Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FREIE RELATIVSÄ TZE UND DIE KASUSHIERARCHIE

Fu r die Bildung von freien Relativsatzen existieren in verschiedenen Sprachen unterschiedliche Regeln. In einer Reihe von Sprachen mus der Kasus des Relativpronomens mit dem Kasus u bereinstimmen, den das Matrixverb fu r die NP fordert, an deren Stelle der freie Relativsatz auftritt. Diese sogenannten "Matching-Effekte" sind jedoch nicht in allen Sprachen vorhanden. Es gibt Sprachen, in denen Matching generell nicht oder unter bestimmten Bedingungen nicht erforderlich ist.1 Deutsch wird im allgemeinen zu den Sprachen gerechnet, in denen freie Relativsatze MatchingEffekte aufweisen mu ssen.2 Ein Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist, zu zeigen, das dies nicht uneingeschrankt gilt. Auch im Deutschen gibt es freie Relativsatze, die kein Matching aufweisen. Bei dem Kasuskonflikt zwischen dem vom Matrixverb und dem Verb innerhalb des freien Relativsatzes geforderten Kasus kann ersterer unrealisiert bleiben, wenn er hoher auf der Kasushierarchie rangiert als der vom Verb im freien Relativsatz geforderte Kasus. Unabhangige Evidenzen fu r diese Hierarchie werden aufgezeigt. Abschlies end werden die Konsequenzen dieses Befunds fu r die Struktur von freien Relativsatzen diskutiert.
Developing a single comparison stimulus for matching breathy voice quality.

PURPOSE In this experiment, a single comparison stimulus was developed as a reference in a perceptual matching task for the quantification of breathy voice quality. Perceptual judgments of a set of synthetic voice samples were compared to previous data obtained using multiple comparison stimuli "customized" for different voices (Patel, Shrivastav, & Eddins, 2010). METHOD Five male and 5 female samples of the vowel /a/ were selected from the Kay Elemetrics Disordered Voice Database and resynthesized using a Klatt synthesizer. Eleven samples were created for each base voice by manipulating the aspiration noise level. Five samples from each continuum were evaluated in a perceptual matching task in which a single sawtooth and noise comparison stimulus was used to obtain breathiness judgments. Linear regression was used to compare measurements obtained using the new comparison stimulus against the customized comparison stimuli. RESULTS Results indicated that the noncustomized sawtooth comparison provides reliability and perceptual distances between stimuli similar to those obtained using customized comparison stimuli. CONCLUSION A single-variable matching task using a single comparison stimulus can be used to obtain perceptual estimates of breathiness across voices and experiments in a laboratory setting. This technique will help develop models of voice-quality perception.
Chemical Variation in Piper aduncum and Biological Properties of Its Dillapiole‐Rich Essential Oil

The essential oils of the specimens of Piper aduncum that occur in deforested areas of Brazilian Amazon, North Brazil, are rich in dillapiole (35–90%), a derivative of phenylpropene, to which are attributed biological properties. On the other hand, the oils of the specimens with occurrence in the Atlantic Forest, and Northeastern and Southeastern Brazil, do not contain dillapiole, but only terpene compounds such as (E)‐nerolidol and linalool. One specimen existing in the Amazon was hydrodistilled. The obtained oil was fractioned on a silica chromatographic column, resulting in fractions rich in dillapiole (95.0–98.9%) utilized for analyses by GC and GC/MS, structural characterization by NMR, confirmation of their biological properties, and to obtain the isomer isodillapiole. Dillapiole showed a fungicide action against the fungus Clinipellis perniciosa (witches' broom) by inhibition of its basidiospores, in concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 ppm. The larvicide and insecticide actions of dillapiole were tested against the larvae and the adult insects of Anopheles marajoara and Aedes aegypti (malaria and dengue mosquitoes), resulting in mortality of the larvae (48 h, 100%) at a concentration of 100 ppm, and mortality of the insects (30 min, 100%) at a concentration of 600 ppm. The isomeric isodillapiole showed no significant activity in the same biological tests.
Ischemic preconditioning diminishes oxygen demand and increases coronary flow in the early phase of reperfusion in rat heart.

