Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Technical change in forest sector models: the global forest products model approach

Technical change is developing rapidly in some parts of the forest sector, especially in the pulp and paper industry where wood fiber is being substituted by waste paper. In forest sector models, the processing of wood and other input into products is frequently represented by activity analysis (input–output). In this context, technical change translates in changes over time of the input–output (I–O) coefficients and of the manufacturing cost (labor, capital, and materials, excluding wood and fiber). In the case of the global forest products model, the I–O coefficients and the manufacturing costs are determined empirically from historical data, while correcting for possible reporting errors. The method consists of goal programming. The objective function is the sum of the weighted absolute value of the deviations from estimated and observed production in each country of interest. The constraints express the relationship between the multiple output (sawnwood, panels, pulp, paper) and input (wood, waste paper, other fiber) and prior knowledge on the limits of the I–O coefficients. The paper presents observed technical changes from 1993 to 2010 and projections to 2030 with their consequences for the global forest sector in terms of prices, production and consumption, value added, and carbon sequestration in forest biomass.
Surface stress effects on the electrostatic pull-in instability of nanomechanical systems

The electrostatic pull-in instability (EPI), within the framework of the nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) has been shown as a robust and versatile method for characterizing mechanical properties of nanocantilevers. This paper aims to investigate the surface effects, specifically residual surface stress and surface elasticity, on the EPI of micro and nano-scale cantilevers as well as double clamped beams. Since the cantilever has one end free, it has no residual stress, thus the strain-independent component of the surface stress or intrinsic surface stress has no influence on the EPI, as long as it has small deformation. The strain-dependent component of the surface stress or surface elasticity changes the bending stiffness of the cantilever and, consequently, induces shifts in the EPI. For double clamped beams, the effective residual surface stress comes into play and modifies the effective residual stress of the beam. The nonlinear electromechanical coupled equations, which take into account the surface effects are solved numerically. The theoretical results presented in this paper indicate that the EPI is very sensitive to the surface effects, especially when a double clamped beam is employed. The results show that the influence of surface effects on the EPI of cantilevers become more profound when the thickness is below 50 nm, while the influence on double clamped beams is significant even at sub-micron scale. The present study can provide helpful insights for the design and characterization of NEMS switches. Moreover, the results can be used to provide the proof of concepts of a new surface stress sensing method using EPI in nanomechanical sensor systems.
Supplementary Material for Data-Dependent Stability of Stochastic Gradient Descent

Proceedings of the 35 th International Conference on Machine Learning, Stockholm, Sweden, PMLR 80, 2018. Copyright 2018 by the author(s). and it is also a function of the training set S and a random index set I . Then,wt`1 “ Gtpwtq, throughout t “ 1, . , T . Recall the use of notation wS,t to indicate the output of SGD ran on a training set S, at step t, and define δtpS, zq :“ }wS,t ́wSpiq,t} . Next, we summarize a few instrumental facts about Gt and few statements about the loss functions used in our proofs. Definition 1 (Expansiveness). A gradient update rule is η-expansive if for all w,v, }Gtpwq ́Gtpvq} ď η}w ́ v} .
Evidence for long-term averaging of strontium in bovine enamel using TIMS and LA-MC-ICP-MS strontium isotope intra-molar profiles

Abstract High spatial resolution micro-sampling of tooth enamel offers the possibility of high temporal resolution isotope data to reconstruct climate, environment, diet and mobility. Questions remain about the duration and pattern of the maturation phase of enamel and the existence and direction of chronological 'time-lines'. LA-MC-ICP-MS measurements of c. 400 μm craters and TIMS analyses of transverse enamel sections of an archaeological bovine third molar were undertaken to investigate the long-term averaging of incorporated strontium. The same gradually increasing isotope profile was obtained from both approaches, indicating that the large increase in spatial resolution did not change the response profile obtained. The results suggest that even at the microscopic scale, strontium is incorporated over a period in excess of 12 months. Averaging of the input signal may result from both long-term retention of strontium in the skeleton and recirculation in the body pool, or long-term maturation of enamel on a microscopic scale. Whichever mechanism is responsible, it may not be possible to recover strontium isotope ratios with a high time resolution from cattle molar enamel unless there is a large imbalance in the amount of strontium supplied by different sources. Consequently, strontium isotope profiles may not be synchronous with those of lighter isotope systems.
IPAP Schizophrenia Algorithm Node Notes

It is important to establish diagnosis before considering treatment with psychotropic drugs. For patients who present with psychotic features, the differential usually includes schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder but may also include substanceinduced psychosis, psychosis NOS, various organic psychoses. Other types of psychoses must be considered as well. This algorithm addresses the treatment of those who meet DSM-IV and ICD10 criteria for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. The application of these criteria in clinical practice may be difficult in some cases. The problem of distinguishing schizoaffective disorder from bipolar disorder may be even more challenging, at least for the first several episodes. There are genetic and biological overlap between all three disorders which accounts for some of the difficulty in categorizing patients as one or the other. From the point of view of this algorithm, patients with a predominantly schizophrenic and schizoaffective clinical presentation at the time of evaluation, and with no clear history of bipolar disorder, are recommended to receive the same type and dose of antipsychotic drug treatment (Evidence Level B). There may be differences with regard to mood drugs, as will be discussed elsewhere.
Response and recovery dynamics of seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme and macroalgae in experimental motor vessel disturbances

Shallow seagrass beds worldwide are being negatively impacted by human activities. Damage by boats includes anchor scars, propeller scars, and hull groundings. In some Thalassia testudinum-dominated systems, vessel damage may persist for years or decades, and even small scars may leave seagrass habitat susceptible to severe erosion by wind and wave-driven currents and storms. Cost-effective techniques for restoration in these erosion-prone systems must include sedi- ment replacement and stabilization to best enhance seagrass recovery. We conducted 2 experiments to address the effects of excavation depth and sediment filling on seagrass and macroalgal recovery into small-scale disturbances such as propeller scars. Recovery in excavations ≥20 cm deep took 2 to 5 yr longer than recovery in shallower disturbances (10 cm). Seagrasses were able to grow in native limestone fill material (diameter 0.6 cm), although the compensatory response of Syringodium filiforme was dampened.
Modes of multi‐decadal oceanic precipitation variations from a reconstruction and AR4 model output for the 20th century

Monthly oceanic precipitation variations are available from satellite observations beginning 1979 and from models for earlier periods, and both the observations and models indicate increasing global‐average precipitation with warming global temperatures. Recently the authors developed an indirect data‐based reconstruction of precipitation beginning 1900, which is used here to analyze near‐global average multi‐decadal oceanic variations through the 20th century. We compare this new reconstruction to oceanic coupled‐model precipitation from AR4 models beginning 1900, and to GPCP precipitation beginning 1979. Both the reconstruction and AR4 models indicate increasing precipitation over the 20th century. The reconstruction increase is stronger than the AR4 increase largely due to a climate shift in the 1970s that is resolved by the reconstruction but absent in the AR4 ensemble. The reconstruction climate shift has an ENSO‐like spatial pattern and in the reconstruction the shift is associated with an ENSO mode, consistent with work done by others. The influence of this mode indicates the need for coupled models to accurately simulate the tropical Pacific in order to resolve that region's influence on multi‐decadal variations.
Simple and efficient finite-element analysis of microwave and optical waveguides

A simple and efficient finite-element method for the analysis of microwave and optical waveguiding problems is formulated using three components of the electric or magnetic field. In order to eliminate spurious solutions, edge elements are introduced. In the edge element approach the nodal parameters are not limited to the magnetic field as in the conventional three-component formulation for the dielectric waveguiding problem. An eigenvalue equation that involves only the edge variables in the transversal plane and can provide a direct solution for the propagation constant is derived. To show the validity and usefulness of this approach, computed results are illustrated for microstrip transmission lines and dielectric waveguides. >
Virulence Factors of E. coli ST131 and Its H30 and H30Rx Subclones Among Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Isolates

Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) is a pandemic clone causing predominantly community and hospital-onset antimicrobial-resistant infections. Recently, H30-Rx subclone of E. coli has been disseminated among ST131 strains in combination with beta lactamase subtype CTX-15that may play a role in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among E. coli strains that cause extra-intestinal infections. This study has been done to investigate the virulence factors of ST131 with their subclones: H30-Rx and non H30-Rx strains. A hundred E. coli isolates which were isolated from different clinical samples were collected from K.R hospital, Mysore. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to investigate 19 of the virulence factors among E. coli stains. Out of 100 E. coli strains, 87 of the isolates belonged to ST131, 24 isolates belonged to H30 subclone, and 22/24 (91.7%) belonged to H30-Rx subcolne. ST131 strains harbored high virulence factors more than non ST131 strains and the differences between them were significant for papC, papEF and fyuA genes. All H30-Rx strains were positive for iutA and fimH, however, 95.5% and 81.8% of H30-Rx strains were positive for fyuA and kpsMII respectively and the differences between H30-Rx and non H30-Rx strains were significant for those genes. There are no more reports about H30 and H30-Rx subclones of ST131 E. coli in India. Further studies should be done to investigate the prevalence of ST131 in different places in India and to highlight the other virulence factors to control the dissemination of ST131 clone.
Comparing group deliberation to other forms of preference aggregation in valuing ecosystem services

Deliberative methods for valuing ecosystem services are hypothesized to yield group preferences that differ systematically from those that would be obtained through calculative aggregation of the preferences of participating individuals. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the group consensus results of structured deliberations against a variety of aggregation methods applied to individual participant preferences that were elicited both before and after the deliberations. Participants were also asked about their perceptions of the deliberative process, which we used to assess their ability to detect preference changes and identify the causes of any changes. For five of the seven groups tested, the group consensus results could not have been predicted from individual predeliberation preferences using any of the aggregation rules. However, individual postdeliberation preferences could be used to reconstruct the group preferences using consensual and rank-based aggregation rules. These results imply that the preferences of participants changed over the course of the deliberation and that the group preferences reflected a broad consensus on overall rankings rather than simply the pairwise preferences of the majority. Changes in individual preferences seem to have gone largely unnoticed by participants, as most stated that they did not believe their preferences had substantially changed. Most participants were satisfied with the outcome of the deliberation, and their degree of satisfaction was correlated with the feeling that their opinion was heard and that they had an influence on the outcome. Based on our results, group deliberation shows promise as a means of generating ecosystem service valuations that reflect a consensus opinion rather than simply a collection of personal preferences.
Z-portal dark matter

We propose to generalize the extensions of the Standard Model where the Z boson serves as a mediator between the Standard Model sector and the dark sector χ. We show that, like in the Higgs portal case, the combined constraints from the recent direct searches restrict severely the nature of the coupling of the dark matter to the Z boson and set a limit mχ ≳ 200 GeV (except in a very narrow region around the Z-pole region). Using complementarity between spin dependent, spin independent and FERMI limits, we predict the nature of this coupling, more specifically the axial/vectorial ratio that respects a thermal dark matter coupled through a Z-portal while not being excluded by the current observations. We also show that the next generation of experiments of the type LZ or XENON1T will test Z-portal scenario for dark matter mass up to 2 TeV . The condition of a thermal dark matter naturally predicts the spin-dependent scattering cross section on the neutron to be σSDχn ≃ 10−40 cm2, which then becomes a clear prediction of the model and a signature testable in the near future experiments.
Dietary changes over time in a caiçara community from the Brazilian atlantic forest.

