Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Description of the MIROC-ES2L Earth system model and
evaluation of its climate–biogeochemical processes and feedbacks

Abstract. This study developed a new Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, Earth System version2 for Long-term simulations (MIROC-ES2L) Earth system model (ESM) using a state-of-the-art climate model as the physical core. This model embeds a terrestrial biogeochemical component with explicit carbon–nitrogen interaction to account for soil nutrient control on plant growth and the land carbon sink. The model’s ocean biogeochemical component is largely updated to simulate biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and oxygen such that oceanic primary productivity can be controlled by multiple nutrient limitations. The ocean nitrogen cycle is coupled with the land component via river discharge processes, and external inputs of iron from pyrogenic and lithogenic sources are considered. Comparison of a historical simulation with observation studies showed the model could reproduce reasonable historical changes in climate, the carbon cycle, and other biogeochemical variables together with reasonable spatial patterns of distribution of the present-day condition. The model demonstrated historical human perturbation of the nitrogen cycle through land use and agriculture, and it simulated the resultant impact on the terrestrial carbon cycle. Sensitivity analyses in preindustrial conditions revealed modeled ocean biogeochemistry could be changed regionally (but substantially) by nutrient inputs from the atmosphere and rivers. Through an idealized experiment of a 1 %CO2 increase scenario, we found the transient climate response (TCR) in the model is 1.5 K, i.e., approximately 70 % that of our previous model. The cumulative airborne fraction (AF) is also reduced by 15 % because of the intensified land carbon sink, resulting in an AF close to the multimodel mean of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ESMs. The transient climate response to cumulative carbon emission (TCRE) is 1.3 K EgC−1, i.e., slightly smaller than the average of the CMIP5 ESMs, suggesting optimistic model performance in future climate projections. This model and the simulation results are contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The ESM could help further understanding of climate–biogeochemical interaction mechanisms, projections of future environmental changes, and exploration of our future options regarding sustainable development by evolving the processes of climate, biogeochemistry, and human activities in a holistic and interactive manner.
Beta Regression for the Indicator Values of Well-Being Index For Provinces in Turkey

Beta regression assumes that the dependent variable follows a beta distribution and that its mean is related to a set of exploratory variables through a linear predictor with unknown coefficients and a link function. The model also includes a dispersion parameter. This paper describes the beta regression model along with its properties. The application of the model is made on well-being index data of Turkey 2015, which comprise the dimensions of housing, work, income and wealth, health, education, environment, safety, civic participation and access to infrastructure services and social life. As the life satisfaction index lies between 0 and 1 and the values close to 1 refers to a better level of life. Beta regression fits the data well and the regression parameters are well interpreted in terms of the mean of the response variable.
On Radio Frequency Behavioral Modeling

Radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PA) are still the most troublesome part of a wireless system due to their inherent nonlinearity, low power efficiency and high distortions. Better tools are needed to understand and correct the undesirable behavior. Some of these tools are behavioral models. A behavioral model is often thought of as a black box with some inputs and some outputs. In the case here these inputs are sampled signals which means that the modeling amounts to finding a mathematical relationship between the input signal(s) and the output signal(s). This thesis considers some requirements for behavioral modeling of said systems by presenting methods for general performance evaluation and improvement by considering a frequency weighted error criterion. A high performance measurement system is also needed. The performance of the available system is compared to the performance of a well recognized system, the large signal network analyzer (LSNA). The results show that the existing measurement system can extract behavioral models with the same performance as the LSNA and can give lower performance validation errors. Still the need for higher bandwidths drives the measurement systems to the limits, especially the digital parts. By utilizing the so called Zhu-Frank generalized sampling theorem, behavioral modeling of a PA is done by using data acquired at a sampling rate lower than the Nyquist rate. Models of a PA are extracted and the performance is evaluated using the normalized mean square error (NMSE) criterion. For prediction and correction of the output signals the stability of the models regarding changes must be investigated. One such study considering controlled variations on the output load of the PA is done and both the predictive and corrective capabilities of the models are evaluated. The predictive capability gets up to 7 dB worse measured as adjacent channel error power ratio (ACEPR) and the corrective, as digital predistortion, gets up to 13 dB worse measured as adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR).
Escherichia coli pathotypes associated with diarrhea in Borbon- Ecuador and antibiotic resistance

Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) are the important etiological agent of diarrhea caused by bacteria in children living in developing countries, and are an important problem of public health in Ecuador. Due to their heterogenic distribution according to zone and the studied time, it is critical to monitor the presence of different pathotypes and their association with cases of diarrhea, especially in rural areas. A case-control study using fecal samples of 501 individuals (256 cases and 245 controls) from which E. coli strains where isolated and pathotype specific genes were amplified.
mpaired Decision Making in Oppositional Defiant isorder Related to Altered Psychophysiological esponses to Reinforcement

ethods: This study investigates decision making in 18 children with oppositional defiant disorder and 24 typically developing control ubjects. Children were required to choose between three alternatives that carried either frequent small rewards and occasional small enalties (advantageous), frequent large rewards and increasing penalties (seductive), or frequent small rewards and increasing penalties disadvantageous). Penalties in the seductive and disadvantageous alternatives increased either in frequency or magnitude in two onditions. Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance responses to reinforcement were obtained.
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF CERTIFIED BARBERS ABOUT HEPATITIS B AND C TRANSMISSION IN KUMASI, GHANA

Hepatitis B virus has been found in blood and body fluids and can be transmitted through mucous membranes and breaks in the skin while hepatitis C virus is transmitted by sharing razors, scissors and contaminated needles by intravenous drug users. Barbering is a very ancient profession, which is associated with the use of combs, towels, knives and blades. Negligence during the use of instruments by barbers may be a risk factor for hepatitis B and C transmission. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge and practices of viral hepatitis among certified barbers in Kumasi. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire and a check list. One hundred and twenty (120) certified barbers working in the Kumasi metropolis were selected by purposive sampling technique. The results indicate that 40.8 percent of the barbers were aware that HBV and HCV are transmitted by their profession. The level of awareness among the Certified Barbers working as their profession serving as a vehicle for Hepatitis B and C transmission with respect to age (p=0.002), educational status (p=0.017) and work experience (p=0.013) were statistically significant. Pearson’s correlation coefficient of r = 0.968, p<0.05 and a regression coefficient of . 937 (93.7%) for educational status and knowledge levels of the barbers on HBV and HCV transmission by their profession were found. Sterilising razor before use was practised by a higher percentage of literate (98.9%) than illiterate barbers, while illiterate barbers were more likely to change the blade for each client (p= 0.001) than the literate barbers (96.6%). Public health education and sensitization workshops on HBV and HCV are recommended for barbers.
A tale of two niches: methods, concepts, and evolution

Being snapshots in time, species ranges may fall short of representing all of the geographic or environmental space that they are able to occupy. This has important implications for niche studies yet most comparative studies overlook the transient nature of species distributions and assume that they are at equilibrium. We review the methods most widely used for niche comparisons today and suggest a modified framework to describe and compare niches based on snapshot species range data. First, we introduce a new environmental space-based Niche Equivalence Statistic to test niche similarity between two species, which explicitly incorporates the spatial distribution of environments and their availability into statistical tests. We also introduce a new Background Statistic to measure the ability of this Niche Equivalence Statistic to detect differences based on the available environmental-space. These metrics enable fair comparisons between different geographies when the ranges of species are out of equilibrium. Based on distinct parameterizations of the new Equivalence and Background statistics, we then propose a Niche Divergence Test and a Niche Overlap Test, which allow assessment of whether differences between species emerge from true niche divergences. These methods are implemented in a new R package, ‘humboldt’ and applied to simulated species with pre-defined niches. The new methods improve accuracy of niche similarity and associated tests – consistently outperforming other tests. We show that the quantification of niche similarity should be performed only in environmental space, which is less sensitive than geographic space to the spatial abundance of key environmental variables. Further, our methods characterize the relationships between non-analogous and analogous climates in the species’ distributions, something not available previously. These improvements allow assessment of whether the different environmental spaces occupied by two taxa emerge from true niche evolution, as opposed to differences in life history and biological interactors, or differences in the variety and configuration of environments accessible to them.
Exploring the Determinants of Financial Structure in the Technology Industry: Panel Data Evidence from the New York Stock Exchange Listed Companies

This paper aims to analyze the influencing factors on the financial structure of 51 companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange, in the technology industry, from 2005–2018. The objective is to see the impact of independent company-specific variables such as company size, tangibility of assets, growth opportunity, effective tax rate, current liquidity, depreciation, stock rotation, financial return, working capital, price to book value, price to earnings ratio, as well as the impact of governance variables and macroeconomic variables such as inflation rate, interest rate, market size, gross domestic product per capita. Using panel data and multiple linear regressions, we analyze the relationship between the independent variables listed above and the dependent variables, namely the total debt ratio, the long-term debt ratio and the short-term debt ratio. The results of the analysis showed that variables such as size, tangibility, liquidity, profitability have a significant influence on the dependent variables in accordance with the theories regarding the capital structure.
COPD_A_215219 1703..1711

Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with its high prevalence, mortality, and disability rates and poor treatment response, not only seriously affects patient quality of life but also imposes large societal burdens. COPD is heterogeneous and is mainly characterized by respiratory symptoms, although there are also extrapulmonary effects, such as malnutrition and muscle dysfunction. The prognosis of patients with COPD is affected by multiple factors, such as the patients’ symptoms, nutritional status, exercise tolerance and muscle function. A multidimensional evaluation is therefore needed. The Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise (BODE) index, proposed by Celli et al as a multidimensional assessment, is widely used to evaluate COPD. It consists of the body mass index (BMI), airflow obstruction Correspondence: Chunquan Ou State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Biostatistics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China Tel +86 20 6136 0456 Fax +86 20 6164 8319 Email ouchunquan@hotmail.com
OTT_A_189329 4195..4202

1Department of Clinical Therapeutic, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; 2Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine and Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; 3First Department of Dermatology, Syggros Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of MET T1010I and MET rs40239 as
The Role of Green Intellectual Capital on Competitive Advantage: Evidence from Balinese Financial Institution

The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of green intellectual capital on competitive advantage of Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (Balinese Financial Institution). The study tested by using data collected from a sample of 120 respondents that were randomly picked from 35 Lembaga Perkreditan Desa in Denpasar. Findings suggested that green human capital, green relational capital, and green structural capital affect competitive advantage at 17.6%. Furthermore, green human capital and green structural capital had positive effect on competitive advantage. Meanwhile, green relational capital did not affect competitive advantage. The eco-friendly concept remains a critical factor to gain company’s competitive advantage. This study provides insight into green innovation research field.
Texture properties of formulated wheat doughs

mTexture properties of wheat doughs were determined with a texturometer by using texture profile analysis (TPA) as well as Chen and Hoseney methodologies. The time elapsed between two compressions and strain were optimized so that meaningful values were obtained for TPA. Single effects and interactions between flour type, the breadmaking process and anti-staling additives (i. e. monoglycerides, diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglycerides, sodium stearoyl lactylate, carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) on dough texture properties (i. e. springiness, resilience, hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and stickiness) were estimated. The breadmaking process and addition of hydrocolloids had the most important effects and interactions on TPA. Hydrocolloids andα-amylase increased dough stickiness. Dough cohesiveness was a good predictive parameter of bread quality. Water content, acidity values and gluten quality were the main factors determining the texture properties of dough. Key wordsmTexture properties? Wheat dough? Dough functionality ? Bread quality
The prognostic role of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and -9 and their tissue inhibitors TIMP-1 and -2 in primary breast carcinoma

Breast carcinoma is a heterogeneous disease with a prognosis that varies from excellent to very poor. Traditional tumour parameters and biological factors that are also predictive for treatment response are used in determining breast carcinoma prognosis and selecting appropriate treatment. Gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 have been shown to associate with tumour progression. Their tissue inhibitors TIMP-1 and -2 are multifunctional molecules that have been suggested as prognostic markers in some previous reports. In the present work, the expression and prognostic value of gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 and their tissue inhibitors TIMP-1 and -2 were assessed in primary breast carcinoma. The material consisted of a total of 416 patients. Tissue expression of TIMP-1 and -2 was analysed in a population of 203 patients using immunohistochemistry. Circulating gelatinases and their inhibitors were studied using ELISA in two different populations of 71 at preoperative state and 213 patients at preand postoperative state. High expression of TIMP-1 immunoreactive protein positively correlated with high histological grade of the tumour and associated with aggressive disease course in grade 2–3 subpopulation. High preoperative plasma TIMP-1 was prognostic for relapse in a modern patient series after a median follow-up time of 18 months. TIMP-1 as a continuous variable was prognostic in Cox regression univariate analysis, and was an independent prognostic variable superior to nodal status in multivariate analysis. High preoperative serum TIMP-1 was an independent prognostic variable for poor disease-specific survival, and TIMP-1 was found to maintain its prognostic value when assessed independently with different ELISA analyses, and was not very sensitive for preanalytical conditions. In addition, low circulating preoperative serum MMP-2 was observed to associate with high stage and positive nodal status in breast carcinoma. These results indicate that circulating TIMP-1 may be a potential new marker of worsened prognosis in breast carcinoma, although careful validation of assay platforms and identification of the sources of physiological variation are needed before it can be adopted into clinical decision-making.
Information Value of the Game

We introduce a generalization of the standard framework for studying the difficulty of twoprover games. Specifically, we study the model where Alice and Bob are allowed to communicate (with information constraints) — in contrast to the usual two-prover game where they are not allowed to communicate after receiving their respective input. We study the trade-off between the information cost of the protocol and the achieved value of the game after the protocol. In particular, we show the connection of this trade-off and the amortized behavior of the game (i.e. repeated value of the game). We show that if one can win the game with at least (1− )probability by communicating at most bits of information, then one can win n copies with probability at least 2−O( n) probability. This gives an intuitive explanation why Raz’s counterexample to strong parallel repetition [Raz08] (the odd cycle game) is a counter-example to strong parallel repetition — one can win the odd-cycle game on a cycle of length m by communicating O(m−2)-bits where m is the number of vertices. Conversely, for projection games, we show that if one can win n copies with probability larger than (1− ), then one can win one copy with at least (1−O( ))-probability by communicating O( ) bits of information. By showing the equivalence between information value and amortized value, we give an alternative direction for further works in studying amortized behavior of the two-prover games. The main technical tool is the “Chi-Squared Lemma” which bounds the information cost of the protocol in terms of Chi-Squared distance, instead of usual divergence. This avoids the square loss from using Pinsker’s Inequality. ∗Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, mbraverm@cs.princeton. edu, Research supported in part by an NSF Awards, DMS-1128155, CCF1525342, and CCF-1149888, a Packard Fellowship in Science and Engineering, and the Simons Collaboration on Algorithms and Geometry. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. †Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, yko@cs.princeton. edu
Real world data of combined lung cancer and interstitial lung disease.

Background Research patients with combined lung cancer (LC) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) is insufficient. The objective of the study was to identify the frequency of such patients and treatments, including best supportive care (BSC), in the real world. Methods All patients with LC who were admitted to our hospital over a 5-year period from 2013 to 2017 were retrospectively analysed. Results In this study, 698 patients with LC were enrolled. A total of 148 (21.2%) suffered from LC and ILD. Seventy-one LC-ILD patients received chemotherapy, and 20 LC-ILD patients received BSC only. Eleven BSC patients whom physicians thought could receive therapy declined treatment. The median survival time of patients who received chemotherapy was 14.3 months (95% confidence interval, 8.5-19.4 months). The median survival time of BSC patients who declined treatment was 7.2 months and that was shorter than that of patients who received chemotherapy. Conclusions This study suggests that patients with combined LC and ILD are common (21.2%) in the real world, and there is the possibility that therapy for LC-ILD patients is beneficial.
On inverse doping profile problems for the voltage-current map

We consider the problem of identifying possibly discontinuous doping profiles in semiconductor devices from data obtained by stationary voltage-current maps. In particular we focus on the so-called unipolar case, a system of PDE’s derived directly from the drift diffusion equations. The related inverse problem corresponds to an inverse conductivity problem with partial data. Two distinct approaches for solving the identification problem are presented: a Landweber-Kaczmarz method and a level set type method. Numerical implementations of both methods show the different effectiveness of these approaches.