Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A higher aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage incidence in women prior to menopause: a retrospective analysis of 4,895 cases from eight hospitals in China.

BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm is a devastating disease. Despite the risk factors, including hypertension, cigarette smoking and alcohol use, are more common in men, aneurysmal SAH belongs to a few diseases which the incidence is higher in women than in men. Sex hormones, especially estrogen, might be protective against this condition. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) seems to be associated with a reduced risk for aneurysmal SAH. This study aims to know the prevalence of aneurysmal SAH of men and women at different ages. METHODS The age and gender information of 4,895 case of aneurysmal SAH (3,016 females, 1,879 males) were collected retrospectively from eight institutions in mainland China. The prevalence of aneurysmal SAH of men and women at different ages was analyzed. RESULTS The data showed women had a higher incidence of aneurysmal SAH than men starting at late thirties, and men might have a higher incidence of aneurysmal SAH than women only before 37-year-old. CONCLUSIONS Menopause may not be the only dominant factor causing higher incidence of aneurysmal SAH in women than in men.
Intracellular transport of recombinant coronavirus spike proteins: implications for virus assembly

Coronavirus spike protein genes were expressed in vitro by using the recombinant vaccinia virus expression system. Recombinant spike proteins were expressed at the cell surface and induced cell fusion in a host-cell-dependent fashion. The intracellular transport of recombinant spike proteins was studied. The half time of acquisition of resistance to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H was approximately 3 h for the recombinant feline infectious peritonitis virus S protein. The S protein in feline infectious peritonitis virus-infected cells was found to have a half time of acquisition of resistance to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H of approximately 1 h. This difference can be explained by the fact that coronavirus budding takes place at intracellular membranes and that the oligosaccharides of the spike protein are modified after budding. Apparently, spike protein incorporated into budded virions is transported faster through the Golgi apparatus than is spike protein alone. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of coronavirus budding and are discussed in relation to current models of intracellular transport and sorting of proteins.
The transformation of human rights fact-finding

I. Introduction 1. Philip Alston and Sarah Knuckey, The Transformation of Human Rights Fact-Finding: Challenges and Opportunities II. Critical Perspectives on Human Rights Fact-Finding 2. Frederic Megret, Do Facts Exist, Can they Be 'Found', and Does it Matter? 3. Obiora Okafor, International Human Rights Fact-Finding Praxis: A TWAIL Perspective 4. Dustin N. Sharp, Human Rights Fact-Finding and the Reproduction of Hierarchies 5. Fionnuala Ni Aolain,The Gender Politics of Fact-Finding in the Context of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda 6. Daniel Bonilla, Legal Clinics in the Global North and South: Between Equality and Subordination III. Victims and Witnesses: Empowerment or Extraction? 7. Theo Boutruche, The Relationship between Fact-Finders and Witnesses in Human Rights Fact-Finding: What Place for the Victims? 8. Shreya Atrey, The Danger of a Single Story: Introducing Intersectionality in Fact-Finding 9. Rosette Muzigo-Morrison, Victims and Witnesses in Fact-Finding Commissions: Pawns or Principal Pieces? 10. Daniel Rothenberg, The Complex Truth of Testimony: A Case Study of Human Rights Fact-Finding in Iraq 11. Laura Marschner, Implications of Trauma on Testimonial Evidence in International Criminal Trials IV. Fact-Finding for Advocacy, Enforcement, and Litigation: Purposes and Cross Purposes 12. Larissa van den Herik and Catherine Harwood, Commissions of Inquiry and the Charm of International Criminal Law: Between Transactional and Authoritative Approaches 13. Carsten Stahn and Dov Jacobs, The Interaction between Human Rights Fact-Finding and International Criminal Proceedings: Towards a (New) Typology 14. Pablo de Greiff, Truth without Facts: On the Erosion of the Fact-Finding Function of Truth Commissions 15. Taylor Pendergrass, Human Rights Fact-Finding in the Shadows of America's Solitary Confinement Prisons V. The Role of Interdisciplinary Expertise and Methodologies 16. Margaret L. Satterthwaite and Justin C. Simeone, A Conceptual Roadmap for Social Science Methods in Human Rights Fact-Finding 17. Brian Root, Numbers are Only Human: Lessons for Human Rights Practitioners from the Quantitative Literacy Movement 18. Allison Corkery, Investigating Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Violations VI. New Technologies: Crowdsourcing, Social Media, and Big Data 19. Molly K. Land, Democratizing Human Rights Fact-Finding 20. Patrick Ball, The Bigness of Big Data: Samples, Models, and the Facts We Might Find When Looking at Data 21. Jay D. Aronson, Mobile Phones, Social Media, and Big Data in Human Rights Fact-Finding: Possibilities, Challenges, and Limitations 22. Susan R. Wolfinbarger, Remote sensing as a Tool for Human Rights Fact-Finding 23. Patrick Meier, Big (Crisis) Data: Humanitarian Fact-Finding with Advanced Computing VII. Does Human Rights Fact-Finding Need International Guidelines? 24. Diane Orentlicher, International Norms in Human Rights Fact-Finding 25. Rob Grace and Claude Bruderlein, Developing Norms of Professional Practice in the Domain of Monitoring, Reporting, and Fact-Finding Index
Prospective study comparing HR‐CGH and subtelomeric FISH for investigation of individuals with mental retardation and dysmorphic features and an update of a study using only HR‐CGH

