Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A partial translation path from MathLang to Isabelle

This dissertation describes certain developments in computer techniques for managingmathematical knowledge. Computers currently assist mathematicians in presenting and archiving mathematics, as well as performing calculation and verification tasks. MathLang is a framework for computerising mathematical documents which features new approaches to these issues. In this dissertation, several extensions to MathLang are described: a system and notation for annotating text; improved methods for annotating complex mathematical expressions; and a method for creating rules to translate document annotations. A typical MathLang work flow for document annotation and computerisation is demonstrated, showing how writing style can complicate the annotation process and how these may be resolved. This workflow is compared with the standard process for producing formal computer theories in a computer proof assistant (Isabelle is the system we choose). The rules for translation are further discussed as a way of producing text in the syntax of Isabelle (without a deep knowledge of the system), with possible use cases of providing a text which can be used either as an aid to learning Isabelle, or as a skeleton framework to be used as a starting point for a formal document.
Wave speeds for pushed fronts in reaction-diffusion equations with cut-offs : Dedicated to Professor Yasumasa Nishiura on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday (Far-From-Equilibrium Dynamics)

Cut‐off functions have been introduced in scalar reaction‐diffusion equations to model regions in which the species concentrations are below a small threshold and hence the reactions are effectively deactivated. This article continues our analysis of cut‐offs, in particular of their impact on the propagation of fronts. Our previous analyses were for pulled fronts, see Dumortier, Popovic, and Kaper, Nonlinearity 20 (2007), 855‐877, and bistable fronts, see Dumortier, Popovic, and Kaper, PhysicaD 239 (2010), 1984‐1999, where we derived explicit asymptotic formulas for the change in the wave speed due to a wide class of cut‐offs. In this article, we examine pushed fronts in reaction‐diffusion equations with cut‐offs, and present rigorous asymptotics for their wave speeds. The principal finding is that the wave speeds are decreased by the cut‐offs, in contrast to the case for bistable fronts, and that the decrement scales with a fractional power of the small parameter. Our analysis relies on the method of geometric desingularization. It is presented for pushed fronts in the Nagumo equation with cut‐off, and it is applicable to pushed fronts in general scalar reaction‐diffusion equations with cut‐offs. Received October 28, 2011. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification(s): 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification(s): 35\mathrm{K}57, 34\mathrm{E}15, 34\mathrm{E}05
Partitioning of a line segment

The focus of this work is on faults, and the main issue is statistical analysis and stochastic modeling of faults and fault patterns in petroleum reservoirs. The thesis consists of Part I-V and Appendix A-C. The units can be read independently. Part III is written for a geophysical audience, and the topic of this part is fault and fracture size-frequency distributions. The remaining parts are written for a statistical audience, but can also be read by people with an interest in quantitative geology. The topic of Part I and II is statistical model choice for fault size distributions, with a samling algorithm for estimating Bayes factor. Part IV describes work on spatial modeling of fault geometry, and Part V is a short note on line partitioning. Part I, II and III constitute the main part of the thesis. The appendices are conference abstracts and papers based on Part I and IV.
How to live or a life of Montaigne : in one question and twenty attempts at an answer

How to get on well with people, how to deal with violence, how to adjust to losing someone you love? How to live? This question obsessed Renaissance nobleman Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (1533-92), who wrote free-roaming explorations of his thought and experience, unlike anything written before. Into these essays he put whatever was in his head: his tastes in wine and food, his childhood memories, the way his dog's ears twitched when it was dreaming, events in the appalling civil wars raging around him. The Essays was an instant bestseller, and over four hundred years later, readers still come to him in search of companionship, wisdom and entertainment - and in search of themselves. This first full biography of Montaigne in English for nearly fifty years relates the story of his life by way of the questions he posed and the answers he explored.
Dynamics of Visual Motion Processing: Neuronal, Behavioral, and Computational Approaches

Motion processing is an essential piece of the complex brain machinery that allows us to reconstruct the 3D layout of objects in the environment, to break camouflage, to perform scene segmentation, to estimate the ego movement, and to control our action. Although motion perception and its neural basis have been a topic of intensive research and modeling the last two decades, recent experimental evidences have stressed the dynamical aspects of motion integration and segmentation. This book presents the most recent approaches that have changed our view of biological motion processing. These new experimental evidences call for new models emphasizing the collective dynamics of large population of neurons rather than the properties of separate individual filters. Chapters will stress how the dynamics of motion processing can be used as a general approach to understand the brain dynamics itself.
Planning Your Qualitative Research Project: An Introduction to Interpretivist Research in Education

Acknowledgements. Dedication. Preface. Tables. Part 1 1. Introduction 2. The General Background 3. Posing The Questions 4. What is Theory and What is its Value? 5 An Example of a 'Perspectives' Study 6. An Example of a Study on How Participants 'Deal With' a Particular Phenomenon Part 2 7. Policy Studies and the Interpretivist Paradigm 8. Life History Studies 9. Retrospective Interactional Longtitudinal Studies 10. Interactionist Historical Studies 11. The Interpretivist Paradigm and Research Based on 'Problem-Focused' Ideas. References. Index
Scale bridging description of coherent phase equilibria in the presence of surfaces and interfaces

We investigate phase separation including elastic coherency effects in the bulk and at surfaces and find a reduction of the solubility limit in the presence of free surfaces. This mechanism favors phase separation near free surfaces even in the absence of external stresses. We apply the theory to hydride formation in nickel, iron, and niobium and obtain a reduction of the solubility limit by up to two orders of magnitude at room temperature in the presence of free surfaces. We develop in particular a scale bridging description of the solubility limit in the low-temperature regime, where the long-ranged elastic effects are expressed through a geometrical solubility modification factor, which expresses the difference to bulk systems. This expression allows to include elastic coherency effects near surfaces, e.g., in ab initio simulations.
Design and performance of high-speed communication systems over time-varying radio channels

Design and Performance of High-Speed Communication Systems over Time-Varying Radio Channels by Andrea Jo Goldsmith Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California at Berkeley Professor Pravin P. Varaiya, Chair The next generation of wireless networks will require more e cient use of the underlying time-varying channel to accommodate the demand for voice, video, and data transmission. In this thesis, we investigate methods to increase the spectral e ciency of point-to-point and multiuser communication systems operating over time-varying radio channels. We begin by developing several models for the time-varying channel. Specifically, we model both deterministic and stochastic multipath channels, cellular channels, and state space channels. Next, we propose spectrally-e cient communication techniques for time-varying channels when the channel is estimated and this estimate fed back to the transmitter. We determine the maximum spectral e ciency under this assumption, and show that this maximum is achieved when three parameters are adapted to the channel variation: transmit power, data rate, and coding scheme. When a feedback path is not available, the receiver can use a priori knowledge about the channel statistics to decode the input sequence. For a discrete-time channel with Markov variation, we propose a decision-feedback decoding algorithm that uses the channel's Markovian structure to determine the maximum-likelihood input sequence. We calculate the capacity and cuto rate of this decoding scheme, and compare them to the inherent rate limits of the channel. Finally, we discuss some multiresolution coding techniques for the case when no a priori channel information is available. This type of coding allows some loss of nonessential data in order to achieve overall higher data rates. We then consider performance of multiuser systems, where interference limits the
Digital Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data: Algorithms and Implementation

Foreword. Introduction. Signal Processing Fundamentals. Pulse Compression. Synthetic Aperture Concepts. SAR Signal Properties. The Range Doppler Algorithm. The Chirp Scaling Algorithm. The Omega-K Algorithm. The SPECAN Algorithm. Processing ScanSAR Data. Doppler Parameter Estimation. Comparison of Algorithms. References.
Applying Educational Research: How to Read, Do, and Use Research to Solve Problems of Practice

PART I: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 Using Research Evidence to Improve Educational Practice Chapter 2 Doing Your Own Research: From Proposal to Final Report PART II: APPLYING EXISTING RESEARCH STUDIES TO PROBLEMS OF PRACTICE Chapter 3 Conducting and Writing Your Own Literature Review Chapter 4 Using Search Engines in a Literature Review Chapter 5 Making Use of Available Literature Reviews PART III: USING QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGY TO STUDY PROBLEMS OF PRACTICE Chapter 6 Analyzing and Evaluating Reports of Quantitative Research Studies Chapter 7 Using Descriptive Statistics to Study Problems of Practice Chapter 8 The Practical Significance of Statistical Results Chapter 9 Tests of Statistical Significance Chapter 10 Descriptive Research Chapter 11 Group-Comparison Research Chapter 12 Correlational Research Chapter 13 Experimental Research PART IV: USING QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY TO STUDY PROBLEMS OF PRACTICE Chapter 14 Case Study Research Chapter 15 Narrative Research Chapter 16 Ethnographic and Critical Ethnographic Research PART V: USING OTHER METHODOLOGIES TO STUDY PROBLEMS OF PRACTICE Chapter 17 Action Research SELF-CHECK TEST ANSWERS APPENDICES 1. Guide for Outlining a Quantitative or Qualitative Research Proposal 2. Questions To Ask Yourself When Evaluating a Report of a Quantitative Study 3. Questions to Ask Yourself When Evaluating a Report of a Qualitative Study 4. Design-Specific Questions to Ask Yourself When Evaluating a Research Report
DECISION SUPPORT FOR PLANNING MULTI-MODAL URBAN TRAVEL

The general public are travelling more and the public transport network has the opportunity to capture some of the increased demand. Most of the general public support the British government's aim of tackling pollution and congestion and are consequently in favour of positive measures to improve public transport. The co-operation between different public transport operators in different modes is increasing, and so inter-modal cohesion and thus the quality of service is improving. The paper focuses on one aspect of this 'quality of service', the issue of flexible provision of information about public transport and assistance with planning travel. A multi-objective optimisation algorithm that balances the concerns of travel time, uncertainty about traffic delays, inconvenience of parking and inconvenience of making connections is presented and evaluated
Painted Decorations on the Chinese and French Lacquers of an Eighteenth-Century Chest of Drawers: When One Runs over onto the Other1

ABSTRACT This study was done to ascertain if some Chinese red lacquered panels had been subsequently integrated onto the two sides and drawer fronts of the original commode, and some secondary areas covered with French imitation lacquer. Another question was the presence of two different stamps marked on the front legs. The results were as expected concerning the use of urushi on the panels. The Chinese lacquer was coloured red with a vermilion base and the French imitation tinted with a lead-based pigment, probably minium. More surprising were the decorations added to the lacquer and especially their distribution over the surfaces. Inserts were added to the Chinese panels at the time of their integration to enable them to fit to the larger commode dimensions. As golden decorations were also applied to these elements it was logical for these to have been made in France, but the real surprise is that a large proportion of the existing Chinese designs were also covered with a new coating of French decorations. Some empty spaces in the Oriental lacquered areas were also filled with new decorations in imitation of the Chinese ones. Finally, the initial round of analyses provided an explanation for the presence of the two stamps; the piece was converted from a chest decorated with marquetry to one with lacquered surfaces. But new questions arose and the history of the commode became more uncertain when later analyses of the French lacquer discerned the presence of PR3, a pigment that appeared only in the twentieth century.
Brain responses to lexical ambiguity resolution and parsing.

We present two sets of event-related potential (ERP) data on separate aspects of sentence processing. The first set focuses on the disambiguation of biased ambiguous words by right-context information (biased ambiguous words are words that have a clearly dominant and subordinate meaning). The ERP data provide both converging and contrasting evidence with results obtained in eye-movement studies. The ERP data converge with these studies by showing that when the right-context is consistent with the subordinate meaning, processing effects are observed at the point of disambiguation, whereas no effect is seen when the dominant meaning is confirmed (cf. Dopkins, Morris, & Rayner, 1992; Frazier & Rayner, 1990). The ERP data contrast with eye-movement data (cf. Rayner & Duffy, 1986) by showing that processing effects do obtain at the level of biased ambiguous words preceded by neutral sentential contexts. The second set of ERP data focuses on neurophysiological manifestations of syntactic processing. These data show an ERP effect to syntactic violations that is qualitatively different from the well-known N400 effect to violations of semantic constraints. Next to the ERP effect elicited by the word that renders the sentence ungrammatical, N400 effects are observed further downstream in sentences that can be interpreted semantically (i.e., normal prose), but not in sentences that are very hard to interpret (i.e., syntactic prose). This shows that syntactic and semantic ERP effects can be dissociated. In addition, these data suggest that a syntactic problem has immediate consequences for the semantic integration of words following the occurrence of a parsing problem. Finally, probably due to the semantic consequences of the lexically specified argument structure of verbs, the pattern of results for subcategorization violations is differ-
Investigating cognitive control in language switching

3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 7 LIST OF CONTENTS . 9 LIST OF FIGURES . 15 LIST OF TABLES . 17 LIST OF SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL . 18 DECLARATION. 19 DRAWING PARALLELS BETWEEN TASK SWITCHING AND LANGUAGE SWITCHING. 21 TASK SWITCHING . 21 LANGUAGE SWITCHING . 31 CAN MODELS OF BILINGUAL LEXICAL ACCESS EXPLAIN BASIC SWITCHING PHENOMENA? 31 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF TASK-SWITCHING . 35 AIMS OF THE CURRENT RESEARCH . 41 CONTROLLING SPEECH PRODUCTION VS. COMPREHENSION: IS THERE CROSS-TALK OF SELECTION SETTINGS? 42 THE RELATION BETWEEN INPUT AND OUTPUT PATHWAYS FOR SPEECH . 45 AIMS OF CURRENT RESEARCH . 47 CHAPTER 2 . 48 IS PREPARATION FOR A LANGUAGE SWITCH LIKE PREPARATION FOR A TASK SWITCH? 48
MASALAH-MASALAH SOSIAL DALAM NOVEL BUMI MANUSIA KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan Masalah-masalah sosial apa saja yang terdapat dalam novel Bumi Manusia karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Manfaat penelitian ini adalah penelitian ini dapat menambah khasanah pengetahuan mengenai masalah sosial yang terdapat dalam novel Bumi Manusia Karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Jenis penelitian ini ialah penelitian kepustakaan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskripitf kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan: dalam novel Bumi Manusia karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer ditemukan empat masalah sosial yaitu: Diskriminasi sebanyak 6 data kutipan, Marginalisasi Perempuan sebanyak 6 data kutipan, Pelanggaran terhadap norma-norma masyarakat (Pelacuran) sebanyak 3 data kutipan dan Konflik sosial (kekerasan terhadap perempuan) sebanyak 5 data kutipan. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa masalah sosial dalam novel Bumi Manusia Karya Pramoedya Ananta yang paling dominan adalah tentang penindasan dan kekerasan terhadap perempuan. Dengan demikian, pembaca menjadi paham bahwa betapa kerasnya kehidupan para kaum perempuan pada zaman itu, tetapi tidak menutup kemungkinan bahwasanya kekerasan dan penindasan terhadap kaum perempuan dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan masih juga terjadi sampai detik ini di seluruh pelosok dunia.
Variability and Motor Control

This book is a comprehensive examination of research and theoretical perspectives on movement variability and motor control. The text reviews traditional perspectives - which view movement variability as noise or error - and moves on to consider dynamical systems approaches to movement control, which view variability as an index of movement fluctuations. Written by leading experts in motor control, "Variability and Motor Control" provides readers with valuable information on the importance of variability in the theoretical inquiry into motor control, skill acquisition and movement impairment; the use of estimated variability as a movement parameter in empirical studies of motor control; and current developments of new dynamical systems approaches to variability and motor control. Part I provides a summary of the characteristics of force variability and examines several different deterministic models, including impulse-variability models of multi-joint movement control. In Part II the variability and movement speed-accuracy trade-off are examined from four different deterministic perspectives. New and diverse dynamical systems approaches to variability and motor control are covered in Part III. The contributors discuss how processes of self-organization can be applied to motor control, summarize and apply the general dynamical principles developed for continuous tasks to the stability of discrete bimanual actions, and examine interlimb co-ordination and methodologies of observing variability. Finally, Part IV reveals how describing and understanding variability can further the knowledge of movement impairment. Through the use of both dynamical systems and deterministic approaches, the contributors examine the role of variability in understanding performance deficits, limb apraxia and movement stereotypy. Designed as a graduate text and reference for students and scholars of motor control and learning, this text should als be of interest to experimental psychologists, ergonomists, and industrial/human factors specialists.
Karakteristik Penangkapan Ular di Wilayah Sumatera Utara

Beberapa jenis ular eksport asal Indonesia yang mendapat perhatian dunia adalah Python reticulatus (sanca sawah), dan kelompok â€œsanca gendangâ€ yaitu: P. curtus (sanca ekor pendek) dan P. brongersmai (sanca darah). Ketiganya masuk dalam daftar Apendik II CITES. Salah satu permasalahan dalam memahami kondisi populasi di alam pada kelompok reptil ini adalah luasnya habitat dan letak geografis, selain dari sifat satwa itu sendiri yang tidak memungkinkan dilakukan sensus secara terstruktur dalam satu satuan waktu yang pendek. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan suatu kajian tidak langsung yang dapat menjadi indikator penting mengenai kondisinya di alam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui karakteristik dan produksi dari kegiatan pengumpulan sanca sawah dan gendang di daerah Sumatera Utara. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan September 2008 dengan metode survei terstruktur secara snow ball technique. Survei dilakukan dengan menelusuri para pengumpul daerah, agen serta masyarakat penangkap satwa liar dari mulai daerah Nangro Aceh Darusalam hingga Rantau Prapat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan penangkapan ular di wilayah Sumatera merupakan suatu kegiatan yang melibatkan cukup banyak anggota masyarakat. Secara kualitas, kemungkinan telah terjadi penurunan pada ular P. reticulatus, tetapi belum begitu tampak pada ular P. brongersmai dan P. curtus. Namun dari segi populasi tangkapan untuk semua kelompok ular tersebut ada kecenderungan penurunan dibandingkan dengan masa sepuluh tahun yang lalu, walau secara kuantitas masih perlu dilakukan perhitungan yang lebih mendalam lagi.