Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Machines fall short of revolutionary science.

The 3 April issue contained two Reports about automated science (“Distilling free-form natural laws from experimental data,” M. Schmidt and H. Lipson, p. [81][1], and “The automation of science,” R. D. King et al. , p. [85][2]). These Reports are seriously mistaken about the nature of the scientific enterprise, particularly regarding what theorists do and the meaning of physical law. As Thomas Kuhn famously argued, what most scientists do most of the time—which he called “normal science” and Rutherford called “stamp collecting”—does not contribute very much to the advancement of knowledge; rather, this normal science simply fleshes out the consequences of the paradigms that have been established by truly revolutionary advances. Even if machines did contribute to normal science, we see no mechanism by which they could create a Kuhnian revolution and thereby establish new physical law. In the Report by Schmidt and Lipson, a machine deduces the equation behind a sample of chaotic motion. The discovery of deterministic chaos is an example of true Kuhnian revolution; others were its application to unexpected fields like meteorology and population biology. In the constrained problem in the Report, the relevant physical law and variables are known in advance; it is hardly a template for the creative, exploratory nature of true science. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1165893 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1165620
Transparent Junctionless Electric-Double-Layer Transistors Gated by a Reinforced Chitosan-Based Biopolymer Electrolyte

Transparent junctionless organic-inorganic hybrid electric-double-layer thin-film transistors are demonstrated using a reinforced solution-processed chitosan-based biopolymer electrolyte as a dielectric layer. The specific feature of such device is that the channel and source/drain electrodes are realized using a thin indium tin oxide (ITO) film without any source/drain junction. A SiO2 film (~5 nm)/chitosan organic-inorganic hybrid bilayer dielectric is found to be an efficient way to improve the stability and performance of the devices. Our results indicate that the transistor gated by organic-inorganic hybrid bilayer dielectric with a thin ITO channel (~10 nm) exhibited a better performance with a lower subthreshold swing (84 mV/dec), a larger ON/OFF ratio (5.5×107), and a smaller bias-stressing threshold voltage shift (ΔVth=0.13 V) . A physical model based on energy diagram with 1-D Poisson equation is proposed to interpret the operating mechanism. These results clearly show that the proposed architecture can provide a new opportunity for the next-generation low-voltage low-cost device design.
High-power fiber laser based on a non filamented-core fully-aperiodic large pitch fiber

In this communication, the authors report on the first high power emission obtained using a solid non-filamented core fully-aperiodic large pitch fiber manufactured by the REPUSIL method which is based on the sintering and vitrification of micrometric doped silica powders. Using a simple laser cavity, an average output power of 252 W was achieved for the first time in such a fiber with an available pump power of 400 W, corresponding to an optical-to-optical efficiency of 63 %. The M2 measurements have shown an excellent beam quality with values close to 1.4 at full power and lower than 1.3 for signal power lower than 215 W.
Testing for “Recruitment” by Electrocochleography

Normal electrocochleographic (E.Co.G.) tracings were compared with those showing characteristics which resemble audiometric recruitment. The normal E.Co.G. shows two major features as click levels are raised: 1) Over the intensity range from 0–80 dB H.L. , for the click, the VIII nerve action potential (AP) latency decreases from approximately 4 to 1.5 msec; and 2) at low click levels, the AP wave-form is diphasic, and shows a slow growth with increasing intensity, while at higher levels, the AP wave-form is monophasic and increases more rapidly with increases in sound level. Yoshie has referred to the low and high intensity portions of the AP amplitude curve as the L and H curves, respectively. In patients showing the “recruiting responses”, the threshold for the click is elevated and the latency is reduced at threshold. The wave-form of AP is diphasic over the entire intensity range, and AP amplitude grows much more rapidly than in the normal case. It appears that these “recruiting” responses represent the H curve of Yoshie with the L curve removed. The differences between normal and “recruiting” E.Co.G. responses can be given a tentative interpretation based on current findings on the structure and function of the peripheral auditory receptor.
HOXA 10 controls proliferation , migration and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Although HOX genes are best known for acting in the regulation of important events during embryogenesis, including proliferation, differentiation and migration, alterations in their expression patterns have been frequently described in cancers. In previous studies we analyzed the expression profile of the members of the HOX family of homeobox genes in oral samples of normal mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and identified differently expressed genes such as HOXA10. The present study aimed to validate the increased expression of HOXA10 in OSCCs, and to investigate the effects arising from its knockdown in OSCC cells. The levels of HOXA10 mRNA were determined in human OSCC samples and cell lines by quantitative PCR, and HOXA10-mediated effects on proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion were studied in HSC-3 tongue carcinoma cells by using retrovirus-mediated RNA interference. Higher expression of HOXA10 mRNA was observed in OSCC cell lines and in tumor tissues compared to normal controls. HOXA10 knockdown significantly reduced the proliferation of the tumor cells which was accompanied by increased levels of p21. HOXA10 silencing also significantly induced the expression of EMT markers and enhanced the adhesion, migration and invasion of HSC-3 cells. No effects on cell death were observed after HOXA10 knockdown. The results of the current study confirm the overexpression of HOXA10 in OSCCs, and further demonstrate that its expression is functionally associated with several important biological processes related to oral tumorigenesis, such as proliferation, migration and invasion.
Oritavancin – an investigational glycopeptide antibiotic

