Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crust and upper mantle velocity structure of the Yellowstone hot spot and surroundings

[1] The Yellowstone hot spot has recently been shown to be a plume that extends into the transition zone. At roughly 60–120 km depth, the plume material rising beneath Yellowstone Park is sheared SW by North America Plate motion, producing a profound low velocity layer emplaced beneath the thin lithosphere. To constrain the absolute seismic velocity of the plate-sheared plume layer, fundamental mode Rayleigh wave observations have been inverted for phase velocity using the two plane wave technique. The resulting phase velocity models are inverted with Moho-converted P to S arrival times to better constrain crustal thickness and absolute S wave velocity structure to � 120 km depth. A regionalized S wave velocity model has an extremely low velocity minimum of 3.8 ± 0.1 km/s at 80 km depth beneath the hot spot track. Nonregionalized 3-D velocity models find a velocity minimum of 3.9 km/s beneath the hot spot track. Below 120 km depth, our resolution diminishes such that the lateral spreading of the plume track is not resolved. The volume of the low velocity plume layer is small and the estimated buoyancy flux for the Yellowstone plume is <0.1 Mg/s which contrasts with the � 9 Mg/s value for Hawaii. In addition, a notable region of thick crust and high lower crustal velocities is found around Billings, Montana, consistent with previous refraction and receiver function studies that interpret this as evidence for a massive Precambrian underplating event. Citation: Schutt, D. L. , K. Dueker, and H. Yuan (2008), Crust and upper mantle velocity structure of the Yellowstone hot spot and surroundings, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B03310, doi:10.1029/2007JB005109.
Cortical responses to paired stimuli applied peripherally and at sites along the somato‐sensory pathway

1. Experiments have been performed on animals anaesthetized with various anaesthetics to determine the responsiveness of the cortex to the second of a pair of identical stimuli applied at three sites along the sensory pathway, i.e. to the periphery, the medial lemniscus and to thalamocortical fibres.
Stx2 Subtyping of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Cattle in France: Detection of a New Stx2 Subtype and Correlation with Additional Virulence Factors

ABSTRACT At least 11 Stx2 variants produced by Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli (STEC) isolated from patients and animals have been described. The Stx2 subtyping of STEC isolated from healthy cows positive for stx2 (n = 104) or stx2 and stx1(n = 63) was investigated. Stx2vh-b, Stx2 (renamed Stx2-EDL933), and Stx2vh-a were the subtypes mostly detected among the bovine isolates (39.5, 39, and 25.5%, respectively). Stx2e was not present, and subtypes included in the Stx2d group (Stx2d-OX3a, Stx2d-O111, and Stx2d-Ount) were found infrequently among the isolates examined (8.5%). A combination of two distinct Stx2 subtypes was observed among 23.5% of the strains. For the first time, a combination of three subtypes (Stx2-EDL933/Stx2vh-b/Stx2d and Stx2vh-a/Stx2vh-b/Stx2d) was detected (3.5% of the isolates). In addition, bovine STEC harboring stx1 and one or two stx2 genes appeared highly cytotoxic toward Vero cells. A new Stx2 subtype (Stx2-NV206), present among 14.5% of the isolates, showed high cytotoxicity for Vero cells. Two amino acid residues (Ser-291 and Glu-297) important for the activation of Stx2 by human intestinal mucus were conserved on the Stx2-NV206 A subunit. The gene encoding Ehx enterohemolysin was prominent among STEC harboringstx2-EDL933 alone (78%) or a combination ofstx2-EDL933 andstx2vh-b (85%). In addition, Stx2-EDL933 and/or Stx2vh-b subtypes were highly associated with other putative virulence factors such as Stx1 and EspP extracellular serine protease, but not with EAST1 enterotoxin.
Urinary Urea Excretion and Long-term Outcome After Renal Transplantation

Background Little is known about optimal protein intake after transplantation. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate associations of urinary urea excretion, a marker for protein intake, with graft failure and mortality in renal transplant recipients (RTR) and potential effect modification by body mass index (BMI) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Methods Urinary urea excretion was measured in repeated 24-hr urine collections between 6 and 18 months after transplantation. Results In total, 940 RTR were included. During 4.4 (2.3–7.8) years of follow-up for graft failure and 4.8 (2.5–8.3) years for all-cause mortality, 78 RTR developed graft failure and 158 RTR died. Urinary urea excretion was not associated with graft failure in the overall population, but was inversely associated with graft failure in RTR with BMI less than 25 kg/m2 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64 [0.28–1.50] and 0.27 [0.09–0.83] for the second and third tertiles, respectively, P < 0.001), and in RTR with eGFR of 45 mL per min per 1.73 m2 or higher (HR, 0.34 [0.15–0.79], P = 0.015 and HR, 0.31 [0.11–0.86], P = 0.025 for the second and third tertiles, respectively), both independent of potential confounders. Compared to the first tertile, RTR in the second and third tertiles of urinary urea excretion were at a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 0.47 [0.32–0.69]; P < 0.001 and HR, 0.42 [0.26–0.68]; P < 0.001, respectively), independent of potential confounders. Body mass index and eGFR did not influence this association. Conclusion Urinary urea excretion, a marker for protein intake, was inversely related to graft failure in RTR with BMI less than 25 kg/m2 and in RTR with an eGFR of 45 mL per min per 1.73 m2 or higher. In addition, urinary urea excretion was inversely related to mortality.
Continuous Performance Evaluation and Capacity Planning for Enterprise Applications

This dissertation introduces an integrated model-based performance evaluation and capacity planning approach for enterprise applications (EA). The performance evaluation method detects performance changes in EA versions to ensure quality even in the rapid release frequency of modern development processes. The capacity planning method uses models created for each EA version during the performance change detection to predict the hardware environment needed to support given workloads and performance requirements. Both methods, their integration and their underlying techniques are evaluated using experiments for a representative EA.
Politics in letters.

Now, we come to offer you the right catalogues of book to open. politics of letters is one of the literary work in this world in suitable to be reading material. That's not only this book gives reference, but also it will show you the amazing benefits of reading a book. Developing your countless minds is needed; moreover you are kind of people with great curiosity. So, the book is very appropriate for you.
Reliability of the ultrasound measurements of abdominal muscles activity when activated with and without pelvic floor muscles contraction.

BACKGROUND Synergistic co-activation of the abdominal and pelvic floor muscles (PFM) has been shown in literature. Some studies have assessed the reliability of ultrasound measures of the abdominal muscles. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of ultrasound measurements of transverses abdominis (TrA) and obliquus internus (OI) muscles during different conditions (PFM contraction, abdominal hollowing manoeuvre (AHM) with and without PFM contraction) in participants with and without chronic low back pain (LBP). METHODS 21 participants (9 with LBP, 12 healthy) participated in the study. The reliability of thickness measurements at rest and during each condition and thickness changes and percentage of this changes at different conditions were assessed. RESULTS The results showed high reliability of the thickness measurement at rest and during each condition of TrA and OI muscles, moderate to substantial reliability for the thickness change and percentage of thickness change of TrA, and fair to moderate reliability of the thickness change and percentage of thickness change of OI in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound imaging can be used as a reliable method for assessment of abdominal muscle activity with and without PFM contraction.
The Dissemination of keepin' it REAL Through D.A.R.E. America: A Lesson in Disseminating Health Messages

This essay discusses the impact of the Drug Resistance Strategies Project’s keepin’ it REAL substance use prevention curriculum. The Drug Resistance Strategies Project (DRS) is an interdisciplinary collaboration that has spanned 20 years of communication research and practice. Funded by a series of grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA005629, R01DA021670), DRS has produced research findings about the social processes of adolescent drug use (e.g., resistance strategies, identity, norms), health message design (e.g., cultural grounding, narrative health messages, multiculturalism), and methodological approaches (e.g., community-based participatory research). This line of research is grounded in application, using, testing, and developing theory in the service of promoting healthy adolescent behavior. The DRS line of research impact has been felt in a number of ways, none more dramatic than the development of the keepin’ it REAL drug prevention curriculum (Hecht & Miller-Day, 2007, 2009). This curriculum is a middleschool, multicultural substance use prevention program that is designated as “evidence-based” by the National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices. The prevention curriculum strives to reduce adolescents’ drug use and delay the initiation of use by enhancing communication competence and refusal skills. A number of studies reporting the development and testing of this curriculum have been published in Health Communication, including many of the primary outcome studies for the keepin’ it REAL curriculum
Historic and contemporary levels of genetic variation in two New Zealand passerines with different histories of decline

We compared historic and contemporary genetic variation in two threatened New Zealand birds (saddlebacks and robins) with disparate bottleneck histories. Saddlebacks showed massive loss of genetic variation when extirpated from the mainland, but no significant loss of variation following a severe bottleneck in the 1960s when the last population was reduced from ∼1000 to 36 birds. Low genetic variation was probably characteristic of this isolated island population: considerably more genetic variation would exist in saddlebacks today if a mainland population had survived. In contrast to saddlebacks, contemporary robin populations showed only a small decrease in genetic variation compared with historical populations. Genetic variation in robins was probably maintained because of their superior ability to disperse and coexist with introduced predators. These results demonstrate that contemporary genetic variation may depend more greatly on the nature of the source population and its genetic past than it does on recent bottlenecks.
Seasonal influence of ENSO on the Atlantic ITCZ and equatorial South America

In late boreal spring, especially May, a strong relationship exists in observations among precipitation anomalies over equatorial South America and the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), and eastern equatorial Pacific and central equatorial Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA). A chain of correlations of equatorial Pacific SSTA, western equatorial Atlantic wind stress (WEA), equatorial Atlantic SSTA, sea surface height, and precipitation supports a causal chain in which El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) induces WEA stress anomalies, which in turn affect Atlantic equatorial ocean dynamics. These correlations show strong seasonality, apparently arising within the atmospheric links of the chain. This pathway and the influence of equatorial Atlantic SSTA on South American rainfall in May appear independent of that of the northern tropical Atlantic. Brazil's Nordeste is affected by the northern tropical Atlantic. The equatorial influence lies further to the north over the eastern Amazon and the Guiana Highlands.
Proposition for a New Approach of Version Control System Based On ECA Active Rules

— We try to give a solution of version control for documents in web service, that’s why we propose a new approach used specially for the XML documents. The new approach is applied in a centralized repository, this repository coexist with other repositories in a decentralized system. To achieve the activities of this approach in a standard model we use the ECA active rules. We also show how the Event-Condition-Action rules (ECA rules) have been incorporated as a mechanism for the version control of documents. The need to integrate ECA rules is that it provides a clear declarative semantics and induces an immediate operational realization in the system without the need for human intervention.
The Labour Market in Winter: The State of Working Britain

This collection of essays, from leading economic experts on the UK labour market, provides an overview of the key issues concerning the performance of the labour market, and the policy issues surrounding it, with a focus on the recent recession and its aftermath. The book contains assessments of the effects of many policies introduced over the last 10 years in employment, education, and welfare. The result is the first serious comprehensive analysis of the economic downturn and the Labour government's record in the field of employment, spanning its time in office. An indispensable reference source on contemporary labour market developments in the UK, this book will be required reading, and of lasting use, to academics, students, practitioners, and policy makers. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship. com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780199587377/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Jo Blanden, University of Surrey, UK Alex Bryson, National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) Andrew E. Clark, Paris School of Economics, France Richard Dickens, University of Sussex, UK Richard Disney, University of Nottingham, UK Peter Dolton, Royal Holloway College, University of London, UK Christian Dustmann, Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM), UCL, UK Giulia Faggio, Spatial Economic Research Centre (SERC), LSE, UK John Forth, NIESR, Tommaso Frattini, University of Milan, Italy Antoine Goujard, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, UK Francis Green, Institute of Education, London, UK Paul Gregg, University of Bristol, UK Stephen Machin, University College London, UK Lindsey Macmillan, University of Bristol, UK Gerry Makepeace, Cardiff Business School, UK Abigail McKnight, London School of Economics, UK Sandra McNally, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, UK Stephen Nickell, Nuffield College, Oxford, UK Barbara Petrongolo, London School of Economics, UK Anita Ratcliffe, University of Bristol, UK Chiara Rosazza-Bondibene, Royal Holloway College, University of London, UK Jumana Saleheen, Bank of England, UK Sarah Smith, University of Bristol, UK Joanna K. Swaffield, University of York, UK Nikolaos Theodoropoulos, University of Cyprus John Van Reenen, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, UK Jonathan Wadsworth, Royal Holloway College University of London, UK Jane Waldfogel, Columbia University School of Social Work
Alternative Multiorgan Initiation–Promotion Assay for Chemical Carcinogenesis in the Wistar Rat

The medium-term multiorgan initiation–promotion chemical bioassay (diethylnitrosamine, methyl-nitrosourea, butyl-hydroxybutylnitrosamine, dihydroxypropylnitrosamine, dimethylhydrazine [DMBDD]) with the Fischer 344 rat was proposed as an alternative to the conventional 2-year carcinogenesis bioassay for regulatory purposes. The acronym DMBDD stands for the names of five genotoxic agents used for initiation of multiorgan carcinogenesis. The Brazilian Agency for the Environment officially recognized a variation of this assay (DMBDDb) as a valid method to assess the carcinogenic potential of agrochemicals. Different from the original protocol, this DMBDDb is 30-week long, uses Wistar rats and two positive control groups exposed to carcinogenesis promoters sodium phenobarbital (PB) or 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). This report presents the experience of an academic laboratory with the DMBDDb assay and contributes to the establishment of this alternative DMBDD bioassay in a different rat strain. Frequent lesions observed in positive groups to evaluate the promoting potential of pesticides and the immunohistochemical expressions of liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B1/2B2 and CYP1A2 enzymes were assessed. Commonly affected organs were liver, kidney, intestines, urinary bladder, and thyroid. PB promoting activity was less evident than that of 2-AAF, especially in males. This study provides a repository of characteristic lesions occurring in positive control animals submitted to a modified alternative 2-stage multiorgan protocol for carcinogenesis in Wistar rat.
Inner and Middle Ear Hyperbaric Oxygen‐Induced Barotrauma

Patients receiving hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy can sustain inner and middle ear barotrauma. The purpose of this study is to define the incidence and significance of HBO‐related barotrauma, in addition to establishing guidelines for prophylactic myringotomy or tympanostomy tube placement. Thirty patients were stratified into two groups (those able to autoinflate and those unable to autoinflate the middle ear) and barotrauma was assessed by otoscopy, tympanometry, high‐frequency audiometry, and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) testing. Ten of 11 patients (91%) from the noninflater group suffered middle ear barotrauma, and seven of 19 patients (37%) from the autoinflater group sustained middle ear barotrauma. Patients unable to autoinflate the middle ear were shown to have a higher incidence and greater severity of barotrauma than patients able to autoinflate. Pretreatment pressure‐equalizing tubes or myringotomies should be considered for patients undergoing HBO therapy who have an artificial airway or have eustachian tube dysfunction and have failed conservative medical intervention. A significant change in DPOAEs (loss of emissions over a 1‐kHz range) was found in four of 15 autoinflaters (27%) and two of seven noninflaters (29%). There was no significant difference between the groups. The decrease in DPOAEs was not associated with a change in conventional audiometry.
Item and Order 1 An Item / Order Tradeoff Explanation of Word Length and Generation Effects

The item-order hypothesis suggests that under certain conditions increased item processing can lead to deficits in order processing, and that this produces a dissociation in performance between item and order tasks. The generation effect is one such example. The word length effect is seen as another instance where this tradeoff might be observed. The following experiments compare word length and generation effects under serial recall and single item recognition conditions. Short words are better recalled than long words on the serial recall task but long words were better recognised than short words. The results are consistent with the item-order approach and support a novel explanation for the word length effect.
Minimization of decoy effects in recommender result sets

Recommender systems are common web applications which support users in finding suitable products in large and/or complex product domains. Although state-of-the-art systems manage to accomplish the task of finding and presenting suitable products they show big deficits in their models of human behavior. Time limitations, cognitive capacities and willingness to cognitive effort bound rational decision making which can lead to unforeseen side effects and consequently to sub-optimal decisions. Decoy effects are cognitive phenomena which are omni-present on result pages but state-of-the-art recommender systems are completely unaware of such effects. Due to the fact that such effects constitute one source of irrational decisions their identification and, if necessary, the neutralization of their biasing potential is extremely important. This paper introduces an approach for identifying and minimizing decoy effects on recommender result pages. To support the suggested approach we present the results of a corresponding user study which clearly proves the concept. Moreover, this paper also investigates whether the decreasing impact of decoys on uncertainty levels during decision making is affected by the decoy minimization approach.
Sublethal effects of silver in zooplankton: Importance of exposure pathways and implications for toxicity testing

In aquatic environments, organisms are exposed to contaminants via direct uptake from water and bytrophic transfer. However, most toxicity tests only examine uptake via the dissolved phase. We compared the response of marine and freshwater crustacean zooplankton to silver following dissolved and food exposure. Silver, like other metals, concentrates in aquatic food chains and may exert toxicity. In standard solute exposure toxicity tests, Ag is toxic to zooplankton at concentrations of 400 nM for marine copepods and 100 nM for freshwater cladocerans, concentrations far greater than those in most waters. However, if Ag is accumulated from algal food, reproductive success decreases by >50% when algae are exposed to only 1 nM Ag in copepods and 0.5 nM Ag in cladocerans. These concentrations are within an order of magnitude of those found in contaminated estuaries. Following dietary exposure, decreased egg production and viability occur when tissue Ag concentrations increase three‐ to fourfold to 0.3 ppm in cladocerans and 0.5 ppm in copepods. Assimilated Ag depresses egg production by reducing yolk protein deposition and ovarian development. Our results indicate that ecologically relevant toxicity tests should consider sublethal effects of contaminants obtained from food since these effects cannot be predicted from exposures to only dissolved contaminants.
Analysis of Hendra Virus Fusion Protein N-Terminal Transmembrane Residues

Hendra virus (HeV) is a zoonotic enveloped member of the family Paramyoxviridae. To successfully infect a host cell, HeV utilizes two surface glycoproteins: the attachment (G) protein to bind, and the trimeric fusion (F) protein to merge the viral envelope with the membrane of the host cell. The transmembrane (TM) region of HeV F has been shown to have roles in F protein stability and the overall trimeric association of F. Previously, alanine scanning mutagenesis has been performed on the C-terminal end of the protein, revealing the importance of β-branched residues in this region. Additionally, residues S490 and Y498 have been demonstrated to be important for F protein endocytosis, needed for the proteolytic processing of F required for fusion. To complete the analysis of the HeV F TM, we performed alanine scanning mutagenesis to explore the residues in the N-terminus of this region (residues 487–506). In addition to confirming the critical roles for S490 and Y498, we demonstrate that mutations at residues M491 and L492 alter F protein function, suggesting a role for these residues in the fusion process.
Skull preparation using the enzyme‐active detergent technique

With the increasing use and need for macerated skulls and bony structures in medical research and resident and medical student studies, an economical, easy, and efficient method of obtaining cleaned and bleached specimens has been developed. The process requires short‐term skeletal simmering in a 10% solution of commercially available enzymatic detergent and water. Over 50 skulls have been macerated in our laboratory resulting in substantial saving in research money, time, and effort.