Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WRAPPER INFERENCE FOR AMBIGUOUS WEB PAGES

Several studies have concentrated on the generation of wrappers for web data sources. As wrappers can be easily described as grammars, the grammatical inference heritage could play a significant role in this research field. Recent results have identified a new subclass of regular languages, called prefix mark-up languages, that nicely abstract the structures usually found in HTML pages of large web sites. This class has been proven to be identifiable in the limit, and a PTIME unsupervised learning algorithm has been previously developed. Unfortunately, many real-life web pages do not fall in this class of languages. In this article we analyze the roots of the problem and we propose a technique to transform pages in order to bring them into the class of prefix mark-up languages. In this way, we have a practical solution without renouncing to the formal background defined within the grammatical inference framework. We report on some experiments that we have conducted on real-life web pages to evaluate the approach; the results of this activity demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented techniques.
Differential Removal of Thymidine Nucleotide Analogues from Blocked DNA Chains by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase in the Presence of Physiological Concentrations of 2′-Deoxynucleoside Triphosphates

ABSTRACT Removal of 2′,3′-didehydro-3′-deoxythymidine-5′-monophosphate (d4TMP) from a blocked DNA chain can occur through transfer of the chain-terminating residue to a nucleotide acceptor by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT). ATP-dependent removal of either d4TMP or 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine-5′-monophosphate (AZTMP) is increased in AZT resistant HIV-1 RT (containing D67N/K70R/T215F/K219Q mutations). Removal of d4TMP is strongly inhibited by the next complementary deoxynucleoside triphosphate (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] of ∼0.5 μM), whereas removal of AZTMP is much less sensitive to this inhibition (IC50 of >100 μM). This could explain the lack of cross-resistance by AZT-resistant HIV-1 to d4T in phenotypic drug susceptibility assays.
Novel gp91phox Homologues in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: nox1 Mediates Angiotensin II-Induced Superoxide Formation and Redox-Sensitive Signaling Pathways

Abstract— Emerging evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species are important regulators of vascular function. Although NAD(P)H oxidases have been implicated as major sources of superoxide in the vessel wall, the molecular identity of these proteins remains unclear. We recently cloned nox1 (formerly mox-1), a member of a new family of gp91phox homologues, and showed that it is expressed in proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In this study, we examined the expression of three nox family members, nox1, nox4, and gp91phox, in VSMCs, their regulation by angiotensin II (Ang II), and their role in redox-sensitive signaling. We found that both nox1 and nox4 are expressed to a much higher degree than gp91phox in VSMCs. Although serum, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and Ang II downregulated nox4, they markedly upregulated nox1, suggesting that this enzyme may account for the delayed phase of superoxide production in these cells. Furthermore, an adenovirus expressing antisense nox1 mRNA completely inhibited the early phase of superoxide production induced by Ang II or PDGF and significantly decreased activation of the redox-sensitive signaling molecules p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt by Ang II. In contrast, redox-independent pathways induced by PDGF or Ang II were unaffected. These data support a role for nox1 in redox signaling in VSMCs and provide insight into the molecular identity of the VSMC NAD(P)H oxidase and its potentially critical role in vascular disease.
Thermal scanning probe lithography for the directed self-assembly of block copolymers

Thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL) is applied to the fabrication of chemical guiding patterns for directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCP). The two key steps of the overall process are the accurate patterning of a poly(phthalaldehyde) resist layer of only 3.5 nm thickness, and the subsequent oxygen-plasma functionalization of an underlying neutral poly(styrene-random-methyl methacrylate) brush layer. We demonstrate that this method allows one to obtain aligned line/space patterns of poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) BCP of 18.5 and 11.7 nm half-pitch. Defect-free alignment has been demonstrated over areas of tens of square micrometres. The main advantages of t-SPL are the absence of proximity effects, which enables the realization of patterns with 10 nm resolution, and its compatibility with standard DSA methods. In the brush activation step by oxygen-plasma exposure, we observe swelling of the brush. This effect is discussed in terms of the chemical reactions occurring in the exposed areas. Our results show that t-SPL can be a suitable method for research activities in the field of DSA, in particular for low-pitch, high-χ BCP to achieve sub-10 nm line/space patterns.
PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA CARTERA DE NEGOCIOS EN LAS ORGANIZACIONES

Este trabajo se realizo debido fundamentalmente a la necesidad que tienen las organizaciones de gestionar adecuadamente su cartera de negocios, por lo que en el mismo se ofrece una metodologia que posibilita el analisis de la cartera y orienta estrategicamente en la actividad comercial.
Hsp31, the Escherichia coli yedU Gene Product, Is a Molecular Chaperone Whose Activity Is Inhibited by ATP at High Temperatures*

