Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ocular responses to translation and their dependence on viewing distance. I. Motion of the observer.

1. The horizontal eye movements induced by acceleration along the interaural axis were recorded from five monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by the use of the electromagnetic search-coil technique. Animals sat on a sled that was moved briefly in darkness along a linear track (bell-shaped acceleration profile: peak, 400 mm/s2; duration, 200 ms). Immediately before acceleration, animals fixated one of five target lights located at distances ranging from 16 to 150 cm. During fixation, the horizontal positions of both eyes were used to check vergence, while accommodation was monitored with an infrared optometer. 2. Sled motion induced eye movements that were generally smooth and compensatory, e.g., rightward sled motion elicited leftward eye movement. We attribute these responses to a translational vestibuloocular reflex (TVOR) that senses the sled motion through the otolith organs. However, in three animals, these responses were preceded by weak anticompensatory movements (duration, less than 40 ms; amplitude, less than 10% of the maximum compensatory response). 3. Geometry indicates that, during brief sled motion, the eye movements required to keep gaze aligned on a particular location ("full" compensation) are inversely proportional to the viewing distance. Response measures based on the computed eye velocity profiles, such as the velocity achieved at specific times ("time slices") or the peak values of the estimated covariance functions, all indicated that compensatory responses were a linear function of the inverse of the prior viewing distance. Cross-correlation analyses indicated that the effect of the prior viewing distance was to scale responses, although detailed spectral analyses revealed that high-frequency components (greater than 10 Hz) tended to scale less vigorously than lower ones. 4. The adequacy of the compensatory eye movements was assessed by calculating the gain (response recorded/response required for full compensation). Regardless of the response measure used, gains varied considerably from one animal to another and, in some particular animals, from one direction to another but showed a general tendency to increase with viewing distance. For example, on the basis of the peak eye velocity achieved within 250 ms of the onset of sled motion, mean gain at 16 cm was 0.74 (range, 0.48-1.01), whereas at 150 cm it was 1.25 (range, 0.67-1.73). 5. Using wedge prisms to dissociate vergence and accommodation indicated that ocular responses to sled motion were sensitive to selective increases in either vergence (base-out prism with the most distant target) or accommodation (base-in prism with the nearest target). However, the magnitude of the effects showed considerable variability from one animal to another and, in some particular animals, from one direction to another. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Fullband quantization analysis reveals a third valley in [001] silicon inversion layers

This letter presents calculations of the silicon two-dimensional (2-D) band structure obtained by accounting for the fullband energy dispersion of the three-dimensional silicon crystal, as derived from the non-local-pseudopotential method. The most interesting result is the identification of a third valley for the 2-D electron gas in the [001] quantization direction, besides the two families of subbands (the unprimed and primed ones) universally considered according to the effective mass approximation.
Evaluation of Drug Use Prevention Programs Directed at Adolescents

The aim of this article is to present a theoretical model of how to undertake evaluations of prevention programs directed at adolescents. Based on the results from metaanalyses of outcome studies of school-based programs, this article concludes that interactive programs tend to be more effective than not only those mainly intended to increase factual knowledge about tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs, but also those initiatives aimed at influencing adolescents’ attitudes toward those substances. The interactive strategy corresponds to problem-based learning or the interactive educational approach, now widely popular in educational circles. These outcome studies have provided us with important knowledge. However, there are relatively few evaluation investigations that analyze in substantive detail the process by which adolescents change their alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug-use behavior, and alter their perceptions about these substances. In an ongoing intervention study based on an interaction framework, involving all youngsters in the ninth grade (15–16 year olds, n = 300, undertaken in year 2001–2002) in the Aland Islands, Finland, the students’ perceptions regarding the risks involved in illegal drug use could not be altered. Neither was it possible to decrease the alcohol or tobacco consumption during this school year. However, what did occur was that a number of expectations regarding alcohol were changed, which, in turn, might influence the patterns of alcohol use by the target group. The ways students in the Alands celebrate the end of junior high school are culturally embedded, and this may explain the lack of success in decreasing their alcohol consumption and tobacco use at the end of the ninth grade. Based on the analysis, a combination of outcome and process evaluations is recommended in order to reach a better understanding of how school prevention programs may achieve the desired goals.
An Exploratory Study about Microblogging Acceptance at Work

