Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
This is the Accepted Author Manuscript (AAM) of the article:

In this study, a three-dimensional VAWT with a spanwise passively deformable flexible blade has been modelled. The study mainly focuses on the analysis of blade structure characteristics associated with the bending and twist deflection. Two types of flexible blade material and two strut locations supporting H-type blades are being investigated. The unsteady external loads and energy efficiency of VAWT with such designed flexible blade are also being analysed. The simulation results show that the bending and twist deflection peak is positively correlated with the turbine tip speed ratio λ. For a flexible blade, an unevenly distributed structural stress along the blade with a high stress regime in the vicinity of strut location has also been observed. Due to the rotational motion of a VAWT, the centrifugal force acting on VAWT blade plays an important role on the blade structure characteristics. Reduction of the blade stiffness results in an increase of the blade stress. Changing the strut location from middle to tip will cause a large area under high stress. The results also indicate that the VAWT with a highly flexible blade is not an efficient energy extraction device when it is compared to a less flexible or a rigid blade.
Conceptual shifts in animal systematics as reflected in the taxonomic history of a common aquatic snail species (Lymnaea stagnalis)

Lymnaea stagnalis (L., 1758) is among the most widespread and well-studied species of freshwater Mollusca of the northern hemisphere. It is also notoriously known for its huge conchological variability. The history of scientific exploration of this species may be traced back to the end of the 16 th century (Ulisse Aldrovandi in Renaissance Italy) and, thus, L. stagnalis has been chosen as a proper model taxon to demonstrate how changes in theoretical foundations and methodology of animal taxonomy have been reflected in the practice of classification of a particular taxon, especially on the intraspecific level. In this paper, I depict the long story of recognition of L. stagnalis by naturalists and biologists since the 16 th century up to the present day. It is shown that different taxonomic philosophies (essentialism, population thinking, tree thinking) led to different views on the species’ internal structure and its systematic position itself. The problem of how to deal with intraspecific variability in the taxonomic arrangement of L. stagnalis has been a central problem that made systematists change their opinion following conceptual shifts in taxonomic theory.
A VIRULENCE DEFICIENCY ASSOCIATED WITH MUTATIONS IN A XANTHOMONAS ORYZAE PV. ORYZAE HOMOLOGUE OF NON- FIMBRIAL ADHESIN GENES FROM ANIMAL PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

In Chapter 3, the characterisation of virulence and xylanase deficient mutants of Xoo was discussed. This chapter describes the characterisation of a virulence deficient, xylanase proficient mutant (BX0808; vir-2::Tn5). The genomic region flanking the vir-2::Tn5 insertion site was sequenced and the insertion was localised to an ORF that potentially encodes for a protein of 1265 amino acids, which we have designated as XadA. A homology search using the BlAST algorithm indicates that XadA exhibits homology to several virulence factors that function as non-fimbrlal adhesins in animal pathogenic bacteria. XadA mutants of Xoo exhibit an altered colony morphology as well as a virulence deficiency following either epiphytic or wound infection of
CHAPTER 194 TOTAL RATE AND DISTRIBUTION OF LONGSHORE SAND TRANSPORT

Longshore sand transport rate has been computed, for 2,520 cases covering fieldand laboratory-scale conditions, using a general formula for local transport rate in a coexistent wave-current field proposed by the present author. The computed total transport rate has been well related to the alongshore component of wave power and two other parameters. Cross-shore distributions of the longshore transport rate have also been studied.
Geographical versus food plant differentiation in populations of Maculinea alcon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Northern Hungary

The taxonomic status of Alcon Blues in Central and Western Europe (conventionally: Maculinea alcon and M. rebeli) is confused. Some authors distinguish them as separate species within the M. alcon species group, while others consider them to be subspecies or simply ecological forms. Our aim was to study the geographical versus food plant pattern of genetic differentiation among several populations of these taxa in Northern Hungary. Imagines were collected from 11 localities between 2000 and 2003. M. alcon feeding on G. pneumonanthe from three subregions and on G. cruciata from two subregions were analysed. Enzyme poly- morphism was analysed at 16 enzyme loci using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the analysis of the data, F-statistics were computed and the total genetic variation partitioned into within and between population components. Nei's genetic distances were calculated and a UPGMA dendrogram constructed on the basis of the distance matrix. Hierarchical F-statistics and AMOVA were computed to study the pattern of genetic differentiation among the samples. PCA analysis was also carried out using the allele fre- quencies of the samples. The results of all analyses indicated strong differentiation among the samples. A sizeable portion of this variation was detected among the samples/generations collected from the same population. The distribution of the between popula- tion variation did not exhibit a clear split between the two food plant groups. In addition, the FST values computed using a restricted data set suggested significant differentiation among the subregions. The results of AMOVA and PCA also indicated that the geo- graphic pattern was more expressed in the between sample variation than the conventional taxonomic pattern.
A statistical and event study of magnetotail dipolarization fronts

Abstract. A study of dipolarization fronts of the Earth's magnetotail has been performed using seven years (2001–2007) of Cluster data. Events both with and without high-speed earthward flows are included. A superposed epoch analysis of the data shows that the dipolarization is preceeded by a decrease of Bz before the increase. The duration of the dipolarization tends to be decreasing with increasing velocity of the plasma flows. The thickness of the dipolarization front is on average 1.8 plasma inertial lengths, independent of the plasma velocity. We find that the events fall into two categories: Earthward and tailward moving dipolarizations. The dipolarization fronts can be assumed to be tangential discontinuities and the currents on the front have mainly a perpendicular component.
The Sum Connectivity Revan Index of Silicate and Hexagonal Networks

In Chemical Graph Theory, the connectivity indices are applied to measure the chemical characteristics of chemical compounds. In this paper, we introduce the sum connectivity Revan index of a molecular graph. Also we compute the sum connectivity Revan index for certain networks of chemical import ance like silicate networks and hexagonal networks. The first and second Revan indi ces of silicate networks and hexagonal networks are determined.
The Effects of Parenting and Marital Functioning on Affect in Early Infancy

by Diane M. Lickenbrock Previous studies involving pre-school and sc hool-aged children found that marital conflict negatively impacts children’s socio-emotio nal development both directly and indirectly though parenting. Additionally, studies have found that parenting predicts numerous infant and child outcomes such as affect. Although research supports that marital functioning affects parent-child relationsh ips during early childhood through adolescence, studies assessing how marital function ing and parenting influence socioemotional development during infancy is scant. This longitudinal study examined associations between marital functioning, parenting , a d infant affect over time for infant-mother and infant-father dyads during the St ill-Face Paradigm (Tronick, Als, Adamson, Wise, & Brazelton, 1978). Structural equat ion modeling results indicated that for fathers, marital functioning related both direc tly and indirectly to changes in infant affect during the Still-Face; parenting also mediat ed relations between marital quality and infant affect. For mothers, sensitive parenting pre dict d changes in affect but marital functioning did not play a role in the dynamic in i nfant-mother dyads.
Optical Flow PIV: Improving the Accuracy and Applicability of Particle Image Velocimetry

A technique to analyze Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) images with strong refractive distortion is presented. Based on a muti-level optical flow algorithm, the approach has been benchmarked with synthetically generated PIV images, and has been successfully applied to both experimental PIV and Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) images. To improve velocity field estimation, new symmetric spline and advection warping methods are proposed together with a data-driven method to impose boundary conditions. To address a historical weakness of optical flow PIV methods, a framework is presented to select the smoothness parameter for experimental images. An analysis of an experimental image series with severe blurring and intensity distortions demonstrates the viability of the technique. keywords: data-driven boundary condition, distributed smoothing, horn and schunck, optical flow, particle image velocimetry, smoothing parameter, symmetric advection, volume of fluid, warping doi: 10.3929/ethz-a-009767070 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Type 1 diabetes in children - risk factors and prediction.

Susceptibility genes and environmental factors are important for development of Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Increased birth weight (BW), increased linear growth and gestational infections are among the reported risk factors. T1D is predictable by analysis of HLA genotypes and islet cell autoantibodies. In this thesis risk factors and prediction of T1D were studied as part of the Diabetes Prediction in Skane (DiPiS) study. In paper I, an analysis of the association between T1D high-risk HLA genotypes, cord blood autoantibodies and BW indicated an increased risk for high relative BW (HrBW) in children with high-risk HLA. Presence of cord blood autoantibodies decreased this risk. In paper II the effect of gestational infections on BW was studied. Infections with fever and/or gastroenteritis during pregnancy increased the risk for HrBW. Furthermore, infections aggravated, but could not fully explain, the association between high-risk HLA and HrBW. The presence of cord blood autoantibodies decreased the risk for HrBW only when occurring together with infections. In paper III, intrauterine and childhood growth, corrected for mid-parental height, in children developing T1D were studied in relation to HLA genotypes. HLA genotypes were associated with SDS of birth length, confirming their interaction with intrauterine growth. T1D children were taller, but not heavier, at birth than non-HLA matched controls, but not compared to HLA matched ones. T1D children showed increased height development during the first 18 months compared to both non-HLA and HLA matched controls. Thus, other factors than HLA-genotypes are concluded to be responsible for the increased linear growth before T1D onset. In paper IV parental reactions to DiPiS was studied. Most parents were not worried by participation in our study. (Less)
Nonlinear stability of counter‐rotating vortices

Recently, Mallier and Maslowe [Phys. Fluids A 5, 1074 (1993)] found an exact nonlinear solution of the inviscid, incompressible, two‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equations, representing an infinite row of counter‐rotating vortices, which extended the previous Kelvin–Stuart vortices. The aim of this work is to establish explicit sufficient conditions for the nonlinear stability of this solution. The result is derived with the energy‐Casimir stability method as a function of the parameters of the solution and the domain size. The size of the domain over which the street of vortices is unstable is exhibited.
The Art of Central Banks' Forward Guidance at the Zero Lower Bound

This paper proposes to assess the usefulness of central banks forward guidance since the start of the global economic crisis. Using a novel approach, the Wordscores methodology, we reveal that since 2009, central banks do provide a temporal guidance of their accommodative policy that can be relied on and expected. Central banks communication thus gives important insights to financial markets about the persistence of their unconventional measures and in particular about the occurrence of an exit strategy.
An ethical assessment of low carbon vehicles using cost benefit analysis

Global concerns about climate change, as confirmed at COP21, have led to lower carbon emissions environmental policies, particularly in the road transport sector. Through an empirical analysis of low carbon vehicle (LCV) policies in California, this paper contrasts the findings from diverse distribution theories between income quintiles - used as a proxy for societal groups - to address vertical equity concerns and offer an overview of impact distribution to policy makers. Thus, it contributes in operationalising ethical theories within transport cost benefit analysis and revisiting impact distribution when promoting low carbon vehicles. Findings indicate that manufacturer penalties are the most effective policy measure to avoid cost transfer between stakeholders. Yet, the analysis shows that those purchasing small LCVs may face disproportional vehicle purchase cost increases which needs to be considered by policy makers. Thus, this paper makes a methodological contribution regarding CBA in practice as well as providing policy relevant recommendations.
Coat Protein Gene Sequence Analysis of Three Begomovirus Isolates from Pakistan and their Affinities with other Begomoviruses

Three virus infected host plant species (Zinnia elegans, Solanum nigrum, and Ageratum conyzoides) with suspected Geminivirus symptoms were screened for conserved regions of the coat protein genes using two degenerate primers from published sequences of the whitefly-transmissible geminiviruses from the Old World. The coat protein gene of three isolates designated Zinnia leaf curl virus (ZLCV), Solanum yellow leaf curl virus (SYLCV) and Ageratum yellow vein virus- Pakistan (AYVV-P) were PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced. Sequences were compared with previous known sequences of the begomoviruses by multiple sequence alignment and a phylogenetic tree was obtained. The viruses from Pakistan were found to be closely related to Indian subcontinent viruses i.e., tomato leaf curl virus-India (TLCV-Ind), Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) and cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV). SYLCV was found to be a mechanically transmissible strain of TLCV-Ind and ZLCV was found to be the strain of AYVV-P.
Title Total OH reactivity measurements in ambient air in a southern Rocky mountain ponderosa pine forest during BEACHON-SRM 08 summer campaign Permalink

Total OH reactivity was measured during the Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics and Nitrogen-Southern Rocky Mountain 2008 field campaign (BEACHON-SRM08) held at Manitou Experimental Forest (MEF) in Colorado USA in August, 2008. The averaged total OH reactivity was 6.7 s 1, smaller than that measured in urban (33.4 s 1, Yoshino et al., 2012) and suburban (27.7 s 1, Yoshino et al., 2006) areas in Tokyo in the same season, while sporadically high OH reactivity was also observed during some evenings. The total OH reactivity measurements were accompanied by observations of traces species such as CO, NO, NOy, O3 and SO2 and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). From the calculation of OH reactivity based on the analysis of these trace species, 46.3% of OH reactivity for VOCs came from biogenic species that are dominated by 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO), and monoterpenes. MBO was the most prominent contribution to OH reactivity of all trace species. A comparison of observed and calculated OH reactivity shows that the calculated OH reactivity is 29.5% less than the observed value, implying the existence of missing OH sinks. One of the candidates of missing OH is thought to be the oxidation products of biogenic species. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Relationship between Perceived Transformative Class Experiences and Subsequent Prosocial Intentions

The present study tested a model showing how different aspects of high school courses focusing on social justice and prosocial development predicted prosocial intentions of students (N= 362) 2 to 29 years after they had completed the courses. Results indicated that students reporting more transformative class experiences (higher critical self-reflection, more charismatic forms of instruction, and relatable course content and methods) were significantly higher on prosocial intentions than students who did not. Unexpectedly, more well-integrated service learning did not directly predict higher prosocial intentions. Implications for gender and SES were explored. Overall, results suggest that certain parts of such classes can predict prosocial development.
Village Chicken Production and Marketing in West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia

Chicken production in West Gojjam zone was characterized by using indigenous chicken with low input-output level. Despite its diverse socio economic role for smallholder farmers, production and productivity of village chicken was very low. As the result, chicken producers were not benefited from the sector. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of characterizing chicken rearing practice, flock dynamics and determining the off-take rate of village chicken production system. It was conducted in West Gojjam Zone of Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select representative respondents. A total of 500 farmers were interviewed. In the study area, the average numbers of local and exotic chickens kept by smallholder producers were 8.44+0.42 and 0.49+0.10chicken, respectively with the overall mean 8.93+0.42chicken. The flock structure was highly dominated by young chicks (3.82+0.28) and hen (2.47+0.09). The average chicken migrated into the flock per household per annum was 10.32+ 0.80 birds, whereas the outflow from the flock was 16.62+0.85birds. The number of chicken was higher at the middle of the year than the beginning and end of the year. On average, 2.9+0.12 layer chickens were kept per household. From which, in average 307.2+ 20.2 eggs were produced from local and improved breed in a year. Marketing in the district and PA were important marketing places for egg and live birds with the off-take rate of 34.94%. To improve chicken production in the study area, adaptive improved chicken breed should be introduced. Strategic vaccination, semi scavenging practices should be introduced and promoted in order to reduce chicken mortality. Capacity building through training and intensive follow up should also be made in order to enhance the level of awareness of smallholders on improved small scale poultry keeping practices.
Anisotropic conductivity of the Si(111)4×1-In surface: Transport mechanism determined by the temperature dependence

The temperature dependence of anisotropic conductivity of a quasi-one-dimensional metallic surface, Si(111)4× 1-In, was measured by a variable-temperature four-tip scanning tunneling microscope. Using the square four-point probe method, we succeeded in measuring the conductivity parallel and perpendicular to the In chains independently as a function of temperature. It was shown that the conductivity perpendicular to the In chains was mainly the conductivity of the space-charge layer of the substrate. Moreover, it was clarified that it strongly depends on the substrate flashing temperature and this sometimes hindered the anisotropic conductivity at low temperatures. In contrast, the conductivity parallel to In chains was clearly dominated by the surface states and decreased drastically around 110 K by the well-known 4× 1 to 8× 2 metal-insulator transition. The low temperature 8× 2 phase had an energy gap as large as ∼250 meV, consistent with previous photoemission reports.
A digital atlas to link ontogenic shifts in fish spatial distribution to the environment of the eastern English Channel. Dab, Limanda limanda as a case-study

The eastern English Channel, which connects the Atlantic Ocean to the North Sea through the Dover Strait, is an area where numerous and often conflicting human activities take place. A cross-border multidisciplinary project called CHARM was initiated to provide knowledge and tools for planners and decision-makers to durably manage the shared marine living resources. One such tool was an atlas of fish spatial distributions and modelled habitats, which was used here to investigate ontogenic and seasonal shifts in fish spatial distribution and habitat through a case-study, the dab Limanda limanda. Survey data for several life-history stages (eggs, larvae, coastal nurseries, 1 year old) and seasons were used to map spatial patterns (using geostatistics), and model potential habitats (using regression quantiles) based on environmental predictors. Habitat models were generally consistent with surveyed spatial patterns and helped explaining dab response to its environment. Dab response to hydrological parameters (e.g., temperature, salinity) was more variable (depending on the life stages and seasons considered) than response to physical parameters (e.g., depth, bed shear stress, seabed sediment type). The results of this work contribute to a better understanding of this species spatial ecology in the eastern English Channel.
Glaciochemistry of polar ice cores: A review

Human activities have already modified the chemical composition of the natural atmosphere even in very remote regions of the world. The study of chemical parameters stored in solid precipitation and accumulated on polar ice sheets over the last several hundred thousand years provides a unique tool for obtaining information on the composition of the preindustrial atmosphere and its natural variability over the past. This paper deals with the chemistry of polar ice focused on the soluble mineral (Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, H+, F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO4−−, and H2O2) and organic (methanesulfonate (CH3SO3−), formate (HCOO−), acetate (CH3COO−), and formaldehyde (HCHO)) species and their interpretation in terms of past atmospheric composition (aerosols and water soluble gaseous species). We discuss ice core dating, the difficulties connected with trace measurements, and the significance of the ionic composition of snow. We examine temporal (from the last decades back to the last climatic cycle) and spatial (including examples from coastal as well as central areas of Greenland and Antarctica) variations in the ionic budget of the precipitation and evaluate ice core studies in terms of the chemical composition of our past atmosphere. We review (1) how Greenland and Antarctic ice cores that span the last few centuries have provided information on the impact of human activities and (2) how the chemistry of deep ice cores provides information on various past natural phenomena such as climatic variations (glacial‐interglacial changes, El Niño), volcanic eruptions, and large boreal forest fires.
Gray's Paradox and Wave Solutions in Explaining Anomalously Low Friction and Wear in Tribology

The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the anomalously low friction are presented in this paper from the standpoint of thermodynamics of non-equilibrium processes, arising under conditions of elastic interaction of micro-relief of tribosystem elements. The dependences of acoustic emission parameters which correspond to the alteration of energy dissipation mechanism of friction pairs superficial layers are obtained. In addition to molecular and mechanical components of the force of friction at anomalously low wear a wave component appears, and in this case the effect of this component prevails.