Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical Learning and Spelling: Older Prephonological Spellers Produce More Wordlike Spellings Than Younger Prephonological Spellers.

The authors analyzed the spellings of 179 U.S. children (age = 3 years, 2 months-5 years, 6 months) who were prephonological spellers, in that they wrote using letters that did not reflect the phonemes in the target items. Supporting the idea that children use their statistical learning skills to learn about the outer form of writing before they begin to spell phonologically, older prephonological spellers showed more knowledge about English letter patterns than did younger prephonological spellers. The written productions of older prephonological spellers were rated by adults as more similar to English words than were the productions of younger prephonological spellers. The older children s spellings were also more wordlike on several objective measures, including length, variability of letters within words, and digram frequency.
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE AND GABA WITHIN THE AMYGDALOID COMPLEX AND STRIA TERMINALIS SYSTEM OF THE RAT

The distribution of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and δ‐amino butyric acid have been studied in the amygdaloid complex and in the stria terminalis system of the rat. The central and medial nuclei of the amygdala had significantly higher activities of GAD than the lateral olfactory tract nucleus, anterior amygdala, anterior lateral nucleus, posterior lateral nucleus, cortical nucleus, basomedial nucleus, basolateral nucleus, and pyriform cortex. The enzyme activity was about two and a half times higher in the central and medial nuclei than in the pyriform cortex. GABA was also significantly more concentratcd in these nuclei than in the pyriform cortex although this was not true for four other amino acids studied–glutamic acid, aspartic acid, taurine and glycine. GAD activity was also measured in the stria terminalis (the major afferent and efferent pathway of the amygdala) and in its bed nucleus. The enzyme activity was higher in the stria terminalis than in four other fibre tracts studied–the optic tract, anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and fimbria. GAD activity was exceptionally high in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis particularly in its ventral part. The significance of the results are discussed in terms of what is known about the evolution and anatomy of the amygdala.
Branded!: How the 'Certification Revolution' is Transforming Global Corporations

Branded! The Unexpected Consequences of Successful Redefining Corporate Social and Environmental Accountability for the 21st Century Leveraging the Brand: The Essence of Ethical Business Campaigns Birth of It All: Transforming the Global Forest Products Industry Tapping the Ethic of 'Fairness': Certifying Global Commodity Trade Even the Banks Can Do It! New Accountability in Global Finance Can Tourism Be Tamed? Toward a Sustainable Tourism Stewardship Council Accountability Comes to Mining: Building an Assurance Process Can Certification Systems Reduce Global Poverty? Certification Opportunities and Challenges Encountered in Other Arenas: Fisheries, Toxics, and Labour Industry Push Back, and the Failure of Second-Party Certification Efforts The Mother of All Campaigns: Taking on Wal-Mart and the Looming Domination of Big-Box Retail Stores Struggles on the Frontier: Are There Limits to the "Certification Revolution"? Index.
Sialogogue-related radioprotection of salivary gland function: the degranulation concept revisited.

To investigate whether secretory granules play a role in the radiosensitivity of the salivary glands of rats, parotid acinar cells, submandibular acinar cells and/or submandibular granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells were degranulated prior to irradiation. Degranulation of GCT cells was obtained by pretreatment with phenylephrine (5 mg/kg, t = -60 min) and methacholine (3.75 mg/kg, t = -120 min). Degranulation of acinar cells was attained by pretreatment with isoproterenol (5 mg/kg, t = -90 min). Combinations of pretreatments were also tested. Irradiation was performed with a single dose of 15 Gy of X rays. Samples of parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva were collected 4 days prior to and 1, 3, 6, 10 and 30 days after irradiation. Pretreatment with phenylephrine, isoproterenol and methacholine plus phenylephrine resulted in less radiation damage to parotid gland function as indicated by the lag phase and flow rate. Since the pretreatment with phenylephrine and phenylephrine plus methacholine did not degranulate parotid gland acinar cells, the observed protective effect on this gland cannot be explained by the "degranulation concept. " Furthermore, salivary gland function was significantly greater 3 days after irradiation as a result of pretreatment with phenylephrine and phenylephrine plus methacholine compared to rats given only radiation. This may indicate recovery from damage rather than a reduced amount of initial damage. The sparing was most obvious for the later effects (6-30 days). Submandibular/sublingual gland function was improved significantly after pretreatment with methacholine plus phenylephrine, although no increase in degranulation of GCT cells was observed compared to pretreatment with phenylephrine alone, again not favoring the degranulation concept. The results indicate that the secretory granules do not play the often-assumed important role in the radiosensitivity of the salivary gland. The mechanism underlying the observed improvement of salivary gland function may involve second messenger-induced increases in proliferation of salivary gland cells resulting in recovery of tissue after the irradiation.
Distal nephron function in familial hypokalemia-hypomagnesemia (Gitelman's syndrome)

Dr. Giacomo Colussi, Divisione di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore, 3, I20162 Milan (Italy) Dear Sir, In the November 1992 issue of Nephron , Zarraga Larrondo et al. [1] described a patient with the so-called familial hypokalemia-hy-pomagnesemia, or Gitelman’s syndrome [2], also known as ‘hypocalciuric variant’ of Bartter’s syndrome [3, 4]. They contend that fractional distal solute reabsorption (evaluated as the Ch2o/[CH2o + CCJ ratio during maximally diluted diuresis) was reduced, as expected (indicating abnormal distal nephron function) in the patient when urine dilution was achieved by hypotonic saline infusion, but was instead normal when urine was diluted by an oral water load. These apparently divergent results on distal nephron function are rather difficult to explain, and indeed efforts made by the authors to conciliate them appear rather unconvincing. However, if one looks at their data, it appears that all their efforts might have been unnecessary. In tables 1 and 2 of their paper, C1⁄8o and Cα values are given as 8.09 and 4.15 ml/min, respectively (this latter value was obtained by correcting the reported CCι value of 3.46 ml/dl GF by the corresponding GFR of 120 ml/ min). It is easy to calculate that the Ch2o/(Ch2o + Cα) ratio corresponds to 66.1% (a much lower value than the 80-92 reference range), and not to 88.3%, as reported in table 1 [1]. Accordingly, since CNa is also reported (2.25 ml/dl GF, i.e. 2.7 ml/min), one can calculate a C1⁄8o + CNa value of 10.79 ml/min (and not of 10.31 ml/min as reported in table 1), with a C7⁄8o/(C7⁄8o + CNa) ratio of 75%, again an abnormally low value. Thus, it appears that some computation mistake might have occurred, leading to an erroneous evaluation of the fractional distal solute reabsorption. Indeed, no ‘avid reabsorption of chloride’ can be said to exist in this patient, whereas abnormal distal nephron function could instead be detected not only during hypotonic saline infusion, but also during oral water load. In the same paper [1], the authors compared a series of parameters in their patient with reference values from a paper of ours [5]; unfortunately, some of these reference values were taken incorrectly. Among others, the reference value for Cα after furosemide is not 15.2 ± 1.6 (table 2) but 20.9 ± 6.5 ml/dl GF, CNa after furosemide (table 2) was not given in our paper, and the reference value for C1⁄8o after furosemide is not 15 ± 3 ml/min (table 1). This latter value in our paper [5] represents ‘total’ C7⁄8o generated by the distal nephron, i.e. the sum of C1⁄8o before furosemide and free water back-diffusion (which is the difference between urine flow rate after and before furosemide). Values for free water generation after furosemide administration were not given in our paper [5], and would correspond to 6.2 ± 2.5 ml/min [4]. Thus, it would appear
Cortical efferents of the entorhinal cortex and the adjacent parahippocampal region in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Entorhinal cortex (EC) relays information from the hippocampus to the cerebral cortex. The origin of this entorhino‐cortical pathway was studied semiquantitatively and topographically with the use of 23 retrograde tracer injections in cortical areas of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes of the monkey. To assess possible alternative, parallel pathways, the parahippocampal region, comprised of temporal pole (TP), perirhinal (PRC), and posterior parahippocampal cortices (PPH), was included in the study. The majority of the cortical areas receive convergent projections from EC and the parahippocampal region. Strong EC layer V output is directed to temporal pole, medial frontal and orbitofrontal cortices, and the rostral part of the polysensory area of the superior temporal sulcus (sts). Moderate EC output is directed to the caudal superior temporal gyrus, area TE, and parietal cortex, and little to none to the lateral frontal cortex. With the exception of the projection to the medial frontal cortex, output from TP, PRC, and PPH surpassed that from EC, although with regional differences. TP layers II–III, V–VI project strongly to all areas injected except parietal cortex and caudal superior temporal gyrus, while PRC layers III/V–VI send strong projections to rostral parts of area TE and sts. PPH layers III/V–VI project heavily to parietal cortex and caudal superior temporal gyrus. These results suggest that the medial temporal output is primarily organized hierarchically, but at the same time, it has multiple exits of information. These parallel, alternative routes may influence local circuitry in the cerebral cortex and participate in the consolidation of declarative memory.
Lysine Biosynthesis in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

Lysine biosynthesis in seedlings of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Emir) was studied by direct injection of the following precursors into the endosperm of the seedlings: acetate-1-(14)C; acetate-2-(14)C; pyruvate-1-(14)C; pyruvate-2-(14)C; pyruvate-3-(14)C; alanine-1-(14)C; aspartic acid-1-(14)C; aspartic acid-2-(14)C; aspartic acid-3-(14)C; aspartic acid-4-(14)C; alpha-aminoadipic acid-1-(14)C; and alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid-1-(7)-(14)C. The distribution of activity in the individual carbon atoms of lysine in the different biosynthetic experiments was determined by chemical degradation. The incorporation percentages and labeling patterns obtained are in agreement with the occurrence of the diaminopimelic acid pathway. The results do not fit the incorporation percentages and labeling patterns expected if the alpha-aminoadipic acid pathway was operating. However, the results show that barley seedlings are able to convert a small part of the alpha-aminoadipic acid administered directly to lysine.The labeling pattern of lysine was found to be symmetrical around carbon 4. This indicates that the biosynthetic pathway proceeds via a symmetrical intermediate like ll-alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, or includes compounds as 2, 3-dihydrodipicolinic acid or Delta(1)-piperideine-2, 6-dicarboxylic acid which probably isomerise with concomitant lack of asymmetry in the labeling. The percentages of incorporation show that both the mesoand ll-forms of alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid are metabolically convertible to lysine in seedlings of barley.
Response to first line HAART using CD4 cell counts experience in a university hospital in Kingston.

OBJECTIVES To assess the extent to which the current practice for first line therapy concurs with the recommended guidelines and to examine the response of treatment naïve patients to first line Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) at the University Hospital of the West Indies, using CD4 cell counts. METHODS Over a three-month period, a cross-sectional study design was instituted and data were collected on all patients on HAARTat the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) outpatient HIV clinic. Information was collected by reviewing patient medical records using data collection sheets. The data obtained from the medical records included: age, gender date of diagnosis of HIV date at which HAART was commenced, CD4 cell counts prior to the commencement of antiretrovirals, the initial HAART regimes and subsequent CD4 cell counts. RESULTS A total of 165 persons who met the criteria of being on HAART therapy were enrolled in the study The average time span between diagnosis of HIV and commencement of antiretroviral therapy was 1.92 years and the range for this was 0 to 12.29 years. The average CD4 count prior to initiation of HAART was 186 cells/mm3. The most common regime used at the UHWI for first line therapy was combivir and efavirenz, n = 78 (47.3%), followed by combivir and nevirapine, n = 29 (17.6%). The average difference between the initial CD4 count prior to the initiation of HAART and first repeated CD4 count was 102 cells/mm3. The mean time between the first and repeated CD4 cell counts was 376 days. CONCLUSION The recommended guidelines were adhered to for the majority of patients initiated on antiretrovirals at the UHWI. The treatment outcomes achieved at the UHWI were similar to those achieved in developed countries. This gives substantial evidence in support of international efforts to make antiretroviral therapy available in developing countries.
Conjunctival Metaplasia after Pterygium Excision and Limbal Autograft

Purpose To investigate the changes of conjunctival epithelium in the pterygium and donor graft sites after pterygium excision and limbal conjunctival autograft. Methods This study included 16 eyes of 15 patients who underwent pterygium excision and limbal conjunctival autograft. Epithelial impression cytology specimens of both the pterygium and donor graft were obtained preoperatively and at months 1, 3, and 6, at the pterygium and donor graft sites, respectively. In each specimen, changes in the conjunctival epithelium, including the nucleus-to-cytoplasm (N/C) ratio and goblet cell density (GCD), were evaluated. Morphologic changes in the cells and nuclei were also evaluated. Results Preoperatively, both N/C ratio and GCD were significantly higher in specimens from the pterygium than in those from the donor site. At both sites, GCD decreased rapidly at 1 month after surgery and then gradually recovered. No significant difference in GCD was found between the two sites at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Although there was no significant difference in the N/C ratio at 1 and 3 months, the N/C ratio at the pterygium site was significantly greater than that at the donor site at 6 months. At 6 months postoperatively, changes suggesting squamous metaplasia, including elongation of the cells and pyknotic changes in the nuclei, were noted in five samples (31.3%) from the pterygium site but not in any of the samples obtained from the donor site. Conclusions Conjunctival epithelial metaplasia may return after pterygium removal, which may be associated with the high rate of pterygium recurrence.
Effects of post-flowering leaf removal on the phenolic composition of three red Vitis vinifera L . cultivars under semiarid conditions

Among seasonal practices that affect grape quality, selective leaf removal at the cluster zone is accepted as a powerful technique to manipulate flavonoid content of grapes and wines. However, most of research on fruit-zone defoliation has been conducted under temperate climate and it remains uncertain if cluster exposure would be a recommendable practice in semiarid viticultural areas. In this study, we investigated, over two consecutive seasons, the effect of the severity of post-flowering leaf removal on the growth and phenolic composition of berry skin and seeds in three Vitis vinifera L. genotypes (Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sangiovese) under the semiarid conditions of Northern Greece. Three different severities of leaf removal in the fruit-zone were applied manually at berry set: non defoliated (ND), removal of the lateral shoots of the first six basal nodes (LR) and full removal of the total leaf area (main leaves and lateral shoots) of the first six basal nodes (FR). Grape samples were obtained at commercial harvest. Leaf removal decreased yield per vine and cluster weight in Merlot and Sangiovese but berry fresh weight was unaffected in both cultivars. On the contrary, in Cabernet Sauvignon yield was unaffected but berry size was reduced by leaf removal. Fruit zone leaf removal did not affect must soluble solids and increased titratable acidity only in Merlot. Defoliation increased skin anthocyanins in Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon but significantly reduced seed flavan-3-ols mainly as a result of the reduction in catechin and epicatechin amount. However, leaf removal had limited effect in Sangiovese phenolic profile.
Reconstructing with trace information: Does rapid identification information lead to better crime reconstructions?

Currently, promising new tools are under development that will enable crime scene investigators to analyze fingerprints or DNA-traces at the crime scene. While these technologies could help to find a perpetrator early in the investigation, they may also strengthen confirmation bias when an incorrect scenario directs the investigation this early. In this study, 40 experienced Crime scene investigators (CSIs) investigated a mock crime scene to study the influence of rapid identification technologies on the investigation. This initial study shows that receiving identification information during the investigation results in more accurate scenarios. CSIs in general are not as much reconstructing the event that took place, but rather have a “who done it routine. ” Their focus is on finding perpetrator traces with the risk of missing important information at the start of the investigation. Furthermore, identification information was mostly integrated in their final scenarios when the results of the analysis matched their expectations. CSIs have the tendency to look for confirmation, but the technology has no influence on this tendency. CSIs should be made aware of the risks of this strategy as important offender information could be missed or innocent people could be wrongfully accused.
Survival of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 after UV Radiation Exposure

ABSTRACT We systematically investigated the physiological response as well as DNA damage repair and damage tolerance in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 following UVC, UVB, UVA, and solar light exposure. MR-1 showed the highest UVC sensitivity among Shewanella strains examined, with D37 and D10 values of 5.6 and 16.5% of Escherichia coli K-12 values. Stationary cells did not show an increased UVA resistance compared to exponential-phase cells; instead, they were more sensitive at high UVA dose. UVA-irradiated MR-1 survived better on tryptic soy agar than Luria-Bertani plates regardless of the growth stage. A 20% survival rate of MR-1 was observed following doses of 3.3 J of UVC m−2, 568 J of UVB m−2, 25 kJ of UVA m−2, and 558 J of solar UVB m−2, respectively. Photoreactivation conferred an increased survival rate to MR-1 of as much as 177- to 365-fold, 11- to 23-fold, and 3- to 10-fold following UVC, UVB, and solar light irradiation, respectively. A significant UV mutability to rifampin resistance was detected in both UVC- and UVB-treated samples, with the mutation frequency in the range of 10−5 to 10−6. Unlike in E. coli, the expression levels of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) component genes uvrA, uvrB, and uvrD were not damage inducible in MR-1. Complementation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa UA11079 (uvrA deficient) with uvrA of MR-1 increased the UVC survival of this strain by more than 3 orders of magnitude. Loss of damage inducibility of the NER system appears to contribute to the high sensitivity of this bacterium to UVR as well as to other DNA-damaging agents.
Hedge or Speculation? Evidence of the Use of Derivatives by Brazilian Firms During the Financial Crisis

This paper analyzes the use of foreign exchange derivatives by non-financial publicly traded Brazilian companies from 2007 to 2009. Using balance-sheet data on firms’ positions in derivatives and their foreign exchange exposure, this study finds that a significant number of companies speculated in the derivatives market. Two types of speculators are identified: companies that significantly increased the volume of derivatives used during this period but used them in line with their currency exposure and companies that adopted positions that would have been inadvisable had the aim been to hedge their currency exposure. Despite the differences between the two types, there is one similarity: both tried to obtain gains through the continuous process of domestic currency appreciation. The study shows that companies that allegedly have an informational advantage on the foreign exchange market – exporters and companies with foreign-currency-denominated debt – are more likely to speculate. No other theory about the reasons why companies speculate can explain the behavior of these companies.
Product Market Regulation and Labor Market Outcomes: How Can Deregulation Create Jobs?

This paper reports on ongoing research on the interactions between product regulation and labor market outcomes. In particular, I summarize work on the employment effects of shop-closing regulation in the retail and other related sectors. Evidence on employment in the retail sector from Germany, the Netherlands and the United States suggests that the regulatory regime might play an important role; I argue that a nonnegligible comp o nent of the recent Dutch employment miracle could be attributed to product market deregulation, in particular liberalization of shop-closing laws effected in the mid-1990s. I sketch a model, based on Burda and Weil (1999), which can rationalize potential public interest aspects of such regulations as well as identify their employment and output costs.