Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Criminal Defense Lawyer as Effective Negotiator: A Systemic Approach

In the first issue of the Clinical Law Review, Peter Hoffman challenged clinical legal educators to “take skills seriously” by producing clinical scholarship that is “practical in its orientation and design” and written so as to enhance the ability of lawyers to represent their clients and to help law students prepare for law practice. To Hoffman, the best clinical scholarship about skills combines theory and practice, but ultimately is grounded in actual lawyering experiences. Finally, Hoffman insisted, if skills-focused clinical scholarship is to be useful, it must be written so that lawyers and law students can read, understand and, above all, apply the analysis provided in that scholarship to the task of representing their clients. This article takes up Hoffman's challenge in the context of examining the skill of negotiating or plea bargaining from the perspective of the criminal defense lawyer. I decided to focus on this particular skill for two reasons. As anyone familiar with the criminal justice system recognizes, criminal defense lawyers spend much of their time “plea bargaining. ” Indeed, the vast majority of criminal cases are resolved by a guilty plea. It seemingly would follow then, that criminal defense lawyers interested in obtaining the best results possible for their clients would concentrate on becoming effective negotiators. And yet, despite the obvious importance of being good negotiators, criminal defense lawyers often do not bargain effectively. But why is this so? Before discussing the methods, approach or techniques that lawyers can use to enhance their ability to bargain effectively, it is critical to understand what it is about the practices of criminal defense lawyers and the criminal justice system that produces poor plea bargaining. It is only by understanding the systemic factors that pressure defense lawyers and defendants to settle most criminal cases and undercut defense counsel's negotiating strength that law students and practicing lawyers will be able to appreciate the difficulties they will encounter in implementing the approach and techniques described later in the article. The article is designed, therefore, to address a critical need -- improving the ability of those lawyers handling the defense of criminal cases to negotiate more effectively.
Unveiling the Incidence of Interfirm Collaboration: Evidence from Research and Development Companies in Malaysia

Nowadays, interfirm collaboration has become an increasingly popular strategy among many organizations in various industries, in order to remain competitive. Based on the contingency theory, this paper examines the moderating effect of interfirm collaboration on the relationship between Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and organizational performance. Interfirm collaboration refers to the collaboration strategies undertaken by R&D companies, with other companies in similar or diverse functional areas, including R&D, marketing, or manufacturing, to enhance performance. Using data from 64 R&D companies, the hierarchical regression analyses showed that only collaboration in R&D and functional collaboration in manufacturing significantly moderated the relationship between HRM practices and organizational performance. Overall, the results provided partial support in the domain of the contingency theory. These results, however, are limited by the small sample size, which might have produced non-significant findings. Therefore, the generalization should be taken cautiously. Future research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm the findings.
Advanced Control Technologies and Strategies Linking Demand Response and Energy Efficiency

This paper presents a preliminary framework to describe how advanced controls can support multiple modes of operations including both energy efficiency and demand response (DR). A general description of DR, its benefits, and nationwide status is outlined. The role of energy management and control systems for DR is described. Building systems such as HVAC and lighting that utilize control technologies and strategies for energy efficiency are mapped on to DR and demand shedding strategies are developed. Past research projects are presented to provide a context for the current projects. The economic case for implementing DR from a building owner perspective is also explored.
Decentralisation and Economic Growth - Part 2: The Impact on Economic Activity, Productivity and Investment

This paper analyses the relationship between fiscal decentralisation and economic activity. Like other institutional arrangements, fiscal decentralisation affects firms, households and public entities, and the way they save, invest, spend or innovate. This in turn may have considerable consequences for the long-term growth potential of a country. Based on a set of growth regressions, the results suggest that the relationship between fiscal decentralisation and GDP per capita, productivity or human capital is positive and statistically significant, while the relationship with investment is insignificant. Doubling the sub-central tax or spending share (e.g. moving from a decentralisation ratio of 15 to 30%) is associated with an increase of GDP per capita by 3% on average. Revenue-based decentralisation indicators (e.g. decentralisation of tax revenue or tax autonomy) deliver results both statistically and economically (larger coefficients) more significant than spending-based indicators. The results vary little between federal and unitary countries in general. Intergovernmental transfers tend to be negatively associated with GDP per capita. Finally, the relationship between decentralisation and GDP per capita is non-linear, with results suggesting that returns to decentralisation are decreasing. Decentralisation et croissance economique: Partie 2 : Impact sur l'activite economique, la productivite et l'investissement La presente note analyse la relation entre la decentralisation budgetaire et l’activite economique. A l’instar d’autres modalites institutionnelles, la decentralisation influe sur les entreprises, les menages et les entites publiques, ainsi que sur la maniere dont ils economisent, investissent, depensent ou innovent. Cela peut a son tour avoir des consequences considerables sur le potentiel de croissance a long terme d’un pays. S’appuyant sur une serie de regressions de croissance, les resultats conduisent a penser que la relation entre la decentralisation budgetaire et le PIB par habitant, la productivite ou le capital humain est statistiquement significative, alors que la relation avec l’investissement ne l’est pas. La multiplication par deux de la part des impots ou des depenses relevant des administrations infranationales (le ratio de decentralisation passant ainsi de 15 a 30 %, par exemple) est associee a une hausse du PIB par habitant de 3 % en moyenne. Les indicateurs de decentralisation fondes sur les recettes (par exemple la decentralisation des recettes fiscales ou l’autonomie fiscale) offrent des resultats plus significatifs statistiquement et economiquement (coefficients plus eleves) que les indicateurs bases sur les depenses. Les resultats ne varient guere entre les pays a regime federal et les autres pays d’une maniere generale. Les transferts intergouvernementaux se correlent generalement de maniere negative avec le PIB par habitant. Enfin, la relation entre la decentralisation et le PIB par habitant n’est pas lineaire, les resultats conduisant a penser que le rendement de la decentralisation est en recul.
PEGASIS-E: Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System Extended

In this paper, an improved energy efficient PEGASIS based protocol (PEGASIS-E) has been proposed. PEGASIS-E uses average distance among the sensor nodes as the criteria for chaining, thereby providing better performance in terms of energy dissipation and amount of information sent to BS. The simulation results obtained show that PEGASIS-E gives an increase in the network lifetime as compared to PEGASIS.
Tobacco Induced Renal Function Alterations in Wistar Rats: An 8 Weeks Study

This study investigates the effect of tobacco snuff on renal function using Wistar rat as a model. It involved adult rats (n=42) weighing 150-300g. They were assigned into a control group (A; n=6) and test groups B (n=12), C (n=12) and D (n=12). The groups were further divided into subgroups (1, 2, 3 and 4) representing durations of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks respectively. The test groups were fed varying doses of tobacco snuff (tobacco plus potash). At the end of every 2 weeks, three randomly selected rats were prepared for blood sample collection into lithium heparin containers for laboratory analysis of creatinine, urea and uric acid. Results showed that creatinine levels of the testrats were higher than the control, but the recorded values were however, duration dependent. Interestingly, a similar but irregular pattern was observed for urea and uric acid levels. Over all, the significant increase (P<0.05) in renal function parameters of the test rats (as compared to the control values), suggests that the ingestion of tobacco snuff has harmful effects on kidney functions. Keywords : Tobacco, Snuff, Kidney function, Nicotine substitute.
D AS INNOVATION EXPERIMENT SYSTEMS : A FRAMEWORK FOR MOVING BEYOND AGILE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

In focusing on flexibility, efficiency and speed, agile development practices have lead to a paradigm shift in how software is developed. However, while agile practices have indeed proven to be successful these are not the final step of software development. There is a “beyond agile” in which software development companies can capitalize even more on customer contributions and where customer feedback is the main driver for innovation. In this paper, we present a multiple-case study where we explore five software development companies moving from agile towards continuous deployment of software and a future in which R&D works as an ‘innovation experiment system’. Based on a qualitative interview study, we present benefits and barriers when moving towards R&D as an innovation experiment system. Also, we present a framework in which we identify key initiatives that companies deploy in order to evolve their software development practices.
Balancing Cost and Value: Scandinavian Students’ First Year Experiences of Encountering Science and Technology Higher Education

This paper investigates the experiences of students in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) during their first year in higher education, based on 874 Danish and 1314 Norwegian students’ responses to an online questionnaire. Rather than focusing on averages, we compare the experiences of two distinct groups of students: those who rated their overall study situation as better than expected (the satisfied group) and those who rated it as worse than expected (the dissatisfied group). Although the satisfied group were more positive to many aspects of their study situation, the dissatisfied group were also relatively positive to many aspects. All respondents expressed that the study cost more time and effort than anticipated, but only for some students (notably the satisfied group) was this high cost counterbalanced by a high value in terms of subject interest and social integration. Implications are discussed in terms of future research directions and how educational institutions can improve students’ meeting with higher education.
THE PRICE–MARGINAL COST MARKUP AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN U.S. MANUFACTURING

This paper estimates the price–marginal cost markup for U.S. manufacturing using a new methodology. Most existing techniques of estimating the markup are a variant on the Hall (1988) framework that involves manipulating the Solow Residual. However, this paper argues that this notion is based on the unreasonable assumption that labor can be costlessly adjusted at a fixed wage rate. By relaxing this assumption we are able to derive a generalized markup index, which, when estimated using manufacturing data, is highly countercyclical and decreasing in trend since the 1960s. When we then seek to explain what causes the manufacturing markup to behave in this way, the most important determinant is the share of imported goods in the industry. Thus, increasing foreign competition in manufacturing has led to a decline in the industry's markup over time.
Responses to fire of Slender-billed Thornbills, Acanthiza iredalei hedleyi, in Ngarkat Conservation Park, South Australia. I. Densities, group sizes, distribution and management issues

Abstract The Slender-billed Thornbill, Acanthiza iredalei hedleyi, was studied in recently burnt, regenerating and mature heath (3, 10 and 22 years since fire respectively) in Ngarkat Conservation Park, South Australia. Data collected between 1991 and 2002 demonstrated that densities peaked seven years after fire at 0.26 birds ha−1, while densities were lower and less variable in unburnt mature heath. Comprehensive searches in spring 2000 confirmed this trend, with densities varying from 0.02 birds ha−1 in mature heath, to 0.06 and 0.07 birds ha1 in burnt and regenerating heath. Between spring 2000 and autumn 2001 group sizes increased in the recently burnt heath from 4.3 to 6.3 birds per group. However, group sizes did not increase over the same period in the regenerating and mature heaths. Between 1991 and 2002 group sizes did not differ significantly between heaths that had been burnt since 1990 (2.7 birds per group) and mature heath burnt in 1978 (2.7 birds per group). In the mature heath, Slender-billed Thornbills demonstrated strong fidelity for certain areas and were observed feeding juvenile birds on a number of occasions. This suggests that birds can persist in mature heath, albeit at low densities and in isolated areas of suitable habitat, and that frequent fires are not essential for population persistence. Furthermore, long-term records suggest that recolonisation of recently burnt heath is likely to occur from adjacent unburnt heath and is more successful after smaller fires. Therefore, in order to protect areas from which Slender-billed Thornbills can disperse into recently burnt habitats in Ngarkat, a spatial mosaic of habitats at different stages of post-fire succession is required.
Interactional Pathology among Couples with Borderline Personality Disorder Wives: A Qualitative Study

The purpose of this qualitative study was to gain a deeper understanding of interactional pathology among couples with the borderline personality female partners by examining the experiences of 10 men/male partners. This main inquiry question is/can be stated as follows; “How do men experienced their communication with their partner who has been diagnosed as displaying traits/characteristics? ”. The latter was supplemented by various sub questions exploring the different dimensions of marital life. The major data collection tool was semi-structured interviews. Forty to 60-minute interviews were conducted with each participant. Data analysis included a three-phase process: description, reduction, and interpretation. The latter was completed using the qualitative content analysis by Colaizzi (1978). six categories of experiences indicating interactional difficulty among the couples were obtained from the data analysis. Marital communication pathology, interpersonal pathology, destructive cognition, destructive relations with children, relationship problems due to economical impulse control and social impulse control sense and descriptions may need attention. The results of inquiry determined that the root of interactional pathology can be ascribed to’ instability’. As regard the results it can be said the men with border line personality disorder wives endure interactional pathologies that finally they cause collapsing their family sentence needs attention.
An X-shooter survey of star forming regions: Low-mass stars and sub-stellar objects

We present preliminary results of our X-shooter survey in star forming regions. In this contribution we focus on subsamples of young stellar and sub-stellar objects (YSOs) in the Lupus star forming region and in the TW Hya association. We show that the X-shooter spectra are suitable for conducting several parallel studies such as YSO + disk fundamental parameters, accretion and outflow activity in the very low-mass (VLM) and sub-stellar regimes, as well as magnetic activity in young VLM YSOs, and Li abundance determinations. The capabilities of X-shooter in terms of wide spectral coverage, resolution and limiting magnitudes, allow us to assess simultaneously the accretion/outflow, magnetic activity, and disk diagnostics, from the UV and optical to the near-IR, avoiding ambiguities due to possible YSO variability. c
The entrepreneurial start-up process: The role of social capital and the social economic condition

Entrepreneurship is a complex phenomenon that involves not only economic activity but also social mechanisms. The intention to become an entrepreneur is a matter not only of one’s individual personality but also of one's interaction with the social environment. This study has three main objectives: predicting the existence of entrepreneurial behavioural intentions in different socio-economic conditions; examining how entrepreneurial behavioural intentions formulate entrepreneurial behaviour; and identifying how social capital influences this relationship. It also aims to reveal the differences between entrepreneurs in a relatively mature free market economy (Taiwan) and a newly emerging free market economy (Mongolia). The analysis shows that socio-economic conditions affect the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. There are different approaches to building social capital in a relatively mature market and its newly emerging counterpart. The tendency of having high trust and social ties was found in Taiwanese entrepreneurs, while monitoring is commonly found among Mongolian entrepreneurs.
Atmospheric trends above Finland : I. Mesophere and thermosphere

