analysed in the peri-urban area of Kanyama settlement in Lusaka from July to October, 2018. From each latrine, three (3) samples were obtained for analysis of solid waste and sand/grit quantities. The quantified solid waste was further characterised to generate its composition. The method of estimation involved separation of the excreta from the solid waste and grit/sand of the faecal sludge by means of washing and drying of the contents. The results indicated high content of total waste, taken as the summation of all the solid waste including grit/sand which averaged 34.2±10.3% (n=24) per wet mass of faecal sludge and 68.9±8.0% (n=24) per dry mass of faecal sludge. Characterisation of the solid waste in the faecal sludge (n=24) showed a composition of 54.4±13.3% textiles, 16.7±6.4% plastics, 8.6±9.3% others, 8.6±5.8% organic waste, 7.6±4.8% paper, 3.1±3.6% metal and 1.0±1.2% glass. The high content of waste has an implication on the handling of faecal sludge especially at the stages of desludging, treatment and disposal/re-use. The study proposed and recommended implementation of user education, improving solid waste management systems in peri-urban areas and studying the feasibility of placing some facilities like biogas digesters above ground to facilitate removal of grit, which is usually problematic with underground facilities. The study also proposed and recommended strengthening the regulation on the construction and operations of latrines, which should be supported by enacting a responsive regulatory framework to ensure all measures, are effectively implemented. Key words: Faecal sludge, peri-urban area, pit latrine, solid waste management.
Conservation of Biodiversity and Poverty in Costa Rica: Analysis by Planning Regions

One of the main strategies to preserve biodiversity has been the creation of protected areas, and some authors argue that such action will also have economic benefits for the human communities involved. Nevertheless, in several countries a spatial coincidence between these areas and poverty has been registered. This work evaluated whether there was more poverty in Costa Rican districts that have larger areas in inland national park or biological reserves. As an estimator of poverty in the districts, the Costa Rican index of social development (ISD) was used. For the whole country, districts with protected (DPA) areas had a lower ISD than those without them (DNPA). This result was also observed in the Central and Huetar Caribe planning regions; the opposite happened in the Huetar Norte region. The differences between planning regions offer opportunities for further research.
Quantifying Leaf Phenology of Individual Trees and Species in a Tropical Forest Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Images

Tropical forests exhibit complex but poorly understood patterns of leaf phenology. Understanding species- and individual-level phenological patterns in tropical forests requires datasets covering large numbers of trees, which can be provided by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). In this paper, we test a workflow combining high-resolution RGB images (7 cm/pixel) acquired from UAVs with a machine learning algorithm to monitor tree and species leaf phenology in a tropical forest in Panama. We acquired images for 34 flight dates over a 12-month period. Crown boundaries were digitized in images and linked with forest inventory data to identify species. We evaluated predictions of leaf cover from different models that included up to 14 image features extracted for each crown on each date. The models were trained and tested with visual estimates of leaf cover from 2422 images from 85 crowns belonging to eight species spanning a range of phenological patterns. The best-performing model included both standard color metrics, as well as texture metrics that quantify within-crown variation, with r2 of 0.84 and mean absolute error (MAE) of 7.8% in 10-fold cross-validation. In contrast, the model based only on the widely-used Green Chromatic Coordinate (GCC) index performed relatively poorly (r2 = 0.52, MAE = 13.6%). These results highlight the utility of texture features for image analysis of tropical forest canopies, where illumination changes may diminish the utility of color indices, such as GCC. The algorithm successfully predicted both individual-tree and species patterns, with mean r2 of 0.82 and 0.89 and mean MAE of 8.1% and 6.0% for individual- and species-level analyses, respectively. Our study is the first to develop and test methods for landscape-scale UAV monitoring of individual trees and species in diverse tropical forests. Our analyses revealed undescribed patterns of high intraspecific variation and complex leaf cover changes for some species.
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AT RIVER CONTRACTIONS

River contractions might occur because of either natural controls or hydraulic works. This paper aims to provide new insights on the temporal evolution of the morphological patterns at river contractions based on experiments at laboratory scale. Laboratory tests were performed in a 20 m long straight channel having a rectangular cross section, 1.0 m wide and 1.0 m deep. The erodible bed reach was made by almost uniform sediment consisting of either rough sand or medium gravel. The contraction model was 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 m long. Three contraction ratios = b/B = 0.9, 0.8, and 0.7 were considered, with b width of the contracted reach and B width of the approach channel. The experiments were performed in clear-water scour regime and steady flow conditions. Typically, they were of long duration (up to 15 days) to achieve conditions of dynamic equilibrium, but runs of short duration were also carried out to acquire suitable experimental data at the earlier stages of the bed forms development. Compared to previous studies by the author on the same topic, new results are provided on bed morphology characteristics, also considering literature data, and predictive models on the timedependent development of the bed degradation in and downstream of the contracted area.