Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraining the early Eocene climatic optimum: A terrestrial interhemispheric comparison

The early Eocene climatic optimum was a period of major climatic and environmental change that was caused by perturbations to the global carbon cycle. Recent work from terrestrial sections in the Northern Hemisphere demonstrates that the period was characterized by different responses in the terrestrial and marine realms, suggesting that traditional causal mechanisms may not adequately explain the dynamics of the early Eocene climatic optimum. Here, we present a new high-resolution multiproxy record of terrestrial climatic and environmental conditions during the early Eocene climatic optimum from the Southern Hemisphere and compare this reconstruction to other marine and terrestrial records. Similar to Northern Hemisphere terrestrial records, there is a transient peak period of atmospheric carbon isotope enrichment as well as increased temperatures and precipitation, which indicate that terrestrial environmental responses to the early Eocene climatic optimum were broadly consistent in temperate settings worldwide. This global consistency in terrestrial records demonstrates differences in peak warming time scales and carbon isotope responses between marine and terrestrial systems, which further constrain potential causes for the early Eocene climatic optimum to multiple-system or nontraditional mechanisms and highlight the importance of paired records for understanding past climate.
pH-responsive hybrid nanoparticle with enhanced dissociation characteristic for siRNA delivery

Introduction Specific polo-like kinase (PLK1) silencing with small interface RNA (siRNA) may be an effective approach for PLK1-overexpressed lung cancer. However, low siRNA concentration into cytoplasm of tumor tissue severely limits its application. Materials and methods In this study, a novel triblock copolymer methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(histidine)-poly(sulfadimethoxine) (mPEG-PHis-PSD, shorten as PHD) was synthesized and used to construct novel nonviral gene vector with cationic liposomes. Results The resulting hybrid nanoparticles (PHD/LR) loaded with siPLK1 possessed excellent physiochemical properties. In vitro study indicated that PHD/LR could be efficiently internalized into human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and downregulated PLK1 protein expression to induce cell apoptosis, which was attributed to pH-induced instantaneous dissociation, efficient endo/lysosomal escape arose from PHD copolymer. Furthermore, in vivo antitumor activity demonstrated that PHD/LR could efficiently accumulated into tumor tissue and silenced PLK1 expression to possess antitumor activity. Conclusion Taken all these together, PHD/LR was expected to be a suitable carrier for specific delivering siRNA for lung cancer therapy.
Confining the angular distribution of terrestrial gamma ray flash emission

[1] Terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) are bremsstrahlung emissions from relativistic electrons accelerated in electric fields associated with thunder storms, with photon energies up to at least 40 MeV, which sets the lowest estimate of the total potential of 40 MV. The electric field that produces TGFs will be reflected by the initial angular distribution of the TGF emission. Here we present the first constraints on the TGF emission cone based on accurately geolocated TGFs. The source lightning discharges associated with TGFs detected by RHESSI are determined from the Atmospheric Weather Electromagnetic System for Observation, Modeling, and Education (AWESOME) network and the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). The distribution of the observation angles for 106 TGFs are compared to Monte Carlo simulations. We find that TGF emissions within a half angle >30° are consistent with the distributions of observation angle derived from the networks. In addition, 36 events occurring before 2006 are used for spectral analysis. The energy spectra are binned according to observation angle. The result is a significant softening of the TGF energy spectrum for large (>40°) observation angles, which is consistent with a TGF emission half angle (<40°). The softening is due to Compton scattering which reduces the photon energies.
Pattern Recognition using Artificial Neural Network

An artificial neural network (ANN) usually called neural network. It can be considered as a resemblance to a paradigm which is inspired by biological nervous system. In network the signals are transmitted by the means of connections links. The links possess an associated way which is multiplied along with the incoming signal. The output signal is obtained by applying activation to the net input NN are one of the most exciting and challenging research areas. As ANN mature into commercial systems, they are likely to be implemented in hardware. Their fault tolerance and reliability are therefore vital to the functioning of the system in which they are embedded. The pattern recognition system is implemented with Back propagation network and Hopfield network to remove the distortion from the input. The Hopfield network has high fault tolerance which supports this system to get the accurate output.
Fayers’ conjecture and the socles of cyclotomic Weyl modules

Gordon James proved that the socle of a Weyl module of a classical Schur algebra is a sum of simple modules labelled by p p -restricted partitions. We prove an analogue of this result in the very general setting of “Schur pairs”. As an application we show that the socle of a Weyl module of a cyclotomic q q -Schur algebra is a sum of simple modules labelled by Kleshchev multipartitions and we use this result to prove a conjecture of Fayers that leads to an efficient LLT algorithm for the higher level cyclotomic Hecke algebras of type A A . Finally, we prove a cyclotomic analogue of the Carter-Lusztig theorem.
Initial LOFAR observations of epoch of reionization windows: II. Diffuse polarized emission in the ELAIS-N1 field

