Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interaction between the Atlantic meridional and Niño modes

Interaction between the tropical Atlantic meridional and Niño modes is investigated using observations and a quasi‐analytical linear equatorial wave model. It is found that equatorial zonal wind stress anomalies associated with the boreal spring meridional mode generate eastward propagating equatorial Kelvin waves in the central and eastern Atlantic Ocean, where variability associated with the Niño mode is strongest. These same wind stress anomalies force westward propagating equatorial Rossby waves that reflect at the western boundary into eastward propagating Kelvin waves during boreal spring and summer. The boundary‐generated Kelvin waves are of the opposite sign to those directly forced by the winds earlier in the spring, so they tend to damp the Niño mode during boreal summer. The interaction between the boreal spring meridional mode and the summer Niño is therefore mediated by directly wind‐forced equatorial Kelvin waves and the delayed negative feedback from western boundary reflections of wind‐forced Rossby waves.
TESTING RESULTS OF MOWER WITH DIFFERENT CUTTING DEVICES IN ALFALFA MOWING

Alfalfa is an important legume culture, which plays an important role in ruminant nutrition, as well as quality fodder. Intensive production of alfalfa involves the use of appropriate mechanization, i.e. the mower, keeping in mind that the cutting is the first operation in the preparation technology of forage. Mowing must be done in an optimal agrotechnical term, because it reduces the negative impact of external factors and can be done a variety of mowers. The quality of mower is reflected in terms of height stem cutting cutter bar, the amount of losses caused by cutting and grinding, the total losses, efficiency of work procedures in relation to the structural surface and the resulting effect. Quality of work depends on several factors: state of crops, defining of relevant operation parameters, technical accuracy and staff skills. When the relevant parameters are not well coordinated, quality can significantly decrease, resulting in increased losses and poor quality work. The aim of our study was to determine the technical and technological indicators, quality of work achieved and the effects of four types of mowers in the defined modes. Classical oscillatory mower with fingers, standard design oscillatory two rod mower, drum rotary mower and five discs rotary mower were studied. The test method is derived from test objectives. Tests were done in two phases. In the first phase, there were determined work conditions: biological yield, crop characteristics, the average height of alfalfa, the presence of weeds, the condition of the terrain, climatic conditions, while the second phase determined the effects of work depending on the conditions. It was determined a cutting height, the losses during mowing, operating speed, realised effects. Based on the results of the effects of mower different with cutter bar in mowing alfalfa, it was concluded that the changes defined parameters demonstrated a statistically significant impact on the effects of work in all the mower. The lowest cutting height was recorded at the two rod mowers and was 4.52 cm (6.17 km h -1 ) and the highest was at the five discs rotary mower with 8.15 (11.35 km h -1 ). The smallest losses due to the cut height were in conventional mowers and the highest losses were in mowing with the five discs rotary mower and were 2.99% of yield. Total losses were varied in the range of 1.05 to 3.56% of the biological yield.
National policy brokering and the construction of the European Education Space in England, Sweden, Finland and Scotland

This paper draws on a comparative study of the growth of data and the changing governance of education in Europe. It looks at data and the ‘making’ of a European Education Policy Space, with a focus on ‘policy brokers’ in translating and mediating demands for data from the European Commission. It considers the ways in which such brokers use data production pressures from the Commission to justify policy directions in their national systems. The systems under consideration are Finland, Sweden, and England and Scotland. The paper focuses on the rise of Quality Assurance and Evaluation mechanisms and processes as providing the overarching rationale for data demands, both for accountability and performance improvement purposes. The theoretical resources that are drawn on to enable interpretation of the data are those that suggest a move from governing to governance and the use of comparison as a form of governance.
AWE-based corrective feedback on developing EFL learners’ writing skill

The effective design and use of Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE) tools in developing English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ writing skill and learner autonomy have remained great challenges for system designers, developers, and EFL instructors compared with that of the pencil-paper writing in the context of regular teacher-fronted classroom in Chinese higher educational institutions. The function of Corrective Feedback (CF) provided by the Pigai system, i.e. a webbased AWE tool in China (http://www.pigai.org/), can be reflected on the students’ writing scripts. To measure if AWE-based CF is beneficial to EFL learners in improving their writing skill as well as learner autonomy, a study was carried out based on the Pigai system in a web-based college English course which focuses on developing learners’ output abilities. The correlated data and feedback showed that the application of AWE-based CF, i.e. 10-minute online writing performance, did have a marked impact on EFL learners’ writing skill and learner autonomy. In this paper, the effects of using the AWE system and its CF on students’ efficacy in English writing as well as its pedagogical effectiveness will be discussed. Learners’ perceptions toward AWE-based CF and the effective use of AWE tools in EFL contexts will also be covered.
Bank of Canada Banque du Canada

