Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CVLT-II Forced Choice Recognition Trial as an Embedded Validity Indicator: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Abstract Objectives: The Forced Choice Recognition (FCR) trial of the California Verbal Learning Test, 2nd edition, was designed as an embedded performance validity test (PVT). To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of classification accuracy against reference PVTs. Methods: Results from peer-reviewed studies with FCR data published since 2002 encompassing a variety of clinical, research, and forensic samples were summarized, including 37 studies with FCR failure rates (N=7575) and 17 with concordance rates with established PVTs (N=4432). Results: All healthy controls scored >14 on FCR. On average, 16.9% of the entire sample scored ≤14, while 25.9% failed reference PVTs. Presence or absence of external incentives to appear impaired (as identified by researchers) resulted in different failure rates (13.6% vs. 3.5%), as did failing or passing reference PVTs (49.0% vs. 6.4%). FCR ≤14 produced an overall classification accuracy of 72%, demonstrating higher specificity (.93) than sensitivity (.50) to invalid performance. Failure rates increased with the severity of cognitive impairment. Conclusions: In the absence of serious neurocognitive disorder, FCR ≤14 is highly specific, but only moderately sensitive to invalid responding. Passing FCR does not rule out a non-credible presentation, but failing FCR rules it in with high accuracy. The heterogeneity in sample characteristics and reference PVTs, as well as the quality of the criterion measure across studies, is a major limitation of this review and the basic methodology of PVT research in general. (JINS, 2016, 22, 851–858)
New Results on the Connectivity in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

We first investigate when it is possible for two nodes in a wireless network to communicate with each other. Based on the result from bond percolation in a two-dimensional lattice, as long as the probability that a sub-square is close is less than 0.5 and each sub-square contains at least four nodes, percolation occurs. Following that, we establish the conditions for full connectivity in a network graph. How two adjacent sub-squares are connected differentiates this work from others. Two adjacent sub-squares are connected if there exists a communicating path between them instead of a direct communication link. The full connectivity occurs almost surely if each sub-square contains at least one node and the probability of having an open sub- edge is no less than 0.3822. Simulations are conducted to validate the proposed conditions for percolation and full connectivity. We also apply the results to SINR model [1]. We find each node can tolerate more interference than that stated in [1]. Last, we extend the results to the case of unreliable transmission. Under this situation, increasing nodes per sub-square or maintaining the probability of successful transmission above a certain threshold seems to be two possible approaches to achieve percolation and full connectivity.
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infection of Endothelial Cells Promotes Naïve Monocyte Extravasation and Transfer of Productive Virus To Enhance Hematogenous Dissemination of HCMV

ABSTRACT Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pathogenesis is dependent on the hematogenous spread of the virus to host tissue. While data suggest that infected monocytes are required for viral dissemination from the blood to the host organs, infected endothelial cells are also thought to contribute to this key step in viral pathogenesis. We show here that HCMV infection of endothelial cells increased the recruitment and transendothelial migration of monocytes. Infection of endothelial cells promoted the increased surface expression of cell adhesion molecules (intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, E-selectin, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1), which were necessary for the recruitment of naïve monocytes to the apical surface of the endothelium and for the migration of these monocytes through the endothelial cell layer. As a mechanism to account for the increased monocyte migration, we showed that HCMV infection of endothelial cells increased the permeability of the endothelium. The cellular changes contributing to the increased permeability and increased naïve monocyte transendothelial migration include the disruption of actin stress fiber formation and the decreased expression of lateral junction proteins (occludin and vascular endothelial cadherin). Finally, we showed that the migrating monocytes were productively infected with the virus, documenting that the virus was transferred to the migrating monocyte during passage through the lateral junctions. Together, our results provide evidence for an active role of the infected endothelium in HCMV dissemination and pathogenesis.
Neutrophil Membrane Sulfhydryl Groups Are Involved in Stimulated Neutrophil Adherence to Endothelium

We investigated the role of membrane sulfhydryl groups in adherence of stimulated polymorphonuclear neutrophils to cultured endothelial cells. Treatment of neutrophils with p‐chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate (PCMPS), a slowly penetrating sulfhydryl reagent, inhibited phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)‐ or calcium ionophore A23187‐stimulated adherence to cultured human or bovine endothelial cells. At concentrations which completely blocked PMA‐stimulated adherence, PCMPS did not cause release of lactic dehydrogenase, inhibit PMA‐mediated degranulation or hydrogen peroxide production, or prevent the PMA‐induced increased surface expression of CD11b/CD 18 (Mac‐1). Coincubation with a competing reduced sulfhydryl compound protected neutrophils from inhibition of PMA‐stimulated adherence by PCMPS, whereas coincubation with an oxidized sulfhydryl compound did not. Monobromotrimethylammoniobimane, a nonpenetrating sulfhydryl reagent that is structurally unrelated to PCMPS, also inhibited stimulated neutrophil adherence to endothelium cultures. We conclude that stimulated neutrophil adherence to endothelium involves neutrophil membrane protein sulfhydryl groups.
Natural history of adrenal cortical carcinoma: A clinicopathologic study of 42 patients

To study the biologic behavior and natural history of this rare but challenging tumor faced by oncologists, a clinicopathologic study of 42 patients with histologically proven adrenal cortical carcinoma from Roswell Park Memorial Institute (1929–1977) was done. These constituted . 04% of all cancer cases and 0.2% of all autopsy cases. Age range was 3–74 years with median of 53 years; female to male ratio was 1.5 to 1. Clinical manifestations were: abdominal mass (36%), metastatic disease (30%), hormonal excess (17%) and weakness with lethargy (17%). Nine of ten functioning tumors were seen in female patients. Tumors arose in left adrenal in 26 patients, right adrenal in 12, and in four the site could not be determined because of bilateral presence of cancer. Median duration of symptoms was six months. At diagnosis, 52% had distant metastases, 41% had locally advanced tumor and 7% had tumor confined to adrenal. Sixteen patients underwent “curative” resection. Tumor diameter ranged from 1–30 cm with median of 10 cm. Of 28 patients who received different chemotherapeutic regimens, three (11%) had objective response; four of ten patients had objective response to radiation therapy. Overall median and five‐year survival rates were 14 months and 24%. Prolonged survival (P < .05) was noted in women, patients who had “curative” resection, a disease‐free interval of more than 12 months, and tumor size > 10 cm diameter. Patients with functional tumors had longer median survival than those with nonfunctional ones (28 vs. 12), but P value was > . 05. A second primary cancer was noted in 22.4% of cases, breast and lymphoma being the most common. At autopsy in 31 patients, the most common metastatic sites were retroperitoneal lymph nodes 68%, lung 71%, liver 42%, and bone 26%. To improve survival, an aggressive surgical approach is recommended to extirpate the tumor with involved organs and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Adrenal carcinoma should be suspected in patients with metastatic cancer with an occult primary.
The New MIRUS System for Short-Term Sedation in Postsurgical ICU Patients*

Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of the MIRUS system (Pall International, Sarl, Fribourg, Switzerland) for sedation with sevoflurane for postsurgical ICU patients and to evaluate atmospheric pollution during sedation. Design: Prospective interventional study. Setting: Surgical ICU. February 2016 to December 2016. Patients: Postsurgical patients requiring ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and sedation. Interventions: Sevoflurane was administered with the MIRUS system targeted to a Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale from –3 to –5 by adaptation of minimum alveolar concentration. Measurements and Main Results: Data collected included Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale, minimum alveolar concentration, inspired and expired sevoflurane fraction, wake-up times, duration of sedation, sevoflurane consumption, respiratory and hemodynamic data, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment, and laboratory data and biomarkers of organ injury. Atmospheric pollution was monitored at different sites: before sevoflurane delivery (baseline) and during sedation with the probe 15 cm up to the MIRUS system (S1) and 15 cm from the filter-Reflector group (S2). Sixty-two patients were enrolled in the study. No technical failure occurred. Median Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale was –4.5 (interquartile range, –5 to –3.6) with sevoflurane delivered at a median minimum alveolar concentration of 0.45% (interquartile range, 0.4–0.53) yielding a mean inspiratory and expiratory concentrations of 0.79% (SD, 0.24) and 0.76% (SD, 0.18), respectively. Median awakening time was 4 minutes (2.2–5 min). Median duration of sevoflurane administration was 3.33 hours (2.33–5.75 hr), range 1–19 hours with a mean consumption of 7.89 mL/hr (SD, 2.99). Hemodynamics remained stable over the study period, and no laboratory data indicated liver or kidney injury or dysfunction. Median sevoflurane room air concentration was 0.10 parts per million (interquartile range, 0.07–0.15), 0.17 parts per million (interquartile range, 0.14–0.27), and 0.15 parts per million (interquartile range, 0.07–0.19) at baseline, S1, and S2, respectively. Conclusions: The MIRUS system is a promising and safe alternative for short-term sedation with sevoflurane of ICU patients. Atmospheric pollution is largely below the recommended thresholds (< 5 parts per million). Studies extended to more heterogeneous population of patients undergoing longer duration of sedation are needed to confirm these observations.
Self‐reported skin symptoms in metal workers

Machinists and machine maintenance men working in the metal industry use metal‐working fluids capable of causing irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. The objectives of this study were to find out the frequency of skin symptoms in machinists and machine maintenance men (metal workers) and to compare the risk of their skin symptoms to that in office workers (controls). A total of 726 male metal workers and 84 controls answered a structured telephone questionnaire enquiring about work, atopy, skin symptoms, their impact on life, etc. The risk of skin symptoms compared with that in the controls was estimated using a logistic regression analysis. Of the metal workers, 20% reported recurring or prolonged dermatitis on their hands or forearms during the past 12 months. The hand or forearm dermatitis (HD) affected mostly the metal workers’ mood and their activities at work. Recurring dermatitis elsewhere (DE) than in the hands and in connection with work was reported by 10%. The risk of HD was about twofold and the risk of DE was about fourfold compared with that in the controls. The HD of machinists may be severe and affect their ability to work. DE may have clinical significance in machinists.
Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 diarrhoea associated with well water and infected cattle on an Ontario farm

A 16-month old female child living on an Ontario dairy farm was taken to hospital suffering from bloody diarrhoea. Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 was isolated from her stool. Initial tests of well water samples were negative for E. coli by standard methods but culture of selected coliform colonies on sorbitol-MacConkey agar led to isolation of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7. E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 was also isolated from 63% of cattle on the farm. The E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 isolates from the child, the water and the cattle were phage type 14, produced verotoxins 1 and 2, and were highly related on analysis by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The child did not have known direct contact with the cattle and did not consume unpasteurized milk. Hydrogeological investigation revealed the design and location of the well would allow manure-contaminated surface water to flow into the well. This investigation demonstrates that cattle farm well water is a potential source of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 which may not be identified by standard screening for E. coli in water.
Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: comparative findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study.

BACKGROUND Deliberate self-harm among young people is an important focus of policy and practice internationally. Nonetheless, there is little reliable comparative international information on its extent or characteristics. We have conducted a seven-country comparative community study of deliberate self-harm among young people. METHOD Over 30,000 mainly 15- and 16-year-olds completed anonymous questionnaires at school in Australia, Belgium, England, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands and Norway. Study criteria were developed to identify episodes of self-harm; the prevalence of self-harm acts and thoughts, methods used, repetition, reasons given, premeditation, setting for the act, associations with alcohol and drugs, hospitalisation, and whether other people knew, were examined. RESULTS Self-harm was more than twice as common among females as males and, in four of the seven countries, at least one in ten females had harmed herself in the previous year. Additional young people had thought of harming themselves without doing so. More males and females in all countries except Hungary cut themselves than used any other method, most acts took place at home, and alcohol and illegal drugs were not usually involved. The most common reasons given were 'to get relief from a terrible state of mind' followed by 'to die', although there were differences between those cutting themselves and those taking overdoses. About half the young people decided to harm themselves in the hour before doing so, and many did not attend hospital or tell anyone else. Just over half those who had harmed themselves during the previous year reported more than one episode over their lifetime. CONCLUSIONS Deliberate self-harm is a widespread yet often hidden problem in adolescents, especially females, which shows both similarities and differences internationally.
Knowledge, attitude and practices of health staff regarding infectious waste handling of tertiary care health facilities at metropolitan city of Pakistan.

BACKGROUND Health Care Waste (HCW) is considered as the second dangerous waste in the World that needs to be properly disposed by trained health care staff. Good knowledge, positive attitude and safe practices of medical staff is very imperative while managing this infectious waste. This assessment has been conducted to determine the situation and KAP of infectious waste management in health care workers working at tertiary care settings health facilities of Rawalpindi, Pakistan. METHODS This study was part of an ongoing quasi-experimental with control and intervention design and was conducted in tertiary care governmental hospitals of Rawalpindi by interviewing healthcare workers (HCWs) who were selected randomly after the sample size calculation. The participants were selected according to the proportional size of the each HCWs for their equal representation from all the groups. Self-administered valid and reliable questionnaire were adapted after taking the written consent. Ethical consideration was taken from ethical committee of Health Services Academy Pakistan. RESULTS Total 275 HCWs including doctors, nurses, paramedics and sanitary workers were interviewed during this baseline survey. The mean age of the health workers were 30 +/- 5 years. Infectious waste management practices with in both hospitals were not found statistically significant (p = 0.33). However, the sociodemographic information like age, gender, level of education and experience, when compared with the practices were found statistically significant (p < 0.05). Doctors and nurses have better knowledge, positive attitude and good practices compare to paramedics and sanitary staff regarding infectious waste management and was found statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Practices among HCWs were not found up to the standards in these tertiary care hospitals of Pakistan and were not following the proper guidelines and WHO rules.
Comparison of different test models for the assessment of cytotoxicity of composite resins

This study compared the use of different test models to assess the cytotoxicity of a dental composite. The cytotoxicity of a composite polymerized using two halogen‐based light‐curing units (LCUs) (Max LC and Astralis) and two light‐emitting diode LCUs (E‐light and Freelight) served as the basis of comparison. Disk‐shaped specimens (7 mm diameter, 2 mm high) were fabricated using the four different light sources. The specimens were used in several cytotoxicity test models: direct and indirect contact tests as well as an extract test with an established cell line L‐929. The cells were stained with neutral red after cell‐material contact for 48 h. Neutral red‐stained areas (in mm2, for direct and indirect tests) and absorbance readings (for extract tests) were analysed statistically using ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test, with P < 0.05 considered to be significantly different. Good correlation between direct and indirect contact tests (r = 0.903) was found. The extract test was the least correlated among the three tests. It was found that the E‐light + Freelight‐cured composite elicited cytotoxicity from the correlated studies. Uncured specimens were most detrimental to the cells in all tests. Our data demonstrated that composite cured with light‐emitting diode LCUs were cytotoxic to L‐929 cells. Different test models were found to give rise to different findings. Thus, a good cell‐material contact method would replicate more closely the physiological situation in vivo. This in turn would give more clinically relevant results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Death from drowning: defining a new challenge for child survival in Bangladesh

The study focuses on children less than 5 years old and explores the epidemiological profile and correlates of drowning as a challenge to child survival in Bangladesh. Two data sources from Bangladesh, a cohort of 8,070 children followed for 2 years in a rural area and a nation-wide survey conducted in 1996–97 have been used. In addition, a systematic review of the literature has been conducted spanning the past two decades for analysis of drowning in children. Seventy drowning deaths were reported in the cohort and 726 deaths were reported in the national survey. Verbal autopsy and semi-structured interviews were conducted on all deaths. Drowning accounted for 43% of deaths in the cohort and 20% of deaths in 1–4-year-old children in the national survey. Most drowning deaths were in 12–23 month old children from falling into ditches and ponds. Communities provided valuable insights on possible interventions to reduce deaths due to drowning. Drowning is a newly recognized challenge for Bangladesh. Considerable research and programmatic work is required to understand the nature of the problem and develop appropriate interventions. This paper calls on aid agencies to create opportunities for drowning research and action in their work plans for the country.
Problem solving and functional design features: experiments on cotton-top tamarins,Saguinus oedipus oedipus


In any problem-solving situation, there are features associated with the problem that are relevant from a functional perspective and other features that are irrelevant. To determine whether animals are sensitive to the distinction between functionally relevant and irrelvant features of a problem, we conducted two main experiments with a New World monkey, the cotton-top tamarin. In the first condition of both experiments, subjects were required to pull a piece of cloth to gain access to a piece of food. The first experiment involved choosing between food that was on the cloth and food that was off the cloth. The second experiment involved choosing between food that was on a connected piece of cloth and food that was on two pieces of cloth separated by a horizontal gap. Having learned to solve either of these two problems, we conducted a series of probe conditions to determine whether the tamarins would generalize to changes in the shape, size, colour, and texture of the cloth and food, the position of the food relative to the cloth, and the type of connection between two pieces of cloth. For most of the probe conditions, the tamarins readily generalized, showing no decrement in performance, even on the first trial. For other conditions, involving apparently more subtle discrimination (e.g. a narrow vertical gap between the two pieces of cloth), explicit training was required. These results indicate that tamarins solve means-end relationships, and that their ability depends on a discrimination between properties that are functionally relevant as opposed to irrelevant. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Temporal Attention-Augmented Bilinear Network for Financial Time-Series Data Analysis

Financial time-series forecasting has long been a challenging problem because of the inherently noisy and stochastic nature of the market. In the high-frequency trading, forecasting for trading purposes is even a more challenging task, since an automated inference system is required to be both accurate and fast. In this paper, we propose a neural network layer architecture that incorporates the idea of bilinear projection as well as an attention mechanism that enables the layer to detect and focus on crucial temporal information. The resulting network is highly interpretable, given its ability to highlight the importance and contribution of each temporal instance, thus allowing further analysis on the time instances of interest. Our experiments in a large-scale limit order book data set show that a two-hidden-layer network utilizing our proposed layer outperforms by a large margin all existing state-of-the-art results coming from much deeper architectures while requiring far fewer computations.