Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Substrate Temperature Dependent Anomalous Magnetic Behavior in  $\hbox{CoFe}_{2}\hbox{O}_{4}$ Thin Film

Co-ferrite (CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) thin films were pulsed laser deposited on fused quartz substrate at different substrate temperatures (T<sub>S</sub>) ranging from room temperature (RT) to 750°C in oxygen pressure of 0.16 mbar. All the deposited films were ex-situ annealed at different temperatures (T<sub>A</sub>) between 350 and 1100°C in air for 2 h and were furnace cooled. The spontaneous magnetization (4πM<sub>S</sub>) of the as deposited film shows an expected increase as T<sub>S</sub> goes up, but always remains smaller than the bulk target value. For the annealed films deposited at different T<sub>S</sub>, we observed that 4πM<sub>S</sub> of the films deposited at lower T<sub>S</sub> increases at a faster rate with the increase in T<sub>A</sub> than the films deposited at higher T<sub>S</sub>. The 4πM<sub>S</sub> values higher than the Co-ferrite bulk value (5300G) were observed in the annealed films deposited at lower T<sub>S</sub> . The highest value of 6550G has been observed for the RT deposited film annealed at 1000°C, which is 24% higher than the bulk value. These results are explained on the basis of grain growth and the cation distribution in the films.
Relative impact of clinical evidence and over-the-counter prescribing on topical antibiotic use for acute infective conjunctivitis.

BACKGROUND Acute infective conjunctivitis is a common presentation in general practice. In 2005, three placebo-controlled clinical trials showed that use of topical antibiotics had a small effect on time to clinical resolution. In the same year, chloramphenicol eye drops were made available for sale over the counter. AIM To compare the relative impact of clinical trial evidence and a change to over-the-counter availability on community use of topical chloramphenicol. DESIGN OF STUDY Observational study using mainly routinely collected data for England. SETTING National prescribing data for England and local data from general practices in Oxfordshire, England. METHOD Data were collated from three sources: GP prescriptions from the Prescription Pricing Authority, wholesale supply to pharmacists from IMS Health, and an audit of delayed prescribing and non-prescribing from electronic consultation records for acute conjunctivitis, in four general practices. RESULTS The number of general practice prescriptions for topical chloramphenicol fell from 2.3 million in 2004 to 1.9 million in 2007, a reduction of 15.5%. In contrast, over-the-counter sales by pharmacists have increased steadily. The net effect of these changes has been a 47.8% increase in total chloramphenicol use during 2005-2007, with 1.1 million additional packs being used in 2007 compared to 2004. CONCLUSION Making an antibiotic available over the counter increases its use substantially. This is in conflict with the important public health message that antibiotic use needs to be reduced to combat resistance. These findings support the views of the Chief Medical Officer that no more antibiotics should currently be made available over the counter.
Economic Policy Uncertainty and Bank Liquidity Hoarding

Abstract We examine the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on bank liquidity hoarding. We create a comprehensive measure of bank liquidity hoarding that takes into account asset-, liability-, and off-balance sheet activities. Using over one million bank-quarter observations, we find that in response to EPU, banks hoard liquidity overall and through all three components. This behavior is more pronounced for banks with less liquidity, more peer-bank spillover effects, and more EPU exposure. Additional analyses of interest rate spreads on several bank products suggest that our findings reflect at least in part bank choices, rather than just the reactions of customers.
Retinoblastoma regression patterns following chemoreduction and adjuvant therapy in 557 tumors.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate retinoblastoma regression patterns following chemoreduction and adjuvant therapy. PARTICIPANTS A total of 557 retinoblastomas. METHODS A retrospective medical record review following 6 cycles of chemoreduction and tumor consolidation (thermotherapy or cryotherapy). Regression patterns included type 0 (no remnant), type 1 (calcified remnant), type 2 (noncalcified remnant), type 3 (partially calcified remnant), and type 4 (flat scar). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Regression pattern. RESULTS Retinoblastoma regressions were type 0 (n = 10), type 1 (n = 75), type 2 (n = 28), type 3 (n = 127), and type 4 (n = 317). Tumors with an initial thickness of 3 mm or less regressed most often to type 4 (92%), those 3 to 8 mm regressed to type 3 (34%) or type 4 (40%), and those thicker than 8 mm regressed to type 1 (40%) or type 3 (49%). Factors predictive of type 1 regression included larger tumor base and closer foveolar proximity. Factors predictive of type 3 included older age, larger tumor base, macular location, closer foveolar proximity, and lack of consolidation. Factors predictive of type 4 included familial hereditary pattern, smaller tumor base, greater foveolar distance, and tumor consolidation. CONCLUSIONS Following chemoreduction, most small retinoblastomas result in a flat scar, intermediate tumors in a flat or partially calcified remnant, and large tumors in a more completely calcified remnant.
Race, rather than skin pigmentation, predicts facial hair growth in women.

