Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strategies of Chemical Protection for Controlling Soybean Rust

Asian soybean rust ( Phakopsora pachyrhizi ) is an aggressive and destructive disease that undermines the current 34 million hectares of soybean production system in Brazil. The disease is present throughout the entire cultivated area. The disease control has required a combination of several practices in order to avoid losses. In the last 15 harvests, the application of fungicides has been shown as an effective alternative for the producer in the control of this aggressive disease. Since the first fungicides emergency recommended for the 2002/03 season (azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, fluconazole, pyraclostrobin + epox‐ iconazole, and tebuconazole), a large number of new formulations were added to the arsenal to control rust. There are today recorded in MAPA (Ministry of Agriculture and Supply) about 45 active ingredients (alone or in combination are about 120), trademarks, and formulations for the rational use against rust. Among fungicides, there are differ‐ ences in efficacy, residual period, metabolic stability, and translocation rate, requiring care from the producer and technical assistance in the choice of the product to be used in each situation. In this review, the chemical control of rust is analyzed in Brazil from 2001/02 to 2013/14; its economic importance, strategic variables for the rational fungicides practice, factors that complicate the chemical control and the risk of resistance to the main
Source Characteristics of the M w 6 . 2 Loreto Earthquake of 12 March 2003 that Occurred in a Transform Fault in the Middle of the Gulf of California , Mexico by

We analyzed the Loreto earthquake of 12 March 2003 Mw 6.2, which occurred in the transform fault that joins the Guaymas and Carmen Basins in the middle of the Gulf of California. This event was recorded by a network of autonomous continuously recording broadband seismographs located over the Baja California Peninsula, Sonora, and Sinaloa states of Mexico. The main event was located at 26.615 N and 111.09 W, at a depth of 5.0 2 km. A foreshock of magnitude 4.2 was recorded and located at 26.580 N and 111.011 W. We located 35 aftershocks, 20% of them were located in the rupture area of the mainshock consistent with a nearly vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault with a northwest–southeast trend. Rupture propagation derived from waveform analysis indicated that the rupture propagated from northwest to southeast. Most of the aftershocks occurred southeaster of the main event. From the statistical analysis of 333 aftershocks we calculated a bvalue of 0.68. Focal depth and fault geometry were estimated from body-wave form modeling of P and S waves. Synthetics were calculated using Herrmann’s (1987) reflectivity code with a triangular source time function of 6 sec. The best match between synthetics and recorded P and S waves were obtained with a fault geometry given by a strike of 117 4 , a dip of 79 2 , and a slip of 168 2 . We calculated a seismic moment of 2.68 10 N m (2.68 10 dyne cm), a source radius of 6.8 0.7 km, and a static stress drop of 3.8 1.2 Mp (38 12 bars). Calculated static stress drops of previous events located in the Gulf of California range from 0.2 to 12.5 Mp (2 to 125 bars).
Water - use Efficiency of Two Wheat Cultivars ( Triticum aestivum L.) under Tropical High Terrace Soil Conditions

The water – use efficiency, growth and yield of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) under tropical high terrace soil conditions were investigated. This study was conducted for two consecutive winter seasons (2009/10-2010/11) at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Nile Valley University, Darmali, Sudan. The experiment design was randomized complete block in split plot arrangement with three replications. The treatments consisted of five irrigation levels (0.4 ET "I 1 ", 0.6 ET "I 2 ", 0.8 ET "I 3 ", 1 ET "I 4 " and 1.2 ET "I 5 ") occupied the main plots and the two wheat cultivars (Emam and condor) were the sub-plots. The results showed that the leaf area index, plant height, spike length, harvest index, 1000- kernel weight and grain yield were significantly increased by increasing irrigation levels. The highest grain yield among two cultivars across irrigation levels was produced by Emam (2335 kg ha -1 ). However, the lowest grain yield was produced by Condor cultivar (1348 kg ha -1 ). Irrigation level treatments I 5 and I 4 gave significantly the highest grain yield 2112 kg ha -1 and 2024 kg ha -1 , respectively. Whereas the lowest grain yields (1424 kg ha -1 ) was observed at irrigation treatment I 1 . The results indicated a highly negative relationship between grain yield and water-use efficiency. Water-use efficiency decreased with increasing irrigation level treatments. Emam cultivar, with higher grain yield, tended to have higher water-use efficiency than Condor cultivar. So it was concluded that, to grow Emam cultivar with the irrigation level 1 ET "I4" is the best management for optimizing wheat yield under tropical high terrace soil conditions.
Investigation of Phloroglucinol Succinic Acid Dendrimer as Antimicrobial Agent against Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli and Candida Albicans

