Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discrimination between Rain and Snow with a Polarimetric Radar

Abstract Polarimetric signatures of snow precipitation for six Oklahoma snowstorms are examined. The available data consist of specific differential phase KDP, differential reflectivity ZDR, cross-correlation coefficient ρhv, and radar reflectivity factor Z. These data were obtained with the 10-cm-wavelength Cimarron polarimetric weather radar. The data suggest that in pure snow the average values of KDP and ZDR do not follow a systematic trend with change of the radar reflectivity factor if Z < 35 dBZ; this is not the case in rain. Precipitation is qualified as snow if the average ZDR is less than 0.2 dB for Z < 35 dBZ. The presence of a bright band with a pronounced ρhv minimum and ZDR maximum is a good discernible feature for discriminating between snow and rain. Thus, a localized deep minimum of the cross-correlation coefficient delineates the transition region between snow and rain in the horizontal direction if sufficiently large snowflakes are generated in the transition area. Otherwise, a sharp ch.
ANALYSIS OF CONDITION OF RURAL ROAD TRANSPORT IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

Despite the crucial role transportation plays in the socio-economic development of every society most developing countries are characterized by inadequate transport. This study examines the road transport situation in rural areas of Kwara State, Nigeria. The work adopted an integrated approach whereby rural road transport is viewed as a whole complex of the available roads, transport services and Intermediate Means of Transport (IMT). A total of 993 respondents were surveyed across the three senatorial districts of the state. The data collected were analysed using frequency counts, percentages, mean ranking and histograms. Four topological measures were also used to determine the road network connectivity in the sampled LGAs. Overall, road network connectivity, level of road accessibility and transport services are generally poor and inadequate in rural areas of the state. However, spatial variations were found to exist in the area. Kaiama LGA was found to have the least level of road accessibility, road network connectivity and has the poorest transport services among the sampled LGAs. This implies that there is a greater restriction on mobility with attendant negative effects on the economy and general wellbeing of the people in the area. Transportation problems faced by rural residents in the area include that of poor road surface conditions, high cost of transport, overloading and incessant highway robberies. Suggested policy options include provision of adequate funds for road construction and rehabilitation, community-oriented approach to rural road development and introduction of interventions that will improve the provision of rural transport services.
Policy considerations for greenhouse gas emissions from freshwater reservoirs.

Emerging concern over greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wetlands has prompted calls to address the climate impact of dams in climate policy frameworks. Existing studies indicate that reservoirs can be significant sources of emissions, particularly in tropical areas. However, knowledge on the role of dams in overall national emission levels and abatement targets is limited, which is often cited as a key reason for political inaction and delays in formulating appropriate policies. Against this backdrop, this paper discusses the current role of reservoir emissions in existing climate policy frameworks. The distance between a global impact on climate and a need for local mitigation measures creates a challenge for designing appropriate mechanisms to combat reservoir emissions. This paper presents a range of possible policy interventions at different scales that could help address the climate impact of reservoirs. Reservoir emissions need to be treated like other anthropogenic greenhouse gases. A rational treatment of the issue requires applying commonly accepted climate change policy principles as well as promoting participatory water management plans through integrated water resource management frameworks. An independent global body such as the UN system may be called upon to assess scientific information and develop GHG emissions policy at appropriate levels.
Initial Series of Low Anterior Resection with an Autonomic Nerve-Preserving Technique for Rectal Cancer Using an Ultrasound Scalpel*

Background. Achieving effective local control and obtaining optimal functional outcomes are now both needed in the surgical management for rectal cancer. Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess early functional results after low anterior resection performed with an ultrasound scalpel. Material and Methods. Nineteen consecutive rectal cancer patients surgically treated during the years 2004–2008 with low anterior resection with sharp total mesorectal excision were studied. Dissection was performed with an ultrasound scalpel instead of electrocautery. The frequency of axial vibration and the extension of longitudinal vibration were 55.5 kHz and 75 µm, respectively. Special effort was made to identify and preserve autonomic nerves. Postoperative complications and functional results were analyzed. Results. Surgery was completed with no intraoperative complications. The mean operating time was 150.20 ± 27.09 min. In each case, resection and anastomosis (straight, double-stapled) were done with ease. There was no postoperative mortality. Blood transfusion was not required. Neither anastomotic leakage nor abdominal infectious complications were noticed. Delayed wound healing and prolonged bowel paralysis occurred in two patients (13%) with diabetes and chronic obturative pulmonary disease, respectively. Urinary bladder disturbance developed in one female patient (7%) as stress incontinence. This dysfunction was transient, with symptoms being significantly reduced during the six postoperative months. Conclusions. Based on this initial series, rectal dissection with an ultrasonic knife appears safe and seems to facilitate autonomic nerve preservation, probably due to minimized thermal damage to tissue. Further investigations and cost-effectiveness analysis are needed to assess its usefulness for the routine surgical practice (Adv Clin Exp Med 2010, 19, 1, 113–119).
Residually finite dimensional and AF-embeddable C^*-algebras

We show that every separable nuclear residually finite dimensional C*-algebras satisfying the Universal Coefficient Theorem can be embedded into a unital separable simple AF-algebra. The problem of determining when a C*-algebra can be embedded as a C*subalgebra of an AF-algebra has been studied for a while (for example, in [Pi], [Vo], [Sp], [Br] and [D] to name a few). J. Spielberg showed in [Sp], among other related things, that every separable CCR C*-algebra can be embedded into an AFalgebra. In [D], it is shown that a separable nuclear residually finite dimensional C*-algebra can be embedded into an AF-algebra if it is homotopically dominated by an AF-algebra. Consequently, from a result of Spielberg, Dadarlat shows (in [D]) that the AF-embeddability of a residually finite dimensional C*-algebra A (say in the "bootstrap" class of [RS]) depends only on the homotopy type of A. The renewed interest in residually finite dimensional C*-algebras arises from the result of Blackadar and Kirchberg ([BK1] and [BK2]) that simple separable nuclear quasidiagonal C*-algebras are inductive limits of nuclear RFD C*-algebras. Since a C*-subalgebra of a nuclear C*-algebra must be exact ([K1]), non-exact C*-algebras cannot be embedded into AF-algebras. So, we will consider nuclear C*-algebras only. In this short note, we use recent results ([Ln3]) in classification of nuclear C*-algebras to show that, in fact, every separable nuclear residually finite dimensional C*-algebra can be embedded into a simple AF-algebra if it satisfies the Universal Coefficient Theorem (for example, if it is in the so-called "bootstrap" class of C*-algebras). Definition 1. Let A be a C*-algebra. An irreducible representation of A, w, is said to be finite dimensional, if w(A) is finite dimensional. A C*-algebra A is said be residually finite dimensional (RFD) if there is a separating family of finite dimensional irreducible representations of A. A separable RFD C*-algebra has a separating sequence of finite dimensional irreducible representations. Definition 2. Denote by JNI the bootstrap class of C*-algebras (see [RS]). Denote by JV the class of C*-algebras for which the Universal Coefficient Theorem (UCT) Received by the editors July 22, 1998 and, in revised form, September 13, 1999. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 46L05, 46L35.
Mixing in Shallow Cumulus Clouds Studied by Lagrangian Particle Tracking

Mixing between shallow cumulus clouds and their environment is studied using large-eddy simulations. The origin of in-cloud air is studied by two distinct methods: 1) by analyzing conserved variable mixing diagrams (Paluch diagrams) and 2) by tracing back cloud-air parcels represented by massless Lagrangian particles that follow the flow. The obtained Paluch diagrams are found to be similar to many results in the literature, but the source of entrained air found by particle tracking deviates from the source inferred from the Paluch analysis. Whereas the classical Paluch analysis seems to provide some evidence for cloud-top mixing, particle tracking shows that virtually all mixing occurs laterally. Particle trajectories averaged over the entire cloud ensemble also clearly indicate the absence of significant cloud-top mixing in shallow cumulus clouds.
Horizontal and vertical motions of barotropic vortices over a submarine mountain

Abstract The evolution of barotropic vortices over a topographic, axisymmetric mountain in a homogeneous rotating fluid is studied experimentally. The aim is to identify the main physical processes observed in (i) a horizontal plane of motion, perpendicular to the rotation axis of the system, and (ii) a vertical plane across the diameter of the mountain. The vortices are monopolar cyclones initially generated near or over the topography. Initially, the vortices drift towards the mountain due to the $\ensuremath{\beta} $-effect associated with the topographic slope. On arriving, they turn around the obstacle in an anticyclonic direction, whilst anticyclonic vorticity is generated over the summit. The long-term vorticity distribution is dominated by the original cyclone elongated around the topographic contours and the generated anticyclone over the tip of the topography. In the vertical plane an oscillatory uphill–downhill flow is generated, which is directly related to the drift of the cyclone around the mountain. Depending on the vortex characteristics, the period of the oscillation ranges from 4 to 10 times the rotation period of the system. The horizontal and vertical flow fields are reproduced numerically by using a shallow-water formulation, which allows a detailed view of the vertical motions, hence facilitating the interpretation of the experimental results. In addition, the cyclone–anticyclone pair over the mountain is compared with analytical solutions of topographically trapped waves. A general conclusion is that vertical motions persist for several days (or rotation periods), which implies that this mechanism might be potentially important for the vertical transport over seamounts.
The Islamic Capital Market Response to the Real Earnings Management

