Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of different types of instructor comments in online discussions

ABSTRACT The current study examined the effects of different types of instructor comments on student engagement in an online discussion. In particular, this study examined three comment types: (1) praise-oriented comments, agreeing with students’ initial messages and recapping their ideas, (2) elaboration-encouraging comments, requesting elaboration on the initial messages, and (3) perspective-widening comments, suggesting different or thought-provoking opinions responding to the initial messages. Seventeen graduate students enrolled in an online course were recruited. A content analysis was employed to evaluate the levels of knowledge construction. Interactivity was measured by the number of posts and idea units. The findings revealed that perspective-widening comments facilitated students’ evaluation on the peer postings and brought up diverse perspectives, contributing to knowledge construction. While elaboration-encouraging comments led to high interactivity among students, praise-oriented comments had no significant effect on the frequency of interactivity.
Spatial variability of marine bacterial and archaeal communities along the particulate matter continuum

Biotic and abiotic particles shape the microspatial architecture that defines the microbial aquatic habitat, being particles highly variable in size and quality along oceanic horizontal and vertical gradients. We analysed the prokaryotic (bacterial and archaeal) diversity and community composition present in six distinct particle size classes ranging from the pico‐ to the microscale (0.2 to 200 μm). Further, we studied their variations along oceanographic horizontal (from the coast to open oceanic waters) and vertical (from the ocean surface into the meso‐ and bathypelagic ocean) gradients. In general, prokaryotic community composition was more variable with depth than in the transition from the coast to the open ocean. Comparing the six size‐fractions, distinct prokaryotic communities were detected in each size‐fraction, and whereas bacteria were more diverse in the larger size‐fractions, archaea were more diverse in the smaller size‐fractions. Comparison of prokaryotic community composition among particle size‐fractions showed that most, but not all, taxonomic groups have a preference for a certain size‐fraction sustained with depth. Species sorting, or the presence of diverse ecotypes with distinct size‐fraction preferences, may explain why this trend is not conserved in all taxa.
VALIDATION OF THE HOLMES‐WRIGHT LANTERNS FOR TESTING COLOUR VISION *

Abstract The recently introduced Holmes‐Wright Type A and Type B lanterns and the Farnsworth lantern were administered to 100 observers with normal colour vision and 100 observers with defective colour vision. With the fail criteria adopted, all normals passed the Holmes‐Wright Type A lantern and with one exception all normals passed the Farnsworth lantern. However, 8% of normals failed the more difficult Holmes‐Wright Type B lantern. It is noted that the normals who fail this lantern test appear to do so not because of poor colour discrimination but because the coloured stimuli presented by the lantern have a point brilliance close to the average chromatic threshold. About one‐third of the colour vision defective group passed the Farnsworth lantern and between 14 and 17% passed the Holmes‐Wright Type A lantern depending on the test procedure used. Only two mild deuteranomals in the sample of 100 colour abnormal observers succeeded in passing the Holmes‐Wright Type B lantern. Dichromats and severe anomalous trichromats fail all three lanterns so that those who pass are all mild anomalous trichromats. A significant proportion of protanomals pass the Farnsworth lantern and some protanomals pass the Holmes‐Wright Type A lantern despite their reduced sensitivity to red light and correspondingly reduced signal range for red signals.
Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse by Targeting Pre-Offenders Before First Offense

ABSTRACT The population of potential child abuse offenders has largely been unstudied. In the current study, we examine whether a six-component model used for primary diabetes prevention could be adapted to child sexual abuse pre-offenders, whereby individuals who are prone to sexual abuse but have not yet committed an offense can be prevented from committing a first offense. The six components include: define and track the magnitude of the problem, delineate a well-established risk factor profile so that at-risk persons can be identified, define valid screening tests to correctly rule in those with the disease and rule out those without disease, test effectiveness of interventions—the Dunkelfeld Project is an example, produce and disseminate reliable outcome data so that widespread application can be justified, and establish a system for continuous improvement. By using the diabetes primary prevention model as a model, the number of victims of child sexual abuse might be diminished.
Accuracy of automated CT angiography measurement of vascular diameter in phantoms: effect of size of display field of view, density of contrast medium, and wall thickness.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the effect of wall thickness, density of intravascular contrast material, and size of the display field of view on the accuracy of measurements of vascular diameter in phantoms yielded by automated software for CT angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Vascular models with three wall thicknesses (1.0, 0.8, and 0.5 mm) and an inner diameter of approximately 4 mm were filled with contrast material of three different densities (198, 270, and 350 H) and scanned with helical CT. Three sizes of display field of view (10, 15, and 20 cm) were used. We evaluated the measurement error of the automated software, which was defined as the difference between the diameter measurement of the automated software and the true inner diameter of the vascular model. Statistical analysis involved three-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. RESULTS There were significant differences in the measurement errors among the three wall thicknesses of the vascular model, three densities of intravascular contrast material, and three sizes of display field of view. The overall measurement errors progressively increased with larger sizes of display field of view (p < 0.01) and with lower densities of intravascular contrast material (p < 0.001). The measurement errors tended to progressively increase as the thickness of the wall of the vascular models increased. CONCLUSION The accuracy of the diameter measurements by automated software for CT angiography was affected by the size of the display field of view, intravascular density of the contrast material, and wall thickness of the vessel. It is necessary to consider the effects of these factors on the diameter measurements of small arteries.
Influence of Human Jaw Movement on Cerebral Blood Flow

