Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The 1997-98 Asian crisis: a property rights perspective

In 1997 the "Asian miracle" came to a sudden and dramatic end. A group of East Asian economics that had performed remarkably well over the previous two decades suddenly found their currencies under intense speculative pressure, their stock markets fell dramatically, and their economic growth rapidly declined. The Asian crisis spread to other emerging market economics, notably in Latin America and Russia. Speculation on the causes of the 1997-98 crisis varies from an old-fashioned financial panic (Radelet and Sachs 1998), to poor regulatory environments and conspiracy theories (Krugman 1999). Events such as this call for policy responses and for a reformation of the international "financial architecture," which McKinnon (1996) refers to as "the rules of the game. " Irrespective of what the precise rules are, they have common objectives: To foster efficiency in trade of goods and assets; to provide stability; and to provide an equitable, socially acceptable distribution of income and wealth (Swoboda 1999:2).
Factors associated with induced demand for services in Iran’s healthcare system

Background: One of the most important subjects in health economics and healthcare management is the theory of induced demand; that is, caring for or providing and selling unnecessary services to users of healthcare systems, which is accompanied by the exercising of power by the service providers. Methods: This study was performed on physicians, nurses, and laboratory and radiology technicians working in Medical Science universities. Random sampling was conducted from five areas: the center, north, west, east and south of Iran. Data were gathered by a questionnaire, with a Cronbach's alpha of >0.7, consisting of nine dimensions on existence of induced demand and its associated factors. Results: The results showed that overall, 65.2% of the participants agreed with the existence of induced demand. Chi-squared test showed there was no difference in the level of induced demand between the regions of the country, education level and occupation. However, there was a significant difference in terms of gender (P<0.005). The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant relationship between the associated factors and induced demand (P<0.005). Conclusions: Results showed that induced demand was influenced by factors including service recipients’ awareness, personal benefits of service providers, the extent they cared about health, supervision of insurance companies, industrialization of the health sector, diversity and increased number of trained experts and the quality of methods of training the service providers. Therefore, policymakers and planners should consider raising awareness of health service recipients, supervising insurance companies, reforming teaching methods, social culture making and changing the beliefs of society.
Characterization of chloroplast matK sequences of Citrus tachibana and Citrus depressa, two indigenous species in Japan

Citrus tachibana, C. nippokoreana, and C. depressa are indigenous mandarin species in Japan. We deduced their phylogenetic relationships from nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast matK gene. The results indicate that C. tachibana, C. nippokoreana, and C. depressa accessions can be classified into two types: type A, all sixteen C. tachibana and six C. Depressa; type B, eleven C. depressa and one C. nippokoreana. Both type A and type B accessions of C. depressa were found on the Okinawa Islands, whereas only type B accessions of C. depressa were found on the Sakishima and Amami Islands. This cpDNA divergence seemed to indicate a polyphyletic origin of C. depressa. The matK genes of type A were found only in C. tachibana and some C. depressa . From these results, both species probably possess a characteristic chloroplast genome among various Citrus species.
State of the Art in Counterpoise Theory

This review, covering the period 1987-1993, deals with quantum chemical studies that employ the supermolecular method with some form of counterpoise to calculate the interaction energies of molecular complexes. A theorem is provided showing that the standard counterpoise approach, in which, at a given geometry, energies are evaluated using the full basis set of the complex, yields a pure (i.e. BSSEfree) interaction energy. Artifacts resulting from secondary BSSE have been found to become negligible before the basis set limit of this interaction energy is attained. Alternative methods in which counterpoise is achieved by restricting the fragment description in the calculation of the full complex to the level used for the isolated fragment are formally nearly correct but have been found to give less satisfactory results, mainly because the relevant fragment properties converge only slowly to the basis
Expression of Defense Responsive Gene in Rice after the Infection of Rhizoctonia solani

Rice sheath blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn [Sexual stage: Thanetophorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk] is one of the major production constraints in rice-growing countries of the world. Currently, the best method for controlling sheath blight is applying commercial fungicides. Breeding for sheath blight resistant rice plants has not been very successful mainly because of lack of resistant donors in the cultivated varieties of rice (Bonmann et al., 1992).
Effects of restricted methionine and energy intake on egg weight and shell quality : research note

Ylisuuret kananmunat alentavat tuottajahintaa. Metioniiniaminohapon ja energian saannin rajoittamisen vaikutusta selvitettiin munantuotannon, erityisesti munan painon ja kuoren laadun kannalta. Metioniinipitoisuuden rajoitus rehussa oli 87 ja 74% vertailutasoon nahden. Rehua annettiin kaikille metioniiniryhmille enintaan 120 g/kana/paiva. Energiarajoituksessa rehun muuntokelpoisen energian pitoisuus oli 91.5% vertailuryhman pitoisuudesta ja kun rehuannos rajoitettiin 115 g:aan paivassa, oli energiarajoitus kokonaisuudessaan 89%. Koe suoritettiin ikavalilla 46B70 vk ja siina kaytettiin kahta kanahybridia (MA16, LSL). Metioniinin rajoitus ei vaikuttanut merkitsevasti kanojen munintaan, mutta pienensi lineaarisesti munan painoa. Munan keskipainot olivat 64.0 (100%), 63.1 (87%) ja 60.6 g (74%). Energiarajoitus alensi munan painoa yhta tehokkaasti kuin 87%:n metioniinirajoitus, mutta muninta jai LSL-kanalla merkitsevasti heikommaksi. Voimakas munan painon lasku aiheutti 74%:n metioniinirajoituksella huomattavan rehuhyotysuhteen suurenemisen. Tulokset viittaavat metioniinin ja energian tarpeen eroihin hybridien valilla. Kuoren laatua koskevissa tuloksissa oli havaittavissa sen parantumista runsaalla metioniinin ja energian rajoittamisella. Munan laatuluokituksessa metioniinirajoitus lisasi merkitsevasti ykkosluokan munia ja vahensi suurten (63B73 g) ja ylisuurten (>73 g) munien osuutta. Energiarajoitus ei vaikuttanut merkitsevasti laatuluokitukseen, mutta vahensi merkitsevasti ylisuurten munien maaraa.
An Unholy Alliance: The Sacred and Modern Sports

An Unholy Alliance offers a dissenting view to the claim by a growing number of scholars that Sports are a new religion. The last few years have seen a spate of books that might be classified by a genre called "Sports Apologetics," that is, arguments defending or celebrating in one way or another the familiar and ongoing alliance in America between sports and religion. Recently, claims have been made by scholars that sports are an authentic religion in and of themselves. They make this startling assertion not by showing connections with the teachings of Buddha, Jesus, Mohammed, or Moses, but by parallels between the rites of modern games and those of preliterate man that were "religious" in nature because they were designed to propitiate powers and to ward off evil for the tribes employing them. In this evocative book, Higgs and Braswell suggest that while sports may often be good things, they are not inherently divine. They do not focus on wide-spread abuse in sports as evidence for their counterargument. Rather, they question the use of mythological parallels from prehistory as justification for viewing sports as a religion.
Dynamics of Income Rank Volatility: Evidence from Germany and the US

This paper presents a methodology for comparing income rank volatility profiles over time and across distributions. While most of the existing measures are affected by changes in marginal distributions, this paper proposes a framework that is based on individuals’ relative positions in the distribution, and is neutral in relation to structural changes that occur in the economy. Applying this approach to investigate rank volatility in Germany and the US over three decades, we show that while poorer individuals within both countries are the most volatile, the volatility trend for the middle class in each of these countries differs.
Understanding the Role of Culture and Heritage in Community Festivals: An Importance-Performance Analysis

Festivals can support local communities by bringing in unique visitors who will inject new revenue into the economy. Continued evaluation of festivals is necessary to ensure they are meeting customer expectations, which will generate positive word-of-mouth advertising and repeat visitation. The research reported here used an importance-performance analysis to evaluate a regional festival in South Carolina. Particular attention was paid to the importance of the cultural aspects of the festival. Based on a survey of 212 festival attendees, several recommendations are made to festival planners. Results indicate that cultural aspects of the festival were not very important to attendees.
Ethics and Economics of Tobacco Farming: A Case Study of Rural Bangladesh

Tobacco is being dealt as one of the major cash crops which are largely grown in Kushtia, Chittagong Hill, and northern regions of Bangladesh.Actually it is a non‐food plant used as a basic raw material for products that is proved to be harmful for health, environment and society.Tobacco is both dangerous and addictive. Its production thus raises ethical questions. The study is aimed to estimate the factors affecting tobacco yield and investigate whether any ethical issues influence the production behavior of tobacco farmerin Lalmonirhat district. Both primary and secondary data are used in this paper. Primary data is collected from 100 farmers using simple random sampling method from Aditmariupazila of Lalmonirhat district. are used . To estimate the influencing factors including ethics on the tobacco yield, both multiple linear and double log regression model are used. Tabular method is followedto describe the socio-economic profile and explore ethical consideration of tobacco farmers regarding its cultivation. The result shows that actually major farmers have no ethical concerns about tobacco farming. It also reveals that the majorities of tobacco farmers are reluctant to leave its production though they claim that tobacco production is unethical. The linear regression result of tobacco yield shows that the variables fertilizer, pesticides, seed,labors,support from the company, and land quality are positively significant to affect the tobacco yield. From the normative point of view, ethical concern of the farmers would be negatively related with their tobacco yield. But the paper finds an insignificant relationbetween ethics and tobacco yield.
Comparative Analysis of Vehicle Suspension System in Matlab-SIMULINK and MSc- ADAMS with the help of Quarter Car Model

Scope of this paper is to prepare Quarter car model of vehicle suspension system in Matlab-SIMULINK and MSc-ADAMS. Mathematical model for quarter car is prepared with the help of State-Space representation. Then the quarter car model is developed in Matlab-SIMULINK and Msc-ADAMS. Vibration analysis is done by giving step input. Procedure and results are compared.
What can Schools Learn from Children about use of Culturally Relevant Methods and Materials? Paper presented at the 11th UKFIET Conference in Oxford, United Kingdom. (13 - 15 September, 2011)

The methods and materials used by teachers in schools has been examined by various researchers. However, sibling teaching and the materials and methods used during sibling teaching is an area that has not received much attention. There is therefore a paucity of literature on the teaching strategies older siblings use when instructing younger children. This paper therefore is based on a study that set out to investigate the materials and methods used during sibling teaching among children in Kenya. This study was important as most children spend a significant proportion of their time with their siblings resulting in siblings having a great influence on each other. In this study, the older siblings were found to use locally available materials such as stones, sticks, leaves and seeds to teach various concepts and skills to younger children. They also used traditional games, songs and story telling. They taught their younger siblings not only the appropriate norms and values, but also instructed them on various concepts taught by teachers in Kenyan schools. This paper therefore recommends that teachers just like older siblings should use locally available materials and culturally appropriate teaching methods.
Gametogenesis and reproductive behavior in the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus

Gametogenesis and behavior facilitating reproduction were studied in the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus (Lamark 1816), found off Key Biscayne, Florida, during 1993. Oocyte dia- meters and qualitative staging of gonad sections indicated a sustained peak in reproductive state from April to June followed by a decrease in reproductive state by August and a shorter reproductive peak by November. Ripe females censused during both reproductive seasons showed substantial variation in oocyte size suggesting that sporadic, small scale spawning events commonly occur in this population. Counts of urchins in nested quadrats showed that L. variegatus aggregates at no fewer than 4 different spatial scales (0.0625, 0.25, 1.0 , and 2.0 m 2 ) with aggregations at larger scales being most common, especially prior to reproductive seasons. A noticeably higher amount of food in guts at these times suggests that these aggregations may be formed during random encounters during peri- ods of increased feeding activity, which may also build up energy reserves for reproduction. Marked urchins were arranged in artificial aggregations of various sizes to investigate potential reproductive interactions. Most urchins moved 1 to 3 m d -1 throughout the year. Most encounters among urchins were of short duration and occurred randomly. Urchins placed in the largest aggregations dispersed most slowly during April and June, the periods with the highest mean oocyte diameters. The inci- dence of heterosexual pairing among naturally occurring pairs of urchins was random, suggesting that L. variegatus may not be able to distinguish gender. Sex ratio of the population was skewed in favor of males. The data suggest that numerous small scale spawning events take place during an extended reproductive season and that intraspecific encounters occur during this season entirely by chance. This method of spawning may enhance outcrossing.
DOES TRADE LIBERALISATION MATTER?: An Analysis of Intra-Industry Trade for Turkey and the EU

In assessing the implications of trade liberalisation, examination of whether any expansion in trade was primarily inter-industry or intra-industry in nature is crucial as it can provide some insight into the potential consequences of further trade liberalisation (e.g. Turkey's accession to the EU). As a consequence of Turkey's trade liberalisation attempts with the EU, one can expect that as trade barriers between Turkey and the EU are removed Turkey can further exploit its comparative advantage and therefore that inter-industry trade will develop between the two areas. Among countries with similar factor endowments, one can also expect that scale economies will be further exhausted and hence that intra-industry trade will increase. Therefore, it is o f interest to examine the trend o f intra-industry trade between Turkey and the EU over pre- and post liberalisation periods as this can shed some light on nature o f trade expansion between the two areas which be very useful for studying effects of further economic integration of Turkey into the EU.
Strategic Experimentation with Private Arrival of Information and Competition ∗

This paper analyses private learning in a model of strategic experimentation under competition. I consider a two-armed bandit problem with one safe arm and one risky arm. A good risky arm can potentially experience two kinds of arrivals. One is publicly observable and the other is privately observed by the agent who experiences it. The safe arm experiences publicly observable arrivals according to a given intensity. Private arrivals yield no payoff. Only the first publicly observed arrival (in any of the arms) yields a payoff of 1 unit. Players start with a common prior about the quality of the risky arm. I construct a particular symmetric equilibrium. The full information optimal is considered as the benchmark. In the equilibrium constructed, conditional on no arrival along the risky arm, players tend to experiment too much if the prior is higher than a threshold and tend to experiment too little otherwise. JEL Classification Numbers:C73, D83, O31.
Machine Translation Post-editing and Effort. Empirical Studies on the Post-editing Process

This dissertation investigates the practice of machine translation post-editing and the various aspects of effort involved in post-editing work. Through analyses of edits made by post-editors, the work described here examines three main questions: 1) what types of machine translation errors or source text features cause particular effort in post-editing, 2) what types of errors can or cannot be corrected without the help of the source text, and 3) how different indicators of effort vary between different post-editors. The dissertation consists of six previously published articles, and an introductory summary. Five of the articles report original research, and involve analyses of post-editing data to examine questions related to post-editing effort as well as differences between post-editors. The sixth article is a survey presenting an overview of the research literature. The research reported is based on multiple datasets consisting of machine translations and their post-edited versions, as well as process and evaluation data related to post-editing effort. The dissertation presents a mixed methods study combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, as well as theoretical and analytical tools from the fields of language technology and translation studies. Data on edits performed by post-editors, post-editing time, keylogging data, and subjective evaluations of effort are combined with error analyses of the machine translations in question, and compared for various post-editors. The results of this dissertation provide evidence that, in addition to the number of edits performed, post-editing effort is affected by the type of edits as well as source text features. Secondly, the results show that while certain language errors can be corrected even without access to the source text, certain other types that more severely affect the meaning cannot. Thirdly, the results show that post-editors’ speed and the amount of editing they perform differ, and that various profiles can be identified in terms of how the edits are planned and carried out by the post-editors. The results of this work may have both theoretical and practical implications for the measurement and estimation of post-editing effort.
Interrelations between Self-esteem and Personal Self-efficacy in Educational Contexts: An Empirical Study

The present investigation extends previous studies, situating self-esteem within Bandura's (1986, 1997) social cognitive theory. Our theoretical-conceptual model posits the impacts of the four major informational sources (e.g., enactive learning experience) on self-esteem; this postulation would, in part, advance our understanding into the nature of self-esteem. Furthermore, self-esteem is hypothesized to relate positively to the three levels of personal self-efficacy beliefs: global, course, and task. Academic engagement and achievement outcome, in turn, are postulated as adaptive outcomes of both self-esteem and self-efficacy. 350 12 th grade students (200 girls, 152 boys) participated in this correlational study, and responded to a suite of Likert-scale inventories. We used causal modeling procedures to ascertain and decompose the direct and indirect effects. Some notable findings were established, which formulate a consideration for further advancement - for example, the direct influences from three of the four sources on self-esteem, and the impact of self-esteem on global self-efficacy.
Rotation of surviving companion stars after type Ia supernova explosions in the WD+MS scenario

Context. In the single-degenerate (SD) scenario of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) the non-degenerate companion star survives the supernova (SN) explosion and thus should be visible near the center of the SN remnant and may show some unusual features. Therefore, a promising approach to test progenitor models of SNe Ia is to search for the companion star in historical SN remnants. Aims. Here we present the results of three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamics simulations of the interaction between the SN Ia blast wave and a main-sequence companion taking into consideration its orbital motion and spin. The primary goal of this work is to investigate the rotation of surviving companion stars after SN Ia explosions in the WD+MS scenario. Methods. We used Eggleton's stellar evolution code including the optically thick accretion wind model to obtain realistic models of companion stars. The impact of the supernova blast wave on these companion stars was followed in 3D hydrodynamic simulations employing the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code GADGET3. Results. We find that the rotation of the companion star does not significantly affect the amount of stripped mass and the kick velocity caused by the SN impact. However, in our simulations, the rotational velocity of the companion star is significantly reduced to about 14% to 32% of its pre-explosion value due to the expansion of the companion and because 55%-89% of the initial angular momentum is carried away by the stripped matter. Conclusions. Compared with the observed rotational velocity of the presumed companion star of Tycho's supernova, Tycho G, of similar to 6 km s(-1), the final rotational velocity we obtain in our simulations is still higher by at least a factor of two. Whether this difference is significant and may cast doubts on the suggestion that Tycho G is the companion of SN 1572 has to be investigated in future studies. Based on binary population synthesis results, we present for the first time the expected distribution of rotational velocities of companion stars after the SN explosion, which may provide useful information for the identification of the surviving companion in observational searches in other historical SN remnants.