Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regional and central venous oxygen saturation monitoring following pediatric cardiac surgery: Concordance and association with clinical variables*

Objective: To compare changes in regional cerebral or flank oxygen saturation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy with changes in central venous oxygen saturation (Scvo2) and to determine clinical variables associated with these changes. Design: Prospective observational cohort study. Setting: University tertiary care center, pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Patients: Seventy postoperative congenital cardiac surgical patients (median age 0.3 yrs; interquartile range 0.02–0.46 yrs). Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: We measured temporally correlated regional oxygen saturation (rSo2) with hematologic (hematocrit), biochemical (arterial blood gas, Scvo2, and lactate) and physiologic (temperature, heart rate, mean blood pressure, and pulse oximetry) variables in the first postoperative day. Cerebral and flank rSo2 were strongly correlated with Scvo2, in both cyanotic or acyanotic patients and single- or two-ventricle physiology with and without aortic arch obstruction (all p < .001). However, individual values had wide limits of agreement on Bland-Altman analysis. The correlations of change in these measurements were weaker but still significant (all p < .0001), again with wide limits of agreement. Similar direction of change in cerebral rSo2 and Scvo2 was present 64% (95% confidence interval, 55–73%) of the time. Change in arterial pressure of carbon dioxide (&Dgr;Paco2) was associated with cerebral &Dgr;rSo2 (&Dgr;Paco2 &bgr; = 0.35, p < .0001) but not flank &Dgr;rSo2 or &Dgr;Scvo2. A pattern of relative cerebral desaturation (flank rSo2 > cerebral rSo2) was noted in a majority of patients (81%) with two-site monitoring regardless of bypass method or age. Conclusions: Neither individual values nor changes in rSo2 are interchangeable measures of Scvo2 in postoperative pediatric cardiac patients. The unique relationship between changes in Paco2 and cerebral rSo2 supports the hypothesis that cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy monitors regional cerebral oxygenation. Clinical application of this monitor must include recognition of the clinical variables that affect regional brain oxygenation.
On-road vehicle tracking using part-based particle filter

In this paper, we propose a part-based particle filter for on-road vehicle tracking. The proposed model takes part-based strategies into account in a particle filter. By introducing a hidden state vehicle center position, vehicle parts particles can be updated efficiently as a whole sharing same motion. With a pre-trained appearance and geometric model, tracker can distinguish parts with rich information from invalid parts to make a more precise prediction. Meanwhile some priori knowledge about the moving pattern of vehicles in well-structured on-road environment is learned, and can be used in the inference of measurement model and motion model to improve tracking performance and efficiency. Experiments were conducted with real data collected in Beijing to examine the performance in different situations on both the advantages and challenges. The Beijing highway dataset for on-road vehicle tracking will be opened to the society. We compare our method with the state-of-the-art approaches. Result demonstrate that the proposed algorithm are able to handle occlusion and aspect ratio change in on-road vehicle tracking problem.
3D Stress-Strain Model of the Nb $_{3}$Sn Wire

The performance of Nb3Sn multifilament wires is highly strain-sensitive. Since the strain in each individual Nb3Sn filament rather than the overall strain on the Nb3Sn wire influences the superconducting properties, it is very important to build a relationship between the internal strain in each Nb3Sn filament and external loads. In this study, a 3D model is developed to address the relationship. It is found that the geometry of the cross-section of the filaments plays an important role in the relationship between the stress and strain.
Neutralizing antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C and correlation to liver cirrhosis and estimated duration of infection

Although chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection accounts for 30% of individuals with cirrhotic livers worldwide, factors influencing disease progression are far from elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine whether the level of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) correlated with the development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic HCV infection, genotype 1, when adjusting for estimated duration of infection. Thirty‐nine patients with chronic hepatitis C, with either no/mild fibrosis (n = 23) or cirrhosis (n = 16), were enrolled from two university hospitals in Denmark. Duration of HCV infection was estimated based on patient information and/or anti‐HCV seroconversion. Serial dilutions of purified serum/plasma derived IgGs were tested for their ability to neutralize six HCV‐genotype 1 cell‐culture strains. The results were expressed as the lowest IgG concentration yielding ≥50% neutralization (NAb50‐titer). A significant difference in HCV NAb50‐titers among the six genotype 1a/1b recombinants was found. In patients with cirrhosis, a tendency for higher level of NAbs was observed compared to patients with no/mild fibrosis, although not statistical significant. Stratifying the two groups revealed that being infected >25 years resulted in higher levels of NAbs in both. Furthermore, by correlating estimated duration of HCV infection to NAb50‐titers a significant result was found against two recombinants. The NAb titer does not differ significantly between HCV patients with either no/mild fibrosis or cirrhosis but show a tendency for increasing level with increased duration of infection. NAbs might contribute as a biological marker to increase the accuracy of patient based information on duration of HCV infection. J. Med. Virol. 88:1791–1803, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Research methods in second language acquisition : a practical guide

List of Contributors vii 1 Introduction 1 Alison Mackey and Susan M. Gass Part I Data Types 5 2 How to Use Foreign and Second Language Learner Corpora 7 Sylviane Granger 3 Formal Theory-Based Methodologies 30 Tania Ionin 4 Instructed Second Language Acquisition 53 Shawn Loewen and Jenefer Philp 5 How to Design and Analyze Surveys in Second Language Acquisition Research 74 Zoltan Dornyei and Kata Csizer 6 How to Carry Out Case Study Research 95 Patricia A. Duff 7 How to Use Psycholinguistic Methodologies for Comprehension and Production 117 Kim McDonough and Pavel Trofimovich 8 How to Research Second Language Writing 139 Charlene Polio 9 How to Do Research on Second Language Reading 158 Keiko Koda 10 How to Collect and Analyze Qualitative Data 180 Debra A. Friedman Part II Data Coding, Analysis, and Replication 201 11 Coding Second Language Data Validly and Reliably 203 Andrea Revesz 12 Coding Qualitative Data 222 Melissa Baralt 13 How to Run Statistical Analyses 245 Jenifer Larson-Hall 14 How to Do a Meta-Analysis 275 Luke Plonsky and Frederick L. Oswald 15 Why, When, and How to Replicate Research 296 Rebekha Abbuhl Index 313
Multiple system atrophy: Prognostic indicators of survival

Neurological and autonomic presentation in multiple system atrophy (MSA) may predict early mortality. Quantification of early autonomic failure as a mortality predictor is lacking. Early neurological and autonomic clinical features were retrospectively reviewed in 49 MSA cases (median age at onset, 56.1 years; 16 women) confirmed by autopsy at Mayo Clinic. When available, the 10‐point composite autonomic severity score derived from the autonomic reflex screen provided quantification of the degree of autonomic failure and thermoregulatory sweat test quantitated body surface anhidrosis. Symptoms at onset were autonomic in 50%, parkinsonian in 30%, and cerebellar in 20% of cases. Survival (median [95% confidence interval]) was 8.6 [6.7‐10.2] years. Survival was shorter in patients with early laboratory evidence of generalized (composite autonomic severity score ≥ 6) autonomic failure (7.0 [3.9‐9.8] vs. 9.8 [4.6‐13.8] years; P = 0.036), and early requirement of bladder catheterization (7.3 [3.1‐10.2] vs. 13.7 [8.5‐14.9] years; P = 0.003) compared with those without these clinical features. On Cox proportional analysis, prognostic indicators of shorter survival were older age at onset (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.04 [1.01‐1.08]; P = 0.03), early requirement of bladder catheterization (7.9 [1.88‐38.63]; P = 0.004), and early generalized (composite autonomic severity score ≥ 6) autonomic failure (2.8 [1.01‐9.26]; P = 0.047). Gender, phenotype, and early development of gait instability, aid‐requiring ambulation, orthostatic symptoms, neurogenic bladder, or significant anhidrosis (thermoregulatory sweat test ≥ 40%) were not indicators of shorter survival. Our data suggest that early development of severe generalized autonomic failure more than triples the risk of shorter survival in patients with MSA. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
EFFECT OF PRIMARY AND RECURRENT CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS UPON GRAFT AND PATIENT SURVIVAL AFTER RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

One hundred sixty-four patients were prospectively studied for evidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after renal transplantation to determine the effect of primary and recurrent CMV infection on early graft and patient survival. Primary infections occurred in 62% (21 of 34) of pretransplant seronegative recipients and recurrent infection in 93% (121 of 130) of seropositive recipients. Symptomatic infections occurred in 81% (17 of 21) of primarily infected and 31% (37 of 121) of recurrently infected recipients. CMV infections (determined by initial virus excretion) occurred in 86% of the primarily infected and 96% of the recurrently infected symptomatic recipients by the 9th post-transplant week. In contrast, only 53% of nonsymptomatic recipients excrete virus by the 9th week. Primarily infected recipients experienced a significantly lower graft survival at 6 months than uninfected seronegative or recurrently infected patients. However, there was no significant difference in patient or graft survival at 1 year. Recipients who developed recurrent symptomatic infections had a significantly lower graft and patient survival than those recipients who developed nonsymptomatic recurrent infections (P < 0.0002 patient survival and P < 0.001 graft survival at 12 months).
Role of carbon dioxide and ion transport in the formation of sub-embryonic fluid by the blastoderm of the Japanese quail

1. The explanted blastoderm of the Japanese quail was used to explore the role of ions and carbon dioxide in determining the rate of sub-embryonic fluid (SEF) production between 54 and 72 h of incubation. 2. Amiloride, an inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchange, at concentrations of 10-3 to 10-6 M substantially decreased the rate of SEF production when added to the albumen culture medium. N-ethylmaleimide, an inhibitor of V type H+ ATPase, also decreased this rate but only to a small extent at the highest dose applied, 10-3 M. Both inhibitors had no effect on SEF production when added to the SEF. 3. The inhibitors of cellular bicarbonate and chloride exchange, 4-acetamido-4-'isothiocyano-2, 2-'disulphonic acid (SITS) and 4,4'diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2-'disulphonic acid (DIDS), had no effect upon SEF production. 4. Ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+/K+ ATPase, decreased SEF production substantially at all concentrations added to the SEF (10-3 to 10-6 M). Three sulphonamide inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase, acetazolamide, ethoxzolamide and benzolamide, decreased SEF production when added to the SEF at concentrations of 10-3 to 10-6 M. Benzolamide was by far the most potent. Neither ouabain nor the sulphonamides altered SEF production when added to the albumen culture medium. 5. Using a cobalt precipitation method, carbonic anhydrase activity was localised to the endodermal cells of the area vasculosa. The carbonic anhydrase activity was primarily associated with the lateral plasma membranes, which together with the potent inhibitory effect of benzolamide, suggests the carbonic anhydrase of these cells is the membrane-associated form, CA IV. 6. The changes in SEF composition produced by inhibitors were consistent with the production of SEF by local osmotic gradients. 7. It is concluded that a Na+/K+ ATPase is located on the basolateral membranes of the endodermal cells of the area vasculosa, and that a sodium ion/hydrogen ion exchanger is located on their apical surfaces. Protons for this exchanger would be provided by the hydration of CO2 catalysed by the membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase. Furthermore, it is proposed that the prime function of the endodermal cells of the area vasculosa is the production of SEF.
Genetic Sensitivity to Peer Behaviors

We investigate whether the serotonin transporter–linked polymorphic region (5HTTLPR), a gene associated with environmental sensitivity, moderates the association between smoking and drinking patterns at adolescents’ schools and their corresponding risk for smoking and drinking themselves. Drawing on the school-based design of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in conjunction with molecular genetic data for roughly 15,000 respondents (including over 2,000 sibling pairs), we show that adolescents smoke more cigarettes and consume more alcohol when attending schools with elevated rates of tobacco and alcohol use. More important, an individual’s susceptibility to school-level patterns of smoking or drinking is conditional on the number of short alleles he or she has in 5HTTLPR. Overall, the findings demonstrate the utility of the differential susceptibility framework for medical sociology by suggesting that health behaviors reflect interactions between genetic factors and the prevalence of these behaviors in a person’s context.
Diffusion tensor MRI of the corpus callosum and cognitive function in adults born preterm

Very preterm birth (before 33 weeks gestation) is associated with the white matter damage, and a common sequel is reduced size and altered shape of the corpus callosum. We used diffusion tensor MRI to assess the corpus callosum in 63 very preterm and 45 term-born young adults. Indices of white matter microstructure [fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD)] were obtained for the genu, body and splenium. Very preterm females had higher MD in the genu than term-born females, indicating altered white matter microstructure. This was associated with lower performance IQ. The groups demonstrated different patterns of correlations between verbal learning and tract-specific FA and MD, consistent with the reorganization of white matter structure in adults born very preterm.
Internal structure of the nucleus rotundus revealed by mapping cadherin expression in the embryonic chicken visual system

The nucleus rotundus is the largest nucleus of the avian thalamus. It is an important center of visual information processing and conveys information from the optic tectum to the ectostriatum in the telencephalon. The nucleus rotundus is generally believed to contain internal divisions processing information on color, form, motion, and looming of visual objects. The detailed arrangement of these internal divisions is unclear. Here, we map the expression of four classic cadherins (N‐cadherin, R‐cadherin, cadherin‐6B, and cadherin‐7), which are markers for specific functional gray matter divisions and their fiber connections in the vertebrate brain. Results show that each cadherin is expressed by one coherent part of the nucleus rotundus that is connected to other brain structures by fiber tracts expressing the same subtype of cadherin. Overall, the expression of the four cadherins encompasses almost the entire nucleus rotundus. The four cadherin‐expressing parts show different degrees of overlap. For example, the cadherin‐6B part and the cadherin‐7 part overlap extensively, whereas the R‐cadherin part and the cadherin‐6B part show little overlap and are partially complementary. Regions with shallow gradients of cadherin expression alternate with regions that show relatively abrupt changes in cadherin expression. At some points, changes of cadherin expression are also arranged in a pinwheel‐like fashion, alternating between clockwise and counterclockwise orientations. In general, these results are reminiscent of the organization of functional modules in the mammalian visual cortex. It is speculated that each domain of cadherin expression corresponds to a functional domain, which processes a specific stimulus feature. J. Comp. Neurol. 467:536–548, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meeting the challenge of interpreting high‐resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array data in prenatal diagnosis: does increased diagnostic power outweigh the dilemma of rare variants?

Several studies have already shown the superiority of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) compared with conventional karyotyping for prenatal investigation of fetal ultrasound abnormality. This study used very high‐resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays to determine the impact on detection rates of all clinical categories of copy number variations (CNVs), and address the issue of interpreting and communicating findings of uncertain or unknown clinical significance, which are to be expected at higher frequency when using very high‐resolution CMA.
The Bioavailability of Erythromycin Stearate versus Enteric-Coated Erythromycin Base When Taken Immediately before and after Food

Erythromycin plasma concentrations were determined in twenty subjects after a single dose, immediately before food, of erythromycin, 500 mg, as: erythromycin stearate (Erythrocin®, 500 mg, ovaloid tablets), and erythromycin base (Eryc®, 250 mg, capsules containing enteric-coated pellets). Plasma concentrations were again determined in eighteen of the original subjects with the same dose given immediately after food. Maximum Plasma Concentrations (mcg/ml) Erythromycin stearate was more bioavailable than erythromycin base when administered immediately before food. The preparations were bioequivalent when given immediately after food. Erythromycin stearate was more bioavailable than erythromycin base when administered immediately before food. The preparations were bioequivalent when given immediately after food.
Prevalence of juvenile chronic arthritis in a population of 12-year-old children in urban Australia.

OBJECTIVE To conduct a cross-sectional, community-based, point prevalence study of inflammatory joint disease and other rheumatic disorders in 12-year-old children in a metropolitan community. METHODS After completion of a pilot study of 816 10-year-old children, a cross-sectional prevalence study was performed 2 years later on a randomized sample of 2241 12-year-old children (including the cohort from the pilot study) from a community of approximately 221 700 children aged 12 years or younger, with 17 300 children aged approximately 12 years. A rheumatologic examination was performed on each child by a single observer after perusal of completed questionnaires from parents and children. RESULTS Three of 816 children in the pilot study were shown to have juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA), fulfilling the criteria of the European League Against Rheumatism for the diagnosis of JCA. Only 1 of 3 had a previous diagnosis of JCA. The prevalence was 3.7 per 1000. Of 2241 children examined 2 years later, 89% returned two questionnaires (one completed by the parent and one by the child). At examination, 38 swollen joints were identified in 32 children. Nine children were identified with JCA, of whom 7 had not had previous diagnoses. No questions from the questionnaires identified the 7 children with previously undiagnosed JCA. The point prevalence of JCA in this community was 4.0 per 1000. Although the children with newly diagnosed cases tended to have mild disease, it was associated with significant morbidity and the potential for serious morbidity. CONCLUSIONS This is the first reported prevalence study of JCA in which case ascertainment was based on clinical examination by a rheumatologist of children within a community. The prevalence of 4.0 per 1000 was significantly higher than the accepted prevalence of 0.6 to 1.1 per 1000. A study based on known cases would have significantly underestimated the true prevalence of JCA in this community, with 7 of 9 cases being previously undiagnosed. Questionnaires were not effective in identifying children with undiagnosed JCA, clinical examination supported by a history from the parent and child providing the only reliable means of diagnosis. It is possible throughout the world that the numbers of undiagnosed cases of JCA significantly exceed the numbers of known cases with the true prevalence being significantly higher than the levels currently accepted.
Effect of growth hormone, glutamine, and enteral nutrition on intestinal adaptation in patients with short bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND/AIMS In the management of short bowel syndrome, the benefits of treatment with growth hormone, glutamine, and enteral nutrition for intestinal adaptation is still controversial. The aim of the current study was to determine whether growth hormone, glutamine, and enteral nutrition had positive effect on intestinal adaptation. MATERIALS AND METHOD Twelve patients with short bowel syndrome (small-bowel remnant length, 59±9 cm; mean±SEM) received growth hormone (0.05 mg/kg/day), oral glutamine (30 g/day), plus enteral nutrition for 4 weeks. Intestinal absorptive capacity and biochemical parameters were investigated before treatment and after treatment. Body composition was determined by bioelectric impedance analysis. RESULT All patients completed the treatment. Intestinal absorptive capacity and plasma levels of proteins were significantly improved after treatment. Body weight, lean body mass, total body water, and body cell mass also increased without any major adverse effects. At the 3-month follow-up, the nutritional status of patients was also well maintained, and there was no death during this period. CONCLUSION Four weeks of intestinal rehabilitation therapy significantly improved intestinal absorption if appropriate patient with short bowel syndrome was selected.
Tupaia CD 81 , SR-BI , Claudin-1 , and Occludin Support Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; and Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania