Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-medication Practice: the Case of Kolladiba Town, North West Ethiopia

Background: Self medication is an important initial response to illness. Most illnesses do not come to the attention of physicians as many of them are either tolerated or self medicated in developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess the overall practice of self medication in Kolladiba town, North West Ethiopia. Method: A community based cross-sectional study with two weeks illness recall was conducted from January to February 2012. Data on socio-demographic and socio- economic as well as illnesses in the past two weeks prior to the study and treatment strategies were collected by structured questionnaire through interviewing heads of households. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0. Results: Out of 261 respondents, 164(62.8%) were self medicated using modern drugs and herbs. Females (70.1%) were found to practice self medication more than men (29.9%). Headache or fever was the most frequently reported symptom 92(30.9%) followed by a respiratory tract infection (RTI) 69(23.2%) and gastrointestinal (GI) disease 65(21.8%). The two main reasons for self-medication were the cost of health care systems 73(44.5%) and mildness of the disease 51(31.1%). Analgesics/antipyretics 29 (34.1%), antibiotics 21(24.7%) and GI drugs 19(22.4%) were the most frequently consumed medications with drug retail outlets 59 (67.5%) as the main source of drugs to practice self-medication. The majority of the respondents 64(75.3%) had good knowledge about the side effects of the drugs. More than half of the respondents reported their illness was improved after self- medication. Conclusion and recommendation: The result of this study revealed a high prevalence of self-medication in the study community. Hence, this study highlights the need for educational measures for the general public to improve responsible self medication.
Dynamics of high-dimensional covariance matrices

We consider the detection and localization of an abrupt break in the covariance structure of high-dimensional random data. The study proposes two novel approaches for this problem. The approaches are essentially hypothesis testing procedures which requires a proper choice of a critical level. In that regard calibration schemes, which are in turn different non-standard bootstrap procedures, are proposed. One of the approaches relies on techniques of inverse covariance matrix estimation, which is motivated by applications in neuroimaging. A limitation of the approach is a sparsity assumption crucial for precision matrix estimation which the second approach does not rely on. The description of the approaches are followed by a formal theoretical study justifying the proposed calibration schemes under mild assumptions and providing the guaranties for the break detection. Theoretical results for the first approach rely on the guaranties for inference of precision matrix procedures. Therefore, we rigorously justify adaptive inference procedures for precision matrices. All the results are obtained in a truly high-dimensional (dimensionality p ≫ n) finite-sample setting. The theoretical results are supported by simulation studies, most of which are inspired by either real-world neuroimaging or financial data.
Self-efficacy, Marital Adjustment, and Quality of Life in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Introduction: With a prevalence of 4-25%, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders among women of the reproductive age. This syndrome causes different metabolic, reproductive, and psychological issues. Therefore, performing research and raising awareness in this regard seem essential. Objective: This study measured self-efficacy, quality of life, and marital adjustment in women with PCOS. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study used convenience sampling to recruit 129 women with PCOS and 125 healthy women during 2013-14. The Rotterdam Diagnostic Criteria was used to confirm the diagnosis of PCOS. The participants completed the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE-10), the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life Questionnaire-Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF), and the Dyadic Marital Adjustment Scale (DAS-32). The data were analyzed using t-tests and multivariate analysis of variance. Results: The mean scores of marital adjustment were 139.05 ± 16.984 in healthy women and 132.78 ± 20.633 in those with PCOS. The corresponding scores of quality of life were 98.62 ± 11.370 and 93.48 ± 13.372. The mean self-efficacy scores in healthy women and women with PCOS were 28.72 ± 5.65 and 27.92 ± 4.750, respectively. Healthy women had significantly higher marital adjustment and quality of life compared to women with PCOS (t = 2.641; P = 0.009 and t = 3.234; P = 0.001, respectively). However, the two groups had no significant difference in terms of self-efficacy (t = 3.234; P = 0.001). Conclusion: Compared to healthy women, women with PCOS have lower performance in some psychological aspects. Therefore, it is essential to raise women’s awareness about the symptoms and psychological effects of PCOS. A referral system should also be designed to provide the patients with counseling services.
Extruded versus solvent cast blends of poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) and biopolymers isolated from municipal biowaste

