Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Dünya Vatandaşlığı Eğitimi İle İlgili Görüşleri

Bu arastirmada okul oncesi ogretmenlerinin dunya vatandasligi kavrami ve okul oncesi donemde dunya vatandasligi egitimi ile ilgili goruslerini incelemek amaclanmistir. Arastirmada Gallavan (2008) tarafindan gelistirilen “21. Yuzyilda Dunya Vatandasligi Ogretimi Anket Formu (Teaching World Citizenship in the Twenty-First Century Survey)” kullanilmistir. Arastirmanin orneklemini, Yalova, Afyonkarahisar, Eskisehir, Aksaray ve Rize illerinde gerceklestirilen Milli Egitim Bakanligi hizmet ici egitim programlarina ve seminerlerine Turkiye’nin farkli illerinden katilan toplam 345 okul oncesi ogretmeni olusturmustur. Arastirmada elde edilen bulgulara gore ogretmenlerin cogu okul oncesi egitim programinin dunya vatandasligini icermesi gerektigini, cocuklara dunya vatandasligini ogretmek istedigini, ancak aldiklari ogretmen egitim programinin ve alan deneyimlerinin cocuklara dunya vatandasligini ogretmeye hazirlamadigini belirtmistir.
Application of Cross-Flow Filtration Technique in Purification and Concentration of Juice from Vietnamese Fruits

This study is to offer a 1st insight in the use of membrane process for the purification and concentration of Vietnamese fruit juices: cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale Line.), dragon fruit (Cactus hemiepiphytes), pineapple (Ananas comosus), pomelo (Citrus grandis L.), and gac aril oil (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.). On a laboratory scale, the effect of different operating parameters such as trans-membrane pressures (TMP), temperature and membrane pore sizes on permeate flux was determined in order to optimize process conditions that would ensure acceptable flux with adequate juice quality. The quality of the samples coming from the ultrafiltration (UF) process was evaluated in terms of: total soluble solids (TSS), suspended solids (SS), and vitamin C. For example, the purification process of cashew apple juice by cross-flow filtration was optimized at 0.5 μm membrane pore size, 2.5 bars TMP, and 60 min filtration time. Besides, this technique was applied to enhance carotenoids concentration from gac oil. Optimum conditions for a high permeate flux and a good carotenoids retention are 5 nm, 2 bars, and 40 °C of membrane pore size, TMP, and temperature, respectively. Carotenoids were concentrated higher than that in feeding oil.
TDP-43 pathology and cognition in ALS

Objective: Although a systematic spread of pathologic TDP-43 expression throughout the CNS in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been proposed, the relationship between cognition and the extent and neuroanatomic distribution of TDP-43 pathology has not received considerable attention. Methods: We investigated the association between cognitive functioning and the extent of TDP-43 pathology in postmortem CNS tissue from 18 patients with ALS stratified into 3 groups based on detailed prospective neuropsychological testing (cognitively not impaired, n = 6; cognitively impaired, n = 6; ALS– frontotemporal dementia [FTD], n = 6) and analyzed these cases for clinicopathologic correlations. Results: Our findings demonstrate a close relationship between cognition and the extent of TDP-43 pathology in non–primary motor areas with a striking difference between ALS-FTD and the 2 other cognitive groups. The specificity of our results was underscored by 2 key findings: first, the absence of an Alzheimer pathology effect, a common confounder in older patients; second, the lack of correlations between the primary motor regions with the highest TDP-43 intensity and cognitive status. Conclusions: Our data suggest a distinct dynamic of TDP-43 progression and distribution in ALS-FTD in contrast to ALS without FTD.
The need for national licensing examinations

It is interesting to see how some developments in assessment in the USA and UK seem to have gone in opposite directions. The USA has a longstanding tradition of highquality national licensing examinations, whereas, in the UK, each medical school has traditionally been responsible for its own examination programmes. Although UK medical schools use external examiners, the country has no national licensing examinations. Strikingly, in the USA, methods to ensure the quality of medical students and graduates other than those of standardised testing are developed. By contrast, the idea of introducing a national licensing system is currently under investigation in the UK. Apparently it is feared that differences between medical schools in assessment in general and in pass ⁄ fail scores in particular may produce graduates of different levels of quality. A recent paper by Kathy Boursicot et al. demonstrates that such differences do exist and discusses its results in terms of the support they lend to the introduction of a national licensing examination.
De compostos nominais produtivos a um sistema incipiente de classificação nominal em Apurinã (Aruák)

A natureza semântica dos sistemas de classificacao nominal tem recebido muita atencao na literatura linguistica, em termos de sua semântica subjacente, gramatica e, em menor extensao, de propriedades discursivo-pragmaticas (ADAMS, 1986; varios artigos em CRAIG, 1986; CORBETT, 1991; AIKHENVALD, 2003; entre muitos outros). Menos atencao, no entanto, tem sido dada a sistemas de classificacao tambem usados com funcoes mais derivacionais, em que um nome classificatorio e frequentemente usado para expandir o vocabulario da lingua. A fim de ilustrar a propriedade definidora de tais nomes classificatorios, podemos compara-los com um sistema de classificacao tipico, tal como os classificadores numerais tailandeses (Sino-Tibetano, Tailândia). Em tailandes, um classificador numeral como kon, usado para pessoas, como em kru? u song kon (professor dois CLF) „dois professores? , e empregado para quantificar referentes humanos no discurso. Em Apurina (Aruak), um nome classificatorio como tata „casca (de arvore)? pode ser produtivamente usado para derivar novos lexemas, tais como uku-tata (uku-casca de arvore) „casca de “uku” (especie de arvore)? ; e uky-tata (olho-casca) „oculos? Se descrevermos as propriedades de tais nomes classificatorios como mapeamentos de uma fonte para dominios semânticos alvo, e possivel determinar qual informacao semântica esta sendo perdida ou preservada, ja que cada nome classificatorio e usado como parte de diferentes formas de palavras. Tendo estabelecido os dominios fonte e alvo, podemos encontrar as propriedades semânticas especificas sendo mapeadas entre os dominios. Os resultados revelam um sistema de propriedades semânticas nucleares subjacentes aos varios mapeamentos, o qual emerge em termos de esquemas comparaveis aqueles usados para motivar metaforas (LAKOFF, 1987; LAKOFF, JOHNSON, 1986; JOHNSON, 1987). Finalmente, tendo encontrado as propriedades semânticas subjacentes ao uso dos nomes classificatorios em Apurina, podemos compara-los a termos de classe tipicos em tailandes e, em seguida, abordar a questao do lugar de tais sistemas classificatorios na tipologia geral de sistemas de classificacao. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Nomes Classificatorios. Classificacao Nominal. Apurina. Aruak.
Diet-Induced Type II Diabetes in C57BL/6J Mice

We investigated the effects of diet-induced obesity on glucose metabolism in two strains of mice, C57BL/6J and A/J. Twenty animals from each strain received ad libitum exposure to a high–fat high-simple-carbohydrate diet or standard Purina Rodent Chow for 6 mo. Exposure to the high-fat, high-simple-carbohydrate, low-fiber diet produced obesity in both A/J and C57BL/6J mice. Whereas obesity was associated with only moderate glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in A/J mice, obese C57BL/6J mice showed clear-cut diabetes with fasting blood glucose levels of >240 mg/dl and blood insulin levels of >150 μU/ml. C57BL/6J mice showed larger glycemic responses to stress and epinephrine in the lean state than AJ mice, and these responses were exaggerated by obesity. These data suggest that the C57BL/6J mouse carries a genetic predisposition to develop non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes. Futhermore, altered glycemic response to adrenergic stimulation may be a biologic marker for this genetic predisposition to develop type II diabetes.
Lipid metabolism: the significance of plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 in the elucidation of complex lipid disorders.

Patients who are referred to an outpatient lipid clinic often present with a lipid disorder that is complex in origin, that is it is the consequence of the interaction between multiple susceptibility genes and environmental factors (e.g. alcohol, diet and physical inactivity). Diabetic dyslipidemia and familial combined hyperlipidemia are examples of highly prevalent complex lipid disorders [1]. Despite our increased knowledge of lipid metabolism, the exact underlying causes of these complex lipid disorders have remained unsolved. One complicating factor is that stable isotope studies – the golden standard for examining lipid metabolism in humans – are elaborate and expensive in nature and are therefore limited to a small number of individuals. Moreover, many tissues that play an important role in lipid metabolism, in particular the liver, are not easily accessible for human research. Such issues could, at least in part, be overcome by the use of biomarkers that reflect specific tissue processes and can routinely be measured in plasma in large populations.
Microchimerism and Systemic Sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. SSc is an immunologically mediated disease. A prominent immunological abnormality in SSc patients is the presence of circulating autoantibodies against a variety of nuclear proteins. Furthermore, SSc is characterized by the presence of increased numbers of activated T cells, with the prevalence of CD4+ cells, present in the periphery of skin lesions as well as in other organs in the early stages of the disease. We have recently shown the existence of a predominant activation of IL-4-producing Th2-like T cells in patients with SSc, which may account for the major alterations which occur in this disease. SSc has clinical and serological similarities to chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD), although there are some important differences. T cells, which orchestrate the tissue damage, are present in great amounts in the inflammatory infiltrates in SSc- and cGVHD-affected tissues. More importantly, T cells from cGVHD tissues produce Th2-like cytokines, thus showing a pathogenetic similarity with SSc. SSc has been postulated as a type of cGVHD resulting from the transplacental transfer of cells between mother and fetus. Very recently, we have shown that in SSc, the microchimeric T cells react with the maternal MHC antigens and are able to produce Th2-type cytokines. Both features are characteristics of cGVHD, supporting the hypothesis that SSc is a disease similar to cGVHD.
Reducing the Risk of Acid Aspiration During Cesarean Section

&NA; Acid‐aspiration pneumonitis is a significant cause of anesthetic maternal mortality. A study of 100 patients for cesarean section (c‐section) showed that the presence of a high gastric content volume or a low pH cannot be excluded in any patient, irrespective of the time between the last meal and either onset of labor or delivery. Patients for elective c‐section are equally, if not more, at risk. Administration of oral antacid within 4 hours of inducing anesthesia did not affect the gastric content volume but significantly raised the pH. The number of patients at risk of developing acid‐aspiration pneumonitis was reduced tenfold. The authors conclude that every parturient should receive oral antacid before induction of general anesthesia.
Molecular Dissection of Interactions between Components of the Alternative Pathway of Complement and Decay Accelerating Factor (CD55)*

The complement regulatory protein decay accelerating factor (DAF; CD55), inhibits the alternative complement pathway by accelerating decay of the convertase enzymes formed by C3b and factor B. We show, using surface plasmon resonance, that in the absence of Mg2+, DAF binds C3b, factor B, and the Bb subunit with low affinity (KD, 14 ± 0.1, 44 ± 10, and 20 ± 7 μm, respectively). In the presence of Mg2+, DAF bound Bb or the von Willebrand factor type A subunit of Bb with higher affinities (KD, 1.3 ± 0.5 and 2.2 ± 0.1 μm, respectively). Interaction with the proenzyme C3bB was investigated by flowing factor B across a C3b-coated surface in the absence of factor D. The dissociation rate was dependent on the time of incubation, suggesting that a time-dependent conformational transition stabilized the C3b-factor B interaction. Activation by factor D (forming C3bBb) increased the complex half-life; however, the enzyme became susceptible to rapid decay by DAF, unlike the proenzyme, which was unaffected. A convertase assembled with cobra venom factor and Bb was decayed by DAF, albeit far less efficiently than C3bBb. DAF did not bind cobra venom factor, implying that Bb decay is accelerated, at least in part, through DAF binding of this subunit. It is likely that DAF binds the complex with higher affinity/avidity, promoting a conformational change in either or both subunits accelerating decay. Such analysis of component and regulator interactions will inform our understanding of inhibitory mechanisms and the ways in which regulatory proteins cooperate to control the complement cascade.
Psb27, a transiently associated protein, binds to the chlorophyll binding protein CP43 in photosystem II assembly intermediates

Photosystem II (PSII), a large multisubunit pigment–protein complex localized in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, mediates light-driven evolution of oxygen from water. Recently, a high-resolution X-ray structure of the mature PSII complex has become available. Two PSII polypeptides, D1 and CP43, provide many of the ligands to an inorganic Mn4Ca center that is essential for water oxidation. Because of its unusual redox chemistry, PSII often undergoes degradation followed by stepwise assembly. Psb27, a small luminal polypeptide, functions as an important accessory factor in this elaborate assembly pathway. However, the structural location of Psb27 within PSII assembly intermediates has remained elusive. Here we report that Psb27 binds to CP43 in such assembly intermediates. We treated purified genetically tagged PSII assembly intermediate complexes from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 with chemical cross-linkers to examine intermolecular interactions between Psb27 and various PSII proteins. First, the water-soluble 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) was used to cross-link proteins with complementary charged groups in close association to one another. In the His27△ctpAPSII preparation, a 58-kDa cross-linked species containing Psb27 and CP43 was identified. This species was not formed in the HT3△ctpA△psb27PSII complex in which Psb27 was absent. Second, the homobifunctional thiol-cleavable cross-linker 3,3′-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidylpropionate) (DTSSP) was used to reversibly cross-link Psb27 to CP43 in His27△ctpAPSII preparations, which allowed the use of liquid chromatography/tandem MS to map the cross-linking sites as Psb27K63↔CP43D321 (trypsin) and CP43K215↔Psb27D58AGGLK63↔CP43D321 (chymotrypsin), respectively. Our data suggest that Psb27 acts as an important regulatory protein during PSII assembly through specific interactions with the luminal domain of CP43.
AGN-host galaxy connection: morphology and colours of X-ray selected AGN at z ≤ 2

Context. The connection between active galactic nuclei (AGN) and their host galaxies has been widely studied and found to be of great importance for providing answers to some fundamental questions related to AGN fuelling mechanisms, and both their formation and evolution. Aims. Using X-ray data and one of the deepest broad-band optical data sets available, we study how morphology and colours are related to X-ray properties for sources at redshifts z ≤ 2.0, using a sample of 262 AGN in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS). Methods. We performed our morphological classification using the galSVM code, which is a new method that is particularly suited to dealing with high-redshift sources. Colour-magnitude diagrams were studied in relationship to redshift, morphology, X-ray obscuration, and X-ray-to-optical flux ratio. We analysed the different regions in the colour-magnitude diagrams, and searched for correlations with the observed properties of AGN populations using models of their formation and evolution. Results. We confirm that a robust and reliable morphological classification of a general galaxy population at high redshift should be based on a multi-parametric approach. At least 50% of X-ray detected AGN at z <= 2.0 analysed in this work reside in spheroidal and bulge-dominated galaxies, while at least 18% have disk-dominated hosts. This suggests that different mechanisms may be responsible for triggering the nuclear activity. When analysing populations of X-ray detected AGN in both colour-magnitude and colour-stellar mass diagrams, the highest number of sources is found to reside in the green valley at redshifts ≃0.5-1.5. However, a larger number of low-luminosity AGN have been detected than in previous works owing to the substantial depth of the SXDS optical data. Whether AGN are hosted by early-or late-type galaxies, no clear relationship has been found with the optical colours (independently of redshift), as is typical of normal galaxies. Both early-and late-type AGN cover similar ranges of X-ray obscuration, for both unobscured and obscured sources. Conclusions. Our findings appear to confirm some previous suggestions that X-ray selected AGN residing in the green valley represent a transitional population, quenching star formation by means of different AGN feedback mechanisms and evolving to red-sequence galaxies. They might be hosted by similar sources (the majority of sources being late-type elliptical and lenticular galaxies, and early-type spirals) with similar stellar populations, which are triggered mainly by major and/or minor mergers, and in some cases by means of secular mechanism, as shown in previous numerical simulations. In the aforementioned transition we observe different phases of AGN activity, with some AGN being in the "QSO-mode" detected as compact, blue, and unobscured in X-rays, and with others passing through different phases before and after the "QSO-mode", being obscured and unobscured in X-rays, respectively.
Grammatical predictions reveal influences of semantic attraction in online sentence comprehension: evidence from speeded forced-choice sentence continuations

ABSTRACT Research in language processing has established that semantic information can influence (a) online sentence interpretation when syntactic cues are indeterminate, and (b) offline judgments of syntactically unambiguous but semantically anomalous sentences. The question of whether semantic information can influence online sentence interpretation when semantic cues oppose unambiguous syntax remains unanswered. We investigate this question using two speeded forced-choice sentence continuation studies. Under time constraints, participants continued sentence fragments such as “The hearty meal was devouring … ” (Attraction Violation) and “The sealed envelope was devouring … ” (No-Attraction Violation) with either BY or THE. Although participants had an overall preference to continue all fragments with THE, they were more likely to choose BY in Attraction Violation than No-Attraction Violation sentences. When choosing THE, participants took longer in the Attraction Violation condition. These results suggest that semantically attractive interpretations can be pursued online even in the face of unambiguous but contradictory syntactic cues.
Trafficking mechanism of west Nile (Sarafend) virus structural proteins

Previous studies have shown that West Nile (Sarafend) virus matured by budding at the plasma membrane, which differs from the usual intracellular maturation of other flaviviruses. The present study investigated the trafficking mechanism of the envelope (E) and capsid (C) proteins of West Nile (Sarafend) virus during the replication cycle. The use of time‐based double‐immunofluorescence labelling coupled with the Triton X‐100 extraction procedure revealed that both the E and C proteins were transported from the perinuclear region towards the plasma membrane along the microtubules simultaneously. The strong association of these virus proteins with the microtubules was demonstrated further with Triton X‐100 extraction procedure coupled with double immunogold‐labelling. Extraction of infected cells with Triton X‐100 in high salt also revealed that virus E proteins were associated with the microtubules via protein‐protein interaction. The disruption of microtubules with vinblastine sulphate inhibited the trafficking of both the virus E and C proteins. Both virus structural proteins were observed to co‐localise and retained within vinblastine sulphate‐induced microtubulin paracrystals. Extracellular virus production was also reduced drastically by vinblastine sulphate at non‐cytotoxic concentration. Subsequent studies revealed that the transportation of virus E protein was associated with the microtubules‐based motor protein, kinesin. J. Med. Virol. 67:127–136, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: past, present and future

Fifty years ago, the first modern reports of what we now recognise as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) were written by a surgeon, Sir Russell Brock,1 and a pathologist, Donald Teare.2 These classic papers stimulated an intense and sometimes controversial field of study, focused in large part on the characterisation of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Detailed invasive haemodynamic investigations highlighted the extraordinary dynamic nature of this new form of outflow obstruction, and numerous surgical therapies were proposed and abandoned. The introduction of echocardiography allowed investigators to determine the mechanism for obstruction—an adverse interaction between a hypertrophied septum and abnormal movement of the mitral valve towards the septum—but also showed that obstruction was not a universal feature of the disease. The focus of this article is to review the historical controversies surrounding left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and to discuss the modern approach to its assessment and treatment. As is the case with many disease processes, initial clinical reports suggested that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was a rare disorder that was nearly always associated with the need for surgery to relieve obstruction or death at a young age.1–3 In the late 1950s, master clinicians (see Coats and Hollman4) elucidated the dynamic nature of the muscular, rather than valvular, outflow tract obstruction utilising bedside manoeuvres.5 Thus, physical signs of outflow obstruction, responsive to manipulation of ventricular preload and afterload, in the absence of radiographic evidence of aortic valve calcification, were the key to premortem diagnosis. In the years that followed, pharmacological manipulations during invasive haemodynamic assessment furthered the understanding of the physiological determinants of obstruction, and suggested options for its treatment (table 1). 6–10 View this table: Table 1 Clinical modulators of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction In spite of this work, the very existence of impedence to left ventricular ejection was vigorously contended in …