Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geographical variation in anophthalmia and microphthalmia in England, 1988-94.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the geographical variation and clustering of congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia in England, in response to media reports of clusters. Design: Comparison of pattern of residence at birth of cases of anophthalmia and microphthalmia in England in 1988-94, notified to a special register, with pattern of residence of all births. Three groups studied included all cases, all severe cases, and all severe cases of unknown aetiology. Outcome measures: Prevalence rates of anophthalmia and microphthalmia by region and district, and by ward population density and socioeconomic deprivation index of enumeration district grouped into fifths. Clustering expressed as the tendency for the three nearest neighbours of a case to be more likely to be cases than expected by chance, or for there to be more cases within circles of fixed radius of a case than expected by chance. Results: The overall prevalence of anophthalmia and microphthalmia was 1.0 per 10 000 births. Regional and district variation in prevalence did not reach statistical significance. Prevalence was higher in rural than urban areas: the relative risk in the group of wards of lowest population density compared with the most densely populated group was 1.79 (95% confidence interval 1.15 to 2.81) for all cases and 2.37 (1.38 to 4.08) for severe cases. There was no evidence of a trend in risk with socioeconomic deprivation. There was very little evidence of localised clustering. Conclusions: There is very little evidence to support the presence of strongly localised environmental exposures causing clusters of children to be born with anophthalmia or microphthalmia. The excess risk in rural areas requires further investigation.
Perturbation analysis for Stochastic Fluid Models with respect to parameters of the fluid arrival process

The deployment of network applications (e.g., multimedia and other real time applications) has put extra pressure on network scarce resources (bandwidth and buffers) thus generating a need for effective resource allocation and management. In this paper we adopt a Stochastic Fluid Model (SFM) framework and derive sensitivity estimators for three performance measures of interest (workload, throughput and loss volume) with respect to the fluid inflow process parameters. The motivation is to use the sensitivity estimators for dynamic control and optimization of the systems performance. Subsequently these estimators are evaluated based on data observed from a single sample path of the discrete-event system and can be used to dynamically control the input process to the system allowing the network to work continuously at an optimal or near optimal point. Furthermore, the proposed analysis naturally leads to a distributed algorithm for evaluating the propagation of perturbations in a network (e.g., due to changes in the buffer size of upstream nodes).
Acute peripheral arterial occlusion: predictors of success in catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy.

PURPOSE To determine predictors of clot dissolution in patients undergoing catheter-directed urokinase thrombolysis for peripheral arterial occlusion (PAO). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 103 patients with limb-threatening symptoms of embolism lasting 14 days or less and resulting from embolism (n = 20) or thrombosis (n = 83). Successful lysis was defined as restitution of antegrade flow with less than 20% diameter reduction by residual thrombus. Stepwise logistic regression was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Relevant clinical variables were diabetic status (odds ratio, 0.75; P = .04 for diabetic patients), conduit type (1.25; P = .04 for native artery and 1.51; P = .02 for prosthetic graft), and number of arterial segments involved (1.60; P = .02 for one level and 1.42; P = .03 for two levels). Important procedural variables included intrathrombus positioning of catheter ports (odds ratio, 7.40; P = .001) and guide wire passage through the occlusion (3.10; P = .003). Absolute thrombus volume was nonpredictive but correlated with reperfusion time (P = .02) and infusion time (P = .01). CONCLUSION Predictive parameters may help in the selection of candidates with PAO for thrombolytic therapy.
Pervasive olfactory impairment after bilateral limbic system destruction

What pattern of brain damage could completely obliterate the sense of olfaction in humans? We had an opportunity to address this intriguing question in Patient B. , who has extensive bilateral damage to most of the limbic system, including the medial and lateral temporal lobes, orbital frontal cortex, insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and basal forebrain, caused by herpes simplex encephalitis. The patient demonstrated profound impairments in odor identification and recognition. Moreover, he could not discriminate between olfactory stimuli, and he had severe impairments in odor detection. Reliable stimulus detection was obtained only for solutions of the organic solvent acetone and highly concentrated solutions of ethanol. In contrast to the more circumscribed olfactory deficits demonstrated in patients with damage confined to either the temporal lobes or orbitofrontal cortex (which tend to involve odor identification but not odor detection), Patient B. demonstrated a strikingly severe and complete anosmia. This contrast in olfactory abilities and deficits as a result of different anatomical pathology affords new insights into the neural substrates of olfactory processing in humans.
Competitive Surfing Injuries

Background Surfing is a sport that has been growing rapidly in popularity, yet little is known about surfing injuries. Purpose To calculate an accurate injury rate for competitive surfing and to describe the relative frequency, mechanisms, and risk factors for acute surfing injuries. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods This prospective study of acute competitive surfing injuries was carried out at 32 professional and amateur surfing contests worldwide between 1999 and 2005. All acute injuries sustained during competition were recorded by on-site medical personnel. The wave size, type of seafloor, and number of surfing heats were also recorded for each day. The total number of injuries was divided by the total number of athlete exposures to determine injury rates. A multiple logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for injury. Results There were 116 injuries documented, 89 of which occurred during competition. There were 15 675 athlete exposures, yielding an injury rate of 5.7 per 1000 athlete exposures, or 13 per 1000 hours of competitive surfing. There were 6.6 significant injuries per 1000 hours of competitive surfing. Risk of injury was 2.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.5-3.9) times greater when surfing in waves overhead or bigger relative to smaller waves and 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.2) times greater when surfing over a rock or reef bottom relative to a sandy bottom. Conclusion There were 13 acute surfing injuries per 1000 hours of competitive surfing. The risk of injury was more than doubled when surfing in large waves or over a hard seafloor.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILDREN WITH EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES AND CARIES FREE CHILDREN IN ORAL HEALTH HABITS: A CASE CONTROL STUDY

INTRODUCTION: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a multifactorial disease and has numerous biological, psychological and behavioral factors. It is a significant public health problem with consequences for the growth and development of affected children OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess differences between children with early childhood caries and caries free children in socioeconomic background, previous dental visits, oral hygiene practices and dietary habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Parents responded to a questionnaire about children’s background (age, sex, parental occupation and education and birth rank), in addition to previous dental visits, nursing history, tooth brushing frequency, use of fluoridated toothpaste, parental supervision of brushing and dietary habits (snack type, frequency and daily quantity). Clinical examination assessed caries using World Health Organization criteria and plaque using Loe and Silness Plaque index. The sample consisted of 84, 4-5-year-old children who visited the pediatric dentistry clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University in 2016. Equal number of cases (children with ECC) and controls (caries free children) were included. RESULTS: Children with ECC were significantly more likely to be first borne compared to caries free children (71.4% and 52.4%, P= 0.006). Previous dental visits were reported in 38.1% of children with ECC compared to 4.8% of caries free children (p<0.0001). Exclusive breast feeding was reported in 83.3% of children with ECC compared to 59.5% of caries free children (p=0.02). Plaque index in children with ECC was significantly higher (0.70±0.53) than that of caries free children (0.39±0.50, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Being first borne, history of previous dental visits, exclusive breast feeding and high plaque index were factors that differed significantly between children with ECC and caries free children
Long-term field trials with the herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine against Marek's disease.

In long-term field trials lasting approximately 18 months, the herpesvirus of turkeys proved safe and highly effective in preventing Marek's disease (MD). The average MD mortality was reduced from 19.2 to 2.8%, and the degree of protection averaged 80.8% in the 11 experiments in which detailed necropsies were performed. Protection lasted the entire experimental period and there was a reduction in leukosis condemnation at slaughter. The degree of protection varied from flock to flock but was greatest in flocks that had the highest incidence of MD in the unvaccinated controls. There was no apparent difference in protection between the low, intermediate, or high (respectively about 500, 2,000, or 10,000 PFU per chick) doses of vaccine. Vaccination reduced the number of birds from which MD virus could be isolated and also reduced the level of virus in the positive birds. Lymphoid leukosis mortality exceeded 10% on 2 of the farms and the occurrence of this disease was not affected by the vaccine. The incidence of other neoplasms is recorded. Vaccinated birds produced 4.0 and 14.7% more eggs than unvaccinated birds on a hen-day and hen-housed basis, respectively. In addition, vaccinated birds reached 50% egg production 2 to 8 days earlier than unvaccinated controls.
Epidermal Panfolliculoma: A Report of 2 Cases

There are a variety of known lesions displaying differentiation toward various portions of the hair follicle. However, there is no established term given to an intraepidermal entity showing differentiation toward both upper and lower portions of the follicle. We report 2 cases of a histologically distinct variant of panfolliculoma that, unlike the traditionally described panfolliculoma, is located intraepidermally. The lesions were taken from the medial thigh of an 81-year-old man and the lateral thigh of a 61-year-old woman, clinically suspected to be an inflamed seborrheic keratosis and a squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. Each case appeared as a demarcated plaque-like lesion with mild epidermal hyperplasia and prominent differentiation toward the upper and lower segments of the hair follicle. The specific histologic features included focal differentiation toward the infundibulum and isthmus (infundibular cystic structures and pilar epithelium), inner root sheath (trichohyalin granules), the matrix/hair shaft (matrical cells, ghost cells and refractile keratinization), and follicular germ/papilla (papillary mesenchymal bodies). This varied histology is similar to that of the previously described panfolliculoma, differing in that it emanates largely from the epidermis rather than being predominantly dermally located. We propose the term “epidermal panfolliculoma” for these lesions.
HLA and IDDM predisposition: New aspects

We have used the large, ethnically homogeneous French and German IDDM family files from the Genetic Analysis Workshop IV to clarify the contribution of the HLA region to IDDM pathogenesis. Our analysis has considered the relative predispositional effects of the DR antigens, synergistic effects associated with DR antigens, transmission of DR antigens from affected parents to affected children, modes of inheritance of the disease predisposing alleles, haplotype associations with the disease, localization of the diabetic predisposing genes, and the possibility of segregation distortion effects of DR alleles.
Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism and Heteroplasmy in Populations of Aedes aegypti in Brazil

Abstract The tropical mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) is the most important domestic vector of urban yellow fever and dengue viruses. Ae. aegypti originated from Africa and was probably introduced into Brazil during the colonial period through embarkations, and dengue epidemics soon followed. Genetic analysis of 12 Ae. aegypti populations from five states in Brazil was conducted based on two mitochondrial DNA fragments: cytochrome oxidase I and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4. Analyses comparing individual haplotypes indicated the existence of two well-defined clades, probably representing two mitochondrial lineages. Analysis of molecular variance showed significant variability in genetic structure among collections within groups. Mantel regression analysis showed a correlation between genetic and geographic distances, mainly because of northern and northeastern populations, in comparison with those in the southeast. The population from Santos, the largest port in Brazil, showed the greatest diversity, with 10 unique haplotypes, an indication of recent introductions that have not yet spread to other Brazilian cities. Different mitochondrial DNA sequences were found in three specimens, indicating the presence of heteroplasmy.
A Roughness Correction for Aquarius Sea Surface Salinity Using the CONAE MicroWave Radiometer

Aquarius (AQ)/SAC-D is a joint National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE; Argentine Space Agency) Earth Sciences satellite mission to measure global sea surface salinity (SSS), using a L-band radiometer/scatterometer that measures ocean brightness temperature (Tb) and radar backscatter (sigma-0). The application of L-band radiometry to retrieve SSS is a difficult task; therefore, precise Tb corrections are necessary to obtain accurate measurements. One of the major error sources is the effect of ocean roughness that “warms” the ocean Tb. The baseline approach, to provide this ocean roughness correction, uses the AQ radar scatterometer measurement of ocean sigma-0 to infer the radiometric excess ocean emissivity. In contrast, this paper develops an alternate approach for the AQ ocean roughness correction using the MicroWave Radiometer (MWR) Tb measurements at Ka-band. The theoretical basis of this MWR ocean roughness correction algorithm is described, which translates these Ka-band measurements to L-band to remove the AQ Tb errors that are caused by ocean wind speed and direction. MWR ocean roughness correction results are compared with corresponding results from the AQ scatterometer method. Also, AQ SSS retrievals are presented using both sets of roughness corrections that demonstrate the relative effectiveness of the MWR and AQ scatterometer approaches.
Development of detection and classification stages for a new distance protection approach based on cumulants and neural networks

This paper presents the use of Higher Order Statistics (HOS) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for distance relaying purposes. The main objective is to design a distance relay prototype. In the current paper, the results of fault detection and classifications using such tools are presented. Preliminary results of fault location are also presented. It can be noticed the reliability as well as high speed in detecting faults. These results are very promising as the method combines a large number of samples of HOS with different features and the capability of ANNs to discriminate different patterns. Furthermore this new distance protection approach under development is based on voltage signals only which represent an innovation in distance relaying.
Fuzzy neural friction compensation method of robot manipulation during position/force control

Position and force controls are important and fundamental tasks of robot manipulators. In order to control position of the robot which simultaneously applies force to the environment, the friction between the robot and the environment has to be compensated. However, the friction force varies according to the applied force to the environment. Therefore, it is difficult to compensate the friction effectively with conventional controllers if we do not know the friction coefficient. Many researches have been done on fuzzy neural control, the combination of neural networks and fuzzy control, in order to make up for each other's weak points. The fuzzy neural control is expected to perform more sophisticated control than conventional control in an unknown environment. In this paper, we propose a new friction compensation method using the fuzzy neural network which contains a specialized neuron for friction compensation and a switch-learning. Simulation has done using a 3DOF planar robot manipulator to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
PROSES PENYERAPAN BAHASA BELANDA KE DALAM BAHASA JAWA (SEBUAH KAJIAN FONOLOGI GENERATIF TRANSFORMASIONAL)

Bangsa Indonesia memiliki beragam bahasa, salah satunya adalah bahasa Jawa. Sebagamana kita ketahui, ada masa di mana Indonesia dijajah oleh bangsa lainnya. Fakta tersebut sangat memungkinkan terjadinya kontak bahasa antara bahasa-bahasa lain dengan bahasa Jawa. Oleh sebab itu, sangat memungkinkan terjadinya penyerapan dari bahasa asing ke dalam bahasa Jawa. Salah satu bahasa asing yang diserap ke dalam bahasa Jawa adalah bahasa Belanda sebagai imbas dari kontak bahasa pada jaman penjajahan Belanda di Indonesia selama sekitar 350 tahun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memaparkan perubahan-perubahan fonologis yang terjadi pada proses penyerapan bahasa Belanda ke dalam Bahasa Jawa dan menjelaskan faktor penyebab terjadinya perubahan fonologis tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan data yang didapat dari dua buah buku yaitu Nederlandse Woorden Wereldwijd yang berisi 17.560 entri dan Javaans￾Nederlands Woordenboek yang memiliki lebih dari 43.000 entri. Dari sejumlah entri tersebut ditemukan 230 kata yang merupakan kata serapan dari bahasa Belanda. Temuan tersebut didapat dengan menggunakan metode observasi dan teknik catat. Data temuan tersebut dianalisis menggunakan teori fonologi generatif transformasional. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 16 kaidah dalam proses fonologis (konsonan, vokal dan diftong). Faktor yang menyebabkan proses tersebut adalah perbedaan sistem fonologis antara bahasa Jawa dan bahasa Belanda. Setelah melakukan penelitian ini, penulis berharap penelitian ini dapat membantu pambaca agar dapat lebih memahami kosakata serapan dalam bahasa Jawa dari bahasa Asing khususnya bahasa Belanda. Lebih lanjut, penulis berharap penelitian ini dapat memacu rekan-rekan sesama peneliti terutama para peneliti yang merupakan penutur asli bahasa Jawa untuk melakukan penelitian lain tentang bahasa Jawa.
Estimation of the age at onset in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 Cuban patients by survival analysis

Almaguer‐Mederosa LE, Falcón NS, Almira YR, Zaldivar YG, Almarales DC, Góngora EM, Herrera MP, Batallán KE, Armiñán RR, Manresa MV, Cruz GS, Laffita‐Mesa J, Cyuz TM, Chang V, Auburger G, Gispert S, Pérez LV. Estimation of the age at onset in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 Cuban patients by survival analysis.
Medical Diagnostic Radiation Exposures and Risk of Gliomas

Abstract High-dose ionizing radiation is an established risk factor for glioma, but it remains unknown whether moderate- and low-dose radiation increase glioma risk. In this analysis, we assessed the evidence that self-reported exposures to diagnostic ionizing radiation, including computerized tomography (CT) scans, is associated with increased risk of adult glioma. While no independent association was observed for CT scans alone (3+ scans compared to none P = 0.08 and 1–2 scans compared to none P = 0.68), our findings suggest an increased risk of adult gliomas with cumulative exposure to three or more CT scans to the head and neck region (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 0.92–4.23) limited to those who reported a family history of cancer: the P value for the interaction between having three or more CT scans and family history of cancer was 0.08. The stratum-specific adjusted OR for those with family history of cancer was more than three times that for the sub-group without family history of cancer. While there is some potential for symptom-related bias, one might expect this to be present for all diagnostic procedures rather than specific to one procedure. The interaction between CT scans and glioma with family history of cancer supports the biological plausibility of our findings, because similar results have been found for breast cancer and radiation. This observational data will increase awareness about potential risks associated with CT scans and the need to minimize the use of unnecessary examinations.
In Vivo Regulation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase in Retina through Light-induced Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the Insulin Receptor β-Subunit*

Recently, we have shown that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in bovine rod outer segment (ROS) is activated in vitro by tyrosine phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail of the insulin receptor (Rajala, R. V. S., and Anderson, R. E. (2001) Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 42, 3110–3117). In this study, we have investigated the in vivo mechanism of PI3K activation in the rodent retina and report the novel finding that light stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the β-subunit of the insulin receptor (IRβ) in ROS membranes, which leads to the association of PI3K enzyme activity with IRβ. Retinas from light- or dark-adapted mice and rats were homogenized and immunoprecipitated with antibodies against phosphotyrosine, IRβ, or the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K, and PI3K activity was measured using PI-4,5-P2 as substrate. We observed a light-dependent increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of IRβ and an increase in PI3K enzyme activity in isolated ROS and in anti-phosphotyrosine and anti-IRβ immunoprecipitates of retinal homogenates. The light effect was localized to photoreceptor neurons and is independent of insulin secretion. Our results suggest that light induces tyrosine phosphorylation of IRβ in outer segment membranes, which leads to the binding of p85 through its N-terminal Src homology 2 domain and the generation of PI-3,4,5-P3. We suggest that the physiological role of this process may be to provide neuroprotection of the retina against light damage by activating proteins that protect against stress-induced apoptosis.
Exploring Europe's R&D deficit relative to the US: Differences in the rates of return to R&D of young leading R&D firms

This paper examines the sources of the EU’s lagging business R&D performance relative to the US, particularly the contribution of missing young leading innovators in high technology intensive sectors in Europe. It investigates through econometric analysis whether the lower presence in the EU of young leading innovators and in high-tech sectors is due to lower rates of return to R&D as compared to their US counterparts. The analysis indeed finds such lower rates of return.