Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some more consequences of the intermittent feeding of particulate calcium to laying hens.

The commercial laying hen has demonstrated appetites for energy, protein and calcium. Compounded layer diets are balanced with respect to energy as it is generally considered that the energy appetite of the bird is dominant. The current practice of feeding compounded diets has been shown to be inefficient where environmental or disease status alters the bird’s energy metabolism (Mastika, 1987; Walker and Farrell, 1976) which then may result in protein and calcium insufficiency. Similarly, the metabolic requirements of the layer for each of the dietary constituents varies with individual, age and over time; calcium requirement is generally greatest 812 hr after the previous oviposition (Hughes, 1972; Mongin and Sauveur, 1974; Mongin and Sauveur, 1979) which corresponds with the formation of the shell of the next egg*
Osteoporosis Prevention and Management: Nonpharmacologic and Lifestyle options

The purpose of this review is to evaluate current evidence regarding the use of dietary and exercise interventions to prevent fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The key lifestyle modifications that can decrease risk of fracture in postmenopausal women include regular weight-bearing exercise and a balanced diet with adequate calcium and vitamin D intake. Other modifiable lifestyle factors critical to bone health and to decrease fracture risk include the avoidance of smoking, an excessively low body weight, excessive alcohol intake, and fall risks at home. Emerging modifiable factors may include B-vitamin, omega-3 fatty acid, soy isoflavone, and dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation.
Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity in Osteosarcoma Patients: A Report from the Late Effects Surveillance System

The aim of this study was to analyze cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in a recent study trial. Seventy-four patients who had received cisplatin for the treatment of osteosarcoma (median cumulative dose: 360 mg/m2) were investigated prospectively for ototoxicity in a multicenter trial. Hearing function was tested by audiometry. We evaluated the incidence and dependencies of hearing loss. After cessation of therapy, 51% of the patients showed a hearing loss of > 20 dB in the frequency range of 4–8 kHz. Only in one patient a hearing loss was found at 2 kHz, and in none at 1 kHz. At a cumulative cisplatin dose of ≤ 240 mg/m2, almost no ototoxicity was found. Incidence and magnitude of hearing loss increased significantly with a higher cumulative dose. Furthermore, hearing thresholds were significantly poorer in children < 12 years. A further follow-up investigation showed only a marginal change in hearing function. We conclude that ototoxicity is moderate in our group of patients and probably irreversible.
Through Rose-Colored Glasses

Individual-based and group-based forms of relative deprivation (IRD and GRD, respectively) are linked with individual- and group-based responses to inequality, respectively. System justification theory, however, argues that we are motivated to believe that people’s outcomes are equitably determined. As such, endorsement of system-justifying beliefs should dampen people’s reactions to outcomes perceived to be unequal and ultimately undermine support for political mobilization. We examined these hypotheses in a national probability sample of New Zealanders (N = 6,886). As expected, IRD predicted individual-based responses to inequality (i.e., satisfaction with one’s standard of living and psychological distress) better than GRD. Conversely, GRD predicted group-based responses to inequality (i.e., perceived discrimination against one’s group and support for political mobilization) better than IRD. Each of these relationships was, however, notably weaker among participants who were high, relative to low, on system justification. These results demonstrate that system-justifying beliefs have a palliative effect on people’s experiences with inequality.
C/sup 2/ continuous gait-pattern generation for biped robots

In this paper, we propose a new method to generate C/sup 2/ continuous gait motion for biped robots. The method is based on the enhanced inverted pendulum mode, which can easily handle angular momentum around the center of gravity. Using our method, it is possible to plan motion paths for biped robots without discontinuity in the acceleration even during switching from single support phase to double support phase, and vice versa.
Online Professionalism Investigations by State Medical Boards: First, Do No Harm

