Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Guessed Formulae for the Elementary Particle Masses, Interpretation and Arguments of Them and a New View on Quantum Gravity

Formulae for the masses of elementary particles obtained with guessing are presented in the article. A derivation, which tries to physically interpret these formulae, was also made afterward. Said simplified, it is obtained that particle masses are varying quickly that they are mainly zero and sometimes roughly equal to Planckian mass, while we, as measurers, measure a particle mass only as a time average. Then the arguments, why it is possible that those formulae are not contradictory with known physical facts, and why it is necessary that something like should exist to describe the masses of elementary particles, are listed. The formulae and models are realistic according to the known physics. It is shown also an example which can be verified with a statistical analysis. Some findings are shown, which can survive although maybe formulae will not survive.
A 'causal' estimate of the effect of schooling on full-time employment among young Australians.

The Early Years of School policy changed the way that an identifiable subset of students progressed through junior primary school, causing them to obtain an additional year of schooling for any completed Grade or level compared with their predecessors. The policy affected individuals born in specific months of the year (most of those born in October to February inclusive and some of those born in July to September inclusive). Those born at other times (March to June inclusive) were unaffected by it and provide a natural comparison group for assessing its impact.
Impact of Climate Change on Wheat Production for Ethanol in Southern Saskatchewan; Canada

This study assessed the impact of climate change on wheat production for ethanol in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. The DSSAT-CSM model was used to simulate biomass and grain yield under three climate change scenarios (IPCC SRES A1B, A2 and B1) in the 2050s. Synthetic 300-yr weather data were generated by the AAFC stochastic weather generator for the baseline period (1961-1990) and scenarios. Compared to the baseline, all three scenarios increase precipitation every month except July and August and June (A2 only), when less rains are projected. Annual air temperature is increased by 3.2, 3.6 and 2.7 C for A1B, A2 and B1, respectively. The model predicted increases in biomass by 28, 12 and 16% without the direct effect of CO2 and 74, 55 and 41% with combined effect (climate and CO2) for A1B, A2 and B1, respectively. Similar increases were found for yield. However, the occurrence of heat shock (>32C) will increase during grain filling under climate change conditions and could cause severe yield reduction, which is not simulated by DSSAT-CSM; therefore, the yield could be overestimated. Several measures such as early seeding must be taken to avoid heat damage and take the advantage of projected increase in precipitation.
A Comparative Study of Pure and Rare Earth Transition Metal Doped Bismuth Ferrite

Pure and Rare Earth transition metal (7.5% and 10% lanthanum, yttrium) doped bismuth ferrite samples were synthesized through chemical solution route. Crystallization temperature around 450°C was observed from thermal analysis by DTA-TGA and subsequent XRD analysis of the annealed samples showed that the crystallites were mainly rhombohedral with R3c space group with an expected impurity phase. Morphological analysis using FESEM and AFM revealed the samples to be of agglomerated nature and optical analysis by UV-VIS spectroscopy showed a decrease and increase in the band gap due to La and Y doping respectively.
Pro-Poor Growth During Exceptional Growth: Evidence from a Transition Economy

The paper uses a range of methods to assess changes in income, poverty and income distribution between 2001 and 2002 in Kazakhstan. It is found that outstanding GDP growth has been translated into very modest growth in mean household income. However, both income poverty and inequality have decreased significantly and growth has been 'pro-poor', which is explained by changes in inequality accounting for almost all the changes in poverty. The elasticity of poverty with respect to both growth and inequality is also found to be high. These findings suggest that GDP changes can be, at times, disjoint from household income performance and that, when this happens, income redistribution can still play a key role for poverty reduction. Yet a much greater reduction in poverty would have occurred if mean income would also have risen. Hence, the distribution of GDP growth among factors of production and the distribution of income among households are the cornerstones of poverty reduction rather than GDP growth alone.
Stability of Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization in Fine and Coarse Magnetite and Maghemite Particles

Summary Further experiments have been performed to investigate the biasing-field dependency of alternating field demagnetization curves of anhysteretic remanent magnetization as a simple test for the domain state of magnetite and maghemite particles. The biasing-field dependency in fine-grained particles was opposite to that in coarse-grained particles. The experiments were conducted on well sized synthetic specimens in the single domain, pseudo-single domain and multi-domain grain size ranges. A single domain-like biasing-field dependency was observed in equidimensional particles up to 0.2,~ in mean grain size and up to 0.4~ in elongated grains. Either the single domain/pseudo-single domain boundary lies above at least 0.2~ grain size or this field dependency test does not distinguish between single domain and pseudo-single domain states. A multidomainlike trend was observed in very coarse magnetite. The test may possibly distinguish the change from pseudo-single domain to multi-domain states. If both fine and coarse fractions are present a confusing overlap of the demagnetization curves occurs.
Serum Proteome Analysis of Catatonia

Abstract The exact mechanism of catatonia remains a mystery. We tried to investigate the serum biomarkers for patients with catatonia before and after successful treatment using proteomic analysis. During a three-year period, nine patients with schizophrenia who experienced catatonia and nine healthy controls were recruited. 5 ml of venous blood were collected before (acute phase) and after treatment (recovery phase) of catatonia, relieved by intramuscular lorazepam injection. The serum proteomes of acute and recovery phase were compared using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), combined with matrixassisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-time-of-flight (TOF) TOF mass spectrometry (MS). The findings were then validated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by comparing data of patients and healthy controls. Ten differentially expressed protein spots were identified comparing serum proteome profiles of acute phase and recovery phase of catatonia from 2D PAGE. Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG), plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP4) and serum amyloid P component (APCS) may be potential disease-associated biomarkers for catatonia. In the validation phase, those serum proteins were measured in serum of both acute and recovery phase as well as healthy controls with ELISA. Mann-Whitney U-test showed that patients with catatonia in acute phase (p = 0.006) and recovery phase (p = 0.019) both had significantly higher APCS levels than healthy controls. Using ANCOVA with age adjustment, patients with catatonia in acute phase also had significantly higher APCS level than healthy controls (p = 0.048). Our investigation provided a proteomic study in biomarker research of catatonia. APCS might be an important biomaker for the psychopathology in catatonia of schizophrenia. In future, a larger of sample size will be needed to prove these results.
EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITIES OF “BRS PRINCESS” BANANA TREE IN THE SUPPRESSION OF WEEDS

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito do adensamento de plantas na cultura da banana em relacao a supressao de plantas daninhas. Utilizaram-se seis tratamentos: 1.200 (3,33 x 2,5 m), 1.600 (2,5 x 2,5 m), 2.000 (2,0 x 2,5 m), 2.400 (1,67 x 2,5 m), 2.800 (1,43 x 2,5 m) e 3.200 (1,25 x 2,5 m) plantas de bananeira por hectare, dispostas em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeticoes. O estudo fitossociologico da comunidade de plantas daninhas foi realizado apos um mes do transplantio e, posteriormente, a cada 90 dias, totalizando seis amostragens em 16 meses de cultivo. Com os dados de massa seca e numero de individuos por especie, calculou-se: densidade relativa (De.R), frequencia relativa (Fr.R), dominância relativa (Do.R) e, indice do valor de importância (IVI) da comunidade de plantas daninhas. Foram identificadas 43 especies de plantas daninhas associadas a cultura, com predominância nas fases iniciais da cultura, de especies como Panicum maximum e Cyperus rotundus. Apos 90 DAT, constatou-se o aumento na diversidade de especies de plantas daninhas, alem da reducao no IVI de P. maximum e C. rotundus, e aumento de IVI para especies como Commelina benghalensis e Vernonia cinerea, mais adaptadas a condicoes de sombreamento. Houve reducao na densidade e dominância das plantas daninhas nos tratamentos de maior densidade de plantio, principalmente entre 210 e 300 DAT. Verificou-se alteracao da populacao de plantas daninhas em funcao dos espacamentos de plantas na cultura da banana.
What Influences Student Innovation

This paper investigates how elements of the learning environment influence student innovation. In detail, the paper addresses students’ perceived efficacy and their motivation to work in two parallel engineering design projects. Rather than rediscovering evaluation, student perceptions determine a project’s overall efficiency by individual reflection on the effort made. Based on previous research on student efficacy [1], this study takes a student-centric point of view where the self-efficacy is grounded in students’ intrinsic motivation for work. The paper’s principal idea is to investigate how different elements of interaction cause students’ beliefs to shift individually and in groups. A qualitative approach has been used where the results have been collected through structured questionnaires with project participants. Results show that the internal proximity and joint motivation to work have positive influence together with lecturer/coach presence, informative clarity and valuable input. Reported differences clearly separated the teams with several useful features of course analysis to consider for future work.
The importance initial body temperature in critically ill trauma patients on to ICUs in prediction of the outcome

Introduction : Different studies on evaluation of the outcome of multiple trauma patients have found many influential factors. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of axilary body temperature with mortality in patients with multiple traumas hospitalized in the intensive care units and other clinical and paraclinical factors. Materials and Methods: This is a cohort study. All the patients between 16 and 75 years old with multiple traumas who were admitted to the ICU of Rasoul Akram Hospital from 21 st of March 2008 till 20 th of March 2009 were included in the study. Axillary temperature in the first and 2 nd days of admission, Glasgow cola scale (GCS), systolic blood pressure, serum glucose levels and white blood cell counts of all patients at the first day were recorded and their relationships with each other and with the outcome were analyzed. Results: 93 patients study. Axillary body temperature in the first and second days showed a statistically significant relationship with mortality and GCS. Lower body temperature was led to an increase in mortality, less GCS and systolic blood pressure. Conclusion: Our results show that axillary body temperature in the first day of multiple trauma patients can be a reliable indicator of their final outcome. Patients with higher body temperature will experience better outcome than those with lower body temperature.
Colonization of the Beaver Island Archipelago by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis): mtDNA evidence for multiple origins

The Beaver Island group in Lake Michigan comprises nine islands ranging from 0.3 to 144 km2, lying approximately 30 km west of Michigan’s Lower Peninsula (LP) and 15 km south of the Upper Peninsula (UP). The islands have been isolated from mainland Michigan for most of their postglacial history, but were connected to the mainland LP during the low-water Chippewa stage (ending about 7400 years before present (YBP)). Although plants and animals could have colonized the islands during the Chippewa period, flooding during the subsequent Nipissing high-water stand means that the smaller islands have been colonized more recently. We analyzed 481 bp of mitochondrial D-loop sequences from woodland deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner, 1845)) on six of these islands in northern Lake Michigan to elucidate the mainland origin and minimum number of colonization events for this species. Surprisingly, the distribution of haplotypes on the islands suggests that the populations on most islands likely had separate re.
Genetic structure of three invasive gobiid species along the Danube-Rhine invasion corridor: similar distributions, different histories

Ponto-Caspian gobiids have expanded their ranges throughout Europe since the 1990s. While genetic studies have been widely used to assess the invasion history of gobiids in North America, complex genetic studies involving multiple sites and species have been less common in Europe, severely limiting our understanding of invasion processes along navigable rivers and their tributaries. In this study, we used both nuclear and mitochondrial markers to assess genetic diversity and structure in native and non-native Western tubenose goby Proterorhinus semilunaris, round goby Neogobius melanostomus and bighead goby Ponticola kessleri sampled from the main areas of their joint distribution, i.e. the lower Danube, middle Danube and lower Rhine. Additionally, we describe expansion into Danubian tributaries and provide early genetic data for N. melanostomus from the River Elbe. Our data revealed i) a founder effect in non-native P. semilunaris, ii) an increase in genetic diversity in non-native N. melanostomus samples from the Rhine and Elbe, and iii) no genetic structuring in P. kessleri. This suggests greater initial propagule pressure in P. kessleri; strong propagule pressure with introductions from multiple sources followed by admixture for N. melanostomus in the Rhine and Elbe; and one or very few introduction events for P. semilunaris. We provide further support for the Danubian origin of all three goby species in the Rhine and document lower genetic diversity in fish colonising non-navigable tributaries. Our results illustrate how the ranges of invasive species can become sympatric, despite clear differences in their invasion histories.
Effect of Pot Size on Various Characteristics Related to Photosynthetic Matter Production in Soybean Plants

Despite the wide uses of potted plants, information on how pot size affects plant photosynthetic matter production is still considerably limited. This study investigated with soybean plants how transplantation into larger pots affects various characteristics related to photosynthetic matter production. The transplantation was analyzed to increase leaf photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance without affecting significantly leaf intercellular CO2 concentration, implicating that the transplantation induced equal increases in the rate of CO2 diffusion via leaf stomata and the rate of CO2 fixation in leaf photosynthetic cells. Analyses of Rubisco activity and contents of a substrate (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)) for Rubisco and total protein in leaf suggested that an increase in leaf Rubisco activity, which is likely to result from an increase in leaf Rubisco content, could contribute to the transplantation-induced increase in leaf photosynthetic rate. Analyses of leaf major photosynthetic carbohydrates and dry weights of source and sink organs revealed that transplantation increased plant sink capacity that uses leaf starch, inducing a decrease in leaf starch content and an increase in whole plant growth, particularly, growth of sink organs. Previously, in the same soybean species, it was demonstrated that negative correlation exists between leaf starch content and photosynthetic rate and that accumulation of starch in leaf decreases the rate of CO2 diffusion within leaf. Thus, it was suggested that the transplantation-induced increase in plant sink capacity decreasing leaf starch content could cause the transplantation-induced increase in leaf photosynthetic rate by inducing an increase in the rate of CO2 diffusion within leaf and thereby substantiating an increase in leaf Rubisco activity in vivo. It was therefore concluded that transplantation of soybean plants into larger pots attempted in this study increased the plant photosynthetic matter production by increasing mainly sink capacity that uses leaf starch for whole plant growth, particularly, growth of sink organs.
A Selective Review of the Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior across the Transition to Adulthood

