Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Au th or ' s pe rs on al co py Attention and consciousness : two distinct brain processes

The close relationship between attention and consciousness has led many scholars to conflate these processes. This article summarizes psychophysical evidence, arguing that top-down attention and consciousness are distinct phenomena that need not occur together and that can be manipulated using distinct paradigms. Subjects can become conscious of an isolated object or the gist of a scene despite the near absence of top-down attention; conversely, subjects can attend to perceptually invisible objects. Furthermore, top-down attention and consciousness can have opposing effects. Such dissociations are easier to understand when the different functions of these two processes are considered. Untangling their tight relationship is necessary for the scientific elucidation of consciousness and its material substrate.
The structural consequences of newly diagnosed seizures

Intractable epilepsy may be associated with widespread structural cerebral damage. We determined whether structural damage occurs to the hippocampus, cerebellum and neocortex in the first few years following a diagnosis of seizures. Sixty‐eight patients over the age of 14 years with newly diagnosed seizures and 90 matched controls underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans 3.5 years apart. Using quantitative analysis of serial scans, we determined changes in hippocampal volume, hippocampal T2 relaxometry and total and regional brain volumes. Thirty‐four (50%) patients had recurrent unprovoked seizures between baseline and follow‐up scans. One patient with pre‐existing hippocampal sclerosis (HS) did not develop progressive hippocampal damage. Group analyses found no difference in change in cerebral measures between patients and controls or between patients with and without recurrent seizures. Significant quantitative changes in individuals were largely attributable to pre‐existing cerebral lesions or alcohol abuse. Subtle changes detected in individuals over 3.5 years but were not related to a history of overt seizures. Our results show patients with newly diagnosed seizures are not generally at increased risk of seizure‐induced structural cerebral damage as detected with MRI. Cerebral damage may occur before the onset of seizures or develop insidiously over a more prolonged period.
Facial biomechanics: The standards of normal

To quantify facial motor function during mimetic expressions, two new techniques were introduced in this study: linear measurement (LM) of skin landmarks and integrated eleclromyography (iEMG) of the facial musculature. Based on data from 30 normal subjects, three indices were derived to estimate total maximum motion, total maximum iEMG output, and the relationship between iEMG activity and motion. In three different facial expressions, plots of the logarithm of the iEMG value versus percent Displacement (pD) of skin landmarks had a high correlation (total mean r = 0.95). The normal LM and iEMG standards constitute a data base against which facial biomechanical properties in various pathologic states can be interpreted. In the course of data analysis, several interesting characteristics of facial function were identified.
Gangliocytic paraganglioma of the duodenum.

A 54-year-old woman was examined following a positive fecal occult blood test performed within the screening program for colorectal cancer. The patient had no symptoms, no previous surgeries and her history was unremarkable. Physical examination and basic laboratory tests, including a blood count, were normal. A coloscopy was performed with a finding of a single polyp 5 mm in size in the sigmoid colon. The polyp was removed endoscopically and the histological examination revealed an adenoma. Subsequently, gastroduodenoscopy was performed and revealed a duodenal lesion very near the ampulla (Figure 1). The lesion was 18 mm in diameter with ulceration at the apex. No bleeding was visible. A biopsy sample was taken from the ulceration. No malignant structures were found. Endosonography was then performed and showed the homogeneous structure of the lesion originating from the submucous layer of duodenum. No lymphadenopathy was found (Figure 2). Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass in the second portion of the duodenum with no significant lymphadenopathy and no distant metastases. Figure 1) Gastroduodenoscopy showing a mass in the duodenum Figure 2) Endosonography showing homogenous lesion 15 mm in diameter, it does not infiltrate muscularis propria. There is no lymphadenopathy The diagnosis was not known before the treatment, but the lesions had the hallmark characteristics of a gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Endoscopic treatment of the lesion was considered but was not possible due to its location; thus, surgical resection was pursued. The abdominal cavity was approached through a right subcostal incision. A duodenotomy in the D2 was performed along with extirpation of the lesion. No complications occurred. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 11. A final histological examination showed findings typical of gangliocytic paraganglioma of the duodenum (Figure 3); the resection line was free of the tumour. Figure 3) Histological examination of the surgical specimen showing an irregular composition of spindle cells typical of gangliocytic paraganglioma. Hematoxylin-eosin stain, original magnification ×40 The patient is currently being followed-up at our department and is complaint free, showing no signs of recurrence of the disease two-and-a-half years after the surgery.
Volcano deformation survey over the Northern and Central Andes with ALOS InSAR time series

We use ALOS‐1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data spanning the period of 2007–2011 to obtain time‐dependent ground deformation data over all of the volcanoes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. We detect deformation on or near the proximity of Galeras, Reventador, Tungurahua, Guagua Pichincha, Sangay, and Cerro Auquihuato volcanoes, uncovering previously undocumented deformation in the latter three. Deformation is attributed to changes in pressurization of the volcanic systems (Galeras, Tungurahua, Guagua Pichincha, and Cerro Auquihuato), subsidence associated with flow deposits (Reventador), and flank creep (Sangay). Our models suggest that the pressure sources are located at depths of ∼1–6 km from the surface, indicating that the measurable deformation within our data is restricted to shallow magma chambers and hydrothermal systems.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Aβ42 Levels: When Physiological Become Pathological State

Impaired amyloid beta (Aβ) metabolism is currently considered central to understand the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Measurements of cerebrospinal fluid Aβ levels remain the most useful marker for diagnostic purposes and to individuate people at risk for AD. Despite recent advances criticized the direct role in neurodegeneration of cortical neurons, Aβ is considered responsible for synaptopathy and impairment of neurotransmission and therefore remains the major trigger of AD and future pharmacological treatment remain Aβ oriented. However, experimental and clinical findings showed that Aβ peptides could have a wider range of action responsible for cell dysfunction and for appearance of clinico‐pathological entities different from AD. Such findings may induce misunderstanding of the real role played by Aβ in AD and therefore strengthen criticism on its centrality and need for CSF measurements. Aim of this review is to discuss the role of CSF Aβ levels in light of experimental, clinical pathologic, and electrophysiological results in AD and other pathological entities to put in a correct frame the value of Aβ changes.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment for Steroid Refractory Graft-versus-Host Disease in Children: A Pilot and First Study from Turkey

This study evaluated the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow of a third-party donor for refractory aGVHD. We report the first experience using MSCs to treat refractory aGVHD in 33 pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT from Turkey. Totally, 68 doses of bone marrow derived MSCs were infused. The median dose of MSC was 1.18 × 106 cells per kg body weight. Overall, complete response (CR) was documented in 18 patients, partial response (PR) was documented in 7 patients, and no response (NR) was documented in 8 patients. The 2-year estimated probability of overall survival (OS) for patients achieving CR and PR/NR was 63.8% and 29.4%, respectively (p = 0.0002). While the cumulative incidence of transplant related mortality (TRM) at day 100 after first MSC infusion was 46.6% in PR/NR patients, there was no any TRM at day 100 after first MSC infusion in CR patients (p = 0.001). Twelve patients developed chronic GVHD (cGVHD); eight of them were alive, with five having extensive disease and three having limited disease. In conclusion, MSCs appear to be safe and effective treatment option for pediatric patients with steroid refractory aGVHD. But the efficacy of MSCs on cGVHD in aGVHD patients treated with MSCs seems to be limited.
Housing Professionalism in the United Kingdom: The Final Curtain or a New Age?

The unusually large, predominantly municipal, housing sector in the UK has provided the context for a large occupational grouping of "housing managers" that has claimed professional status. However, within the post-1945 British welfare state this professional project enjoyed limited success and social housing remained a fragile professional domain. This article explores the consequences for housing professionalism of the recent displacement of the bureau-professional "organisational settlement" by that characterising an emerging "managerial state". Managerialism constitutes a clear challenge to established forms of "professionalism", especially a weak profession such as housing management. However, professionalism is temporally and culturally plastic. Hence, the demands of managerialism, within the specific context of New Labour's quest for "community" cohesion, may be providing opportunities for a new urban network professionalism founded on claims to both generic and specific skills and also a knowledge base combining abstraction with local concreteness. The prominence in these networks of erstwhile "housing" practitioners may become the basis for a new, quite different, professional project. This argument is developed through both conceptual exploration and reference to empirical research. The latter involves reference to recent work by the authors on, first, the perception of housing employers of the changing nature and demands of "housing" work and its consequences for professionalism and, secondly, the professional project implications of the increasing prominence of neighbourhood management.
PROACTIVE AND RETROACTIVE INHIBITION IN THE A-B, A-B' PARADIGM.

2 experiments were carried out to investigate proactive inhibition (PI) and retroactive inhibition (RI) in the paradigm involving identical stimuli and meaningfully similar responses on the 2 lists learned. In Experiment I, significant PI was found 48 hr. after learning, but was of equal magnitude for groups receiving 5, 10, or 20 trials of first-list learning. The data of Experiment II made it possible to compare RI and PI in Immediate and 48-hr, tests, when combined with Experiment I and an earlier study. RI appeared rather than retroactive facilitation, and did not appear to vary as a function of time. PI increases over a 48-hr, interval. Considering both recall and error data, current theories of RI and PI do not provide a wholly convincing explanation of these results. In verbal learning studies using the A-B,A-B' paradigm (in which two successive lists have identical stimuli and similar responses), no statistically significant evidence of forgetting due to proactive inhibition (PI) has been found, although in each case retention for A-B.A-B' conditions was numerically inferior to that of an appropriate A-B control group (Dallett, 1962; Morgan & Underwood, 1950; Young, 1955). The failure to find significant PI in this paradigm can be easily reconciled with current views of interference and forgetting (Postman, 1961). The position summarized by Postman is that in the A-B.A-C paradigm, A-C learning involves the unlearning of A-B connections, with PI eventually resulting from the spontaneous recovery of the A-B associations. In the A-B, A-B' paradigm, on the other hand, A-B' learning is mediated by the previously learned A-B associations, which do not get un
H ONG K ONG I NSTITUTE FOR M ONETARY R ESEARCH CEO O PTION C OMPENSATION , R ISK-T AKING I NCENTIVES , AND S YSTEMIC R ISK IN THE B ANKING I

This study predicts and finds that chief executive officer (CEO) risk-taking incentives induced by stock option compensation increase a bank’s contribution to systemic distress risk and systemic crash risk. We also predict and find that this CEO incentive–systemic risk relation operates through three channels: (i) a bank’s engagement in non-interest income-generating activities, (ii) investments in innovative financial products such as collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps, and (iii) maturity mismatch associated with on short-term debt financing. Finally, the CEO incentive–systemic risk relation is moderated by information transparency, bank size, market liquidity, and financial crisis. We also discuss relevant policy implications.
Culture and Personality Among European American and Asian American Men

Personality differences between Asian American (N = 320) and European American men (N = 242) and also among Asian American ethnic groups (Korean, Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, and mixed Asian) are examined on the Big Five personality dimension. Personality structures for Asian Americans and European Americans closely replicate established norms. However, congruence is greater for European American and highly acculturated Asian American men than for low acculturated Asian American men. Similar patterns are found for the construct loss of face (LOF). Asian American men with a high concern for LOF are less similar in their personality structure to European American men than Asian American men with low LOF concern. Mean differences are also found among Asian American and European American men, who differ significantly on Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Openness, and Neuroticism. Results indicate that acculturation and LOF are significantly associated with these four personality dimensions for both Asian American and European American men.
Apoptosis Signaling in Tumor Therapy

Abstract: Apoptosis, the cell's intrinsic program to death, plays a central role in physiological growth control and regulation of tissue homeostasis. Tipping the balance between cell death and proliferation in favor of cell survival may result in tumor formation. Also, killing of cancer cells by cytotoxic therapies currently used for treatment of cancer, for example, chemotherapy, γ‐irradiation, immunotherapy, or suicide gene therapy, largely depends on activation of apoptosis programs in cancer cells. Accordingly, failure to undergo apoptosis in response to anticancer therapy may result in cancer resistance. Further insights into the mechanisms regulating apoptosis in response to anticancer therapy and how cancer cells evade cell death may provide novel opportunities for drug development.
Cavin-3 dictates the balance between ERK and Akt signaling

Cavin-3 is a tumor suppressor protein of unknown function. Using both in vivo and in vitro approaches, we show that cavin-3 dictates the balance between ERK and Akt signaling. Loss of cavin-3 increases Akt signaling at the expense of ERK, while gain of cavin-3 increases ERK signaling at the expense Akt. Cavin-3 facilitates signal transduction to ERK by anchoring caveolae to the membrane skeleton of the plasma membrane via myosin-1c. Caveolae are lipid raft specializations that contain an ERK activation module and loss of the cavin-3 linkage reduces the abundance of caveolae, thereby separating this ERK activation module from signaling receptors. Loss of cavin-3 promotes Akt signaling through suppression of EGR1 and PTEN. The in vitro consequences of the loss of cavin-3 include induction of Warburg metabolism (aerobic glycolysis), accelerated cell proliferation, and resistance to apoptosis. The in vivo consequences of cavin-3 knockout are increased lactate production and cachexia. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.00905. 001
Uukuniemi virus maturation: accumulation of virus particles and viral antigens in the Golgi complex

We studied the maturation of Uukuniemi virus and the localization of the viral surface glycoproteins and nucleocapsid protein in infected cells by electron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy with specific antisera prepared in rabbits against the two glycoproteins G1 and G2 and the nucleocapsid protein N. Electron microscopy of thin sections from infected cells showed virus particles maturing at smooth-surfaced membranes close to the nucleus. Localization of the G1/G2 and N proteins by indirect immunofluorescence at different stages after infection showed the antigens to be present throughout the cell interior but concentrated in the juxtanuclear region. The G1/G2 antiserum also appeared to stain the nuclear and plasma membranes. Double staining with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin, which preferentially stains the Golgi complex, and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G, which stained the G1/G2 or N proteins, showed that the staining of the juxtanuclear region coincided. Similarly, double staining for thiamine pyrophosphatase, an enzyme activity specific for the Golgi complex, showed the fluorescence and the cytochemical stain to coincide in the juxtanuclear region. Immunoperoxidase electron microscopy of cells permeabilized with saponin revealed that the viral glycoproteins were present in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear and Golgi membranes; the latter was heavily stained. With this method, the N protein was localized to the cytoplasm, especially around smooth-surfaced vesicles in the Golgi region. Taken together, the results indicate that Uukuniemi virus and its structural proteins accumulate in the Golgi complex, supporting the idea that this compartment rather than the plasma membrane is the site of virus maturation. This raises the interesting possibility that deficient transport of the glycoproteins to the plasma membrane and hence their accumulation in the Golgi complex determines the site of virus maturation.
The Effect of Sildenafil on Pulmonary Embolism-Induced Oxidative Stress and Pulmonary Hypertension

Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a major cause of pulmonary hypertension and death. We examined the effects of sildenafil on the hemodynamic changes caused by APE in anesthetized dogs. Sham-operated dogs (n = 3) received only saline. APE was induced by stepwise IV injections of 300 &mgr;m microspheres in amounts adjusted to increase mean pulmonary artery pressures by 20 mm Hg. Hemodynamic evaluation was performed at baseline, after APE was induced, and then after sildenafil 0.25 mg/kg (n = 8), or sildenafil 1 mg/kg + 0.3 mg · kg−1 · h−1 (n = 8) or saline (n = 9) infusions were started. Similar experiments were conducted to examine the effects of sildenafil in rat isolated perfused lung preparation. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive species were also determined in both studies to measure oxidative stress. Both doses of sildenafil reduced mean pulmonary artery pressures in dogs by approximately 8 to 16 mm Hg (both P < 0.05) and attenuated the increase in oxidative stress after APE. Mean arterial blood pressure remained unaltered after both doses of sildenafil. Sildenafil produced similar effects after APE in rat isolated perfused lung preparation. These findings indicate that IV sildenafil can selectively attenuate the increases in mean pulmonary artery pressures after APE, possibly through antioxidant mechanisms.
Acquired platelet storage pool deficiency due to severe valvular disease corrected by prosthetic valve replacement

To rhe Edifort Acquired platelet storage pool deficiency is a platelet function disorder associated with a variety of conditions. including autoimmune diseases, disseminated intravascular coagulation, myeloproliferative diseases, and cardiopulmonary bypass [ I ] . Valvular heart disease has previously been associated with this condition [2], although platelet ultrastructure and the effect of valve replacement were not reported. We describe a patient with severe valvular disease and platelet dense granule depletion, which were corrected with valve replacement. A 39-year-old man with symptomatic, severe aortic stenosis and insufficiency was referred for hematologic study due to a prolonged preoperative template bleeding time (20 min). There was no history of lifelong excessive bleeding or easy bruising. Six months earlier, while not taking aspirin, he had unexplained epistaxis lasting for approximately I month. The patient had diabetes mellitus. and his medications included insulin, aspirin. digoxin, furosemide, captopril. and isosorbide dinitrate. Physical examination was remarkable only for an aortic insufficiency and stenosis murmur. There was no cutaneous or mucosal bleeding. Complete blood count and peripheral blood smear were normal. Platelet count was 306,000/mm3. Chemistries were normal except for mild azotemia: creatinine 132.6 &moll liter (1.5 mg/dl) and blood urea nitrogen 12.14 p,mol/liter (34 mgldl). Echocardiogram revealed an aortic valve area of 0.7 cm2 and transvalvular gradient of 44 mm Hg. Aspirin was discontinued and the bleeding time 14 days later was 20 min (normal <8 m i d . Fibrinogen, factor Vlll levels. von Willebrand factor antigen, ristocetin cofactor activity, and prothrombin, partial thormboplastin, and thrombin times were normal. Platelet aggregation tests revealed an absent secondary aggregation wave to ADP (2.5 pM), with normal aggregation to epinephrine (5 .5 KM), ristocetin (1.5 mg/ml), and collagen (0.8 kg/ml), consistent with a platelet secretion defect. Platelet electron microscopy was performed on peripheral blood. Following platelet and cryoprecipitate transfusions, a St. Jude’s valve was placed uneventfully. Aortic valve pathology revealed calcific changes; warfarin was begun postoperatively. Three weeks later, platelet aggregation tests and electron microscopy were repeated. A selective depletion of platelet dense granules and marked platelet polymorphism were evident preoperatively . Postoperatively, platelet morphology and aggregation tests were normal (Fig. I ) . The present case illustrates an acquired platelet storage pool deficiency in a patient with severe aortic valve disease. Abnormal aggregation to ADP correlated with morphologic evidence of platelet dense granule depletion. The correction of morphologic and functional platelet abnormalities with prosthetic valve replacement is evidence that the valvular disease caused this abnormality. The cause of platelet dysfunction under these conditions is unclear, although an in vivo exposure of platelets to inducers olactiva-