Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Somatic mosaicism in the central nervous system in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 and machado‐joseph disease

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 and Machado‐Joseph disease are two autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias caused by expansions of unstable CAG repeats in the coding region of the causative genes. The selectivity of cell death and the resulting characteristic neuropathological features in each of these diseases are not explained by the gene expression patterns. Since the repeat size correlates with age at onset and severity of these diseases, somatic mosaicims, the result of mitotic instability of the CAG repeat, could be the basis for specificity of neurodegeneration; brain structures with larger expanded repeats would be more severely affected. To study the association between neuropathological changes and somatic mosaicism of the CAG repeat size in the central nervous system of patients with these two ataxias, we determined the size of the (CAG)n expansion in 20 different regions of the brain, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord from 3 patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 and 3 with Machado‐Joseph disease; these regions were selected for their differential neuropathological involvement in the two disorders. We observed a considerable homogeneity of repeat size ranges in all but 1 of the 20 regions examined: The cerebellar cortex showed slightly smaller (CAG)n tracts in all specimens from both groups of patients. Our results suggest that the pattern of repeat size mosaicism, similar in spinocereballar ataxia type 1 and Machado‐Joseph disease, reflects the developmental pathways and cell composition of different central nervous system regions and is not the cause of selective cell death in these disorders.
Amplification and Overexpression of MDM2 in Primary (de novo) Glioblastomas

Glioblastoma multiforme (WHO Grade IV), the most malignant neoplasm of the human nervous system, develops rapidly de novo (primary glioblastoma) or through progression from low-grade or anaplastic astrocytoma (secondary glioblastoma). We recently reported that mutations of the p53 gene are present in more than two-thirds of secondary glioblastomas but rarely occur in primary glioblastomas, suggesting the presence of different genetic pathways (Watanabe et al, Brain Pathol 1996; 6:217–24). In the present study, primary and secondary glioblastomas were screened by immunohistochemistry for MDM2 overexpression and by differential PCR for gene amplification. Tumor cells immunoreactive to MDM2 were found in 15 of 29 primary glioblastomas (52%), but in only 3 of 27 secondary glioblastomas (11%; P=0.0015). MDM2 amplification occurred in 2 primary (7%) glioblastomas but in none of the secondary glioblastomas. Only one out of 15 primary glioblastomas overexpressing MDM2 contained a p53 mutation. These results suggest that MDM2 overexpression with or without gene amplification constitutes a molecular mechanism of escape from p53-regulated growth control, operative in the evolution of primary glioblastomas that typically lack p53 mutations.
Is the Relationship between Pattern Recall and Decision-Making Influenced by Anticipatory Recall?

The present study compared traditional measures of pattern recall to measures of anticipatory recall and decision-making to examine the underlying mechanisms of expert pattern perception and to address methodological limitations in previous studies where anticipatory recall has generally been overlooked. Recall performance in expert and novice basketball players was measured by examining the spatial error in recalling player positions both for a target image (traditional recall) and at 40-ms increments following the target image (anticipatory recall). Decision-making performance was measured by comparing the participant's response to those identified by a panel of expert coaches. Anticipatory recall was observed in the recall task and was significantly more pronounced for the experts, suggesting that traditional methods of spatial recall analysis may not have provided a completely accurate determination of the full magnitude of the experts' superiority. Accounting for anticipatory recall also increased the relative contribution of recall skill to decision-making accuracy although the gains in explained variance were modest and of debatable functional significance.
An approximated 3-D model of cylinder-shaped piezoceramic elements for transducer design

In this paper an approximated 3-D model of cylinder shaped piezoceramics is described. In the hypothesis of axial symmetry, the element vibration in the extensional and radial directions is described by two coupled differential wave equations. The model is obtained choosing, as solution of these equations, two orthogonal wave functions, each depending only on one axis, corresponding to the propagation direction. The mechanical boundary conditions are applied imposing continuity between the stresses and the external forces on the surfaces of the element in an integral way, while, as far as the electrical boundary condition is concerned, two possibilities are explored: to neglect the piezoelectric constant in the transverse direction and to impose an integral condition also for the electric field. Comparisons with experimental results show this last approach to give better results. The model predicts with sufficient accuracy only the first radial and the first thickness modes of the cylinder-shaped piezoceramic element of arbitrary aspect ratio; but, for these modes, it is able to compute all the relations between the input applied voltage and the output forces and velocities on every external surface. Because only these two modes are of relevance in the practical applications of piezoceramic elements as ultrasonic transducers, the model can be used as a simple and useful tool in transducer design and optimization. Experimental validations of the model are also shown in the work.
Temperament traits, coping style and trauma symptoms in HIV+ men and women

Abstract This article presents a study of relations between temperament traits and coping style, and intensity of trauma symptoms in HIV+ men and women. The study was run on 310 HIV + individuals (157 men and 153 women) in or not in the AIDS phase. Temperament traits were assessed with the Formal characteristics of behaviour – temperament inventory. Coping styles were assessed with the Coping inventory for stressful situations. Intensity of trauma symptoms was assessed with the Factorial version of the post-traumatic stress disorder inventory. Coping style had the greatest effect on intensity of trauma symptoms. Emotion-focused coping accounted for 13% of the variance of trauma symptom intensity in HIV + participants. Together, sensory sensibility, emotional reactivity and emotion-focused coping accounted for 26% of the variance of trauma intensity symptoms. Emotion-focused coping and emotional reactivity were conducive to increased trauma symptom intensity in HIV+ participants whereas sensory sensibility tended to reduce symptom intensity.
Independence of Short- and Long-Term Memory: A Neural System Analysis

Rats were given electrical stimulation to the midbrain reticular formation or to the hippocampus 4 seconds after they received shocks contingent on the animals' bar-press responses. They were retested for memory of the shocks 64 seconds or 24 hours after the shocks. The animals that received stimulation to the midbrain reticular formation showed amnesia at the 64-second retest and memory at the 24-hour retest. In contrast, animals that received stimulation to the hippocampus showed memory at the 64-second retest and amnesia at the 24-hour retest. The data support a dual, parallel-processing model of memory.
Translating style and styles of translating: Henry James and Edgar Allan Poe in Catalan

This article aims to examine the relationship between style and translation from two complementary perspectives: how the style of original texts fares in translation and how the style of individual translators or groups of translators sharing a common poetics becomes visible in their translated work. The first aspect is illustrated through an analysis of transitivity patterns in a passage from Henry James’s ‘The Turn of the Screw’, and of deviations from those patterns in two Catalan translations of the story. As to the second, the focus is on the notion of structural calque as displayed by the work of two prominent Catalan translators, Josep Carner and Carles Riba. Riba’s tendency to calque in his translation of Poe’s ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’ is broken down into two aspects of structure: word order and transitivity.
The organization of the pudendal nerve in the male and female rat

Mature male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats were used in this study to compare the organization of the pudendal nerve in the two sexes. Experiments included (1) incubating the cut pudendal nerve in diamidino‐2‐phenylindole HCl (DAPI), fast blue (FB), or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and (2) injecting individual perineal muscles with these substances. In both sexes, incubation of the pudendal nerve labelled two motoneuron nuclei in the L5‐L6 segments of the spinal cord. These nuclei are the dorsomedial (DM) and dorsolateral (DL) cell columns described by Schrϕder (J. Comp. Neurol. 192:567–587, 1980). In agreement with previous studies, there were significantly more neurons in both nuclei in the male than in the female and the neurons were larger in the male. In both sexes, the DL and DM nuclei were characterized by a longitudinal dendritic structure. The DM nucleus also had numerous dendritic bundles extending across the midline, linking the DM nuclei bilaterally.
Prospective comparison of POSSUM and P‐POSSUM with clinical assessment of mortality following emergency surgery

Background: Tools to accurately estimate the risk of death following emergency surgery are useful adjuncts to informed consent and clinical decisions. This prospective study compared the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the Enumeration of Mortality and Morbidity (POSSUM) and Portsmouth POSSUM (P‐POSSUM) scoring systems with clinical judgement in predicting mortality from emergency surgery.
Prediction of postoperative seroma after latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction.

BACKGROUND The latissimus dorsi flap has become a first-line option in reconstruction of the breast cancer patient. Donor-site seroma is a commonly described postoperative complication of the latissimus dorsi flap. METHODS A retrospective chart review from 1998 to 2003 of all patients undergoing latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction was performed (n = 50). Age of the patients, timing of breast reconstruction, type of nodal dissection (axillary versus sentinel versus none), and chemotherapy status of the patients were examined. RESULTS The overall incidence of seroma formation was 47 percent. Those patients who had undergone prior or concurrent nodal dissection at the time of breast reconstruction were found to have a higher incidence of seroma formation than patients who had no nodal dissection (52 percent versus 25 percent) (p = 0.15). Age also was a risk factor for seroma formation, as 63 percent of patients older than 50 had formed seroma as compared with 39 percent of those younger than age 50 (p = 0.08). CONCLUSION The authors conclude that advanced age and the presence of nodal disruption before or concurrent with latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction are predictors of donor-site seroma formation.
Solar panel-space plasma interaction studies in India

ISRO, India's satellite builder and service provider is seized of the importance and damage potential of the charging and arcing phenomenon occurring in its solar arrays due to the space plasma environment. ISRO has joined hands with IPR, India's knowledge house in the field of plasma physics to study the interaction between space plasma and spacecraft elements. Independent modeling and experimental studies were initiated. At present a state of the art experimental facility complying with the relevant ISO standard has been built and commissioned. Several experimental simulations have been carried out and important conclusions have been drawn from the test results. It is proposed to continue this effort and diversify into new and related areas of research. It is also planned to involve academia in the country for the next phase of research and also offer services to the international satellite builders.
IL-33-dependent type 2 inflammation during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations in vivo.

RATIONALE Rhinoviruses are the major cause of asthma exacerbations; however, its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the epithelial cell-derived cytokine IL-33 plays a central role in exacerbation pathogenesis through augmentation of type 2 inflammation. OBJECTIVES To assess whether rhinovirus induces a type 2 inflammatory response in asthma in vivo and to define a role for IL-33 in this pathway. METHODS We used a human experimental model of rhinovirus infection and novel airway sampling techniques to measure IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 levels in the asthmatic and healthy airways during a rhinovirus infection. Additionally, we cultured human T cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) with the supernatants of rhinovirus-infected bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) to assess type 2 cytokine production in the presence or absence of IL-33 receptor blockade. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 are all induced by rhinovirus in the asthmatic airway in vivo and relate to exacerbation severity. Further, induction of IL-33 correlates with viral load and IL-5 and IL-13 levels. Rhinovirus infection of human primary BECs induced IL-33, and culture of human T cells and ILC2s with supernatants of rhinovirus-infected BECs strongly induced type 2 cytokines. This induction was entirely dependent on IL-33. CONCLUSIONS IL-33 and type 2 cytokines are induced during a rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbation in vivo. Virus-induced IL-33 and IL-33-responsive T cells and ILC2s are key mechanistic links between viral infection and exacerbation of asthma. IL-33 inhibition is a novel therapeutic approach for asthma exacerbations.
On the Road, Looking for Signposts to Tolerance: Making Progress or Spinning Wheels?