In this paper, we discuss the theory and research on a select set of risk factors for continuity in antisocial behavior across the transition to adulthood. Several risk factors (e.g., early onset, intelligence, marriage, employment) are based on Moffitt’s dual taxonomy and the age-graded theory of social control. In addition, we also review studies of impulsivity, school enrollment, educational attainment, academic achievement, abuse victimization, social support, poverty, deviant peers, drug and alcohol abuse, and criminal justice intervention.
Polarization observations of 20 millisecond pulsars

Polarization profiles are presented for 20 millisecond pulsars that are being observed as part of the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array project. The observations used the Parkes multibeam receiver with a central frequency of 1369 MHz and the Parkes digital filter bank pulsar signal-processing system PDFB2. Because of the large total observing time, the summed polarization profiles have very high signal-to-noise ratios and show many previously undetected profile features. 13 of the 20 pulsars show emission over more than half of the pulse period. Polarization variations across the profiles are complex, and the observed position angle variations are generally not in accord with the rotating vector model for pulsar polarization. Nevertheless, the polarization properties are broadly similar to those of normal (non-millisecond) pulsars, suggesting that the basic radio emission mechanism is the same in both classes of pulsar. The results support the idea that radio emission from millisecond pulsars originates high in the pulsar magnetosphere, probably close to the emission regions for high-energy X-ray and gamma-ray emission. Rotation measures were obtained for all 20 pulsars, eight of which had no previously published measurements.
SMME's in South Africa: Understanding the Constraints on Growth and Performance

Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) have been identified as a key component to advancing inclusive growth and development in South Africa. This paper serves to present a snapshot of the current profile of SMMEs in South Africa as well as the key inhibitors of growth for SMMEs. We provide a comparative perspective of the role of SMMEs and entrepreneurship in South Africa, then profile the current landscape of SMMEs in South Africa, evaluating the characteristics of SMMEs across three dimensions: firm, owner and employee characteristics. Following this, we distinguish between formal and informal SMMEs in order to highlight the unique nature of informality in South Africa. This paper also evaluates the endogenous and exogenous impediments to growth faced by South African SMMEs. Endogenous challenges are internal to the firm while exogenous challenges are external to the firm. In summarising these findings, we present the major challenges inhibiting the growth of SMMEs in South Africa, taking into account firm heterogeneity in terms of both firm size and informality status.
An Empirical Review of Federal Reserve’s Informational Advantage

Since Romer and Romer (2000), a large literature has dealt with the relative forecasting performance of Greenbook macroeconomic forecasts of the Federal Reserve. This paper empirically reviews the existing results by comparing the different methods, data and samples used previously. The sample period is extended compared to previous studies and both real-time and final data are considered. We confirm that the Fed has a superior forecasting performance on inflation but not on output. In addition, we show that the longer the horizon, the more pronounced the advantage of Fed on inflation and that this superi- ority seems to decrease but remains prominent in the more recent period. The second objective of this paper is to underline the potential sources of this supe- riority. It appears that it may stem from better information rather than from a better model of the economy. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Inequality and Economic Growth: An Analysis of 8-Panels

Purpose: This paper investigates the effects of inequality on economic growth in the world using continental approach. Design/methodology: Gini Coefficient and Gross Domestic Products (GDP) per capita were used to measure inequality and economic growth respectively. The study conducted a panel data analysis of the relationship between inequality and economic growth. The data span from 1991-2015. Five countries were selected each from seven continents and were also pooled together to constitute a single panel for 35 countries, thus establishing 8 panels. The Hausman test was conducted to determine whether a random or fixed effect model best fit pooled countries analysis or not. Findings: Findings revealed that for the developing countries, high income inequality retards economic growth while for the developed countries such as Europe countries; the situation seems to be different. European countries as revealed in the findings showed that developed countries have benefited from inequality which has significantly and positively affected their economic growth. The results for Panel II (Asia countries) and Panel III (Europe countries) are in line with the study of Forbes (2000) and Li and Zou (1998) that documented that inequality boosts economic growth. Importantly, we found that inequality positively affects economic growth for Panels/Continents with fixed effect model while inequality negatively affects economic growth for Panels/Continents with random effect model. Research Limitation: The study did not control for each continent differences. For African countries, weak institutional settings and environment is a key factor contributing to high inequality. Originality: The paper was able to know the specific effect of inequality on economic growth in each continent in the World. This documents continents that have benefited from inequality and those that inequality has greatly affected their economies negatively.