Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of randomized controlled trials in systematic reviews: accuracy and reliability of screening records

A study was conducted to estimate the accuracy and reliability of reviewers when screening records for relevant trials for a systematic review. A sensitive search of ten electronic bibliographic databases yielded 22 571 records of potentially relevant trials. Records were allocated to four reviewers such that two reviewers examined each record and so that identification of trials by each reviewer could be compared with those identified by each of the other reviewers. Agreement between reviewers was assessed using Cohen's kappa statistic. Ascertainment intersection methods were used to estimate the likely number of trials missed by reviewers. Full copies of reports were obtained and assessed independently by two researchers for eligibility for the review. Eligible reports formed the ‘gold standard’ against which an assessment was made about the accuracy of screening by reviewers. After screening, 301 of 22 571 records were identified by at least one reviewer as potentially relevant. Agreement was ‘almost perfect’ (κ>0.8) within two pairs, ‘substantial’ (κ>0.6) within three pairs and ‘moderate’ (κ>0.4) within one pair. Of the 301 records selected, 273 complete reports were available. When pairs of reviewers agreed on the potential relevance of records, 81 per cent were eligible (range 69 to 91 per cent). If reviewers disagreed, 22 per cent were eligible (range 12 to 45 per cent). Single reviewers missed on average 8 per cent of eligible reports (range 0 to 24 per cent), whereas pairs of reviewers did not miss any (range 0 to 1 per cent). The use of two reviewers to screen records increased the number of randomized trials identified by an average of 9 per cent (range 0 to 32 per cent). Reviewers can reliably identify potentially relevant records when screening thousands of records for eligibility. Two reviewers should screen records for eligibility, whenever possible, in order to maximize ascertainment of relevant trials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Debt, Equity and the Equity Price Puzzle

We show that in a model with equity and debt financing, the specfication of the borrowing constraint is crucial to generate empirically plausible responses of macro variables and asset prices to financial shocks. The interaction between financial frictions and labor demand, as in Jermann and Quadrini (2012), is key to the result. A collateral constraint a la Kiyotaki and Moore (1997) augmented with a working capital assumption generates similar results on impact.
Risk, Insurance, and Sampling

The most fundamental notion associated with risk and uncertainty is variability. Thus, when one tries to predict some future event he says that there is risk and uncertainty present because of the variation of possible outcomes. To the extent that variation of possible outcomes is absent, the accuracy of prediction is increased, and uncertainty and risk are reduced. These foregoing assertions are, of course, not to be taken as rigorous definitive statements about risk and uncertainty, but rather merely as guideposts to indicate the general direction of the present analysis. The separate notions of risk and uncertainty have been widely analyzed and discussed by economists, insurance theorists, decision theorists, philosophers and writers in both the social and physical sciences. Consideration of these phenomena by such diverse disciplines is not surprising when the trite but true observation is recalled that "risk and uncertainty are all-pervasive and omnipresent. "
Commodity Housing and the Socio-spatial Structure in Guangzhou. A study based on estate-level residential property prices

Commodity housing has become a major engine of urban restructuring and social change in China. It is alleged to aid growing residential segregation and urban fragmentation. In this context, housing price is viewed as an important sorting mechanism. This article investigates this claim by looking at Guangzhou’s housing market and analysing data of 797 commercial housing estates. It analyses the development of commodity housing and the trends of housing prices in the city and maps the locational patterns of high, middle, or low housing affordability within this sector.
Mediators of stereotype threat among black college students

Abstract We hypothesize that the manner in which stereotype threat affects college-grade achievement is mediated by institutional context as well as individual characteristics. Drawing on a sample of black students from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, we find weak and inconsistent evidence that institutional characteristics influence the operation of stereotype threat. We find more consistent evidence to indicate that the effect of stereotype threat is conditioned by individual factors such as skin colour, multiracial origins and an integrated upbringing. Most of the effect on grade achievement occurs through the internalization pathway, in which the internalization of negative stereotypes leads to disinvestment manifested by a reduction in academic effort. The reduction in work effort, in turn, lowers grades. We also find evidence that immigrant origin confers protection from the negative effects of stereotype threat through both internalization and externalization mechanisms, although the ultimate effect of grade achievement is rather small.
Stroboscopic vision as a treatment for motion sickness: strobe lighting vs. shutter glasses.

INTRODUCTION Countermeasures (e.g., drugs, training, etc.) designed to combat the problem of space motion sickness (SMS) have had only limited successes. A possible solution for SMS and terrestrial motion sickness may rest in preventing retinal slip via stroboscopic vision. METHODS There were 32 subjects who participated in a study to investigate the effect of stroboscopic illumination on motion sickness using either a strobe light or liquid crystal display (LCD) shutter glasses. There were 19 subjects who read text and made +/- 20 degrees head movements in the horizontal plane (yaw) at 0.2 Hz while wearing left-right reversing prisms and exposed to 4-Hz stroboscopic or normal room illumination (control condition). Motion sickness was scored using the Miller and Graybiel scale and subjective self-ratings. In a crossover design, testing was repeated using stroboscopic LCD shutter glasses with an additional 13 subjects and 6 subjects from the first condition. RESULTS During the experiment with a strobe light, motion sickness scores were significantly lower than in the control condition (chi 0.32 strobe vs. chi 3.79 light = p < 0.003). Results with the LCD shutter glasses corresponded with those when the environment was strobed in an otherwise dark room (chi 1.0 glasses vs. chi 4.1 light = p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Stroboscopic illumination reduced the severity of motion sickness symptoms, and shutter glasses with a flash frequency of 4 Hz are as effective as a strobe light. Stroboscopic illumination appears to be an effective countermeasure where retinal slip is a significant factor in eliciting motion sickness due to either self- or surround-motion.
Tumor Budding in Colorectal Carcinoma: Confirmation of Prognostic Significance and Histologic Cutoff in a Population-based Cohort

Tumor budding in colorectal carcinoma has been associated with poor outcome in multiple studies, but the absence of an established histologic cutoff for “high” tumor budding, heterogeneity in study populations, and varying methods for assessing tumor budding have hindered widespread incorporation of this parameter in clinical reports. We used an established scoring system in a population-based cohort to determine a histologic cutoff for “high” tumor budding and confirm its prognostic significance. We retrieved hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections from 553 incident colorectal carcinoma cases. Each case was previously characterized for select molecular alterations and survival data. Interobserver agreement was assessed between 2 gastrointestinal pathologists and a group of 4 general surgical pathologists. High budding (≥10 tumor buds in a ×20 objective field) was present in 32% of cases, low budding in 46%, and no budding in 22%. High tumor budding was associated with advanced pathologic stage (P<0.001), microsatellite stability (P=0.005), KRAS mutation (P=0.010), and on multivariate analysis with a >2 times risk of cancer-specific death (hazard ratio=2.57 [1.27, 5.19]). After multivariate adjustment, by penalized smoothing splines, we found increasing tumor bud counts from 5 upward to be associated with an increasingly shortened cancer-specific survival. By this method, a tumor bud count of 10 corresponded to approximately 2.5 times risk of cancer-specific death. The interobserver agreement was good with weighted &kgr; of 0.70 for 2 gastrointestinal pathologists over 121 random cases and 0.72 between all 6 pathologists for 20 random cases. Using an established method to assess budding on routine histologic stains, we have shown that a cutoff of 10 for high tumor budding is independently associated with a significantly worse prognosis. The reproducibility data provide support for the routine widespread implementation of tumor budding in clinical reports.
Post-orogenic evolution of the Dabie Shan, eastern China, from (U-Th)/He and fission-track thermochronology

