Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response to letter from Dr Jain

Sir, Thank you for comments on our paper untitled ‘Use of Sysmex XE-2100 and XE-5000 hematology analyzers for the diagnosis of malaria in a nonendemic country (France)’ [1]. As far as malaria related to Plasmodium vivax, malariae, or ovale is concerned, abnormal WBC scattergrams generated by Sysmex hematology analyzers (the so-called DIFF) are almost the rule (> 80% cases). Mature schizonts are not destroyed by red blood cell lysis agents and, due to the presence of hemozoin, are detected by the analyzers as possible WBC. Due to the refraction and other conductivity parameters, relevant dots are located mainly in a region located between the neutrophil and the eosinophil areas. We observed several peculiar DIFF scattergrams in our patients diagnosed in a nonendemic country (see Fig 1 from our paper, published in 2013 [1]). Huh et al., and next Campuzano-Zualaga et al., observed similar DIFF pictures in malaria cases in endemic countries [2, 3]. Among these various DIFF scattergrams, it is possible to discriminate between pseudoeosinophilia in one hand and every among the other peculiar DIFF scattergrams in the other hand. In routine conditions, it is not relevant to control microscopically every ‘eosinophilia’ demonstrated by hematology analyzers, namely if number is only slightly elevated, as it is the case for ‘pseudoeosinophilia’ from patients with malaria. Huh et al. [2] observed previously that, in patients suspect for Plasmodium vivax malaria, spurious eosinophilia occurred frequently on Sysmex hematology analyzers. Spurious eosinophilia can be pointed out in that instance only because malaria is not known as responsible for eosinophilia. As a rule, every absolute eosinophil count slightly over the normal limits for age does not correspond to malaria. Dealing with the other abnormal DIFF scattergrams, out of patients with malaria, we observed them only in a very few instances, related to eosinophilia. So, we consider their occurrence in every full blood count analyzed as suspect for malaria. Jain, Gupta, and Grover show an example of neutrophilic leukocytosis with toxic granulations (from bacterial infection? bone marrow recovery after chemotherapy? ) together with shift to the right of the neutrophil cloud which can mimic some peculiar DIFF scattergrams others and us reported in malaria [1– 3]. In conditions related to neutrophilic leukocytosis, such as in chronic myelocytic leukemia, abnormally large and/or right-shifted neutrophil cloud may be observed. However, DIFF scattergrams generated in conditions related to neutrophilic leukocytosis differ from those observed in malaria, as the cloud of dots related to neutrophils is quite large. In malaria, leukocytosis is quite rare and its occurrence leads to the hypothesis of bacterial infection to be added. Eventually, we cannot exclude that in some rare instances peculiar DIFF scattergrams mimicking those described in our papers [1–3] and unrelated to malaria may occur, but the use of all parameters from the full blood count, together with DIFF scattergrams, may help diagnosis of malaria (either P. vivax, ovale, or malariae).
The Effects of Freeze Drying and Rehydration on Survival of Microorganisms in Kefir

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of freeze drying on the microorganisms in kefir. Influences of lyoprotectants and rehydrated media (water at 4°C, 25°C; 10% reconstituted milk at 4°C, 25°C) on the viability of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in freeze-dried kefir were investigated. Kefir was made from cow milk which was inoculated with 5% kefir grains, and incubated at 20°C for 20 h. Lyoprotectants (galactose, lactose, maltose, sucrose and trehalose) were added independently before dehydration of kefir by freeze drying. Results indicated significant loss in viability of microorganisms in kefir after freeze-drying. Addition of 10% galactose or 10% sucrose as lyoprotectants significantly increased the survival rates of both lactic acid bacteria and yeasts (p 0.05). (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2006. Vol 19, No. 1 : 126-130)
Role of the autonomic nervous system in the resting tachycardia of experimental hyperthyroidism.

