Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Neural Network Alignment and Lexicon Model in Direct HMM for Statistical Machine Translation

Recently, the neural machine translation systems showed their promising performance and surpassed the phrase-based systems for most translation tasks. Retreating into conventional concepts machine translation while utilizing effective neural models is vital for comprehending the leap accomplished by neural machine translation over phrase-based methods. This work proposes a direct HMM with neural network-based lexicon and alignment models, which are trained jointly using the Baum-Welch algorithm. The direct HMM is applied to rerank the n-best list created by a state-of-the-art phrase-based translation system and it provides improvements by up to 1.0% Bleu scores on two different translation tasks.
[Sensory perceptive and discriminative abilities of patients with occlusal dysesthesia].

PURPOSE It is not rare for dentists to come across patients who complain of several uncomfortable feelings of occlusion despite the absence of any observable occlusal anomaly or discrepancy. These kinds of symptoms are well defined by the term "occlusal dysesthesia" (OD). This study evaluated the occlusal perceptive and discriminative abilities in OD patients. METHODS The sensory perceptive and discriminative abilities were tested in 8 OD patients and 31 healthy subjects as controls. All of these subjects went through three types of tests: 1) thickness discrimination test by using occlusal registration foils, 2) thickness discrimination test by using bite block, and 3) mouth opening reproducibility test. RESULTS The median of the foil thickness discrimination ability of the control group was 14 microm and that of the patient group was 8 microm. In the bite block thickness discrimination test, both groups showed less than +/- 1mm thickness discrimination ability on average and were able to reproduce pre-indicated mouth opening with less than 10% error. There was no significant difference in these study results between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Sensory perceptive and discriminative abilities of OD patients were not significantly different from those of the healthy subjects in this study sample.
Reactivation of HSV‐1 in the brain of patients with familial Alzheimer's disease

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) has been proposed as an environmental risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease, although this issue is still in dispute. The involvement of HSV‐1 in the pathogenesis of familial Alzheimer's disease, the uncommon type of Alzheimer's disease, has not been addressed yet. We investigated formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded, postmortem brain tissue sections of three patients with familial Alzheimer's disease for the presence of HSV‐1 DNA. The nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected the HSV‐1 glycoprotein D gene in the brain of all three patients with familial Alzheimer's disease preferentially in the frontal and temporal cortices, whereas only one case out of six age‐matched, non‐Alzheimer's disease individuals could disclose the presence of HSV‐1 gene. The PCR detected HSV‐1 DNA in the frontal cortex of the two patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. The presence of HSV‐1 was associated with β‐amyloid deposition in the cerebral cortex. To clarify the localization of HSV‐1 in the brain tissue of patients with familial Alzheimer's disease, the in situ hybridization of the tyramide signal amplification system was used. It detected the HSV‐1‐specific signals predominantly in the cytoplasm of cortical neurons in a dot‐like staining fashion. In addition, high‐sensitivity immunohistochemistry revealed the existence of HSV‐1 antigens in the cytoplasm of cortical neurons. This report provides the first evidence of reactivation of HSV‐1 in the brain of patients with familial Alzheimer's disease, associated with β‐amyloid deposition, and suggests the possible involvement of HSV‐1 together with genetic factors in the pathogenesis of familial Alzheimer's disease. J. Med. Virol. 73:605–611, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo biotinylation studies: specificity of labelling of reticulated platelets by thiazole orange and mepacrine

