Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet B(UVB)-induced cox-2 expression in murine skin: an immunohistochemical study.

Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. This enzyme exists in at least two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and plays various physiological roles. However, COX-2 expression is induced by a variety of agents, which include pro-inflammatory agents and mitogens. Evidence exists to indicate that increased expression of COX-2 occurs in several types of epithelial neoplasms. In this study, we show the effect of chronic exposure of murine skin to carcinogenic UVB on cutaneous COX-2 expression. SKH-1 mice were irradiated with 180 mJ/cm(2) UVB daily for five days a week for periods ranging from 1 to 20 weeks. Nontumor bearing skin areas of irradiated mice, skin of age-matched controls and benign papillomas and malignant tumors were assessed immunohistochemically for COX-2 expression in these mice. No epidermal staining occurred in any of the non-UVB-treated controls throughout the experiment. Epidermal COX-2 expression only occurred in UVB-irradiated mice. After 1 and 5 weeks of irradiation, patchy epidermal staining mostly confined to the granular layer and stratum corneum was observed. At week 9, staining intensity had increased, particularly in the granular layer. At week 13, staining was uniformly seen in all epidermal layers with particular prominence in the basal cell layer underlying areas of visible epidermal hyperplasia. It is of interest that the most intense staining was seen in the perinuclear region of keratinocytes and at the plasma membrane. At week 20, COX-2 staining was predominant in the granular layer, although in some tissue sections, the entire epidermis was positive. In benign papillomas, staining was confined to the superficial layers of the epidermis and in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), patchy staining in the granular and spinous layers predominated. In general, COX-2 expression was more intense in well-differentiated SCCs than in papillomas. In summary, our results indicate that COX-2 serves as an early marker of epidermal UVB exposure and its expression increases in benign papillomas and in SCCs. These results suggest that pharmacological intervention using specific COX-2 inhibitors could have anticarcinogenic effects in UVB-induced human skin cancer.
Mergers and acquisitions during financial crises

iii ÖZET . v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . vii TABLE OF CONTENTS . ix LIST OF TABLES . xiii LIST OF FIGURES . xx CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION OF THE STUDY . 1 1.1 Summary of Findings . 6 1.2 Organization of this study . 8 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF THIS STUDY . 10 2.1 Literature Review on Merger Motives . 11 2.1.1 Value Generation (Synergy) . 11 2.1.2 Market Misvaluation (Mispricing) . 19 2.1. 3 Agency Conflicts . 20 2.1. 4 Behavioral Models . 21 2.1. 5 Mixed Studies . 21 2.2 Literature Review on Financial Crisis. 23 2.3 Financial Crisis and M&A Activity . 27 2.3. 1 M&A and Asian Financial Crisis 1997-1998 . 27
The influence of financial performance on corporate social innovation

This research explores how firms invest their resources in corporate social innovation. The study draws from the literature on corporate social innovation and financial performance and extends previous studies on social innovation. It contributes theoretically and empirically to help fill the gap in the literature on corporate social innovation. Specifically, it proposes a definition and a measure of corporate social innovation. This measure aims to reflect the contribution that firms make to society in the form of innovation. Observations cover six-year longitudinal panel data on the most innovative firms, including 1,122 firms in 29 countries. GMM methodology is used to test the hypothesis. The findings are relevant for firms seeking to invest in corporate social innovation, because they confirm that firms leading in innovation reinvest their profits in corporate social innovation with a lag of one year. The study has also important implications for researchers, governments and NGO managers.
Moderation Effect of Exchange Rate to Signaling Theory Validity in Indonesia Stock Exchange

Asymmetric information occurs between management and stakeholders and it is especially important for investors to push the company to provide a credible signal, which will differentiate it from other companies that are not performing well. In a previous study that examined the relationship between the variables of capital structure, the company's growth and profitability of the enterprise value, it has been concluded that these three variables have a positive relationship and are credible signals related to the value of any company's future. The conclusions of many similar studies support and are consistent with the signaling theory. It is hypothesised that macroeconomic conditions in which the company operates would moderate the relationship that already exists, so that capital structure, asset growth and profitability are no longer considered by investors as a credible signal on the value of the company's future. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the exchange rate as a moderating variable on the validity of signaling theory in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The research was designed as a descriptive study and verification by using secondary data. The research was carried out on non-financial industry issuers listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) covering observation period from 2009 to 2013 year. The members of the sample have been selected using stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using panel data regression. Based on the analysis of regression panel data, we concluded that the exchange rate variable proved to have a quasi moderating influence on the pre-existing relationship between the variables of capital structure, the company's growth and profitability of the enterprise value. The moderating effects of exchange rate variable causes in particular the variables capital structure and profitability to be no longer a credible signal to the value of the company's future.
PENGARUH TAX MANAGEMENT PADA KUALITAS LABA DAN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI

The aim of this study is to examine effect of tax management to earning quality in Indonesian manufacturing company listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange between year 2008 and 2013. This study also examine moderating effect of managerial ownership and institutional ownership influence relationship between tax management and earning quality. The statistical method that used is moderated regression analysis. The results show that tax management have negative influence to earning quality. Where as there is no interaction managerial ownership in relation between tax management and earning quality. But institutional ownership is moderated in relation between tax management and earning quality. Keywords: Earning quality, tax management, managerial ownership, institutional ownership.
Personal Factors Affecting Sales Performance: Modeling the Effects of Experience, Competitiveness, Self -Efficacy, Effort, and Creativity.

Sales performance represents an important ongoing research stream to both academicians and practitioners. It is widely recognized that personal/individual factors affect how salespeople perform. Despite the numerous studies, the search for the most powerful determinants o f salesperson performance has largely been unsuccessful (Churchill et al. 1985). This dissertation makes another attempt to understand the effects o f select personal factors on salespeople’s performance. In particular, a neglected personal factor, salesperson creativity, is introduced as a direct predictor of performance. Based on the social psychological research on creativity and the in-depth personal interviews with sales managers in various industries, the author defines salesperson creativity as new ideas generated, and novel behaviors exhibited, by the salesperson in performing his or her job activities. Drawing on motivational theory, social cognitive theory, and social psychological theories o f creativity, the research proposes an individual-level model of salesperson performance. The model posits work effort and creativity as direct antecedents of performance, trait competitiveness and selfefficacy as indirect predictors, and selling experience as having both direct and indirect impacts on performance. The model was tested using two considerably different samples (real estate agents and outdoor billboard advertising salespeople). Six of the eight hypothesized relationships in the model were supported across the samples. The empirical findings highlight the incremental explanatory contribution o f the creativity construct to sales performance, the critical influence of self-efficacy on creativity, and the overall validity o f the model. A scale o f salesperson creativity with acceptable psychometric measurement properties is also developed.
Children’s and parents’ perceptions of the determinants of children’s fruit and vegetable intake in a low-intake population

Abstract Objective To study the differences between children’s self-reports and parents’ reports on environmental determinants of fruit and vegetable intake among 11-year-old children in the European country with the lowest reported consumption. A second objective was to examine the observed variance in fruit and vegetable intake among the children. Design A cross-sectional survey was performed in Iceland as a part of the Pro Children cross-Europe survey. Children’s usual fruit and vegetable intake and its determinants were assessed through self-reports from the children (n 963) and their parents’ reports. Results Children reported lower availability and accessibility of fruits at home than did their parents, while the reports of children and parents for vegetables were more in agreement. A larger proportion of the observed variance in children’s fruit and vegetable intake could be explained by the child’s perception than by the parent’s perception of determinants. The strongest determinants for fruit and vegetable intake according to the children’s reports were availability at home, modelling, demanding family rule and knowledge of recommendations. The strongest modelling determinant for fruit was the father’s fruit intake while for vegetables it was eating vegetables together with the family. Conclusion Eleven-year-old children should be asked themselves what determines their fruit and vegetable intake. However, children reported determinants in the physical and social environment, of which the parents are a part, as an important determinant for their intake. Interventions aiming to increase fruit and vegetable intake among children must therefore target the parents.
TEMPORAL CHANGE OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA HAPLOTYPE FREQUENCIES AND FEMALE EFFECTIVE SIZE IN A BROWN TROUT (SALMO TRUTTA) POPULATION

We report data on genetic drift of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes in a natural brown trout (Salmo trutta) population in Sweden. Large temporal frequency shifts were observed over the 14 consecutive year classes studied. The observed rate of drift was used to estimate the effective size of the population. This effective size applies to the female segment of the population as mtDNA is maternally inherited. The magnitude of mtDNA haplotype frequency change is compared with the corresponding allele frequency changes at 14 allozyme loci in the same population. The female effective size is estimated as 58, which is approximately half the effective size of 97 for the total population (both sexes) previously obtained from the shifts of allozyme allele frequencies.
Three Essays on Corporate Boards around the World

