Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
History of hydraulics

source during the past seven years. The book is written for the clinician, and each subject is approached from the standpoint of the clinician faced with the differential diagnosis of a congenital anomaly or an endocrine disorder which may be helped by treatment. New chapters discuss the chemistry and physiology of the thyroid and adrenal hormones. The therapeutic use of cortisone in the adrenogenital syndrome stems from the author's pioneer work in this syndrome, which established its basic etiology. The author shows his acumen in withholding judgment of the clinical significance of the chromatin test in various genital malformations. He suggests that the term "intersex" be reserved for those cases which are not due to adrenal disorders. A chapter entitled "Diagnostic Methods : Hormones, Assays and Tests" explains chemical nomenclature, discusses the general principles of fractionation and measurement of steroids, and points out the diagnostic applications and limitations of these methods. This is a valuable reference book for every internist, pediatrician, gynecologist, and urologist. James T. Bradbury, Sc.D.
Do lowered factor VII levels at extremely high endogenous oestradiol levels protect against thrombin formation?

The purpose of the study was to find a model to study the effect of endogenous oestradiol on haemostasis. Hormones and haemostatic variables were therefore measured before and after in vitro fertilization and egg replacement therapy in 14 women with tubal infertility. The differences between the levels of the haemostatic variables at minimum and maximum levels of oestradiol and progesterone were evaluated. A significant increase in the plasma levels of coagulation factor VIII, von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen was found between samples drawn before stimulation and at the highest oestradiol levels (P < 0.002, P < 0.002 and P < 0.015, respectively). However, coagulation factor VII activity and antigen decreased significantly (P < 0.001 and P = 0.009, respectively). The levels of the coagulation inhibitors protein C and antithrombin decreased (P < 0.003 and P = 0.008, respectively), while that of free protein S increased (P = 0.039). No significant changes were observed in the fibrinolytic variables or in those reflecting thrombin activity (prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, thrombin-antithrombin complexes, soluble fibrin and d-dimers). In conclusion, the increase in the levels of factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen and the decrease in the levels of antithrombin and protein C may, if coagulation is triggered, contribute to a hyper-coagulable state. The depressed factor VII levels and the tendency to elevated free protein S levels may constitute a protective mechanism that modulates the coagulation system when levels of oestradiol become extremely high.
Optimal delivery of aerosols to infants during mechanical ventilation.

PURPOSE The objective of this study was to determine optimal aerosol delivery conditions for a full-term (3.6 kg) infant receiving invasive mechanical ventilation by evaluating the effects of aerosol particle size, a new wye connector, and timing of aerosol delivery. METHODS In vitro experiments used a vibrating mesh nebulizer and evaluated drug deposition fraction and emitted dose through ventilation circuits containing either a commercial (CM) or new streamlined (SL) wye connector and 3-mm endotracheal tube (ETT) for aerosols with mass median aerodynamic diameters of 880 nm, 1.78 μm, and 4.9 μm. The aerosol was released into the circuit either over the full inhalation cycle (T1 delivery) or over the first half of inhalation (T2 delivery). Validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and whole-lung model predictions were used to assess lung deposition and exhaled dose during cyclic ventilation. RESULTS In vitro experiments at a steady-state tracheal flow rate of 5 L/min resulted in 80-90% transmission of the 880-nm and 1.78-μm aerosols from the ETT. Based on CFD simulations with cyclic ventilation, the SL wye design reduced depositional losses in the wye by a factor of approximately 2-4 and improved lung delivery efficiencies by a factor of approximately 2 compared with the CM device. Delivery of the aerosol over the first half of the inspiratory cycle (T2) reduced exhaled dose from the ventilation circuit by a factor of 4 compared with T1 delivery. Optimal lung deposition was achieved with the SL wye connector and T2 delivery, resulting in 45% and 60% lung deposition for optimal polydisperse (∼1.78 μm) and monodisperse (∼2.5 μm) particle sizes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Optimization of selected factors and use of a new SL wye connector can substantially increase the lung delivery efficiency of medical aerosols to infants from current values of <1-10% to a range of 45-60%.
Nota sobre migraciones rurales internas y disparidades regionales en el medio rural

