Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Image Schemas in Advertising Design

For years, advertisements are used as an effective tool for branding. Many perfume brands currently use celebrity endorsement. However, not every perfume brand has the budget for this kind of marketing, so they have to come up with another kind of manner to convince consumers of buying their perfume. According to the embodied cognition principle, image schemas are used unconsciously when people think about symbolic meanings in everyday language use. Across two studies, it was examined if the image schemas of common region and containment could affect perceived intimacy, advertising effectiveness and odor evaluation. Study 1 is about the influence of common region (i.e., minimal separation, maximal separation, common region and control condition) on perceived intimacy and advertising effectiveness. Moreover, Study 1 used an online survey in order to collect the data. Common region showed a negative influence on perceived intimacy and advertising effectiveness, hence in contrast to the expectations. Study 2 is an extension of Study 1 in which there was another dependent variable (i.e., odor evaluation) next to perceived intimacy and advertising effectiveness. In order to collect the data an offline survey was used. Containment as well as common region were found to have a positive influence on perceived intimacy and advertising effectiveness. On the contrary, odor evaluation and purchase intention were only positively influenced by containment. Future research should be specifically focusing on gender differences and differences between singles and people in a relationship.
Checklist and new data on Encyrtidae of Transcaucasia and Turkey (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Distributional and host records are summarised for 307 species, belonging to 101 genera that are recorded from Transcaucasia and Turkey. Of these, 160 species are recorded from Georgia, 171 from Armenia, 145 from Azerbaijan and 111 from Turkey; 21 species are recorded for the first time from Georgia, 34 from Turkey and 3 from Azerbaijan; one species from Georgia (Discodes valentinae sp. n.) is described as new; Ericydnus aeneus Nikol’skaya is restored as a distinct species (not a synonym of E. robustior Mercet); four species are treated as junior synonyms (Callipteroma testacea Motschulsky = C. baglanensis Myartseva, Microterys bellae Trjapitzin = M. eulecanii Pilipjuk & Sugonjaev, Psyllaephagus elaeagni Trjapitzin = P. bachardenicus Myartseva = P. rubriscutellatus Myartseva); other possible synonyms are also discussed and 17 new host records are presented.
Valuation of cattle attributes in the Malian humid and sub-humid zones and implications for the sustainable management of endemic ruminant livestock

The preservation for future use of endemic ruminant livestock (ERL) depends on how these breeds are perceived by smallholders in relation to their Sahelian counterparts with a larger frame. These indigenous livestock breeds have unique genetic traits that are important to smallholders’ livelihood. In Mali, the dwindling number of purebred Ndama cattle, a breed known for its tolerance to trypanosomosis, is cause for concern to many stakeholders. Markets are the institutions through which the appropriate incentives to rear endemic ruminant livestock are identified. A revealed preference approach was conceptualized and applied to data collected on observed transactions in randomly selected cattle markets in the Malian humid and sub-humid zones. The results indicate that the body condition, the agroecological origin, and the category of the transacted animal are the three most important attributes. The importance of Body Condition illustrated by the high premium rates paid for excellent body condition combined with the relatively low discount rates for the Ndama and Crossbred breed confirms that if all maintenance costs are accounted for, Ndama cattle with excellent body condition could be as profitable as Zebu. The findings have production, marketing, and animal genetic resource management implications. The results would enable Ndama producers and traders to make more informed production and marketing decisions because they would be better informed about how the attributes of cattle they put on the market are rewarded or penalized. More importantly, while crossbreeding may lead to higher prices, selection within the breed and fattening are the best avenues that could lead to better prospects for Ndama producers. They lead to better prices while protecting the breed for future use.
Evaluation of the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum Alloy Matrix/ 2.5% Particulate Glass Reinforced Composite in Various Media

Evaluation of the corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy matrix/ 2.5% particulate glass reinforced composite in various media has been carried out. The work started with the casting of the composite using stir-cast method. This was followed by sample preparation, preparation of the sodium chloride solution, hydrochloric acid solution, sodium hydroxide solution, and then the setting up of the experiment. Various equipment were used during this period which included, sample lathe used for the preparation of the specimens, electronic digital balance, flat-bottomed flask, thread, brush, stopper rubber, pH meter, hand air blower, and beakers. The result was recorded every Thursday after every seven days for five weeks. The result revealed that for the composite exposed in 5 weight percent NaCl solution the highest weight loss occurred at 336 hours of exposure time which corresponded to 0.6 percent weight loss and a corrosion rate of 18.99 mpy. The pH was between 6 – 7.62, throughout the exposure time of the specimens in the NaCl solution. For the specimens exposed in 10 weight percent HCl solution, the highest weight loss of 2220 mg occurred at 840 hours corresponding to 21.62 percent weight loss and a corrosion rate of 280.998 mpy, while the medium remained acidic throughout the period of the exposure. For the specimens exposed in 10 weight percent sodium hydroxide solution the highest weight loss of 4110 mg occurred at 840 hours corresponding to a percent weight loss of 40.45 percent and a corrosion rate of 540.227 mpy. The pH of the medium remained alkaline throughout the period of the experiment. The result of the work lead to the following conclusions: the composite can be used in an environment containing sodium chloride since the corrosion rate falls within the recommended corrosion range of 1-200 mpy for usefully resistant materials, the composite cannot be used either for holding HCl solution or as a structural material where HCl solution is found, the composite cannot be used as a container for holding NaOH solution or in an environment where NaOH solution is found, since it selectively dissolves the composite, leaving behind an altered residual structure, the weight loss, the percentage weight loss, and the corrosion rate expressed in mpy all agree with the physical appearance of the specimens after the exposure time of the test, and the monitored pH of the solution also agreed with the test results.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC DETECTION OF POTATO VIRUS A USING GOLD NANO PARTICLES

A study was initiated to detect Potato virus a (PVA) in infected potato plants by immuno-gold electron microscope. PVA particles were completely purified and polyclonal antibody was raised by immunizing the rabbit. The specificity of the antibody obtained was confirmed by DAS-ELISA wherein the antibodies reacted specifically with PVA. The IgG was purified and examined by DAS-ELISA for determination of optimum concentration with different dilutions, wherein 1:800 gave good reaction. After confirming the specificity, the purified IgG was conjugated with colloidal gold nano particles. The IgG conjugated with gold nano particles in the electron microscopic examination showed a good concentration of filamentous flexuous long particle coupled with several colloidal gold (CG) nano particles revealing the presence of PVA. More than one IgG-CG complex was associated with each PVA particle indicating its successful conjugation with gold particles. Since only the homologous virus will be decorated with IgG-CG complex, it can be used for specific detection and diagnosing a targeted virus even in mixed infection of viruses with similar morphology. Thus this technique can be used successfully for detection or screening of PVA in potato plant samples.
Auditor Market Share and Industry Specialization of Non-Big 4 Firms

This paper examines auditors’ market share and auditor dominance in China’s audit market with a focus on non-Big 4 auditors. We also examine the impact of auditor industry specialization on audit fees, and find that Big 4 audit firms earn fee premiums for both general brand name and industry specialization. Non-Big 4 specialized auditors, however, only earn fee premiums due to stronger industry specialization rather than general reputation. In addition, the non-Big 4 premium from industry expertise is much smaller than the specialization premium earned by Big 4 firms. Moreover, Non-Big 4 specialist auditors charge higher audit fees only for smaller clients. For larger clients, the fee premium disappears because of the bargaining power of large clients. Overall, our findings suggest that specialized audit firms in China adopt different pricing strategies based upon their market share and client characteristics. The results have important implications for audit firms as well as for the Chinese standard setters.
Effects of Participation in Community Activities on Self-Efficacy of Japanese Junior High School Students

Evaluating how participating in various experiences affects young people is important to promote further participation in community practices. We examined the effects of participation on junior-high school students’ self-efficacy and motivation towards community-improvement activities: of 114 students from a junior high school (Study 1) and 10 voluntarily participated in a park-design project (Study 2). The experience of participation even in small-scaled contributed to increasing the self-efficacy of the participants and especially enhancing their motivation with regard to community empowerment.
TEM calibration methods for critical dimension standards

One of the key challenges in critical dimension (CD) metrology is finding suitable calibration standards. Over the last few years there has been some interest in using features measured with the transmission electron microscope (TEM) as primary standards for linewidth measurements. This is because some modes of TEM can produce lattice-resolved images having scale traceability to the SI (Systeme International d'Unites or International System of Units) definition of length through an atomic lattice constant. As interest in using calibration samples that are closer to the length scales being measured increases, so will the use of these TEM techniques. An area where lattice-traceable images produced by TEM has been used as a primary standard is in critical dimension atomic force microscope (CD-AFM) tip width calibration. Two modes of TEM that produce crystal lattice-traceable images are high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM). HR-TEM produces lattice-traceable images by interference patterns of the diffracted and transmitted beams rather than the actual atomic columns, while HAADF-STEM produces direct images of the crystal lattice. The difference in how both of these techniques work could cause subtle variations in the way feature edges are defined. In this paper, we present results from width samples measured using HR-TEM and HAADF-STEM. Next we compare the results with measurements taken from the same location by two different CD-AFMs. Both of the CD-AFM instruments used for this work have been calibrated using a single crystal critical dimension reference material (SCCDRM). These standards, developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and SEMATECH, used HR-TEM for traceable tip-width calibration. Consequently, the present work and the previous SCCDRM work provide a mutual cross-check on the traceability of the width calibration. Excellent agreement was observed.
Multi-model study of mercury dispersion in the atmosphere: atmospheric processes and model evaluation

Abstract. Current understanding of mercury (Hg) behavior in the atmosphere contains significant gaps. Some key characteristics of Hg processes, including anthropogenic and geogenic emissions, atmospheric chemistry, and air–surface exchange, are still poorly known. This study provides a complex analysis of processes governing Hg fate in the atmosphere involving both measured data from ground-based sites and simulation results from chemical transport models. A variety of long-term measurements of gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) and reactive Hg (RM) concentration as well as Hg wet deposition flux have been compiled from different global and regional monitoring networks. Four contemporary global-scale transport models for Hg were used, both in their state-of-the-art configurations and for a number of numerical experiments to evaluate particular processes. Results of the model simulations were evaluated against measurements. As follows from the analysis, the interhemispheric GEM gradient is largely formed by the prevailing spatial distribution of anthropogenic emissions in the Northern Hemisphere. The contributions of natural and secondary emissions enhance the south-to-north gradient, but their effect is less significant. Atmospheric chemistry has a limited effect on the spatial distribution and temporal variation of GEM concentration in surface air. In contrast, RM air concentration and wet deposition are largely defined by oxidation chemistry. The Br oxidation mechanism can reproduce successfully the observed seasonal variation of the RM ∕ GEM ratio in the near-surface layer, but it predicts a wet deposition maximum in spring instead of in summer as observed at monitoring sites in North America and Europe. Model runs with OH chemistry correctly simulate both the periods of maximum and minimum values and the amplitude of observed seasonal variation but shift the maximum RM ∕ GEM ratios from spring to summer. O3 chemistry does not predict significant seasonal variation of Hg oxidation. Hence, the performance of the Hg oxidation mechanisms under study differs in the extent to which they can reproduce the various observed parameters. This variation implies possibility of more complex chemistry and multiple Hg oxidation pathways occurring concurrently in various parts of the atmosphere.
Evaluating Measures of Indicators of Diagnostic Test Performance:Fundamental Meanings and Formulars

Diagnostic accuracy relates to the ability of a test to discriminate between the target condition and health. This discriminative potential can be quantified by the measures of diagnostic accuracy such as sensitivity and specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, error rates, the area under the ROC curve, Youden’s index and diagnostic odds ratio. Different measures of diagnostic accuracy relate to the different aspects of diagnostic procedure: while some measures are used to assess the discriminative property of the test, others are used to assess its predictive ability. Measures of diagnostic accuracy are not fixed indicators of a test performance, some are very sensitive to the disease prevalence, while others to the spectrum and definition of the disease. Furthermore, measures of diagnostic accuracy are extremely sensitive to the design of the study. Studies not meeting strict methodological standards usually overor under-estimate the indicators of test performance as well as they limit the applicability of the results of the study. STARD initiative was a very important step toward the improvement of the quality of reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy. STARD statement should be included into the Instructions to authors by scientific journals and authors should be encouraged to use the checklist whenever reporting their studies on diagnostic accuracy. Such efforts could make a substantial difference in the quality of reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy and serve to provide the best possible evidence to the best for the patient care. This brief review outlines some basic definitions, formulas and characteristics of the measures of diagnostic accuracy. J o ur na l o f B iometrics & Bistatis t i c s ISSN: 2155-6180 Journal of Biometrics & Biostatistics Citation: Okeh UM, Okoro CN (2012) Evaluating Measures of Indicators of Diagnostic Test Performance: Fundamental Meanings and Formulars. J Biomet Biostat 3:132. doi:10.4172/2155-6180.1000132
The Emergence of Embedded Relations and Group Formation in Networks of Competition

This study examines how and when small networks of self-interested agents generate a group tie or affiliation at the network level. A group affiliation is formed when actors (a) perceive themselves as members of a group and (b) share resources with each other despite an underlying competitive structure. We apply a concept of structural cohesion to small networks of exchange and identify two dimensions of such networks that foster a group affiliation: the network-wide potential for inclusion in exchanges and the inequality of structural power. These structural properties are theorized to generate positive emotions and cognitions that promote collectively oriented behavior toward others in the exchange network, even if such behavior runs counter to individual self-interest. We theorize and test how and when such structural properties give rise to embedded social relations, thereby forging connections between micro theories of exchange and macro theories of social embeddedness.
Spatial and Temporal Changes in Extreme Air Temperatures in the Arctic Over the Period 1951–1990

A detailed analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in mean seasonal and annual daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) air temperatures and diurnal temperature range (DTR) in the Arctic over the period 1951‐1990 is presented. This analysis is preceded by a description of the spatial distributions of the mean seasonal and annual 40-year extreme temperatures (i.e. Tmax and Tmin). The rate of decrease of the mean Arctic Tmin is about twice as weak as the rate for Tmax in the period 1951‐1990. As a result, a decrease in DTR is observed. Not all areas of the Arctic, however, show such tendency, e.g. large parts of the Canadian Arctic do not. The increases in DTR here are more common in summer than in winter. The decrease in DTR is related partly to increases in cloud cover, especially in the warm half-year when solar radiation is present in the Arctic. On the contrary, in the cool half-year (mainly during polar night) the day-to-day changes of temperature, governed at this time by very variable atmospheric circulation, have a greater impact than the cloudiness. The increase in variability of Tmax and Tmin has not occurred in the most recent decades. No evidence of any greenhouse warming in the Arctic over the period 1951‐1990 is seen. Most of the Tmax and Tmin trends are not statistically significant. 1997 by the Royal Meteorological Society, Int. J. Climatol. 17: 615‐634, 1997
Offshoring Production while Offshoring Pollution Xiaoyang

This paper introduces a firm-strategy perspective to the global combat against environmental pollution. We find that U.S. plants release less toxic emissions when their parent firm imports more from low-wage countries (LWCs). Consistent with the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, goods imported by U.S. firms from LWCs are in more pollution-intensive industries; U.S. plants also shift production to less pollution-intensive industries and spend less on pollution abatement when their parent firm imports more from LWCs. The negative impact of LWC imports on toxic emissions is stronger for U.S. plants located in counties with more powerful institutions, but weaker for more-capable U.S. plants and firms. These results highlight the role of local institutions and firm capabilities in explaining firms’ choice of offshoring and environmental strategy.
Carcass characteristics of broiler finishers fed poultry offal meal as replacement for fishmeal

The study lasted for nine weeks, and investigated the effect of crayfish waste meal on the carcass characteristics of broiler finishers, as a replacement for fish meal. One hundred and fifty day-old broiler chicks were used for the study. 30 chicks were assigned to each dietary treatment, which was replicated thrice. The chicks were reared on a deep litter system with feed and water supplied ad-libitum. A batch of the crayfish wastes used for the study was drained and oven-dried at 65 0 C for 24 hours followed by plate milling. Another batch was parboiled after collection, drained and oven-dried before milling and the proximate compositions of the samples were subsequently determined. Five experimental diets were formulated with graded levels of crayfish waste meal replacing fishmeal as follows: 0%; 100% (control), 25%; 75%, 50%; 50%, 75%; 25% and 100%;0%. The chickens fed diet II (75%FM; 25%CWM) recorded the best eviscerated weight followed by those that were fed diet IV (25%FM; 75%CWM). The two treatments were significantly (p<0.05) different whereas other treatment means were similar (p>0.05). The drumsticks which ranged between 17.52% (treatment II) and 16.34% (treatment V) of the eviscerated weight were also similar (p>0.05) between treatment means. The breast and back showed similarity between treatments except for chicken fed with diet III (50%; 50%CWM) which was significantly heavier than those fed diet I (control) and diet II (25%FM; 75%CWM) respectively. The organs’ weight also fell within reported range.
Taxation, Non-Tax Revenue and Democracy: New Evidence Using New Cross-Country Data

A large body of econometric research has generated growing support for the existence of a political resource curse, but has nonetheless continued to be regularly punctuated by research contesting those conclusions. This continuing disagreement can be explained in significant part by problems associated with low-quality government revenue data: it has undermined the robustness of many existing findings, while leading other researchers to rely on alternative measures of resource income as their primary explanatory variable – a highly imperfect measures of the underlying relationship of interest. We re-examine the relationship between taxation, non-tax revenue and democracy by employing dramatically improved data developed specifically for this research. We find the strongest evidence to date of a political resource curse, and provide evidence about the specific details of the underlying relationship: (i) natural resource wealth is anti-democratic, rather than merely stabilizing; (ii) it is driven primarily by changes in the composition of government revenue; (iii) it is best understood as a long-term relationship, rather than short-term changes in resource wealth being quickly translated into major political changes; and (iv) it is driven primarily by oil wealth, rather than mineral wealth, because governments are comparatively effective at translating oil wealth into the government revenues that drive the political resource curse.