Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Formalin and Alcohol Preservation on Lengths and Weights of Juvenile Sockeye Salmon

Preserving fish can induce changes in fish tissue and structure that affect subsequent measurements of length and weight. We conducted 3 different experiments to quantify these changes and allow correction factors to be used as needed in analyses of fish growth and production. The experiments were designed to (1) determine temporal variation in the length and weight of juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka as a result of storage in either 10% neutral freshwater-buffered formalin or 95% ethanol; (2) describe the amount of observed variation in length and weight measurements that can be attributed to reader variability; and (3) formulate conversion equations that allow for back-calculation to fresh lengths and weights. Fish preserved in alcohol for 70 d revealed a mean weight loss of 0.68 g after 16 d (19.7% of mean fresh weight; P 0.05). Length initially decreased by 1.41 mm after 16 d (2.19% of mean fresh weight; P < 0.0001), remained stable through 42 d, and then increased significantly (P < 0.0001) by day 70. Storage of fish in formalin produced various results. One experiment revealed a nonsignificant change in length (P = 0.114) after 70 d in the preservative; weight increased 0.24 g (7.12%; P < 0.0001) after 16 d of preservation, but then stabilized through 70 d. Additional formalin effects ranged from a minor length loss (P < 0.0001) and a substantial weight gain (P < 0.0001) after 106 d of storage to a significant (P < 0.001) loss in length after 30 d and continued loss through 99 d. Although a weight gain occurred after 30 d of preservation (P < 0.0001), no significant difference from fresh weight was found after 99 d. We examined the amount of variation in these results that may be attributed to reader differences. For the formalin group, maximum differences between readers were 3.5% (P < 0.0001) for lengths and 6.5% (P < 0.0001) for weights. For the alcohol group, differences were 1.9% (P < 0.0001) for lengths and 6.4% (P < 0.0001) for weights. Instructing readers on standardized blotting methods resulted in a maximum difference between readers of only 2.5% for weight measurements. Conversion equations that allow for back-calculation to original live lengths and weights were developed. 81 Authors: PATRICK A. SHIELDS is a fishery biologist and STAN R. CARLSON is a biometrician with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Management and Development Division, Limnology Unit, 34828 Kalifornsky Beach Road, Suite B, Soldotna, AK 99669-8367. Acknowledgments: Alaska Department of Fish and Game personnel John Edmundson, Jennifer Brannen, Bill Glick, Morris Lambdin, and Dave Westerman — participated in collecting length and weight data. Gary Kyle — provided the incentive to conduct this work and reviewed an early version of the manuscript. Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin 3(2):81–93. 1996. Copyright © 1996 by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Abnormal bile-salt patterns and intestinal bacterial overgrowth associated with malabsorption.

IN a variety of diseases involving the intestine, malabsorption has been attributed to the proliferation of bacteria in the small intestine and therapy directed against the organisms has reversed the malabsorption.1 2 3 4 5 When the organisms have been isolated, they have been identified as normal colonie flora or, less commonly, normal mouth and throat bacteria.4 8 The mechanism by which these otherwise nonpathogenic organisms might produce steatorrhea has not been defined. Recent attempts to explain this phenomenon have focused attention on alterations in bile-salt metabolism in these patients.6 , 7 Normally, bile salts are excreted into the duodenum entirely in the conjugated form,9 in which .
The Strategies for Character Building through Sports Participation

The sport participation has been a major part of our life in the societies. Studies on sports participation have found that sports have both positive and negative influence on character buildings. It has been on-going debate on whether ‘sports build character’ but through literature analysis, author had found that ‘with the intention, sports do build character. ’ Therefore, strategies of building character through sports are suggested in this paper.
The impact of Summer/Academic Year Learning Projects on the academic achievement of student participants

This study examined differences in the academic achievement between students who participated in the Louisiana Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs (LA GEAR UP) Summer/Academic Year Learning Projects and students who did not participate in the program. The sample consisted of 111 students who attended schools participating in the LA GEAR UP program and who attended at least 4 LA GEAR UP summer learning camps and a comparison group of 111 students attending the same schools but who did not attend a summer learning camp. Participating students were individually matched with non-participants on 7 variables, including 6thgrade Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS) composite scores as a baseline academic measure. The dependent variables included grade point average for grades 10, 11, and 12 and student scores on all components of the Louisiana Graduate Exit Exam (GEE). The data were analyzed using a one-way Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and a one-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) with the 6th-grade ITBS composite score as covariate. Statistical analyses revealed a positive and significant difference in favor of participants for combined GPA for grades 10, 11, and 12, as well as for GPA in grades 10, 11, and 12 individually. The analyses of the Graduate Exit Exam scores indicated no significant difference between groups for (a) the combined scores on the Graduate Exit Exam; (b) the mathematics test, and (c) the science test. The analyses found a significant difference in favor of participants for the English/language arts and social studies tests.
Effects of chicken intestinal antimicrobial peptides on humoral immunity of chickens and antibody titres after vaccination with infectious bursal disease virus vaccine in chicken

Abstract Sixty chickens were randomly divided into two groups (30 chickens in each group) to determine the effect of oral administration of chicken intestinal antimicrobial peptides (CIAMP) on the humoral immune response. Chickens of both groups were fed the same diet. In the treatment group chickens received drinking water supplemented with CIAMP (1 µg/ml) right after hatching. Samples of blood, bursa of Fabricus, spleen and intestine were taken at day 1, 4, 7, 10 and 17 of experiment. CIAMP supplementation enhanced the content of IgG and IgM in serum from day 4 – 10 and day 10 – 17, respectively, (p < 0.05), IgM-forming cells in bursa of Fabricus and spleen at the age of 7 days (p < 0.05) and IgG-forming cells in bursa of Fabricus at the age of 4 days (p < 0.05). In addition, CIAMP enhanced the IgA-forming cells in caecal tonsils diffuse area at day 4 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CIAMP enhanced the antibody response to infectious bursal disease virus vaccine (IBDV) in chickens 21 days following IBDV vaccine administration (p < 0.05). These results suggested that CIAMP could modulate the humoral immune response of chickens and increased the antibody titres of infectious bursal disease virus vaccine.
Introduction: The Labor Market in the Aftermath of the Great Recession

The recession of 2008–9 was the deepest and longest downturn in US economic activity since the Great Depression. Like the historic episode of the 1930s, the Great Recession had a particularly large impact on labor markets. Unemployment peaked at 10% in 2009 and only fell back below 6% in 2014 ðfig. 1Þ. The impact on employment rates was even greater: the fraction of the working-age population with a job fell precipitously in 2008 and 2009 ðfig. 2Þ and has as yet only recovered a small fraction of these losses. Most economists believe that the Great Recession was caused by financial market stresses following the collapse of the housing bubble. Nevertheless, some have argued that labor market factors contributed to the persistence of the recession. Average real wages rose in the early stages of the recession and then remained relatively stable ðsee fig. 3Þ, suggesting that realwage rigidities—perhaps reinforced by the availability of extended unemployment insurance benefits—may have been impeding labor market adjustments. The unprecedented rise in long-term unemployment, which by 2011 accounted for nearly one-half of all unemployment spells, has likewise been interpreted by some analysts as evidence that benefit-induced frictions were slowing recovery from the recession. In 2011, the National Bureau of Economic Research asked the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to sponsor a series of studies on the labor market impacts of the Great Recession. The papers in this issue, all of which have been through the Journal of Labor Economics’ usual refereeing process, are the end result of this process. They offer new perspectives on three fun-
Problems and Factors of Non-Completion of Promising Projects by Young Entrepreneurs: The Case of Tunisia

Our study attempted to explore the different problems and factors of the non-completion of business projects by a representative sample of project promoters. Four factors were selected to examine the issue, which are: resources availability and ease of access to finance, lack of capital and its impact on projects, promotersâ€™ competencies and cognitive skills and their projects vision as entrepreneurs to overcome obstacles. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has shown that the financial factor is the main factor of the non-completion of promising projects by young project promoters.
The many characters of visual alpha oscillations

A central feature of human brain activity is the alpha rhythm: a 7–13 Hz oscillation observed most notably over occipitoparietal brain regions during periods of eyes‐closed rest. Alpha oscillations covary with changes in visual processing and have been associated with a broad range of neurocognitive functions. In this article, we review these associations and suggest that alpha oscillations can be thought to exhibit at least five distinct ‘characters’: those of the inhibitor, perceiver, predictor, communicator and stabiliser. In short, while alpha oscillations are strongly associated with reductions in visual attention, they also appear to play important roles in regulating the timing and temporal resolution of perception. Furthermore, alpha oscillations are strongly associated with top‐down control and may facilitate transmission of predictions to visual cortex. This is in addition to promoting communication between frontal and posterior brain regions more generally, as well as maintaining ongoing perceptual states. We discuss why alpha oscillations might associate with such a broad range of cognitive functions and suggest ways in which these diverse associations can be studied experimentally.
The Impact Of Costly Information Interpretation On Firm Disclosure Decisions

