Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Children’s Non-symbolic and Symbolic Numerical Representations and Their Associations With Mathematical Ability

Most empirical evidence supports the view that non-symbolic and symbolic representations are foundations for advanced mathematical ability. However, the detailed development trajectories of these two types of representations in childhood are not very clear, nor are the different effects of non-symbolic and symbolic representations on the development of mathematical ability. We assessed 253 4- to 8-year-old children’s non-symbolic and symbolic numerical representations, mapping skills, and mathematical ability, aiming to investigate the developmental trajectories and associations between these skills. Our results showed non-symbolic numerical representation emerged earlier than the symbolic one. Four-year-olds were capable of non-symbolic comparisons but not symbolic comparisons; five-year-olds performed better at non-symbolic comparisons than symbolic comparisons. This performance difference disappeared at age 6. Children at age 6 or older were able to map between symbolic and non-symbolic quantities. However, as children learn more about the symbolic representation system, their advantage in non-symbolic representation disappeared. Path analyses revealed that a direct effect of children’s symbolic numerical skills on their math performance, and an indirect effect of non-symbolic numerical skills on math performance via symbolic skills. These results suggest that symbolic numerical skills are a predominant factor affecting math performance in early childhood. However, the influences of symbolic and non-symbolic numerical skills on mathematical performance both declines with age.
Management of Nifedipine-Induced Gingival Overgrowth with Drug Substitution: A case report

Nifedipine-induced gingival overgrowth (NIGO) is an abnormal growth of the gingival tissues in response to an adverse drug reaction in some patients treated for hypertension. The prevalence of gingival overgrowth associated with calcium channel blockers has been reported to be 15 85% with an average composite of around 42%, in patients taking nifedipine.
Nitrogen Constrains the Growth of Late Summer Cyanobacterial Blooms in Lake Erie

Phosphorus (P) is generally considered to be the main limiting nutrient to freshwater phytoplankton productivity. However, recent research is drawing attention to the importance of nitrogen (N) in freshwater eutrophication and N often constrains growth of cyanobacteria in small lakes. In this study we determined phytoplankton nutrient limitation in a large lake, Lake Erie during two growing seasons. During 2010 and 2011, nutrient enrichment bioassays (+P, +N and, +P and N) were conducted monthly from June through September with water collected in Maumee Bay (site MB18) and in the center of the western basin (site WBC). Nutrient concentrations were monitored every other week. At MB18, total P concentration was often >3 mmol/L and nitrate concentration decreased from >250 mmol/L in early summer to mmol/L in late summer. Nitrogen and P levels were about five-fold less at WBC. Bioassays indicated that phytoplankton nutrient limitation varied in summer, spatially, and even among phytoplankton groups. For site MB18, +P increased chlorophyll concentration in one of the eight bioassays, indicating that P did not typically limit production. For site WBC, +P increased chlorophyll concentration in six of the eight bioassays. As a result of very low ambient nitrate concentration (mmol/L) in late summer, +N (without P) increased chlorophyll concentration, suggesting symptoms of N-limitation. The N-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena became dominant following N-limitation. This study highlights the need to reduce P loading to restore water quality. Furthermore, due to low nitrate concentration, the severity of the cyanobacterial blooms could be worse if not for N-limitation in western Lake Erie.
Identification of Invariant Sensorimotor Structures as a Prerequisite for the Discovery of Objects

Perceiving the surrounding environment in terms of objects is useful for any general purpose intelligent agent. In this paper, we investigate a fundamental mechanism making object perception possible, namely the identification of spatio-temporally invariant structures in the sensorimotor experience of an agent. We take inspiration from the Sensorimotor Contingencies Theory to define a computational model of this mechanism through a sensorimotor, unsupervised and predictive approach. Our model is based on processing the unsupervised interaction of an artificial agent with its environment. We show how spatio-temporally invariant structures in the environment induce regularities in the sensorimotor experience of an agent, and how this agent, while building a predictive model of its sensorimotor experience, can capture them as densely connected subgraphs in a graph of sensory states connected by motor commands. Our approach is focused on elementary mechanisms, and is illustrated with a set of simple experiments in which an agent interacts with an environment. We show how the agent can build an internal model of moving but spatio-temporally invariant structures by performing a Spectral Clustering of the graph modeling its overall sensorimotor experiences. We systematically examine properties of the model, shedding light more globally on the specificities of the paradigm with respect to methods based on the supervised processing of collections of static images.
Characteristics and sources of gravity waves observed in noctilucent cloud over Norway

Abstract. Four years of noctilucent cloud (NLC) images from an automated digital camera in Trondheim and results from a ray-tracing model are used to extend the climatology of gravity waves to higher latitudes and to identify their sources during summertime. The climatology of the summertime gravity waves detected in NLC between 64 and 74° N is similar to that observed between 60 and 64° N by Pautet et al. (2011). The direction of propagation of gravity waves observed in the NLC north of 64° N is a continuation of the north and northeast propagation as observed in south of 64° N. However, a unique population of fast, short wavelength waves propagating towards the SW is observed in the NLC, which is consistent with transverse instabilities generated in situ by breaking gravity waves (Fritts and Alexander, 2003). The relative amplitude of the waves observed in the NLC Mie scatter have been combined with ray-tracing results to show that waves propagating from near the tropopause, rather than those resulting from secondary generation in the stratosphere or mesosphere, are more likely to be the sources of the prominent wave structures observed in the NLC. The coastal region of Norway along the latitude of 70° N is identified as the primary source region of the waves generated near the tropopause.
Hypoglycemic activity of two Brazilian Bauhinia species: Bauhinia forficata L. and Bauhinia monandra Kurz.

The hypoglycemic activity of aqueous extracts from Bauhinia forficata L. and Bauhinia monandra Kurz leaves (10% w/v) was evaluated in normoglycemic mice. Both extracts have shown hypoglycemic activity using this methodology. It was also possible to isolate two flavonoids from B. forficata L. , 3,7-di-O-a-rhamnopyranosylquercetin and 3,7-di-O-a-rhamnopyranosylkaempferol (kaempferitrin), whose structures were elucidated by usual NMR techniques. Only the quercetin derivative was identified in B. monandra aqueous extract by HPLC.
Hedge Algebra Approach for Fuzzy Time series To Improve Result Of Time Series Forecasting

During the recent years, many different methods of using fuzzy time series for forecasting have been published. However, computation in the linguistic environment one term has two parallel semantics, one represented by fuzzy sets (computation-semantics) it human-imposed and the rest (context-semantic) is due to the context of the problem. If the latter semantics is not paid attention, despite the computation accomplished high level of exactly but it has been distorted about semantics. That means the result does not suitable the context of the problem. After all, the results are not accurate A new approach is proposed through a semantic-based algorithm, focus on two key steps: partitioning the universe of discourse of time series into a collection of intervals and mining fuzzy relationships from fuzzy time series, that outperforms accuracy and friendliness in computing. The experimental results, forecasting enrollments at the University of Alabama and forecasting TAIEX Index, demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms the published ones about accurate level, the ease and friendliness on computing.
Fast, cheap, and imperfect? US public opinion about solar geoengineering

ABSTRACT Solar geoengineering, which seeks to cool the planet by reflecting a small fraction of sunlight back into space, has drawn the attention of scientists and policymakers as climate change remains unabated. Unlike mitigation, solar geoengineering could quickly and cheaply lower global temperatures. It is also imperfect. Its environmental impacts remain unpredictable, and its low cost and immediate effects may result in ‘moral hazard,’ potentially crowding out costly mitigation efforts. There is little understanding about how the public will respond to such tradeoffs. To address this, a 1000-subject nationally representative poll focused on solar geoengineering was conducted as part of the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) of the US electorate in October–November 2016. The importance that individuals place on solar geoengineering’s speed and cost predicts their support for it, but there is little to no relationship between their concerns about its shortcomings and support for its research and use. Acquiescence bias appears to be an important factor for attitudes around solar geoengineering and moral hazard.
Risk–return relationships and asymmetric adjustment in the UK housing market

This study employs an Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity-in-Mean (EGARCH-M) model to determine whether regional house prices in the UK share any of the properties associated with assets such as equities. The results suggest there is some evidence of a positive risk–return relationship as well as evidence of asymmetric adjustment, implying housing should be treated similarly to other assets, with important implications for the pricing of risk by mortgage lenders. However there are differences across the regions, which can be partially explained by using London house prices as a determinant of other regional prices and incorporating interest rates into the model.
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Dephosphorylation of AMPK-Activated Protein Kinase Potentiates Inflammatory Injury via Repression of ULK1-Dependent Autophagy

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial metabolic regulator with profound modulatory activities on inflammation. Although the anti-inflammatory benefits of AMPK activators were well documented in experimental studies, the pathological significance of endogenous AMPK in inflammatory disorders largely remains unknown. This study investigated the phosphorylation status of endogenous AMPK and the potential roles of AMPK in mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lethal inflammation. The results indicated that LPS dose-dependently decreased the phosphorylation level of AMPK and its target protein acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Reactivation of AMPK with the AMPK activator A-769662 suppressed LPS-induced elevation of interleukin 6, alleviated histological abnormalities in lung and improved the survival of LPS-challenged mice. Treatment with A-769662 restored LPS-induced suppression of autophagy, inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA reversed the beneficial effects of A-769662. Treatment with A-769662 suppressed LPS-induced activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), co-administration of mTOR activator abolished the beneficial effects of A-769662, and the suppressive effects of A-769662 on uncoordinated-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) phosphorylation. Inhibition of ULK1 removed the beneficial effects of A-769662. These data indicated that LPS-induced dephosphorylation of AMPK could result in weakened inhibition of mTOR and repression of ULK1-dependent autophagy, which might potentiate the development of LPS-induced inflammatory injury. These data suggest that pharmacological restoration of AMPK activation might be a beneficial approach for the intervention of inflammatory disorders.
What are the challenges for modelling isoprene and monoterpene emission dynamics of subarctic plants

The Arctic is wa rming at twice the global average speed , and the warming - induced increases in biogenic volatile organic compound s (BVOC) emissions from arctic plants are expected to be drastic . The current global models' estimations 15 of minimal BVOC emissions from the Arctic are based on very few observations and have been challenged by increasing field data. This study applied a dynamic ecosystem model, LPJ - GUESS , as a platform to investigate short - term and long - term BVOC emission responses to climate warming . Field observations in a subarctic heath tundra with long - term ( 1 3 years) warming treatments were ex tensively used for parameterizing and evaluating BVOC related processes. We propose d an adjusted temperature (T) response c urve for arctic plants with much strong er T sensitivity than the commonly - used 20 algorithms for large - scale modelling. T he simulated emission responses t o 2 o C warming between the adjusted and original T r esponse curves in the model were evaluated against the observed warming responses ( WR ) at short - term scales . Moreover, the model's responses to higher levels ' warming ( 4 °C and 8 o C ) were also investigated as a sensitivity test . The model was able to reproduce vegetation CO 2 fluxes as well as day - to - day variability of iso prene and monoterpene emissions. The modelled BVOC WR, especially for isoprene, were better captured by using the adjusted T response curve , comparing with 25 using the origin al one . A few days' underestimation of l eaf T led to the underestimat ed emission rates as well as WR . During 1999 - 2012, the modelled annual mean isoprene and monoterpene emissions we re 20 and 8 mg C m - 2 yr - 1 , with an increase in emission by 55 % and 5 7 % for 2 °C summertime warming , respectively. W arming by 4 °C and 8 °C further elevated isoprene emission for all years compared with 2 °C warming , but the impact s on monoterpene emissions levelled off because of a decreased coverage of monoterpene - emitter s among the evergreen prostrate dwarf shrubs. The high WR captured by the 30
Spatial models generated by nested stochastic partial differential equations, with an application to global ozone mapping

A new class of stochastic field models is constructed using nested stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs). The model class is computationally efficient, applicable to data on general smooth manifolds, and includes both the Gaussian Matern fields and a wide family of fields with oscillating covariance functions. Nonstationary covariance models are obtained by spatially varying the parameters in the SPDEs, and the model parameters are estimated using direct numerical optimization, which is more efficient than standard Markov Chain Monte Carlo procedures. The model class is used to estimate daily ozone maps using a large data set of spatially irregular global total column ozone data.
Agricultural uses reshape soil C, N, and P stoichiometry in subtropical ecosystems

