Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Marginal effect of bail decisions on imprisonment, failure to appear, and crime, The

Aim: To estimate the effect of bail decisions on the likelihood of receiving a prison sentence, failure to appear and offending on bail. Method: A dataset of 42,362 first bail hearings taking place after the 'show cause' amendments to the Bail Act (2013) was constructed and linked to final case outcomes and offending data. Quasi-random assignment of bail magistrates with differing propensities to grant bail was used to address problems of selection bias and partial observability. Further analyses were undertaken to determine the proportion and characteristics of defendants who were sensitive to magistrate leniency. Robustness checks were conducted to determine the sensitivity of estimates to different specifications. Results: The marginal effect of additional releases is an increase in the rate of offending from 13.2 per cent to 29.2 per cent, a decrease in the rate of imprisonment from 59.0 to 49.0 per cent and an increase in the rate of failure to appear from 2.1 per cent to 11.1 per cent for those defendants. Thus, remanding ten additional defendants increases the number imprisoned by one, and reduces the number of offending and failing to appear by 1.6 and 0.9 on average. These estimates are causal and net of differences in observed characteristics and selection bias, but applicable only to a subset of defendants whose bail status is sensitive to magistrate leniency. The likelihood of failing to appear and of offending on bail for these defendants does not exceed the general rate among those released on bail. Conclusion: Taken together, the results show that bail refusal has a significant incapacitation effect on crime and failure to appear. These benefits should, however, be considered alongside the considerable cost to the correctional system and the individual arising from increased imprisonment rates. There is limited evidence for the influence of selection bias in regards to imprisonment but not in relation to crime or failure to appear. Keywords: bail, magistrate assignment, 2SLS, instrumental variables
Children’s perspectives on the relations between home and school

The aim of the article is to shed light on children’s perspectives of the relations between home and school. The study is based on 52 interviews with children aged 12-13 years in Sweden about their knowledge and notions of the relations between their parents and teachers, and what they perceive their own role to be in this context. The study reveals that the children’s understandings are drawing on both ideas of connectedness and autonomy to different actors characterised by a vertical or horizontal frame and that generational and institutional power are important in their understanding of the relations. The results reveals the different ways in which children talk about home-school relations, namely as (1) an asymmetric vertical “keep-apart-relation” characterised by institutional power, generational power and children’s autonomy and power and (2) a horizontal relation that is characterised by a symmetric power relation between the actors, i.e. they think that the parties to some extent sometimes have an equal influence in the relation. In addition, the study indicates that children adopt different strategies in relation to the adults. The children’s accounts show that they reproduce and also resist the social order and structure.
Categorizing API Forum Discussions

Text categorization, automatically labeling natural language texts with pre-defined categories based on their content, is an essential task for efficiently managing the abundant online data. Within Software Engineering, an example of such data is the ever-growing, large volume of forum discussions about using particular APIs. We have conducted a study to explore the question as to how well machine learning algorithms can be applied to categorize API discussions. Our goal is two-fold: (1) Can a relatively straightforward algorithm such as Naive Bayes be made to work sufficiently well for this task? (2) If yes, how can we control its performance? We achieve the best test accuracy mean of 93.6% with our largest training data set, which consists of 833 forum discussions distributed over eight categories/topics, for the AWT/Swing API. We also investigate several factors that impact on classification accuracy. Among others, we find that the size of the training set and multi-label documents (that is, the phenomenon that some discussions involve more than one category) are the key ones.
Organisational Management in Health Care

Formalisation is an integral part of modern bureaucratic organisational structure. Organisations are required to adhere to formal practices and rules in order to ensure smooth functioning. The absence of rules and regulations may lead to chaos and anarchy in an organisation and behavioural uncertainty within employees. Formalisation serves as the rudder which helps steer the boat of an organisation in the right direction. This essay will discuss the merits of formalisation with regard to an organisation and its managers in a healthcare context and cite the demerits of overuse of formalisation. In addition, it will outline the challenges encountered by modern, formalised organisations and suggest possible solutions to overcome them.
Now you see it, now you don't - frequency distribution of articulatory information reflected in speech face motion

Although the increase in intelligibility of spoken language when watching the speaker’s face is well documented, the characteristics and the distribution of phonetic information over the frequency range of visual speech remain largely unknown. For this study face motion and tongue movements were measured simultaneously for three speakers of American English. The motion signals were subjected to a multiresolution analysis using spline wavelets and partial least squares regression was applied to estimate tongue movements from face motion. The amount of recovered variance was found to be small (below 30%) compared to previous studies and more pronounced in the lower frequencies. Index Terms: auditory-visual speech, face motion, electromagnetic articulography, partial least squares, wavelets 1. Background
THE RAMAN STUDY OF SINGLE-CHAIN SILICATES

