Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution of FIR rotationally excited CH+ and OH emission lines in the Orion Bar PDR.

CONTEXT The methylidyne cation (CH+) and hydroxyl (OH) are key molecules in the warm interstellar chemistry, but their formation and excitation mechanisms are not well understood. Their abundance and excitation are predicted to be enhanced by the presence of vibrationally excited H2 or hot gas (~500-1000 K) in photodissociation regions with high incident FUV radiation field. The excitation may also originate in dense gas (> 105 cm-3) followed by nonreactive collisions with H2, H, and electrons. Previous observations of the Orion Bar suggest that the rotationally excited CH+ and OH correlate with the excited CO, a tracer of dense and warm gas, and formation pumping contributes to CH+ excitation. AIMS Our goal is to examine the spatial distribution of the rotationally excited CH+ and OH emission lines in the Orion Bar in order to establish their physical origin and main formation and excitation mechanisms. METHODS We present spatially sampled maps of the CH+ J=3-2 transition at 119.8 µm and the OH Λ-doublet at 84 µm in the Orion Bar over an area of 110″×110″ with Herschel (PACS). We compare the spatial distribution of these molecules with those of their chemical precursors, C+, O and H2, and tracers of warm and dense gas (high-J CO). We assess the spatial variation of CH+ J=2-1 velocity-resolved line profile at 1669 GHz with Herschel HIFI spectrometer observations. RESULTS The OH and especially CH+ lines correlate well with the high-J CO emission and delineate the warm and dense molecular region at the edge of the Bar. While notably similar, the differences in the CH+ and OH morphologies indicate that CH+ formation and excitation are strongly related to the observed vibrationally excited H2. This, together with the observed broad CH+ line widths, indicates that formation pumping contributes to the excitation of this reactive molecular ion. Interestingly, the peak of the rotationally excited OH 84 µm emission coincides with a bright young object, proplyd 244-440, which shows that OH can be an excellent tracer of UV-irradiated dense gas. CONCLUSIONS The spatial distribution of CH+ and OH revealed in our maps is consistent with previous modeling studies. Both formation pumping and nonreactive collisions in a UV-irradiated dense gas are important CH+ J=3-2 excitation processes. The excitation of the OH Λ-doublet at 84 µm is mainly sensitive to the temperature and density.
Asymmetry in the bone weight of the mandible and limbs of rats.

Asymmetry in bone weights of the mandible (mandible with teeth and mandible without teeth), thoracic limb (scapula, humerus, radius and ulna) and pelvic limb (os coxae, femur and tibio-fibula) was studied in 54 rats consisting of male and female (weighing from 200 to 260gr.) Therefore, we compared the bone weight on the right side with that on the left in each bone, and whether the presence or absence of one-sided dominance was examined.As a result, the following findings were obtained.1) The mean weights of bones are greater on the dominant side in each instance (p<0.01 or p<0.001). 2) The degree of difference in bone weights between the dominant and nondominant sides determined by the method of von VERSCHUER'S average percentile deviation is large in the thoracic limb, pelvic limb and mandible in that order. The deviation of scapula is great especially among other bones in the thoracic limb, in the pelvic limb that of os coxae is more or less greater than other bones.3) There does not exist one-sided dominance in the mandible, thoracic limb and pelvic limb.4) Every bone consisting of a limb is not necessarily heavier on the same side.
First In First Win: Evidence on Unfairness of Round-Robin Tournaments in Mega-Events

The order of actions in contests may have a significant effect on performance. In this study we examine the role of schedule in round-robin tournaments with sequential games between three and four contestants. Our propensity-score matching estimation, based on soccer FIFA World Cups, UEFA European Championships and Olympic wrestling events, reveals that there is a substantial advantage to the contestant who competes in the first and third matches, which is in line with game-theoretical predictions. Our finding implies that the round-robin structure with sequential games is endogenously unfair, since it systematically favours one of the contestants.
Why has Widening Access to Tertiary, in South Africa, Not Resulted in Success?

Widening access was a strategy aimed at transforming tertiary education to ensure that it was inclusive and could serve as a broad base for social redress. For this purpose, Higher Education introduced intervention measures aimed at facilitating access for students, representative of the country’s demographics as well as their successful completion of their studies. However concerns become apparent when one balances the successes against the widened access. Twenty years into the expected transformation, issues such as, the extent of student under-preparedness, low retention and graduation rates, high unemployment levels of certain categories of tertiary graduates mean the idea of inclusiveness needs to be interrogated. The aim of this paper was to reflect on reasons why widening access has not resulted in academic success. This reflective paper shows that success has been negatively affected by endemic challenges arising from two sectors of the education system. These challenges were summarized as issues surrounding secondary schooling and policies and attitude of HEIs, government and society to tertiary education. These concerns formed the focus of our discussions in the subsequent sections of the paper. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014. v5n20p1309
The Anatomic Relationship of the Brachial Plexus and Axillary Artery to the Glenoid

