Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin d supplementation: evidence from a comparative metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to extend the metaanalysis of Bischoff-Ferrari et al., which found that 700-800 IU/d vitamin D reduced hip fracture risk in elderly individuals by 25%, by defining the need for additional calcium supplementation in individuals receiving vitamin D for the prevention of hip fractures. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and EMBASE.com (search terms: "vitamin D" and "hip fracture"), bibliographies of articles retrieved, and the authors' reference files were used as data sources. STUDY SELECTION Selected studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of oral vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation vs. placebo/no treatment in postmenopausal women and/or older men (>or=50 yr) specifically reporting a risk of hip fracture. DATA EXTRACTION Independent extraction was performed by two authors using predefined criteria, including study quality indicators. DATA SYNTHESIS All pooled analyses are based on random-effects models. Based on four RCTs (9083 patients), the pooled relative risk (RR) of hip fracture for vitamin D alone was 1.10 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.89, 1.36]. No between-trial heterogeneity was observed. For the six RCTs (45,509 patients) of vitamin D with calcium supplementation, the pooled RR for hip fracture was 0.82 (95% CI 0.71, 0.94). There was no heterogeneity between trials. In an adjusted indirect comparison of the summary RRs from the two metaanalyses, the RR for hip fracture for vitamin D with calcium vs. vitamin D alone was 0.75 (95% CI 0.58, 0.96). CONCLUSIONS Our analyses, designed to extend the findings of Bischoff-Ferrari et al., suggest that oral vitamin D appears to reduce the risk of hip fractures only when calcium supplementation is added.
Transfection of N‐Methyl‐d‐Aspartate Receptors in a Nonneuronal Cell Line Leads to Cell Death

Abstract: Neurons grown in culture die when they are exposed to high concentrations (0.1–1 mM) of the neurotransmitter l‐glutamate. A similar phenomenon may occur in the mammalian brain during ischemia and other injuries that cause excessive glutamate release. Activation of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the consequent Ca2+ influx are thought to play a critical role in the process of neuronal toxicity. Events subsequent to the Ca2+ influx are not well understood. We have discovered that nonneuronal kidney cells expressing NMDA receptors after DNA transfection undergo cell death unless they are protected by drugs that block the NMDA receptor ion channel. Furthermore, transfected cells expressing a mutated NMDA receptor that conducts less Ca2+ are less vulnerable to cell death. In addition, we find that even though several active forms of NMDA receptors can be synthesized in these cells after transfection with different cloned subunits, not all receptor types are equally toxic. These experiments suggest that Ca2+ influx through NMDA channels may be toxic to nonneuronal cells and that the NMDA receptor expression may be the major neuron‐specific component of excitotoxicity.
Mechanistic Studies on Three 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent Oxygenases of Flavonoid Biosynthesis

Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), flavonol synthase (FLS), and flavanone 3β-hydroxylase (FHT) are involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in plants and are all members of the family of 2-oxoglutarate- and ferrous iron-dependent oxygenases. ANS, FLS, and FHT are closely related by sequence and catalyze oxidation of the flavonoid “C ring”; they have been shown to have overlapping substrate and product selectivities. In the initial steps of catalysis, 2-oxoglutarate and dioxygen are thought to react at the ferrous iron center producing succinate, carbon dioxide, and a reactive ferryl intermediate, the latter of which can then affect oxidation of the flavonoid substrate. Here we describe work on ANS, FLS, and FHT utilizing several different substrates carried out in 18O2/16OH2, 16O2/18OH2, and 18O2/18OH2 atmospheres. In the 18O2/16OH2 atmosphere close to complete incorporation of a single 18O label was observed in the dihydroflavonol products (e.g. (2R,3R)-trans-dihydrokaempferol) from incubations of flavanones (e.g. (2S)naringenin) with FHT, ANS, and FLS. This and other evidence supports the intermediacy of a reactive oxidizing species, the oxygen of which does not exchange with that of water. In the case of products formed by oxidation of flavonoid substrates with a C-3 hydroxyl group (e.g. (2R,3R)-trans-dihydroquercetin), the results imply that oxygen exchange can occur at a stage subsequent to initial oxidation of the C-ring, probably via an enzyme-bound C-3 ketone/3,3-gem-diol intermediate.
Intelligent Cross-Layer Protocol with traffic-differentiation-based QoS for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a novel Intelligent Cross Layer Protocol (I-XLP) with traffic-differentiation based on Quality of Service (QoS) for WSNs for monitoring applications. By leveraging classical layered approach and blending different layer functions our proposed protocol I-XLP achieve a solution for energy efficiency, and latency for the case monitoring in WSNs. I-XLP combines the functionalities of Medium Access control (MAC), Routing and Congestion control to achieve its goal. The proposed protocol is energy efficient and the protocol ensures lower latency for the prioritized traffic. The simulation outcome supports the theory, and prove the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.
Security in labour markets : combining flexibility with security for decent work

Describes definitional issues relating to job security, employment security and labour market security, and flexicurity. Argues that it appears possible to have flexible labour markets and workers’ security under certain conditions: investment in labour market policies and social rights, balancing of employer and worker oriented flexibility, internal and external flexibility, and, on the process side, a genuine social dialogue. Cites EU member States where the labour market combines flexibility and security, yielding beneficial effects on decent work.
Examination of community sentiment dynamics due to covid-19 pandemic: a case study from Australia

The outbreak of the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused unprecedented impacts to people's daily life around the world. Various measures and policies such as lock-down and social-distancing are implemented by governments to combat the disease during the pandemic period. These measures and policies as well as virus itself may cause different mental health issues to people such as depression, anxiety, sadness, etc. In this paper, we exploit the massive text data posted by Twitter users to analyse the sentiment dynamics of people living in the state of New South Wales (NSW) in Australia during the pandemic period. Different from the existing work that mostly focuses the country-level and static sentiment analysis, we analyse the sentiment dynamics at the fine-grained local government areas (LGAs). Based on the analysis of around 94 million tweets that posted by around 183 thousand users located at different LGAs in NSW in five months, we found that people in NSW showed an overall positive sentimental polarity and the COVID-19 pandemic decreased the overall positive sentimental polarity during the pandemic period. The fine-grained analysis of sentiment in LGAs found that despite the dominant positive sentiment most of days during the study period, some LGAs experienced significant sentiment changes from positive to negative. This study also analysed the sentimental dynamics delivered by the hot topics in Twitter such as government policies (e.g. the Australia's JobKeeper program, lock-down, social-distancing) as well as the focused social events (e.g. the Ruby Princess Cruise). The results showed that the policies and events did affect people's overall sentiment, and they affected people's overall sentiment differently at different stages.
The comparison of two U-shaped lines with an individual variance on some tasks

U-shaped Line (UL) utilizes many manufacturing industries. It applies the just-in-time principle, the lean manufacture, and the quality improvement. It reduces the waste in the manufacturing operation. This paper presents two UL models which consist of eight certain tasks and three uncertain tasks. Two UL models include UL No.1 and UL No.2. The uncertain tasks assume the time distribution that is discrete. The uncertain task time of UL No.1 classifies to three types. The uncertain task time of UL No.2 classifies to five types. The objective function of two UL models is the minimum workstations. Two UL models formulate on a zero-one integer linear programming. This academic work applies MATLAB R2014a which solves the solution of two models. The procedure is run by INTLINPROG toolbox. The solution of the uncertain tasks for UL No.1 is the optimistic time. The solution of the uncertain tasks for UL No.2 is the most optimistic time. The number of workstations of UL No.2 is less than the number of workstations of UL No.1. The most early finish tasks which assign along the UL line affect the minimum workstations.
Analysis of matched case-control studies

There are two common misconceptions about case-control studies: that matching in itself eliminates (controls) confounding by the matching factors, and that if matching has been performed, then a “matched analysis” is required. However, matching in a case-control study does not control for confounding by the matching factors; in fact it can introduce confounding by the matching factors even when it did not exist in the source population. Thus, a matched design may require controlling for the matching factors in the analysis. However, it is not the case that a matched design requires a matched analysis. Provided that there are no problems of sparse data, control for the matching factors can be obtained, with no loss of validity and a possible increase in precision, using a “standard” (unconditional) analysis, and a “matched” (conditional) analysis may not be required or appropriate.
The impact of governance characteristics and non-audit fees on audit pricing : evidence from UK listed companies

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . ii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Audit Pricing and Corporate Governance . 1 1.2 Motivation for the Study . 3 1.3 Research Objectives . 9 1.4 Contribution of the Study . 9 1.5 Structure of Study . 12 CHAPTER 2: Corporate Governance and Auditing in the UK . 13 2.
Uniqueness, Lipschitz Stability, and Reconstruction for the Inverse Optical Tomography Problem

In this paper, we consider the inverse problem of recovering a diffusion and absorption coefficients in steady-state optical tomography problem from the Neumann-to-Dirichlet map. We first prove a Global uniqueness and Lipschitz stability estimate for the absorption parameter provided that the diffusion is known. Then, we prove a Lipschitz stability result for simultaneous recovery of diffusion and absorption. In both cases the parameters belong to a known finite subspace with a priori known bounds. The proofs relies on a monotonicity result combined with the techniques of localized potentials. To numerically solve the inverse problem, we propose a Kohn-Vogeliustype cost functional over a class of admissible parameters subject to two boundary value problems. The reformulation of the minimization problem via the Neumann-toDirichlet operator allows us to obtain the optimality conditions by using the Frechet differentiability of this operator and its inverse. The reconstruction is then performed by means of an iterative algorithm based on a quasi-Newton method. Finally, we illustrate some numerical results.
Involvement of Histone Methylation and Phosphorylation in Regulation of Transcription by Thyroid Hormone Receptor

ABSTRACT Previous studies have established an important role of histone acetylation in transcriptional control by nuclear hormone receptors. With chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we have now investigated whether histone methylation and phosphorylation are also involved in transcriptional regulation by thyroid hormone receptor (TR). We found that repression by unliganded TR is associated with a substantial increase in methylation of H3 lysine 9 (H3-K9) and a decrease in methylation of H3 lysine 4 (H3-K4), methylation of H3 arginine 17 (H3-R17), and a dual modification of phosphorylation of H3 serine 10 and acetylation of lysine 14 (pS10/acK14). On the other hand, transcriptional activation by liganded TR is coupled with a substantial decrease in both H3-K4 and H3-K9 methylation and a robust increase in H3-R17 methylation and the dual modification of pS10/acK14. Trichostatin A treatment results in not only histone hyperacetylation but also an increase in methylation of H3-K4, increase in dual modification of pS10/acK14, and reduction in methylation of H3-K9, revealing an extensive interplay between histone acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. In an effort to understand the underlying mechanism for an increase in H3-K9 methylation during repression by unliganded TR, we demonstrated that TR interacts in vitro with an H3-K9-specific histone methyltransferase (HMT), SUV39H1. Functional analysis indicates that SUV39H1 can facilitate repression by unliganded TR and in so doing requires its HMT activity. Together, our data uncover a novel role of H3-K9 methylation in repression by unliganded TR and provide strong evidence for the involvement of multiple distinct histone covalent modifications (acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation) in transcriptional control by nuclear hormone receptors.
Ge Photodetector Monolithically Integrated on Si by Rapid-Melting-Growth Technique

Germanium-based optoelectronic devices have the potential applications in optical communication and detections. In this letter, we demonstrated that high-quality Ge quasi-epilayer can be achieved by rapid-melting-growth and integrated-circuit compatible process. Raman and microscopy techniques revealed that the as-deposited Ge on the silicon substrate became quasi-single crystalline while nanocrystallites embedded within the Ge layer. The Ge/Si heterostructure photodetectors were fabricated with desirable responsivity of 0.22 A/W at -1 V reverse bias and the ratio of photocurrent and dark current is up to 2000 at -0.65 V. This technique demonstrated the possibility of monolithic integration of Ge photodetector for future optical communications at 1.31 μm in wavelength with Si electronic circuitry.
How Do Higher Quality Entrepreneurs Choose Venture Capitalists?

This paper finds that higher quality entrepreneurs time their entry into the venture capital market to minimize the cost of equity financing, and as part of an IPO market timing strategy. Specifically, higher quality entrepreneurs are more likely to enter the venture capital market when average monthly initial returns to IPOs are low and they are more likely to go public in months when average initial returns to IPOs are high. In addition, they are more likely to obtain financing from venture capitalists that are younger, lack deal screening expertise, located outside of California, and not concentrated in risky ventures. They are also more likely to obtain financing from bank affiliated venture capitalists. However, higher quality entrepreneurs that obtain financing from venture capitalists with greater reputation capital, are more likely to end up with higher IPO prices. Hence, the opportunity cost of minimizing the cost of equity financing is likely to translate into smaller certification benefits at the IPO. Nevertheless, relative to expectations prior to the IPO, higher quality entrepreneurs that obtain financing from venture capitalists with smaller reputation capital fare no worse with respect to the IPO offer price.
The approach to mutation–selection balance in an infinite asexual population, and the evolution of mutation rates

A method is described for calculating the dynamics of the distribution of fitness in an infinite asexual population which is subject to unconditionally deleterious mutations with independent effects. This method is applied to the problem of calculating the frequency of a mutator subpopulation, at equilibrium between mutation and indirect selection due to association with deleterious mutations. Many mutator alleles are produced by loss–of–function mutations in polymerase or mismatch repair genes. Previous calculations have ignored the fact that this creates a flux of higher fitness individuals into the mutator subpopulation. This flux raises the mean fitness of the mutator subpopulation, and when this factor is taken into account, the frequency of the mutator may be more than an order of magnitude greater than recent theoretical work has suggested.
Estimating Model Uncertainty of Neural Networks in Sparse Information Form

We present a sparse representation of model uncertainty for Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) where the parameter posterior is approximated with an inverse formulation of the Multivariate Normal Distribution (MND), also known as the information form. The key insight of our work is that the information matrix, i.e. the inverse of the covariance matrix tends to be sparse in its spectrum. Therefore, dimensionality reduction techniques such as low rank approximations (LRA) can be effectively exploited. To achieve this, we develop a novel sparsification algorithm and derive a cost-effective analytical sampler. As a result, we show that the information form can be scalably applied to represent model uncertainty in DNNs. Our exhaustive theoretical analysis and empirical evaluations on various benchmarks show the competitiveness of our approach over the current methods.
Maximum torque per ampere and flux-weakening control for PMSM based on curve fitting

This paper describes the MTPA (maximum torque per ampere) control strategy of Salient-pole PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor) and its flux-weaking control strategy. Salient-pole PMSM often used the MTPA control strategy, the method that MTPA curves obtained from look-up table is usually used, but it will reduce the real-time performance and reliability of the system. In this paper, electromagnetic torque Tem and the relationship of the AC-DC-axis currents id, iq can be derived with the curve fitting method directly. It approximates the original nonlinear equations into a set of two-dimensional linear equation, and the error analysis shows that the error in line with engineering requirements, so it is greatly simplifies and facilitates the actual operation. On this basis, the paper also introduces the phase-shifting controlled manner to achieve flux-weakening control. The control performance of motor with improved algorithm is analyzed through simulation, and the simulation results verify the validity and feasibility of the algorithm and theory.
A New Approach to Backscattering of Pulsed Beam Waves from Hydrometers

This paper deals with the backscattering of millimeter pulsed beam waves from hydrometeors. A new approach is presented for a solution of the time-dependent three dimensional vector radiative transfer equation for the Stokes vectors to discuss the multiple scattering effects of beam waves on radar echoes. General solutions including multiple scattering for beam waves are then derived explicitly in an integral form without any approximation. Time dependent second-order solutions for the radar echoes of pulsed beam waves are obtained to predict the multiple scattering effects depending on the variation in an incident beam size. It is shown that the inhomogeneity of the radial direction of beam waves causes the mode coupling of waves between the azimuth directions in the scattering matrix and that the mode coupling depends on the ratio of the incident beam size to the mean free path length of the medium.
Pretreatment of Acetylsalicylic Acid Promotes Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-induced Apoptosis by Down-regulating BCL-2 Gene Expression*

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been shown to be selective in the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells with minimal toxicity to normal tissues. However, not all cancers are sensitive to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Thus, TRAIL-resistant cancer cells must be sensitized first to become responsive to TRAIL. In this study, we observed that pretreatment by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) augmented TRAIL-induced apoptotic death in human prostate adenocarcinoma LNCaP and human colorectal carcinoma CX-1 cells. Western blot analysis showed that pretreatment of ASA followed by TRAIL treatment activated caspases (8, 9, and 3) and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, the hallmark feature of apoptosis. Most interestingly, at least 12 h of pretreatment with ASA was prerequisite for promoting TRAIL-induced apoptosis and was related to down-regulation of BCL-2. Biochemical analysis revealed that ASA inhibited NF-κB activity, which is known to regulate BCL-2 gene expression, by dephosphorylating IκB-α and inhibiting IKKβ activity but not by affecting the HER-2/neu phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signal pathway. Overexpression of BCL-2 suppressed the promotive effect of ASA on TRAIL-induced apoptosis and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Taken together, our studies suggested that ASA-promoted TRAIL cytotoxicity is mediated through down-regulating BCL-2 and by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential.
Corporate governance changes following earnings restatements

This study develops a research model to investigate whether firms that restate previously released financial reports implement subsequent changes in internal governance in an effort to correct underlying problems that contributed to the need for restatement in the first place. In doing so, various likely responses to financial reporting problems, including board, audit, and management changes, are indexed into a single measure to assess the joint strength of multiple corporate governance attributes within a firm. The paper demonstrates how a comparison of the Index before and after a restatement may be used to relate the nature and magnitude of a restatement with the likelihood of corporate governance changes in the aftermath of restatement. Further, the paper classifies sample restatements more finely on the basis of presence of fraud, prompter, magnitude, severity, and reason for the restatement. This more detailed classification recognizes that responses to restatements likely relate to particular characteristics of the restatement and the restatement firm. To illustrate the use of the Index in the research model, a sample hypothesis is examined, with findings showing a statistically significant association between restatements involving fraud and subsequent corporate governance changes.