Antibiotics save countless lives each year; however, increasing rates of drug-resistant bacteria have limited antibiotic selection. Currently, there are few available options for treating resistant Gram-positive organisms. Oritavancin, a novel glycopeptide antibiotic with bactericidal activity, has been developed and recently completed the first round of Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections. Investigations into oritavancin’s efficacy will be explored in catheter-related bacteraemia and nosocomial pneumonia. Oritavancin demonstrates similar activity to vancomycin but possesses extended activity against vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus and Enterococcus. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oritavancin appear to be favourable and once-daily dosing is likely. The incidence of multi-drug resistant bacteria is increasing and explorations into additional treatment options are essential. Further development of oritavancin is necessary to determine clinical efficacy.
Fluticasone versus beclomethasone or budesonide for chronic asthma in adults and children.

BACKGROUND Beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and budesonide (BUD) are commonly prescribed inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of asthma. Fluticasone propionate (FP) is newer agent with greater potency in in-vitro assays. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of Fluticasone to Beclomethasone or Budesonide in the treatment of chronic asthma. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Airways Group trial register (January 2007) and reference lists of articles. We contacted trialists and pharmaceutical companies for additional studies and searched abstracts of major respiratory society meetings (1997 to 2006). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials in children and adults comparing Fluticasone to either Beclomethasone or Budesonide in the treatment of chronic asthma. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently assessed articles for inclusion and methodological quality. One reviewer extracted data. Quantitative analyses were undertaken using RevMan analyses 1.0. 1. MAIN RESULTS Seventy-one studies (14,602 participants) representing 74 randomised comparisons met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was fair. Dose ratio 1:2: FP produced a significantly greater end of treatment FEV1 (0.04 litres (95% CI 0 to 0.07 litres), end of treatment and change in morning PEF, but not change in FEV1 or evening PEF. This applied to all drug doses, age groups, and delivery devices. No difference between FP and BDP/BUD were seen for trial withdrawals. FP led to fewer symptoms and less rescue medication use. When given at half the dose of BDP/BUD, FP led to a greater likelihood of pharyngitis. There was no difference in the likelihood of oral candidiasis. Plasma cortisol and 24 hour urinary cortisol was measured frequently but data presentation was limited. Dose ratio 1:1: FP produced a statistically significant difference in morning PEF, evening PEF, and FEV1 over BDP or BUD. The effects on exacerbations were mixed. There were no significant differences incidence of hoarseness, pharyngitis, candidiasis, or cough. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Fluticasone given at half the daily dose of beclomethasone or budesonide leads to small improvements in measures of airway calibre, but it appears to have a higher risk of causing sore throat and when given at the same daily dose leads to increased hoarseness. There are concerns about adrenal suppression with Fluticasone given to children at doses greater than 400 mcg/day, but the randomised trials included in this review did not provide sufficient data to address this issue.
Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis in Patients Receiving Clozapine in the UK and Ireland

Background Clozapine can cause reversible agranulocytosis and neutropenia. This study documents the occurrence of blood dyscrasias and identifies predisposing risk factors. Method An analysis was made of the haematological, demographic, and dosage data from a central database on 6316 patients receiving clozapine over four and a half years in the UK and Ireland. Results During the study period 2.9% of the patients developed neutropenia and 0.8% developed agranulocytosis. The peak incidence of both disorders was in the first 6–18 weeks of treatment. Fatal agranulocytosis occurred in 0.03% of patients. After the first year of treatment the incidence of agranulocytosis significantly decreased to the order noted with some phenothiazines. Conclusions The use of a patient monitoring service kept the haematological risks associated with using clozapine within acceptable limits, particularly in view of the benefits of this medication in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Cigarette smoking and suicide attempts in psychiatric outpatients in Hungary.

BACKGROUND Epidemiological and clinical studies have found a significant association between smoking and suicidal behaviour. METHOD 334 outpatients with DSM-IV diagnosis of unipolar major depression, bipolar (I+II) disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and pure panic disorder were interviewed regarding to their smoking habits and previous suicide attempts. RESULTS With the exception of panic disorder patients, the rate of prior suicide attempt(s) was much higher among current and lifetime smokers than among never smokers in all diagnostic groups, but the difference was statistically significant only for lifetime smoker unipolar depressives and for current and lifetime smoker schizophrenics. LIMITATIONS Age, social class and alcohol/caffeine consumption was not controlled and dependent vs nondependent smokers were not distinguished. CONCLUSIONS The findings support previous results on the strong relationship between smoking and suicidal behaviour in psychiatric (particularly major depressive and schizophrenic) patients.
Psychological Correlates of Perception of Sexual Intent in Women

Abstract In a sample of 183 men and 186 women, the authors assessed (a) the relative contributions of gender and level of nonverbal social cues to the perception of a female actor's sexual intent during a videotaped social interaction with a man and (b) the association between those variables and personality traits implicated in faulty sexual-information processing. The authors assessed those variables while the participants viewed 1 of 3 film segments depicting a female-male interaction. The authors experimentally manipulated eye contact, touch, physical proximity, and female clothing. At all levels of those nonverbal cues, the men perceived more sexual intent in the female actor than did the women. The perception of the female actor's sexual intent increased as the nonverbal cues in the film segments were magnified: Both actors displayed more eye contact, touch, and physical proximity, and the female actor wore more revealing clothing. Relative to the women, the men demonstrated greater sexual preoccupation and reduced sociosexual effectiveness, variables associated with inferring greater sexual intent in the female actor.
Self-Image , Self-Esteem , and Moral Capital ( Highly Preliminary and Incomplete )

In order to help understand adherence to moral standards and the force of intrinsic motivation, we present an in nite-horizon optimization model where an individual receives random temptations (such as bribe o¤ers) and must decide which to resist. Temptations yield consumption value, but keeping a good self-image (a high belief of being the type of person that resists) yields self-esteem. Because free will is less than perfect, actions depend both on types and intent, so selecting a good intent does not guarantee good behavior and past resistance is informative of a good type. We identify conditions for individuals to decide to build and maintain an introspective reputation for goodness (moral capital) and show that good actions lead to a stronger disposition to do good. Bad actions destroy moral capital and lock-in further wrongdoing at the individual level. Economic shocks that result in higher temptations have persistent e¤ects on wrongdoing of the a¤ected groups, although the e¤ects disappear asymptotically in a society that is in a demographic steady state. Societies with the same moral fundamentals and average moral capital may display di¤erent wrongdoing rates as a function of how much past luck has polarized the distribution of individuals moral capital. The model can be extended to rationalize tabooes and cases where the provision of extrinsic incentives back res.
Physical Health Outcomes of Conjugal Bereavement: APsychoneuroendocrine Model of Resilience

Conjugal bereavement, which is considered as one of the most intense psychosocial stressors, has been studied extensively for the last three decades. However, despite the wealth of data indicating the deleterious consequences of the death of a spouse, the process by which bereavement is translated into ill health and increased mortality remains unclear. Prior research has shown that not all individuals undergoing conjugal bereavement are equally affected. Increased morbidity is more likely to be observed in the young-old group, and those who are not able to cope with grief adaptively. A careful examination of the literature identifies two major issues that have not yet been addressed adequately. The first relates to the elusive physiological mechanisms underlying bereavement-induced morbidity. The second concerns the exclusive focus on vulnerability in prior research, which results in a lack of understanding of the factors facilitating better adjustment. This paper addresses the two issues, and puts forward a psychoneuroendocrine model to inform future research.
Práticas de governança eletrônica e eficiência na utilização das receitas: uma análise nos estados brasileiros

La investigacion tiene como objetivo analizar las practicas de gobierno electronico en los estados brasilenos y su correlacion con el uso eficiente de los ingresos. La investigacion descriptiva se realizo mediante el analisis de documentos y un enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra no probabilistica intencional e-compuesto por los 26 estados brasilenos. El Distrito Federal fue excluido de la muestra debido a la falta de disponibilidad de datos para la investigacion. Al analizar los datos se utilizaron medidas de estadistica descriptiva, analisis de correlacion de Pearson y la eficiencia de calculo con el software DEA-Solver. Los resultados muestran que los Estados con mejores practicas de gobierno electronico se encuentran en el Sureste, seguida de la region del Sur. La gobernanza global promedio fue de 58%, lejos del 100%. En relacion con la eficiencia en el uso de los ingresos, los calculos de la DEA muestran que todos los estados del Sur y Sureste tiene puntuacion 1, considerados eficientes en comparacion con los demas. La region Norte tuvo el promedio mas bajo (0,94) de eficiencia. En los calculos de la DEA, 17 estados alcanzaron puntuacion de 1, lo que indica que la mayoria de los estados brasilenos es eficiente en el uso de los ingresos. Tambien se encontro que los estados con mejores practicas de gobierno electronico son las que tienen una mayor eficiencia en el uso de los ingresos.
Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone status in pregnancy: effect on insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and gestational diabetes mellitus.

CONTEXT Previous studies have yielded conflicting findings on the relationship between vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We hypothesized that PTH may be an underlying factor relevant to this potential association. OBJECTIVE This study sought to evaluate the effect of vitamin D and PTH status on insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and glycemia in pregnancy. SETTING AND DESIGN Five-hundred-twenty-four women underwent a glucose challenge test (GCT) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in late second/early third trimester. The GCT/OGTT identified 142 women with GDM, 94 with gestational impaired glucose tolerance, 163 with an abnormal GCT and normal OGTT, and 125 with normal GCT and OGTT. MAIN OUTCOMES Glycemia was assessed by glucose tolerance status and area under the glucose curve (AUC(gluc)) on the OGTT. Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were assessed by Matsuda index and Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2 (ISSI-2), respectively. RESULTS There were 166 women (31.7%) with vitamin D deficiency (25-OH-D < 50 nmol/L), 178 (34%) with insufficiency (25-OH-D ≥ 50 nmol/L and < 75 nmol/L), and 180 (34.3%) with sufficiency (25-OH-D ≥ 75 nmol/L). Vitamin D status was not associated with Matsuda index, ISSI-2, AUC(gluc), or glucose tolerance status. In contrast, ISSI-2 decreased and AUC(gluc) increased across ascending tertiles of PTH (P = .06 and P = .002, respectively). Indeed, the prevalence of GDM progressively increased from the first (22.6%) to second (25.8%) to third (33.5%) tertile of PTH (P < .001). On logistic regression analyses, the third tertile of PTH was independently associated with GDM (adjusted OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.09-3.02; P = .022), whereas vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were not significant predictors of GDM. CONCLUSIONS Increased PTH, rather than vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, is independently associated with dysglycemia in pregnancy.
Evaluation of medicine prescription pattern using World Health Organization prescribing indicators in Iran: A cross-sectional study

Objective: The objective was to quantify the specialists' prescription pattern in Iran and to point out the prescribing behavioral differences among several specialties. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out on the claim data. National prescription data were obtained on the basis of the claims that the pharmacies submitted to the insurers during 1 year period of the study. More than 85 million prescriptions were analyzed using “Rx-Analyst” software that is designed and applied by National Committee of Rational Use of Medicines in Iran. Specified medical specialties were considered and the World Health Organization prescription indicators were used to evaluate the physicians' prescribing behavior. Findings: Average items per prescription were ranged from 3.68 in cardiologists' to 2.06 in dermatologists' prescriptions. The highest and the lowest mean price were belonged to neurologists' and ophthalmologists' prescriptions, respectively. In addition, 45% of patients received antibiotics, 41% of patients received injectable form of drugs, and 23% received corticosteroids. A high tendency toward prescribing corticosteroids and antibiotics as well as an injectable form of medicines was observed among general physicians. Conclusion: There is an inevitable need to improve prescription habits among different specialties, especially among general practitioners. This causes the policymakers to put more emphasis on priorities such as continuous education.
GJB2, SLC26A4 and mitochondrial DNA A1555G mutations in prelingual deafness in Northern Chinese subjects

Conclusion. This genetic epidemiological study demonstrated that 26.65% of the prelingual deafness in Northern Chinese patients can be detected at younger ages by genetic testing of three common hearing loss genes (GJB2, SLC26A4 and mtDNA A1555G), and thus, early intervention measures could be undertaken to help them in language acquisition. Objectives. The GJB2, SLC26A4 and mtDNA A1555G mutations are the prevalent causes of prelingual deafness worldwide. Numerous studies have revealed that the forms and frequencies of the mutations in the three genes are largely dependent on the ethnic or geographic origins. Hence, this study aimed to characterize the mutation profiles of the three genes in prelingual deafness in Northern Chinese patients. Subects and methods. An investigation of 514 patients with prelingual deafness and 117 controls with normal hearing was conducted. Bidirectional sequencing (or enzyme digestion) was applied to identify sequence variations. Results. This study revealed that 26.65% patients had two mutated alleles (homozygote or compound heterozygote) of GJB2 (9.14%) or SLC26A4 (8.95%) and/or an mtDNA A1555G (8.56%) mutation. In detail, 19.26% patients carried GJB2 mutations including 10.12% single mutant carriers. 235delC was the most common type, making up 69.18% of all mutants for GJB2. The mutant carrier rate for SLC26A4 was 15.2%, including 6.23% single mutant carriers. The two most common types (IVS7-2A > G and H723R) accounted for 51.61% and 33.06% mutations, respectively. Forty-five patients had mtDNA A1555G, giving a frequency of 8.75%. In the control group with normal hearing, 2.56%, 1.71% and 0% of the subjects carried a single mutant for GJB2, SLC26A4 and mtDNA A1555G, respectively.