Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
2. Using Of Natural Spaces For Tourism Activity Scuba Diving And Impacts On Aquatic Animals

There were few previsions to strongly expand the growth of scuba diving activity, and nowadays training standards are enforced for safety and also for respecting the natural space where dive tourism takes place. Based on literature review, environmental impacts were noted in terms of providing positive aspects, mainly represented by economic benefits and employment opportunities. The negative side was revealed by wildlife impacts whereby animals change their behavior due harassment or contact with nature-based users, with authors reporting their concerns and measuring the consequences and long-term learning impacts. The over-usage of the reefs can result in physical devastation and chemical contamination. Land development in support of scuba diving can also cause negative impacts and affect the surrounding infrastructure, with alternating living patterns and by creating economic differences among the local society. When dive techniques are mastered, scuba diving itself does not represent a threat to the environment, neither to marine animals, but bad dive practices, poor buoyancy control associated to the lack of awareness can contribute to damage the benthic zone. Divers physical impact on the reef can benefit some species looking for opportunity to feed or compete for space, although, it destroys the habitat and lifting up sediment affect negatively coral structures by inducing stress and reducing the average amount of light.
The clarity incentive for issue engagement in campaigns

Although parties focus disproportionately on favorable issues in their election campaigns, it is also the case that parties spend much of the ‘short campaign’ addressing the same issues – and especially salient issues. If able to influence the importance of issues for voters through their emphasis, it is puzzling that parties spend any time on unfavorable issue positions. We suggest that while parties prefer to emphasize popular issue positions, they also face an additional incentive to emphasize issues that are salient to voters: clarifying their positions on these issues for sympathetic voters. Leveraging the surprise general election victory of the British Conservative party in 2015—which brought about a hitherto unexpected referendum on EU membership—we show that, consistent with this hypothesis, voter uncertainty is especially costly for parties on salient issues. We formalize this argument using a model of party strategy with endogenous issue salience. ∗We are grateful to Bing Powell, Bonnie Meguid, Jim Johnson, Avi Acharya, Jim Adams, Sergio Ascencio, Rob Carroll, Mike Gibilisco, Tasos Kalandrakis and Michael Thies for their suggestions and thoughtful comments on earlier versions of this paper. This paper has also benefited from suggestions made by seminar audiences at the 2015 Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, the 2015 Midwest Political Science Association Annual Meeting, the 4 Annual Graduate Student Conference in Comparative Politics at UCLA, the 2015 American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, the London School of Economics, the URDPS Comparative Politics Workshop and the URDPS Women’s Working Group. This paper is significantly based on work previously circulated under the title “Policy Bundling: A Model of Party Strategy in Multi-Issue Elections. ”
Catch-All Sky Water Road Grass Tree / Forest Mountain Animal Building Bridge Vehicle

In this paper, we present a new approach for image labeling based on the recently introduced graph-shifts algorithm. Graph-shifts is an energy minimization algorithm that does labeling by dynamically manipulating, or shifting, the parent-child relationships in a hierarchical decomposition of the image. Each shift optimally reduces the energy by indirectly causing a change to the labeling; graph-shifts is able to rapidly compute and select this optimal shift at every iteration. There are no constraints on the terms of the (pairwise) energy function. The algorithm was originally presented in the context of medical image labeling using conditional random field models. In this paper, we consider the algorithm in the context of both lowand highlevel natural image labeling. We show that for examples in both classes of problems, graph-shifts does labeling both accurately and rapidly. For low-level vision, we explore image restoration, and for high-level vision, we make use of a hybrid discriminative-generative model to segment and label images into semantically meaningful regions (e.g., trees, buildings, etc.). For both problems, we obtain comparable or superior results to the state-of-the-art computed in just a few seconds per image.
Growth, yield, and fruit quality of 'Rhode Red Valencia' and 'Valencia Late' sweet oranges grown on three rootstocks in eastern Mediterranean

The plant growth, yield, yield efficiency, and fruit quality of 'Rhode Red Valencia' and 'Valencia Late' sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) on three rootstocks were evaluated under Eastern Mediterranean climatic conditions of Dortyol-Hatay, which is one of the oldest and largest citrus and mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) production regions in Turkey. The fruit yield was affected by rootstock in both scion cultivars from 2007 through 2010. Trees on 'Troyer' citrange had lower yield than those budded on the other rootstocks. The yield of 'Rhode Red Valencia' and 'Valencia Late' orange trees on 'Carrizo' citrange were about 9% and 19% more than those on 'Troyer' citrange, respectively. But trees on 'Troyer' citrange had significant higher yield efficiency than trees on sour orange and 'Carrizo' citrange, because of canopy volume of 'Troyer' citrange was lower than the other rootstocks. The heaviest fruits of 'Valencia Late' orange trees were harvested from 'Carrizo' citrange (214.69 g), while 'Rhode Red Valencia' orange trees did not show differences regarding the rootstock. The rootstocks had no significant effects on juice content of 'Rhode Red Valencia' and 'Valencia Late' oranges. The effects of the rootstocks in both scion cultivars on juice content, total acids (TA), Brix:TA ratio, and number of seeds per fruit were found to be insignificant.
GROWTH AND VARIABILITY IN AREA PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SELECTED FRUIT CROPS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

Growth in agricultural production along with low variability is highly desirable. The objective of this study was to investigate growth and variability in area, production and yield of selected fruit crops including apple, peach, pear, and plum in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The study is based on secondary data from 1975-76 to 2011-12 which is further bifurcated into three periods; period-I (from 1975-76 to 1990-91), period-II (from 1991-92 to 2011-12), and period-III (from 1975-76 to 2011-12). Cuddy-Della Valle index has been used for variability analysis. The findings of the study revealed that growth in production of selected fruit remained positive with area under fruit as a major contributor during period-I. Period-II witnessed either low or negative growth in fruit production except peach. Variability in fruit production was higher in period-II as compared to period-I. Main contributor to fluctuations in fruit production during period-I was variability in area under fruit, whereas, both area and yield variability were mainly responsible for variability in fruit production during period-II.
SOME BEHAVIORAL AND METABOLIC EFFECTS OF LATERAL HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS

ix INTRODUCTION. 1 Lateral Hypothalamic Syndrome. 1 Motivational Deficit. 3 Motor Deficit. 4 Anatomical and Neurochemical Diversity of the LH. 7 Possible Neuroendocrine Involvement in the LH Syndrome. 9 Metabolic Rate, Locomotor Activity and the LH Syndrome. 13 METHOD. 15 Animals. 15 Prelesion Measures.15 a. Activity Wheel Baseline.15 b. Food and Water Intake. 16 c. Metabolic Rate and Stabilimeter Measures. 16 Surgery. 18 Postlesion Measures.19 a. Food and Water Intake . 19 b. Activity Wheel Testing. 20 c. Metabolic Rate and Stabilimeter Measures. 20 Histology. 20 RESULTS.21 Food and Water Measures. 21 Metabolic Rate.24 Activity Measures. 30 Histology DISCUSSION. REFERENCES
Predicting fatigue performance of hot mix asphalt using artificial neural networks

Developing predictive models for fatigue performance is a complex process and can depend on variables including material properties, test conditions and sample geometry. Several models have been developed in this regard; some of these are regression models and are related to mechanistic properties in addition to volumetric properties. In this work, a computational model, based on artificial neural networks (ANNs), is used to predict the fatigue performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) tested in a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) technique. Fatigue performance was evaluated according to three approaches: traditional, energy ratio and dissipated pseudo-strain energy. For predicting fatigue performance, two types of ANN models were developed: those dependent on test modes, that is, based on controlled test modes, and those independent of test modes, that is, irrespective of controlled test modes, using fundamental parameters, for example, stiffness modulus, phase angle and volumetric properties. In this work, limestone (L) and granite (G) aggregates were used with two binder grades (40/60 and 160/220) to prepare four mixtures with two different gradations: gap-graded hot rolled asphalt (HRA) and continuously graded dense bitumen macadam (DBM). The results revealed an excellent correlation between the predicted and experimental data. It was found that the prediction accuracy of the strain test mode was better than that of the stress test mode.
Effective Communication: A Tool for Improvement of Secondary School Management

Communication remains a unique instrument that integrates management functions in an organization. This explains why communication is inevitable and indispensable in the school system for effective management. This paper examined how communication aids managers of secondary schools in carrying out their duties effectively. Meaning and avenues of communication as well as communication flow were discussed. Road blocks to communication and active listening as a means of promoting a closer, more meaningful relationship between the staff and students towards school improvement were considered. It was concluded that communication is an important ingredient and vital instrument in any given organization and a good school principal should bear in mind that the success of the school is determined by his effective management of the school. It was also recommended, among others, that the channel of communication needs to be modern, effective and as personal as possible if management of large organizations such as the school is to maintain close ties with teachers and encourage maximum performance. Keywords: Effective Communication, Improvement of Secondary School, Management
Modeling dependence structure in size-sorted portfolios: A Structural Multivariate GARCH Model

A new model is developed that augments a structural VAR specification with a GARCH covariance matrix. The model is utilised to study time series dependencies between three size-sorted portfolios from the Australian Stock Exchange. Even after accounting for contemporaneous correlations the returns on small and medium firm portfolios are found to lag the large firm portfolio returns. An asymmetric lag structure is also found in the structural variance equations. The evidence is consistent with the Lo and MacKinlay (1990) lead-lag effect and the volatility spill-over hypothesis of Condrad, Gultekin and Kaul (1991).
Real Time Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping for the Player Project

This paper presents the development of a real time Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM) application for generic robot platforms using Player, called the Real Time SLAM Proxy (RSP). The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Multiple Particle Filter (MPF) SLAM algorithms are implemented in RSP, and experimental results are provided. RSP is intended for nonholonomic robots that operate in 2-D outdoor environments where landmarks can be modelled by cylindrical features and detected using laser rangefinders.
An Experimental Analysis of a Points-Based System for Managing Multispecies Fisheries

An industry group has proposed a novel system for managing the Northeast Multispecies Fishery. Each harvester would be endowed with a budget of points, and each species would have a “point price,” or number of points that must be paid out of his budget when landing that species. By varying the point prices throughout the season, management could redirect effort across species. This paper presents a benchmarked experimental testbed of this management system, and shows that harvesters do respond to point prices, which can be chosen to support harvest of most of the allowable catch of each species without severely over-harvesting any of them.
Converted-wave True Amplitude Prestack Kirchhoff Migration

Preserving amplitudes in converted wave prestack migration is important for subsequent AVO processing and interpretation. However, it has not received as much attention as amplitude preservation for P wave migration. In this paper, we derive common offset true amplitude weight functions in a v(z) medium for two and one half, and three dimensional converted wave Kirchhoff migration. The weight formulas are then simplified into the terms invovling travel time, ray path and velocity functions for efficient computation. The simplified weight functions are also examined with numeric modeling data for depth migration, which demonstrated well-controlled amplitude behavior in offset and depth.
Impact of Excess Control, Ownership Structure and Corporate Governance on Firm Performance of Diversified Group Firms in Pakistan

This paper attempts to explore the effect of excess control, ownership structure and corporate governance on firm performance in Pakistan. The study takes a sample of 184 non-financial sectors’ group firms listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) covering a period from 2004 to 2012. The multiple regression models are applied using panel data framework to test the significance of relationship. The results are consistent with the findings of the prior studies conducted in both advanced and emerging economies. The results show that firm ownership is a strong influential factor in affecting firm performance in Pakistan. Both inside ownership and ownership concentration are negatively related to firm performance consistent with divergence of interest effect and entrenchment effect. However, inside ownership squared is strongly positively related to firm performance indicating that inside ownership beyond a certain threshold level started to influence firm performance positively consistent with incentives effect. Ownership disparity affects strongly negatively the financial performance of group firms consistent with the divergence of interest effect. Institutional ownership contributes positively towards firm performance. Noticeably, board independence and outside block holdings play a significantly positive role in affecting financial performance of the group firms in Pakistan. The results show strong evidence that ultimate controllers in group firms use complex ownership and pyramidal structures to extend their ultimate control over many firms with least cash flow rights. The higher the divergence between ownership and control, the greater the potential of the ultimate controllers exerted their entrenched behavior in group firms. These results highlight the internal corporate governance problems faced by the group firms and suggest the need for strengthening the corporate governance mechanism in Pakistan.
Translating Green IT : The case of the Swedish Green IT Audit

In this paper we use translation theory from organization studies [1] to discuss the Green IT Audit, which is a consultancy model developed in Sweden, following the recent industry shock-wave of Green IT [2]. Translation theory is based on social constructionism [3], which inter alia posits that concepts, such as Green IT, do not have intrinsic meanings, but that meaning is created in social interaction. The theory is therefore part of an interpretive turn in organization studies, where effort is dedicated not to increasing the efficiency or effectiveness of organizations (the main concern of more functionalist studies), but to see how people that constitute them, make sense and interpret their work.
Cause of gene tree discord? Distinguishing incomplete lineage sorting and lateral gene transfer in phylogenetics

Despite recent efforts that have produced data sets Lith hundreds and thousands of gene regions to resolve regions of the tree of life, recalcitrant nodes persist and disagreement among genes as Lell as disagreement betLeen individual gene trees and species trees are common. There are a number of evolutionary processes that contribute to these conflicts betLeen gene trees and species trees, including deep coalescence (lineage sorting), horizontal gene transfer or hybridization, etc. While for some of these processes, Le have very poLerful and sophisticated models that uses the conflict in the gene trees as information that contributes materially to correctly inferring the species tree, such as the multispecies coalescent (MSC). HoLever, usage of these models require a priori recognition of relevant processes, Lhich is often unknoLn for empirical dataset. Here Le propose a neL perspective to not only identify the cause of discord among gene trees, but also use it to classify loci by the underlying cause of discord to identify subsets of loci for analysis Lith the goal of improving phylogenetic accuracy. This approach differs fundamentally from all other criteria used for making decisions about Lhich loci to include in a phylogenetic analysis. In particular, the choice of loci in this frameLork is based on identifying those that reflect descent from a common ancestor (as opposed to other processes), and thereby can minimize problems Lith model misspecification. We present preliminary results that demonstrate the potential of this frameLork, as implemented in a neL softLare package CLASSIPHY, Lhile also highlighting areas for further development and testing. In addition, Le present an argument Lhy such methods (i) are critical to improving phylogenetic accuracy Lith the increased complexity of genomic/transcriptomic datasets, and that (ii) characterizing patterns of discordance and the contribution of different processes to this discordance is itself of interest for generating hypotheses about the role of lateral gene transfer, gene duplication, and incomplete lineage sorting during the divergence of different taxa. 9
Changing Climate Adaptation Strategies of Boran Pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia. CCAFS Working Paper No. 15.

This report contains information on a rapid field assessment of Boran pastoralists of southern Ethiopia to: (1) gauge local communities’ perceptions of the need for local climate change adaptation strategies and their degree of satisfaction with existing interventions; (2) identify emerging climate risk adaptation strategies; and (3) evaluate how existing and new strategies including efforts by non-governmental organizations and the Ethiopian government might complement or be compromised by index-based livestock insurance (IBLI). Researchers found that the Boran perceive changes in the frequency and intensity of drought conditions over the last several decades. The Boran also recognize the need to adapt to these shifts, and along with the government and NGOs who work in the region, are undertaking a number of climate change adaptation strategies. Some of these traditional and new responses to drought are likely to interact with the potential implementation of IBLI in both complementary and conflicting ways. Still, there are significant opportunities for IBLI to reduce exposure to risk while supporting existing veterinary services and rangeland management.
Happy Chickens Lay Tastier Eggs: Motivations for Buying Free-range Eggs in Australia

ABSTRACT Recent public interest in so-called “ethical” food production, and in particular the welfare of intensively housed farm animals, has been linked to an increase in sales of free-range eggs in several countries including Australia. Animal activist groups around the world have campaigned for the abolition of caged-egg production, retailers and large food companies are now sourcing less of these products, and governments in various locales have placed restrictions on caged-egg production. In addition, the recent focus on food production and preparation in popular culture including books, films, and television has made these practices, including those associated with eggs, more transparent to mainstream audiences. Previous studies have examined consumers’ willingness-to-pay for free-range eggs, and community attitudes to animal welfare, but there has been little qualitative work that unpacks a key assumption which underlies much discussion of these issues: that free-range egg purchases are primarily or solely linked to consumers’ desires to have egg production systems changed from intensive to free-range. This paper analyses qualitative research undertaken in Australia that explores consumers’ motivations for buying free-range (or cage-free) eggs, which was part of a larger study examining ethical foods. Qualitative analysis of focus groups and interviews involving 73 participants revealed that free-range and cage-free eggs are perceived as being better quality, more nutritious, and safer, and having better sensory characteristics, than caged eggs. In response to open-ended questions, free-range and cage-free eggs were mentioned much more frequently than free-range meats, and were described as easy to identify and affordable, compared with other products with humane production claims. Several participants even had begun keeping their own hens in order to have an alternative to purchasing caged (or expensive free-range) eggs. Although caged-egg production was described by many participants as cruel, the desire to purchase free-range eggs was more often described in connection to efforts to avoid “industrialized” food than in relation to taking a stance on the issue of caged-hen welfare.
Healthcare Professionals' Habits of Physical Activity and Their Confidence to Prescribe/Counsel Physical Activity in Hospital Setting, Ethiopia

The purpose of this study is to assess healthcare professionals’ physical activity habits and their confidence to prescribe for chronic (non-communicable) diseases in hospital setting through a cross-sectional survey design. Seven sample hospitals were selected randomly based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria from 12 hospitals. The sample size was determined by using the formula for estimating a single population proportion. The mean score of the participants' confidence was (N = 369, M= 21.7 ± 6.36), indicates that above half of healthcare professionals were had moderate confidence to counsel/prescribe physical activity. The majority of (73.7%) of healthcare professionals reported doing moderate level of physical activity, only 2.8% of participants in the study were categorized as vigorous and 23.5% of the respondents were categorized as low physical activity level. Personal physical activity levels was significantly and positively correlated with confidence of HCPs to prescribe/counsel PA (rs =.266, p =.00). Hence, the more physically active the participants, they were had a greater confidence to prescribe/counsel about physical activity for their patients.