Water-soluble biopolymers (SBO) were isolated from the alkaline hydrolysate of two materials sampled from an urban waste treatment plant; that is, an anaerobic fermentation digestate and a compost. The digestate biopolymers contained more lipophilic and aliphatic C, and less acidic functional groups than the compost biopolymers. The SBO were blended with poly (vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene), hereinafter EVOH. The blends were extruded and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC)– multi angle static light scattering (MALS) analysis, and for their thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties. The blends behavior depended on the type of SBO and its relative content. Evidence was obtained for a condensation reaction occurring between the EVOH and SBO. The best results were obtained with the blends containing up to 10% SBO isolated from the biowaste anaerobic digestate. Compared with the neat EVOH, these blends exhibited lower melt viscosity and no significant or great difference in mechanical properties. The results on the extrudates, compared with those previously obtained on the same blends obtained by solvent casting, indicate that the blends properties depend strongly also on the processing technology.
Perturbations of generic Kasner spacetimes and their stability

This article investigates the stability of a generic Kasner spacetime to linear perturbations, both at late and early times. It demonstrates that the perturbation of the Weyl tensor diverges at late time in all cases but in the particular one in which the Kasner spacetime is the product of a two-dimensional Milne spacetime and a two-dimensional Euclidean space. At early times, the perturbation of the Weyl tensor also diverges unless one imposes a condition on the perturbations so as to avoid the most divergent modes to be excited.
VARIABILITY IN TIMING AND RANGE OF THE “TIME WINDOW” OF RELEASE IN DARTS THROWING: A COMPARISON BETWEEN EXPERTS AND NOVICES

This study aimed to investigate differences in the variability of timing and range of accurate release timing between dart throwers of different skill levels. Each of 8 expert players and 8 novices made 60 dart throws. The movements of the dart and index finger were captured using seven 480-Hz cameras and the data analyzed in 1-ms intervals. The estimated vertical error on the board was calculated as a time series. Two variables to assess accuracy in the vertical plane and two variables to assess release timing were quantified on the basis of time-series error. The timing errors were smaller for the experts than for the novices. The “time window” at which release would result in hitting the target was longer for some experts than for the novices. However, other experts exhibited less variability in release timing instead of a longer timing window.
Evaluation of angler reporting accuracy in an off-site survey to estimate statewide steelhead harvest

Accuracy of angler-reported data on steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), harvest in Idaho, USA, was quantified by comparing data recorded on angler harvest permits to the numbers that the same group of anglers reported in an off-site survey. Anglers could respond to the off-site survey using mail or Internet; if they did not respond using these methods, they were called on the telephone. A majority of anglers responded through the mail, and the probability of responding by Internet decreased with increasing age of the respondent. The actual number of steelhead harvested did not appear to influence the response type. Anglers in the autumn 2012 survey overreported harvest by 24%, whereas anglers in the spring 2013 survey under-reported steelhead harvest by 16%. The direction of reporting bias may have been a function of actual harvest, where anglers harvested on average 2.6 times more fish during the spring fishery than the autumn. Reporting bias that is a function of actual harvest can have substantial management and conservation implications because the fishery will be perceived to be performing better at lower harvest rates and worse when harvest rates are higher. Thus, these findings warrant consideration when designing surveys and evaluating management actions. K E Y W O R D S : angler survey, harvest, human dimensions, off-site survey, Oncorhynchus mykiss, self-reporting bias.
Sub-arcsecond resolution radio continuum observations of IRAS 20126+4104

Context. The detailed physical processes that lead to the formation of massive stars are still unknown. Observations that probe linear scales as small as $100\,$AU are necessary for improving our understanding in this area. Aims. We present high angular-resolution and high-sensitivity multi-frequency radio observations of the deeply embedded massive protostar located in the IRAS 20126+4104 core region, with the aim of investigating the nature of the radio continuum emission from the deeply embedded massive protostar. Methods. The observations were performed with the Very Large Array in several continuum bands with wavelengths between 20 and 0.7 cm in the A and/or B configurations. Results. At 3.6 cm we resolve the emission of the IRAS 20126+4104 core into 3 components. The emission from the two northern sources is consistent with free-free emission from ionized gas with a density gradient. Most likely the ionization is caused by UV radiation from the cooling region of a shock; i.e. the ionization is caused by the jet driven by the IRAS 20126+4104 protostar. The morphology and measured flux densities of the southern source is consistent with emission from an optically thin jet, most likely also due to shock ionization. A simple radiative transfer model shows that the spectral energy distribution of IRAS 20126+4104 is consistent with an accretion disk embedded in a spherical halo. We also report the discovery of a highly variable radio source near the IRAS 20126+4104 core, which is most likely gyrosynchotron emission from a low-mass pre-main sequence star.
DETERMINANTS OF FOOD SECURITY AMONG FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN AKURE NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

