Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrate Uptake by Dark-grown Corn Seedlings: Some Characteristics of Apparent Induction.

Five-or six-day old seedlings of corn (Zea mays L.) were exposed to 0.25 mm Ca(NO(3))(2), 1.0 mm sodium 2-[N-morpholino]-ethanesulfonate, 5 mug Mo per liter and 50 mug of chloramphenicol per ml at pH 6. Nitrate uptake was determined from depletion of the ambient solution. The pattern of nitrate uptake was characterized, after the first 20 minutes, by a low rate which increased steadily to a maximal rate by 3 to 4 hours. Transfer of nitrate to the xylem did not totally account for the increase. Development of the maximal accelerated rate did not occur at 3 C with excised roots nor with seedlings whose endosperm had been removed. Use of CaCl(2) rather than Ca(NO(3))(2) resulted in a linear rate of chloride uptake during the first 4 hours, and chloride uptake was not as restricted by endosperm removal as was nitrate uptake.Nitrite pretreatments or the addition of cycloheximide (2 mug ml(-1)), puromycin (400 mug ml(-1)) and 6-methylpurine (0.5 mm) restricted maximal development of the accelerated nitrate uptake rate. Actinomycin D (20 mug ml(-1)) inhibited the rate only after about three hours exposure. The RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors also restricted nitrate reductase induction in the apical segments of the root tissue. The data suggest that development of the maximal accelerated rate of nitrate uptake depended upon continuous protein synthesis, and the hypothesis that synthesis of a specific nitrate transport protein must occur is advanced. But the alternative hypothesis, i.e., that induction of nitrate reductase (and/or a consequence of the act of nitrate reduction) provided the required stimulus, remains tenable.
Ovarian cancer and talc. A case‐control study

Opportunities for genital exposure to talc were assessed in 215 white females with epithelial ovarian cancers and in 215 control women from the general population matched by age, race, and residence. Ninety‐two (42.8%) cases regularly used talc either as a dusting powder on the perineum or on sanitary napkins compared with 61 (28.4%) controls. Adjusted for parity and menopausal status, this difference yielded a relative risk of 1.92 (P < 0.003) for ovarian cancer associated with these practices. Women who had regularly engaged in both practices had an adjusted relative risk of 3.28 (P < 0.001) compared to women with neither exposure. This provides some support for an association between talc and ovarian cancer hypothesized because of the similarity of ovarian cancer to mesotheliomas and the chemical relation of talc to asbestos, a known cause of mesotheliomas. The authors also investigated opportunities for potential talc exposure from rubber products such as condoms or diaphragms or from pelvic surgery. No significant differences were noted between cases and controls in these exposures, although the intensity of talc exposure from these sources was likely affected by variables not assessed in this study.
Arthroscopic Collagen Meniscus Implantation for Partial Lateral Meniscal Defects

Background: Loss of knee meniscal tissue often leads to increased pain and decreased function. Hypothesis: At a minimum 2-year follow-up, patients receiving a lateral collagen meniscus implant (CMI) would show improved knee function and decreased pain compared with their preoperative status. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Twenty-four patients with irreparable lateral meniscal tears (n = 7) or previous partial lateral meniscectomy (n = 17) underwent arthroscopic lateral collagen meniscus implantation. Clinical evaluation was performed preoperatively, at 6 months, and at a minimum 2-year follow-up with Lysholm, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, Tegner, objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and EuroQol 5 dimensions (EQ-5D) scores. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation was performed preoperatively and at final follow-up using the modified Yulish score for cartilage and the Genovese score for implant size and signal intensity. Results: All clinical scores significantly improved from preoperative evaluation to final follow-up. Average Lysholm scores improved from 64.0 ± 16.2 to 92.7 ± 13.8 (P < .0001), VAS for pain from 55.2 ± 29.4 to 19.5 ± 25.6 (P < .0001), Tegner from 3 (interquartile range, 2-4) to 5 (interquartile range, 4-7) (P = .0062), objective IKDC from 6A, 14B, 4C to 20A, 3B, 1D (P = .0002), and EQ-5D from 0.58 ± 0.28 to 0.89 ± 0.14 (P < .0001). Good to excellent (A + B) objective IKDC scores improved from 83% preoperatively to 96% at 2-year follow-up. The Tegner index (the percentage of the lost activity level that was regained as a result of the treatment intervention) was 47% at 6-month follow-up and 79% at 2-year follow-up: this improvement was statistically significant (P = .0062). The MRI evaluations for tibial and femoral modified Yulish scores for cartilage remained similar over the course of the study; 87.5% of implants were reduced in size, and in 3 cases (12.5%), they were completely resorbed; 50% of the implants had a slightly hyperintense signal (relative to the normal meniscus), and signal intensity changes suggested that full maturation had occurred in 37.5% at final follow-up (based on the Genovese scores). Conclusion: The lateral CMI demonstrated that it was safe in this population study, with decreased pain and improved knee function in 96% of patients with excellent/good Lysholm results in 87% of patients at a minimum 2-year follow-up. The MRI scans demonstrated a decreased implant size relative to a normal meniscus.
Anti-Whaling Activism in the Southern Ocean and the International Law on Piracy: An Evaluation of the Requirement to Act for ‘Private Ends’ and its Applicability to Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

This thesis follows recent judicial precedent on the interpretation of acting for ‘private ends’, and whether politically motivated actors are excluded by such a requirement within the international law definition of piracy. Conflicting interpretations have developed within the academic community, with the majority holding such actors are excluded - contrary to the Sea Shepherd decision. The article attempts to resolve this dispute through a thorough analysis of the term ‘private ends’. The application of treaty interpretation rules is followed by an in depth examination of the term’s history through international codification. State practice is examined in an attempt to resolve the ambiguities found. Finally the rationale of universal jurisdiction underlying the international definition of piracy is explored, in order to answer whether such actors should be excluded from piracy under international law. The article argues that a purely political ends exception was developed, but its application beyond insurgents was never resolved. Limited state practice has ensured such ambiguity survived. Nevertheless given international piracy aims to provide universal jurisdiction over violence between vessels at sea, the article argues violent actors should not be excluded based solely on their political motives. Instead the limited (but growing) precedent of equating ‘private ends’ to a lack of state sanctioning should be followed. To do otherwise would allow personal political views justify the infringement of principles fundamental to the freedom of the seas.
Intradermal Delivery of Shigella IpaB and IpaD Type III Secretion Proteins: Kinetics of Cell Recruitment and Antigen Uptake, Mucosal and Systemic Immunity, and Protection across Serotypes

Shigella is one of the leading pathogens contributing to the vast pediatric diarrheal disease burden in low-income countries. No licensed vaccine is available, and the existing candidates are only partially effective and serotype specific. Shigella type III secretion system proteins IpaB and IpaD, which are conserved across Shigella spp. , are candidates for a broadly protective, subunit-based vaccine. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of IpaB and IpaD administered intradermally (i.d.) with a double-mutant of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (dmLT) adjuvant using microneedles. Different dosage levels of IpaB and IpaD, with or without dmLT, were tested in mice. Vaccine delivery into the dermis, recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells, and colocalization of vaccine Ag within skin-activated APC were demonstrated through histology and immunofluorescence microscopy. Ag-loaded neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells remained in the tissue at least 1 wk. IpaB, IpaD, and dmLT-specific serum IgG- and IgG-secreting cells were produced following i.d. immunization. The protective efficacy was 70% against Shigella flexneri and 50% against Shigella sonnei. Similar results were obtained when the vaccine was administered intranasally, with the i.d. route requiring 25–40 times lower doses. Distinctively, IgG was detected in mucosal secretions; secretory IgA, as well as mucosal and systemic IgA Ab-secreting cells, were seemingly absent. Vaccine-induced T cells produced IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. These results demonstrate the potential of i.d. vaccination with IpaB and IpaD to prevent Shigella infection and support further studies in humans.
Histidine‐tryptophan‐ketoglutarate solution vs. University of Wisconsin solution for liver transplantation: A systematic review

University of Wisconsin (UW) solution has been recognized as the gold standard in liver preservation, but its limitations are becoming obvious, such as risk of biliary complications and its high cost. Alternatively, the effects of histidine‐tryptophan‐ketoglutarate (HTK), such as improved biliary protection and low cost, have been observed. This systematic review is conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of these 2 solutions. Databases from 1966 to June 2006 were searched. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and cohort studies comparing HTK and UW solutions for liver transplantation were included. Ten articles including 11 comparisons (1,200 patients) met the inclusion criteria, containing 2 RCTs and 9 cohort studies. No marked differences existed between the 2 groups in patient and graft survival rates, acute rejection, primary nonfunction, primary dysfunction, delayed graft function, and ALT and AST levels after transplantation. The only positive result was observed in the bile production after deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT), which was statistically significantly higher in HTK group than that of UW group (95% confidence interval, 18.65‐57.47; P = 0.0001). Although the difference in biliary complications between the 2 groups did not reach statistical significance, HTK was thought to be more effective for biliary tract flush and prevention of biliary complications in some studies. There was no statistically significant difference of effects (except bile production) between HTK and UW. But trends were documented in some studies for the superiority of HTK in biliary tract flush, prevention of biliary complications, and cost saving. Adequately powered RCTs with longer follow‐up periods are required to evaluate the long‐term effect of these 2 solutions. Liver Transpl 13:1125–1136, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Indigenous Knowledge in Marine Ecotourism Development: The Case of Sasi Laut, Misool, Indonesia

ABSTRACT This study explores the complexities of integrating indigenous knowledge and practices into a sustainable marine ecotourism development. The integration of indigenous knowledge is a means of enabling active participation from the local communities in marine ecotourism development whilst conserving the biodiversity and safeguarding cultural landscapes and traditions. Alongside observations, forty-seven semi structured in-depth interviews were conducted with community members on an Indonesian island. Narrative analysis utilising a thematic approach explored the participants’ viewpoints on how “sasi laut” (a traditional form of marine resource management) can be integrated into marine ecotourism development on Misool, which is located in the Raja Ampat islands of West Papua, Indonesia. The findings revealed that the arrangement of a concession agreement between marine ecotourism operators and the local indigenous community enabled the integration of sasi laut in marine ecotourism sites. The end result is that the marine life can be protected for its biodiversity values, which the tourists can appreciate whilst the local community members could continue traditional fishing or resource use in a manner that was sustainable to them.
ORMDL/serine palmitoyltransferase stoichiometry determines effects of ORMDL3 expression on sphingolipid biosynthesis

The ORM1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)-like proteins (ORMDLs) and their yeast orthologs, the Orms, are negative homeostatic regulators of the initiating enzyme in sphingolipid biosynthesis, serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). Genome-wide association studies have established a strong correlation between elevated expression of the endoplasmic reticulum protein ORMDL3 and risk for childhood asthma. Here we test the notion that elevated levels of ORMDL3 decrease sphingolipid biosynthesis. This was tested in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) (an immortalized, but untransformed, airway epithelial cell line) and in HeLa cells (a cervical adenocarcinoma cell line). Surprisingly, elevated ORMDL3 expression did not suppress de novo biosynthesis of sphingolipids. We determined that ORMDL is expressed in functional excess relative to SPT at normal levels of expression. ORMDLs and SPT form stable complexes that are not increased by elevated ORMDL3 expression. Although sphingolipid biosynthesis was not decreased by elevated ORMDL3 expression, the steady state mass levels of all major sphingolipids were marginally decreased by low level ORMDL3 over-expression in HBECs. These data indicate that the contribution of ORMDL3 to asthma risk may involve changes in sphingolipid metabolism, but that the connection is complex.
The Journey of Justice: Recounting Milestones over the Past Six Decades

Organizational justice has come a long way in the last six decades. Through the 1950s until the 2000s, it diverged from being a single-dimensional construct (distributive justice) to a four-dimensional construct (distributive, procedural, interpersonal and informational justice). However, by the mid-1980s, it again started moving towards convergence in the form of integrative and overall justice. This article provides a comprehensive timeline review of major historical milestones in this interesting journey of justice. It chronicles the relevant theories, evolution of various forms of justice, debates, discussions and disagreements related to the construct and the various measurement approaches used to operationalize it at different points of time. It ends by discussing the questions raised by researchers on the validity of the construct in the present era and what new paths lay ahead in the journey of justice.
Agricultural Innovation Systems: An Investment Sourcebook

Consensus is developing about what is meant by “innovation” and “innovation system”. The agricultural innovation system (AIS) approach has evolved from a concept into an entire subdiscipline, with principles of analysis and action; yet no detailed blueprint exists for making agricultural innovation happen at a given time, in a given place, for a given result. This sourcebook draws on the emerging principles of AIS analysis and action to help to identify, design, and implement the investments, approaches, and complementary interventions that appear most likely to strengthen innovation systems and promote agricultural innovation and equitable growth. Knowledge Type: Thematic report [1] Other Tag: agriculture [2] impact investment [3] environmental challenges [4] policy design [5]
Efficacy and Safety of Generic Amphotericin B in Experimental Pulmonary Aspergillosis

ABSTRACT The recent shortage of the brand name drug Fungizone has necessitated a change to generic formulations of amphotericin B deoxycholate. Clinical trials cannot be conducted in a timely manner to provide data on the safety and efficacy of these formulations. We therefore compared generic amphotericin B and Fungizone for activity and safety in the treatment of experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Fungizone and generic amphotericin B are similar in efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety in the treatment of experimental IPA.
A survey of zoonotic pathogens carried by Norway rats in Baltimore, Maryland, USA

SUMMARY Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) carry several zoonotic pathogens and because rats and humans live in close proximity in urban environments, there exists potential for transmission. To identify zoonotic agents carried by rats in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, we live-trapped 201 rats during 2005–2006 and screened them for a panel of viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Antibodies against Seoul virus (57·7%), hepatitis E virus (HEV, 73·5%), Leptospira interrogans (65·3%), Bartonella elizabethae (34·1%), and Rickettsia typhi (7·0%) were detected in Norway rats. Endoparasites, including Calodium hepatica (87·9%) and Hymenolepis sp. (34·4%), and ectoparasites (13·9%, primarily Laelaps echidninus) also were present. The risk of human exposure to these pathogens is a significant public health concern. Because these pathogens cause non-specific and often self-limiting symptoms in humans, infection in human populations is probably underdiagnosed.
A Low Power 440-MHz Pulse-Swallow-Divider Combination Synchronization-Asynchronism-Hybrid Frequency Divider

The pulse-swallow divider combination synchronization asynchronism hybrid divider is presented in this paper. The fabricated divider can work up to 440 MHz in the worst case and the power consumption is only about 0.54 mW from 1.8 V supply. The core area of the divider is only about 200 mum times 80 mum.
Propagation and regeneration of important indigenous tree species in Kakamega forest Kenya

The study was done within the spatial dimensions of Isecheno forest station of kakamega south forest where P. africana, O. capensis and C. megalocarpus is abundant. This study evaluated regeneration potential of the African cherry, identified the appropriate stage of collecting seeds for propagation and suitable sowing media that gives optimum germination and sought to identify other tree species with potential commercial uses which could be used as alternative to P. africana and hence ease the exploitation pressure that it currently faces due to its medicinal value and valuable multipurpose timber. Therefore, experiments were set for P. africana vis avis O. capensis and C. megalocarpus. However, it should be noted that O. capensis did need seed in Kakamega forest during the year of study and therefore posed a challenge in the experiments that involved mature ripe and mature green seeds for propagation. Studies indicate that this species does not seed regularly, (Orwa et al, 2009) observed that flowering of this species takes place only at irregular intervals of up to seven years in the late dry season. Only mean germination percent of the seedlings in the different media was studied and therefore, the study did not involve transplanting of the seedlings.
Preventing lithium intoxication. Guide for physicians.

OBJECTIVE To raise awareness of risk factors for, and symptoms of, lithium intoxication. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE The literature was searched via MEDLINE from January 1970 to December 1999 using the MeSH headings Lithium, Lithium Carbonate, Drug Toxicity, and Aging. Articles were selected based on clinical relevance and design. Most were case reports, case series, or reviews. MAIN MESSAGE A case study illustrates both risk factors predisposing patients to lithium intoxication and the symptoms of lithium intoxication. Lithium intoxication can be avoided by conservative dosing, care in combining drug therapies, regular clinical observation, monitoring drug plasma concentrations, and educating patients and caregivers to recognize early signs of intoxication. CONCLUSION Knowing about lithium intoxication and how to avoid it is most important for family physicians who regularly treat patients receiving lithium.
Identification of antigenic targets of paraproteins by expression cloning does not support a causal role of chronic antigenic stimulation in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma and MGUS

Antigenic targets of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma (MM) paraproteins have been suggested to play an important role as growth stimulators in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms. To identify such targets, we screened cDNA libraries from human testis, lung and breast cancer, bovine and porcine muscle and wheat germ for reactivity with paraproteins in the sera from 115 patients with MGUS and MM. Of >6 × 108 paraprotein–antigen interactions screened, an IgA paraprotein from a female patient bound to sperm‐specific cylicin‐2, and 3 IgG paraproteins bound to tripeptidyl‐peptidase‐II (TPP‐2), insulin‐like growth‐factor binding‐protein‐2 (IGFBP‐2) and porcine kinesin. Specificity was confirmed by reverse Western blots using recombinant antigens. The broad spectrum of auto‐, allo‐ and heteroantigens as targets of human paraproteins in patients without signs of chronic antigenic stimulation renders a causal role of the antigenic stimulus in the pathogenesis of MGUS and MM unlikely. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High frequency of MGUS in DSP

Introduction: Monoclonal gammopathy has been reported in several polyneuropathies. In this study, we sought to explore the frequency and characteristics of monoclonal gammopathy in patients with diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSP). Methods: Patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 1, DM 2) and controls without diabetes were evaluated between November 2008 and December 2013. Results: Fifty controls, 66 patients with DM 1, and 106 patients with DM 2 were included, with average ages of 43 ± 18, 45 ± 17, and 65 ± 10 years, respectively; the frequency of monoclonal gammopathy was 0%, 8%, and 15%, respectively. In patients with DSP, the frequency of monoclonal gammopathy increased to 14% in DM 1 and 21% in DM 2; the most common monoclonal proteins were immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG, respectively. Discussion: DSP might be associated with a high frequency of monoclonal gammopathy, with different characteristics in DM 1 and in DM 2. Muscle Nerve 57: 1018–1021, 2018
Corporate Debt Dynamics, Capital Accumulation, and Macroeconomic Instability: A Post-Keynesian Analysis

This study presents a simple model of corporate debt dynamics within the framework of the post-Keynesian theory of growth and distribution. Our model introduces corporate debt dynamics into a modified version of Lavoie's Minsky? Steindl model, yielding long-run results different from those of Lavoie (1995) and Hein (2007) by showing that a stable long-run equilibrium exists in both puzzling and normal cases. On the basis of these results, this study shows that Minskyi? ½i? ½s financial instability as well as Steindli? ½i? ½s paradox of debt as a phenomenon of macroeconomic instability can be formulated within the framework of a post-Keynesian debt dynamics system.