Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-axiomatic reasoning system: exploring the essence of intelligence

Every artificial-intelligence research project needs a working definition of "intelligence", on which the deepest goals and assumptions of the research are based. In the project described in the following chapters, "intelligence" is defined as the capacity to adapt under insufficient knowledge and resources. Concretely, an intelligent system should be finite and open, and should work in real time. If these criteria are used in the design of a reasoning system, the result is NARS, a non-axiomatic reasoning system. NARS uses a term-oriented formal language, characterized by the use of subject-predicate sentences. The language has an experience-grounded semantics, according to which the truth value of a judgment is determined by previous experience, and the meaning of a term is determined by its relations with other terms. Several different types of uncertainty, such as randomness, fuzziness, and ignorance, can be represented in the language in a single way. The inference rules of NARS are based on three inheritance relations between terms. With different combinations of premises, revision, deduction, induction, abduction, exemplification, comparison, and analogy can all be carried out in a uniform format, the major difference between these types of inference being that different functions are used to calculate the truth value of the conclusion from the truth values of the premises. Since it has insufficient space-time resources, the system needs to distribute them among its tasks very carefully, and to dynamically adjust the distribution as the situation changes. This leads to a "controlled concurrency" control mechanism, and a "bag-based" memory organization. A recent implementation of the NARS model, with examples, is discussed. The system has many interesting properties that are shared by human cognition, but are absent from conventional computational models of reasoning. This research sheds light on several notions in artificial intelligence and cognitive science, including symbol-grounding, induction, categorization, logic, and computation. These are discussed to show the implications of the new theory of intelligence. Finally, the major results of the research are summarized, a preliminary evaluation of the working definition of intelligence is given, and the limitations and future extensions of the research are discussed.
HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN ORANG TUA DENGAN STATUS GIZI BALITA BERDASARKAN ANTROPOMETRI DI POSYANDU RUKUN ASIH, KEDUNG TUNGKUL, MOJOSONGO, JEBRES, SURAKARTA

ABSTRAK Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan mengalami peningkatan yang pesat pada usia dini, yaitu dari 0 sampai 5 tahun. Masa ini sering juga disebut sebagai fase ”Golden Age”. Faktor yang dapatmempengaruhipertumbuhandanperkembanganadalah f aktor herediter , f aktor lingkungan , n utrisi , l ingkungan budaya , s tatus sosial dan ekonomi keluarga , pendidikan orang tua , i klim/cuaca , o lahrag a /latihan f isik, p osisi anak dalam keluarga , s tatus kesehatan , f aktor h ormonal . Hal iniharusdiperhatikankarena penanganan kelainan yang sesuai pada masa golden age dapat meminimalisir kelainan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak sehingga kelainan yang bersifat permanen dapat dicegah ( Rukiyah, 2010; Chamidah, 2009). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmengetahui hubungantingkatpendidikan orang tuadengan status gizipadabalitaberdasarkanantropometri di Posyandu Rukun Asih, Kedung Tungkul, Mojosongo, Jebres, Surakarta. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional . Populasinya seluruh orang tua yang mempunyai balita berumur 0-60 bulan di Posyandu Rukun Asih, Mojosongo, Jebres, Surakarta sejumlah 76 orang. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 70 orang. Variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah tingkatpendidikanorang tua (ibubalita). Variabelterikatdalampenelitianiniadalah status gizibalita.Analisis data denganmenggunakanrumus korelasi Kendall’s tau (τ) . Dari analisis data dengan rumus korelasi Kendall’s tau (τ) menunjukkan nilai signifikansi p-value 0,153 (>0,05) . Sehingga tidak terdapat hubungan tingkatpendidikan orang tuadengan status gizipadabalitaberdasarkanantropometri. Simpulandalampenelitianiniadalah tidak terdapat hubungan tingkatpendidikan orang tuadengan status gizipadabalitaberdasarkanantropometri. Kata kunci : Pendidikan, status gizi, antropometri
Design for the Evaluation of Early Elementary School Mathematics Curricula. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research

Many U.S. students enter elementary school with poor math skills. Students from different socioeconomic backgrounds also differ in math performance, with students from poor families lagging behind those from more affluent families. These differences grow over time, resulting in substantial differences in math achievement by the time students reach fourth grade. This report presents the evaluation design for Mathematicaâ€™s large-scale, national study that is comparing the effects of four early elementary math curricula on improving student math achievement in disadvantaged schools. Experimental methods are being used to evaluate the relative effects of the curricula, using a school-level random assignment design.
Automatic LIP-SYNC: direct translation of speech sound to mouth animation

The goal of automatic lip-sync is to translate speech sounds into mouth shapes. Although this seems related to Speech Recognition, the direct map from sound to shape avoids many language problems associated with Speech Recognition and provides a unique domain for error correction. The method of automatic lip-sync developed here is to compute various moment functions of the spectrum and correlate them to mouth shape on sounds whose shapes are known. The correlations are then used to predict mouth shape on new sounds. Among other things, automatic lip-sync animation may be used for animating cartoons realistically and as an aid to the hearing disabled.
Improving the maintainability of automated test suites

Automated black box, GUI-level regression test tools are popular in the industry. According to the popular mythology, people with little programming experience can use these tools to quickly create extensive test suites. The tools are (allegedly) easy to use. Maintenance of the test suites is (allegedly) not a problem. Therefore, the story goes, a development manager can save lots of money and aggravation, and can ship software sooner, by using one of these tools to replace some (or most) of those pesky testers.
Evaluating the Interaction of Growth Factors in the Univariate Latent Curve Model

ii ©2014 Stephanie T. Lane ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii ABSTRACT Stephanie T. Lane: Evaluating the Interaction of Growth Factors in the Univariate Latent Curve Model (Under the direction of Patrick Curran) In the structural equation modeling framework, latent curve models have gained popularity for modeling change over time. Much work has focused on the use of covariates, whether time-invariant or time-varying, to predict the growth factors. Comparatively little work has focused on the use of growth factors as independent variables themselves. This project evaluated the performance of models where growth factors were used as main-effects predictors of a distal outcome; this main-effects-only model was expanded to include the interaction between the growth factors as a predictor. My results demonstrate the bias present when a main-effects-only model is fit to data where an interaction effect truly exists. These results provide motivation for researchers who employ growth factors as predictors of a distal outcome to test for an interaction effect in order to more clearly understand the role of starting point and rate of change over time, taken together, as predictors.
Kitchen Confidential: Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly

New York Chef Tony Bourdain gives away secrets of the trade in his wickedly funny, inspiring memoir/expose. Kitchen Confidential reveals what Bourdain calls "twenty-five years of sex, drugs, bad behavior and haute cuisine. " Last summer, "The New Yorker" published Chef Bourdain's shocking, "Don't Eat Before Reading This. " Bourdain spared no one's appetite when he told all about what happens behind the kitchen door. Bourdain uses the same "take-no-prisoners" attitude in his deliciously funny and shockingly delectable book, sure to delight gourmands and philistines alike. From Bourdain's first oyster in the Gironde, to his lowly position as dishwasher in a honky tonk fish restaurant in Provincetown (where he witnesses for the first time the real delights of being a chef); from the kitchen of the Rainbow Room atop Rockefeller Center, to drug dealers in the east village, from Tokyo to Paris and back to New York again, Bourdain's tales of the kitchen are as passionate as they are unpredictable. "Kitchen Confidential" will make your mouth water while your belly aches with laughter. You'll beg the chef for more, please.
The influence of QuikScan (QS) on reading comprehension, recall and information search by blind and visual impaired readers

Background: QuikScan (QS) is a new and innovative text design that implies several text signaling devices such as headings and numbering. It is designed in order to facilitate text comprehension & recall but also information search. By using several within-document summaries, the reader gets informed about the gist of each segment of the text. The summaries consist of numbered sentences that correspond to topic sections. Aim: Research on QS has mainly focused on the effects for comprehension, recall and text search by sighted readers. This study aimed to examine effects of QS texts on the reading processes of blind and visually impaired readers. Method: Three experiments were conducted in this study. During the first experiment, effects of QS on high-level comprehension and recall were tested by means of a summary writing task. In the second experiment, the effects of QS on low-level comprehension and recall were tested by means of a free recall task. The third experiment examined whether QS facilitates high level, medium level and low level information search. Additionally a short analysis is done of the search strategies blind and visually impaired readers apply when searching in QS and NQS texts. Results: After reading QS texts, participants wrote qualitatively better summaries than after reading non-QS (NQS) texts. No significant results were found for QS supporting low-level comprehension and recall by blind and visually impaired readers. These results were in line with the hypothesis. Additionally, no significant differences were found for the search success in QS or NQS texts. Participants used significant more synonyms when searching in QS texts than in NQS texts. There are indications that blind and visually impaired readers apply different reading strategies when searching in QS and NQS texts. Conclusions: Blind and visually impaired readers benefit of QS texts when writing summaries. This suggests that QS facilitates high-level comprehension and recall, by providing the reader with macrostructure information. Further research is needed with larger amounts of participants to get a more complete view on the effects of QS on information search by blind and visually impaired readers. Keywords: QuikScan (QS), high-level comprehension & recall, information search, low-level comprehension & recall, macrostructure
Epidemiological aspects of dog bites considering biter dogs and victims.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar los ataques de perros incluyendo datos sobre el animal y su victima. Se realizo un estudio exploratorio de corte transversal a partir de las fichas medicas de 203 habitantes que procuraron los servicios de la red publica de salud de Aracatuba, Sao Paulo, Brasil, despues de sufrir mordeduras de perros durante 2009. Mas del 70% de los perros (92/129) eran del sexo masculino y la mayoria (71%) fue recibido como regalo. El principal motivo para la adquisicion de los animales fue como animal de compania. Dentro del perfil de personas agredidas, hubo predominio de ninos del sexo masculino y de mujeres de edad avanzada. La mayoria de los ninos fue mordido en la cabeza / cuello y los adultos en las manos, los pies y en las extremidades inferiores (p <0,0001). El propietario del animal era conocido en el 83,2% de los casos, con la observacion de que el perro se indica solo en el 59,4% de los casos. Los principales escenarios de agresion entubieron relacionados con el perro escapando de casa (18,7%) o permaneciendo suelto en la calle (17,0%). El analisis de las caracteristicas de los perros agresores, de las victimas y de los duenos puede auxiliar en el tratamiento medico en estos casos. Ademas, existe la necesidad de mayor cuidado en la criacion de los perros, dado que el concepto de propiedad responsable puede reducir la prevalencia de mordeduras
Dynamically Estimating Reliability in a Volunteer-Based Compute and Data-Storage System

Although cloud computing is a powerful tool for analyzing large datasets, it is not appropriate tool for highly distributed data. In such cases, moving data to a central location incurs high network overhead. To avoid this, Nebula distributes computation over a wide-area network while trying to maintain locality to data. However, Nebula has few mechanisms for creating redundant copies for computational tasks. We introduce a scheduler that preemptively creates redundant copies of tasks reducing the average task execution time at the cost of overall throughput in the case where the system sees no failures.
Ecologische en recreatieve beoordeling van toekomstscenario's voor natuur op het land : achtergronddocument bij Natuurverkenning 2011

Het Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (PBL) heeft in de Natuurverkenning 2011 vier kijkrichtingen uitgewerkt die mogelijke oplossingen presenteren voor de vier belangrijkste uitdagingen van het natuurbeleid van de toekomst. Daarmee hoopt het PBL een bijdrage te leveren aan de discussie over de doelen van het natuur- en landschapsbeleid voor de langere termijn (2040). De kijkrichting Vitale Natuur zet in op het stoppen van het verlies van biodiversiteit die meer in Nederland voorkomt in vergelijking met de rest van de Atlantische biogeografische regio. In de drie andere kijkrichtingen wordt natuur ingezet voor vergroting van de belevingswaarde (Beleefbare Natuur), het duurzaam gebruik van natuur (Functionele Natuur) en de minimalisering van de conflicten tussen natuur en economie (Inpasbare Natuur). Deze kijkrichtingen zijn uitgewerkt in ruimtelijke beelden die laten zien welke type natuur, waar en in welke omvang nodig is. In dit WOt-werkdocument wordt beschreven welke en hoeveel biodiversiteit op het land hierdoor duurzaam beschermd wordt. Daarbij worden verschillende graadmeters voor biodiversiteit beschouwd, aangezien biodiversiteit een breed gedefinieerd begrip is. Daarnaast wordt gekeken wat de verschillende kijkrichtingen betekenen voor het aanbod van recreatiemogelijkheden in een groene, natuurlijke setting, in relatie tot de omvang van de lokale vraag hiernaar.
Cultures of prototyping

Software developers have devoted a great deal of attention to the design of software-prototyping tools, with the hope that the use of these tools can greatly increase the software designer’s fluidity of iterative design. The use of rapid prototyping to accelerate creativity can also be observed in other design disciplines and is embedded in what Michael Schrage calls a company's culture of prototyping.
Understanding and Classifying Information System Alignment Approaches

Today, companies are immersed in extremely competitive world-wide markets that change continuously. Thus, companies have to evolve introducing strategic and structural changes as a response to the external forces of the environment. This implies to consider the information system (IS) alignment from a global point of view integrating the classical “internal” strategic alignment with two other levels: the alignments with the environment and with uncertain evolutions. Approaches that support and operationalise IS alignment are numerous but remain fuzzy towards the fullfilled alignment level. Therefore, it is proposed to build an analysis framework, based on theoretical alignment concepts, in order to analyse them towards this feature. It is composed of four elements and corresponding attributes detailing each level of alignment. This framework is applied to nine current alignment approaches in order to get a structured picture of the research in the domain. The corresponding analysis emphasises possible new work perspectives.
Continuous MapReduce: an architecture for large-scale in-situ data processing

This thesis addresses a fundamental data management challenge faced by cloud service providers: analysis of semi-structured log data generated by large-scale compute infrastructure. This analysis is a crucial aspect of a cloud provider's business, creating competitive advantage by mining user behavioral patterns and ensuring efficient use of resources. However, the amount of data produced in this environment is rapidly growing. The current approach brings data to a central location before analysis, incurring a significant cost and delaying results. As scale increases, the time and cost of data migration alone will render this approach infeasible. We present Continuous MapReduce (CMR), an architecture for large- scale in-situ data processing. CMR is designed to be scalable, responsive, and available while processing logs across thousands of data center servers. CMR extends the MapReduce programming model to allow continuous queries over these data streams, building on concepts found in distributed stream processing. The salient architectural features include an in-situ approach, incremental processing with sliding windows, and a relaxed consistency model. We have built a prototype CMR framework using Mortar, a distributed stream processor, and evaluated it against current batch processing systems. Our results indicate that this approach can improve result latency by 30% for batch and continuous queries. In addition, CMR's consistency model enables it to return results quickly in the face of failure, and still maintain high result fidelity. These results indicate CMR is a valuable tool for addressing the scalability issues of next generation data processing environments
Event-Based Video Analysis,