Resting heart rate was measured in unanesthetized rats treated with 100 µg of Na-L-thyroxin s.c. per day for 10 days and in comparable control rats. Propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v.) reduced the heart rate of control and thyroxin-treated animals to the same degree. In contrast, reserpine (5 mg/kg i.p.) caused a proportionately greater fall in heart rate in thyroxin-treated animals, so that heart rate in thyroxin-treated and control rats eventually reached the same base line. When atropine (5 mg/kg i.p.) was given after propranolol and/or reserpine, the heart rate increase was such that thyroxin-treated rats always had significantly higher rates than comparably treated controls. Vagus nerve stimulation was slightly less effective in slowing the heart in thyroxin-treated rats than in controls. It is concluded that the resting heart rate of unanesthetized thyroxin-treated rats is always higher than normal if adrenergic and cholinergic influences are withdrawn simultaneously from the sino-atrial node; this tachycardia is attributed to a direct effect of thyroxin on the pacemaker cells. The rate-normalizing action of reserpine is apparently due to a combination of increased vagal activity and reduced peripheral adrenergic activity. No evidence was obtained to suggest that excessive thyroid hormone enhances either adrenergic neural activity or the sensitivity of cardiac beta -receptors to norepinephrine.
Making Difficult Discussions Easier: Using Prognosis to Facilitate Transitions to Hospice

Patients with advanced cancer face difficult decisions regarding their treatment, and many will need to make difficult choices about end‐of‐life care because although cancer‐directed therapies are increasingly available, few provide a cure. High‐quality cancer care includes access to palliative care throughout the cancer care continuum, and increasing evidence suggests that timely enrollment in hospice can increase quality of life for patients dying from cancer. Therefore, clinicians must learn to recognize patients who are hospice‐eligible and to develop prognostication and communication skills that enable honest provider‐patient dialogue about end‐of‐life options. In this article, the authors review available tools for prognostication in advanced cancer and present a method for discussing prognosis by using the SPIKES acronym. In addition, by using patient‐identified goals and service needs, the authors recommend a method for making a hospice referral after disclosure of poor prognosis. CA Cancer J Clin 2009;59:250‐263. 2009 American Cancer Society, Inc.
Descriptive anatomy of the insertion of the biceps femoris muscle

The biceps femoris is the most lateral component of the so‐called hamstring muscles. Classically, this muscle's insertion into the head of the fibula has been described but further details of its anatomy have not been universally appreciated. Additional insertions into the crural fascia and tibia have been described. We dissected 56 cadavers paying especially close attention to the insertion of the biceps femoris muscle. The tendon of this muscle was found to have both medial and lateral slips each with an anterior and posterior component. Further, we found an attachment not only into the lateral condyle of the femur but also the popliteus tendon and arcuate popliteal ligament. Our study has found that the tendon of insertion of the biceps femoris muscle is more complex than described previously and suggests that this tendon may be far more important in knee stability based on the multiple attachment sites found. We hypothesize that there may be a synergistic effect between the biceps femoris and the popliteus muscles based on our findings of an additional attachment of the biceps femoris tendon into the popliteus tendon. This study provides new detailed nomenclature for the description of the tendon of insertion of the biceps femoris muscle and indicates that the current description of the insertion of the tendon of the biceps femoris muscle should be revised. The clinician must have a thorough understanding of this anatomy before correct therapeutic maneuvers can be implemented. Clin. Anat. 19:517–521, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histochemical study of the enzymatic activity of human neoplasms. III. Structural‐functional relationships in a hepatoma

