Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Attentional Focus Instructions on Motor Learning and Performance of Patients with Central Nervous System and Musculoskeletal Disorders: a Systematic Review

Exercise is one of the main rehabilitative interventions, commonly used to improve performance and motor learning. During the application of attentional focus strategies, External Focus of Attention (EFA) aiming at the movement effect has been reported to have more efficacy than Internal Focus of Attention (IFA) aiming at movement characteristics in healthy subjects. There are not many studies that compare the EFA and IFA instructions in people with Musculoskeletal (MSK) and Central Nervous System disorders (CNS). The purpose of this systematic review is to determine if IFA or EFA, in patients with CNS or MSK, may improve performance and have some effects on motor learning. Databases used for research: PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PEDro, PsycINFO, SCOPUS. Inclusion criteria: Randomized Controlled Trial, quasi-Randomized Controlled Trial, enrolled subjects with CNS or with MSK and compared the efficacy of EFA and IFA. The studies suggest that the EFA is better than IFA in affecting the movement execution in patients with MSK, while conflicted findings emerge in presence of CNS disorders. Studies included in the qualitative analysis showed heterogeneous methodological features in study design and conductance, so results must be interpreted with caution.
Interactions and Magnetotransport through Spin-Valley Coupled Landau Levels in Monolayer MoS_{2}.

The strong spin-orbit coupling and the broken inversion symmetry in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides results in spin-valley coupled band structures. Such a band structure leads to novel applications in the fields of electronics and optoelectronics. Density functional theory calculations as well as optical experiments have focused on spin-valley coupling in the valence band. Here we present magnetotransport experiments on high-quality n-type monolayer molybdenum disulphide (MoS_{2}) samples, displaying highly resolved Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations at magnetic fields as low as 2 T. We find the effective mass 0. 7m_{e}, about twice as large as theoretically predicted and almost independent of magnetic field and carrier density. We further detect the occupation of the second spin-orbit split band at an energy of about 15 meV, i.e., about a factor of 5 larger than predicted. In addition, we demonstrate an intricate Landau level spectrum arising from a complex interplay between a density-dependent Zeeman splitting and spin- and valley-split Landau levels. These observations, enabled by the high electronic quality of our samples, testify to the importance of interaction effects in the conduction band of monolayer MoS_{2}.
North Atlantic subpolar gyre along predetermined ship tracks since 1993: a monthly data set of surface temperature, salinity, and density

Abstract. We present a binned product of sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and sea surface density data in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre from 1993 to 2017 that resolves seasonal variability along specific ship routes (https://doi.org/10.6096/SSS-BIN-NASG). The characteristics of this product are described and validated through comparisons to other monthly products. Data presented in this work were collected in regions crossed by two predetermined ship transects, between Denmark and western Greenland (AX01) and between Iceland, Newfoundland, and the northeastern USA (AX02). The data were binned along a selected usable transect. The analysis and the strong correlation between successive seasons indicate that in large parts of the subpolar gyre, the binning approach is robust and resolves the seasonal timescales, in particular after 1997 and in regions away from the continental shelf. Prior to 2002, there was no winter sampling over the West Greenland Shelf. Variability in sea surface salinity increases towards Newfoundland south of 54∘ N, as well as in the western Iceland Basin along 59∘ N. Variability in sea surface temperature presents less spatial structure with an increase westward and towards Newfoundland. The contribution of temperature variability to density dominates in the eastern part of the gyre, whereas the contribution of salinity variability dominates in the southwestern part along AX02.
The propagation of inventory-based positional errors into statistical landslide susceptibility models

Abstract. There is unanimous agreement that a precise spatial representation of past landslide occurrences is a prerequisite to produce high quality statistical landslide susceptibility models. Even though perfectly accurate landslide inventories rarely exist, investigations of how landslide inventory-based errors propagate into subsequent statistical landslide susceptibility models are scarce. The main objective of this research was to systematically examine whether and how inventory-based positional inaccuracies of different magnitudes influence modelled relationships, validation results, variable importance and the visual appearance of landslide susceptibility maps. The study was conducted for a landslide-prone site located in the districts of Amstetten and Waidhofen an der Ybbs, eastern Austria, where an earth-slide point inventory was available. The methodological approach comprised an artificial introduction of inventory-based positional errors into the present landslide data set and an in-depth evaluation of subsequent modelling results. Positional errors were introduced by artificially changing the original landslide position by a mean distance of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 120 m. The resulting differently precise response variables were separately used to train logistic regression models. Odds ratios of predictor variables provided insights into modelled relationships. Cross-validation and spatial cross-validation enabled an assessment of predictive performances and permutation-based variable importance. All analyses were additionally carried out with synthetically generated data sets to further verify the findings under rather controlled conditions. The results revealed that an increasing positional inventory-based error was generally related to increasing distortions of modelling and validation results. However, the findings also highlighted that interdependencies between inventory-based spatial inaccuracies and statistical landslide susceptibility models are complex. The systematic comparisons of 12 models provided valuable evidence that the respective error-propagation was not only determined by the degree of positional inaccuracy inherent in the landslide data, but also by the spatial representation of landslides and the environment, landslide magnitude, the characteristics of the study area, the selected classification method and an interplay of predictors within multiple variable models. Based on the results, we deduced that a direct propagation of minor to moderate inventory-based positional errors into modelling results can be partly counteracted by adapting the modelling design (e.g. generalization of input data, opting for strongly generalizing classifiers). Since positional errors within landslide inventories are common and subsequent modelling and validation results are likely to be distorted, the potential existence of inventory-based positional inaccuracies should always be considered when assessing landslide susceptibility by means of empirical models.
Changes in summer extreme precipitation in Northeast Asia and their relationships with the East Asian summer monsoon during 1961–2009