Dynamic events can be regarded as long-term temporal objects, which are characterized by spatio-temporal features at multiple temporal scales. Based on this, we design a simple statistical distance measure between video sequences (possibly of different lengths) based on their behavioral content. This measure is non-parametric and can thus handle a wide range of dynamic events. We use this measure for isolating and clustering events within long continuous video sequences. This is done without prior knowledge of the types of events, their models, or their temporal extent. An outcome of such a clustering process is a temporal segmentation of long video sequences into event-consistent sub-sequences, and their grouping into event-consistent clusters. Our event representation and associated distance measure can also be used for event-based indexing into long video sequences, even when only one short example-clip is available. However, when multiple example-clips of the same event are available (either as a result of the clustering process, or given manually), these can be used to refine the event representation, the associated distance measure, and accordingly the quality of the detection and clustering process.
FACE-TO-FACE VERSUS THREADED DISCUSSIONS: THE ROLE OF TIME AND HIGHER-ORDER THINKING

This study compares the experiences of students in face-to-face (in class) discussions with threaded discussions and also evaluates the threaded discussions for evidence of higher-order thinking. Students were enrolled in graduate-level classes that used both modes (face-to-face and online) for course-related discussions; their end-of-course evaluations of both experiences were grouped for analysis and themes constructed based on their comments. Themes included the “expansion of time,” “experience of time,” “quality of the discussion,” “needs of the student,” and “faculty expertise. ” While there are advantages to holding discussions in either setting, students most frequently noted that using threaded discussions increased the amount of time they spent on class objectives and that they appreciated the extra time for reflection on course issues. The face-to-face format also had value as a result of its immediacy and energy, and some students found one mode a better “fit” with their preferred learning mode. The analysisof higher-order thinking was based on a content analysis of the threaded discussions only. Each posting was coded as one of the four cognitive-processing categories described by Garrison and colleagues: 18% were triggering questions, 51% were exploration, 22% were integration, and 7% resolution. A fifth category – social – was appropriate for 3% of the responses and only 12% of the postings included a writing error. This framework provides some support for the assertion that higher-order thinking can and does occur in online discussions; strategies for increasing the number of responses in the integration and resolution categories are discussed.
Politeness phenomena in Palestinian Arabic and Australian English: A cross-cultural study of selected contemporary plays

xi Chapter I. General introduction and thesis structure 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Prelude 2 1.2 Objectives of the study 3 1.3 Research questions 3 1.4 Rationale for the study 4 1.5 Significance of the study 5 1.6 Limitations of the study 6 1.7 The plays as a source of data 7 1.7. 1 The Australian plays 8 1.7. 2 The Palestinian plays 9 1.8 The design of the study 10 1.9 Summary 12 Chapter 2. Theoretical framework and studies on politeness 2.0 Introduction 13 2.1 Theoretical framework 14
A Case Study of Peer Review Practices of Four Adolescent English Language Learners in Face-to-Face and Online Contexts

Peer review is a complex collaborative activity, which may engage English language learners in reading, writing, listening, and speaking and carry many potential benefits for their language learning (Hu, 2005). While many research studies focused on peer review practices of adult language learners in academic settings in the USA or abroad in language classes (Grami, 2010; Zhao, 2010), little attention was paid to adolescent L2 writers participating in peer review in face-to-face K-12 and online contexts. This multiple case study aimed at describing and explaining peer review practices of four adolescent ELLs in face-to-face and online contexts from the ecological perspective. In particular, I aimed at exploring (a) four adolescent ELLs’ perceptions of peer review in face-to-face and online contexts, (b) affordances they chose to employ during peer review in face-to-face and online contexts, and (c) revisions the participants chose to make due to peer review in face-to-face and online contexts. The multiple observations, semi-structured interviews, researcher’s and participants’ e-journals, and written artifacts yielded data for within-case and cross-case analysis. The findings of the study afforded situating adolescent ELLs’ peer review practices in the face-to-face and online contexts as a part of L2 literacy, redefining L2 literacy and peer review in L2, and discussing the important role of peer review in adolescent ELLs’ literacy development. The implications of the study provided teachers with suggestions on how to enhance adolescent ELLs’ peer review practices. Further, I