Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The velocity of distribution of sucrose between plasma and interstitial fluid, with reference to the use of sucrose for the measurement or extracellular fluid in man.

The following study had two objectives: first, the examination of the question whether or not sucrose can be substituted for inulin in the measurement of the extracellular fluid in man; and second, the determination of how rapidly equilibrium distribution can be attained. The use of an inulin infusion technique to measure the extracellular fluid in dog and man was initiated by Gaudino, Schwartz and Levitt (1, 2). These investigators used an approximately constant rate of infusion, preceded by a priming infusion, to maintain the plasma concentration of inulin at a constant level for two to 12 hours, during which period it was assumed that uniform concentration throughout the extracellular fluid would be established. After discontinuing the infusion, the total inulin excreted over a period of five hours in the dog or 12 hours in man was determined and, after correction for inulinoid blank in control blood and timed urine samples, the inulin volume of distribution was calculated by dividing total excretion by the plasma concentration at the end of the infusion.23 The authors con-
Structure, function and immunogenicity of streptococcal antigen I/II polypeptides

The antigen I/II family of cell‐surface‐anchored polypeptides in oral streptococci are structurally complex multi‐functional adhesins, with multiple ligand‐binding sites. Discrete regions within these polypeptides bind human salivary glycoproteins, other microbial cells, and calcium. Sequences within the N‐terminal region bind preferentially fluid‐phase glycoproteins, while the C‐terminal half of the polypeptide contains species‐specific adhesion‐mediating sequences that bind surface‐immobilized glycoproteins. These features may assist streptococcal adhesion to oral surface receptors despite the presence of excess fluid‐phase receptors. Immunological studies reveal an array of T‐cell and B‐cell epitopes presented by antigen I/II polypeptides and suggest the occurrence of natural suppression of human antibodies to the adhesion‐mediating sequences. The functional and immunological properties of antigen I/II proteins may account to a major extent for the success of oral streptococci colonizing and surviving within the human host.
The dust scaling relations of the Herschel Reference Survey

We combine new Herschel/SPIRE sub-millimeter observations with existing multiwavelength data to investigate the dust scaling relations of the Herschel Reference Survey, a magnitude-, volume-limited sample of similar to 300 nearby galaxies in different environments. We show that the dust-to-stellar mass ratio anti-correlates with stellar mass, stellar mass surface density and NUV - r colour across the whole range of parameters covered by our sample. Moreover, the dust-to-stellar mass ratio decreases significantly when moving from late-to early-type galaxies. These scaling relations are similar to those observed for the Hi gas-fraction, supporting the idea that the cold dust is tightly coupled to the cold atomic gas component in the interstellar medium. We also find a weak increase of the dust-to-Hi mass ratio with stellar mass and colour but no trend is seen with stellar mass surface density. By comparing galaxies in different environments we show that, although these scaling relations are followed by both cluster and field galaxies, Hi-deficient systems have, at fixed stellar mass, stellar mass surface density and morphological type systematically lower dust-to-stellar mass and higher dust-to-Hi mass ratios than Hi-normal/field galaxies. This provides clear evidence that dust is removed from the star-forming disk of cluster galaxies but the effect of the environment is less strong than what is observed in the case of the Hi disk. Such effects naturally arise if the dust disk is less extended than the Hi and follows more closely the distribution of the molecular gas phase, i.e., if the dust-to-atomic gas ratio monotonically decreases with distance from the galactic center.
Tendon Healing in a Bone Tunnel Differs at the Tunnel Entrance versus the Tunnel Exit

Background Motion between a tendon graft and bone tunnel may impair graft incorporation and lead to tunnel widening. Hypothesis Healing of a tendon graft in a bone tunnel is inhibited by graft-tunnel motion. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was performed in 5 cadaveric rabbit limbs, and 3-dimensional graft-tunnel motion was measured using micro–computed tomography. The authors then performed bilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in 15 rabbits and used histomorphometry to compare tendon-to-bone healing between the tunnel aperture, midtunnel, and tunnel exit and between the anterior and posterior aspects of the tunnel. Results Graft-tunnel motion was greatest at the tunnel apertures and least at the tunnel exit in cadaveric testing. Healing of the graft was slowest at the tunnel apertures. Tendon-bone interface width was greater at the aperture than at the tunnel exit for the femoral tunnel (P =. 04). There was an inverse correlation between time zero graft-tunnel motion and healing in the femoral tunnel (P =. 005). There was closer apposition of new bone to the tendon graft in the posterior half of the interface (P <. 05). Osteoclasts were found at the tunnel apertures. Conclusion Although graft-tunnel motion was only measured in cadaveric animals, results suggest that healing may be affected by the local mechanical environment, as graft healing in the femoral tunnel was inversely proportional to the magnitude of grafttunnel motion. Clinical Relevance Graft-tunnel motion may impair early graft incorporation and may lead to osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, contributing to tunnel widening. Early, aggressive postoperative rehabilitation may have detrimental effects on graft-to-bone healing.
Effect of titanium (III) citrate as reducing agent on growth of rumen bacteria

We compared the growth of 10 strains of rumen bacteria in an anaerobic medium reduced with cysteine hydrochloride, dithiothreitol, or titanium (III) citrate. The redox potential of medium reduced with cysteine hydrochloride was -167.8 mV; with dithiothreitol it was -175.8 mV; and with titanium(III) citrate it was -302.4 mV at a concentration of 5 X 10(-4) M titanium and -403.9 mV at 2 X 10(-3) M titanium. Maximum growth of the strains was generally lower with dithiothreitol or titanium(III) citrate than with cysteine hydrochloride, although growth was greater than in medium lacking an added reducing agent. Strains for which cysteine was required or markedly stimulatory grew only poorly with titanium(III) citrate. No strain grew in medium with sodium citrate as the energy source. Titanium(III) citrate could be used to reduce anaerobic media for some rumen bacteria if the exclusion of a sulfur-containing reducing agent is required.
C14-Cholesterol. V. Obligatory function of bile in intestinal absorption of cholesterol.

Although evidence indicating a r81e of bile in the absorption of cholesterol and fat is not lacking (l-3), the experimental limitations associated with earlier attempts to measure intestinal absorption made it difficult to obtain reliable quantitative data. The availability of C14-labeled cholesterol and C14-labeled palmitic acid now makes possible a direct attack on this problem. It is shown here that the presence of bile is an obligatory requirement for cholesterol absorption. When, in the rat, bile is prevented from entering the intestinal tract, enterally administered cholesterol-C’4 cannot be recovered in either the thoracic duct or lacteal lymph. Bile also enhances the intestinal absorption of palmitic acid, but it is not obligatory in this regard; in spite of the complete absence of bile, small amounts of enterally administered palmitic acid-U4 were recovered in thoracic duct lymph.
A model for assessing blog-based learning systems success

Purpose – Based on previous information systems/educational technology success models, the purpose of this paper is to establish a comprehensive, multidimensional model for assessing blog-based learning systems success. Design/methodology/approach – Data collected from 240 blog-based learning systems users in the context of higher education were tested against the model using the structural equation modelling approach. Findings – The results indicate the interrelationships between six system success variables: system quality, content quality, context and linkage quality, user satisfaction, system use, and learning performance. In particular, this study confirms that quality attributes positively affect user satisfaction, which in turn positively influences learning performance directly or indirectly through the mediation of system use. Originality/value – This study is a pioneering effort to develop and validate a blog-based learning systems success model.
Differences in Concentrations of Heavy Metals Between Native and Transplanted Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) Lindb. - a Case Study from a Dump Exposed to Industrial Emissions in Poland

During a period of 60 days assays were carried out with the moss Pohlia nutans transplanted from an uncontaminated control site to a dump consisting of a heavily polluted mine and smelter wastes located near walbrzych in southwestern Poland. within the same period also samples of native P. nutans growing on the dump substrate were collected together with the same species from a control site. Concentrations of al, fe, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, ni, Pb, V, and zn, as well as , k, Ca, Mg and S, were determined in P. nutans, the dump substrate and the soil of the control site. atmospheric deposition was the main contribu - tion to the levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, fe, Mn, ni, Pb and zn in the native and transplanted P. nutans on the examined dump. The obtained results indicate that the transplanted P. nutans accumulated significantly more al, Cd, Co, Cr, fe, ni, Pb and zn than the native moss.
Monte Carlo Simulation Study of the Characteristics of Xe-Ne Gas Mixtures as Detection Media in Gas Proportional Ionization Counters

A Monte Carlo simulation has been developed to investigate the performance of Xe-Ne filled proportional ionization counters, with a special interest on the intrinsic energy resolution Rint as a function of the Xe-Ne mixtures composition. The Monte Carlo simulation reproduces the growth of single-electron-initiated avalanches in cylindrical geometry, and the results for Rint are discussed in terms of the influence of the Penning ionization on the statistical parameter f characterizing the fluctuations of single-electron avalanches gain. The results for Rint, and f, as well as for the multiplication factor M, are calculated for each mixture as a function of the reduced anode voltage K=V/ln(c/a), where V is the voltage applied to the anode-wire and c/a is the cathode-to-anode radius ratio
Breaking bad news: why is it still so difficult?

A British senior registrar in medical oncology discusses the major difficulties encountered by physicians in disclosing unfavorable diagnoses and prognoses to patients. These difficulties are attributed to an unwarranted assumption by the physician of responsibility for the disease itself; to fears arising from personal reactions to illness, death, and expression of emotions; and to a lack of training in coping with the nonmedical aspects of serious illness. The author suggests that, with only minor changes in the curriculum, instruction in communication can be integrated into orthodox medical education.
Allelic exclusion at DNA rearrangement level is required to prevent coexpression of two distinct T cell receptor beta genes

In mice double transgenic for functionally rearranged T cell receptor (TCR) V beta 2 and V beta 8.2 genes we found that most T lymphocytes express both TCR beta chains simultaneously. These T cells show no abnormality in thymic selection in vivo and their TCRs are capable of transducing activation signals in vitro. These results indicate that multispecific T cells may appear in the periphery if allelic exclusion of TCR beta genes is not established at the level of gene rearrangement.
Towards nanogram per second Coriolis mass flow sensing

We have designed, fabricated and tested a micromachined Coriolis flow sensor which can measure up to 50 μg s-1 at a maximum pressure drop of 1 bar with a zero stability of 14ng s-1 an improvement by a factor 40 compared to current state of the art Coriolis flow sensors. This resolution opens up new fields of applications which could up to now not be measured with Coriolis flow sensors.
Emerging drugs for the treatment of ulcerative colitis

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the colon for which the etiology is currently unknown. At present, strategies to treat UC are primarily targeted to control inflammation during active phases of disease as well as maintain remission during quiescence. As such, several unmet needs in the treatment of UC still remain. In recent years, basic research has led to the recognition of several key factors in the pathogenesis of UC, translating into the development of several novel therapeutic agents. Objective: The aim of this study is to review emerging therapies that may advance the treatment and improve the overall care of UC patients. Methods: An extensive literature search on published manuscripts and meeting proceedings has been performed to provide a comprehensive review of future drug therapies to treat UC. Results/conclusion: The translational application of new discoveries in the basic understanding of UC pathogenesis is continuing and critical for the development of novel treatment strategies. Design of novel biologic therapies to treat UC has the challenge of addressing potential safety issues, while more traditional drugs should be further developed to facilitate patient compliance to treat this chronic, debilitating disease.
Customer Interface Quality on Customer e-Loyalty and e- Satisfaction in Malaysia with the Effects of Trustworthiness

With the increasing usage of e-commerce as one of the marketing channels, it has become tremendously critical for a business to leverage Internet to extend their business via online. In this case, an interactive customer interface plays a role as virtual representation of eretailers to capture more customers and retain the existing online customer. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the direct impact of customer interface quality and trustworthiness on customer e-loyalty and e-satisfaction. This study also aims to examine the indirect impact of customer interface quality on customer e-loyalty and e-satisfaction through the mediating effect of trustworthiness. A survey method was conducted with three hundred and night-five respondents who had online purchasing experience in the past. Data collected from 395 useful respondents were tested against the research model using smart partial least squares (smartPLS 2.0 (M3). The findings indicated that customer interface quality is positively related to customer e-loyalty and e-satisfaction (at significant P<0.01 level) in the context of Malaysia. Additionally, in this study, trustworthiness has played the role of a mediator. These findings provide several implications, limitations of the study, and recommendations for future research are outlined.
The Specific Role of Inhibition in Reading Comprehension in Good and Poor Comprehenders

Difficulties in inhibitory processes have been shown to characterize the performance of poor comprehenders. However, the inhibitory inefficiency of poor comprehenders is most often assessed by their resistance to proactive interference, that is, the ability to suppress off-goal task information from working memory (WM). In two studies tasks assessing resistance to proactive interference (intrusion errors), response to distracters (Text With Distracters task) and prepotent response inhibition (Stroop and Hayling tests), along with WM measures, were administered to children aged 10 to 11, both good and poor comprehenders. The aim of the study was to specifically determine whether general or specific inhibitory factors affect poor comprehenders’ reading difficulties. Results showed that poor comprehenders, compared to good ones, are impaired in WM tasks and in inhibitory tasks that assess resistance to proactive interference. This suggests that reading comprehension difficulties of poor comprehenders are related to specific inhibitory problems.
Raising research awareness among midwives and nurses: does it work?

OBJECTIVE The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two approaches to increase research awareness among midwives and nurses. DESIGN Quasi-experimental with the attitudes of staff in the two groups being measured at two points (January and October 1997). SAMPLE All midwives and nurses working in four clinical areas in an acute NHS Trust. The intervention arm of the study involved all midwives and nurses in the Clinical Directorate of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, while the control arm involved all nurses working in a specialist oncology and haematology unit and in the children's directorate. ETHICS The Joint Ethics Committee considered approval unnecessary because the study involved staff and not patients. DATA COLLECTION Data were collected by self-complete questionnaires. INTERVENTIONS A programme of education with policy and practice interventions targeted at ward sisters. OUTCOME MEASURES Staff attitudes to, knowledge of, and level of involvement in, research. RESULTS The study demonstrated a significant increase in both knowledge and use of research resources. Following the programme of education, staff in the intervention group were significantly more likely to use resources associated with research utilization and to report that they had read a research paper within the last month. STUDY LIMITATIONS The time scale of the intervention was restricted by the funding available; a significant Hawthorne effect was evident with both groups showing an increase in knowledge; the pragmatic nature of the study meant that it was not possible to randomize the study groups; the scale of the study did not permit an economic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of clinical governance challenges healthcare providers to improve the care they deliver. There are huge opportunities for Trusts to invest in developing staff knowledge and use of research. However, staff will only seize these opportunities if there is an appropriate, enabling environment--an environment that delivers intensive interventions and is sensitive to the wider structural factors in the NHS affecting staff morale and commitment. In the absence of this environment, what may be seen as opportunities to managers may be regarded as just another burden by staff.
Is Human Learning Rational?

We can predict and control events in the world via associative learning. Such learning is rational if we come to believe that an associative relationship exists between a pair of events only when it truly does. The statistical metric δP, the difference between the probability of an outcome event in the presence of the predictor and its probability in the absence of the predictor tells us when and to what extent events are indeed related. Contrary to what is often claimed, humans’ associative judgements compare very favourably with the δP metric, even in situations where multiple predictive cues are in competition for association with the outcome. How do humans achieve this judgemental accuracy? I argue that it is not via the application of an explicit mental version of the δP rule. Instead, accurate judgements are an emergent property of an associationist learning process of the sort that has become common in adaptive network models of cognition. Such an associationist mechanism is the “means” to a normative or statistical “end”.
Novel materials to enhance keratoprosthesis integration

BACKGROUND The successful integration of keratoprostheses (KPros) within the cornea depends in part on peripheral host keratocyte adhesion to anchor the implant in place and prevent epithelial downgrowth. The following study incorporated different acrylate co-monomers with poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (p(HEMA)) and measured the suitability of these materials as potential skirt materials in terms of their ability to enhance keratocyte adhesion to p(HEMA). METHODS p(HEMA) hydrogels incorporating varying amounts of the acrylate co-monomers methacrylic acid (MA), 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEM), or phenoxyethyl methacrylate (PEM) were formed by free radical polymerisation. Keratocytes were seeded onto discs of each material and incubated at 37°C for 72 hours. Assays for viable cell adhesion were carried out. A viability/cytotoxicity assay using solutions of calcein-AM (0.5 mM) and ethidium homodimer-1 (EthD-1) (0.5 μM) were used to measure viable and non-viable cell adhesion, respectively. An ATP assay was also used to quantify cell adhesion in terms of the amount of ATP present following lysis of adherent cells. RESULTS The viability/cytotoxicity assays indicated that the incorporation of 15 mol% of the co-monomer PEM or of 20 mol% DEM increased cell adhesion to p(HEMA) by at least four times. The ATP assays confirmed the results for PEM but absorption of ATP to the DEM containing hydrogel indicated that the assay was not a suitable measure of cell adhesion to this material. CONCLUSIONS The properties of p(HEMA) may be moderated to enhance keratocyte adhesion by the incorporation of PEM or DEM suggesting that these may be suitable materials for use in the further development of a novel KPro skirt material.
A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION OF THE CILIARY MUSCLE IN OCULAR ACCOMMODATION

Although it is well established that autonomic control of ocular accommodation is predominantly parasympathetic, many investigators have, over the last 150 years, proposed that a supplementary sympathetic innervation should be considered. Particular attention is directed in this review to previous literature providing anatomical, physiological and pharmacological evidence for dual innervation of the ciliary muscle. Clinical and psychological evidence is shown to be equivocal. A review of recent laser optometry studies of tonic (“dark‐focus”) resting positions of accommodation indicates that the inhibitory nature of sympathetic innervation suggested by the majority of previous studies can be further defined with respect to specific adrenergic receptors. The implications of dual innervation relating to ocular accommodation during sustained near‐vision tasks is discussed.
Human bocavirus respiratory infections in children

SUMMARY Human bocavirus (HBoV) was recently identified in respiratory samples from patients with acute respiratory infections and has been reported in different regions of the world. To the best of our knowledge, HBoV has never been reported in respiratory infections in Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from patients aged <5 years hospitalized in 2005 with respiratory infections in Ribeirão Preto, southeast Brazil, and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HBoV. HBoV-positive samples were further tested by PCR for human respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human coronaviruses 229E and OC43, human influenza viruses A and B, human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2 and 3, human rhinovirus and human adenovirus. HBoV was detected in 26/248 (10·5%) children of which 21 (81%) also tested positive for other respiratory viruses. Despite the high rates of co-infections, no significant differences were found between HBoV-positive patients with and without co-infections with regard to symptoms.