In a prospective study 94 individuals with mental retardation (MR) and dysmorphic features with normal conventional karyotypes were investigated by both subtelomeric FISH and high resolution CGH (HR‐CGH) in order to compare the potential of the two techniques in this application. A total of 9.6% abnormalities were found with HR‐CGH and subtelomeric FISH, with HR‐CGH detecting 8.5% (95% CI: 4.4–15.9) and FISH 3.2% (95% CI: 1.2–9.0). Thus, the techniques complemented each other, however, the diagnostic yield appeared higher of HR‐CGH than of subtelomeric FISH, as most aberrations were interstitial. Another 330 individuals with MR and dysmorphic features with normal conventional karyotypes were investigated by HR‐CGH on a routine basis. When added to the analyses of the prospective study a total of 51/424 (12%; 95% CI: 9.3–15.5) abnormalities were found, of which the majority were interstitial. We conclude that HR‐CGH is well suited for routine screening for cryptic chromosomal imbalances in patients with MR and dysmorphic features. It is likely that the use of the technique in this application will reinforce the effort of defining new syndromes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predicting Response to Early Reading Intervention From Verbal IQ, Reading-Related Language Abilities, Attention Ratings, and Verbal IQ—Word Reading Discrepancy

Additional analyses of a previously published study addressed three questions about growth in word reading during early reading intervention: (1) How well do Verbal IQ, reading-related language abilities (phonological, rapid naming, and orthographic), and attention ratings predict reading growth? (2) How well do language deficits predict reading growth? and (3) How well does Verbal IQ—word reading discrepancy predict reading growth? Univariate analyses showed that Verbal IQ, phonological skills, orthographic skills, rapid automatized naming (RAN), and attention ratings predicted the response to early intervention, but multivariate analyses based on a combination of predictors for real-word reading and pseudoword reading showed that Verbal IQ was not the best unique predictor. Students with double or triple deficits in language skills (RAN, phonological, and orthographic processing) responded more slowly to early intervention than students without language deficits. Verbal IQ—word reading discrepancy did not predict the response to early intervention in reading. Overall results supported the use of reading-related language and attention measures rather than IQ—achievement discrepancy in identifying candidates for early reading intervention.
Shear strength of the physis varies with anatomic location and is a function of modulus, inclination, and thickness

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis involves the gradual displacement of the femoral head relative to the neck. Many theories have arisen to explain this slip. Frequently cited etiological factors include increases in physeal thickness and inclination. Slipped epiphysis has been postulated to result from shear overload that causes separation through the hypertrophic cellular zone. We sought to answer the following questions: (a) Do significant regional differences in strength and stiffness exist within a given physis? (b) Are regional differences in resistance to shear related to thickness and inclination of the physis? (c) Does physeal compression cause mammillary interdigitation to begin sooner and increase the resistance to shear before, during, and after failure? (d) Does shear failure occur at displacements detectable by radiography? and (e) Does cleavage occur throughout the entire columnar zone, and do the chondrocyte columns remain intact on both sides of the cleavage plane? We prepared beam‐shaped microstructural samples from different sites of the bovine proximal tibial physis. We determined thickness, inclination, ultimate stress and strain, modulus, and strain energy density at ultimate stress as a function of location. Using scanning electron microscopy, we also examined the entire failed surface of several samples. Forty‐eight samples were tested by displacing the epiphysis end anteriorly, without axial (across the thickness) constraint; 41 were sheared while an average axial compressive stress of 0.3 MPa was applied to the physis. The posterior region had the greatest strength and stiffness, lowest physeal thickness, and steepest inclination. Compressing the plate did not increase the shear strength or tangent modulus. Ultimate strength varied inversely with thickness and increased when shearing up steeper inclinations; however, it was more strongly associated with the modulus, implying that additional factors control both strength and modulus. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the plane of fracture differed widely between and within samples, involving all zones of the growth plate. On either side of the fracture, individual chondrocyte columns remained intact, although separated from neighboring columns.
Do Patients With Absence Epilepsy Respond to Ketogenic Diets?

Dietary therapies are established as beneficial for symptomatic generalized epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; however, the outcome for idiopathic generalized epilepsy has never been specifically reported. The efficacy of the ketogenic and modified Atkins diet for childhood and juvenile absence epilepsy was evaluated from both historical literature review and patients treated at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Upon review of 17 published studies in which absence epilepsy was included as a patient subpopulation, approximately 69% of 133 with clear outcomes patients who received the ketogenic diet had a >50% seizure reduction, and 34% of these patients became seizure free. At Johns Hopkins Hospital, the ketogenic diet (n = 8) and modified Atkins diet (n = 13) led to similar outcomes, with 18 (82%) having a >50% seizure reduction, of which 10 (48%) had a >90% seizure reduction and 4 (19%) were seizure free. Neither age at diet onset, number of anticonvulsants used previously, particular diet used, nor gender correlated with success.
Comment on Putting evidence-based medicine into clinical practice: comparing anti-resorptive agents for the treatment of osteoporosis

The conclusion in the article of Wehren et al. that ‘the results suggest that there are differences in anti-fracture efficacy among antiresorptive agents, particularly for non-vertebral fractures’ are in contradiction to the statements of the ORAG meta-analysis used by the authors. Furthermore, the authors themselves state in their discussion that ‘head-to-head clinical trials comparing active treatments remain the method of choice to determine relative efficacy’. In the ORAG publication, the authors list various limitations of the way they conducted the meta-analysis and they state that the magnitude of results for antiresorptive drug treatment should not be compared. Limitations for the analysis include: • lack of comparability of pooled patients populations; • difference in methods used to analyze treatment effects; • dose included in analysis which differed from licensed dose; • lack of consistency in study selection for data set review inclusion across vertebral and non-vertebral assessment. Therefore, this article by Wehren et al. will incorporate all the bias mentioned for ORAG. Even if the assumption that treatment effects are similar across all subgroups within the trials was correct, which is not the case, the results of the analysis reflect all the other bias. When a head-to-head comparison trial is not feasible, one may conduct exploratory analyses to compare treatment effects among therapies by matching the patient population in terms of baseline characteristics, study duration, endpoint assessment and appropriate interventions for comparison. In this comparison the data from the ORAG meta-analysis were used. The ORAG meta-analyses were conducted using group-level summary statistics. Proper matching is not possible because this would require individual patient data. The authors of ORAG themselves point out that for this reason it is not possible to compare the relative efficacy of different antiresorptive drugs. Other inconsistencies in the study by Wehren et al. exist in regard to study durations, age, osteoporotic status of the populations, dosages used for comparison of the various antiresorptive agents and analyses of study endpoints. In our opinion the conclusions of the authors from their analysis are therefore not valid.
Restitution of Tumor Suppressor MicroRNAs Using a Systemic Nanovector Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Growth in Mice

Mis-expression of microRNAs (miRNA) is widespread in human cancers, including in pancreatic cancer. Aberrations of miRNA include overexpression of oncogenic miRs (Onco-miRs) or downregulation of so-called tumor suppressor TSG-miRs. Restitution of TSG-miRs in cancer cells through systemic delivery is a promising avenue for pancreatic cancer therapy. We have synthesized a lipid-based nanoparticle for systemic delivery of miRNA expression vectors to cancer cells (nanovector). The plasmid DNA–complexed nanovector is approximately 100 nm in diameter and shows no apparent histopathologic or biochemical evidence of toxicity upon intravenous injection. Two miRNA candidates known to be downregulated in the majority of pancreatic cancers were selected for nanovector delivery: miR-34a, which is a component of the p53 transcriptional network and regulates cancer stem cell survival, and the miR-143/145 cluster, which together repress the expression of KRAS2 and its downstream effector Ras-responsive element binding protein-1 (RREB1). Systemic intravenous delivery with either miR-34a or miR-143/145 nanovectors inhibited the growth of MiaPaCa-2 subcutaneous xenografts (P < 0.01 for miR-34a; P < 0.05 for miR-143/145); the effects were even more pronounced in the orthotopic (intrapancreatic) setting (P < 0.0005 for either nanovector) when compared with vehicle or mock nanovector delivering an empty plasmid. Tumor growth inhibition was accompanied by increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation. The miRNA restitution was confirmed in treated xenografts by significant upregulation of the corresponding miRNA and significant decreases in specific miRNA targets (SIRT1, CD44 and aldehyde dehydrogenase for miR34a, and KRAS2 and RREB1 for miR-143/145). The nanovector is a platform with potential broad applicability in systemic miRNA delivery to cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8); 1470–80. ©2011 AACR.
Critical care nurses' assessment of patients' anxiety: reliance on physiological and behavioral parameters.

BACKGROUND Anxiety activates the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and may increase morbidity and mortality in vulnerable critical care patients. Despite the adverse effects of anxiety, little is known about critical care nurses 'practices for assessing anxiety. OBJECTIVE To determine the importance that critical care nurses place on evaluating anxiety and to describe clinical indicators used to assess anxiety. METHODS Twenty-five hundred members of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses received the Critical Care Nurse Anxiety Identification and Management Survey and were asked to rate the importance of anxiety assessment, to rate the importance of 61 anxiety indicators, and to select and rank the 5 most important anxiety indicators. RESULTS Seven hundred eighty-three completed surveys (31.6%) were returned by female (92.0%), white (88.6%) staff nurses (74.2%) who practiced critical care nursing 32.5 hours (SD, 12.3 hours) weekly. Nearly three quarters (71.3%) of respondents thought that anxiety assessment is very important. Only 2 indicators, agitation and patients' verbalization of anxiety, were rated as very important to anxiety assessment. Thirty-nine indicators rated as important primarily included measurable physiological changes and observable behaviors. The top 5 anxiety indicators were agitation, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, patients' verbalization of anxiety, and restlessness. CONCLUSION Important indicators of anxiety included observable behaviors and measurable physiological changes. Reliance on these criteria may produce an inaccurate and incomplete anxiety evaluation in vulnerable patients and lead to poorer outcomes. A comprehensive, systematic anxiety assessment tool for valid and reproducible evaluation of patients' anxiety is needed.
COHORT TRENDS IN INCIDENCE OF CERVICAL CANCER IN DENMARK IN RELATION TO GONORRHEAL INFECTION

Abstract. In England & Wales and in Scotland an association has been found between the cohort pattern in mortality for cervical cancer and gonorrheal infection, used as indicator of sexually transmitted diseases in general. An equivalent association could not be found in the United States. In Denmark a peak in gonorrheal infection was observed towards the end of World War II. The maximum level attained in Denmark was higher than reported from the other countries; in Copenhagen the attack rate was 3.3 times the rate for the rest of Denmark. Incidence data on cervical cancer in Denmark are available from 1943 to 1977. The 1918–27 birth cohort is assumed to be the one most heavily affected by the gonorrhea epidemic during the war. Incidence data accumulated over a broad age span show no general excess risk of cervical cancer for women born 1918–27, but the incidence is increased for this cohort 15–20 years after the gonorrheal infection. The cervical cancer rates are higher for women in Copenhagen than for all Danish women, but the excess risks for the affected cohorts are less systematic here. The limited size of the population in Copenhagen, migrations, and an intensive screening are possible explanations for the divergence between the results for all of Denmark and for Copenhagen. The study indicates an association in Denmark between sexually transmitted diseases and cervical cancer, and the study shows the importance of taking the risk‐modifying effect of screening into account in studies of etiology for cervical cancer.
An unusual case of glipizide-induced proximal myopathy

This case report outlines a very rare case of glipizide-induced severe proximal myopathy in a 61-year-old diabetic man. After taking 10 mg glipizide for 5 months, diabetes was well controlled but the patient presented with progressive proximal muscle weakness in all the four limbs. Clinical examination and relevant investigations suggested it to be a case of proximal myopathy and might be drug induced. De-challenge was done and was treated resulting in reversal of the diseased state. After 3 more months, controlled re-challenge was done and there was recurrence of proximal muscle weakness. There were no evidences of any other possible metabolic, infective, organic or other pathologic causes giving rise to that condition and Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale suggested that it was "probable" that glipizide was responsible for the development of myopathy in this patient.
Morphological Analysis of the Tongue and the Digestive Tube of Saffron Finch (Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis, LINNAUES 1766) Apprehended by CETAS/IBAMA‐PB

The saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis) is a Passeriforme of the Brazilian wildlife. There are scarcely any morphological studies on it, although it is frequently trafficked for its birdsong abilities. Its peculiarities, such as territorialism and developed syrinx that provides outstanding song, draw attention towards its domestication. Thus, this study aimed to morphologically describe the tongue and digestive tube organs of this species to furnish subsidies for nutritional, clinical and conservation studies. Forty‐one birds from the Wild Animal Screening Center (CETAS)/Brazilian Institute of Environment (IBAMA)/city of Cabedelo, state of Paraíba (PB) were used. Samples were collected, identified and sent to standard light microscopy; samples of proventriculus and gizzard were sent to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The samples showed stratification similar to that of other domestic and wild birds, confirmed in the scanning electron microscopy; however, they differed in the absence of dermal papillae in the tongue, lack of ingluvial glands and lack of muscular mucosa and sub‐mucosa in the large intestine.
CYP24, the enzyme that catabolizes the antiproliferative agent vitamin D, is increased in lung cancer

1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) displays potent antiproliferative activity in a variety of tumor model systems and is currently under investigation in clinical trials in cancer. Studies were initiated to explore its potential in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as effective approaches to the treatment of that disease are needed. In evaluating factors that may affect activity in NSCLC, the authors found that CYP24 (25‐hydroxyvitamin D3‐24‐hydroxylase), the enzyme that catabolizes 1,25D3, is frequently expressed in NSCLC cell lines but not in the nontumorigenic bronchial epithelial cell line, Beas2B. CYP24 expression by RT‐PCR was also detected in 10/18 primary lung tumors but in only 1/11 normal lung tissue specimens. Tumor‐specific CYP24 upregulation was confirmed at the protein level via immunoblot analysis of patient‐matched normal lung tissue and lung tumor extracts. Enzymatically active CYP24 is expected to desensitize NSCLC cells to 1,25D3. The authors therefore implemented a high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS) assay for 1,25D3 and its CYP24‐generated metabolites to determine whether NSCLC cells express active enzyme. Analysis of NSCLC cell cultures revealed time‐dependent loss of 1,25D3 coincident with the appearance of CYP24‐generated metabolites. MK‐24(S)‐S(O)(NH)‐Ph‐1, a specific inhibitor of CYP24, slowed the loss of 1,25D3 and increased 1,25D3 half‐life. Furthermore, combination of 1,25D3 with MK‐24(S)‐S(O)(NH)‐Ph‐1 resulted in a significant decrease in the concentration of 1,25D3 required to achieve maximum growth inhibition in NSCLC cells. These data suggest that increased CYP24 expression in lung tumors restricts 1,25D3 activity and support the preclinical evaluation of CYP24 inhibitors for lung cancer treatment. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.