Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tastes for Desert and Placation: A Reference Point-Dependent Model of Social Preferences

This paper proposes a reference-point dependent model of social behavior where individuals maximize a three-term utility function: a consumption utility term and two “social” terms. One social term captures a preference for desert (i.e., others getting what we think they deserve) and the other term a preference for the satisfaction of other’s expectations, or to placate them (i.e., them getting what we think they think they deserve). After motivating the modeling assumptions with findings from empirical moral philosophy and evolutionary psychology, I introduce the model and generate some simple comparative statics results, which I then test with experiments. I discuss how the model explains several paradoxes of empirical moral philosophy that are less explicable by current economic models of social preference focusing on outcomes and intentions.
Outcome and management of spinal tuberculosis according to severity at a tertiary referral center

Objective: Anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment remains the mainstay of treatment of spinal TB. There is a lack of consensus regarding the timing of interventional procedures and surgery in the patients with spinal TB. This study aims to prospectively study the clinical outcome and management in patients presenting with spinal TB at our tertiary referral center and teaching hospital. Methods: Data were collected prospectively from 48 patients treated for spinal TB presenting to us from August 2011 to December 2012. All the patients were followed-up for the duration of anti-TB treatment. Results: The categorization of patients into different management groups was based on the clinical and radiological findings at the time of diagnosis. The patients with mild disease (n = 23) were successfully managed with anti-TB treatment alone. The other 25 patients needed an intervention either in the form of pigtail catheter drainage of the paravertebral collection (n = 18) or an extensive surgical debridement followed by the fusion techniques (n = 7). All the patients responded well to the treatment, and there were no significant complications in any of the patients. It had been observed that various stages of spinal TB demand different approaches for the treatment in the form of either chemotherapy alone, chemotherapy with pigtail drainage of the paravertebral collection, or surgery in conjunction with chemotherapy. Conclusions: Judicious use of pigtail drainage and surgical intervention in addition to anti TB treatment can be rewarding in the patients with spinal TB.
Rufy3 is an adapter protein for small GTPases that activates a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor to control neuronal polarity

RUN and FYVE domain–containing 3 (Rufy3) is an adapter protein for small GTPase proteins and is bound to activated Rap2, a Ras family protein in the developing neuron. Previously, we reported the presence of a rapid cell polarity determination mechanism involving Rufy3, which is likely required for in vivo neuronal development. However, the molecular details of this mechanism are unclear. To this end, here we produced Rufy3 knock-out (Rufy3-KO) mice to study the role of Rufy3 in more detail. Examining Rufy3-KO neurons, we found that Rufy3 is recruited via glycoprotein M6A to detergent-resistant membrane domains, which are biochemically similar to lipid rafts. We also clarified that Rufy3, as a component of a ternary complex, induces the assembly of Rap2 in the axonal growth cone, whereas in the absence of Rufy3, the accumulation of a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor, T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 2 (Tiam2/STEF), is inhibited downstream of Rap2. We also found that Rufy3 regulates the cellular localization of Rap2 and Tiam2/STEF. Taken together, we conclude that Rufy3 is a physiological adapter for Rap2 and activates Tiam2/STEF in glycoprotein M6A-regulated neuronal polarity and axon growth.
Éthique de la recherche en santé mondiale : la relation Nord–Sud, quel partenariat pour quelle justice sociale ?

La recherche en santé mondiale s’inscrit dans une volonté de mobiliser des connaissances au service d’interventions et de politiques publiques pour l’atteinte équitable du bien-être commun, notamment en matière de santé. Elle joue un rôle primordial en ce sens, en favorisant l’implication des communautés et leur autonomisation et de nombreuses lignes directrices supportent un tel partenariat. Néanmoins, certains enjeux éthiques sont liés au financement de la recherche, aux environnements de recherche, à la priorisation des problématiques de recherche, aux mécanismes d’évaluation éthique posent souvent un problème de justice sociale au niveau de la redistribution des ressources et de la reconnaissance des différences culturelles. Comment alors déterminer quelle est la façon « idéale » d’agir en tenant compte de la globalité des individus et du pluralisme culturel des sociétés pour « bien faire », pour satisfaire l’exigence de l’équité? Une réflexion et une démarche éthique demeurent essentielles, ainsi qu’un dialogue entre les chercheurs du Nord et du Sud, et leurs autres partenaires que sont les décideurs, les responsables locaux et les communautés. Un tel dialogue, établi dans un continuum du développement de projets de recherche à leur pérennité, peut grandement contribuer à limiter les problèmes de justice sociale et à viser un développement plus égalitaire des savoirs scientifiques. Plusieurs chercheurs se sont déjà engagés dans cette voie, et leurs initiatives devraient être encouragées pour mettre les nouveaux savoirs au service des populations.
Dendritic release of glutamate suppresses synaptic inhibition of pyramidal neurons in rat neocortex

1 Dual whole‐cell recordings were made in layer 2/3 of the rat neocortex in synaptically connected pyramidal cells and fast‐spiking non‐accommodating (FSN) interneurons. In 75% of cell pairs (n= 80), the cells formed reciprocal synaptic connections. 2 Trains of backpropagating action potentials in pyramidal cells induced Ca2+ transients in dendrites followed by inhibition of unitary IPSPs. IPSP depression was prevented by loading pyramidal cells with 5 mm BAPTA or EGTA. 3 IPSP depression was mimicked by the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist ACPD and was prevented by a mixture of the mGluR antagonists CPCCOEt and EGLU. 4 IPSP depression was prevented by loading pyramidal cells with the antagonists of vesicular exocytosis botulinum toxin D (light chain) and GDP‐β‐S. 5 It is concluded that Ca2+‐dependent release of a retrograde messenger, most probably glutamate, from pyramidal cell dendrites suppresses the inhibition of pyramidal neurons via activation of mGluRs located in FSN interneuron nerve terminals.
Patterns and prognosis of locally recurrent rectal cancer following multidisciplinary treatment.

AIM To investigate the patterns and decisive prognostic factors for local recurrence of rectal cancer treated with a multidisciplinary team (MDT) modality. METHODS Ninety patients with local recurrence were studied, out of 1079 consecutive rectal cancer patients who underwent curative surgery from 1999 to 2007. For each patient, the recurrence pattern was assessed by specialist radiologists from the MDT using imaging, and the treatment strategy was decided after discussion by the MDT. The associations between clinicopathological factors and long-term outcomes were evaluated using both univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS The recurrence pattern was classified as follows: Twenty-seven (30%) recurrent tumors were evaluated as axial type, 21 (23.3%) were anterior type, 8 (8.9%) were posterior type, and 13 (25.6%) were lateral type. Forty-one patients had tumors that were evaluated as resectable by the MDT and ultimately received surgery, and R0 resection was achieved in 36 (87.8%) of these patients. The recurrence pattern was closely associated with resectability and R0 resection rate (P < 0.001). The recurrence pattern, interval to recurrence, and R0 resection were significantly associated with 5-year survival rate in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that the R0 resection was the unique independent factor affecting long-term survival. CONCLUSION The MDT modality improves patient selection for surgery by enabling accurate classification of the recurrence pattern; R0 resection is the most significant factor affecting long-term survival.
Public perceptions of physician - pharmaceutical industry interactions: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND Interactions between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry have led to concerns about conflict of interest (COI), resulting in COI guidelines that suggest a threshold beyond which interactions may be considered unacceptable. Guidelines have also outlined the importance of public opinion on the topic. Consequently, we conducted a systematic review to determine the Canadian public's opinions of physician-pharmaceutical industry interactions. METHODS A systematic review of the standard health sciences literature as well as grey literature was conducted and a number of experts were contacted. Pre-determined eligibility criteria were used to identify appropriate studies. Meta-analysis of the study findings was not possible owing to the variety of methods of reporting outcomes, the types of interactions studied and the diversity of populations studied. RESULTS No studies on Canadian opinions were identified. Ten international studies (n=13,637), seven with patient groups and three with public citizens, were identified that examined opinions on aspects of awareness, acceptability, disclosure and perceived effects of physician-pharmaceutical industry interactions. Heterogeneity was observed in the awareness, acceptability and perceived effects of physician-pharmaceutical industry interactions; however, there appeared to be greater acceptability and fewer perceived effects with smaller, less costly interactions that directly benefit patients or a medical practice. Desire for disclosure of these interactions was consistent across studies. INTERPRETATION Research on the public's perception of physician-pharmaceutical industry interactions has been inadequate internationally and non-existent in Canada, and is urgently needed to help shape policies regarding potential conflict of interest.
Enhancing Knowledge Building Discourse in Early Primary Education: Effects of Formative Feedback

