Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination the Normal Parameters (amplitude and duration) of Electrocardiogram Waves in River Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) of Khuzestan

An easy way to evaluate the cardiovascular system is recording the cardiac electrical activities. Reviewing the available literatures suggests that buffalos ECG compared to other large animals have been neglected and the carried out studies in this field are too limited. Using this method for the diagnosis of cardiac disorders needs the standardization, not only among animal species but also among different breeds of a species. The present study was performed to determine the normal parameters of electrocardiogram in 100 clinically healthy buffaloes of different ages and sexes. The buffaloes were divided into male and female and two age groups (less than 2.5, and more than 2.5 yrs.) on the base of dental formula. After taking the anamnesis and performing a clinical examination, electrocardiogram was obtained based on base - apex lead system with the paper speed of 25mm sec-1 and sensitivity of 10 mm mV-1 at rest. Results showed that regardless of age and sex, the median and interquartile range of P, R, S and T waves' amplitude (voltage) was, 0.18±0.04, 0.69±0.40, 0. 97± 0.31 and 0.20 ±0.25 mV, respectively and the duration of p wave, QRS complex, and T wave was determined 0.06 ±0.01, 0.06 ±0.01 and 0.08 ± 0.02 seconds, respectively. Only in a less than 2.5 years old female buffalo, Q wave was recorded, the amplitude of this wave was 0.07 mV. Statistical method showed that among different ECG parameters, there was significant difference between the two sexes (p< 0.05), only in amplitude of S wave. Also there were significant differencesbetween two age groups in all of the electrocardiogram parameters with the exception of P and R amplitude (p<0.05). It is concluded that the factors such as breed, ecology and behavior can affect normal electrocardiogram waves parameters.
Pseudo-templated transcription in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

Pseudo-templated transcription describes a process that results in the production of a homopolymeric stretch of RNA directed by a shorter stretch (usually 3-7) of complementary nucleotides on the template (either RNA or DNA). The effects of pseudo-templated transcription are very diverse. In some cases, strictly homopolymeric RNAs are made; in others, pseudo-templated nucleotides are added at either the 5' or 3' ends of otherwise normally templated transcripts; and finally, sometines pseudo-templated nucleotides are inserted at a specific internal site during elongation within an otherwise normally templated RNA
RESTORATION OF THE RAT UROTHELIUM AFTER CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE TREATMENT

Processes leading to the recovery of a normal three‐layered urothelium from a hyperplastic urothelium induced by cyclophosphamide (CP) treatment in rats have been investigated. A single intraperitoneal (ip) dose of CP caused extensive loss of cells from urothelium, but the remaining cells started to express epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in their plasma membranes. On day 2 after CP injection, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry showed a rapid increase in positively stained nuclei, from which a hyperplastic urothelium developed, composed of undifferentiated cells expressing EGFR over the entire plasma membrane. Subsequently, EGFR gradually disappeared from the apical plasma membrane but remained in the basolateral membranes. After day 6, PCNA‐positive nuclei in all cell layers decreased, except in basal cells. Apoptotic cells were detectable by the TUNEL assay at day 2, and increased in number in all layers of the hyperplastic urothelium until day 10, returning to the control levels by day 14. Electron microscopic evidence showed that apoptotic cells were either pinched off into the bladder lumen or phagocytosed by the neighbouring urothelial cells. Thus, the urothelium responds to the damage by intense proliferation for a week, resulting in an undifferentiated hyperplastic state. Differentiation of superficial cells then begins and damaged cells are gradually removed by apoptosis until the three‐layered urothelium is fully restored by two weeks following CP treatment.
Lymph flux rates from various lymph sacs in the cane toad Rhinella marina: an experimental evaluation of the roles of compliance, skeletal muscles and the lungs in the movement of lymph

SUMMARY A new method for quantitatively determining lymph flux from various lymphatic sacs of an anuran, the cane toad, was developed. This method used the dye dilution principle of CiVi=CfVf following injection of Evans Blue into specific lymph sacs and measuring its appearance in the venous circulation. The apparent lymph volume was 57 ml kg–1. The greatest rate of lymph return (0.5–0.8 ml kg–1 min–1) and best linear fit of Evans Blue appearance in the circulation with time followed injections into the subvertebral lymph sac, which has direct connections to both the anterior and posterior pairs of lymphatic hearts. Rate of lymph flux from the pair of posterior lymph hearts was three times greater than the anterior pair. Rates of lymph flux were only influenced by injection volume in the crural lymph sacs, implicating lymph sac compliance as the source of the pressure for lymph movement from these sacs. Femoral lymph sac fluxes were decreased by 60% following ablation of the tendons of the sphincter ani cloacalis, abdominal crenators and piriformis. This supports a role for these muscles in generating the pressure for vertical lymph movement. Femoral lymph sac fluxes were also decreased by 70% by the insertion of a coil in the subvertebral lymph sac, preventing normal compression and expansion of this sac by the lungs. This supports a role for lung ventilation in generating the pressure for vertical movement of lymph. Contrary to previous hypotheses, fluxes from the brachial sac were not influenced by insertion of the coil into the subvertebral sac. A haemorrhage equivalent to 50% of the blood volume did not change lymph flux rates from the femoral lymph sacs. These data provide the first experimental evidence that actual lymph fluxes in the cane toad Rhinella marina depend on lymph sac compliance, contraction of specific skeletal muscles and lung ventilation to move lymph laterally and vertically to the dorsally located lymphatic hearts.
Results With Cochlear Implantation in Adults With Speech Recognition Scores Exceeding Current Criteria

Objectives The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate a group of postlingually deafened adults, whose aided speech recognition exceeded commonly accepted candidacy criteria for implantation. The study aimed to define performance and qualitative outcomes of cochlear implants in these individuals compared with their optimally fitted hearing aid(s). Study Design Retrospective case series. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients All postlingually deafened subjects (N = 27), who were unsuccessful hearing aid users implanted between 2000 and 2010 with a preimplantation Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) score of 60% or more were included. Intervention We compared patients’ preoperative performance (HINT score) with hearing aids to postoperative performance with the cochlear implant after 12 months of device use. In addition, the Hearing Handicap Inventory questionnaire was used to quantify the hearing-related handicap change perceived after the implantation. Results The study group demonstrated significant postoperative improvement on all outcome measures; most notably, the mean HINT score improved from 68.4% (standard deviation, 8.3) to 91.9% (standard deviation, 9.7). Additionally, there was a significant improvement in hearing-related handicap perceived by all patients. Conclusion The envelope of implantation candidacy criteria continues to expand as shown by this study’s cohort. Patient satisfaction and speech recognition results are very encouraging in support of treating those who currently perform at a level above the conventional candidacy threshold but struggle with optimally fitted hearing aids.
Metabolic abnormalities in chronic kidney disease that contribute to cardiovascular disease, and nutritional initiatives that may diminish the risk

Purpose of review Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a wide range of severe metabolic and nutritional disturbances that directly or indirectly contribute to left ventricular hypertrophy, ischemic heart disease, vascular calcification, heart failure and other manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The CVD mortality rate in CKD patients is far higher than in the general population, and CKD is today recognized as one of the most important risk factors for CVD. In this review, we discuss the links between metabolic abnormalities and CVD in CKD patients and nutritional initiatives that may reduce this risk. Recent findings Certain nontraditional risk factors, such as protein-energy wasting, inflammation, and biomarkers reflecting bone and mineral disorders, are strong predictors of CVD mortality in CKD patients. Although several small nutritional intervention studies have been performed and nutritional guidelines have been introduced in order to minimize metabolic disorders and improve nutritional status, they have so far not been proven to reduce morbidity nor mortality. Summary Although the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the markedly increased CVD risk of CKD patients are becoming more evident, still few nutritional randomized controlled studies have been conducted in this high-risk patient group.
Chronic leptin treatment normalizes basal glucose transport in a fiber type-specific manner in high-fat-fed rats.

