Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extraction Behavior of Cu(II) Ion From Chloride Medium to the Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids Using 1,10-Phenanthroline

The study of liquid-liquid extraction of Cu(II) ion was carried out by using a series of hydrophobic ionic liquids; 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4mimPF6]), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophospahate ([C6mimPF6]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide ([C4mimNTf2]) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide ([C6mimNTf2]) as extraction phase. Cu(II) prefer to extract into [C4mimPF6] which is the less hydrophobic of ionic liquids. The extraction behavior of Cu(II) ion depends on the type of counterion and the extraction of Cu(II) ion in ionic liquid system proceeds via similar mechanism with a molecular organic solvent. From these results, it was proposed that the extraction of Cu complexes from chloride medium proceeds through ion pair mechanism.
Accommodation or Confrontation? Explaining Differences in Policies Toward Iran

Even though democracies by and large share the perception of Iran as a threat to peace and security, they disagree over the appropriate policy response. This paper examines why some democracies prefer accommodation while others plead for confrontation. Using a new data set on democracies' policies toward Iran in the 2000s, we assess the impact of power positions, commercial interests, and domestic political cultures while controlling for government ideology. While we find little support for any impact of power positions, “cultures of dealing with deviance,” that is, the discourses and practices of dealing with violations of norms domestically as institutionalized in a society's criminal law and justice system, have a substantial and statistically significant effect on state policies. Finally, we find qualified support for commercial liberalism: Whereas high levels of total trade do not have the expected effect of making states more accommodationist, high levels of trade in strategic goods such as oil do.
Research Division Federal Reserve Bank of St . Louis Working Paper Series Dynamics in Systematic Liquidity

We develop the principal component analysis (PCA) approach to systematic liquidity measurement by introducing moving and expanding estimation windows. We evaluate these methods along with traditional estimation techniques (full sample PCA and market average) in terms of ability to explain (1) cross-sectional stock liquidity and (2) crosssectional stock returns. For several traditional liquidity measures our results suggest an expanding window specification for systematic liquidity estimation. However, for price impact liquidity measures we find support for a moving window specification. The market average proxy of systematic liquidity produces the same degree of commonality, but does not have the same ability to explain stock returns as the PCA-based estimates.
Institutional entrepreneurs

PurposeWhile institutional theory is used widely in the information system (IS) literature to study implementation of systems, the actual process of institutionalization has received less attention. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap in the literature by using three concepts drawn from the theory, namely, institutional isomorphism, institutional logic and institutional entrepreneurship, and the interplay between them to explore the role of the dominant institutional entrepreneur in the institutionalization of a public system, as an instance of e‐government initiatives.Design/methodology/approachIn an interpretive case study, this study examined the institutionalization process of an e‐procurement system over a four‐year period (2007‐2011) in the Indonesian city of Yogyakarta.FindingsThis study reveals that different institutional isomorphism mechanisms emerge during the process and institutional logics evolve over time. More interestingly, it uncovers the dominant role of an institutional entrepreneur, the city's mayor, who mobilized resources and support to drive the institutionalization process. At the beginning stage, institutionalization is best described as a process of instilling values, cultivated by the mayor, followed by a process of creating reality through a typification process, whereby the e‐procurement system is embedded in the existing practices and institutionalized.Research limitations/implicationsAs an interpretive study, the findings are generalized to theoretical concepts rather than the population. The interrelationship between the three concepts of institutional theory represents plausible rather than deterministic links. It also offers practical insights, such as e‐procurement implementation strategy.Originality/valueThis paper goes beyond simply using institutional theory as an interpretive lens by examining the interrelationship between the mechanisms of institutionalization. It shows that the main catalyst of the institutionalization process is the institutional entrepreneur who managed the institutional isomorphism and was instrumental in changing the institutional logic. It also presents lessons from a successful case where corrupt practices were highly institutionalized at the beginning but were decreased through the system.
Plant species, not climate, controls aboveground biomass O2:CO2 exchange ratios in deciduous and coniferous ecosystems

The oxidative ratio (OR) is the O2:CO2 ratio associated with photosynthesis, respiration, and other ecosystem gas exchange processes and can be reported on the scale of an individual leaf, an ecosystem, up to the entire terrestrial biosphere. The OR of the terrestrial biosphere is used to partition anthropogenic CO2 between oceanic and terrestrial carbon sinks, and the ease of measurement of this property on smaller scales suggests its potential for other uses. However, controls on the natural variation of OR are not understood in either organic matter pools or fluxes, and this lack of basic information limits the use of the tracer. Here we assess the annual variability of the OR of photosynthesis over ~decade for two temperate forests, one coniferous and one deciduous, and show that the photosynthetic OR signature is strongly dominated by plant species. We determined the OR of this flux by measuring the OR of carbon pools that close on annual or shorter timescales (leaves and individual tree rings), via solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Leaf litter OR is different between coniferous and deciduous forests, but tree bole OR is constant between species. There was no significant change in leaf litter OR with time, nor any correlations between leaf litter OR and temperature or precipitation. During this time growing season precipitation varied by 95% from the time period average, and growing season temperature by 22%, demonstrating that on the decadal scale photosynthetic OR is invariant over significant shifts in these climate parameters.
Biological Activity of Calotropisprocera Grown Under High Voltage Transmission Lines in Jeddah Province , Saudi Arabia

Electromagnetic field (EMF) may cause biological changes to wild plants growing around or near the electricity towers. To evaluate this argument a field study was conducted at north Jeddah city during 2013-14. A number of plant species found in the study areas, but Calotropisprocera L. was selected for this study. Sampling was performed from four different towers for Electricity high-pressure transmission lines north Jeddah province, build at different years (1981, 1991, 2008, and 2013). Three places has been selected away from the tower, starting from the bottom of the tower for this study, zero m (under the tower), 50 m and 100 m away from centre. A control site was also chosen far from electricity towers and lines. Plant morphology (height, number of branches, shelter width and leaf area), physiological activity (intercellular CO2, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll contents) and some ion content in soil and plant leaves were measured. The results show that the plant health was improved morphophysiologically at the center and older installations. Moreover by decreasing the distance from 100 m to 0 m, significant influence was found, it may be attributed to enhance exposure of electromagnetic field, as a consequence plant revealed some relief in terms of growth.
Risk for developing tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

Department of Microbiology, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. School of Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia. Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal. Department of Operation Theatre, Grande International Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Department of Microbiology, Nepal Medical College, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Dynamical realization of magnetic states in a strongly interacting Bose mixture

We describe the dynamical preparation of magnetic states in a strongly interacting two-component Bose gas in a harmonic trap. By mapping this system to an effective spin chain model, we obtain the dynamical spin densities and the fidelities for a few-body system. We show that the spatial profiles transit between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic states as the intraspecies interaction parameter is slowly increased.
A Novel Use of Eye-Tracking to Measure Real-Time Speech Recognition

With this study I wanted to see if eye-tracking could be used as an effective online measure of speech comprehension in the processing of sentences. Two experimental levels of syntactic complexity were used in this paradigm: subject relative embedded clauses and objective relative embedded clauses. English-speaking young adults listened to simple narrative sentences while looking at a visual display containing potential referents within the sentence and were asked to determine the agent of the action. The goal was to see if eye-gaze to the correct agent would signify the moment at which participants comprehended the sentences. This experiment was able to define a temporal window during which participants resolved syntactic ambiguity in real-time. The key behavioral finding showed that the probability of saccading to the target agent was considerably higher for subject-relative than objectrelative sentences indicating a difference in sentence processing due to syntactic complexity.
Transport of crustal microparticles from Chilean Patagonia to the Antarctic Peninsula by SEM-EDS analysis

The individual elemental composition of insoluble airborne particulates found in King George Island (KGI), Antarctic Peninsula (atmosphere, snow, firn and ice deposits) and in the atmosphere of Chilean Patagonia by SEM-EDS analysis identify probable sources and transport mechanisms for the atmospheric aerosols observed in these regions. Insoluble airborne particulates found in the snow, firn and ice in a core from Lange Glacier (KGI) call for significant crustal influence, mainly associated with aluminium potassium, aluminium calcium and magnesium iron silicates together with other aluminium silicates of calcium and magnesium, among rare others containing Ti, Ni and Cr. Our study suggests that 95% of the bulk mode insoluble particulates deposited in Lange Glacier can be explained by atmospheric transport from Chilean Patagonia. Cyclonic systems passing between southernmost South America and the Antarctic Peninsula are the most probable atmospheric transport mechanism, tracked by measurements of 222Rn and Si.
FOOD AND HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS OF CLAASSENIA SABULOSA (PLECOPTERA: PERLIDAE) IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER, COLORADO

Abstract Streambed surveys were conducted along the upper Colorado River, Colorado, to describe the distributions of Claassenia sabulosa larvae in relation to current speed and to determine their diets. We also addressed diel feeding periodicity by sampling during both day and night. Claassenia sabulosa was more abundant in riffle habitats than in runs. A positive relationship existed between C. sabulosa abundance and stream current, with larval size increasing with current speed. Chironomidae, Baetidae, and Simulidae collectively accounted for 93% of the prey found in stonefly guts; however, these categories were not consumed equally by all C. sabulosa. Smaller C. sabulosa primarily ate chironomids, and larger individuals consumed more baetids. Only a slight difference existed in the percentage of empty guts between night- and day-collected stoneflies, and ranges of prey per gut at night were higher than those in the day, suggesting that these stoneflies may forage more intensively at night.
Sufficient global optimality conditions for multi-extremal smooth minimisation problems with bounds and linear matrix inequality constraints

Abstract In this paper, we present sufficient conditions for global optimality of a general nonconvex smooth minimisation model problem involving linear matrix inequality constraints with bounds on the variables. The linear matrix inequality constraints are also known as “semidefinite” constraints which arise in many applications, especially in control system analysis and design. Due to the presence of nonconvex objective functions such minimisation problems generally have many local minimisers which are not global minimisers. We develop conditions for identifying global minimisers of the model problem by first constructing a (weighted sum of squares) quadratic underestimator for the twice continuously differentiable objective function of the minimisation problem and then by characterising global minimisers of the easily tractable underestimator over the same feasible region of the original problem. We apply the results to obtain global optimality conditions for optinusation problems with discrete constraints.
Psychosocial aspects of entrepreneurial potential

This study presents a theoretical model regarding the entrepreneurial potential construct, and the main psychosocial aspects that contribute towards an individual's preparedness to engage in activities typically associated with entrepreneurship. The general question addressed in this study is: How to explain the entrepreneurial potential construct theoretically, and how to assess it empirically? This study seeks to contribute by creating an instrument (the EPAI – Entrepreneurial Potential Assessment Inventory) that can be used to measure the entrepreneurial potential construct. In this paper we present four studies on its empirical validation. The results suggest reliable scale characteristics, convergent and discriminant validity. The EPAI can be used by an entrepreneur for self-assessment, for training, and for professional development.
Milk Yield Characteristics of Norduz Sheep

SUMMARY The aim of the study was to investigate milk yield a nd milk composition of Norduz sheep reported as a ty pe within Akkaraman breed. The study was conducted on 71 Norduz ewes at a private sheep farm located in Gurpinar, V an. Average lactation milk yield, daily milk yield and lactation length o f Norduz sheep were 125.09±0.93 kg, 695.76±5.06 g and 179.17 ±0.80 days, respectively. Effects of age (P 0.05). Effects of age (P 0.05). Age of ewe, birth type and body weights did not have a signi ficant effect on total solids, protein, lactose and ash percentages (P>0.05). While positive correlation coefficients were detecte d between lactation milk yield and lactose (r p=0.40, P<0.001), negative correlation coefficients were found between lactation milk yield and milk fat (r p=-0.45, P<0.001), lactation milk yield and total solids (r p=-0.49, P<0.001). In conclusion, lactation milk yiel d and lactation length of Norduz ewes were greater tha n many native sheep breeds raised in Turkey. Milk yield of Norduz ewes can be improved by effective selection programm e.
Geometry, Kinematics, and Rigid Body Mechanics in Cayley-Klein Geometries

The 19 century witnessed a dramatic freeing of the human intellect from its naive assumptions. This development is particularly striking in mathematics. New geometries were discovered which challenged and expanded the familiar space of euclid, notably projective geometry and non-euclidean metric geometries. Developments in algebra led to similarly earth-shaking discoveries. This expansion of consciousness was accompanied by a desire to find a higher unity in the growing diversity. Hermann Grassmann made a bold, early attempt to bring the two domains together in his ”Science of extension” of 1844. Later in the century, Cayley and Klein contributed to this process by their discovery that metric geometry could be constructed atop projective geometry. William Clifford introduced a geometric product combining the metric inner product with Grassmann’s exterior product; the resulting structure has become known as a Clifford or geometric algebra. A completely satisfactory formulation of geometric algebra had to await the rigorous clarity of 20 century mathematics. The work presented here (the author’s Ph. D. thesis from the Technical University Berlin, 2011) represents an attempt to bring this stream of 19 century mathematics into the aforementioned rigorous, modern form, and to apply the resulting thought forms to understand kinematics and rigid body mechanics in the spaces under consideration (including euclidean, hyperbolic and elliptic space). One guiding light in the treatment is the reliance on a projective geometric foundation throughout, particularly a consequent application of the principle of duality. This projective approach guarantees that the result is metric-neutral – the results are stated in such a way that they apply equally well to the two non-euclidean geometries as well as euclidean geometry. And a consequent consideration of duality leads to the recognition that this classical triad must be extended by a fourth geometry, dual euclidean geometry. Readers of the MPK will not be surprised to learn that dual euclidean geometry has a close affinity with counter-space [in German, Gegenraum], a concept which Rudolf Steiner introduced and developed, particularly in his natural science lectures. That such a connection exists in the work presented here is not surprising, as the initial impulse for this thesis was provided by the later works of George Adams (for example, see [Ada59]), to whom the present publication is dedicated. One of Adams’ great gifts was to show how the results of modern science, particularly mathematical, when grasped with enlivened thinking, reveal deep, often unexpected, connections to the world and the human being – in a manner reminiscent of Goethe’s reading the “open secrets” of nature. Such insights can indicate fruitful directions for further research. In this spirit is the current publication offered, with special thanks to Peter Gschwind for making it possible.
Impact of Teacher Self-Efficacy on Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement

The study of self-efficacy and its impact on human performance has intrigued many scholars during the last two decades, for example, Clayson and Sheffet, 2006; Nauta, 2004; Muijsand Rejnolds 2001; Bandura, 1997 and Soodak and Podell, 1993. This study was conducted with the objective to find out the impact ofteacher self-efficacy on the secondary school students’ academic achievement. For this purpose, sixty (60) secondary school teachers and a hundred (100) secondary school students in Chiltan Town of Quetta city were randomly selected. To collect the data, teacher self-efficacy questionnaire for teachers was used and to measure students’ academic achievement a test was developed. Data were analyzed through Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regressions. The findings of the study revealed that teacher self-efficacy has a positive impact on the students’ academic achievement. The results of the study and their pedagogical implications have been discussed, and recommendations have been provided for further researches.
Regional sustainable development frameworks: Tools for sustainability planning in the English regions

Regional Sustainable Development Frameworks (RSDFs) have been prepared in each of the 8 English regions as a means of progressing sustainable development at the regional level. Promoted by central government, which has emphasised the overarching role of the Frameworks as a key reference for all regional plans, strategies and policies, their preparation and use in practice has offered scope for innovation and variety which are revealing of the relationships and tensions between various interests at the regional level. This paper assesses the effectiveness of the Frameworks, focusing in particular on their use in practice in appraising the sustainability of other regional plans and strategies, and their role in resolving conflicts. The paper also examines their role in integrating a consistent understanding of sustainable development, and reflects on the implications for different meanings of sustainability. It draws on work commissioned by the English Regions Network from CAG Consultants and Oxford Brookes University. A central aim of the research project was to evaluate how effective RSDFs have been in providing a direction and a vision for regional activity to progress sustainable development.
Obscured star formation in bright z ≃ 7 Lyman-break galaxies

We present Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array observations of the rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) dust continuum emission of six bright Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at $z \simeq 7$. The average FIR luminosity of the sample is found to be $L_{\rm FIR} \simeq 2 \times 10^{11}\,{\rm L}_{\odot}$, corresponding to an obscured star-formation rate (SFR) that is comparable to that inferred from the unobscured UV emission. In comparison to the infrared excess (IRX$\,=L_{\rm FIR}/L_{\rm UV}$)-$\beta$ relation, our results are consistent with a Calzetti-like attenuation law (assuming a dust temperature of T = 40-50 K). We find a physical offset of 3 kpc between the dust continuum emission and the rest-frame UV light probed by Hubble Space Telescope imaging for galaxy ID65666 at $z = 7.17^{+0.09}_{-0.06}$. The offset is suggestive of an inhomogeneous dust distribution, where 75% of the total star formation activity (SFR$ \,\simeq 70\,{\rm M}_{\odot}/{\rm yr}$) of the galaxy is completely obscured. Our results provide direct evidence that dust obscuration plays a key role in shaping the bright-end of the observed rest-frame UV luminosity function at $z \simeq 7$, in agreement with cosmological galaxy formation simulations. The existence of a heavily-obscured component of galaxy ID65666 indicates that dusty star-forming regions, or even entire galaxies, that are "UV-dark" are significant even in the $z \simeq 7$ galaxy population.
Deposit Insurance, Moral Hazard and Market Monitoring

The paper analyses the relationship between deposit insurance, debt-holder monitoring, and risk taking. In a stylised banking model we show that deposit insurance may reduce moral hazard, if deposit insurance credibly leaves out non-deposit creditors. Testing the model using EU bank level data yields evidence consistent with the model, suggesting that explicit deposit insurance may serve as a commitment device to limit the safety net and permit monitoring by uninsured subordinated debt holders. We further find that credible limits to the safety net reduce risk taking of smaller banks with low charter values and sizeable subordinated debt shares only. However, we also find that the introduction of explicit deposit insurance tends to increase the share of insured deposits in banks' liabilities.