Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response of broiler chicks to diets containing graded levels of clay.

A total of 360 two weeks old broiler chicks were used to investigate the effect of varying dietary levels of clay on growth performance of broiler chicks. The birds were randomly divided into six groups of 60 birds each and the groups were randomly assigned to six diets containing six levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%) of clay. Each treatment was replicated two times with 30 birds per replicate. The study lasted for four weeks. The response parameters studied were body weight, feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Results showed that dietary clay inclusion significantly (P<0.05) improved weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization. There was significant (P<0.05) reduction in feed cost per kg weight gain and overall cost of production. The results indicated that up to 5% clay may be included in the diet of broiler chicks to enhance growth performance and to reduce the cost of production.
Climate and habitat availability determine 20th century changes in a butterfly's range margin

Evidence of anthropogenic global climate change is accumulating, but its potential consequences for insect distributions have received little attention. We use a ‘climate response surface’ model to investigate distribution changes at the northern margin of the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria. We relate its current European distribution to a combination of three bioclimatic variables. We document that P. aegeria has expanded its northern margin substantially since 1940, that changes in this species' distribution over the past 100 years are likely to have been due to climate change, and that P. aegeria will have the potential to shift its range margin substantially northwards under predicted future climate change. At current rates of expansion, this species could potentially colonize all newly available climatically suitable habitat in the UK over the next 50 years or more. However, fragmentation of habitats can affect colonization, and we show that availability of habitat may be constraining range expansion of this species at its northern margin in the UK. These lag effects may be even more pronounced in less-mobile species inhabiting more fragmented landscapes, and highlight how habitat distribution will be crucial in predicting species' responses to future climate change.
NEWTON’S METHOD AND BAKER DOMAINS

We show that there exists an entire function f without zeros for which the associated Newton function Nf (z) = z−f(z)/f ′(z) is a transcendental meromorphic functions without Baker domains. We also show that there exists an entire function f with exactly one zero for which the complement of the immediate attracting basin has at least two components and contains no invariant Baker domains of Nf . The second result answers a question of J. Rückert and D. Schleicher while the first one gives a partial answer to a question of X. Buff.
The Contributions of Research Design and Process Facilitation in Accessing Adolescent Views of Leadership

This article reports an investigation into young people's understanding of 'good' and 'bad' leadership in school and sporting club contexts. Four discussion methods (open ended or structured discussions of either a person or situation based scenario) were trialled by 40 adolescents (aged 14 to 16) in a structured focus group format. Particular attention was given to positioning participants as collaborators and establishing trusting and open communication in the focus groups. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluation supported the efficacy of all discussion methods. Importantly, participants attributed the efficacy of the research process less to the use of specific research designs and more to the engaging and respectful quality of the interpersonal and group processes established for the discussions in which the students acted as co-researchers. Preliminary findings on the content of young people's leadership conceptions are also presented. Considerable consistency in young people's ideas was evident across context (school or sporting club) and gender. From a methodological perspective, the findings have implications for the design and conduct of research seeking a valid understanding of young people's experiences of leadership. From an educational perspective, the findings indicate the key engagement processes that should be incorporated into adolescent leadership programs.
Serum vitamin A levels among malnourished children aged 6 - 59 months in Zaria

Background : Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) affects an estimated 6 million pre-school children in Nigeria and 20 million in Africa. When associated with severe malnutrition, it significantly increases morbidity and mortality. Objectives : To determine serum vitamin A levels in children with Protein Energy Malnutrition and age and sex prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among children with Protein Energy Malnutrition and controls at the institute of Child Health ABUTH Zaria. Method : This was a case-control hospital-based descriptive study carried out at the Institute of Child Health (ICH) Banzazzau, Zaria. Systematic sampling method was adopted to select undernourished children aged 6-59 months for the study. Serum vitamin A level was analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The frequency of values below a cut off, usually taken as 0.70 μmol/L (20 μg/ dl ) for low and 0.35 μmol/L (10 μg/dl) for deficiency. Data was analysed using the Statistical Programme for Social Sciences version 15.4. Results : In this study, 132 children (66 cases and 66 controls) aged 6-59 months were studied. Among the cases, all were wasted, out of which 13 (19.7%), 9 (13.6%) and 44 (66.7%) had mild, moderate and severe wasting. Similarly, all the cases were stunted with the severity ranging from mild, 11 (16.7%), moderate, 19 (28.8%) and severe, 36 (54.5%). All the controls were nutritionally normal. Twenty six (39.4%) and 30 (45.5%) were males while 40 (60.6%), 36(54.2%) were females (M:F= 1:1.5 and 1:1.2) among cases and controls respectively. Low serum vitamin A levels among the cases was 16.7%. VAD was seen only in those with severe wasting (5%). Malnourished females aged 13-24 months and males aged 49-59 months for the controls were more at risk of low vitamin A levels. Children who had measles, persistent diarrhoea, low maternal educational levels and low social class were at a higher risk of having low serum vitamin A levels Conclusion : This study has been able to establish low vitamin A levels among both undernourished and controls in Zaria. This is of public health significance.
Investigation of the Relationship of Brand Personality, Subjective Norm and Perceived Control on Consumers’ Purchase Intention of Organic Fast Food