The Escherichia coli chromosome contains several uncharacterized heat-inducible loci that may encode novel molecular chaperones or proteases. Here we show that the 31-kDa product of the yedU gene is an efficient homodimeric molecular chaperone that is conserved in a number of pathogenic eubacteria and fungi. Heat shock protein (Hsp) 31 relies on temperature-driven conformational changes to expose structured hydrophobic domains that are likely responsible for substrate binding. Complementing the function of refolding, remodeling, and holding chaperones, Hsp 31 preferentially interacts with early unfolding intermediates and rapidly releases them in an active form after transfer to low temperatures. Although Hsp 31 does not appear to exhibit intrinsic ATPase activity, binding of ATP at high temperatures restricts the size or availability of the substrate binding site, thereby modulating chaperone activity. The possible role of ATP in coordinating the function of the cellular complement of molecular chaperones is discussed.
Phase angle for prognostication of survival in patients with advanced cancer: Preliminary findings

Accurate survival prediction is essential for decision‐making in cancer therapies and care planning. Objective physiologic measures may improve the accuracy of prognostication. In this prospective study, the authors determined the association of phase angle, handgrip strength, and maximal inspiratory pressure with overall survival in patients with advanced cancer.
Defendens Imperium Romanum: A Classical Problem in Military Strategy

INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM DESCRIPTION. In the third century of the Common Era (CE), when Rome dominated not only Europe, but also North Africa and the Near East, it was able to deploy fifty legions throughout the empire. In this forward defense strategy even the furthermost areas of the empire were secured by the on-site presence of an adequate number of legions of the Roman army. However, the empire had lost much of its muscle by the fourth century CE and the forces of Rome had diminished to only about twenty-five legions. It had thus become impossible to station legions in sufficient strength at all of the forward positions of the empire without abandoning the core. A new defense in depth strategy was devised by the Emperor Constantine (Constantine The Great, 274-337) to cope with the reduced power of the empire [11]. His defense in depth used local troops to disrupt invasion and deployed mobile Field Armies (FAs) to stop and throw back the intruding enemy, or to suppress insurrection. The earlier forward defense strategy had provided a wall around the empire denying any but the most modest of incursions-it even allowed Roman forces to sally into barbarian lands to disrupt invasions as they were being mounted. In place of Rome's forces, the defense in depth strategy substituted local part-time militias (who would be fighting for their own land and families) to slow and fragment any invading barbarian army until the heavier weight of an FA, dispatched from a distant area, could be brought to bear. Each set of roughly six legions with ancillary cavalry, artillery, etc. forms an FA, a unit of forces whose numbers are sufficient to secure any one of the regions of the empire [2]. In the third century CE, Rome's fifty legions or about eight FAs could be allocated so that each of the eight provinces was secured by its own FA. However, by the fourth century CE, only four FAs were available for deployment. The regions of the empire are considered to be connected as shown in Figure 1, where each region is represented as a circle (node). Movement along a line (edge) between regions (nodes) represents a "step" and for a region to be securable, an FA must be able to reach it in just one step [2]. A region is considered to be secured if it has one or more FAs stationed in it already. On the other hand, the region may be securable-that is, an FA may be capable of deploying to protect that region in a single step, but only under a special condition. An FA can be deployed from one region to an adjacent region only if it moves from a region where there is at least one other FA to help launch it. This is analogous to the island-hopping strategy pursued by General MacArthur in World War II in the Pacific Theater-movement followed the chain of islands already secured by troops left behind.
Tissue Hyperplasia and Enhanced T-Cell Signalling via ZAP-70 in c-Cbl-Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT The c-Cbl protein is tyrosine phosphorylated and forms complexes with a wide range of signalling partners in response to various growth factors. How c-Cbl interacts with proteins, such as Grb2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and phosphorylated receptors, is well understood, but its role in these complexes is unclear. Recently, theCaenorhabditis elegans Cbl homolog, Sli-1, was shown to act as a negative regulator of epidermal growth factor receptor signalling. This finding forced a reassessment of the role of Cbl proteins and highlighted the desirability of testing genetically whether c-Cbl acts as a negative regulator of mammalian signalling. Here we investigate the role of c-Cbl in development and homeostasis in mice by targeted disruption of the c-Cbl locus. c-Cbl-deficient mice were viable, fertile, and outwardly normal in appearance. Bone development and remodelling also appeared normal in c-Cbl mutants, despite a previously reported requirement for c-Cbl in osteoclast function. However, consistent with a high level of expression of c-Cbl in the hemopoietic compartment, c-Cbl-deficient mice displayed marked changes in their hemopoietic profiles, including altered T-cell receptor expression, lymphoid hyperplasia, and primary splenic extramedullary hemopoiesis. The mammary fat pads of mutant female mice also showed increased ductal density and branching compared to those of their wild-type littermates, indicating an unanticipated role for c-Cbl in regulating mammary growth. Collectively, the hyperplastic histological changes seen in c-Cbl mutant mice are indicative of a normal role for c-Cbl in negatively regulating signalling events that control cell growth. Consistent with this view, we observed greatly increased intracellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation in thymocytes following CD3ε cross-linking. In particular, phosphorylation of ZAP-70 kinase in thymocytes was uncoupled from a requirement for CD4-mediated Lck activation. This study provides the first biochemical characterization of any organism that is deficient in a member of this unique protein family. Our findings demonstrate critical roles for c-Cbl in hemopoiesis and in controlling cellular proliferation and signalling by the Syk/ZAP-70 family of protein kinases.
Cutting Edge: Loss of α4 Integrin Expression Differentially Affects the Homing of Th1 and Th17 Cells

