Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Directed Technological Change & Cross-Country Income Differences: A Quantitative Analysis

Abstract Understanding international income differences requires measuring supplies of multiple production factors and their productivity. Recent work suggests that heterogeneous workers should be treated as imperfect substitutes. Using a model of endogenous directed technological change and a new data set on labor force composition we construct productivity for workers in three skill categories for 63 countries from 1910 to 2010 (up to 83 additional countries for 1950–2010). Rich countries use all skill categories more efficiently. Poor countries have a large technology adoption wedge, which prevents them from using low-skill labor more efficiently. Reducing the technology adoption wedges would have a much larger impact on standards of living than skill upgrading of the workforce.
VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE COVARIANCE MATRIX ESTIMATION

This paper proposes a vector autoregressive (VAR) spectral estimation procedure for constructing heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) covariance matrices. We establish the consistency of the VARHAC estimator under general conditions similar to those considered in previous research, and we demonstrate that this estimator converges at a faster rate than the kernel-based estimators proposed by Andrews and Monahan (1992) and Newey and West (1994). In finite samples, Monte Carlo simulation experiments indicate that the VARHAC estimator matches, and in some cases greatly exceeds, the performance of the prewhitened kernel estimator proposed by Andrews and Monahan (1992). These simulation experiments also illustrate several important limitations of kernel-based HAC estimation procedures, and highlight the advantages of explicitly modeling the temporal properties of the error terms.
Modeling Cockpit Interface Usage During Lunar Landing Redesignation

Fulfilling NASA’s space exploration objectives requires precision landing to reach lunar sites of interest. During the approach and landing stages, a landing point redesignation (LPR) display will provide information to the crew regarding the characteristics of alternate touchdown points. Building on a previous study which examined crew tasks during LPR but did not account for the specialized behavior of experts, this investigation will present a new task sequence model, specific to expert decision-making. This analysis furthers the development of a predictive task execution model, which is used to test the efficacy of alternate information display and operator actuator design concepts. The task model and cockpit display recommendations presented in this study provide a significant improvement in LPR task execution time. This paper examines the task sequence during lunar landing, describes the predictive task execution process model, and recommends cockpit display requirements for effective decision making.
Integral field spectroscopy of H ii region complexes: the outer disc of NGC 6946

Integral field spectroscopy obtained with the Potsdam Multi-Aperture Spectrophotometer Fiber Package (PPak) and the 3.5-m telescope at the Calar Alto Observatory has been used to study an outer H II region complex in the well-studied galaxy NGC 6946. This technique provides detailed maps of the region in different emission lines, yielding spatially resolved information about the physical properties of the gas. The configuration was chosen to cover the whole spectrum from 3600 up to 10 000 angstrom, allowing the measurement of the near-infrared [S III] lines. We selected four luminous knots to perform a detailed integrated spectroscopic analysis of these structures and of the whole PPak field of view (FOV). For all the knots the electron density has been found to be very similar and below 100 cm(-3). The [O III] electron temperature was measured in knots A, B, C and in the integrated PPak field, and was found to be around 8000 K. The temperatures of [O II] and [S III] were estimated in the four cases. The elemental abundances computed from the 'direct method' are typical of high-metallicity disc H II regions, with a mean value of 12+log(O/H)= 8.65, comparable to what has been found in this galaxy by other authors for regions at similar galactocentric distance. Therefore a remarkable abundance uniformity is found despite the different excitations found throughout the nebula. However, due to the quality of the data, the electron temperatures and metallicities obtained have associated errors comparable to the typical dispersion found in empirical calibrations. Wolf-Rayet (WR) features have been detected in three of the knots, leading to a derived total number of WR stars of 125, 22 and 5 for knots A, C and B, respectively. The ratios of the numbers of WR to O stars are consistent with the prediction of Starburst99 for individual bursts with an age about 4Myr. Knot D, with no WR features, shows weak H alpha emission, low excitation and the lowest H beta equivalent width, all of which points to a more evolved state. The integrated spectrum of the whole PPak FOV shows high excitation and a relatively evolved age that does not correspond to the individual knot evolutionary stages. Some effects associated with the loss of spatial resolution are also evidenced by the higher ionizing temperature that is deduced from the eta' parameter measured in the integrated PPak spectrum with respect to that of the individual knots.
Aerobic and anaerobic microbial populations in no-till and plowed soils