La emigracion rural en sentido propio, con desplazamiento a una residencia urbana es, sin duda, el movimiento demografico mas importante de los que afectan a la poblacion rural en la actualidad, pero no el unico. Aunque menor, tiene tambien interes el estudio de las migraciones rurales internas, con desplazamiento a otras residencias rurales. Las migraciones rurales internas adoptan, a su vez, varias formas. Correspondiendo a las nuevas formas que adopta la emigracion rural de los ultimos anos, tambien cabe observar, y en relacion con ellas, algunas formas nuevas de estas migraciones internas: la desaparicion, por ejemplo, de los movimientos para el trabajo de temporada en la recoleccion del cereal, y la aparicion de una "migracion de sustitucion" en determinadas comarcas. Algunas de estas comarcas tienen, por otra parte, rasgos culturales, respecto al resto del pais, muy diferenciados, lo que anade complejidad e interes al estudio de tales movimientos. Estas migraciones internas, por otro lado, deben considerarse sobre el fondo de unas notables diferencias en el nivel de ingresos y el nivel de vida entre las zonas rurales del pais. El resto del articulo trata, simplemente, de ejemplificar e ilustrar tales diferencias.
The Rediscovery of Bisantrene : A Review of the Literature

Bisantrene is an anthracene with anthracycline-like antitumor activity that has been the subject of over 60 clinical trials but which was lost for over 30 years due to various merger and acquisition transactions. In over 2000 patients, bisantrene has been well tolerated and shown to lack the cardiac dose-limiting toxicity of the anthracycline class and perhaps to lack a propensity to induce multi-drug resistance. Aside from inhibition of topoisomerase II, macrophage-activating activity and telomerase inhibiting activity have been reported for this agent. Within an extensive body of publications comprising over 40 clinical trials, clinical activity has been documented in a number of indications, including lymphoma, refractory breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. In 7 phase 2 trials, therapeutic utility was seen in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) comparable or superior to drugs currently in development. Although never marketed, bisantrene was approved for the treatment of AML in France in 1991 under the name Zantrene. Originally developed in the 1970s and 1980s, bisantrene is a well-tolerated and useful drug that has resumed clinical development. Chief Scientific Officer Race Oncology Ltd Level 2,50Kings Park Rd, West PerhWA 6005 Australia *Corresponding author John Rothman, Chief Scientific Officer Race Oncology Ltd Level 2,50KingsParkRd,WestPerthWA6005Australia,Tel: +61296985414, E-mail: John.rothman@raceoncology.com Submitted: 01 July 2017; Accepted: 07 July 2017; Published: 14 July 2017
Immune globulin production by the bursa of Fabricius of young chickens.

A study was made of the formation of immune globulins in vitro by lymphoid tissues from neonatal chicks. Incorporation of 14C-amino acid into γM and γG was demonstrated by means of radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Results were correlated with observations made on tissue sections stained for the presence of immune globulins with fluorescein-labelled antisera. The bursa of Fabricius synthesized γM as early as the 18th day of embryonic development, and was significantly more active than the spleen in the production of immune globulins during the 1st week after hatching. Medullary cells of the bursa follicles contained immune globulins. Synthesis of γM by the spleen became detectable on day 7. Comparable activities in immune globulin formation in bursa and spleen were obtained by day 15, while the spleen was much more active than the bursa in 3-month-old chickens. The thymus produced no γM but started to produce γG during the 2nd week after hatching. Bursa and spleen from 8-day-old germ-free chicks showed similar synthesis of γM, as did organs from normal animals. The significance of this early γM synthesis and its possible independence of antigenic stimulation are discussed.
Serotonin and noradrenaline uptake inhibitors in the treatment of depression – relationship to 5‐HIAA in spinal fluid

