Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A New Species of Nototheniid (Perciformes: Notothenioidei) Fish from Mcmurdo Sound, Antarctica

Abstract A new species of nototheniid fish, Cryothenia amphitreta, is described from a single gravid female collected in mid-November 2004 by divers in McMurdo Sound in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica. The new species closely resembles the only known congener, C. peninsulae, collected off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, but differs substantially in pelvic-fin length (13.4 vs. 19.3–24.4% SL), total vertebrae (57 vs. 50–53), body size at maturity (261 vs. 100–144 mm), and interorbital-pit morphology. The neutrally-buoyant C. amphitreta is characterized by a wide, well-defined interorbital pit divided by a raised medial ridge, scales anterior to this depression in the interorbital region, and a dark pigmentation of the mouth, gill, and body cavity linings. This species is protected against freezing by high levels of antifreeze proteins in its body fluids. Phylogenetic reconstruction using the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (mtND2) suggests that C. amphitreta falls within the current designation of the nototheniid subfamily Trematominae.
Isotropic shear bond strength behavior of superficial bovine dentin: A pilot study

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of superficial bovine incisor dentin in different crown regions. Bonding was performed to the incisal, middle and cervical thirds of superficial bovine coronal dentin (n = 20) with a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (Optibond Solo Plus) and resin composite (Z100). Shear bond strength was evaluated at 24 h and failure modes of representative specimens wereobserved with FE-SEM. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test with a significance level of 0.05 was used for data analysis. Mean shear bond strength values for the incisal, middle, and cervical thirds were 36.9 (3.1), 42.6 (2.6), and 37.1 (2.1) respectively with no significant differences evidenced between the crown thirds (p = 0.19). Observation of the failure mode of representative specimens demonstrated that specimens with high bond strength values exhibited predominantly mixed-type failures whereas low strength specimens exhibited adhesive failures between the dentin and adhesive. The absence of significant differences in shear bond strength between crown thirds indicate that, regardless of tubule orientation, any crown region can be used when superficial bovine incisor dentin is used for shear bond strength testing.
Adaptive Media Replication in Unstructured P2P File Sharing Systems Based on Geographical Properties and Query Distributions

Assuring acceptable delivery performance and resource availability is a very relevant issue in P2P networks. We see that replication strategies in P2P file sharing systems are mainly designed to assure high resource hit rate, rather than to improve average delivery throughput. In this paper we present a new replication strategy in an unstructured and decentralized P2P network that, as well as providing high average hit rate, significantly improves delivery performances in comparison to freenet-based and random replication strategies. Also, we show that the only average request rate is not a good metric to trigger replication processes. So we propose a new locality-aware replication and replacement strategy based on both topological properties and local user preferences. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy provides higher hit rate and average download speed in comparison to Freenet-based and other replication approaches.
Cytogenetic Studies on European Brown Hare, Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) in Turkey

Summary In this study, the karyotype, C-heterochromatin blocks, and nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) of four specimens of Lepus europaeus from Turkey were examined. The diploid number of chromosomes (2n), the fundamental number of chromosome arms (FN), and the number of autosomal arms (FNa) were determined as 48, 90, and 86, respectively. All of the chromosomes have been determined to be possessed of centromeric constitutive heterochromatin, except of the pair no. 10. The X chromosome had centromeric heterochromatin and Y chromosome had pericentromeric heterochromatin. There were no distal C-bands in any chromosome of samples. The NORs have been determined to be located in the terminal regions of the long arms of three subtelocentric chromosomes (nos. 15, 16, and 18). Any relation was not determined between the localization of the NORs and C-positive regions of autosomes.
GB virus C infection in Indonesian HIV‐positive patients

GB virus C (GBV‐C), a human virus of the Flaviviridae family that is structurally and epidemiologically closest to hepatitis C virus (HCV), has been reported to confer beneficial outcomes in HIV‐positive patients. However, the prevalence of GBV‐C in HIV‐positive individuals in Indonesia is unknown. Since GBV‐C is more prevalent in anti‐HCV positive patients than in anti‐HCV negative subjects, transmission of GBV‐C and HCV could be by the same method. This study examined the prevalence and molecular characteristics of GBV‐C infection in HIV patients in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The prevalence of GBV‐C among HIV patients (n = 125, median age 31 years) based on the 5′UTR region was 111/125 (88.8%), including 39/48 (81.3%) and 72/77 (93.5%) HIV‐infected patients with and without HCV infection, respectively. GBV‐C isolates were of genotype 2a, 3 and 6 in 58.3%, 12.6% and 28.4% of patients, respectively. Patients with genotype 3 were significantly younger than those with genotypes 2a or 6 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.012, respectively). Genotypes 3 and 6 were significantly associated with injection drug use (P = 0.004 and P = 0.002, respectively) and HCV co‐infection (P < 0.001 for both genotypes), indicating a shared transmission route with HCV. In conclusion, the prevalence of GBV‐C among HIV‐positive patients in Indonesia is high, and three genotypes were detected, namely genotype 2a, 3 and 6.
Cognitive modulation of emotion anticipation

Anticipating salient emotions is a vital function related to attention, self control and other cognitive mechanisms. Expecting affective events can trigger regulatory processes that prepare an organism, for example, to cope with possible threat. However, there are situations, like waiting at the dentist's or preparing for a public appearance, in which down‐regulation of especially negative emotions linked with the upcoming event is necessary or favorable. A strategy to achieve this is cognitive distraction, a process with up to now barely known neural mechanisms. We used graded cognitive distraction during the anticipation of subsequent negative emotions in order to induce down‐regulation of the emotional response in an event‐related fMRI design. Accordingly, we found down‐regulation of anterior rostral medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala activation during anticipatory cognitive distraction with the anterior medial prefrontal cortex being negatively correlated with the lateral prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, we demonstrated that anticipatory distraction does not influence subsequent emotion processing, i.e. does not reduce subsequent activation in emotion‐processing brain areas. We conclude that effortful anticipatory cognitive distraction effectively down‐regulates emotion processing during anticipation but not subsequent emotion information processing. These results help in the understanding of general mechanisms of emotion regulation and have implications for applied fields like cognitive behavioral therapy.
Response variability in rapid automatized naming predicts reading comprehension

A total of 37 children ages 8 to 14 years, screened for word-reading difficulties (23 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD; 14 controls) completed oral reading and rapid automatized naming (RAN) tests. RAN trials were segmented into pause and articulation time and intraindividual variability. There were no group differences on reading or RAN variables. Color- and letter-naming pause times and number-naming articulation time were significant predictors of reading fluency. In contrast, number and letter pause variability were predictors of comprehension. Results support analysis of subcomponents of RAN and add to literature emphasizing intraindividual variability as a marker for response preparation, which has relevance to reading comprehension.
Positive and Negative Information - Insider Trading Rethought

Twenty-first century's corporate scandals have put the traditional debate on insider trading in a new perspective. A small number of corporate law scholars have started to distinguish between insider trading on positive information and insider trading on negative information (or non-whistleblower information and whistleblower information, respectively). They essentially argue that cases like Enron would not have happened if insider trading were allowed. Insiders would have started to trade on bad news and thereby disclose information that was concealed. The fact that managers were able to keep negative information secret was due to a prohibition on insider trading which allowed them to agree not to trade on that information. Anyone who did could be reported to the SEC, thereby deterring the distribution of negative information through market mechanisms. The distinction between positive and negative information was long recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States, most prominently in Dirks v. SEC. The article seeks to consolidate the recent reinterpretations of this important case according to economic analysis. It argues that the law distinguishes between positive and negative information and highlights the efficiencies of this distinction. It furthermore shows how the production of information can be separated from the distribution of information, in order to avoid potential distortions.
Altruistic Individuals, Selfish Firms? The Structure of Motivation in Open Source Software

Altruistic individuals, selfish firms? The structure of motivation in Open Source software by Andrea Bonaccorsi and Cristina Rossi During 2002, we conducted a survey on 146 Italian firms supplying Open Source software. This paper compares our data on firms’ motivations with data emerging from surveys made on individual programmers. We analyse the role played by different classes of motivations (social, economic and technological) in determining the involvement of different groups of agents in Open Source activities.
The formulation, empirical specification and testing of a model of consumer information search behavior for new automobiles

Information search is a critical component of the purchase decision process for most consumer durables. This paper postulates a descriptive model of information search and tests the hypothesized relationships using survey data obtained from a probability sample of new automobile purchasers. The results support the hypothesis that there are at least two unique components of prior knowledge: specific product knowledge and general product-class knowledge. The former causes less external search, the latter causes more external search. Cost of search was found to be negatively related to external search, while external search was found to be positively related to cost savings. Satisfaction was found to be related to cost savings but not to external search.
The effect of long‐term untreated growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and 9 years of GH replacement on the quality of life (QoL) of GH‐deficient adults

background Quality of life (QoL) is reduced in GH‐deficient adults compared with the normal population. Further support for the role of GH in the maintenance of QoL is derived from short‐term studies of GH replacement in severely GH‐deficient adults; these have predominantly reported beneficial effects, although the degree of improvement has often been modest. To date, however, there are few data to demonstrate whether this beneficial effect on QoL is maintained in the long term.
ErbB3 and ErbB2/neu mediate the effect of heregulin on acetylcholine receptor gene expression in muscle: differential expression at the endplate.

Motor neurons modulate acetylcholine receptor (AChR) gene expression in skeletal muscle by two signalling pathways: the transmitter‐evoked depolarization of muscle membrane inhibits AChR gene transcription throughout the myofibre presumably via activation of a serine/threonine kinase, while the transcription rates of AChR genes in the synaptic region are increased by nerve‐derived trophic factors including AChR‐inducing activity (ARIA). To gain further insight into these interactions we characterized the receptor for heregulin (HRG)/ARIA in muscle. We showed that HRG increases AChR alpha‐subunit mRNA levels via tyrosine phosphorylation of ErbB3 and ErbB2/neu in myotubes. The protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, pervanadate, potentiated the responses to HRG that were in turn blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erstatin, indicating the relevance of tyrosine phosphorylation to these events. The effects of HRG were inhibited by enhanced cellular serine/threonine phosphorylation which has been implicated in the repression of AChR genes by electrical activity. Immunocytochemical analysis of adult rat muscle revealed that while ErbB2/neu is present throughout the entire surface of the myofibre membrane, ErbB3 expression is exclusively restricted to the endplate suggesting its involvement in synapse‐specific transcription of AChR genes by HRG/ARIA.
Developmental Changes in the Acceptance of Protein Hydrolysate Formula

To investigate the age-related changes in the acceptance of a protein hydrolysate formula, Nutramigen, and to determine whether infants' response to a novel formula is related to their mothers' willingness to try novel foods, healthy infants, who were either 1 to 2 (Group 1) or 7 to 8 (Group 1 retested and Group 2) months of age, were fed their familiar brand of milk- or soy-based formula on one testing day and a casein hydrolysate formula, Nutramigen, on another. The data revealed that infants younger than 2 months detected the difference between Nutramigen and their regular formulas as evidenced by a slight, relative depression in intakes (p=.04). However, these infants drank substantial amounts of the Nutramigen and satiated while feeding it. In marked contrast, virtually all of the 7- to 8-month-old infants rejected the Nutramigen (p=.000002), and this was evident within the 1st minute of the feed. Finally, there was a significant correlation between the mothers' eating habits as determined by the questionnaires and the 1- to 2-month-old infants' response to Nutramigen. Mothers who exhibited a greater willingness to consume novel foods (p=.003) or less food neophobia (p=.04) had infants who consumed relatively more of the Nutramigen.
The Competitive Destination: A Sustainable Tourism Perspective

As the title of this book identifies clearly, the authors combine the concepts of competitiveness and sustainability, which some may feel are difficult to reconcile, to provide guidance to enhance the management of tourism destinations. The contents of this book are not novel for it does not contain new insights on the topics that are covered or fresh case studies. However, it is innovative in that it introduces, within the same document, competitiveness and sustainability, embellishes these concepts and uses them to develop a conceptual framework. The explication of this framework is both the objective and content of the book. The focus is upon tourism destinations. The emphasis is on places with multiple attractions and accommodation establishments but the framework has applicability to countries and larger regions; states counties and smaller places; and there is also much of utility to the individual operator. The authors are devotees of Porter whose seminal works underpin their thinking, albeit with modifications to fit tourism.
Corporate Environmental Policy and Shareholder Value: Following the Smart Money

We examine the value consequences of corporate social responsibility through the lens of institutional shareholders. We find a sharp asymmetry between corporate policies that mitigate the firm’s exposure to environmental risk and those that enhance its perceived environmental friendliness (“greenness”). Institutional investors shun stocks with high environmental risk exposure, which we show have lower valuations, as predicted by risk management theory. These findings suggest that corporate environmental policies that mitigate environmental risk exposure create shareholder value. In contrast, firms that increase greenness do not create shareholder value and are also shunned by institutional investors.
Do Industry Growth Prospects Drive IPO Stock Performance?

We examine the relation between an ex ante measure of IPO growth prospects – the industry-level long-term analyst earnings growth forecast – and short- and long-run IPO returns, using a sample of 7,570 IPOs from 1982 to 2007. The use of an industry-level, rather than firm-level growth measure allows the examination of the fullest set of IPOs. We find that before the Internet bubble period (1999-2000), IPOs in industries with high growth prospects earn high first-day and long-run returns up to three years after the IPO. Industry growth has the largest economic impact on IPO long-run performance among all factors we consider, and this effect is strongest among IPOs with sparse firm-level information. However, during the Internet bubble period, the effect of industry growth on long-run performance dramatically reverses so that IPOs in high-growth industries underperform in the long run. For both the short-run and long-run returns in both periods, the industry growth effects are stronger when returns are value-weighted, suggesting that the effects are stronger for larger IPOs which are more representative of their industries. Our results are most consistent with investors’ tendency to underreact to growth prospects of the IPO in normal times, which leads to superior long-run performance for firms in high-growth industries; and their tendency to overreact to the same information during a pronounced market bubble. In the post-bubble period, there is some evidence that the negative relation between industry growth and long-run performance lingers, with much reduced magnitude. In addition, post-bubble IPO withdrawals are more likely to be observed in high growth industries, in contrast with the negative association between withdrawal and industry growth prior to and during the bubble. Therefore, post-bubble investors appear to have a distaste for IPOs in high growth industries, presumably a spill-over effect of the Internet bubble bursting.
What Is eHealth (3): A Systematic Review of Published Definitions

Context The term eHealth is widely used by many individuals, academic institutions, professional bodies, and funding organizations. It has become an accepted neologism despite the lack of an agreed-upon clear or precise definition. We believe that communication among the many individuals and organizations that use the term could be improved by comprehensive data about the range of meanings encompassed by the term. Objective To report the results of a systematic review of published, suggested, or proposed definitions of eHealth. Data Sources Using the search query string “eHealth” OR “e-Health” OR “electronic health”, we searched the following databases: Medline and Premedline (1966-June 2004), EMBASE (1980-May 2004), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-May 2004), Web of Science (all years), Information Sciences Abstracts (1966-May 2004), Library Information Sciences Abstracts (1969-May 2004), and Wilson Business Abstracts (1982-March 2004). In addition, we searched dictionaries and an Internet search engine. Study Selection We included any source published in either print format or on the Internet, available in English, and containing text that defines or attempts to define eHealth in explicit terms. Two of us independently reviewed titles and abstracts of citations identified in the bibliographic databases and Internet search, reaching consensus on relevance by discussion. Data Extraction We retrieved relevant reports, articles, references, letters, and websites containing definitions of eHealth. Two of us qualitatively analyzed the definitions and coded them for content, emerging themes, patterns, and novel ideas. Data Synthesis The 51 unique definitions that we retrieved showed a wide range of themes, but no clear consensus about the meaning of the term eHealth. We identified 2 universal themes (health and technology) and 6 less general (commerce, activities, stakeholders, outcomes, place, and perspectives). Conclusions The widespread use of the term eHealth suggests that it is an important concept, and that there is a tacit understanding of its meaning. This compendium of proposed definitions may improve communication among the many individuals and organizations that use the term.
External Cephalic Version: A Single Centre Experience

Incidence of caesarean section for breech presentation has increased markedly. External cephalic version (ECV) is effective in reducing non cephalic presentation at births and caesarean section (CS) for breech presentation. Success rates are good but there is increasing need for induction of labour (IOL) as well as for intrapartum CS for reasons that are not clear. The aim of this study was to report the experience with ECV at a single centre where ECVs were performed by or under the guidance of one senior clinician. This was a 7-year retrospective audit of 147 ECVs at a single centre in Queensland. ECV was successful in 53.7%, 34% in nulliparous and 69% in multiparous women. Of the few variables explored, nulliparity was the only variable that was associated with poor success. Among those with successful ECV, 32 (40.5%) had IOL. Intrapartum CS rate in women who had had a successful ECV was 16.5% compared to 11% for the hospital. There was no difference in early neonatal outcome between the groups. We have confirmed a success rate that is comparable with many other studies. Mothers with successful ECV do have a higher IOL and a higher CS rate especially in women whose labour is induced. We suggest a need to look at some novel methods to increase uptake further and to improve success rates in nulliparous women.
On the Distribution of NBTI Time Constants on a Long, Temperature-Accelerated Time Scale

Recent investigations on individual defects contributing to negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) showed that the emission and capture time constants are thermally activated via an Arrhenius law. We apply this finding to conventional micrometer-sized devices where NBTI is the response of up to millions of defects. We rapidly switch the device temperature using an on-chip heating structure in order to accelerate NBTI stress and recovery and acquire experimental data on an up to 18 decades long time scale. On this extended time scale, we find that the distribution of NBTI defect time constants is log-normal with large mean and variance which follows directly from a normal distribution of energy barriers in Arrhenius law. As such, our work clearly identifies the role of temperature for NBTI and suggests a method for accurate life-time estimations.