Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep 1.1 mm-wavelength imaging of the GOODS-S field by AzTEC/ASTE – II. Redshift distribution and nature of the submillimetre galaxy population

We report the results of the counterpart identification and a detailed analysis of the physical properties of the 48 sources discovered in our deep 1.1-mm wavelength imaging survey of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey-South (GOODS-S) field using the AzTEC instrument on the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment. One or more robust or tentative counterpart candidate is found for 27 and 14 AzTEC sources, respectively, by employing deep radio continuum, Spitzer/Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer and Infrared Array Camera, and Large APEX Bolometer Camera 870 μm data. Five of the sources (10 per cent) have two robust counterparts each, supporting the idea that these galaxies are strongly clustered and/or heavily confused. Photometric redshifts and star formation rates (SFRs) are derived by analysing ultraviolet(UV)-to-optical and infrared(IR)-to-radio spectral energy distributions (SEDs). The median redshift of z_(med)∼ 2.6 is similar to other earlier estimates, but we show that 80 per cent of the AzTEC–GOODS sources are at z≥ 2, with a significant high-redshift tail (20 per cent at z≥ 3.3). Rest-frame UV and optical properties of AzTEC sources are extremely diverse, spanning 10 mag in the i- and K-band photometry (a factor of 10^4 in flux density) with median values of i= 25.3 and K= 22.6 and a broad range of red colour (i−K= 0–6) with an average value of i−K ≈ 3. These AzTEC sources are some of the most luminous galaxies in the rest-frame optical bands at z≥ 2, with inferred stellar masses M_*= (1–30) × 10^(10) M_⊙ and UV-derived SFRs of SFRUV≳ 10^(1-3) M_⊙ yr^(−1). The IR-derived SFR, 200–2000 M_⊙ yr^(−1), is independent of z or M_*. The resulting specific star formation rates, SSFR ≈ 1–100 Gyr^(−1), are 10–100 times higher than similar mass galaxies at z= 0, and they extend the previously observed rapid rise in the SSFR with redshift to z = 2–5. These galaxies have a SFR high enough to have built up their entire stellar mass within their Hubble time. We find only marginal evidence for an active galactic nucleus (AGN) contribution to the near-IR and mid-IR SEDs, even among the X-ray detected sources, and the derived M_* and SFR show little dependence on the presence of an X-ray bright AGN.
Sonic hedgehog is a neuromodulator in the adult subthalamic nucleus

It is well established that members of the hedgehog family are involved in tissue patterning during development. We herein show that sonic hedgehog signaling molecules are differentially regulated by dopamine depletion in the basal ganglia of adult animals and specifically that sonic hedgehog levels are reduced in an animal model of Parkinson‘s disease. In addition, we show that sonic hedgehog protein inhibits electrical activity in the subthalamic nucleus, a key element of basal ganglia, within minutes of application. As the subthalamic nucleus is overactive in parkinsonism, we suggest that enhancement of sonic hedgehog signaling in the subthalamic nucleus may be of therapeutic value in Parkinson‘s disease.
Modeling the Transmission Dynamics of Typhoid in Malaria Endemic Settings

Typhoid and malaria co-infection is a major public health problem in many developing countries. In this paper, a deterministic model for malaria and typhoid co-infection is proposed and analyzed. It has been established that the model exhibits a backward bifurcation phenomenon. Overall, the study reveals that a typhoid outbreak in malaria endemic settings may lead to higher cumulative cases of dually-infected individuals displaying clinical symptoms of both infections than singly-infected individuals displaying clinical symptoms of either malaria or typhoid.
Internationalization of retailing operations

International retail operations may be defined as the operation, by a firm or alliance, of shops, or other forms of retail distribution, in more than one country. Such operations have an extensive history. Motives for retailers to operate internationally are considered. Theoretical explanations have not been well developed but a potentially useful framework exists with the transaction cost paradigm. International operations may be achieved within several different organizational structures with some firms adopting different approaches for different markets. The empirical evidence of international retail activity lacks a sound survey base but some tentative generalities are drawn.
Phase III, placebo-controlled trial of three doses of citalopram for the treatment of hot flashes: NCCTG trial N05C9.

PURPOSE Up to 75% of women experience hot flashes, which can negatively impact quality of life. As hot flash physiology is not definitively understood, it cannot be assumed that effective agents represent class effects. Therefore, there is a continued need for rigorous evaluation to identify effective nonhormonal options for hot flash relief. METHODS A randomized, double-blind trial evaluated citalopram at target doses of 10, 20, or 30 mg/d versus placebo for 6 weeks. Postmenopausal women with at least 14 bothersome hot flashes per week recorded hot flashes for 7 days before starting treatment and were then titrated to their target doses. The primary end point was the change from baseline to 6 weeks in hot flash score. RESULTS Two hundred fifty-four women were randomly assigned onto this study. Data for hot flash scores and frequencies showed significant improvement in hot flashes with citalopram over placebo, with no significant differences among doses. Reductions in mean hot flash scores were 2.0 (23%), 7.0 (49%), 7.7 (50%), and 10.7 (55%) for placebo and 10, 20, and 30 mg of citalopram, respectively (P <or= .002). Improvement in secondary outcomes, such as the Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Scale, was statistically superior in the 20-mg arm. Citalopram was well-tolerated, with no significant negative adverse effects. CONCLUSION Citalopram is an effective, well-tolerated agent in managing hot flashes. There does not appear to be a significant dose response above 10 mg/d, but broader helpful effects of the agent appear to be more evident at 20 mg/d.
INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THERMALLY MODIFIED WOOD

Thermal modification beneficially alters several technological parameters of wood. The changes in the physical parameters are due to the significant alterations of the structure and the chemical composition of wood, which take place during the modification process. These changes are complex and some aspects are still far from being completely understood. Various industrially important hardwoods and softwoods have been treated in an autoclave in N2 atmosphere. The physical (density, L-value, moisture content, bending strength, MOE) and chemical (pH, hemicellulose-, total phenol- and soluble carbohydrate content) parameters have been measured and evaluated. By establishing linear correlations between physical and chemical parameters the chemical changes affecting the physical properties could be investigated and tracked. Very good correlations have been found for hardwood samples, whereas for softwoods only poor correlations have been established. Results could contribute to a better understanding of the reactions of thermal modification, and could furthermore provide a basis for wood species dependent technology optimization in the future.
Nucleotide sequence of the streptolysin O (SLO) gene: structural homologies between SLO and other membrane-damaging, thiol-activated toxins

The complete nucleotide sequence of a cloned streptolysin O (SLO) gene and the amino acid sequence of SLO, predicted from the DNA sequence, are reported. SLO contains a single cysteine residue located close to the C terminus of the molecule and shares extensive structural homologies with other thiol-activated toxins, which allow us to predict functionally important features.
Exploring Commitment and Dependency in Dyadic Relationships

ABSTRACT This paper examines the constructs of supplier commitment and dependency, and reports the findings of a research investigation involving Medium Sized Enterprise suppliers and Multinational Enterprise buyers. Corresponding dyadic relationships are explored in order to obtain views concerning the Medium Sized Enterprises' commitment to and dependency on Multinational Enterprise buying firms, as perceived by both exchange parties. Whereas the findings confirm much of the existing mainstream literature that “hard” variables related to investments and co-ordinated manufacturing contribute to business relationships, we also discover that a “soft” side, much less emphasised in the literature and characterised by intangible measures, appears to play a significant role in the dyadic relationships evaluated in this study.
Capacity of Slotted ALOHA in Rayleigh-Fading Channels

Fading channels may improve the capacity of slottedALOHA networks. Rayleigh fading and spatially distributed packet transmitters diminish mutual packet interference and thus reduce the average blocking probability of a shared receiver. A transmission model, combining Poisson statistics of the offered data traffic with Rayleigh statistics for the fading channel, is developed. Analytical and numerical results are presented, indicating significant improvements to signaling in cellular mobile networks and in packet radio systems with fading radio channels.
Factors that Influence Financial Capability and Effectiveness: Exploring Financial Counsellors’ Perspectives

The financial capability of the community has become a topical issue in recent years around the globe. The role financial education plays improving financial capability is recognised by the G20 countries. With a plethora of programs, workshops, seminars and other resources available in the community, we find that there is little research that measures the impact/usefulness of these programs including what should be included in such programs. This study seeks to contribute to the understanding of the underlying determinants of financial capability by exploring the factors that influence this. Focus groups were conducted with financial counsellors in Queensland, Australia to explore factors that inhibit and promote financial capability. This included factors that impede the development of capability and the others that impact on the development of intention to engage in financially effective behaviour. We report that financial counsellors view confidence, self-esteem and self-belief as equally important determinants of financial capability. Also, gender and family socio economic status influence an individual’s ability to engage in financially effective behaviour. The results also found that adopting a short-term focus, rather than future orientation, is a key inhibitor of financial effectiveness. Consequently it is suggested that those developing financial capability programs address these behavioural and contextual factors rather than concentrating purely on literacy.
The potential impact of the aid for trade initiative

