Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finite crystallization in the square lattice

This paper addresses two-dimensional crystallization in the square lattice. A suitable configurational potential featuring both two- and three-body short-ranged particle interactions is considered. We prove that every ground state is a connected subset of the square lattice. Moreover, we discuss the global geometry of ground states and their optimality in terms of discrete isoperimetric inequalities on the square graph. Eventually, we study the aspect ratio of ground states and quantitatively prove the emergence of a square macroscopic Wulff shape as the number of particles grows.
Temporal Variation of Nitrate and Phosphate in Selected Six Small Tanks of Dry Zone in Sri Lanka

A tank cascade or a chain of tanks is a series of small reservoirs which is a unique irrigation system that flourished in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. The equilibrium state of a tank in relation to the water quality could be disrupted by intensive agriculture practices and human activities with growing population, resulting in artificial enriching these water bodies with various elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. Even though many hydrological studies have been conducted on dry zone tank cascade system, no systematic work, however, has been carried out on water quality aspects, particularly on the dynamics of nitrate (NO 3 - -N) and phosphate (PO 4 3- -P) in tank water of the dry zone. The present study was conducted to evaluate the temporal variation of NO 3 - -N and PO 4 3- -P in six selected tanks of two tank cascade systems viz. Thirappane and Mahakanumulla of the dry zone of Sri Lanka. NO 3 - -N and PO 4 3- -P of the tank water were analyzed in monthly intervals for one year starting from February 2010 to January 2011 using standard analytical techniques. According to the results, water in the six tanks of the two cascades exhibited a significant temporal variation during the twelve month- study period. Both cascades showed a bimodal pattern of nutrient fluctuation similar to the bimodal pattern of rainfall. NO 3 - -N concentration of the six tanks varied from 1.41- 6.77 mg/l. In the Maha season “dilution effect” caused by the large volume of water in the tanks due to heavy rainfall which may reduce the concentration of the soluble ionic species in tank water. Concentration of PO 4 3- -P of the tank water of the six tanks of the two cascades also showed a significant temporal variation during the study period. Similar to the NO 3 - -N, concentration of PO 4 3- -P in tank water was high in the month of May in the Yala season while the lowest was recorded in the Maha season. Five tanks of the two cascade systems, especially, all three tanks of Mahakanumulla cascade showed high amounts of PO 4 3- -P over the EPA suggested value for eutrophication, in several months of the two seasons. In relation to the two nutrients studied, it can be recommended that waters of all tanks can be used for domestic needs and for irrigation as nutrient levels are less than the permissible level. Tropical Agricultural Research Vol. 23 (3): 277-282 (2012) DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.4038/tar.v23i3. 4665
Osteoporosis, Osteopenia and Their Associated Risk Factors among Saudi Males

Background and Objective: The majority of studies worldwide, including in Saudi Arabia, have investigated low bone mineral density (BMD) and its associated risk factors in postmenopausal women. The objectives of the current study were as follows: (1) To assess the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among Saudi men aged 50 years and older and (2) To investigate the factors associated with osteoporosis and osteopenia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1,022 Saudi men aged 50 years and older. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire that assessed sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Anthropometric parameters and biomarkers were measured. Bone densitometry was assessed using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to measure BMD levels. Results: The prevalence of osteopenia was 40.7% and the prevalence of osteoporosis was 9.3%. Based on the multi variable multinomial regression model, the factors that were significantly associated with osteopenia included low educational level and low body mass index (BMI), while the factors that were significantly associated with osteoporosis included old age, low BMI, smoking and a family history of fragility fractures. Conclusion: Low bone mass is prevalent among Saudi men and is associated with age, education, BMI, smoking and a family history of fragility fractures. Increasing the awareness of osteopenia, osteoporosis and their associated risk factors through education and community programmes will be essential in preventing the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis in the elderly population.
An Empirical Examination of Individual and System Characteristics on Enhancing E-Learning Acceptance.

Due to the continued prevalence of e-learning underutilization in Indonesia’s higher education context, this study empirically examines individual and system characteristics believed to influence students’ acceptance of e-learning systems. The proposed research model is developed to examine the influence of five characteristics of the Technology Acceptance Model using the Structural Equation Modelling technique. This study found that both individual characteristics, computer self-efficacy and internet self-efficacy, play an important role, indirectly affecting perceived intention to use e-learning. The system characteristics including learning content and technology accessibility have been found to significantly influence learners’ acceptance behaviours. Both perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were found to be significant predictors of perceived intention to use. Additionally, perceived usefulness was found to have more predictive power than perceived ease of use on behavioural intention to use. This study contributes to a better understanding of how to enhance e-learning acceptance through improvement in individual and system characteristics.
Mapping of BIM Process for Teaching Lean

Value Stream Mapping (VSM), a Lean tool and Building Information Modelling (BIM) are two contemporary approaches that aim to reduce waste and enhance collaboration in the realization of construction projects. While the principles and practices of both are found to benefit construction processes; there are limited studies that elucidate their synergies and demonstrate the value for teaching lean in construction management programs. VSM visually maps a process and identifies areas for possible improvement. However, it is directly applicable on assembly line operations in a manufacturing industry, an environment which the civil engineering students may not be familiar with, and therefore require experiential learning. To this end, the process of conversion of 2dimensional (2D) design drawings to a 3D building information model of a construction project was foremost captured through VSM technique in an experimental study consisting of 4 student teams. The action learning methodology allowed the teams to generate the current state map, identify wastes in the process and aim for an ideal future state through kaizen efforts and brainstorming sessions. The experiment helped to reinforce the VSM technique in teaching lean and allowed the students to present appropriate opportunities for improvement. Lessons learnt can further act as a stepping stone to benefit professionals in actual practice.
Seasonal Prevalence of Cholera Pathogen ( Vibrio cholerae ) in Water and Plankton Samples in the Southern Coastal Part of Bangladesh

In the present study seasonal prevalence of Vibrio cholerae, serogroup O1 and O139 (VC O1 and O139) were investigated in several water bodies of southern coastal area adjacent to the Bay of Bengal. The study revealed that the gross total counts of both VC O1 and O139 in water were 2.2×10 7 cfu/L and 5.0×10 6 cfu/L which were the highest followed by zooplankton sample with 7.0×10 5 cfu/L and 4.6×10 5 cfu/L and phytoplankton sample with 4.0×10 5 cfu/L and 3.4×105 cfu/L, respectively. It was also revealed that VC O1 counts were appeared to be higher in all types of samples than that of VC O139 throughout the investigation period and summer counts were found to be higher than that of monsoon and winter counts.
SDSS-IV MaNGA: evidence of the importance of AGN feedback in low-mass galaxies

We present new evidence for AGN feedback in a subset of 69 quenched low-mass galaxies ($M_{\star} \lesssim 5\times10^{9}$ M$_{\odot}$, $M_{\rm{r}} > -19$) selected from the first two years of the SDSS-IV MaNGA survey. The majority (85 per cent) of these quenched galaxies appear to reside in a group environment. We find 6 galaxies in our sample that appear to have an active AGN that is preventing on-going star-formation; this is the first time such a feedback mechanism has been observed in this mass range. Interestingly, five of these six galaxies have an ionised gas component that is kinematically offset from their stellar component, suggesting the gas is either recently accreted or outflowing. We hypothesise these six galaxies are low-mass equivalents to the "red geysers" observed in more massive galaxies. Of the other 63 galaxies in the sample, we find 8 do appear for have some low-level, residual star formation, or emission from hot, evolved stars. The remaining galaxies in our sample have no detectable ionised gas emission throughout their structures, consistent with them being quenched. This work shows the potential for understanding the detailed physical properties of dwarf galaxies through spatially resolved spectroscopy.
Chemical bioactivity of sponges along an environmental gradient in a Mediterranean cave

SuMMarY: The bioactivity of the most abundant sponges from three communities in a Mediterranean cave was assessed by Microtox ® assay in two seasons, spring (June) and autumn (november). We quantified bioactivity as a proxy for the investment in production of biologically active substances, and we related sponge bioactivity to growth form, growth rates, and physical contacts of each species with other species. We established a threshold for classifying a species as bioactive based on a comparison between the results of the Microtox ® and the sea urchin embryo toxicity bioassay. a total of 30 spe cies were included in the study, of which 50% were bioactive in some community or season. Significant ecological (between communities) and seasonal variation in mean bioactivity was found. When sponge bioactivity was related to sponge growth shape, it was found that the encrusting species tended to be more toxic than the non-encrusting ones. There was a negative relationship between bioactivity and sponge growth, suggesting a trade-off in energy allocation to defence and to other biological functions. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between bioactivity and positive associations with other species. These results highlight the important role of chemically-mediated interactions in cave communities.
Histopathological effects of water soluble-fraction of crude oil on liver tissue of fingerling beluga , Huso huso Linnaeus, 1754

In this study the LC50 96h values of water-soluble fractions (WSF) of the Caspian Sea – exploited crude oil were determined in beluga, Huso huso fingerlings. The fingerlings averaged 2.42 ± 0.11 g in weight were exposed to WSF crude oil at concentrations 24.75, 27, 29.25, 31.5, 33.75, 36, 38.25 ppm. The treatments were performed in three replicates and all changes in the specimens were determined for each concentration. Water quality parameters of the seawater were tested and recorded. The LC50 96h value was found to be 34.87 ppm. In the other step, the fingerling beluga was exposed to three sub-lethal concentrations (13.93, 20.92, 27.90 ppm) of WSF of the Caspian crude oil representing 40, 60 and 80% of LC50 96h respectively, and control without crude oil. All treatments and control were conducted in triplicate. Three specimens of each treatment were sampled for histological studies every day. Results revealed that the fish liver tissue of all the treatments showed histological changes, in comparison to the control after 2 days. Even if the changes in the treatment exposed to 27.90 ppm (80% LC50 96h) WSF occurred in 24h after exposure. Histopathological findings in liver included cloudy swelling, pyknotic nuclei, Karyorrhectic nuclei, fatty vacuolation, fatty degeneration, hypertrophy of hepatocyte, necrosis, hypertrophy of bile ducts, cholestasis and bile stagnation, inflammation, fibrosis and cirrosis. These alterations were more conspicuous with increasing the soluble fraction of crude oil concentrations and exposing time. The results are of importance since much attention has been paid to the oil slicks, particulate or sedimentary pollutions, instead of potential toxic effects of water-soluble fractions of oil, which are more available to marine biota.
Recycling of Zircaloy Machining Chips by VAR Remelting and Powder Metallurgy Techniques

In the fabrication of nuclear reactor core parts, machining chips of Zircaloy are generated. These alloys are strategic for nuclear technology and cannot be discarded. In the present work are presented two methods for recycling of Zircaloy chips. One of the methods is by melting in VAR furnace and the other by powder metallurgy method. By this method the Zircaloy was submitted to hydriding process and milled in a high-energy ball mill. The powder was cold isostatically pressed and vacuum sintered. The elemental composition of the samples obtained by both ways was determined by XRF and compared to the specifications. The phase composition was determined by XRD. The microstructures resulting of both processing methods, before and after rolling were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The good results of the powder metallurgy method suggest the possibility of producing small parts, like cladding cap-ends, using near net shape sintering.
Effect of cooking methods on chemical composition , quality and cook loss of camel muscle ( Longissimus dorsi ) in comparison with veal

Camels are resistant to severe and dry weather conditions and their potential for meat production in such a situation are unique. However, despite the ability of camel meat to supply nutritional deficiencies (such as iron deficiency), it seems that replacement of veal with camel meat can be cheaper source for providing protein, minerals and energy. On the other hand, excessive consumption of fat and cholesterol associated with the overconsumption of meat and meat products has been linked to health risks such as cardiovascular disease; camel meat can therefore, be considered functionally superior because its fat and cholesterol are lower than those of veal. In this study, Longissimus dorsi muscle samples from camels and cows between the ages of one and three ages were selected and studied. Both types of meat were treated under three thermal treatmentsmicrowave, roasting and braisingand proximate analysis and measurement of elements and cook loss were compared with veal. Samples that had undergone each heat treatment were compared with a raw sample as control. The results showed that cook loss affected all studied traits (chemical analysis and elements) and all of them increased after cooking except sodium and iron which showed no significant difference (p < 0.01).
The laminar generalized Stokes layer and turbulent drag reduction

This paper considers plane channel flow modified by waves of spanwise velocity applied at the wall and travelling along the streamwise direction. Both laminar and turbulent regimes for the streamwise flow are studied. When the streamwise flow is laminar, it is unaffected by the spanwise flow induced by the waves. This flow is a thin, unsteady and streamwise-modulated boundary layer that can be expressed in terms of the Airy function of the first kind. We name it the generalized Stokes layer because it reduces to the classical oscillating Stokes layer in the limit of infinite wave speed. When the streamwise flow is turbulent, the laminar generalized Stokes layer solution describes well the space-averaged turbulent spanwise flow, provided that the phase speed of the waves is sufficiently different from the turbulent convection velocity, and that the time scale of the forcing is smaller than the life time of the near-wall turbulent structures. Under these conditions, the drag reduction is found to scale with the Stokes layer thickness, which renders the laminar solution instrumental for the analysis of the turbulent flow. A classification of the turbulent flow regimes induced by the waves is presented by comparing parameters related to the forcing conditions with the space and time scales of the turbulent flow.
Comparison of two evaluation methods for feet and leg conformation traits at 100 days of age in replacement gilts

Replacement gilt feet and leg conformation traits were evaluated using subjective and objective evaluation techniques at 100-d of age to determine the association between the two methods. Crossbred Large White × Landrace gilts (n = 641) were used for this study. Gilts (n = 72) were moved on a weekly basis for 9 weeks to a development unit at 77-d of age. Within each group, 24 gilts were randomly allotted to 3 pens such that littermates and gilts originating from the same parity sows were distributed evenly among pens. At approximately 100-d of age, gilts were weighed and front and rear legs and pasterns were subjectively scored using a five-point scale. Due to low frequency of subjective scores one and five, values were re-classified as ≤2, 3 and ≥4. Additionally, joint angles were measured for the knee, front and rear pasterns and hock using objective methodology. Association was evaluated between corresponding subjective and objective evaluation scores using a Mann-Whitney U-test. The majority of gilts received score 3 during the subjective scoring for the front and rear leg angulations (86% and 76% of gilts, respectively) and for the front pasterns (85%). For the rear pasterns, 56% of gilts received score 3 and 40% received score 4. Mean angles for the knee, front and rear pasterns and hock were 157.6 ± 6.1, 51.5 ± 6.7, 55.5 ± 6.15 and 137.9 ± 6.9, respectively. An association between both evaluation methods was observed for the front and rear pasterns (P < 0.05) and a tendency of association was observed between evaluation methods for front leg angulation and knee joint angle (P = 0.06) and for rear leg angulation and hock joint angle (P = 0.06). From the generalized linear model, knee joint angles tended (P = 0.06) to be 2 degrees less in gilts receiving scores ≤2 for front leg angulation when compared with gilts receiving higher scores. Front pastern and hock joint angles were 4 and 2 degrees greater (P < 0.05) in gilts receiving a score ≥4 for front pastern and rear leg angulation when compared with gilts receiving lower scores. Rear pastern joint angles were 3 degrees less (P < 0.05) in gilts receiving scores 3 for rear pasterns when compared with gilts receiving other scores. Association between the scoring methods shows that the scoring systems are comparable. However, greater variation amongst objective measures is potentially more beneficial in identifying structural deficiencies earlier in life as opposed to subjective measures, as the variation could be exploited in an effective selection program.
The Impact of Innovation on Customer Satisfaction and Brand loyalty: A Study of the Students of Faisalabad

The competition within the mobile market is increasing day by day in Pakistan. The rapid changes in the technology are the challenge for the companies to satisfy the customers and to get their loyalty through innovative products. Purpose of this study is to investigate the benefits (customer satisfaction and loyalty) and cost (customer dissatisfaction) associated with innovation. These benefits and costs are investigated through analysing the relationship between the innovation, customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. The hypothesis was developed through literature review and data was collected through questionnaire from 85 university students, received questionnaires were tested through simple linear regression and correlation for appropriate findings. The results described the significant relationship of innovation with customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. This also showed significant relationship between the customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. The studies on mobile market in Pakistan are conducted at minor level and this study has uniqueness in investigation only students as a mobile users market. This provides the way to marketers in targeting a specific class of mobile consumers, a way to conduct the research on the bases of these variables in other classes of mobile users.
Role of forest-origin coarse particulate organic matter for the brackish water amphipod Anisogammarus pugettensis

We assessed how litter piles (i.e., terrestrial leaves and twigs) in the river mouth act as a refuge for the marine amphipod (Anisogammarus pugettensis) from predation. We compared the survival rates of A. pugettensis under predation pressure from flounder (Pleuronectes schrenki) using different organic debris particle size classes and different amounts of debris (batch sizes). Particle size classes were � 10, 10‐50, and 50� mm, which were supplied in 0-, 5-, or 50-g batches. After 24 h, A. pugettensis survival was higher in larger batches of debris regardless of particle size. In addition, we conducted feeding experiments using kelp and terrestrial leaves as food resources for A. pugettensis in June and October 2005 to estimate the usage of these food resources. Although A. pugettensis that were fed only terrestrial leaves exhibited negative growth rates, carbon stable isotope analysis in both experimental seasons indicated that terrestrial leaves were part of the A. pugettensis diet. From these experiments, we concluded that terrestrial leaves are occasionally used as a food resource by A. pugettensis, although their principal role is as a refuge.
The Validity of Okun’s Law, Case of Jordan

The main aim of this study is to empirically examine ,investigate and test the relationship between unemployment rate and economic growth within Jordanian economy over the period of time (1982-2016), in order to examine the validity of Okun’s law, which suggests a negative relationship between unemployment rate and economic growth, several economic methods are employed by using descriptive statistics, as well as some econometric tests, in order to analyze the variables under study . The empirical results of this study show a negative relationship between unemployment and GDP in the period 1982-2016 in Jordanian economy, which is consistent with Okun’s law. In other word, this study offered an additional empirical evidence to confirm the validity of the Okun’s law in the case of Jordan over the period 1982-2016.So any attempt to increase economic growth through some economic policies such as expansion in spending would reduce unemployment rate, where the Okun’s coefficient of GDP with respect to unemployment rate is- 0.004, such that an increase of 100 million Jordanian Dinars in the Real GDP will cause 40% decrease in the unemployment rate, which is about half percent in unemployment rate in the next. The findings of this thesis may help economists and policymakers when adapting policies in order to adjust unemployment level in the economy.