Evidence is accumulating that endogenous depression, in spite of its relatively uniform clinical picture, may have different pathophysiological correlates, and that these may predict the outcome of treatment. The distribution of the serotonin (5‐HT) metabolite, 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) in the spinal fluid (CSF) from depressed patients has repeatedly been shown to be bimodal, provided that sufficiently sensitive biochemical methods (mass fragmentography) are used for the analysis.
Spatial Representation in the Entorhinal Cortex

As the interface between hippocampus and neocortex, the entorhinal cortex is likely to play a pivotal role in memory. To determine how information is represented in this area, we measured spatial modulation of neural activity in layers of medial entorhinal cortex projecting to the hippocampus. Close to the postrhinal-entorhinal border, entorhinal neurons had stable and discrete multipeaked place fields, predicting the rat's location as accurately as place cells in the hippocampus. Precise positional modulation was not observed more ventromedially in the entorhinal cortex or upstream in the postrhinal cortex, suggesting that sensory input is transformed into durable allocentric spatial representations internally in the dorsocaudal medial entorhinal cortex.
The two-edged sword: vasculitis associated with HIV and hepatitis C coinfection

Vasculitis has long been associated with chronic viral infections, thus the twin perils of the infection and the immune response against it that bedevils the specialties of infection and immunity. After HIV was identified, it too became associated with vasculitic syndromes. Later, hepatitis C virus was also isolated, identified and described with its own spectrum of vasculitic diseases, including hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinaemia. With the increasing prevalence of HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection, there has come an increasing recognition of the range of vasculitides that can occur in this population leading to significant morbidity, diagnostic and treatment challenges. In this review, we examine the epidemiology, pathogenesis and general principles of treatment of these systemic diseases in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected individuals.
Effects on oral and intestinal microfloras of norfloxacin and pefloxacin for selective decontamination in bone marrow transplant patients

We monitored the modifications of oral and intestinal microfloras of 10 allogeneic bone marrow recipients who received randomly either norfloxacin or pefloxacin (400 mg three times a day) as selective decontamination for infection prevention. After 1 week of treatment, in all patients members of the family Enterobacteriaceae were no longer detectable and in all but one pefloxacin-treated patient enterococci were also eliminated in the intestine. The anaerobic flora was not affected, with the exception of Bacteroides spp. , markedly reduced after treatment with pefloxacin. In most patients the most striking effect was the increase in staphylococcal counts. These strains were found to be resistant to both quinolones in the study. Less consistent changes were observed in oral flora. No relevant difference could be demonstrated between the two regimens on bacterial counts either in feces or in saliva. This study shows the efficacy of both quinolones in eradicating gram-negative bacilli in the alimentary tract of bone marrow transplant patients; however, the finding of the overgrowth of resistant gram-positive organisms during treatment with these agents deserves further evaluation.
Chloral hydrate anesthesia alters the responsiveness of identified midbrain dopamine neurons to dopamine agonist administration

Single‐unit electrophysiological recording techniques were used to sample the basal activity of antidromically identified nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbens dopamine (NSDA and MADA, respectively) neurons and to examine the responsiveness of these cells to dopamine agonist‐induced inhibition of cell firing rate in either chloral hydrate‐anesthetized or paralyzed rats. Paralyzed rats exhibited a greater percentage of burst‐firing cells (69%) than did anesthetized animals (37%). Furthermore, paralyzed rats were less sensitive to the mixed D1/D2 DA receptor agonist apomorphine and the selective D2 DA receptor agonist quinpirole. However, significantly higher doses of d‐amphetamine were required in paralyzed animals only with respect to inhibiting MADA neurons. The abilities of apomorphine and quinpirole to inhibit NSDA cell firing were rate‐dependent in both anesthetized and paralyzed rats, whereas d‐amphetamine‐induced inhibition was rate dependent only in anesthetized animals. In contrast, apomorphine‐ and quinpirole‐induced inhibition of MADA neurons were rate‐dependent only in anesthetized rats, whereas d‐amphetamine‐induced inhibition was rate‐dependent only in paralyzed animals. These results suggest that general anesthesia exerts subtle effects on the basal activity and pharmacological responsiveness of midbrain dopamine neurons.
Running head : Competitions Myopic Biases in Competitions : Implications for Strategic Decision Making

