Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender and Work in Germany: Before and After Reunification

New state and market arrangements were twice imposed on the residents of the eastern part of Germany, once when Germany was divided in 1949 and again when it was reunified in 1990; these changes produced a unique natural experiment concerning the effect of policies and institutions on the gendered nature of work. This review synthesizes research on gender equality in paid and unpaid work in East versus West Germany during the decades immediately preceding and following reunification. We consider empirical evidence on gender equality in five major dimensions of work: the prevalence of labor market attachment, time spent in paid work, wages, employment sector and occupation, and time spent in unpaid work in the home. Taken together, developments across these dimensions suggest that, following reunification, the two parts of the country converged toward the gendered arrangement in which men are employed full-time and their female partners hold part-time jobs—with some evidence of continuing differences betwe.
Heparin induces apoptosis through suppression of AKt in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.

BACKGROUND Heparin is a polysulfated glycosaminoglycan that has been shown to have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in addition to its anticoagulant effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present work investigated the effects of unfractioned heparin (UFH) on cell growth and apoptosis in four oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines and the mechanism(s) underlying its actions using MTT assay, Annexin-V-FITC and Western blotting. RESULTS Treatment with UFH resulted in significant reduction in cell viability and increase in apoptosis in three of the four tested cell lines. Further, such treatment resulted in a significant decrease in phosphorylated AKt, and consequently led to activation of the mitochondrial pathway in heparin-sensitive cells. Moreover, pretreatment with UFH significantly increased the apoptosis induced by cisplatin. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that heparin induces apoptosis through suppression of AKt, and suggest a potential utility of heparin for development of less toxic chemotherapy in treatment of oral SCC.
Family Stress and Child Competence: The Effects of Early Intervention for Families with Deaf Infants

This report presents findings on an independent evaluation of an early intervention program for profoundly deaf children. Located in Vancouver, B.C., this comprehensive program served families with children under age 3. The evaluation included comparison to a matched sample of children without intervention. Included were a developmental assessment and assessment of family stress, knowledge, and functions. Results indicated more developmentally mature communication, lower stress, and higher quality interaction in families who had received intervention.
Systematic evaluation of evidence on veterinary viscoelastic testing part 2: Sample acquisition and handling.

OBJECTIVE To examine systematically the evidence on sample acquisition and handling for the thrombo elastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) viscoelastic point of care instruments and to identify knowledge gaps. DESIGN Six questions were considered, addressing sampling site, collection system, anticoagulant, collection procedure, and sample storage. Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature was performed. Relevant articles were categorized according to level of evidence (LOE). Consensus was developed regarding conclusions for application of concepts to clinical practice. SETTING Academic and referral veterinary medical centers. RESULTS PubMed and CAB abstracts were searched. Eighteen papers were initially chosen; 5 of these papers applied to > 1 domain question. Three papers were used to address 2 questions each, and 2 papers were used to address 3 questions each. Most papers were judged LOE 3 (Good or Fair). Two of 5 papers were judged to be the same LOE each time they were used; 2 papers were judged to be LOE 3, Fair for 1 question and 3, Good for a second question; 1 paper used to address 3 questions was judged LOE 3, Good twice and 3, Fair once. Fourteen additional papers were evaluated post hoc during manuscript preparation. CONCLUSIONS Jugular venipuncture is recommended, but samples from IV catheters can be used. Consistent technique is important for serial sampling, and standardized sampling protocols are recommended for individual centers performing TEG/ROTEM. There is insufficient evidence to recommend use of a specific blood collection system, although use of evacuated blood tubes and 21-Ga or larger needles is suggested. Use of 3.2% buffered sodium citrate in a strict 1:9 ratio of citrate to blood is suggested. Suggested tube draw order is discard/serum, followed by citrate, EDTA, and then heparin. Samples should be held at room temperature for 30 minutes prior to analysis.
WHEN TIMES COLLIDE: TEMPORAL BROKERAGE AT THE INTERSECTION OF MARKETS AND DEVELOPMENTS

We study the influence of a pervasive Western organizational mentality – clock-time orientation – in market-based models for human development. While a linear, clock-time orientation optimized for markets is meant to enhance efficiency, coordination and control, it may be unsuitable for managing emergent, complex and indeterminate processes such as development. To examine how the tension between market and development temporalities plays out at the organizational level, we draw on an ethnography of Fairtrade International, an organization connecting markets in the North with low income community development in the South. We examine intra-organizational contestation over different temporal structures needed to entrain to discrepant temporal environments. We explain how contestation, temporal reflexivity, interpretive shifts and mutual appreciation of interdependencies led to the reconstitution of Fairtrade’s development model to bridge competing temporal structures. We contribute by 1) elucidating an agentic view of time, where time is used as a cultural resource to regulate attention and render social phenomena amenable to particular types of managerial action; 2) developing the notion of “ambitemporality,” where organizations accommodate seemingly contradictory temporal orientations and 3) explaining how deep seated Western organizational mentalities truncate the power of development models and how these models may benefit from embracing processual approaches, associated with Eastern thought.
Classroom Environment : Emphasis on Seating Arrangement

This paper reports of the importance of the classroom environment, and has a major focus on seating arrangement. A survey was distributed to ten different school districts, and reports were collected from 64 different teachers who taught varying grade levels and subjects. The analyzed data showed that the majority of teachers choose to use combination seating arrangements rather than row seating. The data also reports on why teachers prefer to use grouping in their classrooms, and shares information on the benefits of this type of arrangements. Document Type Thesis Degree Name MS in Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education First Supervisor Diane Barrett Second Supervisor Bernard Ricca This thesis is available at Fisher Digital Publications: http://fisherpub.sjfc. edu/mathcs_etd_masters/17 Classroom Environment: Emphasis on Seating Arrangement
Sentence Recall by Children With SLI Across Two Nonmainstream Dialects of English.

PURPOSE The inability to accurately recall sentences has proven to be a clinical marker of specific language impairment (SLI); this task yields moderate-to-high levels of sensitivity and specificity. However, it is not yet known if these results hold for speakers of dialects whose nonmainstream grammatical productions overlap with those that are produced at high rates by children with SLI. METHOD Using matched groups of 70 African American English speakers and 36 Southern White English speakers and dialect-strategic scoring, we examined children's sentence recall abilities as a function of their dialect and clinical status (SLI vs. typically developing [TD]). RESULTS For both dialects, the SLI group earned lower sentence recall scores than the TD group with sensitivity and specificity values ranging from . 80 to . 94, depending on the analysis. Children with SLI, as compared with TD controls, manifested lower levels of verbatim recall, more ungrammatical recalls when the recall was not exact, and higher levels of error on targeted functional categories, especially those marking tense. CONCLUSION When matched groups are examined and dialect-strategic scoring is used, sentence recall yields moderate-to-high levels of diagnostic accuracy to identify SLI within speakers of nonmainstream dialects of English.
Primary sensory and forebrain motor systems in the newborn brain are preferentially damaged by hypoxia‐ischemia

Cerebral hypoxia‐ischemia causes encephalopathy and neurologic disabilities in newborns by unclear mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that hypoxia‐ischemia causes brain damage in newborns that is system‐preferential and related to regional oxidative metabolism. One‐week‐old piglets were subjected to 30 minutes of hypoxia and then seven minutes of airway occlusion, producing asphyxic cardiac arrest, followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation and four‐day recovery. Brain injury in hypoxic‐ischemic piglets (n = 6) compared to controls (n = 5) was analyzed by hematoxylin‐eosin, Nissl, and silver staining; relationships between regional vulnerability and oxidative metabolism were evaluated by cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. Profile counting‐based estimates showed that 13% and 27% of neurons in layers II/III and layers IV/V of somatosensory cortex had ischemic cytopathology, respectively; CA1 neuronal perikarya appeared undamaged, and <10% of CA3 and CA4 neurons were injured; and neuronal damage was 79% in putamen, 17% in caudate, but nucleus accumbens was undamaged. Injury was found preferentially in primary sensory neocortices (particularly somatosensory cortex), basal ganglia (predominantly putamen, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra reticulata), ventral thalamus, geniculate nuclei, and tectal nuclei. In sham piglets, vulnerable regions generally had higher cytochrome oxidase levels than less vulnerable areas. Postischemic alterations in cytochrome oxidase were regional and laminar, with reductions (31–66%) occurring in vulnerable regions and increases (20%) in less vulnerable areas. We conclude that neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia causes highly organized, system‐preferential and topographic encephalopathy, targeting regions that function in sensorimotor integration and movement control. This distribution of neonatal encephalopathy is dictated possibly by regional function, mitochondrial activity, and connectivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 377:262–285, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety of Minimally Invasive Pituitary Surgery (MIPS) Compared with a Traditional Approach

Introduction: Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is becoming progressively less invasive. Recent endoscopic techniques avoid nasal or intraoral incisions, use of nasal speculums, and nasal packing. Several case series of endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery have been reported, but relatively little data exists comparing complication rates to more traditional approaches. We compare the complications of our first 50 cases of endoscopic, minimally invasive pituitary surgery (MIPS) to our last 50 sublabial transseptal (SLTS) procedures.
Sequence Dependence of Peptide Fragmentation Efficiency Curves Determined by Electrospray Ionization/Surface-Induced Dissociation Mass Spectrometry

A gas-phase environment allows investigation of "unperturbed", Le. , solvent-free, structures of peptides. Although these structures may not be equivalent to those in the biological environment, the main features, which are controlled by the sequence of the peptide, may be similar in both cases. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/ MS) provides a method for the investigation of peptide structure,l* including peptide conformation,lb in the gas phase. The new MS/MS approach used here combines electrospray ionization (ES1)Z with surface-induced dissociation (SID)'" to determine fragmentation efficiency curves, which are shown to depend on the amino acid sequence of peptides. The curves are obtained by producing the protonated molecules of interest with ESI, colliding the selected MH+ ions into a surface, and recording the SID spectra. Fragmentation efficiency curves are a measure of how easily a peptide fragments and are obtained by plotting fragmentation data acquired at a number of different collision energies, with a correction factor for peptide mass [E(fragment ion intensity)/C(total ion intensity) vs (collision energy)/(degree of freedom (DOF)) ratio']. Thesequencedependenceofthesecurves can be combined with information on the specific fragment ions formed and with our previous quantum chemical calculations5 to predict the relative energy necessary to promote proton transfer and subsequent fragmentation of protonated peptides as a function of sequence. In Figure 1, fragmentation efficiency curves are illustrated which were chosen to represent peptides with no basic residues, with a basic residue at the carboxy (C) terminus, and with a basic residue at the amino (N) terminus. Hereafter, basic residues will be indicated by the appropriate single letter code in boldface type, e.g., Arg = R and Lys = K. Figure 1 shows that the absence
Mechanism of Rifampicin Inactivation in Nocardia farcinica

A novel mechanism of rifampicin (Rif) resistance has recently been reported in Nocardia farcinica. This new mechanism involves the activity of rifampicin monooxygenase (RifMO), a flavin-dependent monooxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of Rif, which is the first step in the degradation pathway. Recombinant RifMO was overexpressed and purified for biochemical analysis. Kinetic characterization revealed that Rif binding is necessary for effective FAD reduction. RifMO exhibits only a 3-fold coenzyme preference for NADPH over NADH. RifMO catalyzes the incorporation of a single oxygen atom forming an unstable intermediate that eventually is converted to 2'-N-hydroxy-4-oxo-Rif. Stable C4a-hydroperoxyflavin was not detected by rapid kinetics methods, which is consistent with only 30% of the activated oxygen leading to product formation. These findings represent the first reported detailed biochemical characterization of a flavin-monooxygenase involved in antibiotic resistance.
USE OF USGS‐PROVIDED DATA TO IMPROVE WEATHERAND CLIMATE SIMULATIONS

This paper utilizes United States Geological Survey (USGS) data to investigate the influence of landscape structure on atmospheric circulations. The procedure to insert this data in the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is described. Simulations are presented for a monthly simulation of summer weather in the United States, for case studies of cumulonimbus convection along a dryline in the Great Plains of the U.S. and over northern Georgia, and for pollutant dispersal in South Carolina. These results demonstrate the significant role that landscape, including its spatial heterogeneity, has on weather and climate. Environmental policy-makers need to consider this feedback to weather and climate, rather than just assuming the atmosphere is an external factor to such issues as ecosystem management and water resource management. This feedback between the atmosphere and the land surface needs to be considered on all spatial scales from the plot scale to the global scale. This includes studies being per.
Comment on: Lung hypoplasia and patellar agenesis in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

I read with interest the article ‘Lung hypoplasia and patellar agenesis in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome’ by Pradhan et al. Although the patient in question did possess numerous features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, I would like to suggest that the authors consider an alternative diagnosis, Meier-Gorlin syndrome. The patient’s short stature, small ears and absent patella are the classic triad of features for Meier-Gorlin syndrome. His facial appearance, such as the full lips, would also be consistent with this diagnosis. Hypermobility and joint laxity have also been described in several patients with Meier-Gorlin syndrome, indicating a clinical overlap with features of Ehler-Danlos syndrome. The features of the patient described by Pradhan et al appear more in keeping with Meier-Gorlin syndrome than Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Pulmonary issues have been previously described in Meier-Gorlin syndrome. In addition, breast hypoplasia appears to be a consistent finding in women with Meier-Gorlin syndrome, but sexual characteristics in males have been less frequently described. Thus, this patient with lung hypoplasia, poorly developed secondary sexual characters and sparse pubic and axillary hair is an important addition to this literature. Research studies have recently discovered genes related to Meier-Gorlin syndrome, and genetic testing to confirm the diagnosis may be possible.
WAF 1 Regulates Anchorage-independent Growth of HCT 116 Colon Carcinoma Cells via E-Cadherin Expression 1

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 has been characterized as an important effector of the tumor suppressor p53 and has been linked to various growth-regulatory processes. To identify a potential role of p21 in anchorage-dependent growth control, we analyzed a pair of HCT116 human colon carcinoma cell lines that differed only in their p21 status. We found that during suspension culture, HCT116 cells (which contain wildtype p53 and p21) continued to proliferate and formed compact multicellular spheroids (MCSs). In contrast, HCT116 cells engineered to lack functional p21 (HCTp212/2) were unable to form MCSs in suspension culture, ceased proliferation, and eventually died through apoptosis. The parental HCT116 cells underwent the same fate when treated with hyaluronidase, indicating that cell-cell contact might be required for survival in suspension culture. We established that E-cadherin was induced in HCT116 but not in HCTp212/2 cells and accounted for the formation of MCSs. Forced expression of E-cadherin or p21 in HCTp21 2/2 cells restored the ability to form MCSs and to grow independently of anchorage. Moreover, HCTp212/2 cells exhibited a severely reduced transformed phenotype and demonstrated greatly enhanced chemosensitivity in suspension culture. Thus, our results link an important regulator of the cell cycle machinery to the expression of a cell-cell adhesion molecule involved in tumor formation. Because our results indicate that loss of p21 severely impairs the ability of HCT cells to grow independently of anchorage, it may not be coincidental that inactivating mutations of this gene are very rarely found in tumor cells.
Customer satisfaction and different evaluation of it by companies

Abstract The aim of this article is to evaluate customer satisfaction from the perspective of companies in comparison with the perspective of the customers themselves. From the perspective of the company it is necessary to know customer satisfaction, as it is reflected in the company’s performance. The research shows that there are significant differences in the evaluation of customer satisfaction from the perspective of companies and from the perspective of their customers, and that these differences are also reflected in the differences in the performance of the companies. The self-evaluation of companies tends to be overestimated in relation to the evaluation of companies by their customers, regardless of whether the companies are high-performing or low-performing. Customers are better able to distinguish the high-performing companies from the low-performing ones, since the high-performing companies received better evaluation from customers. In contrast, in the self-evaluation of companies, there were no statistically significant differences between the high-performing and low-performing companies. Companies evaluate customer satisfaction incorrectly regardless of their level of performance. Even if the evaluation of customer satisfaction from the company’s perspective is generally overestimated in comparison with the view of customers, some factors of satisfaction are, at least concerning the trends, in agreement with both perspectives, that is, those of the customers and the companies.
Density functional study of Cr atom adsorption on hydrogen-terminated armchair boron nitride nanoribbons

In this paper, stable geometric, electric and magnetic properties of chromium (Cr) atom adsorption on armchair hydrogen edge-terminated boron nitride nanoribbon (A-BNNR) are investigated using density-functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation. Calculation shows that Cr atom situated on the boron-hydrogen bridge of A-BNNR is the most stable configuration, where the bonding is more pronounced. The difference in energy between the inner and the edge adsorption sites shows that A-BNNRs decorated with Cr atoms prefer to concentrate at the edge sites. The projected density of states (PDOS) of the favored configuration is also computed. It is found that the covalent bonding of boron B, hydrogen H and chromium Cr is mainly contributed by s, d like-orbitals of Cr and partially occupied by the 2p and s like-orbital of B and H respectively. The electronic structures of the various configurations are wide, narrow-gap semiconductor and half-metallic and the magnetic moment of Cr atom in most of configurations well preserved. This shows that the BN sheet covered with Cr atoms demonstrated additional information on its usefulness in future spintronics, molecular magnet and nanoelectronics device.
Knowledge Requirements, Gaps and Learning Responses in Smart Grid Adoption: An Exploratory Study in U.S. Electric Utility Industry

The U.S. electric utility industry is facing a number of challenges today, including aging infrastructure, growing customer demand, CO2 emissions, and increased vulnerability to overloads and outages. Utilities are under greater regulatory, societal and consumer pressure to provide a more reliable and efficient power supply and reduce its carbon footprint. In response, utilities are investing in smart grid technologies. Despite various definitions of smart grid, it is characterized by employing a set of sophisticated sensing, processing and communicating digital technologies to enable a more observable, controllable, and automated power supply. Yet, the adoption of smart grid technologies presents significant knowledge challenges to electric utilities. This study aims to advance the understanding of IT knowledge challenges in smart grid adoption by focusing on three research questions: 1) What knowledge requirements are critical for smart grid adoption? 2) What knowledge gaps are utilities facing with smart grid adoption? How do utilities vary in the level of knowledge gaps? 3) How do utilities overcome knowledge gaps through learning? How do utilities vary in the