This research focuses on a Knowledge Building pedagogical approach and investigates ways to boost students’ competencies in knowledge creation processes, specifically their ability to contribute productively to high-level explanation-seeking discourse. This study uses a designbased methodology to explore how pedagogical and technological innovations can enhance students’ ways of contributing to knowledge building discourse, and examines whether expanding students’ contribution repertoire helps them to advance community knowledge in general. Gains associated with a Knowledge Building approach for secondary and postsecondary students are widely documented. This research adds to this body of literature by showing how a Knowledge Building approach can be productively engaged at the early primary level. This work also contributes to studies exploring automated feedback and assessment tools that can help boost student capacities for building new knowledge. The research was conducted in three main phases. The first phase mapped the ways that students from Grades 1-6 (n = 102) contribute to their naturally occurring Knowledge Building
Differential proteomics of dehydration and rehydration in bryophytes: evidence towards a common desiccation tolerance mechanism.

All bryophytes evolved desiccation tolerance (DT) mechanisms during the invasion of terrestrial habitats by early land plants. Are these DT mechanisms still present in bryophytes that colonize aquatic habitats? The aquatic bryophyte Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. was subjected to two drying regimes and alterations in protein profiles and sucrose accumulation during dehydration and rehydration were investigated. Results show that during fast dehydration, there is very little variation in protein profiles, and upon rehydration proteins are leaked. On the other hand, slow dehydration induces changes in both dehydration and rehydration protein profiles, being similar to the protein profiles displayed by the terrestrial bryophytes Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) Bruch and Schimp. and, to what is comparable with Syntrichia ruralis (Hedw.) F. Weber and D. Mohr. During dehydration there was a reduction in proteins associated with photosynthesis and the cytoskeleton, and an associated accumulation of proteins involved in sugar metabolism and plant defence mechanisms. Upon rehydration, protein accumulation patterns return to control values for both photosynthesis and cytoskeleton whereas proteins associated with sugar metabolism and defence proteins remain high. The current results suggest that bryophytes from different ecological adaptations may share common DT mechanisms.
The Cultural Bounds of Maternal Accommodation: How Chinese and American Mothers Communicate With Deaf and Hearing Children

Children with special needs typically require family accommodation to those needs. We explore here the extent to which cultural forces shape the accommodations mothers make when communicating with young deaf children. Sixteen mother-child dyads (8 Chinese, 8 American) were videotaped at home. In each culture, 4 mothers interacted with their deaf children, and 4 interacted with their hearing children. None of the deaf children knew sign language, nor spoke at age level. We found that mothers adjusted their communicative behaviors to their deaf children, but in every case, those adjustments were calibrated to cultural norms. American mothers, for example, increased their use of gesture with deaf children but stopped far short of the Chinese range—despite the obvious potential benefits of gesturing to children who cannot hear. These findings provide the first cross-cultural demonstration that children are, first and foremost, inculcated into their cultures and, only within that framework, then treated as special cases.
Autism: an emerging ‘neuroimmune disorder’ in search of therapy

Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties in communication and by repetitive and stereotypic behaviors, as well as by social impairment, attention, cognitive, and learning defects. ASDs present in early childhood and their prevalence has increased significantly to 1/150 children. Despite a number of theories, the actual reasons for this increase are still not clear. There is no reliable screening test, and no definite pathogenesis or curative therapy. Consequently, there is a major gap hampering development of effective treatments. Objective: To review recent publications on ASDs pathogenesis and treatment with emphasis on neuroimmune processes and new therapeutic approaches. Methods: Mostly original papers (450) on epidemiology, possible pathogenesis or treatment of ASDs in Medline from 1990 to May 2009 were reviewed. All authors contributed to this review. Results/conclusion: Increased oxidative stress and immune dysregulation are present in ASDs. Mast-cell activation may contribute to gut–blood–brain barrier disruption and brain inflammation. No effective treatments have emerged. Well-designed clinical trials with nonpsychotropic drugs were few and ASD characteristics varied considerably, making conclusions difficult. Psychotropic drugs are often used for stereotypic and aggressive behaviors. Unique combinations with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoids hold promise. New potential translational research areas and possible treatments are suggested.
Specificity of a coproantigen ELISA test for fasciolosis: lack of cross-reactivity with Paramphistomum cervi and Taenia hydatigena

A commercial coproantigen ELISA test for fasciolosis, based on the use of MM3 monoclonal antibody for antigen capture, was investigated for possible cross-reactivity with Paramphistomum cervi, a trematode that commonly infects cattle and sheep grazing in fluke-infested pasture in Ireland. Histological sections of adult and immature Fasciola hepatica and P cervi were incubated with MM3 monoclonal antibody, and its binding to tissue-localised coproantigen was subsequently visualised by immunocytochemistry. In a related study, the soluble antigenic fractions derived from homogenates of P cervi adults and Taenia hydatigena metacestodes were tested for cross-reactivity with MM3 monoclonal antibody in an antigen-capture ELISA, using known F hepatica-positive and F hepatica-negative ovine faecal samples as natural controls. It was found that, while intense immunocytochemical labelling was located over the gastrodermis and gut contents of adult and immature F hepatica, sections of adult and immature P cervi were unlabelled. In the ELISA tests, the soluble fractions of F hepatica reacted strongly with MM3 monoclonal antibody, but those of P cervi and T hydatigena gave negative results. These findings support the specificity of the coproantigen ELISA test for fasciolosis in areas where paramphistomosis and cysticercosis are liable to occur singly or as coinfections with F hepatica.
The roles of women legislators in parliament and the women parliamentary Caucus in the years 2007 to 2011: A feminist approach

iv Dedication . v Acknowledgements . vi List of tables . xi List of Appendices . xii CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION . 1 1.0 Background . 1 1.1 Statement of the Problem . 5 1.2 Research Aim and Objectives . 5 Aim . 5 Objectives . 5 Research Questions . 5 1.4 Scope of the Study . 6 1.5 Definition of Key Terms . 6 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW . 8 2.0 Introduction . 8 2.1 Women Marginalisation and the need for Gendered Democracy . 9 2.1 Equality, Equity and gender . 9 2.3 Gender (In) Equality and Political Elites . 10 2.4 Women Numbers in Parliament . 12 2.5 Women Representation in Parliament in Africa (reporting Countries) . 13 viii Table 2.5. 1 Women representation in Parliament in Africa . 16 Table 2.5. 2 Seats Held By Women in National Parliament – Zambia . 17 2.6 Critical Mass . 17 2.7 Modelling Gender Equity of Parliamentarians and Influence Opportunities among Women Elites: Suggested Framework . 18 2.8 A Country’s Political Culture . 19 2.9 The impact of women on parliaments . 20 2.10 Feminist Theories and Research Approaches . 21 2.10. 1 Radical feminism . 22 2.10. 2 Liberal feminism . 23 2.10. 3 Standpoint Theory . 24 2.10. 4 Marxist Standpoint Theory . 26 2.10. 5 Feminist Empiricism . 27 2.11 Theoretical Framework . 29 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . 32 3.0 Research Setting . 32 3.1 Dimension of Study . 32 3.2 Research Designs Used in Parliamentary Studies . 32 3.2.1 Notable Study Methodologies . 34 3.3 Research Strategy . 34 3.4 Data Source and Sampling. 36 3.5 Entry into the Setting and Data Collection . 37 3.6 Data Analysis . 39 CHAPTER FOUR-RESEARCH FINDINGS . 42 4.0 Introduction . 42 Table 4.0. 1 Summary of Themes and sub themes . 42
The entrepreneurship concept – a short introduction

The article provides a historic description of how the entrepreneurship concept has developed and now through political initiatives is closing in on higher education. By providing different reference points the article shows that entrepreneurship is not bound to economics and business but instead display divergent meanings depending on context. The article discuss how governmental initiatives, following the policy development in EU and Sweden, has made entrepreneurship a highly contemporary issue for university staff but where the exact meaning of the term is obscured, leaving us unsure of the political agenda driving the implementation. What kind of change the on-going promotion of entrepreneurship in higher education will lead to is thus still to be revealed where the ambiguity of the term together with connotations of success and progression makes it hard to resist. University staff is therefore encouraged to reading up on the concept, where the article provides a short introduction that might serve as a start.
A UL47 Gene Deletion Mutant of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 Exhibits Impaired Growth in Cell Culture and Lack of Virulence in Cattle

ABSTRACT Tegument protein VP8 encoded by the UL47 gene of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) is the most abundant constituent of mature virions. In the present report, we describe the characterization of UL47 gene-deleted BHV-1 in cultured cells and its natural host. The UL47 deletion mutant exhibited reduced plaque size and more than 100-fold decrease in intracellular and extracellular viral titers in cultured cells. Ultrastructural observations of infected cells showed normal maturation of BHV-1 virions in the absence of VP8. There was no evidence for a change in immediate-early gene activator function of VP16 in the UL47 deletion mutant virus-infected cells, since bovine ICP4 mRNA and protein levels were similar to those in the wild-type and revertant virus-infected cells throughout the course of infection. Whereas VP16, glycoprotein C (gC), gB, and VP5 were expressed to wild-type levels in the UL47 deletion mutant-infected cells, the gD and VP22 protein levels were significantly reduced. The reduction in gD protein was associated with increased turnover of the protein. Furthermore, some of the analyzed early and late proteins were expressed with earlier kinetics in the absence of VP8. Extracellular virions of the UL47 deletion mutant contained reduced amounts of gD, gB, gC, and VP22 but similar amounts of VP16 compared to those of wild-type or revertant virus particles. In addition, the UL47 gene product was indispensable for BHV-1 replication in vivo, since no clinical manifestations or viral shedding were detected in the UL47 deletion mutant-infected calves, and the virus failed to induce significant levels of humoral and cellular immunity.
Striatal dopa and glucose metabolism in PD patients with freezing of gait

In Parkinson's disease (PD), freezing suggests sudden and transient blocks of motor behavior during initiating or continuous repetitive movements. Its underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. The objective of this study is to compare striatal dopamine metabolism and cerebral glucose metabolism between PD patients with and without freezing of gait (FOG). A total of 10 PD patients with FOG at off and 7 PD patients without FOG underwent brain positron emission tomography with 18[F]‐6‐fluoro‐levodopa (FDOPA) and 18[F]‐fluordesoxyglucose (FDG). Striatum decarboxylase activity was expressed by metabolic influx constants of the striatum related to the occipital lobe (Kocc). FDG uptake in caudate and putamen was normalized to global FDG uptake. Region of interest (ROI) analysis of striatal regions was used, as well as voxel‐based analysis by statistical parametric mapping (SPM). ROI analysis did not reveal differences in striatal FDOPA and FDG uptake between the groups. SPM showed lower putaminal FDOPA uptake (P = 0.05 uncorrected) with increased FDG uptake (P = 0.01 uncorrected) in freezing PD, whereas caudate uptake of the two tracers was reduced. Freezing‐related cortical FDG decrease was found in (right) parietal regions. In conclusion, in freezing PD, caudate uptake of FDG and FDOPA was reduced, whereas putamen FDOPA decrease was associated with FDG increase. Right hemisphere circuitry seemed to be more affected in freezing patients. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society