Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proportion of and risk factors for open fractures of the appendicular skeleton in dogs and cats.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the proportion of and risk factors for open fractures of the appendicular skeleton in dogs and cats that were a result of acute trauma. DESIGN Cross-sectional and case-control study. ANIMALS 84,629 dogs and 26,675 cats. PROCEDURES Dogs and cats examined at Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital from January 1993 through February 2013 were identified; the proportion of open fractures was estimated from the medical records. Additionally, all incident cases of open (77 dogs and 33 cats) and closed (469 dogs and 80 cats) fractures between January 1993 and February 2013 and a random sample of nonfracture patients (722 dogs and 330 cats) in 2010 were used to assess risk factors for open appendicular fractures. RESULTS Proportion of open fractures for the 20-year period was 0.09% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07% to 0.11%) in dogs and 0.12% (95% CI, 0.09% to 0.17%) in cats. Seventy-seven of 546 (14.1%) and 33 of 113 (29.2%) traumatic fractures were classified as open in dogs and cats, respectively. Comminuted fractures were more likely than other configurations to be open in dogs (OR, 5.9; 95% CI, 2.9 to 12.2) and cats (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.0 to 12.0). Vehicle-related trauma was a significant risk factor for open fractures in dogs (OR, 13.8; 95% CI, 3.1 to 61.8). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The proportion of incident open fractures in dogs and cats was low. Age, body weight, affected bone or bone segment, fracture configuration, and method of trauma were associated with an open fracture.
Arterial blood pressure as a predictor of the response to fluid administration in euvolemic nonhypotensive or hypotensive isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of rapid small-volume fluid administration on arterial blood pressure measurements and associated hemodynamic variables in isoflurane-anesthetized euvolemic dogs with or without experimentally induced hypotension. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled study. ANIMALS 13 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Isoflurane-anesthetized dogs were randomly assigned to conditions of nonhypotension or hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure, 45 to 50 mm Hg) and treatment with lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) or hetastarch (3 or 10 mL/kg [1.4 or 4.5 mL/lb] dose in a 5-minute period or 3 mL/kg dose in a 1-minute period [4 or 5 dogs/treatment; ≥ 10-day interval between treatments]). Hemodynamic variables were recorded before and for up to 45 minutes after fluid administration. RESULTS IV administration of 10 mL/kg doses of LRS or hetastarch in a 5-minute period increased right atrial and pulmonary arterial pressures and cardiac output (CO) when dogs were nonhypotensive or hypotensive, compared with findings before fluid administration; durations of these effects were greater after hetastarch administration. Intravenous administration of 3 mL of hetastarch/kg in a 5-minute period resulted in an increase in CO when dogs were nonhypotensive. Intravenous administration of 3 mL/kg doses of LRS or hetastarch in a 1-minute period increased right atrial pressure and CO when dogs were nonhypotensive or hypotensive. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of LRS or hetastarch (3 or 10 mL/kg dose in a 5-minute period or 3 mL/kg dose in a 1-minute period) improved CO in isoflurane-anesthetized euvolemic dogs with or without hypotension. Overall, arterial blood pressure measurements were a poor predictor of the hemodynamic response to fluid administration.
A comparison of tidal volume, breathing frequency, and minute ventilation between two sitting postures in healthy adults

Few studies have compared the difference in pulmonary function in normal subjects while sitting in an upright posture as compared to a slumped posture. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate differences in tidal volume (TV), breathing frequency (fb), and minute ventilation (V E ) between these two sitting postures in a population of healthy adults. A sample-of-convenience of 30 adult subjects (17 females and 13 males) participated in the study. Standard spirometry methods were used to measure differences in TV and fb between forward slumped and upright sitting postures. Spirometry data were collected for each subject over a five-minute period in each of the two sitting postures. TV was calculated using V E and fb data. Results of repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated statistically significant increases in TV and V E in the upright sitting when compared to a slumped sitting posture. Breathing frequency was shown to be not significantly different from one posture to the next. Many have attributed adverse musculoskeletal conditions to poor sitting posture. Results of this study suggest that poor sitting posture may also adversely affect pulmonary function in healthy adults.
Pre-Clinical and Clinical Pharmacology of 17alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC): An Agent for the Prevention of Preterm Birth.

