Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic segregation in European capital cities. Increasing separation between poor and rich

ABSTRACT Socioeconomic inequality is on the rise in major European cities, as are concerns over it, since it is seen as a threat to social cohesion and stability. Surprisingly, relatively little is known about the spatial dimensions of rising socioeconomic inequality. This paper builds on a study of socioeconomic segregation in 12 European cities: Amsterdam, Athens, Budapest, London, Madrid, Oslo, Prague, Riga, Stockholm, Tallinn, Vienna, and Vilnius. Data used derive from national censuses and registers for 2001 and 2011. The main conclusion is that socioeconomic segregation has increased. This paper develops a rigorous multifactor approach to understand segregation and links it to four underlying, partially overlapping, structural factors: social inequalities, globalization and economic restructuring, welfare regimes, and housing systems. Taking into account contextual factors resulted in a better understanding of actual segregation levels, while introducing time lags between structural factors and segregation outcomes will likely further improve the theoretical model.
Cervical Spine Motion in the Sagittal Plane II: Position of Segmental Averaged Instantaneous Centers of Rotation -A Cineradiographic Study

Anteflexion and retroflexion movements of the cervical spine were recorded cineradiographically during three measuring sessions to determine reproducibility as well as intraindividual and interindividual variability of segmental instantaneous centers of rotation [recorded as “averaged” and “standard”). Segmental averaged instantaneous centers of rotation were based on data obtained from all frames of the cineradiographic film by the use of the average pentagon and moving average method. Only the first and last frame were used to construct the segmental standard instantaneous centers of rotation. Contrary to segmental range of motion, a parameter of quanityt of motion, the position of the averaged Instantaneous centers of rotation (better than the standard), a parameter of quality of movements, shows a variability of such low extent that it seems feasible to use it to diagnose abnormal mobility or in assessing therapy in the neck region.
The Communication Complexity of Pointer Chasing

We study the k-round two-party communication complexity of the pointer chasing problem for fixed k. C. Damm, S. Jukna and J. Sgall (1998, Comput. Complexity7, 109? 127) showed an upper bound of O(nlog(k? 1)n) for this problem. We prove a matching lower bound; this improves the lower bound of ? (n) shown by N. Nisan and A. Widgerson (1993, SIAM J. Comput.22, 211? 219), and yields a corresponding improvement in the hierarchy results derived by them and by H. Klauck (1998, in “Proceeding of the Thirteenth Annual IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity,” pp. 141? 152) for bounded-depth monotone circuits. We consider the bit version of this problem, and show upper and lower bounds. This implies that there is an abrupt jump in complexity, from linear to superlinear, when the number of rounds is reduced to k/2 or less. We also consider the s-paths version (originally studied by H. Klauck) and show an upper bound. The lower bounds are based on arguments using entropy. One of the main contributions of this work is a transfer lemma for distributions with high entropy; this should be of independent interest.
Immune generalized differential evolution for dynamic multiobjective optimization problems

In this paper a multiobjective differential evolution algorithm called Generalized Differential Evolution is extended to solve dynamic multiobjective optimization problems (DMOPs). The proposed algorithm combines the ideas of the generalized differential evolution and the artificial immune system to create a hybrid algorithm which uses the advantages of both approaches. When a change is detected in the environment by a solution reevaluation mechanism, an immune response is activated. The approach is compared against other dynamic multiobjective algorithms in a recently proposed benchmark. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can track the environmental change and has a very competitive performance solving different types of DMOPs.
British Barrows: A Matter of Life and Death . By Ann Woodward. 260mm. Pp 160, 16 pp pls. Stroud: Tempus, 2000. ISBN 0–7524146–8–2. £19.99 (p/b)

