Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
StyleNet: Generating Attractive Visual Captions with Styles

We propose a novel framework named StyleNet to address the task of generating attractive captions for images and videos with different styles. To this end, we devise a novel model component, named factored LSTM, which automatically distills the style factors in the monolingual text corpus. Then at runtime, we can explicitly control the style in the caption generation process so as to produce attractive visual captions with the desired style. Our approach achieves this goal by leveraging two sets of data: 1) factual image/video-caption paired data, and 2) stylized monolingual text data (e.g., romantic and humorous sentences). We show experimentally that StyleNet outperforms existing approaches for generating visual captions with different styles, measured in both automatic and human evaluation metrics on the newly collected FlickrStyle10K image caption dataset, which contains 10K Flickr images with corresponding humorous and romantic captions.
A comparison of extrapyramidal symptoms in older outpatients treated with quetiapine or risperidone

SUMMARY Objective: To compare the tolerability of quetiapine with risperidone in older outpatients. Research design and methods: Post hoc analysis of a subset of older patients (aged 60–80; n = 92) from a randomized, 4-month, multicenter, open-label trial comparing quetiapine and risperidone in an outpatient setting. Participants had various neuropsychiatric disorders associated with psychosis as defined by criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn). Main outcome measures: The main outcome measure was an extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) checklist, used to assess motor symptoms, including parkinsonism, at baseline and after treatment. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impression scale were used to assess therapeutic efficacy. Results: Substantial EPS (defined as EPS requiring a dosage adjustment or use of medication to reduce EPS) occurred less often with quetiapine (median dosage, 200 mg/day) than with risperidone (median dosage, 3 mg/day); odds ratio, 0.31 ( P < 0.03). Quetiapine was also less likely than risperidone to cause akathisia or hypertonia. Both compounds produced comparable reductions in PANSS scores. Conclusions: Interpretation of findings in this report is limited by the open-label design of the study and the post hoc nature of this analysis. However, the results suggest that quetiapine, when given within the recommended dosage range, has a benign EPS profile, with potentially greater tolerability and comparable efficacy to risperidone in older outpatients with psychotic disorders.
Differential subcellular localization of the regulatory T‐cell protein LAG‐3 and the coreceptor CD4

CD4 binds to MHC class II molecules and enhances T‐cell activation. The CD4‐related transmembrane protein LAG‐3 (lymphocyte activation gene‐3, CD223) binds to the same ligand but inhibits T‐cell proliferation. We have previously shown that LAG‐3 cell surface expression is tightly regulated by extracellular cleavage in order to regulate its potent inhibitory activity. Given this observation and the contrasting functions of CD4 and LAG‐3, we investigated the cell distribution, location and transport of these related cell surface molecules. As expected, the vast majority of CD4 is expressed at the cell surface with minimal intracellular localization, as determined by flow cytometry, immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. In contrast, nearly half the cellular content of LAG‐3 is retained in intracellular compartments. This significant intracellular storage of LAG‐3 appears to facilitate its rapid translocation to the cell surface following T‐cell activation, which was much faster for LAG‐3 than CD4. Increased vesicular pH inhibited translocation of both CD4 and LAG‐3 to the plasma membrane. While some colocalization of the microtubule organizing center, early/recycling endosomes and secretory lysosomes was observed with CD4, significantly greater colocalization was observed with LAG‐3. Analysis of CD4:LAG‐3 chimeras suggested that multiple domains may contribute to intracellular retention of LAG‐3. Thus, in contrast with CD4, the substantial intracellular storage of LAG‐3 and its close association with the microtubule organizing center and recycling endosomes may facilitate its rapid translocation to the cell surface during T‐cell activation and help to mitigate T‐cell activation.
Factors influencing pre-natal fertility in the brown marsupial mouse, Antechinus stuartii.

The number of eggs ovulated per ovary, estimated as the number of corpora lutea in histological sections, was 6.1 +/- 1.4 (s.d.) in 100 sides of the reproductive tract in 53 female Antechinus stuartii during 5 breeding seasons. Post-ovulatory fertility, estimated as the number of normal embryos divided by the number of corpora lutea, was 74 +/- 25% (s.d.). By analysis of variance the number of corpora lutea per ovary did not vary significantly with the year of breeding or the origin of the female but did decline significantly (P less than 0.05) with increasing age of the female to 5.4 +/- 1.1 (s.d.) in females in their second breeding season. Analysis of variance showed that the mean percentage of surviving embryos did not vary significantly with the year of breeding, origin or age of the female, the stage of development or whether the female had been mated 1, 2 or 3 times. Failure of development was most marked during fertilization and cleavage to the unilaminar blastocyst and only 79 +/- 21% (s.d.) of embryos reached the latter stage. Additional mortality occurred mainly during implantation.
Lower-Sensitivity and Avidity Modifications of the Vitros Anti-HIV 1+2 Assay for Detection of Recent HIV Infections and Incidence Estimation

ABSTRACT Recent-infection testing assays/algorithms (RITAs) have been developed to exploit the titer and avidity of HIV antibody evolution following seroconversion for incidence estimation. The Vitros Anti-HIV 1+2 assay (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics) was approved by the FDA to detect HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. We developed a less-sensitive (LS) and an avidity-modified version of this assay to detect recent HIV infection. Seroconversion panels (80 subjects, 416 samples) were tested to calculate the mean duration of recent infection (MDR) for these assays. A panel from known long-term (2+ years) HIV-infected subjects on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (n = 134) and subjects with low CD4 counts (AIDS patients [n = 140]) was used to measure the false-recent rate (FRR) of the assays. Using a signal-to-cutoff ratio of 20 and the LS-Vitros assay gave a RITA MDR of 215 days (95% confidence interval [95% CI], ±65 days) and using an avidity index (AI) of 0.6 gave an MDR of 170 days (±44 days), while a combination of the two assays yielded a MDR of 146 days (±38.6) and an FRR of 8%. Misclassifying subjects with known long-term infection as recently infected occurred in 14% of AIDS patients and 29% (95% CI, 22, 38) of HAART subjects and 3% (95% CI, 0.8, 7.2) and 42% (95% CI, 33, 51), respectively, for the LS- and avidity-modified Vitros assays, with a misclassification rate of 15% (95% CI, 11, 20) overall using a dual-assay algorithm. Both modified Vitros assays can be used to estimate the length of time since seroconversion and in calculations for HIV incidence. Like other RITAs, they are subject to high FRR in subjects on HAART or with AIDS.
Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on hemodynamics and indocyanine green kinetics in patients after orthotopic liver transplantation

Objective To determine the impact of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation on hemodynamics and a clinical test for assessment of dynamic liver performance in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Design Prospective, descriptive patient study. Setting University hospital intensive care unit. Patients A total of 25 patients after OLT. Interventions All patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated with biphasic positive airway pressure. The effects of three different randomly chosen levels of PEEP (0 cm H2O, 5 cm H2O, and 10 cm H2O) were studied in the immediate postoperative period. Measurements and Main Results Systemic hemodynamics, arterial and venous blood gas analyses, and plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green (ICGPDR), using the transpulmonary indicator dilution technique, were obtained simultaneously. For data evaluation, patients were grouped retrospectively according to their hemodynamic response to PEEP (Group A and Group B). In Group A (n = 13), PEEP did not alter cardiac index. In Group B (n = 11), PEEP levels of 5 cm H2O and 10 cm H2O significantly reduced cardiac index and oxygen delivery. ICGPDR remained statistically unchanged in both groups. Conclusions Short-term pressure-controlled ventilation with PEEP levels of up to 10 cm H2O does not exert detrimental effects on systemic hemodynamics in OLT patients and does not interfere with ICGPDR. However, it remains to be determined whether these findings could be confirmed under the application of higher PEEP levels over a longer period of time and whether they could be of clinical relevance for the use of indocyanine green as a dynamic liver function test.
Chemosensitization and Radiosensitization of Human Cancer by Antisense Anti‐MDM2 Oligonucleotides

Abstract: MDM2 oncogene is overexpressed in many human cancers including breast, colon, and prostate cancer, and MDM2 levels are associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Here, we summarize the investigation of the functions of MDM2 oncogene in human cancer growth and the value of MDM2 as a drug target for prostate cancer therapy by using antisense to inhibit MDM2 expression. Antisense anti‐human‐MDM2 oligonucleotides and mismatch controls were tested in in vitro and in vivo human cancer models for antitumor activity. Targeted gene products and related proteins were analyzed and the antitumor activity was determined when the oligonucleotides were used alone or in combination with cancer chemotherapeutics and radiation therapy. The antisense oligonucleotide specifically inhibited MDM2 expression in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, resulting in significant antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. The antisense oligonucleotides also potentiated the effects of p53 activation and p21 induction by chemotherapeutic agents 10‐hydroxycamptothecin, adriamycin, 5‐fluorouracil, and paclitaxel. In a dose‐dependent manner, the antisense oligonucleotide showed antitumor activity in nude mice bearing human cancer xenografts and increased therapeutic effectiveness of the chemotherapeutic agents irinotecan, paclitaxel, and Rituxan and radiation therapy. These results indicate that MDM2 has a role in various tumor growth through both p53‐dependent and p53‐independent mechanisms, indicating that MDM2 inhibitors have a broad spectrum of antitumor activities in human cancers regardless of p53 status. These results provide a basis for clinical evaluation of antisense anti‐MDM2 oligonucleotides as chemosensitizer and radiosensitizer.
Rate-determining steps in phenacetin oxidations by human cytochrome P450 1A2 and selected mutants.

Mutants with altered activities were obtained from random libraries of human cytochrome P450 (P450) 1A2 with the putative substrate recognition sequences (SRS) mutated [Parikh, A. , Josephy, P. D. , and Guengerich, F. P. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 5283-5289]. Six mutants from SRS 2 (E225I, E225N, F226I, and F226Y) and 4 (D320A and V322A) regions were expressed as oligohistidine-tagged proteins, purified to homogeneity, and used to analyze kinetics of individual steps in the catalytic cycle, to determine which reaction steps have been altered. When the wild-type, E225I, E225N, F226I, F226Y, D320A, and V322A proteins were reconstituted with NADPH-P450 reductase, rates of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation and phenacetin O-deethylation were in accord with those expected from membrane preparations. Within each assay, the values of k(cat)/K(m) varied by 2-3 orders of magnitude, and in the case of E225I and E225N, these parameters were 7-8-fold higher than for the wild-type enzyme. The coupling efficiency obtained from the rates of product formation and NADPH oxidation was low (<20%) in all enzymes. No correlation was found between activities and several individual steps in the catalytic cycle examined, including substrate binding, reduction kinetics, NADPH oxidation, and H(2)O(2) formation. Quench reactions did not show a burst for either phenacetin O-deethylation or formation of the acetol, a minor product, indicating that rate-determining steps occur prior to product formation. Inter- and intramolecular kinetic deuterium isotope effects for phenacetin O-deethylation were 2-3. In the case of phenacetin acetyl hydroxylation (acetol formation), large isotope effects [(D)k(cat) or (D)(k(cat)/K(m)) > 10] were observed, providing evidence for rate-limiting C-H bond cleavage. We suggest that the very high isotope effect for acetol formation reflects rate-limiting hydrogen atom abstraction; the lower isotope effect for O-deethylation may be a consequence of a 1-electron transfer pathway resulting from the low oxidation potential of the substrate phenacetin. These pre-steady-state, steady-state, and kinetic hydrogen isotope effect studies indicate that the rate-limiting steps are relatively unchanged over an 800-fold range of catalytic activity. We hypothesize that these SRS mutations alter steps leading to the formation of the activated Michaelis complex following the introduction of the first electron.
A "Tricky Business" - Knowledge Production in Children's Environmental Health

Using critical feminist theories and methodologies, my research investigates the power relations and influences at play within the field of children's environmental health. I begin with the research question of how a parent's everyday purchase of a toy or other children's product is "hooked into" extra-local governance (agenda-setting, rule-making and monitoring). Focusing on Bisphenol A and phthalates as an example, in-depth interviews were conducted with six government officials (three federal and three municipal), three non-governmental organization (NGO) representatives, a politician, six higher education faculty members and a parent, as well as two focus groups of 23 parents. Legislation and other relevant documents from governments, NGOs, industry and media were analyzed together with reports of their activities and attitudes to theorize "how things work" in the identification and management of toxic substances in products for sale, with a special interest in how this affects children's environmental health. My research revealed the influence of neo-liberalism, corporate power and over-reliance on strictly evidence-based biomedical reductionism in slowing down assessment and regulation of chemicals while many health professionals and grassroots activists have called for swifter responses based on the precautionary principle, as favoured by European governments. That is, politics and bureaucracy, with the approval of industry, over the past two decades, have clung to reductionist science as the only paradigm for understanding toxicity, thus slowing down regulatory processes. Although the historical and epistemological power relations mapped in my research work together to legitimize scientific certainty rather than the precautionary principle, I argue that the resulting regulatory logjam has been and could be addressed by reference to European examples, knowledge produced by collectives and the establishment of upstream and equity-based public health strategies with public input into the process.
ETV5 transcription factor is overexpressed in ovarian cancer and regulates cell adhesion in ovarian cancer cells

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women in the Western world. ETS transcription factors are known to act as positive or negative regulators of the expression of genes that are involved in various biological processes, including those that control cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis and transformation. ETV5 belongs to the PEA3 subfamily. PEA3 subfamily members are able to activate the transcription of proteases, matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases, which is central to both tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Here, we examined the role of the ETV5 transcription factor in epithelial ovarian cancer and we found ETV5 was upregulated in ovarian tumor samples compared to ovarian tissue controls. The in vitro inhibition of ETV5 decreased cell proliferation in serum‐deprived conditions, induced EMT and cell migration and decreased cell adhesion to extracellular matrix components. ETV5 inhibition also decreased cell–cell adhesion and induced apoptosis in anchorage‐independent conditions. Accordingly, upregulation of ETV5 induced the expression of cell adhesion molecules and enhanced cell survival in a spheroid model. Our findings suggest that the overexpression of ETV5 detected in ovarian cancer cells may contribute to ovarian tumor progression through the ability of ETV5 to enhance proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. In addition, upregulation of ETV5 would play a role in ovarian cancer cell dissemination and metastasis into the peritoneal cavity by protecting ovarian cancer cells from apoptosis and by increasing the adhesion of ovarian cancer cells to the peritoneal wall through the regulation of cell adhesion molecules.
Oxygen-regulated in vitro transcription of Rhizobium meliloti nifA and fixK genes

Oxygen concentration regulates the expression of nitrogen fixation genes in the symbiotic bacterium Rhizobium meliloti. We demonstrate that two proteins, FixL and FixJ, that belong to the two-component family of regulatory proteins are necessary and sufficient for oxygen-regulated in vitro transcription of the two key regulatory genes, nifA and fixK. We show directly that FixJ is a transcriptional activator, working in conjunction with the RNA polymerase sigma 70 holoenzyme. Addition of FixL122, a soluble form of the sensor FixL protein, to the transcription assay enhanced FixJ transcriptional activity in response to low oxygen concentration. This enhancement of FixJ activity was correlated with FixJ phosphorylation.
Variation of female frequency and cytoplasmic male‐sterility gene frequency among natural gynodioecious populations of wild radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

In gynodioecious plant populations, sex determination often involves both cytoplasmic male‐sterility (CMS) genes and specific nuclear genes that restore male function. How gynodioecy is maintained under the joint dynamics of CMS and restorer genes remains controversial. Although many theoretical models deal with interactions between CMS genes and restorer genes with sexual phenotypes and predict changes in their frequencies, it is difficult to observe the frequencies because no molecular markers have been established for either CMS or restorer genes in well‐studied gynodioecious plants. This is the first report of the frequency of a CMS gene determined using a molecular marker in natural populations of a gynodioecious plant. Using a set of CMS gene‐specific polymerase chain reaction primers, we compared female and CMS gene frequencies in 18 natural populations of Raphanus sativus. Female frequency was relatively low, ranging from 0 to 0.21. In contrast, the CMS gene frequency was highly variable among populations, ranging from 0 to 1. Estimated restorer gene frequency seemed less variable than observed CMS gene frequency, probably due to higher gene flow than in the CMS gene. Genetic drift may play a role in maintaining high variability of the CMS gene, although other possibilities are not excluded.
Nanoferroelectrics: statics and dynamics

A topical review is given of the physics of submicron ferroelectrics, describing the application considerations for memory devices (both as switching memory elements for ferroelectric nonvolatile random access memories, FRAMs, and as passive capacitors for volatile dynamic random access memories, DRAMs) as well as the fundamental physics questions regarding both the thickness and lateral size of present interest.
The Decline of Commodity Prices and Global Agricultural Trade Negotiations: A Game Changer?

With food prices reaching their lowest levels since 2006, governments have been under increased pressure to increase tariff protection or provide state aid to guarantee remunerative prices and maintain farm income domestically, often at the expense of smaller countries that cannot compete with the treasuries of large agriculture players. A review of trade-restrictive measures applied in the last 10 years confirms the resurgence of such isolating trade policies and a significant shift towards more government subsidies and market access protection. Based on this data and a review of recent policy changes in major economies such as the EU, US and China, this paper assesses the possible implications of this new price environment for future reforms of agricultural policies, including the prospects for removing trade distortions as envisaged under the 2030 Development Agenda.
Mainstreaming adaptation: a content analysis of political agendas in Colombian cities

This paper investigates how climate adaptation measures are mainstreamed in the larger political agenda of cities in the Global South. Based on a content analysis of the development plans of the 10 biggest cities in Colombia the paper presents a typology of how climate adaptation is addressed in the political agendas. It is shown that institutional constraints and the complex character of adaptation are challenges for mainstreaming adaptation and lead to implementation difficulties. In order to get a clear picture of the reasons why mainstreaming adaptation is not a problem-free, linear process but rather a winding road, climate adaptation has to be understood as a contested policy field which stands in competition to other political goals.
Individual differences in temptation and responses to alcohol cues.

OBJECTIVE Research on the Temptation and Restraint Inventory has established that the Temptation factor is associated with greater use of alcohol, more alcohol-related problems, and more severe symptoms of alcohol dependence. However, there is little known about the mechanisms by which Temptation may be associated with these higher levels of alcohol involvement. The present study was designed to examine how individual differences in Temptation are associated with responses to alcohol cues. METHOD Eighty-nine hazardous drinkers were exposed to the sight and smell of their favorite alcoholic beverage, attempted to control their urges, and then participated in a beer taste test. Subjective experience, alcohol-related cognitive processing, and behavioral responses were assessed in the context of these cues. RESULTS Hierarchical regression analyses showed that Temptation was associated with stronger urges to drink alcohol, greater difficulty controlling urges, and increased alcohol consumption, even when controlling for alcohol consumption in the past month. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that Temptation has utility for predicting responses to alcohol cues among hazardous drinkers even when the effects of typical drinking patterns are accounted for. Moreover, the results suggest that individuals who exhibit high levels of Temptation may be particularly reactive to anticipatory cues for alcohol consumption.