This study aims to characterise the polarized foreground emission in the ELAIS-N1 field and to address its possible implications for the extraction of the cosmological 21-cm signal from the Low-Frequency Array - Epoch of Reionization (LOFAR-EoR) data. We use the high band antennas of LOFAR to image this region and RM-synthesis to unravel structures of polarized emission at high Galactic latitudes. The brightness temperature of the detected Galactic emission is on average 4 K in polarized intensity and covers the range from -10 to +13rad m^-2 in Faraday depth. The total polarized intensity and polarization angle show a wide range of morphological features. We have also used the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) at 350 MHz to image the same region. The LOFAR and WSRT images show a similar complex morphology, at comparable brightness levels, but their spatial correlation is very low. The fractional polarization at 150 MHz, expressed as a percentage of the total intensity, amounts to 1.5%. There is no indication of diffuse emission in total intensity in the interferometric data, in line with results at higher frequencies. The wide frequency range, good angular resolution and good sensitivity make LOFAR an exquisite instrument for studying Galactic polarized emission at a resolution of 1-2 rad m^-2 in Faraday depth. The different polarised patterns observed at 150 MHz and 350 MHz are consistent with different source distributions along the line of sight wring in a variety of Faraday thin regions of emission. The presence of polarised foregrounds is a serious complication for Epoch of Reionization experiments. To avoid the leakage of polarized emission into total intensity, which can depend on frequency, we need to calibrate the instrumental polarization across the field of view to a small fraction of 1%.
Nerve Ultrasound : Ready for clinical practice ?

With the tremendous advance in technology, imaging methods have fi nally entered clinical routine for the assessment of the peripheral nervous system, after having already been employed for a long time in the realm of the central nervous system. Although both Ultrasound (US) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) show good soft tissue resolution, US is more suited to everyday clinical practice, boasting easy accessibility, superior spatial resolution and low cost. MRI’s main role lies with the imaging of deeper lying nervous structures and when US imaging is obscured by bony structures. Nerve US quantifi es and anatomically pinpoints changes in nerve size and echotexture and is therefore useful for the identifi cation of nerve entrapments, trauma, tumours and infl ammation. It is also important for clinicians to realise that US imaging can reveal conditions even in the absence of signifi cant neurophysiological abnormality. Furthermore, developments in nerve blood fl ow assessments have the potential for quantitating nerve blood fl ow, and thus providing new assessments of ischemic neuropathies. Neurology Asia 2012; 17(1) : 1 – 4 Address correspondence to: Dr Einar PV Wilder-Smith, University Clinic Heidelberg, Spinal Injury Unit, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany. Tel: +49 6221 96-6322, Fax: +49 6221 96-6345, Email: mdcwse@nus.edu. sg INTRODUCTION Although the investigation of the peripheral nervous system is still the domain of clinicoelectrophysiological assessment, imaging methods are increasingly employed to provide supplementary information on the condition of the peripheral nervous system. Both ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide high-resolution assessment of peripheral nerves, but US is more assessable, provides dynamic images, is reasonably priced and has better resolution. For these reasons, US is predestined for use in everyday neurological practice and this review will only focus on US nerve imaging. The main domain of MRI peripheral nerve imaging is the assessment of deep lying structures hindered by bone. The following review summarizes the state of US imaging of the peripheral nervous system based upon the personal experience of the author and a supplementary medical literature search via MEDLINE and PUBMED databases from 1998-2011. The search terms used were “ultrasound”, “sonography” and “nerve”. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NERVE IMAGING
Spectroscopic properties of a two-dimensional time-dependent Cepheid model II. Determination of stellar parameters and abundances

Standard spectroscopic analyses of variable stars are based on hydrostatic one-dimensional model atmospheres. This quasi-static approach has theoretically not been validated. We aim at investigating the validity of the quasi-static approximation for Cepheid variables. We focus on the spectroscopic determination of the effective temperature $T_\mathrm{eff}$, surface gravity $\log \,g$, microturbulent velocity $\xi_\mathrm{t}$, and a generic metal abundance $\log\,A$ -- here taken as iron. We calculate a grid of 1D hydrostatic plane-parallel models covering the ranges in effective temperature and gravity encountered during the evolution of a two-dimensional time-dependent envelope model of a Cepheid computed with the radiation-hydrodynamics code CO5BOLD. We perform 1D spectral syntheses for artificial iron lines in local thermodynamic equilibrium varying the microturbulent velocity and abundance. We fit the resulting equivalent widths to corresponding values obtained from our dynamical model. For the four-parametric case, the stellar parameters are typically underestimated exhibiting a bias in the iron abundance of $\approx-0.2\,\mbox{dex}$. To avoid biases of this kind it is favourable to restrict the spectroscopic analysis to photometric phases $\phi_\mathrm{ph}\approx0.3\ldots 0.65$ using additional information to fix effective temperature and surface gravity. Hydrostatic 1D model atmospheres can provide unbiased estimates of stellar parameters and abundances of Cepheid variables for particular phases of their pulsations. We identified convective inhomogeneities as the main driver behind potential biases. For obtaining a complete view on the effects when determining stellar parameters with 1D models, multi-dimensional Cepheid atmosphere models are necessary for variables of longer period than investigated here.
Ingestive behavior of steers on pastures of Brachiaria brizantha and Cynodon dactylon

