Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular basis of abnormal red-green color vision: a family with three types of color vision defects.

The molecular nature of three different types of X-linked color-vision defects, protanomaly, deuteranomaly, and protanopia, in a large 3-generation family was determined. In the protanomalous and protanopic males the normal red pigment gene was replaced by a 5' red-3' green fusion gene. The protanomalous male had more red pigment DNA in his fusion gene than did the more severely affected protanopic individual. The deuteranomalous individual had four green pigment genes and one 5' green-3' red fusion gene. These results extend those of Nathans et al., who proposed that most red-green color-vision defects arise as a result of unequal crossing-over between the red and green pigment genes. The various data suggest that differences in severity of color-vision defects associated with fusion genes are caused by differences in crossover sites between the red and green pigment genes. Currently used molecular methodology is not sufficiently sensitive to define these fusion points accurately, and the specific color-vision defect within the deutan or protan class cannot be predicted. The DNA patterns for color-vision genes of female heterozygotes have not previously been described. Patterns of heterozygotes may not be distinguishable from those of normals. However, a definite assignment of the various color pigment gene arrays could be carried out by family study. Two compound heterozygotes for color-vision defects who tested as normal by anomaloscopy were found to carry abnormal fusion genes. In addition, a normal red pigment gene was present on one chromosome and at least one normal green pigment gene was present on the other. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ecuadorian Farmers Facing Coffee and Cocoa Production Quality Labels

ABSTRACT Quality labels refer to the adoption of voluntary standards by producers to highlight the quality to consumers and customers. Usually in agrofood, these focus on aspects of production systems and intrinsic characteristics of products. In agricultural production, quality labels focusing on ethical and environmental aspects have a high spectrum globally. The objective of this study was analyzing the farmers’ perceptions toward production with quality labels in cocoa and coffee in Ecuador. The information used comes from the development of two focus group sessions and 157 surveys addressed to producers. According to the results, environmentally friendly production systems represent an advantage and a disadvantage for farmers. When comparing farmers who produce with and without quality labels, it was found that issues related to market access are further motivating farmers to produce superior quality. Finally, from the producers’ point of view, the premium price paid for product certification is debatable.
Insurance effect on economic growth – among economies in various phases of development

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between insurance and economic growth for six (developed, emerging and developing) countries over the period of 1980 to 2015. Design/methodology/approach The study applies panel auto-regressive distributed lagged (PMG/ARDL) method to examine long-term and short-term relationship between insurance and economic growth for the USA, the UK, China, India, Malaysia and Pakistan. Findings The authors concluded that there exists a positive and significant relationship between life insurance, non-life insurance, trade openness, stock-market development and economic growth in the long run as p-value is less than 5 per cent. This study also found a significant relationship between employment rate, banking development and economic growth for the long run but the direction is negative. Foreign direct investment shows an insignificant relationship with economic growth in the long run. The results highlighted a significant and positive relationship between non-life insurance and economic growth in the short-run for the USA, the UK, China, India, Malaysia and Pakistan. Moreover, the relationship between life insurance and economic growth is positive and significant for India, Pakistan and the UK. Results reveal a significant but a negative relationship between life insurance and economic growth for the USA, China and Malaysia. Research limitations/implications Analysis is performed for only six countries and results of these six might not represent the whole world. Practical implications This research would help policymaker to consider wider aspects of insurance rather than considering it complementary service industry. Social implications Every individual, today, spends a huge amount of funds to purchase insurance. He or she should be aware of the wider social impact of their spending apart from risk transferring. Originality/value Researchers recently shifted their focus to investigate the relationship between insurance and economic growth but the topic is still lacking sufficient literature and various knowledge gaps. The study is an attempt to contribute in terms of refinement of the already existing body of knowledge and to fill literature gap. In addition, apart from the insurance–economy relationship, very few empirical studies used financial, banking and stock market along with insurance, proxies to measure accurate insurance contribution. Another element of originality lies in the comparative analysis of developed, emerging and developing countries.
A Nationwide Attempt to Standardize Growth Hormone Assays

The Growth Hormone (GH) and Its Related Factors Study Committee of the Foundation for Growth Science, Japan, has been conducting a quality control study for 15 years to improve the equality of diagnosis of GH deficiency. It found that the greatest differences in measured GH values were due to the different potencies of the kit standards, which were primarily adjusted to WHO standards for human GH of pituitary origin. With the collaboration of kit makers and the Study Group of Hypothalamo-Pituitary Disorders of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, all GH kits in Japan have begun using the same recombinant human GH standard since April 2005. As a result the diagnostic cut-off peak GH has changed from 10 to 6 ng/ml.
Assessing the cost and willingness to pay for voluntary HIV counselling and testing in Kenya.

OBJECTIVE Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) should be an important component in a country's HIV/AIDS prevention and care strategy. However, the high cost of VCT raises concerns about the affordability of VCT in low-income countries. This study was designed to assess the costs of VCT and to identify potential ways of introducing VCT more affordably. METHODOLOGY An economic evaluation was performed of VCT services in two rural health centres in Thika District and an urban health centre in Nairobi, Kenya. A contingent valuation study was also performed among VCT clients. Estimates were developed regarding the national cost of offering VCT services in Kenya. RESULTS VCT added US dollars 6800 per year to the average cost of providing services at each of these three health centres. The evaluation revealed that the incremental cost, from the government's perspective, of adding VCT is approximately 16 dollars per client. The estimated incremental cost per client is significantly less than a previous cost estimate in Kenya which estimated a cost per client of 26 dollars. The difference in cost estimates is in part attributable to the emphasis of this project on integrating VCT services into existing health centres, rather than creating stand-alone sites. The cost of VCT services might be further reduced to as little as 8 dollars per client if a government health worker could perform the counselling. A contingent valuation study indicated that most VCT clients would be willing to pay at least 2 dollars for the service. However, if the full cost of the service were charged to the client, less than 5% of clients indicated they were willing and able to pay for the service. CONCLUSIONS Integrating services into existing health centres can significantly reduce the cost of VCT. Additional cost reductions may be feasible if health centre staff are hired to perform the counselling. Furthermore, it appears that some level of cost recovery from VCT clients is feasible and can contribute to sustainability, although it is very unlikely that the full cost of the service could be recovered from the clients. The national provision of VCT in all Kenyan health centres is likely to be an affordable option, although additional operational research is required to determine the most appropriate way of scaling up VCT services throughout the country.
Analysis of Factors Affecting The Tendency of Accounting Fraud with The Mediation of Ethical Behavior

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh kecenderungan kecurangan akuntansi, kesesuaian kompensasi, dan ketaatan aturan akutansi terhadap kecenderungan kecurangan akuntansi dengan perilaku tidak etis sebagai variabel invertening. Populasi penelitian ini terdiri dari dinas di Kabupaten Kendal. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan simple random sampling, diperoleh sebanyak 83 responden. Sampel penelitian inimenggunakan metode kuesioner. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) dengan alat analisis SmartPLS 3.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pengendalian internal yang efektif di dinas dapat mencegah timbulnya perilaku tidak etis yang mengarah pada kecurangan akuntansi. Kompensasi yang sesuai di dinas dapat mencegah perilaku tidak etis yang mengarah pada kecurangan akuntansi. Aturan akuntansi yang terdapat di dinas tidak dapat mencegah timbulnya perilaku etis yang mengarah pada kecurangan akuntansi.Simpulan dalam penelitian ini yaitu variabel keefektifan pengendalian internal, kesesuaian kompensasi, dan ketaatan aturan akuntansi memiliki pengaruh langsung terhadap perilaku tidak etis dan kecenderungan kecurangan akuntansi, sedangkan untuk keefektifan pengendalian internal dan ketaatan aturan akuntansi memilikipengaruh tidak langsung melalui perilaku tidak etis sebagai variabel intervening terhadap kecenderungan kecurangan akuntansi. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of internal control, suitability compensation and obedience to accounting rules to Accounting Fraud Trends through unethical behavior. The population of this study consisted of working units, offices in Kendal. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling and gained 86 respondents in total. The method of collecting data was using questionnaire. The analysis method used was Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with SmartPLS 3.0 as the analysis tools. The results showed an effective internal control in the office can prevent unethical behavior that lead to accounting fraud. Appropriate compensation in office can prevent unethical behavior that lead to accounting fraud. Accounting rules contained in the agency can not prevent the emergence of ethical behavior that lead to accounting fraud. The conclusions of this research is the variable effectiveness of internal control, compliance compensation, and adherence to accounting rules have a direct impact on unethical behavior and tendencies of the accounting fraud, while for the effectiveness of internal controls and adherence to accounting rules have an indirect influence through unethical behavior as an intervening variable against the tendency of the accounting fraud.
Selective muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline as a novel treatment approach for schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE There are significant unmet needs in the treatment of schizophrenia, especially for the treatment of cognitive impairment, negative syndrome, and cognitive function. Preclinical data suggest that agonists with selective affinity for acetylcholine muscarinic receptors provide a potentially new mechanism to treat schizophrenia. The authors studied xanomeline, a relatively selective muscarinic type 1 and type 4 (M(1) and M(4)) receptor agonist, to determine if this agent is effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. METHOD In this pilot study, the authors examined the efficacy of xanomeline on clinical outcomes in subjects with schizophrenia (N=20) utilizing a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-week treatment design. Outcome measures included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale, and a test battery designed to measure cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. RESULTS Subjects treated with xanomeline did significantly better than subjects in the placebo group on total BPRS scores and total PANSS scores. In the cognitive test battery, subjects in the xanomeline group showed improvements most robustly in measures of verbal learning and short-term memory function. CONCLUSIONS These results support further investigation of xanomeline as a novel approach to treating schizophrenia.
Return to work after a serious hand injury.

OBJECTIVES This paper explores factors important for return to work (RTW) in people who have sustained a serious hand injury. PARTICIPANTS Forty people aged 19-64, with a severe or major hand injury were recruited consecutively during 2005-2007. METHODS A self-administered and study specific questionnaire, including demographic data and standardised questionnaires for function, disability, daily occupations, health, quality of life, sense of coherence and several open questions was sent out by mail twelve months after injury. Open questions regarding RTW were also included. RESULTS The results showed that 27 people had returned to work within twelve months and 13 had not. Factors related to RTW and general work motivations were divided into individual factors, and factors related to the work environment and rehabilitation. The most prominent differences between the groups were individual factors, such as higher perceived disability, reduced hand function, and dissatisfaction with daily occupations resulting in a lower physical quality of life. The no RTW group had also more ward days (inpatient care) and lower sense of coherence. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the idea that the RTW process can be more dependent on the person's own ability and motivation than on the severity of the hand injury. Suggestions for intervention and further studies are presented in the discussion.
[Prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis and periodontal disease in pregnant diabetic women].

OBJECTIVE To determine the difference in the prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontal disease among non-diabetic, type-II diabetic and pregnant diabetic women. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the period from June 1993 to January 1994, a cross-sectional study was carried out at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología among 160 pregnant women; eighty non-diabetic women were included in the control group, while 40 type-II diabetic and 40 gestational diabetic women conformed the study group. In each patient the following variables were recorded: age, week of pregnancy, the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth Index, the Gingival Index, and the Extent and Severity Index. Statistical analysis was carried out using Analysis of Variance and the Multiple Range Test, with a 95% confidence internal. RESULTS All of the groups had similar prevalences of dental caries (100%). Type-II diabetic women showed a higher prevalence of gingivitis (42.5%) than non-diabetic (36.25%) and gestational diabetic (10%) women, but the differences were not statistically significant between the non-diabetic and type-II diabetic women. Type-II diabetic women had a statistically significant higher prevalence of periodontal disease (12.5%) than the women in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS It is very important to establish proper metabolic control and a fitting oral hygiene in pregnant diabetic women, since type-II diabetes was shown to be associated with a higher prevalence of periodontal disease. Besides, gestational diabetes is likely to pose a high risk of periodontal disease in the absence of preventive measures.
ACTH-Provoked Cortisol Peaks during Sleep and their Effect on the Endogenous Secretory Activity

The effects of low physiological doses of ACTH on nocturnal plasma cortisol patterns were investigated in six male subjects. Concomitant sleep EEG recordings were analysed in relation to the cortisol level. 250 ng ACTH1-24 (Synacthène), injected through an indwelling catheter at a period of low adreno-cortical activity (2400 h), induced a cortisol peak followed by a four to five-hour period without any cortisol secretion. The same dose of ACTH injected at 0430 h, when cortisol secretory activity was high, did not entirely abolish endogenous secretion, which was diminished for a shorter time (2.5 hr). The ACTH-provoked cortisol peaks of comparable size to endogenous secretory peaks, can suppress cortisol secretion for several hours. This suppressive capacity depends on timing in relation to high or low secretory activity periods. However, spontaneous cortisol peaks have no appreciable effect on further secretory episodes. This difference in suppressive capacities suggests that the 24 hr cortisol rhythm is regulated independently of such feedback mechanisms.
An analysis of skeletal development in osteoblast‐specific and chondrocyte‐specific runt‐related transcription factor‐2 (Runx2) knockout mice

Global gene deletion studies in mice and humans have established the pivotal role of runt related transcription factor‐2 (Runx2) in both intramembranous and endochondral ossification processes during skeletogenesis. In this study, we for the first time generated mice carrying a conditional Runx2 allele with exon 4, which encodes the Runt domain, flanked by loxP sites. These mice were crossed with α1(I)‐collagen‐Cre or α1(II)‐collagen‐Cre transgenic mice to obtain osteoblast‐specific or chondrocyte‐specific Runx2 deficient mice, respectively. As seen in Runx2−/− mice, perinatal lethality was observed in α1(II)‐Cre;Runx2flox/flox mice, but this was not the case in animals in which α1(I)‐collagen‐Cre was used to delete Runx2. When using double‐staining with Alizarin red for mineralized matrix and Alcian blue for cartilaginous matrix, we observed previously that mineralization was totally absent at embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) throughout the body in Runx2−/− mice, but was found in areas undergoing intramembranous ossification such as skull and clavicles in α1(II)‐Cre;Runx2flox/flox mice. In newborn α1(II)‐Cre;Runx2flox/flox mice, mineralization impairment was restricted to skeletal areas undergoing endochondral ossification including long bones and vertebrae. In contrast, no apparent skeletal abnormalities were seen in mutant embryo, newborn, and 3‐week‐old to 6‐week old‐mice in which Runx2 had been deleted with the α1(I)‐collagen‐Cre driver. These results suggest that Runx2 is absolutely required for endochondral ossification during embryonic and postnatal skeletogenesis, but that disrupting its expression in already committed osteoblasts as achieved here with the α1(I)‐collagen‐Cre driver does not affect overtly intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The Runx2 floxed allele established here is undoubtedly useful for investigating the role of Runx2 in particular cells. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Multiple speciation events in an arthropod with divergent evolution in sexual morphology

Sexual selection can facilitate divergent evolution of traits related to mating and consequently promote speciation. Theoretically, independent operation of sexual selection in different populations can lead to divergence of sexual traits among populations and result in allopatric speciation. Here, we show that divergent evolution in sexual morphology affecting mating compatibility (body size and genital morphologies) and speciation have occurred in a lineage of millipedes, the Parafontaria tonominea species complex. In this millipede group, male and female body and genital sizes exhibit marked, correlated divergence among populations, and the diverged morphologies result in mechanical reproductive isolation between sympatric species. The morphological divergence occurred among populations independently and without any correlation with climatic variables, although matching between sexes has been maintained, suggesting that morphological divergence was not a by-product of climatic adaptation. The diverged populations underwent restricted dispersal and secondary contact without hybridization. The extent of morphological difference between sympatric species is variable, as is diversity among allopatric populations; consequently, the species complex appears to contain many species. This millipede case suggests that sexual selection does contribute to species richness via morphological diversification when a lineage of organisms consists of highly divided populations owing to limited dispersal.
CEO Compensation and Government Ownership

Research Question/Issue. Despite the benefits of privatization (i.e., divestiture of government‐owned enterprises), governments still own substantial stakes in economically important firms. Given public concern about excessive compensation and frequent government responses, this paper compares the level and structure of CEO compensation in privatized firms, including those still partially owned by governments, to firms never owned by the government. Research Findings/Insights. Using a multinational sample of firms, we find that privatized firms have lower total CEO compensation than private firms never owned by governments. CEO equity‐linked wealth in privatized firms is less sensitive to stock performance, and equity compensation is negatively related to government ownership stakes. Privatized companies engage in less risk‐taking than nonprivatized companies, suggesting that government risk aversion could explain differences in CEO compensation. Theoretical/Academic Implications. This study finds that the role government ownership plays in the level and structure of executive compensation is broadly consistent with pay regulations governments periodically impose. It provides empirical support for the argument that government owners are risk‐averse and associated with lower equity‐linked executive pay, which discourages CEO risk‐taking. Practitioner/Policy Implications. This study encourages corporate boards to consider the degree of government involvement in their firms when setting CEO compensation packages and policies. Government concerns about excessive compensation may require boards to find other ways to incentivize CEOs, particularly given the weaker governance linked to state‐influenced firms. Additionally, governments should analyze their influences on CEO compensation, and how these can affect performance, when considering their ownership stakes in public companies.
Impact of FDI on Indian Economy

India has witnessed a tremendous economic growth, as measured by GDP, over the past 10 years. Many experts have pointed out that FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) has been one of the major factors taking India to this growth level. Foreign investment in India has increased continuously since liberalization in 1991 till date. FDI has been advantageous to Indian economy in several aspects, though a few drawbacks of FDI cannot be ruled out. The present paper conducts a review of studies in this area so as to analyze the impact of FDI on Indian economy.