Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Representativeness of Direct Observations of Behavioural Duration: Data-based procedures for selecting a sampling method

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES xii CHAPTER OVERVIEW xiv CHAPTER 1: REPRESENTATIVENESS DEFINITION OF TERMS . 3 MEASUREMENT OF REPRESENTATIVENESS . 8 FACTORS AFFECTING REPRESENTATIVENESS . 10 SAMPLING METHOD . 11 DIMENSIONS OF BEHAVIOUR . 26 SELECTING SAMPLING METHODS . 31 SUMMARY . 33 CHAPTER 2: WORK SAMPLING CASE EXAMPLE . 35 BACKGROUND . 37 SELECTION OF BEHAVIOURAL CATEGORIES . 41 DEFINITION OF BEHAVIOURAL CATEGORIES . 42 DATA COLLECTION . 43 WORK SAMPLING EQUATION . 49 NOMOGRAPHS . 58 CONTROL CHARTS . 62 INITIAL ESTIMATES OF p . 67 SELECTING OBSERVATION TIMES . 68 DATA ANALYSIS . 77 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS . 79 EXAMPLES OF WORK SAMPLING STUDIES . 84 CHAPTER 3: EVALUATION OF WORK SAMPLING METHODS STUDY 1 RATIONALE . 95 METHOD . 103 PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING . 103 MEASUREMENT AND RELIABILITY . 104 PROCEDURE . 107 ADDITIONAL ANALYSES . 113 RESULTS . 115 DATA PRESENTATION ON REPRESENTATIVENESS . 116 DATA PRESENTATION ON EFFORT . 121 EFFECT OF SAMPLING SCHEDULE . 126 PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES OF PO . 129 OBSERVATION TIME ANALYSIS . 130 VARYING PO VALUES . 133 CALIBRATION ANALYSIS . 135 DISCUSSION . 141 CONTINUOUS SAMPLING . 142 MOMENTARY TIME SAMPLING: RELATIVE ERROR . 144 MOMENTARY TIME SAMPLING: ABSOLUTE ERROR . 145 PRACTICAL NUMBERS OF MOMENTARY TIME SAMPLES . 146 SCHEDULE OF MOMENTARY TIME SAMPLES. 147 EFFORT AND COST EFFICIENCY . 148 WORK SAMPLING EQUATIONS . 150 INITIAL PO ESTIMATES . 153 CONCLUSION . 155 CHAPTER 4: DISTRIBUTION OF REPORTED DURATIONS OF BEHAVIOUR IN APPLIED BEHAVIOURAL RESEARCH METHOD . 159 RESULTS . 160 DISCUSSION . 165 CHAPTER 5: DATA-BASED DECISION RULES STUDY 2 RATIONALE . 170 METHOD . 173 PROCEDURE . 173 ASSUMPTIONS . 179 RESULTS . 185 BUBBLE PLOTS . 190 OVERALL DURATION . 194 BOUT DURATION . 196 LOW-DURATION BEHAVIOURS . 198 MOMENTARY TIME SAMPLE INTERVAL DURATION . 202 LONGER BOUT DURATIONS . 202 3-D MESH PLOTS . 205 3-D STEM PLOTS . 212 ANALYSIS OF DECISION RULES . 215 SELECTION OF STUDY 1 BEHAVIOURS . 215 SAMPLING . 217 DISCUSSION . 221 DIMENSIONS OF BEHAVIOUR . 222 SAMPLING METHOD PARAMETERS . 231 LIMITATIONS . 234 STRENGTHS . 238 DATA-BASED DECISION RULES . 239 CONCLUSION . 240 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION DETERMINING REPRESENTATIVENESS . 243 UTILITY OF DATA-BASED METHODS . 243 LIMITATIONS OF ASSUMPTIONS . 244 PRACTICALITY OF DATA-BASED METHODS . 245 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH . 246 CONCLUSION . 248 GLOSSARY 250 REFERENCES 253 APPENDICES 1: TEACHER ESTIMATES 281 2: DURATION ANALYSIS 285 3: MATLAB CODE 294 4: ROTATED 3-D MESH PLOTS & 3-D STEM PLOTS 299
Analysis and interpretation of ethnographic data : a mixed methods approach

List of Tables and Figures List of Examples Introduction Chapter 1: Why Are Analysis and Interpretation Necessary? Chapter 2: Analysis in the Field Chapter 3: Tidying Up, Cataloging, and Creating Data Inventories Chapter 4: Recursivity, Induction, and Deduction: Moving Between Levels of Abstraction Chapter 5: Ways to Begin Analysis Chapter 6: Specific Coding and Initial Quantification Chapter 7: Coding and Creating Qualitative Code Books Chapter 8: Managing Qualitative and Quantitative Data with Computers Chapter 9: Analyzing Ethnographically Based Survey Data Chapter 10: Creating Preliminary Results: Putting Parts Together Chapter 11: Fine Tuning Results and Beginning the Write-Up Chapter 12: Creating Interpretations References Index About the Authors and Artists
Performance Evaluation of an Enhanced Crypto-Watermarking Model for Secure Electronic Voting

In this paper, we present the design and performance evaluation of an enhanced crypto-watermarking model of secured electronic voting. This design was accomplished through adoption of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptosystems for the encryption of electorates ballot integrity. The encrypted vote was further hidden in a cover image using our developed wavelet based invisible watermarking algorithm in the 3-level horizontal components of the cover image to preserve vote confidentiality. The model performance was qualitatively assessed by using Invisible ink and Invisible secrets detectors for perceiving presence of hidden content in a watermarked objects and quantitatively evaluated using Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Metric (SSIM) Image quality assessment metrics. The results of both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the developed enhanced model of secure e-voting showed that the model is robust and imperceptible, hence can serve as vehicle for achieving dependable, transparent, and reliable electioneering dispensationin developing countries.
Multipoint Methods for Solving Nonlinear Equations

This book is the first on the topic and explains the most cutting-edge methods needed for precise calculations and explores the development of powerful algorithms to solve research problems. Multipoint methods have an extensive range of practical applications significant in research areas such as signal processing, analysis of convergence rate, fluid mechanics, solid state physics, and many others. The book takes an introductory approach in making qualitative comparisons of different multipoint methods from various viewpoints to help the reader understand applications of more complex methods. Evaluations are made to determine and predict efficiency and accuracy of presented models useful to wide a range of research areas along with many numerical examples for a deep understanding of the usefulness of each method. This book will make it possible for the researchers to tackle difficult problems and deepen their understanding of problem solving using numerical methods. Multipoint methods are of great practical importance, as they determine sequences of successive approximations for evaluative purposes. This is especially helpful in achieving the highest computational efficiency. The rapid development of digital computers and advanced computer arithmetic have provided a need for new methods useful to solving practical problems in a multitude of disciplines such as applied mathematics, computer science, engineering, physics, financial mathematics, and biology. Provides a succinct way of implementing a wide range of useful and important numerical algorithms for solving research problems Illustrates how numerical methods can be used to study problems which have applications in engineering and sciences, including signal processing, and control theory, and financial computation Facilitates a deeper insight into the development of methods, numerical analysis of convergence rate, and very detailed analysis of computational efficiencyProvides a powerful means of learning by systematic experimentation with some of the many fascinating problems in scienceIncludes highly efficient algorithms convenient for the implementation into the most common computer algebra systems such as Mathematica, MatLab, and Maple
Dynamic Decision-Making in Multi-Task Environments: Theory and Experimental Results.

Abstract : The recent trend towards higher levels of automation in complex systems, such as in nuclear power plants, air-traffic control and flight management, is changing the role of the human operator from one of a controller to one of a supervisory decision-maker. The operator's primary responsibility in this new role is to extract information from his environment, and to integrate it for action selection and its implementation. The present analytic and experimental research has sought to understand human monitoring, information-processing and task selection procedures in dynamic multi-task environments, as a preliminary step towards analyzing and evaluating the human component of a supervisory control system. A simple yet realistic computer representation of the supervisory decision situation is developed. The experimental paradigm retains the essence of the multi-task decision problem by presenting the human with a dynamic situation wherein tasks of different value, time requirement and deadline compete for his attention. Via this framework, the effects of various task related variables on the human decision-processes are studied. In order to validate the model, several time-history and scalar measures of performance are proposed. Excellent model-data agreement is obtained for all the experimental conditions studied. Moreover, the model has been shown to represent human decision behavior significantly better than several heuristic sequencing rules of scheduling theory. The model has the potential for use in computer-aiding, and could form a significant step towards the modeling of multi-human behavior in complex, multi-level, multi-task systems.
LEARNING TO READ : A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF WORD SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN TWO CURRICULA

A study examined how word recognition automaticity develops and its relationship to the acquisition of comprehension skill. Two different methods for teaching reading were used: (1) a global method using the Houghton Mifflin basal reading program, and (2) a code method using the New Reading System, which emphasizes word decoding skills along with comprehension skills. Core data were collected with children over a three-year period from first through third grade. Measures included reaction times for oral reading of individual words and for judgments of word meanings, comprehension of sentences and passages, coding of errors for sensitivity to context and fidelity to the phonemic code, and subtest scores from achievement tests. Results indicated a relationship between word recognition efficiency early in learning and reading comprehension performance later on. The two different teaching approaches resulted in substantial qualitative differences in acquisition of word recognition ability; These differences in oral reading disappeared by the end of third grade. The findings do not provide a basis for choosing between code and global methods, but they do suggest that neither method sufficiently develops word recognition efficiency. Eight figures and four tables of data supplement the text. (SRT) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** 12 ;6 gi 10 ; 0 i E; if
A method for the detection of communicative head nods in expressive speech

The aim of this study is to propose a method for automatic detection of head nods during the production of semi-spontaneous speech. This method also provides means for extracting certain characteristics of head nods, that may vary depending on placement, function and even underlying emotional expression. The material used is part of the Swedish PF-Star corpora which were recorded by means of an optical motion capture system (Qualisys) able to successfully register articulatory movements as well as head movements and facial expressions. The material consists of short sentences as well as of dialogic speech produced by a Swedish actor. The method for automatic head nods detection on the 3D data acquired with Qualisys is based on criteria for slope, amplitude and a minimum number of consecutive frames. The criteria are tuned on head nods that have been manually annotated. These parameters can be varied to detect different kinds of head movements and can also be combined with other parameters in order to detect facial gestures, such as eyebrow displacements. For this study we focused in particular on the detection of head nods, since in earlier studies they have been found to be important visual cues in particular for signaling feedback and focus. In order to evaluate the method a preliminary test was run on semi-spontaneous dialogic speech, which is also part of the Swedish PF-Star corpora and produced by the same actor who read the sentences. The results show that the parameters and the criteria that had been set on the basis of the training corpus are valid also for the dialogic speech, even if more sophisticated parameters could be useful to achieve a more precise result.
A method for linguistic metaphor identification : from MIP to MIPVU

This book presents a complete method for the identification of metaphor in language at the level of word use. It is based on extensive methodological and empirical corpus-linguistic research in two languages, English and Dutch. The method is formulated as an explicit manual of instructions covering one chapter, the method being a development and refinement of the popular MIP procedure presented by the Pragglejaz Group in 2007. The extended version is called MIPVU, as it was developed at VU University Amsterdam. Its application is demonstrated in five case studies addressing metaphor in English news texts, conversations, fiction, and academic texts, and Dutch news texts and conversations. Two methodological chapters follow reporting a series of successful reliability tests and a series of post hoc troubleshooting exercises. The final chapter presents a first empirical analysis of the findings, and shows what this type of methodological attention can mean for research and theory.
Athenian History and Democracy in the Monumental Arts during the Fifth Century BC

This study examines the first representations of historical events on public monuments in Athens during the fifth century BC. In the Near East and Egypt, for much of their history, leaders commonly erected monuments representing historical figures and contemporary events. In Archaic Greece, however, monuments rarely depicted individuals or historical subjects but, instead, mostly displayed mythological or generic scenes. With the reforms of Cleisthenes in 508/7 BC, the Athenians adopted a democratic constitution and, over the next century, built three different monuments which publicly displayed historical deeds. This dissertation looks to explain the origins of these three “historical monuments” by exploring the relationship between democracy and these pieces of art. The first chapter looks at monumental practices in the Archaic Era and explains why, unlike in the Near East and Egypt, the Greeks did not usually represent contemporary figures or historical events on monuments. This chapter suggests that the lack of these sort of honors is best explained by the unique nature of the Greek polis which values the well-being of the community over the individual. The second chapter concerns the origins of the first sculpture group of Tyrant Slayers, who were granted unprecedented commemorative portraits in the Agora most likely in the last decade of the sixth century. While many have posited that this
A note on statistical properties for nonuniformly hyperbolic systems with slow contraction and expansion

We provide a systematic approach for deducing statistical limit laws via martingale-coboundary decomposition, for nonuniformly hyperbolic systems with slowly contracting and expanding directions. In particular, if the associated return time function is square-integrable, then we obtain the central limit theorem, the weak invariance principle, and an iterated version of the weak invariance principle.
Literature Survey of Research in Knowledge-Based Systems

Knowledge-Based Systems (KBS) are being developed and used in many business applications. We examined 430 papers published in information systems and management science journals between the years 1970-1995. Our findings indicate that the most researched topics deal with languages, tools and architecture needed to develop a KBS. However, issues relating to the management, implementation and impact of KBS in organizations are sparsely investigated.
The Teaching of Writing and Its Assessment: Case Studies of the Effect of Direct Writing Strategy Instruction Integrated with Writer’s Workshop on the Development of Young Writers

This research study examines the effect of explicit direct strategy instruction in writing integrated with a Writers Workshop instructional format on young writers of mature, average, and low ability. Participants included students in a general education third grade classroom in a California public school. Case study participants included six students with two representing writers of mature ability, two representing writers of average ability, and two representing writers of low ability. All participants experienced a series of explicit lessons in multiple-paragraph narrative composition supported by regular individual student-teacher conferences. Each of four writing compositions composed by the six case study participants were analyzed according to the Writing Tool Analysis created by the researcher. The Writing Analysis Tool examined inclusion of narrative elements, use of sensory detail, and structural fluency including sentence length and complexity. The six case study participants also participated in a Writing Knowledge Interview created by the researcher conducted at both baseline and post assessment to measure participant’s self-perception as a writer and individual knowledge of the writing process. Each case study participant demonstrated growth in writing ability from baseline to post assessment. The greatest gains demonstrated by all case study participants included use of complex and compound sentences, overall organization of the composition, and correct use of paragraphing. Writers of low ability demonstrated the greatest gains in time spent pre drafting, overall organization of events, and inclusion of greater detail leading to longer and more informative compositions. Compositions
The logical thinking process : a systems approach to complex problem solving

Following your need to always fulfil the inspiration to obtain everybody is now simple. Connecting to the internet is one of the short cuts to do. There are so many sources that offer and connect us to other world condition. As one of the products to see in internet, this website becomes a very available place to look for countless the logical thinking process a systems approach to complex problem solving sources. Yeah, sources about the books from countries in the world are provided.
The Computer-Animated Film

The Computer-Animated Film: Industry, Style and Genre is the first academic work to examine the genre identity of the computer-animated film, a global phenomenon of popular cinema that first emerged in the mid-1990s at the intersection of feature-length animated cinema and Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI). Widely credited for the revival of feature-length animated filmmaking within contemporary Hollywood, computer-animated films are today produced within a variety of national contexts and traditions. Covering thirty years of computer-animated film history, and analysing over 200 different examples, The Computer-Animated Film: Industry, Style and Genre argues that this international body of work constitutes a unique genre of mainstream cinema. It applies, for the very first time, genre theory to the landscape of contemporary digital animation, and identifies how computer-animated films can be distinguished in generic terms. This book therefore asks fundamental questions about the evolution of film genre theory within both animation and new media contexts. Informed by wider technological discourses and the status of animation as an industrial art form, The Computer-Animated Film: Industry, Style and Genre not only theorises computer-animated films through their formal properties, but connects elements of film style to animation practice and the computer-animated film’s unique production contexts.
Natural entrainment of the drosophila melanogaster circadian clock

In the laboratory, the circadian clock of Drosophila has been studied by analysing locomotor activity rhythms in either rectangular light-dark cycles in constant temperature or temperature cycles in constant light. In this way, the molecular components of the circadian clock have been characterised and their entrainment to the environment has been dissected. In nature, however, light-dark cycles and temperature cycles occur together and represent a dynamic environment. The aim of this work is to study the entrainment of D. melanogaster to natural conditions. The locomotor activity profile of wild-type flies in natural conditions has been described in detail. In particular, the position of the morning and evening components have been analysed with relation to the environment. It is found that temperature comprises the principal environmental cue that determines the timing of both morning and evening behaviour. Morning behaviour appears to be more responsive to the dynamic environment of the morning, apparently responding to light intensities as low as 0.0006 lux. Apart from wild-type flies, mutants for the canonical clock genes (per, tim, Clock , pertim) as well as the output and input genes Pdf 01 and cryalso show temporally regulated behaviour in natural conditions, suggesting the presence in ‘clockless’ flies of a residual timing mechanism. This work has revealed that clockless mutants can affect different parts of the circadian behavioural profile, and that GAL4 mediated disruption of the network of circadian neurons in the brain, can have unanticipated phenotypes. Preliminary molecular work has also revealed that the effect of light is dominant over that of temperature on the cycling of TIM. A de-coupling of this cycling among different neuronal groups in the brain is observed in natural conditions. Finally, an antibody has been generated against CRY, the dedicated circadian photoreceptor.
The KAA Framework : A History-Based Trust Establishment in Ambient Networks

We propose in this paper a global mechanism called KAA framework to handle trust in ambient networks. We assume that each device is equipped with a set of cryptographic tools in order to prove their successful past interactions with other devices. These interactions are stored in a database called History. Each entry of this History can be verified by a third party if this latter has yet interacted with both devices: this mechanism is built on Identity-Based Cryptosystems. The decision-making process relies on the following statement: when two stranger devices meet for the first time, they exchange their respective Histories. If it appears that they have a sufficient number of common trusted devices, they trust each other. In this paper, we also show how context awareness could be a strategic tool to adjust security policy via the use of an adapted trust metric. Privacy and anonymity are also discussed.