An experiment was carried out to assess the performance of steers on Brachiaria brizantha and Cynodon dactylon cv. Coast cross pastures by the continuous stocking method with a variable stocking rate. A completely randomized experimental design was used with two pastures representing the treatments, each containing 10 replicates. The results of t-tests demonstrated that the steers grazed for less time (7:19 h) on the B. brizantha grass pasture than the on Coast-cross grass pasture (8:13 h). There was no difference in rumination time from 6:46 and 6:89 h for the B. brizantha and Coast-cross pastures, respectively. There was a significant difference for the values regarding the time that the steers remained idle, and the animals were more frequently idle on the B. brizantha pasture, which was associated with less grazing time because there was no significant difference in the total rumination time. The lowest bite rates were observed in the Coast-cross pasture compared with B . brizantha during the daytime and nighttime. Nonetheless, the total number of bites were significantly higher in the Coast cross pasture; however, the lowest bite rate overall was recorded in the B . brizantha pasture. These results suggested that there was a compensation mechanism between the grazing times and the bite rates so that the animals could regulate the quantity of forage ingested. Se realizo un experimento para evaluar el comportamiento de novillos en pasturas de Brachiaria brizantha y Cynodon dactylon , en pastoreo continuo con carga animal variable. El diseno experimental fue completamente al azar con las dos pasturas como tratamientos, cada uno con diez repeticiones. La prueba T demostro que los novillos pastaban en menos tiempo la pastura de Brachiaria , con el tiempo 7:19 horas, mientras que el tiempo en la pastura Coast-cross era 8:13 horas. No hubo diferencias en el tiempo rumia, lo cual fue 6:46 y 6:89 horas para pastos de hierba Brachiaria y Coast-cross, respectivamente. Para las cantidades relacionadas con el momento en que los novillos se quedaron inactivos, hubo diferencias significativas, con mas tiempo para los animales que permanecieron en la pradera de Brachiaria; este hecho se asocia con el menor tiempo pastoreo, ya que no hubo diferencias significativas en el tiempo total de la rumia. Las tasas de mordeduras mas bajos fueron significativamente inferiores en Coast-cross en comparacion con Brachiaria , ya sea en el dia o la noche. No obstante, el numero total de mordeduras fueron significativamente mas altos para en Coast-cross pastos, sin embargo, la tasa de picadura mas bajo sobre el tiempo total se registro en Bracharia pastos. Los resultados sugieren que existe un mecanismo de compensacion entre los tiempos de pastoreo y la tasa de mordeduras, de modo que los animales podian regular la cantidad de forraje consumido.
The Effects of Age, Gender, and Gender Role Ideology on Adolescents' Social Perspective-Taking Ability and Tendency

The current research examined gender and age differences in adolescents’ social perspectivetaking (SPT), or the social-cognitive ability to infer another person’s thoughts and feelings. This study aimed to demonstrate that SPT Ability and SPT Tendency are distinct constructs that should be considered separately. The influence of youths’ gender role ideologies on SPT also was considered. In a sample of adolescents ranging from ages 12 to 17 (N=158), participants reported their tendency to take the perspective of a specific same-age, same-gender friend, and also were assessed in their ability to use SPT in a hypothetical context. The results indicated that adolescents’ SPT Ability was not related to their tendency to engage in SPT within their friendship. Girls scored higher than boys on both SPT Ability and SPT Tendency. Both girls and boys were found to increase their SPT Ability across adolescence. For boys only, SPT Tendency decreased marginally from early to middle adolescence, and then “recovered” in later adolescence. Gender role ideologies predicted this tendency in boys, such that those with more stereotypical beliefs about males and females engaged in less SPT with their friends, especially among younger boys. Unexpectedly, gender role ideology was also associated with SPT Ability in girls. This study demonstrates the necessity of distinguishing between SPT Ability and SPT Tendency among adolescents, and highlights the importance of assessing gender role attitudes, as they play an integral part in explaining SPT. SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE-TAKING IN ADOLESCENCE 4
Tests of the RCS Method for Preserving Low-Frequency Variability in Long Tree-Ring Chronologies