Surface soils from long-term tillage comparison experiments at six U.S. locations were characterized for aerobic and anaerobic microbial populations and denitrification potential using an in situ acetylene blockage technique. Measurements of soil water content, bulk density, and relative differences in pH, NO-N, water-soluble C, and total C and N contents between tillage treatments were also determined at the time of sampling. Numbers of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms in surface (0–75 mm) no-till soils averaged 1.35 to 1.41 and 1.27 to 1.31 times greater, respectively, than in surface-plowed soils. Bulk density, volumetric water content, water-filled pore space, and water-soluble C and organic C and N values were similarly greater for surface no-till soils compared to conventionally tilled soils. Deeper in the soil (75–300 mm), however, aerobic microbial populations were significantly greater in conventionally tilled soils. In contrast, below 150 mm, the numbers of anaerobic microorganisms differed little between tillage treatments. In no-till soils, however, these organisms were found to comprise a greater proportion of the total bacterial population than in conventionally tilled soils. Measurements of the denitrification potential from soils at three locations generally followed the observed differences in anaerobic microbial populations. Denitrifying activity, after irrigation with 15 mm of water, was substantially greater in surface 0- to 75-mm no-till soils than in conventionally tilled soils at all locations. At the 75- to 150-mm soil depth, however, the denitrification potential in conventionally tilled soils was the same or higher than that of no-till soils. In surface no-till soils, increased numbers of anaerobic microorganisms and a substantially greater denitrification potential, following irrigation, indicate the presence of less-aerobic conditions in comparison to conventionally tilled soils. This condition appears to result from greater soil bulk densities and/or water contents of no-till soils, which act to increase water-filled porosity and the potential for water to act as a barrier to the diffusion of oxygen through the soil profile.
Holography and hydrodynamics with weakly broken symmetries

Hydrodynamics is a theory of long-range excitations controlled by equations of motion that encode the conservation of a set of currents (energy, momentum, charge, etc.) associated with explicitly realized global symmetries. If a system possesses additional weakly broken symmetries, the low-energy hydrodynamic degrees of freedom also couple to a few other "approximately conserved" quantities with parametrically long relaxation times. It is often useful to consider such approximately conserved operators and corresponding new massive modes within the low-energy effective theory, which we refer to as quasihydrodynamics. Examples of quasihydrodynamics are numerous, with the most transparent among them hydrodynamics with weakly broken translational symmetry. Here, we show how a number of other theories, normally not thought of in this context, can also be understood within a broader framework of quasihydrodynamics: in particular, the M\"uller-Israel-Stewart theory and magnetohydrodynamics coupled to dynamical electric fields. While historical formulations of quasihydrodynamic theories were typically highly phenomenological, here, we develop a holographic formalism to systematically derive such theories from a (microscopic) dual gravitational description. Beyond laying out a general holographic algorithm, we show how the M\"uller-Israel-Stewart theory can be understood from a dual higher-derivative gravity theory and magnetohydrodynamics from a dual theory with two-form bulk fields. In the latter example, this allows us to unambiguously demonstrate the existence of dynamical photons in the holographic description of magnetohydrodynamics.
The Role of Trust in the Post-Acquisition Integration Process : A Case Survey

Stahl, Günter and Larsson, Rikard and Kremershof, Ina and Sitkin, Sim B. (2011) Trust Dynamics in Acquisitions: A Case Survey. Human Resource Management, 50 (5). pp. 575-603. ISSN 0090-4848 This version is available at: https://epub.wu. ac.at/3612/ Available in ePubWU: August 2012 ePubWU, the institutional repository of the WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, is provided by the University Library and the IT-Services. The aim is to enable open access to the scholarly output of the WU. This document is an early version circulated as work in progress. There are major differences between this and the publisher version, so readers are advised the check the publisher version before citing.
Local interactions, dispersal, and native and exotic plant diversity along a California stream

