Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
γ -rays from annihilating dark matter in galaxy clusters: stacking versus single source analysis

Clusters of galaxies are potentially important targets for indirect searches for dark matter annihilation. Here, we reassess the detection prospects for annihilation in massive halos, based on a statistical investigation of 1743 clusters from the recent MCXC meta-catalogue. We derive a new data-driven limit for the extra-galactic DM annihilation background Jextra-gal>JGal/5 and consider a source-stacking approach. The number of clusters scales with their brightness (boosted by DM substructures) to the power of -2 for an integration angle 0.1deg. It suggests that stacking may provide a significant improvement over a single target analysis for gamma-ray observations at high-energies where the angular resolution achievable is comparable to this angle. In our study the mean angle containing 80% of the dark-matter signal for the entire sample (assuming an NFW DM profile) is 0.15deg. It indicates that instruments with this angular resolution or better would be optimal for a cluster annihilation search based on stacking. A detailed study based on realistic Fermi-LAT performance and position-dependent background suggests, however, that stacking is likely to result in only modest (a factor >1.7) sensitivity improvement, in comparison to the analysis of the most promising single source in our study (Virgo). This is a consequence of (i) the relatively poor resolution of Fermi-LAT in the energy range where most photon statistics are available, and (ii) the larger angles subtended by bright, nearby objects such as Virgo. Based on the expected performance of CTA, we find no improvement with stacking, due to the requirement for pointed observations. We note that several potentially important targets, Ophiuchus, A2199, A3627 (Norma) or CIZAJ1324.7-5736 may be disfavoured due to a poor contrast with respect to the Galactic DM signal [abridged]
Does Ownership Structure Affect Firm's Performance? Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

In Pakistan, the ownership of majority of the firms is characterized by the concentration of different groups such as family members, associated firms, institutional investors and insiders. The present study aims to investigate whether different ownership structure including family ownership, associated ownership, institutional ownership, concentrated ownership, managerial ownership, block holding, and foreign ownership contribute to the financial performance of nonfinancial firms listed at the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Findings suggest that a firm’s performance increases significantly in the presence of associated ownership, concentrated ownership, institutional ownership and block holding. This indicates that these ownership structures add value and help in reducing agency problems. On the other hand, family and managerial ownership have a negative relationship with firm performance. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of minority shareholder expropriation which states that when family ownership and managers’ involvement is higher in a firm, they exploit the funds of minor shareholders. Similarly, foreign ownership also does not add value.
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of magnetic field effects on nanofluid

In this paper, the magnetic field effects on natural convection heat transfer in an enclosure filled with nanofluid are numerically investigated by using lattice Boltzmann method. The fluid in the enclosure is a water-based nanofluid containing Al2O3 nanoparticles. A uniform external magnetic field with different angles was applied. A series of simulation cases were carried out for different governing parameters including Hartmann number, Rayleigh number, the nanoparticle volume fractions and magnetic field angles. The results show that the increasing Rayleigh number and nanoparticle volume fraction improve the heat transfer in the enclosure. However, the heat transfer has been suppressed when Hartmann number increases. The results also indicate there are critical values for the Raleigh number and also the magnetic field orientation, at which the impacts of the solid volume fraction and magnetic field effects are the most pronounced.
Clinical supervision at a magnet hospital: A review of the preceptor-facilitator model

Background : The demand for clinical placements and quality clinical supervision for nursing students remains an international issue. In light of on-going concerns related to recruitment and retention of nurses and constraints on fiscal resources both in education and healthcare, the aim of this review was to compare the “preceptor-facilitator” clinical supervision model used at a Magnet hospital against the “preceptor” and “facilitator” clinical supervision models frequently used in the clinical learning environment in Australia. Methods : A qualitative-descriptive review was undertaken using first, second and third year undergraduate nursing student evaluations (n = 93). Evaluations were completed during the last three days of students’ clinical placement using an electronic questionnaire. The questionnaire tool used open and closed questions to examine three main concepts: student-preceptor supervision; student-facilitation supervision; and the clinical learning environment. Findings : Three main themes emerged from the review. Firstly, how undergraduate nursing students highly valued the facilitator-student relationship; secondly, the importance of “support” as being an integral part of students’ clinical learning experience and thirdly; the recognition of students being considered as part of the health care team and a valued contributor towards patient care. Conclusion : The preceptor-facilitation model described and evaluated in this review offers an excellent clinical supervi- sion framework to support, nurture and foster a positive clinical learning environment for nursing students. This model of clinical supervision strategically aims not only to provide nursing students with high quality clinical supervision but offers nurses a supportive environment as preceptors and professional development opportunities through clinical facilitation. This review does highlight that there is a need for more research regarding the use of the preceptor-facilitator model to include the perspectives of both education and healthcare providers.
Vertical profiles of droplet effective radius in shallow convective clouds

Abstract. Conventional satellite retrievals can only provide information on cloud-top droplet effective radius ( r e ). Given the fact that cloud ensembles in a satellite snapshot have different cloud-top heights, Rosenfeld and Lensky (1998) used the cloud-top height and the corresponding cloud-top r e from the cloud ensembles in the snapshot to construct a profile of r e representative of that in the individual clouds. This study investigates the robustness of this approach in shallow convective clouds based on results from large-eddy simulations (LES) for clean (aerosol mixing ratio N a = 25 mg −1 ), intermediate ( N a = 100 mg −1 ), and polluted ( N a = 2000 mg −1 ) conditions. The cloud-top height and the cloud-top r e from the modeled cloud ensembles are used to form a constructed r e profile, which is then compared to the in-cloud r e profiles. For the polluted and intermediate cases where precipitation is negligible, the constructed r e profiles represent the in-cloud r e profiles fairly well with a low bias (about 10 %). The method used in Rosenfeld and Lensky (1998) is therefore validated for nonprecipitating shallow cumulus clouds. For the clean, drizzling case, the in-cloud r e can be very large and highly variable, and quantitative profiling based on cloud-top r e is less useful. The differences in r e profiles between clean and polluted conditions derived in this manner are however, distinct. This study also investigates the subadiabatic characteristics of the simulated cumulus clouds to reveal the effect of mixing on r e and its evolution. Results indicate that as polluted and moderately polluted clouds develop into their decaying stage, the subadiabatic fraction f ad becomes smaller, representing a higher degree of mixing, and r e becomes smaller (~10 %) and more variable. However, for the clean case, smaller f ad corresponds to larger r e (and larger r e variability), reflecting the additional influence of droplet collision-coalescence and sedimentation on r e . Finally, profiles of the vertically inhomogeneous clouds as simulated by the LES and those of the vertically homogeneous clouds are used as input to a radiative transfer model to study the effect of cloud vertical inhomogeneity on shortwave radiative forcing. For clouds that have the same liquid water path, r e of a vertically homogeneous cloud must be about 76–90 % of the cloud-top r e of the vertically inhomogeneous cloud in order for the two clouds to have the same shortwave radiative forcing.
Response of understory plant community of boreal mixedwood stands to fire, logging, and spruce budworm outbreak

The understory plant community of 63 boreal mixedwood stands in southeastern Manitoba, Canada, that were disturbed in the 1980s (21 by crown fire, 20 by logging, and 22 by severe spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) outbreak) were investigated. Understory plant communities that developed after fire, logging, and spruce budworm out- break shared a large number of species (47 out of 81 identified). However, compared with fire and spruce budworm out- break, logging promoted the rapid expansion of tall shrubs (52.7% vs. 17.2% and 29.75% coverage, respectively), particularly Corylus cornuta. Significant differences were also found between disturbance types when species coverage was compared on the basis of shade tolerance and regeneration strategy. Lower shrub coverage following fire is attributed to greater disturbance severity on the forest floor, affecting in situ propagules and competition from dense trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) regeneration. Lower shrub coverage following spruce budworm outbreak is attributed to slow opening of the canopy coupled with retention of a residual canopy of nonhost trees. Uniformly high shrub coverage following logging resulted in less heterogeneity and lower species diversity at both the stand and the disturbance level compared with natural disturbances. High shrub coverage may negatively impact conifer recruitment and have significant implications for future stand composition and productivity. Consideration of a natural insect outbreak model, rather than fire, for management of boreal mixedwood stands is recommended, particularly if stands are to be left to regenerate natu- rally.
Influence of Ceramic Nanoparticles on Thermal Stability of Ultra Fine Grained Copper

A detailed study of the bulk ultra fine grained pure copper and copper with Al2O3 particles was carried out in the present work. The specimens were prepared by the high-pressure torsion and their microstructure was investigated by positron lifetime spectroscopy combined with transmission electron microscopy and microhardness tests. Defects in the as-deformed materials were characterized and the thermal stability of the ultra fine grained microstructure was subsequently examined in annealing experiments. An addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles was found to improve significantly the thermal stability of the ultra fine grained structure, the optimum content of Al2O3 being ≈ 0.5 wt. %.
The Impact of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin on Dairy Farm Profits: A Switching Regression Analysis

Production and profit impacts from the use of recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbST) on dairy farms were estimated using switching regression, with separate regressions for rbST-using farms and non-rbST-using farms. To correct for potential self-selection bias, a probit adoption function was estimated and used to correct the error term in each regression equation. Farmers who use rbST were found to have more formal education and have larger dairy herds, but age was not a significant determining factor in adoption. RbST was estimated to increase milk production per cow even when correcting for the fact that rbST users would have higher milk production per cow without the use of rbST. However, that greater production per cow from rbST use did not translate into an estimated impact on profits per cow.
The experience of agency and the self

The main focus of this thesis is the conscious experience that attends the actions that we perform as agents. The 'feeling of doing' is widely acknowledged to be an essential component of our mental life, yet there has been little effort to study it seriously up until fairly recently. The first half of the thesis is devoted to a discussion of some metaphysical issues surrounding the veridicality of the experience of agency. I start by evaluating the arguments of 'agent-causationists' who, within the more general framework of their libertarian theory of free will, purport to demonstrate that the experience of agency is veridical and can be directly translated into a naturalistically plausible metaphysics. Next, I turn to the 'illusionists' who attempt to show that, in one way or another, the experience of agency is misleading. I argue that both camps fail to make their case effectively. The second half of this thesis is concerned with the phenomenology of the experience of agency. I sketch an account of its content and go on to argue that, described as such, it may be viewed as a rich source of self-knowledge that plays an indispensable role in the creation and development of our self-concept.
Find and Replace: R&D Investment Following the Erosion of Existing Products

How do innovative firms react when existing products experience negative shocks? We explore this question with detailed project-level data from drug development firms. Using the Food and Drug Administration public health advisories as idiosyncratic negative shocks to approved drugs, we examine how drug makers react through investment decisions. Following these shocks, affected firms increase research and development (R&D) expenditures, driven by a higher likelihood of acquiring external innovations rather than developing novel projects internally. Such acquisition activities are concentrated in firms with weak research pipelines. We also find that competing developers move resources away from the affected therapeutic areas. Our results show how investments in specialized commercialization capital create path dependencies and alter the direction of R&D investments. This paper was accepted by Ashish Arora, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Does service innovation matter? An empirical study on market orientation and supply chain performance

The objective of this study was to explore how firm service innovation mediates market orientation and business performance. This paper begins with a literature review indicating the themes from which we developed our conceptual framework. Structural equation modeling based on a cross-section (n = 260) of 5 years of supply chain business data (2009–2013) in Greater China was conducted. We concluded that firm market orientation and service innovation exert significantly positive effects on business performance. In addition, the results supported our model that market orientation is mediated by the effect of service innovation on business performance. Market orientation and service innovation had a stronger combined effect on business performance than market orientation alone did. This paper provides implications for how firms can be more effectively synergized amid challenges and gain a competitive advantage in the global supply chain.
Historical legacies accumulate to shape future biodiversity in an era of rapid global change

Biodiversity responses to changing environmental forcing on species are often characterized by considerable time‐lags (= relaxation times). Although changes to the occurrence and abundance of species likely have cascading effects (e.g. on species of other trophic levels, genes, community structure and ecosystem processes), current concepts addressing lagged biodiversity responses are limited to single drivers affecting a few biodiversity components (e.g. extinction debt in terms of species numbers or population size). Little attention has been paid to the interacting and cumulative nature of time‐lag phenomena. Here, we synthesize current knowledge, mechanisms and implications of delayed biodiversity responses and propose a ‘cumulative biodiversity lags‐framework’ which aims to integrate lagged responses of various components of biological organization.
An Analysis of the Factors Influencing Access to Credit by Poultry Farmers in Abuja, Nigeria

Access to credit remains an important tool in the development of poultry industry in Nigeria. Yet, the majority of poultry farmers in the country have no access to credit from formal sources. Th is paper therefore investigates the factors influencing access to credit by poultry farmers in Abuja. A two-stage sampling technique was used to elicit information from 107 poultry farmers in Abuja metropolis. Descriptive statistics and Heckman two-step model were employed to analyze the data. Th e results of the descriptive analysis show that commercial layer production enterprise was the most popular among the poultry farmers in Abuja, while the least was quail production. Only about 30% of the respondents had access to credit from formal sources and the majority of them got their loan from cooperative societies. Results from Heckman two-step model show that different sets of factors affect the probability of access and amount of credit. Th e factors that were found to be important in explaining access to credit include extension visits, distance to formal credit sources, hours of entrepreneurial training and commercial broiler production enterprise. Years of schooling, household size and broiler parent stock enterprise were the important factors influencing the amount of credit received. To enhance access to credit by poultry farmers in the study area, policies that will encourage the expansion of formal financial services to the rural areas and human capacity development should be strengthened. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
EVALUATION OF MEDICATION ERROR IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT IN YEMENI HOSPITALS