This study aims to prove the effect of the company's status, i.e membership on the Islamic capital market and the status as suspect firm, as a determinant of real earnings management (REM). REM is conducted by abnormally increasing sales, increasing production and reducing discretionary costs in order to achieve a certain earnings target. This study uses Earnings Distribution Analysis (EDA) technique, which refers to the Prospect Theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) to identify the suspect firms. Suspect firms are companies that have small positive earnings. The samples of this research are companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2011 and 2012. Based on the result of regression analysis, hypothesis testing results show that the suspect firms conduct real earnings management in all three types of activities more aggressively than the non-suspect firms. Furthermore, this study also showed empirical evidence that there are differences in real earnings management actions between companies listed in the Islamic capital market compared to conventional capital markets. Then, this study also showed that the Islamic capital market is more appropriate in response to the REM than the conventional capital market.
A power pulsed low-pressure argon microwave plasma investigated by Thomson scattering: evidence for molecular assisted recombination

A squared-wave power pulsed low-pressure plasma is investigated by means of Thomson scattering. By this method the values of the electron density and temperature are obtained, directly. The plasma is created by a surfatron launcher in pure argon at gas pressures of 8–70 mbar. Features of the pulse rise and decay are studied with microsecond time resolution. During the pulse rise we observe initial high temperature values, while the density is still rising. At power switch-off we find decay times of the electron density that are smaller than what is expected on the basis of diffusion losses. This implies that the dominant decay mechanism in the studied pressure regime is provided by molecular assisted recombination.
The Opportunity Cost of Exporting

Recent evidence suggests that firms face tradeoffs between serving domestic and foreign markets. We advance this literature by first differentiating between two types of exporters, transitory and perennial exporters, and then documenting differential behaviors for these firms. Using data on Chilean firms, we find a negative correlation (-0.30) between domestic and foreign sales for transitory exporters, but a mild positive correlation (+0.14) for perennial exporters, with an overall correlation of -0.19. To address these facts, we build a model that combines a linear demand system a la Melitz and Ottaviano (2008) with decreasing returns to scale in production and shocks to demand and productivity. The key departure is that costs can no longer be separated and treated in isolation across markets. While a positive productivity shock increases both foreign and domestic sales, a positive foreign demand shock increases exports but decreases domestic sales. We then calibrate the model and find that the model matches the data well, generating correlations of the right sign for each type of exporter and accounts for nearly 80% of the overall correlation. To evaluate the economic significance, we consider the counterfactual experiment of reducing trade costs. Contrary to exisiting studies, decreasing trade costs has on average positive effects on firmsâ€™ domestic sales. Furthermore, while markups are higher for exporters than non-exporters, markups within a firm tend to decline when firms start exporting. Both results would be absent in a model where markets are treated independently.
Biological Control of Leaf Spot and Growth Promotion of Eucalyptus Plants by Trichoderma spp.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of twelve Trichoderma isolates on eucalyptus leaf spot control induced by Cylindrocladium scoparium and determine the sporulation capacity of the isolates on two substrates (parboiled rice and millet) for selection of potential biocontrol and growth promoter agents, in eucalypt seedlings. In the in vitro experiments, volatile and non-volatile metabolites tests showed different levels of inhibition of the pathogen mycelial growth. In tests on detached leaves, it was observed suppression of disease symptoms with all Trichoderma strains in leaves inoculated with CEN494 isolate of the pathogen, whereas with isolate CEN517 did not found the same efficiency. Sporulation of Trichoderma was higher using parboiled rice as the substrate, compared to millet. In general terms, it was obtained 3.38 × 109 and 2.84 × 109 conidia/g for the two substrates, respectively. Some of these Trichoderma isolates may be used in development of biofungicides for biocontrol of leaf spot, especially CEN262, due to its suppressive effect on C. scoparium, high sporulation, growth promotion capacity and endophytic colonization in eucalyptus seedlings.
Oxygen Consumption Changes With Yoga Practices

Oxygen consumption varies with physical and mental activity as well as pathological conditions. Although there is a strong relationship between yoga and metabolic parameters, the relationship between yoga and oxygen consumption has not yet been formally reviewed. This systematic review attempted to include all studies of yoga that also measured oxygen consumption or metabolic rate as an outcome. A total of 58 studies were located involving between 1 and 104 subjects (average 21). The studies were generally of poor methodological quality and demonstrated great heterogeneity with different experimental designs, yoga practices, time periods, and small sample sizes. Studies report yoga practices to have profound metabolic effects producing both increase and decrease in oxygen consumption, ranging from 383% increase with cobra pose to 40% decrease with meditation. Compared to nonpractitioners, basal oxygen consumption is reported to be up to 15% less in regular yoga practitioners, and regular yoga practice is reported to have a training effect with oxygen consumption during submaximal exercise decreasing by 36% after 3 months. Yoga breathing practices emphasize breathing patterns and retention ratios as well as unilateral nostril breathing, and these factors appear critical in influencing oxygen consumption. A number of studies report extraordinary volitional control over metabolism in advanced yoga practitioners who appear to be able to survive extended periods in airtight pits and to exceed the limits of normal human endurance. More rigorous research with standardized practices is required to determine the mechanisms of yoga’s metabolic effects and the relevance of yoga practices in different clinical populations.
Dust as interstellar catalyst I. Quantifying the chemical desorption process

Context. The presence of dust in the interstellar medium has profound consequences on the chemical composition of regions where stars are forming. Recent observations show that many species formed onto dust are populating the gas phase, especially in cold environments where UV and CR induced photons do not account for such processes. Aims. The aim of this paper is to understand and quantify the process that releases solid species into the gas phase, the so-called chemical desorption process, so that an explicit formula can be derived that can be included into astrochemical models. Methods. We present a collection of experimental results of more than 10 reactive systems. For each reaction, different substrates such as oxidized graphite and compact amorphous water ice are used. We derive a formula to reproduce the efficiencies of the chemical desorption process, which considers the equipartition of the energy of newly formed products, followed by classical bounce on the surface. In part II we extend these results to astrophysical conditions. Results. The equipartition of energy describes correctly the chemical desorption process on bare surfaces. On icy surfaces, the chemical desorption process is much less efficient and a better description of the interaction with the surface is still needed. Conclusions. We show that the mechanism that directly transforms solid species to gas phase species is efficient for many reactions.
Synthesis of Gold Nanorices on ITO Substrate Using Silver Seed-Mediated Growth Method

Herein, we propose a seed-mediated growth method for synthesis of gold nanorices directly grown on the substrate using silver seed. The as prepared sample was characterized using UV-Vis spectrometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The UV-Vis spectrum of the sample shows transversal surface plasmon resonance (t-SPR) peak at wavelength 541 nm and longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (l-SPR) peak at wavelength 730 nm. The FESEM image confirmed the morphology of gold nanostructures are rice-like shape. Typically, the nanorices have long axis (a) 55.54±3.30 nm, short axis (b) 28.71±2.30 nm, and aspect ratio (a/b) 1.98±0.09. The XRD pattern of the sample at diffraction angle (2θ) in the range of 10o-70o reveals three peaks at 38.18o, 44.48o, and 64.67o which corresponding to (111), (200), and (220) Bragg’s reflection of face centers cubic lattice Gold (ICSD file No. 98-005-3763). The strong peak intensity at 38.18o represents the nanorices growth in the (111) direction. The gold nanostructures with rice-like shape which exhibit two localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) thus it has very potential for application in plasmonic sensing
ALGEBRAIC INDEPENDENCE OF SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF THE SECOND ORDER

We deal with second order algebraic differential equations obtained by equating exact and logarithmic derivatives. Under the assumption that such an equation has no "first integral" (which is proven in particular cases), it is shown that two generic solutions can be algebraically independent only if they satisfy a "very special" relation. Whence is deduced the existence of an infinite algebraically free set of generic solutions over a constant differential field.
HIGH-GRADIENT BREAKDOWN IN NORMAL-CONDUCTING RF CAVITIES

Over the last few years it has become apparent that RF breakdown and the damage that it can cause are critical issues for normal-conducting high-energy linear colliders. Substantial efforts to address RF breakdown issues have been launched within the linear-collider community. The ideas about the physics of breakdown, experimental results, methods to increase achievable gradients and methods to avoid damage that have emerged from the studies are reviewed.
Exchange rate alignment and producer support estimates (PSEs) for India

This article examines the effects of exchange rate alignment during 1985–2002 on agricultural producer support estimates (PSEs) for India. Based on several time series techniques, the equilibrium exchange rate of the Indian rupee and the corresponding misalignment of the actual rate are estimated and applied to recent PSE calculations. Our results show that the exchange rate was substantially misaligned before a financial crisis and macroeconomic reform in the early 1990s, with subsequent indirect effects on the PSEs. We find a relatively high pass-through of exchange rate movements to domestic agricultural prices, so that removal of the exchange rate misalignment would have improved incentives to Indian farmers during this period. More recently, this indirect exchange rate effect is smaller than the direct effect in the PSEs, indicating the dominance of sectoral-specific policies over economy-wide policies.
On the Torelli problem for kählerian $K-3$ surfaces

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