Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lactate, Not Pyruvate, Is the End Product of Glucose Metabolism via Glycolysis

Glucose is the monosaccharide utilized by most eukaryotes to generate metabolic energy, and in the majority of eukaryotic systems, glycolysis is the first biochemical pathway where glucose breaks down via a series of enzymatic reactions to produce relatively small amounts of adenosinetriphosphate (ATP). In 1940, the sequence of these glycolytic reactions was elucidated, a breakthrough that was recognized as the very first such elucidation of a biochemical pathway in history. Accordingly, the glycolytic breakdown of glucose ends up either with pyruvate as the final product under aerobic conditions or with lactate, to which pyruvate is being reduced, under anaerobic conditions. Consequently, pyruvate has been designated and is held to be the substrate of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle, where it is completely oxidized into CO 2 and H 2 O, while lactate has been defined and being held to as a useless dead-end product, poisonous at times, of which cells must discard off quickly. More than four decades after the glycolytic pathway has been elucidated, studies of both muscle and brain tissues have suggested that lactate is not necessarily a useless end product of anaerobic glycolysis and may actually play a role in bioenergetics. These studies have shown that muscle and brain tissues can oxidize and utilize lactate as a mitochondrial energy substrate. These results have been met with great skepticism, but a large number of publications over the past quarter of a century have strengthened the idea that lactate does play an important and, possibly, a crucial role in energy metabolism. These findings have shed light on a major drawback of the originally proposed aerobic version of the glycolytic pathway, that is, its inability to regenerate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form) (NAD+), as opposed to anaerobic glycolysis that features the cyclical ability of the glycolytic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) system to regenerate NAD+ upon pyruvate reduction to lactate. An examination of scientific investigations on carbohydrate metabolism of brain tissue in the 1920s and 1930s has already revealed that lactate can be readily oxidized. However, due to the prevailing dogma, according to which lactate is a waste product, its oxidation was assumed to be a possible mechanism of elimination. This chapter examines both old and new research data on glucose glycolysis both in muscle and in brain tissues. This chapter consolidates the available data in an attempt to form a more accurate and clear description of this universal and very important bioenergetic chain of reactions. © 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Mentorship in the Professional Practicum: Partners’ Perspectives

Abstract The goal of this project was to examine the perspectives of teacher-education mentors and their proteges, regarding the effectiveness of the mentoring program within their extended-practicum placements. The authors examined these views in the light of findings reported in previous related research. They also drew implications from that analysis with a goal of enhancing the mentorship process not only for pre-service teachers, but also for practicum participants in other professional disciplines. The resulting data substantiated findings reported in previous literature with respect both to the positive and negative aspects of mentorship practice. A troubling element that appears across sectors was the persistent challenge of how to reduce/eliminate the negative elements that seem to re-emerge within the mentorship process in all disciplines. A key implication of this study is that mentorship planners and practicum educators from all professional fields should make concerted efforts not only to share promising ways to minimize these weaknesses, but to take deliberate measures to ensure that the processes/procedures deemed effective are maintained as well.
A Comparative study of solidification of Al-Cu alloy under flow of cylindrical radial heat and the unidirectional vertically

In spite of technological importance of solidification of metallic alloys under radial heat flow, relatively few studies have been carried out in this area. In this work the solidification of Al 4.5 wt% Cu cylinders against a steel massive mold is analyzed and compared with unidirectional solidification against a cooled mold. Initially temperature variations at different positions in the casting and in the mold were measured during solidification using a data acquisition system. These temperature variations were introduced in a numerical method in order to determine the variation of heat transfer coefficient at metal/mold interface by inverse method. The primary and secondary dendrite arm spacing variations were measured through optical microscopy. Comparisons carried out between experimental and numerical data showed that the numerical method describes well the solidification processes under radial heat flux.
Performance of the New NCAR CAM3.5 in East Asian Summer Monsoon Simulations: Sensitivity to Modifications of the Convection Scheme

Abstract The performance of an interim version of the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model (CAM3.5) in simulating the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is assessed by comparing model results against observations and reanalyses. Both the climate mean states and seasonal cycle of major EASM components are evaluated. Special attention is paid to the sensitivity of model performance to changes in the convection scheme. This is done by analyzing four CAM3.5 runs with identical dynamical core and physical packages but different modifications to their convection scheme, that is, the original Zhang–McFarlane (ZM) scheme, Neale et al.’s modification (NZM), Wu et al.’s modification (WZM), and Zhang’s modification (ZZM). The results show that CAM3.5 can capture the major climate mean states and seasonal features of the EASM circulation system, including reasonable simulations of the Tibetan high in the upper troposphere and the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) in the middle and lower troposphere. The main deficien.
The suburban energy balance in miami, florida

Abstract Summertime measurements of local scale energy balance of a suburban site in west Miami, Florida, in 1995 are presented. All of the radiation and turbulent heat fluxes were measured directly. In addition several derived surface characteristics are calculated including the albedo, radiation temperature, emissivity, aerodynamic and canopy resistances, Bowen's ratio, Priestley‐Taylor and McNaughton‐Jarvis coefficients. The results are used to test parameterizations to calculate several heat fluxes. Most radiation fluxes can be calculated with simple schemes in cloudless conditions but the spatial and temporal variability of cloud degrades results greatly. This highlights the value of observing incoming solar radiation since it can form an excellent surrogate for daytime net all‐wave radiation in all sky conditions. The heat flux results for this warm, wet subtropical site demonstrate similarities with those from similarly developed locations in temperate climates. Interestingly this finding includes the fraction of energy used in evaporation. It is thought that this may be related to the relatively large heat storage in Miami which may reflect the presence of wet soils and free‐standing water, the persistently low vapor pressure deficits (7‐14 hPa) typical of this humid climate and the relatively poor coupling between the surface and the whole planetary boundary layer due to relatively low surface roughness.
ICT Definition Implication on ICT Career Choice and Exclusion among women

ICT is driving all areas of the economy and is likely to dictate the future for all genders. The narrow definition of ICT has greatly impacted on the female gender choosing ICT as a career of choice. There are few women in the ICT careers. The study sought to determine the nature of ICT career gender exclusion, status and trend of ICT job opportunities, source of ICT gender career exclusion and the contribution of the narrow definition to the exclusion. A mixed method of survey and desktop method was employed in this study. A structured questionnaire was used in this study in order to identify the factors that influence ICT career choice amongst Kenyan lady students. A purposive sample of Information Technology and Computer Science undergraduate university students (77 females, 56 males; age range 17 to 35 years) and 10 postgraduate students in Information Technology from two public universities participated in the study. The paper discusses the emerging unfilled ICT jobs. The study established that the narrow definition negatively influences ICT as a career of Choice among girls. Broadening ICT definition to include ICT related careers that have more social rather than technical aspect accordingly is likely to influence more women to join the field. Index Terms—Career choice, ICT, ICT career gender exclusion, ICT jobs trends, Source of ICT gender career exclusion.
BIFURCATION OF INTERNALLY HEATED FLOW IN A VERTICAL PIPE

The development of fluid motion in an infinitely long circular pipe with homogeneously distributed internal heat source is examined numerically. The pipe is placed vertically in the gravity field with the pipe wall temperature being kept constant. The motion of the fluid is driven upward by the buoyancy force as well as downward by an applied pressure gradient along the pipe axis. Thus, the basic velocity profile can become inflectional and we may anticipate that the flow may become unstable in contrast to the isothermal pipe flow which is known to be linearly stable for any Reynolds number. We find that the linear instabilities always occur within the region where the basic velocity profile is inflectional but not totally reverse. Our nonlinear analysis indicates that there are two types of nonlinear solutions, referred to as spirals and ribbons. They bifurcate simultaneously from the same point on the neutral curve. Furthermore, the branch of the ribbon extends far inside the region where the basic state is linearly stable and reaches the isothermal limit, creating a nonlinear solution in ’pure’ pipe flow for the case with Pr = 0. For the case with Pr = 7 nonlinear interactions between spirals with different azimuthal wavenumbers are observed.
Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacognostical Survey on Medicinal Plants of Malon Village And Surrounding In The Cascades Region (Burkina Faso)

The authors present the results of an ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacognostical survey carried out in Malon and surroundings; Malon is a village located about 12 km far from Banfora, regional capital of the Cascades area form Burkina Faso. A multi disciplinary team of researchers gathering botanists, pharmacognisists, pharmacologists and ethnosociologists has undertaken that mission of investigation.The aim of the study was mainly centered on the inventory on the medicinal plants (MP) currently used in the traditional medicine of this area; and secondary, to collect data from traditional medical practices usually circulating. In this way, more than a hundred useful plants including 54 medicinal plants species have been inventoried, distributed across 32 families and 46 genera. Rubiaceae was the most dominant family (9,25 %), followed by Caesalpiniaceae (7,40 %), Apocynaceae (5,55%), Asteraceae (5,55%) and Meliaceae (5,55%). Other families were found less than 2% of frequency.The results showed also a great number of traditional medical faith healers explaining thus the importance of the traditional medical practice for resolving healthcare problems in this community. Concerning the anthropomorphic pressure on the vegetal biodiversity due to the exploitation of natural resources, the impact was weak and presented no great danger even it constituted a reality. KEYS WORDS: ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacognostical, Malon village medicinal plants, medical
Solubilization of Inorganic Phosphates and Plant Growth Promotion by Pantoea Strains

