Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Economic Effects of an Uncoordinated Versus a Coordinated Carbon Dioxide Policy in the European Union: An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis

The objective of this paper is to quantify the economic effects of introducing carbon-reduction policies in the European Union (EU). For this purpose, we use linked applied general equilibrium (AGE) models for 11 EU member countries. This method enables us to measure the change in competitiveness for domestic industries; the effect on growth, employment and inflation in member countries; and the costs and benefits of a coordinated versus an uncoordinated approach to adhere to an EU target of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Unemployment is high in the EU, and many economists believe that this problem as well as global warming can be solved by a CO2 tax, where tax revenues are used to reduce employers' contributions to social insurance. Then, hopefully, a'double dividend will result for the environment as well as for the labor market. In one simulation, each country implements a CO2 tax to limit CO2 emissions by 10%. As an alternative to this uncoordinated approach, we calculated an overall CO2 tax for the EU to limit the CO2 emissions of the EU by 10%. We will measure the effects on the labor market, on economic performance and on trade flows under the uncoordinated CO2 policy, and will compare the results with the coordinated CO2 policy of an overall CO2 reduction for the EU.
Evolutionary dynamics of interlinked public goods traits: an experimental study of siderophore production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Public goods cooperation is common in microbes, and there is much interest in understanding how such traits evolve. Research in recent years has identified several important factors that shape the evolutionary dynamics of such systems, yet few studies have investigated scenarios involving interactions between multiple public goods. Here, we offer general predictions about the evolutionary trajectories of two public goods traits having positive, negative or neutral regulatory influence on one another's expression, and we report on a test of some of our predictions in the context of Pseudomonas aeruginosa's production of two interlinked iron‐scavenging siderophores. First, we confirmed that both pyoverdine and pyochelin siderophores do operate as public goods under appropriate environmental conditions. We then tracked their production in lines experimentally evolved under different iron‐limitation regimes known to favour different siderophore expression profiles. Under strong iron limitation, where pyoverdine represses pyochelin, we saw a decline in pyoverdine and a concomitant increase in pyochelin – consistent with expansion of pyoverdine‐defective cheats derepressed for pyochelin. Under moderate iron limitation, pyochelin declined – again consistent with an expected cheat invasion scenario – but there was no concomitant shift in pyoverdine because cross‐suppression between the traits is unidirectional only. Alternating exposure to strong and moderate iron limitation caused qualitatively similar though lesser shifts compared to the constant‐environment regimes. Our results confirm that the regulatory interconnections between public goods traits can significantly modulate the course of evolution, yet also suggest how we can start to predict the impacts such complexities will have on phenotypic divergence and community stability.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES DATA ON MOTOR VEHICLE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES

This study updates Peltzman's time series analysis. It uses least-squares regression and data from 1947 through 1980 to estimate an expanded version of Peltzman's model. Independent variables considered are the size of vehicle and a variable which measures the impact of Federal safety standards for motor vehicles on highway traffic deaths. It uses death frequency as the dependent variable and includes amount of driving as an additional regressor. Three categories of motor vehicle deaths are analysed: total deaths, vehicle-occupant deaths, and pedestrian deaths. Note is taken of the impact of various factors on each of these categories. Details are given of the model derived and data used for the study. Many of the statistical results of the study corroborate peltzman's earlier findings. Vehicle size is found to have a statistically significant inverse effect on total and vehicle-occupant deaths. The results also indicate that the ratio of rural to urban driving significantly increases both types of death, and that the number of highway deaths is reduced by mandated safety features. (TRRL)
Can more FDI solve the problem of unemployment in the EU? A short note

This letter, using regression analysis, attempts to quantify the relationship between foreign direct invetment (FDI) and jobs in the European Union. A sample of 401 Japanese firms in four EU member states has been chosen. It is shown that despite the clear enthusiasm of governments in these countries to attract FDI, its impact on job creation is not substantial, and hence, as a policy to reduce unemployment in the EU, this option may have to be seriously re-examined.
The impact of corporate governance practices on R&D efforts: a look at shareholders' rights, cross-listing, and control pyramid

The article considers the impact of multiple shareholder-oriented governance practices on R&D decisions. Based on a sample of 5528 firms belonging to 110 large French listed business groups, our results substantiate the idea that shareholder-oriented governance practices and a lower position in a control pyramid are better for R&D investment. The introduction of any additional shareholder oriented practice is found to result in more R&D. We show, however, that this Anglo-Americanization of the French corporate governance system is only partial. We provide evidence of the co-existence of an old French system of corporate governance with a hybrid model of corporate governance. The lack of concrete results on complementarity among shareholder-oriented governance practices casts doubt on the stability of this hybrid model in the French context. Copyright 2011 The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved. , Oxford University Press.
Functional imaging of the lungs with gas agents

This review focuses on the state‐of‐the‐art of the three major classes of gas contrast agents used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—hyperpolarized (HP) gas, molecular oxygen, and fluorinated gas—and their application to clinical pulmonary research. During the past several years there has been accelerated development of pulmonary MRI. This has been driven in part by concerns regarding ionizing radiation using multidetector computed tomography (CT). However, MRI also offers capabilities for fast multispectral and functional imaging using gas agents that are not technically feasible with CT. Recent improvements in gradient performance and radial acquisition methods using ultrashort echo time (UTE) have contributed to advances in these functional pulmonary MRI techniques. The relative strengths and weaknesses of the main functional imaging methods and gas agents are compared and applications to measures of ventilation, diffusion, and gas exchange are presented. Functional lung MRI methods using these gas agents are improving our understanding of a wide range of chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis in both adults and children. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:295–315.
The Geography of Gross Employment Flows in British Manufacturing

This article offers a first attempt to examine subnational differences in the determinants of gross employment flows in the British manufacturing sector utilizing the Annual Respondents Dataset (ARD) of the Office of National Statistics. The article has four broad aims. First, it examines how the job creation and destruction process in British manufacturing compares with the processes in other countries. Second, it examines how much job creation and destruction is the result of employment shifts from declining industries and post-code areas to growing industries and areas relative to employment turnover that occurs among plants within industries and areas.The results indicate that high rates of job creation and destruction occur simultaneously in contracting as well as expanding industries and areas, suggesting that differences in net employment change can only be considered as a first step to understanding employment turnover. Third, the article investigates differences in the driving forces of job creation and destruction for British postcode areas and uncovers pronounced variation in the forces generating and destroying employment. Fourth, the article examines how much of these subnational differences can be attributed to industrial structure and reveals that industry-mix accounts for a large part of employment turnover in postcode areas.The large variation in the driving forces of job creation and destruction leads to important consequences for employment policy.Policies which focus too narrowly on new-firm start-ups and small firms are likely to be insufficient in generating employment in all areas.
Illusions of Control? The Extension of New Public Management Through Corporate Governance Regulation

This study investigates the process of adoption of a new governance regulation in the public sector. The empirical setting of this article is the adoption by the Quebec government of regulation regarding the role of boards for 24 government enterprises. Building on a Latourian framework, the investigation relies on the analysis of parliamentary debates, commission hearings, and interviews with key participants. Plans to “improve” governance were initially presented in generic formats in electoral promises of reform. Plans were then promoted through the construction of linkages with global and local scandals, as well as references to discourses about increasing distrust of public institutions and the absence of markets as a means to control behaviours. My analysis suggests that regulation offered as “modernization of governance” and viewed as an irreversible phenomenon to which one cannot oppose, may be an illusion of control within the public sector. Ideals of modernized governance continue to spread in society through their construction in “laboratories” (e.g., commission hearings), where effectiveness in various jurisdictions is assumed and not questioned by governance experts, accountants and their technologies.
The management of change. Local union responses to company-level restructuring in France and Ireland – a study between and within countries

We argue that, notwithstanding the importance of national industrial relations systems in shaping employment outcomes in situations of company restructuring, differences within countries also exist that cannot be explained by the influence of national institutions. Local union activity can affect corporate restructuring and influence how companies manage restructuring within the EU. The capacity of local unions to use company-based resources and the unions’ internal and external social relationships shape the variations in local union responses. In addition, our research suggests that the interplay of these factors in the socio-economic context of restructuring is crucial in explaining variations within countries. The article argues for the need to focus on these company-level developments as a crucial step in undertaking comparative industrial relations research.
Is entrepreneurship necessarily good? Microeconomic evidence from developed and developing countries

The aim of this study is to provide a microeconomic investigation of the concept of entrepreneurship; in particular, the following issues will be discussed: (i) the alternative ways of looking at entrepreneurship, distinguishing "creative destruction" from simple "turbulence"; (ii) the different microeconomic determinants of new firm formation, distinguishing "progressive" from "regressive" drivers; (iii) the relationship between ex-ante characteristics (of the founder) and post-entry performance (of the new firm); and (iv) the possible scope for an economic policy aimed at maximizing the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth. Where possible and appropriate, throughout the article, particular attention will be devoted to the specific features characterizing entrepreneurship in developing countries. Copyright 2013 The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved. , Oxford University Press.
On the Sensitivity of Estimated Elasticities of Substitution

