Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Elementary Schools Students about Oral Health in Yazd

Background and Aim: Oral health is the most important factor in public health in any society. Dental services emphasize primary preventive dental care services and in the next stages emphasize the secondary and tertiary prevention, health promotion and development of individual’s health. Despite great progress in fight against disease in the world, tooth decay is still the most common disease in the world, such as our country. The aim of this study was determination of knowledge, attitude and practice of fourth and fifth grade students of elementary schools about oral health in Yazd. Materials & Methods: This study was a cross-sectional research and conducted among 354 male and female students in fourth and fifth grade at elementary school in Yazd who were selected through randomize sampling method. Data were collected via questionnaires consist of demographic, knowledge (score range 0-22), attitude (score range 5-30) and practice (score range 0-8) questions. Data were analyzed by using SPSS-18 with descriptive and analytical tests such as independent T. test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient at α=0.05. Results: The results showed that, average knowledge score 15.59±2.5, 66.4% had good and 33.6% had medium knowledge. Average attitude score was 25.04±3.68. 90.4% had good, 9.3% had medium, and 0.3% had poor attitude. Average practice score was 4.45±1.33. 18.6% had good, 65.5% medium and 5.6% had poor practice. Boys' attitudes were more than girls (p=0.026). Conclusion: knowledge, attitudes and practice about oral health among students were at the medium level and education is emphasized. Because students reported teachers and health educator were most important sources of information, it seems we can achieve satisfying results by education through those channels.
Milk production of Red Sokoto goats fed with supplements in Bauchi State, Nigeria.

The feeding value of cotton seed cake and maize bran as protein and energy supplements in the diets of Red Sokoto goat was investigated in an experiment at different quantities of 200g mixture of cotton seed cake/maize bran (50:50), 200g cotton seed cake alone and 200g maize bran alone using groundnut haulms as basal feed and sole diet for the control. The study lasted for 84 days during which feed intake and milk production performance characteristics were monitored in twelve Red Sokoto goats with three animals per treatment using the completely randomized design. The daily supplement intake, total feed intake and milk yield were significant (P 0.05) but the highest weights were recorded for goats in supplements B fed cotton seed cake/maize bran mixture. The regression coefficient of daily supplement intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratios were significant (P<0.01). It was concluded that the mixture of protein and energy supplements can increase milk yield of small ruminants then those not supplemented.
Risk of transmission of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in foods

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is well known to be abundantly distributed in marine, coastal and estuarine environments. Since 1951, V. parahaemolyticus had been the source of numerous outbreaks related to contaminated or mishandled seafood. However, V. parahaemolyticus had been detected on other types of food. This issue has prompted this study to investigate on the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in various food samples and determine the risk associated with it. The results of the MPN-plating technique of the study indicated that V. parahaemolyticus was detected in seafood (33.3%, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 31.9 – 34.8 , 94 – 290 MPN/g) and vegetables (10.0%, 95% CI 9.7 – 10.3 , 9.2 – 23 MPN/g) while negative V. parahaemolyticus was detected in fruits (0.0%, 95% CI 0 – 1, <3 MPN/g) and chicken (0.0%, 95% CI 0 – 1.5, <3 MPN/g). Microbial risk assessment using @risk was conducted based on the data collected on separate food classes. The probability of illness of consuming contaminated seafood and vegetables with V. parahaemolyticus was 1.86 x 10-8 with a rate of 0.505 per 100,000 Malaysians and 4.83 x 10-9 with a rate of 0.002 per 100,000 Malaysians respectively. The risk of consuming both contaminated seafood and vegetables was simulated and the probability of illness was 2.34 x 10-8 with 249 expected cases to occur per year and a rate of 0.831 per 100,000 Malaysians. The underlying factors that contribute to the transmission of V. parahaemolyticus can cause an increased risk of infection and should be prevented to conserve the public health.
The Relationship between Perception of Equity and Job Satisfaction among Employees of Malaysian Universities

The objectives of this research are to examine the relationship between perceptions of both internal and external equity (independent factors) and job fulfillment (dependent factor) among Malaysian university workers and to define the comparative significance of independents factors (perception of interior equity and perception of exterior equity in forecasting job fulfillment in Malaysian Universities. A multiple regression analysis was undertaken to indicate the outcomes derived from data gathering by administering a questionnaire among 150 employees who were selected randomly at Malaysian public and private universities. The research outcomes showed affirmative connections between perceptions of internal and external equity and job fulfillment. The findings also revealed that perception of internal equity has more impact on forecasting job fulfillment than perception of external equity. Nevertheless, this research is exploratory in nature and the outcomes are not definite.
Originate-to-Distribute Model and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis

An originate-to-distribute (OTD) model of lending, where the originator of a loan sells it to various third parties, was a popular method of mortgage lending before the onset of the subprime mortgage crisis. We show that banks with high involvement in the OTD market during the pre-crisis period originated excessively poor-quality mortgages. This result is not explained away by differences in observable borrower quality, geographical location of the property, or the cost of capital of high- and low-OTD banks. Instead, our evidence supports the view that the originating banks did not expend resources in screening their borrowers. The effect of OTD lending on poor mortgage quality is stronger for capital-constrained banks. Overall, we provide evidence that lack of screening incentives coupled with leverage-induced risk-taking behavior significantly contributed to the current subprime mortgage crisis. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. , Oxford University Press.
Exclusive Dealing Contract and Inefficient Entry Threat

This paper examines the effects of exclusive dealing contracts offered by an incumbent distributor to an incumbent manufacturer with entrants in both manufacturing and distribution sectors. It is well-known that a potential entry threat is welfare increasing under homogenous price competition, even though the potential entrant is less productive. This paper reexamines this intuition. We show that the entry threat of a less-productive manufacturer is welfare decreasing when there is an exclusive dealing contract between the incumbent manufacturer and distributor.
The Malawi 2002 food crisis: the rural development challenge

The recent food crisis in Malawi has drawn stark attention to the failures of development policies over the last forty years to create wealth and develop a robust economy or the markets on which such an economy must depend. Current market liberalisation policies have achieved at best mixed success in addressing the generic problems inhibiting smallholder agricultural development: low returns to farmers' and service providers' investments, with high risks from natural shocks, price variations, coordination failure and opportunistic behaviour. Post-independence institutional mechanisms in Malawi were more successful in addressing some of these problems, in particular those of coordination risk, although external and internal difficulties led to increasing costs and declining effectiveness of these mechanisms, and to their collapse. They do provide, however, important lessons about the different failures of both market intervention and market liberalisation policies. We suggest and discuss a set of critical elements needed for economic development and wealth creation in poor rural areas, and propose four basic principles to guide the search for, and design and implementation of, effective rural development strategies and policies.
Dynamics of Financial Development, Economic Growth, and Poverty Alleviation: The Indonesian Experience

Abstract Although the poverty rate in Indonesia has been declining in the last several years, the rate of poverty decline is slowing down. In order to achieve its poverty reduction target within the stipulated time period, the government has stepped up efforts to enhance the contribution of the financial sector towards poverty reduction. This study aims to empirically explore the interlinkages between financial sector development and poverty reduction in Indonesia. Focusing on annual data covering the period from 1980 to 2015, the study adopts the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration approach to examine the long-run relationship between the variables. The study found that there is a long-run relationship between financial development, economic growth, and poverty reduction in Indonesia. It also documented a unidirectional causality running from the financial sector to poverty reduction and a bidirectional causality between economic growth and poverty reduction. Therefore, policies to ensure the conducive growth of the financial sector would go a long way in promoting the economy, creating employment opportunities, and consequently accelerating poverty eradication
Adult Learning Across USA, Canada, and New Zealand: A Cross-Cultural Study of PIAAC

Skeptics of Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and Trend for International Math and Science Study (TIMSS) argue that while US elementary and high school students are behind their peers in other nations, the US workforce is still excellent because of the high quality post-secondary educational institutions in the US. However, the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) indicates that US adults are in fact far behind their international peers in literacy, numeracy, and technology-based problem solving. Through the use of data mining, this study explored the possible association between PIAAC scores and several constructs. Since the US, Canada, and New Zealand were considered culturally similar nations, according to cluster analysis, patterns between PIAAC scores and selected constructs were analyzed by a variety of big data analytical methods, including cluster analysis, bootstrap forest, boosted tree, and data visualization. Given that PIAAC used multiple computerized adaptive testing, the consequential plausible values were randomly selected when the ensemble approach was used. Additionally, model comparison was utilized to decide between bagging and boosting in order to select the optimal model for each sample. In these samples, cultural engagement, readiness to learn, and social trust, respectively emerged as strong predictors for learning outcomes as they were assessed by PIAAC.
Peridynamic Formulation for Coupled Thermoelectric Phenomena

Modeling of heat and electrical current flow simultaneously in thermoelectric convertor using classical theories do not consider the influence of defects in the material. This is because traditional methods are developed based on partial differential equations (PDEs) and lead to infinite fluxes at the discontinuities. The usual way of solving such PDEs is by using numerical technique, like Finite Element Method (FEM). Although FEM is robust and versatile, it is not suitable to model evolving discontinuities. To avoid such shortcomings, we propose the concept of peridynamic theory to derive the balance of energy and charge equations in the coupled thermoelectric phenomena. Therefore, this paper presents the transport of heat and charge in thermoelectric material in the framework of peridynamic (PD) theory. To illustrate the reliability of the PD formulation, numerical examples are presented and results are compared with those from literature, analytical solutions, or finite element solutions.
Soluble Adhesion Molecules During a Single Dialysis Session in Children and Young Adults on Chronic Hemodialysis

Background. Immune system impairment in patients on hemodialysis (HD) may partly result from bioincompati− bility of dialysis membranes. Objectives. The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of a single dialysis session and the type of dialysis mem− brane on soluble(s) adhesion molecules, thus evaluating their value as biocompatibility markers. Material and Methods. Serum sL−selectin and sVCAM−1 concentrations were assessed by ELISA. These para− meters and the sL−selectin/sVCAM−1 ratio (L/V) were examined in children and young adults on maintenance HD: 14 with cuprophane (CU), 10 with vitamin E−modified cellulose (VE), and 8 with polysulfone (PS) membranes, as well as in 15 controls. Baseline laboratory test results, age, BMI, and time of therapy were also evaluated and regression analysis was performed. Results. Linear correlations were found between sL−selectin, L/V, and the type of dialyzer before and after dialy− sis session. The correlation coefficient for the linear regression equation after HD was higher than before the ses− sion (sL−selectin: R = 0.6 vs. R = 0.5, L/V: R = 0.7 vs. R = 0.6) and was stronger for L/V. Linear correlation was found between sVCAM−1 and the membrane type after HD (R = 0.5). Conclusions. The relationships between adhesion molecules and dialyzer type suggest that they may serve as markers of biocompatibility. The sL−selectin correlation, which suggests an impact of the membrane on leukocyte function, requires further investigation as one of the possible explanations for the increased incidence of infections in HD children (Adv Clin Exp Med 2008, 17, 2, 183–189).
A bio-chemostratigraphical test of the synchroneity of biozones in the upper Silurian of Estonia and Latvia with some implications for practical stratigraphy

The paper discusses the reliability of different biozones in terms of their synchroneity when crossing facies boundaries within a sedimentary basin. Graptolite biozones are the most trusted ones, but also biozones based on conodonts, chitinozoans and less 'authoritative' groups like ostracodes and vertebrates are used. The integration of bio- and chemostratigraphy aids the understanding of the pattern and timing of fossil distribution. Despite different environments most of the analysed biozones are in general synchronous units and in the majority of cases their time signals do not contradict each other. The much discussed Ozarkodina crispa (and its two morphs) has a stratigraphical range in the East Baltic that is longer than commonly recognized elsewhere. Its first occurrences in Estonia have been reported from shallow-water facies below the Mid-Ludfordian Carbon Isotope Excursion. The geographical distribution of Oz. crispa is much wider in the upper Ludfordian open shelf rocks and a few occurrences are also known in the lowest Přidoli in the East Baltic. Analogous ecostratigraphical trends are characteristic of some other fossil species. The analysis demonstrates that, when properly studied, all of the fossil groups considered can provide useful biostratigraphical information. The subdivision of the Přidoli Series into two stages is discussed. Bio-chemostratigraphical data confirm the late Ludfordian age of the Kuressaare Formation and its correlatives. The bio- and chemostratigraphical testing of biozonal indices suggests some tentative correlations with other areas, in particular the type Ludlow area, and enables identification of the Silurian-Devonian boundary in the East Baltic.
Sensitivity to morphology in urban boundary layer modeling at the mesoscale

The representation of urbanized surfaces in a mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model poses a formidable challenge in dynamics and thermodynamics. The heterogeneity of surface type generally precludes explicit solution, requiring parameterization of physical processes to understand the meteorology of the urban boundary layer (UBL). These processes include radiative transfer, drag from buildings, anthropogenic heat flux as well as the transport of turbulent quantities of heat and momentum and their exchange with the inertial layer above (see Figure 1). To parameterize these physical processes, mesoscale modeling of the urban environment (resolution scale ~ O(10-10)) requires parameterization of its form, or morphology. Morphology representation entails averaging key geometric quantities such as roughness element (building) dimensions, building density and fractional surface coverage by anthropogenic material. At the mesoscale, this method of morphology representation does not resolve individual structures, thus introducing sub-grid scale variation. This study seeks to evaluate the sensitivity of pertinent atmospheric quantities in the urban boundary layer to small perturbations in key urban morphological parameterizations using the NCEP/NCAR Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) and its newly coupled urban canopy model (UCM: Kusaka and Kimura 2004). Uncertainty in the initial and boundary conditions of an NWP model may derive from sub-grid scale variation, incomplete model physics, measurement error or other sources. The typically heterogeneous urban morphology contributes substantially to sub-grid scale variation in the description of the model surface. A common response to this problem is to classify surface aggregates according to a dominant structural form such as “highintensity residential” or “commercial. ” This allows for the creation of a set of categorical urban land surface types, each with distinct physical and thermal characteristics (Grimmond and Oke 1999). However, sub-grid scale variations in morphology remain. Many relevant meteorological quantities, such as urban canopy wind speed, urban boundary layer depth, turbulence kinetic energy, heat flux, street canyon air temperature, etc., all derive from parameterizations influenced by the urban morphology. Of crucial interest to urban environmental modeling is pollutant transport, of which a viable shortterm forecast depends on accurate model estimates of the meteorology (Dabberdt et al. 2004, Fisher et al. 2006, Hess et al. 2004, Taha and Bornstein 2000). Thus, urban air quality studies are inevitably subject to the uncertainty caused by sub-grid scale variations in urban morphology representations. Current remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques can provide a very accurate, high-resolution depiction of the urban environment (Hafner and Kidder 1999, Rotach et al. 2005). However, the integration of such data into an operational NWP model may be costly
Analysis of HPV-other Samples by Performing HPV DNA Sequencing

Background : HPV-other samples are designated as being positive on HPV-PCR, but negative when using specific HPV hybridization probes. We wanted to determine the types on the HPV-other samples by performing sequencing, and to know the pathologic status of the uterine cervix according to the HPV type detected on sequencing. Methods : For HPV genotying, we used the commercially available HPV DNA Chip test, which contains 15 types of highrisk HPV and 9 types of low-risk HPV. The HPV DNA sequencing was performed for the HPVother samples of 209 patients who subsequently underwent cervical biopsy. Results : For 204 of the 209 samples, the HPV types detected by sequencing were absent types at used HPV DNA chip. For the remaining 5 samples, sequencing was impossible due to mixed peaks. HPV-81 (19.6%), HPV-61 (18.6%), HPV-62 (16.7%) and HPV-84 (13.9%) were frequently detected. For the HPV-81, -62, -71, and -72 samples, most of the samples displayed normal or LSIL. However, HPV-84 and -61 were more associated with HSIL or worse, as compared to the other types. Conclusion : HPV-81, -61, -62 and -84 were frequently found on sequencing analysis of the HPV-other samples. The pathologic status was diverse, according to the HPV type detected on sequencing.
Distribution of Azure-Winged Magpies Cyanopica cooki in Spain: Both Local and Large-Scale Factors Considered

Abstract. Although the main environmental determinants of bird distribution are contingent on the spatial scale of studies, the consistency of species distributional patterns has rarely been considered in large- and local-scale analyses. The competing roles of biotic, abiotic and landscape features in shaping the distribution of Azure-winged Magpies were assessed at two spatial scales: a large-scale analysis of 50×50 km blocks across nearly the whole of the species range (the Iberian Peninsula), and a small-scale assessment based on point counts of 50-m radius located near the northern edge of its distribution. The observed species distribution can be explained mainly by geographic and climatic features whereas the influence of landscape factors is weak. Azure-winged Magpies are more abundant near the core of its range in southwest Iberia and rarify towards the north and the east, in what seems to be a limitation of their ability to tolerate colder and drier climates, respectively. At local level, Azure-winged Magpies are habitat generalists avoiding urban sprawl whose probability of occurrence decreases with elevation, reaching zero above 1,600 m a.s. l. The species prefer wooded environments, although it tends to avoid mature, dense forests. The occurrence of potential competitors (Common Magpie Pica pica and Jay Garrulus glandarius), whose habitat preferences widely overlap with those of the Azure-winged Magpie, had no influence on either the large-scale or local distribution of Azure-winged Magpies. From a conservationist standpoint, the presence of the species in agricultural, pseudosteppe habitats with thinly forested watercourses highlights the importance of conserving gallery forests in the regions less suitable for the species.