Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do UV-blocking Soft Contact Lenses Meet ANSI Z80.20 Criteria for UV Transmittance?

Purpose: To compare ultraviolet (UV) ray transmission in four UV-blocking soft contact lenses with Z80.20 standards set by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Methods: Four soft contact lenses including Acuvue Oasys (Johnson & Johnson, Ireland), Acuvue 2 (Johnson & Johnson, Ireland), Zeiss CONTACT Day 30 (Zeiss, Germany), and Sauflon 55 UV (Sauflon, UK) were evaluated for UV transmission. One-way ANOVA testing was performed to compare mean values of UVA and UVB transmission for the contact lenses. Results: Acuvue Oasys, Acuvue 2, Zeiss CONTACT Day 30 and Sauflon 55 UV showed UV-B transmittance values of 0.24%, 1.46%, 10.37%, and 2.52%, respectively. Corresponding values for UV-A transmittance were 20.81%, 33.49%, 44.03% and 42.53%, respectively. One-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference among the tested contact lenses in terms of UV-B (P < 0.001) and UV-A (P < 0.001) transmission. Conclusion: Acuvue Oasys met the ANSI criteria for UV transmission and may thus be a good choice for eye and vision care specialists and contact lens wearers seeking UV protection.
The Impact of Travel 2.0 on Travelers Booking and Reservation Behaviors

Abstract The Internet offers a rich atmosphere for prospective travelers to gain familiarity, and harvest and retrieve travel-related information and resources. An increasing number of tourism and hospitality firms have turned their attention to new business opportunities on the Web. Travel 2.0 has emerged as a new tool for competitive advantage. This study draws on social cognitive theory and the DeLone and McLean Information Systems (D&M IS) success model to diagnose the impact of websites design quality on booking/reservation intentions from a travelers’ perspective. This research model was tested with 700 valid data collected from travelers using Travel 2.0 websites through online survey using SPSS v18 for the analysis. The results of the data analysis provided support for the hypothesized relationships of e-service and system quality with booking/reservation/purchase behavioral intention implying that an e-travel site’s quality is an essential success factor for tourism enterprises. However, information quality of an e-travel site is negatively related to booking/reservation intention. Cross-sectional design and self-report measures are the shortcomings of the study. Little research has been done on the relation between websites design (e-service, information, and system) quality, and booking/reservation intention. This article presents new insights into how these variables may influence potential tourist.
The role of exergaming in improving physical activity: a review.

BACKGROUND The high prevalence of obesity in America can be attributed to inadequate energy expenditure as a result of high levels of physical inactivity. This review presents an overview of the current literature on physical activity, specifically through active videogame systems (exergaming) and how these systems can help to increase physical activity levels. METHODS The search strategy for this review was to identify previous studies that investigated energy expenditure levels using a single active video game or a combination of active videogames. RESULTS Based on data from 27 studies, a strong correlation exists between exergaming and increased energy expenditure (up to 300% above resting levels). The majority of active videogames tested were found to achieve physical activity levels of moderate intensity, which meet American College of Sports Medicine guidelines for health and fitness. CONCLUSIONS Exergaming is a new and exciting strategy to potentially improve physical activity levels and reduce obesity among Americans.
Influence of group purchasing organizations on financial situation of Polish SMEs

Research background: SMEs often operate in markets where they compete with large companies. A fight for the customer, payment backlogs, problems with debt collection and new branches make management seek solutions that will influence positively on the situation of financial companies. Maintaining liquidity and generating income are the primary steps to build a competitive position and a progressive development of enterprises. One of the most popular methods that allows companies to do profitable business and increase their chances for safety is operation within group purchasing organizations. Currently in the market there are many different types of GPOs (Group Purchasing Organizations). The choice of the right one is a chance to improve their financial situation. Purpose of the article: This article presents functioning of enterprises within group purchasing organizations and their impact on financial situation of enterprises. In the article the classification of groups is done and there are shown the benefits that commercial enterprises operating in them gain. The article presents some obstacles to join specific group purchasing organizations and difficulties faced by companies operating in them. Methodology/methods: The studies will be carried out on the basis of 60 SMEs. These companies operate in five Polish GPOs. The groups were divided into branch and multi-branch ones. The study period covered the years 2013-2015. In order to analyze the impact of purchasing groups on the financial situation of enterprises there were used selected groups of financial ratios and a preliminary analysis of financial balance sheets and profit and loss account was conducted Findings: The analysis showed that the choice of an appropriate group purchasing organization has a large impact on financial situation of companies. Different opportunities can be offered by a sectoral purchasing group than the multi-sectoral one. Research has shown that better results relate to dynamics of revenues, costs, liquidity, profitability that gives the operation within the sectoral purchasing groups.
A Model of Managerial Compensation, Firm Leverage and Credit Stimulus.