The neutralization of α4 integrin is currently used as treatment in several autoimmune diseases and is thought to prevent the entry of most immune cells in target tissues. In this study, we showed that selective deletion of α4 integrin in T cells did not prevent but delayed the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Whereas both Th1 and Th17 cells infiltrate the CNS of wild-type mice, T cells present in the CNS of mice lacking α4 integrin were mainly enriched in Th17 cells, suggesting that this T cell subset uses other integrins to access the CNS. In contrast, α4 integrin expression is important for Th1 cells to enter the CNS and for the stability of their Th1-associated genetic program. Therefore, our data suggest that anti-α4 integrin Ab treatment may be more efficient in the treatment of Th1- rather than Th17-mediated disease.
pH‐dependent permeabilization of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells by anthrax protective antigen

Protective antigen (PA) of anthrax toxin forms ion‐conductive channels in planar lipid bilayers and liposomes under acidic pH conditions. We show here that PA has a similar permeabilizing action on the plasma membranes of CHO‐K1 and three other mammalian cell lines (J774A.1, RAW264.7 and Vero). Changes in membrane permeability were evaluated by measuring the efflux of the K+ analogue, 86Rb+, from prelabelled cells, and the influx of 22Na+. The permeabilizing activity of PA was limited to a proteolytically activated form (PAN) and was dependent on acidic pH for membrane insertion (optimal at pH 5.0), but not for sustained ion flux. The flux was reduced in the presence of several known channel blockers: tetrabutyl‐, tetrapentyl‐, and tetrahexylammonium bromides. PAN facilitated the membrane translocation of anthrax edema factor under the same conditions that induced changes in membrane permeability to ions. These results indicate that PAN permeabilizes cellular membranes under conditions that are believed to prevail in the endosomal compartment of toxin‐sensitive cells; and they provide a basis for more detailed studies of the relationship between channel formation and translocation of toxin effector moieties in vivo.
Avoiding bias in mixed model inference for fixed effects

Analysis of a large longitudinal study of children motivated our work. The results illustrate how accurate inference for fixed effects in a general linear mixed model depends on the covariance model selected for the data. Simulation studies have revealed biased inference for the fixed effects with an underspecified covariance structure, at least in small samples. One underspecification common for longitudinal data assumes a simple random intercept and conditional independence of the within‐subject errors (i.e., compound symmetry). We prove that the underspecification creates bias in both small and large samples, indicating that recruiting more participants will not alleviate inflation of the Type I error rate associated with fixed effect inference. Enumerations and simulations help quantify the bias and evaluate strategies for avoiding it. When practical, backwards selection of the covariance model, starting with an unstructured pattern, provides the best protection. Tutorial papers can guide the reader in minimizing the chances of falling into the often spurious software trap of nonconvergence. In some cases, the logic of the study design and the scientific context may support a structured pattern, such as an autoregressive structure. The sandwich estimator provides a valid alternative in sufficiently large samples. Authors reporting mixed‐model analyses should note possible biases in fixed effects inference because of the following: (i) the covariance model selection process; (ii) the specific covariance model chosen; or (iii) the test approximation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sexuality Leads to Boosts in Mood and Meaning in Life With No Evidence for the Reverse Direction: A Daily Diary Investigation

Sex is rarely discussed in theories of well-being and rarely empirically examined using methods other than cross-sectional surveys. In the present study, a daily diary approach was used (for 21 days with 152 adults) to explore the relationship between the presence and quality of sexual episodes and well-being (positive affect, negative affect, meaning in life). Time-lagged analyses demonstrated that sexual activity on 1 day was related to greater well-being the next. As for the quality of episodes, higher reported sexual pleasure and intimacy predicted greater positive affect and lower negative affect the following day. When the reverse direction was tested, well-being did not predict next-day sexual activity, pleasure, or intimacy. These results suggest a unidirectional relationship in which the presence and quality of sexual activity lead to gains in well-being the following day. Contextual moderators (gender, relationship status, relationship closeness, and relationship length) allowed for tests of conditions altering the link between sexuality and well-being. Relationship closeness was the most robust moderator in predicting greater levels of meaning in life and positive affect following sexual episodes. These data provide evidence to support the continual consideration of sex in empirical work and theoretical models of elements that comprise healthy relationships and a good life.
The life story from age 26 to 32: Rank-order stability and mean-level change.

