Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE SITE OF IN VIVO ASSEMBLY OF FLAGELLAR MICROTUBULES *

Much of our current knowledge of microtubules has come from studies on the central and outer doublet microtubules of cilia and flagella. These investigations have provided detailed information on the fine structure of microt u b u l e ~ , ~ ~ on the arrangement of subunits in the microtubule li and on the physical and chemical properties of the microtubule protein (tubulin) . 6-8 Studies on the protein composition of the Aand B-tubules of the flagellar outer doublets have provided the only direct evidence that single microtubules are composed of two different tubulins.lO,ll Analysis of the dynein arms of the outer doublets has yielded considerable information on a class of proteins that may be universally associated with microtubules.12-15 Finally, recent studies on isolated, reactivated axonemes have shown one way in which the microtubules and their associated components function in flagellar movement.ls, l7 Similarly, information concerning microtubule assembly in vivo can be obtained by studying the formation of the axoneme during flagellar growth. Such studies can provide important information on how and where flagellar microtubules are assembled in vivo, how the microtubules interact with other flagellar components during flagellar formation to give rise to the characteristic form and structure of the organelle, and what mechanisms are involved in the control of microtubule assembly and flagellar development. The unicellular biflagellate Chlamydomonas reinhardi is particularly useful for such studies. The flagella can be easily detached from Chlamydomonas, and populations of deflagellated cells synchronously regenerate their flagella.I8 The kinetics of flagellar regeneration have been studied in detail, and the effects of inhibitors of flagellar growth (cycloheximide and colchicine) have led to hypotheses on the relative roles of new protein synthesis and preexisting protein pools in the formation of flagella.lR Related experiments have demonstrated that Chlamydomonas flagella can be resorbed and the proteins reutilized in the
Media Coverage of Governors' Policy Agendas

The media play an integral role in communicating political information from elected official to citizen. Most research examining the relationship between media coverage and governors focuses on campaigns and concludes that the media at times do not always portray campaign messages accurately for female candidates (Kahn 1994; Devitt 2002). Very little is known about how the media cover sitting governors much less whether the reporting varies by gender. We address this gap in the scholarship and examine the degree to which the media represent accurately governors' policy agendas - specifically those outlined in a governor's most visible speech, their annual state of the state address. To execute this analysis, we content analyze annual state of the state addresses from 2007 through 2011 and the resultant newspaper coverage. We also analyze gubernatorial press releases regarding their speeches. We find that media coverage of governors' addresses is largely faithful to the original message and that female reporters are slightly more accurate in their coverage than male reporters.
Dengue virus-specific human CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses in a recipient of an experimental live-attenuated dengue virus type 1 vaccine: bulk culture proliferation, clonal analysis, and precursor frequency determination

We analyzed the CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses to dengue, West Nile, and yellow fever viruses 4 months after immunization of a volunteer with an experimental live-attenuated dengue virus type 1 vaccine (DEN-1 45AZ5). We examined bulk culture proliferation to noninfectious antigens, determined the precursor frequency of specific CD4+ T cells by limiting dilution, and established and analyzed CD4+ T-cell clones. Bulk culture proliferation was predominantly dengue virus type 1 specific with a lesser degree of cross-reactive responses to other dengue virus serotypes, West Nile virus, and yellow fever virus. Precursor frequency determination by limiting dilution in the presence of noninfectious dengue virus antigens revealed a frequency of antigen-reactive cells of 1 in 1,686 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for dengue virus type 1, 1 in 9,870 PBMC for dengue virus type 3, 1 in 14,053 PBMC for dengue virus type 2, and 1 in 17,690 PBMC for dengue virus type 4. Seventeen CD4+ T-cell clones were then established by using infectious dengue virus type 1 as antigen. Two patterns of dengue virus specificity were found in these clones. Thirteen clones were dengue virus type 1 specific, and four clones recognized both dengue virus types 1 and 3. Analysis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) restriction revealed that five clones are HLA-DRw52 restricted, one clone is HLA-DP3 restricted, and one clone is HLA-DP4 restricted. These results indicate that in this individual, the CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses to immunization with live-attenuated dengue virus type 1 vaccine are predominantly serotype specific and suggest that a multivalent vaccine may be necessary to elicit strong serotype-cross-reactive CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses in such individuals.
[Generations of Italian nurses compared: an exploratory study].

AIM The influence that generations have on complex nursing work environment have not been investigated yet in Italy. The majority of studies realized on this topic up to now has a small sample size and is monocentric. None Italian study has directly investigated nursing multigenerational workforce. The study aimed to investigate the existence of generational differences in Italian nurses professional within the italian context and describe their characteristics. METHODS A 33 items questionnaire devised for the purpose was administred to a sample of 317 nurses of two major Italian North-East hospital. Five dimensions were analyzed: professional space, professional role, professional culture, orientation to care, relationships among generations. RESULTS Data showed statistically significant differences among nurses generations in 9 items. The dimensions with the greatest number of significant items were found to be relationship among generations (6 items), followed by orientation to care, professional space and professional role (1 item each). CONCLUSIONS Results highlighted the existence of generational differences and give some information on perceptions and relationships between italian nurses generations. Being the first exploratory study on Italian nurses, it is currently impossible to compare these results with those of previous studies. Further investigation is needed to make more comparisons with international literature.
Asymmetry of ocular motor and perceptual vestibular processing in humans with unilateral vestibular deafferentation.

To investigate the effect of asymmetrical vestibular input on the perceived straight-ahead direction, we compared 7 subjects (age 59 +/- 8 yrs, mean +/- SD) who had chronic (>10 mos) unilateral vestibular deafferentation with 10 age matched controls (age 61+/-6 younger controls (age 28 +/- 7 yrs). Despite the age difference, the two control groups performed similarly and were therefore pooled. Eye and head movements were recorded using search coils as subjects underwent 30 s trials of sinusoidal, whole body oscillation (0.4-2 Hz, peak velocities 0-120 degrees /s) in darkness while attempting to maintain gaze on a remembered target 5 m distant. As a control, most stimulus oscillations were randomly superimposed on an imperceptible, constant velocity of +/-0.5 degrees /s that produced a whole-body offset of 15 degrees by the end of the trial. Following oscillation, subjects remained motionless in darkness and were asked to orient both gaze and a manipulandum to the remembered target location. In control subjects, mean final gaze and manipulandum positions were within 15 degrees of the target for all testing conditions. There was no dependence of final gaze and manipulandum positions on the frequency or velocity of the preceding whole-body oscillations (p > 0.05). In four of seven unilaterally deafferented subjects there was an ipsilesional bias of final eye position of > or =10 degrees. These subjects moved both eye and manipulandum to the ipsilesional side, with the error increasing at higher stimulus velocities. For the 120 degrees /s peak head velocity, mean ipsilesional gaze bias ranged from 10-37 degrees and mean manipulandum bias ranged from 26-108 degrees. Although the errors depended on velocity p < 0.01), errors were independent of frequency (p > 0.1). In the remaining three subjects with vestibular deafferentation, final gaze and manipulandum positions [were not statistically different from controls. ] Early gain (eye velocity / head velocity) of the VOR averaged 0.82 +/- 0.01 for the first 10 s of all trials and was similar in all groups (p > 0.1). Gain during the final 10 s gain averaged 0.78 +/- 0.01 for control subjects, but was significantly lower at 0.70 +/- 0.01 for unilaterally deafferented subjects, whose eye positions reached the limit of the ocular motor range. We conclude that many humans with chronic unilateral vestibular deafferentation have a large ipsilesional dynamic bias of eye position and the perceived straight ahead direction reflecting persistent asymmetry of vestibular processing.
Livemocha as an online language-learning community

PRODUCT AT A GLANCE Product Type Web-based global language-learning community with online instructional content (drill and practice), peer feedback, and online chatting with community friends Language Languages of website: English, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese, and Korean Languages for learning and teaching: English, Spanish, French, German, Mandarin Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, Icelandic, Italian, Portuguese (Brazil), and Russian Level Self-study lesson content, beginning and intermediate levels; other activities (e.g., online chat, providing feedback for writing and speaking) open to all levels of proficiency and ages Activities (a) “learn,” vocabulary learning, reading, listening, unscrambling words, writing, speaking, and practicing dialogues; (b) “practice,” recording the dialogue with a partner, recording a script and submitting for peer review, submitting a written essay for peer review; and (c) “share” as a tutor, correcting and rating writing or speaking exercises submitted by text or audio comments 010 10:24:09 AM] https://www.calico. org/p-416-Livemocha%20as%20an%20online%20language-learning%20community%20%28012009%29.html (1 of 12) [10/19/2 ❍ CALICO Journal »
Size, Beta, Average Stock Return Relationship, 19th century Evidence

We used portfolio sorting and Fama-MacBeth cross-sectional regression approach to test the validity of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) in the 19th century. The CAPM is not valid in the 19th century, but we caution not to discard the model completely. Since the high fluctuations in the times' series of the slopes (coefficient of the relationship between expected returns and beta) cover the capability to reach a solid conclusion concerning validity of the CAPM. Size (price time’s shares outstanding) effects exist on the 19th century, but it disappears when stocks are value weighted to form portfolios. Detail evidence reveals that size effect is contributed by small size group of stocks, which accounts for only 0.35% of the total market size.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-Troglitazone-induced Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells Involve AMP-activated Protein Kinase*

Background: Combination of TRAIL with PPARγ ligands has been shown to ameliorate TRAIL resistance, but the mechanism involved is still unknown. Results: Inhibition of AMPK activity antagonizes TRAIL and troglitazone combination-induced apoptosis and attenuates caspase cleavage in prostate cancer cells. Conclusion: AMPK is involved in mediating TRAIL-troglitazone-induced apoptosis. Significance: Targeting AMPK by TRAIL and troglitazone combination might be an effective means of sensitizing apoptosis-resistant prostate cancer cells. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men with limited treatment options for the hormone-resistant forms. Development of novel therapeutic options is critically needed to target advanced forms. Here we demonstrate that combinatorial treatment with the thiazolidinedione troglitazone (TZD) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can induce significant apoptosis in various PCa cells independent of androgen receptor status. Because TZD is known to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), we determined whether AMPK is a molecular target mediating this apoptotic cascade by utilizing PCa cell lines stably overexpressing AMPKα1 dominant negative (C4-2-DN) or empty vector (C4-2-EV). Our results indicated a significantly higher degree of apoptosis with TRAIL-TZD combination in C4-2-EV cells compared with C4-2-DN cells. Similarly, results from a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed a larger reduction of viability of C4-2-EV cells compared with C4-2-DN cells when treated with TRAIL-TZD, thus suggesting that C4-2-DN cells were more apoptosis-resistant. Additionally, siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous AMPKα1 expression showed a reduction of TRAIL-TZD-induced apoptosis, further confirming the participation of AMPK in mediating this apoptosis. Apoptosis induction by this combinatorial treatment was also associated with a cleavage of β-catenin that was inhibited in both C4-2-DN cells and those cells in which AMPKα1 was knocked down. In addition, time course studies showed an increase in pACCS79 (AMPK target) levels coinciding with the time of apoptosis. These studies indicate the involvement of AMPK in TRAIL-TZD-mediated apoptosis and β-catenin cleavage and suggest the possibility of utilizing AMPK as a therapeutic target in apoptosis-resistant prostate cancer.
When Are Outside Directors More Effective Monitors? Evidence From Real Activities Manipulation