The Dabie Shan of eastern China is a 200 kilometers wide mountain range with nearly 2 kilometers of relief and is an archetype of deep ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rock exhumation. Despite its regional and petrologic importance, little is known about the low-temperature and post-orogenic evolution of the Dabie Shan. Here we present apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He (AHe and ZHe, respectively) and apatite fission-track (AFT) cooling ages from the Dabie Shan that constrain the patterns and history of exhumation over the last 115 myr. On the scale of the whole orogen, ZHe and AHe ages are inversely correlated with mean elevation and are systematically younger in the core of the range. These cooling ages were converted to exhumation rates assuming steady-state erosion and accounting for topographic effects. These results indicate that, since the Eocene, flanks of the range have eroded at rates as low as 0.02 km/myr, while the range core has eroded at about 0.06 km/myr. Even in the core of the range, these recent exhumation rates are at least 10 to 20 times slower than those estimated for the initial stages of exhumation in the Triassic-Jurassic. In a 1.4 kilometer vertical transect in the core of the range, all ages are positively correlated with elevation, with ZHe ages increasing from 76 to 112 Ma, AFT from 44 to 70 Ma, and AHe from 24 to 43 Ma. We present a simple model for topographic correction of thermochronometric ages in vertical transects, using the admittance ratio (ratio of isotherm relief to topographic relief). Applied to the AHe age-elevation relationship, this yields Tertiary exhumation rates of 0.05 to 0.07 km/myr in the core of the Dabie Shan, in good agreement with regional exhumation rate patterns. Finally, age-elevation relationships for all three chronometers in the vertical transect are consistent with a constant exhumation rate of 0.06 0.01 km/myr since the Creta- ceous, with a possible modest increase in exhumation rates (as high as 0.2 km/myr) between 80 to 40 Ma. These data show no evidence for significant variations in exhumation rates over the last 115 myr, as might be expected for decay of old topography or tectonic reactivation of old structures.
An infrared study of the binding and photodissociation of carbon monoxide in cytochrome ba3 from Thermus thermophilus.

The C-O stretching frequencies of fully reduced carbonmonoxy cytochrome ba3, a newly discovered terminal oxidase of the bacterium Thermus thermophilus (Zimmermann, B.H., Nitsche, C.I., Fee, J.A., Rusnak, F., and Münck, E. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A. 85, 5779-5783), are studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Multiple C-O frequencies are observed in the Fourier transform infrared spectra, indicating the presence of discrete interconverting conformers of the enzyme. Upon photolysis, the CO is shown to migrate exclusively to CuB+. Above 200 K, the CO returns to the heme a3 by a thermal process which follows simple first-order kinetics. The rate of the reaction was studied from 205 to 230 K and at 300 K, yielding the activation parameters delta H = 14.9 kcal/mol and delta S = -5 cal/mol/K. These are compared with previously determined activation parameters for CO recombination in mitochondrial cytochrome aa3 preparations (Fiamingo, F.G., Altschuld, R.A., Moh, P.P., and Alben, J.O. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 1639-1650). We report the novel finding that CO remains bound to CuB+ at room temperature during continuous photolysis of cytochrome ba3, and we conjecture on the possible interference of copper-bound CO in "flow-flash" and "triple-trap" studies of cytochrome c oxidases.
Long-term results after colectomy and ileoanal pull-through procedure in children.

OBJECTIVE To review the clinical experience with colectomy and ileoanal pull-through procedure in children from 1 hospital. DESIGN Since 1977, 116 children 18 years of age or younger underwent colectomy and ileoanal pull-through procedure at University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center. Ninety-four children had ulcerative colitis, 17 had familial polyposis coli, and 5 had Hirschsprung disease. Sixty-two children had a lateral pouch, 47 a J-pouch, and 7 a straight pull-through. A diverting ileostomy was used for 4 months for all patients except 9 with polyposis coli and 2 with Hirschsprung disease. During the same period, an additional 414 patients older than 18 years underwent the ileoanal pull-through procedure. RESULTS Forty-eight children (41%) developed complications; the most common was pouchitis, which occurred in 18 patients with ulcerative colitis. Forty-two children underwent reoperation; 38 had ulcerative colitis. There were no deaths. Six children (5.2%) (3 with Crohn disease) required a permanent ileostomy. Six straight pull-throughs were converted to J-pouches because of stool frequency; 19 patients with lateral pouches underwent pouch reconstruction or spout resection because of stasis. With a mean follow-up of 7.1 years, 107 children (92.2%) were progressing well. CONCLUSIONS Ulcerative colitis is a more severe disease in children. The ileoanal pull-through procedure is the preferred operation for children with ulcerative colitis, polyposis coli, and selected patients with Hirschsprung disease. The J-pouch is preferred because of simplicity of construction and scarcity of complications.
Metastases to temporal bones from primary nonsystemic malignant neoplasms.

