Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Validating Kraepelin's two types of depressive mixed states: ‘depression with flight of ideas’ and ‘excited depression’

Summary Despite a venerable classic tradition going back to at least Kraepelin, depressive mixed states (DMX) are not represented in official diagnostic manuals in psychiatry. We have operationalised this condition as a major depressive episode (MDE) with three or more intra-episode hypomanic signs and symptoms (DMX3). Of 320 consecutive bipolar II outpatients, presenting for MDE treatment and interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, modified to permit the systematic evaluation of hypomanic features during the index MDE, 200 met our criteria for DMX3 (62.5%). When compared with the remaining non-DMX bipolar II, they had significantly earlier age at onset, higher percentage of females, atypical features and bipolar family history. Multivariate logistic regression of intra-MDE hypomanic signs and symptoms found evidence supporting an “excited depression” subtype (defined by the core feature of psychomotor agitation, and further characterised by talkativeness, irritable mood and distractability) and a “depression with flight of ideas” subtype (defined by the core feature of racing/crowded thoughts, and further characterised by risky pleasurable impulses including, among others, those with intense sexual arousal). We thereby documented the existence of two distinct DMX subtypes which testify to the clinical acumen of Kraepelin (and his pupil Weygandt) who in 1899 described these two subforms of depressive mixed states in more severely ill hospitalised patients.
Dynamic and rapid changes in the transcriptome and epigenome during germination and in developing rice (Oryza sativa) coleoptiles under anoxia and re‐oxygenation

Detailed molecular profiling of Oryza sativa (rice) was carried out to uncover the features that are essential for germination and early seedling growth under anoxic conditions. Temporal analysis of the transcriptome and methylome from germination to young seedlings under aerobic and anaerobic conditions revealed 82% similarity in the transcriptome and no differences in the epigenome up to 24 h. Following germination, significant changes in the transcriptome and DNA methylation were observed between 4-day aerobically and anaerobically grown coleoptiles. A link between the epigenomic state and cell division versus cell elongation is suggested, as no differences in DNA methylation were observed between 24-h aerobically and anaerobically germinating embryos, when there is little cell division. After that, epigenetic changes appear to correlate with differences between cell elongation (anaerobic conditions) versus cell division (aerobic conditions) in the coleoptiles. Re-oxygenation of 3-day anaerobically grown seedlings resulted in rapid transcriptomic changes in DNA methylation in these coleoptiles. Unlike the transcriptome, changes in DNA methylation upon re-oxygenation did not reflect those seen in aerobic coleoptiles, but instead, reverted to a pattern similar to dry seeds. Reversion to the 'dry seed' state of DNA methylation upon re-oxygenation may act to 'reset the clock' for the rapid molecular changes and cell division that result upon re-oxygenation.
Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Characterization and Role in Vascular Biology

Infusion of different hematopoietic stem cell populations and ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cells augments neovascularization of tissue after ischemia and contributes to reendothelialization after endothelial injury, thereby, providing a novel therapeutic option. However, controversy exists with respect to the identification and the origin of endothelial progenitor cells. Overall, there is consensus that endothelial progenitor cells can derive from the bone marrow and that CD133/VEGFR2 cells represent a population with endothelial progenitor capacity. However, increasing evidence suggests that there are additional bone marrow–derived cell populations (eg, myeloid cells, “side population” cells, and mesenchymal cells) and non-bone marrow–derived cells, which also can give rise to endothelial cells. The characterization of the different progenitor cell populations and their functional properties are discussed. Mobilization and endothelial progenitor cell–mediated neovascularization is critically regulated. Stimulatory (eg, statins and exercise) or inhibitory factors (risk factors for coronary artery disease) modulate progenitor cell levels and, thereby, affect the vascular repair capacity. Moreover, recruitment and incorporation of endothelial progenitor cells requires a coordinated sequence of multistep adhesive and signaling events including adhesion and migration (eg, by integrins), chemoattraction (eg, by SDF-1/CXCR4), and finally the differentiation to endothelial cells. This review summarizes the mechanisms regulating endothelial progenitor cell–mediated neovascularization and reendothelialization.
The endocannabinoid anandamide is a direct and selective blocker of the background K+ channel TASK‐1

