Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Party Colonization of the Media in Central and Eastern Europe. By Péter Bajomi-Lázár. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2014. viii, 273 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Tables. $60.00, hard bound

The question of why the media of a specific country is as it is has no simple answer. The assumption that an answer lies in the media legislation or in the attitude of political parties towards the media is a challenge, but a misleading one. This book draws on extensive field research in five countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovenia), and attempts to answer the two fundamental questions: Which parties, under what conditions, are more likely to colonize the media? , and which parties, under what conditions, are more likely to inhibit media freedom? (5). It indeed includes many examples of abuse of the media and of political power, which are a consequence of rather than the cause of the problem, but fails to give an unambiguous answer to the questions posed. The elusive nature of the subject is reflected on the conceptual as well as analytical levels. The very concepts introduced here—from parry colonization of the media space to the utterly disputable "west" and "the Other"—reveal that naming the research subject is more grounded in ideology than theory, which in turn determines how and why the specific research has been conducted. The east-west relation is inevitably a power relation. Accordingly, the despotic east, or the Other, as we perceive it, is also the one who observes us and bears upon us (qui nous regarde) in all senses of the word (Grosrichard, 1985, 30-31).
Aurora C is directly associated with Survivin and required for cytokinesis

Much recent attention has been focused on Aurora C, the third member of the mammalian Aurora kinases family that plays significant roles in mitosis. We report here that using sensitive RT‐PCR to amplify the C‐terminal, we found that Aurora C is not only expressed highly in testis, but also among 16 other human tissues in a broad‐spectrum way. Aurora C, as a chromosomal passenger protein, is co‐localized with Aurora B and Survivin in mitotic cells. Aurora C can also be associated with Aurora B and Survivin in vivo and directly binds to Survivin but not Aurora B in vitro. Over‐expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of Aurora C impaired the localization of Aurora C to the spindle midzone and severely disturbed the cytokinesis, resulting in multinucleation, all of which are consistent with the results induced by the mutant of Aurora B. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Aurora C could rescue the multinucleate phenotype produced by Aurora B mutant, and vice versa. Overall, these findings demonstrate that Aurora C, a member of the chromosomal passenger complex, is required for cytokinesis.
PERANAN KULIAH KERJA NYATA SEBAGAI BAGIAN DARI PENGEMBANGAN KOMPETENSI MAHASISWA

Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) merupakan wahana penerapan serta pengembangan ilmu dan teknologi, yang dilaksanakan di luar kampus dalam waktu, mekanisme kerja, dan persyaratan tertentu. KKN dilaksanakan oleh Perguruan Tinggi merupakan upaya meningkatkan isi dan bobot pendidikan bagi mahasiswa dan untuk mendapatkan nilai tambah yang lebih besar pada pendidikan tinggi. Dengan pelaksanaan KKN ini diharapkan dapat mengembangkan kompetensi sosial dan kompetensi kepribadian mahasiswa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peranan Kuliah Kerja Nyata sebagai bagian dari pengembangan kompetensi mahasiswa. Populasi dan sampel dalam penelitian ini mahasiswa peserta KKN dan masyarakat dilokasi pelaksanaan KKN mahasiswa. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Metode wawancara ini bertujuan untuk menggali informasi mengenai kompetensi sosial mahasiswa dan kompetensi kepribadian mahasiswa yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat selama KKN berlangsung. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa peranan KKN sebagai bagian dari pengembangan kompetensi mahasiswa khususnya kompetensi sosial dan kompetensi kepribadian sangat jelas didapati dilokasi penelitian.
Educational and occupational outcomes among young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To examine educational and occupational outcomes among young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and peers during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. METHODS Families were recruited when children with JIA were 8-14 years old. At that time, each child with JIA was matched to a classmate of similar age, sex, and race for inclusion in a comparison group. For the current followup (12.64 years postdiagnosis), 45 participants with JIA, 46 peers, and their parents completed questionnaires soon after the young person's 18th birthday. Disease type and severity were rated by health care providers. RESULTS Young adults with JIA and peers were similar on a variety of factors, including family background, scholastic and occupational self-concept, and academic competence. The proportion of participants who graduated from high school, were working, and expressed plans to attend postsecondary education or seek employment was similar between groups. Disease type, initial severity, and time since diagnosis were generally not associated with indices of educational and occupational attainment. CONCLUSION Despite the challenge of having a chronic illness, young adults with JIA were similar to peers on numerous educational and occupational outcomes during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Interventions to assist academic or occupational functioning may not be necessary for all children with JIA, but additional research is needed to identify subgroups at risk for long-term difficulties.
Interactive role of the toll‐like receptor 4 and reactive oxygen species in LPS‐induced microglia activation

