Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ualitative and quantitative analysis of diterpenoids in Salvia species by liquid hromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight andem mass spectrometry

An on-line ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with photodiode-array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS/MS) method has been optimized and established for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the important diterpenoids in the methanol extracts of 12 Salvia species. Specific marker components were identified for the classification of the Salvia samples by principal component analysis. The accurate mass measurement within 3 ppm error for all the protonated molecules and subsequent fragment ions offers higher quality structural information for interpretation of fragmentation pathways of various groups of diterpenoids. Thus, a total of 21 diterpenoids from different Salvia species were separated within 10 min, and were unequivocally or iterpenoids ragmentation pathway uantification rincipal component analysis tentatively identified via comparisons with authentic standards and literature. This UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method was validated to be sensitive, precise and accurate with the limit of detections at 3.0–16 ng/ml, and the overall intra-day and the inter-day variations less than 3%. The recovery of the method was in the range of 96.2–101.8%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 3.0%. The results demonstrated that the qualitative and quantitative differences in diterpenoids were not only useful for chemotaxonomy in some Salvia species but also for the standardization and differentiation of large numbers of similar samples.
Basic Emotions, Natural Kinds, Emotion Schemas, and a New Paradigm

Research on emotion flourishes in many disciplines and specialties, yet experts cannot agree on its definition. Theorists and researchers use the term emotion in ways that imply different processes and meanings. Debate continues about the nature of emotions, their functions, their relations to broad affective dimensions, the processes that activate them, and their role in our daily activities and pursuits. I will address these issues here, specifically in terms of basic emotions as natural kinds, the nature of emotion schemas, the development of emotion—cognition relations that lead to emotion schemas, and discrete emotions in relation to affective dimensions. Finally, I propose a new paradigm that assumes continual emotion as a factor in organizing consciousness and as an influence on mind and behavior. The evidence reviewed suggests that a theory that builds on concepts of both basic emotions and emotion schemas provides a viable research tool and is compatible with more holistic or dimensional approaches.
Patterns of self‐cutting: A preliminary study on differences in clinical implications between wrist‐ and arm‐cutting using a Japanese juvenile detention center sample

Abstract The present study was aimed to clarify the differences in clinical implications between wrist‐ and arm‐cutting. Subjects were 201 delinquent adolescents (178 males and 23 females) who had been admitted to a detention center from February to March 2003. A self‐reporting questionnaire and the Adolescent Dissociative Experience Scale (ADES) were given. Traumatic events and other self‐injurious behavior were compared among four groups. In total, 33 (16.4%) subjects reported wrist‐ and/or arm‐cutting. Of the females, 60.9% (n = 14) had experienced self cutting behaviors compared to 10.7% of males (n = 19). Subjects were divided into four groups; ‘non‐cutting’ (NC: n = 168, 83.6%), ‘wrist‐cutting’ (WC: n = 5, 2.5%), ‘arm‐cutting’ (AC: n = 19, 9.5%), and ‘wrist‐ and arm‐cutting’ (WAC: n = 9, 4.5%). WC, AC, and WAC groups reported early separation, bulling in school, and histories of sexual/physical abuse more frequently than NC group. WC and WAC groups reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts more frequently than NC and AC groups. The ADES scores in AC and WAC groups were significantly higher than in those in NC group (P < 0.001), while the scores in WC were not different from NC groups. WC and WAC groups self‐cut due to suicide idea more frequently than the AC group, while AC group self‐cut due to anger expression more frequently than WC or WAC groups. Self‐cutters experienced early separation, bullying in school, and sexual/physical abuse more frequently than‐non‐self‐cutters. Arm‐cutting behavior may predict dissociation, while wrist‐cutting may involve with suicidality.
Effect of phenobarbital on the disposition of intravenous theophylline

The disposition of intravenous doses of theophylline was determined in normal male subjects before and after treatment with phenobarbital for 2 wk. Although there was some variation in disposition of the 2 drugs, there were no significant effects of phenobarbital on theophylline kinetics. We conclude that theophylline dosage need not be altered during concomitant administration of phenobarbital.
A prospective study of triglyceride level, low-density lipoprotein particle diameter, and risk of myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE To test whether a predominance of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and elevated triglyceride levels are independent risk factors for myocardial infarction (MI). DESIGN Nested case-control study with prospectively collected samples. SETTING Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Blood samples were collected at baseline (85% nonfasting samples) from 14916 men aged 40 to 84 years in the Physicians' Health Study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Myocardial infarction diagnosed during 7 years of follow-up. RESULTS Cases (n=266) had a significantly smaller LDL diameter (mean [SD], 25.6 [0.9] nm) than did controls (n=308) matched on age and smoking (mean [SD], 25.9 [8] nm; P<.001). Cases also had higher median triglyceride levels (1.90 vs 1.49 mmol/L [168 vs 132 mg/dL]; P<.001). The LDL diameter had a high inverse correlation with triglyceride level (r=-0.71), and a high direct correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (r=0.60). We observed a significant multiplicative interaction between triglyceride and total cholesterol (TC) levels (P=.01). After simultaneous adjustment for lipids and a variety of coronary risk factors, LDL particle diameter was no longer a statistically significant risk indicator, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-1.40) per 0.8-nm decrease. However, triglyceride level remained significant with an RR of 1.40 (95% CI, 1.10-1.77) per 1.13 mmol/L (100-mg/dL) increase. The association between triglyceride level and MI risk appeared linear across the distribution; men in the highest quintile had a risk about 2.5 times that of those in the lowest quintile. The TC level, but not HDL-C level, also remained significant, with an RR of 1.80 (95% CI, 1.44-2.26) per 1.03-mmol/L (40-mg/dL) increase. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that nonfasting triglyceride levels appear to be a strong and independent predictor of future risk of MI, particularly when the total cholesterol level is also elevated. In contrast, LDL particle diameter is associated with risk of MI, but not after adjustment for triglyceride level. Increased triglyceride level, small LDL particle diameter, and decreased HDL-C levels appear to reflect underlying metabolic perturbations with adverse consequences for risk of MI; elevated triglyceride levels may help identify high-risk individuals.
Effects of arabinosylcytosine nucleosides on DNA synthesis in rats.

Some effects of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine and of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine on normal proliferating tissues in rat are described. 1-β-d-Arabinofuranosylcytosine at doses 1/30 the LD50 causes marked and transient inhibition of the incorporation of labeled thymidine into DNA of small intestine, spleen, thymus, and regenerating liver and induces karyorrhexis in epithelial cells of duodenal crypts. 1-β-d-Arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine has similar effects.
Peroneal spastic flat foot.

1. This paper reports the investigation and the results of a line of treatment in thirty feet showing the peroneal spastic flat foot deformity. The questions that have aroused controversy are discussed, the evidence for previous opinions is examined, and some phenomena in relation to this condition are described. 2. It is suggested that previous opinions on this condition have been misleading, and have in many cases been made after incomplete investigation of too few cases. 3. Peroneal spastic flat foot can occur without a developmental tarsal anomaly. 4. The presence of a tarsal anomaly does not necessarily mean that the foot is incorrigibly stiff, and some of these feet show a full range of movement under anaesthesia. 5. There is no evidence from this series of cases to suggest that organic nervous disease or psychiatric disturbances played a significant part in the production of the deformity. 6. There is no evidence to suggest that the deformity is a manifestation of generalised rheumatoid arthritis. 7. This investigation does not reveal the cause of the deformity when the tarsal skeleton is normal, nor does it help to explain the reason for the onset of symptoms in a developmentally abnormal foot. 8. It is suggested that a tarsal anomaly makes the foot more likely, under average stress, to break down in this way, and that this deformity is also assumed by architecturally normal feet under heavy stress. In view of the frequency of minor tarsal anomalies among this series of thirty feet, it seems likely that all feet presenting the deformity of peroneal spastic flatness are to some degree structurally abnormal, although the exact site of the abnormality may escape us.
Subcommissural organ and adjacent ependyma: autoradiographic study of their origin in the mouse brain.

Morphogenesis and time and place of cell origin of the subcommissural organ and adjacent ependyma in the mouse brain was investigated by light microscopy and autoradiography. Pregnant mice were injected systematically at different stages of gestation and their offspring killed after various periods. Cells of the subcommissural organ arise (undergo final replication of nuclear DNA) from embryonic days 11 to 15 at the diencephalomesencephalic junction in close association with the primordial fibers of the posterior commissure. The ependymal cells of the caudal part of the third ventricle first arise at approximately the same embryonic stage as the subcommissural cells and continue to proliferate through embryonic day 18. The subcommissural organ is suitable for semiquantitative analysis because its cells are of one type, their number is small, they arise over a short time span and once formed, they persist indefinitely. Some cells exposed to thymidine-H3in utero at the time of final DNA replication were strongly labeled at adulthood, as expected, but others were weakly labeled. Calculations suggested that significant numbers of these weakly labeled cells should be assigned to the nondividing class i.e., had their birthdays on the day of thymidine-H3 injection. Errors are introduced if the usual practice is followed of assigning birthdays on the basis of the heavily labeled population exclusively.
A crucial role for Pax3 in the development of the hypaxial musculature and the long-range migration of muscle precursors.

Activated by dorsalizing and lateralizing signals, the Pax3 gene is an early marker for the entire paraxial mesoderm and its dorsal derivative, the dermomyotome. Later, its expression becomes restricted to the lateral dermomyotome and to the migratory muscle precursors giving rise to the hypaxial musculature. To understand better the role that Pax3 plays during development of paraxial mesoderm-derived structures, we followed the development of the musculature and skeleton in the murine Pax3 mutant Splotch. We found that the mutant dermomyotomes and myotomes failed to organize and to elongate medially and laterally, leading to the reduction and malformation of the entire trunk musculature. Mutants lacked ventral aspects of the body wall musculature and muscles derived from migratory myoblasts, suggesting a crucial function for Pax3 in the long-range migration of muscle precursors giving rise to the ventral hypaxial musculature. In addition, severe malformations were detected in the skeleton. The axial and appendicular skeleton displayed malformations and in particular multiple bone fusions.
Benefits of achieving the NCEP optional LDL-C goal among elderly patients with ACS.

AIMS To assess the efficacy and safety of the achievement of the NCEP goal of LDL-C <1.8 mmol/L in elderly patients with ACS. METHODS AND RESULTS The relationship between LDL-C at 30 days after ACS and subsequent clinical outcomes were compared among elderly patients (aged > or =70 years) vs. younger counterparts in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial, using the composite endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, or unstable angina. Among 634 elderly patients, the achievement of the NCEP goal was associated with an 8% absolute and a 40% relative lower risk of events [Hazard ratio (HR) 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41-0.87, P = 0.008] vs. corresponding benefits of 2.3 and 26% in 3150 younger patients (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.94, P = 0.013). The estimated number of events preventable among the elderly by the achievement of these goals was 80 events at 2 years for every 1000 patients at goal vs. those not at goal, compared with 23 events potentially prevented in younger patients. The incidence of major side effects among the elderly was similar to that in younger patients and did not differ with the intensity of the statin regimen. CONCLUSION Among elderly ACS patients, achieving the new NCEP LDL-C optional goal as part of a secondary prevention strategy can be both as safe and effective as in younger patients.
Rising inequality and stagnation in the US economy

US household demand is well below its trend from prior to the Great Recession. We link weak demand to rising income inequality. The demand problem did not arise contemporaneously with higher income inequality because the bottom 95 percent of the income distribution went deeply into debt to maintain consumption growth despite their stagnant income growth. But we argue that the demand impact of greater inequality did appear in the aftermath of the recession. A calibrated Keynesian growth model shows that the lower income share of the bottom 95 percent can explain the deviation of the US economy from its pre-recession trend.
Spouse‐assisted training in pain coping skills and the outcome of multidisciplinary pain management for chronic low back pain treatment: A 1‐year randomized controlled trial

This study examined the comparative efficacy of three interventions: a spouse‐assisted coping skills training protocol for patients undergoing a multidisciplinary pain management programme (SA‐MPMP), conventional patient‐oriented multidisciplinary pain management programme (P‐MPMP) and standard medical care (SMC). Thirty‐six chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients and their spouses were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. The SA‐MPMP condition consisted of seven, weekly, 2‐h, group sessions of training in dyadic pain coping and couple skills, delivered by a clinical psychologist with support of a multidisciplinary team of specialists, to patients together with their spouses. P‐MPMP consisted of the SA‐MPMP training delivered to the patient only (i.e., no spouse participation and assistance). The SMC condition entailed continuation of routine treatment, entailing medical care only. Data analysis revealed that, at the 12‐month follow‐up time point, patients receiving SA‐MPMP had significant improvements in kinesiophobia and rumination about pain compared to those receiving P‐MPMP and SMC. In patients suffering from CLBP, an intervention that combines spouse‐assisted coping skills training with a multidisciplinary pain management programme can improve fear of movement and rumination about low back pain.
Assessing Mongolian gerbil emotional behavior: effects of two shock intensities and response-independent shocks during an extended inhibitory-avoidance task

Despite step-down inhibitory avoidance procedures that have been widely implemented in rats and mice to study learning and emotion phenomena, performance of other species in these tasks has received less attention. The case of the Mongolian gerbil is of relevance considering the discrepancies in the parameters of the step-down protocols implemented, especially the wide range of foot-shock intensities (i.e., 0.4–4.0 mA), and the lack of information on long-term performance, extinction effects, and behavioral patterning during these tasks. Experiment 1 aimed to (a) characterize gerbils’ acquisition, extinction, and steady-state performance during a multisession (i.e., extended) step-down protocol adapted for implementation in a commercially-available behavioral package (Video Fear Conditioning System—MED Associates Fairfax, VT, USA), and (b) compare gerbils’ performance in this task with two shock intensities – 0.5 vs. 1.0 mA—considered in the low-to-mid range. Results indicated that the 1.0 mA protocol produced more reliable and clear evidence of avoidance learning, extinction, and reacquisition in terms of increments in freezing and on-platform time as well as suppression of platform descent. Experiment 2 aimed to (a) assess whether an alternate protocol consisting of a random delivery of foot shocks could replicate the effects of Experiment 1 and (b) characterize gerbils’ exploratory behavior during the step-down task (jumping, digging, rearing, and probing). Random shocks did not reproduce the effects observed with the first protocol. The data also indicated that a change from random to response-dependent shocks affects (a) the length of each visit to the platform, but not the frequency of platform descends or freezing time, and (b) the patterns of exploratory behavior, namely, suppression of digging and rearing, as well as increments in probing and jumping. Overall, the study demonstrated the feasibility of the extended step-down protocol for studying steady performance, extinction, and reacquisition of avoidance behavior in gerbils, which could be easily implemented in a commercially available system. The observation that 1.0 mA shocks produced a clear and consistent avoidance behavior suggests that implementation of higher intensities is unnecessary for reproducing aversive-conditioning effects in this species. The observed patterning of freezing, platform descents, and exploratory responses produced by the change from random to periodic shocks may relate to the active defensive system of the gerbil. Of special interest is the probing behavior, which could be interpreted as risk assessment and has not been reported in other rodent species exposed to step-down and similar tasks.
The Incidence of Delirium at the Postoperative Intensive Care Unit in Adult Patients.

OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to determine the risk factors and the incidence of delirium in patients who were followed postoperatively in our surgical intensive care unit for 24 h using the confusion assessment method (CAM). METHODS After obtaining approval from the ethics committee, 250 patients were included in the study. Patients who were operated under general anaesthesia or regional anaesthesia and followed in the surgical intensive care unit were evaluated by the Ramsay Sedation Scale on the first postoperative day. CAM was applied to the patients who had a Ramsey Sedation Score of ≤4. Patients' age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores, preoperative risk factors, type of anaesthesia, operation time, intra-operative procedures, pain scores evaluated by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and postoperative analgesia methods were recorded. RESULTS The incidence of delirium was found to be 18.4%. The average age of patients who developed delirium was greater than the others (68.8±12.7 and 57.6±12, p=0.001, respectively). It was observed that a one-unit increase in the ASA score resulted in a 3.3-fold increase in the risk of delirium. The incidence of delirium in patients undergoing regional anaesthesia was 34.6%, whereas it was 16.5% in patients receiving general anaesthesia (p=0.024). The existence of preoperative diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was shown to improve the development of delirium (p<0.05). Delirium incidence was significantly higher in patients who were administered meperidine for postoperative analgesia (p=0.013). The VAS scores of patients who developed delirium were found to be significantly higher (p=0.006). CONCLUSION As a result, we found that older age, high ASA score, preoperative DM and COPD are important risk factors for the development of delirium. Regional anaesthesia, high postoperative pain scores and meperidine use were observed to be associated with the development of delirium. In the postoperative period, addition of CAM, a simple measurement technique, to the daily follow-up forms can provide the early recognition of delirium, which is often underdiagnosed. We think that identification and prevention of effective risk factors have the primary importance for postoperative delirium.
The Removal of Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Surfactants in Activated Sludge Systems

US EPA has finalized federal Water Quality Criteria for nonylphenol, a biodegradation intermediate of nonylphenol ethoxylates, which are commonly used surfactants. To provide information in support of this initiative, an assessment was made of the ability of wastewater treatment plants to remove these and other alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) surfactants that are used widely in domestic and industrial applications. This paper, based on a monograph prepared for the Alkylphenols & Ethoxylates Research Council (Melcer et al, 2006), summarizes the results of this work and provides guidance on the factors influencing treatment plant operation and on optimum values of these factors to ensure high removals of APEOs. In general, for activated sludge systems, it was found that criteria such as high solids retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) that apply to the degradation of many complex man-made compounds also apply to APEOs; that is, a minimum SRT of approximately 10 days and a minimum HRT of 8-10 hours were required to ensure high levels of ultimate APEO degradation.
Glomerular Deposition of Properdin in Henoch-Schönlein Syndrome and Idiopathic Focal Nephritis

Biopsy of renal tissue from four patients with idiopathic focal nephritis and three patients with Henoch-Schönlein syndrome showed that C3 and properdin were deposited with IgA in the glomerular mesangium, C1q could not be detected. These observations suggest that glomerular injury in disorders characterized by mesangial deposits of IgA and C3 is mediated via the properdin system.