Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of active galactic nuclei and cooling mechanisms on the intra-cluster properties in the L-Galaxies semi-analytical model

The intra-cluster medium (ICM) plays a key role in galaxy formation. The cooling of hot gas and its recycling due to feedback are key parameters in understanding the regulation of star formation. Semi-analytical models (SAMs) are quick simulations that allow us to test our understanding of galaxy formation processes. Most of them produce results agreeing fairly well with various galaxy observations, however they fail in reproducing the ICM properties. In this work we focus on the active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback and cooling mechanisms affecting the ICM, by developing new physically motivated methods that give a more accurate ICM description in the L-Galaxies SAM. We start by correcting the baryon content of each halos in the simulation. Due to halo mass fluctuations, halos ended up with an over density of baryons. This problem was resolved by introducing an extra phase for the baryons to keep track of the gas that would be considered leaving the halo (during contractions) or inflating (halo growth). Although this solution solved the baryon problems, it did not answer the question of the excess of hot gas stored inside the virial radius. We investigated different feedback mechanisms, from SNR to black holes and found that ejecting the gas with powerful AGN jets is compulsory to reduce the hot gas content of the halos. In order to reduce the gas content, a new model of AGN feedback was implemented and tuned to reproduce the observational gas fractions available in the literature. The AGN can not only now reheat cold and cooling gas, but also eject it via powerful jets. In addition to this feedback, four new black hole accretion models were compared, based on different gas reservoir. The most accurate agreement with observations for most AGN and galaxy properties came from a model where the AGN was fed by accretion of cold clouds from the ISM of the host galaxy. Finally we investigate the effect of our improved feedback on the ICM itself. In addition to the new AGN feedback, we developed a more physical cooling mechanism based on Bremsstrahlung radiation and a Beta profile of the gas. This change enabled us to give X-ray predictions for our model to compare with observational data, including the most recent XMM results. We found that the change in cooling only slightly affects the results (gas fractions, metallicities), as expected. However the X-ray luminosities of our groups and clusters of galaxies are now in agreement with observations, mainly due to the gas content reduction done by the new feedback mechanism. This new version of L-Galaxies manages to reproduce both galaxies and ICM properties in fairly good agreement with observational data.
Least squares moment matching-based model reduction using convex optimization

In this paper, we study the problem of time-domain least squares moment matching-based model order reduction of linear systems. We first present the definition and the charac-terization of a model of order $r$ matching $r\ll \nu$ moments of the given system. We then present the associated least squares moment matching problem in the form of a (nonconvex) optimization problem. Different from the existing results, we leave the interpolation points as decision variables and obtain an optimization problem with bilinear cost and constraints. The solution of the nonlinear least squares model reduction problem is computed at the optimal interpolation points using the efficient sequential convex programming algorithm. The proposed approach has practical advantages, since powerful convex optimization solvers, such as CVX, can be used to solve iteratively the optimization problem. A numerical example is given to illustrate the efficiency of our approach.
Fast HEVC Intra Mode Decision Based on RDO Cost Prediction

High efficiency video coding (HEVC) increases the number of intra coding modes to 35 to provide higher coding efficiency than previous video coding standards. This results in an increased encoder complexity, since there are more modes to be processed by the high resource-demanding rate-distortion optimization (RDO). In this paper, we propose a novel method to reduce the HEVC intra mode decision computational complexity and encoding time. This method is based on the prediction of the RDO cost of intra modes from a low-complexity sum of absolute transformed differences-based cost. By predicting the RDO cost, we are able to exclude non-promising modes from further processing and thereby save substantial computations. Also, a gradient-based method, using the Prewitt operator, is proposed to eliminate the non-relevant directional modes from the list of candidates. For even more complexity reduction, a mode classification is proposed to adaptively reduce chroma intra modes based on block texture. Experimental results show that we achieve a 47.3% encoding time reduction on average with a negligible quality loss of 0.062 dB for the Bjøntegaard delta peak signal-to-noise ratio when we compare our method to the HEVC test model 15.0.
Formation of complex organic molecules in ice mantles: An ab initio molecular dynamics study

We present a detailed simulation of a dust grain covered by a decamer of (CH3OH)10-ice-mantle, bombarded by an OH− closed-shell molecule with kinetic energies from 10–22 eV. The chemical pathways are studied through Born-Oppenheimer (ab initio) molecular dynamics. The simulations show that methanol ice-mantles can be a key generator of complex organic molecules (COMs). We report the formation of COMs such as methylene glycol (CH2(OH)2) and the OCH2OH radical, which have not been detected yet in the interstellar medium (ISM). We discuss the chemical formation of new species through the reaction of CH3OH with the hydroxyl projectile. The dependence of the outcome on the kinetic energy of the projectile and the implications for the observation and detection of these molecules might explain why the methoxy radical (CH3 ⋅ ) has been observed in a wider range of astrophysical environments than the hydroxymethyl (CH2OH ⋅) isomer. Because of the projectile kinetic energies required for these reactions to occur, we suggest that these processes are likely relevant in the production of COMs in photodissociation and shock regions produced by high-velocity jets and outflows from young stellar objects.
Monotone Iterative Technique for a Class of Four Point BVPs with Reversed Ordered Upper and Lower Solutions

Consider the class of four point nonlinear BVPs [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is continuous, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we demonstrate an iterative technique. The iterative scheme is deduced by using quasilinearization. Then we consider upper-lower solutions in well ordered and reverse ordered cases and prove existence of solutions under some sufficient conditions. We show that under certain conditions, generated sequences are monotone, uniformly convergent and converges to the solution of the above problem. We also provide examples which validate that all the conditions derived in this paper, are realistic and can be satisfied. We have also plotted upper and lower solutions for the test examples and have shown that under the conditions, the derived upper and lower solutions are monotonic in nature.
YIELD PENALTY ASSOCIATED WITH STACKING RESISTANCE TO LATE LEAF SPOT, ROSETTE DISEASES AND DROUGHT STRESS IN GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)

Khalid Elsiddig Mohammed 1 , Eric E. Agoyi 4 , Thomas L. Odong 1 , Belay Miesho 3 , David K. Okello 2 , Olupot Grigon 1 , Patrick R. Rubaihayo 1 and Patrick Okori 1 . 1. College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. 2. Department of Groundnut Breeding, National Semi-Arid Research Resources Institute, P. O. Box Soroti, Uganda. 3. College of Agriculture , Aksum University-Shire campass, P.O. Box 314, Shire, Ethiopia. 4. Non Timber Forest Products & Orphan Crop UNIT, Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomeycalavi, 05 P.O Box 1752 Cotonou, Bénin. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History Received: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Final Accepted: xxxxxxxxxxxx Published: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Nonparametric Smooth Estimation of Probability Density Function and
Other Related Functionals: Some New Developments

In this paper, I will highlight some recent developments in the area of nonparametric functional estimation with emphasis on nonparametric density estimation. A lemma attributed to Hille, and its generalization [see Lemma 1, Feller [26], §VII.1)] has been used to propose estimators in the context of i.i. d. observations in Chaubey and Sen [15] and Chaubey et al. [13 ]. The generality of the technique is illustrated to non-standard situations such as biased data and circular data. A review of recent results and contrasting various techniques is also given.
Bias induced by adaptive dose-finding designs

There is a long literature on bias in maximum likelihood estimators. Here we demonstrate that adaptive dose-finding procedures (such as Continual Reassessment Methods, Up-and-Down and Interval Designs) themselves induce bias. In particular, with Bernoulli responses and dose assignments that depend on prior responses, we provide an explicit formula for the bias of observed response rates. We illustrate the patterns of bias for designs that aim to concentrate dose allocations around a target dose, which represents a specific quantile of a cumulative response-threshold distribution. For such designs, bias tends to be positive above the target dose and negative below it. To our knowledge, this property of dose-finding designs has not previously been recognized by design developers. We discuss the implications of this bias and suggest a simple shrinkage mitigation formula that improves estimation at doses away from the target.
Perturbations of Electric and Magnetic Fields Due to the Presence of Materials in TEM Cells

<? Pub Dtl? >This paper investigates in detail the impact of electric (E) and magnetic (H) field distributions inside transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cells, below and above the corresponding dominant modes of the cells, in conditions differing from free space, i.e., in presence of representative ferromagnetic and dielectric materials. Simulations and measurements are performed from hundreds of MHz to GHz using IEC 61967-2 (closed) and open TEM cells. Whatever the frequency and equipment under test location, unlike dielectric material, which only locally changes the norms (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$||.||$</tex-math></inline-formula>) of E (and H depending on permittivity) at its location, the presence of ferromagnetic material inside the cell changes both <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$||$</tex-math></inline-formula>E<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$||$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$||$</tex-math></inline-formula>H<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$||$</tex-math></inline-formula> distributions: locally below the dominant mode frequency and globally at the entire bottom of the cell above that frequency. This demonstrates that a local distortion of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$||$</tex-math></inline-formula>H<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$||$</tex-math></inline-formula>-field, due to ferromagnetic material, has a stronger influence than a local distortion of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$||$</tex-math></inline-formula>E<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$||$</tex-math></inline-formula>-field, disregarding frequency, location, and magnetic losses. Moreover, the demand to use a TEM cell below the dominant mode frequency, as mentioned in the IEC 61967-2 and 62132-2 standards, may not be relevant, provided that both electromagnetic field inhomogeneities are considered, and the presence of an integrated circuit package in the cell is accounted for in the equivalent <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$||$</tex-math></inline-formula>E<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$||$</tex-math></inline-formula>-field level around the pins in immunity testing.
Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Variations of Land Surface Temperature Based on Local Climate Zones: A Case Study in Nanjing, China

The concept of local climate zone (LCZ) has standardized the calculation of urban heat island (UHI) intensity (UHII) and established the connection among urban morphology, surface property, and UHI. In addition, LCZ has provided a new insight into the studies on urban thermal environment. This study selected Nanjing, China, as the study area and utilized a combined method that comprised remote sensing based and geographic information system based methods based on random forest classifier for LCZ classification. Overall accuracy reached 92%, and kappa coefficient was 0.911. In addition, the seasonal and diurnal differences of land surface temperature (LST) were analyzed via LST retrieval from Landsat data and computational fluid dynamics model simulation, respectively. Results confirmed the warmest and coldest zones in four seasons. The LST distribution characteristics of land cover and built types were basically the same during the four seasons. Moreover, the UHII difference of an LCZ class in various seasons and the UHII difference of a season in various LCZs were investigated. The daily LSTs of the simulated LCZs (1 to 6) within 24 h showed the same variation law but different variation extents in a day. The LST variations of built types were related to building elements, such as building height, building density, building layout, and green ratio. This study identified an existing relation between LST and LCZ and analyzed LST on the basis of LCZs from seasonal and diurnal scales, which provides guidance for future researchers.
E3SMv0‐HiLAT: A Modified Climate System Model Targeted for the Study of High‐Latitude Processes

We document the configuration, tuning, and evaluation of a modified version of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (Hurrell et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12), introduced here as E3SMv0‐HiLAT, intended for study of high‐latitude processes. E3SMv0‐HiLAT incorporates changes to the atmospheric model affecting aerosol transport to high northern latitudes and to reduce shortwave cloud bias over the Southern Ocean. An updated sea ice model includes biogeochemistry that is coupled to an extended version of the ocean model's biogechemistry. This enables cloud nucleation to depend on the changing marine emissions of aerosol precursors, which may be expected in scenarios with strongly changing sea ice extent, oceanic stratification and associated nutrient availability, and atmospheric state. An evaluation of the basic preindustrial state of E3SMv0‐HiLAT is presented in order to ensure that its climate is adequate to support future experimentation. Additional capability is not achieved without some cost, relative to the extraordinarily well‐tuned model from which it was derived. In particular, a reduction of bias in cloud forcing achieved over the Southern Hemisphere also allows for greater Southern Ocean sea ice extent, a tendency that has been partially but not fully alleviated through experimentation and tuning. The most interesting change in the behavior of the model may be its response to greenhouse gas forcing: While the climate sensitivity is found to be essentially unchanged from that of Community Earth System Model version 1, the adjusted radiative forcing has increased from within one standard deviation above that of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models to nearly two standard deviations.
ElastoMonolith

Simultaneous coupling of diverse physical systems poses significant computational challenges in terms of speed, quality, and stability. Rather than treating all components with a single discretization methodology (e.g., smoothed particles, material point method, Eulerian grid, etc.) that is ill-suited to some components, our solver, ElastoMonolith, addresses three-way interactions among standard particle-in-cell-based viscous and inviscid fluids, Lagrangian mesh-based deformable bodies, and rigid bodies. While prior methods often treat some terms explicitly or in a decoupled fashion for efficiency, often at the cost of robustness or stability, we demonstrate the effectiveness of a strong coupling approach that expresses all of the relevant physics within one consistent and unified optimization problem, including fluid pressure and viscosity, elasticity of the deformables, frictional solid-solid contact, and solid-fluid interface conditions. We further develop a numerical solver to tackle this difficult optimization problem, incorporating projected Newton, an active set method, and a transformation of the inner linear system matrix to ensure symmetric positive definiteness. Our experimental evaluations show that our framework can achieve high quality coupling results that avoid artifacts such as volume loss, instability, sticky contacts, and spurious interpenetrations.
Numerical Study of the Effect of Mean Three-Dimensionality on Turbulence in Adverse-Pressure-Gradient Boundary Layers

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is used to isolate the inﬂuence of sweep on a separating turbulent boundary layer. Attention here is limited to the behavior of the turbulence within the adverse-pressure-gradient (APG) region upstream of separation. Other regions and quantities are considered in Coleman, Rumsey & Spalart [1]. The mean three-dimensionality and outer-layer inviscid skewing have only a slight eﬀect upon the structure of the turbulence (measured by the relationship of the components of the Reynolds-stress tensor and the eﬃciency of the turbulence energy transfer) compared with that of the adverse pressure gradient, which dominates both the skewed and unskewed layers.
Development and Implementation of a Platform for Public Information on Air Quality, Sensor Measurements, and Citizen Science

The use of low-cost sensors for air quality measurements is expanding rapidly, with an associated rise in the number of citizens measuring air quality themselves. This has major implications for traditional air quality monitoring as performed by Environmental Protection Agencies. Here we reflect on the experiences of the Dutch Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) with the use of low-cost sensors, particularly NO2 and PM10/PM2.5-sensors, and related citizen science, over the last few years. Specifically, we discuss the Dutch Innovation Program for Environmental Monitoring, which comprises the development of a knowledge portal and sensor data portal, new calibration approaches for sensors, and modelling and assimilation techniques for incorporating these uncertain sensor data into air pollution models. Finally, we highlight some of the challenges that come with the use of low-cost sensors for air quality monitoring, and give some specific use-case examples. Our results show that low-cost sensors can be a valuable addition to traditional air quality monitoring, but so far, their use in official monitoring has been limited. More research is needed to establish robust calibration methods while ongoing work is also aimed at a better understanding of the public’s needs for air quality information to optimize the use of low-cost sensors.
Calculated avoidance: Math anxiety predicts math avoidance in effort-based decision-making

Math anxiety predicts how much effort people are willing to put into doing math. Math anxiety—negative feelings toward math—is hypothesized to be associated with the avoidance of math-related activities such as taking math courses and pursuing STEM careers. However, there is little experimental evidence for the math anxiety-avoidance link. Such evidence is important for formulating how to break this relationship. We hypothesize that math avoidance emerges when one perceives the costs of effortful math engagement to outweigh its benefits and that this perception depends on individual differences in math anxiety. To test this hypothesis, we developed an effort-based decision-making task in which participants chose between solving easy, low-reward problems and hard, high-reward problems in both math and nonmath contexts. Higher levels of math anxiety were associated with a tendency to select easier, low-reward problems over harder, high-reward math (but not word) problems. Addressing this robust math anxiety-avoidance link has the potential to increase interest and success in STEM fields.
Constraining Cosmic-Ray Ionization Rates and Chemical Timescales in Massive Hot Cores

Several studies have demonstrated that the cosmic-ray ionization rate is highly variable in the interstellar medium. However, constraints of this rate for several regions, including those that contain hot cores, are lacking. Hot cores are appealing sources to study given their rich chemical complexity. The chemistry of these cores can be influenced by both their cosmic-ray ionization rates and their warm-up timescales; however, understanding the chemical response to these parameters requires further investigation. We study these effects using the astrochemical hot-core modeling code MAGICKAL, in which we construct a grid of 81 models using nine ionization rates and nine warm-up timescales. We also simulate local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer for these models to obtain results that can be directly compared with observations. We compare molecular emission of these models with observations toward NGC 6334 IRS 1, NGC 7538 IRS 1, W3(H2O), and W33A in an effort to constrain their cosmic-ray ionization rates and warm-up timescales. Our best fits to the observations suggest that these sources possess elevated cosmic-ray ionization rates, compared to the canonical value of 1.3 × 10−17 s−1 used in previous modeling studies, and rapid warm-up timescales. We also demonstrate that there exists a strong correlation between the cosmic-ray ionization rate and the total hydrogen column density of a source and a strong correlation between the warm-up timescale and total source mass. Furthermore, these relationships are in good agreement with other theoretical studies.
Double-Stub Loaded Microstrip Line Reader for Very High Data Density Microwave Encoders

Compact and high-data density microwave encoders useful for motion control and near-field chipless radio frequency identification (chipless-RFID) applications are proposed in this paper. The encoders are chains of metallic strips etched on a dielectric substrate. The reader consists of a microstrip line loaded with a pair of identical open-ended folded stubs located at different positions and oriented face-to-face by their extremes. By displacing the encoder over the extremes of the stubs, interstub coupling arises when a strip is located on top of the stubs, thereby generating two transmission zeros (rather than one) in the frequency response of the line. Thus, the presence of a strip on top of the face-to-face stubs produces a variation in the transmission coefficient of the line, which in turn can be detected by feeding the line with a harmonic signal, conveniently tuned. Encoder motion generates an amplitude modulated (AM) signal at the output port of the line with peaks, or dips, separated by a time distance dictated by the relative velocity between the reader and the encoder. Moreover, by making certain strips of the chain inoperative (e.g., by cutting them), it is possible to encode information that can be read as the absence (logic state “1”) or presence (logic state “0”) of peaks, or dips, at predefined positions in the output AM signal of the reader line. Since short strips suffice to generate interstub coupling, unprecedented data density per surface (DPS = 26.04 bit/cm2) is obtained, as revealed by the implementation of 6.4 mm $\times60$ mm 100-bit encoders.