Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testing for Fairness in Regulation: Application to the Delhi Transportation Market

Abstract I report a remarkable finding, that regulatory authorities, who have no a priori knowledge of Rabin’s 1993 fairness axioms (associated with a very specific utility function), have always proposed legal fares in the auto-rickshaw (three-wheeler) market in New Delhi that satisfy them. Regulated fares are ignored by auto–rickshaw drivers and customers. They bargain on prices among themselves. Newly announced fare hikes are effective enough to ensure the prevalence of legal uniform (non-negotiated) prices for a considerable amount of time. I suggest that the two of the most recent hikes have satisfied Rabin’s fairness axioms. The results, I report, are robust to different cooperative games of bargaining.
Selection of patients for coronary angiography and coronary revascularization early after myocardial infarction: is there evidence for a gender bias?

OBJECTIVE To determine whether a gender bias exists in the selection of patients for diagnostic and therapeutic cardiovascular procedures early after myocardial infarction. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study. SETTING A community-based tertiary care teaching hospital. PATIENTS A total of 2473 consecutive patients with a principal discharge diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and a peak creatine kinase MB fraction of at least 4%. MEASUREMENTS Comparison of men and women regarding the frequency with which they underwent various cardiac procedures. RESULTS Women had coronary angiography during hospitalization for myocardial infarction much less frequently than men (odds ratio, 0.55; 95% Cl, 0.46 to 0.65), but the age-adjusted rates were similar in women and men (odds ratio, 0.91; Cl, 0.75 to 1.12). An abnormal ejection fraction (less than 50%) was equally frequent in women and men who underwent left ventriculography (odds ratio, 0.85; Cl, 0.56 to 1.30). Among patients who had coronary angiography, women had a significantly lower rate of severe coronary artery disease, defined as either a left main stenosis of more than 50%, three-vessel disease, or two-vessel disease with a proximal left anterior descending stenosis of more than 70% (odds ratio, 0.67; Cl, 0.48 to 0.93). When adjustments were made for age, women had percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty as often as men (odds ratio, 1.16; Cl, 0.83 to 1.62) but had coronary artery bypass graft surgery significantly less frequently (odds ratio, 0.58; Cl, 0.37 to 0.91). When adjustments were made for age and the severity of coronary artery disease, the difference in rates was of borderline significance (odds ratio, 0.65; Cl, 0.41 to 1.01). CONCLUSIONS No evidence of a difference in the rate of coronary angiography early after myocardial infarction between women and men was found after age adjustment. Among patients who have cardiac catheterization early after myocardial infarction, women and men are equally likely to have angioplasty, but women are less likely than men to have coronary artery bypass surgery.
Idiosyncratic Volatility and Product Market Competition

This Paper investigates the link between a firm’s competitive environment and the idiosyncratic volatility of its stock returns. We find that firms enjoying high market power, or established in concentrated industries, have lower idiosyncratic volatility. We posit that competition affects volatility in two distinct and inter-related ways. Market power works as a hedging instrument that smoothes out idiosyncratic fluctuations. At the same time, a high degree of market power implies lower information uncertainty for investors and therefore lower return volatility. We find strong support for both effects. Our results contribute to the understanding of recent trends of idiosyncratic volatility, and confirm the important link between stock market performance and the competitive environment of firms.
Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment for Quarterly Exposure to High Chloroform Concentrations in Drinking-Water Distribution Network of the Province of Quebec, Canada

Because quarterly concentrations of total trihalomethanes (THM) exceeding the 80 μg/L guideline are often tolerated by the public health authorities of the Province of Quebec (Canada), this study examined whether quarterly episodes of high concentrations of THM may pose a risk to the health of its population. Using Monte Carlo simulations, a probabilistic risk assessment was performed for infants (0–<6 mo), toddlers (6 mo–<5 yr) and adults (≥20 yr). Multiroute exposure including ingestion of drinking water as well as inhalation and dermal exposure while showering or bathing was considered. The resulting absorbed doses were compared to short-term reference values for chloroform, used as surrogate for THM, by calculating risk quotients (RQ). On the basis of THM concentrations values in Quebec's drinking water distribution systems during the months of July to October and exceeding the guideline value (>80 μg/L), the 95th percentile value of RQ were 0.65, 0.46, and 0.24 for infants, toddlers, and adults, respectively. Back-calculation allowed determining that a chloroform concentration of 330 μg/L would result in RQ ≤ 1 for 99% of infants, the subgroup considered the most susceptible among the general population. Overall, this study showed that episodes of high THM concentration encountered in Quebec drinking-water distribution network need not be considered as an immediate health concern for the general population. However, these results should not be interpreted as an authorization to exceed the 80 μg/L standard but rather as a risk management tool for public health authorities.
Occupational Trajectories of Legal US Immigrants: Downgrading and Recovery

Data from the New Immigrant Survey 2003 are examined to analyze trajectories in occupational prestige between the last job abroad and the first US job and from the first US job to the current US job for a select sample of men and women. Incorporating the first job in the United States overcomes an important limitation faced by many previous studies that were generally restricted to a comparison of the last job abroad and the US job as measured at the time of the survey. Distinctions are made between class-of-admission groups, since the trajectories toward labor market success vary systematically along that dimension. Consistent with a model of immigrant occupational assimilation, all preference groups show a U-shaped adjustment pattern with, on average, initial downgrading followed by subsequent ascension. However, although all groups exhibit a similar pattern, the trough of the U is deepest for refugees, who also experience the steepest subsequent upward climb. Copyright (c) 2008 The Population Council, Inc.
Expressed sequence tag analysis of adult human iris for the NEIBank Project: steroid-response factors and similarities with retinal pigment epithelium.

PURPOSE The iris is a specialized tissue with important roles in the development and function of the eye. It is involved in diseases, including glaucoma and ocular melanoma, and its pigmented cells share an origin with the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of human iris has been performed to explore the repertoire of genes expressed in this tissue. METHODS An unamplified, un-normalized cDNA library (designated bx) was constructed from pooled (4-80 years old) human iris tissue. Over 2000 clones were picked and sequenced. Sequences were analyzed and clustered using GRIST (GRouping and Identification of Sequence Tags). The library was then normalized (and designated fg) and a further 2200 clones were sequenced for deeper examination of rarer sequence. Some sequences of interest were investigated further by standard methods. RESULTS From bx and fg libraries respectively, 1263 and 1604 clusters of expressed genes have been identified, giving a combined total of almost 2700 potentially unique genes. The most abundant novel transcript in bx is oculoglycan/opticin. Others include glucocorticoid induced leucine zipper protein (GILZ), Ris, a novel member of the Ras family, Iris Ring Finger (IRF), a member of the midline family, melastatin 2 (MLSN2), a member of the transient receptor potential calcium channel family, and iris expressed growth factor (IEGF), a member of the VEGF/PDGF family. Several factors involved in steroid responses are also represented. CONCLUSIONS The iris libraries are a rich source of novel as well as known genes, including molecular markers for pigmented cells that are also shared with RPE. A number of transcripts code for proteins involved in steroid response, with interesting implications for control of intraocular pressure. These sequence verified clones provide a nonredundant set for micro-array construction.
Creating Difference: Neo-Liberalism, Neo-Conservatism and the Politics of Educational Reform

This article raises questions about current educational reform efforts now underway in a number of nations. Research from a number of countries is used to document some of the hidden differential effects of two connected strategies—neo-liberal inspired market proposals and neo-liberal, neo-conservative, and middle class managerial inspired regulatory proposals, including national curricula and national testing. This article describes how different interests with different educational and social visions compete for dominion in the social field of power surrounding educational policy and practice. In the process, it documents some of the complexities and imbalances in this field of power. These complexities and imbalances result in “thin” rather than “thick” morality and tend toward the reproduction of both dominant pedagogical and curricular forms and ideologies and the social privileges that accompany them.
Systematic Liquidity Risk and Asset Pricing: Evidence from London Stock Exchange

This study examines whether systematic liquidity risk is priced on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). We use the proportional quoted bid-ask spread, Amihud's (2002) market illiquidity ratio, and turnover rate as liquidity proxies. In contrast to the US studies, we do not find evidence that systematic liquidity risk is priced on the LSE.
Clinical features and outcomes of primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinomas

Background and Aim: Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (PHNECs) are extremely rare, with only about 150 cases having been reported in the English‐language literature. Because of the rarity of PHNECs, its clinical features and treatment outcomes are not well understood. Here, we report our experiences with PHNECs.
Temporal study of staphylococcal species on the skin of human subjects in isolation and clonal analysis of Staphylococcus capitis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

The staphylococcal skin floras of an isolated group of subjects were studied for 1 year. A wide variation in isolation patterns was found for different species. Staphylococcus intermedius, previously thought to be of veterinary origin, was found to be part of the resident flora of some subjects, and this may indicate a wider role for it in clinical infection. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of S. capitis isolates indicated persistent skin colonization at some sites; each region was colonized by only one clone of that species, although an adjacent area could be inhabited by a separate clone. Nine clonal groups were identified by SDS-PAGE; there was a degree of specialization between the groups with regard to the sites which they colonized. The interaction between species at a single site was less well defined. Noncolonizing isolates often exhibited phenotypic similarities that were lower than expected when compared with their presumed source. The results of SDS-PAGE analysis were compared with immunoblotting, antibiograms, and biotyping, and SDS-PAGE analysis was found to be a useful and practical tool for epidemiological work.
The effect of welfare on migration.

Abstract The impact of differences in welfare funding levels and economic opportunity at the state level on interstate migration of low-income families is determined. The data set is derived from the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey for the years 1979 to 1990, inclusive. Newly estimated descriptive welfare statistics permit detailed state level analysis. The decision to migrate is modeled as a binary discrete choice decision which is estimated by means of a probit procedure using maximum likelihood techniques. The poor are found to be attracted to states with greater economic opportunity in all cases and to avoid high welfare states, with the exception of single female household heads, who actually participate in the new state's welfare system. Even in this case, the effect on migration is relatively small compared to the effect of superior economic opportunities and small in absolute magnitude as well.
Mechanisms and Effects of Retention of Over‐Expressed Aquaporin AtPIP2;1 in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) are aquaporins that mediate water transport across the plant plasma membrane (PM). The present work addresses, using Arabidopsis AtPIP2;1 as a model, the mechanisms and significance of trafficking of newly synthesized PIPs from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. A functional diacidic export motif (Asp4‐Val5‐Glu6) was identified in the N‐terminal tail of AtPIP2;1, using expression in transgenic Arabidopsis of site‐directed mutants tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Confocal fluorescence imaging and a novel fluorescence recovery after photobleaching application based on the distinct diffusion of PM and intracellular AtPIP2;1‐GFP forms revealed a retention in the ER of diacidic mutated forms, but with quantitative differences. Thus, the individual role of the two acidic Asp4 and Glu6 residues was established. In addition, expression in transgenic Arabidopsis of ER‐retained AtPIP2;1‐GFP constructs reduced the root hydraulic conductivity. Co‐expression of AtPIP2;1‐GFP and AtPIP1;4‐mCherry constructs suggested that ER‐retained AtPIP2;1‐GFP may interact with other PIPs to hamper their trafficking to the PM, thereby contributing to inhibition of root cell hydraulic conductivity.
The Significance of Microthrombosis and fgl2 in No-Reflow Phenomenon of Rats With Acute Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion

No-reflow phenomenon due to cardiac microvascular dysfunction or disturbance aggravates clinic outcomes of a portion of patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or thrombolytic therapy. Our working hypothesis was that cardiac microthrombosis would play an important role in the pathogenesis. We investigated that cardiac microthrombi were observed by Martius, Scarlet, Blue methocl (MSB) and Masson trichrome staining. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of fibrinogen-like protein 2 (fgl2) in rats with acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) and its possible pathological and clinical significance. The fgl2 was highly expressed in myocardium of rats with acute MI/R and located at cardiac microvascular walls. We found that the expression of fgl2 in peripheral mononuclear cells of rats with acute MI/R significantly increased correspondingly with its cardiac expression. Expression of cardiac fgl2 was correlated with no-reflow size of rats with acute MI/R, which was detected and calculated by thioflavin S staining. No-reflow size was in line with cardiac diastolic dysfunction of rats with acute MI/R monitored by hemodynamics. Thus, microthrombosis is involved in cardiac microvascular dysfunction or disturbance of rats with acute MI/R as one cause, and fgl2 may emerge as a predictor of the occurrence of no-reflow phenomenon.
Estimating the Value of a Statistical Life Using Labor Market Data

In benefit analyses conducted on the reduction of risks related to life, there is a concept known as the value of a statistical life. To perform a cost-benefit analysis, information is needed on the costs involved in reducing risks and the benefits that can be derived by reducing those risks. The value of a statistical life is used for analyzing the benefits of risk reduction with regard to mortality. Value of a statistical life estimates valuable information when performing a cost-benefit analysis of policies regarding the environment, health care, and safety. In Japan, value of a statistical life estimates are largely studied using the stated preference method while few are conducted using the revealed preference method. In this study, the analysis is conducted using the latter, the revealed preference method. Specifically, I estimate the wage premium for job-related risk and the value of a statistical life using labor market data from the Employment Status Survey and the Industrial Accident Trends Survey. A simple compilation of the estimation results shows that the job-related mortality risk using data from companies with 100 or more employees has a statistically significant and positive effect on wages, confirming the presence of a positive wage premium. On the other hand, when using data from companies with a workforce size of 30-99 employees, no clear correlation is found between job-related mortality risk and wages. The value of a statistical life calculated using the estimation results from companies with a workforce size of 100 or more employees ranges from ¥820 million to ¥2.14 billion. These results are higher than those produced by overseas studies that have calculated the value of a statistical life based on labor market data.
Political Management and Local Government: The Views of Local Authority Chief Executives

The Labour Government has introduced radical measures to change local authorities' constitutions. These include a requirement to abandon the traditional committee system and to replace it with political executives. Local authority chief executives will play a critical role in these changes and they are also uniquely placed to offer observations on the likelihood of the measures being successful. Because of this, a questionnaire survey was undertaken of the chief executives of all local authorities in England and Wales to discover how councils are responding to the Government's measures and to obtain their views on the proposed political management arrangements.
Asymmetric responses of commercial banks to monetary policy in a transitional economy:the case of Vietnam

This study investigates how Vietnamese commercial banks respond to countercyclical monetary policy actions. At first glance, the empirical findings suggest the asymmetrical response of Vietnamese commercial banks to countercyclical monetary policy to be competitive and monetary authority successfully utilizes monetary policy instruments to achieve its objectives. In light of the known characteristics of the Vietnamese economy, the empirical results may be alternatively interpreted as the consequence of graft maximizing behavior of bank management operating in a corrupt and opaque environment. Thus, to correct these problems, a strong political will and commitment to reforming the system and implementing appropriate checks and balances in the political system in the country to formulate policy measures needed to establish a competitive, transparent, competitive, and efficient banking and financial system which would be conducive to further economic and social progress.
Employee Wellness in the Private Club Industry

Employee wellness in the private club industry is discussed relative to the seven wellness dimensions: physical, intellectual, social, occupational, spiritual, emotional, and environmental. Food and beverage employees (n = 125) responded to a set of 42 holistic wellness questions describing their behaviors, nine demographic questions, and one question on their perceived health. Behavior questions were a subset of the validated 100 question TestWell, Wellness Inventory. The regression model was found to be a significant predictor of perceived health. As expected, the researchers of this study found that the seven dimensions are significantly correlated, suggesting that improving employee wellness involves a holistic approach to improving all dimensions of wellness. Significant differences were found among respondents based on job type, education, ethnicity, and perceived health relative to the seven wellness dimensions. Insight is provided as to the relationship of the wellness dimensions to club management and creating employee wellness opportunities for club employees.
Development of the crayfish retina: A light and electron microscopic study

The development of the crayfish retina was examined in embryos and first, second and third instars with both and light and electron microscope. Light microscopic observations indicate that differentiation begins at the posterior portion of the optic disc and progresses in an anterior direction. Development of screening pigment, dioptric elements, and rhabdoms all parallel this posterior to anterior gradient in the retina. Tracer studies in early embryos reveal that the retina is separated from the proximal neuropil regions by a distinct vascular space. This observation suggests that the source of new cells for the retina may not be the more proximal cell proliferation zone as previously indicated. It is proposed that mitotic activity within the retina and/or differentiation of cells from the anterior surface layer of the eye may be sources for addition of new cells to the retina. Proto‐ommatidial clusters of seven retinula cells occur very early at the posterior region of the embryonic retina. Initially the receptor cells extend throughout the entire thickness of the retina, but later they withdraw from beneath the cornea to occupy only the proximal portion of the retina. Microvilli of the rhabdom arise from the centrally opposed membranes of the retinula cells in each cell cluster. Each new microvillus contains a core of fine filaments which extend out into the cytoplasm at its base. As development of the microvilli continues, the core filaments appear to be lost or altered, but the cytoplasmic bundles at the base of the microvilli persist.
Public Service Motivation and Professionalism

Public service motivation (PSM) literature has traditionally conceptionalized professionalism as identification with professional associations. In contrast, this article discusses professionalism as an occupational variable and claims that professionalism relates differently to the different PSM dimensions and user orientation. Using two different measures of professionalism, the article analyses 845 Danish employees and shows that professionalism is negatively related to compassion and user orientation, but positively related to attraction to policy-making. Commitment to the public interest and professionalism are not related. Thus, professionalism relates to PSM in more complex ways than earlier supposed, pointing towards an institutional approach to professionalism and PSM.