Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Environmental controls on ecosystem‐scale CH4 emission from polygonal tundra in the Lena River Delta, Siberia

[1] We present the first ecosystem-scale methane flux data from a northern Siberian tundra ecosystem covering the entire snow-free period from spring thaw until initial freeze-back. Eddy covariance measurements of methane emission were carried out from the beginning of June until the end of September in the southern central part of the Lena River Delta (72°22′N, 126°30′E). The study site is located in the zone of continuous permafrost and is characterized by Arctic continental climate with very low precipitation and a mean annual temperature of −14.7°C. We found relatively low fluxes of on average 18.7 mg m−2 d−1, which we consider to be because of (1) extremely cold permafrost, (2) substrate limitation of the methanogenic archaea, and (3) a relatively high surface coverage of noninundated, moderately moist areas. Near-surface turbulence as measured by the eddy covariance system in 4 m above the ground surface was identified as the most important control on ecosystem-scale methane emission and explained about 60% of the variance in emissions, while soil temperature explained only 8%. In addition, atmospheric pressure was found to significantly improve an exponential model based on turbulence and soil temperature. Ebullition from waterlogged areas triggered by decreasing atmospheric pressure and near-surface turbulence is thought to be an important pathway that warrants more attention in future studies. The close coupling of methane fluxes and atmospheric parameters demonstrated here raises questions regarding the reliability of enclosure-based measurements, which inherently exclude these parameters.
Variations in Moisture Content Affect the Shrinkage of Gigantochloa scortechinii and Bambusa vulgaris at Different Heights of the Bamboo Culm

Malaysia has more than 50 species of bamboo, but few that are utilized commercially. In this study, the physical properties of two of the most popular bamboo species in Malaysia, Gigantochloa scortechinii and Bambusa vulgaris, were evaluated. Moisture content (MC) and shrinkage variation at different height sections at both nodal and internodal categories of the bamboo culm were investigated. A comparison between the height sections and between the nodal and internodal categories, as well as between the species, was carried out. Results indicated a trend of decreasing MC along the culm from base to top, though the difference was not statistically significant. It was also observed that radial shrinkage was slightly greater than tangential shrinkage and was much greater than shrinkage in the longitudinal direction. Nodes appeared to have lower MC and a higher percentage of shrinkage compared to internodes. The shrinkage pattern of the two species of bamboo showed a small radial-to-tangential ratio of 1.15:1, which may have contributed to the dimensional stability of bamboo.
Comparison of Efficacy of Buccal Fat Pad and Collagen Membrane in Surgical Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis

1,2Senior Lecturer, 3,6Assistant Professor, 4Professor, 5Principal and Head 1,2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery, Ahmedabad Dental College & Hospital, Ahmedabad Gujarat, India 3Department of Oral and Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery, L.N. Medical College and Research Centre, Bhopal Madhya Pradesh, India 4Department of Oral and Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery, Modern Dental College & Research Centre, Indore Madhya Pradesh, India 5Department of Oral and Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences & Research Centre Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India 6Department of Oral and Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery, People’s Dental Academy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh India
SmartBox: Benchmarking Adversarial Detection and Mitigation Algorithms for Face Recognition

Deep learning models are widely used for various purposes such as face recognition and speech recognition. However, researchers have shown that these models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. These attacks compute perturbations to generate images that decrease the performance of deep learning models. In this research, we have developed a toolbox, termed as SmartBox, for benchmarking the performance of adversarial attack detection and mitigation algorithms against face recognition. SmartBox is a python based toolbox which provides an open source implementation of adversarial detection and mitigation algorithms. In this research, Extended Yale Face Database B has been used for generating adversarial examples using various attack algorithms such as DeepFool, Gradient methods, Elastic-Net, and $L_{2}$ attack. SmartBox provides a platform to evaluate newer attacks, detection models, and mitigation approaches on a common face recognition benchmark. To assist the research community, the code of SmartBox is made available11http://iab-rubric.org/resources/SmartBox.html.
Conspicuous Conservation : The Prius Effect and Willingness to Pay for Environmental Bona Fides ∗

Veblen explained in 1899 that “in order to gain and hold the esteem of man it is not sufficient merely to possess wealth or power. The wealth or power must be put in evidence, for esteem is awarded only on evidence. ” Since then, a considerable economics literature has explored the concept of conspicuous consumption and its implications in various settings, with particular focus on purchases that signal prestige, luxury and exclusivity.1 While consumption of luxurious automobiles, jewelry and apparel surely still afford desired social status in the 21st Century, evolving social norms suggest esteem can be attained through the demonstration of certain kinds of austerity–specifically austerity that minimizes the environmental impact of consumption. In fact, amid heightened concern about environmental damage and global climate change, costly private contributions to environmental protection increasingly confer status once afforded only through ostentatious displays of wastefulness. Consumers may, therefore, undertake costly actions in order to signal their type as environmentally friendly or “green. ” The status conferred upon demonstration of environmental friendliness is sufficiently prized that homeowners are known to install solar panels on the shaded sides of houses so that their costly investments are visible from the street. We call this behavior “conspicuous conservation. ”
‘These Women, They Force Us to Rape Them’: Rape as Narrative of Social Control in Post-Apartheid South Africa

South Africa has the worst known figures for gender-based violence for a country not at war. At least one in three South African women will be raped in her lifetime. The rates of sexual violence against women and children, as well as the signal failure of the criminal justice and health systems to curtail the crisis, suggest an unacknowledged gender civil war. Yet narratives about rape continue to be rewritten as stories about race, rather than gender. This stifles debate, demonises black men, hardens racial barriers, and greatly hampers both disclosure and educational efforts. As an alternative to racially-inflected explanations, I argue that contemporary sexual violence in South Africa is fuelled by justificatory narratives that are rooted in apartheid practices that legitimated violence by the dominant group against the disempowered, not only in overtly political arenas, but in social, informal and domestic spaces. In South Africa, gender rankings are maintained and women regulated through rape, the most intimate form of violence. Thus, in post-apartheid, democratic South Africa, sexual violence has become a socially endorsed punitive project for maintaining patriarchal order. Men use rape to inscribe subordinate status on to an intimately known ‘Other’ – women. This is generally and globally true of rape, but in the case of South Africa, such activities draw on apartheid practices of control that have permeated all sectors of society.
Comparison of cyclic fatigue resistance of XP-endo Shaper, HyFlex CM, FlexMaster and Race instruments

Background. The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of XP-endo Shaper, HyFlex CM, FlexMaster and Race rotary instruments at body temperature (37±1°C). Methods. Twenty XP-endo Shaper (#30/.01), 20 HyFlex CM (#30/.04), 20 FlexMaster (#30/.04) and 20 Race (#30/.04) instruments were tested at body temperature (n=20). The instruments were evaluated in artificial canals with a 3-mm radius of curvature and 60° angle of curvature to the center of the 1.5-mm-wide canal. Each instrument was rotated until fracture occurred and the number of cycles to failure (NCF) recorded. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (P<0.05). Results. The difference in the NCF of all the instruments was statistically significant (P<0.05). The order of the instruments from the highest to the lowest NCF was as follows: XP-endo Shaper (3064.0±248.1), HyFlex CM (1120.5±106.1), FlexMaster (569.8±48.4) and Race (445.5±53.5). Conclusion. Under the limitations of the present study, XP-endo Shaper instruments were more resistant to cyclic fatigue than the #30/. 04 nickel-titanium rotary instruments immersed in water at simulated body temperature.
Effect of Execution of the Peripheral Intravenous Cannula Care Bundle on Reducing the Incidence of Infection *

Background: Today the insertion of peripheral intravenous cannulas is a common practice in hospitals, however local and systemic complications may be raised because of presence of such cannulas in situ. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of execution of the peripheral intravenous cannula care bundle on reducing the incidence of infection. Methods: this study was carried out in a Critical Care and Convalescence Unit at Mansoura Main University Hospital with 60 patients who have had a peripheral intravenous cannula and all staff nurses who are working at the previously mentioned setting and willing to participate in the study. Results: The results noted that, the overall compliance of nurses regarding peripheral intravenous cannula care bundle was 70 % in both insertion and ongoing care actions post-education, which was significantly improved compared to pre-education. In addition, the presence of microorganisms was 46.7% pre-education compared to 3.3% post education which was highly statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: Adoption of the simple, inexpensive, and evidence-based peripheral intravenous cannula care bundle is the best approach to prevent complications of peripheral intravenous cannula in the future.
Associations between older maternal age, use of sanctions, and children’s socio-emotional development through 7, 11, and 15 years

Abstract In developed countries more women are giving birth later in life and this trend has been linked with perinatal medical risks as well as with improved psychosocial adaptation. This study examined whether older maternal age was associated with less use of sanctions and with positive child outcome at age 7, 11, and 15. A random population sample of 4741 mothers from the Danish Longitudinal Survey of Children was used. Data were obtained through face-to-face interviews and self-report questionnaires. Older maternal age was associated with less frequent use of verbal and physical sanctions towards children at age 7 and 11. At age 15 this association remained significant for verbal sanctions but not physical sanctions. Older maternal age was associated with fewer behavioral, social and emotional difficulties in children at age 7 and at age 11 but not at age 15. The associations reported were significant independently of all observed demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.
Evalution of the hypoglycaemic activity of Bauhinia monandra leaf in Alloxan-diabetic rats and INS-1 insulin cells

