Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How does sentence context affect activation of homophone and cohort competitors? : evidence from language-mediated eye movements

This study used eyetracking to measure the effects of sentence context on the unfolding process of spoken word identification. It is unclear from previous research whether sentence context affects the processing of spoken words and whether the effect is immediate or delayed. Huettig and Altmann (2004) presented sentences containing a homophone (e.g. pen). Participants tended to look at objects corresponding to both meanings of the homograph (writing pen, pig pen), even when the sentence context was biased towards one interpretation. This suggests that both meanings of a homophone are activated, regardless of context. However, other studies show that on hearing a target word (e.g. button) the tendency to look at a cohort competitor (e.g. butter) disappears if the competitor does not fit the sentence context (Brock & Nation, 2009; Dahan & Tanenhaus, 2004). The discrepancy between these findings may reflect differences in the way homophones are processed compared with other words, or may simply reflect differences in sentence context used across studies. In the present study, we directly compare the effect of the same sentence context on eye-movements directed at homophone and cohort competitors. Participants hear sentences such as “When Mark coughed he felt a pain in his chest so he decided to call the doctor” while viewing a display containing either a homophone competitor (e.g. a treasure chest) or a cohort competitor (e.g. a cheque). Results will shed light on the process of spoken word identification in typical populations and will provide reference for future studies investigating developmental disorders such as autism that are associated with difficulties processing language in context.
Check the Dairy Chain efficiency in Italy

This research is an application of the econometric price series to the analysis of dairy chain efficiency in Italy. At a theoretic level, the price transmission and asymmetry in the speed of adjustment to positive and negative price changes is supported by the Industrial Organization, multi market equilibrium, food chain theories. However this does not provide a clear signal of competitiveness as many conditions may induce stickiness (curvature of demand, local cost and externalities, long term contracts,. While evidences from past EU studies about the dairy sector are mixed, several studies have demonstrated the evidence of price asymmetries in different market contests. The aim of this research is to examine the price dynamics along the dairy chain and offer some empirical evidences about the cointegration and asymmetric price transmission at different market levels. The parametric test of asymmetry in a multivariate VECM (vector error correction term), suggests symmetry in co-movement. To explore in deeper whether these results are robust with respect to nonlinearity it is estimated the threshold VECM model; the results suggest to reject the hypothesis of asymmetry with exception for the raw milk and wholesale butter. While market competitiveness can not be inferred only from evidence of asymmetry, these findings support the hypothesis that the market structure and policy in the Italian dairy chain didn’t affect greatly the price asymmetry. However, for the butter market, the public intervention seems to have generated speculative behavior among the operators and generated asymmetric price responses to positive/negative price changes.
Breakages in Nanoimprint Lithography

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is one of the promising technologies for the fabrication of nanostructures at low cost (Chou et al., 1995) (Chou et al., 1996). In NIL, understanding the deformation behaviour of polymer during imprinting processes is an essential issue for high-speed and uniformed fabrication. Since numerical simulations can be efficient approaches for this issue, several studies using continuum mechanics are performed (Hirai et al., 2001) (Hirai et al., 2004) (Song et al., 2008). Continuum mechanics successfully predict the material deformation in submicron scale. However, as the pattern size becomes smaller than several tens of nanometers, continuum mechanics fails to analyze the material behaviour. Single-nanometre resolution has experimentally been demonstrated in NIL (Hua et al., 2004) (Hua et al., 2006). For the exact analysis of the material deformation in nanoscale system, the behaviour of atoms or molecules should be considered. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a useful tool to study the deformation mechanism of the materials in atomic scale. Several MD studies on NIL process are reported. Kang et al. propose a MD simulation model of a NIL process imprinting an α-quartz stamp into an amorphous poly-(methylmethacrylate) film (Kang et al., 2007). In their study, the distributions of density and stress in the polymer film are calculated for the detail analysis of deformation behaviour. The qualitative agreement between the MD simulation and the experimental data for the density variation of patterned polymer is reported (Woo et al., 2007). Mold geometry effect on springback phenomenon in NIL process is also studied with the MD simulation (Yang et al., 2009). For metal direct imprinting, more MD studies are performed. Process parameters such as stamp taper angle, imprint depth, temperature and punch velocity are investigated for copper imprinting (Hsu et al., 2004) (Hsu et al., 2005). The mechanism of the atomic-scale friction is studied for aluminium imprinting (Hsieh & Sung, 2007). The metal film thickness effect on pattern formation is also studied (Cheng et al., 2007). Agreement between MD simulation and experimental results is reported for temperature effects on gold imprinting (Hsiung et al., 2009). MD simulation of nanoimprint for alloys is demonstrated (Fang et al., 2007). In order to save computational time, a multi-scale simulation for nanoimprint process that mixes the atomistic and continuum approaches is proposed (Wu & Lin, 2008). Recently, MD simulation of roller nanoimprint process is performed (Wu et al., 2009).
"Some" Equity Through Meritocracy: A Rejoinder to 32 Comments 1