On the basis of the daily precipitation records of 442 meteorological stations throughout Northeast Asia (NEA) from 1961 to 2009, this study investigates spatiotemporal changes in summer extreme precipitation (SEP) and the relationship between SEP and East Asia summer monsoon (EASM) in NEA. The results show that the spatial patterns of the trends in SEP indices are similar, with obvious clustering, except for the consecutive dry days (CDD) index. Stations exhibiting increasing trends are mainly located in Eastern China (EC) and the western part of Western Japan (WJ). Stations with decreasing trends are mostly distributed in Northern China (NC) and the southern region of Eastern Japan (EJ). The spatial patterns of the correlations between the EASM index EASMI and the SEP indices are similar, except for the CDD index. Stations that show decreasing trends mostly exhibit positive correlations between SEP indices and the EASMI, and vice versa. The spatial patterns of trends (increasing trends in EC, decreasing trends in NC and Northeast China) in SEP indices between 1961 and 2009 have a correlation with a weakening EASM. This study demonstrates that the mechanism dominating the mean state change of the EASM also applies to SEP. A strong mid‐latitude cyclone could result in a regional SEP (R99p occurred in more than 20 stations over a subregion in 1 day) in EC and Japan in weak EASM years, and could result in a regional SEP in NC in strong EASM years.
Benthic community structure and spatiotemporal thermal regimes in two upwelling ecosystems: Comparisons between South Africa and Chile

On the basis of 16‐yr satellite time series (1987–2003) of sea surface temperature (SST) and using univariate and multivariate statistical techniques, we quantified patterns of fluctuation in oceanographic conditions, as well as their spatial structure along the coasts of South Africa and Chile between 29.0° and 34.5°S. Since variations in environmental conditions over multiple timescales are driven by oceanographic‐atmospheric processes modulated by coastal morphology, all of which affect in different ways coastal organisms, we hypothesized that dynamic properties of the environment contribute to characteristic patterns on rocky intertidal biomass structure across upwelling ecosystems. Although long‐term mean temperatures were similar between coasts, the relative importance of annual, semiannual, intraseasonal, and high‐frequency SST fluctuations differed; South Africa is more strongly pulsed over shorter timescales. Similar spatial discontinuities in thermal regimes were observed, with changes at about 32°S. Multivariate summaries of benthic community structure derived from functional group biomasses revealed striking differences between South Africa and Chile, as well as between regions north and south of 32°S within each ecosystem. Between‐continent and regional‐scale differences in community structure were largely unrelated to mean SST, but correlated with the different measures of temporal variance in SST. For all functional groups, as well as aggregate measures of benthic community composition, the weekly to annual SST fluctuations explained large fractions (>35%) of biological variability. Results highlight the importance of quantifying the temporal variance of regimes of hydrographic conditions since multispecies assemblages are expected to respond in different ways to the driving oceanographic processes behind these fluctuations.
Is mathematical history written by the victors

The ABCs of the History of Infinitesimal Mathematics The ABCs of the history of infinitesimal mathematics are in need of clarification. To what extent does the famous dictum “history is always written by the victors” apply to the history of mathematics as well? A convenient starting point is a remark made by Felix Klein in his book Elementary Mathematics from an Advanced Standpoint (Klein [72, p. 214]). Klein wrote that there are not one but two separate tracks for the development of analysis:
Stable and Dynamic Elements of Borderline Personality Disorder over Ten Years in Adult Psychiatric Patients

