Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
5‐HT‐1A receptor‐mediated modulation of medullary expiratory neurones in the cat.

The involvement of the 5‐HT‐1A receptor in serotoninergic responses of stage 2 expiratory (E‐2) neurones was investigated in pentobarbitone‐anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated cats. The specific agonist of the 5‐HT‐1A receptor, 8‐hydroxy‐diproplaminotetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT), administered systemically or by ionophoresis directly on to the neurones, had a clear depressant effect. Administration of 8‐OH‐DPAT at doses of 10‐50 micrograms kg‐1 (I.V.) increased the membrane hyperpolarizations of E‐2 neurones during the inspiratory and postinspiratory phases, and shortened their duration of activity in association with shortening of phrenic nerve activity. Discharges of E‐2 neurones were also less intense. At doses of 50‐90 micrograms kg‐1, 8‐OH‐DPAT reduced or abolished inspiratory hyperpolarizations, and reduced expiratory depolarizations of membrane potential and discharge in parallel with inhibition of phrenic nerve discharges. The effects of the larger doses were reversed by I.V. injection of NAN‐190, an antagonist at the 5‐HT‐1A receptor. Dose‐dependent effects on the membrane potential and discharge of E‐2 neurones, but not on phrenic nerve activity, were also seen by ionophoretic administration of 8‐OH‐DPAT on to E‐2 neurones. At low currents, ejection of 8‐OH‐DPAT hyperpolarized the neurones without affecting the duration of inspiratory hyperpolarization and expiratory depolarization. This hyperpolarization depressed the intensity and the duration of expiratory discharges. Ejection with larger currents hyperpolarized the E‐2 neurones further, and depressed expiratory depolarization leading to blockade of expiratory discharges. The effects on membrane potential were accompanied by decreased neuronal input resistance. This depressed the excitability of E‐2 neurones as tested by discharge evoked by intracellular current injection. The amplitudes of action potentials decreased in parallel with the changes in input resistance. The effects were attributed to a postsynaptic effect of 8‐OH‐DPAT leading to a gradually developing inhibition by activation of 5‐HT‐1A receptors. Hyperventilatory apnoea depressed on‐going synaptic activity and unmasked the effect of ionophoretically applied 8‐OH‐DPAT. The responses of the E‐2 neurone were enhanced, as evidenced by increased membrane hyperpolarization and greater reduction of input resistance. Both responses faded appreciably, indicating receptor desensitization. The degree and rate of apparent desensitization depended on the dose/ejecting current. The greater sensitivity and faster desensitization to 8‐OH‐DPAT were attributed to the hyperventilatory alkalinization of the extracellular fluid, which might influence agonist binding to 5HT‐1A receptors and/or receptor properties.
Low-volume interval training improves muscle oxidative capacity in sedentary adults.

INTRODUCTION High-intensity interval training (HIT) increases skeletal muscle oxidative capacity similar to traditional endurance training, despite a low total exercise volume. Much of this work has focused on young active individuals, and it is unclear whether the results are applicable to older less active populations. In addition, many studies have used "all-out" variable-load exercise interventions (e.g., repeated Wingate tests) that may not be practical for all individuals. We therefore examined the effect of a more practical low-volume submaximal constant-load HIT protocol on skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and insulin sensitivity in middle-aged adults, who may be at a higher risk for inactivity-related disorders. METHODS Seven sedentary but otherwise healthy individuals (three women) with a mean ± SD age, body mass index, and peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)) of 45 ± 5 yr, 27 ± 5 kg·m(-2), and 30 ± 3 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1) performed six training sessions during 2 wk. Each session involved 10 × 1-min cycling at ∼60% of peak power achieved during a ramp VO(2peak) test (eliciting ∼80%-95% of HR reserve) with 1 min of recovery between intervals. Needle biopsy samples (vastus lateralis) were obtained before training and ∼72 h after the final training session. RESULTS Muscle oxidative capacity, as reflected by the protein content of citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV, increased by ∼35% after training. The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α was increased by ∼56% after training, but the transcriptional corepressor receptor-interacting protein 140 remained unchanged. Glucose transporter protein content increased ∼260%, and insulin sensitivity, on the basis of the insulin sensitivity index homeostasis model assessment, improved by ∼35% after training. CONCLUSIONS Constant-load low-volume HIT may be a practical time-efficient strategy to induce metabolic adaptations that reduce the risk for inactivity-related disorders in previously sedentary middle-aged adults.
Hierarchical learning with procedural abstraction mechanisms

Evolutionary computation (EC) consists of the design and analysis of probabilistic algorithms inspired by the principles of natural selection and variation. Genetic Programming (GP) is one subfield of EC that emphasizes desirable features such as the use of procedural representations, the capability to discover and exploit intrinsic characteristics of the application domain, and the flexibility to adapt the shape and complexity of learned models. Approaches that learn monolithic representations are considerably less likely to be effective for complex problems, and standard GP is no exception. The main goal of this dissertation is to extend GP capabilities with automatic mechanisms to cope with problems of increasing complexity. Humans succeed here by skillfully using hierarchical decomposition and abstraction mechanisms. The translation of such mechanisms into a general computer implementation is a tremendous challenge, which requires a firm understanding of the interplay between representations and algorithms, and insights about how machine learning can enhance GP search. This dissertation describes theoretical and experimental work to respond to the above challenge. It analyzes the characteristics of stochastic search for procedural representations, by focusing on the properties and biases of variable length expressions. Specifically, it describes experiments about "uniform" random sampling on the space of expressions, statistical properties of search, the dynamics of fitness distributions, and the variation of solution complexity during GP search. These experiments are used to develop a novel structural property called rooted tree-schema that formalizes the role of variable complexity of learned expressions. This research also extends the capabilities of GP search with two new complementary approaches to evolve problem decompositions, called Adaptive Representation (AR) and Evolutionary-Divide-and-Conquer (EDC). AR extends GP with heuristic components that: (1) learn good subexpressions from problem solving traces; (2) abstract subexpressions into subroutines; (3) use subroutines to bias future search. Evolved solutions assume a modular and hierarchical organization. EDC takes the approach of extracting a "team" solution, instead of the ubiquitous GP approach that looks at the best-of-population individual. Its "symbiotic" representation and "coevolutionary" fitness evaluation drive the algorithm towards both specialized and cooperating solutions. The dissertation brings to life these approaches in several increasingly complex algorithms.
On using CNN with DCT based Image Data

This paper investigates the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to classify images encoded in compressible form using Discrete Cosine Tranform (DCT) as an alternative to raw image format. We show experimentally that DCT features, that are directly available from JPEG format for instance, can be processed as efficiently as raw image data using the same CNN architectures.
Comparison of'4C-labelled polyethylene glycol (PEG) withcarrier PEGand'4C-PEG alone asavolume indicator inthehumanjejunum

SUMMARY 14C-labelled polyethylene glycol (PEG) (5 jCi/l) was used as a non-absorbable marker in human jejunum both with and without carrier PEG (5 g/l). Calculation of net water flux was virtually identical whether or not the carrier PEG was included in the perfusion solution. 14C-PEG alone is a satisfactory non-absorbable marker for perfusion studies in the human jejunum. polyethylene glycol as PEG simple and to whether stable for
AIDS education for primary school children in Tanzania: an evaluation study

Objective:To test the effects of an HIV/AIDS education program. Design:A quasi-experimental, nested cross-sectional design including baseline and 6-month follow-up surveys. Schools, stratified according to location, were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 6) or comparison conditions (n = 12). Setting:Public primary schools in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions, Tanzania. Participants:A total of 2026 sixth and seventh grade pupils (average age, 14.0 years) participated at baseline (85%) and 1785 at follow-up. Intervention:The program was designed to reduce children's risk of HIV infection and to improve their tolerance of and care for people with AIDS. Local teachers and health workers attended a 1-week training workshop before implementing the program over a 2–3-month period (averaging 20 school hours per class). Main outcome measures:Self-reported exposure to AIDS information, communication regarding AIDS; AIDS knowledge, attitudes towards people with AIDS, attitudes towards having sexual intercourse, subjective norms regarding sexual intercourse, and intention to engage in sexual intercourse. Results:Following this program, intervention pupils reported significantly higher scores for the following outcome measures than pupils attending the comparison schools: AIDS information (13.1 versus 10.5; P= 0.0001), AIDS communication (10.9 versus 7.8; P= 0.0001) AIDS knowledge (14.5 versus 11.5; P= 0.0001), attitudes towards people with AIDS (9.0 versus 6.7; P= 0.0008), subjective norms (45.5 versus 43.9; P= 0.011), and intention (1.3 versus 1.4; P= 0.020). No program effect was seen for attitudes towards sexual intercourse (47.0 versus 46.3, P=0.44). Conclusions:These results indicate that it is feasible and effective to provide AIDS education for Tanzanian primary school children.
A reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide--linked kinetic assay for adenosine deaminase activity.

Abstract A new kinetic method for measuring the activity of adenosine deaminase (Enzyme Commission 3.5.4.4, adenosine aminohydrolase) is described. NH 3 liberated from adenosine is linked to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidation by glutamate dehydrogenase (Enzyme Commission 1.4.1.3, l-glutamate:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [phosphate] oxidoreductase), and the consequent fall in E 340 monitored. Optimum conditions for assay were established. Because of the wavelength at which measurement is made, the method is especially suitable for crude homogenates and serum and has general application to ammonia-liberating enzymes. Michaelis constant data are given for the enzymes from various tissues and for human sera from normal and diseased individuals. A normal range for human serum is 11.5 to 25.0 U. per liter. The origin of the serum enzyme is considered.
Clinical Implications of Mandible and Neck Measurements in Non-Obese Asian Snorers: Ansan City General Population-Based Study

Objectives Anthropometric abnormalities of the mandible and neck may contribute to snoring in non-obese Asians. The study evaluated the clinical implications of mandible and neck measurements in non-obese Asian snorers. Methods The external mandible and neck measurements (neck circumference, two lengths of neck, mandibular body angle, and lengths of mandibular ramus and body) were compared between snorers and non-snorers in a sample of 2,778 non-obese Koreans (1,389 males, 1,389 females) aged 40 to 69 years (mean, 48.47±7.72 years). Results The overall prevalence of snoring was 64.7% (899/1,389) and 48.3% (671/1,389) in non-obese male and female subjects, respectively. In non-obese males, snorers had significantly a greater neck circumference (P<0.0001) and shorter mandibular body length (P=0.0126) than non-snorers. In non-obese females, snorers had significantly greater neck circumferences (P=0.0165), compared with non-snorers. However, there were no statistically significant differences in other variables between non-snorers and snorers. Conclusion Anthropometric abnormalities of the mandible and neck, including thick neck circumference in both genders and small mandible size in males, may be relevant contributing factors to snoring in non-obese Asian snorers.
Optical surface profiling of orb-web spider capture silks

Much spider silk research to date has focused on its mechanical properties. However, the webs of many orb-web spiders have evolved for over 136 million years to evade visual detection by insect prey. It is therefore a photonic device in addition to being a mechanical device. Herein we use optical surface profiling of capture silks from the webs of adult female St Andrews cross spiders (Argiope keyserlingi) to successfully measure the geometry of adhesive silk droplets and to show a bowing in the aqueous layer on the spider capture silk between adhesive droplets. Optical surface profiling shows geometric features of the capture silk that have not been previously measured and contributes to understanding the links between the physical form and biological function. The research also demonstrates non-standard use of an optical surface profiler to measure the maximum width of a transparent micro-sized droplet (microlens).
Effects on heart rate of electrical stimulation of medullary vagal structures in the cat

Evidence for anatomical continuity of cells of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus and peripheral motor fibres of this nerve has been provided in a variety of mammalian species, including the cat, by observation of chromatolytic changes in cells of the nucleus following section of the nerve below its major sensory ganglia (Mohiuddin, 1953; Mitchell & Warwick, 1955; Kitchell, Stromberg & Davis, 1956). To this evidence has recently been added the observation of axonal degeneration in the vagus nerve following selective ablation of the dorsal nucleus in the cat (Calaresu & Cottle, 1964). Although Anderson & Berry (1956) have described evoked potentials in the region of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus following stimulation of the whole peripheral nerve, two recent studies in which more refined methods were used, including histological demonstration of recording electrode positions, have failed to confirm this finding (Urabe & Tsubokawa, 1960; Porter, 1963). Furthermore, unit discharges in the dorsal nucleus showing increased activity during reflex bradycardia were only rarely encountered with extracellular micro-electrodes (Calaresu & Pearce, 1964). These electrophysiological results cast doubt on the functional connexion between the dorsal nucleus and the peripheral vagus. With particular reference to the cardiomotor function attributed to this nucleus, stimulation of its location has been reported to produce bradycardia (Miller & Bowman, 1916; Sperti & Xamin, 1960; Kovalev & Bondarev, 1962), but accurate localization of the site and extent of stimulation was not established. This problem has therefore been investigated by selectively stimulating the dorsal nucleus while attempting to record orthodromic evoked potentials from the ipsilateral peripheral vagus. A successful demonstration of evoked potentials during induced bradycardia would allow determination of the range of conduction velocity in cardiomotor fibres, a parameter of identification for which there are now conflicting values (Brown & Eccles, 1934; Middleton, Middleton & Grund-
An in vitro interethnic comparison of monoamine oxidase activities between Japanese and Caucasian livers using rizatriptan, a serotonin receptor 1B/1D agonist, as a model drug.

AIMS Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is located in human liver, and catalyses the oxidative deamination step of many xenobiotics. However, whether there exists an interethnic difference in MAO activities has, to our knowledge, not been clarified. We aimed to assess the MAO type A (MAO-A) involvement in the metabolic pathway of rizatriptan (RIZ), an antimigraine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1B/1D agonist, and the interethnic difference in MAO activities between Caucasians and Japanese using RIZ as a model drug in in vitro experiments. METHODS Oxidative deaminase activities were determined with the subcellular fractions of Japanese livers and the microsomal fraction of Caucasian livers using RIZ, 5-HT (MAO-A substrate) and 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) (MAO-B substrate) as substrates. RESULTS The oxidative deaminase activities of RIZ vs. 5-HT were highly (r = 0.87 and 0.96, P < 0.001) correlated with each other in both the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions of Japanese livers. Subsequent results were obtained from in vitro experiments using liver microsomes based upon these findings. The oxidative deaminase activities of RIZ were inhibited completely by the nanomolar-order concentration of clorgyline and Ro 41-1049 (MAO-A selective inhibitors), but not by that of Ro 16-6491 (MAO-B selective inhibitor). The majority of the mean Michaelis-Menten values for three substrates toward MAO obtained from six Japanese and six Caucasian liver microsomes reached no significant differences between the two ethnic groups. The mean microsomal oxidative deaminase activities assessed in 18 Japanese and 20 Caucasian livers using the three substrates also showed no significant differences between the two ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS RIZ is mainly metabolized by MAO-A and the in vitro oxidative deaminase activities mediated via MAO-A and -B do not appear to differ between Japanese and Caucasians.
Bridging users' values and requirements to architecture

The paper describes a process for bridging from users' values and goal oriented requirements to architecture via architecture patterns. User values, such as privacy, sociability, creativity, etc are introduced and their implications for system architecture are explained. Many architectural implications are common to several user values so architecture patterns are proposed to collate these as high level requirements for components which can then be related to NFRs as well as user values. The process of analysing user values through to design of system architecture is illustrated with a case study in health informatics.
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Cancer of the Genital Tract

EDITORIAL COMMENT: This paper makes the point that dilatation and curettage need not be routinely performed in women under the age of 40 years with menor‐rhagia to exclude carcinoma of the endometrium. This point is worth making since many such operations are done for this indication. However, dilatation and curettage may be indicated in women under the age of 40 when excessive menstrual bleeding is causing anaemia, is associated with pain, or palpable gynaecological pathology. Presumably there were a number of patients in this study with menor‐rhagia, aged less than 40 years, in whom atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium was diagnosed as a result of dilatation and curettage and/or hysterectomy. The patients with menorrhagia included 195 with endometrial hyperplasia and 86 with endometrial polyps — one would imagine that a number of these women, even some under the age of 40, had their proper further management determined by knowledge of their endometrial histology!
Kinetics and mechanism of dissimilative Fe(III) reduction by Pseudomonas sp. 200

The kinetics and mechanism of Fe(III) reduction to Fe(II) were studied in pure batch cultures of Pseudomonas sp. 200. The rate of iron reduction has been mechanistically related to aqueous phase iron speciation. In the absence of microbial activity the iron reduction rate was negligible. Initial rates of microbial iron reduction were accelerated more than 20‐fold by the addition of equimolar quantities of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) to media initially containing 1.86 × 10−3M total Fe(III). Numerical techniques were utilized to quantify relationships between the observed rate of Fe(II) production and the calculated (equilibrium) aqueous phase speciation. These results indicate that soluble ferric iron species are not equivalent in terms of their susceptibility to bacterial (dissimilative) iron reduction. The concentration of Fe(NTA)(OH) 22− correlated strongly with observed iron reduction rates. Ferrous iron species appeared to inhibit the reduction process.
Comparison of the Photodynamic Effect of Exogenous Photoprotoporphyrin and Protoporphyrin IX on PAM 212 Murine Keratinocytes ¶

A comparative study of the cellular photosensitizing properties of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and photoprotoporphyrin (Ppp) was carried out in the transformed murine keratinocyte cell line, PAM 212. Time‐course fluorescence studies were performed to determine the rate of uptake by cells together with fluorescence microscopy. The sensitized cells were laser irradiated with a range of light doses at 635 or 670 nm to determine the phototoxicity of the two compounds and to investigate their relative fluorescence photobleaching properties. Ppp showed enhanced phototoxicity at both its optimal activation wavelength of 670 nm (eight times more phototoxic than PpIX activated at its optimal wavelength of 635 nm for the same fluence) and at 635 nm (three times more phototoxic than PpIX at the same wavelength), using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The photobleaching rate of Ppp in cells was found to be higher using 670 nm irradiation compared with that of PpIX at 635 nm irradiation. At 635 nm, however, the photobleaching rate of Ppp was comparable to that of PpIX. The photobleaching quantum yields of the two compounds in cells were found to be similar at approximately 5 × 10−4, with the same value confirmed at both 670 and 635 nm irradiation for Ppp. The fluorescence lifetime of Ppp in cells was measured as 5.4 ns using time‐correlated single photon counting.
Speedups of ergodic group extensions

Abstract We prove that for all ergodic extensions $S_{1}$ of a transformation by a locally compact second countable group $G$, and for all $G$-extensions $ S_{2} $ of an aperiodic transformation, there is a relative speedup of $ S_{1} $ that is relatively isomorphic to $S_{2}$. We apply this result to give necessary and sufficient conditions for two ergodic $n$-point or countable extensions to be related in this way.
CHANGES IN PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RUGBY LEAGUE PLAYERS DURING A COMPETITIVE SEASON

This study investigated the physiological and anthropometric characteristics of rugby league players during a competitive season. Sixty-eight rugby league players were allocated into training (n = 52) and nonexercise control (n = 16) groups. The training group participated in 2 field-training sessions per week, with training loads, match loads, and injury rates recorded. Subjects performed measurements of standard anthropometry (height, body mass, and sum of 7 skinfolds), muscular power (vertical jump), speed (10-, 20-, and 40-m sprint), agility (L run), and maximal aerobic power (multistage fitness test) in December (off-season), March (preseason), May (midseason), and August (end season). Increases in maximal aerobic power and muscular power and reductions in skinfold thickness were observed during the early phases of the season when training loads were highest. However, reductions in muscular power and maximal aerobic power and increases in skinfold thickness occurred toward the end of the season, when training loads were lowest and match loads and injury rates were highest. These findings suggest that high overall playing intensity and match loads in end-season matches increase in injury rates in the latter half of the season, and residual fatigue associated with limited recovery between successive matches may compromise the physical development of rugby league players.