Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Initiation of use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and other substances in US birth cohorts since 1919.

OBJECTIVES This study examined recent trends in initiation of psychoactive drug use. METHODS Data from the 1991 through 1993 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse were used to compare the percentages of US cohorts born from 1919 through 1975 who began using drugs before the ages of 15, 21, and 35. RESULTS Initiation of cigarette smoking by males peaked in the 1941-1945 cohort, then declined steadily. For females, early smoking initiation rose through the 1951-1955 cohort and then stabilized. Initiation of alcohol use was less common than smoking for pre1950 cohorts but increased steadily, approaching cigarette use for cohorts born in the early 1970s. Only 2% of teenagers born in 1930-1940 tried marijuana; half the teenagers born in 1956-1965 did so. The percentage initiating marijuana use declined in the 1980s, more so among young adults than among teenagers. The use of cocaine and other illicit drugs echoed the rise of marijuana use but peaked later and showed less evidence of subsequent decline. Sex differences declined over time for every drug. CONCLUSIONS Cohorts born since World War II have had much higher rates of illicit drug use initiation, but trends have varied by drug type, possibly reflecting changes in relative prices.
The Gendered Effects of Career Concerns on Fertility

A growing literature reveals that the adverse effect of children on career advancement falls disproportionately on women. This raises the possibility that women respond to career concerns by delaying family formation more than men. Using a panel dataset on lawyers, we find females are less likely to have their first child before the promotion decision. This fertility gap is not explained away by gender-based sorting or gender differences in marriage-timing and spousal occupation. Two channels drive our results: women bear child-rearing costs and gender-specific promotion thresholds. This implies the focus on the gender wage gap understates gender inequality in the labor market.
The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH): Intervention, Implementation, and Feasibility for Elementary Schools in the United States

The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) was the largest school-based field trial ever sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. The trial demonstrated positive changes in the school food service and physical education program, as well as in students' cardiovascular health behaviors. Because the CATCH intervention programs were implemented in 56 schools (in four states) that were typical of schools throughout the United States, their reception by schools and degree of implementation provide evidence about their feasibility for schools nationally. Extensive process evaluation data were collected from students, teachers, school food service personnel, and physical education specialists throughout the three school years of the CATCH intervention. Four of the CATCH programs—school food service, physical education, classroom curricula, and home programs—were assessed over the three school years. The process data provide information on participation, dose, fidelity, and compatibility of the CATCH programs in the intervention schools for these programs. High levels of participation, dose, fidelity, and compatibility were observed for the four programs during the 3 school years. CATCH emerges as a model of a feasible multilevel health promotion program to improve eating and exercise behaviors for elementary schools in the United States.
Set-shifting and selective attentional impairment in alcoholism and its relation with drinking variables

Background: Individuals with chronic alcoholism show impairments in visual scanning, set-shifting and response inhibition abilities. Aim: To study the relationship between performance on tests of set-shifting and selective attention, and alcohol intake variables (duration of dependence, amount of alcohol intake, and duration of abstinence during the past year). Methods: In this cross-sectional, controlled study, inpatients from a tertiary care centre were selected. Thirty patients with alcohol dependence and 15 age-, sex- and education-matched normal controls were administered the Trail Making Test (TMT) and Stroop test to assess visual scanning, set-shifting and response inhibition abilities. The data were analysed using the χ2 test, t test and ANOVA with post-hoc analysis. Results: The patient group performed poorly on all measures of the tests. The duration of dependence and the amount of alcohol intake (during the past 1 year) were not found to significantly affect the performance on the 2 tests. The duration of abstinence during the past 1 year was significantly related to performance on the Stroop test with patients having a longer duration of abstinence showing lesser impairment. Conclusion: Patients with a fewer number of days of alcohol intake during the past 1 year show relatively better visual scanning, set-shifting and response inhibition abilities.
Accurate finite element model of equiaxed-grain engineering material for ultrasonic inspection

Finite element (FE) simulation of grained material with equiaxed grain distribution is of interest for the virtual prototyping of array structures and the assessment of signal processing algorithms. Construction of such models can be computationally intensive due to the large number of crystallographic orientations required to represent the material. This paper concentrates on analysis and processing of orientation data in order to establish a computationally efficient 2D FE model whilst maintaining appropriate accuracy of the grained structure. Two approaches for orientation processing are proposed and their performances are compared. Parametric studies show that the trade-off between computational overhead and model accuracy will reach the optimal point when Euler space is segmented with a bin size of 15 degree per Euler phase. A transducer array is then incorporated into the FE model to generate B-scan image of the material. The image is compared with experimental equivalent for FE model validation purpose. The minor difference of images proves that the constructed FE model is accurate, highlighting the potential of the proposed methods for application on other equiaxed-grain materials.
Sub‐structure characterization of experimentally and naturally deformed ice using cryo‐EBSD

In this work, we present first results of high‐resolution EBSD for ice with a spatial resolution down to 0.25 μm. The study highlights the potential of EBSD to significantly increase our understanding of deformation and annealing processes associated with the build‐up of internal stresses due to strain incompatibility between grains. Two polycrystalline samples were analyzed: a natural sample of polar ice from the Vostok ice core (Antarctica) and an experimentally deformed sample of laboratory grown columnar ice. In summary, we observe the following: (1) inhomogeneous deformation through the grains is translated into lattice distortions that are concentrated mainly at grain boundaries and triple junctions (natural and experimental sample), (2) these distortions may be continuous (natural and experimental sample) or may form distinct tilt boundaries and sub‐grains of 10–50 μm size (experimental sample). These form mainly by rearrangement of basal edge dislocations into low‐energy configurations (i.e. tilt boundaries) in various prism planes. Continuous lattice distortions originate from screw or mixed edge and screw dislocations lying in the basal plane.
Compromised fidelity of endocytic synaptic vesicle protein sorting in the absence of stonin 2

Significance Brain function depends on neurotransmission, and alterations in this process are linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurotransmitter release requires the rapid recycling of synaptic vesicles (SVs) by endocytosis. How synapses can rapidly regenerate SVs, yet preserve their molecular composition, is poorly understood. We demonstrate that mice lacking the endocytic protein stonin 2 (Stn2) show changes in exploratory behavior and defects in SV composition, whereas the speed at which SVs are regenerated is increased. As Stn2 is implicated in schizophrenia and autism in humans, our findings bear implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurotransmission depends on the exocytic fusion of synaptic vesicles (SVs) and their subsequent reformation either by clathrin-mediated endocytosis or budding from bulk endosomes. How synapses are able to rapidly recycle SVs to maintain SV pool size, yet preserve their compositional identity, is poorly understood. We demonstrate that deletion of the endocytic adaptor stonin 2 (Stn2) in mice compromises the fidelity of SV protein sorting, whereas the apparent speed of SV retrieval is increased. Loss of Stn2 leads to selective missorting of synaptotagmin 1 to the neuronal surface, an elevated SV pool size, and accelerated SV protein endocytosis. The latter phenotype is mimicked by overexpression of endocytosis-defective variants of synaptotagmin 1. Increased speed of SV protein retrieval in the absence of Stn2 correlates with an up-regulation of SV reformation from bulk endosomes. Our results are consistent with a model whereby Stn2 is required to preserve SV protein composition but is dispensable for maintaining the speed of SV recycling.
Plant species distribution in relation to water-table depth and soil redox potential in montane riparian meadows

The distribution of riparian plant species is largely driven by hydrologic and soil variables, and riparian plant communities frequently occur in relatively distinct zones along streamside elevational and soil textural gradients. In two montane meadows in northeast Oregon, USA, we examined plant species distribution in three riparian plant communities—defined as wet, moist, and dry meadow—along short topographic gradients. We established transects from streamside wet meadow communities to the dry meadow communities located on the floodplain terrace. Within each of the three communities, we sampled plant species composition and cover and monitored water-table depth and soil redox potential (Eh) at 10- and 25-cm depths through three growing seasons (1997, 1998, and 1999). The study objectives were (1) to characterize and compare seasonal patterns of water-table depth and soil redox potential in portions of the floodplain dominated by the three different plant communities; (2) to compare plant species composition, distribution, and diversity among the three communities; and (3) to relate plant species diversity and distribution to water-table depth and redox potential. Strong environmental gradients existed along the transects. Water-table depth followed the seasonal patterns of stream stage and discharge and was consistently highest in the wet meadow communities (ranging from +26 cm above the soil surface to −37 cm below the surface), lowest in the dry meadow communities (−8 cm to − 115 cm), and intermediate in the moist meadow communities (+17 cm to −73 cm). Dynamics of redox potential were associated with the seasonal fluctuations in water-table depth and differed among the plant communities. In the wet meadow communities, anaerobic soil conditions (Eh ≤ 300 mV) occurred from March through July at 10-cm depth and throughout the year at 25-cm depth. In the moist meadow communities, soils were anaerobic during spring high flows and aerobic in summer and fall during low flows. In the dry meadow communities, soil conditions were predominantly aerobic throughout the year at both depths. Wet meadow communities were dominated by sedges (Carex spp.) and had the lowest species richness and diversity, whereas dry meadow communities were composed of a mixture of grasses and forbs and had the greatest number of species. Species richness and total plant cover were negatively correlated with mean water-table depth and positively correlated with mean redox potential at 10-cm and 25-cm depths (P < 0.01). Distribution of the 18 most abundant plant species in relation to water-table depth and soil redox potential showed that certain species, such as the obligate wetland sedges, occurred within a fairly restricted range of water-table depth, whereas other graminoids occurred over wide ranges. These results suggest that the biological diversity often observed in montane riparian meadows is strongly related to steep environmental gradients in hydrology and soil redox status.
Molecular and Spectroscopic Analysis of the Cytochromecbb 3 Oxidase from Pseudomonas stutzeri *

