Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Youth Violence

Although research suggests gender differences in both forms and functions of aggressive behavior, there has been limited research into these types among African American early adolescents. This study examined the types and patterns of aggression in girls and boys in that group. Participants were 452 predominantly African American middle school youth (50.4% girls) aged 11 to 13 (M = 11.97) enrolled in three urban public schools. Students were invited to participate in a school-based intervention designed to prevent aggressive and deviant behaviors. Assessments occurred pre- and post-intervention. Surveys were analyzed to identify gender differences in the levels and types of aggressive behaviors, as well as differences in predictors of aggressive behaviors. Predictors were measured at baseline; aggressive behaviors at follow-up. There were significant gender differences in types of aggressive behaviors and their predictors indicating a need to develop and implement more suitable, gender-tailored prevention and treatment approaches.
Effectiveness of two disinfectant solutions and microwave irradiation in disinfecting complete dentures contaminated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm on dentures can be aspirated, thus causing infections such as aspiration pneumonia. The authors evaluated the efficacy of two disinfectant solutions and microwave irradiation in disinfecting complete dentures contaminated with MRSA. METHODS The authors contaminated 36 simulated complete dentures with MRSA and divided them into four equal groups: a positive control group consisting of dentures that were not disinfected; a group that soaked in 1 percent sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes; a group that soaked in 2 percent chlorhexidine gluconate for 10 minutes; and a group that underwent microwave irradiation at 650 watts for three minutes. The authors quantified colony counts and evaluated the long-term effectiveness of disinfection. RESULTS All dentures from the control group showed substantial microbial growth on the plates (6.24 log(10) colony-forming units per milliliter). The authors observed no evidence of microbial growth on plates of any disinfected dentures. After seven days' incubation, the authors observed broth turbidity in all beakers containing the dentures disinfected with 1 percent sodium hypochlorite. CONCLUSIONS Soaking in chlorhexidine gluconate solution and microwave irradiation resulted in complete disinfection of all dentures contaminated with MRSA in both the short and the long term. Soaking in sodium hypochlorite solution was effective only as a short-term disinfectant. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Microwave irradiation and 2 percent chlorhexidine gluconate may have a disinfective application in dental offices and institutions in which denture wearers are treated, thus improving the longevity and quality of life of patients and reducing the burden of disease caused by MRSA.
Robust Independence Systems

An independence system $\mathcal{F}$ is one of the most fundamental combinatorial concepts, which includes a variety of objects in graphs and hypergraphs such as matchings, stable sets, and matroids. We discuss the robustness for independence systems, which is a natural generalization of the greedy property of matroids. For a real number $\alpha> 0$, a set $X\in\mathcal{F}$ is said to be $\alpha$-robust if for any $k$, it includes an $\alpha$-approximation of the maximum $k$-independent set, where a set $Y$ in $\mathcal{F}$ is called $k$-independent if the size $|Y|$ is at most $k$. In this paper, we show that every independence system has a $1/\sqrt{\mu(\mathcal{F})}$-robust independent set, where $\mu(\mathcal{F})$ denotes the exchangeability of $\mathcal{F}$. Our result contains a classical result for matroids and the ones of Hassin and Rubinstein [SIAM J. Discrete Math., 15 (2002), pp. 530--537] for matchings and Fujita, Kobayashi, and Makino [SIAM J. Discrete Math., 27 (2013), pp. 1234--1256] for mat.
Drinking by nephrectomized rats injected with various substances

