Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Prevalence and Attitudes Among Adults and Adolescents: Their Relation to Early Adolescent Alcohol Use in Rural Communities

Although research has identified numerous neighborhood mechanisms influencing urban adolescent risk behaviors, less is known about how community contexts influence rural adolescents. This study explores perceived controls against adolescent drinking (i.e., tolerance of community adolescent alcohol use), adolescent perceptions of community supportiveness, and the prevalence of community alcohol use exhibited by adolescents and adults. Multilevel analyses were applied to 1,424 sixth- through eighth-grade students residing in 22 rural communities in the Northern Plains. Perceptions of tolerance, prevalence, and support from 790 parents, teachers, and community leaders were also collected. Analyses revealed that community supportiveness and controls against drinking reduced both the decision to try alcohol and past-month use among early adolescents. Adolescents were more likely to have ever tried alcohol if they lived in a community with higher peer prevalence than higher levels of adult alcohol prevalence, but in communities where peer drinking was lower; adolescents were more likely to have tried alcohol if they lived in a high adult-prevalence community. Perceived peer drinking was not related to past-month use.
Allergic reactions to betalactams: studies in a group of patients allergic to penicillin and evaluation of cross‐reactivity with cephalosporin

A group of 34 penicillin‐allergic patients was studied to determine skin test reactivity to the different penicillins involved in inducing the allergic reaction and the cross‐reactivity with side‐chain‐related and side‐chain‐unrelated cephalosporins. All the subjects selected for the study had to be skin test positive to at least one of the following determinants: benzyl‐penicilloyl‐polylysine (BPO‐PLL), minor‐determinant mixture (MDM), amoxicillin (AX), or ampicillin (AMP), or to possess in vitro IgE to the following conjugates: benzyl‐penicilloyl‐human‐serum albumin (BPO‐HSA), ampicilloyl‐human‐serum albumin (AMP‐HSA), and amoxicilloyl‐human‐serum albumin (AX‐HSA). Cephalexin (CE) and ceftazidime (CEF) were used to assess cross‐reactivity. If skin tests to any of these compounds were positive, the patient was considered to be allergic; if negative, a challenge test was performed. Sixteen patients (47%) were skin test positive to BPO and/or MDM, and nine (26%) exclusively to AX and/or AMP. In three cases (8%), the RAST was positive although the skin test was negative; one to BPO‐HSA and two to AX‐HSA and AMP‐HSA. Six patients (17%) needed to be challenged with the penicillin involved to establish the diagnosis. In five patients (14%), the skin tests were positive to CE and in none to CEF. In all the others, the skin tests were negative to both cephalosporins, and the patients tolerated the drugs when challenged. These results indicate the relevance of side‐chain‐specific minor determinants in betalactams allergy and provide support for the role of this chemical structure in the evaluation of cross‐reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins.
A Review of Human Resource Development Trends and Practices in Australia

The Problem The evolution of human resource development (HRD) practices in Australian-based organizations has been the focus of only limited rigorous longitudinal research. Consequently, HRD practitioners lack data on key trends against which to position their own initiatives. The Solution This article outlines, analyzes, and comments on the pattern of HRD from the mid-1990s to the present day with reference to economic turbulence and responses to it, especially since the beginning of the global financial crisis in 2007. The central themes of the review are the emergence of more “performance”-oriented approaches toward HRD assessment and evaluation, the HRD practices of multinational companies (MNCs) operating in Australia compared with locally owned organizations, and HRD practices within foreign owned MNCs from different home countries. Data for the article is drawn primarily from the analysis of three iterations of the Cranfield Network on International Human Resource Management (CRANET) Australia survey from the years 1996, 1999, and 2009. The Stakeholders Practical lessons are drawn from the review concerning the current focus on reactive, performance-oriented, short-term HRD practices and the neglect of more strategic long-term HRD initiatives. The results will be of interest to researchers, policymakers, and HR practitioners.
The Hub and the Spokes

The rise in the influence of and spending by educational philanthropists and foundations over the past two decades, especially in the area of market-based reforms, such as charter schools, vouchers, and merit pay, is evident across the United States. Largely due to philanthropic investments, relatively new educational intermediary organizations (IOs) have also been growing in size, scope, and influence. These new IOs have sought to implement market-based reforms in key urban school districts, frequently based on ideological stances and/or evidence of their efficacy. As yet, researchers have not conceptualized the unique position of foundations in the landscape of intermediary organizations, market-based reforms, and evidence production and utilization. Drawing from a 3-year (2011-2014) study of IOs, research utilization, and policymaking in the case of “incentivist” reforms, we find that foundations are uniquely situated in the reform landscape as a central actor, at the “hub” of intermediary activity as a funder of IOs, but also as a “spoke” in the wheel that helps to mobilize and, in many ways, direct the activities of the IOs. We discuss the implications of the role of foundations in research production, promotion, and utilization for research and policymaking.
Stepping-Stone to Intergenerational Mobility? The Springboard, Safety Net, or Mobility Trap Functions of Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurship for the Second Generation 1

Much research has viewed immigrant entrepreneurship positively because of its reputed role in immigrant economic adaptation. With the growing professionalization of children of Korean immigrant proprietors, small business ownership is seen as a stepping-stone to intergenerational mobility. To assess whether immigrant entrepreneurship serves as springboard to upward mobility for the second generation, this article compares the educational and occupational achievements between children of entrepreneurs and children of professionals. The comparisons reveal that a higher proportion of children of professionals attended selective colleges, obtained professional occupations, and earned competitive salaries. Results from multiple regression analyses also indicate that entrepreneurship was not a good predictor of college selectivity and earnings for the second generation. Nevertheless, children of entrepreneurs attained comparable educational and occupational achievements as those of children of professionals, suggesting that rapid financial security through entrepreneurship can replicate similar residential and educational opportunities for children of entrepreneurs. While the springboard and safety net functions of small business on inter-generational mobility are salient, in some circumstances, obligations to help out in a family business can lead to personal sacrifice on the part of children of entrepreneurs, constraining their educational and occupational choices and leading some toward downward mobility.
Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence.

BACKGROUND Although naltrexone, an opiate-receptor antagonist, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of alcohol dependence, its efficacy is uncertain. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of naltrexone as an adjunct to standardized psychosocial treatment. We randomly assigned 627 veterans (almost all men) with chronic, severe alcohol dependence to 12 months of naltrexone (50 mg once daily), 3 months of naltrexone followed by 9 months of placebo, or 12 months of placebo. All patients were offered individual counseling and programs to improve their compliance with study medication and were encouraged to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. RESULTS There were 209 patients in each group; all had been sober for at least five days before randomization. At 13 weeks, we found no significant difference in the number of days to relapse between patients in the two naltrexone groups (mean, 72.3 days) and the placebo group (mean, 62.4 days; 95 percent confidence interval for the difference between groups, -3.0 to 22.8). At 52 weeks, there were no significant differences among the three groups in the percentage of days on which drinking occurred and the number of drinks per drinking day. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support the use of naltrexone for the treatment of men with chronic, severe alcohol dependence.
Implications of Insufficient and Excess Cash for Future Performance

This paper investigates whether future performance suffers when a firm deviates from an estimated optimal cash level. Results show that one year ahead RNOA and stock returns are decreasing in the level of deviation from an estimated optimal for both firms holding insufficient cash and firms holding excess cash. Investment strategies based on estimated insufficient and excess cash produce positive abnormal returns. Integrating our insufficient/excess cash strategies with an accruals-based strategy indicates that these strategies are complimentary for firms with insufficient cash but not for firms with high excess cash; the accruals anomaly does not hold for firms with high excess cash.
Causes of heterogeneity in the entrepreneurial business modelling of small firms: a human capital perspective

To enrich the literature on the determinants and mechanisms of entrepreneurial success this research examines the importance of entrepreneurial business modelling (EBM) as an emerging theme in the entrepreneurship literature and investigates the role of human capital (general and specific) in this phenomenon. Data from a sample of 222 Australian small manufacturing firms were analysed using a partial least squares (PLS) approach. Results show that variation in EBM accounts for variance in the firm growth. In addition, both general and specific human capital account for the adoption of EBM but to varying degrees. Specifically, technological knowledge of executives and their general managerial experience tend to facilitate the adoption of EBM whereas tenure and education seem to reduce the capacity of executives to pursue EBM. Finally, it was found that although market knowledge of executives is positively related to their tendency to pursue EBM but the effect is not significant. Implications of these findings for theory and practice were illuminated and few directions for future research were illustrated.
Causes of the Current Stagflation

Since 1975 labour slack has been unusually high in the OECD countries, and yet inflation has not diminished. The less favourable mix of unemployment and rate of change of inflation (which we call stagflation) is explained by a fall in the feasible rate of growth of real wages unmatched by a reduction in the constant term in Phillips curve. To investigate this mechanism, conventional wage and price equations are estimated for 19 countries and then used for simulation. Stagflation has been caused in roughly equal amounts by rising relative import prices and by the fall in the rate of productivity growth. In the basic model the Phillips curve is assumed not to adapt to falls in feasible real wage growth, but in a final section an adaptive wage equation is estimated, which confirms that the process of adaptation is slow.
Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate gland

Sir, I read with interest the article by Zarkovic et al. in the April issue of Pathology. The authors describe a case of carcinoid tumour of the prostate gland based on identification of neuroendocrine tumour cells involving a single tissue chip following transurethral resection. Neuroendocrine differentiation was demonstrated using electron microscopy and it was further concluded that negative immunostains for prostate specific antigen (PSA) and negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan support a diagnosis of carcinoid tumour. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic adenocarcinoma is common and in some series is noted in half of all cancers. These cells have previously been shown to be deficient in PSA, but interestingly they may be positive for prostatic acid phosphatase. The degree of differentiation varies, with some tumours exhibiting a large component of such cells. Furthermore, as most prostatic tumours usually arise in the peripheral zone, invasion into the transition zone is often focal and transurethral resection is likely to have only sampled the ‘tip of the iceberg’. Re-resection of the transition zone is thus of questionable value and the patient may have been far better served by multiple transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies, designed to assess the peripheral zone. Only following such a test can the authors comment on the likely size of this lesion. The use of the term carcinoid is misleading and the concept of neuroendocrine carcinoma is more appropriate, as a conventional adenocarcinoma with focal neuroendocrine differentiation cannot be excluded based on a single prostate (TURP) chip. Pelvic MRI scans are notoriously inaccurate in staging prostatic carcinoma with 30–60% accuracy in disease detection and staging, and it is surprising that more conventional methods of evaluation such as a serum PSA or bone scan were omitted. Finally, the term ‘carcinoid’ tumour in this case report implies a low grade or benign lesion which is contrary to the highly aggressive behaviour of most neuroendocrine prostate cancers as shown in follow-up series of these cases.
Outbreak of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Subtype boulardii Fungemia in Patients Neighboring Those Treated with a Probiotic Preparation of the Organism

ABSTRACT We report an outbreak of Saccharomyces cerevisiae subtype boulardii fungemia among three intensive care unit roommates of patients receiving lyophilized preparations of this fungus. The fungemia was probably due to central venous catheter contamination and resolved after fluconazole treatment. The need for stringent application of proper hygiene when using a probiotic preparation of this organism is emphasized.
The value relevance of earnings levels in the return-earnings relation

Purpose - – Prior studies provide mixed propositions on whether earnings levels or earnings changes provide the better explanatory power for variations of stock returns and whether the time-series behavior of earnings affects the value relevance of both earnings variables. This paper aims to compare the value relevance of earnings levels with that of earnings changes in the return-earnings relations. Design/methodology/approach - – The unobservable components model is used to estimate permanent and transitory components of earnings. Findings - – The finding shows that the proxy ability of earnings changes for unexpected earnings is sensitive to a firm's time-series earnings permanence property and is unstable and noisy when earnings contain predominantly transitory components, but that of earnings levels is not. The results support earnings levels are a stable and better value relevant proxy in the return-earnings relations. Research limitations/implications - – The findings imply that the valuation role of earnings levels is important in the research relating to earnings components, earnings innovations, and equity valuation, especially when earnings permanence is of interest. Practical implications - – The results provide a new understanding on the role of earnings levels in many business decisions such as executive compensations, institutional investment and conservative accounting where they often involve the choice of using levels and/or changes of earnings variables in making decisions. Originality/value - – The paper contributes to the accounting literature by providing a new insight into the valuation role of earnings levels in the return-earnings relations. The stable value relevance of earnings levels also has important implications, especially for studies that use only earnings levels to assess earnings quality and earnings attributes.
EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE SHARING ENABLERS, INNOVATION CAPABILITY AND INNOVATION PERFORMANCE

The intense global competition, rapid technological changes, and higher consumer demands along with increasing uncertainty and risk; all threaten the life of the companies and force them to be more creative and innovative. Thus, business world needs innovative ideas more than ever. Hence, companies struggle to increase their innovative capacities in order to be more competitive. At the same time, performing innovation is not an easy task, it is a process that requires tremendous effort and changes in several parts of business. The number of studies on innovation has increased. Different aspects of innovation from theoretical and practical points of views have been studied so far. This study aims to investigate the effect of knowledge sharing enablers on innovation capability along with the relationship between innovation capability and innovation performance. The findings from the research revealed that some of the components of knowledge sharing enablers have positive effect on the innovation capability, while others have not. Also, remarkable findings on significant positive affect of innovation capability on innovation performance were obtained.
Sustainable technological developments and second-order cybernetics

Using second-order systems theory, the concept of ‘sustainability’ shifts from a normative starting point to a probabilistic expectation that is open to investigation. While first-order systems can be considered as observable translations of input into output, second-order systems theory adds the perspective of evolution to networks of first-order systems. Complex and dynamic systems are not instucted by incoming signals, but disturbed. They are able to adapt the cycles of their behaviour. Consequently, second-order delineations are not ‘given’ but are continuously reconstructed. These systems have no ‘natural’ delineations, and their ‘limits to growth’ remain a provisional hypothesis. The likelihood of the various progresions can be specified only in terms of a model. Among other things, changes betwen technological trajectories within the current regrime can be distinguished from the possible transition to a regime of sustainable technological development.
Modes of innovation in six industrial sectors

Patterns of innovation in 43 firms selected from six industrial sectors in Canada are examined. The sectors are pharmaceuticals, financial services, software services, pulp and paper, metallic products, and apparel. Modes of innovations are found to be differentiated and sector specific. Most firms are innovative in predictable ways, according to the logic of innovation prevailing in their industrial environment. A few firms, however, seem to use modes of innovation copied from other industries. In addition to industrial context, modes of innovation are influenced primarily by the firms' competencies, business opportunities, and managerial preferences. A taxonomy of modes of innovation extending beyond industrial lines is presented. Four configurations emerged from the data analysis: science-based product innovation, entrepreneurial fast-track experimentation, global cost leadership, and conventional reliance on information technology and process adaptation. >
Crime Patterns and Gaming Development in Rural Colorado

Opponents of casino development often claim that gaming development will lead to an increase in community criminal behavior. This article compares crime levels before, during, and after the initiation of gaming in three rural Colorado towns. While totals have increased in some offense categories, crime is not proportional to numbers of tourists visiting. These data illustrate the complexity of competing claims about gaming impacts.
Effects of Resource Availability on Tolerance of Herbivory: A Review and Assessment of Three Opposing Models

Although it is widely acknowledged that a plant’s tolerance of herbivore damage depends on resource availability in the plant’s environment, there is no consensus on whether higher resource levels lead to greater or to lower tolerance. The prevailing model, the compensatory continuum hypothesis (CCH), predicts that tolerance of herbivory should be greater in high‐resource or low‐competition conditions. The main rival hypothesis, the growth rate model (GRM), makes the opposite prediction: tolerance of herbivory should be greater in more stressful conditions. The tolerance predictions of a recently introduced model, the limiting resource model (LRM), are more flexible and depend on the type of resource and herbivore under consideration. We reviewed 48 studies (from 40 published articles) of plant tolerance of leaf damage in conditions differing in levels of light, inorganic nutrients, water stress, or competition. The results of 31%, 48%, and 95% of the studies were consistent with the predictions of the CCH, GRM, and LRM, respectively. Thus, by considering which resource is primarily affected by herbivory and which resource is limiting a plant’s fitness, the LRM offers a substantial advance in predicting how tolerance will be affected by environmental differences in resource availability.
Household savings in Vietnam: insights from a 2006 rural household survey

The aim of this paper is to inform the reader about the rural households' saving situation in Vietnam and the determinants of household saving with special interest in the possible effects of network savings behavior on household savings behavior. In Vietnam households hold capital through informal means. This means prevents it in many cases from being used effectively for investment purposes. Disseminating information about the merits of institutional saving could potentially stimulate formal household savings making. We discuss the extent to which social networks may act as an effective information transmission mechanism, and also argue that the nature and quality of the information disseminated must be carefully considered to expect the desired policy response.
Influence of Push and Pull Motivations on Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions within a Culinary Tourism Event

The study constructs a causal model of culinary tourist behavior from the theoretical framework of push and pull motivations. The study proposed that culinary event attendees' expenditures, word-of-mouth behavior, and repeat patronage intentions would be affected by their overall event satisfaction. Push and pull motivations subsequently were examined for effect on overall satisfaction. Using multiple regression analysis with data collected from an international culinary event the study examined the above relationship. Results of the analysis can be summarized as: 1) food, event novelty, and socialization were push motivations identified for attending a culinary event; 2) food product, support services, and essential services were pull motivations and had a significant predictive affect on overall satisfaction; and 3) overall satisfaction had a significant relationship with outcome variables: word-of-mouth behavior and repeat patronage intentions. It is believed that results of the present study will be useful to organizers of culinary events and/or destination managers.