Cytochrome cbb 3 oxidase, a member of the heme-copper oxidase superfamily, is characterized by its high affinity for oxygen while retaining the ability to pump protons. These attributes are central to its proposed role in the microaerobic metabolism of proteobacteria. We have completed the first detailed spectroscopic characterization of a cytochromecbb 3 oxidase, the enzyme purified fromPseudomonas stutzeri. A combination of UV-visible and magnetic CD spectroscopies clearly identified four low-spin hemes and the high-spin heme of the active site. This heme complement is in good agreement with our analysis of the primary sequence of theccoNOPQ operon and biochemical analysis of the complex. Near-IR magnetic CD spectroscopy revealed the unexpected presence of a low-spin bishistidine-coordinated c-type heme in the complex. This was shown to be one of two c-type hemes in the CcoP subunit by separately expressing the subunit in Escherichia coli. Separate expression of CcoP also allowed us to unambiguously assign each of the signals associated with low-spin ferric hemes present in the X-band EPR spectrum of the oxidized enzyme. This work both underpins future mechanistic studies on this distinctive class of bacterial oxidases and raises questions concerning the role of CcoP in electron delivery to the catalytic subunit.
Transmembrane interactions in the activation of the Neu receptor tyrosine kinase.

The Neu receptor tyrosine kinase is constitutively activated by a single amino acid change in the transmembrane domain of the receptor. The mutation of Val664 to glutamate or glutamine induces receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation of the receptor's intracellular kinase domain. The ability of this single mutation to activate the receptor is sequence-dependent, suggesting that specific helix-helix interactions stabilize the transmembrane dimer. We have determined the local secondary structure and interhelical contacts in the region of position 664 in peptide models of the activated receptor using solid-state rotational resonance and rotational echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR methods. Intrahelical (13)C rotational resonance distance measurements were made between 1-(13)C-Thr662 and 2-(13)C-Gly665 on peptides corresponding to the wild-type Neu and activated Neu transmembrane sequences containing valine and glutamate at position 664, respectively. We observed similar internuclear distances (4.5 +/- 0.2 A) in both Neu and Neu*, indicating that the region near residue 664 is helical and is not influenced by mutation. Interhelical (15)N. (13)C REDOR measurements between Gln664 side chains on opposing helices were not consistent with hydrogen bonding between the side chain functional groups. However, interhelical rotational resonance measurements between 1-(13)C-Glu664 and 2-(13)C-Gly665 and between 1-(13)C-Gly665 and 2-(13)C-Gly665 demonstrated close contacts (4.3-4.5 A) consistent with the packing of Gly665 in the Neu* dimer interface. These measurements provide structural constraints for modeling the transmembrane dimer and define the rotational orientation of the transmembrane helices in the activated receptor.
Emotional context processing is impaired in schizophrenia

Introduction. Following considerable evidence for impaired context processing and facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia, this study examined the ability of schizophrenia patients to utilise contextual information when judging the meaning of facial expressions. Methods. 22 healthy and 20 schizophrenia participants completed the “vignette–face” task (Carroll & Russell, 1996) in which target facial expressions are preceded by vignettes describing situational information that is discrepant in affective valence; judgements reflect either the dominance of the emotional context or the facial expression. Measures of basic facial emotion recognition and executive function were also obtained. Results. On the vignette–face task, schizophrenia patients did not utilise contextual information for specific story–face pairs, whereas controls more commonly judged the emotion in line with contextual information. Most consistently, the responses of schizophrenia patients reflected neither situational nor facial cues when contextual cues suggested a complex mental state paired with a negative or threat-related expression (e.g., anger, fear, sadness). Facial affect processing ability was a significant predictor of the successful social context integration in the vignette–face task. Conclusion. The reduced influence of context upon threat-related expressions in schizophrenia may contribute to the misperception of threat in situations where contextual information should appease such an interpretation.
Determination of rotor temperature for an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine using a precise flux observer

In this paper an enhanced method to determine the rotor temperature of permanent magnet synchronous machines during dynamic operations is presented. The approach is based on a fundamental wave flux observer and is therefore independent of coolant conditions to a large extend. This contribution continues the work presented earlier, where the temperature observer was introduced for steady state operation in exemplary operating points. Hence, an extension to dynamic operation in a wide speed and torque range is proposed. Consequently, the focus now lies on a discrete-time machine modelling as well as on the parameter identification. Measurement results prove the satisfying performance of the observer.
Vocational school EFL teachers’ practices of integrating ICT into English lessons: Teachers’ voices

Despite numerous studies on ICT-ELT integration, little is known about how English teachers in vocational schools in Asia and particularly in Indonesia integrate ICT into their English lessons. To fill this gap, this study aims to investigate how vocational English teachers integrate ICT into their English teaching practices in vocational high school settings. It specifically examines vocational high school English teachers’ reasons for using ICT, the ways the English teachers integrate ICT into their English lessons, and their perceptions of benefits and challenges of incorporating ICT into English classrooms. Guided by a case study design, three EFL teachers teaching at vocational high schools where ICT tools were readily available were recruited to participate in the study. Empirical data were collected through interviews and classroom observations. It was found that the teachers were self-motivated to use ICT in their English lessons due to their interests and positive attitudes towards ICT. This study also showed that the English teachers integrated ICT into their English lessons for different reasons. All the teachers agreed on the benefits of ICT-ELT integration to facilitate their learning and teaching process. They also shared the same view on the challenges they encountered when using ICT tools in the classroom. They voiced the need for training on ICT in ELT. This study highlights the importance of school support so as to promote ICT-based language teaching by providing adequate technology access and facilities as well as professional training in ICT for language teachers.
A Note on Optimal Industrial Policy Towards Bertrand Homogeneous Duopoly

Recent studies in strategic trade and industrial policy analysis suggest that an investment subsidy, in the form of an R&D subsidy, a capacity subsidy or an advertising subsidy, would be a robust industrial policy recommendation towards an international differentiated oligopoly. However, in this paper, we show that this result does not carry over to the case of a Bertrand homogeneous duopoly. This result together with the fact that the optimal industrial policy is to set an investment subsidy when in product market competition firms play a Cournot output game, imply immediately that there hardly exists a robust industrial policy recommendation towards homogeneous goods industries.
Modeling Effects of Multinode Wells on Solute Transport

Long‐screen wells or long open boreholes with intraborehole flow potentially provide pathways for contaminants to move from one location to another in a ground water flow system. Such wells also can perturb a flow field so that the well will not provide water samples that are representative of ground water quality a short distance away from the well. A methodology is presented to accurately and efficiently simulate solute transport in ground water systems that include wells longer than the grid spacing used in a simulation model of the system and hence are connected to multiple nodes of the grid. The methods are implemented in a MODFLOW‐compatible solute‐transport model and use MODFLOW’s Multi‐Node Well Package but are generic and can be readily implemented in other solute‐transport models. For nonpumping multinode wells (used to simulate open boreholes or observation wells, for example) and for low‐rate pumping wells (in which the flow between the well and the ground water system is not unidirectional), a simple routing and local mixing model was developed to calculate nodal concentrations within the borehole. For high‐rate pumping multinode wells (either withdrawal or injection, in which flow between the well and the ground water system is in the same direction at all well nodes), complete and instantaneous mixing in the wellbore of all inflows is assumed.
The fate of severed corticospinal axons

The potential for regeneration of severed corticospinal axons was examined by labeling these axons with horseradish peroxidase following thoracic spinal cord transections in mice. Shortly after severance, the proximal ends of corticospinal axons formed terminal bulbs that persisted for weeks and were associated with axonal retraction. There were few signs of corticospinal axonal sprouting or elongation. By 2 months after injury, corticospinal axons near the transection site showed an increased number of probable labeled terminals in the adjacent gray matter. These new terminals may contribute to the persistence of many corticospinal axons near the injury site long after a spinal cord transection.