Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brain regions essential for word comprehension: Drawing inferences from patients

Lesion-deficit association studies are important as they can reveal brain regions essential for specific functions, but sometimes appear to yield conflicting results. We aimed to show how pitfalls of lesions studies can be avoided, and converging results obtained, illustrating from studies of the role of posterior superior temporal gyrus in auditory word comprehension. We review published lesion studies on auditory comprehension and present new data from both acute and chronic stroke that address weaknesses in some previous studies. Results demonstrate how convergence of positive results from diverse lesion studies provides strong evidence for the role of a particular region in a given behavior. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Microchannel Size Effects on Two-Phase Local Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Silicon Microchannel Heat Sinks with a Dielectric Fluid

Two-phase heat transfer in microchannels can support very high heat fluxes for use in high-performance electronics-cooling applications. However, the effects of microchannel cross-sectional dimensions on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop have not been investigated extensively. In the present work, experiments are conducted to investigate the local flow boiling heat transfer in microchannel heat sinks. The effect of channel size on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop is studied for mass fluxes ranging from 250 to 1600 kg/m2 s. The test sections consist of parallel microchannels with nominal widths of 100, 250, 400, 700, and 1000 μm, all with a depth of 400 μm, cut into 12.7 mm × 12.7 mm silicon substrates. Twenty-five microheaters embedded in the substrate allow local control of the imposed heat flux, while twenty-five temperature microsensors integrated into the back of the substrates enable local measurements of temperature. The dielectric fluid Fluorinert FC-77 is used as the working fluid. The results of this study serve to quantify the effectiveness of microchannel heat transport while simultaneously assessing the pressure drop trade-offs. © 2007 ASME
Gyrase inhibitors increase the content of knotted DNA species of plasmid pBR322 in Escherichia coli

Treatment of Escherichia coli cells harboring pBR322 with the DNA gyrase inhibitors oxolinic acid and coumermycin A1 led to an increase in the content of knotted pBR322 molecules. This phenomenon was attributed to inhibition of gyrase-catalyzed unknotting of the plasmid DNA knotted by transcription.
Amyloid-β in Alzheimer Disease: The Null versus the Alternate Hypotheses

For nearly 20 years, the primary focus for researchers studying Alzheimer disease has been centered on amyloid-β, such that the amyloid cascade hypothesis has become the “null hypothesis. ” Indeed, amyloid-β is, by the current definition of the disease, an obligate player in pathophysiology, is toxic to neurons in vitro, and, perhaps most compelling, is increased by all of the human genetic influences on the disease. Therefore, targeting amyloid-β is the focus of considerable basic and therapeutic interest. However, an increasingly vocal group of investigators are arriving at an “alternate hypothesis” stating that amyloid-β, while certainly involved in the disease, is not an initiating event but rather is secondary to other pathogenic events. Furthermore and perhaps most contrary to current thinking, the alternate hypothesis proposes that the role of amyloid-β is not as a harbinger of death but rather a protective response to neuronal insult. To determine which hypothesis relates best to Alzheimer disease requires a broader view of disease pathogenesis and is discussed herein.
First report of the nutritional profile and antioxidant potential of Holothuria arguinensis, a new resource for aquaculture in Europe

Abstract This work reports for the first time the nutritional profile and antioxidant potential of the edible sea cucumber Holothuria arguinensis from the North-eastern Atlantic. H. arguinensis has high levels of protein, with the amino acids profile dominated by alanine, glycine and proline and low lysine/arginine ratios. Its carbohydrate and energetic contents are also low as well as the total lipid levels, although its lipid profile is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. In addition, H. arguinensis has high levels of calcium. The water and ethanol extracts show ability to scavenge free radicals and to chelate copper and iron ions. Our results indicate that H. arguinensis has a balanced nutritional quality suitable for human consumption. In addition, it contains compounds with antioxidant potential; thus its intake can contribute for a healthy and well-balanced diet. Graphical abstract
THE CONTRIBUTION OF MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES TO THE UPGRADING OF NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS IN THE EU NEW MEMBER STATES : POLICY IMPLICATIONS

This paper addresses the role of multinational enterprises (MNE) in the upgrading of national innovation systems and the policies that the new member states (NMS) of the European Union (EU) can put in place to enhance it. We use the innovation systems approach as a basis for analyzing policy options and focus on the MNE and the potential for linkages, rather than limiting our analysis to foreign direct investment (FDI) and spillovers. We also deliberately consider the scope and competence at the MNE subsidiary level. These two perspectives are useful in helping highlight the point that the tendency to focus on FDI inflows is flawed, since knowledge exchanges and innovation are establishment level phenomena. Instead, policies should focus on the embedding and upgrading of MNE subsidiaries already present in the country, with the aim of facilitating their evolution towards higher value adding activities and their tendency to engage in R&D. We argue that this approach requires a closer interplay between FDI, innovation and industrial policies. We also sustain that it is more practical for new member states to concentrate on attracting „demand-driven‟ rather than „supply-driven‟ R&D, and thus recommend governments to set up programmes that foster demand-oriented upgrading of human capital and public R&D.
SET DOMAIN GROUP 25 Encodes a Histone Methyltransferase and Is Involved in FLOWERING LOCUS C Activation and Repression of Flowering 1 [ W ] [ OA ]

Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (A.B., L.X., J.G., V.C., W.-H.S.); Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, L–1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg (A.S.); and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (J.G., A.D.)
Home Stroke Rehabilitation for the Upper Limbs

Philips Research is developing and clinically testing solutions to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of rehabilitation. The Stroke Rehabilitation Exerciser supports patients and therapists in the implementation and execution of a personalized neurological motor exercise plan at home. It enables an efficient therapy planning for the medical professional and increases the training intensity for the patient. The stroke rehabilitation exerciser coaches the patient through a sequence of neurological motor exercises, which are prescribed by the physiotherapist and uploaded to a patient unit. A wireless inertial sensor system records the patient's movements. The data is automatically analyzed for deviations from a personal movement target and patient and therapist are provided with adequate feedback.
Interim analysis of continuous long‐term endpoints in clinical trials with longitudinal outcomes

This paper discusses interim analysis for clinical trials where the primary endpoint is observed at a specific long‐term follow‐up time, but where repeated measures of the same outcome are also taken at earlier times. Methods are considered for improving the efficiency with which the long‐term treatment difference is estimated, making use of information from shorter‐term follow‐up times. This approach to interim analysis has previously been studied for binary endpoints assessed at two time points during follow‐up. Here we adapt and extend this methodology to include continuous endpoints assessed at an arbitrary number of follow‐up times, making use of methods for analysing multivariate normal data subject to monotone missingness and unstructured mean and covariance relationships. The magnitude of efficiency gains obtained by using short‐term measurements is considered, as well as how these gains depend on the number and timing of the short‐term measurements. Sequential analysis of treatment differences is discussed, including the extent to which efficiency gains translate into reductions in the expected duration of a sequentially monitored trial. The methods are illustrated on a data set involving a placebo‐controlled comparison of longitudinal cholesterol measurements. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Prosody and Case Marking on Thematic Role Assignment in Ambiguous Action Scenes: Adults versus Children

In two visual word eye tracking studies, we investigated the influence of prosody and case marking on children’s and adults’ thematic role assignment. We assigned an SVO/ OVS-biasing (vs. neutral) prosodic contour to unambiguously case marked German subject-verb-object (SVO) and object-verb-subject (OVS) sentences respectively. Scenes depicted ambiguous action events (e.g., donkey-paints->elephant-paints->cheetah) but case marking and prosody could, in principle, disambiguate. In adults, case marking but not prosody rapidly guided thematic role assignment. Children did not rely on case marking but exploited the biasing prosody to enhance their agent-first interpretation of the sentences. These results suggest that in scenes depicting fully ambiguous role relations, children’s understanding of case marking at the age of five is not yet robust enough to enable thematic role assignment. Prosody did not overwrite the SVO preference, it rather enhanced it.
Biomarkers of cellular reaction to pesticide exposure in a rural population

In the present study we report data obtained from the evaluation of subjects occupationally exposed to pesticide mixtures from Santa Fe province, Argentina, using biomarkers for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation (by TBARS assay) and the Damage Index Comet Assay (DICA). Our results showed an AChE inhibition (25% and 15% in directly and indirectly groups, respectively) in relation to controls with no significant modifications in BChE. TBARS levels were higher (51%) in pesticide sprayers while CAT activity was reduced in both, applicators (61%) and non-applicators (43%). DICA was significantly increased in direct (83%) and indirect (98%) exposed groups, compared with controls. These results showed modifications in lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defence system, and DNA damage in lymphocytes of exposed workers. Further investigations are suggested in order to link our findings with adverse health effects observed in chronic pesticide toxicity, where oxidative damage plays a pathophysiological role.
The meaning of place: Attachments to Femundsmarka National Park, Norway, among tourists and locals

