Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DYNAMIC QTL ANALYSIS OF CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT DURING GRAIN FILLING STAGE IN WINTER WHEAT ( TRITICUM AESTIVUM L . )

A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 306 lines was constructed from a cross between two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Hanxuan 10 and Lumai 14. The dynamic quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for chlorophyll content of flag leaves were detected using the RIL population by a combination of unconditional and conditional mapping method. Chlorophyll content was measured with a SPAD meter at seven stages of grain filling under two water conditions (well-watered and drought-stress). Thirty-four simplesequence repeat markers used in this study were derived from the candidate QTLs for chlorophyll content previously detected in a doubled haploid population of the same cross as the RIL. In the entire grain-filling period, five additive QTLs and one pair of epistatic QTLs were detected by unconditional mapping, while seven additive QTLs and one pair of epistatic QTLs were detected by conditional mapping. These QTLs for chlorophyll content were distributed on six chromosomes: 3B, 3D, 4B, 5A, 6A and 7A. The phenotypic variation explained by individual QTLs ranged from 2.12% to 12.80%. A major QTL (QChl-5A.1) was detected at multiple stages during grain filling, unaffected by genetic background and environmental conditions and might have great prospects for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding. The combination of unconditional and conditional QTL approach allowed for better understanding of both dynamic and static genetic information on the expression of QTLs for chlorophyll content of flag leaves during grain filling of wheat, providing reference data for marker-assisted selection breeding of high-yielding wheat cultivars.
AFECTIVA PARA LA COGNICIÓN SOCIAL AN APPROACH TO THE AUTOMATICITY OF EVALUATIVE JUDGMENTS : THE IMPLICATIONS OF AFFECTIVE MISATTRIBUTION IN SOCIAL COGNITION

72 l afirmar que los juicios evaluativos (“me gusta” o “no me gusta”, “está bien” o “está mal”) son realizados en base a las características del objeto o situación percibida parece fácil de asumir. Por ejemplo, si se considera que algo “está bien” es porque se ha hecho un balance entre los pros y los contras de la situación y se ha llegado a la conclusión de que los primeros superan a los segundos. Si un examen es percibido como “muy difícil” es porque el contenido de las preguntas exige un gran esfuerzo analítico. Dicho de otro modo, cuando realizamos juicios evaluativos tenemos la sensación de que nuestras respuestas están fundamentadas en información relevante para la situación, ¿es realmente así? Bargh (1994) propuso que todos los procesos psicológicos implicados en la cognición humana deben ser entendidos como un continuum que abarca desde aquellos procesos completamente automáticos (rápidos, no controlados, eficientes y generalmente subconscientes) hasta aquellos procesos completamente controlados (más lentos y separables de la percepción). Si bien la distinción entre ambos tipos de procesos es un hecho académicamente aceptado (Kahneman, 2012), conviene señalar que el concepto de automaticidad es ciertamente complejo, en el sentido de que la naturaleza de los factores implicados en este tipo de procesos es un tema de discusión académica (Moors, 2016). En relación a los procesos cognitivos automáticos, es importante destacar que si bien diversos procesos automáticos son generados por la percepción de estímulos físicos del mundo exterior —como la formación inmediata de impresiones en base a los rasgos físicos—, otros son el resultado de la percepción de estados corporales internos. Estos procesos automáticos “preconscientes” (Bargh, 1989) abarcan aspectos tan diversos de nuestra psicología como son la formación implícita de actitudes, la generación de estereotipos, la conducta del consumidor, el embodiment o la cognición moral (ver también, Bargh, Schwader, Hailey, Dyer y Boothby, 2012). Ciertamente, desde las modernas ciencias cognitivas, la posibilidad de que la mayoría de nuestras respuestas evaluativas estén sustentadas en procesos psicológicos automáticos preconscientes parece imponerse en el panorama académico. En efecto, entender la interacción entre los procesos implícitos y las respuestas cognitivas “visibles” ha sido un tema de gran interés empírico en el ámbito de la psicología cognitiva, hasta el punto de que, en los últimos años, diversos estudios en esta línea han incrementado nuestra comprensión sobre el funcionamiento de este tipo de procesos.
Acquisition of reading comprehension in L 1 in bilingual programmes of Primary Education . A comparative study

In this paper, the effect of CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) on the development of reading competence in the mother tongue of 9-year-olds (4th year of primary school) is analysed. For this purpose, a reading comprehension test was used and the scores obtained by bilingual students (CLIL group, n = 18,541) and their non-bilingual peers (non-CLIL group, n = 1,998) were compared. The overall results indicate that the bilingual programme evaluated in this study, despite use of the mother tongue being limited to around 25 % of the academic curriculum, was not detrimental to the acquisition of reading competence in the L1, possibly due to there being transfer strategies processes between languages. There also were not any differences detected between the two groups in the acquisition of literal and inferential reading levels, although there were significant differences in favour of the CLIL group in the comprehension of lexical items and significant differences favourable to the non-CLIL group in the critical reading level. Resumen
Sodium ( 23 Na ) MRI detects elevated muscular sodium concentration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

M. -A. Weber, MD A.M. Nagel, PhD K. Jurkat-Rott, PhD F. Lehmann-Horn, PhD ABSTRACT Objective: In boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), H MRI suggested muscular edema before fatty degeneration. Using specific Na MRI sequences, we tested the hypothesis that the edema is caused by an osmotic effect due to increased myoplasmic Na content rather than inflammation that would lead to extracellular edema. Methods: Eleven patients with DMD (mean age, 10 5 years) and 16 healthy volunteers of similar age were examined on a 3-T system with H MRI and Na density-adapted 3-dimensional radial MRI sequences. The muscle edema was quantified on short-tau inversion recovery images using background noise as reference. Fatty degeneration was quantified on T1-weighted images using subcutaneous fat as reference. Na was quantified by a muscular tissue sodium concentration (TSC) sequence. A novel inversion recovery (IR) sequence allowed us to determine mainly the myoplasmic Na by suppression of the extracellular Na signal from vasogenic edema. A reference tube containing 51.3 mmol/L Na with agarose gel was used for standardization. Results: The normalized muscular signal intensity of Na as assessed by the IR sequence was significantly higher for patients with DMD than for volunteers. TSC was markedly increased at 38.4 6.8 mmol/L in patients with DMD compared with 25.4 2.1 mmol/L in volunteers. The muscular edemalike changes were much more prominent in patients with DMD than in volunteers. In addition, the muscular fat content was significantly higher in patients with DMD than in volunteers. Conclusions: The elevated myoplasmic Na concentration in DMD is osmotically relevant and causes a mainly intracellular muscle edema that contributes to the pathogenesis of DMD. Neurology 2011;77:2017–2024
Too Good to Be True? Imperfection as a Costly Signal of Authenticity

A large body of research shows that tastes can reliably signal social group membership. Because standards of good taste vary between groups, the costs of acquiring them prevents dishonest signaling by outsiders. However, little research has examined signals of good taste within social groups, where standards and ratings of good taste are common knowledge and acquisition costs cannot ensure honesty. Five studies show that when simulating good taste is easy, observers make inferences about others’ authenticity directly from their consumption choices. Perceptions that an individual has made good choices increase monotonically with a greater proportion of high-rated options, but perceptions of their authenticity decrease monotonically. Relative to choosing uniformly good options, some bad choices can signal that one’s choices reflect authentic preference rather than pretense. Accordingly, judgments that an individual can independently discern good options from bad, and the desire to socialize with them and seek their recommendations, are non-monotonic and highest when they make a few bad choices. Only when good choices are thought to reflect authentic motives do they effectively signal good taste.
Structure-property relationship in high strength and lightweight AlSi 10 Mg microlattices fabricated by selective laser melting

• AlSi10Mg microlattices with high strength-to-weight ratio by selective laser melting (SLM) • Printability and mechanical behavior of AlSi10Mg microlattices • Design-mechanical behaviormicrostructural characteristics relationship • Four failure modes observed during the compression tests ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: dazhong.wu@ucf.edu (D. Wu). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes. 2019.108062 0264-1275/© 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an op a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o
Tilburg University Distance , Bank Organizational Structure and Credit Degryse

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Reporting Frequency and Market Pressure in Crowdfunding Markets

This paper studies the role of reporting frequency in crowdfunding markets. Using data from one of the largest reward crowdfunding platforms, I provide the first empirical evidence on the relationship between reporting frequency and the level of market pressure in a scenario where the entrepreneur’s consumers also act as her funders. I develop a text-based measure for market pressure by classifying Twitter messages directed to the entrepreneurs with a machine learning algorithm trained using Amazon Mechanical Turk. The results show a negative association between reporting frequency and the level of market pressure. This result is driven primarily by the reporting part of the updates; a mediation analysis shows that only a small fraction of the relationship is driven by a consumption utility effect. Furthermore, this association is stronger when accompanied by higher quality reporting events, is not influenced by the frequency of unverifiable additional announcements, and is weaker during periods with a large presence of newly joined funders. These results highlight that higher reporting frequencies can lead to reduced agency frictions in crowdfunding markets, even when these markets are characterized by strong myopic market preferences. Preliminary and Incomplete — Please do not cite or quote without permission I am grateful for the guidance and mentorship of my supervisor, Philip Joos. I appreciate helpful comments and suggestions from Ed deHaan, Mark Clatworthy, Jan Bouwens, Stephan Hollander, Wayne Landsman, Cathy Shakespeare, Joachim Gassen, and workshop participants at the University of Bristol, the University of Washington, Baruch College, Lancaster University, the University of Tilburg, and the 2018 EAA Doctoral Colloquium. Part of this research was conducted during my research visit at the University of Washington. Funding for this project was provided by the accounting department of Tilburg University. ∗t.c. j.dekok@uvt.nl
Understanding Passwords of Chinese Users : A Survey and Empirical Analysis

While the computer security world has changed a lot over the last two decades, textual passwords remain the dominant authentication mechanism over the Internet and are likely to persist in the foreseeable future. Much attention (e.g., user surveys and empirical analysis) has been paid to passwords chosen by English users, yet relatively little is known about how nonEnglish users select passwords. In this work, we conduct so far the first user survey on the password behaviors of Chinese users, revealing a number of users’ basic coping strategies for managing passwords when they are confronted with the demanding tasks of keeping track of many accounts and passwords. We further perform an empirical analysis of 100 million Chinese web passwords in a comparison with 30 million English ones, a corpus among the largest ones ever studied. We identify a number of interesting structural and semantic characteristics in Chinese passwords, and also examine their security by employing two state-of-the-art password cracking techniques (i.e., probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFG) and Markov models). Particularly, our cracking results reveal a “reversal principle”: when the guess number allowed is small, Chinese passwords are much weaker than their English counterparts, yet this relationship will be reversed when the guess number is large. This well reconciles two conflicting claims about the strength of Chinese web passwords made by Bonneau in 2012 and Li et al. in 2014, respectively. At 10 guesses, the success rate of our improved PCFG-based attack against the Chinese datasets is from 33.2% to 49.8%, indicating that our attack can crack 92% to 188% more passwords than the best record reported by Li et al. in 2014. We also discuss the implications of our findings. This work is expected to help facilitate both security administrators and users to gain a better understanding of the vulnerability of Chinese passwords, as well as to shed light on future password research.
THE EFFECT OF USING PICTURES IN TEACHING WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT FOR THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMPN 1 SIAK HULU

This research is aimed to find out whether there is a significant effect of using pictures in teaching writing descriptive text of the second year students of SMPN 1 Siak Hulu in the Academic Year 2016/2017 in writing descriptive text. This is a pre-experimental research conducted by using a pre-test – treatment – post-test design. This research used one group pretest-posttest design. The instrument used in this research was tests (pretest and posttest). The population of this research was 296 of the Second Year Students of SMPN 1 Siak Hulu and the sample of this research is the VIII E of SMPN 1 Siak Hulu which is total number of students of class is 35 students. The data of this research were collected by giving the writing test about descriptive text (pretestposttest) to the students. The collected data were analyzed by using t-test formula. The results of data analysis showed the mean score of pretest was 48.57 and the mean score of posttest was 58.95. Based on the data analysis, It can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test because the t-test observed was higher than t-table. In other words, the alternative hypothesis of this research was accepted and null hypothesis was rejected. It also meant that teaching writing by using pictures technique was effective to improve students’ writing ability especially in descriptive text.
Job Risk, Separation Shocks and Household Asset Allocation

This paper investigates how the labor market conditions prior to the Great Recession influenced the magnitude of the consumption decline during the crisis. In particular, it focuses on the interaction between household asset and labor market choices in the face of a lower job separation rate. I build a model that incorporates a jobs ladder, heterogeneity in job risk, saving in liquid and illiquid assets and long term mortgages. The model replicates key features of income process, the positive correlation between job risk and the liquidity of household portfolios and captures the housing choices following a job separation. The joint determination of asset and labor market outcomes provides a novel mechanism by which the state of the economy affects the magnitude of the aggregate response to labor market shocks. The fact the Great Recession occurred following a tranquil labor market environment amplified the negative response of consumption by almost 40 percent. Further, job risk heterogeneity increased the persistence of the consumption decline, while the cross sectional housing response provides evidence in support of the importance of this mechanism during the Great Recession.
The e ff ect of perceptual contour orientation uncertainty on the tilt aftere ff ect

The tilt aftereffect (TAE) occurs when, after adapting to an oriented line, a vertical line appears to be tilted in the opposite direction. The magnitude of the TAE has been shown to relate to the salience of the adapting stimulus (e.g., its contrast) as well as to the similarity between the adapting and testing stimuli. However, the relationship between TAE and orientation uncertainty – variability in the perceived orientation of the stimulus – of either the adapting or the testing stimulus and, more importantly, change in orientation uncertainty as a function of adaptation have not previously been explored. We manipulated stimulus salience by using a variety of contour types, including real and illusory contours. Tilt aftereffects were observed even for stimuli that had much weaker or invisible illusory contours. Orientation uncertainty of the adapting stimulus, as measured by the slope of a psychometric function in orientation discrimination, was positively correlated with TAE magnitude for real and illusory contours, but not for stimuli with weak contour percepts. On an individual subject level, orientation uncertainty increased post-adaptation and was correlated with pre-adaptation uncertainty. That is, individuals with more variability in their perception of orientation before adaptation showed increased variability in orientation discrimination following adaptation. This may account for some of the variability in TAE across individuals and stimulus types and is consistent with previous findings on increased orientation discrimination thresholds post-adaptation for nearby orientations.
Transitional Dynamics and Long-run Optimal Taxation Under Incomplete Markets

Aiyagari (1995) showed that long-run optimal fiscal policy features a positive tax rate on capital income in Bewley-type economies with heterogeneous agents and incomplete markets. However, determining the magnitude of the optimal capital income tax rate was considered to be prohibitively difficult due to the need to compute the optimal tax rates along the transition path. This paper shows that, in this class of models, long-run optimal fiscal policy and the corresponding allocation can be studied independently of the initial conditions and the transition path. Numerical methods based on this finding are used on a model calibrated to the U.S. economy. I find that the observed average capital income tax rate in the U.S. is too high, the average labor income tax rate and the debt-to-GDP ratio are too low, compared to the long-run optimal levels. The implications of these findings for the existing literature on the optimal quantity of debt and constrained efficiency are also discussed.
Diagnostic Atlas of Common Eyelid Diseases

REVIEW OF EYELID ANATOMY. Eyelid Anatomy. Nerves to the Eyelids. Vascular Supply to the Eyelids. EYELID MALPOSITIONS. Lid Retractions. Ptosis. Entropion. Ectropion. Age-Related Changes. Dystonias. EYELID TUMORS. Benign Eyelid Tumors. Sebaceous Lesions. Eccrine Lesions. Apoerine Lesions. Hair Follicle Lesions. Vascular Lesions. Neural Lesions. Inflammatory Lesions. Infectious Lesions. Other. MALIGNANT EYELID TUMORS. Basal Cell Carcinoma. Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Sebaceous Cell Carcinoma. Malignant Melanoma. Lentigo Maligna Melanoma. Kaposi's Sarcoma
Facial Coding Scheme Reference 1 Craniofacial Distances

Face recognition is a long-standing challenge in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The goal is to create systems that detect, recognize, verify and understand characteristics of human faces. There are significant technical hurdles in making these systems accurate, particularly in unconstrained settings, due to confounding factors related to pose, resolution, illumination, occlusion and viewpoint. However, with recent advances in neural networks, face recognition has achieved unprecedented accuracy, built largely on data-driven deep learning methods. While this is encouraging, a critical aspect limiting face recognition performance in practice is intrinsic facial diversity. Every face is different. Every face reflects something unique about us. Aspects of our heritage – including race, ethnicity, culture, geography – and our individual identity – age, gender and visible forms of self-expression – are reflected in our faces. Faces are personal. We expect face recognition to work accurately for each of us. Performance should not vary for different individuals or different populations. As we rely on data-driven methods to create face recognition technology, we need to answer a fundamental question: does the training data for these systems fairly represent the distribution of faces we see in the world? At the heart of this core question are deeper scientific questions about how to measure facial diversity, what features capture intrinsic facial variation and how to evaluate coverage and balance for face image data sets. Towards the goal of answering these questions, Diversity in Faces (DiF ) provides a new data set of annotations of one million publicly available face images for advancing the study of facial diversity. The annotations are generated using ten facial coding schemes that provide human-interpretable quantitative measures of intrinsic facial features. We believe that making these descriptors available will encourage deeper research on this important topic and accelerate efforts towards creating more fair and accurate face recognition systems.
Spurious Valleys in One-hidden-layer Neural Network Optimization Landscapes

Neural networks provide a rich class of high-dimensional, non-convex optimization problems. Despite their non-convexity, gradient-descent methods often successfully optimize these models. This has motivated a recent spur in research attempting to characterize properties of their loss surface that may explain such success. In this paper, we address this phenomenon by studying a key topological property of the loss: the presence or absence of spurious valleys, defined as connected components of sub-level sets that do not include a global minimum. Focusing on a class of one-hidden-layer neural networks defined by smooth (but generally non-linear) activation functions, we identify a notion of intrinsic dimension and show that it provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the absence of spurious valleys. More concretely, finite intrinsic dimension guarantees that for sufficiently overparametrised models no spurious valleys exist, independently of the data distribution. Conversely, infinite intrinsic dimension implies that spurious valleys do exist for certain data distributions, independently of model overparametrisation. Besides these positive and negative results, we show that, although spurious valleys may exist in general, they are confined to low risk levels and avoided with high probability on overparametrised models.