Despite recent guidelines promoting online professionalism, consequences for specific violations by physicians have not been explored. In this article, the authors gauged consensus among state medical boards in the United States (response rate, 71%) about the likelihood of investigations for violations of online professionalism by using 10 hypothetical vignettes. High consensus was defined as more than 75% of respondents indicating that investigation was "likely" or "very likely," moderate consensus as 50% to 75% indicating this, and low consensus as fewer than 50% indicating this. Four online vignettes demonstrated high consensus: Citing misleading information about clinical outcomes (81%; 39/48), using patient images without consent (79%; 38/48), misrepresenting credentials (77%; 37/48), and inappropriately contacting patients (77%; 37/48). Three demonstrated moderate consensus for investigation: depicting alcohol intoxication (73%; 35/48), violating patient confidentiality (65%; 31/48), and using discriminatory speech (60%; 29/48). Three demonstrated low consensus: using derogatory speech toward patients (46%; 22/48), showing alcohol use without intoxication (40%; 19/48), and providing clinical narratives without violation of confidentiality (16%; 7/48). Areas of high consensus suggest "online behaviors" that physicians should never engage in, whereas moderate- and low-consensus areas provide useful contextual information about "gray areas. " Increased awareness of these specific behaviors may reduce investigations and improve online professionalism for physicians.
The study of H. pylori putative candidate factors for single- and multi-component vaccine development

Abstract Helicobacter pylori has grown to colonize inside the stomach of nearly half of the world’s population, turning into the most prevalent infections in the universe. Medical care failures noticeably confirm the need for a vaccine to hinder or deal with H. pylori. This review is planned to discuss the most known factors as a vaccine candidate, including single (AhpC, BG, CagA, KatA, Fla, Hsp, HWC, Lpp, LPS, NAP, OMP, OMV, SOD, Tpx, Urease, VacA) and multi-component vaccines. Many promising results in the field of single and multivalent vaccine can be seen, but there is no satisfactory outcome and neither a prophylactic nor a therapeutic vaccine to treat or eradicate the infection in human has been acquired. Hence, selecting suitable antigen is an important factor as an appropriate adjuvant. Taken all together, the development of efficient anti-H. pylori vaccines relies on the fully understanding of the interactions between H. pylori and its host immune system. Therefore, more work should be done on epitope mapping, analysis of molecular structure, and determination of the antigen determinant region as well due to design a vaccine, preferably a multi-component vaccine to elicit specific CD4 T-cell responses that are required for H. pylori vaccine efficacy.
Pricing-out effect from possible user-fee policies under Taiwan’s National Health Insurance

This article simulates the pricing-out effect due to various user-fee policies under Taiwan’s National Health Insurance. Our simulation results indicate that the lower income group is more likely to be priced out of the healthcare system than the higher income group. On average, pricing-out effects are 0.04, 0.21, 0.52 and 0.73% of total beneficiaries with respect to the new co-payment policy, the catastrophic insurance policy, the under insurance policy, and the case of no National Health Insurance, respectively. We caution that a reduction of healthcare utilization due to higher user fees could result in some patients being left behind without professional care because the pricing-out effects could be higher than the substitution effects diverting demand to other professional care alternatives.
Effect of a Triclosan-Containing Toothpaste Supplemented with 10% Xylitol on Mutans Streptococci in Saliva and Dental Plaque

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of the combination of triclosan and xylitol in toothpaste on mutans streptococci (MS) in saliva and dental plaque. 155 individuals with >105 MS/ml saliva were included in a 6-month double-blind clinical study. They were divided into three groups (n = 51–52) balanced according to their MS counts at baseline. Each group used one of the following types of dentifrice: (1) Colgate Total© with the addition of 10% xylitol (Total-Xylitol), (2) Colgate© Total and (3) Colgate Total© without triclosan and without xylitol. Whole saliva and pooled plaque samples were obtained after 2, 4 and 6 months. When comparing the MS counts within the groups for saliva and plaque samples, Total-Xylitol showed significant reduction at all three sampling occasions (p < 0.001). Mean reduction at the 6-month sample for saliva was 0.81/ml and for plaque 0.89 per sample (log values). ANOVA revealed significant differences between Total-Xylitol and the two other products at 6 months for MS in saliva and dental plaque. The conclusion from this 6- month study is that the addition of 10% xylitol to a triclosan-containing dentifrice reduces the number of MS in saliva and dental plaque.
Viscoelastic properties of a bent and straight dimeric liquid crystal

Absolute values for the elastic constants and viscosities are reported in the nematic phase for two dimers based upon the monomer 4.4'-dipentyloxyphenylbenzoate. One dimer has an even number of methylene units in the spacer and, in consequence, is approximately straight in the all-trans conformation. The other dimer has one less methylene unit, and is therefore bent. We find that the ratio K 33 /K 11 for the odd dimer is reduced relative to that for the even member of the series. Moreover, we find that the absolute elastic constants for the odd dimer are of order one-half that of the even dimer. The system is analyzed in terms of recent theories by Terentjev, Rosenblatt, and Petschek, and by Terentjev and Petschek, with results in reasonable agreement with experiment
PREEMPTIVE PROPHYLAXIS WITH A LIPID PREPARATION OF AMPHOTERICIN B FOR INVASIVE FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS REQUIRING RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY1

Background. Posttransplant renal replacement therapy has been shown to be an independently significant risk factor for invasive fungal infections after liver transplantation. We assessed the efficacy of a lipid preparation of amphotericin B as prophylaxis for invasive fungal infections, directed toward liver transplant recipients requiring renal replacement therapy. Methods. A total of 148 patients transplanted between 1990 and 1997 received no antifungal prophylaxis. Since 1997, 38 patients underwent liver transplantation; antifungal prophylaxis with a lipid preparation of amphotericin B was used in patients requiring renal replacement therapy. Results. Fifteen percent (22 of 148) of the patients transplanted before 1997 required renal replacement therapy. In this cohort, the incidence of invasive fungal infections (36% vs. 7%, P =0.0007) and invasive aspergillosis (14% vs. 2%, P =0.02) was significantly higher in patients who required renal replacement therapy compared with those who did not. Since 1997, 29% (11 of 38) of the patients required renal replacement therapy and received antifungal prophylaxis. Invasive fungal infections occurred in 36% (8 of 22) of the patients who received no prophylaxis (patients before 1997), and 0% (0 of 11, P =0.03) in those who received antifungal prophylaxis (since 1997). Antifungal prophylaxis was independently associated with protection from fungal infection (P =0.017). No reduction in mortality with antifungal prophylaxis was documented. Conclusion. Prophylaxis with a lipid preparation of amphotericin B was associated with a significant reduction in invasive fungal infections in high-risk liver transplant recipients, i.e., those requiring renal replacement therapy. However, no beneficial effect on survival could be documented.
SLI381 (Adderall XR), a Two‐Component, Extended‐Release Formulation of Mixed Amphetamine Salts: Bioavailability of Three Test Formulations and Comparison of Fasted, Fed, and Sprinkled Administration

Study Objectives. To assess the bioavailability of three test formulations of a single dose of extended‐release Adderall 20‐mg capsules compared with two doses of immediate‐release Adderall 10‐mg tablets, and to assess the bioequivalence of a single 30‐mg dose of the chosen extended‐release Adderall formulation (designated as SLI381) administered in applesauce (sprinkled) and the same dose administered as an intact capsule with or without food.
A Racio-Economic Analysis of Teach for America: Counterstories of TFA Teachers of Color.

One of the United States’ most formidable challenges is the miseducation of students of color. Students of color consistently underperform, when compared to their White counterparts, on nearly every marker of student achievement. Recent studies show that by the twelfth grade, Black students’ performance in reading and mathematics equals that of White eighth graders (National Center for Education Statistics, 2010). Additionally, in the 2007-2008 school year, only 63.5% of Latino students and 61.5% of Black students graduated from public high schools, while 81% of White students graduated from public high schools (Stillwell, 2010).
Opa-typing can identify epidemiologically distinct subgroups within Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence type (NG-MAST) clusters

SUMMARY A collection of 106 Neisseria gonorrhoeae ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were typed using Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). Opa-typing was performed on 74 isolates which had non-unique sequence types to determine if further discrimination could be achieved and if so whether this had any epidemiological basis. The 74 isolates were separated into 12 sequence types and 20 opa-types (OT). Seven opa-type clusters were congruent with the sequence types and five sequence types could be subdivided by opa-typing. These results demonstrate that opa-typing can add a further level of discrimination compared with NG-MAST. The surveillance data for isolates in the largest sequence type cluster (ST 147) indicated that two major subdivisions OT 1 and OT 2 differed epidemiologically by patients' sexual preference and geographical location. ST 147 is a common strain that has been isolated in several countries since 1999; our results suggest that it has diverged into at least two epidemiologically discrete forms.
Effects of purified dietary n-3 ethyl esters on murine T lymphocyte function.

To precisely determine the biologic role of fish oil-derived constituents (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids), it is imperative that information on highly purified n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids be evolved. Therefore, we studied the effects of a low dose, short term dietary supplementation with highly purified (n-3) ethyl esters with regard to murine T lymphocyte function. A 10-day dietary supplementation with low dose, highly purified (n-3) fatty acid ethyl esters was examined for effects on murine splenic lymphocyte function and membrane composition. Mice were fed diets containing either 3% safflower oil (SAF) ethyl esters, 2% SAF plus 1% eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl esters (EPA) (99% pure), or 2% SAF plus 1% docosahexaenoic acid ethyl esters (DHA) (97% pure). Fatty acid analysis of the lymphocyte membranes showed that membrane compositions of the EPA- and DHA-fed mice were subsequently enriched with these (n-3) fatty acids. Con A-induced lymphoproliferative assays (Con A, 5 and 10 micrograms/ml) revealed that splenic lymphocytes from the EPA group had significantly higher mitogenic responses relative to lymphocytes from the DHA or SAF groups (p < 0.05). In contrast, DHA splenocytes had the highest level of 3H-labeled diradylglycerol as a percentage of total lipid. Macrophage-lymphocyte co-cultures demonstrated that the dietary effect on proliferation in response to Con A was influenced by lymphocyte source, but apparently not by macrophage source. In addition, cells from Mycobacterium bovis vaccine-vaccinated mice were placed in culture with purified protein derivative (PPD) (10, 20, and 40 micrograms/ml), as well as Con A (5 and 10 micrograms/ml) to allow comparison between mitogenic and antigenic stimulation. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) existed between the diet groups upon PPD stimulation. However, lymphocytes from the DHA group exhibited significantly higher proliferative responses to Con A than cells from the EPA and SAF groups (p < 0.05). M. bovis vaccine-immunized EPA and DHA fed mice also exhibited significantly reduced delayed-type hypersensitive reactivity to footpad testing with PPD in comparison to that demonstrated by SAF-fed mice (p < 0.05). EPA-fed mice demonstrated the most decreased response. Overall, this study demonstrates for the first time that: 1) low dose, short term dietary supplementation with highly purified EPA or DHA can modulate select functional and transmembrane signaling responses of murine splenic lymphocytes; and 2) that these dietary agents have differing effects on mitogen vs Ag receptors.
Reducing opioid analgesic deaths in America: what health providers can do.

BACKGROUND Available data have shown steady increases of drug overdose deaths between 1992 and 2011. We review evidenced-based recommendations provided by a few prominent North American pain societies and suggest ways on how health providers might help reduce opioid analgesic deaths by implementing these practices. OBJECTIVE To identify health care providers' roles in reducing opioid analgesic deaths. STUDY DESIGN A comprehensive review of current literature. METHODS The review included relevant literature identified through searches of MEDLINE, Cochran reviews, and Google Scholar, PubMed and EMBASE from January 1998 to January 2014. The level of evidence was classified as I (good), II (fair), and III (limited) based on the quality of evidence developed by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). RESULTS Several practices such as too high doses overall, giving too high doses to opioid naive patients, too fast opioid titration, insufficient use and knowledge of urine drug testing, not updating knowledge of drug metabolism/interactions, and inadequate patient monitoring are associated with higher risks of opioid analgesic deaths. Suboptimal risk stratification of patients, rotation practices, and use of opioids analgesics in chronic noncancer pain are also associated factors. LIMITATIONS There were a paucity of good evidence studies which show recommendations reduce death. CONCLUSION Providers should be aware of all associated factors with opiate analgesic deaths and apply the available evidence in reducing opioid analgesic deaths.
Cerebral Circulation During General Anesthesia and Hyperventilation in Man

Studies of cerebral circulation and gaseous metabolism were performed in six healthy young volunteers during anesthesia induced with thiopental and maintained with nitrous oxide and d-tubocurarine. The blood thiopental level was very low when measurements were made, and intravenous d-tubocurarine has been shown not to affect cerebral flow or metabolism. Therefore 70 per cent nitrous oxide was probably the agent chiefly responsible for the changes observed. When Paco2 was normal, cerebral blood flow remained normal, but cerebral oxygen uptake decreased 23 per cent. About one third of this decrease was caused by a small decline in body temperature, with the remainder most likely owing to nitrous oxide. When mean arterial Pco2 was decreased to 18.3 mm. of mercury, cerebral blood flow was halved, and mean jugular venous Pco2 declined to 19.8 mm. of mercury, a level generally assumed to be associated with suboptimal cerebral oxygenation. However, cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen did not decrease further at this low Paco2.
Stunted Cloud-forest in Taveuni, Fiji

The vegetation and microclimate of a stunted ridge-top cloudforest on Mt. Koroturanga (l210m), Taveuni, Fiji (Lat. l7 °S, Long. 180°) is described. Canopy heights decreased from about 30 m at sea level to 10m at 1140m altitude and to 3-7m on the ridge and upper windward slopes . The stunted trees were of low height for their stem diameter, and had abundant epiphytic bryophytes. The upper windward slopes and ridge were usually cloud enveloped and had low temperature (c 17°C), high relative humidity (c94%) and high wind speed (c 5 m S-1 at 15m height) . Canopy height was closely correlated with estimated rates ofleaftranspiration. The cloud-forest had abundant Freycinetia urvilleana in the upper canopy and included species restricted to this environment on a few peaks in Fiji, e.g. Ascarina swamyana and Medinilla
From low-lying implantation to placenta praevia: a longitudinal ultrasonic assessment

A study of 895 consecutive pregnant women studied by transabdominal ultrasound scan showed an incidence of 14.6% of low-lying placenta at 12 – 14 weeks' gestation. Longitudinal follow-up of those with low-lying placenta showed that 85% of them had normally situated placenta at term. However, for those with partial or total placenta praevia at 30 weeks' gestation, 60% and 75%, respectively, persisted as major placenta praevia at term. A total of 45% of those with low-lying placenta at recruitment had threatened abortion while 15.7% had antepartum haemorrhage. The caesarean section rate was as high as 26% among the study population compared with 8.4% among the general population (P < 0.005). It is recommended that all antenatal women should have at least one ultrasound scan in the second or third trimester for placental localisation. Those found to have major placenta praevia in the third trimester should be closely followed-up.
Magneto-Inductive Tracking in Underground Environments

GPS has revolutionized outdoor navigation and tracking, providing highly accurate positioning anywhere in the world. However, as it uses high frequency radio waves, it suffers heavily from multipath and attenuation effects that are caused by buildings, thick vegetation and is completely unusable underground. There is a strong need to be able to position people, equipment and assets in underground environments without resorting to manual surveying. In this chapter, we discuss how positioning in GPS-denied environments can be accomplished by using low-frequency magnetic fields. These fields have the special property of being able to penetrate most natural media without further attenuation and due to their long wavelengths, do not suffer from multipath effects. However, the generation and detection of magnetoinductive fields is challenging which has limited their uptake. This chapter discusses applications where they have been successfully used and provides an overview of the fundamental approaches to positioning in single and multihop scenarios. Finally, it concludes by outlining challenges and limitations.