Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Above-threshold ionization and laser-induced electron diffraction in diatomic molecules

Strong-field photoemission and electron recollision provide a viable route to extract electronic and nuclear dynamics from molecular targets with attosecond temporal resolution. However, since an ab initio treatment of even the simplest diatomic systems is beyond today's capabilities, approximate qualitative descriptions are warranted. In this paper, we develop such a theoretical approach to model the photoelectrons resulting from intense laser-molecule interaction. We present a general theory for symmetric diatomic molecules in the single active electron approximation that, amongst other capabilities, allows adjusting both the internuclear separation and molecular potential in a direct and simple way. More importantly, we derive an analytic approximate solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation (TDSE), based on a generalized strong-field approximation (SFA) version. Using that approach, we obtain expressions for electron emitted transition amplitudes from two different molecular centers, and accelerated then in the strong laser field. In addition, our approach directly underpins different underlying physical processes that correspond to (i) direct tunneling ionization; (ii) electron rescattering on the center of origin; and, finally, (iii) electron rescattering on a different center. One innovative aspect of our theory is the fact that the dipole matrix elements are free from nonphysical gauge and coordinate system-dependent terms: this is achieved by adapting the coordinate system, in which SFA is performed, to the center from which the corresponding part of the time-dependent wave function originates. Our analytic results agree very well with the numerical solution of the full three-dimensional TDSE for the ${{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{+}$ molecule. Moreover, the theoretical model was applied to describe laser-induced electron diffraction measurements of ${{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}^{+}$ molecules, obtained at ICFO, and reproduces the main features of the experiment very well. Our approach can be extended in a natural way to more complex molecules and multielectron systems.
Size and Age Composition of Southern Bluefin Tuna ( Thunnus maccoyii) in the Central Indian Ocean Inferred from Fisheries and Otolith Data

Jen-Chieh Shiao, Shui-Kai Chang, Yu-Ting Lin, and Wann-Nian Tzeng (2008) Size and age composition of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in the central Indian Ocean inferred from fisheries and otolith data. Zoological Studies 47(2): 158-171. Estimating the age of the commercial catch of southern bluefin tuna (SBT, Thunnus maccoyii) is essential to the age-based stock assessment process and an understanding of the population dynamics of the species. This information is, however, very incomplete for the central Indian Ocean (CIO), where only the Taiwanese fleet catches SBT, and will be influential in providing an overall picture of the recently suspected weak recruitment that emerged from several fishery indicators in the SBT's nursing and feeding grounds. Based on commercial logbook data of Taiwanese longliners with the size of each SBT attached, this report provides age composition information from 2002-2005 with annual mean ages of 4.3-5.0 yr, through length-to-age conversions by cohort slicing procedures. The commercial length distributions have been verified by those obtained from 10 trips of scientific observations, and the age compositions were compared with those estimated from directly aging 473 otolith samples collected by those observers. About 90% of the total SBT catch was < 8 yr old, the presumed youngest age at first sexual maturity. Thus, SBT caught in the CIO may consist mostly of sexually immature individuals and showed no geographical trends. Four yr of age and size composition data indicated a stable migrating SBT stock in the CIO, compared with the weak recruitment of young fish to the southern Australian nursing grounds and New Zealand feeding grounds during the same period. http://zoolstud.sinica. edu.tw/Journals/47.2/158.pdf
DIRECT QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOLID SAMPLES: CHEMOMETRICS AND SHRINKAGE METHODS APPLIED TO SPECTROSCOPIC DATA

