Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biphasic Renal Sympathetic Response to Hemorrhagic Hypotension in Mice

Aim: The inhibitory responses of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and heart rate (HR) to sustained hemorrhagic shock occurred in anesthetized rats, but have not yet been determined in mice. Here, we investigated the responses of RSNA and HR to hemorrhagic hypotension in anesthetized mice, with an emphasis on the molecule-based mechanism for roles of afferent vagal nerves. Methods: RSNA, HR, and mean systemic arterial pressure were continuously measured in male pentobarbital-anesthetized C57BL/6N mice. Hemorrhagic hypotension of 50 mmHg was evoked and maintained for 10 min. Results: During hemorrhagic hypotension, RSNA initially increased and then sustainedly decreased, while HR progressively decreased. Vagotomy eliminated the second-phase sympathoinhibition and bradycardia, and carotid sinus denervation with vagotomy abolished the initial renal sympathoexcitation. The renal sympathoinihibition during hemorrhagic hypotension of 50 mmHg was eliminated in mice pretreated with a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channel (TRPV1) inhibitor, capsazepine, and in TRPV1 knockout (TRPV1−/−) mice, but not in TRPV4 knockout mice. The bradycardia response to hemorrhagic hypotension was also absent in TRPV1−/− mice and mice pretreated with capsazepine. Conclusion: Hemorrhagic hypotension in anesthetized mice causes biphasic responses of RSNA with an initial increase, followed by a sustained decrease, and a progressive decrease in HR. The initial sympathoexcitation is mediated by carotid sinus baroreceptors, while the later sympathoinhibition and bradycardia are mediated via the TRPV1 signals of vagal afferents.
Food Intake With an Antiobesity Drug (Sibutramine) Versus Placebo and Rorschach Data: A Crossover Within-Subjects Study

We related the effect of the satiety enhancing drug sibutramine (Meridia(r), Reductil(r)) on food intake to Rorschach Comprehensive System (Exner, 1991, 1993) personality factors. A placebo-controlled crossover, within-subjects design (n = 36) was used. Food intake after 2 weeks in the sibutramine and placebo conditions was assessed with a test meal using the VIKTOR (Cabmek, Stockholm, Sweden) setup, a computerized eating monitor. Building on baseline VIKTOR measurements, we had earlier studied the microstructure of eating (Elfhag, Barkeling, Carlsson, & Rossner, 2003). In this study, a model including Afr, MOR, and Populars could explain the variance in the effect of sibutramine. Sibutramine may reduce food intake in single test meals for participants whose appetite is prompted by external stimuli including food cues, suggested by the Affective ratio. Distress related to the body in obesity seen in damaged self-imagery (MOR) and adjustment to social expectations (Populars) could also have a moderating effect on the participants' consumption of test meals in an experimental design. Bodily concern (An + Xy) was also related to sibutramine response in univariate analyses.
Plasma lipoprotein (a) concentrations in hypothyroid, euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects.

OBJECTIVE Alterations of the lipid profile are a well known phenomenon in thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid hormones regulate lipid metabolism through various mechanisms, but a key role is played by the LDL receptor pathway. Thyroid hormone influence on lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] metabolism is known. METHODS AND RESULTS Therefore we studied Lp(a) concentrations in a group of 16 hypothyroid patients and in a group of 22 hyperthyroid patients. Twenty-six euthyroid subjects were used as a control group. Plasma Lp(a) concentrations in hyperthyroid patients (23.2 +/- 28.1 mg/dl) were significantly lower than those of the hypothyroid patients (27.1 +/- 19.2, p < 0.05). There were negative correlations between plasma Lp(a) concentrations and total T4 levels in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism (r: -0.49, p < 0.05; r: -0.40, p < 0.05, respectively). Also, decreased HDL-C levels, increased LDL-C, total cholesterol and apo B levels in the hypothyroid patients according to euthyroid subjects were observed (p < 0.05). Decreased LDL-C levels, increased HDL-C and apo Al levels in the hyperthyroid patients according to euthyroid subjects were determined (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that plasma Lp(a) concentrations increase in hypothyroid patients and the observed relationships between thyroid status and Lp(a) levels can be explained by impaired catabolism of apo B and Lp(a) in hypothyroidism.
Long‐term delivery of FGF‐6 changes the fiber type and fatigability of muscle reinnervated from embryonic neurons transplanted into adult rat peripheral nerve

Motoneuron death leads to muscle denervation and atrophy. Transplantation of embryonic neurons into peripheral nerves results in reinnervation and provides a strategy to rescue muscles from atrophy independent of neuron replacement in a damaged or diseased spinal cord. But the count of regenerating axons always exceeds the number of motor units in this model, so target‐derived trophic factor levels may limit reinnervation. Our aim was to examine whether long‐term infusion of fibroblast growth factor‐6 (FGF‐6) into denervated medial gastrocnemius muscles improved the function of muscles reinnervated from neurons transplanted into nerve of adult Fischer rats. Factor delivery (10 μg, 4 weeks) began after sciatic nerve transection. After a week of nerve degeneration, 1 million embryonic day 14–15 ventral spinal cord cells were transplanted into the distal tibial stump as a neuron source. Ten weeks later, neurons that expressed motoneuron markers survived in the nerves. More myelinated axons were in nerves to saline‐treated muscles than in FGF‐6‐treated muscles. However, each group showed comparable reductions in muscle fiber atrophy because of reinnervation. Mean reinnervated fiber area was 43%–51% of non‐denervated fibers. Denervated fiber area averaged 11%. FGF‐6‐treated muscles were more fatigable than other reinnervated muscles but had stronger motor units and fewer type I fibers than did saline‐treated muscles. FGF‐6 thus influenced function by changing the type of fiber reinnervated by transplanted neurons. Deficits in FGF‐6 may also contribute to the increase in type I fibers in muscles reinnervated from peripheral axons, suggesting that the effects of FGF‐6 on fiber type are independent of the neuron source used for reinnervation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
STRATEGIES FOR SAFEGUARDING PUBLIC VALUES IN LIBERALIZED UTILITY SECTORS

In the utility sectors, public values such as affordability, safety, and protection of the environment, require safeguarding. In the last 15 years, most utilities have been either liberalized or privatized. In an attempt to protect public values under these new conditions, this shift has been accompanied by an emphasis on tight regulations and strict norms. These are examples of hierarchical safeguarding mechanisms. This mechanism can cause adverse effects, such as an increase in transaction costs, which diminish or even outweigh the supposed advantages of liberalization and privatization. In addition to hierarchical safeguarding, this article describes two mechanisms used to safeguard public values: network mechanisms and market mechanisms. We suggest that smart combinations of network and hierarchy on the one hand, and market and hierarchy on the other, will lead to more effective and efficient safeguarding of public values than relying on hierarchy alone.
How Good is Trust?: Measuring Trust and its Role for the Progress of Societies

This paper investigates the notion and role of trust in modern societies as a first step towards the construction of indicators that could better inform our understanding of societal progress. Trust is commonly viewed as a proxy indicator of social capital, and a high level of trust is considered a factor that can enhance economic growth and social well-being. Indicators of trust inform about the quality of people’s interactions with others, hence on their assessment of the extent to which other people in the community are perceived as potential partners rather than as rivals. The paper, starting from the various notions and theories of trust provided in literature, discusses different definitions of trust, its various dimensions (i.e. interpersonal and institutional trust), their relation to the broader notion of social capital, and the different factors that affect it. It then overviews the measures currently used to assess trust, discussing their advantages and disadvantages. Questions assessing the degree of trust of respondents towards other people and institutions have been asked in dozens of large-scale surveys worldwide, and these data highlight systematic relations between trust and various dimensions of economic and social well-being. The paper concludes by noting the limits of available evidence and the scope for improvements through better survey design and more comparable survey questions.
Corporate Governance Structure and the Valuation of Australian Firms: Is There Value in Ticking the Boxes?

This paper provides an investigation of the valuation and agency consequences of corporate governance policy. This is achieved by examining variation in voluntary adoption by Australian listed firms, during the period from 1992 to 2002, of corporate governance frameworks representative of the governance code of practice introduced by the Australian Stock Exchange in 2003. The findings indicate benefits for firms from overall corporate governance structuring, but not in isolation, in line with the requirements now in place, and a significant role played by institutional and external shareholders as alternative agency mechanisms. Corporate governance structure is found to be important, however, the likely impact of disclosure of governance practice or compliance on valuation is less clear.
Familial Del(18p) syndrome.

We report on sibs and their mother, all with del(18p). The propositus, an 11-month-old, had developmental delay, round face, hypertelorism, large ears, broad nasal bridge, upturned nostrils, micrognathia, a high palate, redundant skin around the neck, micropenis, and cryptorchidism. The elder sister, a two and 7/12-year-old, had round face, hypertelorism, broad nasal bridge, narrow and high palate, redundant skin around the neck, short fingers, and hypoplastic genitalia. Their mother had microcephaly, hypertelorism, prominent columella, broad nasal bridge, wide mouth, high palate, malaligned teeth, and clinodactyly of the fifth fingers. Serial photographs of the mother showed that the characteristic round face in infancy changed to long face with age. The present report suggests that the mother with del(18p) may be fertile, and proper genetic counseling and long follow-up is necessary for the patient with del(18p) syndrome.
How Will EMU Affect Inflation and Unemployment in Europe