Microglia are activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to produce neurotoxic pro‐inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species (ROS). While a multitude of LPS receptors and corresponding pathways have been identified, the detailed mechanisms mediating the microglial response to LPS are unclear. Using mice lacking a functional toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), we demonstrate that TLR4 and ROS work in concert to mediate microglia activation, where the contribution from each pathway is dependent on the concentration of LPS. Immunocytochemical staining of microglia in neuron–glia cultures with antibodies against F4/80 revealed that while TLR4+/+ microglia were activated the low concentration of 1 ng/ml of LPS, TLR4−/− microglia exhibit activated morphology in response to LPS only at higher concentrations (100–1,000 ng/ml). Additionally, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) was only produced from higher concentrations (100–1,000 ng/ml) of LPS in TLR4−/− enriched microglia cultures. Diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, reduced TNF‐α production from TLR4−/− microglia. The influence of TLR4 on LPS‐induced superoxide production was tested in rat enriched microglia cultures, where the presence or absence of serum failed to show any effect on the superoxide production. Further, both TLR4−/− and TLR4+/+ microglia showed a similar increase in extracellular superoxide production when exposed to LPS (1–1,000 ng/ml). These data indicate that LPS‐induced superoxide production in microglia is independent of TLR4 and that ROS derived from the production of extracellular superoxide in microglia mediates the LPS‐induced TNF‐α response of both the TLR4‐dependent and independent pathway. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of age and ethnicity on physical injury from rape.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether postmenopausal (age 50 years or older) women would sustain significantly more injury after rape than women younger than 50 and to determine the role of skin pigmentation in the observance of genital injury. DESIGN AND SETTING Registry data from a sexual assault forensic nurse examiners program. PARTICIPANTS Based on date of examination, records from women of age 50 years or older (n = 40) were matched to two other participants: a premenopausal group younger than 40 years and a perimenopausal group of 40 to 49 years. The final sample consisted of 120 subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number, type, and location of injuries. RESULTS A series of exact conditional logistic regression analyses indicated no significant association between age and genital, nongenital, or head injury. A significant association between race (Black versus White) and genital injury (adjusted odds ratio = 4.30, 95% confidence interval = 1.09-25.98, p = .03) indicated that Whites were more than four times as likely as Blacks to have genital injury. CONCLUSION Although the primary hypothesis was not supported, the role of racial/ethnic differences and their association with the observance of injury need further exploration to determine whether the standard forensic examination is appropriate for all women. Health disparities may exist if women of color are less likely than others to have genital injuries identified and treated. Alternatively, skin properties may explain racial/ethnic differences in injury prevalence.
Adhesins of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli (UPEC)

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the main pathogen associated with urinary tract infections namely cystitis, pyleonephritis and infectious complications. As a commensal, E.coli is mostly harmless in the gut. Some strains diverge and become more pathogenic. They express multiple virulence factors and invade the Urinary tract (UT). The important ones are the adhesins or specialized proteins with sticky ends, which help to break the inertia of urinary bladder mucosa and help to attach to them.
Review of Usnic Acid and Usnea Barbata Toxicity

Usnic acid is a prominent secondary lichen metabolite that has been used for various purposes worldwide. Crude extracts of usnic acid or pure usnic acid have been marketed in the United States as dietary supplements to aid in weight loss. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received 21 reports of liver toxicity related to the ingestion of dietary supplements that contain usnic acid. This prompted the FDA to issue a warning about one such supplement, LipoKinetix, in 2001 (http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-lipo.html). Subsequently, usnic acid and Usnea barbata lichen were nominated by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) for toxicity evaluations. At present, a toxicological evaluation of usnic acid is being conducted by the NTP. This review focuses on the recent findings of usnic acid-induced toxicities and their underlying mechanisms of action.
Defect diagnosis based on pattern-dependent stuck-at faults

We propose a unified approach for diagnosis of defects of different types. We use a new fault model called pattern-dependent stuck-at faults to narrow down the list of candidate defect sites. The important property of pattern-dependent stuck-at faults is that they encompass the behavior of other fault models. By using a specific subset of the pattern-dependent stuck-at faults to perform an initial diagnosis, we can accurately and efficiently identify a list of candidate defect sites independent of the defect type. We present experimental results of diagnosis of transition faults and of bridging faults as examples to demonstrate the proposed approach and its ability to diagnose faults of different types.
Measurement of slipperiness: fundamental concepts and definitions

The main objective of this paper is to give an overview of basic concepts and definitions of terms related to the ‘measurement of slipperiness’ from the onset of a foot slide to a gradual loss of balance and a fall. Other unforeseen events prior to falls (e.g. tripping) are sparingly dealt with. The measurement of slipperiness may simply comprise an estimation of slipping hazard exposures that initiate the chain of events ultimately causing an injury. However, there is also a need to consider the human capacity to anticipate slipperiness and adapt to unsafe environments for avoiding a loss of balance and an injury. Biomechanical and human-centred measurements may be utilized for such an approach, including an evaluation of relevant safety criteria for slip/fall avoidance and procedures for validation of slip test devices. Mechanical slip testing approaches have been readily utilized to measure slipperiness in terms of friction or slip resistance but with conflicting outcomes. An improved understanding of the measurement of slipperiness paradigm seems to involve an integration of the methodologies used in several disciplines, among others, injury epidemiology, psychophysics, biomechanics, motor control, materials science and tribology.
Alteration in albumin level during modified muscular activity

We have previously reported that albumin protein is increased in the atrophied muscle induced by hindlimb immobilization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of several disuse models on albumin protein and mRNA levels in mice skeletal muscle and to investigate whether the elevated amount of albumin returns to control level by muscular activity increased by hindlimb remobilization. Western blot analysis revealed that hindlimb immobilization, denervation, and tenotomy, except for hindlimb unloading, significantly increased albumin levels in soleus muscles by 2.1‐, 1.9‐ and 2.0‐fold, respectively (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that albumin protein accumulates in the widened extracellular space. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay revealed albumin gene expression to be downregulated in all disuse models relative to control level. During hindlimb remobilization, the amounts of albumin protein appeared to remain higher level after 3 and 7 days and had returned to control level after 14 days and muscle mass, the amounts of myosin heavy chain, and actin proteins seemed to restore control levels after 21 days. These results indicate that the amount of interstitial albumin protein may be modulated by muscular activity.
Chlamydia trachomatis: Selective Inhibition by Hydroxyurea

Hydroxyurea, a potent inhibitor of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, inhibits the development of trachoma agent when applied at a concentration of 5 x 10-2 M. At a lower concentration, 5 x 10' M, hydroxyurea permits the development of the trachoma inclusion bodies and initial bodies, but arrests the formation of elementary bodies, the infectious entity of the agent. The inhibitory effect of 5 x 10-4 M hydroxyurea is reversible and can be used to synchronize the development of the agent. The synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and proteins takes place in the initial bodies after the removal of the inhibitor.
Prognostic factors and 5-year survival of patients with carcinoma penis: Tertiary health center study.

CONTEXT To identify prognostic factors in carcinoma penis with its impact on survival. AIMS To find out the relation of various prognostic factors of carcinoma penis with the various outcomes. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Each patient diagnosed as having carcinoma of penis by incision biopsy and operated from January 2004 to May 2009 at the institute was included in the study (n = 117). Data were collected and analyzed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED The Chi-square (χ2) test was used to test for the significance of association between the independent (predictor) and dependent (outcome) variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictor variables that predicted the outcome. Five year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Of the total 117 patients studied, 30 patients died within 5 years (median = 25 months). Recurrences (local or systemic) were seen in 23 patients (median = 14 months). Five-year DFS was 80.34% and OS was 72.22%. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that well to moderately differentiated grade, lymph node negative disease and low stage have higher survivals than poorly differentiated grade, lymph node positive disease and higher stage, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that inguinal lymph node positivity and grade were significantly associated with local or systemic recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Penile cancer patients with advanced disease had poor survival. Tumor grade and inguinal lymph node metastasis are factors affecting DFS. Lymphadenectomy remains an integral part of the management of patients with penile cancer.
THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF CONTRACTING AND PAYING THE OXYGEN DEBT AND THE RÔLE OF LACTIC ACID IN MUSCULAR CONTRACTION

Although direct evidence of a quantitative relationship between oxygen debt and lactic acid production in man has never been given, there is general agreement with A. V. Hill’s hypothesis that the oxygen debt is due to the delayed oxidation of a fraction of the lactic acid produced during the anaerobi . c processes of muscular activity. After the “revolution” produced in muscle physiology by the discoveries of the last few years, m ainiy after Lundsgaard’s work, and the further observations on men, it seemed to us that the lactic acid mechanism alone is inadequate to explain all the processes which occur in the payment of the oxygen debt, particularly for the following reasons: a. It has been observed in isolated muscle that most of the lactic acid is produced after the contraction is over, during the first minute of recovery; this does not seem to agree with the fact that the payment of the oxygen debt at the beginning shows no lag even if the exercise is of very short duration. b. In moderate exercise of long duration in man, involving an oxygen debt of 3 to 4 liters, the changes in lactic acid concentration or in pH of blood are negligible in comparison with the values implied by the assumption of an increment of lactic acid in the body corresponding to the amount of oxygen debt. (See, for the lactic acid concentration in blood following muscular exercise, Owles, 1930; Dill, Edwards, Foiling, Oberg, Pappenheimer and Talbott, 1931; for data on pH, Margaria and Talenti, 1933.) c. There exist oxidative recovery processes following muscular contraction other than the glycogen resynthesis from lactic acid ; Lundsgaard (1931) has demonstrated in muscles poisoned with iodoacetic acid the partial resynthesis of the phosphocreatine in the presence of oxygen and in the absence of any lactic acid formation or remo val; Clark, Eggleton and
Circulating ACE2 activity is increased in patients with type 1 diabetes and vascular complications

Objective: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a homolog of ACE that counterbalances the actions of angiotensin (AT)II and promotes vasodilatation. Circulating ACE2 activity is increased in diabetes in experimental models. The role of ACE2 in human pathophysiology is unknown. We examined whether ACE2 activity is altered in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), with and without diabetic nephropathy. Methods: Quantitative ACE2 activity in serum was measured by a fluorometric assay in 859 patients with T1D in the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy (FinnDiane) study and in 204 healthy controls. Pulse-wave analysis with augmentation index (AIx) measurement was performed in 319 patients with T1D and 114 controls. Results: ACE2 activity was increased in men with T1D and microalbuminuria (30.2 ± 1.5 ngE/ml) when compared to patients without albuminuria (27.0 ± 0.5 ngE/ml, P < 0.05) or controls (25.6 ± 0.8 ngE/ml, P < 0.05). ACE2 activity was increased in male and female patients who were on ACE inhibitor (ACEi) treatment, also independently of albuminuria. Male and female patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) had significantly increased ACE2 activity (35.5 ± 2.5 vs. 27.0 ± 0.5 ngE/ml, P < 0.001 among male T1D patients vs. male controls). ACE2 activity correlated positively with systolic blood pressure (rs = 0.175, P < 0.001), AIx (rs = 0.191, P = 0.010) and diabetes duration (rs = 0.198, P < 0.001), and negatively with estimated glomerular filtration rate (rs = −0.109, P = 0.016) among male T1D patients. Conclusions: ACE2 activity increases with increasing vascular tone and when the patient with T1D has microvascular or macrovascular disease, indicating that ACE2 may participate as a compensatory mechanism in the regulation of vascular and renal function in patients with T1D.
The dynamics of herpesvirus and polyomavirus reactivation and shedding in healthy adults: a 14-month longitudinal study.

Humans are infected with viruses that establish long-term persistent infections. To address whether immunocompetent individuals control virus reactivation globally or independently and to identify patterns of sporadic reactivation, we monitored herpesviruses and polyomaviruses in 30 adults, over 14 months. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA was quantitated in saliva and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), cytomegalovirus (CMV) was assayed in urine, and JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV) DNAs were assayed in urine and PBMCs. All individuals shed EBV in saliva, whereas 67% had >or=1 blood sample positive for EBV. Levels of EBV varied widely. CMV shedding occurred infrequently but occurred more commonly in younger individuals (P<.03). JCV and BKV virurias were 46.7% and 0%, respectively. JCV shedding was age dependent and occurred commonly in individuals >or=40 years old (P<.03). Seasonal variation was observed in shedding of EBV and JCV, but there was no correlation among shedding of EBV, CMV, and JCV (P>.50). Thus, adults independently control persistent viruses, which display discordant, sporadic reactivations.
Slacktivism and the social benefits of social video: Sharing a video to 'help' a cause

Interest in online ‘slacktivism’ is high both within and outside academia, and the online sharing of cause-related campaigns is increasing, but research into the extent to which ‘slacktivism’ applies to the act of sharing online content to ‘help’ a cause is limited. Slacktivism, as used in much of today’s popular discourse, is defined as ‘feel-good online activism [with] zero political or social impact’ (Morozov, 2009). Here, a survey-based analysis investigates social videos’ impacts on U.K. and U.S. viewers. Results show that the stronger viewers’ motivations are to share to help a cause, the stronger their motivations are to find out more afterwards. Further, a case study shows that social videos that motivate viewers to share the video ‘because it’s for a good cause, and I want to help’ (cause-related sharing versus, for example, to appear knowledgeable about a subject), can also prompt real-life actions, including donations. These results indicate that cause-related video sharing does have an impact, and therefore is not slacktivism by Morozov’s definition. Preliminary analysis suggests that of viewers sharing to ‘help’ causes, those discriminating in their choice of sharing audience (narrow vs. broad) are more likely to further engage than indiscriminate sharers. Result patterns from U.S. narrowcast sharers differ from those of other groups, indicating that tie strength and cultural differences may play a role in modifying slacktivist behaviors.
Designing web usability

Preface. 1. Introduction: Why Web Usability? 2. Page Design. 3. Content Design. 4. Site Design. 5. Intranet Design. 6. Accessibility for Users with Disabilities. 7. International Use: Serving A Global Audience. 8. Future Predictions: The Only Web Constant Is Change. 9. Conclusion: Simplicity in Web Design. Recommended Readings. Index.