1 Department of Pharmacognosy & Herbal Medicine, Facu lty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy,Ob afemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceut i al and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfalische Wilhelms University, Hittorfstraβe 58 62, Münster, Germany _________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The plant, Bauhinia monandra Kurz, (Caesalpinaceae) is an ornamental. Traditionally, the leaves are used in the treatment of diabetes. 4.150 kg of the dri d leaves of B. monandra was extracted with methanol (cold extraction), concentrated in vacuo t o btain 300 g of extract. Oral administration (p.o .) f the methanolic extract at 2 g/kg administered to al l xan-diabetic rats showed significant blood glucos e reduction of 65% at the end of a 4 hour period simi lar to the effect of glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, p.o). The methanolic extract was successively partitioned int o ethylacetate, butanol and water fractions, and th e same test showed that the butanol fraction (2 g/kg) had 67.4 %, Water fraction had 71.5 % hypoglycaemic activity at 4 hours after oral admini stration comparable to that of glibenclamide (67.8 %) in the in vivo model. Subfractions of the butanol f raction (BMBuF7; 1 g/kg, BMBuF7C; 0.75 g/kg) reduced hyperglycaemia in alloxan-diabetic rats to 62 and 66 % respectively and induced insulin releas e from INS-1 cells. Quercetin-3-rutinoside was isola ted from the butanol fraction and characterrized. T he results justify the ethnomedical use of the plant i n the management of diabetes and sugests that stimulating insulin release is one of the modes of action of the butanol fraction and some of its subfractions.
The Short and Long Run Effects of Collaboration on Pharmaceutical Innovation ∗

Collaboration between firms in new product development is fraught with substantial uncertainty and risk but can provide significant competitive advantages. Therefore, understanding the drivers of inter-firm collaboration in R&D and its outcomes is of critical importance. Using a unique panel dataset constructed from multiple sources that documents the outcomes of all FDA trials from 2000 to 2011 we examine the role of inter-firm collaboration in innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. In particular, we study: (1) Whether the effects of collaboration are different in the short and long term? (2) Whether early or late stage collaboration is more effective? and (3) Are there features of partnerships that make some collaborations more successful? We find that collaboration has a short run cost of prolonging the duration of early stage trials. On the other hand, accumulated early stage collaboration experience has a long term benefit in improving the chances of success in future trials. Moreover, early stage and late stage collaboration experience are neither substitutes nor complements but distinct skills relevant at different stages of the R&D process. Overall, early stage collaboration experience is more critical to a firm’s short run costs and long run success. In successful early stage collaborations firms seek partners with wider scope and experience with drug classes and therapeutic conditions. However, in successful late stage collaborations firms seek partners that are more focussed with narrow experience in the relevant drug class. Overall, our results indicate that collaboration involves a trade-off between upfront short run costs and long term pay-offs. Thus, from public policy and managerial strategy perspectives collaboration should be viewed as an “investment” decision. Provided a firm “invests” strategically in its collaboration decisions these can create a source of competitive advantage increasing and sustaining its chances of long term success.
Kosovo – EU trade relations: a dynamic panel poisson approach

ABSTRACT To inform policymaking following trade liberalization between Kosovo and the EU within the framework of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA), we specify a gravity model to investigate Kosovo’s trade in goods with 28 EU countries over the period 2005–2013. We reconcile competing methodological requirements by using a dynamic Poisson approach to estimation. Together, persistent trade patterns and an unfavourable combination of demand and supply elasticities suggest that trade liberalization in isolation is not sufficient to promote exports but may need to be incorporated within a wider policy and institutional framework. In addition, our findings suggest that trade costs should be a particular focus for policy: distance has a big negative influence on Kosovo’s exports to EU countries; while diaspora communities promote Kosovo’s exports to EU markets, most likely because they offset trade costs.
The Loser's Curse in the Search for Advice

An agent searches sequentially for advice from multiple experts concerning the payoff of taking an operation. After incurring a positive search cost, the agent can consult an expert whose interest is partially aligned with him. There are infinitely many experts, each has access to an identically and conditionally independent signal structure about the payoff, and each makes a recommendation after observing the signal realization. We find that the experts face a loser's curse, which could hamper the quality of information transmission. This effect is illustrated by studying the limit of equilibria with vanishing search cost. The main findings are as follows. First, there are signal structures with which both the agent's payoff and social welfare are strictly lower than the alternative scenario in which the agent commits to consulting a single expert only. Second, under some signal structures, no information can be transmitted in equilibrium, even though informative recommendation is possible if the agent could commit to a single expert. Finally, we identify the necessary and sufficient condition that ensures perfect information aggregation in the limit.
Code Approaches to Seismic Design of Masonry-Infilled Reinforced ConcreteFrames: A State-of-the-Art Review

Masonry infill (MI) walls are remarkable in increasing the initial stiffness of reinforced concrete (RC) frames, and being the stiffer component, attract most of the lateral seismic shear forces on buildings, thereby reducing the demand on the RC frame members. However, behavior of MI is difficult to predict because of significant variations in material properties and because of failure modes that are brittle in nature. As a result, MI walls have often been treated as nonstructural elements in buildings, and their effects are not included in the analysis and design procedure. However, experience shows that MI may have significant positive or negative effects on the global behavior of buildings and, therefore, should be addressed appropriately. Various national codes differ greatly in the manner effects of MI are to be considered in the design process from aseismic performance point of view. This paper reviews and compares analysis and design provisions related to MI-RC frames in seismic design codes of 16 countries and identifies important issues that should be addressed by a typical model code.
Taking Stock of Temporary Organizational Forms: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda

This paper brings together the research on temporary organizational forms. Despite a recent surge in publications on this topic, there have been few attempts to integrate knowledge on what we know of such temporary forms of organization. In order to correct this, an integrative framework is proposed around four central themes: time, team, task and context. Within each of these themes, the paper offers an overview of the literature, the gaps in what we know, and what future directions might be taken by scholars hoping to contribute to this important and rapidly growing field.
Probation migration(s): Examining occupational culture in a turbulent field

In June 2014 approximately 54 per cent of the total probation service workforce in England and Wales were transferred to the newly created Community Rehabilitation Companies (CRCs) as part of the government’s plans to establish a market for offender management services. This marked the beginning of one of the largest and most significant migrations of criminal justice staff from the public to the private sector in England and Wales. This article presents findings from an ethnographic study of the formation of one of these CRCs through to the period immediately following the transfer into private ownership. The authors discuss the key features of this migration which are identified as ‘splitting and fracturing’, ‘adapting and forming’ and ‘exiting or accommodation’. It is contended that this development not only has significant implications for the future of probation services but also provides a unique example of the impact on an occupational culture of migration from the public to the private sector.
Effects of post-encoding wakeful rest and study time on long-term memory performance

ABSTRACT Recent work shows that post-encoding wakeful rest, in contrast to a cognitive task delay period, supports memory performance. The present study aimed at investigating whether study time modulates the impact of post-encoding rest on delayed memory performance. Healthy young adults were allocated to one of two “study time” groups (fixed-paced vs. self-paced). Participants encoded two word lists. After immediate recall of one word list, participants wakefully rested for 8 min, after the other, they performed a visual problem solving task. A delayed recall took place at the end of the experimental session (Experiment 1) and again after 7 days (Experiment 1 + 2). We found that participants in the self-paced group outperformed those in the fixed-paced group. In Experiment 1, participants showed higher memory performances after 7 days in the resting condition independent of study time. No significant differences between post-encoding (rest vs. problem solving) and study time conditions were found in Experiment 2. Combined analyses of both experiments revealed that an additional recall (Experiment 1) supported memory retention in both post-encoding conditions. Our findings suggest that resting is beneficial over the long term, but only when the encoded information is repeatedly retrieved at the end of a learning session.
Does conflict shatter trust or does trust obliterate conflict? Revisiting the relationships between team diversity, conflict, and trust

This article explores the interplay between trust and conflict as antecedents of team effectiveness. In the first cross-sectional study, two alternative path models are tested in a sample of 174 teams (897 participants) with the emergent states of task conflict, relationship conflict, and trust acting as mediators between team demographic diversity (gender and nationality) on the one hand and perceived team effectiveness on the other. In one model trust is considered as an antecedent for the two types of conflict, while in the other the two types of conflict precede the emergence of trust. Although the fit indices for the model in which trust is considered the antecedent of conflict were slightly better, both models fitted the data well. The interdependence of trust and conflict was further explored in a second longitudinal study (49 teams), and the results showed that trust emerging in the initial team interaction phases is a good predictor for the emergence of both task and relationship conflict in further stages of team development.