Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF AWARENESS AND BEHAVIOR OF DENTAL STUDENTS OF MASHHAD DENTAL SCHOOL ON INFECTION CONTROL

هديكچ همدقم : كينيلك نادند يكشزپ هك تسا يطيحم نآ رد يراميب لاقتنا ياه ناـسآ هـب ينوفع دـتفا يـم قاـفتا ي . م تـنوفع زا يريگشـيپ ت رد عطاـق كـينيلك يراميب لاقتنا و تسا يكشزپنادند هفرح رد يساسا هلئسم يكشزپنادند ياه زپنادند رد مهم هلئسم كي ناونع هب ينوفع ش دوـش يم حرطم يك . فدـه زا روم رد دهشم يكشزپنادند هدكشناد نايوجشناد دركلمع و يهاگآ نازيم يسررب قيقحت نيا تنوفع لرتنك د دوب . اه شور و داوم : ت هعلاطم لح ي ل ي دادعت يوررب قوف يعطقم 149 هـب دهشـم يكشزپنادند هدكشناد مشش و مجنپ ،مراهچ ،موس لاس نايوجشناد زا رفن تفرگ تروص تنوفع لرتنك زا نايوجشناد دركلمع و يهاگآ نازيم يبايزرا روظنم . روص هب دركلمع و يهاگآ هطيح ود رد تلااوئس راـيتخا رد همانشسرپ ت تفرگ رارق نايوجشناد . زا يرامآ يبايزرا تهج ود ياك قيقد ،ينتيو نم ياه نومزآ دش هدافتسا سيلاو لاكسورك و . اه هتفاي : نايوجشناد يليصحت لاس نيب يراد ينعم فلاتخا و زا نانآ يهاگآ نازيم دوجو دليش و ناگ ،كنيع زا هدافتسا تشاد ) 001 / 0 P< ( فلاتـخا اـما ، نايوجشناد يليصحت لاس نيب يراد ينعم و زا نانآ يهاگآ نازيم دربراك دوجو شكتسد و كسام تشادن . نايوجشناد يهاگآ هك داد ناشن يرامآ يسررب اب هطبار رد دشاب يم فيعض تنوفع لرتنك . نينچمه 5 / 27 % ،فيعض دركلمع هعلاطم رد هدننك تكرش نايوجشناد زا 4 / 60 % و طـسوتم درـكلمع 1 / 12 % دنتشاد بوخ دركلمع . يريگ هجيتن : لك رد يهاگآ نايوجشناد يكشزپنادند توافتم اهنآ دركلمع و فيعض تنوفع لرتنك دروم رد يم ب شا هـنيمز رد رتشـيب شزوـمآ هـب زاـين و د تنوفع لرتنك اب هطبار رد يهاگآ يليصحت ياهلاس يط رد ساسحا ش يم و د . Evaluation of Awareness and Behavior of Dental Students of Mashhad Dental School on Infection Control
Antipsychotics and Diabetes: An Age-Related Association

Background Previous studies have reported an association between antipsychotic medications and diabetes. Objective To explore the association between antipsychotic medications and diabetes in patients of different ages. Methods A retrospective analysis of a large health maintenance organization's drug claim database (3.7 million members) was performed. All patients treated with antipsychotic drugs during 1998–2004 were identified. Patients with diabetes were defined by a record of antidiabetic drug uso during 2004. The prevalence of diabetes in different age groups treated with antipsychotics was compared with the prevalence of diabetes among enrollees in the same age groups not treated with antipsychotics. Results: Among 82,754 patients treated with antipsychotics, the association between diabetes and consumption of antipsychotics was strongest in the younger age groups and decreased with increasing age: for patients aged 0–24 years, OR 8.9 (95% CI 7.0 to 11.3); 25–44 years, OR 4.2 (95% CI 3,8 to 4.5); 45–54 years, OR 1.9 (95% CI 1.8 to 2.1); 55–64 years, OR 1.3 (95% CI 1.2 to 1.4); and 65 years or older, OR 0.93 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.0). However, the risk associated with atypical antipsychotics was lower than the risk associated with typical antipsychotics, with ORs ranging from 0.7 in patients 0–24 years old to 0.3 in those 65 years or older. Conclusions: Antipsychotic drug use was associated with diabetes mellitus. This association was stronger in younger patients. In older adults, the difference was much smaller and, in some cases, there was no association. A lowor risk was associated with atypical agents, as compared with typical antipsychotics. Clinicians should bo aware that young adults treated with antipsychotics are at increased risk for diabetes.
Pain in communication impaired residents with dementia: Analysis of Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI) data

Background: Pain has been identified as a significant and under-reported problem in the older adult and those persons with dementia who may face an impaired ability to communicate that they are in pain. Their pain, under-diagnosed and under-treated, has functional implications, such as decreased ambulation, mood and sleep disturbances, impaired appetite and exacerbation of cognitive functioning. Methods: Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI) data were analyzed in order to 1) identify a pain profile of all of the residents living in the facility across two sampling periods (December 2005 and December 2006) and 2) compare the pain profile of residents categorized into two subgroups (intact communication/impaired communication). Findings: Consistent with the literature, clear differences were demonstrated between pain reporting and management for communication impaired residents with dementia and residents with intact communication. Several incongruent findings were also demonstrated. Conclusions: The RAI is useful to identify patterns but insufficient in itself for pain management purposes in this vulnerable group. Pain assessment tools developed for this population must be employed.
INJURIES AND RISK FACTORS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS

Background Sports injuries are highly disadvantageous for Physical Education (PE) students, because they can lead to physical discomfort, and absence from sports classes resulting in higher study career costs. Objective To investigate the magnitude of the injury problem in PE students and to explore risk factors for sustaining an injury. Design A prospective cohort study with six months follow up. Participants and setting 280 Dutch freshmen PE students. Assessment of risk factors Prior to the start of the school year, all students underwent a medical examination to assess height, weight, percentage of body fat, blood pressure, visual acuity, muscle-skeletal functioning, and cardio-respiratory endurance. During the six months follow up, an online questionnaire was conducted on a weekly basis to monitor injuries and illnesses (OSTRC Overuse Injury Questionnaire). Furthermore, every two weeks an online questionnaire (POMS and RESTQ-Sports) was administered to measure mood and perceived stress and recovery of the students. Main outcome measures Frequencies and characteristics of injuries and illnesses. Results According to the OSTRC Overuse Injury Questionnaire, 22.5% of the students had physical problems regarding injuries during the first month of the school year, and 11.2% of the students were ill. Data collection will end in February 2014. We will perform a logistic regression analysis to test whether the injured students differ significantly from non injured students based on characteristics such as age, sex, body composition, and muscle-skeletal functioning. Conclusions Preliminary results showed that the risk of sustaining an injury and becoming ill is high for freshmen PE students. Screening at the start of the school year may play an important role in identifying the students at risk.
Google Scholar Versus PubMed in Locating Primary Literature to Answer Drug-Related Questions

Background: Google Scholar linked more visitors to biomedical journal Web sites than did PubMed after the database's initial release; however, its usefulness in locating primary literature articles is unknown. Objective: To assess in both databases the availability of primary literature target articles; total number of citations; availability of free, full-text journal articles; and number of primary literature target articles retrieved by year within the first 100 citations of the search results. Methods: Drug information question reviews published in The Annals of Pharmacotherapy Drug Information Rounds column served as targets to determine the retrieval ability of Google Scholar and PubMed searches. Reviews printed in this column from January 2006 to June 2007 were eligible for study inclusion. Articles were chosen if at least 2 key words of the printed article were included in the PubMed Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) database, and these terms were searched in both databases. Results: Twenty-two of 33 (67%) eligible Drug Information Rounds articles met the inclusion criteria. The median number of primary literature articles used in each of these articles was 6.5 (IQR 4.8, 8.3; mean ± SD 8 ± 5.4). No significant differences were found for the mean number of target primary literature articles located within the first 100 citations in Google Scholar and PubMed searches (5.1 ± 3.9 vs 5.3 ± 3.3; p = 0.868). Google Scholar searches located more total results than PubMed (2211.6 ± 3999.5 vs 44.2 ± 47.4; p = 0.019). The availability of free, full-text journal articles per Drug Information Rounds article was similar between the databases (1.8 ± 1.7 vs 2.3 ± 1.7; p = 0.325). More primary literature articles published prior to 2000 were located with Google Scholar searches compared with PubMed (62.8% vs 34.9%; p = 0.017); however, no statistically significant differences between the databases were observed for articles published after 2000 (66.4 vs 77.1; p = 0.074). Conclusions: No significant differences were identified in the number of target primary literature articles located between databases. PubMed searches yielded fewer total citations than Google Scholar results; however, PubMed appears to be more specific than Google Scholar for locating relevant primary literature articles.
Clinical Application of Voriconazole Concentrations in the Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis

Objective: To review the current literature to determine the clinical application of therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis (IA). Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1966–June 2008) was performed using the search terms voriconazole, aspergillosis, levels, monitoring, and serum concentration. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All pertinent English-language literature on voriconazole use in adults was included for evaluation. Data Synthesis: IA is a serious fungal infection with a mortality rate of nearly 100% without adequate treatment; current therapeutic options are limited. A clinical trial comparing amphotericin B deoxycholate with voriconazole in treatment of IA found voriconazole to be superior. The use of voriconazole, however, is complicated due to its saturable metabolism, nonlinear kinetic profile, and drug interactions, which result in considerable interpatient variability in concentrations. Therefore, therapeutic monitoring of voriconazole trough concentrations may lead to improved patient outcomes. A recent prospective study on the use of voriconazole for treatment of invasive mycoses demonstrated that 46% of the patients had a lack of response when trough plasma concentrations were less than or equal to 1 μg/mL, compared with 12% of patients with trough concentrations greater than 1 μg/mL (p = 0.02). All patients with low trough concentrations who did not respond to voriconazole improved upon dose escalation. The upper limit of a therapeutic range is based on the presence of adverse events. The most common adverse effects associated with voriconazole are visual disturbances (21%) and elevations in liver transaminase levels (12.4%). Current literature suggests that a greater incidence of adverse effects may be associated with trough concentrations greater than 6 μg/mL. Conclusions: A standardized therapeutic range for voriconazole has not been defined. Most available studies recommend trough concentrations of approximately 1–6 μg/mL. Prospective, randomized trials are needed to confirm the correlation between plasma voriconazole concentrations and clinical outcomes.
Studies on the predisposing factors of iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in a Nigerian community.

Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is a major public health problem in developing countries especially among pregnant women. This study was done on some of the factors that predispose pregnant women to IDA and so identify groups at greater risk. A total of 1387 pregnant women (910 in the urban area and 477 in the rural areas) were recruited for the study. IDA was assessed by measuring haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and the pregnant women were considered anaemic for Hb less than 11g/dl according to World Health Organization Standards. Semi structured questionnaires were used to elicit information on possible predisposing factors such as age, level of education, parity, child-spacing etc. Results obtained showed that mean Hb of the rural subjects, 9.84±1.41g/dl was significantly (p<0.0001) lower than that of the urban subjects, 10.44±1.49g/dl. Analysis of the effect of age showed that the younger age category (24 years and below) had significantly (p<0.0461) lower mean Hb and significantly (p<0.0332) higher percentage of anaemia while the effect of level of education showed significantly (p<0.0136) lower mean Hb and higher proportion of anaemia among the less educated (no formal and primary education). The pregnant women with child spacing of less than 1 year and 1-1.5 years had significantly (p<0.0223) lower mean Hb an d significantly (p<0.0336) higher prevalence of anaemia while parity did not show any significant effect on both mean Hb and prevalence of Hb. The implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations made on how to tackle the problem.
Addressing overtreatment in patients with refractory epilepsy at a tertiary referral centre in Brazil

BackgroundPatients with refractory epilepsy often have impaired quality of life (QOL) as a consequence of seizures and adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. We assessed the impact of adverse effects on QOL and the utility of a structured instrument to help the physician manage adverse effects in patients with refractory epilepsy.MethodsClinical characteristics, drug treatment and adverse effects were evaluated in 102 patients with refractory epilepsy at a single tertiary referral centre. The Adverse Events Profile (AEP) and Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31) questionnaires were completed at baseline and after six months. At baseline, patients with a high burden of adverse effects (AEP scores ≥45) were randomized to an intervention or control group. AEP scores in the intervention group were available to the physician as an instrument to help to reduce adverse effects.ResultsNinety-five patients (93.1%) were on polytherapy. Sixty-six completed the questionnaires and, of these, 43 (65.1%) had a high AE burden and were randomized to the intervention and control group. QOLIE-31 scores were inversely correlated with AEP scores at both visits. Among randomized patients, AEP scores tended to decrease between the baseline and the final visit without significant differences between groups (intervention group: 54.1±6.1 vs 51.1±9.1; control group: 55.8±5.8 vs 50.5±12.2). QOLIE-31 scores did not change substantially between visits (intervention group: 45.9±17.4 vs 48.4±14; control group: 47.5±15.7 vs 45.2±18.9). ConclusionA significant proportion of patients had a high toxicity burden which had an impact on their QOL. Reduction of overtreatment is a difficult challenge which cannot be addressed solely by providing a structured assessment of adverse effects, but requires a more comprehensive approach aimed at optimizing the many components of the management strategy.
Cost of Hospital Admission for Antiarrhythmic Drug Initiation in Atrial Fibrillation

Background Initiation of some rhythm-control therapies for atrial fibrillation (AF) requires an inpatient hospital stay and telemetry monitoring, adding to the cost burden of AF. However, specific cost data for inpatient initiation of AF therapies are lacking. Objective To examine costs associated with initiating sotalol or dofetilide in the inpatient setting in the US. Methods This retrospective cohort study used data from billing/discharge records in the Premier Perspective Database for adults with a primary diagnosis of AF, hospitalized between January 2002 and September 2007. Patients had to have received 4 or more sotalol doses or 5 or more dofetilide doses starting within 2 days of admission (with ≥1 dose within 3 days of discharge). Patients admitted solely for AF drug initiation were identified by excluding patients who were admitted on an emergency basis, received care in the emergency department, or underwent major surgical procedures. The primary outcome was direct medical costs for in-hospital services during the stay. Results Among 7290 patients included in the analysis (4847 sotalol, 2443 dofetilide), mean total inpatient costs per patient were $3278 in the sotalol group and $3610 in the dofetilide group. The greatest costs were for room/board ($1874 sotalol, $1985 dofetilide) and cardiology/electrocardiograms ($394 sotalol, $443 dofetilide). Pharmacy costs were $230 and $201 per patient in the sotalol and dofetilide groups, respectively. Conclusions The admission of patients for in-hospital initiation of AF rhythm-control therapy represents a high cost burden in the US.
Magnetic Resonance Arthrography of the Hip in Femoroacetabular Impingement: Technique and Findings

In this article, we describe our examination protocol and findings using magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) in the clinical setting of femoroacetabular impingement. All our patients were examined on a 1.5-T Magnetom Vision from Siemens (Erlangen, Germany). Our protocol is designed for patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) but also turned out to be useful for imaging developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). In this protocol, axial FLASH and T1W, sagittal and coronal-oblique PDW, and radial double oblique PDW were acquired. The following changes were observed in impingement patients: On the axial thin-slice FLASH-sequence, ante- or retroversion of the acetabulum and presence or absence of acetabular rim cysts was noted. On the axial T1W-sequence, the shape of the anterior femoral head/neck, the presence or absence of impingement cysts, the thickness of the joint capsule, presence or absence of periarticular pathology, and bony appositions of the rim, especially at the postero-inferior lip were found. On the sagittal and coronal-oblique PDW-sequences, the condition of the acetabular and femoral cartilage regarding focal abrasion or cartilage tears, the presence and shape of labral tears and labral changes like mucoid dysplasia, and bony apposition to the anterosuperior and posterosuperior border or intralabral cysts were shown. MRA also allowed us to visualize anterior and/or lateral translation of the femoral head, indicating substantial cartilage deficiency in the area of migration. On the radial PDW-sequence, the site and extent of labral tears and focal cartilage lesions was found. In conclusion, MRA is excellent in the examination of hip disease and our protocol gives additional significant information about the condition of the joint when FAI is present. It allowed us to interpret standard radiographs more precisely and more correctly.
Determination of Satisfaction Index as a tool in evaluation of CME Program

Continuing Medical Education is an indispensable part of physician's learning. Well designed program based on andragogy principles can enhance learning by motivating the learner and providing platform to encourage self directed learning. The present study aimed to explore the impact of program “NAMS-AIIMS Regional Symposium on Sleep Medicine” in changing the behavior and attitude of participants using “Satisfaction Index” and descriptive analysis of responses as evaluation tools for program effectiveness. This descriptive cross sectional study captured the response of participants through a pre-tested and validated questionnaire administered at the end of symposium. The result showed almost equal sex distribution (M: F- 27: 34) with majority being UG students (86%). Reliability of data showed Cronbach's Alpha of 0.98 indicating high reliability. Satisfaction index (SI) calculated as per WHO Educational Handbook for Health Personnel showed highest satisfaction for conducive environment of symposium (87.87 %) followed by provision for time to seek clarifications (87.21%), provision of appropriate Learning Resource material (85.90 %) and handling of critical comments by organizers (85.57%). Descriptive analysis showed majority responses as highly positive to our questionnaire with suggestions for more such activity, inclusion of clinical cases and other aspects of practical relevance. Key words : evaluation, program, satisfaction index, Kirkpatrick Model, student satisfaction, adult learning, Knowles Theory.
Liraglutide: A Once-Daily Incretin Mimetic for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2009) was conducted for English-language articles using the terms glucagon-like peptide 1, incretin mimetic, NN2211, and liraglutide. Abstracts presented at the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes annual meetings in 2006, 2007, and 2008 were also searched for relevant data. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles pertinent to the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of liraglutide were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Liraglutide is a GLP-1 analog with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once-daily administration. Clinical trial data from large, controlled studies demonstrate the effectiveness of liraglutide in terms of hemoglobin A1c (A1C) reduction, reductions in body weight, and the drug's low risk for hypoglycemic events when used as monotherapy. Data also support benefits of liraglutide therapy on β-cell responsiveness to glucose, with animal and in vitro data indicating potential benefits in β-cell mass and neogenesis with liraglutide treatment. Liraglutide has been studied as monotherapy and in combination with metformin, glimepiride, and rosiglitazone for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Additionally, comparative data with insulin glargine and exenatide therapy are available from Phase 3 trials providing practitioners valuable clinical data on which to base clinical decision making. Overall, liraglutide is well tolerated with dose-dependent nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea being the most commonly reported adverse events in clinical trials. Conclusions: Once-daily administration may provide a therapeutic advantage for liraglutide over twice-daily exenatide, with similar improvements in A1C and body weight observed when liraglutide was compared with exenatide. The glucose-dependent mechanism of insulin release with GLP-1 agonist therapy holds potential clinical significance in the management of postprandial hyperglycemic excursions, with minimal risk of hypoglycemia.