Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Energy Efficiency Using Cloud Management of LTE Networks Employing Fronthaul and Virtualized Baseband Processing Pool

The cloud radio access network (C-RAN) emerges as one of the future solutions to handle the ever-growing data traffic, which is beyond the physical resources of current mobile networks. The C-RAN decouples the traffic management operations from the radio access technologies, leading to a new combination of a virtualized network core and a fronthaul architecture. This new resource coordination provides the necessary network control to manage dense Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks overlaid with femtocells. However, the energy expenditure poses a major challenge for a typical C-RAN that consists of extended virtualized processing units and dense fronthaul data interfaces. In response to the power efficiency requirements and dynamic changes in traffic, this paper proposes C-RAN solutions and algorithms that compute the optimal backup topology and network mapping solution while denying interfacing requests from low-flow or inactive femtocells. A graph-coloring scheme is developed to label new formulated fronthaul clusters of femtocells using power as the performance metric. Additional power savings are obtained through efficient allocations of the virtualized baseband units (BBUs) subject to the arrival rate of active fronthaul interfacing requests. Moreover, the proposed solutions are used to reduce power consumption for virtualized LTE networks operating in the Wi-Fi spectrum band. The virtualized network core use the traffic load variations to determine those femtocells who are unable to transmit to switch them off for additional power savings. The simulation results demonstrate an efficient performance of the given solutions in large-scale network models.
Images Are Not the (Only) Truth: Brain Mapping, Visual Knowledge, and Iconoclasm

Representations of the active brain have served to establish a particular domain of competence for brain mappers and to distinguish brain mapping’s particular contributions to mind/brain research. At the heart of the claims about the emerging contributions of functional brain mapping is a paradox: functional imagers seem to reject representations while also using them at multiple points in their work. This article therefore considers a love-hate relationship between scientists and their object: the case of the iconoclastic imager. This paradoxical stance is the result of the formation of an interdisciplinary approach that brings together a number of scientific traditions and their particular standards of what constitutes scientific evidence. By examining the various ways in which images are deployed and rejected, the origins of these conflicting tendencies can be traced to the technological, methodological, and institutional elements in the work of functional imagers. This approach provides insight into the current demarcation of imaging and reflects on features of visual knowledge.
Mechanistic Insights into Prostanoid Transformations Catalyzed by Cytochrome P 450 . Prostacyclin and Thromboxane Biosyntheses

Cytochrome P450s (P450) are an important class of proteins found in living organisms as they play a critical role in the metabolism of many endogenous and exogenous molecules. Examples of the former include the metabolites Prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which are biosynthesized from the substrate prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) by the P450s, prostalyclin and thromboxane synthases, respectively. Both metabolites play a key role in renal, cardiovascular, and pulmonary diseases so greater mechanistic understanding of the processes leading to their formation is highly desirable. Unlike typical cytochrome P450 reactions such as monooxygenations, synthases do not require O2 or electron transfer from reductases for catalytic function. This is an area of active scientific interest in the area although there are several mechanistic proposals on the isomerization reactions of PGH2, many aspects of the reaction still remain unclear. Recent research highlights include resonance Raman spectroscopic analyses that show the resting state of the thromboxane synthase bound with a substrate analogue contains a low-spin six coordinate heme. In addition, X-ray crystallographic studies on prostacyclin synthase indicate that the catalytic pocket is small and hydrophobic in character. Also worth mention are recent quantum mechanical (QM) studies that indicates homolytic O−O bond cleavage of PGH2, is followed by one electron transfer from substrate to the heme, is essential for the generation of TXA2 and PGI2. In this chapter, we review the basic processes involved in heme and prostanoid chemistry and discuss the most recent studies in the area. The exclusive license for this PDF is limited to personal website use only. No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted commercially in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. Tetsuya K. Yanai and Seiji Mori 232
Impact of inmediate postnatal sucking on mortality and growth of sucklings in field condition.

Viability and growth of 191 kits born alive from 33 does from a local population was studied in tropical conditions (Benin) in relation to achieving the initial sucking. After observing the state of the kit? s belly at the first control, each kit was weighed and classified as suckled (S) or non suckled (NS), and returned to it? s mother? s nest box. On average 34% of kits were considered to be in the NS group. The proportion ranged from 15% in very small litters (2-3 born alive) to 42% in the largest litters observed (8-9 born alive). Apparent live weight of NS kits was significantly lower than that of S kits: 40.4 vs. 53.6 g. The weight difference was not related to litter size. Birth to weaning mortality (0-35 d.) was significantly higher for NS kits than for S kits: 36.9% vs. 13.5%. But of those kits which died during the lactation period, the proportion of deaths during the first week of life was almost identical for NS and S kits: 66.7% and 64.7%. Birth weight of non suckled kits which died before weaning was significantly smaller than that of non suckled kits alive at weaning time: 37.6 vs. 42.0 ± 7.9 g without any significant interaction with litter size. However, for suckled kits, the corresponding difference was smaller and non significant: 51.4 vs 53.9 ± 8.0g again without interaction with litter size. The average 0-35 days growth rate was not affected by the initial sucking (NS 12.23 and S 12.21 g/d). Nevertheless an interaction with litter size was observed (P=0.091): in small litters (2-5 kits born alive) NS kits had a lower growth rate than those of the S group (12.8 vs. 14.2 g/day), while in larger litters (6-9 kits) the reverse was observed (12.1 vs. 11.1 g/day). Careful observation of newborn kits would allow stockbreeder to reduce mortality among young rabbits in a critical situation.
Determinants of the Compensation and Mobility of School Superintendents

Analyzing 1978–83 panel data from more than 700 New York State school districts, the authors find evidence that school superintendents were rewarded, both by higher salary increases and by enhanced opportunities to move to better-paying jobs, for having low school tax rates and high educational achievement within their districts, relative to the values of those variables in comparable school districts in the state. The rewards were, however, quite small. The analysis also suggests that the superintendents themselves did not significantly influence either school tax rates or educational test scores in their districts.
Chunking of Categorizable Objects on the Fly

This paper aims to evaluate the capacity of working memory while measuring the compressibility of information likely to allow the formation of chunks. It is hypothesized that the average working memory capacity (4 ± 1 chunks) allows the span to vary depending on the sum of information compressed within each chunk. We constructed a task of immediate serial report in which the participants had to memorize and recall sequences of categorizable stimuli, that is, objects with possible associations between them. The logical complexity of Feldman’s (2000) rules of classification was used to measure the compressibility of each sequence of stimuli. To favor the extraction of informational regularities by participants, a second manipulation of the sequences concerned the presentation order. The results showed a span of about 4 objects, with a variability which depended on both the complexity of the sequences and their presentation order. The amount of information retained in working memory was maximal for the most compressible sequences and for the presentation orders that facilitated the abstraction of rules. The role of working memory in the formation of chunks is discussed.
USING RANDOMIZATION TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE OF REGRESSION ESTIMATORS UNDER DEPENDENCE

We consider a fixed-design regression model with long-range dependent errors which form a moving average process. Taking into account different behavior of regression estimators in such a model and in a random-design regression model discussed in Csörgő and Mielniczuk [5], we introduce an artificial randomization of grid points at which observations are taken in order to diminish the impact of strong dependence of errors. The resulting estimator is shown to exhibit smoothing dichotomy with the variance in both cases tending to 0 more quickly than in the fixed design case. Moreover, we establish a uniform convergence rate of the regression function estimators which also reflects the dichotomous behaviour of the regression estimator. Simulation results indicate significant improvement for moderate sample sizes when randomization is employed. AMS Subject Classification: 62g07, 60f17 Introduction Consider a fixed-design regression (FDR) model Yi,n = g(i/n) + εi,n, i = 1, 2, . , n, (1) where g : [0, 1] → R is some function with smoothness properties described later. For each n, we observe the random variables Y1,n, Y2,n, . , Yn,n and the aim is to estimate the unknown function g based on this information. Here (εi,n) is the triangular array such that for each n, the finite sequence {εi,n}i=1 is stationary, Eεi,n = 0, Eεi,n = σ ε > 0, r(k) := Cov(εi,n, εi+k,n) = L̃(k)k −α , k = 1, 2, . , where 0 < α < 1 is a fixed constant and L̃(·) is a function defined on [ 0, +∞), slowly varying at infinity and positive in some neighborhood of infinity. The array (εi,n) is long-range dependent (LRD) in the sense that ∑∞ k=1 |r(k)| = ∞. In the following we suppress the dependence of Yi,n and εi,n on n . In a nonparametric setting the regression function g at a given point x is usually estimated by one of many methods including local polynomials, smoothing splines or kernel estimators. Any of these methods assigns weights to concomitants of grid points around
Workplace Spirituality and Employee Work Attitudes : Exploring Gender as a Moderator

Spirituality is considered as one of the key success factors of the organization in the long term. Nowadays, Organizations are looking for ways to succeed by using their potential to maximize employee’s job satisfaction and innovative work behaviour through various domains of spirituality. Against this background, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of work place spirituality on employee individual outcomes (Job satisfaction and Innovative work behaviour), with the moderating role of gender. This research adapted descriptive research in the form of cross sectional design. Data were collected using measuring instrument in the form of a structured questionnaire. A total of 609 employees from various companies in Chennai representing three different industries such as Information technology (IT), Banking and Manufacturing were surveyed using convenience sampling method. Data analysis was performed using statistical software SPSS and Amos. The research results indicate that workplace spirituality is positively related to Individual outcomes (job satisfaction and innovative behaviour). It also indicates that gender has a moderating effect on the relationship between workplace spirituality and individual outcomes. Finally, managerial implications, limitations of the study and future research directions are indicated.
Equivalent realizations of reciprocal metasurfaces: Role of tangential and normal polarization

We discuss possible topologies of physically different metasurfaces with equivalent macroscopic electro-magnetic responses. We speciﬁcally demonstrate that the presence of normal components (with respect to the metasurface plane) of the polarization currents does not add any functionality in engineering the reﬂection and transmission characteristics which cannot occur in metasurfaces maintaining only tangential currents. Therefore, if a certain property is achievable using general volumetric inclusions, polarizable along all three directions, the same response can be achieved using some equivalent perfectly planar elements, polarizable only in the metasurface plane. Our results clarify what physical properties are necessary for realizing desired metasurface responses and promote ﬂat microwave and optical designs, providing possibilities for dramatic complexity reduction of metasurfaces for rather general ﬁeld transformations, including asymmetric reﬂection and transmission.
Spatial and temporal expression of SP-B and TGF-β1 in hyperoxia-induced neonatal rat lung injury.

OBJECTIVE Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a severe complication of extreme prematurity that can be caused by hyperoxia inhalation. SP-B and TGF-β have been reported to be implicated in the development of lung. This study aimed to reveal the spatial and temporal expression patterns of these two factors in an animal model of BPD. METHODS Newborn Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to hyperoxia conditions to establish an animal model of BPD. The levels of SP-B, TGF-β, MDA and TAOC, as well as the activations of MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways in lung tissues were monitored during newborn rats prolonged exposure to hyperoxia. RESULTS We found that hyperoxia exposure significantly induced body weight loss of SD rats. H&E staining for morphometric analyses revealed that hyperoxia arrested alveolar development or loss of alveoli, with fewer and dysmorphic capillaries. mRNA and protein levels of SP-B and TGF-β were high expressed in hyperoxic lung tissues. The concentrations of SP-B and TGF-β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were also increased. All these increases begin at the 3th day of hyperoxia exposure. MDA content was increased while TAOC content was decreased in response to hyperoxia. Furthermore, hyperoxia activated p38, and deactivated PI3K and AKT expression. CONCLUSION Our research demonstrated that SP-B and TGF-β1 were highly expressed in three levels: mRNA and protein levels in lung tissues, and the release of SP-B and TGF-β1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, beginning at the 3th day of hyperoxia exposure.
Language Practices of Trilingual Undergraduate Students : Engaging One Task in Three Languages

This paper explores how and why some trilingual undergraduate students of mathematics use their languages to make sense of mathematics. The paper draws from a wider study focusing on language practices of undergraduate students of mathematics in Kenya. The notion of Discourse analysis is used as an analytic tool to describe and explain the language practices of two students. In a country like Kenya where majority students acquire trilingualism through schooling, a practice is advanced where home languages are dominant languages of thinking and understanding tasks, the national language supports communication; while English, the language of learning and teaching, is a language of external communication. Further research on language practices in trilingual context is recommended.
Bacterial Degradation of Nitrogenous Energetic Compounds (NEC) in Coastal Waters and Sediments

Abstract : Once released in the environment, either through detonation, casing breakage, or by slow leaks from unexploded ordnance (UXO), nitrogenous energetic compounds (NEC, such as TNT, HMX, RDX) may sorb onto particulates, partition to dissolved organic matter, or remain dissolved in aqueous media. Our hypothesis was that NEC would be transient in coastal ecosystems. This was based primarily on the understanding that microbial grown in these systems is typically nitrogen-limited and there are few examples of nitrogen based organic compounds that are not rapidly metabolized in these environments. During 14 sampling events in coastal waterways from 2002 to 2007, we measured TNT mineralization rates in surface sediment and water samples that were often similar to those of other organic compounds that are transient in natural ecosystems due to their use in bacterial metabolism, such as petroleum hydrocarbons and amino acids.
The cofinal property of the Reflexive Indecomposable Banach spaces

It is shown that every separable reflexive Banach space is a quotient of a reflexive Hereditarily Indecomposable space, which yields that every separable reflexive Banach is isomorphic to a subspace of a reflexive Indecomposable space. Furthermore, every separable reflexive Banach space is a quotient of a reflexive complementably $\ell_p$ saturated space with $1<p<\infty$ and of a $c_0$ saturated space.
The Class Basis of Switzerland's Cleavage between the New Left and the Populist Right

This article argues that a full grown cleavage has surfaced in Swiss politics, separating a libertarian-universalistic (the New Left) from a traditionalist-communitarian camp (the Populist Right). Based on survey data of Switzerland’s parliamentary election 2007, it examines the cleavage’s micro-foundations and shows that the class constituencies of the New Left (the Social-Democratic and Green Parties) and the Populist Right (the Swiss People’s Party) present the almost exact mirror image of each other. The former draws disproportionate support from the salaried middle class, notably socio-cultural professionals, whereas the latter is rallied by small business owners, production and service workers. Although anchored in the employment structure, this divide is not primarily about the economy and resources, but about culture and identity. It thus strongly correlates with opposing cultural attitudes. While small business owners and workers prefer cultural demarcation and defend national traditions, salaried professionals strongly favour international integration and multi-culturalism.
Advertising and Collusion in Retails Markets

We consider non-price advertising by retail firms that are privately informed as to their respective production costs. We first analyze a static model. We construct an advertising equilibrium, in which informed consumers use an advertising search rule whereby they buy from the highest-advertising firm. Consumers are rational in using the advertising search rule, since the lowest-cost firm advertises the most and also selects the lowest price. Even though the advertising equilibrium facilitates productive efficiency, we establish conditions under which firms enjoy higher expected profit when advertising is banned. Consumer welfare falls in this case, however.We next analyze a dynamic model in which privately informed firms interact repeatedly. In this setting, firms may achieve a collusive equilibrium in which they limit the use of advertising, and we establish conditions under which optimal collusion entails pooling at zero advertising. More generally, full or partial pooling is observed in optimal collusion. In summary, non-price advertising can promote product efficiency and raise consumer welfare; however, firms often have incentive to diminish advertising competition, whether through regulatory restrictions or collusion.
Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Dioxys cincta (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Dioxyini)

Abstract The fourth larval instar and pupa of Dioxys cincta are described and illustrated, and anatomical details of the first and last larval instar are interpreted from cast exuviae. The cocoon of this species is also described. The discovery of a hatched egg containing the first-instar exuviae indicates that the first instar remains mostly surrounded by the egg chorion. The second instar emerges through a hole in the thick dorsal surface of the chorion, presumably by chewing its way out. This discovery and the interpretation of the larval head anatomy of this species and that of D. pomonae Cockerell indicate that the genus has five larval instars. The second, third, and fourth instars are adapted to destroying the host egg or larva and any competing cleptoparasites. The fifth instar is not so adapted. As with Dioxys, other cleptoparasitic Megachilidae tend to have a sequential series of instars modified for attacking immatures of hosts and competing cleptoparasites, although which instars are so adapted varies. This contrasts with the cleptoparasitic lineages of the Apidae in which only a single instar, usually the first, is hospicidal.
Incubator birds: biogeographical origins and evolution of underground nesting in megapodes (Galliformes: Megapodiidae)

Unique amongst birds, megapodes (family Megapodiidae) have exchanged the strategy of incubating eggs with the warmth of their bodies for incubation behaviours that rely entirely on environmental heat sources. Typically, mound‐builders capture heat released from the decomposition of organic materials, while burrow‐nesters lay their eggs in geothermal or solar‐heated soils. The evolutionary path towards novel incubation behaviours has led to ecological and physiological adaptations unique to megapodes. Here, we present a species tree for all extant megapodes that settles long‐standing debates about megapode evolution: namely, their biogeographical origins and ancestral nesting behaviour.
A GENERAL SOLUTION TO NONIGNORABLE MISSING OUTCOMES IN BINARY CHOICE DATA

I provide a set of methods to estimate logistic regression coefficients when there is nonignorable missingness or measurement error in the outcome variable. Instead of requiring knowledge of the process by which the data went missing, these methods estimate bounds on the set of results that could be obtained under any assumption about the source of missingness. This approach is conservative by design, allowing analysts to discover exactly what kinds of results are—and are not—consistent with their data, given the uncertainty induced by missingness. Unlike existing approaches to nonignorable missing data, the estimators presented in this paper do not depend on untestable assumptions, nor do they require application-specific programming. I use simulations to illustrate which applied settings are most favorable to each of the three methods that I develop. I apply the methods to data from two previous studies, Oneal and Russett’s (1997) analysis of the liberal peace and Lyall’s (2010) analysis of counterinsurgency success, to examine the robustness of their results against potential miscoding of outcomes. †Senior Research Assistant, Department of Politics, 028 Corwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544. Email address: bkenkel@princeton.edu. Date: September 13, 2013. I am grateful to Jeff Arnold, Matt Blackwell, Bear Braumoeller, Rob Carroll, Kevin Clarke, Hein Goemans, James Honaker, Jeff Marshall, Miguel Rueda, and Curt Signorino for their comments and advice. The errors that remain are, of course, my own. All code used in this paper is available in a public repository at http://github.com/brentonk/idlogit. I gratefully acknowledge funding from the Theory and Statistics Research Lab at the University of Rochester during the writing of this paper. 1 A GENERAL SOLUTION TO NONIGNORABLE MISSING OUTCOMES IN BINARY CHOICE DATA 2