Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Challenge and Prospects of Small Scale Enterprise in Ethiopia: A Survey of Some Selected Small Scale Enterprise in Addis Ababa City

The small scale industries have a very important and effective role in the developed countries generally and in developing countries especially because it is considered the backbone of their economies. In respect of this, the main purpose of this study is to identify the problems and prospects of small enterprise in Addis Ababa sub-city. To do this, data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The main instrument of data collection was the questionnaire and supported by interview. The data were presented in tables as frequency, distribution in the data analysis; the techniques of percentages frequencies were used. The empirical studies elicit major challenges which seem to affect performance of SSEs in sub-cities which include: inadequate finance, inadequate infrastructures, poor management practices, multiple taxation and capital shortage in that order, are the major challenges affecting small scale businesses in Ethiopia. The researcher suggested that the challenges and problems of the SSEs in Ethiopia are having many centers and hence can only be effectively tackled by a multi-dimensional and concerted approach by all stakeholders i.e. the governments and their agencies, banks, regulatory authorities, tax authorities,), the employees of SSEs, multilateral and bilateral agencies and donors.
Takmilah: Menuju Teori Sastra Islami

Banyaknya karya sastra Indonesia yang bernuansa islami sejak tahun 2000-an telah dijadikan objek kajian sastra. Pengkajian karya sastra islami tersebut sangat relevan jika menggunakan pendekatan teori sastra Islam. Pendekatan teori sastra Islam yang dianggap sesuai dengan karakter sastra Indonesia bernuansa islami adalah teori sastra Islam Melayu Malaysia. Para pakar sastra Melayu telah berhasil menciptakan teori sastra islami, di antaranya Shafie Abu Bakar yang telah memperkenalkan teori sastra Islam yang disebut dengan teori takmilah. Abstract: The outburst of Indonesian Islamic literatures has been the object of literary study since the 2000s. The study of Islamic literature is very relevant when using the approach of Islamic literary theory. The approach of Islamic literary theory is considered in accordance with Indonesian Islamic literary character. It is descending from the literature of Malay. The Malay literary experts have succeeded in creating an Islamic literary theory. Shafie Abu Bakar has introduced Islamic literary theory called the theory Takmilah. Key Words: Islamic literature, theory of Takmilah
Automatic delay correction method for IP block-based design of VLSI dedicated digital signal processing systems: theoretical foundations and implementation

The Intellectual Property (IP)-based design for high-throughput dedicated digital signal processing (DSP) systems is obviously an important issue for improving not only design productivity, but also design from the high level of abstraction. However, in some cases, synthesizable register transfer level (RTL) model obtained by an automatic assembly of RTL IPs can be wrong due to delays induced by implementation constraints. In this paper, we present the formalization of the problem and propose an approach called automatic delay correction method (ADCM) to solve the problem without inserting an extra interface circuitry. The approach automatically inserts control structures to manage delays induced by the use of RTL IPs. It also inserts a control structure to coordinate the execution of parallel clocked IPs. The delays may be managed by registers or by counters included in the control structure. A formal theory of ADCM is developed to guide the implementation and guarantee optimal solutions in latency and area. Through experiments with synthetic example and three real world high-throughput DSP circuits, we also show the effectiveness of our approach.
Relationship between Glomerular Filtration Rate and the Prevalence of Metabolic Abnormalities: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

Background and Aims: National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines recommend that all people with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 undergo evaluation for anaemia and metabolic bone disease. We aim to report the prevalence of metabolic complications in adults with low GFR. Methods: Analysis of 15,802 non-institutionalised adult participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES III), a cross-sectional population-based survey conducted in the United States between 1986 and 1994. Renal function was estimated according the modification of diet in renal disease equation 7 (MDRD GFR), the Cockcroft-Gault formula and by the serum creatinine cut-off points described by Couchoud and colleagues. Haemoglobin <110 g/l occurred in 42.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 28.3–56.0] of patients with MDRD GFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 [stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD)] and 3.5% (95% CI 2.4–4.7) of patients with MDRD GFR between 30 and 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (stage 4–5 CKD). Corresponding prevalences for calcium <2.15 mmol/l were 8.2 (95% CI 1.6–14.8) and 3.4 (95% CI 1.7–5.2); for phosphate >1.6 mmol/l, 15.1 (95% CI 5.0–25.3) and 0.3 (95% CI 0–0.6); and for bicarbonate <23 mmol/l, 32.7 (95% CI 19.6–45.9) and 5.7 (95% CI 3.3–8.2), respectively. Similar results were obtained when patients were categorised by the Cockcroft-Gault formula or Couchoud’s cut-off points. Conclusions: The prevalence of complications in stage 3 CKD is low. These data do not support the recommendation for routine screening for metabolic complications of renal insufficiency in adults seen in primary care settings whose GFR exceeds 30 ml/min/1.73 m2.
Columnar Cell Change With Atypia (Flat Epithelial Atypia) on Breast Core Biopsy—Outcomes Following Open Excision

