Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Main Factors Affecting the Tendency for “Injection Drug Use”

Background: Injection drug use (IDU) is one of the most dangerous and addictive methods of drug abuse. The current statistics showedthattherateof IDUisincreasing,andishighercomparedtoothermethodsof drugsabuse. Inaddition,itisoneof themain routes of transmitting infectious diseases, such as human immunodeﬁciency virus (HIV) and hepatitis in Iran. Objectives: In light of this, the present study aimed at examining the main factors, aﬀecting the tendency for IDU. Patients and Methods: This study was a descriptive study of 823 individuals, having an active ﬁle at centers and referred to Kermanshah-basedmaintenancemethadonetherapy(MMT)centers,in2015. Samplecollectionwasperformedthroughmulti-stage sampling of all MMT centers. Information gathering was performed with the help of a Psychologist of the ward, in charge of inter-viewing the referees. The data were analyzed, using multi-variable logistic regression. Results: All the clients were males with an average age of 38.48 ± 11.21 years. Average age of drug abuse initiation was 23.03 ± 7.9 years. After controlling for confounding variables, the individuals, who were a drug addicts for more than 10 years had 3.01 (1.6 to 5.6) times greater tendencies for intravenous drug addiction, compared to those, who were a drug addict for less than ﬁve years. In addition, individuals aged more than 35 years had 0.06 (0.01 - 0.22) times less tendencies to IDU drugs, compared to those, who were younger than 19 years old. Although the type of drug that the patient used for the ﬁrst time, was not aﬀecting the tendency, the risk of intravenous drug addiction in those, who used oral drugs was 1.74 (1.1 to 2.56) times more than those, who developed a drug addiction through nasal drugs. Conclusions: By taking into consideration that drug abuse initiation and the duration of drug use were the main causes of the tendency for IDU, prevention by decreasing the age of the development of drug addiction and decreasing the duration of drug use, could be an eﬀective measure to decrease the rate of IDU in the society.
Power dependence of electron-cyclotron current drive for low- and high-field absorption in tokamaks.

A new relativistic, bounce-averaged Fokker-Planck--quasilinear code shows that for experimentally relevant rf power p/sub rf/(W/cm/sup 3/) /(n/sub e/(10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/))/sup 2/approx. >0.5, electron-cyclotron current-drive efficiency (absorptivity) is power dependent; at given plasma radius the current-drive efficiency increases above linear values for absorption of the rf on the low-field side of the cyclotron resonance layer, but decreases and even passes through zero for absorption on the high-field side. Thus, electron-cyclotron current-drive by high-field launch will generally not be suitable.
Circadian Clocks in Mouse and Human CD 4 + T Cells BOLLINGER

Though it has been shown that immunological functions of CD4+ T cells are time of day-dependent, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely obscure. To address the question whether T cells themselves harbor a functional clock driving circadian rhythms of immune function, we analyzed clock gene expression by qPCR in unstimulated CD4+ T cells and immune responses of PMA/ionomycin stimulated CD4+ T cells by FACS analysis purified from blood of healthy subjects at different time points throughout the day. Molecular clock as well as immune function was further analyzed in unstimulated T cells which were cultured in serum-free medium with circadian clock reporter systems. We found robust rhythms of clock gene expression as well as, after stimulation, IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ production and CD40L expression in freshly isolated CD4+ T cells. Further analysis of IFN-γ and CD40L in cultivated T cells revealed that these parameters remain rhythmic in vitro. Moreover, circadian luciferase reporter activity in CD4+ T cells and in thymic sections from PER2::LUCIFERASE reporter mice suggest that endogenous T cell clock rhythms are [. ] BOLLINGER, Thomas, et al. Circadian Clocks in Mouse and Human CD4+ T Cells. PLOS ONE, 2011, vol. 6, no. 12, p. e29801 DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone. 0029801
Astrocytic exportin‐7 responds to ischemia through mediating LKB1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

The superfamily of importin‐β–related proteins is the largest class of nuclear transport receptors and can be generally divided into importins and exportins according to their transport directions. Eleven importins and seven exportins have been identified, and the expression patterns of both classes are important for their functions in nucleocytoplasmic transport activities. This study demonstrates that all of the importins (importin‐β; transportin‐1, ‐2, and ‐3; and importin‐4, ‐5, ‐7, ‐8, ‐9, ‐11, and ‐13) and all the exportins (exportin‐1, ‐2, ‐4, ‐5, ‐6, ‐7, and ‐t) are differentially expressed in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and brainstem and in primary cultures of cerebral cortical astrocytes and neurons. For astrocytes, we observed that different importins and exportins displayed different expression changes during 0–6 hr of ischemia treatment, especially an increase of both the mRNA and the protein of exportin‐7. Immunostaining showed that exportin‐7 accumulated inside the nucleus and around the nuclear envelope. In addition, we noticed an increased cytoplasmic distribution of one of the cargo proteins of exportin‐7, LKB1, an important element in maintaining energy homeostasis. This increased cytoplasmic distribution was accompanied by an increased expression of exportin‐7 under ischemia in astrocytes. We demonstrate that exportin‐7 responds to ischemia in astrocytes and that this response involves translocation of LKB1, a protein that plays important roles during metabolic stress, from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Weak convergence of an iterative sequence for accretive operators in Banach spaces

