Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Instrumentation Effects on Estimated Drop Size Distribution and Radar Parameters

Much of what is known about drop size distributions (DSDs) has been determined with observations from ground-based raindrop disdrometers. While seemingly a straightforward task, inferred DSD properties are subject to a number of error sources. The size of the raindrop sample (Joss and Walvogel 1969; Smith et al. 1993, 2009; Smith and Kliche 2005; Mallet and Barthes 2009), the appropriateness of the assumed DSD model to which the observations are fitted and fitting method (e.g., Smith 2003; Kliche et al. 2008; Mallet and Barthes 2009), wind affects (Nešpor et al. 2000), and splashing all contribute error. The controlling parameters of the assumed drop distribution are usually computed from various moments of the observed drops (e.g., Tokay and Short 1996) and vary somewhat according to the particular moments used (Zhang et al. 2003; Smith and Kliche 2005; Cao and Zhang 2009; Smith et al. 2009). However, the above error sources may be secondary to instrumentation limitations and related biases. Of interest here is the role that instrumentation deficiencies play on derived DSD properties. Specifically, we examine measurements from a JossWaldvogel impact disdrometer (JWD) and a twodimensional video disdrometer (2DVD). The JWD, manufactured by Distromet LTD of Basel, Switzerland, long has been used for obtaining drop size distribution attributes. Technical descriptions are given by Joss and Waldvogel (1967), Sheppard and Joe (1994), and Tokay et al. (2001). The 2DVD is manufactured by Joanneum Research at the Institute of Applied Systems Technology in Graz, Austria. Descriptions are given by (Schönhuber 1997; Tokay et al. 2001; Kruger and Krajewski 2002). Cursory comparisons of integral DSD attributes such as radar reflectivity computed from JWD or 2DVD measurements typically show good agreement when compared to radar observations (Waldvogel 1974; Sheppard and Joe 1994; Tokay et al. 2001; Zhang et al. 2001; Brandes et al. 2003, 2004a). The agreement may be due in part to the fact that reflectivity is usually presented in decibels. The measurements are frequently extended to estimate other DSD attributes, such as the governing parameters of assumed exponential and gamma DSD models (e.g., Tokay and Short 1996; Tokay et al. 2001; Zhang et al. 2001; Brandes et al. 2003, 2004a, 2006). Estimated ________________________________________________ Corresponding author address: Guifu Zhang, School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072; guzhang1@ou.edu attributes are difficult to verify. Cao et al. (2008) use the side-by-side 2DVD measurements to quantify the error, but the two 2DVDs may have the same limitations. Furthermore, more than one instrument is rarely available; hence, the measurements are often simply accepted.
Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin (Ukraine). Part 9. The Subfamily Dirimiinae, subfam. nov.

A new Subfamily Dirimiinae of the Family Kumpanophyllidae Fomichev, 1953 is introduced on the basis of Dirimia gen. nov., which is represented by six new named species and three species left in open nomenclature. The new species are Dirimia multiplexa, D. similis, D. recessia, D. composita, D. extrema, D. nana, Dirimia sp. 1, Dirimia sp. 2 and Dirimia sp. 3. The progressing atrophy of the columnotheca, leading to its total reduction in extreme species, and the occurrence of an axial structure instead of a compact pseudocolumella established in these species are accepted as differences exceeding the genus level. All specimens assigned to this subfamily were derived from the same Limestone F1 of the Donets Basin, and mostly from the same locality. The reasons for their split into a relatively large number of species are: 1) an increased radiation typical for faunal turnover times; 2) a delay in the appearance of differentiated skeletal characters relative to the appearance of genetic differences large enough to characterise different species; 3) a bias in preservation of fossil remnants by comparison to living populations, amplified by biases in the collections available for study by comparison to the total number of specimens fossilised.
Machine Learning-based Intrusion Detection Algorithms

Machine learning-based intrusion detection approaches have attracted increasing attention in the network intrusion detection research area because of their intrinsic capabilities in discovering novel attacks. In this paper we propose a new approach to detect network attacks, which aims to study the efficiency of the method based on machine learning in intrusion detection, including artificial neural networks and support vector machine. It will provide an important reference for the future research. The experimental results obtained by applying this approach to the KDD CUP'99 data set demonstrate that the proposed approach performs high performance, especially to U2R and U2L type attacks.
Study of rice cropping index increasing on dry land in Malang-East Java

Besides on irrigated field, rice cultivation in Indonesia is also carried out on dry land and generally only once planting a year. To find out the possibility of increasing cropping rice index, from once planting to twice planting a year, an assessment was done in Druju village, Sumber Manjing Wetan, Malang Regency. The first planting was conducted in the 2013/2014 (November 2013 until March 2014) and the second planting was done in early 2014 (April until July 2014). A randomized block design with four replications was used. As treatment was integrated crop management technology (ICM) and improvement technology using the upland rice new variety (Inpago 4) that compared to existing technology using lowland rice variety (Cibogo). The result showed that the plants had grown normally until the harvested time, both in the first and second planting times. The highest yield was obtained from ICM treatment about 6.36 t/ha in the first planting and about 3.78 t/ha in the second planting. While in existing treatment only reached 2.99 t/ha in the first planting season and 1.50 t/ha in the second planting season. This result indicated that the increase of cropping rice index was feasible to conduct in the dry land of Malang Regency.
Notes on some common Karroo grasshoppers

This paper is a preliminary report on observations made in the Karroo during the period 1936-1940, during the course of an intensive study of the field ecology of the brown locust, undertaken by Mr. C. J. B. Smit and the writer. Since our attention was concentrated on Locustana pardalina (Walk), it was not possible to do more than to make incidental observations on the distribution and habits of other species of Acrididae.
Mantle Dynamics of Western Pacific and East Asia: New Insights from P Wave Anisotropic Tomography

Seismic anisotropy records past and present tectonic deformations and provides important constraints for understanding the structure and dynamics of the Earth's interior. In this work, we use tremendous amounts of high‐quality P wave arrival times from local and regional earthquakes to determine a high‐resolution tomographic model of 3‐D P wave azimuthal anisotropy down to 1,000‐km depth beneath East Asia. Our results show that trench‐parallel fast‐velocity directions (FVDs) are visible in the shallow portion of the subducting Pacific slab (<80 km), whereas the deeper portion of the Pacific slab mainly exhibits trench‐normal FVDs, except for the stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone (MTZ) where obvious NE‐SW FVDs are revealed. The FVDs in the subslab mantle change from a subduction‐parallel trend at depths of 80–400 km to a subduction‐normal trend in the MTZ. Large‐scale low‐velocity anomalies are revealed beneath the Philippine Sea plate where the FVD is NE‐SW. The FVDs along the Izu‐Bonin arc and in a slab gap exhibit a striking anticlockwise toroidal trend. All these features may reflect complex 3‐D flows in the mantle wedge due to tearing and dehydration processes of the subducting Pacific slab. The subducting Pacific slab is split at ~300‐km depth under the Bonin arc and then penetrates into the lower mantle, whereas under East Asia the Pacific slab becomes stagnant in the MTZ and reaches the North‐South Gravity Lineament in China. The intraplate volcanoes in East Asia are caused by hot and wet upwelling flows in the big mantle wedge above the stagnant Pacific slab.
Periphyton assemblages and their relationships with environmental variables in a eutrophic shallow lake from Pampa Plain, Argentina

Fil: Esquius, Karina Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina
Diagnostic accuracy of the European League against rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology-2019 versus the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics-2012 versus the ACR-1997 classification criteria in adult systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)-1997, the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)-2012, and the European League against Rheumatism (EULAR)/ACR-2019 classification criteria in adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched for literature comparing the three classification criteria of ACR-1997, SLICC-2012 and EULAR/ACR-2019, which took clinical diagnosis as reference. Meta-analysis was used to evaluate and compare the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio of ACR-1997, SLICC-2012 and EULAR/ACR-2019. To assess the early diagnosis capability of the classification criteria, subgroups of patients with disease duration < 3 years and < 1 year were selected for comparison of sensitivity and specificity based on the inclusion of the original study. The sensitivity and specificity of each item in three sets of classification criteria were evaluated. In addition, the clinical and immunological characteristics of patients who did not meet the three classification criteria were compared. Results Nine original studies were included in the analysis, including 6404 SLE patients and 3996 controls. Results showed that the diagnostic odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of the SLICC-2012 [136.35 (114.94, 161.75)] and EULAR/ACR-2019 [187.47 (158.00, 222.42)] were higher than those of the ACR-1997 [67.53 (58.75, 77.63)]. Compared with ACR-1997[(0.86 (0.82, 0.89)], SLICC-2012[(0.96 (0.93, 0.97)] and EULAR/ACR-2019[(0.95 (0.92, 0.97)] had higher sensitivity. The specificity of the three classification criteria was similar: ACR-1997, SLICC-2012, and EULAR/ACR-2019 were 0.93 (0.89, 0.95), 0.86 (0.79, 0.91), and 0.91 (0.85, 0.95), respectively. The sensitivity of SLICC-2012 and EULAR/ACR-2019 were higher than that of ACR-1997 in early-course subgroups. Patients who did not meet ACR-1997 had more hypocomplementemia, patients who did not meet SLICC-2012 had more cutaneous lupus and photosensitivity, and patients who did not meet EULAR/ACR-2019 had more cutaneous lupus and leucopenia. Conclusions SLICC-2012 and EULAR/ACR-2019 have better diagnostic ability than the ACR-1997, and the sensitivity of the former two criteria is also higher than that of the latter; Moreover, the SLICC-2012 and EULAR/ACR-2019 for patients in the early stages of disease performed equally excellent.
New GaN Power-Electronics Packaging Solutions: A Thermal Analysis Using Raman Thermography

Raman thermography measurements were performed on AlGaN/GaN multi-finger high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) to determine their channel temperature at various power levels. The devices were mounted on both silver diamond composite and CuW base plates, in order to benchmark the thermal performance of novel diamond composite base plates compared to traditional materials. We illustrate that AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices mounted on silver diamond composite base plates show peak temperatures which are 50% lower than the peak temperatures exhibited by devices mounted on traditional CuW base plates. This is a dramatic improvement in terms of heat extraction, as basis to enabling longer device life-times and better performances. In addition, time-resolved Raman thermography measurements were carrier out to obtain thermal dynamics of devices on the silver-diamond base plate and on heat diffusion during pulsed device operation. This time-dependent information is of great importance for reliability and failure analy.
Development of a Reduced Biodiesel Surrogate Fuel Model for Multi-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations

This work reports the development of a reduced biodiesel surrogate fuel model for multi-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamic simulations. The model is derived using an integrated kinetic mechanism reduction scheme and the final chemistry comprises only 83 species. The model is well validated in zero-dimensional chemical kinetic calculations under a wide range of auto-ignition and jet-stirred reactor conditions. The fidelity of the model is also further assessed in two-dimensional simulations of a constant-volume combustion vessel with respect to the experimental results of soy-methyl ester combustion. The results obtained reveal that ignition delay, lift-off lengths and soot volume fractions are reasonably well replicated by the reduced model. Furthermore, the compositions of the reduced model are varied according to the saturation/unsaturation levels of various biodiesel feed-stocks, such as palm-methyl ester and sunflower-methyl ester. In this work, it is demonstrated that the reduced model can potentially be used as a universal surrogate fuel model to predict the reactivity of biodiesel feed-stocks with low degree of saturation (≤30%) in both kinetic and fuel spray simulations.
WINDII Observations and WACCM‐X Simulations of High‐Latitude Winds Under Different Solar Radio Flux and Geomagnetic Disturbance Conditions