Preterm birth (PTB), birth prior to 37 weeks of gestational age, is a major cause of early childhood mortality and morbidity in the United States. 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) has recently been documented to reduce the incidence of preterm birth. A complete understanding of the pharmacokinetics of 17-OHPC will help in improving clinical outcome. The goal of this dissertation research was to evaluate the preclinical and clinical pharmacology of 17-OHPC in order to optimize the use of this drug in preventing preterm birth.Studies in human liver microsomes and human hepatocytes indicate that 17-OHPC is metabolized by CYP3A. Significant transplacental transfer of 17-OHPC (cord blood to maternal plasma ratio of 0.3) has been observed in pregnant subjects. Studies were performed in fetal hepatocytes to evaluate the metabolism of 17-OHPC. Fetal hepatocytes demonstrate the ability of human fetal liver to metabolize 17-OHPC to fetal specific metabolites, with oxidation being the major metabolic pathway. Further, 17-OHPC and/or its metabolites inhibit bile salt transport in both adult and fetal hepatocytes. To understand the clinical pharmacology of 17-OHPC, pregnant women who received 17-OHPC for clinical reasons were studied and blood samples collected periodically. Wide-interindividual variation was observed in the pharmacokinetics of 17-OHPC in pregnant subjects. The half life of 17-OHPC was 9 days and plasma concentrations of 17-OHPC did not achieve steady state. The race and body mass index of the pregnant subjects affect the plasma levels of 17-OHPC. In conclusion, since CYP3A is involved in the oxidative metabolism of numerous commonly used drugs; 17-OHPC may be involved in clinically relevant metabolic drug interactions with co-administered CYP3A inhibitors or inducers. Since 17-OHPC crosses the placental barrier and reaches the fetus, use of higher doses of 17-OHPC should be approached with caution. The clinical effectiveness of 17-OHPC in preventing preterm birth has been observed in only 33% of the patients. Given the wide interindividual variability, modification of the starting dose based on BMI and race alongwith monitoring of plasma levels and adjustment of subsequent doses accordingly may be needed to improve therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of preterm birth with 17-OHPC.
What Is Your Diagnosis? Gastric wall hemorrhage secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication.

A 3.1-kg (6.82-lb) 7-month-old sexually intact female Shih Tzu mix was evaluated because of an acute onset of vomiting and signs of abdominal pain when being picked up from the floor. Prior to evaluation, the owner observed 2 episodes of vomiting, with vomitus containing partially digested food and saliva. The patient did not have a previous history of dietary changes but was reported to occasionally chew the carpet. There was no previous history of gastrointestinal disease. The dog was current on vaccinations and had been dewormed twice. On physical examination, the patient was bright, alert, and responsive, with a heart rate of 125 beats/min, respiratory rate of 28 breaths/min, body temperature of 39.1°C (102.4°F), pink mucous membranes, capillary refill time < 2 seconds, and moderate signs of discomfort on palpation of the cranial aspect of the abdomen. Initial diagnostic evaluation including serum biochemical analysis and CBC revealed only minimal changes in a few variables that were consistent with the patient’s age and vomiting. Abdominal radiographs were obtained and revealed a moderately distended stomach containing homogenous soft tissue opaque material, 2 small (< 2-mm) mineral opacities, and diffusely fluidand gas-filled small intestines (including gas within the descending duodenum) with dimensions within reference ranges. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed (Figure 1).
Transfusion practices for treatment of dogs undergoing splenectomy for splenic masses: 542 cases (2001-2012).