Recent research has shown that when people compare one thing to another, they tend to fo cus myopically on the target of the comparative judgment and do not sufficiently consider the referent to which the target is being compared. This paper applies this recent the oretical progress to the problem of predicting the outcomes of athletic competitions. In three studies, w e sho that the focal competitor’s strengths and weaknesses feature more promine ntly than do the strengths and weaknesses of the opponents. People are more confident of success when t heir own side is strong, regardless of how strong the competition is. Implications for the ories of strategic decision making in competitive settings are discussed.
Prognostic significance of plasma concentrations of transforming growth factor-&bgr; in patients with coronary artery disease

BackgroundCytokines play an important role in modulating inflammatory and proliferative responses, including atherosclerosis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) are one of the major antiinflammatory and proinflammatory cytokines, respectively. We have previously demonstrated that plasma concentrations of TGF-β are decreased while those of M-CSF are increased in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we examined whether those alterations in plasma levels of cytokines have a prognostic significance in patients with CAD. Methods and resultsSixty-eight consecutive patients with proven CAD were studied. The plasma concentrations of TGF-β and those of M-CSF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). They were divided into groups: high (≥6 ng/ml, n = 19) and low (<6 ng/ml, n = 49) TGF-β groups and high (>500 ng/ml, n = 52) and low (≤500 ng/ml, n = 16) M-CSF groups. The long-term prognosis of these patients was prospectively followed up for a mean period of 979 ± 27 days. The prognosis was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier analysis in terms of total survival, survival without myocardial infarction, survival without cardiovascular events and survival without coronary interventions. The analysis showed that the low TGF-β group had a significantly poor prognosis in terms of survival without cardiovascular events and survival without coronary interventions as compared with the high TGF-β group (both P < 0.05), while other prognoses were comparable between the two groups. By contrast, no significant prognostic influence was noted regarding M-CSF. ConclusionsThese results suggest that plasma concentrations of TGF-β may have a prognostic significance in patients with CAD.
Medical adherence to topical corticosteroid preparations prescribed for psoriasis: A systematic review

Abstract Objective: Topical corticosteroids and corticosteroid combinations are the principal treatments in psoriasis. The aim of this study was to investigate published literature dealing with medical adherence to topical corticosteroid or corticosteroid combinations in patients with psoriasis. Materials and methods: Systematic electronic searches in English language literature were done until September 2015 without publication date restriction. Results: We identified 11 studies consisting of five surveys, two prospective studies, one qualitative study, one mixed-method study, one register study, and one interventional study. Observation periods varied and rates of nonadherence ranged from 8% to 88.3%. The rates were reported by patients on eight nonvalidated scales and one validated scale, measured by medication weight in two studies, and in two studies rates of nonadherence were measured using prescription registers. Thirty-four multifactorial determinants of nonadherence were found. One designed intervention consisted of a disease management program, which improved adherence in the study period. Overall, the studies included were heterogeneous in design and had a high risk of bias. Conclusion: To improve health outcome in topical treatment of psoriasis, further studies should be conducted addressing determinants of nonadherence and test interventions to improve adherence. Validated measurements of medical nonadherence, prescription registers, or medication-weight are needed.
Asthmatic reactions to a commonly used aerosol insect killer

Seven patients with asthma and a history of chest tightness on exposure to aerosol insecticide sprays were studied. Under controlled conditions, objective measures of airways narrowing were taken before and after exposure to an aerosol insect killer (Mortein Pressure Pak). Chest tightness described as asthma was produced in all seven subjects, but only one showed a greater than 20% fall in FEV1, compared to baseline values. A further two subjects showed small changes in the maximum mid‐expiratory flow rate. No changes were observed in the subjects' sensitivity to inhaled histamine before, and 24 hours after, exposure to the insecticide. Thus, exposure to a commonly used household insecticide spray produced marked symptoms in all subjects, but objective evidence of airways obstruction was present in only three, and no changes in bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine occurred in any of the subjects.
RNA synthesis in cells infected with herpes simplex virus. IX. Evidence for accumulation of abundant symmetric transcripts in nuclei

