Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff and Interflow from an Aspen‐Birch Forest

Nutrients transported in surface runoff and interflow from an undisturbed aspen-birch (Populus tremuloides Michx., and Betula papyrifera Marsh.) forest (6.48 ha) in northern Minnesota were measured for 3 years. Surface runoff from snowmelt accounted for 97% of the average annual surface runoff and for 57% of the average annual water loss. Slope aspect influenced the amount, rate, and time of snowmelt runoff. In surface runoff, organic nitrogen (N) comprised 80% of the total N load, and organic (+ hydrolyzable) phosphorus (PI comprised 45% of the total P load. The quantities of cations in surface runoff were in the order of calcium (Ca) > potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > sodium (Na). More than 96% of all the nutrients in surface runoff were transported by snowmelt. The annual volumes of interflow varied only slightly during the 3 years. Compared with surface runoff, the amounts of all the nutrients (except Na) and their weighted concentrations decreased in interflow. These nutrient losses from the ecosystem can accumulate in surface waters.
Hindcast experiments of tropospheric composition during the summer 2010 fires over western Russia

Abstract. The severe wildfires in western Russia during July–August 2010 coincided with a strong heat wave and led to large emissions of aerosols and trace gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides into the troposphere. This extreme event is used to evaluate the ability of the global MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate) atmospheric composition forecasting system to provide analyses of large-scale pollution episodes and to test the respective influence of a priori emission information and data assimilation on the results. Daily 4-day hindcasts were conducted using assimilated aerosol optical depth (AOD), CO, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) data from a range of satellite instruments. Daily fire emissions were used from the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) version 1.0, derived from satellite fire radiative power retrievals. The impact of accurate wildfire emissions is dominant on the composition in the boundary layer, whereas the assimilation system influences concentrations throughout the troposphere, reflecting the vertical sensitivity of the satellite instruments. The application of the daily fire emissions reduces the area-average mean bias by 63% (for CO), 60% (O3) and 75% (NO2) during the first 24 h with respect to independent satellite observations, compared to a reference simulation with a multi-annual mean climatology of biomass burning emissions. When initial tracer concentrations are further constrained by data assimilation, biases are reduced by 87, 67 and 90%. The forecast accuracy, quantified by the mean bias up to 96 h lead time, was best for all compounds when using both the GFAS emissions and assimilation. The model simulations suggest an indirect positive impact of O3 and CO assimilation on hindcasts of NO2 via changes in the oxidizing capacity. However, the quality of local hindcasts was strongly dependent on the assumptions made for forecasted fire emissions. This was well visible from a relatively poor forecast accuracy quantified by the root mean square error, as well as the temporal correlation with respect to ground-based CO total column data and AOD. This calls for a more advanced method to forecast fire emissions than the currently adopted persistency approach. The combined analysis of fire radiative power observations, multiple trace gas and aerosol satellite observations, as provided by the MACC system, results in a detailed quantitative description of the impact of major fires on atmospheric composition, and demonstrate the capabilities for the real-time analysis and forecasts of large-scale fire events.
Vibration of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Using Nonlocal Theory

The free bending vibration of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is investigated in the present paper. A continuum approach based on nonlocal theory of beam bending is used for natural frequency computation. Analytical solutions of frequency equations are given for four types boundary conditions: clamped-free (C-F), simply-simply supported (S-S), clamped-simply supported (C-S) and clamped-clamped (C-C). The graphical representations of numerical results are shown for the first case of boundary conditions clamped end - free end.
Taura syndrome in Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea: Decapoda): gross signs, histopathology and ultrastructure.

