Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adherence to Methadone Maintenance Treatment and its Predictors in Southeast of Iran

Background & Objectives: Adherence to Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) is one of the most important challenges during treatment process. The positive effects of MMT will be established in case of appropriate adherence. Present study aimed to investigate MMT adherence and its predictors among addicts referred to rehab centers in Kerman province, south east of Iran. Methods: This research was carried out on 334 patients referred to rehab centers in Kerman province during 2017. Participants were selected through multistage random sampling method. Data collected using a questionnaire contained demographic data, addiction- related data and Persian version of MMT adherence questionnaire which assessed the adherence during the previous 3 and 30 days. Data analyzed by SPSS 19. Results: The mean age of the participants was 39.14 ± 10.93 years and most of them were male (85%). Seventy-three (21.8%) adhered to their treatment, 239 (71.6%) were nonadherent, and 22 (6.6%) highly nonadherent. Older age at the onset of addiction, longer duration of substance abuse, and no history of previous MMT were significant predictor for higher adherence. Interpretation & Conclusion: our study revealed about on fifth of addicts referred to rehab centers had good adherence to MMT. It is recommended the rehab centers to determine the factors associated with low adherence and use effective interventions to reduce them.
Hedging their bets: Do hedge fund activists really contribute to long-term value?

Using an international sample of 1,750 hedge fund activist involvements since 2000, we examine whether these engagements cause improvements in long-term firm performance. The central problem addressed in this study is the endogeneity of the activists’ decision to engage with the targeted companies. Endogeneity is a critical issue since factors that make companies attractive targets for activism may also be the primary cause of the performance improvements observed following activist interventions. We document systematic differences between companies that are targeted by hedge fund activists and companies that are not. Once these differences are accounted for there is no evidence to support the conjecture that hedge fund activist engagements lead to long-term shareholder wealth creation. In fact, companies targeted by hedge funds could have experienced even more pronounced performance improvements were it not for the activists’ involvements. JEL classification: G32; G38
The effects of external and internal focus of attention on physiological responses during running

Ziv G, Meckel Y, Lidor R, Rotstein A. The effects of external and internal focus of attention on physiological responses during running. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 608-616, 2012. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of external focus of attention and internal focus of attention instructions on physiological responses in experienced adolescent basketball players (n = 17; mean age = 15.1±0.6 years). After a 10-min warm-up at a running velocity equal to 60% of the heart rate reserve, participants ran on a treadmill under two 10-min conditions: (a) internal focus instructions – focusing on the legs and running motion, and (b) external focus instructions – focusing on a film of a basketball game that did not provide visual feedback on running speed. It was found that oxygen consumption and respiratory exchange ratio did not significantly differ among the three conditions. It was concluded that an external focus of attention that does not provide additional visual feedback pertinent to the task of running (e.g., a film clip from the runner's perspective that shows advancing in a virtual environment) does not affect physiological
Ecology, statistics, and the art of misdiagnosis: The need for a paradigm shift

This paper approaches ecological data analysis from a different vantage point and has implications for ecological risk assessment. Despite all the advances in theoretical ecology over the past four decades and the huge amounts of data that have been collected in various marine monitoring programs, we still do not know enough about how marine ecosystems function to be able to make valid predictions of impacts before they occur, accurately assess ecosystem ``health,'' or perform valid risk assessments. Comparisons are made among the fields of psychology, social science, and ecology in terms of the applications of decision theory or approach to problem diagnosis. In all of these disciplines, researchers are dealing with phenomena whose mechanisms are poorly understood. One of the biggest impediments to the interpretation of ecological data and the advancement of our understanding about ecosystem function is the desire of marine scientists and policy regulators to cling to the ritual of null hypothesis signif.
Emergency preparedness planning in developed countries: the Swedish case

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the needs of the supply-chain (SC) network when coping with permanent and temporary demands, this paper analyzes the Swedish emergency preparedness SC network. This network comprises planning procedures and resources, as well as numerous organizations and other participants in civil society that take part in the system to cope with threats and ongoing crises. Planning constitutes a critical infrastructure because the system must develop the ability to shift SC functions from permanent to temporary networks in ongoing crises and war. Design/methodology/approach – A research study is performed based on data gathered by three qualitative methods concerning the SC network of emergency preparedness planning. Findings – This study demonstrates the relevance of a wide empirical field challenging several theoretical perspectives of the SC network in preparedness planning and the shift to ongoing crises. Further research targeting key capabilities is needed to f.
Preferential Fish Consumption Based on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Mercury Concentrations for Maximum Health Benefits

Katrina Smith HONR 499 Preferential fish consumption based on omega-3 fatty acids and mercury concentrations for maximum health benefits Abstract: The regular consumption of seafood offers a variety of protective effects, including the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke, due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids in fish. These protective effects may be diminished by the contamination of seafood by mercury. Mercury increases the risk of cardiovascular problems and impedes neurological development. The objective of this project was to determine the fish species that are appropriate for consumption based on low levels of mercury and recommended intake levels of omega-3 fatty acids. Species that are high in omega-3s and low in mercury include salmon, trout and shrimp. Species with both high levels of omega-3 fatty acids and mercury include tuna, shark, snapper and halibut.
Do body proportions among Jomon foragers from Hokkaido conform to ecogeographic expectations? evolutionary implications of body size and shape among northerly hunter-gatherers

This study documents and interprets adaptive postcranial morphology among prehistoric Jomon period foragers from Hokkaido, Japan (HKJ). The Hokkaido climate is differentiated from other Japanese islands by freezing winters with sea-ice accumulation in the northern regions. Increased brachial and crural indices are, however, observed among HKJ foragers, while body mass (BM) has not yet been estimated for these groups. Based on previous observations and paleoclimatic reconstructions, it was predicted that increased BM and increased distal relative to proximal limb lengths would typify HKJ foragers. Similar BMwas observed between HKJ foragers and groups from colder environments. Intralimb indices do, however, suggest similarity between HKJ foragers and groups from high-latitude, warm environments. It is likely that HKJ foragers retained coldderived BM in association with Pleistocene migrations to Hokkaido via Northeast Asia. That is, enlarged BM amongHKJ foragers is associatedwith long-term evolution in a colder environment. Relatively elongated distal limbs may represent morphological response to a slightly warmer environment. Following migration to Japan from a colder environment, elongation of distal limb segments resulted in elevated brachial and crural indices. Relatively elongated distal appendagesmay also reflect positive nutritional status as HKJ people experienced lesser rates of systemic stress than other Jomon groups. It is also possible that elongated distal relative to proximal limbs are associated with neutral mutation and genetic drift. This interpretation suggests a neutral mutation associated with relative limb length in some HKJ ancestor with subsequent spread of this allele through isolation and drift. Ontogenetic and temporal studies of intralimb indices among Jomon people are necessary to further evaluate these interpretations. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule

To survive in office, dictators need to establish power-sharing arrangements with their ruling coalitions, which are often not credible. If dictators cannot commit to not abusing their “loyal friends”—those who choose to invest in the existing autocratic institutions rather than in forming subversive coalitions— they will be in permanent danger of being overthrown, both by members of the ruling elite and by outside rivals. This article explores the role of autocratic political parties and elections (both one-party and multiparty) in mitigating the commitment problem, making power-sharing between the dictator and his ruling coalition possible.
Thermal and other Non-Cavitational Mechanisms 1 Chapter 2 THERMAL AND OTHER NON-CAVITATIONAL MECHANISMS

Ultrasonic biophysics is the study of mechanisms responsible for how ultrasound and biological materials interact. When ultrasound affects biological materials, this can be viewed as a bioeffect, a therapy study and/or a risk. On the other hand, when biological materials affect the ultrasonic wave, this can be viewed as the basis for diagnostic ultrasound. Thus, an understanding of the interaction of ultrasound with tissue provides the scientific basis for understanding the range between risk assessment and image production. Relative to the former, that is, the mechanisms by which it is believed, or known, that ultrasound affects biological materials, ultrasonic bioeffects/therapies are generally separated into thermal and non-thermal mechanisms. The theme of this chapter deals with thermal and other non-cavitational mechanisms of ultrasound, that is, ultrasound-induced effects that are not believed to be bubble related. 1. Ultrasound biophysics 2. Background 3. Basic ultrasound exposure quantities 4. Ultrasound-induced heating 5. Thermal dose concept 6. Non-cavitational and non-thermal effects. 7. Delivering ultrasound 8. References 1. ULTRASONIC BIOPHYSICS Ultrasonic biophysics (Dunn and O’Brien, 1976; O’Brien, 2007) is the study of mechanisms responsible for how ultrasound and biological materials interact (Figure 1). The study of how ultrasound affects biological materials can be viewed as bioeffect studies that can lead to an Thermal and other Non-Cavitational Mechanisms 2 understanding of therapeutic applications and risk assessments. On the other hand, the study of how tissue affects the ultrasound wave can be viewed as the basis for diagnostic ultrasound. Thus, an understanding of the interaction of ultrasound with tissue provides the scientific basis for understanding image production, therapeutic applications and risk assessment. Ultrasonic dosimetry (O’Brien, 1978, 1986, 1992b, 1998, 2007) is concerned with the quantitative determination of ultrasonic energy interaction with biological materials, that is, defining the quantitative relationship between some physical agent and the biological effect it produces. To better understand ultrasonic dosimetry and ultrasonic interaction mechanisms, it is appropriate to first introduce basic ultrasonic quantities, and then develop common nomenclature. Then, general dosimetric concepts can be presented because a large body of literature and history exists to quantitate the interaction of various propagated energies and biological materials. This chapter will focus on the noncavitational ultrasound mechanisms, and their corresponding bioeffects, that is, the generation of heat in the context of the therapeutic application of ultrasound and other mechanisms that are not believed to be microbubble or cavitation related. The following chapter (Acoustic Cavitation, Chapter 3) will deal exclusively with cavitation and the various phenomena associated with it.
Determinant factors for mortality of patients receiving mechanical ventilation and effects of a protocol muscle training in weaning.

Introduction: Prognostic factors are used in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) to predict morbidity and mortality , especially in patients on mechanical ventilation (MV ) . Training protocols are used in MV patients with the aim of promoting the success of the weaning process. Objective: To assess which variables determine the outcome of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation and compare the effects of two protocols for weaning. Method: Patients under MV for more than 48 hours had collected the following information: sex, age , ideal weight, height , Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II), risk of mortality, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and index Quick and perfunctory (IRRS) breathing. Patients with unsuccessful weaning performed one of weaning protocols: Progressive T - tube or tube - T + Threshold ® IMT. Patients were compared for outcome (death or non- death in the ICU ) and the protocols through the t test or Mann-Whitney test was considered significant when P <0.05. Results: Of 128 patients evaluated 56.25% were men, the mean age was 60.05 ± 17.85 years and 40.62 % patients died, and they had higher APACHE II scores, mortality risk, time VM and IRRS GCS and the lower value (p<0.05). The age, initial and final maximal inspiratory pressure, time of weaning and duration of MV was similar between protocols. Conclusion: The study suggests that the GCS, APACHE II risk of mortality, length of MV and IRRS variables determined the evolution of MV patients in this sample. Not found differences in the variables studied when comparing the two methods of weaning.
Chopped basalt fibres: A new perspective in reinforcing poly(lactic acid) to produce injection moulded engineering composites from renewable and natural resources

This paper focuses on the reinforcing of Poly(lactic acid) with chopped basalt fibres by using silane treated and untreated basalt fibres. Composite materials with 5-10-15-20-30-40 wt% basalt fibre contents were prepared from silane sized basalt fibres using extrusion, and injection moulding, while composites with 5-10-15 wt% basalt fibre contents were also prepared by using untreated basalt fibres as control. The properties of the injection moulded composites were exten- sively examined by using quasi-static (tensile, three-point bending) and dynamic mechanical tests (notched and unnotched Charpy impact tests), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), heat deflection tem- perature (HDT) analysis, dimensional stability test, as well as melt flow index (MFI) analysis and scanning electron micro- scopic (SEM) observations. It was found that silane treated chopped basalt fibres are much more effective in reinforcing Poly(lactic acid) than natural fibres; although basalt fibres are not biodegradable but they are still considered as natural (can be found in nature in the form of volcanic rocks) and biologically inert. It is demonstrated in this paper that by using basalt fibre reinforcement, a renewable and natural resource based composite can be produced by injection moulding with excel- lent mechanical properties suitable even for engineering applications. Finally it was shown that by using adequate drying of the materials, composites with higher mechanical properties can be achieved compared to literature data.
The merger rates and sizes of galaxies across the peak epoch of star formation from the HiZELS survey

We use the HiZELS narrow-band Hα survey in combination with CANDELS, UKIDSS and WIRDS near-infrared imaging, to investigate the morphologies, merger rates and sizes of a sample of Hα emitting galaxies in the redshift range z = 0.40-2.23, an epoch encompassing the rise to the peak of the star formation rate density. Merger rates are estimated from space- and ground-based imaging using the M20 coefficient. To account for the increase in the specific star formation rate (sSFR) of the star forming 'main sequence' with redshift, we normalize the star formation rates of galaxies at each epoch to the typical value derived from the Hα luminosity function. Once this trend in sSFR is removed we see no evidence for an increase in the number density of star-forming galaxies or the merger rate with redshift. We thus conclude that neither is the main driver of the enhanced star-formation rate density at z ∼ 1-2, with secular processes such as instabilities within efficiently fuelled, gas-rich discs or multiple minor mergers the most likely alternatives. However, we find that ∼40-50 per cent of starburst galaxies, those with enhanced specific star formation at their epoch, are major mergers and this fraction is redshift independent. Finally, we find the surprising result that the typical size of a star-forming galaxy of a given mass does not evolve across the redshift range considered, suggesting a universal size-mass relation. Taken in combination, these results indicate a star-forming galaxy population that is statistically similar in physical size, merger rate and mass over the ∼6 Gyr covered in this study, despite the increase in typical sSFR.
Effects of Race and Ethnicity on Mental Health and Help-Seeking amongst Undergraduate University Students

Mental health disorders present a significant health challenge to college students. Furthermore, prevalence rates and treatment rates differ across races and ethnicities, tending to burden minority groups with worse mental health and less treatment. This research was interested in two questions: (1) the effects of race and ethnicity on depression and anxiety and (2) the effects of race and ethnicity on mental health help-seeking behaviors amongst undergraduates at a medium-sized Midwestern university. It was hypothesized that non-White individuals will report higher rates of symptoms of depression and anxiety and will seek help for mental health problems less often than their White peers. Results found that rates of symptoms of depression and anxiety did not differ across race or ethnicity, but rates of help-seeking behaviors did differ across race and ethnicity. Finally, the concordance between the racial/ethnic compositions of student bodies and that of campus mental healthcare providers was measured for the top twenty universities in the United States. These topics are important because mental illness affects not only students’ ability to succeed in school, but also their overall well-being. Furthermore, mental illness can be fatal: treatment, whether by counseling or by chemicals, is the best way to prevent mortality.
An Early Estimate of the Value of Australia’s Stock of Human Capital

In January 1923 Charles Wickens, the then Commonwealth Statistician for Australia, delivered the presidential address to Section G (Social and Statistical Science) of the sixteenth meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. His address, entitled ‘Human Capital’, provided an estimate of the value of the stock of human capital in Australia for 30 June 1915 that was about three times the value of the nation’s ‘material capital, both private and public’ at the time (Wickens 1924: 554). The estimate pre-dates by nearly forty years what Blaug (1976: 827) has called the ‘birth of human capital theory’. Yet it is not mentioned in Kiker’s (1966, 1968) surveys of early work on human capital; and, apart from brief and contrasting evaluations by Goodwin (1966: 491-2) and Castles (1998: 11-12), it appears to have been neglected by historians of Australian economic thought. This paper seeks to identify the place of Wickens among the pioneers of the measurement of human capital. After describing Wickens’s methodology, the paper traces the relationship Wickens’s work bears to other early work on the measurement of human capital. It emerges that both Goodwin’s dismissal of Wickens’s contribution as ‘little more than an academic exercise’ and Castles’s claim that ‘Wickens was decades ahead of his time’ require substantial qualification.
Perception of vocal attractiveness by Mandarin native listeners

Studies on Western societies show that male voices with acoustic parameters encoding a large body size (low f o , narrow formant dispersion and f o range) were considered attractive, while the opposite was true for female voices. The present work investigates whether Mandarin native listeners judge voices of the opposite sex in the same way. We replicated the design in [1] with the added parameter of creaky voice, which is prevalent in North America nowadays and hotly debated in terms of attractiveness. Thirty-two participants (16 female) rated the attractiveness of synthetic stimuli controlled for f o height, formant dispersion, f o range and voice quality. Similar to studies on Western societies, Mandarin native listeners preferred breathy and modal voices to creaky and pressed voices. Moreover, large-sounding male voices with low f o and narrow formant dispersion were favored. However, a narrow f o range significantly lowered the attractiveness ratings, regardless of the gender of the voice. These results are discussed in light of the cross-linguistic / cross-cultural divergences in vocal attractiveness.