Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Young People and Committee Meetings

Committee meetings are a very common method for adults to participate in environmental policy-making and when young people's participation is desired, a committee is often opened up, or formed for youth participation. This article compares two of the committees in which young people participate at Waitakere City Council (WCC) and identifies both institutional and attitudinal factors which shape young people's effectiveness in committee settings. The two case studies contrast young people's participation in a youth committee to their participation as minority representatives on an adult-dominated committee.
Credit Default Swap Valuation with Counterparty Default Risk and Market Risk

This paper suggests a methodology for valuing credit default swaps that takes account of counterparty default risk as well as correlated market and credit risk. It incorporates market risk into determining default correlations between multiple (cid:12)rms using the (cid:12)rst-passage-time approach. The model is applied to the valuation of vanilla credit default swaps with counterparty default risk and to the valuation of basket credit default swaps. The pricing of credit default swaps can be signi(cid:12)cantly a(cid:11)ected by the correlation between market, reference credit, and counterparty default risk. In addition, because the sensitivity of basket credit default swap rates to market risk increases with the number of reference entities, the valuation error can be more substantial in pricing basket credit default swaps than credit default swaps with a single reference entity when market risk is ignored.
Gutzwiller variational approach to the two-impurity Anderson model for a metallic host at particle-hole symmetry

We study Gutzwiller-correlated wave functions as variational ground states for the two-impurity Anderson model (TIAM) at particle-hole symmetry as a function of the impurity separation R. Our variational state is obtained by applying the Gutzwiller many-particle correlator to a single-particle product state. We determine the optimal single-particle product state fully variationally from an effective non-interacting TIAM that contains a direct electron transfer between the impurities as variational degree of freedom. For a large Hubbard interaction U between the electrons on the impurities, the impurity spins experience a Heisenberg coupling proportional to V2/U where V parameterizes the strength of the on-site hybridization. For small Hubbard interactions we observe weakly coupled impurities. In general, for a three-dimensional simple cubic lattice we find discontinuous quantum phase transitions that separate weakly interacting impurities for small interactions from singlet pairs for large interactions.
Sharps injuries amongst healthcare workers: review of incidence, transmissions and costs.

BACKGROUND Sharps injuries and the related risk of infections such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) represent one of the major occupational health risks for healthcare workers (HCWs). LITERATURE REVIEW An overview of available data on the incidence of sharps injuries and the related HBV, HCV and HIV infections and ensuing costs is provided. RESULTS Literature reported incidence rates of sharps injuries ranging from 1.4 to 9.5 per 100 HCWs, resulting in a weighted mean of 3.7/100 HCWs per year. Sharps injuries were associated with infective disease transmissions from patients to HCWs resulting in 0.42 HBV infections, 0.05-1.30 HCV infections and 0.04-0.32 HIV infections per 100 sharps injuries per year. The related societal costs had a mean of €272, amounting to a mean of €1,966 if the source patient was HIV positive with HBV and HCV co-infections. CONCLUSION Sharps injuries remain a frequent threat amongst HCWs. The follow-up and treatment of sharps injuries and the deriving consequences represent a significant cost factor.
Bank on steel? Joint-stock banks and the rationalization of the British interwar steel industry

This study investigates the impact of joint-stock banks on the rationalisation of the British interwar steel industry. A new panel data set of steel firm characteristics covering 1920 to 1938 is used to document rationalization and bank involvement, including interlocking directorships, with both found to be more extensive than previously thought. A set of all potential amalgamation pairs is created and used in a logit analysis of the determinants of mergers. Bank involvement with firms increased the probability that a particular merger occurred. Furthermore mergers with bank involvement did not increase the involved firm's profitability, while those without did.
Isolation and differentiation of bovine mammary gland progenitor cell populations.

OBJECTIVE To isolate bovine mammary gland cells with stem cell characteristics. SAMPLE POPULATION Monolayers of bovine mammary gland cells. PROCEDURE Mammary gland cell populations were separated by use of selected media supplements. Phenotypic characteristics were examined via light and transmission electron microscopy. Cellular expression of casein and connexin 43 was identified immunohistochemically. A scrape-loading and dye transfer assay was used to examine the mammary gland cell populations for homogenous gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). RESULTS Subpopulations of mammary gland cells grown in vitro are classified on the basis of their distinct morphologic features and ability to communicate via gap junctions. Ultrastructurally, 2 morphologically distinct cell types were classified as type I and II cells. Type I cells were small light undiffertiated cells and large light undifferentiated cells that were deficient in functional gap junctions (as is characteristic of stem cells). Type II cells included large light differentiated cells and terminally differentiated cells; GJIC was functional in type II cells. Type II cells had cytoplasmic expression of connexin 43, whereas, type I cells did not. All cells expressed casein. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Subpopulations of bovine mammary gland cells with stem cell characteristics were identified. Phenotypic differences are observed among type I bovine mammary gland cells with stem cell characteristics. Gap junctional intercellular communication may be necessary for the differentiation of stem cells. Characterization of bovine mammary gland stem cells and their progeny may provide a new tool with which to study mammary gland health.
Adenosinergic modulation of rat basal forebrain neurons during sleep and waking: neuronal recording with microdialysis

1 The cholinergic system of the basal forebrain (BF) is hypothesized to play an important role in behavioural and electrocortical arousal. Adenosine has been proposed as a sleep‐promoting substance that induces sleep by inhibiting cholinergic neurons of the BF and brainstem. However, adenosinergic influences on the activity of BF neurons in naturally awake and sleeping animals have not been demonstrated. 2 We recorded the sleep‐wake discharge profile of BF neurons and simultaneously assessed adenosinergic influences on wake‐ and sleep‐related activity of these neurons by delivering adenosinergic agents adjacent to the recorded neurons with a microdialysis probe. Discharge rates of BF neurons were recorded through two to three sleep‐wake episodes during baseline (artificial cerebrospinal fluid perfusion), and after delivering an adenosine transport inhibitor (s‐(p‐nitrobenzyl)‐6‐thioinosine; NBTI), or exogenous adenosine, or a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist (8‐cyclopentyl‐1,3‐dimethylxanthine; CPDX). 3 NBTI and adenosine decreased the discharge rate of BF neurons during both waking and non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. In contrast, CPDX increased the discharge rate of BF neurons during both waking and NREM sleep. These results suggest that in naturally awake and sleeping animals, adenosine exerts tonic inhibitory influences on BF neurons, supporting the hypothesized role of adenosine in sleep regulation. 4 However, in the presence of exogenous adenosine, NBTI or CPDX, BF neurons retained their wake‐ and sleep‐related discharge patterns, i.e. still exhibited changes in discharge rate during transitions between waking and NREM sleep. This suggests that other neurotransmitters/neuromodulators also contribute to the sleep‐wake discharge modulation of BF neurons.
Age and sex influences on running mechanics and coordination variability

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of age on running mechanics separately for male and female runners and to quantify sex differences in running mechanics and coordination variability for older runners. Kinematics and kinetics were captured for 20 younger (10 male) and 20 older (10 male) adults running overground at 3.5 m · s−1. A modified vector coding technique was used to calculate segment coordination variability. Lower extremity joint angles, moments and segment coordination variability were compared between age and sex groups. Significant sex–age interaction effects were found for heel-strike hip flexion and ankle in/eversion angles and peak ankle dorsiflexion angle. In older adults, mid-stance knee flexion angle, ankle inversion and abduction moments and hip abduction and external rotation moments differed by sex. Older compared with younger females had reduced coordination variability in the thigh–shank transverse plane couple but greater coordination variability for the shank rotation–foot eversion couple in early stance. These results suggest there may be a non-equivalent aging process in the movement mechanics for males and females. The age and sex differences in running mechanics and coordination variability highlight the need for sex-based analyses for future studies examining injury risk with age.
Drain versus No-Drain after Gastrectomy for Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and Objectives: A wide range of outcomes are seen in the literature on the use of drains after gastrectomy. However, there is little consensus on whether or not drains are beneficial in patients with gastric cancer. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate drain versus no-drain after gastrectomy by using evidence from available randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, VIP, and CNKI for the terms ‘gastric cancer’, ‘gastrectomy’ and ‘drains’ used in combination with the medical subject headings. RCTs were considered. Meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.0 software. Results: Four RCTs involving 438 patients were included. There were no differences between the drain and no-drain groups in the incidence of wound infection, postoperative pulmonary infection, intra-abdominal abscess, mortality, number of postoperative days until passing of flatus and initiation of soft diet. Both the incidence of postoperative complications and the length of hospital stay for patients in the no-drain group after gastrectomy were lower than in the drain group (p = 0.03, 95% CI 0.32, 0.95) and (p = 0.009, 95% CI –1.21, –0.18), respectively. Conclusion: Avoiding the use of abdominal drains may reduce drain-related complications and shorten hospital stay after gastrectomy.
Senior Manager Differences In Audit Workpaper Review Performance

The review of audit workpapers (review) is fundamental to auditing as a mechanism for controlling quality and monitoring appropriateness of work performed (Solomon [1987]). Trotman [1985] and Trotman and Yetton [1985] investigated whether review is a beneficial process and found that review reduces judgment variance (Trotman [1985]) and increases the accuracy of prereview judgments (Trotman and Yetton [1985]). However, when the studies compared teams consisting of an audit senior and an audit manager to teams consisting of two seniors they found no significant differences in performance. In both of the aforementioned studies, seniors were given audit tasks to perform, and after performing the tasks, the seniors formed interacting groups of two that arrived at new group judgments for the same task. The judgments of a subset of the seniors were then reviewed by managers who arrived at their own judgments. ' When the studies compared the judgments of the audit managers to those of the teams consisting of
Presynaptic inhibition by muscimol through GABAB receptors

The γ‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor agonist muscimol is widely used as a tool for reducing neuronal activities particularly in experiments in vivo. At the synapse formed by the calyx of Held in the rat brainstem slice, the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (> 10 μm) attenuated the amplitude of excitatory post synaptic currents (EPSCs) accompanied by an increase in the coefficient of variation of EPSCs, suggesting its presynaptic inhibitory effect. This muscimol effect was not affected by bicuculline but occluded the presynaptic inhibitory effect of the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen and was abolished by the type B GABA (GABAB) receptor‐specific antagonist (+)‐5,5‐dimethyl‐2‐morpholineacetic acid (SCH 50911; 20 μm). We conclude that muscimol activates presynaptic GABAB receptors thereby attenuating synaptic transmission.
The Role of Organizational Justice and Three Dimensions on Departments of Physical Education in Iran

Background: Justice is one of the vital elements of any kind of social association. With consideration of this importance, continued voluntary presence of the individual in groups, depends on their perception of fairness observation and justice dimensions. Materials and Methods: The present study from the aim point of view is functional and it is descriptivecorrelation from the method view of data collection and it is causal-comparative due to the relation between research variables and one of its significant advantages is the capability of generalizing its results. Results and Discussions: Regarding results of this study the Maximum Score for Organizational Justice is 95. The research findings indicate that the Mean and Standard Deviation of Organizational Justice among 201 people is M= 66.38, SD=6.91. Regarding to Scope of Staff M= 63.33, SD=7.30, Scope of Members of Faculty M= 69.30, SD=5.61 and also Scope of Management M= 67.32, SD=5.58. Thus, in this module the Minimum Score was 45 and the maximum score was 85. Referring to the table 4.13, it can be noticed that the Mean of Organizational Justice in the population of Iran which is at the Medium and just above the average level. The results of the data analysis indicated that concerning P-Value according to Pearson Correlation Coefficient among the Distributional Justice (P=0.000, r = 0.600), Procedural Justice (P=0.000, r = 0.709) and Interactional Justice (P=0.000, r = 0.771) had a significant correlation with Organizational Justice in the module of Iran. Conclusion: Results of this study included that employees, who think that salary, reward and promotion of members of organization are based on justice will probably have more job satisfaction. Key Word: Organizational Justice, Distributional Justice, Procedural Justice and Interactional Justice ,creativity Progressive Global Sport Research Network Creativity on cognitive population variables in.
Molecular Dynamics of a Presynaptic Active Zone Protein Studied in Munc13-1–Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein Knock-In Mutant Mice

GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion proteins have revolutionized research on protein dynamics at synapses. However, corresponding analyses usually involve protein expression methods that override endogenous regulatory mechanisms, and therefore cause overexpression and temporal or spatial misexpression of exogenous fusion proteins, which may seriously compromise the physiological validity of such experiments. These problems can be circumvented by using knock-in mutagenesis of the endogenous genomic locus to tag the protein of interest with a fluorescent protein. We generated knock-in mice expressing a fusion protein of the presynaptic active zone protein Munc13-1 and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) from the Munc13-1 locus. Munc13-1–EYFP-containing nerve cells and synapses are functionally identical to those of wild-type mice. However, their presynaptic active zones are distinctly fluorescent and readily amenable for imaging. We demonstrated the usefulness of these mice by studying the molecular dynamics of Munc13-1–EYFP at individual presynaptic sites. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments revealed that Munc13-1–EYFP is rapidly and continuously lost from and incorporated into active zones (τ1 ∼ 3 min; τ2 ∼ 80 min). Munc13-1–EYFP steady-state levels and exchange kinetics were not affected by proteasome inhibitors or acute synaptic stimulation, but exchange kinetics were reduced by chronic suppression of spontaneous activity. These experiments, performed in a minimally perturbed system, provide evidence that presynaptic active zones of mammalian CNS synapses are highly dynamic structures. They demonstrate the usefulness of the knock-in approach in general and of Munc13-1–EYFP knock-in mice in particular for imaging synaptic protein dynamics.
Overexpression of NBS1 Contributes to Transformation through the Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt*

Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a chromosomal instability syndrome associated with cancer predisposition, radiosensitivity, microcephaly, and growth retardation. The NBS gene product, NBS1 (p95) or nibrin, is a part of the hMre11 complex, a central player associated with double strand break repair. We previously demonstrated that c-Myc directly activates NBS1 expression. Here we have shown that constitutive expression of NBS1 in Rat1a and HeLa cells induces/enhances their transformation. Repression of endogenous NBS1 levels using short interference RNA reduces the transformation activity of two tumor cell lines. Increased NBS1 expression is observed in 40–52% of non-small cell lung carcinoma, hepatoma, and esophageal cancer samples. NBS1 overexpression stimulates phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity, leading to increased phosphorylation levels of Akt and its downstream targets such as glycogen synthase kinase 3β and mammalian target of rapamycin in different cell lines and tumor samples. Transformation induced by NBS1 overexpression can be inhibited by a PI3-kinase inhibitor (LY294002). Repression of endogenous Akt expression by short interference RNA decreases the transformation activity of Rat1a cells overexpressing NBS1. These results indicate that overexpression of NBS1 is an oncogenic event that contributes to transformation through the activation of PI3-kinase/Akt.
The role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in Ghrelin secretion and appetite

Ghrelin is a stomach derived hormone that stimulates appetite. H2S a gaseous signaling molecule also produced in the stomach has been implicated in the secretion of other metabolic hormones. We hypothesize that H2S can directly suppress ghrelin secretion leading to a reduction in appetite. We tested this by treating ghrelin producing rat primary stomach culture with the H2S donor molecule GYY4137 or H2S synthesis inhibitor PPG. GYY4137 dose-dependently suppressed ghrelin secretion, while increasing cellular levels of phosphorylated AKT/Total AKT. Additionally, fluorescent immunocytochemistry demonstrated of that ghrelin cells co-localize with the H2S producing enzyme, CSE and inhibition with PPG stimulated ghrelin secretion. In mice, a single IP injection with GYY4137 (30mg/kg) prolonged glucose induced suppression of ghrelin compared to saline control. This lower level of ghrelin was accompanied by a reduction in feeding (P<0.05). In conclusion, our data demonstrates that H2S has a suppressive effect on ghrelin secretion and appetite.
Axonal projections of auditory cells with short and long response latencies in the medial geniculate nucleus: distinct topographies in the connection with the thalamic reticular nucleus

The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a crucial anatomical node of thalamocortical connectivity for sensory processing. In the rat auditory system, we determined features of thalamic projections to the TRN, using juxtacellular recording and labeling techniques. Two types of auditory cells (short latency, SL, and long latency, LL), exhibiting unit discharges to noise burst stimuli (duration, 100 ms) with short (< 50 ms) and long (> 100 ms) response latencies, were obtained from the ventral division of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGV). Both SL and LL cells had a propensity to exhibit reverberatory discharges in response to sound stimuli. The primary discharges of SL cells were mostly single spikes while the non‐primary discharges of SL cells and the whole discharges of LL cells were mostly burst spikes. SL cells sent topographic projections to the TRN along the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal neural axes while LL cells only along the rostrocaudal axis. As tonotopy‐related cortical projections to the TRN are topographic primarily along the dorsoventral extent of the TRN and the MGV is tonotopically organized along the dorsoventral axis, SL cells, directly activated by ascending auditory inputs, may be closely involved in tonotopic thalamocortical connectivity. On the other hand, LL cells, which are suppressed by ascending inputs and could be driven to discharge by corticofugal inputs, are assumed to activate the TRN in a manner less related to tonotopic organization. There may exist heterogeneous projections from the MGV to the TRN, which, in conjunction with corticofugal connections, could constitute distinct channels of auditory processing.
Susceptibility of Halobacteria to Heavy Metals

Sixty-eight halobacteria, including both culture collection strains and fresh isolates from widely differing geographical areas, were tested for susceptibility to arsenate, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc ions by an agar dilution technique. The culture collection strains showed different susceptibilities, clustering into five groups. Halobacterium mediterranei and Halobacterium volcanii were the most metal tolerant, whereas Haloarcula californiae and Haloarcula sinaiiensis had the highest susceptibilities of the culture collection strains. Different patterns of metal susceptibility were found for all the halobacteria tested, and there was a uniform susceptibility to mercury and silver. All strains tested were multiply metal tolerant.