Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Intermittent Exotropia in Preschool Children in China

Purpose To determine the prevalence, subtypes, and associated risk factors for intermittent exotropia (IXT) in preschool children aged 3 to 6 years in eastern China. Methods A population-based study including 5831 preschool children aged 3 to 6 years was conducted from 2011 to 2012 in Yuhua District, Nanjing, China, using an age-stratified random sampling procedure. Clinical examinations including ocular alignment, ocular motility, visual acuity, prism cover test, cycloplegia refraction, stereopsis screening, slitlamp examination, and fundus examination were performed by trained ophthalmologists and optometrists. Intermittent exotropia was defined as an acquired intermittent exodeviation of at least 10 prism diopters in an otherwise healthy child following the classification recommended by the National Eye Institute. Results The overall prevalence of IXT in this population was 3.24% (95% confidence interval, 2.79 to 3.69%), with no age (p = 0.19) and sex (p = 0.89) differences. Among 166 children with IXT, the “basic type” was the most common type of IXT (74.7%), the “divergence excess” was the second (19.9%), whereas the “convergence weakness” was the rarest (5.4%). In multivariate analysis adjusting for age, sex, and other confounders, the presence of IXT was only associated with a history of hypoxia at birth (odds ratio, 4.41; 95% confidence interval, 2.47 to 7.86). Conclusions Intermittent exotropia affected approximately 1 in 30 Chinese preschool-aged children in eastern China, indicating a relatively higher burden of this pediatric eye condition in the world’s most populous country. The presence of IXT was strongly associated with a history of hypoxia at birth.
Dynamics of the Jovian magnetotail

Mit Hilfe des Satelliten Galileo, der um Jupiter kreist, konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass periodische Prozesse mit einer Zeitskala von einigen Tagen eine wichtige Rolle fur die Dynamik der Jupitermagnetosphare spielen. Es wird angenommen, das das System innerhalb dieses Zeitraumes uberschussige Masse auswirft. Diese Prozesse werden mit Hilfe des Energetic Particles Detector (EPD), einem Magnetometer und dem Plasmawellenexperiment auf Galileo untersucht. Der Massenauswurfprozess ahnelt einem geomagnetischem Teilsturm und fuhrt zu einer globalen Umstrukturierung der Jupitermagnetosphare. Wahrend der anfanglichen Aufladephase stromt das Plasma langsam mit beinahe korotierender Geschwindigkeit und die Plasmaschicht der Jupitermagnetosphare ist stabil. In der folgenden dynamischen Entladephase kommt es zu magnetischer Rekonnexion auf Grund der zuvor gebildeten dunnen Stromschicht, was zu in und auswarts gerichteten radialen Stromungen und dem Auswurf von Plasmoiden fuhrt. Der wesentliche Unterschied zu einem geomagnetischem Sturm liegt in der Periodizitat des Umstrukturierungsprozesses. Diese eingepragte Periodizitat kann nicht durch Sonnenwind getriebene Vorgange erklart werden. Daher ist der Einfluss des Sonnenwindes hier weniger wichtig als fur geomagnetische Teilsturme. Wichtiger ist ionische Massenbeladung durch interne Plasmaquellen und die schnelle Planetenrotation, was zur Streckung der magnetospharischen Feldlinien fuhrt. Die resultierende Schweifkonfiguration begunstigt magnetische Rekonnexionsprozesse, was zur Bildung und zum Auswurf von Plasmoiden fuhrt. Fortgesetzte Massenbeladung fuhrt wiederum zur Streckung der Magnetfeldlinien im Magnetospharenschweif. Unter der Annahme, dass dieser quasiperiodische Prozess durch interne Plasmaquellen getrieben wird, wurde ein einfaches, konzeptionelles Modell entwickelt um die Zeitskalen des periodischen Umstrukturierungsprozesses abzuschatzen. Das Modell zeigt, dass der vorgeschlagene, eingepragte Mechanismus die beobachtete Periodizitat von einigen Tagen fur teilsturmahnliche Vorgange in der Jupitermagnetosphare erklaren kann.
Single‐Dose Pharmacokinetics and Effect of Food on the Bioavailability of Topiramate, A Novel Antiepileptic Drug

Topiramate, a new antiepileptic drug effective in controlling partial‐onset seizures, was administered to humans for the first time as single oral doses of 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 800 mg, and 1,200 mg in a phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study. Model‐independent pharmacokinetic data analysis was performed on plasma concentration and renal excretion data for topiramate. Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were observed between 1.4 and 4.3 hours after administration. Mean values for plasma Cmax and area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) increased linearly with dose; however, a greater‐than‐proportional increase in both parameters was observed, probably due to saturable binding of the drug to erythrocytes. Mean oral clearance (Cl/F) was 22.5 to 36.1 mL/min and mean volume of distribution (Vd/F) was 38.5 to 58.0 L. Approximately 50% of the dose was excreted renally and cumulative urinary excretion increased linearly and proportionally over the 200 mg to 1,200 mg dose range. Elimination half‐life (t1/2) values calculated from plasma (21.5 hrs) and urinary data (18.5 hrs) were consistent and independent of dose. Intersubject variability was low for all parameters. Renal clearance was 13.9 mL/min, suggesting that renal tubular reabsorption may be prominently involved in the renal handling of topiramate. The elimination profile of topiramate indicated that longer sampling times are necessary in future studies to more accurately determine the t1/2. Food effect studies indicated a slight reduction in the rate (∼10% decrease in mean Cmax and mean tmax ∼2 hours later) but not the extent of absorption when topiramate was given with food. Topiramate demonstrates a number of favorable pharmacokinetic features, including linear and predictable dose‐concentration relationships, excretion mainly as unchanged drug by the kidney, a dose‐independent t1/2, low intersubject variability in pharmacokinetic parameters, and lack of clinically significant effect of food on bioavailability.
Bis[bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt(III)] tetrachloridocobaltate(II) dichloromethane disolvate

The title compound, [Co(C10H15)2]2[CoCl4]·2CH2Cl2, was isolated as a dichloromethane solvate and was formed in the reaction between lithium pentamethylcyclopentadienide and anyhydrous cobalt(II) chloride in tetrahydrofuran. There are two decamethylcobaltocenium cations, one tetrachloridocobaltate(II) anion and two dichloromethane solvent molecules in the formula unit. There is a slight disorder of the dichloromethane solvent which was treated with a two-site model [occupancy rates = 0.765 (4) and 0.235 (4)]. The dichloromethane molecules display significant C—H⋯Cl interactions with the tetrachloridocobaltate(II) dianion. The cobalt atom of the decamethylcobaltocenium cation sits on a twofold rotation axis, with only one pentamethylcyclopentadiene ligand being unique and the second generated by symmetry. The cobalt atom of the [CoCl4]−2 ion sits on a special site with -4 symmetry, with one unique chloride ligand and the others generated by the fourfold inversion axis.
Benign Lesions of Larynx - A Clinicopathological Study

Objective: Study was embarked upon to study the incidence of various types of benign lesions of larynx and their modes of clinical presentation, etiological factors and correlate the clinical and histopathological diagnosis. Patients: A total of 40 patients with benign laryngeal lesions were involved in the study with Hoarseness/change in voice; difficulty in breathing; foreign body sensation in the throat; pain on speaking and fatigue of voice and common cold; the findings were correlated with indirect laryngoscopy;. The patients were in the age group of 962 years. Patients with clinical diagnosis of malignancy of larynx; all cases with inflammatory lesions; patients with speech defect due to central nervous system (CNS) lesions; patients with oral and pharyngeal pathology; and cases with nasal and nasopharyngeal pathology, were excluded from the study. Results: Male preponderance was seen i.e. 25 cases (62.5%) with male to female ratio 1.67:1. Most patients constituted the age group 21-30 years. Vocal Cord nodules werefound to be the most common type of lesion with 18 cases (45 %). Housewives were found to be the most afflicted group 10 cases (25 %). Vocal Abuse was found to be most common predisposing factor 25 cases (62.5 %) and most common presenting symptom was Hoarseness of Voice (100 %).
Dogmatism, Religion, and Religiosity, a Review and Re-Evaluation

