Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Poverty-GDP per capita-Health Triangle in Developing Countries

We estimate a dynamic system of simultaneous equations using country-level panel data from developing countries to identify the dynamic causal structural relationships between Poverty, GDP per capita and Health. For this, we develop innovative econometric methods for incomplete panel data to correct for endogeneity and the selectivity issues coming from missing data of poverty, and which have never been considered before. First, we nd that the data generation of poverty indicators through household surveys depends positively on democracy and the level of wealth in the country. Furthermore, the probability to conduct a household survey in a given period is higher when a household survey has been conducted in the previous period. Moreover, we nd that higher GDP per capita causes lower infant and child mortality rates but not necessarily poverty reduction. Our results highlight also the impact of health on GDP per capita and on the alleviation of poverty. Finally, we nd no evidence about a signi cant in uence of poverty on GDP per capita and health.
Skill complementarity in production technology: New empirical evidence and implications

Abstract Danish manufacturing firm data reveal that 1) industries differ in within-firm worker skill (= wage) dispersion, and 2) within-firm skill dispersion positively correlates with firm productivity in industries with higher average skill dispersion. We argue that these patterns reflect technological differences between industries: firms in the “skill complementarity” industries profit from hiring similarly able workers, while the “skill substitutability” firms thrive on skill differences. Our study produces a robust, data-driven and theoretically validated classification of industries into the complementarity and substitutability groups, unveils hitherto unnoticed technological heterogeneity between industries within the same economy, and illustrates its importance through simulations.
THE PRODUCTIVITY PUZZLE : PERSISTENCE AND CHANGE IN PATTERNS OF PUBLICATION OF MEN AND WOMEN SCIENTISTS

More than 50 studies of scientists in various fields show that women publish less than men. Moreover, correlations between gender and productivity have been roughly constant since the 1920s. The existence and stability of gender differences in productivity continue to be puzzling. Drawing upon data on publications by and citations to 263 matched pairs of men and women scientists ( N = 526) who received doctorates in 1969-1 970, we examine productivity and impact over the first 12 years of scientists’ careers to determine whether disparities observed in prior studies persist and, if so, to what degree and why. Aggregate gender differences in productivity in the cohort of 1970 are much like those in earlier ones. Women published slightly more than half (57%) as many papers as men, with that proportion decreasing somewhat as time passed. However, women now account for 26% of the most prolific scientists in the cohort (those who published at least 1.6 papers annually) as against just 8% in the cohort of 1957-1958 in comparable years. Since highly productive scientists contribute disproportionately to the literature and presumably to the development of scientific knowledge, the increased representation of women in this group is significant. Advances in Motivation and Achievement, Volume 2, pages 217-258. Copyright
Trust and Loyalty among Islamic and Conventional Bank Customers in Malaysia

INTRODUCTION Malaysia practices a dual banking system in which Islamic banking operates alongside the conventional banking system. Islamic banking products and services are similar to conventional banks, except their transactions need to be compliant with Islamic law. As results, the Islamic banks face competition with conventional banks in banking products and services. Bravo et ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to explore the dimensions of service quality and test an integrative model to study the influence of service quality, image, and trust on customer loyalty in the Malaysian banking sector. In this study, the service quality model is enhanced to improve the bank’s image. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to test the proposed research model. The proposed model indicates that delivering high-quality service can result in achieving the well-known image; the result also shows a positive relationship between image and trust, and trust and customer loyalty in both Islamic and conventional banks. Therefore, based on the findings, service quality, bank image and trust are considered to be antecedents of customer loyalty. Bank image is indirectly related to customer loyalty through trust.
An Evolution of Reliability of Large Scale Software of a Switching System

A large-scale software project is generally defined in terms of the amount of necessary human/resources, more than 100 people, and necessary duration, more than one year. Software of a switching system is a typical example of this type. In [1], L. Bernstein reported the difficulties of a large-scale project management and he suggested some management principles emphasizing the deployment of people working on the project. In general, management of software projects are improved through a review of the past experiences. In this paper, we summarize experience obtained from the studies of software reliability applied to a large-scale software project of the TDX-10 ISDN switching system. The An Evolution of Reliability of Large Scale Software of a Switching System
Military expenditure and economic growth: the case of India

Purpose The relationship between military expenditure and economic growth is complex. The purpose of this paper is to examine this relationship in India. Design/methodology/approach The design of this study is descriptive in the theoretical part, and quantitative in the applied one. The study uses time series approach, and Hendry General-to-Specific (GTS) modeling methodology, to examine and analyze the relationship between military expenditure and economic growth in India, during the period 1980-2016. Findings The study shows the following: Absence of causal relationship between military expenditure and economic growth in India, during indicated period. The continuous regional tensions facing India represent the main factor for adopting Indian military strategy and emphasizing military capabilities. India has been able to build and develop links between civilian and military sectors. The Indian military scientific and manufacturing policies have achieved self-sufficiency in some of its military needs, a strong military industrial base and high levels of military exports. India participated with developed countries in military strategic industries. Such participation contributed to the integration of civilian and military sectors. India gave rights to private sector and foreign direct investment (FDI) for manufacturing in military industries, giving full marketing rights to the Indian government. These new policies considered a great move toward deep changes for Indian military manufacturing policy. Social implications The findings shed light on the importance of stimulating links between civilian and military sectors, particularly in the industrial sectors and scientific activities. Originality/value This study has a contribution to literature of military expenditures' economic effects. Theoretically, this study tries to fill the research gap regarding the impact of military expenditure in Indian case. Furthermore, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that examines the relationship between military expenditure and economic growth in India using Hendry general-to-specific (GTS) modeling methodology and time series approach.
Sibling Differences in Educational Polygenic Scores: How Do Parents React?

We take advantage of recent advances in behavioral genetics to revisit a classic question in economics: how do parents respond to children's endowments and to differences in endowments among siblings? Parental investment decisions depend both on parental preferences regarding inequality in the distribution of their children's quality and on how costly it is for parents to add to their children's quality by investing in their human capital (or the price effect). Our empirical strategy allows us to isolate the effect of parental preferences regarding equality from the price effect, a distinction that cannot be made when relying on sibling or twin fixed-effects models. Importantly, we use genetic variants that predict educational attainment as a measure of children's educational endowments. Individuals' genetic makeup is fixed at conception, so these indicators cannot be affected by parental investment decisions. We find evidence that parents of non-twin siblings display inequality aversion and, given the absolute endowment level of one child, they invest more in him/her if his/her sibling is better-endowed. In contrast, parents of twins do not significantly react to endowment differences among their children, likely because it is difficult to provide differential parental investments across children of exactly the same age.
The Great Recession and the Zero Lower Bound preliminary, please do not disseminate without the authors’ consent

We investigate the drivers of the Great Recession and analyse the effects of interest rate policies in the aftermath of the crisis. For that purpose we estimate and filter a mediumscale DSGE model, accounting for an endogenously binding zero lower bound (ZLB). We find that the Great Recession was caused by an increase in the risk premium, which persisted after the recession and weighed heavily on real activity. Our analysis suggests that the long duration of the zero lower bound was a reaction to the weak economic development as opposed to a commitment by the central bank to actively keep interest rates lower than a Taylor-rule implied rate. Nonetheless, the sharp cut in the Fed Fund rate prior to the ZLB period attenuated the fall in output by roughly 1 percent. At the ZLB, expansionary forward guidance shocks had an strengthening effect on output, whereas the exit from the ZLB was too early and had recessionary effects. Inflation dynamics are largely untouched by interest rate policy due to a flat Phillips Curve. Furthermore, we find that the cost of the ZLB was substantial and lowered output by two percent.
How Collateral Affects Small Business Lending: The Role of Lender Specialization

I study the role of collateral on small business credit access in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. I construct a novel, loan-level dataset covering all collateralized small business lending in Texas from 2002-2016 and link it to the U.S. Census of Establishments. Using textual analysis, I quantify whether a lender is specialized in a borrower’s collateral by comparing the collateral pledged by the borrower to the lender’s collateral portfolio. I show that post-2008, lenders reduced credit supply by focusing on borrowers that pledged collateral in which the lender specialized. This result holds when comparing lending to the same borrower from different lenders, and when comparing lending by the same lender to different borrowers. A one standard deviation higher specialization in collateral increases lending to the same firm by 3.7%. Abstracting from general equilibrium effects, if firms switched to lenders with the highest specialization in their collateral, aggregate lending would increase by 14.8%. Furthermore, firms borrowing from lenders with greater specialization in the borrower’s collateral see a larger growth in employment after 2008. I identify the lender’s informational advantage in the posted collateral to be the mechanism driving lender specialization. Finally, I show that firms with collateral more frequently accepted by lenders in the economy find it easier to switch lenders. In sum, my paper shows that borrowing from specialized lenders increases access to credit and employment during a financial crisis. ∗New York University, Stern School of Business, mgopal@stern.nyu. edu. I am grateful to Philipp Schnabl (Chair), Anthony Saunders, and Viral Acharya for extensive guidance and support. I would like to thank Nicola Cetorelli, Adam Copeland, Abhinav Gupta, Arpit Gupta, Sabrina Howell, Kose John, Theresa Kuchler, Simone Lenzu, Andres Liberman, David Lucca, Stephan Luck, Holger Mueller, Cecilia Parlatore, Fahad Saleh, Asani Sarkar, Alexi Savov, Johannes Stroebel, James Vickery, Siddharth Vij, Iris Yao, Nicholas Zarra, and seminar participants at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and NYU Stern for helpful comments. Part of this paper was completed during the Dissertation Internship at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in the summer of 2019. The research in this paper was conducted while the author was a Special Sworn Status researcher of the U.S. Census Bureau at the Center for Economic Studies. Research results and conclusions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Census Bureau. This paper has been screened to ensure that no confidential data are revealed.
CLINICAL AND SEROLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF AN INTRAHOSPITAL EPIDEMIC , WITH A NOTEON VACCINATION EFFICACY

Influenza caused by a new variant of influenza A virus assumed epidemic proportions in southwest China in late February, 1957 (1). During the next three months influenza outbreaks occurred widely throughout the Orient and first appeared in the United States in the middle of May. During the summer the disease spread slowly and sporadically within the United States, initially involved military establishments which received military personnel from the Orient, and later attacked various civilian groups collected in summer camps and conferences. From September through December, 1957, there was a rapid and diffuse spread of influenza, and epidemics were observed in most cities throughout the country (2). In late August, 1957, it was predicted that influenza would probably be seen in epidemic proportions within New York City. At this time a prospective interdepartmental study was organized at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center with the belief that the pending epidemic might present a unique opportunity to study influenza by a multidisciplined approach not often possible under epidemic conditions. The present series of three papers is a report of these studies. The first paper details observations on an intrahospital epidemic arising within a single medical ward. Included in this initial paper of the report are the results of studies of the clinical
Employment Fluctuations, Job Polarization and Non-Standard Work: Evidence from France and the US

Using annual and quarterly labor market data from the US and France, we study the relationship between the extensive and intensive margins of labor adjustment, job polarization and non-standard work along the business cycle. We derive four stylized facts. First, changes in aggregate hours are mainly driven by fluctuations in per-capita employment rather than hours worked per worker. Second, recessionary drops observed in aggregate hours are, to a large extent, due to the disappearance of routine work. In the US, the fall in routine standard employment accounts for most of the decline in aggregate hours, whereas in France, routine jobs losses in both standard and non-standard work matter. Third, the dynamics of routine standard employment are driven by flows from and into unemployment in both countries. Fourth, the dynamics of routine non-standard work differ across countries. In the US, fluctuations in routine non-standard employment is driven by inflows from routine standard work, while, in France, changes in routine non-standard work are accounted for by ins and outs from unemployment. Our findings support the view that within-employment reallocation, through the use of non-standard work, is an alternative margin of adjustment in the US. This is not the case in France and flexibility is achieved by adjusting hiring and separations of standard and non-standard work. In bad times, reduced stepping stones contribute to the fall in routine standard employment.
Optimal Monetary Policy Rule with Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: the Role of Heterogeneity∗

I study the welfare-maximizing monetary policy rule in a sticky price model where workers are heterogeneous in their productivity and wage changes are subject to asymmetric menu costs. When calibrated to the U.S. wage distribution, the model identifies a much larger cost for downward wage adjustments than upward ones, which is known as downward nominal wage rigidity (DNWR). In the calibrated model, DNWR generates a sizable welfare loss through an inefficient cross-sectional allocation of labor as well as the aggregate fluctuations. Consequently, the optimal monetary policy substantially differs from that in a homogeneous agent model. Positive inflation can improve social welfare because it facilitates real wage adjustments in a downturn. Moreover, a simple modification of monetary policy rule can yield higher welfare. The optimal monetary policy rule responds strongly to the output gap as well as to inflation. It is also effective in addressing the asymmetry arising from DNWR to respond more aggressively to a contractionary shock than to an expansionary one. JEL classification: E24; E31; E52.
Teacher Performance Pay and Student Learning: Evidence from a Nationwide Program in Peru

We study the impact of a nationwide teacher pay-for-performance program in Peru. Public secondary schools compete in a tournament based on eighth graders’ performance in a standardized test. The principal and teachers of winning schools receive a substantial bonus. We perform a difference-in-differences estimation comparing the internal grades of eighth and ninth graders of the same school, before and after the program. We find a precisely estimated zero effect on student achievement, which could be a consequence of teachers’ uncertainty about how to improve their students’ performance in the standardized test tied to the bonus.
Gender Bias in Intra-Household Allocation of Education in India: Has it Fallen Over Time?

This paper asks whether gender bias in education expenditure in rural India fell over the two-decade period from 1995 to 2014. We find that instead of falling over time, the channel through which gender bias is practiced changed dramatically over the 20 years. Secondly, the paper demonstrates the usefulness of distinguishing between the two potential channels of gender bias, namely bias in the school enrolment decision, and bias in the conditional educational expenditure decision, rather than in the single unconditional education expenditure decision; this distinction is shown to be important because gender bias in the enrolment decision has greatly fallen but bias in the conditional expenditure decision has significantly risen over time. Thirdly, we find that individual child level data has much greater power to detect gender bias in education spending, compared to household level data. Lastly, household fixed effects analysis shows that the observed gender biases in education spending are a within-household phenomenon in rural India.
QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SOILS UNDER IRRIGATION ALONG THE JAKARA STREAM IN METROPOLITAN KANO By

This study was conducted on the irrigated lands along the banks of the Jakara Stream in metropolitan Kano, with the aim of assessing its quality for the land use being practiced. Two sites (Hajj Camp and Magami) were selected based on concentration of irrigation activity and irrigation water source. Analytical methods were employed in determining the levels of various fertility related parameters and heavy metal pollutants in relation to water source. The fertility parameters determined were organic carbon (means = 1.87% and 0.63%), organic matter (means = 3.22% and 1.09%), CEC (means = 14.50 and 6.82 cmol/kg), exchangeable bases (K (means = 1.68cmol/kg and 1.54 cmol/kg), Ca (means = 5.52cmol/kg and 4.54cmol/kg), Mg (means = 2.30cmol/kg and 2.16cmol/kg), and Na (means = 0.43cmol/kg and 2.64cmol/kg)), available nitrogen (means = 0.021% and 0.007%), pH (means = 6.6 and 7.26) and available phosphorus(means = 322.72mg/kg and 179.06mg/kg) respectively for sample taken at the Hajj Camp and the Magami sites. Most of the values were falling between medium to low except for organic matter at Hajj Camp which was high. On the overall, results of the research revealed soils of marginal fertility when USDA/NRSC (2001) guideline for soil quality assessment was adopted and values were compared with values recommended by Landon (1991). The metals determined included copper, lead and cadmium. The result shows that only the means of copper for the two sites were significantly different, while the means of all the three metals (Cadmium, Cd (mean = 0.029mg/kg and 0.034mg/kg for the two locations respectively), Lead, Pb (mean = 2.98mg/kg and 2.76mg/kg for the two locations respectively) and Copper (mean = 2.48mg/kg and 1.74mg/kg for the two locations respectively) when compared with internationally approved limits (European soils and American literature); were significantly different at 0.05LSD and very low.
The Impact of Managers’ Risk Aversion and Loss Aversion on Audit Quality Demand

We use experimental economic markets to investigate the impact of risk aversion and loss aversion on managers’ demand for audit quality. We posit that managers’ audit quality preferences are influenced by contextual factors that are often not considered or are difficult to isolate in prior research. We specifically predict and find evidence that risk aversion significantly reduces managers’ average demand for audit quality, and that risk aversion and loss aversion and their interaction reduce managers’ likelihood of hiring the best available auditor in the market. In supplemental analyses, we show that our results are robust to several alternative economic and psychological explanations.
Fundamental Pricing of Utility Tokens

We explain how to evaluate the fundamental price of utility tokens. Our model endogenizes the velocity of circulation of tokens and yields a pricing formula that is fully microfounded. According to our approach, tokens are valuable because they have to be immediately accessible when the platform service is needed, a requirement that is reminiscent of the cash-in-advance constraint in the theory of money.
THE ACCESSORY SCAPHOID BONE

I. It appears that we are dealing with a separate disease entity which can be differentiated from "weak foot. " II. The pain and tenderness may be due to: a. Irritation of the joint between the scaphoid and accessory scaphoid. b. Irritation of the tendon of tibialis posticus. c. Inflammation of the bursa between the tibialis posticus tendon and the accessory scaphoid. III. As to treatment, conservative means should be tried out. In stubborn cases, removal of accessory scaphoid is indicated and relief of tenderness and pain can be expected. IV. I would suggest for this disorder the name: "Disturbance of Accessory Scaphoid Bone. "