Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tension maintenance, calcium content and energy production of the taenia of the guinea‐pig caecum under hypoxia.

When potassium (45.4 mM) was applied to isolated taenia of guinea‐pig caecum, the muscle developed a rapid phasic and sustained tonic tension during aerobic conditions bubbled with 95% O2:5% CO2. Under hypoxic conditions bubbled with 95% N2:5% CO2, the taenia lost its ability to respond to high potassium with sustained tonic contraction, although it still showed rapid phasic contraction. Raising the glucose concentration from 5.5 to 55.5 mM in the presence of high potassium during hypoxia caused development of a sustained contraction which was 50% that of the muscle in aerobic conditions. In the presence of high potassium, the ATP content of the taenia decreased in hypoxia, but increased with increasing glucose concentration. When the taenia was exposed to hypoxic conditions, the amount of lactate released from the muscle increased. Raising the glucose concentration caused a further increase in lactate release in the presence of high potassium under hypoxia. Good correlations (gamma greater than 0.9) were observed between tension development, the ATP content and lactate release of the taenia in the presence of high potassium under hypoxia when the glucose concentration was varied between 5.5 and 55.5 mM. The total calcium content was increased by the presence of high potassium under aerobic conditions and the increase was abolished when the muscle was exposed to hypoxic conditions. Under hypoxia the total calcium content was not increased by raising the glucose concentration in the presence of high potassium. The cellular calcium content of the taenia, determined by the lanthanum method, was increased in the presence of high potassium under aerobic and hypoxic conditions, but the content was smaller in hypoxic conditions than in aerobic conditions. Under hypoxic conditions, raising the glucose concentration in the presence of high potassium did not affect the cellular calcium content. These results suggest that under hypoxic conditions the potassium‐induced sustained contraction of the taenia is increased by raising the glucose concentration owing to increased ATP production through the glycolytic pathway, but not through mechanisms increasing the intracellular Ca concentration.
MIP-1alpha is produced but it does not control pulmonary inflammation in response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice.

The intent of this study was to compare the cellular and biochemical inflammatory responses of mice infected with the paramyxovirus pathogens respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). Although RSV is not a natural pathogen of mice, it has been used extensively in mouse models of the human disease, as a limited respiratory infection can be established via intranasal inoculation of virus at high titer. In earlier work, we found that acute infection with the natural rodent pathogen, PVM, elicited a rapid and sustained pulmonary inflammatory response (peak, 1.7 x 10(6) leukocytes/ml BAL fluid) that was dependent on both local production of MIP-1alpha and signaling via its receptor, CCR1. We find here that MIP-1alpha is also produced in response to RSV, although relatively few leukocytes (<200 ml BAL fluid) are recruited to the lungs in response. Further experiments with CCR1-deficient mice confirm the finding that although MIP-1alpha is produced in response to RSV infection, leukocytes do not respond via this pathway. Among the explanations for these findings, we propose that there are other, as yet to be identified proinflammatory mediators elicited in response to PVM (but not in response to RSV) that serve to prime the leukocytes in vivo, thus enabling them to respond to MIP-1alpha signaling via CCR1. Furthermore, the differences in disease pathogenesis seen in response to each of these pneumovirus infections in mice raise questions regarding the extent to which primary RSV infection in mice can be used as a model of primary RSV infection in humans.
Persecution in the book of Revelation

In this article attention will be given to scholarly interpretations of persecution in Revelation with special attention to their theoretical, hermeneutical and theological implications. After an introductory discussion of the traditional interpretation of a ";real"; persecution in a Domitianic setting, attention will be given to the recent theory of ";perceived"; persecution and its theological implications. This is followed by critical remarks about some theoretical and hermeneutical issues. The article concludes with suggestions for an alternative approach to persecution in Revelation that is more in line with the literary nature of the book and with an accountable hermeneutics. (Acta Theologica: 2003 22(2): 47-70)
Monitoring the Governance Dimension of Natural Resource Co-management

The governance outcomes of natural resource co-management have been neither systematically monitored nor rigorously assessed. We identified system attributes and key variables that could form the basis for monitoring the governance dimension of adaptive co-management. A methodology for collaboratively monitoring these system attributes and key variables was tested in four localities in South Africa. Our results suggest that creating the conditions that facilitate self-organization, and particularly cross-scale institutional linkages, is the major challenge facing attempts to initiate adaptive co-management. Factors requiring greater attention include community perceptions of support from outside agencies, access to long-term funding for adaptive decision making, and access to reliable information about changes in natural resources and legal options for the formation of decision-making bodies. Longterm and well-funded social facilitation is key to achieving this.
Clinical guideline for the recognition and assessment of acute pain in children.