Gilman (1937), experimenting on normal dogs, observed that hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride, which cause cellular dehydration, gave rise to more drinking than hypertonic solutions of urea, which do not cause loss of cell water. He concluded that thirst is due to cellular dehydration. Experiments on dogs by Holmes & Gregersen (1950a, b) in which a variety of substances were given, confirmed that osmotically effective solutes cause most drinking and by implication most thirst, and Adolph, Barker & Hoy (1954) showed that sodium chloride was twice as powerful as urea in causing normal rats to drink. In both species, however, no simple quantitative relationship was found between the amount of substance injected and the amount of water drunk. In the present work it was thought that the analysis would be simplified if the kidneys were removed, because there could be no renal response to the substance, which could therefore act until neutralized by drinking, and the quantitative relation between the amount of substance injected and water drunk could thus be investigated. It was hoped that the cellular dehydration hypothesis of drinking would be tested in this way.
Comparison Study of Postdischarge Care Provided to Suicide Patients by Family Members in East and South Taiwan

Background: Care provided by the families of those who have attempted suicide affects their healing and recovery process. Data on care provided by families to suicidal individuals in different areas of Taiwan are extremely limited. Purpose: This study explored care provided by families living in eastern and southern Taiwan to relatives admitted to hospitals and subsequently discharged after a suicide attempt. Methods: The study used a grounded theory approach. Interviews were conducted in two distinct geographical areas in 3 years and included two sample groups. Group 1 comprised suicidal participants (n = 15) and family caregivers (n = 15) in East Taiwan. Group 2 comprised suicidal participants (n = 15) and family caregivers (n = 15) in South Taiwan. Data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. Results: The East Taiwan group was less prosperous than the South Taiwan group. Suicide attempt methods were more lethal in eastern than in southern Taiwan. Alcohol and family violence were more important factors in suicides in eastern than in southern Taiwan. Consequently, families in East Taiwan focused less on protecting the safety of suicidal family members than families in South Taiwan. Participants in East Taiwan received less support from their families than those in South Taiwan. Conclusions/Implication for Practice: Suicidal participants in East Taiwan received less care from family caregivers than did participants in South Taiwan. However, all families require education to provide optimal care for suicidal relatives. Study results may help promote more appropriate education for clinical nursing professionals with a responsibility to care for suicidal patients.
Immunogenicity of Varicella Vaccine and Immunologic Predictors of Response in a Cohort of Elderly Nursing Home Residents.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the immunogenicity of live-attenuated Oka/Merck varicella zoster virus (VZV)-containing vaccine (hereafter, "varicella vaccine") in frail nursing homes residents nor about immune phenotypes associated with a response. METHODS A cohort of 190 frail nursing home residents aged 80-102 years and a cohort of 50 community-dwelling seniors aged 60-75 years (a comparison group) received varicella vaccine. Interferon γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot assays were performed before and 6 weeks after vaccination. Cellular markers of immunosenescence were measured in the nursing home elderly. RESULTS The average number of IFN-γ spot-forming cells at baseline was significantly lower in the elderly nursing home residents than in the community-dwelling seniors. However, following vaccination, the VZV immune response increased in both cohorts, and no difference was noted in the fold difference of the response between the 2 cohorts. Upon further examination of the elderly nursing home residents, we found that higher frequencies of regulatory T cells and cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ T cells correlated negatively with the magnitude of VZV-specific responses. CONCLUSIONS The Oka/Merck varicella vaccine induces VZV immunity in elderly nursing home residents that is similar to that produced in community-dwelling seniors. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01328548.
Forms of Mortgage Valuation Inaccuracies and Implication on Real Estate Development Finance in Nigeria

Pledging of collateral is a necessary requirement for loan advancement, lenders grant loan based on forced sale value of collateral. Earlier studies on valuation inaccuracy in Nigeria established that valuation inaccuracy is prevalent in the country. It was also established that valuation inaccuracy pose threat to real estate finance in Nigeria. This study examines the forms of valuation inaccuracies in Nigeria and their implications on real estate development finance. The study populations are: Valuers, Developers and Banks. Questionnaires were administered to the study populations to sample their opinion on the most prevalent valuation in accuracy in Nigeria and the implication of valuation inaccuracy on real estate development finance in Nigeria. Descriptive method of statistics and relative importance index were employed for the analysis. It was discovered that overvaluation is the most prevalent form of valuation inaccuracy in the study area and the implication of overvaluation is that it put lenders at risk. Also, the implication of undervaluation is that it denies borrowers the required amount needed for property development. The risk associated with overvaluation make lenders to take different measures that consequently impede accessibility of loan for real estate development purpose. Recommendations were made on how to improve the quality of the services rendered by Estate Surveyors and Valuers in order to reduce rate of valuation inaccuracy in Nigeria.
The Neuroscience of Spatial Navigation: Focus on Behavior Yields Advances