The development of platforms to interrogate multigene expression in tissues and cells quickly led to intense efforts to identify gene signatures associated with T celland antibody-mediated acute and chronic kidney allograft injury. A logical extension of these studies was the possibility that gene signatures associated with ‘‘operational tolerance,’’ commonly defined as the maintenance of normal graft function and histology in the complete absence of immunosuppression for at least 1 year, could be identified. While easily attained in animal models, discovery of a tolerance signature in human transplant recipients has been challenged by the requirement for appropriate test and control populations. Particularly for kidney transplant recipients among whom operational tolerance is thought to be exceedingly rare, sufficient numbers is a substantial obstacle. Commonly utilized but flawed control populations include kidney transplant recipients who either have stable or poor allograft function but are taking immunosuppression, or healthy controls.
E-health application over 5G using Content-Centric networking (CCN)

Beginning with the recent availability of wireless medical sensor prototype and growing, the need for E-health care application record databases, we analyze the requirement of a unified communication framework over a fifth generation network. The introduction of the Internet of things (IoT) and latest developments or improvements in E-health, pointed towards the fifth generation (5G) paradigm of health care application and services. This paper proposes Content-Centric networking based framework over 5G as the primary enabler for E-health applications. If users of wireless body area network (WBAN) use IP network, they face many issues such as packet loss, security etc. So, Content-Centric network (CCN) is proposed to solve such problems with exploitation many advantages like efficient resource management, scalability, reduction of traffic and security. CCN router has the caching capability to cache the contents. In this way, users of CCN-based WBAN do not need to directly connect with the hospital server to access patient data. Further, we propose a protocol stack for 5G-CCN WBAN to provide a secure, efficient and reliable E-health application services to meet the required needs of the current IP protocol stack and IoT devices.
Parent-child discrepancies in the report of adolescent emotional and behavioral problems in Taiwan

The majority of studies on parent-child discrepancies in the assessment of adolescent emotional and behavioral problems have been conducted in Western countries. It is believed that parent-adolescent agreement would be higher in societies with a strong culture of familism. We examined whether parent-adolescent discrepancies in the rating of adolescent emotional and behavioral problems are related to parental and family factors in Taiwan. Participants included 1,421 child-parent pairs of 7th-grade students from 12 middle schools in Northern Taiwan and their parents. We calculated Pearson’s correlation coefficients to assess the relationship between parental (Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL) and adolescent (Youth Self Report, YSR) report of emotional/behavioral problem syndromes. Regression models were used to assess parent-adolescent differences in relation to parental psychopathology and family factors. We found that parent-adolescent agreement was moderate (r = 0.37). Adolescents reported higher symptom scores than their parents (Mean Total Problem Score: CBCL: 20.79, YSR: 33.14). Parental psychopathology was related to higher parental ratings and better informant agreement. Parents with higher socioeconomic status (SES) tended to report lower scores for adolescent problem syndromes, resulting in higher levels of disagreement. Greater maternal care was related to higher parent-adolescent agreement. Based on our study findings, we conclude that familism values do not seem to improve parent-child agreement in the assessment of adolescent problem syndromes. The finding that higher SES was related to increased discrepancies speaks to the need to explore the culture-specific mechanisms giving rise to informant discrepancies.
Computer-assisted teaching and mathematical learning in Down Syndrome children

Abstract The present study aims to explore the extent to which computer-assisted teaching facilitatesthe learning of basic mathematical concepts and skills in children with Down Syndrome(DS). Thus, the effectiveness of a multimedia teaching method is compared with a traditionalone in the teaching of counting and cardinality abilities and concepts. In our study, twogroups of DS children were trained. One of them was taught by using mathematical mul-timedia software whereas the other learned by means of pencil–paper-based tasks on thesame material as the multimedia group. The children of both groups were evaluated beforeand after training sessions. The multimedia group showed a higher performance than thepaper and pencil assisted teaching group on a variety of tasks and measures, suggesting aclear relation between teaching method and mathematical learning in DS children. Theseﬁndings are discussed in terms of their theoretical as well as applied relevance. Keywords evaluation of CAL systems, improving classroom teaching, media in education, multimedia/hypermedia systems, teaching/learning strategies.
Adverse Effects of Normovolemic Polycythemia and Hypoxia onHemodynamics in the Dog

