Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lung metastasis genes couple breast tumor size and metastatic spread

The association between large tumor size and metastatic risk in a majority of clinical cancers has led to questions as to whether these observations are causally related or whether one is simply a marker for the other. This is partly due to an uncertainty about how metastasis-promoting gene expression changes can arise in primary tumors. We investigated this question through the analysis of a previously defined “lung metastasis gene-expression signature” (LMS) that mediates experimental breast cancer metastasis selectively to the lung and is expressed by primary human breast cancer with a high risk for developing lung metastasis. Experimentally, we demonstrate that the LMS promotes primary tumor growth that enriches for LMS+ cells, and it allows for intravasation after reaching a critical tumor size. Clinically, this corresponds to LMS+ tumors being larger at diagnosis compared with LMS− tumors and to a marked rise in the incidence of metastasis after LMS+ tumors reach 2 cm. Patients with LMS-expressing primary tumors selectively fail in the lung compared with the bone or other visceral sites and have a worse overall survival. The mechanistic linkage between metastasis gene expression, accelerated tumor growth, and likelihood of metastatic recurrence provided by the LMS may help to explain observations of prognostic gene signatures in primary cancer and how tumor growth can both lead to metastasis and be a marker for cells destined to metastasize.
Epidemiology and Predictors of Mortality in Cases of Candida Bloodstream Infection: Results from Population-Based Surveillance, Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003

ABSTRACT We conducted population-based surveillance for Candida bloodstream infections in Spain to determine its incidence, the extent of antifungal resistance, and risk factors for mortality. A case was defined as the first positive blood culture for any Candida spp. in a resident of Barcelona, from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2003. We defined early mortality as occurring between days 3 to 7 after candidemia and late mortality as occurring between days 8 to 30. We detected 345 cases of candidemia, for an average annual incidence of 4.3 cases/100,000 population, 0.53 cases/1,000 hospital discharges, and 0.73 cases/10,000 patient-days. Outpatients comprised 11% of the cases, and 89% had a central venous catheter (CVC) at diagnosis. Overall mortality was 44%. Candida albicans was the most frequent species (51% of cases), followed by Candida parapsilosis (23%), Candida tropicalis (10%), Candida glabrata (8%), Candida krusei (4%), and other species (3%). Twenty-four isolates (7%) had decreased susceptibility to fluconazole (MIC ≥ 16 μg/ml). On multivariable analysis, early death was independently associated with hematological malignancy (odds ratio [OR], 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 10.4). Treatment with antifungals (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.2) and removal of CVCs (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.9) were protective factors for early death. Receiving adequate treatment, defined as having CVCs removed and administration of an antifungal medication (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.8), was associated with lower odds of late mortality; intubation (OR, 7.5; 95% CI, 2.6 to 21.1) was associated with higher odds. The incidence of candidemia and prevalence of fluconazole resistance are similar to other European countries, indicating that routine antifungal susceptibility testing is not warranted. Antifungal medication and catheter removal are critical in preventing mortality.
Correlation of an expanded direct fluorescent-antibody system with an established passive hemagglutination system for serogrouping strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli

Rabbits were inoculated with whole, formalinized cells from eight passive hemagglutination reference strains of Campylobacter. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled immunoglobulin G from these antisera defined seven new direct fluorescent-antibody serogroups of C. jejuni and one new serogroup of C. coli. This expanded the Campylobacter direct fluorescent antibody system to include 17 serogroups of C. jejuni, 3 serogroups of C. coli, and 2 serogroups of C. fetus. We then compared the passive hemagglutination method (57 serotypes) and the direct fluorescent-antibody method (20 serogroups) for typing strains of C. jejuni and C. coli. The data obtained by testing 101 strains by both methods revealed that the two test systems were measuring completely different sets of antigen complexes. The two serogrouping methods were complementary, and their combined use discriminated among strains more effectively than did either method individually.
Post‐mating prezygotic barriers to gene exchange between hybridizing field crickets

Studies of sexual selection in speciation have traditionally focused on mate preference, with less attention given to traits that act between copulation and fertilization. However, recent work suggests that post‐mating prezygotic barriers may play an important role in speciation. Here, we evaluate the role of such barriers in the field crickets, Gryllus firmus and Gryllus pennsylvanicus. Gryllus pennsylvanicus females mated with G. firmus males produce viable, fertile offspring, but when housed with both species produce offspring sired primarily by conspecifics. We evaluate patterns of sperm utilization in doubly mated G. pennsylvanicus females and find no evidence for conspecific sperm precedence. The reciprocal cross (G. firmus female × G. pennsylvanicus male) produces no progeny. Absence of progeny reflects a barrier to fertilization rather than reduced sperm transfer, storage or motility. We propose a classification scheme for mechanisms underlying post‐mating prezygotic barriers similar to that used for premating barriers.
Acute alcohol withdrawal accompanied by posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME (PRES) is a reversible encephalopathy, characterized by headaches, convulsions, and visual disturbances. It is associated with vasogenic edema and is predominantly attributable to hypertension and some medical treatments. Several cases of PRES have been reported in patients with alcoholism. In one case, acute alcohol withdrawal (AAW) was suggested as a potential cause. We present a case of AAW accompanied by PRES. A 28-year-old woman was admitted because of acute pancreatitis on day 0. Other than drinking heavily for 2 years, her medical history was unremarkable. She was conscious during admission with a blood pressure of 112/82 mmHg. Physical examination revealed finger tremors and excess sweating. Blood tests showed increased hepatic and pancreatic enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, 509 IU/L; alanine aminotransferase, 157 IU/L; alkaline phosphatase, 416 IU/L; amylase, 419 U/L; lipase, 933 IU/L) and elevated serum C-reactive protein and blood glucose levels (0.5 mg/dl and 186 mg/dl, respectively). The B vitamins were sufficient (B1, 28 ng/mL; B12, 1040 pg/mL). Gabexate (300 mg/day), ulinastatin (50 000 units/day), and ranitidine (100 mg/day) were administered intravenously to treat acute pancreatitis. Convulsions began 8 h after admission, followed by acute delirium. Emergency computed tomography revealed no abnormalities. On day 1, she was referred for liaison consultation. She experienced confusion, disorientation, visual hallucinations, and occasional agitation. It was approximately 1–3 days since her last drink had been consumed. Under the tentative diagnosis of AAW, diazepam (10 mg/ day) and nitrazepam (5 mg/day) were administered, and the convulsions disappeared. On day 3, T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed hyperintensities on cortical and subcortical regions in both the parietal and the frontal lobes, and subcortical regions in the left occipital and temporal lobe were also involved. Apparent diffusion coefficient maps showed high signals in these regions, suggesting they were vasogenic edemas. She became alert and showed no signs of delirium on day 3. Electroencephalography showed no epileptic discharges on day 6. On day 7, her general physical condition improved and food intake was permitted. On day 16, follow-up MRI showed no findings of PRES. She was discharged on day 17. The patient was regarded as a typical case of AAW. Her transient symptoms and neuroradiological findings were consistent with PRES, and given that other causes of PRES (e.g. hypertension) were not found, we concluded that AAW was the underlying cause. Several cases of alcoholism accompanied by PRES, and with no history of hypertension, have been reported. In one study, McKinney et al. suggested that PRES was due to AAW. This case study supports the hypothesis that AAW is one of the potential causes of PRES.
USE OF MEDETOMIDINE-ZOLAZEPAM-TILETAMINE WITH AND WITHOUT ATIPAMEZOLE REVERSAL TO IMMOBILIZE CAPTIVE CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS

From June 1998 to August 1999, 39 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) were immobilized at a rehabilitation center in northern California (USA) using medetomidine plus zolazepam and tiletamine (MZT), alone and in combination with isoflurane, with atipamezole reversal. Animals were given 70 μg/kg medetomidine with 1 mg/kg of a 1:1 solution of tiletamine and zolazepam intramuscularly. Mean (±SD) time to maximal effect was 5 ± 3 min. At the end of the procedure, animals were given 200 μg/kg atipamezole intramuscularly. Immobilization and recovery times were, respectively, 28 ± 18 and 9 ± 7 min for 15 animals maintained with MZT alone and 56 ± 47 and 9 ± 6 min for 18 animals intubated and maintained with isoflurane. One mortality occurred during anesthesia. Other disadvantages of the MZT combination included some prolonged ataxia, weakness and disorientation during recovery. However, the use of MZT resulted in faster induction and a more reliable plane of anesthesia that was reversible with atipamezole and safer than other previously used intramuscular agents. Physiological parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, pulse oximeter saturation, and end-tidal carbon dioxide were monitored.
Health-related Quality of Life Before and During Adjuvant Interferon-&agr; Treatment for Patients With Malignant Melanoma (DeCOG-Trial)

Adjuvant treatment with interferon-&agr; (IFN-&agr;) for patients with malignant melanoma can improve relapse-free and overall survival, but IFN-associated side effects may reduce patient's quality of life. The aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with melanoma before and during Low-Dose IFN-&agr; therapy. In a prospective multicenter trial conducted by the Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group, 850 patients with cutaneous stage II malignant melanoma received a standard Low-Dose of IFN-&agr;-2a. We evaluated HRQoL using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core 30 questionnaire at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months of IFN-&agr; treatment in 282 patients. Nine of 15 subscales showed significant poorer results after 3 months of adjuvant IFN treatment. Symptoms included reduced physical functioning, reduced cognitive functioning, fatigue, nausea, pain, dyspnea, insomnia, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. We did not find a significant change over time for role, emotional, or social functioning. Only cognitive functioning and dyspnea continuously worsened through the twelfth month. At baseline women had significantly lower scores for physical and emotional functioning and for fatigue compared with men. During treatment, women scored significantly poorer on physical functioning, emotional functioning, fatigue, pain, and constipation subscales. Patients who reported having a bad or very bad QoL before treatment were 5.8 times more likely to discontinue treatment early because of psychiatric problems. We conclude that adjuvant low-dose IFN treatment is associated with significant deterioration of HRQoL. Specific psychosocial care should be offered especially for patients who report lower HRQoL and emotional problems before treatment to prevent early discontinuation.
TAK‐228 (formerly MLN0128), an investigational oral dual TORC1/2 inhibitor: A phase I dose escalation study in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, or Waldenström's macroglobulinemia

The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways are frequently dysregulated in multiple human cancers, including multiple myeloma (MM), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM). This was the first clinical study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, maximal‐tolerated dose (MTD), dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT), pharmacokinetics, and preliminary clinical activity of TAK‐228, an oral TORC1/2 inhibitor, in patients with MM, NHL, or WM. Thirty‐nine patients received TAK‐228 once daily (QD) at 2, 4, 6, or 7 mg, or QD for 3 days on and 4 days off each week (QDx3d QW) at 9 or 12 mg, in 28‐day cycles. The overall median age was 61.0 years (range 46–85); 31 patients had MM, four NHL, and four WM. Cycle 1 DLTs occurred in five QD patients (stomatitis, urticaria, blood creatinine elevation, fatigue, and nausea and vomiting) and four QDx3d QW patients (erythematous rash, fatigue, asthenia, mucosal inflammation, and thrombocytopenia). The MTDs were determined to be 4 mg QD and 9 mg QDx3d QW. Thirty‐six patients (92%) reported at least one drug‐related toxicity; the most common grade ≥3 drug‐related toxicities were thrombocytopenia (15%), fatigue (10%), and neutropenia (5%). TAK‐228 exhibited a dose‐dependent increase in plasma exposure and no appreciable accumulation with repeat dosing; mean plasma elimination half‐life was 6–8 hr. Of the 33 response‐evaluable patients, one MM patient had a minimal response, one WM patient achieved partial response, one WM patient had a minor response, and 18 patients (14 MM, two NHL, and two WM) had stable disease. These findings encourage further studies including combination strategies. Am. J. Hematol. 91:400–405, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Angiotensin II, hypertension and angiotensin II receptor antagonism: Roles in the behavioural and brain pathology of a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Elevated angiotensin II causes hypertension and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease by affecting cerebral blood flow. Angiotensin II receptor blockers may provide candidates to reduce (vascular) risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. We studied effects of two months of angiotensin II-induced hypertension on systolic blood pressure, and treatment with the angiotensin II receptor blockers, eprosartan mesylate, after one month of induced hypertension in wild-type C57bl/6j and AβPPswe/PS1ΔE9 (AβPP/PS1/Alzheimer’s disease) mice. AβPP/PS1 showed higher systolic blood pressure than wild-type. Subsequent eprosartan mesylate treatment restored this elevated systolic blood pressure in all mice. Functional connectivity was decreased in angiotensin II-infused Alzheimer’s disease and wild-type mice, and only 12 months of Alzheimer’s disease mice showed impaired cerebral blood flow. Only angiotensin II-infused Alzheimer’s disease mice exhibited decreased spatial learning in the Morris water maze. Altogether, angiotensin II-induced hypertension not only exacerbated Alzheimer’s disease-like pathological changes such as impairment of cerebral blood flow, functional connectivity, and cognition only in Alzheimer’s disease model mice, but it also induced decreased functional connectivity in wild-type mice. However, we could not detect hypertension-induced overexpression of Aβ nor increased neuroinflammation. Our findings suggest a link between midlife hypertension, decreased cerebral hemodynamics and connectivity in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Eprosartan mesylate treatment restored and beneficially affected cerebral blood flow and connectivity. This model could be used to investigate prevention/treatment strategies in early Alzheimer’s disease.
Study of Blighted Ovum by Ultrasonic and Histopathologic Methods

The value of histopathologic examination was estimated in 60 abortions at 8 to 16 weeks' gestation. The diagnosis of blighted ovum had previously been made by careful ultrasonic examination. In the histopathologic examination of the villous tissue the criteria of pathologic or probably pathologic ovum were fulfilled in 55% of the cases. The evaluated retention time of the uterine contents was 1 week or more in 73%. The practical value of histopathologic and ultrasonic examination in the diagnosis of blighted ovum has been discussed.
Changes in smoking prevalence and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among adults in Łódź, Poland.

UNLABELLED Comprehensive monitoring informs the stakeholders about the level of tobacco epidemic and helps to allocate tobacco control resources where they are most needed and will be most effective. The aim of the paper was to evaluate the prevalence of daily cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure among adult citizens of Łódz area in Poland between year 2001 and 2010 by selected characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS For the purpose of the presented analysis, data were used from 3 cross-sectional studies on randomly-selected 3,874 adults from the Łódź area, conducted in 2001, 2005 and 2010. Changes in the rates between the surveys were assessed by odds ratio. RESULTS Smoking prevalence remained stable but high between 2001-2010. There was an inverse relationship between smoking prevalence and educational level for both genders (p for trend ≤0.01) in each survey. For men in all surveys, the prevalence of current daily tobacco smoking decreased with increased income (p for trend ≤0.01), and also for women in the 2009-2010 survey (p for trend =0.03). The statistically significant changes for the comparison of 2001 and 2005 surveys were observed for exposure to ETS (p<0.001). Percentages of men and women who declared exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at least one hour per day decreased significantly. Furthermore, the proportion of people who declared exposure to ETS decreased with the increasing age of participants (p for trend ≤0.005), level of education for men in both surveys, and for women in the 2001 survey (p for trend ≤0.003), and income for both men and women in the 2001 survey (p for trend <0.001). CONCLUSION Established, long-term tobacco surveillance systems of smoking and ETS exposure, based on nationally and locally representative samples, are necessary in Poland.
Family function in families with children of normal height and in families with short children

The purpose of this study was to examine any differences regarding cohesion and adaptability between Swedish families with children of normal stature (group A) and those with children of short stature (group B). Cohesion and adaptability were measured using a Swedish translation of the third version of the self‐report questionnaire FACES (Family Adaptability and Cohesion, Evaluation Scales). Most of the 55 families in group A and most of the 49 families in group B appeared to be well balanced with regard to cohesion and adaptability. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups concerning the variable cohesion. Significant differences were found in adaptability: fathers in group A had higher values than mothers in group A and than mothers and fathers in group B.
Relation between ectopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty and activity of general inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Ectopic ossification (EO) is a well known complication after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Some previous studies have considered ankylosing spondylitis (AS) a risk factor of EO, however other studies have refuted this association.1 The reported incidence of EO varies widely in different series.2 We retrospectively studied a total of 20 primary THAs in 16 Japanese patients with definite AS. The age of the patients at surgery ranged from 30 to 64 years (mean 45). All THAs apart from three cases were performed using bone cement. Surgical exposure was achieved by the posterolateral approach. The length of follow up averaged 93 months (range 29 to 148). Compared with the incidence of EO in AS …
Repetitive behaviors in Tourette Syndrome and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Magalhaes Lemos, Porto, Portugal Psychiatry Department, Centro Hospitalar Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Portugal Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto, Portugal Department of Neurology Hospital Pedro Hispano/ULS Matosinhos, Matosinhos, Portugal Center for Neurosciences, CUF Porto, Porto, Portugal
Nutrition in the severely-injured patient ’ The scientific basis of immunonutrition †

Abbreviations: EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; GSH, glutathione; IL, interleukin; LT, leukotriene; NOS, NO synthase; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome. *Corresponding author: Dr U. Suchner, present address Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH, Else-Kröner-Strasse 1, 61352 Bad Homburg v.d. H. , Germany, fax +49 6172 686 5505, email ulrich.suchner@fresenius-kabi.com †The other papers presented at this meeting were published in Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2000) 59 no. 3. CAB InternationalPNSProceedings of the Nutrition Society (2000)© Nutrition Society 2000 59 PNS 00-054Nutrition in the severely-injured pa e tU. Suchneret al.553 563 11© Nu rition Society 2000 A joint meeting of the Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Group of the Nutrition Society and the British Association of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition was held at the Bournemouth International Centre on 7–9 December 1999
What can selection experiments teach us about fisheries‐induced evolution?

There is evidence that fisheries are altering the phenotypic composition of fish populations, often in ways that may reduce the value of fish stocks for the exploiters. Despite the increasing number of theoretical and field studies, there is still debate as to whether these changes are genetic, can be reversed, and are occurring rapidly enough to be considered in fisheries management. We review the contribution that selection experiments have already provided with respect to the study of the evolutionary effect of fisheries, identify issues that still require more study, and outline future directions for doing so. Selection experiments have already been crucial in showing that harvesting can lead to phenotypic and genetic evolution over relatively short time frames. Furthermore, the experiments have shown the changes involve many other traits than those under direct selection, and that these changes tend to have population-level consequences, including a decreasing fisheries yield. However, experiments focused on fisheries-induced evolution that fulfil all our requirements are still lacking. Future studies should have more controlled and realistic set-ups and assess genetic changes in maturation and growth (i.e. traits most often reported to change) to be more relevant to exploited populations in the wild.
Observer Design for a Class of Discrete-time Nonlinear Systems

Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented under which a discrete-time autonomous system with outputs is locally diffeomorphic to an output-scaled linear observable system or an output-scaled nonlinear system in the observer form. As a consequence of such characterizations, the nonlinear observer design problem is studied for a broader class of discrete-time nonlinear systems by using the exact linearization technique that is based on the differential geometric approach.