OBJECTIVE In this longitudinal, mixed-methods project, the primary focus was to examine the rank-order stability and mean-level change in the life story during the period of emerging adulthood to young adulthood, while also investigating how the transition to parenthood may impact the life story. METHOD Seventy-two participants described three key life story scenes at age 26 and again at 32 (28% attrition from age 26 to 32). The narratives were coded for a range of features, including motivational themes (agency, communion), affective themes (emotional tone), an integrative meaning theme (coherent positive resolution), and a structural property (narrative complexity). RESULTS Overall, there was moderate temporal stability and mean-level increase in several features of narrative identity over this key period. Positive changes in communion levels and overall emotional tone of life story scenes were especially evident for new parents at age 32. CONCLUSIONS These longitudinal results suggested that adopting new social roles, in this case becoming a parent, predicted how the life story was expressed, just as they seemed to influence other levels of personality, such as traits, following the social investment principle.
The Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Executive Functioning in a Treatment-Resistant Man With Depression: A Case Report

Abstract This case examines the executive functioning in a 42-year-old married white man before receiving and after an index course of electroconvulsive therapy for 4 weeks using right unilateral lead placement. Results indicate clear cognitive improvements on objective measures of executive functioning, attention, and memory after electroconvulsive therapy. However, the patient expressed continued elevated impairments on the subjective questionnaire examining behaviors thought to be controlled by executive functioning.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT IN SPORT CONTEXT: UTOPIA OR REALITY?

The aim of the present study was to examine (a) if athletes' moral judgment is af- fected by sport type, the level of competition - in terms of the league in which one com- petes - and regular playing position, and (b) possible relations between moral judgment and the overall years of athletic experience, self-perception of sport ability, and achievement goal orientations. The sample comprised 170 adolescent athletes from three different sports: tennis (n = 59), football (n = 58) and handball (n = 53). Three questionnaires were used: the Moral Judgment Test (MJT; Lind, 1978) to assess players' moral judgment, the Task and Ego Orientation in Sports Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda & Nicholls, 1992) to assess play- ers' goal orientations, and the same questionnaire adapted to assess players' perceived goal orientations of their coaches (TEOSQ-PPC). Also, players' perceived sport ability as well as demographic data was reported. The ANOVAs revealed that tennis, as compared to hand- ball athletes, scored significantly higher in MJT C-index (Moral Competence Index) and so did the amateurs (n = 114), as compared to professionals (n = 56). Playing position did not have a significant effect on C-index. Furthermore, the C-index positively correlated with per- ceived sport ability and task orientation. There was a low negative correlation with ego ori- entation. In addition, there was a nonsignificant negative correlation between the C-index and years of athletic experience.
In-vitro antibiotic susceptibility and molecular analysis of anaerobic bacteria isolated in Cape Town, South Africa.

One hundred and twenty-three anaerobic isolates from Cape Town, South Africa, were tested in vitro against cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, co-amoxiclav, benzylpenicillin and clindamycin. Forty-five Gram-positive organisms were tested against RP59500 (a streptogramin). Resistance in the Gram-positive isolates was as follows: of the Clostridium perfringens isolates, 4% were resistant to benzylpenicillin and 4% to clindamycin; of the Peptostreptococcus anaerobius isolates, 10% were resistant to benzylpenicillin, 10% to cefoxitin and 10% to metronidazole; of the isolates of Peptostreptococcus spp. , 12% were resistant to benzylpenicillin, 6% to metronidazole, 6% to chloramphenicol and 12% to RP59500. Of the Gram-negative organisms, those in the Bacteroides fragilis group were resistant to benzylpenicillin (83%), cefoxitin (5%), clindamycin (5%) and co-amoxiclav (2%). One clindamycin-resistant B. fragilis isolate carried a plasmid homologous to the ermF erythromycin resistance determinant.
On the Performance Limit of Impact-Ionization Transistors

The trade-off between off-state leakage current and switching delay for impact-ionization MOS transistor (I-MOS) is pointed out and studied for the first time. This trade-off is unique for I-MOS devices, and is related to the self-amplifying carrier multiplication, the exact phenomenon used to be viewed as a merit. Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to study the random process of carrier multiplication in I-MOS, and the physical limit to the transistor switching delay is assessed. We found that at leakage constraints of 0.1muA/mum, silicon I-MOS shows long intrinsic switch-on delay (>10ps) and large random delay variance, hence does not show advantage in the delay/leakage trade-off compared to CMOS devices.