Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
‘ Religion , Spirituality and Psychiatry ’

Introduction: Religion is an important constituent of culture or the way of life of a society. Man’s faith is as old as humankind itself. Priests and physicians were often the same individuals in different civilizations (Bhugra 1996). For a considerable time, psychologists and psychiatrists have largely neglected this important area of human experience. Over the last few years, however, a substantial number of studies have been increasingly seen in the psychological and psychiatric literature relating to religion and mental health (Dein et al. 1998). In his Presidential Valedictory Lecture, Sims (1994) criticized psychiatrists when they ignored the spiritual dimension of their patients. He emphasized the need of psychiatrists to understand their patients who often take spiritual issues seriously. He gave an example of a patient with schizophrenia who heard regularly a voice commanding him to jump out of the window. According to the advice of his mother, he has been able, for some time, to resist this impulse by praying to God. So, his mind was damaged, but his capacity for spiritual life was still present (Sims & O’Brien 1979). Recently, the Trainee Committee of the Royal College of Psychiatrists has recognized the need to consider spiritual issues. The Committee emphasized the importance of the physical, mental and spiritual aspects of healing in the training of doctors in general and psychiatrists in particular Kehoe et al, 1992). According to one survey of clinical psychologists, 60% of clients often express themselves in religious language (Shafranske & Malony, 1990). Pragment argues that, the therapist comes to the relationship grounded by a set of basic assumptions about people, life and helping. Drawing on this ‘orienting system’, the therapist tries to assist others. He believed that therapy in this sense involves a meeting of two worlds, and this meeting is far from being a value-free encounter (Pragment, 1997). Also, Sims rejected the idea of the psychiatrist as being totally reflexive, and considered it ill conceived and outdated. He believes that there is no such thing as ‘valueless’ psychiatry; all of us, as we practice, carry our values, standards, aims and goals from the rest of life into our psychiatry, and the same apply to our patients. However, we do not try to impose our own values on our patients, yet the psychiatrist cannot abrogate his own moral responsibility to evaluate each situation and apply his own values (Sims, 1994). According to some studies, counsellors affect the goals for therapy (Worthington & Scott, 1983), ‘influence their clients’ values over the course of counselling, and selectively attend to and overlook what their clients are saying (Kelly, 1990). Some surveys have shown that mental health professionals, especially psychologists, are less involved in traditional religious practices than those they serve (Ragan et al, 1980: Shafranske & Gorsuch, 1984).
Chronic epilepsy with complex partial seizures is not always medically intractable – a long‐term observational study

Objective – To study the prognosis of patients with complex partial seizures (CPS) with or without simple partial (SPS) and secondarily generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCS) and to analyze the factors related to the degree of medical responsiveness. Material and methods– A total of 266 adult patients with CPS were included in a hospital based observational survey with a follow‐up of 2 to 25 years. Clinical characteristics, seizure frequency, electroencephalography (EEG), cerebral computed tomography (CCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were analyzed. Patients were categorized according to their degree of medical responsiveness into one of three groups: seizure free, improved control (>50% seizure reduction) and poor control. Results– Mean age at follow‐up was 44.7 years (SD 14.7, range 19–93). Mean age at seizure onset was 18.1 years (SD 14.7, median 15, range 1–79). Complete seizure control was achieved in 40%, improved seizure control in 36% and poor seizure control in 24%. Patients entered remission after a mean period of 15.7 years (SD 12.6, median 13, range 1–54) of active epilepsy. A third of all seizure‐free patients were still in remission 6.1 years (SD 5.3, median 3.5, range 1–18) after discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs (AED). Patients with poor seizure control had a significantly younger age at onset (P<0.01), a higher initial seizure frequency (more than 3 per month) (P<0.01), abnormal neurological examination (P<0.01), and were more often mentally handicapped (P<0.01). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a high initial seizure frequency, mental handicap and an abnormal neurological examination as independent risk factors for poor seizure control. A positive family history, a history of febrile convulsions and/or psychosis, an abnormal EEG or MRI was not predictive of poor outcome. Conclusions– Not all patients with CPS were medically intractable. Seizure remission can be achieved after a long time of active epilepsy. Poor seizure control was associated with a high initial seizure frequency, mental handicap and abnormal neurological examination.
Sleep in patients with Parkinson's disease and normal subiects prior to and following levodopa administration

