Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modélisation de la propagation des ondes élastiques générées par un séisme proche ou éloigné à l'intérieur d'une ville

Nous ne pouvons ni prevoir, ni lutter contre un seisme. Nous ne pouvons que tenter de limiter les degâts et desastres humains qu'ils occasionnent au sein des zones urbaines. Celles-ci, pour des raisons purement pratiques (culture et eau) sont souvent construites sur des bassins sedimentaires ou lacustres. Or, ces sites, de part les caracteristiques physiques de leur sous-sol, sont parmi les plus dangereux lorsqu'un seisme les touche (Mexico en 1985, Izmit en 1999.). La comprehension des mecanismes et phenomenes mis en jeu constitue la premiere etape pour l'elaboration de moyens d'action visant a limiter les effets des seismes en zone urbaine. Ceux-ci peuvent etre classes en deux categories principales qui vont interagir fortement entre elles. D'une part, les mecanismes et phenomenes lies a "l'histoire" de l'onde touchant le milieu urbain, et d'autre part ceux de l'interaction, au sein de ce milieu urbain, de l'onde incidente et des bâtiments. Nous montrons, analytiquement et numeriquement, que l'excitation d'une configuration par une onde plane en incidence verticale ne fournit pas une representation correcte ni de la reponse, ni des phenomenes lorsque l'epicentre est localise loin de la ville. A la limite, une telle excitation peut etre employee pour l'etude de seismes touchant des villes telle que Nice, mais en aucun cas pour celle de seismes touchant des villes comme Mexico. Dans ce second cas, nous montrons que certaines des caracteristiques de la coda etaient presentes avant l'entree dans la ville et que ces caracteristiques sont dues a l'excitation des modes reels de la configuration sur un parcours regional. Nous degageons ensuite, toujours analytiquement et numeriquement, les mecanismes majeurs de l'interaction de cette onde avec les bâtiments qui induisent une modification notable du champ de deplacement dans la ville, conduisant un effet encore plus devastateur (surtout dans le cas des mouvements anti-plans). Cette etude constitue une preuve analytique de l'importance et de la complementarite de ces deux classes de mecanismes dans la comprehension des phenomenes qui, nous l'esperons, un jour se traduira par des actions concretes sur l'urbanisme, de facon a completer les mesures deja mises en oeuvre pour limiter les degâts et desastres humains lors d'un sisme.
Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells in the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Background:Myeloid cells are the most abundant and heterogeneous population of leukocytes. They are rapidly recruited from the blood to areas of inflammation and perform a number of important biological functions. Chronic inflammatory conditions contribute to generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These pathologically activated cells are increasingly recognized as important players in cancer, transplantation, and autoimmunity for their abilities to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Methods:Since clinical data on MDSC accumulation in human patients affected with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are relatively scarce, most of the information described in this review came from studies using experimental mouse models of IBD. Results:In this review, we discuss possible roles of these cells in chronic immune-mediated disorders focusing on studies conducted in IBD. We will review the available evidence on how MDSCs are involved in modulating T cell responses and look into the complex relationship between Th1, Th17 cells, and myeloid cells. Finally, we will review some recent successes and failures resulted from therapies aimed at manipulating myeloid cell numbers and/or their function. Conclusions:Although MDSCs have been described in animal models of experimental colitis and in patients with IBD, their exact role in IBD pathogenesis is unclear and needs to be studied further. Information obtained from these studies will be useful to better understand the cross talk between myeloid cells in T cells during chronic inflammation and may identify novel pathways to be targeted therapeutically.
Validity of predictions of residual retroperitoneal mass histology in nonseminomatous testicular cancer.

PURPOSE To validate predictions of the histology (necrosis, mature teratoma, or cancer) of residual retroperitoneal masses in patients treated with chemotherapy for metastatic nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumor. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 172 testicular cancer patients who underwent resection while tumor markers were normal. Predictive characteristics for the residual histology were registered, including the presence of teratoma elements in the primary tumor, the prechemotherapy level of tumor markers (alpha-fetaprotein [AFP], human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]), the size of the residual mass, and the percentage of shrinkage in mass diameter. We calculated the predicted probability of necrosis and the ratio of cancer and mature teratoma with previously published logistic regression formulas. RESULTS The distribution of the residual histology was necrosis in 77 (45%), mature teratoma in 72 (42%), and cancer in 23 (13%). Necrosis could be well distinguished from other tissue, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 82%. No tumor was found in 15 patients with a predicted probability of necrosis over 90%. The predicted probabilities corresponded reliably with the observed probabilities (goodness-of-fit tests, P > .20), although a somewhat higher probability of necrosis was observed in patients treated with chemotherapy containing etoposide. Conversely, cancer could not reliably be predicted or adequately discriminated from mature teratoma. CONCLUSION The predicted probabilities of necrosis have adequate reliability and discriminative power. These predictions may validly support the decision-making process regarding the need and extent of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.
Relationship between spontaneous kicking and age of walking attainment in preterm infants with very low birth weight and full-term infants.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSES Although early kicking differences have been reported for preterm infants without overt cranial sonographic abnormalities, their functional importance remains unclear because no outcomes have been measured. Therefore, the first purpose of this prospective study was to examine the age of walking attainment in preterm infants who had very low birth weight (VLBW) but no overt neurosonographic abnormalities and full-term infants without known impairments or pathology. The second purpose was to examine the relationship between spontaneous kicking and age of walking attainment in these infants. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty-two preterm infants and 22 full-term infants were examined for kicking movements at 2 and 4 months corrected age and were followed up for age of walking attainment until 18 months corrected age. RESULTS Survival analysis showed that infants with VLBW attained walking ability at older ages than full-term infants after correction for prematurity. Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses for all infants revealed that a high hip-knee correlation at 2 months corrected age, a high kick frequency at 4 months corrected age, and a short intra-kick pause together with a low variability in interlimb coordination at 2 and 4 months corrected age were all associated with a decreased rate of walking attainment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results indicated that preterm infants who had VLBW but no overt neurosonographic abnormalities had an increased risk of delayed walking attainment compared with full-term infants. Alterations of spontaneous kicking may predict a decreased rate of walking attainment in both preterm and full-term infants.
HYPE: A Benchmark for Human eYe Perceptual Evaluation of Generative Models

Generative models often use human evaluations to measure the perceived quality of their outputs. Automated metrics are noisy indirect proxies, because they rely on heuristics or pretrained embeddings. However, up until now, direct human evaluation strategies have been ad-hoc, neither standardized nor validated. Our work establishes a gold standard human benchmark for generative realism. We construct Human eYe Perceptual Evaluation (HYPE) a human benchmark that is (1) grounded in psychophysics research in perception, (2) reliable across different sets of randomly sampled outputs from a model, (3) able to produce separable model performances, and (4) efficient in cost and time. We introduce two variants: one that measures visual perception under adaptive time constraints to determine the threshold at which a model's outputs appear real (e.g. 250ms), and the other a less expensive variant that measures human error rate on fake and real images sans time constraints. We test HYPE across six state-of-the-art generative adversarial networks and two sampling techniques on conditional and unconditional image generation using four datasets: CelebA, FFHQ, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet. We find that HYPE can track model improvements across training epochs, and we confirm via bootstrap sampling that HYPE rankings are consistent and replicable.
A novel low-complexity method for determining nonadditive interaction measures based on least-norm learning

Numerous research works have been done on the Choquet integral model due to the tremendous usage in many fields. However, the application is still significantly restricted by the curse of dimensionality, involved in determining the non-additive interaction measures, that can properly reflect the interactions among predictive attributes toward the objective. To this end, in this paper we propose a novel determination method for non-additive interaction measures by the way of solving a sequence of least norm problems and iteratively updating the values of interaction measures, namely least norm learning. This method can achieve a significant reduction on the computation time complexity from O(m × 2n) to O(mn) for solving the Choquet integral model, where ra and n are the numbers of observations and attributes, respectively. Also we achieve to reduce the computation space complexity from O(m × 2n) to 0(2n). A case study on cross-layer optimized wireless multimedia communications is adopted to validate the proposed method. Both analytical and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Dabrafenib for the treatment of melanoma

Introduction: Approximately 50% of patients with cutaneous melanoma have an activating mutation in BRAF kinase, leading to constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and unregulated cell growth. Selective inhibitors of the mutated BRAF kinase produce response rates of approximately 50% with median progression-free survival of 6 – 7 months. BRAF-blocking therapies work rapidly, with responses seen within 2 weeks after therapy initiation, and they are associated with generally mild toxicities. The BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib recently was approved for use in patients with BRAF V600-mutated metastatic melanoma. Areas covered: This article discusses the mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes as well as clinical efficacy and safety of dabrafenib for treatment of patients with advanced melanoma including unresectable stage IIIc and stage IV patients who harbor a BRAF V600 mutation. Clinical trial data are reviewed, and efficacy of dabrafenib in patients with brain metastases and in combination with the MEK inhibitor trametinib is discussed. Expert opinion: Despite rapid and significant tumor reduction in a majority of patients with BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma who are treated with dabrafenib, this drug’s use as a single agent is limited because of its relatively short duration of response. Various combinations with drug(s) inhibiting other target kinases and/or with immunomodulating agent(s) will likely be the standard in the near future.
Glucose and Amino Acid Turnover in Untreated Gestational Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Although gestational diabetes affects as many as 3% of all pregnant women, specific aspects of glucose and protein metabolism in this population have not been clearly delineated. We tested the hypothesis that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) results in increased glucose production and proteolysis during fasting. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using tracer isotope infusions, the rate of appearance (Ra) of glucose, leucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine, phenylalanine hydroxylation, leucine oxidation, and urea nitrogen excretion were determined after an overnight fast in 10 GDM subjects, within 2 weeks of diagnosis and before initiation of treatment, and in a matched control group of nine healthy nondiabetic pregnant women. RESULTS Fasting glucose Ra was similar in GDM patients and control subjects (GDM, 12.8 ± 1.1 vs. control subjects, 12.8 ± 0.9 μumol · kg−1 . min−1). Leucine and phenylalanine Ra (reflecting proteolysis) also were not different between GDM patients and control subjects (GDM leucine Ra, 128 ± 14 vs. control subjects, 124 ± 5; phenylalanine Ra GDM, 35 ± 4 vs. control subjects, 40 ± 2 μumol · kg−1 · h−1). Furthermore, leucine oxidation and phenylalanine hydroxylation were not increased in GDM subjects, urea nitrogen excretion was actually lower in GDM patients. However, fasting insulin concentrations were significantly elevated in GDM subjects (GDM, 165 ± 35 vs. control subjects, 30 ± 5 pmol/l; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Hepatic glucose release and whole-body proteolysis in GDM patients were remarkably similar to matched pregnant control subjects. This was achieved with insulin concentrations three- to fivefold higher than normal, suggesting significant insulin resistance for both glucose and protein metabolism in GDM.
Percutaneous microdecompressive endoscopic cervical discectomy with laser thermodiskoplasty.

OBJECTIVE To study the surgical outcome of outpatient percutaneous microdecompressive endoscopic cervical discectomy with lower energy laser for shrinkage of disc material (thermodiskoplasty). METHOD Since 1994, 200 patients with herniated cervical discs have presented at the authors' clinic, with unilateral radicular pain. The diagnosis was confirmed by MRI or CT, and EMG. RESULTS At an average follow-up of 25 months, 94.5% of the cases had good-to-excellent results. Eleven patients (5.5%) remained symptomatic, with persistent neck and upper extremity pain associated with paresthesias. There were no significant postoperative complications. Average time before returning to work was 10 days. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous microdecompressive endoscopic cervical discectomy with laser thermodiskoplasty has proven to be a safe and efficacious minimally invasive procedure.
Infections and antimicrobial resistance in long term care facilities: a national prevalence study.

BACKGROUND A point prevalence survey (PPS) was conducted in Italy in 2010, as part of the first European PPS in Long Term Care Facilities (LTCFs), conducted within the HALT Project. METHODS The PPS was aimed at estimating the prevalence of infections, antimicrobial resistance, and antibiotic use and to assess the status of infections control programs in this setting. RESULTS Ninety two LTCFs, located in 11 different Italian regions, participated to the study: 9391 residents were enrolled, 9285 of whom were eligible according to the study criteria. The prevalence of residents with signs/symptoms of infection was 6.5% (606 residents); 438 residents were on antimicrobial treatment (4.7%) and 526 had signs/symptoms (5.7%) but in 324 residents only (3.5/100 residents) the infection satisfied the modified McGeer criteria and was considered confirmed. The most frequent infection site was the respiratory tract (1.27/100 residents). Mostly of the antibiotics were prescribed for respiratory tract infections (42.8% of the antibiotics) and for urinary tract infections (26.6%). The most frequently prescribed classes were quinolones, followed by penicillin plus beta-lactamase inhibitor and 3rd generation cephalosporins. Few infection had a microbiological confirmation, but among the 143 isolated microorganisms 24% were multidrug resistant. CONCLUSIONS The burden of infections and antimicrobial resistance in LTCFs is significant and infection control and surveillance program are urgently needed.
Senior dental students' experience with Cariogram in a pediatric dentistry clinic.

The study objective was to assess predoctoral dental students' experience with a caries risk assessment computer program in the pediatric dentistry clinic at Marquette University School of Dentistry. In 2005, spring semester sophomore dental students (class of 2008) were introduced to the caries risk assessment computer program "Cariogram. " The students received a fifty-minute lecture on caries risk assessment and a demonstration on how to use Cariogram in the clinic. After two years of clinical exposure to Cariogram, sixty-six out of eighty senior dental students completed an anonymous eleven-item questionnaire on their experience with the tool. Each item on the questionnaire was scored on a five-point Likert scale with the exception of two questions. Full- and part-time faculty members in the pediatric dentistry clinic were involved in teaching and supervising students in the use of Cariogram for caries risk assessment after their training and calibration. Forty-five percent of the students who participated in the study agreed that Cariogram was easy to understand, and 18 percent disagreed. Thirty-six percent felt that it was easy to apply, and 25 percent reported that it was useful in determining caries preventive procedures. The students reported that 60 percent of full-time and 33 percent of part-time faculty were knowledgeable about Cariogram use. A majority of the students felt that Cariogram was not easy to understand, and eighty-two percent of them reported that they would not be using Cariogram in their private offices. Future studies should explore reasons why students do not feel inclined to use Cariogram as a caries risk assessment tool in their private practices even after being exposed to the tool in dental school.
Maximizing the sensitivity and reliability of peptide identification in large‐scale proteomic experiments by harnessing multiple search engines

