Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Calcium , Phosphorus , Magnesium , and Vitamin D Requirements in Premature Infants

Ninety-nine percent of the calcium and most of the phosphorus in the body is in the skeleton; these elements and magnesium are also constituents of the intracellular and extracellular spaces. Metabolic homeostasis of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium and mineralization of the skeleton are complex functions that require an adequate supply of minerals, the development of the intestinal absorption process, and the metabolism of vitamin D. Premature infants and particularly very low birthweight infants show disturbances of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium metabolism much earlier and more frequently than older infants because of their fast rate of growth and the immaturity of their physiologic systems. The amount of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium that can be accumulated by a preterm infant is not yet certain. In the fetus, accumulation of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium during the last trimester of pregnancy is about 20 g, 10 g, and 0.4 g, respectively, or 120 to 130 mg/kg.d, 65 to 70 mg/kg.d, and 3 to 4 mg/kg.d, respectively (1,2). This chapter presents the results of balance studies of minerals and discusses the influence of some factors on the absorption and retention of minerals in preterm infants fed human milk or various formulas. Bone mineral content in low birthweight infants of less than 1500 g or with gestational age less than 32 weeks, fed either human milk or formula, is also reported. This allows us to make reasonable recommendations for the required intakes of minerals in low birthweight infants.
Family First or the Kindness of Strangers? Foster Care Placements and Adult Outcomes

Abstract We evaluate the long-run effects of placing foster children with extended family, rather than unrelated caregivers. An instrumental variable identification strategy is used to estimate the effects of kinship care relative to traditional foster care. We find former foster youth placed with kin benefit across a host of important adult outcomes, including increases in employment and education, and reductions in public assistance, homelessness, and incarceration. Estimated effects are statistically significant, and robust to multiple specifications. Findings suggest kinship care has the potential to improve important adult outcomes for a large, at-risk population and create large social cost savings.
Prospective Study of Clinical Features and Sequelae of Suspected Cases of Chikungunya Fever Admitted in Urban Areas of Central India

Introduction: The fever epidemic that started in 2005-2006 in India was of re-emerging disease Chikungunya occurring after a gap of 32 years. Chikungunya fever is an arthropod-borne viral infection caused by Alphavirus and transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito. Objectives of the study: This study was done to evaluate the clinical features of the suspected cases of Chikungunya fever admitted/attended in Out Patient Department (OPD) in the institution and also, to find the sequelae of joint involvement of suspected cases at the end of 6 months. Basic procedures and methodology: It is a follow-up done among the patients admitted/attended in OPD, who were more than 12 years of age with symptoms of Chikungunya and who gave their consent; attending three different hospitals were selected by systematic random sampling for the study during one year of study period. Total enumeration of all the patients was done. Suspected cases of Chikungunya fever are interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire for data collection and were examined clinically in detail and were given treatment. Routine investigations were done in all indoor patients and selected OPD patients. Serological test for Chikungunya virus in all the suspected cases was not feasible. Hundred patients could be made available for follow up. The analysis of follow-up patients was done accordingly to know the sequelae of Chikungunya. The collected data was tabulated and analyzed using Epi-info software. Chi-squared test was used as tests of significance. P value of < 0.05 was considered significant. The ethical clearance was taken from the institution to conduct the study. Results: Total numbers of patients were 1056 with 423 males and 633 females. The male to female ratio is 1:1.5. The maximum numbers of cases were in the age group of 20-29 yrs (25%) in which females predominate (16% with p<0.05). In present study it was found that headache [92.99%], backache [84.75%] and pharyngitis [88.06%] were the three main prodromal symptoms. In the present study, we found that joint affection was seen in all cases [100%]. Conclusion: In this era of travel and globalization, Chikungunya is an important differential diagnosis of febrile polyarthralgia and the health experts should empower with knowledge of control and prevention strategies to avoid its epidemic. There appears a gap in the knowledge about natural history of the disease, data on activities during inter-epidemic period, and extra human spread.
Supplement to “ Interpreting and using CPDAGs with background knowledge ”

Definition A.1. (Distance-from-Z) Let X,Y and Z be pairwise disjoint node sets in a maximal PDAG G. Let p be a path from X to Y in G such that every collider C on p has a b-possibly causal path to Z. Define the distance-from-Z of collider C to be the length of a shortest b-possibly causal path from C to Z, and define the distance-from-Z of p to be the sum of the distances from Z of the colliders on p.
Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of paralic and shallow marine Upper Jurassic sandstones in the northern Danish Central Graben

Paralic and shallow marine sandstones were deposited in the Danish Central Graben during Late Jurassic rifting when half-grabens were developed and the overall eustatic sea level rose. During the Kimmeridgian, an extensive plateau area consisting of the Heno Plateau and the Gertrud Plateau was situated between two highs, the Mandal High to the north, and the combined Inge and Mads Highs to the west. These highs were land areas situated on either side of the plateaus and supplied sand to the Gertrud and Heno Plateaus. Two graben areas, the Feda and Tail End Grabens, flanked the plateau area to the west and east, respectively. The regressive–transgressive succession consists of intensely bioturbated shoreface sandstones, 25–75 m thick. Two widespread unconformities (SB1, SB2) are recognised on the plateaus, forming the base of sequence 1 and sequence 2, respectively. These unconformities were created by a fall in relative sea level during which rivers may have eroded older shoreface sands and transported sediment across the Heno and Gertrud Plateaus, resulting in the accumulation of shoreface sandstones farther out in the Feda and Tail End Grabens, on the south-east Heno Plateau and in the Salt Dome Province. During subsequent transgression, fluvial sediments were reworked by high-energy shoreface processes on the Heno and Gertrud Plateaus, leaving only a lag of granules and pebbles on the marine transgressive surfaces of erosion (MTSE1, MTSE2). The sequence boundary SB1 can be traced to the south-east Heno Plateau and the Salt Dome Province, where it is marked by sharp-based shoreface sandstones. During low sea level, erosion occurred in the southern part of the Feda Graben, which formed part of the Gertrud and Heno Plateaus, and sedimentation occurred in the Norwegian part of the Feda Graben farther to the north. During subsequent transgression, the southern part of the Feda Graben began to subside, and a succession of backstepping back-barrier and shoreface sediments, 90 m thick, was deposited. In the deep Tail End and Feda Grabens and the Salt Dome Province, sequence boundary SB2 is developed as a conformity, indicating that there was not a significant fall in relative sea level in these grabens, probably as a result of high subsidence rates. Backstepping lower shoreface sandstones overlie SB2 and show a gradual fining-upwards to offshore claystones that are referred to the Farsund Formation. On the plateaus, backstepping shoreface sandstones of sequence 2 are abruptly overlain by offshore claystones, indicating a sudden deepening and associated cessation of sand supply, probably caused by drowning of the sediment source areas on the Mandal, Inge and Mads Highs. During the Volgian, the Gertrud Plateau began to subside and became a graben. During the Late Kimmeridgian – Ryazanian, a long-term relative sea-level rise resulted in deposition of a thick succession of offshore claystones forming highstand and transgressive systems tracts on the Heno Plateau, and in the Gertrud, Feda and Tail End Grabens.
The effect of foreign competition on family and network labour allocation

This paper examines whether foreign competition affects the reallocation of unpaid andÂ family workers from household businesses to working outside of the family firm.Using a richÂ panel dataset of Vietnamese manufacturing enterprises that went through trade liberalization, IÂ find that import competition leads to the switching of family and unpaid employees from workingÂ at the household firm to working externally.This response to heightening foreign competition isÂ also greater for less financially stable firms, and for the households largely reliant on the incomeÂ from the household firm. This finding is consistent with income diversification on the part ofÂ households who own firms threatened by import competition. We also explore heterogeneousÂ effects among entering and exiting firms, as well as industry-switching firms.
THE DISTRIBUTION, COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE OF FISH SPECIES IN TWO ABANDONED GOLD MINE RESERVOIRS, IGUN, OSUN STATE, NIGERIA

Fish composition and abundance of two Gold mine reservoir were investigated between May, 2008 and May, 2009. Seven fish families comprising of twelve species of fish were caught during the period of study. The families of fish caught included Anabantidae, Channidae, Clariidae, Cichlidae, Melanopluridae, Mormyridae and Hepsetidae. The family Cichlidae with six species dominated the collection while other families had one species each. The cichlids had 86.2% of the total catch. All the fishes were available throughout the seasons except Mormyrus rume in the rainy season and Ctenopoma kingsleyae, Tillapia melanoplurae in the dry season. A relatively very low abundance of fish species in the habitat might probably be as a result of high level of pollution in the environment.
Hematological and Biochemical Changes in Blood, Liver and Kidney Tissues under the Effect of Tramadol Treatment

This study aimed to investigate the effects of tramadol administration on some haematological and biochemical indices in rats. Tramadol was administered orally to rats for 28 days at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight/day, 50 mg/kg body weight/day and 100 mg/kg body weight/day. Twenty-four hours after the last tramadol, blood, liver and kidney were removed from the animals after an overnight fast and analysed for their haematological and biochemical parameters. Results obtained revealed that tramadol administration significantly reduced the levels of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin and platelet count (PLT) while its resulted in non-significant changes in other haematological parameters examined when compared with control rats. Tramadol intake significantly increased plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine and urea while its reduced total protein levels. Hepatic and renal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were significantly increased by tramadol administration while levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were reduced. This study confirmed the risk of increased oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity due to tramadol administration. Although tramadol is reported to be effective in pain management, its toxicity should be kept in mind.
Some Problems of Dynamic Contactless Charging of Electric Vehicles

This paper presents a survey of the main publications and general design requirements and problems of inductive power transfer systems for dynamic charging of electric vehicles (EVs). The main different roadbed geometries, based on a single transmitter track and segmented transmitter coil array have been discussed. Different case studies considering charging scenario, vehicle speeds, power levels and transmitting and receiving coils geometry have been conducted. Some problems about the design of charging station and EV side control system and energy management system have been analysed. A prototype of a charging station has been developed and built to supply inductive power transfer system which delivers 10-35 kW power at an air gap between transmitting and receiving parts of 75-100 mm and horizontal misalignment of ± 200 mm. The results have shown that the system can transfer the specified electrical power at efficiency of about 82-92% and that the inductive power transfer module and its dynamic matching during charging, exhibited high degree of stability under a misaligned (x-y-z) condition and battery state of charge.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ASSESSING THEIR PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION TEACHERS’ COMPETENCES

The purpose of the study was to examine if there are significant differences between male and female secondary school students in assessing the personal and professional competences of their physical education teachers, and to determine if these group differences are in any kind of interaction with the teachers’ gender. The sample in this study were N=831 students from fourteen secondary schools in the urban parts of Sarajevo. The students attended third (N=422 or 50.8%) and fourth class (N=409 or 49.2%) at the time of the research. There were N=452 (54.4%) females and N=379 (45.6%) males in this sample, both aged from sixteen to eighteen. A 28-item Teachers’ Competences Perception Questionnaire was constructed (TCPQ) and applied on the given sample. The instrument measured the competences related to teaching skills, communication and empathy, health care instructions, pedagogical competences and physical appearance. According to the results, the male students gave higher ratings to the teachers of both genders on pedagogical competences. No significant group differences and interactions were identified on all the other competence scales. Also, the students of both genders generally gave higher ratings on physical appearance to female teachers and a significant positive interaction was found between student and teacher gender in assessing the teachers on this variable. Finally, a negative interaction was found in assessing teachers on communication and empathy where male students rated female teachers higher and female students rated male teachers higher on this variable. Theoretical and practical implications of the study have been also
NPI Intervention: Crosslinguistic Data

The question of where and how negative polarity items (NPIs) such as English any and ever, Italian mai, and French le moindre are licensed is a long-standing question in linguistics research. Complicating this is the presence of interveners—elements which unilaterally block NPIs in their scope. It is claimed that the class of factive predicates intervene in Italian (1a) and French (1b), but not in English (idiomatic glosses of (1)).
Nemo solus satis sapit : trends of research collaborations in Vietnamese social sciences , using 2008-2017 Scopus data

Nemo solus satis sapit – no one can be wise enough on his own. This is particularly true when it comes to collaborations in scientific research, which are essential for the exchange of knowledge, sharing of workloads, and improvement of output quality. Concerns over this issue in Vietnam, a developing country with limited academic resources, led to an in-depth study on Vietnamese social science research, in which data from 410 Vietnamese authors who had international publications recorded in Google Scholar and Scopus during 2008 2017 were collected for analysis. The results showed that more than 90% of scientists had worked with colleagues to publish, and they had collaborated 13 times on average during the time limit of the data sample. These collaborations, both domestic and international, provided authors with significant advantages, boosting their performance (β au.vn = 0.134, p < 0.001, β au. fr = 0.052 , p < 0.001). On the other hand, academic independence, principally measured by the number of publications the authors wrote alone, also affects the volume of their output. The modest number of publications by Vietnamese authors, along with the striking 75% ratio of authors who had never published alone and the rather unimpressive percentage (56.6%) of corresponding or first authors lead us to believe that Vietnamese social scientists relied heavily on collaborative work and are severely lacking in the fundamental skills required to be a scholar meeting international standards. This problem should be examined through the lens of educational policies, especially those concerning higher education and research training.
Index-Based Insurance for Cocoa Production in Ghana : Just a Mirage ?

Index-based rainfall insurance is a financial adaptation option that pays out benefits based on a predetermined index e.g. rainfall level. It is a measure that has the potential to improve cocoa farmers’ resilience and enhance their adaptability to climate change induced risks. However, the complex nature of the cocoa sector and the organisational structure of Ghanaian farmers create uncertainty about the adoption and successful implementation of index insurance. This paper presents results of a study on factors impacting farmers’ willingness to pay for index insurance as well as organisational and institutional factors that can influence its demand and adoption in Ghana. Primary data were collected through structured surveys with 313 households in 20 communities in Bia East and Dormaa West districts. In addition, five insurance companies were interviewed to determine their interest in and potential challenges for the establishment of a market for index insurance products for farmers. Key informant interviews were conducted with representatives of the Ghana Cocoa Board to determine the factors that can affect adoption of index insurance. Econometric analysis of the data reveals that indeed the vast majority of cocoa farmers are willing to pay the equivalent of 10% of the value of a 62 kg of bag of cocoa as insurance premium. Insurance companies will be willing to provide index insurance packages to cocoa farmers provided there is time series yield and meteorological data available to help them structure the premium. Insurance companies, however, are concerned about farmers’ level of education and organisation and how index insurance can be sold to them. The main policy recommendation based on these findings is to advance the concept of index-based insurance by training the cocoa extension service division with support of the Ghana Cocoa Board to educate farmers on index insurance. However, with no clear structures and resources allocated for adoption and implementation for index insurance, its future remains unclear.
Simulation of Airflow in Lecture Rooms

The purpose of this study is to perform simulation of airflow in lecture rooms using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique. Two lecture rooms with different location of air-conditioning units are chosen as study fields for measurements and simulation purposes. The air distribution parameters addressed in this study are air velocity and air temperature. Measurements were also done on the boundary parameters of the room such as air-conditioning inlet and outlet conditions. The simulations were performed by using CFX software without involving occupants. Two types of turbulence models were compared for suitability in lecture room modeling. Validation of results through linear regression technique was performed using SPSS software. Based on the stream plots, the zones below the air-conditioning units were identified to have inadequate airflow. In overall, the RNG κ – ε Turbulence Model yields better prediction than Reynolds Stress Turbulence Model. Simulation can be a useful technique to predict air distribution performance in a lecture room for a better thermal environment.
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among General Population of Srinagar Kashmir

Introduction: About 2 billion people in the world are infected with Hepatitis B virus. The objectives of our study were to find out the prevalence of Hepatitis-B infection, to determine its socio-demographic corelates and to know about the risk factors of Hepatitis B infection in the study population. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, community-based study in the age group of 18 years and above was conducted in Block Hazratbal of District Srinagar. The sample size of 1340 was derived using formula n=4pq/l2 After informed consent, 1300 subjects agreed to participate in the study and they were screened for HBsAg using ELISA kits. Relevant information about their demography, socio-economic status and risk factors of Hepatitis B infection was collected on a pre-tested, semi-structured proforma. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Results: There were 1300 participants in our study, out of which 74.6% were females and 25.4% were males. It was a Muslim community with majority(69%) representing the Sunni group. Most of the participants were in the age group of 21-40 years with a median age of 35 years. The prevalence of Hepatitis B infection was found to be 1.2%, with higher prevalence among males. The risk factors such as tattooing, dental procedure, injecting drug use, extra-marital sexual activity, having multiple sexual partners, past history of jaundice and family history of Hepatitis B infection were significantly associated with Hepatitis B infection. Conclusion: According to WHO classification, our study area qualifies as a low prevalence area. Significant risk factors of Hepatitis B infection observed in our study population give us a clue that if timely measures are not taken, we may have to face the epidemic of this deadly disease in the near future.
1 Transnational Processes and Social Activism : An Introduction

Modern social movements developed with the creation of the nationstate, and the nation-state has for many years been the main target for protest. Although social movements have often pushed for a conception of ‘‘direct’’ democracy, the institutions and actors of representative democracy have long structured movements’ political opportunities and constraints within the boundaries of institutional politics. In fact, for most of the history of the modern national state, political parties were the main actors in democratic representation, linking the formation of collective identities with representative institutions. But at the turn of the millennium, nation-states face a host of new challenges: