Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rapid response of a deep-sea benthic community to POM enrichment: an in situ experimental study

A series of in situ enrichment experiments was carried out at 1265 m water depth in the Sognefjord on the west coast of Norway in order to follow the short-term fate of freshly settled phytodetritus in a deep-sea sediment. For all experiments, a deep-sea benthic chamber lander sys- tem was used. In the lander chambers, a settling spring bloom was simulated by the injection of 0.2 g of freeze-dried Thalassiosira rotula, an equivalent of 1 g organic C m -2 . The algae were 98% 13 C-labeled, thus enabling us to follow the processing of the carbon by bacteria and macrofauna. Experiment duration varied from 8 h to 3 d. The total oxygen consumption of the sediments increased by approximately 25% due to particulate organic matter (POM) enrichment. Macrofauna organisms became immediately labeled with 13 C. After 3 d, 100% of the individuals sampled down to 10 cm sediment depth had taken up 13 C from the phytodetritus added. Bacterial uptake of the tracer was fast too, and even bacteria in deeper sediment layers had incorporated the fresh material within 3 d. Our study documents the rapid downward mixing of labile organic matter and the importance of macrofauna for this process. We present the first evidence for the immediate breakdown and incorporation of POM by bacteria even in deep sediment layers. Surprisingly, the initial processing of carbon was dominated by macrofauna, although the group comprises <5% of the benthic biomass. Altogether, approximately 5% of the carbon added had been processed within 3 d, with the majority being released from the sediment as CO2. Due to the good comparability of our study site with mid- slope settings at continental margins, in general, we propose that the processes we observed are widespread at continental margins and are significant for the biogeochemical cycling of particulate matter on the slope.
Sectoral Structural Change in a Knowledge Economy

The sectoral composition of the US economy has shifted dramatically in the recent decades. At the same time, knowledge and information capital has become increasingly important in modern production processes. This paper argues that a ready explanation for the recent sectoral structural change lies in the difference of intangible capital accumulation across sectors. In the two-sector model of the paper, as the importance of intangible capital increases, labor is shifted from direct goods production to creating sector-specific intangible capital. In the process, the real output and employment shares of the high-intangible sector increase. The model generates sectoral composition change and labor productivity trend that reasonably match the data. It also shows that conventional labor productivity calculation understates the "true" productivity in sectoral goods production. The underestimation is greater for the growing sector. The empirical regressions of the paper indicate a positive and significant association between intangible capital investment intensity and firms' future output and employment growth. The correlation is higher for firms in the growing sector. At the industry level, controlling for industry human capital intensity, physical capital intensity and IT investment level, intangible capital intensity is positively correlated with future industry real output and employment share growth. These findings are consistent with the implications of the model. The paper also presents evidence suggesting that most growing service industries are intangible capital intensive. Thus the theory developed here can also help to reconcile the expansion of the service sector and the seemingly low productivity of the sector.
An asteroseismic study of the β Cephei star 12 Lacertae: multisite spectroscopic observations, mode identification and seismic modelling

We present the results of a spectroscopic multisite campaign for the β Cephei star 12 (DD) Lacertae. Our study is based on more than thousand high-resolution high S/N spectra gathered with eight different telescopes in a time span of 11 months. In addition, we make use of numerous archival spectroscopic measurements. We confirm 10 independent frequencies recently discovered from photometry, as well as harmonics and combination frequencies. In particular, the slowly pulsating B-stars (SPB)-like g-mode with frequency 0.3428 d −1 reported before is detected in our spectroscopy. We identify the four main modes as (� 1, m1) = (1, 1), (� 2, m2) = (0, 0), (� 3, m3) = (1, 0) and (� 4, m4) = (2, 1) for f 1 = 5.178 964 d −1 , f 2 = 5.334 224 d −1 , f 3 = 5.066 316 d −1 and f 4 = 5.490 133 d −1 , respectively. Our seismic modelling shows that f 2 is likely the radial first overtone and that the core overshooting parameter αov is lower than 0.4 local pressure scale heights.
Gray-level Corner Detection by Virtual Electric Field Model

Corner detection and feature extraction are widely used in image processing and computer vision applications. In this paper, we propose a new gray-level corner detection based on virtual electric field model having different configurations, which demonstrate the best detection. The basic idea is to model the image as a grid of virtual electric charges of a plane surface in electrostatic balance. The algorithm is achieved in two main steps. The first one uses an adaptive method for computing directional gradients which permits to build an edge detection operator of 3times3 pixels. The second one introduces this operator for determining image derivatives in order to detect the corners. The smoothed squared images derivatives are given by using a Gaussian function. Then, the response function proposed by Harris and Stephens is computed for each pixel, using auto-correlation matrix. The local maxima search is performed as a final step of the method. Simulation results on synthetic and real images show the performances of the proposed method compared to that presented by an improved version of Harris detector.
THE NANOGRAV NINE-YEAR DATA SET: NOISE BUDGET FOR PULSAR ARRIVAL TIMES ON INTRADAY TIMESCALES

