Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing Individual and Group Oral Exams: Scoring Criteria and Rater Interaction

Criterion referenced tests of second language speaking performance are administered in different institutions using different procedures. The present study reports raters’ practices of second language speaking tests, in particular the correspondence between test-takers’ grades when assessed individually and in groups. Data derived from audio-recordings of raters’ (n=8) decision making process (scoring) in two test modes, post-test interviews and two sets of students’ (n=92) speaking scores were obtained from individual versus group discussion tasks. Although a grading rubric had been used, it was found that raters also relied on rubric irrelevant criteria when judging performances, which brings up the question whether the validity of the inferences is jeopardized.
AVIAN MALARIA AND MAREK'S DISEASE: POTENTIAL THREATS TO GALAPAGOS PENGUINS SPHENISCUS MENDICULUS

The Galapagos Penguin Spheniscus mendiculus is endemic to the Galapagos Islands. This seabird is considered Endangered according to World Conservation Union (IUCN) criteria, because of its small and declining population size, as well as its restricted distribution, limited to the Galapagos Islands (Cepeda & Cruz 1994, Ellis et al. 1998, BirdLife International 2000). Prior to the 1997– 1998 El Niño event, which may have reduced the population by as much as 50% (Vargas 1999) the total population for this species was estimated to be between 1700 and 8500 individuals (Boersma 1998). Mills & Vargas (1997) and Boersma (1998) identify climatic change, a fluctuating food supply, possible disturbance by tourist visits and illegal fishing activities as continuing threats to the well being of Galapagos Penguins.
Groove in Cuban Dance Music: An Analysis of Son and Salsa

The rhythmic feel or 'groove' of Cuban dance music is typically characterised by a dynamic rhythmic energy, drive and sense of forward motion that, for those attuned, has the ability to produce heightened emotional responses and evoke engagement and participation through physical movement and dance. No single work on groove in Cuban dance music considers together the cognitive, cultural, socio-musical and emotional dimensions of the music-making practices and aesthetics that characterise groove production. This study integrates these perspectives into a single theoretical framework with the aim of gaining fresh insights into the nature of groove in two prominent styles of Cuban and Cuban-related dance music: son and salsa. Methodologically, this study blends ethnography and the analysis of timing data extracted from real-world performances to explore the shared cultural knowledge, socio-musical processes, aesthetics and emotional dimensions of groove. Ethnography facilitates the detailed investigation of how performers talk about the music-making practices that characterise aspects of musical culture while the use of timing data, recorded in situ, facilitates the investigation of the real-time nuanced micro-timing relationships that shape effective groove production. The findings of this study paint a picture of groove that is rich, complex and multidimensional, one that is built upon the expressive performances, socio-musical interactions and collectivist attitudes of rhythm section musicians as well as powerful cultural models and intersubjectively shared knowledge. When rhythm section musicians engage in expressive and interactive dialogues and work effectively as a synchronous collective, the resultant groove embodies the dynamic rhythmic, communicative and emotional energies of the individuals that comprise the group. In performance situations, when the groove of the rhythm section spontaneously finds union with the kinaesthetic and emotional energies of dancers and audiences, the cumulative energy possesses the power to inspire, excite, energise, invite participation and unite people in joyous celebration.
Exploring the utility of use of an isiXhosa version of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale and the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children in a group of 6–10-year-old isiXhosa-speaking learners in the Western Cape; a mixed method study

Various studies have found the incidence of anxiety symptomology amongst South African children to be especially high. Research suggests that symptoms of anxiety may be minimised by increasing an individual’s level of self-efficacy, and various studies illustrate the efficacy of intervention programmes aimed at minimising the symptoms of anxiety through increasing self-efficacy. Timely intervention requires the availability of reliable and valid screening tools. However, many anxiety and self-efficacy measures currently used in the South African context are not adapted for use within our diverse, multicultural context. Considering the lack of standardised anxiety and self-efficacy measures in South Africa, this study aimed to explore whether the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) and the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (SEQ-C) can serve as reliable screening measures in a sample of 189 6–10-year-old isiXhosa-speaking South African children residing in the Western Cape. Quantitative data analysis was used to investigate the psychometric properties (i.e., reliability and factor structure) of the translated versions of the SCAS and SEQ-C, to determine if a significant negative correlation exists between self-efficacy and anxiety, to determine if significant correlations exist between anxiety and age and self-efficacy and age and to determine whether there are significant differences in SEQ-C and SCAS scores by gender. Qualitative focus group interviews were conducted to explore how participants understood the translated versions of the questionnaires, and whether cultural and/or linguistic differences influenced how participants understood and therefore answered the questions. Quantitative results indicated acceptable reliability for both scales. However, the expected factor structure was not obtained for either scale in this sample. While all the expected statistical results were not obtained, some of the psychometric properties of the SCAS and SEQ-C are promising. This provides limited support for the reliability of their use within this sample. Results from the qualitative focus groups indicated that cultural and linguistic Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
The dawn of traditional CX metrics? Examining satisfaction, EXQ, and WAR

Customer experience (CX) has evolved into a top priority of business executives worldwide. CX is a key determinant of long-term corporate success. CX research has become commonplace among academics and marketing practitioners alike. Despite CX’s omnipresence, scholars and managers cannot agree on the meaning, foundations of CX, and develop enough evidence and tools to demonstrate CX’s crucial link to firm performance. Many argue that market researchers, by still relying on proxy measurements of CX, such as service quality, customer satisfaction, or the Net-Promoter-Score, all measurements with very little or no link to consumer behavior, are to be partially blamed for this predicament. As a result, there is a growing need for new, more comprehensive measurements built to understand the CX as main driver of consumer behavior. Scholars try to address this need by offering new measures, such as CX quality (EXQ), and the wallet allocation rule (WAR). The goal of our article is to use one of the most used measurements, customer satisfaction, in comparison with EXQ and WAR to determine which one of them can explain and predict consumer behavior best. Behavior is measured by examining the share-of-category of customers with multiple automobiles. The study highlighted that CX is a far better predictor of consumer behavior than customer satisfaction. Indeed, it provides more insight and a stronger explanatory power of consumers’ share-of-wallet (SoW). The findings confirmed that customer satisfaction has a weak influence on share-of-category. We could not confirm the proposed powerful correlation between share-of-category and the WAR. The most interesting finding is that the direct relationship between CX and SoW is negative in nature. We discuss the reasons for this counterintuitive result and its implication for theory, managers, and market researchers.
An Extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Predict Willingness to Pay for the Conservation of Urban Lakes for Mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect

Urban heat island effect has become a serious environmental problem of Beijing and urban lakes are proved to be effective in mitigating this phenomenon. Urban lakes are proved to be effective in mitigating urban heat island effect, while this effect has long been overlooked. One important reason is that its economic value cannot be easily measured. This paper empirically investigates the Beijing residents' willingness of pay for the benefit of urban lakes in mitigating the urban heat island effects. In addition, the government also willing to promote public participation in environmental issues. To explore the influencing factors of residents' willingness to pay, this study applied an extended framework of the theory of planned behavior by introducing the concept of environmental concern. The estimated mean willingness to pay was 24.44 US dollars per year. In order to improve the prediction power of respondents' pro-environmental behavior, the original framework of the Theory of Planned behavior were extended by adding the factor of environmental concern. The new relation of components show that environmental concern influence respondents’ willingness to pay both directly and indirectly, and the explanatory power of the original prediction model is improved. This research reveal that a majority of residents in Beijing are willing to contribute for the conservation of urban lakes for mitigating urban heat island effect, while environment related information disclosure is necessary for promoting public participation in urban environment management.
Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from pine wood via biorefinery technologies based on fractionation and reaction in ionic liquids

Pine wood is mainly composed of extractives, lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses (which include pentosans and hexosans). In the scope of biorefineries, the utilization of pine wood entails the selective separation of its major components. A sequence of aqueous and delignification treatments enables the selective separation of hemicelluloses (as soluble products from the aqueous fractionation step), lignin (as soluble products from the delignification stage), and cellulose (accumulated in the solid phase leaving the delignification stage). Delignification was done in media containing acetic acid or the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate. Both the soluble hemicellulose-derived saccharides and the cellulose-containing solids were found to be suitable substrates for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production in reaction media containing the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride in the presence of Brønsted and/or Lewis acidic catalysts. The processing schemes considered in this work allowed an efficient utilization of the feedstock using environmentally friendly technologies.
Human–Ape Interactions in a Zoo Setting: Gorillas and Orangutans Modify Their Behavior Depending upon Human Familiarity

ABSTRACT Understanding how human presence influences animal behavior, specifically the behavior of nonhuman primates, has important implications for methodology in cognitive and behavioral studies, for our understanding of human–animal relationships and for animal welfare in captive settings. Conducted in the San Diego Zoo, this study partially replicates an existing study on human–animal relationships, which focused on familiarity effects on the human-directed behavior of great apes residing in the Toronto Zoo. Such a replication in a new location and with different individuals is necessary to expand sample size and to better understand how ontogeny and living environment influence human-directed ape behavior. All-occurrence sampling of human-directed behavior was used to gather data on two gorilla groups and one orangutan group, all housed at the San Diego Zoo. The aim was to compare ape-initiated behaviors toward zoo staff with apeinitiated visitor-directed behavior, in accordance with predictions of the Human–Animal Relationship (HAR) model. Overall, human-directed behaviors were more frequent toward visitors than toward staff, mainly caused by increased visitor-directed visual behavior, specifically brief glances. Given that visual monitoring has been seen as fearful behavior, potentially related to predator monitoring, this would confirm the expectation that lack of familiarity will lead to increased visual vigilance. However, the visitor-directed visual behaviors may not be antagonistic or fearful. Considering the specific behaviors and exhibit designs, curiosity may be an equally likely explanation in this context. Aiming to also understand whether these groups exhibited species differences in human-directed behavior, it was found that orangutans engaged in more affiliative behavior overall than gorillas. Comparing our results with the previous study, we conclude that while effects of familiarity are present, those effects are modulated by both individual ontogeny and exhibit design. While the HAR model is partially supported, additional factors may need to be included to fully interpret the observed behavior. Additional research is needed to further understand the effects of species, sex, and ontogeny on the predictions of the HAR model.
Fault Geometries and Structures Associated With the Rupture Endpoints of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake, Eastern Tibet Plateau, China

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) initiated at the southern part of the Yingxiu‐Beichuan fault of the Longmen Shan fault zone, eastern Tibet Plateau. The earthquake rupture propagated northeast for ~300 km, producing dextral‐thrust slip along the fault zone. Numerous studies have documented the characteristics of the rupture zone; however, the exact endpoints and the termination structures at both ends remain poorly constrained. On the northeasternmost rupture section, the aftershock distribution extends ~50 km along strike past the end of the observed surface rupture, suggesting that the rupture may extend northeastward at depth. Our field observations show that the aftershock zone follows a NE‐trending linear trace indicative of an active fault at the surface and confirm that the Qingchuan fault, which is one of the faults of the northeastern Longmen Shan fault zone and is reported to have ruptured during the 2008 earthquake by some studies, did not rupture during the Wenchuan earthquake. Detailed investigations show that the rupture terminated at an area between the Qingchuan and the Bahai‐Yuquanba faults where these two faults bound a 10‐ to 20‐km wide mountain block. To the southwest, the southwesternmost end of the Wenchuan earthquake rupture zone terminated south of Sanjiang, where a NE‐trending 50‐cm high fault scarp marks the endpoint of the surface rupture. Our study suggests that fault step overs at the northeastern and southwestern segments may have acted as a barrier to rupture propagation and thus play an important role in controlling the rupture propagation but were not critical in terminating the rupture, whereas the cross structures and/or stratigraphy (complex or massifs) in the northeastern and southwestern rupture endpoints area appear to have controlled the rupture termination.
OIL PRICES AND BANKING STOCKS NEXUS: EVIDENCE FROM AN OIL-DEPENDENT COUNTRY

Calismamiz petrol fiyatlarinin Borsa Istanbul banka endeksi uzerindeki etkisini 2004-2017 donemi icin incelerken, kriz oncesi ve sonrasi farkliliklari da sinamaktadir. Banka endeksine ozellikle bakmamizin nedenlerinden biri finansal kurumlari etkileyen onemli faktorlerin bulasicilik nedeniyle kuvvetle muhtemel ekonomiyi de etkileyecekleridir. Ikinci olarak, banka endeksi Borsa Istanbul’un %36’sini olusturan ana endekstir. Son olarak Turkiye’deki bankacilik sektoru son senelerde ciddi bir birlesme ve satin alma dalgasina konu olmustur. Bu nedenle de yurtdisi ve yerel piyasalar arasindaki baginti da gecen seneler icerisinde daha da cok artmistir. Orneklem kapsamimiz 2004 ve 2016 seneleri arasinda iken, yontemimiz de Granger-nedensellik ve genellestirilmis durtu yanitini icermektedir. Sonuclarimiz finansal ve emtia piyasalarinin entegre oldugunu ve petrolun Turkiye ekonomisi icin onemli bir emtia oldugunu gostermektedir. Ote yandan, banka hisse senetleri ozellikle 2008-2013 doneminde petrol fiyatlarindaki artistan pozitif anlamda etkilenmislerdir. Bu nedenle petrol fiyatlari yukselirken, yatrimcilar portfoyune banka hisse senetlerini eklemeyi dusunebilir.
Safety Analysis Considering the Impactof Travel Time Reliability on Elderly Drivers

The main goal of this research was to evaluate how travel time reliability (TTR) might be associated with crashes involving elderly drivers, defined as those age 65 and above. Several TTR metrics were used to estimate their influence on elderly crash frequency and severity of the crash on freeways and arterial highways. The results suggest that TTR is statistically significant in affecting both elderly crash frequency and the severity of a crash involving an elderly driver. In particular, the analysis of risk ratios illustrates that a one-unit increase in the probability of congestion reduces the likelihood of the elderly severe crash by 22%.
Oxidative Stress and Skin Tissue Injuries

Acne vulgaris is one of the most prevalent inflammatory skin conditions found in late childhood and adolescence. Despite various studies, the etiology or pathogenesis of acne is still not well understood and a single, primary cause has not been identified. In the past several decades, various studies have indicated that patients with acne are under increased cutaneous and systemic oxidative stress as indicated by observation of oxidative stress biomarkers. The burden of oxidative stress may not be a mere consequence of acne. Instead, the oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation in particular, may be an early event that helps drive the acne process. Administration of local and systemic antioxidants appears to be effectively against acne. Oxidative stress-initiated inflammation and its maintenance within the pilosebaceous unit are important initial steps for the subsequent pathogenic processes of acne development. The favorable environment created by the oxidation of sebum for Propionibacterium acnes (P acne) to grow is also an important contributing factor for these steps. This mechanism suggests the oxidative stress as a therapeutic target in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Citation: Wong A, Zhang B, Jiang M, Gong E, Zhang Y et al. (2016) Oxidative Stress in Acne Vulgaris. J Clin Dermatol Ther 3: 020.
Determination of vasicine alkaloid efficacy as inhibitor to the activity of protease produced by a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In the present study, the effect of vasicine alkaloid separated from Adhatoda vasica as an inhibitor agent on the activity of proteases enzyme isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. forty isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from local hospital in Baghdad and then their ability for producing proteases was screened using quantification and semi- quantitative methods. Pseudomonas aeruginosa P1 was selected as the highest protease producer, which next identified as P. aeruginosa. It was found that the optimum culture conditions for protease production in submerged culture was in the tryptic - soya broth medium at 37° C with pH 8 for 48 hours. In addition, the study involved extraction and partial purification of vacisine alkaloid from crude leaves of Adhatoda vasica by separation and precipitation that was 0.6% of vasicine The results revealed a significant effect of the extracted vasicine on the activity of protease enzyme as its activity was decreased from 15.5U / ml to 1.2 U/ml when treated with vasicine at a concentration of 0.8ml with an inhibitory effect of 92.2%.
A Novel Reverse Logistics Network Design Considering Multi-Level Investments for Facility Reconstruction with Environmental Considerations

Reverse logistics is convincingly one of the most efficient solutions to reduce environmental pollution and waste of resources by capturing and recovering the values of the used products. Many studies have been developed for decision-making at tactical, practical, and operational levels of the reverse supply chain. However, many enterprises face a challenge that is how to design the reverse logistics networks into their existing forward logistics networks to account for both economic and environmental sustainability. In this case, it is necessary to design a novel reverse logistics network by reconstructing the facilities based on the existing forward logistics network. Multi-level investments are considered for facility reconstruction because more investment and more advanced remanufacturing technologies need to be applied to reduce the carbon emissions and improve facility capacities. Besides, uncertain elements include the demand for new products and return quantity of used products, making this problem challenging. To handle those uncertain elements, a bi-objective stochastic integer nonlinear programming model is proposed to facilitate this novel reverse logistics network design problem with economic and environmental objectives, where tactical decisions of facility locations, investment level choices, item flows, and vehicle assignments are involved. To show the applicability and computational efficiency of the proposed model, several numerical experiments with sensitivity analysis are provided. Finally, the trade-off between the profit and carbon emissions is presented and the sensitive analysis of changing several key input parameters is also discussed.
Phonetik und Phonologie

Das Buch vermittelt gut verständlich grundlegende Kenntnisse über die Lautseite der deutschen Sprache, wie sie in Einführungskursen zur Sprachwissenschaft und zu den Grundlagen der Phonetik und Phonologie behandelt werden. Ziel des Bandes ist es, wesentliche Fragestellungen und Ergebnisse der modernen Lautforschung darzustellen. Der Bogen der Darstellung spannt sich dabei von Phonetik und Phonemsystem des Deutschen über die Themen Silbe, Akzent und Intonation bis hin zu Lautalternationen und Prozessen des Lautwandels.
Using object biographies to understand the curation crisis: lessons learned from the museum life of an archaeological collection

ABSTRACT The challenges related to the management of an increasing number of often poorly documented orphaned archaeological museum collections, described in literature as a ‘curation crisis’, are growing. This article proposes that writing collection-level object biographies (referring to the notion of Kopytoff) provides a means to generate useful insights into the longue durée of curatorial processes and to understand how curation crises emerge, how to avoid them, and how to manage orphaned, poorly documented and unorganised collections. The potential of using object biographies as a means to tackle the curation crisis is demonstrated through a study of the life history of the Valsgärde collection housed at Gustavianum – Uppsala University Museum relating to a well-known and often-cited archaeological site with the same name. It traces the management and use of the collection and scrutinises the causes and consequences of the problems of curating and making available archaeological collections.