Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Breathlessness and inflammation: potential relationships and implications

Purpose of reviewBreathlessness and chronic inflammation both span a wide range of disease contexts and hold prognostic significance. The possibility of a causal relationship between the two has been hypothesized. The aims of this article are to review the intersections between breathlessness and inflammation in the literature, describe potential mechanisms connecting the two phenomena, and discuss the potential clinical implications of a causal relationship. Recent findingsThere is a very limited literature exploring the relationship between systemic inflammation and breathlessness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, and cancer. One large study in cancer patients is suggestive of a weak association between self-reported breathlessness and inflammation. Studies exploring the relationship between inflammation and Medical Research Council Dyspnoea grade in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients have produced inconsistent findings. Although a causal relationship has not yet been proven, there is evidence to support the existence of potential mechanisms mediating a relationship. This evidence points to a role for the skeletal muscle and stress hormone systems. SummaryThere is much progress to be made in this area. Interventional studies, evaluating the impact of anti-inflammatory interventions on breathlessness, are needed to help determine whether a causal relationship exists. If proven, this relationship might have important implications for both the treatment and impact of breathlessness.
A Comment on Weak Disposability in Nonparametric Production Analysis

In his 2005 paper in this journal, Kuosmanen argues that Shephard’s specification of weak disposability in activity analysis (DEA) models is not correct. We show that Shephard’s specification does satisfy weak disposability and is the “smallest” technology to do so. Copyright 2007, Oxford University Press.
Innovativeness/Novelty-Seeking Behavior as Determinants of Online Shopping Behavior Among Indian Youth

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between innovativeness/novelty-seeking behavior of Indian youth and their online shopping behavior. Three hundred students studying in universities in the northern region of India between the ages of 18 and 24 years participated in the survey. The research findings show a positive relationship between innovativeness/novelty-seeking behavior and online shopping behavior. The article concludes that Indian youth are interested in online shopping Web sites because these Web sites provide the latest information about products and services. Their online shopping is influenced by Web site attributes such as convenience and flexibility. The surveyed population felt comfortable purchasing with cash because online transactions are considered insecure. The article concludes with some suggestions that companies can incorporate to successfully attract Indian youth to their Web sites for shopping.
The Behavioral Dimension of Governing Interorganizational Goal-Directed Networks—Managing the Unity-Diversity Tension

Network management research documents how network members engage in activities to advance their own goals. However, this literature offers little insight into the nature of work that aims to advance the goals of the network as a ‘‘whole. ’’ By examining the behavioral dimension of network governance, this article identifies a specific tension that network leaders address to effectively govern networks: although unity and diversity are essential to network performance, each makes contradictory demands which require attention. Findings from four case studies of immigrant networks in the United States point to three activities representing mechanisms that staff of network administrative organizations use to address this (network level) managerial tension. The study proposes that unity versus diversity represents a distinct challenge to the governance of networks that requires strategic action at the whole-network level and merits further study.
Stabilization of Input-Disturbed Stochastic Port-Hamiltonian Systems Via Passivity

It is a universal phenomenon that the inputs of a real stochastic process are disturbed. However, this phenomenon is often ignored when stochastic port-Hamiltonian system (SPHS) is used for modeling, in which only the disturbance on the states is considered. For this reason, an extension of SPHS, named input-disturbed SPHS (Id-SPHS), is proposed to describe the inputs disturbance as well as the states one. The definition and some properties of Id-SPHS, including structure invariance and stochastic passivity, are presented one by one to construct the basic framework of Id-SPHS. Based on this framework, a passivity-based controller is further developed to stabilize Id-SPHS at its steady state. The control strategy is demonstrated in a thermodynamic heat conduction process with the results supporting strongly the proposed Id-SPHS theory.
The economic impact of the New Zealand fiscal stimulus package

Unlike many countries affected by the global financial crisis, New Zealand did not announce a formal fiscal stimulus package. However, via a series of policy announcements beginning in October 2008, by March 2009 the government budget balance had moved towards deficit by 1.6% of 2011 GDP. We interpret this discretionary movement towards deficit as New Zealand's fiscal stimulus package. The package largely comprises three policies: cuts to personal income taxes, cuts to business taxes, and infrastructure spending. We investigate the individual and joint effects of these policies using a dynamic CGE model of the New Zealand economy. We find that the package has a small positive effect on short-run employment, but at a cost to long-run real consumption. We examine an alternative package, which generates a larger short-run employment gain, for a similar long-run real consumption cost.
Exploring the effects of ownership and choice on self-memory biases

Objects encoded in the context of temporary ownership by self enjoy a memorial advantage over objects owned by other people. This memory effect has been linked to self-referential encoding processes. The current inquiry explored the extent to which the effects of ownership are influenced by the degree of personal choice involved in assigning ownership. In three experiments pairs of participants chose objects to keep for ownership by self, and rejected objects that were given to the other participant to own. Recognition memory for the objects was then assessed. Experiment 1 showed that participants recognised more items encoded as “self-owned” than “other-owned”, but only when they had been chosen by self. Experiment 2 replicated this pattern when participants’ sense of choice was illusory. A source memory test in Experiment 3 showed that self-chosen items were most likely to be correctly attributed to ownership by self. These findings are discussed with reference to the link between owned objects and the self, and the routes through which self-referential operations can impact on cognition.
SR141716A induces in rats a behavioral pattern opposite to that of CB1 receptor agonists.