The Aid for Trade initiative marked international acceptance of the limitations of trade as a tool for development and of a role for the WTO in aid. Countries need infrastructure, institutions, technical capacity, and investment in order to trade, and to respond to liberalization. Although many in developing countries would gain from a WTO settlement, there are small gains or even costs for some developing countries. More or better preferences cannot help all developing countries; they face challenges from non-preferred countries and may obstruct multilateral liberalization. Aid for Trade as an issue in the Doha Round was driven by the need to find benefits for all countries. By the time the Round stalled, it had acquired sufficient support to go forward independently of the Round. When it was part of the negotiations, there was pressure to define a new structure for trade aid, outside normal aid mechanisms and parallel to those for other international concerns such as health or the environment. Without the need to secure developing countries’ support for a trade settlement, there is now a risk that it will be absorbed into normal aid programmes. To ensure that Aid for Trade reflects trade priorities and decisions made in the WTO, countries must require donors and the international financial institutions to accept priority for trade and the obligation of coherence with the WTO.
Epidermal growth factor receptor modulation of radiation response: preclinical and clinical development.

Approximately two thirds of all human solid tumors derive from epithelial tissues. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) serves as an important regulator of cellular growth in epithelial tumors. A spectrum of new anticancer agents have been specifically designed to target the EGFR in an effort to inhibit malignant growth. Although several of these new drugs show single-agent activity in early clinical trials, the predominant growth effect of EGFR signaling inhibition is cytostatic. However, the interaction of EGFR inhibition combined with conventional cytotoxic therapies (radiation and chemotherapy) is more potent, and shows great promise in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors that overexpress this receptor. This report focuses primarily on the capacity of EGFR inhibitors to modulate cellular and overall tumor response to ionizing radiation.
Pretransplant systemic inflammation and acute rejection after renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND There are presently no established pre-transplant tests that consistently identify patients who may be at increased risk for acute rejection episodes after renal transplantation. We studied whether pretransplant serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker for the presence of systemic inflammation, would predict the occurrence of acute rejection episodes after renal transplantation. METHODS Pretransplant serum was tested for CRP level in 97 consecutive renal transplant recipients. Time to acute rejection after transplantation was stratified by CRP level and compared using the Kaplan-Meier method. In addition, Cox regression multivariate analysis was performed to assess whether any pretransplant covariates could independently predict the subsequent occurrence of acute rejection episodes. RESULTS Pretransplant mean CRP levels were higher in patients who subsequently had a rejection episode versus those who had no rejection (22.2+/-2.9 vs. 11.7+/-1.8 microg/ml, respectively, P=0.003). Patients less than the median CRP value had a significantly longer time to rejection compared to those with higher CRP levels (P=0.002). Similarly, patients within the lowest CRP quartile had longer times to rejection when compared with the highest quartile (P=0.006). Cox proportional hazards regression multivariate analysis identified CRP level as the only independent pretransplant risk factor for rejection identified (P=0.044). CONCLUSIONS Pretransplant systemic inflammation as manifested by elevated serum CRP level independently predicts the risk of acute rejection after renal transplantation and may be useful in stratifying patients at the time of transplantation according to immunological risk. Thus, assessment of pretransplant systemic inflammatory status may be helpful in prospective individualization of immunosuppression therapy after renal transplantation.
Independent Director Reputation Incentives: The Supply of Monitoring Services

Extensive research finds that shareholder and CEO preferences affect demand for director services. We find a large body of evidence that independent director reputation incentives influence the supply of director services. These reputation incentives vary across firms and over time, significantly influencing important board decisions and firm outcomes. When more independent directors highly rank a directorship, firms experience fewer actions that hurt and more actions that enhance shareholder wealth and director reputation. These results are invariant to endogeneity adjustments. We conclude that director reputation affects board decisions and shareholder value by influencing director allocation of effort across their multiple directorships.
The Stock Market Valuation of R&D Leaders

We examine future excess returns, earnings variability and stock volatility of R&D Leaders and Followers. Drawing on the business strategy literature, which makes a clear distinction between R&D Leaders and Followers, we show that R&D Leaders do earn significant future excess returns, while R&D Followers just earn average returns. We further document that R&D Leaders generate higher future sales growth, and return-on-assets than Followers. We also tackle the perennial question of whether the excess returns subsequent to R&D are due to mispricing or risk, and show that only a small part of the returns can be attributed to risk compensation. Finally, it has been documented that R&D expenditures are strongly associated with future earnings volatility, suggesting that R&D is less reliable (verifiable) an asset than physical capital. We show that the association between R&D intensity and future earnings volatility of R&D Leaders is not lower than that of R&D Followers. Thus, penetrating the population of R&D firms to distinguish between R&D Leaders and Followers, we bridge the chasm between the major findings of the economics/finance strand and the accounting body of R&D research.
Understanding polycarbazole-based polymer:CdSe hybrid solar cells

We report for the first time the fabrication and characterization of organic–inorganic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) hybrid solar cells made of poly[N-9″-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) and pyridine-capped CdSe nanorods. By optimizing both CdSe loading and active layer film thickness, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of PCDTBT:CdSe hybrid solar cells were able to reach 2%, with PCDTBT:CdSe devices displaying an open-circuit voltage (VOC ) that is 35% higher than P3HT:CdSe devices due to the deeper HOMO level of PCDTBT polymer. The performance of PCDTBT:CdSe devices is limited by its morphology and also its lower LUMO energy offset compared to P3HT:CdSe devices. Hence, the performance of PCDTBT:CdSe solar cells could be further improved by modifying the morphology of the films and also by including an interlayer to generate a built-in voltage to encourage exciton dissociation. Our results suggest that PCDTBT could be a viable alternative to P3HT as an electron donor in hybrid BHJ solar cells for high photovoltage application.
How do entrepreneurs in clusters contribute to economic growth

This paper investigates the long-term survival and performance of new entrepreneurial firms, comparing firms located within regional clusters with those located outside of clusters.We use matched employee-employer databases to investigate all Swedish firms started in the telecom and consumer electronic s, financial services, information technology, medical equipment, and pharmaceuticals and biotech sectors (N = 4,397). We follow these firms from 1993 to 2002 and measure their contribution to local economic vitality in term of job creation, payment of taxes, and payment of salaries to employees. Controlling for factors such as firm size, age, and absorptive innovative capabilities, we find strong empirical evidence that being located within a cluster has positive effects on the survival of new firms. We also find that clustered firm creates more jobs, higher tax payments, and higher wages to employees. The effects are consistent across alternative measures of agglomeration and different regional levels. Thid study contributes to the literatures on entrepreneurship and economic geography. By measuring the economic contributions of clustered and non-clustered firms, the empirical evidence also provides support for basing economic policies on clusters.
Some evidence on financial factors in the determination of aggregate business investment for the G7

Standard theories of investment behaviour have concentrated on the neoclassical and Tobin's Q approaches, with most empirical work on aggregate data focusing on the former. In contrast, a separate literature on monetary transmission, centred on the credit channel and financial accelerator effects, has highlighted the potential impact of credit market imperfections in constraining the investment behaviour of firms. In this paper we present evidence at a macro level for the G7 countries that a broad range of financial variables, consistent with the valuation ratio, financial accelerator and credit channel approaches, are relevant determinants of business fixed investment above those variables normally included in traditional macroeconomic investment functions. The results indicate a wider incidence of these financial effects on investment than the existing literature, focused as it is on the US, would otherwise indicate.
Hierarchical model based human motion tracking

Image sequence based tracking is the pivotal technique of human motion. In the paper, we first propose an appropriate human model and color model. Second, two approaches are proposed aiming at two different levels of color-block information including the boundary and the inner-area: the extraction of the boundary algorithm is based on the Robert operator and the clustering algorithm is based on self-adaptation. Third, we unite two regions, which are processed by different approaches. This step counteracts the ambiguity of obtaining information from each level. Finally, after the rough area of the color-block is obtained, the boundary of the color-block is determined by calculating the histogram of the X,Y coordinate of every point on the boundary of the block. Experimental results are presented.
The Use and Choice of Multipartner Alliances: An Exploratory Study

Studies on multipartner alliances (MPAs) with a limited number of partners remain sporadic since the literature has focused its attention mainly on alliance networks and consortia. This work aims to partially cover the existing gap, going more deeply into both the characteristics of MPAs with few partners and the factors determining their formation. Using a different theoretical approach, this study means to advance in the understanding and definition of the main factors that influence the choice between a dyadic alliance and an MPA. The analysis of the influence of these variables is carried out through an exploratory study in the empirical context of public works in Spain. This choice allows the evaluating of the behavior of firms and the factors that influence their decisions. Our results show that the value of the adjudication and the type of work influence the formation of both dyads and MPAs, but the results indicate that in an MPA this effect is strengthened and the search for a critical mass through cooperative behavior is more visible.