Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Gibberellin-Like Substances in Somatic Embryos of Grape (Vitis vinifera x Vitis rupestris) in Relation to Embryogenesis and the Chilling Requirement for Subsequent Development of Mature Embryos.

Endogenous gibberellin (GA)-like substances were examined in suspension cultures of somatic embryos of a hybrid grape (Vitis vinifera x Vitis rupestris) during embryogenesis, and in mature embryos chilled at 4 degrees C, and subsequently incubated at 26 degrees C with and without abscisic acid (ABA). The extract was separated into a nonpolar fraction (would contain GA-precursors); a fraction that would contain free GAs; and a highly H(2)O-soluble fraction (would contain GA glucosyl conjugates and very polar free GAs). Quantitation after SiO(2) partition chromatography was accomplished by microdrop and immersion dwarf rice bioassays. As embryogenesis developed, the free and highly H(2)O-soluble GA-like substances, expressed on a dry weight basis, decreased (however, they increased on a per embryo basis). Chilling at 4 degrees C for 1 week greatly increased activity of free GA-like substances (per g dry weight and per embryo), it then declined over the next three weeks of chilling. Activity (per g dry weight and per embryo) in the H(2)O-soluble fraction declined throughout chilling. Activity in the GA-precursor fraction, however, increased steadily with chilling (per g dry weight and per embryo). Incubation at 26 degrees C after chilling enhanced activity in the free GA and H(2)O-soluble fractions (per g dry weight and per embryo), but activity in the GA-precursor fraction dropped dramatically. Incubation at 26 degrees C with (+/-) ABA after chilling prevented germination and maintained high activity for GA precursors and less polar free GAs and low activity in the polar free GA and H(2)O-soluble fractions.Kaurene and kaurenoic acid were characterized in the GA-precursor fraction of chilled embryos by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS). The existence of GA(4) and GA(9) in ABA-treated, chilled embryos was also confirmed by GLC-MS.
The Dutch Energy Markets in 2009: Target Scenario – Obstacles – Measures

Competition on the wholesale gas market is still in its early stages. Measures have already been put in place to eliminate some shortcomings, these are the new market model and the market-based balancing system. Both of these are the result of the Gas Letter from the Minister and the underlying TTF advice from the NMa. These measures facilitate a development towards more competition. But for a better functioning market the commitment of all market participants is required. Gasterra, the exclusive marketer of Groningen gas, has a key responsibility here. Energy suppliers should be able to obtain gas on the TTF in the required periods and quantities. Otherwise the development of the wholesale gas market will just be stalled further.
An investigation of the von Willebrand factor genotype in UK patients diagnosed to have type 1 von Willebrand disease

Summary Forty families diagnosed by UK centres to have type 1 VWD were recruited. Following review, six families were re-diagnosed to have type 2 VWD, one to have a platelet storage pool disorder, and one family was determined to be unaffected. Direct DNA sequencing of the promoter region and all exons and intronic boundaries of the VWF gene identified six mutations likely to be causative of VWD in index cases of nine of the 32 (28%) confirmed type 1 VWD families. These included R1205H (3614G>A) VWD Vicenza, P1648fsX45 (4944delT), D141G (422A>G) and three splice site mutations: 3108+5G>A, 7437+1G>A and 3379+1G>A. The Y1584C (4751A>G) polymorphism was present in eight additional families. No significant VWF gene mutation or polymorphism was identified in 15 of the32 type 1VWD index cases (47%). Haplotype studies were performed using a panel of VWF polymorphisms to investigate the segregation in families of VWD phenotype with the VWF gene. In 13 of the 32 families it was likely that VWD segregated with the VWF gene. In eight families (25%) VWD clearly did not segregate with the VWF gene. We suggest that mutation screening of the VWF gene has limited general utility in genetic diagnostic and family studies in type 1 VWD. If genetic studies are performed, the incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity of type 1 VWD must be taken into account. Unless linkage of VWD phenotype with the VWF gene can be clearly demonstrated, the results of any genetic family studies should be interpreted with caution.
IMMUNITY IN SCHISTOSOMIASIS

After some 20 years of international research in immunity to schistosomiasis, our knowledge of the mechanism of resistance to this disease remains largely unknown, and the possibility of a rational progress toward control by immunological methods is still remote. Nevertheless, it is important that work in this field be fully supported. An understanding of the immunology of schistosomiasis means an understanding of one vital aspect of the host/parasite relationship. Findings and interpretations in this field will have a strong influence on many practical aspects of controlling the disease, especially on future approaches to chemotherapy. In this paper we have attempted to summarize what is known about immunity to schistosomiasis in man and in experimental animals. Particular attention has been paid to the rhesus monkey, in which we have defined more clearly the stimulus to acquired immunity. We have speculated about the mechanism that enables the adult worms t o survive for long periods without being affected by the immune response. Finally, we have attempted, as far as we can, to relate our findings in the rhesus to man.
Capital, Finance, and Trade Collapse

This paper proposes a model of international trade with capital accumulation and financial intermediation. This is achieved by embedding the Melitz (2003) model into an incomplete-markets neoclassical framework with an endogenous credit market. The model preserves the analytical tractability of the original Melitz model despite non-trivial distribution of firms’ net worth and capital stocks. We use the model to examine the differential effects of financial and non-financial shocks on aggregate output and international trade flows. The model predicts that trade volume declines far more sharply and significantly than that of output (with an elasticity larger than 3) under financial shocks than under non-financial shocks. The prediction is consistent with the stylized fact that most countries that experienced major financial crises had significantly larger and sharper contraction in exports than aggregate output (as is also true during the recent financial crisis). In the long run, however, a deeper financial market is a great source of "comparative advantage"— it raises not only the level of aggregate productivity but also the ratio of trade volume to domestic output. >
Trademark and brand dilution : an empirical investigation

The Constitutional Court in the Republic of South African indicated in 2006 (Laugh It Off Promotions CC v SAB International (Finance) BV t/a Sabmark International (Freedom of Expression Institute as amicus curiae), 2006 (1) SA 144 (CC)) that a senior trademark cannot be provided with anti-dilution protection if the senior trademark cannot demonstrate a probability of substantial economic harm. In the United States of America, legislation (Trademark Dilution Revision Act of 2006) corrected an earlier Supreme Court decision (Moseley v Victoria's Secret Catalogue, Inc., 537 U.S. 418 (2003)), and as a result evidence of a probability of dilution is now required to provide a senior trademark with antidilution protection. Senior trademarks experienced mixed success in courts in the Republic of South Africa as well as the United States of America when requesting anti-dilution protection. The reason is that when empirical evidence is offered of trademark dilution the nature of the evidence is usually limited and the method of obtaining it is often flawed. The response of brand managers to trademark infringement also seems to be limited to decisions contemplating litigation. Therefore, to assist both the legal and marketing fraternity when trademark infringement is thought to occur, this study investigates the nature and extent of trademark dilution. A literature review revealed the elements and forms (tarnishing and blurring) of trademark dilution and the motivation for using the concept ‘brand’ and the construct ‘brand equity’ to conceptualise trademark value. The limitations of previous research in measuring trademark dilution and commentary on court decisions provided the basis of the conceptualisation of trademark dilution as an undesirable effect on customer-based brand equity, operationalised as brand attitude. Brand attitude is a higher level brand value creator and five sub-components (affect, cognition, attitude valence and stability, attitude accessibility, purchase intention) were identified that measures brand attitude accurately. Brand attitude is also preceded by brand familiarity and leads to brand loyalty. Furthermore, brand attitudes can also be explained according to four types of decisionmaking processes: the type of decisions (high and low involvement) and type of motivations (informational and transformational). The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature and extent of trademark dilution, (tarnishing and blurring) on components of customer-based brand equity. The study used an experimental research strategy and an electronic survey instrument (Qualtrics) with Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
Effects of phlorizin on glucose, water and sodium handling by the rat kidney.

1. The effect of phlorizin on glucose, water and sodium handling by the kidney in anaesthetized rats was investigated, using clearance techniques, during infusion of saline (200 microliter min‐1) or saline to which either low (0.1 mumole kg body weight‐1 ml.‐1) doses of phlorizin had been added. 2. Phlorizin increased the absolute and fractional excretion of glucose, urine osmolality and negative free water clearance; and reduced urine flow rate, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), absolute and fractional excretion of sodium, absolute excretion of sodium, absolute excretion of potassium and absolute and fractional rates of glucose reabsorption. 3. The data indicate that phlorizin has sites of action and effects additional to those on glucose transport in the proximal tubule. 4. Within each series there was a positive correlation between sodium and glucose reabsorption; but the rate of glucose reabsorption was different between each series even though the sodium reabsorption was not. 5. It is suggested that since both sodium and glucose reabsorption correlate with GFR, they may be related via GFR. 6. The data indicate that for the whole kidney any effect of glucose on sodium transport is small relative to total renal handling of sodium.
Behavioral pharmacology of abecarnil in baboons: self‐injection, drug discrimination and physical dependence

The behavioral effects of abecarnil, a (β-carboline which has been suggested to function as a partial and/or selective agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor, were assessed in baboons. In a chronic administration study, 100 mg/kg/day abecarnil for 6–8 weeks produced few signs of sedation: lip droop and intention tremor were observed in two of the four baboons. Flumazenil administration (5 mg/kg, i.m.) on day 8 of chronic abecarnil produced only a mild precipitated benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Vehicle substitution after 6–8 weeks of chronic abecarnil produced transient signs of a mild withdrawal syndrome, including decreased food intake, but did not produce vomiting, twitches/jerks or seizures. In a self-injection study, abecarnil (0.032–1.0 mg/kg/injection) did not maintain rates of self-injection above vehicle control levels; higher rates of self-injection were maintained in the same animals by cocaine (0.32 mg/kg/injection) and triazolam (0.01 mg/kg/injection). The highest i.v. abecarnil dose (1.0 mg/kg/injection) produced sedation and ataxia in two of the three baboons. In a drug discrimination study, generalization from lorazepam training conditions (1.8 mg/kg, p.o.) to abecarnil was an increasing function of dose, and maximal drug lever responding occurred reliably in all baboons 5 h after 10–32 mg/kg, p.o. abecarnil administration. Flumazenil (0.32 mg/kg, i.m.), given 4 h after abecarnil, completely antagonized the abecarnil stimulus in test sessions 1 h later. The present experiments show that the behavioral profile of abecarnil is clearly distinguishable from that of benzodiazepines.
Effects of Delayed Release Microsphere of Exenatide on Peri-Implant Bone Response of Diabetic Rats

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the impact of delayed release microsphere of exenatide on dental implants treatment of diabetic rats. Materials and methods: 6 male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats were divided into three groups: GroupA, diabetic rats with dental implants (controls). Group B, diabetic rats treated with exenatide and implants placed simultaneously. Group C, diabetic rats treated with exenatide until serum glucose at a constant level and then implants were placed. Implants with surrounding bone tissues were harvested and bone responses were assessed by histomorphometric analysis. Results: Osseointegration of all implants had proceeded, bone response to implant surface of one implant in group A was similar to that in group B and C, and implants were surrounded by dense, very compact bone, osteocytes were deposited in lamellar bone in group C. Conclusion: The present study of dental implants with Diabetes mellitus suggested that the process of osseointegration is affected by diabetes, early osseointegration can be enhanced in individuals with well-controlled diabetes, but the included samples were too small to get a statistical conclusion, further well designed comparative studies are needed to explore the exact effect of diabetes and metabolic control on bone response to dental implants.
Are Female Entrepreneurs Better Payers than Men?

In this article we test whether Italian female entrepreneurs are more reliable payers than men, by carrying out a survival analysis of micro enterprises that utilize a credit for the first time in the period January 2005 to December 2008, and monitoring the quality of their exposure until December 2010. The data were drawn from the Bank of Italy’s Central Credit Register, which provides information on the entire Italian population that has loans with the Italian banking system. We observed that female entrepreneurs are better payers than their male counterparts only because women tend to undertake activities in less risky sectors. Our analysis could also be considered as an indirect measure of whether female entrepreneurs experience discrimination when accessing the Italian credit market.
How do macroeconomic factors affect capital structure? The case of Swedish firms

Using unbalanced panel data for the sample period 2002-2012, this study investigates the relation between macroeconomic factors and the capital structure of 233 Swedish companies. Using the Random Effects model, this paper identifies the macroeconomic determinants that affect the capital structure of Swedish firms. We find that the leverage measures are positively related to the GDP Growth rate, Interest rate, Banking Credit as percentage of GDP ratio and the Stock price performance, while the Inflation rate has a negative effect on the leverage. This paper also provides evidence that banking sector is important for the Swedish firms.
An empirical study of consumer behavior related to private labels and national brand promotions

One day while in the store, Bernard grabs his usual Dominick's cream cheese off the shelf. I notice and point out that the national brand of Philadelphia cream cheese is on sale and less expensive. Bernard looks at the two products and actually hesitates for a while to switch to the national brand. His hesitation makes it clear that his preference is not based solely on price. (Chang Coupland 2005, 115). Recent research has proved the existence of interesting and significant interactions between consumer purchase behavior related to national brand promotions and private labels, traditionally investigated as separate phenomena. Following this path, our work investigates the behavior of consumers concerning the purchase of private labels and the purchase of national brands sold on monetary and non-monetary promotions. The empirical research has been conducted in Italy, a country with a relatively low, but increasing, penetration of private labels. A sample of consumers has been interviewed in person, and data were analyzed in three steps. First, a principal component analysis was run on the three behaviors of interest and their antecedent variables. Second, factors relative to the antecedents were regressed on the factors relative to the dependent variables. Finally, a cluster analysis was operated on the factors related to the three dependent variables to segment consumers. The cluster analysis shows four segments that can be grouped in two macro-segments: consumers who use and who do not use private labels. Since the second macro-segment is larger than the first (56% vs. 44%), retailers who want to improve the performance of their brands could work on their penetration, trying to attract the 56% of consumers who do not use them. As these consumers use sales promotions, monetary and non-monetary, retailers could develop original promotional strategies, specifically targeted to each segment. Avenues for future research include a multi-country survey and separate investigations of individual promotion techniques, which have shown very distinctive characteristics.
Reinvestigating online purchase behaviour model: a test of alternative models using a cross-cultural study

