Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMPONENTS OF THE EXTRAGALACTIC GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND

We present new theoretical estimates of the relative contributions of unresolved blazars and star-forming galaxies to the extragalactic γ-ray background (EGB) and discuss constraints on the contributions from alternative mechanisms such as dark matter annihilation and truly diffuse γ-ray production. We find that the Fermi source count data do not rule out a scenario in which the EGB is dominated by emission from unresolved blazars, though unresolved star-forming galaxies may also contribute significantly to the background, within order-of-magnitude uncertainties. In addition, we find that the spectrum of the unresolved star-forming galaxy contribution cannot explain the EGB spectrum found by EGRET at energies between 50 and 200 MeV, whereas the spectrum of unresolved flat spectrum radio quasars, when accounting for the energy-dependent effects of source confusion, could be consistent with the combined spectrum of the low-energy EGRET EGB measurements and the Fermi-Large Area Telescope EGB measurements.
Ytterbium Intercalation of Epitaxial Graphene Grown on Si-Face SiC

The rare-earth metal, ytterbium (Yb), was deposited on graphene grown on Si-face SiC, kept at room temperature. Yb was not found to intercalate, destroy or dope the graphene layer before subsequent heating, unlike alkali metals such as Li and Na. Our photoemission results reveal that heating to 300˚C promotes Yb intercalation into the graphene-substrate interface. Real-time low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) measurements indicated intercalation to start at a sample temperature of around 220˚C. In the intercalation process, Yb penetrates through the graphene and buffer layer and forms bonds to the silicon in the topmost SiC substrate bilayer, as indicated by the shifted components observed in the C 1s, Si 2p, and Yb 4f spectra. The Yb intercalation decouples the buffer layer from the substrate and transforms it into another graphene layer as manifested by the absence of buffer layer spots in the µ-LEED pattern and the appearance of an additional π band in the ARPES spectra, respectively. Moreover, the observed shift of the Dirac point down from the Fermi level by 1.9 eV indicates electron doping of the graphene layer upon Yb intercalation. The Yb intercalated graphene sample was found to be thermodynamically stable up to temperatures around 700˚C.
Influence of spacecraft outgassing on the exploration of tenuous atmospheres with in situ mass spectrometry

In situ mass spectrometry has been a powerful tool in many space missions to investigate atmospheres and exospheres of different bodies in the solar system. Applying new technologies, the mass spectrometers have become increasingly more sensitive. In this study, we show that spacecraft outgassing, which can never be completely prevented, will be the limiting factor in future missions that investigate very tenuous atmospheres and exospheres of moons, asteroids, or comets at large heliocentric distances. The Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) instrument on the European Space Agency Rosetta mission has monitored spacecraft outgassing for 6 years during the cruise phase with unprecedented instrument sensitivity. It is shown that diffusion of gas from materials and from the spacecraft interior plays an important role in maintaining a relatively permanent thin gas cloud around the spacecraft for many years. The density and composition of this gas cloud depends on location on the spacecraft, maneuvers, and payload activity. The main contaminants are water, which is adsorbed on cold surfaces, and organics from the spacecraft structure, electronics, and insulations. Decomposed lubricant material can give a significant contribution to the total background. Fortunately for Rosetta, outgassing of the spacecraft will play a minor role when the comet is close to perihelion; only in the early phase of the mission the outgassing may be larger than the cometary signature
Isolation of Lupeol from the Stem-bark of Lonchocarpus sericeus (Papilionaceae)

Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, was isolated from the chloroform soluble fraction of a methanol extract of the stem-bark of Lonchocarpus sericeus, a plant variously used in ethnomedicine to stimulate appetite, treat constipation, backache and convulsion. Its isolation was carried out by a combination of column chromatography and preparative Thin Layer Chromatography. The structure was determined by analysis of its IR, H NMR, C NMR, and 2D NMR spectral data, as well as comparison with reported data. This is the first report of isolation of lupeol from the stem-bark of this
Rebounds of deformed cavitation bubbles