The determinants of food securityamong farming households in Akure North Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria is the main focus of this study.It specifically described the socioeconomiccharacteristics of the farming households, analyzed the food security situation of the respondents and estimated the determinants of food security among the households in the study area. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 109farming householdswho were selected by a three stage random sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Food security index, FGT and Binary Logit regression model. Findings of the study showed a young vibrant farming population, relatively literate and engaged in small scale farming. The outcome of the study also indicated that majority (80percent) of the respondents were food insecure consuming less than the recommended daily calories intake of 2260kcal. Food secure households in the study area exceeded the calorie requirement by 69% while the food insecure households fell short of the recommended calorie intake by 37%. The result of the Logit regression revealed that education, household size, farm size and total household income were the statistically significant variables affecting the food security of the farming households in the study area. These coefficients have values of1.490, - 0.021, 0.264 and 0.000 respectively. It was recommended that Government should provide an integrated approach that promotes formal education among farming households to enhance their farm production activities.There is also a need to promote large scale farming in the area. It was further recommended that enlightenment programmes on nutrition and birth control measure should be directed at the farming households in the study area. This will help to check the consumption of unbalanced diets and uncontrolled child births respectively.
Effects of Chinese Sport Tourists’ Perceptions toward Service Quality in Jeju Island

Purpose: This study proposed a research model to examine the effect of the service quality of the sport tourism industry on Chinese tourists’ satisfaction and future intention and subjective well-being in Jeju Island. Methodology: Data were recruited from 349 Chinese tourists, who participated in sport activities in Jeju Island. Findings: The findings indicate the physical environment quality and outcome quality have positive influences on tourist satisfaction. Tourist satisfaction significantly and positively influenced tourists’ future behavioral intentions and subjective well-being. All Chinese respondents positively evaluated the service quality in Jeju Island. Value: This study contributes to the understanding of the sports tourism industry targeting Chinese tourists in Jeju Island.
Metallic Micro and Nano Materials-ReadingSample

Atomic diffusion, or more specifically, electromigration (EM) and stress migration (SM), are described in this chapter. The driving force of atomic diffusion is electron wind in EM and the gradient of hydrostatic stress in SM. In Sect. 1, the fundamental principles of EM are presented. For actual metal lines, which may have various microstructures and be covered with a passivation layer, EM behavior is explained. Then, a method for calculating the divergence of atomic flux due to EM is introduced, and the formulation process is described to help readers understand the application of the calculation method. The formula of the divergence AFD describes the behavior of EM damage well, which affects the reliability of silicon integrated circuits. Based on the AFD formula, a method for deriving the characteristic constants of EM in the line is introduced. In Sect. 2, the basic principles of SM are given through a brief review of typical SM-induced phenomena. The current research trends regarding nanomaterial production using SM and the mechanism of the production are discussed. K. Sasagawa (&) Department of Intelligent Machines and System Engineering, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan e-mail: sasagawa@cc.hirosaki-u.ac. jp M. Saka Department of Nanomechanics, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-01, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan e-mail: saka@ism.mech. tohoku.ac. jp M. Saka (ed.), Metallic Micro and Nano Materials, Engineering Materials, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15411-9_2, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 15
Beam halo studies using a three-dimensional particle-core model

In this paper we present a study of beam halo based on a three-dimensional particle-core model of an ellipsoidal bunched beam in a constant focusing channel including the effects of nonlinear rf focusing. For an initially mismatched beam, three linear envelope modes\char22{}a high frequency mode, a low frequency mode, and a quadrupole mode\char22{}are identified for an azimuthally symmetric bunched beam. The high frequency mode has three components all in phase; the low frequency mode has the transverse components in phase and the longitudinal component 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} out of phase; the quadrupole mode has no longitudinal component, and the two transverse components in the mode are 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} out of phase. We also study the case of an ellipsoidal bunched beam without azimuthal symmetry and find that the high frequency mode and the low frequency mode are still present but the quadrupole mode is replaced by a new mode with transverse components 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} out of phase and a nonzero longitudinal component. Previous studies, which generally addressed the situation where the longitudinal-to-transverse focusing strength is roughly 0.6 or less, conclude that the oscillation of the high frequency mode is predominantly transverse, and that of the low frequency mode is predominantly longitudinal. In this paper we present a systematic study of the features of the modes as a function of the longitudinal-to-transverse focusing strength ratio. We find that, when the ratio is greater than unity, the high frequency mode may contain a significant longitudinal component. Thus, excitation of the high frequency mode in this situation can be responsible for the formation of longitudinal beam halo. Furthermore, while previous studies have observed halo amplitudes roughly 2\char21{}3 times the matched beam edge, for the present parameters we observe much larger amplitudes (5 times or more). This is due to the fact that the longitudinal-to-transverse focusing ratio used here is greater than that of previous studies. The finding of large transverse halo amplitude can have significant impact on the design of high-intensity ion accelerators where the longitudinal-to-transverse focusing ratio is slightly greater than unity in some parts of the linac.
KIC 11285625: A double-lined spectroscopic binary with a γ Doradus pulsator discovered from Kepler space photometry

Aims. We present the first binary modelling results for the pulsating, eclipsing binary KIC 11285625 that was discovered by the Kepler mission. An automated method to disentangle the pulsation spectrum and the orbital variability in high quality light curves was developed and applied. The goal was to obtain accurate orbital and component properties in combination with essential information derived from spectroscopy. Methods. A binary model for KIC 11285625 was obtained, using a combined analysis of high-quality space-based Kepler light curves and ground-based high-resolution HERMES echelle spectra. The binary model was used to separate the pulsation characteristics from the orbital variability in the Kepler light curve in an iterative way. We used an automated procedure based on the JKTEBOP binary modelling code to perform this task, and adapted codes for frequency analysis and prewhitening of periodic signals. Using a disentangling technique applied to the composite HERMES spectra, we obtained a higher signal-to-noise mean spectrum for both the primary and the secondary components. A model grid search method for fitting synthetic spectra was used for fundamental parameter determination for both components. Results. Accurate orbital and component properties of KIC 11285625 were derived, and we have obtained the pulsation spectrum of the γ Dor pulsator in the system. Detailed analysis of the pulsation spectrum revealed amplitude modulation on a timescale of a hundred days, and strong indications of frequency splittings at both the orbital frequency and the rotational frequency derived from spectroscopy. © ESO, 2013.
Asymmetry of Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies over the Western North Pacific between El Nino and La Nina

The asymmetry of the western North Pacific (WNP) low-level atmospheric circulation anomalies between the El Nino and La Nina mature winter is examined. An anomalous WNP cyclone (WNPC) center during La Nina tends to shift westward relative to an anomalous WNP anticyclone (WNPAC) center during El Nino. Two factors may contribute to this asymmetric response. Thefirst factor is the longitudinal shifting of El Nino and La Nina anomalous heating. The composite negative precipitation anomaly center during La Ninai s located farther to the west of the composite positive precipitation anomaly center during El Nino. The westward shift of the heating may further push the WNPC westward relative to the position of the WNPAC. The second factor is the amplitude asymmetry of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the WNP, namely, the amplitude of local cold SSTA during El Nino is greater than that of warm SSTA during La Nina. The asymmetry of SSTA is originated from the asymmetric SSTA tendencies during the ENSO developing summer. Although both precipitation and surface wind anomalies are approximately symmetric, the surface latent heat flux anomalies are highly asymmetric over the key WNP region, where the climate mean zonal wind speed is small. Both the anomalous westerly during El Nino and the anomalous easterly during La Nina in the region lead to an enhanced surface evaporation, strengthening (weakening) the enhancement of the cold (warm) SSTA in situ during El Nino (La Nina). The asymmetry of the SSTA in the WNP is further amplified due to anomalous wind differences between El Nino and La Nina in their mature winter. Atmo- spheric general circulation model experiments demonstrate that both factors contribute to the asymmetry between the WNPAC and WNPC. The asymmetric circulation in the WNP contributes to the asymmetry of temporal evolutions between El Nino and La Nina.
Applications of Structural Fire Engineering, 15-16 October 2015, Dubrovnik, Croatia TESTS ON 10.9 BOLTS UNDER COMBINED TENSION AND SHEAR DURING AND AFTER FIRE

Prior investigations of the load bearing capacity of bolts during fire have shown differing behaviour between bolts that were loaded by shear or by tensile loads. The interaction of the two loads has not yet been examined under fire conditions. This paper describes a preliminary test series on the postfire performance of high-strength bolts of the property class 10.9 under combined tension and shear. The results show that how the bolt is loaded influences the load bearing capacity. It is assumed that this is also true at elevated temperatures. Further, atest set-up for experiments at elevated temperatures and a more detailed test series on the post-fire performance under combined tension and shear is presented.