Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Osmopressor Response Is Linked to Upregulation of Aquaporin-1 Tyrosine Phosphorylation on Red Blood Cell Membranes

Studies in patients with an impaired efferent baroreflex led us to discover that ingesting water induces a robust increase in blood pressure and vascular resistance. This response was also present in healthy subjects with intact baroreflexes, described as osmopressor response. This study was to discover the physiology of the osmopressor response by determining functional activation of the aquaporin-1 water channel receptor on red blood cell membranes in young healthy subjects. In a randomized, controlled, crossover fashion, 22 young healthy subjects (age, 19–27 years) ingested either 500 or 50 mL of water. Heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac index, and total peripheral vascular resistance were measured using a Finometer hemodynamic monitor. Blood sampling was performed at 5 minutes before and at 25 and 50 minutes after either the water ingestion or control session. Immunoblotting for aquaporin-1 tyrosine phosphorylation was performed before and after subjects ingested either 500 or 50 mL of water. At 25 minutes after the ingestion of 500 mL of water, total peripheral resistance increased significantly, and plasma osmolality decreased. Functional expression of aquaporin-1 tyrosine phosphorylation on red blood cell membranes increased significantly at 25 and 50 minutes after subjects ingested 500 mL of water compared with that before water ingestion. This study concludes that water ingestion produces upregulation of aquaporin-1 tyrosine phosphorylation on red blood cell, which presents as a novel biological marker that occurs simultaneously with the osmopressor response.
Estimation of Discharge Using LS-SVM and Model Trees

In planning and management of any water resource systems prediction or estimation of runoff over the catchment is considered as a crucial factor. Many researchers over the past two decades addressed these problems by traditional methods as well as with some new techniques. This paper is describable and is focused on the capability of some data driven techniques such as Least Square Support Vector Machines (LS-SVM) and Model Trees with M5 algorithm. These methods were used to estimate runoff of various stations in the catchment area in Upper Krishna basin, Maharashtra State, India, and discussed here two stations namely Shigaon and Gudhe. The specialty of these catchment areas is Shigaon has large area and Gudhe has small area. This was done to see the model performance in both conditions. Additionally metrological data was used in the process to see the performance of models. The quantitative analysis was carried out to check the performance of the accuracy by considering standard statistical performance evaluation metrics and the scatter plots are drawn for evaluating qualitative performances of the developed models. The effect of the various metrological parameters as an input parameter for the rainfall was also investigated.The performance of both the tools was judged with various performance measures and it is found that the results are quite encouraging. LS-SVM models performed better since it has captured all the higher peak discharges for both catchments, indicating LS-SVM is best suited for large sized catchments and MT tool is best suited for the smaller sized catchments. However LS-SVM performance is better as compared to MT as modeling approaches are examined, using the long-term observations of yearly river flow discharges.
Response to: reports of recovery in chronic fatigue syndrome may present less than meets the eye

Friedberg and Adamowicz1 make several interesting observations in their review of recovery rates reported in White et al . 2 However, we disagree with them that a previous trial of an active behavioural intervention, Deale et al , which reported very similar recovery rates to White et al , ‘used similar recovery criteria’. 1–3 The White et al 2 recovery criteria were: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ; Likert scoring) and Short Form (SF)-36 physical functioning (PF) scores in normal range (ie, ≤18 and ≥60, respectively); Oxford CFS criteria not met; and …
An adherence typology: coping, quality of life, and physical symptoms of people living with HIV/AIDS and their adherence to antiretroviral treatment.

