Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamics anomaly in high-density amorphous ice between 0.7 and 1.1 GPa

We studied high-density amorphous ices between 0.004 and 1.6 GPa by isobaric in situ volumetry and by subsequent ex situ x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry at 1 bar. Our observations indicate two processes, namely, relaxation in the amorphous matrix and crystallization, taking place at well-separated time scales. For this reason, we are able to report rate constants of crystallization kX and glass-transition temperatures Tg in an unprecedented pressure range. Tg’s agree within ±3 K with earlier work in the small pressure range where there is overlap. Both Tg and kX show a pressure anomaly between 0.7 and 1.1 GPa, namely, a kX minimum and a Tg maximum. This anomalous pressure dependence suggests a continuous phase transition from high(HDA) to very-high-density amorphous ice (VHDA) and faster hydrogen bond dynamics in VHDA. We speculate this phenomenology can be rationalized by invoking the crossing of a Widom line between 0.7 and 1.1 GPa emanating from a low-lying HDA-VHDA critical point. Furthermore, we interpret the volumetric relaxation of the amorphous matrix to be accompanied by viscosity change to explain the findings such that the liquid state can be accessed prior to the crystallization temperature TX at <0.4 GPa and >0.8 GPa.
Foot Orthotics for Painful Medial Compartment Knee Osteoarthritis ? What is the Current Consensus

Osteoarthritis (OA), a highly prevalent and disabling joint disease of uncertain origin involving progressive disruption of the structure and function of one or more freely moving synovial joints [1,2] commonly affects the knee joint, causing unrelenting joint pain, instability, and deformity, muscle weakness, muscle fatigue, joint swelling and chronic inflammation [3,4]. Several studies have shown the medial compartment of the osteoarthritic knee to be especially problematic in this regard [5] and that among other possible causative factors, is a pre-existing varus malalignment deformity of the ipsilateral lower leg, which can produce abnormal force concentrations across the knee medial compartment [6].
Real‐time beamforming using high‐speed FPGAs at the Allen Telescope Array

The Allen Telescope Array (ATA) at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory (HCRO) is a wide‐field panchromatic radio telescope currently consisting of 42 offset‐Gregorian antennas each with a 6 m aperture, with plans to expand the array to 350 antennas. Through unique back‐end hardware, the ATA performs real‐time wideband beamforming with independent subarray capabilities and customizable beam shaping. The beamformers enable science observations requiring the full gain of the array, time domain (nonintegrated) output, and interference excision or orthogonal beamsets. In this paper we report on the design of this beamformer, including architecture and experimental results. Furthermore, we address some practical considerations in large‐N wideband beamformers implemented on field programmable gate array platforms, including device utilization, methods of calibration and control, and interchip synchronization.
Robust automatic methods for outlier and error detection

Summary. Editing in surveys of economic populations is often complicated by the fact that outliers due to errors in the data are mixed in with correct, but extreme, data values. We describe and evaluate two automatic techniques for the identification of errors in such long‐tailed data distributions. The first is a forward search procedure based on finding a sequence of error‐free subsets of the error‐contaminated data and then using regression modelling within these subsets to identify errors. The second uses a robust regression tree modelling procedure to identify errors. Both approaches can be implemented on a univariate basis or on a multivariate basis. An application to a business survey data set that contains a mix of extreme errors and true outliers is described.
Using GIS and a land use impact model to assess risk of soil erosion in West Gippsland

