Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quasi‐trapped ion and electron populations at Mercury

Mariner 10 and MESSENGER spacecraft observations have established that Mercury has an intrinsic magnetic field and magnetosphere. Following the March 2011 insertion of MESSENGER into orbit around Mercury, measurements show that ions and electrons with typical energies of about 1–10 keV form an equatorially centered distribution of plasma at 1.4 RM radial distance (where RMis Mercury's radius) around a substantial portion of the planet in local time from morning through night and into the afternoon sector. Coincident with the detection of plasma around Mercury, an observed drop in the total magnetic pressure is attributable to the ion and electron thermal pressure. Additionally, intense waves near the ion cyclotron frequency were observed at the same location as the quasi‐trapped particle population, which are likely a result of anisotropic distributions created by the large loss cone (>30o) at these radial distances.
HYDROELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH NEXUS: TIME SERIES EXPERIENCE OF THREE AFRICAN COUNTRIES

This paper examines the relationship between hydroelectricity and economic growth for three African countries within a multivariate framework over the period 1980-2009. Our results provide support for the neutrality hypothesis for Egypt. The feedback hypothesis is confirmed in Algeria while the conservation hypothesis is supported in South Africa. These findings imply that the authorities in Egypt and South Africa can implement conservation policies which seek to reduce hydroelectricity consumption without adversely affecting their economies‟ growth rates. The same cannot be said for Algeria where there is evidence of bidirectional causality between the two variables.
ION BEAM LITHOGRAPHY AND NANOFABRICATION: A REVIEW

To overcome the diffraction constraints of traditional optical lithography, the next generation lithographies (NGLs) will utilize any one or more of EUV (extreme ultraviolet), X-ray, electron or ion beam technologies to produce sub-100 nm features. Perhaps the most under-developed and under-rated is the utilization of ions for lithographic purposes. All three ion beam techniques, FIB (Focused Ion Beam), Proton Beam Writing (p-beam writing) and Ion Projection Lithography (IPL) have now breached the technologically difficult 100 nm barrier, and are now capable of fabricating structures at the nanoscale. FIB, p-beam writing and IPL have the flexibility and potential to become leading contenders as NGLs. The three ion beam techniques have widely different attributes, and as such have their own strengths, niche areas and application areas. The physical principles underlying ion beam interactions with materials are described, together with a comparison with other lithographic techniques (electron beam writing a.
Anaesthetic effects and haematological responses of heterobranchus bidorsalis juveniles exposed to 
clove oil

This study aims to investigate the use of clove oil as an anaesthetic agent for Heterobranchus bidorsalis juveniles and assess the effects on the test fish, using some hematological parameters. Different concentrations of clove oil (0.8 to 1.2 ppm) were used in static water to determine the induction time and recovery time of the test organisms. Behavioral changes of the test fish were observed, the time the fish became immobilized and recovery from anaesthesia was recorded. The results showed erratic swimming, loss of equilibrium, loss of body movement with continued operculum movements, and loss of reflex of the test organisms during the period of exposure at higher concentrations (1.0 to 1.2 ppm) of clove oil. The physiological stress responses of H. bidorsalis juveniles increase when compared with fish in the control experiment. The induction time (119 s) significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of clove oil (1.2 ppm), while the recovery times ranged between 180 to 906 s from lower concentration (0.8 ppm) of clove oil to the highest concentrations (1.2 ppm). There was a positive linear effect (R2=0.95, P<0.05) between the concentration of clove oil and the induction time. The values obtained from hematological responses of the test organisms exposed to different concentrations of clove oil showed that the clove oil caused a concentration dependent changes in the blood of H. bidorsalis juveniles with significant reduction (P<0.05) in the values of packed cell volume (PCV) (26.00 to 16.00), haemoglobin (Hb) (8.70 to 5.90), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (130.00 to 70.70) and the values of mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) (38.61 to 32.41), and white blood cell (WBC) (29.50 to 73.50) increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing concentrations of clove oil, while the values of red blood cell (RBC) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) varies with no definite pattern. Clove oil could be used as anaesthetic agent in fisheries because the induction and recovery times were within the recommendation range used in fishery management and does not pose any environmental hazard. Key words: Heterobranchus bidorsalis, clove oil, anaesthetic effect, haematology examination, induction time, recovery time.
Spectroscopie à corrélation de fluorescence multi-confocale : développement et application à l'étude de la réponse cellulaire au choc thermique