TASK‐1 encodes an acid‐ and anaesthetic‐sensitive background K+ current, which sets the resting membrane potential of both cerebellar granule neurons and somatic motoneurons. We demonstrate that TASK‐1, unlike the other two pore (2P) domain K+ channels, is directly blocked by submicromolar concentrations of the endocannabinoid anandamide, independently of the CB1 and CB2 receptors. In cerebellar granule neurons, anandamide also blocks the TASK‐1 standing‐outward K+ current, IKso, and induces depolarization. Anandamide‐induced neurobehavioural effects are only partly reversed by antagonists of the cannabinoid receptors, suggesting the involvement of alternative pathways. TASK‐1 constitutes a novel sensitive molecular target for this endocannabinoid.
Efficacy of Antidepressants in Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and Purpose— Poststroke depression is a prevalent complication of stroke with unclear pathogenesis. The benefits of antidepressants in this context and their effects on stroke recovery other than effects on mood are not clearly defined, with some studies suggesting efficacy in improving functional outcome in both depressed and nondepressed stroke patients. We have analyzed the preclinical animal data on antidepressant treatment in focal cerebral ischemia, modeled±depression, to help inform clinical trial design. Methods— We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from experiments testing the efficacy of antidepressants versus no treatment to reduce infarct volume or improve neurobehavioral or neurogenesis outcomes in animal models of stroke. We used random-effects metaregression to test the impact of study quality and design characteristics and used trim and fill to assess publication bias. Results— We identified 44 publications describing the effects of 22 antidepressant drugs. The median quality checklist score was 5 of a possible 10 (interquartile range, 4–7). Overall, antidepressants reduced infarct volume by 27.3% (95% confidence interval, 20.7%–33.8%) and improved neurobehavioral outcomes by 53.7% (46.4%–61.1%). There was little evidence for an effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on infarct volume. For neurobehavioral outcomes there was evidence of publication bias. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were the most frequently studied antidepressant subtype and improved neurobehavioral outcome by 51.8% (38.6%–64.9%) and increased neurogenesis by 2.2 SD (1.3–3.0). Conclusions— In line with current clinical data and despite some limitations, antidepressant treatments seem to improve infarct volume and neurobehavioral outcome in animal models of ischemic stroke.
[Adaptation of the MacNew QLMI quality of life questionnaire after myocardial infarction to be used in the Spanish population].

BACKGROUND The advantage of specific quality of life instruments is its ability to evaluate specific issues related to the illness of interest. The aim of the present study is to develope a Spanish version of the self-administered questionnaire MacNew QLMI, specific for patients after myocardial infarction (MI). MATERIAL AND METHOD Forward and back-translation method by bilinguals was performed; once the test for feasibility and comprehension was carried out. 143 patients with a first MI completed the Spanish version of the MacNew QLMI and principal components factor analysis was performed. Reliability was assessed in 50 patients with stable MI that completed twice the questionnaire (with an interval of two weeks), measuring reproducibility and internal consistency with Student t test, intraclass correlation and Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS Factor analysis showed a similar three dimensional structure as the original version. Intraclass correlation coeficient were 0.83, 0.87 and 0.83, and Cronbach's alpha coeficients were 0.85, 0.88 and 0.83 for the emotional, physical and social dimensions respectively. CONCLUSIONS The Spanish version of the MacNew QLMI questionnaire has a good equivalence with the original version, a good internal consistency and a good reproducibility; it can be used in the Spanish population to study its validity.
Procedural and early clinical outcomes of patients with de novo coronary bifurcation lesions treated with the novel Nile PAX dedicated bifurcation polymer-free paclitaxel coated stents: results from the prospective, multicentre, non-randomised BIPAX clinical trial.

AIMS To demonstrate the acute and early outcomes of the novel Nile PAX dedicated polymer-free paclitaxel-coated stents (Minvasys SAS, Gennevilliers, France) in the treatment of de novo coronary bifurcation lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS The Nile PAX device incorporates a cobalt-chromium alloy with a side aperture in the mid-stent designed to optimise scaffold at the bifurcation carina and side branch (SB) ostium, while maintaining SB access during procedure. From December 2008 to February 2010, 101 patients were prospectively enrolled in a non-randomised, multicentre study. Lesion criteria were: vessel size 2.5-3.5 mm in the parent vessel (PV) and 2.0-3.0 mm in the SB, and lesion length <14 mm in the PV, and <5 mm in the SB. Mean age was 63 years, 29% had diabetes, LAD/Dg was involved in 80.4%, and 61.7% had significant involvement of both branches. The study stent was successfully attempted and implanted in 98%. SB received additional stent in 26% final kissing-balloon inflation was performed in 93% and lesion (angiographic) success was achieved in 98%. There was only one non-Q myocardial infarction during hospitalisation, and no additional events up to 30 days. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results of the prospective, non-randomised, multicentre BIPAX clinical trial demonstrated encouraging results with the novel Nile PAX bifurcation DES in the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions, including high device and procedural success. Overall, there was only one major adverse cardiac event during hospitalisation, with no additional events up to 30 days follow-up. Long-term follow-up is warranted.
Benefit and a possible risk of tocilizumab therapy for adult-onset Still’s disease accompanied by macrophage-activation syndrome

We report a 57-year-old female case of intractable adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD). Initial high-dose prednisolone therapy was ineffective, and macrophage-activation syndrome (MAS) manifested after one session of additional tocilizumab therapy. After successful treatment for MAS with lipo-dexamethasone and cyclosporin, tocilizumab therapy aided in the rapid reduction of the therapeutic steroid dose. Tocilizumab may be useful for maintenance therapy for AOSD, although its efficacy is unclear for the highly active phase of the disease.
Audit Pricing and Independence

SYNOPSIS: Previous researchers have identified the pricing phenomena of "low-balling" and "price-cutting" in the market for audit services. One branch of this research has empirically estimated the magnitude of these pricing phenomena, while the other has hypothesized that they are caused by transaction costs incurred when a client firm switches to a new auditor. A principal concern of those who oversee the market for audit services is that the same forces that produce low-balling and price-cutting give the incumbent auditor a positive expected payoff from retaining the client. Such an interest in the client (called the "value of incumbency") could reduce the auditor's independence from the client, thereby affecting the quality of financial reporting. In this article, a multiperiod model of the audit market for a single client is presented, with the introduction of a reporting issue over which the auditor and the client may disagree. For instance, the client may prefer not to recognize an estimated liability, while the incumbent auditor believes that not recognizing the liability could be regarded as an audit failure at some point in the future. Under the assumptions that contingent audit fees are not allowed and that auditors and clients cannot make binding multiperiod commitments, the research shows that the auditor's value of incumbency presents a threat to independence only under limited circumstances. One condition that must be fulfilled for the client to put pressure on the auditor is that auditors in the market must disagree among themselves as to the appropriateness of the reporting policy desired by the client. If all audi-
Is the Clock Drawing Test a screening tool for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment? A systematic review

ABSTRACT Background: The clock drawing test (CDT) is a common and widely used cognitive screening instrument for the diagnosis of dementia. However, it has remained unclear whether it is a suitable method to identify mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The aim of this paper is to review systematically the studies concerning the utility of the CDT in diagnosing MCI. Method: A systematic literature search was conducted. All studies dealing with utility of CDT in diagnosing MCI regardless of the applied CDT scoring system and MCI concept were selected. Results: Nine relevant studies were identified. The majority of the studies compared average CDT scores of cognitively healthy and mildly impaired subjects, and four of them identified significant mean differences. If reported, sensitivity and specificity have been mostly unsatisfactory. Conclusion: CDT should not be used for MCI-screening.
Forecasting US GNP growth : the role of uncertainty

There are a large number of models developed in the literature to analyse and forecast the changes in output dynamics. The objective of this paper is to compare the forecasting ability of uni- and bivariate models in terms of forecasting U.S. GNP growth at different forecasting horizons, with the bivariate models containing information on a measure of economic uncertainty. Based on point and density forecast accuracy measures, as well as the superior predictive ability (SPA) and equal accuracy tests, we evaluate the forecasting performance of our models over the quarterly period of 1919:2-2014:4, given an in-sample of 1900:1 1919:1. We find that the economic policy uncertainty index should be improving the accuracy of U.S. GNP growth forecasts in the bivariate models. While we find that the Markov switching time varying parameter VAR (MS-TVP-VAR) models in most cases cannot be outperformed its competitive models according to the root mean squared error (RMSE), the density forecast measure reveals that the Bayesian VAR (BVAR) model with stochastic volatility in most cases is the model that produces more accurate forecasts. More importantly, our results highlight the importance of uncertainty in forecasting US GNP growth rate.
Morphological features of Acanthamoeba causing keratitis contaminated from contact lens cases.

OBJECTIVE To study the morphological characteristics of genus Acanthamoeba which is an opportunistic organism associated with wearing contact lenses that the biofilm phenomenon in contact lens cases contained Acanthamoeba causing keratitis by conventional culture technique. MATERIAL AND METHOD A total of 150 contact lens cases were biofilm scraped in March till September 2007, at an institution in Nakhornpathom Province, Thailand. The 'gold standard' culture technique was used for the excystation growth development observation. Cysts of Acanthamoeba spp. contained 50 microlitres of Escherichia coli and contact lens solution were incubated and observed for the presence of cysts and/or trophozoites for 12 days. An infected slide was stained with giemsa solution and other non-stained and non-fixed slides were carried out for morphological characteristics study by different microscopes. RESULTS The prevalence of Acanthamoeba spp. in scraping of contact lens cases was 6.7% (10/150). These Acanthamoeba isolates at temperature around 37 degrees C were consisted of all three groups, which in summary; the average diameter of cysts in Astronyxids (group I) was relatively large. They were > or = 18 micrometers, while those of Polyphagids (group II) and Culbertsonids (group III) were < or = 18 micron. The typical morphology of Acanthamoeba trophozoites moving freely in water were recognized by the presence of lobopodium and acanthopodia within 12 observed days. The average size of Acanthamoeba trophozoites was in the range of 12-45 micron. Three different images of cyst were feature studied. CONCLUSION Three Acanthamoeba groups by biofilm scraping from contact lens cases should be differentiated. Morphological characteristics cysts and trophozoites should be confirmed. In addition, to improve contact lens wearer education, compliance with contact lens cases, hygiene recommendations and regular disposal of contact lens cases might help to solve contact lens cases.
Endometrial morphology during hormone replacement therapy with estradiol gel combined to levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device or natural progesterone

