Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frozen Accident Pushing 50: Stereochemistry, Expansion, and Chance in the Evolution of the Genetic Code

Nearly 50 years ago, Francis Crick propounded the frozen accident scenario for the evolution of the genetic code along with the hypothesis that the early translation system consisted primarily of RNA. Under the frozen accident perspective, the code is universal among modern life forms because any change in codon assignment would be highly deleterious. The frozen accident can be considered the default theory of code evolution because it does not imply any specific interactions between amino acids and the cognate codons or anticodons, or any particular properties of the code. The subsequent 49 years of code studies have elucidated notable features of the standard code, such as high robustness to errors, but failed to develop a compelling explanation for codon assignments. In particular, stereochemical affinity between amino acids and the cognate codons or anticodons does not seem to account for the origin and evolution of the code. Here, I expand Crick’s hypothesis on RNA-only translation system by presenting evidence that this early translation already attained high fidelity that allowed protein evolution. I outline an experimentally testable scenario for the evolution of the code that combines a distinct version of the stereochemical hypothesis, in which amino acids are recognized via unique sites in the tertiary structure of proto-tRNAs, rather than by anticodons, expansion of the code via proto-tRNA duplication, and the frozen accident.
When Do Long-Term Imbalances Lead to Current Account Reversals?

We extend the literature on sharp reductions in current account deficits by taking into account not only short-term determinants, but also the deviation of net foreign assets from their long-run equilibrium level. First, we analyse the long-term relationship between net foreign assets and a set of explanatory variables and construct a measure of imbalances. Next, we model current account reversals by incorporating this new measure and compare the predictive power of this model with the baseline specification that does not account for long-term imbalances. Our new model has a superior performance in and out-of-sample, especially when we control for the sign of imbalances. We also find that low net foreign assets do not necessarily lead to sharp reductions in current account deficits; it is rather the situation when they are below their equilibrium level that triggers reversals. Finally, we document that our new measure of net foreign asset imbalances is important only for developing countries, whereas standard models perform well for industrial economies.
Antecedents of Open Innovation at the Project Level: Empirical Analysis of Korean Firms

The concept of open innovation has recently gained wide academic attention, as it seems to have significant impact for company performance. Most empirical investigations about this emerging concept have been case studies of successful early adopters of open innovation, and their analyses have largely been at the company level. Although case studies at that level provide meaningful implications, the new phenomena merit a more in‐depth examination: that is, we need to collect and analyze data on multiple companies to explore more systematic findings about open innovations across companies. Moreover, analyses may need to go down to the individual project rather than the whole company level because innovation activities are often conducted as part of research and development (R&D) projects. To meet these needs, this study examines companies' open innovation efforts at the level of the individual R&D project. Specifically, the present study focuses on project‐level openness to better understand the mechanisms of open innovation. It explores systematic relationships between various antecedent factors and the degree of openness. Project‐level openness could be affected by team and task characteristics, such as team size, learning distance, strategic importance, technology and market uncertainty, and relevance to the main business. Relevant data collected from 303 companies in Korea were used to identify the antecedents that affect inbound and outbound openness. The research findings are expected to help provide a concrete theoretical framework suited for more generalized application and further practical development of open innovation strategy.
Reinventing Regulation within the Corporation

Compliance-oriented regulation should be understood as a holistic approach to regulatory design, implementation, monitoring, and enforcement in which the guiding principle is the achievement of regulatory outcomes. Compliance-oriented regulation is therefore distinctively concerned with the effects of public regulation in preexistent regulatory space where it must compete with private normative orderings. This article sets out the principles of compliance-oriented regulatory innovation together with evidence on their effectiveness. The widespread implementation of in-house corporate compliance systems in recent years means that compliance-oriented regulators need to be particularly concerned with nurturing compliance capacity among regulatees, fostering regulatory community through compliance professionalism, and developing standards for corporate compliance functions.
Effective control of Epstein–Barr virus infection following pediatric liver transplantation by monitoring of viral DNA load and lymphocyte surface markers

Imadome K‐I, Fukuda A, Kawano F, Imai Y, Ichikawa S, Mochizuki M, Shigeta T, Kakiuchi T, Sakamoto S, Kasahara M, Fujiwara S. Effective control of Epstein–Barr virus infection following pediatric liver transplantation by monitoring of viral DNA load and lymphocyte surface markers.
Increased synthesis of thromboxane A(2) and expression of procoagulant activity by monocytes in response to arachidonic acid in diabetes mellitus.

Thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) synthesis and expression of procoagulant activity (PCA) were investigated in mononuclear cells and monocytes prepared from a control and a Type 2 diabetic group. Monocytes from the diabetic group produced 2.10+/-0.81 ng of TXB(2)/5 x 10(5) monocytes compared to 1.26+/-0.43 ng/5 x 10(5) monocytes by the control group (P<0.01, n=11) when incubated in autologous plasma containing arachidonic acid (200 microg/ml). When monocytes were incubated in buffer containing arachidonic acid (20 microg/ml), cells from the diabetic group produced 1.65+/-0.68 ng of TXB(2)/5 x 10(5) monocytes compared to 1.07+/-0.31 ng/5 x 10(5) monocytes by the control group (P<0.02, n=12). Expression of PCA was examined in mononuclear cell preparations. Basal and maximally stimulated PCA with lipopolysaccharide (4.2 microg/ml) were not different between control and diabetic groups. However, arachidonic acid induced a four-fold (P<0.001) increase in PCA in the diabetic group. This activity was characterized as tissue factor. Increased synthesis of TXA(2) and expression of PCA may potentiate thrombosis and increase fibrin deposition, events that play primary roles in the development of vascular disease.
Delayed Response of QM- and DA/DAPI-Fluorescence in C-Heterochromatin of the Small Japanese Field Mouse, Apodemus argenteus

Abstract The small Japanese field mouse Apodemus argenteus has the diploid chromosome number of 46, carrying rather large centromeric C-heterochromatin in most of the 44 autosomes and a large amount of C-heterochromatin in the sex chromosomes: the largest subtelocentric X was heterochromatic in almost two-fifth (whole short arm and proximal part of the long arm) of its entire length and the medium-sized acrocentric Y was totally heterochromatic. The C-heterochromatin (C-positive) areas, other than those of the Y and smallest three pairs, had a unique property of “delayed QM-fluorescence”, which has not been reported to-date, showing dull QM-fluorescence immediately after exposure to blue light (BL), but gradually turning to bright fluorescence in a few minutes. The fluorescence intensity gradually decreased after attaining its peak, and finally became extinct. A similar pattern of fluorescence was also obtained in DA/DAPI-stained X chromosome C-heterochromatin, but not in autosomal C-heterochromatin. No such dull-to-bright transition of QM-fluorescence could be obtained by CMA3 staining, for which the C-positive areas were apparently negative even after overexposure to BL. These facts indicate that the C-positive areas of A. argenteus showing dull-to-bright transition of QM-fluorescence contain A-T rich DNA. The delayed QM-fluorescence was found only in A. argenteus, in thirteen mammalian species so-far examined. Furthermore, this unique property of QM-fluorescence could be artificially altered to non-delayed ordinary type of fluorescence by sequentially pretreating the fixed chromosomes with hydrochloride and barium hydroxide solutions. The cytological implication of the delayed fluorescence in the C-heterochromatin of A. argenteus is briefly discussed.
‘Pre‐Accession Europeanization’: The Case of Serbia and Kosovo

This article argues that there is much confusion surrounding Serbia's landmark decision to engage in a process of normalization with Kosovo. Rather than undergoing a process of Europeanization, whereby a fundamental transformation in the underlying rationale and processes of decision-making occurred, as some have argued, the changes in Serbia's policy are in fact based on material concerns. By tracing relations in the EU-Serbia-Kosovo triangle, the article shows that change in Serbia's approach towards Kosovo is based on pragmatism and political opportunism, rather than absorption, adaptation, convergence or identity formation. What we have witnessed is a more short-term, interest based policy shift serving very specific economic purposes. In conceptual terms, this is better understood as a policy of rationally instrumental ‘pre-Accession Europeanization’ rather than as a process of adaptive normative Europeanization as more conventionally understood in the literature.
A Dynamic Aggregative Model

Yale University C ONTEMPORARY theoretical models of the business cycle and of economic growth typically possess two related characteristics: (1) they assume production functions that allow for no substitution between factors, and (2) the variables are all real magnitudes; monetary and price phenomena have no significance. Because of these characteristics, these models present a rigid and angular picture of the economic process: straight and narrow paths from which the slightest deviation spells disaster, abrupt and sharp reversals, intractable ceilings and floors. The models are highly suggestive, but their representation of the economy arouses the suspicion that they have left out some essential mechanisms of adjustment. The purpose of this paper is to present a simple aggregative model that allows both for substitution possibilities and for monetary effects. The growth mechanism in the model is not radically different from the accelerator mechanism that plays the key role in other growth models. But it is unlike the accelerator mechanism in that there is not just one tenable rate of growth. As in accelerator models, growth is limited by the availability of factors other than capital. But here these limitations do not operate so abruptly, and they can be tempered by monetary and price adjustments that the accelerator models ignore. The cyclical behavior of the model is similar to the nonlinear cyclical processes of Kaldor, Goodwin, and Hicks.2 But the cycle in the present model depends in an essential way on the inflexibility of prices, money wages, or the supply of monetary assets. Furthermore, the model to be described here does not restrict he economic process to two possibilities, steady growth or cycles. An alternative line of development is continuing underemployment "stagnation" during which positive investment increases the capital stock and possibly the level of real income. This outcome, like the cycle, depends on some kind of price or monetary inflexibility. In Part I the structure of the model will be described, and in Part II some of its implications will be examined.
Human Capital Development in Singapore: An Analysis of National Policy Perspectives

