Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Capital and Innovative Capabilities of Manufacturing Enterprises in Korea

This study, for the first time, finds out motors of rapidly growing innovation in Korean manufacturing enterprises utilizing particular attributes of intellectual capital created from firm characteristics and management practices of enterprises. In this way, this study increases our understanding of innovative capability in Korean enterprises at various angles. This study uses 2009 and 2011 data from 360 enterprises in 22 manufacturing industries taken from the Human Capital Corporate Panel by the Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training. Probit and random effects estimations along with ordinary least squares found that greater human capital radically reinforces innovative capability, and stronger social capital has significant effects on radical capability in line with the hypothesis of Subramaniam and Youndt (2005). However, unlike the hypothesis, stronger organizational capital had stronger effects on radical innovative capability than on incremental capability. Important findings for economic and enterprises’ policy making are: For developing new markets, advanced research skill radically and advanced marketing skills incrementally reinforce innovative capabilities among human capital. A larger number of utility model and design registrations as organizational capital tend to enhance radical innovative capability. As social capital, cooperating human resource development between prime company and subcontractor, and employee stock ownership system radically empower innovative capability. A mentoring system incrementally reinforces innovative capability. For developing company’s knowledge and technology, a larger proportion of employees with PhD tend radically to increase innovative capability. Master’s degree and advanced marketing skill incrementally increase innovative capability. A highly developed IT-Infrastructure and a R&D alliance with other company seem radically to increase innovative capability. Keywords: Korean manufacturing enterprises, Incremental and radical innovation, Intellectual capital
The Cost of Switching between Kanji and Kana while

Readers of Japanese must constantly switch between decoding two types of script, Kana and Kanji. Does this incur a measurable processing cost? In four discrete-trial reaction time experiments, with an inter-trial interval of 1s or 2s, Japanese readers had to switch predictably, every second trial, between reading words in Kanji and Kana (Hiragana in three experiments, Katakana in the fourth). The task was naming in two experiments, and semantic categorisation in two. In every case performance was signiecantly slower, by about 13 ms on average, and less accurate, on the trials following a change of script. In these and three further experiments we show that the cost does not arise from changes in spatial extent, number of characters, or the familiarity of words written in the two scripts, that neither the task nor the direction of switching have much impact on the cost, and that there is no cost for switching between naming words in the two Kana scripts, Hiragana and Katakana. We conclude that to decode Kana and Kanji draws on somewhat different resources, and speculate on the source of the switch cost.
Keeping Up with the Joneses: Evidence from Micro Data

This paper provides evidence that habit persistence is an important determinant of household consumption choices, in a setting that allows for heterogeneity and household-speci.c interest rates. By estimating Euler equations for a representative sample of U.S. credit card account holders, I . nd that the strength of the external habit, captured by the fraction of the consumption of the reference group that enters the utility function, is 0.290; while the strength of internal habit, represented by household past consumption, is 0.503. These . ndings provide empirical support to the theories that explain macroeconomic and asset pricing phenomena by introducing habit persistence in the utility function. The results are robust to the inclusion of the income growth rate and other measures of economic activity in the regression, changes in the speci.cation and the instrument set, and tests of liquidity constraints and precautionary saving motives. I also show that this result carries over in the aggregate, once heterogeneity and market incompleteness are taken into account by aggregating the Euler equations as a weighted average of individual marginal rates of substitution. On the contrary, I . nd that an econometrician that used per capita consumption, constructed from the same data, and a representative agent framework, would . nd no evidence of habit persistence. ¤I would like to thank Debbie Lucas, Kent Daniel, Bill Rogerson and Paola Sapienza for long discussions, support and guidance. Special thanks go to Donald P. Jacobs and the U.S. credit card company that provided the data. I am also grateful to George Akerlof, Roc Armenter, Gadi Barlevy, Paco Buera, Francesco Caselli, Colin Camerer, John Campbell, Janice Eberly, Martin Eichenbaum, Andrea Eisfeldt, Mike Fishman, Bob Gordon, Johannes Horner, Ming Hsu, Arvind Krishnamurthy, David Laibson, Ron Laschever, Annamaria Lusardi, Sendhil Mullainathan, John Panzar, Marcin Peski, Karl Schmedders, Christopher Polk, Matthew Rabin, Marciano Siniscalchi, Mark Seasholes, Costis Skiadas, Annette Vissing-Jorgensen and seminar participants at Kellogg School of Management (Finance) and Northwestern University for valuable discussions and suggestions. Financial support from the Northwestern University Dissertation Year Fellowship, Banca d’Italia and Fondazione Einaudi is gratefully acknowledged. All remaining errors are mine. Comments are welcome: e-ravina@northwestern.edu.
PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN BIOENERGI MENERAPKAN MODEL SCIENCE INTEGRATED UNTUK MELATIH KEMAMPUAN MAHASISWA DALAM MENGEKSPLORASI SUMBER BELAJAR