A large body of the corporate governance literature examines the disciplinary role of outside directors in overseeing the CEO. Although it is certainly a critical factor in effective monitoring, independence alone is not sufficient. Fulfilling the monitoring role also requires a skilled and knowledgeable board (Acharya, Myers, & Rajan, 2011; Adams & Ferreira 2007; Raheja, 2005). The skills and knowledge needed for monitoring vary with the type of CEO activity being monitored. For certain managerial actions that require sufficient firm-specific knowledge and expertise to exercise discipline, board informedness could be at least as critical as board independence. Given the trade-off between informedness and independence, outside directors are not necessarily better monitors than inside directors due to information disadvantages. In this study, we examine whether and to what extent an independent board constrains the CEO from taking real actions to manage financial performance. We refer to real earnings management as the CEO’s purposeful intervention in normal business practice in an effort to influence the output of the accounting system (Gunny, 2010; Roychowdhury, 2006). Relative to accrual-based earnings management, real earnings management is inherently more difficult to detect and requires more firm-specific information to understand because it can involve any real decision that deviates from normal business practice (Cohen, Dey, & Lys, 2008; Lo, 2008). Lo (2008) compares the two earnings management methods and concludes that
Economic effects of clinical pharmacy interventions: a literature review.

PURPOSE Economic evaluations of clinical pharmacy interventions are reviewed. SUMMARY A variety of clinical pharmacy interventions have been assessed, but the body of evidence relating to any particular type of intervention is small. Cost-saving interventions comprise a small percentage of clinical pharmacy interventions, but they generated substantial savings. Clinical pharmacists provided added value by participating in multidisciplinary teams attending rounds. Clinical pharmacy interventions reduced preventable adverse drug events and prescribing errors, thereby yielding savings related to cost avoidance. Interventions relating to antibiotic therapy lowered costs of care without adversely affecting clinical outcomes. The results of cost-benefit analyses suggested that general clinical pharmacy interventions are associated with cost savings. Most economic evaluations of clinical pharmacy interventions suffered from a number of methodological limitations relating to the absence of a control group without clinical pharmacy interventions, limited scope of costs and outcomes, focus on direct health care costs only, exclusion of pharmacist employment cost, use of intermediate outcome measures, exclusion of health benefits, and absence of incremental cost analysis. Some avenues for designing future economic evaluations include the use of a control group, detailed descriptions of the interventions provided, evaluations conducted from a societal perspective, consideration of patients' health benefits when assessing economic effect of interventions and hospital costs, and the inclusion of sensitivity and incremental analyses. CONCLUSION Most pharmacoeconomic evaluations of clinical pharmacy interventions demonstrated limitations in their methodological quality and applicability to current practice. Future evaluations should use a comparative study design that includes the incremental cost-effectiveness or cost:benefit ratio of clinical pharmacy interventions from a societal perspective.
Dissociation, Self-Cutting, and Other Self-Harm Behavior in a General Population of Finnish Adolescents

A few studies on adult clinical samples have demonstrated that dissociation predicts self-harm behavior without intent to die. Furthermore, a similar association has been found from selected adolescent populations. However, no studies have been published on the association between dissociation and self-harm behavior in general populations of either adults or adolescents. We investigated whether a high level of dissociation predicts self-cutting or other self-harm behavior in a Finnish general population sample of 4019 adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years. Those with a high level of dissociation measured with the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale had a higher risk of current self-cutting and other self-harm behavior, even when adjusted for several possible confounding factors. Self-cutting adolescents had higher Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale scores than those displaying other kinds of self-harm behavior. These results indicate that a high level of dissociation is an independent risk factor for self-harm behavior in adolescents, and may have value both in clinical work and further research.
A Specific Transitory Increase in Intracellular Calcium Induced by Progesterone Promotes Acrosomal Exocytosis in Mouse Sperm

ABSTRACT During capacitation, sperm acquire the ability to undergo the acrosome reaction (AR), an essential step in fertilization. Progesterone produced by cumulus cells has been associated with various physiological processes in sperm, including stimulation of AR. An increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) is necessary for AR to occur. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal correlation between the changes in [Ca2+]i and AR in single mouse spermatozoa in response to progesterone. We found that progesterone stimulates an [Ca2+]i increase in five different patterns: gradual increase, oscillatory, late transitory, immediate transitory, and sustained. We also observed that the [Ca2+]i increase promoted by progesterone starts at either the flagellum or the head. We validated the use of FM4-64 as an indicator for the occurrence of the AR by simultaneously detecting its fluorescence increase and the loss of EGFP in transgenic EGFPAcr sperm. For the first time, we have simultaneously visualized the rise in [Ca2+]i and the process of exocytosis in response to progesterone and found that only a specific transitory increase in [Ca2+]i originating in the sperm head promotes the initiation of AR.
Disrupted prenatal maternal cortisol, maternal obesity, and childhood wheeze. Insights into prenatal programming.

