Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Osteoporosis, identification and treatment in fracture patients: An essential part of fracture management in elderly patients

Osteoporosis is a major health problem increasing the risk of sustaining a fragility fracture. The golden standard for diagnosing osteoporosis is the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) with Dual Energy X-ray (DXA). The Dutch consensus on diagnosing osteoporosis is the screening of all fracture patients older than 50 years. Unfortunately, this is not achieved in about half the patients. In this thesis different aspects of the screening for osteoporosis are described in order to optimalize this. A vertebral fracture can be seen as proof for osteoporosis, independent of BMD. The prevalence of vertebral fractures in fracture patients over 50 years was 42%. That makes spinal imaging a useful first step in diagnosing osteoporosis. Patients with a distal radial fracture and osteoporosis are prone to malunion, early instability and late carpal malalignment. As no correlation was found between the AO- fracture classification system and BMD, the use of the AO classification for distal radial fractures as a reliable screening method is not feasible. The Calscan is another way of measuring BMD, besides DXA. It proved to be a valid measurement device, capable of classifying half the patients, so including the Calscan means that substantially more patients can be tested on osteoporosis. It is also important to find underlying diseases which can cause osteoporosis. Research results showed that underlying diseases in fracture patients over 50 years were however uncommon. Based on subgroup analysis we recommend to screen only osteoporotic male patients on this possibility.
Factors affecting peri-implant tissue reactions

Screw-shaped titanium implants are today routinely used in the substitution of lost teeth. In this thesis some of the biological factors related to the long-term survival and maintenance of dental implants were studied. The first aim of these studies was to evaluate the neutrophil activation around teeth and dental implants (Papers I & II). Secondly we wanted to evaluate the clinical, radiographic and microbiological status of implants after long-term function in partly edentulous patients (Paper III). The long-term treatment outcome of implant treatment in fully edentulous was also compared to that in partially edentulous patients (Papers III & IV). The third and final purpose of these studies was to investigate the influence of smoking, a history of periodontitis and a specific host-response pattern on the occurrence of late fixture loss and marginal bone loss around dental implants (Papers IV & V). Papers I and II showed that the inflammation around implants in partly edentulous patients induced a stronger neutrophil reaction than did the inflammation around implants in edentulous patients albeit similar clinical appearance and absence of significant differences in the microbiota. Paper III, showed that marginal bone loss around implants after ten years of function in partly edentulous patients was limited and comparable to that in edentulous jaws. There was no major difference in the microbiota colonising teeth and implants. In Paper IV, 143 consecutively treated patients were evaluated retrospectively after five years of function of implants. Only 2% of the fixtures were lost during function. No correlation was found between bone loss around implants and teeth. A history of periodontitis did not influence marginal bone loss around implants. Smoking was not found to correlate with marginal bone loss at neither implants nor teeth. In Paper V a site-specific inflammatory reaction around implants with peri-implantitis rather than a patient-associated host-response was found in patients with failing implants. Patients with peri-implantitis harboured high levels of periodontal pathogens, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus and Treponema denticola. In conclusion Although the inflammation around implants in partly edentulous patients induces a stronger neutrophil reaction, than that in the edentulous ones, the marginal bone loss after long-term function in the former is limited and similar to that in edentulous jaws. In patients treated for periodontal disease stable periodontal and peri-implant conditions can be maintained during long term function. The periodontally-associated microbiota constitute a risk for future development of periimplantitis. In patients with a history of periodontitis i.e. individuals who previously have shown a tissue-destructive inflammatory response, this risk is more pronounced.
New directions for hydrogen storage: sulphur destabilised sodium aluminium hydride

Aluminium sulphide (Al2S3) is predicted to effectively destabilise sodium aluminium hydride (NaAlH4) in a single-step endothermic hydrogen release reaction. The experimental results show unexpectedly complex desorption processes and a range of new sulphur containing hydrogen storage materials have been observed. The NaAlH4–Al2S3 system releases a total of 4.9 wt% of H2 that begins below 100 °C without the need for a catalyst. Characterisation via temperature programmed desorption, in situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction, ex situ x-ray diffraction, ex situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen sorption measurements reveal complex decomposition processes that involve multiple new sulphur-containing hydride compounds. The system shows partial H2 reversibility, without the need for a catalyst, with a stable H2 capacity of ∼1.6 wt% over 15 cycles in the temperature range of 200 °C to 300 °C. This absorption capacity is limited by the need for high H2 pressures (>280 bar) to drive the absorption process at the high temperatures required for reasonable absorption kinetics. The large number of new phases discovered in this system suggests that destabilisation of complex hydrides with metal sulphides is a novel but unexplored research avenue for hydrogen storage materials.
Maximum a posteriori CMB lensing reconstruction

Gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is a valuable cosmological signal that correlates to tracers of large-scale structure and acts as a important source of confusion for primordial B-mode polarization. State-of-the-art lensing reconstruction analyses use quadratic estimators, which are easily applicable to data. However, these estimators are known to be suboptimal, in particular for polarization, and large improvements are expected to be possible for high signal-to-noise polarization experiments. We develop a method and numerical code, LensIt, that is able to find efficiently the most probable lensing map, introducing no significant approximations to the lensed CMB likelihood, and applicable to beamed and masked data with inhomogeneous noise. It works by iteratively reconstructing the primordial unlensed CMB using a deflection estimate and its inverse, and removing residual lensing from these maps with quadratic estimator techniques. Roughly linear computational cost is maintained due to fast convergence of iterative searches, combined with the local nature of lensing. The method achieves the maximal improvement in signal to noise expected from analytical considerations on the unmasked parts of the sky. Delensing with this optimal map leads to forecast tensor-to-scalar ratio parameter errors improved by a factor ≃2 compared to the quadratic estimator in a CMB stage IV configuration.
Eunotia enigmatica sp. nov., a new planktonic diatom from Brazil and the transfer of Fragilaria braunii Hustedt to the genus Peronia (Bacillariophyceae)

Eunotia is a diatom genus characterized by a short raphe system restricted to both valve poles and by the presence of rimoportulae. As part of a survey examining the genus, Eunotia enigmatica sp. nov. is described from ultra oligo- to oligotrophic and slightly acidic reservoirs in Sao Paulo State, southeast Brazil. The species is unusual in having a short distinct raphe, and a 'fragilarioid' appearance with long cells and marginal spines. It was commonly found in the planktonic community as well as on sediments of the studied reservoirs. It seems to be adapted to an open water existence, and is similar to E. croatana and E. pseudofragilaria both described from North America. Additionally, type material of another similar looking species, Fragilaria braunii, was analysed using light and scanning electron microscopy and a new combination is proposed for it in the genus Peronia.
Topological pseudodefects of a supersymmetric 
SO(10)
 model and cosmology

Obtaining realistic supersymmetry preserving vacua in the minimal renormalizable supersymmetric $Spin(10)$ GUT model introduces considerations of the non-trivial topology of the vacuum manifold. The $D$-parity of low energy unification schemes gets lifted to a one-parameter subgroup $U(1)_D$ of $Spin(10)$. Yet, the choice of the fields signaling spontaneous symmetry breaking leads to disconnected subsets in the vacuum manifold related by the $D$-parity. The resulting domain walls, existing due to topological reasons but not stable, are identified as topological pseudodefects. We obtain a class of one-parameter paths connecting $D$-parity flipped vacua and compute the energy barrier height along the same. We consider the various patterns of symmetry breaking which can result in either intermediate scale gauge groups or a supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model. If the onset of inflation is subsequent to GUT breaking, as could happen also if inflation is naturally explained by the same GUT, the existence of such pseudodefects can leave signatures in the CMB. Specifically, this could have an impact on the scale invariance of the CMB fluctuations and LSS data at the largest scale.
Fading Features Found in the Kinematics of the Far-Reaching Milky Way Stellar Halo

We test the long-term kinematical stability of a Galactic stellar halo model, due to Kafle et al. (2012), who study the kinematics of approximately 5000 blue horizontal branch stars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The velocity dispersion sigma and anisotropy parameter beta of the stars have been determined as functions of Galactocentric radius, over the range 6 < R-GC < 25 kpc, and show a strong dip in the anisotropy profile at R-GC similar to 17 kpc. By directly integrating orbits of particles in a 3D model of the Galactic potential with these characteristics, we show that the sigma and beta profiles quickly evolve on a time-scale of a few x 10 Myr whereas the density rho profile remains largely unaffected. We suggest that the feature is therefore transient. The origin of such features in the Galactic halo remains unclear.
Viewing the Future: A Pilot Study with an Error-Detecting Protocol

This paper describes a precognition experiment in which two re- searchers took the part of viewers, and worked with two judges to design and implement an experiment in associative remote viewing. We used a redun- dant protocol to eliminate some of the problems experienced by many of us who have tried to harness psi for real world applications. We carried out nine weeks of remote viewing trials, in which the viewer was to describe the target that he or she would be shown two days in the future. At each trial the view- ers had their own target pools of two targets about which they knew nothing. A total of 18 viewings were carried out at the rate of one per person per week. Targets were randomly assigned "up" or "down" status by the judges previ- ous to the viewing. If the viewers both accurately described targets of dis- crepant directions, then the trial was considered a pass. Additionally, if a viewer's target description failed to be awarded a rating of 4 or more on a 0-7 point rating scale, his or her call was declared a pass. Of the 12 viewings that were not rated pass by the judges, 11 correctly described the object that the viewer was shown at a later time @ = 0.003). The objects shown to each viewer corresponded to the direction of the one-day change in the price of May Silver futures. Of the nine trials carried out, two were passed for various reasons, and seven were recorded as traded in the market, although no pur- chases were actually made. Six of the seven trade forecasts were correct.
Substrate Metabolism during Exercise in Children and the “Crossover Concept”

This review addresses issues related to substrate metabolism in children and how this information compares and contrasts to that of adults. The relative percent of fat and carbohydrate (CHO) utilized by an individual can be estimated from respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values between 0.7 (100% fat, 0% CHO) and 1.0 (100% CHO, 0% fat). The rise in RER towards 1.0 in relation to increased exercise intensity demonstrates the augmented role of CHO as an energy source for muscle; however, fat oxidation also represents a major source of energy during exercise of moderate-to-heavy intensity. Preliminary reports suggest that children demonstrate patterns of fat and CHO use in response to exercise intensity similar to those of adults and also show a reduction in RER at submaximal exercise intensities after training. The use of the “crossover concept" may simplify the presentation of how metabolism is affected by exercise intensity and training.
A narrow‐band tunable diode laser system with grating feedback, and a saturated absorption spectrometer for Cs and Rb

Detailed instructions for the construction and operation of a diode laser system with optical feedback are presented. This system uses feedback from a diffraction grating to provide a narrow‐band continuously tuneable source of light at red or near‐IR wavelengths. These instructions include machine drawings for the parts to be constructed, electronic circuit diagrams, and prices and vendors of the items to be purchased. It is also explained how to align the system and how to use it to observe saturated absorption spectra of atomic cesium or rubidium.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES VEHICLE MILES ( NOT ) TRAVELED : WHY FUEL ECONOMY REQUIREMENTS DON ' T INCREASE HOUSEHOLD

A major concern with addressing the negative externalities of gasoline consumption by regulating fuel economy, rather than increasing fuel taxes, is that households respond by driving more. This paper exploits a discrete threshold in the eligibility for Cash for Clunkers to show that fuel economy restrictions lead households to purchase vehicles that have lower cost-per-mile, but are also smaller and lowerperformance. Whereas the former effect can increase driving, the latter effect can reduce it. Results indicate these households do not drive more, suggesting that behavioral responses do not necessarily undermine the effectiveness of fuel economy restrictions at reducing gasoline consumption. Jeremy West Department of Economics Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Mass. Ave, Bldg E17-231 Cambridge, MA 02139 westj@mit.edu Mark Hoekstra Department of Economics Texas A&M University 3087 Allen Building 4228 TAMU College Station, TX 77843 and NBER markhoekstra@tamu.edu Jonathan Meer Department of Economics TAMU 4228 College Station, TX 77843 and NBER jmeer@econmail.tamu.edu Steven L. Puller Department of Economics Texas A&M University 3046 Allen College Station, TX 77843-4228 and NBER puller@econmail.tamu.edu
Logging Legacies Affect Insect Pollinator Communities in Southern Appalachian Forests

Abstract Many temperate deciduous forests are recovering from past logging, but the effects of logging legacies and environmental gradients on forest insect pollinators have not been well studied. In this study, we asked how pollinator abundance and community composition varied with distance from logging roads and elevation in old (logged >90 years ago) and young (logged 20–40 years ago) southern Appalachian forests. Insect pollinators were sampled at 15 previously logged sites along an elevation gradient at 5 distances from logging roads during summer 2010 and spring 2011 using pan traps. In summer, many pollinator groups were more abundant in younger forests and closer to logging roads, likely due in part to more light availability and a greater abundance of floral resources near roads. Total bee abundance was greater near logging roads, but only in younger forests, suggesting that the role of roads in providing nectar and other resources may diminish as forests mature. In spring, many pollinator families were less abundant at mid-distances (2–10 m) from roads compared to road edges (0 m), but abundances were generally the same at 100 m from the road as at road edges. Two important bee families, Apidae and Andrenidae, were strongly associated with high elevations in spring. Our results suggest that logging legacies may provide supplemental resources such as food and nesting sites to insect pollinators during the summer months especially, with the effects of roads often extending at least 100 m into young forests.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ENTITLEMENT IN 28 NATIONS 2

This article presents the cross-cultural validation of the Entitlement Attitudes Questionnaire, a tool designed to measure three facets of psychological entitlement: active, passive and revenge entitlement. Active entitlement was defined as the tendency to protect individual rights based on self-worthiness. Passive entitlement was defined as the belief in obligations to and expectations toward other people and institutions for the fulfillment of the individual’s needs. Revenge entitlement was defined as the tendency to protect one’s individual rights when violated by others and the tendency to reciprocate insults. The 15-item EAQ was validated in a series of three studies: the first one on a general Polish sample (N = 1,900), the second one on a sample of Polish students (N = 199) and the third one on student samples from 28 countries (N = 5,979). A three-factor solution was confirmed across all samples. Examination of measurement equivalence indicated partial metric invariance of EAQ for all national samples. Discriminant and convergent validity of the EAQ was also confirmed.
A Sigmoidal Approximation for Chance-Constrained Nonlinear Programs

We propose a sigmoidal approximation for the value-at-risk (that we call SigVaR) and we use this approximation to tackle nonlinear programs (NLPs) with chance constraints. We prove that the approximation is conservative and that the level of conservatism can be made arbitrarily small for limiting parameter values. The SigVar approximation brings scalability benefits over exact mixed-integer reformulations because its sample average approximation can be cast as a standard NLP. We also establish explicit connections between SigVaR and other smooth sigmoidal approximations recently reported in the literature. We show that a key benefit of SigVaR over such approximations is that one can establish an explicit connection with the conditional value at risk (CVaR) approximation and exploit this connection to obtain initial guesses for the approximation parameters. We present small- and large-scale numerical studies to illustrate the developments.
Improved storage and eat-ripe quality of avocados using a plant protein-based coating formulation

Coating comprising the plant protein, kafirin, propylene glycol (PG) and glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) have been shown to extend the quality of ‘Packham’s Triumph’ pears. In this study, both of these coating treatments considerably extended the shelf-life and the time that the eat-ripe quality of ‘Hass’ avocados was maintained when compared to uncoated fruit. To determine the roles of the additives, PG and GDL in the functionality of kafirin edible coatings, different kafirin coatings were applied to ‘Hass’ avocados prior to storage under ripening conditions of 18 °C for up to 21 days. All the kafirin coatings were effective at extending and maintaining the shelf-life quality of avocados compared to uncoated fruit due to reduced respiration rate, 102 ml CO2/kg/h for kafirin-PG+GDL compared to 115 ml CO2/kg/h uncoated avocados on day 14 and consequently reduced ethylene production of the coated fruit. Kafirin-PG+GDL coated avocados lost less weight and remained firmer than uncoated fruit. Descriptive sensory.
Effect of alkaline extraction on the structure of the protein of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and its influence on film formation

Summary It is important to produce hydrophobic edible protein films for use in foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alkaline extraction of quinoa proteins (QP) on the structure and their film-forming ability without plasticiser. QP were extracted between pH 8 to 12, and their structure was evaluated by PAGE-SDS, size-exclusion HPLC light scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy and SH and SS. Film was characterised by FTIR, SEM, tensile strength, barrier and colour. Structural changes of QP showing that alkalinisation over pH 10 produce significant denaturation/aggregation/dissociation structural changes in QP. pH 12 was the condition to form a film (film12). FTIR showed hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic film interactions. Film12 had 16.6 ± 3.8% elongation and 15.7 ± 1.1 MPa tensile strength, and water vapour permeability was 5.18 ± 0.38 g mm m−2 day−1 kPa−1. Film12 had a brownish colour. A high degree of denaturation/aggregation/dissociation of QP structure is required to form a film without plasticiser.
Review of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-18 Levels in Patients Diagnosed with Chronic Hepatitis B

Objective: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus of the Hepadnaviridae family. The course of infection depends on the patient’s immune response. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-18 are significant cytokines for immune response. Chronic hepatitis B patients may exhibit insufficient immune response against the hepatitis B virus. There may be differences in interleukin 6 and interleukin 18 (IL-8) levels between patients and healthy controls. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between the level of IL-6 and IL-18, and chronicity of the disease in patients diagnosed with chronic Hepatitis B virus infection.
An innovation for small-scale manufacturing in home settings ?-Early adopters of 3 D printing systems in China

This study investigates Chinese consumers’ adoption of the innovative 3D printing systems for small-scale manufacturing in home settings. Empirical studies were conducted in a survey with 256 participants. The number of significant determinants that affect an individual’s decision to adopt 3D printing systems has been identified by applying a model that integrates the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT). A number of moderation effects of demographic variables (e.g. gender, design background) on the association between motivational variables and participants’ adoption have also been analysed with factor analysis, structural equation modelling and hierarchical regression. Our results shed some light on the characteristics of early adopters of home 3D printing systems in China. This study contributes to the early understanding of Chinese consumers’ adoption of innovative 3D printing systems.