Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing between primary and secondary racial identification in analyses of health disparities of a multiracial population in Hawaii

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the importance of distinguishing between primary and secondary racial identification in analyzing health disparities in a multiracial population. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of 2012 Hawaii Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (H-BRFSS). As part of the survey, respondents were asked to identify all their races, and then which race they considered to be their primary race. We introduce two analytic approaches to investigate the association between multiracial status and general health: (1) including two separate dichotomous variables for each racial group (primary and secondary race; for example, ‘primary Native Hawaiian' and, separately, ‘secondary Native Hawaiian’), and (2) including one combined variable for anyone choosing a particular racial group, whether as primary or secondary race (‘combined race'; e.g. Native Hawaiian). Linear regression then compares the multiracial health disparities identified by the two approaches, adjusted for age and gender. Results: The 2012 H-BRFSS had 7582 respondents. The four most common self-identified primary racial/ethnic groups were White, Japanese, Filipino, and Native Hawaiian. Native Hawaiians were the largest multiracial group with over 80% self-identifying as multiracial. Health disparities for Native Hawaiians, Portuguese and Puerto Ricans were attenuated by 10% after accounting for multiracial status. Populations that self-identified secondarily as Japanese, Puerto Rican, Mexican, and other PI had significantly poorer self-reported health. Conclusion: The analysis illustrates the importance of accounting for multiracial populations in health disparities research and demonstrates the ability of two approaches to identify multiracial health disparities in data sets with limited sample sizes. The ‘primary and secondary race' approach might work particularly well for a multicultural population like Hawaii.
Efficacy of Tricyclic Antidepressant Therapy in Adults With Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome: A Two-year Follow-up Study

Aim To investigate the effects of prolonged tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) therapy on the frequency and duration of episodes of cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) in adults, and the global assessment of clinical improvement and the number of emergency department (ED) visits and/or hospitalizations. Method An open labeled study was conducted in adult CVS patients treated with a TCA and followed for up to 2 years. Demographic data, TCA dosage, duration and frequency of CVS episodes, ED visits, and hospitalizations at baseline and during TCA therapy were recorded, and patients were monitored for any adverse events. Results Forty-six patients initially met the inclusion criteria and 41 patients (22 male) with mean age of 35 years (range: 18 to 63 y) on TCA were able to be followed for 1 year and 23 were evaluated for 2 years. Mean age of onset of CVS symptoms was 26 years (range: 10 to 52 y) and mean age for making the diagnosis of CVS was 32 years (range: 15 to 63 y). The frequency and duration of an episode and ED visits related to CVS were all significantly reduced after both the first and second year of TCA therapy (P<0.05). Eighty-eight percent reported an improved clinical status by subjective global assessment. Mild side effects were reported in 34% not necessitating stoppage of the TCA. Conclusions Long-term TCA therapy significantly reduces the frequency and duration of CVS episodes, ED visits, and hospitalizations (P<0.05), and improves overall clinical well-being providing evidence that they are effective therapy for adult CVS.
SEX RATIO IN A NEW SPECIES OF NASONIA WITH FULLY‐WINGED MALES

One of the better-studied sex ratio theories is local mate competition (LMC) theory, first developed by Hamilton in 1967 (for reviews see Chamov, 1982; Waage, 1986; King, 1987). LMC models assume a subdivided population structure with emergence and then random mating taking place within local patches followed by female dispersal to new patches to lay offspring. Under these conditions, offspring sex ratio (proportion sons) is expected to increase with increasing number of ovipositing mothers in a patch, eventually reaching an asymptote (Hamilton, 1967, 1979). One of the best-studied species with regards to LMC theory is the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. N. vitripennis's sex ratio as it relates to LMC theory has been examined both genetically and behaviorally, both in the laboratory and in the field (e.g., Orzack and Parker, 1986; Werren, 1980, 1983). Although current sex ratio theory cannot completely explain offspring sex ratios in N. vitripennis (e.g., Orzack, 1986), empirical evidence on N. vitripennis supports LMC model predictions in general. For example, most N. vitripennis females produce female-biased offspring sex ratios when alone and increase the proportion of sons they produce when other ovipositing females are present (Walker, 1967; Wylie, 1965; Velthius et al., 1965; Werren, 1983). Here we examine offspring sex ratios in a newly discovered species of Nasonia, N. giraulti (Darling and Werren, 1990), and compare it to that of N. vitripennis. In N. vitripennis, the explanation for why the species meets the population structure assumed by most LMC models has been that 1) males lack full wings; 2) thus, males cannot disperse to mate, and so mating must take place at the emergence site; and 3) because mating takes place at the site of emergence, there will be competition for mates among males emerging from the same or nearby hosts (i.e., "local mate competition"). N. giraulti is almost identical morphologically to N. vitripennis, except that N. giraulti males have full wings and can fly. Thus, our expectation was that in N. giraulti, males disperse and so their populations, relative to N. vitripennis, should experience both less competition among brothers for mates and less inbreeding. Either or both of which should have selected for less female-biased sex ratios in N. giraulti than in N. vitripennis (Frank, 1985; Herre, 1985). We present results showing that N. giraulti does manipulate offspring sex ratio in response to the number of other mothers present, but that N. giraulti produces
EVIDENCE FOR RAPID SPECIATION FOLLOWING A FOUNDER EVENT IN THE LABORATORY

Due to its long duration, the entire process of speciation has rarely been observed (Provine, 1989). Consequently, there is a proliferation of untested theory and controversy about which modes of speciation occur, their relative frequencies and their accompanying genetic changes (Templeton, 1980; Futuyma, 1983; Barton and Charlesworth, 1984; Carson and Templeton, 1984; Coyne and Barton, 1988; Barton, 1989; Coyne, 1990). The founder event plays a primary role in well-known theories ofspeciation (Mayr, 1963; Carson, 1971). [We emphasize that "founder event" and "founder effect" have different definitions. The former is simply the colonization of a new area by few individuals (sensu Coyne, 1990), whereas the latter connotes particular genetic changes at the individual and population level subsequent to the founder event. ] The link between small numbers offounders and speciation has been tested by field studies and laboratory experiments (Dobzhansky and Pavlovsky, 1971; Dobzhansky et aI., 1976; Powell, 1978, 1982, 1989; Arita and Kaneshiro, 1979; Ahearn, 1980; Templeton, 1980; Meffert and Bryant, 1991), primarily with Drosophila. Although the laboratory studies indicate that founder events may begin the process of speciation, results fall short of demonstrating the evolution of new, reproductively isolated species. Specifically, partial premating isolation evolved between a few lines (Carson, 1971; Dobzhansky and Pavlovsky, 1971; Powell, 1978, 1989; Arita and Kaneshiro, 1979; Ahearn, 1980; Dodd, 1989; Meffert and Bryant, 1991) and, with the exception of infectious sterility (for a review see Powell, 1982), postmating isolation was rare (but see Templeton, 1989). This paper provides evidence for speciation in a marine invertebrate following a founder event. In July 1964, Dr. D. J. Reish started a laboratory culture ("Lab" population) with five or six individuals (sex ratio unknown) ofthe polychaete Nereisacuminata Ehlers 1868 [more commonly referred to by its synonyms (Day, 1973) Nereis (Neanthes) arenaceodentata Moore 1903 and Nereis (Neanthes) caudata (Delle Chiaje 1841)] collected from Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor, CA (Reish, 1985) (Fig. 1). This population expanded to thousands of individuals. On 5 December 1986, four pairs of worms from the Lab population were transported to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) where their offspring gave rise to a Lab population at WHOI consisting of thousands of individuals. Thus, by 1988 the Lab population had passed through two bottlenecks, each followed by exponential population growth. These are conditions that, in theory (Mayr, 1963; Carson, 1971; Powell, 1978; Templeton, 1980), favor speciation, so we tested for reproductive isolation between Lab and field populations.
What do we know about the health of Spanish Roma people and what has been done to improve it? A scoping review

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aims to review the published literature on the health of the Roma population in Spain, particularly that which describes health interventions and outcomes. Design: A scoping review of published articles/reports on Roma population health was carried out in Spain for publications between 2002 and 2014. Articles in Spanish or English were identified from Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scielo, IBECS, MEDES, Dialnet, Index Foundation, a database of theses and Google Scholar. After an initial assessment of the article title and summary, genetic studies, editorials, reviews and grey literature with incomplete data were excluded. Two independent researchers followed a protocol to analyze the selected papers in terms of general information, methodology, themes, and results or conclusions. Results: Forty studies were selected for inclusion, primarily located through PubMed and Google Scholar. Most of the papers were scientific articles, published after 2007 in Spanish scientific journals (70.0%) followed by institutional reports (20.0%). The main language was Spanish (84.2%). The studies were carried out mainly by public institutions (35.0%) or universities (22.5%). Most (67.5%) followed a descriptive design and nearly half (47.5%) were concerned only with the Roma population. The main thematic areas were: child health (25%), infectious diseases (25%), health and social education context (20%), perceived health and lifestyle (15%), sexual and reproductive health (7,5%) and health services use (7,5%). We found seven intervention studies related to health, educational environment, or social services. Conclusions: There are few publications related to the health of the Roma community in Spain and even fewer related to health interventions and outcomes. Those that are available have focused on areas such as child health or infectious disease outbreaks. It is important to promote health interventions in Roma communities and longitudinal studies that include a comprehensive vision and account for the social determinants of health.
Acute renal disease from Leptospira interrogans in three yearlings from the same farm

Summary Renal dysfunction due to leptospirosis has been reported infrequently in the horse. The animals in this case presentation developed an acute and persistent febrile illness that could have been attributed to a number of infectious diseases. Upon numerous subsequent clinical evaluations, detection of renal dysfunction narrowed the list of differential diagnoses. This Case Report describes 3 horses with acute renal disease from Leptospira interrogans. Pyrexia was the initial clinical sign and was refractory to antimicrobial therapy. Once azotaemia developed, leptospirosis was diagnosed as the origin of the renal dysfunction. Treatment included i.v. crystalloid fluids, diuretics, anti-inflammatory medication, antibiotics, pentoxifylline and polysulphated glucosaminoglycan. Additionally, one of these 3 horses required a continuous infusion of vasopressors to resolve the azotaemia. Pyrexia resolved within 48 h of treatment initiation for leptospirosis. The azotaemia resolved completely after 3 months (Case 1), 3 weeks (Case 2) and 5 days (Case 3).
Modern Trends in Early Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Copyright: © 2012 Kuzovlev AN. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, in the basis of which lies an alteration (dystrophy, necrosis, apoptosis) of alveolar epithelium, pulmonary microcirculation endothelium, and their basal membranes (including structures of aerohematic barrier) by endogenous and exogenous aggressive factors, leading to vascular permeability growth and development of acute respiratory failure [1,2].
Self-rated health among multiracial young adults in the United States: findings from the add health study

ABSTRACT Objective: The multiracial adult population is one of the fastest growing segments of the U.S. population, yet much remains to be learned about multiracial health. Considerable research finds racial/ethnic disparities in self-rated health, however subgroups within the multiracial population have not been consistently described. Design: We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and multivariate logistic regression analyses to compare self-rated health of multiracial and monoracial young adults (n = 7880). Results: Overall, there were no significant differences in poor self-rated health status of multiracial adults as a single group odds ratio 0.84 (95% CI: 0.52–1.36) compared to monoracial White adults. Analyses further revealed important variations in health-status by specific subgroups and show that some multiracial subgroups may not fit existing patterns of health disparities. For instance, Asian-White multiracial adults do not fit documented patterns of health disparities and report better health than monoracial Asian and monoracial White adults. Conclusion: This study illustrates that the inclusion of specific multiracial categories provides evidence to enhance understanding of the pathways that are linked to health outcomes and the implications for health disparities.
Change in Serum Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Level and Its Clinical Significance in Treatment-naïve, Hepatitis B e Antigen-positive Patients Receiving Entecavir

Background/Aim We investigated changes in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level and its correlation with clinical outcomes in treatment-naive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients undergoing entecavir therapy. Patients and Methods Among 51 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive treatment-naive CHB patients receiving entecavir for more than 1 year, 28 were enrolled. HBsAg levels were measured at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months after treatment using the Architect HBsAg QT assay (Abbott, dynamic; range: 0.05 to 125,000 IU/mL). Serum alanine aminotransferase, HBeAg, anti-HBe, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA (Cobas Taqman: low detection limit 1.84 log10 copies/mL) were measured at baseline and every 3 months. The HBsAg response was defined as an HBsAg level that decreased more than 1 log10 IU/mL from baseline level at 12 months after entecavir treatment. Results Twenty-eight patients were treated for a median period of 21 months (range: 18 to 24 mo). Serum HBsAg level showed a mean of 4.0, 3.7, and 3.6 log10 IU/mL at pretreatment, 6, and 12 months, respectively, and declined significantly (P<0.001). Serum HBV DNA level showed a mean of 8.1, 3.1, and 2.4 log10 copies/mL at pretreatment, 6, and 12 months, respectively, and declined significantly (P<0.001). The decline in HBsAg level was significantly correlated with that of the HBV DNA level at 12 months from baseline (γ=0.391, P=0.044). Five patients showed an HBsAg response, and cumulative incidence of HBeAg loss at 1 year after entecavir treatment was 80% versus 30% in patients with an HBsAg response and those without, respectively (P=0.034). Conclusions Monitoring changes in quantitative HBsAg level could be a useful parameter for assessing the response to entecavir therapy in HBeAg-positive treatment-naive CHB patients.
The weight of networks: the role of social ties and ethnic media in mitigating obesity and hypertension among Latinas

ABSTRACT Objectives: Latinos have a disproportionately high risk for obesity and hypertension. The current study analyzes survey data from Latin American women to detect differences in rates of obesity and hypertension based on their number of health-related social ties. Additionally, it proposes individuals’ health-related media preference (ethnic/ mainstream) as a potential moderator. Design: The dataset includes 364 Latinas (21–50 years old) from the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area, who responded to a series of sociodemographic, physiological, health-related, and media-related questions. Results: Controlling for various sociodemographic and health variables, each additional health-related tie in a Latina’s social network significantly decreased her likelihood of being obese OR = . 79, p = . 041, 95% CI [. 66, . 95], but did not affect hypertension. Further, the analysis revealed a significant interaction between media preference and health-related social ties, such that exposure to ethnic media tended to compensate for the absence of social ties for the likelihood of obesity OR = . 75, p = . 041, 95% CI [. 52, . 97], as well as hypertension OR = . 79, p = . 045, 95% CI [. 55, . 98]. Conclusion: In concurrence with the literature, increases in health-related ties reduced the likelihood of obesity in this population. Moreover, ethnic media preference may play an important role in mitigating the likelihood of obesity and hypertension among Latinas.
Pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol/DHEA imbalance: protective role of religious involvement

ABSTRACT Objective: Racial discrimination (RD) is hypothesized to dysregulate the production of stress reactive hormones among African Americans. Psychological processes that may mediate the association between RD and such dysregulation (e.g. cortisol/DHEA ratio) are not well articulated. Organizational religious involvement (ORI) has been discussed as a psychological protective factor within the context of RD, but our understanding of ORI as a physiological protective factor remains limited. We evaluated whether RD was directly and indirectly (through depressive symptoms) associated with an imbalance of cortisol and DHEA hormones, and whether ORI buffered these direct and/or indirect pathways. Design: Data were drawn from the Flint Adolescent Study, an ongoing interview study of youth that began in 1994. Participants were 188 African American emerging adults (47.3% Female, ages 20–22). We used mediation and moderated-mediation analyses, as outlined by Hayes [2012. PROCESS SPSS Macro. [Computer Software and Manual]. http://www.afhayes. com/public/process.pdf], to evaluate the study aims. Results: We found that depressive symptoms mediated the association between RD and the cortisol/DHEA ratio. We also found that depressive symptoms mediated the association between RD and the cortisol/DHEA ratio for individuals reporting low and moderate levels of ORI, but not at high levels. Conclusions: Our findings support the socio-psychobiological model of racism and health [Chae et al. 2011. “Conceptualizing Racial Disparities in Health: Advancement of a Socio-Psychobiological Approach. ” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8 (1): 63–77. doi:10.1017/S1742058X11000166] and suggest that the psychological toll of RD can confer physiological consequences. Moreover, ORI may disrupt pathways from RD to cortisol/DHEA ratio by buffering the psychological toll of RD.
Perceived self-efficacy gains following an interprofessional faculty development programme in geriatrics education

ABSTRACT This study was designed to document outcomes of a 10-month, 160-hour interprofessional faculty development programme in geriatrics. The programme was structured around a series of collaborative competencies in older adult care established. Six domains covering 23 competencies were used to create an evaluation instrument designed to measure changes in self-efficacy as a result of the training programme. These competencies are covered through a series of interactive and didactic seminars offered on a monthly basis throughout the academic year. Twenty-six faculty participants indicated their levels of perceived self-efficacy with respect to each partnership for health in aging competency before and after the training. Statistically significant results were found with respect to every competency in each domain. Prior to the training self-efficacy levels were lower than the mean ratings collected 10 months later when the training concluded. The largest perceived self-efficacy gains were seen in the “evaluation and assessment”, “care planning and coordination across the care spectrum”, and “healthcare systems and benefits” domains. These may reflect areas that were not covered extensively during the participants’ previous healthcare-related training. Overall, the data demonstrate how a carefully constructed interprofessional faculty development programme can successfully engender confidence in geriatric competencies across multiple professions.
NEUTRAL THEORY OF QUANTITATIVE GENETIC VARIANCE IN AN ISLAND MODEL WITH LOCAL EXTINCTION AND COLONIZATION

Additive genetic variance maintained by mutation in a selectively neutral quantitative character is analyzed for an ideal population distributed on n islands, each with local effective size N, that exchange migrants at a small rate, m. In a stable population structure, the expected genetic variance maintained within islands is identical to that in a panmictic population of the same total size, regardless of the migration rate (m > 0). This result contrasts with Wright's classical conclusion, based on inbreeding coefficients, that at least one immigrant per island every other generation (Nm > ½) is necessary for the genetic variance within local populations to approach that under panmixia. The expected genetic variance maintained among islands is inversely proportional to m and increases with the number of islands, but is independent of N. Local extinction and colonization diminish the genetic variance maintained within islands by reducing the effective size of island populations through the founder effect, although the expected genetic variance within islands is nearly as large as that in a panmictic population of the same total effective size. If the founders of new colonies originate from more than one island, rates of local extinction and colonization larger than about twice the migration rate will substantially reduce the genetic variance maintained among islands. These results indicate the importance of mutation and migration in maintaining quantitative genetic variance within small local populations.
A Measure of Parents' and Service Providers' Beliefs About Participation in Family-Centered Services

This article reports the development and validation of a Measure of Beliefs about Participation in Family-Centered Service that consists of 5 scales measuring beliefs about family-centered philosophy and principles, positive and negative outcomes, personal competencies, and barriers. The measure is applicable to both parents and service providers, displays good internal consistency, and has good preliminary evidence of construct validity. The measure shows promise for use in the university preparation of service providers, professional development, clinical practice, and the evaluation of family-centered training programs and materials. It also can be used in research on the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of family-centered service delivery.