In this study, antimicrobial investigations for the efficiently synthesized biocompatible Phloroglucinol Succinic acid (PGSA) dendrimer with anionic surfaces were performed using broth dilution method against a Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus), a Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) and a fungal human pathogen (Candida albicans) to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value. Additionally, fluorescence and UV absorbance spectroscopy techniques were used to monitor the release of intracellular materials from the pathogens owing to anionic dendrimers. The exact binding sites of this dendrimer on these pathogens by molecular modelling studies motivated us to report this nanocarrier as a new antimicrobial agent.
Influence of Drying Techniques on the Physicochemical and Mechanical Characterization of Scallion (Allium Schoneprasum) Leaves

Effect of different drying methods on selected mechanical, physical and chemical properties on the scallion leaves was studied. The green edible part of this plant was subjected to shadow, convective oven (50°C) and microwave (630 W) to evaluate the drying kinetic, surface color, maximum bending force, failure strain, toughness, pH, total phenol content (TPC) and total soluble solid (TSS) of samples. Results demonstrated that the microwave and oven drying shortened the drying time over than approximately 86 and 99% when compared to the shadow drying. The microwave method can make a balance between drying time and product quality. The total color difference (∆E) was ranged from 7.86 to 12.58. The lowest value of ∆E (7.86) belonged to microwave dried leaves indicating good resistance to color degradation. The highest value of toughness was recorded in shadow samples (6.84×10) showed that failure of leaves needs more energy; however a straight crack path was easily produced in microwave dried leaves. Drying processes generally results in a depletion of pH, TSS and TPC of fresh plant. The obtained data accentuated that the maximum amounts of TSS (0.13) and TPC (19.83) were recorded in plants dried in shadow.
Evidence for spiral pattern in Saturn's magnetosphere using the new SKR longitudes

The periodicities in electrons observed in Saturn's magnetosphere are examined using the new longitude system based on a drifting signal of Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR). When averaged into longitude and range bins over 50‐day time periods, 28–48 keV electron intensities clearly evidence patterns that peak at successively increasing longitudes with increasing radial distance from Saturn. That is, the electrons form a spiral pattern in the quasi‐corotational frame of SKR longitude. The spiral has only one “arm” that extends from ∼10 RS to as far as ∼60 RS from the planet (where 1 RS = 60268 km); the “arm” migrates an average of ∼3.4° in longitude for every RS of radial distance. The spiral does not remain fixed in SKR longitude, but changes its relative position on time scales of ∼50 days. The “base” of one spiral appears connected with a postulated convection outflow at ∼330° longitude.
The effect of soil surface litter residue on energy and carbon fluxes in a deciduous forest

