Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vortex phase diagram of rotating superfluid 
He3−B

We present the first theoretical calculation of the pressure-temperature-field phase diagram for the vortex phases of rotating superfluid $^3$He-B. Based on a strong-coupling extension of the Ginzburg-Landau theory that accounts for the relative stability of the bulk A and B phases of $^3$He at all pressures, we report calculations for the internal structure and free energies of distinct broken-symmetry vortices in rotating superfluid $^3$He-B. Theoretical results for the equilibrium vortex phase diagram in zero field and an external field of $H=284\,\mbox{G}$ parallel to the rotation axis, $\vec{H}\parallel\vec{\Omega}$, are reported, as well as the supercooling transition line, $T^{*}_ {v} (p,H)$. In zero field the vortex phases of $^3$He-B are separated by a first-order phase transition line $T_ {v} (p)$ that terminates on the bulk critical line $T_{c}(p)$ at a triple point. The low-pressure, low-temperature phase is characterized by an array of singly-quantized vortices that spontaneously breaks axial rotation symmetry, exhibits anisotropic vortex currents and an axial current anomaly (D-core phase). The high-pressure, high-temperature phase is characterized by vortices with both bulk A phase and $\beta$ phase in their cores (A-core phase). We show that this phase is metastable and supercools down to a minimum temperature, $T^{*}_ {v} (p,H)$, below which it is globally unstable to an array of D-core vortices. For $H\gtrsim 60\,\mbox{G}$ external magnetic fields aligned along the axis of rotation increase the region of stability of the A-core phase of rotating $^3$He-B, opening a window of stability down to low pressures. These results are compared with the experimentally reported phase transitions in rotating $^3$He-B.
Magnetotransport as a diagnostic of spin reorientation: Kagome ferromagnet as a case study

We study the spin reorientation in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{2}$ by examining the anisotropic magnetoresistivity in detail, exploiting the dependence of the resistivity on the direction between magnetization and applied current. We determine the distribution of the magnetic domains as a function of temperature between 360 K and 2 K and find the reorientation transition to peak at 120 K. We discover that both out-of-plane and in-plane phases coexist at temperatures around the spin reorientation, indicative of a first-order phase transition. Although the volume of the magnetic domains in the different phases sharply changes at the spin reorientation transition, no appreciable changes in the electronic structure for a specific magnetization is detected by anisotropic magnetoresistivity at the spin reorientation. In contrast, we observe an electronic transition around 40 K, hitherto unreported, and reflected in both the zero-field resistivity and anisotropic resistivity.
New Constructions of Subspace Codes Using Subsets of MRD Codes in Several Blocks

A basic problem for the constant dimension subspace coding is to determine the maximal possible size <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathrm{A}}_{q}(n,d,k)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of a set of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-dimensional subspaces in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathrm{F}}_{q}^{n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> such that the subspace distance satisfies <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d(U,V)=2k-2\dim \,\,(U \cap V)\,\,\geq d$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for any two different subspaces <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$U$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in this set. We present two new constructions of constant dimension subspace codes using subsets of maximum rank-distance (MRD) codes in several blocks. This method is firstly applied to the linkage construction and secondly to arbitrary number of blocks of lifting MRD codes. In these two constructions, subsets of MRD codes with bounded ranks play an essential role. The Delsarte theorem about the rank distribution of MRD codes is an important ingredient to count codewords in our constructed constant dimension subspace codes. We give many new lower bounds for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathrm{A}}_{q}(n,d,k)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. More than 110 new constant dimension subspace codes better than previously best known codes are constructed
Convex Algebraic Geometry of Curvature Operators

We study the structure of the set of algebraic curvature operators satisfying a sectional curvature bound under the light of the emerging field of Convex Algebraic Geometry. More precisely, we determine in which dimensions $n$ this convex semialgebraic set is a spectrahedron or a spectrahedral shadow; in particular, for $n\geq5$, these give new counter-examples to the Helton--Nie Conjecture. Moreover, efficient algorithms are provided if $n=4$ to test membership in such a set. For $n\geq5$, algorithms using semidefinite programming are obtained from hierarchies of inner approximations by spectrahedral shadows and outer relaxations by spectrahedra.
On Product Codes With Probabilistic Amplitude Shaping for High-Throughput Fiber-Optic Systems

Probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) can flexibly vary the spectral efficiency (SE) of fiber-optic systems. In this letter, we demonstrate the application of PAS to bit-wise hard decision decoding (HDD) of product codes (PCs) by finding the necessary conditions to select the PC component codes. We show that PAS with PCs and HDD yields gains up to 2.7 dB and SE improvement up to approximately 1 bit/channel use compared to using PCs with uniform signaling and HDD. Furthermore, we employ the recently introduced iterative bounded distance decoding with combined reliability of PCs to improve performance of PAS with PCs and HDD.
Randomized Algorithms for Optimal Power Flow

Randomized algorithms for optimal power (cid:13)ow problems are presented. A standard optimal power (cid:13)ow problem is to minimize a fuel cost satisfying power (cid:13)ow equations and some inequalities consisting of the limits on control variables and the operating limits of a power system. Then, the robust optimal power (cid:13)ow problem is considered when uncertain active and reactive power is injected into the power system. Although both problems are highly nonconvex, the proposed algorithms always stop within the (cid:12)nite number of iterations and (cid:12)nd a suboptimal solution which is a feasible in a probabilistic sense. It is shown that the maximum number of random samples is a polynomial of the size of the problems.
Polygenic risk scores derived from a Tourette syndrome GWAS predict presence of tics in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort

BACKGROUND: Tourette syndrome (TS) has a well-established genetic background, but its genetic architecture remains largely unknown. The authors investigated the role of polygenic risk scores (PRS) derived from a TS genome-wide association study (GWAS) in relation to the occurrence of tics and associated traits in a general population cohort. METHODS: Using the most recent TS GWAS (N cases = 4,819; N controls = 9,488) as the discovery sample, PRS were calculated in ALSPAC participants (N = 8,941). Regression analyses were used to assess whether PRS predicted the presence and chronicity of tics, and symptom severity of obsessive-compulsive (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in ALSPAC participants. RESULTS: Following correction for multiple testing, the PRS significantly predicted presence (R 2 = 0.48%, P empirical = 0.01, Q = 0.04), but not the chronicity of tics (R 2 = 0. 16%, P empirical = 0.07, Q = 0.14) in the ALSPAC cohort, nor the severity of OCD (R 2 = 0.11%, P empirical = 0.11, Q = 0.15), ADHD (R 2 = 0. 09%, P empirical = 0.19, Q = 0.21), and ASD (R 2 = 0. 12%, P empirical = 0.09, Q = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS: The authors found a significant polygenic component of tics occurring in a general population cohort based on PRS derived from a GWAS of individuals with a TS diagnosis. This supports the notion that tics along a spectrum from non-clinical to clinical symptom levels share a similar genetic background.
The environmental predictors of spatio-temporal variation in the breeding phenology of a passerine bird

Establishing the cues or constraints that influence avian timing of breeding is the key to accurate prediction of future phenology. This study aims to identify the aspects of the environment that predict the timing of two measures of breeding phenology (nest initiation and egg laying date) in an insectivorous woodland passerine, the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus). We analyse data collected from a 220 km, 40-site transect over 3 years and consider spring temperatures, tree leafing phenology, invertebrate availability and photoperiod as predictors of breeding phenology. We find that mean night-time temperature in early spring is the strongest predictor of both nest initiation and lay date and suggest this finding is most consistent with temperature acting as a constraint on breeding activity. Birch budburst phenology significantly predicts lay date additionally to temperature, either as a direct cue or indirectly via a correlated variable. We use cross-validation to show that our model accurately predicts lay date in two further years and find that similar variables predict lay date well across the UK national nest record scheme. This work refines our understanding of the principal factors influencing the timing of tit reproductive phenology and suggests that temperature may have both a direct and indirect effect.
Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry metabolic profiling of nazartinib reveals the formation of unexpected reactive metabolites

Nazartinib (EGF816, NZB) is a promising third-generation human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This novel irreversible mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor targets EGFR containing both the resistance mutation (T790M) and the activating mutations (L858R and Del19), while it does not affect wild-type EGFR. However, the metabolic pathway and bioactivation mechanisms of NZB are still unexplored. Thus, using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, we screened for products of NZB metabolism formed in vitro by human liver microsomal preparations and investigated the formation of reactive intermediates using potassium cyanide as a nucleophile trap. Unexpectedly, the azepane ring was not bioactivated. Instead, the carbon atom between the aliphatic linear tertiary amine and electron-withdrawing system (butenoyl amide group) was bioactivated, generating iminium intermediates as reactive species. Six NZB phase I metabolites, formed by hydroxylation, oxidation and N-demethylation, were characterized. Moreover, two reactive iminium ions were characterized and their corresponding bioactivation mechanisms were proposed. Based on our results, we speculate that bioactivation of NZB can be blocked by small sterically hindering groups, isosteric replacement or a spacer. This approach might reduce the toxicity of NZB by avoiding the generation of reactive species.
Areawise significance tests for windowed recurrence network analysis

