Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chenmingite, FeCr2O4 in the CaFe2O4-type structure, a shock-induced, high-pressure mineral in the Tissint martian meteorite

Abstract Chenmingite (FeCr2O4; IMA 2017-036) is a high-pressure mineral, occurring as micrometer- to submicrometer-sized lamellae within precursor chromite grains along with xieite and Fe,Cr-rich ulvöspinel next to shock-induced melt pockets, from the Tissint martian meteorite. The composition of type chenmingite by electron probe analysis shows an empirical formula of (Fe0.752+Mg0.23Mn0.02) $\left( \text{Fe}_{0.75}^{2+}\text{M}{{\text{g}}_{0.23}}\text{M}{{\text{n}}_{0.02}} \right)$ (Cr1.60Al0.29Fe0.063+Fe0.042+Ti0.02)Σ2.01O4. ${{\left( \text{C}{{\text{r}}_{1.60}}\text{A}{{\text{l}}_{0.29}}\text{Fe}_{0.06}^{3+}\text{Fe}_{0.04}^{2+}\text{T}{{\text{i}}_{0.02}} \right)}_{\Sigma 2.01}}{{\text{O}}_{4}}. $The general and end-member formulas are (Fe,Mg)(Cr,Al)2O4 and FeCr2O4. Synchrotron X‑ray diffraction reveals that chenmingite has an orthorhombic Pnma CaFe2O4-type (CF) structure with unit-cell dimensions: a = 9.715(6) Å, b = 2.87(1) Å, c = 9.49(7) Å, V = 264.6(4) Å3, and Z = 4. Both chenmingite and xieite formed by solid-state transformation of precursor chromite under high pressure and high temperature during the Tissint impact event on Mars. The xieite regions are always in contact with melt pockets, whereas chenmingite lamellae only occur within chromite, a few micrometers away from the melt pockets. This arrangement suggests that chenmingite formed under similar pressures as xieite but at lower temperatures, in agreement with experimental studies.
Looks Real, or Really Fake? Warnings, Visual Attention and Detection of False News Articles

Abstract In recent years, online misinformation designed to resemble news by adopting news design conventions has proven to be a powerful vehicle for deception and persuasion. In a 2 (prior warning: present/absent) x 2 (article type: false/true) eye-tracking experiment, news consumers (N=49) viewed four science news articles from unfamiliar sources, then rated each article for credibility before being asked to classify each as true news or as false information presented as news. Results show that reminding participants about the existence of fake news significantly improved correct classification of false news articles, but did not lead to a significant increase in misclassification of true news articles as false. Analysis of eye-tracking data showed that duration of visual attention to news identifier elements, such as the headline, byline, timestamp on a page, predicted correct article classification. Implications for consumer education and information design are discussed.
Empty cephalopod conchs as substrates for gastropod eggs from the Hangenberg Black Shale (Late Devonian) of the Maïder Basin (Morocco)

Abstract In the latest Famennian, black shale deposition occurred in many regions, some suggested a marine transgression as the explanation while others saw a link with higher organic input from the land. In either case, the Hangenberg Black Shale was most likely deposited under low oxygen conditions, which enabled exceptional fossil preservation in some regions such as the southern Maïder Basin of Morocco. Here, we provide the first account of small circular structures, in some cases with thin carbon films, which remained on ammonoid and bactritoid conchs. Due to similarities in their morphology and size with other occurrences documented from Europe, we propose that these structures may represent gastropod eggs. We also discuss whether egg-deposition occurred in the water column or on the sediment surface.
Cytotoxic responses of human chondrocytes to bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine

Abstract Background Intra-articular injections of local anesthetics are used commonly in articular surgery. However, chondrocyte viability and metabolism may be adversely affected by various anesthetics. Objectives To assess the chondrotoxic effects of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine on human chondrocytes and elucidate possible mechanisms of chondrocyte death. Methods Cultured human chondrocytes (CHON-001) were exposed to 0.25% or 0.5% of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in vitro. Cell viability was determined by flow cytometry after 15, 30, 60, and 120 min of exposure. Chondrocyte reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured every 10 min for up to 1 h using 2ʹ,7ʹ-dichlorodihydrofluorescein staining. Chondrocyte production of glycosaminoglycan was measured by capillary electrophoresis. NO production was measured using a colorimetric assay kit. Results We found a significant increase in chondrotoxicity dependent on exposure time and concentration of the anesthetic. At 60 min, chondrocyte viability was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased when exposed to 0.5% levobupivacaine (32.5%), or 0.25% or 0.5% bupivacaine (34.3% or 46.5%, respectively) compared with exposure to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) vehicle as a control. Cell death at 120 min was mainly necrosis. There was no difference in viability after treatment with either concentration (0.25% or 0.5%) of ropivacaine at any time compared with exposure to PBS. We found increased production of NO, while ROS decreased after exposure to any of the anesthetics tested. Conclusions Ropivacaine may be safer than bupivacaine or levobupivacaine as an intra-articular analgesic. Chondrotoxicity of anesthetics in vitro may be mediated via a reactive nitrogen species-dependent pathway.
Urban and Rural Public Spaces: Development Issues and Qualitative Assessment

Abstract This paper presents selected issues related to the observation, assessment and development of urban and rural public spaces. Therefore, its initial part focuses on the specific nature of these spaces, and in particular on their functions and on problems in their development. It also describes features of urban and rural public spaces, which will be a prelude to the issue of qualitative assessment of the subject at hand. The method applied here can be used for the analysis of each urban space selected, thus strengthening the practical nature of this study. While over 80 public spaces have been analysed, the paper itself focuses only on the case studies that demonstrate the specific nature of the analysis that was carried out. The analysis process as a whole is only referred to in the summary.
Using Neural Networks with data Quantization for time Series Analysis in LHC Superconducting Magnets

Abstract The aim of this paper is to present a model based on the recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture, the long short-term memory (LSTM) in particular, for modeling the work parameters of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) super-conducting magnets. High-resolution data available in the post mortem database were used to train a set of models and compare their performance for various hyper-parameters such as input data quantization and the number of cells. A novel approach to signal level quantization allowed reducing the size of the model, simplifying the tuning of the magnet monitoring system and making the process scalable. The paper shows that an RNN such as the LSTM or a gated recurrent unit (GRU) can be used for modeling high-resolution signals with the accuracy of over 0.95 and a small number of parameters, ranging from 800 to 1200. This makes the solution suitable for hardware implementation, which is essential in the case of monitoring the performance critical and high-speed signal of LHC superconducting magnets.
A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia

Abstract Twenty surface soil samples (0-10 cm) and shoots of a perennial shrub Zygophyllum coccineum L. were collected around a cement factory on the western coast of Saudi Arabia, in order to assess concentrations of some heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). The most noticeable among all heavy metals was Pb that showed an average concentration of 460.15±86.60 μg g-1 followed by Cr (138.67±30.89 μg g-1), Zn (54.41±43.79 μg g-1), Ni (41.22±12.60 μg g-1) and Cu (33.48±12.52 μg g-1). Based on biological concentration factor analysis, Z. coccineum can be considered as an accumulator only for zinc (BCF >1). Estimation of various ecological contamination factors revealed the significant impact of Pb in the environmental pollution in the region. It is also understood that the primary contribution to the ecological risk index (RI) mainly originated from various anthropogenic influences such as industrialization and urbanization. The different statistical analysis further revealed the potential effect of soil characteristics on the occurrence and dispersal of heavy metals in the study area.
Structural evidence of in-sequence and out-of-sequence thrusting in the Karwendel mountains and the tectonic subdivision of the western Northern Calcareous Alps

Abstract We present the results of a field study in the Karwendel mountains in the western Northern Calcareous Alps, where we analysed the boundary between two major thrust sheets in detail in a key outcrop where nappe tectonics had been recognized already at the beginning of the 20th century. We use the macroscopic structural record of thrust sheet transport in the footwall and hanging wall of this boundary, such as folds, foliation and faults. In the footwall, competent stratigraphic units tend to preserve a full record of deformation while incompetent units get pervasively overprinted and only document the youngest deformation. Transport across the thrust persisted throughout the deformation history of the Northern Calcareous Alps from the late Early Cretaceous to the Miocene. As a consequence of transtensive, S-block down strike-slip tectonics, postdating folding of the major thrust, new out-of-sequence thrusts formed that climbed across the step, and ultimately placed units belonging to the footwall of the initial thrust onto its hanging wall. One of these out-of-sequence thrusts had been used to delimit the uppermost large thrust sheet (Inntal thrust sheet) of the western Northern Calcareous against the next, tectonically deeper, (Lechtal) thrust sheet. Based on the structural geometry of the folded thrust and the age of the youngest sediments below the thrust, we redefine the thrust sheets, and name the combined former Inntal- and part of the Lechtal thrust sheet as the new Karwendel thrust sheet and the former Allgäu- and part of the Lechtal thrust sheet as the new Tannheim thrust sheet.
Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Molecular Typing of Thermophilic Campylobacter Spp. in a Greek Poultry Slaughterhouse

Abstract Campylobacter species are one of the leading causes of foodborne disease. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of its transmission to humans. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from chicken carcasses, the environment, and processing equipment of a poultry slaughterhouse in Greece, to identify the dominant Campylobacter species and to determine if there are clonal relationships among the isolates. Fifty poultry samples and 25 environmental samples were examined using microbial cultures and PCR. Forty-nine of 50 poultry samples (98%) were found to be positive for Campylobacter spp. The environment of the slaughterhouse was also found to be significantly contaminated with Campylobacter spp. Thirty-seven isolates were found to be susceptible to all antimicrobials tested (56.1%) and 29 isolates showed resistance to at least two of the antimicrobials tested (43.9%). We observed 24 different PFGE-types among the 53 isolates with 14 of them isolated only once, while five PFGE-types were represented by two isolates. The remaining 29 isolates were represented by five PFGE-types each consisting of three to 12 isolates. Regarding the relationship of the PFGE types and corresponding resistance profiles, all strains of each PFGE-type shared the same antimicrobial resistance profile. This study reports evidence for Campylobacter spp. cross-contamination among broiler carcasses in a Greek slaughterhouse.
Shedding Light on the Convoluted Terrain of Differentiated Instruction (DI): Proposal of a DI Taxonomy for the Heterogeneous Classroom

Abstract Student heterogeneity is not limited to performance, but encompasses cultural background, language competence, learning styles, and motivation. Thus, heterogeneity inherently changes the demands placed on teachers and requires them to practice differentiated instruction (DI). However, existing DI frameworks tend to describe single exemplary DI practices and widely lack an empirical view. Thus, these frameworks may provide little help to classroom teachers when it comes to the question of how or by which instructional arrangements they can address student heterogeneity in their everyday classroom teaching. In an attempt to bridge the gap between educational theory and everyday instructional practice, this theoretical paper focusing on differentiation within secondary school education proposes a comprehensive taxonomy of the DI practices known in the literature and practice. Outlines for future research on DI are discussed.
Assessing the impact of Autonomous Vehicles on urban noise pollution

Abstract This paper presents the results of a noise emission study of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and their impact on the road network. By comparing the current situation with a future hypothetical scenario (100% AVs penetration), this study highlights the positive effect, in terms of noise pollution, of the adoption of AVs on a real road network (city of Rome). For this scope, a traffic simulation-based approach was used to investigate the effects of AVs on the network congestion. Results show that the full AVs penetration scenario leads to an improvement in the network performances in terms of travel time and average network speed. Moreover, the amount of Vehicle Kilometre Travelled (VKT) shows an 8% increase on longer extra-urban routes, due to the higher capacity impact of AVs on highways, with a consequent load reduction for intra-urban shortcutting routes. These results are also reflected in terms of noise emission. In fact, the central area would benefit from lower noise emission, whereas an increase in traffic volume and speed lead to worsened conditions for some specific highway links of the network. Overall, it was shown that a 100% AVs fleet would have a beneficial effect for the noise pollution, leading to a general reduction of noise emissions, which is more pronounced for intra-urban roads.
Recent Advances in Tissue plasminogen activator-based nanothrombolysis for ischemic stroke

Abstract Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disorder caused by sudden decrease or interruption of blood flow in brain arteries. Deficiency of timely and effective reperfusion of ischemic brain tissue can lead to irreversible brain injury and neurological dysfunction. Currently, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only appropriate thrombolytic agent which is approved by FDA for patients with acute ischemic stoke. However, due to the limitation of very narrow therapeutic time window and severe intracranial hemorrhagic complication, the outcome of stroke treatment mediated by rt-PA still remains unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is urgent to find new alternative drugs or develop novel drug delivery system to achieve better outcomes. In recent years, with the rapid development of nanotechonology, nanomaterials as a drug delivery system can provide new strategies and methods to carry t-PA specifically to the occlusion site and provide advanced treatment for stroke. In this review, we briefly introduced the physiopathologic mechanisms of thrombolysis and focused on the comparison of the t-PA mediated thrombolysis and t-PA conjugated nanomaterial mediated thrombolysis.
Determination of Fe2+/Fe3+ mole ratio based on the change of precursor lattice parameters of wustite based iron catalysts for the ammonia synthesis

Abstract In the presented article, oxide forms of iron catalysts with the wustite structure and with a R = Fe2+/Fe3+ molar ratio in the range from 3.78 to 8.16 were investigated. The chemical composition of the tested catalyst precursors was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was used to determine the phase composition and location of reflections characteristic of the Fe1−xO phase. The molar ratio of iron ions R = Fe2+/Fe3+ was determined by manganometric titration. The distribution of promoters in the structure of iron catalyst precursors with different R = Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio was determined by a selective etching method. The dependence of the lattice parameter ao value in the crystal structure Fe1−xO on the molar ratio R = Fe2+/Fe3+ was determined. On the basis of the determined dependence, R can easily be calculated in catalyst precursors of the wustite structure.
Analyst and etching protocol effects on the reproducibility of apatite confined fission-track length measurement, and ambient-temperature annealing at decadal timescales

Abstract Previous inter-laboratory experiments on confined fission-track length measurements in apatite have consistently reported variation substantially in excess of statistical expectation. There are two primary causes for this variation: (1) differences in laboratory procedures and instrumentation, and (2) personal differences in perception and assessment between analysts. In this study, we narrow these elements down to two categories, etching procedure and analyst bias. We assembled a set of eight samples with induced tracks from four apatite varieties, initially irradiated between 2 and 43 years prior to etching. Two mounts were made containing aliquots of each sample to ensure identical etching conditions for all apatites on a mount. We employed two widely used etching protocols, 5.0 M HNO3 at 20 °C for 20 s and 5.5 M HNO3 at 21 °C for 20 s. Sets of track images were then captured by an automated system and exchanged between two analysts, so that measurements could be carried out on the same tracks and etch figures, in the same image data, allowing us to isolate and examine the effects of analyst bias. An additional 5 s of etching was then used to evaluate etching behavior at track tips. In total, 8391 confined fission-track length measurements were performed; along with 1480 etch figure length measurements. When the analysts evaluated each other’s track selections within the same images for suitability for measurement, the average rejection rate was ∼14%. For tracks judged as suitable by both analysts, measurements of 2D and 3D length, dip, and c-axis angle were in excellent agreement, with slightly less dispersion when using the 5.5 M etch. Lengths were shorter in the 5.0 M etched mount than the 5.5 M etched one, which we interpret to be caused by more prevalent under-etching in the former, at least for some apatite compositions. After an additional 5 s of etching, 5.0 M tracks saw greater lengthening and more reduction in dispersion than 5.5 M tracks, additional evidence that they were more likely to be under-etched after the initial etching step. Systematic differences between analysts were minimal, with the main exception being likelihood of observing tracks near perpendicular to the crystallographic c axis, which may reflect different use of transmitted vs. reflected light when scanning for tracks. Etch figure measurements were more consistent between analysts for the 5.5 M etch, though one apatite variety showed high dispersion for both. Within a given etching protocol, each sample reflected a decrease of mean track length with time since irradiation, giving evidence of 0.2–0.3 μm of annealing over year to decade timescales.
Differential place marking and differential object marking

