Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Tooth Loss in a Population of Older Canadians

Data on the incidence of tooth loss in community-dwelling older Canadians have not previously been reported. Since recent US studies of older adults were conducted in predominantly rural communities, their results may not be generalizable to Canada, where the majority of older adults live in major metropolitan or urban settings. This paper describes a study designed to estimate the incidence of tooth loss in older Canadians and to identify factors predictive of that loss. Using personal interviews and clinical examinations, we obtained baseline and three-year follow-up data from 491 dentate subjects. Overall, 23.2% lost one or more teeth between baseline and follow-up. Only six, or 1.2%, became edentulous. Twelve baseline factors were significantly associated with the probability of loss. However, in a logistic regression analysis, only five had significant independent effects. These were gender, marital status, self-rating of oral health status, the number of decayed root surfaces, and a mean periodontal attachment loss of 4 mm or more. The predictive ability of the model was poor, largely because tooth loss is a complex outcome which depends on decisions taken by dentists and patients. Since this decision-making process cannot be captured in epidemiological studies, observational studies are needed to cast further light on tooth loss in this population.
A matter of timing

The BRG1 catalytic subunit of the chromatin remodelling SWI/SNF complex has context-dependent functions during different stages of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma development from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia, and bromodomain and extraterminal inhibitors might be therapeutically beneficial in this subtype of pancreatic cancer.
CELL PROLIFERATION IN GERMINAL CENTERS OF THE RAT SPLEEN *

The lymphatic nature of the Malpighian corpuscles was first recognized by Kolliker in 1855. ’ Lymphatic nodules are observed in various forms, but the most characteristic histological appearance consists of an aggregation of cells in which a central zone of pale-staining cells can be distinguished from a zone of darkstaining, closely packed smaller cells. This central zone was named “Keimzentrum” or the “germinal center” by Flemming in 1885.2 Flemming observed the high mitotic activity in the germinal centers and felt that this area was actively forming lymphocytes. Other terms that have been used for the germinal center are “secondary nodule” or “Innenraum. ” The germinal center is surrounded by dark staining small cells and has been termed “mantle zone” or “marginal zone. ” The mantle zone is surrounded, in turn, by a well-defined circular area of larger cells (mixed large lymphocytes, histiocytes, and perhaps other cells). This zone has also been called “marginal layer,” “Knotchenrandzone,” and “FollikelAussenzone. ” The cells in this zone are arranged more loosely than in the mantle zone. Since the original description of lymphatic nodules by Flemming, various ideas have been advanced in respect to their possible function. The question of their function remains a matter of continuing controversy. Some investigators have supported Flemming’s suggestion that the pale centers of the nodules are “germinal centers” for the formation of new lymphocytes, although it is well known that these are not the only sites of new cell p r o d ~ c t i o n . ~ ~ This concept was challenged by Marchand’ in 1913. He pointed out that the germinal centers are usually sharply demarcated. This makes it difficult to visualize potential genetic relations between “germinal center” cells and the surrounding small lymphocytes. Since then, numerous experimental and pathological s t u d i e ~ ~ , ~ have been reported in support of Marchand’s doubts. Hellmanlo suggested that a major function of the germinal centers was to act as “reaction centers” against toxins. There is also ample evidence that germinal centers are produced as a reaction to bacterial infections and repetitive antigenic ~ t i m u l a t i o n . ~ ~ ~ ~ White,14 however, produced evidence that germinal centers are produced only after induction of the anamnestic (secondary response) and not after the primary antigenic s t im~lus . ’~ Most recently this has been conclusively demonstrated by Cottier et The high mitotic index of germinal centers signifies that there is a significant production of new cells. Whether these newly formed cells in the germinal centers should be
Practice Variability and Children's Motor Behavior

This research investigated Schmidt's variability-of-practice prediction and the breadth-of-a-movement class. Schmidt's hypothesis was tested by varying the parameters of ball and distance in overarm throwing. Breadth-of-a-movement class was tested by employing two novel tasks not previously used in variability-of-practice designs. 203 kindergarten and first-grade subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions, three experimental and one control. Experimental subjects performed 45 trials in their respective training conditions, weight, distance, weight/distance, in one session. Two novel striking tasks were administered to all subjects pre- and posttest to assess the variability-of-practice hypothesis, and the generalizability of overarm throwing and striking. Variability-of-practice in the overarm throw appeared to strengthen the striking schemas of the kindergarten boys. Results suggest some support for the inclusion of throwing and striking in a single-movement class. The concept, -breadth of movement class, however, requires further study.
TIME AND CONCENTRATION RELATIONSHIPS IN THE LONG-CHAIN REACTION OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI IN HOMOLOGOUS ANTISERUM AND AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS

Hahn, Jerome J. (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.) and Roger M. Cole. Time and concentration relationships in the long-chain reaction of group A streptococci in homologous antiserum and an improved method for evaluation of test results. J. Bacteriol. 83:85–96. 1962—We have described a statistically controlled method for evaluating the long chain reaction of group A streptococci grown in homologous antisera. The method is based on the chi-square analysis of the frequency distribution of chain lengths found in test and control sera, and is called the Size-Class Frequency method. Useful tables for rapid application of the method are presented. It is reproducible, and is simpler, more rapid, and more sensitive than the previously described method. Using this method, we have shown that the long-chain reaction reaches a maximum and then declines with time of incubation. The time at which the maximal response and height are attained depends directly on the initial antibody concentration and inversely on the initial antigen concentration. The inter-relationships of time, antibody concentration, total number of cocci, total number of chains, and long-chain frequency (or chain length) are presented in the discussion. In view of the findings reported here, we suggest a re-evaluation of possible methods of “dechaining” or “chaining” among group A streptococci. Present evidence appears inadequate to explain the long-chain reaction on the basis of inhibition of a single enzyme.
Simian immunodeficiency viruses from central and western Africa: evidence for a new species-specific lentivirus in tantalus monkeys

Although up to 50% of African green monkeys (AGMs) are infected by simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) in their natural habitat, they remain asymptomatic carriers of these lentiviruses. They provide an attractive model to study not only the origin but also the link among genetic variation, host-virus adaptation, and pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses. SIVagm have been isolated from three species of AGM: the vervet (Cercopithecus pygerythrus), the grivet (Cercopithecus aethiops), and the sabaeus (Cercopithecus sabaeus) monkey. We studied four new SIVagm isolates from a fourth AGM species, the tantalus monkey (Cercopithecus tantalus), caught in the Central African Republic, and four new isolates from feral sabaeus monkeys from Senegal. Antigenic properties and partial env sequences were used to evaluate the diversity among these isolates. Alignment of env sequences in SIVagm isolated from tantalus and sabaeus monkeys permitted detailed mapping of the variable and conserved domains in the external glycoprotein. Genetic distances indicated that SIVagm isolates from tantalus monkeys are the most divergent among SIVagm in feral AGMs in Africa. The fact that AGMs are infected by four distinct lentiviruses, each specific for a single AGM species, supports the hypothesis of a coevolution of these viruses and their natural hosts and suggests that SIV transmission is a rare event among separated AGM species in the wild.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression During Pregnancy

ABSTRACT Pregnancy has frequently been described as a time of affective well-being. However, a growing literature suggests that women are neither “protected” against new-onset or recurrence of depression during this time. Diagnosis and effective treatment of depression during pregnancy requires a careful weighing of risk of treatment which may include psychotropic medications against the risks associated with failure to adequately manage affective distress and its potential impact of maternal and fetal well-being. Treatment options during pregnancy are reviewed in the context of developing the most appropriate risk/benefit decision for individual patients with past or current depression who either anticipate pregnancy or who become pregnant.
Bacterial species in subgingival plaque and oral bone loss in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND Oral bacteria are widely recognized in the etiology of periodontal disease. We investigated the prevalence of subgingival bacterial infection with eight species, tested associations between infection and oral bone loss, and assessed potential confounding factors and effect modifiers of those associations in a large community-based cohort of postmenopausal women. METHODS A cross-sectional study of oral health and osteoporosis in 1,256 postmenopausal women recruited from the Buffalo, New York Women's Health Initiative Observational Study was conducted. Standardized dental radiographs were used to measure alveolar crestal height (ACH). Subgingival plaque samples were taken, and the presence of eight bacterial species was assessed by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy in each participant. RESULTS The most prevalent infection was Streptococcus sanguis (59.5%), followed by Prevotella intermedia (43.4%), Tannerella forsythensis (37.9%), Capnocytophaga sp. (36.9%), Eubacterium saburreum (32.7%), Campylobacter rectus (17.4%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (15.1%), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (14.2%). Infections with P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, P. intermedia, and C. rectus were associated with an increased likelihood of having oral bone loss as measured by ACH, even after adjustment for age, smoking, and income. The body mass index (BMI) was a modifier of this association. Overweight women with T. forsythensis infection were more likely to have oral bone loss (OR = 3.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.08 to 5.46) than normal weight (OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.98) or obese (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 0.72 to 2.20) women with T. forsythensis infection. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of specific bacterial infections was determined for a large group of postmenopausal women. Those with infection were more likely to have oral bone loss. Further studies should investigate potential modifying effects of BMI and/or inflammatory factors.
Elucidating concepts in drug design through taste with natural and artificial sweeteners

Fundamental concepts in biochemistry important for drug design often lack connection to the macroscopic world and can be difficult for students to grasp, particularly those in introductory science courses at the high school and college level. Educational research has shown that multisensory teaching facilitates learning, but teaching at the high school and college level is almost exclusively limited to the visual and auditory senses. This approach neglects the lifetime of experience our students bring to the classroom in the form of taste perception and makes our teaching less supportive of those with sensory impairment. In this article, we outline a novel guided‐inquiry activity that utilizes taste perception for a series of natural and artificial sweetener solutions to introduce the concepts of substrate affinity and selectivity in the context of drug design. The findings from this study demonstrate clear gains in student knowledge, as well as an increase in enthusiasm for the fields of biochemistry and drug design. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(6):550–554, 2016.
ALTERATIONS OF THE MICROCIRCULATORY NETWORK DURING THE CLEARANCE OF EPIMASTIGOTE FORMS OF TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI: AN INTRAVITAL MICROSCOPIC STUDY

The distribution of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in the microcirculatory network and the vessel alterations were observed using an intravital microscopy technique. Immediately after intravenous inoculation of 2 × 106 epimastigote suspension into normal mice, parasites were seen as circulating clumps, and their retention at some sites of the endothelium of venules and capillaries was observed. Injection of 2 × 107 and 2 × 108 parasite suspensions induced, respectively, intermittent or total stasis of venules and capillaries, probably via obstruction by clumping. The mobility of epimastigotes in the clumps indicates that parasites were alive in the lumen of vessels. The retention of clumps in the capillaries, although intense, could only be observed when labeled parasites were inoculated. These results suggest that the rapid clearance of epimastigote forms of T. cruzi from the blood circulation of mice may be due to the retention of parasites to the endothelium of venules and capillaries that, in turn, may facilitate phagocytosis. This may be a mechanism by which mice are able to eliminate epimastigote forms from the circulation. These findings are consistent with our previous observations showing that epimastigotes are not lysed by complement activation but are phagocytosed and destroyed by a distinct population of blood cells.
Lichen Sclerosus in Monozygotic Twins: A Familial LS

A 29 year old female was referred with a 5 year history of steroid responsive vulval pruritus. Although it was intermittent, without dyspareunia, flares were disabling to the extent that she was unable to sit comfortably. It was noted in her family history, that her twin sister also suffered from vulval pruritus. Clinical examination of the patient demonstrated loss of architecture, sclerotic changes on the labia majora and burrowing of the clitoris. Histopathological analysis of a skin biopsy showed hyperkeratosis, epidermal atrophy and over-hyalinised connective tissue in the underlying dermis. There was a mixed chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate below the hyalinised dermis and basal cell hydropic degeneration at the basement membrane zone. These features are consistent with the diagnosis of lichen sclerosus (Figure 1), although her age was not typical for this diagnosis. There was a good clinical response to appropriate use and duration of clobetasol ointment. An appointment for review of the patient’s sister was offered and accepted.
Structure/function correlates of neuronal and network activity – an overview

The Journal of Physiology supported a symposium to celebrate the past achievements and continuing influence of the work of the late Professor Eberhard H. Buhl, held at the University of Leeds in september 2004. The purpose of the symposium was to bring together former colleagues and collaborators of the late Professor Buhl to provide a forum for the discussion of the state of the art in his principal research field: the correlation between the anatomical structure and emergent function of neuronalnetworks.
Effects of glycosylation on protein structure and dynamics in ribonuclease B and some of its individual glycoforms.

In an attempt to elucidate the role of carbohydrates on protein structure and dynamics in glycoproteins, ribonuclease B (RNase B), containing a single glycosylation site at Asn34, has been investigated and compared with the enzyme in the unglycosylated form (RNase A). RNase B consists of five glycoforms: Man5GlcNAc2, Man6GlcNAc2, Man7GlcNAc2, Man8GlcNAc2 and Man9GlcNAc2 (Man5-9GlcNAc2). The individual glycoforms Man1GlcNAc2 (synthetic) and Man5GlcNAc2 of RNase B have been studied to ascertain any specific effects of the different oligosaccharides. NMR measurement of amide-proton/deuterium exchange rates shows that glycosylation of the enzyme leads to the protection of amide-proton resonances from solvent exchange for a large number of residues, both in the vicinity of the glycosylation site (e.g. residues 29-34 and 35) and remote from it (e.g. residues 57-61 and 75-76). In addition, residues 10-13, 32, 34 and 35, which are observed to be protected from exchange as a result of glycosylation in the individual glycoforms Man1Glc-NAc2-RNase and Man5GlcNAc2-RNase (when compared with RNase A) are less protected in RNase B. This additional protection in the glycoforms Man1GlcNAc2-RNase and Man5GlcNAc2-RNase may arise from steric hindrance between the oligosaccharide and protein reducing solvent accessibility. The rates of solvent exchange of amide protons for residues 10-13, 32, 34 and 35 are dependent on the oligosaccharide moiety. The average amide-proton/deuterium exchange rate in Man6-9Glc-NAc2-ribonucleases for residues 10-13 and 35 is approximately three times greater than Man5Glc-NAc2-ribonuclease, while for residues 32 and 34 it is approximately 7-11 times greater. CD analysis of RNase A and RNase B revealed the carbohydrate moiety to have a small stabilizing effect (approximately 5 kJ/mol) on the protein.
Effect of tibial drill angles on bone tunnel aperture during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

BACKGROUND Anatomic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament has received greater attention as patient outcome assessment has become increasingly sophisticated. A goal during anatomic reconstruction should be the creation of a tibial tunnel aperture that is similar in size and orientation to the native anterior cruciate ligament insertion. Aperture morphology depends primarily on three factors: (1) drill-bit diameter, (2) the angle at which the tunnel intersects the tibial plateau (drill-guide angle), and (3) the tibial tunnel orientation in the transverse plane (transverse drill angle). We evaluated the influence of the aforementioned factors on tibial bone-tunnel aperture size and orientation. METHODS With use of various drill-bit diameters at different drill-guide angles, tunnel aperture areas were calculated on the basis of an elliptical shape. The change in tunnel aperture orientation within the transverse plane (along the tibial plateau surface) was quantified by calculating the change in anteroposterior and mediolateral lengths of the aperture. RESULTS Use of a 9-mm drill-bit at a 45 degrees drill-guide angle created a 90-mm(2) bone-tunnel aperture area. Decreasing the drill-guide angle from 65 degrees to 30 degrees resulted in an increase in area of 81%. An aperture oriented 45 degrees relative to the orientation of the native insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament in the transverse plane fell short of the anatomic anteroposterior distance by 2.3 mm and exceeded the mediolateral distance by 1.4 mm on the basis of a 9-mm drill-bit at a drill-guide angle of 45 degrees. CONCLUSIONS During anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, the drill-bit diameter, sagittal drill angle, and transverse drill angle can all affect tibial tunnel aperture size and orientation. An improperly sized and oriented tunnel aperture may increase the risk of damaging surrounding structures. An optimal combination of these parameters should be chosen during anatomic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.
Soluble Neuregulin-1 as a Diagnostic Biomarker for AlzheimerÃ¢ÂÂs Disease

Diagnosis using a biomarker is a faster and cheaper than brain imaging. Diagnostic biomarkers are chosen based on the characteristics of the disease, specificity, sensitivity, and stability during all disease stages. For this reason, previous candidates with insoluble form in a pathophysiological stage are not useful as biomarkers for the early stage of a neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we explored the possibility of using soluble proteins in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or other peripheral materials as diagnostic biomarkers, in particular, the availability of soluble neuregulin-1 in blood.
A Multi-Task Principal-Agent Approach to Organizational Form

This paper studies the choice of organizational forms in a multi-task principal-agent model. We compare a functional organization in which the firm is organized into functional departments such as marketing and R&D to a product-based organization in which the firm is organized into product lines. Managers' compensation can be based on noisy measures of product-line profits. Measures of a functional area's contribution to total profits are not available, however. This effect favours the product organization. However, if there are significant asymmetries between functional area contributions to organizational success and cross-product externalities within functions, organizing along functional lines may dominate the product organization. We also consider the effects of diseconomies of span of control and cross-functional complementarities. Diseconomies of span of control sometimes favours the product organization and sometimes favour the functional organization. Cross-functional complementaries tend to make the product organization relatively more profitable.
Stockout Compensation: Joint Inventory and Price Optimization in Electronic Retailing

Delays in product availability are common in e-commerce where electronic retailers try to manage with very low inventories. While this lowers inventory costs, the negative effect of increased stockouts is to reduce net demand for the product. We analyze the effect of offering a lower price during stockout to compensate for a customer's waiting time, using an EOQ-type inventory-modeling framework but solving simultaneously for both the optimal prices and the lengths of the in-stock and stockout periods. The lower price recaptures some lost demand and has an important synergistic effect: the increased sales rate leads to lower unit costs for inventory holding and product ordering. Stockout compensation improves market efficiency and increases the retailer's sales and profit. The optimal stockout-compensation policy is to choose period lengths and prices such that the two periods have equal effective prices (i.e., the optimal stockout compensation equals the average waiting cost for a customer). Compared with the pure wait-free and stockless-operation policies, stockout compensation not only yields greater profits, but also greater revenues, lower unit costs, and increased consumer surplus and market coverage. Compared with a backorder policy without compensation, the stockout compensation policy improves profits and social welfare but at the expense of consumer surplus. Allowing for strategic consumer behavior under knowledge of future prices, the equal-effective-prices solution defines a rational-expectations equilibrium.