In recent contributions elasticities of substitution estimated from disaggregated trade data are used to address dierent questions in trade and macroeconomics. The estimates of the elasticities dier somehow from paper to paper. This paper evaluates the sensitivity of these estimates towards various changes in the estimation specication using the methodology set up by Feenstra (1994). To assess the plausibility of the estimates at an aggregate level, central properties for the estimated elasticities are proposed. It is shown that these properties hold using some estimators and some specications. Additionally, estimates of individual elasticities are analyzed. Again, using appro
Dissipation of Knowledge and the Boundaries of the Multinational Enterprise

This paper provides a theoretical formalization of the joint-venture contract, as an alternative to foreign direct investment (FDI), within a Dissipation of Intangible Assets (DIA) framework. In a two-period model, we discuss how the threat of knowledge spillover shapes the boundaries of a multinational enterprise (MNE). Similarly to the theoretical findings on the FDI-licensing trade-off, we show that the integrated solution is more likely to emerge when know-how easily spills over—i.e., when firms are endowed with more intangible assets or they belong to high-tech industries. Probit estimates, from a new firm-level data set, show that Japanese manufacturing operations in Europe are in line with these predictions.
[Sexual problems and experiences with sexual and physical violence in gynecological patients].

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of sexual difficulties and of sexual and physical abuse. DESIGN Descriptive survey study. SETTING Outpatient gynaecology clinic of the University Hospital of Leiden, the Netherlands. PATIENTS AND METHOD During 3 months, December 1994-February 1995, all consecutive new female patients were questioned by the gynaecologist by means of a short standardised questionnaire. Oncology patients and non-Dutch-speaking patients were excluded. Data were analysed with descriptive statistical procedures; relationships among variables were tested with the chi 2 test with Yates' correction or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Of 325 patients 34.2% reported sexual difficulties, 15.4% reported sexual abuse and 7.4% physical molestation. Age of the patient and presence or absence of the partner during the consultation were not associated with differences in the patients' reports. 18.8% of the patients with these complaints answered affirmatively when asked if they needed specialised help. CONCLUSION Sexual difficulties and sexual and physical abuse were common among gynaecology patients. Less than one-fifth of them required specialised help.
Integrating EJ into Federal Policies and Programs: Examining the Role of Regulatory Impact Analyses and Environmental Impact Statements

Following Executive Order 12898 in 1994, federal agencies have taken a variety of steps to incorporate environmental justice (EJ) into their programs and practices. Two scales at which these efforts are critical are regulatory design and enforcement. This study evaluates Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs) and Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) across three federal agencies (the Department of Energy, the Department of Transportation, and the Environmental Protection Agency) to compare the extent to which EJ is addressed at these two scales, across agencies, and over time. By searching agency documents for key EJ variables, such as site, population, and impact characteristics, we develop a framework to determine if RIAs and EISs include sufficient information to identify disproportionate impacts of proposed regulations or projects on minority and low-income communities. Results of this analysis reveal that EJ issues are noted more frequently in all three agencies’ EISs over time, but few RIAs or EISs contain enough data to assess whether EJ impacts are significant.
The Dynamics of the Adoption of Product and Process Innovations in Organizations

While many researchers have fruitfully explored the patterns of adoption of product and process innovations across industries, few have studied these same patterns within individual firms. In this study we address this issue, examining the dynamics that govern the adoption of product and process innovations at the firm level over time. We examine questions such as: Which type of innovation is more readily adopted? Does the adoption of one type of innovation lead or lag the adoption of the other type? And, would the pattern of adoption of innovation types have an effect on organizational performance? Using data on the innovations introduced between 1982 and 1993 by a sample of 101 commercial banks in the United States, we find that: (1) product innovations are adopted at a greater rate and speed than process innovations; (2) a product–process pattern of adoption is more likely than a process–product pattern; (3) the adoption of product innovations is positively associated with the adoption of process innovations; and (4) high‐performance banks adopt product and process innovations more evenly than low‐performance banks.
Time-sharing strategies in driving after various cerebral lesions

