Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of heat stress and carbohydrate availability on substrate metabolism and exercise tolerance time in humans

Whilst the effects of environmental heat stress on the physiological responses of humans during exercise have been investigated for over half a century, the mechanisms responsible for fatigue during exercise in the heat are not well understood. There is increasing evidence that heat stress increases the reliance on carbohydrate (CHO), particularly muscle glycogen, as a fuel for prolonged exercise. The provision of CHO during exercise and during short-term recovery from exercise in the heat may theoretically offer some benefit. However, the literature available on the efficacy of CHO feedings during prolonged running in the heat is scarce. The aim of the experiments that are reported in this thesis were to investigate the effects of heat stress and CHO feeding regimens on substrate metabolism and exercise tolerance during prolonged running. An initial investigation revealed that the heat stress imposed by wearing a military protective clothing ensemble during prolonged running impaired exercise tolerance time and increased the reliance on CHO as a fuel. This response was associated with increases in circulating adrenaline and lactate concentrations, which may be indicative of an enhanced s-adrenergic receptor stimulation of muscle glycogenolysis. Thus, further studies into the efficacy of CHO supplementation regimens during exercise and recovery from exercise in the heat were performed. Rehydration with a carbohydrate-electrolytes olution (CES) during a 4-h recovery period markedly increased total CHO utilisation and exercise tolerance during subsequent exercise in the heat (35°C) compared to a sweetened placebo. Whilst there was no difference in post-recovery exercise tolerance time after ingesting 55-g or 220-g of CHO within a CES, ingesting 220-g lead to a five-fold increase in estimated glycogen synthesis during recovery, which increased CHO availability and utilisation during subsequent exercise. Ingesting a 12.5% glucose solution attenuated the increased reliance on endogenous CHO stores during exercise in the heat, but the associated increases in thermal and cardiovascular strain and gastric discomfort may have been responsible for the impairment of exercise capacity. These findings suggest that increases in endogenous CHO metabolism occur in response to exogenous heat stress during prolonged running. Whilst CHO ingestion during short-term recovery periods are associated with favourable changes in glycogen synthesis and tolerance to subsequent exercise in the heat, ingestion of a hypertonic glucose solution during exercise in the heat, may impair exercise capacity.
Nurses who smoke : the experience of attempting to quit

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an individualised cessation intervention on the smoking behaviour of qualified nurses and student nurses and to explore the experiences of nurses who attempted to give up smoking. A comparison or reference group comprised qualified nurses and student nurses who wished to give up smoking but did not receive the intervention. In phase one, data were collected pre and post intervention and analysed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Self reports of smoking cessation were objectively verified by measuring carbon monoxide in expired alveolar air and cotinine in saliva. Twenty five per cent of nurses in the intervention group stopped smoking at one year compared with 8% in the reference group. This suggests that an individualised smoking cessation intervention is an appropriate method for helping nurses stop smoking and that Prochaska and DiClemente's (1982) transtheoretical model of behavioural change is a useful framework upon which to base smoking cessation interventions. In phase two semi-structured interviews were undertaken with qualified nurses and student nurses to explore the reasons why some stopped smoking and others continued. A qualitative approach to analysis revealed that nurses who successfully stopped experienced something akin to a 'Damascus Road' experience and had internalised the effects of smoking on their health and professional role. Specific barriers to stopping smoking were also identified particularly amongst the qualified nurses who described the powerful relationship they enjoyed with cigarettes. This relationship was linked to varying levels of stress incurred in their everyday lives. Student nurses described the impact of important peer relationships which were in turn nurtured by the smoking condoning culture within the College of Nursing. In examining the effect of smoking on the nurse's role the findings suggest that nurses who smoke are compromising their role as promoters of health in this area and that the students studied have little understanding of the meaning of health promotion. The implications of these findings for professional practice are discussed.
The dystonic brain: Electrophysiological investigation of carriers of the DYT1 gene mutation.

A mutation in the DYT1 gene on chromosome 9q34 is the commonest cause of young-onset primary dystonia. The penetrance of clinical symptoms is low (only 30-40% of gene carriers manifest dystonia), and occurs in an age-dependent fashion. Mutation carriers who pass their mid-twenties without developing symptoms almost invariably stay symptom free for life. DYT1 mutation carriers therefore provide a unique model with which to study brain function in primary dystonia, and factors that may protect against development of clinical symptoms in those who are genetically susceptible. This thesis describes the use of electrophysiological techniques to determine 1) if manifesting DYT1 carriers have similar deficits in motor function to non-genetic primary dystonia, and 2) what are the consequences of the DYT1 mutation for motor system physiology in non-manifesting carriers. We found abnormalities of inhibitory motor circuits at cortical and spinal cord levels in manifesting DYT1 subjects. Surprisingly, we found cortical motor abnormalities of a similar nature and severity in non-manifesting DYT1 carriers, despite their lack of symptoms.
Dermatological Disease Pattern In An Urban Institution Of Kolkata

A study of 36,58 8 new cases who attended the Dermatology OPD of the school of Tropical Medicine was carried out for the year 2002. Eczema (31.4%), pyoderma (14.36%), fungal infection (9.7%) and psoriasis (5.39%) were the major skin disease. In the leprosy clinic, 2100 new cases attended, of which 567 were PB and 1533 MB as per WHO classification. Skin smear was positive in181 cases, all of them were MB.
Ventricular function and blood flow in congenital heart disease

List of Contributors.Foreword. Preface.Acknowledgments. Part I Overview.1 Pediatric Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease as it Relates to Ventricular Function and Blood Flow.2 Ventricular Function-The Basics of the Discipline.3 Blood Flow-The Basics of the Discipline.4 History and Physical Examination.5 Plain Radiographic Examination of the Heart and Chest.6 Cardiac Catheterization.Part II Techniques in Assessing Ventricular Function.7 Echocardiography and Doppler Ultrasound.8 Magnetic Resonance Imaging.9 Cardiology and Positron Emission Tomography.10 Exercise Testing.Part III Ventricular Function in Specific Categories.11 Ventricular Function in Pressure Overload Lesions.12 Ventricular Function in Volume Overload Lesions.13 The Right Ventricle in a Dual Chambered Circulation.14 The Left Ventricle in a Dual Chambered Circulation.15 Blood Flow in the Normal and Diseased Aorta.16 Blood Flow in Normal and Diseased Pulmonary Arteries.17 Considerations in the Single Ventricle.18 Exercise Performance in Fontan Patients.19 Considerations in Intensive Care.Part IV Ventricular Function and Blood Flow in Specific Categories.20 Considerations in Catheter Interventions.21 Pharmacology and Ventricular Performance.Index
Frequency of detached cardiac drugs prescribing in patients of different classes QRS complex duration on the permanent pacing background

The frequency of beta-blockers, amiodarone, antiplatelet agents (acetylsalicylic acid), anticoagulants (warfarin), statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics and angiotensin II receptor antagonists prescribing was determined in 114 patients (56 – women, 58 – men) with permanent pacemakers in VVI/VVIR (40 patients), DDD/DDDR (26 patient), cardiac resynchronization therapy (14 patients) and separate group was made up of 34 patients with sinus sick syndrome in DDD/DDDR pacing mode in 3 QRS complex duration classes: 1 – under 119 ms (normal), 2 – 120-149 ms (elongate) and more than 150 ms (significantly elongate). The patients’ average age was 69 ± 7 years. The results showed that the same groups of drugs are being prescribed as in patients with pacemakers as in patients without them. More frequent prescribing of beta-blockers was associated with prevention of the development of possible device-induced arrhythmias and chronic heart failure. More rare appointment acetylsalicylic acid and statins was associated with the lack of attention to therapeutic support. Frequency of prescribing most of used drugs in patients with implanted pacemaker increases with QRS complex duration class.
Fetomaternal Attachment and Anchorage inthe Early Diffuse Epithel iochorial Placenta of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Placentae of 22 one-humped camel concepti with crown-rump lengths (CRL) ranging from 2.5 to 26 cm were studied. The placentae were processed for light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy of exposed surfaces and microvascular corrosion casts. In very early stages of pregnancy (2.5–4.5 cm CRL) three froms of fetomaternal interrelationship are described. (1) Precontact, where the mononuclear trophoblast cells are still separated from the uterine epithelium by a gap containing interareolar histotroph. Both fetal and maternal epithelia develop apical ectoplasmic pads in this location. (2) Apposition, where microvilli of the apical cell membrane of the trophoblast contact the uterine epithelium focally. Multinuclear trophoblast giant cells develop beside the population of already present mononuclear trophoblast cells. Uterine ectoplasmic pads can be observed. (3) Adhesion occurs when apical cell membranes of fetal and maternal epithelia adhere to each other closely, thus forming a ‘normal’ intercellular space of 20 nm width, without any intervening uterine luminal space. Microvillous interdigitation in this location varies from a non-microvillous ‘smooth adhesion’, to a distinctly villiform ‘rough adhesion’, and a ‘semismooth adhesion’ is achieved when trophoblastic microvilli make intimate contact with the non-microvillous uterine apical cell membranes of ectoplasmic pads. This fetomaternal attachment process is sufficient until the conceptus reaches approximately 9 cm CRL. Then, from 10 to 13 cm CRL, additional anchorage of the placenta to the endometrium is accomplished by the growth of temporary grooves and ridges of the allantochorion and the endometrium, which indent each other in a complementary fashion. The height of these groove-ridge structures increases gradually in 14 to 18 cm CRL fetuses, and they also widen at about 25 cm CRL, thus forming globular fetal troughs and irregular, thick maternal ridges. These together create units responsible for improved fetomaternal anchorage and metabolic exchange for the increasing needs of the growing fetus.
Health for all children : report of the Third Joint Working Party on Child Health Surveillance

1: Health for all children. 2: Child health promotion. 3: Opportunities for primary prevention. 4: Promoting child development. 5: Secondary prevention: early detection and the role of screening. 6: Physical examination. 7: Growth monitoring. 8: Laboratory and radiological screening tests. 9: Iron deficiency. 10: Screening for hearing defects. 11: Screening for vision defects. 12: Disorders of development and behaviour. 13: Organization, management and records. 14: Summary of 1995 child health promotion programme
Adolescence Explored: Mental Health and Substance Abuse in an Underserved Population

The Surgeon General's Conference on Children's Mental Health held in 2000 brought attention to the fact that children and adolescents with mental health and substance abuse problems are an underserved population. Rates of psychiatric disorders are high among this population, yet very few adolescents who need help actually receive it. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken to examine various aspects of adolescent health, including rates of mental health and substance abuse as well as treatment and mental health service utilization among this population. Barriers to care are discussed, with emphasis on gender, ethnicity, psychiatric diagnosis, treatment setting, and parental influences. In the past, the specialty mental health care sector has been relied on to provide treatment for adolescents. This thesis examines school-based mental health services, and Student Assistance Programs in particular, as alternatives to treatment for the adolescent population. School-based clinics have the potential to reduce some barriers to care, hence increasing rates of care for adolescents with mental health and substance abuse problems. Other recommendations to reduce barriers to care and increase rates of treatment are presented. Mental health and substance abuse have a significant impact on the health of the nation. These disorders cause or exacerbate numerous health problems, including cancer and heart disease. In 1996, mental health problems cost the United States $150 billion in direct and indirect costs (USDHHS, 2000). The relevance of public health in this thesis is exemplified by the potential of public health to decrease the health consequences associated with these disorders by working to increase rates of treatment.
Effects of buffering agents on high-intensity exercise performance and capacity

High-intensity exercise results in hydrogen ion accumulation, which can have a deleterious effect on muscle function, and thus exercise tolerance. Buffering agents are commonly used to enhance exercise performance and capacity. Two such agents, β-alanine and sodium bicarbonate, increase intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity, which could contribute to an improved performance and capacity during exercise limited by increasing acidosis. Despite this, studies on the ergogenic effects of β-alanine are still in their infancy, and research on sodium bicarbonate remains equivocal. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the separate and combined effects of β-alanine and sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity exercise performance and capacity using various exercise modalities. The CCT110%, a cycling capacity test, was shown to be reliable (Chapter 4A), and subsequently employed to investigate the effect of sodium bicarbonate (Chapter 4B), β-alanine and co-supplementation of the two (Chapter 4C). Sodium bicarbonate supplementation was shown to improve total work done during the CCT110% (+4.8%), only when those experiencing gastrointestinal discomfort were removed from analyses, as was β-alanine (+14.6%); co-supplementation of the two did not confer any further benefits above β-alanine alone. Neither sodium bicarbonate (Chapter 5A) nor β-alanine or co-supplementation of the two (Chapter 5B) improved 5 x 6 s repeated running sprints (all P > 0.05).
Introduction To Cerebral Angiography

No wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed. It is not only to fulfil the duties that you need to finish in deadline time. Reading will encourage your mind and thoughts. Of course, reading will greatly develop your experiences about everything. Reading introduction to cerebral angiography is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages. The advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.
The bodywise woman

"The Bodywise Woman" is more than just another women's health book--it's a complete guide for the active woman. Written from a woman's point of view, the book offers hard-to-find information on women's health specifically as it relates to physical activity. It combines research with women's personal experiences to present practical, scientifically sound advice. Based on 14 years of studies by the Melpomene Institute, the only research organization in the United States devoted to women's health and physical activity, this second edition offers the same easy-to-read style and understanding tone as the popular first edition, but the content has been revised in light of new research. Some sections have also been expanded, including those on menopause, body shape and weight issues, and physical activity for children. Plus, the book's improved visual presentation makes it even more enjoyable to read and helps to highlight important points. "The Bodywise Woman" addresses topics that cover the entire lifespan. Each chapter brings its subject matter to life with a profile of a real person facing an issue discussed in that chapter. The book first examines how society's view of active women has changed over the years. Next, it provides answers to questions such as: -Why do women consistently choose ideal body shapes that are 20 percent underweight? -Will physical activity alleviate menstrual cramps? -What are the real reasons behind menstrual dysfunction? -Does exercise put pregnant women at risk? -What is the most important positive influence on your child's desire to be physically active? -What changes can you expect as you age? You'll also learn how to choose and start an exercise program you'll enjoy, stay motivated to stick with it, and avoid injury. Specific guidelines are offered for eight favorite activities, including walking, water exercise, and weightlifting.Whether you are already enjoying the benefits of physical activity or are just considering becoming more active, "The Bodywise Woman" is the perfect guide to help you deepen your commitment and make informed choices about your health and lifestyle.
Preterm birth after antenatal inflammation as underlying cause of bronchial hyperreactivity

• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Acacia senegal and the gum arabic trade: monograph and annotated bibliography

This monograph covers the species Acacia Senegal but also summarizes its biological and economic links to several related species that are significant producers of gum. The first section treats the taxonomy, genetics, reproductive biology, ecology and properties of A.senegal while the second and third sections provide fascinating accounts of the historical and modern trade in gum arabic.
Characterising changes in pathology and function in clinically relevant models of spinal cord injury and using chondroitinase ABC gene therapy to promote repair

Over recent years the bacterial enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) has emerged as a promising experimental therapeutic for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). In preclinical studies ChABC has repeatedly been shown to enhance functional recovery in a number of SCI models in both rodents and larger animals through its enzymatic degradation of inhibitory chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs). However, ChABC treatment has met with limited success in more traumatic, translational models of SCI, such as contusive or compressive injuries. As such injury models mimic the most common form of SCI in humans, it is important to show efficacy of experimental therapeutics in these models. The key aims of this thesis therefore, are to improve upon current methods of ChABC delivery and to assess the efficacy of optimised ChABC in a clinically relevant contusion injury model. The first series of experiments involved a detailed characterisation of the temporal pattern of functional and anatomical changes that occur following a moderate thoracic contusion injury. Changes in dorsal column sensory axon conduction were associated with early demyelination in the perilesional area and subsequent remyelination mediated primarily by Schwann cells. Further electrophysiological analysis revealed a population of viable dorsal column sensory fibres that remained unable to conduct at chronic post-injury time points, in which conduction could be restored following cooling of the lesion site. This established a reproducible and clinically relevant model, with multiple outcome measures and parameters with which to assess the efficacy of optimised ChABC. A gene delivery approach was applied to optimise the administration of ChABC. Sustained and widespread CSPG degradation was achieved using a lentiviral vector
How Mitochondrial Damage Affects Cell Function

The pathophysiology of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases is caused by increased cell death and dysfunction due to the accumulation of mutations to mtDNA. While the disruption of oxidative phosphorylation is central to mtDNA diseases, many other factors, such as Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, increased oxidative stress and defective turnover of mitochondrial proteins, may also contribute. The relative importance of these processes in causing cell dysfunction and death is uncertain. It is also unclear whether these damaging processes lead to the disease phenotype through affecting cell function, increasing cell death or a combination of both. These uncertainties limit our understanding of mtDNA disease pathophysiology and our ability to develop rational therapies. Here, we outline how the accumulation of mtDNA mutations can lead to cell dysfunction by altering oxidative phosphorylation, Ca2+ homeostasis, oxidative stress and protein turnover and discuss how these processes affect cell function and susceptibility to cell death. A better understanding of these processes will eventually clarify why particular mtDNA mutations cause defined syndromes in some cases but not in others and why the same mutation can lead to different phenotypes.