Organic fast food among the Malaysian consumers is an emerging theme of discourse. As more people are eating foods bought from fast food restaurants, this eating out lifestyle further heightened the problems of unhealthy eating and unbalanced diets (Azlina et al., 2011). So, to help consumers improve their personal wellness, fast food restaurants should consider various organic meals into their extended services. Indeed, this work intends to weigh into the proposed factor (TPB constructs; subjective norm and perceived dominance and brand personality dimensions; sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication and ruggedness) towards purchase intention of organic fast food in Malaysian perspective. The outcomes distinguish that three of the factors have a significant positive association with organic fast food intention to purchase normally, sincerity, competence and sophistication. Hence, the outcome proposed that the strongest ingredients in this relation are sincerity. Therefore, the researchers agreed that fast food operators may successfully incorporate brand personality variables such as sincerity, competence and sophistication to influence on the formation of customers’ intention of organic fast food. Hence, this study successfully develop theoretical and pragmatic aspects to discover the purchase intention of organic fast food on the perspective of Malaysian consumers’.
Seasonal variation in the effect of cache pilferage on cache and body mass regulation in Carolina chickadees: what are the trade-offs?

Current dynamic optimization models predict that animal* should respond to cache pilferage by decreasing the probability of caching food and by increasing internal fat storage to compensate for a reduction in cache size. We tested these predictions under laboratory conditions with variable food access (four 15-min intervals/day). Carolina chickadees (PotciU carotinensis) were subjected to two environments: under pilferage conditions, one-quarter of their cached seeds were stolen every 0.5 h, and under no-pilferage conditions, seeds were left in place. Half the birds started with pilferage conditions and were then switched to the no-pilferage condition; the other half started with no pilferage and were then switched to pilferage conditions. The experiment was conducted over the course of a year to test for seasonal variation in die response to seed pilferage. The birds responded to seed pilferage by taking more seeds from a feeder, suggesting that they monitored cache availability. Alternatively, die birds may have taken additional seeds from die feeder in response to increased hunger caused by a loss of cached food. Contrary to our prediction, birds cached a higher percentage of seeds from the feeder when cached seeds were pilfered than when caches were left in place. Treatment order also affected caching behavior for all but the summer birds: chickadees initially subjected to pilferage stored a higher proportion of seeds than those initially subjected to no pilferage. Caching percentages in die summer were unaffected by cache pilferage. Caching rates (number cached/day) also followed die same trends: rates were higher when seeds were pilfered than when seeds were not pilfered, and there was a treatment-order effect for all but die summer birds. Variation in body mass also failed to match predicted trends. All birds exhibited a monotonic increase in mass as die experiments proceeded, irrespective of treatment order. Controlling for diis monotonic increase in mass, an analysis of residual variation in body mass indicated diat birds gained less weight when seeds were pilfered dian when seeds were left in place. Finally, birds tested in die fall and spring were heavier than those tested in die summer. These results fail to support die relationship between cache maintenance and body mass regulation predicted by current models of energy regulation. We discuss die applicability of three hypotheses for die observed trends.
Systematic parameter study of hadron spectra and elliptic flow from viscous hydrodynamic simulations of Au+Au collisions at s NN =200 GeV

Using the ($2+1$)-dimensional viscous hydrodynamic code vish2$+$1 [H. Song and U. Heinz, Phys. Lett. B 658, 279 (2008); H. Song and U. Heinz, Phys. Rev. C 77, 064901 (2008); H. Song, Ph. D. thesis, The Ohio State University, 2009], we present systematic studies of the dependence of pion and proton transverse-momentum spectra and their elliptic flow in $200A$ GeV Au$+$Au collisions on the parameters of the hydrodynamic model (thermalization time, initial entropy density distribution, decoupling temperature, equation of state, and specific shear viscosity $\ensuremath{\eta}/s$). We identify a tension between the slope of the proton spectra, which (within hydrodynamic simulations that assume a constant shear viscosity to entropy density ratio) prefer larger $\ensuremath{\eta}/s$ values, and the slope of the ${p}_{T}$ dependence of charged hadron elliptic flow, which prefers smaller values of $\ensuremath{\eta}/s$. Changing other model parameters does not appear to permit dissolution of this tension.
Vitamin A and Carotene Metabolism in Cows and their Calves Fed from Buckets