The Land Use Impact Model (LUIM) is a spatially explicit tool developed by the Department of Primary Industries Victoria, and the University of Queensland.The LUIM has an aspatial component that incorporates knowledge of relationships between landscape characteristics and land management practices and a spatial component that uses a GIS to map where these relationships exist or are likely to exist. These data are linked in a risk assessment framework by using a Bayesian belief network (BBN) within the LUIM. The soft data, sourced through workshops with experts and regional stakeholders are combined with the hard biophysical data in this network, so that uncertainties or probabilities in the data are handled in the BBN.The LUIM application described in this paper shows how it was used to inform the prioritisation of actions for a Soil Erosion Management Plan in West Gippsland. Using the LUIM, maps were produced identifying areas in the West Gippsland CMA region at risk of degradation from six soil erosion processes under current land management regimes. The risk maps were used to identify high value assets to be protected from further degradation as part of the soil erosion management plan.The LUIM fills a niche in the decision making processes for catchment management. It has the flexibility to be used at a range of scales with whatever data (hard and soft) that may be available. By combining expert opinion with hard data in a spatially explicit risk framework, priority areas can be identified and knowledge gaps highlighted. The LUIM is also adaptable to any issues that have a spatial context where natural resource assets may be threatened by degrading processes.
Bilayer Nanomesh Structures for Transparent Recording and Stimulating Microelectrodes

Nanomeshed forms of metal have emerged as a promising biocompatible electrode material for future soft bioelectronics. However, metal/electrolyte interfaces are intrinsically capacitive, severely limiting their electrochemical performance, especially for scaled electrodes, which are essential for high‐resolution brain mapping. Here, an innovative bilayer nanomesh approach is demonstrated to address this limitation while preserving the nanomesh advantage. Electroplating low‐impedance coatings on a gold nanomesh template achieves an impedance < 30 kΩ at 1 kHz and a charge injection limit of 1 mC cm−2 for 80 × 80 µm2 microelectrodes, a 4.3× and 12.8× improvement over uncoated electrodes, respectively, while maintaining a transparency of ≈70% at 550 nm. Systematic characterization of transmittance, impedance, charge injection limits, cyclic charge injection, and light‐induced artifacts reveal an encouraging performance of the bilayer nanomesh microelectrodes. The bilayer nanomesh approach presented here is expected to enable next‐generation large‐scale transparent bioelectronics with broad utility in biology.
The role of black carbon in environmental fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soils and their effect on food safety.

Partitioning of POPs into different compartments of environment (soil, air, water, sediment) determine their environmental fate, transport, accumulation and impact on biota and food quality. Physico-chemical properties of soil and sediments, especially the content and the chemistry of organic carbon, have a major bearing on not only the sorption and accumulation of POPs but also their degradation and plant uptake. It is now well known that “black carbon (BC)” (partially combusted material such as soot and charcoal) which has a strong affinity for POPs is ubiquitous in soils and sediments. However, the role of soil and sediment organic carbon, especially of BC, has not been fully appreciated or accounted for in assessment of distribution and impact of POPs on food safety. This paper demonstrates the importance of the chemistry of organic carbon as a strong moderating factors for several processes governing the accumulation, distribution and plant uptake of POPs, namely, sorption-desorption, degradation and bioavailability to plants/microorganisms. Recognizing that, as a response to climate change, biochar amendments of soils is attracting increasing interest globally and “black is seen as a new green”, the paper highlights the need for better understanding of the long term implications of BC in determining the fate and behaviour of POPs in soils and their potential impact on food safety.
Alternate extraction and acceleration of positive and negative ions from a gridded plasma source

By applying a square-wave voltage with frequencies between 10 kHz to 1 MHz to a set of grids terminating an ion–ion plasma source, we experimentally demonstrate the alternate extraction and acceleration of high energy (hundreds of eV) positive and negative ion beams. In addition, the ratio of positive-to-negative ion beam current can be controlled by adjusting the applied square-wave duty cycle. Temporally resolved floating potential measurements of a target show that the downstream potential can be controlled and sufficiently reduced at high applied frequencies (∼200 kHz), indicating that space-charge compensation can be achieved to prevent beam stalling.
Subglacial bed form morphology controlled by ice speed and sediment thickness

Subglacial bed forms (drumlins, ribbed moraines, and megascale glacial lineations) are enigmatic repetitive flow‐parallel and flow‐transverse landforms common in glaciated landscapes. Their evolution and morphology are a potentially powerful constraint for ice sheet modeling, but there is little consensus on bed form dynamics or formative mechanisms. Here we explore shallow sediment bed form dynamics via a simple model that iterates (i) down‐flow till flux, (ii) pressure gradient‐driven till flux, and (iii) entrainment and deposition of sediment. Under various boundary conditions, replicas of subglacial bed forms readily emerge. Bed form dynamics mirror those in subaqueous and aeolian domains. Transitions between ribbed moraines and elongate flow‐parallel bed forms are associated with increasing ice speeds and declining sediment thickness. These simulations provide quantitative flux estimates and suggest that widely observed transitions in shallow sediment subglacial bed forms (e.g., ribbed moraines to drumlinoids to megascale glacial lineations) are manifestations of subtle variations in ice velocity and sediment thickness.
A real time qrs detection algorithm pdf

We have developed a real-time algorithm for detection of the QRS complexes of. We implemented the QRS detection algorithm in assembly language.For example, arrhythmia monitors for ambulatory patients analyze the ECG. A real-time QRS detection algorithm developed by Pan and Tompkins 1985 was. Evaluation of real-time QRS detection algorithms in variable. A good example of a study comparing QRS detectors is FRIESEN et al. Presents an improved version of a QRS detector based on an adaptive. 15 Pan J, Tompkins W, A real-time QRS detection algorithm, IEEE Trans.Therefore, reliable detection of the QRS complex remains an. François Portet, Guy Carrault, Alfredo Hernandez. Algorithm based on real-time moving averaging and assume. The CSE database for example.Average Filter. Tompkins, A Real-Time QRS Detection. Algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Biomed.The decision for detection is made in real-time. Levels of noise, for example, due to motion artifacts. The QRS detection algorithm in this work is based on.The QRS detection algorithm introduced by Pan and. Predefined time interval then this peak is classified as a. For example when the terms 2yn-1, -yn. 1 PAN J, and TOMPKINS W. A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm. We have developed a real-time algorithm for detection of the QRS.Evaluation of real-time QRS detection algorithms in variable contexts. For example, the Pan-Tompkins detector is the best in most contexts but the Okada. 2 have presented a comparison of nine QRS detection algorithms, based on: i. Algorithm 2 Pseudoreal-time detection with additional triggering of. And extrasystoles having different, for example positive in one lead and.clinical importance in cardiology is well established, being used for example to. QRS detection in ECG signals has been the focus of a wide body of research for the last few. Real time data exchange RTDX between target and host.Wavelet. Transform provides efficient localization in both time and frequency. Numerous QRS detection algorithms such as derivative based algorithms. Biorthogonal, we use real dyadic wavelet transform because of its good temporal.diagnostic tool that is used to detect various cardiovascular. Wavelet transform based system for detection P. 4 http:www.cinc. org2011preprints247.pdf. 6 A Real Time QRS Detection Algorithm, Jiapu. Pan and Willis.direct algorithm applied to the entire ECG record itself without additional transformation.
REVIEW: Evidence of negative effects of anthropogenic structures on wildlife: a review of grouse survival and behaviour

Summary Anthropogenic structures such as those associated with energy development are a major threat to wildlife as a result of direct and indirect effects on populations. Species already imperilled as a result of habitat loss and alteration also may be the most threatened by rapidly increasing energy development, and these added pressures could lead to species extinctions and further declines in biodiversity. Of particular concern are tetraonids (grouse spp.) which have life cycles that require large, intact habitats to persist. We searched the peer-reviewed literature to assess impacts of six anthropogenic structures (i.e. oil and gas, fences, wind turbines, buildings, roads and power lines) on grouse survival and displacement behaviour across four different time periods in a grouse life cycle (i.e. year around, lekking, nesting and brooding). We used 5 studies that examined a total of 23 study–structure combinations to assess displacement behaviour in grouse and found an average effect of −1·40 (95% CI: −1·50, −1·31), indicating that anthropogenic structures displace grouse. Similarly, we used 9 studies examining a total of 17 study–structure combinations to assess survival and found an average effect of −1·11 (95% CI: −1·33, −0·88), indicating a negative effect of structures on grouse survival. Oil and gas structures had the greatest negative effect on displacement behaviour (E¯ = −2·41, 95% CI: −3·28, −1·54), and of the periods of the life cycle examined, lek attendance was most affected (E¯ = −4·85, 95% CI: −6·39, −3·31). Synthesis and applications. This data-driven synthesis reveals an overall negative effect of anthropogenic structures on grouse displacement behaviour and survival. Specifically, grouse were displaced and had lower survival in the presence of oil and gas structures and the presence of roads resulted in displacement behaviour. Too few studies existed to examine the specific effects of wind turbines and fences on displacement behaviour and the impact of wind turbines, fences, buildings and power lines on survival, which emphasizes the need for research assessing the influence of these structures on wildlife. Future management should focus on limiting the amount of oil and gas and road development in areas occupied by extant grouse populations, and if unavoidable, new infrastructure should be placed at low densities away from known lekking locations as leks appear sensitive to disturbance from anthropogenic structures.
Adaptations of the gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis to long distance migration: energy stores and substrate concentrations in plasma.

-The major body components (water, lean dry, and fat) were measured in the carcasses of Gray Catbirds from which the flight muscles had been removed. Birds were collected from May through October near Ann Arbor, Michigan and during September and October near Gainesville, Florida. Additionally, the glycogen content of muscle and liver and the concentrations of glucose and triglycerides in plasma were determined in catbirds sampled during fall migration in Florida. Catbirds attained maximum body masses of -50 g in Florida, largely due to the addition of fat. Relatively lean birds (-3-4% body fat) in spring through fall weighed approximately 35 g. Thirteen percent of the birds sampled were estimated to have had sufficient reserves of fat to cross the Gulf of Mexico, although a larger proportion of the population probably makes this crossing. The lean dry mass of the carcass (without the flight muscles) is related significantly to structural body size and time of day, but is not related to molt, sex, or carcass fat content. Plasma glucose and triglycerides in free-living fall migrants do not vary diurnally. Liver glycogen, however, is four times higher in the evening than in the morning (77 and 19 mg/g, respectively), and muscle glycogen is five times higher in the evening (20 and 4 mg/g, respectively). Evening concentrations of glycogen are among the highest values reported for birds and do not confirm the reduction in glycogen reported for some other migrants. Received 16 February 1982, accepted 30 June
The magnetic field structure of the central region in M 31

Context. The Andromeda Galaxy (M 31) is the nearest grand-design spiral galaxy. Thus far, most studies in the radio regime concentrated on the 10 kpc ring. The central region of M 31 has significantly different properties than the outer parts: The star formation rate is low, and inclination and position angle are largely different from the outer disk. Aims. The existing model of the magnetic field in the radial range 6 ≤ r ≤ 14 kpc is extended to the innermost part r ≤ 0.5 kpc to ultimately achieve a picture of the entire magnetic field in M 31. Methods. We combined observations taken with the VLA at 3.6 cm and 6.2 cm with data from the Effelsberg 100-m telescope to fill the missing spacings of the synthesis data. The resulting polarization maps were averaged in sectors to analyse the azimuthal behaviour of the polarized intensity (PI), rotation measure (RM), and apparent pitch angle (φobs). We developed a simplified 3D model for the magnetic field in the central region to explain the azimuthal behaviour of the three observables. Results. Our 3D model of a quadrupolar or dipolar dynamo field can explain the observed patterns in PI, RM, and φobs, while a 2D configuration is not sufficient to explain the azimuthal behaviour. In addition and independent of our model, the RM pattern shows that the spiral magnetic field in the inner 0.5 kpc points outward, which is opposite to that in the outer disk, and has a pitch angle of � 33 ◦ , which is much larger than that of 8 ◦ −19 ◦ in the outer disk. Conclusions. The physical conditions in the central region differ significantly from those in the 10 kpc ring. In addition, the orientation of this region with respect to the outer disk is completely different. The opposite magnetic field directions suggest that the central region is decoupled from the outer disk, and we propose that an independent dynamo is active in the central region.
CONSUMER PERCEIVED RISK OF INTERNET BANKING IN KENYA: A SURVEY OF THREE SELECTED BANKS IN NAIROBI COUNTY

The purpose of this study was to examine consumer perceived risk of internet banking and adoption in Kenya with reference to three selected banks and suggest possible solutions to enhance customer satisfaction. Objectives of this study were to; examine factors that influence adoption of internet banking in the three selected commercial financial institutions, determine the extent of use of internet banking services by customers in the three selected banks, find out challenges facing use of internet banking by customers in the selected banks and find out solutions to the challenges that hinder consumers in the use of internet banking services in the selected banks. This was a quantitative and descriptive survey of the three selected banking institutions. Data was collected using questionnaires that were distributed using lead people in the respective banks. The questionnaires were structured with both open ended and closed ended type of questions. Data was analyzed using Microsoft excel and presented using charts and tables. A total number of 150 respondents were used for this study. The study established that young adults are mostly involved in the use of internet banking services. The study established the extent of use of internet banking by customers with the majority using internet banking services for inquiries, withdrawals and deposits. The study found out challenges hindering use of internet banking services by customers as slow network connection, network failure, poorly designed websites and unavailability of services during website maintenance. In order to promote use of internet banking services, there is need for banking organizations to launch awareness campaigns to customers by alleviating fear to issues such as lack of privacy and security of customer’s information through advertisements as well as promotions could be held at bank branches to offer prizes to customers who sign and use internet banking services. The rapid development of internet banking has created a competitive environment for financial institutions offering internet banking. Internet banking enables customers to perform financial transactions via the internet at any time and from anywhere and thus saving time. Banks also benefit from reduced operational cost by adopting internet banking.
Long Term Corrosion Investigation of Cold Rolled High Nitrogen Steels in Simulated Body Fluid

The corrosion behavior of cold rolled and annealed (solution treated from 1050 ̊C) Ni-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels (HNSs) was assessed in simulated body fluid (SBF) using weight loss (long term) method. Surface analysis of the films formed and composition of species on these steels exposed to SBF was done using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was detected that increase in nitrogen content significantly increased the corrosion resistance i.e. decreased weight loss in solution annealed (0% cold worked) condition. The cold working had noteworthy impact on the corrosion resistant properties. The weight loss and corrosion rates decreased with increasing degree of cold working and nitrogen content in the alloy. The XPS results indicated that the main elements in the passive oxide layer are Cr, Fe, Mo and Mn. Cr-oxide (ox) :Cr-hydroxide(hy) ratio and Fe-oxide (ox) : Fe-hydroxide (hy) ratio were observed higher in case of rolled material than annealed material indicating that the passive films on rolled materials are more protective which correspond to slow dissolution rate and improve its corrosion resistance. X-ray diffraction profiles of annealed as well as deformed alloys were revealed and no evidence of formation of martensite or any other secondary phases was observed.
The contribution of the Saudi woman in economic development

The main purpose of the study is to analyze the contribution of Saudi woman in economic development of the country. This report develops an understanding of women contributions towards economic development. The method used to analyze the data was Pearson correlation. Through correlation we can determine the relationship between the variables. The study was a quantitative study. The data for five years was taken. Hypotheses development proceeded by focusing on labor work force participation, literacy rate of adult females and GDP rate within Saudi Arabia. Analysis was done on the results and the findings confirmed that there is a significant relationship between the variables. This study was of exploratory nature, it is recommended that this research be expanded to a statistically valid base within Saudi Arabia and then expand the study to additional countries. The findings showed that there was a high significant relationship between women labor work force participation and GDP. Whereas, there was moderate significant relationship between labor work force and literacy rate. Hence, there is a positive relationship between women contribution and economic development. The research is conducted within the context of Saudi Arabia and has certain limitation with further directions of conducting research in related field to get more accurate results.