Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
JA ANALYZED POTENTIAL VORTICITY FIELDS FOR EXPLOSIVE AND NON-EXPLOSIVE CYCLOGENESIS EVENTS DURING FGGE by 01

Potential vorticity and jet streak properties associated with 23 explosive and non-explosive cyclones from the western North Atlantic and western North Pacific Oceans are analyzed for the period 17 January to 23 February 1979. ECMWF analyses with FGGE data are used to represent the 300 mb wind fields over these ocean areas. Relative maxima in potential vorticity are present upstream of all cyclones. Storm tracks with respect to the potential vorticity maxima are counter-clockwise with the greatest sea-level pressure decreases occurring when the storm is to the east or southeast of the maximum, whereas pressure falls diminish when the cyclone is north of the maximum. Only five of the 23 cases have a pre-existing potential vorticity lobe that becomes superposed with the surface feature and enhances cyclogenesis. In the remaining cases, the cyclone and potential vorticity lobe propagate and develop_ concurrently. The presence of a jet maxima over the storm is a major factor in storm development with large pressure falls being directly related to higher 300 mb wind speeds. In 20 of 23 cases, the storm is in the left-front jet quadrant at some time during its development. A statistical analysis demonstrates that forecasting the actual values of 12-h pressure falls from the potential vorticity and wind fields is difficult. However, forecasting development within one of three intensity categories using a discrirr,,nate analysis technique may approach 90% accuracy for explosive cyclones.
Determining the population properties of spinning black holes

There are at least two formation scenarios consistent with the first gravitational-wave observations of binary black hole mergers. In field models, black hole binaries are formed from stellar binaries that may undergo common envelope evolution. In dynamic models, black hole binaries are formed through capture events in globular clusters. Both classes of models are subject to significant theoretical uncertainties. Nonetheless, the conventional wisdom holds that the distribution of spin orientations of dynamically merging black holes is nearly isotropic while field-model black holes prefer to spin in alignment with the orbital angular momentum. We present a framework in which observations of black hole mergers can be used to measure ensemble properties of black hole spin such as the typical black hole spin misalignment. We show how to obtain constraints on population hyperparameters using minimal assumptions so that the results are not strongly dependent on the uncertain physics of formation models. These data-driven constraints will facilitate tests of theoretical models and help determine the formation history of binary black holes using information encoded in their observed spins. We demonstrate that the ensemble properties of binary detections can be used to search for and characterize the properties of two distinct populations of black hole mergers.
1 EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES

This paper provides an overview of the five most commonly used statistical techniques for improving the efficiency of stochastic simulations: control variates, common random numbers, importance sampling, conditional Monte Carlo, and stratification. The paper also describes a mathematical framework for discussion of efficiency issues that quantifies the trade-off between lower variance and higher computational time per observation.
Morphological, biochemical and physiological studies on the preservation of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) spermatozoa in different modified dilutors : Effects of chloroquine-diphosphate

A morphological, biochemical and physiological study has been made of the effects of chloroquine-diphosphate (a membrane stabilizer) on the preservation of buffalo spermatozoa in five modified dilutors designated here as Al’ A2’ A3, A4 and CAW. In almost all the five dilutors, there was significant (p< 0.01) progressive increase in the percentage of sperm abnormalities and the release of enzymes (hyaluronidase, glutamateoxaloacetic transaminase, alcohol, malate, lactate and sorbitol dehydrogenases) from spermatozoa into the media, and progressive decrease in the percentage of sperm motility and of the live sperms, with the increasing time of storage. Supplementation of these dilutors with 105 M chloroquine-diphosphate significantly (p ! 0.01) lowered the percentage of sperm abnormalities and the release of various enzymes, and increased the percentages of sperm motility and of live sperm in most of the cases. Drug capacity varied in different dilutors. It was maximum in A, (egg yolk citrate, EYC) and minimum in citric acid whey (CAW).
The Lyth Bound and the end of inflation

We derive an extended version of the well-known Lyth Bound on the total variation of the inflaton field, incorporating higher-order corrections in slow roll. We connect the field variation Δϕ to both the spectral index of scalar perturbations and the amplitude of tensor modes. We then investigate the implications of this bound for ‘small field’ potentials, where the field rolls off a local maximum of the potential. The total field variation during inflation is generically of order mPl, even for potentials with a suppressed tensor/scalar ratio. Much of the total field excursion arises in the last e-fold of inflation and in single field models this problem can only be avoided via fine-tuning or the imposition of a symmetry. Finally, we discuss the implications of this result for inflationary model building in string theory and supergravity.
Black hole evolution – I. Supernova-regulated black hole growth

The growth of a supermassive black hole (BH) is determined by how much gas the host galaxy is able to feed it, which in turn is controlled by the cosmic environment, through galaxy mergers and accretion of cosmic flows that time how galaxies obtain their gas, but also by internal processes in the galaxy, such as star formation and feedback from stars and the BH itself. In this paper, we study the growth of a 10 12 M⊙ halo at z = 2, which is the progenitor of an archetypical group of galaxies at z = 0, and of its central BH by means of a high-resolution zoomed cosmological simulation, the Seth simulation. We study the evolution of the BH driven by the accretion of cold gas in the galaxy, and explore the efficiency of the feedback from supernovae (SNe). For a relatively inefficient energy input from SNe, the BH grows at the Eddington rate from early times, and reaches self-regulation once it is massive enough. We find that at early cosmic times z > 3.5, efficient feedback from SNe forbids the formation of a settled disc as well as the accumulation of dense cold gas in the vicinity of the BH and starves the central compact object. As the galaxy and its halo accumulate mass, they become able to confine the nuclear inflows provided by major mergers and the BH grows at a sustained near-to-Eddington accretion rate. We argue that this mechanism should be ubiquitous amongst low-mass galaxies, corresponding to galaxies with a stellar mass below . 10 9 M⊙ in our simulations.
Learning, Prices, and Firm Dynamics

This paper documents new facts about the joint evolution of firm performance and prices in international markets and proposes a theory of firm dynamics emphasizing the interaction between learning about demand and quality choice to explain the observed patterns. Using data from the Portuguese manufacturing sector, the paper documents that: (1) within narrow product categories, firms with longer spells of activity in export destinations tend to ship larger quantities at similar prices, thus obtaining larger export revenue; (2) older exporters tend to import more expensive inputs; and (3) revenue growth within destinations (conditional on initial size) tends to decline with market experience. The authors develop a model of endogenous input and output quality choices in a learning environment that is able to quantitatively account for these patterns. Counterfactual simulations reveal that minimum quality standards on exports reduce welfare by lowering entry in export markets and reallocating resources from old and large toward young and small firms.
Simulation of the mineral breakage using a fractal approach

Hukki's law is an empirical law, which does not take into account several events of energy loss during the mineral fragmentation processes. Since experimental results are very difficult to obtain for a large range of fragment sizes, the verification of the law is very difficult. The relation between the fracture and fragmentation processes with fractal geometry has been proposed some decades ago. Empirical laws along this context show basic features of fractal geometry, mainly self-affinity and the power law behavior. Thus, in this paper, a model to simulate the fragmentation process and to check the relationship between energy consumption and fragment sizes was developed. The model is represented on a regular lattice where links represent pathways for fracture processes. The energy of fragmentation events was modeled by a probability distribution function. In the proposed model there is no mass loss and the fracture propagation occurs as self-avoiding random walks on the regular lattice.
Increase in the Number of Hot Days for Decades in Puerto Rico 1950-2014

The results show that the number of days with temperatures higher than 32 °C has increased, and the number of days with a minimum temperature of 15 °C has decreased. The average temperature on the island has increased by 2.24 °C in the period analyzed. The increase in the minimum temperature is more than two times greater than the increase in the maximum temperature in the analyzed period. The number of days with temperatures over 32 ° C is three times more than the number of days with temperatures below 15 °C. When analyzing the behavior per decade it is found that there is an increase in the ratio between cold and warm days, from the 1950s, which was from 1: 1.79 to that of 2000-2019, which is 1: 3.28.
Heuristics of instability and stabilization in model selection

In model selection, usually a best predictor is chosen from a collection {μ(.,s)} of predictors where μ(.,s) is the minimum least-squares predictor in a collection U s of predictors. Here s is a complexity parameter; that is, the smaller s, the lower dimensional/smoother the models in U s . If L is the data used to derive the sequence {μ(., s)}, the procedure is called unstable if a small change in L can cause large changes in {μ(., s)}. With a crystal ball, one could pick the predictor in {μ(.,s)} having minimum prediction error. Without prescience, one uses test sets, cross-validation and so forth. The difference in prediction error between the crystal ball selection and the statistician's choice we call predictive loss. For an unstable procedure the predictive loss is large. This is shown by some analytics in a simple case and by simulation results in a more complex comparison of four different linear regression methods. Unstable procedures can be stabilized by perturbing the data, getting a new predictor sequence {μ(., s)} and then averaging over many such predictor sequences.
Neuroscience and Education : Issues and Opportunities

Improving education is a national priority for the UK. In this Commentary, we explore the scope for our emerging knowledge of the working of the brain to contribute to better educational outcomes, especially for children. This publication unites two of the Economic and Social Research Council's principal concerns. One is for education. The Teaching and Learning Research Programme is the ESRC's largest research initiative. It is dedicated to performing excellent research that leads to better education for people at all stages of life. From its inception, it has promoted discussion of the link between education and neuroscience. In addition, the ESRC is one of the UK's main supporters of psychology research. Our programmes reflect an awareness that our knowledge of the brain is growing in power, and will be relevant to areas of social science such as economic and political behaviour as well as to education. In this publication, the latest in a series of TLRP Commentaries, researchers supported by the TLRP point to a range of issues at the junction between neuroscience and education. As they say, the brain is the principal organ involved in learning. It is natural that our increased knowledge of its working can inform educational practice. But as they also make clear, attempts to introduce neuroscience approaches into the classroom have to date been of mixed quality. Often they have relied too little upon research evidence and too much on impressive-sounding but scientifically questionable formulae. The authors leave us in no doubt that these are early days in this story. Because of the rapid progress now being observed throughout neuroscience, some approaches that are now in use may soon be seen to be invalid. Others that are now used will become better-corroborated. And unexpected approaches may emerge from research now under way. The ESRC is delighted to be involved in this exciting new field of science. We are keen that it should not be regarded as a one-way process in which neuroscience sheds light on how people learn. Instead, we want a two-way cooperation in which our knowledge of learning and of the brain feed one another. The result will be new knowledge about neuroscience and about education, and improved learning outcomes.
MULTIWAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF THE GAMMA-RAY BLAZAR PKS 0528+134 IN QUIESCENCE

We present multiwavelength observations of the ultraluminous blazar-type radio loud quasar PKS 0528+134 in quiescence during the period 2009 July–December. Four Target-of-Opportunity observations with the XMM-Newton satellite in the 0.2–10 keV range were supplemented with optical observations at the MDM Observatory, radio and optical data from the GLAST-AGILE Support Program of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope and the Very Long Baseline Array, additional X-ray data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (2–10 keV) and from Suzaku (0.5–10 keV) as well as γ-ray data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope in the 100 MeV–200 GeV range. In addition, publicly available data from the SMARTS blazar monitoring program and the University of Arizona/Steward Observatory Fermi Support program were included in our analysis. We found no evidence of significant flux or spectral variability in γ-rays and most radio bands. However, significant flux variability on a timescale of several hours was found in the optical regime, accompanied by a weak trend of spectral softening with increasing flux. We suggest that this might be the signature of a contribution of unbeamed emission, possibly from the accretion disk, at the blue end of the optical spectrum. The optical flux is weakly polarized with rapid variations of the degree and direction of polarization, while the polarization of the 43 GHz radio core remains steady, perpendicular to the jet direction. Optical spectropolarimetry of the object in the quiescent state suggests a trend of increasing degree of polarization with increasing wavelength, providing additional evidence for an unpolarized emission component, possibly thermal emission from the accretion disk, contributing toward the blue end of the optical spectrum. Over an extended period of several months, PKS 0528+134 shows moderate (amplitude ≲ 50%) flux variability in the X-rays and most radio frequencies on ∼1–2 week timescales. We constructed four spectral energy distributions (SEDs) corresponding to the times of the XMM-Newton observations. We find that even in the quiescent state, the bolometric luminosity of PKS 0528+134 is dominated by its γ-ray emission. A leptonic single-zone jet model produced acceptable fits to the SEDs with contributions to the high-energy emission from both synchrotron self-Compton radiation and Comptonization of direct accretion disk emission. Fit parameters close to equipartition between the energy densities of the magnetic field and the relativistic electron population were obtained. The moderate variability on long timescales, compared to expected radiative cooling timescales, implies the existence of ongoing particle acceleration, while the observed optical polarization variability seems to point toward a turbulent acceleration process. Turbulent particle acceleration at stationary features along the jet therefore appears to be a viable possibility for the quiescent state of PKS 0528+134.
Chaplygin gas in light of recent integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect data

We investigate the possibility of constraining Chaplygin dark energy models with current integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect data. In the case of a flat universe we found that generalized Chaplygin gas models must have an energy density such that Ωc > 0.55 and an equation of state w < −0.6 at 95% c.l. We also investigate the recently proposed silent Chaplygin models, constraining Ωc > 0.55 and w < −0.65 at 95% c.l. Better measurements of the CMB–LSS correlation will be possible with the next generation of deep redshift surveys. This will provide independent and complementary constraints on unified dark energy models such as the Chaplygin gas.
Co-Digestion of Hog Manure with Glycerol to Boost Biogas and Methane Production

The use of off-farm materials as amendments in anaerobic digestion of manure is an option that is being explored more extensively due to the benefits of boosting methane production and making the process more economical for the farmer. The addition of varying amounts of glycerol, which is a by-product in the biodiesel industry, was used as an amendment to anaerobic digestion of hog manure in bench-scale tests. The use of 2% glycerol produced the greatest amount of methane and biogas, while the addition of 4% glycerol resulted in an overloading of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and digester failure. The addition of 1% glycerol doubled the methane and biogas production, and there appeared to be no detrimental effects of using crude, industrial-based glycerol compared to pure, chemical-grade glycerol.
Pressure and volume in the first law of black hole thermodynamics

The mass of a black hole is interpreted, in terms of thermodynamic potentials, as being the enthalpy, with the pressure given by the cosmological constant. The volume is then defined as being the Legendre transform of the pressure, and the resulting relation between volume and pressure is explored in the case of positive pressure. A virial expansion is developed and a van der Waals like critical point determined. The first law of black hole thermodynamics includes a PdV term which modifies the maximal efficiency of a Penrose process. It is shown that, in four-dimensional spacetime with a negative cosmological constant, an extremal charged rotating black hole can have an efficiency of up to 75%, while for an electrically neutral rotating black hole this figure is reduced to 52%, compared to the corresponding values of 50% and 29% respectively when the cosmological constant is zero.
Jordanian Parents’ Needs While Their Child is Hospitalized

Objective: To explore the needs of Jordanian parents in relation to their participation in the care during the hospitalization of their child. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study where a questionnaire was administered to parents of hospitalized child, aged one month to thirteen year olds. Pearson correlation coefficient was performed to examine the relationships of parents' needs and their participation. Results: The superior needs among 192 parents (90%) were that mothers were concerned about trusting in staff, trusting of staff and acquiring information. The high significant correlation (r = 0.80) emphasizes the relationship between parents' participation in the care of their hospitalized child and parents' need especially for support and guidance (P<0.01). Conclusions: The findings confirmed that parents have a desire to participate in the care of their hospitalized child after fulfillment of their needs, similar to studies in Western and Eastern countries. Jordanian parents had no choice in child care participation; their basic needs were not met such as trust of staff, and support and guidance to parents and other family members.
Öğretmen görüşlerine göre ilköğretim okul müdürlerinin örgütsel güç kaynaklarını kullanım düzeyleri

Bu calismada, ogretmen goruslerine gore okul mudurlerinin yonetim surecinde hangi orgutsel guc kaynaklarini kullandiklari ve bu sosyal guc kaynaklarini kullanim duzeyleri belirlenmeye calisilmistir. Betimsel tarama modelindeki calismanin orneklemini Van ve Siirt il merkezindeki kamu okullarinda gorev yapmakta olan 400 ilkokul ve ortaokul ogretmeni olusmaktadir. Veriler Altinkurt ve Yilmaz (2013) tarafindan gelistirilen “Okullarda Orgutsel Guc Olcegi” ile toplanmistir. Verilerin analizinde betimleme istatistikleri ve parametrik testler uygulanmistir. Elde edilen bulgulara gore okul mudurlerinin en sik basvurduklari guc kaynagi uzmanlik gucu olurken en az kullandiklari guc kaynagi ise zorlayici guc olarak bulunmustur. Okul mudurleri cogunlukla yasal guc, odul gucu, uzmanlik gucu ve karizmatik guclerini kullanirken zorlayici guclerini ise nadiren kullanmaktadirlar. Ortaokulda gorev yapan mudurler ilkokul mudurlerine oranla yasal guc, odul gucu, uzmanlik gucu ve karizmatik guclerini daha sik kullandiklarini belirtmislerdir.
Is Smart Home a Necessity or a Fantasy for the Mainstream User ? A Study on Users ’ Expectations of Smart Household Appliances

Smart home technologies have not been widely adopted by mainstream users despite their availability and the benefits they can offer (e.g., better energy management, improved security and assisted living). Based on an extensive review of smart home research, Wilson, Hargreaves and Hauxwell-Baldwin (2015) argue that the reason for this slow adoption is the technology-centered approach used in their development and propose that following a user-centered approach would be a solution. A user-centered approach to smart homes technologies requires exploration of users’ expectations of future homes. An important step in this exploration is deciding on the user group, i.e., whose expectations will be examined. Selecting individuals from appropriate technology adoption categories (Rogers, 2003) is key to produce knowledge that can be used to design technologies desirable for a wider audience. This is because consumers from different technology adoption categories usually have different characteristics influencing their expectations. Consumers can be categorized into five groups according to their adoption of new technologies. These are innovators (technology enthusiasts), early adopters (visionaries), early majority (pragmatists), late majority (conservatives) and laggards (skeptics) (Rogers, 2003; Moore, 2014). Early adopters and early majority, who represent almost 50% of the consumer market, are the main drivers of early and mainstream consumer markets. This study aimed at eliciting the expectations of future users from these groups to better understand how smart home technologies can be designed to meet the expectations of a wider audience. Another important step in this exploration is deciding on the focus of the smart home, i.e., which components will be examined. Smart homes have four main components: 1) a network of appliances and devices (household appliances, sensors, multimedia devices and control devices), 2) communication network, 3) algorithms and data processing methods and 4) services and utilities (Alam, Reaz, & Ali, 2012). This study focused on smart household appliances in terms of these four components and people’s expectations of these appliances in the future home. Several reasons motivated this choice. First, when household appliances are augmented with sensing, processing and networking capabilities, they can serve as the building blocks of smart homes (Kortuem, Kawsar, Sundramoorthy, & Fitton, 2010). Second, from the user’s perspective, these appliances have ORIGINAL ARTICLE