Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ultra-processed foods, protein leverage and energy intake in the USA

Abstract Objective Experimental studies have shown that human macronutrient regulation minimizes variation in absolute protein intake and consequently energy intake varies passively with dietary protein density (‘protein leverage’). According to the ‘protein leverage hypothesis’ (PLH), protein leverage interacts with a reduction in dietary protein density to drive energy overconsumption and obesity. Worldwide increase in consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been hypothesized to be an important determinant of dietary protein dilution, and consequently an ecological driving force of energy overconsumption and the obesity pandemic. The present study examined the relationships between dietary contribution of UPF, dietary proportional protein content and the absolute intakes of protein and energy. Design National representative cross-sectional study. Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010. Subjects Participants (n 9042) aged ≥2 years with at least one day of 24 h dietary recall data. Results We found a strong inverse relationship between consumption of UPF and dietary protein density, with mean protein content dropping from 18·2 to 13·3 % between the lowest and highest quintiles of dietary contribution of UPF. Consistent with the PLH, increase in the dietary contribution of UPF (previously shown to be inversely associated with protein density) was also associated with a rise in total energy intake, while absolute protein intake remained relatively constant. Conclusions The protein-diluting effect of UPF might be one mechanism accounting for their association with excess energy intake. Reducing UPF contribution in the US diet may be an effective way to increase its dietary protein concentration and prevent excessive energy intake.
Evaluation of lipid profile measurements obtained from the Cholestech L.D.X analyzer.

BACKGROUND The Cholestech L.D. X analyzer has the capability of performing a lipid profile in approximately 5 minutes. The purpose of this study was to determine analytical performance capability of the L.D. X to perform lipid profile measurements. METHODS Forty subjects gave two finger capillary samples and one venous serum which were analyzed in duplicate by two technicians, on two different L.D. X analyzers. A local pathology laboratory was used as the standard for accuracy comparisons. Two controls with known values were provided by the manufacturer to assess within-day precision. Day-to-day precision was determined by analyzing high (240 mg/dL-1 total cholesterol (TC) and 60 mg/dL-1 high-density lipoprotein [HDL]) and low (200 mg/dL-1 TC and 35 mg/dL-1 HDL) human serum samples on 10 different days. RESULTS Analysis of variance procedures revealed no significant differences between the two technicians or the two analyzers, nor among the fingerstick, venous serum, or reference measures for any of the analytes. The total error of measurement of TC, triglycerides, and HDL measurements were 6.3 to 16.2%, 14.8 to 30.8%, and 11.5 to 26.8%, respectively. In comparison to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) desirable, borderline-high, and high classifications obtained from the reference laboratory the L.D. X TC results were correctly classified in 92.5% of the cases. L.D. X triglyceride classifications of desirable, borderline hypertyglyceridemia, and distinct hypertriglyceridemia matched 100% with the classifications obtained from the reference laboratory. CONCLUSIONS Although the Cholestech L.D. X analyzer did not consistently meet NCEP standards for acceptable total measurement error of TC, HDL, and triglyceride analyses, it seems capable of providing reasonable lipid profile measures in both a screening setting and a clinician office where the goal is correct classification of patients' results.
SCREENING FOR AND PREVALENCE OF HIV AND HEPATITIS C AMONG AN OUTPATIENT URBAN SAMPLE OF PEOPLE WITH SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS AND CO-OCCURRING SUBSTANCE ABUSE.

BACKGROUND To assess rates of screening and testing of HIV and HCV among those with serious mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorders. METHODS One hundred fifty-three people with serious mental illness and cooccurring substance use disorders completed measures and were screened for HIV and HCV. RESULTS Six percent were HIV positive and 25% were HCV positive. Almost a quarter reported a history of injection drug use and 86% reported a history of unprotected sexual encounters. Compared to those without a diagnosis of Hepatitis C, those diagnosed with Hepatitis C were significantly more likely to have a sexually transmitted infection, (p = 0.01), have a lifetime history of injection drug use, (p < 0.001), and a lifetime history of sniffing drugs, (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Given the high levels of infection of HIV and HCV and high levels of transmission risk factors efforts to improve screening and provide risk reduction counseling are warranted.
When does religiosity matter for attitudes to immigration? The impact of economic insecurity and religious norms in Europe

ABSTRACT Religious identity and practice has been associated with attitudes to immigration in Europe, but it is not known how this relationship varies between different cultural and economic contexts. Analysing data from seven waves of the European Social Survey (ESS) 2002–2014 we examine the association cross-nationally and over time, in what was a financially unstable period for many European countries and households. We have two main findings. Firstly, it is not religion per se, but rather conformity to national rates of religiosity which is associated with concern about the economic and cultural consequences of immigration. Secondly, the association between religion and anti-immigration is strengthened in contexts of economic uncertainty. These findings suggest that while religion does not predict immigration attitudes uniformly across countries, when religion reflects cultural conformity, it could become an expression national or ethnic group identity in times of economic insecurity.
Robustness and the Paradox of Bridging Organizations: The Exit Problem in Regional Water Governance Networks in Central America

ABSTRACT Bridging organizations facilitate a range of governance processes, including cooperation and social learning, and are theorized to be a key component of robust governance systems. In this article, we use node removal simulations to test structural hypotheses of robustness in a regional water governance network in Central America. We investigate the response of network measures supporting core governance processes to the targeted removal of bridging organizations and other actors, which we compare to random and centrality-based simulations. The results indicate removing bridging organizations has a greater impact on the network than any other type of actor, suggesting bridging organizations are critical to the robustness of the governance system. Furthermore, network structures supporting cooperation may be less robust than structures facilitating social learning. We conclude with policy implications of the research findings as they relate to the exit problem in governance systems with a large presence of international development actors.
The influence of visual mental imagery size on metamemory accuracy in judgment of learning

ABSTRACT Many studies have found the font size of to-be-remembered words has a significant influence on judgments of learning (JOLs). However, few studies have investigated whether JOLs are affected by the mental imagery size of to-be-remembered words, even when the font sizes themselves are kept identical in study materials. This study investigated whether the visual mental imagery size influences the participants’ JOLs and what the underlying mechanisms are. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants learned words with identical font sizes, mentally generated large or small imageries and then made JOLs. We found that JOLs under the large imagery condition were significantly higher than those under the small imagery condition, but actual recall performance exhibited no significant difference. In Experiment 3, participants pressed a button immediately after mental imagery generation and showed that it took significantly longer to generate large imageries than to generate small imageries, and the difference in JOLs between two conditions was no longer significant. In Experiment 4, we used a questionnaire to investigate the contribution of beliefs and found that participants believed large imageries were easier to remember. These findings indicate that imagery size has a significant impact on JOLs, in which beliefs may play a leading role.
Second chance education: Re-engagement in education of early school leavers

Acknowledgements This research was commissioned by the Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) under the Social Policy Research Services Agreement (2010–12 with the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors alone and do not represent those of DEEWR. The authors would like to thank Rezida Zakirova for her help preparing the LSAY datasets. # Corresponding author is Cain Polidano (cainp@unimelb.edu.au).
Lichen Planus in 24 Children with Review of the Literature

Abstract: Lichen planus is a disease generally considered uncommon in children. Our objective was to obtain epidemiologic data retrospectively and determine the clinical characteristics of lichen planus in Mexican children seen in our dermatology department. We found 235 patients with the clinical and histologic diagnosis of lichen planus seen over a period of 22 years and 7 months. Twenty‐four (10.2%) of these patients were children (15 years of age or younger). The ratio of male to female was 1 : 1.2. The main clinical pattern was classic lichen planus (43.5%). Mucous membrane and nail involvement were uncommon. No family history of lichen planus or systemic disease was noted. In the international literature, the frequency of lichen planus varied from 2.1% to 11.2% of the pediatric population. In the majority of studies no significant gender predominance was identified. Most patients had the classic variety of lichen planus. Reported mucosal involvement was rare, except in India and Kuwait. Frequency of nail involvement ranged from 0% to 16.6%. Little evidence of systemic disease or family history was found.
The identification of assistive technologies being used to support the daily occupations of community-dwelling older adults with dementia: a cross-sectional pilot study

Abstract Purpose: Assistive technologies (ATs) have tremendous potential to support occupations (i.e. meaningful daily activities) impacted by changes in cognition caused by dementia. However, little is known about what or how ATs are in use in community settings. This research created and piloted guided interviews intended to capture what ATs are in use, factors that affect use and gaps in support from multiple stakeholders. Method: Family caregivers (n = 3) and occupational therapists (n = 10) were chosen as pilot respondents because of their relationship to care provision, understanding of how occupations are impacted by changes in cognition and role in AT procurement. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The interviews' structures enabled data to be grouped into distinct categories and organized easily. The data illustrated the types of analysis that could be done given a larger sample size. It appeared that interviews captured ATs that were in use, as well as areas of non-use and perceived difficulties. Respondents identified several unmet needs and provided suggestions for desired outcomes. Conclusions: While the interview guides must be refined and validated, they are able to capture rich and comprehensive data that could be used by multiple stakeholders, such as clinicians, engineers and caregiver education groups, to target AT development, procurement, education and policy. Implications for Rehabilitation Structured interview guide developed and piloted that could be used to identify ATs in use in the community to support older adults with dementia from the viewpoints of multiple stakeholders. These data could be used to: gain an understanding of AT use and non-use, discern differences in perception between the various stakeholders, and guide development, procurement, education and policy efforts.
Crop farm development in the Brazilian "Cerrado" region : an ex-ante evaluation

iii Abstract of a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of PhDof a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of PhD CROP FARM DEVELOPMENT IN THE BRAZILIAN "CERRADO" REGION: AN EX-ANTE EVALUATION by Rui F. Veloso Natural resource use planning In an area such as the "Cerrado" region In the Midwest of Brazil Is a challenge. Any planning framework for analysing Investment opportunities in such a region must emphasize sustainable development. This implies a shift from the traditional single agricultural expansion objective approach, to a multiple objective approach such as that described in this thesis. The main objective of this study was to develop an appropriate planning framework for quantifying the effects of new crop farm development proposals for the "Cerrado" region, from a multiple objective perspective. Its practical Implementation depends on the following: the generation of specific experimental data on rice, maize, wheat and soybean crops and reliable climate and soils data to calibrate corresponding crop models that are incorporated Into a planning framework; the development of experiences concerning environmental quality and social Impact analysis by Brazilian researchers; and training of planning framework users for the enlightenment of policy makers. The study was carried out from the point of view of systems theory, and the chosen research approach integrates a set of different modelling techniques within the developed planning framework. The application of a such planning framework for the Paracatu "Planicie" area was orientated to the final selection (among nine alternatives) of the most appropriate farming system for adoption. However, by manipulating the models which were integrated into the planning framework, and parameters and data related to prices, crop yields, farm sizes, Interest rates, credit and others, a range of policy types can be represented and their effects assessed. The results presented illustrate the potential of the planning framework developed here, as a policy analysis tool for farm development. In the conclusions, some insight Is provided Into aspects concerning the incorporation of this planning framework Into a comprehensive decision support system.
Environmental exposure to pesticides and respiratory health

Respiratory effects of environmental exposure to pesticides are debated. Here we aimed to review epidemiological studies published up until 2013, using the PubMed database. 20 studies dealing with respiratory health and non-occupational pesticide exposure were identified, 14 carried out on children and six on adults. In four out of nine studies in children with biological measurements, mothers' dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) blood levels during pregnancy were associated with asthma and wheezing in young children. An association was also found between permethrin in indoor air during pregnancy and wheezing in children. A significant association between asthma and DDE measured in children's blood (aged 7–10 years) was observed in one study. However, in three studies, no association was found between asthma or respiratory infections in children and pesticide levels in breast milk and/or infant blood. Lastly, in three out of four studies where post-natal pesticide exposure of children was assessed by parental questionnaire an association with respiratory symptoms was found. Results of the fewer studies on pesticide environmental exposure and respiratory health of adults were much less conclusive: indeed, the associations observed were weak and often not significant. In conclusion, further studies are needed to confirm whether there is a respiratory risk associated with environmental exposure to pesticides. Occupational pesticide exposure increases respiratory health risk but data are unclear for environmental exposures http://ow.ly/PSGvz
Truncated gag products encoded by Gv-1-responsive endogenous retrovirus loci

The conversion of endogenous or exogenous murine retroviruses to a leukemogenic phenotype involves recombination with retroviral sequences present in host genomic DNA. In the 129 Gix+ inbred strain, these endogenous sequences are replication defective but still express retroviral proteins under the apparent transcriptional control of the Gv-1 regulatory locus. To study the protein-coding potential of Gv-1-regulated endogenous retroviral loci, we used oligonucleotide probes directed to env deletion breakpoints identified in previously characterized cDNA clones. Four endogenous retroviral loci were isolated from a library of 129 Gix+ genomic DNA with these probes. Three loci cloned with the env deletion probe del env-1 had virtually identical proviral inserts by restriction analysis. A unique locus was identified and cloned with the del env-2 probe, which must therefore represent a Gv-1-responsive element. Restriction enzyme and nucleotide sequence analyses indicated that the del env-1 and del env-2 loci represented members of the polytropic and modified polytropic classes of endogenous retrovirus, respectively. Despite this divergence, members of both classes contained identical deletions of 19 nucleotides within p30gag and of 1,474 nucleotides from p10gag into the reverse transcriptase-coding region of pol, suggesting that a recombination event had occurred between these proviral sequences prior to insertion within the genome. The del env-1 and del env-2 loci retained coding capacity for truncated gag polyproteins, confirmed by in vitro translation and immunoprecipitation of the protein products. Nucleotide sequence comparison of the untranslated leader (L) regions of the del env-1 and del env-2 loci to a replication-competent ecotropic virus indicated regions that might be important to dispersion of these endogenous retroviral elements throughout the host genome.
Prevention of the Cardiovascular and Neuroendocrine Response to Electroconvulsive Therapy: II. Effects of Pretreatment Regimens on Catecholamines, ACTH, Vasopressin, and Cortisol

The neuroendocrine response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was assessed in four patients after pretreatment with esmolol (1.0 mg/kg), fentanyl (1.5 mu;g/kg), labetalol (0.3 mg/kg), and saline solution (control). Each patient received each drug pretreatment using a double-blind, randomized study block-design. During each of the five studies, blood samples were obtained from each patient before anesthetic induction, before ECT shock, and at 1, 5, 10, and 30 min after seizure. Samples were subsequently analyzed for epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and cortisol. Electroconvulsive therapy after saline pretreatment resulted in a 3-fold and 15-fold increase in norepinephrine and epinephrine levels, respectively (P < 0.05). The ACTH and cortisol levels gradually increased over 30 min, peaking at values that were two to three times the control values (P < 0.05). The AVP levels increased significantly after induction of ECT (P < 0.005) and remained higher than control levels at 5, 10, and 30 min. The effect of pretreatments varied. Pretreatment with esmolol and fentanyl resulted in significant attenuation of the norepinephrine peak after seizure (P < 0.05). Only esmolol significantly attenuated ECT-induced epinephrine secretion, whereas fentanyl pretreatment significantly reduced release of ACTH after ECT. No pretreatment significantly affected the elevated AVP or cortisol levels seen on emergence or up to 30 min after treatment. The ability of esmolol pretreatment to attenuate serum catecholamine release after ECT is consistent with its ability to block the cardiovascular responses to ECT.
Sacred Texts: A Sceptical Exploration of the Assumptions Underpinning Theories of Occupation

Background. Occupational therapists share some basic assumptions about occupation that are rarely challenged and are held to be true. These assumptions underpin our theories of human occupation. Purpose. To probe some of the core assumptions that inform current occupational therapy theory and to determine whether these are culturally specific or have supporting evidence. Key issues. Evidence suggests that some of occupational therapy's entrenched assumptions reflect specific rather than universal perspectives; that many meaningful occupations cannot be categorized as self-care, productivity or leisure; that the concept of leisure is an ableist, class-bound, and culturally specific concept; that current models of occupation overlook activities motivated by connections to others; that productivity is not universally perceived to be central to life's meaning nor universally experienced as a positive contributor to health; and that independence is not universally prized. Implications. Occupational therapy's theories of occupation would benefit from a sound evidence base derived from diverse cultural perspectives.
HELMINTH ASSEMBLAGES OF WHITEFISH (COREGONUS LAVARETUS) IN INTERCONNECTED LAKES: SIMILARITY AS A FUNCTION OF SPECIES SPECIFIC PARASITES AND GEOGRAPHICAL SEPARATION

This article examined the composition of parasite assemblages of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) in 8 interconnected lakes in northeastern Finland and evaluated the role of coregonid specific parasites and the geographical distance between populations in determining the similarity of the assemblages. Parasite assemblages were compared using the Jaccard qualitative similarity index and a quantitative similarity index and by incorporating the allogenic–autogenic species concept and the effects of 2 corresponding measures of geographical distance between the lakes. The majority of the parasite species found (10 of 14) were specific to salmonids. Similarity of assemblages of autogenic parasites between the lakes was negatively correlated with geographical distance. The dominance of 2 parasite species, the whitefish specialist Ichthyocotylurus erraticus and the generalist Ergasilus sieboldi, was also demonstrated. We concluded that the high proportion of widespread parasite species specific to coregonids is an important determinant of similarity in these assemblages. However, ecological factors were likely to contribute to qualitative (presence of species) and quantitative (difference in abundances) differences between lakes, in the case of autogenic parasites, their importance increasing with geographical separation.
Human MDR1 and mouse mdr1a P-glycoprotein alter the cellular retention and disposition of erythromycin, but not of retinoic acid or benzo(a)pyrene.

The intracellular concentration of many steroids and xenobiotics is influenced by the membrane protein P-glycoprotein (Pgp). It has been inferred that the intracellular retention of many drugs that upregulate Pgp or modulate Pgp function might also be affected by Pgp. However, the ability of Pgp to influence the translocation of these drugs needs to be established to understand Pgp's influence upon their pharmacological effect. We utilized two approaches to determine the interaction of several agents with Pgp: (a) an in vitro system, LLC-PK1 cell lines and derivative LLC cell lines stably expressing on the apical membrane either mouse mdr1a or human MDR1 Pgp grown as polarized epithelium in transwell culture to measure translocation of radiolabeled drugs; and (b) an in vivo system, mdr1a nullizygous and wild-type animals, to compare the contribution of Pgp to in vivo distribution of radiolabeled drugs. In combination these complementary approaches identified erythromycin as a drug whose intracellular retention is influenced by Pgp, while the intracellular accumulation and tissue distribution of retinoic acid and benzo(a)pyrene were unaffected by Pgp.