s retrieved for more detailed evaluation (n=1,283 Studies excluded on the basis of second pass appraisal scheme criteria (studies of pain assessmen tools (n=1,149) Full text retrieved for more detailed evaluation (n=134) See tool assessment Studies excluded on the basis of third pass appraisal scheme criteria (studies of pain assessmen tools (n=1,149) Figure 2: Flow diagram of appraisal process for single studies Box 1: Reliability and validity – an overview of theoretical concepts There are a number of tools for assessing the intensity of pain. It is important to determine whether these measure pain intensity and not some other construct, and that tools give sufficiently similar results when re-applied for a given severity of pain. The features of assessment tools are their validity and reliability. Reliability A reliable assessment tool is one that yields similar results when applied to the same individual experiencing the same level of pain at different times (test-retest reliability) and when applied by different raters (interrater reliability). Reliability measures the ratio of true variance in the test to total variance. In a perfect test, true and total variance are the same, and the ratio will be 1 (Jerosch-Herold, 2005). Validity Validity assesses a tool's capacity to measure the construct it is designed to measure. Validity can be divided broadly into three concepts: face and content validity – a judgement (not assessed empirically) that the tool is assessing what it purports to; assessed subjectively criterion-related/concurrent validity – correlation of results of the tool compared with an existing gold standard test; without a gold standard, this form of validity cannot be established construct validity – a tool's capacity objectively to assess the construct that it sets out to assess. This can be established by determining whether the tool can distinguish between a group known to have pain and one that does not. It can also be established by examining whether the tool yields results that vary appropriately according to changes in pain intensity, for example as a result of treatment. (Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1992)
Nurses' knowledge and application of evidence-based guidelines for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia.

AIM The aim of the study was to evaluate the nurses' knowledge and to highlight the causes that hinder guidelines implementation. METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN descriptive study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS 106 nurses working in the ICUs of a major Italian hospital of national importance. INTERVENTION administration of a questionnaire listing 21 non-pharmacological strategies considered the most useful in the literature. RESULTS Eighty-four nurses responded to the questionnaire. Only 19 (22.6%) declared that their knowledge of ventilation associated pneumonia (VAP) and the strategies used to prevent it were satisfactory, whereas 46 (54.8%) declared that they were poorly informed; 68 nurses (80.9%) said that they applied one or more strategies, and 15 (17.9%) that they applied none. The reasons given for not applying the strategies were: method not foreseen in Department protocols (31.5%), lack of the necessary resources (14.3%), disagreement with the method (3.2%), high costs (2.6%), the possibility of causing discomfort (1%) or side effects (0.6%). CONCLUSIONS In our experience, VAP preventive strategies are widely applied by nurses, but not in a responsible and informed manner. It is important to ensure that nurses receive continuous training and are involved in drawing up and updating Departmental protocols and guidelines for care and behaviour.
Fractional Poisson—A Simple Dose‐Response Model for Human Norovirus

This study utilizes old and new Norovirus (NoV) human challenge data to model the dose‐response relationship for human NoV infection. The combined data set is used to update estimates from a previously published beta‐Poisson dose‐response model that includes parameters for virus aggregation and for a beta‐distribution that describes variable susceptibility among hosts. The quality of the beta‐Poisson model is examined and a simpler model is proposed. The new model (fractional Poisson) characterizes hosts as either perfectly susceptible or perfectly immune, requiring a single parameter (the fraction of perfectly susceptible hosts) in place of the two‐parameter beta‐distribution. A second parameter is included to account for virus aggregation in the same fashion as it is added to the beta‐Poisson model. Infection probability is simply the product of the probability of nonzero exposure (at least one virus or aggregate is ingested) and the fraction of susceptible hosts. The model is computationally simple and appears to be well suited to the data from the NoV human challenge studies. The model's deviance is similar to that of the beta‐Poisson, but with one parameter, rather than two. As a result, the Akaike information criterion favors the fractional Poisson over the beta‐Poisson model. At low, environmentally relevant exposure levels (<100), estimation error is small for the fractional Poisson model; however, caution is advised because no subjects were challenged at such a low dose. New low‐dose data would be of great value to further clarify the NoV dose‐response relationship and to support improved risk assessment for environmentally relevant exposures.
Infections in 346 consecutive video-assisted thoracoscopic procedures.

BACKGROUND Postoperative infections, as related to risk factors, in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) procedures have been studied infrequently. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated 346 consecutive patients who underwent VATS procedures between October 1996 and June 2002 at our center. Patients preoperatively were free of chest infections and were divided into two groups: Group A (n = 139) who underwent lung wedge resection; group B (n = 207), who underwent pleural biopsy (n = 183) or biopsy of a mediastinal mass (n = 24). We recorded prospectively the following preoperative infection risk parameters: Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, serum albumin concentration, lymphocyte count, length of preoperative stay, duration of surgery, blood transfusion, age, comorbidity, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease specifically (COPD, measured as FEV(1) <70% of expected). Short-term antibiotic prophylaxis was given to 94% of patients in group A and to 90% of patients in group B. As outcome measures we recorded the occurrence of postoperative infections within 30 days (surgical site infection, pneumonia, empyema) and the final patient outcome. RESULTS Patients who developed postoperative infections (all the above types included) were 17/346 (4.9%), the difference between group A (5.0%) and group B (4.8%) being not significant. The overall surgical site infection rate was 1.7%. Groups A and B showed a similar incidence of surgical site infection (2.8% vs. 1.0%; p = NS), of pneumonia (2.8% vs. 3.4%; p = NS), and of empyema (0.7% vs. 2.0%; p = NS). Among assessed infection risk parameters, a FEV(1) <70% of expected was the only parameter associated with a significantly increased incidence of surgical site infection (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This prospective study confirms that the wound infection rate is low (1.7%) after minimally invasive VATS procedures. The cumulative incidence of postoperative infections (including wound infection, pneumonia, empyema) was similar after lung wedge resection and after pleural or mediastinal mass biopsy procedures. Among the infection risk parameters, COPD was the only parameter associated with a significantly increased incidence of postoperative infection. Our results suggest that patients with COPD who undergo VATS for lung wedge resections and for pleural/mediastinal biopsy should receive antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent surgical site infection.
The Histological Features of a Myocardial Biopsy Specimen in a Patient in the Acute Phase of Reversible Catecholamine-induced Cardiomyopathy due to Pheochromocytoma

A 63-year-old Japanese woman with an adrenal tumor was transferred to our hospital due to cardiogenic shock. Right and left ventriculography showed severe hypokinesis of the middle segment and the apex in both ventricles, and an endomyocardial biopsy demonstrated a small number of necrotic myocytes and cellular infiltration. She was diagnosed with pheochromocytoma and quickly recovered after treatment with an α-blocker. The functional disability of both the right and left ventricles with less myocardial damage due to an excessive level of catecholamine seemed to be related to the early recovery the present patient with catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy due to pheochromocytoma.
Anatomy and radiology of the variations of aortic arch branches in 1,266 patients.

BACKGROUND The most reliable data about arterial variations, which are very important in surgery and radiology, can be obtained from a large series of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined angiographic and multislice computerised tomography (MSCT) images in a group of 1,265 patients and in 1 dissected specimen. RESULTS While in 946 (74.72%) of the patients a normal vascular pattern (type I) was noticed, in the remaining 320 (25.28%) patients variations of the branches of the aortic arch were found, which were classified into types II through VIII and a few subtypes. Type II (2.84%) comprised a common origin of the left commoncarotid and subclavian arteries. Type III (15.56%) was related to an origin of the left subclavian artery from the brachiocephalic trunk. Type IV (0.55%) included the aortic origin of both common carotid and subclavian arteries, with the right subclavian artery having a retroesophageal course. Type V (0.24%) included the same 4 supra-aortic branches, which, however, arose from a double or a right--sided aortic arch. Type VI (3.63%) comprised the aortic origin of the left vertebral artery, type VII (0.24%) the same origin of the right vertebral artery, and type VIII(2.22%) the aortic origin of the thyroideaima artery. A corresponding embryological background and clinical implications of the described aberrant vessels were presented. CONCLUSIONS In more than one quarter of the cases, the branching pattern of the examined arteries did not follow the classical pattern. Detailed knowledge of aortic branch variations is of great significance in anatomy, embryology, and clinical medicine, especially in radiology and thoracic surgery.
Driver Exposure to Combustion Particles in the U.S. Trucking Industry

A large study of combustion particle exposures for drivers of diesel-powered trucks was conducted in collaboration with an epidemiologic study of lung cancer outcomes for workers in the trucking industry. Three components of diesel exhaust combustion particles (PM 2.5 , elemental carbon, and organic carbon) were measured inside the driver cabs of diesel-powered trucks from 36 different trucking terminals across the United States between 2001 and 2005. In-cab particle exposures for drivers assigned to both short and long distance trips were observed, as well as information on the smoking status of the driver, truck characteristics such as age and model, and weather conditions during the sampling session. This article summarizes these findings and describes the relationship between exhaust particles and various determinants of exposure. The results suggest that in-cab particle exposures are positively related to smoking, ambient particle concentrations, truck age, and open windows, with other significant modifying factors such as weather. This study represents the largest and most comprehensive exposure assessment of drivers in the trucking industry, encompassing a 4-year period of observations on diesel and exhaust particle exposures nationwide. The results are relevant not only to the occupational group of truck drivers being examined but also to the general population that live, commute, or work within proximity to diesel-fueled traffic or trucking terminals.
Ball catching in children with developmental coordination disorder: control of degrees of freedom

This study investigated two‐handed catching in eight children (four males, four females) aged 7 to 8 years (mean 7y 4mo [SD 3mo]) with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and their age‐matched controls (AMCs). Kinematic data were collected to examine Bernstein's (1967) notion of freezing and releasing degrees of freedom (DF). Participants were asked to catch a ball 30 times, delivered in three blocks of 10 trials. Video analysis showed that children with DCD caught significantly fewer balls than their AMCs (p≤0.001) counterparts. Kinematic analyses showed that children with DCD exhibited smaller ranges of motion and less variable angular excursions of the elbow joints than their AMCs, and that their elbows are more rigidly coupled (p≤0.001). These data suggest that children with DCD rigidly fix and couple their limbs to reduce the number of DF actively involved in the task.
8 Polydrug Use in Adolescence

The 2010 Monitoring the Future survey conducted by the US government raises concerns about an increase in drug use among teenagers, particularly those of a younger age. A similar trend has been reflected by European surveys, such as the 2010 Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe, EMCDDA. According to this study, commissioned by the European Council, the use of multiple substances — polydrug use — is widespread and represents a major challenge. A recent survey by the Spanish government (EDADES 2009/2010) revealed that approximately 50% of drug users consumed two or more substances simultaneously. The objective of users is to increase or reverse the effects of the different drugs taken, but greater health risks and problems and a poor treatment response are also inherent in polydrug consumption. Almost all patterns of polydrug use include alcohol, and the use of amphetamines or ecstasy among frequent or heavy alcohol consumers is much higher than the average. A study by the Spanish government (Encuesta Estatal sobre uso de drogas en estudiantes de enseñanzas secundarias, ESTUDES, 2008) revealed that Spanish students between 14-18 years old who used drugs generally consumed more than one drug at the same time. 96.2% of students who had taken ecstasy in the previous year had simultaneously consumed alcohol and 86.1% had simultaneously consumed cannabis. An association between consumption of stimulants and hallucinogen drugs was also reported. For example, among students who had used ecstasy in the previous year, 71.4% had also consumed cocaine, while 38.5% of those who had used cocaine in the same period had also consumed ecstasy.
Seamless Updates - How Security and Feature Update Delivery Strategies Affect continuance Intentions with Digital Applications

Although updates have become the rule rather than the exception in modern digital ecosystems, to date they have received little attention in the IS post-adoption literature. We therefore draw on the IS continuance literature and expectation-confirmation theory to investigate, how different delivery strategies of security and feature updates impact users’ continuance intentions (CI). Based on an online-experiment with 282 participants, we find a positive effect of security updates on users’ CI only if users are notified after successful implementation. Feature updates, in contrast, elicit a positive effect on users’ CI if they are at least announced before or after successful implementation. We also find that this positive effect of ex-ante announced feature updates diminishes if users have the choice to consume the update or not. In essence, our findings contribute to IS research by extending the mostly monolithic view of information systems by showing how an alterable information system might influence users’ attitudes and behaviors during use. For practitioners, we show that it seems to be beneficial to inform users about updates, even though a silent integration has become possible with modern digital ecosystems, and that updates should be applied consistently. Directions for further research are discussed.
Drug Interactions With Direct-Acting Antivirals for Hepatitis C

Objective: Review pharmacokinetics of new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for hepatitis C (HCV) infection and interactions with concomitant immunosuppressant and antiretroviral therapies (ART). Data Sources: MEDLINE (1948-January 2015), EMBASE (1964-January 2015), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-January 2015), Google, and Google Scholar were searched combining the terms simeprevir, sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, daclatasvir, paritaprevir, ABT-450, ombitasvir, dasabuvir, pharmacokinetics, drug interaction, drug metabolism, HIV, antiretroviral, immunosuppressant, transplant. Articles, conference proceedings, abstracts, and product monographs were reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Literature on pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions with DAAs and immunosuppressants or ART was considered for inclusion. Pertinent information was extracted and summarized in the review. In the absence of data, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles were used to predict the likelihood of interactions. Data Synthesis: DAA pharmacokinetics are reviewed and drug interaction data are presented with provision of management strategies. Fixed-dose combination paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir plus dasabuvir is most susceptible to drug interactions with immunosuppressants and ART mainly due to the influence of ritonavir on multiple enzymes. Simeprevir is also prone to drug interactions because of cytochrome P450(CYP) 3A4, CYP1A2, P-glycoprotein, and OATP1 involvement and is not recommended for use in combination with several HIV antiretrovirals (ARVs). Close therapeutic drug monitoring of calcineurin inhibitors is required with concomitant simeprevir. Few clinically significant interactions are expected with sofosbuvir or ledipasvir. Limited data suggest that daclatasvir may be coadministered with immunosuppressants but requires dose adjustments with certain ARVs. Conclusions: None of the DAAs are completely free of drug interactions. Awareness and management of drug interactions is critical to optimize outcomes and minimize adverse effects in these patient populations.