Animal in vivo biotinylation studies have demonstrated that thiazole orange (TO) labels the youngest cells in the circulation. TO has since been widely used for the measurement of reticulated platelets. As recent findings suggest that at high concentrations TO also labels platelet dense granules non‐specifically, the value of previous work is unclear. Mepacrine also labels platelet dense granules and can detect storage pool defects. In this study, a mouse in vivo biotinylation model was used to determine the specificity of TO and mepacrine staining on platelets recently released into the circulation. The mean life span of biotin/TO (low), biotin/TO (high) and mepacrine/TO dual‐positive platelets was 1.4 d (SD 0.5), 2.2 d (SD 0.2) and 2.3 d (SD 0.3) respectively (n = 6) compared with a life span for biotin‐positive platelets of 4.9 d (SD 1.6). TO (low), TO (high) and mepacrine labelled 8.0% (SD 3.1), 43.9% (SD 8.3) and 40.0% (SD 9.9) of the total platelet population respectively (results of 30 samples from six mice), which decreased to 6.8% (SD 3.9), 26.6% (SD 6.9) and 25.7% (SD 10.6) after thrombin degranulation. The shorter life span and lack of thrombin sensitivity of TO (low)‐positive platelets, suggests that TO (low) measures reticulated platelets specifically. The comparative life spans and thrombin sensitivity of TO (high) and mepacrine‐positive platelets suggest that TO (high) labels platelet dense granules. These data also suggest that dense granules are lost during platelet ageing.
Aetiology of bilateral sensorineural deafness in children

Abstract The study was carried out in children born during the four year period 1981–1984 in the Greater Manchester County. The children were investigated for possible congenital infections. Perinatal assessment was carried out for adverse aetiological factors. Family histories were obtained and parents and siblings were examined for any hearing impairment. A total of 164 cases were investigated. Various aetiological groups were formed which showed the following distribution: cause unknown 36.5 per cent; genetic group 20.1 per cent; adverse perinatal factors 14.6 per cent; congenital infections 9.8 per cent; meningitis 6.1 per cent; chromosomal abnormalities 3.7 per cent; syndromal group 3.7 per cent; and miscellaneous 5.5 per cent. The findings are discussed in the light of previous studies.
Development of pre- and post-match morning recovery-stress states during in-season weeks in elite youth football

ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine how matches affect self-report measures of physical, mental, and emotional states in order to set a base for developing specific recovery approaches. Methods: A total of 25 players (Mage = 17.5, SD = .5 yrs.) of an U19-Junioren-Bundesliga team participated over the entire 6-month assessment period. The players completed the Short Recovery and Stress Scale twice a week on Monday and Friday mornings between 7 and 9am. During the assessment period the players participated in 12 match days. Results: Wilcoxon signed-rank tests revealed significant main effects for changes from Friday to Monday ratings in players who played more than 60 min (regular players) and less than 60 min (substitutes). The regular players were more physically and mentally stressed after matches whereas the substitutes experienced higher emotional stress when comparing Mondays’ and Fridays’ stress ratings. Conclusions: Therefore, matches affect those who played more than 60 min differently compared to those who played less than 60 min. This was the case not only for physical recovery-stress ratings but also for mental, emotional and overall self-reports. Consequently, coaches should take the self-ratings of their players into account to create efficient training regimens to prevent negative consequences such as underrecovery or overtraining.
Supplementary information to : Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne

a Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. b BioArCh, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom. c Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. d Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. e Paris Unité Mixte de Recherche 7041 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité, 92023 Nanterre, France. f Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom. g Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. h Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom. i Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, United Kingdom.
Albuterol delivery with conventional and synchronous ventilation in a neonatal lung model

