Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi-source synthetic treebank creation for improved cross-lingual dependency parsing

This paper describes a method of creating synthetic treebanks for cross-lingual dependency parsing using a combination of machine translation (including pivot translation), annotation projection and the spanning tree algorithm. Sentences are first automatically translated from a lesser-resourced language to a number of related highly-resourced languages, parsed and then the annotations are projected back to the lesser-resourced language, leading to multiple trees for each sentence from the lesser-resourced language. The final treebank is created by merging the possible trees into a graph and running the spanning tree algorithm to vote for the best tree for each sentence. We present experiments aimed at parsing Faroese using a combination of Danish, Swedish and Norwegian. In a similar experimental setup to the CoNLL 2018 shared task on dependency parsing we report state-of-the-art results on dependency parsing for Faroese using an off-the-shelf parser.
Tectonic Process of the Sedimentary Basin Formation and Evolution in the Late Cenozoic Arc-Arc Collision Zone, Central Japan

The Japanese archipelagoes in the northwest Pacific consist of southwest Japan arc, Izu Ogasawara arc, Ryukyu arc and Northeast Japan arc and Krile arc, and the Japan Sea is a marginal sea of northeast Asian continent separated from the northwest Pacific by three islands of Sakhalin, Hokkaido, and Honshu. The thrust-and-fold zones of the Neogene and Quater‐ nary systems in the coastal tectonic belt along the eastern margin of Japan Sea continue their activity until now. Particularly, the seismogenic zone continued from Sakhalin is arrested with the convergent boundary between Amur Plate and the Okhotsk Plate because reverse-fault type of earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 7.4 in Richter's scale have been occurred along this heteromorphic belt every several hundred years. From this point of view to the plate tectonic condition around Japan, the central Japan acts as a multiple junction area unique in the earth, where four pieces of plates, such as the Amur, the Okhotsk, the Philippine Sea, and the Pacific plates, gather and converge together in and around the Japanese archipelagoes (Figure 1). Although the GPS geodetic observations confirmed the presence of the micro-plates [3-5], the structural features of the incipient boundary between the Okhotsk and Amur Plates seemed still immature but recognized as strain accumulated zone along the eastern margin of Japan Sea [6-11].
Free-knot Splines and Adaptive Knot Selection

Conventional spline procedures have proven to be effective and useful for estimating smooth functions. However, these procedures find piecewise and inhomogeneous smooth functions difficult to handle. Conventional spline procedures often yield an overly-smooth curve in regions where the true function or its derivative are discontinuous. To fully realize the potential of the spline methodology, this article proposes a function estimation procedure that uses adaptive free-knot splines and allows for multiple knots to be replaced at the same location and between design points. The article also proposes an associated algorithm for implementation in non-parametric regression. The proposed knot selection scheme uses a data-adaptive model selection criterion and an evolutionary algorithm that incorporates certain key features of simulated annealing. The evolutionary algorithm accurately locates the optimal knots, while the data-driven penalty guards against selection errors when searching through a large candidate knot space. The algorithm stochastically yields the globally optimal knots. The simulations suggest that the procedure performs competitively well against alternative methods and has a substantial advantage in relation to nonsmooth and piecewise smooth functions.
Variation in Carbon Fraction, Density, and Carbon Density in Conifer Tree Tissues

We analyzed variations in three tree properties: tissue density, carbon fraction, and carbon density within bole tissues of nine Californian conifer species. Model performance for all three tree properties was significantly improved with the addition of covariates related to crown characteristics and position within the tree. This suggests that biomass and carbon mass estimates that rely on fixed wood density and carbon fraction may be inaccurate across tree sizes. We found a significant negative relationship between tissue density and carbon fraction within tree bole tissues, indicating that multiplying biomass by an average carbon fraction to obtain carbon mass is likely to lead to inaccurate estimates. Measured carbon fractions in tree tissues deviated from the widely used 0.5 value from a low of 1.4% to a high of 17.6%. Carbon fraction model parameters indicate the potential for an additional deviation from this 0.5 value of up to 2.7% due to the interaction between relative height and wood density. Applying measured carbon fractions to whole bole biomasses resulted in carbon mass estimates as much as 10.6% greater than estimates derived using the 0.5 value. We also found a significant, though modest, improvement in carbon fraction model estimates by assigning trees to groups based on tree bark characteristics.
Are Figs Always Keystone Resources for Tropical Frugivorous Vertebrates? A Test in Gabon

This paper evaluates the suggestion of Terborgh (1986) that figs constitute "keystone plant resources" for frugivorous mammals and birds in African rain forests as they appear to do in South America and Asia. From studies of the diets of monkeys and other mammals and birds in Gabon, we show that figs are infrequently eaten by most species, and are always eaten in small amounts. Figs in Gabon occur at very low densities and have unpredictable fruiting patterns and relatively low crown production. Thus, fig fruits are not staple foods and cannot sustain most populations of frugivorous species during periods of low fruit availability. In Gabon, monkeys and large birds depend on the fruit of two species of Myristicaceae and of one species of Annonaceae. These regularly bear ripe fruit during the lean period and are abundantly consumed. Figs occur in such distant patches that they are mainly fed on by wide-ranging animals such as large frugivorous bats.
Serrapeptase Insect-Derived Enzyme Fights Inflammation

Serrapeptase is an enzyme that is produced in the intestines of silk worms to break down cocoon walls. This enzyme is proving to be a superior alternative to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) traditionally used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its uses have also been extended to the treatment of chronic sinusitis and postoperative inflammation, and some researchers believe the substance can play an important role in arterial plaque prevention and removal.
Reappraisal Reconsidered: A Closer Look at the Costs of an Acclaimed Emotion-Regulation Strategy

Cognitive reappraisal is a common form of emotion regulation that often centers on reframing how one thinks about an emotional situation so that one feels better. Given its demonstrated widespread benefits, two conclusions have been drawn about reappraisal: People can use it easily, and people should use it frequently. We critically examine these conclusions and highlight two fundamental drawbacks of reappraisal: First, people are often unable to use reappraisal successfully, and second, even when successful, using reappraisal to feel better is not always functional. To synthesize current research and inspire future research, we present a conceptual framework that systematically considers these drawbacks and how they may be influenced by individual-centered factors (e.g., the individual’s skill) and situation-centered factors (e.g., a stressor’s intensity) to shape outcomes across time. We then summarize the current literature and highlight the importance of considering reappraisal’s costs and benefits in future research.
FACIAL ORGANIZATION BLOCKS ACCESS TO LOW-LEVEL FEATURES: AN OBJECT INFERIORITY EFFECT

The current study investigated the influence of a low-level local feature (curvature) and a high-level emergent feature (facial expression) on rapid search. These features distinguished the target from the distractors and were presented either alone or together. Stimuli were triplets of up and down arcs organized to form meaningless patterns or schematic faces. In the feature search, the target had the only down arc in the display. In the conjunction search, the target was a unique combination of up and down arcs. When triplets depicted faces, the target was also the only smiling face among frowning faces. The face-level feature facilitated the conjunction search but, surprisingly, slowed the feature search. These results demonstrated that an object inferiority effect could occur even when the emergent feature was useful in the search. Rapid search processes appear to operate only on high-level representations even when low-level features would be more efficient.
Current Management of Brain Metastases: Overview and Teaching Cases

Over the past two decades, increased global incidence of malignancy, improved sys- temic disease treatment with prolonged survival, and increased central nervous system (CNS) surveillance in cancer patients have all contributed to a rise in cerebral metastatic disease. As many patients retain good neurologic function, the approach to their management has shifted markedly; a pre-terminal prognosis and palliative treatment have been replaced by individualized care plans to prolong functional survival. However, the rapid shifts in disease characteristics, treatment options and emerging evidence can be challenging to navigate, and a rational approach to brain metastases is needed. We discuss the changing epidemiology of brain metastases and consider approaches to prog- nostic classification. We review current treatment modalities and discuss the significant studies pertaining to each, with emphasis on Level 1 evidence when available and coop- erative group trials, as well as studies on adverse effects. To integrate the information presented, we offer case scenarios that highlight pertinent decision-making factors. The shift in care goal for cerebral metastases from symptom palliation to prolongation of survival is not only feasible, but in many cases indicated. The appropriate application of various treatment modalities must be considered in the context of individual patients and their primary cancer.
Bregman Cost for Non-Gaussian Noise

One of the tasks of the Bayesian inverse problem is to find a good estimate based on the posterior probability density. The most common point estimators are the conditional mean (CM) and maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates, which correspond to the mean and the mode of the posterior, respectively. From a theoretical point of view it has been argued that the MAP estimate is only in an asymptotic sense a Bayes estimator for the uniform cost function, while the CM estimate is a Bayes estimator for the means squared cost function. Recently, it has been proven that the MAP estimate is a proper Bayes estimator for the Bregman cost if the image is corrupted by Gaussian noise. In this work we extend this result to other noise models with log-concave likelihood density, by introducing two related Bregman cost functions for which the CM and the MAP estimates are proper Bayes estimators. Moreover, we also prove that the CM estimate outperforms the MAP estimate, when the error is measured in a certain Bregman distance, a result previously unknown also in the case of additive Gaussian noise.
High Genetic Variability of the Grey Wolf (Canis lupus L.) Population from Croatia as Revealed by Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Sequences

Tomislav Gomercic, Magda Sindicic, Ana Galov, Haidi Arbanasic, Josip Kusak, Ivna Kocijan, Martina Đuras Gomercic, and Đuro Huber (2010) High genetic variability of the grey wolf (Canis lupus L.) population from Croatia as revealed by mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. Zoological Studies 49(6): 816-823. Declines of grey wolf (Canis lupus L.) populations in Europe began some 250 yr ago, eventually leading to the almost-complete eradication of wolves from Western Europe. As a consequence, the majority of the remaining populations today exhibit unique haplotypes. A population in the Dinaric Mountains survived the eradication, and represents the closest stable wolf gene pool to the Western Europe. The grey wolf in Croatia reached the edge of extinction in the beginning of the 1990s, while during the last 10 yr, an increase in the population size was observed, and in 2008, it was estimated at around 200 individuals. We analyzed a 281 bp portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region of 91 grey wolf samples from Croatia. Totally, 4 haplotypes with 11 polymorphic sites were identified, with a haplotype diversity of 0.711 ± 0.018. One haplotype is new and has heretofore not been registered in any grey wolf population worldwide. The Croatian wolf population has one of the highest levels of mtDNA variability recorded to date, and probably retains a significant proportion of the genetic diversity of the formerly widespread and continuous European wolf population. Therefore, the Croatian wolf population is a valuable source of genetic diversity, which through immigration could help restore populations with reduced variability. http://zoolstud.sinica. edu.tw/Journals/49.6/816.pdf
Onset of Secondary Instabilities and Plasma Heating during Magnetic Reconnection in Strongly Magnetized Regions of the Low Solar Atmosphere

We numerically study magnetic reconnection on different spatial scales and at different heights in the weakly ionized plasma of the low solar atmosphere (around 300–800 km above the solar surface) within a reactive 2.5D multifluid plasma–neutral model. We consider a strongly magnetized plasma (β ∼ 6%) evolving from a force-free magnetic configuration and perturbed to initialize formation of a reconnection current sheet. On large scales, the resulting current sheets are observed to undergo a secondary “plasmoid” instability. A series of simulations at different scales demonstrates a cascading current sheet formation process that terminates for current sheets with width of 2 m and length of ∼100 m, corresponding to the critical current sheet aspect ratio of ∼50. We also observe that the plasmoid instability is the primary physical mechanism accelerating the magnetic reconnection in this plasma parameter regime. After plasmoid instabilities appear, the reconnection rate sharply increases to a value of ∼0.035, observed to be independent of the Lundquist number. These characteristics are very similar to magnetic reconnection in fully ionized plasmas. In this low-β guide-field reconnection regime, both the recombination and collisionless effects are observed to have a small contribution to the reconnection rate. The simulations show that it is difficult to heat the dense weakly ionized photospheric plasmas to above 2 × 104 K during the magnetic reconnection process. However, the plasmas in the low solar chromosphere can be heated above 3 × 104 K with reconnection magnetic fields of 500 G or stronger.
Relativistic many-body calculation of energies, lifetimes, polarizabilities, and hyperpolarizabilities in Li-like Be +

Excitationenergiesofthe ns, np, nd,andnf (n 9)statesinLi-likeBe + areevaluatedwithintheframeworkof relativistic many-body theory. First-, second-, third-, and all-order Coulomb energies and first- and second-order Breitcorrectionstotheenergiesarecalculated.TwoalternativetreatmentsoftheBreitinteractionareinvestigated. In the first approach, we omit Breit contributions to the Dirac-Fock potential and evaluate Coulomb and BreitCoulomb corrections through second order perturbatively. In the second approach, we include both Coulomb and Breit contributions on the same footing via the Breit-Dirac-Fock potential and then treat the residual Breit and Coulomb interactions perturbatively. The results obtained from the two approaches are compared and discussed. All-order calculations of reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, transition rates, and lifetimes are given for levels up to n = 9. Electric-dipole (2s‐np), electric-quadrupole (2s‐nd), and electric-octupole (2s‐nf ) matrix elements are evaluated in order to obtain the corresponding ground-state multipole polarizabilities using the sum-over-states approach. Recommended values are provided for a large number of electric-dipole matrix elements. Scalar and tensor polarizabilities for the ns, np1/2, np3/2, nd3/2 ,a ndnd5/2 states with n 9a re also calculated. The scalar hyperpolarizability for the ground 2s state is evaluated and compared with the result of a nonrelativistic calculation.
Optimal Pricing for MHR and λ-regular Distributions

We study the performance of anonymous posted-price selling mechanisms for a standard Bayesian auction setting, where n bidders have i.i. d. valuations for a single item. We show that for the natural class of Monotone Hazard Rate (MHR) distributions, offering the same, take-it-or-leave-it price to all bidders can achieve an (asymptotically) optimal revenue. In particular, the approximation ratio is shown to be 1+O(ln ln n/ ln n), matched by a tight lower bound for the case of exponential distributions. This improves upon the previously best-known upper bound of e/(e−1)≈ 1.58 for the slightly more general class of regular distributions. In the worst case (over n), we still show a global upper bound of 1.35. We give a simple, closed-form description of our prices, which, interestingly enough, relies only on minimal knowledge of the prior distribution, namely, just the expectation of its second-highest order statistic. Furthermore, we extend our techniques to handle the more general class of λ-regular distributions that interpolate between MHR (λ =0) and regular (λ =1). Our anonymous pricing rule now results in an asymptotic approximation ratio that ranges smoothly, with respect to λ, from 1 (MHR distributions) to e/(e−1) (regular distributions). Finally, we explicitly give a class of continuous distributions that provide matching lower bounds, for every λ.
Assessing the effects of local turbulence and velocity profiles on electromagnetic flowmeter accuracy

While various researchers have explored the effects of turbulence profile development on orifice plates, the literature is not clear on how magnetic flowmeters respond to increased levels of local turbulence. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of local turbulence and velocity profiles on magnetic flowmeter accuracy. Using five magnetic flowmeters from five different manufacturers, laboratory tests were conducted with a flow conditioner located at different distances upstream of the meter. Numerical modeling using commercially available computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software showed local turbulence levels in the pipe to be four times greater at one diameter downstream of a flow conditioner than the local turbulence levels without a flow conditioner installed. Furthermore, the CFD showed that the deviations in flowmeter accuracy were not proportional to the levels of local turbulence.
Regulation of 11 (cid:1) -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 gene expression by LH and interleukin-1 (cid:1) in cultured rat granulosa cells

Granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles show increased expression of 11 (cid:1) -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11 (cid:1) HSD1) at the time of ovulation. As ovulation may be an inﬂammatory process, this may be a mechanism of local enhancement of the activity of anti-inﬂammatory glucocorticoids. In this study, we examined direct e ﬀ ects of LH, the proinﬂammatory cytokine, interleukin-1 (cid:1) (IL-1 (cid:1) ), and pharmacological activators of protein kinase A (PKA) (forskolin and dibutyryl (db) cAMP) and PKC (LH-releasing hormone and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)) signalling on the expression of 11 (cid:1) HSD1 mRNA in vitro . Granulosa cells from immature female rat ovaries were cultured (pretreatment) in serum-free medium 199 containing recombinant human (rh) FSH (1 ng/ml) for 48 h to induce responsiveness to LH. Cell monolayers were then washed and cultured (test treatment) for a further 12 h in the presence of rhLH (0–100 ng/ml), IL-1 (cid:1) (0–50 ng/ml), or both. Total RNA was extracted from granulosa cell monolayers and taken for quantitative ribonuclease protection analysis of 11 (cid:1) HSD1 mRNA. The low level of 11 (cid:1) HSD1 mRNA detectable in un-stimulated (control) cultures was increased approximately twofold by the 48-h pretreatment with rhFSH. Subsequent exposure to rhLH (1–100 ng/ml) for a further 12 h dose-dependently increased 11 (cid:1) HSD1 mRNA expression by an additional two- to threefold. Forskolin (10 µM), db-cAMP (2 mM), LH-releasing hormone (LHRH; 1 µM) and PMA (200 nM) were also stimulatory. IL-1 (cid:1) (0·05–50 ng/ml) stimulated 11 (cid:1) HSD1 mRNA expression in a dose-related manner, both in the absence and in the presence of rhLH (3 ng/ml). The interaction between IL-1 (cid:1) (5 ng/ml) and rhLH (3 ng/ml) was additive. Co-treatment with a 50-fold excess of IL-1 receptor antagonist fully reversed the action of IL-1 (cid:1) . We conclude that 11 (cid:1) HSD1 mRNA expression in functionally mature granulosa cells is directly stimulated by gonadotrophins and IL-1 (cid:1) in vitro , potentially involving post-receptor signalling via PKA- and PKC-mediated pathways. Thus both LH and IL-1 (cid:1) may serve physiological roles in the upregulation of 11 (cid:1) HSD1 gene expression by granulosa cells in ovulatory follicles.
New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences

Consideration of children’s emotions in a classroom provides more opportunities for improvement in children’s engagement. However, the literature about emotional scaffolding in early childhood settings is underdeveloped. This qualitative case study focuses on the construction and implementation of strategies of scaffolding emotions by two early childhood educators in a public elementary school. The data consist of participant observations, interviews, and documents. The analysis highlights three major themes: The participants’ beliefs about self-identity, their understandings of students’ emotions, and their feelings of school expectations and academic pressures. The findings show the way that beliefs, knowledge, and other contextual factors interact to produce emotional scaffolding strategies. This study discusses several points of difference that reveal the uniqueness for emotional scaffolding in early childhood contexts. This study finds that emotional scaffolding is a critical pedagogical tool that could help teachers reach developmentally appropriate practices for early childhood education in an age of accountability.
The Effect of Subcellular Localization on the Oncoapoptotic Capability of Porcine Circovirus Type 1 VP 3 A Major Qualifying Project

I TABLE OF CONTENTS . II TABLE OF TABLES . III TABLE OF FIGURES . III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . IV INTRODUCTION . 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 10 RESULTS . 16 DISCUSSION . 20 FIGURES AND TABLES . 24 REFERENCES . 30
On homogenization of the first initial-boundary value problem for periodic hyperbolic systems

ABSTRACT Let be a bounded domain of class . In , we consider a self-adjoint matrix strongly elliptic second-order differential operator , , with the Dirichlet boundary condition. The coefficients of the operator are periodic and depend on . We are interested in the behavior of the operators and , , in the small period limit. For these operators, approximations in the norm of operators acting from a certain subspace of the Sobolev space to are found. Moreover, for , the approximation with the corrector in the norm of operators acting from to is obtained. The results are applied to homogenization for the solution of the first initial-boundary value problem for the hyperbolic equation .