BACKGROUND Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can be defined as an adaptive mechanism induced by a brief period of reversible ischemia increasing the heart's resistance to a subsequent longer period of ischemia. The objective of our research was to describe the effects of IPC on the hemodynamic function and metabolism of the myocardium during postischemic reperfusion. MATERIAL/METHODS 20 rat hearts were assigned to a preconditioning group (n=10) or to a control group (n=10). Preconditioning was achieved with 5 min. of global ischemia and 10 min. of reperfusion followed by 40 min. of ischemia. We investigated the postischemic recovery of aortic pressure, cardiac output, and coronary flow, as well as oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide release, and [H+] release. RESULTS No significant intergroup differences in aortic pressure and cardiac output were observed during reperfusion. In both groups, increased coronary flow (greater in the IPC group: 11.4+/-0.6 ml/min. vs 9.1+/-0.5 ml/min. in control group) was observed in the early phase of reperfusion. This was accompanied by a rise in CO2 and [H+] release, which was also greater in the IPC group. Oxygen consumption was significantly lower in the IPC group in the later phase of reperfusion (9.39+/-0.53 vs 11.79+/-0.54 micromol/min/g dry weight), as were CO2 and [H+] release. CONCLUSIONS IPC diminishes oxygen demand during reperfusion without changing the hemodynamic function considerably. IPC results in a transient increase of coronary flow accompanied by a rise in CO2 and [H+] release.
Evaluation of Hemoglobin and Platelet Levels in Mild , Moderate and Severe Preeclampsia

Objective: The aim of this study is to find out the relationship between the hemoglobin and platelet levels and the severity of preeclampsia. Methods: One hundred and twenty seven cases of mild preeclampsia, 96 cases of moderate preeclampsia and 71 cases of severe preeclampsia diagnosed in our clinic between the years January 2004 and August 2007 were evaluated retrospectively. One hundred and eight healthy pregnant women with similar demographic features and gestational age and without the diagnosis of preeclampsia, gestational or chronic hypertension and proteinuria were included in the study as the control group. The age, gravida, parity, gestational age, hemoglobin and platelet levels, 1st and 5th minute Apgar score of the newborn and birth weight of cases were compared. Variance analysis was used for four group comparisons. Results: The demographic characteristics of the cases evaluated in the study were similar. There was no difference between four groups for the hemoglobin levels (control group: 11.7±1.7, mild preeclampsia: 11.9±1.5, moderate preeclampsia: 12.1±1.6, severe preeclampsia: 12.2±1.7). The mean platelet level in the severe preeclampsia group was found to be lower than the other groups. Conclusion: We found a relationship between platelet levels and the severity of preeclampsia.
Fetal loss in Down syndrome pregnancies

It is recognized that pregnancies with Down syndrome are liable to end in spontaneous fetal loss. It is important to determine the magnitude of this effect so that it can be taken into account when assessing the results of antenatal screening programmes for Down syndrome. Failure to do so will tend to overestimate the detection rate in intervention studies in which the screening results are used to identify women for a diagnostic test and the offer of a termination of pregnancy if indicated.
Prevalence and Determinants of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Bangladesh

Abstract Rationale: There is a paucity of population-based data on COPD prevalence and its determinants in Bangladesh. Objective: To measure COPD prevalence and socioeconomic and lifestyle determinants among ≥40 years Bangladeshi adults. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we measured lung function of 3744 randomly selected adults ≥40 years from rural and urban areas in Bangladesh, using a handheld spirometer. COPD was defined according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria as post-bronchodilator ratio of Forced Expiratory Volume in 1st second (FEV1) to Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) < 0.7. In addition, COPD was also assessed by the lower limit of normal (LLN) threshold defined as lower fifth percentile for the predicted FEV1/FVC. Results: The prevalence of COPD was 13.5% by GOLD criteria and 10.3% by LLN criteria. Prevalence of COPD was higher among rural than urban residents and in males than females. More than half of the COPD cases were stage II COPD by both criteria. Milder cases (Stages I and II) were over estimated by the GOLD fixed criteria, but more severe cases (Stages III and IV) were similarly classified. In multiple logistic regression analysis, older age, male sex, illiteracy, underweight, history of smoking (both current and former), history of asthma and solid fuel use were significant predictors of COPD. Conclusion: COPD is a highly prevalent and grossly underdiagnosed public health problem in Bangladeshi adults aged 40 years or older. Illiteracy, smoking and biomass fuel burning are modifiable determinants of COPD.
The politics of networked innovation

Existing studies suggest that, because knowledge is becoming more widely distributed, innovation increasingly needs to occur ‘at the interstices’ of collaborating groups and organizations. Networked innovation processes are therefore emphasized, over more hierarchical or market-based forms, as having distinct advantages for the creation and integration of knowledge. Whilst the structural properties of networks have been heavily scrutinized, there is relatively less understanding of processes, in particular the political dynamics that shape networked innovation. This article aims to develop understanding of networked innovation processes, by identifying and relating the characteristics of networked innovation to the productive, or constraining, effects of different dimensions of power (power of resource, meaning and process). It does this through comparative analysis of three case studies of networked innovation, each involving the development of new technology. This analysis suggests that understanding the politics of networked innovation depends on understanding the generative (and sometimes degenerative) relationship between power, knowledge integration, network formation, and the role of technology. Moreover, the co-ordination of networks, rather than simply their formation, is found to play a particularly crucial role.
Ethnic differences in the presence of secondary sex characteristics and menarche among US girls: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.

OBJECTIVE To assess measures of puberty-presence of pubic hair, breast development, and menarche-for 3 racial/ethnic groups of girls in the United States. METHODS Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, this study sample was restricted to 1623 girls aged 8 to 16 years (466 non-Hispanic white, 589 non-Hispanic black, and 568 Mexican American) for whom information was available on Tanner stages of pubic hair and breast development. Subsequently, the sample was restricted to 1168 girls aged 10 to 16 years (330 non-Hispanic white, 419 non-Hispanic black, and 419 Mexican American) for whom menarche data were available. Tanner stage II or higher was used to define pubic hair and breast development; menarche status was self-reported. The percentage of girls who had pubic hair and breast development and had achieved menarche was computed by age and race/ethnicity. Probit and failure time models were applied to estimate mean ages at onset of pubic hair, breast development, and menarche. The racial/ethnic differences also were examined after adjustment for social and economic variables and current body mass index. RESULTS Black and Mexican American girls had pubic hair and breast development and had achieved menarche at younger ages than white girls. For example, 49.4% of black girls aged 9 years had breast development compared with 24.5% of Mexican American girls and 15.8% of white girls. The mean age at onset of pubic hair, breast development, and menarche was 9.5, 9.5, and 12.1 year for black girls; 10.3, 9.8, and 12.2 years for Mexican American girls; and 10.5, 10.3, and 12.7 years for white girls. These ethnic differences remained even after adjustment for current body mass index and several social and economic variables. CONCLUSION Black girls on average enter puberty first, followed by Mexican American and then white girls.
Identification of fluoroquinolone antibiotics as the main source of umuC genotoxicity in native hospital wastewater

Previous work revealed genotoxic effects in the wastewater of a large university hospital using a bacterial short‐term genotoxicity assay, based on a umuC::lacZ fusion gene (umuC assay). These studies ruled out disinfectants and detergents as main causative agents of the genotoxic effects. This paper focuses on specific hospital‐related drugs as the cause. The ratio of theoretical mean wastewater concentrations (derived from consumption data) and lowest observable effect concentrations of selected pharmaceuticals were used to calculate umuC induction probabilities. The fluoroquinolone antibiotics Ciproxin® and Noroxin® showed the highest induction probabilities and exceeded all other investigated drugs by at least one order of magnitude in significance. Antineoplastic drugs, originally thought to be the main effectors, were found to be of marginal significance using the umuC assay. These findings were further supported by investigation of urine samples of hospital patients with the umuC assay. The determination of ciprofloxacin in native hospital wastewater by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection revealed concentrations from 3 to 87 μg/L. umuC induction factor and ciprofloxacin concentrations in 16 hospital wastewater samples showed a log‐linear correlation (r2 = 0.84, p < 0.0001). These results suggest that the previously measured umuC genotoxicity in the wastewater of the hospital under investigation is caused mainly by fluoroquinolone antibiotics, especially by ciprofloxacin. On the basis of these findings, the role of the umuC assay as a screening tool for wastewater genotoxicity assessment is discussed.
T Lymphocyte-triggering Factor of African Trypanosomes Is Associated with the Flagellar Fraction of the Cytoskeleton and Represents a New Family of Proteins That Are Present in Several Divergent Eukaryotes*

The trypanosome cytoskeleton consists almost entirely of microtubule-based structures. Although α- and β-tubulin from Trypanosoma brucei have been well characterized, much less is known about other cytoskeleton-associated proteins in trypanosomes. Using biochemical fractionation, we demonstrate here that T lymphocyte-triggering factor (TLTF) from T. brucei is a component of the detergent-resistant and Ca2+-resistant fraction of the parasite cytoskeleton. This fraction contains the flagellar apparatus and a subset of cytoskeletal protein complexes that together function in cell motility, cytokinesis, and organelle inheritance. We also show that TLTF-related genes are present in several highly divergent eukaryotic organisms. Although the function of the corresponding proteins is not known, the mammalian TLTF-like gene (GAS11; growtharrest-specific gene 11) is up-regulated in growth-arrested cells and is a candidate tumor suppressor (Whitmore, S. A., Settasatian, C., Crawford, J., Lower, K. M., McCallum, B., Seshadri, R., Cornelisse, C. J., Moerland, E. W., Cleton-Jansen, A. M., Tipping, A. J., Mathew, C. G., Savnio, M., Savoia, A., Verlander, P., Auerbach, A. D., Van Berkel, C., Pronk, J. C., Doggett, N. A., and Callen, D. F. (1998) Genomics 52, 325–331), suggestive of a role in coordinating cytoskeleton activities. Consistent with this possibility, we show that the human GAS11 protein contains a 144-amino acid domain that co-localizes with microtubules when fused to the green fluorescent protein and expressed in mammalian cells. These findings suggest that TLTF represents a newly defined protein family, whose members contribute to cytoskeleton function in species as diverse as protozoa and mammals.
Highly drug-resistant HIV-1 clinical isolates are cross-resistant to many antiretroviral compounds in current clinical development.

OBJECTIVES To assess the in-vitro drug susceptibility of a panel of five well-characterized drug-resistant HIV variants to recently developed anti-HIV compounds including seven reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors and seven protease inhibitors. METHODS Drug-resistant viral strains were selected on the basis of the prevalence of these mutants in patient samples from local area HIV clinics. The isolates included one multinucleoside-resistant virus containing the Q151M mutation, and four clinical isolates containing multiple RT and protease resistance mutations. The activity of the experimental compounds against these isolates was determined using drug susceptibility assays and measuring the viral antigen p24 end-point. RESULTS These clinically relevant highly drug-resistant viruses were resistant to many of the new compounds in clinical development. In most cases the resistance mutations of the clinical isolate were different from those selected in vitro for the particular experimental compound. CONCLUSIONS It is critical to expand the preclinical development of new drugs to include the assessment of their activity against currently circulating highly drug-resistant clinical strains, in order to develop appropriate salvage therapies for patients harboring resistant strains.
The effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on erosive dentine wear.

BACKGROUND Erosive tooth wear is a growing concern in clinical dentistry. Our aims were to assess the effect of Tooth Mousse (TM) in managing erosive dentine wear in vitro. METHODS Opposing enamel and dentine specimens from 36 third molar teeth were worn under a load of 100 N for 75 000 cycles in electromechanical tooth wear machines. In experiment 1, TM was applied continuously at the wear interface and the mean dentine wear rate was compared with those of specimens subjected to continuous application of hydrochloric acid (HCl, pH 3.0) and deionized water (DW, pH 6.1) as lubricants. In experiment 2, specimens were subjected to TM application every 1600 cycles at both pH 3.0 and 6.1, and the mean dentine wear rates were compared with those of specimens worn with continuous application of HCl and DW lubricants. RESULTS Dentine wear was reduced significantly with continuous application of TM compared with HCl and DW lubricants. Specimens prepared with continuous TM application displayed smooth wear facets, whereas more pronounced microwear details were observed with HCl and DW lubricants. CONCLUSIONS Both remineralization and lubrication seem to contribute to reduction in dentine wear associated with TM application, although lubrication appears to have a more pronounced effect.
Molecular markers of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in Sri Lanka: frequency before revision of the antimalarial drug policy

Drug resistance is now a major obstacle in the control of human malaria, with reports of widespread clinical resistance against all the commonly used antimalarial drugs except the artemisinin derivatives (WHO, 2008). In Sri Lanka, although resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine (CQ) was first documented in 1984 and 50% of P. falciparum infections in certain endemic areas were recently found to show such resistance (Handunnetti et al., 1996; Hapuarachchi et al., 2004), CQ remained the first-line therapy for all uncomplicated malarial infections until 2008. The detection of antimalarial resistance is of vital importance for containment of its emergence and spread. The detection of molecular markers has become a popular tool for the recording of such resistance since, compared with conventional in-vivo and in-vitro assays, it is often easier to perform at community level, and less laborious. Evaluation of the prevalence of the molecular markers associated with resistance can be used to identify communities that are most in need of in-vivo assessments (Plowe, 2003). The most commonly used markers for CQ resistance in P. falciparum are variants of the parasite’s CQ resistance transporter (pfcrt) and multiple drug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) genes. The results of several in-vitro and in-vivo studies of P. falciparum have confirmed the association between mutations in pfcrt and CQ resistance (Fidock et al., 2000; Labbé et al., 2001; Maguire et al., 2001). Of the reported mutations, the lycine-tothreonine substitution at codon 76 (K76T) is currently considered the most appropriate molecular marker for predicting CQ resistance, given its high frequency in CQresistant parasites and strong association with CQ resistance (Djimdé et al., 2001). Although the exact role of pfmdr1 in CQ resistance is still controversial, it has been suggested that mutations N86Y, Y184F, S1034C, D1042N and D1246Y may each play a potential role in modulating the level of CQ resistance (Reed et al., 2000).
Femoral Neck BMD Is a Strong Predictor of Hip Fracture Susceptibility in Elderly Men and Women Because It Detects Cortical Bone Instability: The Rotterdam Study

We studied HSA measurements in relation to hip fracture risk in 4806 individuals (2740 women). Hip fractures (n = 147) occurred at the same absolute levels of bone instability in both sexes. Cortical instability (propensity of thinner cortices in wide diameters to buckle) explains why hip fracture risk at different BMD levels is the same across sexes.
Functional Impairment in Protein Kinase C by RACK1 (Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1) Deficiency in Aged Rat Brain Cortex

Abstract: Several laboratories have reported a lack of protein kinase C (PKC) activation in response to various stimuli in the brain of aged rats. It has been suggested that changes in lipid membrane composition could be related to this functional deficit. However, recent evidence has indicated that the translocation of PKC to the different subcellular compartments is controlled by protein‐protein interactions. Recently, a class of proteins, termed receptors for activated C kinase (RACKs), have been described that bind PKC. The present study was conducted to determine whether alterations in RACK1, the best‐characterized member of RACKs, were associated with changes in translocation and expression of PKC. Quantitative immunoblotting revealed that RACK1 content was decreased by ∼50% in aged rat brain cortex, compared with that in adult and middle‐aged animals. The levels of calcium‐independent PKCδ and ε, interacting with RACK1, and related calcium‐independent PKC activity were not modified by the aging process. By comparison, phorbol ester‐stimulated translocation of this activity and of PKCδ and ε immunoreactivity was absent in cortex from aged animals, as well as the translocation of the calcium‐dependent PKCβ, also known to interact with RACK1. These results indicate that a deficit in RACK1 may contribute to the functional impairment in PKC activation observed in aged rat brain.