Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
“Trouble in Paradigm” and the Social Norms Approach to Violence Prevention

Like feminism, violence prevention is a pursuit to be continually interrogated and advanced, rather than a doctrine that limits the researchers, practitioners, advocates, activists, and individuals doing the work. In their paradigmatic reconceptualization of the gender-transformative violence prevention approach, Lisa Brush and Elizabeth Miller create space to better address past exposure to violence as well as the role of masculine homophobia in gender violence, while also calling greater attention to everyday efforts to push back against gender conformity. Before commenting on these paradigmatic shifts, I must disclose that my position in this commentary is informed by my involvement in evaluations of interventions that apply the social norms approach (SNA) to violence prevention (Gidycz, Orchowski, & Berkowitz, 2011; Orchowski, Barnett, et al., 2018). I am a clinical psychologist who works predominantly with individuals who have experienced sexual trauma, a researcher with a focus on the development and evaluation of sexual assault prevention programs, and deeply curious about deciphering persuasive theoretical approaches for promoting change in individuals as well as larger systems. I am personally invested in identifying “what works” to reduce violence through rigorous program evaluation. In this commentary, I speak to three points. First, I comment on the opportunity to bolster gender-transformative violence prevention grounded in the SNA by acknowledging and addressing the role of prior experiences of violence among participants. Second, I expand upon the proposal that combatting the acceptance of homophobic teasing and bullying can serve as an opportunity for unhinging the production, performance, and policing of heteronormative masculinities. Finally, I
Mineral oil hydrocarbons in foods: is the data reliable?

ABSTRACT The contamination of foods with mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) is a serious concern, requiring in most cases tedious mitigation measures that span across the whole food supply chain. A major issue today is the significant variability of the results generated by laboratories. This study was therefore designed to achieve a deeper insight into the analytical procedures used by commercial laboratories, identifying possible gaps and suggesting improvements that will enhance the reliability of the MOH data, an important prerequisite for risk assessment. In total six different food matrices, i.e. infant formula (IF), cocoa butter, cocoa powder, biscuits, fruit-based baby food containing biscuit and roast and ground coffee were subjected to comparative inter-laboratory studies, as well as one vegetable oil analysed within the frame of a professionally conducted proficiency test. The results indicate that on some matrices with possibly low amounts of MOH contamination, the current methodologies cannot reliably conclude whether or not a food sample is indeed contaminated with mineral oils (<10 mg/kg food). Urgently needed are: (i) an aligned and fully validated sample preparation strategy tested on a range of different food matrices; (ii) a confirmation of positive flame ionisation detection (FID) results by confirmatory methods such as mass spectrometry – in line with the CEN Standard and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) Guidance Document, (iii) a more detailed root-cause analysis in the reports of laboratories through the use of mineral oil markers, and (iv) a fully validated official method for the concerned foods with a limit of application <10 mg/kg food.
Cervical cytology reproducibility and associated clinical and demographic factors

Although the Pap test has been the standard screening method for cervical precancer/cancer detection, it has been criticized for having a relatively low sensitivity and a low reproducibility between pathologists. There is limited knowledge about inter‐rater agreement and what clinical and demographic factors are associated with disagreements between pathologists reading the same Pap smear.
Show me your secret(ed) weapons: a multifaceted approach reveals a wide arsenal of type III‐secreted effectors in the cucurbit pathogenic bacterium Acidovorax citrulli and novel effectors in the Acidovorax genus

