Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extended Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model: Zonal‐mean climatology and physical parameterizations

[1] This paper describes the energetics and zonal-mean state of the upward extension of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model, which extends from the ground to ∼210 km. The model includes realistic parameterizations of the major physical processes from the ground up to the lower thermosphere and exhibits a broad spectrum of geophysical variability. The rationale for the extended model is to examine the nature of the physical and dynamical processes in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) region without the artificial effects of an imposed sponge layer which can modify the circulation in an unrealistic manner. The zonal-mean distributions of temperature and zonal wind are found to be in reasonable agreement with observations in most parts of the model domain below ∼150 km. Analysis of the global-average energy and momentum budgets reveals a balance between solar extreme ultraviolet heating and molecular diffusion and a thermally direct viscous meridional circulation above 130 km, with the viscosity coming from molecular diffusion and ion drag. Below 70 km, radiative equilibrium prevails in the global mean. In the MLT region between ∼70 and 120 km, many processes contribute to the global energy budget. At solstice, there is a thermally indirect meridional circulation driven mainly by parameterized nonorographic gravity-wave drag. This circulation provides a net global cooling of up to 25 K d−1.
Serum levels of soluble Fas in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy

AIM To assess levels of soluble Fas (sFas) in the sera of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. METHODS The subjects in this study were 43 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and 11 normal subjects. Serum levels of sFas were determined by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, serum levels of thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAB) were also measured in all the patients. RESULTS The mean serum level of sFas was 1.35 (SD 2.03) ng/ml in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, and 0.93 (0.32) ng/ml in normal subjects. Serum levels of sFas in the subgroup of 24 patients with diplopia (1.98 (2.56) ng/ml) were significantly higher than those in the subgroup of 19 patients without diplopia (0.56 (0.24) ng/ml) and normal subjects (p <0.001). Serum levels of sFas in the subgroup of 27 patients with extraocular muscle hypertrophy (1.81 (2.46) ng/ml) were significantly higher than those in the subgroup of 16 patients without extraocular muscle hypertrophy (0.58 (0.26) ng/ml) among the patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and normal subjects (p <0.001). Serum levels of sFas were not significantly different between the subgroup of 24 patients with proptosis (1.15 (0.98) ng/ml) and the subgroup of 19 patients without proptosis (1.61 (2.88)). In contrast, the serum levels of TSAB in the subgroup of patients with proptosis (723% (1161%)) were significantly higher than those in the subgroup of patients without proptosis (194% (122%)) (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Elevated sFas levels were associated with extraocular muscle disorders but not with proptosis. On the other hand, elevated TSAB levels were associated with proptosis but not with extraocular muscle disorders, suggesting different immunological mechanisms for the extraocular muscle disorders and proptosis in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Determination of the serum levels of sFas and TSAB could provide useful markers for evaluation of the immunological processes involved in the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Cross-Layer Throughput Optimization With Power Control in Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, transmission power has a significant impact on network throughput as wireless interference increases with transmission power, and interference negatively impacts the network throughput. In this paper, we try to improve the network throughput through cross-layer optimization. We first present two algorithms to compute the transmission power of each node with the objectives of minimizing the total transmission power and minimizing the total interference, respectively, from which we can obtain a network topology that ensures a connected path from each source to the sink; then, we compute the maximum achievable throughput from the obtained topology by using joint routing and link rate control. The power control algorithms can generate symmetric links or asymmetric links if so desired. Based on different link models, we use different algorithms to compute the maximum achievable throughput. Since computing the maximum throughput is an NP-hard problem, we use efficient heuristics that use a sufficient condition instead of the computationally expensive-to-get optimal condition to capture the mutual conflict relation in a collision domain. The formal proof for the sufficient condition is provided, and the proposed algorithms are compared with previous work. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms improve the network throughput and reduce the energy consumption, with significant improvement over previous work on both aspects.
Virus-like particles in vaccine development

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multiprotein structures that mimic the organization and conformation of authentic native viruses but lack the viral genome, potentially yielding safer and cheaper vaccine candidates. A handful of prophylactic VLP-based vaccines is currently commercialized worldwide: GlaxoSmithKline’s Engerix® (hepatitis B virus) and Cervarix® (human papillomavirus), and Merck and Co., Inc.’s Recombivax HB® (hepatitis B virus) and Gardasil® (human papillomavirus) are some examples. Other VLP-based vaccine candidates are in clinical trials or undergoing preclinical evaluation, such as, influenza virus, parvovirus, Norwalk and various chimeric VLPs. Many others are still restricted to small-scale fundamental research, despite their success in preclinical tests. This article focuses on the essential role of VLP technology in new-generation vaccines against prevalent and emergent diseases. The implications of large-scale VLP production are discussed in the context of process control, monitorization and optimization. The main up- and down-stream technical challenges are identified and discussed accordingly. Successful VLP-based vaccine blockbusters are briefly presented concomitantly with the latest results from clinical trials and the recent developments in chimeric VLP-based technology for either therapeutic or prophylactic vaccination.
EFFECT OF PROXIMAL FEMORAL NAILING IN PROXIMAL THIRD FEMUR FRACTURE

Background: Proximal third femur fractures are common fractures seen in community. Till date large numbers of intramedullary and extramedullary implant were used in the treatment of these fractures. These fractures differ significantly from femoral shaft fractures and more proximal femoral fractures in mechanisms, treatment and complications. In 1996 AO group has introduced proximal femoral nail (PFN) for treatment of these fractures. The use of PFN in both these fractures resulted in rotational stability along with union in more anatomic position. Aims & Objective: To prove the advantages of PFN like (1) close reduction of fracture which decreases the blood loss and chance of infection; (2) controlled impaction of the fracture; (3) rotational stability; and (4) load bearing capacity of the implant. Material and Methods: We have done a retrospective study of proximal femur fractures operated with proximal femoral nailing at our institute with follow up of 5 – 36 months. Our study included 30 patients with 8 patients having intertrochanteric fracture and 22 patients having subtrochanteric fracture. Patient was asked to come for follow up on 1, 2, 3 and 6 months from the date of surgery. At each follow up patient was assessed clinically as per Harris Hip score12 and x ray AP/LAT view of hip with femur is taken. Results: It concludes that according to Boyd and Griffith classification type II is the most common variety. In our study excellent to good results noted in 74% patients. All of them performing their routine normal activity well. 5 patients had poor results. Complication rate in our study was much lower. There was only one infection which was known case of diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: The procedure takes less time and the patient can be mobilized fast postoperatively as well after fixation with PFN. PFN should always be considered for management of subtrochanteric fractures in young as well as elderly patients who have multiple pre-existing illnesses. PFN is a closed nailing procedure which achieves a Biological Fracture fixation with minimal blood loss, preserving the fracture hematoma and helping easy healing of the unstable subtrochanteric femoral fracture as well as intertrochanteric fracture.
Feature-based Sentiment Analysis of Codified

Most project-based organizations possess extensive collections of diverse project documents. Exploring the knowledge codified in such project documents is specifically recommended by the common project management guidelines. In practice, however, project managers are faced with the problem of information overload when trying to analyze the extensive document collections. This paper addresses this problem by combining two approaches already established in other disciplines. The first involves the development of a Project Knowledge Dictionary (PKD) for the automated analysis of knowledge contents codified in project documents. The second involves the integration of a sentiment analysis where concrete opinion expressions (positive/negative) are identified in connection with the codified project knowledge. Building on this, three mutually complementary analyses are demonstrated, which provide the following contributions: (1) determining the volume and distribution of five project knowledge types in project documents; (2) determining the general sentiment (positive/negative) in conjunction with the textual description of the project knowledge; (3) classifying project documents by their sentiment. By this means, the proposed solution provides valuable insight into the emotional situation in projects and contributes to the emerging research issue of project sentiment analysis. Furthermore, the solution makes a contribution to overcoming the information overload by assessing and organizing the knowledge content of large document collections.
Does Transaction Misalignment Matter for Firm Survival at All Stages of the Industry Life Cycle?

Research on industry life cycles suggests that competitive pressures are more severe during the shakeout stage, which could be associated with the emergence of a dominant design, than at other stages. Transaction-cost theory, on the other hand, assumes generally competitive markets and does not address the industry life cycle. It therefore implies that transaction-cost economizing is a superior firm strategy regardless of the stage of the life cycle. This paper seeks to reconcile these two streams of research by investigating whether aligning transactions with governance modes in accordance with transaction-cost prescriptions has a differential effect on firm survival in preshakeout versus shakeout stages of the industry life cycle. Analyzing data from the early U.S. auto industry (1917--1933), we find that while transaction misalignment did not have a significant impact on firm survival during the preshakeout stage or during the period as a whole, it did have a significantly larger negative impact on survival during the shakeout stage than during the preshakeout stage. We also find that the negative effects of misalignment on survival were significantly weaker for larger firms during the shakeout stage. This suggests that applications of transaction-cost theory which assume uniformly severe selection pressures across the industry life cycle and uniform effects of misalignment across firms of different sizes could be misleading. It also suggests that theories of the industry life cycle could usefully take transaction costs into account along with production costs in their analyses of competition over the life cycle.
Effect of Lifting Belts, Foot Movement, and Lift Asymmetry on Trunk Motions

Whether or not lifting belts protect workers from injury is a topic of considerable interest in industry. Not only is the protective effect uncertain, but the biomechanical basis for belt function is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine if lifting belts provide a means for controlling trunk motions during asymmetric material-handling tasks. We recruited 16 nursing personnel as experienced lifters to participate in two lifting sessions. A lifting belt was worn in one session and for a week prior to this session during the subjects' routine work activities. Each session required 42 lifts, distributed across three asymmetry conditions (0, 45, and 90 deg) and temporally spaced 30 s apart. Foot motion was not permitted in half the lifts. Results indicated that during lifting, lateral bending and twisting motions were reduced by both the lifting belt and foot motion; the most pronounced effect was observed at 90 deg of asymmetry. Trunk motions in the sagittal plane during lifting were not affected by the lifting belt. These results appear to support the use of lifting belts in asymmetric lifting conditions, but more research is needed to determine whether the muscles in the torso benefit from the reduced motion or are working harder to overcome this resistance to motion, causing increased internal loads on the spine during asymmetric material-handling tasks.
Characteristics of biofilm on tunneled cuffed hemodialysis catheters in the presence and absence of clinical infection.

BACKGROUND Biofilm occurring on the surface of tunneled hemodialysis (HD) catheters is difficult to eradicate and often is associated with recurrent bacteremia. We studied biofilm formation on catheters from patients with and without bacteremia to identify the location of bacterial growth and measure biofilm thickness. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 76 adult HD patients; 26 had HD catheters removed for bacteremia and 50 had catheters removed for reasons other than infection. PREDICTORS Segment of catheter, reason for catheter removal. OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS Microbiological growth and biofilm thickness on the outer and luminal surfaces of extravascular and intravascular catheter segments. RESULTS Catheter cultures were positive in 16 (62%) patients with bacteremia and 15 (30%) when the catheter was removed for non-infection-related reasons. In catheters with positive cultures, the outer surface of the extravascular segment was the most common site of bacterial growth (15/16 [94%] and 11/15 [73%] for bacteremic and nonbacteremic patients, respectively). Bacteremic patients had significantly thicker biofilm on all catheter surfaces, and in bacteremic patients, the biofilm was significantly thicker on the outer compared with the luminal surface for both extravascular (14.53 ± 6.17 vs 11.97 ± 5.01 μm; P < 0.001) and intravascular (12.21 ± 5.3 vs 9.46 ± 3.71 μm; P < 0.001) segments. Extravascular segments had significantly thicker biofilm compared with intravascular segments on both the outer (P < 0.001) and luminal (P < 0.001) surfaces. Similarly, in patients for whom the catheter was removed for non-infection-related reasons, the catheter had thicker biofilm on the outer compared with the inner surface in both extravascular (2.19 ± 2.84 vs 1.62 ± 2.33 μm; P < 0.001) and intravascular (1.92 ± 2.62 vs 1.29 ± 2.33 μm; P < 0.001) segments. Similar to catheters from bacteremic patients, the outer and luminal surfaces of the extravascular segments of the catheters had significantly thicker biofilm compared with their corresponding surfaces on the intravascular segments. LIMITATIONS Observational study. CONCLUSIONS The outer surface of the extravascular segment of tunneled dialysis catheters in both bacteremic and nonbacteremic HD patients has the thickest biofilm and highest microbiological yield, and biofilm is thicker in patients with bacteremia. This knowledge is important for designing preventive strategies and also in the management of patients with catheter infection.
Global land mapping of satellite-observed CO2 total columns using spatio-temporal geostatistics

ABSTRACT This study presents an approach for generating a global land mapping dataset of the satellite measurements of CO2 total column (XCO2) using spatio-temporal geostatistics, which makes full use of the joint spatial and temporal dependencies between observations. The mapping approach considers the latitude-zonal seasonal cycles and spatio-temporal correlation structure of XCO2, and obtains global land maps of XCO2, with a spatial grid resolution of 1° latitude by 1° longitude and temporal resolution of 3 days. We evaluate the accuracy and uncertainty of the mapping dataset in the following three ways: (1) in cross-validation, the mapping approach results in a high correlation coefficient of 0.94 between the predictions and observations, (2) in comparison with ground truth provided by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), the predicted XCO2 time series and those from TCCON sites are in good agreement, with an overall bias of 0.01 ppm and a standard deviation of the difference of 1.22 ppm and (3) in comparison with model simulations, the spatio-temporal variability of XCO2 between the mapping dataset and simulations from the CT2013 and GEOS-Chem are generally consistent. The generated mapping XCO2 data in this study provides a new global geospatial dataset in global understanding of greenhouse gases dynamics and global warming.
A numerical simulation of unsteady flow in a two-dimensional collapsible channel

The collapse of a compressed elastic tube conveying a flow occurs in several physiological applications and has become a problem of considerable interest. Laboratory experiments on a finite length of collapsible tube reveal a rich variety of self-excited oscillations, indicating that the system is a complex, nonlinear dynamical system. Following our previous study on steady flow in a two-dimensional model of the collapsible tube problem (Luo & Pedley 1995), we here investigate the instability of the steady solution, and details of the resulting oscillations when it is unstable, by studying the timedependent problem. For this purpose, we have developed a time-dependent simulation of the coupled flow-membrane problem, using the Spine method to treat the moving boundary and a second-order time integration scheme with variable time increments. It is found that the steady solutions become unstable as tension falls below a certain value, say T,, which decreases as the Reynolds number increases. As a consequence, steady flow gives way to self-excited oscillations, which become increasingly complicated as tension is decreased from T,. A sequence of bifurcations going through regular oscillations to irregular oscillations is found, showing some interesting dynamic features similar to those observed in experiments. In addition, vorticity waves are found downstream of the elastic section, with associated recirculating eddies which sometimes split into two. These are similar to the vorticity waves found previously for flow past prescribed, time-dependent indentations. It is speculated that the mechanism of the oscillation is crucially dependent on the details of energy dissipation and flow separation at the indentation. As tension is reduced even further, the membrane is sucked underneath the downstream rigid wall and, although this causes the numerical scheme to break down, it in fact agrees with another experimental observation for flow in thin tubes.
Correlations between Z‐scores of VSRAD and regional cerebral blood flow of SPECT in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment

Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether there were correlations between atrophy of the entorhinal cortex and individual regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to better clarify the relationships between morphological and functional changes in AD.
On the Accurate Performance Evaluation of the LTE-A Random Access Procedure

The performance evaluation of the random access (RA) procedure in LTE-A has recently become a major research topic as these networks are expected to play a significant role in upcoming 5G networks. Up to now, the key performance indicators (KPIs) of the RA in LTE-A have been obtained either by performing a large number of simulations or by means of analytic models that sacrifice precision in exchange of simplicity. In this paper, we present an analytic model for the performance evaluation of the LTE-A RA procedure. Using this analytic model, each and every one of the KPIs suggested by the 3GPP can be obtained with a minimal error when compared to the results obtained by simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most accurate analytic model of the LTE-A RA procedure.
Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.

OBJECTIVE To present nationally representative data on the prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and disability of 7 of the 10 DSM-IV personality disorders. METHOD The data were derived from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 43,093). Diagnoses were made using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version, and associations between personality disorders and sociodemographic correlates were determined. The relationship between personality disorders and 3 emotional disability scores (Short-Form 12, version 2) was also examined. RESULTS Overall, 14.79% of adult Americans (95% CI = 14.08 to 15.50), or 30.8 million, had at least 1 personality disorder. The most prevalent personality disorder in the general population was obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 7.88% (95% CI = 7.43 to 8.33), followed by paranoid personality disorder 4.41% (95% CI = 4.12 to 4.70), antisocial personality disorder 3.63% (95% CI = 3.34 to 3.92), schizoid personality disorder 3.13% (95% CI = 2.89 to 3.37), avoidant personality disorder 2.36% (95% CI = 2.14 to 2.58), histrionic personality disorder 1.84% (95% CI = 1.66 to 2.02), and dependent personality disorder 0.49% (95% CI = 0.40 to 0.58). The risk of avoidant, dependent, and paranoid personality disorders was significantly greater among women than men (p <.05); the risk of antisocial personality disorder was greater among men compared with women (p <.05); and no sex differences were observed in the risk of obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, or histrionic personality disorders. In general, risk factors for personality disorders included being Native American or black, being a young adult, having low socioeconomic status, and being divorced, separated, widowed, or never married. Avoidant, dependent, schizoid, paranoid, and antisocial personality disorders (p <.02 to p <.0001) were each statistically significant predictors of disability. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder was inconsistently related to disability. In contrast, disability was not significantly different among individuals with histrionic personality disorder compared with those without the disorder. CONCLUSION Personality disorders are prevalent in the general population and are generally highly associated with disability. This study highlights the need to develop more effective and targeted prevention and intervention initiatives for personality disorders.