Because they are occurring at an accelerated pace, changes in the livelihoods of local coastal communities, including nutritional aspects, have been a subject of interest in human ecology. The aim of this study is to explore the dietary changes, particularly in the consumption of animal protein, that have taken place in Puruba Beach, a rural community of caicaras on the Sao Paulo Coast, Brazil, over the 10- yr period from 1992-1993 to 2002-2003. Data were collected during six months in 1992-1993 and during the same months in 2002-2003 using the 24-hr recall method. We found an increasing dependence on external products in the most recent period, along with a reduction in fish consumption and in the number of fish species eaten. These changes, possibly associated with other nonmeasured factors such as overfishing and unplanned tourism, may cause food delocalization and a reduction in the use of natural resources. Although the consequences for conservation efforts in the Atlantic Forest and the survival of the caicaras must still be evaluated, these local inhabitants may be finding a way to reconcile both the old and the new dietary patterns by keeping their houses in the community while looking for sources of income other than natural resources. The prospect shown here may reveal facets that can influence the maintenance of this and other communities undergoing similar processes by, for example, shedding some light on the ecological and economical processes that may occur within their environment and in turn affect the conservation of the resources upon which the local inhabitants depend.
Firm Uncertainty Cycles and the Propagation of Nominal Shocks

We develop a framework to study the impact of idiosyncratic uncertainty on aggregate economic outcomes. Agents learn about individual characteristics, which receive infrequent, large, and persistent shocks. In this environment, idiosyncratic uncertainty moves in cycles, fluctuating between periods of high and low uncertainty; with additional fixed adjustment costs, the frequency and size of agents' actions also fluctuate in cycles. We apply our framework to study pricing behavior and the propagation of nominal shocks. We show, analytically and quantitatively, that idiosyncratic uncertainty cycles amplify the real effects of nominal shocks by generating cross-sectional dispersion in firms' adjustment frequency and in learning speed. (JEL D21, D81, D83, E31, E32, E52)
Trauma Ultrasound Training for Latin American Countries

Objective: The Pan-American Trauma Society (PTS) developed a Trauma and Emergency Ultrasound Course (USET) in response to the requirement for trauma ultrasound training for low-and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of this course. Method: Pre- and post-course tests were used. And interval estimation of proportions was calculated at 95% CI. Theoretical and practical pre- and post-course knowledge were assessed with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test at 0.05 level of statistical significance. Result: Between 2005 and 2007, 114 students, including general surgeons, emergency medicine physicians, anesthesiologists, critical care physicians, and residents of these specialties, were trained in seven countries (Uruguay, Peru, Mexico, Venezuela, Aruba, Colombia, and Ecuador). The difference on complete knowledge ranked scores before and after the course was statistically significant (p<0.001). After the course, almost all participants (97.4%) demonstrated complete knowledge in final evaluation. Conclusion: The USET course is an effective approach for trauma ultrasound training. Specific training programs for trauma care providers that work in low-and middle-income countries are necessary and could be performed with low cost training programs.
Health Constraints and Farm Management Factors Influencing Udder Health of Dairy Cows in Malawi

The aim of this study was to identify the major health problems and possible farm management practices which could be associated to the prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows kept in smallholder dairy farms in Malawi. A total of 140 randomly selected dairy farms were included in the study. Health problems were assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire and farm records. Physical examination and California Mastitis Tests (CMT) were used to determine the presence of clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM). The most common diseases reported at farm level were mastitis 39.3% (55/140) and East Coast Fever 15.7% (22/140). Mastitis was the major udder disease and 52.0% (93/179) of the cows had at least one case of mastitis in the previous year. The prevalence of mastitis (positive result of physical examination or CMT) was significantly affected (p<0.05) by history of mastitis, floor type, herd size, sanitation of stables and season of the year. Results of the present study suggest a need for targeted control measures against the major diseases identified. In addition, emphasis on management interventions with the aim to improve on the sanitation of stables is recommended in order to alleviate the negative impact of mastitis in dairy farms in Malawi.
Elaboration on Production of Idioms and Idiomatic Expressions by ESL Learners

Bir dilin tam olarak bilinmesi o dile ait kelimelerin gercek ve mecazi anlamlariyla birlikte bilinmesidengecmektedir. Deyimler mecazi anlam acisindan iletisimin cok onemli bir parcasi olarak kabul edilir. Ingilizce’de deyimler hem resmi ve gunluk yasamda ve hem de konusma ve yazma alaninda yaygin ve coksiklikla kullanilmatadirlar. Arastirmamizi Uluslararasi Burc Universitesi’nin Ingilizce Ogretmenligibolumunde okuyan Ingilizce deyimleri ders ici ve disinda kullandigni dusundugumuz cok milletten olusanogrenci toplulugina uyguladik. Gelen sonuclari arastirma sorularimizla degerlendirmeye calistik: Ogrenciler deyimleri fark edebiliyorlar mi? Ogrenciler deyimleri anlayabiliyorlar mi? Ogrenciler deyimleri gunlukkonusmalarinda kullanabiliyorlar mi? Arastirma sonucunda sunu gorduk ki katilimcilar deyimlerinfarkinda olsalar da anlasalar da gunluk kullanimlarinda, yazmalarinda ve konusmalarinda Ingilizcedeyimleri kullanmamaktadirlar. Bunun da katilimcilarin Ingiliz kulturune asinaliklarinin eksikligindenkaynaklanbilecegini dusunmekteyiz.
Individual and Neighborhood Effects on FHA Mortgage Activity: Evidence from HMDA Data

Abstract The effects of individual and neighborhood characteristics on relative FHA-insured mortgage applications and originations are examined. A sample of low- and moderate-income households drawn from the 1990 and 1991 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act is analyzed using census tract data. Although the relationship between relative FHA-insured mortgage activity and minority composition in a census tract is not significant, there is a negative relationship between median family income and FHA-insured mortgage activity controlling for individual characteristics of borrowers and some census tract characteristics.
Cloud coverage and height during FIRE ACE derived from AVHRR data

Cloud cover and height are derived from NOAA-12 and NOAA-14 advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data taken over the Arctic Ocean for an 8° latitude by 30° longitude domain centered on the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) ship Des Groseilliers. Multispectral thresholds were determined subjectively and applied to each image, providing excellent temporal coverage during the May-July 1998 First ISCCP Regional Experiment Arctic Clouds Experiment (FIRE ACE). Mean cloud amounts were near 70% for the entire period but varied regionally from 55 to 85%. On the basis of a limited climatology of ship observations, these values appear to be typical for this part of the Arctic, suggesting that most of FIRE ACE was conducted in representative cloud conditions. A diurnal cycle of mean cloud amount was found for the domain during June and July having a range of 10% with a middle-to-late morning maximum. The AVHRR-derived cloud amounts are in good agreement with visual and radar measurements taken from the Des Groseilliers, except for a few subvisual and low cloud cases. Average AVHRR-derived cloudiness differ from the mean values obtained at the surface by −1 to +3%; this represents a significant improvement over previous satellite retrievals. The satellite-derived cloud heights are very accurate for most of the low cloud cases. Higher cloud altitudes are less certain because cloud optical depths were not available to adjust the temperature observed for the optically thin high clouds, and the radiating temperature of many of the high clouds is representative of some altitude deep in the cloud rather than the highest altitude level of condensate. The development of a more accurate automated algorithm for detecting polar clouds at AVHRR wavelengths will require inclusion of variable thresholds to account for the angular dependence of the surface reflectance as well as the seasonally changing albedos of the ice pack. The use of a 1.6-μm channel on the AVHRR, or other complement of instruments, will greatly enhance the capabilities for detecting clouds over poles during summer.