Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinds of norms

This article provides an overview of recent, empirically supported categorization schemes that have been proposed to distinguish different kinds of norms. Amongst these are the moral–conventional distinction and divisions within moral norms such as those proposed by moral foundations theory. I identify several dimensions along which norms have been and could usefully be categorized. I discuss some of the most prominent norm categorization proposals and the aims of these existing categorization schemes. I propose that we take a pluralistic approach toward categorizing norms: Depending on our goals, it may be useful to focus on different features of norms, and as a result, it will be useful to categorize norms in multiple ways.
Determining factors contributing to software adoption on a personal level: testing TAM and UTAUT and a new combined model based on the two models

This study uses UTAUT and TAM and a combined model based on them to test, which factors contribute to the adoption of a new software on an employee’s personal level. The data is gathered in a company-wide survey that uses a 7-point Likert scale. Structural equation modeling using partial least squares is applied to the data to find out the causalities between the constructs and to test how well UTAUT and TAM perform. The combined model is created to test how well the two models perform together and whether there are new causalities between the variables. Based on the results, the models partially succeeded to find significant relations between constructs. All the relations in TAM were found significant, whereas half of the relations in UTAUT were not found to be significant. The majority of the relations presented in the combined model we found significant. This study suggests that UTAUT and TAM can be used to assess the adoption process of a new technology, but using new variables and different frameworks would be in the benefit of the field of technology adoption research.
Physico-Chemical Characterisation of Aerosol Particles at Canopy Level in Urban Zone

For many years, national and/or international research programs devoted to understand the effects of aerosol particles on health (COST action 633, .) and/or climate (ACE experiments, INDOEX, TARFOX, NAMBLEX .) have been carried out in various regions of the world and at various scale of time and space and more and more papers are published in connection with these two effects, health (Dockery et al., 1993; Dockery and Pope, 1994; Oberdorster, 2000; Pekanen et al., 1997 ; Pope and Dockery, 1999; Pope et al., 2002; Wichmann and Peters, 2000; .) and climate (Charlson et al., 1992; Jacobson, M.Z., 2001; Kaufman et al., 2002; Penner et al., 2004; .).
Assessing the value dimensions of outsourced maintenance services

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the diverse nature of tangible and intangible value dimensions that contribute to customers’ perception of value from outsourced maintenance services. Design/methodology/approach – A multiple case study approach has been adopted. Repertory grid, an in-depth structured interviewing technique, has been used in order to draw out the respondents’ hidden constructs in evaluating outsourced maintenance services. Data have been collected from four customer organizations of outsourced maintenance services, and a total of 33 interviews have been undertaken. Findings – The paper has identified a range of tangible and intangible value dimensions that are of importance in maintenance outsourcing decision making. The most important value dimensions for maintenance outsourcing were found to be specialist knowledge, accessibility (of the service provider), relational dynamic, range of products and services, delivery, pricing and locality. Although the paper has ident.
Patterns and influences on Dolly Varden migratory timing in the Chignik Lakes, Alaska, and comparison of populations throughout the northeastern Pacific and Arctic oceans

Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) are a facultatively anadromous salmonid common around much of the North Pacific Rim, but little is known about the environmental factors affecting the timing and diversity of their migration. We combined telemetry of anadromous fish with long-term monitoring of Dolly Varden upstream migration timing and environmental data in the Chignik Lakes watershed in Alaska and then compared the timing data with that of other streams where only count data were available. Telemetry revealed two upstream migration modes: midsummer and late fall at the Chignik Lakes. Weir counts indicated that timing fluctuated markedly over the monitoring period (1996–2011) and was negatively correlated with June sea surface temperature. The relationship between sea surface temperature and migration timing in other watersheds with long-term records was as follows: negative (Buskin River), positive (Auke Creek), or nonexistent (Goodnews and Kanektok rivers). Among 18 streams and rivers throughout the east.
Late Stage III Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation with Retino-ChoroidalAnastomosis do not Respond Well to Treatment with Ranibizumab (LucentisÃÂ®)

