Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of different levels of Irrigation on the Growth and Yield of Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana L. Kunth.) under the Agro-Climatic Conditions of Multan, Pakistan

In a replicated field trial the effect of different levels of irrigation viz. (I1 = 5 days, I2 = 10 days, I3 = 15 days, I4 = 20 days, and I5= 25 days) on a different Rhodes grass varieties, was investigated on a sandy clay loam soil during the year (2017 2018) in available agro-ecological conditions of Dogar Agricultural Farms in Multan, Punjab – Pakistan. The results showed that the treatment I2 (irrigation interval 10 days) gives the overall higher yielding results for all the economic parameters and Fine cut, was the most suitable variety for this treatment which produced highest (7.09 ton/ha/cut) dry fodder yield per hectare per cut. The maximum plant height (138.58 cm), tillers / plant (2.38), leaves / tillers (11.19), leaf area (339.37 cm 2 ), and green fodder yield (24.71 ton/ha/cut) respectively. However, the other Rhodes grass varieties showed less yielding results for all the agronomic parameters for different irrigation treatments. Hence it is recommended that Fine cut variety is best suited to cultivate in the arid region of Makhdum Rasheed, Punjab – Pakistan with the irrigation interval of 10 days. Too early or late water application will be a wasteful and uneconomical practice.
How Skills and Parental Valuation of Education Influence Human Capital Acquisition and Early Labor Market Return to Human Capital in Canada

Using the Youth in Transition Survey, we estimate a Roy model with a three-dimensional latent factor structure to consider how parental valuation of education, cognitive skills, and noncognitive skills influence endogenous schooling decisions and subsequent labor market outcomes. We find that the effect of cognitive skills on adult incomes arises by increasing the likelihood of obtaining further education. Furthermore, we find that both noncognitive skills and parental valuation for education play a larger role in determining income at age 25 than cognitive skills. Last, our analysis uncovers striking differences between men and women in several of the estimated relationships.
Anti‐Campylobacter and resistance‐modifying activity of Alpinia katsumadai seed extracts

We tested extracts from Alpinia katsumadai seeds for anti‐Campylobacter activity and investigated the roles of the CmeABC and CmeDEF efflux pumps in Campylobacter resistance to these natural phenolics. Additionally, we investigated an A. katsumadai ethanolic extract (AlpE) and other plant extracts as putative efflux pump inhibitors on Campylobacter isolates and mutants in efflux pump genes.
Effect of hydrophobicity of utilization of peptides by ruminal bacteria in vitro

When mixed ruminal bacteria were incubated with a pancreatic casein hydrolysate and free amino acids of a similar composition, rates of ammonia production were much greater for peptides than for amino acids. The pancreatic digest of casein was then fractionated with 90% isopropyl alcohol. Hydrophobic peptides which dissolved in alcohol contained an abundance of phenolic and aliphatic amino acids, while the hydrophilic peptides which were precipitated by alcohol contained a large proportion of the highly charged amino acids. The Km values of the mixed ruminal bacteria for each fraction were similar (0.88 versus 0.98 g/liter), but the Vmax of the hydrophilic peptides was more than twice that of the hydrophobic peptides (18 versus 39 mg of NH3 per g of bacterial protein per h). Pure cultures of ruminal bacteria had a similar preference for hydrophilic peptides and likewise utilized peptides at a faster rate than free amino acids. Since peptide degradation rates differed greatly, hydrophobicity is likely to influence the composition of amino acids passing unfermented to the lower gut of ruminant animals.
Trait and state hostile rumination facilitate alcohol-related aggression.

OBJECTIVE This investigation attempted to determine whether trait and state hostile rumination functioned as risk factors for the relation between acute alcohol intoxication and aggression. METHOD Participants were 516 social drinkers (252 men and 264 women). Trait hostile rumination was assessed using Caprara's Dissipation-Rumination Scale. Following the consumption of either an alcohol or a placebo beverage, participants were tested on a laboratory task in which electric shocks were received from and administered to a fictitious opponent under the guise of a competitive reaction-time task. Aggression was operationalized as the combined mean responses for shock intensity and duration across all trials. In a subset of the sample (n = 320), state hostile rumination was assessed following the aggression task using a self-report measure. RESULTS As expected, both trait and state measures acted as moderators. Specifically, acute alcohol intoxication was more likely to increase aggression in persons with higher trait and state hostile rumination scores compared with their equally intoxicated lower rumination counterparts. CONCLUSIONS This was the first investigation to demonstrate that trait or state rumination significantly heighten the risk of intoxicated aggression. We believe that hostile rumination facilitates intoxicated aggression because ruminators have difficulty diverting their attention away from anger-provoking stimuli and related thoughts, thus making violent reactions more likely. Clinical and public health interventions would benefit by developing strategies to distract ruminative attention away from violence-promoting messages, especially when persons are under the influence of alcohol.
P300 speller for local languages using Support Vector Machines

The P300 Speller is a Brain Computer Interface that enables communication using the EEG signal. The P300 wave is an Event Related Potential that occurs as a response to a familiar stimulus. This system can be used to aid persons who are unable to communicate via conventional methods. In this paper, the P300 Speller has been modified to allow communication in three languages: English, Sinhala and Tamil. Classification of the P300 waveform was done using an ensemble of Support Vector Machines. A mean letter classification accuracy of 83.76% and a mean P300 classification accuracy of 90.68% was achieved on our dataset.
Reduction of oxidative stress marker levels by anti-TNF-alpha antibody, infliximab, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of anti-TNF-alpha antibody, infliximab, on oxidative stress markers representing DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and glycoxidation. METHODS Twenty-three RA patients underwent infliximab treatment and were analyzed for 30 weeks. Six patients who experienced side effects and one patient who had a reduced efficacy of infliximab were discontinued the infliximab treatment at 30-54 weeks. Sixteen patients were analyzed for 54 weeks. The levels of serum total, urinary total, and free pentosidine, which is an advanced glycation end-product (AGE), and of urinary 15-Isoprostane F2t and 8-hydroxy-deoxy guanosine (8-OHdG) were determined at baseline and at 14, 30, and 54 weeks after initial treatment with infliximab. RESULTS Serum total, urinary total, and free pentosidine levels were reduced at 54 weeks after initial infliximab treatment. Urinary 15-Isoprostane F2t and 8-OHdG levels were also reduced at 14, 30, and 54 weeks. Urinary 8-OHdG levels in RA patients correlated with CRP and the Disease Activity Score of 28 joints. CONCLUSION In RA patients, infliximab plays an essential role as an anti-oxidative agent against AGE formation, oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxydation.
Vesicoureteric Reflux and Reflux Nephropathy as Seen at a Tertiary Care Adult Nephrology Service in India—An Analysis of 86 Patients

Clinical features and risk factors for renal failure in patients with reflux nephropathy (RN) as seen in an adult nephrology service are likely to be different than those seen in a pediatric service. There are only a few studies on adults with vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) and RN and data on RN as seen in developing countries is still evolving. Retrospective analysis of records of patients diagnosed to have VUR by conventional micturating cystourethrogram over a 13 year period, as seen in the adult nephrology services of this tertiary care hospital in north India was carried out. Results are presented as mean ± 2 SD. Unpaired t-test was used to compare means, chi-square test to define associations, and logistic regression analysis was done to define risk factors. Out of 86 patients diagnosed to have VUR, 69 (80.2%) were males and 22 (25.6%) were children. The mean age at presentation was 24.3 ± 14.5 years and at onset of symptoms was 19.6 ± 14.8 years. Sixty-nine (80.2%) patients had chronic renal failure (CRF) at presentation, including 33 (38.4%) patients who already had end stage renal failure (ESRF) at presentation in whom reflux was diagnosed during routine pretransplant evaluation and these constituted 5.5% of all ESRF patients. The clinical features at presentation were hypertension in 51 (59.3%), recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) in 31 (36.1%), history of stones in 7 (8.1%), and gross hematuria in 4 (4.7%). Patients with history of recurrent UTI were more likely to be females (p<0.01) and to present without renal failure (p<0.05). Proteinuria >1 g/day was significantly associated (p<0.02) with hypertension at presentation. Patients who presented with renal failure were more likely to be males (p<0.05), not to have history of recurrent UTI (p<0.05), have proteinuria >1 g/day (p < 0.02) and higher grades (grades IV and V) of reflux (p<0.05). On logistic regression analysis, higher age of onset (odds ratio 4.6, p<0.03), proteinuria >1 g/day (odds ratio 3.8, p<0.05), and male gender (odds ratio 3.5, p<0.05) were significant risk factors for presentation for the first time with renal failure. The clinical features and course of VUR and RN as seen in India are different from those reported from elsewhere. The vast majority of patients in India are males and almost two thirds do not have a past history of UTI. Renal failure is present in more than three fourths of patients when a diagnosis of reflux is made and one third of all patients present with ESRD. Patients with a prior history of UTI are more commonly females and are less likely to have renal failure at presentation. Higher age of onset of symptoms, proteinuria >1 g/day and male gender were risk factors for the development of renal failure. It is likely that these asymptomatic patients remain undetected during childhood, presenting late only after having incurred severe renal damage.
Comparative Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Mechanisms for Stress Response in Hypoliths from Extreme Hyperarid Deserts

Abstract Understanding microbial adaptation to environmental stressors is crucial for interpreting broader ecological patterns. In the most extreme hot and cold deserts, cryptic niche communities are thought to play key roles in ecosystem processes and represent excellent model systems for investigating microbial responses to environmental stressors. However, relatively little is known about the genetic diversity underlying such functional processes in climatically extreme desert systems. This study presents the first comparative metagenome analysis of cyanobacteria-dominated hypolithic communities in hot (Namib Desert, Namibia) and cold (Miers Valley, Antarctica) hyperarid deserts. The most abundant phyla in both hypolith metagenomes were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes with Cyanobacteria dominating in Antarctic hypoliths. However, no significant differences between the two metagenomes were identified. The Antarctic hypolithic metagenome displayed a high number of sequences assigned to sigma factors, replication, recombination and repair, translation, ribosomal structure, and biogenesis. In contrast, the Namib Desert metagenome showed a high abundance of sequences assigned to carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Metagenome data analysis also revealed significant divergence in the genetic determinants of amino acid and nucleotide metabolism between these two metagenomes and those of soil from other polar deserts, hot deserts, and non-desert soils. Our results suggest extensive niche differentiation in hypolithic microbial communities from these two extreme environments and a high genetic capacity for survival under environmental extremes.
Arrangement of L2 within the Papillomavirus Capsid

ABSTRACT Papillomaviruses are a family of nonenveloped DNA tumor viruses. Some sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) types, including HPV type 16 (HPV16), cause cancer of the uterine cervix. Papillomaviruses encode two capsid proteins, L1 and L2. The major capsid protein, L1, can assemble spontaneously into a 72-pentamer icosahedral structure that closely resembles native virions. Although the minor capsid protein, L2, is not required for capsid formation, it is thought to participate in encapsidation of the viral genome and plays a number of essential roles in the viral infectious entry pathway. The abundance of L2 and its arrangement within the virion remain unclear. To address these questions, we developed methods for serial propagation of infectious HPV16 capsids (pseudoviruses) in cultured human cell lines. Biochemical analysis of capsid preparations produced using various methods showed that up to 72 molecules of L2 can be incorporated per capsid. Cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction analysis of purified capsids revealed an icosahedrally ordered L2-specific density beneath the axial lumen of each L1 capsomer. The relatively close proximity of these L2 density buttons to one another raised the possibility of homotypic L2 interactions within assembled virions. The concept that the N and C termini of neighboring L2 molecules can be closely apposed within the capsid was supported using bimolecular fluorescence complementation or “split GFP” technology. This structural information should facilitate investigation of L2 function during the assembly and entry phases of the papillomavirus life cycle.
Laser‐assisted laparoscopic excision of liver cyst

a thick-walled cyst was on the anterolateral aspect of the right hepatic lobe. One 5-mm cannula was inserted in the right subcostal region and a second 5-mm cannula was passed into the peritoneal cavity in the epigastrium immediately to the right of the falciform ligament. The cyst contents were aspirated, and then using a combination of a diathermy hook and scissors, the roof of the cyst was excised and submitted for histological examination. at the end of the procedure a suction was the epigastric cannula the of the cyst. The
Encapsulated mesenchymal stromal cells for in vivo transplantation

Immunomodulatory human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) have been incorporated into therapeutic protocols to treat secondary inflammatory responses post‐spinal cord injury (SCI) in animal models. However, limitations with direct hMSC implantation approaches may prevent effective translation for therapeutic development of hMSC infusion into post‐SCI treatment protocols. To circumvent these limitations, we investigated the efficacy of alginate microencapsulation in developing an implantable vehicle for hMSC delivery. Viability and secretory function were maintained within the encapsulated hMSC population, and hMSC secreted anti‐inflammatory cytokines upon induction with the pro‐inflammatory factors, TNF‐α and IFN‐γ. Furthermore, encapsulated hMSC modulated inflammatory macrophage function both in vitro and in vivo, even in the absence of direct hMSC‐macrophage cell contact and promoted the alternative M2 macrophage phenotype. In vitro, this was evident by a reduction in macrophage iNOS expression with a concomitant increase in CD206, a marker for M2 macrophages. Finally, Sprague‐Dawley rat spinal cords were injured at vertebra T10 via a weight drop model (NYU model) and encapsulated hMSC were administered via lumbar puncture 24 h post‐injury. Encapsulated hMSC localized primarily in the cauda equina of the spinal cord. Histological assessment of spinal cord tissue 7 days post‐SCI indicated that as few as 5 × 104 encapsulated hMSC yielded increased numbers of CD206‐expressing macrophages, consistent with our in vitro studies. The combined findings support the inclusion of immobilized hMSC in post‐CNS trauma tissue protective therapy, and suggest that conversion of macrophages to the M2 subset is responsible, at least in part, for tissue protection. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2747–2758. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of WO2013116562A, an orally active PI3Kδ inhibitor for the treatment of asthma

(S)-4-amino-6-((1-(5-chloro-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)ethyl)amino)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile is claimed as a highly selective, PI3Kδ inhibitor. It is claimed to be useful in the treatment of asthma and appears intended for oral administration. It is shown to be well absorbed after oral administration and to have reasonable metabolic stability
The origin of the equine endometrial cups. I. Production of PMSG by fetal trophoblast cells.

