Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
REPRESENTATIONAL MOMENTUM , FLASH-LAG , AND MOTION CAPTURE

When a stationary object was aligned with the middle of a moving target’s trajectory, observers’ memory for the location of that stationary object was not displaced; memory for the location of the target at the time the stationary object was presented was displaced backward (i.e., in the direction opposite to target motion), and memory for the final location of the target was displaced forward (i.e., in the direction of target motion). When a stationary object was aligned with the end of a moving target’s trajectory, observers’ memory for the location of the stationary object was displaced forward, and displacement increased with increases in target velocity and decreased with increases in the distance of the stationary object from the moving target. It is suggested that representational momentum for the moving target made the target appear in front of the stationary object when the stationary object was presented before the end of target motion (thus accounting for the flash-lag effect), and that residual spreading activation from the moving target displaced the memory for the stationary object forward when the stationary object was presented at the end of target motion (thus accounting for motion capture). Memory for the final position of a previously-viewed moving target is often displaced forward in the direction of target motion, and this has been referred to as representational momentum (e.g., Freyd & Finke, 1984; for review, see Hubbard, 2005). Although numerous studies have demonstrated that the presence and relative location of a nearby stationary stimulus can influence displacement in memory for the location of a moving target (Hubbard, 2005), there has been little investigation of whether the representational momentum of a moving target can influence displacement in memory for the location of a nearby stationary stimulus. Evidence will be presented that suggests the representational momentum of a moving target influences memory for a nearby stationary object, and more specifically, that representational momentum from a moving target might contribute to the flash-lag effect and to motion capture. Experiment 1: Representational Momentum and Flash-lag A briefly presented stationary object that is aligned with a moving target (that continues in motion after the stationary object vanishes) is perceived to lag behind the location of the moving target, and this has been referred to as the flash-lag effect (Nijhawan, 1994; for review, Krekelberg & Lappe, 2001; Nijhawan, 2002). In most accounts, the lagging of the flashed object reflects a delay or distortion in the perception of the flashed object, and perception of the moving target is thought to be veridical. However, the existence of representational momentum is consistent with an account of the flash-lag effect that emphasizes distortions in spatial localization of the moving target: the flash-lag effect might emerge from forward displacement in the representation of the location of a moving target at the time the flashed object was presented.
Comparative analysis of genetic diversity among Chinese watermelon germplasmsusing SSR and SRAP markers, and implications for future genetic improvement

The genetic diversity of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] in China, the world's largest producer of watermelon fruits, has not been examined. Two molecular markers, sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR), were used to investigate the genetic variation and genetic relationship among 54 Chinese watermelon accessions, as well as 7 accessions from Africa, the United States, and Japan. SRAP assay generated 312 bands, of which 163 were polymorphic, while SSR assay detected 101 alleles with 87 polymorphic alleles and 114 genotypes. A comparative analysis of the diversity index, effective multiplex ratio, and marker index of the 2 markers showed higher efficiency of SRAP markers in watermelon germplasm fingerprinting. The Mantel test resulted in a high correlation between SRAP and SSR data with a value of $\gamma$ = 0.863, revealing a good fit between the 2 marker systems. Genetic diversity among the accession set was estimated by a construction of dendrograms using SRAP, SSR, or SRAP-SSR combined data. There was clear consistency between the 3 dendrograms on the positioning of most accessions. The study demonstrated that most Chinese cultivated germplasms (CCGs) were clustered independently of their geographical distribution and horticultural classification, and had a narrow genetic base; most CCGs and foreign cultivars had a high genetic closeness and showed similar lineages; and the 4 wild accessions were the most genetically diverse, followed by the small-fruited accessions from northern China and edible-seeded accessions. We concluded that CCGs lacked genetic variation, and we offer a means of introducing new genetic diversity into the watermelon germplasm pool in China, which is essential to maximizing productivity in watermelon.
Observations of Everyday Biodiversity: a New Perspective for Conservation?

Public involvement is one of the keys to achieving biodiversity conservation goals. Increasing public involvement in conservation activities requires investigation into what makes people more aware of nature, especially in an ordinary and local context, in their everyday lives. Among the initiatives developed to increase the public’s awareness of conservation issues and individual environmental practices, citizen-science programs are based on an invitation to observe and survey nature. In our study, we examined the consequences of participation in a participative citizen-science program that takes place in an everyday-life context on individuals’ knowledge and beliefs about biodiversity. This program, the French Garden Butterflies Watch, is addressed to the non-scientifically literate public and is run by the French National Museum of Natural History (MNHN). We examined the ways increased knowledge or strengthened beliefs or ideas about biodiversity can foster proconservation attitudes and behavior. We explored how repeated interactions with nature influence the development of knowledge in this area, and how these repeated observations of biodiversity become integrated into complex cognitive processes over time and space. We showed that repeated observations of nature can increase individual knowledge and beliefs. Our results brought out three important conclusions: (1) conservation issues must be integrated into a wider network of social relationships; (2) observing everyday nature often makes people consider its functional and evolutionary characteristics; and (3) scientific knowledge seems necessary to help people to develop their own position on ecosystems.
Chapter 8 Markets-as-networks theory: a review

This paper exposes the development of markets-as-networks theory from formal inception in the mid-1970s until 2010 state-of-the-art, en route presenting its historical roots. This largely European-based theory challenges the conventional, dichotomous view of the business world as including firms and markets, arguing for the existence of relational governance structures (the so-called “interfirm cooperation”) in addition to hierarchical and transactional ones.
Correlation of gonial angle size, angular cortical thickness and mandibular bone height with age, gender and dental status in Iraqi sample

Background: Mandibular angle plays an important role in ensuring a harmonious facial profile from esthetic point of view so it is a representative of mandible morphology. The aim of the study was to measure the size of gonial angle, angular cortical thickness and height of mandibular bone using digital panoramic radiography and correlate these 3 measurements with age, gender and dental status Materials and methods: This study was conducted on 90 Iraqi subjects (40 female and 50 male) aged from (20-85) years divided into 3 study groups:Complete dentated ,partially dentated and edentulous The collected data were possessed and analyzed using Storage Package of Statistical Science SPSS package program (version 13). Results: The angle size showed a statistically significant moderately strong positive linear correlation with age in both complete and partial dentition The angular cortical thickness was significantly difference in the mean between complete and partial dentition The thickness showed a statistically significant highly strong negative linear correlation with age The mandibular bone height in edentulous study group showed a statistically significant strong negative linear correlation with age Conclusion: Age associated with increase in gonial angle. Angular cortical thickness and mandibular bone height decreased with age.
Implications of “peak oil” for atmospheric CO2 and climate

Unconstrained CO2 emission from fossil fuel burning has been the dominant cause of observed anthropogenic global warming. The amounts of “proven” and potential fossil fuel reserves are uncertain and debated. Regardless of the true values, society has flexibility in the degree to which it chooses to exploit these reserves, especially unconventional fossil fuels and those located in extreme or pristine environments. If conventional oil production peaks within the next few decades, it may have a large effect on future atmospheric CO2 and climate change, depending upon subsequent energy choices. Assuming that proven oil and gas reserves do not greatly exceed estimates of the Energy Information Administration, and recent trends are toward lower estimates, we show that it is feasible to keep atmospheric CO2 from exceeding about 450 ppm by 2100, provided that emissions from coal, unconventional fossil fuels, and land use are constrained. Coal‐fired power plants without sequestration must be phased out before midcentury to achieve this CO2 limit. It is also important to “stretch” conventional oil reserves via energy conservation and efficiency, thus averting strong pressures to extract liquid fuels from coal or unconventional fossil fuels while clean technologies are being developed for the era “beyond fossil fuels”. We argue that a rising price on carbon emissions is needed to discourage conversion of the vast fossil resources into usable reserves, and to keep CO2 beneath the 450 ppm ceiling.
TWO-FIELD MODELS OF DARK ENERGY WITH EQUATION OF STATE ACROSS -1

In this paper, we study the possibility of building two-field models of dark energy with equation of state across -1. Specifically we will consider two classes of models: one consists of two scalar fields (quintessence + phantom) and another includes one scalar (phantom) and one spinor field (neutrino). Our studies indicate to some extent that two-field models give rise to a simple realization of the dynamical dark energy model with the equation of state across w=-1.
“Sour Grapes” or Rational Voting? Voter Decision Making Among Thwarted Primary Voters in 2008

