Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperature Dependence of the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Anion Channel

The mitochondrial inner membrane anion channel (IMAC) carries a wide variety of anions and is postulated to be involved in mitochondrial volume homeostasis in conjunction with the K+/H+ antiporter, thus allowing the respiratory chain proton pumps to drive salt efflux. How it is regulated is uncertain; however, it is inhibited by matrix Mg2+ and matrix protons. Previously determined values for the IC50 suggested that the channel would be closed under physiological conditions. In a previous study (Liu, G., Hinch, B., Davatol-Hag, H., Lu, Y., Powers, M., and Beavis, A. D. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 19717–19723), it was demonstrated that the channel is highly temperature-dependent, and that a large component of this sensitivity resulted from an effect on the pIC50 for protons. We have now investigated the effect of temperature on the inhibition by Mg2+ and have found that it too is temperature-dependent. When the temperature is raised from 20 °C to 45 °C, the IC50 increases from 22 to 350 μm at pH 7.4 and from 80 to 1.5 mm at pH 8.4, respectively. The Arrhenius plot for the IC50 is linear with a slope = –80 kJ/mol. The IC50 is also strongly pH-dependent, and at 37 °C increases from 90 μm at pH 7.4 to 1230 μm at pH 8.4. In view of the extremely rapid fluxes that IMAC is capable of conducting at 37 °C, we conclude that inhibition by matrix Mg2+ and protons is necessary to limit its activity under physiological conditions. We conclude that the primary role of Mg2+ is to ensure IMAC is poised to allow regulation by small changes in pH in the physiological range. This control is mediated by a direct effect of H+ on the activity, in addition to an indirect effect mediated by a change in the Mg2+ IC50. The question that remains is not whether IMAC can be active at physiological concentrations of Mg2+ and H+, but what other factors might increase its sensitivity to changes in mitochondrial volume.
Trade Policy and Access to Retail Distribution

The paper develops a model in which foreign and domestic manufacturers producing differentiated goods sell through spatially differentiated retailers. There is free entry into retailing but access to the retail distribution network (by manufacturers) may be controlled. The author considers a domestic vertical control mechanism in which domestic retailers carry only domestic brands (termed "domestic dealing") and compares the use of tariffs on imports and the enforcement of domestic dealing restrictions as means of increasing domestic welfare. It is shown that domestic dealing will always be prohibited when tariffs can be used. When trade policy is not available, however, domestic dealing may be desirable. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2004.
The Theory of the Knowledge-Creating Firm: Subjectivity, Objectivity and Synthesis

The theory of the knowledge-creating firm explains the differences among firms not as a result of market failure, but as a result of the firm's visions of the future and strategy. This paper proposes a framework to capture the dynamic process of knowledge creation in which knowledge is created through the dynamic interaction between subjectivity and objectivity. Knowledge is created through the synthesis of thinking and actions of individuals, who interact with each other within and beyond the organizational boundaries. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Teaching with Lecture or Debate? Testing the Effectiveness of Traditional versus Active Learning Methods of Instruction

Lecture is, arguably, the oldest known instructional technique used in the university setting. Since it was first employed in Plato's Academy, lecture has become an indispensable part of teaching favored across the college and university curriculum. Recently, this time-honored method of instruction has come under attack for its presumed inability to foster higher order cognitive and attitudinal goals (Cashin 1985; Day 1980; Frederick 1999; Renner 1993). Critics of traditional lecture-based formats call for their replacement with active learning approaches that provide students with an opportunity to meaningfully talk, interact, write, read, and reflect on the content, ideas, and issues of an academic subject (Meyers and Jones 1993, 6).
Policy strategies to address sustainability of Alaskan boreal forests in response to a directionally changing climate

Human activities are altering many factors that determine the fundamental properties of ecological and social systems. Is sustainability a realistic goal in a world in which many key process controls are directionally changing? To address this issue, we integrate several disparate sources of theory to address sustainability in directionally changing social–ecological systems, apply this framework to climate-warming impacts in Interior Alaska, and describe a suite of policy strategies that emerge from these analyses. Climate warming in Interior Alaska has profoundly affected factors that influence landscape processes (climate regulation and disturbance spread) and natural hazards, but has only indirectly influenced ecosystem goods such as food, water, and wood that receive most management attention. Warming has reduced cultural services provided by ecosystems, leading to some of the few institutional responses that directly address the causes of climate warming, e.g., indigenous initiatives to the Arctic Council. Four broad policy strategies emerge: (i) enhancing human adaptability through learning and innovation in the context of changes occurring at multiple scales; (ii) increasing resilience by strengthening negative (stabilizing) feedbacks that buffer the system from change and increasing options for adaptation through biological, cultural, and economic diversity; (iii) reducing vulnerability by strengthening institutions that link the high-latitude impacts of climate warming to their low-latitude causes; and (iv) facilitating transformation to new, potentially more beneficial states by taking advantage of opportunities created by crisis. Each strategy provides societal benefits, and we suggest that all of them be pursued simultaneously.
Effect of Streptozotocin Diabetes on Acid Phosphatase and Selected Glycosidase Activities of Serum and Various Rat Organs

Summary The activities of the lysosomal hydrolases α-l-fucosidase, α-d-mannosidase, β-d-galactosidase, and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosa-minidase are significantly elevated in epididymal fat tissue and in serum from streptozotocin-diabetic rats compared with those from age-matched normal controls. Acid phosphatase activity is significantly raised over control values in epididymal fat tissue and, perhaps, liver from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. In contrast, rats fasted 72 hr show increased activities of all the glycosidases and acid phosphatase in their liver and serum. Glycosidase and acid phosphatase activities of epididymus, kidney, spleen and testis are not affected by streptozotocin-diabetes. This study was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Grant 5685-10.
Money Can't Buy Me Growth

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) was set up in 1991 with the aim to foster private sector development and encourage the creation of the market economy in the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Between 1994 and 2004, the EBRD has spent over 20 billion euros on loans and equity stakes in private and public investment projects in the target countries. This paper assesses the return on this investment in terms of economic growth in transition economies. The main finding is that Western money can't buy us growth in post-communist countries - although money does seem to buy market-oriented reform and democratization. Hence, the EBRD has only an indirect effect (if any) on economic growth during transition: EBRD investment encourages economic reforms which in turn translate into faster growth.
Investigation of mammary blood flow changes by transrectal colour Doppler sonography in an Escherichia coli mastitis model

The objectives of this preliminary investigation were to evaluate the feasibility of transrectal colour Doppler sonography (TCDS) for determining blood flow of the pudendoepigastric trunk in cows with experimentally induced Escherichia coli Mastitis. Five primiparous Holstein dairy cows, 4–6 months after calving, were examined in two trials. All monitored udder quarters were initially clinically healthy, somatic cell count (SCC) was <50 000 cells/ml and bacteriologically negative. The blood flow of the left and the right pudendoepigastric trunk was described by the blood flow volume (BFV). In the methodological part of the study, the intra-observer precision of the method was evaluated. The coefficients of variation of the BFV were 7·1% for the left and 9·4% for the right pudendoepigastric trunk. The intraclass correlation coefficients of the BFV were 0·99 (P<0·001) for the left and 0·75 (P=0·004) for the right vessel. BFV did not differ significantly between the left and the right side nor between pre- and post-milking nor between oestrus and dioestrus. In the experimental part of the study, significant differences of increasing BFV between 0 and 12 h p.i. (post infectionem) (P=0·043) and decreasing BFV between 12 and 24 h p.i. (P=0·043) were discovered for the pudendoepigastric trunk of the infected right side. In the left-right (control-infection) comparison a significant increase of the right BFV was observed at 12 h p.i. (P=0·043). The difference of an increasing SCC correlated positively with the difference of an increasing BFV between 0 and 12 h p.i. (Spearman's ρ=1·00; P=0·043) for the right infected side. It was shown that TCDS is a reproducible technique for investigating pathological mammary blood flow changes at an early stage of acute mastitis.
Performing ‘Performance’—A Comedy in Five Acts

The public service in the United Kingdom is awash with performance data. From the ubiquitous league tables for schools, local authorities and police services, through key performance indicators for civil service agencies right up to Government-level Public Service Agreements, the number of published performance data sets probably now reaches five figures annually. The author discusses some of the aspects of being what are probably the most ‘performance-reported’ public services in the world.
Family history of cancer and risk of breast cancer

The relationship between breast cancer risk and family history of cancer in first‐degree relatives was investigated using data from a multicentric case‐control study conducted in Italy between June 1991 and April 1994 on 2,569 women aged less than 75 years, with histologically confirmed incident breast cancer, and 2,588 control women admitted to hospital for acute, non‐neoplastic, non‐gynaecological conditions. Relative to women with no history, those with a family history of breast cancer had an odds ratio (OR) of 2.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9–3.0], and those with family history of intestinal cancer had an OR of 1.3 (95% CI 1.0–1.7). No significant relations emerged between breast cancer risk and family history of prostate (OR 1.1), ovarian (OR 1.3), cervical or endometrial (OR 1.2) or other cancers, except gallbladder (OR 8.6). The OR for family history of any type of cancer except breast cancer was 1.1. For family history of breast cancer the ORs were similar across strata of age of the proband, being 2.4 below age 45, 2.2 at age 45–59 and 2.7 above age 60, and whether the relative affected was the mother, sister(s) or both, while the risk appeared higher if the age at onset of breast cancer in the relative was lower than 40 years (OR 3.5), rather than higher (OR 2.2). Thus, our results, based on the investigation of all neoplasms in first‐degree relatives, confirm that breast cancer risk is increased in women with a family history of breast cancer, while there was no material association with family history of cancer in general, excluding breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 72:735–738, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasma levels of chromogranin A are directly proportional to tumour burden in neuroblastoma.

A novel animal experimental model involving the human, poorly differentiated, and adrenergic neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y xenotransplanted to subcutaneous tissue of 13 nude rats (WAG rnu/rnu) was used to investigate the usefulness of six proposed neuroblastoma markers. It was shown that the plasma concentrations of human chromogranin A (CgA) as measured by RIA were directly proportional to tumour volume (r = 0.83, P < 0.001). To rule out possible liberation of CgA by tumour cell lysis, the CgA degradation product pancreastatin was also measured in plasma by a specific RIA, but was not detectable. Plasma neurone-specific enolase (NSE) was elevated in tumour-bearing animals (P < 0.01), but did not correlate with tumour volume (r = 0.49, P > 0.05). Urine homovanillic acid (HVA), detected by HPLC, was elevated in tumour-bearing animals (P < 0.01), but did not correlate with tumour volume (r = -0.32, P > 0.05). Urine vanillyl mandelic acid was not detectable. Urine dopamine was found in low concentrations that did not correlate with tumour volume. In summary, although plasma NSE and urinary HVA were elevated in tumour-bearing animals only plasma CgA correlated with tumour burden. This makes CgA a promising biochemical marker for neuroblastomas.
Why Not Partner With Local Government?

Service delivery partnerships with local government offer both opportunities and challenges for nonprofit agencies, but the normative and institutionalist tendencies of the collaboration literature tend to downplay the rationales for avoiding partnerships and the influence of managerial characteristics on the decision to collaborate. Nonprofit executive directors across the state of Georgia were asked about factors that might inhibit them from collaborating with local government agencies. Principal components analysis created four dependent variables from these answers, which were regressed on various respondent, organizational, and community characteristics. The resulting analysis finds that managerial attitudes about collaboration are not monolithic: They reflect underlying political and social dynamics that should be understood as distinct constructs, linked to experience and personal background. The findings suggest that future research should specify the exact nature of collaborative barriers, examine the individual backgrounds of those charged with collaborative responsibility, and integrate theories of organizational and human behavior.
Research and policy: What determines the relationship?

Abstract The relationship between research and policy is a matter of much current interest to policy makers in health. This paper uses historical approaches and case studies to examine the nature of the interrelationship. Drug policy (the evaluation of methadone maintenance in the 1970s and of needle exchange in the 1980s) and alcohol policy (the changing fortunes of the Ledermann hypothesis relating total alcohol consumption to population based harm) provide examples of how the relationship operates. Research can provide the legitimation for particular policy alliances; the role of medical civil servants and medical experts in the UK has historically played a crucial gatekeeping’ role.
Creating Inclusive Communities through Balancing Social Mix: A Critical Relationship or Tenuous Link?

This paper explores some fundamental assumptions being linked by State Housing Authorities to 'social mix' strategies in contemporary Australian public housing estate regeneration policy. Six case-study estates, two each in New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland form the basis for the empirical analysis. The two major ideas emerging from South Australian and Queensland projects are: first that lowering concentrations of public housing and developing more mixed income communities offers a means to reconnect socially excluded public housing tenants to mainstream society; second that a balanced social mix is a prerequisite for the development of 'inclusive', 'sustainable' and 'cohesive' communities. However, in light of the empirical findings that strong cohesive communities already exist on some estates prior to regeneration commencing, there is no evidence that a balanced social mix is a necessary condition for building inclusive communities. Coupled with findings in the projects of inadvertent negative consequences of implementing social mix policies, the paper questions whether policy makers are over-emphasising the extent to which social mix assists regeneration.
The Relationship Between Sleep and Epilepsy

Introduction:The relationship between epilepsy and sleep has been known since ancient times, but it is still not very well understood because of the multiple aspects involved in its analysis, as well as its reciprocal and intrinsic influences. Currently, growing acknowledgement is given to the importance of epileptic manifestations during sleep, the relationship between sleep and the quality of life in patients with epilepsy and the relevance of primary sleep pathologies on seizure control. Results:The modulating effects of sleep on epileptic activity in focal and generalized epilepsies are reviewed and summarized, as well as the effects of the different sleep stages and their value in lateralization and focalization of partial epilepsies, the effects of epileptic activity on sleep structure, the consequences of sleep deprivation, the effects of antiepileptic drugs on sleep, as well the effects of primary sleep disorders on epileptic activity and sleep quality in patients with epilepsy. Conclusions:To have further knowledge of the existing relationship between epilepsy and sleep can not only aid a more expeditious diagnosis of epilepsy, but better characterize it in the context of specific diagnoses. By considering associated sleep disorders, such as the sleep apnea syndrome or insomnia, the physician can prescribe antiepileptic drugs to optimize sleep patterns, which may result not only in the better control of seizures, but also in a better quality of life for patients.
Economic growth, decarbonization and international transfers

We examine a carbon budget-based climate policy in a multi-region Integrated Assessment Model with intertemporal optimization. Innovation and technology diffusion are endogenized in a modern growth theory-based setup that is unique in integrated assessment. They can be directed towards energy or labour productivity. We study in detail how the strength and direction of innovation and technology diffusion influence the dynamic pattern of decarbonization and the structure of mitigation costs. For this purpose, we apply extended decomposition methods for decarbonization and consumption effects. We show that with high labour productivity growth, optimal decarbonization starts earlier and gains from emission permit trade for developing countries are dominated by output reductions. Therefore, additional transfers to developing countries will likely be necessary in a world of high labour productivity growth.
Performance Shocks and Misreporting

We propose a parsimonious stochastic model of reported earnings that links misreporting to performance shocks. Our main analytical prediction is that misreporting leads to a negative second-order autocorrelation in the residuals from a regression of current earnings on lagged earnings. We also propose a stylized dynamic model of earnings manipulation and demonstrate that both earnings smoothing and target-beating considerations result in the same predictions of negative second-order autocorrelations. Empirically, we find that the distribution of this measure is asymmetric around zero with 27% of the firms having significantly negative estimates. Using this measure, we specify a methodology to estimate the intensity of misreporting and to create estimates of unmanipulated earnings. Our estimates of unmanipulated earnings are more correlated with contemporaneous returns and have higher volatility than reported earnings. With respect to economic magnitude, we find that, in absolute terms, median misreporting is 0.7% of total assets. Moreover, firms in our sample subject to SEC AAERs have significantly higher estimates of manipulation intensity.
ExTREmE VAluE ThEORY In EmERgIng mARKETS

This paper investigates the performance of extreme value theory (EVT) with the daily stock index returns of four different emerging markets. The research covers the sample representing the Serbian (BELEXline), Croatian (CROBEX), Slovenian (SBI20), and Hungarian (BUX) stock indexes using the data from January 2006 – September 2009. In the paper a performance test was carried out for the success of application of the extreme value theory in estimating and forecasting of the tails of daily return distribution of the analyzed stock indexes. Therefore the main goal is to determine whether EVT adequately estimates and forecasts the tails (2.5% and 5% at the tail) of daily stock index return distribution in the emerging markets of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Hungary. The applied methodology during the research includes analysi s, synthesis and statistical/mathematical methods. Research results according to estimated Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) parameters indicate the necessity of applying market risk estimation methods, i.e. extreme value theory (EVT) in the framework of a broader analysis of investment processes in emerging markets.
Reciprocity between light intensity and rhodopsin concentration across the rat retina

1 If a purpose of photostasis ‐ absorption of a constant number of photons by the retina, regardless of incident light levels ‐ is to maintain rods at saturation during the light period, then in retinal regions where light intensity is low, rhodopsin concentration should be high, and vice versa. 2 Our ocular transmission photometric measurements revealed that the distribution of light intensity across the rat retina was not as simple as had been thought and, furthermore, that the local concentration of rhodopsin had a high negative correlation with the light intensity. 3 The reciprocity between these two parameters leads to nearly uniform rates of photon absorption in rods across the retina.
Ownership Studies: The Data Source Does Matter

Abstract We examine the fit between the ownership data provided by four surrogate databases and the data collected from proxy statements. We discover an unambiguous pecking order among the surrogates relative to the benchmark ownership statistics of corporate proxy statements. Corporate Text is first, followed in descending order by Compact Disclosure, Value Line, and Spectrum. Further tests show that reporting discrepancies in the Value Line and Spectrum databases could affect economic inferences drawn from regressions using their ownership data. A field guide describing each data source's reporting conventions, formats, and strategies for data aggregation may be downloaded from the Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis' web site (http://webenu.washington.edu/~jfqa/hold/andeapdx.pdf).
Empirical Tests of Budget Ratcheting and its Effect on Managers' Discretionary Accrual Choices

In this paper, we investigate whether budgets ratchet. Using business-unit data from a large multinational corporation, we find evidence consistent with ratcheting where favorable budget variances result in performance budget increases that are larger than decreases associated with unfavorable variances of the same magnitude. We argue that under ratcheting, the cost of reporting positive transitory earnings surprises outweigh the short-term benefits of the current-period bonus. Consequently, we hypothesize that managers make income-decreasing discretionary accruals to offset transitory earnings surprises beyond the level expected under fixed budgets. Using a proxy for transitory earnings surprise, we find evidence consistent with this hypothesis.