This is my third participation to the target article format (see Gagne, 1999, 2004). Some colleagues, within and outside gifted education, have confessed to me their intense “targetophobia”. For my part, I do enjoy – with some trepidation, of course – that rare opportunity to receive carefully drafted and honest feedback on my work. Of course, that feedback can sometimes test one’s self-confidence. Yet, in the long run, I find these comments very helpful; even those who had little positive feedback to express – as I sometimes do myself! – will help me sharpen my understanding of the scientific and political issues facing gifted education. So, I sincerely thank all 40 colleagues who devoted many hours of their professional time to comment on this target article.
Investigation of Precipitation and Temperature Change Projections in Werii Watershed, Tekeze River Basin, Ethiopia; Application of Climate Downscaling Model

Climate change is an overwhelming global issue. Everything, living or non-living in one or another way, have in contact with climate change. A statistical downscaling model (SDSM) was used to investigate future climate projections based on precipitation and temperature using (Regional climate Model) for A1B and B1 emission scenarios in Werii watershed (1797 Km2). Four meteorological stations, namely; Abyiadi, Adwa, Hawzen and Adigrat were selected based on proximity to the watershed and data availability. For A1B scenario, precipitation is likely to increase in each station by 11%, 34%, 31% and 20%, whereas for B1 scenario, precipitation will increase by 10%, 33%, 33% and 25% at Abyiadi, Adwa, Hawzen and Adigrat stations respectively by 2050. Change in maximum temperature shows increasing at Hawzen for A1B (0.16°C) and B1 (0.2°C) and smaller change at Adwa (0.06°C for A1B and -0.01°C for B1). The maximum temperature is expected to change in the range of -0.01°C to 0.2°C. Similarly, change in minimum temperature is expected to increase positively with maximum at Hawzen station for A1B (0.34°C) and B1 (0.29°C) and smaller change is likely at Adigrat station (0.07°C for A1B and 0.09°C for B1). Generally, future projection shows the change in precipitation and temperature is positive and will show an increasing trend in the period from 2015 to 2050. The REMO model and SDSM have simulated well in Werii watershed. Hence, REMO and SDSM model can be used in similar watersheds in the semi-arid regions.
Nutrient cycling in the Baltic Sea – results from a 30-year physical-biogeochemical reanalysis

Long-term oxygen and nutrient transports in the Baltic Sea are reconstructed using the Swed ish 8 Coastal and Ocean Biogeochemical model (SCOBI) coup led to the Rossby Centre Ocean model (RCO). Two 9 simulations with and without data assimilation covering the period 1970–1999 are carried out. Here , the “weakly 10 coupled” scheme with the Ensemble Optimal Interpola ti n (EnOI) method is adopted to assimilate observe d 11 profiles in the reanalysis system. The reanalysis shows considerable improvement in the simulation of both 12 oxygen and nutrient concentrations relative to the fre run. Further, the results suggest that the ass imilation of 13 biogeochemical observations has a significant effec t on the simulation of the oxygen dependent dynamic s of 14 biogeochemical cycles. From the reanalysis, nutrien t tra sports between sub-basins, between the coasta l zone and 15 the open sea, and across latitudinal and longitudin al cross sections, are calculated. Further, bottom areas of 16 nutrient import or export are examined. Our results emphasize the important role of the Baltic proper for the 17 entire Baltic Sea, with large net exports of nutrie nts into the surrounding sub-basins (except the pho s rus 18 transport into the Gulf of Riga and the nitrogen tr ansports into the Gulf of Riga and Danish Straits). In agreement 19 with previous studies, we found that the Bothnian S ea imports large amounts of phosphorus from the Bal tic 20 proper that are buried in this sub-basin. For the c alculation of sub-basin budgets, it is crucial wher e the lateral 21 borders of the sub-basins are located, because net tra sports may change sign with the location of the border. 22
Studies of impact on fluvial ecosystems by airborne remote sensing: thermal discharges in river Tajo and suspended solids diffusion in rivers Esera and Cinca (Spain)

The two main objectives of this work, carried out by CEDEX were to study thermal pollution in River Tajo and to analyse diffusion suspended solids in rivers Esera and Cinca (river Ebro basin). Work was carried out in 1994, 1995, 1996 and 1997 using
The Employment Status of the Elderly in Sri Lanka- Emerging Patterns and Determinants

By using the Sri Lanka Household Income and Expenditure Surveys in 2002, 2006/2007, and 2009/2010, this paper examines patterns and determinants of employment status of the Sri Lankan elderly. The study employs multinomial logit model to realize the research objectives. The results of the study reveal that more than 50 percent of the Sri Lankan elderly are currently inactive, yet five percent of the oldest elderly and 18 percent of the elderly with bad health conditions are engaged in labour market activities. The results further demonstrate that younger male elderly, who are married and living in femaleheaded households are more likely to be employed than to be inactive. The receipts of remittances, social security payments, and bad health conditions reduce the probability of being employed. At present, ethnicity does not play a significant role in determining employment status of the Sri Lankan elderly. Keywords Elderly, Employment Status, Sri Lanka Introduction Current
Comparative study on some Chemical compounds of Button Mushroom's (Agaricus Bisporus ) Cap and Stipe during the first to third flushes

Today, as the main sources of food are limited, the importance of efficient use of different sources and also reduction of wastes seems necessary. Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is a rich source of food and its stipe is usually considered as wastes. The purpose of this study is to determine some chemical compounds and nutrient materials of stipe in comparison with cap of button mushroom in three different flushes. Mushrooms were harvested in three different flushes and some chemical characteristics such as moisture, protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber and ash were analyzed for cap and stipe separately. All tests were performed in three replicates. From the first to the third flush, the amount of moisture, carbohydrate and fat decreased significantly and the protein and fiber content showed significant increase in cap. The behavior of moisture and fat content in different flushes for cap and stipe was similar. Moisture and fat content of stipe, same as cap decreased significantly (p<0.05) from first flush to the third flush. The fiber content of stipe was significantly (p<0.05) higher than cap and the average of fiber content in three different flushes reported as 27.11 for cap and 38.51 for stipe. According to our results, both parts of mushroom (cap and stipe) are valuable sources of nutrition and using both parts in diet might be effective in human health. Also the stip part of button mushroom can be applied as a valuable food source for quantitative and qualitative provision of some human needs, and help the economy of the country by applying agriculture.
ANXIETY AS IT PERTAINS TO EFL WRITING ABILITY AND PERFORMANCE

This paper reports the results of a study conducted to find (a) the impact of anxiety on EFL learners' writing performance, and (b) the relationship between anxiety and foreign language writing ability. 137 (N = 137) EFL learners took the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS), the Oxford Placement Test (OPT), and a writing task on a sensitive political topic. Results of the FLCAS were used to assess the participants' degrees of trait, state, and situational anxiety, and OPT scores indicated their proficiency levels. The writing task scores were used as a measure for the participants' writing task performance. Regression and partial correlation analyses were conducted. The findings of the study showed that state anxiety is debilitative whereas situational anxiety and trait anxiety are facilitative. It was concluded that mitigation strategies, discursive textual techniques, and the use of passive voice are in fact triggered by state anxiety rather than by writers' face-saving intentions or their inclination to show politeness.
Relocation and Inequalities between Skilled and Unskilled in Northern Countries: Simulation Using a CGE Model

: The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of offshoring on employment in France. In economic analysis, is often associated the phenomenon of relocation to the problem of unemployment. Using a Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGEM), we simulate the relationship between offshoring to the CEECs and the rising inequality between skilled (TQ) and unskilled (TNQ) workers. In order to study this impact, we will initially talk about theoretical and empirical contributions explaining the relation “relocation-employment”. In a second step, we will develop a CGE model (the model is implemented in GAMS) to test the impact of offshoring to the CEECs on wage and unemployment rate for skilled and unskilled workers. The simulation results show that there is a negative effect of offshoring on the situation of TNQ in terms of wages and employment and a rather positive effect on TQ. This confirms the “Stolper-Samuelson” theorem.
Compton thick AGN in the XMM-COSMOS survey

Heavily obscured, Compton thick (CT, NH > 10 24 cm −2 ) active galactic nuclei (AGN) may represent an important phase in AGN/galaxy co-evolution and are expected to provide a significant contribution to the cosmic X-ray background at its peak. However, unambiguously identifying CT AGN beyond the local Universe is a challenging task even in the deepest X-ray surveys, and given the expected low spatial density of these sources in the 2−10 keV band, large area surveys are needed to collect sizable samples. Through direct X-ray spectra analysis, we selected 39 heavily obscured AGN (NH > 3 × 10 23 cm −2 ) at bright X-ray fluxes (F2−10 > 10 −14 erg s −1 cm −2 )i n the 2d eg 2 XMM-COSMOS survey. After selecting CT AGN based on the fit of a simple absorbed two power law model to the shallow XMM-Newton data, the presence of bona fide CT AGN was confirmed in 80% of the sources using deeper Chandra data and more complex models. The final sample comprises ten CT AGN (six of them also have a detected Fe Kα line with EW ∼ 1 keV), spanning a wide range of redshifts (z ∼ 0.1−2.5) and luminosity (L2−10 ∼ 10 43.5 −10 45 erg s −1 )a nd is complemented by 29 heavily obscured AGN spanning the same redshift and luminosity range. We collected the rich multi-wavelength information available for all these sources, in order to study the distribution of super massive black hole and host properties, such as black hole mass (MBH), Eddington ratio (λEdd), stellar mass (M∗), specific star formation rate (sSFR) in comparison with a sample of unobscured AGN. We find that highly obscured sources tend to have significantly smaller MBH and higher λEdd with respect to unobscured sources, while a weaker evolution in M∗ is observed. The sSFR of highly obscured sources is consistent with the one observed in the main sequence of star forming galaxies, at all redshifts. We also present and briefly discuss optical spectra, broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) and morphology for the sample of ten CT AGN. Both the optical spectra and SED agree with the classification as highly obscured sources: all the available optical spectra are dominated by the stellar component of the host galaxy, and to reproduce the broadband SED, a highly obscured torus component is needed for all the CT sources. Exploiting the high resolution Hubble-ACS images available, we are able to show that these highly obscured sources have a significantly larger merger fraction with respect to other X-ray selected samples of AGN. Finally we discuss the implications of our findings in the context of AGN/galaxy co-evolutionary models, and compare our results with the predictions of X-ray background synthesis models.
Seasons and planting densities interaction on forage production of eight hybrids maize, Ecuador

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the interaction effect of the season and planting densities on the production of eight INIAP corn hybrids. Materials and methods. A research process was conducted in 2013. It was applied a split - split plot design with three replication and Tukey test was used. It was evaluated two planting seasons (28 January and 8 April), they were placed in large plots. Two planting densities (65,500 y 125,000 plants/ha), that were located in the subplots and eight INIAP corn hybrids arranged in the sub- subplots. The evaluated variables were Fresh Matter, Dry Matter, Plant Height and Crude Protein Results. Fresh Matter and Crude Protein productions were influenced by planting seasons. Plant densities affected the production of Fresh Matter, Dry Matter and Plant Height, as well as the interaction season by corn INIAP hybrids. While INIAP corn hybrids showed statistical differences in the production of Fresh, Dry Matter, Plant Height and Crude Protein. The eight INIAP hybrids productions were: Fresh Matter (58.86 ton/ha ±5.19); Dry Matter (21.45 ton/ha ±4.71); Plant Height (2.46 m ±0.16) and Crude Protein (10.6±1.12). Conclusions. The performance showed by hybrids INIAP CML-172, INIAP 6021 and INIAP 551 were very acceptable forage material and could be used for silage purposes. RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la interaccion epoca y densidad de siembra en ocho hibridos de maiz para produccion de forraje sobre la obtencion de materia fresca MF, seca MS, altura de planta AP y proteina cruda PC. Materiales y metodos. Se empleo un diseno de parcela dos veces dividida con tres repeticiones. Se evaluo el efecto de dos epocas de siembra (28 de enero y el 8 de abril) que se dispusieron en la parcelas grandes, dos densidades de siembra (65.500 y 125.000 plantas/ha) que se ubicaron en las subparcelas y ocho hibridos de maiz INIAP dispuestas en las sub-subparcelas. Las variables evaluadas fueron produccion de MF, MS, AP y PC. Resultados. La epoca de siembra tuvo su influencia sobre la produccion de MF y contenido de PC. La densidad de cultivo y epoca de siembra afecto la produccion de MF, MS y AP por hibridos de maiz. Mientras que los hibridos INIAP de maiz mostraron diferencias estadisticas (p<0.001) en la produccion de MF, MS, AP y PC. La produccion de los ocho hibridos INIAP fue de MF (58.86 Ton/ha ±5.19); MS (21.45 Ton/ha ±4.71); AP (2.46 m±0.16) y PC (10.6±1.12). Conclusiones. Los rendimientos mostrados por los hibridos INIAP CML 172, INIAP 6021 e INIAP 551 son materiales aceptables con relacion a las variables evaluadas y pueden ser empleados especialmente para ensilaje.
Humic acid removal by deep-bed filtration and by UF membranes

Currently, rational choice of either the conventional filtration method or of the more expensive membrane pretreatment technique is hampered by the lack of sufficient experience and the paucity of design data. The main objective of the present study was to compare water qualities achieved by filtration of humic acid feed solutions by the two alternate pretreatment techniques under well controlled conditions. Deep-bed filtration of humic acid in the presence of the coagulant ferric chloride was performed in a continuous flow column (98 mm diameter, 750 mm long) filled with silica sand grains of 0.65 mm. Two PVDF tubular UF membranes were tested — a large pore size membrane of 100 kDa and a small pore size membrane of 20 kDa. In both systems, commercial humic acid solutions were tested at feed concentrations covering the range of 5–50 ppm. Water quality was monitored by TOC and turbidity measurements. Meaningful interpretation of conflicting water quality data was obtained by interlinking TOC and turbidity .
Differentiation of Three Phenotypically Similar Blattella spp.: Analysis with Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of Mitochondrial DNA

Abstract Differentiation of Blattella asahinai Mizukubo, Blattella vaga Hebard, and Blattella germanica (L.) was investigated using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). DNA fragments corresponding to mitochondrial CO1, CO1/TL2 (small and large fragments), and ITS2 regions were amplified using PCR. The universal primers used for amplifying mitochondrial CO1 and CO1/TL2 (small and large fragments) were CO1-J-1718/CO1-N-2191, CO1-J-2441/TL2-N-3014, and CO1-J-1751/TL2-N-3014. Amplification was observed with all primer combinations, but diagnostic patterns were found only with Alu I digested amplicons of CO1 and CO1/TL2 (large fragments) regions. Both inter/intraspecific polymorphism was observed for the 517 bp CO1 region between German (A, B) and Asian (A, B, C) cockroach populations. Polymorphic form B of the Asian cockroach (374 and 179 bp fragments) was nearly identical to the field cockroach (370 and 178 bp fragments). The CO1 amplicon (517 bp) differentiated German and field cockroaches but not Asian and field cockroaches. The CO1/TL2 amplicons (1275 bp) digested with Alu I clearly differentiated all three species. The Asian cockroach had a distinct 540 bp fragment, whereas the field cockroach had a 403 bp fragment and the German cockroach lacked both fragments. Intraspecific polymorphs for CO1/TL2 amplicons (1275 bp) were observed with the German cockroach only. Portions of the CO1 and TL2 genes were sequenced, revealing 76% identity among German, Asian, and field cockroaches. Sequence data also revealed that German and Asian cockroaches were more closely related to each other than to the field cockroach.