The development of the water maze as a laboratory approach to the study of spatial navigation has led to a large amount of research on the brain mechanisms of this ecologically important behavior. The procedural simplicity of this task belies its underlying complexity, which can complicate the interpretation of data obtained with the standard water maze procedure. In this review, recent experiments that used novel training procedures and detailed analyses of behavior are evaluated, together with related experiments, to clarify the brain mechanisms involved in this behavior. Pharmacological, lesion, and unit recording experiments demonstrate the existence of forebrain circuits for spatial navigation that are considerably more varied and extensive than was previously proposed, and involve various extrahippocampal structures. The use of novel and specialized procedures, together with a continued detailed focus on the behavior of animals in the maze, appears to be the most promising approach to understanding the mechanisms of spatial navigation.
Membrane lymphotoxin contributes to anti‐leishmanial immunity by controlling structural integrity of lymphoid organs

Lymphotoxin (LT)α in combination with LTβ forms membrane‐bound heterotrimeric complexes with a crucial function in lymph node (LN) organogenesis and correct morphogenesis of secondary lymphoid tissue. To study the role of membrane LT (mLT) in lymphoid tissue organogenesis we generated an LTβ‐deficient mouse strain on a pure genetic C57BL/6 background (B6.LTβ–/–) and compared it to a unique series of LTα‐, TNF‐ and TNF/LTα‐gene‐targeted mice on an identical genetic background (B6.LTα–/–, B6.TNF–/– and B6 TNF/LTα–/–). B6. LTβ–/– mice lacked peripheral LN with the exception of mesenteric LN, and displayed a disturbed micro‐architecture of the spleen, although less profoundly than LTα‐ or TNF/LTα‐deficient mice. Radiation bone marrow chimeras (B6.WT→B6.LTβ–/–) developed Peyer's patch (PP)‐like lymphoid aggregates in the intestinal wall indicating a possible role for soluble LTα3 in the formation of the PP anlage. After infection with Leishmania major, B6. LTβ–/– mice developed a fatal disseminating leishmaniasis resulting in death after 8 to 14 weeks, despite the natural resistance of the C57BL/6 genetic background (B6.WT) mice to the parasite. Both, the cellular and the humoral anti‐L. major immune responses were delayed and ineffective. However, the expression pattern of the key cytokines IFN‐γ and IL‐12 were comparable in B6.WT and B6. LTβ–/– mice. Infection of radiation bone marrow chimeras showed that it is the LTβ‐dependent presence of lymphoid tissue and not the expression of mLT itself that renders mice resistant to leishmaniasis.
Distribution of effective synaptic currents underlying recurrent inhibition in cat triceps surae motoneurons.

1. Steady-state recurrent (Renshaw) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (RIPSPs) were evoked in cat triceps surae motoneurons by stimulating the heteronymous muscle nerve at 100 Hz after dorsal root section. The effective synaptic currents (i.e., the net synaptic current measured at the soma, IN) underlying these inhibitory potentials were measured with a modified voltage-clamp technique. 2. The average value of the effective synaptic currents measured in medial gastrocnemius (MG) motoneurons was 0.4 nA. There was no significant correlation between the IN measured in individual cells and motoneuron input resistance (RN), rheobase (IR), duration of the spike afterhyperpolarization (AHPt1/2), or putative motor-unit type, although the steady-state inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) amplitudes were correlated with all of these parameters. 3. Steady-state recurrent inhibition was accompanied by a small (3.5%, on average) decrease in the resting input resistance of the motoneurons. The small magnitude of this measured change supports the hypothesis of Burke et al. that the site of synaptic contact between Renshaw cells and motoneurons is somewhat distal to the cell soma. 4. The absence of a differential distribution of the effective synaptic currents generated by Renshaw cells within the MG pool does not support the idea that recurrent inhibition mediates a selective reduction of the firing of small, low-threshold motoneurons by large, high-threshold motoneurons. The small amplitude of the effective synaptic currents we measured suggests that the contribution of recurrent inhibition to the direct modulation of motoneuron firing rate is subtle and that it is perhaps principally involved in the fine control and smooth production of muscle force.
WiFi-Based Passive ISAR for High-Resolution Cross-Range Profiling of Moving Targets

This paper presents an effective signal processing scheme to track moving vehicles and to obtain their cross-range profiles with a passive bistatic radar (PBR) based on the signals of opportunity emitted by a WiFi router. While the target detection using WiFi-based PBR has already been studied by the authors, this paper focuses on the targets moving with a low radial velocity component. These are especially interesting since they might have a reasonable cross-range velocity component, which allows us to apply inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) techniques to provide a high-resolution cross-range profile. A specific problem for these targets is the presence of possibly strong echoes from the stationary background (clutter), which tend to mask their contributions. In such cases, the standard Doppler processing does not help in separating the targets from this clutter. Therefore, appropriate clutter cancellation schemes are applied, and their effectiveness and impact are analyzed both on the tracking and on the ISAR profiling. An appropriate ISAR scheme for cross-range profiling is introduced, tailored for the typical short-range and possibly bistatic surveillance scenarios of the WiFi-based PBR; this scheme comprises the automatic estimation from the data of the target motion components up to a higher order than in usual long-range imaging and their compensation. The reliability of the obtained profiles is also investigated, for both the monostatic and bistatic cases, which is essential both for the vehicle size/characteristics estimation and for the automatic recognition schemes based on vehicle databases. The results obtained using an experimental setup developed and fielded at the University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy, show that the considered approach is effective and that the obtained cross-range profiles achieved by ISAR processing with WiFi-based passive radar are quite reliable both in the monostatic and bistatic cases.
Successful E-Business Systems - Paypal

PayPal is an account-based system that allows anyone with an email address to send and receive online payment s. This service is easy to use for customers. Members can instantaneously send money to anyone. Recipients are informed by email that they have received a payment. PayPal is also available to people in 38 countries. This paper starts with introduction to the company and its services. The information about the history and the current company situation are covered. Later some interesting and different technical issues are discussed. The Paper ends with analysis of the company and several future recommendations.
Changes in Serum Prestin Concentration After Exposure to Cisplatin.

HYPOTHESIS There are temporal changes in the outer-hair-cell-specific protein, prestin, in the blood after administration of low-dose cisplatin. METHODS Two rodent models of ototoxicity were used. After control and baseline data collection, mice (n = 30) and guinea pigs (n = 10), respectively, were treated with cisplatin at 8 mg/kg. Auditory brainstem responses were recorded on Days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after treatment. Five mice were sacrificed at each time point and serum samples were obtained. A group of 10 guinea pigs were tested and serum samples were collected at each time point. Serum prestin concentrations were measured using separate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for each species. RESULTS Auditory brainstem responses thresholds changed relatively little in mice, but gradually increased in guinea pigs, as a function of time after cisplatin exposure. In contrast, serum prestin concentrations rose, reaching a peak on Days 3 and 7 after cisplatin treatment in mouse and guinea pig, respectively, before declining back to or below baseline/control levels 14 days after treatment. CONCLUSION There was a time-dependent pattern of change in serum prestin after exposure to low-dose cisplatin in a resistant (mouse) and sensitive (guinea pig) rodent models. These comparative results suggest prestin may serve as a biomarker for cisplatin ototoxicity.
Acquired myasthenia gravis in childhood.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses recent studies on myasthenia gravis with onset in childhood (juvenile myasthenia gravis) and neonatal myasthenia gravis. RECENT FINDINGS The occurrence of myasthenia gravis in childhood is strongly influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Juvenile myasthenia gravis is associated with antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in most patients. Thymoma is rare, but often malignant in children. The frequency of juvenile myasthenia gravis with antibodies to the muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) varies markedly in different countries; some distinct features have been described. Management of juvenile myasthenia gravis does not differ, on the whole, from that of adult myasthenia gravis. Timing of thymectomy in young children is still controversial. Maternal antifetal type AChR antibodies can cause persistent focal weakness in the offspring, while neonatal myasthenia gravis associated with MuSK antibodies is often a severe and protracted albeit transient disease. SUMMARY Juvenile myasthenia gravis, like its adult-onset counterpart, is a heterogeneous disease. Clinical presentation is influenced by antibody status, ethnicity and age of onset. Treatment is very effective, but guidelines and controlled trials are needed.The risk for neonatal myasthenia gravis appears to be markedly influenced by maternal antibody subclass and antigen specificity. Adequate treatment in mothers can reduce both frequency and severity of neonatal disease.
Methods of deliberate self-harm in Pakistan

Reports of deliberate self-harm (DSH) are rare from Pakistan where psychotropic drugs can be obtained ‘over the counter’. A retrospective analysis of 382 index cases presenting to a university hospital in Karachi showed self-poisoning with benzodiazepines as the most common method, followed by organophosphate insecticides. Salicylates and non-opiate analgesics were significantly absent from our series. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Clinical safety of ranibizumab in age-related macular degeneration

Importance of the field: Clinical safety of pharmaceutical products in the elderly is vital because of their increased risk of cardiac and other adverse events. Areas covered in this review: Search of the Medline database, including articles and abstracts from 1984 to 2009. What the reader will gain: Knowledge of ocular and systemic risks: The rate of endophthalmitis was 0.05% per injection (MARINA) and <0.1% per injection (ANCHOR), rates confirmed in a retrospective analysis of 14,320 injections. Moderate increases in intraocular pressure were transient, and incidences of intraocular inflammation were rarely serious. Systemic arterial thromboembolic events occurred in 4.6 and 0% of ranibizumab-treated patients and in 3.8 and 0% of sham-treated patients in MARINA (2 years) and PIER (1 year), respectively. In SAILOR, there was a numerically higher rate of cerebrovascular stroke with 0.5 mg ranibizumab compared with 0.3 mg ranibizumab (1.2 vs 0.7%), which was a non-statistically significant trend in patients with a history of stroke. Take home message: Although further studies to investigate the risk of stroke with ranibizumab therapy are required, repeated intravitreal ranibizumab was well tolerated and not associated with clinically significant safety risks during up to 2 years of treatment.
Water Uptake by Roots Controls Water Table Movement and Sediment Oxidation in Short Spartina Marsh

Downward movement of the water table during both day and night in the short grass zone of intertidal salt marshes is due not to drainage but to water uptake by roots. Removal of water from the sediment results in the entry of air into the sediment, suggesting a feedback between plant growth, water uptake, and sediment oxidation. The water balance of Spartina alterniflora appears to influence the internal morphology of its roots, potentially giving rise to a new mechanism for the mass flow of gas in plants.
Outer membrane alterations in multiresistant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa selected by ciprofloxacin

Spontaneous mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa selected by ciprofloxacin were studied for outer membrane alterations. Acquisition of ciprofloxacin resistance was at least partially related to defects in lipopolysaccharide synthesis. When ciprofloxacin resistance was combined with resistance to beta-lactams and aminoglycosides, several alterations in outer membrane proteins were noted.