Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Infrared Thermography for Flow Visualization and Heat Transfer Measurements

The paper intends to discuss the use of IR thermography as a new technology tool in various heat transfer and fluid dynamics problems. Different operating modes and their implementation are presented. Particular emphasis is given to the measurement of convective heat transfer coefficients. The development of appropriate software is also presented. Basic Principles of Infrared Thermography Thermography is a measurement technique of thermal maps. Accurate quantitative analysis of thermal images acquired in real time is an essential performance requirement of a thermographic system. The technology of modern infrared (IR) thermography can currently attain this goal to a considerable extent. Basically an IR thermal imager is a camera which detects the electromagnetic energy radiated in the IR spectral band from an object (whose temperature has to be measured) and converts it into an electronic video signal. In particular, starting from the object, IR energy is first radiated through a medium (typically the atmosphere). It then enters the sensing system, passing through a lens, an aperture (or a filter), and finally impinges on a single IR detector or a focal plane array (FPA) sensor, which transduces the radiation into an electrical signal. The IR systems of the first generation, which are typically are equipped with a single detector, need also a scanning mechanism (see later) ; for this reason they are termed conventionally IR scanning radiometers (IRSRs). IR (staring) cameras based on FPA sensing elements do not generally require any scanning device; nevertheless, since the image may be still thought of as the output from an electronic scanning, hereafter they will be also referred to as IRSRs. The standard instantaneous output is represented generally by a matrix of data having a number of elements typically of the order of 20-60k or more. Consequently, it is necessary to treat the data by means of numerical techniques. As a result, the procedures and the algorithms generally referred to as digital image processing may be conveniently applied; in particular, image enhancement and image restoration. Monochromatic radiation intensity Eλ, emitted by a surface having an absolute temperature T, is given by Planck's law: ) 1 ( / 5 1 0 2 − = = T C e C E E λ λ λ λ λ λ e e (1) where eλ is the spectral hemispherical emittance, C1 and C2 are the first and second radiation constants respectively; λ is the wavelength of the radiation being considered, and Eλ0 is the blackbody monochromatic radiation intensity. By integrating Planck's law over the entire spectrum the total radiation intensity E is obtained (Stefan-Boltzmann law):
Quality of fresh tomato fruit stored inside a solar adsorption cooling storage system as function of low pressure treatment

This paper assessed the physiological loss in weight, total color development and total soluble solids of stored fresh tomato inside solar adsorption cooling storage system. Fresh and treated tomato stored inside solar adsorption cooling storage system at the temperature range of 10°C to 12°C with an average relative humidity level of 80%. The results showed that tomato stored at ambient condition lost weight 5% after seven days of storage then 0.008 MPa treated tomato for 15 minutes, which lost 4.6% after 25 days of storage inside a solar adsorption cooling system. Soluble solids decreased slightly from 7.1% to 6.6% after 25 days storage. The skin brightness L* values of stored tomato at ambient condition increased from 46.1 to 47.9 after seven days of storage at ambient condition and tomato treated with 0.008 MPa treatment for 15 min stored inside solar adsorption cooling storage system decreased from 44.7 to 35.5 after 25 days of storage. The skin redness a* values of stored tomato at ambient condition increased from 18.8 to 20.5 after seven days of storage but tomato treated with 0.008 MPa treatment for 15 min stored inside solar adsorption cooling storage system showed a* values increased from 20.4 to 21.4 after 25 days of storage. The skin yellowness b* value of stored tomato at ambient condition decreased from 10.2 to 7.6 after seven days of storage and tomato treated with 0.008 MPa treatment for 15 min stored inside solar adsorption cooling system decreased from 8.9 to 8.6 after 25 days of storage. These results suggest that the low-cost and energy-saving solar adsorption cooling storage system with low pressure treatment method is useful to keep the fresh tomato fruit quality.
Selective control of annual bromes in perennial grass stands.

Three soil-active herbicides: l traaine [6-chioro-N-ethyl-Nl-(lmethyethyi)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamhrek propham (1-methylethyl phenyl carbamate); and pronamide [3,5_dichloro(N-l,l-dimethyl2-propynyl)benzamide] were applied in the fall, postemergence to annual bromegrasses at 2 rates. These herbicides were evrlurted for their efficacy in selective control of cheatgrass (Bromur tecrorum L.) and Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb.) in perennial stands of crested wheatgrass (Agropyrou crivtutum [L.] Gaertn.), pubescent wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium Host), Russian wildrye (Ps&rostoci? y~ juncea [Fisch.] Nevski), and western wheatgrass (Parcopyntm smithii (Rydb.) Liive) and blue grama (Bouteloua graci&) [H.B. K. ] Lag. Ex Criffiths. Yields of annual bromegrasses and perennial grasses and crude protein (CP), phosphorus and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content of perennial grasses were measured 2 consecutfve years after the single herbicide application. Yields of annual bromcgrasses from the 3 herbicide treatments averaged 91 and 47% less than those of the control the first and second year posttreatment, respectively. Pronamide provided substantially better control the second year posttreatment than the other 2 herbicides. Yields of perennial grasses in the majority of the herbicide treatment-study site combinations were significantly increased the first year posttreatment (X0.10). Crude protein of perennial grasses was increased in the atrazine treatment. Atrrzine at 0.6 kg/ha was the most cost-effective herbicide for decreasing competition of annual bromegrasses and increasing yield of perennial grasses.
Reconstruction de séquences d'images haute résolution : application à la restauration de films cinématographiques

La restauration des documents cinematographiques a debute durant cette derniere decennie et elle fut principalement motivee par l'etat de delabrement avance de nombreux films. Le traitement numerique des films deteriores semble incontournable, meme s'il reste tres couteux pour etre generalise aujourd'hui. Les films cinematographiques vieillissants subissent divers types de deteriorations. Nous abordons dans ce memoire la restauration de deux categories de defauts qui sont aussi les plus frequents : les deteriorations ponctuelles et les rayures. Pour preserver la qualite visuelle des images cinematographiques, nous detectons d'abord les deteriorations pour ne focaliser la correction que sur les zones endommagees. La localisation des deteriorations ponctuelles utilise deux detecteurs complementaires. Un detecteur morphologique base sur les proprietes statiques et un detecteur dynamique qui s'appuie sur le caractere impulsionnel de ces defauts. Les deteriorations sont ensuite supprimees par une reconstruction morphologique. La rayure, de par sa persistance temporelle, compte parmi les defauts les plus problematiques a supprimer. Nous proposons, pour detecter les rayures, une approche spatio-temporelle. Tout d'abord, une technique statique basee sur la recherche d'extrema permet de detecter toutes les rayures. Un processus de poursuite, mis en œuvre par un filtrage de Kalman, permet alors de rejeter les fausses rayures. Deux methodes de restauration, l'une statique et l'autre temporelle, sont proposees pour reconstruire les zones rayees. La premiere technique consiste en une version amelioree d'un algorithme existant base sur les series de Fourier. La seconde est une nouvelle approche bayesienne qui se distingue par sa performance aussi bien en terme de qualite qu'en cout de calcul. Sa principale originalite reside dans sa prise en compte des informations residuelles des zones rayees.
Realization of Autonomy and English Language Proficiency among Iranian High School Students

Though pretty successful in other educational areas, Iranian high school students have proved to be poor performers when it comes to English. The educational system plus the social culture they are living in are also generally agreed to be test-driven and collectivist in nature. This study, having a autonomy-proficiency bound, investigated the autonomy level of 30 senior high school students in Tehran by means of a questionnaire and interview and their English proficiency using PET. The data were analyzed by T-test with SPSS 16.0. The results showed that English proficiency and learner autonomy go significantly hand in hand, as in cases of different autonomy level great difference in proficiency test was observed while those of similar autonomy scored much of similar proficiency scores.
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF A SPACE VECTOR MODULATION TECHNIQUE FOR NPC INVERTERS

The paper analyses and experimentally verifies two different modulation strategies based on a Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique, specifically designed for three-phase Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) inverters. Proposed technique was designed to maintain, also in NPC inverters, all the advantages of SVM used in traditional two-level inverters. The employment of two different modulation strategies, when different operating conditions occurs, allows the improvement of the harmonic content of the output currents produced by NPC inverters. After a detailed description of the Space Vector Modulation technique, the two modulation strategies are compared by the means of some significant experimental results.
Promotive Effects of the Dietary Organic Germanium Poly-trans-((2-carboxyethyl) germasesquioxane) (Ge-132) on the Secretion and Antioxidative Activity of Bile in Rodents

Poly-trans-((2-carboxyethyl) germasesquioxane) (Ge-132) is the most common organic germanium compound. This compound has many physiological effects, which are mediated via the modulation of immune-system activa- tion. The intake of dietary Ge-132 causes fecal color changes in humans, and we studied the mechanism of this in a rodent model. Male Wistar rats were given a diet containing 0.05% Ge-132 for two weeks and were compared with rats given a germanium free diet. The color of their feces and cecal contents changed from grayish-green to yellow in rats fed with Ge-132. The concentrations of stercobilin, a major fecal pigment, and total bile acids in cecal contents, were significantly increased by dietary Ge-132. Stercobilin is a metabolite of the bile pigment bilirubin. These results were produced by increases in bile components, such as bilirubin and bile acids, and showed that dietary Ge-132 promotes bile secretion into the intestine. Next, we administered Ge-132 (per os) to male rats at 50 mg/kg body weight per day for four days to reveal its effect on bile (and particularly on bilirubin). Bile juice samples were collected, and their bilirubin content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were analyzed. The bilirubin level in the bile was significantly increased by the administration of Ge-132, and the DPPH radical scavenging activity of bile was also significantly increased. As the increases in these two factors were correlated, we supposed that the anti-oxidative properties of the bile of rats fed with Ge-132 were due to bilirubin glucuronides. Oral intake of Ge-132 also increased the mRNA expression of uridine diphosphate glu- curonosyltransferase 1a1 (Ugt1a1) and bile acid coenzyme A: amino acid N-acyltransferase (Baat), which encode bile component conjugating enzymes for secretion. The acceleration of bile pigment secretion into the intestine as well as increases in the anti-oxidant activity of bilirubin was induced by oral intake of dietary Ge-132. It is suggested that the antioxidative effect of bile against oxidative stress occurs through radical trapping.
APPROXIMATION OF DEGENERATE SEMIGROUPS

By a continuous degenerate semigroup we mean a strongly continuous mapping T : R+ ! L(X) having the semigroup property. Thus, T (0) is a projection which may be different from the identity. The main theorem is a Trotter-Kato type approximation result for such degenerate semigroups. It is used to study convergence of heat semigroups with respect to variable domains.
Quasi-Static Simulation of a Wheeled Mobile Robot having a Passive Variable Camber

In this paper we present an algorithm for quasi-static motion of a wheeled mobile robot equipped with a passive variable camber on uneven terrain. The al- gorithm is based on Peshkin's minimum energy principle which combines the force and kinematic relationship into a nonlinear optimization problem. The algorithm at each in- stant estimates the contact forces and velocity of the vehicle platform for a given set of joint velocities of the robot. This ensures that the vehicle satisfies not only kinematic no slip constraints but as well as no slip constraints that arise due to relations between traction and contact forces. In gen- eral a complete simulation of a WMR on a fully 3D terrain has been a difficult problem to solve. The best efforts so far have provided a simulation that incorporates the wheel ground contact constraints into a set of differential alge- braic equations (DAEs) to estimate the full 6dof pose of the vehicle. This work integrates the quasi staic contraints within the DAE framework to provide a complete 6dof evo- lution of vehicle on 3D terrain that respects both kinematic and quasi static constraints. Simulations that depict varia- tions in evolution of the vehicle with variation in friction co- efficients ascertain the validity of the proposed algorithm.
Fast Bayesian inference in large Gaussian graphical models

Despite major methodological developments, Bayesian inference in Gaussian graphical models remains challenging in high dimension due to the tremendous size of the model space. This article proposes a method to infer the marginal and conditional independence structures between variables by multiple testing, which bypasses the exploration of the model space. Specifically, we introduce closed‐form Bayes factors under the Gaussian conjugate model to evaluate the null hypotheses of marginal and conditional independence between variables. Their computation for all pairs of variables is shown to be extremely efficient, thereby allowing us to address large problems with thousands of nodes as required by modern applications. Moreover, we derive exact tail probabilities from the null distributions of the Bayes factors. These allow the use of any multiplicity correction procedure to control error rates for incorrect edge inclusion. We demonstrate the proposed approach on various simulated examples as well as on a large gene expression data set from The Cancer Genome Atlas.
TENURE IMPLICATION AND PROPERTY RIGHT ON ADOPTION OF COCOA REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES IN OSUN STATE OF NIGERIA

In an effort to achieve increased cocoa production in Nigeria, a number of initiatives were introduced towards increasing yields with the aim of reviving the old glory of cocoa and make it an engine of Nigerian economy. Despite this, farmers still produce below expected cocoa production figure due to conditions associated with their farmland. Tenure insecurity hindered acceptability of the established initiatives since majority of the farmers in the cocoa industries are holding the farmland in possession through different arrangements which provide the legal and normative framework within which all agricultural as well as other economic activities are conducted. On this note, this study aims to investigate the effects of tenure arrangement on adoption of CRTs. Result shows that respondents were mostly males, Christians, members of CFAN with mean age of 59.0+10.18 with average household size of 8 people, cultivating an average farm size of 17.38 acres, obtained mostly through different tenural patterns and scattered in different locations. Findings further reveals that age, membership to CFAN and tenure arrangement had significant relationship with adoption of cocoa rehabilitation techniques. And also, there was significant difference in the perception, as well as adoption of selective tree replanting, planting under old cocoa trees, chupon regeneration, coppicing, gapping up between tenant farmers and farm owners at p=0.05. Cocoa industry is mostly populated with tenant farmers who had unfavourable perception about cocoa rehabilitation resulting in low adoption rate due to challenge of insecurity of tenure. Thus, there is need for development of technological packages that meet the need of different categories of farmers based on their respective tenure. Also there is the need for securing land-use rights through improved tenancy arrangements to better meet the interests of small, tenant and landless farmers
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOLLICULAR AND LUTEAL DYNAMICS IN OESTROUS CYCLES OF BUFFALOES AND CROSSBRED CATTLE

The ovarian follicular and luteal developmental patterns of Jersey crossbred cattle (n = 6) and Murrah graded buffaloes (n = 6) were compared to test the hypothesis that the reduced reproductive effi ciency in buffaloes when compared with crossbred cattle might be due to variations in follicular and luteal dynamics. The follicular and luteal developmental patterns were studied in two consecutive cycles (n = 12) in all the animals. Ultrasonographic monitoring of ovarian follicular development throughout the oestrous cycle in crossbred cattle revealed that three (25 percent) and nine (75 percent) cycles had two waves and three waves, respectively. In buffaloes, two (16.7 percent) and ten (83.3 percent) cycles had two waves and three waves, respectively. In buffaloes, the dominant follicle (DF) of anovulatory waves reached the maximum size earlier and remained in the static phase for a signifi cantly (P < 0.05) greater number of days (2.0-2.2 days) than in crossbred cows (0.67-1.67 days), which indicated early loss of LH receptors in the dominant follicle (DF) of buffaloes. The mean maximum diameter of the fi nal wave DF (ovulatory) was signifi cantly (P < 0.05) smaller (10.9 + 0.7 mm) and its growth rate was comparatively slower (1.73 + 0.10 mm / day) in buffaloes when compared with crossbred cattle (13.33 + 0.72mm and 1.95 + 0.30 mm / day respectively). The smaller diameter and slow growth rate of the ovulatory follicle might be the cause for suboestrus and smaller CL in buffaloes. Thus follicular and luteal dynamics of buffaloes differ signifi cantly in various vital parameters when compared with crossbred cattle, and this might contribute to their lower reproductive effi ciency.
The Glass Ceiling: Career Barriers for Female Employees in the Ready Made Garments (RMG) Industry of Bangladesh

The primary objective of the study is to identify the glass ceiling issues and career barriers for female employees to access into the leadership positions in Ready-Made Garments (RMG) organisations in Bangladesh. This exploratory study used semi-structured face-to-face interview methods for data collection. The study conducted only 10 interviews among with 10 main questions concerning the glass ceiling issues and career barriers with the female employees from 5 biggest RMG organisations. After consecutive analysis to all transcripts of the interviews, three ideological approaches such as organisational culture, social culture and lack of career encouragers are identified as the main barriers for females to get into the leadership positions. The study includes discussion on how organisations can facilitate the process of females' advancement into the leadership positions.
Immigration to the European Union from its neighborhoods: Testing welfare-chasing and related hypotheses by spatial gravity

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of immigration from European Neighborhood (EN) and new member states to the EU core countries over the period 2000-2010. Apart from income differentials, unemployment rates and other standard variables hypothesized to determine immigration, the paper focusses attention on welfare-chasing as well as measures to enforce immigration policy. Using a variant of the gravity model, the paper investigates whether tests of these hypotheses are robust with respect to spatial misspecification. Design/methodology/approach - – The determinants of migration from the European Neighborhood and new member states to the EU core countries is estimated using a spatial variant of the gravity model. The methodology is used for both multilateral and spatial flows. Gravity model estimations are presented for immigration into the EU core destinations using standard, non-spatial econometrics, as well as spatial econometrics for single and double-spatial dynamics. Findings - – Immigration to EU core countries varies directly with the change in social spending per head in the destination. This result stands out in all the models, both OLS and spatial. Immigrants are attracted by economic inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient. However, in this case it is the level that matters rather than its change. No evidence is found that the threat of apprehension at the destination deters migrants from the European Neighborhood and other countries. Research limitations/implications - – The authors assume multilateralism is spatial. This means that everything else given, destinations are closer substitutes the nearer they are, and that immigration shocks are likely to be more correlated among origins the closer they are. This implicit assumption is restrictive because multilateralism is just spatial. Social implications - – While immigration to EU core countries varies directly with the change in (not level of) social spending per head. If a given country becomes more benevolent it attracts more immigration. The results suggest that if during 2000-2010 social spending per capita grew by 1 percent, the immigration rate increased by between 1 and 2 percentage points relative to the number of foreign-born in 2000. This is a large demographic effect. Originality/value - – Uniquely, this paper does not assume immigration flows are independent and stresses their spatial and multilateral nature. A series of new non-spatial and spatial (single and double-spatial lag) models are used to empirically test hypotheses about the determinants of immigration to the EU core countries.