Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of children's internalizing and externalizing problems on parenting: Transactional processes and reciprocal change over time

Abstract Most theoretical models of developmental psychopathology involve a transactional, bidirectional relation between parenting and children's behavior problems. The present study utilized a cross-lagged panel, multiple interval design to model change in bidirectional relations between child and parent behavior across successive developmental periods. Two major categories of child behavior problems, internalizing and externalizing, and two aspects of parenting, positive (use of support and structure) and harsh discipline (use of physical punishment), were modeled across three time points spaced 3 years apart. Two successive developmental intervals, from approximately age 7.5 to 10.5 and from 10.5 to 13.5, were included. Mother–child dyads (N = 138; 65 boys) from a lower income longitudinal sample of families participated, with standardized measures of mothers rating their own parenting behavior and teachers reporting on child's behavior. Results revealed different types of reciprocal relations between specific aspects of child and parent behavior, with internalizing problems predicting an increase in positive parenting over time, which subsequently led to a reduction in internalizing problems across the successive 3-year interval. In contrast, externalizing predicted reduced levels of positive parenting in a reciprocal sequence that extended across two successive intervals and predicted increased levels of externalizing over time. Implications for prevention and early intervention are discussed.
Transverse laser patterns. I. Phase singularity crystals.

We analyze the interaction and the competition of a set of transverse cavity modes, which belong to a frequency-degenerate family. The laser turns out to be able to realize several different stationary spatial patterns, which differ in the transverse configuration of the intensity or of the field and are met by varying the values of the control parameters. A striking feature that emerges in almost all steady-state patterns is the presence of dark points, in which both the real and the imaginary part of the electric field vanish and such that, if one covers a closed loop around one of these points, the field phase changes by a multiple of 2, which corresponds to the topological charge of the point. We show in detail the analogy of these phase singularities to the vortex structures well known in such fields as, for example, hydrodynamics, superconductivity, and superfluidity. In our case, at steady state, these singularities are arranged in the form of regular crystals, nd the equiphase lines of the field exhibit a notable similarity to the field lines of the electrostatic field generated by a corresponding set of point charges. We analyze in detail the patterns that emerge in the cases 2p+l=2 and 2p+l=3, where p and l are the radial and angular modal indices, respectively, and we compare the results with the experimental observations obtained from a Na2 laser. The observed patterns agree in detail with those found by theory; in particular, they exhibit the predicted phase singularities in each pattern. The transitions from one pattern to another, that one observes under variation of the control parameters, basically agree with those predicted by theory.
Prediction of Complex Aerodynamic Flows with Explicit Algebraic Stress Models

An explicit algebraic stress equation, developed by Gatski and Speziale, is used in the framework of K-epsilon formulation to predict complex aerodynamic turbulent flows. The nonequilibrium effects are modeled through coefficients that depend nonlinearly on both rotational and irrotational strains. The proposed model was implemented in the ISAAC Navier-Stokes code. Comparisons with the experimental data are presented which clearly demonstrate that explicit algebraic stress models can predict the correct response to nonequilibrium flow.
The effect of cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion.

BACKGROUND Patients with coronary artery disease and abnormalities of serum lipids often have endothelial vasodilator dysfunction, which may contribute to ischemic cardiac events. Whether cholesterol-lowering or antioxidant therapy can restore endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation is unknown. METHODS We randomly assigned 49 patients (mean serum cholesterol level, 209 +/- 33 mg per deciliter [5.40 +/- 0.85 mmol per liter]) to receive one of three treatments: an American Heart Association Step 1 diet (the diet group, 11 patients); lovastatin and cholestyramine (the low-density lipoprotein [LDL]-lowering group, 21 patients); or lovastatin and probucol (the LDL-lowering-antioxidant group, 17 patients). Endothelium-dependent coronary-artery vasomotion in response to an intracoronary infusion of acetylcholine (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) was assessed at base line and after one year of therapy. Vasoconstrictor responses to these doses of acetylcholine are considered to be abnormal. RESULTS Treatment resulted in significant reductions in LDL cholesterol levels of 41 +/- 22 percent in the LDL-lowering-antioxidant group and 38 +/- 20 percent in the LDL-lowering group (P < 0.001 vs. the diet group). The maximal changes in coronary-artery diameter with acetylcholine at base line and at follow-up were -19 and -2 percent, respectively, in the LDL-lowering-antioxidant group, -15 and -6 percent in the LDL-lowering group, and -14 and -19 percent in the diet group (P < 0.01 for the LDL-lowering-antioxidant group vs. the diet group; P = 0.08 for the LDL-lowering group vs. the diet group). (The negative numbers indicate vasoconstriction). Thus, the greatest improvement in the vasoconstrictor response was seen in the LDL-lowering-antioxidant group. CONCLUSIONS The improvement in endothelium-dependent vasomotion with cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant therapy may have important implications for the activity of myocardial ischemia and may explain in part the reduced incidence of adverse coronary events that is known to result from cholesterol-lowering therapy.
Anti‐inflammatory effect of astaxanthin in phthalic anhydride‐induced atopic dermatitis animal model

In this study, we investigated anti‐dermatitic effects of astaxanthin (AST) in phthalic anhydride (PA)‐induced atopic dermatitis (AD) animal model as well as in vitro model. AD‐like lesion was induced by the topical application of 5% PA to the dorsal skin or ear of Hos:HR‐1 mouse. After AD induction, 100 μL of 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL of AST (10 μg or 20 μg/cm2) was spread on the dorsum of ear or back skin three times a week for four weeks. We evaluated dermatitis severity, histopathological changes and changes in protein expression by Western blotting for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activity. We also measured tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration in the blood of AD mice by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AST treatment attenuated the development of PA‐induced AD. Histological analysis showed that AST inhibited hyperkeratosis, mast cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells. AST treatment inhibited expression of iNOS and COX‐2, and NF‐κB activity as well as release of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IgE. In addition, AST (5, 10 and 20 μM) potently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg/mL)‐induced nitric oxide (NO) production, expression of iNOS and COX‐2 and NF‐κB DNA binding activities in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Our data demonstrated that AST could be a promising agent for AD by inhibition of NF‐κB signalling.
Measles Virus‐Induced Migration Inhibition In Vitro of Leukocytes from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

The migration inhibition in vitro induced by measles virus material on leukocytes from 17 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was compared with that of 8 patients with various other central nervous system diseases and that of 12 healthy blood donors. Significant differences could not be demonstrated. The results do not indicate that MS patients’ leukocytes show an altered behaviour to measles virus material in the migration inhibition test.
Rapid Ca2+ flux through the transverse tubular membrane, activated by individual action potentials in mammalian skeletal muscle

Periods of low frequency stimulation are known to increase the net Ca2+ uptake in skeletal muscle but the mechanism responsible for this Ca2+ entry is not known. In this study a novel high‐resolution fluorescence microscopy approach allowed the detection of an action potential‐induced Ca2+ flux across the tubular (t‐) system of rat extensor digitorum longus muscle fibres that appears to be responsible for the net uptake of Ca2+ in working muscle. Action potentials were triggered in the t‐system of mechanically skinned fibres from rat by brief field stimulation and t‐system [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]t‐sys) and cytoplasmic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]cyto) were simultaneously resolved on a confocal microscope. When initial [Ca2+]t‐sys was ≥ 0.2 mm a Ca2+ flux from t‐system to the cytoplasm was observed following a single action potential. The action potential‐induced Ca2+ flux and associated t‐system Ca2+ permeability decayed exponentially and displayed inactivation characteristics such that further Ca2+ entry across the t‐system could not be observed after 2–3 action potentials at 10 Hz stimulation rate. When [Ca2+]t‐sys was closer to 0.1 mm, a transient rise in [Ca2+]t‐sys was observed almost concurrently with the increase in [Ca2+]cyto following the action potential. The change in direction of Ca2+ flux was consistent with changes in the direction of the driving force for Ca2+. This is the first demonstration of a rapid t‐system Ca2+ flux associated with a single action potential in mammalian skeletal muscle. The properties of this channel are inconsistent with a flux through the L‐type Ca2+ channel suggesting that an as yet unidentified t‐system protein is conducting this current. This action potential‐activated Ca2+ flux provides an explanation for the previously described Ca2+ entry and accumulation observed with prolonged, intermittent muscle activity.
Cooperation among Norway Rats: The Importance of Visual Cues for Reciprocal Cooperation, and the Role of Coercion

Some animals reciprocate help, but the underlying proximate mechanisms are largely unclear. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) have been shown to cooperate in a variant of the iterated prisoner’s dilemma paradigm, yet it is unknown which sensory modalities they use. Visual information is often implicitly assumed to play a major role in social interactions, but primarily nocturnal species such as Norway rats may rely on different cues when deciding to reciprocate received help. We used an instrumental cooperative task to compare the test rats’ propensity to reciprocate received help between two experimental conditions, with and without visual information exchange between social partners. Our results show that visual information is not required for reciprocal cooperation among social partners because even when it was lacking, test rats provided food significantly earlier to partners that had helped them to obtain food before than to those that had not done so. The mean decision speed did not differ between the two experimental conditions, with or without visual information. Social partners sometimes showed aggressive behaviour towards focal test individuals. When including this in the analyses to assess the possible role of aggression as a trigger of cooperation, aggression received from cooperators apparently reduced the cooperation propensity, whereas aggression received from defectors increased it. Hence, in addition to reciprocity, coercion seems to provide additional means to generate altruistic help in Norway rats.
1 PCSK 9 deficiency unmasks a sex / tissue-specific subcellular distribution of the LDL and VLDL receptors in mice

PCSK9, the last member of the family of Proprotein Convertases related to Subtilisin and Kexin, regulates LDL-cholesterol by promoting the endosomal/lysosomal degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR). Herein, we show that the LDLR cell surface levels dramatically increase in the liver and pancreatic islets of PCSK9 KO males, but not females. In contrast, in KO females, the LDLR is more abundant at the cell surface enterocytes, as is the VLDL receptor (VLDLR) at the cell surface of adipocytes. Ovariectomy of KO females led to a typical KO male pattern, while 17-estradiol (E2) treatment restored the female one, without concomitant changes in LDLRAP1/ARH, Dab2 or IDOL expression levels. We also show that this E2-mediated regulation, which is observed only in the absence of PCSK9, is abolished upon feeding the mice a high cholesterol diet. The latter dramatically represses PCSK9 expression and leads to high surface levels of the LDLR in the hepatocytes of all sexes and genotypes. In conclusion, the absence of PCSK9 results in a sexand tissue-specific subcellular distribution of the LDLR and VLDLR, which is determined by E2 levels.
A Diffusible Signal from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Elicits a Transient Cytosolic Calcium Elevation in Host Plant Cells1[W]

The implication of calcium as intracellular messenger in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis has not yet been directly demonstrated, although often envisaged. We used soybean (Glycine max) cell cultures stably expressing the bioluminescent Ca2+ indicator aequorin to detect intracellular Ca2+ changes in response to the culture medium of spores of Gigaspora margarita germinating in the absence of the plant partner. Rapid and transient elevations in cytosolic free Ca2+ were recorded, indicating that diffusible molecules released by the mycorrhizal fungus are perceived by host plant cells through a Ca2+-mediated signaling. Similar responses were also triggered by two Glomus isolates. The fungal molecules active in generating the Ca2+ transient were constitutively released in the medium, and the induced Ca2+ signature was not modified by the coculture of germinating spores with plant cells. Even ungerminated spores were able to generate the signaling molecules, as proven when the germination was blocked by a low temperature. The fungal molecules were found to be stable to heat treatment, of small molecular mass (<3 kD), and, on the basis of extraction with an organic solvent, partially lipophilic. Evidence for the specificity of such an early fungal signal to the AM symbiosis is suggested by the lack of a Ca2+ response in cultured cells of the nonhost plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and by the up-regulation in soybean cells of genes related to Medicago truncatula DMI1, DMI2, and DMI3 and considered essential for the establishment of the AM symbiosis.
Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Parecoxib Sodium in Relieving Acute Postoperative Pain following Gynecologic Laparotomy Surgery

Background This study tested the hypothesis that an injectable cyclooxygenase (COX)-2–specific inhibitor will be at least as effective and well tolerated as a COX-nonspecific conventional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) by comparing the analgesic efficacy and tolerability of one intravenous dose of parecoxib sodium, an injectable prodrug of the novel COX-2–specific inhibitor, valdecoxib, with ketorolac and placebo in postoperative laparotomy surgery patients. Intravenous morphine, 4 mg, was studied as a positive analgesic control. Methods In this multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, women experiencing moderate-to-severe pain on the first day after abdominal hysterectomy or myomectomy received one intravenous dose of parecoxib sodium, 20 or 40 mg, ketorolac, 30 mg, morphine, 4 mg, or placebo. Analgesic efficacy and tolerability were evaluated for 24 h postdose or until patients, whose pain was not adequately controlled, opted to receive rescue analgesia. Results Two hundred two patients were enrolled. All treatment groups had comparable demographics and baseline pain status. All active treatments had an equally rapid time to onset of analgesia (10–23 min). Overall, each parecoxib sodium dose and ketorolac were significantly superior to morphine and placebo for most measures of analgesic efficacy at most time points, including a significantly longer (two- to threefold) time to rescue analgesia (P ≤ 0.05). All treatments were well tolerated. Conclusions Single intravenous doses of parecoxib sodium, 20 mg and 40 mg, have comparable analgesic effects and are well tolerated after laparotomy surgery. Parecoxib sodium appears to be as effective as intravenous ketorolac, 30 mg, and superior to intravenous morphine, 4 mg.
Excitons and biexcitons in symmetric electron-hole bilayers.

