Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unraveling the drift behaviour of the remarkable pulsar PSR B0826–34

Pulsars with drifting subpulses are thought to be an important key to unlocking the mystery of how radio pulsars work. We present new results from high sensitivity GMRT observations of PSR B0826−34 - a wide profile pulsar that exhibits an interesting but complicated drifting pattern. We provide a model to explain the observed subpulse drift properties of this pulsar, including the apparent reversals of the drift direction. In this model, PSR B0826−34 is close to being an aligned rotator. Using information about the polarization and frequency evolution of the pulse profile, we solve for the emission geometry of this pulsar and show that the angle between the rotation axis and the dipole magnetic axis is less than 5 ◦ . As a result, our line of sight samples a circular path that is entirely within the emission beam. We see evidence for as many as 6 to 7 drifting bands in the main pulse at 318 MHz, which are all part of a circulating system of about 15 spark-associated subpulse emission beams that form, upon averaging, one conal ring of the mean emission. We also see evidence for a second ring of emission, which becomes dominant at higher frequencies (above 1 GHz) due to the nature of the emission geometry. We model the subpulse drift behaviour of this pulsar in detail, providing quantitative treatments of the aliasing problem and various effects of geometry which play an important role. The observed drift rate is an aliased version of the true drift rate which is such that a subpulse drifts to the location of the adjacent subpulse (or a multiple thereof) in about one pulsar period. We show that small variations, of the order of 3-8%, in the mean drift rate are then enough to explain the apparent reversals of drift direction seen in the data. We find the mean circulation time of the drift pattern to be significantly longer than the predictions of the original Ruderman & Sutherland (1975) model and propose an explanation for this, which relates to modified models with temperature regulated partial ion flow in the polar vacuum gap. The small variations in drift rate are then explained by very small heating and cooling effects - less than 3500 K change in the ∼2.5 × 10 6 K surface temperature of the neutron star polar cap. From a detailed consideration of the variation of the mean subpulse separation across the main pulse window, we show that the circulating spark pattern is not centred around the dipole axis, but around a point much closer (within a degree or so) to the rotation axis. This is an indicator of the presence of a "local pole" corresponding to the non-dipolar magnetic fields that are expected to be present close to the neutron star surface. PSR B0826−34 thus provides a very rich and powerful system in which to explore important aspects of the physics of pulsar radio emission and neutron star magnetospheres.
Tracing Root vs. Residue Carbon into Soils from Conventional and Alternative Cropping Systems

We investigated the fate and rate of stabilization of root vs. residue C and the role of soil aggregates in root- vs. residue-derived C accumulation within long-term conventional (mineral fertilizer), low-input (mineral fertilizer and cover crop), and organic (manure and cover crop) cropping systems. Both hairy vetch (Vicia dasycarpa Ten.) roots and residue were 13 C labeled in situ and then traced into whole-soil samples and three soil organic matter (SOM) fractions (coarse particulate organic matter [CPOM, >250 μm], microaggregates [53-250 μm], and silt and clay [ low input = conventional, and suggests that the CPOM fraction is pivotal to short-term accumulation of root-derived C and, ultimately, to long-term C sequestration under organic crop management.
The WEBT BL Lacertae Campaign 2001 and its extension. Optical light curves and colour analysis 1994-2002

BL Lacertae has been the target of four observing campaigns by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) collaboration. In this paper we present UBVRI light curves obtained by the WEBT from 1994 to 2002, including the last, extended BL Lac 2001 campaign. A total of about 7500 optical observations performed by 31 telescopes from Japan to Mexico have been collected, to be added to the similar to 15 600 observations of the BL Lac Campaign 2000. All these data allow one to follow the source optical emission behaviour with unprecedented detail. The analysis of the colour indices reveals that the flux variability can be interpreted in terms of two components: longer-term variations occurring on a few-day time scale appear as mildly-chromatic events, while a strong bluer-when-brighter chromatism characterizes very fast (intraday) flares. By decoupling the two components, we quantify the degree of chromatism inferring that longer-term flux changes imply moving along a similar to0.1 bluer-when-brighter slope in the B-R versus R plane; a steeper slope of similar to0.4 would distinguish the shorter-term variations. This means that, when considering the long-term trend, the B-band flux level is related to the R-band one according to a power law of index similar to1.1. Doppler factor variations on a "convex" spectrum could be the mechanism accounting for both the long-term variations and their slight chromatism.
Revitalising the political: Development Control and Agonism in Planning Practice

This article argues for a new way of valuing development control planning practices in a democratic society: as agonistic political engagement. Using Chantal Mouffe’s conception of the political, it counters claims that collaborative and consensus seeking approaches are of higher value than conflicts over site-specific development. In this, the idea of true consensus is an impossibility as some viewpoint has to be excluded from any agreement. Moreover, for democracy to exist, legitimate arenas for the expression of different opinions are needed, without resolution and agreement being the endpoint of discussion. Examples are drawn from discussion in a public inquiry on how meanings assigned to planning policy and the built environment can be part of this agonistic debate. They form the elements building up contradictory arguments about what is ‘appropriate’ or ‘good’ for a specific place. The mechanisms of development control provide a legitimate forum for these arguments to be articulated, without consensus or agreement as the ultimate goal.
Labor Market Institutions and the Industry Wage Distribution: Evidence from Austria, Norway, and the U.S

The paper compares the industry wage structures of Austria, Norway, the union sector of the U.S. as well as the non-union sector of the U.S. We make comparable regressions for each country, and are thus able to compare the sectoral earnings patterns controlling for the usual individual characteristics. Our results confirm the hypothesis that the patterns of the inter-industry pay structure is largely independent of labor market institutions: High paying industries in a non-union environment tend to pay high wages also in regimes where bargaining is very centralized and coordinated. This, however, does not mean that collective bargaining does not matter. The influence is mainly on the amount of wage dispersion: We find considerably lower industry pay gaps in centralized Austria and Norway than in decentralized US. Within the US, pay differentials within the union sector slightly exceed those of the non-union sector. The results give support to non-competitive explanations of the labor market. If efficiency wage mechanisms were the reason for wage differentials we would expect central bargainers to internalize these effects. Competitive explanations, on the other hand, would predict no difference between the non-union outcome and a central agreement with the aim of achieving full employment.
The influence of matrix and edges on species richness patterns of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in habitat islands

Aim The aim of this study was to analyse whether, and how, the inclusion of habitat specialists and edge-preferring species modifies the species–area relationship predictions of the island biogeography theory for an insect group (ground beetles, Coloptera: Carabidae) living in natural fragments. Species–habitat island area relationships applied to terrestrial habitat islands can be distorted by the indiscriminate inclusion of all species occurring in the fragments. Matrices surrounding terrestrial habitat fragments can provide colonists that do not necessarily distinguish the fragment from the matrix and can survive and reproduce there. Edge-preferring species can further distort the expected relationship, as smaller fragments have larger edge:core ratios. Location Nineteen forest fragments were studied in the Bereg Plain, Hungary, and SW Ukraine. This area contains natural forest patches, mainly of oak and hornbeam, and supports a mountain entomofauna. Methods Ground beetles (Carabidae) present in the 19 forest patches were categorized into generalists, forest specialists and edge-preferring species. We analysed the relationship between species richness and fragment area using species richness in the different categories. Results The assemblages contained a high share of generalist species (species that occur also in the surrounding matrix). Forest patch size and the number of generalist species showed a marginally significant negative relationship, indicating that generalist species were more important in smaller patches. Forest specialist species richness was correlated positively with patch area. Edge-preferring species were shown to influence the species–area relationship: the number of edge-preferring species increased with the edge:area ratio. Main conclusions Both generalist and edge-preferring species can considerably distort the species–area relationship. Island biogeography theory can be applied to habitat islands only if the habitat islands are defined correctly from the viewpoint of the target species.
Runx 3 expression in lymph nodes with metastasis is associated with the outcome of gastric cancer patients

Accumulating evidence shows that runt-related transcription factor 3 (Runx3) is a putative tumor suppressor in various types of cancer, the lower levels of which are associated with a less favorable cancer outcome. However, these studies were restricted to primary cancer lesions. Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a significant factor in determining the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer and is a frequent target of chemotherapy. In the present study, we investigated the expression of Runx3 in the lymph nodes (LNs) of stomach carcinoma and the association of Runx3 expression with the prognosis of patients. The expression of Runx3 in LNs with and without metastasis was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. The positive rate of Runx3 mRNA in LNM specimens was significantly lower (28.4%, 21 out of 74) compared to that of the non‐metastatic samples (33.3%, 9 out of 27, P<0.05). Similar findings were obtained by Western blotting. Univariate analysis revealed that the loss of Runx3 expression in LNs was not only associated with poor clinicopathological factors, such as LNM, distant organ metastasis, later clinicopathological stages and deep infiltration, but also with a lower 5-year survival rate and poorer prognosis. These results strongly suggest a potential diagnostic value of Runx3 expression in LNs and multiple pathways contributing to the outcome of patients with gastric cancer.
YSO Jets in the Galactic Plane from UWISH2. IV. Jets and Outflows in Cygnus-X

We have performed an unbiased search for outflows from young stars in Cygnus-X using 42 deg2 of data from the UKIRT Widefield Infrared Survey for H2 (UWISH2 Survey), to identify shock-excited near-IR H2 emission in the 1–0 S(1) 2.122 μm line. We uncovered 572 outflows, of which 465 are new discoveries, increasing the number of known objects by more than 430%. This large and unbiased sample allows us to statistically determine the typical properties of outflows from young stars. We found 261 bipolar outflows, and 16% of these are parsec scale. The typical bipolar outflow is 0.45 pc in length and has gaps of 0.025–0.1 pc between large knots. The median luminosity in the 1–0 S(1) line is 10−3 . The bipolar flows are typically asymmetrical, with the two lobes misaligned by 5°, one lobe 30% shorter than the other, and one lobe twice as bright as the other. Of the remaining outflows, 152 are single-sided and 159 are groups of extended, shock-excited H2 emission without identifiable driving sources. Half of all driving sources have sufficient WISE data to determine their evolutionary status as either protostars (80%) or classical T Tauri stars (20%). One-fifth of the driving sources are variable by more than 0.5 mag in the K-band continuum over several years. Several of the newly identified outflows provide excellent targets for follow-up studies. We particularly encourage the study of the outflows and young stars identified in a bright-rimmed cloud near IRAS 20294+4255, which seems to represent a textbook example of triggered star formation.
A COMPARATIVE STUDYOF INTRAPULMONARY GAS MIXING AND FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY IN PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA , USING HELIUM ANDNITROGEN AS THE TEST GASES

In describing the open circuit nitrogen method for estimating residual lung capacity, Darling, Cournand, and Richards (1) pointed out that imperfect gas mixing in the lung could impair the accuracy of the method. More recent studies have demonstrated that intrapulmonary gas mixing can be markedly uneven in patients with pulmonary emphysema (2-7). The mixing defect in advanced emphysema is often severe enough to make it likely that the functional residual capacity could be underestimated significantly by the Darling method, using the customary seven minute washout period. In this laboratory an open-circuit helium method has been used which was designed to be particularly suited to the measurement of functional residual capacity in persons with defective intrapulmonary gas mixing (6). The method also provides a measure of intrapulmonary gas mixing in the form of an estimate of the size and turnover rate of the most slowly ventilated portion of the lung. In some patients with advanced emphysema and impaired mixing, the method has yielded values for functional residual capacity and total lung volume which are unusually large by conventional standards (7). In order to clarify the extent to which impaired gas mixing can introduce error into the measurement of functional residual capacity by conventional means, a comparative study has been made of the helium and the Darling methods in normal and emphysematous subjects. In order to evaluate the extent to which the measurement of functional residual capacity and intrapulmonary gas mixing by the helium method might be affected by the characteristics of the test
STEREOTYPE THREAT & INHIBITORY CONTROL The Effects of Stereotype Threat and Contextual Cues on Alcohol Users ’ Inhibitory Control Word Count : 3533

Aim: Previous research indicates that users of illicit substances exhibit diminished cognitive function under stereotype threat. Advancing this research, the current study aimed to examine the effects of stereotype threat on alcohol users’ inhibitory control. It also examined whether drinkers’ demonstrate a greater approach bias towards alcohol-related relative to neutral stimuli. Method: Fifty-five participants were assigned randomly to a stereotype threat condition, in which they were primed with a negative stereotype linking drinking behavior to cognitive decline, or a control condition. All participants then completed a modified version of the Cued Go/No-Go Association Test that exposed participants to alcohol-related and neutral pictorial stimuli and sound cues. Results: Stereotype threatened participants demonstrated a speed-accuracy trade off, taking significantly longer to respond to go-trials with equivalent accuracy to the control condition. They also showed reduced response accuracy to both alcohol-related and neutral stimuli in reversed instruction trials. Participants in the control condition were both more accurate and quicker to respond to alcohol-related stimuli compared to neutral stimuli. Conclusion: These results suggest that awareness of negative stereotypes pertaining to alcohol-related impulsivity may have a harmful effect on inhibitive cognitive performance. This may have implications for public health campaigns and for methodological designs with high levels of procedural signaling with respect to not inadvertently inducing stereotype threat and impacting impulsivity. STEREOTYPE THREAT & INHIBITORY CONTROL The Effects of Stereotype Threat and Contextual Cues on Alcohol Users’ Inhibitory Control
n vivo anatomy of the Neer and Hawkins sign positions for houlder impingement

t v t t r H v r p m s i v he Neer and Hawkins impingement signs are comonly used to diagnose subacromial pathology, but he anatomy of these maneuvers has not been well lucidated in vivo. This 3-dimensional open magnetic esonance imaging study characterized shoulder anatmy and rotator cuff impingement in 8 normal voluneers placed in the Neer and Hawkins positions. Subcromial and intraarticular contact of the rotator cuff as graded, and minimum distances were computed etween the tendon insertion sites and the glenoid, cromion, and coracoid. Both the Neer and Hawkins aneuvers significantly decreased the distance from he supraspinatus insertion to the acromion and posteior glenoid and from the subscapularis insertion to the nterior glenoid. However, the Hawkins position reulted in significantly greater subacromial space narowing and subacromial rotator cuff contact than the eer position. In the Hawkins position, subacromial ontact of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus was oberved in 7 of 8 and 5 of 8 subjects, respectively. In ontrast, rotator cuff contact with the acromion did not ccur in any subject in the Neer position. Intraarticular ontact of the supraspinatus with the posterosuperior lenoid was observed in all subjects in both positions. ubscapularis contact with the anterior glenoid was lso seen in 7 of 8 subjects in the Neer position and n all subjects in the Hawkins position. This extensive ntraarticular contact suggests that internal impingeent may play a role in the Neer and Hawkins signs. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006;15:40-49. )
Loop quantum cosmology of k = 1 FRW models

The closed, $k=1$, FRW model coupled to a massless scalar field is investigated in the framework of loop quantum cosmology using analytical and numerical methods. As in the $k=0$ case, the scalar field can be again used as emergent time to construct the physical Hilbert space and introduce Dirac observables. The resulting framework is then used to address a major challenge of quantum cosmology: resolving the big-bang singularity while retaining agreement with general relativity at large scales. It is shown that the framework fulfills this task. In particular, for states which are semiclassical at some late time, the big bang is replaced by a quantum bounce and a recollapse occurs at the value of the scale factor predicted by classical general relativity. Thus, the ``difficulties'' pointed out by Green and Unruh in the $k=1$ case do not arise in a more systematic treatment. As in $k=0$ models, quantum dynamics is deterministic across the deep Planck regime. However, because it also retains the classical recollapse, in contrast to the $k=0$ case one is now led to a cyclic model. Finally, we clarify some issues raised by Laguna's recent work addressed to computational physicists.
Loop quantum gravity effects on inflation and the CMB

In loop quantum cosmology, the universe avoids a big bang singularity and undergoes an early and short super-inflation phase. During super-inflation, non-perturbative quantum corrections to the dynamics drive an inflaton field up its potential hill, thus setting the initial conditions for standard inflation. We show that this effect can raise the inflaton high enough to achieve sufficient e-foldings in the standard inflation era. We analyse the cosmological perturbations generated when slow-roll is violated after super-inflation and show that loop quantum effects can in principle leave an indirect signature on the largest scales in the CMB, with some loss of power and running of the spectral index.
PERFORMANCE RECOVERY FOLLOWING STARTLE: A LABORATORY APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO SUDDEN AIRCRAFT EMERGENCIES

Abstract : This paper deals with the use of response/recovery rate to auditory startle as a laboratory technique for simulating some of the principal aspects of the initial shock phase of sudden emergency situations. It is submitted that auditory startle, with its unexpectedness, pronounced autonomic reaction, fear- like subjective experience, and frequent behavioral disruption, approximates the response pattern to be expected in the initial shock phase of sudden traumatic emergencies, and that by studying the time course of performance recovery following startle, as well as individual differences in response/recovery rate, we may gain a better understanding of some of the variables related to extreme reactions displayed by individuals in real-life emergency situations. Research studies conducted in our laboratory and in others on performance impairment/ recovery following startle are reviewed. These studies include those dealing with initial reaction time to the startle stimulus itself, disruption and recovery rate of perceptual-motor (tracking) performance following startle, and the time-course of performance recovery in information processing tasks after exposure to startle. Data are also presented showing a relationship of several individual difference variables to performance response/recovery following startle. These variables include autonomic response to the startle stimulus and level of task proficiency prior to startle. Keywords: Accidents; Emergency behavior; Response time; Startle; Unexpectedness.
Competition , Payers , and Hospital Quality 1

Objective. To estimate the effects of competition for both Medicare and HMO patients on the quality decisions of hospitals in Southern California. Data Source. Secondary discharge data from the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development for the State of California for the period 1989–1993. Study Design. Outcome variables are the risk-adjusted hospital mortality rates for pneumonia (estimated by the authors) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (reported by the state of California). Measures of competition are constructed for each hospital and payer type. The competition measures are formulated to mitigate the possibility of endogeneity bias. The relationships between risk-adjusted mortality and the different competition measures are estimated using ordinary least squares. Principal Findings. The study finds that an increase in the degree of competition for health maintenance organization (HMO) patients is associated with a decrease in riskadjusted hospital mortality rates. Conversely, an increase in competition for Medicare enrollees is associated with an increase in risk-adjusted mortality rates for hospitals. Conclusions. In conjunction with previous research, the estimates indicate that increasing competition for HMO patients appears to reduce prices and save lives and hence appears to improve welfare. However, increases in competition for Medicare appear to reduce quality and may reduce welfare. Increasing competition has little net effect on hospital quality in our sample.