Although the species pool, dispersal, and local interactions all influence species diversity, their relative importance is debated. I examined their importance in controlling the number of native and exotic plant species occupying tussocks formed by the sedge Carex nudata along a California stream. Of particular interest were the factors underlying a downstream increase in plant diversity and biological invasions. I conducted seed addition experiments and manipulated local diversity and cover to evaluate the degree to which tussocks saturate with species, and to examine the roles of local competitive processes, abiotic factors, and seed supply in controlling the system-wide patterns. Seeds of three native and three exotic plants sown onto experimentally assembled tussock communities less successfully established on tussocks with a greater richness of resident plants. Nonetheless, even the most diverse tussocks were somewhat colonized, suggesting that tussocks are not completely saturated with species. Similarly, in an experiment where I sowed seeds onto natural tussocks along the river, colonization increased two- to three-fold when I removed the resident species. Even on intact tussocks, however, seed addition increased diversity, indicating that the tussock assemblages are seed limited. Colonization success on cleared and uncleared tussocks increased downstream from km 0 to km 3 of the study site, but showed no trends from km 3 to km 8. This suggests that while abiotic and biotic features of the tussocks may control the increase in diversity and invasions from km 0 to km 3, similar increases from km 3 to km 8 are more likely explained by potential downstream increases in seed supply. The effective water dispersal of seed mimics and prevailingly downstream winds indicated that dispersal most likely occurs in a downstream direction. These results suggest that resident species diversity, competitive interactions, and seed supply similarly influence the colonization of native and exotic species.
A spatiotemporal analysis of the relationship between near‐surface air temperature and satellite land surface temperatures using 17 years of data from the ATSR series

The relationship between satellite land surface temperature (LST) and ground‐based observations of 2 m air temperature (T2m) is characterized in space and time using >17 years of data. The analysis uses a new monthly LST climate data record (CDR) based on the Along‐Track Scanning Radiometer series, which has been produced within the European Space Agency GlobTemperature project (http://www.globtemperature.info/). Global LST‐T2m differences are analyzed with respect to location, land cover, vegetation fraction, and elevation, all of which are found to be important influencing factors. LSTnight (~10 P.M. local solar time, clear‐sky only) is found to be closely coupled with minimum T2m (Tmin, all‐sky) and the two temperatures generally consistent to within ±5°C (global median LSTnight‐Tmin = 1.8°C, interquartile range = 3.8°C). The LSTday (~10 A.M. local solar time, clear‐sky only)‐maximum T2m (Tmax, all‐sky) variability is higher (global median LSTday‐Tmax = −0.1°C, interquartile range = 8.1°C) because LST is strongly influenced by insolation and surface regime. Correlations for both temperature pairs are typically >0.9 outside of the tropics. The monthly global and regional anomaly time series of LST and T2m—which are completely independent data sets—compare remarkably well. The correlation between the data sets is 0.9 for the globe with 90% of the CDR anomalies falling within the T2m 95% confidence limits. The results presented in this study present a justification for increasing use of satellite LST data in climate and weather science, both as an independent variable, and to augment T2m data acquired at meteorological stations.
Chromian spi nels from the Magura Unit ( West ern Carpathians , East ern Slovakia ) – their petro gen etic and palaeogeographic im pli ca tions

De tri tal chromian spi nels in sed i men tary rocks pro vide much in for ma tion con cern ing the tec ton ics of their pa ren tal ultrabasic rocks. Chromian spi nels oc cur ring in the Eocene to Oligocene de pos its from the Magura Nappe were ex am ined to pro vide some con straints on the his tory of the Magura Ba sin. The Magura Nappe is a part of the Flysch Belt be long ing to the Ex ter nal West ern Carpathians. The Magura Nappe is sep a rated by a nar row zone as so ci ated with the Pieniny Klippen Belt and is di vided into three prin ci pal tectono-lithofacies units (from the S to N): the Krynica, Bystrica and Raèa units. Cr-spinel is a com mon ac ces sory min eral (2.3–5.9 vol% of heavy min eral spec tra) in the siliciclastic rocks of the Raèa and Krynica units. In terms of tex ture and chem i cal com po si tion, two types of Cr-spi nels were rec og nized: un al tered and al tered. Un al tered spi nels were found to con tain sil i cate in clu sions such as chromio-par ga site, en sta tite, di op side, par ga site, plagioclase and ol iv ine (for ster ite). The chromian spi nels show wide vari a tions in compositional pa ram e ters such as Cr# (0.3–0.7), Mg# (0.3–0.7), TiO2 (<0.03–1.9 wt.%) and Fe /Fe (2.5–13) whereas the dif fer ences be tween the Raèa and Krynica units are in sig nif i cant. These pa ram e ters sug gest a peridotitic and vol ca nic or i gin of the spi nels, re spec tively. The ophiolite source con sist ing of harzburgitic man tle peri dot ites was de vel oped mainly in a su pra-subduction zone set ting; vol ca nic spi nels in di cate an or i gin in mid-ocean ridge bas alts, back-arc ba sin bas alts and spo rad i cally in ocean-is land bas alts. Con cern ing their geo chem i cal fea tures, we pro pose that dur ing the Eocene to Early Oligocene, the ophiolitic de tri tus in the east ern part of the Magura Ba sin de pos its may have been de rived from a source area lo cated in the Fore-Marmarosh Su ture Zone (East ern Carpathians) that is con sid ered an equiv a lent of the Black Flysch and Ceahlau units. Some Cr-spi nels found in the Eocene sed i men tary suc ces sions may have resedimented from older Late Cre ta ceous-Paleocene for ma tions of the Magura Unit, which are con sid ered as re worked sed i men tary ma te rial from the Pieniny Klippen Belt.
Thermodynamics of black holes

Black holes appear to conform to a very straightforward generalisation of standard laboratory thermodynamics. This generalised theory is examined in detail, and some concrete results are presented. The thermodynamic connection is based on Hawking's application of quantum theory to black holes, and the quantum aspects are described in detail from several standpoints, both heuristic and otherwise. The precise mechanism by which the black hole produces thermal radiation, its nature and origin, and the energetics of back-reaction on the hole are reviewed. The thermal states of quantum holes are also treated using the theory of thermal Green functions, and the entropy of the hole is shown to be related to the loss of information about the quantum states hidden behind the event horizon. Some related topics such as accelerated mirrors and observers in Minkowski space, super-radiance from rotating holes and the thermodynamics of general self-gravitating systems are also briefly discussed.
Improved quantum cost for n-bit Toffoli gates

An n-bit Toffoli gate quantum circuit based on the realisation proposed by Barenco et al., where some of the Toffoli gates in their construction are replaced with Peres gates, is presented. This results in a significant cost reduction. The main contribution of this presentation is a quantum circuit which simulates the (m+1)-bit Toffoli gate with 32m−120 elementary quantum gates and one garbage bit which is passed unchanged.
Skill Bias, Trade, and Wage Dispersion

Skill-biased technical change and trade integration have both been indicated to be the cause of the wide increase in wage inequality in U.S. in the last 50 years. This paper shows in a simple uni�ed framework why both mechanisms can reproduce the observed pattern of wage dispersion. Intra-fi�rm rent distribution can be used to disentangle these causes.
Developing antimicrobial medicinal plants pocketbook based on local wisdom of Muko-Muko and Serawai ethnics

The using of teaching materials based on local wisdom is still limited. This study aimed to develop a pocketbook based on research results of antimicrobial medicinal plants from Muko-muko and Serawai ethnics as supplementary teaching materials for senior high school students. This study was Research and Development (R&D) model by Sugiyono that consisted of five stages, namely: potential and problems analysis, data collection, product design, design validation, and design correction. The designed pocketbook was validated by learning source expert and material expert. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical descriptive (percentage). The validation data score from learning source expert was 93.4% and material expert was 98.86% which were recognized as ‘very good’. Thus the developed pocketbook is valid as a supplementary teaching materials in biology learning for senior high school.
The role of APRIL in immunity and tumorigenicity

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On Interpreting the Effects of Repetition : Solving a Problem Versus Remembering a Solution

When a problem is repeated. the later presentation of the problem sometimes results in the subject responding by remembenng the solution rather than by going through.the operations that would otherwise be necessary to solve the problem. The means of obtaining the solution is shown to influence subsequent retention performance: retention of the solution suffers if it has been obtained by remembenng rather than by solving the problem. The distinction between solving a problem and remembenng a solution is used in an account of the etTect of spacing repetitions and other standard memory phenomena. The relevance of the distinction to tasks such as word perception is also discussed.
Numerical Investigation of 3-D Separation: DNS, LES and URANS

Abstract : For Navy relevant geometries, separation of wall bounded flows is a highly complex phenomenon. The combination of three-dimensionality and unsteadiness results in a highly complex time-dependent topology of the separated region. In a combined numerical/experimental effort we investigated laminar separation bubbles in external flows. We employed highly-resolved direct numerical simulations to obtain a deeper understanding of the various physical mechanism governing separation, transition, and reattachment. We also carried out and hybrid RANS/LES simulations for a turbulent square-duct and the Stanford University asymmetric diffuser.
1 Gene Regulatory Divergence Between Locally Adapted Ecotypes in Their Native Habitats 1 2 3

Gene Regulatory Divergence Between Locally Adapted Ecotypes in Their Native Habitats 1 2 3 Billie A. Goulda, Yani Chena, David B. Lowrya,b,c,* 4 5 aDepartment of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA 6 bProgram in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East 7 Lansing, MI 48824, USA 8 cPlant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 9 10