Some of the most common pyroxenes (bronzite, hypersthene, diopside, hedenbergite, augite, omphacite, aegirine and spodumene) and pyroxenoids (wollastonite, rhodonite, fowlerite and charoite) have been investigated by non-contact Raman spectroscopy. In order to complete the information on the vibrational modes, the IR spectrum of augite was devised. In the Raman spectrum of aegirine, the bands appear at lower wavenumbers than in the rest of the pyroxenes. The bands assigned to the Si-O vibrational modes are split due to the deformation of the tetrahedra. In the rhodonite and zinc-rich variety (fowlerite) spectra, differences were noted; in fowlerite, some bands are shifted at higher frequencies, compared with rhodonite. The pyroxenoids presented the same typical bands of the singlechain structure. The spectrum of charoite shows two new lines at 2367 cm -1 and 2403 cm -1 , which are due to the modes of the N-H bonds.
Mitochondria in migraine pathophysiology – does epigenetics play a role?

The approximately three times higher rate of migraine prevalence in women than men may result from the mitochondrial transmission of this disease. Studies with imaging techniques suggest disturbances in mitochondrial metabolism in specific regions of the brain in migraine patients. Migraine shares some clinical features with several mitochondrial diseases and many other disorders include migraine headaches. Epigenetic regulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a matter of debate and there are some conflicting results, especially on mtDNA methylation. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) and long-noncoding RNA (lncRNAs) have been detected in mitochondria. The regulation of the miRNA-lncRNA axis can be important for mitochondrial physiology and its impairment can result in a disease phenotype. Further studies on the role of mitochondrial epigenetic modifications in migraine are needed, but they require new methods and approaches.
Towards a unified theory of the reference frame of the ventriloquism aftereffect

The ventriloquism aftereffect (VAE), observed as a shift in the perceived locations of sounds after audio-visual stimulation, requires reference frame alignment since hearing and vision encode space in different reference frames (head-centered vs. eye-centered). Previous experimental studies reported inconsistent results, observing either a mixture of head-centered and eye-centered frames, or a predominantly head-centered frame. Here, a computational model is introduced to examine these inconsistencies. Based on experimental data, the model uses the measured size of the ventriloquism effect to predict the VAE adaptation in the auditory spatial map. Versions of the model examine whether the adaptation is induced by visual signals in head-centered frame, eye-centered frame, by eye-gaze direction-dependent signals, or their combination, and whether some biases are induced by the saccade-to-auditory-target response method used in the experiments. The model is first evaluated on three separate data sets. It can predict them well even without explicit need for an eye-centered signals influencing VAE, suggesting that the reference frame of VAE is mainly head-centered. The model predictions are qualitatively similar but less accurate when all three data sets are combined, suggesting that interactions between individual neural mechanisms are more complex than the simple linear combination assumed in the model.
Environmental Influence on the Fine Structure of Dummy-Head HRTFs

The directional filtering of the outer ears is a significant step during the evaluation of spatial information. A computer-controlled dummy-head measurement system was developed to measure the HRTFs in huge amount and with increased spatial resolution. Effects and common properties of objects near the head (glasses, hair, baseball cap) were measured. Changes in the HRTFs due to the acoustical environment will be presented as function of frequency and azimuth for different elevations on 2D polar diagrams. Differences of about 1 dB are evaluated in the fine structure of the measured HRTFs and conclusions are drawn for the relevance of HRTF reproduction in binaural synthesis.
Saving Lives and Time : Tackling Transportation Induced Air Pollution in Jakarta

Respiratory illness due to air pollution from transportation activities is a major healthrelated issue in Jakarta. Besides, the city has been experiencing a degradation of the transportation system, due to the growth in travel demand, which cannot be balanced with the available space for motorized vehicle movements. Despite the fact that various governmental departments in Indonesia have proposed and implemented measures to control these issues, the effectiveness of their policies has not been examined properly, and it seems that they only focus on certain aspects of the system. The aim of this study is to provide a systemic perspective of the traffic congestion, air pollution and its health impact issues in Jakarta, through the identification of relevant interrelated feedback loops, the exploration of various policy options, and the assessment of the effectiveness of these policies under deep uncertainty. Simulation results indicate that the population subsystem is the main driver of air pollution and traffic congestion. Taking these results into account, we show that the traditional debated policies are ineffective, as they fail to address this main driver.
Reconsidering Activism: And Just What Do You Mean by That?

Membership mobilization or activism is widely regarded as critical for union revitalization or renewal. Evidence on activism reveals a confusing picture with widely varying estimates of the level of activism and puzzling inconsistencies in union members’ beliefs and intentions. Estimates of activism’s level range from the low single digit percents of members to roughly half of union members. A notable inconsistency from a recent study was the finding that nearly all union members regarded activism as important for their union’s success, but a much smaller proportion expressed a willingness to be active. Using Azjen’s (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior and a recent sample of faculty union members, we address both of these issues. Regarding the level of activism, we compare self-reports on summary activism (e.g., Likert-scale type responses to “How active were you? ”) with self-reports of specific union participation behaviors (e.g., Yes/No responses to “Did you attend a meeting? ” or “Did you serve as a union steward? ”). Regarding the apparent inconsistency between beliefs about activism’s importance and intentions to be active, we examine the influence of beliefs regarding perceived control or self-efficacy, that is, beliefs about whether one’s activism can make a difference. Results show both consistency and discrepancy between summary self-reports of activism and self-reports of specific participation behaviors, helping to account for widely varying estimates of activism’s level. Additional results indicate an important role for perceived self-control, a factor rarely examined in prior research on activism. In addition, a unique aspect of the sample resulting from a recent substantial surge in membership provides a basis for a post hoc analysis that suggests a developmental perspective on union activism.
Failure to Diagnose Hyperparathyroidism in 10,432 Patients With Hypercalcemia: Opportunities for System-level Intervention to Increase Surgical Referrals and Cure

Objective: To determine whether a significant number of patients with hyperparathyroidism remain undiagnosed and untreated. Background: Failure to diagnose primary hyperparathyroidism and refer patients to surgeons leads to impaired quality of life and increased costs. We hypothesized that many patients with hyperparathyroidism would be untreated due to not considering the diagnosis, inadequate evaluation of hypercalcemia, and under-referral to surgeons. Methods: We reviewed administrative data on 682,704 patients from a tertiary referral center between 2011 and 2015, and identified hypercalcemia (>10.5 mg/dL) in 10,432 patients. We evaluated whether hypercalcemic patients underwent measurement of parathyroid hormone (PTH), had documentation of hypercalcemia/hyperparathyroidism, or were referred to surgeons. Results: The mean age of our cohort was 54 years, with 61% females, and 56% whites. Only 3200 (31%) hypercalcemic patients had PTH levels measured, 2914 (28%) had a documented diagnosis of hypercalcemia, and 880 (8%) had a diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism in the medical record. Only 592 (22%) out of 2666 patients with classic hyperparathyroidism (abnormal calcium and PTH) were referred to surgeons. Conclusions: A significant proportion of patients with hyperparathyroidism do not undergo appropriate evaluation and surgical referral. System-level interventions which prompt further evaluation of hypercalcemia and raise physician awareness about hyperparathyroidism could improve outcomes and produce long-term cost savings.
Alterations in the hematological parameters of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) submitted to different salinities

Oreochromis niloticus is considered an excellent alternative for the cultivation after the great drop in the production of marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Northeast Brazil. However, environmental factors exert a great influence on the health of aquatic animals and can be decisive for the success or failure of an aquaculture enterprise. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate in juvenile Oreochromis niloticus, submitted to different salinities (15, 25 and 35), the following hematological parameters: percentage of hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, total leukocyte and erythrocyte counts. Forty fish were used, kept in 8 tanks, and were exposed to the different salinities. Hematological parameters were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple comparison test (P <0.05). Changes were observed in the values of the blood parameters measured as the salinity increased. Statistical differences were observed in saline treatment 35 for blood glucose, hemoglobin, and total count of erythrocytes and leukocytes. There was no statistical difference in hematocrit percentage. Salinity has an influence on hematological parameters of Nile tilapia, indicating physiological changes.
Trends on Axillary Surgery in Nondistant Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Treated Between 2011 and 2015 he ACOSOG-Z 0011 and AMAROS Era A Dutch Population-based Study in t

Objectives: To evaluate patterns of care in axillary surgery for Dutch clinical T1-4N0M0 (cT1-4N0M0) breast cancer patients and to assess the effect of the American College for Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG)-Z0011 and After Mapping of the Axilla: Radiotherapy Or Surgery (AMAROS) trial on axillary surgery patterns in Dutch cT1-2N0M0 sentinel node positive breast cancer patients. Background: Since publication of the ACOSOG-Z0011 and AMAROS trial, omitting a completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) in sentinel node positive breast cancer patients is proposed in selected patients. Methods: Data were obtained from the nationwide Nationaal Borstkanker Overleg Nederland breast cancer audit. Descriptive analyses were used to demonstrate trends in axillary surgery. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with the omission of cALND in cT1-2N0M0 sentinel node-positive breast cancer patients. Results: Between 2011 and 2015 in cT1-4N0M0 breast cancer patients, the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy as definitive axillary staging increased from 72% to 93%, and (c)ALND as definitive axillary staging decreased from 24% to 6% (P < 0.001). The use of cALND decreased from 75% to 17% in cT12N0 sentinel node-positive patients (P < 0.001). Earlier year of diagnosis, lower age, primary mastectomy, invasive lobular subtype, increasing tumor grade, and treatment in a nonteaching hospital were associated with a lower probability of omitting cALND (P < 0.001).
Anti-tuberculosis drug target discovery by targeting the higher in-degree proteins ( HidPs ) of the pathogen ’ s transcriptional network

Cite this article: Cui T, Zeng J, He ZG. Anti-tuberculosis drug target discovery by targeting the higher in-degree proteins (HidPs) of the pathogen’s transcriptional network. J Tuberc. 2018; 1: 1001. Tao Cui#; Jumei Zeng#; Zheng-Guo He* College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Center for Proteomics Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Recommendation in Location-based Social Networks

Recommender systems have become popular tools to select relevant personalized information for users. With the rapid growth of mobile network users, the way users consume Web 2.0 is changing substantially. Mobile networks enable users to post personal status on online social media services from anywhere and at anytime. However, as the volume of user activities is growing rapidly, it is getting impossible that for users to read all posts or blogs to catch up with the trends. Similarly, it is hard for producers and manufactures to monitor consumers and figure out their tastes. These needs inspired the emergence of a new line of research, recommendation in location-based social networks, i.e., building recommender systems to discover and predict the behavior of users and their engagement with location-based social networks. Extracted users’ interests and their spatio-temporal patterns clearly provide more detailed information for producers to make decisions to supply their consumers. In this thesis, we address the problem of recommendation in location-based social networks and seek novel methods to improve limitations of existing techniques. We first propose a spatial topic model for top-k POI recommendation problem, and the proposed model discovers users’ topic and geographical distributions from user check-ins with posts and location coordinates. Then we focus on mining spatio-temporal patterns of user check-ins and propose a spatio-temporal topic model to identify temporal activity patterns of different topics and POIs. In our next work, we argue that all existing social network-based POI recommendation models cannot capture the nature of location-based social network. Hence, we propose a social topic model to effectively exploit a location-based social network. Finally, we address the problem of determining the optimal location for a new store by considering it as a recommendation problem, i.e., recommending locations to a new store. Latent factor models are proposed and proved to perform better than existing state-of-the-art methods.
Growth parameters, protein and photosynthetic pigment content of Chlorella vulgaris cultivated under photoautotrophic and mixotrophic conditions

VELICHKOVA, K. AND I. SIRAKOV, 2018. Growth parameters, protein and photosynthetic pigment content of Chlorella vulgaris cultivated under photoautotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 24 (Suppl. 1): 150–155 The purpose of this study was the determination of growth parameters, chlorophyll, carotenoid and protein content of the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris cultivated under different mixotrophic and photoautotrophic conditions. Microalgae cultivation was initiated in a laboratory bioreactor of 500ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 250 ml nutrition media BBM. The cultures were maintained at room temperature (25-27oC) on a fluorescent light with a light:dark photoperiod of 12 h:12 h. The strains were checked for 96 hours growth period in photoautotrophic variants with carbon dioxide (2%, v/v), mixotrophic – CO2 + 3g.l -1 glucose, mixotrophic – CO2 + 3g.l -1 lactose. In the present study we found that C. vulgaris showed better growth in mixotrophic conditions with CO2 and glucose. Higher content of chlorophylls, carotenoid and protein was obtained in the photoautotrophic culture.
Aconnectionbetween formation infeasibility andvelocity alignment in kinematicmulti-agent systems ?

In this paper, a feedback control strategy that achieves convergence of a multi-agent system to a desired formation configuration is proposed for both the cases of agents with single integrator and nonholonomic unicycle-type kinematics. When inter-agent objectives that specify the desired formation cannot occur simultaneously in the state space the desired formation is infeasible. It is shown that under certain assumptions, formation infeasibility forces the agents’ velocity vectors to a common value at steady state. This provides a connection between formation infeasibility and flocking behavior for the multi-agent system. We finally also obtain an analytic expression of the common velocity vector in the case of formation infeasibility.