Six patients with parkinsonism and 4 spouse control subjects were studied in the sleep laboratory prior to administration of levodopa and during initial, short‐term, long‐term, and chronic usage. The parkinsonian patients had a significant amount of sleeping difficulty, taking much longer to fall asleep and awakening frequently for long periods during the night, as compared with spouse control subjects and a normal, elderly control group. Values for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were similar to those of both control groups, while Stage 3 sleep was decreased. Three of the 6 patients showed a decrease in REM sleep with initial drug administration at the 1.0 Gm. per day dosage level. One had a marked increase in REM sleep for about the first 2 weeks of drug administration. However, REM sleep values for all patients with long‐term and chronic drug administration were similar to base‐line values. In the spouse control subjects, other than a slight increase in REM sleep with initial drug administration which was not maintained with long‐term use, no changes were noted in REM sleep, even during withdrawal of the drug. In both patients and control subjects, values for sleep induction and sleep maintenance were essentially unaltered by the administration of levodopa. Biochemical implications of these data are discussed. In addition, the clinical implications in terms of evaluating and treating the moderately severe insomnia in parkinsonian patients are described.
Dynamics of salmonella infection in fryer roaster turkeys.

SUMMARY A comprehensive study of salmonella infections in nine fryer roaster turkey flocks in Minnesota involved eight farms and three hatcheries. There were approximately 119,000 birds in these flocks. Three sources of salmonella infection were disclosed: 1) breeder flocks and hatcheries; 2) contaminated environment of turkey houses; and 3) contaminated feed. Contaminated environment of the turkey houses invariably infected birds once they came into contact with it. Two of the three flocks were infected by salmonellae present in the environment. Salmonella kentucky was isolated from both feed and the birds at the same time. Feed was a possible source of infection in two of three flocks reported in this study. Source breeder flocks and hatcheries were responsible for salmonella infection in the poults in two of three flocks. Of the nine flocks studied, one was negative for salmonella and the sources of salmonella infection in the rest of the flocks were: environment (three flocks); environment and feed (one flock); environment and breeder flocks and hatchery and feed (one flock); breeder flocks and hatchery and feed (one flock); breeder flocks and hatchery (one flock); and unknown (one flock).
Structural Characteristics of Underdevelopment in the Mafia Archipelago : An Historical Analysis.

W. van Spengen—Caracteristiques structurelles du sous-developpement dans l'archipel de Mafia : analyse historique. ; Au XVIe siecle, l'archipel presentait une situation economique prospere, fondee sur une agriculture combinee a un commerce maritime des produits locaux. La domination portugaise bouleversa cette situation et, a partir de la reconquista omani et de la domination zanzibarite, on voit apparaitre une economie de plantation, au benefice des latifundiaires esclavagistes d'origine arabe, eux-memes exploites par les Indiens. La colonisation allemande entraine l'apparition de grands domaines europeens, qui beneficient de la suppression progressive de l'esclavage. La desagregation de l'economie locale, manifeste sur le plan des cultures alimentaires, est liee a une structure sociale inegalitaire, tres hierarchisee, et dominee de l'exterieur.
The effects of high-intensity interval training in well-trained rowers.

PURPOSE Several recent studies have reported substantial performance and physiological gains in well-trained endurance runners, swimmers, and cyclists following a period of high-intensity interval training (HIT). The aim of the current study was to compare traditional rowing training (CT) to HIT in well-trained rowers. METHODS Subjects included 5 male and 5 female rowers (mean +/- SD; age = 19 +/- 2 y; height = 176 +/- 8 cm; mass = 73.7 +/- 9.8 kg; Vo2peak = 4.37 +/- 1.08 L.min-1). Baseline testing included a 2000-m time trial and a maximal exercise test to determine Vo2peak, 4-min all-out power, and 4 mmol.L-1 blood lactate threshold. Following baseline testing, rowers were randomly allocated to HIT or CT, which they performed seven times over a 4-wk period. The HIT involved 8 x 2.5-min intervals at 90% of the velocity maintained at Vo2peak, with individual recoveries returning to 70% of the subjects' maximal heart rate between intervals. The CT intensity consisted of workloads corresponding to 2 and 3 mmol.L-1 blood lactate concentrations. On completion of HIT or CT, rowers repeated the testing performed at baseline and were then allocated to the alternative training program and completed a crossover trial. RESULTS HIT produced greater improvements in 2000-m time (1.9 +/- 0.9%; mean +/- SD), 2000-m power (5.8 +/- 3.0%), and relative Vo2peak (7.0 +/- 6.4%) than CT. CONCLUSION Four weeks of HIT improves 2000-m time-trial performance and relative Vo2peak in competitive rowers, more than a traditional approach.
Acid-base interactions in some isoquinoline and quinazoline amino derivatives

Few groups of substituted 1-aminoisoquinoline, 4-amino- and 2,4-diaminoquinazoline derivatives have been examined in order to find general relationships between the basicity and a kind of substituent. pKa Values have been determined for these compounds and correlated with the original Hammett σm and σp constants. They clearly showed that the steric effects of the bulky substituents neighbouring the protonated ring nitrogen atom influence the electron transfer in such arrangements. Different tendencies in the electron transfer caused by the same groups in the position 1 of isoquinoline and position 4 of quinazoline have been also disscused. The ρ value, single crystal X-ray analysis, 15 N-NMR spectra and MNDO calculations give evidence about the electronic effects and the preferential site of protonation in such arrangements.
Optimality of threshold transmission policies in Gilbert Elliott fading channels

We derive stochastic control algorithms to achieve the optimal tradeoff between throughput and energy consumption for transmitting packets across a time varying wireless channel with memory. The channel state is not directly observed and hence transmission decisions must be based on ACK/NAK information provided over a feedback channel. By reformulating the problem as a Markovian search problem, we propose a conjecture that the optimal transmission control policies are threshold in nature. Threshold policies are computationally inexpensive to implement. Numerical simulations demonstrate the performance improvements that can be obtained using the optimal threshold policies as compared to heuristic algorithms.
IRTA1+ monocytoid B cells in reactive lymphadenitis show a unique topographic distribution and immunophenotype and a peculiar usage and mutational pattern of IgVH genes

The origin and function of monocytoid B cells (MBCs) are poorly understood. Taking advantage of their strong expression of IRTA1 (a receptor that is also associated with MALT marginal zone B cells), we have comprehensively analysed MBCs in 25 cases of lymphadenitis of different aetiologies, shedding new light on the topographical distribution, immunophenotype and IgVH gene usage and mutational profile of this B cell subset. IRTA1+ MBCs, although predominantly located in the subcapsular and intermediary sinuses, were also observed scattered within germinal centres (GCs) in all lymphadenitis cases examined. The molecular characterization of IgVH genes revealed that IRTA1+ MBCs residing in different areas of the lymph node (subcapsular sinus, intermediary sinuses and GCs) can be clonally related (with intraclonal variation), and that those located in GCs are consistently more mutated and selected for expression of a functional antigen receptor than those located in the sinuses. Moreover, by contrast, IRTA1+ MBCs in GCs express the memory B cell marker CD27. Finally, in toxoplasmic lymphadenitis, the IRTA1+ MBC population shows a highly preferential usage of the VH genes 3‐7 and 3‐30 (without any obvious peculiarity in their CDR3s), possibly suggesting that a superantigen expressed by Toxoplasma gondii may be involved in the early activation of this B cell subset. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human antibody reactivity against the lower matrix protein (pp65) produced by cytomegalovirus