Although polycythemia commonly occurs in hypoxic patients, most hemodynamic studies of polycythemia have been done in the normoxemic state. We studied the combined effects of polycythemia and hypoxia. In 11 splenectomized, anesthetized dogs, hematocrit was increased from 42.6 ± 1.2 to 65.5 ± 0.6% (SEM) by isovolumic exchange transfusions with fresh canine packed RBC's. Studies were conducted during normoxia (Pao2 = 113.8 ± 4.2 mm Hg) and hypoxia (Pao2 = 40.5 ± 1.6 mm Hg). Polycythemia alone increased pulmonary vascular resistance by 112 ± 4.6% (P < 0.01) and hypoxia alone increased pulmonary vascular resistance by 141 ± 11.4% (P < 0.01). Combined hypoxia and polycythemia increased pulmonary vascular resistance by 308 ± 28.1% (P< 0.005), an effect significantly greater than that of hypoxia or polycythemia alone (P< 0.005). In contrast, systemic vascular resistance increased with polycythemia by 90 ± 8.8% (P < 0.01), whereas hypoxia had no effect on systemic vascular resistance either alone or when combined with polycythemia. Polycythemia decreased cardiac output by 50 ± 1.8% (P < 0.01), whereas hypoxia had no significant effect alone or when combined with polycythemia. Oxygen transport was decreased by polycythemia by 29 ± 0.8% (P < 0.01) due to decreased cardiac output. Hypoxia decreased oxygen transport by 28 ± 0.9% (P< 0.01) due to a decrease in arterial oxygen content. Combined hypoxia and polycythemia decreased oxygen transport by 50 ± 2.6% (P < 0.01) an effect greater than that of hypoxia or polycythemia alone. In four control dogs, exchange with whole blood produced no change in the variables studied. Synergistic effects of hypoxia and polycythemia on pulmonary vascular resistance reflect combined influences of increased blood viscosity and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Such a combination may contribute to the occurrence of cor pulmonale in patients with hypoxia and secondary polycythemia.
Work rhythm and physiological rhythms in repetitive computer work: Effects of synchronization on well-being

This study tested the hypothesis that asynchrony between the work rhythm and a worker's internal physiological rhythms may be a source of stress in repetitive computer work. Experienced typists (N=20) entered lines of numeric data using a video display terminal in a simulated office environment. Each day of the 2‐day experiment consisted of six 40‐min work periods. The work rhythm was varied between work periods by adjusting the field length of data entry lines (3–13 characters). Breathing and cardiac responses were monitored continuously throughout work periods, and a mood survey was administered at the end of each work period. The extent of synchronization between (1) breathing response and the work rhythm, (2) cardiac response and the work rhythm, and (3) all three measures (breathing and cardiac responses, and the work rhythm) was scored for each work period using cross‐spectral analysis. Synchronization scores were then evaluated as predictors of mood state and physiological response using multiple r.
The "iron cage" and the "shell as hard as steel" : Parsons, Weber, and the Stahlhartes Gehäuse metaphor in the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism

In the climax to The Protestant Ethic, Max Weber writes of the stahlhartes Gehiuse that modern capitalism has created, a concept that Talcott Parsons famously rendered as the "iron cage. " This article examines the status of Parsons's canonical translation; the putative sources of its imagery (in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress); and the more complex idea that Weber himself sought to evoke with the "shell as hard as steel": a reconstitution of the human subject under bureaucratic capitalism in which "steel" becomes emblematic of modernity. Steel, unlike the "element" iron, is a product of human fabrication. It is both hard and potentially flexible. Further, whereas a cage confines human agents, but leaves their powers otherwise intact, a "shell" suggests that modern capitalism has created a new kind of being. After examining objections to this interpretation, I argue that whatever the problems with Parsons's "iron cage" as a rendition of Weber's own metaphor, it has become a "traveling idea," a fertile coinage in its own right, an intriguing example of how the translator's imagination can impose itself influentially on the text and its readers.