We study a model in which leverage and compensation are both choice variables for the firm and borrowing spreads are endogenous. First, we analyze the correlation between leverage and variable compensation. We show that allowing for both endogenous compensation and leverage fully rationalizes the conflicting findings of the empirical literature. We uncover a new channel of complementarity between effort and leverage that induces a correlation sign opposite to what current theoretical models predict. Second, we study the dynamics of leverage and compensation design after a credit stimulus. We derive a set of new empirical predictions. For outward-shifts in credit supply, greater CEO pay-performance sensitivity implies higher leverage growth. Moreover, variable compensation increases after the credit stimulus, especially for firms with low idiosyncratic risk.
Modern pollen analysis: a reliable tool for discriminating Quercus rotundifolia communities in Central Spain.

The paucity of modern pollen-rain data from the Iberian Peninsula is a signifi cant barrier to understanding the Late Quaternary vegetation history of this globally important southwestern mediterranean region. The relationships between current vegetation, the available environmental data and modern pollen are examined in Central Spain for both natural and human-induced vegetation types, as an aid for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. A set of 60 surface moss polsters was sampled from different vegetation and land-use types in the Madrid autonomous region, and analysed to obtain modern pollen analogues of ancient cultural landscapes. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to divide the main pollen taxa into two major groups and ten subgroups representing the anthropic and natural vegetation types and the main communities within them. Statistically distinctive taxa were identifi ed using principal components analysis (PCA). The results indicate that human-infl uenced communities have pollen assemblages that are different from those of natural vegetation types. When modern pollen assemblages are compared, the three Holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia) communities of Madrid, representing two phytogeographical provinces and three subprovinces, are easily distinguishable by their pollen spectra.
The Determinants of Firm Operational Performance

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the significance of supply chain management practices – customer focus and top management support – as well as the process control/improvement and supplier management towards the operational management. Design/methodology/approach – Applying the strategic-choice theory and the resource based view of firms to the supply chain, in this study a research model are developed to demonstrate the premise that implementing proper supply chain management practices that will enhance the firms’ operational performance. The study utilizes survey data from 100 senior executives and managers in the purchasing and supply chain practices from manufacturing firms in Malaysia. The results are based on regression analysis and equation modeling by using SPSS software. Findings – This project paper research was conducted to find the relationship between the variables to prove which factors that influence the firms’ operational performance and there are explanations why this happen. Hence, two of the hypotheses are accepted the findings of this study have answered the research objectives. Practical implications – For supply chain practitioners, the results indicate that firms benefit greatly if they consider the practices of their supply chain management and that such a matching yield to improve the firms’ operational performance. Originality/value – The paper theoretically develops logic for and empirically shows that all of the supply chain management practices are appropriate practices for mediating the impact on firms’ operational performance. Considered at a higher level of abstraction, these relationships indicate a contribution to theory that explains how supply chain management practices can result in firms’ operational performance, through the concurrent deployment of appropriately matched supply chain practices.
Service Recovery's Influence on Complainant Attitudes and Intentions: A Perceived Justice Framework.

I conducted two field studies (one in the banking industry, n = 692, and one in the new home industry, n = 339) that examined service recovery’s influence on complainant perceptions of perceived justice (i.e., distributive, procedural, and interactional justice), satisfaction (i.e., transaction-specific satisfaction and overall firm satisfaction), and intentions (i.e., word-of-mouth intent and purchase intent). The studies assessed these perceptions over multiple time periods (i.e., post failure, post service recovery, and two weeks subsequent to service recovery) to better capture the perceptions as they form over time. The dissertation uses an equity theory framework in a service recovery context, where the model tests the direct influence that justice may have on both transactionspecific and overall satisfaction with a failing firm. The model then posits that satisfaction perceptions directly influence one’s propensity to recommend a firm, as well as repurchase in the future. The model asserts that perceived justice best explains positive word-of-mouth and purchase intentions indirectly through satisfaction. Across the two studies, the model explained 38 to 45 percent of the variance in transaction-specific satisfaction; 40 to 44 percent of the variance in overall firm satisfaction; 34 to 38 percent of the variance in word-of-mouth; and 32 to 36 percent of the variance in purchase intent. The results support the assertion that distributive justice is more influential in forming transaction-specific perceptions, while procedural justice is more influential in forming overall perceptions (Lind and Tyler 1988; McFarlin and Sweeney 1992). The results also suggest that consumers may view product and service failures differently. Specifically, consumers who experience product failures may be
Asymmetric Network Interconnection

We develop a model of competition between interconnected networks,that allows for carriers to differ in size. Under two-partpricing, we show that because of asymmetry the larger network willalways prefer a reciprocal interconnection charge be set at cost.For sufficiently large asymmetry the smaller network will have thesame preference. Under the assumptions of our model a particularly simple regulation is optimal – if carriers cannot agree on the terms of interconnection, the larger carrier is entitled to select the access price which is then applied reciprocally.
Assessment of Sustainable Use of Coastal Resources of Regional Waters Conservation Area Biak Numfor Regency, Papua Province, Indonesia

Efforts to exploit fish resources optimally, continuous and sustainable is an urgent demand for the greatest prosperity of the people, especially to improve the welfare of fishermen and fish farmers. The level of sustainable use of coastal resources in water conservation is very important, so that the utilization does not exceed the carrying capacity of the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of sustainable use of coastal resources Biak Numfor, associated with the utilization of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism. The study was conducted in June to December 2015 and October to November 2016. The primary data obtained by interview and direct discussion through Focus Group Disscution (FGD) with fishermen community, tourist and tourist entrepreneurs as well as related officials in the Office of Fisheries and Marine Affairs, and Tourism Office of Biak Numfor Regency. Methods of data analysis approach sustainability analysis conducted by the method of MDS (Multi-Dimensional Scaling) with the help of software Rapfish. Based on the survey results revealed that the value of fisheries ordinated to achieve 57.66%, 44.80% aquaculture, and tourism 46.25%. With these achievements ordinated value, it can be concluded that the use of sustainable capture fisheries are still classified by the lever sustainability attributes include; the type of fishing gear, vessel types used and the catch per unit effort (CPUE). Meanwhile the relatively less sustainable aquaculture with the sustainability lever attributes include; cultivation technology, the number of business units with different types and species of fish. For tourism utilization is still considered less sustainable with levers sustainability attributes include the number of tourists, the type and number of amenities and facilities and infrastructure Keywords: Sustainability, utilization, waters conservation area (KKPD), MDS-Rapfish
Signaling drive over the long term

First observed by Fama (1980) and later shown by Holmström (1999) in a seminal paper, an economic agent's concern for themarket's perception of his productivity can create incentives to work hard even without any explicit incentives. Since then, career concerns models often assume that agents differ in their inherent ability, which affects their productivity by a constant in each period of employment (Gibbons andMurphy, 1992; Dewatripont et al., 1999). Althoughheterogeneity in ability is very important, another crucial dimension of agents' productivity is how strongly they respond to existing incentives: an agent is more productive if he is more motivated than others by a given incentive system. In a two-period model, Kőszegi and Li (2008) show that this heterogeneity in agents' responsiveness to incentives (“drive”), modeled as an agent's marginal utility of income, motivates them to work harder than that warranted by the existing incentives alone. Because more driven agents are expected to respond more strongly to existing incentives, a high output indicates high drive, which translates into expectations about harder work, and consequently higher future productivity and wages. These drive-signaling incentives induce the agents to work harder in the first period to signal their high valuation of the second period. In their model, however, the magnitude of existing incentives is important: the agent's effort supply dwindles to zero if the existing incentives are negligible. The current model studies how heterogeneity in drive affects the agent's effort supply over the long term, for instance, through an agent's career. In the career concerns tradition, this model assumes that there are some imperfect explicit incentives; and that agents are partly motivated by the implicit incentives provided by a competitive labor market. That is, the agents perceived to bemore productive are paidmore in each period. Although the main model focuses on drive-signaling incentives alone, the result extends easily into the casewhere the agent ismotivated by the implicit incentives provided by the market to signal his talent as in Holmström (1999). This paper finds that, in an infinite horizon model in which the agent's marginal utility of income evolves over time, drive-signaling incentives have a self-reinforcing feature, making it possible for them to build on negligible explicit incentives. Intuitively, agents with higher drive respond more strongly than others to any given explicit incentives. In addition to the explicit incentives, however, this now provides drive-signaling incentives as well, to which more driven
Aid for Trade and International Transactions in Goods and Services

