Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A2AR‐induced transcriptional deregulation in astrocytes: An in vitro study

Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) are modulators of various physiological processes essential for brain homeostasis and fine synaptic tuning. In certain neurodegenerative conditions, notably Alzheimer's disease (AD), A2ARs are pathologically upregulated in neurons but also in astrocytes. In that context, the use of A2ARs inhibitors, normalizing impaired receptor function, is seen as a potential therapeutic strategy. However, the impact of A2AR alterations, particularly in astrocytes, is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effect of A2AR overexpression on transcriptional deregulation in primary astrocytic cultures. By performing whole transcriptome analysis, we found that A2AR overexpression promotes robust transcriptional changes, mostly affecting immune response, angiogenesis, and cell activation‐related genes. Importantly, we observed that treatment with SCH58261, a selective A2AR antagonist, restored the expression levels of several inflammatory and astrocytic activation‐related genes, such as Interleukin‐1beta and vimentin. This supports the notion that A2AR blockade could restore some astrocytic dysfunctions associated with abnormal A2AR expression, further arguing for a potential beneficial impact of receptor antagonists in A2AR‐induced transcriptional deregulation, inflammation, and astrogliosis. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into the putative impact of A2AR overexpression on transcriptional deregulation in astrocytes, thereby opening novel avenues for the use of A2AR antagonists as potential therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases.
Anxiety, depression, and birth outcomes in a cohort of unmedicated women

Abstract Background Even though most of the systematic reviews suggest that depression and anxiety are related to poor neonatal outcomes, it is not yet clear whether a dose–response effect exists. Aim The aim of the present study is to evaluate the amount of depressive and anxiety symptoms in a cohort of pregnant women and its effect on their newborns. Methods Two hundred ninety-nine women were assessed for anxiety and depressive disorders and anxious and depressive symptoms at near monthly intervals throughout pregnancy. At the time of delivery, we collected the newborns’ gestational age, birth weight and the Apgar score at 1 and 5 min. Results Sixty-seven women were diagnosed as depressed and 43 had an anxious disorder. After controlling for confounding variables only the overall levels of anxiety during pregnancy were negatively associated with birth weight (B = −5.76; 95% CI = −10.96, −2.81), suggesting the existence of a “dose–response” effect. The birth outcomes in mildly depressed pregnant women were similar to those of nondepressed women. Conclusion Anxiety symptoms, beyond a categorical diagnosis, are associated with low birth weight and should be recognized and properly treated during pregnancy.
Novel GLI3 variant causes Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome in three generations of a Lithuanian family

Preaxial polydactyly type IV, also referred as polysyndactyly, has been described in a few syndromes. We present three generations of a family with preaxial polydactyly type IV and other clinical features of Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS).
Diurnal variation in opsin expression and common housekeeping genes necessitates comprehensive normalization methods for quantitative real‐time PCR analyses

To determine the visual sensitivities of an organism of interest, quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) is often used to quantify expression of the light‐sensitive opsins in the retina. While qRT–PCR is an affordable, high‐throughput method for measuring expression, it comes with inherent normalization issues that affect the interpretation of results, especially as opsin expression can vary greatly based on developmental stage, light environment or diurnal cycles. We tested for diurnal cycles of opsin expression over a period of 24 hr at 1‐hr increments and examined how normalization affects a data set with fluctuating expression levels using qRT–PCR and transcriptome data from the retinae of the cichlid Pelmatolapia mariae. We compared five methods of normalizing opsin expression relative to (a) the average of three stably expressed housekeeping genes (Ube2z, EF1‐α and β‐actin), (b) total RNA concentration, (c) GNAT2, (the cone‐specific subunit of transducin), (d) total opsin expression and (e) only opsins expressed in the same cone type. Normalizing by proportion of cone type produced the least variation and would be best for removing time‐of‐day variation. In contrast, normalizing by housekeeping genes produced the highest daily variation in expression and demonstrated that the peak of cone opsin expression was in the late afternoon. A weighted correlation network analysis showed that the expression of different cone opsins follows a very similar daily cycle. With the knowledge of how these normalization methods affect opsin expression data, we make recommendations for designing sampling approaches and quantification methods based upon the scientific question being examined.
Reconstructed Lost Native American Populations from Eastern Brazil Are Shaped by Differential Jê/Tupi Ancestry

Abstract After the colonization of the Americas by Europeans and the consequent Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, most Native American populations in eastern Brazil disappeared or went through an admixture process that configured a population composed of three main genetic components: the European, the sub-Saharan African, and the Native American. The study of the Native American genetic history is challenged by the lack of availability of genome-wide samples from Native American populations, the technical difficulties to develop ancient DNA studies, and the low proportions of the Native American component in the admixed Brazilian populations (on average 7%). We analyzed genome-wide data of 5,825 individuals from three locations of eastern Brazil: Salvador (North-East), Bambui (South-East), and Pelotas (South) and we reconstructed populations that emulate the Native American groups that were living in the 16th century around the sampling locations. This genetic reconstruction was performed after local ancestry analysis of the admixed Brazilian populations, through the rearrangement of the Native American haplotypes into reconstructed individuals with full Native American ancestry (51 reconstructed individuals in Salvador, 45 in Bambui, and 197 in Pelotas). We compared the reconstructed populations with nonadmixed Native American populations from other regions of Brazil through haplotype-based methods. Our results reveal a population structure shaped by the dichotomy of Tupi-/Jê-speaking ancestry related groups. We also show evidence of a decrease of the diversity of nonadmixed Native American groups after the European contact, in contrast with the reconstructed populations, suggesting a reservoir of the Native American genetic diversity within the admixed Brazilian population.
Regional abnormalities on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and arrhythmic events in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis

Patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) may present with arrhythmic events (AE): atrioventricular block (AVB) and/ or ventricular arrhythmias (VA). We sought to: (a) use regional analysis of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) to describe anatomic and functional phenotypes of patients with CS and AE; (b) Assess the association of regional CMR abnormalities with the combined endpoint of death, heart transplantation (HT) and AE; and (c) use machine learning (ML) to predict the combined endpoint based on CMR features.
Association between early-life exposure to the Great Chinese Famine and poor physical function later in life: a cross-sectional study

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the association between early-life exposure to the Great Chinese Famine (1959–1961) and the prevalence of poor physical function in midlife. Design A population-based historical prospective study was performed as part of a wider cross-sectional survey. Exposure to famine was defined by birthdate, and participants were divided into non-exposed group, fetal-exposed group and infant-exposed group. Setting and participants A total of 3595 subjects were enrolled into the study from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2015 based on random selection of households that had at least one member aged 45 years old and older in 28 provinces of mainland China. Main outcome measures Physical function status was assessed by a six-item self-report on the Barthel scale which rated basic activities of daily living (BADL). Results 743 (20.7%) out of all participants were exposed to the Great Chinese Famine in their fetal periods, while 1550 (43.1%) participants were exposed at the age of an infant. The prevalence of poor physical function in the non-exposed group, fetal period-exposed group and infant period-exposed group were 12.3%, 15.5% and 17.0%, respectively. Among males, after stratification by gender and severity of famine, the prevalence of poor physical function in the fetal period was significantly higher (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.18 to 4.89, p=0.015) than the non-exposed group in severely affected areas, even after adjusting for the number of chronic diseases, place of residence, smoking and alcohol drinking habits, marital status, educational level and body mass index. A similar connection between prenatal and early postnatal exposure to the Great Chinese Famine and the prevalence of poor physical function in midlife, however, was not observed from female adults. Conclusions Males who were exposed to the Great Chinese Famine (1959–1961) present considerably decreased physical function in their later life.
Heavy drinking in adolescents is associated with change in brainstem microstructure and reward sensitivity

The cortical‐cerebellar circuit is vulnerable to heavy drinking (HD) in adults. We hypothesized early microstructural modifications of the pons/midbrain region, containing core structures of the reward system, in HD adolescents. Thirty‐two otherwise symptom‐free HDs at age 14 (HD14) and 24 abstainers becoming HDs at age 16 (HD16) were identified in the community with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and compared with abstainers. The monetary incentive delay (MID) task assessed reward‐sensitive performance. Voxelwise statistics of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) values in the thalamo‐ponto‐mesencephalic region were obtained using tract‐based spatial statistics. Projections between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were identified by probabilistic tractography. Lower fraction of anisotropy and higher radial diffusivity (RD) values were detected in the upper dorsal pons of HD14 adolescents, and a trend for higher RD in HD16, compared with abstainers. When expecting reward, HD14 had higher MID task success scores than abstainers, and success scores were higher with a lower number of tracts in all adolescents. In symptom‐free community adolescents, a region of lower white matter (WM) integrity in the pons at age 14 was associated with current HD and predicted HD at age 16. HD was related to reward sensitivity.
Anxiety Among Inpatients With Cancer: Findings From a Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Vietnam

Anxiety, a condition which is commonly found in patients with cancer, has negative impacts on their quality of life and treatment outcome. This study aimed to determine the level of anxiety in patients with cancer and explore sociodemographic, disease-related, and hospital-related factors associated with anxiety in those patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 510 inpatients with cancer at Thanh Hoa Oncology Hospital, Vietnam. Data were collected from self-administered questionnaire forms on hospital depression anxiety-A, interviews with patients, and patient medical records. The univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed using STATA ver. 14.0. Our finding that the patients’ mean anxiety score (standard deviation) was 7.22 (3.8); 27.6% of the patients had an anxiety score between 8 and 10 points, and 15.5% had an anxiety score of ≥11 points. In the multivariate model, in more advanced stages of cancer, and patients with metastasis were more likely to have higher levels of anxiety than those who presented no sign of metastasis. The longer the patients had cancer, the less anxious they became. Lower levels of anxiety were observed in patients who stated that hospital facilities were adequate or had trust in health workers. Patients with cancer need to be provided with psychological support in the early stage of cancer detection and when metastases form. A strong patient–health-care provider relationship after diagnosis may help reduce distress among patients with cancer with higher levels of medical mistrust.
Disseminating Intention: How a term has spread within cross-species comparative science.

The current study takes a holistic view of cross-species comparative research and investigates the dissemination of the term intention as representative of the so-called "cognitive revolution. " All references from 641 articles, published from 1948 to 2017, are used to analyze a citation network. The analysis visualizes and identifies prominent articles in the scientific debate and locates them structurally on a map. Each article is categorized in terms of the school of thought, its position within the discourse (e.g., opposing, supporting), the order of intentionality (e.g., 1st or 2nd order), and the species under consideration. By using a mixed-methods approach, which combines qualitative and quantitative methods, we identified 2 divergent schools of thought (psychological/philosophical and biological/behavioristic). Both schools introduced intention mostly independently from each other and show little overlap in citation habits. Both notions of intention have influenced comparative science until today. However, although the term finds limited application in various schools, only in connection with more cognitive approaches has it enjoyed a successful career, as indicated by the increasing number of articles in which it is used. Most controversy does not surround the concept of intention itself but its order. Furthermore, taking account of which species are investigated could reveal a pronounced primate bias in past discourse. Articles on nonprimate species using the term intention in the cognitive sense are markedly outnumbered by those on primates. The study reminds comparative psychologists of the importance to integrate a historical perspective into current debates, to avoid "speciesism" and talking past each other. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Mental Workload Drives Different Reorganizations of Functional Cortical Connectivity Between 2D and 3D Simulated Flight Experiments

Despite the apparent usefulness of efficient mental workload assessment in various real-world situations, the underlying neural mechanism remains largely unknown, and studies of the mental workload are limited to well-controlled cognitive tasks using a 2D computer screen. In this paper, we investigated functional brain network alterations in a simulated flight experiment with three mental workload levels and compared the reorganization pattern between computer screen (2D) and virtual reality (3D) interfaces. We constructed multiband functional networks in electroencephalogram (EEG) source space, which were further assessed in terms of network efficiency and workload classification performances. We found that increased alpha band efficiencies and beta band local efficiency were associated with elevated mental workload levels, while beta band global efficiency exhibited distinct development trends between 2D and 3D interfaces. Furthermore, using a small subset of connectivity features, we achieved a satisfactory multi-level workload classification accuracy in both interfaces (82% for both 2D and 3D). Further inspection of these discriminative connectivity subsets, we found predominant alpha band connectivity features followed by beta and theta band features with different topological patterns between 2D and 3D interfaces. These findings allow for a more comprehensive interpretation of the neural mechanisms of mental workload in relation to real-world assessment.
The Cognitive Demands of Gait Retraining in Runners: An EEG Study

Abstract High impact forces during running have been associated with tibial stress injuries. Previous research has demonstrated increasing step rate will decrease impact forces during running. However, no research has determined the cognitive demand of gait retraining. The primary purpose was to determine the cognitive demand and effectiveness of field-based gait retraining. We hypothesized that in-field gait retraining would alter running mechanics without increasing cognitive workload as measured by EEG following learning. Runners with a history of tibial injury completed a gait retraining protocol which included a baseline run, retraining phase, practice phase, and re-assessment following retraining protocol. Results demonstrated an increase in the theta, beta, and gamma power within prefrontal cortex during new learning and corresponding return to baseline following skill acquisition and changes across alpha, beta, gamma, mu, and theta in the motor cortex (p < .05). In the midline superior parietal cortex, spectral power was greater for theta activity during new learning with a corresponding alpha suppression. Overall, the results demonstrated the use of EEG as an effective tool to measure cognitive demand for implicit motor learning and the effectiveness of in-field gait retraining.
Do all chlorophyll fluorescence emission wavelengths capture the spring recovery of photosynthesis in boreal evergreen foliage?

Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) is closely related to photosynthesis and can be measured remotely using multiple spectral features as solar-induced fluorescence (SIF). In boreal regions, SIF shows particular promise as an indicator of photosynthesis; in part because of the limited variation of seasonal light absorption in these ecosystems. Seasonal spectral changes in ChlF could yield new information on processes such as sustained non-photochemical quenching (NPQS ), but also disrupt the relationship between SIF and photosynthesis. We followed ChlF, functional and biochemical properties of Pinus sylvestris needles during the photosynthetic spring recovery period to answer; (1) how ChlF spectra change over seasonal timescales? (2) How pigments, NPQS and total PAR absorption drive changes of ChlF spectra? (3) Do all ChlF wavelengths track photosynthetic seasonality? We found seasonal ChlF variation in the red and far-red wavelengths, which was strongly correlated with NPQS , carotenoid content and photosynthesis (enhanced in the red), but not with PAR absorption. Furthermore, a rapid decrease in red/far-red ChlF ratio occurred in response to a cold spell, potentially relating to the structural reorganization of the photosystems. We conclude that all current SIF retrieval features can track seasonal photosynthetic dynamics in boreal evergreens, but the full SIF spectra provides additional insight.
Anti-Multiple Myeloma Potential of Secondary Metabolites from Hibiscus sabdariffa

Multiple myeloma (MM) belongs to hematological cancers and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Despite recent advances in its therapy, MM still causes many deaths every year. In fact, current therapies sometimes fail and are associated with severe adverse effects, including neurotoxicity. As a part of our ongoing efforts to discover new potential therapies against MM, we prepared Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts obtained by a microwave-assisted solvent extraction and investigate their activity by in vitro assays on the RPMI-8226 cell line. The bioguided fractionation of the crude ethanolic extract allowed the identification of HsFC as the most effective extract. We assessed cell viability (MTT and Tripan blue test), cell migration (Boyden chamber assay), and neurotoxicity (DRG neurotoxicity assay). The promising results prompted us to further fractionate HsFC and we obtained two molecules effective against RPMI-8226 cells without neurotoxic effects at their active concentrations. Moreover, both compounds are able to significantly reduce cell migration.
The Moderating Role of the School Context on the Effects of the Healthy Primary School of the Future

Background: The current study investigated the moderating role of the school context on the effects of a Dutch health promoting school initiative on children’s health and health behaviors. Methods: The study used a mixed-methods design. The school context (n = 4) was assessed by the characteristics of the school population, teacher’s health-promoting (HP) practices, implementers’ perceived barriers, school’s HP elements, and dominating organizational issues. Outcomes included objectively assessed BMI z-scores and physical activity (PA), and parent and child-reported dietary intake. Analyses included linear mixed models (four intervention schools versus four control schools), and qualitative comparisons between intervention schools with similar HP changes. Results: Effects on outcomes varied considerably across schools (e.g., range in effect size on light PA of 0.01–0.26). Potentially moderating contextual aspects were the child’s socioeconomic background and baseline health behaviors; practices and perceived barriers of employees; and organizational issues at a school level. Conclusions: Similar HP changes lead to different outcomes across schools due to differences in the school context. The adoption of a complex adaptive systems perspective contributes to a better understanding of the variation in effects and it can provide insight on which contextual aspects to focus on or intervene in to optimize the effects of HP initiatives.
Parkinson’s Disease: The Emerging Role of Gut Dysbiosis, Antibiotics, Probiotics, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

The role of the microbiome in health and human disease has emerged at the forefront of medicine in the 21st century. Over the last 2 decades evidence has emerged to suggest that inflammation-derived oxidative damage and cytokine induced toxicity may play a significant role in the neuronal damage associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines and T cell infiltration has been observed in the brain parenchyma of patients with PD. Furthermore, evidence for inflammatory changes has been reported in the enteric nervous system, the vagus nerve branches and glial cells. The presence of α-synuclein deposits in the post-mortem brain biopsy in patients with PD has further substantiated the role of inflammation in PD. It has been suggested that the α-synuclein misfolding might begin in the gut and spread “prion like” via the vagus nerve into lower brainstem and ultimately to the midbrain; this is known as the Braak hypothesis. It is noteworthy that the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms (constipation, dysphagia, and hypersalivation), altered gut microbiota and leaky gut have been observed in PD patients several years prior to the clinical onset of the disease. These clinical observations have been supported by in vitro studies in mice as well, demonstrating the role of genetic (α-synuclein overexpression) and environmental (gut dysbiosis) factors in the pathogenesis of PD. The restoration of the gut microbiome in patients with PD may alter the clinical progression of PD and this alteration can be accomplished by carefully designed studies using customized probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation.