Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of consumption of corruption-related news on political cynicism

Disenchantment with politicians and politics –also called political cynicism– is understood as a phenomenon that deteriorates the functioning of democracy. One of the factors that can impact this disenchantment is the appearance of corruption within the political sphere. Prior research has studied the relationship between corruption and trust in politics; this study aims to investigate the link between corruption-related news and political cynicism in Spain. The study uses an experimental approach to investigate the impact of news reporting corruption on the political cynicism of Spanish citizens and to argue that the consumption of corruption-related news increases cynical attitudes and political cynicism. The present study also investigates whether the involvement of renowned politicians, along with the perceived level of corruption that is reported, has an impact on political cynicism. The results show that political cynicism does not depend solely on consumption of corruptionrelated news; the involvement of renowned politicians in corruption cases and differences in education levels also play a key role in increasing cynicism. Based on the results of the participants assigned to the control group, the study also reveals that Spanish citizens express a baseline level of cynicism that is already very high.
Response of simulated burned area to historical changes in environmental and anthropogenic factors: a comparison of seven fire models

Abstract. Understanding how fire regimes change over time is of major importance for understanding their future impact on the Earth system, including society. Large differences in simulated burned area between fire models show that there is substantial uncertainty associated with modelling global change impacts on fire regimes. We draw here on sensitivity simulations made by seven global dynamic vegetation models participating in the Fire Model Intercomparison Project (FireMIP) to understand how differences in models translate into differences in fire regime projections. The sensitivity experiments isolate the impact of the individual drivers on simulated burned area, which are prescribed in the simulations. Specifically these drivers are atmospheric CO2 concentration, population density, land-use change, lightning and climate. The seven models capture spatial patterns in burned area. However, they show considerable differences in the burned area trends since 1921. We analyse the trajectories of differences between the sensitivity and reference simulation to improve our understanding of what drives the global trends in burned area. Where it is possible, we link the inter-model differences to model assumptions. Overall, these analyses reveal that the largest uncertainties in simulating global historical burned area are related to the representation of anthropogenic ignitions and suppression and effects of land use on vegetation and fire. In line with previous studies this highlights the need to improve our understanding and model representation of the relationship between human activities and fire to improve our abilities to model fire within Earth system model applications. Only two models show a strong response to atmospheric CO2 concentration. The effects of changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration on fire are complex and quantitative information of how fuel loads and how flammability changes due to this factor is missing. The response to lightning on global scale is low. The response of burned area to climate is spatially heterogeneous and has a strong inter-annual variation. Climate is therefore likely more important than the other factors for short-term variations and extremes in burned area. This study provides a basis to understand the uncertainties in global fire modelling. Both improvements in process understanding and observational constraints reduce uncertainties in modelling burned area trends.
Licensed merchandise buying behavior of sports fans (Gaziantep Sport Store sample)

This study has been prepared to determine licensed team merchandise buying behavior of the fans that are coming to Gaziantep Sport Store to buy licensed merchandises. Research sample comprise of 439 people who are coming to Gaziantep Sport Store between the years of 2013-2015. Frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation have been used in evaluation; student t-test has been used for two independent groups having variables with normal distribution; ANOVA and LSD multiple comparison tests have been used for comparing more than two independent groups having variables with normal distribution. As a result of the study, the fans who are buying licensed merchandises in Gaziantep Sport Store, mostly watching the matches in the stadium; they prefer buying more licensed merchandises to identify with the team and support them; men prefer buying more licensed merchandise than women because of their loyalty and team identification while women prefer buying licensed merchandises more than men because of shopping enjoyment. When the style of watching Gaziantep Sport matches has been examined, it has been determined that there is a significantly difference between underlying dimensions of team identification, support, atmosphere, loyalty and shopping enjoyment.
Empirical Study of Programming to an Interface

A popular recommendation to programmers in object-oriented software is to "program to an interface, not an implementation" (PTI). Expected benefits include increased simplicity from abstraction, decreased dependency on implementations, and higher flexibility. Yet, interfaces must be immutable, excessive class hierarchies can be a form of complexity, and "speculative generality" is a known code smell. To advance the empirical knowledge of PTI, we conducted an empirical investigation that involves 126 Java projects on GitHub, aiming to measuring the decreased dependency benefits (in terms of cochange).
Effect of in ovo Injection of Royal Jelly on the Hatchability , Quality

The increased population of the world has gradually increased the human's need for protein products, and this has caused many animals to become domesticated, and their industrial production has helped resolve some of the human beings' protein needs. Among different foods, protein products provide the most important part of human needs. Due to the shortage of pastures and the lack of animal protein supplied through cattle and sheep in Iran, it seems necessary to develop the poultry industry in this country. The lack of nutrients in eggs can be one of the most important factors for the reduced hatchability in the final stages of incubation. In addition, the chicks hatched from weak eggs die due to food shortages and the immune system's disability, and if survived, they will be weak at the onset of growth and will need a longer breeding period. Mark's vaccine was the first compound that was injected into the egg using the in ovo injection method. Many studies have been conducted on the improvement of the immune system and the compensation of food shortages during the embryonic period of birds. Scientists have so far studied the effect of In order to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of different levels of royal jelly on the hatchability rate and the quality of one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) and some traits of the immune system, we have conducted an experiment using 640 eggs in a completely randomized design with four levels of royal jelly injection including 1) 1 mL of physiological serum (control), 2) 0.5 mg of royal jelly, 3) 0.75 mg of royal jelly, 4) 1 mg of jelly. For each treatment, four replicates were considered and 40 eggs were used in each replicate. On the 14 day of incubation, a test solution was injected into an allantoic fluid using an insulin syringe with a 2 cm needle length. After 510 hours of incubation, all of the hatched chicks were assessed with good, moderate and poor scores. The parameters studied during the breeding of the hatched eggs included weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, as well as the immune system traits. The in ovo injection of royal jelly did not include any difference in the hatching rate, but it significantly increased the quality of the one-day-old broiler chickens (P<0.05). In addition, the weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio developed significantly as compared to the control group. The antibody titers was not affected by the experimental treatments, but it increased as a result of royal jelly injection. Regarding the performance of the birds throughout the breeding season, it can be inferred that the best performance and response of the immune system in hatched chicks was achieved when 0.5 mL of royal jelly was injected.
Accelerated cancer aggressiveness by viral oncomodulation: New targets and newer natural treatments for cancer control and treatment

An infectious etiology for a number of cancers has been entertained for over 100 years and modern studies have confirmed that a number of viruses are linked to cancer induction. While a large number of viruses have been demonstrated in a number of types of cancers, most such findings have been dismissed in the past as opportunistic infections, especially with persistent viruses with high rates of infectivity of the world’s populations. More recent studies have clearly shown that while not definitely causing these cancers, these viruses appear capable of affecting the biology of these tumors in such a way as to make them more aggressive and more resistant to conventional treatments. The term oncomodulatory viruses has been used to describe this phenomenon. A number of recent studies have shown a growing number of ways these oncomodulatory viruses can alter the pathology of these tumors by affecting cell-signaling, cell metabolism, apoptosis mechanisms, cell-cell communication, inflammation, antitumor immunity suppression, and angiogenesis. We are also learning that much of the behavior of tumors depends on cancer stem cells and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment, which participate in extensive, dynamic crosstalk known to affect tumor behavior. Cancer stem cells have been found to be particularly susceptible to infection by human cytomegalovirus. In a number of studies, it has been shown that while only a select number of cells are actually infected with the virus, numerous viral proteins are released into cancer and stromal cells in the microenvironment and these viral proteins are known to affect tumor behavior and aggressiveness.
The effect of foot reflexology on back pain among cricketers

Background and aims: The purpose of this quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study was to determine the effectiveness of reflexology on self-reported back pain compared to placebo (massage) and control among cricketers. Methods: The volunteer participants consisted of 45 male cricket players who had been training at least for three years with a mean age of 18.481±2.32 years, mean body mass of 64.31±7.65, mean height of 174±5.39 cm, and a mean body mass index of 21.07± 1.97 kg/m². Cricketers were trained at Chandigarh and Mohali (India) cricket stadiums and participated in Interstate competition 2017. Cricketers were randomly assigned to reflexology, placebo, and control treatment groups. The reflexology group received topical pressure applied to their feet using a specific reflex area believed to have an effect on back pain. In addition, the placebo group received a foot massage avoiding reflexology area and control group received back pain information. Pre- and post-treatment interviews were conducted after one week (7 sessions). Each treatment was administered for 15 minutes as well. To determine the degree of the effect of reflexology on back pain, multiple regressions, and the factorial ANOVA and ANCOVA were used to analyze the hypotheses. Results: Both reflexology (P<0.001) and massage (P<0.001) treatments resulted in reducing the pain compared to providing back pain information, and there were significant differences between the reflexology and placebo groups (P<0.001). Finally, the results indicated that reflexology may have a positive effect on back pain. Conclusion: Overall, foot reflexology, as an avenue for human touch, can be performed anywhere, requires no special equipment, is noninvasive, and does not interfere with patients’ privacy. However, an adequately powered trial is required before any more definitive pronouncements are possible.
OCCURRENCE OF HELMINTHS ON CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (AFRICAN CATFISH) CAUGHT IN SELECTED POINTS ALONG RIVER KADUNA, NIGERIA

Fish is an important source of food and income to many developing countries, parasites usually affect the marketability of the commercially produced fish, thus raising public health concern especially in areas where raw or smoked fish is eaten. The study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of helminths in fish sold in selected catching point along river Kaduna. A total number of eighty [80] African Catfish were randomly purchased from fishermen along River Kaduna [Malali and Kabala Doki] on weekly basis from June – December, 2018.The samples were subjected to examination for helminth parasites using standard parasitological techniques. The result shows that out of eighty [80] examined, 15[35.0%] and 11[27.5%] were infected at Malali and Kabala Doki respectively. Larger fish weighed between 6011000g had the highest prevalence 11[45.4%)] and 2[50%] in Malali and Kabala Doki respectively. The standard length ranges between 31-50cm from Malali and Kabala Doki had 5[50%] and 3[60%] prevalence respectively. Female sample have the highest prevalence in Malali 8[38.1%] and Kabala 7[31.8%]. The helminth parasites recorded are cestode having two [2] different species [Polyonchobothrium sp. and Bothriocephalus sp. ], others include Paracamellamus sp. [Nematode] and Heterophase sp. [Trematode]. Endoparasites recorded the highest number of parasite with stomach having [10] and small intestines [12] in Kabala and Malali area respectively. The statistical analysis showed no relationship between ecto and endo parasites infection. More helminth parasites were recovered from the intestine (17) than the gills and skin (03). Females were infected more with 31.8 and 38.1% than the males with 22.2 and 31.6% in Kabala Doki and Malali catching points respectively. Further research is recommended on a large scale to ascertain the level of damage on the histopathology of the tissues and organs of infected fish.
Ottawa Panel Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation

Abstract Background and Purpose: The purpose of this project was to create guidelines for 13 types of physical rehabilitation interventions used in the management of adult patients (>18 years of age) presenting with hemiplegia or hemiparesis following a single clinically identifiable ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Method: Using Cochrane Collaboration methods, the Ottawa Methods Group identified and synthesized evidence from comparative controlled trials. The group then formed an expert panel, which developed a set of criteria for grading the strength of the evidence and the recommendation. Patient-important outcomes were determined through consensus, provided that these outcomes were assessed with a validated and reliable scale. Results: The Ottawa Panel developed 147 positive recommendations of clinical benefit concerning the use of different types of physical rehabilitation interventions involved in post-stroke rehabilitation. Discussion and Conclusion: The Ottawa Panel recommends the use of therapeutic exercise, task-oriented training, biofeedback, gait training, balance training, constraint-induced movement therapy, treatment of shoulder subluxation, electrical stimulation, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, therapeutic ultrasound, acupuncture, and intensity and organization of rehabilitation in the management of post stroke.
Authoritarianism, attitudes toward
harm reduction and the stigmatisation of people who use drugs

Authors’ contribution/Wkład pracy autorów: Study design/Koncepcja badania: G.J. Bathje, D. Pillersdorf; Data collection/Zebranie danych: G.J. Bathje, D. Pillersdorf; Statistical analysis/Analiza statystyczna: G.J. Bathje, S.N. Du Bois; Data interpretation/Interpretacja danych: G.J. Bathje, D. Pillersdorf, S.N. Du Bois; Acceptance of final manuscript version/Akceptacja ostatecznej wersji pracy: G.J. Bathje, D. Pillersdorf, S.N. Du Bois; Literature Search/Przygotowanie literatury: G.J. Bathje, D. Pillersdorf.
Food hygiene perceptions and safety practices among street food vendors in South Delhi: A crosssectional study.

Background: Food hygiene is an important concept to prevent food-borne illnesses and outbreaks. Perceptions, beliefs and practices of food handlers regarding food hygiene play an important role. But they are usually deprived of awareness related to basic principles of food handling due to lack of Government policies on mandatory training of vendors. So, there is a need to study street food vendors' perceptions to formulate guidelines and policies on food safety and hygiene. Methodology: Face-to-face interviews were conducted among 130 street food vendors by using semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Informed consent was obtained from each participant. Results: Out of 130 street food vendors, majority (88.5%) were males. Importance of food hygiene was known to 97.7% vendors. Only 16.2% vendors were wearing gloves while handling food. None of the vendors had ever attended any food safety training. Conclusion: Although majority of vendors knew the concept of food hygiene, yet it was not translated into practice. There is a need to bridge this gap between perceptions and practices by providing adequate facilities and training. Sneha Kumari Senior Resident, Department of Community Medicine, VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi. Sanjeet Panesar Senior Resident, Department of Community Medicine, VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi. Geeta Yadav Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi. Lalit Chandrawanshi Junior Resident, Department of Community Medicine, VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi. Umang Salodia nd Junior Resident (2 year), Department of Community Medicine, VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi.
Description of Health Urinary System During Pregnancy in Kedungwuni I Public Health Center Pekalongan

Pregnancy brings many impacts to womens’ health un-evitably their urinary system. But least attention put to this problem. Ignored urinary system problems may cause complication for both mother and her baby such as prematurity, IUFD, LBW and pre-eclampsia.This study purposed to identify the health satus description of pregnant women urinary system in Kedungwuni 1 Public Health Center Pekalongan region. This descriptive study involved 83 participants recruited using accidental sampling. Check list for physical assessment and questionnaire were used for data collection. Result from total of 83 pregnant mothers, 40 of them were on second trimester, 82% of participants of this study were aged from 20-35 years old, most of them were junior high school graduate (42.2%) and more than half of them (54.2%) were housewife. 13.3% of participants stated feeling the pain during suprapubic palpation and lower back percussion. 25.3% mothers mentioned that they used to postpone urination, 32.5%complainedforunﬁnishedurinationand32.5%complaininghotsensationwhen urinate. This study showed that more than a quarter of the participants in this study exhibit signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection. To prevent the adverse effect caused by urinaty tract infection on pregnant mothers,it is suggested to all healthcare providers involved to put more attention to this matter.
Comparison ability of algae and nanoparticles on nitrate and phosphate removal from aquaculture wastewater

Background: Aquaculture wastewater contains high levels of phosphate and nitrate. The reuse of this water requires standards beyond the secondary standards to eliminate more organic pollutants from aquaculture effluents. In this research, the removal of these pollutants from wastewater using Chlorella vulgaris and Fe3 O4 nanoparticles in the reactor space was investigated. Methods: This study was conducted on fish farms effluent in the laboratory system. For this purpose, a 5-L semi-industrial reactor with a mixer blade, porous plate, and a compressor was designed. Chlorella vulgaris samples were collected from the natural environment and cultured in the laboratory environment. Also, Fe3 O4 nanoparticles were prepared from Iranian Nano Pishgaman Company to make the desired solution. During the experiment (3 weeks), samples were taken weekly (in one phase) from the effluent. Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, nitrate (NO3 ), and phosphate (PO4 ) factors from the influent and effluent of the farms were measured. The statistical data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and Excel 2013. Results: The amounts of nitrate and phosphate were decreased by about 80.76 and 80.55% in the biological reactor, whereas these amounts were 70.52 and 70.48% in the nanoparticle reactor, respectively. Also, there were significant differences in the amounts of NO3 and PO4 between the control treatment and weekly treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, both reactors were able to reduce nitrate and phosphate from aquaculture wastewater, but the efficiency of the biological reactor was higher than that of the nanoparticle reactor.
Archives without archives: a window of opportunity to build inclusive archive in South Africa

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa provides a framework for developing an archival system in the country. The Constitution requires the devolution of the state’s responsibility for archives from the national government to the country’s nine provinces. In terms of Schedule 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, “archives other than national archives are a functional area of exclusive provincial competence”. By virtue of this provision, each province is required to promulgate its own Act on archives and records services, as well as establish and maintain its own archival infrastructure. Although almost all nine provinces have enacted their own archival legislation and established archival infrastructure, some of these repositories are ‘empty shells’ without archival holdings. This study suggests how archives repositories in South Africa can turn the situation of ‘empty archives’ into a window of opportunity to build inclusive archival holdings that reflect the diversity of South Africa as a rainbow nation. This in turn will help to bridge the gap that exists in the national archives repository in South Africa, as the holdings mostly reflect the records of colonial and apartheid governments. This study suggests that as some of these repositories are situated in previously marginalised communities, the archival holdings should embrace the voices of such community, which in turn will promote the usage of archives. One way of building an inclusive archive is through embarking on a national oral history project that adopts the model of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Furthermore, the South African government should consider developing a policy on inter-repository repatriation of archives to the communities about which they were created. It is concluded that failure to address the situation of ‘archives without archives’ will render these repositories “white elephants” and “empty vessels”.