Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Roles of initial ocean surface and subsurface states on successfully predicting 2006–2007 El Niño with an intermediate coupled model

Abstract. The 2006–2007 El Nino event, an unusually weak event, was predicted by most models only after the warming in the eastern Pacific had commenced. In this study, on the basis of an El Nino prediction system, roles of the initial ocean surface and subsurface states on predicting the 2006–2007 El Nino event are investigated to determine conditions favorable for predicting El Nino growth and are isolated in three sets of hindcast experiments. The hindcast is initialized through assimilation of only the sea surface temperature (SST) observations to optimize the initial surface condition, only the sea level (SL) data to update the initial subsurface state, or both the SST and SL data. Results highlight that the hindcasts with three different initial states can all successfully predict the 2006–2007 El Nino event 1 year in advance and that the hindcast initialized by both the SST and SL data performs best. A comparison between the various sets of hindcast results further demonstrates that successful prediction is more significantly affected by the initial subsurface state than by the initial surface condition. The accurate initial surface state can trigger the easier prediction of the 2006–2007 El Nino, whereas a more reasonable initial subsurface state can contribute to improving the prediction in the growth of the warm event.
Do investors become risk takers after receiving MLA and accounting information

This study aimed to find out, empirically, the effect of myopic loss aversion and accounting information on the behavior of investors. The method used is pure experiment by using a 2×2 factorial design between subjects. The results show that myopic loss aversion and accounting information positively affects investor behavior. Another result reveals that there is a difference in treatment (frequent and infrequent) that was equally given accounting information. There is a difference of treatment (frequent and infrequent) that was not given accounting information, but the results return obtained by investors with the treatment of frequent is higher than investors with the treatment of infrequent, it indicates that investors that were treated frequently to be more willing to take a risk, and investors proved not to experience MLA. It was not found the difference in treatment (frequent and infrequent) with accounting information with those that were not given accounting information. It can be caused by a lack of understanding of investors (in this case by the students) in interpreting and analyzing accounting information as well as private signals that still dominate the investors.
Understanding of Diversity and Inclusion in a Perceived Homogeneous Culture: A Study of Organizational Commitment and Job Performance Among Korean Employees

ABSTRACT There is growing evidence indicating that diversity and inclusion are critical predictors of organizational commitment and job performance. Social workers and managers who work with clients of diverse backgrounds as well as with immigrants need to have a clear understanding of diversity in its widest context. Utilizing a sample of 381 employees who were matched with their supervisors in a large Korean corporation, the article examined the relationships between diversity, inclusion, organizational commitment, and job performance. Gender, age, regional affiliation, education, and position within the organization emerged as diversity characteristics that were specifically related to employees' sense of inclusion. Specifically, men, older employees, and employees with higher position were more committed to the organization, while, inclusion had a significant impact on organizational commitment as well as job performance. We discuss implications for management initiatives that are focused on creating an inclusive work place.
Capturing Males of Pestiferous Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Is the Combination of Triple-Lure Wafers and Insecticidal Strips as Effective as Standard Treatments?

The detection of invasive tephritid fruit fly pests relies primarily on traps baited with male-specific lures. Three different male lures are typically used, and accordingly three sets of traps are deployed: those baited with liquid methyl eugenol (ME) or liquid cue lure (CL) for different Bactrocera species and those baited with plug-bearing trimedlure (TML) for Ceratitis species. The liquid lures contain the insecticide naled, whereas the trimedlure plugs contain no toxicant. Preparing the liquid solutions and servicing three types of traps requires considerable labor, and handling naled (and possibly ME) introduces potential health risks. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Jackson traps baited with a solid dispenser (wafer) containing all three male lures plus a separate insecticidal (DDVP; 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) strip with Jackson traps baited with the standard male lure/toxicant combinations. Trapping was conducted during two 12-week periods in a coffee field on Oahu, Hawaii. The effectiveness of the wafer-baited traps varied among different species. Catch of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) males was similar between wafer-baited and liquid ME-baited traps for both sampling periods. Conversely, traps baited with the standard TML plug captured significantly more Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) males than the wafer-baited traps in both sampling periods. The relative effectiveness of the two trap treatments varied between sampling periods for Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) males. Based on these results, the triple-lure wafer plus separate kill strip does not, at present, appear to be a viable substitute for the male lure/toxicant combinations currently in use. Introduction Invasive species of tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) pose a serious economic threat to commercial agriculture worldwide (White and Elson-Harris 1992), and many countries operate trapping programs to detect incipient infestations (Gonzalez and Troncoso 2007, Jessup et al. 2007). Early detection is crucial for effective control, because it increases the probability of limiting the growth and spread of the invasive population and thus may greatly reduce the monetary costs required for eradication or suppression (Lance and Gates 1994). In the US, all southern states maintain surveillance programs, with the most intensive trapping efforts occurring in California, Florida, and Texas (IPRFFSP 2006). Fruit fly detection traps rely heavily on three male-specific attractants, namely methyl eugenol (ME), cue-lure (CL) and trimedlure (TML). ME and CL attract different species in the genus Bactrocera, while TML is attractive to various Ceratitis species (Jang and Light 1996). In P oceedings of the hawaiian entomological society (2016) 48:29–38
An Alternative Multiresolution Basis in EFIE for Analysis of Low- Frequency Problems

─ An alternative multiresolution (MR) basis is presented for the method-of-moments (MoM) solution of the electric-field integral equation (EFIE) for the analysis of low-frequency problems. The proposed MR basis functions can be treated as an extension of the traditional looptree basis function to hierarchical functions. Similar to the loop-tree basis, the MR basis functions are linear combinations of standard RaoWilton-Glisson (RWG) functions. Therefore, the MR algorithm can be easily applied to MoM codes with RWG basis. Since the MR basis is immune from the so-called low-frequency breakdown, the MR basis is especially suitable for the analysis of low-frequency problems. Compared with the previous MR basis, the present MR basis is easier to construct and comprehend, and the basischanging matrix is sparser. Physical interpretation and comparison are given for the previous and present MR bases. Numerical results demonstrate that both the previous and present MR bases are efficient for 3D electromagnetic scattering problems at low frequencies. Index Terms ─ EFIE, electromagnetic scattering, low frequency, method of moments (MoM), multiresolution techniques.
Effect of various biochar rates on winter rye yield and the concentration of available nutrients in the soil

From 2012 to 2014 a field experiment was conducted on a podzolic soil. The aim of the study was to evaluate the yield and weed infestation of winter rye canopy depending on three biochar rates (10, 20 and 30 t/ha). The biochar was pyrolyzed from wheat straw at 350–650°C. After 12, 24, and 36 months from biochar incorporation into the soil pH, total carbon (C) and some elements in soil were determined. Additionally phytotoxicity of soil solid phase was assessed by the commercial toxicity bioassay – Phytotoxkit. The addition of biochar had a positive influence on grain yield of winter rye, which was related to the nutrient application in the form of biochar. The highest grain yields were obtained when biochar was applied at the rate of 20 t/ha. The air-dry weight of weeds in the rye crop grown in the biochar-amended plots was lower compared to the control plots. Incorporation of biochar into the soil at the rates of 20 and 30 t/ha caused a significant increase in the soil content of total C as well as of available P, K, Mg, Fe and B, relative to the control treatment. Moreover, the biochar-amended soil had higher pH because of the relatively high concentration in the biochar (pHKCl 9.9). The assessment of substrate toxicity revealed that biochar applied at the rates of 10 and 20 t/ha had no negative effects on the germination of Lepidium sativum L.
Risks, Protections, and Weight Status Among Springdale High School Students

This study examined the role of sociodemographic characteristics and various social factors in determining BMI among adolescent high school students. In a sample of 1,493 students at a public high school in Springdale, Arkansas, disparities in body mass index across race/ethnicity, gender, and social class were assessed. This project also examined risk and protective factors in the individual, peer, and family domains as they contributed to weight status outcomes and disparities. Using a quantitative approach, BMI outcomes were examined in a four-step multiple regression model, considering both main effects and interactions of race/ethnicity, class, and gender, as well as risk and protective factors. Statistical analyses revealed a significant impact of age and gender on BMI, and an intersectional effect of gender and social class. Additionally, self-esteem and frequent family meals were identified as significant protective factors related to lower BMI scores.
Commercial Property as an Inflation Hedge: An Australian Perspective

Abstract There is ongoing interest in assets with inflation hedging capabilities, as many investors’ liabilities are linked directly or indirectly to inflation, which cannot be assumed to be forever benign. Numerous studies have shown that equity and bonds are poor at hedging inflation. In contrast, property presents itself as a candidate for this task, by virtue of rental structures that are linked to inflation. Though the intuition for property as an inflation hedge sounds encouraging, overseas experience has been mixed, and there is limited evidence for Australia. This paper applies established analytical approaches to Australian data for commercial property in examining its inflation hedging capabilities. It finds that Australian property at an aggregate level can provide a good hedge for both expected and unexpected inflation, even after allowing for the effect of tax in reducing investors ‘ returns.
Microevolution of the photosynthetic temperature optimum in relation to the elevational complex gradient

Balsam fir seedlings were grown under uniform conditions from seed collected along an elevational gradient in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Photosynthetic temperature optimum of the seedlings decreased with increasing elevation of the seed source. The change in temperature optimum with elevation was similar to the adiabatic lapse rate, suggesting a precise adaptation to temperature through natural selection.
Challenges of Urban Planning in Wenchi: Issues and the Way Forward

An urban environment comprises a variety of interrelated elements including human and physical components. The human aspect is composed of individuals with diverse backgroundswhile the physical components consist of road network, water bodies and structures. Within this environment are state and non-state actors that influence and interact with thepeople. The built urban environment being connected to the dynamic settings are likewise constantly in a flux. This study examined the major planning issues and challenges in theWenchi Municipality. It adopted a survey research based on 180 respondent-households and 20 key informants. The study found that, there is limited access to amenities andmassive encroachment on lands reserved for community use. With respect to challenges pertaining to urban land use planning, the study found that Wenchi Municipal Assembly(WMA) and Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) had inadequate capacity in terms of trained manpower, equipment and funding to formulate and implement plans.In addition, there is no proper system of land ownership and reliable data on land within WMA. The use of outmoded legislation for modern day urban land use planning constitutesa formidable challenge. The study recommends an integrated approach to land use planning and management; strengthening of urban land use planning, and strict enforcement ofregulations.
The Influence of Energy Boost and Springblade Footwear on the Kinetics and Kinematics of Running

Purpose. The aim of the current study was to comparatively examine the effects of energy return, spring and conventional footwear on the kinetics and kinematics of running. Methods. Twelve male runners ran over an embedded force platform at 4.0 m · s–1 in the three footwear conditions. Lower limb kinematics were collected using an 8 camera motion capture system and tibial accelerations were obtained using an accelerometer. Differences in kinetic and kinematic parameters between footwear were examined using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results. The results showed that there were no significant differences in kinetic parameters between footwear. However, it was shown that that spring footwear were associated with significantly greater angles of peak eversion (–12.49°) and tibial internal rotation (13.09°) in comparison to the conventional footwear (eversion = –10.52 & tibial internal rotation = 10.84°). Conclusions. Therefore, the findings from the current investigation indicate that spring footwear may place runners at increased risk from chronic injury related to excessive ankle eversion/tibial internal rotation.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-EFFICIENCY AND DEPRESSION AMONG EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES STUDENTS AT AL-ALBAYT UNIVERSITY

The aim of this study is to find out the relationship between selfefficiency and depression among educational sciences students at Al-albayt University, in the light of two variables: academic level and sex. The study was conducted on a sample of 193 students. Data was collected using general self-efficiency scale and Back depression checklist. ANOVA and correlation coefficient were used to find out the relationship between study variables. Results showed a high level of self-efficiency among subjects, as well as a negative relationship between self-efficiency and depression. However, results also showed that there is no statistically significant difference in the respondent’s responses due to their academic level or sex.
Primordial perturbations in Einstein-Aether and BPSH theories

We study the primordial perturbations generated during a stage of single-field inflation in Einstein-aether theories. Quantum fluctuations of the inflaton and aether fields seed long wavelength adiabatic and isocurvature scalar perturbations, as well as transverse vector perturbations. Geometrically, the isocurvature mode is the potential for the velocity field of the aether with respect to matter. For a certain range of parameters, this mode may lead to a sizable random velocity of the aether within the observable universe. The adiabatic mode corresponds to curvature perturbations of co-moving slices (where matter is at rest). In contrast with the standard case, it has a non-vanishing anisotropic stress on large scales. Scalar and vector perturbations may leave significant imprints on the cosmic microwave background. We calculate their primordial spectra, analyze their contributions to the temperature anisotropies, and formulate some of the phenomenological constraints that follow from observations. These may be used to further tighten the existing limits on the parameters for this class of theories. The results for the scalar sector also apply to the extension of Hořava gravity recently proposed by Blas, Pujolàs and Sibiryakov.
IMF B y effects in the plasma flow at the polar cap boundary

Abstract. We used the dataset obtained from the EISCAT Svalbard Radar during 2000–2008 to study statistically the ionospheric convection in a vicinity of the polar cap boundary as related to IMF By conditions separately for northward and southward IMF. The effect of IMF By is manifested in the intensity and direction of the azimuthal component of ionospheric flow. The most significant effect is observed on the day and night sides whereas on dawn and dusk the effect is essentially less prominent. However, there is an asymmetry with respect to the noon-midnight meridian. On the day side the intensity of By-related azimuthal flow is maximal exactly at noon, whereas on the night side the maximum is shifted toward the post-midnight hours (~03:00 MLT). On the dusk side the relative reduction of the azimuthal flow is much larger than that on the dawn side. Overall, the magnetospheric response to IMF By seems to be stronger in the 00:00–12:00 MLT sector compared to the 12:00–24:00 MLTs. Quantitative characteristics of the IMF By effect are presented and partly explained by the magnetospheric electric fields generated due to the solar wind and also by the position of open-closed boundary for different IMF orientation.
Regio- and Substrate-Specific Oxidative Metabolism of Terpinolene by Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases in Cupressus lusitanica Cultured Cells

Many of monoterpenes produced in plants contribute to defenses against herbivores, insects and microorganisms. Among those compounds, β-thujaplicin formed in Cupressaceae plants has a unique conjugated seven-membered ring and some useful biological activities, e.g. fungicide, repellent, insecticide and so on. The biosynthesis pathway of β-thujaplicin has not yet been revealed; we have been trying to uncover it using Cupressus lusitanica cultured cells as a model. In our previous study, terpinolene was identified as a potential β-thujaplicin intermediate at the branching point to terpenoids. In this article, terpinolene metabolism in C. lusitanica cultured cells was investigated, and it was shown that the microsomal fraction from cells oxidized terpinolene into the hydroxylated compound, 5-isopropylidene-2-met-hylcyclohex-2-enol (IME). Then, IME was further oxidized by microsomal fraction to the epoxidized compound, 1,6-epoxy-4(8)-p-menthen-2-ol (EMO). These were the only two products detected from the microsomal reactions, respecttively. Moreover, microsomal reactions with monoterpenes other than terpinolene produced nothing detectable. These results show that the enzymes of these reactions had strict substrate specificity and regio-selectivity. Experiments on kinetics and with specific inhibitors confirmed that these reactions were caused by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, respectively. These results support our hypothesis that terpinolene is a putative intermediate of β-thujaplicin biosynthesis and show that IME and EMO are also putative intermediates.
Changes in North American extremes derived from daily weather data

Received 3 October 2007; revised 21 December 2007; accepted 7 January 2008; published 15 April 2008. [1] Detailed homogeneity assessments of daily weather observing station data from Canada, the United States, and Mexico enabled analysis of changes in North American extremes starting in 1950. The approach used a number of indices derived from the daily data, primarily based on the number of days per year that temperature or precipitation observations were above or below percentile thresholds. Station level indices were gridded to produce North American area-averaged time series. The results indicated that the increase in the number of days exceeding the 90th percentile is about the same magnitude as the decrease in the number of days below the 10th percentile. Analysis of extremes farther out on the tails of the distribution (e.g., 95th and 97.5th percentiles) reveals changes very similar to the 90th and 10th percentiles. Annual extreme lowest temperatures are warming faster than annual extreme highest temperatures when the index assessed is the actual temperature, but cold and hot extremes are changing about the same when examined on a normalized basis. On the basis of several measures, heavy precipitation has been increasing over the last half century, and the average amount of precipitation falling on days with precipitation has also been increasing. These observed changes since the late 1960s, decrease in cold extremes, increases in warm extremes, and increases in heavy precipitation, are consistent with a warming planet.
The effect of Mediterranean exchange flow on European time mean sea level

Using a suite of ocean model simulations and a set of dedicated twin experiments, we show that the exchange flow between the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic leads to a drop in time mean European coastal sea level along the Atlantic coast north of Gibraltar. The drop is about 7 cm along the Portuguese coast and remains apparent (though reduced) as far north as the Norwegian coast. We also show that Mediterranean time and spatial mean sea level is about 9 cm lower than it would be without the exchange flow (but assuming a small supply from the Atlantic to balance evaporation). Each of these relationships makes possible an estimate of the magnitude of the exchange flow based on sea level measurements, and estimates of 0.8 and 0.91 sverdrups are made consistent with previous determinations based mainly on current measurements in the Strait of Gibraltar.
Finite element analysis of ground deformation due to dike intrusion with applications to Mt. Etna volcano

A 2D finite elements study was carried out to analyse the effects caused by dike intrusion inside a heterogeneous medium and with a realistic topography of Mt. Etna volcano. Firstly, the method (dimension domain, elements type) was calibrated using plane strain models in elastic half-spaces; the results were compared with those obtained from analytical dislocation models. Then the effects caused both by the topographic variations and the presence of multi-layered medium on the surface, were studied. In particular, an application was then considered to Mt. Etna by taking into account the real topography and the stratification deduced from seismic tomography. In these con- ditions, the effects expected by the dike, employed to model the 2001 eruption under simple elastic half-space medium conditions, were computed, showing that topography is extremely important, at least in the near field.