The empirical literature on aid for trade (AfT) mainly considers its effects on merchandise trade and investment. In this paper we examine the relationship between AfT and trade in services as well as trade in goods over 2002-2015 in both aggregate and bilateral analysis. We observe complementarities between services AfT and merchandise trade, reflecting the fact that most AfT is aid allocated to services sectors that are important inputs into production and trade in goods. The analysis suggests that most categories of AfT are not associated with greater trade in services. Only AfT directed towards economic infrastructure, notably transport and energy, is robustly associated with higher volumes of services trade. Given the importance of services for many low-income countries and the growing potential to harness new technologies to expand services trade, the results suggest a greater focus on disaggregated analysis of different categories of AfT to better understand how AfT can do more to support trade in services. Of particular note is that AfT to bolster productive capacity is strongly associated with greater merchandise trade whereas no such relationship is observed for services trade, suggesting AfT efforts do more to target capacity weaknesses that constrain growth in services trade.
An Integrated View of Knowledge Management for Performance

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the relationship between KM infrastructures, knowledge process capabilities, creative organizational learning, and organizational performance. The primary research focus is on the relationships between the KM infrastructure, which includes cultural, structural, management, and technology related factors, and the knowledge process capability by elaborating on the significance of knowledge processes as the determinants of organizational performance.Design/methodology/approach – The unit of analysis is a company that has adopted a KMS. A mail survey was used to collect the data and an internet‐based survey was also used to provide more convenience in the response. The response sample included 120 responses. The structural relations among variables were tested using the partial least squares (PLS) method.Findings – The results of this study indicate that collaboration, learning culture, top management support, and IT support affect the knowledge process capabilities. Knowl.
Moving towards Energy Self-Sufficiency Based on Renewables: Comparative Case Studies on the Emergence of Regional Processes of Socio-Technical Change in Germany

The change of conventional energy systems to a system mainly based on renewable energies is occurring in many parts of the world. A processual analysis of three case studies from regions in Germany that are moving towards renewable energy self-sufficiency were conducted in order to better understand this process of socio-technical change. This paper scrutinizes the role of actors and their activities, which are driving the change of the local energy system. Three discrete distinguishable phases of this change were found: pioneer phase, pivotal network phase, and extended network and emerging market dynamic phase. Each phase can be characterized by the type of actor, their specific activities, artifacts involved, and their underlying motives. We suggest using the phase model as a heuristic instrument to identify the elements which shape socio-technical change.
Institutional Ownership and Audit Quality: Evidence from Russell Index Reconstitutions

This paper investigates the monitoring effect of institutional investors on portfolio firms’ audit policy. We identify an exogenous discontinuity in institutional ownership around the Russell index threshold, and test the effect of instrumented ownership on firms’ audit choices and quality. We find that an exogenous increase in a firm’s institutional ownership significantly enhances its auditor committee effectiveness and increases the likelihood to appoint auditors with industry expertise. Meanwhile, the firm is less likely to have accounting restatements and to receive material internal control weakness opinions from external auditors. Auditors perceive firms with such improvements to have lower audit risk hence charge lower fees. Overall, the results suggest that institutional ownership increases firms’ demand for high audit quality.
Tacrolimus limits polymorphonuclear leucocyte accumulation and protects against myocardial ischaemia- reperfusion injury.

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of either human and experimental myocardial ischaemia. Tacrolimus, formerly known as FK506, has been previously shown to display cardioprotective effects on experimental ischaemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial damage. This study investigated whether cardioprotection induced by tacrolimus in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury might be due to inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF- kappaB) that in turn causes reduced cardiac ICAM-1 expression and blunted polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation. Anaesthetized rats were subjected to total occlusion (45 min) of the left main coronary artery followed by 5 h reperfusion (MI/R). Sham myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion rats (Sham MI/R) were used as controls. Myocardial necrosis, myocardial myeloperoxidase activity, serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, cardiac mRNA for ICAM-1 reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, the inhibitory protein of NF- kappaB I kappaB alpha (Western blot analysis) in the myocardium-at-risk, and left ventricle d P/d t(max)were evaluated. Myocardial ischaemia plus reperfusion in untreated rats produced marked myocardial necrosis, increased serum CK activity and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO, a marker of leukocyte accumulation) both in the area at risk and in the necrotic area, and reduced the left ventricle dP/d t(max). Furthermore, inhibitory protein I kappaB alpha levels decreased, and cardiac mRNA for ICAM-1 increased, after 0.5 and 5 h of reperfusion, respectively. Administration of tacrolimus (25, 50 and 100microg/kg as an i.v. infusion 5 min after reperfusion) lowered myocardial necrosis and myeloperoxidase activity in the area at risk and in necrotic area, decreased serum CK activity, increased left ventricle dP/d t(max), reduced the loss the of inhibitory protein I kappaB alpha and blunted the message for ICAM-1. The present data suggest that tacrolimus blocks the early activation of the transcription factor NF- kappaB, suppresses ICAM-1 gene activation, reduces leukocyte accumulation and protects against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury.