Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differences in distribution of Physico chemical properties and available nutrients status in some red, red laterite and black Soils in semi arid region of Tamil Nadu

The study was carried out in the three new research stations of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University with varied soil types viz., Maize Research Station, Vagarai of Dindigul district, Cotton Research Station, Veppanthatai of Perambalur district and Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Chettinad of Sivagangai district of Tamil Nadu were selected for developing the strong soil resource database for proper appraisal of their productivity potential and their rational use. This study was an embodiment with an objective of distribution of physico-chemical properties, available macro and micro nutrients in some red, red laterite and black soils of semi arid region of Tamil Nadu. Based on the morphological characteristics and land elevation, thirteen representative geo-referenced pedons were selected and horizon wise soil samples were collected. The red laterite soils had lower pH values ranged from moderately acidic to slightly acidic followed by red (neutral to strongly alkaline) and higher pH values in black soils (moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline) with non saline in nature. The organic carbon showed wide variation and the values were found to be vary from low to medium (2.8 to 6.5 g kg) in surface horizons whereas in subsurface horizons it was low and ranged from 0.70 to 5.0 g kg. The CaCO3, CEC, base saturation and CEC/clay ratios were higher in black soil pedons compared to red and red laterite soils. Higher values of CEC/clay ratios indicating that the black soils are less weathered than the red soils and red laterite soils. The exchangeable bases in the red and black soil pedons are in order of Ca > Mg > Na > K on the exchange complex. The exchangeable bases of red laterite soils were in order Ca > Mg > K > Na. The soils are low in available N, low to high in available P in red and black soils and low to medium in red laterite soils, medium to high in available K and high in available S in surface horizons when compared to subsurface horizons. The soils are deficient to sufficient in available Zn, Cu, Fe and B and sufficient in available Mn. The red soils are shallow, marginally suitable to highly suitable for cultivation of maize, greengram, sorghum, redgram and blackgram. The black soils are very deep, moderately suitable to highly suitable for cultivation of cotton, sorghum, soybean, greengram, blackgram, redgram, sunflower, sesamum, maize and pearlmillet. The red laterite soils are very shallow to deep, marginally suitable to moderately suitable for cultivation of groundnut, greengram, blackgram, redgram, horsegram and pearlmillet.
A NEW FLASHINESS INDEX: CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS TO MIDWESTERN RIVERS AND STREAMS 1

ABSTRACT: The term flashiness reflects the frequency and rapidity of short term changes in streamflow, especially during runoff events. Flashiness is an important component of a stream's hydrologic regime. A variety of land use and land management changes may lead to increased or decreased flashiness, often to the detriment of aquatic life. This paper presents a newly developed flashiness index, which is based on mean daily flows. The index is calculated by dividing the pathlength of flow oscillations for a time interval (i.e., the sum of the absolute values of day‐to‐day changes in mean daily flow) by total discharge during that time interval. This index has low interannual variability, relative to most flow regime indicators, and thus greater power to detect trends. Index values were calculated for 515 Midwestern streams for the 27‐year period from 1975 through 2001. Statistically significant increases were present in 22 percent of the streams, primarily in the eastern portion of the study area, while decreases were present in 9 percent, primarily in the western portion. Index values tend to decrease with increasing watershed area and with increasing unit area ground water inputs. Area compensated index values often shift at ecoregion boundaries. Potential index applications include evaluation of programs to restore more natural flow regimes.
The presence of Alaria alata fluke in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in north-western Poland

The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of Alaria alata in red foxes in NW Poland. The extensity of infection with Alaria alata was 54.7%, and the mean intensity of infection was 72 individuals per host, ranging in number from one to 769 individuals. The fluke was found in the three parts of the small intestine, but more often in the jejunum and duodenum than the ileum. Statistically significant differences in fluke number were found between the duodenum and ileum and between the jejunum and ileum. The presence of Alaria alata was observed more in the western districts, large surfaces of which are covered by water reservoirs: these allow Alaria alata flukes to complete their developmental circle.
Modeling freshwater quality scenarios with ecosystem-based adaptation in the headwaters of the Cantareira system, Brazil

Abstract. Although hydrologic models provide hypothesis testing of complex dynamics occurring at catchments, freshwater quality modeling is still incipient at many subtropical headwaters. In Brazil, a few modeling studies assess freshwater nutrients, limiting policies on hydrologic ecosystem services. This paper aims to compare freshwater quality scenarios under different land-use and land-cover (LULC) change, one of them related to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), in Brazilian headwaters. Using the spatially semi-distributed Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, nitrate, total phosphorous (TP) and sediment were modeled in catchments ranging from 7.2 to 1037 km2. These headwaters were eligible areas of the Brazilian payment for ecosystem services (PES) projects in the Cantareira water supply system, which had supplied water to 9 million people in the São Paulo metropolitan region (SPMR). We considered SWAT modeling of three LULC scenarios: (i) recent past scenario (S1), with historical LULC in 1990; (ii) current land-use scenario (S2), with LULC for the period 2010–2015 with field validation; and (iii) future land-use scenario with PES (S2 + EbA). This latter scenario proposed forest cover restoration through EbA following the river basin plan by 2035. These three LULC scenarios were tested with a selected record of rainfall and evapotranspiration observed in 2006–2014, with the occurrence of extreme droughts. To assess hydrologic services, we proposed the hydrologic service index (HSI), as a new composite metric comparing water pollution levels (WPL) for reference catchments, related to the grey water footprint (greyWF) and water yield. On the one hand, water quality simulations allowed for the regionalization of greyWF at spatial scales under LULC scenarios. According to the critical threshold, HSI identified areas as less or more sustainable catchments. On the other hand, conservation practices simulated through the S2 + EbA scenario envisaged not only additional and viable best management practices (BMP), but also preventive decision-making at the headwaters of water supply systems.
Survey of the Relationship between Organizational Silence and Organizational Commitment of Junior Secondary and Senior Teachers of Azna City

The present study has been done in descriptive methodology of the correlation sort with the aim of investigating the relationship between organizational silence and commitment of the high school teachers in Junior secondary and senior schools in the city of Azna. The statistical community of this investigation includes all 312 teachers of the mentioned city from which the number of 175 persons has been chosen through Kukran sample formula and according to classified accidental sample proportionate with the capacity of the community. The tools for gathering data were three questionnaires. i.e., organizational silence (Vakula & Buradas, 2005) with 23 questions and organizational commitment of Allen and Mey (1991) with 24 questions whose content and formal fluency was confirmed by several responders and a few statistical communities and their credit was provided as 0.90, 0.92, by Koronbach Alfa coefficient respectively. The analysis of the data has been done in two levels of descriptive and conceptual statistic through Pierson’s correlation coefficient. The findings of the analysis of the investigation questions showed that there is a negative meaningful relationship between the organizational silence and its dimensions with organizational commitment.
Ethical Consumption and Social Context: Experimental Evidence from Germany and the United States

This research examines the role of social context in ethical consumption, specifically, the extent to which anonymity and social control influence individuals' decisions to purchase organic and Fair Trade coffee. Our research design overcomes biases of prior research by combining framing and discrete choice experiments in a survey. We systematically vary coffee growing method (organic or not), import status (Fair Trade or not), flavor, and price across four social contexts that vary in degree of anonymity and normative social control. The social contexts are buying coffee online, in a large grocery store, in a small neighborhood shop, and for a meeting of a human rights group. Subjects comprise 1,103 German and American undergraduate students. We find that social context indeed influences subjects' ethical consumer decisions, especially in situations with low anonymity and high social control. In addition, gender, coffee buying, and subjective social norms trigger heterogeneity regarding stated ethical consumption and the effects of social context. These results suggest previous research has underestimated the relevance of social context for ethical consumption and overestimated altruistic motives of ethical consumers. Our study demonstrates the great potential of discrete choice experiments for the study of social action and decision making processes in sociology.
Natural Selection in the Microbial World

It will be unnecessary, I trust, to dwell upon my gratitude to the Society for inviting me to deliver the second lecture in memory of Marjory Stephenson. I realize that my good friends in England are responsible for initiating and supporting the move that led to the final invitation, and that I owe this honour largely to their efforts. The choice of an appropriate subject has been very difficult. This was mainly the result of having talked myself out during an extended lecture tour in the United States last year. After much contemplation and consultation I decided on a discussion of natural selection in the microbial world, partly because the topic holds a great deal of fascination and promise, partly also because it represents the other extreme end of the spectrum of research activities in microbiology that Marjory Stephenson had outlined in 1945 (Woods, 1953). It deals with the behaviour of micro-organisms in mixed cultures under natural conditions, and with the factors operative in the struggle for survival. The general microbiologist recognizes the existence of a vast variety of micro-organisms, differing from one another in morphological respects, in developmental history, or in physiological and biochemical characteristics. To the scientific mind this very fact poses two fundamental questions. One is concerned with the manner in which this diversity came about; the other with the problem how the numerous types can maintain themselves in nature. I believe that at present there is no valid reason for thinking about this situation otherwise than in terms of the concepts developed, about a century ago, by Charles Darwin to account for the occurrence of the multitude of higher plants and animals. The main feature of the Darwinian approach is the introduction of the principle of natural selection. It implies that the environmental conditions determine which types can best compete with others, and thus survive. Granting the presence in a population of individuals with different characteristics, Darwin thus suggested a mechanism for the persistence of the ‘fittest’. That this mechanism also operates in the microbial world has been amply illustrated by many pertinent investigations which have, furthermore, provided information concerning the nature of specific factors involved in the selection process. It is the intent of the present paper to review some aspects of these studies. I shall not discuss the manner in which differences may originate among the individuals of an initially homogeneous microbial population. This is all the more unnecessary because an important contribution to this phase is supplied by the symposium on ‘Adaptation in Micro-organisms ’,
Evidence of Macroscopic Quantum Entanglement During Double Quantitative Electroencephalographic Measurements of Friends vs Strangers

One indication of entanglement between two particles is a change in parity or spin in one when the other is changed in order to maintain constancy of the system. Our experiment was designed to discern if this phenomenon occurred at the macroscopic level between the electroencephalographic activities of brains of pairs of people, separated by about 75 m, with various degrees of “entanglement”. About 50% of the variance of the "simultaneous" electroencephalographic power was shared between pairs of brains. Pairs of strangers were positively correlated within alpha and gamma bands within the temporal and frontal lobes. However the power levels within the alpha and theta bands were negatively correlated for pairs of people who had a protracted history of interaction. The latter result might be considered support for the hypothesis of macroscopic entanglement.
Fermionic properties of two interacting bosons in a two-dimensional harmonic trap

The system of two interacting bosons in a two-dimensional harmonic trap is compared with the one consisting of two noninteracting fermions in the same potential. In particular, we discuss how the properties of the ground state of the system, e.g. the different contributions to the total energy, change as we vary both the strength and range of the atom-atom interaction. In particular, we focus in the short-range and strong interacting limit for the two-boson system and compare it to the noninteracting two-fermion one by symmetrizing the corresponding degenerate ground state wave functions properly. In that limit, we show that the density profile of the two-boson system tends to the one of two noninteracting fermions. Similarly, the correlations induced by increasing the interaction strength result in a similar pair correlation function for both systems.
Authors’ response to reviewers’ comments

Dating multiple geological events in single samples using thermochronology and geochronology is relatively common but it is only with the recent advent of triple quadrupole LA-ICP-MS that in situ Rb-Sr dating has become a more 15 commonly applied and powerful tool to date K-rich orand Rb-bearing minerals. Here, we date , for the first time, two generations of mineral assemblages in individual thin sections using the in situ Rb-Sr method. Two distinct mineral assemblages, both probably associated with Au mineralization, are identified in samples from the Tropicana gold mine in the Albany–Fraser Orogen, Western Australia. For Rb-Sr purposes, the key dateable minerals are two generations of biotite, and additional phengite associated with the youngersecond assemblage. Our results reveal that the first, coarse-grained generation 20 of biotite grains records a minimum age of 2535 ± 18 Ma, coeval with previous 40Ar/39Ar biotite, Re-Os pyrite and U-Pb rutile results. The second, fine-grained and recrystallized generation of biotite grains record an age of 1207 ± 12 Ma across all samples. Phengite and muscovite yielded broadly similar results at ca. 1.2 Ga but data is overdispersed for a single coeval population of phengite and shows elevated age uncertainties for muscovite. We propose that the ca. 2530 Ma age recorded by various geochronometers represents cooling and exhumation, and that the age of ca. 1210 Ma is related to major shearing 25 associated with the regional deformation associated with Stage II of the Albany–Fraser Orogeny. This is the first time that an age of ca. 1210 Ma has been identified in the Tropicana Zone, which may have ramifications for constraining the timing of mineralization in the region. The in situ Rb-Sr technique is currently the only tool capable of resolving both geological events in these rocks. 30
Effects of water stress on leaves and seeds of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

To determine the changes of nitrogen contents in the leaves and seeds of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes under contrasting moisture regimes, two field experiments were conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two levels of irrigation (irrigation after 55-60 and 100-110 mm evaporation from class A pan, respectively) and eight genotypes including white beans , red beans (Akhtar, D81083 and AND1007) and Chitti beans (KS21486, MCD4011 and COS16) were studied in the main- and sub-plots, respectively.Leaf nitrogen (N) and proline contents were measured at two growth stages (pre-flowering and pod filling period). Grain yield, seed N and seed protein contents were measured at harvest. The results indicated that white beans had lower leaf N and seed protein contents than red and Chitti beans under both irrigation regimes. Under drought conditions, AND1007 and COS16 showed markedly higher levels of accumulation of leaf N and proline. Seed protein was higher in Chitti beans. Water deficit reduced the leaf N by 19% and 28% at two growth stages and grain yield by 39.8%. By contrast, proline content of all genotypes was increased by 105%. Seed N and protein contents had the lowest reductions under drought, while increasing N and proline contents in the leaves increased grain yield under this condition. Besides, lower values of seed N and protein is associated with higher yields of genotypes. Totally, based on the grain yield, red beans were more drought-susceptible than white and Chitti groups
Development and evaluation of a hydrostatic dynamical core using the spectral element/discontinuous Galerkin methods

Abstract. In this paper, we present a dynamical core for the atmospheric primitive hydrostatic equations using a unified formulation of spectral element (SE) and discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods in the horizontal direction with a finite difference (FD) method in the radial direction. The CG and DG horizontal discretization employs high-order nodal basis functions associated with Lagrange polynomials based on Gauss–Lobatto–Legendre (GLL) quadrature points, which define the common machinery. The atmospheric primitive hydrostatic equations are solved on the cubed-sphere grid using the flux form governing equations in a three-dimensional (3-D) Cartesian space. By using Cartesian space, we can avoid the pole singularity problem due to spherical coordinates and this also allows us to use any quadrilateral-based grid naturally. In order to consider an easy way for coupling the dynamics with existing physics packages, we use a FD in the radial direction. The models are verified by conducting conventional benchmark test cases: the Rossby–Haurwitz wavenumber 4, Jablonowski–Williamson tests for balanced initial state and baroclinic instability, and Held–Suarez tests. The results from those tests demonstrate that the present dynamical core can produce numerical solutions of good quality comparable to other models.
Demographic response to the manipulation of adult females in corn mouse populations

Variation in population abundance is a consequence of changes in demographic parameters such as survival and recruitment. These demographic parameters can be affected by intraspecifi c competition, thus adults may play an important role infl uencing the survival and/or reproduction of juvenile individuals in many species of small mammals. We present an analysis of Calomys musculinus populations using capture- mark-recapture models in order to evaluate the effect of female removal on their demography. The study was carried out in four enclosures during two different periods: a reference period and a treatment period, with the removal of adult females. Reference period was analyzed to describe population demography without manipulations. In treatment period, two control enclosures maintained both parents remained with their offspring whereas other two enclosures had their adult females removed. Seven monthly trapping sessions were carried out (spring to autumn). We estimated apparent survival, recruitment, population growth rates and recapture probabilities. Models considered these parameters constrained to vary as a function of time, enclosure, sex and/or treatment. During the reference period survival and recruitment showed sex and time effects, survival was higher in females and decreased towards June; recruitment showed a peak in February with a higher number of recruited males; population growth rates peaked in February and decreased towards June. During the treatment period survival showed time effect whereas recruitment showed time and treatment effects. Survival was higher at the beginning of the breeding period and decreased afterwards, and recruitment was higher in control enclosures; population growth rates showed a similar pattern than in reference period. There were not differences in growth rates and abundances between control and experimental enclosures. Under our experimental and methodological conditions, the results would indicate that the absence of females in experimental enclosures was not enough to cause a clear impact on fi nal population size.
Government Spending on Education, Economic Growth and Long Waves in a CGE Micro-Simulation Analysis: The Case of Nigeria

This paper analyses the dynamic (direct and indirect) effects of government policy on education and its relation to the cyclical economic growth in the long run. The basic objective is to simulate if government expenditure on education would help to improve economic performance in Nigeria in the long run-2015. The paper used an integrated sequential dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to examine the potential impact of increase in government expenditure on education in Nigeria. The model is calibrated with a 2004 social accounting matrix (SAM) data of the Nigerian economy. The result shows that the re-allocation of government expenditure to education sector is significant in explaining economic growth in Nigeria. This paper therefore recommends that in order to achieve a steady economic growth, investment in education service should receive the highest priority in the public investment portfolio. The policy implication of the study is that, the Nigerian government should be able to move resources from other sectors to provide quality education for her citizens. This type of expenditure not only has a large impact on poverty per Naira spent, but also produces greatest growth in human productivity. The study concludes that if government policy is going to substantially increase growth, then future expenditure has to be pro-growth. Investing in education is one of the pro-growth policies for promoting economic growth.
A Review of Nutraceuticals in Joint Arthritis

The use of nutraceuticals and supplements is common in the management of joint pathology. Due to this popularity, it is important that clinicians are aware of these therapies and have a basic understanding of them. Scientific studies examining the effects of nutraceuticals in joint arthritis are increasing. This short update aims to provide a commentary on the recent developments of these therapies commonly used in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis aiming to summarise their characteristics and efficacy.