Bouda J., P. Jagos, VI. Dvorak, V. HamSik: Vitamin A and Carotene Meta­ bolism in Cows and their Calves Fedfrom Buckets. Acta vet. Bmo, 49, 1979: 45-52~ The vitamin A and carotene metabolism has been studied in 40 cows and their calves up to the age of three months under conditions of intensive production during winter season. The vitamin A level in blood plasma of pre-partum cows was found to be lower than that of post-partum cows. The vitamin A concentration in the first colostrum was 10 times higher than the concentration found in cow blood plasma. The carotene level in colostrum was lower than that in blood plasma of cows. Before the first colostrum intake the average vitamin A concentration in blood plasma of calves was very low and did not exceed 10 pg/100 ml. After the colostrum ingestion the plasma vitamin A level raised, the hypovitaminosis A was, however, found in 75 % of followed calves and in high number of calves continued up to the age of 3 weeks. In the following period the occurrence of hypovitaminosis in calves was reduced which was brought about by the addition of vitamin in milk substitute. The significant rise in plasma vitamin A levels occurred during the first weeks of calf life after vitamin A had been supplemented into the first colostrum. The carotene levels in blood plasma of calves up to the age of 8 weeks were very low and their increase appeared after the hay ingestion. Under conditions of large-scale animal production the animals are concentrated in a small area and therefore the· hypovitaminoses are accompanied by a potential danger of a disease affecting first of all the alimentary and respiratory tracts. It follows from our results that the addition of vitamin A to calves in first days of their lives, especially in winter season, is of a great imporance.
Structure and profitability in the banking sector

The relationship between profit and bank market structure continues to raise questions amongst both policy makers and researchers. While some evidence supports a positive relationship between market structure, competition and profitability, other evidence seems to support the fact that profitability and related market share result from efficiency. Moreover, extant literature on South Africa is conflicting and seems to contradict anecdotal evidence. While some studies point to a competitive environment despite concentration, others suggest that concentration in the banking sector is harmful. Prosecution of banks for uncompetitive behavior also casts doubt on the conclusion that the South African banking sector is competitive. This paper examines the relationship between structure and conduct in the South African banking sector. Using the Berger (1995) discriminating tests, the effect of industry concentration, market share and efficiency on three measures of profitability is estimated on a panel of 11 South African banks for data between 1994 and 2016. The results show that concentration affects conduct. The profit-structure relationship is dominantly explained by the structure conduct hypothesis and partly by the efficient scale hypothesis. These results suggest that policy which discourages concentration and promotes competition in the banking sector is socially beneficial.
Diet of the Invasive Frog Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802) (Anura: Ranidae) in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

ABSTRACT. Based on the stomach content analysis of 113 individuals, the diet of the invasive amphibian Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog) was examined in four sites located within the municipality of Viçosa (20°45′S and 42°51′W), state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from August 2005 to March 2007. The effects of frog size and sexual maturity on stomach contents were determined. Prey items were grouped according to their primary habitat, being classified as aquatic, terrestrial and amphibious. In general, the most frequent prey categories were post-metamorphic Anura, Diplopoda, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera Formicidae and Araneae. The diet of adults of both sexes was similar, but differed from the diet of young frogs. Terrestrial prey were most abundant both in number and occurrence. For adult Bullfrogs, amphibious prey were most significant in volume. There was a significant correlation between prey and predator sizes, as well as a greater consumption of native anurans by larger Bullfrogs. The results confirmed that Bullfrogs have a generalist feeding habit that can have important negative effects on native amphibian communities in environments occupied by this invasive species.
Life Satisfaction Attitude Toward Euthanasia Scale : Psychometric Properties and Relations With Religious Orientation

End-of-life decisions (ELDs) represent a controversial subject, with ethical dilemmas and empirical ambiguities that stand at the intersection of ethics and medicine. In a non-Western population, we examined individual differences in perceiving ELDs that end the life of a patient as acceptable and found that an attitude toward euthanasia (ATE) scale consists of 2 factors representing voluntary and nonvoluntary euthanasia. Also, acceptance of ELDs that end the life of a patient negatively correlated with life satisfaction, honesty–humility, conscientiousness, and intrinsic and extrinsic personal motivation toward religion. These findings provided additional construct validity of the ATE scale.
The impacts of product market competition on the quantity and quality of voluntary disclosures

Article history: Received January 20, 2015 Received in revised format 16 February 2015 Accepted 12 April 2015 Available online April 14 2015 This paper presents an empirical investigation to study the relationship between product market competition and voluntary disclosure among 124 selected firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange over the period 2004-2013. The study uses Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) and Lerner (LLIA) index to measure competition in terms of capacity and price, respectively. In addition, the study uses the questionnaire developed by Botosan (1997) [Botosan, C. A. (1997). Disclosure level and the cost of equity capital. Accounting Review, 72(3), 323-349. ] to measure voluntary disclosure. Using linear regression technique, the study has determined that there was a meaningful, direct and positive relationship between voluntary disclosure and competition in terms of price (LLIA). In addition, the results indicate that there was a meaningful and reverse relationship between voluntary disclosure and competition in terms of capacity (HHI). Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 5 © 201
Science Journals — AAAS

INTRODUCTION: Since the 1980s, the design and synthesis of molecular machines has been identified as a grand challenge for molecular engineering. Robots are an important type of molecular machine that automatically carry out complex nanomechanical tasks. DNA molecules are excellent materials for building molecular robots, because their geometric, thermodynamic, and kinetic properties are well understood and highly programmable. So far, the development of DNA robots has been limited to simple functions. Most DNA robots were designed to perform a single function: walking in a controlled direction. A few demonstrations included a second function combined with walking (for example, picking up nanoparticles or choosing a path at a junction). However, these relatively more complex functions were also more difficult to control, and the complexity of the tasks was limited to what the robot can perform within 3 to 12 steps. In addition, each robot design was tailored for a specific task, complicating efforts to develop new robots that perform new tasks by combining functions and mechanisms.
Performance evaluation of gypsum block wireless sensor network system for real time irrigation scheduling

Abstract Majority of farmers in India are irrigating their crops without using any irrigation scheduling criteria. Consequently, the application of excess irrigation water causes water logging, wastage of precious water resources, plant diseases, soil salinity as well as the lack of water results into crop water stress. In the present research work an automated Wireless Gypsum Block Sensor Network System (WSN) was developed to automate irrigation scheduling. The developed gypsum blocks sensors were interlinked with Global System for Mobile (GSM) Module with a microcontroller unit. The sensor performed well in the range of 10–19% volumetric moisture content. These sensors were reliable in the range of 30–90 kPa. The sensors highly correlated with coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.93 with slope 0.13 and small relative root mean square error (RRMSE) for given soil moisture potential at depth of 30–45 cm. The microcontroller starts the pump when soil moisture content reaches below the field capacity (FC) and stops when field reaches at FC of a given threshold rage 15–18. The field information is received by the user through mobile via transmitters and receiver using text messages. The system saves the water an average up to 7%.
Comparative study of AFLP and microsatellite variation in four Dipterocarp species from natural and artificial populations in Sarawak, Malaysia

Degrees of genetic variation accumulated in four dipterocarp species in Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia were estimated and compared with those in a man-made forest in Bakam Experimental Reserve using microsatellite and AFLP markers. By using 2 to 3 microsatellite loci, 9 to 14 alleles were detected. The average observed heterozygosities for Dryobalanops lanceolata, D. aromatica, Shorea beccariana and S. macrophylla in the natural population were 0.400, 0.400, 0.580 and 0.516, respectively, and expected heterozygosities were 0.603, 0.461, 0.685 and 0.745, respectively. In all of the four species, excess homozygotes were observed. Significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was detected in D. lanceolata and S. beccariana. AFLP analysis in the natural population revealed that 94.6 to 99.7% of the fragments were polymorphic. The average heterozygosities for these species were 0.220, 0.232, 0.221 and 0.211, respectively. These values were much larger than those obtained in tree populations such as Japanese beech and Japanese oak populations in temperate deciduous broad leaf forests. Genetic variation in the artificial population was compared with that in the natural population. Both the average expected heterozygosities and the number of alleles in the microsatellite loci were reduced in the artificial population. Some distortions such as linkage disequilibrium and the deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium appeared in the artificial population of S. beccariana. The use of seeds collected from a limited number of mother trees to make the experimental site is thought to be the cause of the loss of genetic variation.
Erratum to “Seminormal Structure and Fixed Points of Cyclic Relatively Nonexpansive Mappings”

It has been remarked in [1] that the pair (A, A) has seminormal structure if and only if A has normal structure in the sense of Brodskĭi and Mil’man [2]. We revise this remark as follows. If the pair (A, A) has seminormal structure, then A has normal structure in the sense of Brodskĭi and Mil’man. Indeed, if the set A has normal structure, then (A, A) may not have seminormal structure. We illustrate this with the following example.