REQUIRED) Microblogging is the new Web 2.0 hype in the media. Techies, politicians, family members and many more use Twitter to keep in touch with their interest groups, their voters or their friends and relatives. We wanted to know whether Twitter can also keep us aware about our team colleagues, how this improves teamwork and finally why Twitter is accepted and used in teams. Based on an action research study about Twitter usage in a team of seven researchers and the findings of prior literature, we attempt to extend the unified theory of technology acceptance (Venkatesh 2003) and adapt it to the specific context of microblogging in teams. Extending the performance expectancy construct, we propose two groups of factors inherent to social software that should be integrated into the UTAUT: the task characteristics of other users and the individual motivations for using social software.
Upper vs Lower Extremity Arterial Function After Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Background/Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine whether arterial diameter, flow- mediated dilatation (FMD), and arterial range are affected by spinal cord injury (SCI). We assessed arm (radial) and leg (posterior-tibial) arteries that are comparable in size and function to determine whether (a) arterial function is reduced in individuals with SCI vs nondisabled subjects and (b) decrements to SCI arterial function are greater in the legs vs arms. Participants: Eighteen men with chronic (9.8 ± 6.3 years) SCI (T2 to Til; American Spinal Injury Association A) and 13 nondisabled subjects matched for age (33.1 ± 4.8 vs 29.8 ± 8.2 years old, respectively), height, and weight (BMI = 25.3 ± 5.8 vs 26.6 ± 5.5 kg/m2, respectively). Methods: Radial and posterior tibial artery B-mode ultrasound images were continuously captured to measure resting diameter, occluded diameter, and postischemic diameters. Hierarchical linear modeling accounted for the nested experimental design. Results: Individuals with SCI have lower systemic (arm + leg) FMD than nondisabled subjects (9.3% vs 12.3%, respectively; P= 0.035), primarily because of reduced leg FMD (11.5 ± 3.1 % vs 7.0 ± 2.8% for SCI arms vs legs, respectively; P = 0.010). Persons with SCI also had lower arterial range than nondisabled subjects (0.79 vs 1.00 mm, respectively; P = 0.043), primarily because of the legs (0.81 ± 0.09 vs 0.56 ± 0.11 mm for SCI arms vs legs, respectively; P= 0.030). Conclusion: Leg arterial function seems to deteriorate at greater rates compared to the arms for individuals with SCI. Interventions to improve cardiovascular health should include measurements taken in the legs.
Patient safety incident prevention and management among Finnish dentists

Abstract Objective. Assessing current patient safety incident (PSI) prevention measures and risk management practices among Finnish dentists. Materials and methods. A total of 1041 dentists practicing in the private or public sectors in southern Finland completed an online questionnaire concerning PSI prevention, PSI-reporting systems, feedback and knowledge gained from device incidents and patient-generated safety information and the knowledge of national PS-guidance. The answers were handled anonymously. Statistical evaluations were performed using chi-square analysis. Results. Dentists suggested multiple methods for preventing PSIs related to dental diagnostics, various treatments, equipment and devices, medications, communication, infection control and general practice safety. Preventive methods reported most frequently included working with caution and forethought, keeping accurate patient records and the availability of correct patient information. A special PSI-reporting system was used by less than one third of respondents. Feedback received on PS-related data and the utilization of guidebooks varied significantly between the studied dentist groups. Conclusions. Several PSI prevention techniques are already used in Finland. However, wide variation exists in PSI prevention and risk management practices among Finnish dentists. Systematic implementation of available safety methods would probably prevent several PSIs. The results indicate that the more dentists know about PS risks, the easier it is for them to recognize situations possibly leading to patient harm. Anonymous PSI reports, patient complaints and claims data should, therefore, be actively used for mutual learning. Increased PS education in dentistry is also needed.
Investigational cancer drugs targeting cell metabolism in clinical development

Introduction: Malignant cell transformation and tumor progression are associated with alterations in glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, amino acid delivery and production of reactive oxygen species. With increased understanding of the role of metabolism in tumors, there has been interest in developing agents that target tumor specific metabolic pathways. Numerous promising agents targeting altered metabolic pathways are currently in Phase I – III clinical trials. Areas covered: This paper reviews the early phase clinical trial development of these agents and provides perspective on the future direction of this emerging field. Specifically, the authors describe novel and repurposed therapies, focusing on the effects of each agent on tumor metabolism and results from relevant Phase I and II clinical trials. Expert opinion: Metabolism modulating agents, alone and in combinations with other classes of agents, have shown efficacy in the treatment of neoplasm, which, the authors believe, will bear positive results in future studies. Because of the significant crosstalk between metabolic pathways and oncogenic signaling pathways, the authors also believe that combining metabolic modifiers with targeted agents will be an important strategy. An increased understanding of cancer metabolism, in addition to the continued study of metabolic modulators, should lead to further advances in this nascent therapeutic field in the future.
Feasibility of Automatic Aeration for Insect Pest Management for Rice Stored in East Texas

Aeration using automatic controllers was compared with manually-activated aeration (manual aeration) in bins of farm-stored rice in Nome, Texas, from 17 September 2002 through the end of the year. Manual aeration was defined as the farm owner manually activating the fans in mid-October, while automatic aeration employed activation temperatures of 23.9°C, 15.6°C, and 7.2°C for three discreet cooling cycles. Population development of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the lesser grain borer, and Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the rice weevil, was assessed by confining 20 adults of each species with 150 g of rough rice in separate cages placed at 6 different locations in the top of the rice mass. Total heat units at temperatures above 15°C were 150 to 300 degree days (DD) lower in bins with automatic aeration compared to manual aeration. Temperatures from 17 September through mid-October were 8°C to 10°C less in bins with automatic aeration than in with manual aeration, and 3°C to 6°C less during the remainder of the year. The number of adult R. dominica in the cages from bins with manual aeration were 45.4 ± 13.1, 114.5 ± 17.7, and 223.0 ± 24.8 after 5, 10, and 15 weeks, respectively, while populations in cages from bins with automatic aeration were significantly less (P < 0 .05); 0.8 ± 0.3, 24.5 ± 4.5, and 21.7 ± 2.7 after 5, 10, and 15 weeks, respectively. There was no statistical difference (P = 0.05) in the number of adult S. oryzae collected in cages from bins with manual versus controlled aeration after 5 weeks (11.7 ± 8.1 and 0.3 ± 0.3, respectively), 10 weeks (14.7 ± 7.1 and 18.0 ± 9.6, respectively), and 15 weeks (39.0 ± 21.2 and 10.5 ± 5.6, respectively). However, the variation in the data set could have masked the apparent differences in the two aeration strategies.
Hypoxia assessed by 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography in newly diagnosed gliomas

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of hypoxia in newly diagnosed gliomas using 18F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) PET and to compare the results with tumor grade. Methods A total of 30 patients with newly diagnosed gliomas were examined using FMISO PET. Grading of the tumor was performed according to the WHO classification. The FMISO PET images were scaled to the venous blood concentration of FMISO activity to produce tumor-to-blood (T/B) values. Hypoxia was defined as a region with a T/B ratio of at least 1.2, and the maximum T/B (T/Bmax) value was calculated by region-of-interest analysis. Results There was a correlation between FMISO uptake and glioma grade, with all low-grade gliomas (grades I and II) demonstrating no hypoxia and all high-grade gliomas (grades III and IV) showing hypoxia. The mean T/Bmax in grade IV gliomas was significantly higher than that in grade III gliomas (P<0.02). Conclusion FMISO PET is a potential tracer in the assessment of noninvasive tumor grading in newly diagnosed gliomas.
Pre-Stroke Use of Antihypertensives, Antiplatelets, or Statins and Early Ischemic Stroke Outcomes

Background: The effect of pre-stroke use of antihypertensives, antiplatelets, and statins on initial severity and early outcome of ischemic stroke is uncertain. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of 553 consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients presenting to the Montreal General Hospital between April 1st 2002 and October 15th 2005. We defined a severe stroke as a Canadian Neurological Scale score of ≤7 and a poor early outcome as a modified Rankin Scale score of >3 at 10 days post-stroke. Results: In total, 339 patients were included. Superior early functional outcome was associated with the premorbid use of statins (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.25–1.00) and the combination of all 3 medications (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.16–0.87). Angiotensin-II-decreasing agents were associated with an increased risk of severe strokes (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.00–4.52). Conclusions: Pre-stroke use of statins and the combination of antihypertensives, antiplatelets, and statins were both associated with a favorable functional outcome at 10 days post-stroke. Angiotensin-II-decreasing agents were associated with increased initial stroke severity.
Nutritional status, survival and mortality in Alzheimer patients - a cross-sectional study

Introduction : Dementia is a common health problem in elderly people, Alzheimer disease (AD) being the most prevalent. AD can be considered as a cause of death and must be registered on the death certificate of the patients. However, most of the time, the main cause of death registered is not related to AD, but as an underlying or contributing cause. For example, individuals who have AD and die from myocardium infarction. This study aimed to analyze if nutritional status was associated with survival and mortality for AD, and if AD was reported as actual cause of death on the death certificate Methods : The study was carried out as a cross-sectional study with elderly citizens of the community registered in the National Health System (SUS), with cognitive, nutritional, biochemical and hematological evaluations of 30 AD patients in Guarapuava, Parana state, Brazil. Results : Significant differences were not observed between live and dead patients when evaluated considering the methods applied. Only 22% of the death certificates stated death due to AD. The patient’s cause of death showed a strong relation to respiratory issues; potential explanations based on immunological, biochemical and comorbidity were not confirmed on this study. Conclusions : AD was not declared as the cause of death in the majority of certificates, contributing to the underreporting and reducing the information of death due to AD in the country.
Invasive Apocrine Carcinoma of the Breast: Clinicopathologic Features of 57 Patients

Abstract: Apocrine carcinoma is a rare, unique, and morphologically distinctive type of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The features of invasive apocrine carcinoma (IAC) and their possible prognostic implications have not been fully investigated. To this end, we examined the clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome of patients with IAC and compared these factors with those of patients with IDC. Out of 2,055 breast cancer patients who had undergone breast surgery between 1995 and 2005, 57 patients of IAC and 1,583 patients of IDC were analyzed. The mean ages of the patients with IAC and of those with IDC were 58.5 ± 10.9 years and 54.4 ± 11 years, respectively (p = 0.006). The percentages of patients with axillary nodal metastasis and lymphatic invasion were significantly lower in the IAC group than in the IDC group (p = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively). The percentage of estrogen and progesterone receptor negativity was higher in the IAC group than in the IDC group (p < 0.001). After a median follow‐up period of 49 months (range, 1–133 months), seven (12%) patients with IAC and 244 (15%) patients with IDC had experienced recurrences. Three (5%) patients with IAC and 125 (8%) patients with IDC died of recurrent breast cancer. No significant differences in the relapse‐free survival (p = 0.83) and overall survival (p = 0.75) rates were observed between the two groups. Although IAC and IDC have different clinicopathologic characteristics, the prognoses of patients with these diseases are similar.
L-Arginine Does Not Affect Renal Morphology and Cell Survival in Ischemic Acute Renal Failure in Rats

Background:L-Arginine (L-Arg), a substrate of nitric oxide synthases, improves renal function in ischemic acute renal failure (iARF). We evaluated whether L-Arg improves renal morphology and cell survival in the course of iARF. Methods and Results: iARF was induced in rats by bilateral clamping of renal arteries for 45 min. L-Arg was applied intraperitoneally during clamping, and orally during 14 days of follow-up. Morphology and cell survival of renal cortical and medullar tissue was analyzed on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 of follow-up, using toluidine blue staining and immunohistochemistry of perfusion-fixated tissue, and Western blot analysis of tissue homogenate. Renal tubular injury showed typical features of necrosis and was most severe on days 1 and 3 after clamping, predominantly in S3 segments, with almost complete recovery by day 14. Enhanced medullar monocyte infiltration, determined by ED-1 expression as well as by immunohistochemistry, and enhanced expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), indicative of proliferation and regeneration, accompanied these morphological changes. Compared to controls, L-Arg had no impact on renal morphology, ED-1, and PCNA expression. Furthermore, expression of markers of apoptosis Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 was only slightly increased in iARF rats, compared to sham-operated animals, and was also not influenced by L-Arg. Conclusion: Despite its repeatedly reported positive impact on renal function as also shown in our model, L-Arg does not alter cell death and proliferation in the course of iARF in our model. Thus, different mechanisms have to be considered, in particular improved intrarenal hemodynamics.
Does the Sum Rule Hold at the Big Bang

In Dice 2010 Sumati Surya brought up a weaker Quantum sum rule as a biproduct of a quantum invariant measure space. Our question is stated as follows: Does it make sense to have disjointed sets to give us quantum conditions for a measure at the origin of the big bang? We argue that the answer is no, which has implications as to quantum measures and causal set structure. What is called equation (1) in the text requires a length, and interval, none of which holds at a point in space-time.singularity. What are the reasons? First, measurable spaces allow disjoint sets. Also, that smooth relations alone do not define separability or admit sets Planck’s length, if it exists, is a natural way to get about the ‘bad effects’ of a cosmic singularity at the beginning of space-time evolution, but if a new development is to believed, namely by Stoica in the article, about removing the cosmic singularity as a break down point in relativity, there is nothing which forbids space-time from collapsing to a point. If that happens, the cautions as to no disjoint intervals at a point raise the questions as to the appropriateness of Surya’s quantum measure. Since Stoica’s re scaling of pressure and density involve the cube of the scale factor, a, the differentiability and smoothness issues of the Friedman and acceleration equation vanish, leading to problems with the Hausdorf limiting cases for disjoint open sets, which makes quantum vector meaures not feasibile, due to vanishing of disjoint sets, as we approach a point in space-time. The final conclusion is that the intial singularity has to be embedded into higher dimensions, as in String theory due to 4 dimensional problems with quatum measures which in themselves in four dimensions break down.
Tuning fork tests in children (An evaluation of their usefulness)

Summary Despite the huge advances in clinical audiology over the past few decades, tuning fork tests are still used extensively in the diagnosis of hearing loss. This study investigates the usefulness, reliability and accuracy of tuning fork tests in a group of children involved in a prospective study of glue ear, and shows them to be of dubious value.
Sensitizing Concepts for Socio-spatial Literacy in HCI

People inherently share spaces with other people. Congenitally, interactive technologies and ubiquitous environments shape our opportunities for enacting social relations. Proxemics and Spatial Sharing have been suggested as foundations for our understanding of the socio-spatial aspects of computing. By tandeming these theoretical perspectives in a set of cases in the office domain, we develop a contribution comprised of 3 key sensitizing concepts: Proxemic Malleability, Proxemic Threshold and Proxemic Gravity articulating socio-spatial qualities at the interplay between interactive systems, spaces, interior elements and co-located people. The sensitizing concepts qualify interaction designers in considering proxemic consequences of technology design; they serve both as analytic lenses and as generative instruments in a design process. The proposed sensitizing concepts and the theoretical work of the paper contribute to enhanced Socio-spatial literacy in HCI.