This paper explores how European Monetary Union will change the wage setting behavior of national labor unions. The authors derive the impact of national inflation aversion and labor militancy on the performance of national labor markets under different monetary arrangements. A common central bank raises inflation and unemployment if it acts as conservatively as national central banks. However, unemployment falls in countries that previously tied their monetary policy to the Bundesbank. The authors also examine the composition of EMU and the influence of national labor market legislation. Copyright 1999 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
Morphofunctional structure of the lingual papillae in three species of South American Camelids: Alpaca, guanaco, and llama

The aim of this study was to compare the anatomical and functional characteristics of the lingual papilla among the Camelidae. For this purpose, tongues of alpaca, guanaco, and llama were used. Numerous long and thin filiform papillae were located in the median groove and none were detected on the rest of the dorsal surface of the lingual apex in alpaca. Secondary papillae originated from the base of some filiform papillae on the ventral surface of alpaca tongue. The bases of some filiform papillae of the lateral surface of the lingual apex were inserted into conspicuous grooves in guanaco and tips of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the lingual body were ended by bifurcated apex. On the dorsal surface of the lingual apex of llama, there were no filiform papillae but there were numerous filiform papillae on both the lateral margins of the ventral surface of the lingual apex. Fungiform papillae were distributed randomly on dorsal lingual surface and ventral margins of the tongues of all camelid species. Lenticular papillae were located on the lingual torus and varied in size and topographical distribution for each species. Circumvallate papillae had irregular surfaces in llama and alpaca, and smooth surface in guanaco. In conclusion, llama and alpaca tongues were more similar to each other, and tongues of all camelid species displayed more similarities to those of Bactrian and dromedary camels in comparison with other herbivores and ruminants. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:61–71, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Talking about death with children who have severe malignant disease.

BACKGROUND One of the questions faced by the parents of a child who is terminally ill with a malignant disease is whether or not they should talk about death with their child. METHODS In 2001, we attempted to contact all parents in Sweden who had lost a child to cancer between 1992 and 1997. Among 561 eligible parents, 449 answered a questionnaire, and 429 stated whether or not they had talked about death with their child. RESULTS None of the 147 parents who talked with their child about death regretted it. In contrast, 69 of 258 parents (27 percent) who did not talk with their child about death regretted not having done so. Parents who sensed that their child was aware of his or her imminent death were more likely to regret not having talked about it (47 percent, as compared with 13 percent of parents who did not sense this awareness in their child; relative risk, 3.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.3 to 6.0). The same variable was related to having talked about death (50 percent vs. 13 percent; relative risk, 3.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.6 to 5.6), as was being religious (42 percent vs. 25 percent; relative risk, 1.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.3). The child's age was related to both having talked about death and the parents' regretting not having talked about it. CONCLUSIONS Parents who sense that their child is aware of his or her imminent death more often later regret not having talked with their child than do parents who do not sense this awareness in their child; overall, no parent in this cohort later regretted having talked with his or her child about death.
Intra-household income inequality and poverty in a small developing economy

Ignoring consumption inequality between individuals within a household is shown to not only underestimate the Gini coefficient and poverty measures but these vary considerably over different income groups even in a small island state like Fiji. Interestingly, the Kuznets curve for intra-household inequality is absent and to our knowledge the paper provides the first attempt in determining the factors that influence intra-household inequality. It was found that variation in the age of family members only affected inequality in low-expenditure groups while total assets affected inequality in the mid-level-expenditure group. Age variations arise due to the existence of intergenerational family structure among the poorer households and strong affinity towards asset accumulation among the middle class could have harmful effects on the development of children and the welfare of the weaker members within such families. These intra-family distributional problems can be addressed through targeted redistributive policies to provide additional resources and enhance family cohesion.
Tracing factors that facilitate achievement in mathematics in traditionally disadvantaged secondary schools

The purpose of this study is to advance the understanding of why some mathematics classrooms in disadvantaged communities are successful and others not. The study was conducted in Limpopo Province in the northern part of South Africa. The central research question addressed in the study is: What factors facilitate achievement of Grade 12 mathematics learners in traditionally disadvantaged schools, particularly in Limpopo Province? The study included in an extensive literature survey in order to identify related studies in this and other countries. The analysis is based on qualitative and quantitative data gathered in schools with similar learner demographics and socioeconomic characteristics, including both high-achieving and low-achieving schools. The quantitative analysis was based on a questionnaire issued to learners whereas the qualitative analysis was based on focus group interviews with learners and individual interviews with teachers. A questionnaire issued to teachers was also included in the study. This investigation shows that factors such as learners’ and teacher’ commitment and motivation, attitudes and self-concept, learners’ career prospects, learners’ perceptions of peers and teachers, and teachers’ perceptions of learners appear to influence disadvantaged learners’ decisions to persist and achieve in mathematics in spite of their difficult circumstances. The conclusion is that there are no mysterious factors that lie at the root of the differences between highand low-achieving schools. The application of sound teaching and learning principles fosters an environment where pupils are motivated to reach their full potential.
Reply to combination of p16INK4a‐Ki67 immunocytology and HPV polymerase chain reaction for the noninvasive analysis of HPV involvement in head and neck cancer

We recently read an interesting article by Linxweiler et al, who reported the use of p16-Ki67 immunocytochemistry combined with human papillomavirus (HPV) testing on cytological specimens for the assessment of HPV involvement in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Their findings regarding brush cytology and HPV testing are in agreement with the results of our previous study. In fact, we recently reported that abnormal brush cytology is strongly associated with a diagnosis of HNSCC and that HPV testing on cytobrushing specimens from patients with HNSCC is feasible and reliable. Linxweiler et al found a very high sensitivity (98%) and specificity (100%) for head and neck brush cytology, although the estimation of sensitivity based on an analytic population that was composed mostly of patients with cancer (50 of 65 patients) has to be regarded with caution. In fact, a recent work highlighted that disease prevalence affects test characteristics, including sensitivity. In addition, the high sensitivity reported by Linxweiler et al may depend on the fact that the samples were partly obtained during a panendoscopy, a procedure that guarantees a more thorough collection of cytological specimens compared with an ambulatory setting. Indeed, in an ambulatory setting, we collected 100 cytobrushing specimens from patients with HNSCC, and detected abnormal cells in only 77 of them (77%). Linxweiler et al also claimed that false-negative results regarding HPV status assessed on the cytological samples may be avoided by screening the samples for the presence of cancer cells prior to HPV testing. We performed the HPV test on 68 paired cytological-histological specimens from patients with HNSCC (Cohen kappa, 0.84) and based on our results, we only partly agree with the authors. In fact, among 9 morphologically negative cytobrushing specimens that corresponded to HPVpositive tumors, 3 specimens tested negative for HPV (thus representing false-negative results), whereas the other 6 were positive for HPV type 16, a finding that is in agreement with the respective tumor tissue. These findings demonstrate that cytological brushings may yield a reliable HPV test result despite the fact that they do not contain neoplastic cells. Although the performance of head and neck cytology can only be evaluated on a population-based sample, we believe that the study by Linxweiler et al represents a strong contribution toward promoting the use of brush cytology in patients with HNSCC for the assessment of HPV involvement in such tumors.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: high-resolution CT, chest radiographic, and functional correlations.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine whether a correlation exists between pulmonary function and both frontal chest radiographs and high-resolution chest CT findings in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). DESIGN Retrospective review of radiographic and clinical data. SETTING Tertiary referral hospital. PATIENTS Seven patients with PAP were studied on 25 occasions using high-resolution chest CT (n=21), frontal chest radiographs (n=19), and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) (n=25). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Visual estimates of the extent, degree, and overall severity of parenchymal abnormalities were determined for plain radiographs and high-resolution chest CT, and were correlated with PFTs. With high-resolution CT, the extent and severity of ground-glass opacity correlated significantly with the presence of a restrictive ventilatory defect, reduced diffusing capacity, and hypoxemia. Chest radiographic findings also correlated significantly with restrictive ventilatory defect, diffusing capacity, and hypoxemia. CONCLUSION In patients with PAP, although high-resolution CT correlates more closely with pulmonary function, plain radiographs should be sufficient for follow-up.
The Global Financial Crisis: U.S. Bankruptcies and Going-Concern Audit Opinions

SYNOPSIS: This study investigates whether auditors' going-concern modified opinion (GCO) decisions were less likely after the start of the recent “Global Financial Crisis” (GFC). Auditing regulators and the business press had complained that auditors did not provide adequate warning in their reports prior to many companies filing for bankruptcy during the GFC. Accordingly, we examine auditors' GCO opinions for financially stressed clients that subsequently entered into bankruptcy during the period from 2004 to 2010. We find that, after controlling for other factors related to GCOs, the propensity of auditors to issue a GCO prior to bankruptcy significantly increased after the onset of the GFC. Additional tests reveal similar results when we separately examine clients of the Big 4 and non-Big 4 firms, suggesting both sized firms significantly increased the likelihood of issuing a GCO to a subsequently bankrupt client after the start of the GFC. Our results should be of interest to regulators, investors, au.