The Atmosphere–Land Exchange Surface Energy (ALEX) balance model is an analytical formulation of the energy and mass transport within the soil and the vegetation canopy used for simulating energy, evapotranspiration, and CO2 fluxes in a wide range of vegetation environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of ALEX to simulate the effect of soil-surface leaf litter residue on soil heat conduction (G), sensible heat (H), evapotranspiration (ET) (or latent heat (LE) when expressed as rate of energy loss) and CO2 fluxes in a deciduous forest. The model was evaluated in a deciduous forest in Oak Ridge, Tennessee where about 550 g m−2 of dry weight of slow decomposing leaf litter is produced annually during the fall season. Incorporating an explicit formulation of water and energy exchanges within the residue layer in ALEX improved the performance of the model against eddy covariance and G measurements. The discrepancies between model simulations made with and without leaf litter residue were largest during the spring and fall, when soil contributions dominated the energy budget of the forest. During these periods, particularly during the spring, without the inclusion of the residue layer the model overpredicted LE, G, soil temperature and soil moisture, and underpredicted H. The model showed no differences in simulating above-canopy net radiation (RN), with a slight difference in the above-canopy CO2 flux. The largest model improvement for residue effects was in the simulation of G, with the slope of the regression line between predicted and measured values reduced from 2.28 for the model without residue effects to 1.07 when the residue effect was considered. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Synoptic classification of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosols over Israel

[1] The origins and variety of aerosols in Israel are strongly influenced by synoptic conditions as well as other variables. Days affected by a weak Persian trough system are characterized by coarse aerosols from North Africa, which contain mainly mineral dust aerosols, whereas days affected by the Red Sea trough with an eastern axis are characterized by fine aerosols from northern Europe. Some synoptic systems contain both groups of aerosols as well as mixed aerosols, e.g., the Red Sea trough with a central axis. This study utilizes the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra Satellite to obtain a synoptic classification of aerosols over Israel for 6 years. MODIS synoptic classification revealed a number of different aerosol types. For weak Persian trough, a high from the west and a medium Persian trough, the MODIS Terra aerosol optical thickness (AOT) fine mode fractions are 0.51, 0.54, and 0.51, respectively. While for Red Sea trough with an eastern or central axis AOT fine mode fraction (‘f’) is higher and is equal to 0.63 and 0.59, respectively. This is the first study in the region that investigates average back trajectory with regards to both synoptic systems and aerosol type. Investigation of back trajectories for the Persian trough synoptic system indicates that days with low ‘f’ at 700 hPa are associated with flows from North Africa, while days with high ‘f’ are linked to flow from Europe. Most of our findings are not unexpected, but provide the first 6 years quantified aerosol classification which is based on the synoptic systems.
Disease Spread in Metapopulations

Disease Spread in Metapopulations Julien Arino Department of Mathematics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2, arinoj@cc.umanitoba. ca P. van den Driessche Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Victoria, B.C., Canada V8W 3P4, pvdd@math.uvic. ca Abstract. Some continuous time, discrete space, metapopulation models that have been formulated for disease spread are presented. Motivation for such a formulation with travel between discrete patches is presented. A system of 4p ordinary di erential equations describes disease spread in an environment divided into p patches. The basic reproduction number R0 is calculated, with the disease dying out in each patch if R0 < 1. If travel is assumed to be independent of disease status, then numerical results are cited that indicate that for R0 > 1 solutions tend to an endemic equilibrium with the disease present in each patch. The system is extended to include cross infection between several species. A second extension involves keeping track of both the current patch and the patch in which an individual usually resides. Travel can change disease spread in a complicated way; it may help the disease to persist or may aid disease extinction. Complexity that can be built into metapopulation models is illustrated by three case-study examples from the literature.
Vigil Subject : Final Report for the Evaluation of Potential Surface Rupture and Review of Current Seismic Hazards Program at LANL ; Subcontract 9-XT 1Q 8540-1

Subject: Final Report for the Evaluation of Potential Surface Rupture and Review of Current Seismic Hazards Program at LANL; Subcontract 9-XT1-Q8540-1 Dear Dr. Gardner and Ms. Vigil: Please find enclosed three revised letter reports which comprise our final report for the above subcontract. We have incorporated the review comments by Dr. Gardner and Dr. Leigh House into these reports. We have very much enjoyed working on this project and look forward to future endeavors. Best regards, WOODWARD-CLYDE CONSULTANTS
How Many Users Are Enough? Exploring Semi-Supervision and Stylometric Features to Uncover a Russian Troll Farm

Social media has reportedly been (ab)used by Russian troll farms to promote political agendas. Specifically, state-affiliated actors disguise themselves as native citizens of the United States to promote discord and promote their political motives. Therefore, developing methods to automatically detect Russian trolls can ensure fair elections and possibly reduce political extremism by stopping trolls that produce discord. While data exists for some troll organizations (e.g., Internet Research Agency), it is challenging to collect ground-truth accounts for new troll farms in a timely fashion. In this paper, we study the impact the number of labeled troll accounts has on detection performance. We analyze the use of self-supervision with less than 100 troll accounts as training data. We improve classification performance by nearly 4% F1. Furthermore, in combination with self-supervision, we also explore novel features for troll detection grounded in stylometry. Intuitively, we assume that the writing style is consistent across troll accounts because a single troll organization employee may control multiple user accounts. Overall, we improve on models based on words features by ~9% F1.
Active tectonics of the western Mediterranean: Geodetic evidence for rollback of a delaminated subcontinental lithospheric slab beneath the Rif Mountains, Morocco

Surface deformation in Morocco, derived from five years of global positioning system (GPS) survey observations of a 22-station network, four continuously recording GPS (CGPS) stations, and four International GNSS Service (IGS) stations in Iberia, indicates roughly southward motion (∼3 mm/yr) of the Rif Mountains, Morocco, relative to stable Africa. Motion of the Rif is approximately normal to the direction of Africa-Eurasia relative motion, which is predominantly strike slip, and results in shortening of the Rif and subsequent crustal extension of the adjacent Alboran Sea region. The sense, and the N-S asymmetry of the observed deformation (i.e., no evidence for north-directed shortening in the Betic Mountains north of the Alboran Sea) cannot be easily explained in terms of crustal plate interactions, suggesting that dynamic processes below the crust are driving the recent geologic evolution of the western Mediterranean. The model that best fits the observations involves delamination and southward rollback of the African lithospheric mantle under the Alboran and Rif domains.
Patterns of damage in igneous and sedimentary rocks under conditions simulating sea‐salt weathering

A saline‐spray artificial ageing test was used to simulate the effects produced in granites and sedimentary rocks (calcarenites, micrites and breccia) under conditions in coastal environments. Three main points were addressed in this study: the durability of the different kinds of rock to salt decay, the resulting weathering forms and the rock properties involved in the weathering processes. For this, mineralogical and textural characterization of each of the different rocks was carried out before and after the test. The soluble salt content at different depths from the exposed surfaces was also determined. Two different weathering mechanisms were observed in the granite and calcareous rocks. Physical processes were involved in the weathering of granite samples, whereas dissolution of calcite was also involved in the deterioration of the calcareous rocks. We also showed that microstructural characteristics (e.g. pore size distribution), play a key role in salt damage, because of their influence on saline solution transport and on the pressures developed within rocks during crystallization. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Successive Modulation of ENSO to the Future Greenhouse Warming

Abstract The multidecadal modulation of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) due to greenhouse warming has been analyzed herein by means of diagnostics of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) and the eigenanalysis of a simplified version of an intermediate ENSO model. The response of the global-mean troposphere temperature to increasing greenhouse gases is more likely linear, while the amplitude and period of ENSO fluctuates in a multidecadal time scale. The climate system model outputs suggest that the multidecadal modulation of ENSO is related to the delayed response of the subsurface temperature in the tropical Pacific compared to the response time of the sea surface temperature (SST), which would lead a modulation of the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, an eigenanalysis considering only two parameters, the changes in the zonal contrast of the mean background SST and the changes in the vertical contrast .
Age coding: On age-based practices of distinction

In this article I discuss how conceptions of age create individuals’ subjective experiences of old age. I introduce the concept of age coding and argue that it should be understood as referring to practices of distinction that are based on and preserve representations of actions, phenomena, and characteristics as associated with and applicable to demarcated ages. The article illustrates how age codes can be used (1) as age norms; (2) to legitimize, negotiate and regulate symbolic and material resources; (3) as a resource in interactions; as well as (4) to create age-based norms and deviance. This broad application means that the concept should be understood as a tool for analyzing age relations generally.
Towards Completing the Standard Model: Vacuum Stability, EWSB and Dark Matter

We study the standard model (SM) in its full perturbative validity range between $\Lambda_QCD$ and the $U(1)_Y$ Landau pole, assuming that a yet unknown gravitational theory in the UV does not introduce additional particle thresholds, as suggested by the tiny cosmological constant and the absence of new stabilising physics at the EW scale. We find that, due to dimensional transmutation, the SM Higgs potential has a global minimum at 10^26 GeV, invalidating the SM as a phenomenologically acceptable model in this energy range. We show that extending the classically scale invariant SM with one complex singlet scalar S allows us to: (i) stabilise the SM Higgs potential; (ii) induce a scale in the singlet sector via dimensional transmutation that generates the negative SM Higgs mass term via the Higgs portal; (iii) provide a stable CP-odd singlet as the thermal relic dark matter due to CP-conservation of the scalar potential; (iv) provide a degree of freedom that can act as an inflaton in the form of the CP-even singlet. The logarithmic behaviour of dimensional transmutation allows one to accommodate the large hierarchy between the electroweak scale and the Landau pole, while understanding the latter requires a new non-perturbative view on the SM.
Perceptual Evaluation of Source Separation for Remixing Music

Music remixing is difficult when the original multitrack recording is not available. One solution is to estimate the elements of a mixture using source separation. However, existing techniques suffer from imperfect separation and perceptible artifacts on single separated sources. To investigate their influence on a remix, five state-of-the-art source separation algorithms were used to remix six songs by increasing the level of the vocals. A listening test was conducted to assess the remixes in terms of loudness balance and sound quality. The results show that some source separation algorithms are able to increase the level of the vocals by up to 6 dB at the cost of introducing a small but perceptible degradation in sound quality.
Running head: ENRICHING FOLLOWER ENGAGEMENT 1 Do Engaged Leaders Enrich their Followers’ Engagement? Role of LMX and Power Distance

Drawing upon social exchange theories, we developed and tested a model of followers’ work engagement. The goal of this research was to understand why some leaders engage their subordinates and others do not. Questionnaire data were obtained from 214 Malaysian employees and their 77 immediate supervisors. We measured work engagement from both subordinate and supervisor perspectives. Results suggest that leaders can boost followers’ work engagement by displaying their own work engagement and developing high quality exchange relationship (LMX) with followers. But the relationship between leader engagement and LMX depends on the followers’ power distance orientation. Implications for practice include the development of high-quality exchange relationship between supervisors and their subordinates.
The origin of the enhanced metallicity of satellite galaxies.

Observations of galaxies in the local Universe have shown that both the ionized gas and the stars of satellites are more metal-rich than of equally massive centrals. To gain insight into the connection between this metallicity enhancement and other differences between centrals and satellites, such as their star formation rates, gas content, and growth history, we study the metallicities of >3600 galaxies with Mstar > 1010 M⊙ in the cosmological hydrodynamical EAGLE 100 Mpc ‘Reference’ simulation, including ∼1500 in the vicinity of galaxy groups and clusters (M200 ≥ 1013 M⊙). The simulation predicts excess gas and stellar metallicities in satellites consistent with observations, except for stellar metallicities at Mstar ≲ 1010.2 M⊙ where the predicted excess is smaller than observed. The exact magnitude of the effect depends on galaxy selection, aperture, and on whether the metallicity is weighted by stellar mass or luminosity. The stellar metallicity excess in clusters is also sensitive to the efficiency scaling of star formation feedback. We identify stripping of low-metallicity gas from the galaxy outskirts, as well as suppression of metal-poor inflows towards the galaxy centre, as key drivers of the enhancement of gas metallicity. Stellar metallicities in satellites are higher than in the field as a direct consequence of the more metal-rich star-forming gas, whereas stripping of stars and suppressed stellar mass growth, as well as differences in accreted versus in situ star formation between satellites and the field, are of secondary importance.