RATIONALE Exploring prenatal factors influencing childhood wheeze may inform programming mechanisms. OBJECTIVES We examined associations among prenatal maternal cortisol profiles, maternal obesity, and repeated wheeze up to age 2 years (n = 261). METHODS Salivary cortisol was collected five times per day over 3 days at 29.0 ± 4.9 weeks gestation. Mothers were categorized as obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) versus nonobese (body mass index < 30 kg/m(2)). Using logistic regression, we examined the influence of log-transformed cortisol metrics (level at each time point, morning rise, diurnal and afternoon slopes) and obesity on wheeze adjusting for covariates. Linear mixed models were implemented to examine associations between cortisol trajectories and wheezing. Interactions between maternal cortisol and obesity were considered. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mothers were primarily minority (56.5% Hispanic, 24.1% African American), 61% had less than or equal to 12 years of education, 34% were obese, and 8.4% of children had repeated wheeze. An interquartile range increase in mean log cortisol at bedtime (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-4.09) and maternal obesity (odds ratio, 3.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-9.35) were independently associated with wheeze. Linear mixed models revealed an association between a flatter afternoon slope (slower decline in log cortisol per hour) and repeated wheeze in children of obese mothers (children with [-0.017 change] and without [-0.061 change] wheeze [P = 0.009 for time × wheeze interaction]), but not in children of nonobese mothers (with [-0.050 change] and without [-0.061 change] wheeze [P = 0.51]). CONCLUSIONS Maternal prenatal cortisol disruption and obesity were independently associated with children's wheeze. Obese women with adverse cortisol profiles were most likely to have children with repeated wheeze.
Myocardial Effects of Propofol in Hamsters with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background Propofol is a short‐acting intravenous induction agent that induces cardiovascular depression but without significant effect no intrinsic myocardial contractility in various species. However, its effects on diseased myocardium remain unknown. Methods The effects of propofol (1, 3, and 10 micro gram *symbol* ml sup ‐1) on the intrinsic contractility of left ventricular papillary muscles from normal hamsters and those with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (strain BIO 14.6, aged 6 months) were investigated in vitro (Krebs‐Henseleit solution, 29 degrees Celsius, pH 7.40, Calcium sup +1 2.5 mmol *symbol* l [1], stimulation frequency 3/min). Results Cardiac hypertrophy (143 plus/minus 13%, P < 0.001) was observed in cardiomyopathic hamsters. The contractility of papillary muscles from hamsters with cardiomyopathy was less than that of controls, as shown by the decrease in maximum shortening velocity (29%, P < 0.03) and active isometric force (‐51%, P < 0.03) and active isometric force (‐51%, P < 0.001). Propofol did not induce any significant effect on contraction, relaxation, and contraction‐relaxation coupling under low and high loads in normal hamsters. The effects of propofol were not significantly different between normal hamsters and those with cardiomyopathy. A slight but significant increase in maximum unloaded shortening velocity was observed in cardiomyopathic hamsters at 3 micro gram *symbol* ml sup ‐1 (4 plus/minus 6%, P < 0.05) and 10 micro gram *symbol* ml sup ‐1 (7 plus/minus 6%, P < 0.05). Conclusions Propofol did not modify intrinsic myocardial contractility in normal hamsters, and no significant differences were observed between normal and cardiomyopathic hamsters. These results may be useful because, unlike propofol, most anesthetics decrease myocardial contractility. Nevertheless, indirect cardiac effects of propofol may be more important than its direct cardiac effects in patients with impaired cardiac function.