Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
> Critical Loads of Nitrogen and their Exceedances

s 5 Foreword 7 Summary 8 1 Background and Aims 11 1.1 The Critical Loads and Levels approach developed under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution 11 1.2 Mapping Critical Loads and Levels in Switzerland 14 2 Methods to Derive Critical Loads of Nutrient Nitrogen 16 2.1 Adverse Effects of Exposure to Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds 16 2.1.1 Direct Toxicity of Nitrogen Gases 17 2.1.2 Eutrophication of (semi-)natural Ecosystems 17 2.1. 3 Soil Acidification 18 2.1. 4 Increased Susceptibility to Secondary Stress Factors 18 2.2 Empirical Critical Loads of Nitrogen 18 2.2.1 The Empirical Method 18 2.2.2 Derivation of Country-specific Empirical Critical Loads 20 2.2.3 Mapping Empirical Critical Loads for Ecosystems in Switzerland 23 2.3 The Simple Mass Balance Method (SMB) 29 2.3.1 The Calculation Method 29 2.3.2 Quantification of the Input Parameters 31 3 Mapping Nitrogen Deposition 36 3.1 Modelling Approach 36 3.2 Wet Deposition 38 3.3 Dry Deposition of Gases 40 3.4 Dry Deposition of Aerosols 43 3.5 Mapping Ammonia 45 3.5. 1 Emissions of Ammonia 45 3.5. 2 Ammonia Concentration 50 3.5. 3 Validation of the Ammonia Maps 52 3.6 Mapping Depositions 1990–2010 54 4 Results 55 4.1 Critical Loads of Nitrogen 55 4.2 Deposition of Nitrogen 58 4.3 Exceedances of Critical Loads of Nitrogen 60 4.4 Reliability of the Results 64
Peritoneal
interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha as markers for early detection of
anastomotic dehiscence following surgery for colorectal cancer

Anastomotic dehiscence is one of the most serious complications following surgery for colorectal cancer, and early detection of anastomotic dehiscence is critical to minimize mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study was to determine the value of peritoneal interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as markers for preclinical detection of anastomosis dehiscence following colorectal surgery. Concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured in drain fluid obtained from 58 patients on days 1 to 4 following surgery for colorectal cancer. Five out of 58 patients developed anastomosis dehiscence. Patients who developed anastomosis dehiscence had significantly higher concentration of IL-6 on day 1 after surgery, and TNF-α on day 1, 2 and 4 after surgery. Interleukin-6 on day 1 was predictive for anastomosis dehiscence with specificity of 83%, sensitivity of 80%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 31% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 98%. TNF-α was predictive for anastomosis dehiscence on day 1 (specificity 92%, sensitivity 80%, PPV 50%, NPV 98%), day 2 (specificity 94%, sensitivity 80%, PPV 57%, NPV 98%), and day 4 (specificity 83%, sensitivity 100%, PPV 27%, NPV 100%). Our study indicates the potential use of peritoneal cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α as additional diagnostic tool for early detection of anastomosis dehiscence following colorectal surgery.
CHOOSING AND SUBSTANTIATING THE METHODS OF MANAGING GAS EMISSION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE KOTINSKAYA MINE OF JSC SUEK-KUZBASS

This research is focused on choosing and substantiating efficient methods of gas emission control in the working areas in course of intensive mining of gas-bearing coal beds. The methods of predicting methane release in the working area have been analyzed. The reasons why the accuracy of determining the expected methane emission is associated with great difficulties are shown. By the results of field observations, efficiency of methods of control of gas emission management in a working area has been assessed. The influence of working face daily load on methane release into the longwall face has been determined in the conditions of the Kotinskaya mine. Parameters have been substantiated, and control modules of gas emission management in the working areas have been formed. An example of a gas emission control module layout has been shown. A set of recommendations has been developed for intensive and safe preparation and mining of working areas in gas-bearing coal beds. Economic effectiveness of the recommendations and the areas for their rational use have been evaluated. The areas of further research, which are required to improve the efficiency and safety of mining operations in development of contiguous coal beds, have been determined.
Management of anaphylaxis in emergency medicine What is the value of chest X-RAY for patients with acute chest pain? Paediatric cardiac arrests in the northern emirates, United Arab Emirates

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the incidence and clinical characteristics of paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) cases in the emirates of Al-Sharjah, Ras-al-Khaimah, Umm Al-Quwain, Al-Fujairah and Ajman (collectively referred to as the Northern Emirates) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods: This study was a prospective cohort study of all OHCA incidents treated or transported by National Ambulance LLC ambulance crews between February 2014 and March 2015. A subgroup analysis was performed on all paediatric OHCA patients (defined as less than 18 years old) presenting during this period. Results: The subgroup comprised of 14 patients (3.6% of the overall cardiac arrest population). There were six male (43%) and eight female (57%) patients, with a median age of four years (interquartile range [IQR] 0.63-8.75). The majority of paediatric cardiac arrests occurred in patients from the Indian subcontinent (n=6, 43%) with UAE Nationals accounting for three cases (21%). Trauma induced cardiac arrest accounted for six cases (43%) with three of these (21%) as a result of traffic related incidents and two as a result of drowning (14%). The median response time was nine (9:00) minutes from receipt of emergency medical call to arrival of crew at scene (IQR 7:45-11:30). Bystander Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was attempted in five cases (36%). Two patients (14%) presented in a shockable rhythm on first analysis. An overall out-of-hospital (at scene or en-route) return-of-spontaneous-circulation (ROSC) rate of two patients (14%) was observed in the paediatric population. Conclusion: A low ROSC rate for paediatric cardiac arrest was identified in the population studied, in line with previous studies. This highlights the need for public education addressing prevention of paediatric cardiac arrest, particularly prevention of trauma induced cardiac arrest. In addition, providing education to the public surrounding the early recognition of paediatric cardiac arrest and subsequent actions to be undertaken, including early Emergency Medical Services activation and provision of bystander CPR is an identified priority action arising from this study. Determining the baseline data presented in this study is essential in recommending and implementing strategies to reduce mortality from paediatric OHCA. Alan Batt ORIG INAL ART ICLE
Effect of integrated plant nutrient system on passive and active pools of organic carbon in soybean-chickpea sequence

The long term sustainability and overall productivity of cropping system is directly related to the maintenance of soil organic matter through recycling plant nutrients and improving physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Although, the content of organic matter in Indian soils is relatively low ranging from 0.1 to 1 per cent and majority less than 0.5 per cent, its influAbstract: A field experiment was conducted at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S.) during kharif season of 2012-13 to evaluate the long term impact of Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply (IPNS) on passive and active pools of soil organic carbon in relation to soybeanchickpea cropping sequence. The experiment was laid in randomised block design (RBD) with eight treatments comprising absolute control, 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) along with farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 Mg ha, 50 % RDF + 50 % P through phosphocompost, 75 % RDF + 25 % N through cotton stalk and 100 % RDF supplemented through organics only. The results revealed that, the application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 Mg ha -1 (100% RDF to rabi) led to highest organic carbon fraction viz. Fulvic Acid (FA-C) (0.35 %), Humic Acid (HA-C) (0.28%), organic matter (9.77 g kg). The active pools of carbon vz. SMB-C (264.3 mg kg), SMB-N (39.66 mg kg), WS-C (45.66 mg kg) and WS-CHO (862.3 mg kg) were also influenced significantly with the application of 100 % RDF + FYM @ 5 Mg ha (100 % RDF to rabi). The grain (27.93 q ha) and stover (32.33 q ha) yield of soybean was maximum with the application of 100 % RDF + FYM @5 Mg ha (100 % RDF to rabi). The different fractions of organic carbon were significantly correlated themselves as well as with the yield of soybean. The HA-C (r = 0.86) and FA-C (r= 0.84) were significantly correlated with SMB-C and SMB-N. There also exists a significant and positive correlation among different organic carbon fractions with soybean yield, the correlation coefficient was observed to r=0.558**, r=0.479** and r=0.413*, respectively for HA-C, organic carbon and FA-C. The application of 100 % RDF + FYM @ 5 Mg ha (100 % RDF to rabi) recorded highest FA-C: HA-C ratio (1.25) and it was least in control (1.10). Agropedology 2015, 25 (01), 1339
Pension Benefits, Labor Market Institutions and Unemployment: Theory and Empirical Evidence

In a simple union model we argue that the existence of a public pension program that pays a benefit during the retirement period conditional on employment when young creates an incentive for wage moderation. This hypothesis is tested in a panel of 14 countries for the 1980-2000 period. We find significant evidence in favor of the theoretical model. The empirical section of the paper also provides important insights about the role of labor market institutions and macroeconomic shocks as determinants of unemployment. JEL Classification: H55, J51, J32
Prescribing Pattern of Antibiotics in Pediatric Inpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Bangalore

Prescription pattern analysis oversees the observance of standards of medical treatment at all levels of the healthcare delivery system. Health professionals are primarily responsible for treatment and to know about their prescribing practices can contribute to the achievement of initiatives and regulations relevant to IUA. Evaluation of prescribing pattern will also help in minimizing adverse drug reactions as children are more susceptible to them and it shall also aid in providing cost effective medical care.The assessment of the prescription will helps to know the attitude of the physicians towards prescribing and to provide rationality in the prescription.we sought to evaluate the prescribing patterns of antibiotics in pediatric inpatient department of a tertiary care hospital.Findings of this study are expected to provide relevant information to paediatricians and general practitioners.The study was a prospectiveobservational study carried out among in-patients of the pediatric department.The patients below the age of 18 years and being treated with antibiotics were includedin the study.A total of 109 patients were reviewed for the use of antibiotics. 2 The use of antimicrobial agents, especially antibiotics has become a routine practice for the treatment of pediatric illness like fever, UTI, gastroenteritis, skin infections, LRTI, URTI.Maximum use of antibiotic prescriptions were found in age groups of 5-12 yrs. 3 Prescription pattern analysis oversees the observance of standards of medical treatment at all levels of the healthcare delivery system. The study of prescribing patterns is a part of the medical audit and seeks to monitor, evaluate, and if necessary, suggest modifications in prescribing practices to make medical care rational and cost-effective. 4 The maximum number of antibiotics prescribed was according to guidelines. 5 - Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (35%) - Ceftriaxone (29%) - Amikacin (17%) - Cefotaxime + sulbactam (12%) - Vancomycin (2%) - Tobramycin (1%) - Pipercillin (1%) - Gentamicin (0.5%)
A generalised Gerber-Shiu function for Markov-additive risk processes

We consider the following risk reserve process. Claims arrive according to a Markovian point process. Claim sizes are phase-type and the model allows for possible correlations among inter-claim times and claim sizes. The premium income between claim arrivals is modelled by Markov-modulated Brownian motion which may depend on the underlying phases of the claim arrival process. For this risk reserve model we derive the joint distribution of the time to ruin, the surplus immediately before ruin, the deficit at ruin, the minimal risk reserve before ruin, and the time until this minimum is attained. The analysis is based on first passage times for Markovadditive processes and their time reversals.
Calibration of Quantum Decision Theory and Stochastic Choice Predictability

In this report, we investigate different parametric calibrations of quantum decision theory to a set of experimental data, comprising choices between pairs of lotteries. According to QDT, decision makers make choices between prospects with certain probabilities, in which we can distinguish two terms: a utility term, and an attraction term. In the essence, the suggested formulations of QDT allow to separate risk aversion to extremely big losses from other choice patterns, and transfer it into the attraction component. For this set of data, one formulation of QDT is found to perform better at both the aggregate and individual levels and for all considered criteria. Nevertheless, the improvement is mostly appreciable for gambles involving big losses, and small in average. Therefore, we carefully investigate the intrinsic limits of prediction, under the assumption that choices are stochastic.
NUTRIENT RETURN TO THE SOIL THROUGH LITTERFALL UNDER CERTAIN TREE PLANTATIONS ON SODIC WASTELANDS IN NORTHERN INDIA

RANA, B. S. , SAXENA, A. K. , RAO, O. P. & SINGH, B. P. 2007. Nutrient return to the soil through litterfall under certain tree plantations on sodic wastelands in northern India. We studied the patterns of litterfall and nutrient return to the soil under seven-year-old plantations of Casuarina equisetifolia, Leucaena leucocephala, Eucalyptus hybrid and Dalbergia sissoo established on sodic wastelands in northern India and compared them among themselves and with other plantations raised on normal soil. In the present plantations, the leaf litter ranged from 64 (D. sissoo) to 91% (C. equisetifolia) of the total aboveground tree litter production. Winter season reflected maximum leaf and total aboveground litterfall. The annual return of major nutrients (NPK) through litterfall amounted to 1.86−4.82 g m-2 year-1 N (D. sissoo and C. equisetifolia respectively), 0.39−0.97 g m-2 year-1 P (D. sissoo and C. equisetifolia respectively), and 1.48–1.80 g m-2 year-1 K (Eucalyptus hybrid and D. sissoo respectively). Foliage accounted for most of the nutrients (67−92%) returned through litterfall. All the plantations studied were generally more efficient in N and K nutrient use than certain other plantations.
The Computational Complexity Column

Catalytic computation is a fascinating notion of space-restricted computation introduced and studied by Buhrman et al in their STOC 2015 article. It is motivated by reversible models of computation and has intriguing connections to classical complexity measures. In this article, Michal Koucky explains the underlying ideas and results in that work and new directions for research.
Rapid cycling mood disorder: A review

Abstract Objectives: Rapid cycling mood disorder is an important clinical phenomenon. The concept of rapid cycling has evolved since it was first described in 1974. The purpose of this review is to summarise current diagnostic criteria, postulated risk factors and suggested management strategies. Method: A Medline and Psych-Lit computerised literature search was supplemented by tracing back through the references from existing review work. Results: Over 80 papers were identified which discussed diagnosis and management of rapid cycling. Conclusions: DSM-IV provides a useful but narrow definition of rapid cycling. Standard treatment of affective disorder may exacerbate rapid cycling. If a rapid cycling course develops, discontinuation of antidepressants and use of mood stabilisers is recommended.
EFFECT OF LATERAL VISCOSITY VARIATIONS IN THE CORE- MANTLE BOUNDARY REGION ON PREDICTIONS OF THE LONG- WAVELENGTH GEOID

Seismic studies of the lowermost mantle suggest tha t he core-mantle boundary (CMB) region is strongly laterally heterogeneous over bot h local and global scales. These heterogeneities are likely to be associated with si gnificant lateral viscosity variations that may influence the shape of the long-wavelength nonhydrostatic geoid. In the present paper we investigate the effect of these lateral vi scosity variations on the solution of the inverse problem known as the inferences of viscosit y from the geoid. We find that the presence of lateral viscosity variations in the CMB region can significantly improve the percentage fit of the predicted data with observati ons (from 42 to 70% in case of free-air gravity) while the basic characterisics of the mant le viscosity model, namely the viscosity increase with depth and the rate of layering, remai n more or less the same as in the case of the best-fitting radially symmetric viscosity mo dels. Assuming that viscosity is laterally dependent in the CMB region, and radially dependent elsewhere, we determine the largescale features of the viscosity structure in the lo wermost mantle. The viscosity pattern found for the CMB region shows a high density of ho tsp ts above the regions of higherthan-average viscosity. This result suggests an imp ortant role for petrological heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle, potentiall y ssociated with a post-perovskite phase transition. Another potential interpretation is that the lateral viscosity variations derived for the CMB region correspond in reality to lateral variations in the mechanical conditions at the CMB boundary or to large-scale un d lations of a chemically distinct layer at the lowermost mantle.
In vivo liposomal delivery of PPARα/γ dual agonist tesaglitazar in a model of obesity enriches macrophage targeting and limits liver and kidney drug effects

Macrophages are important regulators of obesity-associated inflammation and PPARα and -γ agonism in macrophages has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we tested the efficacy with which liposomal delivery could target the PPARα/γ dual agonist tesaglitazar to macrophages while reducing drug action in common sites of drug toxicity: the liver and kidney, and whether tesaglitazar had anti-inflammatory effects in an in vivo model of obesity-associated dysmetabolism. Methods: Male leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice were administered tesaglitazar or vehicle for one week in a standard oral formulation or encapsulated in liposomes. Following the end of treatment, circulating metabolic parameters were measured and pro-inflammatory adipose tissue macrophage populations were quantified by flow cytometry. Cellular uptake of liposomes in tissues was assessed using immunofluorescence and a broad panel of cell subset markers by flow cytometry. Finally, PPARα/γ gene target expression levels in the liver, kidney, and sorted macrophages were quantified to determine levels of drug targeting to and drug action in these tissues and cells. Results: Administration of a standard oral formulation of tesaglitazar effectively treated symptoms of obesity-associated dysmetabolism and reduced the number of pro-inflammatory adipose tissue macrophages. Macrophages are the major cell type that took up liposomes with many other immune and stromal cell types taking up liposomes to a lesser extent. Liposome delivery of tesaglitazar did not have effects on inflammatory macrophages nor did it improve metabolic parameters to the extent of a standard oral formulation. Liposomal delivery did, however, attenuate effects on liver weight and liver and kidney expression of PPARα and -γ gene targets compared to oral delivery. Conclusions: These findings reveal for the first time that tesaglitazar has anti-inflammatory effects on adipose tissue macrophage populations in vivo. These data also suggest that while nanoparticle delivery reduced off-target effects, yet the lack of tesaglitazar actions in non-targeted cells such (as hepatocytes and adipocytes) and the uptake of drug-loaded liposomes in many other cell types, albeit to a lesser extent, may have impacted overall therapeutic efficacy. This fulsome analysis of cellular uptake of tesaglitazar-loaded liposomes provides important lessons for future studies of liposome drug delivery.
Parenting an Autistic Child: A Qualitative Study

To determine feelings and thoughts of parents with autistic children. This qualitative study consisted of 20 parents. ‘Personal Information Form’ and semi-constituted ‘Guide Interview Form’ with qualitative face-to-face technique were used. Thematic analysis method was used for analyses. The mean age of children was 10.80 ± 4.30 (3-16 year-olds). Expressions of parents were grouped under the following main themes: Feelings of parents when they learnt about the disease, how this condition affected the life quality of parents, problems of parents about childcare, and concerns of parents regarding the future of their children. Parents expressed their feelings upon learning about the disease: ‘I felt unhappy, shocked, extremely upset and I could not accept this situation’. Their social and family life was negatively affected, and they were disturbed due to gaze of others. Needs of families and children should be met, different perspectives should be developed with a common philosophy.
Contraception needed to avoid high-fertility-risk births, and maternal and child deaths that would be averted

This report estimates the number of maternal and child deaths that could be averted by satisfying the unmet need for contraception based on four high-risk fertility behavior categories i.e. having a birth at too young an age too old an age with inadequate spacing and at high parity. The data come from 45 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2006 and 2012 with 691362 non-pregnant women. Twenty-one percent of non-pregnant women have an unmet need for contraception due to their desires or their fertility risk 5 percent for an unmet spacing method and 16 percent for a limiting method. Another 20 percent are using a spacing method but have a need for a long-acting permanent method of family planning. In total 41 percent of women have a need for focused efforts by family planning programs. By satisfying the risk-based unmet need for contraception over half of infant and under-five deaths could be averted with 3.2 million deaths averted out of the 5.6 million deaths projected for 2015. Even more spectacular is the number of maternal deaths that could be averted i.e. 109000 out of the 155000 projected for a reduction of 70 percent. Only two of five women who need focused efforts and who visited a health facility in the preceding year were informed about family planning. It is thus incumbent upon national and private health programs and donors to serve the women with unmet needs to cost-effectively avert maternal and child deaths and to reach the Sustainable Development Targets 3.1 and 3.2.
STABLE SOLUTIONS TO WEIGHTED QUASILINEAR PROBLEMS OF LANE-EMDEN TYPE

We prove that all entire stable W 1,p loc solutions of weighted quasilinear problem − div(w(x)|∇u|p−2∇u) = f(x)|u|q−1u must be zero. The result holds true for p ≥ 2 and p − 1 < q < qc(p,N, a, b). Here b > a− p and qc(p,N, a, b) is a new critical exponent, which is infinity in low dimension and is always larger than the classic critical one, while w, f ∈ Lloc(R N ) are nonnegative functions such that w(x) ≤ C1|x| and f(x) ≥ C2|x| for large |x|. We also construct an example to show the sharpness of our result.