The problem and the solution. Singapore provides an interesting case study of human capital development (HCD) as national strategy. Its human resource strategies have been continuously revised and adjusted in conjunction with other national strategic economic policies. Although some studies have been done on microlevel human resource development (HRD) practices, very little research has been done on the strategic and macrolevel policy perspectives. This article presents an analysis of macrolevel HCD strategies in Singapore from a national policy perspective and describes the elements of the HRD infrastructure.
Prevalence and predictors of work related respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to organic dusts.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to document the prevalence of work related upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms in workers exposed to organic dusts and to identify variables predictive of their occurrence. METHODS: A cross sectional survey with an administered questionnaire (a previously validated adaptation of the Medical Research Council (MRC) respiratory questionnaire) was performed. Symptoms were classified as work related by their periodicity. Demographic data, smoking habits, and occupational histories were recorded. Personal exposures to dust and endotoxin were measured and individual subjects ascribed an exposure value specific to occupation, site and industry. Cox's regression techniques were used to identify variables predictive of work related upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms. Information was stored using Dbase 3 and analysed with SPSS. RESULTS: 1032 Workers (93% of the target population) were studied in nine different industries. The highest prevalences of work related lower respiratory tract symptoms (38.1%), upper respiratory tract symptoms (45.2%), and chronic bronchitis (15.5%) were found among poultry handlers. White workers were significantly more likely to complain of upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms. An individual in the swine confinement industry had a symptom complex compatible with byssinosis. Increasing current personal exposures to dust or endotoxin were found to be predictive of upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms, chronic bronchitis, and byssinosis. In a univariate analysis a relation between current exposures and the organic dust toxic syndrome was found. Present smoking and previously documented respiratory tract illness were significantly predictive of work related lower respiratory tract symptoms. Women were more likely to report work related upper respiratory tract symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: People exposed to organic dusts may have a high prevalence of work related respiratory tract symptoms which are related to dust exposures and smoking habits. Action should be taken to reduce exposures to dust and endotoxin and stopping smoking should be promoted among workers exposed to organic dusts to reduce morbidity.
Be good for love or for money? The roles of justice in the Chinese hotel industry

Purpose – Drawing on the social exchange theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the interactional justice of supervisors and the job performance of subordinates in an expatriate context. Specifically, the authors take a relational approach by introducing help intention directed to the supervisor (upward help intention) as the mediator. The moderating role of distributive justice in the relationship between upward help intention and job performance is also considered.Design/methodology/approach – A survey was conducted among 232 service employees and their expatriate supervisors in multinational hotels in China. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the proposed model.Findings – The statistical results of this study supported the positive effect of interactional justice on job performance as well as the mediating effect of upward help intention. Meanwhile, it was also found that when the level of distributive justice is high, the relationship betw.
Are Aid Agencies Improving?

"The record of the aid agencies over time seems to indicate weak evidence of progress in response to learning from experience, new knowledge, or changes in political climate. The few positive results are an increased sensitivity to per capita income of the recipient (although it happened long ago), a decline in the share of food aid, and a decline in aid tying. Most of the other evidence - increasing donor fragmentation, unchanged emphasis on technical assistance, little or no sign of increased selectivity with respect to policies and institutions, the adjustment lending-debt relief imbroglio - suggests an unchanged status quo, lack of response to new knowledge, and repetition of past mistakes. " Copyright (c) CEPR, CES, MSH, 2007.
Regulation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) secretion by melatonin in the ewe. II. Changes in N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid-induced LHRH release during the stimulation of luteinizing hormone secretion by melatonin.