Abstract. Changes in elemental stoichiometry, in most cases, attributed to land use alterations may cause vital impacts on the nutrient status and environmental quality of ecosystems. Here, we studied the stoichiometry and spatial distribution patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC), total soil nitrogen (TN), and total soil phosphorus (TP) in topsoil (0–20 cm; 1207 samples) ecosystems in a representative catchment of subtropical hilly region of China. Its main land uses are woodland, paddy fields, and tea farmlands. Data obtained show that the medians of SOC, TN, and TP were 16.97, 1.83, and 0.52 g kg−1, and medians of C : N, C : P, and N : P molar ratios were 10.0, 78.6 and 7.9, respectively. The best-fitting model were exponential models for SOC, TN, TP, C : N, and N : P, while for C : P was Gaussian model. The nugget values for SOC, TN, TP, C : N, C : P, and N : P were 1.0, 0.06, 0.01, 6.0, 56.0, and 1.0, respectively. And their ranges were 750, 1290, 570, 2970, 810, and 720, respectively. The nugget-to-sill ratio (NSR) for SOC, TN, TP, C : P, and N : P were 2.7 %, 14.3 %, 20.0 %, 4.0 %, and 10.0 %, respectively, and showed strong spatial autocorrelation. While C:N molar ratios had a moderate spatial correlation, with NSR of 49.95 %. Spatial analyses showed that agriculture derived land use changes alter largely the spatial distribution and stoichiometry of C, N, and P elements in individual landscapes and entire catchment. For woodland ecosystems, topography factors (elevation and slope) determined the elemental spatial distributions and stoichiometry (C : N, C : P, and N : P molar ratios). However, this status had been merged in agricultural ecosystems, due to the relative similarity in cropping and managing (N and P inputs through fertilization). Agriculture significantly increases N, and P contents but narrows C : N, C : P, and N : P molar ratios. Thus, our findings demonstrate that agricultural activities can affect carbon and nutrient stoichiometry at the catchment scale.
Instrumentalism, ideals and imaginaries: theorising the contested space of global citizenship education in schools

This paper exposes the tensions between different agendas and calls for what is loosely called ‘global citizenship education’ by developing a set of sociological conceptual tools useful for engaging with associated educational forms and ideals. It presents the instrumentalist and normative agendas at play within global citizenship education policy, theory and practice. Recent theoretical critiques of more mainstream global citizenship education are considered, encapsulated in calls for a form of ‘cosmopolitan learning’. This learning is associated with the development of epistemic virtues and calls for an epistemological shift in the way knowledge, learning and identities are seen. It is argued that there is much to be gained from this recent body of academic work, but that it must also be accompanied by empirically informed understandings of current school contexts and the hegemonic notions of corporate cosmopolitan capital at play. The position is taken that no matter how global citizenship education is theorised, key theoretical, conceptual and practical questions need to be asked that expose the normative, universalist and instrumentalist agendas at play.
Spatial extent of riverine flood plumes and exposure of marine ecosystems in the Tully coastal region, Great Barrier Reef

Tully River flood plume monitoring data for 11 events (1994–2008) were used to determine what physical characteristics of the floods (size of flood, direction of plume movement, shape of hydrograph) most influence the flood plume water quality and areal extent. During some events, the maximum area influenced by the Tully flood plumes extended into the Coral Sea. Areal extents depended on wind direction and discharge volume, with large extents more likely during light or northerly winds. Strong gradients in water quality existed away from the Tully mouth during the wet season and the adjacent marine ecosystems were regularly exposed to land-derived material. Flood plumes were grouped into three plume types: primary, secondary and tertiary plumes, based on water-quality characteristics (suspended solids, coloured dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll). The number of reefs and seagrasses exposed to plume waters varied from year to year, and was dependent on the characteristics of the event. Over the 11 years, out of the major 37 reefs and 13 seagrass meadows identified in the Tully marine area, between 11 (30%) and 37 coral reefs (100%) and most of the seagrass meadows were inundated by either a primary or secondary plume every year.
Never partnered: A multilevel analysis of lifelong singlehood

Background: Lifelong singlehood is a comparatively rare demographic phenomenon, averaging about 5% across the European Union. However, levels of lifelong singlehood vary greatly between countries in Europe. What explains this variation? Our main thesis is that it reflects the prevailing norms regarding gender roles. We hypothesize that in societies that have not adapted to women’s new roles there will be a greater propensity toward lifelong singlehood, especially among highly educated women. Objective: We analyze the link between levels of gender egalitarianism and the probability of lifelong singlehood, both overall and by educational attainment. Methods: We apply multilevel modeling to European Social Survey (ESS) and European Values Study (EVS) data collected between 2002 and 2014. We focus on differences in nonpartnering across levels of education. We run separate models for men and women. Results: In support of our hypothesis, our analysis reveals an inverse U-shaped relationship between levels of gender equity and the likelihood of lifelong singlehood for women. The association is particularly marked for more highly educated women, while it is linear for low-educated men. Conclusions: Our results suggest that high levels of singlehood are concentrated very much within those societies where traditional gender values have waned but gender egalitarianism remains poorly diffused. Where gender egalitarianism has become normatively dominant, we find higher levels of partnering for better-educated women and for low-educated men. Contribution: Our study contributes to the limited research on singlehood as well as to the growing body of literature on the demographic consequences of the ongoing revolution in women's roles.