BACKGROUND The Ferriman-Gallwey hirsutism score is the currently accepted standard for assessing excess hair growth that may indicate hyperandrogenicity. The score was originally based on 60 Caucasian women, and recent studies suggest that it may need modification to be used in other populations. OBJECTIVES To investigate ethnic, racial, and pigmentary variations in hair growth of the upper lip in diverse multinational populations. RESULTS Variations in hair growth of the upper lip were significantly related to self-reported ethnicity and race. In a logistic regression with racial groups and skin lightness, all racial groupings (African American, Hispanic, Asian Indian, and East Asian) were predictive of hair growth (all p<0.0001), but skin lightness was not (all p>0.05). CONCLUSION The observed differences in constitutive hair growth illustrate the need to develop an ethnically stratified visual scoring method to more accurately characterize the severity of excess hair growth.
Highly reproducible results of breast cancer biomarkers when analysed in accordance with national guidelines – a Swedish survey with central re-assessment

Abstract Background. Biomarkers are crucial for decisions regarding adjuvant therapy in primary breast cancer, and their correct assessment is therefore of the utmost importance. Aims. To investigate the concordance between Swedish pathology departments and a reference laboratory, for routine analysis of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Ki67, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), alone, and in combination (St Gallen subtypes). Methods. This survey included 27 of the 28 pathology laboratories in Sweden, covering 98% of cases of primary breast cancer surgery in Sweden. Paraffin-embedded tumour blocks (n = 270) were collected and sent to the central reference laboratory, together with the originally stained slides, for re-analysis. The primary evaluations were previously performed according to national Swedish guidelines, without any knowledge of the subsequent central assessment. Results. The agreement for ER, PR, and Ki67 was 99% [kappa value (κ) = 0.95], 95% (κ = 0.85), and 85% (κ = 0.70), respectively. The agreement for HER2 (0/1 + vs. 2+/3+) was 85% (κ = 0.64), but when equivocal tumours were further analysed with in situ hybridisation, only one discrepancy was observed. Discrepancies between results for ER and PR seem to be explained by analytical differences, whereas the interpretation of staining seems to be more critical for Ki67 and HER2 immunohistochemistry. The agreement between the results from the Swedish laboratories and the reference laboratory, based on the St Gallen subtypes, was 88% (κ = 0.81). Conclusions. When applying national guidelines, highly reproducible results were obtained in routine assessment of breast cancer biomarkers, and the results of this study confirm the clinical utility of these markers for decisions regarding the treatment of primary breast cancer.
Chronic Subclinical Prion Disease Induced by Low-Dose Inoculum