Two phosphate solubilizing Pantoea strains (P. agglomerans and P. rodasii) were employed in elucidating their phosphate solubilizing potential under different carbon and nitrogen sources, pH, temperature and salt conditions. Plant growth promoting characteristics such as ACC deaminase activity, indole acetic acid (IAA), HCN, ammonia, and siderophore production of the two strains were assessed in vitro. Potential applicability of the strains as bio-inoculants was also evaluated in pot experiments conducted under green house conditions. Phosphate solubilization measured as the amount of phosphorous released into the medium was recorded as 810 and 788 μg ml -1 respectively by P. agglomerans and P. rodasii. Glucose at the rate of 2% was found be the best carbon source, while (NH4)2SO4 was the best nitrogen source for both strains. Despite a slight decrease in phosphate solubilization observed at higher temperature, pH and salt concentrations, both strains could withstand against a range of temperature (30-35℃), pH (7-9) and the presence of NaCl (up to 5%) without much compromising the phosphate solubilization. Different plant growth promoting traits (ACC deaminase activity, IAA, HCN, ammonia, and siderophore production) of the strains and their ability to promote the growth of green gram seedlings indicate that both strains possess high potential to be used as bio-inoculants.
Adaptive selection of diurnal least variation Diurnal Minimum Variation : a statistical strategy to obtain representative atmospheric CO 2 data and its application to European elevated mountain stations

Critical data selection is essential for determining representative baseline levels of atmospheric trace gases even at remote measurement sites. Different data selection techniques have been used around the world, which could potentially lead to reduced compatibility when comparing data from different stations. This paper presents a novel statistical data selection method named Adaptive Diurnal least Variation Selection (ADVS) Adaptive Diurnal Minimum Variation (ADMV) based on CO2 diurnal patterns occurring typically at high elevated mountain stations. Its capability and applicability were studied on 25 records of atmospheric CO2 observations at six Global Atmosphere Watch stations in Europe, namely, ZugspitzeSchneefernerhaus (Germany), Sonnblick (Austria), Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Izaña (Spain), Schauinsland (Germany), and Hohenpeissenberg (Germany). Three other frequently applied statistical data selection methods were included for comparison. Among the studied methods, our ADVS ADMV method resulted in lower selection percentages with lower maxima during winter and higher minima during summer in the selected data, which can be understood as a better 30 representation of the lower free troposphere. The measured time series were analyzed for long-term trends and seasonality by seasonal-trend decomposition technique. Compared with unselected data, mean annual growth rates of all selected datasets were not significantly different, except for the data recorded for Schauinsland. However, clear differences were found in the annual amplitudes as well as the seasonal time structure. Based on correlation analysis, results obtained by ADVS ADMV selection showed a better representation of the lower free tropospheric conditions. 35
Optimization of Blaney-Morin-Nigeria (BMN) model for estimating evapotranspiration in Enugu, Nigeria

The Blaney-Morin-Nigeria (BMN) model was developed for the estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in Nigeria using commonly available meteorological parameters. In the development of the model, there were some perceived shortcomings which are believed to affect the reliability of ETo estimation, particularly in some specific locations in Nigeria, due to varying environmental factors. This study re-examined the model by using the non linear regression model based on Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm (Excel Solver) to minimize the error space and generate new model constants specific for Enugu. A 25-year (1989 to 2014) monthly record of climatic variables (Solar radiation, Temperature, Relative Humidity and Wind speed) for Enugu were collected from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET), Abuja in Nigeria and used. The newly generated model constants, H and m, were 392.2 and 1.19, respectively. Reference evapotranspiration for Enugu [ET 0(nBMN)] was thereafter estimated using the optimized BMN model and compared with that calculated using the FAO56-PM model [ET 0(FA056-PM)]. The optimized model showed a more accurate estimation of ET for Enugu as indicated by the higher correlation coefficient of 0.82 compared to 0.76 for the original BMN, lower mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.133 compared to 0.42 and root mean square (RMSE) of 0.3641 compared to 0.44. The X2 of 0.135 obtained using the optimized model was also low showing that the new model gives a better estimation of ET for Enugu, Nigeria. Key words: Evapotranspiration, Blaney-Morin-Nigeria model, FAO56-PM model, Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm, Enugu, Nigeria.
Accelerated Investment and Credit Risk under a Low Interest Rate Environment: A Real Options Approach

Empirical studies have found that a low interest rate environment accelerates firms f investment and debt financing, leading to subsequent balance-sheet problems in many countries in recent years. We examine the mechanism whereby firms f debt financing and investment become more accelerated and the credit risk rises under a low interest rate environment from the perspective of a real options model. We find that firms tend to increase debt financing and investment not only under strong expectations of continued low interest rates but also when there are expectations of future interest rate increases, and such behavior causes higher credit risk. We also find that when future interest rate rises are expected, the investment decisions vary depending on how firms incorporate the possibility of future interest rises. Specifically, myopic firms make glast-minute investments h based on concerns over future interest rate hikes, and this behavior increases their credit risk. In contrast, economically rational firms choose to decrease their investments, carefully considering the likelihood of future interest rate hikes.
Core Solutions in Vector-Valued Games 1

In this paper, we analyze core solution concepts for vectorvalued cooperative games. In these games, the worth of a coalition is given by a vector rather than by a scalar. Thus, the classical concepts in cooperative game theory have to be revisited and redefined; the important principles of individual and collective rationality must be accommodated; moreover, the sense given to the domination relationship gives rise to two different theories. Although different, we show the areas which they share. This analysis permits us to propose a common solution concept that is analogous to the core for scalar cooperative games.
Determinants of Time on the Market in a Thin Real Estate Market

In the paper we investigate the factors that affect a property’s time on the market (TOM) in the residential real estate market in the case of a thin, illiquid market, such as those found in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. In contrast to liquid markets, the time it takes to sell a property can vary from a few days to a few months. In Slovenia a residential property’s marketability depends strongly on the price dynamics of the market, housing characteristics and the degree of overpricing. The most important determinants of the marketing time are the cost and availability of housing finance as well as the housing price index, and all three can be directly related to the affordability of housing. We develop a two-stage model of the determinants of TOM and a duration model. The results of the list price model show that as the age of property increases, its (list) price decreases with diminishing pace, while the size of the property has the opposite dynamic. The presence and size of parking lots also has a positive effect on the (list) price. The results of the Time on the Market model show that property characteristics, market conditions and macroeconomic determinants are all statistically significant determinants of TOM. The degree of overpricing turned out to be a statistically significant determinant of time on the market. However, this effect does not seem to be statistically significantly non-linear (U-shaped). Higher house prices (at the national level) and the average interest rate on housing loans both extend a property’s time on the market while better availability of housing loans, in contrast, shortens the TOM. We additionally estimated a proportional hazard model of the TOM that yielded consistent results. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.ee. 26.1. 3905
EVALUATION THE EFFECTS OF MEDIA AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON STEVIA REBAUDIANA MICROPROPAGATION

In order to Stevia rebaudiana micropropagation, the single node explants were cultured on MS, B5 and N6 media supplemented with TDZ (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mg/l), Kin and BAP (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/l). In this study, MS and B5 enriched with Kin and TDZ resulted to shoot induction, but BAP treatment led to callus induction. In N6 medium, single node cuttings showed malformed growth. The results revealed that MS medium supplemented with 0.9 mg/l TDZ is the most suitable treatment for in vitro micropropagation of Stevia.
Ractopamine and lysine levels on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs

It was evaluated the effect of diets supplemented or not supplemented with ractopamine and digestible lysine on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. A total of 50 barrows and 50 gilts (90.2 kg ± 3.5 kg) were used. In the growth performance trial, a randomized block design was utilized in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of five levels of digestible lysine (0.68; 0.78; 0.88; 0.98 and 1.08%) and two levels of ractopamine (0 and 5 ppm), totaling ten diets and five replications. In a study of carcass characteristics, the same design and levels of lysine and ractopamine were used, but another factor (sex of animals- female and male) was included, totaling 20 treatments, each one with five replicates. Except for lysine daily intake, it was not observed effect of levels of digestible lysine. The supplementation with ractopamine improved daily weight gain and feed conversion but it did not affect the average feed intake. A greater loin depth and higher yield of carcass meat was obtained in gilts, regardless to supplementation with ractopamine, and also in the males fed ractopamine. The ractopamine improved the rib-eye area but it did not affect the yield and carcass length neither thickness of subcutaneous fat. The levels of digestible lysine did not affect carcass characteristics in either sex. It was found that sex had effect on backfat thickness, which was lower in the carcasses of gilts. The use of 5 ppm ractopamine improves animal performance and carcass characteristics of barrows. The level of 0.68% digestible lysine is sufficient for pigs of both sexes fed diets supplemented with or without ractopamine to show maximal performance and a good carcass composition.