RNA extracted from nuclei of 8-h infected cells drove approximately 50% of herpes virus DNA into DNA-RNA hybrid. The same RNA, preannealed under conditions which allowed base pairing to take place, drove only 35% of the DNA into DNA-RNA hybrid; further annealing of the RNA did not diminish the amount of RNA sequences remaining available for subsequent hybridization with DNA. Upon denaturation of the preannealed RNA, the RNA sequences sequestered during preannealing became available again for hybridization with DNA. The base pairing that occurred during preincubation of the RNA was inter-molecular, since it was RNA concentration dependent and was not affected by limited alkaline hydrolysis. The nuclear viral transcripts that remained available for hybridization, after preannealing of the RNA, were subset of the RNA sequences that accumulated in the cytoplasm of infected cells. In addition, a small amount (derived from 5% or less of the viral DNA) of complementary transcripts was detected in the cytoplasm.
Use of Home Peritoneal Dialysis by Cuba's Nephrology Institute, 2007-2012.

INTRODUCTION Peritoneal dialysis is a maintenance therapy option for patients with end-stage renal disease. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in Cuba was introduced in December 2007, and automated peritoneal dialysis one year later. This paper presents the outcomes attained with this blood purification technique, enabling an assessment to decide on scaling up its use in Cuba. OBJECTIVE Describe the clinical course of patients in the first five years of the Home Peritoneal Dialysis Program at Havana's Nephrology Institute. METHODS An observational, descriptive study with a retrospective cohort was conducted. The universe comprised the 40 Nephrology Institute patients who underwent treatment with home peritoneal dialysis from December 20, 2007 to December 20, 2012. Relative and absolute frequencies were calculated for the study variables and the Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival curves for patients and for the peritoneum as dialysis membrane. RESULTS Of the 40 patients in the program, 23 were men and 17 were women, primarily aged 40 to 59 years. The most frequent causes of chronic kidney failure were hypertension (42.5%), glomerulopathies (22.5%), and diabetes mellitus (22.5%). A total of 103 complications occurred, both infectious (68, 66%) and non-infectious (35, 34%). The most common infectious complication was peritonitis (45, 66.2%); the most frequent non-infectious complication was catheter displacement (13, 37.1%). Seven patients left the peritoneal dialysis program. Of these, three died, two lost function of the peritoneum as a dialysis membrane, one received a kidney transplant and one recovered kidney function. Survival was 100% at one year, 97% at 2 years, 93.2% at 3 and 4 years, and 92% at 5 years. However, the peritoneal membrane was functional in 100% of patients during the first 2 years, decreasing to 96% at 3 and 4 years and to 88.6% at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS In our setting, peritoneal dialysis attained outcomes similar to those obtained internationally, which supports its usefulness as a renal replacement therapy method in Cuban patients with end-stage renal disease.
Sequential activation and environmental regulation of virulence genes in Bordetella pertussis.

Bacterial pathogens undergo profound physiological changes when they infect their host and require co‐ordinated regulation of gene expression in response to the stress encountered during infection. In Bordetella pertussis, the human pathogen which causes whooping cough, virulence factors are synthesized in response to environmental signals under the control of the bvg regulatory locus. Here we demonstrate that the bvg locus is responsible for two events of gene activation. In the first step the bvg locus transactivates its own autoregulated promoter (P1) and the promoter of the adherence factor filamentous haemagglutinin (PFHA). The second step occurs several hours later and consists of the transactivation of adenylate cyclase and pertussis toxin genes. We provide evidence that the second step of transactivation requires overexpression of regulatory proteins. Our results imply that bacterial adhesion and tissue colonization‐‐intoxication are two separate steps at the molecular level.