Objective To compare the percentage of nebulized albuterol delivered with conventional (intermittent mandatory ventilation) vs. synchronous (assist-control and assist-control with flow synchronization) ventilation in a neonatal lung model. Design Prospective in vitro laboratory study. Setting Research laboratory. Subject Neonatal lung model. Interventions The model simulated an intubated neonate with a spontaneous respiratory rate of 40, 60, or 80 breaths per minute and compliance and resistance values of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. A VIP Bird ventilator was used for all ventilator modes. Albuterol 2.5 mg was administered with a T Up-Draft II Neb-U-Mist nebulizer attached to a 12.75-cm (10-mL) reservoir of circuit tubing. Albuterol was collected onto a filter (particle retention ≤0.3 &mgr;m) placed proximal to the test lung. After nebulization, the filter was rinsed with water, and albuterol concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ten random trials for each mode were completed. Measurements and Main Results No significant differences in percentage albuterol delivered were found among the three modes or the three spontaneous respiratory rates (mean ± sd): intermittent mandatory ventilation, 0.11 ± 0.04%; assist-control, 0.12 ± 0.03%; assist-control with flow synchronization, 0.10 ± 0.04%; 40 breaths per minute, 0.11 ± 0.03%; 60 breaths per minute, 0.11 ± 0.04%; and 80 breaths per minute, 0.11 ± 0.05% (p > .05, two-factor analysis of variance). Conclusions The percentage of nebulized albuterol delivered to the end of the endotracheal tube in a mechanically ventilated neonatal model was not affected by mode of ventilation under the conditions studied. Further clinical studies are needed to determine whether lung deposition and distribution or clinical efficacy of albuterol is influenced by synchronous ventilation in this patient population.
Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria and Other Phytoplankton in Northern New Jersey Freshwater Bodies

Diatoms are a type of phytoplankton that possess several unique contours due to a cell wall composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2) [2, 3]. The diatoms, or Bacillariophyta, have distinct structures and thus are easily identifiable in a water sample. Diatoms can be found in a large range of pH and dissolved oxygen values as well as in ecosystems with a wide concentra‐ tion of solutes, nutrients, contaminants, and across a large range of water temperatures due to their durable cell walls [2].
Some Contributions to the Theory of Abstract Degenerate Volterra Integro-Differential Equations

In this study, we contribute to the existing theory of abstract degenerate Volterra integro-differential equations in sequentially complete locally convex spaces. We investigate a class of abstract degenerate Volterra inclusions by using the multivalued linear operator approach, as well as a class of abstract degenerate multi-term fractional differential equations with Caputo derivatives by using the pure Laplace transform techniques.
Microsatellite Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum from Cerebral and Uncomplicated Malaria Patients in Southern Vietnam

ABSTRACT If parasite genotype influences the clinical course of malaria, we expect that isolates from patients with similar pathology would be more closely related than would be expected by chance. To explore this prediction, we typed nine microsatellite markers in sympatric Plasmodium falciparum isolates from cerebral and uncomplicated malaria patients from Vietnam. Temporal structure and linkage disequilibrium were also examined in this data set.
Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cases of Otitis media among patients attending Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.

Patients with Otitis Media were evaluated for bacterial pathogens and their susceptibility status to available anti-bacterial drugs. A total of 110 ear swab samples from cases of Otitis media among patients attending Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria were collected between February to July 2011 and cultured on blood chocolate and MaCconkey agar, incubated at 37 OC both aerobically and anaerobically. The isolates were then subjected to the standard bacteriological techniques and sensitivity test using Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method. Out of the 110 samples examined, 30 (27.3%) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 25 (22.7%) Staphylococcus aureus, 10 (9.0%) Streptococcus pyogenes, 18 (16.3%), Proteus specie and 12 (10.9%) Candida specie, while 15 (13.6%) showed no growth at all and the difference between the various pathogens was not significant (P>0.05). Patients of age group between 0-5 years are most susceptible to Otitis media than any other age group and the difference in the prevalence of the infection in relation to age was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Otitis Media conditions were higher in the female (56.7%) than the male patients (43.3%). Amikacin was found to be the most effective drug amongst other antimicrobials in the treatment of Otitis media caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but the difference between the various antibiotics used was not statistical significant (P>0.05). This study had showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa to be the pathogen most incriminated in the causation of Otitis media. Therefore, it is essential that all stakeholders both in primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities to support and educate the general public on various preventive measures against Otitis media infection.
Mode Classification and Calculation in All-Solid Photonic Bandgap Fibers

The classification and calculation of the core modes of all-solid photonic bandgap fibers (ASPBFs) are addressed. The first 12 modes of a multimode ASPBF are calculated by a full-vector finite difference method (FDM) using a Yee's cell in cylindrical coordinates. The modes of the ASPBFs are labeled in analogy with step-index fibers based on their mode profile similarities, and are classified into nondegenerate modes or degenerate pairs according to the minimum waveguide sectors and the associated boundary conditions based on results from symmetry analysis. Furthermore, an analytical effective index model (EIM) for ASPBFs can be formulated, which yields highly accurate results in calculating the effective indices of those 12 modes. The advantages of simple and fast implementation of the EIM are demonstrated by designing ASPBFs that can be used in second harmonic generation for a source wavelength of 1.06 μm. The phase matching condition is achieved between an index-guided fundamental HE11 mode for the IR and a bandgap-guided higher-order HE12 mode for the second harmonic. The fiber parameters determined by the EIM are confirmed by the FDM.
Nurse Staffing, Mortality, and Length of Stay in For-Profit and Not-for-Profit Hospitals

The issue of differential quality in for-profit (FP) and not-for-profit (NFP) hospitals remains a critical health policy question. With research demonstrating a relationship between nurse staffing and quality, the question arises whether the relationship differs in these hospital types. Using Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project data from the period 1990–1995, we found that case mix-adjusted registered nurse (RN) staffing was significantly lower in FPs than in NFPs, and we found a superior distribution of outcomes (mortality and length of stay) obtained with a lower level of RN staffing. The differences in mortality and length of stay disappeared, however, after controlling for population and market characteristics.
HOW TO MAKE AN ULTRA-FAINT DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXY: TIDAL STIRRING OF DISKY DWARFS WITH SHALLOW DARK MATTER DENSITY PROFILES

In recent years the Sloan Digital Sky Survey has unraveled a new population of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs) whose origin remains a puzzle in the vicinity of the Milky Way (MW). Using a suite of collisionless N-body simulations, we investigate the formation of UFDs in the context of the tidal stirring model for the formation of dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the Local Group (LG). Our simulations are designed to reproduce the tidal interactions between MW-sized host galaxies and rotationally supported dwarfs embedded in 109 M☉ dark matter (DM) halos. We explore a variety of inner density slopes ρ∝r−α for the dwarf DM halos, ranging from core-like (α = 0.2) to cuspy (α = 1), and different dwarf orbital configurations. Our experiments demonstrate that UFDs can be produced via tidal stirring of disky dwarfs on relatively tight orbits, consistent with a redshift of accretion by the host galaxy of z ∼ 1, and with intermediate values for the halo inner density slopes (ρ∝r−0.6). The inferred slopes are in excellent agreement with those resulting from both the modeling of the rotation curves of dwarf galaxies and recent cosmological simulations of dwarf galaxy formation. Comparing the properties of observed UFDs with those of their simulated counterparts, we find remarkable similarities in terms of basic observational parameters. We conclude that tidal stirring of rotationally supported dwarfs represents a viable mechanism for the formation of UFDs in the LG environment.
Maintenance of TCR clonality in T cells expressing genes for two TCR heterodimers

T cell receptor (TCR) allelic exclusion is believed to be primarily mediated by suppression of further recombination at the TCR locus after the expression of a functional TCR protein. Genetic allelic exclusion has been shown to be leaky for the β chain and, more commonly, for the α chain. Here, we demonstrate an additional mechanism by which T cells can maintain monoclonality. T cells from double TCR transgenic mice express only one or the other of the two available TCRs at the cell surface. This “functional allelic exclusion” is apparently due to control of the TCR assembly process because these T cells express RNA and protein for all four transgenic TCR proteins. Lack of cell surface expression of the second TCR may be controlled by a failure to assemble the TCR heterodimer.
A note on the effect of within‐strain sample sizes on QTL mapping in recombinant inbred strain studies

This note explores the effect of within‐strain sample sizes on the correlations between a phenotype and a molecular‐genetic marker in a battery of inbred strains. It is shown that the maximum correlation possible between a molecular marker and a behavioral or neuronal phenotype equals the additive‐genetic correlation. How close the strain correlation will approach the additive‐genetic correlation depends only on heritability and within‐strain sample sizes. The equations derived can be used to optimize designs of studies attempting to localize Quantitative Trait Loci utilizing Recombinant Inbred Strains, provided information about the heritability of the character under study is available.
Maillard Reaction-Mediated Molecular Damage to Extracellular Matrix and Other Tissue Proteins in Diabetes, Aging, and Uremia

Recent progress in structure elucidation of products of the advanced Maillard reaction now allows probing specifically for the role of this reaction in the pathogenesis of age- and diabetes-related complications. Pyrraline is a glucose-derived advanced glycation end product against which polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been raised. Immunohistochemical localization studies revealed that pyrraline is found predominantly in the sclerosed extracellular matrix of glomerular and arteriolar renal tissues from both diabetic and aged nondiabetic individuals. Pentosidine and carboxymethyllysine are Maillard end products derived from both glucose and ascorbate. In addition, pentosidine can be formed from several other sugars under oxidative conditions, and in vitro studies suggest that a common intermediate involving a pentose is a necessary precursor molecule. The highest levels of these advanced Maillard products are generally found in the extracellular matrix, but these products are also present in lens proteins and in proteins with a fast turnover such as plasma proteins. Diabetes, and especially uremia, greatly catalyzes pentosidine formation. Both conditions are characterized by accelerated cataractogenesis, atherosclerosis, and neuropathy, suggesting that molecular damage by advanced Maillard reaction products may be a common mechanism in their development.
Hepatotoxicity Possibly Caused by Amphotericin B

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of possible amphotericin B–induced hepatotoxicity in a patient with pulmonary blastomycosis. SUMMARY: A 26-year-old white man with life-threatening pulmonary blastomycosis developed elevation of his liver enzymes after the addition of amphotericin B to his initial itraconazole therapy. The hepatotoxicity resolved rapidly with discontinuation of the amphotericin B, and the blastomycosis was successfully treated with itraconazole alone. DISCUSSION: This case illustrates an unusual occurrence of hepatotoxicity associated with a short course of amphotericin B. Liver biopsy was compatible with drug-induced changes and showed no evidence of blastomycosis. Discontinuation of amphotericin B with no other therapeutic changes resulted in a rapid resolution of hepatotoxicity. A possible adverse drug interaction with itraconazole and amphotericin B is postulated based on the mechanism of action of each drug. CONCLUSIONS: Amphotericin B therapy can be associated with many adverse effects, but reports of hepatotoxicity are rare. Closer monitoring of liver enzymes in patients receiving amphotericin B, especially in combination with potentially hepatotoxic agents, including azole antifungal drugs, would be prudent.
Predictors affecting breast self-examination practice among Turkish women.

BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among females in Turkey. Predictors affecting the breast self-examination (BSE) performance vary in developing countries. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of BSE performance and predictors of self-reported BSEs among women in the capital city of Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 376 Turkish women using a self- administered questionnaire covering socio-demographic variables and BSE-related features. RESULTS Of the participants, 78.7% (N=296) reported practicing BSE, whereas 9.5% (N=28) were implementing BSE regularly on a monthly basis, and only 5.7% (N=17) were performing BSE regularly within a week after each menstrual cycle. Multivariate logistic regression modeling revealed that BSE performance was more likely in younger age groups [20-39 years] (p=0.018, OR=3.215) and [40-49 years] (p=0.009, OR=3.162), women having a family history of breast disease (p=0.038, OR=2.028), and housewives (p=0.013, OR=0.353). CONCLUSIONS Although it appears that the rates of BSE performers are high, the number of women conducting appropriate BSE on a regular time interval basis is lower than expected. Younger age groups, family history of breast diseases and not being employed were identified as significant predictors of practicing BSE appropriately. Older age and employment were risk factors for not performing BSE in this sample.