Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DNA of adeno-associated virus (AAV) in testicular tissue and in abnormal semen samples.

BACKGROUND Human genital tissues, including spermatozoa, have been found to be frequently infected with the helper-virus dependent parvovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV). METHODS To assess the role of AAV infection in disorders of the male reproductive system, semen samples from 95 men (including 73 men attending a fertility programme) and testicular samples from patients with azoospermia (n = 38) or prostate cancer (n = 8) were analysed using polymerase chain reaction for the presence of AAV DNA. Semen quality was assessed according to World Health Organization guidelines and the grade of atrophy of testicular biopsies was determined histomorphologically. RESULTS AAV DNA was detected in 38% (28/73) of ejaculates from men with abnormal semen analyses (oligoasthenozoospermia or asthenozoospermia) and in 4.6% of normal semen samples (1/22, P = 0.003). DNA from AAV helper-viruses (human papillomaviruses, cytomegalovirus) was detected at similar frequencies in normal and abnormal semen samples. In testes, AAV DNA was detected in 10 out of 38 biopsies from infertile men (26%), and in 2 out of 8 orchidectomy samples. CONCLUSION The data show an increased incidence of AAV infection with abnormal semen analysis. Detection of AAV DNA in the testes might point to a role for AAV infection in male infertility, possibly by interfering with spermatozoa development.
Saxagliptin for type 2 diabetes

Saxagliptin (Onglyza™) is a potent, selective, once-daily dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor indicated for improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). By blocking DPP-4, saxagliptin increases and prolongs the effects of incretins, a group of peptide hormones released by intestinal cells after meals, which stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion to lower blood glucose. In controlled clinical trials, saxagliptin administered as monotherapy or in combination with metformin, glyburide, or a thiazolidinedione improved glycemic control in a clinically significant manner, reflected by significant decreases in glycated hemoglobin (monotherapy, −0.5%; add-on to metformin, thiazolidinedione, or sulfonylurea, −0.6% to 0.9%; initial combination with metformin, −2.5%), fasting plasma glucose, and postprandial glucose compared with controls. Additionally, saxagliptin improved β-cell function, reflected as increases in homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-2β. Saxagliptin was generally well tolerated; it did not increase hypoglycemia compared with controls, and was weight neutral. A meta-analysis of Phase II and III trials showed that saxagliptin did not increase the risk of major cardiovascular events. Professional organizations have updated their guidelines for T2D to include a DPP-4 inhibitor as an early treatment option—either as initial therapy in combination with metformin, or as add-on therapy for patients whose glycemia is inadequately controlled by a single oral antidiabetic drug.
In vitro evaluation of fungicides and two species of Trichoderma against Phomopsis vexans causing fruit rot of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.).

Fruit rot of brinjal caused by Phomopsis vexans is an important disease of eggplant inflicting heavy losses. The present investigation was carried out to test the efficacy of fungicides and two species of Trichoderma inhibiting the pathogen in vitro. Fungicides viz. Carbendazim (Bavistin 50% wp), Captaf (Captan-50 wp), Copperoxychloride (Blitox -50wp), Mancozeb (Dithane-75) and Ridomil MZ -72 were tested by poisoned food technique against brinjal fruit pathogen (Phomopsis vexans) in PDA medium. All the fungicides were significantly proved effective. Among them, Carbendazim at 0.1% showed complete inhibition of the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Among the two species of Trichoderma tested, T. viride was found to be most effective with 84% inhibition followed by T.harzianum 78.22 % inhibition respectively over control after 7 th days of incubation.
A New Saccharogeni . cMicromethodfor Measurement of AmylaseActivity in BiologicalFluids

To determine serum amylase activity we have quantitatively measured the glucose and maltose hydrolyzed from soluble starch by colorimetrically measuring the reduction of colorless triphenyltetrazolium chloride to a red formazan, which is dissolved in methanol. The method is suitable for use with microsamples of all biological fluids, and is specific for the final prod ucts of starch digestion. Values found for sera from 55 apparently healthy blood donors ranged from 0.15 to 1.55 (mean, 0.83; standard deviation, ±0.4) mg of glucose per ml per h, corresponding to 7.5 to 78 Somogyi units.
Simulation-based occupancy recommendations for adult medical/surgical units using admissions scheduling systems.

