Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Momentum and buoyancy transfer in atmospheric turbulent boundary layer over wavy water surface – Part 2: Wind–wave spectra

Abstract. Drag and mass exchange coefficients are calculated within a self-consistent problem for the wave-induced air perturbations and mean velocity and density fields using a quasi-linear model based on the Reynolds equations with down-gradient turbulence closure. This second part of the report is devoted to specification of the model elements: turbulent transfer coefficients and wave number-frequency spectra. It is shown that the theory agrees with laboratory and field experimental data well when turbulent mass and momentum transfer coefficients do not depend on the wave parameters. Among several model spectra better agreement of the theoretically calculated drag coefficients with TOGA (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere) COARE (Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment) data is achieved for the Hwang spectrum (Hwang, 2005) with the high frequency part completed by the Romeiser spectrum (Romeiser et al., 1997).
Ecological functioning of mudflats: global analysis reveals both regional differences and widespread conservation of functioning

Mudflats—unvegetated, soft-sediment, intertidal habitats—support macrofaunal assemblages that contribute to a number of important ecosystem functions (e.g. food for fish and birds, nutrient and Ccycling). These habitats are widespread but are threatened by increasing pressure from anthropogenic activities. Greater knowledge of the consequences of biodiversity loss for the functioning of ecosystems can aid management, by identifying potential threats. Systematic searches of the Web of Science and SCOPUS identified 163 published datasets of essentially ‘pristine’ mudflat macrofaunal assemblages, comprising data on 448 taxa from 4 climatic zones and 10 biogeographic regions. Broad-scale patterns of trait distribution confirmed established patterns showing that taxa at low latitudes have smaller body sizes, shorter life spans and more taxa have exoskeletons, and that direct developmental modes are more prevalent at high latitudes. Greater occurrences of burrow dwellers in the temperate zone may support greater rates of sediment turnover, organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling, whereas in the tropics, tube dwellers provide more biogenic habitat. Despite these trait differences, the overall similarity in trait composition relative to taxonomic composition indicated that globally, mudflats are functionally similar. The functional redundancy observed across regional and climatic boundaries suggests that ecosystem functioning and service delivery will show some resilience in the face of perturbation. However, the growing anthropogenic pressures on coastal mudflats means the risk of system collapse, beyond resilience thresholds, is high. This study illustrates how an extensive body of published literature can provide a foundation for developing a global understanding of ecological functioning in mudflats to inform management responses.
On the Stability and Reproducibility of the Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios on Ambient Noise: Case Study of Cavola, Northern Italy

Abstract Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios using ambient noise (HVNSR) are commonly used in site effects studies. In the practice, many operators assume stability over time of HVNSR and base their analyses on few very short time windows. The availability of a long period of continuous microtremor recording allowed us to analyze three months of data coming from a dense array experiment performed at Cavola, a village in northern Apennines. This condition offers a good opportunity to check the validity of the stability assumption and to investigate variations of the local ambient noise wave-field composition. The Cavola site is characterized by landslide sediments over stiffer materials with a moderate impedance contrast and by a complex morphology. An intense industrial activity in the village contributes to the generation of seismic noise. After identifying this noise source in the time series, we evaluate its effects on HVNSR. The results indicate that the spectral peak of HVNSR varies in amplitude and frequency, posing a warning about stability in time. Analyzing the spectra we identify the anthropic activity as responsible for changes in the composition of the noise wave field. These variations affect HVNSR, including peak frequency and also ground-motion polarization.
A further complication arises due to continuously evolving hardware and software of the educational technologies

Hye Sun You received a Ph.D. from a STEM education program at the University of Texas at Austin. She earned her master’s degree in science education and bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Yonsei University in South Korea. Prior to entering academia, she spent several years teaching middle school science. Her research interests center upon interdisciplinary learning and teaching, and technology-integrated teaching practices in STEM education. In her dissertation work, she developed and validated a new interdisciplinary assessment in the context of carbon cycling for high school and college students using Item Response Theory. She is also interested in developing robotics-embedded curricula and teaching practices in a reform-oriented approach. Currently, a primary focus of her work at New York University is to guide the development of new lessons and instructional practices for a professional development program under a DR K-12 research project funded by NSF.
Phytoremediation - A sustainable approach for contaminant remediation in arid and semi-arid regions ? a review

Existing information relating to the application of phytoremediation in arid regions, for mitigating the toxicity of organic and inorganic contaminants is summarized, emphasizing the comparative merits of different phyto-strategies. Adverse climatic conditions in arid and semi-arid environments along with the intrinsic abiotic stresses need specific considerations, which are discussed here. The current “state of art” for petrochemical and metal phytoremediation, as well as phytodesalination is presented, making it possible to choose the very best decision, when the technology is applied for various contaminant scenarios. Information is also provided on contaminants in arid regions, remediation approaches and different phytoremediation strategies to be adopted, depending on the nature of contaminants and the site situations. Furthermore, phytodesalination may well occur in parallel with phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils in arid regions, enhancing the potential of this process. This has drawn a great deal of interest during recent years and is reviewed here. Finally, the lacunae in the current knowledge are identified, which has to be addressed to improve the effectiveness of phytoremediation under arid conditions.
Estimating the Decoupling Degree of Subtropical Marine Stratocumulus Decks From Satellite

The decoupling degree of stratocumulus (Sc) decks is an important quantity dictating evolutions of Sc. In subtropical oceans, the Sc decoupling is a key intermediate process of the Sc‐to‐cumulus transitions, a persistent phenomenon that is not fully understood. This study introduces a new approach for estimating the degree of decoupling of subtropical Sc decks using passive satellite sensors. This method is limited to regions where Sc decks are advected over progressively warmer water. This is most common in the subtropics. The estimation concept is that decoupled Sc clouds under cold‐advection conditions are fed by spreading of the tops of cumulus clouds that are coupled. The cumulus clouds constitute a much larger liquid water path over small areas, which is identified by a positive skewness of the liquid water path, a quantity measurable from high‐resolution satellite data. The decoupling degree here is defined as the difference between the Sc cloud‐base height and lifting condensation level that is the cumulus cloud‐base height under cold‐advection conditions. This concept and the satellite‐based estimations are supported by ship measurements over the Northeast Pacific. One‐year climatology of the satellite‐inferred decoupling degree was generated over the same region, revealing a coherent pattern of offshore decoupling, consistent with previous theory and field‐campaign observations.
Interfirm Rivalry between Small Hardware Stores and “Big Box” Retailers: Market Commonality and Product Mix Similarity as Antecedents to Competitive Response*

We examined market commonality and product mix similarity as predictors of competitive response by small retail hardware stores to their nearest “ig ox” competitor. Data from 314 small retail hardware stores revealed a consistent relationship between greater market commonality and small firm responsiveness. However, no consistent relationship was observed between resource similarity and responsiveness. Tests for interactions between these two predictors were inconsistent—two (of five) specific product categories (i.e., hardware and tools, seasonal goods) were significant but in divergent patterns. We discuss what these findings suggest concerning the competitive interaction between small retailers and their ig ox rivals.
From the Basket of Goods to a More General Model of Territorialized Complex Goods: Concepts, Analysis Grid and Questions

This paper presents a scientific assessment of ten years of research on the model of 'panier de biens'. It tries to evaluate the possible generalization of connections between quality of products and services, environment and territories as sources of positive externalities to be internalized for a territorial sustainable development prospect. This evaluation is based on observations which began in 1996 in the Baronnies, extended to Aubrac in Massif Central and near ten Rhone-Alpes regions. The first part defines concepts and methods which makes it possible to build a general model of 'panier de biens' and its various possible configurations. This leads to the constituent elements of this model and the concept of territorial quality rent which increase the value of quality products and environmental services. The second part compares the elements of this model with the plurality of observed forms of meeting between specific demand and composite supply of territorial quality products, in the context of public goods and externalities. It leads to a grid of analysis that allows testing the general nature of this model, its conditions of existence and perpetuation.
Allium Chromosome Aberration Test for Evaluation Effect of Cleaning Municipal Water with Constructed Wetland (CW) in Sveti Tomaž, Slovenia

® ; Allium metaphase test; Chromosome damage Abstract We show the effectiveness of the communal waste water cleaning plant of the type "LIMNOWET ® Constructed Wetlands (CW)". The tests were done with the Allium metaphase test and show the degree of genotoxicity, by observing the aberrations of the metaphasic chromosomes of the plant Allium cepa L. that are evoked by genotoxic substances in the polluted water. The CW plant reduced the degree of genotoxicity 29.0% to 3.5% (the Fisher's Exact test: p=9.2e-13<0,00001). Therefore CW is a very effective ecoremediation technique, since it removes up to 96% of waste.
Selection of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes for parthenocarpic fruit growth

Yield irregularity and blossom-end-rot are major problems in sweet pepper production, which can be reduced by parthenocarpy. However no commercial parthenocarpic cultivars are available. The purpose of this study was to find parthenocarpic genotype(s) of sweet pepper with the ability to produce good quality fruits without seeds. Eleven genotypes of sweet pepper were studied at normal (20/20°C D/N) and at low night temperature (20/10°C D/N), in two greenhouse compartments from January till May. Fruit length, diameter, fresh and dry weight and number of seeds per fruit were measured. A higher percentage of parthenocarpic fruits was observed for all genotypes at low night temperature compared to normal temperature. Within the genotypes which showed at least 60% parthencarpic fruit growth at low night temperature, two groups were distinguished, which showed a different expression of parthenocarpy in response to the environment. In one set of genotypes (Line 1 and Line 3) high expressivity for parthenocarpy was found irrespective of night temperature. In another set of genotypes (Gen A, Gen B, Gen C, Lamuyo A, Lamuyo B and Bruinsma Wonder), a high level of parthenocarpy was expressed at low night temperature only, which may be due to non-viable pollen at low night temperature. Further evaluation of the latter six genotypes resulted in one genotype (Bruinsma Wonder) for which the absence of seeds only marginally influenced shape and size of fruits. These selected genotypes may eventually lead to an exploitation of parthenocarpy in sweet pepper breeding.
Estimating wolverine Gulo gulo population size using quadrat sampling of tracks in snow

Abstract Low densities and wide-ranging behaviour make wolverines Gulo gulo difficult to monitor. We used quadrat sampling of tracks in snow to estimate wolverine populations. We conducted aerial surveys in upper Turnagain Arm and the Kenai Mountains (TAKM) in south-central Alaska and in Old Crow Flats (OCF) in northern Yukon during March 2004 following procedures for the sample-unit probability estimator (SUPE). This technique uses network sampling of tracks in snow in a stratified random system of quadrats or sample units. In TAKM, we sampled 87 (51%) out of 171 quadrats within a survey area of 4,340 km2. The estimated density was 3.0 (± 0.4 SE) wolverines/1,000 km2 with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 12.0%. In OCF, we sampled 96 (71%) out of 135 quadrats within a survey area of 3,375 km2. The estimated density was 9.7 (± 0.6 SE) wolverines/1,000 km2 with a CV of 6.5%. Our results indicated that the SUPE technique is an efficient method of obtaining precise estimates of wolverine population size under markedly different environmental conditions and population densities. We suggest that, where practical, it may be a less labour-intensive and more cost-effective technique for estimating wolverine abundance compared with techniques that do not use probability sampling of tracks.
Effects of Non-Newtonian Behavior of Blood on Wall Shear Stress in an Elastic Vessel with Simple and Consecutive Stenosis

Research on the development and incidence of cardiovascular diseases has revealed the importance of vascular wall shear stress. In this paper, the vascular wall shear stress was numerically simulated in an elastic vessel with simple and consecutive Stenosis during a pulsatile laminar non-Newtonian blood flow using ADINA 8.8. The cross-sectional area of the studied stenosis was 70% of the unstenosed vascular cross-sectional area. The results of the simple stenosis were compared with those of the double stenosis. Five non-Newtonian models of Carreau, Carreau-Yasuda, Casson, Power Law, and Generalized Power Law were employed to simulate the non-Newtonian properties of blood. The axial velocity values at the maximum flow rate showed that in both simple and consecutive Stenosis, the highest and lowest axial velocities occur in the Generalized Power Law and Power Law models, respectively. Wall shear stress profiles at the maximum flow rate showed that the Power Law model underestimates the stress values compared to other non-Newtonian models and the Newtonian model. In general, results showed that the Power Law model is not suitable for simulating the non-Newtonian behavior of blood.
Perceived Transformational Leadership Style and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Case Study of Administrative Staff of University of the Punjab

In today’s dynamic organizations, leadership plays a central role in achieving organizational goals. Leaders are recommended to adopt transformational leadership style to influence the subordinates so that they may involve in an extra role behavior like organizational citizenship behavior beneficial to organizational growth. This study aims to measure the level of perceived transformational leadership (TL) style, the level of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and to investigate the impact of perceived transformational leadership on employees’ organizational citizenship behavior. In transformational leadership style, an innovation or transformation is introduced to both within organization and among individuals. Organizational citizenship behavior is cooperative and constructive gestures that are neither mandated by the formal job role prescriptions nor directly or contractually compensated for by the formal organizational reward system. Based on previous research, it had hypothesized that the relationship observed between transformational leadership and various dimensions of OCB was positive. In this study, population comprised of all the administrative staff of the Punjab University consisted of 15 faculties. Multi-stage probability Sampling was used. Sample was drawn at two stages. Firstly, stratified random sampling was used during which 48 departments/institutes/centers were selected randomly from the available population. Secondly, simple random sampling was done during which 13 employees from each department/institute/center, working in B Class BS 10-16 from administrative staff of the Punjab University, Lahore were approached. Finally a sample of 480 employees with response rate 76% working in B Class BS 10-16 served as participants in this study, representing all the 15 faculties of the Punjab University, Lahore. The results suggest that transformational leadership and OCB are positively correlated. This study shows that transformational leaders encourage altruism, courtesy and conscientiousness in subordinates. So, organizations by using this can enhance the extra role behavior of the employees for their advantage. Key words : leadership, organizational behavior, employee motivation, organizational loyalty
Casein polymorphism and relation between milk production traits

The trait relation between milk yield, fat yield and protein yield on one hand and protein percentage and fat percentage on the other is partly characterized by negative genetic correlation coefficients. Nevertheless, selection of high yielding cows in breeding of Holstein Friesian has been accompanied by approximately +1% of fat and nearly no gain in protein percentage during the last 30 years. The index selection involving yield and percentage of fat and protein simultaneously results in lower selection responses for each trait compared with single trait selection. Investigations of linkage of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for milk production traits to genetic markers could be useful for examining the genetic background for the specific trait relationship. The main focus is the detection of loci which are linked to QTL for a specific trait. The question arises whether identical or closely linked genes are responsible for the negative correlation between yield and percentage traits. It is rare for cows to be superior in both yield traits and percentage traits. The results of different studies regarding the casein locus on chromosome 6 suggest that this super locus has an effect on the performance (VELMALA et al. 1995; VILKKI 1996). The casein locus can thus be marked as was done by GRAML et al. (1985) because almost no recombination occurs between the single loci. The location of the casein genes (aS1-CN, bCN, k-CN) within the casein locus on chromosome 6 is known (e.g. EGGEN and FRIES 1995). The statistical analysis may be carried out in different ways. It ranges from analyses of variance (ANOVA), regressive models, the examination of differences in daughter performance of carriers of two paternal alleles (e.g. KÜHN et al. 1996), maximum likelihood approaches to Gibbs sampling (e.g. WILD 1997). LIU (1994) reported significant QTL effects for milk yield and protein yield using the mixed model of inheritance. SIMIANER (1993) found a significant QTL effect for fat yield near the casein locus. The evidence of genetic linkage between genetic markers and putative QTL for single milk production traits was given in some family analyses. A significant linkage between QTL for milk yield, fat percentage and protein percentage and markers on chromosome 6 in one out of 14 families, using a major gene model, has been published by GEORGES et al. (1995). SPELMAN et al. (1996) obtained evidence of a putative QTL for protein percentage in a loose linkage to the casein locus. GRAML et al. (1985, 1986) investigated the influence of the milk protein loci on milk traits using a mixed model analysis of variance. Results of segregation and linkage analysis may contribute to clarifying the genetic background of marker effects and the relation between yield traits and percentages of milk fat and milk protein in Black and White cattle. The present study presents results of estimated direct marker effects of the loci for b-CN and k-CN on milk traits, together with results of a segregation and linkage analysis with respect to the negative relationship of yield traits and percentage traits.
Particulate kinematic simulations of debris avalanches: interpretation of deposits and landslide seismic signals of Mount Saint Helens, 1980 May 18

SUMMARY We construct a new class of granular landslide models in which avalanches are simulated with large numbers of independent particles moving under the influence of topographically derived gravitational and centripetal acceleration. Concurrently, the particles suffer deceleration due to basal and dynamic friction. The novel aspect of the calculation is that complex particle-toparticle interactions, fluctuating basal contacts, and unresolved topographic roughness within and below the deforming flow are mimicked by random perturbations in along-track and cross-slope acceleration. We apply the method to the 1980 May 18 Mount Saint Helens debris avalanche by constraining the initial geometry and structure of the slide mass from geological data, and the initial failure sequence from eyewitness accounts. After tuning coefficients of mechanical friction and random accelerations, the landslide simulation generates a final deposit whose extent, thickness, morphological structure and lithological variation closely replicate those observed. Moreover, the model avalanche is consistent kinematically with mapped patterns of bedrock scouring, deposit superelevation, and net force history implied from seismic records. To be successful, the slide mass must be divided into upper, high-friction and lower, low-friction members. This division corresponds to fresh, water-unsaturated and hydrothermally altered, water-saturated rock units and points to a mechanical explanation of the kinematics of the debris avalanche. Success in reproducing many features of the Mount Saint Helens avalanche indicates that debris-deposit data may be used to determine the kinematic histories of less well-observed landslides.