Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intellectual capital management: a tool for assessing non-financial organizatonal performance in public sector organizations in Malaysia

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Dopaminergic and GABA‐ergic markers of impulsivity in rats: evidence for anatomical localisation in ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex

Accumulating evidence indicates that impulsivity, in its multiple forms, involves cortical and subcortical mechanisms and abnormal dopamine (DA) transmission. Although decreased DA D2/D3 receptor availability in the nucleus accumbens (NAcb) predicts trait‐like impulsivity in rats it is unclear whether this neurochemical marker extends to both the NAcb core (NAcbC) and shell (NAcbS) and whether markers for other neurotransmitter systems implicated in impulsivity such as serotonin (5‐HT), endogenous opioids and γ‐amino‐butyric acid (GABA) are likewise altered in impulsive rats. We therefore used autoradiography to investigate DA transporter (DAT), 5‐HT transporter (5‐HTT) and D1, D2/D3, μ‐opioid and GABA(A) receptor binding in selected regions of the prefrontal cortex and striatum in rats expressing low and high impulsive behaviour on the five‐choice serial reaction‐time task. High‐impulsive (HI) rats exhibited significantly lower binding for DAT and D2/D3 receptors in the NAcbS and for D1 receptors in the NAcbC compared with low‐impulsive (LI) rats. HI rats also showed significantly lower GABA(A) receptor binding in the anterior cingulate cortex. For all regions where receptor binding was altered in HI rats, binding was inversely correlated with impulsive responding on task. There were no significant differences in binding for 5‐HTT or μ‐opioid receptors in any of the regions investigated. These results indicate that altered D2/D3 receptor binding is localised to the NAcbS of trait‐like impulsive rats and is accompanied by reduced binding for DAT. Alterations in binding for D1 receptors in the NAcbC and GABA(A) receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex demonstrate additional markers and putative mechanisms underlying the expression of behavioural impulsivity.
Phylogenetic Relationships among Turbellarian Orders Inferred from 18S rDNA Sequences

Abstract The turbellarian flatworm is a key group to understand the origin and the early evolution of triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical animals, but phylogenetic relationships among turbellarian orders have been a subject of debates for decades, especially on the position of the acoel turbellarians. Some workers have considered the acoel representing the most primitive turbellarian order but others have regarded them as regressive. We determined almost the entire lengths of the nucleotide sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) in 17 species from 9 turbellarian orders (the Acoela, Catenulida, Macrostomida, Lecithoepitheliata, Rhabdocoela, Prolecithophora, Proseriata, Tricladida, and Polycladida). After adding the sequences of a cestode, two trematodes and some diploblastic animals obtained from databases, we reconstructed phylogenetic trees using the neighbor-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony methods. All trees significantly indicated that the Acoela is the earliest divergent group among the turbellarian orders. The trees also suggested that the Tricladida evolved in the separate lineage from that of a cluster of the Catenulida, Macrostomida, Lecithoepitheliata, Rhabdocoela, Polycladida, Trematoda and Cestoda after the divergence of the Acoela.
The role of inter-personal and inter-organisational communication in value chain innovation

The globalisation and liberalisation of world trade has facilitated the recent rise to dominance of world agrifood markets by large supermarket chains. Rather than competing on price they are driven by the need to create ‘value’ in the eyes of consumers through highly segmented products and services. Thus innovation, and in particular the co-innovation that occurs at the interfaces between firms, is at the heart of contemporary corporate strategy and has shifted the locus of competition from individual firms to value chains. Previous studies have indicated that communication and relationships are significantly correlated with the level of innovation and this is a deficiency of many Australian agrifood chains. This paper reports the early results of on-going research at the Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research, which aims to develop a research methodology for benchmarking the co-innovation capacity of organisations in vertically co-ordinated value chains.
The Ruse of a One-Dollar CEO Salary

We study the motives and impact of $1 CEO salaries on firm performance and CEO compensation. We find that on average $1 CEO firms earn lower stock market returns relative to their peers following the adoptions of $1 salaries. The underperformance is especially pronounced for firms that adopt $1 CEO salaries for reasons other than restructuring, experiencing about 30% lower stock returns during the three-year post-adoption period. Meanwhile, CEOs in these firms are better off since they get more total compensation and larger equity grants in the second year following adoptions than the loss in pay in the first year.
Framing and Measuring Multi-dimensional Interpersonal Privacy Preferences of Social Networking Site Users

: In this paper, we focus on interpersonal boundary regulation as a means to balance the tradeoffs between engaging with others and protecting one’s privacy on social networking sites (SNSs). We examine boundary regulation from the combined perspectives of SNS design and end user behavior; we conduct a feature-oriented domain analysis of five popular SNS interfaces and 21 semi-structured SNS user interviews. We use this information to construct a taxonomy of 10 types of interpersonal boundaries SNS users regulate to manage their privacy preferences. We then develop and validate scales to operationalize these 10 boundary types to measure the multi-dimensional nature of SNS users’ privacy preferences by using a sample of 581 Facebook users. Our taxonomy provides a theoretical foundation for conceptualizing SNS user privacy, and our scales provide a more robust way to measure SNS users’ multi-faceted privacy preferences.
Body weight, eating practices and nutritional knowledge amongst university nursing students, Eastern Cape, South Africa

Abstract Background Health care workers need to be equipped to deal with the increasing obesity and obesity-related morbidity occurring in developing countries. Objectives To assess weight status, eating practices and nutritional knowledge amongst nursing students at the University of Fort Hare, Eastern Cape. Method A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted on 161 undergraduate (51 male and 110 female) students of the Department of Nursing Sciences at the University of Fort Hare. Body mass index, waist and hip circumferences and waist hip ratio were determined. Nutritional knowledge and eating practices were investigated by structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. Results Statically, 49.7% were overweight or obese (58.2% of the females; 31.4% of the males) and 65.2% had waist circumferences putting them at risk for non-communicable diseases. Most did not meet the recommendations for intakes from the vegetable group (97.5% ate <3 servings per day), the fruit group (42.2% ate <2 servings per day), and the dairy group (92.6% ate <2 servings per day); whilst 78.3% ate ≥4 serving per day of sugar or sweets. Most consumed margarine, oil or fat (68.3%), sugar (59.0%) and bread (55.9%) daily, but few reported daily intakes of vegetables (12.4%), fruit (23.6%), fruit juice (21.2%) and milk (15.6%). Fewer than 50% knew the recommended intakes for vegetables, fruit, dairy, starchy foods and meat or meat alternatives. Conclusions These nursing students had a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, poor eating habits and inadequate knowledge on key nutrition issues, which may impact negatively on their efficacy as future health ambassadors to the public.
High accumulation of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in turpentine-induced inflammatory tissue.

UNLABELLED Fluorine-18-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) uptake and distribution in an experimentally induced inflammatory tissue were investigated. METHODS Rats were subcutaneously inoculated with turpentine oil to induce inflammation and used for tissue distribution studies and autoradiography. RESULTS Time course study of [18F]FDG tissue distribution showed that the uptake in inflammatory tissue increased gradually until 60 min and then decreased. A longitudinal study of [18F]FDG tissue distribution showed that the uptake increased progressively to a peak 4 days after inoculation and then decreased. On the fourth day postinoculation, a section of inflammatory tissue showed characteristic changes of chronic inflammation. Macro- and micro-autoradiography showed a high density of silver grains in the abscess wall consisting of an inflammatory cell layer and granulation tissue. Grain counting on micro-autoradiography of the abscess wall showed that the highest grain density was found in the marginal zone of young fibroblasts, endothelial cells of vessels and phagocytes of neutrophils and macrophages, followed by that in the neutrophil layer and granulation tissue. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that [18F]FDG PET may be useful in detecting and monitoring chronic inflammatory processes.
Femorotibial rotation and the Q-angle related to the dislocating patella.

PURPOSE To compare the femorotibial rotation, the patellar translation, the hip-knee-ankle angle and the Q-angle in patients with a dislocation of the patella with those of healthy volunteers. Further, the clinically measured Q-angle was compared to that measured by radiography. MATERIAL AND METHODS A system for measurement of patellar variables was previously developed and applied to 80 healthy volunteers. In the present study, 28 patients (20 women, 8 men) with dislocation of the patella were examined bilaterally. Fourteen patients had habitual dislocations (20 affected knees) and 14 patients traumatic dislocations (17 affected knees). In 20 patients the clinical Q-angle was measured bilaterally by an orthopaedic surgeon and in 9 of these patients also by a second independent orthopaedic surgeon. RESULTS The most striking finding was that dislocating knees in both groups showed a smaller Q-angle than the healthy knees. Further, the habitual group showed greater relative rotation between the tibia and the femur and an increased patellar translation compared to the traumatic group and to the healthy volunteers. There was a poor correlation between clinical and radiographic measurements of the Q-angle and no correlation was found between two independent clinical measurements. CONCLUSION Surgical operations aiming at decreasing the Q-angle should be challenged.
EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE IN DIRECTIONS OF HIGH PHENOTYPIC VARIANCE IN THE OSTRACODE GENUS POSEIDONAMICUS