Taura syndrome (TS) is an economically important disease of Penaeus vannamei (CrustaceaDecapoda) that was first recognized in commercial penaeid shrimp farms located near the mouth of the Taura River in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, in June 1992. The syndrome is now known from shrimp farms throughout the Gulf of Guayaquil, as well as from single or multiple farm sites in Peru, Colomb~a, Honduras, and Oahu, Hawaii, USA. Both toxic and infectious et~ologies for TS have been proposed, but TS appears to have a viral etiology due to a previously unrecognized agent now called Taura syndrome virus or TSV The disease has peracute and recovery [or chron~c) phases, which are grossly distinguishable. Peracute episodes of TS are the most common manifestation of TS and occur in juvenile shrimp (of 0.1 to 5.0 g ) within 14 to 40 d of stocking into grow-out ponds or tanks. Gross signs displayed by moribund shrimp with peracute TS include expansion of the red chromatophores giving the affected shrimp a pale reddish coloration and making the tail fan and pleopods distinctly red. Peracutely affected anlmals usually die d u r ~ n g the process of molting. Those with peracute or acute TS that survive molting either recover or are chronically affected by TS and typically display multiple melamzed cuticular lesions suggestive of 'shell disease' Shrimp acutely affected with TS d ~ s play a distinctive hstopathology that consists of multifocal areas of necrosis of the cuticular epithelium and subcutis (of the general cuticle, gills, appendages, foregut and hindgut), which are characterized by the presence of several to extremely numerous, variably sized eosinophilic to basophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that give TS lesions a characteristic 'peppered' or 'buckshot' appearance, which is considered to be pathognomonic for TS. Transmission electron microscopy of affected cells shows these inclusion b o d ~ e s to be composed of an amorphous, granular, electron-dense matrix in which are often embedded numerous needle-like crystals of presumed calc~um phosphate. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a definition of TS (based primarily on gross signs and histopathology supported by electron microscopy) as a basis for future studies on the dlsease
Quality parameters and pattern recognition methods as a tool in tracing regional origin of multifloral honey

Multifloral honey was characterized in regards mineral to compo- sition, sugar content and basic physicochemical properties. A total of 164 honey samples were collected from different regions of Serbia during the har- vesting season 2009. Univariate data analysis (descriptive statistics and anal- ysis of variance), geographic information system and pattern recognition methods (principal component analysis and cluster analysis) were utilized in order to identify the geographical origin of honey. The content of Mg, K, and Cu, electrical conductivity and optical rotation were established as useful indicators in tracing regional differences between honey samples. Samples originating from Zlatibor region were clearly distinguished from those from the rest of Serbia, showing higher K and Mg contents, as well as higher values of optical rotation, electrical conductivity, and free acidity. The influence of the soil composition, and climate conditions, as well as the presence of particular flora on the honey composition is emphasized. The modeling of the geographic origin of honey was attempted by means of linear discriminant analysis.
Enhancing Metacognitive Knowledge of Cognition among Junior Secondary Students with Mathematics Disability in Everyday Arithmetic

This study investigated the efficacy of metacognitive instructional strategy in the improvement of the knowledge of cognition among junior secondary students with Mathematics Disability (MD) in everyday arithmetic in Port Harcourt Local Government Area (LGA) of Rivers State, Nigeria. Pre-test, post-test quasi-experimental design was used. A total of 60 Junior Secondary Class 3 (JSC3) students with MD participated in the study. A diagnostic instrument, teacher judgment, and the internal examination results were used as criteria for the identification and selection of JSC3 students with MD for participation. Three instruments were used for data collection, viz: Everyday Arithmetic Problem-Solving Achievement Test (EAPSAT), Mathematics Disability Diagnostic Test (M2DT), and Metacognitive Strategy Assessment (MSA). The instruments were respectively used to measure everyday arithmetic achievement, diagnosis and metacognitive knowledge of cognition. The Cronbach alpha was used to determine the reliability of each section of MSA (declarative knowledge, =0.81, conditional knowledge, =0.84, procedural knowledge =0.78). The test-retest method was used to determine the reliability of EAPSAT and M2DT to obtain indices of 0.83 and 0.80 respectively. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation whereas the hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The findings among others established that the metacognitive knowledge of students improved over time; there were significant main effects of metacognitive strategy on student procedural, declarative and conditional knowledge respectively. A recommendation of the study is that teachers should adopt the metacognitive strategy while teaching everyday arithmetic.
Pheromone Analyses of the Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) Cryptic Species Complex

