Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differences in brain temperature and cerebral blood flow during selective head versus whole-body cooling.

OBJECTIVE To compare brain temperature and cerebral blood flow (CBF) during head and body cooling, with and without systemic hypoxemia. METHODS Seventeen newborn swine were studied for either measurement of brain temperature alone (n = 9) or measurement of brain temperature and CBF (n = 8). All animals were ventilated and instrumented, and temperature probes were inserted into the rectum, into the brain at depths of 2 and 1 cm from the cortical surface, and on the dural surface. Blood flow was measured with microspheres. The protocol consisted of a control period, an interval of either head or body cooling, and cooling with 15 minutes of superimposed hypoxia. After a 1-hour recovery period, animals were exposed to the same sequence except that the alternate mode of cooling was evaluated. RESULTS Head cooling with a constant rectal temperature resulted in an increase in the temperature gradient across the brain from the warmer central structures to the cooler periphery (brain 2 cm - dura temperature: 1.3 +/- 1.1 degrees C at control to 7.5 +/- 3.5 degrees C during cooling). Hypoxia superimposed on head cooling decreased the temperature gradient by at least 50%. In contrast, body cooling was associated with an unchanged temperature gradient across the brain (brain 2 cm - dura temperature: 1.5 +/- 1.2 degrees C at control to 1.1 +/- 0.9 degrees C during cooling). Hypoxia superimposed on body cooling did not change brain temperature. Both modes of brain cooling resulted in similar reductions of global CBF ( approximately 40%) and O(2) uptake. CONCLUSION Brain hypothermia achieved through head or body cooling results in different brain temperature gradients. Alterations in systemic variables (ie, hypoxemia) alters brain temperature differently in these 2 modes of brain cooling. The mode of brain cooling may affect the efficacy of modest hypothermia as a neuroprotective therapy.
'I can sit and talk to her': Aboriginal people, chronic low back pain and healthcare practitioner communication.

BACKGROUND Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a complex issue to manage in primary care and under-researched in Aboriginal populations. Good communication between practitioners and patients is essential but difficult to achieve. This study examined communication from the perspective of Aboriginal people with CLBP in regional and remote Western Australia. METHODS Qualitative, in-depth interviews were conducted with 32 adults with CLBP who identify as Aboriginal. The approach and analysis were informed by clinical ethnography and cultural security. RESULTS Barriers to communication related to communication content, information that was not evidence-based, miscommunications, communicative absence and the use of medical jargon. Enablers related to communication style described as 'yarning', a two-way dialogue, and healthcare practitioners with good listening and conversational skills. DISCUSSION Health practitioners need to consider communication content and style to improve interactions with Aboriginal people with CLBP. A 'yarning' style may be a useful framework. Findings may be pertinent to other populations.
Creatine kinase activity in rat skeletal muscle with intermittent tetanic stimulation

ATP synthesis from PCr through creatine kinase reaction was measured in vivo in rat leg muscle using 31P NMR magnetization transfer and progressive saturation. Both techniques determined a spin‐lattice relaxation time for PCr of 3 s at rest and an identical forward rate constant of 0.22‐0.26 s−1. In stimulated muscles, magnetization transfer showed that flux was not changed with a steady‐state PCr of 54% of initial level. During stimulation inducing a PCr decrease to 38% of initial value, flux was significantly lowered by 30%. These findings could result from an accumulation of ions and water increases or from compartmentation of ATP and PCr in different pools either in the muscle cell or in the different muscle fibers. In addition, these results could reinforce the hypothesis against a crucial role for creatine kinase shuttle in the ATP supply in skeletal muscle. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
Fine Needle Aspiration Diagnosis of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis

The diagnosis and management of peripheral lymph node tuberculosis remains a major problem in most of the developing countries. We retrieved 584 cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis from a total 1124 lymphnode aspirations done over a period of 3 years (1995–1998). Overall acid-fast bacillus positivity was 37.4%, being highest in the cases in which purulent material was aspirated. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of tuberculous lymphadenopathy provided a high level of diagnostic accuracy as shown by 1.7% false negative and a zero false positive rate. FNA is reliable as an initial evaluating procedure for diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis making it suitable for wider application in developing countries with scant resources.
Short-term antimicrobial properties of mineral trioxide aggregate with incorporated silver-zeolite.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine whether adding silver-zeolite (SZ) to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) would enhance the antimicrobial activity of MTA against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC #25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC #29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC#25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC #27853), Candida albicans (ATCC #90028), Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC #33277), Actinomyces israelii (ATCC #12102), and Prevotella intermedia (ATCC# 15032). SZ was added at 0.2% and 2% mass fraction concentration to MTA powder. The control group was MTA powder with no SZ. The antimicrobial effect test was accomplished by placing freshly mixed MTA specimens on agar plates inoculated with microorganisms and comparing the zones of inhibition at 24, 48, and 72 h. The amounts of silver ion release from MTA specimens were measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometry at 10-min, 24-, 48-, and 72-h periods. The pH of MTA specimens was measured with a pH meter at 10-min, 24-, 48-, and 72-h periods. MTA with 2% and 0.2% SZ specimens showed inhibitory effects on some microorganisms at all time periods, whereas no antimicrobial activity showed for P. intermedia and A. israelii. MTA without SZ inhibited C. albicans, E. Coli, and P. intermedia. The highest silver release was detected in 2% SZ MTA at 24 h. The incorporation of SZ may enhance the antimicrobial activity of MTA.
BK and JC polyomavirus infections in Tunisian renal transplant recipients

The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the rate of BK (BKPyV) and JC (JCPyV) polyomavirus infections and their influence on allograft function in Tunisian renal transplant recipients. A total of 72 renal transplant recipients were studied. BKPyV and JCPyV were detected and quantified by real‐time PCR in urine and plasma. Demographic and laboratory characteristics were collected for each patient. Polyomavirus DNAuria was detected in 54 (75%) of renal transplant recipients: 26 (36%) had BKPyV DNAuria, 20 (28%) had JCPyV DNAuria, and 8 (11%) had a dual BKPyV/JCPyV DNAuria. BKPyV DNAemia was detected in four (5.5%) patients, whereas no patient had JCPyV viremia. More than 70% of BKPyV and JCPyV infections started within the first 3 months post‐transplant. The risk for positive DNAemia was observed in patients with DNAuria level >107copies/ml. BK Polyomavirus‐associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) was observed in two patients. This study highlights the high frequency of BKPyV and JCPyV viruria during the first year post‐transplant with the highest incidence observed in the third month. We identified several risk factors that were associated with BKV DNAuria including age, sex of patients, and the use of tacrolimus instead of cyclosporine A at month 3. The use of cyclosporine A instead of tacrolimus was identified as risk factor for JCV viruria in month 3. No statistical difference in the allograft function was found between BKPyV and/or JCPyV infected and uninfected patients. J. Med. Virol. 87:1788–1795, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prolonged Blockade of CD40-CD40 Ligand Interactions by Gene Transfer of CD40Ig Results in Long-Term Heart Allograft Survival and Donor-Specific Hyporesponsiveness, But Does Not Prevent Chronic Rejection1

Previous work on blockade of CD40-CD40 ligand interaction in mice and primates with anti-CD40 ligand mAbs has resulted in a moderate prolongation of allograft survival without the development of true allograft tolerance. In this study, we show in rats that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of CD40Ig sequences into the graft resulted in prolonged (>200 days) expression of CD40Ig and in long-term (>300 days) survival. Recipients expressing CD40Ig displayed strongly (>90%) inhibited mixed leukocyte reactions and alloantibody production at early (days 5 and 17) and late time points (>100 day) after transplantation, but showed limited inhibition of leukocyte infiltration and cytokine production as evaluated by immunohistology at early time points (day 5). Recipients of long-surviving hearts showed donor-specific hyporesponsiveness since acceptance of second cardiac allografts was donor specific. Nevertheless, long-term allografts (>100 days) displayed signs of chronic rejection vasculopathy. Occluded vessels showed leukocyte infiltration, mainly composed of CD4+ and CD8+ cells, macrophages, and mast cells. These recipients also showed antidonor CTL activity. Recipients expressing CD40Ig did not show nonspecific immunosuppression, as they were able to mount anticognate immune responses that were partially inhibited at early time points and were normal thereafter. We conclude that gene transfer-mediated expression of CD40Ig resulted in a highly efficient inhibition of acute heart allograft rejection in rats. This treatment induced donor-specific inhibition of certain alloreactive mechanisms in the short-, but not the long-term, which resulted in long-term survival of allografts concomitant with the development of chronic rejection.
Antioxidant levels in the rat brain after nitric oxide synthase inhibition: a preliminary report

Abstract Protective effects of NOS inhibitors and free radical scavengers in cerebral ischemia are well documented. The present study was undertaken to determine the possible effects of NOS inhibition on brain antioxidants. Levels of both enzymatic [glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and non-enzymatic [reduced glutathione (GSH)] antioxidants following nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), D-NAME or 7-nitro-indazole (7-NI) have been investigated. NOS activity and antioxidant levels in the rat cerebellum and medulla were estimated 1 h after treatment with L-NAME (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), D-NAME (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or 7-NI (25 mg/kg, i.p.). L-NAME and 7-NI inhibited NOS activity in a dose-dependent manner. D-NAME also exhibited significant NOS inhibition. The activity of SOD and the GSH level remained unaltered following NOS inhibition. However, L-NAME and D-NAME at 100 mg/kg attenuated GPx activity in the cerebellum, though 7-NI had no effect. L-NAME inhibited catalase activity in medulla only at 30 mg/kg, but had no effect in cerebellum. However, 7-NI (25 mg/kg), D-NAME and L-NAME at 100 mg/kg did not affect catalase activity in the rat brain. Thus, NOS inhibition by the three agents did not have major effects on brain antioxidant levels.
Endocrine regulation in asymmetric intrauterine fetal growth retardation

Objective. The ponderal index (PI) is a widely accepted measure of disproportionate growth or asymmetrical growth retardation by pediatricians worldwide. Identification of disproportionately grown small for gestational age (SGA) neonates by using the ponderal index as a measure of the nutritional status at birth, is important because they constitute a high-risk group among SGA neonates. Poor nutritional status of the mother could have a direct effect on the organs of the developing fetus and/or affect the endocrine milieu in the maternal feto-placental unit resulting in an increased incidence of intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR)/SGA births. IUGR is a significant risk factor for adult disease. In this study, we have investigated the endocrine adaptation by the fetus to overcome the growth disadvantage caused due to poor nutritional status of the mother. Materials and methods. We examined the quantitative variations in hormonal and growth factor profiles in paired maternal and cord blood samples obtained from mothers and their neonates who were classified based on their growth status into SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Results. (1) A total of 24.7% neonates had a PI < 2, indicating a high incidence of asymmetric IUGR in the population studied. (2) Anthropometric parameters measured in the mothers indicate that the mothers giving birth to neonates with a PI < 2 had poor nutritional status, both prior to and during pregnancy. (3) We observed increased levels of placental lactogen and prolactin and decreased levels of insulin in the cord blood of neonates with PI < 2, while lower levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and higher levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) were observed in their mothers. Conclusion. Poor maternal nutritional status results in fetal adaptation to a growth restricted environment via the modulation of the pituitary–thyroid axis thereby altering the endocrine milieu, thus affecting fetal growth.
Maturation of rat visual cortex. II. A combined Golgi‐electron microscope study of pyramidal neurons

Tissue removed from 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 21‐day‐old rats has been prepared for correlative light and electron microscopy to examine the maturation of cell bodies, dendrites, and axons of pyramidal neurons in layer V of rat visual cortex. As the size of the cell body increases steadily during the first 3 postnatal weeks there is an equivalent growth in nuclear volume. By day 15, there are infoldings in the nuclear envelope which may be induced by eye opening on day 14. Nucleoli increase in size until day 9, after which they appear to condense. Within the perikarya, the most conspicuous change is the amount and organization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Symmetric axosomatic synapses are evident by day 6. The ultrastructure of dendrites does not change substantially with age. Dendrites form synapses with symmetric densities as early as day 3 and asymmetric ones by day 9. It seems that dendritic spines begin as low, broad protrusions having symmetric junctions with smaller diameter axonal processes. With time they become taller stumps, before acquiring their mature lollipop shape and participating in asymmetric synapses with axonal varicosities. Other dendritic appendages, filopodia, and growth cones are transient structures, being conspicuous only between days 3 and 12. “Terminal” growth cones are essential for extension of dendritic processes, whereas “en passant” growth cones and filopodia seem important for dendritic branching. Boutons of mature pyramidal cell axons form asymmetric synapses with dendritic shafts and spines, but the developing synapses formed by these axons have more symmetric junctions. The maturation of pyramidal cell features progresses in concert with such extrinsic determinants as afferent input and is probably influenced by the competency of synaptic connections.
Organizational Responses to Public and Private Politics: An Analysis of Climate Change Activists and U.S. Oil and Gas Firms

We explore how activists’ public and private politics elicit different organizational responses. Using data on U.S. petroleum companies from 1982 to 2010, we investigate how climate change activists serving as witnesses at congressional hearings and engaging in firm protests influenced firms’ internal and external responses. We find that public politics induced internally focused practice adoption, whereas private politics induced externally focused framing activities. We also find that private and public politics had an interaction effect: as firms faced more private political pressure, they were less likely to respond to public political pressures; similarly, as firms faced greater public political pressure, they were less likely to respond to private political pressures. The results suggest that activists can have a significant impact on firm behavior depending on the mix of private and public political tactics they engage in. We discuss the implications of our study for social movement research, organization theory, and nonmarket strategy.
Pineal Anlage Tumor : Case Report and Review of Literature

The pineal gland is a midline organ located posterior to the third ventricle in the quadrigeminal cistern. It is surrounded by the splenium of the corpus callosum above, the thalami laterally, and the quadrigeminal plate and vermis below, together delineating the pineal region [1]. Histologically, the human pineal gland parenchyma is mainly composed of pineocytes with a few supportive astrocytes, is subdivided into lobules imparting a glandular appearance, and is invested by leptomeninges [2]. Lesions of the pineal region are occasionally encountered, and may be non-neoplastic (i.e. pineal cysts) or neoplastic. Pineal neoplasms are relatively rare, accounting for 3-8% of pediatric and less than one percent of adult brain tumors [3]. Pineal region tumors are a heterogenous group of neoplasms, owing to the presence of various cell types present in a small region that can each undergo neoplastic transformation. Germ cell tumors are the most common tumors of the pineal region. Ependymomas, astrocytomas (both localized and diffuse), choroid plexus neoplasms, and meningiomas also may occur, but are much less common. Neoplasms unique to this region are presumed to arise from pineocytes, the resident synaptophysinpositive neuroepithelial cells of the pineal gland. These “pineal parenchymal neoplasms” span a spectrum of biologic aggression, with pineocytomas and pineoblastomas showing the least and most aggressive clinical courses, respectively. Of the tumors unique to the pineal region, the pineal anlage shows the most unusual pathologic features, and is extremely rare. Although not officially recognized as a stand-alone entity by the World Health Organization (WHO), the 2007 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System describes pineal anlage tumors as rare pineoblastomas with melanin production and cartilaginous and/or rhabdomyoblasticdifferentiation [4-6]. Pineal anlage tumors were first described by Schmidbauer and colleagues in 1989 as a pineal region tumor in a 9-year-old girl that exhibited neuronal, retinoblastic and ectomesenchymal differentiation [7]. In the following years, only six other cases of pineal anlage tumors showing the described pathologic features have been reported [6-11]. These tumors showed variable pathologic findings, including primitive neuroepithelial proliferations, neural rosettes, skeletal muscle, pigmented cells, and cartilage. Olaya described a case of a pineal anlage tumor in a 5-monthold boy treated at our institution in 2010 [6]. We report the clinical presentation, neuroradiologicfindings, histopathology, and immunophenotype of a second case of pineal anlage tumor treated at our institution.
Genetics and Epidemiology of Tourette Syndrome

Although the genetic basis of Tourette syndrome is well established, uncertainty about how best to define and assess the Tourette syndrome phenotype has hampered efforts to identify the genes responsible for susceptibility to the disorder. In addition, such efforts have typically been underpowered or were undertaken before the technology was available to perform systematic genome-wide genetic investigations. The Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium on Genetics was formed by more than a dozen research groups from around the world to develop common approaches to phenotyping Tourette syndrome and to pool samples for uniform, well-powered genetic investigations. Several recent advances, including the completion of genome-wide scans of affected sib-pairs and large families, show real promise for identifying Tourette syndrome susceptibility genes. In this review, we describe the key epidemiologic, linkage, and association studies in Tourette syndrome and illustrate the strategies currently being used to identify Tourette syndrome genes. (J Child Neurol 2006;21:665—671; DOI 10.2310/7010.2006.00168).
Pain in children and adolescents with spina bifida

The Pediatric Pain Questionnaire and relevant medical records were used to investigate the frequency, intensity, location, and duration of pain experienced by children with spina bifida and to examine the concordance between child self‐report and parent proxy report of pain. There were 68 children with spina bifida (30 males, 38 females) between the ages of 8 and 19 years (mean age 12y 8m). Fifty‐nine children (87%) were diagnosed with myelomeningocele, six (9%) with lipomyelomeningocele, and three (4%) with lipomeningocele (4%). Forty‐nine children (72%) had shunted hydrocephalus. Twenty‐six children (38%) ambulated full‐time. Fifty‐six per cent of children reported experiencing pain once a week or more often. For these children, pain occurred most frequently in the head, back, abdomen, neck, shoulders, legs, and hands. Of the 49 children with shunted hydrocephalus, 43 (88%) reported headaches; 15 of 19 children (79%) without hydrocephalus reported headaches. Children who reported more intense pain also reported more frequent pain and more pain locations. Parents were most reliable at reporting locations of their children's severe pain. Parents of younger children significantly underestimated their children's current pain and worst pain in the past 7 days. Lesion level and ambulatory status were not associated with any of the pain variables. It was concluded that children with spina bifida frequently report clinically significant, yet under‐recognized and untreated pain.
Arc running behaviour between parallel rails of different metals and compounds used in miniature circuit breakers

Low voltage circuit breakers in modern AC and DC networks should be capable of cut off operational as well as fault currents. An important influence factor for a successful current interruption is determined by the arc-attachment at the electrodes, supporting or limiting a quick arc-movement to the running-rails and towards the extinction chamber. This work presents experimental results of the investigation of the arc behaviour between parallel rails made of different Ag/SnO2 compounds, copper and steel. The arc behaviour was observed with a high speed CCD-camera. The results of the experiments show different attachment characteristics of the arc spots depending on material of the rail and polarity. The mean arc-speed was determined for the different materials. The structure characterization of the arc caused damages on the rails shows typical polarity dependent microstructure formations.