Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disentangling the relation between ownership structure and board composition

Few articles have addressed the relation between the ownership structure and the composition of the boards. The results of the analysis performed on a sample of Spanish listed companies for the period 2004�2011, show that in markets where corporate ownership is highly concentrated, it is necessary to devote special attention to blockholders and to differentiate the figure of the independent directors from the group of outsiders. The results confirm a negative and decreasing relation between blockholders and the percentage of independents while insiders� ownership is only significant if one looks at the percentage of outsiders as a whole, in which case it shows a U-shaped quadratic relation.
Short visits reveal consistent patterns of interyear and intercolony variation in seabird nestling diet and performance

To investigate the utility of short visits to seabird colonies to gauge nestling growth performance and diet, in 4 consecutive years (19951998) we measured nestling development and diet of Rhinoceros Auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata) at three colonies in British Columbia: Seabird Rocks, Triangle Island, and SGaang Gwaii (Anthony Island). In all years, nestlings of a given wing length on Triangle Island were significantly smaller than those on Seabird Rocks or SGaang Gwaii. Meals were also significantly lighter on Triangle Island than on Seabird Rocks or SGaang Gwaii; meals on the latter two islands were indistinguishable in mass. Retarded nestling development and small meal size on Triangle Island likely reflect the large contribution of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) to nestling diet on that colony alone. The intercolony differences in nestling performance appear to reflect the strong influence of local fish prey populations. Nonetheless, a united decline in performance in 1996 and subsequent increase on all co.
Chronic optogenetic activation augments Aβ pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease

Recommended Citation Yamamoto, Kaoru; Tanei, Zen-ichi; Hashimoto, Tadafumi; Wakabayashi, Tomoko; Okuno, Hiroyuki; Naka, Yasushi; Yizher, Ofer; Fenno, Lief E. ; Fukayama, Masashi; Bito, Haruhiko; Cirrito, John R. ; Holtzman, David M. ; Deisseroth, Karl; and Iwatsubo, Takeshi, ,"Chronic optogenetic activation augments Aβ pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. " Cell Reports. 11,6. 859-865. (2015). https://digitalcommons.wustl. edu/open_access_pubs/3844
Vertical Hydrologic Exchange and Ecological Stability of a Desert Stream Ecosystem

We investigated nitrogen dynamics over a 15-mo period in the parafluvial zone (the part of the active channel without surface water) of Sycamore Creek, Arizona, a nitrogen-limited Sonoran Desert stream. The parafluvial zone and surface stream are linked hydrologically; thus, nitrogen dynamics in the parafluvial zone potentially influence whole-system functioning. We identified discrete parafluvial flowpaths by following the movement of fluorescent dye through gravel bars over time, sampled subsurface water along these flowpaths, and collected parafluvial sediments for measurement of nitrification rate. Water samples were analyzed for nitrate-N, ammonium-N, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and conductivity. Nitrate-N concentration increased along parafluvial flowpaths, with the largest increases occurring in summer. Although ammonium-N concentration was low and did not vary with season or location on flowpath, dissolved oxygen declined as water moved through parafluvial gravel bars. Net nitrification rate was highest in the summer and at the heads of flowpaths where surface water entered the parafluvial zone, suggesting that nitrification may be dependent upon ammonium, dissolved organic nitrogen, or particulate organic nitrogen imported from the surface stream. Overall, the parafluvial zone of Sycamore Creek was a source of nitrate to the nitrogen-limited surface stream, and may play an important role in the productivity of the stream ecosystem.
MLST typing of Escherichia coli isolates overproducing AmpC {beta}-lactamase.

Escherichia coli is the major commensal aerobic bacterium of the digestive tract of humans and animals, but is also the most frequent human bacterial pathogen. As a consequence, resistance mechanisms carried by this species are of particular concern. One of these mechanisms is the overproduction of the chromosomal AmpC β-lactamase, leading to increased MICs of most β-lactams including third-generation cephalosporins. AmpC overproduction is caused by various mutations in the ampC promoter (–42, –32 and –11) increasing homology with the consensus promoter for RNA polymerase,
Antecedents and Outcomes of Organisational Commitment among Malaysian Engineers

This study explores the major factors contributing to organizational commitment among engineers in Malaysia. It identifies the effects of certain antecedents on organizational commitment and evaluates the impact of organizational commitment to organizational outcomes. From the literature review, a theoretical foundation for the study was compiled and two hypotheses were established. Firstly, positive employee perception leads to higher organizational commitment. Secondly, higher organizational commitment brings positive organizational outcomes. A questionnaire survey of Malaysian engineers established that employee perception and attitudinal characteristics have a significant influence on organizational commitment, while organizational commitment and behavioral characteristics directly affect organizational outcomes. The research demonstrates that positive employee perception enhances organizational commitment, which, in turn, leads to positive organizational outcomes.
Cancer Survivors' Health Worries and Associations with Lifestyle Practices

This study examined among recently diagnosed breast and prostate cancer survivors (N = 678) associations between worry about a future diagnosis of heart disease or cancer and hypothetical and actual adherence to exercise and dietary guidelines. Greater worry about future illness was reported under the hypothetical scenario of nonadherence to guidelines relative to the scenario of adherence. Worry about potential heart disease was associated with actual adherence to guidelines, whereas worry about a potential cancer diagnosis was not. Findings suggest that the motivational properties of worry should be considered when developing interventions to reduce heart disease risk among cancer survivors.
Assessing two meta-analysis (MA) methods: Individual patient data-based (IPD) versus literature-based abstracted data (AD) in 10 MA including 37,002 patients (pts)-Are there differences of concern?

6054 Background: MA are widely used in evidence-based medicine (EBM); whether the two most frequently used methods (IPD, AD) provide equally reliable results is debated. Here we analyzed the conclusions achieved by each method using the same panel of studies, weighing agreement/discrepancy and evaluating predictivity of AD results with respect to IPD using multiple methods. METHODS 10 different settings (Table) subjected to IPD were selected to also conduct AD. Hazard and risk ratios (Rs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived. Methods agreement was analyzed (Blant-Altman method) as difference or ratio and compared using variance-ratio (F-test) and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Correlations between AD/IPD-Rs were estimated with linear regression [Pearson (r), R2 coefficients, Spearman-Rho/Kendall-Tau coefficients] to derive a predictive estimation of AD on IPD. RESULTS 14 outcomes in 10 MAs (37,002 pts) were analyzed (Table). Graphical comparison with the B-A method did not show meaningful differences between AD and IPD (mean difference 0.0075, 95% CI -0.0052, 0.02), without significant discrepancy, with no significant differences in variance (F-test 1.06, p=0.91), and high CCC (0.98, 95% CI 0.59, 0.99). A highly significant correlation by both parametric and nonparametric tests allowed derivation of a linear regression equation able to predict IPD results from AD data (YAD=[0.04315] + XIPD[0.958]; R2 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Analysis of MAs conducted by AD or IPD methods showed: 1) no significant differences between the 2 MA methods; 2) AD results predict IPD results, without significant risk of overestimation. [Table: see text].
The Credit Channel in a Small, Open Economy

Financial market imperfections - particularly finance constraints - play an important role in modern corporate finance, but relatively little work has been done on the interaction between corporate finance and the broad operation of financial markets. In particular, relatively little has been done on the interaction between corporate finance and monetary policy. In an influential paper, Chevalier and Scharfstein (1996) argue that financial market imperfections can lead to a link between markups and business-cycle fluctuations. The key idea is that financial market imperfections imply that the markup will be more countercyclical. Under imperfect competition, firms face a tradeoff between increasing market share (by keeping prices low today) and earning monopoly profits in the future - or charging higher prices today to boost current profits. Market share is a form of investment, so the optimal tradeoff depends on the discount rate. Finance constrained firms will face a higher shadow discount rate and will therefore reduce investment in market share. A negative shock, such as monetary policy tightening, implies that finance constraints bind more tightly. This implies that constrained firms will charge higher prices (for given marginal cost). In other words, markups will rise for these firms. If the Chevalier-Scharfstein model is correct, contractionary monetary policy should have different implications for the price paths of firms, depending on the extent to which they are affected by financial market imperfections. A contractionary monetary policy shock will cause the balance sheets of financially dependent firms to deteriorate and will cause the supply curves for various types of credit to shift to the left, increasing the shadow discount rate and inducing these firms to increase their markups, implying that their prices will be higher than they would be in the absence of financial market imperfections. This is a potential explanation for macroeconomic price stickiness that is different in character from the standard explanations, such as menu costs or sticky information. We find evidence consistent with the Chevalier-Scharfstein model. In addition, we use the Rajan-Zingales measure of financial dependence to examine other aspects of the response of financially dependent firms to monetary policy.
On Coffee Talk and Break-Room Chatter: Perceptions of Women Who Gossip in the Workplace

ABSTRACT The present study examined perceptions of female gossipers in the workplace. Male and female participants (N = 129) were asked to think of a woman who either frequently or rarely contributed negative information about other people during conversation. Participants then completed ratings on the target using the six dimensions of the FIRO-B. As predicted, high gossipers were perceived as having a greater need to exert control of others, but less need for others to control them, than low gossipers. Higher gossipers were also perceived as less emotionally warm than low gossipers. The implications of these findings for gossip research are presented.
Maxillary reconstruction with the scapular angle osteomyogenous free flap.

OBJECTIVE To report on experience with the scapular angle osteomyogenous flap for maxillary reconstruction. DESIGN Retrospective review of patients undergoing scapular angle reconstruction for maxillary defects at the University Health Network from 2004 through 2010. SETTING Medical research center. PATIENTS Thirty-nine patients were included in the review. INTERVENTION Scapular angle reconstruction for maxillary defects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Maxillary defects were classified prospectively according to Okay and coauthors. Early and late complications as well as demographic and outcome data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 statistical software. Shoulder disabilities were assessed using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. RESULTS Of the 39 patients included in the study, vein grafting was required in 3 (8%). The overall complication rate in the study was 18 of 30 (46%). A total of 16 patients (41%) in the review required revision procedures of some type. The rate of fistula formation was 21% (n = 8) in the study group. Fifty-one percent of patients received radiotherapy as part of the treatment as dictated by the tumor board. Statistical analysis did not reveal a correlation between the administration of radiotherapy and postoperative fistula formation (P = .13). Of the 8 fistulas, 1 patient required surgical closure and an additional patient opted for palatal prosthesis. Fifty percent of the fistulas closed spontaneously. Of the 39 patients, 18 (46%) obtained a normal diet and 21 (54%) maintained a soft diet. Regarding shoulder dysfunction, the mean (SD) DASH score obtained was 10.44 (10.33). Eight patients in the study group (21%) underwent neck dissection; the remaining 80% of patients did not have cranial nerve XI manipulation. Statistical analysis did not reveal any correlation between neck dissection and postoperative DASH scores. CONCLUSIONS This investigation indicates that the angular scapular flap has some advantages over other free-tissue transfer techniques for complex maxillary defect reconstruction. A considerable number (46%) of patients will experience some type of local complications after undergoing these challenging reconstructions, and many (41%) will require revision surgery. Postoperative fistula will often close spontaneously. Donor site morbidity is relatively low according to preliminary analysis.
Firm Financing in India: Recent Risks and Patterns

Using balance sheet information for nearly 6,000 firms between 1994-2003, this study investigates recent firm financing patterns in India. The paper documents the overall use of debt and, in particular, the role of bank financing (short-term and long-term), trade credit, intrabusiness group borrowing and foreign financing. The study examines financing patterns over time and explores differences across firms by sector, age, ownership type, export orientation, and, in particular, size. In terms of trends, we find that while debt to asset ratios have been relatively stable, nominal debt growth has slowed down in recent years. At the same time, firms'repayment capacity, as measured by the interest coverage ratio has exhibited a U-shaped pattern falling during 1997-99 and recovering in recent years. Throughout the period of study, bank financing as a share of total debt has increased, while borrowing from non-bank financial institutions fell sharply. In terms of differences across firms, the most robust finding is that debt levels increase with firm size. Smaller firms have especially less debt relative to larger firms if they are young (below 10 years since incorporation), if they are in the manufacturing sector, and if they are located in Southern India. Furthermore, while the ratio of debt to assets has been relatively stable for large firms, we observe a significant decline for smaller firms. Overall, the findings presented in the paper provide suggestive (but not definite) evidence of stronger credit constraints for smaller firms.
The treatment of unstable fracture-dislocations of the thoraco-lumbar spine accompanied by paraplegia.

1. The results of treatment have been compared in two unselected series of patients with unstable fractures of the thoraco-lumbar spine accompanied by paraplegia. 2. One group had been treated by conservative or " postural" methods while the others had been subjected to open reduction and internal fixation with double plates. 3. No difference in the amount of neurological recovery could be detected between the two groups but while a number of conservatively treated patients had significant residual spinal deformity and subsequently developed serious pain, this did not occur in any of the patients treated by plating. 4. It is concluded that open reduction and internal fixation are indicated in displaced fractures in the interests of long-term spinal function.
Active System Integrity Fences

This paper describes the architecture of a WrappingBased Self-Modeling System that includes all of the models and processes we have mentioned in our previous papers on the subject of methods for mitigating the effects of the Get Stuck theorems. To make the description more concrete, we have selected a particular application domain example: “active system integrity fences”, that protect and defend a complex computing system or network (called the host system) from all enemies, foreign and domestic. An “active integrity fence” sits on an interface between two system components, with an explicit notion of the characteristics expected in the traffic (in both directions), derived from expectations provided at design time and observations collected at run time. We do not describe a particular host system, since our primary interest is in the protector system, and we expect that it applies to any host system for which we can specify the expected internal interactions. We define the relevant models and processes, and how they interact with each other and with the host system. We also provide a short description of the Wrapping infrastructure that holds the system together and organizes and executes all of its behavior, both protective and mission.
Selective Inhibition of Herpesvirus Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis by Acycloguanosine, 2′-Fluoro-5-Iodo-Aracytosine, and (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)-2′-Deoxyuridine

The selectivity of inhibition of herpesvirus deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by acycloguanosine, 2′-fluoro-5-iodo-aracytosine, and (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine was determined by isopycnic banding of 32P-labeled deoxyribonucleic acid from herpesvirus-infected and uninfected cells.
Appetite for Risk in Emerging Stock Markets

Based on qualitative empirical research, we examine the extent to which Central European emerging stock markets were affected by the recent international financial crisis, and how the current investment climate influences investments in Polish equities. We find that global financial crisis induced changes to domestic and international investors’ appetite for risk related to equity investments in emerging stock markets: (i) investors are more prudent about emerging markets but Warsaw stock exchange still shows substantial growth potential and positively distinguishes itself among other Central European stock exchanges; (ii) capital market practitioners’ feel that the risks attached to investing in the Warsaw stock exchange have evolved but have at their disposal tools to manage said risks; (iii) emerging markets equities are an attractive component of the international portfolio diversification, provided trading strategies are adjusted to the contemporary investment environment. With insights from practitioners we also contribute to the international debate on investor protection and regulations that can improve the investment processes.
The commercial paper market in Japan

The purpose of this paper is to investigate some of the macroeconomic and microeconomic properties of the commercial paper market in Japan. The commercial paper market is a relatively new market in Japan having been established in November 1987. As a result, little is known about its characteristics at either the macroeconomic or microeconomic level. In the United States, it has been found that issuance of commercial paper is counter cyclical in the aggregate but pro—cyclical at the firm level. The first set of questions investigated relate to cyclical nature of the Japanese market at the firm and aggregate level. Secondly, using a new panel data set, the characteristics and behaviour of individual issuers of commercial paper are also examined. The micro analysis uses data over the period 1988—90 when the commercial paper market was just developing and exhibits some apparent anomalies. JEL Classification Numbers: E44, Gl, G18,
Differential Effects of Acute Exercise on Distinct Aspects of Executive Function.

PURPOSE To increase understanding about the effects of moderate-intensity physical activity on cognitive function, the current study examined whether a single bout of aerobic exercise exerts differential effects on distinct aspects of executive function in healthy young adults. METHODS A within-subjects study was designed where 26 young adult participants (mean age = 25.23 yr, 12 males) engaged in a 30-min bout of both (a) moderate-intensity aerobic cycling and (b) passive motor-driven cycling, occurring on two separate occasions and counterbalanced in their order. To assess changes in cognitive function, performance on two tasks of executive function-working memory and inhibitory control, counterbalanced in the order of administration-was collected before and immediately after each exercise session. RESULTS Results indicate that working memory performance on the 2-back condition of a facial n-back task was acutely enhanced by moderate-intensity exercise (mean increase in accuracy = 6.4% ± 1.1%), which was significantly greater than the changes after passive exercise control (P < 0.05). This finding was not observed for inhibitory control in which neither of the exercise sessions elicited significant changes in performance on a flanker task. CONCLUSIONS Acute aerobic exercise evokes differential effects on executive functions. This specificity in behavioral outcomes leads to the prediction that brain mechanisms related to working memory, compared to inhibitory control, are selectively benefited by moderate-intensity exercise.
Remogli fl ozin Etabonate , a Selective Inhibitor of the Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 , Improves SerumGlucose Pro fi les in Type 1 Diabetes

R emogliflozin etabonate (RE) is an oral prodrug of remogliflozin (1), a selective antagonist of the sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) located in renal proximal tubules (2–4). It lowers glucose concentrations in type 2 diabetes by inhibiting renal glucose reabsorption (5). Because this mechanism functions independently of insulin, RE could be an effective oral adjunct to insulin for treatment of type 1 diabetes. This clinical trial evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of RE administered to subjects with type 1 diabetes. This is the first report of administration of an SGLT2 inhibitor in this patient population.