Columnar cell change with atypia (CCCA) is a relatively recently recognized pathologic breast entity considered to be a risk factor for subsequent development of breast carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of finding CCCA on breast core biopsy, by establishing the frequency of other breast pathology on subsequently performed surgical excision specimens. All cases with CCCA as the most advanced lesion on core biopsy were reviewed. After excision, another advanced proliferative lesion was identified in 17 (33%) patients, including three patients (6%) with in situ or invasive carcinoma. An additional five patients (10%) were concurrently diagnosed with primary breast carcinoma at other sites. These findings indicate that when CCCA is found on core biopsy, open surgical biopsy of the relevant area should be performed and that workup of both breasts should be undertaken to exclude coexistent breast carcinoma at alternative sites.
Aberrant let7a/HMGA2 signaling activity with unique clinical phenotype in JAK2-mutated myeloproliferative neoplasms

High mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) is an architectural transcription factor that is negatively regulated by let-7 microRNA through binding to it’s 3′-untranslated region. Transgenic mice expressing Hmga2 with a truncation of its 3′-untranslated region has been shown to exhibit a myeloproliferative phenotype. To decipher the let-7-HMGA2 axis in myeloproliferative neoplasms, we employed an in vitro model supplemented with clinical correlation. Ba/F3 cells with inducible JAK2V617F expression (Ton.JAK2.V617F cells) showed upregulation of HMGA2 with concurrent let-7a repression. Ton.JAK2. V617F cells treated with a let-7a inhibitor exhibited further escalation of Hmga2 expression, while a let-7a mimic diminished the Hmga2 transcript level. Hmga2 overexpression conferred JAK2-mutated cells with a survival advantage through inhibited apoptosis. A pan-JAK inhibitor, INC424, increased the expression of let-7a, downregulated the level of Hmga2, and led to increased apoptosis in Ton.JAK2. V617F cells in a dose-dependent manner. In samples from 151 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, there was a modest inverse correlation between the expression levels of let-7a and HMGA2. Overexpression of HMGA2 was detected in 29 (19.2%) of the cases, and it was more commonly seen in patients with essential thrombocythemia than in those with polycythemia vera (26.9% vs. 12.7%, P=0.044). Patients with upregulated HMGA2 showed an increased propensity for developing major thrombotic events, and they were more likely to harbor one of the 3 driver myeloproliferative neoplasm mutations in JAK2, MPL and CALR. Our findings suggest that, in a subset of myeloproliferative neoplasm patients, the let-7-HMGA2 axis plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of the disease that leads to unique clinical phenotypes.
Disentangling Alliance Management Processes: Decision Making, Politicality, and Alliance Performance

Using a sample of 106 organizations engaged in strategic alliances, we develop and test a framework of alliance-related organizational decision-making processes and their impact on alliance performance. With regard to direct effects, our results show a negative impact of decision-making recursiveness and no significant relationship for openness and procedural rationality. Acknowledging the importance of the organization's micropolitical context in which these decision processes are embedded, we also test the moderating influence of politicality. Our findings provide support for our hypotheses that in a context of low politicality, the decision-making characteristics of openness and procedural rationality have a positive influence, whereas recursiveness negatively affects alliance performance. In a context of high politicality, however, openness and procedural rationality exert a negative influence, and the negative impact of recursiveness is aggravated. We suggest that alliance-related decision making cannot be adequately understood without explicitly considering the micropolitical context in organizations.
Catering Through Nominal Share Prices

We propose and test a catering theory of nominal stock prices. The theory predicts that when investors place higher valuations on low-price firms, managers will maintain share prices at lower levels, and vice-versa. Using measures of time-varying catering incentives based on valuation ratios, split announcement effects, and future returns, we find empirical support for the predictions in both time-series and firm-level data. Given the strong cross-sectional relationship between capitalization and nominal share price, an interpretation of the results is that managers may be trying to categorize their firms as small firms when investors favor small firms.
Dopamine: Biphasic Dose Responses

The present article indicates that dopamine and/or its agonists induce biphasic dose-response relationships for numerous endpoints. These include locomotion, pain sensitivity, blood pressure, prolactin secretion, oxytocin release, heart rate, memory, and neuronal adenylate cyclase activity. Biphasic responses were reported predominantly with male Sprague-Dawley rats, but also with mice, dogs, monkeys, and humans. Regardless of the model or endpoint the maximum changes from the control were always modest being within the 10 to 80% range. The range of stimulatory responses was quite variable, extending from slightly greater than a factor of 10 for the endpoints such as memory, pain-vocalization, and diastolic blood pressure to the 106 range for prolactin release and the 108 range for oxytocin release. Mechanistic studies suggested that the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of dopamine are mediated by different receptors or receptor subtypes having opposite actions and different ligand affinities.
An extensive reef system at the Amazon River mouth