Background: There is scarcity of data about medication errors in the Yemen, hence this study was conducted to detect the medication errors in the medication use process such as prescribing, and administration. Method: A prospective case based observational study of medical and paramedical personnel prescribing and administration of drugs was carried out in ICUs of three tertiary hospitals in Yemen. Results: 87.5% (n=783) of prescribing errors, 12.41% (n=111) of prescription errors were detected for the total 894 errors registered. patients were hospitalized for 216.6±14.0 days and were on Mean±SD of 18.3±21.3 medications per day. The most common physician associated medication error was of incomplete orders (61.7%), monitoring drug errors (50.5%), over dose errors (44.3%) Conclusion: Use of information technology systems may be versatile strategy to prevent medication errors and improve patient safety.
Acoustic characterization of the three-dimensional prey field of foraging chinstrap penguins

Few studies of diving predators have explicitly addressed the 3-dimensional nature of interactions between predators and prey at the spatial and temporal scales relevant to an individual predator's search behavior Here, we present a new method for examining such interactions using the results from an acoustic survey of krill availability to foraging penguins Analyses of fine-scale krill distributions within a 1852 X 1852 X 50 m volume of ocean revealed substantial prey patchiness in all dimensions. Our survey detected the presence of at least 6 krill aggregations in the survey area. The surface distribution of penguins was associated with the edges of these aggregations and was nonrandomly associated with kl-ill dellsitirs above 0.1 krill m-' in the 30 to 40 m depth layer. The latter association was masked when krill abundance was integrated over the entire water column. Given that lilean daytlme dlve depths for chinstrap penguins fall betwccn 30 and 40 m, our data suggest penguins may fail to detect or choose to pass by shallow, denser prey aggregations and successfully forage on deeper, more homogeneously distributed krill offering higher encounter probabilities per unit volume searched. Thrse findings reveal biologically important features of prey patchiness that cannot be addressed within the limitations of a primarily 2-dimensional analysls of predator-prey distributions. We emphasize that if we hope to gain a predictive understanding of the foraging behavior of dlving predators, then we must consider fine-scale, 3-dimensional patterns of prey patchiness when assessing the availability of prey to diving predators.
Organization of private forest sector in Timok forest area.

Today, private forest owners (PFOs) in Serbia cooperate in form of private forest owners associations (PFOAs). Currently, there are 20 PFOAs, of which 15 are in Timok region. Initiatives of PFOs from Timok forest area, animated the owners from other parts of the country and led to foundation of Serbian Federation of Forest Owners' Associations. Twelve of PFOAs from Timok forest area are the founders of Serbian private forest owners' umbrella organization. Restructuring of Public Enterprise (PE) "Srbijasume", which started in 2001, led to development of private small and medium forest enter- prises, engaged as contractors of PE for harvesting, timber transport and con- struction of forest roads. The objectives of this paper are to elaborate if there are differences between PFOs in Serbia and Timok region and to analyze organization of private forest owners in Timok forest area. In order to reach these objectives, results of PRIFORT project were used. This project focused on four countries of Western Balkans region: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Macedonia. The aim of this project was to explore precon- dition for formation of PFOs in this region. Quantitative survey (n = 350) of randomly selected PFOs was conducted in nine municipalities in Serbia, of which two were in Timok region (n = 100). The results show that there are dif- ferences between PFOs in Serbia and Timok region in number of PFOs, size of private property and in additional incentives. These results also indicate that economic interest is a motive for establishment of PFOAs and that state sup- port is very important for their development. Since a number of PFOs are entrepreneurs, it can be assumed that, further development of theirs organiza- tions could lead to development of SMEs clusters.
NANO-SCALE PHASE CHANGES IN Ge-Sb-Te FILMS WITH ELECTRICAL SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPES

Characteristics of amorphous-to-crystalline structural changes obtained using an electrical atomic force microscope and a scanning tunneling microscope have been investigated with simple models. A minimal mark size of ~10 nm is consistent with an empirical thermodynamic model. The mark size increases with electrical power and film thickness, which can be accounted for using thermal and crystal-growth models.