To preserve multicentennial length variability in annual tree -ring chronologies, the Regional Curve Standardization (RCS) method calculates anomalies from a regionally common, non -climatic age -trend function. The influence of various factors on the estimation of the regional curve (RC) and resulting RCS chronology is discussed. These factors are: the method of calculating anomalies from the age -trend function, estimation of the true pith offset, the number of series used, species composition, and site characteristics. By applying RCS to a collection of millenniumlength tree -ring data sets, the potential and limitations of the RCS method are investigated. RCS is found to be reasonably robust with respect to tested factors, suggesting the method is a suitable tool for preserving lowfrequency variance in long tree -ring chronologies.
Temperature dependence of the Laminar burning velocity of methanol flames

To better understand and predict the combustion behavior of methanol in engines, sound knowledge of the effect of the pressure, unburned mixture temperature, and composition on the laminar burning velocity is required. Because many of the existing experimental data for this property are compromised by the effects of flame stretch and instabilities, this study was aimed at obtaining new, accurate data for the laminar burning velocity of methanol air mixtures. Non-stretched flames were stabilized on a perforated plate burner at 1 atm. The heat flux method was used to determine burning velocities under conditions when the net heat loss from the flame to the burner is zero, Equivalence ratios and initial temperatures of the unburned mixture ranged from 0.7 to 1.5 and from 298 to 358 K, respectively. Uncertainties of the measurements were analyzed and assessed experimentally. The overall accuracy of the burning velocities was estimated to be better than +/-1 cm/s. In lean conditions, the correspondence with recent literature data was very good, whereas for rich mixtures, the deviation was larger. The present study supports the higher burning velocities at rich conditions, as predicted by several chemical kinetic mechanisms. The effects of the unburned mixture temperature on the laminar burning velocity of methanol were analyzed using the correlation u(L) = u(L0)(T-u/T-u0)(alpha). Several published expressions for the variation of the power exponent alpha with the equivalence ratio were compared against the present experimental results and calculations using a detailed oxidation kinetic model. Whereas most existing expressions assume a linear decrease of alpha with an increasing equivalence ratio, the modeling results produce a minimum in alpha for slightly rich mixtures. Experimental determination of alpha was only possible for lean to stoichiometric mixtures and a single data point at phi = 1.5. For these conditions, the measurement data agree with the modeling results. (Less)
Psychopathy and the Effect of Imitation on Empathetic Pain

Psychopathy is a disorder largely characterized by a marked deficit in empathy, however, the specificity and extent of the deficit is currently unclear. While it has been well-established in the literature that individuals higher in psychopathy tend to have intact Theory of Mind abilities and exhibit a deficient ability for affective empathy (Blair, 2005), the contribution of motor empathy to these abilities, particularly in regard to empathy for pain, has yet to be experimentally examined. Additionally, the possibility of imitation increasing motor empathic abilities has not been tested in this capacity. The goal of the current study was to further explore the role of motor empathy and imitation in empathetic pain within individuals higher in psychopathy by employing a physiological measure in conjunction with self-report measures. Participants (N = 120) completed three measures of psychopathy (PPI-R: SF, SRP-SF, and Tri-PM) and a measure of motor empathy (Berg Motor Empathy questionnaire). Skin conductance was measured as all participants viewed 15 static images of faces expressing pain, fear, and a neutral expression while either imitating or observing the expressions and subsequently rated the images using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Results showed that, while participants showed greater SCRs to the aversive images and greater SCRs during imitation, they did not differ in self-report ratings between imitate and observe groups. Further, there were no differential effects of imitation on overall experience of empathetic pain in people higher in psychopathy. Implications and future directions are discussed. INDEX WORDS: Psychopathy, Empathy, Empathetic Pain, Imitation, Motor empathy PSYCHOPATHY AND THE EFFECT OF IMITATION ON EMPATHETIC PAIN
Future Changes in British Agriculture: Projecting Divergent Farm Household Behaviour

The recent decline in farm incomes has focused attention on farmers' uneven propensity to adjust and adapt. Changes in farm policies are slowly redirecting the support paid to farmers in Europe, and further reforms are envisaged. This paper argues that farmers in Britain are likely to pursue highly diverse strategies in this changed context, according to their individual circumstances, values and attitudes. These groups (essentially ideal types) are derived both from in‐depth qualitative interviews and from a cluster analysis of variables relating to the farm and to the farm household's socialisation and attitudes. The paper seeks to draw out the implications of divergent farm household behaviour for future structural change, and for agricultural and rural policy. Opportunities are identified for the UK government to implement the EU Rural Development Regulation in ways that would suit the varied circumstances of British farmers in the postproductivist transition.