Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards health-promoting and environmentally friendly regional diets – a Nordic example

Abstract Background Because most of the top determinants of the worldwide burden of disease are diet-related, the promotion of healthful diets is important for population health across the world. Furthermore, changes in eating habits may contribute to preservation of the environment. Objective In the present paper it is argued that the translation of health-promoting dietary recommendations into practical recommendations for healthful eating should be more tailored to regional circumstances. This will promote population health as well as help preserve cultural diversity in eating habits and contribute to more environmentally friendly eating. A regional Nordic diet, mimicking the Mediterranean diet to some extent, is presented as an example. Conclusion A theoretically health-enhancing Nordic diet is possible including six evidence-based ingredients: (i) native berries; (ii) cabbage; (iii) native fish and other seafood; (iv) wild (and pasture-fed) land-based animals; (v) rapeseed oil; and (vi) oat/barley/rye.
Pressure Ulcer Prevalence Among Black and White Nursing Home Residents in New York State: Evidence of Racial Disparity?

Objective:The occurrence of pressure ulcers (PUs) in nursing homes is a marker for poor quality of care. We examine whether differences in PU prevalence between black and white residents are due to within- or across-facility disparities. Methods:Minimum Data Sets (2006–2007) are linked with the Online Survey Certification and Reporting database. Long-term care residents with high risk for PUs are identified. The dependent variable is dichotomous, indicating PU presence/absence. Individual race and facility race-mix are the main variables of interests.The sample includes 59,740 long-term care high-risk residents (17.4% black and 82.6% white) in 619 nursing homes. We fit 3 risk-adjusted logit models: base, conditional fixed-effects, and random-effects. Results:Unadjusted PU prevalence is 14.5% (18.2% for blacks and 13.8% for whites). Overall, blacks are more likely to have PUs than whites, controlling for individual risk factors. We find no such effect within facilities after additional accounting for facility fixed effects. The effect of race is significantly different between the base and the conditional fixed-effects logit model. The random-effects and conditional fixed-effects logit models show similar results, demonstrating that higher PU presence among blacks is associated with greater facility-specific concentration of black residents. Conclusion:Greater PU occurrence among blacks may not result from differential within-facility treatment of blacks versus whites. Rather, blacks are more likely to reside in facilities with poorer care quality. To improve PU care for blacks, efforts should focus on improving the overall quality of care for facilities with high proportion of black residents.
A COMPARISON OF THE FACILITATORY ACTIONS OF 4‐AMINOPYRI‐DINE METHIODIDE AND 4‐AMINOPYRIDINE ON NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION

1 4‐Aminopyridine methiodide (4‐APMI), a quaternary analogue of aminopyridine (4‐AP), was tested for neuromuscular facilitatory actions on the chick biventer cervicis and frog sartorius nerve‐muscle preparations. 2 In the chick, 4‐APMI (10−4 to 10−2m) augmented indirectly elicited twitches and reversed tubocurarine‐induced neuromuscular block. Reversal of tubocurarine block was observed after treatment of the muscle with an anticholinesterase. 4‐APMI did not itself produce contracture but augmented responses to added acetylcholine. 3 4‐APMI (10−4m) prolonged the time courses of endplate potentials (e.p.ps) and miniature end‐plate potentials (m.e.p.ps) in the frog. 4 4‐APMI (10−4m) increased e.p.p. quantal content. 4‐AP was about 100 times more active than 4‐APMI in increasing quantal content. Both compounds prolonged muscle action potentials at similar concentrations. 5 4‐APMI (10−3 to 3 × 10−3m) possessed anticholinesterase activity in homogenates of chick biventer cervicis muscle. 6 It is concluded that 4‐APMI increases evoked acetylcholine release and also possesses a weak anticholinesterase action. The greater action of 4‐AP on quantal content is probably due to an intracellular action, possibly involving the release of calcium ions.
The Value of International Income Shifting to U.S. Multinational Firms

We examine the value of firms’ opportunities to reduce their corporate tax burden by shifting income from high- to low-tax jurisdictions. Prior literature shows that firms do engage in tax-motivated cross-jurisdictional income shifting; however, the contribution of such shifting to firm value has not been examined or quantified. We develop and validate a new measure of U.S. multinational firms’ tax-motivated income shifting opportunities. Using this measure, we find that income shifting opportunities are associated with a discount on firm value of 2.2 to 3.7 percent for a standard deviation increase in income shifting opportunities. We also find a positive association between changes in income shifting and returns that reverses in future periods, consistent with investors not immediately understanding the value consequences of income shifting. These negative value consequences are greater for firms with more intangible asset generating activities, consistent with tax-motivated income shifting opportunities facilitating managerial rent extraction, creating myopic investment behavior, or subjecting firms to significant compliance, regulatory, or reputational costs. Ultimately, we find evidence supporting the view that income shifting opportunities reduce firm value by increasing myopic investment behavior.
Relationships between childhood growth parameters and adult blood pressure: the Fels Longitudinal Study

Previous research has shown that childhood body size is associated with blood pressure in adulthood, and that early and rapid growth rates are correlated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Our objectives are to estimate associations between childhood body size growth parameters and adult blood pressure, and to examine the effect of early attainment of critical growth milestones on adult blood pressure, relative to normal or late attainment. Lifetime height and body mass index (BMI) measurements in childhood, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurements in adulthood are taken from participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Childhood growth curves are estimated separately for stature and BMI using the Preece–Baines and third-degree polynomial models, respectively. Associations between the resulting parameter estimates and adult blood pressure are then examined using linear mixed models. Our findings show that the ages of achievement of the stature-based growth onset and peak velocity, as well as the age of achievement of the BMI-based adiposity rebound, are negatively associated with adult blood pressure, implying that early height or BMI growth can lead to increased blood pressure in adulthood. There were subtle differences in these relationships based on age and gender, and also between SBP and DBP. These results expand on the existing literature, showing that not only childhood body size, but also the timing of childhood growth can have a deleterious effect on adult cardiovascular health.
The Impact of Capital Reversal and the Threshold of Current Account Deficit on Rupiah

This paper studies the effects of foreign capital flows toward the exchange rate of rupiah both in total and across types of capital investment. This paper also analyzes the thresholds of current account deficit which significantly affect the rate of Rupiah. The estimation shows the capital outflow affect the rate of Rupiah to depreciate and is larger than the appreciation pressure of capital inflow (except when invested in Certificate of Bank Indonesia, SBI). Furthermore, the rate of Rupiah is more sensitive on government bond (SUN) than stock or SBI. The yield of this government bond largely affects the probability of the capital reversal. Related to the current account, the estimation shows that after exceeds the threshold of USD980 million monthly deficit or about 2% of GDP, the exchange rate will depreciate by 12.7% (m-o-m) with the lag effect of 4 months. Keywords : Capital flows, exchange rate, current account deficit, threshold. JEL Classification : F31, F32
Reputation as a Governance Mechanism? Evidence from Payout Policy of Insider‐Controlled Firms in Taiwan

This study examines the effect of entrenched insiders’ reputational concerns on corporate payout policy in Taiwan, a market in which typical public firms are controlled by a single dominant shareholder who is subject to weak takeover threats and has incentives and abilities to extract private benefits by oppressing minority equity holders. The reputation-building hypothesis predicts that firms with higher expropriation risk by a controlling shareholder make more payouts to credibly commit not to expropriate minority shareholders, thereby establishing reputation in the capital market for risk diversification and low-cost external financing. I show that corporate payout intensity is significantly and positively correlated with measures related to the moral hazard of dominant owners. The reputation effect manifests in firms that most value it; the interaction analyses indicate that younger, smaller, or growth firms with higher controlling shareholder expropriation risk pay more cash dividends. Moreover, firms are less likely to omit dividends and more likely to resume dividends when their controlling shareholders are more entrenched. Finally, I show that the value of cash dividends is higher for firms with higher controlling shareholder expropriation risk and that expected dividend increases in these firms are value enhancing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Identification of transient hub proteins and the possible structural basis for their multiple interactions

Proteins that can interact with multiple partners play central roles in the network of protein–protein interactions. They are called hub proteins, and recently it was suggested that an abundance of intrinsically disordered regions on their surfaces facilitates their binding to multiple partners. However, in those studies, the hub proteins were identified as proteins with multiple partners, regardless of whether the interactions were transient or permanent. As a result, a certain number of hub proteins are subunits of stable multi‐subunit proteins, such as supramolecules. It is well known that stable complexes and transient complexes have different structural features, and thus the statistics based on the current definition of hub proteins will hide the true nature of hub proteins. Therefore, in this paper, we first describe a new approach to identify proteins with multiple partners dynamically, using the Protein Data Bank, and then we performed statistical analyses of the structural features of these proteins. We refer to the proteins as transient hub proteins or sociable proteins, to clarify the difference with hub proteins. As a result, we found that the main difference between sociable and nonsociable proteins is not the abundance of disordered regions, in contrast to the previous studies, but rather the structural flexibility of the entire protein. We also found greater predominance of charged and polar residues in sociable proteins than previously reported.
Overview of intergenerational earnings mobility in Germany

This paper analyses intergenerational earnings mobility in Germany, reviewing the recent literature, further investigating the impact of sampling and methodological strategies and presenting alternative results. Using data from the German SocioEconomic Panel (SOEP), the aim is to evaluate the role of father's earnings level on son's one, taking a close look at attenuation and life-cycle biases. We first estimate the association of current and lifetime earnings over the life-cycle. We then estimate the intergenerational elasticity at 0.3. We average fathers' earnings over different periods of time to evaluate and reduce attenuation bias, and we handle life-cycle bias by controlling son's age span or adding the interaction between son's age and father's earnings in the regression equation.
Satisfaction with project learning and transfer: an exploration of the role of intellectual and social capital

Projects are increasingly being recognized as important sites for the creation and accumulation of knowledge and learning in organizations (Ayas & Zeniuk 2001; Hansen 1999). While different in duration, task and other characteristics, one constant among projects is the diversity of skills and knowledge sets that different project team members bring to the team experience. These diverse knowledge sets are critical for the knowledge creation processes in which the team in engaged; however, team diversity can be potentially problematic with respect to the knowledge transfer process Therefore, firms are faced with a paradox in that skills that are necessary for one learning activity may impede another. In this paper we explore this paradox by looking at the main and moderating effects of intellectual and social capital on project member’s satisfaction with the learning process. Our findings indicate that both forms of capital are necessary for effective project-based learning.
Regional citrate anticoagulation during simulated treatments of sustained low efficiency diafiltration

SUMMARY: Renal replacement therapy is frequently required for critically ill patients with a high risk of bleeding. Conventional heparinization strategies to prevent extracorporeal blood circuit clotting can cause significant haemorrhage in such patients because of systemic anticoagulation. Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) is a well‐established technique that minimizes this complication by the decalcification of blood in the extracorporeal circuit such that it is incapable of clotting. To date, there are no reports on the use of RCA for sustained low‐efficiency dialysis/diafiltration (SLED), a hybrid therapy that involves the use of conventional haemodialysis machinery to deliver lower solute clearances over prolonged periods of time. In preparation for clinical study, an in vitro simulation of SLED was devised (blood substitute flow 250 mL/min, dialysate flow 200 mL/min, predilution haemofiltration 100 mL/min). Blood substitute was decalcified by an infusion of 4% trisodium citrate (TSC) proximally into the extracorporeal blood circuit, with partial restoration of calcium homeostasis from dialysate containing ionized [Ca2+] at 0.9 mmol/L. This simulation was used to establish first the 4% TSC requirement for therapeutic decalcification, and second the associated changes in ionized [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] within the blood substitute from chelation with citrate and subsequent removal of the resulting divalent cation‐citrate complex. Serial measurements of blood substitute [Ca2+] from strategic points along the extracorporeal circuit showed therapeutic decalcification was not achieved with 4% TSC infusion rates up to 400 mL/h, and extrapolation of experimental results suggests that 450 mL/h will be required. Under these conditions, ionized [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] in the blood substitute venous return and would be 0.42 and 0.2 mmol/L, respectively, with 0.35 mmol of citrate being returned per minute via the blood substitute venous return. These results were modelled for various changes in SLED operating parameters, and discussed in detail. An appropriate regimen for 4% TSC infusion and divalent cation replacement is proposed for clinical study in the future.
A needs assessment of surgical residents as teachers.

OBJECTIVE To determine the needs of surgical residents as teachers of clinical clerks. DESIGN A needs assessment survey. SETTING Department of Surgery, University of Toronto. PARTICIPANTS Clinical clerks and surgical residents and staff surgeons. METHODS Three stakeholder groups were defined: staff surgeons, surgical residents and clinical clerks. Focus-group sessions using the nominal group technique identified key issues from the perspectives of clerks and residents. Resulting information was used to develop needs assessment surveys, which were administered to 170 clinical clerks and 190 surgical residents. Faculty viewpoints were assessed with semi-structured interviews. Triangulation of these 3 data sources provided a balanced approach to identifying the needs of surgical residents as teachers. RESULTS Response rates were 64% for clinical clerks and 66% for surgical residents. Five staff surgeons were interviewed. Consensus was noted among the stakeholder groups regarding the importance of staff surgeon role modelling and feedback, resident attitude, time management, knowledge of clerks' formal learning objectives, and appropriate times and locations for teaching. Discrepancies included a significant difference in opinion regarding the residents' capacity to address clerks' individual learning needs and to foster good team relationships. Residents indicated that they did not receive regular feedback regarding their teaching and that staff did not place an emphasis on their teaching role. CONCLUSIONS This study has, from a multi-source perspective, assessed the needs of surgical residents as teachers. These needs include enhancing residents' education regarding how and what to teach medical students on a surgical rotation, and a need for staff surgeons to increase feedback to residents regarding their teaching.
Antihyperglycaemic Efficacy, Response Prediction and Dose—Response Relations of Treatment with Metformin and Sulphonylurea, Alone and in Primary Combination

The short‐term (2–12 weeks) antihyperglycaemic efficacy of metformin (M), glibenclamide (G), and their primary combination (MG) was assessed in a double‐blind study including 165 unselected patients with Type 2 diabetes. Patients with diet failure were randomized to M, G or MG. The dose was titrated with a fasting blood glucose concentration (FBG) of < 6.7 mmol I−1 as the target, using at most six dose levels, the first three comprising increasing monotherapy (M or G) or low‐dose primary combination (MGL), and the second three add‐on therapies (M/G and G/M) and primary combination therapy escalated to high dose (MGH). Success rates were higher on MGL than on monotherapy. The difference in achieving acceptable control (FBG ≤ 7.8 mmol I−1) was 70% versus 51% (95% confidence interval 3–36%, p = 0.032). When the drugs were combined, a slightly greater FBG reduction (p = 0.026) was observed, at lower dosage (p = 0.013). The response could not be predicted from body weight, but depended upon initial FBG (p = 0.019) and meal‐stimulated C‐peptide (p = 0.007). FBG declined progressively with increasing doses of metformin, whereas glibenclamide exerted most of its effect at low dose. Primary combination therapy with metformin and sulphonylurea may be clinically useful.
A doubly resonant cavity for detection of RF demodulation by living cells

We describe the design, construction, and operating characteristics of a doubly resonant cylindrical microwave cavity. This cavity has been developed to allow a search for nonlinear RF energy conversion in biological cells. Cells with a diode‐like nonlinearity could demodulate a modulated RF carrier wave and generate low frequency signals in an exposed biological preparation. The cavity is designed to be resonant on the TE111 mode at about 890 MHz and on the TE113 mode at about 1780 MHz. The cavity performs exactly as designed and has proved capable of detecting the nonlinearity in a microscopic Schottky diode test structure. The sensitivity is sufficient to detect any nonlinearity in a collection of biological cells that could have any potential biological significance. Bioelectromagnetics 29:81–91, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of intergenerational negotiations and power dynamics on the burden of care experienced by low- income grandmothers

Older women are key financial and practical caregivers in contemporary lowincome, multi-generational households. A large volume of research has shown how this burden of care has been shaped by social and economic conditions, the nature of state support and feelings of kin obligation. Less is known about how intra-household dynamics shape the distribution of responsibility for caregiving within households. This working paper discusses the findings of a qualitative study that explored the intra-household dynamics of care provision in fourteen low-income multi-generational households that were headed by older women in Khayelitsha. In discussing the caregiving experiences of the older women, it is argued that their burden of care was, in part, shaped by intergenerational negotiations over the provision of financial and practical care by younger household members. Despite their headship status, seniority, economic resources and the socialisation of younger kin to recognise reciprocal obligations of kin support, the older women had trouble negotiating for and obtaining assistance from their younger household members. In contrast, many of their adult children and teenage grandchildren seemed able to resist the claims made on their unpaid labour and financial resources; often leaving the older women with greater responsibility for ensuring the maintenance of their households. Furthermore, it is argued that these experiences reflect shifting positions of power within households that add to the vulnerabilities experienced by older women in their roles as caregivers.
“Texts From Hillary:” Political Meta-meming, Likeability, and Social Presence

In the age of viral social sharing, memes have become an increasingly important way for the public to engage in political debate and discussion. Through social media, politicians have an opportunity to participate in meme sharing with their followers, and to gain valuable likeability points with them by doing so. Hillary Clinton is one such politician, who created a meta-meme by participating in a viral meme about her, and was able to have some control over the narrative about her image as a result. The present research examined the uses of and responses to political meta-meming through analysis of both Hillary Clinton’s meta-memes and the reactions to them in the news media as shared on social media. This thesis used a theoretical foundation of social presence theory, which in recent years has come to be used in a social media setting and can predict likeability based on effective participation in social media norms. Analysis was conducted through the lens of the femininity/competency bind to center an understanding of Hillary Clinton’s image.