Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WP / 16 / 1 SAMA Working Paper : Estimating the Output Gap for Saudi Arabia

The objective of this paper is to estimate annual potential output growth and the output gap for the Saudi economy over the period 1980 to 2015, looking at both total output and nonoil output. The focus on the latter is so that the progress in diversifying the economy might be examined and the possible impact of diversification on potential output might be measured. We use three methods for estimating potential output proposed in the macroeconomic literature. The methodologies include the Hodrick-Prescott filter, Kalman filter, and the production function approach. We compare the three over the entire sample and the last five years. Our findings suggest that the output gap (the difference between actual and potential output, as measured by real GDP) is positive on average over the entire period (i.e., actual output has on average exceeded potential); however, the gap has turned negative and has shrunk in recent years, as fiscal expenditures, particularly in infrastructure, have acted to better align actual and potential. Our analysis also indicated that growth in both potential GDP and total factor productivity have accelerated in the 2011-2015 period. In contrast, growth in these factors has slowed in many other countries, particularly the advanced economies. This better performance of the Saudi economy is possibly due to the development of a resilient financial sector in the Saudi economy.
Morpho-physiological Responses of Olive Saplings ( Olea europaea L . cv Chétoui ) to Partial Root Drying Irrigation Technique with Salt Water

The effect of partial root drying (PRD) irrigation with salt water on split root olive (Olea europaea L. cv Chétoui) saplings was investigated. Four irrigation treatments were applied such as: FIand FI+ (irrigation on both sides of root system with nutritive solution and NaCl was added respectively at 0 and 130mM), PRDand PRD+ (irrigation on one side of the root system switched to the other every 4 weeks with nutritive solution and NaCl was added respectively at 0 and 130mM). Results showed that olive plant growth and the total biomass were unaffected by irrigation treatments. Also the leaf water statute especially the relative water content was similar for all treatments. The biochemical statute of leaves presented none variation in proline and soluble sugars content. The SPAD index decreased in FI+. As regards the soil quality it was found that PRD reduced the quantity of salt incorporated in the root zone.
Calculation of reinforced concrete structures with a set seismic stability level on an earthquake

The article discusses a calculation technique for a reinforced concrete building with a braced frame on an earthquake. It allows to produce an adequate assessment of a of seismic stability level. A direct simulation of concrete, reinforcement and their binding with the help of volumetric and core finite elements is fulfilled. The paper presents the concrete work chart and considers mathematical models for the material. The authors propose calculation technique of reinforced concrete buildings with the actual reinforcement taking into account. The results of the numerical calculations of structural elements (crossbar) are compared to the field experiments conducted by US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. The article examines the level of seismic stability of buildings with a braced frame, the actual reinforcement taking into account when calculating on a seismic action. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the XXV Polish – Russian – Slovak Seminar “Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering.
Multiple-Strain Malaria Infection and Its Impacts on Plasmodium falciparum Resistance to Antimalarial Therapy: A Mathematical Modelling Perspective

The emergence of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs has contributed significantly to global human mortality and morbidity due to malaria infection. The impacts of multiple-strain malarial parasite infection have further generated a lot of scientific interest. In this paper, we demonstrate, using the epidemiological model, the effects of parasite resistance and competition between the strains on the dynamics and control of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The analysed model has a trivial equilibrium point which is locally asymptotically stable when the parasite's effective reproduction number is less than unity. Using contour plots, we observed that the efficacy of antimalarial drugs used, the rate of development of resistance, and the rate of infection by merozoites are the most important parameters in the multiple-strain P. falciparum infection and control model. Although the drug-resistant strain is shown to be less fit, the presence of both strains in the human host has a huge impact on the cost and success of antimalarial treatment. To reduce the emergence of resistant strains, it is vital that only effective antimalarial drugs are administered to patients in hospitals, especially in malaria-endemic regions. Our results emphasize the call for regular and strict surveillance on the use and distribution of antimalarial drugs in health facilities in malaria-endemic countries.
CREATIVE TEACHERS AND EFFECTIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES THAT MOTIVATE LEARNERS TO LEARN

The paper aims at discussing how creative teachers and effective teaching strategies motivate learners to learn. The naissance of active learning where learners have to be active during the teaching learning process, has altered the subject and the center of the teaching learning processes from teachers to students. The teaching learning process is contextual and the emphasis is to fulfill learners’ needs. This teaching mode requires active participation of learners. The active learning mode requires creative teacher and effective teaching strategies so the teaching learning is able to transform knowledge into effective learning tasks and activities. The learning tasks and activities are designed to enable learners to experience the practical application of the knowledge they have learned. The design of instruction that motivates learners to learn is also presented and discussed.
MOLECULAR DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF EIGHT DROMEDARY CAMEL BREEDS OF PAKISTAN BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL ATP 6 AND ATP 8 GENES

Camel (Camelus dromedaries) is an animal of immense economic value, providing useful products and services e.g. milk, wool, meat and drought power to mankind. Camels have high forbearance ability adjacent to a very harsh, severe and dehydration-prone environment (Schwartz, 1992; Yaqoob and Nawaz, 2007). Camel has rare physiological characteristics; their body temperatures may fluctuate from 34 to 42.1°C during the whole day, they may tolerate loss of water more than 32% and their ability to store more than 100 liter of drinking water in their body (Jasra and Mirza, 2005). Due to these qualities, they have a unique ability to adapt the desert lifestyle. Pakistani camel is of two types, riverine and mountain/hilly. Now, there are 21 documented breeds of camels in Pakistan. Camels of seven breeds are present in Balochistan province in of Pakistan i.e. Brahvi, Kachhi, Kharani, Lassi, Makrani, Pishin, Rodbari, whereas, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, four breeds i.e. Gaddi, Ghulmani, Khader and Maya, in Punjab, there are five breeds i.e. Bagri, Barela or Thalocha, Cambelpuri, Kala-Chitta and Mareecha and four breeds are documented in Sindh province of Pakistan i.e. Dhatti, Khari, Larri or Sindhi and Sakrai. Out of these, Mareecha, Dhatti, Larri, Sakrai are riverine type while Kohi, Cambelpuri are mountain/hilly sort of animals (Heston et al., 1985; Isani and Baloch, 2000) The mitochondrial (mt) DNA can be used as a best marker to study the phylogeny almost in all mammalian species, due to its mutation rate as compared to nuclear DNA (Avise, 1994; Stanley et al., 1994). The mtDNA becomes most appropriate target for some of genetic studies (Galtier et al., 2009) The mitochondrial genome of Bactrian camel has 16,680 bp (Cui et al., 2007). Selected mt ATP6 and ATP8 genes are involved in energy production in unicellular and multi-cellular organisms. The mammalian mitochondrion consists of 16 subunits through which mtATP6 and ATP8 genes are essential. Research on mutations in mitochondrial genes explains the evolution process in detail (Di Rocco et al., 2009). In the current study, mitochondrial genes i.e. ATP6 and ATP8 were sequenced for understanding the evolutionary relationship of eight camel breeds found in Pakistan. Conducting research on the camel genome will help to identify genes of great importance, that will make clear that how camels has adjusted themselves in their harsh habitat (Schwartz, 1992; Al-Swailem et al., 2007). Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 55(2), 397-401; 2018 ISSN (Print) 0552-9034, ISSN (Online) 2076-0906 DOI: 10.21162/PAKJAS/18.3625 http://www.pakjas. com.pk
Adhesive dentistry meets restorative dentistry and endodontics – part one

Introduction The restoration of vital teeth affected by caries involves the complete removal of the infected tissues, protection of the pulp with an appropriate material and replacement of the lost hard structures with a material that meets biocompatibility standards and can restore function and aesthetics. Dental amalgam, cements and liners have been used in the past with great success, however, direct adhesive restorations are now the preferred treatment of choice. The continued improvement of operative techniques and materials is in part driven by patients’ demands for better aesthetics. The use of enamel adhesives started in the 1950s (Buonocore, 1955; Buonocore et al, 1966), however, the majority of the early materials revealed a poor clinical performance (Kramer and McLean, 1952). From the 1990s, a new generation of more reliable materials and techniques were introduced to the dental profession. These materials required as a first step dentine preparation with an acid gel, achieving demineralisation of the intertubular and peritubular dentine. Dentine is composed of a high percentage of water and organic material such as type I collagen together with noncollagenous proteins, proteoglycans, phosphoproteins and glycoproteins intertwined by a tubular network (Tjäderhane et al, 2012). Most of these dentinal tubules contain a cytoplasm extension of the odontoblasts. The odontoblastic processes establish a direct pathway of communication between a prepared cavity surface and pulp tissues. The odontoblastic processes are normally accompanied by the extension of pulp nerves (Figure 1) and the internal space of the tubules is filled with fluids. Consequently, the procedures for caries removal and cavity preparation as well as the direct application of restorative materials are always performed on vital pulp/dentine substrates. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of the various factors that regulate the response of the vital pulp and dentine structures to restorative materials. The biological evaluation of dental materials tested, according to the guidelines of the ANSI/ADA Spec # 41 (2015) [ISO 7405:2008 (E)], indicate that most of the contemporary adhesive materials and techniques are safe to the pulp/dentine complex. In spite of this, there were many clinical reports of postoperative sensitivity and/or pulpal inflammation beneath dental restorations when tooth coloured resin-based C L I N I C A L
Elderly Falls Prevalence and Associated Factors in Sohag Governorate

Population aging is a global challenge experienced by most developed and developing countries. There are diverse deleterious changes produced by aging process resulting in reduction of the effectiveness of various systems which can contribute to the occurrence of falls in the elderly. Elderly falls can have serious consequences and constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, research is critically needed for establishing effective policies to reduce risk.Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of elderly falls and identify associated factors in Sohag Governorate. Methods:A cross-sectional, population-based study conducted from December 2015 to April 2016 in a sample of non-institutionalized elderly people (60 years old or more), living in Sohag governorate.It included 1034participants. A questionnaire was designed to obtain data about history of falls in the previous 12 months and its associated factors.Results:Findings showed that 33.35% of the studied elderly populationin Sohag Governorate reported that they experienced falls in the previous year.Age, living alone, lighting, presence of stairs and carpets had a highly significant effect (P-value <0.001) on the incidence of falls among the studied population. Medication use, balance and mobility factors,most of the medical and psychological factors significantly affected the occurrence of falls among the studied population.Conclusion:The prevalence of falls in elderly is relatively high in Sohag Governorate. Identification of factors significantly affecting elderly falls can help in planning public health policies and programs for prevention of falls.
Gleason Grading System

Nearly half a century ago, in 1966, the pathologist Donald Gleason developed a grading system (Fig. 2.1a, b) for prostatic adenocarcinoma [1], which has been embraced almost universally as an essential component of prostate adenocarcinoma grading and reporting. Over time, the system has been modified by Gleason and his collaborators and by others [1–5]. Despite the modifications in the past four decades, the Gleason grading system has been validated as a fundamental prognostic factor for prostate cancer, both on biopsy and on radical prostatectomy (RP), of patient outcomes, including biochemical failure, local recurrence, and lymph node or distant metastasis. Gleason score (GS) has also been incorporated in clinical tools, such as Partin tables and Kattan nomograms, which are used to predict pathologic stage and outcome following RP or radiotherapy. GS on needle biopsy is also utilized to determine treatment selection, such as active surveillance, RP, brachytherapy, lymph node dissection, and the extent of neurovascular bundle resection. The Gleason system is based on low-power microscopic assessment (×4 or ×10) of the cancer architecture. The key principle of the grading is based on the use of two most common cancer grades (out of possible 5), primary plus secondary grade, to produce a GS, which theoretically ranges from 2 to 10. When only a single grade is identified, it is doubled to yield a GS. The terms “pattern” and “grade” have also been retained. Typically, pattern is used to describe one or more of the morphologic variations, while grade is used in a more encompassing way, to include all pattern variations within a certain grade. In clinical practice, the diagnosis of prostate cancer and its management have also evolved over the last few decades, first by introduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in the late 1980s, and the extensive use of RP. Prostate cancer incidence has also changed since the introduction of PSA testing, first demonstrating an increase and then a drop; more recently, mortality, primarily in the Western countries, has also decreased [6]. Thus, in current practice, patients are diagnosed earlier, at a younger age, with smaller cancer volumes and lower stage disease [7]. During the last two decades, the practice of thin-needle prostate biopsies (16–18 gauge) has also taken place, first as sextant (six core) biopsies, and then as systematic and extended prostate biopsies, with at least ten tissue cores sampled from different prostate sites (apex, mid, base). The biopsies are also commonly submitted in a site-specific fashion. In contrast, Gleason developed his system on tissue samples from largebore biopsies (14 gauge) without a site-specific submission, and on transurethral resection of prostate and prostatectomy specimens. In addition, immunohistochemistry was not available in the era when the system was developed, variants
Effects of the endophyte Acremonium alternatum on oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) development and clubroot progression

The clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae infects economically important Brassica crops such as oilseed rape and vegetable brassicas. Clubroot results in abnormally growing roots and restricts the flow of water and nutrients to the upper plant parts, thereby inducing wilting. Yield loss affects about half the percentage of infected plants. Due to its complex and well-adapted life cycle the pathogen is difficult to control by chemical and cultural means and therefore continues to spread around the globe. Infested fields can no longer be used effectively for cultivation of crop plants for at least the next ten years. Despite costly breeding of resistant cultivars, recent research leans towards alternative, low-impact and environmentally friendly methods to control clubroot. To this end we have previously identified the endophyte Acremonium alternatum, a known biological control agent in several countries, to show promising antagonistic effects in clubroot-infected A. thaliana and Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa). Here, we will describe its effect on the growth, development and clubroot control of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). While the clubroot symptoms were not clearly reduced after coinoculation with A. alternatum and P. brassicae on oilseed rape roots, the aboveground plant parts were delayed in senescence and produced more seeds, which is indicative of an increase in yield after A. alternatum treatment. The long-term goal of this work is to contribute to a fundamental understanding of endophyte-plant interactions and an effective reduction of clubroot to be used in integrated pest management for oilseed rape and other cabbage varieties.
Applied Multivariate Research: Design and Interpretation

Part I. The Basics of Multivariate Design Chapter 1. An Introduction to Multivariate Design Chapter 2. Some Fundamental Research Design Concepts Chapter 3A. Data Screening Chapter 3B. Data Screening Using IBM SPSS Part II. Comparisons of Means Chapter 4A. Univariate Comparison of Means Chapter 4B. Univariate Comparison of Means Using IBM SPSS Chapter 5A. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) Chapter 5B. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) Using IBM SPSS Part III. Predicting the Value of a Single Variable Chapter 6A. Bivariate Correlation and Simple Linear Regression Chapter 6B. Bivariate Correlation and Simple Linear Regression Using IBM SPSS Chapter 7A. Multiple Regression: Statistical Methods Chapter 7B. Multiple Regression: Statistical Methods Using IBM SPSS Chapter 8A. Multiple Regression: Beyond Statistical Regression Chapter 8B. Multiple Regression: Beyong Statistical Regression Using IBM SPSS Chapter 9A. Multilevel Modeling Chapter 9B. Multilevel Modeling Using IBM SPSS Chapter 10A. Binary and Multinomial Logistic Regression and ROC Analysis Chapter 10B. Binary and Multinomial Logistic Regression and ROC Analysis Using IBM SPSS Part IV. Analysis of Structure Chapter 11A. Discriminant Function Analysis Chapter 11B. Discriminant Function Analysis Using IBM SPSS Chapter 12A. Principal Components and Exploratory Factor Analysis Chapter 12B. Principal Components and Exploratory Factor Analysis Using IBM SPSS Chapter 13A. Canonical Correlation Analysis Chapter 13B. Canonical Correlation Analysis Using IBM SPSS Chapter 14A. Multidimensional Scaling Chapter 14B. Multidimensional Scaling Using IBM SPSS Chapter 15A. Cluster Analysis Chapter 15B. Cluster Analysis Using IBM SPSS Part V. Fitting Models to Data Chapter 16A. Confirmatory Factor Analysis Chapter 16B. Confirmatory Factor Analysis Using Amos Chapter 17A. Path Analysis: Multiple Regression Chapter 17B. Path Analysis: Multiple Regression Using IBM SPSS Chapter 18A. Path Analysis: Structural Modeling Chapter 18B. Path Analysis: Structural Modeling Using Amos Chapter 19A. Structural Equation Modeling Chapter 19B. Structural Equation Modeling Using Amos Chapter 20A. Model Invariance: Applying a Model to Different Groups Chapter 20B. Assessing Model Invariance Using Amos
THE ROLE OF INNOVATION IN ECONOMIC GROWTH

Innovation is the main market trigger that generates economic growth and development. Although studies in the field have pointed out numerous benefits that innovation brought to its creators and end consumers, not all companies manage to innovate. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of innovation upon economic growth, by computing the various indicators used to evaluate the management potential of innovation, the potential to create knowledge, the potential to innovate and collaborate, the performance of innovation activities and the level of economic development per country. The study was performed on the 27 European countries (excluding Luxemburg), using the information available in Eurostat statistics for the period 2008 – 2014. In order to find an answer to the research problem, this paper used the following data analysis methods: the ratios method, the correlation analysis, the comparative analysis. The results showed that there is a strong, direct, and measurable link between a country's level of economic development and its innovation ability, and the performance of innovation activities is influenced by their funding source (public or
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR TURBULENCE MODELING OF WAVY STRATIFIED TWO-PHASE FLOW

A new numerical model for stratified two-phase flows with wavy interface is derived in this study. Assuming an equilibrium condition between turbulent kinetic energy, potential energy and surface energy, the turbulent length scale in the inner region of a two-layer turbulence approach can be described by a statistical model to account for the influence of the waves. The average wave number, which is an input parameter to this model, is taken from wave spectra. They can be predicted from a Boltzmann statistic of turbulent kinetic energy. The new turbulence model is compared with the two-phase k-ε-turbulence model. Time averaged flow properties calculated by the new approach, such as velocity, turbulence and void profiles, are shown to be in good agreement with experimental data.
Some effects of information and communications technology on teaching and learning in Iceland

Abstract In this article the author describes the changing of traditional teaching patterns, how difficult and time-consuming such changing can be and how use of information and communications technology (ICT) may affect that change process. She gives an overview of some effects ICT appears to be having on teaching and learning in the Icelandic educational system. Teaching practices at the compulsory level of schooling in Iceland are described and indications presented on how little they appear to be changing. Effects on teaching practices in teacher education at Iceland University of Education are also discussed, with the trend towards distance education and net-based teaching and learning being by far the most noticeable