Presented here are experiments clarifying how the deformation of cavitation bubbles affects their rebound. Rebound bubbles carry the remaining energy of a bubble following its initial collapse, which dissipates energy mainly through shock waves, jets, and heat. The rebound bubble undergoes its own collapse, generating such violent events anew, which can be even more damaging or effective than at first bubble collapse. However, modeling rebound bubbles is an ongoing challenge because of the lack of knowledge on the exact factors affecting their formation. Here we use single-laser-induced cavitation bubbles and deform them by variable gravity or by a neighboring free surface to quantify the effect of bubble deformation on the rebound bubbles. Within a wide range of deformations, the energy of the rebound bubble follows a logarithmic increase with the bubble's initial dipole deformation, regardless of the origin of this deformation.
Mercaptobenzothiazole-on-Gold Organic Phase Biosensor Systems: 4. Effect of Organic Solvents on Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticide Determination

With an ever increasing demand for agricultural products delivered over shorter periods, we have seen the use of agricultural chemicals such as pesticides increasing in order to effectively control the damaging effects of harmful micro-organisms and insects. This has also resulted in an increase of usage of insecticides that are classified as cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors such as organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CMs), to protect various crops such as bulbs, cereals, fruits, vegetables, cotton, peanuts, soybean, potato, sugar cane, coffee, alfalfa and pasture from deleterious effects. These pesticides have low environmental persistence and are highly effective as insecticides, but some exhibit potential dose-related acute and chronic toxicity in human beings by acting on the inhibition of ChE activity, followed by the accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptor sites thereby excessively stimulating the cholinergic receptors. This poses serious health effects for humans if water, processed food, fruits and vegetables with high concentrations of OPs and CMs are consumed. In children and infants it can lead to serious health effects such as as eye pain, abdominal pain, convulsions, respiratory failure, paralysis and even death (Kim et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2008; Sbai et al., 2007; Skladal et al., 1997). The toxicity of OPs and CMs are caused by their ability to bind irreversibly to the catalytic serine residue in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which leads to inhibition of AChE that prevents nerve transmission by blocking the breakdown of the transmitter choline (Ch) (Somerset et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2007; Du et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2000). Since a high degree of toxicity is assigned to organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticide compounds, the rapid detection of these toxic chemicals in environmental samples have become increasingly important (Sbai et al., 2007; Tapsoba et al., 2009; Valdes-Ramirez et al., 2008).
Musculoskeletal Pain, Work Characteristics and Presenteeism among Hotel Employees

 Abstract — Musculoskeletal problems in the hotel sector have been little studied. The aim of this study was to examine relationships of musculoskeletal pain and work characteristics with presenteeism, i.e., feeling sick but going to work anyway. Data of a self-reported questionnaire were collected from 1,101 employees, who joined the study on a voluntary basis from four hotels in northern Taiwan. The results showed that respondents who were female, were younger, had a higher educational level, and worked in the real-service department had higher presenteeism. There were significant positive associations between presenteeism and heavy loads, frequent beatings or hits of hard objects, improper bench height, employees’ lower limb and lower back pain. Our study results imply that knowledge of work characteristics and employees' musculoskeletal problems could be advantageously used to reduce presenteeism in the
The increase of firearm-related violence in Sweden

ABSTRACT Firearm-related violence is common in our contemporary world and causes serious harm to humans as well as to the society. One of the countries in which firearm-related violence is increasing is Sweden and its most southern region, Skane, in which Malmo, Sweden's third largest city, is highly affected. If not contained and limited, Sweden risks becoming more and more violent.
ALEKSI HÄNNINEN CELL SEEDING OF POROUS POLYMER-BASED SCAFFOLDS WITH HUMAN ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM CELLS