OBJECTIVES To compare histopathological and clinical findings of metastasis to the temporal bone with previous reports and to determine the prevalence of these metastases in patients with nonsystemic cancer. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective. METHODS Autopsy records of 864 patients were screened to select those with primary nondisseminated malignant neoplasms. These were evaluated histopathologically for metastasis to and site of involvement within the temporal bone, and histological characteristics of the tumor. Clinical records and autopsy reports were reviewed for demographic data, clinical course, otologic and vestibular manifestations, site of primary and its histological features, extent of metastasis, and mode of spread. RESULTS Of 212 patients with primary nondisseminated malignant neoplasms, 47 had metastases to the temporal bone (76 temporal bones). Twenty different primary tumors had metastasized, most commonly breast cancer. Hearing loss was the most common otologic symptom (seen in 19 patients [40%]), while 17 (36%) had no otologic or vestibular symptoms. Temporal bone involvement was bilateral in 29 patients (62%). Most metastases to the temporal bone demonstrated hematogenous spread in 58 temporal bones (76.7%), and petrous apex was the most common site of metastases in 63 temporal bones (82.9%). Temporal bone metastases were not observed in cases where the primary tumor was adequately treated. CONCLUSIONS In the largest series to date, we found temporal bone metastases more frequently than previously reported. Absence of temporal bone involvement in cases in which the primary tumor was adequately treated stresses the need for early management of cancer. Metastatic disease must be considered as a cause of hearing loss in patients with a history of malignant neoplasm.
The immunosuppressive activities of newly synthesized azaphenothiazines in human and mouse models

In this study, we evaluated the activities of new types of azaphenothiazines in the following immunological assays: the proliferative response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by phytohemagglutin A or anti-CD3 antibodies; lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production by human PBMC; the secondary, humoral immune response in mice to sheep erythrocytes (in vitro); and delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice to ovalbumin (in vivo). In some tests, chlorpromazine served as a reference drug. The compounds exhibited differential inhibitory activities in the proliferation tests, with 10H-2,7-diazaphenothiazine (compound 1) and 6-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)diquinothiazine (compound 8) being most suppressive. Compound 1 was selected for further studies, and was found to be strongly suppressive in the humoral immune response even at low concentrations (1 μg/ml). Compound 1 also inhibited the delayed-type hypersensitivity lipopolysaccharide-induced production of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 in cultures of human blood cells. As there were only two subjects in this study, the effects of these compounds on human blood cells need to be confirmed. In this paper, we also discuss the structure-activity relationships of selected compounds.
Improved fixation in cementless unicompartmental knee replacement: five-year results of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND When used for appropriate indications, unicompartmental knee replacement is associated with fewer complications, faster recovery, and better function than total knee replacement. However, joint registries demonstrate a higher revision rate for unicompartmental knee replacement. Currently, most unicompartmental knee replacements are cemented; common reasons for revision include aseptic loosening and pain. These problems could potentially be addressed by using cementless implants, with coatings designed to improve fixation. The objectives of this study were to compare the quality of fixation as well as clinical outcomes of cemented and cementless unicompartmental knee replacements at five years of follow-up. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was established with sixty-three knees (sixty-two patients) receiving either cemented (thirty-two patients) or cementless Oxford unicompartmental knee replacements (thirty patients). Fixation was assessed with fluoroscopic radiographs aligned to the bone-implant interface at one and five years. Outcome scores, including the Oxford Knee Score, Knee Society objective and functional scores, and Tegner Activity Score, were collected preoperatively and at six months and one, two, and five years postoperatively. At each postoperative time point, these were recorded as absolute scores and change from the preoperative score. RESULTS Four patients died during the study period. There were no revisions. Mean operative time was nine minutes shorter in the cementless group (p = 0.049). At five years, there was no significant difference in any outcome measure except the Knee Society functional score and the change in the Knee Society functional score, which were significantly better in the cementless group (p = 0.003 for both). There were significantly more tibial radiolucencies in the cemented group (twenty of thirty knees versus two of twenty-seven knees; p < 0.001). There were nine complete radiolucencies in the cemented group and none in the cementless group (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Cementless fixation provides improved fixation at five years compared with cemented fixation in mobile-bearing unicompartmental knee replacements, maintaining equivalent or superior clinical outcomes with a shorter operative time and no increase in complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic level I. See Instructions for authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Postoperative visual performance with a bifocal and trifocal diffractive intraocular lens during a 1-year follow-up.

AIM To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes with a diffractive bifocal and trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) during a 12-month follow-up. METHODS Prospective comparative study including 75 eyes of 38 patients (44-70y) undergoing uneventful cataract surgery. Each patient was randomly assigned to one type of IOL, bifocal (35 eyes) or trifocal (40 eyes). Visual, refractive, and contrast sensitivity changes were evaluated in a 12-month follow-up. The binocular defocus curve was also measured at 12mo postoperatively. RESULTS No statistically significant differences between groups were found in postoperative uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuities (P≥0.276). Postoperative corrected near visual acuity (33 cm) was significantly better in the trifocal group during all follow-up (P≤0.004) as well as 6-month uncorrected near (P=0.008) and distance-corrected near visual acuities (P=0.016) (33/40 cm). Significantly better uncorrected intermediate and distance corrected-intermediate visual acuity were found during all follow-up in the trifocal group (P<0.001), which was consistent with differences among groups in binocular defocus curve. Differences among groups in contrast sensitivity were minimal, being only significant at 6 months for some low to medium spatial frequencies (P≤0.006). CONCLUSION Bifocal and trifocal diffractive IOLs are able to provide an effective visual restoration which is maintained during a 12-month follow-up, with a clear benefit of the trifocal IOL for the intermediate vision.
Effects of primers on the microtensile bond strength of resin cements to cobalt-chromium alloy

Resin luting cement was developed for the cementation of esthetic materials such as all-ceramic and indirect-composite restorations. In comparison with conventional luting cements, resin luting cements have improved the cementation of base metal alloys due to their lower solubility, better wear resistance, and marginal closure, and it is widely used in dentistry. The use of self-adhesive resin cement, which combines the advantages of conventional and adhesive luting agents, is increasing since the self-adhesive resin cement is more user-friendly and less technique-sensitive than conventional resin cements. However, because of the low chemical affinity of resin cement to metal alloys, surface treatments are recommended to achieve a more durable bonding. A variety of surface treatments have been studied in an effort to improve bond strength, including mechanical and chemical bonding as well as combinations of both. The application of several functional monomers is considered as one of the most efhttps://doi.org/10.4047/jkap.2019. 57.2. 95 ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An investigation of the intention to share files over P2P Networks

In this research we take a comprehensive view of file-sharing over peer-to-peer (P2P) networks in order to develop a model of the intention to share files. P2P file-sharing once consisted largely of music files which, when downloaded, were an infringement of copyrights. For this reason models of file-sharing intentions often included factors and constructs representing ethical concerns. However, these models did not produce a broad agreement about whether or not those ethical concerns had significant effects on intentions. Furthermore, files now shared over P2P networks represent a significant portion of both legitimate and non-infringing files. The model we propose applies to P2P file-sharing of all files, regardless of media type, and regardless of whether they are shared legally or illegally. Lastly we present the factors from the model that were suggested to be significant from an initial pilot study.