Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Empirical survival Jensen-Shannon divergence as a goodness-of-Fit measure for maximum likelihood estimation and curve fitting

Abstract The coefficient of determination, known as R 2, is commonly used as a goodness-of-fit criterion for fitting linear models. R 2 is somewhat controversial when fitting nonlinear models, although it may be generalized on a case-by-case basis to deal with specific models such as the logistic model. Assume we are fitting a parametric distribution to a data set using, say, the maximum likelihood estimation method. A general approach to measure the goodness-of-fit of the fitted parameters, which is advocated herein, is to use a nonparametric measure for comparison between the empirical distribution, comprising the raw data, and the fitted model. In particular, for this purpose we put forward the Survival Jensen-Shannon divergence (SJS) and its empirical counterpart ( ) as a metric which is bounded, and is a natural generalization of the Jensen-Shannon divergence. We demonstrate, via a straightforward procedure making use of the that it can be used as part of maximum likelihood estimation or curve fitting as a measure of goodness-of-fit, including the construction of a confidence interval for the fitted parametric distribution. Furthermore, we show the validity of the proposed method with simulated data, and three empirical data sets.
Gorash, Yevgen and Chen, Haofeng (2013) Application of the linear matching method to creep-fatigue failure analysis of cruciform weldment manufactured of the austenitic steel AISI type 316N(L). Materials

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Democracy , Education and the Quality of Government y

This paper looks at how the interaction between democracy and education a¤ects the quality of government. Using cross-country and panel data regressions we show that the success of democratic institutions is closely related to the quality of the electorate measured by the level of education in the population. Democratic elections do not foster (and may possibly dampen) the quality of government in countries with largely uneducated populations. We also propose a simple model of politicians recruitment which illustrates one of the possible channel of interaction between political institutions and education. Piegiuseppe Fortunato United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (piergiuseppe.fortunato@unctad.org). Ugo Panizza United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the Graduate Institute, Geneva (ugo.panizza@unctad). The views expressed in this article are the authors only and need not reect, and should not be represented as, the views of any of the institutions that the authors are a¢ liated with. yWe are grateful for useful comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this paper to Alberto Chong, Aart Kraay, Florencio López de Silanes, Torsten Persson, and Giacomo Ponzetto.
Maximal subsemigroups of the semigroup of all mappings on an infinite set

This is the accepted manuscript of the following article: J. East, J. D. Mitchell and Y. Peresse, “Maximal subsemigroupsof the semigroup of all mappings on an infinite set”, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 367(3), November 2014. The final published version is available online at: http://www.ams. org/journals/tran/2015-367-03/S0002-9947-2014-06110-2/ © Copyright 2014 American Mathematical Society
IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA LEAF EXTRACT ON IN VITRO MACROPHAGE RESPONSES AND LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION

Objective: In this study the effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Indigofera tinctoria were investigated on the functions of peritoneal macrophages and peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from Wistar rats through in vitro studies. Methods: Macrophage functions were determined through Nitric oxide (NO) estimation, Arginase production, lysosomal, phagocytic activities and analysis of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) production. The lymphocytes proliferation was analyzed by MTT assay. Results: The results indicated that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of I. tinctoria were enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production at 50 µg/ml whereas it suppressed the production of arginase at 100 µg/ml by the macrophage. Moreover lysosomal and phagocytic activity of the macrophage was enhanced by the ethanolic and aqueous extracts at a dose of 100 µg/ml. The extracts also enhanced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the macrophages. With the lymphocytes, the proliferation was significantly increased by ethanolic and aqueous extracts in the EC 50 value of 32.27 µg/ml and 49.06 µg/ml after 48 h incubation. Conclusion: Collectively the results demonstrated that both extracts of I. tinctoria enhanced innate as well as adaptive immune response and proved the immunostimulating potential of the plant I. tinctoria . Keywords: Indigofera tinctoria , Immunomodulation, Macrophage, Lymphocyte proliferation
Thin films of the Heusler alloys Cu2MnAl and Co2MnSi: recovery of ferromagnetism via solid-state crystallization from the x-ray amorphous state

X-ray amorphous thin films of the Heusler alloys Cu2MnAl and Co2MnSi have been prepared by magnetron sputter deposition at room temperature. In the amorphous state the Cu2MnAl phase is non-ferromagnetic; Co2MnSi is weakly ferromagnetic with a ferromagnetic Curie temperature of 170 K. By solid-state crystallization at high temperatures strong ferromagnetic order and high Curie temperatures are established in both alloys. The saturation magnetization of the Co2MnSi alloy reaches 5. 1μB/f.u. at 4 K, corresponding to 100% of the theoretical value; for Cu2MnAl we obtain 2. 8μB/f.u. at 4 K, which corresponds to 87.5% of the theoretical value. In samples of the Co2MnSi phase with optimum saturation magnetization Bragg reflections as indicators of a long-range chemical order are missing, whereas for the Cu2MnAl phase Bragg reflections confirm epitaxial quality and long-range L21 order.
The Impact of Acquisitions on CEO Pay

We examine the impact of acquisition on the pay of CEOs of S&P 1500 rms from 1994-2010. We nd insigni cant e¤ect of rm performance on post-acquisition CEO pay. Controlling for rm size, CEOs are paid about 3.5-4% premium in post-acquisition pay, which increases the pay of the median CEO of an acquiring rm in the sample by US$ 1,73,000. We nd no evidence of di¤erential pay increase for domestic and international acquisitions. Post-acquisition increase in CEO pay is not contingent on the wealth e¤ects and CEOs are not penalized for wealth-reducing acquisitions. Our results suggest that a part of acquisition premium in CEO pay can be attributed to the strength of governance. Controlling for survivor bias, we observe a smaller acquisition premium in CEO pay. KEY WORDS: CEO Pay, M&A, Personnel Economics, JEL Classi cation: J63, J32, C41, I owe thanks to Prof. Steve Bradley and Dr. Colin Green for their invaluable advice and suggestions. I also thank Prof. Ian Walker for his support. I also thank participants of the Lancaster University Economics Seminar series (Internal) for their helpful comments. All errors remain my own. Correspondence to: Swarnodeep HomRoy, Lancaster University Management School, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK. E-mail: s.homroy@lancaster.ac. uk
A Sensitive Very Large Array Search for Small-Scale Glycine Emission toward OMC-1

We have conducted a deep Q-band (λ ~ 7 mm) search with the Very Large Array (VLA) toward OMC-1 for the lowest energy conformation (conformer I) of glycine (NH2CH2COOH) in four rotational transitions: 615-514, 624-523, 717-616, and 707-606. Our VLA observations sample the smallest scale structures to date in the search for glycine toward OMC-1. No glycine emission features were detected. Thus, if glycine exists in OMC-1, it is below our detection limit, or it is more spatially extended than other large molecules in this source, or it is primarily in its high-energy form (conformer II). Our VLA glycine fractional abundance limits in OMC-1 are comparable to those determined from previous IRAM 30 m measurements—somewhat better or worse depending on the specific source model—and the entire ~1' primary beam of the VLA was searched while sensitive to an areal spatial scale ~150 times smaller than the 24'' beam of the IRAM single-element telescope. In the course of this work, we detected and imaged the 414-313 A and E transitions of methyl formate (HCOOCH3) and also the 202-101 transition of formic acid (HCOOH). Since formic acid is a possible precursor to glycine, our glycine limits and formic acid results provide a constraint on this potential formation chemistry route for glycine in OMC-1.
Inferential, Nonparametric Statistics to Assess the Quality of Probabilistic Forecast Systems

Many statistical forecast systems are available to interested users. In order to be useful for decision-making, these systems must be based on evidence of underlying mechanisms. Once causal connections between the mechanism and their statistical manifestation have been firmly established, the forecasts must also provide some quantitative evidence of `quality’. However, the quality of statistical climate forecast systems (forecast quality) is an ill-defined and frequently misunderstood property. Often, providers and users of such forecast systems are unclear about what ‘quality’ entails and how to measure it, leading to confusion and misinformation. Here we present a generic framework to quantify aspects of forecast quality using an inferential approach to calculate nominal significance levels (p-values) that can be obtained either by directly applying non-parametric statistical tests such as Kruskal-Wallis (KW) or Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) or by using Monte-Carlo methods (in the case of forecast skill scores). Once converted to p-values, these forecast quality measures provide a means to objectively evaluate and compare temporal and spatial patterns of forecast quality across datasets and forecast systems. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of providing p-values rather than adopting some arbitrarily chosen significance levels such as p < 0.05 or p < 0.01, which is still common practice. This is illustrated by applying non-parametric tests (such as KW and KS) and skill scoring methods (LEPS and RPSS) to the 5-phase Southern Oscillation Index classification system using historical rainfall data from Australia, The Republic of South Africa and India. The selection of quality measures is solely based on their common use and does not constitute endorsement. We found that non-parametric statistical tests can be adequate proxies for skill measures such as LEPS or RPSS. The framework can be implemented anywhere, regardless of dataset, forecast system or quality measure. Eventually such inferential evidence should be complimented by descriptive statistical methods in order to fully assist in operational risk management.
PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLE MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS IN SEVERAL LAYERS OF ANISOTROPIC MATERIAL

Research for computing the input impedance and mutual coupling between microstrip antennas on multiple anisotropic layers is presented. The first chapter is a brief introduction of the microstrip antenna and the concept of mutual coupling. A history of the extensive amount of research dedicated to microstrip antennas is summarized. This will show that computing input impedance and mutual coupling on certain structures with multiple anisotropic layers and microstrip antennas has never been done before. The second chapter is a formal statement of the proposed research and a list of technical objectives that need to be met in order to answer the proposed questions. Finally, the third and fourth chapters include a discussion of anticipated results and conclusions.
Response to reviewers

1. While I appreciate the amount of work behind the manuscript, and the non-trivial nature of coupling even existing model components, regrettably I see the problem that there is no model development included in the study that would justify publication in GMD, given the well-known and partly not so new model components ECHAM5 and NEMO that are employed (developed elsewhere, not at NUIST this should be clarified). As it stands, I fail to recognize what the new aspect of the study for a wider readership would be, given that earlier CMIP experiments are repeated and no really new aspects of carbon cycle modelling are presented.
INVARIANT MEANS AND FIXED POINTS; A SEQUEL TO MITCHELL'S PAPER

The purpose of this note is to present a new proof of a generalized form of Day's fixed point theorem. The proof we give is suggested by the work of T. Mitchell in his paper, Function algebras, means, and fixed points, [2]. The version of Day's theorem which we present here has not appeared explicitly in the literature before, and seems especially well suited for application to questions concerning fixed point properties of topological semigroups. 1. Preliminaries. We adopt the terminology and notation of [2] except where otherwise specified. New terminology will be introduced as needed. Let y be a convex compactum (compact convex set in a real locally convex linear topological space E), and let A( Y) denote the Banach space of all (real) continuous affine functions on Y under the supremum norm. Observe that A(Y) contains every function of the form h=f\Y + r where fe E* and r is real; thus A(Y) separates points of Y.
Implementation of a Western-based Multiliteracies Pedagogy in Malaysia: A Socio-cultural Perspective

This paper discusses arising issues when a Western pedagogy in a Malaysian context is implemented. In finding a suitable pedagogy to address issues of low employability among Malaysian university graduates, academia prefers to implement a learning pedagogy such as multiliteracies approach from Western countries. However this practice is creating issues of adaptability among Malaysian students. Therefore this study investigates the implementation of the Multiliteracies pedagogy, a Western teaching approach; in a Malaysian university classroom that taught English as a Second Language (ESL). The method of the study was grounded to the philosophy of a participatory action research and data was collected through classroom observation, informal conversations and classroom artefacts. 30 Bakti Polytechnic students’ experiences using the multiliteracies approach in learning ESL was the focus of this study. Due to the importance of reflection and action in a participatory action research, data was analysed through a Critical Reflective Analysis Steps, which included the process of observing and noting personal reflections, confronting and thinking, and taking action. The findings suggest that students had issues with working in teams, completing critical analysis and participating actively in classroom discussions. The study proposes a framework to guide the implementation of a Western-based pedagogy in a Malaysian context. Indeed, the practice requires deep deliberation of the students’ socio-cultural practices and cultures of learning to ensure that optimum result could be achieved from the introduction of the new pedagogy. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.17576/GEMA-2015-1501-01
Expressive Robotic Patient Simulators for Clinical Education

Robotic patient simulators (RPS) are the most commonly used robot in clinical education, and provide low-risk, high-fidelity learning experiences. They are life-sized humanoid robots that can simulate human physiological responses. Commercially available RPSs lack realistic facial and social cues, which limits their ability to engage human learners and immerse them in the simulation. This may cause poor skill transfer, which can result in adverse patient outcomes. We address this by introducing an expressive RPS capable of conveying expressivity far beyond the state of the art, including pain and neurological impairment, as well as a new shared control system to support clinical educators. This paper presents our ongoing work, and discusses its implications for the HRI and medical education communities.
Features of N-Glycosylation of Immunoglobulins from Knockout Pig Models

For the first time, the N-glycosylation patterns of immunoglobulin G (IgGs) isolated from the serum of two varieties of knockout pigs (lacking N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and/or α 1,3 galactose) were examined for the presence of potential glycan xenoantigens and compared to N-glycosylation patterns obtained for wild-type (WT) pig IgGs. Glycopeptide analysis was chosen over glycan release, as protein-A eluates from pig serum may contain IgA and IgM as shown previously. The experiments focused on the analysis of tryptic glycopeptides EEQFNSTYR and AEQFNSTYR from IgGs, and excluded IgA and IgM, in which N-glycosylated peptides have different sequences and masses. WT pig IgG glycopeptides showed the presence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and absence of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Released glycans from the protein-A eluate, however, showed the presence of both types of sialic acids, allowing Neu5Ac to be attributed to IgA and/or IgM. The WT IgG samples also showed the presence of glycans that could by composition have been α-galactosylated, but treatments with α- and β-galactosidases produced inconclusive results as to the linkage nature of the terminal Gal residues. Single knockout (α-Gal transferase) pig IgG was shown to contain Neu5Gc residues, and there was a definite absence of α-Gal. Double knockout pigs (DKO for α-Gal transferase and cytidine monophosphate-A-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)) showed the definite absence of α-Gal and Neu5Gc. Instead of the latter, Neu5Ac residues were observed. Further investigation into the sialylation patterns of WT and DKO pig IgGs consisted of esterifying the glycopeptides to allow the detection and differentiation of α-2,3 and α-2,6 sialic acid-galactose linkages. Fucosylation levels were also compared between IgG species.
Recycling pulp mill sludge to volcanic soil: a column leaching study

A leaching experiment was conducted to determine the influence of four successive applications of pulp mill sludge on some parameters of an Andisol. Undisturbed soil columns were treated with pulp mill sludge (0 to 30 Mg ha-1) every three months during one year with a hydraulic regime of 1200 mm per year. Leachates of each treatment were analyzed periodically and, at the end of the period, columns were fractionated at three depths (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm) and soil chemical parameters were analyzed. Sludge added successively to Andisol increased the nitrate concentration in leachates. After the fourth application of 30 Mg ha-1 sludge, nitrate leaching was about 1.7 times higher than in the control column, however, this level is still lower than the limit under Chilean regulations. Low ammonium concentrations were observed in leachates as a result of nitrification processes and retention by clay and organic matter in the Andisol. In fractionated soil columns, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen and phosphorus increased as the sludge rate increased,with the highest values found in the upper part of the columns. The concentration of nitrate and ammonium in soil columns followed an inverse pattern: while ammonium concentration was the highest at 0 to 20 cm, nitrate concentration was the lowest in that fraction; sludge addition caused a linear increase in ammonium and nitrate content at the three depths analyzed.
Lagrangian Velocity Distributions in a High-Resolution Numerical Simulation of the North Atlantic

The statistical properties of Lagrangian velocities in a high-resolution numerical simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean are analyzed and discussed in the framework of particle dispersion parameterizations. Consistent with previous analyses of float trajectories, the modeled velocity distribution is shown to be non-Gaussian, both at the surface and at 1500 m. These results can have significant implications on oceanographic research, as they suggest that current parameterizations of particle dispersion by linear stochastic processes or eddy-diffusivity approaches may be incorrect, since they assume Gaussian velocity distributions. The results also indicate the need for empirical parameterizations of particle dispersion based on nonlinear stochastic processes. It is shown that, even for a truly non-Gaussian dataset, a Gaussian probability distribution function can be spuriously recovered when the sampling density is too low. The best compromise between data sampling and space averaging when a limited amount of data are available, as is the case in most field observations, is then identified.
Cladogenesis and Vicariance Patterns in the Toad-Headed Lizard Phrynocephalus versicolor Species Complex

Abstract Using mtDNA sequence data and a phylogenetic approach, we examined the divergence and evolutionary history of the Toad-Headed Lizards of the Phrynocephalus versicolor species complex, which are currently assigned to three species, P. versicolor, Phrynocephalus frontalis, and Phrynocephalus przewalskii. Both parsimony and likelihood-based analyses resulted in three clades, which do not conform to the current species designation. The three species did not form mutually exclusive monophyletic groups. Instead, the populations from Tengger Desert, Ordos Highland, and further east, which include P. frontalis, P. przewalskii, and several populations of P. versicolor, formed a clade and we recommend recognizing them as a single species under the name P. przewalskii. The populations from the northwestern part of the complex's distribution also formed a monophyletic group, for which we recommend retaining the name P. versicolor. Finally, the southwestern populations share a unique evolutionary history and should be recognized as a new species, Phrynocephalus sp. The resulting phylogeny suggests that the species diversity and distribution patterns of P. przewalskii, P. versicolor, and Phrynocephalus sp. can be better explained by vicariance, rather than the traditional west-to-east dispersal hypothesis.