Abstract This paper gives an overview of differential place marking phenomena and formulates a number of universals that seem to be well supported. Differential place marking is a situation in which the coding of locative, allative or ablative roles depends on subclasses of nouns, in particular place names (toponyms), inanimate common nouns and human nouns. When languages show asymmetric coding differences depending on such subclasses, they show shorter (and often zero) coding of place roles with toponyms, and longer (often adpositional rather than affixal) coding of place roles with human nouns. Like differential object marking, differential place marking can be explained by frequency asymmetries, expectations derived from frequencies, and the general preference for efficient coding. I also argue that differential place marking patterns provide an argument against the need to appeal to ambiguity avoidance to explain differential object marking.
Discrete Zr and REE mineralization of the Baerzhe rare-metal deposit, China

Abstract Although REE (lanthanides + Sc + Y) mineralization in alkaline silicate systems is commonly accompanied with Zr mineralization worldwide, our understanding of the relationship between Zr and REE mineralization is still incomplete. The Baerzhe deposit in Northeastern China is a reservoir of REE, Nb, Zr, and Be linked to the formation of an Early Cretaceous, silica-saturated, alkaline intrusive complex. In this study, we use in situ laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of zircon and monazite crystals to constrain the relationship between Zr and REE mineralization at Baerzhe. Three groups of zircon are identified and are differentiated based upon textural observations and compositional characteristics. Type Ia zircons display well-developed oscillatory zoning. Type Ib zircons are darker in cathodoluminescence images and have more irregular zoning and resorption features than type Ia zircons. In addition, type Ib zircons can locally occur as overgrowths on type Ia zircons. Type II zircons contain irregular but translucent cores and rims with oscillatory zoning that are murky brown in color and occur in aggregates. Textural features and compositional data suggest that types Ia and Ib zircon crystallized at the magmatic stage, with type Ia being least-altered and type Ib being strongly altered. Type II zircons, on the other hand, precipitated during the magmatic to magmatic-hydrothermal transition. Whereas the magnitude of the Eu anomaly is moderate in the barren alkaline granite, both magmatic and deuteric zircon exhibit pronounced negative anomalies. Such features are difficult to explain exclusively by feldspar fractionation and could indicate the presence of fluid induced modification of the rocks. Monazite crystals occur mostly through replacement of zircon and sodic amphibole; monazite clusters are also present. Textural and compositional evidence suggests that monazite at Baerzhe is hydrothermal. Types Ia and Ib magmatic zircon yield 207Pb-corrected 206Pb/238U ages of 127.2 ± 1.3 and 125.4 ± 0.7 Ma, respectively. Type II deuteric zircon precipitated at 124.9 ± 0.6 Ma. The chronological data suggest that the magmatic stage of the highly evolved Baerzhe alkaline granite lasted less than two million years. Hydrothermal monazite records a REE mineralization event at 122.8 ± 0.6 Ma, approximately 1 or 2 million years after Zr mineralization. We therefore propose a model in which parental magmas of the Baerzhe pluton underwent extensive magmatic differentiation while residual melts interacted with aqueous hydrothermal fluids. Deuteric zircon precipitated from a hydrosilicate liquid, and subsequent REE mineralization, exemplified by hydrothermal monazite, correlates with hydrothermal metasomatic alteration that postdated the hydrosilicate liquid event. Such interplay between magmatic and hydrothermal processes resulted in the formation of discrete Zr and REE mineralization at Baerzhe.