Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Scholarly Productivity Within Academic Gynecologic Oncology Departments

OBJECTIVE: To estimate whether there is a gender difference in scholarly productivity among academic gynecologic oncologists. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the academic rank and gender of gynecologic oncology faculty in the United States were determined from online residency and fellowship directories and departmental web sites. Each individual's h-index and years of publication were determined from Scopus (a citation database of peer-reviewed literature). The h-index is a quantification of an author's scholarly productivity that combines the number of publications with the number of times the publications have been cited. We generated descriptive statistics and compared rank, gender, and productivity scores. RESULTS: Five hundred seven academic faculty within 137 U.S. teaching programs were identified. Of these, 215 (42%) were female and 292 (58%) were male. Men had significantly higher median h-indices than women, 16 compared with 8, respectively (P<.001). Women were more likely to be of junior academic rank with 63% of assistant professors being female compared with 20% of full professors. When stratifying h-indices by gender and academic rank, men had significantly higher h-indices at the assistant professor level (7 compared with 5, P<.001); however, this difference disappeared at the higher ranks. Stratifying by the years of active publication, there was no significant difference between genders. CONCLUSION: Female gynecologic oncologists at the assistant professor level had lower scholarly productivity than men; however, at higher academic ranks, they equaled their male counterparts. Women were more junior in rank, had published for fewer years, and were underrepresented in leadership positions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III
Equilibrium Block Trading and Asymmetric Information

This paper investigates the existence of equilibria with information-based black trading in a multiperiod market when no investor is constrained to block trade. Attention is restricted to equilibria in which a strategic uninformed institution (i.e., one which is forced to rebalance its portfolio, but is free to choose an optimal rebalancing strategy) is willing to trade a block rather than "break up" the block into a series of smaller trades. Examples of such equilibria are found and analyzed. Copyright 1990 by American Finance Association.
Funding strategies for quality university education in Nigeria: the principle of fiscal justice

The problem of funding and financing of our universities in Nigeria has become a reoccurring decimal, often times resulting into strikes and closures of the ivory towers. The fact that these problems are yet to be tackled by the government emphasizes the need for universities to evolve strategies for generating additional funds. The Federal Government directed through the National Universities Commission (N.U.C.) that all Federal Universities should generate 10 percent of their total yearly funds internally through various revenue diversification means. In view of the above, this paper examines the funding pattern in relation to qualitative university education in Nigeria, using alternative strategies in generating additional funds. The paper recognizes funding as an external factor in achieving quality university education. Since the pursuit of Quality University education bothers on all stakeholders – the government, parents, individuals, firms and corporate bodies (who are the employers of labour). Based on this, the paper recommended some funding strategies with emphasis on the “Fiscal Justice’ principle of fairness” as a tuition fee strategy. Also private sector participation, partial deregulation and the macroeconomic strategies are other strategies recommended in the paper.
Quality of Life, Event Impacts, and Mega-Event Support among South African Residents before and after the 2010 FIFA World Cup

The purpose of the study was to explore the role of mega-event impacts on perceived satisfaction with quality of life and support among South African residents before and after the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Limited research has empirically tested whether quality of life (QOL) is perceived as an exchange benefit that facilitates resident support of mega-events. Intercept data were collected from residents in five host cities three months before (March 2010) and eight months after (March 2011) the event (N = 3,789). Results indicate significant differences in perceived impacts before and after the event. Before the event, the influence of political impacts, psychological impacts, and social benefits on perceived QOL was significant, while QOL mediated the relationships between political, psychological, and social benefit impacts and resident support. After the event, economic impacts emerged as a significant predictor of QOL in contrast to the preevent sample.
Estimation of Social Costs of Transport in Japan

