Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Response of Residuals to External Deviations in a Controlled Production Process

We present a general method for studying residual behavior of controlled autocorrelated processes subject to special-cause changes. Understanding residual response to a particular type of process change is important for selecting a proper control chart to monitor the process effectively. The method is introduced by analyzing the residual behavior of a controlled machining process described by a state-space model that has a simple structure and is representative of many real processes. The general method is then developed and applied to an ARIMA(p, l, q) process and to some special processes whose residual behavior has been investigated in the literature. Residual response to a general disturbance sequence is determined, and it is shown that the residual properties are independent of the type of feedback control applied to the process. Implications of this property for process control and monitoring are discussed.
Category Theory for the Sciences

Category theory was invented in the 1940s to unify and synthesize different areas in mathematics, and it has proven remarkably successful in enabling powerful communication between disparate fields and subfields within mathematics. This book shows that category theory can be useful outside of mathematics as a rigorous, flexible, and coherent modeling language throughout the sciences. Information is inherently dynamic; the same ideas can be organized and reorganized in countless ways, and the ability to translate between such organizational structures is becoming increasingly important in the sciences. Category theory offers a unifying framework for information modeling that can facilitate the translation of knowledge between disciplines. Written in an engaging and straightforward style, and assuming little background in mathematics, the book is rigorous but accessible to non-mathematicians. Using databases as an entry to category theory, it begins with sets and functions, then introduces the reader to notions that are fundamental in mathematics: monoids, groups, orders, and graphs -- categories in disguise. After explaining the "big three" concepts of category theory -- categories, functors, and natural transformations -- the book covers other topics, including limits, colimits, functor categories, sheaves, monads, and operads. The book explains category theory by examples and exercises rather than focusing on theorems and proofs. It includes more than 300 exercises, with selected solutions. Category Theory for the Sciences is intended to create a bridge between the vast array of mathematical concepts used by mathematicians and the models and frameworks of such scientific disciplines as computation, neuroscience, and physics.
Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism is associated with methylphenidate response in ADHD children

Methylphenidate is the most frequently prescribed drug in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but it is not effective in every case. Therefore, identifying genetic and/or biological markers predicting drug‐response is increasingly important. Here we present a case‐control study and pharmacogenetic association analyses in ADHD investigating three dopaminergic polymorphisms. Previous studies suggested variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and the dopamine transporter (DAT1) genes as genetic risk factors for ADHD and as possible markers of methylphenidate response. Our results did not indicate substantial involvement of these two VNTRs in ADHD, however, both the case‐control and the pharmacogenetic analyses showed significant role of the high activity Val‐allele of cathecol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism in our ADHD population. The Val‐allele was more frequent in the ADHD group (n = 173) compared to the healthy population (P = 0.016). The categorical analysis of 90 responders versus 32 non‐responders showed an association between the Val‐allele or Val/Val genotype and good methylphenidate response (P = 0.009 and P = 0.034, respectively). Analyzing symptom severity as a continuous trait, significant interaction of COMT genotype and methylphenidate was found on the Hyperactivity‐Impulsivity scale (P = 0.044). Symptom severity scores of all three genotype groups decreased following methylphenidate administration (P < 0.001), however Val/Val homozygote children had significantly less severe symptoms than those with Met/Met genotype after treatment (P = 0.015). This interaction might reflect the regulatory effect of COMT dominated prefrontal dopamine transmission on subcortical dopamine systems, which are the actual site of methylphenidate action. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of local control after laser-induced thermotherapy of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: contribution of FDG-PET in patients with clinical suspicion of progressive disease

Background: Management of patients after locally ablative treatment of liver metastases requires exact information about local control and systemic disease status. To fulfill these requirements, whole-body imaging using positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) is a promising alternative to morphologic imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Purpose: To evaluate FDG-PET for the assessment of local control and systemic disease in patients with clinical suspicion of tumor progression after laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) of colorectal liver metastases. Material and Methods: In 21 patients with suspicion of progressive disease after LITT, whole-body FDG-PET was performed. The presence of viable tumor within treated lesions, new liver metastases, and extrahepatic disease was evaluated visually and semiquantitatively (maximal standard uptake value [SUVmax], tumor-to-normal ratio [T/N]). The standard of reference was histopathology (n = 25 lesions) and/or clinical follow-up (>12 months) including contrast-enhanced MRI of the liver. Results: Among 54 metastases treated with LITT, 29 had residual tumor. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of SUVmax (area under the curve (AUC) 0.990) and T/N (AUC 0.968) showed a significant discrimination level of negative or positive lesion status with an equal accuracy of 94% (51/54). The overall accuracy of visual FDG-PET was 96% (52/54), with one false-negative lesion among six examined within 3 days after LITT, and one false-positive lesion examined 54 days after LITT. In the detection of new intra- and extrahepatic lesions, FDG-PET resulted in correct alteration of treatment strategy in 43% of patients (P = 0.007). Conclusion: FDG-PET is a promising tool for the assessment of local control and whole-body restaging in patients with clinical suspicion of tumor progression after locally ablative treatment of colorectal liver metastases with LITT.
The front condition for gravity currents

