Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early changes in plasma insulin and growth hormone levels after feeding in lambs and adult sheep.

When lambs 1-3 months of age ingested 250 or 500 m1 of milk by sucking vigorously from a teat, there was a rapid increase in their plasma insulin concentration to a maximum 5 min after starting to suck. At the same time plasma growth hormone (GH) levels declined rapidly. Changes of comparable magnitude were also seen when lambs drank milk diluted with water or vigorously ate chopped lucerne hay, when adult wether sheep ate dry feed rapidly, and when an adult wether fitted with an oesophageal fistula was 'sham-fed'. The changes were not seen when sheep, although offered food, did not eat. These responses were not closely related to changes in plasma glucose or ",-amino nitrogen concentrations and they evidently involve reflex nervous mechanisms.
Here or There? A Survey of Factors in Multinational R&D Location: Report to the Government/University/Industry Research Roundtable

Contrary to popular belief, it is intellectual capital and university collaboration, not just lower costs, that primarily attract companies to locate RD addressed favored countries for locating RD and outlined trends industry expects for R&D expansion in the future.Among the top factors going into new R&D siting decisions in both developed and emerging countries are market growth potential, quality of R&D talent, collaboration with universities and IP protection. How these factors influence the decision, however, depend on whether the site is in a developed or emerging country. In neither emerging nor developed countries was cost consideration the most important factor, which runs contrary to what has been reported by the media (according to an analysis of media coverage over the past few years in The Wall Street Journal and New York Times on multinational R&D locations). Among the study's more surprising findings, according to the researchers, was the role university collaboration plays in the decision-making process for locating R&D facilities. In fact, collaboration with universities was particularly prevalent as a factor for expanding to emerging countries, even though these countries provide lesser degrees of IP protection.More than half of the corporate respondents who identify the United States as their home country report that they have either recently expanded or planned to locate R&D facilities in China and India vs. other developed countries. Of 63 Western European companies responding, 13 plan on expanding or locating new R&D facilities to the United States. The issue of collaborative research between universities and corporations has been a growing concern within the United States, with some observers saying legal wrangling over intellectual property rights is not only slowing the pace of innovation but also prompting companies to seek university research partners in other countries.The study indicates, however, that while the trend toward R&D offshoring to Asia will continue despite concerns over IP protection, companies are keeping their most cutting-edge research in developed countries where IP protection is the strongest. According to the study, only 22 percent of the R&D effort in emerging countries is for new science.Another public policy implication of the findings, say the researchers, is that the United States must focus on highly skilled worker immigration.
Therenewal of th old economy: Europe in an internationally comparative perspective

This paper deals with international comparisons of the contribution of information and communication technology (ICT) to growth during the 1990s. It makes a distinction between ICT-producing industries and services on the one hand and industries and services that are intensive users of ICT on the other. The paper presents measures of output and employment shares and of the contribution of the ICT-producing and ICT-using sectors to output, employment and labour productivity growth. The main findings are that the differences between the United States and European countries are largely explained by the larger and more productive ICT-producing industry in the United States. The differences in the contribution of ICT using industries and services to growth are much smaller and more subtle between Europe and the USA. The paper also reviews recent evidence on ICT investment and capital. It appears that the growth contribution of ICT-use increased during the second half of the 1990s, but so far the effects are visible only in the United States. It also argued that many European countries have so far not succeeded to generate positive employment effects from intensive ICT-use.
Insights into the Evolution of BPM in Organisations

There is no doubt that Business Process Management (BPM) is of high interest to both academics and practitioners. Whilst there is a plethora of academic research focused on various aspects of BPM such as process modelling, process improvement and, process execution there is little that investigates BPM in its broadest sense as a holistic management practice. From a practical perspective this shortcoming is reflected in the on-going search for a “best-practice” approach to implementing BPM. Despite the emergence of prescriptive models that support this approach, this research challenges the notion that such a best-practice exists. The researchers use an existing BPM maturity model to show that the emphasis placed on critical aspects of BPM is different between organisations and over time. Furthermore, the research shows that a combination of contextual variables is likely to influence the how BPM evolves and matures within organisations. With this study the researchers raise important issues for future research including: What contextual variables influence the evolution of BPM in organisations? How do they do so? Are patterns of BPM evolution discernible? If so, what are they? Do some patterns lead to higher success or maturity in BPM initiatives?
Robbing Peter to Pay Paul: Surrendering Privacy for Security's Sake in an Identity Ecosystem

: Despite individuals’ and organizations’ best efforts, many significant information security threats exist. To alleviate these threats, researchers and policy makers have proposed new digital environments called identity ecosystems. These ecosystems would provide protection against attackers in that a third party intermediary would need to authenticate users of the ecosystem. While the additional security may help alleviate security threats, significant concern exists regarding ecosystem users’ privacy. For example, the possibility of targeted attacks against the centralized identity repository, potential mismanagement of the verified credentials of millions of users, and the threat of activity monitoring and surveillance become serious privacy considerations. Thus, individuals must be willing to surrender personal privacy to a known intermediary to obtain the additional levels of protection that the proposed ecosystems suggest. We investigate the reasons why individuals would use a future identity ecosystem that exhibits such a privacy-security tradeoff. Specifically, we adopted a mixed-methods approach to elicit and assess the major factors associated with such decisions. We show that 1) intrapersonal characteristics, 2) perceptions of the controlling agent, and 3) perceptions of the system are key categories for driving intentions to use ecosystems. We found that trustworthiness of the controlling agent, perceived inconvenience, system efficacy, behavioral-based inertia, censorship attitude, and previous similar experience significantly explained variance in intentions. Interestingly, general privacy concerns failed to exhibit significant relationships with intentions in any of our use contexts. We discuss what these findings mean for research and practice and provide guidance for future research that investigates identity ecosystems and the AIS Bright ICT Initiative.
Validation of diagnostic criteria for migraine in the Zürich longitudinal cohort study

This paper reports the results of a systematic assessment of the validity of the specific diagnostic criteria for migraine without aura, as defined by the International Headache Society (IHS), in a longitudinal epidemiologic sample of young adults who were selected from the general population of Zürich, Switzerland. Systematic modification of each of the IHS criteria for migraine without aura yielded one-year weighted prevalence rates ranging from 24% for the unmodified IHS criteria to 9% for the most restrictive definition of migraine. The major implications of the findings for the IHS criteria are: (a) they provide adequate coverage to classify the majority of subjects with headache in the general population; (b) there is little overlap between migraine and tension-type headache, suggesting that the criteria define moderately independent subgroups; (c) the criteria for migraine without aura appear to be too unrestrictive for application in the community, particularly among young adults at the peak period of incidence of migraine; (d) the criteria for “aura” need more precise operationalization; and (e) models of validation of the diagnostic criteria suggest that Criterion D of the IHS criteria for migraine without aura should be modified to require both gastrointestinal symptoms and photophobia and phonophobia.
The politics of fiscal policy during economic downturns, 1981–2010

This article investigates fiscal policy responses to the Great Recession in historical perspective. It explores general trends in the frequency, size and composition of fiscal stimulus as well as the impact of government partisanship on fiscal policy outputs during the four international recessions of 1980-1981,1990-1991, 2001-2002 and 2008-2009. Encompassing 17-23 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, the analysis calls into question the idea of a general retreat from fiscal policy activism since the early 1980s.The propensity of governments to respond to economic downturns by engaging in fiscal stimulus has increased over time and no secular trend in the size of stimulus measures is observed. At the same time, OECD governments have relied more on tax cuts to stimulate demand in the two recessions of the 2000s than they did in the early 1980s or early 1990s. Regarding government partisanship, no significant direct partisan effects on either the size or the composition of fiscal stimulus is found for any of the four recession episodes. However, the size of the welfare state conditioned the impact of government partisanship in the two recessions of the 2000s, with left-leaning governments distinctly more prone to engaging in discretionary fiscal stimulus and/or spending increases in large welfare states, but not in small welfare states.
GIyCAM-1 , a Phys io log ic Ligand for L-Select in , Activates Integrins on Naive Peripheral

From the *Department of Anatomy and Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; *Athena Neurosciences, South San Francisco, California 94080; ~DNAX Corporation, Palo Alto, California 94304; IIDivision of Leukocyte Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; 82 of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
Occupational Exposure Associated with Reproductive Dysfunction

Occupational Exposure Associated with Reproductive Dysfunction: Sunil Kumar. Reproductive Toxicology and Histochemistry Division, National Institute of Occupational Health, India—Evidence suggestive of harmful effects of occupational exposure on the reproductive system and related outcomes has gradually accumulated in recent decades, and is further compounded by persistent environmental endocrine disruptive chemicals. These chemicals have been found to interfere with the function of the endocrine system, which is responsible for growth, sexual development and many other essential physiological functions. A number of occupations are being reported to be associated with reproductive dysfunction in males as well as in females. Generally, occupations involving the manufacture/or application of some of the persistent chemicals that are not easily degradable as well as bio‐accumulative chemicals, occupations involving intensive exposure to heat and radiation, occupations involving the use of toxic solvents as well as toxic fumes are reported to be associated with reproductive dysfunction. Occupational exposure of males to various persistent chemicals have been reported to have male mediated adverse reproductive outcomes in the form of abortion, reduction in fertility etc. with inconclusive or limited evidence. Nevertheless, there is a need for more well designed studies in order to implicate any individual chemical having such effects as in most occupations workers are exposed to raw, intermediate and finished products and there are also several confounding factors associated with lifestyles responsible for reproductive dysfunction. There is an urgent need to look at indiscriminate use of persistent chemicals especially pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (POP's) as these chemicals enter the food chain also and could be potential for exposure during the critical period of development. It is also necessary to impart information, and to educate about the safe use of these chemicals, as a very sensitive reproduction issue is involved with exposure to these chemicals. Occupational exposures often are higher than environmental exposures, so that epidemiological studies should be conducted on these chemicals, on a priority basis, which are reported to have adverse effects on reproduction in the experimental system.
The Transmission of US Financial Stress: Evidence for Emerging Market Economies

We provide empirical evidence that US financial stress shocks (US-FSSs) are an important driver for economic dynamics and fluctuations in emerging market economies (EMEs). Applying a structural vector autoregression, we analyze the international transmission of US-FSSs to eight EMEs using monthly data from 1999 to 2012. US-FSSs are identified as unexpected changes in the financial conditions index of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Findings indicate that a typical EME experiences similar negative effects as the US economy in response to US-FSSs. Our results emphasize that the transmission through international financial interconnections is dominant, while contagion through trade is inessential. Further, with regard to fluctuations in real economic activity, US-FSSs are as important as all other external factors jointly. In general, US-FSSs represent a crucial driver for volatility in the emerging world; also at business cycle frequencies.
AUDIT FIRM SIZE, AUDIT FEE AND AUDIT QUALITY

This study aims to examine the determinant factors of audit quality by proposing the hypothesis that the audit firm size (size public accounting firm) and audit fees (audit fees) have an effect on the audit quality. In this study, the unit of analysis is the external auditor who has worked in (Certified Public Accountant) CPA firm, the author takes the CPA Firm in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. This type of research is descriptive verification research, because it describes the variables and observes the correlation of these variables from the hypothesis that has been made systematically through statistical testing. The statistical test use path analysis and the examination of the hypothesis in this research using two ways: simultaneous test and individual test (partial), using t_test and f_test. Empirical test results that the CPA firm size does not significantly affect to audit quality in public accounting firm in Bandung, whereas the amount of audits significantly affect to quality of audit and simultaneously CPA firm size and audit fees do not significantly affect to quality of audit in public accounting firm in Bandung.
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE KLEIN KAROO NATIONAL ARTS FESTIVAL (KKNK)

Events and festivals are hosted with the expectation that they hold many benefits for the host communities. These benefits include employment, income generation, and increasing tourist numbers, thereby improving the quality of life of the host community. However, little is known about the socio-economic impact of arts festivals, especially in the South African context. Hence, the purpose of this article was to determine the socio-economic impact of the Klein Karoo National Arts Festival (KKNK) on the community of Oudtshoorn. This festival is the largest arts festival, both in terms of visitor numbers as well as income generation, in South Africa. In order to achieve the goal of the research, three surveys were conducted: firstly, a community survey; secondly, a business survey; and, finally, a visitor survey. The results indicate that the KKNK contributes significantly to the economy and community of Oudtshoorn. From a social point of view, however, the respondents indicated that the festival benefits the community more than the individual. To increase the positive socio-economic outcomes of the KKNK, the festival organisers have to focus on greater participation by, and communication with, all stakeholders, especially the local community.
Cognitive, educational, and behavioural outcomes at 7 to 8 years in a national very low birthweight cohort

AIMS To examine cognitive, behavioural, and educational outcomes in middle childhood among a birth cohort of very low birthweight children. METHODS Two hundred and ninety eight survivors from a national birth cohort of 413 New Zealand very low birthweight (VLBW) children born in 1986 were assessed at 7 to 8 years of age on measures of behaviour, cognitive ability, school performance and the need for special education. These outcomes were compared with the same measures in a general population sample of over 1000 children studied at a similar age. RESULTS The VLBW children had significantly higher rates of problems and poorer levels of functioning across all outcome measures than the general child sample. These differences persisted even after control for variability in social, family, and other characteristics of the two samples and for the degree of sensorineural disability. There was evidence of a gradient of risk with birthweight, with extremely low birthweight children having generally higher rates of problems and difficulties than other VLBW children after covariate control. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with a growing body of research evidence which suggests that premature and VLBW infants are at increased risk of longer term morbidity and functional impairment in middle childhood.
Immunohistochemistry in mohs micrographic surgery: a review of the literature.

Mohs micrographic surgery has become the "gold standard" for surgical excision of nonmelanoma skin cancers for maximal preservation of normal tissue. Mohs micrographic surgery entails processing specimens in horizontal frozen sections with immediate examination under a light microscope. This technique offers the examination of lateral and deep margins in the same plane in contrast to wide local excision. Success with Mohs micrographic surgery depends on accurate mapping of the tumor, correct interpretation of the histopathological sections, and appreciation of aggressive tumor characteristics. The most common reason for recurrence of tumor after Mohs micrographic surgery is residual undetected tumor. Because hematoxylin and eosin stains may present difficulties in interpretation, immunohistochemistry techniques are being used to supplement these routine stains. Although immunohistochemistry is not being widely utilized by Mohs micrographic surgery surgeons, the many advantages of immunohistochemistry over routine staining of frozen sections in selected settings is of great value. Herein, the authors review the application of immunohistochemistry in Mohs micrographic surgery for a variety of neoplasms encountered most frequently by Mohs micrographic surgery surgeons. (J Clin Aesthetic Dermatol. 2009;2(7):37-42. ).
Cofactor Activity in Factor VIIIa of the Blood Clotting Pathway Is Stabilized by an Interdomain Bond between His281 and Ser524 Formed in Factor VIII*

Background: Intermediate resolution FVIII x-ray structures show His281 (A1) and Ser524 (A2) in close proximity. Ala mutations at these residues show functional defects. Results: Residue swap (H281S/S524H) or disulfide bridge (H281C/S524C) variants possess WT-like stability and function. Conclusion: Side chains of His281 and Ser524 form a bond in FVIII that is retained in FVIIIa. Significance: This bond stabilizes the FVIIIa A2 subunit from dissociation. The factor VIII (FVIII) crystal structure suggests a possible bonding interaction of His281 (A1 domain) with Ser524 (A2 domain), although the resolution of the structure (∼4 Å) does not firmly establish this bonding. To establish that side chains of these residues participate in an interdomain bond, we prepared and examined the functional properties of a residue swap variant (H281S/S524H) where His281 and Ser524 residues were exchanged with one another and a disulfide-bridged variant (H281C/S524C) where the two residues were replaced with Cys. The latter variant showed efficient disulfide bonding of the A1 and A2 domains. The swap variant showed WT-like FVIII and FVIIIa stability, which were markedly reduced for H281A and S524A variants in an earlier study. The disulfide-bridged variant showed ∼20% increased FVIII stability, and FVIIIa did not decay during the time course measured. This variant also yielded 35% increased thrombin peak values compared with WT in a plasma-based thrombin generation assay. Binding analyses of H281S-A1/A3C1C2 dimer with S524H-A2 subunit yielded a near WT-like affinity value, whereas combining the variant dimer or A2 subunit with the WT complement yielded ∼5- and ∼10-fold reductions, respectively, in affinity. Other functional properties including thrombin generation potential, FIXa binding affinity, Km for FX of FXase complexes, thrombin activation efficiency, and down-regulation by activated protein C showed similar results for the two variants compared with WT FVIII. These results indicate that the side chains of His281 and Ser524 are in close proximity and contribute to a bonding interaction in FVIII that is retained in FVIIIa.
Guanxi, Networks and Economic Development: The Impact of Cultural Connections

The purpose of this study is to explore the mechanics of guanxi in an organizational setting, focusing on the use of interpersonal relationships within Chinese firms to discover how firms initiate, build and use guanxi networks. Two richly detailed case studies document changes that take place over time in two distinct networks with respect to key actors and their contacts. This research also investigates patterns of social structure that emerge over time in these two distinct cases looking at brokerage relationships, network density, and dyadic redundancy in three waves at six month intervals. The cases are dissimilar in all aspects except absolute size demonstrating the universal use of guanxi across time, geographic location, specific industries, and firm experience. Dynamic network visualization is used to highlight the sequence and rate of activity in each network to identify salient changes. The findings show that firms seek to improve their organizational guanxi by improving existing employees’ guanxi quality within the firm and by recruiting new actors from outside the firm. Additionally, firms use organizational guanxi to expand their networks by forming cooperative partnerships with complementary organizations that enhance the attributes or potential of both organizations. And finally, firms initially exploit brokerage in organizational guanxi, then attempt to stabilize the network by fostering new ties to exclusive contacts.