Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Norepinephrine in depression and mood disorders La norépinéphrine dans la dépression et les troubles psychiques Quality of life: an important dimension in assessing the treatment of depression?

Quality of life is used to assess the overall impact of medical treatments from the patient’s perspective. Because depression affects a person’s ability to function at work and at home, the evaluation of various treatments must include an assessment of patients’ physical, social and psychological status. This paper classifies and evaluates a variety of widely used health-related quality-of-life questionnaires that have potential value as outcome measures in the treatment of depression. The paper also outlines how these measures have been beneficial in the assessment of depressed patients. They reveal differences between patients with depression and control groups, are sensitive to change in status during treatment, have predictive value for outcome measures and provide additional information about timelines for improvement in psychosocial functioning, which may occur at a different rate than changes in other depressive symptoms. Despite the limitations of these questionnaires, they provide an important additional dimension to the evaluation of treatment with antidepressant medications. du fonctionnement psychosocial qui peut se produire à un rythme différent des changements d’autres symptômes de dépression. En dépit de leurs limites, ces questionnaires ajoutent une dimension importante à l’évaluation du traitement aux antidépresseurs. changes depressive how do HRQOL questionnaires compare to symptomatic measures in evaluating the effects of antidepressant therapy?
Cytoskeletal Reorganization Internalizes Multiple Transient Receptor Potential Channels and Blocks Calcium Entry into Human Neutrophils 1

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is required for polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) activation in response to G protein-coupled agonists. Some immunocytes express proteins homologous to the Drosophila transient receptor potential gene (trp) calcium channel. TRP proteins assemble into heterotetrameric ion channels and are known to support SOCE in overexpression systems, but the evidence that TRP proteins support SOCE and are functionally important in wild-type cells remains indirect. We therefore studied the expression and function of TRP proteins in primary human PMN. TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, and TRPC6 were all expressed as mRNA as well as membrane proteins. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated localization of TRPC1, TRPC3, and TRPC4 to the PMN cell membrane and their internalization after cytoskeletal reorganization by calyculin A (CalyA). Either TRPC internalization by CalyA or treatment with the inositol triphosphate receptor inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borane resulted in the loss of PMN SOCE. Cytochalasin D (CytoD) disrupts actin filaments, thus preventing cytoskeletal reorganization, and pretreatment with CytoD rescued PMN SOCE from inhibition by CalyA. Comparative studies of CytoD and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borane inhibition of PMN cationic entry after thapsigargin or platelet-activating factor suggested that SOCE occurs through both calcium-specific and nonspecific pathways. Taken together, these studies suggest that the multiple TRPC proteins expressed by human PMN participate in the formation of at least two store-operated calcium channels that have differing ionic permeabilities and regulatory characteristics.
An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Compositional Changes in Public Expenditure on Economic Growth: Time Series Evidence from Pakistan

The role of government in achieving economic growth through its fiscal policy, particularly spending policy cannot be overlooked. Investigation of public spending policy and its transmission mechanism to sustainable growth is imperative to the ultimate objective of welfare maximization. This study aims to identify the growth-oriented components of public expenditure as it seems useful to know the contribution of each component of spending towards the objective of economic growth. The study adopts the Kocherlakota and Yi’s (1997) model as modified by Colombier (2008) to carry out the empirical analysis. To this end, ARDL is employed on annual data that ranges from 1973 to 2014 to estimate both the long-run and short-run dynamics between public expenditure composition and economic growth in Pakistan. The results indicate that public development expenditures are growth-oriented, while current expenditures reduce economic growth. Thus sustainable economic growth and sustainable development can only be materialized by changing the composition of public spending in favor of development expenditure. Since Pakistan is in the dire need of infrastructure and energy, therefore, allocation of more funds to Public Sector Development Programs (PSDP) are expected to add directly to growth on one hand and set a crowding-in effect for private investments—thereby enhancing growth indirectly—on the other hand.
Carbon Source Requirements for Exopolysaccharide Production by Lactobacillus casei CG11 and Partial Structure Analysis of the Polymer

