Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of nucleation events vertical extent: a long term study at two different altitude sites

Abstract. In this work we present an analysis of the occurrence of nucleation events during more than three years of measurements at two different rural altitude sites, the puy de Dome research station (1465 m a.s.l.) and the Opme station (660 m a.s.l.), central France. The collected database is a unique combination of scanning mobility particle sizer (10–400 nm), air ion spectrometers (from 0.8 to 42 nm for NTP-conditions), and, neutral clusters and air ion spectrometers (from 0.8 to 42 nm for NTP-conditions) measurements at these two different altitudes nearly located research stations, from February 2007 to June 2010. The seasonality of the frequency of nucleation events was studied at the puy de Dome station and maximum of events frequency was found during early spring and early autumn. During the measurement period, neither the particle formation rates ( J 2 = 1.382 ± 0.195 s −1 ) nor the growth rates ( GR 1.3−20 nm = 6.20 ± 0.12 nm h −1 ) differ from one site to the other on average. Hovewer, we found that, on 437 sampling days in common to the two sites, the nucleation frequency was higher at the puy de Dome station (35.9 %, 157 days) than at the low elevation station of Opme (20.8 %, 91 days). LIDAR measurements and the evolution of the potential equivalent temperature revealed that the nucleation could be triggered either (i) within the whole low tropospheric column at the same time from the planetary boundary layer to the top of the interface layer (29.2 %, 47 events), (ii) above the planetary boundary layer upper limit (43.5 %, 70 events), and (iii) at low altitude and then transported, conserving dynamic and properties, at high altitude (24.8 %, 40 events). This is the first time that the vertical extent of nucleation can be studied over a long observational period, allowing for a rigorous statistical analysis of the occurrence of nucleation over the whole lower troposphere. This work highlights the fact that nucleation can occur over a large vertical extent, at least the whole low tropospheric column, and also the fact that it occurs twice as frequently as actually detected in the planetary boundary layer. The role of sulfuric acid and ions in the nucleation process was investigated at the altitude station and no correlation was found between nucleation events and the estimated sulfuric acid concentrations. However, the contribution of ion-induced nucleation was found to be relatively high (12.49 ± 2.03 % of the total nucleation rate).
Biomass production and carbon balance of a short rotation forestry of Populus deltoides (clone Lux) under two different cutting cycles

The emissions of green house gases contribute to global warming. Consequently, renewable energies such as solar, wind power, hydropower and bio energy appear as alternatives for reducing these emissions. One promising source of renewable energy is forest biomass, for it is considered to have neutral CO2 balance. The problem is to quantify the amount of CO2 that is emitted for a certain amount of energy generated, compared to the CO2 emitted to generate the same amount of energy from a non-renewable source. In this paper we calculate biomass production and carbon dioxide balance of an eight-year-old Populus deltoides short rotation forestry (SRF) under two cutting cycles (harvesting every two years, biennial and every three years, triennial). We also compare the amount of energy generated per kg of CO2 emitted in the use of fossil fuels versus the amount of energy generated per kilogram of CO2 emitted. On the one hand, total biomass yield was 12.6 ± 0.9 Mg ha-1 year-1 and 15.1 ± 1.5 Mg ha-1 year-1 for biennial and triennial cutting cycles respectively. On the other hand, total emissions of CO2 for growing a poplar SRF with a cycle of eight year and biennial cutting sequence reached a value of 738.8 kg ha-1 year-1; however, triennial short total emissions are equivalent to 695.5 kg ha-1 year-1. We concluded that the use of biomass makes a positive contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gases, in particular CO2, reducing emissions almost five times compared with fossil fuels.
AFLATOXIN M1 CONTAMINATION OF RAW AND PASTEURIZED MILK PRODUCED IN SANANDAJ, IRAN

This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the levels of aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk samples during different seasons by Enzyme- Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay in Sanandaj, Iran. In 257 (94.49%) out of 272 milk samples the presence of aflatoxin M1 was detected in concentrations ranging between 0.007 and 115.930 ng/l. AFM1 level in 12 (4.4%) of positive samples were higher than the maximum tolerance limit (50 ng/l) accepted by Iran and European Union countries. Statistical evaluations showed that the differences between raw and pasteurized samples were not significant (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between spring and summer but the differences between other seasons were statistically significant. Winter samples with 22.35 ng/l and summer samples with 5.14 ng/l had the highest and lowest concentration, respectively (p<0.05). Since contamination of milk with aflatoxin is a potential risk for human health, milk and milk products should be controlled periodically for Aflatoxin contamination.
PATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAINS IN RAW MILK OBTAINED FROM TWO FARMS OF THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

Production of maximum quantities of high-quality milk is an important goal of every dairy operation. High-quality milk must contain a low number of somatic cells and a low bacteria count, and must be free of human pathogens and antibiotic residues. In this study 400 milk samples were collected from two different commercial farms in the Eastern Cape, South Africa in which 200 samples were collected from each farm. The E. coli isolates were screened for markers of E.coli uidA, EHEC (flicH7) and EAEC (eagg) using PCR assays. Middledrift dairy had the highest amount of E.coli 48 out of 200 (24%) isolated from the milk samples and Fort Hare farm with the lowest E.coli 33 out of 200 (16.5%) present in the milk samples. This means that hygiene is not practiced in these farms and since a lot of people still drink raw milk, especially in rural areas, this emphasises the need for educational efforts on health risks associated with consumption of raw unpasteurized milk.
Türkiye’deki Deprem Eğitimi Araştırmaları: Betimsel İçerik Analizi

Bu calisma Turkiye’deki deprem egitimi arastirmalari alanindaki yonelimleri belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Bu amac dogrultusunda Turkiye’de yayinlanan akademik calismalar icerik analizi yontemi ile cozumlenmistir. 2004-2014 yillari arasinda deprem egitimi ile ilgili Turkiye’de yapilmis makale ve lisansustu tezler arastirmanin evrenini olusturmustur. Arastirmada orneklem secimine gidilmeyerek evrenin tamamina ulasilmasi hedeflenmistir. Literatur taramasi sonucunda deprem egitimi ile ilgili 12 makale ve 11 yuksek lisans tezi belirlenerek icerik analizine tabi tutulmustur. Arastirmalarda en fazla calisilan konularin bireylerin deprem bilgi duzeyi ve deprem algilari oldugu, evrenin ve orneklemin cogunlukla ogrencilerden ve ogretmenlerden secildigi, yetiskin egitimi ile ilgili calismalarin oldukca sinirli oldugu da ortaya cikmistir. Betimsel arastirmalara siklikla yer verildigi, verilerin cogunlukla anket ve mulakat yoluyla toplandigi, veri analizinde de yuzdelik ve frekans kullanildigi gorulmustur. Elde edilen veriler isiginda deprem egitimi arastirmalarinin mevcut durumu ile ilgili oneriler ve bu konudaki arastirma yonelimlerin neler olmasi gerektigi yonunde tavsiyelerde bulunulmustur
Analysing Union Power, Opportunity and Strategic Capability: Global and Local Union Struggles Against the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)

This article presents a framework for identifying opportunities, and assessing the power and capacity needed for unions to develop strategic campaigns that can effectively challenge current neoliberal policy and practice (e.g. financialisation, trade liberalisation, privatisation and precarisation of labour). As the following analysis of union protests against the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) shows, opportunities to oppose and challenge the current system do exist but these opportunities must be recognised and strategically framed in a way that encourages widespread contestation and solidarity. In addition, oppositional movements must prioritise the issue and have sufficient power, and mobilisation and organisational capacity, to take advantage of opportunities where they are identified. I argue that this framework, which draws on social movement theory concepts and studies on the sources of union power, provides conceptual tools that can be utilised for analytical assessment of past union campaigns and further developed for improving campaign planning.
Carbon and phosphate incorporation rates of microbial assemblages in contrasting environments in the Southeast Pacific

Size-fractionated chlorophyll a (chl a) was determined along with carbon (C) and phos- phate (P) incorporation rates over a west-east transect in the Southeast Pacific (between 146.36° W and 72.49° W). A clear longitudinal gradient was observed for both chl a and C and P incorporation rates from the productive areas, near the Marquesas Islands and the Chilean upwelling, to the hyperoligo- trophic area associated with the central part of the Southeast Pacific Gyre (SPG). The 0.2-0.6 µm frac- tion represented 15 to 43% (29 ± 7% mean ± SD, n = 24) of the P incorporation rate along the transect, suggesting that heterotrophic bacteria were important factors in the P cycle as dissolved inorganic P consumers. Small-sized cells ( 2 µm) accounted for a significantly larger fraction of the total primary production, despite having lower chl a biomass and P incorporation rates. Consequently, larger cells presented higher photosynthetic efficiency values than the smaller phytoplankton. The C:P incorporation rate ratios exhibited increasing deviation from the canonical stoichiometric ratios of 106 and 50 (for phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria, respec- tively) towards the centre of the SPG. We propose hypotheses to explain these deviations.
Fairness at Trial: The Impact of Procedural Justice and Other Experiential Factors on Criminal Defendants’ Perceptions of Court Legitimacy in Poland

A large body of research supports the procedural justice hypothesis that quality of treatment matters more than outcomes for institutional legitimacy. How fairness matters across legal institutions and geographic settings remains an open question, however. This article uses a survey of criminal defendants to test the factors associated with perceived legitimacy of courts in Poland, a country whose judiciary is currently subject to intense political contestation. The findings confirm the primacy of procedural justice, while also illustrating the influence of instrumental performance factors such as time and court organization. This suggests that in contexts of political transition with disputed legal institutions, citizens’ contact with procedurally fair, operationally efficient institutions can support the legitimacy of authorities and strengthen the rule of law.
Proximate Composition of Meat and Dressing Losses of Wild and Farmed Labeo rohita (Rohu)

Proximate composition of meat and dressing losses of wild and farmed Labeo rohita of three different weight categories were determined. The farmed raised Labeo rohita of three different weight categories designated as F 1 (500-800 g), F 2 (900-1200 g) and F 3 (1300-1600 g), were procured from Fish Hatchery, at Satiana Road, Faisalabad. Concurrently, wild Labeo rohita of three different weight categories designated as W 1 (500-800 g), W2 (900-1200 g) and W 3 (1300-1600 g) were captured with the help of gill nets from the Trimu Head, which is about 95 Km away from Faisalabad. The farmed Labeo rohita showed contents of protein (20.68±0.02%), lipids (4.14±0.04%) and ash (1.23±0.02%). The maximum moisture and carbohydrate contents were estimated as 77.56% and 4.63%, respectively in wild Labeo rohita . The maximum dressing losses were recorded as 29.25% in wild Labeo rohita under W 3 (1300-1600 g). Farmed Labeo rohita is found to be best due to its nutritional as well as commercial value as compared to that of wild fish.
The Demand for Money in Nigeria

This study examined the demand for money in Nigeria. The study used annual time series spanning 26 years on both narrow and broad money, Income interest rate, exchange rate and the stock market. The study employed the use of multiple regression analysis, the unit-root test for stationarity and CUSSUM stability test. The study found out that money demand function is stable in Nigeria for the sample period and that income is the most significant determinant of the demand for money. It was also gathered that stock market variables can improve the performance of money demand function in Nigeria. The study recommended policies aimed at improving stock market activities and also monetary targeting as a tool for inflation control. Key words: Demand for money, Narrow Money, Broad Money, Stability Test, Unit-Root Test.
Knowledge Sharing within Business Process Integration. What are the barriers for knowledge sharing? - The case of Statkraft’s e-invoice project.

I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . III 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 BACKGROUND . 1 1.2 PROBLEM DISCUSSION . 2 1.3 PURPOSE AND RESEARCH QUESTION . 3 1.4 STUDY LIMITATIONS . 4 1.5 RESEARCH OUTLINE . 4 2 LITERATURE REVIEW & CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . 6 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE . 6 2.2 NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE . 7 2.3 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT . 8 2.3.1 Knowledge management in business process integration . 8 2.3.2 Knowledge sharing . 9 2.4 BARRIERS OF KNOWLEDGE SHARING . 10 2.4.1 Contextual factors . 10 2.4. 2 Lack of integration of IT system . 12 2.4. 3 Reluctance to use IT system . 13 2.4. 4 Technology and knowledge creation support. 13 2.4. 5 Organisational culture . 14 2.4. 6 Organisational structure . 15 2.4. 7 Employee’ perspectives . 15 2.5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . 16 3 METHODOLOGY . 18 3.1 RESEARCH APPROACH . 18 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN . 19 3.2.1 Research Unit . 19 3.2.2 Data collection method . 20 3.2.3 Data analysis method . 28 3.3 QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT . 29 4 EMPIRICAL FINDINGS: THE CASE OF STATKRAFT . 30 4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE STATKRAFT GROUP AND THE PROJECT . 30 4.1.1 Company structure of the Statkraft Group . 30 4.1.2 Overview of the accounting system . 31 4.1.3 Toward a digital solution – implementing a total digital invoice handling system . 33
A Comparative Study of Intra-Cervical Foley’s Catheter and PGE2 Gel for Pre-Induction Cervical Ripening

Background: To increase the success of labour induction, to reduce the complications and to diminish the rate of cesarean section and duration of labour, Cervical ripening is needed before the induction of labour. Even though pharmacological preparations are in widespread use for cervical ripening, it causes side-effects and complications. Foley’s catheter balloon (effective mechanical method) have not gained much attention because of infection. The efficacy and safety of extra amniotic Foley catheter balloon has been proved in this study by comparing it with intra-cervical prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) gel. Objective: The success of induction of labour depends on the cervical status at the time of induction was analyzed in this study. For effective cervical ripening, Foley’s catheter and PGE2 gel are used in this work. Further, the efficacy of intra cervical Foley's catheter and intra cervical PGE2 gel in cervical ripening for the successful induction of labour are compared and briefly elongated. Methods: In the department of obstetrics and gynaecology a randomized, comparative study was conducted. 200 patients at term with a Bishop's score of ≤3 with various indications for induction were randomly allocated to receive (100 pts) intra-cervical Foley's catheter or PGE2 gel (100 pts) was taken in account during a period of one year from July 2015 to June 2016. Bishop's score was noted, labor was augmented if required after 6 hours of post induction. Chi square test and t test was used for Statistical analysis in this work Results: The groups were comparable with respect to maternal age, gestation age, indication of induction and initial Bishop's score. A significant change in the Bishop's score was showed by both the groups, 5.10±1.55 and 5.14±1.60 for Foley's catheter and PGE2 gel, respectively; P <0. 001.However there was no significant difference between the two groups. In both the groups, no significant difference in the side effects and caesarean section was found. The induction to delivery interval was 16.01±5.50 h in group F and 16.85±3.81 h in group P (p = 0.073). There is no significant difference between the two groups in the aspects of Apgar scores, birth weights and NICU admissions. Conclusion: This study shows that both Foley's catheter and PGE2 gel are equally effective in pre induction cervical ripening with better neonatal outcome with Foley’s catheter compared to that of PGE2 gel.
Effects of traditional smoking methods on the concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in some species of smoked fish traded in Benue State, Nigeria.

The effects of three traditional smoking methods on the concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fishes were studied. Samples of five different species of fish highly traded for immediate consumption were purchased from fishermen and processed using saw dust smoke, firewood smoke and charcoal smoke respectively. Some of the fresh fishes were also sun-dried and analyzed as control. The PAHs content were extracted with standard dichloromethane using solid-liquid extraction, and analyzed using Gas chromatography – Mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) method. The results showed that fish samples processed with saw dust smoke recorded the highest concentrations of total PAHs, ranging from 815.75 µg/kg to 1550.28 µg/kg, followed by firewood smoked samples with total PAHs content varying between 738.14 µg/kg to 994.09 µg/kg while charcoal smoked samples recorded the least total PAHs levels of 135.02 µg/kg to 614.42 µg/kg. Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations of 5.68 µg/kg and 5.44 µg/kg respectively were detected in the samples of Arius heude loti and Mud minnow processed using saw dust smoke. The Benzo(a)pyrene levels exceeded the EC regulatory limit of 5 µg/kg. Because benzo(a)pyrene has been associated with intense carcinogenicity in humans, its levels recorded in the smoked Arius heude loti and Mud minnow may have implication for the quality and safety of these fish products. Therefore, it is imperative that regulatory bodies conduct awareness campaigns to educate both the smoked fish processors, traders and consumers on the need to discourage the use of saw dust in smoking fish and adopt safer and improved methods of smoking fishes.
The Influence of Crude Sheabutter Leaf-Extracts on Digestibility and Nitrogen Economy in Goats Fed a Concentrate Diet

A 28-day feed intake and digestibility trial was conducted with sixteen adult West African Dwarf goats to evaluate the influence of crude aqueous extracts of sheabutter leaf, added to maize-soy bean meal based concentrate diet (18.53 % CP). Goats were divided into four equal dietary groups balanced for body weight (range = 8.34 – 11.62; average = 9.17) and sex (4 males; 12 females). Each group was assigned to one of four treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of different levels of crude extracts of shed sheabutter leaf added to 50 kg of the concentrate diet. The extracts were obtained by boiling 0, 12.5, 25.0 or 50.0 g) of powdered sheabutter leaf for 15 minutes in 1000 dm 3 water. The four dietary treatments were designated as A, B, C and D respectively. Goats fed shed sheabutter leaf extracts- treated diet C or D consumed less (P < 0.05) dry matter than the control group A. Coefficients of digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, or ether extracts were higher (P < 0.05) for goats receiving the control diet A than for the treatment group C or D. Urinary nitrogen excretion was reduced (P < 0.05) in goats on sheabutter leaf extracts treatments, when compared with the control group and resulted in higher (P < 0 .05) nitrogen retention for goats on treatments B. All the goats remained in positive weight balance and showed no sign of malaise throughout the 28-day feeding trial. Results from the study supported the hypothesis that crude sheabutter leaf extracts at moderate dietary levels could positively influence the feeding values of concentrate diets as goats receiving dietary treatment B had improved (P < 0.05) body weight change, feed conversion ratio and nitrogen retention. Keywords : sheabutter leaf extracts, digestibility nitrogen economy and goat
Contribution of sulfuric acid and oxidized organic compounds to particle formation and growth

Abstract. Lack of knowledge about the mechanisms underlying new particle formation and their subsequent growth is one of the main causes for the large uncertainty in estimating the radiative forcing of atmospheric aerosols in global models. We performed chamber experiments designed to study the contributions of sulfuric acid and organic vapors to the formation and early growth of nucleated particles. Distinct experiments in the presence of two different organic precursors (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and α-pinene) showed the ability of these compounds to reproduce the formation rates observed in the low troposphere. These results were obtained measuring the sulfuric acid concentrations with two chemical ionization mass spectrometers confirming the results of a previous study which modeled the sulfuric acid concentrations in presence of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. New analysis methods were applied to the data collected with a condensation particle counter battery and a scanning mobility particle sizer, allowing the assessment of the size resolved growth rates of freshly nucleated particles. The effect of organic vapors on particle growth was investigated by means of the growth rate enhancement factor (Γ), defined as the ratio between the measured growth rate in the presence of α-pinene and the kinetically limited growth rate of the sulfuric acid and water system. The observed Γ values indicate that the growth is already dominated by organic compounds at particle diameters of 2 nm. Both the absolute growth rates and Γ showed a strong dependence on particle size, supporting the nano-Kohler theory. Moreover, the separation of the contributions from sulfuric acid and organic compounds to particle growth reveals that the organic contribution seems to be enhanced by the sulfuric acid concentration. Finally, the size resolved growth analysis indicates that both condensation of oxidized organic compounds and reactive uptake contribute to particle growth.
Numeral Classifiers in Ersu

This paper analyzes the numeral classifier system in Ersu, a previously under-documented Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan Province, China. Ersu numeral classifiers obligatorily follow a numeral in the context of counting. The language has a rich set of numeral classifiers, including sortal classifiers, mensural classifiers, time classifiers and repeaters. Their functional range involves individualization, classification, referentialization and emphasis. The paper concludes that Ersu not only shares common features with other Tibeto-Burman languages in this area, but also has some unique typological characteristics.