ALEKSI HÄNNINEN: Cell seeding of porous polymer-based scaffolds with human adipose-derived stem cells Tampere University of Technology Master of Science Thesis, 84 pages, 7 Appendix pages April 2015 Master’s Degree Programme in Biotechnology Major: Tissue Engineering Examiner: Professor Minna Kellomäki
On the stability of Hamiltonian relative equilibria with non-trivial isotropy Montaldi, James and Rodriguez-Olmos, Miguel 2011

We consider Hamiltonian systems with symmetry, and relativ e equilibria with isotropy subgroup of positive dimension. The stability of such relative equilibria has been studied by Ortega and Ratiu [7] and by Lerman and Singer [3]. In both papers the a uthors give sufficient conditions for stability which require first determining a splitting of a subalgebra of g, with different splittings giving different criteria. In this note we remove this splitting construction and so provide a more general and more straightforward criterion for stabil ity. The result is also extended to apply to systems whose momentum maps are not coadjoint equivarian t. Introduction Many Hamiltonian systems arising in nature possess symmetr y and in particular continuous symmetry—most commonly a group of rotations or Eucl idean motions, whether in the plane or in space. In this note we consider relative equilibria in s uch systems, which are motions that coincide with 1-parameter symmetry transformations. Give n such a relative equilibrium, it is often important to decide on its (nonlinear) stability, and th ere are criteria for determining this based on Dirichlet’s criterion for ordinary equilibria, but invo lving the velocity of the relative equilibrium through an appropriate element of the Lie algebra g of the groupG. If the action is locally free at the relative equilibrium (me aning the isotropy subgroup at any point of the relative equilibrium is finite) then the “relative Dir ichlet criterion” is straightforward because the velocity corresponds to a unique element of the Lie algeb rag. However, when the action fails to be locally free the story is less clear because there will be man y different “group velocities” for a given physical velocity. In the late 1990s two papers were publish ed, by Ortega and Ratiu [7] and Lerman and Singer [3], adapting the Dirichlet criterion to deal wit h this case, while a paper by the first author [4] provides a more topological criterion, that of an “extre mal relative equilibrium”, which we will use in the proof below. The method of Ortega-Ratiu and Lerman -Singer involves having a splitting of the Lie algebrag, and showing there is a unique preferred group velocity rela tiv to this splitting, which they call the ‘orthogonal velocity’, and then using th is orthogonal velocity to define a relative Dirichlet criterion, analogous to the locally free case. Mo reover, Ortega and Ratiu give an example showing how different choices of splitting may produce diff erent critieria for stability so it may be necessary to consider all possible splittings. The purpose of this note is to dispense with the splitting con struction, and to show that the relative Dirichlet criterion is sufficient to guarantee stability, u singanygroup veclocity, not merely those that arise from a splitting. In the special case that the relative equilibrium is an equilibrium, the orthogonal
Dynamic Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks in Malawi

This paper sets out to investigate the process through which monetary policy affects economic activity in Malawi. Using innovation accounting in a structural vector autoregressive model, it is established that monetary authorities in Malawi employ hybrid operating procedures and pursue both price stability and high growth and employment objectives. Two operating targets of monetary policy are identified, viz., bank rate and reserve money, and it is demonstrated that the former is a more effective measure of monetary policy than the latter. The study also illustrates that bank lending, exchange rates and aggregate money supply contain important additional information in the transmission process of monetary policy shocks in Malawi. Furthermore, it is shown that the floatation of the Malawi Kwacha in February 1994 had considerable effects on the countryâ€™s monetary transmission process. In the post-1994 period, the role of exchange rates became more conspicuous than before although its impact was weakened; and the importance of aggregate money supply and bank lending in transmitting monetary policy impulses was enhanced. Overall, the monetary transmission process evolved from a weak, blurred process to a somewhat strong, less ambiguous mechanism.
Timing of Prophylactic Antibiotic Administration in Elective Surgical Patients at Jimma University Teaching Hospital: South West Ethiopia

Study objective: To evaluate the timing of prophylactic antibiotic administration in elective surgical patients, and anesthetists’ opinion regarding this issue. Design: Prospective, facility based cross-sectional study was employed. Setting: Jimma university teaching hospital (JUTH) Patient: Elective surgical patients and anesthesia professional of the hospital. Measurement: Data were collected prospectively from all elective surgical patients (except emergency, obstetric cases) and interred in predesigned forms as per existing protocol in JUTH from February 01 to March 30, 2014. The time of antibiotic prophylactic administration in respect to incision time was analyzed and descriptive result was presented as percentages of total responses. Main results: Prophylactic antibiotics was given before skin incision for 107 (79.9%) patients and 27 (20.1%) after skin incision. However; only 75 (56%) patients were get administered within proper time (60minutes) and the mean time of preoperative administration was 66+24 minutes. Prophylactic antibiotic medication was continued for >24 hours in 95% cases and re-dosing were not given for six surgical procedures which lasted >3 hours. Out of 26, only 71% anesthetists could mention the recommended time of antibiotic prophylaxis administration. About 21(80.8%) of anesthetists agreed that its surgeon’s responsibility for preoperative antibiotic selection and shared with nurses for preoperative administration. Anesthetists assume that they are responsible for confirmation of pre-incision administration and repeat administration during prolonged surgery. They indicated training was inadequate and deemed necessary in 77% of participants. Conclusion: The timing of prophylactic antibiotic administration was below the standard of practice. Hospital administration and infection control officer should work to improve compliance in accordance with published evidence-based guidelines.
Mass Transfer through Catalytic Membrane Layer

The catalytic membrane reactor as a promising novel technology is widely recommended for carrying out heterogeneous reactions. A number of reactions have been investigated by means of this process, such as dehydrogenation of alkanes to alkenes, partial oxidation reactions using inorganic or organic peroxides, as well as partial hydrogenations, hydration, etc. As catalytic membrane reactors for these reactions, intrinsically catalytic membranes can be used (e.g. zeolite or metallic membranes) or membranes that have been made catalytic by dispersion or impregnation of catalytically active particles such as metallic complexes, metallic clusters or activated carbon, zeolite particles, etc. throughout dense polymericor inorganic membrane layers (Markano & Tsotsis, 2002). In the majority of the above experiments, the reactants are separated from each other by the catalytic membrane layer. In this case the reactants are absorbed into the catalytic membrane matrix and then transported by diffusion (and in special cases by convection) from the membrane interface into catalyst particles where they react. Mass transport limitation can be experienced with this method, which can also reduce selectivity. The application of a sweep gas on the permeate side dilutes the permeating component, thus increasing the chemical reaction gradient and the driving force for permeation (e.g. see Westermann and Melin, 2009). At the present time, the use of a flow-through catalytic membrane layer is recommended more frequently for catalytic reactions (Westermann and Melin, 2009). If the reactant mixture is forced to flow through the pores of a membrane which has been impregnated with catalyst, the intensive contact allows for high catalytic activity with negligible diffusive mass transport resistance. By means of convective flow the desired concentration level of reactants can be maintained and side reactions can often be avoided (see review by Julbe et al., 2001). When describing catalytic processes in a membrane reactor, therefore, the effect of convective flow should also be taken into account. Yamada et al., (1988) reported isomerization of 1-butene as the first application of a catalytic membrane as a flow-through reactor. This method has been used for a number of gas-phase and liquid-phase catalytic reactions such as VOC decomposition (Saracco & Specchia, 1995), photocatalytic oxidation (Maira et al., 2003), partial oxidation (Kobayashi et al., 2003), partial hydrogenation (Lange et a., 1998; Vincent & Gonzales, 2002; Schmidt et al., 2005) and hydrogenation of nitrate in water (Ilinitch et al., 2000). From a chemical engineering point of view, it is important to predict the mass transfer rate of the reactant entering the membrane layer from the upstream phase, and also to predict
The influence of learning environments on medical education: a qualitative research study in one Japanese medical school

Background: Japan has undergone dramatic change relating to both undergraduate and postgraduate medical education, with the influence of the hidden curriculum being largely disregarded. This study explores themes concerning what hidden factors affect undergraduate and postgraduate medical education in bedside learning in a Japanese medical school and teaching hospital. Methods: The study was conducted on a one-to-one semi-structured interview basis, using qualitative methodology. Year 5 medical students and post-graduate year 2 junior residents at a teaching hospital were surveyed, with interviews being conducted over an 8-month period, each one lasting 30 to 60 minutes. The interviewees’ perceptions concerning the quality of teaching in their bedside learning and related experiences were collected and analyzed thematically. Results : Twenty five medical students and twenty three junior residents consented to participate in the interview. Six main themes emerged; persistence of hierarchy and exclusivity, existence of gender issues, overestimation of medical knowledge and skills, and underestimation of attitudes, perception of education as having a low priority, prevalence of positive/negative role models, and relationships with colleagues. Discussion & conclusions : There were both commonalities and differences between the results of the UK study and our study. While such differences may be due to the curriculum or educational practices, we suggest that there is a universality of the effects of a hidden curriculum that exists even if there is a significant difference between countries in their demographic backgrounds.
Necessary Criticism ? Peer Feedback and Teaching Performance

We design, implement and evaluate a peer feedback program among TAs of a large public university with the objective of boosting teaching performance. The program was implemented during Fall 2012, and the measure of performance was the undergraduates’ teaching evaluations of the TAs. We find a significant effect of one-half of a standard deviation for Winter 2013, and a smaller effect of one-fourth of a standard deviation for Spring 2013, raising concerns on the medium/long run persistence. A detailed analysis of the individual components of the evaluations suggests that the intervention improved the TAs’ communication skills, perceived concern, organization, scope and interaction.
Formative Experiences and Portfolio Choice: Evidence from the Finnish Great Depression

Formative experiences are a natural candidate for explaining heterogeneity in portfolio choice. However, identifying their impact is challenging because experiences can correlate with unobservables and they may lead to changes in wealth and other determinants of portfolio choice. We overcome these challenges by tracing the long-run impact of the Finnish Great Depression in the early 1990s on investment in risky assets. Plausibly exogenous variation in workers’ exposure to the depression allows us to identify the effects, whereas a new estimation approach makes addressing wealth and income effects possible. We find that workers who experienced adverse labor market conditions during the depression are less likely to invest in risky assets. This result is robust to a number of control variables and it holds for individuals whose income, employment, and wealth accumulation were unaffected by the experiences. The consequences of experiences travel in social networks: individuals whose neighbors and family members experienced adverse circumstances also avoid risky investments.
Klimenta, Dardan O.; Hannukainen, Antti An approximate estimation of velocity profiles and turbulence factor models for air-flows along the exterior of TEFC induction motors

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N A ] 1 1 O ct 2 01 8 A Gauss-Jacobi Kernel Compression Scheme for Fractional Differential Equations ∗

A scheme for approximating the kernel w of the fractional α-integral by a linear combination of exponentials is proposed and studied. The scheme is based on the application of a composite Gauss-Jacobi quadrature rule to an integral representation of w. This results in an approximation of w in an interval [δ, T ], with 0 < δ, which converges rapidly in the number J of quadrature nodes associated with each interval of the composite rule. Using error analysis for Gauss-Jacobi quadratures for analytic functions, an estimate of the relative pointwise error is obtained. The estimate shows that the number of terms required for the approximation to satisfy a prescribed error tolerance is bounded for all α ∈ (0, 1), and that J is bounded for α ∈ (0, 1), T > 0, and δ ∈ (0, T ).