Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Injuries Sustained as a Result of Intentional Player Contact in High School Football, Ice Hockey, and Lacrosse: 2005-2006 Through 2015-2016

Background: Lacrosse and ice hockey are quickly growing in popularity, while football remains the most popular sport among high school student-athletes. Injuries remain a concern, given the physical nature of these contact sports. Purpose: To describe the rates and patterns of injuries sustained as a result of intentional player contact in United States high school boys’ football, ice hockey, and lacrosse. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) data, including exposure and injury data collected from a large sample of high schools in the United States from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016. Data were analyzed to calculate rates, assess patterns, and evaluate potential risk factors for player-to-player contact injuries. Results: A total of 34,532 injuries in boys’ football, ice hockey, and lacrosse occurred during 9,078,902 athlete-exposures (AEs), for a rate of 3.80 injuries per 1000 AEs in the 3 contact sports of interest. The risk of injuries was found to be greater in competition compared with practice for all 3 sports, with the largest difference in ice hockey (rate ratio, 8.28) and the smallest difference in lacrosse (rate ratio, 3.72). In all 3 contact sports, the most commonly injured body site in competition and practice caused by both tackling/checking and being tackled/checked was the head/face. However, a significantly greater proportion of concussions sustained in football were the result of tackling compared with being tackled (28.2% vs 24.1%, respectively). In addition, a significantly greater proportion of concussions were sustained in competition compared with practice for all 3 sports. Conclusion: This study is the first to collectively compare injury rates and injury patterns sustained from intentional player-to-player contact in boys’ high school football, ice hockey, and lacrosse. Notably, there was a relatively high risk of injuries and concussions during football practices.
Control of plant species diversity and community invasibility by species immigration: seed richness versus seed density

Brown, R. L. and Fridley, J. D. 2003. Control of plant species diversity andcommunity invasibility by species immigration: seed richness versus seed density. –Oikos 102: 15–24.Immigration rates of species into communities are widely understood to inﬂuencecommunity diversity, which in turn is widely expected to inﬂuence the susceptibilityof ecosystems to species invasion. For a given community, however, immigrationprocesses may impact diversity by means of two separable components: the numberof species represented in seed inputs and the density of seed per species. Theindependent effects of these components on plant species diversity and consequentrates of invasion are poorly understood. We constructed experimental plant commu-nities through repeated seed additions to independently measure the effects of seedrichness and seed density on the trajectory of species diversity during the develop-ment of annual plant communities. Because we sowed species not found in theimmediate study area, we were able to assess the invasibility of the resultingcommunities by recording the rate of establishment of species from adjacent vegeta-tion. Early in community development when species only weakly interacted, seedrichness had a strong effect on community diversity whereas seed density had littleeffect. After the plants became established, the effect of seed richness on measureddiversity strongly depended on seed density, and disappeared at the highest level ofseed density. The ability of surrounding vegetation to invade the experimentalcommunities was decreased by seed density but not by seed richness, primarilybecause the individual effects of a few sown species could explain the observedinvasion rates. These results suggest that seed density is just as important as seedrichness in the control of species diversity, and perhaps a more important determi-nant of community invasibility than seed richness in dynamic plant assemblages.
Eosinophilic Crystalline Pneumonia as a Major Cause of Death in 129S4/SvJae Mice

Eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia is an idiopathic disease that occurs in many strains and stocks of mice, more commonly in strains on a C57BL/6 background. The disease occurs sporadically in most strains of mice and varies from mild and subclinical to severe and fulminating, sometimes resulting in respiratory distress and death. In this study, 94 aged male and female 129S4/SvJae mice were evaluated for eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia lesions. There was an 87% incidence, with females overrepresented. Histologically, there were multifocal to coalescing inflammatory infiltrates composed of numerous large eosinophilic macrophages and multinucleate cells admixed with eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells within alveolar and bronchiolar spaces, associated with refractile, brightly eosinophilic, angular crystals. Alveolar macrophages and multinucleate cells contained fine needlelike to rectangular intracytoplasmic crystalline material. Similar crystals were often free within alveoli and conducting airways, often associated with mucous metaplasia of bronchiolar epithelium. This disease may occur spontaneously or in concert with other pulmonary lesions, such as pulmonary adenomas, lymphoproliferative disease, allergic pulmonary disease, and parasitic or fungal infections. The characteristic crystals morphologically resemble Charcot-Leyden crystals, which represent eosinophil breakdown products in humans with eosinophil-related disease. However, crystals in eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia are composed predominantly of Ym1 protein, a chitinase-like protein associated with neutrophil granule products and secreted by activated macrophages. The function of Ym1 protein is not fully understood but is believed to be involved in host immune defense, eosinophil recruitment, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions consistent with tissue repair. The mechanism of induction of eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia with Ym1 crystal formation is unknown.
Tumor exosomal microRNAs thwarting anti-tumor immune responses in nasopharyngeal carcinomas.

