Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the proliferating activities of normal and carcinomatous prostatic tissues with Ki-67

In this study proliferation activities of normal prostate tissue, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostate cancer samples were evaluated immunohistochemically by using the monoclonal anti-Ki-67 antibody. Ki-67 is a nuclear non-histone protein expressed throughout the cell cycle. The proliferation rate was found to be 0.3-0.8 % in normal prostate glandular epithelium, 0.5-2.2 % in BPH, 1.6-3.7 % in high grade PIN and 5-30 % in prostate cancer cases. BPH showed a slightly higher, whereas PIN and prostate cancer showed significantly higher proliferation activity compared to normal prostate tissue. The Ki-67 proliferation index was found to correlate well with the Gleason classification in the cancer group. It is concluded that the Ki-67 proliferation index can be used a valuable diagnostic marker in PIN and tumor tissue.
Serum glucose concentration and lipid profile in racing horses

The aim of the present work was to evaluate serum glucose concentration and lipid profile in racing horses in Iraq. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 92 clinically healthy racing horses (males and females, Arabian and Cross bred), 2-8 years old at Equestrian Club, Baghdad. Investigations included serum measurements of glucose (sg) and lipid profile parameters; total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and the atherogenic ratio (LDL-C/HDL-C), in order to register the normal ranges and mean values of these measured parameters in Iraqi healthy racing horses. Results showed that the range and mean values ± standard error of sg were: 33.3 – 6.71 mmol/l and 5.17±0.07 mmol/l, respectively, whereas the
Differences in the Salivary Effects of Wild-Caught Versus Colonized Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) on the Development of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in BALB/c Mice

ABSTRACT Preimmunization of mice with salivary gland homogenate (SGH) of long-term colonized (F29) female Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli (Diptera: Psychodidae) induced protection against Leishmania major Yakimoff & Schokhor (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) co-inoculated with the same type of SGH. In contrast, preimmunization of mice with SGH of wild-caught female P. papatasi did not confer protection against L. major co-inoculated with the same type of SGH. Similarly, SGH from recently colonized (F1) female P. papatasi did not protect mice against L. major. These results suggest that when developing a sand fly saliva-based vaccine, the natural vector populations should be considered.
Calculation of benchmark doses from teratology data.

The benchmark dose approach has several potential advantages over the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) as a basis for risk assessment of toxic chemicals, based upon animal toxicity data. The practical use of the benchmark dose has been evaluated by applying dose-response models to an extensive historical database of teratology bioassays. Doses corresponding to 1 and 5% increases in incidence of lesions are calculated and compared to NOAELs. The statistical accuracy of these estimates was determined by calculating confidence intervals. The lower confidence limit on the 5% benchmark dose (LED05) is found to be comparable to the NOAEL for most datasets, and slightly higher on average. Benchmark doses at the 1% level could not be estimated accurately (i.e., they had wide confidence intervals) for a significant fraction of the datasets. LED01 values were lower on average than the NOAEL. Based on these results, it is concluded that benchmark doses for a 5% increases in incidence can be calculated for most datasets, and could be used as a satisfactory basis for risk assessment, e.g., to set reference doses or acceptable daily intakes. An exception occurs when the benchmark dose exceeds the highest dose of the study. This is only likely to occur when the chemical causes a small, but significant, increase in a finding that is uncommon in untreated animals.
On the ground state energy of the δ-function Bose gas

The weak coupling asymptotics, to order ( c / ρ ) 2 , of the ground state energy of the delta-function Bose gas is derived. Here 2 c ≥ 0 is the delta-function potential amplitude and ρ the density of the gas in the thermodynamic limit. The analysis uses the electrostatic interpretation of the Lieb–Liniger integral equation.
Study of Clara cell 16, KL-6, and surfactant protein-D in serum as disease markers in pulmonary sarcoidosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine the discriminative value of serum Clara cell 16 (CC16), KL-6, and surfactant protein (SP)-D as markers of interstitial lung diseases, and their ability to reflect pulmonary disease severity and prognosis in sarcoidosis. SUBJECTS Seventy-nine patients with sarcoidosis and 38 control subjects. MEASUREMENTS Serum CC16, KL-6, and SP-D concentrations at disease presentation were measured. Pulmonary function tests and chest radiographs were analyzed at presentation and 2-year follow-up. RESULTS All markers co-correlated, and a significant difference was found between CC16, KL-6 (Krebs von den Lungen-6), and SP-D levels in patients with sarcoidosis and control subjects (p < 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed largest area under the curve for KL-6. Significantly higher levels of CC16 and KL-6 were found in patients with parenchymal infiltration (stage II, III) compared to patients without parenchymal infiltration (stage I). In concordance, CC16 and KL-6 levels inversely correlated with diffusion capacity and total lung capacity, and KL-6 also with inspiratory vital capacity. Moreover, higher KL-6 levels were weakly but significantly associated with persistence or progression of parenchymal infiltrates at 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSION In this study, KL-6 appears to be the best discriminative marker in differentiating patients with sarcoidosis from healthy control subjects; however, as it is not a specific marker for this condition, this quality is unlikely to be useful as a diagnostic tool. Both CC16 and KL-6 may be of value in reflecting disease severity, and KL-6 tends to associate with pulmonary disease outcome.
Survey of graduates of a traditionally black college of medicine.

Over 700 Howard University medical alumni of seven representative classes graduating from 1955 to 1975 were surveyed by questionnaire in 1975-76. Replies of the 311 respondents confirm that this college of medicine has trained a substantial number of physicians who are providing care to blacks, the economically disadvantaged, and residents of inner city areas. Survey findings may also be useful in reaffirming the necessity for training more minority physicians, assessing the impact which the increasing number of minority physicians will have on health care delivery in this country, and suggesting the probable practice patterns of future minority graduates of U.S. medical schools.
The Etiology of Bladder Cancer and its Prevention

Urinary bladder cancer (UBC), which rinks ninth in worldwide cancer incidence, is a type of malignant growth of abnormal cells. UBC can be caused by: (A) Inhalation of cigarette smoke, smoke from cooking fume hoods, industrial/environmental carcinogens, volatiles of coal tar, and diesel exhaust. (B) Drugs such as cyclophosphazine, chloronaphazine, phenacetin, nitrosamines, and herbal remedies like aristolochic acids. (C) Contact of chlorinated water or hair dyes. (D) Ingestion of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) and/or arsenic.E. Infections of Schistosoma haematobium (schizosomiasis), Enterobacteria (Cystitis) and Papilloma viruses. F.Endogenous carcinogens such as tryptophan metabolites and other amines.G. Hereditary factors such as acetylator of the N-acetyltransferase, and mutations or malfunction of oncogenes/suppressor genes. Prevention of bladder cancer should include cessation of smoking, minimization of exposure to cooking fumes, and elimination of industrial and environmental carcinogens. Other measures worth considering include: (A) Intake of fruits, vegetables, soy products, vitamins, green tea, and decrease of fat consumption. Ingestion of food that isrich in selenium, garlic, lycopene, linoleic acid, various vitamins, gallic acid, and betulinic acid, etc. (B) Intake of non-nutritional factorsincluding astaxanthin, procatachuic, diosmin, hesperidin, 1,4-phenylene diisothiocyanate, crytoxanthin, indomechacin, and silibinin, etc. (C) Administration of drugs such as difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), no steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), astorvastatin, oitipraz, and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Retinoic acid in combination with ketoconazole was reported to be helpful to bladder cancer patients. In conclusion, the management of interplay of multiple factors of cause, cure and prevention, is the major concern of UBC.
Lower urinary tract symptoms--a population survey using the Danish Prostatic Symptom Score (DAN-PSS) questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE To describe voiding problems and the trouble they cause in a Danish population. Furthermore, to find symptoms specific for the ageing man, and thereby symptoms that might relate to an enlarged prostate. MATERIAL AND METHODS The DAN-PSS questionnaire was mailed to a gender- and age-stratified random sample of 500 inhabitants in Herlev municipality. Prevalence of the symptoms and the trouble they cause were calculated and related to age and gender by the x2 test for trend and the chi2 test, respectively. RESULTS The response rate was 73.6%. In total, 84.5% of the subjects had experienced at least one symptom within the previous fortnight. The various symptom prevalences ranged from 3.8-67.1%. Although many subjects experienced symptoms, they were not always bothered by them, and women were generally more bothered than men. Weak stream, hesitancy and dribbling occurred more often among men, whereas incontinence (stress, mixed) occurred more often among women. Nocturia and mixed incontinence increased in prevalence with increasing age among both men and women. Weak stream, incomplete emptying, stress and urge incontinence showed an age-related increase in prevalence among men, but not among women. These might therefore be symptoms of an enlarged prostate. CONCLUSION Lower urinary tract symptoms occur with high prevalence in the background population, but they do not always cause trouble. Weak stream, incomplete emptying, stress and urge incontinence seem to be symptoms of an enlarged prostate.
Sociodemographic factors associated with anaemia in pregnancy at booking for antenatal care

Late patronage of antenatal care by women in low-resource areas makes timely intervention at correcting anaemia difficult. This study aimed to identify modifiable sociodemographic factors that predict anaemia before commencing antenatal care and make appropriate recommendation. A survey of sociodemographic features and haemoglobin concentrations of 232 women booking for antenatal care was conducted. Anaemia was diagnosed in 119 (51.3%), of which 87 (37.5%) had mild anaemia and 32 (13.8%) were moderately anaemic. There was no severe anaemia. Anaemia was highest among respondents who were ≥ 35 years of age, Muslims, of Igbo ethnicity (64.3%), single (55.0%), student/unemployed (58.8%), nulliparous (57.3%) and those who registered at ≥ 21 weeks’ gestation (54.2%). Only occupation of the woman showed association with anaemia before antenatal care (p = 0.007). A personal source of income may reduce anaemia in pregnancy; and it is advisable to have a social welfare package for unemployed pregnant women.
The distribution of the h-index among academic emergency physicians in the United States.

BACKGROUND Hirsch's h-index (h) attempts to measure the combined academic impact and productivity of a scientist by counting the number of publications by an author, ranked in descending order by number of citations, until the paper number equals the number of citations. This approach provides a natural number or index of the number of publications and the number of citations per publication. H was first described in physics and was demonstrated to be highly predictive of continued academic activity, including recognized measures of scientific excellence such as membership in the National Academy of Sciences and being a Nobel laureate. Citation rates, research environments, and years of experience all affect h, making any comparisons appropriate only for scientists working in the same field for a similar time period. The authors are unaware of any report describing the distribution of h among academic emergency physicians (AEPs). OBJECTIVES The objective was to describe the distribution of h for AEPs and to determine whether Hirsch's demonstration of the h-index as a predictor of continued scholarly activity among physicists would also apply to AEPs. METHODS Academic EPs were identified from lists provided on allopathic U.S. emergency medicine (EM) residency program websites. "Harzing's Publish or Perish," a free program available on the Web that queries Google Scholar, was used to calculate h for each AEP. Agreement between raters was analyzed on a subset of 100 EPs. An analysis of the 20 EPs with the top h-indices was performed to characterize the entire body of their scholarly work, and their h-indices were calculated at 12 and 24 years into their careers. RESULTS A total of 4,744 AEPs from 136 programs were evaluated. Nine programs did not publicly list the faculty at their institutions and were excluded. A linear weighted kappa was used to measure rater concordance, with agreement of 98.3% and κ = 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.861 to 0.957). The majority of AEPs had h-indices of zero or one (59%), 85% had h-indices less than six, 95% less than 13, and 99% less than 24. Ten percent of AEPs had h/(years in publication) of 0.5 or greater. For the top 20 EPs, the mean (± standard deviation [±SD]) h-index increased from 7.6 (±4.6) to 23.5 (±9.4) between years 12 and 24. The mean (±SD) increase in h-index was 15.8 (±7.6). CONCLUSIONS The h-index can be used to characterize the academic productivity of AEPs. An h/year of 0.5 or greater is characteristic of the most productive EPs and represents only 10% of all AEPs. The 12-year h-index of top-performing EPs was strongly related to their future academic productivity. The distribution of h among EPs may provide a means for individual investigators and academic leaders to evaluate performance and identify EPs with future success in EM research.
Bootstrapping nonparametric feature selection algorithms for mining small data sets

This paper presents feature selection algorithms based on nonparametric feature ranking indices, and demonstrates for small data sets that by bootstrapping feature ranking indices one uniformly (over various data sets and different ranking indices) improves the performance of correct detection of true features (i.e., probability of the top ranking features matching the true ones).
Studies of Hearing-Aid Outcome Measures in Older Adults: A Comparison of Technologies and an Examination of Individual Differences

This article first compares differences in hearing-aid outcome for groups of older adults fitted with different hearing-aid technologies, ranging from one-channel linear aids with output-limiting compression to four-channel wide-dynamic-range-compression devices with directional microphones. A total of four technologies were examined with 52 to 55 older adults fitted with each technology and assessed with multiple outcome measures. The only significant difference in performance across technologies was superior aided speech recognition in babble for the directional hearing aids when assessed in the sound booth with speech delivered at 0 degrees azimuth and competing babble delivered from 180 degrees azimuth. Importantly, however, all four groups, each with a different technology, demonstrated significant improvements in speech recognition in babble and indicated that they were satisfied with their hearing aids, found them to be beneficial, and used them � 7 to 8 hours per day, on average. Given the lack of differences in technology, the data were then pooled across groups to form one large data set of outcome measures from 333 older adults. From these data, guidelines were developed for the interpretation of individual scores from patients in other clinics with similar demographics as being ‘‘below average,’’ ‘‘average,’’ or ‘‘above average. ’’
Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF)-1 and -2, IGF-binding Proteins-2 and -3, and Receptors for Growth Hormone, IGF Type-1 and -2 and Insulin in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Neonatal Calves

Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and insulin influence post-natal gastrointestinal development and function. We have measured by real-time PCR the mRNA levels of IGF-1 and -2, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs)-2 and -3, and receptors for GH, IGF type-1 and -2, and insulin in esophagus, rumen, fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon of calves on days 1 and 5 of life. Levels of mRNA of measured traits were different (P<0.05) at different gastrointestinal sites. Furthermore, mRNA levels of IGFs, IGFBPs and of receptors for GH and IGF type-1 and -2 and insulin differed (P<0.05) on days 1 and 5. Differences in mRNA abundance of IGFs, IGFBPs and of receptors for GH, IGFs, and insulin among gastrointestinal sites on days 1 and 5 of life suggest site-specific functional importance and demonstrate that changes are the consequence of ontogenetic development and/or due to feeding.
Identification of predictive factors of response to the BH3‐mimetic molecule ABT‐737: An ex vivo experiment in human serous ovarian carcinoma

Ovarian cancers are addicted to Bcl‐xL and Mcl‐1, antiapoptotic members of the Bcl‐2 family. Bcl‐xL can be inhibited by the BH3‐mimetic ABT‐737. In vitro, ABT‐737 can induce apoptosis of cancer cells, and its activity is potentiated by Mcl‐1 inactivation. Herein, we assessed the sensitivity of human ovarian tumor nodes to ABT‐737 when combined with carboplatin, which can indirectly inhibit Mcl‐1. Fresh samples from 25 patients with high‐grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) who were chemo‐naïve and had undergone surgery were prospectively exposed ex vivo to ABT‐737 ± carboplatin. The treatment effect was studied on sliced tumor nodes by assessment of cleaved‐caspase 3 immunostaining. We also studied the association between baseline Bcl‐2 family protein expression (via immunohistochemistry) and the response of nodes to treatment. ABT‐737 induced apoptosis as a single agent but its efficacy was not improved by the addition of carboplatin. Bim was frequently expressed (20/25) and its absence or low expression was associated with the absence of response to ABT‐737, p value = 0.019 by Fisher's test and sensitivity = 93%, (95% confidence interval, 66–100). Moreover, we observed that in tumors in which Bim was expressed, a low expression of phospho‐Erk1/2 or Mcl‐1 improved the proportion of responses. This pilot study showed that ABT‐737 has promise as monotherapy for HGSOC in a specific subgroup of tumors. Bim, Mcl‐1, and phospho‐Erk1/2 appeared to be relevant biomarkers that could be used for the selection of patients in the design of clinical trials using Navitoclax (an orally available compound related to ABT‐737).
Expression of EAAT2 in neurons and protoplasmic astrocytes during human cortical development

The major regulators of synaptic glutamate in the cerebral cortex are the excitatory amino acid transporters 1–3 (EAAT1–3). In this study, we determined the cellular and temporal expression of EAAT1–3 in the developing human cerebral cortex. We applied single‐ and double‐label immunocytochemistry to normative frontal or parietal (associative) cortex samples from 14 cases ranging in age from 23 gestational weeks to 2.5 postnatal years. The most striking finding was the transient expression of EAAT2 in layer V pyramidal neuronal cell bodies up until 8 postnatal months prior to its expression in protoplasmic astrocytes at 41 postconceptional weeks onward. EAAT2 was also expressed in neurons in layer I (presumed Cajal–Retzius cells), and white matter (interstitial) neurons. This expression in neurons in the developing human cortex contrasts with findings by others of transient expression exclusively in axon tracts in the developing sheep and rodent brain. With western blotting, we found that EAAT2 was expressed as a single band until 2 postnatal months, after which it was expressed as two bands. The expression of EAAT2 in pyramidal neurons during human brain development may contribute to cortical vulnerability to excitotoxicity during the critical period for perinatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy. In addition, by studying the expression of EAAT1 and EAAT2 glutamate transporters, it was possible to document the development of protoplasmic astrocytes. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3912–3932, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence of normal pineal gland calcification in skull roentgenograms of black and white Americans.

The incidence of roentgenologically visible pineal gland calcification is approximately twice as common in American whites as in blacks, a difference that is very striking after age 40. Comparison of this finding with reports in the literature shows that the incidence of pineal gland calcification is slightly higher in American blacks than in indigenous Africans, probably due to racial mixture among the American blacks we studied.It appears that the low incidence of calcified pineal shadow already observed in the African has a constitutional basis.
Survival of Radio-implanted Drymarchon couperi (Eastern Indigo Snake) in Relation to Body Size and Sex

Abstract Drymarchon couperi (eastern indigo snake) has experienced population declines across its range primarily as a result of extensive habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation. Conservation efforts for D. couperi have been hindered, in part, because of informational gaps regarding the species, including a lack of data on population ecology and estimates of demographic parameters such as survival. We conducted a 2-year radiotelemetry study of D. couperi on Fort Stewart Military Reservation and adjacent private lands located in southeastern Georgia to assess individual characteristics associated with probability of survival. We used known-fate modeling to estimate survival, and an information-theoretic approach, based on a priori hypotheses, to examine intraspecific differences in survival probabilities relative to individual covariates (sex, size, size standardized by sex, and overwintering location). Annual survival in 2003 and 2004 was 0.89 (95% CI = 0.73–0.97, n = 25) and 0.72 (95% CI = 0.52–0.86; n = 27), respectively. Results indicated that body size, standardized by sex, was the most important covariate determining survival of adult D. couperi, suggesting lower survival for larger individuals within each sex. We are uncertain of the mechanisms underlying this result, but possibilities may include greater resource needs for larger individuals within each sex, necessitating larger or more frequent movements, or a population with older individuals. Our results may also have been influenced by analysis limitations because of sample size, other sources of individual variation, or environmental conditions.