Many time-series analysis techniques use sliding window approaches or are repeatedly applied over a continuous range of parameters. When combined with a significance test, intrinsic correlations among the pointwise analysis results can make falsely positive significant points appear as continuous patches rather than as isolated points. To account for this effect, we present an areawise significance test that identifies such false-positive patches. For this purpose, we numerically estimate the decorrelation length of the statistic of interest by calculating correlation functions between the analysis results and require an areawise significant point to belong to a patch of pointwise significant points that is larger than this decorrelation length. We apply our areawise test to results from windowed traditional and scale-specific recurrence network analysis in order to identify dynamical anomalies in time series of a non-stationary Rössler system and tree ring width index values from Eastern Canada. Especially, in the palaeoclimate context, the areawise testing approach markedly reduces the number of points that are identified as significant and therefore highlights only the most relevant features in the data. This provides a crucial step towards further establishing recurrence networks as a tool for palaeoclimate data analysis.
Hounsfield Units on Lumbar Computed Tomography for Predicting Regional Bone Mineral Density

Abstract Objective Bone mineral density (BMD) is a very important factor in spinal fusion surgery using instrumentation. Our aim was to investigate the utility of Hounsfield units (HU) obtained from preoperative lumbar computed tomography (CT) to predict osteoporosis coupling with data of quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Methods We reviewed 180 patients that underwent both QCT and lumbar CT for spine surgery. HU was retrospectively calculated on the lumbar CT of 503 lumbar vertebrae from L1 to L3. Femur DEXA was performed in all patients and spine DEXA was tested in 120 patients (331 vertebrae). BMD was grouped as osteoporosis (QCT<80mg/cm3, DEXA T score≤-2.5) and non-osteoporosis (QCT≥80mg/cm3, DEXA T score>-2.5) for comparison of HU value. Results HU value and BMD showed significant correlations. The optima cut-off value based on QCT was higher than that of DEXA scans which had the best correlation for predicting osteoporosis. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that HU value with QCT of 146 has a sensitivity of 94.3% and a specificity of 87.5% for osteoporosis. Conclusions Significant correlation was found between HU measurement and BMD value. These findings provide evidence that HU measurement can be established as a means for predicting osteoporosis before spine fusion surgery with reduced radiation hazard.
Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of the HD-Zip gene family in the stem development of the woody plant Prunus mume

The homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) gene family, a group of plant-specific transcriptional factors (TFs), participates in regulating growth, development, and environmental responses. However, the characteristics and biological functions of HD-Zip genes in Prunus mume, which blooms in late winter or early spring, have not been reported. In this study, 32 HD-Zip genes, named PmHB1–PmHB32 based on their chromosomal positions, were identified in the genome of P. mume. These genes are distributed among seven chromosomes and are phylogenetically clustered into four major groups. Gene structure and motif composition were mostly conserved in each group. The Ka/Ks ratios showed that purifying selection has played a leading role in the long-term evolution of the genes, which maintained the function of this family. MicroRNA target site prediction indicated that the genes of the HD-Zip III subfamily may be regulated by miR165/166. Expression pattern analysis showed that the 32 genes were differentially expressed across five different tissues (leaf, flower bud, stem, fruit, and root) and at different stages of stem and leaf-bud development, suggesting that 10 of the genes may play important roles in stem development. Protein–protein interaction predictions showed that the subfamily III genes may regulate vascular development and shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance. Promoter analysis showed that the HD-Zip III genes might be involved in responses to light, hormones, and abiotic stressors and stem development. Taken together, our results provide an overview of the HD-Zip family in P. mume and lay the foundation for the molecular breeding of woody ornamental plants.
Individual tree traits shape insect and disease damage on oak in a climate‐matching tree diversity experiment