OBJECTIVE To describe transfusion practices for treatment of dogs undergoing splenectomy for splenic masses. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 542 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES Medical records of dogs that underwent splenectomy for splenic masses at 2 referral institutions were reviewed. Variables of interest were compared between dogs that did and did not undergo transfusion. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess associations of transfusion with death during hospitalization and with 30- and 180-day survival rates. RESULTS Transfusions were administered to 240 of 542 (44%) dogs; packed RBCs were the most frequently administered blood product. On admission, dogs that subsequently received transfusions had higher mean illness severity score, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood lactate concentration, and prothrombin time, with lower mean PCV, platelet count, serum total solids and albumin concentrations, and base deficit than dogs that did not receive transfusions. Hemoperitoneum and malignancy, especially hemangiosarcoma, were more common in the transfusion group. Overall, 500 of 542 (92%) dogs survived to discharge. Dogs that received transfusions had higher odds of death or euthanasia while hospitalized and lower odds of surviving to 30 or 180 days after hospital discharge than dogs that did not. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Evidence of shock, anemia, and hypocoagulability were apparent triggers for the decision to perform blood transfusion in dogs undergoing splenectomy for splenic masses and were likely attributable to hemoperitoneum and related hypovolemia. Dogs undergoing transfusion more commonly had malignant disease and had greater odds of poor long-term outcome, compared with dogs that did not undergo transfusion.
Structural quality of reproductive health services in South-Central Ethiopia

Background : The quality of health services has been known to be grossly deficient in developing countries, but only few studies were carried out to document the deficiencies in a systematic manner. Objective : To assess the quality of reproductive health services in rural settings with emphasis on the structural aspect. Methods : This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the peripheral health institutions of two administrative zones in South-Central Ethiopia. Data were collected using an interview questionnaire and observation checklist adopted from the WHO Safe Motherhood Need Assessment and the WHO training modules for EPI and STDs. Findings : Multiple structural deficiencies were identified in all components of reproductive health care. Adequate amounts of the absolute minimum equipment required for maternity and neonatal care were not available in many health institutions. Sterilizers were available in 11(15.3%), essential drugs like iron tablets in 14 (19.4%), and ergometrine injection in 48 (66.7%) of the health institution. In the EPI section, refrigerator was available in 57(79.2%) and steam sterilizer in 43(59.7%) of the institutions. Mix of contraceptives was not available widely. Important laboratory tests like syphilis test, were available in only one (1.4%) health institution. Only 8(11.1%) health institutions had adequate IEC materials on all national reproductive health components. (Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2000, 14(3): 317-326)
Prevalence of unmet need for contraception in urban slum communities, Mumbai

Background: Unmet need for family planning is a tool to monitor the family planning program. Hence, the objective of study is to examine the prevalence of unmet need for family planning among women living in urban slum communities, Mumbai. Methods: The cross-sectional survey was conducted among currently married women aged 18-39 years and having at least one child. A total of 2797 women were selected using systematic random sampling. Information on demographic characteristics, their contraceptive behaviour and fertility intention were collected by face to face interview using structured questionnaire. Chi square test was applied and p <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: About 59.4% were currently using family planning methods and 40.6% have reported unmet need for family planning. Awareness of contraceptive methods among women with unmet need for family planning was universal. The prevalence of unmet need for family planning significantly decreased as the age and number of children increased. The prevalence of unmet need was significantly higher than met need for family planning among women having one child as compared to women having 2 or more children. Conclusions: A significant gap was observed between met and unmet need for family planning among younger women and having one child. The study emphasises the need for family planning programs to focus on younger couples having one child.
Dose Addition of Tramadol to Levobupivacaine Femoral Nerve Block Prolong Its Analgesic Efficacy in Patients Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the effect of addition of tramadol to levobupivacaine femoral nerve block in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under general anaesthesia. 60 male patients ASA I-II aged 18-45 years, scheduled for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under general anaesthesia, patients were randomly allocated into two equal sized groups using closed envelope technique: Group L: (n= 30) femoral nerve block with levobupivacaine (0.5%) 20ml. Group LT: (n= 30) femoral nerve block with levobupivacaine (0.5%) 20ml +2mg/kg tramadol. Time to first request of postoperative analgesia, severity of postoperative pain at rest using VAS, dose of pethidine consumed in 24 h were recorded. There were no statistical significant differences between the two studied groups as regard to patient characteristics, time to first request of postoperative analgesia, postoperative pethidine consumption and 24 hours VAS at rest between the two studied group. The addition of tramadol 2mg/kg did not improve postoperative analgesic efficacy of levobupivacaine (0.5%) femoral nerve block in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under general anaesthesia. Key Words: Femoral nerve block , levobupivacaine, tramadol, knee surgery
The Value of Sandplay as a Therapeutic Tool for School Guidance Counsellors

Sandplay therapy is a technique that is a potentially valuable tool for guidance counsellors working in the context of challenging school environments. It is particularly suited to work with children and adolescents as it provides unique and developmentally appropriate opportunities for them to engage in the therapeutic process. In fact, as it is play-based and developmentally appropriate, sandplay may be a useful adjunct for the mainly cognitive and behavioural techniques most commonly used by school guidance counsellors. It provides a multiple intelligences perspective and may meet the specific needs of children with particular cognitive and socioemotional difficulties more effectively than the traditional ‘talking’ therapies.
Neostigmine modulates tularemia progression in BALB/c mice

Neostigmine is a pseudo-irreversible inhibitor of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). We hypothesized link between neostigmine and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway via better availability of blood acetylcholine after AChE inhibition and consequent activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Owing to the expected mechanism of action, we expect significant impact of neostigmine on immunity. In the reported experiment, we used BALB/c mouse model and experimental infection with Francisella tularensis, a causative agent of tularemia. Interferon γ, interleukin 6 and mortality test are done for neostigmine doses of 8.00, 40.0 and 200 µg/kg. We proved significant decrease of both cytokines in course of neostigmine in a dose dependent manner. Neostigmine aggravates mortality caused by tularemia. Owing to the reported results, application of AChE inhibitors to patients suspected with tularemia or similar diseases can be considered as a life endangering therapy.
Retinal Artery Tortuosity in ex-Premature Infants

Ophthalmic examinations have been performed on 52 expremature infants who had reached their late teens. These patients all weighed 1500 g or less at birth, and were born during a period of transition from liberal to restricted oxygen therapy for premature infants. Fourteen patients had some degree of retrolental fibrosis. In 4 cases there was complete, bilateral, destructive retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) with microphthalmos; and in 3 cases in which RLF was complete unilaterally, the other eye showed retinal scarring with traction of the disc in 2 patients and extreme tortuosity of the retinal arteries in the third. There were 7 patients who showed bilateral retinal scarring with distortion of the retinal architecture, 35 patients showed tortuosity of the retinal arteries, and 3 patients had normal retinas. It seems that tortuosity of the retinal arteries represents a persistence of the proliferative stage of RLF. In the present study the condition carried no ophthalmic morbidity. Myopia was associated with retrolental scarring, but not with tortuosity of the retinal arteries. Corneal curvature was normal in these patients, excluding this as the cause of the myopia of RLF.
α‐Adrenergic blocking action of propranolol

SrR,-The inhibitory action of catecholamines on the rabbit aorta may be observed in vitro in strips pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and contracted by adding carbachol to the bathing fluid. When propranolol was used to block this inhibitory action of the catecholamines, the original excitatory action of these compounds was observed by us. This unexpected effect was of interest because similar concentrations of phenoxybenzamine caused complete blockade of the excitatory action of catecholamines in untreated strips. We are investigating the mechanism of this anti-a-adrenergic blocking action of propranolol and have observed that the drug has an a-adrenergic blocking action. All experiments were done on spirally cut rabbit aortic strips suspended in Krebs-Henseleit solution maintained at 38" bubbled with 5% carbon dioxide in oxygen. Isotonic contractions against 2 g tension and magnified tenfold were recorded on a kymograph. In these experiments increasing concentrations of propranolol caused an increasing degree of blockade of the excitatory action of noradrenaline. Propranolol at 10-6g/ml produced M 5 % , and at g/ml produced 30-72% inhibition of noradrenaline ( g/ml). Inhibition of lo-' g/ml noradrenaline was also studied; at 3 x g/ml, propranolol caused 20% inhibition, while at g/ml it caused 6749% inhibition. Complete recovery from the blocking action of a single dose of propranolol occurred in 60-75 min at all levels of testing. The effect of multiple concentrations of noradrenaline in the presence of propranolol was compared with the effect of a unit concentration of noradrenaline without propranolol. At 3 x g/ml of propranolol the dose-ratio was between 3 and 5, at 5 x g/ml it was between 5 and 10, and at lo-* g/ml of propranolol the dose-ratio was between 30 and 100. The pAlo of propranolol (exposure time 5 min) against noradrenaline, derived from seven experiments, was 3.7 & 0.03 compared with 6.2 & 0.04 for phentolamine (exposure time 3 min). These observations suggested that propranolol had an a-adrenergic blocking action. The nature of this action of propranolol was examined further by Sci., 5 , 561-568.
Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabetes mellitus have a 2 to 4 time’s higher risk of cardiovascular disease and up to a 3 times increase in mortality than non diabetics. The accelerated rate of atherosclerosis seen in diabetes mellitus predisposes patients to coronary artery disease and to higher rates of myocardial infarction and death. This review article discusses cardiovascular disease in diabetics and the management of these patients.
The management of miscarriage: Results from a survey at one hospital

Abstract A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 74 women admitted consecutively to the gynaecological unit at The Ulster Hospital in Belfast, to investigate their satisfaction with the hospital management of their miscarriage. The women reported that some aspects of die medical care they had received were inadequate. Two problem areas in particular were identified; these concerned the information and advice given to women at the time of hospital discharge and the attitude of the medical staff.
Risk Factors of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy and the Important Role of Prenatal Care

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is one of dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown cause. The aim of this study is to determine the risk factors and the importance of prenatal care (PNC). This is a descriptive and analytical study with Chi Square test of PPCM cases collected from medical records January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2013 in the Dr.Hasan Sadikin Central General Hospital as the top-referral hospital of West Java Province. We collected 57 PPCM cases (18.7%) of 305 pregnant women or 6 months postpartum with cardiovascular problems. Distribution of PPCM cases decreased significantly (p= 0.002) from 2011 (27 patients), 2012 (16 patients), and 2013 (14 patients), with average age 30.3 (7.9) years, cesarean delivery (43.8%), pervaginal (37.5%), forceps (15%), and vacuum-extractor (3.8%). Regular prenatal care was 84.20%. Lower socioeconomic patients were 63.2%, therefore the issue of welfare can lead to vulnerability to PPCM. Confirmed diagnosis using echography made during postpartum was 52.63% and antepartum was 47.5%. Preeclampsia was 43.80% (p=0.007) mostly NYHA functional class IV (86.30%). Echocardiography was performed on 57 patients have average ejection fraction 34.8%, global hypokinetic in 98.27% patients, 39.6% with all cardiac chamber dilatation, left atrium and left ventricle dilation in 34.48%, and 25.86% with left ventricular dilatation. The hospital based prevalence was 18.68%, with the majority (84.20%) was NYHA functional class IV. The significant risk factors were age over 30 years, multiparous, low socioeconomic, and preeclampsia. This study is probably the first report mentioning a high prevalence of PPCM in Indonesia. This report provides an awareness of PPCM during PNC to prevent the morbidity and mortality. PPCM disorder requires regular and careful PNC by taking into account existing risk factors is the key that is required and must be held in every health centre.