A human hepatoma obtained at surgery was studied histochemically and compared with adjacent normal liver. While glycogen content was diminished in the hepatoma, glucose‐6‐phosphatase staining was approximately the same as normal. Enzymatic activity of those enzymes concerned with cellular energy production and associated with mitochondria was similar to normal. Alkaline phosphomonoesterases were absent in the hepatoma while increased canalicular polyphosphatase (“ATPase”) was associated with bizarre canalicular structure. Lysosomes and the enzymes associated with them were more prominent than normal in hepatoma. There was evidence of increased staining intensity for an enzyme associated with DNA synthesis in the hepatoma. Many of these findings appear to be consistent features of human and well‐differentiated experimental hepatomas. The author suggests that virtually all of the abnormalities reflect either the failure of the neoplasm to obtain access to normal vascular supply and excretory ducts or its rate and manner of growth.
A case of hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis with a high serum level of rheumatoid factor

We report a case of hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis with an elevated serum rheumatoid factor level. Hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis is an immune complex‐mediated disease characterised by urticarial eruptions. High levels of rheumatoid factor may be associated with hypocomplementaemia due to the consumption of complement, because the rheumatoid factor can form immune complexes with immunoglobulin. It is necessary to pay attention to the amounts of complement in cases of urticarial eruptions with elevated rheumatoid factor level. The eruptions were relieved with a combination of prednisolone and colchicine.
Nephrotic syndrome and acute kidney injury induced by malathion toxicity

We treated a case of acute kidney injury and nephrotic syndrome after malathion inhalation. A 69-year-old Japanese man presented with oedema 15 days after inhalation of malathion, a widely used pesticide. Serum albumin was 2.4 g/dL, urinary protein 8.6 g/gCr and serum creatinine 2.5 mg/dL. Kidney biopsy revealed tubular cell damage, epithelial cell damage in glomeruli and diffuse foot process effacement in electron microscopy. Acute kidney injury progressed to treatment with dialysis. Renal function recovered after corticosteroid administration from the 43rd day after admission. Malathion inhalation should be ruled out as a differential diagnosis in individuals who develop acute kidney injury and nephrotic syndrome, especially in rural-dwelling patients.
Modulation of the TLR-Mediated Inflammatory Response by the Endogenous Human Host Defense Peptide LL-371

The sole human cathelicidin peptide, LL-37, has been demonstrated to protect animals against endotoxemia/sepsis. Low, physiological concentrations of LL-37 (≤1 μg/ml) were able to modulate inflammatory responses by inhibiting the release of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in LPS-stimulated human monocytic cells. Microarray studies established a temporal transcriptional profile and identified differentially expressed genes in LPS-stimulated monocytes in the presence or absence of LL-37. LL-37 significantly inhibited the expression of specific proinflammatory genes up-regulated by NF-κB in the presence of LPS, including NFκB1 (p105/p50) and TNF-α-induced protein 2 (TNFAIP2). In contrast, LL-37 did not significantly inhibit LPS-induced genes that antagonize inflammation, such as TNF-α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) and the NF-κB inhibitor, NFκBIA, or certain chemokine genes that are classically considered proinflammatory. Nuclear translocation, in LPS-treated cells, of the NF-κB subunits p50 and p65 was reduced ≥50% in the presence of LL-37, demonstrating that the peptide altered gene expression in part by acting directly on the TLR-to-NF-κB pathway. LL-37 almost completely prevented the release of TNF-α and other cytokines by human PBMC following stimulation with LPS and other TLR2/4 and TLR9 agonists, but not with cytokines TNF-α or IL-1β. Biochemical and inhibitor studies were consistent with a model whereby LL-37 modulated the inflammatory response to LPS/endotoxin and other agonists of TLR by a complex mechanism involving multiple points of intervention. We propose that the natural human host defense peptide LL-37 plays roles in the delicate balancing of inflammatory responses in homeostasis as well as in combating sepsis induced by certain TLR agonists.
The effect of intrapartum clindamycin on vaginal group B streptococcus colony counts

Objective: To determine the temporal relationship between intrapartum clindamycin and vaginal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colony counts. Methods: In this prospective observational study, women with GBS-positive, clindamycin-sensitive, antenatal rectovaginal cultures, intrapartum vaginal cultures were collected just before the first clindamycin dose (T0) and then every 2 h for 8 h or until delivery. Colony counts were quantified using serial dilution. Results were standardized as percent of initial colony count and analyzed using sequential Friedman tests. Results: Twenty-one women had positive intrapartum vaginal GBS cultures at T0. With T0 colony counts standardized to 100%, subsequent percents-of-baseline fell rapidly and significantly by T2 and fell further at each subsequent point, reaching 0% by T6. For 12 women cultured for the full 8 hours, the decline in GBS was significant at p < 0.001. Conclusions: Vaginal GBS colony counts fall rapidly after intrapartum clindamycin administration, similar to declines after penicillin. This represents a possible mechanism for efficacy of chemoprophylaxis.
Complete mitochondrial genome of Hainan partridge, Arborophila ardens (Galliformes: Phasianidae)

Abstract The Hainan partridge, Arborophila ardens belongs to family Phasianidae, and distributes only in Hainan, China. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of A. ardens was first sequenced and characterized. The genome is 16,727 bases in length. Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods were used to construct phylogenetic trees based on 12 concatenated protein-coding genes located on the heavy strand. Phylogenetic analyses further confirm the Arborophila placed at the root of Phasianidae. Arborophila ardens show closer relationship with A. rufipectus than A. rufogularis and A. gingica which cluster as sister group to A. ardens and A. rufipectus.
Cerebral vasospasm and hemoglobins--clinical and experimental studies.

To investigate the spasmogenicity of hemoglobins, we have analyzed the amount of total hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin in bloody or xanthochromic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in intracranial hematoma. Morphological changes of the endothelial surface of spastic arteries and their vasorelaxative responses to papaverine were also studied using rat basilar artery. Total hemoglobin was determined in 85 CSF samples obtained from patients with ruptured aneurysm. Vasospasm was seen most frequently in patients with bloody or xanthochromic CSF. However, it was also true in many cases that bloody or xanthochromic CSF was not accompanied by vasospasm. No significant correlation could be observed between vasospasm and the amount of hemoglobin. In analysis of 90 CSF samples, vasospasm was seen in 39% of those containing oxyhemoglobin and in 64% of those containing both oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin. The relatively high frequency of vasospasm in the presence of methemoglobin in the CSF is likely attributable to the large amount of hemoglobin or blood clots in the subarachnoid space. In comparative studies of hemoglobin and barium chloride, vasorelaxative response to papaverine was found to be highly correlated to the severity and duration of vasospasm. Scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrated that endothelial cells were damaged after vasospasm induced by both hemoglobin and barium chloride. Endothelial alterations were observed initially as an increase of craters, blebs, and microvilli and poorly defined marginal folds, followed by separation of cell junctions and by detachment of endothelial cells. Adherence and aggregation of platelets were located at the denuded regions of the endothelium. These observations suggest that the organic changes of the arterial wall might be implicated in the pathogensis and pathophysiology of vasospasm.
Multi-professional prereferral and school-based health-care teams : A research review