of southern Scotland. He has probably seen more of these carvings than anyone else, and he has published a number of regional surveys. In many respects, he is the logical successor t o R W B Morris, who brought a good measure of dedication to the carved rocks, and who himself published various surveys. Beckensall spends some time in the book under review looking at Morris's attempts to interpret the carvings, but wisely confines his own thoughts to more profitable matters, especially landscapes. There are regional surveys in which selected sites are singled out for description and comment. Those who wish to pursue certain areas in more detail must go to the detailed inventories, such as they are, listed in the useful bibliography. The author starts with a discussion of the symbols and motifs which are then discussed, too briefly I think, in terms of their relationship on the rocks to other carvings and to the character of the rocks themselves. It has been found to be instructive, and essential, to characterize the rock surfaces themselves, the cracks and imperfections and inclusions, before setting the carvings upon such a canvas; for too long we have been presented with the carved images set on a blank base of paper, ignoring the natural shapes. Beckensall makes use of such complex surfaces in his plans of some sites (eg, p 21, 23) but it would be good to see a more forceful argument in their favour. However, in overall terms, here we have some very interesting and useful illustrations to replace the dense shapes of Morris.
Is the Emotion-Health Connection a “First-World Problem”?

Emotions have been shown to play a critical role in health outcomes, but research on this topic has been limited to studies in industrialized countries, which prevents broad generalizations. This study assessed whether emotion-health connections persist across various regions, including less-developed countries, where the degree to which people’s fundamental needs are met might be a better predictor of physical well-being. Individuals from 142 countries (N = 150,048) were surveyed about their emotions, health, hunger, shelter, and threats to safety. Both positive and negative emotions exhibited unique, moderate effects on self-reported health, and together, they accounted for 46.1% of the variance. These associations were stronger than the relative impact of hunger, homelessness, and threats to safety and were not simply attributable to countries’ gross domestic products (GDPs). Furthermore, connections between positive emotion and health were stronger in low-GDP countries than in high-GDP countries. Our findings suggest that emotion matters for health around the globe and may in fact be more critical in less-developed areas.
DC and RF performance of AlN/GaN MOS-HEMTs

This paper reports the DC and RF characteristics of AlN/GaN MOS-HEMTs passivated with thin Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> formed by thermal oxidation of evaporated aluminium. Device fabrication involved wet etching of evaporated Al from the ohmic contact regions prior to metal deposition. This approach yielded an average contact resistance of ∼ 0.76 Ωmm extracted from transmission line method (TLM) characterisation. Fabricated two-finger AlN/GaN MOS-HEMTs with 0.2 µm gate length and 100 µm gate width showed good gate control of drain currents up to a gate bias of 3 V and achieved a maximum drain current, I<inf>DSmax</inf> of ∼ 1460 mA/mm. The peak extrinsic transconductance, G<inf>max</inf>, of the device was ∼ 303 mS/mm at V<inf>DS</inf> = 4 V. Current-gain cut-off frequency, f<inf>T</inf>, and maximum oscillation frequency, f<inf>MAX</inf>, of 80 GHz and 65 GHz, respectively, were extracted from S-parameter measurements. For longer gate length, L<inf>G</inf> = 0.5 µm, f<inf>T</inf> and f<inf>MAX</inf> were 40 GHz and 55 GHz, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of AlN/GaN MOS-HEMTs for high power and high frequency applications.
Retinopathy of Prematurity and other Ocular Problems in Premature Infants Weighing less than 1500 g at Birth

Purpose To estimate the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity and other ocular problems in a population of preterm infants. Methods This retrospective study included all infants with gestational age (GA) <32 weeks and birth weight (BW) <1500 g cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over a period of nine years (1992–2000). Ophthalmological examination was started the 4th week of life and included refractive examination, examination of the cornea and funduscopy under mydriasis. An ocular motility test was done after the 2nd month. Results The study included 194 infants. Stage I and II retinopathy occurred in 51 infants but regressed spontaneously. Five of the 194 (2.5%) had to undergo cryopexy. Optic disc atrophy was observed in association with peri-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIIVH) (grade IV) in seven infants. Fifteen infants (7.7%) had retinal hemorrhages which were absorbed by three months of age. Almost 20% of the study infants developed high refractive errors and 13.4% strabismus. Conclusions Not only retinopathy of prematurity, but other serious ocular problems were observed in this population of preterm infants. The role of PIIVH III-IV in the pathogenesis of certain ocular problems needs further elucidation.
Impaired thrombin generation and fibrin clot formation in patients with dilutional coagulopathy during major surgery

