Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stress physiology and developmental psychopathology: Past, present, and future

Abstract Research on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis has emerged as a vital area within the field of developmental psychopathology in the past 25 years. Extensive animal research has provided knowledge of the substrates and physiological mechanisms that guide development of stress reactivity and regulation using methods that are not feasible in humans. Recent advances in understanding the anatomy and physiology of the HPA axis in humans and its interactions with other stress-mediating systems, including accurate assessment of salivary cortisol, more sophisticated neuroimaging methods, and a variety of genetic analyses, have led to greater knowledge of how psychological and biological processes impact functioning. A growing body of research on HPA axis regulation and reactivity in relation to psychopathology has drawn increased focus on the prenatal period, infancy, and the pubertal transition as potentially sensitive periods of stress system development in children. Theories such as the allostatic load model have guided research by integrating multiple physiological systems and mechanisms by which stress can affect mental and physical health. However, almost none of the prominent theoretical models in stress physiology are truly developmental, and future work must incorporate how systems interact with the environment across the life span in normal and atypical development. Our theoretical advancement will depend on our ability to integrate biological and psychological models. Researchers are increasingly realizing the importance of communication across disciplinary boundaries in order to understand how experiences influence neurobehavioral development. It is important that knowledge gained over the past 25 years has been translated to prevention and treatment interventions, and we look forward to the dissemination of interventions that promote recovery from adversity.
Improvement of Negative Bias Temperature Instability by Stress Proximity Technique

The stress proximity technique (SPT) is found to improve negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) in p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors significantly. A first-principles calculation is carried out to examine the effect of strain on NBTI, and a process simulation is conducted to determine the change in stress profile in the device induced by SPT. The first-principles calculation shows that a larger strain leads to higher NBTI degradation. On the other hand, the process simulation shows that, although the compressive stress along the channel direction is enhanced by SPT, the vertical tensile stress is greatly reduced by SPT. The larger reduction in stress along the vertical direction is believed to be responsible for the improvement of NBTI by SPT.
In Silico Identification of Epitopes in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Proteins That Were Upregulated under Stress Conditions

ABSTRACT Johne's disease in ruminants is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Diagnosis of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection is difficult, especially in the early stages. To date, ideal antigen candidates are not available for efficient immunization or immunodiagnosis. This study reports the in silico selection and subsequent analysis of epitopes of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins that were found to be upregulated under stress conditions as a means to identify immunogenic candidate proteins. Previous studies have reported differential regulation of proteins when M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is exposed to stressors which induce a response similar to dormancy. Dormancy may be involved in evading host defense mechanisms, and the host may also mount an immune response against these proteins. Twenty-five M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins that were previously identified as being upregulated under in vitro stress conditions were analyzed for B and T cell epitopes by use of the prediction tools at the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource. Major histocompatibility complex class I T cell epitopes were predicted using an artificial neural network method, and class II T cell epitopes were predicted using the consensus method. Conformational B cell epitopes were predicted from the relevant three-dimensional structure template for each protein. Based on the greatest number of predicted epitopes, eight proteins (MAP2698c [encoded by desA2], MAP2312c [encoded by fadE19], MAP3651c [encoded by fadE3_2], MAP2872c [encoded by fabG5_2], MAP3523c [encoded by oxcA], MAP0187c [encoded by sodA], and the hypothetical proteins MAP3567 and MAP1168c) were identified as potential candidates for study of antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses within infected hosts.
Extracellular matrix composition modulates angiosarcoma cell attachment and proliferation