Exopolysaccharide production by Lactobacillus casei CG11 was studied in basal minimum medium containing various carbon sources (galactose, glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, melibiose) at concentrations of 2, 5, 10, and 20 g/liter. L. casei CG11 produced exopolysaccharides in basal minimum medium containing each of the sugars tested; lactose and galactose were the poorest carbon sources, and glucose was by far the most efficient carbon source. Sugar concentrations had a marked effect on polymer yield. Plasmid-cured Muc- derivatives grew better in the presence of glucose and attained slightly higher populations than the wild-type strain. The values obtained with lactose were considerably lower for both growth and exopolysaccharide yield. The level of specific polymer production per cell obtained with glucose was distinctively lower for Muc- derivatives than for the Muc+ strain. The polymer produced by L. casei CG11 in the presence of glucose was different from that formed in the presence of lactose. The polysaccharide produced by L. casei CG11 in basal minimum medium containing 20 g of glucose per liter had an intrinsic viscosity of 1.13 dl/g. It was rich in glucose (76%), which was present mostly as 2- or 3-linked residues along with some 2,3 doubly substituted glucose units, and in rhamnose (21%), which was present as 2-linked or terminal rhamnose; traces of mannose and galactose were also present.
National Data Collection on Police Use of Force

The points of view or opinions expressed in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The author would like to thank several people who reviewed drafts of this discussion paper. In addition to staff members at NIJ and BJS, beneficial comments were provided Peterschmidt on the ILJ staff provided excellent support in the preparation of the paper. of BJS proofread the final report, with Ms. Boston producing the camera copy under the supervision of Marilyn Marbrook.
Norwegian house mice (Mus musculus musculus/domesticus): distributions, routes of colonization and patterns of hybridization

We investigated the distributions and routes of colonization of two commensal subspecies of house mouse in Norway: Mus musculus domesticus and M. m. musculus. Five nuclear markers (Abpa, D11 cenB2, Btk, SMCY and Zfy2) and a morphological feature (tail length) were used to differentiate the two subspecies and assess their distributions, and mitochondrial (mt) D‐loop sequences helped to elucidate their colonization history. M. m. domesticus is the more widespread of the two subspecies, occupying the western and southern coast of Norway, while M. m. musculus is found along Norway’s southeastern coast and east from there to Sweden. Two sections of the hybrid zone between the two subspecies were localized in Norway. However, hybrid forms also occur well away from that hybrid zone, the most prevalent of which are mice with a M. m. musculus‐type Y chromosome and an otherwise M. m. domesticus genome. MtDNA D‐loop sequences of the mice revealed a complex phylogeography within M. m. domesticus, reflecting passive human transport to Norway, probably during the Viking period. M. m. musculus may have colonized earlier. If so, that leaves open the possibility that M. m. domesticus replaced M. m. musculus from much of Norway, with the widely distributed hybrids a relict of this process. Overall, the effects of hybridization are evident in house mice throughout Norway.
Cortical Connections of Auditory Cortex in Marmoset Monkeys: Lateral Belt and Parabelt Regions

The current working model of primate auditory cortex is constructed from a number of studies of both new and old world monkeys. It includes three levels of processing. A primary level, the core region, is surrounded both medially and laterally by a secondary belt region. A third level of processing, the parabelt region, is located lateral to the belt. The marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) has become an important model system to study auditory processing, but its anatomical organization has not been fully established. In previous studies, we focused on the architecture and connections of the core and medial belt areas (de la Mothe et al., 2006a , J Comp Neurol 496:27–71; de la Mothe et al., 2006b , J Comp Neurol 496:72–96). In this study, the corticocortical connections of the lateral belt and parabelt were examined in the marmoset. Tracers were injected into both rostral and caudal portions of the lateral belt and parabelt. Both regions revealed topographic connections along the rostrocaudal axis, where caudal areas of injection had stronger connections with caudal areas, and rostral areas of injection with rostral areas. The lateral belt had strong connections with the core, belt, and parabelt, whereas the parabelt had strong connections with the belt but not the core. Label in the core from injections in the parabelt was significantly reduced or absent, consistent with the idea that the parabelt relies mainly on the belt for its cortical input. In addition, the present and previous studies indicate hierarchical principles of anatomical organization in the marmoset that are consistent with those observed in other primates. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endothelium-Dependent, Vasopressin-Induced Contractions in Rabbit Renal Arteries

Objectives To identify and quantify the stimulatory and inhibitory activity of endothelial factors on Arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced contractions. Methods In a standard organ bath set-up for isometric force recording, rabbit isolated renal artery rings were exposed to cumulative concentrations of AVP. Experiments were performed in the presence or absence of functional endothelium, or in the presence of N-Nitro-L-Arginine 10 &mgr;M (L-NNA) (NO-synthase inhibitor). Results Arginine vasopressin induced a maximal contractile response of 6.5 ± 0.1 mN in vessels with and 6.3 ± 0.3 mN in vessels without endothelium. The preincubation with l-NNA resulted in an enhanced response to AVP of 12.6 ± 0.8 mN (P < 0.05). The augmentation of the AVP induced contractile response by NOS inhibition, which was not seen in preparations after the removal of the endothelium, suggests an endothelium dependent factor that is co-released with NO. The unknown nature of this endothelium dependent contractile factor was not influenced by indomethacin 100 &mgr;M (cyclooxygenase inhibitor), meclofenamic acid 20 &mgr;M (cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitor), or bosentan 100 &mgr;M (endothelin antagonist). Charybdotoxin 0.1 &mgr;M (inhibitor of Ca2+ -activated K+ channels) specifically increased the contractile force in preparations with and without endothelium, or in the presence of l-NNA to 11.2 ± 0.4 mN, 14.0 ± 0.8 mN, and 19.0 ± 0.8 mN, respectively (P < 0.05 compared with the experiments without charybdotoxin). SR 49059 (vasopressin 1 receptor (V1) antagonist) antagonized the effects of AVP, whereas SR 121463 B (V2 antagonist) was ineffective. In contrast to the results obtained with AVP, desmopressin (V2 agonist) showed no effect. Conclusion The completely V1 dependent AVP-induced contraction is partly inhibited by the stimulated release of NO. This was only demonstrable in endothelium intact vessels in the presence of l-NNA and not after removal of the endothelium. This strongly suggests the involvement of an unknown endothelium V1 receptor dependent contractile factor that is not influenced by inhibition of the prostaglandin, lipoxygenase, or endothelin pathway, or by blockade of the V2 receptor.
Assessment of D3 versus D2 receptor modulation of the discriminative stimulus effects of (+)-7-OH-DPAT in rats.

Although there are presently no highly selective agonists for the D3 dopamine receptor, a number of compounds reported to bind with moderate selectivity to D3 receptors are currently employed to investigate the importance of D3 receptors in the behavioral effects of psychostimulant drugs. For example, 7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin (7-OH-DPAT) has been used extensively to investigate the role of D3 receptors in the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine and d-amphetamine. However, recent investigations with a relatively selective D3 antagonist, PNU-99194A, have led us to question the importance of D3 receptors in the discriminative stimulus effects of 7-OH-DPAT. In the present study, 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate (+)-7-OH-DPAT (0.03 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)) from saline in a two-choice operant procedure using a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of water reinforcement. Consistent with previous findings, PNU-99194A appeared to attenuate only partially (+)-7-OH-DPAT discrimination at a dose that disrupted responding in most subjects. Moreover, a highly selective D2 agonist, PNU-91356A, substituted completely and in a dose-dependent manner for (+)-7-OH-DPAT, while d-amphetamine produced only partial substitution for the training drug. These data indicate that D2 receptor actions appear to be more important than D3 receptor actions in exerting the discriminative stimulus effects of (+)-7-OH-DPAT. Continued efforts to determine the relative importance of D2 vs D3 receptor actions in the modulation of the discriminative stimulus effects of (+)-7-OH-DPAT are discussed.
Interleukin 7 stimulates tumour necrosis factor α and Th1 cytokine production in joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Background: A large number of activated T cells are found in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Interleukin 7 (IL7), a T cell growth factor and a regulator of Th1 and Th2 cytokine production, is produced by synoviocytes from patients with RA. Objective: To investigate the effect on proinflammatory cytokine production of synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMC) and the mechanism by which IL7 influences CD4+ T cell activity in patients with RA. Methods: In a cross sectional group of patients with RA, IL7 levels were compared with those of healthy controls and related to disease activity. The effect of IL7 on cytokine production was tested by RA SFMC and on SF CD4+ T cells in the presence of mononuclear cells (MC). Production of tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL1β, interferon γ (IFNγ), and IL4 was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by single cell FACS analysis. Expression of the IL7 receptor α chain on CD4+ T cells (essential for IL7 signalling) was assessed. Direct effects of IL7 on isolated synovial fluid (SF) CD4+ T cells were studied by cytokine analysis. By neutralisation of IL12 in MC cultures, indirect effects of IL7 on T cells through accessory cells were studied. Results: IL7 serum levels were higher in patients with RA than in healthy controls and correlated positively with C reactive protein levels. IL7 stimulated TNFα production by SFMC and very potently stimulated IFNγ and TNFα production by SF CD4+ T cells. These effects were probably mediated through the IL7 receptor α chain, which was abundantly expressed on SF CD4+ T cells. Besides the direct stimulation of T cell cytokine production by IL7, its action was partly dependent on IL12, indicating that IL7 also stimulates accessory cell function, leading to T cell activation. Conclusion: IL7 stimulates proinflammatory cytokine production of intra-articular CD4+ T cells and accessory cells from patients with RA. The correlation with measures of disease activity indicates that IL7 might substantially contribute to the perpetuation of Th1 and TNFα mediated proinflammatory responses in patients with RA.
Variable R1 region in varicella zoster virus in fulminant type of acute retinal necrosis syndrome

BACKGROUND/AIMS Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a causative agent in acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome. However, in spite of aggressive antiviral therapy, clinical characteristics among patients have varied. Different viral strains were examined to determine their respective role in producing clinical characteristics. The viral strains were also compared with those of previously reported ones. METHODS To differentiate VZV strains R1 and R5, variable regions of VZV were amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 11 eyes of 10 patients. Sequence analysis was also performed. RESULTS Four cases had strains diverted only at the tip of the 3′ end of the R1 variable region, similar to that of the H-N3 strain, which was previously reported. Conversely, other cases were diverted to other regions. Interestingly, some of the latter cases showed multiple PCR products in the R1 region that were generated by the truncation of either the 5′ or 3′ R1 region. Final visual acuities of these patients were less than 0.2. The former cases showed final visual acuities more than 0.4. Only two variants were from the R5 region. No patient had the same viral strain as the European Dumas type. CONCLUSION These results showed that variable VZV strains participated in ARN. Using PCR of the R1 variable region, it was estimated that patients with a more fulminant type of ARN may have diverse viruses with extensive replication in the affected eyes.
Lifestyle interference and emotional distress in family caregivers of advanced cancer patients

Providing end‐of‐life care at home to a family member with advanced cancer can have a negative impact on the emotional well‐being of the family caregiver. The current study examined the impact of providing care on lifestyle and emotional well‐being in a sample of caregivers to patients with advanced cancer. The mediation of lifestyle interference between the amount of care provided and emotional distress was specifically examined.
Money Illusion and Household Finance

We elicit money illusion and match it with financial and sociodemographic data from official registers on a quasi-representative sample of the Danish population. We find that people who are more prone to money illusion hold more of their gross wealth in nominal assets, including bank deposits and bonds, and less in real assets, including real estate and stocks. This bias is robust to controls for education, income, cognitive ability and other relevant characteristics. We further find that money illusion is a costly bias: 10-year portfolio returns are about 10 percentage points lower for individuals with high money illusion.
Real-time measurements of endogenous carbon monoxide production in isolated pig lungs

Abstract. Ischemia-reperfusion injuries are a critical determinant of lung transplantation success. The endogenous production of carbon monoxide (CO) is triggered by ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Our aim was, therefore, to assess the feasibility of exhaled CO measurements during the ex vivo evaluation of lungs submitted to ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Five pigs were euthanized and their lungs removed after pneumoplegia. After cold storage (30 min, 4°C), the lungs were connected to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit, slowly warmed-up, and ventilated. At the end of a 45-min steady state, CO measurements were performed by optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, a specific laser-based technique for noninvasive and real-time low gas concentration measurements. Exhaled CO concentration from isolated lungs reached 0.45±0.19 ppmv and was above CO concentration in ambient air and in medical gas. CO variations peaked during the expiratory phase. Changes in CO concentration in ambient air did not alter CO concentrations in isolated lungs. Exhaled CO level was also found to be uncorrelated to heme oxygenase (HO-1) gene expression. These results confirm the feasibility of accurate and real-time CO measurement in isolated lungs. The presented technology could help establishing the exhaled CO concentration as a biomarker of ischemia-reperfusion injury in ex vivo lung perfusion.
Phylogeny of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in European aquaculture

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN)—a highly lethal infectious salmonid disease—has caused substantial economic losses in the European production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) since the late 1980s. The causal agent of IHN is the IHN virus (IHNV) introduced from overseas. However, until today, its phylogeographic spread in Europe remains poorly understood. We therefore sought to elucidate this unresolved topic by using the largest ever compiled dataset of European IHNV isolates (E isolates) (193 GenBank E isolates and 100 isolates from this study) for the complete glycoprotein (G) gene sequence. Our results clearly revealed that the active trout trade has left its traces in the E phylogeny. For example, the spread by trade of IHNV-infected trout was apparently the cause for the exposure of the E lineage to different local scenarios of selection and genetic drift, and therefore has led to the split of this lineage into various subordinated lineages. Accordingly, we also found evidence for E isolates being mixed Europe-wide by cross-border introduction events. Moreover, there were indications that this propagation of the E lineage within Europe corresponded with an extensive and rapid spread event, already during or shortly after its formation. Finally, in accordance with the high substitution rate of IHNV determined by previous studies, our dataset indicates that the mean period of occurrence of a single E haplotype is typically not longer than one calendar year.
Human anatomy: A foundation for education about death and dying in medicine

In most medical schools, little curricular time is devoted to the art of medicine, and this is particularly evident with respect to death education. We make a case for including education on death and dying in medical schools, specifically its early introduction in the anatomy course. Studies indicate that whereas dissection of cadavers is an exciting discovery for most students, for many it is traumatic and if not addressed, students may use depersonalization and denial as their approach to suffering.
Siblings and Adolescent Weapon Carrying

Many past studies have observed evidence of sibling similarity and influence for delinquency and substance use. However, studies of sibling similarity for adolescent weapon carrying, particularly for weapons beyond firearms, are largely absent from the literature. The present study assesses sibling similarity in weapon carrying as well as the relative contributions of genetics, shared environment, and nonshared environment. Data are obtained from the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and analyzed using biometrical genetic models for twins and actor–partner interdependence models for nontwins. Results indicate little, if any, contribution stemming from genetics. There is also no evidence of a significant shared environment effect. Instead, all or nearly all of the variation and similarity in weapon carrying among siblings are related to the nonshared environment, particularly gang affiliation. Implications and possible extensions of these findings are discussed.