Injection of N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid (NMDA), a glutamatergic agonist, cause an acute release of LH. The amount of LH released is modulated by photoperiod in sheep; it is larger in animals in which reproductive activity has been inhibited by long days than in those photostimulated by short days. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether this effect of photoperiod on LH response to NMDA is mediated by melatonin and whether it reflects a change in the amount of LHRH released in response to NMDA. Twenty-one ovariectomized ewes, bearing an s.c. implant of estradiol and kept in long days (16L:8D), received s.c. implants of melatonin on Day 0. The effect of a single injection of NMDA (5 mg/kg i.v.) on LHRH and simultaneous LH secretion was studied at three different periods of the stimulation of LH secretion by the melatonin treatment: first, during inhibition of LH secretion by long days (on Day -1, n = 6); secondly, during the onset of the LH increase (on Day 39, n = 9); and thirdly, during maximum LH secretion (on Day 74, n = 6). The stimulation of LHRH secretion by administration of NMDA was characterized by a large and long increase in LHRH concentration on Day -1 and Day 39. There was no significant difference between these two periods in terms of duration and amplitude of the LHRH release. On Day 74, the stimulation was much shorter than on Day -1 and Day 39 and was followed by a phase of decreased pulsatility of LHRH secretion. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Spatiotemporal Predictive Models for Juvenile Southern Flounder in Texas Estuaries

Abstract Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma supports a multimillion dollar commercial and recreational fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite its economic importance, the Southern Flounder population has been declining for decades. To improve the management of this fishery, both population trends and changes in environmental conditions need to be considered. Using two different statistical modeling techniques, boosted regression tree (BRT) and artificial neural network (ANN), a 29-year fisheries-independent record of juvenile Southern Flounder abundance in Texas was examined to illustrate how environmental factors influence the temporal and spatial distribution of juvenile Southern Flounder. Boosted regression trees show the presence of juvenile Southern Flounder is closely associated with relatively low temperatures, low salinity levels, and high dissolved oxygen concentrations. Both ANN and BRT models resulted in high predictive performance with slight spatial differences in predicted distributi.
Competition in an Open Economy: A Model Applied to Canada

With the nations of the world becoming more interdependent, it is imperative to take international influences into account in understanding the organization of industry within a country. This book extends the structure/conduct/performance framework of analysis to present a fully specified simultaneous equation model of an open economy Canada.By estimating a system of equations of all the major variables, the authors can identify which variables are dependent and which are independent. They are thus able to assess the relative importance of such factors as seller concentration, import competition, retailing structure, advertising expenditure, research and development spending, and technical and allocative efficiency in shaping the organization of industry in Canada. In addition, using both industry-level and firm-level data, the authors develop methods for assessing the effect of structural variables on diversification strategies and the consequences for market performance. They also study the effects of such variables on firms access to capital markets. The book concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for government policy. "
Effect of zidovudine on preimplantation murine embryos

It previously has been demonstrated that zidovudine (AZT) is lethal to early murine embryos. The effect of the drug on pre- and postimplantation embryos was examined to delineate the timing of this toxicity and to investigate its possible mechanisms. Embryos exposed in the whole mouse during preblastocyst development were unable to proceed beyond the blastocyst stage. Similarly, when two-cell embryos harvested from unexposed females were exposed to low-concentration (1 microM) AZT in vitro over 24 h, development beyond the blastocyst stage was inhibited. In contrast, drug exposure during in vitro blastocyst and postblastocyst development resulted in little or no morphologic toxicity. Further investigation revealed that preblastocyst AZT exposure resulted in the development of blastocysts with significantly lower cell numbers than control embryos. While embryonic exposure to AZT at the blastocyst and postblastocyst stages also resulted in retarded cell division, the effects were milder than those recorded after preblastocyst exposure. These data demonstrate that the critical period of AZT toxicity toward murine embryos is between ovulation and implantation and indicate that AZT directly suppresses cell division in the preimplantation embryo.
Influence of Management Practices on Economic and Environmental Performance of Crops. A Case Study in Spanish Horticulture

This article assesses the effect of management practices on the environmental and economic performance of tigernut production. Tigernut is a horticultural crop grown in a very limited and homogeneous area. Results show that the environmental variability among farms was greater than variability in costs. A selection of practices can reduce impacts per kilogram tigernut by factors 252.5 (abiotic depletion), 33 (aquatic ecotoxicity), or 6 (global warming) and costs by factors of between 2 and 3. The analysis shows a positive relationship between economic and environmental performance. Results highlight how proper management leads to both relatively low environmental impacts and costs.
A nonlinear adaptive control approach for quadrotor UAVs

In this paper, a continuous, time varying adaptive controller is developed for an underactuated quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The vehicle's dynamic model is subject to uncertainties associated with mass, inertia matrix, and aerodynamic damping coefficients. A Lyapunov based approach is utilized to ensure that position and yaw rotation tracking errors are ultimately driven to a neighborhood about zero that can be made arbitrary small. Simulation results are included to illustrate the performance of the control strategy.