AIM To examine the acute actions of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716A [N-piperidino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)- 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methylpyrazole-3-carboxamide] on typical behavioral pattern of psychoactive cannabinoids in rats. METHODS At different time after injection the tail-flick response latency, the rectal temperature, the locomotor activity, and the immobility on a ring as well as the numbers of rears, self-grooming episodes (lasting 5 s), and fecal pellets were measured. RESULTS Acute administration of SR141716A (3 mg/kg i.p.) induced a significant increase in horizontal locomotor activity assayed by an activity meter, in stereotypic activity (such as rearing and self-grooming) and in defecation, and a decrease in nociceptive threshold recorded as tail-flick latency. This dose had no effect on ring immobility and did not change the body temperature. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that this cannabinoid antagonist itself was inducing behavior opposite to that of CB1 receptor agonists.
Membrane structure and interactions of a short Lycotoxin I analogue

Lycotoxin I and Lycotoxin II are natural anti‐microbial peptides that were identified in the venom of the Wolf Spider Lycosa carolinensis. These peptides were found to be potent growth inhibitors for bacteria (Escherichia coli) and yeast (Candida glabrata) at micromolar concentrations. Recently, shortened analogues of LycoI and LycoII have been reported to have decreased haemolytic effects. A shorter Lyco‐I analogue studied, LycoI 1–15 (H‐IWLTALKFLGKHAAK‐NH2), was active only above 10 µM, but was also the least haemolytic.
Post‐Earnings Announcement Drift: Bounds on Profitability for the Marginal Investor

The persistence of the post‐earnings announcement drift (PEAD) leads many to believe that trading barriers prevent investors from eliminating it. We examine two factors that have not been adequately addressed by the literature: the exact timing of earnings announcements and liquidity costs. Under a wide range of timing and cost assumptions, our results leave little doubt that over our sample period the PEAD was highly profitable after trading costs. An additional incremental investor could have earned hedged‐portfolio returns of at least 14% per year after trading costs. Over our sample period, investors did indeed leave money on the table.
The Risk-Averse and Prudent Newsboy

The effects of risk and risk aversion in the single-period inventory "newsboy" problem are examined. Comparative-static effects of changes in the various price and cost parameters are determined and related to the newsboy's risk aversion. The addition of a random background wealth and of an increase in the riskiness of newspaper demand are also examined. Although many of the comparative effects generally are ambiguous, some fairly simple restrictions on preferences and/or risk increases are shown to lead to qualitatively deterministic results.
Exploring the internationalisation process of small business: a study of Dutch old and new economy firms

■ The focus of this paper is on the internationalisation process of small businesses. We investigate if, how and why small firms use a cooperative or autonomous strategy to internationalise their activities and the possible changes in this use of strategy over time. We assume that, because of unique resource constraints, small firms opt for a cooperative internationalisation strategy. We examine not only the impact of firm- but also of industry characteristics. ■ The empirical investigation uses a sample of Dutch firms from two different sectors: one that can be labelled as typically 'old economy' (i.e. mechanical engineering) and one that can be described as 'new economy' (i.e. computer software).
Healthy Subjects Effects of Active Hexose Correlated Compound on the Seasonal Variations of Immune Competence in

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of active hexose correlated compound intake on the immune competence in healthy volunteers. Thirty-four subjects were randomized to receive placebo or active hexose correlated compound at 1.0 g/d for 4 weeks in early winter. Natural killer cell activity was significantly increased in both groups during the study period, the natural killer cell number, however, was not altered in the active hexose correlated compound group while placebo group showed remarkable decline. In addition, the score of immunological vigor, an index of total immune competence, was maintained in the active hexose correlated compound group although that of placebo group lowered during the test period. These results suggested that the continuous active hexose correlated compound intake maintained the immune competence against the seasonal change.
What determines transaction costs in foreign exchange markets

Using detailed data on the currency transactions of institutional fund managers, this paper shows that funds that experience high returns on their currency holdings also incur lower transaction costs on their currency trades. This finding holds both in the cross section, i.e. funds that perform better on average incur lower average transaction costs, as well as in time series, i.e. funds that do better over the past two months incur lower transaction costs on subsequent transactions. The results are consistent with foreign exchange dealers bidding for information from successful traders. They are also consistent with foreign exchange dealers exploiting price inelastic demand for foreign currency trades, or funds acting as secondary liquidity providers in foreign exchange markets. The paper also investigates the role of fund size, transaction frequency and return volatility on transactions costs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing effective collaboration between primary care and mental health providers.

OBJECTIVE Improving care for depressed primary care (PC) patients requires system-level interventions based on chronic illness management with collaboration among primary care providers (PCPs) and mental health providers (MHPs). We describe the development of an effective collaboration system for an ongoing multisite Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) study evaluating a multifaceted program to improve management of major depression in PC practices. METHOD Translating Initiatives for Depression into Effective Solutions (TIDES) is a research project that helps VA facilities adopt depression care improvements for PC patients with depression. A regional telephone-based depression care management program used Depression Case Managers (DCMs) supervised by MHPs to assist PCPs with patient management. The Collaborative Care Workgroup (CWG) was created to facilitate collaboration between PCPs, MHPs, and DCMs. The CWG used a 3-phase process: (1) identify barriers to better depression treatment, (2) identify target problems and solutions, and (3) institutionalize ongoing problem detection and solution through new policies and procedures. RESULTS The CWG overcame barriers that exist between PCPs and MHPs, leading to high rates of the following: patients with depression being followed by PCPs (82%), referred PC patients with depression keeping their appointments with MHPs (88%), and PC patients with depression receiving antidepressants (76%). The CWG helped sites implement site-specific protocols for addressing patients with suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION By applying these steps in PC practices, collaboration between PCPs and MHPs has been improved and maintained. These steps offer a guide to improving collaborative care to manage depression or other chronic disorders within PC clinics.
HUMOR IN CODE-MIXED AIRLINE ADVERTISING

This article examines how humor works in the code-mixed advertising campaigns of the Spanish airline company Vueling. Drawing on the fetishism approach to multilingual advertising (Kelly-Holmes, 2005) and the theory of incongruity (Raskin, 1985), this paper explores three main types of humorous deviations in Vueling campaigns: structural, phonetic, and visual. The analysis confirms that humor in Vueling ads is produced by deviations at the formal rather than semantic level of language, specifically through the insertion of foreign languages (mainly English and French) into Spanish colloquial expressions. These foreign elements are partially “domesticated” into local Spanish frames by creative code-mixing mechanisms that serve to break readers’ expectations and trigger a comical reaction. Another finding of this analysis is that in most Vueling ads, humor works according to an incongruity-resolution pattern since the subtle humor of many rhymes, puns, and plays on words is only appreciated by a Spanish audience who knows some English and French and is familiarized with certain cultural references and sayings used in Spain.
Redetermination of {2-[3-(dimethylammonio)propyliminomethyl]phenolato}dithiocyanatozinc(II)

In comparison with the previous refinement of the title complex, [Zn(NCS)2(C12H18N2O)], the present redetermination reveals a different location of the non-carbon attached H atom. Whereas in the previous refinement this H atom was modelled as part of a phenol OH group, the present study indicates a zwitterionic Schiff base ligand with a deprotonated OH group and a protonated tertiary amine group. The Zn(II) atom is four-coordinated by one O and one imine N atoms of the 2-[3-(dimethylammonio)propyliminomethyl]phenolate Schiff base ligand, and by two N atoms from two thiocyanate ligands, forming a distorted tetrahedral geometry. In the crystal structure, adjacent molecules are linked through intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain in the [101] direction.
Monetary value, current roles, marketing options, and farmer concerns of communal Nguni cattle in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

The study determined differences between village-owned and group-owned cattle enterprises on monetary value, Nguni cattle functions, marketing options, perceptions and concerns of Nguni cattle farmers. Questionnaires were administered to 22 village-owned and 19 group-owned enterprises. The χ2-tests were computed to determine associations between enterprise type, farmer characteristics, functions of cattle, marketing options, farmer perceptions and concerns on the cattle. Effects of enterprise ownership and farmer characteristics on the perceived monetary value of Nguni cattle were determined using ANOVA. Nguni cattle in both enterprise ownership patterns were used for cash, meat and upgrading the communal cattle. Farmers from village-owned enterprises had higher perceived prices than group-owned enterprises. Younger farmers with a formal training in agriculture perceived higher prices of bullocks and in-calf heifers. Most farmers (67%) perceived Nguni cattle low-input production as profitable with higher perceived prices for cattle in village-owned than group-owned enterprises. Community gatherings were the most common method of marketing Nguni cattle. The major concerns in village-owned enterprises were uncontrolled mating, lack of grazing land and husbandry equipment. It was concluded that while village-owned and group-owned enterprises had similar demographic profiles, cattle functions, and marketing options. Key words: Farmer characteristics, Nguni cattle functions, marketing, concerns, enterprise ownership
Linguistic Life Expectancies: Immigrant Language Retention in Southern California

