Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Assessment of Learning Strategies among Medical Students Using Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews

Background: Globally, students with top academic performance and high intellectual capacity usually opt to study medicine. However, once students get enrolled, their academic performance varies widely. Such variations appear to be determined by various factors, one of them being types of learning strategies adopted by students. The learning strategies utilized by the students with better academic performance are likely to be more effective learning strategies. Aims and Objectives: The objective is to identify effective learning strategies used by medical students. Methodology: This study was carried out among the MBBS students of Final Professional Part I. Students were categorized into three groups namely: high, average, and low rankers based on overall academic performance in second Professional University examination. First, a questionnaire consisting of closed- and open-ended questions was administered to students, to find their learning strategies. Subsequently, focus group discussion and in-depth interviews were conducted for high- and low-rankers. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. Key statements were highlighted, collated, and categorized into general themes and sub-themes. Results: Evident themes which emerged as effective strategies were hard work in the form of regularity of studies, meticulous preparation of notes, constructive use of time, utilization of e-learning, learning styles and deep learning approach and regular ward visits. Intrinsic motivation, family support, balancing physical activities and studies, guidance by seniors, teachers, dealing with nonacademic issues such as language barriers and stress were also identified as important strategies. Conclusions: Disseminating effective learning strategies in a systematic manner may be helpful to students in achieving better academic outcomes. Furthermore, educationists need to modulate their teaching strategies based on students' feedback.
Partisan Media Exposure and Attitudes Toward the Opposition

How has the rise of partisan media outlets changed how citizens perceive the other party? In particular, does watching partisan news sources make citizens dislike and distrust the other party? Drawing on social identity theory, I explain how the slanted presentation of the news on partisan outlets leads viewers to perceive the other party more negatively, to trust them less, and to be less supportive of bipartisanship. Using a series of original experiments, I find strong support for my arguments. I conclude by discussing the normative and empirical implications of these findings. [Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Political Communication for the following free supplemental resource(s): full details of the experiments, including descriptions of the samples, protocol, and text of the stimuli, results of manipulation checks, the replication of experiment 2 described in the text, and additional statistical results. ]
Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy at Co/AlOx Interface

Magnetic measurements have been performed on thin films with structures Ta/Pt/Co/AlOx to investigate the dependence of the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy induced at the Co/AlOx interface on both Co thickness and annealing temperature. The choice of the capping layers to protect the oxide layer is shown to be important. The interfacial anisotropy increases strongly with increasing annealing temperature, from 0.7 to 1.4 erg/cm2 , without a major change of the volume anisotropy (11 106 erg/cm3). As a consequence, the critical Co thickness (at which the magnetic moment switches from perpendicular to inplane orientation), increases a lot with annealing and reaches values larger than 3 nm after annealing at 375degC.
Response by Czech Auditors and Audit Regulators to the Financial Crisis

Auditors play an important role in the reliability of financial statements. Many investors and other financial information users rely on their opinion. During the financial crisis, auditors were critised since they did not warn the markets about financially distressed companies. In our thesis, we examine whether auditors change their behaviour during a financial crisis. Using our collected data for joint stock companies in the Czech Republic, we focus on frequency of modified and going concern opinions, amount of audit and non-audit fees charged by auditors, and audit reporting lag. Our audit fees model showed that there were significantly lower audit fees after the crisis than during the crisis years. The results also suggest that both Big 4 and non-Big 4 auditors increased their frequency of issuing modified opinions (most of which were going concern opinions) during the crisis period. In our logit going concern models for the individual years we observed change of the auditors’ behaviour during the crisis years 2008-2010. We have also found out that Big 4 auditors increased their audit reporting lag in 2008 but our overall results suggest that the audit reporting lag was shorter during the crisis. JEL Classification M42
Learning‐induced expansion of cortical maps – what happens to adjacent cortical representations?

THE present study was designed to investigate the effects of learning-dependent enlargement of cortical representation of a row of vibrissae upon the appearance of adjacent cortical representations. We have found previously that three sessions of classical conditioning, during which stimulation of row B of vibrissae is paired with a tail shock, result in an increase of cortical representation of the trained row, as visualized with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) metabolic functional mapping. In the present experiment, after the training in which row B was stimulated, we mapped with 2DG the cortical representations of rows A and C, not stimulated during the training. We found that these representations do not differ from normal. Because of expansion of cortical representation of the trained row, the overlap between representations of neighboring rows of vibrissae became greater and the two maps co-existed within the same cortical space.
Analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase structure and function as guided by known polymerase structures and computer predictions of secondary structure.

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) function as the catalytic subunit of the viral replicase required for the replication of all positive strand RNA viruses. The vast majority of RdRps have been identified solely on the basis of sequence similarity. Structural studies of RdRps have lagged behind those of the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases, DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, and reverse transcriptases until the recent report of the partial crystal structure of the poliovirus RdRp, 3Dpol [Hansen, J. L. , et al. (1997). Structure 5, 1109-1122]. We seek to address whether all RdRps will have structures similar to those found in the poliovirus polymerase structure. Therefore, the PHD method of Rost and Sander [Rost, B. , and Sander, C. (1993a). J. Mol. Biol. 232, 584-599; Rost, B. , and Sander, C. (1994). Protein 19, 55-77] was used to predict the secondary structure of the RdRps from six different viral families: bromoviruses, tobamoviruses, tombusvirus, leviviruses, hepatitis C-like viruses, and picornaviruses. These predictions were compared with the known crystal structure of the poliovirus polymerase. The PHD method was also used to predict picornavirus structures in places in which the poliovirus crystal structure was disordered. All five families and the picornaviruses share a similar order of secondary structure elements present in their polymerase proteins. All except the leviviruses have the unique region observed in the poliovirus 3Dpol that is suggested to be involved in polymerase oligomerization. These structural predictions are used to explain the phenotypes of a collection of mutations that exist in several RNA polymerases. This analysis will help to guide further characterization of RdRps.
BEHAVIOURAL INTENTIONS: A MEDIATOR OF PERFORMANCE EXPECTANCY AND ADOPTION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES BY UGANDAN COMMERCIAL FARMERS

This study examined the mediating role of Behavioural Intentions to Use on Performance Expectancy and Adoption of mobile communication technologies by commercial farmers in Uganda. The study adopted across-sectional design and quantitative method from which 302 commercial farmers and agribusiness traders in Eastern Uganda were surveyed using self-administered questionnaires as a data collection tool. Mediation analysis was carried out using bootstrap. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling were used to test the hypothesized relationships between the study variables. Findings revealed a partial mediating effect of Behavioural Intentions to Use on the relationship between Performance Expectancy and Adoption; significant positive relationship between Performance Expectancy and Behavioural Intentions; Performance Expectancy and Adoption; Behavioural Intentions and Adoption. There is need for knowledge creation and market research required to understand the unique needs of performance expectancy and behavioural Intention on demand side of commercial farmers in developing countries.
Don't Put All of Your Alums in One Basket: College Admissions Decisions as a Portfolio Choice Problem

We consider philanthropy by college alums from an innovative and provocative perspective: what if prospective college students were considered members of asset classes with different risk-return combinations? Using forty years of merged admissions-philanthropy records on students at a highly selective liberal arts college, we estimate the simple financial model that this allegory implies. We find benefits to diversification, identify the slope of the market risk-return line, and point out the most (and least) attractive potential students in terms of their projected future donations.
Biochemical Isolation and Identification of Mycobacteria

The identification of the species that comprise the Mycobacterium genus is one of the best documented examples of scientific development and technology. Approximately 150 species are currently recognized that, besides comprising a genus because of structural and biochemical similarities, exhibit a great variety of characteristics that permit the establishment of differential patterns in order to identify and characterize them, or to establish clusters or complexes. At the present time it is insufficient for the performance of tests that would determine if a given specie belongs to the Mycobacterium genus. There is clearly a pressing need to establish its membership in a group or complex, and to determine its specie and genetic characterization so as to permit a comparison of characteristics such as frequency and distribution at a global level.
Earnings Comparability and Firm-Specific Stock Price Crash Risk

This study examines the association between earnings comparability and firm-specific stock price crash risk. Using a large sample of 33,696 firm-year observations from the U.S. public firms, we find a positive association between comparability and future stock price crash risk. This finding is consistent with the notion that corporate managers do not have much incentive to release firm-specific information (especially bad news), as long as their firms’ financial statements are comparable to those of the industry peers. We further show that the positive association between earnings comparability and future crash risk is attenuated for firms with strong external monitoring (i.e., high analyst coverage, high institutional ownership, and high audit quality) and firms with low information asymmetry (i.e., low probability of informed trading). Our results are robust to (1) controlling for other important earnings attributes (e.g., conditional conservatism and income smoothing) that are associated with crash risk, (2) conducting change analyses, and (3) using alternative measures of earnings comparability. Our findings have an important implication that earnings comparability does not always result in favorable capital market outcomes.
[Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and its relation with squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth and oropharynx].

OBJECTIVE To establish a connection between infection by the human papilloma virus (HPV) and development of malignant (squamous cell carcinoma) and benign lesions (epithelial hyperplasia papillomatosis and papilloma) of the oral cavity and oropharynx. METHOD A retrospective study of 66 blades and paraffin blocks with biopsy tissue fixed with formalin. This material, collected in 2002, refers to a group of 44 men (66.7%) and 22 women (33.3%) with ages ranging from 11 to 100 years, with confirmed diagnoses of squamous cell carcinoma in 38 cases, of epithelial hyperplasia papillomatosis in 20 cases and of papillomas in 8 cases. This material was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and the presence of viral DNA in the biopsy samples was determined. RESULTS Presence of the viral DNA (HPV) in 16 of the 38 cases of carcinoma (42.5%), 19 in 20 cases of hyperplasia (95%) and 8 in 8 cases of papilloma (100%) was detected. CONCLUSION The samples in this study show the predominant incidence of the HPV in the epithelial hyperplasia papillomatosis and papilloma in relation to squamous cell carcinoma. This last lesion, on the other hand, did not show statistical correlation to the HPV.
Correlation between Pretreatment Levels of Interferon Response Genes and Clinical Responses to an Immune Response Modifier (Imiquimod) in Genital Warts

ABSTRACT Imiquimod (IQ) has been successfully used in treatment of genital warts. In clinical settings, patients responded well but wart reduction rates varied. Our aim was to find a correlation between clinical responses and pretreatment (constitutive) levels of genes that might be involved in the molecular action of IQ. Since IQ is a cytokine inducer, we analyzed levels of expression of genes of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and their inhibitors as well as interferon response factors (IRFs) in pretreatment biopsy specimens from complete responders (99 to 100% wart reduction rate) versus incomplete responders (75 to 92% wart reduction rate) by reverse transcription-PCR. We found that mRNA levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and IRF1 were higher in complete responders than in incomplete responders. Incomplete responders expressed larger amounts of STAT3, IRF2, and protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) mRNAs compared to complete responders before IQ treatment. We hypothesize that high-level expression of STAT1 and IRF1 is advantageous for a better IQ response. The observed differences in constitutive mRNA levels of these genes may be the consequence of alterations in cellular differentiation and/or variable expression of endogenous interferons. Previous in vitro studies showed that keratinocyte differentiation coordinates the balance between positive and negative signals along the JAK/STAT pathway by regulating the IRF1:IRF2 and STAT1:PIAS1 ratios and thus affecting induction of IQ-inducible genes. Specifically, differentiation supports constitutive expression of STAT1 and IRF1 mRNAs but not expression of IRF2 and PIAS1. Our data are in good agreement with studies that showed the importance of STAT1 in cytokine induction and activation of interferon-responsive genes by IQ.
The Platelet Defect Associated with Albinism

Summary. Investigations on the blood of two albino women with a haemostatic defect have revealed a specific abnormality of their platelets. This consists of an inability of the platelets to store adenine nucleotides in a metabolically inert form, and consequently of an impairment of the release reaction whereby normal platelets are induced to aggregate by agents, including collagen and thrombin, that act indirectly through the release of adenosine diphosphate (ADP). These patients' platelets also have a greatly impaired ability to take up and store 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and adrenaline. It is suggested that the haemostatic failure previously observed in association with albinism is a result of such a defect of storage and release of adenine nucleotides by the platelets. Investigations on seven other albinos without haemorrhagic symptoms have shown no abnormality of platelet aggregation or nucleotide storage.
XIAP antisense therapy with AEG 35156 in acute myeloid leukemia

Introduction: AEG 35156 is an antisense oligonucleotide to X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Overexpression of XIAP is common in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other cancers and is thought to cause resistance to cancer therapy. Effective treatment options for patients with relapsed or refractory AML are limited and survival continues to be poor. Targeting resistance mechanisms is expected to improve results in relapsed as well as front-line settings. Areas covered: Role of XIAP in apoptosis pathways, structure of AEG 35156, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy and review of clinical trials in AML. Expert opinion: AEG 35156 in combination with standard chemotherapy was generally very well-tolerated and had shown some evidence of anti-leukemic activity in AML. The target knock down was transient and has not always correlated with response. Future studies may be done with variations in dose scheduling and with more emphasis on comprehensive pharmacodynamic studies simultaneously analyzing other inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and various XIAP regulators. Use of small molecule mimetics of second mitochondria derived activator of caspases (Smac) simultaneously targeting other IAPs appears to be an attractive option.
Total glossectomy with laryngeal preservation and free flap reconstruction: Objective functional outcomes and systematic review of the literature

Advanced tongue cancer is a devastating diagnosis with potential for significant morbidity after treatment. This is especially true for patients undergoing total glossectomy with laryngeal preservation (TGLP), free flap reconstruction and adjuvant radiotherapy. The goals of this study were to: 1) determine long‐term objective functional and quality of life outcomes, 2) investigate the influence of rehabilitation on functional recovery and 3) determine swallowing ability in patients with TGLP.
Evaluation of Gastric and Hepatic Protective Effects of Kiwifruit Extract on Toxicity of Indomethacin in Swiss Albino Mice Using Histological Studies

: Consumption of fruits plays a special role in prevention and treatment of various diseases. Fruits have several compounds with antioxidant properties. Kiwifruit is one of the most popular fruits worldwide and is cultivated in many countries. It is a rich source of several compounds with antioxidant properties such as polyphenols, flavonoids and vitamins. The aim of this study is to evaluate the gastric-and hepatic protective effects of kiwifruit extract (KFE) against toxicity of indomethacin (Indo) in mice. 36 Swiss albino mice ( 25 – 30 g) were randomly divided into six groups. The first group served as control and was injected intraperitonieal ( i.p.) with distilled water (1ml DW/ once), animals of the second group were injected with vehicle of Indo (1 ml of 4% sodium bicarbonate, once, i.p.) and served as vehicle -Indo group and those of the third group was injected with Indo (40 mg/ kg.b.w./i.p./ once). One hour before Indo injection (40 mg/ kg.b.w./i.p./ once), fourth group was injected with pantoprazole (10 mg/kg.b.w./i.p./ once), and animals of the fifth and sixth group were injected with KFE (500 mg /kg bw/i.p./once) and (750 mg /kg bw/i.p./once), respectively. Kiwi fruit extract was found to be safe up to 4000 mg/kg when kiwi fruit administrated i.p. in Swiss albino mice. Indo treatment induced histological lesions in both gastric and hepatic tissue as revealed by light microscope. Gastric sections showed ulcerated and erosion of mucosal layers with congested dilated blood vessels in submucosal layer and liver sectios showed marked vacuolated hepatocyte, congested dilated vascular channels, and dense aggregation of inflammatory cells. Pretreatment with KFE prior Indo administration resulted in marked ameliorations of the gastric and hepatic lesions induced by Indo. We can conclude that kiwi fruit extract is useful in combating tissue injury caused by indomethacin toxicity and protect gastric and hepatic tissues from toxicity of indomethacin. Further studies on both gene and DNA level are recommended.
Drug-induced movement disorders.

To facilitate the rapid and accurate identification of these syndromes, this discussion will divide druginduced movement disorders into three main categories: 1) Acute and immediate; occurring shortly after exposure to the offending drug and rapidly building to peak intensity. 2) Continuous; appearing after variable exposure to the offending drug and persisting as long as the causative agent is administered. 3) Tardive; appearing during long-term exposure to the offending drug and persisting beyond discontinuance of the causative agent. For each class of drug-induced movement disorders, recognition of the clinical syndromes, the responsible drugs, and the appropriate therapeutic intervention will be stressed. The discussion will concentrate on the common recognizable syndromes and list in brief form the drug-movement disorder relations that are less common but which the consulting neurologist needs to be aware of.
The role of natural variability in projections of climate change impacts on U.S. ozone pollution

Climate change can impact air quality by altering the atmospheric conditions that determine pollutant concentrations. Over large regions of the U.S., projected changes in climate are expected to favor formation of ground‐level ozone and aggravate associated health effects. However, modeling studies exploring air quality‐climate interactions have often overlooked the role of natural variability, a major source of uncertainty in projections. Here we use the largest ensemble simulation of climate‐induced changes in air quality generated to date to assess its influence on estimates of climate change impacts on U.S. ozone. We find that natural variability can significantly alter the robustness of projections of the future climate's effect on ozone pollution. In this study, a 15 year simulation length minimum is required to identify a distinct anthropogenic‐forced signal. Therefore, we suggest that studies assessing air quality impacts use multidecadal simulations or initial condition ensembles. With natural variability, impacts attributable to climate may be difficult to discern before midcentury or under stabilization scenarios.
Investment Banker Directors and Capital Raising Costs

Much of the literature on corporate boards is centered on their monitoring role, yet boards spend a significant portion of their time advising management. Using a large hand-collected data set of investment bankers (IB) on boards, we examine whether and how IB directors affect capital raising costs. We show that seasoned equity issuers with IB directors are associated with higher announcement returns and lower issuance costs, whereas we do not find such association for debt issuance. We further show that the presence of IB directors reduces issuers’ reliance on top underwriters. Additional analyses suggest that IB directors help improve firms’ information environment. Our results highlight the advising role of specialist directors in transactions traditionally dominated by financial intermediaries.