Extensions of online consumer research have been discussed to a great extent as forms of new e-business strategy (Hoffman and Novak 2000; Park and Fader 2004; Schlosser, White, and Lloyd 2006), but reviews of online marketing literature have been relatively limited. This research assesses the existing work on customer satisfaction, trust and online attitudes, and integrates it into a conceptual framework to understand online purchase behaviour regarding each construct that the model represents. In particular, testing alternative models in different data settings is important because online consumers are susceptible to different thresholds of the constructs investigated. Firstly, this research seeks to build alternative models including two key constructs: customer satisfaction and trust on the Web. Second, prior pioneering online navigation models (e.g., Hoffman and Novak, 1996, 2000; Lim and Dubinsky, 2005; Shim et al., 2001) on the Internet do not fully explain overall consumer behaviour, particularly online purchase. While these previous models have primarily focused on developing theoretical frameworks for web environments, the current study builds and tests a systematic general model of consumer responses to website navigation behaviour, which remains a cornerstone in a better understanding of online consumer purchase behaviour. Finally, in contrast to prior research on online consumer behaviour that has been conducted in a single country, the author examines comparisons of online purchasing behaviour in Korea and the UK, thereby offering a cross-cultural assessment of the proposed relationships. More specifically, this study develops competing models that embody the components of what makes for an online purchase experience. In addition, this research attempts to develop an appropriate hypothesized model to predict e-shopping behaviour; the process of selection involves a full study of alternative models in order to select the
The interconversion of serine and glycine: participation of pyridoxal phosphate.

3. The viscosity-reducing action is due to a sulphydryl-activated enzyme, which has been named a tropomyosinase, whose action is inhibited by homologous antisera. 4. The enzyme does not attack collagen, nor haemolyse the red blood cells of sheep and horses. It is activated by cysteine, glutathione and thiolacetate, but not by thiosulphate. It is not inhibited by soya-bean trypsin inhibitor. 5. By neutralization tests with selective antisera, this tropomyosinase was identified as a specific antigen which has been designated, in accordance with the nomenclature of Oakley et al. (1947), as Cl. oedematiens q-antigen. It has been found in crude toxins of Cl. oedematien8 type B and alo8tridium haemolyticum, but not in Cl. oedematien8 type A nor in Clo8tridium welchii, Cl1o8tridiUm 8epticum or Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxins.
The economics of employment.

Thomas N. Chirikos provides an economic analysis of the supply and demand of workers with disabilities and concludes that "low levels of accommodation costs observed at present may be attributable to the low employment levels of persons with disabilities. These variables should be expected to move together in the future. " Positing that persons with disabilities who enter the labor force post ADA are likely to be more severely impaired than those currently employed, therefore requiring more expensive accommodations, Chirikos argues that an increase in employment will result in higher accommodation costs. If we accept Chirikos' conclusions, the critical question for accommodation costs becomes the question of who pays. When people with disabilities are working, it clearly benefits the economy; however, the cost to individual businesses may be prohibitive in certain circumstances. Chirikos concludes that "redistributive issues in generating employment for persons with disabilities will have to be faced more squarely. Policy tools beyond the scope of the ADA may have to be used to ensure thatpersons with disabilities are fully integrated into the American economy, including the expanded use of subsidies and alternative means of sharing the burden between the employer and employee. " Clearly Congress recognized this redistributive issue when enacting the small-business tax credit for ADA-related expenditures. The Chirikos logic leads to the conclusion that the more successful the
Combination Rules for Group Fusion in Similarity‐Based Virtual Screening

This paper evaluates the screening effectiveness of 15 parameter‐free, similarity‐based and rank‐based rules for group fusion, where one combines the outputs of similarity searches from multiple reference structures using ECFC_4 fingerprints and a Bayesian inference network. Searches of the MDDR and WOMBAT databases show that group fusion is most effective when as many reference structures as possible are used, when only a small proportion of each ranked similarity list is submitted to the final fusion rule, and when a fusion rule based on reciprocal rank positions is used to combine the individual search outputs. An analysis of the reciprocal rank rule suggests that its effectiveness derives from the close relationship that exists between the reciprocal rank of a database structure and its probability of activity.