We draw on newly available data from two surveys — the Immigration and Intergenerational Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles (IIMMLA) survey, and the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) in San Diego — to test the assertion that Spanish is unlikely to go the way of other immigrant languages in the United States and succumb to English language dominance across the generations. Southern California offers an ideal critical test of this hypothesis because it is the nation’s largest Spanish-speaking enclave and houses its largest concentration of immigrants. We defined linguistic survival in two ways: a preference for speaking a mother tongue within the household and the ability to speak that language very well. We then computed survival curves in half-generation increments and applied life table methods to derive linguistic life expectancies — the average number of generations a mother tongue can be expected to survive in the United States after the arrival of an immigrant. Although the life expectancy of Spanish may be slightly greater among Mexicans in Southern California compared to other groups, its ultimate demise nonetheless seems assured by the third generation. English has never been seriously threatened as the dominant language of the United States, and it is not threatened today — not even in Southern California. What is endangered instead is the survivability of the non-English languages that immigrants bring with them to the United States.
PENGARUH INDEPENDENSI, PROFESIONALISME, TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN, ETIKA PROFESI, PENGALAMAN, DAN KEPUASAN KERJA AUDITOR TERHADAP KUALITAS AUDIT PADA KANTOR AKUNTAN PUBLIK DI BALI

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh independensi, profesionalisme, tingkat pendidikan, etika profesi, pengalaman, dan kepuasan kerja auditor terhadap kualitas audit di Kantor Akuntan Publik di Bali. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder berupa daftar nama Kantor Akuntan Publik dan data primer berupa jawaban-jawaban responden dari pengumpulan data kuesioner. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode simple random sampling dalam penentuan sampel dan ada 36 sampel yang memenuhi kriteria. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda untuk teknik analisis datanya, dimana hasil penelitian menunjukkan variabel independensi, profesionalisme, tingkat pendidikan, etika profesi, pengalaman, dan kepuasan kerja auditor berpengaruh secara simultan terhadap kualitas audit. Secara parsial hanya tingkat pendidikan dan etika profesi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kualitas audit. Kata kunci: independensi, profesionalisme, tingkat pendidikan, etika profesi, pengalaman, dan kepuasan kerja auditor
Arc Behavior of Intermediate-Frequency Vacuum Arc on Axial Magnetic Field Contacts

A vacuum circuit breaker has advantages of low maintenance cost and high reliability. It reaches the priority in aviation field. This paper focuses on the arc behavior of intermediate-frequency (400, 650, and 800 Hz) vacuum arc in commercial-type vacuum interrupters with axial magnetic field contacts. With high-speed photography and volt-ampere characteristics, three different arc modes were identified: free-expansion arc column, transition arc, and diffuse arc. At the transition arc mode, the arc column is constricted, twisted, and fast moving, with an increasing number of cathode spots around it, and accompanied by an appreciable arc voltage noise at higher current. At a given current, the arc column is more constricted at higher current frequencies during this stage. The arc voltage increases with the increasing frequency regardless of the arc voltage noise; it implies a larger instantaneous energy input in shorter arc durations. Anode behavior was observed to further investigate the increased instantaneous energy input. It showed that the transient spot on the anode during the transition arc mode becomes a major source of anode erosion, although the anode erosion is slight at very high current. The instantaneous energy input, defined as mean power input, increases with current frequency, and it correlates with the constricted arc column at higher frequency. This explains the anode erosion that happened in short durations in our experiments and others.
Money-income and credit-income relationships during the pre- and the post-liberalization periods: evidence from Malaysia

Using the Bernanke's contemporaneous structural VAR, this paper investigates the role of money and credit in the monetary transmission mechanism during the pre- and post-liberalization periods in Malaysia. During the pre-liberalization period where credit and interest rates were regulated, the evidence supports the dominance of bank credit shocks over money shocks in explaining the output variability. After the liberalization of financial market, however, money as well as credit innovations were proven to make significant contribution to the output fluctuation.
Is There a Trade-Off between Employment and Growth?

This paper investigates how unemployment and the long-run growth rate influence each other in steady state. It builds on Pissarides but Ramsey preferences are introduced, influencing the interest rate. A central finding is that there is a trade-off between successful growth and unemployment if one considers direct changes in the growth rate but, when the changes are indirect, what is good for growth is also good for employment. Thus to increase both growth and the employment rate, the policy implication seems to be that one should improve incentives (lower capital tax or unemployment benefits) rather than subsidize R&D incentives. Copyright 1997 by Royal Economic Society.