Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lack of Constant Genome Ends in STREPTOMYCES COELICOLOR.

was recently shown (HOPWOOD 1965b) that all known markers of Strepto‘“,Ces coelicolor are linked on a circular map. The question then arises: what is the topology of the genome? We may consider three possibilities: (1 ) The genome is a closed loop; (2) The genome is open, but its ends vary in position, so that individual chromosomes are circular permutations of one another ( STREISINGER, EDGAR and DENHARDT 1964); (3) The genome is open, with ends at constant positions. In the absence of special assumptions ( 1 ) and (2) would lead to map circularity, as in Escherichia coli and bacteriophage T 4 respectively. (3) would also do so if the products of even numbers of crossovers were recovered, but not those of odd numbers ( STAHL and STEINBERG 1964). Now, there is evidence (HOPWOOD, manuscript in preparation) that the zygotes of S. ccrelicolor are partial diploids, consisting of a complete chromosome from one parent and an incomplete one from the other. Such merozygotes, as in other bacterial species, give rise to recombinant progeny with complete haploid genomes only by even numbers of crossovers; therefore when a sample of haploid recombinants from a cross is analysed, map circularity results, and would do so even if the genome were open, with ends in constant positions. This situation, then, prevents us from deducing lack of constant genome ends from the finding of map circularity. The present paper describes an analysis of individual heteroclones ( SERMONTI, MANCINELLI and SPADA-SERMONTI 1960), which are heterozygous colonies originating from spores containing partial diploid nuclei ( HOPWOOD, SERMONTI and SPADA-SERMONTI 1963). It is probable that each of the nuclei is derived, by an odd number of crossovers, from a merozygote containing a chromosomal fragment of a certain length, and that the length of the diploid region in the heteroclone corresponds to the length of this fragment ( HOPWOOD, in preparation), but this is not a necessary part of the argument in the present paper. Heteroclones are obtained by plating the products of a cross on a medium selective for wildtype alleles, one from each parent, at two closely linked nutritional loci. The nuclei of the heteroclones are diploid at these closely linked loci, and the diploid region extends, for distances which vary from one heteroclone to another, on either side of these loci. Markers within the diploid region are (with rare exceptions) heterozygous, and those outside it are hemizygous, so that the length of the diploid region in each heteroclone can be determined by analysing the genotypes of the haploid segregants to which the heteroclone gives rise. The present
MOTIVATIONAL PREFERENCES OF PHARMACEUTICAL SALESFORCE Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

One of the biggest challenge that business world is facing today is how to motivate employees to dedicate persistent and intensified efforts to achieve the organizational goals (Watson, 1994). Accordingly, employees' attitude surveys have been used frequently to ascertain what sparks and sustains their desire to work harder. However, the motivation of the employees remained a complex puzzle since long (Wiley, 1997). It is generally accepted that motivated and committed salesforce is one of the critical factors in the growth and profitability of the organizations. Thus, the current study intends to address the complex issue of how to motivate pharmaceutical salesforce in Pakistan. Consequently, the study results will help practitioners in creating a work environment to fostering salesforce motivation leading to higher productivity and overall performance.
Calpain-specific proteolysis in primate retina: Contribution of calpains in cell death.

PURPOSE One of the leading causes of blindness is retinal damage caused by the high intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma. Previous studies in rats have suggested that the proteolytic enzyme calpain (EC 3.4.22.17) is involved in retinal cell death during ischemia and in acute high IOP. Ubiquitous, calcium-activated calpain-1 and -2 from monkey retina are highly homologous to rat calpains, although expression patterns in variants of tissue-specific calpain-3 are different between monkey and rodent retinas. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the involvement of calpain-induced proteolysis in retinal cell death in primates. METHODS Calpain involvement in a simulated pathologic condition was examined by incubating monkey retinas in hypoxic conditions (95% N2 and 5% CO2) in RPMI medium without glucose. Endogenous tissue calpains were also directly activated in monkey and human retinal soluble proteins by incubating with 2.5 mM calcium. The resultant proteolysis of monkey retinal proteins was assessed by 2D electrophoresis (2-DE). RESULTS In hypoxic retina, leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from retinas into the medium increased, indicating cell death. LDH leakage was partially inhibited by the calpain inhibitor SJA6017. Calpain autolysis was observed, and the calpain-preferred substrate alpha-spectrin was proteolyzed. In retinal soluble proteins incubated with calcium, a total of 15 spots from 2-DE of retinal soluble proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Proteolysis of major proteins, vimentin, beta-tubulin, alpha-enolase, and Hsp70 were confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Activation of calpains and proteolysis of these substrates were inhibited by the calpain-specific inhibitor SJA6017. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggested that calpain activation in primate retinas could play an important role in cell death during hypoxia caused by elevated IOP from glaucoma.
A revision of Nazeris. VI. On the fauna of East Yunnan, China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae).

Eine im Sommer 2014 durchgefuhrte Exkursion im ostlichen Yunnan (Sudwest-China), einer Region, aus der bisher erst eine Art der Gattung Nazeris Fauvel, 1873 bekannt war, erbrachte insgesamt dreizehn unbeschriebene Nazeris- Arten, von denen elf beschrieben und abgebildet werden: N. brevilobatus sp. n. (Umgebung Dongchuan), N. virilis sp. n. (Umgebung Wuding), N. constrictus sp. n. (Umgebung Gejiu), N. claviger sp. n. (Umgebung Gejiu) und N. discissus sp. n. (Umgebung Pingbian) der neu begrundeten N. brevilobatus-Gruppe; N. lamellatus sp. n. (Umgebung Pingbian) der neu begrundeten N. lamellatus-Gruppe; N. semifissus sp. n. (Umgebung Pingbian) der neu begrundeten N. semifissus-Gruppe; N. fibulatus sp. n. (Umgebung Kunming), N. bulbosus sp. n. (Umgebung Kunming), N. clavilobatus sp. n. (Umgebung Dongchuan) und N. conicus sp. n. (Umgebung Xundian) aus der N. cangicus-Gruppe. Zusammen mit N. zhangi Watanabe & Xiao, 1993 bilden die drei letztgenannten Arten eine phylogenetische Linie innerhalb der N. cangicus-Gruppe. Zwei ausschlieslich durch Weibchen vertretene Arten bleiben unbeschrieben. Die derzeit bekannte allgemeine Verbreitung der Gattung in Yunnan sowie die Lage der Fundorte der neubeschriebenen Arten werden anhand von Karten illustriert. Nazeris enthalt nunmehr insgesamt 233 beschriebene Arten (mit sieben Unterarten), von denen 118 Arten in China (ohne Taiwan) vorkommen. Aus Yunnan sind derzeit 45 beschriebene Arten bekannt.StichworterColeoptera, Staphylinidae, Paederinae, Nazeris, Palaearctic region, China, Yunnan, taxonomy, new species, species groups, distribution maps, diversityNomenklatorische Handlungenbrevilobatus Assing, 2014 (Nazeris), spec. n.bulbosus Assing, 2014 (Nazeris), spec. n.claviger Assing, 2014 (Nazeris), spec. n.clavilobatus Assing, 2014 (Nazeris), spec. n.conicus Assing, 2014 (Nazeris), spec. n.constrictus Assing, 2014 (Nazeris), spec. n.discissus Assing, 2014 (Nazeris), spec. n.fibulatus Assing, 2014 (Nazeris), spec. n.lamellatus Assing, 2014 (Nazeris), spec. n.semifissus Assing, 2014 (Nazeris), spec. n.virilis Assing, 2014 (Nazeris), spec. n.
KEPLER Mission: development and overview

The Kepler Mission is a space observatory launched in 2009 by NASA to monitor 170 000 stars over a period of four years to determine the frequency of Earth-size and larger planets in and near the habitable zone of Sun-like stars, the size and orbital distributions of these planets, and the types of stars they orbit. Kepler is the tenth in the series of NASA Discovery Program missions that are competitively-selected, PI-directed, medium-cost missions. The Mission concept and various instrument prototypes were developed at the Ames Research Center over a period of 18 years starting in 1983. The development of techniques to do the 10 ppm photometry required for Mission success took years of experimentation, several workshops, and the exploration of many ‘blind alleys’ before the construction of the flight instrument. Beginning in 1992 at the start of the NASA Discovery Program, the Kepler Mission concept was proposed five times before its acceptance for mission development in 2001. During that period, the concept evolved from a photometer in an L2 orbit that monitored 6000 stars in a 50 sq deg field-of-view (FOV) to one that was in a heliocentric orbit that simultaneously monitored 170 000 stars with a 105 sq deg FOV. Analysis of the data to date has detected over 4600 planetary candidates which include several hundred Earth-size planetary candidates, over a thousand confirmed planets, and Earth-size planets in the habitable zone (HZ). These discoveries provide the information required for estimates of the frequency of planets in our galaxy. The Mission results show that most stars have planets, many of these planets are similar in size to the Earth, and that systems with several planets are common. Although planets in the HZ are common, many are substantially larger than Earth.
Concepts of epidemiology: an integrated introduction to the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology.