A novel Amazonian reef biome was discovered, encompassing large rhodolith and sponge beds under low light, low oxygen, and high POC. Large rivers create major gaps in reef distribution along tropical shelves. The Amazon River represents 20% of the global riverine discharge to the ocean, generating up to a 1.3 × 106–km2 plume, and extensive muddy bottoms in the equatorial margin of South America. As a result, a wide area of the tropical North Atlantic is heavily affected in terms of salinity, pH, light penetration, and sedimentation. Such unfavorable conditions were thought to imprint a major gap in Western Atlantic reefs. We present an extensive carbonate system off the Amazon mouth, underneath the river plume. Significant carbonate sedimentation occurred during lowstand sea level, and still occurs in the outer shelf, resulting in complex hard-bottom topography. A permanent near-bottom wedge of ocean water, together with the seasonal nature of the plume’s eastward retroflection, conditions the existence of this extensive (~9500 km2) hard-bottom mosaic. The Amazon reefs transition from accretive to erosional structures and encompass extensive rhodolith beds. Carbonate structures function as a connectivity corridor for wide depth–ranging reef-associated species, being heavily colonized by large sponges and other structure-forming filter feeders that dwell under low light and high levels of particulates. The oxycline between the plume and subplume is associated with chemoautotrophic and anaerobic microbial metabolisms. The system described here provides several insights about the responses of tropical reefs to suboptimal and marginal reef-building conditions, which are accelerating worldwide due to global changes.
Self-Regulated Learning: The Role of Environmental Perceptions and Motivational Beliefs

To examine the correlations among environmental perceptions, motivational beliefs, and self-regulated learning of Tehran third-year high school boys based on a proposed model, multistage cluster-sampling method gave a sample of 685 students. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Pintrich & De Groot, 1990), Students' Achievement Goal Orientations (Midgley, Kaplan, Middleton, Maehr, Urdan, Anderman, et al., 1998), Students' Perceptions of Classroom Activities (Gentry, Gable, & Rizza, 2002), and Perceptions of Parents Scales (Grolnick, Deci, & Ryan, 1997) were administered. Analysis showed relations among components of self-regulated learning, family environmental perceptions, perceptions of classroom activities, and motivational beliefs. Structural equation modeling indicated the proposed model had an acceptable fit to the data. All paths or structural coefficients of the proposed model were statistically significant.
The treatment of acute myeloid leukemia with mitoxantrone, etoposide and low-dose cytarabine in elderly patients - a report of Polish Acute Leukemia Group (PALG) phase II study.

The common dilemma in the treatment of elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is whether to use intensive myelosuppresive therapy with higher risk of treatment related mortality (TRM), but a chance for complete remission (CR), or to treat less intensively in order to prolong survival time with a better quality of life. The aim of this prospective, phase II study was to assess the efficacy and toxicity of low dose combination induction treatment consisted of cytarabine at a dose of 10 mg/m2 every 12 h s.c. for 7 days, VP-16 at a dose of 100 mg/day p.o. for 7 days and mitoxantrone at a dose of 6 mg/m2 i.v daily on days 1-3. Two induction courses were planned. In the group of 44 patients 12 (27%) achieved CR, 4 (9%) patients were in PR and there were 9 (20%) early deaths (ED). Age, performance status, preceding myelodysplastic syndrome, karyotype, WBC and % of blasts in bone marrow were not significant prognostic factors for CR probability. The following initial factors appeared to be related to a shorter duration of survival time from the start of treatment: age >70 (p<0.03), poor performance status (p<0.03), and % of BM blasts 50 (p<0.05). We conclude that, despite promising results in the pilot study the efficacy of this induction treatment is not better than the efficacy of other regimens. The hematological toxicity of this treatment seems to be comparable with "3+7" regimen.
The home environment.