Minimum cost operation of a hospital requires the correct number of beds to meet the de? mand placed on the facility. An excess of beds results in inflated operating and construction costs, while a bed shortage is unacceptable for a variety of reasons, such as the lack of quality care to the community. Several models have been developed and used to assist planners in finding the correct bed size to meet a given demand. These models are inadequate in an environment where stringent cost containment is second only in importance to quality of care. The pre? vious models, such as the Hill-Burton formu? las and the Poisson approximation, are inad? equate because they are incompatible with contemporary admissions scheduling systems. These systems alter the behavior of the census so that analytical models based upon the Pois? son assumption do not fit the results and, along with normative models such as the Hill Burton program, allow too many beds. The implications of the Poisson assumption will be discussed at length here because the contention in the remainder of the paper is that almost any hospital medical/surgical (M/ S) unit should operate well in excess of that model's widely used occupancy recommen? dations. In most cases this also leads to op? eration in excess of the state Hill-Burton rec? ommendations for medical/surgical units, thus Hill-Burton is rejected as a consequence.1 The Poisson assumption for hospital census was first used in the 1940s,2 and has been ap? plied worldwide to determine the size of hos? pital facilities.3 An appealing feature of the Poisson assumption is the simplicity of the parameters; the census mean is equal to the census variance. The factor which has varied from application to application has been the amount of that variance to allow in sizing a particular facility. The first models used from three to four standard deviations which cor? responded to at least the 99.9 percentage point of the Poisson distribution. Later model build? ers reduced this coefficient. One low value used is 2.06 standard deviations, correspond? ing to the 98 percentage point of the normal approximation to the Poisson distribution:
Comparison of the Volatile Composition of Stachys persica Gmel. and Stachys byzantina C. Koch. Oils Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Steam Distillation

Abstract The oils obtained by hydrodistillation and steam distillation of the aerial parts of Stachys persica Gmel. and Stachys byzantina C. Koch grown in Iran were analyzed by GC/MS. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of S. persica was characterized by a high amount of non-terpenoid components of which methyllinoleate (27.7%), hexadecanoic acid (9.8%) and 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (9.2%) were the major constituents, whereas the steam distilled oil of the plant contained hexadecanoic acid (27.2%), carvacrol (9.4%) and eugenol (5.2%). Both hydrodistilled and steam distilled essential oils of the aerial parts of S. byzantina were rich in sesquiterpenes such as α-copaene (16.6% and 10.4%), spathulenol (16.1% and 18.5%) and β-caryophyllene (14.3% and 13.5%), respectively.
Inhibition of histone deacetylation augments dihydrotestosterone induction of androgen receptor levels: an explanation for trichostatin A effects on androgen-induced chromatin remodeling and transcription of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter.

The integrated mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter has provided an excellent model system with which to study the impact of steroid hormones on transcriptional activation in the context of a defined chromatin structure. The hormone response element (HRE) of this promoter is positioned on a phased nucleosome which becomes remodeled in response to steroids. One possible mechanism of chromatin remodeling by steroid receptors could involve recruitment of coactivators which alter the histone acetylation status of the HRE nucleosome. To examine how the androgen receptor (AR) influences transcription and chromatin remodeling and to assess whether changes in histone acetylation are involved in these effects, we determined whether the specific histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) influenced basal- and androgen-mediated transcriptional activation of the integrated MMTV promoter in the mouse L-cell fibroblast cell line 29+. These cells harbor the MMTV promoter integrated in the genome and express only one steroid hormone receptor subtype, i.e., the AR. Surprisingly, we found that treatment of the cells with TSA alone had virtually no effect on transcription and chromatin remodeling of the MMTV promoter nor on AR levels. However, pretreatment with TSA augmented the DHT effects on all three parameters. These results suggest that histone acetylation changes at the MMTV B nucleosome per se are not alone sufficient to induce chromatin remodeling and subsequent induction of MMTV transcription. Rather, the histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA exerts a portion of its effect on MMTV chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activation indirectly through increases in AR levels.
The Accrual Anomaly : Exploring the Optimal Investment Hypothesis

Interpreting accruals as working capital investment, we hypothesize that firms rationally adjust their investment to respond to discount rate changes. Consistent with the optimal investment hypothesis, we document that (i) the predictive power of accruals for future stock returns increases with the covariations of accruals with past and current stock returns, and (ii) adding investmentbased factors into standard factor regressions substantially reduces the magnitude of the accrual anomaly. High accrual firms also have similar corporate governance and entrenchment indexes as low accrual firms. This evidence suggests that the accrual anomaly is more likely to be driven by optimal investment than by investor overreaction to excessive growth or over-investment. Terry College of Business, University of Georgia, 443 Brooks Hall, Athens, GA 30602. Tel: (706) 542-3638, and e-mail: jinw@terry.uga. edu. Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, 701 Tappan Street, ER 7605, Ann Arbor MI 48109-1234; and NBER. Tel: (734) 615-4854, and e-mail: zhanglu@bus.umich. edu. Yale School of Management, 135 Prospect Street, P. O. Box 208200, New Haven, CT 06520-8200. Tel: (203) 432-7938, and e-mail: frank.zhang@yale.edu. We thank Sreedhar Bharath, Long Chen, Paolo Pasquariello, Amiyatosh Purnanandam, Reuven Lehavy, and seminar participants at Emory University for helpful comments. All remaining errors are our own.
CD8+ and CD20+ Lymphocytes Cooperate To Control Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Chimeric Virus Infections in Rhesus Monkeys: Modulation by Major Histocompatibility Complex Genotype

ABSTRACT We have previously described two isogenic molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus chimeric viruses (SHIVs) that differ from one another by 9 amino acids and direct distinct clinical outcomes in inoculated rhesus monkeys. SHIVDH12R-Clone 7, like other highly pathogenic CXCR4-tropic SHIVs, induces rapid and complete depletions of CD4+ T lymphocytes and immunodeficiency in infected animals. In contrast, macaques inoculated with SHIVDH12R-Clone 8 experience only partial and transient losses of CD4+ T cells, show prompt control of their viremia, and remain healthy for periods of time extending for up to 4 years. The contributions of CD8+ and CD20+ lymphocytes in suppressing the replication of the attenuated SHIVDH12R-Clone 8 and maintaining a prolonged asymptomatic clinical course was assessed by treating animals with monoclonal antibodies that deplete each lymphocyte subset at the time of virus inoculation. The absence of either CD8+ or CD20+ cells during the SHIVDH12R-Clone 8 acute infection resulted in the rapid, complete, and irreversible loss of CD4+ T cells; sustained high levels of postpeak plasma viremia; and symptomatic disease in Mamu-A*01-negative Indian rhesus monkeys. In Mamu-A*01-positive animals, however, the aggressive, highly pathogenic phenotype was observed only in macaques depleted of CD8+ cells; SHIVDH12R-Clone 8 was effectively controlled in Mamu-A*01-positive monkeys in the absence of B lymphocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that both CD8+ and CD20+ B cells contribute to the control of primate lentiviral infection in Mamu-A*01-negative macaques. Furthermore, the major histocompatibility complex genotype of an infected animal, as exemplified by the Mamu-A*01 allele in this study, has the additional capacity to shift the balance of the composite immune response.
Failed Suppression of Direct Visuomotor Activation in Parkinson's Disease

The response times in choice-reaction tasks are faster when the relative spatial positions of stimulus and response match than when they do not match, even when the spatial relation is irrelevant to response choice. This spatial stimulusresponse (S-R) compatibility effect (i.e., the Simon effect) is attributed in part to the automatic activation of spatially corresponding responses, which need to be suppressed when the spatial location of stimulus and correct response do not correspond. The present study tested patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy control subjects in a spatial S-R compatibility task in order to investigate whether basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson's disease leads to disinhibition of direct visuomotor activation. High-density event-related brain potential recordings were used to chart the cortical activity accompanying attentional orientation and response selection. Response time measures demonstrated a failure to inhibit automatic response activation in Parkinson patients, which was revealed by taking into account a sequence-dependent modulation of the Simon effect. Event-related potential (ERP) recordings demonstrated that visuospatial orientation to target stimuli was accompanied by signal-locked activity above motor areas of the cortex, with similar latencies but an enhanced amplitude in patients compared to control subjects. The results suggest that inhibitory modulation of automatic, stimulus-driven, visuomotor activation occurs after the initial sensory activation of motor cortical areas. The failed inhibition in Parkinson's disease appears therefore related to a disturbance in processes that prevent early attention-related visuomotor activation, within motor areas, from actually evoking a response.
Scleral and episcleral histological changes related to encircling explants in 20 eyes.

PURPOSE To investigate scleral and episcleral histological alterations induced by encircling explants used in scleral buckling procedures. METHODS We performed a histopathological study of 20 enucleated eyes after failure of retinal detachment surgery including encircling scleral buckle. RESULTS Nonabsorbable materials were encapsulated and often gave rise to a limited scleral invagination. The inner capsular surface was regular in 10 silicone explants, it was partially covered with hydrogel fragments and a granulomatous foreign body giant cell reaction in 8 hydrogel explants. One Arruga thread was encased in fibrosis and a catgut circle showed no encapsulation. Other changes were mostly related to the long-standing retinal detachment: peripheral anterior synechiae, anterior uveal effusion, persistent retinal detachment, retinal gliosis, retinal atrophy, retinal breaks, and silicone oil droplets. CONCLUSION All nonabsorbable explants underwent encapsulation and prompted scleral invagination. A granulomatous reaction accompanied hydrogel fragmentation. The long term fragmentation impact on implanted eyes remains unknown.
Function of Nucleoid-Associated Proteins in Chromosome Structuring and Transcriptional Regulation

Nucleoid-associated proteins typically are abundant, low-molecular-mass polypeptides that bind DNA and alter its shape and its ability to participate in transactions such as transcription. Some can bind RNA and influence the gene expression profile of the cell at a posttranscriptional level. They also have the potential to model and remodel the structure of the nucleoid, contributing to chromosome packaging within the cell. Some nucleoid-associated proteins have been implicated in the facilitation of chromosome evolution through their ability to silence transcription, allowing new genes to be integrated into the nucleoid both physically and in a regulatory sense. The dynamic composition of the population of nucleoid-associated proteins in model bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica links nucleoid structure and the global regulation of gene expression, enhancing microbial competitive fitness and survival in complex environments.
Physiology at near‐critical temperatures, but not critical limits, varies between two lizard species that partition the thermal environment

The mechanisms that mediate the interaction between the thermal environment and species ranges are generally uncertain. Thermal environments may directly restrict species when environments exceed tolerance limits (i.e. the fundamental niche). However, thermal environments might also differentially affect relative performance among species prior to fundamental tolerances being met (i.e. the realized niche). We examined stress physiology (plasma glucose and corticosterone), mitochondrial performance and the muscle metabolome of congeneric lizards that naturally partition the thermal niche, Elgaria multicarinata (southern alligator lizards; SALs) and Elgaria coerulea (northern alligator lizards; NALs), in response to a thermal challenge to quantify variation in physiological performance and tolerance. Both NAL and SAL displayed physiological stress in response to high temperature, but neither showed signs of irreversible damage. NAL displayed a higher baseline mitochondrial respiration rate than SAL. Moreover, NAL substantially adjusted their physiology in response to thermal challenge, whereas SAL did not. For example, the metabolite profile of NAL shifted with changes in key energetic molecules, whereas these were unaffected in SAL. Our results indicate that near-critical high temperatures should incur greater energetic cost in NAL than SAL via an elevated metabolic rate and changes to the metabolome. Thus, SAL displace NAL in warm environments that are within NAL's fundamental thermal niche, but relatively costly. Our results suggest that subcritical thermal events can contribute to biogeographic patterns via physiological differences that alter the relative costs of living in warm or cool environments.
Bronchial responsiveness in bakery workers: relation to airway symptoms, IgE sensitization, nasal indices of inflammation, flour dust exposure and smoking

Background Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is common in bakery workers. The relation between bronchial responsiveness measured with a tidal breathing method and smoking, airway symptoms, IgE‐sensitization, nasal indices of inflammation and flour dust exposure have been studied with bronchial responsiveness expressed as a continuous outcome.
Intestinal obstruction-A retrospective study of 150 cases

Mechanical bowel obstruction presenting acutely is a common surgical emergency and a frequently encountered problem in department of surgery. Intestinal obstruction continues to remain a challenge to surgeons despite advances in field of medicine, pathophysiology, surgical technique and conservative management. This retrospective study in patients operated for acute mechanical bowel obstruction in our department, was intended to highlight the common causes of intestinal obstruction in this geographical location of the study which had suggested measures for prevention and treatment of the condition. 150 patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy for intestinal obstruction were compared in terms of age, sex, symptoms, etiology of intestinal obstruction, site of obstruction, operative procedure performed.
Determining the Reference Sample Size Needed to Control the Accuracy of the Conditional in‐control ARL of a Normal‐theory CUSUM

The question considered in this paper is how large does an in‐control reference sample need to be in order to control the effects of using estimated parameters when using a normal‐theory cumulative sum (CUSUM) tracking statistic? Previous research has demonstrated the effect of estimation errors on the conditional in‐control average run length of the CUSUM. The contributions of this paper are simple analytical tools that determine the required reference sample size needed to ensure probabilistic control of the relative error of the conditional in‐control average run length. The availability of these tools rounds out the design phase of the CUSUM by enabling a practical procedure for determining the needed size of the reference sample. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.