Inflation equals the product of two terms: an extensive margin (the fraction of items with price changes) and an intensive margin (the average size of those changes). The variance of inflation over time can be decomposed into contributions from each margin. The extensive margin figures importantly in many state-dependent pricing models, whereas the intensive margin is the sole source of inflation changes in staggered time-dependent pricing models. We use micro data collected by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics to decompose the variance of consumer price inflation from 1988 through 2003. We find that around 95% of the variance of monthly inflation stems from fluctuations in the average size of price changes, i.e., the intensive margin. When we calibrate a prominent state-dependent pricing model to match this empirical variance decomposition, the model’s shock responses are very close to those in time-dependent pricing models. JEL classification: E31, E32 Bank classification: Inflation and prices
Unmet Need for Family Planning Among Women in HIV/AIDS Care at Antiretroviral Treatment Clinic in South Ethiopia: A Challenge toPrevention of Mother to Child Transmission

Background: Pregnancies in HIV positive women may or may not be desired. Family planning methods can be provided as an option to avoid undesired pregnancies. However, the prevalence of unmet need for family planning methods and its determinants among reproductive age women in HIV/AIDS care is not well known. This research assessed the prevalence and determinants of unmet need among HIV positive reproductive age women in HIV/AIDS care at Hawassa referral hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A quantitative cross sectional study was done on HIV positive reproductive age women in HIV/AIDS care antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinic Hawassa referral hospital. Married or cohabiting with partner women, who were sexually active one year prior to survey, were included. A total of 658 women were studied. Data were entered and cleaned using computer software. Logistic regression analysis was done to select determinants of unmet need for family planning. Results: The prevalence of unmet need for family planning was 19.1%, of whom 5.9% had unmet need for limiting and 13.2% for spacing. Women who were aged between 15-24 years [AOR, 2.86, 95%CI 1.09-7.48] and 25-34 years [AOR, 2.56, 95%CI, 1.18-5.57], illiterate [AOR, 2.76, 95%CI, 1.48-5.15] and completed primary education [AOR, 1.89, 95%CI, 1.05-3.40], had high unmet need for family planning. Women who desired children [AOR, 1.67, 95%CI, 1.01- 2.76], did not use family planning previously [AOR, 2.75, 95%CI, 1.07-7.06], did not receive family planning on day of interview at HIV/AIDS care [AOR, 6.82, 95%CI 2.73-17.06] and were not on ART [AOR, 1.71, 95%CI 1.06-2.74] had high unmet need. Conclusions: The prevalence of unmet need for family planning among women in HIV/AIDS care at Hawassa is high. Integration of family planning services at ART clinic and increased attention to women who are less educated, young adults, naive to family planning and not on ART is recommended.
Tool validation: Health professionals’ perception of the role for a cardiac rehabilitation program

Background: Complications from cardiovascular diseases represent a major concern to health professionals worldwide. Cardiac rehabilitation programs have proven to decrease disease progression, improve outcomes, and promote a healthy lifestyle. Similar evidence, however, has not been established in many countries, including Jordan. Exploring the health professionals’ understanding of the impact that a cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP) can make is necessary to increase stakeholder acceptance. One approach is to use a valid tool is that is focused on establishing a common understanding. Purpose: This study purpose was to validate a new composite tool that measured the health care professionals’ perceived role of cardiac rehabilitation programs, and factors influencing their establishment. Methods: A purposive sample of 110 health professionals working in clinical settings within Amman, Jordan completed a questionnaire, which was statistically examined for reliability and validity. Discussion: The resulting five themes (factors) from the internal consistency, principal component analysis and construct validity indicated that the questionnaire is valid and reliable. The emerging factors were: purpose of CRP; factors influencing establishing a CRP; definition of CRP; influence of CRP on health professionals’ scope of practice; and how does absence of CRP affect health professionals’ practice and patient outcome. Conclusion: Although the questionnaire is valid and reliable, it needs further study to ensure stability on retesting. There is a need to establish rehabilitation programs that on one hand expand the concept of health care and on the other expand the scope of practice and utilize the resources available within the community.
Adherence to anti-retroviral drugs in pregnant and lactating HIV Positive women in Brazzaville

Background : Anti-retroviral drugs reduce morbidity and mortality due to HIV and prevent transmission from mother to child. But compliance on anti-retroviral treatment is an essential element for the success of therapeutic goals. Objective : To assess the level of compliance of anti-retroviral treatment in pregnant and lactating HIV women and identify factors of non-compliance in Brazzaville. Design : An analytical and transversal study conducted in three specialised centres from March to June 2014. Setting : Three support centres for HIV patients in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. Subjects : It had interested pregnant and lactating HIV women and having given consent. The variables studied were: socio-demographic, related to treatment and linked to the health system. Five statistic tests were used: Yates’ chi², Fisher, Student, Kruskal-Wallis and Bartlett. Results: One hundred and thirty patients were included, the mean age was 32 years, 92.3% had good education level, and 72.3% lived as couple. The adherence to antiretroviral treatment within seven days before the survey was 77.7%. Factors significantly influencing non-adherence were: ignorance of HIV status by the partner (RR = 2.10 (1.12 - 3.92)), traditional treatment (RR = 1.77 (0.92 - 3.41), forgetfulness to take drugs (RR = 5.10 (2.07 - 12.55), and discomfort with side effects (RR = 2.12 (1.13 - 3.95). Conclusion : Several factors influence the non-adherence of anti-retroviral treatment. Improving compliance with treatment requires multi-sectoral participation.
Audit Committee Diversity - Malaysian Evidence After the Revision of MCCG

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between audit committee diversity and earnings management in Malaysia after the revision of the Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance (MCCG) in 2007. The sample for this study is drawn from 280 companies listed on Bursa Malaysia in 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2009. Multivariate regression analysis is used to address the research hypotheses. The discretionary accrual is estimated using the Modified Jones Model which is used to proxy for earnings management. The study finds negative correlation between the compositions of Malay audit committee members with earnings management. In contrast, female directors show no effect in mitigating earnings management which may be due to the small size of female members in the audit committee. This study provides to the researchers new empirical results on the effectiveness of audit committee diversity in mitigating earnings management after the amendments of MCCG. This study is important because it is among the pioneer empirical evidences to compare the effectiveness of audit committee diversity in mitigating earnings management between the pre and post revised MCCG periods. The audit committee diversity refers to ethnic diversity and gender diversity. Keywords : audit committee, gender diversity, ethnics diversity, earnings management
Student Satisfaction towards the Personalization of Appearance in Online Learning Environments

In this study, personalization of online learning environments, learner participation, and satisfaction in using these environments are inquired. With this purpose in mind, learners’ personalization preferences of appearance and their satisfaction regarding the personalization in online learning environments are determined. In data collection and analysis processes, both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. And the study was designed as an explanatory mixed method research. Data is collected from 60 second-year students registered to Instructional Design Course in Computer and Instructional Technology in Education Department in Faculty of Education at Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey. In the study, to test the difference between two means, independent samples t-test was carried out but among non-parametric methods, and Mann-Whitney U test was conducted, because the normality hypothesis was not obtained in the tests. In order to evaluate students’ learning environment usage and personalization of appearance satisfaction, survey was provided. Moreover, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were held with the students chosen among both the ones who fulfilled the personalization and the ones who did not. According to the results of the study, satisfaction level of the ones who did the personalization was higher than the ones who did not.
IN VIVO ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY OF THE ENDEMIC MEDICINAL PLANT CARALLUMA SARKARIAE R.BR. USING STZ INDUCED MALE WISTAR ALBINO RATS

Caralluma sarkariae is a succulent, endangered and endemic plant from southern Western Ghats. This species has used by ethanomedicinal practices by traditional healers of Southern Tamilnadu. Traditionally the plant has been used as the treatment of Rheumatism, ulcer, asthma, fever, inflammation, diabetes, stress, cancer and obesity. The methanolic extract of C. sarkariae was investigated for Anti-diabetic activity by STZ induced male wistar albino rats. The result indicated that the methanolic extract at the dose of 150mg/kg b.wt. , showed a Significant anti-diabetic activity as compared to the standard drug. The findings of the study suggest that the methanolic extract of C. sarkariae showed significant activities which confirm the traditional usage of this medicinal plant to treat the metabolic disorders.
O2 replenishment to fish nests: males adjust brood care to ambient conditions and brood development

Parental care through nest defense and maintenance enhances offspring success. In nature, obligate anemone-dwelling fishes and their nests of benthic eggs are protected against most predators by their host anemone; thus, parental care generally consists of nest tending through fanning and mouthing. Tending in fishes is believed to oxygenate the eggs; however, a real-time link between fanning and oxygenation is tenuous. This study investigated whether tending modified the oxygen microenvironment of the embryos and, subsequently, whether tending was modified according to ambient dissolved oxygen (DO), increasing metabolic demands of developing embryos, and water temperature. There was a time lag of approximately 1 s between tending and increases in the amount of oxygen within the nest, demonstrating that DO is directly affected by parental tending. While there was evidence of biparental care, males invested more time tending embryos (40% initially) than did females (20--30%), and male investment increased to 70% as embryo development progressed and embryonic metabolic demands increased. Additionally, male fish adjusted tending effort on a diel cycle as ambient DO fluctuated: time spent tending was lowest between 1000 and 1400 h (35%), when ambient DO was highest, and increased throughout the day, reaching a peak of 70% between 2200 and 0200 h, when ambient DO was lowest. Increased water temperature reduced the number of tending bouts per minute throughout the day but did not influence any other aspect of tending behavior. These results suggest that fish adjust tending behavior coincident to changing conditions in the nest, both on a daily basis and throughout development of the embryos. Copyright 2005.
Towards Resilience to Nuclear Accidents: Financing Nuclear Liabilities via Catastrophe Risk Bonds

In light of the 2011 Fukushima disaster, recent discussion has focused on finding the best nuclear storage options, maximizing the oversight power of global institutions and strengthening safety measures. In addition to these, the development of dependable liability coverage that can be tapped in an emergency is also needed and should be considered thoughtfully. To succeed, financing is essential using special purpose instruments from the global bond market which is as big as US$175 trillion. Thus, in this paper, for the very first time, a two-coverage type trigger nuclear catastrophe (N-CAT) risk bond for potentially supplementing the covering of US commercial nuclear power plants beyond the coverage per the Price Anderson Act as amended, and potentially other plants worldwide is proposed and designed. The N-CAT peril is categorized by three risk layers: incident, accident and major accident. The pricing formula is derived by using a semi-Markovian dependence structure in continuous time. A numerical application illustrates the main findings of the paper. Keyword: Nuclear power risk, catastrophe risk bonds, global market, liability, special purpose vehicle, twocoverage type trigger, semi-Markov environment.
VARIATIONS IN HIGH DEGREE ACOUSTIC MODE FREQUENCIES OF THE SUN DURING SOLAR CYCLES 23 AND 24

We examine continuous measurements of the high-degree acoustic mode frequencies of the Sun covering the period from 2001 July to 2014 June. These are obtained through the ring-diagram technique applied to the full-disk Doppler observations made by the Global Oscillation Network Group. The frequency shifts in the degree range of 180 ≤ ℓ ≤ ? > 1200 are correlated with different proxies of solar activity, e.g., 10.7 cm radio flux, the International Sunspot Number, and the strength of the local magnetic field. In general, a good agreement is found between the shifts and activity indices, and the correlation coefficients are found to be comparable with intermediate-degree mode frequencies. Analyzing the frequency shifts separately for the two cycles, we find that cycle 24 is weaker than cycle 23. Since the magnetic activity is known to be different in the two hemispheres, for the first time, we compute the frequency shifts over the two hemispheres separately and find that the shifts also display hemispheric asymmetry; the amplitude of shifts in the northern hemisphere peaked during late 2011, more than two years earlier than in the south. We further correlate the hemispheric frequency shifts with the hemispheric sunspot number and mean magnetic activity index (MAI). Since the frequency shifts and the hemispheric activity indices are found to be significantly correlated, we suggest that the shifts be used as an indicator of hemispheric activity since not many indices are measured over the two hemispheres separately. We also investigate the variation at different latitudinal bands and conclude that the shifts in active latitudes correlate well with the local MAI.
Development of Scopal Ambiguities in L1-Japanese Interlanguage English

In this paper I will report on the first stage of a semi-longitudinal study that investigates development of scopal ambiguities with the existential quantifier a/someone in the subject and the universal quantifier every in the object position in L2-English. Following the lead of Marsden (2009) who investigated the same phenomena with L1-English L2Japanese and L1-Korean L2-Japanese adults, the current study focused on L1-Japanese L2-English children. Considering the fact that Japanese and English differ with respect to scope rigidity, the current stage of the study examines Japanese children's interpretation of ambiguous doubly-quantified sentences in English early on in their L2 development when such ambiguity is ungrammatical with an equivalent sentence in a canonical word order in Japanese. The results are interpreted within Full Transfer/Full Access model (FT/FA) (Schwartz & Sprouse 1996) and the study raises conceptual issues for the direction of transfer. The study contributes to a relatively uninvestigated area in the acquisition of quantifiers as a syntax-semantics phenomenon in child L2 acquisition. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces scope in English and Japanese and briefly reviews relevant studies in L1 and L2 acquisition of scope. Section 3 introduces methodology. Section 4 presents the results and Section 5 briefly discusses the study and transfer effects within proposals raised in literature on bilingualism and concludes the paper.
The non-audit fee and the auditee’s failure risk

This paper examines whether the auditee’s financial situation affects the auditor’s non-audit fee and independ- ence. Three sets of tests were used to address the issue. The first examines whether there are cross-border and intertemporal differences in relationships between non-audit fees and audit fees. The second tests whether there is a relationship between non-audit fees and report modification. The third addresses the relationships between audit fees and the auditee’s financial situation. The results suggest a lack of coexistence of all three motives for the purchase of non-audit fee services, and substantial similarities of auditor and auditee behaviors across Po- land and New Zealand. We documented the lack of a significant link between auditee failure risk and the quality of the audit report. Our findings indicate an operational rather than a strategic nature of non-audit services to incumbent clients.