Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Interventions to Prevent Substance Use Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review

The aim of this systematic review is to describe and evaluate the effects of interventions used for preventing or reducing substance use among adolescents under 18 years of age. Studies (N = 27) available in CINAHL and PubMed from 2007 to 2010 were included. Results showed that family-based interventions and combined interventions have significant outcomes for substance use among adolescents. Similarly, school-based interventions were effective in providing knowledge about substance use, which eventually reduced the substance use. Further research should be conducted in different cultures as well as on computer-based interventions targeting both genders.
What Determines Coral Health?

Genomic and cellular studies are revealing the physiological mechanisms of symbiosis and calcification, which are central to coral health. Corals are to coral reefs as trees are to forests: They form both the trophic and structural foundation of the ecosystem. The trophic anchor arises from the intimate mutualism between corals and their intracellular symbionts—photosynthetic dinoflagellates that fix large quantities of carbon dioxide, making coral reefs among the most productive ecosystems on Earth. The structural anchor comes from the deposition of massive calcium carbonate skeletons that form the reef architecture and serve as habitat for a breathtaking diversity of organisms. Central to the severe global decline of coral reefs (1) is the dysfunction and collapse of both symbiosis and calcification in corals due to environmental stressors imposed by climate change. Insights into the physiological mechanisms that underlie healthy as well as stressed corals (2) are thus critical for predicting whether—and if so, how—corals will cope with rapid environmental change.
Dopamine Controls Persistence of Long-Term Memory Storage

Making Memories Last How can memory traces persist over days or weeks, despite the short-lived nature and rapid turnover of their molecular substrates? It has recently been reported that, in order to persist, an otherwise rapidly forgotten long-term memory requires BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) expression in the hippocampus 12 hours post training. Rossato et al. (p. 1017) now show that this mechanism is gated into action by activation of the ventral tegmental area acting upon dopamine D1 receptors in the hippocampus. Time-limited N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor–dependent activity in the ventral tegmental area–hippocampal circuitry underlies the delayed increase in BDNF levels in the hippocampus 12 hours after inhibitory avoidance, a hippocampus-dependent form of learning. Pharmacological and biochemical analyses reveal that dopamine determines the duration of fear memory storage. The paradigmatic feature of long-term memory (LTM) is its persistence. However, little is known about the mechanisms that make some LTMs last longer than others. In rats, a long-lasting fear LTM vanished rapidly when the D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 was injected into the dorsal hippocampus 12 hours, but not immediately or 9 hours, after the fearful experience. Conversely, intrahippocampal application of the D1 agonist SK38393 at the same critical post-training time converted a rapidly decaying fear LTM into a persistent one. This effect was mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and regulated by the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Thus, the persistence of LTM depends on activation of VTA/hippocampus dopaminergic connections and can be specifically modulated by manipulating this system at definite post-learning time points.
Marginalité contraceptive et figures du féminin : une expérience de la contraception injectable hormonale en France

In France, where the pill and the IUD are used extensively, injectable hor- mone contraception is more of an exception. What meaning does it have in this context? This article, which draws on data from sociological and epidemiological research undertaken in the suburbs of Paris (1986-1990), examines the experiences of women and prescribing doctors. The medical conception of the method as a ≪ last resort ≫ induces a form of marginality associated with particular representations of the feminine as regards control of fertility. The reproductive trajectories of the users interviewed are less clear-cut than the social categories defined by doctors. For these women in socially and economically underprivileged situations, injectable hormone contraception is a compromise in which the inequalities characterizing social uses of contraception and the ten- sions between reproductive and contraceptive necessities are revealed.
An empirical comparison of data flow and mutation‐based test adequacy criteria

Evaluation of the adequacy of a test set consisting of one or more test cases is a problem oftes encountered in software testing environments. Two test adequacy criiteria are considered, namely the data flow based all‐uses criterion and a mutation based criterion. An empirical study was conducted to compare the ‘difficulty’ of satisfying the two criteria and their costs. Similar studies conducted in the past are discussed in the light of this study. A discussion is also presented of how and why the results of this study, when viewed in conjunction with the results of earlier comparisons of testing methods, are useful to a software test team.
Spatial and Temporal Variations of Groundwater Arsenic in South and Southeast Asia