Background: Retinal Angiomatous Proliferations (RAP) is a subgroup of exsudative or “wet” Age-related Macular Degeneration (wAMD) with devastating reduction of visual acuity in later stages. Intravitreal Ranibizumab provides a good therapy, but is considered to be not as effective in this class of neovascularization compared to choroidal neovascularization (CNV). We investigated the efficacy of Ranibizumab in late stage III RAP with retino-choroidal anastomosis compared to the outcome of CNV lesions. Methods: Retrospective analysis of the data of all for wAMD with Ranibizumab treated patients. Patients were divided into groups depending on the lesion type into RAP (identified and selected clinically, proven by fluorescein angiography) and CNV types (identified by fluorescein angiography only) named occult, minimally and predominantly classic groups. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was obtained before (“diagnosis”), during (1st, 2nd and 3rd injection) and after upload (“1st control”). Results: Before first injection the visual acuity decreased in all groups (0.73 to 0.78 logMAR for all CNV, 0.95 to 1.02 logMAR for RAP). During upload there is no further decline in visual acuity but no improvement as well up to the 1st control visit in the RAP group (1.02 to 1.03 logMAR), but a statistically significant increase in all other groups (0.78 to 0.67 logMAR). Conclusion: Clinically identified late stage III RAP lesions with retino-choroidal anastomosis respond worse to treatment with monthly Ranibizumab than all other lesion types regardless of their severity. Treatment results in stabiliziation of visual acuity, but – in contrast to other forms of CNV – no further improvement. Therefore, patients with this special form need to be identified and treated as early as possible.
BIOMASS ALLOCATION IN PLANTS: ONTOGENY OR OPTIMALITY? A TEST ALONG THREE RESOURCE GRADIENTS

We examined biomass allocation patterns throughout the entire vegetative growth phase for three species of annual plants along three separate gradients of resource availability to determine whether observed patterns of allocational plasticity are consistent with optimal partitioning theory. Individuals of the annual plant species Abutilon theophrasti, Chenopodium album, and Polygonum pensylvanicum were grown from locally field-gathered seed in controlled greenhouse conditions across gradients of light, nutrients, and water. Frequent harvests were used to determine the growth and allocation (root vs. shoot, and leaf area vs. biomass) responses of these plants over a 57-d period. Growth analysis revealed that each species displayed significant plasticity in growth rates and substantial amounts of ontogenetic drift in root:shoot biomass ratios and ratios of leaf area to biomass across each of the three resource gradients. Ontogenetically controlled comparisons of root:shoot and leaf area ratios across light .
Problems of practice-based Doctorates in Art and Design: a viewpoint from Finland

Although the development of practice-based art and design research in Finland can be clearly recognised in an outstanding number of edited books, the number of completed doctorates and researchers who utilise this approach seems to gradually diminish and the approach itself is not well accepted within academic research communities. This paper aims to identify problems that hinder the progress of practice-based doctorates in art and design, by examining the forms of practice-based doctoral dissertations accepted in five Finnish art universities. A major problem of practice-based doctorates in art and design is the unconvincing argument that practice as such is a form of research inquiry without need for further validation and explanation. This ought to be solved in order to establish practice-based doctorates in art and design in a larger academic context.
Mobile TV as a Marketing Tool in South Africa: A Consumer’s Perspective

Mobile Television is highly considered to be the next breakthrough application in wireless technology. Recently mobile marketing has become an important method of communication with the recent advances in mobile phone technology. The primary objective of the study was to find solutions that could possibly increase the number of mobile TV subscribers in South Africa so as to increase mobile TV usefulness as a marketing tool for products and services. The design of the study was a quantitative design. This research involved distributing a questionnaire at The University of The Witwatersrand to a sample group of 380 students between the ages of 18 to 25. The data collected was analysed using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) Enterprise Guide 5.The results of the empirical study indicated that size of screens being too small was a major concern for mobile TV viewers and would make viewers less likely consider viewing mobile TV. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014. v5n25p158
Effects of the Swiss Franc/Euro Exchange Rate Floor on the Calibration of Probability Forecasts

Probability forecasts of the Swiss franc/euro (CHF/EUR) exchange rate are generated before, surrounding and after the placement of a floor on the CHF/EUR by the Swiss National Bank (SNB). The goal is to determine whether the exchange rate floor has a positive, negative or insignificant effect on the calibration of the probability forecasts from three time-series models: a vector autoregression (VAR) model, a VAR model augmented with the LiNGAM causal learning algorithm, and a univariate autoregressive model built on the independent components (ICs) of an independent component analysis (ICA). Score metric rankings of forecasts and plots of calibration functions are used in an attempt to identify the preferred time-series model based on forecast performance. The study not only finds evidence that the floor on the CHF/EUR has a negative impact on the forecasting performance of all three time-series models but also that the policy change by the SNB altered the causal structure underlying the six major currencies.
Non-native fishes of Belarus: diversity, distribution, and risk classification using the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit.

As of the end of 2008, 25 species of non-native fishes have been documented in the Republic of Belarus. Of these, 17 (68%) species were deliberately introduced for aquaculture, six (24%) species invaded from the adjacent territories by natural dispersal, and two (8%) species were likely introduced accidentally. During the 20th century, the number of non-native fishes in Belarus increased exponentially, resulting in significant shifts in taxonomic composition of the country's ichthyofauna. For the first time, we assessed the invasive potential of the introduced fishes by applying a uniform protocol, the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK). Based on the total FISK scores, all the non-native fishes in Belarus were classified into two groups: high and medium risk of becoming invasive. In terms of the economic sectors at risk ('aquacultural/fisheries', 'environmental', and 'nuisance'), all species were classified into three distinct groups. The highest risk to all of these sectors wa s posed by the brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus Le Sueur, 1819, gibel carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782), round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814), Amur sleeper Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877, and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). The two risk categories identified in the present study can be used in prioritizing the resources for the management of non-native fish species of Belarus and in countries with similar environmental conditions.
Hp-AND L "-VARIANTS OF MULTIPARAMETER CALDERÓN-ZYGMUND THEORY

We consider Calderón-Zygmund operators on product domains. Under certain weak conditions on the kernel a singular integral operator can be proved to be bounded on Hp(R x R x ■ ■ ■ x R), 0 < p < 1 , if its behaviour on L2 and on certain scalar-valued and vector-valued rectangle atoms is known. Another result concerns an extension of the authors' results on /Avariants of Calderón-Zygmund theory [1, 23] to the product-domain-setting. As an application, one obtains estimates for Fourier multipliers and pseudo-differential operators.
Effect of Fluid Rheology And Sandstone Permeability on Enhanced Oil Recovery in a Microfluidic Sandstone Device

Abstract Maximizing oil recovery from current reserves is becoming more important as global usage continues to rise. In this paper, we present the development of two microfluidic sandstone devices of high complexity and differing permeability capable of quickly and inexpensively testing the oil recovery performance of fluids with different rheological properties. Our initial baseline experiments were performed by displacing oil with water over a wide range of flow rates. Next, a commercially available fluid thickener, Flopaam 3630, was tested. Flopaam is both shear thinning and viscoelastic and was found, due primarily to its large viscosity, to recover more oil than the water and increase the oil recovery substantially in both the larger and smaller permeability microfluidic sandstone devices. Finally, a shear-thickening nanoparticle solution was studied. The shear-thickening solution was designed to thicken at a shear rate of about 10 s-1, a typical shear rate in the oil reservoirs. These shearthickening fluids were found to be an excellent enhanced oil recovery fluid, especially when the shear rates within the microfluidic sandstone devices closely matched the shear rates associated with the shear-thickening regime. For the high permeability sandstone devices tested, when the appropriate choice of shear-rate-dependent viscosity was used to define a capillary number, the oil recovery obtained from both the Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids were found to collapse quite well onto a single master curve. This, however, was not the case for the lowest permeability sandstone devices where the increased complexity was found to negatively affect the performance of the viscoelastic fluid when compared to either the Newtonian or the shear-thickening fluid. Finally, it was shown that these oil recovery results are insensitive to whether a single-stage recovery process or a more complex two-stage recovery process that starts with an initial water flood followed by a flood with a secondary fluid were used.
Illegal fishing bycatch overshadows climate as a driver of albatross population decline

Effective management of albatross populations requires understanding the impacts of environmental factors on albatross demographics. An integrated modelling approach incorporating multiple data sources can further the understanding of albatross demographics by incorporating error from all components of modeling, and help distinguish between variability related to one factor (e.g. environment) from that of another factor (e.g. density dependence). We applied such an integrated, spatially-explicit population model to quantify the impact of environmental conditions (sea surface temperature, SST), fisheries, and density dependence on a black-browed albatross Thalassarche melanophris population breeding on Kerguelen Island, southern Indian Ocean for the period 1950 to 2011. The model was structured by sex, age-class, and breeding stage, with a 5° × 5° spatial scale and monthly temporal scale. All parameters were estimated within a maximum likelihood framework. This includes estimation of seabird bycatch rates of each of 5 fishing super-fleets, grouped by gear type and reported bycatch rates: (1) Japanese pelagic longline, (2) other pelagic longline, (3) legal demersal longline, (4) trawl, and (5) illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) demersal longline. A decline in the Kerguelen black-browed albatross population occurred between the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s. Our analysis attributes the majority of modelled bycatch to the IUU demersal longline super-fleet operating near Kerguelen Island for this period. Including SST during the incubation period indicated that warm SST favors high breeding success. These results indicate that effective management requires an integrated understanding of the impacts of the environment as well as illegal and legal fishing activities on vulnerable populations.
Dot-ELISA for Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease and mycoplasmosis.

Newcastle disease (ND), Infectious bursal disease (IBD) and mycoplasmosis are common respiratory diseases of poultry affecting several billion rupees business in Pakistan. Prevalence of these diseases demands specific strategies to control their occurrence. Efforts were made to develop Dot-ELISA for detection of antibodies against NDV, IBD and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Dot-ELISA was performed on the sera samples collected from sick birds showing symptoms of ND, IBD and Mycoplasmosis. Antibodies were detected by dot-ELISA against NDV, IBDV and MG. Study showed that birds were highly exposed to MG in our region. Antibodies were detected against NDV, IBDV and MG in 37.2%, 32.1% and 54.7% infected birds, respectively. Present study also showed that the birds possessed antibodies against more than one pathogen tested: 5.1% of the infected birds possessed antibodies against NDV and IBDV; 9.5% against NDV and MG; and 11.7% against IBDV and MG. Data also showed that 2.9% of the infected birds were exposed to all the three pathogens that were tested. Antibodies were also detected in the sera obtained from healthy birds against all these three pathogens. Around 9.5%, 8.4% and 15.5% sera were found to contain antibodies against NDV, IBDV and MG, respectively. Present study also showed that the prevalence of co- infections are 1.9% (NDV and IBDV), 3% (NDV and MG) and 3.3% (IBDV and MG), respectively. Dot-ELISA using specific antigens from pathogens is very specific, highly sensitive, less time consuming with little false result. A diagnostic kit can be prepared for large number of pathogens; this combine approach of several antigens on a single strip can play an important role in the diagnosis of poultry disease at early stage, and help in controlling infectious diseases in poultry sector in Pakistan.
Systemic therapy of metastatic breast cancer

Systemic therapy of metastatic breast cancer is not curative and its goal is life prolongation and improvement of quality of life. Treatment of metastatic breast cancer usually involvesendocrine therapy and/or chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy. The use of the minimally toxic endocrine therapies is preff ered to the use of cytotoxic therapy whenever reasonable.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Kathmandu

Obesity and type 2 diabetes constitute major public health issues in modern societies worldwide. These two forms frequently coexist, and statistics show that 60–90% of all patients with type 2 diabetes are or have been obese. Obesity is generally considered to be a strong risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in future. Thus, the main aim of this study is to evaluate the trend of overweight and obesity among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It also attempts to determine the prevalence of abdominal adiposity in type 2 diabetic subjects. The present study comprised of a total of 160 type 2 diabetic subjects who were interviewed for different demographic factors, diabetes related information and personal habits. Anthropometric measurements were done, body mass index and waist-hip ratio were determined. Thus, obtained data were analyzed and the results were reported. This study revealed that nearly half i.e. 51.9% of the total patients have been suffering from overweight and obesity as per the BMI category. Similarly, obesity was found to be more prevalent in female subjects than their male counterparts, with 5.5% males and 25.7% females being obese.
The pmrHFIJKLM Operon in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Enhances Resistance to CCL28 and Promotes Phagocytic Engulfment by Neutrophils

The pmrHFIJKLM Operon in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Enhances Resistance to CCL28 and Promotes Phagocytic Engulfment by Neutrophils Lauren Elizabeth Johnson Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, BYU Master Science Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a foodborne pathogen that is the ancestral strain to Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of Plague. Y. pseudotuberculosis invades a host through the intestinal epithelium. The bacteria resist mucosal innate immune defenses including antimicrobial chemokines and phagocytic cells, and replicate in local lymph nodes. They cause Tuberculosis-like symptoms, including necrosis of local tissue and granuloma formation. Like all bacteria, Y. pseudotuberculosis has a net negative charge, which contributes to its susceptibility to some cationic antimicrobial peptides. Y. pseudotuberculosis is able to reduce this negative charge by adding 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) to the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide. The production and addition of the L-Ara4N is coded for by the pmrHFIJKLM (pmrF) operon. A previous study has shown that the Y. pseudotuberculosis pmrF operon is important for resistance against polymyxin, but is not important for virulence in mice. Several previous reports have shown a strong influence of growth temperature on resistance to antimicrobial peptides and pmrF expression in pathogenic Yersinia species, but these studies also suggest significant variability between species, and even between strains of individual species. In particular, the regulation of the Y. pseudotuberculosis pmrF operon and its effect on bacterial interactions with mucosa-associated antimicrobial chemokines and neutrophils is not understood. In these studies, we investigated the environmental influences on pmrF expression in Y. pseudotuberculosis. We found that the promoter activity of the pmrHFIJKLM operon is increased at lower temperatures (21oC) and in the presence of human serum. A ΔpmrI mutant strain of Y. pseudotuberculosis defective for addition of L-Ara4N was found to be more susceptible to killing by the antimicrobial chemokine CCL28 compared to wild-type. This suggests that this gene is important in the bacterial defense against antimicrobial chemokines. However, when the ΔpmrI mutant strain was exposed to human neutrophils, there was a decrease in phagocytosis as compared to wild-type bacteria. Our results suggest that the regulation of LAra4N modifications in Yersinia is more complex than previously appreciated and varies between species. Addition of L-Ara4N to Y. pseudotuberculosis appears to enhance resistance to some antimicrobial peptides like CCL28 and promote greater phagocytic engulfment by neutrophils. These opposing effects may partly explain why there is no net apparent survival defect in mutants lacking the pmrF operon during infection.