Occupational therapists play a key role in recommending home modifications in the home environment and yet as a profession we have given little consideration to this unique context. Drawing from the work of environmental psychology and gerontology, this chapter presents a framework for considering the experience of "home" describing the personal, temporal, social, cultural, societal, and physical dimensions created through person- environment transactions. The relationship between a person and their dwelling is unique and complex and it is important that therapists understand and acknowledge the nature of this relationship if they are to successfully negotiate changes. In examining the experience of home for the individual, this chapter considers the implications that each dimension of home has for occupational therapists practicing within the field of home modifications. By the end of this chapter the reader will be able to: • describe the role of person–environment transactions in the creation of home as a place of action and meaning • explain a framework that considers the various domains of the experience of home • apply this framework when reflecting on his/her life experience and clinical practice • interpret how the experience of home may impact on occupational therapy practice; in particular on decisions made about changes to the home environment
“You can do it late at night or in the morning. You can do it at home, I did it with my flatmate.” The educational impact of an OSCE

Background: The use of an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) has been a powerful influence on doctor training but assessments do not always drive study behaviour in predictable ways. Aims: To investigate the impact an OSCE has on study behaviours by exploring how 5th year medical students identify what to learn for a summative OSCE and the role of the clinical environment in their preparation. Methods: A semi-structured questionnaire survey asked about strategies used by students to prepare for the OSCE. Focus group interviews explored successful methods of preparation for the OSCE. Themes were identified and classified. Results: The questionnaire response rate was 84%. Topic identification was usually from the list of examinable problems, past OSCE papers and a booklet prepared by a previous student containing a series of OSCE checklists. The study behaviours of students preparing for the OSCE exam were predominantly to practise on each other, and to rehearse routines. Strategic and efficient study habits were favoured over conscious utilization of the clinical environment. Conclusion: The expectation that an OSCE drives learning into the clinical workplace was not supported by this study. This suggests the role of clinical experience in helping students prepare for the exam may be more subliminal, or that an OSCE is more as a test of psychomotor skills than a marker of clinical experience. An unexpected benefit may be to drive more collaborative learning.
Ginsenoside Re protects methamphetamine‐induced mitochondrial burdens and proapoptosis via genetic inhibition of protein kinase C δ in human neuroblastoma dopaminergic SH‐SY5Y cell lines

Recently, we have demonstrated that ginsenoside Re protects methamphetamine (MA)‐induced dopaminergic toxicity in mice via genetic inhibition of PKCδ and attenuation of mitochondrial stress. In addition, we have reported that induction of mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is also important for neuroprotection mediated by ginsenoside Re. To extend our knowledge, we examined the effects of ginsenoside Re against MA toxicity in vitro condition using SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Treatment with ginsenoside Re resulted in significant attenuations against a decrease in the activity of GPx and an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the cytosolic and mitochondrial fraction. The changes in glutathione (GSH) paralleled those in GPx in the same experimental condition. Consistently, ginsenoside Re treatment exhibited significant protections against cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative damage (i.e. lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation), mitochondrial translocation of PKCδ, mitochondrial dysfunction (mitochondrial transmembrane potential and intra‐mitochondrial Ca2+), apoptotic events [i.e., cytochrome c release from mitochondria, cleavage of caspase‐3 and poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase‐1, nuclear condensation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL)‐positive apoptotic cells], and a reduction in the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and TH activity induced by MA in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. These protective effects of ginsenoside Re were comparable to those of PKCδ antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). However, ginsenoside Re did not significantly provide additional protective effects mediated by genetic inhibition of PKCδ. Our results suggest that PKCδ is a specific target for ginsenoside Re‐mediated protective activity against MA toxicity in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High Fidelity, High Performance?

Developers of medical simulators and instructors who use them often have questions about the level of fidelity needed in a simulation. In this article, we address the nature of fidelity with respect to virtual reality training systems. We argue that high-fidelity simulators do not always lead to better performance, and in some instances, can interfere with performance. The primary reason for these seemingly counterintuitive findings lies with a fundamental understanding of how humans perceive and process sensory information. Consequently, simulation-based training systems should be developed to maximize their effectiveness, not their fidelity.
Significance of oral cancer‐associated fibroblasts in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and tumor invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are recognized as a pivotal promoter in cancer initiation and development. However, the role of CAFs in the progression and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been fully elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and microvessel density (MVD) and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 86 cases of OSCC. The correlations between α-SMA expression and MMP-9 expression, LVD, MVD, and other clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. In vitro invasion assay was performed to assess the effect of CAFs on the invasion of OSCC cells. We also investigated the effect of CAFs on the angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by inoculating CAFs with OSCC cells into nude mice subcutaneously. RESULTS Positive expression of α-SMA protein was detected in 69.8% of the tumors. Increased α-SMA expression was correlated strongly with enhanced tumor invasion, higher tumor grade, increased risk of recurrence, lymph node involvement, and higher peritumoral lymphatic vessel density and microvessel density (P < 0.05). CAFs induced more cancer cells to invade relative to normal fibroblasts (NFs) (P < 0.05). Compared with co-injection of OSCC cells and NFs or injection of tumor cells alone, co-injection of OSCC cells and CAFs resulted in earlier tumor formation and bigger tumor volume accompanied with increased angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION CAFs may play critical roles in OSCC progression as an inducer of tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Therapeutic strategies targeting CAFs against OSCC is promising and need further exploration.