Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A framework for visualizing hardness reductions to grid-based games

Hardness proofs for grid-based games often use gadgets connected together to represent computational problems. We present an open-source framework to implement these reductions, producing actual game instances out of hard computational instances. Our framework first converts the input problem instance into a graph, then draws the graph in an integer grid (a kind of orthogonal graph drawing problem), and finally replaces nodes and edges in this layout with gadgets. To ensure that the final output is aligned, we use linear programming to constrain how gadgets connect. We apply this framework to Circuit SAT and use it to show examples of reductions to Akari and Minesweeper. Lastly, we describe possible future optimizations to the framework to make the output smaller and how to extend it for a wider variety of games.
To Be at One with the Land: Māori Spirituality Predicts Greater Environmental Regard

Māori, New Zealand’s indigenous population, have a unique connection to the environment (Harris and Tipene 2006). In Māori tradition, Papatūānuku is the land—the earth mother who gives birth to all things, including Māori (Dell 2017). Māori also self-define as tāngata whenua (people of the land), a status formally recognised in New Zealand legislation. Māori have fought to regain tino rangatiratanga (authority and self-determination; see Gillespie 1998) over lands lost via colonisation. Accordingly, Cowie et al. (2016) found that socio-political consciousness—a dimension of Māori identity—correlated positively with Schwartz’s (1992) value of protecting the environment and preserving nature. Yet, Māori perceptions of land also derive from spiritual associations. Our work investigated the spiritual component of Māori environmental regard by delineating between protecting the environment (i.e., a value with socio-political implications) and desiring unity with nature (i.e., a value with spiritual overtones) amongst a large national sample of Māori (N = 6812). As hypothesized, socio-political consciousness correlated positively with valuing environmental protection, whilst spirituality correlated positively with valuing unity with nature. These results demonstrate that Māori connection with the land is simultaneously rooted in spirituality and socio-political concerns.
Reproductive Health Attitudes among the Youths: A Cross Sectional Comparison between Students from Different Health Science Departments in Turkey

This study aimed to determine attitudes towards reproductive health among young university students who will be playing important role as future healthcare professionals. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The research population consisted of 1126 individuals and the research sample was 1096. The study data were collected by using two forms “Information Form” and Reproductive Health Scale (RHS). The students’ mean age was 21.11±1.91. Nearly of the students (78.6%) were females, 75.5% of the students had information about reproductive health, 59.4% of them had obtained information through the mass media, and the female students were much better informed than the male students. The RHS mean score was 139.66±23.58 and 60.5% of the students obtained a score above the mean. Being female increased the scores for the sub-dimensions of Partner Selection and Values in Developing Preventive Behaviors. The results of this study show that the attitudes of the young people studying at the College of Health towards reproductive health were generally positive, but that they were not adequately reflected in their behaviors. Conclusion and recommendation: Further research is needed to reveal why the knowledge and attitudes of the students did not lead to appropriate behaviors.
Factors that Influence Teachers’ Pedagogical Use of ICT in Secondary Schools: A Case of Ghana

Technology is perceived as a vital driving force for contemporary education. The Government of Ghana acknowledges the relevance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education, and it is financing ICT in secondary schools. However, most instructors are unwilling to integrate ICT into their teaching. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence secondary school teachers’ ICT usage in schools. The participants were 376 teachers randomly selected from 24 public and private schools. The data collected from the participants were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. The results showed that teachers’ use of ICT was still confined to basic and traditional activities such as search for information, class presentation etc. Internal and external factors were found to influence teachers’ ICT usage. Also, female teachers reported that they use ICT more than male teachers. In general, this study has contributed to the literature regarding teachers’ pedagogical use of ICT in secondary schools and also their gender differences in the use of ICT.
A Simple Model to Describe Smoke Ring Shaped Beam Profile Measurements With Scintillating Screens at the European XFEL

Standard beam profile measurements of high-brightness electron beams based on optical transition radiation (OTR) may be hampered by coherence effects induced by the micro– bunching instability which render a direct beam imaging impossible. For the European XFEL it was therefore decided to measure transverse beam profiles based on scintillating screen monitors using LYSO:Ce as scintillator material. While it is possible to resolve beam sizes down to a few micrometers with this kind of scintillator, the experience during the commissioning of the XFEL showed that the measured emittance values were significantly larger than the expected ones. In addition, beam profiles measured at bunch charges of a few hundreds of pico-Coulomb show a ‘smoke ring’ shaped structure. While coherent OTR emission and beam dynamical influence can be excluded to explain this observation, it is assumed that the beam profile distortions are caused by effects from the scintillator material. A simple model is presented which takes into account quenching effects of excitonic carriers inside a scintillator in a heuristic way. Based on this model, the observed beam profiles can be understood qualitatively. Together with the model description, first comparisons with experimental results are presented.
Getting Caught between Discourse(s): Hybrid Choices in Technology Use at Work

Winner (1977, Autonomous Technology, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 77), in defense of technology determinism, cautioned against ‘throwing out the baby with the methodological bathwater’. His concern was that in so doing STS research would underplay, or be unable to account for, the effects that technology change does have on society. We similarly now find that powerful explanatory concepts like ‘structural‐discourse’ have been largely expunged from the contemporary STS analytical lexicon; with consequences, we believe, for our ability as researchers to interpret and explain the rapid change we see in contemporary work places. In this paper we make the case for the continued use of a strong structural‐discourse theory alongside other emergent forms of discourse. We show how workers, responding to conflicting and different types of discourse, produce varying hybrid responses—actions that react to and combine elements of emergent and structural discourses. Our work considers the implications of this finding for contemporary STS theory.
The effects of providing mathematical problem -posing experiences for K--8 pre-service teachers: Investigating teachers' beliefs and characteristics of posed problems

This study incorporated problem posing into a mathematics content course for preservice elementary and middle school teachers by extending George Polya's (1957) problem solving heuristic to include problem reformulation and by having participants pose problems from sets of given information. The course provided pre-service teachers with a new mathematical perspective and this research examined participants' problem posing, beliefs about mathematics, and beliefs about the teaching and learning of mathematics. Study participants were enrolled in a mathematics content course for pre-service teachers at the University of New Hampshire. There were twenty students in the course and nineteen agreed to be participants in the study by allowing all of their course work to be collected. Participants consisted of 4 sophomores, 7 juniors, 6 seniors, and 2 graduate students. All participants were working towards their teaching certification and most were mathematics education majors. Four of the nineteen participants agreed to be interviewed three times each during the semester. Characteristics of participants' posed problems, beliefs about mathematics, and beliefs about teaching and learning mathematics were explored using researcher developed questionnaires that were given before and after the semester. Also, all student work, journal entries, and the interviews of four participants, which were focused on topics related to beliefs about problem posing, characteristics of posed problems, beliefs about mathematics, and beliefs about teaching and learning mathematics, were collected during the instructional treatment. Problems posed by participants were organized and coded using a quantitative scale, while journal entries and interview data were analyzed qualitatively. Results showed an increase in participants' problem posing efficiency and ability to pose multi-step problems. Also participants tended to utilize higher level problem reformulation techniques as the instructional treatment progressed. Throughout the instructional treatment participants were reflecting on the role of problem posing in teaching and learning mathematics and considering both the pros and cons of including problem posing in their future classrooms and its possible effect on student learning. All participants suggested that they would incorporate student problem posing in their classrooms to help students develop ownership of mathematics and exhibit creativity.
Computational Analysis of Personality and Emotion in Semi-Structured Interviews

Psychopathy is a personality disorder involving deficits in affective characteristics and behaviour (Cleckley, 1988; Hare, 2003). Previous studies have found relationships between psychopathy and negative polarity in text, as well as psychopathy and specific semantic content (e.g., Body, Family) (Garcia & Sikstrom, 2014; Hancock, Woodworth, & Porter, 2013; Sumner, Byers, Boochever, & Park, 2012). The majority of these studies were performed with non-clinical psychopathy (from the general population), and the only study on clinical psychopathy (from institutionalized populations) failed to find support for a relationship between overall psychopathy and negative polarity (Hancock et al., 2013). The current study explores emotion and semantic categories in further detail with both a non-clinical and a clinical sample. Findings were inconsistent with the majority of previous research, suggesting that linguistic correlates of psychopathy are variable. The prevalence of such correlates is possibly dependent on sample size and text source.
An investigation into optimal mobility system for planetary rovers

This thesis outlines a systematic study of different mobility/suspension systems that have been proposed for Martian robotic rovers. One of the lessons learned during the 1997 US Mars Pathfinder mission was that mobility over the rock-strewn terrain was severely limited. This limited the Sojourner rover's traverse to only 106m in total during the entire 30-sol mission. Similar problems were also encountered by the twin Mars Exploration Rovers - Spirit and Opportunity. The investigation serves to analyse different mobility configurations - wheels, tracks, rocker-bogie and suspended track (Elastic Loop Mobility System - ELMS) over a terrain typical to the Viking Landing Sites - VL1 and VL2, Pathfinder Landing Site and MER landing sites. Given that there are severe mass and power constraints, these factors will also have to be considered in selecting the optimal mobility system configuration. The approach to soil-wheel and soil-track interaction modelling incorporating wheel/track slips, the vehicle slip angle and forces acting on the wheels/tracks is presented. The equations developed characterise the relationship between the forces acting on the vehicle, the vehicle parameters and key soil properties. This interaction model is then used in the developed software architecture RPET (Rover Performance Evaluation Tool). This represents an effort to develop a comprehensive method for evaluating the effectiveness of a presented mobility/suspension concept under a particular choice of operating environment. Incorporating the kinematic and dynamic equations of vehicle motion in the tool along with the wheel/track-soil interaction model allow a very accurate and near-realistic performance estimation. This allows ranking individual concepts on the basis of respective performance on a variety of terrain and operating environments. The RPET comprises of several modules each responsible for a dedicated computational task. The analytical performance metrics are well complemented by 3D simulation metric and prototype testing of a fully resolved vehicle configuration for both wheeled and tracked concepts. The field trials indicate that the RPET tool determines the performance of a system with considerable accuracy. This thesis makes a considerable contribution to reduce the time and effort required for evaluation and determining the suitability of a candidate vehicle mobility concept for a mission during the initial stages of a project. This work was implemented in a European Space Agency (ESA) project - Rover Chassis Evaluation Tool (RCET) and developed further to suit the project requirements.
Sensing Features of Arc-induced Long Period Gratings

In this work, we report a systematic investigation about the sensitivity of arc-induced Long Period Gratings in standard SMF28 fiber. Several gratings were fabricated with period Λ in range 330–630 µm and characterized towards changes in the surrounding refractive index (SRI), temperature and strain conditions. Wide tuning of the sensitivities is reported, with maximum values of -6391.7 nm/RIU, 95.5 pm/°C and 2.0 pm/με, respectively, for SRI, temperature and strain. These results permit the proper selection of the fabrication parameters in order to have the desired sensing features for a specific application.
L2 gain bounds for systems with sector bounded and slope‐restricted nonlinearities

This paper proposes a new method for calculating a bound on the L2 gain of a system comprising a linear time invariant part and a static nonlinear part, which is odd, bounded, zero at zero and has a restriction on its slope. The nonlinear part is also assumed to be sector bounded, with the sector bound being (possibly) different from that implied by the slope restriction. The computation of the L2 gain bound is found by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities, which arise from an integral quadratic constraint formulation of a multiplier problem involving both Zames‐Falb and Popov multipliers. Examples illustrate the effectiveness of the results, and comparisons are made against the state‐of‐the‐art. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Compressibility on the Propagation of Premixed Deflagration

The transition from deflagration to detonation (DDT) is an important process to avoid costly disasters in the petrochemical industry. Example of such a disaster are the 2005 Hertfordshire oil storage terminal fire or the 1970 propane vapour cloud explosion in Port Hudson. Such events have far-reaching disastrous consequences due to the overpressures created by detonation waves. It is well-known that in experimental and numerical premixed flames, the flame front is rarely planar and quickly forms a cellular structure with cusp-like sections between the cells. These instabilities in the flame front have the effects of increasing the flame velocity. Under the quasi-isobaric, near-equidiffusional (Le → 1) and infinite activation energy (Ea → ∞) approximation, Darrieus [1] and Landau [2] have predicted independently that, in a premixed combustion, the cellular flame front would be unconditionally unstable with a growth rate proportional to the wave number as,
Collagen vs expanded polytetrafluorethylene membranes during guided-bone regeneration simultaneous with implant placement – a systematic review

Objetivo: Esta revisão sistemática avaliou a influência do tipo de membrana (colágeno reabsorvível ou politetrafluoretileno expandido não reabsorvível; e-PTFE) na regeneração óssea guia associada à colocação do implante. Métodos: Qualquer tipo de estudo clínico ou revisão de literatura foi pesquisada nas bases de dados MEDLINE / PubMed e Cochrane. Dois revisores independentes examinaram títulos / resumos de artigos e o texto completo de estudos potencialmente elegíveis. Quando os dados estavam disponíveis, a meta-análise pareada foi realizada usando modelo estatístico aleatório. Resultados: Nove estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão, considerando 685 implantes em 360 pacientes. A regeneração óssea vertical não diferiu com o uso das duas membranas em 8 dos 9 estudos incluídos. Meta-análise não mostrou maior ganho ósseo vertical ou perda óssea vertical após a regeneração com qualquer uma das membranas. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência de maior ganho ósseo na regeneração óssea guiada horizontal com membranas de e-PTFE não reabsorvíveis (relatadas por 2 de 3 estudos). Todos os estudos mostraram claramente que ambas as membranas foram eficazes no aumento do volume ósseo. Não houve uma tendência clara de qualquer uma das duas membranas em causar mais complicações. Conclusão: o colágeno reabsorvível e as membranas não-reabsorvíveis de PTFE-e são igualmente eficazes na regeneração óssea guiada vertical; no entanto, a regeneração óssea guiada horizontal parece se beneficiar com o uso das membranas não reabsorvíveis. Ambas as membranas mostraram-se eficazes na regeneração óssea guiada e similares em relação às complicações.
Effect of nitrogen partial pressure on the microstructure of epitaxial GaN films grown by rf magnetron sputtering

Epitaxial Gallium nitride (GaN) films were deposited on c-plane sapphire by rf magnetron sputtering using GaAs target with different percentages (10 - 100 %) of nitrogen in Ar-N2 sputtering atmosphere at a substrate temperature of 700 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction studies show the formation of single phase GaN films, which are practically strain free when grown with 20 - 50 % nitrogen in sputtering atmosphere. The surface morphology of the films was studied by atomic force microscopy and the epitaxial quality of the films was ascertained by high resolution X-ray diffraction. The microstructural parameters of the films, such as crystallite tilt, microstrain as well as lateral and vertical coherence lengths were obtained from ω and ω -2θ scans and the corresponding Williamson-Hall plots. These studies reveal that the surface topography and epitaxial quality of the films depend significantly on the percentage of nitrogen in sputtering atmosphere, with the film deposited with 50 % nitrogen exhibiting substanti.
New proposed drift limit states for box-type structural systems considering local and global damage indices

The maximum displacement responses under the seismic motions are usually considered as an indicator for damage evaluation. It is obvious that appropriate selection of drifts corresponding to various damage levels plays an important role in safety and economy of a design project. Despite the extensive use of the box-type structural system in mass construction and housing industry, there is no special design requirement for this structural system. Due to three-dimensional behavior and interaction of intersecting walls and slabs, it is expected that this system presents different seismic performance in comparison to the conventional shear wall buildings. This study evaluates the overall and story failure mechanism as well as global and local damage indices in this structural system. Maximum allowable drift ratios of 0.45%, 0.65%, and 0.8% are suggested for the immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention levels, respectively. Moreover, a damage index based on the maximum relative inter-story drifts is proposed to assess the failure in the height domain. According to the assessments, the story and global failure occurring due to considerable damages in main load bearing elements reveals high importance of local damage indices in box-type structural system. Based on the results, it is concluded that the proposed maximum values for drifts in different standards and codes are not reliable. Considering the shear-control behavior and depending on the expected performance levels, the proposed local damage indices are considered as accurate control indicators for box-type structural system.
An acoustic analysis of Chinese and English vowels

This study compares the articulation of two pairs of similar vowels in Mandarin Chinese in Taiwan and American English. Four Taiwanese learners and four native speakers of American English were recruited to produce five vowels for each language. Acoustic vowel qualities of formant one (F1) and formant two (F2 ) values were measured and analyzed. Results show that Chinese English and American English are different in vowel height and frontness. Pedagogical implications are provided for EFL teachers to help Chinese learners improve their pronunciation.
A Collection of Problems on Mathematical Physics

Requiring familiarity with both statistical physics and quantum mechanics the book is for a limited readership only. I t should prove useful in some theoretical solid state physics courses and at 70s. is good value. The translation is accurate but at times the English is stilted. This is not a second edition of this translation; the first edition referred to is the original Russian. J . L. BEEBY Theoretical Physics Division, 8.9, A.E. R.E. , Harwell.
Drilling of In-Line Compression Molded Jute / Polypropylene Composites

ABSTRACT Compression molding can be used to fabricate polymer composites with long-, short- and intermediate-length fibers. In-line compression molding reduces cycle time through a single-step process in which fibers are directly introduced into the molten polymer in the extruder which is directly molded. It eliminates additional stage of heating and processing and hence is preferred in industries. This paper deals with the influence of fiber type and direction, coupling agent, spindle speed, feed rate, drill material and diameter on delamination and thrust force in in-line compression molded jute/polypropylene. Thrust force was greater in the specimens with 30 wt% long fiber, in longitudinal direction processed without coupling agent and drilling with high-speed steel drill. Delamination was severe in chopped fiber composites, in longitudinal direction processed without coupling agent and with cobalt-high-speed steel tool. Effect of speed, feed, drill diameter and tool material was analyzed using ANOVA, signal-to-noise ratio and Grey relational analysis. Residual tensile strength reduced by 24.7% in the composites drilled using the optimized parameters.
Incremental, Systemic, and Paradigmatic Reform of Investor-State Arbitration

In Imperfect Alternatives: Institutional Choice and the Reform of Investment Law, Sergio Puig and Gregory Shaffer introduce comparative institutional analysis to evaluate alternative processes for resolving investment disputes. The impetus for this article is clear: many states view investor-state arbitration as akin to a horse that has bolted from the barn. Wishing to close the stable door, a wide range of states are considering the merits of various reform proposals. Puig and Shaffer's comprehensive and balanced framework for assessing the tradeoffs involved in making different choices is thus a welcome and timely intervention in these (often highly polarized) debates.