The lower matrix protein (pp65) is a major product of many laboratory strains of cytomegalovirus (CMV). It is thus an integral part of many CMV serological assays based on native antigen. Recombinant fragments of pp65 have previously been investigated for their usefulness in more-defined assays. The latter antigens have, however, failed to develop a positive response with serum samples derived from a substantial number of infected individuals. Here we show that the human humoral immune response to CMV pp65 is highly diverse and recognizes at least seven distinct but in some cases partly overlapping epitopes. Most of these epitopes could not be mimicked by any of the investigated recombinant or synthetic antigens. Furthermore, when we investigated the ability of human CMV-seropositive serum samples to block the reactivity of pp65-specific antibodies recognizing five different epitopes within pp65, it was evident that several sera did not contain significant levels of antibodies against any of these or overlapping structures. It was thus concluded that the antibody response against CMV pp65 is weak in some CMV-infected individuals, making this antigen unsuitable for use alone in serological screening systems for CMV infection.
Getting the problem of endocrine disruption into focus: The need for a pause for thought

The study of chemically‐induced endocrine disruption in mammals is a relatively new field of endeavour, and it has been assailed by an unusual level of disagreement among investigators regarding the developmental effects produced by chemicals in animals. This article discusses the several sources of uncertainty in endocrine toxicity studies, and the intrinsic variability of many of the key experimental parameters. It is concluded that current uncertainties are due to the absence of an extensive agreed control database for the developmental parameters under study, coupled to the established intrinsic variability of these parameters between strains/species of test animals and test protocols. Only when these factors are generally accepted and well studied will it be possible to design studies capable of distinguishing the possible subtle endocrine toxicity of chemicals and chance observations that cannot be independently reproduced.
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has distinct organelle‐specific lipoylation pathways

Lipoic acid is an essential cofactor of α‐keto acid dehydrogenase complexes (KADHCs). This study shows that Plasmodium falciparum possesses two distinct lipoylation pathways that are found in separate subcellular localizations. Lipoic acid synthesis comprising lipoic acid synthase and lipoyl‐ACP:protein N‐lipoyl transferase is present in the parasite's apicoplast, whereas the second pathway consisting of lipoic acid protein ligase is located in the parasite's mitochondrion. The two localizations were established by overexpressing green fluorescent protein fusions of the N‐terminal sequences of lipoic acid synthase and lipoic acid protein ligase in intraerythrocytic stages of P. falciparum. Northern and Western blot analyses revealed that the genes/proteins encoding lipoic acid synthase, lipoyl‐ACP:protein N‐lipoyl transferase and lipoic acid protein ligase are expressed maximally in the early and late stages of P. falciparum erythrocytic development. The functionality of the three proteins was proven by complementation of bacteria deficient in lipA and lipB. Our results show that P. falciparum possesses two independent pathways, with different locations, responsible for the post‐translational modification of KADHCs. Both pathways fundamentally differ from those in the human host. As KADHCs provide metabolites that are required for essential biosynthetic processes such as fatty acid biosynthesis and haem biosynthesis, the two lipoylation pathways of P. falciparum might be attractive therapeutic targets against malaria.
Multifunctional Textiles – Modification by Plasma, Dyeing and Nanoparticles

The textile industry in developed countries is confronting the world’s marketing conditions and competitive challenges which are driving towards the development of advanced, highly functional textiles and textiles with higher added value. The conventional textile finishing techniques are wet chemical modifications where water and rather hazardous chemicals are used in large quantities and wastewaters need to be processed before discharging effluent, whereas the most problematic factor are ecological impacts to the environment and effects to human health. The increasing environmental concerns and demands for an environmentally friendly processing of textiles leads to the development of new technologies, the use of plas‐ ma being one of the suitable methods [1]. Plasma technology is an environmentally friendly technology and a step towards creating solid surfaces with new and improved properties that cannot be achieved by conventional processes [2]. Plasma is the fourth state of matter. It is a gas with a certain portion of ionized as well as other reactive particles, e.g. ions, elec‐ trons, photons, radicals and metastable excited particles. Several types of plasma are known; however, only non-equilibrium or cold plasma is used for the modification of physical and chemical properties of solid materials such as textiles. Chemically reactive particles pro‐ duced at a low gas temperature are a unique property of cold plasma; hence, there is mini‐ mal thermal degradation of a textile substrate during the plasma processing [3]. Cold plasma is a partially ionized gas with the main characteristic of a very high temperature of free electrons (typically of the order of 10,000 K, often about 50,000 K) and a low kinetic tem‐ perature of all other species. The average energy of the excited molecules is usually far from the values calculated from the thermal equilibrium at room temperature. The rotational tem‐ perature, for instance, is often close to 1000 K, while the vibrational temperature can be as
Prognostic Nomogram for Predicting Long-Term Overall Survival of Esophageal Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Plus Surgery: A Population-Based Study

Objective Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) plays an important role in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer (EC). We aim to determine the prognostic risk factors and establish a reliable nomogram to predict overall survival (OS) based on SEER population. Methods Patients with EC coded by 04–15 in the SEER database were included. The data were divided into training group and verification group (7:3). The Cox proportional-risk model was evaluated by using the working characteristic curve (receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC) and the area under the curve (AUC), and a nomogram was constructed. The calibration curve was used to measure the consistency between the predicted and the actual results. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate its clinical value. The best cut-off value of nomogram score in OS was determined by using X-tile software, and the patients were divided into low-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk groups. Results A total of 2,209 EC patients who underwent nCRT were included in further analysis, including 1,549 in the training cohort and 660 in the validation group. By Cox analysis, sex, marital status, T stage, N stage, M stage, and pathological grade were identified as risk factors. A nomogram survival prediction model was established to predict the 36-, 60-, and 84-month survival. The ROC curve and AUC showed that the model had good discrimination ability. The correction curve was in good agreement with the prediction results. DCA further proved the effective clinical value of the nomogram model. The results of X-tile analysis showed that the long-term prognosis of patients in the low-risk subgroup was better in the training cohort and the validation cohort (p < 0.001). Conclusion This study established an easy-to-use nomogram risk prediction model consisting of independent prognostic factors in EC patients receiving nCRT, helping to stratify risk, identify high-risk patients, and provide personalized treatment options.
Coordinating Actions

The motor system composes complex actions by combining simpler submovements. This presumably involves sharing information about the progress of one submovement with the centres controlling another submovement, to ensure that the second happens in an appropriate relation to the first. This process is called coordination. In this paper Idiscuss evidence that coordinating actions indeed involves an active process of sharing information about the current state of movements. Coordination appears to be qualitatively different from the process of reacting to external stimuli. This may reflect the importance of predictive representations in coordination. Finally, the processes underlying coordination appear to be organized in a response-specific fashion, as a number of relatively independent circuits. The development and tuning of these circuits may, in part, be what makes an action “skilled”.
Differential complementary localization of metabolic enzymes for quinolinic acid in olfactory bulb astrocytes

The cellular localizations of the synthetic [3‐hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase (3HAO)] and degradative [quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT)] enzymes of the endogenous excitotoxin quinolinic acid were studied in the adult rat main olfactory bulb by immunohistochemical techniques. 3HAO and QPRT were expressed only in astrocytes. The two enzymes were differentially expressed by astrocytes in a complementary pattern: 3HAO staining was strongest at the glomerular–external plexiform layer junction; QPRT staining was strongest at the glomerular–olfactory nerve layer junction. The complementary distributions of these metabolic enzymes suggests that there could be a gradient of quinolinic acid across the glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb. Such a gradient could function to restrict the ingrowth of new olfactory axons to the glomeruli and/or to stabilize the formation of new synapses.