Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ophthalmic Injuries in Children Involved in All-Terrain Vehicle Crashes

Purpose To describe the spectrum of ophthalmic injuries in children involved in all-terrain vehicle (ATV) crashes. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of a level 1 children’s trauma center to identify cases with ICD-9 codes pertaining to crashes involving ATVs and cross-referenced for ophthalmic trauma. From these cases, we documented the nature of the crash, patient’s age, ophthalmic injuries received, and length of hospitalization. Results Twenty children, 5 to 16 years of age (mean, 11.1 years), involved in ATV crashes were admitted between June 1997 and April 2002. One was riding with an adult and 3 with other children; 16 were operating the vehicles alone at the time of their crashes. None was wearing a helmet, and all had head trauma. Nine patients had ophthalmic injuries, including lacerations of the eyelid (n = 5), orbital fractures (n = 9), and traumatic optic neuropathies (n = 2). The latter two had final visual acuities of count fingers and no light perception. The average length of hospitalization was 6.6 days. Conclusions Ophthalmic trauma is a frequent complication of ATV crashes involving children. Injuries may range from minor lacerations to complex orbital fractures; visual loss may be severe. We believe that the age of the vehicles’ operators and their failure to wear protective helmets contribute to the severity of injuries.
Malignant melanoma occurring in those aged under 30 in the west of Scotland 1979–1986: a study of incidence, clinical features, pathological features and survival

The study population consisted of the 95 patients who presented with cutaneous malignant melanoma in the west of Scotland between 1979 and 1986 and who were aged under 30 at the time of diagnosis. Over this 7‐year period, 1299 melanomas were diagnosed in all age groups in this geographical area, increasing in incidence by 82% from 135 in 1979 to 246 in 1986. The proportion of melanomas diagnosed before the patients' thirtieth birthday remained constant at 6%. None were diagnosed in the under‐15 age group, and none developed on giant congenital naevi. Forty‐two of the 95 melanomas (44%) in the under‐30 group developed on a small naevus present either from birth or early childhood. These melanomas were thicker than those apparently developing on normal skin, but once controlled for tumour thickness and sex the presence of a pre‐existing naevus did not affect 5‐year survival. The overall 5‐year survival was 76% with poorer survival associated with thicker tumours and male sex.
Immunohistochemical expression of neural tissue markers (neuron‐specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100 protein) in ameloblastic fibrodentinoma: A comparative study with ameloblastic fibroma

Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections of three cases of ameloblastic fibrodentinoma (AFD) were studied by the avidin–biotin–peroxidase complex method using antibodies against neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100 protein and the results were compared with those in ameloblastic fibroma (AF). A striking histopathological characteristic of AFD was the formation of abortive dentin with various degrees of maturation at the epithelial–mesenchymal tissue interface. Central cells of enamel organ‐like epithelia with various stages of abortive dentin induction in AFD were generally positive for NSE. Dental lamina‐like epithelial cells also showed positive staining in some areas. No cells were positive for NSE in AF. Positive staining for GFAP was observed in the juxta‐epithelial mesenchymal tissue of the formation stage of immature dentin with various numbers of entrapped cells in AFD, but GFAP staining was negative in other mesenchymal and epithelial tissues at other stages. In AF, no GFAP‐positive cells were found. There were a few S100 protein‐positive cells found in the foci of epithelial components in both AFD and AF. Mesenchymal cells showing a dendritic or spindle shape were positive for S100 protein in some areas of AFD and AF. Although such cells in the mesenchymal component of pigmented AFD were more numerous than in non‐pigmented AFD and AF, their distribution pattern in the former condition was basically similar to that in the latter. Although the present results, obtained from conventional immunohistochemical procedures, do not directly reflect the expression of neural crest‐derived cells in the dentinogenesis of AFD, such results do not disprove the possibility of the expression of neural proteins probably related to neural crest‐derived cells in dentinogenesis under certain pathologic conditions in odontogenic mixed tumors. Such a phenomenon may also occur during dentinogenesis in other odontogenic mixed tumors and in normal tooth differentiation, but at an undetectable level.
Antimalarial Drugs for Pediatrics - Prescribing and Dispensing Practices in a Tanzanian City

Purpose: To assess dispensing and prescribing practices with regard to antimalarial drugs for pediatrics in private pharmacies and public hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study that assessed the knowledge and practice of 200 drug dispensers in the private community pharmacies in Dar es Salaam. Two hundred (200) parents of children seeking malaria treatment were also interviewed at the public hospitals. Results: A majority of drug dispensers had moderate (63.3 %) to low knowledge (36.7 %) regarding antimalarial drug use in pediatrics. Parents had moderate (67 %) to low (33 %) level of understanding of the instructions given to them by the prescribers regarding administration of antimalarial drugs to pediatrics at home. Most children were not weighed, and there were indications of wrong calculations of doses of antimalarials in pediatrics. Conclusion: Overall, there were irrational dispensing and prescribing of antimalarial drugs to pediatrics. Since malaria is a major killer disease in Tanzania, especially in children under five years of age, there is a need to institute measures to ensure rational prescribing, dispensing and use of antimalarial drugs in pediatrics. Keywords: Antimalarials, Dispensing, Knowledge, Pediatrics, Pharmacies, Prescribing
TRICHOMONAS GALLINAE IN MAURITIAN COLUMBIDS: IMPLICATIONS FOR AN ENDANGERED ENDEMIC