Le noyau d'une cellule est heterogene par sa structure et son activite et beaucoup de ses composants interagissent de facon dynamique. Lors de l'etude de processus cellulaires comme la reponse au stress thermique, des experiences classiques de spectroscopie de correlation de fluorescence (FCS), qui sont habituellement limitees a un seul volume d'observation, n'apportent que des resultats partiels a cause des informations spatiales manquantes. Ce memoire de these presente une nouvelle technique de FCS multi-confocale (mFCS) qui permet des mesures FCS simultanees a differents endroits d'une cellule. La technique est basee sur l'emploi d'un modulateur spatial de lumiere pour la creation de plusieurs volumes d'observations distincts et d'une camera ``electron-multiplying'' CCD (EMCCD) pour la detection en parallele. La resolution spatiale ainsi que la sensibilite du systeme mFCS sont proches de celles d'un systeme FCS classique et en utilisant un mode d'acquisition particulier une resolution temporelle de $14mu s$ a pu etre atteinte. La technique mFCS est appliquee a l'etude de la reponse cellulaire au stress thermique en observant le facteur de transcription heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), qui est un regulateur cle de la reponse au stress thermique. Des mesures mFCS dans des cellules vivantes revelent des changements dans la dynamique de HSF1 pendant le choc thermique. Ces changements concernent l'affinite ainsi que l'homogeneite spatiale des interactions avec l'ADN. En outre, nous avons egalement evalue les performances d'une camera CMOS-SPAD et teste le dispositif en tant que capteur alternatif pour la mFCS en cellules vivantes.
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL BY USING ULTRASONIC TUBULAR REACTOR

The aim of this research is to find an optimum of synthesis biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) using ultrasonic tubular reactor. The experimental studies explored the variations in reaction time, molar ratio WCO to methanol (MeOH), amount of catalyst, frequency of ultrasonic and output power ultrasonic on the ester contents. Comparisons of type ultrasonic and also mechanical stirring method based on time reaction were investigated. The optimum results of biodiesel process is the reaction time of 5 minute, NaOH catalyst 1%wt of WCO, molar ratio WCO to MeOH of 1:6, frequency ultrasonic of 20 KHz and output power ultrasonic of 650 W. The reaction time reduced 12-24 times compared to both of method and the yield of ester contents was obtained at 96.54%wt.
solation of Squalene from Rice Bran Oil Fatty Acid Distillate Using Bioprocess Technology

Squalene has been isolated from rice bran oil fatty acid distillate (RBO FAD) by a combination of biohydrolysis, bioesterification and molecular distillation processes. RBO FAD contains higher amount of (~15%) unsaponifiable matters which mainly contains sterols, tocopherols and hydrocarbons. The major component of hydrocarbons is squalene which is an important natural antioxidant and utilized in various functional food applications. In the present study, the neutral glycerides present in RBO FAD are hydrolyzed using lipase Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) in the presence of water. The hydrolysed FAD is then esterified with butanol using non-specific enzyme NS40013 (Candida antarctica) for 8 h. The esterified product is then distilled by molecular distillation in two stages. Distillation temperature is maintained at 175±2C and 185±2C in the first and second stages respectively at 2-3 Pascal. Final distillate contains 88.2% squalene which is further concentrated by boiling with alcoholic KOH and extracted through hexane. The final product contains 96.5% squalene as determined by HPLC technique.
Protist control of phytoplankton growth in the subtropical north-east Atlantic

The grazing impact of protists on phytoplankton primary production in a highly oligo- trophic area of the subtropical north-east Atlantic, south-east of the Azores, was studied using the dilution method. The phytoplankton community in the experiments, analysed by flow-cytometry, was dominated by Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus although larger phototrophic groups, beyond flow-cytometry sensitivity, were also present. The microzooplankton community was dominated by small gymnodinoid dinoflagellates and aloricate ciliates, and its biomass was low, averaging 0.7 mg C m -3 . We measured average phytoplankton growth rates of 0.76 and 0.22 d -1 in surface waters and in deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) waters respectively; mortality rates due to protists grazing were 0.58 and 0.22 d -1 , respectively. We did not find significant differences in growth and mortality rates of the different phytoplankton groups, i.e. Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus or nanoeukaryotes; thus no prey preference was apparent from the results. Protists consumed on average 79 and 109% of pri- mary production in surface and DCM waters respectively, controlling phytoplankton growth in the area. The net primary production closely oscillated around zero in the chlorophyll a analyses and was positive in the flow-cytometry analyses, suggesting a balanced or slightly autotrophic phytoplankton- protist compartment.
The Determinants of Dual Distribution Revisited

Abstract This paper examines the use of what has been called “dual distribution” by firms. Dual distribution involves a firm using both company-owned stores and independently owned franchises to sell its product or service. Using panel data from 1048 companies for the years 2005 to 2009, I use a variety of estimators to determine the factors that influence the relative use of franchising by companies. A key focus of the paper is to control for the possible endogeneity of the franchise fee, royalty rate, and franchise ratio for the companies in the respective industries. Using a panel data estimator and lagged values of the franchise fee and royalty rate as instruments, I find that one reason the franchise fee and royalty rate do not appear to influence the relative use of franchising is due to industry- and firm-level fixed effects, which capture the variation in royalty rates and franchise fees at the company level.
Revisiting freely decaying two-dimensional turbulence at millennial resolution

We study the evolution of vortex statistics in freely decaying two-dimensional turbulence at very large Reynolds number. The results obtained here confirm that the peak vorticity inside vortex cores is conserved and that the number of vortices as a function of time, N(t), decreases as a power law. In addition, the numerical findings are consistent with the predictions of the scaling theories proposed by Carnevale et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2735 (1991)] and Weiss and McWilliams [Phys. Fluids A 5, 608 (1993)]. We also obtain new evidence for a self-similar distribution of vortex radii and circulations, that suggests the possibility of a generic statistical behavior of the decaying phase of two-dimensional turbulence at high Reynolds number.
Modulation in the solar irradiance due to surface magnetism during cycles 21, 22 and 23

Magnetic field indices derived from synoptic magnetograms of the Mt. Wilson Observatory, i.e. Magnetic Plage Strength Index (MPSI) and Mt. Wilson Sunspot Index (MWSI), are used to study the effects of surface magnetism on total solar irradiance variability during solar cycles 21, 22 and 23. We find that most of the solar cycle variation in the total solar irradiance can be accounted for by the absolute magnetic field strength on the solar disk, if fields associated with dark and bright regions are considered separately. However, there is a large scatter in the calculated and observed values of TSI during solar cycle 21. On the other hand, the multiple correlation coefficients obtained for solar cycles 22 and 23 are 0.88 and 0.91 respectively. Furthermore, separate regression analyses for solar cycles 22 and 23 do not show any significant differences in the total solar irradiance during these cycles. Our study further strengthens the view that surface magnetism indeed plays a dominant role in modulating solar irradiance.
Grazing Density Effects on Cover, Species Composition, and Nitrogen Fixation of Biological Soil Crust in an Inner Mongolia Steppe

Abstract Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are important in many arid and semiarid ecosystems for their abilities to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) and stabilize surface soil. Grazing disturbance has a profound influence on abundance, species composition, and ecological functioning of BSCs. To elucidate the effects of grazing on BSCs in Inner Mongolia grasslands, an investigation was conducted in a typical steppe that had previously been subjected to long-term grazing with six grazing densities (control: 0 sheep · ha−1, very light: 4 sheep ·ha−1, light: 8 sheep · ha−1, medium: 12 sheep · ha−1, heavy: 16 sheep · ha−1, and very heavy: 20 sheep · ha−1). Cover, species composition, potential N-fixing activity, and potential N input of BSC indicate that long-term grazing significantly reduced the importance of BSC in N input and soil stabilization. Such reductions were highly related to grazing density. Very light grazing had no significant effect on the role of BSC in soil stabilization, but resulted in a 13.3% reduction in BSC N input potential. Heavy and very heavy grazing led to a decrease of potential N input by one order of magnitude, and a decline of BSC function via a shift from high coverage of an attached group–dominated BSC community to a low coverage of a vagrant group–dominated community. Constraining grazing level to a very light density—and to a lesser extent, a light grazing density—is likely a preferred practice for conserving BSC and the ecological services it provides in N fixation and soil stabilization.
Effects of an exercise program with or without a diet on physical fitness in obese boys: a three-year follow-up

Childhood obesity is a global epidemic, and understanding the relationship between physical fitness and various forms of intervention in obese children is essential to implementing effective exercise programs. The objective of the present study was to conduct a long-term follow-up (three years) of how an exercise program with or without diet affects the physical fitness components of obese boys. The participants were 18 boys, ages between 8 and 11, divided into two groups according to the program they followed. The exercise group (E group) followed a physical exercise program (three 90-minute sessions per week), and the exercise plus diet group (E+D group) this physical exercise program plus a low calorie diet. Physical fitness was assessed by the European physical fitness test battery including flamingo balance, plate tapping, sit-and-reach, handgrip strength, standing broad jump, sit-ups, bent-arm hang, 10×5-metre shuttle run, and 20-metre endurance shuttle run. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to reveal overall intergroup differences (E and E+D group), and measurements showing significant differences were further analysed for differences between individual groups by the Mann-Whitney U-test. In both groups, changes were observed in various physical fitness parameters, especially limb speed, agility, aerobic fitness, and muscular strength in absolute and relative terms (which improved in more than one evaluation). Differences between the two programs were observed only in the short term. It was found that long-term longitudinal interventions based on exercise programs with or without diet produce improvements in obese children’s physical fitness.
Childhood vulnerability to climate change in marginalised Vietnamese communities: the case for participation

C hildren are active agents in their families and communities but often lack basic knowledge of the factors that affect their wellbeing, as well as the means and understanding to influence these. One way of redressing this is to enable children to participate in various stages of the policy cycle in ways that enable them to address their wellbeing concerns. Barriers that prevent this from happening include a legacy of underappreciating the value (both intrinsic and rights based) of children’s input into policy processes more generally. However, there are also obstacles more specific to the policy issue and sector – such as the degree of technical language and dialogue space afforded to children. These issues are all the more critical when considering the escalating disaster and climate risks that populations – children in particular – are exposed to. Recent studies by Plan Viet Nam in association with the Social Development Programme at the Overseas Development Institute have been analysing the potential impact of climate change on the lives of ethnic minority and mountainous communities, particularly children and vulnerable groups in Quang Tri province. These studies aimed to understand the challenges facing people in marginalised areas to adapting and responding to climate change impacts, particularly by hearing the voices of children themselves. They also aimed to identify areas where policy and programming spaces can be generated to secure greater participation of children to enhance planning and responses to climate change adaptation. This research is part of Plan International’s work in nine provinces in central and northern Viet Nam, using its Child Centred Community Development approach with the aim to improve programmes in the area of maternal and child health, water and sanitation, early childhood and primary education, child protection, participatory governance, disaster risk management (DRM) and emergency response. In particular, Plan’s DRM and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) strategy aims to ensure that children and youth grow up safely in resilient communities and that they are able to realise all their rights during emergencies. The promotion of ‘participatory approaches’ in both humanitarian and development thinking and practice is hardly new, having become a widespread practice in the early 1990s (Chambers, 1994). Nevertheless, as an ambivalent term and process, effective ‘participation’ in practice remains a challenge: it is worth re-emphasising that participation can (and does) empower vulnerable and marginalised voices, but it also may legitimise and maintain unequal power relations (Cornwall and Brock, 2005). In fact, for children in particular, participation continues to be an issue of central importance: children are affected by a constellation of factors Childhood vulnerability to climate change in marginalised Vietnamese communities: the case for participation
Sentence Clustering Using Parts-of-Speech

Clustering algorithms are used in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. They have proven to be popular and effective tools to use to discover groups of similar linguistic items. In this exploratory paper, we propose a new clustering algorithm to automatically cluster together similar sentences based on the sentences' part-of- speech syntax. The algorithm generates and merges together the clusters using a syntactic similarity metric based on a hierarchical organization of the parts-of-speech. We demonstrate the features of this algorithm by implementing it in a question type classification system, in order to determine the positive or negative impact of different changes to the algorithm. Index Terms—natural language processing, Part-of-speech, clustering
Gossip at Work: Unsanctioned Evaluative Talk in Formal School Meetings

This article uses a form of linguistic ethnography (LE) to analyze videotaped recordings of gossip that took place during formal school meetings.By comparing these gossip data against existing models of gossip based on data collected in informal settings, the authors identify eleven new response classes, including four forms of indirectness that operate to cloak gossip under ambiguity and seven forms of avoidance that change the trajectory of gossip. In doing so, this article makes three larger contributions. First, it opens a new front in research on organizational politics by providing an empirically grounded, conceptually rich vocabulary for analyzing gossip in formal contexts. Second, it contributes to knowledge about social interactions in organizations. By examining gossip talk embedded within a work context, this project highlights the nexus among structure, agency, and interaction. Third, it contributes to understandings of gossip in general. By examining gossip in a context previously unexamined, this project provides analytical leverage for theorizing conditions under which gossip is likely and when it will take various forms.
Fat-tailed uncertainty and the learning-effect

One of the recent findings in the economics of climate change is that emissions control plays a significant role in the reduction of the tail-effect of fat-tailed uncertainty on welfare. The current paper gives another perspective: the learning-effect. The effect of emissions control on welfare is decomposed into the direct effect and the learning-effect. Although this has been known for thin-tailed uncertainty in the literature, this paper takes a different approach: the changes in temperature distributions under fat-tailed uncertainty and learning.
State-Owned Enterprises, Political Ideology, and Redistribution

Many economies have undergone the process of privatizing their state-owned enterprises. Recently, however, this process has slowed down in some economies and has been completely stalled in others. Here we formalize the view that this is so because these enterprises are major instruments of income redistribution and, in economies with significant degrees of income inequality, segments of the population that benefit from this redistribution would use their political power to oppose its abandonment. We find strong empirical support for this hypothesis using cross-country data on the relative size of the state-owned-enterprise sector. We also find robust evidence that left-wing (vis-a-vis right-wing) governments are associated with greater redistribution in more unequal societies. Further, this effect is non-linear, implying that redistribution becomes more costly at higher levels of inequality. We also find the same result for authoritarian (vis-a-vis democratic) governments.
Corporate Board Characteristics, Managerial Entrenchment and Diversification Strategy: Evidence from Tunisian Context

The aim of this paper is to analyze the role of the board of directors and the management entrenchment in the explanation of diversification strategy of the Tunisian firms. In particular we focus on the characteristics of these two opposite directions bodies where the first controls the second in explaining the strategic choices of the firm. We find evidence for the negative effect of the board size and outside directors on the diversification strategy of the firm. The empirical result points also the negative effect of the CEO duality, which is inconsistent with the agency hypothesis.