Self-similar plane solutions for the inertial stage of gravity currents are related to the initial parameters and a coefficient that is determined by the boundary condition at the front. Different relations have been proposed for the boundary condition in terms of a Froude number at the front, none of which have a sound theoretical or experimental basis. This paper focuses on considerations of the appropriate Froude number based on results of lock-exchange experiments in which extended inertial gravity currents are generated in a rectangular cross-section channel. We use ‘top-hat’ vertical density profiles of the currents to obtain an ‘equivalent’ depth, defined by profiles having the same buoyancy at every position as the real profiles. As in previous work, our experimental results show that in the initial constant-velocity phase the Froude number can be defined in terms of the lock depth. However, as the current enters the similarity phase when the initial release conditions are no longer relevant, we find that the Froude number is more appropriately defined in terms of the maximum height of the head. Strictly speaking, the self-similar solution to the shallow-water equations requires a front condition that uses the height at the rear of the head. We find that this rear Froude number is not constant and is a function of the head Reynolds number over the range 400–4500.
Ultra-Wideband CPW-to-Substrate Integrated Waveguide Transition Using an Elevated-CPW Section

In this letter, an elevated-coplanar waveguide (ECPW) is proposed for an intermediate section of a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-to-substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) transition. The ECPW is used to attain a gradual mode matching and to achieve the consequent wide bandwidth. The measurement results show 70% fractional bandwidth at 10 dB return loss and 0.9 dB insertion loss from 19 to 40 GHz. We expect that the proposed SIW transition plays an important role for the integration of high-Q SIW with CPW circuits, such as millimeter-wave system-in-package (SiP) using SIW circuits.
Infection as a risk factor for gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer is a common hepato‐biliary malignancy with poor prognosis. The main associated risk factors identified so far include cholelithiasis (especially mixed gall stone), chronic infections of the gallbladder, obesity, reproductive factors, diet, hepato‐biliary anamolies, and environmental exposure to specific chemicals. Genetic and molecular predisposing factors have also been described. This article reviews the association of chronic infection and gallbladder cancer. Most of the studies have shown a good association of mixed bacterial and Salmonella infections in the carcinogenesis of cancer gallbladder especially in the area of high endemicity of typhoid. Bacterial degradation of bile and chronic inflammation may also play some role in the carcinogenic process. Mutations in multiple tumor suppressor gene and oncogenes (P53 and K‐ras) have also been found in a few studies. This review seeks to bring out many hidden infective etiological aspects of the pathogenesis of gallbladder cancer. Review of the entire published literature suggests a need for further studies for better understanding of the disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:633–639. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autopsy confirmed multiple system atrophy cases: Mayo experience and role of autonomic function tests

Background Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by autonomic failure, manifested as orthostatic hypotension or urogenital dysfunction, with combinations of parkinsonism that is poorly responsive to levodopa, cerebellar ataxia and corticospinal dysfunction. Published autopsy confirmed cases have provided reasonable neurological characterisation but have lacked adequate autonomic function testing. Objectives To retrospectively evaluate if the autonomic characterisation of MSA is accurate in autopsy confirmed MSA and if consensus criteria are validated by autopsy confirmation. Methods 29 autopsy confirmed cases of MSA evaluated at the Mayo Clinic who had undergone formalised autonomic testing, including adrenergic, sudomotor and cardiovagal functions and Thermoregulatory Sweat Test (TST), from which the Composite Autonomic Severity Score (CASS) was derived, were included in the study. Results Patient characteristics: 17 men, 12 women; age of onset 57±8.1 years; disease duration to death 6.5±3.3 years; first symptom autonomic in 18, parkinsonism in seven and cerebellar in two. Clinical phenotype at first visit was MSA-P (predominant parkinsonism) in 18, MSA-C (predominant cerebellar involvement) in eight, pure autonomic failure in two and Parkinson's disease in one. Clinical diagnosis at last visit was MSA for 28 cases. Autonomic failure was severe: CASS was 7.2±2.3 (maximum 10). TST% was 65.6±33.9% and exceeded 30% in 82% of patients. The most common pattern was global anhidrosis. Norepinephrine was normal supine (203.6±112.7) but orthostatic increment of 33.5±23.2% was reduced. Four clinical features (rapid progression, early postural instability, poor levodopa responsiveness and symmetric involvement) were common. Conclusion The pattern of severe and progressive generalised autonomic failure with severe adrenergic and sudomotor failure combined with the clinical phenotype is highly predictive of MSA.
Spectrum and Natural History of Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone

THIS PAPER WILL present the major clinical findings in the study of fibrous dysplasia of bone (FD) that have occurred in the 10 years since the last meeting on Paget’s disease of bone and FD, which took place at the NIH in 1996. Accompanying monographs will address the molecular and cellular underpinnings that lead to FD (Weinstein and Bianco, respectively), the radiographic findings (Sundarm), the surgical (Stanton), and medical treatment of children (Glorieux) and adults (Chaprulat). The clinical problems and natural history of the disease vary according to the anatomical locations at which the disease occurs. Disease in the craniofacial region tends to overgrow causing disfigurement and has the potential to compress vital structures, such as the optic nerve. In the long bones, FD is often associated with pain, bowing, and fractures. Advancement in our understanding of FD has been impeded by the combination of low prevalence, broad and varied clinical spectrum, and the fact that FD is commonly accompanied by one or more hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies, each of which has its own distinct impact on the underlying skeletal disorder. An example of the complexity of studying and understanding FD is shown by the two patients shown in Fig. 1. Data from ongoing studies in a relatively large cohort of patients with FD and McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS) conducted at the NIH over the last 25 years have supplied significant new information to help us understand FD. One hundred four patients (57% females, 43% males) have been seen at the NIH over the last 25 years as subjects in various studies of FD and/or MAS. The average length of observation was 6 years (range, 1–25 years), for >650 patient-years of follow-up. Four percent had monostotic FD, 15% were polyostotic, and 81% had MAS (as defined broadly by FD with either café-au-lait skin pigmentation and/or one of the associated hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies). All patients underwent a detailed review of outside records, clinical examination, biochemical testing, and radiographic imaging. These data have helped define the spectrum of the disease, elucidate the distinct effect of specific hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies on the skeletal disease, give a sense of the natural history of the disease, point to areas where medical intervention is needed, and highlight areas in need of further study. FINDINGS
0.9–10GHz low noise amplifier with capacitive cross coupling

This paper presents a 0.9GHz-10GHz Ultra Wideband Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) designed for software-defined-radios (SDR). Capacitive cross coupling (CCC) is used at both input stage and cascade stage for wideband input impedance matching and small noise figure (NF). A combination of inductor peaking load and series inductor between the cascade stages of LNA is employed for a flat gain and enhanced input matching. This LNA is implemented in a standard 0. 18µm CMOS technology. For 0.9GHz-10GHz ultra wideband applications, it achieves a maximum gain of 14dB, 3.5dB∼4.1dB NF and +1.8dBm IIP3. It consumes only7.6mW from a 1.8V power supply.
Relationship between independent sitting balance and side of hemiparesis.

We conducted a retrospective chart audit of initial physical therapy evaluations to determine the incidence of sitting imbalance and its relationship to the side of weakness in hemiparetic patients. A review of the records of 105 patients revealed that the left side was predominantly affected in 52 patients and the right side in 53 patients. Age, time since onset, and proportion of men and women did not differ between the left and right hemiparetic patients. Most patients (81.0%) could sit independently, but 32.7% of those with left-sided weakness and 5.7% of those with right-sided weakness could not. A chi-square analysis revealed a significant relationship between the side of weakness and independent sitting balance (p less than .001). The phi-square test revealed the strength of this relationship to be . 12. Patients with left hemiparesis are more likely to have difficulty with independent sitting than patients with right hemiparesis, which may affect their progress in rehabilitation.
Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease

Uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein) is the most common protein excreted in the urine of healthy individuals, yet its function remains unclear. Mutations in the UMOD gene encoding uromodulin result in a marked decrease in the synthesis of uromodulin, as well as the accumulation of abnormal uromodulin in tubular cells, leading to tubular cell death. UMOD gene mutations are responsible for the autosomal dominant inheritance of chronic interstitial disease, leading to the need for renal replacement in the third through seventh decades of life. Individuals with UMOD mutations also suffer from hyperuricemia in childhood, and often suffer from gout in their teenage years. A similar clinical syndrome causing the autosomal dominant inheritance of chronic kidney disease, hyperuricemia, and anemia has recently been attributed to mutations in the REN gene encoding renin. Recently, polymorphisms in the UMOD gene have been found responsible for increased urinary uromodulin production and an increased risk of chronic kidney disease. This review summarizes information on uromodulin biology and clinical manifestations of mutations in the UMOD gene, as well as similar inherited interstitial diseases. It provides new information regarding UMOD gene polymorphisms and their association with chronic kidney disease.
Is There a Relationship Between, Lipoprotein(a) Level and In Vivo Insulin Sensitivity in Childhood?

References 1. Stephens JM, Sulway MJ, Watkins PJ: Relationship of blood acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in diabetes. Diabetes 20: 485-489,1971 2. McGarry JD, Foster DW: Regulation of ketogenesis and clinical aspects of the ketotic state. Metabolism 21:471-489, 1972 3. Fleckman AM: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 22:181205,1993 4. Graham P, Nardoo D: False positive Ketostix in a diabetic on antihypertensive therapy (Letter). Clin Chem 33:1490, 1987 5. Williamson J, Davidson DF, Boag DE: Contamination of a specimen with Nacetylcysteine infusion: a cause of spurious ketonemia and hyperglycemia. Ann Clin Biochem 26:207-208, 1989 6. Csako G: False positive results for ketone with the drug mesma and other free sulphydryl compounds. Clin Chem 33:289292,1987 7. Michaels GD, Margens S, Liebert G, Kinsell LW: Studies in fat metabolism. I. The colorimetric determination of ketone bodies in biological fluids. J Clin Invest 30: 1483-1489, 1951 8. Koch DD, Feldbruegge DH: Optimized kinetic method for automated determination of/3-hydroxybutyrate. Clin Chem 33: 1761-1766, 1987 9. Clemens RS: Ketoacidosis. South Med] 69: 217-221, 1976 Is There a Relationship Between Lipoprotein(a) Level and In Vivo Insulin Sensitivity in Childhood?
In vitro strain-induced endothelial cell dysfunction determined by DNA synthesis

Abstract Rapid re-endothelialization following balloon angioplasty can reduce restenosis by inhibiting smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. However, formation of a neointima following angioplasty can be inhibited due to endothelial cell dysfunction and denudation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate mechanical tensile stress as a cause of endothelial cell dysfunction. The Flexercell® strain unit was utilized to generate both short-term cyclic and static tensile strain on cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Before analysis of this loading on BAECs, strain behaviour of the Flexercell® system and DNA assay conditions were optimized. This paper demonstrates that, when compared with unloaded controls, 4-h cyclic loading at 4 per cent elongation and 0.1 Hz, and static loading at 4 per cent elongation cause a 44 and 70 per cent decrease in DNA synthesis respectively. In a companion paper, it is demonstrated that low DNA synthesis levels in mechanically loaded cells can be increased by incubation with Ap4A and/or NO donors.
Development of a Taiwanese Head Model for Studying Occupational Particle Exposure

This study reports a method for constructing a head model with a continuous airway passage beginning from the nostrils and continuing through the second generation of bronchi, using computerized tomographic (CT) images of facial features and airway passages from a healthy Taiwanese male adult. When combined with a manikin torso and connected to a cyclic breathing machine, the Taiwanese head model can simulate human breathing movement. This model enables investigation of important parameters of deposition efficiency without the inter- and intrasubject variability that often occurs in human studies. Being an assembly of numerous polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) plastic slabs, the head model can be applied to study particle deposition at specified respiratory regions. The nasal geometry obtained in this study was compared with those obtained in other studies, which demonstrated this head model to be 36% smaller in nostril cross-sectional area than for European Americans. Additionally, this Taiwanese head model was found to be shorter in nasal cavity length, and the minimum cross-sectional area was only 50% compared to that of European Americans. This study also measured the nasal inhalation efficiency and deposition for particles ranging from 1.5 to 15 μ m under various ventilation levels to test the feasibility of this head model. Future particle deposition studies using this Taiwanese head model can be compared with the currently available data, which are primarily based on Caucasian cast models or human subjects.
A decoupling technique for increasing the port isolation between two closely packed antennas

A general decoupling technique for increasing the port isolation between two closely packed antennas is proposed in this paper. The two antennas are first modeled by a π-shaped circuit from its S-parameters. Then, the detailed decoupling method is discussed to increase the port isolation where an optimization objective of maximum energy unbalance is adopted. Taking two closely parked patch antennas for example, good agreements between the theoretical analysis and full wave simulation are obtained. The present technique can increase the port isolation, thus the total efficiency, correlation coefficient and diversity gain are improved. Such a general decoupling technique can also be applied to any other antenna types.