Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Circumgalactic Gas and the Precipitation Limit.

During the last decade, numerous and varied observations, along with increasingly sophisticated numerical simulations, have awakened astronomers to the central role the circumgalactic medium (CGM) plays in regulating galaxy evolution. It contains the majority of the baryonic matter associated with a galaxy, along with most of the metals, and must continually replenish the star forming gas in galaxies that continue to sustain star formation. And while the CGM is complex, containing gas ranging over orders of magnitude in temperature and density, a simple emergent property may be governing its structure and role. Observations increasingly suggest that the ambient CGM pressure cannot exceed the limit at which cold clouds start to condense out and precipitate toward the center of the potential well. If feedback fueled by those clouds then heats the CGM and causes it to expand, the pressure will drop and the "rain" will diminish. Such a feedback loop tends to suspend the CGM at the threshold pressure for precipitation. The coming decade will offer many opportunities to test this potentially fundamental principle of galaxy evolution.
The AAUAAA sequence is required both for cleavage and for polyadenylation of simian virus 40 pre-mRNA in vitro

The sequence AAUAAA is found near the polyadenylation site of eucaryotic mRNAs. This sequence is required for accurate and efficient cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs in vivo. In this study we show that synthetic simian virus 40 late pre-mRNAs are cleaved and polyadenylated in vitro in a HeLa cell nuclear extract, and that cleavage in vitro is abolished by each of four different single-base changes in AAUAAA. In this same extract, precleaved RNAs (RNAs with 3' termini at the polyadenylation site) are efficiently polyadenylated. This in vitro polyadenylation reaction also requires the AAUAAA sequence.
The Impact of the Political Response to the Managed Care Backlash on Health Care Spending: Evidence from State Regulations of Managed Care

During the late 1990s, there was a substantial cultural, media and legal backlash against the cost- containment practices of managed care health insurance organizations (particularly, HMOs). Most states passed a variety of laws in this period that restricted the cost-cutting measures that managed care …rms could use. I use variation in the passage of these regulations as a proxy for the intensity of the political response to the managed care backlash across states and over time to investigate the eects of this political backlash on health care spending increases. I …nd that the political response to the managed care backlash increased the U.S. health care spending share of GDP by 2 percentage points, which is slightly more than its entire increase during the backlash period, relative to a counterfactual with no such political backlash. I provide evidence suggesting that alternative, purely economic factors for the increase in health care spending during the managed care backlash, do not drive my results. I also show that the political response to the backlash increased medical provider salaries and utilization, and that it decreased HMO penetration. Additionally, I …nd that the political backlash had small or negative eects on average health, but may have improved health for vulnerable subpopulations.
Ethical climate and nurse competence – newly graduated nurses' perceptions

Background: Nursing practice takes place in a social framework, in which environmental elements and interpersonal relations interact. Ethical climate of the work unit is an important element affecting nurses’ professional and ethical practice. Nevertheless, whatever the environmental circumstances, nurses are expected to be professionally competent providing high-quality care ethically and clinically. Aim: This study examined newly graduated nurses’ perception of the ethical climate of their work environment and its association with their self-assessed professional competence, turnover intentions and job satisfaction. Method: Descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational research design was applied. Participants consisted of 318 newly graduated nurses. Data were collected electronically and analysed statistically. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval and permissions to use instruments and conduct the study were obtained according to required procedures. Data were rendered anonymous to protect participant confidentiality. Completing the questionnaire was interpreted as consent to participate. Findings: Nurses’ overall perception of the ethical climate was positive. More positive perceptions related to peers, patients and physicians, and less positive to hospitals and managers. Strong associations were found between perceived ethical climate and self-assessed competence, turnover intentions in terms of changing job, and job satisfaction in terms of quality of care. Nurses at a higher competence level with positive views of job satisfaction and low turnover intentions perceived the climate significantly more positively. Conclusion: Nursing management responsible for and having the power to implement changes should understand their contribution in ethical leadership, as well as the multidimensional nature of nurses’ work environment and the interaction between work-related factors in planning developmental measures. Future research should focus on issues in nurse managers’ ethical leadership in creating ethical work environments. There is also a need for knowledge of newly graduated nurses’ views of factors which act as enhancers or barriers to positive ethical climates to develop. Interventions, continuing education courses, and discussions designed to promote positive ethical climates should be developed for managers, nurses, and multi-professional teams.
[Preference Changes Regarding Future Work Area and Intended Position Among German Residents after Four Years of Residency].

