Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Beliefs and the Oil State Price Density

The oil state price density (SPD) is strongly U-shaped: Investors assign high state prices to both large increases and decreases in the oil price. We use data from the crude oil derivatives market, in which speculation data is available and short selling is not restricted, to document how the SPD varies with proxies for investor beliefs. Investors assign higher state prices to negative oil returns when demand for out-of-the-money puts is high, and when reported speculation is high during the post-…nancialization period. Higher state prices of negative (positive) returns are associated with higher trading volumes in out-of-the-money put (call) options.
Biotic Interaction between Spionid Polychaetes and Bouchardiid Brachiopods: Paleoecological, Taphonomic and Evolutionary Implications

Shells of Bouchardia rosea (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonelliformea) are abundant in Late Holocene death assemblages of the Ubatuba Bight, Brazil, SW Atlantic. This genus is also known from multiple localities in the Cenozoic fossil record of South America. A total of 1211 valves of B. rosea, 2086 shells of sympatric bivalve mollusks (14 nearshore localities ranging in depth from 0 to 30 m), 80 shells of Bouchardia zitteli, San Julián Formation, Paleogene, Argentina, and 135 shells of Bouchardia transplatina, Camacho Formation, Neogene, Uruguay were examined for bioerosion traces. All examined bouchardiid shells represent shallow-water, subtropical marine settings. Out of 1211 brachiopod shells of B. rosea, 1201 represent dead individuals. A total of 149 dead specimens displayed polychaete traces (Caulostrepsis). Live polychaetes were found inside Caulostrepsis borings in 10 life-collected brachiopods, indicating a syn-vivo interaction (Caulostrepsis traces in dead shells of B. rosea were always empty). The long and coiled peristomial palps, large chaetae on both sides of the 5th segment, and flanged pygidium found in the polychaetes are characteristic of the polychaete genus Polydora (Spionidae). The fact that 100% of the Caulostrepsis found in living brachiopods were still inhabited by the trace-making spionids, whereas none was found in dead hosts, implies active biotic interaction between the two living organisms rather than colonization of dead brachiopod shells. The absence of blisters, the lack of valve/site stereotypy, and the fact that tubes open only externally are all suggestive of a commensal relationship. These data document a new host group (bouchardiid rhynchonelliform brachiopods) with which spionids can interact (interestingly, spionid-infested sympatric bivalves have not been found in the study area despite extensive sampling). The syn-vivo interaction indicates that substantial bioerosion may occur when the host is alive. Thus, the presence of such bioerosion traces on fossil shells need not imply a prolonged post-mortem exposure of shells on the sea floor. Also, none of the Paleogene and Neogene Bouchardia species included any ichnological evidence for spionid infestation. This indicates that the Spionidae/ Bouchardia association may be geologically young, although the lack of older records may also reflect limited sampling and/or taphonomic biases.
Reconstructing Fluid Expulsion and Migration North of the Variscan Orogen, Northern England

ABSTRACT Lower Carboniferous platform carbonates in northern England host lead-zinc-fluorite-barite deposits that have previously been classified as Mississippi Valley-type (MVT). The controls on the distribution of low-temperature, particularly MVT, minerals have long been debated, but the interplay of basin evolution and fluid movement is often neglected. Early Carboniferous sedimentation on the Derbyshire Platform took place within a back-arc extensional regime, north of the northward-migrating Variscan orogenic front, which increasingly influenced fluid movement on the platform throughout the Carboniferous. It is the interplay of fluid movement, cementation, and Variscan tectonism that is the focus of this paper, which aims to reconstruct fluid movement within a basin moving from an extensional to a compressional regime. In particular, it demonstrates the variability of fluid flux during post-rift subsidence and basin inversion and the corresponding influences of this upon mineral distribution. During early burial of the Derbyshire Platform, pore-filling cements were precipitated from meteoric porewaters, driven downdip from the east under topographic drive. These cements occluded most interparticle porosity, and therefore permeability became fracture-controlled. The waning effects of extensional tectonism during post-rift subsidence permitted intermittent expulsion of small volumes of trace metal-charged, carbonate-saturated fluids from overpressured contemporaneous clastic basins adjacent to the Derbyshire Platform. Overall, however, waning tectonism meant that the volume of fluids released during this period remained minor. With the onset of the Variscan Orogeny, and resultant compressional tectonism and basin inversion, Caledonian basement fault systems were reactivated, channeling large volumes of trace metal-charged fluids from the basins onto the Derbyshire Platform, establishing an east-west component to fluid flow. The reconstruction of fluid expulsion and migration within this tectonically active regime demonstrates variations in fluid source and migration pathways during basin evolution. Consequently, fluid movement is complex, with the platform receiving fluids from a variety of sources. This highlights the importance of understanding both the temporal and the spatial variations in cement chemistry when reconstructing flow. The results of this study have relevance to other mineralized carbonate platforms in extensional and compressional settings worldwide and especially to sedimentary basins that host MVT deposits and hydrocarbons, where it is crucial to understand the timing and mechanisms of diagenetic cementation and hydrocarbon emplacement.
The Influence of Leadership On School Climate: A Case of Senior High Schools In Hohoe Municipality of Ghana

Leadership style has so much potential influence on institutions that it should be considered seriously in all aspects of administrative behaviour especially in educational institutions. The study therefore, examined the leadership and its potential influence on the climate of selected Senior High Schools in the Hohoe Municipal in the Volta Region of Ghana. The specific objectives of the study were; to identify the dominant leadership styles exhibited by the heads in the selected senior high schools, find out how teachers perceived the leadership style of the heads in the selected senior high schools, evaluate the organization climate of the selected senior high schools and establish the relationship between leadership styles and school climate. The study adopted descriptive survey method. The study population included all the teachers in the three selected senior high schools. Proportionate sampling was used to select 100 teachers as the sampling size while simple random sampling was used to select respondents from each of the three selected senior high schools and the main instruments used for data collection was questionnaires adapted for the purpose of this study. Two different questionnaires were used. The study revealed the following findings: democratic leadership style was dominantly used by the heads of the selected SHS, the school climate of the selected schools was positive and there is inverse relationship between school climate and leadership style of the head. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made: heads' of senior high schools who serve over 10 years in a particular school should be transferred to another schools, the heads should continuously undertake educational leadership courses, teachers should undertake in-service course in educational leadership and heads should involve teachers and students in decision making in all matters relating to school administration in order to foster positive school climate.
EVALUATING MORTALITY RATE CAUSED BY ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITIES IN PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED

Adjustment of composition of body fluids and electrolytes is one of the most important aspects of patients care. Sodium and Potassium are the most important body cations, the improper adjustment of them will cause sever disorders in neuromuscular, gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Acute renal failure indicated by increase in creatinine and nitrogen urea, brings an accumulation of fluids, salts and metabolites of nitrogen in body. This study intends to assess the status of electrolyte abnormalities and mortality rates of the patients hospitalized in ICU wards in our country. This is a descriptive and retrospective study on the records of 378 patients hospitalized in ICU. A questionnaire was prepared and the data were entered in SPSS system. They were statistically analyzed by using chi-square and fisher's Exact test methods. Out of 378 patients hospitalized in ICU, over 2/3 of them were male and over half of them were>45 years old. Frequency distribution of electrolyte abnormalities was as follows: Hyponatremia 59% hypernatremia 23% hypokalemia 37% hyperkalemia 28%, 35% and 21% of patients had respectively BUN and creatinine more than the normal range. 26% of patients hospitalized in ICU had nonsurgical problems and 74% of the patients had surgical problems. Average time of hospitalization in ICU was 85 days and mortality rate was 35%. The most common electrolyte abnormality was related to variation in serum sodium levels in the form of hyponatremia. And the highest prevalence electrolyte abnormality in dead patients was hyponatremia. This study proves that the prevalence of electrolyte abnormalities is directly related to mortality and increase in hospitalization period and those having undergone surgical operations during hospitalization in ICU, manifested more abnormalities.
Phytochemical screening and hypoglycemic effect of methanolic fruit pulp extract of Cucumis sativus in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Phytochemical screening and hypoglycemic effect of methanolic fruit pulp extract of Cucumis sativus on alloxan induced diabetic rats was investigated. The phytochemical analysis of the methanolic fruit pulp extract of C. sativus indicated the presence of saponins, glycosides, terpenes, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. The methanolic fruit pulp extract of C. sativus was administered orally to the alloxan induced diabetic rats and it significantly decreased (P<0.05) the fasting blood glucose concentration (mg/dl) from 231.25±1.11 to 82.25±1.55 at 500 mg/kg body weight. The standard antidiabetic drug (Glibenclamide) administered orally at 5 mg/kg body weight also significantly decreased (P<0.05) blood glucose concentration from 189.00±2.42 to 61.00±2.48. This study therefore revealed that the methanolic fruit pulp extract of C. sativus contains active substances with hypoglycemic activity and could be used in the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus. Key words: Cucumis sativus, hypoglycemic activity, phytochemical screening, alloxan, methanolic.
Nitrite Poisoning of Fish in Aquaculture Facilities with Water-recirculating Systems

Svobodova, Z. , J. Machova, G. Poleszczuk, J. HUda, J. Hamaakova, H. Kroupova: Nitrite Poisoning of Fish in Aquaculture Facilities with Water-recirculating Systems. Acta Vet Brno 2005, 74: 129-137. Three cases of severely compromised fish health and death in newly commissioned aquaculture facilities with water-recirculating systems are described. The cause of the damage and death was increased concentrations of water-borne nitrites and the subsequent methaemoglobinemia. The aim of the study was to better understand the aetiology of these cases of poisoning to help prevent them, and to examine effects of some water quality parameters on nitrite toxicity. The increased NO 2 - concentrations in water were caused by impaired functionality of biological filters in the second stage of nitrification, i.e. the conversion of NO2 - to NO3 - . Chloride concentrations in water were considered the main factor influencing NO 2 - toxicity in all of the cases described. In the case of death of catfish and tench, the Cl - to N-NO2 - weight ratios were in the range of 13 - 28 and 11 19, respectively. In the case of tilapia health impairment without symptoms of toxicity, the ratios were between 50 and 150. In the water tank inflow, the Cl - to N-NO2 - weight ratios were between 2000 and 10000. Blood methaemoglobin levels of catfish and tench (severe symptoms of poisoning) and of tilapia (no signs of impairment, only brownish discolouration of gills) were over 80% and 21%, respectively). In order to minimize risks in culture of fish in water-recirculating systems, it is necessary to choose a proper stock of fish and a proper feeding ratio, not to treat the fish with antibiotics in the form of baths, to check meticulously the quality of water. In case of increasing concentration of nitrites, to administer sodium chloride to get the chloride concentration increased at least to 100 mg·l -1 Cl - . Better operation of a biological filter can be speeded up by inoculation with activated sludge.
NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF PARTICLE DISPERSION IN A MIXING LAYER USING AN EULERIAN TWO-PHASE FLOW MODEL

The paper describes the application of a numerical method to the prediction of dispersion of heavy particles in a shear layer. The method solves the Eulerian, two-fluid model averaged equations and caters for turbulence in the continuous phase by an extension of the k- model. Turbulence-related quantities of the dispersed phase are obtained from the corresponding continuous phase values through response functions and these are based on the recent work of Wang and Stock (1993). The results are in reasonable agreement with available detailed measurements, even though the k- model is known to be inadequate to represent the unsteady behaviour of the large vortices in the layer. Particle dispersion is well predicted when the Stokes number is greater than unity and is underpredicted when it is around unity.
International price volatility, exchange rate uncertainty and cereals exports: Empirical evidence from France

This paper investigates the impact of both exchange rate and futures price volatility on bilateral cereals exports from France. Using the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator developed by Santos Silva and Tenreyro (2006) to deal with the problem of zero trade ﬂows when estimating a gravity equation, we show that the exchange rate uncertainty has a strong negative impact on french cereals trade. We ﬁnd also that a higher futures price volatility is associated with an increase of french cereals exports. The PPML method also allows commodity speciﬁc estimation of the relationship. Results concerning price volatility support the idea that the positive eﬀect is rather commodity-speciﬁc and not uniform across individual cereals commodities. We ﬁnd that realized futures price volatility has a signiﬁcant and positive impact on french exports of three commodities: barley, oats and maize.
Identification of Proteus Mirabilis on Banknotes Using 16s rRNA gene in Khartoum State

Background The presence of pathogenic bacteria in circulated currency was recorded as a public health hazard. In this study, all examined Sudanese banknotes (100%) were found to be contaminated by gram negative bacteria. Proteus mirabilis were recovered from ten examined notes (22.2%, f=10), E.coli (13.3%, f= 6) and Klebsiella spp. (8.9%, f= 4) were also identified. Only the most resistant Proteus mirabilis isolate was identified using culture-based and 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques.
The effect of dietary bee pollen intake on growth performance and biochemical indicators of rats

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of different daily intakes of rapeseed bee pollen on the growth and biochemical blood serum indicators in male and female rats. A total of 40 clinically healthy male and female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. In the control group (C) rats were fed a standard complete diet; in the experimental groups standard diets were supplemented with different doses of bee pollen. Treatment group T1 was given standard diet with the addition of bee pollen at a 0.3% concentration; in group T2 the addition was 0.5%; and in group T3 it was 0.75%. The experimental period lasted for 90 days. A significant effect (P < 0.05) of bee pollen on the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of female rats was found. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher cholesterol concentration in blood serum of male rats was found in the groups with bee pollen addition (groups T2 and T3) compared to the control group. Lower triglyceride serum content in all female experimental groups (T1 and T3) was observed in comparison to the control. Higher serum cholesterol content in the experimental female rats was detected; significant differences were analysed in groups T1 and T3 compared to the control female group. Rapeseed bee pollen at concentrations of 0.5 and 0.75% positively affected the body weight gain of female rats, however, with higher feed consumption (P < 0.05). Rapeseed bee pollen reduced the triglycerides serum content in female rats and increased the cholesterol serum content in male and female rats (P < 0.05). Additives, efficiency, blood serum, model animals
Online Appendix: International Diversification Benefits with Foreign Exchange Investment Styles

This document contains supporting material for the following article: Tim Kroencke, Felix Schindler and Andreas Schrimpf (2012), "International Diversification Benefits with Foreign Exchange Investment Styles". This paper studies portfolio choice with popular foreign exchange (FX) investment styles such as carry trades, FX momentum and FX value strategies. We go beyond the benefits from hedging to shed more light on the speculative component of currency investments. In particular, we are interested in the magnitude of diversification benefits due to the style-based management of the currency component of well-diversified international portfolios. Our results suggest that FX investment styles generate significant improvements in the asset allocation. These findings hold after taking into account transaction costs and when controlling for the FX risk inherent in the benchmark assets. Importantly, these results are also confirmed in an extensive out-of-sample experiment mimicking investor decisions in real-time.The paper "International Diversification Benefits with Foreign Exchange Investment Styles" to which these Appendices apply is available at the following URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1790764
Renminbi Misaligned - Results from Meta-Regressions

We collect data from 29 separate papers estimating the equilibrium level and possible undervaluation of the Chinese currency, the renminbi. These papers yield a total of 97 individual observations on misalignment, which we analyse with the help of meta-analysis. We find that the vast majority of observations point to renminbi undervaluation in recent years and that the undervaluation is more pronounced when the US dollar exchange rate is used instead of the real effective exchange rate. We find several characteristics of papers and authors that clearly seem to influence the reported misalignments. For example, when the author is affiliated with an investment bank, the reported misalignment is smaller. Using time-series techniques also results in lower estimates of undervaluation. On the other hand, refereed journals seemingly are inclined to publish papers that report larger misalignments. Results caution against trusting too much in any one study concerning renminbi undervaluation.
Living on the edge: Effects of body size, group density and microhabitat selection on escape behaviour of southern leopard frogs Lithobates sphenocephalus

Models of optimal escape strategy predict that animals should move away when the costs of fleeing (metabolic and opportunity costs) are outweighed by the costs of remaining. These theoretical models predict that more vulnerable individuals should be more reactive, moving away when an approaching threat is further away. We tested whether escape behaviour (including ‘escape calling’) of Lithobates sphenocephalus approached by a human was influenced by body size or the initial microhabitat that the individual was found in. Irrespective of their size, frogs in the open tended to remain immobile, enhancing their crypsis. Frogs in cover showed different responses according to their body size, but, contrary to our initial predictions, larger frogs showed greater responsiveness (longer flight initiation distance and distances fled) than small frogs. Small frogs tended to remain closer to water and escaped into water, while larger individuals were more likely to jump to terrestrial cover and call during escape. Density of frogs near the focal animal had no effect on escape behaviour. This study indicates a range of escape responses in this species and points to the importance of divergent escape choices for organisms which live on the edge of different environments.
Attack by Hylobius warreni on grafted lodgepole pine and its relationships with monoterpene composition and scion : rootstock diameter ratio

1 A lodgepole pine seed orchard at the Prince George Tree Improvement Station (PGTIS), with up to 60% of grafted trees attacked by the Warren root collar weevil Hylobius warreni was investigated to determine whether relative monoterpene composition or scion : rootstock interactions of grafts affected susceptibility to attack.
IMPROVING GROWTH, YIELD QUALITY AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF SESAME PLANTS BY FOLIAR APPLICATION OF ASCORBIC ACID, BENZYL ADENINE AND PACLOBUTRAZOL

The effect of ascorbic acid (50 and 100 ppm), benzyl adenine (50 and 100 ppm) and paclobutrazol (25 and 50 ppm) foliar application on growth, yield and some physiological parameters of sesame (Sesamum indicum var. Shandawil 3) plants were determined. All treatments caused a great improvement in growth parameters (shoot height, root lengths and number of leaves as well as fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots) of the developed plants. Paclobutrazol was more effective than other treatments in enhancing chlorophyll contents and carotenoid content. The results also showed that nearly all of the treatments tended to increase total soluble carbohydrates and protein contents in sesame plants. The changes in proteolytic, amylolytic and lipolytic activities were also recorded. This was associated by improving yield quality and the nutritional value of the seeds. The effect of paclobutrazol was superior to that of ascorbic acid, benzyl adenine on increasing yield components. The percentage of the highest lipid was recorded by 50 ppm of ascorbic acid, whereas the highest carbohydrates and proteins of the yielded seeds were observed with plants treated with 100 ppm benzyl adenine.