Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Light extinction by Secondary Organic Aerosol: an intercomparison of three broadband cavity spectrometers

Abstract. Broadband optical cavity spectrometers are maturing as a technology for trace-gas detection, but only recently have they been used to retrieve the extinction coefficient of aerosols. Sensitive broadband extinction measurements allow explicit separation of gas and particle phase spectral contributions, as well as continuous spectral measurements of aerosol extinction in favourable cases. In this work, we report an intercomparison study of the aerosol extinction coefficients measured by three such instruments: a broadband cavity ring-down spectrometer (BBCRDS), a cavity-enhanced differential optical absorption spectrometer (CE-DOAS), and an incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer (IBBCEAS). Experiments were carried out in the SAPHIR atmospheric simulation chamber as part of the NO3Comp campaign to compare the measurement capabilities of NO3 and N2O5 instrumentation. Aerosol extinction coefficients between 655 and 690 nm are reported for secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formed by the NO3 oxidation of β-pinene under dry and humid conditions. Despite different measurement approaches and spectral analysis procedures, the three instruments retrieved aerosol extinction coefficients that were in close agreement. The refractive index of SOA formed from the β-pinene + NO3 reaction was 1.61, and was not measurably affected by the chamber humidity or by aging of the aerosol over several hours. This refractive index is significantly larger than SOA refractive indices observed in other studies of OH and ozone-initiated terpene oxidations, and may be caused by the large proportion of organic nitrates in the particle phase. In an experiment involving ammonium sulfate particles, the aerosol extinction coefficients as measured by IBBCEAS were found to be in reasonable agreement with those calculated using the Mie theory. The results of the study demonstrate the potential of broadband cavity spectrometers for determining the optical properties of aerosols.
Convective Activity Over the Indonesian Maritime Continent During CPEA-I as Evaluated by Lightning Activity and Q1 and Q2 Profiles( CPEA-Coupling Processes in the Equatorial Atmosphere)

Lightning activity observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission-Lightning Image Sensor (TRMM-LIS) and aerological data from the first campaign of the Coupled Process in the Equatorial Atmosphere (CPEA-I) were used to diagnose convective activity over the western part of the Indonesian maritime continent (MC) for the period between 10 April and 9 May 2004. Lightning and many deep but small convective clouds associated with low outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) dominated over large islands of the MC before the onset of a Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) active period. During the MJO active period, a MJO cloud system composed of three super-cloud clusters (SCCs) passed eastwardly over the study area. The first SCC (SCCI) was accompanied by active lightning. After SCCI passed, lower OLR extended over a wide area including both islands and ocean, and lightning was suppressed over the large islands. Lightning activity was weaker in subsequent SCCs. Atmospheric stratification, vertical winds, the apparent heat source (Q1), and apparent moisture sink (Q2) were studied using rawinsonde observations for two areas: one over Sumatera and the other over the ocean between Sumatera and Kalimantan. Differences in vertical wind profiles between land and ocean suggest stronger onshore land-sea circulations in the break period than in the active period. Convective instability was greatest before the onset of the MJO active period over land and then weakened after onset. Over land, height of the positive peak was much higher in Q1 than in Q2 before onset. The height of the peak was comparable after onset; this change suggests that subarea-scale deep convective rain (stratiform rain) dominated before (after) the onset. These observations are consistent with variations in lightning activity. Previous observations showed that MJO cloud systems over the western Pacific have enhanced convection in their eastern portions and stratiform rain in western parts. A similar large-scale structure was maintained in the MJO cloud system over the western part of the MC, despite blocking effects by the MC on the MJO cloud system, especially in mesoscale and synoptic-scale structures.
Improved angular discretization and error analysis of the lattice Boltzmann method for solving radiative heat transfer in a participating medium

– The purpose of this paper is to present and validate some improvements to the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for solving radiative heat transfer in a participating medium. Validation of the model is performed by investigating the effects of spatial and angular discretizations and extinction coefficient on the solution. The error analysis and the order of convergence of the scheme are also reported. , – LB scheme is derived from the radiative transfer equation, where isotropic scattering and radiative equilibrium condition are assumed. Azimuthal angle is discretized according to the lattice velocities on the computational plane, while, concerning the polar angle, an additional component of the discrete velocity normal to the plane is introduced. Radiative LB scheme is used to solve a 2‐D square enclosure benchmark problem. In order to validate the model, results of LB scheme are compared with a reference solution obtained through a Richardson extrapolation of the results of a standard finite volume method. , – The proposed improvements drastically increase the accuracy of the previous method. Radiative LB scheme is found to be (at most) first order accurate. Numerical results show that solution gets more accurate when spatial and azimuthal angle discretizations are improved, but a saturation threshold exists. With regard to polar angle, minimum error occurs when a particular subdivision is considered. , – The paper provides simple but effective improvements to the recently proposed lattice Boltzmann method for solving radiative heat transfer in a participating medium.
Large virus-like particles from vacuoles of phaeodarian radiolarians and from other marine samples

Large icosahedral virus-like particles (LVLPs) ranging in dameter from ca 300 to 750 nm occurred in food or waste vacuoles of phaeodarian radiolarians collected in the Paciflc Ocean, the Sargasso Sea and the Weddell Sea. The samples were from coastal to open-ocean waters, surface waters to 2000 m depth, and a variety of seasons. A few LVLPs were also found in bulk sediment trap material, in zooplankton guts and fecal pellets, and in minipellets. Phaeodarians are unique among small marine organisms because they carry a record of their past feeding activity within their phaeodium, a collection of food and waste vacuoles. This probably explains why they often contain abundant LVLPs. Phaeodarians appeared to have acquired the LVLPs while feeding on sinking or suspended particulate material. Calculations based on serial sections indicate that a single phaeodarian could contain thousands of LVLPs. Although their hosts have not been determined, LVLPs are clearly ubiquitous. These particles are being called LVLPs because of similarities in morphology with viruses, but they could be as yet unidentified microorganisms, a type of spore, or possibly an organelle of a eukaryote.
Spatial Genetic Variation among Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Sampled from the United States, Puerto Rico, Panama, and Argentina

ARSTRACT Spatial genetic variability of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was studied by collecting samples from 31 locations in the United States, Argentina, Panama, and Puerto Rico, and then using amplified fragment length polymorphism to detect genetic variation. Analysis of molecular variance showed significant genetic variation in fall armyworm among all (28%) sample locations and individuals within (71%) sample locations; genetic variation of fall armyworm was minimal between sample locations grouped into regions. The pairwise fixation index (FST) comparisons showed significant genetic differentiation (0.288) among the 31 locations. However, dendrograms of results from cluster analysis did not provide support of a high level of genetic structuring among regions. The isolation by distance analysis for all sample locations showed the absence of significant correlation between genetic dissimilarity and geographic distance except for fall armyworm samples collected within Argentina. Moreover, the estimate of modest gene flow (Nm >1) may prevent gene fixation within regions. These results indicate that fall armyworm shows little genetic differentiation and high genetic diversity over its range, important information for the development of management strategies and monitoring the development of resistance to management techniques.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN READING ANXIETY AND READING STRATEGY USED BY EFL STUDENT TEACHERS

This study investigated the relationship between reading anxiety and reading strategies use, and explored the influence of reading anxiety on reading strategies use of undergraduate English major students of UIN Raden Fatah Palembang. A total of 103 students participated in this study. The two questionnaires were used to collect the data. For this purpose, the Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (FLRAS) developed by Saito, Horwitz, and Garza (1999) measured students’ reading anxiety, and the Survey of Reading Strategies (SORS) designed by Mokhtari and Sheorey (2002) was used to know students’ reading strategies use. High Anxiety Readers (HAR), Low Anxiety Readers (LAR), and Medium Anxiety Readers (MAR) were classfied based on the results of the FLRAS. Descriptive stastistics, Pearson product moment correlation and regression anlaysis were employed to analyze the data. Based on the data analysis, it was found that r (.022) < r table (.207) with significant level 0.842 which was higher than 0.05. Thus, it indicated that there was no significant relationship between reading anxiety and overall reading strategies use. It was implied that high anxiety did not cause lower reading strategies use. Because of that finding, there was no need to conduct regression analysis to check the influence of the reading anxiety on reading strategies use. Moreover, several suggestions for students, English foreign langauge (EFL) instructors, and future research are addressed in the present study.
Implementation of e-Government: Advantages and Challenges

The objective of this paper is to review the updated and available literature about e-government implementation stages, its challenges and benefits. Depending on literature, it reviews several relevant issues regarding e-government such as the definition of e-government and e-readiness, implementation stages, advantages of e-government implementation and it focuses on the challenges of e-government implementation.
Innovation in the Management of SMEs in the Service Sector in Poland

The present study focuses on the issue of innovation among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which constitute the lifeblood of economic growth. The power of this lifeblood depends on the level of innovativeness of these enterprises insofar as SMEs consider innovation their main operational strategy for gaining a competitive advantage over large companies. Innovation accrues various economic advantages for SMEs that may not be overlooked in the management process. The authors of this paper therefore analyze the awareness and use of innovative solutions in the management process of SMEs operating within the service sector in Poland. The research was conducted in 2009 to 2010 through direct face-to-face interviews with 608 top managers.
Homework In The Curricular Area Of Mathematics In Primary Education

The present study aims to identify the perspectives of pupils and their parents/guardians related to homework in the curricular area of mathematics and how they are implemented. A study was developed using a descriptive research, resorting to various techniques of data collection: a questionnaire for the pupils, an interview to the parents/guardians and documentary research of teachers' homework records. The study involved fifty students of two 4th grade classes of a Portuguese primary school, aged from 9 to 11 years old of both sexes, four parents/guardians of these students and two teachers. Homework is a widespread practice in both classes under study, being part of the daily life of pupils and their families. The type of homework most often requested in the area of Mathematics consists of worksheets that involve algorithmic calculation and some problem solving. Parents are actively involved in supporting their children’s homework, despite the difficulties they experience in such support. Homework represents a pedagogical strategy that is quite common, but seldom a target of reflection. It is important for teachers to reflect on the usefulness, type and extent of homework requested, as well as on student queries and parents’ difficulties in supporting its fulfilment, so that it can be a true complement to classroom learning for all pupils. © 2019 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy. org.UK
Auroral Lyman α and H2 bands from the giant planets: 1. Excitation by proton precipitation in the Jovian atmosphere

This paper is part of a work aimed at modeling the ratio of the observed Jovian auroral intensity at H Lyman α and in the H2 Lyman and Werner bands and interpreting them as diagnostic of the incident magnetospheric particle species and energy. The work is planned in three steps: (1) modeling of the volume excitation rate, (2) modeling of the radiative transfer at Lyman α, (3) application to existing observational data and new data obtained from the Hubble Space Telescope. The present paper deals with the first step. Models of the volume excitation rate have previously been developed for low energy electrons and oxygen ions. However, the energy range of the study has to be extended towards higher energy in view of recent results on the penetration depth of the primary particles. Protons have not been modeled so far. We have used an existing electron code of degradation of energy [Gerard and Singh, 1982] which has been improved, updated and adapted to the case of precipitating protons. The issues of nonequilibrium beam H/H+ fractions and of getting reliable cross sections over a wide energy range have been considered with particular care. The altitude distribution of the volume excitation rate is compared for electrons and protons, for various initial energies in the range 10–50 keV and 50 keV to 1 MeV, respectively.
Effects of Different Pretreatments and Seed Coat on Dormancy and Germination of Seeds of Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae)

The seed dormancy of Senna obtusifolia was investigated through various methods, namely pretreatments in concentrated sulfuric acid, 2% potassium nitrate (KNO3), 99% ethanol, 99% methanol, and in hydrogen perioxide; examination of the seed coverings; and the determination of water uptake by the seeds in order to ascertain the most effective technique for breaking dormancy and also determine the dormancy type. The results showed that sulfuric acid treatment recorded the highest germination (100%); followed by 2% hydrogen peroxide treatment (24%) in 15minutes immersion. The methanol and ethanol pretreatments gave 18.33% and 16.5% germinations respectively. Pretreatment in 2% potassium nitrate gave the lowest germination (8.50%), while the intact seeds of S. obtusifiolia (control) gave 0% germination. The anatomy of the seed coat indicated the presence of hard, thickened and specialized cells of cuticle, macrosclereids, osteoscereids, and disintegrated parenchyma layers. The water uptake of intact seeds was low (13.5%) after 24 hr imbibitions. These findings revealed that the seed coat acts as barrier to germination by preventing water absorption, possibly gaseous diffusion in and out of the seed and conferring mechanical resistance to the protrusion of embryo. Pretreatments, such as immersion in H2SO4 will soften the seed coat and permit germination. Seed dormancy in S. obtusifolia can be considered of physical nature and classified as physical dormancy. The results obtained in this study may serve as useful information in the production and improvement of S. obtusifolia seedlings, as knowledge on seed dormancy and germination is a critical factor and requirements to the understanding of the propagation of this plant either in situ or ex-situ, in view of the economic potentials/attributes of this species.
Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy Caused by Insulin Aspart (Novorapid ®) Overdose During a Suicide Attempt

We present a case of a 41-year-old man who attempted suicide by injection of 600 units of insulin aspart. On arrival at the ER (after eating high-carbohydrate foods), he was awake and blood glucose was 40 mg / dl. He received a total glucose load of 230 g in the first 15 hours. Head CT was not remarkable. He was discharged on day 14. Three weeks later, he was found in a deep coma. He had injected 900 units of insulin aspart in a suicide attempt 8 hours prior to be found. On arrival, he was comatose and his blood glucose was 19 mg / dl. Head CT revealed low density areas throughout the cerebral cortex and partial cerebral edema. He received a total glucose load of 270 g in the first 22 hours. A repeat head CT examination on day 9, revealed worsening of the findings throughout the cerebral cortex. He fell into an apallic syndrome and was transferred to a local hospital. In the second overdose, the patient rapidly developed a sustained hypoglycemia, and fell into hypoglycemic encephalopathy because of the delay in receiving appropriate treatment. We consider that insulin aspart overdose may, in fact, predispose to hypoglycemic encephalopathy compared with long-acting insulin. doi:10.4021/jmc574w
The Use of Herbal Products during Breastfeeding: A Study from a Public Italian Hospital

Background: The use of herbal products is steadily increasing worldwide, especially by women, also during pregnancy and breastfeeding, even if safety data are lacking. Aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of use and the attitude toward herbal remedies among women during breastfeeding, by an interview-based survey. Methods: Participants were interviewed after receiving the informed consent, by a structured and validated questionnaire. Results: Two hundred forty-four breastfeeding women completed the questionnaire. The majority of them were non-smokers and non-drinkers, whereas they were regular consumers of herbal products during breastfeeding (97%). Medicinal plants most commonly used were sweet almond oil (68%) and fennel (37%). Herbal products were often associated with other prescription drugs (89%). Five percent of women have experienced dermatological and gastrointestinal adverse reactions, potentially due to herbal products. Conclusions: This study reports that nursing mothers are generally no smokers, avoid alcohol consumption, and they reduce the use of drugs to those really needed. At the main time, this study highlights that breastfeeding mothers have limited knowledge on the risk/benefit profile of plant-derived products. As data on the excretion of chemical components of herbal products and their metabolites in breast milk are lacking, it is generally better to avoid during breastfeeding the use “natural remedies” whose safety has not been well established.
Climate change impact on agricultural crops and adaptation options in Romania

The aim of this paper is to assess the potential effects of climate change on development, grain yield, and water balance for the main agricultural crops at 5 typical sites located in one of the most vulnerable zones of Romania. In addition, the paper evaluates possible adaptation measures of crop management to future climate changes. The vulnerability assessments focused on winter wheat and maize crops due to the particular importance of these crops in the cultivated areas and the difference in the genetic type of these crops reflected in their distinct physiological responses to CO2 concentra- tion level (winter wheat is a C3 crop, while maize is a C4 crop). Outputs from 2 equilibrium 2 〈 CO2 gen- eral circulation models were used to develop climate change scenarios. CERES simulation models, linked with a seasonal analysis program included in the dedicated software DSSAT v3.0, were run for 30 yr with baseline climate and climate change scenarios. The results of crop simulations under climate change scenarios indicated that winter wheat benefits from the interaction of double CO2 concentra- tions and higher temperatures, while irrigated maize in southern Romania shows negative responses to climate change. The adverse impact of climate change on the maize crop can be lessened by using a longer maturing hybrid, sowing in the last week of April, applying a plant density of 5 plants m -2 , and increasing fertilization levels.
The rise of CSR: implications for HRM and employee representation

Against the backdrop of the neo-institutionalist and national business systems approaches to the global–local question in international management, this paper discusses the implications of the rise of CSR in continental Europe for HRM and employee representation. Europe is undoubtedly subject to convergence processes, not least through the emergence of global CSR tools, yet the influence of national business systems remains visible too, as European companies tend to foreground different aspects of CSR to Anglo-American ones. Both HR managers and employee representatives are jostling for positions to shape the resulting adaptation processes. This situation highlights not only the importance of first-mover advantages in such a contested terrain but also the need for both HRM and employee representatives to gain internal legitimacy before being able to play an active role in CSR.