Abstrak ___________________________________________________________________ Tujuan penelitian untuk meningkatkan kem ampuan mahasiswa dalam menyusun bahan ajar Bioenergi dengan menerapkan model science integrated . Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian tindakan kelas . Sesuai hasil penelitian yang telah diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan; penerapkan Model Science Integrated dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mahasiswa dalam mengeksplorasi sumber belajar di masyarakat dan mampu menyampaikan kejadian-kejadian di masyarakat, setelah melakukan eksplorasi dari berbagai sumber belajar. Sebagian besar mendapatkan nilai A dan AB, tidak ada mahasiswa yang mendapatkan nilai di bawah B dan mahasiswa merespon baik, pembelajaran Bioenergi menerapkan Model Science Integrated . Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ The aim of research was to improve students' ability in compiling teaching materials of Bioenergy by applying the model of integrated science. Research using action research methods class. According to the results of research that has been obtained, it can be concluded; Integrated Science appied in order to improve the ability of students to explore learning resources in the community was able to convey the events in the community, after exploration of a variety of learning resources. Most get an A and AB, no students who score below B and the students responded well.
Tertiary Enrolment and Economic Growth in Nigeria

Over the years, enrolment rates of school-aged children have significantly been declining in spite of government efforts at stimulating school enrolment in Nigeria. It is equally discovered that while primary enrolment is nominally increasing, in real terms, it is abysmally nose-diving. Therefore, this paper examined the impact of primary school enrolment on economic growth in Nigeria between 1980 and 2010. The study utilized the Ordinary Least Square estimation techniques to analyze the empirical model of the study. The findings of the empirical investigation confirm that primary enrolment is veritable tools through which appreciable economic growth can be enhanced in Nigeria. The study equally observed that primary enrolment exhibit a strong predictive power in explaining variation in economic growth in Nigeria. The paper therefore recommends that there is need for government to adequately and conscientiously fund the education sector in the light of weak and sluggish trend of primary enrolment in Nigeria. Effective collaboration between the government and private sector is also considered indispensible for the development of education sector in Nigeria. Keywords: Government expenditure on education, Minimum wage rate, Students-Teacher ratio and Primary enrolment
International Capital Mobility and Financial Fragility - Part 6. Are all Forms of Financial Integration Equally Risky in Times of Financial Turmoil?: Asset Price Contagion During the Global Financial Crisis

Using the 2008-09 global financial crisis, this paper examines the role of different forms of international financial integration for asset price contagion in crisis times. Defining contagion as the transmission of financial market movements beyond the co-movements that would occur in “tranquil” times, the paper looks into the presence of contagion in the period of turmoil prior to the fall of Lehman Brothers, in the main crisis period following the Lehman collapse, and in the ensuing late stages of the crisis. The analysis uses bilateral financial and trade linkages and daily data on equity and bond prices for a sample of 46 countries between 2002 and 2011. Bilateral debt integration and common bank lenders are found to have transmitted financial turmoil through equity and bond markets at the height of the crisis. During this period, real trade linkages also increased equity price co-movements. By contrast, no robust evidence is found that equity or FDI integration increased asset price co-movements during the crisis. Flux de capitaux internationaux et fragilite financiere - Partie 6. Toutes les formes d'integration financiere sont-elles risquees en cas de chocs financiers? : La contagion des prix des actifs lors de la crise financiere Utilisant la crise financiere de 2008-09, le papier identifie le role de differentes formes d’integration financiere sur la contagion entre les prix d’actifs de differents pays lors des chocs financiers. La contagion est definie comme un changement du role des liens financiers ou commerciaux bilateraux entre la periode de crise et la periode la precedant. L’analyse distingue la presence eventuelle de contagion durant la periode de trouble precedant la faillite de Lehman Brothers, la principale periode de crise ayant suivie la faillite de Lehman Brothers et la periode ayant succede a cet episode. L’application empirique porte sur un echantillon de 46 pays entre 2002 et 2011. L’integration bilaterale par la dette et la presence de banques creditrices communes apparaissent comme des vecteurs de transmission des chocs pendant la principale periode de crise. Au contraire, ni les Investissements Directs Etrangers ni la detention bilaterale de capitaux n’apparaissent significativement lies a une augmentation des co-mouvements des prix d’actifs pendant la crise.
Human Capital Investment and the Gender Division of Labor

We use a model of human capital investment and activity choice to explain facts describing gender differentials in the levels and returns to human capital investments. These include the higher return to and level of schooling, the small effect of healthiness on wages, and the large effect of healthiness on schooling for females relative to males. The model incorporates gender differences in the level and responsiveness of brawn to nutrition in a Roy-economy setting in which activities reward skill and brawn differentially. Empirical evidence from rural Bangladesh provides support for the model and the importance of the distribution of brawn.
Entrepreneurship, Education and Credit: The Golden Triangle

We develop a model to evaluate the impact of college education nance on welfare, inequality and aggregate outcomes. Our model captures the stylized fact that entrepreneurs with college are more common and more pro table. Our calibration to US data suggests this is mainly because higher labor earnings allow college educated agents to ameliorate credit constraints when they become entrepreneurs. The welfare bene ts of subsidizing education are greater than those of eliminating nancing constraints on education because subsidies ameliorate the impact of nancing constraints on would-be entrepreneurs.
Capital Regulation with Two Banking Sectors: Cyclicality and Implementation

We present a capital regulation policy in a model in which banks can choose to be unregulated, by operating in the shadow banking sector, when the cost of being regulated (restriction on portfolio risk) exceeds the benefit (cheaper funding/insurance). We show that the welfare maximizing capital requirement policy can be procyclical: lower requirement during booms and higher requirement during recessions. Our policy specifies the level of capital requirement as a function of the observed relative size of the unregulated and regulated banking sectors. This specification achieves the optimal aggregate risk exposure by obtaining the right mix of the two sectors.
Ranking oriented approach to context aware recommendation

Recommendation technologies have become increasingly important due to the ubiquity of information overload across various application domains including E-commerce(e.g., Amazon), online entertainment (e.g., Net ix, Pandora) and publishing (e.g., Google News). As the technology and application of recommendation is rapidly evolving in these years, traditional collaborative filtering algorithms such as nearest neighbour or matrix factorization have fallen short in coping with several emerging but critical issues in modern applications. Firstly, ranking items, especially identifying a few most interesting items out of a huge pool, has become the core task in most application scenarios. In this thesis, we propose a new class of algorithms for directly solving the personalized ranking problem by representing user feedback using pairwise preference based representation. Secondly, we extend the proposed ranking model to also consider the temporal context, as time awareness is becoming an increasingly important feature in real world applications, which often need to cope rich temporal dynamics and provide context aware recommendations. Finally, we further the extend the framework to also consider relational information about users and/or items. In particular, we consider the social relations among users the taxonomical relations between items, which are commonly found in real world systems. Our results demonstrate that utilizing these contextual information could greatly improve upon context-oblivious algorithms under data sparsity conditions.
A Complete Spectroscopic Census of A2029: A Tale of Three Histories

A rich spectroscopic census of members of the local massive cluster A2029 includes 1215 members of A2029 and its two infalling groups, A2033 and the Southern Infalling Group. The two infalling groups are identified in spectroscopic, X-ray, and weak-lensing maps. We identify active galactic nuclei (AGNs), star-forming galaxies, E+A galaxies, and quiescent galaxies based on the spectroscopy. The fractions of AGN and post-starburst E+A galaxies in A2029 are similar to those of other clusters. We derive the stellar mass (M*)–metallicity relation of A2029 based on 227 star-forming members; A2029 members within 109 M⊙ < M* < 109.5 M⊙ are more metal-rich than Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies within the same mass range. We utilize the spectroscopic index , a strong age indicator, to trace past and future evolution of the A2029 system. The median of the members decreases as the projected clustercentric distance increases for all three subsystems. The relations of the members in A2029 and its two infalling groups differ significantly, indicating the importance of stochastic effects for understanding the evolution of cluster galaxy populations.
State Variables, Macroeconomic Activity and the Cross-Section of Individual Stocks

I study whether risk premiums for exposure to state variables in the cross-section of individual stocks are consistent with how these variables forecast macroeconomic activity in the time series. I find such time series and cross-sectional consistency. This finding suggests that investors are ultimately concerned about business cycle risk and therefore require a premium for exposure to variables that contain systematic economic news. This finding challenges recent portfolio-level evidence showing that state variable risk premiums are inconsistent with hedging incentives in the Intertemporal CAPM. Moreover, state variable risk premiums are not fully captured by the factors and characteristics of Fama and French (1992, 1993).
Restructuring Sovereign Debt: The Case for Ad Hoc Machinery

The Western powers established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank after World War II as "permanent machinery" to anchor the Bretton Woods system. When developing countries began experiencing debt problems in the late 1960s, the Paris Club took shape as "ad hoc machinery" to restructure debt from export credit agencies. A decade later the London Club process emerged to handle workouts of commercial bank debt. Restructuring debt in the form of bonds became an issue in the late 1990s in Argentina and several other nations, and the IMF recently proposed a permanent mechanism to deal with that challenge. Restructuring Sovereign Debt explains why ad hoc machinery would function more effectively in the Bretton Woods system. By describing in detail the origins and operations of the London Club and Paris Club, Lex Rieffel highlights the pragmatism and flexibility associated with ad hoc approaches. He also recalls earlier proposals for creating permanent debt restructuring machinery and the reasons why they were not adopted. Recognizing that the issue of sovereign debt workout is complex, Rieffel has provided a comprehensive and detailed exposition of this important policy issue. Rieffel's book is an important tool for policymakers and the public, particularly as the global community seeks to resolve the debt problems of countries as diverse as Argentina, Iraq, and Cote d'Ivoire.
From the Hartree Equation to the Vlasov-Poisson System: Strong Convergence for a Class of Mixed States

We consider the evolution of $N$ fermions interacting through a Coulomb or gravitational potential in the mean-field limit as governed by the nonlinear Hartree equation with Coulomb or gravitational interaction. In the limit of large $N$, we study the convergence in trace norm towards the classical Vlasov-Poisson equation for a special class of mixed quasi-free states.
The Mass-Metallicity Relation at z≳2

We use a sample of 87 rest-frame UV-selected star-forming galaxies with mean spectroscopic redshift ⟨z⟩ = 2.26 ± 0.17 to study the correlation between metallicity and stellar mass at high redshift. Using stellar masses determined from SED fitting to observed 0.3-8 μm photometry, we divide the sample into six bins in stellar mass and construct six composite Hα + [N ] spectra from all of the objects in each bin. We estimate the mean oxygen abundance in each bin from the [N II]/Hα ratio and find a monotonic increase in metallicity with increasing stellar mass, from 12 + log(O/H) < 8.2 for galaxies with ⟨M⋆⟩ = 2.7 × 109 M☉ to 12 + log(O/H) = 8.6 for galaxies with ⟨M⋆⟩ = 1.0 × 1011 M☉. We use the empirical relation between SFR density and gas density to estimate the gas fractions of the galaxies, finding an increase in gas fraction with decreasing stellar mass. These gas fractions, combined with the observed metallicities, allow the estimation of the effective yield yeff as a function of stellar mass; in constrast to observations in the local universe, which show a decrease in yeff with decreasing baryonic mass, we find a slight increase. Such a variation of metallicity with gas fraction is best fitted by a model with supersolar yield and an outflow rate ~4 times higher than the SFR. We conclude that the mass-metallicity relation at high redshift is driven by the increase in metallicity as the gas fraction decreases through star formation and is likely modulated by metal loss from strong outflows in galaxies of all masses.
European Central Bank accountability: how the monetary dialogue could be improved. Bruegel Policy Contribution 2014/04, March 2014

According to the European Union Treaties, the European Central Bank (ECB) is accountable to the European Parliament. In practice, this accountability takes mainly the form of a quarterly Monetary Dialogue between the president of the ECB and the European Parliament Economic and Monetary Affairs committee. We assess the impact of the Monetary Dialogue. We describe the ECB’s accountability practices, compare them to those of other major central banks and provide an assessment of the dialogue in the last five years. The Monetary Dialogue could be improved and we make recommendations on this. We also consider what role the Monetary Dialogue could play in the current context of the ECB’s evolving role. We discuss in particular forward guidance and quantitative easing. We review the main features and the way in which those policies have been implemented by other central banks. We then suggest the appropriate role for the Monetary Dialogue in relation to each of those policies. We conclude with some observations on the function of the Monetary Dialogue after the establishment of a banking union in Europe.
The Politics of Switzerland: Continuity and Change in a Consensus Democracy

1. The development of the modern Swiss nation-state 2. Neutrality 3. Federalism 4. Direct democracy 5. The Swiss system of government 6. The party system 7. Interest associations and labour relations 8. The decision-making process 9. Economic policy: liberalization under constraints 10. Social policy: the Swiss welfare state 11. Foreign policy: Switzerland and the EU.
A Large Catalog of Homogeneous Ultra-Violet/Optical GRB Afterglows: Temporal and Spectral Evolution

We present the second Swift Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow catalog, greatly expanding on the first Swift UVOT GRB afterglow catalog. The second catalog is constructed from a database containing over 120,000 independent UVOT observations of 538 GRBs first detected by Swift, the High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE2), the INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL), the Interplanetary Network (IPN), Fermi, and Astro-rivelatore Gamma a Immagini Leggero (AGILE). The catalog covers GRBs discovered from 2005 January 17 to 2010 December 25. Using photometric information in three UV bands, three optical bands, and a “white” or open filter, the data are optimally coadded to maximize the number of detections and normalized to one band to provide a detailed light curve. The catalog provides positional, temporal, and photometric information for each burst, as well as Swift Burst Alert Telescope and X-ray Telescope (XRT) GRB parameters. Temporal slopes are provided for each UVOT filter. The temporal slope per filter of almost half the GRBs are fit with a single power law, but one to three breaks are required in the remaining bursts. Morphological comparisons with the X-ray reveal that of the UVOT light curves are similar to one of the four morphologies identified by Evans et al. (2009). The remaining have a newly identified morphology. For many bursts, redshift- and extinction-corrected UV/optical spectral slopes are also provided at 2 × 103, 2 × 104, and 2 × 105 s.