ABSTRACT The South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) cryptic species complex is presently one of the most studied pest models in terms of speciation and population mating compatibility. The improvement of pest-control techniques has strongly relied on successful implementation of laboratory strains into wild populations. Pheromone communication plays an important role in the mating process in the South American fruit fly. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to investigate the pheromone composition of 7 different populations, originating from geographically distant locations in Brazil and Argentina. Fourteen volatile compounds were identified in calling male emanations by GC×GC/TOF-MS and the data obtained were subsequently analyzed by multivariate statistics. The pheromone composition varied both quantitatively and qualitatively among the studied populations. These results will serve as the basis for further electrophysiological analyses.
Light intensity affects spatial distribution of Heteroptera in deciduous forests.

Studies on the effect of varying light intensity on the spatial distribution of flying insect communities are rare, particularly in complex ecosystems like forests. The horizontal and vertical distribution of Heteroptera was studied at different scales in a large deciduous forest area, the "Steigerwald", in southern Germany. Diversity was affected by (1) vertical position: it was significantly higher near the ground than in the canopy of beech-dominated forests but similar in oak-dominated forests; within the canopy of beech-dominated forests, diversity was significantly higher in the upper than in the lower canopy of intermixed oak trees but similar in beech trees; (2) canopy cover, but in oak forests the response depended on the vertical position: increasing significantly close to the forest floor with decreasing canopy cover, but showing an opposite trend in the canopy; so that in sparse stands (little canopy cover) diversity was significantly higher near the ground, whereas where the forest canopy was medium or dense diversity was higher in the canopy. Moreover, community composition of Heteroptera near the ground differed from that in the canopy in both forest types and near the ground between stands in oak-dominated forest that had canopies of different densities. Results clearly indicate that light intensity is an important direct or indirect factor structuring Heteroptera communities. While in the canopy differences in leaf quality and microhabitats might be important, near the forest floor it is more likely to be the diversity of herbaceous plants.
Biogeosciences Remote sensing of coccolithophore blooms in selected oceanic regions using the PhytoDOAS method applied to hyperspectral satellite data

In this study temporal variations of coccolithophore blooms are investigated using satellite data. Eight years (from 2003 to 2010) of data of SCIAMACHY, a hyperspectral satellite sensor on-board ENVISAT, were processed by the PhytoDOAS method to monitor the biomass of coccolithophores in three selected regions. These regions are characterized by frequent occurrence of large coccolithophore blooms. The retrieval results, shown as monthly mean time series, were compared to related satellite products, including the total surface phytoplankton, i.e. total chlorophyll a (from GlobColour merged data) and the particulate inorganic carbon (from MODIS-Aqua). The inter-annual variations of the phytoplankton bloom cycles and their maximum monthly mean values have been compared in the three selected regions to the variations of the geophysical parameters: sea-surface temperature (SST), mixed-layer depth (MLD) and surface wind-speed, which are known to affect phytoplankton dynamics. For each region, the anomalies and linear trends of the monitored parameters over the period of this study have been computed. The patterns of total phytoplankton biomass and specific dynamics of coccolithophore chlorophyll a in the selected regions are discussed in relation to other studies. The PhytoDOAS results are consistent with the two other ocean color products and support the reported dependencies of coccolithophore biomass dynamics on the compared geophysical variables. This suggests that PhytoDOAS is a valid method for retrieving coccolithophore biomass and for monitoring its bloom developments in the global oceans. Future applications of time series studies using the PhytoDOAS data set are proposed, also using the new upcoming generations of hyper-spectral satellite sensors with improved spatial resolution.
The Effects of Welfare Reform on the Academic Performance of Children in Low-Income Households

During the 1990s, U.S. welfare policy underwent dramatic reforms aimed at promoting employment and reducing dependence. Although the immediate effects on adult labor supply and family income have been studied extensively, this paper is the first to evaluate the long-run effects on children's well-being. Using a decade of national math achievement data and controlling for contemporaneous changes in education policy and environment, we associate welfare reform with relative test score improvements for low-income students. Greater gains occur in states with larger initial welfare caseloads and larger caseload reductions. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Determination of the Pre-Hospital Practices Performed for Children with Burn Injuries

DOI: 10.4328/JCAM.3645 Received: 02.06. 2015 Accepted: 26.07. 2015 Printed: 01.12. 2015 J Clin Anal Med 2015;6(suppl 6): 806-10 Corresponding Author: Mehtap Kavurmaci, Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, Atatürk University, Faculty of Health Science, Erzurum, Turkey. T. : +90 4422315768 GSM: +905309327579 F. : +90 4422360984 E-Mail: m.curcani@hotmail.com Özet Amaç: Bu araştırma, yanıklarda hastaneye başvuru öncesi yapılan, ilk uygulamaların ve bunları etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma, Erzurum’da bulunan iki hastanenin yanık ünitelerinde, Aralık 2013-Ağustos 2014 tarihleri arasında yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini, çalışmanın yapıldığı tarihlerde, ilgili hastanelerin yanık ünitelerinde yatarak tedavi gören 0-12 grubu çocuklar ve anneleri oluşturmuştur. Çalışma, araştırmaya alınma kriterlerine uygun olan toplam 121 çocuk ve onların anneleri ile yürütülmüştür. Verilerin toplanmasında anket formu kullanılmıştır. Veriler, yüzdelik dağılımlar, ortalama ve ki-kare testi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Araştırma sonucunda; Yanık meydana geldiğinde annelerin yaptığı ilk uygulamanın soğuk suya tutup kıyafetlerini çıkarma olduğu (%57.9), ikinci olarak (27.3%) yalnızca soğuk su uygulama, daha sonra yaptıkları uygulamanın ise, başka bir uygulama yapmadan çocuğu hastaneye götürme (%75.2), yanık yarasının üzerine zeytin yağı sürme (%10,7), yanık yarasının üzerine yoğurt sürme (%8.3) olduğu saptanmıştır. Tartışma: Yapılan araştırma sonucunda annelerin ilk yardım bilgilerinin yeterli düzeyde olmadığı ve eğitim seviyesi düşük olan, kırsal alanda yaşayan ve yaşı küçük olan annelerin daha hatalı ilk yardım uygulamaları yaptıkları saptanmıştır.
Effect of wave exposure on growth and mortality rates of the mussel Perna perna: bottom up regulation of intertidal populations

The effect of wave exposure on the growth of low-shore populations of Perna perna (Linnaeus) was determined using 3 independent approaches at 6 sites on the south coast of South Africa: (1) Individual marking; notches were filed on the growing edges of mussels in situ. After 111 d, growth from the mark to the new growing edge was measured. (2) Internal shell-growth bands; mussels from the mark recapture experiment were used to establish that growth bands are laid down tidally. Unmarked individuals were then used to measure growth over the last 60 tides. (3) Shepherd¹s length-composition analysis (SLCA); growth rates were determined from length-frequency distributions in 11 samples collected at 6 wk intervals over 15 mo. All 3 approaches showed that growth rate was approximately twice as fast on exposed as on sheltered shores (ANCOVA, p < 0.05 in all cases). Mean length for the first year of growth (averaged for the 3 methods) was 47 and 22 mm, respectively. There were, however, considerable differences among methods. Marking provided the lowest estimates of growth rates, and SLCA the highest. The mean mortality index (Z yr-1) was significantly higher and annual survival rate lower for exposed shores, indicating faster turnover under exposed conditions. Mean longevity on exposed shores (2.6 yr) was only one-third of estimated longevity on sheltered shores (6.7 yr). These findings show that degree of exposure has important interactions with growth and mortality of mussels on the low shore, and that these effects are independent of the effects of exposure on density. The findings also indicate strong bottom up regulation of mussel populations.
Jatrogeninė kolonoskopinė storosios žarnos perforacija: vieno centro chirurginio gydymo rezultatai

Background Although the incidence of iatrogenic colonoscopic perforation is low, it can result in severe complications and mortality. This study assessed the incidence and surgical management outcomes of iatrogenic colonic perforations. Materials and Methods We reviewed all the medical records of patients with colonic perforations during diagnostic or therapeutic colonoscopies from January 2007 to December 2016 at National Cancer Institute. We collected the patient’s demographic data, colono­scopic reports, and data regarding the location of perforations, their treatment and outcome. Results 16 186 colonoscopies were performed at National Cancer Institute. The overall perforation rate was 0.14% (23 of 16 186). Of the total 23 colon perforations, 20 were managed operatively. The most common location was the sigmoid colon, in 12 cases. The most used surgical technique was simple suture (11 cases) followed by resection with anastomosis (6 cases). Three patients died (one because of multiple organ failure caused by acute bronchopneumonia and two patients with intra-abdominal sepsis died due cardiopulmonary insufficiency). Conclusions: If surgery and its associated morbidity can be avoided in cases of colonic perforation the negative impact of a colonoscopy-associated complication can be minimized considerably. Patients need to be informed of the complications of colonoscopy, and clinicians must be cautioned about the potential problems for patients with a high anaesthetic risk when performing the procedure.
Effects of reputation and aesthetics on the credibility of search engine results

4 Introduction 5 Search Engines as Gatekeepers 5 Search Engine Development and Use 8 Credibility 11 Internet Credibility 14 Prominence-interpretation Theory 16 Presumed and Earned Credibility 18 Reputed and Surface Credibility 19 Method 25 Credibility 26 Reputation 26 Aesthetics 27 Procedure 27 Setting and Participants 27 Data Sources 29 Data Analysis 30 Results 31 Quantitative Results 31 Qualitative Results 33 Discussion 39 Limitations and Future Research 43 References 47 Appendix A: Tables and Figures 54 Appendix B: Survey Instrument 63 Appendix C: Qualitative Guiding Questions 68 SEARCH ENGINE CREDIBILITY 4 EFFECTS OF REPUTATION AND AESTHETICS ON THE CREDIBLITY OF SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS Name: Bryan C. Christiansen Department: Communication College: Liberal Arts Degree: Master of Science in Communication & Media Technologies Term Degree Awarded: Summer Quarter 2013 (20124)
Rankine cycle for waste heat recovery on commercial trucks: approach, constraints and modelling

With increasing oil price and growing interest in cutting green house gases emissions, waste heat recovery techniques appear as a very promising path to enhance engine thermal efficiency. Thermoelectricity and Rankine cycles are two possible ways to recover thermal energy. The Rankine cycle shows the highest potential due to its higher cycle efficiency in comparison with the current state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials intrinsic conversion ratio. This paper will focus on the Rankine cycle system. The first part of the paper lists and describes the constraints of a heat recovery Rankine cycle system associated to a long haulage truck: limitation of heat available in the heat source, vehicle heat rejection constraints, safety and environmental issues for the working fluid, and backpressures occurring during the heat recovery process. The second part of the paper presents a 0-D simulation model of a Rankine cycle system. It is shown how the model can be used to compare the performance achieved with several working fluids. Moreover, basic thermodynamic limitations of the system are underlined. Conclusions are drawn concerning the limitation of using only thermodynamic simulations. The performance of the condenser (and its influence on the overall performance) has been investigated more in details, which is shown in the third part of the paper. This was carried out based on a 1-D simulation model of the condenser. Influence of the condenser size and ram air effect are discussed, and the impact on the Rankine cycle is assessed.