In the present study we analyse various long-term data series of measurements run by the Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory for possible indications of cooling trends in the upper atmosphere. We review trends seen in the ionospheric F2 peak altitude measured by ionosondes and compare them with the Finnish ionosondes at Nurmijarvi and Sodankyla as well as with comparable observations of the EISCAT incoherent scatter radars. Furthermore we study trends seen in the data of the Finnish riometer network at 7 different latitudes. While some of the observed trends suggest cooling, a consistent signal of upper atmospheric cooling, caused possibly by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases, cannot be deduced from the data.
Therapeutic implications for ovarian cancer emerging from the Tumor Cancer Genome Atlas

With increasing insights into the molecular landscape of ovarian cancer, subtypes are emerging that might require differential targeted therapies. While the combination of a platinum and a taxane remains the standard of care, newer therapies, specifically targeted to molecular anomalies, are rapidly being tested in various cancers. A major effort to better understand ovarian cancer occurred through the Cancer Atlas Project. The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) is a database that collates mutation data and associated information extracted from the primary literature. The information from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), which systematically analyzed hundreds of ovarian cancer, are included in COSMIC, sometimes with discordant results. In this manuscript, the published data (mainly from TCGA) on somatic high grade papillary serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) mutations has been used as the basis to propose a more granular approach to ovarian cancer treatment, already a reality for tumors such as lung and breast cancers. TP53 mutations are the most common molecular anomaly in HGSOC, and lead to genomic instability, perhaps through the FOXM1 node. Normalizing P53 has been a therapeutic challenge, and is being extensively studied. BRCAness is found an about 50% of HGSOC and can be targeted with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, such as olaparib, recently approved for ovarian cancer treatment. Other less common mutations have been found ( MECOM, MAP15, CCNE1 ). Common mutations in other cancer (PI3K pathway, ERK kinase pathway, and EGFR family) are uncommon in ovarian cancer.
Costly customer relations and pricing

In this paper we show that when a monopolist incurs certain costs for servicing or maintaining its customer-base, price markups may decrease with high demand — i.e. markups are countercylical. Indeed, for a given market share when demand booms each customer on average will purchase more output and the costs of servicing clients are spread across a larger volume of output sold. This increasing-return effect raises the incentive for the monopolists to expand its market-share by reducing markups. We also find evidence on UK data that industries with higher customer-care costs tend to have a higher degree of coutercyclical markups as compared with industries with lower such costs. Copyright 2007 , Oxford University Press.
Variations of Biochemical and Cellular Urine Parameters among a Healthy Lebanese Group

Objectives: Urine analysis, a simple and inexpensive test, is the cornerstone in the evaluation of the kidney function and may reflect some pathophysiologies. Materials: A cross sectional study was carried out in Lebanese University of Lebanon. One hundred asymptomatic students and stuff were enrolled in this study. Urine samples were obtained from students and stuff and were tested by dipstick method and trypan blue for urine cell count. Results: Among all the samples, leukocyturia and hematuria were the most common abnormalities found with a prevalence of 39% and 24% respectively, followed by proteinuria (13%), nitrituria (8%) and glycosuria (8%). Urinary abnormalities were more common in females than in males. Number of living urine cells was associated to the presence of glucose, proteins and leucocytes in urine (p=0.001, p=0.049 and p=0.027 respectively). Urine viable cells were also significantly correlated with the gender (p=0.000), alcohol and theine consumption (p=0.023, p=0.034 respectively) and smoking status (p=0.003). Conclusion: Asymptomatic urinary abnormalities might be detected by urine screening. Our results confirm that gender and environment factors might affect urine composition.
Integration of humanitarian migrants into the host country labour market: evidence from Australia

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to identify the factors that influence the labour market integration of humanitarian migrants in the host country. A number of employment outcomes are examined including access to employment, access to stable employment, the wage/earnings level and the education-occupation mismatch. By using a recently collected panel survey data in Australia, the study shows that pre-migration education, work experience, previous migration episodes, as well as English proficiency, English training, study/job training undertaken in Australia and social capital form important determinants of the labour market integration of refugees in the host country. The paper highlights the differentiated impacts of these resources on the refugees’ outcomes at six months, one year and two years after arrival.