Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing non-Gaussianity of forecast and analysis errors in a convective-scale model

Abstract. In numerical weather prediction, the problem of estimating initial conditions with a variational approach is usually based on a Bayesian framework associated with a Gaussianity assumption of the probability density functions of both observations and background errors. In practice, Gaussianity of errors is tied to linearity, in the sense that a nonlinear model will yield non-Gaussian probability density functions. In this context, standard methods relying on Gaussian assumption may perform poorly. This study aims to describe some aspects of non-Gaussianity of forecast and analysis errors in a convective-scale model using a Monte Carlo approach based on an ensemble of data assimilations. For this purpose, an ensemble of 90 members of cycled perturbed assimilations has been run over a highly precipitating case of interest. Non-Gaussianity is measured using the K 2 statistics from the D'Agostino test, which is related to the sum of the squares of univariate skewness and kurtosis. Results confirm that specific humidity is the least Gaussian variable according to that measure and also that non-Gaussianity is generally more pronounced in the boundary layer and in cloudy areas. The dynamical control variables used in our data assimilation, namely vorticity and divergence, also show distinct non-Gaussian behaviour. It is shown that while non-Gaussianity increases with forecast lead time, it is efficiently reduced by the data assimilation step especially in areas well covered by observations. Our findings may have implication for the choice of the control variables.
Surgical lipodystrophy correction associated with the use of antiretroviral therapy: An analysis of procedures performed and impact on the patients

Introduction: Treatment of patients with acquired immunodefi- ciency syndrome should be complete and based on controlling the disease and the complications related to the use of antiret- roviral medications, such as lipodystrophy. This study aimed to evaluate the main complaints, epidemiological aspects, and surgical procedures performed for lipodystrophy correction among patients receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy. Method: In this retrospective study, data were collected from the medical records of 27 patients who underwent 36 surgical procedures associated with lipodystrophy correction, from March 2010 to June 2014, at the Plastic Surgery Service of the Hospital das Clinicas, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto. Results: The average age of the patients was 47.2 years; 22.2% were men and 77.8% were women. The average duration of an- tiretroviral therapy (HAAR) was 12.1 years. The most frequent complaints were dorsal hump (44.4%), abdominal lipodystro- phy (44.4%), and gluteal lipoatrophy (37.04%). The majority of patients (70.4%) had undergone surgery. The most common type of surgery performed was hump liposuction (carried out in 48.1% of the patients), followed by abdominal, back, or flank liposuction (44.4%) and gluteoplasty (22.2%). Among all 36 proce- dures performed, only 2 resulted in complications. The average postoperative follow-up period was 11.2 months. In total, 70.4% of patients were satisfied with the results of their procedure. Conclusions: The success of surgical treatment of HAAR-in- duced lipodystrophy is based on proper preoperative selection as well as constant and prolonged follow-up. Improved self- esteem facilitates the adherence to antiretroviral drug treatment. ■ ABSTRACT
Occupational hazards correlates of ocular disorders in Ghanaian fisheries

The study examined the ocular health of agricultural workers in the fisheries sub sector with the aim of establishing a possible correlation between the work place hazards and their ocular health. A multi-stage random sampling (involving 683 subjects, 358 fishmongers and 325 fishers) was employed. Ocular hazards encountered at the work place included seawater, sand or dust, heat, sunrays and smoke. Exposure to these hazards were found to be associated with ocular irritation (P<0.001), tearing (P<0.001), red eye (P<0.001), gritty sensation (P<0.001), blurred distant vision (P=0.001) and blurred near vision (P=0.001). The development of pterygium was associated with the exposure to sunrays (P=0.042) and heat (P=0.001) among fishmongers. Further analysis using multivariate logistic regression indicated exposure to heat as the most important predictive factor for pterygium (OR=1.951, P=0.003). Exposure to seawater was found to be associated with the development of cataract (P=0.022) among fishermen/fishers. Cataract among fishmongers was rather associated with exposure to heat (P=0.005), sunrays (P=0.035) and sand/dust (P=0.002). Exposure to work place hazards is associated with ocular disorders in the fishing industry of Ghana.
AC loss of a model 5m 2G HTS power cable using wires with NiW substrates

A model 5 m cable prototype was constructed using American Superconductor second generation (2G) high temperature superconductor (HTS) wires – 344 superconductors, produced with the MOD/RABiTSTM process. The model cable consists of two helically counterwound layers of brass-laminated tapes. Twist pitches were calculated to provide uniform current distribution between the two cable layers. The NiW substrates of the tapes were oriented to face radially inward and radially outward for the inner and outer layers of the cable, respectively, to minimize the spacing between the HTS layers and any effects of the weak substrate magnetism. To verify the calculations and design principles, the model cable was instrumented with potential taps and sensors, including Rogowski coils and Hall probes, to measure the current distribution among layers, voltage – current characteristics and other parameters. AC losses in this cable model have been measured and analyzed by use of digital measurements of current and voltage. At low to intermediate currents, they are in the range of a few tenths of a watt per meter, consistent with the ferromagnetic loss of the substrate. Analysis of the individual contributions of the Ni-W substrate and the superconductor hysteresis loss is given.
Modeling of Dynamic Spatial Processes

The paper is concerned with econometric modeling of the dynamic spatial processes on the example of the GDP per capita in selected European countries. The considerations of the paper are focused on investigations of the structure of components of the spatio-temporal process. As a result of the analysis some specifications of the dynamic spatial models have been obtained. Next the issues of the estimation and verification of the models are presented. The main conclusion from the analysis is that the econometric models of the spatio-temporal processes ought to be of the dynamic character, e.g. considering the spatial and spatio-temporal trends and spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal autodependence as well.
A modelling study of aerosol impacts on cloud microphysics and radiative properties

A warm cloud microphysical parameterization was incorporated into a regional model to study the sensitivity to aerosols of cloud‐radiative properties and precipitation. Assuming a trimodal lognormal aerosol size distribution, the aerosol numbers were explicitly calculated from prognostic aerosol masses, considering advection, diffusion, and cloud and raindrop activation/deactivation processes. Clean continental, average continental and urban aerosols, each with different modal parameters, were used to serve as condensation nuclei (CCN) of cloud‐ and raindrops, whose activations depended on supersaturation and aerosol composition.
The Effect of Demographic Factors on Individual Tax Compliance in Duren Sawit (East Jakarta, Indonesia)

This paper tries to analyse individual tax compliance problems faced by Indonesia using data of 2.383 taxpayers in fiscal year period 2013 in a district namely Duren Sawit. Moreover, the analysis is based on five explanatory variables consisting in two demographic factors: age level and gender of taxpayers, and three other explanatory variables: service-sector taxpayers, tax return status in 2011, and tax return status in 2012. Compared to previous studies, this research paper uses internal data obtained directly from Directorate General of Taxes (DGT) of Republic of Indonesia while most of prior studies used survey method. By comparing three statistical methods, which are Probit method, Logit method, and Linear Probability Method, the analysis of this paper is divided into two models based on the inclusion and exclusion of the previous tax return status. The first model finds that all explanatory variables are statistically significant in influencing individual tax compliance. However, in the second model, only service-sector variable demonstrates statistical significance in explaining individual tax compliance. In conclusion, sector of taxpayers has a significant correlation to individual tax compliance problems in Indonesia.
Assessment of air pollutants in an urban agglomeration in Poland made by the biomonitoring of trees.

In 1970-2000, the state of the natural environment in many regions of Poland was unsatisfactory. This situation has been improving since the integration with the European Union, mainly owing to the reduction of emissions of sulphur and nitrogen oxides. The present study included three tree species: rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L. em. Hedl.), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.), and aspen (Populus tremula L.). The trees grew in a pollution free environment (Huszlew) and in an urban agglomeration (Lublin). The aim of this research was to make comparative observations of the structure of leaves in relation to the content of lead, zinc, copper, nitrogen and sulphur determined in these organs. The N/S ratio in the leaves was accepted as an indicator of proper metabolic processes. Observations of leaves were made with using light microscopy and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. The content of heavy metals in leaves was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after dry mineralization. Total sulphur was determined by the turbidimetric method, while nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method after mineralization in sulphuric acid. When influenced by polluted air, the epidermis of the examined leaves was composed of smaller cells with higher stomatal density per unit area and had a lower number of open pores compared to the epidermis of the leaves developed in a clean environment. Among the species investigated, aspen was characterized by the highest ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals in its leaves. Among the elements determined only the Zn content exceeded the permissible limit, whereas Pb and Cu were found to occur in the range of values dr Stanislaw Chwil, Chair of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland, e-mail: stanislaw.chwil@ up.lublin. pl * Research supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland as part of the statutory activities of the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry. University of Life Sciences in Lublin.
Advances in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Hypothermia versus Normothermia in Survivors of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest*

Despite high levels of public awareness, the widespread use of automatic external defibrillators and the ongoing education of doctors in advanced life support seminars, the percentage of victims who arrive at the hospital after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is small. Of those who reach the hospital, the main cause of death in two thirds of the cases is persistent neurologic disability. The only therapy that has so far seemed to positively affect the neurological outcome of patients after cardiac arrest is mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH). However, the application of MTH is also known to be associated with a number of potential adverse effects, and recent trials report on an increasing rate of stent thrombosis. If the results are confirmed, safe levels of temperature regulation would need to be defined. Recently, a study was published that takes a critical approach to MTH. Hypothermia was compared to targeted temperature management near normothermia. After the end of the study period, there was no statistically significant difference regarding the survival to discharge and the neurological prognosis at 180 days. The authors stress that in both groups the temperature was actively controlled to avoid temperatures over 37 degrees Celsius. There followed few more publications with similar findings. The most important message from these trial is that even if the aggressive regulation of temperature with the form of hypothermia may seem unjustified, this does not mean that fever should be left untreated. Normothermia is a goal that can be achieved rather easily and can also save the lives of many patients.
Equity in the finance and delivery of health care: some tentative cross-country comparisons

textabstractEquity is widely acknowledged to be an important goal in the field of health care. Indeed, McLachlan and Maynard (1982) have gone so far as to suggest that' the vast majority of the population would elect for equity to be the prime consideration' (p. 556)—a view endorsed by Mooney (1986, p. 145). Several researchers have investigated how successful their own country's delivery and/or financing system is in achieving its stated equity goals. In general the strategy of these studies is to compare the current situation with some ideal or 'target* situation. Le Grand (1978), for example, in what has become a classic study in the field, compares the distributions across socio-economic groups of illness and public expenditure on health care in Britain in 1972, and concludes that the National Health Service (NHS) has failed to achieve equity in the delivery of health care.
STUDENTS’ ENGLISH SPEAKING SKILL AND ACTIVATION METHOD: THE CASE OF ONE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

This study was aimed to find out whether or not: (1) there was a significant improvement on the eleventh grade students’ speaking skill who were taught by using activation method at MAN 3 Palembang before and after the treatment; and (2) there was a significant difference on the eleventh grade students’ speaking skill who were taught by using activation method and those who were not at MAN 3 Palembang. In this study, 60 eleventh grade students at MAN 3 Palembang were chosen as the sample. The students were grouped into two (i.e.: experimental group and control group). Experimental group consisted of 30 students, and control group consisted of 30 students. The experimental group was taught by using activation method, and the control group was taught by using teacher’s method. The data were collected by giving pretest and posttest to both groups. To analyze the data, paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test were used. The result of paired sample t-test showed that there was a significant improvement in students’ speaking skill for the experimental group. Independent sample t-test analysis showed that there was a significant difference in both of groups who were taught by using the activation method and those who were not (teacher’s method).
Zombie Vortex Instability. III. Persistence with Nonuniform Stratification and Radiative Damping

The Zombie Vortex Instability (ZVI) occurs in the dead zones of protoplanetary disks (PPDs), where perturbations excite baroclinic critical layers, generating “zombie” vortices and turbulence. In this work, we investigate ZVI with nonuniform vertical stratification; while ZVI is triggered in the stratified regions away from the midplane, the subsequent turbulence propagates into and fills the midplane. ZVI turbulence alters the background Keplerian shear flow, creating a steady-state zonal flow. Intermittency is observed, where the flow cycles through near-laminar phases of zonal flow punctuated by chaotic bursts of new vortices. ZVI persists in the presence of radiative damping, as long as the thermal relaxation timescale is more than a few orbital periods. We refute the premature claim by Lesur & Latter that radiative damping inhibits ZVI for disk radii . Their conclusions were based on unrealistically short cooling times using opacities with virtually no grain growth. We explore different grain growth and vertical settling scenarios, and find that the gas and dust in off-midplane regions are not necessarily in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) with each other. In such cases, thermal relaxation timescales can be orders of magnitude longer than the LTE optically thin cooling times because of the finite time for energy to be exchanged between gas and dust grains via collisions. With minimal amounts of grain growth and dust settling, the off-midplane regions of disks are susceptible to ZVI, and much of the planet-forming regions can be filled with zombie vortices and turbulence.
REASSESSMENT OF CORPORATE BANKRUPTCY PREDICTION MODELS EFFICIENCY: EVIDENCE FROM SERBIA/ПОНОВНА ПРОЦЕНА ПРОГНОСТИЧКЕ МОЋИ МОДЕЛА ЗА ПРЕДВИЂАЊЕ СТЕЧАЈА У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРБИЈИ

Having in mind various negative influences that corporate bankruptcy has on the economy of the Republic of Serbia, corporate bankruptcy prediction is of extreme importance. Therefore, the basic motive for writing this paper was an attempt to assess the possibility of forecasting bankruptcy of business entities which operate on the Republic of Serbia's market. We have calculated the already formed M-score, formed based on the data from the financial statements of Serbian business entities. As a comparison models, we have calculated the two most acknowledged Z-score models. The randomly chosen sample consisted of 35 entities in bankruptcy and the same number of non-bankrupt entities. The goal of the research was to reassess the relevance of the tested models for a longer period, as well as their precision in the corporate bankruptcy prediction in an unstable economic environment of the Republic of Serbia. According to the results, the conclusion is that the tested M-score proved its precision in bankruptcy prediction in Serbia, and its use is, therefore, recommended. On the other hand, the Altman’s Z-score models do not have statistical relevance and hence we recommend that their use for bankruptcy prediction in the Republic of Serbia should be with caution.
Analysing lawyers' attitude towards knowledge sharing : original research

Objectives: The study examined and identified the factors that affect lawyers’ attitudes to knowledge sharing, and their knowledge sharing behaviour. Specifically, it investigated the relationship between the salient beliefs affecting the knowledge sharing attitude of lawyers’, and applied a modified version of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) in the knowledge sharing context, to predict how these factors affect their knowledge sharing behaviour. Method: A field survey of 273 lawyers was carried out, using questionnaire for data collection. Collected data on all variables were structured into grouped frequency distributions. Principal Component Factor Analysis was applied to reduce the constructs and Simple Regression was applied to test the hypotheses. These were tested at 0.05% level of significance. Results: Results showed that expected associations and contributions were the major determinants of lawyers’ attitudes towards knowledge sharing. Expected reward was not significantly related to lawyers’ attitudes towards knowledge sharing. A positive attitude towards knowledge sharing was found to lead to a positive intention to share knowledge, although a positive intention to share knowledge did not significantly predict a positive knowledge sharing behaviour. The level of Information Technology (IT) usage was also found to significantly affect the knowledge sharing behaviour of lawyers’. Conclusion: It was recommended that law firms in the study area should deploy more IT infrastructure and services that encourage effective knowledge sharing amongst lawyers.
Relationships between Soil Properties and Rice Growth with Steel Slug Application in Indonesia

In the presence study representative rice producing sites in Lampung, Central Java and West Java Province was presented, the relationships between soil properties, rice growth and yield, and further evaluated the effect of Si application on rice growth and yield in different soil types were carried out using local steel slug, which was the most common material as the Si amendment. The soil samples were acidic to neutral with textural classes were clayey, loam and sandy clay loam. Mean nitrogen and available P content was below the value in tropical Asia. Silica availability has been decreasing in rice fields in Indonesia and Si deficiency in rice is now recognized as a possible limiting factor rice production. Steel slug, which has a high Si content and locally available, was selected as a potential source of Si in the present study. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of steel slug on rice growth in different soil types. Steel slug was applied at the rates of 0, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 300 kg Si/ha. Steel slug application increased plant height at 300 kg Si/ha. Grain yield of soils that contained low available Si was increased with steel slug application. In contrast, some soils with high available Si content did not respond to Si application and other soil properties affected rice growth.
Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium sp. (cultured at different N/P ratios) on micro and mesozooplankton

An experimental study was carried out to investigate whether two potential predators such as Oxyrrhis marina (phagotrophic dinoflagellate) and Acartia margalefi (Copepoda: Calanoida) had different responses when feeding on toxic ( Karlodinium sp.-strain CSIC1-) or non-toxic ( Gymnodinium sp1) dinoflagellates with a similar shape and size. Both prey were cultured at different N/P ratios (balanced N/P = 15, and P-limited N/P > 15) to test whether P-limitation conditions could lead to depressed grazing rates or have other effects on the predators. Both predators ingested the non-toxic Gymnodinium sp1, and low or non-ingestion rates were observed when incubated with Karlodinium sp. The dinoflagellate O. marina did not graze at all on Karlodinium sp. at N/P > 15 and very little at NP = 15, as its net growth rates were always negative when feeding on Karlodinium sp. cultured under P-limitation conditions. A. margalefi had lower ingestion rates when feeding on Karlodinium sp. grown at N/P = 15 than when feeding on Gymnodinium sp1, and did not graze on P-limited Karlodinium sp. Nevertheless, feeding on Karlodinium sp. grown under N/P =15 or N/P > 15 did not have any paralyzing or lethal effect on A. margalefi after 24 h. Finally, a direct effect on the viability of A. margalefi eggs was detected when healthy eggs were incubated for 5 days in the presence of Karlodinium sp. grown under N/P =15 or N/P > 15, producing a decrease in viability of 20% and 60% respectively.