This thesis provides new evidence on boards around the world. Based on board member deaths, I first show that women increase firm valuation. This effect is driven by more rigorous selection processes. I then argue that travel distance signals board member quality as higher travel distances increase firm valuation. Finally, I show that CEOs are less likely to be dismissed for bad firm performance in countries where people are more willing to accept an unequal distribution of hierarchies.
The Optimal Holding Period for a Commercial Real Estate Portfolio: Taking the Lease Structure into Account

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine an optimal holding period for a real estate portfolio when break-options are included in the leases. Methodology/approach Optimization is achieved by maximizing the portfolio value, which is considered to be the sum of the discounted free cash flows and the discounted terminal value. The terminal value and the market rental value are simulated by a stochastic process representing a real estate index. To model the recurrent cash-flows, the lease structure of the portfolio and the behaviour of the tenant must be taken into account. A unit of real estate is vacated by a tenant if its current rent is too high in comparison with the market rental value available for similar properties. Vacant spaces remain unused for a period of time that is estimated using Poisson’s law. Findings We demonstrate that consideration of the break-options included in leases modifies the optimal holding period for a real estate fund. We show how factors included in the model influence the optimal time at which to sell the portfolio. Practical implications Practitioners are offered a practical methodology for determining the optimal best holding period for a portfolio or for a property. Originality/value The originality of the paper derives from considering the possibility that a tenant might move, which would modify the cash flows. This is critical in real estate portfolio management, because such specific risk is difficult to diversify.
Corporate governance, human capital resources, and firm performance: Exploring the missing links

This study explores the associations between human capital resources, firm performance, and corporate governance mechanisms. Based on the survey results of the “50 most attractive employers” conducted by Universum Global 2010, human resource, performance, and governance data was collected for the period from 2007 to 2011. Drawing on the strategic human capital and resource management, international governance, and organizational literature, this study examines the extent to which corporate governance mechanisms moderate the relationships between firm performance and human capital resources and posits that human resource performance is positively associated with corporate governance mechanisms that support and enhance strategic human resource management policies. Panel regression analyses are conducted to test the study’s hypotheses. The results show that human capital resources are positively related to firm performance, and that some corporate governance mechanisms may negatively affect performance when interacted with human capital variables. Furthermore, human resource performance is significantly related to some governance mechanisms, with interaction effects between human capital and other organizational attributes showing differential impacts. Overall, the results support a contingency-based view of strategic human resource management in the context of large and attractive global employers and highlight the importance of governance design in supporting investments and deploying human resources and capabilities at the firm and industry levels and across national boundaries.
Overexpression of bcl‐2, apoptosis suppressing gene: Prolonged viable culture period of hybridoma and enhanced antibody production

Human bcl‐2 DNA was introduced into mouse hybridoma 2E3 cells and expressed at a high level by using BCMGSneo vector, which reportedly amplifies as multiple copies in the cells independently of their chromosomes. The high expression of bcl‐2 in BCMGSneo‐bcl‐2 transfectants was confirmed by western blotting. In batch cultures, the overexpression of bcl‐2 raised the maximum viable cell density by 45%, delayed the initiation of apoptosis by 2 days, and prolonged the viable culture period by 4 days. The delayed initiation of apoptosis was detected by emergence of the ladder pattern on DNA electrophoresis and increase of the dead cell number. The bcl‐2 transfectants produced lgG1 fourfold per batch culture in comparison with 2E3 cells transfected with BCMGSneo but not with bcl‐2: a little less than twofold due to the improved survival of the cells and more than twofold due to the enhanced lgG1 production rate per cell of the bcl‐2 transfectants. The method to engineer hybridoma cells genetically with bcl‐2 using BCMGSneo vector for increasing viability and productivity would be widely applied for improving antibody productivity of hybridoma cultures. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Effect Ownership Structure on Earning Quality (Empirical Study of Manufacturing Companies Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange)

The researcher is conducted with the aim of examining the effect of ownership structure, which consists of institutional ownership and managerial ownership of the quality of earning and firm value. The population in this research is manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) from 2010 to 2015. The companies selected through a purposive sampling method. Institutional ownership has a positive and significant impact on earnings quality. Managerial ownership has a positive but insignificant effect on earnings quality. The quality of earnings has a positive and significant influence on the value of the firm. Institutional ownership has a positive and significant influence on firm value. Managerial ownership has a negative but insignificant effect on firm value.
Essays on intra-industry spillovers from FDI in developing countries : a firm-level analysis with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is widely associated with potential spillover benefits leading to productivity gains in host countries. The argument is that when foreign firms invest in a host country they not only invest capital, they often also transfer proprietary knowledge to their subsidiaries. With the expectation that host country firms would be able to benefit from this knowledge transfer, many developing countries introduced policies that encourage FDI via a range of incentives. However, the resulting empirical evidence on the actual spillovers is sobering.
RASSF1A is not appropriate as an early detection marker or a prognostic marker for non‐small cell lung cancer

Aberrant methylation of several tumor suppressor genes often occurs during the pathogenesis of lung cancer. RASSF1A is one of the tumor suppressor genes, and it is frequently inactivated by hypermethylation of its promoter region in a variety of human cancers, including lung cancer. It has recently been suggested that RASSF1A methylation was frequently observed in poorly differentiated tumors, and that it was correlated with adverse survival in lung adenocarcinoma (Tomizawa Y, et al., Clin Cancer Res 2002;8:2362–8). In this study, we investigated the pathogenetic and clinicopathologic significance of RASSF1A methylation for the development and/or progression of non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We examined 116 cases of NSCLC for the methylation status of RASSF1A. Methylation‐specific analysis demonstrated that 40.5% (47 of 116) of the cases were methylated at the CpG sites in the promoter. Methylation of RASSF1A was associated with cellular differentiation (p = 0.0244) and it was related to survival (p = 0.0276). However, there was no association between RASSF1A methylation and the individual clinicopathologic features: TNM stage (p > 0.1), recurrence (p > 0.1), lymphatic permeation (p > 0.1) and smoking duration time (p > 0.1). Furthermore, we analyzed RASSF1A's probability as a prognostic marker by using stepwise Cox proportional hazard regression testing. As a result, the stage proved to be the most important factor (p = 0.0089), more than any other factors such as age, gender, cell type, methylation status, differentiation, smoking duration time, tumor size and lymph node permeation. There was no other significant factor other than stage and age. These results show that epigenetic inactivation of RASSF1A cannot be a prognostic marker of NSCLC. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supervisory Control Architecture for Discrete-Event Systems

A flexible decentralized and hierarchical architecture is presented to reduce computational effort in designing optimal nonblocking supervisors for discrete-event systems (DES). We organize a DES into modular subsystems that embody internal interacting dependencies. Verification of, and coordination among modular subsystems are achieved through their model abstractions. Sufficient conditions are presented to guarantee that coordinators and modular supervisors result in maximally permissive and nonblocking control. A medium-sized example demonstrates the computational effectiveness of our approach.
Conduction velocity along human muscle fibers in situ

When muscle fibers are stimulated in the distal portion of the human biceps brachii, far enough from the end-plate region, a discrete single fiber activity can be picked up proximally by means of a selective recording electrode. The distally evoked potentials show a linear relationship between latency and distance and can be recorded also in curarized patients. The risk of stimulating the intramuscular nerve endings is remote and, when it occasionally happens, the indirectly evoked muscle activity can be distinguished from the direct one. As direct muscle stimulation is feasible and safe, propagation velocity along single fibers can be determined in situ over a long distance. The results obtained in 50 normal subjects are presented.
High Non-GAAP Earnings Predict Abnormally High CEO Pay ∗

Using the standard academic model of executive compensation, we document excessive CEO pay for the S&P 500 firms that report non-GAAP earnings that are much higher than their GAAP earnings. We also find that, on average, such firms have weak contemporaneous and future operating performance relative to other firms in the S&P 500. Moreover, evidence does not support management’s typical assertion that non-GAAP earnings more accurately convey a firm’s core earnings. Specifically, non-GAAP earnings do not correlate more highly with contemporaneous stock returns than GAAP net income or operating income. This latter finding confirms prior results that firms’ reporting of non-GAAP earnings does not mislead investors, maybe because firms are simultaneously required to report GAAP earnings and a reconciliation of the adjustments to GAAP earnings. Overall, our evidence suggests that, on average, boards of directors are influenced by large positive non-GAAP earnings adjustments in approving a level of CEO pay that is otherwise not supported by the firm’s stock price or GAAP earnings performance.
CNS leptin and insulin action in the control of energy homeostasis

The obesity and diabetes pandemics have made it an urgent necessity to define the central nervous system (CNS) pathways controlling body weight, energy expenditure, and fuel metabolism. The pancreatic hormone insulin and the adipose tissue–derived leptin are known to act on diverse neuronal circuits in the CNS to maintain body weight and metabolism in a variety of species, including humans. Because these homeostatic circuits are disrupted during the development of obesity, the pathomechanisms leading to CNS leptin and insulin resistance are a focal point of research. In this review, we summarize the recent findings concerning the mechanisms and novel neuronal mediators of both insulin and leptin action in the CNS.