Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Firm Dynamics During an Improvement in Financial Development

A better set of financial institutions enables firm access to external finance with less consequent distortion of firm policies, such as investment, entry and exit policies. At the limit, there is no distortion. In contrast, there are many different ways that a poor set of financial institutions may distort firm policies. I consider how the transition towards better financial development depends on the type of poor financial development initially present. I develop a model in which firm dynamics, including entry, investment and exit, are affected by financial development. I contrast the transition to a financial system with no distortions from two initial states, one with restricted use of external finance by firms (e.g., credit constraints) and the other with lax use of external finance by firms (e.g., during a bubble). I highlight substantial differences in firm dynamics, including patterns of entry and price levels, across these two transitions towards better financial development.
Deposited in DRO : 02 March 2010 Version of attached le : Accepted Version Peer-review status of attached

The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details.
Scattering theory for Hartree type equations

2014 In this paper we will study the asymptotic behavior in time of the solutions and the scattering theory for the following Hartree type equation We prove that when (4/3) y Min (4, n) and ~, &#x3E; 0, all solutions of (1)-(2) with (~ E are dispersive in and that when 1 y Min (4, n) and ~, E ~, the solutions of ( 1 )-(2) with 4&#x3E; E and II 4&#x3E; 11~1,1 small are dispersive in This implies asymptotic completeness in of the wave operators for (4/3) y Min (4, n) and /). &#x3E; 0. Furthermore when /). &#x3E; 0, we show the existence of scattering states in L2((~") for arbitrary data in if 1 y (4/3) and the non-existence of scattering states in L2((~n) 1. RESUME. On etudie Ie comportement asymptotique en temps des solutions et la theorie de la diffusion pour 1’equation de type Hartree suivante Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré-Physique theorique-0246-0211 Vol. 46/87/02/187/27/$ 4,70/(0 Gauthier-Villars 188 N. HAYASHI AND Y. TSUTSUMI On montre que lorsque (4/3) y Min (4, n) et ~, &#x3E; 0, toutes les solutions de (1)-(2) avec 03C6 E sont dispersives dans et que lorsque 1 y Min (4, n) et 03BB E ! , les solutions de (1)-(2) avec 03C6 E et ~ 4&#x3E; 111:1,1 petit sont dispersives dans Ceci entraine la completude asymptotique des operateurs d’onde dans pour (4/3) y Min (4, n) et ~, &#x3E; 0. En outre, pour ~, &#x3E; 0, on montre 1’existence d’etats de diffusion dans.L 2(n) pour des donnees initiales arbitraires dans ~1 ~ 1 si 1 y (4/3) et la non existence de tels etats pour 0 y 1.
Possible role of trichomes in resistance of strawberry cultivars against spider mite

The trichome types on leaves of garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) were analyzed. Two types of trichomes was described. The fiwere unicellular long and thin simple trichomes, located mainly on leaf veins and leaf margins, mostly on the underside of the leaf. The second were smaller multicellular uniseriate glandular trichomes. These trichomes consisted of one basal epidermis cell, several stalk cells, and a single rounded head cell. Strawberry cultivars with different resistance against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) were used to test a hypothesis that higher pubescence in strawberry cultivars is correlated with a higher degree of resistance against the herbivore. Nonglandular trichomes were not the resistance factor for strawberry cultivars against spider mite because trichome density was affected by growth conditions and developmental state. It was concluded that gladular trichome-localized inducible responses are among the potential resistance mechanisms against spider mite in garden strawberry.
On a kinetic BGK model for slow chemical reactions

A recently proposed consistent BGK-type approach for chemically reacting gas mixtures is discussed, which accounts for the correct rates of transfer for mass, momentum and energy, and recovers the exact conservation equations and collision equilibria, including mass action law. In particular, the hydrodynamic limit is derived by a Chapman-Enskog procedure, and compared to existing results for the reactive and non-reactive cases.
Child in car alarm system using various sensors

The network service system is increasingly extended as the demand from various of usage is growing. Although many products had been invented, there are still the incidents that involve to death of children which been left in cars often occur. The system is designed in order to overcome this unwanted incident from happening. The proposed system is designed to detect sound or voice and any movement made by the children that had been left behind in a vehicle. The main target of the system is to create a complete system which uses Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) that can communicate with human. GSM modem is the medium to interact and communicate with the module. It is used to send and receive Short Messaging System (SMS) based on which appropriate actions taken by the user. PIC microcontroller performs as heart of whole controlling system. The system at the final stage can be used to detect the sound that had been produced by a human at optimum strength. In addition, it was also able to detect motion that performed by a person and can detect any sounds that produced from inside the car. The system that has generated is expected to continue to expand with concomitant change in time with the developed and equipped with a great technology. It is envisaged that the system is able to overcome the problem of accidents involving children that often left in the car.
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ACETAMINOPHEN COMPARED TO TRAMADOL AFTER LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Abstract Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy become widely popular because of its less postoperative pain produced compared to conventional cholecystectomy. The use of opioids postoperatively to reduce pain may be harmful and produce some adverse effects . Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid which is effective for postoperative analgesic pain but produce undesirable adverse effects the patients do not tolerate it so that intravenous acetaminophen could be helpful to optimize postoperative analgesia by reducing the requirement for opioids and their adverse effects. Method : A prospective randomized clinical trial was carried out on 27 adults undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to two groups in this study (13patients) to receive intravenously 1000mg acetaminophen and (14 patients) to receive intramuscularly tramadol 100mg postoperatively; visual analog scale (VAS) was utilized to asses pain severity and efficacy of analgesic agents. Pain scores were assessed at 0,2,4,6,8,10 and 12h after surgery the incidence of adverse effects was also assessed. Results : Over a period of 12hours, visual analog scale (VAS) scores were significantly lower in each group at each time interval compared to zero time; there is a non significant difference in pain score between the different groups; the incidence of adverse effects like nausea and vomiting was significant in tramadol group compared to acetaminophen group. Conclusion : Postoperative intravenous acetaminophen infusion of 1000mg is useful for reducing pain scores after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy; it is effective and safe analgesic with less adverse effects compared to tramadol. Key words: laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Acetaminophen, Tramadol, Postoperative analgesia.
Functional impairments of elderly in rural areas of east Sikkim, India: cross-sectional study

Background: Ageing is a universal, biological reality, which affects every individual on this earth.India, being the second largest country with 8.4% of the total population belonging to the age group of 60 years and above faces challenges of population ageing. The major concern now being the health care of the elderly as functional ability decreases with age leading to avoidance of challenging situations, restricted activity and further decline in health. The objective of this study was to find out the functional impairments of elderly in rural areas of East Sikkim using Lawton’s instrumental activities of daily living scale.Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out with 324 elderly people aged 60 years and above. The study sample was obtained using multistage random sampling method. Out of total 52 GPU’s in rural areas of east Sikkim, 18 GPU’s were selected using random generation number method and then the list of all the elderly were obtained from each selected GPU. From this list, 18 elderlies in each GPU were randomly selected for the study thus the total sample size was 324. The study was conducted using Lawton’s instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale.Results: There was significant difference between the IADL score of both the genders (p=0.0001). There was no significant relationship in IADL score with age (r=-0.072). However, 2.5% of the elderly were totally dependent for IADL activity.Conclusions: Developing multidisciplinary approaches for improving quality of life might be a fruitful approach in elderly and thus enhancing the policy makers for forming a comprehensive geriatric rehabilitation services to provide health care accessibility for every elderly.
Alkaline phosphatase activities among planktonic communities in the northern Red Sea

During a June 1996 cruise in the northern Red Sea, we studied spatial distributions of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities in different plankton size fractions and in the aqueous fraction which passes through 0.2 pm filters. AP proved to be a highly stable compound In the Red Sea and has potential use as an indicator for inorganic P-availability to planktonic communities. Depth profiles showed that aqueous and particulate alkaline phosphatase activities were highest in surface waters. The contribution of the aqueous fraction to total alkaline phosphatase activity varied between 42 and 74 Oh. The bulk of particulate alkaline phosphatase activity was associated wlth picoplankton (50 to 71 1;") at all sampling sites. A good correlation was found between depth distributions of alkaline phosphatase activities and Synechococcus, suggesting that this abundant picoplanktonic cyanobacterium is a significant contributor to the enzyme activity in the northern half of the Gulf of Aqaba. Chlorophyll aspecific alkaline phosphatase activities were highest for plankton communities in the surface layers of the northern half of the Gulf. Alkahne phosphatase activities increased in the Gulf of Aqaba in water bodies traveling north, further away from the Straits of Tlran. At t h ~ s narrow and shallow entrance to the Gulf, local turbulent conditions and coral reef flats inject phosphate into the productive layer. Plankton communities immediately north of the Straits showed basal levels of alkaline phosphatase activity, and phosphate supply presumably satisfied their P-demands. Based on the regulat~on of alkaline phosphatase synthesis, its secretion and stabhty, we proposed the use of alkaline phosphatase activities for a (partial) assessment of the P-status of marine planktonic communities. Such an assessment indicated that inorganic phosphate availability in the waters of the northern Gulf of Aqaba was persistently low durlng the period prior to sampling.
Overwinter Low-Temperature Responses of Cereals: Analyses and Simulation

Winter survival of cereals is dependent on com - plex, environmentally induced responses that affect just about every measurable morpho - logical, physiological, and biochemical char - acteristic of the plant. Simulation models offer a valuable means for the integration of knowl - edge accumulated from detailed physiologi - cal, agronomic, genetic, and genomics stud - ies, thereby improving our understanding of complicated plant responses. A well-designed model also provides an effective extension and teaching tool and the opportunity for systematic investigation of production risks, cause-and- effect processes, genetic theories, and adjust - ments needed to mitigate the possible effects of climate change. Earlier, we developed and deployed a Winter Cereal Survival Model based on a series of equations that described acclima - tion, vernalization, dehardening, and damage due to low temperature (LT) stress. A modular design has permitted modification and allowed for interfacing with other simulation models. recent advances in our understanding of this agronomically important character have pro - vided us with the opportunity to develop a more robust winter survival simulation model with a wider geographic application that now also considers cultivar acclimation threshold induc - tion temperature (T ), respiration stress, photo - period, and other developmental factors. The model has been field validated and provides the opportunity for the simulation of a wide range of species and overwinter environments.
Long term evaluation using VAST

This evaluation was carried out using the results of the last three evaluations. As the students in previous evaluations participated in the same group, they were used to work with VAST. We used an obligatory partial delivery of the practice of the subject to analyze in long term the effects of using VAST. The results of this study are satisfactory. We observed that the number of deliveries is higher in students who used VAST and also their marks are higher.
Analysis of three-dimensional unsaturated – saturated flow induced by localized recharge in unconfined aquifers

In the process of groundwater recharge, surface water usually enters an aquifer by passing an overlying unsaturated zone. Little attention has been given to the development of analytical solutions to a coupled unsaturated– saturated flow model due to localized recharge up to now. This paper develops a mathematical model to depict threedimensional transient unsaturated–saturated flow in an unconfined aquifer with localized recharge on the ground surface. The model contains Richards’ equation for unsaturated flow, a flow equation for saturated formation, and the Gardner constitutive model describing the behavior of unsaturated soil properties. Both flow equations are coupled through the continuity conditions of the head and flux at the water table. The semi-analytical solution to the coupled flow model is derived by the methods of Laplace transform and Fourier cosine transform. A sensitivity analysis is performed to explore the head response to the change in each of the aquifer parameters. A quantitative tool is presented to assess the recharge efficiency signifying the percentage of the water from the recharge to the aquifer. We found that the effect of unsaturated flow on the saturated hydraulic head is negligible if two criteria associated with the unsaturated soil properties and initial aquifer thickness are satisfied. The head distributions predicted from the present solution match well with those from finite-difference simulations. The predictions of the present solution also agree well with the observed data from a field experiment at an artificial recharge pond in Fresno County, California.
What Explains the Productivity Decline in Manufacturing in the Nineties in India?

This paper uses the data envelopment analysis (DEA) based Malmquist productivity index to estimate total factor productivity growth (TFPG), technical change, and efficiency change for a panel of firms during the period 1991 to 2001 in 26 Indian manufacturing industries. The paper then analyses the factors explaining productivity growth, technical change and efficiency change using a Tobit regression for each industry.
Automated model optimisation using the Cylc workflow engine (Cyclops v1.0)

Abstract. Most geophysical models include many parameters that are not fully determined by theory, and can be “tuned” to improve the model's agreement with available data. We might attempt to automate this tuning process in an objective way by employing an optimisation algorithm to find the set of parameters that minimises a cost function derived from comparing model outputs with measurements. A number of algorithms are available for solving optimisation problems, in various programming languages, but interfacing such software to a complex geophysical model simulation presents certain challenges. To tackle this problem, we have developed an optimisation suite (“Cyclops”) based on the Cylc workflow engine that implements a wide selection of optimisation algorithms from the NLopt Python toolbox (Johnson, 2014). The Cyclops optimisation suite can be used to calibrate any modelling system that has itself been implemented as a (separate) Cylc model suite, provided it includes computation and output of the desired scalar cost function. A growing number of institutions are using Cylc to orchestrate complex distributed suites of interdependent cycling tasks within their operational forecast systems, and in such cases application of the optimisation suite is particularly straightforward. As a test case, we applied the Cyclops to calibrate a global implementation of the WAVEWATCH III (v4.18) third-generation spectral wave model, forced by ERA-Interim input fields. This was calibrated over a 1-year period (1997), before applying the calibrated model to a full (1979–2016) wave hindcast. The chosen error metric was the spatial average of the root mean square error of hindcast significant wave height compared with collocated altimeter records. We describe the results of a calibration in which up to 19 parameters were optimised.
Spatial and temporal variations in the water quality parameters of Pulicat Lake, Tamil Nadu, India

The spatial and temporal variations in water quality were assessed in Pulicat lake during 2011 and 2012 to evaluate the status of the estuarine water. Among the physical parameters studied, only turbidity recorded high values. Chemical parameters exhibited variations between stations among the two years of study. There was an increase in the values of BOD, COD, TDS and TH. These indicate that there was an increase in pollutants reaching the estuary, probably due to the discharge of three seasonal rivers that open in to the lake and the Buckingham canal that brings in industrial and domestic waste.
Invasion, Evenness, and Species Diversity in Human-Dominated Ecosystems

Biological invasions have become a major ecological problem globally (Vitousek et al., 1997; Mooney & Hobbs, 2000) for several non-mutually exclusive reasons. From the perspective of economics, many invasive alien species have become pests, sometimes causing severe damages to crops (Mack et al., 2000; Pimenel et al., 2000). From the ecological point of view, invasive species can inflict drastic changes in the invaded community altering its structure and function (Simberloff, 1997; Mooney & Cleland, 2001), and leading to biodiversity loss (Herbold & Moyle, 1986; Clavero & Garcia-Berthou, 2005). The battle against invasions of alien species requires a great deal of efforts and resources, and yet is not always successful (Kaiser, 1999; Zavaleta et al., 2001). Whereas complete eradication of successfully established invasive species is in most cases impossible, controlling their population growth may decrease economical damages, and prevent biodiversity loss in the invaded community. Furthermore, successful eradication of one alien species may result in a worse alternative stable state (Beisner et al., 2003), where another, potentially more harmful invasive species dominates the community (e.g., Zavaleta et al., 2001). Therefore, fighting invasions should be done carefully and wisely, while taking into account multiple biotic and abiotic factors and outcomes. More importantly, such actions should emerge from a deep understanding of the evolutionary and ecological mechanisms that operate at different biological hierarchies to allow invasions, i.e., starting from the individual traits characterizing the invasive species (genetic background, morphology, physiology, behavior and life history), through its population parameters (demography, fluctuations, growth rate), and up to patterns and processes characterizing the invaded community (composition, structure, and age). The demography of many invasive species has been well documented, and their damages were explored in details (Pimentel et al., 2000). However, the ways such species enter new ecosystems and communities, and their exact effect on community structure and biodiversity are not yet fully understood (Gurevitch & Padilla, 2004). Our goal is to review the evolutionary and ecological mechanisms of bio-invasions at the species (e.g., Facon et al., 2006) and community levels (e.g., Shea & Chesson, 2002), and present some of the general effects and outcomes of invasions at both levels. We discuss various mechanisms by which invasive species manage to establish viable populations and even dominate new
Biosorption of Hg(II) Ions from Synthetic Wastewater using a Novel Biocarbon Technology

Mercury is a toxic pollutants present in different types of industrial effluents and is responsible for environmental pollution. Removal of Hg(II) ions from synthetic wastewater was studied using the activated biocarbon produced from the leaves of Tridax procumbens (Asteraceae). The particle size of the biocarbon (BC) is in the range of 100 - 120 μm. The effects of initial metal ion concentration, pH, contact time, and amount of biocarbon on the biosorption process were studied at temperature of 28 ± 2˚C. Batch experimental studies showed that an equilibrium time of 160 min was required for the maximum removal of Hg(II) at the optimized biocarbon dose of 2.5 g per 100 mL of synthetic wastewater. The optimum pH required for maximum removal (96.5%) of Hg(II) ions was found to be 5.5. The biosorption of metal ions onto activated biocarbon surface is probably via an ion exchange mechanism. The biocarbon can be regenerated with minimum loss. Further, it can be reused without any chemical activation. The findings of the research suggested that, the biocarbon produced from cost effective renewable resources can be utilized for the treatment of industrial wastewater.
Marginal versus Average Beta of Equity under Corporate Taxation

Even for fully equity-financed firms there may be substantial effects of taxation on the after-tax cost of capital. Among the few studies of these effects, even fewer identify all effects correctly. When marginal investment is taxed together with inframarginal, marginal beta differs from average if there are investmentrelated deductions like depreciation. To calculate asset betas, one should not only "unlever" observed equity betas, but "untax" and "unaverage" them. Risky tax claims are valued as call options, with closed-form solutions for the exercise probability. Results have practical relevance for multinationals operating under different tax systems.