Arsenic in Asia Millions of humans in South and Southeast Asia are exposed to potentially dangerous levels of the carcinogen arsenic via their drinking water every day. Although high arsenic levels are a known problem, a growing demand for drinking water drives the continued construction of new groundwater wells in these regions. Fendorf et al. (p. 1123) review chemical and hydrological factors controlling the release of arsenic in groundwater in South and Southeast Asia, which include the distribution of arsenic in groundwater aquifers used for drinking water and irrigation. Despite incomplete sampling and characterization of these factors across these regions, several key directions for improvements to water quality are presented. Over the past few decades, groundwater wells installed in rural areas throughout the major river basins draining the Himalayas have become the main source of drinking water for tens of millions of people. Groundwater in this region is much less likely to contain microbial pathogens than surface water but often contains hazardous amounts of arsenic—a known carcinogen. Arsenic enters groundwater naturally from rocks and sediment by coupled biogeochemical and hydrologic processes, some of which are presently affected by human activity. Mitigation of the resulting health crisis in South and Southeast Asia requires an understanding of the transport of arsenic and key reactants such as organic carbon that could trigger release in zones with presently low groundwater arsenic levels.
Deep cross-domain flying object classification for robust UAV detection

Recent progress in the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) causes serious safety issues for mass events and safety-sensitive locations like prisons or airports. To address these concerns, robust UAV detection systems are required. In this work, we propose an UAV detection framework based on video images. Depending on whether the video images are recorded by static cameras or moving cameras, we initially detect regions that are likely to contain an object by median background subtraction or a deep learning based object proposal method, respectively. Then, the detected regions are classified into UAV or distractors, such as birds, by applying a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier. To train this classifier, we use our own dataset comprised of crawled and self-acquired drone images, as well as bird images from a publicly available dataset. We show that, even across a significant domain gap, the resulting classifier can successfully identify UAVs in our target dataset. We evaluate our UAV detection framework on six challenging video sequences that contain UAVs at different distances as well as birds and background motion.
Getting in Touch with Your Friends

Evolution of complex physical interactions between microbes promotes growth and enables behaviors that neither party can perform alone. Microbes use a broad palette of chemical transformations to harvest energy and nutrients, but they do not always accomplish these conversions on their own. Particularly in anaerobic environments, various metabolisms are stimulated by, or depend upon, partnerships (1). In this form of interaction—termed syntrophy—one organism typically converts the primary resource to an intermediate that can be used by a partner (which perhaps passes it along to the next, and so on). In other cases, one partner may use a resource and provide a different type of service in return, such as a trace vitamin or motility. Recent studies are beginning to shed light on the mechanisms by which such partners communicate and interact and on how such interactions emerge in the first place.
A Functional Role for Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Spatial Pattern Separation

Neurogenesis and Spatial Memory The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is one of two sites in the brain where new neurons are produced throughout life. Adult-born neurons integrate into the dentate gyrus circuitry and are thought to play a role in learning and memory. However, their contribution to hippocampal function remains unclear. Clelland et al. (p. 210) disrupted neurogenesis in mice and used two behavioral tasks to test for impairment in the formation of uncorrelated episodic memory representations. In one task, two arms were presented and the mice were rewarded for choosing the most recently visited arm in an earlier sequence; in the second task, animals were rewarded for choosing a certain location on a touch screen. Ablation of neurogenesis affected discrimination performance in both tasks but only when the arms or screen locations were close to one another. Neurogenesis is thus necessary for spatial pattern separation in the dentate gyrus. Disruption of neurogenesis in a neuron-forming site in the brain impairs spatial memory functions in mice. The dentate gyrus (DG) of the mammalian hippocampus is hypothesized to mediate pattern separation—the formation of distinct and orthogonal representations of mnemonic information—and also undergoes neurogenesis throughout life. How neurogenesis contributes to hippocampal function is largely unknown. Using adult mice in which hippocampal neurogenesis was ablated, we found specific impairments in spatial discrimination with two behavioral assays: (i) a spatial navigation radial arm maze task and (ii) a spatial, but non-navigable, task in the mouse touch screen. Mice with ablated neurogenesis were impaired when stimuli were presented with little spatial separation, but not when stimuli were more widely separated in space. Thus, newborn neurons may be necessary for normal pattern separation function in the DG of adult mice.
Hormone (Dis)harmony Moulds Plant Health and Disease

Diseased plants often display phenotypes consistent with hormone perturbations. We review recent data that have revealed roles in plant-microbe interactions for cellular components and signaling molecules that previously were associated only with hormone signaling. A better understanding of cross-talk between hormonal and defense signaling pathways should reveal new potential targets for microbial effectors that attenuate host resistance mechanisms.
Using software implemented fault inserter in dependability analysis

We investigate program susceptibility to hardware faults in Win32 environment. For this purpose we use the software implemented fault injector FITS. We analyze natural fault resistivity of COTS systems and the effectiveness of various software techniques improving system dependability. The problems of experiment tuning and result interpretation are discussed in context of a wide spectrum of applications.
The Effects of the Change in the NRMP Matching Algorithm

Context. —Following 2 years of heated controversy about the resident match, the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) recently voted to replace the existing matching algorithm with a newly designed applicant-proposing algorithm. Objective. —To design an applicant-proposing algorithm for the match and compare it with the existing NRMP algorithm to determine how many applicants and residency programs could be expected to receive better or worse matches from the 2 algorithms, how the different algorithms influence the opportunity for strategic behavior, and what advice can be given to participants. Design. —Computational experiments compared the newly designed applicantproposing algorithm with the existing NRMP algorithm on the rank order lists (ROLs) submitted by all applicants and residency programs in the 1987 and 1993 through 1996 NRMP matches. Results. —Differences in the matchings produced by the 2 algorithms are small: fewer than 1 in 1000 applicants would have received a different match. Most (but not all) of the few applicants who are matched to different positions by the 2 algorithms do better when the applicant-proposing algorithm is used; the opposite is true for programs. Opportunities for profitable strategic behavior are very rare for both applicants and programs under either algorithm. With either algorithm, both applicants and programs can be advised that trying to get a preferred match by behaving strategically is far more likely to harm than to help them. Conclusions. —The existing NRMP algorithm and the newly designed applicant-proposing algorithm perform similarly. Both algorithms make it sensible for applicants and residency programs to arrange their ROLs based solely on their preferences for possible matches. The choice of algorithms will systematically affect the matches of only a small group of applicants (
The natural history of symptomatic recurrent bacteriuria in women.

: In 23 adult women having uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections treated with 10 days of appropriate antibiotic for each infection, the following findings were noted. 1. The attack rate was 0.17 infections per month. 2. 94% of infections has associated symptoms. 3. 73% of symptomatic episodes had an associated infection. 4. 21% of infections had less than 10(5) bacteria per ml. 5. 34% of all infections were followed by an infection-free interval of at least six months and averaged 12.8 months. All but one patient had at least one infection-free interval. 6. Long infection-free intervals were followed by further infections; a remission is not a cure. 7. Between infection-free intervals the infections tended to occur in clusters with an attack rate of 0.47 infections per month. 8. Prophylaxis is less costly if begun at the second infection within a six-month period.
Neuronal correlates of impaired habituation in response to repeated trigemino-nociceptive but not to olfactory input in migraineurs: An fMRI study

Introduction: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we aimed to explore the habituation behaviour to trigemino-nociceptive as well as olfactory stimuli in migraine patients. We exclusively focussed on intrasessional behavioural rating patterns and the related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal changes. Findings: We observed that groups significantly differ in the time course of pain intensity ratings during the stimulation session: whereas interictal migraineurs sensitized (increasing pain ratings), control subjects habituated (decreasing pain ratings). Pain ratings of ictal patients remained unchanged. This behaviour is accompanied by a similar time course of neuronal activity in the bilateral anterior insula, in the middle cingulate cortex and in the thalamus. In these areas, the brain activity increased in migraineurs but decreased in the control group during the session. In contrast to these findings, the rating patterns for the olfactory stimuli (rose odour) did not differ between patients and controls and a gradual decrease of perceived stimulus intensity was found in all three groups. This stimulus specific response may occur because the olfactory system is the only sensory system not passing the thalamus. Conclusion: Our data suggest that impaired habituation in functional brain systems in migraine is fundamental only to specific modalities including the trigemino-nociceptive, but, at least, excluding the olfactory system. Our findings further suggest that there is no single neuronal modulator responsible for the altered rating pattern in migraineurs.
Nonvolcanic Tremor Evolution and the San Simeon and Parkfield, California, Earthquakes

Parkfield Tremors Parkfield, California, sits on the San Andreas Fault near the end of a major historic rupture in 1857. Recent monitoring has resolved a change in the seismic tremor—small repeating earthquakes that have been occurring in certain parts of the fault. Nadeau and Guilhem (p. 191) now show that the tremors increased and periodic episodes began around the time of two moderate nearby earthquakes 4 years ago. Surprisingly, the tremor episodes have persisted, rather than decaying after the quakes, which may imply that there has been a step change in the state of stress on this part of the San Andreas Fault. Small repeating earthquakes increased and have become periodic on the San Andreas fault near one end of a major historic rupture. Nonvolcanic tremors occur adjacent to locked faults and may be closely related to the generation of earthquakes. Monitoring of the San Andreas Fault in the Parkfield, California, region revealed that after two strong earthquakes, tremor activity increased in a nearly dormant tremor zone, increased and became periodic in a previously active zone, and has remained elevated and periodic for over 4 years. Static shear- and Coulomb-stress increases of 6 to 14 kilopascals from these two earthquakes are coincident with sudden increases in tremor rates. The persistent changes in tremor suggest that stress is now accumulating more rapidly beneath this part of the San Andreas Fault, which ruptured in the moment magnitude 7.8 Ft. Tejon earthquake of 1857.
Continuous and unconstrained vital signs monitoring with ballistocardiogram sensors in headrest position

Unobtrusive and long-term monitoring of human vital signs are essential requirements for early diagnosis and prophylaxis due to many reasons, one of the most important being improving the quality of life. Currently, vital signs are continuously monitored through sensors attached to the body, such as multiple electrodes for measuring electrical activity of the heart. Such methods may be undesirable, especially for elderly, infants and other groups of people. In this paper, we introduce an improved technique for measuring heart rate from noisy ballistocardiogram signals acquired from 50 human volunteers in a sitting position using a massage chair. The signals are unobtrusively collected from a microbend fiber optic sensor embedded within the headrest of the chair, and then transmitted to a computer through a Bluetooth connection. The heart rate is computed using the multiresolution analysis of the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform. The error between the proposed method and the reference ECG is estimated in beats per minute using the mean absolute error, where the system achieved relatively good results (7.31 ± 1.60) despite the large amount of motion artifacts produced owing to the frequent body movements and/or vibrations of the massage chair during stress relief massage. Unlike the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition algorithm, previously employed for heart rate estimation, the suggested system is much faster. Hence, it can be used in real-time applications.
Pentobarbital therapy for intracranial hypertension in metabolic coma. Reye's syndrome.

: In severe Reye's syndrome, with nonspecific intensive supportive therapy, the mortality rate approaches 75%. In many instances, death is due to uncontrolled cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure. (ICP). Pentobarbital therapy, sufficient to maintain a blood barbiturate level between 2.5 mg% and 4.0 mg%, was used to control ICP in seven patients with metabolic coma complicated by intracranial hypertension (intracranial pressure greater than 30 mm Hg for 30 min). The nadir of their neurological function was characterized by no response to deep pain, absent or abnormal oculocephalic responses, bilaterally dilated, unreactive pupils, and markedly irregular or absent respirations. Before barbiturate administration hyperventilation, steroids, mannitol, and other supportive therapies commonly used in Reye's syndrome were begun. After institution of pentobarbital therapy, the daily mannitol dose required to maintain the intracranial pressure below 20 mm Hg was significantly reduced (p less than 0.001), from 3.7 +/- 0.3 to 0.5 +/- 0.2 g/kg/day. All the patients survived, and six have no obvious neurological sequelae. Pentobarbital is a useful adjunct for intracranial pressure control in advanced metabolic coma.
MVPA to enhance the study of rare cognitive events: An investigation of experimental PTSD

Many cognitive processes are challenging to study due to their scarce occurrence. Here we demonstrate how pattern recognition and brain imaging can enhance the study of such processes by providing fast, sensitive, and non-intrusive detection of these events. This can enable efficient experimental and clinical intervention. We focus on the study of traumatic events producing flashbacks associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), using an experimental analogue of trauma (a traumatic film). These events are rare and challenging to reliably elicit in experimental settings. We show that a classifier can be built to predict, based upon brain response, which stimuli are likely to induce these rare flashbacks at the point of exposure. An ability to predict these stimuli makes possible the trialing of context-specific preventative clinical interventions. We present results from two independent datasets, outlining key analytic challenges.
Multimodal neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease: Contributions of multi-voxel pattern analysis to the analysis of DTI and resting-state MRI

Previous findings suggest that temporal coherence between Blood-Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) activation in certain areas is specifically related to the micro-structural organization of fascicles, i.e., the more organized the fibers, the more intense is the communication between areas. This assumption was considered in the analysis of functional and effective connectivity in patients with AD. Support Vector Machines for pattern classification (PRoNTo Toolbox-UCL) were applied to verify the usefulness of Granger-causality effective connectivity maps in correctly classifying patients and controls. Nineteen patients and eighteen healthy controls were recruited for the study and were scanned using DTI and resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs fc-MRI). Analysis of covariance with age as a confounding factor was applied to DTI data to identify areas related to disease progression. Granger mapping was used to identify brain areas related to differences of effective connectivity between groups. Maps were then input to feature extraction procedures. Models were specified with second-level masks and, after training, classifiers were validated by a leave-one-subject-out schedule. The main difference area between groups was found in the white matter below BA6, in the right hemisphere. Weight vector maps showed differences in areas related to attentional processing and auditory stimulus integration. Results point to an association between normal ageing and differences in effective connectivity related to AD. Our results show that degeneration of fibers is complementary to the degeneration of cortical cells, in accordance with the notion that AD is a network disease.