4 Section 1 . 6 1.1 A current topic: facing with big dataset . 6 1.2 Data presentation: dataset and graphs . 7 1.3 Dimension reduction: introduction to PCA . 8 1.4 Principal Component Analysis . 9 1.5 PCA mathematical feature . 11 1.6 Regression . 14 1.7 Univariate regression . 15 1.8 Multivariate case . 16 1.9 PCR . 17 1.10 PLS . 18 1.11 PLS matricial algorithm . 19 1.12 High-dimensional regression shortcomings and possible solutions . 21 1.13 Alternative regression techniques . 22 1.14 Classical calibration and inverse calibration issues: the aim of the present work . 24 1.15 Net Analyte Signal . 25 1.16 NAS algorithm and related issues . 26 Section 2 . 30 2.1 Analytical Infrared Spectroscopy . 30 2.2. Basics in IR spectroscopy : vibro-rotational transitions . 32 2.3 Overtones and IR spectra complexity: the anharmonic oscillator . 37 2.4 IR spectrum as fingerprint of molecules . 37 2.5 Transmission and Reflectance . 38
Assessment of genetic divergence in runner peanut genotypes grown in the Brazilian Northeast environments

Runner cultivars are widely demanded by peanut farmers because of their high oil and grain productions. As those are late cycles, the management is limited in environments with water restriction. For improvement of runner genotypes to these environments is necessary to identify genotypes adapted and the knowledge of genetic divergence is quite relevant to assist the breeding procedures. In this work, ten morphological and agronomic traits were measured on 13 runner peanut genotypes grown in sandy loam textured soils during the rainy season in three environments on Brazilian Northeast region. These measurements included harvest index (%), main stem height (cm), 100 seed weight, 100 pod weight, pod length (mm), number of pod/plant, blooming (days after emergence, dae), number of seed/plant, physiological maturation of pods (dae) and oil content in seeds (%). The genetic divergence of genotypes was estimated by multivariate methods. Data set was analyzed by canonical variable (CV) in combination with UPGMA-clustering analyses. The statistical analysis was performed using the GENES program. We found that the first two CV were significant and accounted for 82.13% of the total variation. Three groups were clearly formed, separated by earliness and pod production. This arrangement was further attested by the dendrogram generated by UPGMA. The CV indicated that physiological maturation of pods, main stem height, number of pods/plant and 100 seed weight were the most differentiating traits among the genotypes. These two last allowed high magnitude associations and were contributive to selection procedures in improvement works. We provide indications of the best genotypes with potential to generate robust progenies, in a peanut breeding program.
Sedimentation and light penetration interact to maintain heterogeneity of subtidal habitats: algal versus invertebrate dominated assemblages

One of the most striking and widespread patterns observed on subtidal rocky reefs is that up-facing surfaces are monopolized by algae, whereas down-facing surfaces are dominated by sessile invertebrates. This study experimentally assessed the model that light and sedimentation interact with surface orientation to maintain this pattern of habitat heterogeneity. We tested the hypothesis that if epibiotic assemblages on down-facing surfaces were rotated to face upward, then the least change in assemblage structure would occur on shaded surfaces with reduced rates of sed- imentation. In general, the alternate states of algal vs invertebrate dominated assemblages appeared to be primarily maintained by light intensity, which facilitated the cover of algae on up-facing sur- faces (full light) and invertebrates on down-facing surfaces (reduced light). Although sedimentation was only partially responsible for differences between habitat types, it acted as a negative distur- bance on the abundance of algae and survivorship of invertebrates. When combined with differences in light intensity, high rates of sediment accumulation had slight negative effects under natural light, but under shaded conditions these negative effects were substantially increased, causing changes to the structure of the whole assemblage. This result warns that attempts to identify the effects of sedi- mentation in isolation from light intensity, which depends on factors such as turbidity, may not reveal the true effects of sedimentation on epibiotic assemblages. The ability of invertebrates to withstand high rates of sediment accumulation was related to their morphology, whereby erect forms growing above accumulated sediments had greater rates of survivorship than prostrate growth forms, which tended to be smothered by sediments. To properly understand the physical processes of facilita- tion (e.g. light intensity) and disturbance (e.g. sedimentation) we need to assess them in meaningful combinations so that explanations of assemblage structure do not create the false impression that such processes, however complex, produce only small effects relative to other processes.
COMPUTER DESIGN OF LOW POWER N2O MONOPROPELLANT THRUSTER

Development of computer model and preliminary design of the monopropellant (nitrous oxide) thruster that will be working under space vacuum conditions are presented in this paper. To perform such a design, two models have been developed, plug flow reactor and lumped thruster models. The plug flow reactor has been used to study conditions under which a thermal decomposition of nitrous oxide occurs. A range of initial temperature and pressure has been found that is used as initial guess for the thruster design. To perform a preliminary design of the thruster, the lumped model has been used. The model takes into account gas flow through the thruster, propellant decomposition, and heat exchange between thruster elements and gas and it is based on Zakirov's model. The novelty is that the current model does not need experimental data on combustion pressure as input parameter. The model has been applied to find a suitable design, for example, thruster size and working pressure for a given power range. Calculated time to achieve a steady state firing is in good agreement with available information on manufactured thrusters.
Optimal Equity Based Incentives

We analyze optimal executive compensation in a principal agent framework using two sample firms from the Norwegian market, design and solve a bi-level principal agent optimization problem. Our analysis reports three important findings. First, our unambiguous results shows that stock options should be a part of the optimal contract in addition to a certain base salary. The options, rather than restricted shares produce the right incentives. Second, indexed options should be granted instead of traditional options in cases where firms have a volatility higher than the market index and where it is a good correlation between those two. Third, our solutions show that exercise price of options should be at or near the stock price at the granting time. We confirm the robustness of our model by optimizing for alternative risk aversion degrees of the CEOs and the disutility factor associated with their effort.
A Randomised Controlled Trial of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for Generalised Anxiety Disorder

The study examined the relative efficacy of group acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) compared to group cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Fifty-one individuals with GAD were randomly allocated to a 6-week intervention, either ACT or CBT. Participants were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up on symptom measures, quality of life, and process measures. Data from 38 participants (19 in each group) were available at post-assessment, indicating significant improvements on all measures for both treatment conditions. Treatment gains were maintained at follow-up, with significant further improvements in anxiety, depression and stress symptoms for both groups. While no between-group differences were found at treatment completion, a significant interaction indicating steeper reduction in worrying symptoms (d = .79) from pre- to post-assessment was found for the ACT group compared to the CBT group. Furthermore, in relation to worrying, at treatment completion 78.9% of participants in the ACT group achieved reliable change compared to 47.4% of participants in the CBT group. However, both groups showed equivalent reliable change rates of 60% at the follow-up assessment. The results suggest that group ACT was as efficacious as group CBT. While participants in the ACT group maintained treatment gains at follow-up, participants in the CBT group continued to improve between post-assessment and follow-up.
Effect of Bonny light crude oil contaminated diet on serum cholesterol and testosterone concentrations in Wistar albino rats

Crude oil pollution of the environment occurs on a daily basis through different modes. This has become even more pronounced in the oil-mineral producing areas of the Niger Delta of Nigeria. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible effect of Bonny light crude oil on serum cholesterol and testosterone in Wistar albino rats, and to ascertain its possible endocrine disrupting effect on the reproductive hormone, testosterone. Eighty Wistar rats aged 15 to 17 weeks and weighing 193.6 to 220.0 g were used, and the experiment lasted for 28 days. The result showed that free testosterone was found to significantly decrease in all the groups among the male animals, except the control. However, a slight increase was observed in the female serum testosterone among the experimental groups. This increase was not significant (p>0.05). The result also showed that the cholesterol concentration in the males showed significant decrease (p<0.05), while in the females across the groups, significant increase in plasma cholesterol concentration were observed relative to the control group. We therefore suggest that Bonny light crude oil might have the potential to alter testosterone activity and may be a possible reproductive endocrine disruptor. Key words: Testosterone, cholesterol, endocrine disruptors, fecundity, reproduction.
Stability derivatives for a delta-wing X-31 aircraft validated using wind tunnel test data

The calculation and validation of the aerodynamic coefficients and stability derivatives for the X-31 model aircraft are the focus of this study. To improve the stability derivative calculations for a delta-wing aircraft in the subsonic regime, a compendium of new methods is programmed into a new code, FDerivatives, and added to the classical DATCOM method. The FDerivatives code is described, as are the improvements achieved in the aircraft canard configuration. All the required geometrical data relative to the aerodynamic coefficient estimation of the X-31 aircraft are calculated for the wing–body–tail configuration. Digital DATCOM code was used to validate the geometry and the aerodynamic coefficients, as well as the implicit method and the Jorgensen method. Experimental results are provided for the X-31 model in the low-speed wind tunnel of the German–Dutch Wind Tunnels (DNW–NWB). The FDerivatives code gives very good results in comparison with experimental results. An analysis of longitudinal motion, based on FDerivatives results, is presented at the end.
ESTIMATING THE STRONG-MOTION OF THE DECEMBER 26, 2003 BAM (IRAN), EARTHQUAKE USING STOCHASTIC TECHNIQUES

The main objective of this study is estimating the strong motion for the Bam region using the stochastically based seismological models. The two widely used synthetic techniques namely; point-source and finite-fault were utilized incorporating the source-path and site parameters into simple function. The decay factor kappa was estimated based on the data obtained from recorded strong motions to be used as an appropriate factor for the region. The results were validated against those of the recorded data during the destructive 26 December 2003 Bam earthquake in south east of Iran. The efficiency of these methods and estimating the appropriate regional model parameters are the main objectives of this study. The results of the synthesized ground motion, such as acceleration time history, PGA and elastic response spectra were compared /assessed with those of observed data. The Bias model (MB) is used to assess the validation of the simulated earthquakes against recorded horizontal acceleration time histories. The %90 confidence interval of the means averaged over the whole stations using t-student distribution was evaluated and it was shown to be in an acceptable range. The elastic response spectra of the simulated strong motion are showed to be in a good agreement between the recorded waveforms confirming the acceptability of the selected/evaluated source-path-site model parameters. The sensitivity of the simulated PGA and response spectra against kappa factor as well as the pathaveraged frequency-dependent quality factor Q, is studied and discussed.
Detection of triphenylmethane drugs in fish muscle by surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy coupled with Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles

Silver -coated gold bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized and used as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in detecting prohibited triphenylmethane drugs (including crystal violet and malachite green) in fish muscle. The optical properties and physical properties of bimetallic nanospheres were characterized by UV-V is spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The optimal nanospheres selected had relatively uniform size (diameter: 33 ± 3 nm) with a silver layer coated on the surface of gold seed (diameter: 18 ± 2 nm). For both crystal violet and malachite green, characteristic SERS spectral features could be identified at concentration as low as 0.1 µg/L with these bimetallic nanospheres. Crystal violet and malachite green residues in fish muscle could also be detected at levels as low as 0.1 ng/g, which could meet the most restricted regulatory requirements for the limit of detection in terms of analytical methods for crystal violet or malachite green in fish muscle. This study provides a basis for applying SERS technology with bimetallic nanoparticles to the identification of trace amounts of prohibited substances in aquatic food products, and the methodology could be extended to analyses of other hazardous chemicals in complex food matrices like vegetables and meats.
EFFECTS OF PELLETING PROCESS ON FERTILIZING VALUES OF BROILER LITTER

The effects of a pelleting process on broiler litter properties were investigated at the Siriwan Co. Ltd.’s network farms, Saraburi Province, Thailand. The pelleting process decreased among-set variability in dry matter, electrical conductivity, urea N, K, Na, S, Fe, Cu and Cd contents. On the othr hand, this process increased among-set variability in pH, total N, ammonium N, nitrate N and total P. N form contents including total N, ammonium N, nitrate N, organic N and urea N in the pelleted broiler litter that could be estimated accurately through the basis of dry matter content. Additionally, heavy metal (Cd, Ni, Pb and Cr) content was significantly higher in the pelleted form than in the fresh form which was consistent with a reduction in moisture content. The pelleted broiler litter was clearly preferable to the fresh broiler litter in terms of storage, handling, transport and field application. The results highlight a need to optimize the pelleting process with the objective of minimizing variability in pH, total N, ammonium N, nitrate N and total P.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHANGE IN COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION ON THE STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF MORTAR DURING FREEZE-THAW CYCLES

The presented experiments were carried out to observe the strain behavior of meso-scale specimens under constant moisture condition. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of each specimen was determined before freeze-thaw tests or prior to FTC damage. After FTC tests and specimens accumulate damage, the CTE is obtained and its drastic changes were observed. The newly obtained FTC damaged CTE was applied in the strain history of the specimen and results show a changed strain behavior from the strain history using undamaged CTE.
Static Induction Transistor Logic

The static induction transistor logic (SITL) equivalent to PL is evaluated by fabricating type D-F/F frequency divider and 14 bit BCD programmable counter to prove its potentiality in VLSI. SITI2L is also implemented into LSI. The normally-configured SIT is introduced to serve as a driver transistor in the SITL having new circuit configuration in order to improve the speed performance, where output Schottky diodes are fabricated to ensure the decoupling between outputs. The performance of this Schottky SITL is evaluated in the ring oscillator, where the propagation delay is obtained 2.5 nsec at a power dissipation of 100 µW.
Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Polyozus Group of Australian Phylini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

Abstract Polyozus Eyles and Schuh, 2003 was described as a monotypic genus from New Zealand. Seven new Australian species are described and Orthotylus australianus (Carvalho, 1965) is transferred to Polyozus. Cladistic analysis of the nine species of Polyozus and seven additional, related species resulted in the hypothesis that Polyozus is a monophyletic group, with Ancoraphylus, n.gen., with four species, being its sister group. Another new genus, Exocarpocoris, n.gen., with three species, is the sister group of Ancoraphylus + Polyozus. The three species of Exocarpocoris live on the same host plant, the hemiparasite Exocarpos aphyllus (Santalaceae), and occur sympatrically over most of their distribution. Species of Ancoraphylus and Polyozus are mainly restricted to a variety of legumes, most often Acacia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), but also Jacksonia (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae) and Senna (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae). Species of Polyozus are widely distributed in Australia. Polyozus galbanus Eyles and Schuh, 2003—originally described from New Zealand—also occurs in New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania and is here proposed to have been introduced to New Zealand from Australia along with its host plant.
Association of Birth Type and Pregnancy Type with Lactation Performance and Lactation Curve in Holstein Dairy Cows in Iran

The association of birth type (single vs. double) and pregnancy type (single vs. double) with lactation performance and lactation curve was investigated in Holstein cows in Iran. Data of 243298 lactations on 138021 cows in 261 herds collected during January 2000 to December 2012 were used. The average twinning rate was 3.64% and ranged from 1.44% (primiparous) to 5.41% (multiparous). Factors associated with twining were calving season, calving year, herd, and parity. The rate of twinning increased from 2.49% in 2000 to 3.42% in 2012. The probability of twinning was higher in multiparous cows than that in primiparous [Odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI))= 3.64 (3.44-3.84) for multiparous vs. primiparous cows]. The probability of twin pregnancy was higher in cows previously delivering twins than that in those delivering singles [OR (95% CI)= 3.17 (3.02-3.34) for cows delivering twins vs. cows delivering singles]. The lactation curve for cows delivering singles in previous gestation and pregnant with twins in subsequent gestation tended to be lower and flatter. The incidence of twin pregnancy was increased as the cow reached its peak yield earlier, and produced more milk at peak lactation. Primiparous cows delivering singletons in their previous gestation and having twins in their subsequent gestation produced more 100-d, 200-d and 305-d milk than those pregnant with singletons. Multiparous cows that delivered singleton in previous gestation and were pregnant with twin in the subsequent gestation, produced more milk during the first 100-d and 200-d of lactation than those pregnant with singles.