Thermospheric zonal winds at altitudes of 140 to 250 km are shown to reverse from eastward to strong westward between 100° and 200° in geographic longitude and 60°S to 70°S latitude in the Southern Hemisphere. The reversal also occurs at the same latitude in the Northern Hemisphere, but from 200° to 340° longitude. The phenomenon has been previously described as a “wind wall. ” Observations by the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and simulations by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM‐X) are utilized to explore the characteristics of what has been called a wind wall. In order to study the dependence on solar radio flux and geomagnetic activity, the relationships of the maximum zonal wind and F10.7 (the solar radio flux at 10.7 cm) and ap indices are investigated. The results show that WINDII observations and WACCM‐X simulations agree well in describing this wind signature. Moreover, the appearance of the wind wall is found to have a strong dependence on the solar radio flux and geomagnetic activity. In addition, WINDII winds have a stronger response to geomagnetic activity than WACCM‐X winds.
Strengthened Indian Summer Monsoon Precipitation Susceptibility Linked to Dust‐Induced Ice Cloud Modification

A growing body of research has underscored the radiative impact of mineral dust in influencing Indian summer monsoon rainfall variability. However, the various aerosol‐cloud‐precipitation interaction mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we analyze multisatellite observations to examine dust‐induced modification in ice clouds and precipitation susceptibility. We show contrasting dust‐induced changes in ice cloud regimes wherein despite a 25% reduction in ice particle radius in thin ice clouds, we find ~40% increase in ice particle radius and ice water path in thick ice clouds resulting in the cloud deepening and subsequently strengthened precipitation susceptibility, under strong updraft regimes. The observed dust‐ice cloud‐precipitation interactions are supported by a strong correlation between the interannual monsoon rainfall variability and dust frequency. This microphysical‐dynamical coupling appears to provide negative feedback to aerosol‐cloud interactions, which acts to buffer enhanced aerosol wet scavenging. Our results underscore the importance of incorporating meteorological regime‐dependent dust‐ice cloud‐precipitation interactions in climate simulations.
Applying the California net energy system to growing goats

Abstract The aim of this review is to describe the main findings of studies carried out during the last decades applying the California net energy system (CNES) in goats. This review also highlights the strengths and pitfalls while using CNES in studies with goats, as well as provides future perspectives on energy requirements of goats. The nonlinear relationship between heat production and metabolizable energy intake was used to estimate net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm). Our studies showed that NEm of intact and castrated male Saanen goats were approximately 15% greater than female Saanen goats. Similarly, NEm of meat goats (i.e., >50% Boer) was 8.5% greater than NEm of dairy and indigenous goats. The first partial derivative of allometric equations using empty body weight (EBW) as independent variable and body energy as dependent variable was used to estimate net energy requirements for gain (NEg). In this matter, female Saanen goats had greater NEg than males; also, castrated males had greater NEg than intact males. This means that females have more body fat than males when evaluated at a given EBW or that degree of maturity affects NEg. Our preliminary results showed that indigenous goats had NEg 14% and 27.5% greater than meat and dairy goats, respectively. Sex and genotype also affect the efficiency of energy use for growth. The present study suggests that losses in urine and methane in goats are lower than previously reported for bovine and sheep, resulting in greater metabolizable energy:digestible energy ratio (i.e., 0.87 to 0.90). It was demonstrated that the CNES successfully works for goats and that the use of comparative slaughter technique enhances the understanding of energy partition in this species, allowing the development of models applied specifically to goat. However, these models require their evaluation in real-world conditions, permitting continuous adjustments.
The writing processes underpinning wellbeing: Insight and emotional clarity in poetic autoethnography and freewriting

Investigations of the expressive writing paradigm have shown that writing about one's experiences have positive effects on wellbeing. Understanding the writing processes facilitating self-discovery which underpin these positive outcomes is currently lacking. Prior research has suggested two writing processes that can lead to discovery: (1) Knowledge Constituting involving the fast synthesis of verbal and non-verbal memory traces into text; and (2) Knowledge Transforming involving controlled engagement with written text for revision. Here, two genres—autoethnographic poetry and freewriting–were studied as they manifest a different pattern design for Knowledge Constituting and Knowledge Transforming. One hundred and seventeen, L1 English speaking participants from 3 northwestern universities in the US completed a two-stage, genre specific writing process. Participants were randomly assigned to a writing condition. Poetry writers first did a Knowledge Constituting writing task followed by a Knowledge Transforming task. Freewriters repeated a Knowledge Constituting task. Participants completed insight and emotional clarity scales after stage one and stage two. Data was analyzed using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA with one between (writing condition) and one within subject (time of prompt) variables. Descriptive results show that it is the Knowledge Constituting process which elicits high levels of insight and emotional clarity for both genres at the first time point. Knowledge Transforming at time-point 2 significantly reduced insight. While Knowledge Constituting at time-point 2 significantly increased emotional clarity. The results provide initial support for the position that it is the Knowledge Constituting writing process which facilitates self-discovery and underpins writing-for-wellbeing outcomes.
Experiencing, anticipating, and witnessing discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for health and wellbeing among Asian Americans

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic spurred increased racial animus toward Asians and Asian Americans (A/AA) who have since been contending with increased racism and violence. While some of the harm associated with this increased prejudice may derive from personally experienced discrimination, the COVID-19 pandemic has also been marked by an increase in vicarious exposure to discrimination as well as increased anticipation of discrimination, both of which may be taxing for the mental and physical health of A/AA. The goal of this study, accordingly, was to examine the effects of personal experiences of discrimination, vicarious exposure to discrimination, and anticipated discrimination on depressive symptoms, physical health symptoms, sleep quality, and sleep disturbances among A/AA. Results from our two-wave field survey demonstrated that experiencing and anticipating discrimination were associated with mental and physical health symptoms as well as sleep disturbances. Further, personal experiences of discrimination interacted with vicarious discrimination to determine physical health symptoms such that greater vicarious exposure weakened the relationship between experienced discrimination and physical health symptoms. These findings demonstrate the need to mobilize resources to combat the multipronged, negative implications of the recent rise in anti-Asian prejudice during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Ecohydrology of temporary ponds

5 Impact statement . 7 List of Figures . 13 List of Tables . 19 Acknowledgements . 21 Chapter 1 Introduction . 23 1.1 Overview . 23 1.2 Temporary ponds . 24 1.2.1 European conservation context . 25 1.2.2 Threats to the temporary pond ecosystem . 28 1.3 Hydrology of temporary ponds . 29 1.4 Biological communities in temporary ponds . 30 1.4. 1 Vegetation . 32 1.4. 2 Cladocera . 34 1.5 Aims . 36 Chapter 2 Research Design . 39 2.1 Study area . 39 2.1.1 Sheskinmore Nature Reserve, Ireland . 39 2.1.2 Malhão and Vila do Bispo regions, Portugal . 40 2.2 Sampling strategy . 43 2.3 Monitoring and data collection . 47 2.3. 1 Hydrology . 47 2.3. 2 Climatic data . 47 2.3. 3 Cladocera . 48 2.3. 4 Aquatic vegetation. 49 2.3. 5 Environmental variables . 49 2.3. 6 Laboratory analysis . 50 2.3. 7 Statistical analysis . 51 Chapter 3 Seasonal and climatic influences on dune slack ecohydrology . 53 3.
Studying Human Responses to Environmental Change: Trends and Trajectories of Archaeological Research

ABSTRACT Environmental archaeological enquiry has a long and vibrant history. Many of the same questions have persisted in archaeological dialogues over the past century. In particular, the effects of environmental change on demographic patterns, health, and societal stability are among the most pervasive questions being addressed by anthropological research. These studies have limitations, however. For example, evaluations of the complex relationships between environmental variables and human responses are only just beginning to emerge in anthropological literature. This goal requires high-resolution paleoclimate datasets and the use of quantitative modelling rooted in evolutionary and complex systems theory. This paper serves as a broad review of advances in environmental archaeological enquiry associated with environmental change and human response. I argue that the future of archaeological questions concerning human-environmental connection requires a re-evaluation of causality and the incorporation of complex systems approaches to address human responses to external pressures.