Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bioequivalence of Generic Drugs Commercialised on the Canadian Market

Several international studies have revealed that there are deficiencies and non bioequivalencies in generic drug reports. The purpose of this study is to determine if monographs were available in both of Canada’s official languages for all generics introduced in the Canadian province of Quebec in 2012 and 2013, if the monographs contained all the required 90% confidence interval for the ratios test/reference of the bioequivalency parameters and if the generics were bioequivalent. From the list of solid oral form of generic drugs marketed in 2012 and 2013 in the Canadian province of Quebec, we downloaded the monographs of generics from Health Canada’s website. We then proceeded to gather information on monograph availability, whether they respected Health Canada’s guidelines and if they were bioequivalent. Our study revealed that in 2012, there were 254 eligible generics, 9.8% of them had no monograph available and only 47.6% were available in both of Canada’s official languages. Similarly for 2013, there were 227 eligible generics, 7.0% of them had no monograph available and only 41.0% were available in both of Canada’s official languages. Overall, only 57.09% of generics in 2012 and 65.20% of generics in 2013 were shown bioequivalent to their reference drug. This data indicates that health care professionals amongst others, lack crucial information to make a responsible decision on the use of generics.
Chapter I Theoretical Constructs and Relationships in Information Systems Research

Constructs and the relationships between them are widely considered to be central to theory development and testing. Over time, information systems (IS) researchers have identified and explored an extensive set of relationships amongst a broad range of constructs. The result of these initiatives is a body of literature that can be considered to represent the cumulative learning of the discipline. Based on the premise that this cumulative learning is capable of providing valuable guidance to future theory development, the authors present a review and analysis of a large sample of empirical research published in two leading IS journals. The objective of this endeavor is to offer a broad perspective on the nature of the constructs and relationships explored in IS research and to develop a nomological network of the most salient relationships that can then serve to guide future research and to lend support to new and existing theory.
Political Economy in Macroeconomics

PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY account libcralization as a signal of commitmcnt to economic reform. Wc also summarizc thc empirical rcscarch on political determinants of capital controls. Another major issue in open-economy macroeconomics is sovereign debt, that is, the debt owed by a government to foreign creditors. hsucs of sovereign debt arc substantially different than those concerning nonsovereign debt and arc inherently political. For example, since it is oWed by the government, repayment decisions are not connectcd with any question of the ability to repay. With few exceptions, a borrower country has the technical ability to repay the debt, so that non-repayment is a political issue. In Section 12.8, we analyze basic models of sovereign ,c,, borrowing and its repayment, especially the role of penalties in enforcing repayment. We also consider the importance of political versus nonpolitical penalties in the decision of whether to issue debt at home or abroad. The final topic considered is foreign assistance, especially lending by governments and international financial organizations to developing countries for the purpose of structural adjustment. Our point of departure is the strikingly disappointing results that foreign aid programs have had in alleviating poverty and stimulating growth in the recipient countries, a failure that we argue reflects the political nature of aid. Foreign assistance is inherently political for a number of reasons. First, the incentives of the donors may be political, not only in the obvious sense that aid is often given for strategic political reasons, but also because the nature of aid (and especially its ineffectiveness) often reflects political and bureaucratic conflicts within the donor organizations. Second, the ineffectiveness of aid is also very much attributed to misappropriation by the recipients, where this is widely believed to reflect political factors. There are a number of models which formalize the role of political factors, as well as much empirical work detailing the role of political factors in explaining the ineffectiveness of aid.
The steepest descent dynamical system with control. Applications to constrained minimization

Let H be a real Hilbert space, a convex function of class that we wish to minimize under the convex constraint S . A classical approach consists in following the trajectories of the generalized steepest descent system (cf. Brezis [CITE]) applied to the non-smooth function . Following Antipin [1], it is also possible to use a continuous gradient-projection system. We propose here an alternative method as follows: given a smooth convex function whose critical points coincide with S and a control parameter tending to zero, we consider the “Steepest Descent and Control” system where the control e satisfies . This last condition ensures that e “slowly” tends to 0 . When H is finite dimensional, we then prove that and we give sufficient conditions under which . We end the paper by numerical experiments allowing to compare the (SDC) system with the other systems already mentioned.
Stability of the seasonal distribution of precipitation in the Mediterranean region: Observations since 1950 and projections for the 21st century

A gridded data set of precipitation records since 1950 was used to assess how observed precipitation trends in the Mediterranean area have affected the contribution of monthly precipitation to total annual precipitation in the region. Simulations of nine AOGCMs for a control period (1961–1990) and a SRES A1B scenario (2040–2070) were also used to explore potential future changes. The results indicate that the seasonal distribution of precipitation has remained stable in most of the Mediterranean basin, and that this is expected to remain the case for the first half of the 21st century. This finding is independent of existing precipitation trends and any predicted reduction in precipitation.
Quality of Experience Framework for Cloud Computing (QoC)

Cloud computing provides platform for pay-per-use services, such as software, hardware, and platforms. Previous cloud frameworks use fix policies that do not have the functionality to upgrade services on demand when the user does not receive services according to Service Level Agreement (SLA). In addition, there was a lack of functionality to monitor external network and client device resources. This paper presents Quality of experience framework for Cloud computing (QoC) for monitoring the Quality of Experience (QoE) of the end user using video streaming services in the cloud computing environment. The management platform is used for administration purpose in QoC framework that provides facility to easily manage the cloud environment and provide services according to SLA via runtime policy change. The objective QoE/Quality of Service (QoS) section will automatically monitor the QoS data. It will also compare and analyze the subjective QoE submitted by the users and objective QoS data collected by agent-based framework for accurate QoE prediction and proper management. The proposed QoC framework has new features of real-time network monitoring and client device monitoring and allows changing policy in runtime environment, which to the best of our knowledge is currently not provided by existing frameworks.
Strong sea surface cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific and implications for Galápagos Penguin conservation

The Galápagos is a flourishing yet fragile ecosystem whose health is particularly sensitive to regional and global climate variations. The distribution of several species, including the Galápagos Penguin, is intimately tied to upwelling of cold, nutrient‐rich water along the western shores of the archipelago. Here we show, using reliable, high‐resolution sea surface temperature observations, that the Galápagos cold pool has been intensifying and expanding northward since 1982. The linear cooling trend of 0.8°C/33 yr is likely the result of long‐term changes in equatorial ocean circulation previously identified. Moreover, the northward expansion of the cold pool is dynamically consistent with a slackening of the cross‐equatorial component of the regional trade winds—leading to an equatorward shift of the mean position of the Equatorial Undercurrent. The implied change in strength and distribution of upwelling has important implications for ongoing and future conservation measures in the Galápagos.
Testing for Competition Among German Banks

Given the marked reduction in the number of banks in Germany during recent years, the study estimates competitive behavior in the German banking system by applying an empirical method developed by Panzar and Rosse (1987). By estimating the banks' reduced form revenue functions, the sums of their estimated factor price elasticities which constitute the so called H-statistics provide information about banks' competitive behavior. Based on the micro data of banks? balance sheets and profit and loss accounts for the years 1993-1998, the hypotheses of perfect collusion as well as of perfect competition can be rejected by means of panel-econometric estimations. For individual categories of banks significant differences were found with respect to savings banks and cooperative banks, on the one hand, and credit banks, on the other, as well as for several size categories. However, despite the decrease in the number of banks in Germany during the investigated period and a slight increase in concentration during that time, there are no clear indications of a different competitive behavior in the second half of the time period under investigation.
Appraisal of the Visual Environment in an Industrial Factory: a Case Study in Subtropical Climates

The physiological and psychological benefits of daylighting for office occupants have been well explored. Current research usually focuses on visual comfort in office buildings. However, there is limited knowledge about daylight quality in industrial work environments. In Australia, most industrial buildings are built from standard factory structures that employ daylight from skylights and large door openings, with little consideration to daylighting design strategies and visual comfort. In bright sky conditions as those present in Australia, large openings can become a source of visual discomfort. It is important to understand how workers perceive the luminous environment in this type of work setting. This research explored the perception of daylighting in an industrial work environment. Qualitative measures (questionnaires, interviews and observational mapping) and quantitative measures (physical data) were collected over a four week period to examine the type of visual comfort perceived by industrial workers. The results suggests that the desirability to have windows and to have access to a view were important features in this work setting. Access for task lighting and reports of uneven daylighting were indicative to the varying levels of illuminance under intermediate sky conditions. This was reflected in the DGI results and comparisons to the background luminance and glare source luminance, indicating that adaptation may be the cause of responses to daylighting being uneven. The results suggests a need for further research into the quality of the luminous environment in industrial work settings.
A Simplified Empirical Model for Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Random Short Fiber/Vinylester Composites

This article discusses a simplified approach to analyze mechanical properties of randomly distributed short fiber composites. Mechanical properties of three different randomly oriented short fiber composites, cotton, nylon, and aluminium with vinylester resins, were experimentally investigated. The analytical results were compared with experimental results and a very good correlation was found. Further, the experimental results and the predictions showed that the strength of the composites is less than the strength of the matrix material, for all three composites tested.
Impact of Code Smells on the Rate of Defects in Software: A Literature Review

A consequence of the rush in software development is that there are often suboptimal design decisions that, in some aspects, deviate from best practice in software development. In the software development community, there is a general belief that such suboptimal design decisions, which can be identified in source code as code smells, negatively impact software quality, e.g. the rate of identified bugs in post-release software. Consequently, the presence of code smells in a software project could be a predictor of upcoming issues related to low quality software. The methods and approaches applied to control and eventually remedy source code affected by code smells, constitute an important research field in software engineering.
Seasonal and Regional Variations in Metal Contamination and Condition Indicators in Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) along Two Polymetallic Gradients. III. Energetic and Physiological Indicators

ABSTRACT The influences of metal contamination, fish size, season, and region on tissue metabolic capacities and protein concentrations were examined in yellow perch from two metal gradients (Sudbury, Ontario, and Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada) in two seasons (spring and summer). In general, increased tissue Cu and Cd contamination was associated with lower aerobic capacities, suggesting direct metal inhibition of aerobic enzymes. However, our data also revealed that tissue Ni contamination positively affected aerobic capacities, possibly due to oxidative damage to mitochondrial membranes leading to compensatory increases in the activity of mitochondrial enzymes. Tissue aerobic capacities decreased, but anaerobic capacities increased, with size. Tissue protein concentrations and metabolic capacities were also influenced by season. A novel finding of this study is that size-corrected tissue enzyme activities can differ markedly in yellow perch sampled in the same season in similar lakes, but separated by a few hundred kilometers. Overall, the results from this large dataset support that tissue metabolic capacities are under seasonal and regional influences, but are also affected by metal contamination. Our study indicates that tissue metabolic enzyme activities should be considered as a tool for ecological risk assessment studies aiming at detecting metal stress in wild fish. However, fish should be sampled over a short period, and reference sites should be close to contaminated sites.
Flash flooding in small urban watersheds: Storm event hydrologic response

We analyze flash flooding in small urban watersheds, with special focus on the roles of rainfall variability, antecedent soil moisture, and urban storm water management infrastructure in storm event hydrologic response. Our results are based on empirical analyses of high‐resolution rainfall and discharge observations over Harry's Brook watershed in Princeton, New Jersey, during 2005–2006, as well as numerical experiments with the Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) model. We focus on two subwatersheds of Harry's Brook, a 1.1 km2 subwatershed which was developed prior to modern storm water management regulations, and a 0.5 km2 subwatershed with an extensive network of storm water detention ponds. The watershed developed prior to modern storm water regulations is an “end‐member” in urban flood response, exhibiting a frequency of flood peaks (with unit discharge exceeding 1 m3 s−1 km−2) that is comparable to the “flashiest” watersheds in the conterminous U.S. Observational analyses show that variability in storm event water balance is strongly linked to peak rain rates at time intervals of less than 30 min and only weakly linked to antecedent soil moisture conditions. Peak discharge for both the 1.1 and 0.5 km2 subwatersheds are strongly correlated with rainfall rate averaged over 1–30 min. Hydrologic modeling analyses indicate that the sensitivity of storm event hydrologic response to spatial rainfall variability decreases with storm intensity. Temporal rainfall variability is relatively more important than spatial rainfall variability in representing urban flood response, especially for extreme storm events.
itrous oxide emissions following dairy shed effluent application eneath Kunzea robusta ( Myrtaceae ) trees annah

Agriculture contributes more than a third of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions globally. In New Zealand, land application of dairy shed effluent contributes to the 90% of N2O emitted from agricultural soils. Novel strategies are urgently required to mitigate N2O production to ensure New Zealand’s dairybased economy is environmentally sustainable. Species of Myrtaceae, including Kunzea spp. (kānuka, white tea-tree) have previously been shown to produce antimicrobial compounds which extend to the soil. It is possible that these may inhibit the microbes involved in biological nitrification and denitrification which could thereby suppress N2O production. Therefore, in this work we aimed to test whether irrigation of effluents to stands of Kunzea spp. could minimize resulting N2O emissions. This study investigated soil inorganic N and N2O emissions following the application of dairy shed effluent to soil beneath 5-yr-old K. robusta compared with bare soil. Following effluent application, N2O emissions beneath K. robusta were reduced by 80% relative to bare soil, but nitrate-N was five-fold higher than bare soil, sufficiently available for denitrification. The drier, more aerated soil associated with K. robusta may have −1 −1 constrained denitrification. Application of DSE (50 kg N ha ) to K. robusta produced 0.133 kg N2O–N ha during the experimental period; equivalent to the lower range of emissions measured following comparable applications to grazed dairy pastures in New Zealand (0.13-1.08 kg N ha−1). The environmental benefits of reduced N2O emissions warrant further investigation on the effect of Myrtaceae on the soil N cycle worldwide. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Characterizing the environments of supernovae with MUSE

Support for LG, HK, MH, SGG and FF is provided by the Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism's Millennium Science Initiative through grant IC120009, awarded to The Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, MAS. LG, HK and FF acknowledge support by CONICYT through FONDECYT grants 3140566, 3140563 and 11130228, respectively. EP acknowledges support from Spanish MINECO project AYA2014-57490P and Junta de Andalucia FQ1580.
Estimating the Effects of a Large For-Profit Charter School Operator

In this paper, we leverage randomized admissions lotteries to estimate the impact of attending a National Heritage Academy (NHA) charter school. NHA is the fourth largest for-profit charter operator in the country, enrolling more than 56,000 students in 86 schools across 9 states. Unlike several of the other large for-profit companies that operate virtual charters, NHA only has standard bricks-and-mortar schools. Our estimates indicate that attending a NHA charter school for one additional year is associated with a 0.04 standard deviation increase in math achievement. Effects on other outcomes are smaller and not statistically significant. In contrast to most prior charter school research that finds the largest benefits for low-income, underrepresented minorities in urban areas, the benefits of attending an NHA charter network are concentrated among non-poor students attending charter schools outside urban areas. Using data from a survey of school administrators in traditional public and charter schools, we document several aspects of school organization, culture and instructional practice that might explain these positive effects.
Parallel Groups: Simultaneous Dynamic Groups—Mutual Influences and Unique Phenomena

Abstract:This article analyzes phenomena central to parallel groups, which are two groups that were formed from the splitting of one large group and are conducted in parallel and with some affinity. The groups described in this article were conducted as part of a group leadership training program. The conceptual model used for analyzing the groups is a model of twin development, since twins are, at the same time, a split entity and one whole. The unique phenomena of parallel groups that are discussed in this article are striving for merger versus seeking uniqueness, group resonance, “new movement” and “continuing movement,” intermission as transitional space, and two-group leadership units. The article discusses various applications of parallel groups for group leadership training programs and offers practical recommendations for leaders of parallel groups.
Situating Lesbian and Gay Cultures of Class Identification

How significant are class identities to lesbians and gay men? In the 1990s some theorists implied that lesbian and gay identities were classless or post-class ones. This paper challenges this idea by considering personal narratives of class (dis-)identification that were generated via interviews with lesbians and gay men in the 1990s. The salience of class was explicitly and implicitly articulated in narratives of ‘accepting’, ‘rejecting’, ‘ambiguous’ and ‘disrupting’ class identities. Interviewees’ narratives suggested the relative strength of sexual identities over class ones and their accounts of class had much in common with apparently ‘weak’ mainstream class identities. However, viewed relationally and historically, their narratives troubled the idea that lesbian and gay identities override or transcend class ones. They undermine arguments about the insignificance of class to identities more generally, and complicate arguments about the individualization of class.
Identification of robotic systems with hysteresis using Nonlinear AutoRegressive eXogenous input models

Identification of robotic systems with hysteresis is the main focus of this article. Nonlinear AutoRegressive eXogenous input models are proposed to describe the systems with hysteresis, with no limitation on the nonlinear characteristics. The article introduces an efficient approach to select model terms. This selection process is achieved using an orthogonal forward regression based on the leave-one-out cross-validation. A sampling rate reduction procedure is proposed to be incorporated into the term selection process. Two simulation examples corresponding to two typical hysteresis phenomena and one experimental example are finally presented to illustrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
The Effect of Dimmed Road Lighting and Car Headlights on Visibility in Varying Road Surface Conditions

ABSTRACT This article evaluates the potential of dimming road lighting in order to save energy and lower costs while avoiding any adverse effects on the visibility of drivers. An experimental study under varying road surface conditions was conducted to examine the combined effect of car headlights and different road lighting intensities on the visibility level. The luminance levels of the road surface, contrast and visibility level of the objects were measured from a stationary car under three road surface conditions: (a) dry, (b) wet, and (c) snowy conditions. The results support the feasibility of reducing road lighting intensity when car headlights are available. When within the range of car headlights, road lighting did not improve the visibility level. In the presence of car headlights, the average luminance providing a sufficient visibility level was found to be 0.19, 0.63, and 0.75 cd/m2 under dry, wet, and snowy conditions, respectively. This would allow an energy savings of 317 kWh/year/luminaire, representing savings of 80% luminaire/year for light emitting diode (LED) luminaires.