The aim of this report is to review research on multi-professional prereferral intervention teams (PITs) as well as multi-professional school-based health care teams. In some instances, teams similar to these two types of teams are also included. A multi-professional or multidisciplinary team is an organized group of personnel, each trained in different professional disciplines and possessing unique skills and perspectives, who share a common purpose of cooperative problem solving. PITs include many professions such as counsellor, social worker, special education teacher, school principal, psychologist, and general education teacher. PITs employ multidisciplinary problem solving and collaborative consultation with teachers, to develop interventions that address the needs of pupils in regular education through remedial and preventive strategies, and are thus an alternative to referral to special education as a means for teachers to get assistance with “difficult to teach” pupils. Research indicates that implementation of multi-professional teams in schools in order to cope with at risk pupils or pupils with academic or behavioural difficulties and assist teachers in these matters has positive effects by decreasing this kind of pupil difficulties and reducing pupil exclusions from general education (i.e., referrals to special education). However, there is only a relative small body of research on team effectiveness and some inconsistencies among findings. Nevertheless, some studies indicate that the quality of team process is related to team effectiveness. University-based, trained and implemented team processes have significantly better outcomes than field-based team processes, i.e., existing team processes not influenced by researchers. According to observations and field studies, PITs typically spend little time on defining the problem. Systematic classroom observation and diagnostic testing is rarely used to help define the problem. There is also a focus on within-child explanations. Moreover, many teams tend to jump prematurely to a discussion of interventions without first gathering and discussing classroom observation and diagnostic data. There is also a tendency for recommendations to focus too much on factors outside of the classroom. According to research findings, there exists inequality of influence in relation to decisionmakings. There is a major variation between the contributions of the other professionals present in which a few have a major role whereas others almost say nothing during the meetings. The suggested strength of “multiple perspective” of multi-professional teams is not always obtained, but often undermined by the social processes and forces. Lack of treatment or intervention integrity is another problem detected in research. Team effectiveness is counteracted if teachers cope with team-recommended interventions insufficiently.
Teaching and Learning Fraction and Rational Numbers: The Origins and Implications of Whole Number Bias

Many researchers agree that children's difficulty with fraction and rational numbers is associated with their whole number knowledge, but they disagree on the origin of the whole number bias. This article reviews three explanations of the nature of the bias. These accounts diverge on the questions of whether or not early quantitative representation originates from a numerical-specific cognitive mechanism, and whether or not the early quantitative representation privileges discrete quantity. The review suggests that there does not yet appear to be sufficient evidence to decide among the competing accounts as to the nature of the whole number bias. Yet, in the search for the understanding, two important issues have been brought up with regard to learning and teaching fraction and rational numbers. One question is related to how learning about fraction and rational numbers may be organized in such a way to be less strained for taking advantage of the prior knowledge of whole numbers. The second issue is concerned with what causes the gap between learning number symbols and learning number concepts. These issues have been explored by drawing upon both the accounts of whole number bias and insights from developmental studies, neuropsychological studies, and teaching experiments. The present review of literature has shown that the issues of whole number bias reflect not merely a matter of interference between prior and new knowledge in children's construction of fraction concepts, but a constellation of more general questions with regard to the origin and development of numerical cognition. How the bias is conceptualized therefore has theoretical and instructional significance.
Mechanisms subserving temporal modulation sensitivity in silent-cone substitution.

Temporal contrast sensitivity data were collected with sine-wave-modulated lights for achromatic, chromatic, and silent-cone-substitution stimuli. Achromatic (556- and 642-nm lights in phase) and chromatic (556- and 642-nm lights in counterphase) modulation sensitivities were measured at a constant time-average retinal illuminance of 1256 trolands (Td) and chromaticity of 595 nm. These data were considered to represent isolated temporal responses of luminance and red-green chromatic channels, respectively. Silent cone substitution was achieved with counterphase modulation of the 556- and the 642-nm lights and by suitable adjustment of the modulations or the radiances of the two lights. (1) The peak modulation depth of the 642-nm light was reduced to silence the long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) cone, and the peak modulation depth of the 556-nm light was reduced to silence the middle-wavelength-sensitive (MWS) cone. These protocols maintained the time-average retinal illuminance and chromaticity as for the control conditions. (2) The luminance of the 642-nm light was decreased to silence the LWS cone and was increased to silence the MWS cone. In this procedure the time-average retinal illuminance and chromaticity differ for the silenced-LWS-cone (1047 Td and 589.5 nm) and the silenced-MWS-cone (4358 Td and 622 nm) conditions. The response modulation of the achromatic and the chromatic channels was calculated for the silent-substitution conditions. The chromatic channel is more sensitive at low frequencies, with a transition to greater achromatic channel sensitivity near 13 Hz for the silenced-LWS-cone condition and near 6 Hz for the silenced-MWS-cone condition. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)