Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oligodendrocytes in brain and optic nerve express the β3 subunit isoform of Na,K‐ATPase

The Na,K‐ATPase, which catalyzes the active transport of Na+ and K+, has two principal subunits (α and β) that have several genetically distinct isoforms. Most of these isoforms are expressed in the nervous system, but certain ones are preferentially expressed in glia and others in neurons. Of the β isoforms, β1 predominates in neurons and β2 in astrocytes, although there are some exceptions. Here we demonstrate that β3 is expressed in rat and mouse white matter oligodendrocytes. Immunofluorescence microscopy identified β3 in oligodendrocytes of rat brain white matter in typical linear arrays of cell bodies between fascicles of axons. The intensity of stain peaked at 20 postnatal days. β3 was identified in cortical oligodendrocytes grown in culture, where it was expressed in processes and colocalized with antibody to galactocerebroside. In the mouse and rat optic nerve, β3 stain was seen in oligodendrocytes, where it colocalized with carbonic anhydrase II. For comparison, optic nerve was stained for the β1 and β2 subunits, showing distinct patterns of labelling of axons (β1) and astrocytes (β2). The C6 glioma cell line was also found to express the β3 isoform preferentially. Since β3 was not found at detectable levels in astrocytes, this suggests that C6 is closer to oligodendrocytes than astrocytes in the glial cell lineage. GLIA 31:206–218, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A review on biological sources, chemistry and pharmacological activities of pinostrobin

Abstract Pinostrobin, a dietary bioflavonoid discovered more than 6 decades ago in the heart-wood of pine (Pinus strobus), has depicted many pharmacological activities including anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-leukaemic, anti-inflammatory and anti-aromatase activities. It is an inhibitor of sodium channel and Ca2+ signalling pathways and also inhibits intestinal smooth muscle contractions. In spite of the fact that pinostrobin has an application as functional foods, till-to-date no comprehensive review on pinostrobin has been carried out. Hence, the present review deals with the biological sources, chemistry and pharmacological activities of pinostrobin. Graphical abstract
Effects of chronic mild stress on the development of drug dependence in rats

There is high comorbidity between depression and addiction. Features of addiction relevant to depression have been studied extensively, but less is known about features of depression relevant to addiction. Here, we have studied the effects of chronic mild stress (CMS), a valid animal model of depression, on measures of physical and psychological dependence resulting from subchronic treatment of rats with three drugs of abuse that act through disparate neurobiological mechanisms: morphine, nicotine and diazepam. In animals not treated subchronically with drugs of abuse, CMS increased the withdrawal-like effects of the opiate antagonist naloxone, but not those of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine or the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil. In animals treated subchronically with drugs of abuse, CMS exacerbated, precipitated and conditioned withdrawal effects associated with all three antagonists. CMS also potentiated withdrawal-induced and cue-induced place aversions associated with all three antagonists. All of the effects of CMS were reversed by chronic treatment with the specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram. These results suggest that treatment of comorbid depression, although not a primary treatment for addiction, may facilitate other treatments for addiction, by decreasing the severity of withdrawal symptoms and the likelihood of relapse.
Public-private partnerships and collaboration in the health sector: an overview with case studies from recent European experience

This brief is intended to provide an overview of the topic of public-private partnerships (PPPs) and public-private collaboration (PPC) in the health sector, the key types of PPPs and PPC encountered in practice, the associated benefits and risks, and good practices for ensuring success. Also included are nine recent case studies from European experience that illustrate these considerations under specific project circumstances. This overview is not intended as a detailed analysis of the theory and practice of PPPs and PPC in health, and excludes public health partnerships at supranational levels (e.g., global health partnerships or disease-specific partnerships).
Using Research to Determine Support for a Policy on Family Presence During Resuscitation

National guidelines and professional organizations have recommended allowing family presence during resuscitation and bedside invasive procedures. Studies found that only 5% of critical care units have written policies. Periodic requests by family members prompted the creation of a task force, including nurses, physicians, and respiratory therapists, to develop this controversial policy. Before development, a research study of healthcare personnel attitudes, concerns, and beliefs toward family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and bedside invasive procedures was done. This descriptive and correlational study showed support for family presence by critical care and emergency department nurses. Findings revealed both support and nonsupport for families to be present during resuscitative efforts. Providing family presence as an option offers an opportunity for reluctant healthcare team members to refuse their presence and an opportunity for those who support family presence to welcome the family.
THE EFFECT OF MULTIPLE BANKING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN MOMBASA, KENYA

Multiple banking has become increasingly popular across the globe and seems to have gained significant momentum. However, in spite of the growing rate of multiple banking, there is scanty information about the effects of this practice on the performance of small and medium enterprises in Kenya. The general objective of the study was to analyze the effects of multiple banking relationships on the performance of SMEs in Mombasa, Kenya. The study analyzed the effects of diversity of banking services, diversity of off-balance sheet items, diversity of relationship banking and multiple bank credit facilities on the performance of SMEs. The study utilized the descriptive survey research design. The target population for the study comprised 931 trade SMEs been licensed to carry out their businesses in Central Business District of Mombasa. A sample size of 258 SMEs was used, from which the business managers/proprietors were interviewed. The main data collection instrument was the structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was pilot-tested on 15 SMEs, which were excluded from the actual study sample. Data obtained from the pilot study was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, achieving a reliability coefficient of α = 0.83. The collected data was analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data and establish characteristics of the study population and the findings presented using frequency distributions and percentages. The Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation analyses were conducted to establish the relationships between independent and dependent variables of the study. The multiple banking variables: multiple business accounts, diversity of off-balance sheet items and diversity of relationship banking correlated positively with net asset value, profitability and growth of the SMEs.
The effects of situational factors on in-store grocery shopping behavior: The role of store environment and time available for shopping.

We conducted a field experiment to explore the effects of two situational factors, store knowledge and time available for shopping, on consumers' grocery shopping behavior. The results indicate that these two factors have an impact on such shopping behaviors as failure to make the intended purchases, unplanned buying, brand and product class switching, and purchase volume deliberation. The findings also suggest that the information processing activities that mediate these relationships differ across shopping conditions. Implications for managing the grocery store environment that may advance current practice are offered.
Interaction of regional news-media production and consumption through the social space

Abstract News-media organisations are operating in increasingly competitive and fragmented markets for audiences and advertising revenues. Through the advent of the Internet, regional news media are experiencing a revolution in their production and administrative processes, such that their survival depends on their ability to find a workable online business model. A growing army of bloggers and amateur citizen journalists now delivers – but rarely edits – content for all media platforms, while new media technologies, combined with the changing structure of regional news industries, are radically changing the ways in which a news-media organisation functions and achieves profitability. Our research seeks to answer the question of how the Internet is impacting on producer/consumer value activities in the regional news media. To answer this question, 15 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted at three regional newspapers, followed by a focus group with London-based news-media organisations (including radio and television) and bloggers, which aimed to expand our analysis from its initial focus on the impact of the Internet on print media (paid-for and free newspapers) to that of online co-creation activities. Our findings show that regional news media face fierce competition for audience and advertising from an ever-growing host of other media and advertising mediums, both new and traditional. There is a strategic gap in terms of media organisations' use of the Internet (despite their developing multimedia portfolios) such that they are not fully harnessing the unique potential of social media to deliver engaging user experiences. Regional news-media organisations will probably continue to survive if they can fill the strategic gap through online marketing operations, which offer a highly personalised and ‘hyper local’ community service with instant interaction and self-organising co-creation activities.
On the Evidence Supporting the Existence of Risk Premiums in the Capital Market

This paper was the basis of the paper entitled "Risk and the Rate of Return on Financial Assets: Some Old Wine in New Bottles," which was published in the Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis in December 1975. Differences between the two papers result from the refereeing process. This original working paper version is clearer and more complete. These papers were the first to document the lack of positive relationship between risk and return in the empirical cross-section of stock market returns.
Entrepreneurial orientation and the growth performance of small andmedium enterprises in Southwestern Nigeria

The paper examined the nature and strength of the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and its dimensional variables – innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness – and their effects on the growth performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Southwestern Nigeria. The data for the study were collected from primary and secondary sources. The data generated were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Principal component analysis was employed in identifying important factors that contributed to EO. Furthermore, parametric and non-parametric relational statistics and linear regressions were adopted in explaining the relationship and their effect on the performance of SMEs. The study showed that the growth performance of the SMEs in Southwestern Nigeria is generally poor and the EO is positively related to performance. The relationship between EO and growth performance of a firm is not unidirectional but dynamic.
THE CENTRE FOR PSYCHIATRIC NURSING RESEARCH AND PRACTICE: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO ENHANCING CLINICAL NURSING RESEARCH IN THE PSYCHIATRIC/MENTAL HEALTH FIELD

The available nursing literature suggests that nurses engaged in clinical practice hold a somewhat ambivalent attitude towards nursing research. On the one hand, its value is acknowledged, but on the other, its relevance to clinical practice is questioned. This situation poses a significant barrier to the involvement of clinicians in research and the utilisation of findings in practice. This paper describes the implementation of a model to facilitate the development of a systematic research approach at the Centre for Psychiatric Nursing Research and Practice in Victoria, Australia. The development of strong relationships between the Centre and the clinical field was considered crucial in determining the success of this initiative. The introduction of a number of programs to foster the conduct and utilisation of clinical research are described, including: The Nursing Clinical Development Unit Program, the Clinical Research Fellowship Program, clinical research projects, the Collaborative Psychiatric Nursing Conference and strategies to encourage the dissemination of research information. In combination, these initiatives are expected to contribute to a systematic approach to engendering a research culture within psychiatric nursing in Victoria, Australia.
The Effect of Knowledge of Entrepreneurial Support on Entrepreneurial Intention

The importance of entrepreneurship in job creation and economic development is acknowledged all over the world. Like other countries, the South African government has introduced various support measures to assist individuals who want to start new ventures and existing entrepreneurs who want to grow their businesses. However, it is not known to what extent the knowledge of these support measures influences the intention to start a business. The purpose of this research was to investigate, based on the theory of planned behaviour, whether the knowledge of entrepreneurial support influences entrepreneurial intention and its antecedents, namely the attitude towards becoming an entrepreneur and perceived behavioural control. The study was carried out by means of a survey. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The sample consisted of 329 final-year commerce students registered at one of the rural universities in South Africa. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. The results revealed that the knowledge of entrepreneurial support is statistically significantly related to the intention of starting a business. A statistically significant relationship was also found between the knowledge of entrepreneurial support and the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014. v5n20p1020
Sequencing of the gene ant which affects the Na+/H+ antiporter activity in Escherichia coli.

By introduction of deletions and/or insertions, we have defined a small DNA fragment (1.58 kilobase pairs) which contains the ant gene. Thus, transformants of all plasmid constructs containing this segment exhibit Antup phenotype, i.e. growth is Li+-resistant and Na+/H+ antiporter activity is increased in isolated everted membrane vesicles. Utilizing the T7 promoter expression system, we also found that this fragment encodes for a single protein of 35 kDa. The DNA fragment has been sequenced and found to contain an open reading frame of 1085 base pairs. Analysis of the sequence of the predicted protein suggests the presence of 10 putative transmembrane segments in the protein.
User acceptance of Enterprise 2.0 A case study at an internationally operating private bank

paper gives an overview of Web 2.0 and Enterprise 2.0. It shows their origins, definitions and main principles. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) is compared with the results of surveys conducted at an internationally operating private bank. The surveys are conducted during the implementation of an Enterprise 2.0 system called Luday. The results show that UTAUT can be used to estimate the user acceptance of Enterprise 2.0. In addition to the user acceptances model an overview is given of the current state of familiarity of Enterprise 2.0 among enterprise employees.
Practitioner and Academic Recommendations for Internet Marketing and E-Commerce Curricula

Many business schools are in the process of designing e-commerce courses and programs in response to the growing need for university graduates skilled in online technologies and strategies. To assist with program design, this research investigated both academic and practitioner views of the skills and topics important for e-commerce and Internet marketing programs. Study results indicate an average of 53 academic credits comprising the following skilland cognitive-based clusters: Web page and site design, Web site marketing, server-side programming and management, telephony and videoconferencing, marketing strategy, macroenvironmental issues, and information and networking strategies. This article identifies recommendations for specific courses and programs and reports on the current and anticipated future features of corporate Web sites for program planning purposes.
Latency of pancreatic enzyme response to intraduodenal stimulants.

In six dogs with pancreatic fistulas, secretin (500 ng . kg-1 . h-1) was given to provide a flow of pancreatic juice of about 1 drop/s. Amylase concentration was measured in each drop before and after rapid intraduodenal injection of L-tryptophan, sodium oleate, and NaCl or after rapid intraportal injection of cholecystokinin (CCK). Latency of response (time between injection and a sustained increase in amylase output greater than the mean + 3 SD of prestimulation output) was 0.30 min to tryptophan and 0.33 min to oleate. These were significantly (P less than 0.01) less than the latency to intraportal CCK (0.53 min). Atropine and truncal vagotomy increased the latency to tryptophan and oleate 10-fold but had no effect on the latency to intraportal CCK. We conclude that, since the latency of amylase response to intraduodenal stimulants was shorter than to intraportal CCK, the initial response is probably not due to release of hormones. The finding that atropine and vagotomy increased latency of response to intraduodenal stimulants indicates that a vagovagal cholinergic reflex mediates the early pancreatic enzyme response to intestinal stimulants.
The toxicology and pharmacology of methyl fluoroacetate in animals, with some notes on experimental therapy.

It has been known for about ten years that methyl fluoroacetate (MFA), CH2F.COOCH3, was a substance of great toxicity, with very interesting pharmacological properties. In 1942, Briscoe, and Feldberg, Kilby, and Kilby found that it caused death by convulsions and respiratory failure. Later in 1943, Kilby and Kilby studied it and allied substances further and concluded that the toxicity was due to the CH2F group. In this paper further work is described on its pharmacological and toxicological properties.
Stimulation of lung growth in fetuses with lung hypoplasia leads to altered postnatal lung structure in sheep

Increased lung expansion in the fetus stimulates lung growth and is being trialed clinically to reverse severe fetal lung hypoplasia. Our aim was to examine the effects of increased fetal lung expansion in the presence of lung hypoplasia on lung structure in sheep at term and 8 weeks after birth. Lung hypoplasia was induced in 15 fetal sheep by continuous drainage of tracheal fluid, commencing at ∼113 days of gestation (term, ∼148 days). In 10 of these fetuses, tracheal obstruction (TO) was performed from 137–147 days of gestation (treated lung hypoplasia, TLH), while lung liquid drainage continued until term in the remaining 5 fetuses (untreated lung hypoplasia, ULH). Lung tissues were obtained from 5 TLH, 5 ULH, and 5 control lambs at birth, and from 5 TLH and 5 control lambs at 8 weeks after birth.
Correction: Quantitative Normative Gait Data in a Large Cohort of Ambulatory Persons with Parkinson’s Disease

The fifth author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Aparna Wagle Shukla. The correct citation is: Hass CJ, Malczak P, Nocera J, Stegemoller EL, Wagle Shukla A, et al. (2012) Quantitative Normative Gait Data in a Large Cohort of Ambulatory Persons with Parkinson’s Disease. PLoS ONE 7(8): e42337. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0042337
Exploring the Construct of Segmentation Effectiveness: Insights from International Companies and Experts

In the past two decades, the concept of international segmentation has received increasing attention in the strategic marketing literature. However, although segmentation decisions are critical for achieving competitive advantage in an increasingly globalizing marketplace, there is a lack of a sound measurement instrument capturing the effectiveness of international segmentation decisions. In this study, we conduct in‐depth interviews with international companies and external experts and identify a reliance on bottom‐line measures which, however, inadequately capture the effectiveness of segmentation. Based on the interview material as well as the extensive literature on segmentation, we subsequently conceptualize segmentation effectiveness as a multidimensional construct, capturing four core dimensions of segmentation success (namely targeting performance, positioning performance, cost reduction and increased adaptability to environmental uncertainty). A formal measurement model to operationalize the construct is also proposed as are suggestions for further research on the topic of segmentation effectiveness.
Efficient versus Responsive Supply Chain Choice: An Empirical Examination of Influential Factors

Contemporary strategies in operations management suggest that successful firms align supply chain assets with product demand characteristics in order to exploit the profit potential of product lines fully. However, observation suggests that supply chain assets often are longer lived than product line decisions. This suggests that alignment between supply chain assets and demand characteristics is most likely to occur at the time of initial market entry. This article examines the association between product demand characteristics and the initial investment in a supply chain at the time of market entry. We characterize supply chains as responsive or efficient. A responsive supply chain is distinguished by short production lead-times, low set-up costs, and small batch sizes that allow the responsive firm to adapt quickly to market demand, but often at a higher unit cost. An efficient supply chain is distinguished by longer production lead-times, high set-up costs, and larger batch sizes that allow the efficient firm to produce at a low unit cost, but often at the expense of market responsiveness. We hypothesize that a firm's choice of responsive supply chain will be associated with lower industry growth rates, higher contribution margins, higher product variety, and higher demand or technological uncertainty. We further hypothesize that interactions among these variables either can reinforce or can temper the main effects. We report that lower industry growth rates are associated with responsive market entry, but this effect is offset if growth occurs during periods of high variety and high demand uncertainty. We report that higher contribution margins are associated with responsive market entry and that this effect is more pronounced when occurring with periods of high variety. Finally, we report that responsive market entry also is correlated positively with higher technological demand uncertainty. These results are found using data from the North American mountain bike industry.