Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Who is coaching the coach? Knowledge of depression and attitudes toward continuing education in coaches

Background The rate of depression among collegiate athletes ranges from 16% to 23%, with particularly high findings of prevalence in track and field athletes (34%). Collegiate athletes have also been found to underuse mental health resources. Given this high prevalence of depression and demonstrated reluctance to seek help, it is important to explore the awareness and understanding of depression among the individuals who work most closely with this population. Objective To assess coaches’ knowledge and awareness of depression among their athletes and describe their level of interest in receiving continuing education. Method All National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I cross-country and track and field coaches were invited to participate in an online survey. The sample consisted of 253 participants, of whom 56 (25%) identified themselves as female and 170 (75%) as male with 14 (±10.4) years of coaching experience. Respondents completed the Adolescent Depression Awareness Program (ADAP) questionnaire and related questions. Differences in depression knowledge and interest in continuing education were calculated by gender, event specialty, length of coaching experience and certification history using analysis of variance and χ2 analysis. Results The mean score on the ADAP depression questionnaire was 83%. Significant differences were not observed by gender, length of coaching experience, coaching title or certification history. Distance coaches scored significantly higher on the test than sprints coaches. Coaches estimated that 11% of their former and current student-athletes have struggled with depression. 77% of coaches indicated a ‘strong interest’ in receiving continuing education. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate the participating coaches have a good knowledge of depression for individuals without formal education on the topic but may lack depression awareness. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that coaches in the sample found out an athlete was suffering from depression most often by the athlete self-reporting.
A New Approach to the Calculation of Synchronous Machine Reactances - Part I [includes discussion]

In Part I of this paper, the 2-reaction theory of synchronous machinesl is used to derive the torque equation at any slip s of the unexcited synchronous motor with one equivalent damper-winding circuit in each axis. It is then shown that this synchronous motor torque equation reduces in the special case of uniform air gap and continuous damper to the torque equation of the induction motor as developed from its equivalent circuit.2 A paramount criterion for the correctness of any resistance or reactance equations derived for synchronous machines is their reducibility in the special case of uniform air gap and continuous damper to those commonly known for the squirrel-cage induction motor.2,3 Equations in terms of dimensions and physical constants are derived in this paper from basic theory of coupled circuits. Also it is shown that all of these equations reduce in the previously mentioned special case of uniform air gap and continuous damper to those universally given2,3 for the squirrel-cage induction motor. These equations are then inserted in the definitions of transient and subtransient reactances obtained by operational calculus methods.4 The nomenclature of this paper will be found in Appendix I. In a later paper, comparison will be made of calculated transient and subtransient reactances based on the equations given here with those given by test and reference,5 and the discrepancies will be discussed. Also, numerical samples of calculations of the different reactances will be given, using information based on the present paper.
Theory and Operation of Crystal Diodes as Mixers

The electrical parameters (barrier resistance, barrier capacity, and spreading resistance) of a crystal diode are quantitatively related to its fundamental physical properties and geometrical construction. The effects of these parameters on conversion loss at uhf and microwave frequencies are discussed, with particular reference to diodes made from n-type germanium and p-type silicon. Semiconductor materials may be compared for their mixer sensitivity potentialities, by use of the figure of merit N1/2b/ϵl/2 (N is carrier concentration in cm-3, b is carrier mobility in cm2/volt sec, ϵ is the dielectric constant) which is herein derived. It shows that n-type germanium is a better mixer material than p-type silicon. A method for minimizing the conversion loss of any given semiconductor is developed. Application of the above method produced germanium diodes having conversion losses which attained the theoretical minimum and silicon diodes having losses 0.8 db above the minimum. It is pointed out that the noise temperature of a mixer is dependent on the conversion loss, and that it rapidly becomes less important as conversion loss is decreased. The optimum receiver noise figure is shown to occur quite close to the operating conditions which minimize conversion loss. It is shown also that the temperature dependency of germanium and silicon mixer diodes are nearly the same. The experimental application of the information in this paper resulted in an X-band receiver with an over-all noise figure of 6 db.
Neuropathic pain clinical trials: factors associated with decreases in estimated drug efficacy

Abstract Multiple recent pharmacological clinical trials in neuropathic pain have failed to show beneficial effect of drugs with previously demonstrated efficacy, and estimates of drug efficacy seems to have decreased with accumulation of newer trials. However, this has not been systematically assessed. Here, we analyze time-dependent changes in estimated treatment effect size in pharmacological trials together with factors that may contribute to decreases in estimated effect size. This study is a secondary analysis of data from a previous published NeuPSIG systematic review and meta-analysis, updated to include studies published up till March 2017. We included double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials examining the effect of drugs for which we had made strong or weak recommendations for use in neuropathic pain in the previously published review. As the primary outcome, we used an aggregated number needed to treat for 50% pain reduction (alternatively 30% pain reduction or moderate pain relief). Analyses involved 128 trials. Number needed to treat values increased from around 2 to 4 in trials published between 1982 and 1999 to much higher (less effective) values in studies published from 2010 onwards. Several factors that changed over time, such as larger study size, longer study duration, and more studies reporting 50% or 30% pain reduction, correlated with the decrease in estimated drug effect sizes. This suggests that issues related to the design, outcomes, and reporting have contributed to changes in the estimation of treatment effects. These factors are important to consider in design and interpretation of individual study data and in systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Employment and the role of personal factors among patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a Dutch cross-sectional case-control study

Objectives To update the knowledge on employment and the role of mastery, a personal factor reflecting the level of control over life and disease, among Dutch patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) compared to general population subjects. Methods Data of persons ≤65 years participating in a Dutch cross-sectional multicentre study on social participation in AS were used. Being employed was the main outcome. Standardised employment ratios (SERs) were calculated using indirect standardisation after adjusting for age, gender and education and repeated after stratification by symptom duration tertiles. Modified Poisson regressions were performed to understand the role of mastery (Pearlin’s scale) independent of sociodemographic and health-related factors. Results 214 patients and 470 controls (127 (59.3%) and 323 (68.7%) males; mean age 48.3 (SD 10.4) and 39.3 (SD 12.7) years, respectively) completed an online questionnaire. SER (95%CI) in patients was 0.83 (0.69–0.98); 0.84 (0.67–1.04) in males; 0.83 (0.59–1.07) in females. Adjusted absolute employment of patients compared to controls was 69% versus 84%; 73% versus 86% for males; 62% versus 78% for females. In multivariable analyses stratified for patients and controls, mastery was associated with being employed in patients, but only in those with low education. In controls, not mastery but higher education was associated with being employed. Conclusion Our study reveals that patients suffering from AS compared to population controls are less likely to be employed. Mastery is an important personal factor associated with employment in patients but not in controls. Interventions aimed at improving employment of patients with AS should likely account for mastery.
Toxoplasmosis in Transplant Recipients, Europe, 2010–2014

Transplantation activity is increasing, leading to a growing number of patients at risk for toxoplasmosis. We reviewed toxoplasmosis prevention practices, prevalence, and outcomes for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and solid organ transplant (SOT; heart, kidney, or liver) patients in Europe. We collected electronic data on the transplant population and prevention guidelines/regulations and clinical data on toxoplasmosis cases diagnosed during 2010–2014. Serologic pretransplant screening of allo-hematopoietic stem cell donors was performed in 80% of countries, screening of organ donors in 100%. SOT recipients were systematically screened in 6 countries. Targeted anti-Toxoplasma chemoprophylaxis was heterogeneous. A total of 87 toxoplasmosis cases were recorded (58 allo-HSCTs, 29 SOTs). The 6-month survival rate was lower among Toxoplasma-seropositive recipients and among allo-hematopoietic stem cell and liver recipients. Chemoprophylaxis improved outcomes for SOT recipients. Toxoplasmosis remains associated with high mortality rates among transplant recipients. Guidelines are urgently needed to standardize prophylactic regimens and optimize patient management.
Inference of epistatic effects in a key mitochondrial protein

We use Potts model inference to predict pair epistatic effects in a key mitochondrial protein – cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 – for ray–finned fishes. We examine the effect of phylogenetic correlations on our predictions using a simple exact fitness model, and we find that, although epistatic effects are under–predicted, they maintain a roughly linear relationship to their true (model) values. After accounting for these corrections, epistatic effects in the protein are still relatively weak, leading to fitness valleys of depth 2Ns ~ −5 in compensatory double mutants. Positive epistasis is more pronounced than negative epistasis, and the strongest positive effects capture nearly all sites subject to positive selection in fishes, similar to virus proteins evolving under selection pressure in the context of drug therapy.
Medication adherence for resistant hypertension: Assessing theoretical predictors of adherence using direct and indirect adherence measures

OBJECTIVES This study examined theoretical predictors of long-term medication adherence (i.e., treatment-related beliefs, coherence of beliefs from experience with medication, habit strength, and pill burden) for patients with apparent treatment-resistant hypertension in primary care, using a composite adherence score derived from direct and indirect measures (i.e., prescription refill, self-report, and bioanalytical assays of urine). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Individual patient records were screened for prescription refill adherence. Patients provided a urine sample for adherence screening and completed a battery of psychometric scales, including two self-report adherence measures (N = 204). Convergence of adherence measures was assessed, a composite adherence score was calculated, and hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine the role of theoretical predictors of adherence. RESULTS Non-adherence estimates ranged from 20.3 to 41.1%, depending on the assessment method used. Associations among adherence measures were weak to moderate (ρ = .00-.53). Medication-taking habit strength was the strongest predictor of adherence, explaining 19% incremental variance in adherence beyond treatment-related beliefs. Beliefs and coherence did not predict adherence, even for patients with weaker habits. Pill burden was not associated with habit strength or adherence for this sample. CONCLUSIONS Associations among unique adherence measures were weak overall, providing further evidence that multiple measures are necessary to accurately assess adherence. Habit strength is a key predictor of adherence for chronic conditions. Both habit strength and pill burden represent important intervention targets for improving long-term medication adherence. Longitudinal inception studies are needed to properly test Common-Sense Model propositions and elucidate the role of beliefs, coherence, and habits in predicting adherence at various stages of the chronic illness trajectory. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Non-adherence to antihypertensives is a leading cause of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH). Behaviour maintenance (vs. initiation) factors may be more predictive of long-term adherence. What does this study add? Associations among direct and indirect measures of adherence are generally weak. Habit strength is the strongest predictor of long-term adherence for aTRH in primary care. Inception studies are needed to further validate Common-Sense Model propositions.
Role of Nitric Oxide in the Development of Cataract Formation in CdCl2-induced Hypertensive Animals

ABSTRACT Purpose Previously we established a strong association of systemic hypertension with cataract formation. In the present study, we investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the development of cataract formation in CdCl2-induced hypertensive animals. Materials and Methods Hypertension was induced in male albino rats by intraperitoneal administration of CdCl2 (0.5 mg/kg/day) for eight weeks. The NO modulators, 10 µM S-nitrosoglutathione (NO donor) and 1% w/v Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, NOS inhibitor) were applied topically once a day on the eye cornea during the experimental period. Amlodipine (3mg/kg/day) was used as a standard antihypertensive drug and administered orally. Results In the CdCl2 control group, mean arterial pressure was significantly increased along with augmentation of lens nitrite, opacity, and oxidative stress. The control of hypertension by amlodipine substantially restored lens nitrite and cataractogenic events. Moreover, topical application of L-NAME significantly alleviated the lens nitrite, opacity, antioxidants (GSH, CAT, SOD, and GPx), MDA, proteins, and ionic (Na+ and Ca2+) contents. Whereas, S-nitrosoglutathione topical application exacerbated these cataractogenic events without affecting hypertension as compared to CdCl2 control group. The findings demonstrated that NO donor exacerbates and NOS inhibitor alleviates the cataract formation in hypertensive condition. The control of hypertension also reduces the cataract formation with reduction of lens nitrite level. Conclusion The overall findings suggested the strong correlation between NO and hypertension associated cataract formation. The elevation of lens nitrite (NO metabolite) is one of the key factors of augmentation of lenticular oxidative stress and cataract formation in the hypertensive condition.
Lee, P., Shemilt, D. (2009). Is any explanation better than none?

Lee en Shemilt zetten op een rijtje hoe betekenisvolle vooruitgang in het geven van historische verklaringen eruit kan zien. Daarmee reiken ze criteria aan voor het evalueren van de verklaringen van leerlingen wat betreft de veranderingen en ontwikkelingen in het verleden. Lee en Shemilt (p.46-47) onderscheiden zes niveaus in het geven van verklaringen. Zij suggereren daarmee dus ook dat leerlingen beter kunnen worden in geschiedenis
Endotoxin Modulates the Expression of Renal Drug Transporters in HIV-1 Transgenic Rats.

PURPUSE Bacterial co-infections and low grade endotoxemia are common in HIV patients. Inflammation due to endotoxin or HIV may influence the expression and activity of transporters. Kidney transporters influence renal drug clearances including many antiretroviral agents. Our objective was to study the effect of endotoxin and HIV on the renal expression of drug transporters in an HIV-transgenic (HIV-Tg) rat model. These rats develop immune dysfunction and AIDS-associated conditions like humans. METHODS Endotoxin or saline was administered intraperitoneally to HIV-Tg or wild type (WT) littermates and kidneys were collected 18 hours later. Expression of transporters and cytokines were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blots. Serum cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Endotoxin induced serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in both HIV-Tg and WT animals. The basal mRNA expression of Oct2, Oct3, Octn1, Mate1, Urat1 and Ent1was significantly lower (33-60%) and the expression of Ent2 and Pept2 was significantly higher (33-45%) in HIV-Tg as compared to WT. While endotoxin significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of Mdra1 and Pept2 in both HIV and WT groups (69-78%), it imposed a significant reduction on the mRNA expression of Oct2, Oct3, Octn1, Mate1, Oat2, urat1, and Ent1 (54-83%) only in the WT group. Endotoxin significantly increased the mRNA expression of Pept1 (140%) in both WT and HIV groups. CONCLUSIONS HIV and endotoxin each imposed alterations in the expression of many clinically important renal drug transporters although co-infection did not augment this effect. Viral and/or bacterial infections may impact the renal clearance of drug substrates in patients and could potentially be a source of drug-disease interactions.
A case series of Kimura’s disease: a diagnostic challenge

Kimura’s disease (KD) is a rare, benign disorder characterized by subcutaneous masses with regional lymph-node enlargement. It is considered to be due to chronic inflammation of unclear etiology. Most cases have been reported in young, 20–30-year-old men of Asian descent. The diagnosis of KD is based on pathological features and elevated immunoglobulin E levels. Characteristic pathological features include intact lymph-node architecture, florid germinal center hyperplasia, extensive eosinophilic infiltrates, and proliferation of postcapillary venules. However, these features can also be seen in Hodgkin’s disease or T-cell lymphoma, therefore, cases presenting as KD pose a diagnostic challenge. We report a case series of two cases with suspected KD at initial presentation, with one patient eventually diagnosed with Hodgkin’s disease after clinical progression. The first case was a 45-year-old Asian man who presented with bilateral thigh masses and significantly enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. The histopathology was characteristic and the patient had stable disease on treatment with cetirizine for 20 months. The second case was a 29-year-old African-American man who had progressive enlargement of the right neck lymph nodes extending into the mediastinum, with the original biopsy suggestive of KD. An initial search for Reed–Sternberg cells using immunohistochemical staining for CD15 and CD30 was negative. However, the patient developed neurological symptoms corresponding to tumor extension to the cervical and thoracic neural foramina. A repeat biopsy showed a lack of nodal structure and atypical large cells that were positive for CD30 staining. The patient was treated with chemotherapy with good response. We emphasize the importance of following the clinical course to render an accurate diagnosis. Both cases showed extensive eosinophilic infiltration and other KD-like pathological features. However, KD is rare; not missing a malignant diagnosis lies in high clinical suspicion and repeated exhaustive work up.
An Analysis of Wide-Band Microwave Monopulse Direction-Finding Techniques

This paper presents the concept, theory of operation, characteris tic equations, and error analysis of four wide-band monopulse techniques. The basic techniques described, which include pure amplitude monopulse, phase and amplitude monopulse (two-and three-channel configurations), and pure phase monopulse interferometer, are particularly applicable to monopulse direction finding systems that require frequency coverage over several octaves and open-loop angle bearing of several degrees. Sufficient detail and working formulas are included to permit a trade-off analysis to be made between the direction-finding techniques for selection in specific hardware applications.
Dengue infection in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction Dengue is the most extensively spread mosquito-borne disease; endemic in more than 100 countries. Information about dengue disease burden, its prevalence, incidence and geographic distribution is critical in planning appropriate control measures against dengue fever. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of dengue fever in India Methods We searched for studies published until 2017 reporting the incidence, the prevalence or case fatality of dengue in India. Our primary outcomes were (a) prevalence of laboratory confirmed dengue infection among clinically suspected patients, (b) seroprevalence in the general population and (c) case fatality ratio among laboratory confirmed dengue patients. We used binomial–normal mixed effects regression model to estimate the pooled proportion of dengue infections. Forest plots were used to display pooled estimates. The metafor package of R software was used to conduct meta-analysis. Results Of the 2285 identified articles on dengue, we included 233 in the analysis wherein 180 reported prevalence of laboratory confirmed dengue infection, seven reported seroprevalence as evidenced by IgG or neutralizing antibodies against dengue and 77 reported case fatality. The overall estimate of the prevalence of laboratory confirmed dengue infection among clinically suspected patients was 38.3% (95% CI: 34.8%–41.8%). The pooled estimate of dengue seroprevalence in the general population and CFR among laboratory confirmed patients was 56.9% (95% CI: 37.5–74.4) and 2.6% (95% CI: 2–3.4) respectively. There was significant heterogeneity in reported outcomes (p-values<0.001). Conclusions Identified gaps in the understanding of dengue epidemiology in India emphasize the need to initiate community-based cohort studies representing different geographic regions to generate reliable estimates of age-specific incidence of dengue and studies to generate dengue seroprevalence data in the country.
Left atrial volume and cardiovascular outcomes in systolic heart failure: effect of antithrombotic treatment

Left atrium (LA) dilation is associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Blood stasis, thrombus formation and atrial fibrillation may occur, especially in heart failure (HF) patients. It is not known whether preventive antithrombotic treatment may decrease the incidence of CV events in HF patients with LA enlargement.
The Receiving Antenna

After a discussion of the general problem of coupled antennas, the distribution of current in a center-loaded receiving antenna with its axis in the plane of a linearly polarized electric field is derived. Distribution curves are shown for a wide range of lengths, thicknesses, and load impedances. A simple "equivalent" circuit is obtained for the loaded antenna for determining the current in the load. The effective length for a receiving antenna is defined and curves are shown for a wide range of lengths and several thicknesses. An expression for the power transferred to a matched load is derived and curves for computing it are given for antennas over the same range of lengths and thicknesses. Optimun conditions are discussed.