ABSTRACT We have compared the transmission characteristics of the two mouse-adapted scrapie isolates, ME7 and Rocky Mountain Laboratory (RML), in tga20 mice. These mice express elevated levels of PrP protein compared to wild-type mice and display a relatively short disease incubation period following intracerebral prion inoculation. Terminal prion disease in tga20 mice induced by ME7 or RML was characterized by a distinct pattern of clinical signs and different incubation times. High-dose RML inoculated intracerebrally into tga20 mice induced the most rapid onset of clinical signs, with mice succumbing to terminal disease after only 58 ± 3 days. In contrast, high-dose ME7 gave a mean time to terminal disease of 74 ± 0 days. Histological examination of brain sections from prion-inoculated tga20 mice at terminal disease showed that ME7 gave rise to a more general and extensive pattern of vacuolation than RML. Low-dose inoculum failed to induce terminal disease but did cause preclinical symptoms, including the appearance of reversible clinical signs. Some mice oscillated between showing no clinical signs and early clinical signs for many months but never progressed to terminal disease. Brain tissue from these mice with chronic subclinical prion disease, sacrificed at >200 days postinoculation, contained high levels of infectivity and showed the presence of PrPSc. Parallel analysis of brain tissue from mice with terminal disease showed similar levels of infectivity and detectable PrPSc. These results show that high levels of infectivity and the presence of the abnormal isomer of PrP can be detected in mice with subclinical disease following low-dose prion inoculation.
Clinical Significance of Commensal Gram-Positive Rods Routinely Isolated from Patient Samples

ABSTRACT Commensal bacteria from the skin and mucosal surfaces are routinely isolated from patient samples and considered contaminants. The majority of these isolates are catalase-positive Gram-positive rods from multiple genera routinely classified as diphtheroids. These organisms can be seen upon Gram staining of clinical specimens or can be isolated as the predominant or pure species in culture, raising a priori suspicion of a possible involvement in infection. With the development and adoption of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), suspicious isolates are now routinely identified to the species level. In this study, we performed a retrospective data review (2012 to 2015) and utilized site-specific laboratory criteria and chart reviews to identify species within the diphtheroid classification representative of true infection versus contamination. Our data set included 762 isolates from 13 genera constituting 41 bacterial species. Only 18% represented true infection, and 82% were deemed contaminants. Clinically significant isolates were identified in anaerobic wounds (18%), aerobic wounds (30%), blood (5.5%), urine (22%), cerebrospinal fluid (24%), ophthalmologic cultures (8%), and sterile sites (20%). Organisms deemed clinically significant included multiple Actinomyces species in wounds, Propionibacterium species in joints and cerebrospinal fluid associated with central nervous system hardware, Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii (100%) in breast, and Corynebacterium striatum in multiple sites. Novel findings include clinically significant urinary tract infections by Actinomyces neuii (21%) and Corynebacterium aurimucosum (21%). Taken together, these findings indicate that species-level identification of diphtheroids isolated with a priori suspicion of infection is essential to accurately determine whether an isolate belongs to a species associated with specific types of infection.
Multiperiod Loans, Occasionally Binding Constraints, and Monetary Policy: A Quantitative Evaluation

We study the implications of multiperiod mortgage loans for monetary policy, considering several realistic modifications—fixed interest rate contracts, a lower bound constraint on newly granted loans, and the possibility of the collateral constraint to become slack—to an otherwise standard DSGE model with housing and financial intermediaries. We estimate the model in its nonlinear form and argue that all these features are important to understand the evolution of mortgage debt during the recent US housing market boom and bust. We show how the nonlinearities associated with the two constraints make the transmission of monetary policy dependent on the housing cycle, with weaker effects observed when house prices are high or start falling sharply. We also find that higher average loan duration makes monetary policy less effective and may lead to asymmetric responses to positive and negative monetary shocks.
Contraindicated NSAIDs are frequently prescribed to elderly patients with peptic ulcer disease.

AIMS To establish the frequency with which NSAIDs were prescribed to elderly patients after admission to hospital for serious gastrointestinal complications and to study which factors are determinants of the prescription of these contraindicated drugs. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of patients from The Rotterdam Elderly Study, a prospective population-based cohort study of people older than 55 years of age was carried out. Elderly patients with a hospital admission for serious gastrointestinal complications were followed until prescription of an NSAID, death, removal to another area or end of the study period, whichever came first. The following baseline determinants for receiving a contraindicated prescription were studied: gender, age, presence of rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, presence of cardiovascular risk factors, number of GP visits, number of visits to a medical specialist, cognitive function and the prescriber being a GP or a medical specialist. RESULTS Prescriptions of an NSAID after discharge from hospital, were identified in 73 patients (73%). Fifty-one percent were prescribed aspirin of whom the large majority used it as an antithrombotic agent, and 49% were prescribed a nonaspirin NSAID after discharge from hospital. Twenty percent of the patients used more than one NSAID on one or more occasions after discharge. For patients who were prescribed NSAIDs before admission as well as after discharge, the proportion of contraindicated prescriptions with concomitant use of antiulcer drugs rose significantly from 0.19 before discharge to 0.60 after discharge for aspirin and from 0.11 to 0.61 for nonaspirin NSAIDs. In the multivariate analysis the only remaining factor with prognostic influence on prescription of NSAIDs was a history of NSAID use before cohort enrollment. A history of rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis was not associated with NSAID prescription after discharge. CONCLUSIONS Contraindicated NSAIDs are prescribed to a great extent in elderly patients, despite their greater vulnerability for life-threatening gastrointestinal blood loss. It is remarkable that a history of rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis is no significant determinant for receiving a contraindicated prescription, which suggests that these drugs are mainly prescribed for uncomplicated arthralgia.
Nitric Oxide and Cell Signaling Pathways in Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis

Abstract Nitric oxide, generated by endogenous nitric oxide synthases or nitric oxide donors, can promote or prevent apoptosis induced by diverse proapoptotic stimuli in cell culture models. Both mitochondrialdependent and independent apoptotic signaling pathways mediate this dichotomous cellular response to nitric oxide. The molecular mechanisms behind these effects are complex and involve a number of nitrogen oxiderelated species that are more reactive than nitric oxide itself. The local cellular environment plays a dynamic role in determining the nature and concentration of these species. Important components of the microenvironment include: the cellular redox state, glutathione, transition metals and the presence of other oxygen and nitrogencentered radicals. In particular, redoxsensitive nitrosating species are favorably generated under physiological conditions and capable of modifying multiple cell signaling pathways through reversible Snitrosation reactions. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria is an important mechanism for the activation of caspase-3 and the initiation of cell death in response to intrinsic proapoptotic stimuli, including oxidative and nitrosative stress. In turn, caspases and mitogen associated protein kinases may modulate cytochrome c release through their effects on the Bcl-2 family of proteins. This review will focus on (i) the importance of the cellular environment in determining the fate of nitric oxide and (ii) the ability of Snitrosation to regulate mitochondrialdependent apoptosis at the level of mitochondrial bioenergetics, cytochrome c release, caspases, mitogen associated protein kinases, and the Bcl-2 family of proteins.
Artocarpus lakoocha heartwood extract as a novel cosmetic ingredient: evaluation of the in vitro anti‐tyrosinase and in vivo skin whitening activities

The heartwood extract of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. was evaluated for the in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activity and the in vivo melanin‐reducing efficacy in human volunteers. The IC50 of the extract and oxyresveratrol, its major active ingredient, against mushroom tyrosinase was determined to be 0.76 and 0.83 μg mL−1, respectively. The extract dissolved in propylene glycol was subsequently tested in female volunteers using a parallel clinical trial with self‐control (n = 20 per group). The first group received the 0.25% w/v A. lakoocha solution as the test solution, whereas the second and the third group, respectively, received 0.25% licorice extract and 3% kojic acid as the reference solutions in the same solvent. The subjects in each group twice daily applied the test (or reference) solution in one of her upper arm, whereas the remaining arm was treated with only propylene glycol (self‐control) for 12 weeks. The melanin content of each application site was measured using Mexameter every week and calculated as % reduction in melanin content relative to the initial melanin value (% whitening). The value of % whitening was then compared between the product‐treated and the propylene glycol‐treated arms within the same subject using paired t‐test (α = 0.05). The A. lakoocha extract was the most effective agent, giving the shortest onset of significant whitening effect after only 4 weeks of application (P < 0.05), followed by 3% kojic acid (6 weeks) and 0.25% licorice extract (10 weeks). The effect also increased with time with maximum whitening observed at week 12 for A. lakoocha extract. When the extract was formulated as an oil‐in‐water emulsion, its whitening efficacy was further enhanced. Daily application of 0.1% w/w A. lakoocha lotion to the upper arms (n = 25) and cheeks (n = 15) of volunteers produced significant whitening over the lotion base after 2 and 3 weeks, respectively (P < 0.05). Thus, the preliminary study suggested that the heartwood extract of A. lakoocha may have a promising potential for use as an effective and economical skin‐whitening agent.
Preventive health care for adults with HIV infection.

OBJECTIVE To assess the level of evidence for preventive health interventions for adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE literature search for each intervention, supplemented by reviewing conference proceedings and the recommendations of experts. STUDY SELECTION English-language studies of interventions that contribute to one of the following goals were reviewed: (1) prevention of complications of HIV infection; (2) early detection of complications, before symptoms develop, at a stage in which early treatment could lead to improved outcome; (3) slowing of HIV disease progression; (4) reduction in the risk of transmission of infectious agents, such as HIV itself; and (5) prevention of psychological distress and improvement in the quality of life. DATA EXTRACTION The importance of interventions and quality of supporting evidence were evaluated using criteria modified from the US Preventive Services Task Force. DATA SYNTHESIS Existing evidence strongly supports the efficacy of some preventive measures: primary and secondary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis; secondary prophylaxis of Cryptococcus, Toxoplasma, and cytomegalovirus infections; tuberculin testing, with chemotherapy for individuals with positive test results; syphilis screening; Papanicolaou tests; educational measures to reduce the transmission of HIV and other infections; T-lymphocyte monitoring; and antiretroviral therapy in selected patients. Recommended measures of possible, but less certain, effectiveness include vaccines to prevent influenza, Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcal, and hepatitis B infections; prophylaxis for recurrent esophageal and vaginal candidiasis; primary prophylaxis of Mycobacterium avium complex; tuberculosis prophylaxis for anergic, high-risk individuals; routine physical examination; screening for gonorrhea and Chlamydia in high-risk women; monitoring Toxoplasma titers, complete blood cell counts, and serum chemistry values; attempting to maintain weight through nutritional interventions; and exercise. Mental health and substance abuse interventions are probably very important, but documentation of their benefits is limited. Some measures require further study before they can routinely be recommended, including vitamin and mineral supplementation; specific nutritional diets; and laboratory tests, other than CD4 counts, for monitoring disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Persons with HIV infection have different stage-specific health maintenance needs that form an important part of comprehensive care for people in all stages of infection.
Chronic disease self-management for individuals with stroke, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of people with neurological conditions who take the chronic disease self-management (CDSM) programme. The CDSM programme is used to teach skills to manage chronic conditions, and prevent secondary conditions. Few studies have explored the use of the CDSM programme with people with neurological conditions, in spite of the long standing and sometimes unpredictable nature of those conditions. Method. This qualitative study explored the experience of people with stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury (SCI) who participated in the CDSM programme. We completed individual interviews using a semi-structured interview guide with 22 individuals with stroke, MS and SCI. Results. Five categories emerged from the interview discussions including: (1) pre-programme influences; (2) group; (3) factors affecting learning opportunities; (4) workshop content and (5) outcomes. Conclusions. The results of this study provide insights regarding the optimal way to present the CDSM programme to people with neurological conditions.