Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
C57BL/6 mice are more susceptible to antigen‐induced pulmonary eosinophilia than BALB/c mice, irrespective of systemic T helper 1/T helper 2 responses

Inflammatory response differences between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice following ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and a single challenge were investigated. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG1 levels were higher in C57BL/6 mice than in BALB/c mice. In contrast, IgG2a levels in C57BL/6 mice were lower than in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, the number of eosinophils infiltrating into lungs in C57BL/6 mice was significantly higher than in BALB/c mice after OVA challenge. The levels of the T helper 2 (Th2)‐type cytokines interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐5, generated in challenged C57BL/6 lung tissue, were also higher than in BALB/c lung tissue. The participation of IL‐4 and IL‐5 in the induction of eosinophil infiltration into the lungs was confirmed in both strains of mice by injection of anti‐IL‐4 and anti‐IL‐5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, following OVA stimulation, in vitro IL‐4 and IL‐5 production in splenocyte cultures from C57BL/6 mice was lower than in splenocyte cultures from BALB/c mice. These results indicate that C57BL/6 mice induce Th2‐type responses in the lungs, while BALB/c mice induce T helper 1 (Th1)‐type responses in the lungs, despite considerable production of IL‐4 and IL‐5 from splenocytes. Therefore, local immune responses are more important in the induction of allergic inflammation in the lungs and are different from systemic immune responses, which are thought to depend on genetic background.
Frequent EGFR mutations in noninvasive bronchioloalveolar carcinoma

Mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) have been reported to be present in a considerable fraction of lung adenocarcinomas showing dramatic response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. To clarify pathogenic significance of the mutations for the development of lung adenocarcinoma, we investigated stage I lung adenocarcinomas for the mutations. First, 107 cases of macrodissected stage I adenocarcinomas were examined for mutations in exons 18–21 of the EGFR gene. EGFR mutations were detected in 36 of the 107 cases (34%). In particular, among the stage I cases, the mutations were detected in 17 of 42 small‐sized adenocarcinomas (≤2 cm in diameter) (40%), including 7 of 11 noninvasive bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (BACs) (64%) and 7 of 25 invasive adenocarcinomas with BAC components (28%). Second, 26 cases of laser capture microdissected small‐sized adenocarcinomas, including 9 cases in the first analysis, were examined for the mutations. Reanalysis of microdissected materials in the 9 cases identified the mutations in 2 more adenocarcinomas with BAC components. Moreover, in the analysis of the other 17 microdissected materials, EGFR mutations were detected in 7 of 12 BACs (58%) and in 3 of 5 adenocarcinomas with BAC components (60%). EGFR mutations are present frequently in BACs, and are thus likely to be a critical genetic alteration for the formation of noninvasive lung adenocarcinoma. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
La defensa contra incendios forestales en el Plan Forestal Español

Los problemas y necesidades, detectados ya en la fase de diagnostico de la Estrategia Forestal Espanola, se centran fundamentalmente en la identificacion de causas, la necesidad de fomentar las actuaciones preventivas, con un especial enfasis en la selvicultura, y el mantenimiento del potencial de extincion.
Evaluation of nevirapine and/or hydroxyurea with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected subjects

Objective: To examine the effect of adding nevirapine (NVP) and/or hydroxyurea (HU) to a triple nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) regimen in terms of efficacy and tolerability. Methods: HIV-1-infected, treatment-naive adults were randomized, using a factorial design, to add NVP and/or HU to the triple NRTI backbone of zidovudine plus lamivudine plus abacavir. Primary endpoint was treatment failure, defined as having plasma HIV RNA levels > 50 copies/ml after week 24, or discontinuation of randomized treatment. Follow-up was 72 weeks Results: For the 229 subjects, median plasma HIV-1 RNA was 4.61 log10 copies/ml and median CD4 cell count was 269 × 106 cells/l. NVP users reached plasma HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/ml more rapidly than subjects using no NVP (log-rank test; P = 0.011). In the as-treated analysis, 21.6% of subjects using NVP versus 48.8% using no NVP reached the primary endpoint (P = 0.013). In the intent-to-treat analysis, 83.3% of subjects using HU versus 73.0% using no HU experienced treatment failure (P = 0.060), while no difference was observed in the as-treated analysis (34.5 versus 36.7%). Differences in the intent-to-treat analysis were accounted for by toxicity: 52.6% of subjects using HU experienced toxicity leading to discontinuation of randomized treatment versus 28.7% of subjects using no HU. Conclusion: The use of NVP in addition to a triple NRTI regimen improved both short- and long-term antiretroviral efficacy. The use of HU significantly contributed to treatment failure because of toxicity.
Colorectal cancer in review: the role of the EGFR pathway

Importance of the field: The overexpression of EGFR has been documented in 30 – 90% of cases of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). An increased understanding of the EGFR pathway in CRC has paved the way for the development of other targeted agents to augment therapeutic efficacy as well as for efforts to circumvent tumor resistance to therapy. Areas covered in this review: Our aim is to discuss the recent progress in the role of the EGFR pathway, the status of anti-EGFR therapeutic agents currently in use and the rationale for the development of novel agents that work along the pathway for the treatment of CRC. What the reader will gain: The readers will learn about the development and evolution of mAbs directed against EGFR as well as tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the management of CRC patients. In the same vein, determination of optimal dosing and better methods of defining those subsets of patients most likely to benefit will be discussed. Take home message: All these data must encourage clinicians and basic researches to continue in their efforts to untangle the network behind EGFR and try to focus all that effort towards improving patient's quality of life as well as survival.
Lab Experiments Are a Major Source of Knowledge in the Social Sciences

Experimental Economics The disciplines of social science, with the notable exception of psychology, have traditionally steered clear of laboratory. The field of economics, and in particular econometrics, has amassed an imposing arsenal of quantitative and statistical methods for analyzing observational data in assessing economic theory and in making causal inferences. More recently, laboratory experiments carried out under controlled conditions and randomized field experiments carried out under natural conditions have gained some currency as complementary approaches. Falk and Heckman (p. 535) review the strengths and shortfalls of these recent developments. Laboratory experiments are a widely used methodology for advancing causal knowledge in the physical and life sciences. With the exception of psychology, the adoption of laboratory experiments has been much slower in the social sciences, although during the past two decades the use of lab experiments has accelerated. Nonetheless, there remains considerable resistance among social scientists who argue that lab experiments lack “realism” and generalizability. In this article, we discuss the advantages and limitations of laboratory social science experiments by comparing them to research based on nonexperimental data and to field experiments. We argue that many recent objections against lab experiments are misguided and that even more lab experiments should be conducted.
Cross‐Sectional Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Antibodies Presence in Domestic Ducks of Kathmandu, Nepal

Kathmandu, Nepal has been classified as a high‐risk area for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) by the Nepali Government. While ducks have an important role in the transmission of avian influenza viruses (AIV), including HPAI, seroprevalence of antibodies to AIV in domestic ducks of Kathmandu has never been assessed. The objectives of this study were (i) to estimate the prevalence of seroconversion to AIV in domestic ducks in major duck‐raising areas of Kathmandu and (ii) to assess the effect of age, sex, presence of swine and the number of ducks on the farm on the carriage of antibodies to AIV in these ducks. From April through July of 2011, a cross‐sectional study was conducted and a total of 310 ducks in the major duck‐raising areas of Kathmandu were sampled. The estimated prevalence of AIV antibodies was 27.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 24.6–29.5]. Of 62 enrolled farms, 42% had at least one seropositive duck. Half of the enrolled farms also kept pigs of which 52% had at least one seropositive duck. Bivariate analysis indicated association between ducks' seroconversion to AIV and their age, sex and farm size. However, the final multivariable model, after controlling for clustering of ducks within farms, identified age as the only significant risk factor. Based on this model, ducks older than 1 year of age were more likely to be seropositive compared to ducks <6 months of age [odds ratio = 2.17 (1.07–4.39)]. These results provide baseline information about the AIV seroprevalence in domestic ducks in the major duck‐raising areas of Kathmandu and identify a high‐risk group that can be targeted in surveillance activities. Future studies should be conducted to differentiate the subtypes of AIV present among domestic ducks in Kathmandu, with particular interest in the presence of HPAI viruses.
Readmission To Intensive Care Unit After Coronary Bypass Operations in the Short Term.

OBJECTIVE Intensive care unit (ICU) readmissions after coronary bypass (CABG) operations occur in a significant number of patients, and the prognosis is poor. We analyzed the risk factors for ICU readmissions after CABG operations. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the prospectively collected data of 679 coronary bypass patients operated in a single institution in order to evaluate the risk factors for readmittance to the ICU with logistic regression analysis. The outcome results of patients readmitted to the ICU (Group R) and others (Group N) were compared. RESULTS Thirty-six (5.3%) patients were readmitted to the ICU. Postoperative in-hospital mortality and pulmonary and neurologic morbidity occurred in 43 (6.3%), 135 (19.9%), and 46 (6.8%) patients, respectively. The comparison of groups showed that mortality and morbidity were significantly higher in Group R compared to Group N (mortality 16.7% vs. 5.9, p=0.029; pulmonary morbidity 66.7% vs. 17.3%, p=0.0001; neurologic morbidity 38.9% vs. 5.0%, p=0.0001). Features associated with readmission included presence of left ventricular dysfunction preoperatively[odds ratio (OR)=4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.4-12.5; p=0.013], advanced NYHA Class (OR=5.3; 95% CI=1.3-21.7; p=0.022), pulmonary complications (OR=7.3; 95% CI=2.1-25.5; p=0.002), and neurologic complications (OR=4.6; 95% CI=1.3-16.7; p=0.021). CONCLUSION Patients readmitted to the ICU postoperatively have higher rates of mortality and pulmonary and neurologic morbidity after coronary bypass operations. Left ventricular dysfunction, advanced NYHA class, and postoperative pulmonary and neurologic complications are significant risk factors for readmission to the ICU.
PREPUTIAL GLAND OF THE MALE MOUSE: ATTRACTANT FUNCTION

Preputial glands ofmale rodents have long been suspected as sites ofpheromone secretion on the basis of little or no experimental evidence (e.g. Noble & Collip, 1941; Spener, Mangold, Sansone & Hamilton, 1969). The present report documents a signalling function for the preputial gland of the male house mouse, i.e. the male's gland apparently secretes a substance which acts as an attractant for females. Two sets of experiments were conducted, both using sexually experienced C57BL/6J females in random stages of their oestrous cycles. In the first set, a group of thirty-two females (6 to 8 months old) were tested for various odour preferences seven times in 5-min trials over an 8-week period. All females were individually housed and maintained between and during testing in the same room which contained no male mice. Test chambers utilized in Trials 1 to 3
A Clinically Neglected Topic: Risk of Suicide in Transgender Individuals.

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine whether adolescence of transgender individuals is characterized by a high risk of suicide. METHODS In total, 141 participants with transgenderism were questioned using a semi-structured interview to determine whether participants had current suicidal thoughts, had a lifetime history of such thoughts, or had attempted suicide. These findings were cross-referenced to the participants' sociodemographic characteristics, and information about their families' general attitudes toward sexuality, gender identity, and commitment to religious views. In total, 101 participants attended group psychotherapy sessions for at least a year. In these sessions, family and partner relationships, occupational problems, financial problems, medical issues, and religious concerns were discussed. RESULTS The incidence of suicide attempts, current suicidal thoughts, and lifetime suicidal thoughts were 29.8%, 9.2%, and 55.3%, respectively. In total, 76.7% of the suicide attempts occurred before the age of 21. CONCLUSION Transsexual individuals present a high risk of suicide, particularly during adolescence. This finding may be considered a sign for taking action to prevent suicide when working with transgender individuals, particularly during adolescence.
Prevalence and Severity of Dental Caries in 12-Year-Old Children in Kaunas, Lithuania 1995

In order to evaluate suitable strategies for control of dental caries, a longitudinal study of caries progression has been initiated among 12-year-old children in Kaunas, Lithuania. The aim of the present paper was to describe the baseline caries situation in a sample of 12-year-olds, who had been examined using caries diagnostic criteria which differentiate between active and inactive caries lesions at both the cavitated and non-cavitated levels. The mean fluoride concentration in the drinking waters of Kaunas is 0.16 mg/l. A total of 889 children in the 6th grade from seven selected schools were examined. Each tooth surface of all permanent teeth was classified according to one of the following criteria: 0 = sound; 1 = active, surface intact; 2 = active, surface discontinuity; 3 = active, cavity; 4 = inactive, surface intact; 5 = inactive, surface discontinuity; 6 = inactive, cavity; 7 = filled; 8 = filled with inactive lesion; 9 = filled with active lesion; X = extracted. Distinction between active and inactive lesions was made on the basis of a combination of visual and tactile criteria. Virtually all children (99.7%) had experienced at least 1 DMF surface. The mean DMFS was 15.8. Half of the mean caries experience consisted of surfaces with active lesions (7.9), of which two thirds (4.9) were non-cavitated. The mean number of surfaces with non-cavitated inactive lesions was 4.4. The mean DMFT constituted 7.9; 95% of all first molars were affected, followed by the second molars (61%). A comparison of the caries profile according to the present caries diagnostic criteria with those recommended by WHO revealed that the WHO criteria yielded much lower DMFS and DMFT values, because this scoring system does not include non-cavitated caries lesions. The high level of non-cavitated active caries lesions suggests that in this population caries may to a large extent be controlled by simple preventive measures including use of topical fluorides.
Expression patterns of the lysophospholipid receptor genes during mouse early development

Lysophospholipids (LPs) such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) are known to mediate various biological responses, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. To better understand the role of these lipids in mammalian early development, we applied whole‐mount in situ hybridization techniques to E8.5 to E12.5 mouse embryos. We determined the expression patterns of the following LP receptor genes, which belong to the G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) family: EDG1 to EDG8 (S1P1 to S1P5 and LPA1 to LPA3), LPA4 (GPR23 /P2Y9), and LPA5 (GPR92). We found that the S1P/LPA receptor genes exhibit overlapping expression patterns in a variety of organ primordia, including the developing brain and cardiovascular system, presomitic mesoderm and somites, branchial arches, and limb buds. These results suggest that multiple receptor systems for LPA/S1P lysophospholipids may be functioning during organogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 237:3280–3294, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intestinal transplantation before and after the introduction of sirolimus1

Introduction. Small bowel transplantation has been limited by high rates of rejection and graft loss. In June 2000, we began using sirolimus, an immunosuppression agent with proven efficacy in kidney transplantation. We reviewed results among intestinal transplant recipients before and after the introduction of sirolimus. Methods. Thirty-one intestinal transplants were performed in 29 patients at our center between July 1998 and April 2001. All patients were followed for at least 30 days posttransplant. In the first 19 transplants (group 1), patients received tacrolimus, steroids, and antibody induction therapy (either daclizumab or OKT3). In the next 12 consecutive transplants (group 2), patients received tacrolimus, steroids, basiliximab, and sirolimus. Results. Eighteen children (7 males and 11 females, mean age 2.1±2.2 years) and 11 adults (9 males and 2 females, mean age 38.1±12.4 years) underwent transplantation. All patients survived transplantation. The overall reoperation rate was 1.7 procedures per patient in group 1 and 1.1 procedures per patient in group 2. The most common indications were abscess (n=7), planned second look (n=7), leaks/fistulas (n=6), dehiscence (n=6), obstruction (n=4), ischemic bowel (n=3), perforations (n=3), stomal complications (n=3), and graft removal (n=3). The incidence of biopsy-proven rejection in the first 30 days was 73.7% in group 1 and 16.7% in group 2 (P <0.002). Sirolimus was temporarily held or discontinued in 66.7% of patients. Actuarial 1-year graft survival was 91.7% with sirolimus and 57.9% without sirolimus (P <0.04). Actuarial 1-year patient survival was 91.7% with sirolimus and 79% without sirolimus (P =0.12). Conclusions. An immunosuppressive regimen that includes sirolimus has improved graft survival. Furthermore, this regimen has significantly decreased the incidence of early rejection and has eliminated early graft loss caused by fulminant rejection.
Investigating the benefits of multi busbars for industrial Al-BSF silicon solar cells

This paper reports on the modeled and experimental results of industrial aluminum back surface field (Al-BSF) silicon solar cells with different number of busbars (three-, four- and five) for cost-effective metallization. It is found that by keeping the same metal grid coverage, solar cells with four- and five-busbar designs give higher fill factor (FF) and conversion efficiency than the-state-of-the-art three-busbar. This is attributed to decreased gridline resistance as the number of busbars increases from three to four, and four to five. The experimental I-V data shows an increase in cell efficiency by 0.18%absolute and 0.34%absolute with four- and five-busbar cells, respectively, compared to the three-busbar counterpart. This suggests that four- and five-busbar designs having finer gridlines will lead to >20% Al-BSF cell.
Loss of E‐cadherin expression predicts disease recurrence and shorter survival in colorectal carcinoma

Elzagheid A, Buhmeida A, Laato M, El‐Faitori O, Syrjänen K, Collan Y, Pyrhönen S. Loss of E‐cadherin expression predicts disease recurrence and shorter survival in colorectal carcinoma. APMIS 2012; 120: 539–48.
HAIRY CELL LEUKAEMIA WITH T CELL FEATURES

Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) is a well-defined clinical and morphological entity. Although the origin of the malignant hairy cells (HC) remains controversial (LoBuglio, 1976), there is accumulating evidence that HCL is characterized by a proliferation of B lymphocytes (Catovsky, 1977; Jansen et a l , 1979). The neoplastic cells have the hair-like cytoplasmic projections and show the characteristic tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase positivity. Rare cases ofHCL bearing T markers (Advani ct (11, 1976; Saxon et al , 1978; Hernandez et al , 197%) or combined T and B markers (Burns et uI , 1980) were recently reported. We now describe another T-HCL patient with interesting features.
Molecular Detection of Epstein Barr Virus in Women with Breast Cancer in the West Algeria

Breast cancer represents the most common malignant tumor afflicting women. This pathological condition remains the leading cause of death which constitutes an affliction that deserves considerable attention. As a result, the potential implication of viruses in its pathogenesis remains worth a hypothesis. The potential role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in its pathogenesis is still a subject of continued discussion and investigations. The aim of this study is to evaluate a possible association between EBVs in breast cancers in western Algeria, and to determine the clinicopathological characteristics in order to specify the clinicopathological profile of tumors associated with this virus. We have searched the presence of EBV in 60 human breast cancer samples thanks to different techniques such as: PCR, in situ hybridization of EBER sequences and immunohistochemistry for latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). The results obtained from this study showed the presence of this virus in only 16 cases or 26.6%. While the remaining 44 samples with a percentage of 73.3% showed a negative value. This may be due to sensitivity in the different techniques used and also what prompts us to suggest resuming the study using much more sensitive techniques such as real-time PCR. Our study indicates the presence of EBV DNA in a significant proportion of breast cancer in western Algeria. Further studies are required to clarify the role of this virus in breast carcinogenesis.