The considerable progress achieved in the past 10 years in the field of tumor biology and therapeutics has strengthened the idea that cancer is not only a cellular but also a tissue disease. This concept is likely to apply to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), characterized by the consistent expression of oncogenic viral proteins in a context of inflammation and immune escape (1). In its typical undifferentiated form, NPC is constantly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus, whose genome is contained in the nuclei of all malignant cells, but not in the surrounding tissue. Latency is the predominant mode of virus-cell interactions, meaning that most viral genes are silent in the vast majority of malignant cells. However, a small fraction of them are consistently expressed coding a handful of viral products, both viral proteins and untranslated RNAs, most of them with proven oncogenic properties. The inflammatory context of NPC is obvious for pathologists: almost all NPC primary tumors are heavily infiltrated by non-malignant leucocytes, mainly T-lymphocytes but also B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils. This inflammatory infiltration often disappears in metastatic lesions. The immune escape is also obvious because of the rapid proliferation of malignant cells despite the consistent expression of EBNA1, LMP1 and LMP2 which are known to be the targets of CD4+ and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells in EBV-carriers. One interpretation of the paradox of tumor inflammation combined with tumor immune escape is that malignant cells in the primary tumor benefit to some extent from the proximity of leucocytes while developing mechanisms of immune escape.
Rice response to different methods of potassium fertilization in salinity stress condition

Salinity is an environmental stress that limits growth and development in plants. With appropriate fertilizers application methods on salinity conditions can reduce its harmful effects and increased productivity of salinized soils. A pot experiment was carried out in 2011 in rice research institute of Iran to examine the effects of potassium application methods on the response of rice (Oryzae Sativa L.) to different soil salinity levels. Four methods of potassium application: a. spraying with distilled water as control; b. application of potassium on soil; c. potassium spraying and d. application of potassium on soil plus spraying and four levels of irrigation water salinity (tap water and salinities 2, 4 and 6 dsm -1 ) were investigated in complete randomized block design with three replications. Results showed that soil salinity affected growth and yield component parameters in most of the cases. Potassium application alleviated the stress condition and significantly improved dry matter yield and yield components in rice. Grain, straw, total biological yield, harvest index, 100 seeds weigh ,root dry weigh and total tillers significantly decreased with increasing salinity but grain protein increased with increasing salinity. The interaction between salinity levels and methods of potassium application was significant only for root dry weight.
NuSTAR DISCOVERY OF A LUMINOSITY DEPENDENT CYCLOTRON LINE ENERGY IN VELA X-1

We present NuSTAR observations of Vela X-1, a persistent, yet highly variable, neutron star high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB). Two observations were taken at similar orbital phases but separated by nearly a year. They show very different 3–79 keV flux levels as well as strong variability during each observation, covering almost one order of magnitude in flux. These observations allow, for the first time ever, investigations on kilo-second time-scales of how the centroid energies of cyclotron resonant scattering features (CRSFs) depend on flux for a persistent HMXB. We find that the line energy of the harmonic CRSF is correlated with flux, as expected in the sub-critical accretion regime. We argue that Vela X-1 has a very narrow accretion column with a radius of around 0.4 km that sustains a Coulomb interaction dominated shock at the observed luminosities of Lx ∼ 3 × 1036 erg s−1. Besides the prominent harmonic line at 55 keV the fundamental line around 25 keV is clearly detected. We find that the strengths of the two CRSFs are anti-correlated, which we explain by photon spawning. This anti-correlation is a possible explanation for the debate about the existence of the fundamental line. The ratio of the line energies is variable with time and deviates significantly from 2.0, also a possible consequence of photon spawning, which changes the shape of the line. During the second observation, Vela X-1 showed a short off-state in which the power-law softened and a cut-off was no longer measurable. It is likely that the source switched to a different accretion regime at these low mass accretion rates, explaining the drastic change in spectral shape.
Heterogeneous integration of indium phosphide on silicon by nano-epitaxial lateral overgrowth

InP on Si is grown by nano-epitaxial lateral overgrowth (nano-ELOG) on patterns consisting of net-type openings under different growth conditions. Analysis shows that net-type patterns yield large lateral growth rate and good optical quality. Different growth conditions have a substantial impact on growth rate and some effect on surface morphology, as well as on the optical quality. Optical quality is deemed to be affected partly by the amount of dislocations arising from the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the mask and the InP layer, and partly by the layer thickness and surface morphology.
Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in ardabil province during 2003-2011.

BACKGROUND The aim of this research was to perform an epidemiologic survey of esophageal cancer in Ardabil province. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 661 patients diagnosed with EC were studied from March 2002 to May 2011 e. The necessary data were collected with a checklist from the documents in Ardabil Cancer Registry (ACR) and analyzed by statistical methods with SPSS.18 software. RESULTS Of the total new cases of EC registered in ARC during study period, 430 (65.1%) of patients were male with the male to female standard ratio was 1.18, with a statistically significant gender bias. The most common morphology of EC was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, 68.8%) followed by adenocarcinoma (28.5%). It was observed that in most of patients, EC lesions were in the middle third of esophagus. In addition, most patients were rural and about 40% had smoking habits. The age-standardized incidence rate of cancers was 48.4 per 100,000 among females and males. The annual incidence rates in males and females was 7.1 and 6.7 per 100,000; respectively. CONCLUSIONS Results showed that the prevalence and annual incidence rate of cancer in Ardabil province is lower than other areas of the country with a male predominance and a relatively high proprortion of adenocarcinomas.
Is the presence of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque of patients with chronic periodontitis a risk factor for gastric infection?

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is considered to be a pathogen responsible for gastritis and peptic ulcers, and a risk factor for gastric cancer. A periodontal pocket in the teeth of individuals with chronic periodontitis may function as a reservoir for H pylori. OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to evaluate whether the presence of H pylori in the dental plaque of patients with and without periodontitis correlates with gastric involvement. METHODS A total of 101 patients with dyspepsia were included in the present study. Subjects were divided into periodontitis and nonperiodontitis groups. For the detection of H pylori in dental plaque, samples were collected from two teeth using a periodontal curette. Subgingival plaque was obtained by inserting two sterile paper points into periodontal pockets for 20 s. This was followed by an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and antral biopsies. RESULTS Sixty-five per cent of patients had dental plaque positive for H pylori and more than 50% harboured the bacteria in their stomach. Periodontitis patients had a significantly higher percentage of H pylori in their dental plaque (79% versus 43%; P<0.05) and the stomach (60% versus 33%; P<0.05) than patients with no periodontitis. Additionally, 78% of patients from the periodontitis group versus only 30% from the nonperiodontitis group had a positive test result for the coexistence of H pylori in both dental plaque and the stomach. CONCLUSION Patients with poor oral hygiene have a higher prevalence of H pylori in dental plaque and in the stomach. This finding suggests that the oral cavity may be a reservoir for H pylori, and potentially a source of transmission or reinfection.
Associations of self-reported physical activity types and levels with quality of life, depression symptoms, and mortality in hemodialysis patients: the DOPPS.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Physical activity has been associated with better health status in diverse populations, but the association in patients on maintenance hemodialysis is less established. Patient-reported physical activities and associations with mortality, health-related quality of life, and depression symptoms in patients on maintenance hemodialysis in 12 countries were examined. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS In total, 5763 patients enrolled in phase 4 of the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (2009-2011) were classified into five aerobic physical activity categories (never/rarely active to very active) and by muscle strength/flexibility activity using the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity questionnaire. The Kidney Disease Quality of Life scale was used for health-related quality of life. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale was used for depression symptoms. Linear regression was used for associations of physical activity with health-related quality of life and depression symptoms scores. Cox regression was used for association of physical activity with mortality. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) of follow-up was 1.6 (0.9-2.5) years; 29% of patients were classified as never/rarely active, 20% of patients were classified as very active, and 20.5% of patients reported strength/flexibility activities. Percentages of very active patients were greater in clinics offering exercise programs. Aerobic activity, but not strength/flexibility activity, was associated positively with health-related quality of life and inversely with depression symptoms and mortality (adjusted hazard ratio of death for very active versus never/rarely active, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.47 to 0.77). Similar associations with aerobic activity were observed in strata of age, sex, time on dialysis, and diabetes status. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with the health benefits of aerobic physical activity for patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Greater physical activity was observed in facilities providing exercise programs, suggesting a possible opportunity for improving patient outcomes.
How much does sex matter in Parkinson disease?

Sex and gender differences denote the biological and the sociocultural differences, respectively, between men and women. Conceivably, along with many other modifying factors (e.g., aging), male and female brains respond to neurodegenerative processes in different ways, thus contributing to distinct clinical expressions. Parkinson disease (PD) is not an exception as, for instance, the incidence is approximately twofold higher in men.1 Differences in motor symptoms have been extensively analyzed, showing that women with PD have a more benign phenotype, with milder progression but higher incidence of levodopa-induced dyskinesias.2
Tuberculin test variability: using the Norwegian Adrenaline-Pirquet method.

SETTING Chest Unit, Bergen, Norway. OBJECTIVES To study the agreement between two Adrenaline-Pirquet tuberculin tests and compare reactivity in groups read after 2, 3 and 4 days. DESIGN Responders from a random sample of 1200 men and women 20-44 years of age in 1991 were tested with dual Adrenaline-Pirquet skin scratch tests with Norwegian-produced synthetic medium tuberculin and read after 2-7 days. RESULTS Of 588 subjects dually tuberculin tested, complete agreement existed in 220 (37.4%). A difference of 1 mm one way or the other was observed in 239 (40.6%), whereas a difference of less than 3 mm was found in 567 (96.5%). Using the larger of the two reactions increased the rate of tuberculin positivity (> or =4 mm) by up to 8.4% compared with reading only one of the tests. No statistically significant differences were observed between subjects whose reactions were read after 2, 3 and 4 days. CONCLUSION Under the non-blinded conditions of this study the dual Adrenaline-Pirquet tuberculin tests demonstrated reproducibility equivalent to the internationally recommended Mantoux test, and appeared to be independent of time of reading within four days.
TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN EXERCISE.

The central body temperature of a man rises gradually during the first half hour of a period of work to a higher level and this level is precisely maintained until the work is stopped; body temperature then slowly declines to the usual resting level. During prolonged work the temperature regulatory center in the hypothalamus appears to be reset at a level which is proportional to the intensity of the work and this setting is independent of environmental temperature changes ranging from cold to moderately warm. In hot environments the resistance to heat loss may be so great that all of the increased metabolic heat of work cannot be dissipated and the man's central temperature will rise above the thermostatic setting. If this condition of imbalance is continued long enough heat stroke will ensue. We have found that in a 3 mile race lasting only 14 minutes on a hot summer day a runner's rectal temperature may rise to 41.1°C. , with heat stroke imminent. The physiological regulation of body temperature of men in warm environments and during the increased metabolic heat production of work is dependent on sweating to provide evaporative cooling of the skin, and on adjustments of cutaneous blood flow which determine the conductance of heat from the deeper tissues to the skin. The mechanisms of regulating these responses during work are complex and not entirely understood. Recent experiments carried out in this laboratory indicate that during work, sweating may be regulated by reflexes originating from thermal receptors in the veins draining warm blood from the muscles, summated with reflexes from the cutaneous thermal receptors, both acting through the hypothalamic center, the activity of which is increased in proportion to its own temperature. At the beginning of work the demand for blood flow to the muscles results in reflex vasoconstriction in the skin. As the body temperature rises the thermal demand predominates and the cutaneous vessels dilate, increasing heat conductance to the skin. Large increments in cardiac output and compensatory vasoconstriction in the abdominal viscera make these vascular adjustments in work possible without circulatory embarrassment.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for 1-2 cm lower-pole renal calculi

Objectives: The most appropriate management of patients with lower-pole calyceal (LC) stones remains controversial. In this review we discuss the role of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the management of LC stones 1–2 cm in maximum dimension. Materials and Methods: A detailed literature review was performed to summarize the recent technical developments and controversies in PCNL. The results of PCNL for 1-2 cm LC calculi were reviewed. Results: PCNL is increasingly employed as a primary modality in the treatment of LC calculi. It has a high success rate and acceptably low percentage of major complications in experienced hands. Supine position is found to be as safe and effective as prone position. Urologist-acquired access is associated with fewer access-related complications and better stone-free rates. Ultrasound is increasingly employed as an imaging modality for obtaining access. There have been increasing reports of tubeless PCNL in the literature. Most patients undergoing tubeless PCNL do not need hemostatic agents as an adjuvant for hemostasis. Non-contrast computed tomography does not yield statistically valuable increase in the diagnosis of significant residual stones compared with that of plain X-ray and linear tomography. Comprehensive metabolic evaluation and aggressive medical management can control new stone recurrences and growth of residual fragments following PCNL. Conclusions: PCNL is a highly effective procedure with consistently high stone-free rates when compared with extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy or retrograde intrarenal surgery. The results also do not depend on anatomic factors and stone size. It is associated with low morbidity in experienced hands.
Helminthes des animaux sauvages d'Ethiopie. I. Mammifères

Les auteurs etudient une collection de parasites de mammiferes sauvages tires a la chasse dans le Sud et dans le Centre de l'Ethiopie entre 1973 et 1978, collection qui comprend 46 especes differentes dont une nouvelle pour la science, Nilocotyle duplicisphinctris et 33 nouvelles pour l'Ethiopie. Quatorze d'entre elles sont communes aux mammiferes domestiques et aux mammiferes sauvages. L'importance de ces helminthes et leur repercussion sur le maintien de certains herbivores, rares et localises au plateau ethiopien, sont discutees