Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Symptoms of ADHD, ODD, and Cognitive Functioning on Social Acceptance and the Positive Illusory Bias in Children

Objective: To examine the effects of symptoms of ADHD and ODD and cognitive functioning on social acceptance and positive bias in children. Method: The sample consisted of 86 children (49 girls) between 7 and 13 years old, recruited to reflect a wide range of ADHD symptoms. Parents and teachers reported on ADHD and ODD symptoms and social acceptance. Children reported on social acceptance and were given tasks measuring working memory, inhibition and reaction-time variability. A discrepancy score between child and adult reports of social acceptance was used as a measure of positive bias. Results: Inattention independently explained variance in social acceptance. The cognitive factors were related to social acceptance and the positive bias, but not beyond the ADHD and ODD symptoms. Conclusion: It is primarily disruptive behavior that contributes to external reports of children’s social acceptance.
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas: ALK Positive, ALK Negative, and Primary Cutaneous

Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) comprise a group of CD30-positive non-Hodgkin lymphomas that generally are of T-cell origin and share common morphologic and phenotypic characteristics. The World Health Organization recognizes 3 entities: primary cutaneous ALCL (pcALCL), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive ALCL, and, provisionally, ALK-negative ALCL. Despite overlapping pathologic features, these tumors differ in clinical behavior and genetics. pcALCL presents in the skin and, while it may involve locoregional lymph nodes, rarely disseminates. Outcomes typically are excellent. ALK-positive ALCL and ALK-negative ALCL are systemic diseases. ALK-positive ALCLs consistently have chromosomal rearrangements involving the ALK gene with varied gene partners, and generally have a favorable prognosis. ALK-negative ALCLs lack ALK rearrangements and their genetic and clinical features are more variable. A subset of ALK-negative ALCLs has rearrangements in or near the DUSP22 gene and has a favorable prognosis similar to that of ALK-positive ALCL. DUSP22 rearrangements also are seen in a subset of pcALCLs. In this review, we discuss the clinical, morphologic, phenotypic, genetic, and biological features of ALCLs.
Laparoscopic localization and resection of insulinomas.

HYPOTHESIS Laparoscopic localization and resection of insulinomas are feasible and safe and may decrease morbidity and the length of hospitalization. DESIGN Case series identified through retrospective medical record review. SETTING Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz, and Rochester, Minn, a single-institution tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS Nine patients (6 men and 3 women; mean age, 54 years) who underwent attempted laparoscopic insulinoma resection between September, 1997, and April, 2002. INTERVENTIONS Laparoscopic localization and resection of insulinoma tumors of the pancreas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intraoperative complications, conversion to open laparotomy, and length of hospitalization. RESULTS Preoperative localization was successful in 5 patients (56%). Four conversions to open exploration were required because of an inability to identify the tumor (n = 3) or to perform a safe laparoscopic resection owing to proximity to the portal vein (n = 1). Laparoscopic intraoperative ultrasonography facilitated identification of lesions (mean tumor size, 2.1 cm) in 4 (80%) of 5 patients; 3 patients underwent successful laparoscopic resection. Average hospital stay was shorter after laparoscopic resection (4.5 vs 7.0 days in uncomplicated cases). At follow-up (mean, 29 months; range, 3-57 months), 1 patient who underwent laparoscopic enucleation had recurrent hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic localization and resection of insulinomas are feasible and safe. Laparoscopic ultrasound aids successful insulinoma localization and laparoscopic resection. Preoperative localization is not required, but previous knowledge of tumor location helps focus intraoperative ultrasound and limit pancreatic mobilization. Excluding patients with pancreatic leaks (observed in both groups), hospital stay and time to recovery may be shortened by using laparoscopic insulinoma resection.
T cell selection during the evolution of CD8+ T cell memory in vivo

Memory T cell responses are frequently highly restricted in terms of receptor usage. How and when such clonotypic dominance is established remains poorly understood. Here we have investigated the evolution of the T cell responses to an epitope from Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), (FLRGRAYGL), by analyzing TCR use of clones specific for this epitope, derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells taken from individuals early during primary EBV infection and up to 3 years later. We show that, in a given individual, particular T cell clonotypes are selected early during the primary response to this epitope and that the same clonotypes dominate the late memory response. In one individual direct analysis of HLA‐B8‐restricted FLRGRAYGL‐specific T cells, isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes taken during primary EBV infection using a tetrameric MHC‐peptide complex, confirmed the early selection of the dominant clonotypes.
Impact of Adherence, Knowledge, and Quality of Life on Anticoagulation Control

BACKGROUND: Patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy who have poor anticoagulation control are at increased risk for adverse events. However, it is unknown how adherence to warfarin, patient demographics, patient knowledge about therapy, and perceived impact of warfarin therapy on quality of life are associated with anticoagulation control. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between these patient factors and anticoagulation control in patients attending 2 anticoagulation clinics in the Bronx, New York City. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 52 patients was conducted. The 4-item Morisky survey was used to assess self-reported adherence. Patient knowledge about warfarin therapy and the perceived impact of warfarin therapy on quality of life were determined by self-administered questionnaires. Associations between adherence, patient knowledge, impact of warfarin therapy on quality of life, and anticoagulation control were determined with t-tests, χ2 analysis, and logistic regression. RESULTS: Only 14% of patients had good anticoagulation control. Adequate adherence was reported by 50% of patients and was significantly associated with good anticoagulation control (p = 0.01). Thirty-seven percent of participants had good knowledge of anticoagulation, and 19% of participants reported that warfarin negatively impacted their quality of life. Knowledge about warfarin therapy and impact of warfarin on quality of life were not significantly associated with anticoagulation control. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence is one of many factors that contribute to anticoagulation control. Adequate adherence, as determined by the Morisky survey, was significantly associated with anticoagulation control. Patient demographic characteristics, knowledge about warfarin therapy, and perceived impact of warfarin on quality of life were not associated with anticoagulation control.
Outcomes of Vascular Access Creation Prior to Dialysis: Building the Case for Early Referral

A 2-year single institution experience of the successes and complications of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation before dialysis initiation is reported. Study cohort: all patients who underwent AVF creation before need for dialysis (AVF group, n = 125). “Control” group: all patients with a sustained glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≤25 ml/min and eligible for AVF creation during the same time period, but did not have an access placed before dialysis (no AVF group, n = 198). Median nephrology contact time was >12 months in both groups and mean eGFR at creation (AVF group) was 12 ml/min. In the AVF group, 72% underwent a successful first AVF creation, 11% suffered AVF thrombosis, and 17% had a nonmaturing AVF before need for dialysis. Sixty-six percent (n = 23) of these latter patients underwent a second AVF creation and 48% were mature at dialysis initiation. During the study period, 70% (n = 88, AVF group) and 61% (n = 121, no AVF group) commenced dialysis. Impressively, 72% (n = 66) of the AVF group used a mature fistula as their first dialysis access. A snapshot of “access in use” at the 6-month mark of dialysis revealed the AVF group had a higher number of patients using an AVF (81% vs. 44%) and a lower number with catheters (19% vs. 56%, respectively, p = 0.001). In conclusion, the success rate of early AVF creation is reasonable and complications when identified can be remedied without the need for a catheter, thus ultimately maximizing the use of AVF in dialysis patients.
Influence of Calcium on Dopamine Synthesis and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity in Rat Striatum