A review of the literature concerning religious preference, religiosity and dogmatism showed that Catholics consistently had been found by Rokeach and others to be more dogmatic than members of other religious groups. Since no Southern sample had been reported, 245 male and 250 female Ss from two Southern universities were administered Form E of the Dogmatism scale. Ss were Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and nonbelievers and were asked their average monthly church attendance. Churchgoers were generally more dogmatic than nonchurchgoers. Catholics and nonbelievers were less dogmatic than Jews and Protestants. Differences between our findings and those of Rokeach and others were discussed, and possible explanations for them were given. Several methodological suggestions were made concerning future research on dogmatism. It was concluded that speculations about the relative dogmatism of religious groups as a whole are inappropriate.
Eysenck Personality Inventory Scores of Patients with Depressive Illnesses

The Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and its successor the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) are frequently used to assess the personalities of psychiatric patients, and Eysenck advocates their routine administration as an aid to both diagnosis and treatment. However, a fundamental requirement of any personality test given to patients is that it should be relatively independent of the patient's mental state and reflect his personality rather than his illness. In depressive illnesses at least, it is doubtful whether this requirement is met. Coppen and Metcalfe (1965) administered the MPI to 39 patients with severe depression while they were depressed and again after recovery. Their mean N (neuroticism) score fell from 30.5 to 18.7 on recovery, and their mean E (extraversion) score rose from 17.3 to 20.6. Both changes were statistically significant. Assuming that the true scores were those obtained after recovery, it follows that the mean N score increased 63 per cent. and the E score decreased 19 per cent. during the episode of depression. The customary definition of personality as the relatively stable and enduring aspects of an individual's behaviour precludes such gross changes from being interpreted as changes in personality. One can only conclude, therefore, either that N and E scores obtained in the presence of severe depression are meaningless, or that they are a reflection of something other than the individual's personality. In the case of Coppen and Metcalfe's findings the most obvious explanation is that although patients are enjoined in the test instructions to rate their “usual way of acting or feeling” they do not in practice do so, but remain preoccupied with their current state of mind. Several MPI questions like “Does your mind often wander while you are trying to concentrate? ” and “Have you often lost sleep over your worries? ” are clearly relevant to the mental state of depression and probably attract positive replies from most patients regardless of their normal feelings.
Formality of logic and Frege’s Begriffsschrift

ABSTRACT This paper challenges a standard interpretation according to which Frege’s conception of logic (early and late) is at odds with the contemporary one, because on the latter’s view logic is formal, while on Frege’s view it is not, given that logic’s subject matter is reality’s most general features. I argue that Frege – in Begriffsschrift – retained the idea that logic is formal; Frege sees logic as providing the ‘logical cement’ that ties up together the contentful concepts of specific sciences, not the most general truths. Finally, I discuss how Frege conceives of the application of Begriffsschrift, and of its status as a ‘lingua characteristica’.
Influence of nanohydroxyapatite surface properties on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation

Nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHA), due to its chemical properties, has appeared as an exceptionally promising bioceramic to be used as bone regeneration material. Staphylococcus epidermidis have emerged as major nosocomial pathogens associated with infections of implanted medical devices. In this work, the purpose was to study the influence of the nanoHA surface characteristics on S. epidermidis RP62A biofilm formation. Therefore, two different initial inoculum concentrations (Ci) were used in order to check if these would affect the biofilm formed on the nanoHA surfaces. Biofilm formation was followed by the enumeration of cultivable cells and by scanning electron microscopy. Surface topography, contact angle, total surface area and porosimetry of the biomaterials were studied and correlated with the biofilm data. The surface of nanoHA sintered at 830℃ (nanoHA830) showed to be more resistant to S. epidermidis attachment and accumulation than that of nanoHA sintered at 1000℃ (nanoHA1000). The biofilm formed on nanoHA830 presented differences in terms of structure, surface coverage and EPS production when compared to the one formed on nanoHA1000 surface. It was observed that topography and surface area of nanoHA surfaces had influence on the bacterial attachment and accumulation. Ci influenced bacteria attachment and accumulation on nanoHA surfaces over time. The choice of the initial inoculum concentration was relevant proving to have an effect on the extent of adherence thus being a critical point for human health if these materials are used in implantable devices. This study showed that the initial inoculum concentration and surface material properties determine the rate of microbial attachment to substrata and consequently are related to biofilm-associated infections in biomaterials.
β1,4-Galactosyltransferase V Functions as a Positive Growth Regulator in Glioma*

β1,4-galactosyltransferase V (GalT V; EC 2.4.1.38) can effectively galactosylate the GlcNAcβ1→6Man arm of the highly branched N-glycans that are characteristic of glioma. Previously, we have reported that the expression of GalT V is increased in the process of glioma. However, currently little is known about the role of GalT V in this process. In this study, the ectopic expression of GalT V could promote the invasion and survival of glioma cells and transformed astrocytes. Furthermore, decreasing the expression of GalT V in glioma cells promoted apoptosis, inhibited the invasion and migration and the ability of tumor formation in vivo, and reduced the activation of AKT. In addition, the activity of GalT V promoter could be induced by epidermal growth factor, dominant active Ras, ERK1, JNK1, and constitutively active AKT. Taken together, our results suggest that GalT V functioned as a novel glioma growth activator and might represent a novel target in glioma therapy.
Body Mass Index and Poststroke Mortality

Background: Obesity is an established cardiovascular risk factor. We studied the association between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause mortality after stroke. Methods: A registry started in 2001 with the aim to register all hospitalized stroke patients in Denmark now includes 21,884 patients in whom BMI was recorded. There are five BMI groups: underweight (BMI <18.5), normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9), obese (BMI 30.0–34.9) and severely obese (BMI ≧35). All patients underwent an evaluation including stroke severity, computed tomography, and cardiovascular risk factors. Survival was followed up to 5 years after stroke (median 1.5 years). Independent predictors of death were identified by means of a survival model based on 13,242 individuals with a complete data set. Results: Compared to normal-weight patients, mortality was lower in overweight [hazard rate (HR) 0.73, 95% CI 0.66–0.81], obese (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73–0.98) and severely obese stroke patients (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.64–1.10), while mortality was higher in underweight patients (HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.41–1.90). Conclusions: Poststroke mortality is inversely related to BMI: overweight and obese stroke patients have a lower poststroke mortality rate than normal-weight and underweight patients.
DIFFUSE INFANTILE FAMILIAL SCLEROSIS (KRABBE‐TYPE). The remarks are based on the clinical and pathological findings in a family with two affected children and the examination of twin‐fetuses.

Since Krabbe in 1916 published his paper “A New Familial, Infantile Form of Diffuse Brain-Sclerosis”, much work has been done in this field especially during the last few years, as can be seen from the survey by Poser & uan Bogaert (1956), but very little has ’been added to our knowledge of the condition. In the present paper some interesting findings in two siblings and twin-fetuses with this disease are reported.
Outcome of Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion as Perceived by Patients Treated for Dominant Axial–Mechanical Cervical Spine Pain

Study Design. An extensive outcome questionnaire using a visual analog scale, the North American Spine Society Satisfaction Questionnaire, a Modified Roland and Morris disability index, and a modified Oswestry Disability Index was used to assess the outcome of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for those with neck pain. Objective. To document the clinical outcome for 87 patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for the primary indication of neck pain, as assessed after an average follow-up period of 4.4 years. Summary of Background Data. Clinical outcome studies of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with validated patient-perceived outcome measurements are few. Methods. From the authors’ database, 87 patients were identified who had undergone an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for primary indication of dominant neck pain, and who had completed an extensive outcome questionnaire regarding pain and self-function at a mean 4.4-year follow-up assessment. Results. This study documents a self-perceived satisfactory outcome rate of 82%. Patients reported on improvement of pain using visual analog scales, on function using modified Oswestry and modified Roland–Morris disability indexes, and on satisfaction using the North American Spine Society outcome tool. On an assessment 4.4 years on the average after the surgery, 82% of the patients (71/87) self-perceived their outcome to be good, very good, or excellent. Pain improvement was reported by 93% of the patients (81/87), whose average visual analog rating changed from 8.4 before surgery to 3.8 after surgery. The self-rated functional status improved approximately 50% on both the Oswestry and the modified Roland–Morris disability indexes. Conclusions. Properly selected patients who present with a primary indication of chronic neck pain report a high percentage of change in their self-perceived level of pain and function when treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Patients’ self-expressed improvement with surgical management, as compared with their preoperative dissatisfaction because of their neck condition, documents that this surgical treatment is a reasonable option.
Verbal Memory Function in Intellectually Well-Functioning Adults With ADHD: Relations to Working Memory and Response Inhibition

Objective: To investigate verbal memory function with relation to working memory (WM) and response inhibition (RI) in adults with ADHD. Method: Verbal memory function was assessed by the California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition (CVLT-II), WM by the Paced Serial Addition Test, and RI by the Color-Word Interference Test from Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System in a sample of adults with normal to high intellectual function (IQ). Results: The ADHD group (n = 74) obtained lower scores than controls on measures of learning, recall, and immediate memory (CVLT-II). WM and RI explained a substantial part of verbal memory performance in both groups. A group to executive function (EF) interaction effect was identified for the total number of intrusions and false positive responses on the CVLT-II recognition trial. Conclusion: Verbal memory performance only partially overlaps with EF in intellectually well-functioning adults with ADHD. Both EF and verbal memory function should be assessed as part of a neuropsychological evaluation of adults with ADHD. (J. of Att. Dis. XXXX; XX(X) XX-XX)
Arthroscopic Findings at the Time of Patellar Realignment Surgery in Adolescents

Abstract: Articular cartilage injuries and loose bodies have been associated with patellar dislocations. At the time of patellar realignment surgery (PRS), direct intraarticular visualization of the structures of concern may be limited with the use of a small arthrotomy. Concomitant diagnostic arthroscopy can improve the identification of intraarticular abnormalities, both patellofemoral and nonpatellofemoral, because of the better field of view. Purpose: This report details the findings from knee arthroscopy performed concomitantly with PRS in adolescents. Methods: All patients underwent knee arthroscopy and open PRS for patellar instability, performed by a single surgeon, during a 4-year period. Patient demographics, knee history, clinical examination, operative findings, and treatment details were collected on all patients. Results: Thirty-eight patients (mean age, 14.9 years; 41 knees) were included in this analysis. Patellar osteochondral lesions were present in 30 knees (73%; mean size, 112 mm2). Femoral lesions were documented in 11 knees (23%; mean size, 81 mm2). Loose bodies were present in 6 knees (15%). In 8 patients (20%), an additional 11 nonpatellofemoral diagnoses were made at the time of arthroscopy: lateral tibiofemoral chondroses (n = 4), medial meniscal tear (n = 2), lateral meniscal tear (n = 2), discoid lateral meniscus (n = 1), partial anterior cruciate ligament tear (n = 1), and medial tibiofemoral chondrosis (n = 1). Because of these findings, 5 additional procedures were performed in 4 patients: partial lateral meniscectomy (n = 2), medial meniscal repair (n = 1), discoid meniscus saucerization (n = 1), and staged distal femoral valgus-correcting osteotomy (n = 1). Conclusions: By performing concomitant knee arthroscopy at the time of PRS, we were able to identify significant tibiofemoral abnormality in 4 patients, which would have been missed with direct inspection by a limited arthrotomy at the patellofemoral joint. In addition, precise evaluation of the patellofemoral joint permits customization of the PRS and aids in establishing appropriate patient expectations postoperatively. We advocate diagnostic knee arthroscopy at the time of PRS in adolescents to identify all intraarticular abnormalities and to optimize discussions with the patient and the caregivers on the long-term prognosis of the knee. Significance: Arthroscopic inspection of the knee at the time of PRS permits identification of abnormality that is not routinely visual by using open arthrotomy. Twenty percent of patients had additional pathological findings; of these patients, 50% underwent an additional surgical procedure.