In Norway, the management of natural and cultural resources is subject to increasing public scrutiny. Conflicts are escalating over many issues concerning the balance between preservation and utilisation. Traditionally conflicts over issues like growth in commercial nature tourism, predator control, forest policies, protected areas management, cultural heritage protection, and rights associated with common access, have been explained in terms of opposing values, attitudes, and goals between urban and rural interests. However, historical differences between the urban and rural in terms of social conditions, employment opportunities, services, cultural norms, and lifestyles are no longer clear-cut or predictable. Nor can differences between urban and rural communities easily explain attitudes or values held in relation to the environment. To examine how a local community and a population of tourists feel about an area we examine data from two separate surveys from the Femundsmarka-Røros region in Southern Norway. This region includes a wilderness-type national park and a historic mining town recognised as a World Heritage Site and including a diverse agricultural landscape. We compare the perspective of the community with that of tourists regarding the strength and nature of attachment to place, and reasons and priorities for resource protection. We also assess how residence and experience of using the area affect attachment to place and attitudes to management priorities. The results have implications both for the management of this particular area, and for how we approach attitude diversity in resource management.
Divide and Conquer

Coherent visual experience requires not only segmenting incoming visual input into a structured scene of objects, but also binding discrete views of objects into dynamic representations that persist across time and motion. However, surprisingly little work has explored the principles that guide the construction and maintenance of such persisting object representations. What causes a part of the visual field to be treated as the same object over time? In the cognitive development literature, a key principle of object persistence is cohesion: An object must always maintain a single bounded contour. Here we demonstrate for the first time that mechanisms of adult midlevel vision are affected by cohesion violations. Using the object-file framework, we tested whether object-specific preview benefits—a hallmark of persisting object representations—are obtained for dynamic objects that split into two during their motion. We found that these preview benefits do not fully persist through such cohesion violations without incurring significant performance costs. These results illustrate how cohesion is employed as a constraint that guides the maintenance of object representations in adult midlevel vision.
A speeded-up online incremental vision-based loop-closure detection for long-term SLAM

An online incremental method of vision-only loop-closure detection for long-term robot navigation is proposed. The method is based on the scheme of direct feature matching which has recently become more efficient than the Bag-of-Words scheme in many challenging environments. The contributions of the paper are the application of hierarchical k-means to speed-up feature matching time and the improvement of the score calculation technique used to determine the loop-closing location. As a result, the presented method runs quickly in long term while retaining high accuracy. The searching cost has been markedly reduced. The proposed method requires no any off-line dictionary generation processes. It can start anywhere at any times. The evaluation has been done on standard well-known datasets being challenging in perceptual aliasing and dynamic changes. The results show that the proposed method offers high precision-recall in large-scale different environments with real-time computation comparing to other vision-only loop-closure detection methods.
1 : Imaging the Alzheimer Brain : The Pathology and Pathophysiological Bases of Alzheimer ’ s Disease : Implications for Advancing Diagnostic Imaging

This supplement to the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease contains more than half of the chapters from The Handbook of Imaging the Alzheimer Brain, which was first presented at the International Conference on Alzheimer’s Disease in Paris, in July, 2011. While the Handbook contains 27 chapters that are modified articles from 2009, 2010, and 2011 issues of the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, this supplement contains the 31 new chapters of that book and an introductory article drawn from the introductions to each section of the book. The Handbook was designed to provide a multilevel overview of the full field of brain imaging related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Handbook, as well as this supplement, contains both reviews of the basic concepts of imaging, the latest developments in imaging, and various discussions and perspectives of the problems of the field and promising directions. The Handbook was designed to be useful for students and clinicians interested in AD as well as scientists studying the brain and pathology related to AD.
Epidemiology and burden of multidrug-resistant bacterial infection in a developing country

Little is known about the excess mortality caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infection in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We retrospectively obtained microbiology laboratory and hospital databases of nine public hospitals in northeast Thailand from 2004 to 2010, and linked these with the national death registry to obtain the 30-day mortality outcome. The 30-day mortality in those with MDR community-acquired bacteraemia, healthcare-associated bacteraemia, and hospital-acquired bacteraemia were 35% (549/1555), 49% (247/500), and 53% (640/1198), respectively. We estimate that 19,122 of 45,209 (43%) deaths in patients with hospital-acquired infection due to MDR bacteria in Thailand in 2010 represented excess mortality caused by MDR. We demonstrate that national statistics on the epidemiology and burden of MDR in LMICs could be improved by integrating information from readily available databases. The prevalence and mortality attributable to MDR in Thailand are high. This is likely to reflect the situation in other LMICs. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.18082. 001
Parents' speech and children's stuttering: a critique of the literature.

The role of parents in relation to their children's stuttering has been of great interest to speech-language pathologists for more than 50 years. As part of treatment, speech-language pathologists frequently advise parents to modify their speech behaviors when talking with their children. For example, parents are often told to speak more slowly and to refrain from interrupting or questioning the child excessively. Given the commonness of this advice, it is important to examine the research upon which it is based. This article contains a critical review of the literature concerning the role of parents' speech behaviors (e.g., rate, interruptions, question-asking) in relation to their children's stuttering. Published studies are reported and analyzed in order to determine the extent to which parents may affect their children's stuttering through their own speech behaviors. The review indicates that there is little convincing evidence to support the view that parents of children who stutter differ from parents of children who do not stutter in the way they talk with their children. Similarly, there is little objective support for the argument that parents' speech behaviors contribute to children's stuttering or that modifying parents' speech behaviors facilitates children's fluency. Implications for treatment and for future research are discussed.
Enhancing Course Grades and Evaluations Using Distance Education Technologies

Delivering appropriate amounts of course content using appropriate methods is a concern for nursing faculty. To address this problem, webcasting, Camtasia, and Wimba Live Classroom were evaluated for impact on course grades and student evaluations in a medical-surgical nursing course. The addition of Camtasia resulted in improved final grades and Student Evaluations of Instruction scores that reflected enhanced critical thinking, teacher effectiveness, and overall learning. Students preferred recorded content that could be viewed on mobile devices.
Maternal and lamb carrier effects of the Booroola gene on food intake, growth and carcass quality of male lambs

Possible correlated or pleiotropic effects on food intake, growth rate and carcass traits (meat quality and carcass composition traits) were investigated for the prolificacy related Booroola gene ( Fec B ). This gene was introgressed in a Texel sheep population by systematic backcrossing with sires carrying the Booroola gene. In a 3-year experiment 273 spring-born male lambs were offered concentrates ad libitum , after weaning. Lamb carrier effects and dam carrier effects for the Fec B gene were estimated, accounting for year, backcross generation, slaughter weight, weaning age, concentrate type, rearing code, age of the dam and litter size as fixed effects. Carriers of the Fec B had a higher dressing percentage (+1·15%), longissimus muscle depth (+0·26 mm to +0·7 5mm) and cross-sectional area (+0·98 cm 2 ). However the gene also had a positive effect on subcutaneous fatness (+0·12 points), KKCF (+30 g) and a substantial positive lamb carrier effect on carcass fat tissue content (+3·09%), which reflects a relative increase in fatness of 11·9%. The Fec B gene had also very small, significant effects on some meat colour traits. The dam carrier effects of the Booroola gene were negatively associated with food efficiency and with longissimus muscle depth (‐1·38 to ‐2·25 mm). The increased fatness of lambs could imply that for optimal use of Fec B , non-carrier
Defining High Functioning OCD (HFOCD)

Individuals with moderate-to-severe form of OCD symptoms may display exceptional creativity and productivity; the underlying neurobehavioral mechanism of this phenomena is unknown. This study aimed to define the characteristics of individuals who demonstrate high life achievement/creativity and display clinically significant OC symptomatology. The main hypothesis was that OC phenomena is significantly correlated with high levels of creativity, and that individuals displaying this characteristic will demonstrate a neurocognitive profile similar to subjects with clinical OCD. We investigated cognitive, intellectual, emotional and clinical characteristics of real-world high-achievers (HAs, n=28) as compared to “standard achievers” (SAs, n=29) by measuring OC symptoms (Y-BOCS), depressive moods (BDI), levels of creativity/flexibility (Creativity Scale), Verbal and Visual-Spatial Reasoning proficiency and psychometric IQ. Participants attended two testing sessions for neuropsychological and clinical assessment. Using the clinical cut-off scores for Y-BOCS we identified two
Role of Caspases, Bid, and p53 in the Apoptotic Response Triggered by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Trichostatin-A (TSA) and Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA)*

Histone deacetylase activity is potently inhibited by hydroaximc acid derivatives such as suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and trichostatin-A (TSA). These inhibitors specifically induce differentiation/apoptosis of transformed cellsin vitro and suppress tumor growth in vivo. Because of its low toxicity, SAHA is currently evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. SAHA and TSA induce apoptosis, which is characterized by mitochondrial stress, but so far, the critical elements of this apoptotic program remain poorly defined. To characterize in more detail this apoptotic program, we used human cell lines containing alterations in important elements of apoptotic response such as: p53, Bcl-2, caspase-9, and caspase-3. We demonstrate that caspase-9 is critical for apoptosis induced by SAHA and TSA and that efficient proteolytic activation of caspase-2, caspase-8, and caspase-7 strictly depends on caspase-9. Bcl-2 efficiently antagonizes cytochrome c release and apoptosis in response to both histone deacetylase inhibitors. We provide evidences that translocation into the mitochondria of the Bcl-2 family member Bid depends on caspase-9 and that this translocation is a late event during TSA-induced apoptosis. We also demonstrate that the susceptibility to TSA- and SAHA-induced cell death is regulated by p53.