This paper examines how investor ability or sophistication in interpreting accounting information affects firm disclosure decisions. Investor capability in acquiring and processing information is an important issue to the accounting profession in the light of accounting regulators' perceived mandate to protect small, less sophisticated investors.1 Accounting regulation, however, is not the focus of the paper. The objective is to determine whether less sophisticated investors prefer the availability of more (or better quality) information useful for trading in a securities market. Availability of information is established as the result of a managerial decision to release information about the value of a firm intended to benefit all investors. Thus, if investors benefit from trading without information, then no information is disclosed. In contrast, when information is valuable, it is made available to all investors who, limited by their resources or ability to interpret the information, independently decide how much of the information they are able to use. Both the
Triterpenes From Ganoderma Lucidum Induce Autophagy in Colon Cancer Through the Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-Activated Kinase (p38 MAPK)

Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most esteemed natural products that have been used in the traditional Chinese medicine. In this article, we demonstrate that G. lucidum triterpene extract (GLT) suppresses proliferation of human colon cancer cells HT-29 and inhibits tumor growth in a xenograft model of colon cancer. These effects of GLT are associated with the cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and the induction of the programmed cell death Type II–autophagy in colon cancer cells. Here, we show that GLT induces formation of autophagic vacuoles and upregulates expression of Beclin-1 (1.3-fold increase) and LC-3 (7.3-fold increase) proteins in colon cancer cells and in tumors in a xenograft model (Beclin-1, 3.9-fold increase; LC-3, 1.9-fold increase). Autophagy is mediated through the inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) because p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB202190, induces autophagy and expression of Beclin-1 (1.2-fold increase) and LC-3 (7.4-fold increase), and GLT suppresses phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (≈60% inhibition) in colon cancer cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate a novel mechanism responsible for the inhibition of colon cancer cells by G. lucidum and suggest GLT as natural product for the treatment of colon cancer.
Change in quality of life in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis over 2 years in relation to other clinical parameters: results from a trial of intramuscular interferon β-1a

Background: A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of weekly intramuscular injections of interferon beta-1a (IFNβ-1a) in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis included the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), a validated measure of patient-reported quality of life (QoL). Objective: To demonstrate the impact of moderate to severe SIP disability at baseline and change in QoL as measured by SIP over 2 years in relation to other study parameters. Methods: In 158 patients, SIP scores were determined at baseline and 2 years. Scores were correlated with disease progression and treatment. Results: Patients who experienced disability progression, as defined by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and annualized relapse rate, during the study demonstrated significant worsening in Physical SIP scores compared with patients who did not progress (p = 0.031). In patients with low SIP scores, indicating moderate or severe disability at baseline, treatment with IFNβ-1a significantly improved Physical SIP subscores. Conclusions: Patients with disability progression defined using EDSS, the physician-derived primary outcome measure, had Physical SIP scores indicating worsening disability, validating the physician-derived primary outcome measure using patient self-report. Treatment with IFNβ-1a had beneficial effects on QoL in patients with worse SIP scores at baseline.
The Role of Video and Text Chat in a Virtual Classroom

Virtual classrooms allow users in a closed network to communicate through talk, text, and video. While virtual classrooms enable synchronous online learning, little is known about how specific components of web-conferencing technology impact students' experiences. In this case study, the researcher interviewed 20 students in an online doctoral program and analyzed over 50 hours of footage from six online classes. Findings indicate that the video and text chat features of the virtual classroom provided opportunities for constant interaction and increased students' engagement and sense of community.
Improved Synaptic Behavior Under Identical Pulses Using AlOx/HfO2 Bilayer RRAM Array for Neuromorphic Systems

We analyze the response of identical pulses on a filamentary resistive memory (RRAM) to implement the synapse function in neuromorphic systems. Our findings show that the multilevel states of conductance are achieved by varying the measurement conditions related to the formation and rupture of a conductive filament. Furthermore, abrupt set switching behavior in the RRAM leads to an unchanged conductance state, leading to degradation in the accuracy of pattern recognition. Thus, we demonstrate a linear potentiation (or depression) behavior of conductance under identical pulses using the effect of barrier layer on the switching, which was realized by fabricating an RRAM on top of an Al electrode. As a result, when the range of the conductance is symmetrically controlled at both polarities, a significantly improved accuracy is achieved for pattern recognition using a neural network with a multilayer perceptron.
Sulfur and Nitrogen Limitation in Escherichia coli K-12: Specific Homeostatic Responses

ABSTRACT We determined global transcriptional responses of Escherichia coli K-12 to sulfur (S)- or nitrogen (N)-limited growth in adapted batch cultures and cultures subjected to nutrient shifts. Using two limitations helped to distinguish between nutrient-specific changes in mRNA levels and common changes related to the growth rate. Both homeostatic and slow growth responses were amplified upon shifts. This made detection of these responses more reliable and increased the number of genes that were differentially expressed. We analyzed microarray data in several ways: by determining expression changes after use of a statistical normalization algorithm, by hierarchical and k-means clustering, and by visual inspection of aligned genome images. Using these tools, we confirmed known homeostatic responses to global S limitation, which are controlled by the activators CysB and Cbl, and found that S limitation propagated into methionine metabolism, synthesis of FeS clusters, and oxidative stress. In addition, we identified several open reading frames likely to respond specifically to S availability. As predicted from the fact that the ddp operon is activated by NtrC, synthesis of cross-links between diaminopimelate residues in the murein layer was increased under N-limiting conditions, as was the proportion of tripeptides. Both of these effects may allow increased scavenging of N from the dipeptide d-alanine-d-alanine, the substrate of the Ddp system.
Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference 2007: Recommendations for the Management of Pain by Intrathecal (Intraspinal) Drug Delivery: Report of an Interdisciplinary Expert Panel

Background. Expert panels of physicians and nonphysicians in the field of intrathecal therapies convened in 2000 and 2003 to make recommendations for the rational use of intrathecal analgesics based on the preclinical and clinical literature known up to those times. An expert panel of physicians convened in 2007 to update previous recommendations and to form guidelines for the rational use of intrathecal opioid and nonopioid agents.
How are Mismatched Parent-Adolescent Autonomy Beliefs Related to Psychological Adjustment among Immigrant Chinese Canadian Families?

The relations between mismatched parent-adolescent autonomy beliefs, and psychological adjustment and parenting self-efficacy were investigated among 89 immigrant Chinese Canadian families with early adolescents. Hierarchical regression analyses assessed whether interactions between parents’ autonomy beliefs and adolescents’ autonomy beliefs predicted psychological adjustment and parenting self-efficacy. Parent-adolescent conflict intensity was evaluated as a mediator of these relations. Parental warmth was evaluated as a moderator of the relations between autonomy beliefs and adolescent psychological adjustment. When adolescents held early expectations for autonomy, mothers who held later expectations for autonomy reported lower parenting self-efficacy. When fathers perceived high decision making independence, adolescents who perceived low decision making independence reported fewer depressive symptoms. Conflict intensity did not mediate these relations. Although parental warmth did not moderate in the predicted manner, fathers' warmth moderated the relation between fathers’ expectations for autonomy and adolescent self-esteem. Implications for healthy adolescent autonomy among immigrant Chinese Canadian families are discussed.
Seasonal availability of edible underground and aboveground carbohydrate resources to human foragers on the Cape south coast, South Africa

The coastal environments of South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region (CFR) provide some of the earliest and most abundant evidence for the emergence of cognitively modern humans. In particular, the south coast of the CFR provided a uniquely diverse resource base for hunter-gatherers, which included marine shellfish, game, and carbohydrate-bearing plants, especially those with Underground Storage Organs (USOs). It has been hypothesized that these resources underpinned the continuity of human occupation in the region since the Middle Pleistocene. Very little research has been conducted on the foraging potential of carbohydrate resources in the CFR. This study focuses on the seasonal availability of plants with edible carbohydrates at six-weekly intervals over a two-year period in four vegetation types on South Africa’s Cape south coast. Different plant species were considered available to foragers if the edible carbohydrate was directly (i.e. above-ground edible portions) or indirectly (above-ground indications to below-ground edible portions) visible to an expert botanist familiar with this landscape. A total of 52 edible plant species were recorded across all vegetation types. Of these, 33 species were geophytes with edible USOs and 21 species had aboveground edible carbohydrates. Limestone Fynbos had the richest flora, followed by Strandveld, Renosterveld and lastly, Sand Fynbos. The availability of plant species differed across vegetation types and between survey years. The number of available USO species was highest for a six-month period from winter to early summer (Jul–Dec) across all vegetation types. Months of lowest species’ availability were in mid-summer to early autumn (Jan–Apr); the early winter (May–Jun) values were variable, being highest in Limestone Fynbos. However, even during the late summer carbohydrate “crunch,” 25 carbohydrate bearing species were visible across the four vegetation types. To establish a robust resource landscape will require additional spatial mapping of plant species abundances. Nonetheless, our results demonstrate that plant-based carbohydrate resources available to Stone Age foragers of the Cape south coast, especially USOs belonging to the Iridaceae family, are likely to have comprised a reliable and nutritious source of calories over most of the year.