Using a dataset of 111 Japanese cities in 2005, the article estimates the social costs of car transport and analyses the structure of the components of and the relationship between social costs and city size. The following major results are obtained. First, the social costs of vehicular transport increase at an accelerated pace as city size becomes larger. Secondly, while the construction of roads does not work to decrease the social costs of vehicular transport, public transport has a tendency to decrease such costs, although with minimal effect. Thirdly, the traffic congestion component represents more than 45 per cent of the total social cost of vehicular transport. Cost due to global warming accounts for 5–11 per cent of the total. Fourthly, the social costs of vehicular transport are about 8 per cent of GDP. Fuel tax for cars covers only 16.3 per cent of the social costs of regular car use.
Importance of DNase and alginate lyase for enhancing free and liposome encapsulated aminoglycoside activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the potential of DNase, alginate lyase (AlgL) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in enhancing the in vitro bactericidal activity of conventional (free) and vesicle-entrapped (liposomal) gentamicin, amikacin and tobramycin. METHODS The MICs and biofilm eradication for two clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a mucoid strain and a non-mucoid strain) were determined in the presence and absence of AlgL. The co-activity of aminoglycosides with DNase and/or AlgL against endogenous P. aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum was also measured. The inhibitory effects of mucin in the presence and absence of the mucolytic agent NAC on aminoglycosidic activity were also examined. RESULTS The MIC values of the liposomal aminoglycosides were similar to or lower than those of free aminoglycosides. Biofilm formation increased the bactericidal concentrations of these drugs by 8- to 256-fold and treatment with AlgL improved killing of the mucoid strain. The activity of some aminoglycosides against the sputum was increased by the addition of DNase or AlgL (P < 0.05), and was increasingly evident with concurrent DNase and AlgL administration. Addition of mucin inhibited liposomal aminoglycosidic activity (up to 32-fold) evidently more than the free aminoglycosides (up to 8-fold). The addition of NAC did not improve activity significantly (P > 0.05). Tobramycin was the most effective aminoglycoside to reduce biofilms and sputum. CONCLUSIONS Liposomal aminoglycosides do not fare better than conventional forms. The co-administration of DNase and AlgL is essential for enhanced activity in reducing biofilm growth and sputum bacterial counts. While mucin retards bactericidal activity, NAC does not improve aminoglycosidic activity.
The elasticity of demand for wagering in an unregulated market

The literature estimating the take-out rate (price) elasticity of horse race wagering has consistently found values far above one. The persistence of these apparently inefficiently high prices can be attributed to institutional factors of the US market where federal taxes are imposed on the total amount wagered, and not on the bookmakers’ revenue. By investigating all horse races in New Zealand from August 1993 to April 2009, our article is the first one to consider price setting for wagering in an unregulated market where taxes for a monopolistic betting agency are based on revenues. In such a setting, one would expect elasticities close to one, but in all econometric specifications, we find values well below one. We identify two reasons why higher prices could nevertheless reduce profits: cross price elasticities are negative and, due to the specific features of parimutuel betting, international competitors may only be attracted when take-out rates are above a critical threshold.
Membrane-Accelerated Amyloid-β Aggregation and Formation of Cross-β Sheets

Amyloid-β aggregates play a causative role in Alzheimer’s disease. These aggregates are a product of the physical environment provided by the basic neuronal membrane, composed of a lipid bilayer. The intrinsic properties of the lipid bilayer allow amyloid-β peptides to nucleate and form well-ordered cross-β sheets within the membrane. Here, we correlate the aggregation of the hydrophobic fragment of the amyloid-β protein, Aβ25-35, with the hydrophobicity, fluidity, and charge density of a lipid bilayer. We summarize recent biophysical studies of model membranes and relate these to the process of aggregation in physiological systems.
Daily Newspaper Market Structure, Concentration, and Competition

This study examines newspaper competition on a national level using the umbrella model and the county as the geographic market. Although daily newspaper markets showed higher concentration and lower competition than other U.S. industries, these markets were less concentrated and had a greater potential for competition in 1983 and 1988 than suggested by previous studies using cities as the geographic market. The levels of competition and concentration remained steady between 1983 and 1988.
The determinants of financing obstacles

The authors use survey data on a sample of over 10,000 firms from 80 countries to assess (1) how successful a priori classifications are in distinguishing between financially constrained and unconstrained firms, and (2) more generally, the determinants of financing obstacles of firms. They find that older, larger, and foreign-owned firms report less financing obstacles. Their findings thus confirm the usefulness of size, age, and ownership as a priori classifications of financing constraints, while they shed doubts on other classifications used in the literature. Their results also suggest that institutional development is the most important country characteristic explaining cross-country variation in firms' financing obstacles.
Rematches in Boxing and Other Sporting Events

The authors study the incentive effects of rematches in sports with an emphasis on professional boxing. If the difference between the boxers’ abilities is sufficiently small, the authors find that a clause that stipulates that the winner of the fight is obliged to give the loser a rematch (i.e., a mandatory rematch clause) results in a higher aggregate effort compared to aggregate effort when the probability of a rematch depends on effort. This result sheds some light on the practice of offering mandatory rematch clauses to elite boxers. The authors also argue that their results apply to rivalries and rematches in other sporting events and contests.
Mental Illness among Polish and Russian Refugees in Bradford

Summary An epidemiological study of first admission to psychiatric hospitals in Bradford revealed that foreign-born people had substantially higher illness rates than native born. Comparing the major World War II refugee groups it was found that morbidity was higher among Poles than Ukrainians. It is suggested that the difference can be partly explained by the lower social cohesion of the former. The resulting marginal identity is insufficient protection against the normal crises and losses of later life.
Factors influencing auditor independence: Malaysian loan officers' perceptions

PurposeAuditor independence is fundamental to public confidence in financial reporting and the auditing profession. The study aims to provide further understanding of the factors influencing auditor independence from the perspective of commercial loan officers. Loan officers formed the sample as they are relatively sophisticated financial statement users who would understand the importance of audit report and the issues related to auditor independence.Design/methodology/approachThe study examines the perceptions of commercial loan officers in Malaysian‐owned commercial banks and a total of 86 officers responded to the self‐administered questionnaire.FindingsResults indicate that smaller audit firms, audit firms operating in a higher level of competitive environments, audit firms serving a given client over a longer duration, larger size of audit fees, audit firms providing managerial advisory services, and, the non‐existence of an audit committee, are perceived as having a higher risk of losing independence. Audit firm size appears to be the most important factor that affects the auditor independence, followed by tenure, competition, audit committee, audit firms providing managerial advisory services and size of audit fee.Originality/valueThe paper provides important insights into the factors affecting auditor independence and contributes towards better understanding on the ways to improve the confidence in financial reporting and credibility of the auditing profession.
The Expanding Role of the OECD in Global Health Policy

Over the last decade or so, the OECD has emerged as a key transnational player in comparative health policy analysis despite lacking a formal mandate in this sector. The OECD plays a ‘soft power’ agenda setting role in the administration of health care both in its member states and well beyond in global health policy processes; on such issues as overall health system effectiveness, incentives for cost-control and clinical quality, the role of private health insurance in public-private funding mixes, and remuneration for medical labour. Its work has contributed to the definition of the nature and scale of health policy problems as well as indirectly to various national health care performance management regimes. This paper considers the questions: why and how has the OECD come to occupy a central role in transnational health policy processes and challenge the authority of the WHO as the de facto global health ministry despite lacking a formal institutional role? Studies on change in international, intergovernmental organisations (IGO) tend to be inspired by IR and divide into those linking change with ‘big bang’ events such as crises in the international system or shifting imperatives in the international health care economy; and those that ask questions about corporate agency of states and, to a lesser extent, permanent secretariats of IOs. However, at the more disaggregated level of analysis of transnational public administration we lack analytically driven, in-depth empirical cases of change within and across IOs. This paper attempts to explain the expansion of the OECD’s role in health policy in terms of a complex conjunction of multiple environmental factors such as changing member state interests and dissatisfaction with the WHO’s analytical work, creating windows of opportunity for a coalition of officials from the OECD and key member states to promote the health agenda within the OECD. There was nothing functional or determined about this change. The within-case analysis presented will encourage greater temporal sensitivity from public policy scholars studying international bureaucracies by revealing processes with multiple drivers that combine at critical junctures to offer the potential for consequential and potentially transformative public leadership.
The reliability of three techniques for measuring foot position.

The reliability of three commonly used techniques for measuring foot position--valgus index, navicular height, and arch height--was evaluated in a study involving 20 healthy subjects. The results demonstrated significant differences (P < .05) between two observers for all three techniques, although there were no significant differences between two visits for the same observer (P < .05). Secondary analysis demonstrated that navicular height yielded the highest degree of intraobserver and interobserver agreement. The results suggest that there is a wide variation in foot position in the general population, and that measurement error may result from difficulties in defining foot position, techniques used, and instrumentation.
Is intellectual capital performance and disclosure practices related

Breaks with the prior literature on intellectual capital disclosure practices in two major ways. First, provides a longitudinal examination of intellectual capital disclosure practices in the annual reports of 31 FTSE 100 listed companies from 1996‐2000. Second, investigates the relationship between intellectual capital performance and the extent of intellectual capital disclosure. Between 1996 and 2000 the quantity of intellectual capital disclosure increased. Empirical findings did not indicate a systematic relationship between intellectual capital performance and the quantity of disclosure during the survey period. Results, however, suggest that if intellectual capital performance is too high the amount of disclosure is reduced. This negative association may support the suggestion that firms reduce intellectual capital disclosures when performance reaches a threshold level for fear of competitive advantage being lost. Leverage, industry exposure and listing status was also found to have an influence on the quantity of disclosure.
Share Price Changes and the Arrival of Limited Liability in California

What effect does limited liability have on share values? This question is difficult to answer because active stock markets did not develop until the rise of corporate limited liability in the nineteenth century. Previous research has shown that one company with pro rata limited liability, American Express, was actively traded until the 1960s. However, no one has examined the price effect of a change from unlimited to limited liability. The history of corporate law in California provides a natural experiment that can be used to examine the effect of limited liability. Until 1929, all California corporations had pro rata unlimited liability. By a process that lasted until 1931, California adopted limited liability for corporations. In the paper I provide the first empirical examination of the effect that this move had on share prices. I find no evidence of share price changes associated with the change in the liability regime.
Temporospatial Distribution of the Psocids Liposcelis entomophila and L. decolor (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) in Steel Bins Containing Wheat

ABSTRACT We studied the temporospatial distribution of psocids in steel bins containing 32.6 tonnes of wheat in 2005 and 2006 in Manhattan, KS. Psocids were sampled in the top 0.9 m of wheat using a 1.2-m open-ended trier; samples were taken from the bin center and in the four cardinal directions at 0.15 and 0.76 m from the bin wall. In addition, a 2.4-m partitioned grain trier with 16 compartments was used to sample psocids from a 2-m-diameter circle in the center of the bins and to a depth of 1.96 m. Only two species of psocids were identified in the study: Liposcelis entomophila in 2005 and L. decolor in 2006. Densities of psocids were low immediately after bins were filled in July 2005, peaked in October, dropped to almost zero in December as temperatures decreased, and remained at low levels until the study was ended in March. In 2006, densities of psocids increased gradually from August to mid-October and declined until the study was ended in early November. During the fall, psocids were more abundant at the center of the bin and at lower depths. In October to November of both years, the temperatures and moisture contents of grain in the center also were higher than that in other locations. This is the first report of temporospatial distribution of psocids in steel bins of wheat.
Does the Pricing of Financial Reporting Quality Change Around Dividend Changes?

We examine whether accrual earnings quality is a priced information risk factor in a dividend change setting. We define information risk as the probability that firm-specific financial statement information pertinent to investor pricing decisions is of low precision, and use the factor-mimicking portfolio returns formed on the Dechow-Dichev [2002] accrual quality (AQ) metric to proxy for the information risk (IR) factor returns. We augment the Fama-French three-factor model with this IR factor, and find that dividend initiation and increase firms exhibit a decrease in the factor loadings on the IR factor while dividend decrease firms exhibit an increase in the corresponding factor loadings, but such changes in the factor loadings occur months prior to the dividend change announcements. The results are robust to further controls for operating risk and using an alternative measure of information risk. Further analysis on changes in information characteristics such as AQ, the probability of informed trading score (PIN), forecast dispersion, and return volatility surrounding dividend change events are consistent with the asset pricing results. Overall, we interpret our results as being consistent with investors treating the information risk associated with the precision of financial statement information as a priced risk factor, with both the precision and pricing changing in predictable directions around dividend changes. However, while we attempt to control for operating risk changes in additional tests, we cannot completely rule out changes in operating risk as a competing alternative explanation for our observed results.
In Harm's Way: Children's Work in Risky Occupations in Brazil

There were large numbers of child workers in domestic services, street work, construction and selected areas of agricultural production in Brazil at the turn of the century. These kinds of occupations are often problematic for youth. We show that children engaged in these risky categories of work are more disadvantaged than other employed children and non‐employed children. Results from a large representative survey show that children in ‘risky’ work are more likely to have parents also engaged in hazardous activities or be living without both parents, characteristics that may be useful for targeting policy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Planner's Guide to the Digital Bibliographic Revolution

Abstract Recent changes in the availability of online literature and the speed with which it can be located could greatly alter planners’ use of prior research. We intend this guide to lead planners and planning researchers to more effectively use online bibliographic tools and content. We outline the recent changes, including online electronic abstracting and indexing services that facilitate quick, comprehensive searches for relevant works, and aggregators that permit electronic access to the full text of journal articles. We examine recent developments from the perspectives of planning researchers, planning practitioners, planning employers, and planning journal editors, and recommend how they can act to enhance planners’ access to and benefit from published research.
On the Use of Collateral

This paper surveys existing explanations for the use of collateral in credit markets and relates them to the empirical evidence on the subject. Collateral may be used as a screening or an incentive device in markets characterized by various forms of asymmetric and biased information. The evidence is incompatible with the use of collateral as a signal of projects' quality, while broadly consistent with explanations based on its incentive properties and asymmetric evaluation of projects.