Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prostaglandins and tooth movement.

The effect of flurbiprofen, a prostaglandin cycloxygenase inhibitor, on tooth movement was studied using New Zealand white rabbits. Under general anaesthesia, springs were ligated between the lower first molars and incisors resulting in approximation of these teeth. Experimental animals were matched to a control animal of the same sex and weight. Experimental animals were administered daily flurbiprofen (10 mg/Kg) via a catheter passed orally into the stomach. Control animals received the vehicle only. A pair of animals (experimental and matched control) was sacrificed after 3 and 10 days, and the remaining animals after 14 days. The movement of incisors and molars was measured directly, and movement between the first and second molars measured from radiographs. Osteoclast activity in the area of crestal bone adjacent and mesial to the first molar was examined histologically. Direct and radiographic measurements showed movement within the experimental and control groups, but no significant difference between them. However, the radiographic measurements showed a trend towards decreased tooth movement in the experimental animals. This observation, together with a significant decrease in the number of osteoclasts in the bone adjacent to the induced tooth movement in the experimental animals, suggests non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can partially inhibit orthodontic tooth movement. The most likely mechanism is the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with a resultant inhibition of osteoclast activity and bone resorption. However these findings suggest other undefined mechanisms remain unaffected.
Characteristics and performance of research and development tax credit users

This paper examines the firm-specific characteristics, the R&D spending, and R&D performance of U.S. R&D tax credit users (i.e., firms with currently earned R&D tax credits). Prior literature finds that the R&D tax credit is effective in increasing R&D expenditures and reducing managers' myopic behavior. However, most of these findings are based on estimated R&D tax credits rather than actual R&D tax credits. In contrast, I use actual R&D tax credits reported by the firms in their 10-Ks. I examine three issues related to the use of R&D tax credits. First, I investigate whether the likelihood of using the credit varies with characteristics related to research ability and tax advantages of firms. Next, I analyze whether the use of R&D tax credit increases real R&D spending. Finally, I explore if the tax credit impacts R&D performance, by examining innovation quality, future pre-tax profitability, and return volatility. The results are consistent with my hypotheses. Firms with more research ability and tax advantages are more likely to use R&D tax credits. I find that R&D tax credits increase real R&D spending. Finally, compared to the R&D of non-credit users, the excess qualified research of tax credit users contributes to better innovation quality and higher return volatility, but lower pre-tax profitability. Overall, these findings are consistent with the stated congressional purposes in enacting the R&D tax credit provisions.
Impact of Hydrophobic Pollutants' Behavior on Occupational and Environmental Health

This paper reviews the influence of hydrophobic pollutant behavior on environmental hazards and risks. The definition and examples of hydrophobic pollutants are given as a guide to better understand the sources of release and the media of dispersion in the environment. The properties and behavior of hydrophobic pollutants are described and their influence on environmental hazard and risk is reviewed and evaluated. The overall outcome of the assessment and evaluation showed that all hydrophobic pollutants are hazardous and risky to all organisms, including man. Their risk effects are due to their inherent persistence, bioaccumulation potential, environmental mobility, and reactivity. Their hazardous effects on organisms occur at varying spatial and temporal degrees of emissions, toxicities, exposures, and concentrations.
Credit Access and Credit Performance after Consumer Bankruptcy Filing: New Evidence

This paper uses a unique data set to shed new light on the credit availability and credit performance of consumer bankruptcy filers. In particular, our data allow us to distinguish between Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcy filings, to observe changes in credit demand and supply explicitly, to differentiate existing and new credit accounts, and to observe the performance of each credit account directly. The paper has four main findings. First, despite speedy recovery in their risk scores after bankruptcy filing, most filers have much reduced access to credit in terms of credit limits, and the impact seems to be long lasting. Second, the reduction in credit access stems mainly from the supply side as consumer inquiries recover significantly after the filing, while credit limits remain low. Third, lenders do not treat Chapter 13 filers more favorably than Chapter 7 filers. In fact, Chapter 13 filers are much less likely to receive new credit cards than Chapter 7 filers even after controlling for borrower characteristics and local economic environment. Finally, we find that Chapter 13 filers perform more poorly than Chapter 7 filers (after the filing) on all credit products (credit card debt, auto loans, and first mortgages). Our results, in contrast to prior studies, thus suggest that the current bankruptcy system does not appear to provide much relief to bankruptcy filers.
Identification of bottom‐fermenting yeast genes expressed during lager beer fermentation