Let be a nonempty closed convex subset of a smooth Banach space and let be an accretive operator of into . We first introduce the problem of finding a point such that where is the duality mapping of . Next we study a weak convergence theorem for accretive operators in Banach spaces. This theorem extends the result by Gol'shteĭn and Tret'yakov in the Euclidean space to a Banach space. And using our theorem, we consider the problem of finding a fixed point of a strictly pseudocontractive mapping in a Banach space and so on.
Illusory Feature Slowing

Upright static faces are widely thought to recruit holistic representations, whereby individual features are integrated into nondecomposable wholes for recognition and interpretation. In contrast, little is known about the perceptual integration of dynamic features when viewing moving faces. People are frequently exposed to correlated eye and mouth movements, such as the characteristic changes that accompany facial emotion, yawning, sneezing, and laughter. However, it is unclear whether the visual system is sensitive to these dynamic regularities, encoding facial behavior relative to a set of dynamic global prototypes, or whether it simply forms piecemeal descriptions of feature states over time. To address this question, we sought evidence of perceptual interactions between dynamic facial features. Crucially, we found illusory slowing of feature motion in the presence of another moving feature, but it was limited to upright faces and particular relative-phase relationships. Perceptual interactions between dynamic features suggest that local changes are integrated into models of global facial change.
Re-evaluation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein function in atherosclerosis based upon genetics and pharmacological manipulation

Purpose of review To re-evaluate the functions of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in atherosclerosis based upon recent findings from human genetics and pharmacological CETP manipulation. Recent findings CETP is involved in the transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL to apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, a key step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). CETP inhibitors have been developed to raise serum HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and reduce cardiovascular events. However, outcome studies of three CETP inhibitors (torcetrapib, dalcetrapib and evacetrapib) were prematurely terminated because of increased mortality or futility despite marked increases in HDL-cholesterol and decreases in LDL-cholesterol except for dalcetrapib. Patients with CETP deficiency show remarkable changes in HDL and LDL and are sometimes accompanied by atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Recent prospective epidemiological studies demonstrated atheroprotective roles of CETP. CETP inhibition induces formation of small dense LDL and possibly dysfunctional HDL and downregulates hepatic scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). Therefore, CETP inhibitors may interrupt LDL receptor and SR-BI-mediated cholesterol delivery back to the liver. Summary For future drug development, the opposite strategy, namely enhancers of RCT via CETP and SR-BI activation as well as the inducers of apolipoprotein A-I or HDL production might be a better approach rather than delaying HDL metabolism by inhibiting a main stream of RCT in vivo.
The automatic production of space

This paper is concerned with the changing nature of space. More and more of the spaces of everyday life come loaded up with software, lines of code that are installing a new kind of automatically reproduced background and whose nature is only now starting to become clear. This paper is an attempt to map out this background. The paper begins by considering the nature of software. Subsequently, a simple audit is undertaken of where software is chiefly to be found in the spaces of everyday life. The next part of the paper notes the way in which more and more of this software is written to mimic corporeal intelligence, so as to produce a better and more unobtrusive fit with habitation. The paper then sets out three different geographies of software and the way in which they are implicated in the reproduction of everyday life before concluding with a consideration of the degree to which we might consider the rise of software as an epochal event or something much more modest.
Local Norms Describing the Role of the State and the Private Provision of Training

Apprenticeship systems are essentially based on the voluntary participation of firms that provide (and usually also finance) training positions, often incurring considerable net training costs. One potential, yet under-researched explanation for this behavior is that firms act in accordance with the norms and expectations they face with in the local labor market in which they operate. In this paper, we focus on the Swiss apprenticeship system and ask whether local norms towards the private, rather than the public, provision of training influence firms' decisions to offer apprenticeship positions. In line with this hypothesis, we find that the training incidence is higher in communities characterized by a stronger norm towards the private provision of training, which we measure using local results from two national-level plebiscites that explicitly dealt with the role of the state in the context of the apprenticeship system. This finding turns out to be robust to a series of alternative specifications and robustness checks, as well as to an instrumental-variable strategy that tackles the issue of potential endogeneity of normative attitudes.
Uremic anorexia and gastrointestinal motility dysfunction correlate with the changes of ghrelin system in hypothalamus

Ghrelin can act as a signal for meal initiation and play a role in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility via hypothalamic circuit. This study investigated the correlation between changes of hypothalamic ghrelin system and GI motility dysfunction and anorexia in rats with chronic renal failure (CRF).
Three Conceptions of Triple Bottom Line Business Sustainability and the Role for HRM

Business firms are placing increasing emphasis on their ongoing “sustainability,” which implies a simultaneous focus on economic, social, and environmental performance. A growing majority of organizations have embraced triple bottom line public reporting, alternately termed corporate responsibility or sustainability reporting, and many vie for industry, national, and international honors awarded to the world’s “most sustainable” firms. In this article we describe research in which we entered three firms that had publicly embraced a triple bottom line framework, and were recognized as leaders in sustainability in their respective industries. There we conducted in-depth interviews with 66 business leaders, from chief executives to line managers, to capture and describe their conceptions of sustainability. Through thematic and conceptual analysis of the interview data, we present and describe three conceptions of triple bottom line sustainability at work, and outline the implications of each for key human resource management processes.
Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment in pre-dialysis patients. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy and safety of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) in predialysis renal patients. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for 8 weeks. SETTING Inpatient and outpatient facility in the Clinical Research Center of a university-based hospital. PATIENTS Fourteen adult subjects with renal insufficiency (mean serum creatinine, 473 mumol/L +/- 61 [6.2 +/- 0.8 mg/dL]) and anemia (mean hematocrit, 0.27 +/- 0.01). INTERVENTIONS Recombinant human erythropoietin, 50, 100, or 150 IU/kg body weight or placebo given intravenously three times per week. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Subjects who received active r-HuEPO showed a dose-dependent rise in hematocrit; mean hematocrit increased 41% from 0.27 +/- 0.01 to 0.38 +/- 0.01. At the same time, erythrocyte mass rose 43% from 13.7 +/- 0.6 mL/kg in the baseline state to 19.6 +/- 1.0 mL/kg after treatment. Maximal oxygen consumption during exercise increased 9% from 16.0 mL/min.kg +/- 1.8 to 17.5 mL/min.kg +/- 1.9. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant human erythropoietin is effective and safe in ameliorating the anemia of pre-dialysis patients.
Immobilization of Invertase by a New Economical Method Using Wood Sawdust Waste

A novel technique was adopted using wood waste as a new carrier for adsorption of invertase. The new method improved activity, pH and thermal stability of the immobilized invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and was more resistant to washing out by concentrated salt solution (6M NaCl). This result encourages using sawdust as matrix for purification of invertase or may be for other enzymes. Optimum conditions for activity were not affected by immobilization and it was found that the optimum pH and temperature for either free or immobilized enzymes were 5.6 and 60 C respectively. Immobilized invertase was however, more stable at high pH and temperatures. There 0 was no leaching of the enzyme for at least 2 months when stored in refrigerator. The immobilized invertase was less sensitive to inhibition by impurities found in molasses and was applied for continuous sucrose hydrolysis in column bioreactor. This method can be used for the industrial production of invert sugar.
Clinical connexions

The past decade of scientific research has seen a proliferation of information regarding the identification and biophysical properties of gap junctions and their constituents, connexin proteins. Advances in biological research techniques have elucidated a ubiquitous distribution and dynamic regulation of connexins and gap junctions. The gap junction is the primary component of the electrical synapse that couples cells together morphologically and functionally. The importance of gap junctions to homeostasis is reflected by the observance of their dysfunction in a myriad of pathologies. Singular studies noting an aetiological association of connexins and gap junctions in pathologies have also been rapidly accumulating. This paper will circumscribe these studies of pathology and connexins to review their clinical implications.
Microarray analysis of gene expression during epithelial–mesenchymal transformation

One of the most fundamental biological processes in development, as well as a primary mechanism for tumor metastasis, is epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT). To gain a greater understanding of this transition, we have obtained a genomic profile of the critical stages before and during this rapid change in morphology in the developing mouse palate. By isolating the medial edge epithelium of each palatal shelf, we were able to obtain pure gene expression data without contamination from surrounding mesenchymal cells. Our results support the important role of the TGF‐β/Smad signal transduction pathway in the stimulation of EMT by means of up‐regulation of the EMT‐inducing gene, LEF‐1. We document changes in gene expression profiles during palatal adherence and subsequent transformation of the medial edge epithelial seam that suggests a high number of LEF‐1 target genes promote cellular transformation to mesenchyme. These include genes involved in cell adhesion, polarity, cytoskeletal dynamics, migration, and intracellular signaling. This knowledge of the changes in gene expression levels during palatogenesis should lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of EMT. Developmental Dynamics 234:132–142, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mercury Concentrations in Urine and Whole Blood Associated with Amalgam Exposure in a US Military Population

Minute amounts of mercury vapor are released from dental amalgams. Since mercury vapor is known to be associated with adverse health effects from occupationally exposed persons, questions regarding the margin of safety for exposure to mercury vapor in the general population continue to be raised. To address this issue, one needs information regarding exposure to mercury vapor from dental amalgam fillings and its possible consequences for health in the general population. The NIDR Amalgam Study is designed to obtain precise information on amalgam exposure and health outcomes for a non-occupationally-exposed population of US adults. One hypothesis was that in a generally healthy population a significant association between amalgam exposure and Hg levels in urine and/or whole blood could be detected. The cohort investigated was an adult military population of 1127 healthy males. Their average age was 52.8 years, and their ages varied from 40 to 78 years. Ninety-five percent of the study participants were white males, and slightly over 50% had some college education. Five percent were edentulous. The dentate participants, on average, had 25 natural teeth, 36.9 decayed or filled surfaces (DFS), and 19.9 surfaces exposed to amalgam, with amalgam exposure varying from 0 to 66 surfaces. Their average total and inorganic urinary mercury concentrations were 3.09 μg/L and 2.88 pg/L. The average whole-blood total and inorganic mercury concentrations were 2.55 ug/L and 0.54 μg/L. Significant correlations were detected between amalgam exposure and the total (r = 0.34, p < 0.001) and inorganic 0.34 (r = 0.34, p < 0.001) urinary mercury concentrations on the original scale. Stronger correlations were found for total (r = 0.44, p < 0.001) and inorganic (r = 0.41, p < 0.001) urinary Hg on the log scale, as well as for creatinine-corrected total (r = 0.43, p < 0.001) and inorganic (r = 0.43, p < 0.001) urine concentrations. In whole blood, statistically significant, but biologically weak, correlations were detected for total (r = 0.09, p = 0.005) and inorganic (r = 0.15, p < 0.001) Hg concentrations, respectively. Based on these cross-sectional data, it is estimated that, on average, each ten-surface increase in amalgam exposure is associated with an increase of 1 ug/L mercury in urine concentration.
Poor reported sleep quality predicts low positive affect in daily life among healthy and mood‐disordered persons

Sleep disturbance is a core symptom of mood disorders. However, surprisingly little is known about the relationship between sleep quality and ambulatory daily mood, especially in mood‐disordered populations. We assessed ambulatory positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) 10 times daily for three consecutive days with the computerized experience sampling method among persons with major depression (n = 35), minor depression (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 36). Sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Poorer sleep quality predicted lower ambulatory PA, even after accounting for the effects of diagnostic group and self‐reported anxiety. Conversely, sleep quality did not predict ambulatory NA once diagnostic group was accounted for. Analyzes of specific PSQI component scores indicated that poor subjective sleep quality and self‐reported daytime dysfunction were the sleep components most strongly tied to reports of low ambulatory PA. Impaired sleep quality may be responsible for reduced pleasurable experience in everyday life.
An inverstigation into challenges in accessing finances by SMEs from financial service providers in Khomas, region, Namibia

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) assumes a definitive part in any growing economy. In Namibia around 60 % of the SMEs are the source of employment. Despite the fact that there is an expansion in SMEs, however, there are likewise incalculable difficulties connected with the growth of SMEs. Thus, this study investigates the challenges in accessing finances by SME’s from financial service providers in the Khomas Region in Namibia. Evidence from Namibia show that small firms are discriminated against by relatively large firms, in most cases, due to experience. Large scale firms can cope and solve their hurdles because they possess sound experience and financial position. There are also some hidden and apparent obstacles in the path of growth of SMEs in Namibia. The most important ones include labour issues, lack of coordination and regular information exchange mechanism amongst different institutions. The research study employed a mixed method approach, comprising of the qualitative and quantitative research designs. Interviews and Questionnaires with the use of both open-ended and close questions were used to collect qualitative empirical data from financial services providers in the region. Secondary data was obtained directly from previous literature reviews, books, journals and the internet. The descriptive statistics analyzed the data and conclusions were drawn from it. In this study, random sampling methodology was used to sample a population of 87 respondents and the data was obtained with the help of questionnaires. The data was further analyzed using graphs and tables. It was found that the majority of SMEs faces challenges in finance due to lack of collateral, risk and prolonged loan processing and procedures. It is suggested that for SMEs to improve access to finance, some of the recommendations that should be taken into consideration includes the provision of incentives for banks’ lending to SMEs as well as strict enforcement of the Credit Reporting Act. The findings of the research revealed that at each stage SMEs have different financial requirements and will source their financial needs from different sources. The problem of access occurs due to the gaps that exist between the suppliers of external financing and the demand for financial resources. The research recommends that SMEs improve their knowledge of the financial procedures and the workings of the financial institutions, as it is crucial to their survival, while the financial institutions are implored to engage SMEs on improved support and contractual terms in order to reduce information asymmetry, moral hazards and adverse selection.