The aim of this investigation was to determine if a high-fat diet impaired and subsequent leptin administration improved non-insulin-stimulated (basal) glucose transport in rodents. Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 1 of 2 groups: (1) normal diet (control [CON], n = 8) or (2) high-fat diet (n = 16) and received standard rat chow or a high-fat diet, respectively, for 12 weeks. The high-fat diet animals were then further subdivided into high fat (HF) (n = 8) or high-fat-leptin (HF-LEP) (n = 8) groups. The HF-LEP animals were injected with leptin (10 mg leptin/kg/d), while the CON and HF animals received vehicle over a 12-day treatment period. Following the 12-day treatment period, all animals were subjected to hind limb perfusion to assess rates of basal skeletal muscle 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-MG) transport. Compared with the CON group, rates of 3-MG transport were reduced in the soleus (sol) and plantaris (plant) of the HF, but not the HF-LEP animals. Differences in skeletal muscle 3-MG transport could not be accounted for by an altered GLUT1 protein concentration. In contrast, a high-fat diet reduced and chronic leptin treatment normalized the skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein concentration. The results indicate that a high-fat diet reduces and subsequent leptin treatment improves basal skeletal muscle glucose transport in a fiber-type-specific manner, but these changes do not appear to be due to alterations in the GLUT1 protein concentration.
Risk assessment of lymph node metastasis before surgery in endometrial cancer: Do we need a clinical trial for low‐risk patients?

Due to advances of radiological imaging and tumor biomarkers, the extent of information provided by preoperative assessment is rapidly growing. The Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group (KGOG) recently proposed new preoperative criteria to identify patients at low risk for lymph node metastasis in endometrial cancer. In the multicenter study, serum carbohydrate antigen 125 levels and three magnetic resonance imaging parameters were found to be independent risk factors for nodal metastasis, and classified 53% of patients as part of a low‐risk group. The false‐negative predictive value (NPV) was 1.7%, and was 1.4% in the validation set. Furthermore, the KGOG low‐risk criteria were validated in 319 Japanese patients with endometrial cancer. The criteria identified 181 of 319 patients as a low‐risk group (51%), and three false‐negative cases were found (1.9%). These results indicate that we are able to identify low‐risk patients with a negligible NPV before surgery. In addition, the low false NPV implies that there is great difficulty in performing a randomized trial to determine the efficacy of routine lymphadenectomy in patients at low risk of lymph node metastasis. Based on these data, the challenges and possible solutions for developing a consensus on the optimized management of low‐risk endometrial cancer will be discussed in this review.
MAKNA JIHAD DALAM PERSPEKTIF PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

Adakah Suatu hal yang telah diketahui dan disepakati bersama bahwa agama Islam adalah merupakan agama motivasi, dimaa setiap muslim diwajibkan untuk menuntut ilmu. Kata Tarbiyah yang berarti pendidikan mengajak kita kepada usaha yang keras dan sungguh-sungguh dalam rangka perbaikan mengubah situasi yang lebih baik dan sempurna baik terhadap pribadi maupun masyarakat. Tulisan ini dengan bahan-bahan yang terbatas akan menyoroti secara khusus, beberapa persoalan tentang makna jihad dan problematika dalam kerangka pendidikan Islam. Urgensi pembahasan ini lebih terasa lagi setelah disadari bangkitnya kesadaran beragama kaum muslimin dimana-mana. Yang mana kemudian mendorong mereka melaksanakan perintah agama dengan sebaik-baiknya termasuk didalamnya masalah pelaksanaan jihad dan pendidikan Islam yang menjadi pokok bahasan makalah ini.
EMPLOYMENT OF WEB-BASED IMAGES AND A LIVE WEB CAM IN THE EXAMINATION OF LATERAL NECK-RESTING PREFERENCES IN THE AMERICAN FLAMINGO ( PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER )

When flamingos rest they typically lay their heads on their backs. This forces the birds to curve their neck to either the right or left of their center of gravity. Previous research revealed that American Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) on exhibit at the Philadelphia Zoo (Philadelphia, PA, USA) demonstrate a significant population-level preference for resting their necks to the right. In the present report efforts were made to replicate this finding in other flamingo populations, as well as evaluate the potential utility of several novel methodologies in behavioral studies. Study 1 employed an archival web-based image search technique, and yielded a slight, but nonsignificant, preference for resting the neck to the right for all flamingo species. Study 2 utilized a live web cam at the Smithsonian National Zoological Park (Washington, DC, USA) to more systematically observe a single flock of American Flamingos, and successfully demonstrated a significant preference for right neck-resting. The results of these two studies suggest that this preference is generalizable to other populations of American Flamingo, and perhaps may be present in other flamingo species as well. Advantages and disadvantages of the two employed techniques are discussed.
Numerical analysis of the relationship between the area of target tissue necrosis and the size of target tissue in liver tumours with pulsed radiofrequency ablation

Abstract Purpose: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is currently restricted to the treatment of target tissues with a small size (<3 cm in diameter). To overcome this problem with RFA, some phenomena need to be understood first. The study presented in this paper investigated the relationship between the area of target tissue necrosis (TTN) and the size of target tissue in pulsed radiofrequency ablation (PRFA). Materials and methods: Liver tumour, one of the common targets of RFA in clinical practice, was used as the target tissue in this study. Two types of pulsed RF power supply methods (half-square and half-sine) and three target tissues with different sizes (25 mm, 30 mm and 35 mm in diameter) were studied using finite element modelling. The finite element model (FEM) was validated by using an in vitro experiment with porcine liver tissue. The first roll-off occurrence or 720 s, whichever occurs first, was chosen as the ablation termination criterion in this study. Results: For each target tissue size, the largest TTN area was obtained using the maximum voltage applied (MVA) without roll-off occurrence. In this study, target tissues with a 25 mm diameter can be ablated cleanly but target tissues with 30-mm and 35-mm failed to be ablated. Conclusions: The half-square PRFA could achieve a larger TTN area than the half-sine PRFA. The MVA decreases with an increase in the target tissue diameter in both the half-square PRFA and the half-sine PRFA. The findings of this study are in agreement with the clinical results that lesions (≥3 cm in diameter) have less favourable results from RFA.
Freeze-dried jaboticaba peel powder improves insulin sensitivity in high-fat-fed mice

The peel of the native Brazilian fruit jaboticaba is rich in anthocyanins, which are known for their anti-obesity effects in animal models. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of freeze-dried jaboticaba peel powder (FDJPP) on a number of metabolic parameters in a model of diet-induced obesity. Mice (n 8 per group) were initially fed on a high-fat diet (HFD, 35 % w/w) for 4 weeks and then switched to a HFD supplemented with FDJPP (1, 2 or 4 % w/w) for an additional 6 weeks. Energy intake, weight loss, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and lipid profile were determined, and the results were evaluated using ANOVA and Tukey's tests. The FDJPP exerted no protective effect on HFD-induced weight gain, hyperleptinaemia and glucose intolerance. However, the supplementation was effective to reduce insulin resistance, as evidenced in the insulin tolerance test, and subsequently confirmed by improved signal transduction through the insulin receptor/insulin receptor substrate-1/Akt/forkhead box protein pathway and by the attenuation of HFD-induced inflammation in the liver, verified by lower expressions of IL-1β and IL-6 and decreased phosphorylated IκB-α protein levels in all jaboticaba-treated mice. These results suggest that FDJPP may exert a protective role against obesity-associated insulin resistance.
Distinct Effects of N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase and Galactose-6-sulfatase Expression on Chondroitin Sulfates*

The sulfatase enzymes, N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (arylsulfatase B (ASB)) and galactose-6-sulfatase (GALNS) hydrolyze sulfate groups of CS. Deficiencies of ASB and GALNS are associated with the mucopolysaccharidoses. To determine if expression of ASB and GALNS impacts on glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans beyond their association with the mucopolysaccharidoses, we modified the expression of ASB and GALNS by overexpression and by silencing with small interference RNA in MCF-7 cells. Content of total sulfated GAG (sGAG), chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S), and total chondroitin sulfates (CSs) was measured following immunoprecipitation with C4S and CS antibodies and treatment with chondroitinase ABC. Following silencing of ASB or GALNS, total sGAG, C4S, and CS increased significantly. Following overexpression of ASB or GALNS, total sGAG, C4S, and CS declined significantly. Measurements following chondroitinase ABC treatment of the cell lysates demonstrated no change in the content of the other sGAG, including heparin, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. Following overexpression of ASB and immunoprecipitation with C4S antibody, virtually no sGAG was detectable. Total sGAG content increased to 23.39 (±1.06) μg/mg of protein from baseline of 12.47 (±0.68) μg/mg of protein following ASB silencing. mRNA expression of core proteins of the CS-containing proteoglycans, syndecan-1 and decorin, was significantly up-regulated following overexpression of ASB and GALNS. Soluble syndecan-1 protein increased following increases in ASB and GALNS and reduced following silencing, inversely to changes in CS. These findings demonstrate that modification of expression of the lysosomal sulfatases ASB and GALNS regulates the content of CSs.
Antibody responses to Brucella abortus 2308 in cattle vaccinated with B. abortus RB51

Cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus rough strain RB51 (SRB51) produced small amounts of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) but no IgM antibody to smooth strain 2308 (S2308) bacteria and produced no IgG or IgM antibody to S2308 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Western immunoblot analysis revealed that antiserum from SRB51-vaccinated cattle contained IgG antibody that reacted with S2308 proteins of 84 to <20 kDa. However, antiserum from the vaccinated cattle did not contain agglutinating B. abortus antibody in the tube agglutination test for brucellosis. These results suggest that SRB51-vaccinated cattle produced no antibody to S2308 LPS, although they did produce nonagglutinating IgG antibody that reacted with S2308 bacteria and bacterial proteins of 84 to <20 kDa.
Do Executives Have Fixed Effects on Firm-Level Stock Price Crash Risk?

Past literature suggests that managers’ idiosyncratic characteristics affect a number of firm-level policies, such as financing, investing, organization, financial reporting and tax strategies (e.g. Mason and Hambrick (1984), Bertrand and Schoar (2003), Bamber et al. (2010), etc.). However, there has been limited evidence on how idiosyncratic managerial characteristics manifest into capital market consequences. This paper investigates whether individual CEOs and CFOs have “styles” (i.e. manager’s fixed effects) in corporate bad news withholding which is captured using firm-level future stock price crash risks. Tracking managers that move across firms and employing a manager fixed-effect model, I find that individual CEOs exert an incremental effect on their firm’s future stock price crash risk using multiple crash risk measures. While individual CFOs have a marginal incremental effect on their firm’s future stock crash incidence measure, they are significantly associated with the negative skewness of future returns and the down-to-up return volatility ratio of the firm. In addition, I find that the magnitude of a CFO’s effect on the negative skewness and down-to-up volatility ratio of returns is positively related to a CFO’s managerial ability. Similary, the magnitude of a CEO’s effect on future crash incidence is positively related to a CEO’s managerial ability. Lastly, I find that CEOs who are born before World War II are less prone to crash risks than CEOs born after the war, consistent with prior findings that the former are more conservative in corporate voluntary disclosures (Bamber et al. 2010).
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketamine enantiomers in surgical patients using a stereoselective analytical method.

In a randomized, double-blind study, we have examined the stereoselective disposition and pharmacodynamic characteristics of ketamine in surgical patients after i.v. administration of S(+)-ketamine 1 mg/kg body weight (25 patients) or racemic ketamine 2 mg/kg body weight (25 patients). S(+)-Ketamine was not inverted to R(-)-ketamine. After racemate administration we observed statistically significant (P < 0.01) smaller clearance and volume of distribution for R(-)-ketamine compared with S(+)-ketamine. In contrast, the pharmacokinetic variables of S(+)-ketamine were not significantly different between treatment groups. Systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and heart rate increased significantly (P < 0.005) in both groups. At 1, 3 and 15 min after S(+)-ketamine administration, significantly greater increase in systolic and diastolic pressures were observed compared with the racemate group. There was no correlation between the changes in haemodynamic variables and plasma catecholamine concentrations, which remained unaffected after administration of the medications.