Summary Patients subjected to haemodilution during surgery are at increased risk of bleeding. We hypothesised that, in the acquired dilutional coagulopathy, insufficient haemostasis is due to either insufficient thrombin generation or insufficient fibrin clot formation. In tissue factor-activated plasmas from patients with coagulation deficiency, we measured time curves of thrombin generation and fibrin clot formation (thromboelastography). Investigated were in study A: 10 patients treated with vitamin K antagonist and five healthy subjects; in study B: 30 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery and infused with on average 2,000 ml crystalloids and colloids (no major bleeding); in study C: 58 patients undergoing major general surgery, and transfused with >5,000 ml crystalloids, colloids and red cell concentrates, who experienced major bleeding and were post-transfused with fresh frozen plasma. The treatment with vitamin K antagonist led to a progressive reduction in thrombin generation but not fibrin clot formation. In CPB patients, plasma factor levels post-surgery were 53–60% of normal. This was accompanied by moderate reduction in both haemostatic processes. In plasmas from patients undergoing major surgery, factor levels were 38–41% of normal, and these levels increased after plasma transfusion. Taking preset thresholds for normal thrombin generation and fibrin clot formation, at least one of these processes was low in 88–93% of the patients with (persistent) bleeding, but only in 40–53% of the patients without bleeding. In conclusion, the ability of thrombin generation and fibrin clot formation is independently reduced in acquired dilutional coagulopathy, while minimal levels of both are required for adequate haemostasis.
Self-Selectivity in Firm’s Decision to Withdraw IPO: Bayesian Inference for Hazard Models of Bankruptcy With Feedback

Examination on firm performance subsequent to a chosen event is widely used in finance studies to analyze the motivation behind managerial decisions. However, results are often subject to bias when the self-selectivity behind managerial decisions is ignored and unspecified. This study investigates a unique corporate event of initial public offering (IPO) withdrawal, where a firm’s subsequent likelihood of bankruptcy is specified in a system of switching hazard models, and the expected difference in post-IPO and postwithdrawal survival probabilities serves as a “feedback” on a firm’s decision to cancel its offering. Our Bayesian inference procedure generates strong evidence that incidence of withdrawal unfavorably affects the subsequent performance of a firm, and that the “feedback” is an important determinant in managerial decisions. The econometric and statistical model specification and the accompanying estimation procedure we used can be widely applicable to study self-selective corporate transactions.
How long should we continue clomiphene citrate in anovulatory women?

STUDY QUESTION What is the effectiveness of continued treatment with clomiphene citrate (CC) in women with World Health Organization (WHO) type II anovulation who have had at least six ovulatory cycles with CC but did not conceive? SUMMARY ANSWER When women continued CC after six treatment cycles, the cumulative incidence rate of the ongoing pregnancy rate was 54% (95% CI 37-78%) for cycles 7-12. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY If women with WHO type II anovulation fail to conceive with CC within six ovulatory cycles, guidelines advise switching to gonadotrophins, which have a high risk of multiple gestation and are expensive. It is however not clear what success rate could be achieved by continued treatment with CC. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We performed a retrospective cohort study of women with WHO II anovulation who visited the fertility clinics of five hospitals in the Netherlands between 1994 and 2010. We included women treated with CC who had had at least six ovulatory cycles without successful conception (n = 114) after which CC was continued using dosages varying from 50 to 150 mg per day for 5 days. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Follow-up was a total of 12 treatment cycles. Primary outcome was the cumulative incidence rate of an ongoing pregnancy at the end of treatment. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We recruited 114 women that had ovulated on CC for at least six cycles but had not conceived. Of these 114 women, 35 (31%) had an ongoing pregnancy resulting in a cumulative incidence rate of an ongoing pregnancy of 54% after 7-12 treatment cycles with CC. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Limitations of our study are its retrospective approach. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Randomized trials comparing continued treatment with CC with the relatively established second line treatment with gonadotrophins are justified. In the meantime, we suggest to only begin this less convenient and more expensive treatment for women who do not conceive after 12 ovulatory cycles with CC. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
Oxidation of glycerol differentiates African from European isolates of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC (small colony)

CONTAGIOUS bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides sc (small colony), is the most serious cattle disease in Africa causing greater losses than rinderpest. In Tanzania over 14,000 cattle died of CBPP in the first half of 1995, while outbreaks in Botswana in the same year resulted in up to 60 per cent mortality in many herds (Egwu and others 1996). In contrast, CBPP in Europe is far more insidious, the disease being largely chronic with cattle showing few clinical signs and little mortality (Nicholas and others 1996). There are few meaningful data enabling comparison of virulence among M mycoides subspecies mycoides Sc strains, chiefly because virulence can only be measured accurately by expensive animal infections. Nevertheless, experimental infections have shown virulence differences among African isolates (Provost and others 1987). Recently, analysis of copy number and chromosomal location of a DNA insertion sequence, iS 1296, has provided evidence for two clonal lineages among sc strains. Interestingly; one lineage comprises European isolates and the other isolates from Africa and Australia (Cheng and others 1995). In an extensive biochemical study of 37 M mycoides strains, Abu-Groun and others (1994) showed that sc strains differed consistently from M mycoides subspecies mycoides LC (large colony) and M mycoides subspecies capri strains in the pattern of sugars metabolised. However, all strains oxidised glucose and glycerol. The five sc strains included in this previous study were of African and Australian origin and biochemically similar. In contrast, it is reported here that isolates from recent European outbreaks of CBPP lack glycerol-oxidising ability. In the present study, rates of glucose and glycerol oxidation
Optimal Resource Allocation for Defense of Targets Based on Differing Measures of Attractiveness

This article describes the results of applying a rigorous computational model to the problem of the optimal defensive resource allocation among potential terrorist targets. In particular, our study explores how the optimal budget allocation depends on the cost effectiveness of security investments, the defender's valuations of the various targets, and the extent of the defender's uncertainty about the attacker's target valuations. We use expected property damage, expected fatalities, and two metrics of critical infrastructure (airports and bridges) as our measures of target attractiveness. Our results show that the cost effectiveness of security investment has a large impact on the optimal budget allocation. Also, different measures of target attractiveness yield different optimal budget allocations, emphasizing the importance of developing more realistic terrorist objective functions for use in budget allocation decisions for homeland security.
DSRIM: A Deep Neural Information Retrieval Model Enhanced by a Knowledge Resource Driven Representation of Documents

The state-of-the-art solutions to the vocabulary mismatch in information retrieval (IR) mainly aim at leveraging either the relational semantics provided by external resources or the distributional semantics, recently investigated by deep neural approaches. Guided by the intuition that the relational semantics might improve the effectiveness of deep neural approaches, we propose the Deep Semantic Resource Inference Model (DSRIM) that relies on: 1) a representation of raw-data that models the relational semantics of text by jointly considering objects and relations expressed in a knowledge resource, and 2) an end-to-end neural architecture that learns the query-document relevance by leveraging the distributional and relational semantics of documents and queries. The experimental evaluation carried out on two TREC datasets from TREC Terabyte and TREC CDS tracks relying respectively on WordNet and MeSH resources, indicates that our model outperforms state-of-the-art semantic and deep neural IR models.
The in vitro metabolism of (U-14C)glucose by the preimplantation rabbit embryo.

The incorporation of glucose carbon into various components of embryos and culture medium was studied throughout the preimplantation period of development in the rabbit embryo. During the first 3 days after ovulation, embryos were able to develop for 24 hr in a simple chemically defined medium containing glucose and serum albumin. After blastocyst formation, this medium could maintain normal morphological appearance of day 4, day 5, and day 6 blastocysts for at least 3-4 hr. The uptake of glucose carbon by the embryo increased as development progressed, with substantial increases in the incorporation of glucose occurring after blastocyst formation. A considerable amount of the label incorporated was present in the embryos as the parent substrate, indicating that the uptake of glucose was greater than its conversion to other metabolites. Nevertheless, throughout development glucose carbon was incorporated into a wide variety of the carbon pools of the embryo, such as acidic and basic acid-soluble compounds, proteins, and lipids. Lactate, pyruvate, and acetate also accumulated in the culture medium. The rate of protein synthesis declined in relation to the increase in cell number during development and may reflect the requirements of the rabbit embryo for exogenous protein and amino acids for blastocyst expansion. A considerable amount of the incorporation of substrate carbon into day 6 blastocysts was due to the accumulation of lactate, pyruvate, acetate, amino acids, and the parent substrate within the blastocoel fluid. The higher concentration of metabolites, such as carboxylic acids and amino acids, in the blastocoel fluid than in the incubation medium indicated that there was some active mechanism for retaining these compounds within the blastocyst. The blastocyst tissue also contained labelled metabolites such as lactate, citrate, and malate as well as the amino acids glutamate, alanine, and aspartate. The accumulation of glucose carbon in these metabolites indicates that glucose is metabolized in the rabbit embryo by the operation of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Trabectome (trabeculectomy-internal approach): additional experience and extended follow-up.

PURPOSE To report a retrospective case series of 1127 Trabectome surgical procedures, including 738 Trabectome-only and 366 Trabectome-phacoemulsification surgeries. METHODS Electroablation of meshwork via a temporal corneal incision. Outcomes included changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) and medication use, complications, and Kaplan-Meier success estimates. RESULTS For all cases, mean preoperative IOP of 23.8 +/- 7.7 mm Hg decreased by 39% to 16.5 +/- 4.0 mm Hg at 24 months (n = 50). Intraoperative reflux bleeding occurred in 77.6%. Medications decreased from 2.8 to 1.2 by 24 months. Sixty-five patients (5.8%) had IOP elevation > 10 mm Hg above baseline on day 1. Failure led to trabeculectomy in 5.9% (n = 67) and shunt installation in 1.6% (n = 18). Kaplan-Meier failure was defined across groups with at least 2 weeks follow-up as IOP > 21 mm Hg with or without medications and not reduced by 20% below baseline on 2 consecutive visits or repeat surgery. For Trabectome-only cases, mean preoperative IOP of 25.7 +/- 7.7 mm Hg was reduced by 40% to 16.6 +/- 4.0 mm Hg at 24 months (n = 46). No prolonged hypotony, choroidal effusion, choroidal hemorrhage, or infections occurred. Failure led to trabeculectomy in 8.1% (n = 60) and shunt installation in 1.9% (n = 14). Medications decreased from 2.93 to 1.2 by 24 months. For Trabectome-phacoemulsification cases, baseline IOP of 20.0 +/- 6.2 mm Hg decreased at 12 months to 15.9 +/- 3.3 mm Hg (18%) (n = 45) and medications decreased from 2.63 +/- 1.12 to 1.50 +/- 1.36. Sixteen (4.4%) of 365 had prior failed trabeculectomy, and 139 of 365 (38%) had prior laser trabeculoplasty. CONCLUSION Trabectome offers a minimally invasive method of improving IOP control in open-angle glaucomas.
Current opinion in neurology.

Published bimonthly, each issue of Current Opinion in Neurology introduces world renowned guest editors and internationally recognized academics within the neurology field, delivering a widespread selection of expert assessments on the latest developments from the most recent literature. All reviews are supplemented with two indispensable sections References and Recommended Reading and Current World Literature which provide a thorough bibliography of references acquired from the top 100 neurology journals.