Abstract: We have investigated three aspects of the relationship between calcium and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat striatum. In the first series of experiments, we examined the hypothesis that the rise in dopamine synthesis during increased impulse flow results from a calcium‐induced activation of tyrosine hydroxylase. Calcium (12.5–200 μM) had no effect when added to crude enzyme or enzyme partially purified by gel filtration. Moreover, incubation of synaptosomes with excess calcium (up to 3.5 mM) had little or no effect on dopamine synthesis. Incubation with the depolarizing alkaloid veratridine (75 μM) did increase dopamine synthesis, but did not alter the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase subsequently prepared from the synaptosomes, despite the presumed rise in intracellular calcium. In the second series we examined the hypothesis that increased dopamine synthesis after axotomy results from activation of tyrosine hydroxylase owing to a decrease in intracellular calcium. Addition of the calcium chelator EGTA (100 μM) to crude or partially purified enzyme was without effect, whereas incubation of synaptosomes with EGTA (500 μM) decreased cell‐free enzyme activity. In the third experimental series we examined the relationship between calcium and activation of tyrosine hydroxylase by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. EGTA failed to alter the increase in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase prepared from synaptosomes incubated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. However, it blocked the increase in synaptosomal dopamine synthesis and dopamine content normally produced by the cyclic AMP analogue. Thus, tyrosine hydroxylase does not appear to be activated by either increases or decreases in calcium availability. However, calcium may be important for the maintenance of basal tyrosine hydroxylase activity, and may play an indirect role in the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase activation produced by other means.
Spinal cord injury level and the circulating cytokine response to strenuous exercise.

PURPOSE A complete spinal cord injury (SCI) above the sixth thoracic vertebra (T6) results in the loss of sympathetic innervation of the adrenal medulla. This study examined the effect of a complete SCI above and below T6 on plasma concentrations of epinephrine, circulating interleukin 6 (IL-6) and other inflammatory cytokines in response to acute strenuous exercise. METHODS Twenty-six elite male wheelchair athletes (8 = C6-C7 tetraplegic [TETRA], 10 = T6-L1 paraplegic [PARA], and 8 = non-spinal-cord-injured controls [NON-SCI]) performed a submaximal exercise test followed by a graded exercise to exhaustion on a motorized treadmill. Blood samples were taken preexercise, postexercise, and 30 min postexercise and analyzed for concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), epinephrine, and cortisol. RESULTS The circulating IL-6 concentration was significantly elevated at postexercise and 30 min postexercise (post30; approximately fivefold) in NON-SCI and PARA (P = 0.003), whereas concentrations in TETRA did not change significantly from preexercise values. IL-10, IL-1ra, and TNF-α were unaffected by exercise in all groups; however, both SCI groups presented elevated concentrations of IL-10 compared with NON-SCI (P = 0.001). At postexercise, epinephrine concentrations were significantly higher than preexercise and post30 concentrations in NON-SCI (approximately threefold) and PARA (approximately twofold) (P = 0.02). Plasma epinephrine concentrations were unchanged in TETRA throughout exercise; concentrations were significantly lower than NON-SCI and PARA at all time points. Plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated in all groups at postexercise and post30 compared with preexercise (P < 0.001). Total exercise time was similar between groups (NON-SCI = 38 ± 6; PARA = 35 ± 5; TETRA = 36 ± 5 min). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the sympathetic nervous system plays an important regulatory role in the circulating IL-6 response to exercise and has implications for the metabolic and inflammatory responses to exercise in individuals with injuries above T6.
Surveillance of suspect animal toxicoses with potential food safety implications in England and Wales between 1990 and 2002

The potential chemical contamination incidents investigated by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) between 1990 and 2002 are reviewed. Incidents were identified in the course of the VLA’s surveillance of food animal disease and further investigations were carried out on behalf of the Food Standards Agency in order to identify and control the contamination of food animals and animal products with chemical hazards. In total 876 incidents were investigated, of which 588 involved the poisoning of cattle with heavy metals. There were 63 incidents involving the exposure of cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry to the accidental misuse of veterinary medicines, pesticides or rodenticides, and 50 incidents involving their exposure to microbiological toxins, particularly botulism.
Liver transplantation for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cancers: Defining selection criteria to improve survival

Liver transplantation for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cancer (GEP) is controversial. The aim of this study was to assess patient outcomes after liver transplantation for hepatic metastases from GEP. Medical records of patients who underwent liver transplantation for GEP were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry for assessing the Ki67 proliferation index was performed on explanted liver tissue. Nineteen patients who underwent liver transplantation had a mean follow‐up of 22 months with a range of 0 to 84 months. There was 1 intraoperative death, and 3 patients had disease recurrence after liver transplantation leading to death in 1 patient. Overall estimated 1‐year survival for 17 patients included in the treatment protocol (mean follow‐up, 15 months) was 87% with an estimated 1‐year recurrence‐free rate (conditional on survival) of 77%. Three of 11 patients with pancreatic islet cell GEP developed disease recurrence, whereas all 8 patients with carcinoid GEP remain free of disease. Analysis of the Ki67 proliferation index in 18 patients did not differentiate those with recurrence from those without disease recurrence. In conclusion, liver transplantation for patients with hepatic metastases from GEP is a viable therapeutic option in highly selected patients. Liver Transpl 12:448–456, 2006. © 2006 AASLD.
Tenofovir: what have over 1 million years of patient experience taught us?

Several groundbreaking trials and over 1 million years of patient experience have established tenofovir as an important component of HIV treatment. Tenofovir has demonstrated potent antiviral efficacy, with a low risk of developing resistance when used as part of an effective combination regimen. It is generally well tolerated, with a low risk of lipoatrophy and a favourable effect on lipid profile compared with older nucleoside analogue agents such as stavudine or zidovudine. Clinical data suggest that switching from thymidine analogues to a tenofovir‐containing regimen can benefit patients with lipid abnormalities or lipoatrophy. This article reviews the development of tenofovir, including pivotal studies that have influenced HIV clinical practice.
Direct and Indirect Interactions of the Cytoplasmic Region of CD244 (2B4) in Mice and Humans with FYN Kinase*

Engagement of the receptor CD244 (2B4) by its ligand CD48 has inhibitory and activating potential, and this differs depending on experimental systems in mouse and human. We show that, in both mouse and human upon engagement of its ligand CD48, CD244 can give a negative signal to natural killer cells, implying conservation of function between the two species. The signaling mechanisms used by CD244 in both human and mouse are conserved as shown by quantitative analyses of the direct molecular interactions of the SH2 domains of the adaptors SLAM-associated protein (SAP) and EAT-2 and of FYN kinase with CD244 together with the indirect interactions of the FYN SH2 domain with EAT-2. Functional experiments support the biochemical hierarchy of interactions and show that EAT-2 is not inhibitory per se. The data are consistent with a model in which the mechanism of signal transduction by CD244 is to regulate FYN kinase recruitment and/or activity and the outcome of CD48/CD244 interactions is determined by which other receptors are engaged.
A longitudinal study of autism spectrum disorders in individuals diagnosed with a developmental language disorder as children.

BACKGROUND A number of studies have shown that the diagnosis of developmental language disorder (DLD) can be unstable over time, such that young children with a diagnosis of DLD may show symptoms more characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at a later date. METHOD To estimate the types and prevalence of ASD 469 individuals with a DLD, consecutively assessed in the same clinic during a period of 10 years, and 2345 controls from the general population were screened for ASD through the nationwide Danish Psychiatric Central Register (DPCR). The mean length of observation was 34.7 years, and the mean age at follow-up 35.8 (range: 28.3-46.7) years. RESULTS At follow-up, 10 (2.1%) in the DLD group and two (0.09%) in the comparison group were known in the DPCR with a diagnosis of any ASD (P < 0.0001; odds ratio = 25.5; 95% confidence interval 5.5-116.9). CONCLUSION Our results provide additional support to the notion that DLD is a marker of increased vulnerability to the development of ASD.
Gender disparity amongst TB suspects and new TB patients according to data recorded at the South African Institute of Medical Research laboratory for the Western Cape Region of South Africa.

OBJECTIVE To describe the sex and age distribution of sputum submission and smear positivity in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. METHOD Laboratory registers of the South African Institute of Medical Research were examined retrospectively for the year 1999. RESULTS Male tuberculosis (TB) suspects outnumbered females by 1.45:1, whereas amongst confirmed TB cases the ratio was 2.08:1. The odds ratio (OR) for smear positivity amongst males and females was 1.544. The proportion of male sputum positives significantly exceeded the proportion of males in the general population, as measured by the 1996 census. Not only did the number of male TB suspects and confirmed cases exceed that of females in absolute terms, but the proportion of male suspects proving smear-positive exceeded that of females. The age by sex distribution of new smear-positive patients followed the trend reported in recent literature. CONCLUSION The gendered incidence of tuberculosis identified from this census is consistent with that of other developing countries. However, the smaller proportion of female TB suspects proving smear-positive suggests a higher index of suspicion in females and/or longer delays prior to care seeking amongst males.
Valoración de las competencias digitales en alumnos para la implementación de un curso b-learning de Lenguaje Arquitectónico

Este articulo tiene como objetivo identificar los factores y competencias que permiten implementar un curso en modalidad b-learning, en un programa de Arquitectura de educacion superior en Mexico. Se consulto bibliografia sobrela educacion a distancia en instituciones educativas de nivel superior,competenciasdigitales y el uso de las Tecnologias de la Informacion y la Comunicacion en los procesos de ensenanza aprendizaje. Se utilizo un enfoque cuantitativo, generando informacion mediante la encuestasa estudiantes. Los resultados mostraron deficiencias en el uso y aplicacion de herramientas digitales, asi como areas de oportunidad que permitiran la adecuada implementacion de las TIC dentro del programa educativo.
Accuracy and reproducibility of instrumented knee‐drawer tests

Instrumented devices for knee‐drawer tests have become popular in orthopaedics relatively recently. The objective of the present study was to document the effects of several parameters on the accuracy and reproducibility of anterior‐posterior (AP) drawer measurements. An instrumented knee‐drawer tester for AP laxity evaluations was constructed, based on the differential displacement method, measuring shifts of the tuberosity relative to the patella. The accuracy of the AP‐shift was determined with the parallel use of a highly accurate roentgen stereo photogrammetric (RSP) measurement system on two postmortem leg specimens. The effects of relative motion between patella and femur were negligible. In addition to AP shifts, significant knee flexion and tibial rotations occurred, although the foot and the thigh were fixed as well as possible. The differential displacement method was effective in circumventing this problem. The accuracy of the AP shift was >10%. The reproducibility of the AP drawer parameters (shifts and compliances) was determined in normal subjects and patients. Tests were made to evaluate the effects of different observers, time sequences, and different days. In addition, effects of muscle relaxation were studied. Overall, the shift parameters at different forces were found to be reproducible to between 5 and 15%. The slopes (compliances) of the laxity curves, at different forces, were found to be reproducible to between 20 and 40%. The reproducibility was principally affected by deviations in the subject positioning procedure.
Association of Physical Activity History With Physical Function and Mortality in Old Age.

BACKGROUND We examined whether physical activity in early adulthood, late midlife, and old age as well as cumulative physical activity history are associated with changes in physical functioning and mortality in old age. METHODS Data are from participants aged 65 years or older enrolled in the InCHIANTI study who were followed up from 1998-2000 to 2007-2008 (n = 1,149). At baseline, participants recalled their physical activity levels at ages 20-40, 40-60, and in the previous year, and they were categorized as physically inactive, moderately active, and physically active. Physical performance was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery and self-reported mobility disability was evaluated at the 3-, 6- and 9-year follow-up. Mortality follow-up was assessed until the end of 2010. RESULTS Physical inactivity at baseline was associated with greater decline in Short Physical Performance Battery score (mean 9-year change: -2.72, 95% CI: -3.08, -2.35 vs -0.98, 95% -1.57, -0.39) and greater rate of incident mobility disability (hazard ratio 4.66, 95% CI 1.14-19.07) and mortality (hazard ratio 2.18, 95% CI 1.01-4.70) compared to physically active participants at baseline. Being physically active throughout adulthood was associated with smaller decline in physical performance as well as with lower risk of incident mobility disability and premature death compared with those who had been less active during their adult life. CONCLUSIONS Higher cumulative physical activity over the life course was associated with less decline in physical performance and reduced rate of incident mobility disability and mortality in older ages.