Summary The cucurbit pathogenic bacterium Acidovorax citrulli requires a functional type III secretion system (T3SS) for pathogenicity. In this bacterium, as with Xanthomonas and Ralstonia spp. , an AraC‐type transcriptional regulator, HrpX, regulates expression of genes encoding T3SS components and type III‐secreted effectors (T3Es). The annotation of a sequenced A. citrulli strain revealed 11 T3E genes. Assuming that this could be an underestimation, we aimed to uncover the T3E arsenal of the A. citrulli model strain, M6. Thorough sequence analysis revealed 51 M6 genes whose products are similar to known T3Es. Furthermore, we combined machine learning and transcriptomics to identify novel T3Es. The machine‐learning approach ranked all A. citrulli M6 genes according to their propensity to encode T3Es. RNA‐Seq revealed differential gene expression between wild‐type M6 and a mutant defective in HrpX: 159 and 28 genes showed significantly reduced and increased expression in the mutant relative to wild‐type M6, respectively. Data combined from these approaches led to the identification of seven novel T3E candidates that were further validated using a T3SS‐dependent translocation assay. These T3E genes encode hypothetical proteins that seem to be restricted to plant pathogenic Acidovorax species. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that two of these T3Es localize to the cell nucleus and one interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum. This study places A. citrulli among the ‘richest’ bacterial pathogens in terms of T3E cargo. It also revealed novel T3Es that appear to be involved in the pathoadaptive evolution of plant pathogenic Acidovorax species.
Skewed T cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus in long-term asymptomatic kidney transplant recipients

Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) abnormally replicate the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV). To better understand how long-term immunosuppression impacts the immune control of this EBV re-emergence, we systematically compared 10 clinically stable KTRs to 30 healthy controls (HCs). The EBV-specific T cell responses were determined in both groups by multiparameter flow cytometry with intra cellular cytokine staining (KTRs n = 10; HCs n = 15) and ELISpot-IFNγ assays (KTRs n = 7; HCs n = 7). The T/B/NK cell counts (KTRs n = 10; HCs n = 30) and the NK/T cell differentiation and activation phenotypes (KTRs n = 10; HCs n = 15/30) were also measured. We show that in KTRs, the Th1 effector CD4+ T cell responses against latent EBV proteins are weak (2/7 responders). Conversely, the frequencies total EBV-specific CD8+T cells are conserved in KTRs (n = 10) and span a wider range of EBNA-3A peptides (5/7responders) than in HCs (5/7responders). Those modifications of the EBV-specific T cell response were associated with a profound CD4+ T cell lymphopenia in KTRs compared to HCs, involving the naïve CD4+ T cell subset, and a persistent activation of highly-differentiated senescent CD8+ T cells. The proportion of total NK / CD8+ T cells expressing PD-1 was also increased in KTRs. Noteworthy, PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells normalized with time after transplantation. In conclusion, we show modifications of the EBV-specific cellular immunity in long term transplant recipients. This may be the result of both persistent EBV antigenic stimulation and profound immunosuppression induced by anti-rejection treatments. These findings provide new insights into the immunopathology of EBV infection after renal transplantation.
Impact of the NaV1.8 variant, A1073V, on post-sigmoidectomy pain and electrophysiological function in rat sympathetic neurons.

NaV1.8 channels play a crucial role in regulating the action potential in nociceptive neurons. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the human NaV1.8 gene SCN10A, A1073V (rs6795970, G>A), has been linked to the diminution of mechanical pain sensation as well as cardiac conduction abnormalities. Furthermore, in vitro studies have indicated that this polymorphism results in a "loss of function" phenotype. In the present study, we performed genomic analysis of A1073V polymorphism presence in a cohort of patients undergoing sigmoid colectomy who provided information regarding perioperative pain and analgesic use. Homozygous carriers reported reduced severity in post-operative abdominal pain when compared to heterozygous and wild-type carriers. Homozygotes also trended toward using less analgesic/opiates during the postoperative period. We also heterologously expressed the wild-type and A1073V variant in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons. Electrophysiological testing demonstrated that the mutant NaV1.8 channels activated at more depolarized potentials when compared to wild-type channels. Our study revealed that post-operative abdominal pain is diminished in homozygous carriers of A1073V and this is likely due to reduced transmission of action potentials in nociceptive neurons. Our findings reinforce the importance of NaV1.8 and the A1073V polymorphism to pain perception. This information could be used to develop new predictive tools to optimize patient pain experience and analgesic use in the perioperative setting.
Expression, clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES Thus far, biological roles of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain controversial. Moreover, its expression, clinicopathologic and prognostic significance in HCC have not been comprehensively investigated, therefore needing further evidence. METHODS PAI1 expression was measured, using tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical staining, in matched HCC and adjacent liver samples from 178 patients with HCC after curative resection. The correlations of PAI1 H-scores with clinicopathologic variables and survival were further evaluated. Its prognostic value was finally confirmed in some public databases. RESULTS It was found that PAI1 expression was significantly higher in HCC than in adjacent liver tissues. Moreover, high PAI1 expression was more frequent in those with multiple lesions. Univariate analyses showed that PAI1 expression was negatively associated with both overall and relapse-free survival. Although PAI1 expression was not statistically significant in multivariate Cox regression test, combination of it with TNM stage effectively distinguished survival and relapse, and served as an independent prognostic factor. In the online available datasets of HCC and liver cancer used, SERPINE1, the gene encoding PAI1, was also revealed to be prognostic. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that high PAI1 expression was predictive for unfavorable biological behavior and long-term prognosis in HCC.
ENZYME BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ARTERIAL WALL AS RELATED TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS

who are accepted specialists in their particular aspect of this disease. The current opinions on clinical presentation, immunological problems, pathological anatomy, and general principles of therapy are discussed in detail. Existing histological classifications, including those of Jackson and Parker, Lukes and Butler, and the recently modified Rye classification, are compared. In regard to correlation with prognosis, the limitations of the Jackson and Parker classification are emphasized, and, although the Rye classification is an improvement, confusion will still be experienced with some varieties. For instance, into what category will be placed the Lukes and Butler lymphocytic and/or histiocytic diffuse cases in which the 'histiocytic component varies widely from scattered individual histiocytes to a predominance of histiocytes with only a small component of residual lymphocytes'. Use of the term 'histiocyte' causes considerable confusion to English pathologists. In accordance with Gaul's nomenclature, American authors use the term 'histiocyte', which is synonomous with 'clasmatocyte', for all reticuloendothelial cells other than the 'stem' cell which is synonomous with the 'reticulum' cell. In the English literature, 'stem' cells are regarded as more primitive reticulum cells and a 'histiocyte' refers to the epithelioid cell seen in cases of sarcoidosis or toxoplasmosis. The reader is confused by use of the expressions, 'the changes in the reticulum cells result in a progression of alterations from the moderate reactive cells to large bizarre diagnostic forms-they have been divided into three forms. In the first form the histiocytes are of the reactive type, the second type so carefully described by Stemnberg and Reed, and the third type consists of the atypical cells found in Hodgkin's sarcoma'. In general, the illustrations are excellent, but in Fig. 6-7 (p 139) and Fig. 6-8 (p 140), the captions are misleading and do not appear to correspond with the photographic details. R. M. CROSS
Near‐infrared spectroscopy of bipolar disorder may be distinct from that of unipolar depression and of healthy controls

Differential diagnosis between bipolar and unipolar mood disorder is therapeutically critical but remains clinically difficult. Neurophysiological measures, if validly demonstrated, can greatly enhance current clinical practices. We have examined differential performances of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during cognitive tasks among euthymic bipolar and unipolar subjects and healthy controls.
Frequency of Common Copy-Number Variations at 15q11.2q13 in Sperm of Healthy Men

The genomic region at 15q11.2q13 represents a hotspot for copy-number variations (CNVs) due to nonallelic homologous recombination. Previous studies have suggested that the development of 15q11.2q13 deletions in sperm may be affected by seasonal factors because patients with Prader-Willi syndrome resulting from 15q11.2q13 deletions on paternally derived chromosomes showed autumn-dominant birth seasonality. The present study aimed to determine the frequency of 15q11.2q13 CNVs in sperm of healthy men and clarify the effects of various environmental factors, i.e., age, smoking status, alcohol intake, and season, on the frequency. Thirty volunteers were asked to provide semen samples and clinical information once in each season of a year. The rates of 15q11.2q13 CNVs were examined using 2-color FISH. The results were statistically analyzed using a generalized estimating equation with negative binomial distribution and a log link function. Consequently, informative data were obtained from 83 samples of 26 individuals. The rates of deletions and duplications ranged from 0.04 to 0.48% and from 0.08 to 0.30%, respectively. The rates were not correlated with the age, smoking status, or alcohol intake. Sperm produced in winter showed 1.2 to 1.4-fold high rates for both deletions and duplications as compared with sperm produced in the other seasons; however, there was no significant difference. These results demonstrate high and variable CNV rates at 15q11.2q13 in sperm of healthy men. These CNVs appear to occur independent of the age, smoking status, or alcohol intake, while the effect of season remains inconclusive. Our results merit further validation.
Toward personalized TGFβ inhibition for pancreatic cancer

Cancer can be conceptualized as arising from somatic mutations resulting in a single renegade cell escaping from the constraints of multicellularity. Thus, the era of precision medicine has led to intense focus on the cancer cell to target these mutations that result in oncogenic signaling and sustain malignancy. However, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) there are only four abundantly common driver mutations (KRAS, CDKN2A, TP53, and SMAD4), which are not currently actionable. Thus, precision therapy for PDAC must look beyond the cancer cell. In fact, PDAC is more than a collection of renegade cells, instead representing an extensive, supportive ecosystem, having developed over several years, and consisting of numerous interactions between the cancer cells, normal mesenchymal cells, immune cells, and the dense extracellular matrix. In this issue, Huang and colleagues demonstrate how elucidation of these complex relationships within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can be exploited for therapeutic intervention in PDAC. They identify in a subset of PDAC with mutations in TGFβ signaling, that a paracrine signaling axis can be abrogated to modulate the TME and improve outcomes.
The AVR4 effector is involved in cercosporin biosynthesis and likely affects the virulence of Cercospora cf. flagellaris on soybean

Summary One of the most devastating fungal diseases of soybean in the southern USA is Cercospora leaf blight (CLB), which is caused mainly by Cercospora cf. flagellaris. Recent studies found that the fungal effector AVR4, originally identified in Cladosporium fulvum as a chitin‐binding protein, is highly conserved among other Cercospora species. We wanted to determine whether it is present in C. cf. flagellaris and, if so, whether it plays a role in the pathogen infection of soybean. We cloned the Avr4 gene and created C. cf. flagellaris ∆avr4 mutants, which produced little cercosporin and significantly reduced expression of cercosporin biosynthesis genes. The ∆avr4 mutants were also more sensitive to chitinase and showed reduced virulence on soybean compared to the wild‐type. The observed reduced virulence of C. cf. flagellaris ∆avr4 mutants on detached soybean leaves is likely due to reduced cercosporin biosynthesis. The phenotypes of reduced cercosporin production and cercosporin pathway gene expression, similar to those of the ∆avr4 mutants, were reproduced when wild‐type C. cf. flagellaris was treated with double‐stranded RNA targeting Avr4 in vitro. These two independent approaches demonstrated for the first time the direct involvement of AVR4 in the biosynthesis of cercosporin.
Nutritional factors influencing plasma adiponectin levels: results from a randomised controlled study with whole-grain cereals

Abstract Data from intervention studies about the effects of a high intake of whole-grain cereals on adiponectin expression are still inconclusive. We evaluated the effects of whole-grain or refined cereals on fasting and postprandial serum adiponectin in people at high cardiovascular risk. According to a randomised controlled parallel group design, participants with metabolic syndrome were assigned to an isoenergetic diet based on either whole-grain cereal (WGC) or refined cereal (RC) products for 12-weeks. Anthropometric and biochemical measures were taken. Compared to baseline, fasting and postprandial serum adiponectin levels increased after both RC and WGC. In the WGC and RC groups combined, adiponectin concentrations significantly increased after 12-week intervention, and are directly associated with plasma SCFAs and acetate. Only increasing whole-grain cereals may not influence adiponectin levels, which could be modified by a fibre rich, low-fat, low-glycemic index diet, possibly through changes in gut microbiota, as suggested by the relation with SCFAs. Clinical Trials number: NCT00945854
Understanding why Patients with Substance use Disorders Leave the Hospital against Medical Advice: A Qualitative Study

Background Hospital discharges against medical advice (AMA) is associated with negative health outcomes and re-admissions. Patients with substance use disorders (SUD) are up to three times more likely to be discharged AMA as compared to those without SUD. Studies suggest that undertreated withdrawal and a perception of stigma may increase the risk, however, to date, there are no published qualitative studies exploring the specific reasons why patients with SUD leave prematurely. Methods Semi-structured interviews with patients (n = 15) with SUD with documented AMA discharges from our hospital between 9/2017 and 9/2018. Maximum variation sampling was employed to display diversity across gender, race, age, and type of substance use disorder (alcohol vs opioids). Patients were interviewed until no new concepts emerged from additional interviews. Two coders separately coded all transcripts and reconciled code assignments. Results Four core issues were identified as patients’ reasons for leaving the hospital prematurely: undertreated withdrawal and ongoing craving to use drugs, uncontrolled acute and chronic pain, stigma and discrimination by hospital staff about their SUD, and hospital restrictions, including not being allowed to intermittently leave the hospital floor. For patients with histories of criminal involvement, being hospitalized reminded them of being incarcerated. Conclusion These findings shed light on the reasons patients with SUD are discharged from the hospital AMA, an event that is associated with increased thirty-day mortality and hospital re-admission. AMA discharges represent missed opportunities for the health care system to engage with patients struggling with a SUD. Our findings support the need for inpatient addiction treatment, particularly for management of withdrawal and co-occurring pain, and the need to address health care provider associated stigma surrounding addiction.
Evolution of superconductivity in K2−xFe4+ySe5: Spectroscopic studies of X-ray absorption and emission

Significance We report the study using X-ray absorption and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering techniques to investigate the evolution of superconductivity in K1.9Fe4. 2Se5, which was synthesized from its nonsuperconducting parent compound, K2Fe4Se5, by increasing the Fe concentration. The results provide a deeper insight into the magnetic and local electronic properties of K1.9Fe4. 2Se5, such as a decrease in antiferromagnetic spin magnetic moment of Fe, charge transfer, and hybridization between Fe 3d–Se 4p orbitals, and increase in the local static structural disorder, to gain an understanding of the evolution of superconductivity in the compound. This study investigates the evolution of superconductivity in K2−xFe4+ySe5 using temperature-dependent X-ray absorption and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering techniques. Magnetization measurements show that polycrystalline superconducting (SC) K1.9Fe4. 2Se5 has a critical temperature (Tc) of ∼31 K with a varying superconducting volume fraction, which strongly depends on its synthesis temperature. An increase in Fe-structural/vacancy disorder in SC samples with more Fe atoms occupying vacant 4d sites is found to be closely related to the decrease in the spin magnetic moment of Fe. Moreover, the nearest-neighbor Fe–Se bond length in SC samples exceeds that in the non-SC (NS) sample, K2Fe4Se5, which indicates a weaker hybridization between the Fe 3d and Se 4p states in SC samples. These results clearly demonstrate the correlations among the local electronic and atomic structures and the magnetic properties of K2−xFe4+ySe5 superconductors, providing deeper insight into the electron pairing mechanisms of superconductivity.