Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants of consumers' dietary behaviour for health‐enhancing foods

Purpose – The objectives of this study were: to investigate Irish consumers' attitudes to diet, health and health‐enhancing foods; to determine Irish consumers' knowledge and awareness of the health benefits of health‐enhancing foods; to examine the health‐related factors perceived to be most important in food choice; and to examine the relationships between attitudes, beliefs and dietary behaviour.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 340 questionnaires were distributed to consumers using a multi‐stage cluster‐sampling technique.Findings – The key variables that accounted for the variation in dietary behaviour were attitudes to healthy food behaviours, perceived influence of diet on health, and nutrition knowledge. Differences were observed between attitudes and awareness of health‐enhancing foods across gender, age and social grouping.Research limitations/implications – The results and conclusions of this research are derived from a study conducted in Dublin only and, therefore, it is not possible to.
Molecular pathology in lung cancer: a guide to the techniques used in clinical practice

Five year survival rates for lung cancer patients are poor; however the development of new therapeutic options, which benefit subsets of the population, offer hope of improvement. These novel therapies frequently rely upon the analysis of biomarkers in pathology samples; in lung cancer patients, testing is now routinely carried out to identify small mutations and chromosomal rearrangements in order to predict response to treatment. The recent increase in biomarker analyses in pathology samples has lead to the development of a new specialty, molecular pathology. The use of molecular pathology assays in clinical samples is largely under the control of the histopathologist; who is likely to be asked, as a minimum, to select tissue sections for molecular analysis and mark areas of H&E stained slides for macro or microdissection. Many histopathologists will also be involved in the sourcing and implementation of new assays. This review aims to provide a guide to some of the most commonly used molecular pathology methods – their advantages and their limitations.
THE ANEMIA OF INFECTION. V. FATE OF INJECTED RADIOACTIVE IRON IN THE PRESENCE OF INFLAMMATION.

Since hypoferremia is so consistently associated with the anemia of infection (1), and since injected iron appears to be diverted from the plasma in infection (1, 2), it seemed desirable to determine the fate of the diverted iron. In this study, radioactive iron was injected intravenously into normal rats and in rats with acute inflammation. The blood and tissues were then analyzed after a period of time for radioactivity. Preliminary studies were made in which only the blood and liver were analyzed in order to determine the appropriate amount of iron to employ. Radioactive iron was also injected intravenously into dogs, and analyses were carried out on a number of tissues, including the exudates.
Ownership Structure and Performance of Closely Held Young Firms

This study documents that manager-shareholder conflict plays an important role at the earliest stage of business formation. Using data on closely held start-up firms, we focus on the owner who has the greatest managerial responsibility in the firm. Controlling for the endogenous relation between the initial equity ownership by the owner-manager and firm performance, we find that increased equity ownership by the owner who actively managers the firm results in better firm performance. In contrast, the owner-manager’s personal contribution of debt and the share of personal wealth invested in the firm are negatively related to firm performance. This evidence is consistent with the idea that start-ups with poor performance prospects are unable to raise funds externally and, instead, rely on internal capital.
Mastering the Mix: Do Advertising, Promotion, and Sales Force Activities Lead to Differentiation?

The authors consider the effects of three marketing communication activities on nonproduct based differentiation. Specifically, they examine whether advertising, sales force, and promotion activities increase a firm's ability to differentiate and thus shield itself from future price competition. They suggest that own-price elasticity represents a measure of differentiation and examine the effects of marketing communication activities on own-price elasticities for a large number of consumer (durable and nondurable) businesses. They make a series of predictions about future differentiation outcomes based on the likely uniqueness of the communication message. The obtained results are compatible with their basic premise that, by providing unique and positive messages, a firm can insulate itself from future price competition, as witnessed by less negative future price elasticities. Conversely, results indicate that nonunique messages can decrease future differentiation, for example, price promotions for firms that price above the industry average lead to more negative future price elasticities.
How do shareholders hold independent directors accountable? Evidence from firms subject to securities litigation

We examine if investors hold independent directors accountable when firms are sued for financial fraud. Investors can name independent directors as defendants and can vote against their re-election to express displeasure over monitoring ineffectiveness. In a sample of securities class action lawsuits from 1996 to 2008, about 10% of independent directors of sued firms are named as defendants (named directors). The likelihood of being named is greater for audit committee directors and directors who sell stock during the class period. While litigation risk is increasing over time at the firm level, the likelihood of being named as a defendant has not increased for independent directors despite concerns to the contrary. Lawsuits with named directors are less likely to be dismissed and settle for more than other lawsuits. Independent directors in sued firms, especially named directors, receive more negative recommendations from proxy advisory firm ISS and significantly greater negative votes from shareholders than directors in a benchmark sample. Named directors are more likely to leave their positions in sued firms than other independent directors. The likelihood of losing directorship in a sued firm has increased in the post-2002 period, suggesting an increased aversion to retaining sued directors on corporate boards in recent times.
Rifampin-induced methadone withdrawal.

Rifampin alters the clinical efficacy of oral contraceptive and anticoagulant drugs by mechanisms not completely understood. These effects may be due in part to acceleration of their elimination by enhancement of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities.1 , 2 Several patients in the Bellevue Chest Service Methadone Maintenance Program complained of the onset of withdrawal symptoms when rifampin was administered for treatment of tuberculosis. None of the patients who received isoniazid or ethambutol (or both) had symptoms of withdrawal once stabilized on methadone maintenance, but in a majority of the patients receiving rifampin withdrawal symptoms developed. Since the isoniazid-rifampin regimen is the most .
Maps of Visual Importance

The importance of an element in a visual stimulus is commonly associated with the fixations during a free-viewing task. We argue that fixations are not always correlated with attention or awareness of visual objects. We suggest to filter the fixations recorded during exploration of the image based on the fixations recorded during recalling the image against a neutral background. This idea exploits that eye movements are a spatial index into the memory of a visual stimulus. We perform an experiment in which we record the eye movements of 30 observers during the presentation and recollection of 100 images. The locations of fixations during recall are only qualitatively related to the fixations during exploration. We develop a deformation mapping technique to align the fixations from recall with the fixation during exploration. This allows filtering the fixations based on proximity and a threshold on proximity provides a convenient slider to control the amount of filtering. Analyzing the spatial histograms resulting from the filtering procedure as well as the set of removed fixations shows that certain types of scene elements, which could be considered irrelevant, are removed. In this sense, they provide a measure of importance of visual elements for human observers.
Clonal origin of columnar, mucous, and endocrine cell lineages in human colorectal epithelium

Human colorectal epithelium is composed mainly of columnar, mucous and endocrine cells; origin of these cell lineages from a multi‐potential stem cell at the base of the crypt (the Unitarian hypothesis) has been proposed but not yet demonstrated. Gut endocrine cells have variously been considered of neural crest or endodermal origin, but conclusive evidence, particularly in humans, is lacking. It has been shown that in mouse gastrointestinal tract, a single progenitor cell gives rise to both columnar and mucous cells, but it has yet to be demonstrated that such a progenitor cell can also give rise to endocrine cells. Here, a single human rectal adenocarcinoma cell has been shown to differentiate into columnar, mucous and endocrine cells; therefore all epithelial lineages are of clonal origin. Additionally, these results show that human colorectal enteroendocrine cells, at least in neoplastic epithelium, have an endodermal origin.
Concerns about animal welfare: a cluster analysis of German pig farmers

– The Federal Government of Germany, as well as the European Commission, are discussing the enhancement of animal welfare requirements. This study aims to explore different groups of conventional German pig farmers with respect to their understanding of animal welfare. Based on the results, a target group is determined that is willing to take part in an animal welfare programme in accordance with the current state of research, i.e. considering the four “Welfare Quality” principles: good housing, good feeding, good health and especially appropriate behaviour. , – Data were collected from 160 German pig farmers between March and May 2010 using an online questionnaire. Data analysis combines two quantitative methods. To reduce complexity and to identify the animal welfare perceptions of the farmers first an explorative factor analysis was conducted. Subsequently, based on the determined factors, the sample was divided into different groups by means of a cluster analysis. , – Three groups of pig farmers were defined with regard to the establishment of an animal welfare programme according to the current state of research. While a broad acceptance of the principles good housing, good feeding and good health exists among the farmers, the appropriate animal behaviour is only important for a small group of pig farmers. Therefore, the three groups should be addressed by the developers of an animal welfare programme, using different strategies to gain the support of all farmers. , – To successfully introduce new animal welfare requirements, farmers are important actors to take into account. This paper is the first analysis of the animal welfare perceptions of conventionally producing German pig farmers and determines different groups for a comprehensive animal welfare husbandry system as currently discussed by scientists and politics.
Gendering the Comparative Analysis of Welfare States: An Unfinished Agenda*

Can feminists count on welfare states—or at least some aspects of these complex systems—as resources in the struggle for gender equality? Gender analysts of “welfare states” investigate this question and the broader set of issues around the mutually constitutive relationship between systems of social provision and regulation and gender. Feminist scholars have moved to bring the contingent practice of politics back into grounded fields of action and social change and away from the reification and abstractions that had come to dominate models of politics focused on “big” structures and systems, including those focused on “welfare states. ” Conceptual innovations and reconceptualizations of foundational terms have been especially prominent in the comparative scholarship on welfare states, starting with gender, and including care, autonomy, citizenship, (in) dependence, political agency, and equality. In contrast to other subfields of political science and sociology, gendered insights have to some extent been incorporated into mainstream comparative scholarship on welfare states. The arguments between feminists and mainstream scholars over the course of the last two decades have been productive, powering the development of key themes and concepts pioneered by gender scholars, including “defamilialization,” the significance of unpaid care work in families and the difficulties of work-family “reconciliation,” gendered welfare state institutions, the relation between fertility and women's employment, and the partisan correlates of different family and gender policy models. Yet the mainstream still resists the deeper implications of feminist work, and has difficulties assimilating concepts of care, gendered power, dependency, and interdependency. Thus, the agenda of gendering comparative welfare state studies remains unfinished. To develop an understanding of what might be needed to finish that agenda, I assess the gendered contributions to the analysis of modern systems of social provision, starting with the concept of gender itself, then moving to studies of the gendered division of labor (including care) and of gendered political power.
Retail service quality, corporate image and behavioural intentions: the mediating effects of customer satisfaction

This study investigates the relationships between service quality, corporate image, satisfaction and behavioural intentions. A structural equation modelling (SEM) approach is applied to test the proposed conceptual framework, using data collected from 404 supermarket customers in China. The structural model suggests that customer satisfaction fully mediates the impact of retail service quality on behavioural intentions (e.g. intention to recommend and repurchase). The results also indicate that retail service quality significantly influences customer perceptions of corporate image. The relationship between corporate image and behavioural intentions is fully mediated by satisfaction.
Public Consultation and Participation in EIA in Pakistan and Lessons Learnt from International Practices

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of development projects is considered incomplete without involvement of potentially affected and interested public. Primarily, public participation in decision making is a concept imported from western democracies. It is heartening to note that public consultation and participation are taking place in EIA in Pakistan and many developing countries, despite undergoing prolonged dictatorship and political instability. The techniques and practices of public participation in EIA in selected developed and developing countries as well as in Pakistan have been critically reviewed to have a comparative idea. Analysis of the Pakistani practice is based on participation in public hearings, EIA workshops and interviews with concerned officials and EIA experts. Public participation in EIA in developed countries is moderately effective, transparent, initiated at initial stages of EIA process and reviewed by independent experts. On the other hand, delayed public involvement and lack of transparency in the EIA decision making process are major impediments to its effectiveness in the developing countries including Pakistan. Recommendations have been formulated to enhance its effectiveness in Pakistan on the basis of lessons learnt from other countries.
Integrated Socio-Technical Knowledge Management Model: An Empirical Evaluation

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the validity of the proposed integrated socio‐technical knowledge management (KM) model, and to determine the relative importance of social and technical initiatives in organizational KM. , – The conceptual model was proposed with three inter‐related concepts (knowledge stocks, processes, and socio‐technical enablers) and was tested via a survey‐based study in the context of public administration of a small European country using 185 senior Civil Servants as subjects. , – The findings provided a confirmatory test of the proposed model and revealed social factors to be of greater importance than technical factors in advancing organizational knowledge in the case of public administration organizations. They also pointed to leadership as the single most important enabler of organizational KM in these organizations. , – Findings are based on European public administration and may not reflect other geographic, economic and cultural contexts. Variables were perceptual and measurement items proxies for the real phenomena. There is a need for including objective data, improving measurement, and extending research towards deeper analysis of contextual influences on and consequences of KM. , – The model may be useful to managers for predicting organizational learning, as well as intervening to enhance organizational social environment and to increase the likelihood of technology use in KM. , – The main contribution of this research is the discovery of complex interactions among knowledge enablers and processes influencing knowledge stocks. Another contribution of this research is the revelation that (at least in the context of public administration) leadership may be the single most important enabler of successful KM.
Inhibition by sumatriptan of central trigeminal neurones only after blood‐brain barrier disruption

1 The 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT1)‐like agonist, sumatriptan, is highly efficient in the relief of migraine headache and its accompanying symptoms. 2 Experimental evidence has indicated that its site of action may be on the cranial vessels or on the trigeminal innervation of the cranium, or both, since sumatriptan does not pass the blood‐brain barrier easily under normal circumstances. It is, however, not clear whether the blood‐brain barrier is normal or abnormal during a migraine attack. 3 In this study, single unit activity and trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials in central trigeminal neurones were monitored during electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus. 4 Intravenous administration of sumatriptan (100 μg kg−1) did not alter trigeminal evoked activity unless the permeability of the blood‐brain barrier had been increased by infusion of an hyperosmolar mannitol solution. After blood‐brain barrier disruption, sumatriptan decreased the peak‐to‐peak amplitude of evoked potentials by 40 ± 6% and the probability of firing of single units by 30 ± 9%. Mannitol infusions alone in control animals caused no changes in evoked potentials or single unit activity. 5 The data suggest that in normal circumstances sumatriptan does not have sufficient access to trigeminal neurones to alter their function.
Global Brands in the Context of China: Insights into Chinese Consumer Decision Making

This paper explores Chinese consumer decision making in relation to ten global brands. The paper uses four constructs (brand familiarity, brand liking, brand trust and knowing a brand’s country of origin) to predict brand purchase intent within a sample of Chinese consumers. This research also explores how Chinese consumer self-perceptions of cosmopolitanism, ethnocentrism, global-local identity and identification with a global consumer culture might also influence global brand purchase intent. Regression models were built for all ten global brands, with the hierarchy model providing the strongest evidence. Familiarity, trust and liking generally explained a significant portion of the variance.
Risk Management In The Supply Chain: Characterization And Empirical Analysis

Along any supply chain, a multitude of more or less critical incidents may prevent a company from obtaining the expected level of logistical performance. Knowing how to anticipate and manage supply chain risks is therefore an important approach to maintain a competitive advantage. The target of this article is to evaluate the impact of the risks in relation to the functioning of a supply chain on its logistical performance. For such needs, a survey was administered with 158 Moroccan manufacturers. The data collected allows to successively measure the impacts of the risks linked to the management of the upstream supply chain, of operational risks and risks linked to the management of the downstream supply chain on the logistical performance.
The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs

The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders in children exposed, in utero, to different antiepileptic drug treatments. A prospective cohort of women with epilepsy and a control group of women without epilepsy were recruited from antenatal clinics. The children of this cohort were followed longitudinally until 6 years of age (n=415). Diagnosis of a neurodevelopmental disorder was made independently of the research team. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed an increase in risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children exposed to monotherapy sodium valproate (VPA) (6/50, 12.0%; aOR 6.05, 95%CI 1.65 to 24.53, p=0.007) and in those exposed to polytherapy with sodium VPA (3/20, 15.0%; aOR 9.97, 95% CI 1.82 to 49.40, p=0.005) compared with control children (4/214; 1.87%). Autistic spectrum disorder was the most frequent diagnosis. No significant increase was found among children exposed to carbamazepine (1/50) or lamotrigine (2/30). An accumulation of evidence demonstrates that the risks associated with prenatal sodium VPA exposure include an increased prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Whether such disorders are discrete or represent the severe end of a continuum of altered neurodevelopmental functioning requires further investigation. Replication and extension of this research is required to investigate the mechanism(s) underpinning the relationship. Finally, the increased likelihood of neurodevelopmental disorders should be communicated to women for whom sodium VPA is a treatment option.