Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen bonding in C-substituted nitroanilines: sheets built from alternating R(2)(2)(12) and R(6)(6)(36) rings in 2-bromo-6-cyano-4-nitroaniline.

Molecules of the title compound (systematic name: 2-amino-3-bromo-5-nitrobenzonitrile), C(7)H(4)BrN(3)O(2), are linked by N-H.N and N-H.O hydrogen bonds [H.N 2.19A, N.N 3.019(4)A and N-H.N 157 degree, and H.O 2.17A, N.O 2.854(3)A and N-H.O 134 degree] to form (10-3) sheets built from alternating R(2)(2)(12) and R(6)(6)(36) rings, both of which are centrosymmetric.
Influence of Bank-Specific and Macroeconomic Variables on Credit Risk: A Case of Nepalese Commercial Banks

Commercial banks are the major sources of credit for business firms and households in many countries. Better performance of these financial institutions play a significant role for the economic prosperity of any country and poor performance of these institutions result the slowdown of economic growth and affects badly to the region of the world. The main objective of this study is to examine the influence of bank-specific and macroeconomic variables on credit risk in context of Nepalese commercial banks. The study is based on panel data analysis of the secondary data of 15 commercial banks with 150 observations for the period 2004 to 2013. As a first approximation to the theory, this study hypothesizes that the credit risk of the banks depends on several bank specific and macroeconomic variables such as bank size, credit to deposit ratio, capital adequacy ratio, gross domestic product growth rate, unemployment rate and inflation rate. The study revealed that average nonperforming loan total loan was 7.38 percent while provision for loan loss to total loan was 2.04 percent. The beta coefficient for capital adequacy, unemployment and inflation rate are negatively significant with nonperforming loan. Similarly, bank size, capital adequacy ratio and gross domestic product growth rate are negatively significant with provision for loan loss to total loan. However, the coefficient for credit to deposit is positively significant with provision for loan loss to total loan. Thus, this study concludes that capital adequacy ratio is major determinant of credit risk in context of Nepalese commercial banks.
Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with eating disorders

Synopsis The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID and SCID II) was administered to 105 eating disorder in-patients in order to examine rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders and the chronological sequence in which these disorders developed. Eighty-six patients, 81·9% of the sample, had Axis I diagnoses in addition to their eating disorder. Depression, anxiety and substance dependence were the most common comorbid diagnoses. Anorexic restrictors were significantly more likely than bulimics (all subtypes) to develop their eating disorder before other Axis I comorbid conditions. Personality disorders were common among the subjects; 69% met criteria for at least one personality disorder diagnosis. Of the 72 patients with personality disorders, 93% also had Axis I comorbidity. Patients with at least one personality disorder were significantly more likely to have an affective disorder or substance dependence than those with no personality disorder.
Board of Directors, Audit Committee Characteristics and The Performance of Public Listed Companies in Saudi Arabia

This study examines the relationship between the internal corporate governance mechanisms related to the board of directors, the audit committee characteristics and the performance of listed companies on Saudi Stock Market (TADAWL) in 2010, excluding financial companies. The theoretical foundation of this relationship was provided by the agency and institutional theory. The data on the relationship between the audit committee and internal audit function was collected through a mail questionnaire. Of the 135 questionnaires distributed, 73 questionnaires, representing a response rate of 4.07 percent, were returned of which 62 (45.93 percent) were usable responses. Other information on firm performance, board of directors and audit committees characteristics was obtained from the annual reports of the respective companies (year-ending 2010). By using the multiple regression analysis, the results show that the effect of internal corporate governance variables on return on assets and Tobin’s Q was somewhat different. The results indicate that the proportion of non-executive directors was found to be positively significant to return on assets. However, the board size was found to be negatively significant to Tobin’s Q. For audit committee characteristics, the extent of audit committee reviews of IA proposals variable was reported to be positively significant to both measures of firm performance (return on assets and Tobin’s Q). In relation to the practical and theoretical contribution, this study provides theoretical validity by suggesting that institutional theory may be more appropriate than agency theory in describing the practices of corporate governance in developing countries such as Saudi Arabia. From a practical perspective, the findings of this study provide feedback to the regulators (e.g. Capital Market Authority) and the companies in Saudi Arabia in a number of ways.
Plasma Concentrations of C-Reactive Protein and Fibrinogen in Ischaemic Stroke

This study investigated how fibrinogen and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels change in response to neural damage occurring after ischaemia, and the relationship between the distribution of the arterial lesion, the disease prognosis and the levels of these substances. Fibrinogen and CRP levels were measured in blood samples obtained from 83 patients admitted to hospital within 72 h of a first ischaemic stroke. The patients were evaluated clinically with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), and results were compared with 43 age-matched controls. The fibrinogen and CRP levels in unconscious patients with hemiparesis or hemiplegia were higher than those in conscious hemiplegic patients. Also, the difference in GOS values between the unconscious patients with hemiparesis or hemiplegia and conscious patients with hemiparesis or hemiplegia was statistically significant. Patients with large infarcts in the median cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery had higher fibrinogen and CRP concentrations than the control group. In conclusion, fibrinogen and CRP may be important measures for determining the prognosis and outcome in patients following ischaemic stroke.
BANKS' AVAILABILITY VERSUS SMES' EXPECTANCIES IN BUSINESS FINANCING. AN ANALYSIS ON CREDIT RENEWAL

The limited access of SMEs to adequate funding is an important issue both in practice and in literature, mainly due to demand-side and supply-side constraints. In order to address this issue for the case of Romania, we undertook an extensive, quantitative survey-based research among Romanian banks’ representatives. In this paper we used a multiple linear regression and the method of ordinary least squares to find out that most effective variables determining banks’ availability to grant loans or to renew/extend credit lines at maturity (for existing customers) are prompt repayments and the length of the banking relationship. On the other side, the trust in managers/owners of the companies and the collateral exert a moderate influence, while variables bank size and the nature and origin of the capital (i.e. national vs. foreign capital, state-owned vs. private capital) have little influence. Compared with the results of a similar research question from our previous research (2012), but addressed to SMEs (i.e. ”the demand side”), we found partial similarity between banks’ availability on one side and on other side, SMEs expectancies concerning the access to finance. Our findings, which are in line with other similar researches, enable us to formulate critical assertions on the banks’ role in SMEs financing.
Industry Competition and Searching for the Technological Diversity

Industry competition is one of the critical determinants of innovation strategy of the firm. Since the seminal contribution of Schumpeter, a large body of literature investigated the impacts of industry competition on innovation strategy by mainly focusing on R&D investment. This paper adds to the extant literature on how industry competition influences a firm’s explorative research in the presence of firm heterogeneities. Our findings suggest that low industry competition increases a firm’s technological diversity, and this relationship is enhance by a firm’s knowledge assets, age, and financial performance, while it is weaken by firm leverage. The results of this study contribute to the extant literature. The investigation of R&D expenditure in prior literature may provide limited information regarding the impact of industry competition on a firm’s innovation strategy. We extend the current literature by suggesting that a firm’s explorative behavior in terms of technological diversity is the function of industry competition and firm heterogeneities.
Spontaneous Auto‐Immune Disease in NZB/BL Mice

AUTO-IMMUNE phenomena have been recognized as playing a part in a number of human disease processes, although the extent to which auto-immunity has been proved to be of pathogenetic importance is very variable. The most soundly established of auto-immune diseases are certain haematological disorders such as some forms of acquired haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenic purpura (Dacie, 1959). In these there is demonstrable circulating antibody, which is fixed to haemic cells and which can be transferred passively to induce temporary analogous changes in normal individuals (Harrington, Minnich, Hollingsworth and Moore, 1951). Circulating antibodies have also been described in a number of other diseases (Lancet, 1961). Various forms of experimental auto-immune disease have been devised (Waksman, 1959) and more recently the transplantation reaction known as runt disease has been used as an experimental model (Oliner, Schwartz and Dameshek, 1961). However, to date as far as we are aware there has been no description of a naturally occurring auto-immune disease in laboratory animals. The purpose of this paper is to describe a haemolytic syndrome developing spontaneously in a strain of inbred mice. Preliminary communications on this have already been published (Bielschowsky, Helyer and Howie, 1959; Helyer and Howie, 1961).
Addition of a Single gp120 Glycan Confers Increased Binding to Dendritic Cell-Specific ICAM-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin and Neutralization Escape to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

ABSTRACT The potential role of dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) binding in human immunodeficiency virus transmission across the mucosal barrier was investigated by assessing the ability of simian-human immunodeficiency chimeric viruses (SHIVs) showing varying degrees of mucosal transmissibility to bind the DC-SIGN expressed on the surface of transfected cells. We found that gp120 of the highly transmissible, pathogenic CCR5-tropic SHIVSF162P3 bound human and rhesus DC-SIGN with an efficiency threefold or greater than that of gp120 of the nonpathogenic, poorly transmissible parental SHIVSF162, and this increase in binding to the DC-SIGN of the SHIVSF162P3 envelope gp120 translated into an enhancement of T-cell infection in trans. The presence of an additional glycan at the N-terminal base of the V2 loop of SHIVSF162P3 gp120 compared to that of the parental virus was shown to be responsible for the increase in binding to DC-SIGN. Interestingly, this glycan also conferred escape from autologous neutralization, raising the possibility that the modification occurred as a result of immune selection. Our data suggest that more-efficient binding of envelope gp120 to DC-SIGN could be relevant to the enhanced mucosal transmissibility of SHIVSF162P3 compared to that of parental SHIVSF162.
Dysphoric About Dysphoria: Towards a Greater Conceptual Clarity of the Term

Objective: The aim of this study was to conceptualize dysphoria in a way that is clearer, better delineated and more clinically useful, after reviewing its meanings in a variety of psychopathological contexts and the consequent conceptual confusion. Conclusions: The current semantic status of dysphoria is most unsatisfactory. Its definitions are usually too broad or too simplistic and, therefore, not clinically useful. There is no agreement on what the term means. In this article, dysphoria is conceptualized primarily as a complex emotional state, consisting of intense unhappiness/discontent and irritability. In addition, dysphoria is often, though not invariably, accompanied by certain cognitive and behavioural features. This article reviews relationships between dysphoria and related emotional states and various psychiatric disorders, and proposes differentiations that have implications for clinical practice. The role of dysphoria in mixed states within bipolar disorder is particularly in need of further study.
Swedish mothers and fathers of a child diagnosed with cancer A Look at Their Quality of Life

Quality of life was investigated among Swedish mothers (n=118) and fathers (n=83) of children on (n=57) and off (n=68) cancer treatment. Parents completed the Göteborg Quality of Life Instrument, measuring (a) burden of 30 symptoms organized as follows: depression, tension, head, heart–lung, metabolic, musculo-skeletal, and gastrointestinal-urinary symptoms, and (b) experience of well-being with regard to 18 items organized as follows: physical, social, and mental well-being. Fathers reported higher mental well-being than mothers and more mothers than fathers reported symptoms of depression. Within the same family (n=70), mothers reported lower mental well-being and more symptoms than fathers. Parents of children on treatment (n=92) reported lower social and mental well-being and more symptoms of depression than parents with children off treatment (n=101). The findings suggest that fathers experience a better quality of life than mothers and that parents of children off treatment enjoy a better quality of life than parents of children on treatment.
Morphological characteristics and growth performance of F1 hybrids of red junglefowl cocks crossed with Fayoumi or H’mong Hens

Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) is considered as the direct ancestor of domesticated chickens. There is a wide speculation on the on-going gene flow between Red Junglefowls in the wild and some neigbouring native chicken populations in South and Southeast Asia. This may challenge the reliability of specific morphological markers to differentiate them and may have implications on the utility value of Red Junglefowls in the genetic improvement for disease resistance and adaptive traits of domestic chickens. The intensive monitoring and measurements of morphological and morphometric characteristics of 100 F1 hybrid birds each from two mating groups involving Red Junglefowl cocks crossing with Fayoumi or H'mong hens were performed from day-old chicks to 12-week-old pullets in this study. The morphological data showed that the typical down feather pattern in striped phenotype as for camouflage, that is critical to the survival of Red Junglefowls in the wild, was not observed in any hybrid chick, suggesting that this specific phenotype is likely controlled by a recessive allele and thus a morphological marker for the identification of true Red Junglefowls in their early development stages or life. The high survival rate and improved growth performance of the two F1 hybrid groups demonstrated the potential value of Red Junglefowls in reconstituting the genetic diversity and possibly improving the adaptability of domestic chickens. Therefore the unique wild relative resources that are able to survive in the increasingly fragmented jungles in South and Southeast Asia warrant further exploration and great attention for in situ conservation and sustainable exploitation.
Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS): a review of surgical procedures using stents

Over the last decade several novel surgical treatment options and devices for glaucoma have been developed. All these developments aim to cause as little trauma as possible to the eye, to safely, effectively, and sustainably reduce intraocular pressure (IOP), to produce reproducible results, and to be easy to adopt. The term “micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS)” was used for summarizing all these procedures. Currently MIGS is gaining more and more interest and popularity. The possible reduction of the number of glaucoma medications, the ab interno approach without damaging the conjunctival tissue, and the probably safer procedures compared to incisional surgical methods may explain the increased interest in MIGS. The use of glaucoma drainage implants for lowering IOP in difficult-to-treat patients has been established for a long time, however, a variety of new glaucoma micro-stents are being manufactured by using various materials and are available to increase aqueous outflow via different pathways. This review summarizes published results of randomized clinical studies and extensive case report series on these devices, including Schlemm’s canal stents (iStent®, iStent® inject, Hydrus), suprachoroidal stents (CyPass®, iStent® Supra), and subconjunctival stents (XEN). The article summarizes the findings of published material on efficacy and safety for each of these approaches.
Factors Motivating Mergers and Acquisitions in Kenya: Case of Firms Listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange

The study sought to investigate the factors motivating mergers and acquisitions among firms listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange. A descriptive survey was undertaken. The population of the study was all the firms listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange that had participated in mergers and acquisitions, whose number stood at five (5) as at June 2011. A census of all these firms was conducted. Primary data was collected from the Heads of Finance function with the aid of semi-structured questionnaires that were administered by drop-and-pick method. The data pertaining to profile of the respondents and their respective organizations was analyzed using content analysis. Data pertaining to the study objectives of the study was conducted using descriptive statistics, which includes measures of central tendency, measures of variability and measures of frequency among others. Findings of the study further show that the following are the factors motivating mergers and acquisitions among firms listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange (according to the importance attached to each factor) are: acquisition of specific assets; economies of scale; managerial motives; risk reduction; decrease in cost of capital; and economies of scope. The findings also show that other factors motivating mergers and acquisitions among firms listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange (according to the importance attached to each factor) are: financial synergy; diversification; operation synergy; human capital; customer capital; and good growth prospects. The findings also indicate that mergers and acquisitions is a source of synergy, the cost reduction that occurs as a result of a corporate combination and the ability of a firm to utilize one set of inputs to provide a broader range of products and services.
The Role of Board Characteristics in Effective Corporate Governance: The Case of Airbus Group

Recent financial crises, economic collapses, and the fall of giant corporations due to accounting fraud and governance irregularities has brought corporate governance to the limelight especially with regard to the role of the board of directors. The board of directors is charged with monitoring and advising management and likewise providing strategic direction for the corporation. Board characteristics are instrumental towards the effective implementation of corporate governance principles in firms. This study evaluates the influence of board characteristics of; board composition and independence, board size, board diversity, board meetings and committee structure on effective corporate governance practices in Airbus group. This paper adopts a qualitative approach through which secondary data obtained from the corporate governance report of the board of directors for 2015 is analyzed. The findings of the study highlight the significance of key board characteristics features in ensuring effective corporate governance practices. Therefore the implication of this study is for corporations to apply recommended board characteristic features which serve as a catalyst towards effective corporate governance in corporations.
Phenotypic characterization of Class III patients.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to characterize the convergences of dentofacial form of skeletal Class III malocclusion in individuals to test the fundamental hypothesis that there are distinct subtypes of Class III malocclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS A detailed phenotypic characterization was performed on a retrospective cohort of 309 subjects using cluster and principal component analyses on 67 cephalometric variables. RESULTS The results indicated that there are five clusters representing distinct subphenotypes. The principal component analysis suggested that the groupings of variables reflect anteroposterior and vertical dimensions rather than specific craniofacial structures. This may ultimately suggest that different genes are involved in controlling dimension vs structures. CONCLUSIONS Our phenotypic dissection of Class III malocclusion established distinct subtypes in a large sample of patients and will ultimately provide the basis for future familial studies to identify a causative gene.
Morphogenesis and Dynamics of the Yeast Golgi Apparatus

A kinetic and morphometric study was conducted with the electron microscope to clarify the biogenesis and structural diversity of the Golgi apparatus in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Secretion was synchronized by inhibiting protein synthesis and/or by subjecting thermosensitive secretory mutants to double temperature shifts. Five membrane‐bounded structures disappeared or reappeared in an orderly manner at approximately the rate of secretory protein flow. 1) The first detectable post‐ER intermediates were very short‐lived clusters of small vesicles that appeared next to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 2) Their constituent small vesicles were rapidly bridged by membrane tubules in a SEC18‐dependent manner, giving short‐lived tubular clusters of small vesicles, analogous to mammalian vesicular‐tubular clusters. 3) Fine and 4) large nodular networks (coated with the Golgi protein Sec7), and 5) secretory granules. Upon relieving a secretory block, each structure successively reappeared, seemingly by transformation of the previous one. When no secretory cargo was to be transported, these structures were not renewed. They disappeared more than five times faster than some Golgi enzymes such as Och1p, implying that the latter are recycled and perhaps partially retained. Retention could arise from intra‐compartmental flow of cargo/carrier, hinted at by the varying calibers within a single nodular network.