Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electronic contributions to scanning-tunneling-microscopy images of an annealed beta -SiC(111) surface.

The reconstruction of the cubic \ensuremath{\beta}-SiC(111) surface was studied after annealing at \ensuremath{\sim}1200 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The surface consistently showed a 6 \ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}6 \ensuremath{\surd}3 geometry when measured by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and a 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}6 geometry when imaged by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). To resolve the discrepancy, we carried out first-principles calculations of the electronic structure of a surface model in which a graphite monolayer was incommensurately grown on top of the Si-terminated \ensuremath{\beta}-SiC(111) surface. The calculated energy band and density-of-states diagrams provide an explanation to the observed differences in LEED and STM results. They also explain the voltage-dependent contrast-reversal phenomenon observed in the STM images of the annealed surface.
The Emergence of a New "Downtown"

HE freeways encircling large metropolises in the United States have spawned new business complexes that threaten the traditional supremacy of the central business district (CBD). Suburbanites and a large share of the central-city population have reoriented their lives to one or more of these new "downtowns," while the CBD has decayed. The suburban freeway corridor (SFC) now houses a complete mix of the business establishments regularly frequented by the geographically mobile middleand upper-class residents of the modern metropolis. Light industrial plants, warehouses, and office buildings along the freeway employ breadwinners; homemakers shop at large supermarkets and regional shopping malls; and motor hotels, bars, restaurants, nightclubs, and sports complexes attract those in search of entertainment. '
Cancer Information Sources Used by Patients to Inform and Influence Treatment Decisions

Previous research has indicated that treatment staff often underestimate the informational needs of cancer patients. In this study, the authors determined the total number of information sources obtained and used to influence treatment decisions, and the clinical and demographic factors associated with the use of specific sources of information in cancer patients. Participants were identified by the statewide cancer registry and diagnosed in 2004 with breast, colorectal, lung, or prostate cancer. A self-administered mailed questionnaire elicited cancer treatments, demographics, and information sources used to make treatment decisions. Of those surveyed, 1,784 (66%) participated and responded to all questions regarding information use. Over 69% of study participants reported obtaining information from a source other than the treatment staff. Significant predictors of using additional information sources included younger age, higher income, higher education, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use, and reporting shared decision making (all p values <.01). Participants with a college degree were more likely to use the Internet (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.5–9.0) and scientific research reports (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.6–6.9) to influence treatment decisions compared with those without a high school degree. Support group use to influence treatment decisions was not associated with socioeconomic variables but did vary by cancer type and CAM use. The sources of information study participants obtained and used to influence treatment decisions varied strongly by socioeconomic and demographic variables. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the information needs of cancer patients and have implications for dissemination strategies that can minimize disparities in access to cancer information.
Schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin: before and after the construction of the dams at Diama, Senegal and Manantali, Mali and future prospects

Abstract Ecological changes in the Senegal River Basin (SRB) resulting from the construction of a barrage at Diama, Senegal on the Senegal River to prevent the intrusion of sea water into the river, and a dam at Manantali, Mali on the Bafing River to control the flow of water and to generate electricity, have been responsible for changes in the epidemiology of human schistosomiasis. The introduction of Schistosoma mansoni into the Lower and Middle Valleys of the SRB and subsequent spread of the parasite in the human population is recorded with regard to prevalence and intensity. New foci of S. haematobium are described. The reduction in salinity and change from an acidic to an alkaline environment in the water are beneficial to both the fecundity and growth of freshwater snails and transmission of the parasite. The creation of new irrigation canals and expansion of the rice fields have provided new habitats for intermediate hosts to colonize. The evidence for praziquantel resistance/tolerance by populations of S. mansoni and the possibilities of the development, production and testing of a vaccine against human schistosomiasis are discussed. Future studies will monitor the spread of human urinary and mesenteric schistosomiasis in the SRB, will evaluate further the presence of praziquantel resistance/tolerance in S. mansoni, will examine the heavily infected human population for pathological symptoms and determine the most appropriate methods to control this severe outbreak of human schistosomiasis.
Population Structure of Denison’s barb, Puntius denisonii (Pisces: Cyprinidae): A Species Complex Endemic to the Western Ghats of India

Genetic and morphologic variation, haplotype relationships, and structuring of populations within Puntius denisonii and its close related species Puntius chalakkudiensis have been tested using molecular and biometric data, to infer phylogeographic patterns. Sequences of mitochondrial DNA ATPase 8 and 6 genes, and morphometric data, were used to find population structuring. Specimens were collected from 7 locations in the southern region of Western Ghats, a global biodiversity hotspot in India. Biometric analysis revealed apparent heterogeneity in the morphology and color pattern between the species at juvenile and adult stages, and among different geographically separated populations of these species. High values for mean pair wise distances and a high proportion of the total variance attributed to differences between the geographically isolated populations with AMOVA, indicated clear population structuring within these species. Extremely high values for Pair wise FST and significantly lower Nm values observed among the populations studied, suggested little or no effective gene flow among them. Constructed phylogenies further confirmed a high degree of population structuring within the species, showing local endemism with population specific haplotypes forming a species complex. The present study thus estimates the validity of subpopulations within P. denisonii and P. chalakkudiensis; clarifies the relationships of populations of P. denisonii with that of P. chalakkudiensis, and also indicates the presence of four different independent evolutionary lineages forming cryptic species within P. denisonii. The study further emphasizes the need for a conservation policy to be developed for each population of both species, separately based on MUs (Management Units).
Application of the dual‐mode model for predicting competitive sorption equilibria and rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in estuarine sediment suspensions

We investigated competitive sorption and desorption of phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene added to an estuarine sediment from Guilford (CT, USA) on Long Island Sound. The reduction in the equilibrium uptake of a primary solute in the presence of one or both cosolutes was well predicted over the entire isotherm by the dual‐mode model, which postulates dissolution and hole‐filling domains in sediment organic matter. Isotherms obtained in binary or ternary solute systems were suppressed, and the shapes were more linear than the corresponding single‐solute isotherms. In the limit of infinite dilution of the single solute, sorption in the hole‐filling domain is a factor of 1.4 to 1.9 times more favorable than sorption in the dissolution domain. A competitive dual‐mode radial diffusion model was applied to the batch uptake and sequential‐batch desorption rate data. The model captures the uptake and release curves well. The competitive effect slightly accelerates sorption, as predicted. The competitive effect accelerates desorption, but from the existing data it was not possible to decide how much was due to favorable thermodynamic versus favorable kinetic effects. The concentration‐independent diffusion rate parameter corresponding to the dissolution domain was approximately the same for sorption and desorption (0.02/h), and little or no sorption hysteresis was observed.
Grafting of cultured allogeneic epidermis on second- and third-degree burn wounds on 26 patients.

Twenty-six individuals with second- and third-degree burn wounds have been grafted with cultured allogeneic epidermal cells. These epidermal cell grafts were grown in culture from cadaver skin according to a technique which we have developed. After being grafted with cultured allogeneic epidermal cells, superficial wounds, e.g., donor sites, healed within 7 days, compared to 14 days for mirror image control sites. Deep second-degree burn wounds which were excised before grafting with cultured cells healed in a mean time of 10 days. Deep second-degree burn wounds which were not excised before grafting healed in a mean time of 14 days. The cultured cells produced rapid healing in 11 of the 12 patients with deep second-degree burn wounds. The deep second-degree wounds grafted with cultured allogeneic epidermal cells healed with results which were comparable to the deep second-degree wounds which were autografted. Grafts of cultured allogeneic epidermal cells placed on full-thickness, or third-degree burn, wounds did not grow well.
Effects of phenobarbital on leukocyte activation: membrane potential, actin polymerization, chemotaxis, respiratory burst, cytokine production, and lymphocyte proliferation

Leukocyte activation is known to involve cell membrane potential changes. Phenobarbital, an anesthetic and anticonvulsant that can inhibit neuronal membrane depolarization, may also affect leukocyte activation. Measuring membrane potential, actin polymerization, chemotaxis, superoxide production, lymphocyte proliferation, intracellular calcium concentration, and cytokine production, we found that phenobarbital at a concentration of 15–30 μg/ml, which is considered a therapeutic serum level for controlling seizures, did not affect polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) activation. At levels higher than 100 μg/ml, phenobarbital significantly suppressed formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP)‐induced chemotaxis. Concentrations greater than 300 μg/ml also inhibited phorbol myristate acetate–stimulated membrane potential change. In contrast, 30 fig/ml phenobarbital significantly inhibited lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen. This concentration of phenobarbital also suppressed the increase of intracellular free calcium induced by PHA. However, only a higher concentration of phenobarbital (300 μg/ml) was able to inhibit PHA‐induced interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) production and suppress the proliferation of PHA‐induced IL‐2 receptor–bearing lymphocytes. These results suggest that concentrations of phenobarbital associated with anticonvulsive levels do not affect PMN activation but suppress lymphocyte activation, possibly by affecting intracellular signal transduction.
Screening Psychiatric Morbidity After Miscarriage: Application of the 30-Item General Health Questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

Objective Psychiatric morbidity affects 48% to 51% of women who have miscarried. This study evaluated the utility of two simple and brief self-report questionnaires in screening psychiatric morbidity after miscarriage. Method One hundred fifty-six subjects completed the 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 6 weeks after miscarriage. Then there was a blind assessment using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) to establish psychiatric diagnosis. The criterion validity of GHQ and EPDS were tested against this yardstick diagnosis and the concurrent validity against the BDI scores. The internal consistency of the scales was measured by Cronbach's alpha-coefficient. Results Both GHQ and EPDS had good sensitivity and specificity in screening for psychiatric morbidity after miscarriage. The concurrent validity and the internal consistency of both scales were satisfactory. The EPDS could only identify those subjects with major depression. The GHQ was longer to perform, but was able to detect both anxiety and depressive disorders. Furthermore, the GHQ had better psychometric properties when compared with the EPDS. Conclusions These scales will be particularly useful for nonpsychiatric medical personnel. We recommend routine application of the GHQ 6 to 8 weeks after miscarriage to identify women who may require psychiatric management.
Does Twitter Help Museums Engage with Visitors

Even though Twitter is a fairly new web 2.0 tool, U.S. museum leaders are extoling the platform as a necessary component to any online programming or presence in museums today. Because of the myriad ways museums can use the platform to perform educational, marketing, or engagement-focused programming research on U.S. museums and Twitter is generally very broad, and because of the newness of the platform research in the museum informatics literature is exploratory. The present study seeks to understand more about the relationship building that museums are engaging in using Twitter. Thus, this study explores the ways in which museums engage with online users in their Twitter feeds through coding the content and frequency of a sample of U.S. museums on Twitter. Through this evaluation the present study seeks to understand how engagement is being practiced from the kinds of dialogue museums are conducting with online users.
A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia

Preface l. Land rights for women: making the case 2. Conceptualizing gender relations 3. Customary rights and associated practices 4. Erosion and disinheritance: traditionally matrilineal and bilateral communities today 5. Contemporary law: contestation and content 6. Whose share? Who claims? The gap between law and practice 7. Whose land? Who commands? The gap between ownership and control 8. Tracing cross-regional diversities 9. Struggles over resources, struggles over meanings l0. The long march ahead.
Resetting the Thermoregulatory Set‐Point by Endogenous Estradiol or Progesterone in Women

Endogenous estradiol and progesterone modulate thermoregulation. Systemic progesterone increases core temperature,'s2 decreases the firing rate of preoptic warm sensitive neurons, and increases the firing rate of preoptic cold sensitive neuron^. ^ These observations support an upward shift in the thermoregulatory set-point and higher regulated body temperature. , Systemic estrogen decreases body temperature in women,, and estradiol increases the firing rate of warm sensitive neurons in preoptic hypothalamic tissue slices. ' These effects lower the thermoregulatory set-point and regulated body temperature. , In the early follicular (EF) phase of the human menstrual cycle, both serum estradiol (E,) and progesterone (P,) levels are low; in the late follicular phase (LF, preovulatory), E, is elevated and P4 is low; and in the midluteal phase (ML), both E2 and P, are high.6 This paper describes a number of studies that were undertaken to determine the effect of hormonal changes on thermoregulatory effector function during the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women. The general format for all studies follows. Women were studied during distinct phases of the menstrual cycle when one of three hormonal profiles occurred: 1) low E2 and P,, 2) high E, and low P, , or 3) high E, and high P4. The determination of these specific menstrual cycle phases was done in two steps. Basal body temperature (BBT) was measured for acomplete menstrual cycle. In a subsequent menstrual cycle, experiments were run early in menses; when BBT was lower during the preovulatory estradiol surge; and when BBT was higher during the midluteal phase. Subjects were studied at rest or during exercise in hot or cold environments during which the relationship between thermoregulatory sweating, skin blood flow and esophageal temperature was determined.7 FIGURE 1 summarizes the changes in thermoregulatory effector function that occur between the early follicular, late follicular and the midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle. These are data representing our own studies7-* and those of other investigator^. ^*'^ A rightward or upward shift in the esophageal temperature threshold for sweating (mJ, cutaneous blood flow (SkBF), hand blood flow (HBF), metabolic heat production (M) and shivering (based on electrical muscular activity, EMA) has been shown during the midluteal elevation in regulated core temperature (T,) compared to early follicular phase experiment^. ^-'^ A leftward shift in the esophageal temperature threshold for sweating onset was recently shown during the preovulatory estradiol surge.8 Concomitant shifts in all thermoregulatory effectors have not been shown during the preovulatory estradiol surge. The temporal relationship between alterations in T, in association with changes in endogenous reproductive steroids in eumenorrheic women has long been acknowledged.2 Regulated T, in the late follicular phase when E, is high is -0.3"C
Screening for Autochthonous Phytoextractors in a Heavy Metal Contaminated Coal Mining Area

In order to protect public health and crops from soil heavy metal (HM) contamination at a coal mining area in Henan, central China, HM pollution investigation and screening of autochthonous HM phytoextractors were conducted. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in surface soils exceeded the corresponding local background values and the China National Standard (CNS). The maximum potential ecological risk (RI) was 627.30, indicating very high ecological risk. The monomial risk of Cd contributed the most to the RI, varying from 85.48% to 96.48%. The plant community structure in the study area was simple, and was composed of 24 families, 37 genera and 40 species. B. pilosa, A. roxburghiana, A. argyi, A. hispidus were found to be the most dominant species at considerable risk sites. Based on the comprehensive analysis of Cd concentration, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor and adaptability factor, B. pilosa and A. argyi had potential for phytoextraction at considerable risk sites. A. roxburghiana had potential for Cd phytoextraction at moderately risk sites and A. hispidus seemed suitable for phytostabilization. The results could contribute to the phytoremediation of the similar sites.
Multicentre phase III trial on fludarabine, cytarabine (Ara‐C), and idarubicin versus idarubicin, Ara‐C and etoposide for induction treatment of younger, newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia patients

Fludarabine plus cytarabine (Ara‐C) and idarubicin (FLAI) is an effective and well‐tolerated induction regimen for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). This phase III trial compared the efficacy and toxicity of FLAI versus idarubicin plus Ara‐C and etoposide (ICE) in 112 newly diagnosed AML patients <60 years. Fifty‐seven patients received FLAI, as the first induction–remission course, and 55 patients received ICE. Post‐induction treatment consisted of high‐dose Ara‐C (HDAC). After HDAC, patients in complete remission (CR) received a second consolidation course (mitoxantrone, etoposide, Ara‐C) and autologous stem cell transplantation (auto‐SCT) or allogeneic (allo)‐SCT, according to the age, disease risk and donor availability. After a single induction course, CR rate was 74% in the FLAI arm and 51% in the ICE arm (P = 0·01), while death during induction was 2% and 9% respectively. Both haematological (P = 0·002) and non‐haematological (P = 0·0001) toxicities, especially gastrointestinal (i.e. nausea, vomiting, mucositis and diarrhoea), were significantly lower in FLAI arm. In both arms, relapses were more frequent in patients who were not submitted to allo‐SCT. After a median follow‐up of 17 months, 30% and 38% of the patients are in continuous CR in FLAI and ICE arm respectively. Our prospective randomised study confirmed the anti‐leukaemic effect and the low toxic profile of FLAI as induction treatment for newly diagnosed AML patients.
miR-206 Inhibits Stemness and Metastasis of Breast Cancer by Targeting MKL1/IL11 Pathway

Purpose: Effective targeting of cancer stem cells is necessary and important for eradicating cancer and reducing metastasis-related mortality. Understanding of cancer stemness-related signaling pathways at the molecular level will help control cancer and stop metastasis in the clinic. Experimental Design: By analyzing miRNA profiles and functions in cancer development, we aimed to identify regulators of breast tumor stemness and metastasis in human xenograft models in vivo and examined their effects on self-renewal and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro. To discover the direct targets and essential signaling pathways responsible for miRNA functions in breast cancer progression, we performed microarray analysis and target gene prediction in combination with functional studies on candidate genes (overexpression rescues and pheno-copying knockdowns). Results: In this study, we report that hsa-miR-206 suppresses breast tumor stemness and metastasis by inhibiting both self-renewal and invasion. We identified that among the candidate targets, twinfilin (TWF1) rescues the miR-206 phenotype in invasion by enhancing the actin cytoskeleton dynamics and the activity of the mesenchymal lineage transcription factors, megakaryoblastic leukemia (translocation) 1 (MKL1), and serum response factor (SRF). MKL1 and SRF were further demonstrated to promote the expression of IL11, which is essential for miR-206's function in inhibiting both invasion and stemness of breast cancer. Conclusions: The identification of the miR-206/TWF1/MKL1-SRF/IL11 signaling pathway sheds lights on the understanding of breast cancer initiation and progression, unveils new therapeutic targets, and facilitates innovative drug development to control cancer and block metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 1091–103. ©2016 AACR.