Although well known as a widespread parasitic disease of columbids and birds of prey, there have been few studies of trichomonosis in populations of wild birds. In Mauritius, trichomonosis has been highlighted as a major threat to an endangered endemic, the Pink Pigeon (Neosoenas [Columba] mayeri). In this study, we examined the role that populations of other columbids in Mauritius might be playing as infectious reservoirs of the causal flagellate protozoan, Trichomonas gallinae. We screened 296 wild individuals of three columbid species (Madagascan Turtle Dove [Streptopelia picturata], Spotted Dove [Streptopelia chinensis], and Zebra Dove [Geopelia striata]) between September 2002 and April 2004. Prevalence varied significantly among species (ranging from 19% in S. chinensis to 59% in G. striata) and between S. picturata sampled from upland and coastal sites; S. picturata from upland sites (>500 m) were significantly less likely to be infected with T. gallinae than those from lowland sites (<50 m; 62% and 27% prevalence, respectively). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of T. gallinae at sites where Pink Pigeons were also present compared to those sampled at sites without Pink Pigeons. We show that T. gallinae infection prevalence is higher at sites and times of warmer temperatures and lower rainfall.
Micropropagation of Clitoria ternatea Linn. (Fabaceae)— An important medicinal plant

SummaryAn efficient protocol was established for in vitro shoot multiplication from nodal explants of Clitoria ternatea on semisolid Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 8. 9μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). Inclusion of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in the culture medium along with BA promoted higher rates of shoot multiplication than BA alone. The rate of shoot multiplication was maximum (5.21) after 4 wk of culture on MS basal medium supplemented with 8. 9μM BA and 1. 34μM NAA. The elongated shoots rooted within 7–8d in half-strength MS basal salts supplemented with 1. 34μM NAA and 2% (w/v) sucrose. About 85% of the rooted plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to the greenhouse.
The collection of general practice data for psychiatric service contracts.

A three-month prospective collection of primary care data from general surgery attendances in an inner London Health District was carried out to inform the setting of contracts for psychiatric services. This involved 21 general practitioners (GPs) selected from a total of 102 in the District. Information was collected on mental health disorders detected by GPs among the attenders, the resultant volume of care provided by the GPs, the referrals made to secondary care and other agencies, and the types of care identified by the practitioners as appropriate for a patient but which are currently not accessible or available. We found that 45.9 per cent of all patients (17,319/37,733) registered with the 21 GPs were seen in three months. There was an overrepresentation of White and Black Caribbean patients and an under-representation of Bangladeshi, Chinese, Black African and Black Other patients in the study population. Mental health disorders were detected in 13.3 per cent (2304) of all attenders. The commonest problems were depression (17.7 per cent), acute stress reaction (15.5 per cent), anxiety (15.1 per cent), drug abuse (7.2 per cent), schizophrenia (5.8 per cent) and alcohol abuse (5.3 per cent). It was found that 37.3 per cent (860) of all attenders received medication, 66.5 per cent (1532) were counselled by the GPs and only 4.4 per cent (102) were referred to a psychiatrist; 16.3 per cent (375) of those with mental health disorders were identified by the GPs as having a service need which the District's psychiatric service could not meet. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Single and Dual Pathologies of the Temporal Lobe: Effects on Cognitive Function in Children with Epilepsy

The neuropathologies associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are heterogeneous. The performance of 61 children with single pathology of hippocampal sclerosis (HS), temporal lobe tumor, or cortical dysplasia (CD) or dual pathology of HS + tumor or HS + CD was examined on measures of intelligence, language, memory, and executive function. Children with single pathologies performed significantly better than did children with HS + CD on all standardized measures of IQ. Children with tumors performed significantly better than children with dual pathology on receptive vocabulary. These results support prior research of an association between neuropathology and cognitive function in children with epilepsy and extend the findings to include additional neuropathologies and measures of cognitive functioning.
Kinetic and optimization studies on the bioconversion of lignocellulosic material into ethanol

In the present study, classical statistical tool Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was adopted for the optimization of process variables in the bioconversion of pretreated sugarcane bagasse into ethanol by cellulase and Candida wickerhamii MTCC 3013 based on Central Composite Design (CCD) experiments. A 23 five level CCD with central and axial points was used to develop a statistical model for the optimization of process variables such as incubation temperature (25 – 45°) X1, pH (5.0 – 7.0) X2,and fermentation time (24 – 120 h) X3. Data obtained from RSM on ethanol production were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analyzed using a second-order polynomial equation, and isoresponse contour plots were used to study the interactions among three relevant variables. Maximum response for ethanol production was obtained when applying the optimum values for temperature (33°C), pH (5.7), and fermentation time (104 h). Maximum ethanol concentration (4.28 g/l) was obtained from 50 g/l pretreated sugarcane bagasse at the optimized process conditions in aerobic batch fermentation. Various kinetic models such as Modified Logistic model, Modified Logistic incorporated Leudeking – Piret model, and Modified Logistic incorporated Modified Leudeking – Piret model were evaluated and the constants were predicted.
Closed-form locking time formula applying time-variant nature of LC Oscillators

In this work, time domain analysis is used to solve Adler's equation in order to obtain the required time, for an oscillator under external injection, reaching the steady-state condition. Mathematical approach has been applied to fully describe the transient of frequency acquisition in injection-locked LC oscillators considering their time-variant nature. Both perturbation analysis and time domain solutions are used completely describe the locking time dependencies. Also, the effect of initial phase difference of injection signal on locking time and phase noise is theoretically studied Finally, design insights are deduced which enables designers to evaluate and minimize the timing budget required to achieve injection locking in designing a fast locking oscillator. The mathematical consequences in this work explain why the initial phase shift of injection signal has no effect on the phase noise of oscillator.
Quantitative lymph node evaluation as an independent marker of long‐term prognosis in stage III rectal cancer

Background: The prognostic significance of lymph node evaluation is not well described for rectal cancer due to a lack of reproducibility in nodal counts and variable use of adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy. The aim of this study was to examine the role of quantitative lymph node evaluation as an independent marker of prognosis in stage III rectal cancer.
Thyroid cancer in South Africa--an indicator of regional iodine deficiency.

OBJECTIVE Because follicular thyroid cancers predominate in iodine deficient and papillary cancers predominate in iodine-replete populations, we have analysed national and regional (former Transvaal) incidences of these cancer types as a surrogate measure of the population iodine nutritional status in South Africa. DESIGN Statistical analysis, by race and sex, of differentiated thyroid cancers reported to the South African National Cancer Registry (1988), and of the computerised histology records of the Department of Anatomical Pathology, SAIMR (January 1990 to June 1994; Transvaal data). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relative frequencies of the two cancer types nationally and geographically in the Transvaal region. MAIN RESULTS Thyroid cancer was underdiagnosed in populations other than white. Nationally, follicular histology accounted for 55% of all differentiated primary thyroid cancers, and predominated especially in black women. Follicular morphology predominated in blacks resident in the rural regions of the former Transvaal (58%), while papillary histology predominated in urban areas (of present-day Gauteng), irrespective of race (78%; P = 0.003). CONCLUSION The national predominance of follicular thyroid cancer indicates that significant iodine deficiency exists in the country as a whole. The observed urban-rural differences in prevalences of follicular and papillary cancer types suggest regional differences in the severity of iodine deficiency. There is a need for a formal survey of the population iodine nutritional status in South Africa.
Functional properties of a cloned 5‐hydroxytryptamine ionotropic receptor subunit: comparison with native mouse receptors.

1. A comparative study of the whole‐cell and single‐channel properties of cloned and native mouse 5‐hydroxytryptamine ionotropic receptors (5‐HT3) was undertaken using mammalian cell lines expressing the cloned 5‐HT3 receptor subunit A (5‐HT3R‐A), superior cervical ganglia (SCG) neurones and N1E‐115 cells. 2. No pharmacological difference was found in the sensitivity to the agonists 5‐HT and 2‐methyl‐5‐HT, or to the antagonists d‐tubocurare and 3‐tropanyl‐3,5‐dichlorobenzoate (MDL‐72222). 3. Current‐voltage (I‐V) relationships of whole‐cell currents showed inward rectification in the three preparations. Rectification was stronger both in cells expressing the 5‐HT3R‐A subunit and in N1E‐115 cells when compared with SCG neurones. 4. No clear openings could be resolved in 5‐HT‐activated currents in patches excised from cells expressing the 5‐HT3R‐A subunit or N1E‐115 cells. Current fluctuation analysis of whole‐cell and excised‐patch records revealed a slope conductance of 0.4‐0.6 pS in both preparations. Current‐voltage relationships of these channels showed strong rectification that fully accounted for the whole‐cell voltage dependence. 5. In contrast, single channels of about 10 pS were activated by 5‐HT in patches excised from SCG neurones. The weak voltage dependence of their conductance did not account completely for the rectification of whole‐cell currents. A lower unitary conductance (3.4 pS) was inferred from whole‐cell noise analysis. 6. We conclude that the receptor expressed from the cloned cDNA is indistinguishable from the 5‐HT3 receptor of N1E‐115 cells, suggesting an identical structure for these two receptors. The higher conductance and different voltage dependence of the 5‐HT3 receptor in SCG neurones might indicate the participation of an additional subunit in the structure of native ganglionic 5‐HT3 receptors. Homo‐oligomeric 5‐HT3R‐A channels may also be present as suggested by the lower conductance estimated by whole‐cell noise analysis.
Capacity of multiuser diversity systems with adaptive transmission and different MIMO schemes

In this paper, we present a comprehensive capacity analysis of the downlink of multiuser diversity (MD) systems with adaptive transmission over Rayleigh fading channels. First, the exact capacity of the single-input singleoutput (SISO) systems with MD and adaptive transmission technique is derived. The optimal power allocation scheme for such a system is shown to be a water-filling algorithm. Next, we derive the exact closed-form capacity expressions for different multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) schemes, including the selective combining (SC), maximum ratio combining (MRC) and space-time block codes (STBC). In order to avoid the cumbersome numerical root finding techniques in solving the optimal cutoff SNR level below which the channel is not used, we also provide the approximate expressions for the cutoff level. For the MD MIMO systems, it is observed that the optimal power allocation strategy is to focus transmit power on a single transmit antenna (e.g. Tx-MRC/Rx-MRC scheme) or selecting the best transmit antennas (e.g. Tx-SC/Rx-MRC scheme). Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction?

A review of the evidence for and against the proposition that self-serving biases affect attributions of causality indicated that there is little empirical support for the proposition in its most general form. The literature provides some support for the contention that individuals engage in self-enhancin g attributions under conditions of success, but only minimal evidence was found to suggest that individuals engage in self-protecti ve attributions under conditions of failure. Moreover, it was proposed that the self-enhancing effect may not be due to motivational distortion, but rather to the tendency of people (a) to expect their behavior to produce success, (b) to discern a closer covariation between behavior and outcomes in the case of increasing success than in the case of constant failure, and (c) to misconstrue the meaning of contingency. We are prone to alter our perception of causality so as to protect or enhance our self esteem. We attribute success to our own dispositions and failure to external forces. (Hastorf, Schneider, & Polefka, 1970,
Duration of stretch does not influence the degree of force loss following static stretching.

AIM There is an emerging body of knowledge indicating static stretching (SS) acutely and adversely affects muscle performance. The practical value of this research is limited considering the lengthy stretch durations under investigation. It is unclear if stretch durations typical of those used pre-exercise similarly affect muscle performance. The purpose of this study was to determine if SS using more representative stretch durations affects muscle performance and to establish if changes in muscle performance were influenced by the duration of stretch. METHODS Following 2 familiarization sessions, 16 recreationally trained males and females participated in 2 randomly ordered experimental sessions. In each session maximal effort hamstring performance was assessed prior to and immediately after 1 of 2 stretching protocols. During one of the protocols participants were required to hold each stretch for 15 s while stretch duration in the second protocol was 30 s. Both protocols consisted of 3 repetitions of 2 stretching exercises. A Kincom isokinetic dynamometer was used to assess hamstring performance during isometric, concentric, and eccentric actions. RESULTS For each of the three muscle actions a repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time (pre- vs poststretch, P<0.05) but no interaction effect (time x SS protocol). Furthermore, the stretch-induced deficits in muscle performance were consistent across muscle action type. CONCLUSIONS SS incorporating stretch durations typical of those employed pre-exercise were sufficient to impair muscle performance and the duration of stretch did not influence the degree of force loss. Inclusion of SS, even with short stretch durations, in preparation for strength activities is not appropriate.
A State Representation for Reinforcement Learning and Decision-Making in the Orbitofrontal Cortex

Despite decades of research, the exact ways in which the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) influences cognitive function have remained mysterious. Anatomically, the OFC is characterized by remarkably broad connectivity to sensory, limbic and subcortical areas, and functional studies have implicated the OFC in a plethora of functions ranging from facial processing to value-guided choice. Notwithstanding such diversity of findings, much research suggests that one important function of the OFC is to support decision making and reinforcement learning. Here, we describe a novel theory that posits that OFC’s specific role in decision-making is to provide an up-to-date representation of task-related information, called a state representation. This representation reflects a mapping between distinct task states and sensory as well as unobservable information. We summarize evidence supporting the existence of such state representations in rodent and human OFC and argue that forming these state representations provides a crucial scaffold that allows animals to efficiently perform decision making and reinforcement learning in high-dimensional and partially observable environments. Finally, we argue that our theory offers an integrating framework for linking the diversity of functions ascribed to OFC and is in line with its wide ranging connectivity.