Borderline personality disorder (PD) has historically been cast as an unabating condition. Longitudinal data, however, support a more variable time course marked by remission and relapse. In the present study, we tested the possibility that borderline PD has both stable (i.e., consistently present across time and situation, as modern diagnostic systems stipulate) and dynamic (i.e., episodic and situational) elements. Participants were 668 patients from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study who were administered semistructured diagnostic interviews 5 times over a decade. Trait-state-occasion modeling dissected borderline pathology into time-invariant (i.e., trait) and time-varying (i.e., situational) components. Contradicting traditional views of PD intransigence, less than half of borderline PD variability (approximately 45%) was time-invariant (i.e., perfectly stable) over the study timeframe. Further, we found that the time-invariant component of borderline pathology, which we termed borderline proneness , was very closely related ( r = .81) to a previously-validated Five Factor Model trait composite of borderline features. Moreover, the trait versus situational components showed a clear pattern of discriminant validity in relation to several putative causal agents for borderline PD (i.e., environmental pathogens, temperament dimensions). We conclude that borderline pathology contains a stable core and sizeable situational components, and that both elements relate systematically to normative personality dimensions and known risk factors. These findings have key implications for etiological research, prognosis, and treatment for borderline PD. and revealed a time-invariant factor correlation of . 81 ( p < .001). The correlation between the time-varying factors of borderline PD and the FFM composite was smaller, yet still strong ( r = .63, p < .001). Overall, these results suggest that the majority of between-person variation in borderline proneness—both the stable and dynamic components—can be accounted for by selected FFM traits.
Predator-Mediated Indirect Effects of Snowshoe Hares on Dall's Sheep in Alaska

Abstract Indirect interactions among species can strongly influence population dynamics and community structure but are often overlooked in management of large mammals. We estimated survival of Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli) in the central Alaska Range, USA, during years of differing snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) abundance to test whether indirect interactions with a cyclic hare population affect Dall's sheep either negatively, by subsidizing predators (apparent competition), or positively, by diverting predation (apparent commensalism). Annual survival of adult female sheep was consistently high (0.85 for all yr and age classes combined). In contrast, annual estimates of lamb survival ranged from 0.15 to 0.63. The main predators of lambs were coyotes (Canis latrans) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), which rely on hares as their primary food and prey on lambs secondarily. Coyotes and eagles killed 78% of 65 radiocollared lambs for which cause of death was known. Lamb survival was negatively related to hare abundance during the previous year, and lamb survival rates more than doubled when hare abundance declined, supporting the hypothesis of predator-mediated apparent competition between hares and sheep. However, stage-specific predation and delays in predator responses to changes in hare numbers led to a positive relationship between abundance of adult Dall's sheep and hares. Lacking reliable estimates of survival, a manager might erroneously conclude that hares benefit sheep. Thus, support for different indirect effects can be obtained from different types of data, which demonstrates the need to determine the mechanisms that create indirect interactions. Long-term survey data suggest that predation by coyotes is limiting this sheep population below levels typical when coyotes were rare or absent. Understanding the nature of indirect interactions is necessary to effectively manage complex predator–prey communities.
Accuracy of Local and Nonlocal Linear Stability Theory in Swept Separation Bubbles

A series of swept laminar separation bubbles is used to investigate the principle applicability of the e N method to laminar separation bubbles in swept configurations. To this end the effect of sweep and of the propagation direction of disturbance waves on the accuracy of linear stability theory and solutions of the parabolized stability equations is studied systematically. Direct comparisons of spatial linear stability theory and linear parabolized stability equation solutions to results of direct numerical simulations allow for a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of their performance in the presence of sweep, flow separation, and local backflow. A variety of Tollmien-Schlichting waves as well as the most amplified stationary crossflow vortex is analyzed within a sweep angle range between 0 and 45 deg. It turns out that even though linear stability theory works satisfactorily, parabolized stability equations are clearly preferable in terms of accuracy, especially for very oblique modes or larger sweep angles.
Seasonal variation of the upper ocean responding to surface heating in the North Pacific

Seasonal variations of the upper ocean, such as mixed layer depth (MLD) and sea surface temperature (SST), responding to the atmospheric forcing in the North Pacific (10°N–50°N), are investigated by analyzing the Argo and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis 1 data. The OAFlux data are also used for comparison. During the early heating period in the high-latitude ocean north of 30°N, where a seasonal thermocline is formed above the deep mixed layer under strong surface heating, the MLD h is found to be scaled as h∝(Lλ)1/2, where L is the Monin-Obukhov length scale and λ is the Ekman length scale. On the other hand, in the low-latitude ocean south of 30°N, where the preexisting MLD is shallow and surface heating is weak, h is found to be scaled by λ. It is found that a large amount of heat flux across the MLD occurs, especially in the high-latitude ocean during the late heating period, in which h is small. It suggests the contribution by turbulent mixing across the MLD in addition to radiation penetration, and the eddy diffusivity in the high-latitude ocean is estimated as Kv ∼ 10−4−10−3 m2 s−1. The heat budget of the mixed layer reveals that the contribution from the ocean heat transport is much smaller than the surface heat flux in the high-latitude ocean except in the Kuroshio region, but it is sometimes comparable in the low-latitude ocean.
The computation power of living systems is maintained by decoherence-free internal quantum states