Introduction We investigated the preferences of medical residents in Germany with regard to future working place (hospital or private practice) and position (employment/self-employment in private practice; resp. specialist/senior or chief physician in the hospital). This is analysed in a gender comparative perspective, including the influence of parenthood. Methods Annual postal surveys among graduates of seven medical faculties in Germany from their last year ("Practical Year") until after four years of postgraduate training. The return rate at baseline was 48 % and the four surveys after reached rates from 85 % up. In all samples about two thirds were women, which corresponds to the actual gender differentiation in under- and postgraduate training. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were performed. Results Compared to private practice the hospital is clearly preferred, although the attraction of hospital jobs decreased over the years. The decision for or against the hospital is connected to the discipline. Working in private practice is seen as possibility for part time work. Men prefer self-employment whereas women prefer to work under an employment contract. In the hospital, male doctors prefer to work in leading positions. Those positions are associated with full-time work. Leadership training especially takes place in university hospitals. Discussion Three trends are recognized: Reluctance against leading positions, growing interest for part time work and rising popularity of work as an employee in private practice. Those trends can be understood as a rejection of traditional professional role models. The realization of these preferences is easily feasible because of the current labour market situation. Therefore, emerging problems have to be faced in another way. A change of gender-typical role models was rarely detected.
Intestinal preservation for transplantation: current status and alternatives for the future

Purpose of reviewAmong transplantable abdominal organs the intestine has the shortest cold storage time, raising significant medical and logistical challenges. Herein, established and innovative, emerging concepts in intestinal preservation are summarized. Recent findingsThe method of intestinal preservation using an in-situ vascular perfusion followed by static storage remained unchanged for almost 30 years, despite suboptimal results. Advanced preservation injury occurs within 12 h and is little influenced by the type of solution used. Recent reports indicate that several customized luminal solutions containing various amino acids and macromolecules may delay its development. In addition, gaseous interventions in the storage solutions or in the lumen seem promising and easily applicable tools that may further reduce the ischemia-reperfusion injury and safely prolong the preservation time. Rodent models are not entirely suitable for direct translation to clinical practice as the development of preservation injury is faster than in humans. SummaryThe limitations of intestinal preservation originate in the methods (vascular perfusion and static storage) rather than in the solutions used. Several additional strategies promise to prolong the cold storage and reduce its impact on the intestinal graft and deserve further exploration in large animals and clinical studies.
Genetic variation in CNTNAP2 alters brain function during linguistic processing in healthy individuals

Language impairments are a characteristic feature of autism and related autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Autism is also highly heritable and one of the most promising candidate genes implicated in its pathogenesis is contactin‐associated protein‐like 2 (CNTNAP2), a gene also associated with language impairment. In the current study we investigated the functional effects of variants of CNTNAP2 associated with autism and language impairment (rs7794745 and rs2710102; presumed risk alleles T and C, respectively) in healthy individuals using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during performance of a language task (n = 66). Against a background of normal performance and lack of behavioral abnormalities, healthy individuals with the putative risk allele versus those without demonstrated significant increases in activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area homologue) and right lateral temporal cortex. These findings demonstrate that risk associated variation in the CNTNAP2 gene impacts on brain activation in healthy non‐autistic individuals during a language processing task providing evidence of the effect of genetic variation in CNTNAP2 on a core feature of ASDs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flouroscopy-free technique is safe and feasible in retrograde intrarenal surgery for renal stones.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to present outcomes of our patients who had undergone retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) with fluoroscopy-free technique and evaluate the efficacy and safety of the technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between January 2013 and June 2015 the outcomes of 93 patients who had undergone RIRS with fluoroscopy-free technique were retrospectively evaluated. Our RIRS technique involved preoperative assessment of ureter by semi-rigid ureteroscope, inserting guidewire through semi-rigid ureteroscope, inserting ureteral access sheath over the guidewire with the visiual guidance of semi-rigid ureteroscope, passing flexible ureteroscope through the sheath, dusting the stone with holmium laser, rechecking the ureter with semi-rigid ureteroscope and inserting double J stent through semi-rigid ureteroscope. Low-dose computerized tomography scan was performed to all patients in postoperative first month and the results were classified as stone-free (absence of any fragment), clinically insignificant residual fragments (CIRF) (≤4 mm) and residual stone. RESULTS Study population consisted of 62 (66.6%) male and 31 (33.3%) female patients with a mean age of 47.8±14 (range 14-93) years. Mean stone size was 14.7±5 (7-32) mm. Median operative time was 72 (30-125) minutes. Stone-free rate was achieved in 65 (69.9%) patients while CIRF was achieved in 13 (13.9%) and residual stones were detected in 15 (16.1%) patients. Five patients (5.37%) had minor complications, including hematuria and fever. No major complications were observed. CONCLUSION Fluoroscopy-free technique is effective and safe technique in management of renal stone. Furthermore fluoroscopy-free technique can protect the surgeon from the negative effects of radiation.
Is functional dependence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients determinant of the quality of life and burden of their caregivers?

OBJECTIVE The relationship between functional dependence and quality of life (QOL) in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and burden and QOL in caregivers is not clear. This study investigated possible relationships between functional dependence/QOL of DMD patients and QOL/burden of caregivers. METHOD This study included 35 boys (6-17 years) and respective caregivers (above 21 years). Caregivers answered to World Health Organization Quality of Life and Zarit Burden Interview questionnaires. Patients were assessed with the Motor Function Measure and the Autoquestionnaire Qualité de vie Enfant Imagé. Spearman correlations and linear regressions were run to investigate relationships between the variables. RESULTS The occurrence of lower QOL and higher burden among the caregivers of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy was evidenced. The functional dependence of patients was not considered a determinant factor. Higher caregivers' burden was related to lower caregivers' QOL and to higher patients' ages.
Induction of Krox-24 by Endogenous Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptors in Neuro2A Cells Is Mediated by the MEK-ERK MAPK Pathway and Is Suppressed by the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway*

Neuro2a cells endogenously express cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors. CB1 stimulation with HU210 activated ERK and induced the transcription factor Krox-24. A functional MEK-ERK pathway is an important requirement for CB1-mediated Krox-24 induction as blockade of MEK signaling by UO126 reduces both basal and CB1-mediated activation of Krox-24. CB1 receptor stimulation did not activate either JNK or p38 MAPK pathways or the pro-proliferation phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway. However, serum removal or blockade of PI3K signaling by LY294002 transiently stimulated basal Krox-24 expression and increased CB1-mediated induction of Krox-24. This was consistent with a transient increase in pMEK, pERK, and pCREB levels following PI3K blockade. These data demonstrate that CB1-mediated activation of the Krox-24 transcription factor is negatively regulated through the PI3K-Akt pathway and reveals several points of signaling cross-talk between these two important kinase pathways.
Androgen Receptor Expression in an Indian Breast Cancer Cohort with Relation to Molecular Subtypes and Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy - a Prospective Clinical Study

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is associated with advanced presentation in developing countries like India due to various socio-economic factors. The presence of BC molecular subtypes such as the triple-negative (TN) subtype adds to this menace. Androgen receptor (AR) is emerging as a new biological marker. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of AR with relation to different BC subtypes, and its role in predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: 116 cases of invasive BC (infiltrating ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified) were evaluated. AR expression was correlated with clinicopathological factors, established prognostic markers, BC subtypes and it ability for predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Results: AR was expressed in 56% of the cases. AR expression was significantly associated with early stage (p < 0.03), low axillary burden (p < 0.04), estrogen receptor (p = 0.002), progesterone receptor (p = 0.001) expression and luminal A molecular subtype. No significant association was observed with age, tumor size and HER2/neu status. One-third of TNBC cases expressed AR. Higher AR expression corelated to good clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion: AR can be utilized as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy especially in developing countries such as India where the load of advanced disease is high.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Treatment for the Aggressive Adolescent Sexual Offender a

This paper has described a cognitive-behavioral outpatient treatment program for adolescent sexual offenders. The multicomponent treatment program consists of verbal satiation, cognitive restructuring, covert sensitization, social skills training, anger control training, sex education, and relapse prevention sessions. Data has been presented on 24 adolescents who completed treatment. Results indicated that adolescents involved with male victims significantly decreased deviant sexual arousal pre- and posttreatment, as measured by penile plethysmography. For those adolescents who molested female victims, a decrease in deviant arousal was also evidenced, although it was not statistically significant.
Etodolac inhibits EBER expression and induces Bcl‐2‐regulated apoptosis in Burkitt's lymphoma cells

Abstract: Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is reported to be an important cellular target for therapy in malignancies. The growth inhibitory effects of COX‐2 inhibitors on malignancies have been demonstrated to be through not only COX‐2 dependent, but also independent mechanisms. In this study, we showed that etodolac, COX‐2 inhibitor, induced apoptosis via COX‐2 independent pathway, and investigated the molecular details of etodolac‐induced apoptosis in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. In Daudi and Raji Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines, which expressed no COX‐2 enzyme, etodolac more strongly induced apoptosis compared to meloxicam. Moreover, etodolac did not induce apoptosis to normal B‐lymphocytes. For the pathway of etodolac‐induced apoptosis, reduction of anti‐apoptotic bcl‐2 mRNA and Bcl‐2 protein, activation of Caspase‐9 and ‐3, down‐regulation of caspase inhibitors, c‐IAP‐1 and Survivin were involved. Moreover, EBER‐1 and ‐2 expression in Epstein–Barr virus positive Daudi and Raji cells were reduced to result in down‐regulation of Bcl‐2 by treatment with etodolac. It has been reported that etodolac has stereoisomers, R‐ and S‐etodolac. We found that racemate of etodolac more strongly induced apoptosis in Daudi and Raji cells compared to R‐ or S‐etodolac. In conclusion, our findings indicated etodolac inhibited EBERs expression and induced apoptosis via a Bcl‐2‐regulated pathway. Moreover, racemate of etodolac more effectively induced apoptosis than R‐ and/or S‐etodolac. Therefore, these activities of etodolac potentially extend to the treatment of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma resistant to chemotherapy.
Permanent Cardiac Pacing After Open‐heart Surgery: Acquired Heart Disease

Retrospective review of 5,942 patients who underwent open‐heart surgery for acquired heart disease revealed that 123 patients (2.1%) required permanent cardiac pacing postoperatively; 4.6% of these underwent predominantly valvular surgery and 0.6% had coronary bypass. The most important factors appeared to be: 1) preoperative evidence of a conduction disorder; 2) advanced patient age; 3) dense calcium in the aortic annulus; 4) valvular surgery and, especially, tricuspid valve surgery; and 5) poor myocardial protection. Postoperative permanent pacing had a considerable impact on patient morbidity from maintenance operations; most complications were lead‐related problems.
Using web‐based technology to teach physical examination

groups consist of infants under 12 months old; children aged 1)8 years, and children aged over 8 years. The teenage apprentice is educated in singlerescuer procedures. As he starts a new step, he reviews the concepts he learned before. His thinking appears at the top of the screen and his tutor’s thinking at the bottom. They dialogue during the animation and their voices show the stress of the circumstances. Internet users are able to repeat the animation and clarify technical terms by activating a glossary. The software is available on the Internet free of charge and is accessible by dial-up or low-bandwidth connections, both of which are important considerations in our country. Evaluation of results and impact We surveyed medical students’ acquisition after exposure to this. Both Year 2 medical students, who had undergone 6 months of traditional training, and new incomers participated. Both groups showed a significant increase in the number of right answers after navigation of the software. The results showed that the software is an effective resource for teaching theoretical knowledge of PBLS. The impact of this tool can be evaluated by the number of hits on the website. More than 11 000 people accessed the site in 14 months.
The antinociceptive effects of spinally administered neuropeptide Y in the rat: systematic studies on structure-activity relationship.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid, C-terminal amidated peptide that is found in bulbospinal pathways and can inhibit the release of the primary afferent C-fiber neurotransmitter, substance P. Based on these observations, the present studies examined the possible antinociceptive effects of this peptide and several NPY fragments after intrathecal administration in rats prepared with chronic intrathecal catheters. In the 52 degrees C hot plate test, NPY produced a dose-dependent elevation in the nociceptive threshold with a median effective dose of 1.1 nmol. The ordering of fragments' activity was: NPY greater than NPY16-36 greater than or equal to NPY19-36 greater than or equal to NPY14-36 greater than or equal to NPY18-36 much greater than NPY1-36-OH = NPY18-36-OH = 0. In the paw pressure test, NPY was not active, even at the highest doses examined (median effective dose greater than 20 nmol), whereas the C-terminal fragments retained their potency and produced significant increases in the pressure required to evoke escape (NPY18-36: median effective dose = 18.7 nmol). The rank ordering of activity in the paw pressure test was: NPY19-36 greater than or equal to NPY14-36 greater than or equal to NPY18-36 greater than or equal to NPY16-36 much greater than NPY = NPY18-36-OH = 0. Peptide YY, human pancreatic polypeptide and avian pancreatic polypeptide behave similarly to NPY. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)