Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DETERMINANTS INFLUENCING GROWTH OF MOBILE TELEPHONY IN KENYA: A CASE OF SAFARICOM LTD

Globally the mobile telephony subscription stood at 6.8 billion by the end of 2012 with the Americas, Asia, Europe and Africa having 1.08 billion, 3.5 billion, 790 million and 545 million respectively. Locally, the mobile telephony industry in Kenya has grown rapidly in the past decade from a duopoly in the year 2003 to the current oligopoly with a total of 30.4 million subscribers at the end of first quarter, 2012/2013. The general objective of the study was to investigate the determinants that influence the growth of mobile telephony in Kenya. The study investigated how innovation, franchising, customer loyalty, training development and government policy has contributed to the growth of mobile telephony with a case of Safaricom Ltd. However, this rapid growth is asymmetrical amongst the four cellular operators with Safaricom commanding 63.2% of the total market share. In today’s telecoms environment five factors namely: innovation, customer loyalty, franchising, training development and government policy play crucial roles in order to realise growth. The study adopted a survey research with the target population of 790 respondents. The key findings of the study shall be used to enhance further studies that concern the growth of mobile telephony in Kenya.
Civil Society Participation in Brazilian Foreign Policy: an Analysis of its Democratic Quality

Working from an analytical framework that emphasises the horizontalisation of the decision-making process of Brazilian foreign policy, considered as public policy and subject to democratic control, this article analyses the democratic quality of this policy’s participatory institutions, using the criteria established by democratic theory. Civil society participation is analysed in three areas of foreign policy: multilateral international negotiations, regional integration, and South–South development co-operation. It can be stated that civil society participation in Brazilian foreign policy is of a diffuse nature, discretionary, and with a high degree of informality.
Synthesis of h- and α-MoO 3 by refluxing and calcination combination: phase and morphology transformation, photocatalysis, and photosensitization

Hexagonal molybdenum oxide (h-MoO3) nano- and microrods were successfully synthesized by refluxing of (NH4)6Mo7O24ċ4H2O solutions with the pH 1 at 90°C for 1, 3, 5, and 7 h and were further transformed into orthorhombic molybdenum oxide (α-MoO3) microplates by calcination at 450°C for 6 h. These selected products were used to determine the degradation of methylene blue dye under 35W xenon lamp for 0-180 min, due to the photocatalysis and photosensitization processes. In this research, catalytic activity of the metastable h-MoO3 has higher efficiency than that of the thermodynamically stable α-MoO3. Their phase and morphology transformation was also explained according to the experimental results.
Digestible lysine for broiler chickens with lower genetic potential grown on free-range system

Determining the actual lysine requirement is crucial as it is an essential amino acid and plays animportant role in the metabolism of broilers. In addition, it is the second limiting amino acid for broilers fed with rations formulated basedon corn and soybean meal. The aim of this study was to determine the digestible lysine requirement for male broilers with lower genetic potential for growth in a semi-confined system as well as to evaluate the effects of different values of digestible lysine on performance and carcass characteristics. A total of 300 broiler chickensfrom a commercial lineage EMBRAPA 041 were used with an average initial weight of 987 g. The broilers were distributed into 20 experimental units in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0.586; 0.746; 0.906; 1.066, and 1.226% digestible lysine), four replicates and 15 broilers per experimental unit.In both periods, there were linear effect of digestible lysine values on the lysine intake and lysine utilization efficiency and quadratic effect on final body weight, weight gain and feed: gain ratio.There was a quadratic effect on the absolute weight of carcasses, breast, thigh + drumstick and income gizzard.For rearing of male broilers with lesser genetic growth potential reared in semi-confinement, rations with 1.040% and 1.103% digestible lysine can be recommended for maximum weight gain in periods from 35 to 70 and 35 to 84 days of age, respectively.
Firm Value and Hedging: Evidence from U.S. Oil and Gas Producers

This paper studies the hedging activities of 119 U.S. oil and gas producers from 1998 to 2001 and evaluates their effect on firm value. Theories of hedging based on market imperfections imply that hedging should increase the firm's market value (MV). To test this hypothesis, we collect detailed information on the extent of hedging and on the valuation of oil and gas reserves. We verify that hedging reduces the firm's stock price sensitivity to oil and gas prices. Contrary to previous studies, however, we find that hedging does not seem to affect MVs for this industry.
SEROLOGICAL VARIATION AMONG POLISH ISOLATES OF YERSINIA RUCKERI

One hundred and twenty-six isolates of Yersinia ruckeri originating from different species of fish were collected: 122 from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Walbaum), three from pike (Esox lucius L.), and one from carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The Oserotyping of the isolates were carried out for the first time in Poland by microplate agglutination assays according to the Davies procedure. Three O-serotypes were determined: O1, O5, and O7. Serotypes O2 and O6 have not been recognised. Almost all isolates were represented by serotype O1, which originated only from rainbow trout showing classical clinical signs of enteric redmouth disease. The strains representing serotype O5 were only collected from pike and serotype O7 from carp and rainbow trout showing no clinical signs of the diseases.
Factors associated with the development of HIV associated lipodystrophy in patients on long-term HAART

Highly active antiretroviral therapy is effective in reducing viral load and increasing survival in HIV-1infected patients. It consists of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a protease inhibitor or two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. The efficacy of Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is however compromised by adverse events such as lipodystrophy in patients on long-term HAART. This study was carried out in 265 HIV-1 seropositive patients treated with HAART for 6 months and longer, in order to correlate patients’ age, gender, CD4 counts, WHO stage at initiation of HAART, duration and type of anti-retroviral therapy with development of lipodystrophy. A longer duration of therapy was found to be significantly associated with the development of lipodystrophy with 19 patients (24.7%), 73 patients (60.8%) (OR 2.06; CI 1.21 to 3.51, p value 0.004) and 39 patients (67.2%) (OR 2.34; CI 1.21 to 1.46, p value 0.006) having lipodystrophy at 6 to 18, 18 to 36 and 36 to 72 months of treatment, respectively. The odds of lipodystrophy after HAART for 18 to 36 months and 36 to 72 months was 4.14 (p < 0.0001) and 6.179 (p < 0.0001) times, respectively, higher than after HAART for 6 to 18 months. There was no association between age, gender, CD4 counts, WHO stage and the development of lipodystrophy.
Land-based predator impact on vertically migrating zooplankton and micronekton advected to a Southern Ocean archipelago

Combined acoustic (12 and 120 kHz) and trawling (RMT-2 and Bongo net) surveys in offshore waters of the Prince Edward Archipelago revealed diurnal vertical migration of major prey species (the euphausiid Euphausia vallentini and the myctophid fish Krefftichthys andersson~) of landbased predators. Migration was from 200-400 m in the day to near-surface levels at night and was linked to feeding periodicity. Consistently high winds result in drift of surface waters (down to 10-20 m) and advection of prey over the shelf Within the seasonal limits of the investigation (autumn), an estimated 3200 t of zooplankton and 310 t of myctophid fish were carried over the shelf every 24 h. Predators in the archipelago consume ca 900 t of crustaceans and 1700 t of fish d' Thus, advection could supply sufficient crustaceans to the shelf area for the needs of the land-based predators, but is inadequate to support myctophid-feeding piscivores. Once over the shelf, prey attempting to migrate downwards ~vould be trapped by bottom topography and vulnerable to predation. The fit between estimates of advect~on and consumption of different prey types is supported by observed prey densities and predator behaviour Prey density in shelf and oceanic waters was similar at night, but decreased dramatically over, and downstream of, the shelf in the day. Rockhopper and Macaroni penguins are the most important crustacean predators and feed mainly over the shelf, with foraging ranges of about 30 and 100 km respectively. In contrast, King penguins account for >70 O/o of the fish consumed in the area and forage in deep waters, having an average foraging range of 300 km. This spatial segregation of the main predators is consistent with the availability of their prey.
Limited coupling of macrophyte production and bacterial carbon cycling in the sediments of Zostera spp. meadows

Two approaches were used to study coupling between seagrass production and bacter- ial processes in the rhizosphere. In the first approach, stable carbon-isotope ratios of bacteria, sedi- ment organic matter and plants were determined to infer sources of organic carbon used by bacteria in the sediments of 4 European Zostera marina and 2 Z. noltii meadows. Bacterial isotope ratios were derived from bacteria-specific polar lipid-derived fatty acids (PLFA), mainly methyl-branched i15:0 and a15:0. Bacterial δ 13 C ratios in the sediment from both vegetated and unvegetated sites were mostly similar and did not resemble Z. marina ratios, suggesting that seagrass material was of limited importance as a bacterial carbon source. Bacterial ratios were in most cases similar to benthic macro- algae and did correlate well with ratios of diatom biomarkers. Sediment organic matter inside the meadows had δ 13 C ratios similar to those of nearby unvegetated sites, and ratios were clearly differ- ent from the material produced by seagrasses, indicating that little seagrass material accumulated. Results from the 2 Z. noltii sites were less conclusive, as there was no clear difference in δ 13 C ratios between the potential source materials. In addition, bacterial δ 13 C ratios were highly variable at one Z. noltii site. In the second approach, cultured Z. marina was labeled with 13 C-bicarbonate to study the short-term transfer of label from plants to bacteria in the rhizosphere. However, no label was detected in bacterial PLFA after 20 h of incubation. In conclusion, a close coupling between macro- phyte production and bacterial carbon cycling could not be detected in the sediment of Z. marina meadows, and benthic production by algae was probably the main carbon source for bacterial growth.
MINERAL NUTRITION OF CRISPHEAD LETTUCE GROWN IN A HYDROPONIC SYSTEM WITH BRACKISH WATER 1

Water availability in the Brazilian semiarid is restricted and often the only water source available has high salt concentrations. Hydroponics allows using these waters for production of various crops, including vegetables, however, the water salinity can cause nutritional disorders. Thus, two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, to evaluate the effects of salinity on the mineral nutrition of crisphead lettuce, cultivar Taina, in a hydroponic system (Nutrient Film Technique), using brackish water in the nutrient solution, which was prepared by adding NaCl to the local water (0.2 dS m). A randomized blocks experimental design was used in both experiments. The treatments consisted of water of different salinity levels (0.2, 1.2, 2.2, 3.2, 4.2 and 5.2 dS m) with four replications, totaling 24 plots for each experiment. The water added to compensate for the waterdepth loss due to evapotranspiration (WCET) was the brackish water of each treatment in Experiment I and the local water without modifications in Experiment II. The increase in the salinity of the water used for the nutrient solution preparation reduced the foliar phosphorus and potassium contents and increased the chloride and sodium contents, regardless of the WCET. Foliar nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and sulfur contents were not affected by increasing the water salinity used for the nutrient solution preparation.
'Stable Schools' to promote animal health in organic dairy farming - First results of a pilot study in Germany

The Stable Schools concept aims at common learning in farmer groups and has previously been implemented in Danish organic dairy farms. Focusing on herd health, four regional Stable Schools on in total 20 German organic dairy farms were initiated following a modified approach; i.e. additionally providing data on the health status of the farms based on a standardized protocol. After one year we investigated the farmers’ opinions of this modified concept and assessed the implementation of measures. The participants expressed a positive attitude toward this tool; they appreciated the joint search for effective and feasible measures and evaluated the self-determined approach in the Stable School as highly motivating. Accordingly, the compliance regarding implementation was high (about 2/3 of all recommended measures implemented). Since Stable Schools seem to strengthen the motivation of the participants to implement measures, and may be a promising tool to improve animal health.
Pilot peer health education for noncommunicable disease prevention in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Palau

# Background Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are growing health threats in developing countries. We previously conducted epidemiological and qualitative ethnographic studies on NCD risk factors in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Palau, and found that NCD risk factors were significantly prevalent. Although people had some knowledge of NCDs, they had no clue to change their daily risky behaviour, revealing urgent needs for developing appropriate health education programs. Peer health education is a strategy widely applied in developing countries for infectious disease control and maternal and child health, and known to be effective to change behaviour. This article aims to describe the experience of developing peer health education modules and evaluating the trials. # Methods We conducted pilot peer health education in three different settings: women in an urban slum community in Bangladesh; workers in a regional city in Ethiopia; and young adults in Palau. We modified commonly used education tools according to local socio-cultural context. Then we conducted three-day peer educator training workshops and evaluated the workshops. # Results i\) Bangladesh. We developed education tools including role plays and gamification, modifying a popular local board game. This motivated the peer educators and nurtured ownership of the module. ii) Ethiopia. We chose topics about dietary habit. We developed an education module including role plays and demonstration of sugar amount in popular beverages. Participants were impressed with such visualized education tools. iii) Palau. As they had some knowledge of NCD risks, we focused on changing attitude. We chose topics about diet, such as reading nutrition labels of canned processed meat. # Conclusion We found that peer education is a useful option for NCD prevention in resource-limited settings in developing countries. It is important to take into account of the local priority issues, the level of knowledge of the audience, and the socio-cultural context in each setting. It is also very important to identify who are the peers of the target group. Using locally available and culturally acceptable resources and local language enhances participation and ownership of the people. Peer education for NCD prevention should be integrated into existing primary health care programs.
Extension of 3DVAR to 4DVAR: Implementation of 4DVAR at the Meteorological Service of Canada

On 15 March 2005, the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) proceeded to the implementation of a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) system, which led to significant improvements in the quality of global forecasts. This paper describes the different elements of MSC’s 4DVAR assimilation system, discusses some issues encountered during the development, and reports on the overall results from the 4DVAR implementation tests. The 4DVAR system adopted an incremental approach with two outer iterations. The simplified model used in the minimization has a horizontal resolution of 170 km and its simplified physics includes vertical diffusion, surface drag, orographic blocking, stratiform condensation, and convection. One important element of the design is its modularity, which has permitted continued progress on the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) component (e.g., addition of new observation types) and the model (e.g., computational and numerical changes). This paper discusses some numerical problems that occur in the vicinity of the Poles where the semi-Lagrangian scheme becomes unstable when there is a simultaneous occurrence of converging meridians and strong wind gradients. These could be removed by filtering the winds in the zonal direction before they are used to estimate the upstream position in the semi-Lagrangian scheme. The results show improvements in all aspects of the forecasts over all regions. The impact is particularly significant in the Southern Hemisphere where 4DVAR is able to extract more information from satellite data. In the Northern Hemisphere, 4DVAR accepts more asynoptic data, in particular coming from profilers and aircrafts. The impact noted is also positive and the short-term forecasts are particularly improved over the west coast of North America. Finally, the dynamical consistency of the 4DVAR global analyses leads to a significant impact on regional forecasts. Experimentation has shown that regional forecasts initiated directly from a 4DVAR global analysis are improved with respect to the regional forecasts resulting from the regional 3DVAR analysis.
A survey of the attitudes and knowledge of parents of high school children on the East Rand on the usage of nutritional supplements

Background: The use of nutritional supplements (NS) by adolescents seems to be an escalating problem in South Africa. Any supplementary product ingested to boost the nutritional content of a normal diet to either fill a need or presumed deficiency, including any sports or energy drink, tablets or injections, are deemed as NS for the purpose of this study. Parents seem to agree that children who play sport are allowed to use NS to assist them to perform better, without knowledge of the health risks associated with these products. Despite information on websites and information sessions arranged by schools, parents seem to disregard advice given to them by experts. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the attitudes and level of knowledge of parents of children on the East Rand with regard to NS usage. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which used a previously validated, self-administered questionnaire for the parents (n = 198). It also included an interview with a focus group consisting of coaches and administrative staff (n = 9) representing each sports code selected for the purpose of this study. The data were analysed using largely descriptive statistics. Results: Nine percent of parents indicated that they considered themselves well informed with regard to NS; 13% indicated that they would support their children in obtaining NS without efficacy being proven and 75% indicated their awareness of the risk of NS being contaminated. Coaches viewed the role of parents as integral regarding a healthy diet but indicated that the use of NS could not be ignored, also admitting to a lack in knowledge regarding NS. Conclusion: Parents and coaches demonstrated limited knowledge regarding NS. Their knowledge was formed from information on labels and the internet. Parents have a positive attitude towards the use of NS by their children despite indicating an awareness of the health risks related to NS usage.
Comparing the Use of Forward-Looking and Contemporary Performance Measurement to Formulate Incentive Contracts in the Presence of the Horizon Problem : An Experimental Analysis

This study compares the use of forward-looking and contemporary performance measurement in incentive contracts in the presence of the horizon problem. To do this, we used a single-factor experiment between preand post-treatment subjects, with a control group. The study had the participation of 76 undergraduate students, divided into 3 groups, and it registered that, when compared to the control group and the treatment group linked to contemporary performance measurement, the participants under the contract that rewarded having a forward-looking measurement as a basis acted more congruently with the long-term goal set for the experimental task. Consistent with predictions of the agency theory, the main finding of this research suggests that economic profit helps mitigating the problem of managerial myopia, indicating that incorporate it to contracts motivates agents to act more consistently with the company’s long-term goals, even in the presence of the horizon problem. Besides, the study registered new evidence of the inadequacy of formulating incentive contracts having distorted performance measurements as a basis, such as book profit.
Boron neutron capture therapy in the treatment of lung cancer

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary treatment based on the atomic interactions between epithermal neutrons and boron-10 isotopes, which can provide a means for specific molecular and cellular targeting of high energy radiation to tumour cells with the concurrent sparing of normal tissue. It has the potential to be the ideal form of treatment for many types of cancers. This paper begins with an overview of BNCT. It then explores the potential of BNCT in the treatment of lung cancer, specifically in the following areas: overcoming complex issues of respiratory motion, treating micrometastatic or diffuse treatment, treating tumours that are adjacent to or have invaded radiosensitive normal tissue, re-irradiation, and hypofractionated treatment. The paper concludes with a summary of the efforts and plans of the international BNCT community to make this treatment a widely adopted one.