During the 2008 presidential campaign, journalists and pundits debated the electoral consequences of the prolonged and hard-fought nomination contest between Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama. Previous research, typically using aggregate vote returns, has concluded that divisive primaries negatively impact the electoral pro- spects of the winning candidate. It is thought that supporters of the losing candidate are less likely to vote and more likely to defect because of psychological disaffection, or "sour grapes. " Using a new panel da- taset that traces individual candidate preferences during the primary and general election campaigns, we are able to explicitly examine individ- ual-level decision making in the general election conditioned on voting behavior in the primary. Although "sour grapes" had a modest effect on eventual support for the party nominee, fundamental political considera- tions—especially attitudes on the War in Iraq—were far better predictors of the vote decision among thwarted voters. Moreover, we find that supporters of losing Democratic candidates were far more like- ly to vote for Obama if they lived in a battleground state.
A Proposed Hierarchy of Deep Learning Tasks

As the pace of deep learning innovation accelerates, it becomes increasingly important to organize the space of problems by relative difficultly. Looking to other fields for inspiration, we see analogies to the Chomsky Hierarchy in computational linguistics and time and space complexity in theoretical computer science. As a complement to prior theoretical work on the data and computational requirements of learning, this paper presents an empirical approach. We introduce a methodology for measuring validation error scaling with data and model size and test tasks in natural language, vision, and speech domains. We find that power-law validation error scaling exists across a breadth of factors and that model size scales sublinearly with data size, suggesting that simple learning theoretic models offer insights into the scaling behavior of realistic deep learning settings, and providing a new perspective on how to organize the space of problems. We measure the power-law exponent—the "steepness" of the learning curve—and propose using this metric to sort problems by degree of difficulty. There is no data like more data, but some tasks are more effective at taking advantage of more data. Those that are more effective are easier on the proposed scale. Using this approach, we can observe that studied tasks in speech and vision domains scale faster than those in the natural language domain, offering insight into the observation that progress in these areas has proceeded more rapidly than in natural language.
Does neighbour’s grass matter? Exploring the spatial dependent heterogeneity in technical efficiency of Italian hospitals

With respect to the other dimensions of hospital behaviour, studying the presence of interaction effects on efficiency involves the issue of which approach is most appropriate to incorporate the spatial dependence in the empirical efficiency model. Using a large sample of Italian hospitals, this paper explores the presence of spatial dependence in technical efficiency. To this purpose, we employ a Spatial Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SSFA) that allows us to robustly estimate the efficiency of each hospital while considering the presence of spatial dependence. Furthermore, we employ both standard spatial contiguity matrix and spatial matrixes exploring the idea of institutional contiguity. Overall, the results suggest an insignificant role for spatial dependence in the efficiency of Italian hospitals, regardless of the specific form of spatial dependence implicit in the weights matrix. JEL Classification: C21; I11; D61.
Graded Steinberg algebras and their representations

We study the category of left unital graded modules over the Steinberg algebra of a graded ample Hausdorff groupoid. In the first part of the paper, we show that this category is isomorphic to the category of unital left modules over the Steinberg algebra of the skew-product groupoid arising from the grading. To do this, we show that the Steinberg algebra of the skew product is graded isomorphic to a natural generalisation of the the Cohen-Montgomery smash product of the Steinberg algebra of the underlying groupoid with the grading group. In the second part of the paper, we study the minimal (that is, irreducible) representations in the category of graded modules of a Steinberg algebra, and establish a connection between the annihilator ideals of these minimal representations, and effectiveness of the groupoid. Specialising our results, we produce a representation of the monoid of graded finitely generated projective modules over a Leavitt path algebra. We deduce that the lattice of order-ideals in the $K_0$-group of the Leavitt path algebra is isomorphic to the lattice of graded ideals of the algebra. We also investigate the graded monoid for Kumjian--Pask algebras of row-finite $k$-graphs with no sources. We prove that these algebras are graded von Neumann regular rings, and record some structural consequences of this.
Markov-Young structures with ( streched ) exponential recurrence times for partially hyperbolic attractors

In Chapter 1 of the thesis we study partially hyperbolic sets K on a Riemannian manifold M , whose tangent space splits as TKM = E ⊕E, for which the center-unstable direction E is non-uniformly expanding on some local unstable disk. We prove that the existence of an inducing scheme with (stretched) exponential decay of recurrence times can be deduced under the assumption of (stretched) exponential decay of the time that typical points need to achieve some uniform expanding behavior in the center-unstable direction. Using a result by Young we obtain (stretched) exponential Decay of Correlations for such partially hyperbolic attractors, and using a result by Melbourne and Nicol we obtain exponential Large Deviations. The main advantage is the extension of previous results by Alves, Dias, Gouëzel, Luzzatto and Pinheiro. In Chapter 2, as an application of the geometrical strategy in the first part, we improve a result of Alves-Freitas-Luzzatto-Vaienti in [4]. In the contrary direction of Young’s result applied in the first part, in [4] the authors showed that, in non-invertible systems, the stochastic-like behaviour such as decay of correlations at certain rates was sufficient to imply the existence of GMY structure with corresponding properties. In the (stretched) exponential case of [4], the authors stated an additional assumption on the density of the SRB measure because of the global strategy given by Gouëzel in [15]. Now, with the local strategy used in the first part, we move away that additional assumption.
Interpretation of seismic anisotropy in terms of mantle flow when melt is present

The use of seismic anisotropy to image upper mantle flow is usually based on the assumption that the direction of fast propagation of seismic waves is the same as the flow direction. Laboratory experiments showed that when melt is present, it is rather the direction of slow propagation that aligns with the flow direction. This paper presents a modeling of the effect of melt on the development of lattice preferred orientation (LPO) and its implications for the interpretation of anisotropy. Taking into account strain partitioning associated with melt segregation in the modeling yields a good agreement with experimental results. Implementing strain partitioning in a test flow shows that the effect of melt is mainly local and has a limited effect on seismic anisotropy. Water‐induced texture, melt‐filled cracks or channelized flow, might better account for seismic observations of direction of fast propagation normal to plate motion on a regional scale.
The Role of Attitude as Relationship Mediation between Products Knowledge and Ethnocentrism on Purchasing Intention of Buton Special Woven ( Study on the City Of Bau-Bau )

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of attitude toward the product in mediating the effects of product knowledge on the purchasing intention of Buton typical weaving in Bau-Bau community, as well as to determine the role of attitude toward the product in mediating the effect of ethnocentrism on purchase intention in the weaving community Bau-Bau typical Buton. The populations in this study are all potentially community of Bau-Bau City to buy special weave results from Buton, with a total sample of 200 respondents drawn with snowball sampling method. Data were analyzed with path analysis method. The results showed that the attitude plays a mediating role of relationship between product knowledge and ethnocentrism on purchasing intention of community Bau-Bau toward Buton typical weaving.
GALAXIES IN X-RAY GROUPS. II. A WEAK LENSING STUDY OF HALO CENTERING

Locating the centers of dark matter halos is critical for understanding the mass profiles of halos, as well as the formation and evolution of the massive galaxies that they host. The task is observationally challenging because we cannot observe halos directly, and tracers such as bright galaxies or X-ray emission from hot plasma are imperfect. In this paper, we quantify the consequences of miscentering on the weak lensing signal from a sample of 129 X-ray-selected galaxy groups in the COSMOS field with redshifts 0 < z < 1 and halo masses in the range 1013–1014 M☉. By measuring the stacked lensing signal around eight different candidate centers (such as the brightest member galaxy, the mean position of all member galaxies, or the X-ray centroid), we determine which candidates best trace the center of mass in halos. In this sample of groups, we find that massive galaxies near the X-ray centroids trace the center of mass to ≲ 75 kpc, while the X-ray position and centroids based on the mean position of member galaxies have larger offsets primarily due to the statistical uncertainties in their positions (typically ∼50–150 kpc). Approximately 30% of groups in our sample have ambiguous centers with multiple bright or massive galaxies, and some of these groups show disturbed mass profiles that are not well fit by standard models, suggesting that they are merging systems. We find that halo mass estimates from stacked weak lensing can be biased low by 5%–30% if inaccurate centers are used and the issue of miscentering is not addressed.
NET Institute*

Motivated by policy makers’ recent interest in reducing switching costs in various network industries to increase competition, this paper investigates how switching costs affect market outcome in such industries. The results show that the effects of switching costs on market concentration and prices critically depend on two factors: the strength of network effects and the quality of the outside good. For example, switching costs lower prices if network effects are modest and the outside good is attractive, but raise prices otherwise. Therefore, policy makers need to carefully evaluate those two factors in order to make informed decisions.
Variable responses of temperate calcified and fleshy macroalgae to elevated pCO2 and warming

S. L. Kram1*, N. N. Price1†, E. M. Donham2, M. D. Johnson1, E. L. A. Kelly1, S. L. Hamilton2, and J. E. Smith1 Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA *Corresponding author: tel: +415 497 5811; fax: +858 822 2167; e-mail: skram@ucsd.edu Present address: Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA.