Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neuronal Differentiation in the Adult Hippocampus Recapitulates Embryonic Development

In the adult hippocampus and olfactory bulb, neural progenitor cells generate neurons that functionally integrate into the existing circuits. To understand how neuronal differentiation occurs in the adult hippocampus, we labeled dividing progenitor cells with a retrovirus expressing green fluorescent protein and studied the morphological and functional properties of their neuronal progeny over the following weeks. During the first week neurons had an irregular shape and immature spikes and were synaptically silent. Slow GABAergic synaptic inputs first appeared during the second week, when neurons exhibited spineless dendrites and migrated into the granule cell layer. In contrast, glutamatergic afferents were detected by the fourth week in neurons displaying mature excitability and morphology. Interestingly, fast GABAergic responses were the latest to appear. It is striking that neuronal maturation in the adult hippocampus follows a precise sequence of connectivity (silent → slow GABA → glutamate → fast GABA) that resembles hippocampal development. We conclude that, unlike what is observed in the olfactory bulb, the hippocampus maintains the same developmental rules for neuronal integration through adulthood.
Development of Species Dominance along an Elevational Gradient: Population Dynamics of Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma

We evaluated species‐environment relationships within piñon‐juniper woodlands in northern New Mexico (United States) using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The first CCA axis was associated primarily with elevation. Our results showed separation between piñon and juniper along the elevation gradient, as expected: piñon is relatively more dominant at higher sites, whereas juniper is relatively more dominant at lower sites. To examine how this pattern of dominance might emerge with time, we plotted the position of centroids for three piñon and juniper size classes along the first CCA axis. We found that small piñons and junipers were distributed relatively uniformly across the gradient, whereas large piñons and junipers were strongly segregated along the gradient, with intermediate‐sized piñons and junipers intermediate on the CCA axis between small and large. This produced a pattern of increased divergence between the two species that increased with size. We suggest that this pattern emerges as a result of differential mortality between the species rather than as a result of differences in seedling establishment along the gradient. These differences between the species could result from differences in resource use (i.e., physiology) and resource acquisition (i.e., rooting patterns relative to plant available water). We present a conceptual model of how differences between the species in resource acquisition increase with size (age). We suggest that differences in resource acquisition between species, which increase as individuals mature, may play a greater role in determining species dominance along resource gradients than has been previously appreciated.
NK cell receptors.

NK cells are regulated by opposing signals from receptors that activate and inhibit effector function. While positive stimulation may be initiated by an array of costimulatory receptors, specificity is provided by inhibitory signals transduced by receptors for MHC class I. Three distinct receptor families, Ly49, CD94/NKG2, and KIR, are involved in NK cell recognition of polymorphic MHC class I molecules. A common pathway of inhibitory signaling is provided by ITIM sequences in the cytoplasmic domains of these otherwise structurally diverse receptors. Upon ligand binding and activation, the inhibitory NK cell receptors become tyrosine phosphorylated and recruit tyrosine phosphatases, SHP-1 and possibly SHP-2, resulting in inhibition of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine expression. Recent studies suggest these inhibitory NK cell receptors are members of a larger superfamily containing ITIM sequences, the inhibitory receptor superfamily (IRS).
Characteristics of 3D environments and potential contributions to spatial learning

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Alcohol And Endothelial Function: A Brief Review

1. In spite of the dose‐related effects of alcohol consumption to increase blood pressure, regular light to moderate alcohol intake appears to confer protection against both coronary artery disease and ischaemic stroke. In contrast, heavy alcohol consumption increases the risk of coronary artery disease and the risk of both haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke.
Subsequent cancers after in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

OBJECTIVES To compare cancer risks after in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin and to determine whether these 2 forms of cancer differ in prognostic significance. PATIENTS Subsequent events after in situ and invasive SCC were studied in the Swedish Family-Cancer Database, in which cancer data were obtained from the Swedish Cancer Registry from 1958 to 1996. Among 22293 patients with in situ SCC, 3940 had first invasive cancer; among 17637 patients with invasive SCC, 3624 had a second occurrence of cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), ratios of the observed to expected number of cases, served as a measure of relative risk. For overall risks, cases diagnosed within the first year of follow-up were omitted. RESULTS The median age of onset was 72 to 73 years for in situ and invasive SCC, respectively. Standardized incidence ratios of all cancers were increased after in situ SCC (men-women, 1.5:1.3) and invasive SCC (men-women, 1.9:1.5). The subsequent occurrences of cancer and their SIRs were similar after in situ and invasive SCC, with skin cancer showing the highest SIR of 6.4:10.0. Among discordant cancers, increased SIRs were recorded for melanoma and a group of malignant neoplasms observed in patients with immunosuppression, including lymphoma and oral cancers. Subsequent cancers in the salivary glands and nasal cavity also showed increased SIRs, particularly after invasive SCC. CONCLUSION Risks of subsequent cancers, including skin cancer, melanoma, and internal cancers, showed similar patterns in patients with in situ and invasive SCC, suggesting that the 2 groups have a similar susceptibility to cancer.
Influence of patient perceptions and preferences for osteoporosis medication on adherence behavior in the Denosumab Adherence Preference Satisfaction study

ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate patient perceptions of subcutaneous denosumab or oral alendronate in postmenopausal women with or at risk for osteoporosis and how these perceptions influence adherence. MethodsPostmenopausal women with low bone mass were randomized to denosumab 60 mg every 6 months for 1 year (treatment period 1 [TP1]) followed by alendronate 70 mg once weekly for 1 year (treatment period 2 [TP2]), or vice versa. Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire data were collected at baseline and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months; a necessity-concerns differential (NCD) was calculated for each time point. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the influences of baseline characteristics on nonadherence. ResultsParticipants included 250 women (alendronate/denosumab, n = 124; denosumab/alendronate, n = 126). During TP1, the NCD at month 6 was higher with denosumab than with alendronate (P = 0.0076). In TP2, the NCD was higher for women switched to denosumab than for women switched to alendronate at 6 months (P = 0.0126) and 12 months (P = 0.4605). Denosumab was preferred to alendronate regardless of treatment sequence (P < 0.0001). Covariate analysis revealed that higher TP2 baseline necessity scores were associated with lower odds of nonadherence (P = 0.0055), whereas higher concerns about medication scores were associated with higher odds of nonadherence (P = 0.0247). Higher NCD scores were also associated with lower odds of nonadherence (P = 0.0015). ConclusionsParticipants preferred denosumab to alendronate while on treatment and had more positive perceptions of denosumab than alendronate. These perceptions were associated with better adherence.
[Evaluation of electroencephalography grading standard in severe cerebrovascular disease].

OBJECTIVE To compare the prognostic value of different electroencephalography (EEG) grading standards of cerebral dysfunction after cerebrovascular diseases. METHODS The EEG of all the 40 patients who suffered from acute cerebrovascular disease of the cerebral hemisphere were recorded continuously, and three different EEG grading standards (Lavizzari, Synek and Young) were analyzed and compared. RESULTS All three different EEG grading standards showed significant correlation with outcome (all P<0.001), i. e. the higher the EEG grade was, the poorer the outcome was. Logistic regression showed that the Synek standard was the best for survival rate and comprehensive prognostic accuracy (90.9%, 89.2%, respectively), Young standard (81.8%, 83.8%) was lower than Synek standard in predicting accuracy but higher than Lavizzari standard (75.%, 80.% respectively). CONCLUSION The EEG grading standard of Synek might well reflect the cerebral dysfunction and appear to be a reliable predictor for outcome.
Maternal “isolated” obesity and obstetric complications

Objective: To investigate pregnancy outcomes, particularly cesarean delivery (CD), among women with “isolated” obesity (i.e. without additional comorbidities). Study design: We conducted a retrospective population-based study between the years 1988–2010. The pregnancy outcomes of obese (prepregnancy BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and nonobese patients were compared. Patients with chronic hypertension, pregestational diabetes mellitus, other preexisting chronic morbidities, multiple gestations, age above 40 years, grand multiparity (above 5 deliveries), lack of prenatal care, and following fertility treatments were excluded from the analysis. Stratified analyses, using multiple logistic regression models, were performed to control for confounders. Results: During the study period, a total of 173,628 deliveries met the inclusion criteria; 1605 (0.9%) occurred in patients with “isolated” obesity. Higher rates of CD were found among patients with “isolated” obesity (30.7% vs. 12.3%; odds ration [OR] = 3.2; p < 0.001). When controlling for possible confounders, using a multivariable model with CD as the outcome variable, the association between “isolated” obesity and CD remained significant (adjusted OR = 2.6; p < 0.001). No significant differences were found in the risks of perinatal complications including perinatal mortality, shoulder dystocia, congenital malformations, and low 5-min Apgar score. Conclusion: “Isolated” obesity, although not a risk factor for adverse perinatal outcomes, is an independent risk factor for CD.
Hepatopulmonary syndromes

The lungs are “downstream” from the liver. The eVects of venous blood (flow and constituents) arising in the liver and portal system and which subsequently traverses the pulmonary arterial and capillary system, seem to be quite subtle in the “normal” situation. Dysfunction of either the lungs or liver may dramatically alter this steady state condition and aVect the other organ. For example, severe arterial pathology originating within the lungs, as seen in primary pulmonary hypertension, can have a profound “backflow” vascular impact on the normal liver, with resultant hepatic congestion and ascites. Alternatively, liver disorders causing portal hypertension (cirrhotic or noncirrhotic) may result in a high flow, hyperdynamic circulatory state and an imbalance between vasoconstrictors, vasodilators, and other mediators metabolised or synthesised by the liver. The pulmonary consequences of hepatic dysfunction may have dramatic clinical relevance and have been considered hepatopulmonary syndromes. Such pathophysiologies of recent interest are the focus of this article (table 1).
Fine Structure of the Gas Bladder of Alligator Gar, Atractosteus spatula

Anthropogenic factors seriously affect water quality and adversely affect fish populations. Agricultural run-off accumulates in the Mississippi River and the coastal estuaries. Alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) inhabits these waters and is impacted by agricultural pollution, petrochemical contaminants and oil spills. These fish are bimodal air breathers, and use a primitive lung as an accessory organ. The gas bladder, or Air Breathing Organ (ABO) of alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula), is a vascularized air sac located dorsal to the body lumen. It has characteristics of amphibian lungs. Alligator gar air-breathing organs function to supplement branchial respiratory exchange with aerial gas exchange. The alligator gar gas bladder is an elongated air sac that originates dorsal to the pharynx. Air enters through a pharyngeal-esophageal duct that is controlled by two glottal ridges. The pharyngeo-esophageal duct is approximately 5mm long and is lined by ciliated columnar epithelium that is continuous with the central canal epithelium. The gas bladder has a central canal that subdivides the bladder into right and left lobes. Each lobe is further divided by septa into series of air spaces. The septa consist of blood vessels and smooth and striated muscles. Air circulates throughout the central canal, lobes and air spaces. The thickness of the septa is determined by underlying, supportive striated muscle. The internal surface of the gas bladder is a continuous respiratory epithelial layer that includes mucus cells, pneumocytes, and ciliated epithelial cells. An understanding of the normal tissue characteristics of this air breathing organ provides a baseline for studying the effects of environmental toxins on this organ. You can submit your Manuscripts at: https://symbiosisonlinepublishing.com/submitManuscript.php
The cooling-suit: case studies of its influence on fatigue among eight individuals with multiple sclerosis.

AIM OF THE STUDY To study if the use of a cooling-suit by individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) influenced their experience of fatigue and consequent restrictions in daily life. BACKGROUND The majority of MS patients consider fatigue as one of their most disabling symptoms and as having a significant impact on their daily lives. Fatigue often increases in a warm environment. A cooling-suit has been reported as a practical method of cooling, but the effect on fatigue has not yet been studied. RESEARCH METHODS Eight individuals used a cooling-suit in their own homes during a test-period. In a single case-control design, their experience of fatigue was studied before and after. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used: self-assessments using the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS), open-ended interviews and semi-structured diaries. RESULTS All study participants reported a reduction in fatigue during the test period. On the FIS, they scored reductions in the physical, cognitive and psycho-social dimensions of daily life. They experienced fatigue less often and for shorter periods. In their diaries and interviews they described decreased muscular strain, less sense of fatigue in relation to intake of food and positive effects on cognitive, social or affective problems related to fatigue. DISCUSSION The cooling-suit is a practical method for cooling. It gives freedom and flexibility and can be used regardless of setting. Nurses who meet heat-sensitive individuals with MS have the opportunity to give information on cooling methods, including how to use a cooling-suit. In this pilot study we found that individuals with MS who suffered from fatigue reported a number of improvements in quality of daily life. CONCLUSIONS The result indicates that use of a cooling-suit by individuals with MS may decrease their sense of fatigue. In this sample positive outcomes on daily life situations were reported. Further studies are needed to support these results.
DIURNAL VARIATION IN LANGUAGE TESTS AND ITS RELEVANCE TO EARLY DETECTION OF DEMENTIA: TIME DEPENDENCE OF LANGUAGE TEST IN HEALTHY ADULTS

chemistry, and Doppler echocardiography. In addition, depressive symptoms (according to the CES-D scale), ADLs, IADLs, perception of dyspnea (by two validated visual scales), and of health status (by a four-choice questionnaire) were also evaluated. ' Severe depressive symptoms were found in 85% of patients. Among clinical and instrumental variables, only depressive symptoms were related to worse perception of health status and reduced functional ability ( P < .002), detected in 51 and 68% of patients, respectively. Higher CES-D scores, in turn, were related to higher cortisol ( P < .005) and lower sodium ( P < .003) levels and to decreased blood lymphocyte count ( P < .003). On multiple regression analysis, serum cortisol and sodium levels were independent predictors of functional ability, and serum cortisol and depressive symptoms predicted health perception. These data suggest that in older patients with HF, depression plays a major role in determining the functional status and health perception, which in turn are powerful, independent predictors of survival. '-3 Such a role seems to be linked to signs of neuroendocrine and immune dysfunction rather than to left ventricular function or to clinical signs and symptoms of HF; however, once established, depression can worsen health perception. This supports the need of multidimensional evaluation and treatment of HF in older patients.
Differential feedback in two multiple-cue probability learning tasks.

In a learning situation, does the principle “the more information, the better the performance” always apply? Questioned in this article is the traditional use of outcome feedback (knowledge of results) as a means of providing more positive effects on learning. These authors suggest that it is the kind of information that counts in multiple-cue probability tasks.
Prognostic Impact of ABO Blood Group on the Survival in Patients with Ovarian Cancer

Purpose: The impact of ABO blood group on the survival of patients with ovarian cancer remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the ABO blood group in ovarian cancer patients. Methods: 256 ovarian cancer patients who received a cytoreductive surgery were retrospectively reviewed. The prognostic impact of the ABO blood group with respect to overall survival (OS) was analyzed. Results: The median follow-up time was 57 months and the 5-year OS was 70.1%. The 5-year OS were 55.0%, 83.3%, 82.5%, and 70.0% in patients with A, B, AB, and O blood type, respectively (p = 0.003). Patients with blood type A had a poorer 5-year OS than patients with blood type non-A (55.0% vs. 75.0%, p = 0.001), especially in patients with age > 50 years (40.0% vs. 62.5%, p = 0.004). Univariate Cox analyses showed that blood type A was significantly associated with OS than those with non-A types (hazard ratio (HR) 2.210, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.373-3.557, p = 0.001). Blood type A remained an independent prognostic factor for OS than those with non-A blood types in multivariate analyses (HR 2.235, 95% CI 1.360-3.674, p = 0.002). Conclusion: ABO blood group is associated with survival in patients with ovarian cancer, patients with blood type A had a significantly worse OS than patients with non-A blood types, especially in patients with age > 50 years.
Constitutive Turnover of Cyclin E by Cul3 Maintains Quiescence

ABSTRACT Two distinct pathways for the degradation of mammalian cyclin E have previously been described. One pathway is induced by cyclin E phosphorylation and is dependent on the Cul1/Fbw7-based E3 ligase. The other pathway is dependent on the Cul3-based E3 ligase, but the mechanistic details of this pathway have yet to be elucidated. To establish the role of Cul3 in the degradation of cyclin E in vivo, we created a conditional knockout of the Cul3 gene in mice. Interestingly, the biallelic loss of Cul3 in primary fibroblasts derived from these mice results in increased cyclin E expression and reduced cell viability, paralleling the loss of Cul3 protein expression. Cell cycle analysis of viable, Cul3 hypomorphic cells shows that decreasing the levels of Cul3 increases both cyclin E protein levels and the number of cells in S phase. In order to examine the role of Cul3 in an in vivo setting, we determined the effect of deletion of the Cul3 gene in liver. This gene deletion resulted in a dramatic increase in cyclin E levels as well as an increase in cell size and ploidy. The results we report here show that the constitutive degradation pathway for cyclin E that is regulated by the Cul3-based E3 ligase is essential to maintain quiescence in mammalian cells.
Type 2 wide‐field amacrine cells in TH::GFP mice show a homogenous synapse distribution and contact small ganglion cells

In vertebrate retinas, wide‐field amacrine cells represent a diverse class of interneurons, important for the extraction of selective features, like motion or objects, from the visual scene. Most types of wide‐field amacrine cells lack dedicated output processes, whereas some types spatially segregate outputs from inputs. In the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)::green fluorescent protein (GFP) mouse line, two types of GFP‐expressing wide‐field amacrine cells have been described: dopaminergic type 1 and γ‐aminobutyric acid‐ergic type 2 cells (TH2). TH2 cells possess short and long radial processes stratifying in the middle of the inner plexiform layer, where they collect excitatory and inhibitory inputs from bipolar cells and other amacrine cells, respectively. Although it was shown that these inputs lead to ON–OFF light responses, their spatial distribution along TH2 cell processes is unknown. Also, the postsynaptic targets of TH2 cells have not been identified so far. Here, we analysed the synapse distribution of these cells in TH::GFP mice and show that they form a weakly coupled network. Electrical synapses (made of connexin36) and chemical (excitatory and inhibitory) synapses are uniformly distributed along TH2 dendrites, independent of dendrite length or distance from soma. Moreover, we reveal that TH2 cells contact at least two types of small ganglion cells; one of them is the W3 cell, a ganglion cell sensitive to object motion. Contacts were often associated with markers of inhibitory synapses. Thus, TH2 wide‐field amacrine cells likely provide postsynaptic inhibition to W3 ganglion cells and may contribute to object‐motion detection in the mouse retina.