BACKGROUND Research has found that patient adherence to antiretroviral therapy is crucial to treatment success, but this research did not investigate the patient's viewpoint. This study examined relationships between types of adherence and coping, psychosocial factors, quality of life (QoL), and physical symptoms from the perspective of people living with HIV/AIDS. MATERIAL/METHODS The quantitative study involved 100 HIV-positive participants. Questionnaires comprised the Trier Scales on Coping with Physical Illness, Medical-Outcomes-Study HIV Health-Survey QoL, Social Factors of Antiretroviral Therapy, and the HIV/AIDS Physical Symptom-Checklist. A sub-sample of 41 participants underwent semi-standardized interviews eliciting the type of adherence. Grounded Theory was the method of qualitative analyses. RESULTS Maladaptive coping (rumination) related to poor mental health (p<0.001), concealing the HIV-infection (p<0.01), and being treatment-naive (p<0.01). Spiritual coping was more likely in women (p<0.001). Overall, QoL was worse in participants with more physical symptoms (p<0.001) and in those seeking mental health care (p<0.001). Working and maintaining a regular daily routine were associated with better adherence (p<0.05). Four adherence types were identified: 'Traditional Adherence' (with indifferent, faithful, and anxious subtypes), 'Traditional Non-Adherence', 'Critical Adherence', and 'Critical Non-Adherence'. The traditional types underscored a paternalistic medical model, while critical types emphasized 'autonomous patients'. Critical types were less frequent (39%), although superior to traditional types (p<0.001) in internal locus of control, optimal social support, and adaptive coping. CONCLUSIONS Critical adherence is superior to traditional adherence with respect to physical and psychosocial factors. Strategies to improve adherence should therefore target empowerment and autonomy rather than patient obedience.
Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules in Duodenal Mucosa of Children with Delayed‐Type Food Allergy

Objectives: The aim was to investigate the expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and activation and proliferation markers in duodenal biopsies from children with delayed‐type food allergy (FA). Methods: Seven children with untreated FA (uFA), seven children with treated FA (tFA) to cow milk and/or cereals, and five normal controls furnished duodenal biopsy specimens. Additionally, five pediatric patients with celiac disease were included, serving exclusively as positive controls for in situ hybridization. Interferon‐&ggr; (IFN‐&ggr;), interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), adhesion molecules, and activation markers were detected by immunohistochemistry, and expression of IFN‐&ggr; and IL‐4 messenger RNA was revealed by in situ hybridization. Results: uFA patients had a higher density of IFN‐&ggr; positive cells in the lamina propria than did tFA patients and controls (P = 0.053 and P = 0.018). Moreover, the uFA patients exhibited a higher proportion of crypt cells in mitosis than did tFA patients (P = 0.026), and stronger staining of HLA‐DR in the crypts and increased density of &ggr;&dgr;‐T cell receptor‐positive intraepithelial lymphocytes than did controls (P = 0.048 and P = 0.010). The densities of &agr;4&bgr;7 positive cells in the lamina propria tended to be higher in controls than in uFA or tFA patients (P = 0.106, P = 0.073). Expression of IL‐4 mRNA was significantly higher in celiac patients than in the other study groups (uFA P = 0.006, tFA P = 0.010; controls P = 0.029), and celiac patients showed higher expression of IFN‐&ggr; mRNA than did tFA patients or controls (P = 0.017 and P = 0.016). Conclusions: As expected, Th1 dominance was present in the lamina propria of children with delayed‐type FA. It may cause activation of epithelial cells and increase their turnover.
Antibodies Directed against Lewis-Y Antigen Inhibit Signaling of Lewis-Y Modified ErbB Receptors

The majority of cancer cells derived from epithelial tissue express Lewis-Y (LeY) type difucosylated oligosaccharides on their plasma membrane. This results in the modification of cell surface receptors by the LeY antigen. We used the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family members ErbB1 and ErbB2 as model systems to investigate whether the sugar moiety can be exploited to block signaling by growth factor receptors in human tumor cells (i.e., SKBR-3 and A431, derived from a breast cancer and a vulval carcinoma, respectively). The monoclonal anti-LeY antibody ABL364 and its humanized version IGN311 immunoprecipitated ErbB1 and ErbB2 from detergent lysates of A431 and SKBR-3, respectively. ABL364 and IGN311 blocked EGF- and heregulin-stimulated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK = extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2] in SKBR-3 and A431 cells. The effect was comparable in magnitude with that of trastuzumab (Herceptin) and apparently noncompetitive with respect to EGF. Stimulation of MAPK by ErbB was dynamin dependent and contingent on receptor internalization. ABL364 and IGN311 changed the intracellular localization of fluorescent EGF-containing endosomes and accelerated recycling of intracellular [125I]EGF to the plasma membrane. Taken together, these observations show that antibodies directed against carbohydrate side chains of ErbB receptors are capable of inhibiting ErbB-mediated signaling. The ability of these antibodies to reroute receptor trafficking provides a mechanistic explanation for their inhibitory action.
Jail-Based Substance User Treatment: An Analysis of Retention

Many jail inmates have a history of substance use and “abuse”; few, however, receive comprehensive treatment for substance use disorders while in jail. The authors offer a longitudinal reanalysis of data from five jail-based substance user treatment programs. Survival analysis was used to identify client characteristics associated with length of time in treatment. Survival curves for the five programs were compared, indicating which ones retained inmates the longest. Results from a model stratified by jail site revealed that inmates over 25 years of age and those already sentenced had significantly longer treatment stays. The Substance Abuse Intervention Division (SAID) program, a modified therapeutic community in a New York jail, and the Deciding, Educating, Understanding, Counseling, and Evaluation (DEUCE) program, a curriculum-based intervention, had the longest survival curves and were, therefore, most effective at retaining inmates in treatment.
Defective pulmonary recruitment of neutrophils in a rat model of endotoxemia.

We have characterized a defect in the pulmonary recruitment of neutrophils (PMNs) in rats with experimental endotoxemia. Rats pretreated with intravenous (IV) 0.9% saline (NaCl) showed abundant PMNs in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid after intratracheal (IT) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg) (54.27 +/- 9.80 x 10(6), n = 7, versus IT saline, 0.73 +/- 0.62 x 10(6), n = 4). In contrast, endotoxemic rats (IV LPS 1.0 mg/kg) failed to show PMN influx after IT LPS (0.40 +/- 0.13 x 10(6) PMNs in BAL fluid, n = 7). Four hours after the IT administration of LPS, the chemotactic activity of BAL fluid from endotoxemic rats (87 +/- 9.92% of maximal chemotaxis toward zymosan-activated serum [ZAS], n = 4) was not significantly different (P > 0.05), from rats pretreated with IV NaCl (61.09 +/- 6.17% of maximal chemotaxis toward ZAS, n = 4). Endotoxemic and control rats showed similar chemotactic gradients in determinations of the BAL/plasma chemotactic activity ratio (BAL/plasma ratio: 2.16 +/- 0.14, n = 4, IV NaCl versus 2.98 +/- 0.14, n = 4, IV LPS, P > 0.05). Serum from untreated rats, rats pretreated with IV NaCl, and endotoxemic rats caused minimal effects on rat PMN chemotaxis in vitro (78.17 +/- 8.16%, 79.29 +/- 7.09%, and 69.28 +/- 9.04% of maximal chemotaxis toward ZAS, respectively, n = 4/group, P > 0.05). Quantitation of PMN adhesion molecules revealed a loss of L-selectin (8 +/- 5% of control group, n = 3), an increase in Mac-1 (776 +/- 82.60% of control group, n = 3), and no change in LFA-1 when normal PMNs were incubated with plasma from rats pretreated with IV LPS (P < 0.05). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Null-Steering Viewpoint of Interferometric SAR Rgc

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) extends the two-dimensional imaging capability of traditional synthetic aperture radar to three-dimensions by using an aperture in the elevation plane to estimate the 3-D structure of the target. The operation of this additional aperture can be viewed from a null-steering point of view, rather than the traditional phase determination point of view. Knowing that IFSAR can be viewed fi-om the null-steering perspective allows us to take advantage of the mathematical foundation developed for nullsteering arrays. In addition, in some problems of interest in IFSAR the null-steering perspective provides better intuition and suggests alternative solutions. One example is the problem of estimating building height where layover is present.
Stimulation of nicotinic receptors in the lateral septal nucleus increases anxiety

The present study investigated the role of nicotinic receptors in the lateral septum in the modulation of anxiety. The effects of direct injections of nicotine into the lateral septum were first investigated in two tests of anxiety, social interaction and elevated plus‐maze tests. Intra‐septal injection of nicotine (1 and 4 μg) induced consistent anxiogenic effects in both tests. The reversal of nicotinic effects with mecamylamine was then studied in the social interaction test. Intra‐septal injection of mecamylamine at a low dose (15 ng) induced an anxiolytic effect, suggesting the presence of intrinsic cholinergic tone increasing anxiety. At higher doses (30–50 ng), mecamylamine was without effect in the social interaction test, but blocked the anxiogenic effects of nicotine (4 μg). These findings provide further evidence for the role of the lateral septum in the modulation of anxiety and suggest that cholinergic projections to this brain area facilitate anxiety through nicotinic receptors.
The Incidence of Tardive Dyskinesia in the Study of Pharmacotherapy for Psychotic Depression

AbstractTardive dyskinesia (TD) is a debilitating adverse effect associated with antipsychotic treatment. Older age and the presence of mood disorder have been identified as risk factors for the development of TD. Thus, we assessed the incidence of TD in younger and older patients with major depressive disorder with psychotic features who participated in a 12-week clinical trial comparing olanzapine plus sertraline versus olanzapine plus placebo. All subjects (n = 259) were assessed with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment (or at termination). We used 7 different published criteria to estimate the prevalence of TD at baseline and the incidence over the duration of the trial. We compared the incidence of TD in subjects 60 years or older and those younger than 60 years. The overall prevalence and incidence of TD varied almost 10-fold, depending on the criteria (prevalence range, 1.2%–8.9%; incidence range, 0.0%–5.9%). Tardive dyskinesia was observed as a clinical adverse event in only 1 subject (0.4%). Whereas older subjects had a higher prevalence of TD at baseline, the incidence in younger and older subjects did not differ significantly. The incidence of TD was relatively low in both younger and older patients with major depressive disorder with psychotic features treated acutely with olanzapine. However, the estimate of the risk of TD varies widely, depending on the criteria used to define TD.
Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population.

OBJECTIVES We assessed the association between minority stress, mental health, and potential ameliorating factors in a large, community-based, geographically diverse sample of the US transgender population. METHODS In 2003, we recruited through the Internet a sample of 1093 male-to-female and female-to-male transgender persons, stratified by gender. Participants completed an online survey that included standardized measures of mental health. Guided by the minority stress model, we evaluated associations between stigma and mental health and tested whether indicators of resilience (family support, peer support, identity pride) moderated these associations. RESULTS Respondents had a high prevalence of clinical depression (44.1%), anxiety (33.2%), and somatization (27.5%). Social stigma was positively associated with psychological distress. Peer support (from other transgender people) moderated this relationship. We found few differences by gender identity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the minority stress model. Prevention needs to confront social structures, norms, and attitudes that produce minority stress for gender-variant people; enhance peer support; and improve access to mental health and social services that affirm transgender identity and promote resilience.
Surveillance System for Biological Agents in Water Systems

9 INTRODUCTION 13 1. Early warning systems for emerging waterborne pathogens 13 2. Microbial sewer water quality modeling: MOUSE 15 3. Identification of the contaminant source location 19 4. Application of Artificial Neural Networks 20 4.1. Parameter (function) estimation 20 4.2. Pattern recognition 21 4.3. Backpropagation (BP) 21 4.4. Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) 23 PRESENT STUDY 26 REFERENCES 29 APPENDIX A: ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICALLY-BASED AND DATA-DRIVEN MODELS TO PREDICT MICROBIAL WATER QUALITY IN OPEN CHANNEL SYSTEMS 41 ABSTRACT 42
Validation of frequency-dependent, lossy transmission line simulations for printed circuit boards

Accurate interconnect modeling is crucial for signal integrity analysis. Simulation of frequency-dependent transmission lines plays a key role in any interconnect simulations. This paper presents simulation results from three separate transmission line circuit simulation algorithms. The results are compared with laboratory measurements for validation. Two of the three methods investigated show excellent agreement with laboratory measurements.
Angiotensin II receptor antagonism increases gut oxygen delivery but fails to improve intestinal mucosal acidosis in porcine endotoxin shock.

The renin angiotensin system is highly activated in shock states and has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of the markedly deteriorated splanchnic circulation seen in septic shock. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the capability of losartan, a nonpeptide angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist, to attenuate splanchnic blood flow disturbances and counteract intestinal mucosal acidosis in endotoxin shock. A total of 20 pigs were anesthetized and catheterized. Central and regional hemodynamics were monitored. A tonometer in the ileum was used for measurement of mucosal pH. Onset of endotoxin challenge was followed by losartan administration (n = 10) 2 h later. Ten animals receiving endotoxin only served as controls. The experiments were terminated 5 h after onset of endotoxin challenge. Endotoxin infusion induced an hypodynamic shock with a reduction in cardiac index and systemic oxygen delivery. Losartan reduced both systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure while stroke volume was improved. Pulmonary hypertension induced by endotoxin was significantly reduced by losartan without further changes in gas exchange. The profound reduction in gut oxygen delivery in response to endotoxin was counteracted by losartan administration. However, losartan failed to improve the markedly deteriorated intestinal mucosal pH and mucosal-arterial PCO2gap (i.e., difference in intestinal mucosal PCO2 and arterial PCO2). Also the mucosal-portal venous PCO2gap, used as a monitor of the mucosa in relation to the gut as a whole (including the spleen and pancreas), was greatly increased by endotoxemia but unaffected by losartan administration. In summary, although the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan improved gut oxygen delivery and reduced pulmonary hypertension during established endotoxin shock, it had no effect on intestinal mucosal acidosis. These findings suggest contribution of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor to perfusion disturbances, but not to deterioration of intestinal mucosal homeostasis seen during endotoxemia.
Pulmonary hypoplasia in the connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) null mouse

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a mediator of growth factor activity, and Ctgf knockouts die at birth from respiratory failure due to skeletal dysplasia. Previous microarray analysis revealed Ctgf down‐regulation in the hypoplastic lungs of amyogenic mouse embryos. This study, therefore, examined pulmonary development in Ctgf−/− mouse fetuses to investigate if respiration could also have been impaired by lung abnormalities. The Ctgf−/− lungs were hypoplastic, with reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. PDGF‐B, its receptor and IGF‐I, were markedly attenuated and the TTF‐1 gradient lost. Type II pneumocyte differentiation was perturbed, the cells depicting excessive glycogen retention and diminished lamellar body and nuclear size, though able to synthesize surfactant‐associated protein. However, type I pneumocyte differentiation was not affected by Ctgf deletion. Our findings indicate that the absence of Ctgf and/or its protein product, CTGF, may induce pulmonary hypoplasia by both disrupting basic lung developmental processes and restricting thoracic expansion. Developmental Dynamics 237:485–493, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alternaria Induces STAT6-Dependent Acute Airway Eosinophilia and Epithelial FIZZ1 Expression That Promotes Airway Fibrosis and Epithelial Thickness

The fungal allergen, Alternaria, is specifically associated with severe asthma, including life-threatening exacerbations. To better understand the acute innate airway response to Alternaria, naive wild-type (WT) mice were challenged once intranasally with Alternaria. Naive WT mice developed significant bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia following Alternaria challenge when analyzed 24 h later. In contrast to Alternaria, neither Aspergillus nor Candida induced bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia. Gene microarray analysis of airway epithelial cell brushings demonstrated that Alternaria-challenged naive WT mice had a >20-fold increase in the level of expression of found in inflammatory zone 1 (FIZZ1/Retnla), a resistin-like molecule. Lung immunostaining confirmed strong airway epithelial FIZZ1 expression as early as 3 h after a single Alternaria challenge that persisted for ≥5 d and was significantly reduced in STAT6-deficient, but not protease-activated receptor 2-deficient mice. Bone marrow chimera studies revealed that STAT6 expressed in lung cells was required for epithelial FIZZ1 expression, whereas STAT6 present in bone marrow-derived cells contributed to airway eosinophilia. Studies investigating which cells in the nonchallenged lung bind FIZZ1 demonstrated that CD45+CD11c+ cells (macrophages and dendritic cells), as well as collagen-1–producing CD45− cells (fibroblasts), can bind to FIZZ1. Importantly, direct administration of recombinant FIZZ1 to naive WT mice led to airway eosinophilia, peribronchial fibrosis, and increased thickness of the airway epithelium. Thus, Alternaria induces STAT6–dependent acute airway eosinophilia and epithelial FIZZ1 expression that promotes airway fibrosis and epithelial thickness. This may provide some insight into the uniquely pathogenic aspects of Alternaria-associated asthma.