Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of humanlike Augmentin SR (2000/125 mg) twice daily treatment on Haemophilus influenzae experimental pneumonia in rabbits

We investigated the efficacy of 2 formulations of Augmentin on experimental pneumonia due to Haemophilus influenzae (HI) in rabbits. Two strains were used (H128 and 401285) with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid MICs of 1/0.5 mg/l and 4/2 mg/l. Pneumonia was induced in immunocompetent rabbits by inoculation of 10 log10 CFU HI. The treatments were infused by using computer controlled pumps in order to mimic the human pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of either conventional Augmentin treatment (875/125 mg twice daily) or the sustained release formulation (SR: 2000/125 mg twice daily). After 2 d of treatment, the bacterial concentrations in the lungs were similar for both strains and both treatments: isolate H128, conventional Augmentin reduced bacterial numbers to 3.8±2.1 log10 CFU/g and Augmentin SR to 3.1±2.4 log10 CFU/g; isolate 401285, conventional Augmentin to 3.5±2. Thus, both treatments demonstrated similar efficacy against H. influenzae pneumonia in this model, even when induced by a strain with an amoxicillin/clavulanic acid MIC of 4/2 mg/l. These results support current breakpoints for conventional Augmentin against H. influenzae and suggest that Augmentin SR is at least as effective against these isolates.
Does 2.5 cm of Symphyseal Widening Differentiate Anteroposterior Compression I From Anteroposterior Compression II Pelvic Ring Injuries?

Objective: It has been proposed that 2.5 cm of diastasis of the symphysis pubis corresponds with injury to the anterior sacroiliac ligament and differentiates Young-Burgess anteroposterior compression Type I and II pelvic ring injuries. We hypothesized that if a pelvis has greater than 2.5 cm of symphysis pubis diastasis, the anterior sacroiliac ligaments are disrupted and the pelvic floor has failed. Methods: Pure torsional moment was applied to cadaveric human pelves with the hemipelvis either unconstrained (n = 10) or constrained to move only in the plane of rotation (n = 10). We recorded displacement of the symphysis pubis and sacroiliac joint and the applied torque that corresponded with failure of the anterior sacroiliac ligaments. Results: Average symphysis pubis diastasis at the point of anterior sacroiliac ligament failure was 2.2 cm (n = 20; range, 1-4.5 cm); however, 80% of the values were outside the range of 2 to 3 cm. Symphysis pubis diastasis in male specimens averaged 2.5 cm and in female specimens, 1.8 cm (P = 0.06). The sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments that make up the pelvic floor were not injured in unconstrained testing (zero of 10 specimens) but were at least attenuated in constrained testing (10 of 10 specimens), either simultaneously or after anterior sacroiliac ligament failure. Conclusions: We were not able to confirm 2.5 cm of symphysis pubis diastasis as a valid differentiation point between anteroposterior compression I and II injuries because significant morphologic variation seems to exist. Our data support that anterior sacroiliac ligament disruption is likely for displacement greater than 4.5 cm and unlikely for values less than 1.8 cm. Our study suggests that sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments might not rupture at the same time as the anterior sacroiliac ligament.
Morphometric Study of Early Postnatal Development in the Left and Right Ventricular Myocardium of the Rat: I. Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, and Binucleation of Myocytes

We reviewed the absolute amd differential growths of the myocyte populations in the left(L) and right (R) ventricular myocardium morphometrically from 1 to 5 days and from 5 to 11 days after birth. From 1 to 11 days hypertrophy of the average myocyte in the ventricles was (L) 2.7- and (R)2.4-fold, and myocyte proliferation was (L) 2.0- and (R) 1.2-fold. Mean cell volume, cell length, and percent binucleation of cardiac myocytes were similar in both ventricles at 1, 5, and 11 days of age. During this period, average myocyte length increased 2-fold (12 sarcomere lengths), and the percentage of binucleate myocytes increased approximately from 2.7 to 17 to 48%. Myocyte hypertrophy from 1 to 5 days resulted mainly from an increase in the volume of cytoplasm per nucleus and from 5 to 11 days from the accumulation of binucleate cells. No differences were observed in the characteristics of epicardial and endocardial myocytes in either ventricle up to 11 days of age. The 61% greater proliferation of myocytes in the left ventricle was the principal basis for the development of a 2-fold difference in ventricular weight gains: (L) 6.2- and (R) 3.4-fold. No increase in right ventricular midwall thickness was observed, in contrast to a 2.7-fold increase of the left ventricle. It was concluded that, asa result of the circulatory changes occurring shortly after birth, right ventricular growth is analogous to eccentric hypertrophy, whereas left ventricular growth represents a combination of eccentric and concentric hypertrophy. Circ Res 46: 495-502, 1980
Farm animal practitioners' views on their use and expectations of veterinary diagnostic laboratories

Diagnostic sampling of farm animals by private veterinary practitioners can be an important contributing factor towards the discovery of emerging and exotic diseases. This focus group study of farm animal practitioners in Northern Ireland investigated their use and expectations of diagnostic veterinary laboratories, and elicited their opinions on the role of the private practitioner in veterinary surveillance and the protection of rural public health. The veterinarians were enthusiastic users of diagnostic laboratories, and regarded their own role in surveillance as pivotal. They attached great importance to their veterinary public health duties, and called for more collaboration with their medical general practitioner counterparts. The findings of this research can be used to guide future development of veterinary diagnostic services; provide further insights into the mechanics of scanning surveillance; and measure progress towards a ‘One Health’ approach between veterinarians and physicians in one geographical region of the UK.
Application of THz Vibrational Spectroscopy to Molecular Characterization and the Theoretical Fundamentals: An Illustration Using Saccharide Molecules.

This work illustrates several theoretical fundamentals for the application of THz vibrational spectroscopy to molecular characterization in the solid state using two different types of saccharide systems as examples. Four subjects have been specifically addressed: (1) the qualitative differences in the molecular vibrational signatures monitored by THz and mid-IR vibrational spectroscopy; (2) the selection rules for THz vibrational spectroscopy as applied to crystalline and amorphous systems; (3) a normal mode simulation, using α-l-xylose as an example; and (4) a rigorous mode analysis to quantify the percentage contributions of the intermolecular and intramolecular vibrations to the normal mode of interest.
Effect of ginger constituents and synthetic analogues on cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme in intact cells.

Seventeen pungent oleoresin principles of ginger (Zingiber officinale, Roscoe) and synthetic analogues were evaluated for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme activity in the intact cell. These compounds exhibited a concentration and structure dependent inhibition of the enzyme, with IC(50) values in the range of 1-25 microM. Ginger constituents, [8]-paradol and [8]-shogaol, as well as two synthetic analogues, 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)decane and 5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)dodecane, showed strong inhibitory effects on COX-2 enzyme activity. The SAR analysis of these phenolic compounds revealed three important structural features that affect COX-2 inhibition: (i) lipophilicity of the alkyl side chain, (ii) substitution pattern of hydroxy and carbonyl groups on the side chain, and (iii) substitution pattern of hydroxy and methoxy groups on the aromatic moiety.
Representation Learning for Speech Emotion Recognition

Speech emotion recognition is an important problem with applications as varied as human-computer interfaces and affective computing. Previous approaches to emotion recognition have mostly focused on extraction of carefully engineered features and have trained simple classiﬁers for the emotion task. There has been limited effort at representation learning for affect recognition, where features are learnt directly from the signal waveform or spectrum. Prior work also does not investigate the effect of transfer learning from affective attributes such as valence and activation to categorical emotions. In this paper, we investigate emotion recognition from spectrogram features extracted from the speech and glottal ﬂow signals; spectrogram encoding is performed by a stacked autoencoder and an RNN (Recurrent Neural Network) is used for classiﬁcation of four primary emotions. We perform two experiments to improve RNN training : (1) Representation Learning - Model training on the glottal ﬂow signal to investigate the effect of speaker and phonetic invariant features on classiﬁcation performance (2) Transfer Learning - RNN training on valence and activation, which is adapted to a four emotion classiﬁcation task. On the USC-IEMOCAP dataset, our proposed approach achieves a performance comparable to the state of the art speech emotion recognition systems.
Measuring the Impact of Nutrition Education and Physical Activity on Older Adults Participating in Government Sponsored Programs

A longitudinal, four-year study (2004–2007) with a cohort of 139 older adults (majority women;71%) was conducted to examine the impact of community-based nutrition and physical activity programs on health outcome measures. Demographic and anthropometric data were collected and nutrition screening was performed. Blood pressure, serum cholesterol and glucose levels, and pulse rate were also measured. The blood pressure, both mean systolic and diastolic, 141(± 19.0)/79.3 ± 9.7 (2004) vs. 127.8 ± 10.9/73.8 ± 10.2 mm Hg (2007), were improved (p < 0.05) in women. There were also improvements (p < 0.05 in both men and women) in pulse rate between 2004 and 2007. There is no doubt that nutrition education and exercise programs together enhanced the overall health and well being of these older adults. However, our findings emphasize the need for further systematic study and for appropriate biometric assessments to evaluate the full impact of nutrition education and physical activity interventions in older adults.
Corporate Growth and Industrial Structure. Some Evidence from the Italian Manufacturing Industry

This work analyses the properties of corporate growth in a large longitudinal sample of Italian manufacturing firms. In particular, it focuses on the statistical properties of growth rates and on the influence of proxies for relative efficiency upon relative growth. In line with previous work, the emergence of 'fat tails' in growth rate distributions and the idiosyncratic nature of autocorrelation coefficients confirm the existence of a structure in the growth process richer than the one normally assumed by the 'Gibrat Law' hypothesis and suggest the presence of firm-specific drivers of growth. At the same time, there is a remarkable puzzle concerning the absence of any negative relationship between size and growth variance and only weak influences of relative efficiencies upon growth dynamics. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Stability of simian rotavirus in fresh and estuarine water

The rates of inactivation of poliovirus 1, echovirus 7, coxsackievirus B3, and simian rotavirus SA11 were compared in polluted and nonpolluted fresh and estaurine water samples. The study was done in two parts, comparing virus survival in samples taken 1 year apart from the same sites. The survival studies were performed at 20 degrees C and at the natural pH of the water samples. In the first part of the study, the time required for a 3-log10 reduction in the initial virus titers was 2 to 3 days in the estaurine water samples and varied from 3 to greater than 14 days in the freshwater samples. In the second part of the study, no clear distinction was found between survival of viruses in freshwater samples and survival in estaurine water samples. The time required for a 3-log10 reduction in the initial virus titers in the second part of the study varied from 12 to greater than 14 days. This indicates that there is a nonseasonal change in factors in the water which affect virus survival. In this study SA11 survival time (used as a model for human virus) was well within the range exhibited by the enteroviruses, indicating that it also is environmentally stable in natural waters.
Anticipation and ontology

Anticipation has recently been rediscovered by psychologists as a fundamental aspect of human cognitive–motoric activity. Cognitive anticipation is connected to goal directedness and purposefulness of mental activity. Humans perceive and cogitate in service of goals and purposes, i.e. in an action-related and action-relevant way that gives special status to goals and anticipation. With this in mind, I suggest that there are three fundamental and distinct kinds of prototypical situational schemes, or naïve event ontologies, which are defined and distinguished by the underlying causal scheme. These three ontologies are characterized by prototypical anticipatory schemes.
Cost savings in duodenal ulcer therapy through Helicobacter pylori eradication compared with conventional therapies: results of a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial. Gastrointestinal Utilization Trial Study Group.

BACKGROUND We hypothesized that treatment of duodenal ulcer disease with antibiotic therapy directed toward Helicobacter pylori infection is more cost-effective than therapy with antisecretory agents. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial of adult patients with active duodenal ulcer and H. pylori infection was conducted. Patients were randomized to receive 500 mg of clarithromycin 3 times a day plus 40 mg of omeprazole daily for 14 days followed by 20 mg of omeprazole daily for an additional 14 days (group 1), 20 mg of omeprazole daily for 28 days (group 2), or 150 mg of ranitidine hydrochloride twice a day for 28 days (group 3). The use of ulcer-related health care resources was documented during monthly interviews for 1 year after the initial therapy. Clinical success was evaluated 4 to 6 weeks and 1 year after the end of therapy. RESULTS Of the 819 patients enrolled, 727 completed the study. Group 1 included 243 patients; group 2, 248 patients; and group 3, 236 patients. Patients in group 1 used fewer ulcer-related health care resources during the 1 year after therapy compared with groups 2 and 3 (comparisons are given as group 1 vs group 2 and group 1 vs group 3, respectively): the number of endoscopies performed, 28 vs 76 (P<.001) and vs 71 (P<.001); patients receiving drugs to treat an ulcer, 118 vs 180 (P<.001) and vs 168 (P<.001); clinic visits, 83 vs 135 (P=.05) and vs 161 (P<.001); hospitalizations, 0 vs 5 (P=.045) and vs 6 (P=.02); and length of hospital stay, 0 vs 24 days (P=.04) and vs 37 (P=.04). When ulcer-related costs were defined as the outcome variable in a multivariate linear regression analysis, therapy was determined to have a significant influence on costs (group 1 vs group 2, P<.001; group 1 vs group 3, P=.008). Clinical success rates at the end of the study and cure of H. pylori infection were significantly greater in group 1 compared with groups 2 and 3 (P<.001). Therapy with clarithromycin plus omeprazole provided savings of $1.94 and $2.96 (compared with therapy with omeprazole and with ranitidine hydrochloride, respectively) per dollar spent within the first year after therapy. This incremental cost-benefit translates to savings of $547 or $835 per patient in group 1 (compared with patients in group 2 or group 3, respectively) during the first year after therapy. CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy with clarithromycin and omeprazole resulted in significantly fewer uses of ulcer-related health care resources than conventional antisecretory therapy during a 1-year follow-up and significant savings in associated costs during the same period. Patients who received clarithromycin plus omeprazole also showed a significantly improved clinical outcome compared with patients who received only omeprazole or ranitidine.
Influence of experimental conditions on osteoblast activity in human primary bone cell cultures

Primary bone cell cultures were derived from human bone explants. Cellular activity was characterized by the alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, osteocalcin, and type I and III collagen secretions in the supernatant. The determination of bone cell activity was performed in three different wells. No significant difference was noted between wells: the coefficient of variation was 8.0 + 2.9% for AP activity, 18.3 + 1.9% for osteocalcin secretion, and 22.5 + 14.3% for collagen. The AP activity and osteocalcin secretion significantly decreased with the number of passages: they were the highest after the first passage. Between each subject, the coefficient of variation was 85% for AP activity and osteocalcin secretion and 63 and 57% for type I and III collagen secretion, respectively. The AP activity did not differ with the age or sex of the donor. In contrast, osteocalcin secretion was significantly lower in females than in males. In males, osteocalcin significantly decreased with the age of the donor (r = −0.61; p <0.05). Cellular activity did not depend on the site of the biopsy. When bone explants from one donor were cultured in two different petri dishes, the activity of cells was similar in both dishes, except in one case. Primary cell cultures derived from human bone explants are the only model providing untransformed osteoblastlike cells of human origin. Because of the experimental conditions, some factors may have influenced the cellular activity and they must be taken into account to validate further in vitro studies.
Economic Uncertainty and Structural Reforms

Does economic uncertainty promote the implementation of structural reforms? We answer this question using one of the most exhaustive cross-country panel data set on reforms in six major areas and measuring economic uncertainty with stock market volatility. To address endogeneity concerns, we propose various identification strategies, instrumenting uncertainty with world shocks to volatility and with natural disasters, terrorist attacks, political coups and revolutions. Across all specifications, we find that uncertainty has a positive and significant effect on the adoption of reforms. This result is robust to the inclusion of a large number of controls, including political variables, economic variables, crisis indicators, and a host of country, reform and time fixed effects. These findings are broadly consistent with recent models suggesting that uncertainty promotes reforms by mitigating agency problems between policy makers and voters.
Hierarchical Numbering Based Addressing and Stateless Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to energy and other relevant constraints, addressing of nodes and data routing techniques in sensor networks differ significantly from other networks. In this article, we present an energy-efficient addressing and stateless routing paradigm for wireless sensor networks. We propose a dynamic and globally unique address allocation scheme for sensors in such a way that these addresses can later be used for data routing. We build a tree like organization of sensors rooted by the sink node based on their transmission adjacency and then set labels on each sensor with a number according to the preorder traversal of the tree from the root. In this addressing process, each sensor keeps necessary information so that they can later route data packets to the destination depending on these addresses, without keeping the large routing table and running any no route discovery phase. Moreover, the scheme does not use location information as well (as done by geo-routing) and can be used in the indoor environment. We conduct simulations to measure the soundness of our approach and make a comparison with another similar technique TreeCast. Simulation results reveal that our approach performs better than its counterpart in several important performance metrics like address length and communication energy.
ANL , ! ~ cW ? -9 1027 O S T l MPI-2 : Extending the Message-Passing Interface

This paper describes current activities of the MPI-2 Forum. The MPI-2 Forum is a group of parallel computer vendors, library writers, and application specidits working together to define a set of extensions to MPI (Message Passing Interface). MPI was defined by the same process and now has many implementations, both vendor-proprietary and publicly available, for a wide variety of parallel computing environments. In this paper we present the salient aspects of the evolving MPI-2 document as it now stands. We discuss proposed extensions and enhancements to MPI in the a r e s of dynamic process management, one-sided operations, collective operations, new language binding, real-time computing, external interfaces, and miscellaneous topics.
The whole–mount method as a technique for measuring experimental changes in airway goblet cell number

The whole–mount staining method for mucous membranes was introduced as an experimental technique for measuring goblet cell density and for estimating the degree of goblet cell hyperplasia in the trachea of experimental animals. By this technique it was demonstrated that a single intratracheal instillation of lysed extract from human neutrophilic granulocytes in rats after 3 weeks caused a three–fold increase in the density of tracheal goblet cells as compared to control animals receiving saline. The increase is of 3–6 times greater magnitude than previously reported in similar experiments where the number of goblet cells was calculated from cross sections in a traditional manner. It was further shown that the increase in goblet cell density could be prevented if prednisone was given to the animals prior to and during the experiment. It is concluded that the whole–mount preparation method is a useful tool in the quantitation of airway goblet cells in experimental settings, and that it appears to be a more sensitive method than the traditionally used cross section techniques.
Imaginal pioneers prefigure the formation of adult thoracic muscles in Drosophila melanogaster.

In insects, specialized mesodermal cells serve as templates to organize myoblasts into distinct muscle fibers during embryogenesis. In the grasshopper embryo, large mesodermal cells called muscle pioneers extend between the epidermal attachment points of future muscle fibers and serve as foci for myoblast fusion. In the Drosophila embryo, muscle founder cells serve a similar function, organizing large numbers of myoblasts into larval muscles. During the metamorphosis of Drosophila, nearly all larval muscles degenerate and are replaced by a set of de novo adult muscles. The extent to which specialized mesodermal cells homologous to the founders and pioneers of the insect embryo are involved in the development of adult-specific muscles has yet to be established. In the larval thorax, the majority of imaginal myoblasts are associated with the imaginal discs. We report here the identification of a morphologically distinct class of disc-associated myoblasts, which we call imaginal pioneers, that prefigures the formation of at least three adult-specific muscles, the tergal depressor of the trochanter and dorsoventral muscles I and II. Like the muscle pioneers of the grasshopper, the imaginal pioneers attach to the epidermis at sites where the future muscle insertions will arise and erect a scaffold for developing adult muscles. These findings suggest that a prior segregation of imaginal myoblasts into at least two populations, one of which may act as pioneers or founders, must occur during development.