Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exercices de style: A homotopy theory for set theory

We construct a model category (in the sense of Quillen) for set theory, starting from two arbitrary, but natural, conventions. It is the simplest category satisfying our conventions and modelling the notions of finiteness, countability and infinite equi-cardinality. We argue that from the homotopy theoretic point of view our construction is essentially automatic following basic existing methods, and so is (almost all) the verification that the construction works.We use the posetal model category to introduce homotopy-theoretic intuitions to set theory. Our main observation is that the homotopy invariant version of cardinality is the covering number of Shelah’s PCF theory, and that other combinatorial objects, such as Shelah’s revised power function—the cardinal function featuring in Shelah’s revised GCH theorem—can be obtained using similar tools. We include a small “dictionary” for set theory in QtNaamen, hoping it will help in finding more meaningful homotopy-theoretic intuitions in set theory.
Effects of Northern Bobwhite Management on Raccoon Abundance, Habitat Selection, and Home Range in Southwest Missouri

Habitat management has become vital for northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) conservation. In Missouri, efforts to conserve remaining populations on public lands have included the use of two management models. The Intensive Management Model (IMM) promotes hard edges, by creating a juxtaposition of different habitat types, while the Extensive Management Model (EMM) maintains a grassland-dominated landscape through the processes of fire and grazing. Preliminary results suggest that bobwhite success is significantly higher on EMM sites than IMM sites. Management efforts through IMM may be hindered by unintentionally managing for nest predators like raccoons (Procyon lotor). Nest predators may forage more often in northern bobwhite nesting habitat under IMM than EMM because grassland fields are smaller, and woody edge and corridors are abundant. The habitat diversity created by IMM may allow for larger populations of nest predators when compared with EMM. I used camera traps and GPS-collars to investigate how IMM and EMM effect 1) the mesopredator community structure, 2) raccoon abundance and density, 3) raccoon habitat use, and 4) raccoon home range. I estimated that raccoon densities were 9.9 and 5.6 per km for the two IMM sites and 7.2 and 2.6 per km at the two EMM sites and I found no clear relationship between treatments. Raccoon densities may be influenced by percent timber and woodland of the area rather than the management model itself. I found that the median distance from a woody edge into open habitats like grasslands of IMM site raccoons was greater than that of EMM site raccoons. I found that IMM site raccoons used tree lines, fencerows, timber-grassland edges, woody draws, and shrub-scrub-grassland edges as movement corridors while EMM site raccoons used woody draws, and shrub-scrub-grassland edges. I found that IMM site raccoons used grasslands, where the majority of northern bobwhite nests occur, proportional to availability, while EMM site raccoons avoided grasslands. Managers can possibly reduce nest encounter rates by raccoons through reduction in timber-patch sizes, removal of movement corridors, and increase grassland patch sizes.
Quantifying differences in circulation patterns based on probabilistic models : IPCC AR4 multimodel comparison for the North Atlantic

The comparison of circulation patterns (CPs) obtained from reanalysis data to those from general circulation model (GCM) simulations is a frequent task for model validation, downscaling of GCM simulations, or other climate change‐related studies. Here, the authors suggest a set of measures to quantify the differences between CPs. A combination of clustering using Gaussian mixture models with a set of related difference measures allows for taking cluster size and shape information into account and thus provides more information than the Euclidean distances between cluster centroids. The characteristics of the various distance measures are illustrated with a simple simulated example. Subsequently, a five-component Gaussian mixture to define circulation patterns for the North Atlantic region from reanalysis data and GCM simulations is used. CPs are obtained independently for the NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis and the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40), as well as for twentieth-century simulations from 14 GCMs of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) database. After discussing the difference of CPs based on spherical and nonspherical clusters for the reanalysis datasets, the authors give a detailed evaluation of the cluster configuration for two GCMs relative to NCEP‐NCAR. Finally, as an illustration, the capability of reproducing the NCEP‐NCAR probability density function(pdf) definingtheGreenlandanticycloneCPisevaluated forall 14GCMs, consideringthat thesizeand shape of the underlying pdfs complement the commonly used Euclidean distance of CPs’ mean values.
Job Searches via Social Networking Sites: Employed Job Seekers Intentions (Pencarian Kerja Melalui Laman Jaringan Sosial: Niat Pencarian Kerja oleh Pekerja yang Telah Mempunyai Pekerjaan)

The number of Social Networking Sites (SNS) users continues increasing globally. SNS is quickly becoming popular tools for social communication and entertainment. It has now become a trend to share knowledge and the latest news and also interact with each other as well. This paper aims to provide explanation on job searching among employed job seekers through the SNS. 190 survey questionnaires were distributed to employed job seekers who have used online social networking sites via the snowball sampling approach. Data was analysed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique via the Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS 16) computer program. SEM is a comprehensive approach to testing hypotheses about relations among observed and latent variables. The proposed model fits the data well. The results demonstrated that that perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment are positively and significantly related to the behavioural intention to use online SNS as a job search tool, whereas perceived ease of use is not positively and significantly related. The developers of online SNS need to provide additional useful functionalities or tools in the online social networking sites to help users of social networking site with their job searches. ABSTRAK Bilangan pengguna Laman Jejaring Sosial (LJS) terus meningkat secara global. LJS semakin cepat menjadi alatan yang popular untuk komunikasi sosial dan hiburan. Ianya kini menjadi satu kecenderungan untuk berkongsi pengetahuan dan berita terbaru dan juga berinteraksi di antara satu sama lain juga. Kertas kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi faktor meningkatkan niat carian kerja oleh pencari kerja yang telah mempunyai pekerjaan untuk menggunakan laman jaringan sosial sebagai alat mencari pekerjaan. 190 borang kaji selidik telah diedarkan kepada pencari kerja yang telah mempunyai pekerjaan dan telah menggunakan laman jejaring sosial melalui pendekatan snowball sampling. Data yang dikumpul dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) melalui program komputer Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS 16). Keputusan kajian menunjukkan bahawa manfaat yang dirasakan dan kenikmatan yang dirasakan adalah positif dan signifikan serta berkaitan dengan perilaku niat untuk menggunakan laman jaringan sosial sebagai alat mencari pekerjaan, sedangkan persepsi kemudahan penggunaan adalah didapati tidak positif dan tidak signifikan. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa pemaju tapak rangkaian sosial perlu menyediakan kefungsian tambahan atau alat yang berguna di laman jaringan sosial untuk membantu pengguna laman jaringan sosial mencari pekerjaan mereka.
Impact of Instructional Modality and Emotional Valence on the Reflective Emotion Regulation of Expression in Preschool Children

The current study investigates the impact of instructional modality and emotional valence on the reflective emotion regulation of expression in preschool children. Twenty-three boys and girls aged 3 to 5 years took part in a social dice game of expression where they were motivated to mask their felt emotion (joy when receiving a gift resp. disappointment when receiving no gift) with an opposed expression, presented either iconically (as a picture) or verbally (as a spoken instruction). Twelve adult naive observers judged children’s videotaped behavior according to the quality of emotion children seemed to experience. This impression analysis revealed that children masked their actually felt emotion more effectively when instructed iconically. In addition, 5-year-old children masked joy more effectively than disappointment, while no such differences were found for 3- to 4-year-old children.
REDUCTION OF SEISMIC LOADING ON STRUCTURES INDUCED BY PILES IN INHOMOGENEOUS SOIL

The kinematic response of flexible piles in inhomogeneous soil is explored under harmonic and seismic excitation. The system under investigation consists of a long fixed-head pile embedded in viscoelastic soil with stiffness varying continuously with depth. A generalized power-law function is employed to describe the variable soil stiffness. The problem is treated numerically by means of a Beam-on-Dynamic-Winkler-Foundation (BDWF) model based on a layer transfer-matrix (Haskel-Thompson) formulation. This study aims at: (a) investigating numerical and modeling aspects related to Winkler analyses of soil-pile kinematic interaction in a non-homogeneous soil; (b) exploring soil-pile kinematic interaction as affected by varying subsoil conditions under harmonic oscillations; (c) providing a novel closedform expression for the kinematic interaction factor of pile-head over free-field response as a function of a single dimensionless frequency controlling the physical phenomenon and (d) elucidating the beneficial role of piles in the reduction of seismic loading imposed on pilesupported structures in terms of spectral acceleration for different pile-soil configurations and earthquake motions. Results show that: (a) large-diameter piles in soils with very low stiffness at shallow depths may substantially reduce the seismic acceleration imposed on structures and (b) the role of pile diameter becomes less important for strongly inhomogeneous soils. The latter indicates that even small-diameter piles may induce substantial filtering of ground motion if embedded in soft clays, which may be of importance in pile design practice. 1203 Available online at www.eccomasproceedia. org Eccomas Proceedia COMPDYN (2017) 1203-1215 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Eccomas Proceedia. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of COMPDYN 2017. doi: 10.7712/120117.5486. 18333 Emmanouil Rovithis, Raffaele Di Laora, Maria Iovino and Luca de Sanctis
English Students' Attitudes Towards Using Flipped Classrooms in Language Learning at Hebron University

The technology of the flipped classroom is an innovation that allows learners to maximize their participation, increase their motivation, and improve their critical thinking and communication skills. This study investigated the attitudes of English major students in Hebron University towards the flipped classroom during the second semester of the academic year 2017/2018. A qualitative and quantitative method was adopted as this study used both questionnaires and interviews. A total of 150 pre- service teachers enrolled in this study and responded to the questionnaire. Moreover, a total of 10 pre-service teachers enrolled in this study and responded to the interviews. A questionnaire was used to show the general attitudes of the students towards using flipped classroom. Interviews were administered to reveal the general attitudes of the students towards the difficulties and the solutions. Findings of the study reported that the flipped classroom promotes more learner autonomy and self-direction. Moreover, that the participants considered the flipped classroom exciting, motivating, and engaging. Finally, the researchers concluded with some recommendations for educators to include the flipped classroom technology to create better learning opportunities for their students and to achieve better learning outcomes.
Dynamic Intermediate Waters Across the Late Glacial Revealed by Paired Radiocarbon and Clumped Isotope Temperature Records

Paired radiocarbon and clumped isotope temperature records from U/Th‐dated Desmophyllum dianthus corals in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean provide unique information about the history of intermediate waters (∼1,500–1,700 m) across the late glacial and deglaciation (∼35–10 ka). These measurements allow for the construction of radiocarbon‐temperature crossplots, which help to identify water mass endmembers at different times across the deglaciation. Radiocarbon and temperature values from the late glacial fall outside the range of modern ocean data from near the sample collection sites. In the North Atlantic, radiocarbon values tend to be much older than the modern, while in the Southern Ocean, they are more often younger than the modern. Reconstructed temperatures vary around respective modern ocean values; however, warm waters are observed at the Last Glacial Maximum and across the deglaciation in the north and south. We interpret our data in the context of the modern hydrography of the Western North Atlantic and Southern Ocean, and we draw upon direct comparisons between sediment core‐derived reconstructions of ocean circulation from the South Indo‐Pacific and our deep‐sea coral data from the Southern Ocean. Our North Atlantic data support accepted patterns of reduced North Atlantic Deep Water formation during Heinrich Stadials 1 and 2. In the Southern Ocean, deep‐sea coral populations respond to changes in ocean structure that are also reflected in a depth profile of δ13C data from New Zealand, and data indicate that there was less influence of Pacific Deep Water between 1,500 and 1,700 m south of Tasmania across much of the deglaciation.
Transition from Educational System to Labour Market in the European Union

Theoretically, the central research question of this article pertains to the way in which national institutional arrangements, namely educational systems, and related modes of labour markets and welfare provisions, affect the aggregate effectiveness of youth labour market integration in the new EU member states in comparison to the old EU countries. The study utilizes the European Union Labour Force Survey 2004. Results of the cluster analysis provide substantial support for distinct patterns of labour market entry in terms of the stratification of labour market exclusion, downgrading risk and labour market mobility of LM entrants in different CEE countries. Furthermore, the article reveals also new aspects of labour market entry in the EU-15 countries while considering not only educational signalling but also the labour market flexibility dimension.
Density-dependence and winter weather as factors affecting the size of a population of Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria

The results of annual censuses of a Golden Plover population in the Peak District, covering 24 years, are analysed. A strong density-dependent effect of the population in the previous year explained 26.7% of the variation in population growth. An additional 15.3% of the variation was accounted for by the severity of winter weather, as measured by mean monthly air temperature for November to February. There was no significant effect of weather during the breeding season upon Golden Plover population size, implying that any effects which spring and summer temperature or rainfall may have upon fledging success are masked by other factors. The importance of these results is discussed in the light of work on other wader species, and possible declines in Golden Plover numbers.
Association Between Mental Health and Traffic Accidents Injuries in Iranian Men

Study of psychological consequences in traffic accident injured has received little attention in Iran. This study aimed to examine association between mental health and traffic related injuries in injured patients admitted into Emergency Department of Golestan hospital affiliated to Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in Ahvaz, Iran. This study was done on a total of 102 injured men involved in traffic accidents as driver. The controls were consisted of 87 men that were selected from general population and had no history of traffic accident. The data was gathered using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and analyzed through multiple univariate Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs). There was a significant difference between individuals with traffic accident and control group in mental health, physical symptoms, depression and social functioning all (p 0.05). There were significant differences between two group in education, occupation status and marital status all (p<0.001). Traffic injuries were associated with mental health and physical symptoms, depression and social functioning components of GHQ. These results highlight the individual burden related to traffic accidents in Iran. © 2015 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
Investigation of older driver's takeover performance in highly automated vehicles in adverse weather conditions

Driving is important for older people to maintain mobility. To reduce age-related functional decline, older drivers may adjust their driving by avoiding difficult situations. One of these situations is driving in adverse weather conditions such as in the rain, snow and fog which reduce the visual clarity of the road ahead. The upcoming highly automated vehicle (HAV) has the potential of supporting older people. However, only limited work has been done to study older drivers' interaction with HAV, especially in adverse weather conditions. This study investigates the effect of age and weather on takeover control performance among drivers from HAV. A driving simulation study with 76 drivers has been implemented. The participants took over the vehicle control from HAV under four weather conditions clear weather, rain, snow and fog, where the time and quality of the takeover control are quantified and measured. Results show age did affect the takeover time (TOT) and quality. Moreover, adverse weather conditions, especially snow and fog, lead to a longer TOT and worst takeover quality. The results highlighted that a user-centred design of human-machine interaction would have the potential to facilitate a safe interaction with HAV under the adverse weather for older drivers.
Vascular Reactivity and Salt Sensitivity in Normotensive and Hypertensive Adult Nigerians

There are not many studies designed to study the relationship between vascular reactivity and salt sensitivity in a black population. Fifty-two hypertensive (HT) and forty-seven age-matched normotensive (NT) Nigerian subjects took part in the study after informed consent was obtained from them. Ethical clearance was obtained from the College of Medicine of the University of Lagos. Vascular hyperreactivity in response to the Cold Pressor Test (CPT) was determined as a change in systolic blood pressure (ΔSBP) or diastolic blood pressure (ΔDBP) ≥ +15mmHg. This was determined before and after salt-loading with 200mmol Na + /day for 5 days. Salt sensitivty was determined as a change in mean arterial blood pressure (ΔMABP) ≥+5mmHg. Salt-loading led to significant increases in SBP among NT (p = 0.03) and among HT (p = 0.0001) subjects; DBP increased significantly only among HT subjects (p = 0.0003). Systolic and diastolic hyperreactivity were higher among HT (49% and 39% respectively) compared to NT (44% and 39% respectively) at baseline. However systolic hyperreactivity (SHP) increased from 44% to 64% after salt-loading among the NT while diastolic hyperreactivity (DHP) reduced from 39% to 36%. Among the HT, both SHP and DHP reduced from 49% to 33% and from 41% to 31% respectively following salt-loading. Salt sensitivity was higher among HT (56%) compared to NT 34%. Salt sensitivity was positively correlated with systolic reactivity before salt (r = 0.33; p 0.05) but negatively correlated with diastolic reactivity before salt (r = -0.38; p < 0.05) and after salt (r = -0.40; p < 0.05) among NT. These results suggest that systolic hyperreactivity may be a significant determinant in the development of salt sensitive hypertension among this population. Keywords: Vascular reactivity, Salt sensitivity hypertension, Blood pressure
Equality, Legal Certainty and Tax Legislation in the Netherlands - Fundamental Legal Principles as Checks on Legislative Power: A Case Study

Fundamental legal principles may function as a check on legislative power protecting citizens against arbitrary interferences with their liberty. This contribution deals with the principle of equality and the principle of certainty. First, the testing of legislation against the principle of equality is presented as a case study of constitutional review. In the Netherlands, the constitutional dialogue between the legislator and the Dutch Supreme Court revolving around the principle of equality demonstrates a fair amount of subtle details. As a result, constitutional review can hardly be called an all or nothing affair. Secondly, retroactive tax legislation is dealt with. The legislator does seem to take the principle of legal certainty, another fundamental legal principle, quite seriously, although no testing of statutory legislation is possible by the courts. With regard to retroactive tax legislation the Government has committed itself in a memorandum, requested by Parliament, to adhere to rules of conduct with regard to different situations where it deems retroactive tax legislation to be justified. Thus, a soft law instrument facilitates a dialogue between different partners in the business of law-making.
An analysis of attributes of conservation subdivisions in a coastal Georgia housing market

GEORGIA HOUSING MARKET by HOVHANNES NAHAPETYAN (Under the Direction of Warren Kriesel, Jeffrey Mullen) ABSTRACT The study analyzes some of the defining characteristics of conservation subdivisions in an attempt to derive the marginal implicit prices and, therefore, price effects on residential single family houses of those characteristics. The hedonic property valuation method with log-log functional form is used based on data obtained from Chatham County, Georgia residential housing market. Variables featuring percentage of open space and percentage of impervious surface at subdivision level are of particular interest, since they constitute defining elements of conservation subdivision. Other variables of environmental nature including distance to hydrological objects such as marshes and rivers and having access to water bodies and/or nice view are also of major importance to the study. Results indicate that the availability of an open space within the subdivision has significant influence on houses prices within that subdivision.