The gonadotrophin (pmsg) present in the serum of mares between the 40th and 120th days of pregnancy originates in the uterine endometrial cups. These structures begin to develop on the 36th day of pregnancy opposite a transitory, though well-defined, circumferential thickening of the chorion called the allantochorionic girdle (Ewart, 1897; van Niekerk, 1965; Allen, 1970). The endometrial cups are composed of a discrete and densely packed mass of very large, epithelioid, decidual-like cells. They develop before the allantochorion becomes attached to the endometrium and it has been widely accepted in the past that they are exclusively maternal in origin (Clegg, Boda & Cole, 1954; Amoroso, 1955). However, recent genetic evidence, derived from the study of interspecific equine hybrids, has indicated that fetal genotype influences the level of pmsg in the maternal blood (Bielanski, Ewy & Pigoniowa, 1965; Clegg, Cole, Howard & Pigon, 1962; Allen, 1969a). This led Allen (1970) to suggest that the allantochorionic girdle may play an important r\l=o^\le in the development of the endometrial cups. We now wish to report on two experiments which provide morphological and biochemical evidence of a new concept ofendometrial
[The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in a national survey across China in 2010].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiological trend of pulmonary tuberculosis, and to provide scientific basis for making National Tuberculosis Control Program 2011 - 2015. METHODS Multi-stage stratified clustered sampling method was adopted, and 176 clusters were selected. All residents over 15 years old received interviewing and chest X-ray examination. Sputum smear and culture were done for subjects with abnormal X-ray films and symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis. Strains isolated by culture were further tested to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and non-tuberculosis mycobacteria. A weighted adjustment method accounting for complex sampling was used to calculate prevalence and 95% confidence intervals. Second-order Rao-Scott adjusted chi-square test was used to compare prevalence among different groups. RESULTS The examination rate was 96.1% (252 940/263 281) of the eligible people. The weighted prevalence of active, smear-positive, bacteriological positive pulmonary tuberculosis was 459/100 000 (1310/252 940), 66/100 000 (188/252 940), 119/100 000 (347/252 940) respectively. Active, smear-positive, bacteriological positive pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence among people over 60 years were 1097/100 000 (637/57 456), 177/100 000 (91/57 456), 323/100 000 (179/57 456). Active and bacteriological positive pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence in rural areas (569/100 000, 936/138 057; 153/100 000, 255/138 057) was higher than that in urban areas (307/100 000, 374/114 883; 73/100 000, 92/114 883). Prevalence in western provinces was high where the active, smear-positive, bacteriological positive pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence was 695/100 000 (567/69 896), 105/100 000 (84/69 896), 198/100 000 (161/69 896) respectively. CONCLUSIONS The epidemic of tuberculosis is still serious. Tuberculosis control work should be enhanced in high prevalence areas and high risk population.
Putting theory of mind in its place: psychological explanations of the socio-emotional-communicative impairments in autistic spectrum disorder

In this review, the history of the theory of mind (ToM) theory of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is outlined (in which ToM is indexed by success on false belief tasks), and the explanatory power and psychological causes of impaired ToM in ASD are critically discussed. It is concluded that impaired ToM by itself has only limited explanatory power, but that explorations of the psychological precursors of impaired ToM have been fruitful in increasing understanding of mindreading impairments in ASD (where ‘mindreading’ refers those abilities that underlie triadic interaction as well as ToM). It is argued that early explanations of impaired mindreading are untenable for various reasons, but that impairments of dyadic interaction in ASD that could lead to impaired ability to represent others’ mental states may be the critical psychological cause, or causes, of impaired ToM. The complexity of causal routes to impaired ToM is emphasized.
Measurement error, time lag, unmeasured confounding: Considerations for longitudinal estimation of the effect of a mediator in randomised clinical trials

Clinical trials are expensive and time-consuming and so should also be used to study how treatments work, allowing for the evaluation of theoretical treatment models and refinement and improvement of treatments. These treatment processes can be studied using mediation analysis. Randomised treatment makes some of the assumptions of mediation models plausible, but the mediator–outcome relationship could remain subject to bias. In addition, mediation is assumed to be a temporally ordered longitudinal process, but estimation in most mediation studies to date has been cross-sectional and unable to explore this assumption. This study used longitudinal structural equation modelling of mediator and outcome measurements from the PACE trial of rehabilitative treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome (ISRCTN 54285094) to address these issues. In particular, autoregressive and simplex models were used to study measurement error in the mediator, different time lags in the mediator–outcome relationship, unmeasured confounding of the mediator and outcome, and the assumption of a constant mediator–outcome relationship over time. Results showed that allowing for measurement error and unmeasured confounding were important. Contemporaneous rather than lagged mediator–outcome effects were more consistent with the data, possibly due to the wide spacing of measurements. Assuming a constant mediator–outcome relationship over time increased precision.