Temporal changes in cerebral blood flow induced by jaw movement have yet to be investigated. To assess the influence of pattern and intensity of muscle contraction during jaw movement on task-induced change in cerebral blood flow, we performed bilateral transcranial Doppler ultrasound examination during clenching, gum chewing, and tooth tapping in healthy volunteers. A random-effects model analysis revealed a significant increase in middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity during clenching (high muscle activity) and gum chewing (moderate muscle activity), compared with the preceding rest period; however, such an increase was not detected during tooth tapping (low muscle activity). Cerebral blood flow was greater on the working side during the intensive isometric contraction of the masseter muscle in clenching. These results suggest that task-induced change in cerebral blood flow during jaw movement is influenced by the change in peripheral circulation evoked by muscle contraction.
VHL Induces Renal Cell Differentiation and Growth Arrest through Integration of Cell-Cell and Cell-Extracellular Matrix Signaling

ABSTRACT Mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene are involved in the family cancer syndrome for which it is named and the development of sporadic renal cell cancer (RCC). Reintroduction of VHL into RCC cells lacking functional VHL [VHL(−)] can suppress their growth in nude mice, but not under standard tissue culture conditions. To examine the hypothesis that the tumor suppressor function of VHL requires signaling through contact with extracellular matrix (ECM), 786-O VHL(−) RCC cells and isogenic sublines stably expressing VHL gene products [VHL(+)] were grown on ECMs. Cell-cell and cell-ECM signalings were required to elicit VHL-dependent differences in growth and differentiation. VHL(+) cells differentiated into organized epithelial sheets, whereas VHL(−) cells were branched and disorganized. VHL(+) cells grown to high density on collagen I underwent growth arrest, whereas VHL(−) cells continued to proliferate. Integrin levels were up-regulated in VHL(−) cells, and cell adhesion was down-regulated in VHL(+) cells during growth at high cell density. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α, a transcription factor and global activator of proximal tubule-specific genes in the nephron, was markedly up-regulated in VHL(+) cells grown at high cell density. These data indicate that VHL can induce renal cell differentiation and mediate growth arrest through integration of cell-cell and cell-ECM signals.
Clinical Investigation : Thoracic Cancer A Population-Based Comparative Effectiveness Study of Radiation Therapy Techniques in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

A Population-Based Comparative Effectiveness Study of Radiation Therapy Techniques in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Jeremy P. Harris, MPhil,* James D. Murphy, MD, MS,x Alexandra L. Hanlon, PhD,*,jj Quynh-Thu Le, MD,*,y Billy W. Loo Jr, MD, PhD,*,y and Maximilian Diehn, MD, PhD*,y,z *Department of Radiation Oncology, yStanford Cancer Institute, and, zInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; xDepartment of Radiation Medicine and Applied Science, University of Californiae San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California; and jjUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Endogenous Money, Fiscal Policy, Interest Rates and the Exchange Rate Regime: A Comment on Palley, Tymoigne and Wray

ABSTRACT One of the main collective contributions of the various heterodox schools of monetary thought, such as circuit theory, Post Keynesian theory, modern money theory (MMT) and others, has been to stress the importance of the endogeneity of money via bank credit creation. It is necessary to stress the notion of a collective contribution because of the various claims and counter-claims to academic priority made in the literature. The recent exchange between T.I. Palley and E. Tymoigne and L.R. Wray in this journal provides a clear example of this. This response examines the differences between these writers in some detail.
Assessing the Potential Impacts of Connected Vehicles: Mobility, Environmental, and Safety Perspectives

The connected vehicle is a rapidly emerging paradigm aimed at deploying and developing a fully connected transportation system that enables data exchange among vehicles, infrastructure, and mobile devices to improve mobility, enhance safety, and reduce the adverse environmental impacts of the transportation systems. This study focuses on micromodeling and quantitatively assessing the potential impacts of the connected vehicle (CV) on mobility, safety, and the environment. To assess the benefits of CVs, a modeling framework is developed based on traffic microsimulation for a real network located in the city of Toronto, Canada, to mimic communication between enabled vehicles. In this study, we examine the effects of providing real-time routing guidance and advisory warning messages to CVs. In addition, to take into account the rerouting in nonconnected vehicles (non-CVs) in response to varying sources of information such as apps, global positioning systems (GPS), variable message signs (VMS), or simply seeing the traffic back up, the impact of fraction of non-CV vehicles was also considered and evaluated. Therefore, vehicles in this model are divided into; uninformed/unfamiliar not connected (non-CV), informed/familiar but not connected (non-CV) that get updates infrequently every 5 minutes or so (non-CV), and connected vehicles that receive information more frequently (CV). The results demonstrate the potential of connected vehicles to improve mobility, enhance safety, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) at the network-wide level. The results also show quantitatively how the market penetration of connected vehicles proportionally affects the performance of the traffic network. While the presented results are pertinent to the specifics of the road network modeled and cannot be generalized, the quantitative figures provide researchers and practitioners with ideas of what to expect from vehicle connectivity concerning mobility, safety, and environmental improvements.
Determinants of the Thirst-quenching Character of Beer

The purpose of this study was to find which sensory characteristics are significant determinants of the thirst-quenching character of beer. The sensory attributes and thirst-quenching characteristics ("thirst quenching", "refreshing", "drinkability") of 18 beers were evaluated by a panel of 12 judges. The only significant positive determinants of the "thirst-quenching" character of the beers in the design were carbonation and bubble density. Significant negative determinants were foam, overall aroma and flavor, color, viscosity, malty, hoppy, burnt, bitterness, acidic, metallic, astringency and aftertaste. The same correlations (both in terms of direction and significance level) were observed between descriptive attributes and the "refreshing" and "drinkability" factors. A principal component analysis (PCA) of the mean ratings indicated that variability among beers was mostly along a thirst-quenching dimension (72% of the variance). Procrustes analysis performed on the individual ratings showed that, for one of the judges, the interpretation of the thirst-quenching concept differed from that shown by PCA for the overall panel.
Growth and Stability of Thrombi in Flowing Citrated Blood: Assessment of Platelet-Surface Interactions with Computer-Assisted Morphometry

Summary The differential quantitation of platelet deposition in perfusion studies is a major problem. We report on methods to prepare semithin sections of platelet deposits on collagen coated on glass and plastic cover slips, to study growth and stability of thrombi in three dimensions, and the development of a computer-assisted differential quantitation of platelet-collagen interactions. The interactions were quantified as percentage of the surface covered with platelets (platelet adhesion), thrombus height, thrombus density and thrombus area per unit sectional length, respectively. Cover slips coated with fibrillar equine collagen in parallelplate perfusion chambers were exposed to flowing citrated blood at shear rates ranging from 200 to 2,600 s−1. Thrombi, partially enmeshed in the collagen meshwork, prevailed on the surface at all shear rates. Maximal platelet adhesion and thrombus density were seen at >5 μg/cm2 collagen, while thrombus area and height were maximal at >10 μg/cm2. The volume of the thrombi appeared correlated to the number of deposited platelets (r = 0.92). En face preparations showed deposits of platelet islands which grew in diameter with time, particularly in the direction of the blood flow, becoming progressively confluent. Sections cut parallel to the direction of the blood stream indicated that this growth pattern was at least partially caused by thrombi bent in the direction of the blood flow. This view is consistent with data from corresponding sections cut perpendicular to the direction of the blood flow showing that the initial thrombus growth at 2 min is isotropic, while anisotropic growth, characterized with decreased growth in height, is observed at 5 and 10 min. Our three-dimensional analysis suggests that the growth occurs mainly in height, and that blood shear forces may bend the thrombi toward the surface resulting in platelet thrombi preferentially elongated in the direction of the blood flow.
Response to transarterial chemoembolization as a selection criterion for resection of hepatocellular carcinomas

Liver resection for intermediate (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains controversial. This study attempted to demonstrate the effectiveness of preresection transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) as a selection criterion for BCLC‐B HCC.
SEQUENTIAL MONTE CARLO SAMPLING FOR DSGE MODELS: SEQUENTIAL MONTE CARLO SAMPLING FOR DSGE MODEL

We develop a sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) algorithm for estimating Bayesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models, wherein a particle approximation to the posterior is built iteratively through tempering the likelihood. Using three examples consisting of an artificial state-space model, the Smets and Wouters (2007) model, and Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe's (2012) news shock model we show that the SMC algorithm is better suited for multi-modal and irregular posterior distributions than the widely-used random walk Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. Unlike standard Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques, the SMC algorithm is well suited for parallel computing. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Determinants of the Strength of Disruptive and/or Divergent Selection Arising from Resource Competition

Abstract We investigate how the intensity of competition for resources affects the strength of disruptive selection on a resource acquisition trait. This is done by analyzing several consumer–resource models in which consumers use a linear array of resources. We show that disruptive selection can be diminished under both strong and weak competition, making disruptive selection a unimodal function of the strength of competition. Weak selection under strong competition arises when competition causes the extinction (for self-reproducing resources) or depletion (for abiotic resources) of the most rapidly caught resources. Weak selection under weak competition is a consequence of minimal effects of consumers on resources. The precise relationship between intensity of competition and strength of disruptive selection is sensitive to the shape of the consumer's resource utilization curve and the nature of resource growth. The most strongly unimodal competition–selection relationships result from utilization curves with long tails. Our results show that a simple comparison of the width of the resource abundance distribution and the consumer's utilization function is not sufficient to determine whether selection is disruptive. The results may explain some contradictory experimental findings regarding the effect of consumer mortality on the strength of disruptive selection.
A longitudinal trend study of a university-based teacher induction program: observable behaviors of urban teachers and their perceptions of program components five years after participation

A Longitudinal Trend Study of a University-based Teacher Induction Program: Observable Behaviors of Urban Teachers and their Perceptions of Program Components Five Years after Participation. (August 2005) Vickie V. Moon Merchant, B.S., Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi; M.S., Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Norvella P. Carter This longitudinal trend study (Gall, Borg & Gall, 1996) examined the effectiveness of a one-semester university-based teacher induction program as compared to a two-semester university-based teacher induction program based on the observation scores of classroom teaching behaviors urban novice teachers exhibited during the first year of teaching. These scores were further analyzed in relation to the socio-economic level of the school and the grade level taught. Additionally, the study explored the past participants’ perceptions of the teacher induction program components of a one-semester program and a two-semester program during their fifth year of teaching. Their perceptions were also examined in relation to the socio-economic level of the school and the grade level taught. The study examined the observation scores of classroom teaching behaviors of 145 urban novice teachers participating in either a one-semester or two-semester universitybased teacher induction program. The urban novice teachers demonstrated growth over
Antennal lobe interneurons in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal): Processing of aggregation pheromones in adult males and females

Physiological and morphological characteristics of antennal lobe interneurons in male and female Schistocerca gregaria were studied by using intracellular recording and staining techniques. For the first time, the responses of projection neurons to behaviourally active and potential aggregation pheromone compounds and plant odour compounds were recorded in young adult locusts. Excitatory, inhibitory, or combined excitatory/inhibitory responses to the presented odours were detected. The stained neurons had their cell bodies in the frontal cell group, arborized in 10 to 25 glomeruli at equal distances from the central fibre core, and sent their axons to the calyces of the mushroom body and to the lateral protocerebrum. The projection neurons responded to the set of different stimuli with varying specificity. In females, more neurons responded specifically to single plant or aggregation pheromone compounds than in males, where more generalist responses were found. “Blend specialist” neurons, responding only to mixtures of behaviourally active aggregation pheromone compounds, but not to the single compounds, were present in both males and females. Most neurons responded to the behaviourally active aggregation pheromone mixtures and to single compounds present in these mixtures, as well as to plant odours. Fewer neurons responded to the potential aggregation pheromone compounds tested. In several experiments, two spike sizes in the recording were correlated with two stained neurons in the antennal lobe, suggesting electrical coupling of the neurons. No response to any of the stimuli was found in antennal lobe interneurons in old adults. The morphological and physiological features of the projection neurons in S. gregaria are compared with projection neuron characteristics in other insects. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.