Abstract Diversifying planted forests by increasing genetic and species diversity is often promoted as a method to improve forest resilience to climate change and reduce pest and pathogen damage. In this study, we used a young tree diversity experiment replicated at two sites in the UK to study the impacts of tree diversity and tree provenance (geographic origin) on the oak (Quercus robur) insect herbivore community and a specialist biotrophic pathogen, oak powdery mildew. Local UK, French, and Italian provenances were planted in monocultures, provenance mixtures, and species mixes, allowing us to test whether: (a) local and nonlocal provenances differ in their insect herbivore and pathogen communities, and (b) admixing trees leads to associational effects on insect herbivore and pathogen damage. Tree diversity had variable impacts on foliar organisms across sites and years, suggesting that diversity effects can be highly dependent on environmental context. Provenance identity impacted upon both herbivores and powdery mildew, but we did not find consistent support for the local adaptation hypothesis for any group of organisms studied. Independent of provenance, we found tree vigor traits (shoot length, tree height) and tree apparency (the height of focal trees relative to their surroundings) were consistent positive predictors of powdery mildew and insect herbivory. Synthesis. Our results have implications for understanding the complex interplay between tree identity and diversity in determining pest damage, and show that tree traits, partially influenced by tree genotype, can be important drivers of tree pest and pathogen loads.
Census timing alters stage duration distributions in matrix population models

Abstract Matrix population models are widely used to study the dynamics of stage‐structured populations. A census in these models is an event monitoring the number of individuals in each stage and occurs at discrete time intervals. The two most common methods used in building matrix population models are the prebreeding census and postbreeding census. Models using the prebreeding and postbreeding censuses assume that breeding occurs immediately before or immediately after the censuses, respectively. In some models such as age‐structured models, the results are identical regardless of the method used, rendering the choice of method a matter of preference. However, in stage‐structured models, where the duration of the first stage of life varies among newborns, a choice between the prebreeding and postbreeding censuses may result in different conclusions. This is attributed to the different first‐stage duration distributions assumed by the two methods. This study investigated the difference emerging in the structures of these models and its consequence on conclusions of eigenvalue and elasticity analyses using two‐stage models. Considerations required in choosing a modeling method are also discussed.
The effect of surface treatment on the brain delivery of curcumin nanosuspension: in vitro and in vivo studies

Background: Curcumin, a bioactive component with multiple characteristics, has been shown to have many therapeutic effects. However, there are several limitations regarding the use of curcumin such as instability, low solubility, poor bioavailability, and rapid elimination. Different approaches have been used to solve these problems. Materials and methods: In this study, surface-modified nanosuspension (NS) is investigated as a novel brain delivery system. Two different methods were used for the preparation of nanosuspensions with two different stabilizers. The surface of the nanosuspensions was coated with D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1,000 succinate (TPGS) and Tween 80 using physical adsorption. Curcumin NSs were prepared using two different top-down techniques by high-pressure homogenizer and probe sonicator. A validated sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography method using fluorescence detection was used for the determination and quantification of curcumin. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of curcumin NSs and solutions after intravenous administration in rats were studied. Results: Higher levels of curcumin in the brain were detected when Tween 80-coated NS was used compared with the curcumin solution and TPGS coated NS (TPGS-NS) (P-value<0.05). Absorption of ApoE and/or B by Tween 80-coated nanoparticles (NPs) from the blood were caused transferring of these NPs into the brain using receptor-mediated endocytosis. Distribution of TPGS-NS in the brain compared with the curcumin solution was higher (P-value<0.05). Higher levels of curcumin concentration in the liver, spleen, and lung were also observed with TPGS-NS. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the surface-coating of NSs by Tween 80 may be used to improve the biodistribution of curcumin in the brain.
Length polymorphisms at two candidate genes explain variation of migratory behaviors in blackpoll warblers (Setophaga striata)

Abstract Migratory behaviors such as the timing and duration of migration are genetically inherited and can be under strong natural selection, yet we still know very little about the specific genes or molecular pathways that control these behaviors. Studies in candidate genes Clock and Adcyap1 have revealed that both of these loci can be significantly correlated with migratory behaviors in birds, though observed relationships appear to vary across species. We investigated geographic genetic structure of Clock and Adcyap1 in four populations of blackpoll warblers (Setophaga striata), a Neotropical–Nearctic migrant that exhibits geographic variation in migratory timing and duration across its boreal breeding distribution. Further, we used data on migratory timing and duration, obtained from light‐level geolocator trackers to investigate candidate genotype–phenotype relationships at the individual level. While we found no geographic structure in either candidate gene, we did find evidence that candidate gene lengths are correlated with five of the six migratory traits. Maximum Clock allele length was significantly and negatively associated with spring arrival date. Minimum Adcyap1 allele length was significantly and negatively associated with spring departure date and positively associated with fall arrival date at the wintering grounds. Additionally, we found a significant interaction between Clock and Adcyap1 allele lengths on both spring and fall migratory duration. Adcyap1 heterozygotes also had significantly shorter migration duration in both spring and fall compared to homozygotes. Our results support the growing body of evidence that Clock and Adcyap1 allele lengths are correlated with migratory behaviors in birds.