Iatrogenic brachial plexus injury is an uncommon but potentially severe complication of shoulder reconstruction for instability that involves dissection near the subscapularis muscle and potentially near the brachial plexus. We examined the relationship of the brachial plexus to the glenoid and the subscapularis muscle and evaluated the proximity of retractors used in anterior shoulder surgical procedures to the brachial plexus. Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were exposed by a deltopectoral approach. The subscapularis muscle was split in the middle and dissected to reveal the capsule beneath it. The capsule was split at midline, and a Steinmann pin was placed in the equator of the glenoid rim under direct visualization. The distance from the glenoid rim to the brachial plexus was measured with calipers with the arm in 0°, 60°, and 90° of abduction. The brachial plexus and axillary artery were within 2 cm of the glenoid rim, with the brachial plexus as close as 5 mm in some cases. There was no statistically significant change in the distance from the glenoid rim to the musculocutaneous nerve, axillary artery, medial cord, or posterior cord with the arm in various degrees of abduction. Retractors placed superficial to the subscapularis muscle or used along the scapular neck make contact with the brachial plexus in all positions tested.
Retina Measuring the Effect of Pars Plana Vitrectomy on Vitreous Oxygenation Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

METHODS. Patients due to undergo PPV for either macular hole or epiretinal membrane were recruited. MRI scanning was performed 1 week before and at least 3 months after PPV. MRI T1 mapping was performed using an inversion recovery–true fast imaging with steady-state precession (TrueFISP) sequence at several inversion times, from a single slice positioned through the center of both eyes in the axial oblique plane. Additional phantom data were measured in porcine vitreous, to define the relationships between T1 relaxation times and balanced salt solution (BSS), to simulate human vitreous and aqueous, respectively, for a suitable pO2 range (5–70 mm Hg). Pre-PPV pO2 was also measured intraoperatively using a polarographic oxygen probe.
A ten-year single-centre experience in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis--significance of percutaneous placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters.

BACKGROUND Chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) in children is an important modality of renal replacement therapy. The ideal method for inserting CPD catheters remains still controversial. Minimal invasive techniques are becoming more popular. This study was performed in order to evaluate the efficiency, the complication profile and the survey of percutaneously placed CPD catheters in children, retrospectively. METHODS This study was carried out on 108 peritoneal catheters implanted in 93 patients (45 girls, 48 boys), aged 8.0+/-4.2 years (range: 3 months to 16 years) during the period between December 1995 and November 2005. In the study group, 32 children were transplanted, 15 were transferred to haemodialysis and 18 patients died. All catheters implanted by percutaneous route were Tenckhoff swan-neck double-cuff paediatric catheters. Placement procedure was performed in our unit by us. Statistical analysis was made by chi-square and Kaplan-Meier methods. RESULTS During 2670 CPD months we observed a total of 108 catheter-related complications: 82 catheter infections including exit-site and/or tunnel infection (1/32.5 patient-months), 10 dislocations, six drainage problems and six kinks. The incidence of all complications was one complication every 24.72 dialysis months. Overall, the incidence of peritonitis was one episode per 18.1 patient-months. Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were the two most common causes of infections. Fifteen catheters were removed due to catheter-related causes: drainage problems (six patients), catheter dislocation (three patients), omental capture (two patients) kink (two patients) and tunnel infection (two patients). The catheter survival rate was 92.4% at 1 year, 83% at 2 years and 63% at 10 years; patient survival in the 93 children was 91% at 1 year, 84% at 2 years and 48% at 10 years. Younger patients were at increased risk of exit-site and tunnel infections (P<0.05) but the difference in catheter survival time between the age groups was not significant (P>0.05). In complications, no statistical difference was observed between early and delayed catheter use groups (P>0.05). We compared the two periods (period 1, December 1995 to November 2000; period 2, December 2000 to November 2005), for complications of CPD. The risk of catheter migration was greater in period 1 than in period 2 (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS The percutaneous technique performed by experienced nephrologists is a reliable, safe and cost-effective method for placement of PD catheters. In our opinion, the skill for CPD catheter placement must be part of the paediatric nephrologist training.
Selecting and Utilizing Populus and Salix for Landfill Covers: Implications for Leachate Irrigation

The success of using Populus and Salix for phytoremediation has prompted further use of leachate as a combination of irrigation and fertilization for the trees. A common protocol for such efforts has been to utilize a limited number of readily-available genotypes with decades of deployment in other applications, such as fiber or windbreaks. However, it may be possible to increase phytoremediation success with proper genotypic screening and selection, followed by the field establishment of clones that exhibited favorable potential for clean-up of specific contaminants. There is an overwhelming need for testing and subsequent deployment of diverse Populus and Salix genotypes, given current availability of clonal material and the inherent genetic variation among and within these genera. Therefore, we detail phyto-recurrent selection, a method that consists of revising and combining crop and tree improvement protocols to meet the objective of utilizing superior Populus and Salix clones for remediation applications. Although such information is lacking for environmental clean-up technologies, centuries of plant selection success in agronomy, horticulture, and forestry validate the need for similar approaches in phytoremediation. We bridge the gap between these disciplines by describing project development, clone selection, tree establishment, and evaluation of success metrics in the context of their importance to utilizing trees for phytoremediation.
Effect of Adding Sawdust on Mechanical- Physical Properties of Ceramic Bricks to Obtain Lightweight Building Material

This paper studies the application of a variety of sawdust materials in the production of lightweight insulating bricks. First, the mineralogical and chemical composition of clays was determined. Next, ceramic bricks were fabricated with different quantities of materials (3–6 and 9 wt. % for sawdust, 65 wt. % for grey clay, 24–27 and 30 wt. % for yellow clay and 2 wt% of tuff). These bricks were fired at 800 and 950 °C. The effect of adding this sawdust on the technological behaviour of the brick was assessed by drying and firing shrinkage, water absorption, porosity, bulk density and compressive strength. The results have shown that the optimum sintering temperature is 950 °C. Below this temperature, at 950 °C, increased open porosity was observed, which decreased the compressive strength of the bricks. Based on the results obtained, the optimum amounts of waste were 9 wt. % sawdust of eucalyptus, 24 wt. % shaping moisture and 1.6 particle size diameter. These percentages produced bricks whose mechanical properties were suitable for use as secondary raw materials in ceramic brick production. Keywords—Clay brick, Porosity, Sawdust.
How cold is cold dark matter? Small-scales constraints from the flux power spectrum of the high-redshift lyman-alpha forest.

We present constraints on the mass of warm dark matter (WDM) particles derived from the Lyman-alpha flux power spectrum of 55 high-resolution HIRES spectra at 2.0 or approximately 1.2 keV (2sigma) if the WDM consists of early decoupled thermal relics and m(WDM) > or approximately 5.6 keV (2sigma) for sterile neutrinos. Adding the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Lyman-alpha flux power spectrum, we get m(WDM) > or approximately 4 keV and m(WDM) > or approximately 28 keV (2sigma) for thermal relics and sterile neutrinos. These results improve previous constraints by a factor of 2.
Refining chromosomal region critical for Down syndrome‐related heart defects with a case of cryptic 21q22.2 duplication

ABSTRACT We report here a patient with features of Down syndrome and tetralogy of Fallot who had a 21q22 duplication. The extent of the duplication was defined using fluorescent hybridization probes that map to the critical region on chromosome 21. Included within the interval was the cell adhesion molecule DSCAM but not the collagen COL6A1. The present case provides further support to the concept that there exists Down syndrome‐associated congenital heart disease gene(s) on chromosome 21q22 and that over‐expression of DSCAM may contribute to the cardiac defects of Down syndrome.
A biomimetic scaffold for culturing limbal stem cells: a promising alternative for clinical transplantation

Limbal tissues can be cultured on various types of scaffolds to create a sheet of limbal‐corneal epithelium for research as well as clinical transplantation. An optically clear, biocompatible, biomimetic scaffold would be an ideal replacement graft for transplanting limbal stem cells. In this study, we evaluated the physical and culture characteristics of the recombinant human cross‐linked collagen scaffold (RHC‐III scaffold) and compared it with denuded human amniotic membrane (HAM). Optical/mechanical properties and microbial susceptibility were measured for the scaffolds. With the approval of the institutional review board, 2 mm fresh human limbal tissues were cultured on 2.5 × 2.5 cm2 scaffolds in a medium containing autologous serum in a feeder cell‐free submerged system. The cultured cell systems were characterized by morphology and immunohistochemistry for putative stem cells and differentiated cell markers. The refractive index (RI) and tensile strength of the RHC‐III scaffold were comparable to human cornea, with delayed in vitro degradation compared to HAM. RHC‐III scaffolds were 10‐fold less susceptible to microbial growth. Cultures were initiated on day 1, expanded to form a monolayer by day 3 and covered the entire growth surface in 10 days. Stratified epithelium on the scaffolds was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The cultured cells showed p63 and ABCG2 positivity in the basal layer and were immunoreactive for cytokeratin K3 and K12 in the suprabasal layers. RHC‐III scaffold supports and retains the growth and stemness of limbal stem cells, in addition to resembling human cornea; thus, it could be a good replacement scaffold for growing cells for clinical transplantation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracellular Matrix Modulates Expression of Cell-Surface Proteoglycan Genes in Fibroblasts

Cell-surface proteoglycans are involved in many functions, including interactions with components of the extracellular microenvironment. They also act as coreceptors that bind and modify the actions of various growth factors, cytokines, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). This study investigated the regulation by the ECM of the expression of cell-surface proteoglycans (CD44, syndecan-1–4, betaglycan, glypican-1). We examined the changes in the expression levels of cell-surface proteoglycan genes in intact tendon, monolayer culture, and under various culture conditions. There was a significant increase in the expression of CD44 and syndecan-4 mRNAs during cell isolation from the tendon. With the switch to a 3D culture environment, there was a significant increase in the expression of CD44 at each passage point relative to its expression in 2D at those passage points. Syndecan-4 mRNA also increased steadily at each passage point in 3D culture environment. This influence on cell surface proteoglycans gene expression may indicate that collagen gel culture mimics in vivo tendon environment. This study provides further insight into the regulation of cell-surface proteoglycans in ligament and tendon fibroblasts by the ECM and 3D culture conditions.
An effective Pedestrian Dead Reckoning algorithm using a unified heading error model

Nowadays, navigation is an important application in mobile phones. However, locating a mobile user anytime anywhere is still a demanding task, because the GPS signal is easily corrupted or unavailable in urban canyons and indoor environments. Integrating GPS and self-contained dead reckoning sensors is an autonomous method to obtain a seamless positioning solution by means of Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) algorithms. A low-cost Multi-Sensor Positioning (MSP) platform has been developed by the Finnish Geodetic Institute, which includes a GPS receiver, a 2-axis digital compass and a 3-axis accelerometer. To construct a trajectory in GPS degraded environments, step length and the heading of each step are two key issues in PDR. In this paper, three typical estimation models of step length are presented and compared to demonstrate that in most cases, step length is not as critical as the determination of heading. Therefore, a unified heading error model is proposed, which includes all predictable errors from the navigation platform and the pedestrian's walking behavior, and applies to calibrating 2-axis magnetic compasses without tedious and complicated calibration procedures. Then the corresponding PDR algorithm is introduced, which integrates the step length estimated from a nonlinear model and the heading compensated by the unified model suggested through an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Several tests were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the heading error model and evaluate the positioning performance of this PDR algorithm. The results demonstrated that the heading error model is applicable for calibrating the 2-axis compass, and based on the PDR algorithm, the typical positioning performance of MSP can reach an accuracy of below 1.5% of the travelled distance during 10 minutes of continuous walking when GPS outages occur.
Neuroprotective Efficacy and Mechanisms of Novel Pyrrolopyrimidine Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitors in the Gerbil Forebrain Ischemia Model

A brief period of bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO)-induced forebrain ischemia in gerbils triggers neuronal degeneration and the subsequent expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), b-amyloid protein (b-AP), and apolipoprotein E (APO-E) in the selectively vulnerable CA, region of the hippocampus. The increase in immunoreactivity is secondary to the postischemic degeneration of the CA1 neurons and is largely astrocyte-derived as evidenced by a simultaneous increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining. Oxygen radical-induced lipid peroxidation has been strongly suggested to play a role in postischemic neuronal damage and Alzheimer's disease. Recent literature suggests a possible link between early oxidative stress and APP overexpression. Therefore, the present investigation examined the effect of two novel brain-penetrating pyrrolopyrimidine lipid peroxidation inhibitors (PNU-101033E and PNU-104067F) on CA1 neurodegeneration and the subsequent increase in APP, b-AP, APO-E, and GFAP immunostaining at 4 days after a 5-minute episode of forebrain ischemia. Using an antibody for lipid peroxidation–derived malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified proteins, the authors also examined the effects of PNU-104067F on MDA immunostaining 2 days after ischemia, before completion of the neuronal loss. At 2 days, the authors also evaluated microglial activation using an antibody to surface major histocompatibility complex class II antigen expressed by activated microglia. Gerbils were treated at 30 mg/kg orally 30 minutes before the BCO and 2 hours after ischemia, followed by daily dosing for the next day (microglia and MDA) and the successive 3 days for APP, b-AP, APO-E, and GFAP immunostaining. APP and APO-E staining was significantly suppressed by 50% and 66%, respectively, with either compound. b-AP immunoreactivity was decreased 56% with both compounds, and GFAP expression was significantly decreased 53% (PNU-101033E) and 60.5% (PNU-104067F). There was a concomitant partial sparing of the CA1 hippocampal neurons by both PNU-101033E and PNU-104067F (P<.01) as determined by cresyl violet histochemistry. PNU-104067F significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation-derived MDA immunostaining and microglia activation (P<.05) at 48 hours after ischemia. Brain-penetrable lipid peroxidation inhibitors may provide attenuation of various glial response proteins after ischemic injury, probably secondary to neuronal protection.