Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Isolaton of Aeromanas species from children with and without diarrhoea in Jos, Nigeria

An investigation on the prevalence and antibiogram of Aeromonas species among children in Jos was conducted. The samples analysed included a total of 104 (52 diarrhoeal and 52 non – diarrhoea) stool samples collected from Vom Christian and Plateau Specialists Hospital in Jos. Aeromonas isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests. Of the total number examined, 6 (5.7%) were positive for Aeromonas species, 2 (3.9%) from diarrhoeal and 4 (7.7%) from non diarrhoeal samples (P>0.05). All isolates were identified as Aeromonas hydrophilia . The highest number of isolates 3 (10.7%) were recovered from the group 7-12 months. No isolates were recovered from exclusively breast fed children while the highest number 4 (9.8%) was found in children fed with breast milk and formula. The isolates were found to be very sensitive to ciprofloxacin, but resistant to penicillin. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology Vol. 8 (1) 2007: pp. 55-67
Tamsulosin as an Expulsive Therapy for Lower Ureteric Calculus after Extra Corporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy: A Randomized Controlled Study

Background and Aims: Tamsulosin has been used in several current medical expulsion therapy experiments but the results of studies are variable. Therefore, we conducted a study to evaluate the role of tamsulosin on stone clearance in patients with lower ureteric stone with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). Methods: A prospective randomized open label study was performed in 119 patients with single lower ureteric calculus undergoing shock wave lithotripsy. The study group received 0.4 mg tamsulosin daily and control group received hydration and analgesic on demand for a maximum of 30 days. Follow up visits were performed at 1, 2, 3 & 4 weeks after ESWL. Efficacy of tamsulosin was evaluated in term of success rate, time for expulsion of fragment & analgesic requirement. Results: The clearance rate was 93% in tamsulosin group and 90% in control group, when stone size was in the range of 4-7 mm and difference was statistically not significant (p=0.6). When stone size was in the range of 8-12 mm, the clearance was 80% in tamsulosin group and 52% in control group and difference in statistically significant (p=0.021). The mean time to expulsion of the fragments was 12.9 days (±7.5) in tamsulosin group and 14.2days (±7.9) in control group and difference was statistically insignificant (p=0.561). The mean dose of analgesic used in tamsulosin group was 65.83 mg (±48.26) and 116.10 mg (±55) in control group. The difference was statistically significant (p=0.000). Conclusions: Treatment with tamsulosin appears to be beneficial in lower ureteric stone clearance after
Iowa radon lung cancer study

The rapid case reporting allowed personal interviews with a high percentage (69 %) of cases, providing much more accurate information than can be obtained by interviewing relatives. This study represents the most detailed attempt, to date, to reconstruct total individual radon exposure. Exposure reconstruction included on-site measurements of home radon with year-long tests on every level of the home, in current & historical bedrooms, and in "in-home" work areas. These in-home measurements were linked with individual movements within the home. Outside exposure, as well as exposures in other buildings, was included in the reconstruction. The independent tissue review (performed on 96% of lung cancer tissues) provided a reliable classification of lung cancer cases.
‘Timid to Tiger’ group parenting training reduces anxiety diagnoses in 3–9-year-olds

ED FROM Cartwright-Hatton S, McNally D, Field AP, et al. A new parenting-based group intervention for young anxious children: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;50:242–51.e6. Correspondence to: Dr Sam Cartwright-Hatton, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, 2nd Floor, Zochonis Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; sam.cartwright-hatton@manchester.ac. uk Sources of funding: The fi rst author received support from the Medical Research Council. This study describes a parenting intervention for anxiety in very young children, of whom the overwhelming majority had responded to media advertisements and a minority were referred from clinical services. Anxiety disorders are one of the more common disorders in children and are often see in medical settings as well as in the general population. The authors rightly identify that the younger children, who are the focus of this trial, are relatively neglected in terms of trials of interventions. This intervention is novel in that it focuses on young children and uses parents as the primary therapists, providing parents with strategies to manage the anxiety in their children. The authors have focused on harsh discipline as a possible mediator for anxiety and proposed that reducing it will reduce the children’s anxiety. There is less focus on anxiety in the parents, which is a pity, given the clear association between anxiety in parents and their children. Managing childhood anxiety by teaching parents skills to intervene is unique, as the authors have pointed out. However, there have also been positive effects on internalising disorders including anxiety from other parenting programmes that have disruptive behaviours as a primary target, such as Incredible Years. The trial was of high quality and was conducted in a way that minimised bias. The results are impressive. There was a substantial improvement compared with the wait-list control group in all measures of depression apart from the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC), which was only administered to children aged 6 years or above and was a self-rated scale. There is concern that self-ratings in this age group may not be reliable. The main limitation to this study is the population participating in the research, which was mostly not a clinical population. However, the entry criteria were clear and appropriate, and included children in the clinical range. This may indeed be an effective therapy and is one that would be reasonably easy to implement with little chance of harm. Ideally, it should be replicated, if possible, in a clinical setting.
Influence of the injection site (L2/3 or L3/4) and the posture of the vertebral column on selective spinal anesthesia for ambulatory knee arthroscopy

Background: We tested the hypothesis that selective spinal anesthesia for ambulatory knee arthroscopy can be accomplished with a small dose of bupivacaine at the L3/4 interspace with or without a head‐down tilt of 5° when the patients were in the lateral decubitus position.
Acute Catarrhal Rhinitis

MANY irritants of the nasal mucosa, physical, chemical or bacterial, evoke a catarrhal inflammatory response, but the " common cold " is by far the commonest example. The ancient Greek physicians called it " coryza " ; it is also described by Celsus, but an account of the common cold begins most conveniently at about the time of the origin of the virus theory, because few writings prior to 1914 are noteworthy. The common cold is usually a mild illness and, therefore, few patients seek medical advice. It is little more than a nuisance to many people, and not a few continue to attempt their usual duties during its course, regardless of the infection they spread around them. Yet this mild, and apparently insignificant, illness has serious aspects. Its economic importance has been studied in America, and an early investigation was that of Honeij (1911), undertaken for the Boston Board of Commerce. A questionnaire was prepared, and the lay indifference to this disease is well indicated by the fact that of 15,000 cards despatched, 10,000 were never returned, and another 1,181 were returned without answers to the questions. There remained but 3,013 replies, a few others being incomplete,, from which to prepare statistics. The investigation covered the period between December 1909 and June 1910, during which 1,633 of the 3,013 who replied had had colds, i.e. approximately 54 per cent. , most of whom were between 30-40 years old. A smaller group of 568 persons, of known occupation, was also examined and this showed that those who worked in departmental stores were especially prone to colds. Colds were the cause of absence from work, on the average, for six days per patient during this six months; also, following a cold, there was probably an additional loss of three days work through loss of energy.
Effectiveness of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV patients in resource-limited settings

The HIV pandemic has posed an unprecedented challenge to the global health, devastating communities and reinforcing the historical problems that link ill-health with poverty. Sound evidence for public health decision-making is needed as antiretroviral programmes are being rolled out in developing countries. This thesis discusses the effectiveness of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in resource-limited countries from the Antiretroviral Therapy in Lower Income Countries (ART-LINC), a network of HIV/AIDS treatment programmes and cohorts in Africa, South America, and Asia. The objectives of this project were to document the effectiveness of HAART in these settings, defined by changes in immunologic and virologic markers within 6 months of treatment; assess factors associated with 6-month response to therapy; and to assess the association of 6 month response with long-term outcomes.In the first article, the evidence supporting effectiveness of HAART is reviewed, focusing on aspects of immunologic and virologic responses to therapy. Despite the lack of a standardized definition of immunologic and virologic response, we conclude that around one third of the patients who start HAART show a response pattern where either immunologic or virologic response is not achieved, a condition referred to as discordant response. The second and third articles provide a picture of the association between HAART and 6-month response in resource-limited countries. Overall, the effectiveness of HAART in these settings is similar to that reported in resource-rich countries. Finally, we assessed the association between immunologic and virologic discordant responses at 6 months and mortality in ART-LINC. We found that the hazard of death for those showing discordance at 6 months was similar to that reported in resource-rich countries. However, we found that early mortality was high in Africa and Asia, and a significant proportion of patients that did not have access to laboratory measurements were also at greater risk of death. This is the first report on the association of discordant responses and mortality in lower income countries, which provides important evidence for public health decision making in the context of antiretroviral rollout.
ON IDENTITIES AND ETHNOMEDICINAL CLAIMS OF SOME COMMON BOTANICALS SOLD BY VENDORS IN NORTH MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

The present paper deals with the botanicals sold by the vendors in Nasik, Dhule Nandurbar Jalgaon and Buldhana districts of North Maharashtra (India). An ethnobotanical survey was carried out since June 2008 and information was obtained through open discussions and interviews with tradipractitioners. Presently, 32 plant species of 29 genera belonging to 24 families are communicated. Of these 26 species are being noted for the first time from Indian region. These are administered in the form of decoction, infusion, paste, oil, ash, juice, powder, extract, slurry or in the form of particular recipes. Even they are used raw or sometimes simply warmed. In many cases, they use them as a sole drug or occasionally supplemented by other botanicals or substances like lump sugar, honey, oil, cow ghee, cow urine, etc. These are used to combat common diseases such as rheumatism, arthritis, acidity, scabies, wounds, jaundice constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, cough, menstrual complaints, stomach-ache, tooth-ache, ear-ache, paralysis diabetes, piles, impotency, kidney-stone, dropsy, nocturnal emission, goiter, leucorrhoea, abortion, fever etc. The data accrued is assessed by cross-cultural comparisons with other Indian claims to bring out veracity and uniqueness of the claims made. The objective of investigation was to gather and document information on utilization of botanicals by the tradipractitioners in the region. Key words: Ethnomedicine, Vendors, North Maharashtra Y. A. Ahirrao et al. On Identities and Ethnomedicinal Claims of some Common Botanicals Sold by Vendors in North Maharashtra, India. J Phytol 2/12 (2010) 09-13.
Evaluating brief cognitive behavioural therapy within primary care

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a brief CBT intervention within a primary care adult mental health service. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 92 participants with mild to moderate mental health difficulties were provided with five sessions of brief CBT. Clinical improvement was measured using the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) at pre-treatment, mid-treatment and post-treatment, and on the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) at pre-treatment and post-treatment. Findings – The planned five sessions of CBT were completed by 48.9 percent (n=45) of participants. Treatment completers with full clinical data (n=31) showed large statistically significant improvements on the CORE-OM and BDI-II from pre-therapy to post-therapy. Of treatment completers and non-completers with post-therapy and mid-therapy CORE-OM data, respectively (n=34), 61.8 percent showed reliable and clinically significant change. No statistically signifi.
Imaging of sacroiliitis in early seronegative spondylarthropathy

Purpose: To analyze the type and frequency of abnormalities of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) in early seronegative spondylarthropathy (SpA) by MR in comparison with CT and radiography, assess the most appropriate MR sequences to be used, and introduce a new way of grading MR abnormalities of the SIJ. Material and Methods: The SIJs of 41 patients with early SpA (median duration of inflammatory low back pain of 19 months) were evaluated by MR imaging using STIR, T1, T2, and T1 fat saturated (FS) sequences before and after i.v. Gd contrast medium followed by staging of abnormalities. The findings were compared with those obtained by CT and radiography. Results: MR and CT had equal efficacy superior to radiography in staging of erosions and osseous sclerosis. Only MR allowed visualization and grading of active inflammatory changes in the subchondral bone and surrounding ligaments in addition to bone marrow fatty accumulations. T2-weighted sequences did not contribute to assessment of sacroiliitis. Conclusion: MR of the SIJs is reliable in its visualization of joint erosions in early SpA and allows differentiation between active and chronic sacroiliitis. We recommend the following sequences: semicoronal T1 and both semicoronal and semiaxial STIR. If these images are normal, the examination can be finished; otherwise additional semicoronal T1 FS before and after i.v. contrast has to be performed as well as semiaxial post-contrast T1 FS.
THE CAUSE OF LUMBAR PUNCTURE HEADACHE

Lumbar puncture headache differs from all others in that, being present when the patient is sitting up, it completely disappears when he lies down. It is throbbing and severe, and felt mostly in the frontal and occipital regions. No drugs give sufficient relief to allow its victim to walk about and attend to his affairs, or even to sit up. The pain comes on quickly when he sits up, being fully present in twenty seconds. It takes about the same length of time to subside when he lies down. This situation usually persists for about seven days with full severity, and then ends somewhat abruptly in the course of twenty-four hours. The only effective treatment is a week's stay in bed with the head low. While in this position the patient is quite comfortable, and there are no clinical signs of trouble present. Regarding causative or influencing factors of
No significant differences in nephrotoxicity for tenofovir combined with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in treatment of adult HIV infection

This study retrospectively evaluated specific changes in renal parameters among HIV-infected patients treated with regimens combining tenofovir (TDF) with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r) compared with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), with non-TDF regimens, and with those on no treatment before or during the study period. Patients in the treatment groups were included if they received the same regimen continuously for at least 12 months at our medical center during 2001 to 2008. Changes from baseline creatinine clearance and glomerular filtration rate were assessed at 6 and 12 months. A total of 625 patients met our criteria: 186 on TDF+PI/r, 182 on TDF+NNRTI, 151 on nonTDF antiretroviral regimens, and 106 on no treatment. Our patients were predominantly AfricanAmerican men. Declines in creatinine clearance and glomerular filtration rate were not significantly different for PI/r versus NNRTI and for any TDF versus non-TDF treatment groups at 6 or 12 months. However, there was a significant decline in creatinine clearance for the treatment when compared with no treatment groups at 12 months (p=0.008) by a multivariate general linear model adjusted for covariates. In this study, no significant differences was found in nephrotoxicity among patients receiving TDF+PI/r compared with those on TDF+NNRTI and among those receiving TDF versus nonTDF regimens for 6 and 12 months.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2D KNEE VALGUS ANGLE DURING SINGLE LEG SQUAT (SLS), SINGLE LEG LANDING (SLL), AND FORWARD RUNNING

Background Two-dimensional (2D) analysis of knee valgus during common athletic screening tasks such as SLS has been purported to identify individuals who may be at a high-risk of ACL injury. There is limited literature exploring the relationships between joint motion during SLS and other athletic tasks associated with knee joint injuries, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the SLS to identify athletes with hazardous knee motion in a range of athletic tasks. Objective To assess the relationship between the 2D knee valgus angle among three tasks (SLS, SLL, and Running). Design A correlational study. Setting Undertaken in the Human Performance Laboratory at the University of Salford. Participants 15 recreational athletes, 7 males and 8 females, were recruited (age 25.2±5.1 years; height 1.6±7.38 m; and mass 67.6±10.93 kg). Intervention Participants performed a series of SLS, SLL from a 31-cm step, and forward running at percieved maximum speed whilst being videotaped with a 2D digital camera. Main outcome measurements Maximum right knee valgus angle was quantified by measuring the frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) using Quintic Biomechanics v21 software package. Results A moderate correlation was shown between FPPA during SLS and SLL when the whole participant group was analysed (r=0.35). When split by gender female statistics showed good correlations between the majority of tasks; SLS and SLL (r=0.87), SLS and Run (r=0.59) but weaker between SLL and Run (0.26). Conclusions In females the FPPA during SLS correlates with FPPA during SLL and running. This indicates that if a female patient has increased FPPA during SLS they are likely to have increased FPPA across all the tasks. This could potentially reduce the time and tasks required for screening, as only one task would need to be assessed. In males there is little correlation between tasks so the same would not apply in male subjects.
Impact of Biomechanics Research on Society

As a field, biomechanics comprises research from the molecular and cellular levels, to tissues, to organs, to organisms and their movements. In the past 50 years, the impact of biomechanics research on society has been amplified dramatically. Here, we provide five brief summaries of exemplar biomechanics results that have had substantial impact on health and our society, namely 1) spaceflight and microgravitational effects on musculoskeletal health; 2) impact forces, soft tissue vibrations, and skeletal muscle tuning affecting human locomotion; 3) childbirth mechanics, injuries, and pelvic floor dysfunction; 4) prescriptive physical activity in childhood to enhance skeletal growth and development to prevent osteoporotic fractures in adulthood and aging; and 5) creative innovations in technology that have transformed the visual arts and entertainment.
Athletic Training Instructors: A Needs Assessment of Teaching Methodology Knowledge and Self-Perceived Competence

Objective: The objectives were to assess teaching backgrounds, self-perceived teaching methodology knowledge, and self-perceived competence of Athletic Training Education Program (ATEP) instructors to determine if there was a need for more instruction in teaching methodology (TM). Design & Setting : This was a quantitative design utilizing a discrepancy needs assessment model. A web-based survey was used to gather data. This was a total population study with no sampling. Subjects : The population studied was Certified Athletic Trainers (ATCs) in the United States who had obtained a master’s degree and were working in a college/university setting. The instrument further defined the study population to those who were currently teaching (study conducted in Fall 2002) in approved or accredited ATEPs (N=149). Measurements : The items measured were each participant’s educational and instructional background, their knowledge of 20 TM components, their self-perceived competence on those same 20 TM components, and their likelihood of pursuing future TM instruction. Results : Participants with lower gap scores generally had less previous instruction in TM, lower knowledge scores, and were less likely to pursue future instruction in TM. Neither amount of previous instruction in TM nor how long the participants had been teaching significantly influenced self-perceived competence scores. Taking an undergraduate TM course and the use of structured mentoring significantly predicted self-perceived competence scores. Conclusions : This study illustrates the need for more TM instruction to be included in the preparation of ATCs with master’s degrees who have or will have teaching responsibilities associated with their jobs. It would be prudent for athletic training graduate degree programs to include TM instruction in their curriculums and/or fieldwork. There is also support for the pursuit of a M.Ed. degree for students who wish to teach in the future.
Investigation of student views on industrial pharmacy

Aims: To identify the key reasons why few pharmacy students opt for a career in the pharmaceutical industry. Methods: A 17 item questionnaire was developed and distributed to final year undergraduates in UK schools of pharmacy. Respondents gave views on possible career choices using structured and open questions and a five point Likert scale. Results: Questionnaires were returned from 219 final year pharmacy undergraduates. Seventy-one students expressed an interest in industrial pharmacy. Key attractions of the industry included a wide range of job opportunities and a research environment; key detractors included lack of patient contact and a perception that work would be dull, difficult and laboratory based. Conclusion: Undergraduates do not have enough information concerning industrial pharmacy to be able to make informed judgements concerning opportunities in this sector.