Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Nonmonopoly Theory of Union Wages and Hours Worked

An extensive literature review considers the union voice effect on firm performance. A theoretical model of labor demand under uncertainty is developed that hypothesizes a linkage between firm performance and the union voice effect. The model generates a positive union effect on wages and hours worked without union monopoly power. The model provides a more detailed conceptual framework for explaining why the union voice effect may improve efficiency within the firm than that currently found in the literature.
Driving the Presence of Investor Sentiment: the Role of Media Bias in IPOs

Using word frequency analysis, we define media bias as the number of positive in excess of negative news articles in the pre-IPO period and examine whether media bias can account for post-IPO market performance. We find robust evidence that media bias is positively related to IPO first-day returns while negatively related to long-run abnormal returns. We also find a negative relation between media bias and the rate of allocation among retail investors, indicating that positive media bias can bring more retail investors to the primary market. Further analysis suggest that media bias is positively associated with retail trading in the immediate aftermarket, post-IPO liquidity, analyst coverage, and institutional shareholdings, which implies that media bias can improve investor participation in the secondary market. Taken together, these findings are consistent with the view that media is an important channel through which sentiment drives retail demand for IPOs in the primary and secondary markets, causing post-IPO prices to deviate from fundamentals in the short run.
Biomonitoring of environmental pollution on the Algerian West coast using caged mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis

Abstract An active biomonitoring study was carried out on the Algerian west coast usingwild reference mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) sampled from the Kristel (K)site and transplanted in net cages during one month (between May and June2007) to Oran Harbour (OH) and Mostaganem Harbour (MH), areas characterisedby high levels of urban and industrial pollution. The biological response ofthe mussels was evaluated by their condition index and the use of a generalstress biomarker (evaluation of lysosomal membrane stability: the neutral redretention time (NRRT) method), a genotoxic eﬀects biomarker (determination ofmicronuclei (MN) frequency) and a neurotoxic eﬀects biomarker (determination ofthe acetylcholinesterase (AChE) concentration). Compared to the K reference specimens, OH and MH caged mussels presenteda signiﬁcant decrease of NRRT in lysosomal haemocytes (56.45±26.48 minand 67.25±22.77 min, respectively) (78±16.97 min for K mussels), an MNfrequency respectively 7.3 and 9 times higher in the haemocytes and the gillcells of the OH caged mussels, and 7.2 and 6.4 times higher in the twotissues of the MH caged mussels. Signiﬁcant inhibition of AChE activity wasnoted in the gills (16.93±3.1 nmol min
The Disposition Effect in Corporate Investment Decisions: Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts∗

While several studies have documented behavioral biases in the behavior of individual investors, very little is known about the existence or effects of such biases in corporations. We utilize the unique nature of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) to test for the presence of one of the most widely discussed biases, the disposition effect. Using property level REIT data, we find strong statistical evidence consistent with the existence of the disposition effect among REIT management – REITs tend to sell winners and hold losers. In addition, we find evidence that this effect is stronger for smaller properties and that firms showing the strongest evidence of the disposition effect tend to be smaller firms with lower insider ownership. We then examine implications of this behavior for shareholders. We first argue that from a tax perspective, selling winners and holding losers hurts rather than helps shareholders’ after-tax returns. Second, we find no evidence of mean reversion in property returns that would make following a disposition effect strategy optimal. Third, our results indicate that companies that show greater tendencies toward disposition effect behavior tend to sell winner properties at lower prices, all else equal.
Opportunity Knocks: An Economic Analysis of Television Advertisements

Certain aspects of advertising–especially on television–are not easily explained with conventional economic models. In particular, much of the imagery and repetitive thematic content seen in advertisements seem “psychological” in nature, as opposed to “informative. ” To understand the economic rationale for this phenomenon, we develop a theory of endogenous preferences in which information about threshold payoffs (which we interpret as being present over the course of human evolutionary history) induces sudden shifts in demand. We show that the resulting demand functions give firms incentive to provide threshold-related information. To examine the use of threshold-related content in practice, we study a sample of 370 television advertisements. We find occurrences of threshold-related content in 83% of food and beverage advertisements for children and in 71% of advertisements for general audiences. Furthermore, the threshold-related content in children’s food and beverage advertisements occurred with statistically greater frequency than factual content, which was not true for food and beverage advertisements aimed at general audiences.
Investor Behavior over the Rise and Fall of Nasdaq

The large theoretical literature about bubbles includes models where naive individuals cause excessive price movements and smart money trades against (and potentially eliminates) a bubble or where sophisticated investors follow market prices and help drive a bubble. We examine these competing views by focusing on investor activity over the spectacular rise and fall of Nasdaq from September 1999 through 2001. We find that both institutional ownership levels and volume on Nasdaq were high. Institutions bought shares from individuals the day after market up-moves and institutions sold on net following market dips. These patterns are pervasive throughout the market run-up and subsequent crash period. This short-term institutional trend-chasing behavior does not appear to be mechanically induced by flows into and out of mutual funds. Our evidence supports the view that institutions contributed more than individuals to the Nasdaq rise and fall.
The two sides of the governance coin: competition and regulation

We draw upon multiple theories of corporate governance to examine the effects of competition and regulation on firm-level corporate governance quality. We find that regulation enhances firm-level corporate governance and within-country convergence. Competition has a negative effect on corporate governance. The interactive effect of regulation and competition is negative on firm-level corporate governance. Furthermore, competition reduces within-country convergence. Internal, i.e., firm-level governance choices are significantly influenced by external (country-level) choices. This suggests that governance choices are likely to converge across countries while simultaneously diverging within countries. For example, while firms in the top governance score cluster of each country will be different from lower-scoring clusters of firms in the same country, the similarity of the competition-regulation environment in which they operate means that these firms are likely to be very similar to firms in the top governance clusters of other countries. Our paper makes two significant contributions. First, it provides an integrative view of corporate governance that incorporates factors contributing to the variation in corporate governance across countries. Second, we contribute to the debate on within- and crosscountry convergence of corporate governance. While some researchers pontificate on the eventual convergence of global corporate governance practices, others have their own doubts. The latter viewpoint is reinforced by studies on temporal convergence in corporate governance which reveal significant cross-country variation due to path-dependence in the evolution of corporate governance practices. We provide an economic argument, namely that competition detracts from within-country convergence in corporate governance.
A test of gender–crime congruency on mock juror decision-making

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate whether jurors would be biased in favor of guilt when a defendant’s gender was congruent with stereotypes associated with certain crimes (i.e. a gender–crime congruency effect) and the role of juror gender in informing such an effect. A gender balanced sample (N = 200) of participants read a six-page fabricated grand theft of a motor vehicle or shoplifting trial transcript, in which we manipulated defendant gender. Results did not support the prediction that a woman charged with shoplifting and a man charged with auto theft would yield harsher decisions among same-gender mock jurors. However, there was a significant juror gender by crime-type interaction effect on defendant impressions. For jurors who were women, shoplifting was associated with more positive defendant impressions, with no such effect for men. While this study did not provide evidence of a gender–crime congruency effect, future researchers should consider other crime types and moderator variables.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY VAPOROUS CAVITATING FLOW AROUND A HYDROFOIL

In this paper, numerical results of turbulent cavitating flow simulation around a hydrofoil using a phase change model were presented. A locally homogeneous model was proposed for the gas-liquid two-phase medium, and the Navier-Stokes equations along with the mass transfer equation of the vapor were solved. Our numerical method employed the alternate direction implicit (ADI) method and TVD-MUSCL scheme. To obtain the turbulent eddy viscosity, the Baldwin-Lomax model with the Degani-Schiff modification was used. To assess our numerical method, vaporous cavitating flows over a hemisphere / cylinder geometry were first computed and the numerical results were compared with experimental results of Rouse and McNown. Then, the cavitating flows around the CAV2003 hydrofoil were numerically simulated, and the cavity break-off phenomenon was discussed.
The Effect of Corner Radii and Part Orientation on Stress Distribution of Cold Forging Die

One of the most critical problems in cold forging is the huge stresses generated from the deformation of metal leads to die failure. The distribution of stresses mainly depends on geometry of the die. An approach to optimal design in cold forging die geometry and orientation are presented in this paper. The impression cold forging dies of the Universal joint was generated using three-dimensional CAD modeling software, SolidWorks. This CAD modeling software coupled with FEA tools, COSM OSWorks. The paper emphasizes on effect of the corner radius and dies orientation on stress distribution.
Model evaluation of marine primary organic aerosol emission schemes

Abstract. In this study, several marine primary organic aerosol (POA) emission schemes have been evaluated using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model in order to provide guidance for their implementation in air quality and climate models. These emission schemes, based on varying dependencies of chlorophyll a concentration ([chl a ]) and 10 m wind speed ( U 10 ), have large differences in their magnitude, spatial distribution, and seasonality. Model comparison with weekly and monthly mean values of the organic aerosol mass concentration at two coastal sites shows that the source function exclusively related to [chl a ] does a better job replicating surface observations. Sensitivity simulations in which the negative U 10 and positive [chl a ] dependence of the organic mass fraction of sea spray aerosol are enhanced show improved prediction of the seasonality of the marine POA concentrations. A top-down estimate of submicron marine POA emissions based on the parameterization that compares best to the observed weekly and monthly mean values of marine organic aerosol surface concentrations has a global average emission rate of 6.3 Tg yr −1 . Evaluation of existing marine POA source functions against a case study during which marine POA contributed the major fraction of submicron aerosol mass shows that none of the existing parameterizations are able to reproduce the hourly-averaged observations. Our calculations suggest that in order to capture episodic events and short-term variability in submicron marine POA concentration over the ocean, new source functions need to be developed that are grounded in the physical processes unique to the organic fraction of sea spray aerosol.
Characterisation of water quality in effluents of land-based abalone farms in the Western Cape, South Africa

Effluent water quality was measured at 9 abalone (Haliotis midae) farms in 2 regional nodes (west and south) along the South African coastline. For most farms, effluent total suspended solids (TSS) exceeded the background reference level (80th percentile), and 3 did not comply with the 5 mg l−1 standard. Total ammonia nitrogen (NH4) concentrations were mostly greater than reference levels but well below the 43 μmol N l−1 standard. Inflow-corrected concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and phosphate were low compared to NH4 and would not pose a significant eutrophication risk. Similarly, the biochemical oxygen demand measured at 3 of the farms was low (median 1.31 mg l−1). Abalone production-specific annual loads of TSS (334 kg per metric tonne [mt]), total N (20.3−38.1 kg N mt−1) and total P (3.2−7.5 kg P mt−1) agree with what has been found for different land-based aquaculture operations. These figures translate to N-based human population equivalents of 5.4−10.6 persons mt−1 for both regions. At the broader ecosystem level, the annual TSS loads calculated from 2013 production data of 43 mt yr−1 (west) and 369 mt yr−1 (south) are, respectively, 0.35 and 2.8% of that estimated for kelp erosion. Similarly, the dissolved inorganic N loads of 1.9 mt N yr−1 (west) and 9.4 mt yr−1 (south) are trivial by comparison with nitrate advected during upwelling. Local abalone farms have a relatively high specific C footprint — conservatively ~44 kg CO2 kg−1 production. Our findings support a relatively low potential impact of farm effluents in this coastal upwelling environment.
Estimating gear efficiency in a combined acoustic and trawl survey, with reference to the spatial distribution of demersal fish

Few analyses have been performed to estimate the efficiency of trawls targeting demersal fish using the ratio of catches and acoustic densities. In summer 2006, acoustic and fishing data were collected simultaneously over 3 d by three fishing vessels equipped with identical pelagic trawls in the Bay of Biscay. Variography identified moderate spatial autocorrelation in the acoustic backscatter at a mean scale of 3 km, a scale slightly smaller than the mean haul length (3.5 km), indicating that fish horizontal availability did not influence trawl efficiency. Acoustic backscattering densities expressed as nautical area scattering coefficients (NASCs) recorded in the trawled layer were compared with equivalent NASC (ENASC) values calculated from the species composition in the trawl, fish-length structure, and available relationships between target strength and fish length. Estimates of trawl efficiency for hakedominated trawls were computed as the slopes of the relationships ENASC = 0.008 NASC and ENASC = 0.18 NASC 0.31 for trawls made by day and night, respectively. For the whole demersal community, the relationships were ENASC = 0.022 NASC and ENASC = 0.17 NASC 0.33 for trawls made by day and night, respectively.
Combination of water spinach (Ipomea aquatica) and bacteria for freshwater cryfish red claw (Cherax quadricarinatus) culture wastewater treatment in aquaponic system

The purpose of the study was to treat wastewater of freshwater crayfish ( Cherax quadricarinatus ) culture in aquaponic system using bacteria combination and water spinach ( Ipomea aquatica ). Aquaculture wastewater treatment using water spinach and bacteria combination in aquaponic system can improve water quality of cultivation media of freshwater crayfish, indicated by the decrease of 81% ammonia, 33% nitrate, and 89% orthophosphate. Negative correlation occurred between ammonia and cryfish growth. Positive correlation existed between dissolved oxygen and the length of cryfish. Negative correlation occurred between growth of water spinach with ammonia and orthophosphate concentration. Negative correlation occurred between the abundance of bacteria and ammonia concentration. Positive correlation occurred between the abundance of bacteria and the length as well as weight of the cryfish.
PICRITIC BASALTS FROM THE SIQUEIROS TRANSFORM FAULT

Fresh, glassy picritic basalts have been recovered in a dredge haul in the Siqueiros transform fault near its intersection with the crest of the East Pacific Rise (EPR). Whole-rock and electron probe analyses of fresh glass from pillow margins demonstrate that these are the most primitive basalts so far found in the eastern Pacific. MgO in the glass is 11.3 per cent. Variations in the compositions of the picrites result from accumulation of olivine (Fo89_86) and spinelphenocrysts. Olivine spherulites are abundant near the glassy rims. Orthopyroxene (bronzite) and plagioclase crystallites and spherulites also grew near pillow margins. The phenocrysts enclose trapped glasses which are even more primitive than glass selvages. Fractionation of olivine and spinel would produce other less primitive olivine-bearing tholeiites found in the area, which in turn would give rise to the abundant ferrobasalts of the area by crystal fractionation. We thus propose that olivine-rich basalts with magnesian glasses such as our picrites are the probable parents of the entire eastern Pacific mid-ocean ridge tholeiite suite. The widespread occurrence of ferrobasalts and other fractionated basalts erupted from the axial summit of the EPR implies that they were tapped from shallow levels in the axial magma reservoir, whereas the picrites were tapped from deeper levels along crosscutting fracture-zone faults.
A dynamic spatial model of global governance structures

This paper presents a novel understanding of the changing governance structures in global supply chains. Motivated by the global garment sector, we develop a geographical political economy dynamic model which reflects the interaction between bargaining power and distribution of value among buyer and producer firms. We find that the interplay between these two forces, in combination with the spatial specificities of global production, are necessary and sufficient to drive governance structures towards an intermediate position regarding their level of explicit coordination and power asymmetry.
Why Do Small States Receive More Federal Money? U.S. Senate Representation and the Allocation of Federal Budget

In this paper we provide new evidence on the importance of the so-called small state advantage for the allocation of the US federal budget. We also provide a new interpretation of the available empirical evidence. Analyzing outlays for the period 1978-2002, we show that not only does the population size of a state matter, but so too does its dynamics. Once population scale and change effects are separated, the impact of population size is substantially reduced, and population change turns out to be an important explanatory variable of current spending patterns. The impact of scale and change effects varies substantially across spending programs. Small states enjoy an advantage in defense spending, whereas fast growing ones are penalized in grants allocations. Our results imply that the interests of the states are not easily aligned around their population size alone. The distortion associated with population dynamics is concentrated on federal grants where formulas play a substantial role in limiting budgetary adjustments. Hence, a large part of the inverse relationship between spending and population appears to be driven by mechanisms of budgetary inertia which are compatible with incrementalist theories of budget allocation.
New and improved infrared absorption cross sections for dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12)

Despite its widespread commercial use throughout the twentieth century, primarily in the refrigeration industry, dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) is now known to have the undesirable effect of depleting stratospheric ozone. As this long-lived molecule slowly degrades in the atmosphere, monitoring its vertical concentration profile using infrared sounders on satellite platforms crucially requires accurate laboratory spectroscopic data. This work describes new high-resolution infrared absorption cross sections of dichlorodifluoromethane over the spectral range 800–1270 cm, determined from spectra recorded using a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer (Bruker IFS 125HR) and a 26 cm pathlength cell. Spectra of dichlorodifluoromethane/dry synthetic air mixtures were recorded at resolutions between 0.01 and 0.03 cm (calculated as 0.9/MOPD; MOPD=maximum optical path difference) over a range of temperatures and pressures (7.5–761 Torr and 190–294 K) appropriate for atmospheric conditions. This new cross-section dataset improves upon the one currently available in the HITRAN and GEISA databases.
Prevalence and biodiversity of helminth parasites in donkeys (Equusasinus) in Iran

There are over two million equine animals in Iran, of which approximately 75% are donkeys. Despite this, very little is known about their parasite status and the impact of this on their work output. Usually, it is the alimentary canal, body cavity and liver that harbor parasites in equine species. In this study, 45 donkeys (Equusasinus) were examined at necropsy. The contents of the stomach, small intestines and large intestine were washed separately and examined for helminth parasites. Their livers were sliced into 1×3cm pieces, squeezed in warm water and examined for helminths. The skin, eyes and all other internal organs underwent a search for parasites. Twenty-two species of nematodes were identified, which included one species of cestode, two species of trematodes and one species of gastrophiliid. The species included ascaridae(×1), atracidae(×1), oxyuridae(×1), trichostrongylidae(×1), spiruridae(×1), anoplocephalidae(×1), fasciolidae(×1) dicrocoeliidae(×1), gastrophiliidae(×1), strongylinae(×3), habronematidae(×3), and cyathostominae(×12). The most abundant group with regards to the number of species and their intensity of infection was Cyathostominae (small strongyles), in which Cylicocylusnassatus and Cyathostomumtetracantum were the most prevalent and abundant species. Strongylus vulgaris was the commonest species among the large strongyles.Of the three species of Habronema, H. muscae was the most prevalent species, followed by H. majus and D. megastoma. Probstmayriavivipavra was collected from 20% of donkeys, and more than 450,000 worms were collected from a single animal. Gastrophilusintestinalis was collected from 66.6% of the donkeys that were examined in this study. The prevalence and intensity of the other helminths were low. The presence of mixed infections was the rule in this study, as this was found in all 45 donkeys. The consequent effect of such infections on the health of donkeys needs further investigation.