Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Physical Health Means to Me: Perspectives of People with Mental Illness

There are significant inequalities in physical health and life expectancy between people with and without a mental illness. Understanding perspectives of people with mental illness on personal meanings of physical health is essential to ensuring health services are aligned with consumer understandings, needs, and values. A qualitative exploratory study was undertaken involving focus groups with 31 consumers in The Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Participants were asked: “What does physical health mean to you? ” Thematic analysis was applied to interview transcripts. Five themes are discussed, representing different emphases in the meaning of physical health: (1) physical and mental are interconnected, (2) absence of disease, (3) moving the body, (4) struggling for healthy diet, and (5) functioning and participation. Physical pain was a difficulty that arose across these themes. Mental health consumers see physical health as always connected with well-being. Nurses would benefit from been informed by consumer understandings of physical health. In addition, there should be more attention to quality of life measures of people with mental illness as these are more congruent with consumer perspectives on physical health than biomedical measures.
Quantitative t1ρ NMR spectroscopy of rat cerebral metabolites in vivo: Effects of global ischemia

The NMR relaxation times (T1ρ, T2, and T1) of water, N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline‐containing compounds (Cho), and lactate (Lac) were quantified in rat brain at 4.7 T. In control animals, the cerebral T1ρ figures, as determined with a spin‐lock field of 1.0 G, were 575 ± 30 ms, 380 ± 19 ms, 705 ± 53 ms, and 90 ± 1 ms for NAA, Cr, Cho, and water, respectively. The T1ρ figures were 62–103% longer than their respective T2 values determined by a multiecho method. In global (ischemic) ischemia, T1ρ of NAA declined by 34%, that of Cr and Cho did not change, and that of water increased by 10%. The T1ρ of lactate in ischemic brain was 367 ± 44 ms. Similar patterns of changes were observed in the multiecho T2 of these cerebral metabolites. The T1 of water and NAA changed in a fashion similar to that of T1ρ and T2. These results show differential responses in metabolite and water T1ρ relaxation times following ischemia, and indicate that metabolite T1ρ and T2 relaxation times behave similarly in the ischemic brain. The contributions of dipolar and nondipolar effects on T1ρ relaxation in vivo are discussed in this work. Magn Reson Med 51:875–880, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self-organizing adaptive robust fuzzy neural attitude tracking control of a quadrotor

In this paper, a novel self-organizing adaptive robust fuzzy neural control (SARFNC) scheme is proposed for the attitude tracking of a quadrotor. Compared with traditional approaches, the distinct features of the SARFNC scheme are as follows: 1) The self-constructing fuzzy neural network (SCFNN) can online self-organize fuzzy neural structure by generating and pruning fuzzy rules automatically, and thereby resulting in accurate approximation. 2) By virtue of improved projection-based adaptive laws, the parameter drift and singularity in membership functions can be avoided simultaneously. 3) A robust supervisory controller is designed to compensate approximation error and enhance the robustness of overall SARFNC control scheme. 4) The SARFNC scheme can not only achieve remarkable tracking performance but also ensure tracking error and their first derivatives are globally uniformly ultimately bounded (GUUB). Simulation studies are performed to demonstrate the remarkable performance of the SARFNC scheme in terms of tracking error and online approximation.
Cancer of the nasal cavity: survival and factors influencing prognosis.

OBJECTIVE To determine overall survival and prognostic factors for cancer of the nasal cavity. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of a national cancer database. METHODS All cases of nasal cavity cancer were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database for 1988 through 1998. Cases with distant metastatic disease were excluded. Tumor histologic types, TNM staging, and pathological features were computed. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses were conducted to determine factors influencing overall survival. RESULTS A total of 981 cases were identified, with 3.5% presenting with distant metastatic disease. After exclusion of missing variables, 783 cases were analyzed, with a mean patient age of 63.8 years. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common tumor histologic type (49.3%), followed by esthesioneuroblastoma (13.2%). More than half of the cases presented with early (T1) primary site disease, and only 5% had positive nodal disease at presentation. Overall mean (median) survival was 76 (81) months, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 56.7%. On multivariate analysis, male sex, increasing age, T stage, N stage, and poorer tumor grade independently adversely affected survival (P<.05). Radiotherapy was administered in 50.5% of patients and also independently predicted poorer survival (P =.03). The mean (median) survival for squamous cell carcinoma was 79 (84) months; only melanoma showed a statistically significantly poorer mean survival of 40 (30) months when compared with other tumors (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Age, sex, and staging variables have a significant prognostic impact in nasal cavity cancer. Melanomas of the nasal cavity manifest very poor survival.
Absence of a significant extravascular contribution to the skeletal muscle BOLD effect at 3 T

Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast in skeletal may reflect the contributions of both intravascular and extravascular relaxation effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of the extravascular BOLD effect in skeletal muscle at 3 T. In experiments, R2* was measured before and during arterial occlusion under the following conditions: ( 1 ) the leg extended and rotated (to vary the capillary orientation with respect to the amplitude of static field) and ( 2 ) with the blood's signal nulled using a multiecho vascular space occupancy experiment. In the leg rotation protocol, 3 min of arterial occlusion decreased oxyhemoglobin saturation from 67% to 45% and increased R2* from 34.2 to 36.6 sec−1, but there was no difference in the R2* response to occlusion between the extended and rotated positions. Numerical simulations of intra‐ and extravascular BOLD effects corresponding to these conditions predicted that the intravascular BOLD contribution to the R2* change was always > 50 times larger than the extravascular BOLD contribution. Blood signal nulling eliminated the change in R2* caused by arterial occlusion. These data indicate that under these experimental conditions, the contribution of the extravascular BOLD effect to skeletal muscle R2* was too small to be practically important. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The voltage responses of hair cells in the basal turn of the guinea‐pig cochlea.

1. Intracellularly recorded voltage responses to tones and to current injection were measured from inner (IHC) and outer (OHC) hair cells in the basal turn of the guinea‐pig cochlea. 2. The voltage responses of IHCs to tones are increased by negative current and decreased by positive current. For any given current strength, the decrease in the receptor potential amplitude caused by positive current is less than the increase caused by negative current. This was attributed to the voltage‐dependent rectification of the membrane conductance. 3. Estimates of the reversal potential of the receptor current were based on extrapolation of the slopes of the current‐voltage relations for potentials more negative than ‐60 mV. The estimated reversal potentials were close to the measured endolymphatic potential. 4. Negative current increased the IHC membrane time constant and increased the transducer driving voltage. When receptor potentials to low‐frequency tones were adjusted for constant driving voltage and for the membrane time constant, the positive DC component of the receptor potential was decreased relative to the AC component by current injection but the DC component in response to high‐frequency tones near the best frequency of the IHC (16 kHz) was unchanged by negative current. 5. When compensated for constant driving voltage and low‐pass filtering due to the basolateral membrane conductance, the proportion of the transducer conductance open in IHCs at rest is increased by negative current. 6. Negative current injection reduced the positive DC components of OHC voltage responses to low‐frequency tones and may make them negative. In some cases negative current injection decreased the amplitude of the OHC receptor potential while positive current injection enhanced it. From these observations it is proposed that negative current injection shifts the operating point of the OHC transducer functions towards a positive, saturating region of the relationship and positive current decreases the proportion of the transducer conductance which is open at rest.
Large-restriction-fragment analysis of Mycobacterium kansasii genomic DNA and its application in molecular typing

Large-restriction-fragment (LRF) polymorphisms in Mycobacterium kansasii isolates from 84 patients with bronchopulmonary infections in Japan between the 1960s and 1995 were studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Chromosomal fragments digested with VspI were most suitable for PFGE separation of 16 to 21 fragments of between 40 and 550 kbp. All 84 isolates and the type strain M. kansasii ATCC 12478 were successfully typed by LRF analysis with VspI digestion. Twenty-one distinctive LRF types were identified, and the LRF patterns tested over time were reproducible and stable. A computer-assisted dendrogram of the percent similarity demonstrated that isolates of 18 LRF types had relatively close genetic relatedness, while isolates of the remaining 3 types showed divergence. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene in the isolates showing divergent genetic relatedness revealed a sequence identical to that of a previously reported subspecies of M. kansasii. In the Chugoku district of Japan, 11 cases of M. kansasii infection which occurred in workers in a coastal industrial zone between 1982 and 1993 were caused by one particular strain tentatively named LRF type M. When both detailed demographic data for the patients and ecologic data for the M. kansasii isolates are obtained, LRF typing may be of potential use for investigating the source and transmission of M. kansasii infection.
The Geometry of the Muscles of the Lumbar Spine Determined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a new multiplanar imaging technique that clearly demonstrates soft tissue anatomy. The lumbar spines of 26 males have been scanned. From the transverse scans, the position and cross-sectional areas of the muscles of the lumbar region were recorded. Regression analysis was performed to relate these values to trunk measurements and body weight. Sagittal scans were used to measure the angles to the vertical of the lumbar discs and of the skin overlying the spinous processes. The position of each lumbar disc relative to two skin points was measured. These parameters can then be used in biomechanical calculations of low-back forces.
An axiomatization of Herzberger's 2-dimensional presuppositional semantics

The purpose of this paper* is to axiomatize two 4-valued propositional logics suggested by Herzberger in [l], section VI. They are of philosophical interest because their interpretation makes use of two ideas inspired by Jean Buridan: (1) a proposition may correspond to the world and yet be untrue because it is semantically deviant, and (2) logically valid arguments preserve correspondence with reality, not truth. If the two non-classical truth-values of these systems are identified, the resulting tables for the classical connectives are the weak and strong systems of Kleene. Unlike Kleene's system, the 4-valued ones offer a choice of designated values that renders semantic entailment perfectly classical. Compare Herzberger [2] and Martin [5].
Conventional pattern-reversal VEPs are not equivalent to summed multifocal VEPs.

PURPOSE To compare conventional pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (cVEPs) with multifocal VEPs (mfVEPs). METHODS mfVEPs and cVEPs were recorded during the same session in 12 normal subjects with an active electrode at Oz referenced to the inion (Oz-In) or to a midfrontal position, Fz (Oz-Fz). The mfVEP stimulus, a 60-sector dartboard, had a mean luminance of 100 cd/m(2) and a diameter of 42.2 degrees. The cVEP checkerboard stimulus subtended 21 degrees, had a mean luminance of 75 cd/m(2) and a contrast of 90%. Transient responses (2.5 Hz) were recorded for check sizes ranging from 12 to 50 minutes of arc (minarc). White cardboard masks were used to isolate upper and lower hemifields, within various field windows, for comparison with corresponding parts of the mfVEP. In a second experiment, VEPs were obtained using slowed m-sequences (8 and 16 video frames per m-step), as well as square-wave periodic reversals (2.4 Hz), for both the scaled dartboard display and an unscaled checkerboard display (check size of 50 minarc). RESULTS The mfVEPs to fast m-sequence stimulation showed a strong polarity reversal between waveforms from the upper versus the lower hemifield. The cVEPs had larger amplitudes (approximately 3x) and longer implicit times (approximately 15-20 ms) and did not show the polarity reversal. Amplitude asymmetry between upper and lower hemifields was larger for cVEPs than for mfVEPs. As the stimulation rate was slowed, response amplitudes and implicit times of the major features increased, the upper versus lower polarity reversal was generally lost, and asymmetry of hemifield amplitudes grew. The same pattern of results was observed for scaled and unscaled spatial displays and for Oz-Fz and Oz-In signal derivations. CONCLUSIONS Full-field cVEPs cannot be simply related to the sum of mfVEPs when each are recorded under their typical conditions. The stimulation rate has the largest influence on the differences between the two response types. The findings suggest that contributions from extrastriate sources are greater with the cVEP paradigm or the slowed mfVEP sequence than with the standard mfVEP paradigm.
Membership conditions for consistent families of monetary valuations

Summary We investigate time consistency of monetary valuations, also called monetary risk measures or monetary utility functions. Through a number of recent research contributions, it has become clear that time consistency imposes strong constraints on families of monetary valuations conditioned on available information at different time instants. In this paper we add to these results by showing that consistent families of monetary valuations are already determined uniquely by the choice of the initial valuation, under suitable sensitivity assumptions; moreover, this statement holds even when the term “consistency” is interpreted in a rather weak sense. The unique update rule is specified explicitly, and we characterize the existence of consistent updates for a given initial monetary valuation. We give examples of situations in which weak consistency is relevant. An application is given to the construction of consistent families of compound valuations, as an illustration of the additional flexibility under weak time consistency
Upper limb function in everyday life of children with cerebral palsy: description and review of parent report measures

Abstract Purpose: To determine the role, in clinical practice and measurement of outcomes of upper limb interventions, of cerebral palsy-specific self- or parent-report measures of upper limb performance in everyday activities. Method: Search of databases and handsearching for information on test development procedures, psychometric properties or relevant studies to inform study objectives. Results: Children's Hand-use Experience Questionnaire holds most promise for guiding treatment planning but requires more psychometric evidence. ABILHAND-Kids has the strongest evidence for reliability, validity and sensitivity to change; evaluates impact of intervention on bimanual performance and can be used for children with unilateral or bilateral cerebral palsy. The original and revised versions of the Pediatric Motor Activity Log (PMAL) evaluate unilateral rather than bimanual upper limb performance. Neither ABILHAND-Kids nor PMAL offer information to assist treatment planning. PMAL-R is the only measure for the 2–5-year age group. No measure was adequate for children younger than 2 years to ascertain parents' perception of upper limb function in everyday activities. Conclusions: Understanding upper limb performance in everyday life, as perceived by children with cerebral palsy and their families, informs a comprehensive assessment and acknowledges the importance of the perspectives of child and family. Implications for Rehabilitation Cerebral palsy-specific self- or parent-report measures of upper limb performance in everyday life complement observational assessments in understanding upper limb performance CHEQ provides clinical information, ABILHAND-Kids is validated for children with unilateral and bilateral cerebral palsy and possesses the most robust psychometric properties, Revised PMAL measures unilateral upper limb use. No adequate measure for children under 2 years exists.
Pressure related apoptosis in neuronal cell lines

Pressure is a crucial component of the cellular environment, and can lead to pathology if it varies beyond its normal range. The increased intra‐ocular pressures in acute glaucoma are associated with the loss of neurons by apoptosis. Little is known regarding the interaction between pressure and apoptosis at the level of the cell. The model developed in this study examines the effects of elevated ambient hydrostatic pressure directly upon cultured neuronal lines. Conditions were selected to be within physiological limits: 100 mmHg over and above atmospheric pressure for a period of 2 hr, as seen clinically in acute glaucoma. This system can be used to investigate pressure relatively independently of other variables. Neuronal cell line cultures (B35 and PC12) were subjected to pressure conditions in specially designed pressure chambers. Controls were treated identically, except for the application of pressure, and positive controls were treated with a known apoptotic stimulus. Apoptosis was detected by cell morphology changes and by 2 specific apoptotic markers: TUNEL (Terminal transferase dUTP Nick‐End Labeling) and Annexin V. These fluorescent markers were detected and quantified by automated Laser Scanning Cytometry. All techniques showed that increased pressure was associated with a greater level of apoptosis compared to equivalent controls. Our results suggest that pressure alone may act as a stimulus for apoptosis in neuronal cell cultures. This raises the possibility of a more direct relationship at the cellular level between pressure and neuronal loss. J. Neurosci. Res. 60:495–503, 2000 © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Birth order, atopy, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

BACKGROUND Immune deficiency is a strong risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but whether or not other forms of immune dysregulation are associated with NHL risk is unknown. We investigated associations between atopy, which is associated with a Th2-dominant immune response, and NHL risk. Because late birth order and childhood crowding are inversely associated with atopy, we also investigated their associations with NHL risk. METHODS We carried out a population-based case-control study among adults aged 20-74 years in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. NHL patients without clinically apparent immune deficiency (N = 704) were selected from a cancer registry, and control subjects (N = 694) were randomly selected from state electoral rolls and frequency-matched to case patients by age, sex, and area of residence. Birth order, childhood crowding, and history of atopic conditions (hay fever, asthma, eczema, and specific allergies) were assessed by questionnaire and interview. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from logistic regression models that included the matching variables as covariates. RESULTS The odds ratios for developing NHL were 0.52 (95% CI = 0.32 to 0.84) for only children, 0.55 (95% CI = 0.40 to 0.75) for first-born children, 0.70 (95% CI = 0.51 to 0.96) for second-born children, and 0.81 (0.57 to 1.14) for third-born children (all compared with fourth- or later-born children) (P(trend)<. 001). Indicators of crowding in later childhood, such as sharing a bed or bedroom, were not associated with NHL risk. A history of atopic conditions was associated with a reduced risk of NHL; this reduction was statistically significant for hay fever (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.82) and food allergies (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.42). CONCLUSIONS Early birth order and its immunologic consequence, a Th2-dominated immune response, as reflected by a history of atopic disease, are associated with a reduced risk of NHL.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN SWITZERLAND: STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES AND MITIGATION OPTIONS

The dairy sector is the most important agricultural sector in Switzerland, contributing over 20% to the economic return of Swiss agriculture. Over 70% of Swiss agricultural area consists of grassland, without counting the vast Alpine pastures. In this paper we present results from four LCA studies in the Swiss dairy sector. We analysed the environmental impacts of Swiss dairy farms during three years by means of LCA, leading to the following conclusions: The environmental impacts per kg of milk vary widely between farms. These differences can only partly be explained by factors such as region (lowlands, hills and mountains), farming system (integrated or organic) or farm type. The environmental impacts per kg of milk tended to increase in the higher altitudes, due to less favourable production conditions (steep slopes, lower grass yields, longer winter feeding period). Increasing milk production per farm was related to a slightly lower global warming potential (GWP). Organic farms had lower ecotoxicity impacts, thanks to the ban of synthetic pesticides. The comparison of Swiss dairy production to the neighbour countries Germany, France and Italy showed that the environmental impacts of Swiss milk and cheese were generally lower or similar than imported cheese, despite the 2-3x lower input of concentrate feed in Switzerland. The result was explained by the relatively good conditions for grass growth, allowing to produce large amounts of high quality roughage and to achieve good milk yields with modest inputs of concentrates. The full grazing system with block calving was compared to a total mix ration system in Switzerland. It had a lower energy demand, acidification and eutrophication potentials, ecotoxicity, resource consumption and deforestation, mainly due to lower concentrate inputs. On the other hand, the land occupation of the full grazing system was higher, due to lower yields and higher feed consumption. Furthermore, GWP and ozone formation were increased due to higher methane emissions. Several mitigation options for the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other environmental impacts were analysed recently. The increase of the number of lactations per cow from 3.5 to 4.5 led to a general decrease of environmental impacts and was therefore one of the most promising GHG mitigation measure on Swiss farms.