Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride , SF 5 CF 3 : atmospheric chemistry and its environmental importance via the greenhouse effect

One molecule of SF5CF3, an adduct of the SF5 and CF3 free radicals, causes more global warming than one molecule of any other greenhouse gas yet detected in the atmosphere, i.e. it has the highest per molecule radiative forcing of any greenhouse pollutant, and the value of its global warming potential is only exceeded by that of SF6. Using tunable vacuum-UV radiation from a synchrotron and coincidence spectroscopy, the strength of the central S−C bond in SF5CF3 is determined to be 3.86 ± 0.45 eV or 372 ± 43 kJ mol, and this molecule is very unlikely to be removed from the earth’s atmosphere by UV photolysis in the stratosphere. Complementary laboratory-based experiments have shown that the main sink route of this greenhouse gas is low-energy electron attachment in the mesosphere, with Lymanα photodissociation at 121.6 nm being only a minor channel. By comparison with data for SF6, the lifetime of SF5CF3 in the earth’s atmosphere is estimated to be ca. 1000 years. The principal reason for the current low level of concern about the impact of SF5CF3 on our environment is that the concentration levels are still very low, at the sub parts per trilllion level. The high growth rate of ca. 6% per annum, however, should cause concern for policymakers.
Towards Equity in the Futures Market: Curriculum as a Condition of Access

This article provides a consideration of the problem of equity in education. In the first part of the discussion, the author draws on philosophical and sociological literature to consider what equity means and its implications for education. Drawing on work by Burbules, Lord and Sherman, she looks to curriculum as a condition of access and the importance of learning support structures in bringing about equitable educational outcomes, conceived in terms of Amy Gutmann's democratic threshold. The article offers a conceptual-theoretical model for thinking about the resourcing and curricular requirements for equity in contemporary liberal democratic societies, contrasting the social and economic policy mixes employed by governments situated at different points along a liberty/equality continuum.
Dating brittle tectonic movements with cleft monazite: Fluid‐rock interaction and formation of REE minerals

Two millimeter‐sized hydrothermal monazites from an open fissure (cleft) that developed late during a dextral transpressional deformation event in the Aar Massif, Switzerland, have been investigated using electron microprobe and ion probe. The monazites are characterized by high Th/U ratios typical of other hydrothermal monazites. Deformation events in the area have been subdivided into three phases: (D1) main thrusting including formation of a new schistosity, (D2) dextral transpression, and (D3) local crenulation including development of a new schistosity. The two younger deformational structures are related to a subvertically oriented intermediate stress axis, which is characteristic for strike slip deformation. The inferred stress environment is consistent with observed kinematics and the opening of such clefts. Therefore, the investigated monazite‐bearing cleft formed at the end of D2 and/or D3, and during dextral movements along NNW dipping planes. Interaction of cleft‐filling hydrothermal fluid with wall rock results in rare earth element (REE) mineral formation and alteration of the wall rock. The main newly formed REE minerals are Y‐Si, Y‐Nb‐Ti minerals, and monazite. Despite these mineralogical changes, the bulk chemistry of the system remains constant and thus these mineralogical changes require redistribution of elements via a fluid over short distances (centimeter). Low‐grade alteration enables local redistribution of REE, related to the stability of the accessory phases. This allows high precision isotope dating of cleft monazite. 232Th/208Pb ages are not affected by excess Pb and yield growth domain ages between 8.03 ± 0.22 and 6.25 ± 0.60 Ma. Monazite crystallization in brittle structures is coeval or younger than 8 Ma zircon fission track data and hence occurred below 280°C.
Bryozoan fauna of Green Island, Taiwan. First indications on biodiversity

As part of an initiative to inventory the poorly known Taiwan bryozoan fauna, this paper reports on results of two workshops that processed and identified collections from Green Island, southeast Taiwan. A total of 22 genera with 30 species were found, six of which are new for science. The new species, all in the order Cheilostomata, are Amastigia tricervicornis, Caberea sinensis, Catenicella marceli, Hemismittoidea taiwanensis, Parasmittina spiculata and Celleporina avicularidentata. In comparing the three major groups, cheilostomes predominate, only a few cyclostome taxa were recognized, and no ctenostomes were found. These completely new data from Green Island probably reflect the taxonomic richness of the bryozoan fauna in the tropical western Pacific biogeographic region, even though this region still remains relatively uninventoried.
On the Increase of Background Seismicity Rate during the 1997-1998 Umbria-Marche, Central Italy, Sequence: Apparent Variation or Fluid-Driven Triggering?

Abstract We investigate the temporal evolution of background seismicity rate in the Umbria-Marche sector of the northern Apennines that was struck by the 1997–1998 Colfiorito seismic sequence. Specifically, we apply the Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequences (ETAS) model to separate the background seismicity rate from the coseismic triggered rate of earthquake production. Analyzed data are extracted from the Catalogo della Sismicita Italiana (CSI1.1, catalog of Italian seismicity) 1981–2002, which contains for the study area 12.163 events with M L >1.5. The capability of the ETAS model to match the observed seismicity rate is tested by analyzing the model residuals and by applying two nonparametric statistical tests (the runs and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests) to verify the fit of residuals to Poisson hypothesis. We first apply the ETAS model to the seismicity that occurred in the study area during the whole period covered by the CSI1.1 catalog. Our results show that the ETAS model does not explain the temporal evolution of seismicity in a time interval defined by change points identified from time-evolution of residuals and encompassing the Colfiorito seismic sequence. We therefore restrict our analysis to this period and analyze only those events belonging to the 1997–1998 seismic sequence. We again obtain the inadequacy of a stationary ETAS model with constant background rate to reproduce the temporal pattern of observed seismicity. We verify that the failure of the ETAS model to fit the observed data is caused by the increase of the background seismicity rate associated with the repeated Colfiorito mainshocks. We interpret the inferred increase of background rate as a consequence of the perturbation to the coseismic stress field caused by fluid flow and/or pore-pressure relaxation. In particular, we show that the transient perturbation caused by poroelastic relaxation can explain the temporal increase of background rate that therefore represents a fluid signal in the seismicity pattern.
Culture and Crying

Results of a cross-cultural study of adult crying across 37 countries are presented. Analyses focused on country differences in recency of last crying episode and crying proneness and relationships with country characteristics. Three hypotheses on the nature of country differences in crying were evaluated: (a) distress due to exposure to taxing conditions, (b) norms regarding emotional expressiveness, and (c) personality (at country level). Individuals living in more affluent, democratic, extraverted, and individualistic countries tend to report to cry more often. These indicators relate to freedom of expression rather than to suffering; therefore, our data provide support for a model that views country differences in crying as being connected with country differences in expressiveness and personality rather than in distress. Gender differences in crying proneness were larger in wealthier, more democratic, and feminine countries. Differences in the meaning of crying at individual level (usually viewed as a sign of distress) and country level (as a sign of expressiveness and personality) are discussed.
AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN NUTRIENT RESORPTION PATTERNS AND TANNIN CONCENTRATION OF CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA PLANTATIONS

YE GF, ZHANG SJ, ZHANG LH, LIN YM, WEI SD, LIAO MM & LIN GH. 2012. Age-related changes in nutrient resorption patterns and tannin concentration of Casuarina equisetifolia plantations. Tannin levels and nutrient resorption of Casuarina equisetifolia at different developmental phases (juvenile, mature and senescent phases) were examined to evaluate possible nutrient conservation strategies under nutrient limitation. Results showed that C. equisetifolia branchlets contained relatively higher contents of total phenolics, extractable condensed tannin, total condensed tannin contents and protein precipitation capacity in juvenile stands compared with those in mature and senescent stands. Nitrogen (N) concentrations in mature branchlets increased with stand development, while phosphorus (P) concentrations showed a decreasing trend. Nitrogen:phosphorus ratios in mature branchlets were above 20 and increased with stand development. Phosphorus resorption efficiencies were significantly higher than N resorption efficiencies, with the highest in mature stands. Tannin level, nutrient concentration and resorption were affected by stand age. Our results indicated that at intraspecific level, C. equisetifolia could adjust its nutrient conservation with stand development.
The Cost of Convenience: Ridehailing and Traffic Fatalities

We examine the effect of the introduction of ridehailing in U.S. cities on fatal traffic accidents. The arrival of ridehailing is associated with an increase of approximately 3% in the number of fatalities and fatal accidents, for both vehicle occupants and pedestrians. The effects persist when controlling for proxies for smartphone adoption patterns. Consistent with ridehailing increasing congestion and road usage, we find that introduction is associated with an increase in arterial vehicle miles traveled, excess gas consumption, and annual hours of delay in traffic. On the extensive margin, ridehailing’s arrival is also associated with an increase in new car registrations. These effects are higher in cities with prior higher use of public transportation and carpools, consistent with a substitution effect, and in larger cities. These effects persist over time. Back-of-the-envelope estimates of the annual cost in human lives range from $5.33B to $13.24B.
Autophagy, a highly regulated intracellular system essential to skeletal muscle homeostasis : role in disease, exercise and altitude exposure

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular system that selectively eliminates protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and other cellular debris. It is a self-cleaning process critical for cell homeostasis in conditions of energy stress. Autophagy has been until now relatively overlooked in skeletal muscle, but recent data highlight its vital role in this tissue in response to several stress conditions. The most recognized sensors for autophagy modulation are the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR). AMPK acts as a sensor of cellular energy status by regulating several intracellular systems including glucose and lipid metabolisms and mitochondrial biogenesis. Recently, AMPK has been involved in the control of protein synthesis by decreasing MTOR activity and in the control of protein breakdown programs. Concerning proteolysis, AMPK notably regulates autophagy through FoxO transcription factors and Ulk1 complex. In this chapter, we describe the functioning of the different autophagy pathways (macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperonemediated autophagy) in skeletal muscle and define the role of macroautophagy in response to physical exercise, a stress that is well assumed to be a key strategy to counteract metabolic and muscle diseases. The effects of dietary factors and altitude exposure are also discussed in the context of exercise.
Milk yield losses and cost of clinical mastitis in Friesian × Bunaji crossbred dairy cows in Zaria, Nigeria

Publication History: Received: 29-052017 Accepted: 18-12-2017 Abstract Bovine mastitis is regarded as the most costly disease of dairy cows. Estimating its economic impact therefore gives farmers and veterinarians an insight into the costs of the disease at herd level and helps them make appropriate decisions regarding its control. The aim of this study was to determine the costs of clinical mastitis in Friesian × Bunaji crossbred dairy cows. Passive data collected between 2000 and 2015 was retrieved from the Dairy Research Programme of the National Animal Production Research Institute, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria and this was used to determine the input parameters for a simulation model. The parameters included the lactation and seasonal prevalence of clinical mastitis, average daily milk yield of cows, average illness period and the proportion of cows in each parity. Stochastic (Monte Carlo) simulation modelling of milk yield losses due to clinical mastitis was done using Microsoft ® Excel with @Risk 7 add-in. The cost of a case of clinical mastitis at a base risk incidence of 35.2% was ₦5,005.85 ($15.87). The costs increased by 7.5% in a herd with 10% higher milk yield, while revenue generated was higher by 10.2%. The cost was 1.64% higher in a herd with fifty per cent of it cows in first parity than a herd with fifty per cent of its cows in third parity. 1.01% higher net revenue was generated from herds with fifty per cent of it cows in third parity than the herd with fifty per cent of its cows in first parity. Improving milk production potential of cows resulted in more cases of clinical mastitis, although the increase in revenue overshadows the added costs of clinical mastitis, successful control of mastitis will also significantly reduce production costs and improve the farm revenue.
Artificial insemination services under different institutional framework in Bangladesh.

The objective of the study was to compare the provision of the existing artificial insemination service delivery system (AI-SDS) among public, private and autonomous institutions to the small-scale dairy farmers in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey was conducted by using a pre-tested and pre-designed questionnaire and face-to-face interview technique. A stratified-purposive sampling technique was applied to select 165 small-scale dairy farmers from four study areas. Descriptive statistics were performed to know the frequency of the provision of AI services. Public services were available in all study areas whereas autonomous services were only delivered in Mymensingh district. The private service was increasing faster than the public and autonomous service. The public service had higher incentives and network coverage compared to private and autonomous services. The results also showed that 50% of the respondent perceived the AI service as “public goods” and showed no willingness to pay (e.g., free of charge for public service). The demand for the services has been increasing but the existing organizations were not able to provide the services especially to the remote areas. From this study, it is recommended that farmers’ needs should be translated in a way that they get access to their required services in a satisfactory manner. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjas.v43i3. 21643 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (3): 166-174
Differential effects of spatial network structure and scale on population size and genetic diversity of the ninespine stickleback in a remnant wetland system

Summary The management of population size and genetic diversity in fragmented landscapes is the central issue in conservation biology. Functional connectivity between remnant habitat patches affects these parameters. However, the functional connectivity for genetic diversity would be characterised by a greater spatial scale than population size even within the same habitat network. The reason for this difference is that while dispersal frequency generally decreases with increasing distance, only a few immigrants may effectively contribute to gene flow, whereas a certain number of dispersers may be required to influence population abundance. Here, we investigated the effects of habitat network structures on population abundance and genetic diversity of the ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius, in remnant wetland ponds in northern Japan. We tested (i) whether both population abundance and genetic diversity are positively related not only to habitat size but also to connectivity and (ii) whether the dispersal effect extends to greater spatial scales in genetic diversity than in population size. We employed a graph theoretical index to measure the degree of pond connectivity. This index can evaluate the connectivity threshold distance above which individuals cannot disperse and clarify the difference in the spatial scale of effective dispersal between population abundance and genetic diversity. Pond connectivity significantly affected the spatial variation of both population abundance and genetic diversity. In contrast, pond size was related only to population abundance. As we predicted, the connectivity threshold distance for genetic diversity was more than two times greater than that for population abundance (12.5 km versus 5 km, respectively). Our findings indicate that the landscape managers should consider various spatial scales as a conservation unit for the management of a habitat network in accordance with the conservation targets that they establish. We also found that small artificial agricultural ditches and streams may play important roles in sustaining the population networks of wetland organisms.
A novel method to differentiate rat embryonic stem cells into dopaminergic neurons in vitro

Objective: To develop an efficient protocol to differentiate the rat embryonic stem cells (rESCs) into dopaminergic (DA) neurons, thus providing a new insight for the study and development of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and cell replacement therapy. Methods: We made a “4-step” protocol which was a modified EB (embryoid body)based method, to differentiate rESCs into DA neurons via adding sonic hedgehog (Shh) and fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) sequentially. The 4 steps include: 1) enrichment of rESCs; 2) EBs formation; 3) neural induction; 4) DA neurons derivation. Immunofluorescence staining and qRT-PCR were applied to identify DA neurons. Results: By our “4-step” protocol, ventral midbrain DA neurons could be successfully differentiated from rESCs within 18 days. Combined treatment of Shh and FGF8 was essential for successful induction of DA neurons. Especially, the concentration of Shh was a critical point for DA neurons generation, and 200 ng/ml was highly recommended. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that DA neurons can be induced from rESCs with an efficient and less time-consuming method based on EBs formation with sequential addition of Shh and FGF8, which named “4-step” protocol. And this novel method is of great potential for the treatment of DA system disorders and the study of related drugs discovery as a new renewable source of functional DA neurons.
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH PROTEINS AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a genetically regulated process of cellular suicide. Apoptosis has been im- plicated in a wide range of pathological conditions, and mutations in apoptotic genes play important roles in the process of malignant transformation. Chronic leukemia represents a neoplastic disorder caused primarily by defective programmed cell death, as opposed to increased cell proliferation. This paper presents the main results of our ten-year research on the apoptosis of leukemia cells. The research included the morphological aspects of the process, the effect of antineoplastic agents on the induction of apoptosis in leukemia cells and expression analysis of the proteins involved in programmed cell death. Special attention was paid to the expression and interaction of the Bcl-2 family of proteins in leukemia cells. The ultimate aim of the study of apoptosis of leukemic cells is the discovery of new biological agents that might be used in the treatment of chronic leukemia.
The effectiveness of in-hospital psychosocial intervention programmes for families of critically ill patients - a systematic review

Background. A review of in-hospital psychosocial intervention studies for families with a relative in a critical care unit was conducted. Purpose of review. To review the literature on studies addressing the topic, discuss research methods critically, describe clinical outcomes and make recommendations for future research efforts. In doing so, empirically tested interventions producing positive outcomes may be applied to support families who have a relative in a critical care unit. Data sources. Research citations from 1991 to 2006 from CINAHL, Medline, Pubmed, PsycInfo, SABINET, Cochrane and SCOPUS databases, Internet search engines and unpublished abstracts through NEXUS were searched. Review methods. Citations were reviewed and evaluated for sample, design, intervention, threats to validity and outcomes. Review studies were limited to those that evaluated in-hospital interventions in family members of patients in a critical care unit. Results. Six studies were reviewed. Positive outcomes were reported for all of the intervention strategies. All but one of the studies reviewed studied small samples and single critical care units, and were poor in design. Conclusions. The paucity of interventional studies and the lack of systemic empirical precision to evaluate effectiveness of these interventions necessitate that future studies be methodologically rigorous. Southern African Journal of Critical Care Vol. 22 (2) 2006: pp. 68-76
Impure or Just Weird? Scenario Sampling Bias Raises Questions About the Foundation of Morality

Moral psychologists have used scenarios of abuse and murder to operationalize harm and chicken-masturbation and dog-eating to operationalize impurity. These scenarios reveal different patterns of moral judgment across harm and purity, ostensibly supporting distinct moral mechanisms, modules, or “foundations. ” However, these different patterns may stem not from differences in moral content per se but instead from biased sampling that confounds content with weirdness and severity. Supporting this hypothesis, frequently used impurity scenarios are weirder and less severe than both harm scenarios (Study 1) and participant-generated impurity scenarios (Study 2). Weirdness and severity—not content—also appear to drive differences between act and character evaluations (Study 3). Also problematic for modular accounts are extremely high correlations between harm and impurity (rs > .86), and findings that harm scenarios assess impurity better than researcher-devised impurity scenarios. Overall, patterns of moral judgment previously ascribed to distinct moral mechanisms may reflect domain-general moral cognition.