The use of pulsars as astrophysical clocks for gravitational wave (GW) experiments demands the highest possible timing precision. Pulse times of arrival (TOAs) are limited by stochastic processes that occur in the pulsar itself, along the line of sight through the interstellar medium, and in the measurement process. On timescales of seconds to hours, the TOA variance exceeds that from template-fitting errors due to additive noise. We assess contributions to the total variance from two additional effects: amplitude and phase jitter intrinsic to single pulses and changes in the interstellar impulse response from scattering. The three effects have different dependencies on time, frequency, and pulse signal-to-noise ratio. We use data on 37 pulsars from the North American Nanohertz Observatory for GWs to assess the individual contributions to the overall intraday noise budget for each pulsar. We detect jitter in 22 pulsars and estimate the average value of rms jitter in our pulsars to be ∼ 1 % ? > of pulse phase. We examine how jitter evolves as a function of frequency and find evidence for evolution. Finally, we compare our measurements with previous noise parameter estimates and discuss methods to improve GW detection pipelines.
Sources of urea in arctic seas : seasonal fast ice?

Twelve profiles for dissolved nitrogen, including nitrate, ammonia and urea, and for chlorophyll-related pigments, were taken between February 4 and November 23, 1993, as part of a seasonal study of biological oceanography of Resolute Passage, Northwest Territories, Canada. An additional 20 or 23 profiles of salinity, chlorophyll and total dissolved nitrogen obtained between January 16 and December 13, 1993, from up to 10 depths provided background data in the same area. Eight short cores from seasonal fast ice in the same environment were analyzed for dissolved nitrogen species between January 30 and December 4, 1993, omitting the open water period from early to mid-July through the beginning of October. In the water column, nitrate was the predominant dissolved nitrogen source throughout most of the ice season, but it largely disappeared following break-up, as chlorophyll and its derivative pigments increased. By mid-October nitrate reappeared in the subsurface water and was the dominant nitrogen source again by late November. Ammonia and urea concentrations in the water column were relatively low and variable over the winter, declining in spring, but increasing moderately, although erratically, during June at the onset of the seasonal melt, and continuing to fluctuate through summer and fall. In the ice, ammonia and especially urea were the dominant nitrogen sources, culminating in a large, but non-uniformly distributed, standing stock of regenerated nitrogen, with urea the most concentrated, in late May near the time of maximum ice thickness. At freeze-up, regenerated nutrients, and particularly urea, appeared in the new ice, generally at concentrations greater than in the water just under the ice. We argue that a considerable amount of carbon, as part of the urea molecule, is also incorporated into the ice seasonally.
Implementation of a complete SSVEP-based Brain Computer Interface system for spelling

Brain-Computer interfaces (BCIs) are hardware and/or software systems that allow cerebral activity alone to control computers or external devices: their main purpose is to enable severely disabled people (suffering from locked-in syndrome, i.e. complete paralysis) to interact with their surroundings, without the involvement of damaged peripheral nerves and muscles. This is usually achieved by using control signals generated from electroencephalographic (EEG) activity for either written communication or actuation purposes. Different approaches are used to develop a BCI paradigm, which are classified as evoked or invoked, based on the presence or absence of an external stimulus to trigger the needed cerebral response. Among the evoked paradigms, P300and Steady State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEP)-based BCIs are the most popular. In this project a SSVEP-based BCI communication system has been implemented and tested, because of the higher communication rate (defined as Information Transfer Rate, ITR) with respect to other BCI techniques and its asynchronous interface that depends only on the user’s timing. This approach takes advantage of the steady-state evoked potential response of the visual cortex to flashing visual stimuli. Therefore, multiple targets encoded using different frequencies can be implemented in an interface so that, according to which target the users fix their gaze on, the frequency content of the EEG recordings will be different. However, the design of such a speller presents some difficulties in terms of stimulus presentation (which must be accurate and stable). In literature, this issue is often solved by dedicated hardware that can implement stable flickering frequencies through LEDs, but this solution implies added costs and complex, specific designs for the necessary hardware and software. Furthermore, another issue arises: efficient target identification is the most fundamental step for user satisfaction and it requires highly discriminative features and fast and accurate classifiers that require little to no training. However, SSVEP-based BCIs often implement threshold-based classifiers that identify the highest peak of the amplitude spectrum of the EEG recording as the SSVEP frequency, which requires a user-specific threshold and is not robust to noisier recordings where more spectral peaks can exceed the threshold. As such, different classification methodologies have been explored in literature. This project aims at developing a complete BCI system on a general-purpose com-
Spring distribution of diatom assemblages in the East China Sea

We examined the spatial distributional relationships between diatom assemblages and water types during the winter in the East China Sea. Principal component analysis was used to identify two water types and two diatom assemblages in the study area. Coastal water types along the mainland China coastline had low temperature and salinity levels, but high nitrate levels. The shelf-mixing water type in the rest of the study area had higher temperatures and salinities and lower levels of nitrate. Diatom assemblage distribution was not spatially consistent with water type. The Kuroshio assemblage had a large standing stock, distributed along the surface of the shelf break. This assemblage is likely the result of Kuroshio surface water coming into contact with nutrient-rich water in the shelf area, triggering proliferation of certain diatom species. A background assemblage with low standing stock level persisted over the entire study area in both coastal water and the shelf-mixing water types. Our results support previous research: the background assemblage is due to poor growth conditions such as the convection of water during winter; there were no significant seasonal variations in the species composition.
A Comparison of Self-Potential Tomography with Electrical Resistivity Tomography for the Detection of Abandoned Mineshafts

We present a comparison of the abilities of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Self-Potential Tomography (SPT) to detect and characterize buried mineshafts at the site of a former colliery. Surface electrical resistivity and self-potential (SP) surveys were carried out at two test sites, each containing a hidden shaft. The ERT survey results indicate that both sites had a highly heterogeneous subsurface resistivity distribution, which we attribute to colliery spoil and former infrastructure. ERT managed to distinguish an air-filled, highly resistive mineshaft from this background, but failed to detect the second shaft, which was backfilled and therefore had a much lower resistivity contrast with the surrounding formation. However, SPT located both shafts, gave an indication of their size, shape and depth of burial, and was able to distinguish the open- from the backfilled mineshaft due to the strength of the associated SP anomalies. We argue that these SP anomalies are likely to be due to changes in the streaming potential caused by preferential drainage into the shafts.
THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF COMPACT AND NORMAL MASSIVE EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES AND ITS EVOLUTION FROM REDSHIFT z ∼ 2 TO THE PRESENT

We report on the evolution of the number density and size of early-type galaxies (ETGs) from z ∼ 2 to z ∼ 0. We select a sample of 563 massive (M > 1010 M☉), passively evolving (specific star formation rate <10−2 Gyr−1), and morphologically spheroidal galaxies at 0 < z < 2.5, using the panchromatic photometry and spectroscopic redshifts available in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Surveys fields. We combine Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field Camera 3 Hubble Space Telescope images to study the morphology of our galaxies in their optical rest frame in the entire 0 < z < 2.5 range. We find that throughout the explored redshift range the passive galaxies selected with our criteria have weak morphological K-correction, with size being slightly smaller in the optical than in the UV rest frame (by ∼20% and ∼10% at z > 1.2 and z < 1.2, respectively). We measure a significant evolution of the mass–size relation of ETGs, with a fractional increment that is almost independent of the stellar mass. ETGs formed at z > 1 appear to be preferentially small, and the evolution of the mass–size relation at z < 1 is driven by both the continuous size growth of the compact galaxies and the appearance of new ETGs with large sizes. We also find that the number density of all passive ETGs increases rapidly, by a factor of five, from z ∼ 2 to z ∼ 1, and then more mildly by another factor of 1.5 from z ∼ 1 to z ∼ 0. We interpret these results as evidence that the bulk of the ETGs are formed at 1 < z < 3 through a mechanism that leaves very compact remnants. At z < 1 the compact ETGs grow gradually in size, becoming normal-size galaxies, and at the same time new ETGs with normal–large sizes are formed.
Effects of absorption and inhibition during grating formation in photopolymer materials

Photopolymer materials are practical materials for use as holographic recording media, as they are inexpensive and self-processing (dry processed). Understanding the photochemical mechanisms present during recording in these materials is crucial to enable further development. One such mechanism is the existence of an inhibition period at the start of grating growth during which the formation of polymer chains is suppressed. Some previous studies have indicated possible explanations for this effect and approximate models have been proposed to explain the observed behavior. We examine in detail the kinetic behavior involved within the photopolymer material during recording to obtain a clearer picture of the photochemical processes present. Experiments are reported and carried out with the specific aim of understanding these processes. The results support our description of the inhibition process in an acrylamide-based photopolymer and can be used to predict behavior under certain conditions.
Political Business Cycle on the Agricultural Supports in Turkey

This study investigates whether there is a political business cycle (PBC) on the agricultural supports in the Turkish economy. In this respect, we investigate the policies of different Turkish governments for the agricultural supports measured by the producer support estimates for the period 1986-2011. To this end, first the series for the producer support estimates are filtered by the Hodrick-Prescott filter, and then an econometric model is employed to estimate the effects of a set of explanatory variables including the economic crisis, the opportunistic and the partisan characteristics of the incumbent parties. Our results provide limited support for the opportunistic type PBC. Moreover, it seems that some Turkish governments have created the partisanship type PBCs.
THE ARAUCARIA PROJECT: A STUDY OF THE CLASSICAL CEPHEID IN THE ECLIPSING BINARY SYSTEM OGLE LMC562.05.9009 IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD

We present a detailed study of the classical Cepheid in the double-lined, highly eccentric eclipsing binary system OGLE-LMC562.05. 9009. The Cepheid is a fundamental mode pulsator with a period of 2.988 days. The orbital period of the system is 1550 days. Using spectroscopic data from three 4–8-m telescopes and photometry spanning 22 years, we were able to derive the dynamical masses and radii of both stars with exquisite accuracy. Both stars in the system are very similar in mass, radius, and color, but the companion is a stable, non-pulsating star. The Cepheid is slightly more massive and bigger (M1 = 3.70 ± 0.03 M⊙, R1 = 28.6 ± 0.2 R⊙) than its companion (M2 = 3.60 ± 0.03 M⊙, R2 = 26.6 ± 0.2 R⊙). Within the observational uncertainties both stars have the same effective temperature of 6030 ± 150 K. Evolutionary tracks place both stars inside the classical Cepheid instability strip, but it is likely that future improved temperature estimates will move the stable giant companion just beyond the red edge of the instability strip. Within current observational and theoretical uncertainties, both stars fit on a 205 Myr isochrone arguing for their common age. From our model, we determine a value of the projection factor of p = 1.37 ± 0.07 for the Cepheid in the OGLE-LMC562.05. 9009 system. This is the second Cepheid for which we could measure its p-factor with high precision directly from the analysis of an eclipsing binary system, which represents an important contribution toward a better calibration of Baade-Wesselink methods of distance determination for Cepheids.
On predicting roller milling performance IV: Effect of roll disposition on the particle size distribution from first break milling of wheat.

The breakage equation for roller milling allows prediction of the output particle size distribution from the feed particle size distribution in terms of a breakage function. Breakage functions were determined for First Break milling of hard and soft wheats under four roll dispositions: Sharp-to-Sharp (S-S), Sharp-to-Dull (S-D), Dull-to-Sharp (D-S) and Dull-to-Dull (D-D). The breakage functions were then used to predict the particle size distribution resulting from milling whole wheat samples at different roll gaps, for comparison with experimental results. First Break milling of both hard and soft wheat samples under a S-S disposition gave an even distribution of particle sizes over the range 250–2000 μm, which could be described by linear breakage functions. The effect of changing roll gap was to change the slope of the line i.e. to change the balance between small and large particles, with larger roll gaps giving a greater proportion of large panicles. Milling under S-D, D-S and D-D dispositions gave progressively more ‘U-shaped’ distributions; these were described by quadratic functions that indicated large quantities of small and large particles, but fewer in the middle size range. Again, increasing roll gap changed the balance towards more large particles, but had little effect on the quantity of particles in the middle size range. Predictions of output cumulative particle size distributions using the breakage equation gave excellent agreement with independently derived experimental results, with R2 in excess of 0·99 in all cases. The trend in wheat quality testing is to measure distributions of single kernel parameters. The breakage equation approach allows the link to be made between distributions of single kernel parameters and milling performance.
Impact of high-dose statin on the PCI prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndromes

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become an important means of vascular remodeling in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Statins is important in the treatment of ACS by improving endothelial function, anti-inflammation, and protecting myocardial function. This study observed its impact on prognosis by using different doses of statins on ACS patients received PCI treatment. ACS patients receiving PCI in our hospital were divided into three groups according to different doses of atorvastatin, including high-dose group (40 mg/d), normal dose group (10 mg/d), and the control group (without atorvastatin). TIMI, TMPG grade, cTnI, CK-MB, CRP, MACE rate, and adverse reactions were compared. TIMI (1.3 ± 0.8) and TMPG (2.7 ± 0.7) in high-dose group at 6 months after treatment were higher than that in normal dose group (1.2 ± 0.6 and 2.5 ± 0.4, respectively) and control group (1.1 ± 0.7 and 2.0 ± 0.2, respectively). While cTnI (0.252 ± 0.013), CK-MB (26.93 ± 0.57), and CRP (4.65 ± 0.14) were lower than the normal dose group (0.298 ± 0.014, 27.98 ± 0.58, and 5.67 ± 0.21, respectively) and control group (0.415 ± 0.021, 30.05 ± 0.64, and 6.26 ± 0.12, respectively). High-dose group showed significantly lower MACE rate (6.7%) than normal dose group (10%) and control (33%). The adverse reaction rate showed no statistical difference (P > 0.05). High-dose atorvastatin application on ACS patients before PCI can restore coronary artery perfusion, inhibit inflammation, and reduce cardiovascular event incidence with few adverse reaction.