Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal changes in fatigue and energy during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

OBJECTIVE To describe perceived levels of fatigue and energy before, during, and after pregnancy in a group of healthy women experiencing uncomplicated pregnancies; and to examine relationships between their perception of fatigue and energy, parity, and physiologic indicators of sleep disturbances, thyroid function, and iron deficiency. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal. SETTING Participants' homes. PARTICIPANTS Convenience sample of 24 primiparous and 1 8 multiparous women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in fatigue and energy over time. Measures were obtained at follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle before pregnancy, at each trimester, and at 1 and 3 months after delivery. RESULTS Younger age and lower prepregnancy levels of iron, ferritin, and hemoglobin explained 1st trimester fatigue. Less total sleep was related to fatigue in the 3rd trimester. Postpartum fatigue was related to reduced amounts of sleep and low levels of ferritin and hemoglobin. CONCLUSIONS With the exception of premenstrual (luteal) fatigue, progesterone levels were unrelated to fatigue. Neither paid employment nor family variables influenced perception of fatigue. Nurses working with childbearing populations should counsel women about significant 1st trimester fatigue so they can prepare their work and home environments in an attempt to achieve adequate rest.
Training new dental health providers in the United States.

OBJECTIVES Introduction of dental therapists in the United States involves a wide range of issues including permissive governmental policymaking; determinations of their education, supervision, and deployment; their acceptance by dentists and the public; financing of their services; and, most fundamentally, their training. This contribution re-releases and updates the executive summary of an extensive report comparing therapists' training across five industrialized countries and comparing therapists' training to that of conventional U.S. dental providers. METHODS Literature reviews, web searches, key informant interviews, and program document reviews. RESULTS Internationally, three-year training programs that dually qualify trainees as hygienists and therapists dominate. There are marked differences between non-US and US-based therapist training programs and between US-based programs. Reported goals of establishing dental therapists include expanding the availability of basic dental services to underserved disadvantaged subpopulations; potentially reducing costs of basic care; and enhancing the roles of dentists in providing the most sophisticated care, serving the most complex patients, and managing an expanded dental team. Criteria for establishing training programs include program length, supervisory arrangements, recruitment and incentives, deployment, educational costs, curriculum, oversight, and accreditation. CONCLUSION International experiences can well inform US policy on training of dental therapists.
New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism

A curious fact in the estimation of metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry is that the normal 'exact' method of calculation is so cumbersome that the effect of protein metabolism is commonly ignored. Moreover, the total respiratory quotient is used to assign to the oxygen consumed a calorie value which is appropriate only to the non-protein respiratory quotient. This paper describes several ways in which the calculation can be simplified and shows how the effect of protein metabolism can be included with a minimum of trouble. The derivation of the calorie value of 1 litre of oxygen is the first step.
Neogene Kinematic Evolution and Exhumation of the NW India Himalaya: Zircon Geo‐ and Thermochronometric Insights From the Fold‐Thrust Belt and Foreland Basin

The kinematic and exhumational evolution of the Lesser Himalaya (LH) remains a topic of debate. In NW India, the stratigraphically diverse LH is separated into the inner LH (iLH) of late Paleo‐Mesoproterozoic rocks and the outer LH (oLH) of Cryogenian to Cambrian rocks. Contradictory models regarding the age and structural affinity of the Tons thrust—a prominent structure bounding the oLH and iLH—are grounded in conflicting positions of the oLH prior to Himalayan orogenesis. This study presents new zircon (U‐Th)/He and U‐Pb ages from the thrust belt and foreland basin of NW India that refine the kinematic and exhumational evolution of the LH. Combined cooling ages and foreland provenance data support emplacement and unroofing of the oLH via southward in‐sequence propagation of the Tons thrust by middle Miocene time. This requires that, before India–Asia collision, the oLH was positioned as the southernmost succession of Neoproterozoic–Cambrian strata along the north Indian margin. This is further supported by detrital zircon U‐Pb ages from Cretaceous–Paleogene strata (Singtali Formation) unconformably overlying the oLH, which yield diagnostic Cretaceous detrital zircons correlative with coeval strata in the frontal Himalaya of Nepal. A pulse of rapid exhumation along the Tons thrust front at ~16 Ma was followed by east‐to‐west development of a midcrustal ramp at ~12 Ma which facilitated diachronous iLH duplexing. This duplexing shifted the locus of maximum exhumation northward, eroding away Main Central Thrust hanging wall rocks until the iLH breached the surface at ~9–11 Ma near Nepal and by ~3–7 Ma within the Kullu‐Rampur window.
Vacuolar CAX 1 and CAX 3 In fl uence Auxin Transport in Guard Cells via Regulation of Apoplastic pH 1 [ W ] [ OA ]

Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics (D.C., F.V., S.L., Y.J.S., J.M.K.) and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture (J.M.K.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742; Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille II, 13108 St Paul Lez Durance, France (L.K., N.L.); Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 (K.D.H.); Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845 (K.D.H.); and Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea (J.M.K.)
Substrate integrated waveguide 180-degree narrow-wall directional coupler

Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is a new type of guided wave structure which could be implemented in both microwave- and millimeter wave integrated circuits. The study combines narrow-wall directional coupler with slow wave structure in SIW technique and achieved an over 5.4% bandwidth with /spl plusmn/0.3dB power equality, -20 dB isolation and 180 degrees phase shift between the output- and coupled ports as well for a coupler of length of 0.59. Its low cost and small size make it attractive for many narrowband applications.
Liberation and Animation: Strategies to Minimize Brain Dysfunction in Critically Ill Patients

Acute brain dysfunction, usually manifested as delirium, occurs in up to 80% of critically ill patients. Delirium increases costs of hospitalizations and affects short-term outcomes such as duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, and the hospital length of stay. Long-term consequences-cognitive impairment and increased risk of death-can be devastating. For adequate recognition and management it is imperative to implement a successful delirium monitoring and assessment strategy. A liberation and animation strategy can reduce both the incidence and the duration of delirium. Liberation aims to reduce the harmful effects of sedative exposure through use of target-based sedation protocols, spontaneous awakening trials, and proper choice of sedative as well as liberation from the ventilator and the ICU. Animation refers to early mobilization, which reduces delirium and improves neurocognitive outcomes. Delirium is a serious problem with important consequences and can be prevented or improved using the information that we have learned in the last decade.
Discourse-Wide Extraction of Assay Frames from the Biological Literature

We consider the problem of populating multi-part knowledge frames from textual information distributed over multiple sentences in a document. We present a corpus constructed by aligning papers from the cellular signaling literature to a collection of approximately 50,000 reference frames curated by hand as part of a decade-long project. We present and evaluate two approaches to the challenging problem of reconstructing these frames, which formalize biological assays described in the literature. One approach is based on classifying candidate records nominated by sentence-local entity co-occurrence. In the second approach, we introduce a novel virtual register machine traverses an article and generates frames, trained on our reference data. Our evaluations show that success in the task ultimately hinges on an integration of evidence spread across the discourse.
Compared benefit of approved and experimental immunosuppressive therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis

An important amount has been learnt about the mechanisms of action, efficacy and long-term toxicities of mitoxantrone. Importantly, recent observations strongly suggest that early administration of potent immunosuppressants (mitoxantrone and alemtuzumab) is definitely more effective than approved immunomodulators to delay or even reverse disability progression. Given the cardiotoxicity of mitoxantrone, restricting exposure to the drug to 2 or 3 years, the benefits and risks of immunosuppressants previously used as off-label treatments (cyclophosphamide and cladribine) have been revisited, and the potential efficacy in multiple sclerosis of recent immunosuppressants used in other autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation and cancer therapy has received increasing attention. Those immunosuppressants comprise monoclonal antibodies targeting B cells, lymphocytes and monocytes, IL-2 receptor and α4 integrin, as well as new molecules (pixantrone and isoxazole derivatives) and a new generation of immunosuppressants (fingolimod), which modulate lymphocyte re-circulation. This review addresses the most recent data concerning the efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone and of new experimental therapies that are presently in progress.
RENTABILIDAD Y LIQUIDEZ ALREDEDOR DE LOS SPLITS

En este trabajo se analiza el comportamiento del precio de las acciones alrededor de la fecha de realizacion de un split, a fin de detectar la posible generacion de rendimientos extraordinarios. Asimismo, se investigan los determinantes del factor de desdoblamiento, sus efectos sobre la liquidez y la influencia de la microestructura del mercado en las rentabilidades anormales. La evidencia obtenida indica que los splits generan en el mercado de capitales espanol rentabilidades anormales medias proximas al 1%, centradas en el dia de ejecucion de la operacion y no explicadas por una mejora en la liquidez. Los resultados sugieren que determinados fenomenos microestructurales sesgan al alza los rendimientos anormales de forma que, aproximadamente la mitad de los mismos, se podrian atribuir conjuntamente a cambios en el flujo de ordenes y a un incremento del spread relativo, inducido por un aumento asimetrico del precio ask relativo a bid.
Unroofing Surgery with en Bloc Resection of the Skin and Tissues Around the Peripheral Cuff

Peritoneal catheter infection is a common and significant problem in maintaining peritoneal dialysis (PD). Although the incidence rate of peritonitis related to exit-site and catheter infection has diminished with the increasing use of exit-site antibiotic prophylaxis (1), persistent exit-site infection can lead to infection of the superficial cuff in two-cuff devices. Intractable cuff infection leads directly to catheter loss and withdrawal from PD. In fact, PD-related infections are the major cause of withdrawal from PD (2,3). Therefore, once intractable superficial cuff infection has occurred, the proper strategy should be pursued. Unroofing of the tunnel tract and removal of the superficial cuff (“unroofing surgery”) is a strategy widely used to treat superficial cuff infection (4). It is simpler and less costly than other strategies, such as catheter removal with (simultaneous or delayed) catheter replacement (5) or replacement of the infected external tubing segment by catheter splicing (6). Although the published results of unroofing surgery are generally favorable (7,8), infection still recurs in some cases. We hypothesized that recurrent infection after unroofing surgery is partly attributable to the persistence of causative micro-organisms in the wound. Standard unroofing surgery consists of
Improved Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique for Determining the Species Composition of Eimeria in Poultry Litter

Abstract An improved polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for determining the species composition of Eimeria in poultry litter was developed by incorporating species-specific internal standards in the assay. Internal standard molecules were prepared by fusing seven different Eimeria species-specific intervening transcribed sequence 1 (ITS1) rDNA primer pairs to a non-Eimeria DNA molecule and by cloning the hybrid DNA molecules into a plasmid. The internal DNA standards were then used in Eimeria-specific ITS1 PCR, and they were found to be capable of detecting E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. praecox, and E. tenella oocysts isolated directly from poultry litter.
Alveolar mast cells shift to an FcεRI‐expressing phenotype in mild atopic asthma: a novel feature in allergic asthma pathology

To cite this article: Andersson CK, Tufvesson E, Aronsson D, Bergqvist A, Mori M, Bjermer L, Erjefält JS. Alveolar mast cells shift to an FcεRI‐expressing phenotype in mild atopic asthma: a novel feature in allergic asthma pathology. Allergy 2011; 66: 1590–1597.
The Consequences of Sports Fan Identi fi cation

One of the most interesting aspects of sports fans is their degree of involvement and affiliation with their favorite sports team. Indeed, perusal of the popular press suggests that sports fans reveal their connection to a favorite team in interesting ways, including wearing team apparel, displaying bumper stickers on their cars, and engaging in celebratory behaviors that range from fairly passive (e.g., cheering) to utterly destructive (e.g., tearing down goalposts). For some fans of sports, their level of involvement is relatively low key, whereas for other sports fans, they seem to live and breathe for their favorite team. What accounts for the differences in these fans? The answer likely lies in their level of sports fan identification, or their psychological attachment to a sport or a team. Some sports fans identify particularly strongly with a team, and this psychological connection can have many consequences. The purpose of this chapter is to review the affective, cognitive, and behavioral consequences of identifying as a sports fan. However, before reviewing these consequences of sports fan identification, we review the definition of a group as well as social identity theory, which provides the basis for the study of sports fan identification. We also discuss the various conceptualizations of sports fan identity, how it is measured, as well as why fans identify with a team. It is important to be clear about the distinction between fans and spectators. Sports fans are those who actively follow a sports team or sport, while sports spectators are those who physically witness a sporting event (i.e., attend a sporting event, watch one on television, listen to one on a radio; Wann, 1995, 1997). Sports fans establish a psychological connection with the team, whereas spectators merely observe a sporting event. Most sports fans are also sports spectators. Clearly, both fans and spectators are equally important for a variety of reasons. However, the focus of this chapter is on sports fans.
ORGANİK KURU İNCİR ÜRETİCİLERİNİN ORGANİK TARIM SİSTEMİ TERCİHİNİ * ETKİLEYEN KRİTERLERİN ANALİTİK HİYERARŞİ SÜRECİ İLE ANALİZİ

Turkiye'de kuru incir organik tarim yontemleri kullanilarak uretilen en onemli tarimsal urunlerdendir. Bu calismanin amaci kuru incir ureticilerinin organik tarim sistemine yonelmesinde etkili olan kriterler ve etki duzeylerinin Analitik Hiyerarsi Sureci ile analiz etmektir. Ureticilerin uretim sistemi tercihindeki karar kriterleri olarak fiyat, maliyet, verim, pazarlama, surdurulebilirlik-cevre kriteri saptanmistir. Bu calismada Izmir ve Aydin'da toplam 67 kuru incir ureticisi ile gorusulmustur. Ureticilerin % 29.9'u organik tarim yontemlerini kullanmaktadir ve organik tarim ve iyi tarim uygulamalari konusunda bilgilidir. Organik tarim yontemlerini kullanan ureticiler konvansiyonel yontemleri kullananlara gore daha genc ve egitimleri daha fazladir. Bu ureticiler AHS analizine dahil edilmistir. AHS sonuclarina gore, ureticilerin tarim sistemi tercihinde en onemli kriter pazarlama kriteridir. Fiyat avantaji ikinci siradadir, diger onemli kriterler sirasiyla surdurulebilir tarimcevre, verim ve maliyettir. Ureticilerin, kriterlere gore uretim sistemi tercihleri siralandiginda, pazarlama, fiyat, maliyet ve surdurulebilirlik-cevre kriterlerine gore organik tarim ilk siradadir, iyi tarim uygulamalari ikinci, konvansiyonel tarim ucuncu siradadir. Verim kriterine gore konvansiyonel tarim ilk siradadir, iyi tarim uygulamalari ikinci, organik tarim ucuncu siradadir. Ureticilerin uretim sistemi tercihi bes kriter ile birlikte degerlendirilip siralandiginda, organik tarim 0.574 ile oncelikli ve ilk siradadir. Iyi tarim uygulamalari ikinci (0.226), konvansiyonel tarim ucuncudur (0.200). Ureticilerin organik tarim tercihini surdurulebilirlik ve cevre kriterinden daha cok ekonomik kriterler (pazarlama ve fiyat) etkilemektedir
Retinitis Pigmentosa: over‐expression of anti‐ageing protein Klotho in degenerating photoreceptors

Retinitis Pigmentosa involves a hereditary degeneration of photoreceptors by as yet unresolved mechanisms. The secretable protein α‐Klotho has a function related to ageing processes, and α‐Klotho‐deficient mice have reduced lifespan and declining functions in several tissues. Here, we studied Klotho in connection with inherited photoreceptor degeneration. Increased nuclear immunostaining for α‐Klotho protein was seen in degenerating photoreceptors in four different Retinitis Pigmentosa models (rd1, rd2 mice; P23H, S334ter rhodopsin mutant rats). Correspondingly, in rd1 retina α‐Klotho mRNA expression was significantly up‐regulated. Moreover, immunostaining for another Klotho family protein, β‐Klotho, also co‐localized with degenerating rd1 photoreceptors. The rd1 retina displayed reduced levels of fibroblast growth factor 15, a member of the fibroblast growth factor subfamily for which Klotho acts as a co‐receptor. Exogenous α‐Klotho protein added to retinal explant cultures did not affect cell death in rd1 retinae, but caused a severe layer disordering in wild‐type retinae. Our study suggests Klotho as a novel player in the retina, with a clear connection to photoreceptor cell death as well as with an influence on retinal organization.
Tissue sphinganine as a biomarker of fumonisin-induced apoptosis

NCTR measured sphinganine concentrations in the livers of mice and in the livers and kidneys of rats in conjunction with a tumour bioassay. In our model of the tumour incidence, target-tissue levels of sphinganine serve as a biomarker for a dose response of fumonisin B1 on cell death. Initially we questioned the utility of sphinganine levels in this role because they were highly variable when compared across time points. In spite of this concern, a conceptual framework and data are presented that support the use of sphinganine as a biomarker for a dose response of fumonisin B1 on cell death. This framework is reasonably consistent with observed sphinganine concentrations in the examined tissues, the literature on fumonisin's effects on sphingolipid synthesis, and our hypothesized mechanism through which fumonisin B1 increases age-specific tumour incidence.
Integrity of the corpus callosum in patients with benign temporal lobe epilepsy

Corpus callosum (CC) abnormalities are frequently reported in patients with refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (rMTLE). However, whether CC structural alterations are related to the epileptic syndrome itself or to refractoriness is still unknown. Thus, we aimed to compare patterns of CC change in patients with rMTLE and benign MTLE (bMTLE), the latter of which represents a useful resource to better disentangle factors that contribute to refractoriness.
Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial

“I sometimes think that general and popular treatises are almost as important for the progress of science as original work. ” - Charles Darwin, 1865. As the largest encyclopedia in the world, it is not surprising that Wikipedia reflects the state of scientific knowledge. However, Wikipedia is also one of the most accessed websites in the world, including by scientists, which suggests that it also has the potential to shape science. This paper shows that it does. Incorporating ideas into Wikipedia leads to those ideas being used more in the scientific literature. We provide correlational evidence of this across thousands of Wikipedia articles and causal evidence of it through a randomized control trial where we add new scientific content to Wikipedia. In the months after uploading it, an average new Wikipedia article in Chemistry is read tens of thousands of times and causes changes to hundreds of related scientific journal articles. Patterns in these changes suggest that Wikipedia articles are used as review articles, summarizing an area of science and highlighting the research contributions to it. Consistent with this reference article view, we find causal evidence that when scientific articles are added as references to Wikipedia, those articles accrue more academic citations. Our findings speak not only to the influence of Wikipedia, but more broadly to the influence of repositories of knowledge and the role that they play in science.
DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

This paper develops a new experimental environment for the study of markets. The period structure of classical experimental markets, which is known to play an important role in the equilibration process, is replaced by an environment with a structure in which new incentives arrive randomly and continuously throughout. The issue posed is whether or not classical principles of market behavior apply in worlds where the environment is constantly changing. We develop an experimental methodology within which the issue can be studied. We report: (1) natural flow generalizations of the classical laws of demand and supply operate to dictate much of the behavior observed in the markets; (2) two different classes of laws operate: one we call the “temporal equilibrium”, which is based on the parameters that exist in the market at a moment of time, and the second is the “flow competitive equilibrium,” which reflects the underlying probabilistic structure of the parameters; and (3) the markets themselves exhibit extraordinarily high levels of efficiency.