Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrification biokinetics in rapid sand filters for drinking water treatment

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The influence of eruption season on the global aerosol evolution and radiative impact of tropical volcanic eruptions

Simulations of tropical volcanic eruptions using a general circulation model with coupled aerosol microphysics are used to assess the influence of season of eruption on the aerosol evolution and radiative impacts at the Earth's surface. This analysis is presented for eruptions with SO2 injection magnitudes of 17 and 700 Tg, the former consistent with estimates of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption, the later a near-"super eruption". For each eruption magnitude, simulations are performed with eruptions at 15° N, at four equally spaced times of year. Sensitivity to eruption season of aerosol optical depth (AOD), clear-sky and all-sky shortwave (SW) radiative flux is quantified by first integrating each field for four years after the eruption, then calculating for each cumulative field the absolute or percent difference between the maximum and minimum response from the four eruption seasons. Eruption season has a significant influence on AOD and clear-sky SW radiative flux anomalies for both eruption magnitudes. The sensitivity to eruption season for both fields is generally weak in the tropics, but increases in the mid- and high latitudes, reaching maximum values of ~75 %. Global mean AOD and clear-sky SW anomalies show sensitivity to eruption season on the order of 15–20 %, which results from differences in aerosol effective radius for the different eruption seasons. Smallest aerosol size and largest cumulative impact result from a January eruption for Pinatubo-magnitude eruption, and from a July eruption for the near-super eruption. In contrast to AOD and clear-sky SW anomalies, all-sky SW anomalies are found to be insensitive to season of eruption for the Pinatubo-magnitude eruption experiment, due to the reflection of solar radiation by clouds in the mid- to high latitudes. However, differences in all-sky SW anomalies between eruptions in different seasons are significant for the larger eruption magnitude, and the ~15 % sensitivity to eruption season of the global mean all-sky SW anomalies is comparable to the sensitivity of global mean AOD and clear-sky SW anomalies. Our estimates of sensitivity to eruption season are larger than previously reported estimates: implications regarding volcanic AOD timeseries reconstructions and their use in climate models are discussed.
Rail APC Validation and Sampling for NTD and Internal Reporting at TriMet

This paper presents findings from an evaluation of the accuracy of automatic passenger counters (APCs) on TriMet’s light rail vehicles. APC boarding and alighting counts were compared to manually recorded counts. Overall, the APCs tended to under-count boardings and over-count alighting alightings. Thus, correction factors will be needed in using APC-recovered data for national transit database (NTD) and internal reporting. The paper also describes the sampling procedures employed by TriMet for NTD and internal reporting, in which sampled trips are linked to archived APC data records.
Effects of preconditioning and extrusion of linseed on the ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids. 2. In vitro and in situ studies

The extent and/or intermediates of ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of fatty acids (FA) were investigated in vitro and in situ using a raw, pre-conditioned or extruded blend of linseed and wheat bran (70:30). The duration of in vitro incubations were 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h, with 5 replicates. In situ studies used 3 dry ruminally fistulated Holstein cows in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with 3 weeks adaptation to the linseed form. The diet contained 20% (DM basis) of the linseed based blend. The duration of in situ incubations were 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. BH was much slower in situ than in vitro, resulting in a much lower effective disappearance of C18:2 and C18:3. Moreover, the in situ technique suggested that the technological pre-treatment of linseed did not affect C18:2 and C18:3 rate of BH, whereas reduced rates were observed in vitro. After 8 h of in vitro incubation and onwards, proportions of cis-9,trans-11C18:2 were the highest with extruded linseed. The BH of FA from linseed resulted in the appearance of great proportions of trans-10+11 to trans-16C18:1 intermediates. Extrusion increased the proportions oftrans-10+11C18:1 both in vitro and in situ and proportions or trans-C18:1 were higher in situ than in vitro. Compared to previous in vivo results with the same material, the in situ method provided poor estimates of BH rates and intermediates. biohydrogenation / linseed / preconditioning / extrusion / in vitro / in situ
PLANNING AS A TOOL FOR MODERNIZATION IN TURKEY : THE CASE OF HERMANN JANSEN ’ S PLAN FOR MERSİN ( 1 )

Early 20th century urban development plans and regulations as the culmination of the efforts made for the modernization of the cities constitute a special and substantive domain of focus for the historical analysis of cities in terms of understanding the nature and objectives of planning today. Yet, except for big cities such as Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir, Adana and Bursa, most of the cities in Turkey are not studied in depth within such a context. Unfortunately, those studies conducted for both big and small cities also do not properly explore the local socio-cultural and institutional atmosphere of the period, during which the respective plans were prepared. This paper partly fills these gaps by highlighting the inter-contextual and self-contextual characteristics of the planning efforts made for Mersin. Although the primary pursuit of this paper is to contextualize the planning efforts made for a mid-sized port city in the early 20th century in Turkey, it is also argued that a better understanding of urban transformation in Turkey during the respective period can be constructed through the illustrative case of Mersin that actually functions as a lens for the Turkish (port) cities which are not well-known. What is particularly evident from this historical inquiry is that Mersin reflects all the characteristics through which the leaders and intellectuals of the Republic of Turkey chose to modernize the cities in the country during the early years of the Republic.
Geochemical Implications of CO2 Leakage Associated with Geologic Storage: A Review

Leakage from deep storage reservoirs is a major risk factor associated with geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2). Different scientific theories exist concerning the potential implications of such leakage for near-surface environments. The authors of this report reviewed the current literature on how CO2 leakage (from storage reservoirs) would likely impact the geochemistry of near surface environments such as potable water aquifers and the vadose zone. Experimental and modeling studies highlighted the potential for both beneficial (e.g., CO2 re sequestration or contaminant immobilization) and deleterious (e.g., contaminant mobilization) consequences of CO2 intrusion in these systems. Current knowledge gaps, including the role of CO2-induced changes in redox conditions, the influence of CO2 influx rate, gas composition, organic matter content and microorganisms are discussed in terms of their potential influence on pertinent geochemical processes and the potential for beneficial or deleterious outcomes. Geochemical modeling was used to systematically highlight why closing these knowledge gaps are pivotal. A framework for studying and assessing consequences associated with each factor is also presented in Section 5.6.
Response of grazers to sudden nutrient pulses in oligotrophic versus eutrophic conditions

Herbivores can consume more nutrient rich algae than nutrient poor algae, and such foraging behaviour may counter the negative effects of elevated nutrients on algal habitats. Under- standing this phenomenon may be useful in understanding why some localities have greater persis- tence and resilience than others in the face of sudden increases in nutrient loads (e.g. run-off from storm events). We used 3 successive field experiments to test, and subsequently accept, the hypo- theses that under intense regimes of herbivory (1) molluscs reduce a greater percentage cover of opportunistic algae (turfs) exposed to elevated nutrients, and consequently these algae have less bio- mass than those exposed to ambient nutrients, (2) turfs exposed to elevated nutrients attract greater densities of herbivores, and (3) grazers exposed to sudden increases in nutrient rich algae reduce algal biomass more when background nutrient loads are normally low (ambient nutrient conditions) than when they are high (enriched nutrient conditions). Critically, these effects were greater under oligotrophic conditions, suggesting that the response of grazers to sudden nutrient events would be greater in systems where nutrient concentrations are usually low. However, grazers were not able to control increased algal growth when nutrient enrichment occurred over a longer period (i.e. eutrophic conditions). These observations support the idea that grazers may provide useful functions in systems susceptible to human activities that reduce water quality over short periods (i.e. short-term increase in nutrient availability), but that this mechanism may not be sufficient to reduce the long- term effects of eutrophication.
Forecasting and nowcasting improvement in cloudy regions with high temporal GOES sounder infrared radiance measurements

[1] In an effort to extend the high temporal resolution Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) infrared sounding retrievals from clear to cloudy skies, a synthetic regression-based cloudy sounding retrieval algorithm has been developed and applied to GOES 12 sounder measurements. Comparisons against radiosondes at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program at Southern Great Plains site from August 2006 to May 2007 and the conventional radiosondes network over the continental United States from January 2007 to November 2008 both show that the retrievals of moisture under thin cloud conditions perform similarly to those under the clear-sky conditions. The largest improvements are found in the upper level integrated precipitable water vapor (PW) or PW3. Also in the case of low thick clouds, PW3 is usually improved significantly. In addition, the retrieved cloud parameters are consistent with the false RGB composite images. With the addition of the soundings under low thick or thin cloud conditions, the area without soundings is reduced by 57% in the selected case. The application to a tornadic storm on 24 April 2007 reveals that the GOES cloudy sounding retrievals are more useful at the early stage of the storm, when nearby clouds are considered thin or broken. The GOES cloudy sounding algorithm reveals more pronounced and extensive convective instability, and it does so earlier than the clear-sky-only results. The cloudy sounding retrievals have the potential to provide an earlier warning to forecasters.
A correlation between the b-value and the fractal dimension from the aftershock sequence of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake

SUMMARY We analyse large number of aftershock events from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake (M L 7.3) recorded around the epicentre area of the main shock in central Taiwan where events can be precisely located, due to dense coverage of modern seismometers. The seismicity is characterized by the b-value of the Gutenberg‐Richter relation and the fractal (correlation) dimension D of earthquake hypocenters calculated from sliding windows containing more than 100 events. Over a span of 6 months after the main shock, we find a positive correlation between b and D from the aftershock sequence. Our result thus suggests that Aki’s relation D = 3b/c could be possibly applied to one single fracturing process and its related aftermath.
Social Interactions and Modern Economic Growth

This paper offers a theoretical framework to understand the coevolution of social interactions and long-term economic growth. It begins by considering that most traditional societies did not have educational markets. Thus, access to the required knowledge for transiting to a modern economy had to be transmitted through social interactions, in particular, through the interaction between heterogeneous groups of people–i.e. distant interactions. Once immersed in a modern economy, the productive system should have increased the demand for knowledge, promoting more distant interactions. Simultaneously, the emergence of distant interactions should have affected the connectivity of society, reducing its heterogeneity, making cheaper posterior interactions but reducing their profitability. Moreover, social interactions competed and benefited from other non-market activities, child rearing specifically. The model arrives at four basic predictions. First, modern economic growth brings a more cohesive society. Second, modern economic growth brings long-term reductions in fertility with potential short-term increases. Third, initial barriers to social interactions could explain the timing of modern economic growth arrival. Fourth, the timing of modern economic growth arrival could explain current output levels. I exploit different data sources to offer evidence in support of these predictions.
Title A high-throughput de novo sequencing approach for shotgun proteomics using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry Permalink

Background: High-resolution tandem mass spectra can now be readily acquired with hybrid instruments, such as LTQ-Orbitrap and LTQ-FT, in high-throughput shotgun proteomics workflows. The improved spectral quality enables more accurate de novo sequencing for identification of post-translational modifications and amino acid polymorphisms. Results: In this study, a new de novo sequencing algorithm, called Vonode, has been developed specifically for analysis of such high-resolution tandem mass spectra. To fully exploit the high mass accuracy of these spectra, a unique scoring system is proposed to evaluate sequence tags based primarily on mass accuracy information of fragment ions. Consensus sequence tags were inferred for 11,422 spectra with an average peptide length of 5.5 residues from a total of 40,297 input spectra acquired in a 24-hour proteomics measurement of Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The accuracy of inferred consensus sequence tags was 84%. According to our comparison, the performance of Vonode was shown to be superior to the PepNovo v2.0 algorithm, in terms of the number of de novo sequenced spectra and the sequencing accuracy. Conclusions: Here, we improved de novo sequencing performance by developing a new algorithm specifically for high-resolution tandem mass spectral data. The Vonode algorithm is freely available for download at http:// compbio.ornl. gov/Vonode.
Protective effect of Panax ginseng on carbon tetrachloride induced liver, heart and kidney injury in rats

Le Panax ginseng est une herbe medicinale chinoise dont les proprietes anti-oxydantes seraient susceptibles de limiter l'intensite du stress oxydatif tres souvent implique dans la pathogenie de nombreuses affections. L'objectif de cette etude a ete d'en verifier les effets protecteurs chez le rat lors d'une intoxication par le CCl 4 . Pour cela, 4 groupes egaux de 10 rats Wistar albinos adultes ont ete constitues: un groupe controle, un groupe de rats traites oralement par le Panax ginseng (300 mg/kg) pendant 7 jours (groupe G), un groupe de rats recevant une seule injection intra peritoneale de CCl 4 (10 mL/kg) (groupe CCl 4 ) et un dernier groupe d'animaux traites par le Panax ginseng avant l'injection de CCl 4 (groupe G + CCl4). La mortalite et les variations de poids corporels ont ete enregistrees a J7 et J8 (jour du sacrifice) et les quantites de MDA, de NO et de GSH ainsi que les activites de la SOD et de la GPX ont ete mesurees dans le foie, le coeur et les reins. Une analyse histologique conventionnelle du foie a ete realisee en parallele. Le CCl 4 a induit un stress oxydatif severe dans ces tissus caracterise par une forte augmentation des teneurs tissulaires en MDA et NO et par une importante diminution des teneurs en GSH et des activites enzymatiques anti-oxydantes. La mortalite elevee et les lesions hepatiques de degenerescence cellulaire et de fibrose ont egalement revele la toxicite du CCl 4 . En revanche, le traitement prealable des rats par le Panax ginseng a conduit a une protection partielle mise en evidence par une diminution des concentrations tissulaires de MDA et de NO, par une reduction de la depletion en anti-oxydants induite par le CCl 4 et par une diminution de l'intensite des lesions histologiques. Ces resultats montrent que le Panax ginseng exerce des effets anti-oxydants benefiques lors d'une situation de stress oxydatif induite experimentalement chez le rat.
IS CHILDCARE LEAVE EFFECTIVE IN RAISING FERTILITY IN JAPAN?

This paper estimates the effect of childcare leave on married women's fertility in Japan, based on data from the 2007 National Survey on Work and Family. The analysis takes into account how childcare leave influences fertility through its intermediate effects on women's selection into the labor market, job tenure, wages and the opportunity cost of children. Results indicate a strong effect of childcare leave on years of continuous job tenure with the same employer, and on predicted wages for full-time working women. Taking childcare leave for the first child increases the percentage progressing from first to second birth by six percentage points. There is also clear evidence that lowering the opportunity cost of children increases fertility, net of the effect of childcare leave, which affects fertility via the opportunity cost of children.
Morphological and Molecular evidence confirM the first definitive eastern White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta c. carolinenSiS) for neW Mexico

We report the first confirmed eastern White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis carolinensis) from New Mexico. The bird was collected on 15 October 2011, at Boone's Draw, Roosevelt County. Morphological and plumage characters matched those of the eastern White-breasted Nuthatch, the bill being markedly shorter and the back paler than those of the subspecies resident in New Mexico, S. c. nelsoni, and other western subspecies. The DNA sequence of the mitochondrial gene for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) was an exact match to published sequences from Michigan and Pennsylvania and was phylogenetically nested within a monophyletic and deeply divergent eastern clade. The White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) is a common and geo- graphically variable resident of mature deciduous, mixed deciduous, and coniferous forests through most of North America. Grubb and Pravosudov (2008) recognized seven subspecies that constitute eastern (S. c. carolinen- sis), interior western (S. c. tenuissima, S. c. nelsoni, S. c. mexicana, and S. c. lagunae), and Pacific (S. c. aculeata and S. c. alexandrae) groups of populations. The seven subspecies are based on differences in bill size and shape and plumage coloration, but at least some of the variation in these characters is clinal. The eastern subspecies averages the shortest in bill length and palest in back color, while interior western and Pacific populations have longer bills and darker mantles (Phillips 1986, Pyle 1997, Sibley 2000, Wood 1992). There are three distinct vocal groups, based on typical call notes, that are concordant with boundaries between subspecies: (1) eastern United States and Canada (nasal yenk); (2) Great Basin, Rocky Mountains and Mexico (a rapid yijijijijiji or yiji-yiji-yiji-yiji), and (3) Pacific slope (high- pitched, drawn-out aaarn) (Gaines 1988, Sibley 2000, Dunn and Alderfer 2011). Recent multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of the White-breasted
N=1 Matter from Fractional Branes

We study a bound state of fractional D3-branes localized inside the world-volume of fractional D7-branes on the orbifold 3/(2 × 2). We determine the open string spectrum that leads to = 1 U(N1) × U(N2) × U(N3) × U(N4) gauge theory with matter having the number of D7-branes as a flavor index. We derive the linearized boundary action of the D7-brane on this orbifold using the boundary state formalism and we discuss the tadpole cancellation. After computing the asymptotic expression of the supergravity solution the anomalies of the gauge theory are reproduced.
Stochastic finite-time consensualisation for Markov jump networks with disturbance

This study is devoted to the finite-time consensus control for directed networks with stochastic Markov jump topologies and external disturbances. The purpose of the study is to design a control protocol to ensure that the disagreement dynamics of interconnected networks stay in a given bound over a finite-time interval rather than asymptotically converge to zero in infinite settling time. Through utilisation of certain features of Laplacian matrix in real Jordan form, sufficient conditions for the existence of finite-time consensus protocol is derived by allowing Lyapunov function to increase in a fixed-time interval. Finite-time convergence result for stochastic consensus problem is validated via a simulation study.
Effects of Character Illustration Modalities on the Learning of Chinese Vocabulary

Chinese characters are the script for the Chinese written language. They are pictographic, and unlike the English script, they cannot be spelt out in letters. Stroke is the basic component of a Chinese character, just like a letter to an alphabetic word. The construction of a character requires adding one stroke to another, following a certain sequence called stroke order. In both print and digital formats, character construction processes can be illustrated with different stroke display modalities. Character illustrations are widely used for the purpose of helping learners learn stroke orders; they can also serve as visual aids for learner to memorize character vocabulary. Yet, there has been a lack of experimental studies to identify the effects of character illustration on the learning of character vocabulary. This groundbreaking experimental study examined the effects of three character-illustration modalities on Chinese as a foreign language learners’ learning of Chinese character words.