Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria causing intra-abdominal infections during 2010–2011

Abstract The study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (SMART) surveillance program monitors the epidemiology and trends in antibiotic resistance of intra-abdominal pathogens to currently used therapies. The current report describes such trends during 2010–2011. A total of 25 746 Gram-negative clinical isolates from intra-abdominal infections were collected and classified as hospital-associated (HA) if the hospital length of stay (LOS) at the time of specimen collection was ≧48 hours, community-associated (CA) if LOS at the time of specimen collection was <48 hours, or unknown (no designation given by participating centre). A total of 92 different species were collected of which the most common was Escherichia coli: 39% of all isolates in North America to 55% in Africa. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the second most common pathogen: 11% of all isolates from Europe to 19% of all isolates from Asia. Isolates were from multiple intra-abdominal sources of which 32% were peritoneal fluid, 20% were intra-abdominal abscesses, and 16·5% were gall bladder infections. Isolates were further classified as HA (55% of all isolates), CA (39% of all isolates), or unknown (6% of all isolates). The most active antibiotics tested were imipenem, ertapenem, amikacin, and piperacillin–tazobactam. Resistance rates to all other antibiotics tested were high. Considering the current data set and high-level resistance of intra-abdominal pathogens to various antibiotics, further monitoring of the epidemiology of intra-abdominal infections and their susceptibility to antibiotics through SMART is warranted.
Principles of induction and approaches to attribute based induction

Abstract This paper presents a survey of machine induction, studied mainly from the field of artificial intelligence, but also from the fields of pattern recognition and cognitive psychology. The paper consists of two parts: Part I discusses the basic principles and features of the machine induction process; Part II uses these principles and features to review and criticize the major supervised attribute-based induction methods. Attribute-based induction has been chosen because it is the most commonly used inductive approach in the development of expert systems and pattern recognition models.
Evaluation of a new urease reagent strip for detection of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy specimens.

OBJECTIVES Determine sensitivity and specificity of a new urease reagent strip (URS) test for detection of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy specimens. METHODS Six paired biopsy specimens were obtained from the greater curvature of the distal antrum, the lesser curvature near the incisura, and the corpus along the greater curvature during 66 procedures on 59 patients with endoscopic findings of gastric antral mucosal erythema or erosions, or gastric or duodenal ulcers. One biopsy from each site was tested with the URS. The second was evaluated with histology. A final antral biopsy was evaluated with a urea/gel test. RESULTS Twenty-eight of the 66 cases were histologically positive, with H. pylori observed in at least one of the three biopsy sites. The URS test correctly identified all 28. Of 193 individual biopsy specimens, 78 were positive for H. pylori. The URS correctly identified 77. Sensitivity was 0.99, specificity 0.95, positive predictive value 0.93, negative predictive value 0.99, and kappa 0.92. Average time to positive was 20 min. Twenty-seven antral biopsies were histologically positive for H. pylori. The URS test correctly identified all 27, whereas the urea/gel test correctly identified 21. For antral sites, URS sensitivity was 1.00 and specificity 0.95 versus urea/gel test sensitivity of 0.75 and specificity of 1.00. CONCLUSIONS In this sample, the URS test is as accurate as histology in diagnosing H. pylori infections, and it provides results in less time and at a lower cost than histology.
Letter Regarding

Dear Editor: We read carefully and with great interest the anatomic study performed by Lilyquist et al. They performed an interesting study of the tibiofibular syndesmosis using a 3-dimensional method that can be of help when performing anatomic studies. As the authors report in the study, a controversy exists regarding the anatomic structures of the syndesmosis, and a huge confusion can be observed when reading the related literature. However, anatomic confusion between the inferior transverse ligament and the intermalleolar ligament is present in the manuscript: the intermalleolar ligament is erroneously identified as the “inferior” transverse ligament. The transverse ligament is the name that receives the deep component of the posterior tibiofibular ligament. The posterior tibiofibular ligament is a ligament located in the posterior aspect of the ankle that joins the distal epiphysis of tibia and fibula; it is formed by 2 fascicles, one superficial and one deep. The deep fascicle or transverse ligament is difficult to see from a posterior ankle view, but easily from a plantar view of the tibiofibular syndesmosis (Figure 1). Instead, the intermalleolar ligament is a thickening of the posterior ankle joint capsule, located between the posterior talofibular ligament and the transverse ligament. It originates from the medial facet of the lateral malleolus and directs medially to tibia and talus (Figure 2). The intermalleolar ligament was observed in 100% of the specimens by Golanó et al in contrast with 70% in Lilyquist’s study. On the other hand, structures of the ankle syndesmosis have not been named according to the International Anatomical Terminology (IAT). In 1955, the VI Federative International Congress of Anatomy accorded to eliminate eponyms from the IAT. Because of this measure, the Chaput, Wagstaff, or Volkman tubercles used in the manuscript should be eliminated in order to avoid increasing confusion. Lilyquist et al also defined the tibiofibular syndesmosis as being formed by the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, the interosseous ligament, and the inferior transverse ligament. The anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament and posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament of the tibiofibular syndesmosis (or inferior tibiofibular joint) should be referred to as the anterior tibiofibular ligament and posterior tibiofibular ligament. The reason why it is not necessary to use “inferior” in its description is that the ligaments of the superior tibiofibular joint are the anterior ligament of the fibular head and the posterior ligament of the fibular head, not the “anterior superior tibiofibular ligament” and “posterior superior tibiofibular ligament. ” The ankle syndesmosis is one of the areas of the human body where chronic anatomic errors exist: the transverse ligament (deep component of the posterior tibiofibular ligament), the anterior tibiofibular ligament (“anterior 689614 FAIXXX10.1177/1071100716689614Foot & Ankle InternationalLetter to the Editor letter2017
Eradication of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in the Cystic Fibrosis Mouse Reduces Mucus Accumulation

Objectives: Mucus accumulation in cystic fibrosis (CF) is involved in blockage of the distal small intestine. Because expression of mucin genes and mucus secretion can be increased by infection and previous work indicated that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth occurs in CF, we tested whether reduction of bacterial load by antibiotic treatment would reduce mucin gene expression and mucus accumulation in the CF mouse small intestine. Methods: CF transmembrane conductance regulator null (cftrtm1UNC) and wild type littermates were treated with ciprofloxacin and metronidazole for 3 weeks. Muc2 and Muc3 gene expression were measured by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining and morphometry were used to measure the size of mucus droplets within goblet cells and dilation of the intestinal crypt lumen, as estimates of mucus secretion and accumulation. Results: Antibiotic treatment did not significantly affect Muc2 and Muc3 gene expression in CF mice. In untreated CF mice, the crypt lumen was almost sevenfold wider than wild type. Antibiotic treatment of CF mice reduced the intensity of PAS crypt lumen staining, and the lumen width was decreased by approximately 25%. The area occupied by PAS-positive material in goblet cells was significantly greater in tissues from antibiotic treated mice. Conclusions: Eradication of bacterial overgrowth in CF mice significantly decreased mucus secretion and accumulation in intestinal crypts without an effect on mucin gene expression. It is proposed that bacterial overgrowth stimulates mucus secretion, which contributes to its accumulation in the small intestine. Control of bacterial overgrowth is expected to reduce mucus accumulation and may improve intestinal function and overall health in CF.
Force and number of myosin motors during muscle shortening and the coupling with the release of the ATP hydrolysis products

Muscle contraction is due to cyclical ATP‐driven working strokes in the myosin motors while attached to the actin filament. Each working stroke is accompanied by the release of the hydrolysis products, orthophosphate and ADP. The rate of myosin–actin interactions increases with the increase in shortening velocity. We used fast half‐sarcomere mechanics on skinned muscle fibres to determine the relation between shortening velocity and the number and strain of myosin motors and the effect of orthophosphate concentration. A model simulation of the myosin–actin reaction explains the results assuming that orthophosphate and then ADP are released with rates that increase as the motor progresses through the working stroke. The ADP release rate further increases by one order of magnitude with the rise of negative strain in the final motor conformation. These results provide the molecular explanation of the relation between the rate of energy liberation and shortening velocity during muscle contraction.
Interim Report of a Randomized Trial Comparing Zoladex 3.6 mg Depot with Diethylstilbestrol 3 mg/day in Advanced Prostate Cancer The West Midlands Urology Research Group

A study comparing Zoladex 3.6 mg depot with diethyl-stilbestrol (DES) 3 mg/day was initiated in August 1985. One hundred ninety-three patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer T3/4 or Ml have been randomized up to 31 March 1987: 95 to Zoladex, 98 to DES. No patient had received prior systemic therapy. There is no bias in the treatment groups in terms of baseline characteristics. Median follow-up is 11 months, and the response rate at 12 months from randomization (CR + PR) for Zoladex is 70 ± 9.4% and 50 ± 10.1% for DES. Median time to best response is 6 months for Zoladex and 12 months for DES (using the Kaplan-Meier life table method). Subjective responses are 56 ± 10.2% for Zoladex and 44 ± 10% for DES. Five increases in bone pain were found after the first Zoladex treatment, as well as one increased ureteric obstruction. None required treatment withdrawal. Seventeen patients on DES were withdrawn due to adverse reaction (x2 = 4.33, 1df, p < 0.05). Overall survival at 31 March 1987 is 84% for the Zoladex group and 78% for the DES group. This study has shown that Zoladex is superior to DES in achieving early tumor response in advanced prostate cancer, without causing serious complications warranting withdrawal of treatment.
Eating disorders in adolescents with IDDM: A controlled study

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of clinical eating disorders and lesser degrees of disturbed eating in adolescents with IDDM and a matched sample of nondiabetic control subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey of eating habits and attitudes conducted in 76 adolescents with IDDM, and age- and sex-matched nondiabetic control subjects. Eating disorder features were assessed by standardized research interview adapted for use with patients with diabetes (EDE). Glycemic control was assessed by GHb assay. RESULTS Adolescent girls with IDDM were heavier than nondiabetic female control subjects and were dieting more intensively to control their shape and weight. However, clinical eating disorders were no more common among adolescent girls with IDDM than among nondiabetic control subjects. Nine percent of the IDDM girls met diagnostic criteria for an operational version of “Eating disorder not otherwise specified. ” Fifteen percent had omitted or reduced their dose of insulin to influence their shape and weight. Eating disorder features and insulin misuse for shape and weight control were not found in IDDM or nondiabetic boys, and these two groups did not differ in their body weight. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent girls with IDDM are heavier than their nondiabetic counterparts and diet more intensively to control their shape and weight. Disordered eating habits and weight control behavior are common, but no more so in IDDM than in nondiabetic subjects. Insulin misuse for the purpose of shape and weight control is not restricted to subjects with a clinical eating disorder. Disordered eating is associated with impaired glycemic control.
Short article: Control over speeded actions: A common processing locus for micro- and macro-trade-offs?

Cognitive control processes associated with long- and short-term adjustments of human behaviour have attracted much interest recently. It is still unclear, however, whether the mechanisms underlying these adjustments share a common locus within the chain of stimulus–response processing. In order to address this issue, the present study employed a speed–accuracy instruction producing a macro-trade-off, whereas micro-trade-off was studied by means of posterror slowing in reaction time (RT). Participants performed a spatially compatible or incompatible four-stimuli-to-two-response alternative choice RT task. Reliable variations in micro-and macro-trade-off as well as effects of spatial compatibility were found in RT and error rate. Most importantly, posterror slowing was larger when instruction stressed accuracy rather than speed, an effect being independent of spatial compatibility. Because the influence of speed–accuracy instruction and posterror slowing on performance was strongest for response alternations, together present findings suggest that the mechanisms underlying micro- and macro-trade-offs have one common locus at the level of motor processing. Additional influences of macro-trade-off on premotoric processing are likely.
An analysis of the origins of the cholinergic and noncholinergic septal projections to the hippocampal formation of the rat

These experiments were directed at determining the proportion and distribution of cholinergic septal cells which project to the rat hippocampal formation. Injections of WGA‐HRP were placed into different regions of the hippocampal formation and sections through the septal complex were processed for the simultaneous demonstration of the retrogradely transported marker and for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity. Preliminary analysis of adjacent normal series prepared either for the demonstration of ChAT or stained by the Nissl method demonstrated several distinct cell groups in the classically defined medial septal nucleus and vertical limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band. The groups of cells ranged from almost entirely ChAT‐positive to entirely noncholinergic. On the basis of shape and size of the constituent cells, the ChAT‐positive cells of the septal complex were divided into dorsal, intermediate, and ventral subdivisions.
Joint modelling of recurrent events and survival: a Bayesian nonparametric approach

Heart failure (HF) is one of the main causes of morbidity, hospitalization and death in the western world and the economic burden associated with HF management is relevant and expected to increase in the future. We consider hospitalization data for heart failure in the most populated Italian Region, Lombardia. Data were extracted from the administrative data warehouse of the regional healthcare system. The main clinical outcome of interest is time to death and research focus is on investigating how recurrent hospitalizations affect the time to event. The main contribution of the paper is to develop a joint model for gap times between consecutive re-hospitalizations and survival time. The probability models for the gap times and for the survival outcome share a common patient specific frailty term. Using a flexible Dirichlet process
Safety and Effectiveness of a 2009 H1N1 Vaccine in Chronic Kidney Disease Children

Background/Aims: Influenza vaccination is the most effective method for preventing influenza infection and its complications. The risk groups are children with chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) such as children on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD), predialysis CKD (pCKD) and renal transplant (RTx) patients and immunosuppressed children. The aim of the present study was to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a single administration of a monovalent inactivated pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccine in children with CKD. Methods: Patients were given a single intramuscular injection of 0.5 ml of monovalent inactivated vaccine. Results: Totally, there were 25 pediatric patients with a diagnosis of CKD (16 PD, 2 HD, 3 pCKD and 4 RTx). Seroconversion was observed in 15 of the 16 patients with PD. Seroconversion occurred in all patients undergoing pCKD and HD. However, 3 of the RTx patients were seronegative. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high level of immunogenicity and safety of an (H1N1) 2009 influenza vaccine in children with CKD.
Endoscopic appearances of polypoid type 1 gastric microcarcinoids by narrow-band imaging: a case series in a referral center

Objective Narrow-band imaging (NBI) has been associated with high accuracy for the identification of gastric malignant lesions. This study aimed to investigate for the first time the endoscopic NBI appearances of type 1 gastric carcinoids in a consecutive series of patients with atrophic gastritis. Methods Seven consecutive patients (five women, median age 61 years) with atrophic gastritis and polypoid type 1 gastric carcinoids were included. After white-light examination, gastric antrum and body were examined by NBI for the examination of polyps and lesions. Digital images of polyps from recorded videos were extracted and reviewed for NBI features. Results Fifteen polypoid type 1 gastric microcarcinoids (median size 3 mm) were detected in the seven patients; four patients had synchronous lesions. Nine (60%) lesions showed a tubulovillous and six lesions (40%) showed an irregular mucosal pattern; a regular circular pattern was never observed. A light-blue crest was observed on six (40%) lesions. The vascular pattern was irregular in eight (53.3%) microcarcinoids. All six type 1 gastric carcinoids with an irregular mucosal pattern showed an irregular vascular pattern without light-blue crest. Of the nine carcinoids with a tubulovillous mucosal pattern, two had an irregular and seven had a regular vascular pattern. Conclusion Polypoid type 1 gastric microcarcinoids always show an abnormal NBI mucosal surface pattern, but no specific features to distinguish them from other intraepithelial lesions such as intestinal metaplasia, adenomas, or low-grade and high-grade dysplasia are observed. Thus, target biopsies to diagnose the pathological nature of the lesion are advocated.
False memory and level of processing effect: an event-related potential study

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to determine the effects of level of processing on true and false memory, using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In the DRM paradigm, lists of words highly associated to a single nonpresented word (the ‘critical lure’) are studied and, in a subsequent memory test, critical lures are often falsely remembered. Lists with three critical lures per list were auditorily presented here to participants who studied them with either a shallow (saying whether the word contained the letter ‘o’) or a deep (creating a mental image of the word) processing task. Visual presentation modality was used on a final recognition test. True recognition of studied words was significantly higher after deep encoding, whereas false recognition of nonpresented critical lures was similar in both experimental groups. At the ERP level, true and false recognition showed similar patterns: no FN400 effect was found, whereas comparable left parietal and late right frontal old/new effects were found for true and false recognition in both experimental conditions. Items studied under shallow encoding conditions elicited more positive ERP than items studied under deep encoding conditions at a 1000–1500 ms interval. These ERP results suggest that true and false recognition share some common underlying processes. Differential effects of level of processing on true and false memory were found only at the behavioral level but not at the ERP level.
Characterization of Borrelia afzelii Isolated from Ixodes nipponensis and Apodemus agrarius in Chungju, Korea, by PCR‐RFLP Analyses of ospC Gene and rrf (5S)‐rrl(23S) Intergenic Spacer

Nine Borrelia afzelii strains, which had been isolated from two vectors, Ixodes nipponensis and Apodemus agrarius in Chungju, Korea, were characterized by PCR‐RFLP analyses of ospC genes and rrf (5S)‐rrl (23S) intergenic spacer. DraI restriction patterns of Chungju strains were identical to those of B. afzelii VS461. But MseI restriction patterns of rrf(5S)‐rrl (23S) intergenic spacer genes of KK2, KM4, KK5 differed from those of previously reported B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains. Nine Chungju strains were classified with four distinct ospC RFLP patterns, which differed from the eight ospC RFLP patterns (A‐1 to A‐8) of previously reported B. afzelii. Moreover, five additional restriction patterns were deduced from published ospC sequences of reference strains. These results suggest that Chungju strains are very heterogeneous.
Sensitivity of soil phosphorus tests in predicting the potential risk of phosphorus loss from pasture soil

Maan fysikaalisten ja kemiallisten olosuhteiden muutoksetseka muutokset maan fosforitilassa voivat edistaa fosforin (P) huuhtoutumista maasta ja sita kautta myos vesistojen rehevoitymista. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittaa sonta- ja virtsalisaysten vaikutusta laidunmaan fosforitilaan seka verrata kahden uuttotestin, vesiuuton ja happaman ammoniumasetaattiuuton, herkkyytta muutosten seurannassa. Aineisto kerattiin MTT:n Maaningan tutkimusasemalla sijainneesta kenttakokeesta. Sontaa ja virtsaa levitettiin koeruuduille keskimaaraista kertaeritysta vastaavat maarat ja koeruuduista (virtsa, sonta ja kontrolli) otettiin 02 cm ja 210 cm syvyyksilta maanaytteet tietyin aikavalein. Maanaytteista maaritettiin pHH2O, vesiliukoinen kokonaisfosfori (TPw) ja epaorgaaninen fosfori (MRPw) seka viljavuusanalyysin fosfori (PAc), jota Suomessa kaytetaan fosforilannoitustarpeen ennustamiseen. Eri kasittelyjen vaikutukset olivat paaasiassa havaittavissa vain maan pintakerroksessa (02 cm). Virtsa nosti maan pH:ta valittomasti lisayksen jalkeen ja MRPw:n pitoisuudet seurailivat kiinteasti pH:n muutoksia maassa. Vastaavaa nousua ei juurikaan ollut havaittavissa PAc:n pitoisuudessa. Tama johtuu viljavuusuuttoliuoksen (hapan ammoniumasetaatti) alhaisesta pH:sta (4,65), joka edistaa fosforin pidattymista maahan. Molemmat testit reagoivat samalla tavoin sontalisayksen aiheuttamaan maan kokonaisfosforipitoisuuden kasvuun. Tulosten mukaan vesiuutto on viljavuusanalyysin uuttoa herkempi menetelma tarkasteltaessa lyhyen ajan muutoksia maan helppoliukoisen fosforin pitoisuuksissa. Laidunmailla virtsan aiheuttama pH:n nousu lisaa liukoisen fosforin maaraa, mika yhdessa sontalisaysten aiheuttaman pintamaan fosforipitoisuuden nousun kanssa kasvattaa fosforin huuhtoutumisriskia.