Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment

Abstract The states of thermal equilibrium (incorporating an adjustment of super-adiabatic stratification) as well as that of pure radiative equilibrium of the atmosphere are computed as the asymptotic steady state approached in an initial value problem. Recent measurements of absorptivities obtained for a wide range of pressure are used, and the scheme of computation is sufficiently general to include the effect of several layers of clouds. The atmosphere in thermal equilibrium has an isothermal lower stratosphere and an inversion in the upper stratosphere which are features observed in middle latitudes. The role of various gaseous absorbers (i.e., water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone), as well as the role of the clouds, is investigated by computing thermal equilibrium with and without one or two of these elements. The existence of ozone has very little effect on the equilibrium temperature of the earth's surface but a very important effect on the temperature throughout the stratosphere; the absorption.
Nonlinear Wave–Current Interactions in Shallow Water

We study here the propagation of long waves in the presence of vorticity. In the irrotational framework, the Green–Naghdi equations (also called Serre or fully nonlinear Boussinesq equations) are the standard model for the propagation of such waves. These equations couple the surface elevation to the vertically averaged horizontal velocity and are therefore independent of the vertical variable. In the presence of vorticity, the dependence on the vertical variable cannot be removed from the vorticity equation but it was however shown in that the motion of the waves could be described using an extended Green–Naghdi system. In this paper, we propose an analysis of these equations, and show that they can be used to get some new insight into wave–current interactions. We show in particular that solitary waves may have a drastically different behavior in the presence of vorticity and show the existence of solitary waves of maximal amplitude with a peak at their crest, whose angle depends on the vorticity. We also show some simple numerical validations. Finally, we give some examples of wave–current interactions with a nontrivial vorticity field and topography effects.
Magnitude of foetal wastage and the monetary losses in sheep and goats slaughtered in Morogoro selected slaughter facilities, Morogoro Tanzania

Foetal wastage in slaughter animals not only causes a loss to farmers and livestock traders, it's against animal welfare still information on the magnitude of slaughter of pregnant goats and sheep is scarce. This study evaluated the level of fetal wastage in goats and sheep slaughtered at Morogoro slaughterhouse and Mkongeni slaughter slab in Mvomero district between December 2016 and January 2017. Of the 351 goats slaughtered, 80.1% were female and 40.2% of them were pregnant. Likewise, 97 sheep were slaughtered, 80.4% were female of which 57.7% were pregnant. Of all the fetuses (n=163) recovered, 61.5% had ≥2 months of age and 61 (37.4%) were female. Four out of 113 (3.5%) of pregnant does and 1/45 (2.2%) of pregnant ewes had twins. A loss of 951,000 Tanzania shillings was calculated due to fetal wastage in 30 days. The results of this study demonstrate that there is significant flock wastage and losses which limits availability of animal protein to the people in Morogoro and elsewhere in Tanzania. It is therefore recommended that appropriate measures including legislation enforcement, capacity building on pregnant diagnosis for slaughter facilities staff be put in place to control the slaughter of pregnant stock. Stock owners and traders should be sensitized on the implication on losses of genetic materials and sustainability of meat production associated with continued slaughtering of pregnant animals. Key words : sheep, goats, foetal wastage, slaughter facility, monetary loss
Variability in modern pollen rain from moist and wet tropical forest plots in Ghana, West Africa

Abstract How pollen moves within and between ecosystems affects factors such as the genetic structure of populations, how resilient they are to environmental change, and the amount and nature of pollen preserved in the sedimentary record. We set artificial pollen traps in two 100 m by 100 m vegetation plots, one in a wet evergreen forest, and one in a moist semi-deciduous forest in Ghana, West Africa. Five traps from each plot were counted annually from 2011 to 2014, to examine spatial and temporal variation in the pollen rain of the most abundant taxa shared between pollen and vegetation assemblages. Samples from the wet evergreen plot exhibited high variability within years, with the dominant pollen types changing between samples, and many pollen taxa being over-represented relative to their parent plant abundance in some traps whilst being entirely absent from others. The most abundant plant taxa of the wet evergreen plot (Drypetes and Cynometra) do, however, constitute major components of the pollen rain. There is less variation between samples from the moist semi-deciduous plot spatially, as it is dominated by Celtis, which typically comprises >70% of the pollen assemblages. We conclude that pollen rain in these tropical ecosystems is highly heterogeneous, and suggest that pollen assemblages obtained by trapping are susceptible to small-scale variations in forest structure. Conversely, this may mean that current recommendations of more than three years of trapping in tropical systems may be too high, and that space could substitute for time in modern tropical pollen trapping.
Total Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of the Cytotoxic Anhydrophytosphingosine Jaspine B (Pachastrissamine)

Abstract By utilizing an l-serine-derived bicyclic lactone as an advanced chiral building block, a short synthetic route to the cytotoxic marine natural product jaspine B has been developed. Targeting structure–activity relationship investigations, the synthetic route has also been utilized for the synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of strategically modified jaspine B analogues. In addition, a previously reported synthesis of the title natural product from our research has been reinvestigated to clarify the sterochemical assignment.
KG-Cleaner : Jointly Learning to Identify and Correct Errors Produced by Information Extraction Systems

We present KG-Cleaner, a semantics-aware framework to combine two philosophically different approaches for knowledge correction: text-based classification to identify, and schema backed classification to correct, errors in data produced and delivered by an information extraction system. KG-Cleaner is a standalone system and the first to address both tasks in a unified, joint manner. We evaluate our approach and other models as instances of our framework on two collections: a Wikidata corpus of nearly 700K facts and 5M fact-relevant sentences and a collection of 30K facts from the 2015 TAC Knowledge Base Population task. We find that simple parameter-efficient shallow neural networks, combined with a continuous relaxation of a discrete predicted value, provide a useful common representation for jointly predicting credibility and repaired relations. Our models achieve absolute performance gains of 30-35 F1 points on both the Wikidata and TAC corpora for both credibility prediction and relation repair.
Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre‐main sequence – II. The early‐G star HD 141943 – coronal magnetic field, Hα emission and differential rotation

Spectropolarimetric observations of the pre-main sequence early-G star HD 141943 were made at three observing epochs (2007, 2009 and 2010). The observations were made using the 3.9-m Anglo-Australian Telescope with the UCLES echelle spectrograph and the SEMPOL spectropolarimeter visitor instrument. The brightness and surface magnetic field topologies (given in Paper I) were used to determine the star’s surface differential rotation and reconstruct the coronal magnetic field of the star. The coronal magnetic field at the three epochs shows on the largest scales that the field structure is dominated by the dipole component with possible evidence for the tilt of the dipole axis shifting between observations. We find very high levels of differential rotation on HD 141943 (∼8 times the solar value for the magnetic features and ∼5 times solar for the brightness features), similar to that evidenced by another young early-G star, HD 171488. These results indicate that a significant increase in the level of differential rotation occurs for young stars around a spectral type of early-G. We also find for the 2010 observations that there is a large difference in the differential rotation measured from the brightness and magnetic features, similar to that seen on early-K stars, but with the difference being much larger. We find only tentative evidence for temporal evolution in the differential rotation of HD 141943.
Factors Behind the Unrelenting Perseverance of the Minorities at the Marginal Status at Wolaitta Zone, Southern Ethiopia

This article has managed to critically assess factors behind the unrelenting perseverance of the minorities at the margin of marginal status at Wolaitta zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study identifies basically the validation behind the persisted disadvantaged position of the occupational minorities that is embedded within the socio-cultural scenery of Woliatta. It has attempted to explain the marginal status of the occupational minorities in the face of altering socio-economic and political state of contemporary society. A cross sectional qualitative method was used (in-depth interviews and focus group discussions) involving a total of 42 in-depth interview informants, 5 focus group discussions constituting 7 individuals in each group carried out in purposively selected sites. It has been discovered that there are certain sections of society that are considered to be of lower status and thus, marginalized and excluded from the host community. The minority groups that occupy the subordinate stratum include Hilancha-craft workers and ‘Ayille’social groups. These sections of the society have made to occupy the perimeter in essential societal activities and institutions. In other words, it’s been branded that occupational groups are at the verge of social, economic and political spheres of the mainstream society. They are detested and relegated in all aspects of their life.
A MODEL FOR CONTROL OF HIV/AIDS WITH PARENTAL CARE

In this study we investigate the HIV/AIDS epidemic in a population which experiences a significant flow of immigrants. We derive and analyze a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of HIV infection among the immigrant youths and how parental care can minimize or prevent the spread of the disease in the population. We analyze the model with both screening control and parental care, then investigate its stability and sensitivity behavior. We also conduct both qualitative and quantitative analyses. It is observed that in the absence of infected youths, disease-free equilibrium is achievable and is globally asymptotically stable. We establish optimal strategies for the control of the disease with screening and parental care, and provide numerical simulations to illustrate the analytic results.
Selection for synchronous breeding in the European starling

Colonial birds often demonstrate considerable breeding synchrony. In southern Sweden the semi-colonial European starling initiated the vast majority of clutches within one week. Laying dates were positively skewed so that many birds initiated clutches at similar dates early in the season. Breeding was further synchronised by a particularly strong clutch-size reduction equivalent to one third of an egg per day during the first part of the breeding season. The decline in clutch size with season also held true for separate age-classes of females, for individual females laying at different times at different years and for individual females laying at different times the same year. Trends in breeding success during nestling rearing were unlikely to explain the high degree of breeding synchrony or the seasonal decline in clutch size; nestling survival and growth were weakly related or unrelated to reproductive timing. In contrast recruitment success of fledged offspring declined sharply with season. Even within the synchronous laying period, defined as clutches initiated during the first week each year, local recruitment success declined. It is suggested that the early seasonal decline is caused by selection for synchronous fledging permitting the immediate formation of flocks after fledging, whereas the late seasonal trends may be caused by either population differences in female quality or deteriorating conditions for raising young.
Self-portrait of Obese and Overweight Korean Women based on Lifetime Phase

Purpose: This study investigated Korean women in between age 30 to 60 who were obese or overweight in order to explore their self-perception based on lifetime phase. Methods: Focus group interviews were performed four times with six to eight participants in each group (a total of 27). Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: The data analysis from the interviews revealed recurring common themes: heavy heart, heavy body, resigned acceptance of their own condition, and compromise. The study also found that each age group had different concerns: concerning others" gaze on their obese appearances (30s), realizing their aging obese appearances (40s), recognizing red flags of their health with obesity (50s), and becoming ambivalent about their obese appearances (60s). Overall, their perceptions of being overweight were negative and stressful. Women in their 30s and 40s were more interested in their appearances, and thus were more obsessive about weight gain. In contrast, women in their 50s and 60s were more accepting of their physical appearances, and thus were more concerned about living healthy than losing weight. Conclusion: These results may be useful to consider when developing tailored weight-control programs for obese and overweight Korean women. Additionally, strategic approaches for successful and effective programs targeting healthy weight should be based on better understanding about women’s self-perceptions and motivations.
Controls on hydrologic drought duration in near-natural streamflow in Europe and the USA

Abstract. Climate classification systems, such as Koppen–Geiger and the aridity index, are used in large-scale drought studies to stratify regions with similar hydro-climatic drought properties. What is currently lacking is a large-scale evaluation of the relation between climate and observed streamflow drought characteristics. In this study we explored how suitable common climate classifications are for differentiating catchments according to their characteristic hydrologic drought duration and whether drought durations within the same climate classes are comparable between different regions. This study uses a dataset of 808 near-natural streamflow records from Europe and the USA to answer these questions. First, we grouped drought duration distributions of each record over different classes of four climate classification systems and five individual climate and catchment controls. Then, we compared these drought duration distributions of all classes within each climate classification system or classification based on individual controls. Results showed that climate classification systems that include absolute precipitation in their classification scheme (e.g., the aridity index) are most suitable for differentiating catchments according to drought duration. However, differences in duration distributions were found for the same climate classes in Europe and the USA. These differences are likely caused by differences in precipitation, in catchment controls as expressed by the base flow index and in differences in climate beyond the total water balance (e.g., seasonality in precipitation), which have been shown to exert a control on drought duration as well. Climate classification systems that include an absolute precipitation control can be tailored to drought monitoring and early warning systems for Europe and the USA to define regions with different sensitivities to hydrologic droughts, which, for example, have been found to be higher in catchments with a low aridity index. However, stratification of catchments according to these climate classification systems is likely to be complemented with information of other climate classification systems (Koppen–Geiger) and individual climate and catchment controls (precipitation and the base flow index), especially in a comparative study between Europe and the USA.
An Efficient Deep Learning Technique for the Navier-Stokes Equations: Application to Unsteady Wake Flow Dynamics

We present an efficient deep learning technique for the model reduction of the Navier-Stokes equations for unsteady flow problems. The proposed technique relies on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and the stochastic gradient descent method. Of particular interest is to predict the unsteady fluid forces for different bluff body shapes at low Reynolds number. The discrete convolution process with a nonlinear rectification is employed to approximate the mapping between the bluff-body shape and the fluid forces. The deep neural network is fed by the Euclidean distance function as the input and the target data generated by the full-order Navier-Stokes computations for primitive bluff body shapes. The convolutional networks are iteratively trained using the stochastic gradient descent method with the momentum term to predict the fluid force coefficients of different geometries and the results are compared with the full-order computations. We attempt to provide a physical analogy of the stochastic gradient method with the momentum term with the simplified form of the incompressible Navier-Stokes momentum equation. We also construct a direct relationship between the CNN-based deep learning and the Mori-Zwanzig formalism for the model reduction of a fluid dynamical system. A systematic convergence and sensitivity study is performed to identify the effective dimensions of the deep-learned CNN process such as the convolution kernel size, the number of kernels and the convolution layers. Within the error threshold, the prediction based on our deep convolutional network has a speed-up nearly four orders of magnitude compared to the full-order results and consumes an insignificant fraction of computational resources. The proposed CNN-based approximation procedure has a profound impact on the parametric design of bluff bodies and the feedback control of separated flows.
Occupant Response Model: A Sub-model For The Nrcc Risk-cost Assessment Model

The Occupant Response Model is a sub-model of the Risk-Cost Assessment Model for apartment building being developed at the National Fire Laboratory of the National Research Council of Canada. The Occupant Response Model simulates human response to information indicating the presence of a fire. The perception of the information, interpretation and resulting action is called the PIA process. The PIA process is performed at each state of fire growth obtained from the Fire Growth Model. Interpretation levels have been defined according to the information sources reaching the occupants in the building. Further, the interpretation level introduces a time delay to interpret information and to take actions before the occupants start evacuation. The probabilities of perception of the various types of information depend on the state of fire growth, the occupant location and the actions of other occupants. Calculations are made from the nearest location to the fire to the furthest for three interpretation levels. Each interpretation level determines the delay time before the occupants start to evacuate the building. The model outputs are the probabilities of occupants starting to evacuate at six timeframes before flashover. These values will be used by the Occupant Evacuation Model and the Fire Brigade Action Model, which are parts of the Risk-Cost Assessment Model.
Can functional traits help explain the coexistence of two species of Apodemus

1UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France 2UMR CNRS/MNHN 7209, ‘Archeozoologie, Archeobotanique: Societes, Pratiques et Environnements’, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 55 Rue Buffon, Case Postale 56, 75005 Paris, France 3UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/UPMC/EPHE, ‘Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité’ (ISYEB), 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France 4UMR CNRS 7207, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), CP38, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Univ Paris 6, 8 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France 5UMR CNRS 5558 – LBBE, ‘Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive’, UCB Lyon 1 – Bât. Grégor Mendel, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
Global warming induced hybrid rainy seasons in the Sahel

The small rainfall recovery observed over the Sahel, concomitant with a regional climate warming, conceals some drought features that exacerbate food security. The new rainfall features include false start and early cessation of rainy seasons, increased frequency of intense daily rainfall, increasing number of hot nights and warm days and a decreasing trend in diurnal temperature range. Here, we explain these mixed dry/wet seasonal rainfall features which are called hybrid rainy seasons by delving into observed data consensus on the reduction in rainfall amount, its spatial coverage, timing and erratic distribution of events, and other atmospheric variables crucial in agro-climatic monitoring and seasonal forecasting. Further composite investigations of seasonal droughts, oceans warming and the regional atmospheric circulation nexus reveal that the low-to-mid-level atmospheric winds pattern, often stationary relative to either strong or neutral El-Niño-Southern-Oscillations drought patterns, associates to basin warmings in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea to trigger hybrid rainy seasons in the Sahel. More challenging to rain-fed farming systems, our results suggest that these new rainfall conditions will most likely be sustained by global warming, reshaping thereby our understanding of food insecurity in this region.
Measures, Drivers and Effects of Green Employment: Evidence from US Local Labor Markets, 2006-2014

This paper explores the nature and the key empirical regularities of green employment in US local labor markets in 2006–2014. The main methodological novelty consists of a new measure of green employment based on the task content of occupations. Descriptive analysis reveals that green employment is pro-cyclical, highly skilled, commands a 4% wage premium and is geographically concentrated. Green employment dynamics positively correlates with local green subsidies within the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, local green knowledge, and resilience to the great recession. Finally, we find that one additional green job is associated with 4.2 (2.2 in the crisis period) new local jobs in non-tradable non-green activities.