Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Turbulent dissipation rates, mixing, and heat fluxes in the Canadian Arctic from glider-based microstructure measurements

Turbulent Dissipation Rates, Mixing, and Heat Fluxes in the Canadian Arctic from Glider-based Microstructure Measurements Benjamin Scheifele 1 , Stephanie Waterman 1 and Jeff Carpenter 2 1 Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany 2 Institute contact B. Scheifele at bscheife@eos.ubc. ca Abstract We present new observations from a microstructure-equipped ocean glider in the south- eastern Beaufort Sea of the Canadian Arctic. The glider measured 345 quasi-vertical profiles of microstructure shear and finescale temperature and salinity. We use these measurements to calculate the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and to as- sess the strength of turbulent mixing. The region is characterized by strong stratification, and we find that despite dissipation rates varying across four orders of magnitude, tur- bulence is only rarely energetic enough to create a meaningful buoyancy flux. In the vast majority of our measurements, turbulent mixing is inhibited by the stratification. Introduction This article presents our study of mixing in the southeastern Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean; it’s ultimate goal is to understand mixing rates and associated heat fluxes in the Canada Basin thermocline. To do this, we measure ocean turbulence because, in the absence of vertical advective motion, mixing due to turbulence is thought to be the primary mechanism by which heat is transported vertically in the watercolumn. The vertical transport of heat remains a key topic in studies of the Arctic Ocean because oceanic heat fluxes are a prime candidate for explaining enhanced heat fluxes to the floating sea ice pack which has been melting at unprecedented rates over the last three decades. Warm water containing enough heat to melt the entire Arctic Ocean sea-ice pack in the span of a few years circulates horizontally in the Canada Basin between 200-800 m depth (Turner, 2010). This water, the largest integrated source of heat to the Arctic Ocean, is associated with inflow from the Atlantic Ocean and has a temperature maximum at 400 m depth. It is trapped below a ∼100 m thick layer of colder (but fresher) water of Pacific origin, effectively isolating it from the surface mixed layer and the overlying sea ice. Despite a number of studies which have used various methods to quantify the flux of heat from the warm Atlantic Water layer upwards through the thermocline, our understand- ing of the size and distribution of vertical heat fluxes remains in many ways a mystery (Carmack et al., 2015). In the study described below, we measured temperature, salinity, and microstructure shear in one geographic region of the Beaufort Sea. From these mea- surements, we calculate turbulent dissipation and mixing rates in order to estimate heat fluxes through the thermocline. VIII th Int. Symp. on Stratified Flows, San Diego, USA, Aug. 29 - Sept. 1, 2016
Natural Killer Group 2A Expressed on Both Peripheral CD3-CD56+NK Cells and CD3+CD8+T Cells Plays a Pivotal Negative Regulatory Role in the Progression of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure.

To explore the role of surface receptors natural killer group 2A (NKG2A) and natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) on CD3+CD8+T cells and CD3-CD56+NK cells in the progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), we measured the expression of NKG2A and NKG2D on the surface of these 2 types of circulating cells by flow cytometry in 3 groups. One group consists of 36 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), another one consists of 22 patients with HBV-related ACLF, and the last one has 12 normal controls (NC). The experimental result indicated that there was no significant difference in the proportion of CD3+CD8+T cells in total lymphocytes between the 3 groups. However, the percentage of CD3-CD56+NK cells in ACLF group was evidently higher than that in the CHB group (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of NKG2D on CD3+CD8+T cells in the ACLF group was significantly lower than that in the CHB group (P < 0.05), but there were no statistically significant differences in its percentages on CD3-CD56+NK cells between the 3 groups. The expression of NKG2A on CD3+CD8+T cells in the ACLF group was significantly higher than that in the NC group (P < 0.05), and on NK cells was significantly higher than that in the CHB group (P < 0.05) and NC group (P < 0.01). The increase in ratios of NKG2A to NKG2D on CD3+CD8+T cells and CD3-CD56+NK cells in the ACLF group was significantly more than that in the CHB group and NC group. The results indicate that the imbalance between NKG2A and NKG2D may contribute to the progression of HBV-related ACLF mediated by CD3-CD56+NK cells and CD3+CD8+T cells. Compared with NKG2D, NKG2A expressed on both peripheral CD3-CD56+NK cells and CD3+CD8+T cells plays a more pivotal negative regulatory role in the progression of HBV-related ACLF.
Assessing Use of Cognitive Heuristic Representativeness in Clinical Reasoning

We performed a pilot study to investigate use of the cognitive heuristic Representativeness in clinical reasoning. We tested a set of tasks and assessments to determine whether subjects used the heuristics in reasoning, to obtain initial frequencies of heuristic use and related cognitive errors, and to collect cognitive process data using think-aloud techniques. The study investigates two aspects of the Representativeness heuristic - judging by perceived frequency and representativeness as causal beliefs. Results show that subjects apply both aspects of the heuristic during reasoning, and make errors related to misapplication of these heuristics. Subjects in this study rarely used base rates, showed significant variability in their recall of base rates, demonstrated limited ability to use provided base rates, and favored causal data in diagnosis. We conclude that the tasks and assessments we have developed provide a suitable test-bed to study the cognitive processes underlying heuristic errors.
A Conceptual Model for Aligning IT Valuation Methods

The relationship between IT and value is complex and often disputed. Researchers and practitioners have created numerous models and valuation methods to capture this value. Although payoffs from IT investment are a function of strategic alignment, most of these models do not address the alignment of business and IT as a factor that influences or creates value. This paper explores the role of business and IT alignment in the valuation methods of IT assets and investments. It focuses on the impacts resulting from the use of IT assets, considering the function and nature of the impacts. It also explores the alignment of IT valuation and business strategy. The paper is concluded with the construction of a comprehensive selection model that provides guidance for aligning the IT valuation method with the specific characteristics, impacts and organizational context of an IT asset or investment.
In township tonight!: South Africa's Black city music and theatre

David B. Coplan's pioneering social history of black South Africa's urban music, dance, and theater established itself as a classic soon after its publication in 1985. As the first substantial history of black performing arts in South Africa, "In Township Tonight! " was championed by a broad range of scholars and treasured by fans of South African music. Now completely revised, expanded, and updated, this new edition takes account of developments over the last thirty years while reflecting on the massive changes in South African politics and society since the end of the apartheid era.In vivid detail, Coplan comprehensively explores more than three centuries of the diverse history of South Africa's black popular culture, taking readers from indigenous musical traditions into the world of slave orchestras, pennywhistlers, clergyman-composers, the gum-boot dances of mineworkers, and touring minstrelsy and vaudeville acts. This up-to-date edition of a landmark work will be welcomed by scholars of ethnomusicology and African studies, world music fans, and anyone concerned with South Africa and its development.
Metabolic Myopathies

ABSTRACTPurpose of Review: Metabolic myopathies are genetic disorders that impair intermediary metabolism in skeletal muscle. Impairments in glycolysis/glycogenolysis (glycogen-storage disease), fatty acid transport and oxidation (fatty acid oxidation defects), and the mitochondrial respiratory chain (mitochondrial myopathies) represent the majority of known defects. The purpose of this review is to develop a diagnostic and treatment algorithm for the metabolic myopathies.Recent Findings: The metabolic myopathies can present in the neonatal and infant period as part of more systemic involvement with hypotonia, hypoglycemia, and encephalopathy; however, most cases present in childhood or in adulthood with exercise intolerance (often with rhabdomyolysis) and weakness. The glycogen-storage diseases present during brief bouts of high-intensity exercise, whereas fatty acid oxidation defects and mitochondrial myopathies present during a long-duration/low-intensity endurance-type activity or during fasting or another metabolically stressful event (eg, surgery, fever). The clinical examination is often normal between acute events, and evaluation involves exercise testing, blood testing (creatine kinase, acylcarnitine profile, lactate, amino acids), urine organic acids (ketones, dicarboxylic acids, 3-methylglutaconic acid), muscle biopsy (histology, ultrastructure, enzyme testing), MRI/spectroscopy, and targeted or untargeted genetic testing.Summary: Accurate and early identification of metabolic myopathies can lead to therapeutic interventions with lifestyle and nutritional modification, cofactor treatment, and rapid treatment of rhabdomyolysis.
Effet du mode d’élevage sur la prolificité des truies de race locale du Bénin et la viabilité de leurs porcelets, de la naissance au sevrage

L’effet du mode d’elevage sur la prolificite des truies de race locale et la viabilite de leurs porcelets, a ete etudie dans 4 localites. Le lot experimental compose de 30 truies a ete suivi sur le plan sanitaire et a recu un complement d’aliment du dernier mois de la gestation au sevrage des porcelets, tandis que les animaux du lot temoin composes de 36 truies, etaient eleves suivant le mode d’elevage traditionnel classique. La taille de la portee des truies locales du lot temoin a ete plus faible (P celui du lot experimental (5,68%). De la naissance au sevrage, le poids a âge-type des porcelets experimentaux a ete significativement plus eleve par rapport a ceux des temoins (P Mots cles: Porc, portee, prolificite, mortalite, poids, croissance, mortinatalite
How Much of the Internal Sphincter May Be Divided During Lateral Sphincterotomy for Chronic Anal Fissure in Women? Morphologic and Functional Evaluation After Sphincterotomy

BACKGROUND: Sphincterotomy is used to treat chronic anal fissure, but the length of the sphincterotomy is associated with incontinence. OBJECTIVE: We used 3-dimensional anal ultrasonography to determine the proportion of the internal anal sphincter that may be divided during lateral internal sphincterotomy in women without predisposing them to a high risk of fecal incontinence. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a prospective, observational cohort study conducted at a tertiary-care hospital. PATIENTS: Women treated for chronic anal fissure with high anal resting pressure and no symptoms of fecal incontinence were selected. Asymptomatic women recruited from different departments of the same hospital served as controls to provide reference values for anal canal measurements. INTERVENTION: Patients underwent a standardized technique of lateral internal sphincterotomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three-dimensional ultrasonography was used to measure sphincter lengths. Continence was assessed with the Cleveland Clinic Florida (Wexner) score. The relationship between the extent of the surgically divided portion of the internal anal sphincter and the continence score was evaluated. RESULTS: Successful healing was achieved in all patients within 2 months. Follow-up continence scores were significantly correlated with the extent of sphincter division. The proportion of patients with a continence score of 0 was significantly greater in patients in whom sphincter division was less than 25% in comparison with patients with a division of 25% or more. Anal canal and sphincter lengths in patients after sphincterotomy did not significantly differ from those in asymptomatic women. LIMITATIONS: The study is limited by its nonrandomized nature and the lack of preoperative ultrasound assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Based on data from this study, the safe extent of division is less than 25% of the total sphincter length, which in women corresponds to less than 1 cm.
The integration of Italian immigrants into the United States and Argentina: a comparative analysis.

Argentina and the United States were the two nations that absorbed the largest number of Italian immigrants during the period of Europes greatest intercontinental migration. Both began to attract Italians on a large scale from the decade of the 1880s and both continued to accept them in large numbers until the outbreak of World War I and again in the early 1920s. Although the timing intensity and peak of Italian immigration differed somewhat in the two nations their migration flows occurred within largely similar bounds. Yet despite this common historical evolution Italian integration and mobility within the two societies differed markedly during the first generation and continues to differ substantially to the present day. The dual aim of this very preliminary survey is to determine the nature of this differing experience of mobility and to suggest factors that explain its evolution. This will involve a study of the regional origins of the Italian immigrants as well as their comparative American integration in terms of occupational distribution social mobility and relative wealth. (excerpt)
Modeling and analysis of collaboration network in large-scale complex software systems

Large-scale software systems represent an important class of artificial complex systems, which can be investigated from the complex network perspective. Based on the collaboration network model, the collaboration relationships between header files from source code of large-scale computer software systems are explored. It has been found that the generated network displays a high degree of heterogeneity in connectivity. The structural heterogeneity also leads to network's another important feature - “Robust yet fragile”. That is the network displays an unexpected degree of robustness to random attack or disturbance, but is extremely vulnerable to intentional attack, i.e. to the removal of a few of highly connected nodes. These findings can help people to get a better understanding of the organizational principles and evolving mechanism of complex software systems.
Genistein-Induced Changes in Gene Expression in Panc 1 Cells at Physiological Concentrations of Genistein

Objectives: To investigate the effect of genistein on gene expression in Panc 1 cells using microarray technology. Methods: Panc 1 cells were treated with 10 μmol/L genistein or DMSO (vehicle control) for 0, 1, 3, 6, or 12 hours. Total RNA from each sample was isolated, and biotin-labeled probes were hybridized to the human genome U133A chip, after which the chip was washed and scanned. Data were analyzed using DMT software (Affymetrix). For genes that showed large changes in expression due to genistein, these changes were confirmed using real-time PCR assays. Results: Two independent microarray experiments showed that genistein significantly changed the expression of 47 genes: up-regulating of egr-1 and IL-8 and down-regulating of EGF-R AKT2, CYP1B1, NELL2, SCD, DNA ligase III, Rad as well as 18s and 28s rRNA and others. These alterations in expression were confirmed using real-time PCR, although the increase in change was not exactly the same in the 2 assays. Conclusions: Our data suggest the reported apparent ability of genistein to inhibit carcinogenesis may involve a number of pathways. The most obvious target is the EGF-R signaling pathway since the expression of 5 genes related to this pathway was reduced (EGFR, egr-1, AKT2, CYP1B1, and NELL2). Genistein may also act by disabling cancer cell self-protection by inhibiting expression of AKT2, CYP1B1, and DNA ligase III. Furthermore, genistein may inhibit car-cinogenesis by inhibiting expression of SCD. Finally, our data support findings indicating that genistein inhibits rRNA formation, which is an important mechanism by which genistein regulates tumor cell growth.
A Demographic Profile of the Tawahka Amerindians of Honduras*

Latin America's lowland indigenous groups have been characterized in contradictory ways. Are populations shrinking or growing? Do groups face cultural extinction, or are they increasingly asserting their ethnic identities? This article uses a case study of the Tawahka Amerindians of Honduras to show how basic demographic techniques can shed light on these issues. A multimethod approach resolves conflicting reports of population growth and ethnic admixture within the 1,000‐strong population. Household surveys indicate a contemporary growth rate in excess of 4 percent; a review of historical sources suggests that this rapid growth has been building for more than fifty years. Although genealogical evidence shows high levels of interethnic mixing since 1900, the Tawahka retain their language and identity. The potentially negative effects of rapid population growth on local resources are likely to be mitigated as the Tawahka translate their renewed ethnic identity into political gains, which in turn have increased educational and economic opportunities. Closer attention to microdemographic processes is recommended for those involved in the long‐term management of Latin America's indigenous homelands.
Living with/in and without neo-liberalism

This article explores some concerns about the concept of neo-liberalism, suggesting that it has been stretched too far to be productive as a critical analytical tool. Neo-liberalism suffers from promiscuity (hanging out with various theoret- ical perspectives), omnipresence (treated as a universal or global phenomenon), and omnipotence (identified as the cause of a wide variety of social, political and economic changes). Alternative ways of treating neo-liberalism as more contin- gent and contested are considered. These emphasize its mobile and flexible char- acter, stressing processes of contextual assemblage, articulation, and translation. The article concludes by wondering whether the concept of neo-liberalism is now so overused that it should be retired.
Changes in a train of action potentials in the rabbit atrium after a rest period: effects of various external media.

The effects of various external media on changes in the transmembrane action potential of the rabbit atrium during repetitive stimulation after a long period of rest were studied.1) The action potential elicited after the rest was characterized by a spike potential followed by a low-level plateau. Subsequent repetitive stimulation caused a progressive slowing down of the repolarization, an enhancement of the plateau and an increase in the amplitude of the action potential.2) Sodium lack and TTX added solutions caused a considerable decrease in the initial rapid rise of a train of action potentials with little modification of the plateau. A gradual prolongation and an increase in the amplitude of the plateau during the repetitive stimulation were also observed with these solutions.3) ACh abolished the plateau phase of the action potential without any modification of the initial spike potential, and suppressed changes in the action potential by repetitive stimulation remarkably. On the other hand, the plateau and the changes that were caused by repetitive stimulation were enhanced by the application of TEA.4) Calcium-free and calcium-rich solutions had little effect on the first action potential after the rest. In the subsequent action potentials, however, some shortening of the plateau was caused in both solutions.5) From the results, it was suggested that changes in the action potential by the repetitive stimulation could be explained by a decrease in the potassium conductance of the membrane in the sequence of stimulation.
Jaboticaba peel for jelly preparation: an alternative technology

The peel of jaboticaba is attractive regarding its nutritional, functional and sensory aspects. However, its use for consumption is still restricted due to the need of technological development in order to obtain processed preparations for its inclusion in the human diet. The purpose of this study was to produce jelly using the peel of jaboticaba and to characterize it chemically and sensorially. Diferent formulations were prepared, all with 50% of sugar and with different proportions of peel, pulp and pectin. The formulations, which were tested for preference, were the following: F1a (80% of peel, 20% of pulp and 0.5% of pectin) and F3b (50% of peel, 50% pulp and 1.0% of pectin). These formulations showed chemical composition of 216.44 mg phenolic compounds, 148.00 mg gallic acid.100 g –1 , 10.42 mg flavonoids, and 12.10 mg catechin . 100 g –1 , and 80% acceptability index. The peel presented higher levels of nutrients than the pulp, especially as source of fiber, carbohydrates and natural pigments. Results indicated the feasibility of technological nutritional harnessing of the jaboticaba peel in obtaining jelly. The results also indicated good sensory and nutritional characteristics, acceptability, and antioxidant properties of natural pigments.
Least-squares (LS) deconvolution of a series of overlapping cortical auditory evoked potentials: a simulation and experimental study

Objective. To evaluate the viability of disentangling a series of overlapping ‘cortical auditory evoked potentials’ (CAEPs) elicited by different stimuli using least-squares (LS) deconvolution, and to assess the adaptation of CAEPs for different stimulus onset-asynchronies (SOAs). Approach. Optimal aperiodic stimulus sequences were designed by controlling the condition number of matrices associated with the LS deconvolution technique. First, theoretical considerations of LS deconvolution were assessed in simulations in which multiple artificial overlapping responses were recovered. Second, biological CAEPs were recorded in response to continuously repeated stimulus trains containing six different tone-bursts with frequencies 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25 kHz separated by SOAs jittered around 150 (120–185), 250 (220–285) and 650 (620–685) ms. The control condition had a fixed SOA of 1175 ms. In a second condition, using the same SOAs, trains of six stimuli were separated by a silence gap of 1600 ms. Twenty-four adults with normal hearing (<20 dB HL) were assessed. Main results. Results showed disentangling of a series of overlapping responses using LS deconvolution on simulated waveforms as well as on real EEG data. The use of rapid presentation and LS deconvolution did not however, allow the recovered CAEPs to have a higher signal-to-noise ratio than for slowly presented stimuli. The LS deconvolution technique enables the analysis of a series of overlapping responses in EEG. Significance. LS deconvolution is a useful technique for the study of adaptation mechanisms of CAEPs for closely spaced stimuli whose characteristics change from stimulus to stimulus. High-rate presentation is necessary to develop an understanding of how the auditory system encodes natural speech or other intrinsically high-rate stimuli.