Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
QR Obeys Superiority: Frozen Scope and ACD

The phenomenon of frozen scope in double object and spray-load constructions is shown to hold robustly across contexts, constructions, and quantifier types. Nevertheless, frozen scope is not absolute, holding only between two objects but not between an object and a subject or an object and some other operator. The rigidity of two object quantifiers follows the pattern of multiple instances of movement cross linguistically (multiple wh-movement, multiple A-scrambling, multiple object shift): movement paths cross, recreating the hierarchical order of the moving elements (Richards 1997). Hypothesizing that quantifier scope is derived by quantifier-specific syntactic movement, movement that is constrained in the same way as other types of movement, permits these phenomena to be unified under accounts of Relativized Minimality effects generally.
How not to buy happiness

on human happiness is that although the rich are signi1⁄2cantly happier than the poor within any country at any moment, average happiness levels change very little as people’s incomes rise in tandem over time.1 Richard Easterlin and others have interpreted these observations to mean that happiness depends on relative rather than absolute income.2 In this essay I offer a slightly different interpretation of the evidence–namely, that gains in happiness that might have been expected to result from growth in absolute income have not materialized because of the ways in which people in affluent societies have generally spent their incomes. In effect, I wish to propose two different answers to the question “Does money buy happiness? ” Considerable evidence suggests that if we use an increase in our incomes, as many of us do, simply to buy bigger houses and more expensive cars, then we do not end up any happier than before. But if we use an increase in our incomes to buy more of certain inconspicuous goods–such as freedom from a long commute or a stressful job–then the evidence paints a very different picture. The less we spend on conspicuous consumption goods, the better we can afford to alleviate congestion; and the more time we can devote to family and friends, to exercise, sleep, travel, and other restorative activities. On the best available evidence, reallocating our time and money in these and similar ways would result in healthier, longer– and happier–lives.
Insurance Literacy and Spatial Diffusion in the Life Insurance Market: A Subnational Approach in Romania

In most Eastern European countries, the life insurance market is poorly developed with respect to the income level of their citizens. Most of the academic literature investigating the determinants of this market focuses on cross-country- or individual-level studies. Our research assesses the specificities of the life insurance market at a subnational level, more specifically at the county level. The behavioral mechanisms are highlighted through cross-section linear regressions with spatial interactions on a database of 42 counties in Romania in 2015. One important result is the positive effect of insurance literacy, estimated in a national survey, on the demand for life insurance. Another significant result is the spatial diffusion process identified in life insurance density between neighboring counties. Among the control variables, we identified a significant positive impact of income and urbanization on the demand for life insurance and a negative impact of the unemployment rate.
Principles for Sustainability: From Cooperation and Efficiency to Sufficiency

If analysts of political and ecological economy take seriously critical trends in environmental degradation and accept social responsibility for contributing to the reversal of such trends, they must go beyond the descriptive and predictive to the prescriptive, beyond marginal environmental improvement to sustainability, beyond cooperation and efficiency to sufficiency. Cooperation and efficiency principles are useful when biophysical underpinnings remain intact. Otherwise, sufficiency principlesrestraint, precaution, polluter pays, zero, reverse onusaddress the defining characteristics of current trends, namely environmental criticality, risk export, and responsibility evasion. They engage overconsumption. They compel decision-makers to ask when too much resource use or too little regeneration risks important values such as ecological integrity and social cohesion, when material gains now preclude material gains in the future, when consumer gratification or investor reward threatens economic security, when benefits internalized depend on costs externalized. Under sufficiency, one necessarily asks what are the risks, not just in the short term and for immediate beneficiaries, but in the longterm and for the under-represented.
The Current State of the Japanese Economy and Remedies

Japan has reached the limits of conventional macroeconomic policies. Lowering interest rates will not stimulate the economy because widespread excess capacity has made private investment insensitive to interest rate changes. Increasing government expenditure in the usual way will have small effects because it will take the form of unproductive investment in the rural areas. Cutting taxes will not increase consumption because workers are concerned about job security and future pension and medical benefits. Expanding the monetary base will not induce banks to increase investment loans because the proportion of nonper-forming loans in their portfolios is growing because of the prolonged economic stagnation. In order for sustained economic recovery to occur in Japan, the government must change the makeup and regional allocation of public investments, resolve the problem of nonperforming loans in the banking system, improve the corporate governance and operations of the banks, and strengthen the international competitiveness of domestically oriented companies in the agriculture, construction, and service industries.
Crime Scars: Recessions and the Making of Career Criminals

Abstract Recessions lead to short-term job loss, lower happiness, and decreasing income levels. There is growing evidence that workers who first join the labor market during economic downturns suffer from poor job matches that can have sustained detrimental effects on wages and career progressions. This paper uses U.S. and U.K. data to document a more disturbing long-run effect of recessions: young people who leave school during recessions are significantly more likely to lead a life of crime than those entering a buoyant labor market. Thus, crime scars resulting from higher entry-level unemployment rates prove to be long lasting and substantial.
Exchange Rate Pass-Through into Import Prices

We provide cross-country and time series evidence on the extent of exchange rate pass-through into the import prices of 23 OECD countries. We find compelling evidence of partial pass-through in the short run, especially within manufacturing industries. Over the long run, producer-currency pricing is more prevalent for many types of imported goods. Countries with higher rates of exchange rate volatility have higher pass-through elasticities, although macroeconomic variables have played a minor role in the evolution of pass-through elasticities over time. Far more important for pass-through changes in these countries have been the dramatic shifts in the composition of country import bundles.
Focus, Contrast, and Stress in Russian

FOCUS, CONTRAST, AND STRESS IN RUSSIAN Ad Neeleman University College London Elena Titov University College London Moravcsik, Edith. 1978. Reduplicative constructions. In Universals of human language. Vol. 3, Word structure, ed. by Joseph H. Greenberg, 297–334. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Raimy, Eric. 2000. The phonology and morphology of reduplication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Shaw, Patricia A. 2005. Non-adjacency in reduplication. In Studies on reduplication, ed. by Bernhard Hurch, 161–210. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Urbanczyk, Suzanne. 2000. The bases of double reduplication. In WCCFL 19: Proceedings of the 19th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. by Roger Billerey and Brooke Danielle Lillehaugen, 173–183. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Victory Misunderstood: What the Gulf War Tells Us about the Future of Conflict

tions of the Gulf War‘s outcome are wrong. The orthodox view explains the war’s one-sidedness in terms of the Coalition’s strengths, especially its advanced technology, which is often held to have destroyed the Iraqis’ equipment or broken their will without exposing Coalition forces to extensive close combat on the ground. ’ The main rival explanation emphasizes Iraqi shortcomings, such as their weak morale, poor training and leadership, or numerical inferiority in the theater of war.2 Both schools appeared within a few months of the cease-fire, and have changed surprisingly little since then.3 The information
New Stakes and Standards, Same Ol' Spending? Evidence from New York City High Schools

In 1996, New York State began requiring all graduating high school students (starting with the Class of 1999) to pass rigorous end-of-course exams in five subjects. This study explores whether high school resources have been reallocated in the wake of these new standards and whether reallocation patterns differ among high- and low-graduation-rate schools. Using a six-year panel of school-level data, we model resources as a function of school and student characteristics, school graduation rates, and school fixed effects. Regression analyses reveal increases in direct services spending, while the percentage of more experienced and educated teachers fell. We find little evidence, though, of differential patterns related to graduation rates, with the exception of teacher licensure and nonpersonnel expenditures. The findings suggest that schools may have limited ability to redeploy nonteacher resources in the short term. While other funds may be reallocated, these represent a small share of total school resources.
Alignment in Manam Stress

Derivational analyses of Manam stress, in particular that of Halle and Kenstowicz (1991), employ abstract intermediate representations to account for the interaction of the basic right-to-left trochaic foot structure, the special status of extrametrical suffixes and clitics, and the disrupting effect of stress shift caused by closed syllables and vowels in hiatus. Such analyses are empirically inadequate, failing to account for secondary stress, and theoretically problematic, using ad hoc rules to produce the necessary effects. The analysis presented here uses alignment in Optimality Theory to generate the basic stress pattern and two well-motivated constraints, ONSET and CLASH, to account for stress shift in a natural way.
The Productivity Slowdown: Is a Growing Unmeasurable Sector the Culprit?

The productivity slowdown of the early 1970s continues to puzzle economists. A frequent explanation of this puzzle is that mismeasurement of output has worsened enough to help account for the apparent shortfall of output growth. Griliches (1994) highlighted one channel through which this worsening measurement could occur. He raised the possibility thatbecause output growth in the service sector likely is undermeasuredthe rising share of services has led to greater undermeasurement of overall economic growth. This paper demonstrates that this argument is of little quantitative significance. Even under assumptions most favorable to the hypothesis, the rising share of services has had only a small impact on measurement error. These resultsalong with evidence from Baily and Gordon (1988)make mismeasurement of output an improbable explanation for the productivity slowdown in aggregate data.
“I have the highest GPA, but I can’t be the valedictorian?”: two Black males’ exclusionary valedictory experiences

ABSTRACT Being the valedictorian is the highest honor bestowed upon a senior. Unfortunately, that was not the case for Jeffrey and Autry, the two high-achieving African American male participants in this critical race qualitative study, who were short-changed of their valedictorian status. Their cases reveal three themes: (1) these Black male students were shocked they did not receive this honor and were exploited in the process, (2) there were unfair institutional policies and practices associated with this title, and (3) there were drastic differences regarding the academic expectations for other students who were vying for this valedictory designation. Therefore, these African American male students experienced this academic honor as an exclusionary enterprise. Implications for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers are shared to mitigate the barriers associated with the valedictory accolade.
Predicting Time-Varying Parameters with Parameter-Driven and Observation-Driven Models

Abstract We verify whether parameter-driven and observation-driven classes of dynamic models can outperform each other in predicting time-varying parameters. We consider existing and new dynamic models for counts and durations, but also for volatility, intensity, and dependence parameters. In an extended Monte Carlo study, we present evidence that observation-driven models based on the score of the predictive likelihood function have similar predictive accuracy compared to their correctly specified parameter-driven counterparts. Dynamic observation-driven models based on predictive score updating outperform models based on conditional moments updating. Our main findings are supported by the results from an extensive empirical study in volatility forecasting.
Survey Design and the Analysis of Satisfaction

Abstract We analyze the effect of survey design on reported job satisfaction by exploiting two quasi-experiments in the British Household Panel Survey: a change in question design and parallel use of different interview modes. We show that apparently minor differences in survey design lead to substantial biases in econometric results, particularly on gender differences. The common empirical finding that women care less about wages and prefer to work fewer hours than men appears largely an artifact of survey design rather than a true behavioral difference.
Development of the Academic Stressors Scale for Bulgarian University Students

There are numerous studies regarding the damage of academic stress on student well-being and achievement. Unfortunately, there are not many methods to measure various academic stressors among students. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure the stressors to which students are subjected in the academic environment. Research Methods : After interviews with students about the stressors to which they are subjected at the university, a test form of a scale , which contains 19 items , was developed. The scale form was completed by 187 first-year students at the university . Findings: The results showed that the Academic stressors scale was a reliable and valid data collection tool to be used in higher education. Four subscales emerged: stress related to parental expectations, stress related to lack of knowledge, stress related to learning material and the lecturers , and stress related to auditorium activities, which were confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis. It was found that the biggest stressor in the academic environment was the stress associated with lack of knowledge. Implications for Research and Practice : Researchers and educators can use and apply the "Academic stressors" scale among students ; and thus , track which students are most vulnerable to poor success and dropout from the university, and take measures to prevent such negative consequences.
Corporate Income Tax Evasion and Managerial Preferences

This paper investigates the role of managerial preferences in shaping corporate income tax evasion. Using noncompliance with the personal income tax as a measure of taste for evasion, the empirical results from a sample of corporate income tax returns show that managerial preferences play an important role in determining noncompliance with the corporate income tax. Basic sample tabulations show that, when compared to compliant firms, noncompliant firms are three times more likely to be managed by executives who have understated personal taxes. In addition, results from multivariate analyses suggest that the amount of underreported income is significantly higher in the presence of such executives.
Movement under Control

We examine the three categories of empirical argument that Landau (2003) puts forward against a movement theory of control (MTC): overgeneration cases, alleged arguments in favor of an MTC, and raising/control contrasts. We show that the problems cited either have plausible alternative analyses that leave the MTC unscathed or, in fact, are not nearly as dire for the MTC as Landau supposes. We conclude that the standard theory enjoys no obvious empirical advantages over the MTC and that the MTC is superior on conceptual and methodological grounds.
New Evidence on Asymmetric Gasoline Price Responses

In a 1997 paper, Borenstein, Cameron, and Gilbert (BCG) claim that gasoline prices rise quickly following an increase in the price of crude oil, but fall slowly following a decrease. This note estimates an error-correction model with daily spot gasoline and crude-oil price data over the period 19851998 and finds no evidence of asymmetry in wholesale gasoline prices. The sources of the difference in results are twofold. First, we use the standard Engle-Granger two-step estimation procedure, whereas BCG used a nonstandard estimation methodology. Second, even using BCG's nonstandard specification, the use of daily rather than weekly data yields little evidence of price asymmetry.
Instrument Relevance in Multivariate Linear Models: A Simple Measure

Abstract The correlation between instruments and explanatory variables is a key determinant of the performance of the instrumental variables estimator. The R2 from regressing the explanatory variable on the instrument vector is a useful measure of relevance in univariate models, but can be misleading when there are multiple endogenous variables. This note proposes a computationally simple partial R2 measure of instrument relevance for multivariate models.
Victory Has Many Friends: U.S. Public Opinion and the Use of Military Force, 19812005

Although previous studies have examined U.S. public support for the use of military force in particular historical cases, and have even made limited comparisons among cases, a full comparison of a large number of historical episodes in which the United States contemplated, threatened, or actually used military force has been missing. An analysis of U.S. public support for the use of military force in twenty-two historical episodes from the early 1980s through the Iraq war and occupation (2003-05) underscores the continuing relevance of Bruce Jentleson's principal policy objectives framework: the objective for which military force is used is an important determinant of the base level of public support. The U.S. public supports restraining aggressive adversaries, but it is leery of involvement in civil-war situations. Although the objective of the mission strongly conditions this base level of support, the public is also sensitive to the relative risk of different military actions; to the prospect of civilian or military casualties; to multilateral participation in the mission; and to the likelihood of success or failure of the mission. These results suggest that support for U.S. military involvement in Iraq is unlikely to increase; indeed, given the ongoing civil strife in Iraq, continuing casualties, and substantial disagreement about the prospects for success, the public's support is likely to remain low or even decline.
Making Military Might: Why Do States Fail and Succeed?: A Review Essay

Dan Reiter and Allan C. Stam III, Democracies at War. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002. Throughout history, states have exhibited a puzzling degree of variation in their capacities to create military power. Some consistently excel at warfare. Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, for example, has long been singled out for its military's exceptional tactical proficiency, especially in the battles of both world wars. Others-such as Italy in those same conflicts-often perform poorly, demonstrating endemic weaknesses in their abilities to generate military force. ' Yet a third category of states exhibits curious variation in military effectiveness over time. Most analysts, for example, count Egypt's performance in the 1967 Six Day War against Israel among the most dismal of contemporary military history. They also tend to agree, however, that in the 1973 October War Egypt was able to dramatically improve its effectiveness, manifest most vividly in the military's textbook crossing of the Suez Canal. Why are some states, at some times, better able to translate their basic material and human strengths into military power? Sociologists and military historians have long been interested in this question, often focusing on the human relations among soldiers and quality of leaders that make some militaries exceptional. More recently, political scientists have evinced growing interest in
Precautionary Savings—A Panel Study

Abstract Theoretical literature shows that income uncertainty boosts saving, yet empirical work is incomplete. I test for the precautionary motive for saving using panel data. Knowing this motive's size is important for gauging the responsiveness of saving to government programs that reduce uncertainty, and for comparison to other motives, such as bequests. Most empirical studies of precautionary saving use either aggregate time-series or cross-sectional data, which cannot capture the effects of individual income uncertainty. I derive measures of total, permanent, and transitory income uncertainty from panel data—the National Longitudinal Survey—and find a strong precautionary motive. A doubling of uncertainty increases the ratio of wealth to permanent income by 29%.
Could Economic Growth and Inflation Affect the Acceptance of Value Added Taxes?

In Indonesia, the acceptance of the value added tax is the second largest source of acceptance upon receipt of income tax. This certainly indicates that the value added tax revenues should continue to be maintained in order to achieve the optimal tax revenue target. This research aims to know and analyze the effect of economic growth and inflation against the acceptance of the value added tax. The population in this research is the entire Taxable Employers registered in the Kuningan Tax Office with working area Majalengka Regency. Sampling techniques using the technique of nonprobability sampling by the number of observations as much as 36 samples. Analytical techniques used was multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the economic growth effect on value added tax revenues, while inflation has no effect against the acceptance of the value added tax. Keywords—economic growth; inflation; value added tax revenues
Interdependent Concepts and their Independent Uses: Mental Imagery and Hallucinations

The scientific concepts of mental imagery and hallucinations are each used independently of the other in experiments; uses that simultaneously evoke and obscure their historical connections. To highlight one of these connections, I will begin by sketching episodes from the largely separate developmental trajectories of each concept. Considering these historical sketches side-by-side, I will argue that the independent uses of these concepts each inherited a shared set of interdependent associations. In doing so, I seek to illustrate the value of examining historical connections between mental imagery and hallucinations for studying the current uses of these two concepts in neuroimaging experiments.