Angiosarcoma is a rare and generally fatal tumor composed of aberrant cells of endothelial origin. Because of its infrequency in humans, very little is known about the growth requirements of this vascular sarcoma. Unlike the rapidly proliferating solid tumors from which they are isolated from, many of the established angiosarcoma cell lines exhibit less than robust growth in culture and often fail to form tumors in xenograft models. In order to better understand angiosarcoma in vitro growth conditions, we focused on a singular aspect of their culture—adhesion to the extracellular matrix—in order to identify attachment substrates that may facilitate and/or enhance their growth in tissue culture. Our data indicates that the extracellular matrix of angiosarcomas contains similar protein compositions to that of non-diseased endothelial cells. Moreover, angiosarcoma cell lines exhibited strong attachment preference to substrates such as collagen I or fibronectin, and less preference to collagen IV, laminin, or tropoelastin. Growth on preferred extracellular matrix substrates promoted mitogenic signaling and increased proliferation of angiosarcoma cell lines. These findings provide insight that may lead to more successful in vitro growth of angiosarcoma cell lines.
Toward a Better Understanding of Brain Lesions during Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Evolution

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The prospect of new therapies in MLD stresses the need to refine the indications for treatment. The aim of this study was, therefore, to perform a detailed analysis of MRI brain lesions at diagnosis and follow-up, to better understand the natural history of MLD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective case-control study (2005–2010) looked at 13 patients with MLD (2–5 years of age) with 28 MRIs (mean follow-up, 2 years), compared with 39 age- and sex-matched controls. All MRIs were evaluated qualitatively and semiquantitatively. The Student t test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis (P < .05). RESULTS: In addition to diffuse symmetric supratentorial WM T2 hyperintensities with a tigroid pattern (70%) and T2 hyperintensities in the CC (100%) and internal capsules (46%), we found significant GM abnormalities such as thalamic T2 hypointensity (92%), thalamic (23%, P < .05, EJ) and caudate nuclei (23%, P < .05, EJ) atrophy, and cerebellar atrophy without WM involvement (15%). The pattern of splenium involvement progression was misleading, with initially diffuse high signal intensity, which later became curvilinear before finally progressing to atrophy (23%, P < .05; EJ). This should not be mistaken for a disease regression. Spectroscopy confirmed a decrease in the NAA/Cr ratio, an increase in the Cho/Cr ratio and in myo-inositol, and a lactate resonance. CONCLUSIONS: Thalamic changes may be a common finding in MLD, raising the prospect of primary GM lesions. This may prove important when evaluating the efficacy of new treatments.
EFFECTIVE USE OF TEA TO LIMIT DIETARY IRON AVAILABLE TO STARLINGS (STURNUS VULGARIS)

Abstract Wild-caught starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were fed an iron-enriched diet, with or without supplemental black tea leaves, to determine whether tea-derived tannins would prevent intestinal iron absorption. Hepatic biopsies were obtained to determine hepatic iron concentrations by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Hepatic iron concentrations increased significantly (P = 0.04) in 21 birds that consumed only the iron-enriched diet for 6 mo but not in the 20 birds that consumed the iron-enriched diet with tea leaf supplementation for the same time period.
Homocysteine and tissue factor pathway inhibitor levels in patients with Fabry's disease

Ebels T. Procoagulant activity after off-pump coronary operation: is the current anticoagulation adequate? Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 67: 1370–5. 7 Murkin JM, Newman SP, Stump DA, Blumenthal JA. Statement of consensus on assessment of neurobehavioral outcomes after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 59: 1289–95. 8 Stump DA. Selection and clinical significance of neuropsychologic tests. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 59: 1340–4. 9 Kim KB, Lim C, Lee C, Chae IH, Oh BH, Lee MM, Park YB. Offpump coronary artery bypass may decrease the patency of saphenous vein grafts. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72: S1033–7. 10 Nierich AP, Diephuis J, Jansen EW, Borst C, Knape JT. Heart displacement during off-pump CABG: how well is it tolerated? Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 466–472. 11 Kapetanakis EI, Stamou SC, Dullum MK, Hill PC, Haile E, Boyce SW, Bafi AS, Petro KR, Corso PJ. The impact of aortic manipulation on neurologic outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery: a riskadjusted study. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78: 1564–71. 12 van Dijk D, Moons KG, Keizer AM, Jansen EW, Hijman R, Diephuis JC, Borst C, de Jaegere PP, Grobbee DE, Kalkman CJ. Association between early and three month cognitive outcome after off-pump and on-pump coronary bypass surgery.Heart 2004; 90: 431– 4.
Pharmacoproteomic analysis of prechemotherapy and postchemotherapy plasma samples from patients receiving neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma

In this study, proteomic changes were examined in response to paclitaxel chemotherapy or 5‐fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) chemotherapy in plasma from patients with Stage I–III breast carcinoma. The authors also compared the plasma profiles of patients with cancer with the plasma profiles of healthy women to identify breast carcinoma–associated protein markers.
The physiology of the mammalian urinary outflow tract

Urinary outflow from the mammalian bladder occurs through the urethra. This outflow tract is a complicated structure composed of striated and smooth muscle and vascular urothelium. It is controlled by somatic and autonomic nerves and has several functions: it generates sustained tone to prevent urinary leakage during bladder filling; it generates transient reflex increases in pressure to prevent opening of the lumen when abdominal pressure rises; it undergoes relaxation preceding micturition and can generate urethral opening and shortening during micturition. A urethral pressure profile shows a peak pressure of ≥ 100 cmH2O. The outermost coat is striated muscle, the striated or external sphincter. The fibres are predominantly circularly oriented. The extent varies in different species and between sexes. In the human female it extends the length of the urethra, and is composed mainly of slow twitch fibres. In the male, the sphincter extends from the membranous urethra over the base of the prostate and has nearly equal numbers of slow and fast twitch fibres. In both sexes, the posterior border may be deficient in striated muscle, and filled by circularly oriented smooth muscle. Activity in the slow twitch fibres through somatic nerves may be continuous during bladder filling. Outer circular and inner longitudinal smooth muscle is present Strips from either layer will generate sustained tone particularly if dissected from the high pressure zone. This tone is myogenic, and may be achieved in the absence of action potentials, but relies on influx of calcium through L‐type calcium channels. Both layers receive sympathetic and parasympathetic excitatory innervation and nitrergic inhibitory innervation. Normal urethral pressure requires blood flow to the urothelium (lamina propria). Striated and smooth muscles are both thought to contribute to the resting urethral pressure in the human. The precise role of the smooth muscles during micturition is as yet unresolved.
Two Inventories for the Measurement of Psychopathology: Dimensions and Common Factorial Space on Millon's Clinical and Eysenck's General Personality Scales

A same-day administration of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to 325 male and 531 female clients allowed study of the psychometric properties of both instruments. Clients scoring low on Eysencks' Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and the Lie scale significantly differed from their high-scoring peers on many mean scores for the 20 Millon scales. Midrange scorers on the four Eysenck scales differed from extreme scorers on some Millon scales. A principal axis factor analysis accounted for over 80% of the total variance by four roots, tentatively identified as (1) Deviant Arousal; (2) for women, Deviant Socializing, for men, Self-protective Delusions; (3) for women, Self-protective Aloofness, for men, Deviant Socializing; and (4) Unusual Perceptions of Self. A noteworthy finding was that the factorial space is shared by Millon's categorical (psychiatric) variables and Eysenck's empirico-psychological constructs. Reported findings supported our assumptions about the quantitative rather than qualitative structure of human psychopathology as measured by the Millon and Eysenck scales. Both inventories complement each other by having shown dissimilar sensitivities and discriminative powers. A replication of our findings is necessary before employing the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire as a screening instrument in clinical settings.
Attractants for the Green June Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate lures for adult green June beetles, Cotinis nitida (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), for future use in a mass trapping program. Volatile organic compounds collected from headspace of green June beetles feeding on fermenting ripe apple (Malus spp.), the natural lure that elicits feeding aggregations, were identified and confirmed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Yellow funnel traps baited with 91% isopropanol or the five component blend were equally effective in eliciting aggregation behavior and often more attractive to green June beetles than the natural lure. In 2008, three trap lines adjacent and parallel to the perimeter of two vineyards, each with 12 Xpando yellow funnel traps baited with either 91% isopropanol or the five component blend, differed in catch of green June beetles across sample dates, and sample date by bait interaction but there were no differences among these two baits. A season total of 324,007 green June beetle were captured by these 36 baited traps. A brief review is included of fermentation volatiles attractive to insects. We conclude with the potential cost to use mass trapping against adult green June beetles.
Special Issue: Trust in an Organizational Context: Trust as an Organizing Principle

Although research on trust in an organizational context has advanced considerably in recent years, the literature has yet to produce a set of generalizable propositions that inform our understanding of the organization and coordination of work. We propose that conceptualizing trust as an organizing principle is a powerful way of integrating the diverse trust literature and distilling generalizable implications for how trust affects organizing. We develop the notion of trust as an organizing principle by specifying structuring and mobilizing as two sets of causal pathways through which trust influences several important properties of organizations. We further describe specific mechanisms within structuring and mobilizing that influence interaction patterns and organizational processes. The principal aim of the framework is to advance the literature by connecting the psychological and sociological micro-foundations of trust with the macro-bases of organizing. The paper concludes by demonstrating how the framework can be applied to yield novel insights into traditional views of organizations and to stimulate original and innovative avenues of organizational research that consider both the benefits and downsides of trust.
Context effects on young children’s language use: The influence of conversational setting and partner

This article reports on two studies investigating the effect of contextual variables on young children’s language use in conversation. In Study 1, 20 children between age 1;5 and 2;2 were recorded in conversation with their mothers in three settings: mealtime, toy play, and book reading. In Study 2, 16 children between age 1;9 and 3;0 were recorded in dyadic toy play interaction with three different conversational partners: a 5-year-old older sibling, an 8-year-old older sibling, and their mother. Both studies found effects of the contextual variable on children’s vocabulary use and discourse cohesion.The children used a richer vocabulary and produced more topic-continuing contributions in book reading than in other contexts, and they used a richer vocabulary and produced more responses to questions in conversation with their mothers than in conversation with their older siblings. Despite mean effects of context, there was cross-context stability in the individual differences among children.
Evidence of Poorer Survival in Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer

OBJECTIVE: To compare stage distribution, tumor characteristics, and survival outcome in pregnancy-associated and non–pregnancy-associated breast cancer, and to evaluate pregnancy as a risk factor for mortality in breast cancer. METHODS: The California Cancer Registry (1991–1999) was linked with the California Patient Discharge Data Set to identify women with breast cancer occurring within 9 months before or 1 year after an obstetric delivery. Age-matched, non–pregnancy-associated breast cancer controls were also identified. Demographics, cancer stage, tumor size, histology, hormone receptor status, type of treatment, and survival were reviewed and compared. Predictive factors for death from breast cancer were identified using proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS: Seven hundred ninety-seven pregnancy-associated breast cancer cases were compared with 4,177 non–pregnancy-associated breast cancer controls. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer cases were significantly more likely to have more advanced stage, larger primary tumor, hormone receptor negative tumor, and mastectomy as a component of their treatment. In survival analysis, pregnancy-associated breast cancer had a higher death rate than non–pregnancy-associated breast cancer (39.2% compared with 33.4%, P=.002). In a multivariable analysis, advancing stage (2.22–10.76 times the risk of death for stages II–IV), race (African Americans had 68% increased risk of death over non-Hispanic whites), hormone receptor–negative tumors (20% increased risk of death over receptor-positive tumors), and pregnancy (14% increased risk of death over nonpregnant women) all were significant predictors of death. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer presented with more advanced disease, larger tumors, and increased percentage of hormone receptor–negative tumors. When controlled for stage, race, and hormone receptor status, pregnancy-associated breast cancer cases had a slightly higher risk of death, even when only localized-stage disease was considered. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II
Legal reforms and development

This paper canvasses the theoretical and empirical literature concerning the role that legal institutions play in development. The first part outlines six influential theoretical perspectives on development and their implications for the relationship between law and development. The second part surveys the relevant empirical literature. There is surprisingly little conclusive evidence that reforms in particular substantive areas of law such as property law, contract law and human rights law have been effective in furthering development, however conceived. There is, however, evidence that enhancing the quality of institutions that enact, administer and enforce laws can have positive and significant effects. This suggests that the current wave of legal reforms must be situated in a broader agenda of public sector reform if they are to avoid the problems that led to the demise of the 'law and development' movement of the 1960s.
Effect of high versus low initial doses of L-thyroxine for congenital hypothyroidism on thyroid function and somatic growth

Background and aims: The optimal dose of thyroxine (T4) in congenital hypothyroidism (CH) during infancy is controversial. Higher doses lead to improvement in cognitive scores, but have been linked to later behavioural difficulties. We have examined the effects of initial T4 dosage on somatic growth — a putative surrogate marker of overtreatment. Methods: 314 CH children (214 girls, 100 boys) were analysed according to initial daily dose of T4: Group 1 (25 μg, n = 152), Group 2 (30–40 μg, n = 63) and Group 3 (50 μg, n = 99). Thyroid function and weight, length and occipito-frontal head circumference (OFC) standard deviation score (SDS) were compared at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months of age. Linear growth SDS was compared between the three groups using a regression adjustment model at 12 and 18 months of age using birth weight and 3-month data as baselines. Thyroid function was also compared at diagnosis (T0), and 7–21 days after the start of treatment (T1). Results: At T1 median thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) for Groups 1, 2 and 3 was 58, 29 and 4.1 mU/l, respectively (p<0.001), Group 3 values remaining significantly lower at 3 and 6 months. Median free T4 (fT4) was within or just above the reference range in all groups at T1, but 7.4% of Group 1 had values <9 pmol/l compared with 5.1% and 0% for Groups 2 and 3, respectively. At 3 months weight, length and OFC SDS values were −0.39, −0.35, 0.09; −0.30, −0.47, 0.32; and −0.03, −0.13, 0.18 for Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, indicating relatively large OFC in all infants. A regression adjustment model showed no significant difference in growth rate from baseline and 12 or 18 months of age, between the three groups. Conclusion: An initial T4 dose of 50 μg daily, normalises thyroid function several months earlier than lower-dose regimes, with no evidence of sustained somatic overgrowth between 3 months and 3 years.
Characterization of a Kininogenase from Rat Vascular Tissue Resembling Tissue Kallikrein

A kininogenase resembling glandular kallikrein was partially purified from vascular tissue and characterized. Saline-perfused rat tail arteries and veins were homogenized in 0.25 m sucrose containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4). The homogenate was centrifuged at 105,000 g for 60 minutes, and a vascular kininogenase was purified from the supernatant by chromatofocusing, affinity chromatography on immobilized antibodies against rat urinary kallikrein, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The inhibitory effects of antibodies against rat urinary kallikrein were tested with equivalent kinin-forming concentrations of rat urinary kallikrein and vascular kininogenase. Kininogenase activities of both enzymes were similarly inhibited by both polydonal and monoclonal antibodies. Aprotinin (1,000 KIU) completely inhibited vascular kininogenase activity, while soybean trypsin inhibitor (100 μg) did not modify its kinin-forming activity. Vascular kininogenase and rat urinary kallikrein had the same elution volume when chromatographed on a Sephadex G-100 column, and had similar mobilities in 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Kinins released by vascular kininogenase were identified as bradykinin by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Rat vascular kininogenase appears to be similar to glandular kallikrein. Kinins released locally by vascular kininogenase may contribute to the regulation of vascular tone.