Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Categorical prevalence and severity of hyperprolactinaemia in two UK cohorts of patients with severe mental illness during treatment with antipsychotics

Hyperprolactinaemia may be associated with hidden longer-term consequences, such as osteoporosis, bone fractures, pituitary tumours and breast cancer. Prolactin data from clinical trials is not always reported in a categorical manner and does not always allow the risk of hyperprolactinaemia to be evaluated for specific patient cohorts. Patients participating in a physical health management programme in the UK for severe mental illness patients — the Well-being Support Programme — had prolactin measurements made regardless of symptoms. Prolactin data from the complete cohort of 178 patients receiving antipsychotics in Leeds and London are reported. Hyperprolactinaemia was measured in 33.1% but more commonly in females than males (47.3% and 17.6%) and was associated with all antipsychotics except clozapine. The highest prevalence rates were found in amisulpride (n=20) 89%, risperidone long-acting intramuscular injection (LAIM) 67% (n=6) and risperidone (n=30) 55% used as antipsychotic monotherapy. Clinically Significant hyperprolactinaemia (>1000 mIU/L ~47 ng/ml) was measured in 15.8% of patients, predominantly in females. Levels >2000 mIU/L ~95 ng/ml in 6.2% of the complete cohort. Clinicians may wish to add prolactin measurement to the routine laboratory parameters currently measured for some antipsychotics and should be advised of the potential longer-term consequences of hidden hyperprolactinaemia.
Envirnmental conditions prerequisite for complete limb regeneration in the postmetamorphic adult land‐phase salamander, Ambystoma

Historically, postmetamorphic adult land‐phase salamanders have been shown to exhibit minimal to nonexistent limb regeneration. Hence, it has been generally accepted that these forms have lost the intrinsic capacity to regenerate a limb. Due to the experimental protocols used, an alternate explanation is also possible: that this intrinsic capacity cannot be expressed when the salamanders are maintained under adverse laboratory environmental conditions. Therefore, this study addresses two questions: (1) What are the optimal environmental conditions for long‐term survival of adult land‐phase salamanders; and (2) will complete limb regeneration occur in these salamanders if they are maintained under survival conditions. A mixed population of adult Ambystoma were tested under varying conditions of habitat, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, and food source. Complete limb regeneration was possible in 100% of four species of adult postmetamorphic land‐phase Ambystoma salamanders given the proper environmental laboratory conditiions of a peat moss and potting soil habitat with a controlled temprature of 25°C ± 5°C, 70% or greater humidity, a 12/12 light/dark photoperiod, a diet including nightcrawlers released into their respective terraria, and an extended observation time of up to 370 days postamputation (dpa). Regeneration was completed during the following range periods for the adult salamanders: A. annulatum, 324 to 370 dpa; A. maculatum, 255 to 300 dpa; A. texanum, 215 to 250 dpa; and A. tigranum, 155 to 180 dpa.
Prevalence of tobacco use among adults in South Africa: Results from the first South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND Data on tobacco use have informed the effectiveness of South Africa (SA)'s tobacco control strategies over the past 20 years. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of tobacco use in the adult SA population according to certain demographic variables, and identify the factors influencing cessation attempts among current smokers. METHODS A multistage disproportionate nationally representative stratified cluster sample of households was selected for the South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted in 2012. A sample of 10 000 households from 500 census enumerator areas was visited. A detailed questionnaire was administered to all consenting adults in each consenting household. RESULTS Of adult South Africans, 17.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.3 - 18.9) currently smoke tobacco. Males (29.2%) had a prevalence four times that for females (7.3%) (odds ratio 5.20, 95% CI 4.39 - 6.16; p<0.001). The provinces with the highest current tobacco smoking prevalence were the Western Cape (32.9%), Northern Cape (31.2%) and Free State (27.4%). Among current tobacco smokers, 29.3% had been advised to quit smoking by a healthcare provider during the preceding year, 81.4% had noticed health warnings on tobacco packages, and 49.9% reported that the warning labels had led them to consider quitting. CONCLUSION A large proportion of adult South Africans continue to use tobacco. While considerable gains have been made in reducing tobacco use over the past 20 years, tobacco use and its determinants need to be monitored to ensure that tobacco control strategies remain effective.
Sustainable Development in World Trade Law: Application of the Precautionary Principle in Korea-Radionuclides

Sustainable development (SD) is one of the objectives of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and in order to achieve SD, the precautionary principle (PP) is one of the most appropriate means that can be used. This study aims to explore whether the WTO promotes SD through its legal interpretation of the PP and to provide suggestions for realizing the balance between trade liberalization and sustainable development in the WTO. To this end, this study conducts a case analysis on the Korea-Import Bans, and Testing and Certification Requirements for Radionuclides (DS495) dispute from legal and political-economic perspectives, and finds that the WTO’s rigorous examinations of the four requirements presented in Article 5.7 of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement) remain a significant impediment for the incorporation of the PP into WTO jurisprudence, and can also cause systemic problems. This study suggests that efforts from three dimensions—the WTO adjudicating parties, the government, and the lobbying groups of importing countries—are required to promote SD in the WTO.
Effects of 5‐HT uptake inhibitors, agonists and antagonists on the burying of harmless objects by mice; a putative test for anxiolytic agents

1 The effects of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) uptake inhibitors, agonists and antagonists have been evaluated on mouse marble‐burying behaviour, a putative test for anxiolytic agents. The high levels of locomotor activity occurring on first exposure to a circular runway (runway activity) were used as a separate test of non‐specific drug effects. 2 Fluvoxamine, zimeldine, indalpine and citalopram dose‐dependently inhibited burying without affecting runway activity. 5‐Hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP, with carbidopa), 5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine, 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino) tetralin (8‐OHDPAT), buspirone, gepirone and ipsapirone reduced burying only at doses reducing runway activity. RU 24969 increased runway activity at all effective doses. 1‐(2,5‐Dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenyl)‐2 aminopropane (DOI), 1,‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine (TFMPP) and l‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐piperazine (mCPP) potently and differentially reduced burying at doses below those affecting runway activity. 3 5‐HT antagonists only reduced burying at high doses which also reduced runway activity. Burying inhibition by DOI was antagonized by ritanserin, ICI 169 369 and cyproheptadine but not by pindolol or a low (0.25 mg kg−1) dose of metergoline. Burying inhibition by mCPP was not altered by any of these agents except that it was potentiated by pindolol 5 mg kg−1. 4 Zimeldine burying inhibition was potentiated by ritanserin, ICI 169 369, ICS 205–930, cyproheptadine and pindolol. Runway activity was not affected by these drug combinations. 5 Zimeldine was administered in drinking water at a dose of 10 mg kg−1 daily for 21 days. Burying inhibition had disappeared by day 14 and did not recur 24 or 48 h after withdrawal at which times responses to DOI were at control levels. 6 Selective inhibition of marble burying was not found to be a property of 5‐HT‐related putative and actual anxiolytics such as buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, ritanserin and ondansetron. Nevertheless it was a general property of both 5‐HT uptake inhibitors and 5‐HT releasing agents; this generality suggests that elevated synaptic 5‐HT could be responsible for the effects of these latter agents. The action of DOI may be attributable to effects at the 5‐HT2 receptor but those of the 5‐HT agonist and releasing agent mCPP, and the uptake inhibitor zimeldine, could not be attributed to effects at any one 5‐HT receptor subtype. This, together with the potentiating effect of several 5‐HT antagonists on the response to zimeldine, raises the possibility of multiple interactions between 5‐HT receptor subtypes.
Sophisticated Investor Attention and Market Reaction to Earnings Announcements: Evidence From the SEC’s EDGAR Log Files

Abstract The Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) Electronic Data Gathering and Retrieval (EDGAR) log files provide a direct, powerful measure of attention from relatively sophisticated investors. The authors apply this measure to a sample of earnings announcements from 2003 to 2016. The authors find that the stock market is less surprised, and the post–earnings-announcement drift is weaker for earnings announcements receiving more preannouncement investor attention, measured in downloads by humans from EDGAR. The authors further show that it is profitable to utilize the different drift patterns. An attention-based portfolio without the SEC reporting lag that longs stocks with the lowest investor attention and most positive earnings surprises and shorts stocks with the lowest attention and most negative earnings surprises generates a statistically significant monthly alpha of 1.24% after adjusting for standard asset pricing factors.
The Role of MR Myelography with Intrathecal Gadolinium in Localization of Spinal CSF Leaks in Patients with Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Localization of spinal CSF leaks in CSF hypovolemia is critical in directing focal therapy. In this retrospective review, our aim was to determine whether GdM was helpful in confirming and localizing spinal CSF leaks in patients in whom no leak was identified on a prior CTM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one symptomatic patients with clinical suspicion of SIH were referred for GdM after undergoing at least 1 CTM between February 2002 and August 2010. A retrospective review of the imaging and electronic medical records was performed on each patient. RESULTS: In 17 of the 41 patients (41%), GdM was performed for follow-up of a previously documented leak at CTM. In the remaining 24 patients (59%), in whom GdM was performed for a suspected CSF leak, which was not identified on CTM, GdM localized the CSF leak in 5 of 24 patients (21%). In 1 of these 5 patients, GdM detected the site of leak despite negative findings on brain MR imaging, spine MR imaging, and CTM of the entire spine. Sixteen of 17 patients with previously identified leaks underwent interval treatment, and leaks were again identified in 12 of 17 (71%). CONCLUSIONS: GdM is a useful technique in the highly select group of patients who have debilitating symptoms of SIH, a high clinical index of suspicion of spinal CSF leak, and no demonstrated leak on conventional CTM. Intrathecal injection of gadolinium contrast remains an off-label use and should be reserved for those patients who fail conventional CTM.
Trophic interactions of fish communities at midwater depths enhance long-term carbon storage and benthic production on continental slopes

Biological transfer of nutrients and materials between linked ecosystems influences global carbon budgets and ecosystem structure and function. Identifying the organisms or functional groups that are responsible for nutrient transfer, and quantifying their influence on ecosystem structure and carbon capture is an essential step for informed management of ecosystems in physically distant, but ecologically linked areas. Here, we combine natural abundance stable isotope tracers and survey data to show that mid-water and bentho-pelagic-feeding demersal fishes play an important role in the ocean carbon cycle, bypassing the detrital particle flux and transferring carbon to deep long-term storage. Global peaks in biomass and diversity of fishes at mid-slope depths are explained by competitive release of the demersal fish predators of mid-water organisms, which in turn support benthic fish production. Over 50% of the biomass of the demersal fish community at depths between 500 and 1800 m is supported by biological rather than detrital nutrient flux processes, and we estimate that bentho-pelagic fishes from the UK–Irish continental slope capture and store a volume of carbon equivalent to over 1 million tonnes of CO2 every year.
The clinical significance of amenorrhea as a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE Amenorrhea is a DSM-IV criterion for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN). Several studies have reported few differences between patients who meet the full DSM-IV criteria for AN and those who meet all but the amenorrhea criterion. Although this suggests that the absence of menses does not provide critical diagnostic information, many of these studies are limited by small sample sizes. This study aims to examine the clinical utility of amenorrhea as a criterion for the diagnosis of AN. METHOD A chart review was conducted of 240 consecutive patients admitted for inpatient treatment at the NY State Psychiatric Institute from 1993 to 2006. Menstrual data were collected from the Eating Disorder Examination conducted upon admission. Independent samples t-tests were performed to evaluate differences in clinical variables, including age, lifetime lowest body mass index (BMI), admission and discharge BMI, previous number of hospitalizations, duration of illness, Beck Depression Inventory total score, Beck Anxiety Inventory total score, and Eating Disorder Examination subscale scores. RESULTS The amenorrheic and menstruating groups differed significantly only on lowest lifetime BMI and admission BMI, with individuals with amenorrhea having lower BMIs on both measures. CONCLUSION These results indicate that amenorrhea does not distinguish between groups on a number of important measures of clinical severity. It may be that amenorrhea reflects weight and nutritional status, rather than providing useful diagnostic information. Future studies are needed to examine the potential prognostic value of menstrual status.
Complex and Context Dependent Regulation of Hematopoiesis by TGF‐β Superfamily Signaling

The transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β superfamily of growth factors, including the TGF‐βs, activins, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), provide cells with a broad spectrum of regulatory signals through the intracellular Smad pathway. Since loss‐of‐function studies of a majority of the TGF‐β superfamily members result in embryonic lethality, much of our current knowledge of the TGF‐β superfamily's role in hematopoiesis is generated from studies performed in vitro, or in very early stages of embryonic development. TGF‐β is well documented as a potent inhibitor of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation in vitro, while its role in vivo is largely unknown. BMP signaling is crucial for the initiation of hematopoiesis in the developing embryo, although its role in adult hematopoiesis remains elusive. More recently we and others have used conditional knockout models to unravel the role of several components of TGF‐β family signaling in adult hematopoiesis. Here we review the currently known functions for the major factors of this signaling family in embryonic and adult hematopoietic regulation and discuss the context dependency and complexity that permeate this regulation.
Effect of body mass index on serum prostate-specific antigen levels among patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms.

PURPOSE Studies among asymptomatic male subjects have suggested that a higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with lower serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. We aimed to investigate whether a similar effect also occurs in patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) to a urological unit and its potential implications. METHODS A retrospective review was carried out at our centre between 2005 and 2009. The serum PSA and BMI of the patients were retrieved from a prospectively collected database. The BMI was divided into normal (< 23 kg/m2), overweight (23-27 kg/m2), and obese (>27 kg/m2) categories according to WHO recommendation for analysis of the association with PSA level. RESULTS A total of 1,612 patients with a mean age of 64.6 were included. The mean PSA levels for the normal, overweight, and obese patients were 4.84, 4.54, and 3.95 ng/ml, respectively, with a significant negative correlation (Spearman's coefficient=-0.05, p=0.03). A significant negative association between PSA and BMI among the normal, overweight, and obese groups was also demonstrated by analysis of variance (p=0.01). After adjusting for age differences, there was a significant difference between PSA level for obese patients with a BMI>27 (3.95 ng/ml) and non-obese patients with a BMI<27 (4.67 ng/ml) with analysis of covariance (p=0.02). CONCLUSION In symptomatic male patients, a higher BMI was significantly associated with lower PSA levels. BMI should be considered in the interpretation of serum PSA levels in overweight and obese patients presenting with LUTS.
Impulsivity and the Sexes

Before it is possible to test whether men and women differ in impulsivity, it is necessary to evaluate whether impulsivity measures are invariant across sex. The UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, and sensation seeking, with added subscale of positive urgency) is one measure of five dispositions toward rash action that has shown to have robust and clinically useful relationships among risk-taking outcomes. In the current research, the author examined (a) the psychometric measurement invariance of the UPPS-P across sex, (b) the scale’s structural invariance across sex, and (c) whether the five impulsivity traits differentially relate to risk outcomes as a function of sex. In a sample of 1,372 undergraduates, the author found evidence for measurement and invariance across sex: Thus, comparisons of men and women on the UPPS-P can be considered valid. Additionally, although males tend to report higher levels of sensation seeking and positive urgency (and possibly lack of perseverance), the relationships between the UPPS-P traits and risk outcomes were generally invariant across sex. The UPPS-P appears to function comparably across males and females, and mean differences on this scale between the sexes can be thought to reflect trait-level differences.
Effects of aging and sex steroids on the localization of T cell subsets in the ovary of chicken, Gallus domesticus.

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of aging and sex steroids on the frequency of T cells in hen ovary. Cryostat sections of ovarian tissues of immature and laying hens and those of immature hens treated with or without diethylstilbestrol (DES) or progesterone were immunostained for T cells using mouse anti-chicken CD3 (antigen of mature T cells), CD4 (antigen of helper T cells), and CD8 (antigen of cytotoxic T cells) monoclonal antibodies. Positive cells were observed under a light microscope and counted using a computer-assisted image analyzer. The frequency of CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) cells in the ovarian stroma and theca of primary follicles was significantly greater in young laying hens than in immature and old laying hens (P < 0.01). The CD4:CD8 ratio was significantly higher in the ovarian stroma of old laying hens than that of immature hens (P < 0.01), which was due to a greater decrease of CD8(+) cells than of CD4(+) cells. The frequency of CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) cells was significantly greater in the stroma and theca of primary follicles of DES-treated birds than in those of progesterone-treated and control birds (P < 0.01). Progesterone had no significant effect on the population of each subset of T cells. These results suggest that T cell frequency increases in association with sexual maturation and decreases thereafter during aging with an increase of CD4:CD8 ratio. Also, it is likely that estrogen is one of the factors which stimulates the influx of T cells in the hen ovary.
Essential role of neutrophils in anti‐type II collagen antibody and lipopolysaccharide‐induced arthritis

In mice arthritis model induced by anti‐type II collagen (CII) antibodies and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), most of cells that infiltrated into the joint space were neutrophils. To investigate the role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of arthritis, we depleted the neutrophils in vivo by injection of the antibody against Gr‐1 expressed mainly on neutrophils. The neutrophil depletion completely inhibited the arthritis development. Furthermore, neutrophil depletion in mice that had already developed arthritis ameliorated the disease. These results showed that neutrophils are indispensable not only for the development, but also for the maintenance of arthritis. Next, we tried to develop arthritis in C5‐deficient mice to investigate the involvement of C5a, one of chemotactic factors for neutrophils. C5‐deficient mice showed significant reduction in arthritis development in comparison with wild type mice. Injection of pertussis toxin (Ptx) into the mice, which inhibits the signals from the inhibitory G‐protein coupled‐receptors including the C5a receptor, suppressed the development of arthritis. Furthermore, Ptx also ameliorated the arthritis when injected into mice that had already developed the disease. These results suggest the important role of chemotactic factors involving C5a and inhibitory G‐protein (Gi)‐coupled receptors not only in the development, but also in the maintenance of arthritis.
The Essential Functions of Human Rad51 Are Independent of ATP Hydrolysis

ABSTRACT Genetic recombination and the repair of double-strand DNA breaks inSaccharomyces cerevisiae require Rad51, a homologue of theEscherichia coli RecA protein. In vitro, Rad51 binds DNA to form an extended nucleoprotein filament and catalyzes the ATP-dependent exchange of DNA between molecules with homologous sequences. Vertebrate Rad51 is essential for cell proliferation. Using site-directed mutagenesis of highly conserved residues of human Rad51 (hRad51) and gene targeting of the RAD51 locus in chicken DT40 cells, we examined the importance of Rad51’s highly conserved ATP-binding domain. Mutant hRad51 incapable of ATP hydrolysis (hRad51K-133R) binds DNA less efficiently than the wild type but catalyzes strand exchange between homologous DNAs. hRad51 does not need to hydrolyze ATP to allow vertebrate cell proliferation, form nuclear foci, or repair radiation-induced DNA damage. However, cells expressing hRad51K-133R show greatly reduced targeted integration frequencies. These findings show that ATP hydrolysis is involved in DNA binding by hRad51 and suggest that the extent of DNA complexed with hRad51 in nucleoprotein influences the efficiency of recombination.
Digital Single Market as an Element in EU-Georgian Cooperation

The current issue of the Baltic Journal of European Studies is partially dedicated to the topic of EU-Georgian cooperation. Tallinn Law School of the Tallinn University of Technology has recently successfully completed the project “Digital Single Market as a Key Element in EU-oriented Georgian Higher Education” with its Georgian partners. The project was funded by the Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs within Development Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid. Besides other achieved goals, the project also resulted in academic research articles, some of which are presented in this issue of our journal.