The internal quantum state (IQS) is a kind of a pilot-wave (in the Bohmian sense) attached to a macroscopic system and representing its potential field continuously reduced during its exhibition to the external world. This state is maintained as decoherence-free by applying error-correction commands to it and by screening from thermal interactions. Its effective temperature is kept down below the millikelvin range thus being screened even from the background microwave radiation. The quantum Zeno effect enables coherent superpositions and entanglement to persist for macroscopic time intervals. The IQS thus avoids the Boltzmann statistics and approaches a state when the Bose-Einstein statistics is applicable. The IQS of a living system can be viewed as a subtle individual subatomic structure reduced to a complex pattern of vibrating strings and exhibiting itself via a visible classical body-like system. Light quanta inside IQS are trapped like matter is trapped by a black hole in space. The IQS can be considered as a unified field meeting place of gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear forces. The phenomenon of emission of weak coherent light is an indirect evidence of coherent long-living internal quantum states in living systems. This emission is a kind of a similar phenomenon as the Hawking's radiation from black holes and it may serve for unification of the processes taking place in different subsystems of a biological system (synchronization of individual coherent states within the whole system). The external exhibition of the IQS can be expressed as a mapping from complex to real numbers where the certain rules are generated, e.g. the power law and other recursive formulae. In the simplest case when two superposed states are reduced, it has a limit of price of action equal to the Planck's constant. The reduction is non-computable and resembles the act of volition. The result is Godel number appearing above superposed states and memorizing the act of reduction. It is used by living system as an information unit in emerging computation process.
A climate‐driven tree line position model in the White Mountains of California over the past six millennia

Position of the alpine tree line ecotone around the globe corresponds to a growing season isotherm of approximately 6°C. Accordingly, tree lines are important indicators of Holocene global and regional environmental change. A central line of inquiry in tree line ecology is to better understand the mechanisms that dictate tree line position on the landscape, as well as the environmental conditions that cause upslope and downslope shifts in its position at centennial to millennial time‐scales. Here, we present a climate‐driven model to predict tree line position over the past 6,000 years.
Probabilistic Mission Defense and Assurance

Automatically generating adequate responses to ongoing or potential cyber threats and attacks is a pertinacious challenge and must have the aim to assure mission success, without sacrificing missions for security. To do so it must be understood how a threat may affect a mission, how a countermeasure diminishes potential threats, but also how a countermeasure might inadvertently impact the mission as well. Various approaches exist for all three subproblems and some for a partially combined solution. However, most suffer from one or more problems: (1) Approaches are holistic, delivering one acclaimed “optimal,” but intransparent solution. (2) Require unacquirable information that does not account for missing information, unforeseeable circumstances, or uncertainty. (3) Focus on cost optimization to mitigate direct affections without considering transitive impacts onto missions. In this paper we propose a probabilistic approach for cyber defense and assurance, decoupling mission impact assessments of threats and responses from a generation of those and from an optimal selection of those. We reduce mission impact assessments to commonly known mathematical problems, obtain directly validated and qualitative results, and greatly encompass missing information under uncertainty.
Phase-Space Sketching for Crystal Image Analysis Based on Synchrosqueezed Transforms

Recent developments of imaging techniques enable researchers to visualize materials at the atomic resolution to better understand the microscopic structures of materials. This paper aims at automatic and quantitative characterization of potentially complicated microscopic crystal images, providing feedback to tweak theories and improve synthesis in materials science. As such, an efficient phase-space sketching method is proposed to encode microscopic crystal images in a translation, rotation, illumination, and scale invariant representation, which is also stable with respect to small deformations. Based on the phase-space sketching, we generalize our previous analysis framework for crystal images with simple structures to those with complicated geometry.
Fluctuating Asymmetry-- Summary

In the first study to address the effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on leaf asymmetry and how herbivores respond to these effects, Cornelissen et al. (2004) opened up a whole new window through which to view the world of the future in terms of the potential effects of the ongoing rise in the air's CO2 content on the plant and animal components of the biosphere. The Cornelissen et al. study was conducted on a native scrub-oak community at the Kennedy Space Center, Titusville, Florida, USA, which is dominated by myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia) and sand live oak (Quercus geminata) under atmospheric CO2 concentrations of approximately 370 and 700 ppm.