Preface 1. What is Epidemiology? The nature and scope of a biological, social and ecological science and of epidemiological variables and outcomes 2. The epidemiological concept of population 3. Variation in disease by time, place and person: A framework for analysis 4. Variation: Role of error, bias, risk modification and confounding 5. Cause and effect: the epidemiological approach 6. Natural history, spectrum, iceberg, population patterns and screening: interrelated concepts in the epidemiology of disease 7. The concept of risk and measures of disease frequency: incidence and prevalence 8. Presentation and interpretation of epidemiological data on risk 9. Study design 10. Theoretical, ethical, contextual, practical and critical foundations for future epidemiology
Susceptibility genes in Graves’ ophthalmopathy: searching for a needle in a haystack?

The variety of clinical presentations of eye changes in patients with Graves’ disease suggests that complex interactions between genetic, environmental, endogenous and local factors influence the development/severity of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO). At present, the role of genetic factors in the development of GO remains unknown. Based on small case‐control association studies with candidate genes, several susceptibility loci in GO have been proposed. These are human leucocyte antigen (HLA, 6p21·3), cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4, 2q33), tumour necrosis factor (TNF, 6p21·3), interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ, 12q14), intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1, 19p13), and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSH‐R, 14q31). Unfortunately, these results were either not confirmed or require replication in larger studies. There are many reasons for the lack of reproducibility of association studies in GO, including poor characterization of the studied groups and small sample sizes, which may result in both false positive and negative results. Thus, the genetic background of GO remains to be elucidated in future research. However, the possibility that GO may be a genetically heterogeneous disorder, or that the development of GO may be predominantly influenced by environmental factors such as cigarette smoking, can not be disregarded.
Predisposing factors for enlargement of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients treated with warfarin

Summary To elucidate predisposing factors for enlargement of intra-cerebral hematoma (ICH) during warfarin therapy, we reviewed 47 patients on warfarin who developed acute ICH and determined relationships among ICH enlargement, INR reversal and clinical data. Among 36 patients treated to counteract the effects of warfarin within 24 h of onset, ICH increased in 10 patients (enlarged group), but remained unchanged in the remaining 26 (unchanged group), while ICH remained unchanged in another 11 patients in whom the effect of warfarin was reversed after 24 h. The international normalized ratio (INR) was counteracted immediately in 11 patients treated with prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) but gradually in the other 36 treated by reducing the dose of warfarin, or by administering vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma. Multivariate analysis with a logistic regression model showed an INR value <2.0 at admission or for 24 h after immediate INR correction with PCC prevented ICH enlargement (OR 0.069, 95%CI 0.006-0.789, p = 0.031). An INR value of >2.0 within 24 h of ICH seems an important predisposing factor for ICH enlargement.
Skin and soft tissue infections in the military

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) are common in military populations regularly living and training in close contact with each other. The majority of such infections are simple and can be easily treated with antibiotics and appropriate infection control practices. Some, however, can progress to become complex and even life threatening, such as Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)-associated staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, or Streptococcus pyogenes necrotising fasciitis, which carry a mortality rate of up to 65% and 30%, respectively. This review focuses on the most important SSTIs and those more commonly affecting military personnel with advice on how they are best managed.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a case series suggesting gadolinium as a possible aetiological factor

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) or nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy is a rare fibrotic condition that presents in patients with a history of renal disease. The aetiology is unknown, but it has recently been proposed that gadolinium, a paramagnetic contrast agent, may be a trigger of this disease. We report three patients with NSF with a history of use of gadolinium in magnetic resonance angiography a few weeks before the onset of symptoms. In the future, gadolinium should probably be avoided as much as possible in renal insufficiency patients until its role in the development of NSF is clarified.
Investigating the Effectiveness of Speech-to-Text Recognition Application on Learning Performance in Traditional Learning Environment

This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of applying the speech-to-text recognition (STR) technology during lectures in English on learning performance of non-native English students. Furthermore, how useful texts generated by the STR for students of different English as foreign language (EFL) ability during different difficulty level lectures was explored. For this reason, one experiment was carried out in this study. Two lectures, one is intermediate difficulty level lecture and the other is advanced, were administered in a traditional classroom and the STR was adopted to aid students' learning. Results of this study showed that students who used STR-generated texts outperformed students who did not use them. According to students, STR-texts were useful to follow the instructor, clarify some words, confirm what the lecturer has said, make up missed information, and enhance understanding. It was found that STR-texts were beneficial for learning of low EFL ability students during both lectures while high EFL ability students only used STR-texts during the advanced level lecture. Based on these results, several suggestions and implications for teaching and research community are proposed in this study.
Sleep quality and its relationship with quality of life in Iranian pregnant women

Sleep disorders are a common problem during pregnancy and may affect quality of life. This study aimed to determine the status of sleep quality and its relationship with quality of life in Iranian pregnant women. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 565 women recruited using 2-stage cluster sampling methods. Data were collected using sociodemographic characteristics; quality of life; and Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire between March and May 2015. About 6% of the women had a sleep disorder. There were significant correlations between quality of life and total score of sleep quality, subdomains of habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, and daytime dysfunction. Paying attention to the sleep quality as an effective factor of quality of life can promote sleep quality and hence quality of life of pregnant women.
Complete mitochondrial genome of the lappet moth, Kunugia undans (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae): genomic comparisons among macroheteroceran superfamilies

Abstract The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) characteristics of the monotypic Lasiocampoidea are largely unknown, because only limited number of mitogenomes is available from this superfamily. In this study, we sequenced the complete mitogenome of the lappet moth, Kunugia undans (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) and compared it to those of Lasiocampoidea and macroheteroceran superfamilies (59 species in six superfamilies). The 15,570-bp K. undans genome had one additional trnR that was located between trnA and trnN loci and this feature was unique in Macroheterocera, including Lasiocampoidea. Considering that the two trnR copies are located in tandem with proper secondary structures and identical anticodons, a gene duplication event might be responsible for the presence of the two tRNAs. Nearly all macroheteroceran species, excluding Lasiocampoidea, have a spacer sequence (1–34 bp) at the trnS 2 and ND1 junction, but most lasiocampid species, including K. undans, have an overlap at the trnS 2 and ND1 junction, which represents a different genomic feature in Lasiocampoidea. Nevertheless, a TTAGTAT motif, which is typically detected in Macroheterocera at the trnS 2 and ND1 junction, was also detected in all Lasiocampoidea. In summary, the general mitogenome characteristics of Lasiocampoidea did not differ greatly from the remaining macroheteroceran superfamilies, but it did exhibit some unique features.
Distribution of Dystroglycan in Normal Adult Mouse Tissues

Dystroglycan is a cell surface protein which, in muscle, links the extracellular matrix protein laminin-2 to the intracellular cytoskeleton. Dystroglycan also binds laminin-1 and the binding occurs via the E3 fragment of laminin-1. Recently, it was found that dystroglycan is expressed in developing epithelial cells of the kidney. Moreover, antibodies against dystroglycan can perturb epithelial development in kidney organ culture. Therefore, dystroglycan may be an important receptor for cell–matrix interactions in non-muscle tissues. However, information about the tissue distribution of dystroglycan is limited, especially in adult tissues. Here we show that dystroglycan is present in epithelial cells in several non-muscle organs of adult mice. Dystroglycan is enriched towards the basal side of the epithelial cells that are in close contact with basement membranes. We suggest that dystroglycan is involved in linking basement membranes to epithelial and muscle cells. Dystroglycan may be important for the maintenance of tissue integrity.
mig-14 Is a Horizontally Acquired, Host-Induced Gene Required for Salmonella enterica Lethal Infection in the Murine Model of Typhoid Fever

ABSTRACT We have characterized a host-induced virulence gene,mig-14, that is required for fatal infection in the mouse model of enteric fever. mig-14 is present in allSalmonella enterica subspecies I serovars and maps to a region of the chromosome that appears to have been acquired by horizontal transmission. A mig-14 mutant replicated in host tissues early after infection but was later cleared from the spleens and livers of infected animals. Bacterial clearance by the host occurred concomitantly with an increase in gamma interferon levels and recruitment of macrophages, but few neutrophils, to the infection foci. We hypothesize that the mig-14 gene product may repress immune system functions by interfering with normal cytokine expression in response to bacterial infections.
Type 2 diabetes and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis

The association between tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes is re-emerging with the epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We analyzed retrospective data from 2878 TB patients across the Texas/Mexico border. Overall, 161/2878 (5.6%) patients had MDR TB (resistance to rifampin and isoniazid): Texas 49/1442 (3.4%) and Mexico 112/1436 (7.8%). In Texas, MDR TB was significantly associated with T2DM (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–4.2) when adjusted for age, gender, drug and alcohol abuse, HIV infection and history of previous episode of TB; and in Mexico (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.1–2.9) when adjusted for age and gender. Patients with T2DM in both countries were more likely to be compliant with DOTS therapy (Texas: OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.4) than patients without T2DM. In Texas, all but 3 of the T2DM patients with MDR TB were resistant at their first culture at the time of diagnosis. It is possible that impaired immunity in T2DM increases susceptibility to infection with resistant strains.