Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leaning In or Leaning On? Gender, Homophily, and Activism in Crowdfunding

Homophily is among the most cited and studied mechanisms in the social sciences; its ability to explain a wide range of phenomena is well established, and it can accommodate a broad range of forms of likeness. Despite this breadth, comparatively little research exists to distinguish the mechanisms underlying choice homophily that link these varied bases and outcomes. By examining the drivers of choice homophily, we develop the concept of activist choice homophily, where the basis of homophilic attraction is not merely dyadic similarity but rather perceptions of shared structural barriers stemming from a common social identity based on group membership. We theorize how this form of choice homophily differs from interpersonal choice homophily, which emerges from the perceived similarity between two individuals, as well as from induced homophily at the structural level. Using data from a laboratory experiment, we find evidence that activist choice homophily predicts (and largely mediates) the choice of female participants to donate to a crowdfunding project proposed by a female founder. Consistent results emerge in real-world data from the world’s largest crowdfunding platform.
The climate of a retrograde rotating Earth Response to Reviews

To enhance the understanding of our Earthsystem ::::::::::: understanding :: of ::::::: Earth’s ::::::: climate, numerical experiments are performed contrasting a retrograde and prograde rotating Earth using the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model. The experiments show that the sense of rotation has relatively little impact on the globally and zonally averaged energy budgets, but leads to large shifts in : : continental climates, patterns of precipitation, and the structure of the ocean overturning circulation ::::: regions ::: of 5 :::: deep ::::: water :::::::: formation. Most changes in the continental climate ::::::: Changes :: in ::: the ::::: zonal ::::::::::: asymmetries :: of ::: the ::::::::: continental :::::::: climates are expected, given ideas developed more than a hundred years ago: A general : . :::::::::: Unexpected ::::: was, ::::::: however, :::: the switch in the nature :::::::: character of the Euro-African climate with that of the Americasdue to the reversal of the wind systems and the associated changes in storm tracks. However, the shift of : , :::: with :: a :::::: drying :: of ::: the :::::: former :::: and : a :::::::: greening :: of :::: the ::::: latter. :::: Also :::::::::: unxepected :::: was : a ::::: shift 10 :: in ::: the : storm track activity from the oceans to the land in the Northern hemisphereis surprising. Different . :::: The :::::::: different patterns of storms ::: and ::::::: changes :: in ::: the :::::::: direction :: of ::: the :::::: trades influence fresh water transport, which may underpin the change of the role of the North Atlantic and the Pacific in terms of deep water formation, overturning and northward oceanic heat transport. These changes greatly influence northern hemispheric climate and atmospheric heat transport by eddies in ways that appear energetically consistent with a southward shift of the zonally and annually averaged tropical rain bands. Differences 15 between the zonally averaged energy budget and the rain band shifts leave the door open, however, for an important role for stationary eddies in determining the position of tropical rains. Changes in ocean biogeochemistry largely follow shifts in ocean circulation, but the emergence of a "super" oxygen minimum zone in the Indian Ocean is surprising ::: not :::::::: expected. The upwelling of phosphate enriched and nitrate depleted water provoke a dominance of cyanobacteria over bulk phytoplankton over vast areas, a phenomenon not observed in the prograde model. 20
The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect

L'A. s'efforce de comprendre comment les structures sociales influent sur la performance economique. Il s'interesse plus particulierement a la notion d'« enracinement ». Il montre que celle-ci permet de saisir comment les relations sociales modelent l'activite economique. Il porte de meme son attention sur les reseaux sociaux qui jouent un role important en cette affaire. Il examine en premier lieu le concept d'enracinement structurel. Il compare ensuite les performances economiques d'entreprises americaines qui fonctionnent en reseaux avec les resultats d'activite d'entreprises qui n'operent que par le biais du marche. Il presente, a ce propos, un certain nombre de donnees collectees aux Etats-Unis, a New York entre 1990 et 1991
When to stop making relevance judgments? A study of stopping methods for building information retrieval test collections

In information retrieval evaluation, pooling is a well‐known technique to extract a sample of documents to be assessed for relevance. Given the pooled documents, a number of studies have proposed different prioritization methods to adjudicate documents for judgment. These methods follow different strategies to reduce the assessment effort. However, there is no clear guidance on how many relevance judgments are required for creating a reliable test collection. In this article we investigate and further develop methods to determine when to stop making relevance judgments. We propose a highly diversified set of stopping methods and provide a comprehensive analysis of the usefulness of the resulting test collections. Some of the stopping methods introduced here combine innovative estimates of recall with time series models used in Financial Trading. Experimental results on several representative collections show that some stopping methods can reduce up to 95% of the assessment effort and still produce a robust test collection. We demonstrate that the reduced set of judgments can be reliably employed to compare search systems using disparate effectiveness metrics such as Average Precision, NDCG, P@100, and Rank Biased Precision. With all these measures, the correlations found between full pool rankings and reduced pool rankings is very high.
A CHERN CHARACTER IN CYCLIC HOMOLOGY

We show that inner derivations act trivially on the cyclic cohomol- ogy of the normalized cyclic complex W(Cl)/3s(C). ) where I2 is a differential graded algebra. This is then used to establish the fact that the map introduced in (GJ) defines a Chern character in K theory. J.-M. Bismut recently extended the classical theory of Chern characters to the equivariant theory of the free loop space LX ; he explicitly constructed an S ' -invariant equivariantly closed form a>(E, V) on LX whose restriction to X, the space of constant loops, is Ch(F) = tr(expV2). Closely related to the equivariant theory of the loop space of X is A. Connes' cyclic theory of the differential graded algebra Q. of differential forms on X. More precisely, Chen's theory of iterated integrals allows us to view cyclic cycles of forms on X as equivariantly closed forms on the loop space LX. This is a generalization of the point of view that a one-form co on X can be viewed as a function on LX by y -> fy œ. This suggests the possibility of interpreting the classical theory of Chern char- acters in the context of cyclic homology i.e., of extending Ch(E) off the fixed point set X of the circle action on LX by way of a cyclic cycle over Q. In (GJP), Getzler, Jones, and Petrack, gave an explicit formula for a cyclic cy- cle y/(E, e) which via iterated integrals maps to the Bismut Chern character il(E) over LX. A priori, their construction of y/(E, e) appears to depend on the choice of idempotent e describing the vector bundle E, but in fact, it is shown that y/(E, e) depends only on the isomorphism class of E in Kq(X) , and hence defines the desired Chern character. This is essentially proved by establishing the triviality of certain group actions on the cyclic homology of a differential graded algebra Q. These actions are natural generalizations of the usual adjoint action Ad(g), given by conjugation by an invertible element g, and its infinitesimal analogue ad, given by inner derivation, to Connes' cyclic bar complex of Q. 1. Cyclic homology In this section we review the definition of the cyclic homology of a DGA. According to C. Kassel, by a mixed complex we mean a triplet (fe* ; d; B) where g7* is a graded algebra and where d: W* -» ff*+x, and B: W* -» W*~x, are derivations of degrees +1 and -1 respectively, and subject to the rela-
Quality of life and psychiatric disorders before and one year after liver transplantation

1 Ceyhun Can1, Can Cimilli2, Yarkın Özenli1, Gül Ergör3, Elif Onur Aysevener2, Tarkan Ünek4, İbrahim Astarcıoğlu4 1Department of Psychiatry, Adana City Hospital, Adana, 2Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, 3Department of Public Health, Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, 4Department of General Surgery, Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey Liver transplantation and quality of life Quality of life and psychiatric disorders before and one year after liver transplantation
Articular Cartilage : A 2-Year Prospective Study Clinical , Radiographic , and Histological Outcomes After Cartilage Repair With Particulated Juvenile

http://ajs.sagepub. com/content/early/2014/04/08/0363546514528671 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/0363546514528671 published online April 9, 2014 Am J Sports Med Jack Farr, Samuel K. Tabet, Ed Margerrison and Brian J. Cole Articular Cartilage: A 2-Year Prospective Study Clinical, Radiographic, and Histological Outcomes After Cartilage Repair With Particulated Juvenile
Carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio and growth rate of phytoplankton in the sea

Observations from offshore regions (NW Atlantic and Arabian Sea) and from a semi- enclosed bay (Tokyo Bay) were used to study the relationships between chlorophyll and particulate carbon in the sea. A simple conceptual model was then developed to infer in situ phytoplankton car- bon as a function of chlorophyll a. This allowed indirect estimates of the carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio of phytoplankton in the sea. Using data from high-performance liquid chromatography, field samples dominated by diatoms, dinoflagellates, green algae, prymnesiophytes and cyanobacteria were iden- tified, and their carbon-to-chlorophyll ratios were established. The computations yielded conserva- tive estimates for the ratio (15 to 176 weight:weight). The results were applied to satellite data to map the carbon-to-chlorophyll ratios in the NW Atlantic. Since methods were already in place to estimate photosynthesis-irradiance parameters for the region by remote sensing (Platt et al. 2008), we showed that it was possible, using remote sensing, to compute carbon-based phytoplankton growth rates by making use of the existing information on photosynthesis-irradiance parameters and carbon- to-chlorophyll ratios. The method makes it possible to compute primary production by using either carbon-based growth models or photosynthesis-irradiance models in ways that are fully comparable with each other.
INVADING HERBIVORY: THE GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL ALTERS ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING IN ASIAN WETLANDS

We investigated the effects of an exotic snail, the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in tropical wetland ecosystems. This large snail (up to 80-mm shell height) has invaded large parts of Southeast Asia during recent decades. A survey of natural wetlands in Thailand showed that high densities of the snail were associated with almost complete absence of aquatic plants, high nutrient concentrations, and high phytoplankton biomass, that is, a complete shift in both ecosystem state and function. A field experiment demonstrated that grazing by the snail can cause the loss of aquatic plants, a change toward dominance of planktonic algae, and thereby a shift toward turbid water. Estimates of biologically fixed nutrients released through snails grazing on aquatic plants revealed that phosphorus releases were sufficient to explain the recorded increase in phytoplankton biomass. Hence, our study demonstrates how an herbivore may trigger a shift from clear water and macrophyte dominance to a turbid state dominated by planktonic algae. This shift and the continuing aggressive invasion of this exotic species are detrimental to the integrity and functioning of wetland ecosystems, and to the services these provide in Southeast Asia.
A Study of Challenges Facing Construction of Affordable Decent Low-Cost Housing in Turkana County

Housing problems in developed countries are characterized by overcrowding, dilapidated structures and shared bathrooms. On the other hand, developing countries like Kenya, the problem is largely complicated by lack of serviced land, lack of access to housing finances, rigid legal framework and over dependence on non-local construction materials, techniques and technologies. Although there have been significant interventions in the effort to reverse this trend in Kenya, some counties especially in marginalized areas like Turkana County have continued to lag behind in provision of decent and affordable houses for its residents. In an effort to establish where the problem is, this study, seek to determine and describe challenges faced by different stakeholders and residents of Turkana County in their endeavor to put up decent low cost housing.
Why So Difficult? Exploring Negative Relationships between Educational Leaders: The Role of Trust, Climate, and Efficacy

Recent work suggests the importance of collaboration among district-office and school leaders. Most studies examine prosocial relationships, but negative social ties, which may be more consequential, are rarely examined. We collected survey data from 78 educational leaders on perceptions of culture and negative relationships and used social-network analysis to examine the likelihood of leaders forming negative relationships. Findings indicate that “senders” of negative ties tended to be district-office leaders, who often reported higher efficacy and perceived less trust, whereas “receivers” of negative ties were more likely to perceive more trust and have been employed in the district longer.
A multiple climates approach to understanding business unit effectiveness

We propose four theoretically competing climates that are important for business-unit performance: climates for external control, internal control, internal flexibility, and external flexibility. Using a sub-sample of 620 business units from multiple companies across different industries and countries, we identified mechanisms by which climates influence business performance, accounting for different stakeholder interests. Climate for external control related directly to perceived business performance; climates for external flexibility and internal control both related to customer loyalty, which in turn predicted perceived business performance. Importantly, we show the moderating role of context whereby climate for internal flexibility was positively associated with perceived business performance, but only when market volatility was high. Drawing on the notion of ambidexterity, business units with higher effectiveness measures for all stakeholders also had high levels of all four climates, concurrently. The study supports the value for organizational effectiveness of having multiple climates that collectively accommodate an internal- and external-focus, as well as control and flexibility.
On the Relevance of Modeling Volatility for Pricing Purposes

This paper presents a two-factor (Vasicek-CIR) model of the term structure of interest rates and develops its pricing and empirical properties. We assume that default free discount bond prices are determined by the time to maturity and two factors, the long-term interest rate and the spread. Assuming a certain process for both factors, a general bond pricing equation is derived and a closed-form expression for bond prices is obtained. Empirical evidence of the model's performance in comparisson with a double Vasicek model is presented. The main conclusion is that the modeling of the volatility in the long- term rate process can help (in a large amount) to fit the observed data can improve - in a reasonable quantity - the prediction of the future movements in the medium- and long-term interest rates. However, for shorter maturities, it is shown that the pricing errors are, basically, negligible and it is not so clear which is the best model to be used.
Explaining geographical variation in the isotope composition of mouse lemurs (Microcebus)

Aim We sought to quantify geographical variation in the stable isotope values of mouse lemurs (Microcebus) and to determine whether this variation reflects trophic differences among populations or baseline isotopic differences among habitats. If the latter pattern is demonstrated, then Microcebus can become a proxy for tracking baseline habitat isotopic variability. Establishing such a baseline is crucial for identifying niche partitioning in modern and ancient communities.
Erratum to Ön Infinitely Divisible Laws in C[ 0, 1 ]"

In Euclidean spaces, or in a separable Hilbert space, the characteristic function of an infinitely divisible distribution has the familiar form given by the Levy-Khintchine formula. The Levy measures M of this formula are characterized by the property that the integral of min[l, |lxi|2] with respect to M is finite. This simple situation no longer holds in the Banach space C C[o, 1] where integrability of min[1, l|xil] is sufficient but integrability of min[l, lixII2] is neither necessary nor sufficient. Certain other conditions which are sufficient to imply that M is the Levy measure of a distribution on C can be obtained with the use of an integral formula of Garsia.
HDL in Endocrine Carcinomas: Biomarker, Drug Carrier, and Potential Therapeutic

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) have long been studied for their protective role against cardiovascular diseases, however recently relationship between HDL and cancer came into focus. Several epidemiological studies have shown an inverse correlation between HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and cancer risk, and some have even implied that HDL-C can be used as a predictive measure for survival prognosis in for specific sub-population of certain types of cancer. HDL itself is an endogenous nanoparticle capable of removing excess cholesterol from the periphery and returning it to the liver for excretion. One of the main receptors for HDL, scavenger receptor type B-I (SR-BI), is highly upregulated in endocrine cancers, notably due to the high demand for cholesterol by cancer cells. Thus, the potential to exploit administration of cholesterol-free reconstituted or synthetic HDL (sHDL) to deplete cholesterol in endocrine cancer cell and stunt their growth of use chemotherapeutic drug loaded sHDL to target payload delivery to cancer cell has become increasingly attractive. This review focuses on the role of HDL and HDL-C in cancer and application of sHDLs as endocrine cancer therapeutics.
Use of machine-learning algorithms for the automated detection of cold-water coral habitats: a pilot study

Cold-water coral reefs are recognised as important biodiversity hotspots on the conti- nental margin. The location of terrain features likely to be associated with living reef has been made easier by recent developments in acoustic sensing technology. For accurate assessment and fine- scale mapping of these newly identified coral habitats, analysis of video data is still required. In the present study we explore the potential of manual and automatic abundance estimation of cold-water corals and sponges from still image frames extracted from video footage from Tisler Reef (Skagerrak, Norway). The results and processing times from 3 standard visual assessment methods (15-point quadrat, 100-point quadrat and frame mapping) are compared with those produced by a new com- puter vision system. This system uses machine-learning algorithms to detect species within frames automatically. Cold-water coral density estimates obtained from the automated method were similar to those gained by the other methods. The automated method slightly underestimated (by 10 to 20%) coral coverage in frames which lacked a uniform seabed illumination. However, it did much better in the detection of small live coral fragments than the 15-point method. For assessing sponge coverage, the automated system did not perform as satisfactorily. It mistook a percentage of the seabed for sponge (0.1 to 2% of most frames) and underestimated sponge coverage in frames that contained many sponges. Results indicate that the machine-learning approach is appropriate for estimating live cold-water coral density, but further work is required before the system can be applied to sponges within the reef environment.
A Strawman for an HPC PowerStack

● Christopher Cantalupo, Intel Corporation, USA ● Jonathan Eastep, Intel Corporation, USA ● Siddhartha Jana, Energy Efficient HPC Working Group, Global ● Masaaki Kondo, University of Tokyo, Japan ● Matthias Maiterth, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Germany ● Aniruddha Marathe, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA ● Tapasya Patki, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA ● Barry Rountree, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA ● Ryuichi Sakamoto, University of Tokyo, Japan ● Martin Schulz, Technical University Munich, Germany ● Carsten Trinitis, Technical University Munich, Germany
Finite‐frequency Rayleigh wave tomography of the western Mediterranean: Mapping its lithospheric structure

We present a 3‐D shear wave velocity model for the crust and upper mantle of the western Mediterranean from Rayleigh wave tomography. We analyzed the fundamental mode in the 20–167 s period band (6.0–50.0 mHz) from earthquakes recorded by a number of temporary and permanent seismograph arrays. Using the two‐plane wave method, we obtained phase velocity dispersion curves that were inverted for an isotropic Vs model that extends from the southern Iberian Massif, across the Gibraltar Arc and the Atlas mountains to the Saharan Craton. The area of the western Mediterranean that we have studied has been the site of complex subduction, slab rollback, and simultaneous compression and extension during African‐European convergence since the Oligocene. The shear velocity model shows high velocities beneath the Rif from 65 km depth and beneath the Granada Basin from ∼70 km depth that extend beneath the Alboran Domain to more than 250 km depth, which we interpret as a near‐vertical slab dangling from beneath the western Alboran Sea. The slab appears to be attached to the crust beneath the Rif and possibly beneath the Granada Basin and Sierra Nevada where low shear velocities (3.8 km/s) are mapped to >55 km depth. The attached slab is pulling down the Gibraltar Arc crust, thickening it, and removing the continental margin lithospheric mantle beneath both Iberia and Morocco as it descends into the deeper mantle. Thin lithosphere is indicated by very low upper mantle velocities beneath the Alboran Sea, above and east of the dangling slab and beneath the Cenozoic volcanics.