It has been proposed that bottom‐fermenting yeast strains of Saccharomyces pastorianus possess at least two types of genomes. Sequences of genes of one genome [S. cerevisiae (Sc)‐type] have been found to be highly homologous (more than 90% identity) to S. cerevisiae S288C sequences, while those of the other [Lager (Lg)‐type] are less so. To identify and discriminate Lg‐type from Sc‐type genes expressed during lager beer fermentation, normalized cDNA libraries were constructed and analysed. From approximately 22 000 ESTs, 3892 Sc‐type and 2695 Lg‐type ORFs were identified. Expression patterns of Sc‐ and Lg‐type genes did not correlate with particular cell functions in KEGG classification system. Moreover, 405 independent clones were isolated that have no significant homology with sequences in the S288C database, suggesting that they include the bottom‐fermenting yeast‐specific (BFY) genes. Most of BFY genes have significant homology with the S. bayanus genome. The DNA sequences of S. pastorianus non‐Sc‐type ORFs were submitted to DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL under Accession Nos CJ992285‐CJ998763. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic Value of Microtubule-Associated Protein-2 in Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive cutaneous carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation and a propensity for early spread to regional lymph nodes. Since surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment of MCC, differentiation of MCC from malignant lymphoma, metastatic small cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma is very important and is sometimes challenging with routine histologic examination. Immunohistochemical studies may be required to differentiate MCC from other primary and metastatic skin neoplasms. Previously, the authors reported that microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) is a sensitive and specific marker for pulmonary neoplasms with neuroendocrine differentiation. Because MCC is also a neuroendocrine carcinoma, the authors hypothesized that MAP-2 may be expressed in MCC and therefore may be a useful marker in establishing an accurate diagnosis. MAP-2 staining was demonstrated in all 14 MCCs with diffuse (10 cases) to focal (4 cases) patterns of immunoreactivity. No MAP-2 immunoreactivity was observed in any lymphoma (14 cases), basal cell carcinoma (20 cases), or squamous cell carcinoma (14 cases). CK20 reactivity was present in 12 of 14 cases with focal (2 cases) to diffuse (10 cases) staining having the characteristic perinuclear dot-like pattern. NSE was positive in 13 of 14 cases, SYN was positive in all 14 cases, CHR was positive in 8 of 14 cases, CK7 was positive in 4 of 14 cases, and CD99 was focally positive in 2 cases and diffusely positive in 3 cases. MAP-2 showed a diffuse or focal staining of MCC with a +1 to +4 intensity in most cases. MAP-2 was positive in two cases of MCC that were negative for CK20 and CHR and negative or only slightly positive for SYN and NSE. Therefore, MAP-2 may be a valuable ancillary study in skin tumors suspicious for neuroendocrine origin with faint or negative staining with the antibodies traditionally used for diagnosing MCC. The authors believe this is the first study to demonstrate the utility of MAP-2 in the immunohistochemical workup of MCC. The authors recommend that MAP-2 be added to immunohistochemical panels to confirm the diagnosis of MCC.
The Impact of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Standards on the Value of Cash Holdings: Evidence from Canadian Firms

We investigate the relationship between Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) practices and firm value by comparing the market value of an extra dollar of cash for non-financial publicly traded Canadian firms with high and low ESG ratings, as measured by the Sustainalytics responsible investment research firm for the period between 2009 and 2012. Our results show that an extra dollar of cash is valued at $1.13 for firms in the top quartile of the ranking, at par for companies at the bottom quartile, and at $1.07 for an average ESG firm. We also show evidence that financial slack has value when future investment opportunities are expected and the cost and availability of capital is uncertain.
Population studies on southwestern Indian tribes. V. Tooth morphology as an indicator of biological distance.

The value of phylogenetic comparisons between populations based on tooth morphology depends on a knowledge of the extent to which the observed morphological variation is genetic in origin. This knowledge can be derived unequivocally only from the analysis of family data. However, in the absence of such knowledge the ability of tooth morphology to distinguish biological differences can be evaluated directly by testing its discriminating power in practice on populations between which the degrees of genetic difference are already known. The results of such an evaluation show that different degrees of subjectivity of scoring are associated with different characters, but that moderately good correspondence between known genetic differences and differences based on tooth morphology can be achieved when characters showing the least subjectivity of scoring are used.
Helicobacter pylori and Microcirculation

Microcirculation is one of the susceptible targets in the pathogenesis of disorders caused by exogenous pathogens, such as the well‐known bacterium, Helicobacter pylori (Hp). While extensive studies have been published on the kinetics of Hp infection, only a few have dealt with the microcirculatory aspects of Hp‐induced disorders. This review summarizes the recent developments in the elucidation of the pathophysiology of disorders caused by Hp infection, focusing on the microcirculatory aspect. Animal and human studies were systematically reviewed to identify published data on the microcirculatory aspects of Hp infection. This updated summary of the microcirculatory aspects of Hp‐induced disorders illustrates potential approaches that might be used to clarify the pathophysiology of the gastric and extragastric sequelae of Hp infection and the therapeutic strategies that could be adopted.
ENGAGING IN EARNINGS MANAGEMENT TO AVOID NEGATIVE EARNINGS

Abstract. Engaging in Earnings Management to Avoid Negative Earnings. The purpose of this study is to investigate the earnings management behavior of companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange (ISE). Specifically, the study investigates whether companies engaging in real earnings management or accrual management intent to avoid negative earnings; it also examines whether earnings management behavior supports efficient contracting or opportunistic behavior perspective. The sample of this study comprised 166 firm-years of manufacturing industrial sector during the period 2004 – 2005. Using multiple regressions, the study finds evidence that the companies engage in both earnings management, which are discretionary expenses (proxy of real earnings management) and accruals management. This evidence supports the studies of Graham, Harvey, & Rajgopal (2005) and Roychowdhury (2006). Another result shows that the real earnings management conducted by the companies is efficient partially, while the accruals management is opportunistic.
The Adoption of Cloud Services in the Context of Organizations: An Examination of Drivers and Barriers

Cloud computing has presented an opportunity for organizations to leverage affordable, scalable, and agile technologies. However, even with the demonstrated value of cloud computing, individuals, universities and corporations have been hesitant to adopt such technologies. This research-in-progress provides an important exploration of the drivers and barriers of the broad organizational adoption of cloud computing. Specifically, the theory of Diffusion of Innovations (DoI) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) are applied and extended to better understand the adoption of cloud services. A combined multi-theoretical research model is developed aiming to explain both the attitude towards cloud adoption and actual cloud usage. Finally, directions for future research are suggested.
Probability with Martingales

1. A branching-process example Part I. Foundations: 2. Measure spaces 3. Events 4. Random variables 5. Independence 6. Integration 7. Expectation 8. An easy strong law: product measure Part II. Martingale Theory: 9. Conditional expectation 10. Martingales 11. The convergence theorem 12. Martingales bounded in L2 13. Uniform integrability 14. UI martingales 15. Applications Part III. Characteristic Functions: 16. Basic properties of CFs 17. Weak convergence 18. The central limit theorem Appendices Exercises.
Histochemical localization of monoamines in the nervous system of the polychaete Nephtys

A specific fluorescence method has been used for the cellular demonstration of biogenic monoamines in the nervous system of Nephtys. The central nervous system contains both green fluorescent (adrenergic) and yellow fluorescent (5-hydroxytryptaminergic) fibres and neurons, the neurons showing a repetitive pattern in successive segments in the nerve cord. The proportion of yellow neurons is much higher in the ventral nerve cord, while the green neurons predominate in the supra-oesophageal ganglion. Many of the fluorescent fibres in the neuropile are beaded. Three of the four segmental nerves carry fluorescent fibres peripherally. Except for yellow neurons in the wall of the intestine, all peripheral fluorescent cells are green. Of these, a few in each segment are located in peripheral ganglia, and the rest resemble the bi-polar epidermal sensory cells found in other polychaetes. The only yellow fibres visible peripherally are the multiple varicosities which occur at points of muscle insertions on basement membranes. It is possible that these are the end plates of a set of motor fibres. On the basis of the distribution and morphology of structures exhibiting the two types of fluorescence it is postulated that the green system may have a sensory and the yellow system a motor function.
Physiologic and nonphysiologic determinants of aerobic fitness in mild to moderate asthma.

We studied 27 patients (seven male, 20 female) with stable mild-to-moderate asthma to measure their level of physical fitness and to determine if a relationship existed between aerobic fitness and the degree of airway reactivity, expiratory flow rates, or the amount of habitual leisure-time physical activity. Nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity (NSBHR) was quantified by methacholine inhalation challenge. On a separate day, exercise capacity was evaluated with incremental exercise testing to exhaustion after bronchodilator pretreatment. The level of physical activity was assessed with a validated written questionnaire. FEV, was 78 +/- 13% predicted prebronchodilator and 92 +/- 14% predicted postbronchodilator. The mean provoking concentration of methacholine that caused a 20% decrease in FEV1 (PC20) was 1.14 +/- 1.38 mg/ml and ranged from 0.019 to 5.71 mg/ml. There was no correlation between PC20 and prebronchodilator FEV1 r = 0.37, p greater than 0.05). Mean maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was not significantly different from predicted normal values (36.9 +/- 10.8 versus 38.5 +/- 5.3, p = 0.32). Mean maximal O2pulse (maximal heart rate/VO2max), anaerobic threshold, and dyspnea index were within normal limits. There was no relationship between VO2max and FEV1 when expressed as percentages of predicted values (r = 0.08, p = 0.71) or between VO2max and PC20 (r = 0.23, p = 0.25). There was, however, a significant relationship between VO2max and the level of habitual leisure-time activity (F = 3.64, p less than 0.05). Results from the exercise questionnaire suggested that asthmatics perceive their disease as a limiting factor to improved aerobic fitness and that they lack adequate knowledge about asthma and exercise. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Social Movements in Action How can social movements become more effective in the action mobilization ? Case study : Environmental movement against exploration of the shale gas in Quebec ( Canada )

2 1-Introduction . 5 1-1 Problem Contextualization . 5 1-2 Aim and Research Questions . 6 1-3 Outline of Report . 7 1-4 Scope and Limitations . 7 2Methodology . 8 3-Case study background . 10 3-1 Shale gas Industry and the Environmental concerns . 10 3-2 Shale gas and the environmental issues in Quebec . 11 3-3 Governance in relation to shale gas exploitation in Quebec . 12 3-4 The Petition . 15 4-Theoretical background . 16 4-1 Governance and Sustainable development . 16 4-2 Social Movements as an actor of governance–how they form . 17 4-3 Mobilization . 17 4-4 Frame alignment . 21 5Results . 22 6-Discussion . 26 6-1 Case study discussion and specific recommendations . 26 6-2 General discussion and recommendations. 32 7Conclusion . 34 References . 35
Increasing Voice Communication Channels Using Man's Binaural Listening Capability1

Sending voice messages over pairs of channels makes available more channels for communication than would be possible if channels were used in a conventional manner and only one message was sent over one channel. Although this means that all channels under the dual channel system must carry several messages simultaneously, it is shown that for subjects wearing earphones, message intelligibility remains remarkably higher than if the same number of messages are sent over a single channel. The superiority of the dual channel method is attributed primarily to the unique capability of the human ear-brain system to perceive diotic signals as being located in the center of the head while all dichotic signals are perceived as being off to the side of the head. Where seven voices are talking simultaneously intelligibility of messages under the dual channel method of transmission is about 94 percent as compared to 11 percent under the single channel method. Practical implications of these findings for a number of military and civilian communication situations are discussed.
Environmental Management Systems: Understanding Organizational Drivers and Barriers

The Theory of Environmental Management Systems Environmental Risk Minimization Organizational Drivers for Environmental Management Interventions for Drivers Economic Success Versus Environmental Improvements Managing the Environment Corporate Environmental Plan The Development of Environmental Management Systems Implementing an Environmental Management System Management Commitment The Environmental Audit Aspects and Impacts Analysis Register of Legislation Objectives and Targets Organization and Responsibility Environmental Operating Procedures and Environmental Management Procedures Monitoring and Measuring Environmental Management System Audit Management Review The Corporate Environmental Plan The Audit of Environmental Management Objectives, Policies and Activities Environmental Management Plan Budget Organizational Barriers Organizational Theory Organizational Barriers Barriers in Small to Medium Enterprises Models for Classifying Environmental Management Strategies Types of Environmental Strategy Studying Environmental Management Using Comparative Models An Integrated Approach Towards a Conceptual Research Model Linking Environmental Management with Business Strategy Devoid EMS Model Isolated EMS Model Devolved EMS Model Integrated EMS Model Use of Devoid, Isolated, Devolved and Integrated Models Appendix: Examples of Environmental Charters
Fractionation of livetin and the molecular weights of the alpha-and beta-components.

Livetin, the major water-soluble protein of hen egg yolk, was found to contain three major components having mobilities of −6.3, −3.8, and −2.1 cm.2 sec. −1 volt−1 at pH 8, µ 0.1, and these have been designated α-, β-, and γ-livetin respectively. The α- and β-livetins were separated and purified electrophoretically after removal of γ-livetin by precipitation from 37% saturated ammonium sulphate or 20% isopropanol. The α-, β-, and mixed livetins resembled pseudoglobulins in solubility but γ-livetin was unstable and this loss of solubility has, so far, prevented its characterization. Molecular weights determined by light scattering, osmotic pressure, and Archibald sedimentation procedure yielded respectively: 8.7, 7.8, and 6.7 × 104 for α-livetin, and 4.8, 5.0, and4.5 × 104 for β-livetin. Under suitable conditions of sedimentation and electrophoresis, egg yolk has been shown to contain three components having the same behavior as the three livetins of the water-soluble fraction.
A clustered origin for isolated massive stars

WEL and IAB gratefully acknowledge support from the ECOGAL project, grant agreement 291227, funded by the European Research Council under ERC-2011-ADG. MR acknowledges funding from the Nadacia SPP grant No. 28/2013. MG acknowledges support from the Royal Society in the form of a University Research Fellowship (URF) and the European Research Council (ERC-StG-335936, CLUSTERS). This work used the compute resources of the St Andrews MHD Cluster.
Convolutional Neural Network for speaker change detection in telephone speaker diarization system

The aim of this paper is to propose a speaker change detection technique based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and evaluate its contribution to the performance of a speaker diarization system for telephone conversations. For the comparison we used an i-vector based speaker diarization system. The baseline speaker change detection uses Generalized Likelihood Ratio (GLR) metric. Experiments were conducted on the English part of the CallHome corpus. Our proposed CNN speaker change detection outperformed the GLR approach, reducing the Equal Error Rate relatively by 46 %. The final results on speaker diarization system indicate that the use of speaker change detection based on CNN is beneficial with relative improvement of diarization error rate by 28 %.