Symmetric electron-hole bilayer systems have been studied at zero temperature using the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo method. A flexible trial wave function is used that can describe fluid, excitonic, and biexcitonic phases. We calculate condensate fractions and pair correlation functions for a large number of densities r(s) and layer separations d. At small d we find a one-component fluid phase, an excitonic fluid phase, and a biexcitonic fluid phase, and the transitions among them appear to be continuous. At d=0, excitons appear to survive down to about r(s)=0.5 a.u. , and biexcitons form at r(s)>2.5 a.u.
Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea

Abstract Objective. Clostridium difficile infection is an increasingly common cause of healthcare-acquired diarrhea. There remains substantial morbidity and mortality, even with current modalities of treatment. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) on mortality in patients with severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). Methods. A retrospective chart review of 21 patients with severe CDAD treated with IVIG in our affiliated hospitals from January 2000 to December 2012 was conducted. As a matching control group, we randomly selected 21 patients meeting the definition of severe CDAD from the same period. Data were compared between these groups using appropriate statistical tests. Results. Patients in the IVIG group were older (69.8 vs 60.9 years, p = 0.05) and had a higher severity score (5.4 vs 3.9, p = 0.02). Mortality was lower among those who received IVIG as compared to the group who did not receive IVIG; however not statistically significant (18.2 vs 22.7%, p = 0.51). Conclusion. Our data demonstrate that although the patients who received IVIG had significantly severe infection, there was no difference in the mortality rate. Prospective controlled studies are needed to assess the true benefit of IVIG in patient with severe Clostridium difficle infection.
Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Drives Dendritic Cells to Become Tolerogenic in Ret Transgenic Mice Spontaneously Developing Melanoma

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate signaling molecules involved in the acquisition of tolerogenic properties by dendritic cells (DC) in ret transgenic mice with spontaneous melanoma progression and to target these molecules to overcome the barrier for effective melanoma immunotherapy. Experimental Design: DC functions and expression patterns of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in DCs were evaluated in a ret transgenic murine cutaneous melanoma model, which shows high similarity to human cutaneous melanoma with respect to clinical development. In contrast to transplantation melanoma models (like B16), this model allows the study of melanoma progression under conditions of natural interactions between tumor and host cells over time. Results: We showed a strong tumor infiltration with immature DCs and a reduction in the number of mature DCs in lymphoid organs during melanoma progression. DCs from melanoma-bearing mice secreted significantly more interleukin 10 and less interleukin 12p70, and showed a decreased capacity to activate T cells compared with DCs from tumor-free animals. Observed DC dysfunction was linked to considerable activation of p38 MAPK. Inhibition of its activity in spleen DCs from tumor-bearing mice led to normalization of their cytokine secretion pattern and T-cell stimulation capacity. Conclusions: Our data show a critical role of constitutively activated p38 MAPK in the acquirement of tolerogenic pattern by DCs during melanoma progression that contributes to the suppression of antitumor T-cell immune responses. We suggest that new strategies of melanoma immunotherapy can include inhibitors of p38 MAPK activity in DCs.
The role of post-lexical tonal contou

The current study examines the role of non-lexical tonal patterns of a prosodic phrase in word segmentation. Seventy-two native Seoul Korean speakers participated in the word spotting experiments. The results showed that listeners spotted more words in phrase initial than in phrase medial position, and that their error rates were significantly lower in rising tonal patterns than in non-rising patterns, regardless of the position of the target words within an AP, and regardless of the frequency and legality of AP tonal patterns. Tonal cues other than pitch rising did not influence the error rate. These results indicate that rising pitch in AP initial position is a reliable cue for word boundary detection for Korean listeners. These findings further suggest that phrasal tone contours serve as a possible word boundary cue in languages without lexical prominence.
Induced Motion and the Visual Vertical: Effects of Frame Size

Induced visual motion and the rod-and-frame effect have both been explained in terms of changes in the observer's spatial orientation. Accordingly, we examined the effects of large and small visual frames on the two phenomena in the present experiment, testing 8 male and 8 female undergraduates. During induced motion, subjects noted the perceived motion of a stationary central point of light and then moved this light back to its apparent original location. For the visual vertical, subjects aligned two points of light to indicate the perceived vertical in the presence of straight and tilted frames. As predicted, the larger frames generated more induced motion and greater displacement of the visual vertical. These results may have occurred because the larger frame had a greater effect on the subjects' spatial orientation, perhaps due to the more extensive involvement of the peripheral, or ambient, visual system.