Primary objective: To analyse time-sharing strategies in patients with cerebral lesions when they performed everyday in-car tasks in real-life highway driving. Research design: A case-control study. Methods and procedures: Thirteen male patients with brain damage and 11 healthy controls participated. The frequency and duration of glances at the in-car tasks, total time of eyes-off the road during tasks, speed and lateral displacement of the car were recorded. Main outcomes and results: Long glances away from the road and consequent large lateral displacements were characteristic for patients with anterior damage, while the patients with more posterior lesions used frequent short glances at the in-car task. Conclusion: Two different time-sharing strategies that appeared to be related to different aetiology were found in the patients, indicating different control of the driving task. It is proposed that standardized on-road dual tasks should be used for detecting problems in allocation of attention during driving.
Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing

Purpose of reviewFlexible endoscopic examination of swallowing with and without sensory testing is rapidly becoming a significant tool in the otolaryngologist's armamentarium for diagnosing dysphagia. Patients with swallowing disorders often present to the otolaryngologist, and an understanding of the utility of these techniques is critical. Recent findingsRecent studies have confirmed that flexible endoscopic examination of swallowing with and without sensory testing is an exceptionally safe procedure with excellent portability. Flexible endoscopic examination of swallowing is accurate in diagnosing aspiration when compared with videofluoroscopy. Laryngopharyngeal sensory deficits as assessed by flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing are associated with cough, reflux disease, penetration, and aspiration. Both techniques have emerged as complementary to videofluoroscopic studies, rather than as replacements for the modified barium swallow. SummaryFlexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with and without sensory testing is a safe technique that should be considered in the workup of patients with dysphagia presenting to the otolaryngologist.
From Peasants to Farmers: Peasant Differentiation, Labor Regimes, and Land-Rights Institutions in China’s Agrarian Transition

The development of factor markets has opened Chinese agriculture for the penetration of capitalism. This new round of rural transformation—China’s agrarian transition— raises the agrarian question in the Chinese context. This study investigates how capitalist forms and relations of production transform agricultural production and the peasantry class in rural China. The authors identify six forms of nonpeasant agricultural production, compare the labor regimes and direct producers’ socioeconomic statuses across these forms, and evaluate the role of China’s land-rights institution in shaping these forms. The empirical investigation presents three main findings: (1) Peasant differentiation : capitalist forms of agricultural production differentiate peasants into a variety of new class positions. (2) Market-based stratification: producers in capitalist agriculture are primarily stratified by their positions in labor and land markets; their socioeconomic statuses are linked with their varying degrees of proletarianization. (3) Institutional mediation: rural China’s dual-track land system plays a crucial role in shaping the diverse and unique forms of capitalist production.
Urinary 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin Levels and Sleep Disorders in Children With Migraine

We conducted the present study to assess melatonin secretion in a sample of children with migraine, to describe their sleep patterns and problems, and to examine the impact of sleep problems on migraine disability. The parents of 18 children with migraine completed the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment Score in Arabic. The parents of 18 healthy controls also completed the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin levels were determined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. There was no significant difference in urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin between the migraine and control groups (Z = –0.127, P = .889). There were no significant differences between groups in Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire subscales or total scores. There were significant correlations between bedtime resistance, parasomnias subscales, and migraine disability. Our findings indicate that nocturnal production of melatonin is not reduced in children with migraine, and sleep disturbances impact the degree of migraine disability.
Developing Community and Social Cohesion through Grassroots Bridge Building: An Exploration

In the context of the UK public policy goal to increase community and social cohesion, this article explores the nature of local 'bridge-building' – activities intended to increase interpersonal contacts between diverse ethnic, faith and nationality groups. We draw on earlier research in a range of fields to develop the bridge-building concept and present findings from a study that identified community-level projects with bridge-building as a specific aim. We show the range of groupings involved, the activities encompassed and their organisational features. We consider the actual and potential contribution of local bridge-building to cohesion in the light of earlier research and our own study.
Determination of CMC of polysorbate 20 in aqueous solution by surface tension method.

The CMC of polysorbate 20 was determined using a surface tension method; the concentration (C) of polysorbate 20 studied varied from 0.001 to 10.000 mg. /ml. The results show clearly that the surface tension (γ) decreases linearly with log C up to a concentration of 0.06 mg. /ml. and is practically constant for more concentrated solutions. This suggests that the CMC of polysorbate 20 is in the vicinity of 0.06 mg. /ml. , which is in excellent agreement with the values obtained by other methods.