Abstract Trait variation and covariation are understood to influence the response of populations to natural selection on generational time scales, but their role, if any, in shaping long-term macroevolutionary divergence is still unclear. The present study uses the rich fossil record of the ostracode genus Poseidonamicus to reconstruct in great detail the evolutionary history of a set of landmark-based morphometric characters. This reconstruction included two kinds of evolutionary inferences: ancestor–descendant transitions among populations repeatedly sampled at the same location and divergence between lineages measured as independent contrasts on a phylogeny. This reconstructed history was then used to test if evolutionary changes were concentrated in directions (traits or combinations of traits) with high phenotypic variance. Two different statistics of association between evolution and variation tested the null hypothesis that evolutionary changes occur in random directions with respect to trait variability. The first of these measured the similarity between the directions of evolutionary change and the axis of maximum variance, and the second measured the degree to which evolutionary changes were concentrated in directions of high phenotypic variation. Randomization tests indicated that both kinds of evolutionary inferences (ancestor–descendant and phylogenetic contrasts) occurred preferentially in directions of high phenotypic variance (and close to the axis of maximal variation), suggesting that within-population variation can structure long-term divergence. This effect decayed after a few million years, but at least for one metric, never disappeared completely. These results are consistent with Schluter's genetic constraints model in which evolutionary trajectories on adaptive landscapes are deflected by variation within and covariation among traits.
University Student Attitudes Toward Organic Foods

The global phenomenon of organic food and farming, after three decades of progress, faces new challenges as markets mature and the impacts of the global recession start to change consumers and farmers' expectations. This global survey of the organic food and farming considers how the social sciences have come to understand in what way consumers make their choices as they shop, and how new national markets evolve. It also surveys how established organic sectors in North America and Europe are changing in response to the changes, that in part, the organic movement has created. Moving from a wide range of social science disciplines, methodologies and perspectives, this book represents an excellent starting place for new readers, and offers innovation to those already familiar with the literature.
PENGARUH KOMPETENSI, MOTIVASI, KESESUAIAN PERAN DAN KOMITMEN ORGANISASI TERHADAP KINERJA AUDITOR INTERNAL INSPEKTORAT PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN (STUDI PADA KANTOR INSPEKTORAT KABUPATEN BADUNG DAN BULELENG)

Abstrak Korupsi pada Pemerintah Daerah tidak terlepas dari lemahnya kinerja Inspektorat sebagai aparat terdepan yang bertugas menjaga dan mengawasi pengelolaan keuangan daerah. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memperoleh bukti empiris mengenai (1) pengaruh kompetensi, motivasi, dan kesesuaian peran terhadap komitmen organisasi, (2) pengaruh kompetensi, motivasi, kesesuaian peran dan komitmen organisasi terhadap kinerja auditor internal pemerintah Unit analisis adalah perilaku auditor internal/pegawai Inspektorat. Populasi penelitian 154 auditor internal dan seluruhnya digunakan sebagai sampel penelitian. Analisis data menggunakan SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) dengan program AMOS. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa (1) rendahnya kompetensi, lemahnya motivasi dan persepsi kesesuaian peran yang rendah berpengaruh terhadap lemahnya komitmen organisasi auditor internal/pegawai Inspektorat, (2) rendahnya kompetensi, lemahnya motivasi, dan persepsi kesesuaian peran yang rendah dan lemahnya komitmen organisasi berpengaruh terhadap kinerja auditor internal/pegawai Inspektorat. Peningkatan kinerja auditor internal pemerintah daerah dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan kompetensi, motivasi, kesesuaian peran dan memperkuat komitmen organisasi. Kata Kunci: kinerja auditor internal pemerintah, kesesuaian peran, komitmen organisasi, motivasi Abstract Corruption in local government can not be separated from the weak performance of the Inspectorate as leading officials in charge of maintaining and overseeing financial management. The purpose of this study to obtain empirical evidence regarding (1) the influence of competence, motivation and suitability for the role of organizational commitment, (2) the influence of competence, motivation, suitability roles and organizational commitment to the performance of the internal auditor government unit of analysis is the behavior of the internal auditor / employee Inspectorate . The study population was 154 internal auditors and all used as a sample. Data analysis using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) with the AMOS program. This study found that (1) lack of competence, lack of motivation and a low perception of the suitability of the role of organizational commitment affect the weak internal auditor / employee Inspectorate, (2) lack of competence, lack of motivation, and perceptions of the role of low compliance and lack of organizational commitment affect performance of the internal auditor / employee Inspectorate. Improved performance of internal auditors of local government do to increase competence, motivation, fitness and strengthen the role of organizational commitment. Keywords: government performance internal auditor, compliance roles, organizational commitment, motivation
Complexity of the Ruminococcus flavefaciens cellulosome reflects an expansion in glycan recognition

Significance Plant cell wall (PCW) polysaccharide degradation is an important biological and industrial process. Noncatalytic carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) fulfill a critical targeting function in PCW depolymerization. Ruminococcus flavefaciens synthesizes a highly efficient PCW degrading apparatus. Here, six previously unidentified R. flavefaciens CBM families were identified that targeted β-glucans, β-mannans, and pectins. Crystal structures of these CBMs revealed that recognition of β-glucans and β-mannans was mediated by differences in the conformation of conserved aromatic residues in the ligand binding cleft. A cluster of basic residues in CBM77 confers calcium-independent recognition of homogalacturonan. This report shows that the expansion of protein modules in the cellulosome of R. flavefaciens contributes to an extended CBM profile that supports efficient PCW degradation. The breakdown of plant cell wall (PCW) glycans is an important biological and industrial process. Noncatalytic carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) fulfill a critical targeting function in PCW depolymerization. Defining the portfolio of CBMs, the CBMome, of a PCW degrading system is central to understanding the mechanisms by which microbes depolymerize their target substrates. Ruminococcus flavefaciens, a major PCW degrading bacterium, assembles its catalytic apparatus into a large multienzyme complex, the cellulosome. Significantly, bioinformatic analyses of the R. flavefaciens cellulosome failed to identify a CBM predicted to bind to crystalline cellulose, a key feature of the CBMome of other PCW degrading systems. Here, high throughput screening of 177 protein modules of unknown function was used to determine the complete CBMome of R. flavefaciens. The data identified six previously unidentified CBM families that targeted β-glucans, β-mannans, and the pectic polysaccharide homogalacturonan. The crystal structures of four CBMs, in conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis, provide insight into the mechanism of ligand recognition. In the CBMs that recognize β-glucans and β-mannans, differences in the conformation of conserved aromatic residues had a significant impact on the topology of the ligand binding cleft and thus ligand specificity. A cluster of basic residues in CBM77 confers calcium-independent recognition of homogalacturonan, indicating that the carboxylates of galacturonic acid are key specificity determinants. This report shows that the extended repertoire of proteins in the cellulosome of R. flavefaciens contributes to an extended CBMome that supports efficient PCW degradation in the absence of CBMs that specifically target crystalline cellulose.
Changes in Substrate Access Did Not Affect Early Feather-Pecking Behavior in Two Strains of Laying Hen Chicks

Feather pecking, commonly found in flocks of laying hens (Gallus gallus), is detrimental to bird welfare. Thought to cause this problem is the normal housing of layers without a floor substrate. Some evidence suggests that early substrate access decreases later feather pecking. However, there has been little research on the immediate effects of a change in substrate availability on bird welfare, although environmental modifications like this are often done when brooding and rearing laying hen chicks. To investigate this, the behavior of two strains of laying hen chicks was recorded for 4 weeks. The study kept the birds on either wire or peat moss for 14 days and then switched half the chicks to the other flooring. Early feather pecking was not significantly different for birds started on peat moss and switched to wire than for birds only on wire (p > .05). Because moving chicks from peat moss to wire did not cause additional welfare problems, the study recommends that chicks be kept on a substrate when young as feather-pecking levels are lower and immediate welfare is improved compared with birds kept only on wire.
Biotechnology Commercialization Strategies: Risk and Return in Interfirm Cooperation

The management and exploitation of biotechnological product innovation have proven to be more difficult than initially expected because the number of currently marketed biotechnological products is far from sufficient to counter deficits in pharmaceutical innovation. This study provides insight into the role of governance structures in interfirm cooperation and their effects on biotechnological product innovation and company success. Most of the existing literature regarding alliances and mergers and acquisitions (M&A) examines their effects on technology recipients' innovation performance. Here, the effects of alliances and M&A on both the innovation success and financial performance of technology suppliers (i.e., sources) are examined. Drawing from a sample of 220 human therapeutic biotechnology and biopharmaceutical firms over a period of 32 years (1980-2011), an analysis of the effects of biotechnology clusters, strategic alliances, and acquisitions is provided. This study reveals the existence of a risk-return trade-off for strategic alliances between biotech companies and larger, more established firms. Increased biotech company involvement in product development alliances decreases risk by increasing the likelihood of future product introductions. The trade-off, however, is that biotech companies earn lower returns when their products are developed through such alliances. A similar risk-return trade-off effect is found for clusters. However, acquisitions generally affect both product introductions and product returns in a negative way. These findings have strategic implications not only for managing the development of biotechnological product innovations and technology platforms but also for commercialization strategies with respect to interfirm cooperation and risk reduction.