Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intramuscular Olanzapine and Intramuscular Haloperidol in Acute Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Efficacy and Extrapyramidal Safety during the First 24 Hours of Treatment

Objective: To determine the antipsychotic efficacy and extrapyramidal safety of intramuscular (IM) olanzapine and IM haloperidol during the first 24 hours of treatment of acute schizophrenia. Method: Patients (n = 311) with acute schizophrenia were randomly allocated (2:2:1) to receive IM olanzapine (10.0 mg, n = 131), IM haloperidol (7.5 mg, n = 126), or IM placebo (n = 54). Results: After the first injection, IM olanzapine was comparable to IM haloperidol and superior to IM placebo for reducing mean change scores from baseline on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BRPS) Positive at 2 hours (–2.9 olanzapine, −2.7 haloperidol, and −1.5 placebo) and 24 hours (–2.8 olanzapine, −3.2 haloperidol, and −1.3 placebo); the BPRS Total at 2 hours (–14.2 olanzapine, −13.1 haloperidol, and −7.1 placebo) and 24 hours (–12.8 olanzapine, −12.9 haloperidol, and −6.2 placebo); and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale at 24 hours (–0.5 olanzapine, −0.5 haloperidol, and −0.1 placebo). Patients treated with IM olanzapine had significantly fewer incidences of treatment-emergent parkinsonism (4.3% olanzapine vs 13.3% haloperidol, P = 0.036), but not akathisia (1.1% olanzapine vs 6.5% haloperidol, P = 0.065), than did patients treated with IM haloperidol; they also required significantly less anticholinergic treatment (4.6% olanzapine vs 20.6% haloperidol, P < 0.001). Mean extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) safety scores improved significantly from baseline during IM olanzapine treatment, compared with a general worsening during IM haloperidol treatment (Simpson–Angus Scale total score mean change: −0.61 olanzapine vs 0.70 haloperidol; P < 0.001; Barnes Akathisia Scale global score mean change:−0.27 olanzapine vs 0.01 haloperidol; P < 0.05). Conclusion: IM olanzapine was comparable to IM haloperidol for reducing the symptoms of acute schizophrenia during the first 24 hours of treatment, the efficacy of both being evident within 2 hours after the first injection. In general, more EPS were observed during treatment with IM haloperidol than with IM olanzapine.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEARNING MOTIVATION AND SELF EFFICACY AMONG NURSING STUDENTS

Introduction: Self-efficacy and learning motivation are two important variables for professional learning, leading to academic success. Nursing students’ learning motivation and self-efficacy have been considered in different studies separately, therefore this study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and learning motivation among nursing students. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study, carried out at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2013-14. Data was gathered with questionnaires about science motivation and self-efficacy for professional nursing competence and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS software (version 13). Results: The learning motivation and self-efficacy of the nursing students was 67.89±14.12 and 68.10±14.50, respectively. There was a significant correlation between learning motivation and self-efficacy (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Due to the significant relationship between learning motivation and self-efficacy in professional nursing competency, it is suggested that an increase in learning motivation could be associated with the promotion of self-efficacy in professional nursing competency in nursing students.
Business Organization as a Coordination Problem: Toward a Dynamic Theory of the Boundaries of the Firm

Many writers have noted that, since 1873, the main thrust of mainstream theory has shifted away from the concerns of Adam Smith and the classicals [12]. This "marginalist" or neoclassical theory was designed not to understand the springs of economic growth and the sources of wealth but rather to analyze the allocation of known and given resources. In his Theory of Political Economy, William Stanley Jevons [11, p. 267] put the matter this way. "The problem of economics," he wrote, "may, as it seems to me, be stated thus: -- Given, a certain population, with various needs and powers of production, in possession of certain lands and other sources of material: required, the mode of employing their labour which will maximize the utility of the produce. " Even at the start, however, marginalist theory was far from homogeneous in its concerns [10], and both the Austrian and Marshallian streams retained, albeit in slightly different ways, many of the classical preoccupations. In any case, neoclassical economics grew to encompass a number of distinct variations, each arguably pointing at a different set of concerns. The Walrasian system poses an answer to an abstract logical problem whose general relevance one may question. But "MarshallJan" comparative statics -- itself only one aspect of Marshall's opus -- was designed to answer some quite important questions: how in the short run do exogenous changes in boundary conditions affect the direction of change in price and quantity (supplied and demanded) in relatively isolated markets [26]? Is this the set of questions that interest business historians? Arguably,
Growth hormone treatment of short children born small for gestational age or with Silver–Russell syndrome: results from KIGS (Kabi International Growth Study), including the first report on final height

The response to growth hormone (GH) therapy was studied in children born small for gestational age (SGA; n= 593) and in those with Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS; n= 127) using data from KIGS (Kabi International Growth Study). For the SGA patients, median birth weight was ‐2.6 SD scores (SDS), treatment was started at a median age of 9.2 years, at a time when median height was ‐2.8 SDS while median target height was ‐1.4 SDS. For the SRS patients, median birth weight was ‐3.1 SDS, treatment was started at a median age of 7.0 years, at a time when median height was ‐3.4 SDS with a median target height of ‐0.1 SDS. GH treatment increased height SDS in both SGA children and patients with SRS; in 16 SGA patients treated to (near) final height with GH (median dose, 0.7 IU/kg/week), height minus target height SDS was ‐2.0 at the start of treatment and ‐1.0 at final height. In conclusion, the results obtained in KIGS indicate that GH treatment of short children born SGA is effective in increasing final height above the predicted height and in achieving the target height.
PillCam ESO Versus Esophagogastroduodenoscopy in Esophageal Variceal Screening: A Decision Analysis

Objectives PillCam ESO has been evaluated as a possible strategy to screen patients with cirrhosis for esophageal varices, but current guidelines recommend patients undergo screening with esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), as it is currently the gold standard. Although recent data have suggested that PillCam ESO may be an acceptable alternative for screening, there is limited data on its cost-effectiveness compared with other screening modalities. This study was performed to compare the cost-effectiveness of PillCam ESO versus EGD for esophageal variceal screening. Methods Markov models were constructed to compare 2 screening strategies: PillCam ESO versus EGD. In each arm, patients were followed for a time horizon of 15 years in 1-year transition intervals. All variables, transition probabilities, and costs were derived from the medical literature, and sensitivity analyses were performed on the different variables in the model. Results Base-case analysis shows that PillCam ESO is associated with an average expected cost of $22,589 and an average expected effectiveness measure of 12.81 life-years. EGD is associated with an average expected cost of $23,083 and an average expected effectiveness measure of 12.67 life-years. PillCam ESO was found to dominate EGD as a screening strategy for patients with cirrhosis. Sensitivity analyses found several variables within the model to have influential effects on the results. Conclusions PillCam ESO is the dominant strategy for screening patients with cirrhosis for esophageal varices. However, based on a small difference in costs and effectiveness between each strategy, the results would suggest that PillCam ESO and EGD are essentially equivalent strategies.
Enteric Virus Infections and Diarrhea in Healthy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children

ABSTRACT Forty-three stool samples from 27 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive children and 38 samples from 38 HIV-negative children, collected during a 15-month period, were examined for enteric viruses. Diagnostic assays included enzyme immunoassays for rotavirus, adenovirus, and Norwalk virus; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for picobirnavirus and atypical rotavirus; and PCR for astrovirus and enterovirus. Specimens from HIV-positive children were more likely than those of HIV-negative children to have enterovirus (56 versus 21%;P < 0.0002) and astrovirus (12 versus 0%;P < 0.02), but not rotavirus (5 versus 8%;P > 0.5). No adenoviruses, picobirnaviruses, or Norwalk viruses were found. The rates of virus-associated diarrhea were similar among HIV-positive and HIV-negative children. Enteroviruses were excreted for up to 6 months in HIV-positive children; however, no evidence for prolonged excretion of poliovirus vaccine was observed. These results suggest that although infection with enterovirus and astrovirus may be frequent in HIV-infected children, enteric viruses are not associated with the diarrhea frequently suffered by these children.
Female Directors and UK Company Acquisitiveness

We show that the presence, and proportion, of female directors are strongly related to the level of acquisitiveness of a company. This finding is made through a dataset covering significant size acquisitions made by FTSE 100 constituents over a 12-year time period from 2000 to 2011 and includes multiple controls for potential confounding financial and director characteristics. A novel main testing approach of zero-inflated Poisson regressions is utilised, with a variety of alternative tests and specifications further reported to add to the robustness of the study. The finding draws on psychological and decision-making research showing females to be less overconfident in their decision-making.
Corporate governance and going concern problems: evidence from Malaysia

We examine the relationship between board of directors' good governance characteristics and going concern problems of 56 companies listed on Bursa Malaysia in 2004 with going concern problems and 56 companies without going concern problems. Characteristics of corporate governance included in this study are composition of independent directors, CEO duality, management equity ownership, and institutional investor equity ownership. The use of going concern audit opinion to measure the company financial performance enhances the accuracy of measurements previously employed. Findings indicate that the practice of CEO duality may impair the independence of board of directors. Results suggest that equity ownerships by the management and institutional investors form internal and external mechanisms respectively to improve the company financial performance.
Vesicular L-Glutamate Transporter in Microvesicles from Bovine Pineal Glands

Pinealocytes, endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete melatonin, possess a large number of synaptic-like microvesicles (MVs) containing the L-glutamate transporter (Moriyama, Y., and Yamamoto, A.(1995) FEBS Lett. , 367, 233-236). In this study, the L-glutamate transporter in MVs isolated from bovine pineal glands was characterized as to its driving force, requirement of anions, and substrate specificity. Upon the addition of ATP, the MVs accumulated L-glutamate. The uptake was significantly dependent on the extravesicular Cl concentration, being negligible in the absence of Cl and maximum at 2-5 mM and decreasing gradually at 20-100 mM. The membrane potential (inside positive) was maximum at 0-10 mM Cl and then decreased gradually depending on the Cl concentration, whereas a pH gradient was practically absent without Cl and increased gradually up to 100 mM Cl. Ammonium acetate or nigericin plus K, a dissipator of a pH gradient, had little effect on or was slightly stimulatory toward the uptake, whereas valinomycin plus K inhibited both formation of the membrane potential and the glutamate uptake to similar extents. The ATP- and Cl-dependent glutamate uptake was inhibited by fluoride, iodide, or thiocyanate, without vacuolar H-ATPase being affected. An anion channel blocker, 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, similarly inhibited the glutamate uptake in a Cl protectable manner. Furthermore, ATP- and glutamate-dependent acidification of MVs was observed when 4 mM Cl was present. Among more than 50 kinds of glutamate analogues tested, only a few compounds, including 1-aminocyclohexane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, caused similar acidification. A good correlation was observed between the acidification and the inhibition of glutamate uptake by glutamate analogues. These results indicated that 1) the major driving force of the glutamate uptake is the membrane potential, 2) Cl regulates the glutamate uptake, probably via anion-binding site(s) on the transporter, and 3) the transporter shows strict substrate specificity. Hence, the overall properties of the vesicular glutamate transporter in the MVs well matched those of the synaptic vesicle glutamate transporter. We concluded that the vesicular glutamate transporter, being similar if not identical to the neuronal counterpart, operates in endocrine cells.
Exclusion of Elderly Women From Published Randomized Trials of Stress Incontinence Surgery

OBJECTIVE: More than 20,000 women, aged 70 years or older, undergo surgery for stress urinary incontinence each year. Our objective was to review the published randomized trials of the surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence and estimate the proportion of women 70 years or older enrolled in those trials. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE and Cochrane Databases of Clinical Trials were searched from January 1966 through December 2003 with the terms “urinary incontinence,” “stress incontinence,” “urethropexy,” “needle suspension,” “pubovaginal sling,” “tension-free vaginal tape,” “urethral injection,” “collagen injection,” “anterior colporrhaphy,” and “clinical trial,” “controlled trial,” or “randomized trial” as both subject headings and words contained in article titles. We supplemented this search with manual searches of meta-analyses and review articles from 2000 to 2003. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: All studies that included at least one group undergoing an invasive treatment for stress incontinence (including urethral bulking injections) were reviewed. We excluded reports without sufficient data to estimate the number of women aged 70 and older who participated, those published only in abstract form, and those studies in languages other than English, French, German, Italian, or Spanish. Twenty studies met our inclusion criteria. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: The number of women aged 70 or older in each study was estimated using the demographic data provided. The median percentage of subjects aged 70 or older was 3.8% (interquartile range 0.37–15%). There was no significant difference in the proportion of subjects 70 years of age or older based on the year of publication. CONCLUSION: Our review of the published literature suggests that elderly women are underrepresented in clinical trials of stress incontinence surgery. Efforts should be made to include more elderly women in clinical trials of stress incontinence surgery.
Community involvement in school: Social relationships in a bedroom community

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to describe how community involvement in school is associated with the social relationships existing/lacking within a bedroom community. Thirty-five interviews with school council members, teachers, and community members highlighted that traditional forms of community involvement in school generate connections between educators and community members, while the proximity of the city negatively affected the community’s social cohesion. Theoretically, bonding and bridging social capital fosters trust, which enables community involvement. Implications are that traditional forms of community involvement in school are catalytic springboards for developing additional forms of community involvement in school.
Negotiating femininity: SA teenage girls’ interpretation of teen magazine discourse constructed around Seventeen

Adolescent girls’ passage to womanhood is frequently exposed to a vast array of media products. Mass communication products have become educational devices, guiding young women towards an understanding of femininity and all its accompanying intricacies. We are taught gender lessons throughout our lives, but our teen years are of special significance in this regard. In a society that is becoming all the more media saturated, advertisers are capitalising on different desires and ideals that are being constructed in the media. Initially, only adult women were targeted, but these days a number of mass media products aimed specifically at young women have opened up a whole new market. Until a few years ago, South African teenage girls had only women’s magazines aimed at adult women to refer to. These days, however, a number of teen magazine titles exist locally. The aim of this study was to look at teen magazines as an example of texts that are aimed specifically at adolescent women. More specifically, the study looked at the discourse on femininity within the pages of the text – what is the magazine in essence saying about womanhood? To take the research one step further, it was decided to look at how readers of the magazine engaged and negotiated with the text in order to inform their own understanding of femininity. The goal of the study was to determine how the discourse on femininity played out between the text and the reader. Combining quantitative and qualitative elements, the study was located within a cultural studies framework and referred to Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model as a representation of the communication process. It was found that the magazine under scrutiny had twelve specific thematic categories that were most prominent. It was found that the femininity encoded in these texts revolved around consumerism, fashion and boys. The study found that the readers taking part in focus group research possessed a sufficient amount of educational “cultural capital” to be able to resist the dominant messages encoded in the texts, yet they seemingly chose not to. This study also indicated that the femininity that was constructed in the studied text did not take the greater South African context into account, and that it served to entertain readers from higher LSM groups rather than all South African girls.
Globalization and the Corporate Geography of Cities in the Less-Developed World

Research on the globalization experience of cities in the less-developed world is sparse. There is a notable gap in the existing literature between theory on global cities and empirical studies of cities in the less-developed world. What is needed is a return to the kinds of intensive fieldwork and primary data collection that were common in “Third World” cities in the 1960s and 1970s—but informed by theory on the changing global political economy. To this end, we present research findings from parallel studies of Accra and Mumbai. These cities were chosen because of their similar political-economic histories and their similar geographic functions as gateways cities in the global economy. A historical theoretical perspective based on the cities’ roles in global political economy is employed to detail important phases in urban evolution in the less-developed world. We concentrate on the changing corporate presence in the two cities as one important manifestation of globalization. Our research focuses on identifying the most salient changes and continuity in the corporate geographies of Accra and Mumbai over time. Our empirical analysis is based on extensive fieldwork conducted locally in both cities. The research findings indicate the emergence of multiple central business districts (CBDs) that are differentially integrated in the wider economy, at local, national, and global scales. We argue that the experiences of Accra and Mumbai are relevant to other cities with a similar history and with a high current exposure to the global economy.
Morphology and physiology of cells in slice preparations of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus of mice

In an effort to understand what integrative tasks are performed in the cochlear nuclei, the present study was undertaken to describe neuronal circuits in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) anatomically and physiologically. The cochlear nuclear complex receives auditory information from the cochlea through the auditory nerve. Within the cochlear nuclei, signals travel along several parallel and interconnected pathways. From the cochlear nuclei, transformed versions of the signals are passed to higher auditory centers in the brainstem. We have recorded electrophysiological responses from cells that were subsequently visualized with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Responses to shocks to the auditory nerve root and to intracellularly injected current pulses were recorded and correlated with morphology. Two types of stellate cells and octopus cells were distinguished. T stellate cells project out of the cochlear nuclei through the T rapezoid body; D stellate cells do not. The axons of D stellate cells extend D orsalward to the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) but have not been traced out of the nucleus. Both T and D stellate cells have terminal collaterals in the multipolar cell region of the PVCN and in the DCN. The endings of one T stellate cell formed a narrow band rostrocaudally in the fusiform cell layer of the DCN that resembled an isofrequency band. The endings of one D stellate cell lay closely apposed to multipolar cells in the deep layer of the DCN. The dendrites of T stellate cells are often aligned along the path of auditory nerve fibers and end in tufts, whereas those of D stellate cells extend radially in the plane of the lateral surface of the PVCN toward granule cell areas and branch sparingly. Octopus cells have dendrites oriented perpendicularly to the path of auditory nerve fibers. Their axons were cut medially in the slices; none had collateral branches.