Despite recent advances in qualitative proteomics, the automatic identification of peptides with optimal sensitivity and accuracy remains a difficult goal. To address this deficiency, a novel algorithm, Multiple Search Engines, Normalization and Consensus is described. The method employs six search engines and a re‐scoring engine to search MS/MS spectra against protein and decoy sequences. After the peptide hits from each engine are normalized to error rates estimated from the decoy hits, peptide assignments are then deduced using a minimum consensus model. These assignments are produced in a series of progressively relaxed false‐discovery rates, thus enabling a comprehensive interpretation of the data set. Additionally, the estimated false‐discovery rate was found to have good concordance with the observed false‐positive rate calculated from known identities. Benchmarking against standard proteins data sets (ISBv1, sPRG2006) and their published analysis, demonstrated that the Multiple Search Engines, Normalization and Consensus algorithm consistently achieved significantly higher sensitivity in peptide identifications, which led to increased or more robust protein identifications in all data sets compared with prior methods. The sensitivity and the false‐positive rate of peptide identification exhibit an inverse‐proportional and linear relationship with the number of participating search engines.
Regional and cellular distribution of protein kinase C in rat cerebellar purkinje cells

Protein kinase C (PCK) is a family of isoforms that are implicated in subcellular signal transduction. The authors investigated the distribution of several PKC isoforms (PKC‐α, PKC‐β, PKC‐γ, PKC‐δ, and PKC‐ϵ) within major cerebellar cell types as well as cerebellar projection target neurons, including Purkinje neurons, cerebellar nuclear neurons, and secondary vestibular neurons. PKC‐α, PKC‐β, PKC‐γ, PKC‐δ, and PKC‐ϵ are found within the cerebellum. Of these isoforms, PKC‐γ and PKC‐δ are highly expressed in Purkinje cells. PKC‐γ is expressed in all Purkinje cells, whereas the expression of PKC‐δ is restricted to sagittal bands of Purkinje cells in the posterior cerebellar cortex. In the lower folia of the uvula and nodulus, Purkinje cell expression of PKC‐δ is uniformly high, and the sagittal banding for PKC‐δ expression is absent. Within the cerebellar nuclei, PKC‐δ‐immunolabeled axons terminate within the medial aspect of the caudal half of the ipsilateral interpositus nucleus. PKC δ‐immunolabeled axons also terminated within the caudal medial and descending vestibular nuclei (MVN and DVN, respectively), the parasolitary nucleus (Psol), and the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH). PKC‐γ‐immunolabeled axons terminated in all of the cerebellar nuclei as well as in the lateral and superior vestibular nuclei and the MVN, DVN, Psol, and NPH. The projection patterns of PKC‐immunolabeled Purkinje cells were confirmed by lesion‐depletion studies in which unilateral uvula‐nodular lesions caused depletion of PKC‐immunolabeled terminals ipsilateral to the lesion in the vestibular complex. These data identify circuitry that is unique to cerebellar‐vestibular interactions. J. Comp. Neurol. 427:235–254, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitosis is required for production of murine leukemia virus and structural proteins during de novo infection

Cloned 3T3FL cells were synchronized in G1 phase of the cell cycle by deprivation of multiplication stimulatory activity of serum and were then infected with Moloney leukemia virus. Eclipse period of virus could be made to vary from less than 10 to 34 h. All virus release was completely dependent and occurred immediately after the first mitosis following serum reconstitution. Virus yield was not affected by the time of virus inoculation as related to the cell DNA synthetic phase. Colchicine arrested the cells in mitosis and prevented the formation of infectious virus. Viral proteins p10, p30, and gp71 were assayed in cell lysates during the growth curve of virus in synchronized cells. The group-specific determinants of each protein were measured in a competition radioimmunoassay. None of the virus proteins appeared during the eclipse period of the virus. All three proteins appeared simultaneously, coincident with mitosis, and continued to rise during the G1 phase. The absolute quantities of each protein were proportional to the amount of Moloney leukemia virus produced. The relative amounts of some of the viral proteins in the cell did not correspond to their content in purified virions suggesting several possible mechanisms of control.