Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Renal Function Impairment and Associated Risk Factors among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Individuals at Flege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia -

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of renal impairment and associated risk factors among human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among human immunodeficiency virus positive patients at Bahir Dar Felege Hiwot referral Hospital. Demographic and other data were collected using structured questionnaires. Body mass index, urine protein, CD4 count, hemoglobin, electrolyte, lipid profile, serum urea and creatinine were measured. Data was entered into EPI info version 3.5. 1 and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics was calculated and logistic regression models were used to investigate factors associated with renal impairment. Results: A total 307 human immunodeficiency virus positive patients, 153 highly active antiretroviral therapy naive (who didn’t take highly active antiretroviral therapy) and 154 on highly active antiretroviral therapy were enrolled in the study. The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 34.69 (± 8.86) years and about 61% were females. The prevalence of renal impairment in highly active antiretroviral therapy naive and on highly active antiretroviral therapy individuals was 30.1% and 12.9% respectively. Proteinuria was found in 17.9 % of the participant. Low CD4 count (Adjusted odds ratio= 24.11; (95% CI 11.06, 52.56) and being highly active antiretroviral therapy naive (Adjusted odds ratio = 6.58; 95% CI 2.99, 14.47) showed significant association with the prevalence of renal impairment. Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of renal impairment in human immunodeficiency virus positive individuals with higher rates among highly active antiretroviral therapy naive individuals. It also indicated the importance of assessing of renal function in human immunodeficiency virus positive individuals in general and in highly active antiretroviral therapy naive and with low CD4 count in particular. Further cohort studies with larger sample size are also important to establish the prevalence rate of renal impairment.
Gyrotropic guiding-center fluid theory for turbulent inhomogeneous magnetized plasma

In this paper, a new fluid theory is given in the guiding-center and gyrotropic approximation which is derivable from the Vlasov-Maxwell equations. The theory includes the effect of wave-particle interactions for the weakly turbulent, weakly inhomogeneous, nonuniformly magnetized plasma, and it is applicable to a variety of space and laboratory plasmas. It is assumed that the turbulence is random and electrostatic, and that the velocity-space Fokker-Planck operator can be used to calculate the correlation functions that describe the wave-particle interactions. Conservation laws are derived that relate the low-order velocity moments of the particle distributions to the turbulence. The theory is based on the work of Hubbard [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 260, 114 (1961)] and Ichimaru and Rosenbluth [Phys. Fluids 13, 2778 (1970)]. In the work presented here, the idea is proposed that the fluid equations can be solved (1) by using measurements of the turbulence to specify the electric-field fluctuations; and (.
Risk assessment of erosion and losses of particulate phosphorus

Phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural land are considered a major contributor to eutrophication in many aquatic ecosystems. Areas more vulnerable to losses of P need to be identified in order to effectively apply mitigation measures aimed at reducing total loads of P. This thesis focuses on the identification of soils and fields vulnerable to losses of particulate P (PP) due to erosion. Two simple soil dispersion tests to estimate the initial risk of soil and P mobilization (DESPRAL and SST) were tested and compared in the laboratory. The outcome was combined with data relative to source (soil P content) and transport (unit stream power length-slope topographic factor calculated from a high resolution digital elevation model) risks to establish probable causes of P losses at field scale and to target critical source areas at catchment scale. DESPRAL showed higher precision and shorter execution time than SST, in addition to its already proven validation and reproducibility. Also, compared with other methods, the test returned a wider range of values for each textural class, allowing the differentiation of soils within these classes. This is especially important for finetextured soils, which are the most sensitive to the mobilization of particles. The study of long-term P and sediment losses from five fields confirmed the relevance of adequately identifying the source and transport conditions within fields when assigning appropriate countermeasures. Finally, the assessment of long-term losses from two contrasting catchments highlighted how transport and mobilization risks have a greater effect on P losses due to erosion than P accumulation in soil. When ranking the fields within both catchments according to this prioritization of factors, a greater number of high-risk fields were found in the catchment with more pronounced transport pathways. The outcome of this thesis is the proposal of methodology whereby easily obtainable data can be used in risk assessments to identify fields and catchments vulnerable to PP losses. The knowledge gained provides a good starting point to improve these assessments by incorporating means for prioritizing different mitigation measures currently not performed in Sweden.
Regression Model to Predict the Higher Heating Value of Poultry Waste from Proximate Analysis

Improper land application of excess poultry waste (PW) causes environmental issues and other problems. Meanwhile there is an increasing trend of using PW as an alternative energy resource. The Higher Heating Value (HHV) is critical for designing and analyzing the PW conversion process. Several proximate-based mathematical models have been proposed to estimate the HHV of biomass, coal, and other solid fuels. Nevertheless, only a small number of studies have focused on a subclass of fuels, especially for PW. The aim of this study is to develop proximate-based regression models for an HHV prediction of PW. Sample data of PW were collected from open literature to develop regression models. The resulting models were then validated by additional PW samples and other published models. Results indicate that the most accurate model contains linear (all proximate components), polynomial terms (quadratic and cubic of volatile matter), and interaction effect (fixed carbon and ash). Moreover, results show that best-fit regression model has a higher R2 (91.62%) and lower estimation errors than the existing proximate-based models. Therefore, this new regression model can be an excellent tool for predicting the HHV of PW and does not require any expensive equipment that measures HHV or elemental compositions.
Negative ion density fronts

Negative ions tend to stratify in electronegative plasmas with hot electrons (electron temperature Te much larger than ion temperature Ti, Te≫Ti). The boundary separating a plasma containing negative ions, and a plasma without negative ions, is usually thin so that the negative ion density falls rapidly to zero—forming a negative ion density front. Theoretical, experimental, and numerical results giving the spatio-temporal evolution of negative ion density fronts during plasma ignition, the steady state, and extinction (afterglow) are reviewed. During plasma ignition, negative ion fronts are the result of the break of smooth plasma density profiles during nonlinear convection. In a steady-state plasma, the fronts are boundary layers with steepening of ion density profiles due to nonlinear convection also. But during plasma extinction, the ion fronts are of a completely different nature. Negative ions diffuse freely in the plasma core (no convection), whereas the negative ion front propagates towards the c.
Analysis of Galak and Meyvis ’ s ( 2011 ) Experiments

Like other scientists, psychologists believe experimental replication to be the final arbiter for determining the validity of an empirical finding. Reports in psychology journals often attempt to prove the validity of a hypothesis or theory with multiple experiments that replicate a finding. Unfortunately, these efforts are sometimes misguided because in a field like experimental psychology, ever more successful replication does not necessarily ensure the validity of an empirical finding. When psychological experiments are analyzed with statistics, the rules of probability dictate that random samples should sometimes be selected that do not reject the null hypothesis, even if an effect is real. As a result, it is possible for a set of experiments to have too many successful replications. When there are too many successful replications for a given set of experiments, a skeptical scientist should be suspicious that null or negative findings have been suppressed, the experiments were run improperly, or the experiments were analyzed improperly. This article describes the implications of this observation and demonstrates how to test for too much successful replication by using a set of experiments from a recent research paper.
The impacts of volcanic aerosol on stratospheric ozone and the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex: separating radiative-dynamical changes from direct effects due to enhanced aerosol heterogeneous chemistry

Abstract. After major volcanic eruptions the enhanced aerosol causes ozone changes due to greater heterogeneous chemistry on the particle surfaces (HET-AER) and from dynamical effects related to the radiative heating of the lower stratosphere (RAD-DYN). We carry out a series of experiments with an atmosphere–ocean–chemistry–climate model to assess how these two processes change stratospheric ozone and Northern Hemispheric (NH) polar vortex dynamics. Ensemble simulations are performed under present day and preindustrial conditions, and with aerosol forcings representative of different eruption strength, to investigate changes in the response behaviour. We show that the halogen component of the HET-AER effect dominates under present-day conditions with a global reduction of ozone (−21 DU for the strongest eruption) particularly at high latitudes, whereas the HET-AER effect increases stratospheric ozone due to N2O5 hydrolysis in a preindustrial atmosphere (maximum anomalies +4 DU). The halogen-induced ozone changes in the present-day atmosphere offset part of the strengthening of the NH polar vortex during mid-winter (reduction of up to −16 m s-1 in January) and slightly amplify the dynamical changes in the polar stratosphere in late winter (+11 m s-1 in March). The RAD-DYN mechanism leads to positive column ozone anomalies which are reduced in a present-day atmosphere by amplified polar ozone depletion (maximum anomalies +12 and +18 DU for present day and preindustrial, respectively). For preindustrial conditions, the ozone response is consequently dominated by RAD-DYN processes, while under present-day conditions, HET-AER effects dominate. The dynamical response of the stratosphere is dominated by the RAD-DYN mechanism showing an intensification of the NH polar vortex in winter (up to +10 m s-1 in January). Ozone changes due to the RAD-DYN mechanism slightly reduce the response of the polar vortex after the eruption under present-day conditions.
Production and Tolerance of Ethanol in Relation to Phospholipid Fatty-acyl Composition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 431

Summary: Accumulation of ethanol in supernatants from anaerobic cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 431 closely paralleled growth during the early exponential phase of batch growth, and continued after growth had ceased. During the 8–64 h period of the fermentation, the intracellular ethanol concentration was greater than the extracellular concentration. Ethanol was very rapidly extracted from organisms by washing with water. During growth up to 32 h, there was a progressive decrease in fatty-acyl unsaturation in phospholipids, and a corresponding proportional increase in saturation. Thereafter, the trend was very slightly reversed. Supplementing cultures with ethanol (0.5 or 1.0m) after 8h incubation retarded growth rate, while supplementation with 1.5 m-ethanol immediately stopped growth. In cultures supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0 m-ethanol, viability was not lowered, but supplementation with 1.5 m-ethanol caused a rapid decline in viability. Supplementation of cultures with ethanol at any of the three concentrations led to an increase in the proportion of mono-unsaturated fatty-acyl residues in cellular phospholipids, especially in C18 residues, which was accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of saturated residues.
Air entrapment effects on infiltration rate and flow instability

Experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of entrapped air on water infiltration into a loamy sand. Transparent three‐dimensional (3‐D) and 2‐D columns were used for experiments carried out for two infiltration conditions: (1) when air was free to move ahead of the wetting front and leave the bottom of the column (air draining) and (2) when air was confined ahead of the wetting front and hence could escape only through the soil surface (air confining). The measurement setup was composed of a tension‐pressure infiltrometer, an air flowmeter, water manometers, and video‐picture cameras. We applied both positive and negative water pressures at the soil surface and measured the simultaneous changes in the rates of water inflow and air outflow, the air pressure ahead of the wetting front, and the dynamic behavior and advance of the wetting front. The air pressure ahead of the wetting front for the air‐confining condition was generally found to increase with time rather than reaching a constant level, as observed in other studies by other researchers. The air pressure fluctuated locally because of air escaping from the soil surface. On the basis of an analysis of the results we present two empirical equations to predict the maximum air pressure at which air begins to erupt from the soil surface and to predict the minimum air pressure at which air eruption stops. We found that the infiltration rate was always equal to, and controlled by, the rate of air outflow. The infiltration rate varied inversely with the air pressure ahead of the wetting front and with the ponding depth at the soil surface. The infiltration rate fluctuated with time rather than undergoing changes in a three‐stage process, as is often characterized in the literature. The volume of residual entrapped air in the air‐confining condition increased 7% on average, and the infiltration rate decreased threefold to tenfold as compared to the air‐draining condition. Finally, it was shown that the air‐confining infiltration flow is fingered and unstable, consistent with the predictions of an existing theory.
NONLOCAL TRANSPORT AND THE GLASS TRANSITION

The paper gives a review of recent advances in theory and simulation of nonlocal transport in nanoflows. The aim is to show how to computationally model and simulate the nonlocal viscous transport in atomic and molecular fluids. The ultimate goal is to provide nanofluidics and other disciplines with methodologies capable to give exact descriptions of flow at the nanoscale by using nonlocal constitutive relations which involve nonlocal transport kernels.
Factors that lead to positive or negative stress in secondary school teachers of mathematics and science

This paper explores the factors that contribute to the development of positive stress and distress in teachers within secondary schools in England. It draws on narrative interviews undertaken with 12 mathematics and science teachers in six schools and focuses on three of these teachers to explore issues in more depth. The findings demonstrate that the use by teachers of appropriate coping mechanisms, e.g. actively seeking out preferable alternatives, and access to professional and personal support, with the right frame of mind, namely, seeing stressors as capable of being overcome, can produce desirable consequences for the teachers through their use of stress in a positive, healthy manner and lessen the likelihood of negative long-term effects associated with distress.
THE USE OF CYTOCHROME B SEQUENCE VARIATION IN ESTIMATION OF PHYLOGENY IN THE VIREONIDAE

A recent phylogenetic study of the genus Vireo, based on protein electropho- resis, shows the taxon is polyphyletic and contains four distinct groups. This contradicts the traditional classification of the genus. Johnson et al. (1988) find a group containing members of the subgenera Vireo and Lanivireo. a lone taxon containing the species V. bellii and a division of the subgenus Vireosylva into a gilvus and an olivaceus group. To test these results independently, sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt-b) gene were col- lected from the following 9 vireos representing the three subgenera: Bell's Vireo (Vireo belliz), Gray Vireo (k'. vicinior), Solitary Vireo (K solitarius), Black-capped Vireo (K atricapillus), White-eyed Vireo (JC griseus), Philadelphia Vireo (V. philadelphicus), Warbling Vireo (V. gilvus), Red-eyed Vireo (V. olivaceus) and Black-whiskered Vireo (V. altiloquus), and two confamilial species: Rufous-browed Peppershrike (Cyclarhis gujanensis) and Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo (Vireolanius leucotis). For each of the above species, at least 213 homologous base pairs from the cyt-b gene were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, and subsequently sequenced. Estimates of phylogenies were achieved through phenetic, maxi- mum likelihood and weighted cladistic analyses. The evolutionary histories produced did not support or reject the monophyly of the genus Vireo. However, Cyclarhis was more closely related to Vireo than was Vireolanius. Two major clades were found in the genus Vireo. An eye-lined clade contained members of the subgenus Vireosylva while an eye-ringed group contained members of the subgenera Vireo and Lanivireo (including V. bellii).
A comparative study of outcomes of Lichtenstein repair and Desarda tissue repair in patients of inguinal hernia

Background: Inguinal hernia is a very common surgical problem for which, mesh-based techniques, particularly the Lichtenstein repair is considered standard. However, problems like foreign body sensation, wound infection, cord fibrosis, chronic pain and recurrence are major concern. Desarda tissue repair (non-mesh technique), which was given by an Indian surgeon, is now being used in many countries because of low cost of procedure with very low recurrence rates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of Desarda tissue repair at a tertiary care centre of Central India as a treatment of primary inguinal hernia, by comparing it with Lichtenstein repair in terms of various post-operative parameters. Methods: Patients between age of 18 and 70 years with primary inguinal hernia were included in this randomised controlled trial. Patients with strangulated, obstructed or recurrent hernia, surgically unfit patients and patients having unmanaged urinary obstruction, cough or constipation were excluded. Randomization was done by sealed envelope method into Lichtenstein and Desarda arm and respective surgeries were performed. Results: 90 patients were included in the study and average duration of follow-up was 15.1 months. Operative time was significantly less in Desarda arm (14.75 min compared to 21.32 min in Lichtenstein arm). Cost, incidence of seroma formation, post-operative pain, foreign body sensation and chronic pain were also significantly less in Desarda arm. No recurrence was observed in both arms. Conclusions: Desarda repair is easy to perform and takes less time to perform and proves cost effective. Desarda repair is comparable to Lichtenstein repair in terms of many parameters and superior in terms of post-operative pain and foreign body sensation and can be preferred for young patients. In infected and strangulated cases, Desarda repair can be used effectively without fear of mesh infection.
Aerodynalllics Modeling of the Reefed Stages of Ringsail Parachutes

Computational Aerodynamics Modeling of the Reefed Stages of Ringsail Parachutes by Jason D. Christopher The Team for Advanced Flow Simulation and Modeling (T⋆AFSM) at Rice University has been using the Stabilized Space-Time Fluid-Structure Interaction (SSTFSI) they developed to model parachute aerodynamics. The complexity of ringsail parachutes requires additional techniques for successful modeling of the reefed stages. Methods developed for this purpose include sequential shape determination, which is an iterative method for determining a shape and corresponding flow field, and coupled FSI using a circumferentially symmetrized traction applied to the parachute. In addition to modeling the reefed stages, these methods provide a suitable starting point for full FSI computations. A multiscale sequentially-coupled FSI computation, together with cable symmetrization, can be used to obtain a refined structural mechanics solution where needed. Furthermore, pressure distribution generation can be used to match structural shapes to drop test observations.
A 100-g Laboratory Corn Wet-Milling Procedure

Cereal Chem. 73(1):54-57 A 100-g laboratory corn wet-milling procedure was developed in formed during the same week, and 0.60% when replicates were performed order to reduce sample size and labor time requirements for determining weekly during the course of a year. In a properly equipped laboratory, the milling characteristics of corn samples. The procedure gives starch the procedure can be performed at the rate of 40 samples per week using yields statistically similar to those of a 1-kg laboratory procedure with a three trained personnel. standard deviation in replicates of 0.36% when the replicates were perThe feasibility of corn wet-milling facilities processing specific hybrids of yellow dent corn rather than mixed hybrid commodity corn has been enhanced by the use of biotechnology and genetic engineering in corn hybrid development. Identification of better wet-milling hybrids has been limited, in part, by the slow speed of widely used analytical milling techniques. The milling quality of corn (millability) can be evaluated by using laboratory-scale milling procedures (Dimler et al 1944,