Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE INVISIBLES: A DETECTION ALGORITHM TO TRACE THE FAINTEST MILKY WAY SATELLITES

A specialized data-mining algorithm has been developed using wide-field photometry catalogs, enabling systematic and efficient searches for resolved, extremely low surface brightness satellite galaxies in the halo of the Milky Way (MW). Tested and calibrated with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6 (SDSS-DR6) we recover all 15 MW satellites recently detected in SDSS, six known MW/Local Group dSphs in the SDSS footprint, and 19 previously known globular and open clusters. In addition, 30 point-source overdensities have been found that correspond to no cataloged objects. The detection efficiencies of the algorithm have been carefully quantified by simulating more than three million model satellites embedded in star fields typical of those observed in SDSS, covering a wide range of parameters including galaxy distance, scale length, luminosity, and Galactic latitude. We present several parameterizations of these detection limits to facilitate comparison between the observed MW satellite population and predictions. We find that all known satellites would be detected with >90% efficiency over all latitudes spanned by DR6 and that the MW satellite census within DR6 is complete to a magnitude limit of MV ≈ −6.5 and a distance of 300 kpc. Assuming all existing MW satellites contain an appreciable old stellar population and have sizes and luminosities comparable with currently known companions, we predict lower and upper limit totals of 52 and 340 MW dwarf satellites within ∼260 kpc if they are uniformly distributed across the sky. This result implies that many MW satellites still remain undetected. Identifying and studying these elusive satellites in future survey data will be fundamental to test the dark matter distribution on kpc scales.
The Sphenacodontid Synapsid Neosaurus cynodus, and Related Material, from the Permo-Carboniferous of France

Sphenacodontid synapsids were major components of early Permian ecosystems. Despite their abundance in the North American part of Pangaea, they are much rarer in Europe. Among the few described European taxa is Neosaurus cynodus, from the La Serre Horst, Eastern France. This species is represented by a single specimen, and its validity has been questioned. A detailed revision of its anatomy shows that sphenacodontids were also present in the Lodève Basin, Southern France. The presence of several synapomorphies of sphenacodontids—including the teardrop-shaped teeth—supports the assignment of the French material to the Sphenacodontidae, but it is too fragmentary for more precise identification. The discovery of sphenacodontids in the Viala Formation of the Lodève Basin provides additional information about their ecological preferences and environment, supporting the supposed semi-arid climate and floodplain setting of this formation. The Viala vertebrate assemblage includes aquatic branchiosaurs and xenacanthids, amphibious eryopoids, and terrestrial diadectids and sphenacodontids. This composition is very close to that of the contemporaneous assemblages of Texas and Oklahoma, once thought to be typical of North American lowland deposits, and thus supports the biogeographic affinities of North American and European continental early Permian ecosystems.
Primary productivity and species richness: relationships among functional guilds, residency groups and vagility classes at multiple spatial scales

One of the major determinants of species richness is the amount of energy available, often measured as primary productivity. Heterogeneity of environmental variables has also been found to influence species richness. Predicting species distributions across landscapes and identifying areas that have high species richness, or vulnerable groups of species, is useful for land management. Remotely sensed data may help identify such areas, with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) providing an estimate of primary productivity. We examined the relationship between maximum productivity (NDVI), heterogeneity of productivity, and species richness of birds and butterflies at multiple spatial scales. We also explored relationships between productivity, functional guilds and residency groups of birds, and vagility classes of butterflies. Positive linear relationships between maximum NDVI and number of functional guilds of birds were found at two spatial scales. We also found positive linear relationships between maximum NDVI and species richness of neotropical migrant birds at two scales. Heterogeneity of NDVI, by contrast, was negatively associated with number of functional guilds of birds and species richness of resident birds. Maximum NDVI was associated with species richness of all butterflies and of the most vagile butterflies. No association was found between heterogeneity of NDVI and species richness of butterflies. In the Great Basin, where high greenness and availability of water correspond to areas of high species richness and maximum NDVI, our results suggest that NDVI can provide a reliable basis for stratifying surveys of biodiversity, by highlighting areas of potentially high biodiversity across large areas. Measures of heterogeneity of NDVI appear to be less useful in explaining species richness.
Minimal Smoothings of Area Minimizing Cones

In this paper we show that every area minimizing cone C^{n-1} in R^n can be approximated by entirely smooth area minimizing hypersurfaces. This extensively uses hyperbolic unfoldings of such hypersurfaces and the resulting potential theory for the Jacobi field operator. Applications include the splitting theorem in scalar curvature geometry saying that any (n-1)-dim. homology class of a compact manifold M^n with positive scalar curvature can be represented by a smooth (! ) compact hypersurface that admits a positive scalar curvature metric.
Recent Trends in Divorce and Custody Litigation

During the last six to seven years there has been a burgeoning of child custody litigation. This has been the result of two important changes in child custody determinations. The first relates to the appreciation that the “tender years presumption” (in which the mother, by virtue of being female, was automatically considered to be the preferable parent) was criticized by fathers as being basically sexist. And the courts agreed. Accordingly, fathers no longer passively accepted the fact that mothers would automatically be awarded custody and began litigating for custody of their children. The second factor, which is even more recent, relates to the increasing popularity of the joint custody concept. Designating one parent as the sole custodial parent and the other as the visitor came to be appreciated as inegalitarian and ego-debasing for the non-custodial parent. Although there is much to argue for the joint custody concept, it has proved to be useful mainly for those who can cooperate and communicate well and who are equally capable regarding parenting capacity. When these criteria are not satisfied parents will commonly litigate in order to win joint custody. As a result of these two developments the position of custodial mothers has become much more precarious. Whereas previously they could rely upon the tender years presumption and the sole custody concept to protect them from attempts on their husbands’ part to gain custody, they now have no such reassurances. Fathers know this well and have been litigating at an ever-increasing rate. The psychological toll of this burgeoning litigation on both parents and children has been formidable.
Homotopy type theory

We give a glimpse of an emerging field at the intersection of homotopy theory, logic, and theoretical computer science: homotopy type theory. One key ingredient of this approach is Vladimir Voevodsky’s Univalence Axiom. It is the goal of this paper to provide a short introduction to some of the ideas of homotopy type theory and univalence. The approach taken here is to first develop some of the historical and mathematical context in which homotopy type theory arose and then to describe the Univalence Axiom and related technical machinery.
Rising and falling diapirs, shifting depocenters, and flap overturning in the Cretaceous Sopeira and Sant Gervàs subbasins (Ribagorça Basin, southern Pyrenees)

The halokinetic structure of inverted salt‐related continental margins is frequently obliterated by compressional overprinting. The Cretaceous Sopeira and Sant Gervàs subbasins of the Ribagorça Basin (south central Pyrenees) show evidence of salt‐related extensional tectonics and diapiric growth along the Iberian Margin of the Mesozoic Pyrenean rift. We present an integrated field‐based tectonic‐sedimentary study to reconstruct the evolution of the Ribagorça Basin system previous to, and in the early stages of, the Pyrenean orogeny. The ~4 km thick Albian‐Cenomanian Sopeira minibasin infill thins toward the basin borders, especially toward the eastern, N‐S trending, Llastarri salt weld. The 90° tilt to the south of the Sopeira basin bottom records the growth of the buried north dipping Sopeira listric fault from Albian to Santonian times, when it evolved as an extensional rollover associated with the Aulet salt roller. The ~3 km thick Cenomanian‐Campanian succession filling the Sant Gervàs flap displays 130° bed fanning attitude from overturned Cenomanian carbonate platform strata to upright Campanian turbidite beds. The Sant Gervàs flap development since Cenomanian times was related to the fall of a large salt pillow after the main Soperia minibasin stage. Jurassic‐Campanian diachronous subsidence is also observed in the adjacent Montiberri, Faiada, and Tamurcia depocenters. Correlation with the Pedraforca, Cotiella, and Basque‐Cantabrian Basins along the southern Pyrenees suggests that a significant segment of the Iberian side of the Pyrenean rift experienced a gravity‐driven extension from Albian to late Santonian. The Ribagorça Basin provides an excellent field analogue for presently buried salt‐related structures of extended passive margins.
Comparison of two potato simulation models under climate change . II . Application of climate change scenarios

The effects of climate change (for the year 2050 compared to ambient climate) and change in climatic variability on potato growth and production at 6 sites in Europe were calculated. These calculations were done with both a simple growth model, POTATOS, and a comprehensive model, NPOTATO. Comparison of the results from both models indicated the sort of climate change conditions in which model results differed and may become less reliable. The effectiveness of possible management responses to climate change and the uncertainty in the model results were also evaluated with both models. With both models, climate change in northern Europe resulted in moderate to strong tuber yield increases in Jokioinen, Finland, and Tylstrup, Denmark, and in almost no yield change in Oxford, UK, both with and without irrigation. NPOTATO calculated for climate change in central and southern Europe nil to slight decreases in irrigated yield for the HCGG climate change scenario and nil to moderate yield increases for the HCGS scenario, and variable changes in water-limited yield for the HCGG scenario and slight to moderate yield increases for the HCGS scenario. POTATOS calculated less positive or more negative changes in both irrigated and waterlimited yield by climate change in central and southern Europe than NPOTATO. With both models, changes in climatic variability did not result in changes in both irrigated and water-limited yields in Europe. The management response analyses showed that both cultivation of an earlier crop variety and an advanced planting date resulted in higher yields and in more positive or less negative yield change due to climate change, in particular in southern Europe, and that only in the case of an earlier planting date did irrigation requirements always decrease with climate change. This pointed to the need for advancing the planting date with climate change. The uncertainty analyses showed that the yield change due to climate change was practically not affected by the soil type, but that this yield change may become different when a different growth model is applied, a different planting date is chosen, or a different crop variety is used.
Expected Shortfall Estimation and Gaussian Inference for Infinite Variance Time Series

We develop methods of nonparametric estimation for the Expected Shortfall of possibly heavy tailed asset returns that leads to asymptotically standard inference. We use a tail-trimming indicator to dampen extremes negligibly, ensuring standard Gaussian inference, and a higher rate of convergence than without trimming when the variance is infinite. Trimming, however, causes bias in small samples and possibly asymptotically when the variance is infinite, so we exploit a rarely used remedy to estimate and utilize the tail mean that is removed by trimming. Since estimating the tail mean involves estimation of tail parameters and therefore an added arbitrary choice of the number of included extreme values, we present weak limit theory for an ES estimator that optimally selects the number of tail observations by making our estimator arbitrarily close to the untrimmed estimator, yet still asymptotically normal. Finally, we apply the new estimators to financial returns data.
River‐aquifer interactions in a semiarid environment investigated using point and reach measurements

A critical hydrological process is the interaction between rivers and aquifers. However, accurately determining this interaction from one method alone is difficult. At a point, the water exchange in the riverbed can be determined using temperature variations over depth. Over the river reach, differential gauging can be used to determine averaged losses or gains. This study combines these two methods and applies them to a 34 km reach of a semiarid river in eastern Australia under highly transient conditions. It is found that high and low river flows translate into high and low riverbed Darcy fluxes, and that these are strongly losing during high flows, and only slightly losing or gaining for low flows. The spatial variability in riverbed Darcy fluxes may be explained by riverbed heterogeneity, with higher variability at greater spatial scales. Although the river‐aquifer gradient is the main driver of riverbed Darcy flux at high flows, considerable uncertainty in both the flux magnitude and direction estimates were found during low flows. The reach‐scale results demonstrate that high‐flow events account for 64% of the reach loss (or 43% if overbank events are excluded) despite occurring only 11% of the time. By examining the relationship between total flow volume, river stage and duration for in‐channel flows, we find the loss ratio (flow loss/total flow) can be greater for smaller flows than larger flows with similar duration. Implications of the study for the modeling and management of connected water resources are also discussed.
Health-industry linkages for local health : reframing policies for African health system strengthening Journal Item

The metamorphic core of the Himalaya is composed of Indian cratonic rocks with two distinct crustal affinities that are defined by radiogenic isotopic geochemistry and detrital zircon age spectra. One is derived predominantly from the Paleoproterozoic and Archean rocks of the Indian cratonic interior and is either represented as metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) or as slices of the distal cratonic margin. The other is the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS) whose provenance is less clear and has an enigmatic affinity. Here we present new detrital zircon Hf analyses from LHS and GHS samples spanning over 1000 km along the orogen that respectively show a striking similarity in age spectra and Hf isotope ratios. Within the GHS, the zircon age populations at 2800e2500 Ma, 1800 Ma, 1000 Ma and 500 Ma can be ascribed to various Gondwanan source regions; however, a pervasive and dominant Tonianage population (w860e800 Ma) with a variably enriched radiogenic Hf isotope signature (εHf 1⁄4 10 to 20) has not been identified from Gondwana or peripheral accreted terranes. We suggest this detrital zircon age population was derived from a crustal province that was subsequently removed by tectonic erosion. Substantial geologic evidence exists from previous studies across the Himalaya supporting the Cambro-Ordovician Kurgiakh Orogeny. We propose the tectonic removal of Tonian lithosphere occurred prior to or during this Cambro-Ordovician episode of orogenesis in a similar scenario as is seen in the modern Andean and Indonesian orogenies, wherein tectonic processes have removed significant portions of the continental lithosphere in a relatively short amount of time. This model described herein of the pre-Himalayan northern margin of Greater India highlights the paucity of the geologic record associated with the growth of continental crust. Although the continental crust is the archive of Earth history, it is vital to recognize the ways in which preservation bias and destruction of continental crust informs geologic models. 2018, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Tracing the History of Grounded Theory Methodology: From Formation to Fragmentation

There are very few articles, which track the history of Grounded Theory (GT) methodology from its tentative conception to its present divisions. This journal article addresses the dearth by tracing the history of GT methodology from its conception in the 1960’s, discussing the context of its composition, character, and contribution. Subsequently, the article follows the maturation of GT which is characterised by a series of contentious and, at times, antagonistic academic debates. The crux of these debates centres on disputes over core tenets of GT and have resulted in three dominant and divergent configurations of the GT methodology: Classic, Straussian, and Constructivist GT. These factions can often create confusion for the researcher wishing to embark on a GT study. However, an examination of the history of the GT methodology sheds light on the logic of these schisms. Keywords: Classic Grounded Theory, Straussian Grounded Theory, Constructivist Grounded Theory, History of Grounded Theory, Development of Grounded Theory, Differences between Grounded Theories, Grounded Theory Methodology, Glaser, Strauss and Corbin,
Evaluation of sex differences in a porcine behavior training method developed for use within a scientific research setting

The aim of presented study was to compare the effect of intrauterine ozone and rifaximine treatment in cows with subclinical endometritis. The study was conducted on 53 Simmental cows with subclinical endometritis, which was diagnosed by ultrasonographic examination. According to results, interval between treatment to pregnancy (46.4±6.2 vs. 40.0±6.0), interval from calving to pregnancy (129.4±9.0 vs. 125.0±13.1), and insemination number (3.2±0.3 vs. 3.1±0.5) after treatment were similar in the groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, intrauterine ozone treatment was observed as therapeutic as rifaximine and to be an alternative treatment approach in dairy cows with subclinical endometritis.
Machine Learning the Cryptocurrency Market

Machine learning and AI-assisted trading have attracted growing interest for the past few years. Here, we use this approach to test the hypothesis that the inefficiency of the cryptocurrency market can be exploited to generate abnormal profits. We analyse daily data for 1,681 cryptocurrencies for the period between Nov. 2015 and Apr. 2018. We show that simple trading strategies assisted by state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms outperform standard benchmarks. Our results show that nontrivial, but ultimately simple, algorithmic mechanisms can help anticipate the short-term evolution of the cryptocurrency market.
The Sustainability Footprint of Institutional Investors Rajna

We propose a novel way of measuring the portfolio-level environmental and social characteristics of 13F institutional investors (the “sustainability footprint”). We show that the environmental (social) footprint of institutional investors has improved (deteriorated) over time and that institutions with longer investment horizons exhibit better footprints. Linking investment performance and footprints, we provide evidence that measures of risk-adjusted returns are positively related to the environmental footprint, with this link being particularly pronounced for institutions with longer investment horizons. Using exogenous shocks to sustainability preferences induced by natural disasters we provide evidence of a causal impact of sustainability on investment performance.
Prognostic Factors of Lupus Nephritis in an Iranian Population

Several studies have been done on Lupus Nephritis (LN) and the related outcomes, but there are limited data about the outcome of the disease in Iranian patients. Our aim of this study was to determine predictive factors of poor prognosis of LN amongst an Iranian population. This retrospective study included 111 LN patients, which were followed at least for one complete year according to their medical records. Data such as age, gender, geographical region, classification of renal biopsy, serum creatinine, blood pressure, complement levels, proteinuria, anti-dsDNA level, hemoglobin, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and serum albumin were collected. The short-term outcome was considered as complete remission, partial remission or non-remission; possible factors affecting the occurrence of these outcomes were evaluated. Pearson Chi-Square test and logistic regression were used for data analysis. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Female: male ratio was 9.1:1 and the mean age of patients was 26.86±7 years. Low albumin, low GFR, low hemoglobin, high systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high serum creatinine, proteinuria and biopsy class IV at baseline were significantly associated with no remission or partial remission. There was no relationship between the mentioned outcomes and age, gender and geographic region of the subjects. All variables associated with the risk of non-remission should be considered in determining the prognosis and treatment plan. Of all the factors mentioned above, systolic blood pressure and low C3 levels had the highest correlation with the failure of remission.
Internet Traffic and Topology Characteristics from a National ISP Perspective

Measurement is the first step in predicting the growth of Internet. They can reveal information about traffic and topology characteristics of the Internet. Understanding traffic and topology characteristics are vital for evaluating the performance of networking protocols, creating accurate models for simulation and helping service providers to better utilize their resources. Using the data collected from a National Internet Service Provider in Kosovo, PTK, we report on traffic measurements and analyze some of the most important characteristics of Internet traffic such as self-similarity and long-range dependence. Also, we reveal information about the topology structure of Internet at IP level, from the perspective of our data.
Non-Thermal Quantum Engine in Transmon Qubits

The design and implementation of quantum technologies necessitates the understanding of thermodynamic processes in the quantum domain. In stark contrast to macroscopic thermodynamics, at the quantum scale processes generically operate far from equilibrium and are governed by fluctuations. Thus, experimental insight and empirical findings are indispensable in developing a comprehensive framework. To this end, we theoretically propose an experimentally realistic quantum engine that uses transmon qubits as working substance. We solve the dynamics analytically and calculate its efficiency.