Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
‘Friending’: London-based undergraduates’ experience of Facebook

Facebook offers the possibility of increased social contact via a process known as ‘friending’, whereby users create personal profiles and accumulate ‘friends’ on a reciprocal basis. The making and maintaining of friendships has been shown to be particularly important to young adults, but there is a strong debate in the literature on computer-mediated communication about the value of the often weak ties that are created. Relatively little is known about the kind of contact that is made on Facebook in the UK context. This study interviewed 16 second-and third-year undergraduates who all joined Facebook soon after it was launched in UK universities in October 2005. This article explores the extent to which the nature of the Facebook site fosters particular kinds of social interaction, and how students seek to manage their Facebook ‘friendships’. It finds that Facebook promotes mainly weak, low-commitment ties.
Eall-feala Ealde Sæge: Poetic Performance and "The Scop's Repertoire" in Old English Verse

Scenes depicting the recitation of verse, particularly in Beowulf , are among the most memorable and closely studied passages in Old English poetry. Beowulf repeatedly depicts the making and performance of poetry (Hill 2002), and it is the swutol sang scopes (“the clear song of the scop,” Bwf 90a) that first draws the monster Grendel’s attention to Heorot and sets in motion the major events of the first part of the poem. 2 In Beowulf , the creation of new stories is inextricably linked with the recitation of ones already known, so that the poem “aligns itself with a poetics where transmission and composition are co-dependent, indivisible aspects of the same act” (Jones 2009:486). A different but equally famous depiction of the scop emerges in the Venerable Bede’s account of Caedmon, wherein divine inspiration supersedes tradition as the source of poetic creativity. Of course, these and similar accounts concerning the making and performance of Old English verse cannot be taken as straightforward portraits of the Anglo-Saxon “singer of tales”: after all, Hrothgar’s scop is Danish and Bede’s Christian poet is entirely ignorant of traditional song. Moreover, since Beowulf and other narratives depicting vernacular poets—such as Widsith and Deor —are fictional accounts set int he Migration Age, some critics have gone so far as to deny that they can tell us anything at all about the Anglo-Saxon scop (Frank 1993). 3 Yet in the words of John D. Niles, such a position seems “to represent a veritable ecstasy of skepticism” (2003:37).
Breastfeeding intention and outcome: a test of the theory of planned behavior.

Causal modeling was used to test the hypotheses of the theory of planned behavior for the prediction of prenatal breastfeeding intentions and postpartum breastfeeding outcomes with 135 childbearing women. In support of the theory, prenatal breastfeeding attitudes and perceived behavioral control predicted breastfeeding intentions (R2 = 23); however, the subjective norm variable failed to meet statistical criteria for model entry. Breastfeeding intentions weakly predicted duration of breastfeeding up to 6 weeks postpartum (R2 = .04). No additional empirically suggested prenatal and postpartum variables increased the explanatory power of the model in predicting breastfeeding intentions and duration. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Bone marrow failure in Shwachman–Diamond syndrome does not select for clonal haematopoiesis of the paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria phenotype

Summary. Bone marrow failure is believed to be the underlying condition that drives the expansion of the paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) clone. Indeed, circulating PNH blood cells have been identified in patients with acquired aplastic anaemia and with hypoplastic myelodysplasia. Whether PNH blood cells are also present in patients with inherited aplastic anaemia has not been reported. We screened a large group of patients diagnosed with Shwachman–Diamond Syndrome (SDS) for PNH blood cells. None of the patients analysed had detectable circulating PNH blood cells, indicating that bone marrow failure in SDS does not select for PNH progenitor cells.
Requirement and Redundancy of the Src Family Kinases Fyn and Lyn in Perforin-Dependent Killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by NK Cells

ABSTRACT Natural killer (NK) cells directly recognize and kill fungi, such as the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, via cytolytic mechanisms. However, the precise signaling pathways governing this NK cell microbicidal activity and the implications for fungal recognition are still unknown. Previously, it was reported that NK cell anticryptococcal activity is mediated through a conserved phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (PI3K-ERK1/2) pathway. Using YT (a human NK-like cell line) and primary human NK cells, we sought to identify the upstream, receptor-proximal signaling elements that led to fungal cytolysis. We demonstrate that Src family kinases were activated in response to C. neoformans. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition with an Src kinase inhibitor blocked C. neoformans-induced downstream activation of PI3K and ERK1/2 and abrogated cryptococcal killing. At the same time, the inhibitor disrupted the polarization of perforin-containing granules toward the NK cell-cryptococcal synapse but had no effect on conjugate formation between the organism and the NK cell. Finally, small interfering RNA (siRNA) double (but not single) knockdown of two Src family kinases, Fyn and Lyn, blocked cryptococcal killing. Together these data demonstrate a mechanism whereby the Src family kinases, Fyn and Lyn, redundantly mediate anticryptococcal activity through the activation of PI3K and ERK1/2, which in turn facilitates killing by inducing the polarization of perforin-containing granules to the NK cell-cryptococcal synapse.
Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence

Normal mammalian cells in culture have a limited life span and will eventually maintain a growth arrested state, referred to as replicative senescence. Usually induced by telomere shortening this form of arrest is irreversible in the sense that cells cannot be triggered to reenter proliferation by physiological mitotic stimuli like growth factors. Senescence may also occur prematurely in response to various stress stimuli such as oxidative stress, DNA dam‐ age or active oncogenes. Thereby premature senescence acts as an important tumor suppres‐ sive mechanism and not surprisingly there is emerging evidence that senescence is indeed not only a result of tissue culture but markers of senescence have been identified in vivo in human and animal tissue.
Re: Artificial urinary sphincter for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a historical cohort from 2004 to 2015

The article entitled “Artificial urinary sphincter for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a historical cohort from 2004 to 2015” (1), presents results which interpretation deserves some remarks. This retrospective study was performed at Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil) involving a 11 year-period (2004-2015) in 15 different hospitals, being the procedure performed by 28 different surgeons. A simple mathematic analysis shows that there were less than eight procedures per year (7, 8/year), and that each doctor implanted a median of three sphincters in that period, corresponding in absolute numbers to 0.27 implants per year per physician. This value does not allow a correct learning curve for a complex procedure that demands technical expertise, wide knowledge of voiding dysfunctions and physiology of male urinary incontinence. Also, previous clinical data of included implanted patients were not presented. Parameters such as severity of post-prostatectomy incontinence, presence (or not) or detrusor hyperactivity, impaired bladder complacency, detrusor hypocontractility, urethral stenosis or stenosis of urethro-vesical anastomosis, ureteral reflux, diabetes mellitus, were not provided. When all patients are considered as a whole without consideration of the above mentioned parameters, there is a risk of interpretation of results of a heterogenous group of patients. Analysis was based in an administrative data bank of a health insurance company. There was no collection of data from the patient’s charts. Questions related to indication, evolution and results regarding the used technique were not available. In relation to complications, it is possible to question if those mentioned as due to sphincter implantation were really related, among which urethral stenosis and spermatic cord torsion. Urethral stenosis and stenosis of urethro-vesical anastomosis may occur due to radical prostatectomy and not necessarily due to the sphincter implant. The mentioned testicular torsion (spermatic cord torsion) is not a complication of artificial sphincter implant. The candidate to artificial sphincter must be evaluated thoroughly before the surgical act. It is essential to understand the basic mechanisms of the functioning of artificial sphincter in order to operate it correctly. Also, among the listed complications, even if graded as Clavien-Dindo III, transitory acute urinary retention usually occurs due to urethral edema related to urethral manipulation during surgery with high resolution success with bladder catheterization in less than 48 hours. According to presented data, four (16.7%) of artificial sphincters showed mechanical problems. However, the authors stated that eight patients (33.3%) needed change of cuff due to malfunction and three (12.5%) had to change the regulator balloon. All these are usually caused by Vol. 43 (3): 568-570, May June, 2017
Enhanced diagnosis of pollen allergy using specific immunoglobulin E determination to detect major allergens and panallergens.

BACKGROUND Pollen is one of the main causes of allergic sensitization. It is not easy to make an etiological diagnosis of pollen-allergic patients because of the wide variety of sensitizing pollens, association with food allergy, and increasing incidence of polysensitization, which may result from the presence of allergens that are common to different species, as is the case of panallergens. OBJECTIVE To compare the results of skin prick tests (SPT) using whole pollen extract with specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E determination for several allergens (purified panallergens included) in the diagnosis of polysensitized pollen-allergic patients. METHODS The study sample comprised 179 pollen-sensitized patients who underwent SPT with pollen extract and allergen-specific IgE determination against different allergens. RESULTS The level of concordance between the traditional diagnostic test (SPT) and IgE determination was low, especially in patients sensitized to the panallergens profilin and polcalcin. In the case of SPT, the results demonstrated that patients who are sensitized to either of these panallergens present a significantly higher number of positive results than patients who are not. However, IgE determination revealed that while patients sensitized to polcalcins are sensitized to allergens from a higher number of pollens than the rest of the sample, this is not the case in patients sensitized to profilins. On the other hand, sensitization to profilin or lipid transfer proteins was clearly associated with food allergy. CONCLUSIONS Sensitization to panallergens could be a confounding factor in the diagnosis of polysensitized pollen-allergic patients as well as a marker for food allergy. However, more studies are required to further investigate the role of these molecules.
Effectiveness of treatment for alcohol problems: findings of the randomised UK alcohol treatment trial (UKATT)

Abstract Objective To compare the effectiveness of social behaviour and network therapy, a new treatment for alcohol problems, with that of the proved motivational enhancement therapy. Design Pragmatic randomised trial. Setting Seven treatment sites around Birmingham, Cardiff, and Leeds. Participants 742 clients with alcohol problems; 689 (93.0%) were interviewed at three months and 617 (83.2%) at 12 months. Interventions Social behaviour and network therapy and motivational enhancement therapy. Main outcome measures Changes in alcohol consumption, alcohol dependence, and alcohol related problems over 12 months. Results Both groups reported substantial reductions in alcohol consumption, dependence, and problems, and better mental health related quality of life over 12 months. Between groups we found only one significant difference in outcome, probably due to chance: the social network group showed significantly better physical health at three months. Non-significant differences at 12 months in the motivational group relative to the social network group included: the number of drinks consumed per drinking day had decreased by an extra 1.1 (95% confidence interval −1.0 to 3.2); scores on the Leeds dependence questionnaire had improved by an extra 0.6 (−0.7 to 2.0); scores on the alcohol problems questionnaire had improved by an extra 0.5 (−0.4 to 1.4); but the number of days abstinent from drinking had increased by 1.2% less (−4.5% to 6.9%). Conclusion The novel social behaviour and network therapy for alcohol problems did not differ significantly in effectiveness from the proved motivational enhancement therapy.
MicroRNA-150 Is up-regulated in extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type.

BACKGROUND The mechanisms promoting malignant transformation from chronic Helicobacter pylori-gastritis to gastric extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT lymphoma) are insufficiently characterized. This follow-up study aimed to validate candidate microRNAs (miRs) in the process of neoplastic transformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS MicroRNA expression signatures (n=20) were generated for a total of 60 cases of gastric lesions ranging from Wotherspoon 0-5 employing a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach. Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of the cohort was supplemented by PCR-based immunoglobulin heavy chain recombination studies. RESULTS Quantitative expression of miR-150, miR-142.3p, miR-375 and miR-494 was significantly de-regulated in samples from MALT lymphoma compared to those from gastritis. CONCLUSION The previously reported up-regulation of miR-150 in marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type was verified in an independent cohort of lymphoma samples employing a modified methodology. This further substantiates the role of miR-150 as a potential oncomiR in MALT lymphoma.
Calcium-channel blockade and depressive illness

susceptible to toxicity from neuroleptics and/or lith ium (Addomzio et a! , 1986; West & Meltzer, 1979). Case one was also dehydrated with hypernatraemia â€”¿ a treatable concominant. Leukocytosis is a non specific finding that may reflect recent lithium usage, stress and/or infection. This patient remained afebrile throughout and was appropriately treated with rehydration. In addition, the patient was not reported to have rigidity in the case study, despite indications of rigidity in the discussion. It is often difficult to evaluate whether certain physiological states are secondary to NMS or specific triggering factors. Case two had confusion with increased levels of creatine phosphokinase. His pulse, blood pressure and temperature were monitored, but no baseline values were given, and no neurological abnormality reported at the time of symptomatic treatment. Case two, the only patient with documented rigid ity and fever, was treated with diazepam. This patient was a 61-year-old male who received a total of 15 mg of haloperidol (750mg of chlorpromazine equivalents). In addition, he had cardiac disease, apparent pre-renal azotemia secondary to dehy dration, electrolyte imbalance and was eventually successfully rehydrated. The physiological con comitants of ageing were not kept in mind and one may question the dosage of neuroleptic in this frail individual. We can speculate that his fever was a coincidental occurrence in a dehydrated patient. He simply had extrapyramidal side-effects that were precipitated by neuroleptics. The main emphasis is that specific criteria and a precise delineation for the diagnosis of NMS remains controversial with some question as to the existence of a specific disorder. It would be unfortunate if pre occupation with the beguiling designation â€ ̃¿ incipient NMS' or even the full blown phenomenon of NMS sidetracks or distorts our perception of what is really going on â€”¿ that is, in most cases, the concomitants of physical illness and, most importantly neuroleptic induced rigidity possibly associated with akathisia that is inadequately treated.
Progression of regional atrophy in the left hemisphere contributes to clinical and cognitive deterioration in multiple sclerosis: A 5‐year study

In this longitudinal study, we investigated the regional patterns of focal lesions accumulation, and gray (GM) and white matter (WM) atrophy progression over a five‐year follow‐up (FU) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and their association with clinical and cognitive deterioration. Neurological, neuropsychological and brain MRI (dual‐echo and 3D T1‐weighted sequences) assessments were prospectively performed at baseline (T0) and after a median FU of 4.9 years from 66 MS patients (including relapse‐onset and primary progressive MS) and 16 matched controls. Lesion probability maps were obtained. Longitudinal changes of GM and WM volumes and their association with clinical and cognitive deterioration were assessed using tensor‐based morphometry and SPM12. At FU, 36/66 (54.5%) MS patients showed a significant disability worsening, 14/66 (21.2%) evolved to a worse clinical phenotype, and 18/63 (28.6%) developed cognitive deterioration. At T0, compared to controls, MS patients showed a widespread pattern of GM atrophy, involving cortex, deep GM and cerebellum, and atrophy of the majority of WM tracts, which further progressed at FU (P < 0.001, uncorrected). Compared to stable patients, those with clinical and cognitive worsening showed a left‐lateralized pattern of GM and WM atrophy, involving deep GM, fronto‐temporo‐parieto‐occipital regions, cerebellum, and several WM tracts (P < 0.001, uncorrected). GM and WM atrophy of relevant brain regions occur in MS after 5 years. A different vulnerability of the two brain hemispheres to irreversible structural damage may be among the factors contributing to clinical and cognitive worsening in these patients. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5648–5665, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Category Theory Approach to Conceptual Data Modeling

This paper describes a category theory semantics for conceptual data modeling. The conceptual data modeling technique used can be seen as a generalization of most existing conceptual data modeling techniques. It contains features such as specialization, generalization, and power types. The semantics uses only simple category theory constructs such as (co)limits and epi- and monomorphisms. Therefore, the semantics can be applied to a wide range of instance categories, it is not restricted to topoi or cartesian closed categories. By choosing appropriate instance categories, features such as missing values, multi-valued relations, and uncertainty can be added to conceptual data models.
Photochemistry of Triton's atmosphere and ionosphere.

The photochemistry of 32 neutral and 21 ion species in Triton's atmosphere is considered. Parent species N2, CH4, and CO (with a mixing ratio of 3 x 10(-4) in our basic model) sublime from the ice with rates of 40, 208, and 0.3 g/cm2/b.y. , respectively. Chemistry below 50 km is driven mostly by photolysis of methane by the solar and interstellar medium Lyman-alpha photons, producing hydrocarbons C2H4, C2H6, and C2H2 which form haze particles with precipitation rates of 135, 28, and 1.3 g/cm2/b.y. , respectively. Some processes are discussed which increase the production of HCN (by an order of magnitude to a value of 29 g/cm2/b.y.) and involve indirect photolysis of N2 by neutrals. Reanalysis of the measured methane profiles gives an eddy diffusion coefficient K = 4 x 10(3) cm2/s above the tropopause and a more accurate methane number density near the surface, (3.1 +/- 0.8) x 10(11) cm-3. Chemistry above 200 km is driven by the solar EUV radiation (lambda < 1000 angstroms) and by precipitation of magnetospheric electrons with a total energy input of 10(8) W (based on thermal balance calculations). The most abundant photochemical species are N, H2, H, O, and C. They escape with the total rates of 7.7 x 10(24) s-1, 4.5 x 10(25) s-1, 2.4 x 10(25) s-1, 4.4 x 10(22) s-1, and 1.1 x 10(24) s-1, respectively. Atomic species are transported to a region of 50-200 km and drive the chemistry there. Ionospheric chemistry explains the formation of an E region at 150-240 km with HCO+ as a major ion, and of an F region above 240 km with a peak at 320 km and C+ as a major ion. The ionosphere above 500 km consists of almost equal densities of C+ and N+ ions. The model profiles agree with the measured atomic nitrogen and electron density profiles. A number of other models with varying rate coefficients of some reactions, differing properties of the haze particles (chemically passive or active), etc., were developed. These models show that there are four basic unknown values which have strong impacts on the composition and structure of the atmosphere and ionosphere. These values and their plausible ranges are the CO mixing ratio fco = 10(-4)-10(-3), the magnetospheric electron energy input (1 +/- 0.5) x 10(8) W, the rate coefficient of charge-exchange reaction N2(+) + C k = 10(-11)-10(-10) cm3/s, and the ion escape velocity Vi approximately equal to 150 cm/s.
Transient Silencing of CHALCONE SYNTHASE during Fruit Ripening Modifies Tomato Epidermal Cells and Cuticle Properties1[C][W]

Alteration of flavonoid accumulation during tomato fruit ripening affects cuticle wax accumulation, biomechanics, water permeability, and the molecular arrangement of cuticle components. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening is accompanied by an increase in CHALCONE SYNTHASE (CHS) activity and flavonoid biosynthesis. Flavonoids accumulate in the cuticle, giving its characteristic orange color that contributes to the eventual red color of the ripe fruit. Using virus-induced gene silencing in fruits, we have down-regulated the expression of SlCHS during ripening and compared the cuticles derived from silenced and nonsilenced regions. Silenced regions showed a pink color due to the lack of flavonoids incorporated to the cuticle. This change in color was accompanied by several other changes in the cuticle and epidermis. The epidermal cells displayed a decreased tangential cell width; a decrease in the amount of cuticle and its main components, cutin and polysaccharides, was also observed. Flavonoids dramatically altered the cuticle biomechanical properties by stiffening the elastic and viscoelastic phase and by reducing the ability of the cuticle to deform. There seemed to be a negative relation between SlCHS expression and wax accumulation during ripening that could be related to the decreased cuticle permeability to water observed in the regions silencing SlCHS. A reduction in the overall number of ester linkages present in the cutin matrix was also dependent on the presence of flavonoids.