OBJECTIVES To evaluate endometrial responses to three different forms of amenorrhea-inducing HRT in postmenopausal women. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-one postmenopausal women completing a one-year HRT trial with percutaneous estradiol gel containing 1.5 mg estradiol daily combined with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) (n=18), or natural progesterone 100 mg daily orally (n= 19) or vaginally (n=15) during 1-25 calendar days of each month. Endometrial thickness and uterine size were measured by transvaginal ultrasound, and endometrial cytology/histology was assessed from specimens taken by needle aspiration before the study and at 12 months. RESULTS Before medication, the median endometrial thickness was 2.0 mm in the LNG-IUD group, 2.4 mm in the oral P group and 2.5 mm in the vaginal P group. At 12 months of therapy the respective values, 3.0, 2.7 and 2.4 mm, did not differ significantly from the initial values. LNG-IUD induced epithelial atrophy in all women, which was accompanied by stromal decidualization in 12 women. On the contrary, only four women in the oral P group and five women in the vaginal P group had an inactive or atrophic endometrium. The remaining cases were dominated by proliferative features. No hyperplasia was seen in any of the groups. CONCLUSION LNG-IUD appeared to be an effective method of counteracting the stimulatory effect of estrogen on the endometrium, whereas natural progesterone given orally or vaginally was not sufficiently effective in this function at the doses used. The vaginal and oral administrations of progesterone did not differ from each other in this respect.
Living with Difference: Experiences of Adolescent Girls with Cleft Lip and Palate

Objective This study explored the experiences of adolescent girls with cleft lip and palate who were preparing for orthognathic surgery. Design A qualitative study, based on a phenomenological approach, explored adolescents’ experiences. Two 1-hour semistructured interviews were conducted before surgery, and member checking was employed to verify findings with each participant. Setting A tertiary care pediatric hospital in central Canada. Participants A criterion sampling technique was used to recruit a sample of seven participants with cleft lip and palate ranging in age from 15 to 20 years who were scheduled for cleft orthognathic surgery. Results Participants described experiencing teasing, bullying, and stares. In many cases, participants sought to resist and dismiss negative social attitudes about their visible difference while working to combat this with a positive view of who they really are. To varying degrees, participants felt constricted in engaging in the community as they were worried what others thought of their visible difference. They worked at finding ways to reduce the impact of social stigma through coping strategies, social supports, and reconstructive surgery. Conclusions Adolescent girls can experience strain associated with living with a facial difference; however, they find strategies to cope with the perception of difference. Reconstructive surgery is viewed as a means to increase confidence. Further intervention is needed in understanding and addressing stigma and fostering resiliency related to female adolescents living with a facial difference.
Board Gender Diversity, Financial and Social Performance of Indian Firms

Gender diversity of boards is an important dimension of corporate governance but there have been limited studies in this regard using Indian data. The present study is motivated by the need to extend research on impact of gender diverse boards, an integral element of corporate governance, in the Indian context. Specifically, the study investigates impact of gender-wise heterogeneous boards on financial and social performance of Indian firms. The sample consists of 54 companies drawn from Economic Times ranking, spread over widely different industry segments, 38 of which belong to the private sector and 16 to the public sector. The study uses Blau’s diversity index to capture gender diversity of the Board. With regard to financial performance, this study uses accounting-based return on capital employed (ROCE) as a proxy measure because accounting-based measures more effectively capture the internal efficiency of firms. In order to measure social performance, the research develops firm-specific corporate social responsibility score (CSRS) using the KLD (Kinder, Lyderberg, & Domini) assessment parameters namely shareholder relationships, environment, product, community and employee relations. Controlling for variables such as firm size (measured by natural logarithm of assets), leverage (measured by debt to equity ratio) and board size (measured by natural logarithm of number of people constituting the board) that might impact financial and social performance, the study examines interrelationship with gender diversity using regression analysis. Results of the current research do not find a significant association of gender diversity of corporate boards with financial performance of firms. Also, the study is unable to establish significant association between gender diversity of boards and social performance. The study concludes that relationship between this element of corporate governance and firm performance in India requires investigation over a longer duration. This line of research is expected to provide useful insights into whether there is a business case for gender diverse corporate boards. This input would have significant firm-specific and public policy implications.