Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The social origins of state capacity : civil society, political order and public goods in France (1789-1970) and Mexico (1810-1970)

ii Preface . iv Table of Contents . v List of Tables . viii List of Figures . ix List of Abbreviations . x Acknowledgements . xi Dedication . xiii Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 1.1 Case Selection: Revolutions, Popular Incorporation and the Evolution of Public Goods in France and Mexico . 8 1.2 Literature Review . 12 1.3 Argument: The Organizational Structure of Civil Society, Political Order, and StateSupplied Public Goods . 36 1.4 Explaining the trajectories of state capacity in France (1789-1970) and Mexico (18101970) . 44 1.5 Research Design and Plan of the Dissertation . 48 Chapter 2: Critical Juncture: Popular Incorporation, the Social State and State Capacity . 53 2.1 Introduction . 53 2.2 Measurement Challenges in the Study of State Capacity . 57 2.3 Conceptualizing State Capacity as Public Goods Provision . 66 vi 2.4 Operationalizing State Capacity as Public Goods Provision . 71 2.5 Critical Juncture: Popular Incorporation and the Social State . 74 2.6 War, Commodity Booms, and State Capacity in France and Mexico . 97 2.7 Conclusion: The Puzzle of French and Mexican Political Development . 106 Chapter 3: An Organizational Theory of Political Development . 109 3.1 Introduction . 109 3.2 Explaining the Effects of Exogenous Shocks: Strategies of Political Order . 111 3.3 Explaining Strategies of Political Order: The Organizational Structure of Civil Society . 122 3.4 Explaining the Transition from Spoils Systems to Social Contracts: The Transformation of Social Relationships . 143 3.5 Conclusion . 147 Chapter 4: The Atlantic Revolutions and the Structural Transformation of Organizational Life . 151 4.1 Introduction . 151 4.2 France: Revolution and the Emergence of National Popular Movements . 154 4.3 Mexico: Independence and Parochial Political Organizations . 201 4.4 Conclusion . 240 Chapter 5: Organizational Structure, Popular Incorporation and Political Order . 245 5.1 Introduction . 245 5.2 France: Organizational Change and Political Instability . 250 5.3 Mexico: Lack of Resources and Political Instability . 301
Role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in acute respiratory-tract infections in Saudi paediatric patients.

The role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and viruses in the various clinical presentations of acute respiratory-tract infection (ARTI) was studied in Saudi children seen at King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) between January 1995 and January 1996. The study population comprised 511 children (age < 14 years) of both sexes. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) and acute-phase sera were collected. Convalescent sera were only available from 334 of the patients (with an interval of 15-42 days between collection of the acute and corresponding convalescent sera). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most commonly detected virus, found in 69% of patients. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, found in 9% of the patients, appeared to be the second most common causative agent (this is the first time the prevalence of this agent in ARTI among Saudi children has been studied), followed by influenza A virus (present in 8% of the patients). RSV was highly prevalent during the colder months (October-April), with a peak in January-February, whereas there was little seasonal fluctuation in the prevalence of M. pneumoniae. Although most (60%) of the M. pneumoniae infections were in patients aged > 60 months, RSV was detected in 22% of the patients aged 1-5 months of age and only in 6% of those aged > 60 months. Infection with M. pneumoniae was found mainly in children with broncho-pneumonia (12 cases) and lobar pneumonia (three cases). Most of those infected with RSV had bronchiolitis (53 cases), followed by broncho-pneumonia (24 cases) and bronchial asthma (20 cases). As their prevalences were low, it was difficult to draw any conclusions about possible associations between the other viral agents encountered (influenza, para-influenza and adenovirus) and clinical disease.
Effects of treatment with lovastatin and pravastatin on daytime cognitive performance

The HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors lovastatin and pravastatin have both proven to be effective and well tolerated in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. To evaluate whether lovastatin or pravastatin might affect daytime cognitive function, a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, two‐period, incomplete block, crossover study was performed in 36 patients (24 per treatment) with primary hypercholesterolemia. Patients received placebo, Iovastatin (40 mg), or pravastatin (40 mg) for 4 weeks. Following a 1‐week washout period, patients were crossed over to either lovastatin, pravastatin, or placebo for an additional 4 weeks. Mental performance tests (digit symbol substitution, choice reaction time, auditory vigilance, selective reminding word recall, finger tapping), visual analogue rating scales, and the Profile of Mood States were administered before test drug administration and after 2 and 4 weeks of each treatment. After 4 weeks, no statistically significant differences between treatments in changes from baseline were observed on any parameter with the exception of digit symbol substitution, for which lovastatin and pravastatin were both significantly better than placebo but did not differ from each other. Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was reduced 38% by lovastatin and 30% by pravastatin. In summary, neither of these chemically distinct HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors impaired daytime cognitive performance after 4 weeks of treatment in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia.
Can E-Government Mitigate Administrative Corruption? An Empirical study into the Potential Role of E-Government in Eradicating Administrative Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa

Africa remains in an unusual position in relation to the debate on corruption, economic performance, and poverty. The debate on addressing corruption in Africa is never ending. Not only corruption hinders economic growth and increases poverty, but it also threatens good governance, undermines the effectiveness and efficiency of public services, and undermine rule of law. The adoption of e-government to provide citizens with information on public services is on the rise in both developed and developing countries, but Africa remains the region with the lowest ranking in the adoption of e-government technology. Using perceived level of corruption, e-government development index, and eparticipation index, empirical findings show that e-government has the potential to eradicate administrative corruption within Public Service in developing countries in Africa. This paper recommends developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa to develop e-government as anti-corruption tool to mitigate administrative corruption, reduce poverty, and increase economic growth.
Generalized negative binomial distribution: a promising statistical distribution for Oncomelania hupensis in the lake- and marsh-land regions of China

Abstract A new generalization of the negative binomial distribution (GNBD) is introduced and fitted to counts of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, made, in areas of Chinese lakeland and marshland, early in the winter of 2005 and late in the spring of 2006. The GNBD was found to fit the snail data better than the standard negative binomial distribution (NBD) that has previously been widely used to model the distribution of O. hupensis. With two more parameters than the NBD, the GNBD can integrate many discrete distributions and is more flexible than the NBD in modelling O. hupensis. It also provides a better theoretical distribution for the quantitative study of O. hupensis, especially in building an accurate prediction model of snail density. The justification for adopting the GNBD is discussed. The GNBD allows researchers to broaden the field in the quantitative study not only of O. hupensis and schistosomiasis japonica but also of other environment-related helminthiases and family-clustered diseases that have, traditionally, been modelled using the NBD.
Pharmacological analysis of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine removal from the pulmonary circulation: differentiation of uptake sites for each amine.

Removal of either norepinephrine (NE) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), each at a concentration of 1.5 µM, from the vascular space of rabbit lung perfused in vitro , was significantly reduced by 10 -5 M cocaine, phenoxybenzamine, imipramine, and, to a lesser degree, by 10 -4 M normetanephnine. Aminophylline (10 -3 M) or phentolamine (10 -5 M) reduced removal of only NE (41, and 27%, respectively), while propranolol (10 -5 M) was ineffective as an inhibitor. Pretreatment of rabbits with 6-hydroxydopamine did not change pulmonary removal of NE or 5-HT, but significantly increased the vasoconstrictor response to infusion of either amine. Phenoxybenzamine blockade was irreversible: 45 minutes after establishment of the block, and despite perfusion during this time with phenoxyhenzamine-free Krebs9 medium, removal of subsequently perfused 5-HT or NE (1.5 ,µM) was still inhibited. However, when 5-HT (10 µM) and phenoxybenzamine were perfused simultaneously and this was followed by a 45-minute perfusion with drug free medium, removal of 5-HT (1.5 µM) subsequently perfused was not blocked, while that of NE (1.5 µM) was inhibited. Accordingly, sites for NE and 5-HT transport into lung are separable pharmacologically.
Predictors of Patient Satisfaction Among Diabetic Population Attending Primary Health Care Centers at Dubai Health Authority

Background: Patient satisfaction has been increasingly used as one indicator of the quality of health care. Measures of patient satisfaction are used to compare health care programs, to evaluate quality of care, and to identify which aspects of a service need improvement . There is no published study about diabetic patient satisfaction in UAE. Objectives: To assess the predictors of diabetic patient’s satisfaction regarding services provided at PHC centers as well as some factors affecting it. Methodology: A cross sectional study among adult diabetic patients attending PHC centers in DHA, Dubai. Data were collected by using a standardized satisfaction questionnaire to assess diabetic patient satisfaction regarding the services provided in primary health care centers where they are being managed. Random cluster sample technique was used with proper allocation of 540 patients with diabetes from PHC centers/ DHA. Results: the most significant predictors of patient satisfaction are age, level of education and LDL being controlled at target. The most likely age group of being less satisfied are the <45 years old (OR = 4.90), followed by the age group 45-<55 years (OR = 3.21) in contrast to the group 65 years or more. In comparison to illiterate, the university educated patients are the most likely group to be less satisfied (OR = 5.94), followed by the secondary educated (OR = 3.48), then the preparatory education group (OR = 2.08). Those patients with LDL not controlled at target are more likely to be less satisfied (OR = 1.59). The study revealed that there is statistical significant relationship between satisfaction and Age, sex, nationality, education, marital status, occupation, duration of diabetes, treatment regimen and complication. And by application of stepwise logistic regression; satisfaction mostly affected by age and education level and LDL at control target. Conclusion: Satisfaction not only related to the system difficulties but also patient and disease characteristics play a role too. There was great link and association between satisfaction and patients’ characteristics like; age, gender, education, nationality, and occupation. Disease characteristics such as duration of the disease, complications, type of the drug regimen as well as the control of the disease are also associated with satisfaction.
Clinical outcome of the chronic flexor tenosynovitis in the hand caused by non-tuberculous mycobacterium treated by extensive tenosynovectomy and drugs

Abstract Chronic flexor tenosynovitis in the hand caused by non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection is uncommon. Although some authors have recommended combining surgical and drug therapy, there are few reports about the timing of drug administration after operation. The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyse the clinical outcome of the protocol, which consisted of extensive tenosynovectomy and drug therapy administered after culture results had been obtained. Four men and one woman were included. Average age was 57.4 years and average follow-up period was 46.7 months. Extensive tenosynovectomy was performed and surgical specimen was examined histopathologically and microbiologically. After a positive culture result had been obtained, three kinds of drugs were administered. Clinical outcome including infectious condition, range of motion, and grip strength was examined. All patients were immunocompetent and had no underlying disease. Three patients were diagnosed at first operation and two were diagnosed at second operation. The average period of drug therapy was 5.5 months. In four patients, infection resolved with combination therapy. In one patient with surgical treatment, only swelling remained. Osteomyelitis of the scaphoid was found in one patient to whom systemic steroid had been administered because of a negative culture result at first operation. For immunocompetent patients, flexor tenosynovitis in the hand caused by NTM was resolved with a combination of surgical and drug treatment. Drug treatment seemed to be essential after a reduction of the infectious lesion and the timing of administration was safe enough to resolve in four patients.
Evaluation of the Rietveld method for the mineralogical characterization of airborne dust in a mining area

In this article, we present the results of the mineralogical quantification of airborne dust from an urban area located in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais in the vicinity of a gold mine. Three samples were collected at different points to assess spatial consistency. Results showed that the mineralogy, in relation to both major minerals and accessory minerals, is very similar for all samples, being predominantly composed of muscovite and quartz, which together account for around 60% to 75% by weight. The accessory minerals are clinochlore, albite, dolomite, calcite and kaolinite and the averages for each range from 4% to 13%. The only trace mineral with concentration below 1% was pyrite which has a concentration below 1%. The results provide an indication that the mining area is not the sole source of local dust, although the mine’s contribution is significant.
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf and Twig Oils of Litsea acutivena from Taiwan

The chemical composition, and antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the essential oils isolated from the leaves and twigs of Litsea acutivena of Taiwan were investigated. The essential oils from the fresh leaves and twigs were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC–FID and GC–MS. Ninety-five and fifty-two compounds were identified in the leaf and twig oils, respectively. The main components of the leaf oil were γ-patchoulene (11.0%), δ-cadinene (6.3%), trans-muurola-3,5-diene (5.9%), and β-selinene (5.3%), whereas the main components of the twig oil were τ-cadinol (13.1%), β-selinene (9.6%), trans-β-ocimene (6.2%) and α-cadinol (7.7%). Bioactivity studies demonstrated that twig oil had excellent antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities, superior to those of the leaf oil. For the antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the twig oil, the active compounds were determined to be τ-cadinol and α-cadinol.
Gender Equality (f)or Economic Growth? Effects of Reducing the Gender Gap in Education on Economic Growth in OECD Countries

This paper assesses the extent to which the increase in women's human capital, as measured by educational attainment, has contributed to economic growth in OECD countries over the past five decades. Using longitudinal cross-country data covering 30 countries from 1960 to 2008 on education (the Barro-Lee dataset) and growth (update of OECD data), our results point out a positive and significant impact ofthe increase in women's educational attainment relative to men on output per capita growth - as measuredby GDP per capita. Our results are robust to the distinction between sub-periods and indicate that the effect of the equalisation of years of completed education on economic growth has been higher in the most recent periods. Results also hold when countries with an above-average increase in years of completed education are removed from the sample.
Abnormal fMRI response of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cognitively intact siblings of patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE The identification of neurobiological intermediate phenotypes may hasten the search for susceptibility genes in complex psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Earlier family studies have suggested that deficits in executive cognition and working memory may be related to genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia, but the biological basis for this behavioral phenotype has not been identified. METHOD The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during performance of the N-back working memory task to assess working memory-related cortical physiology in nonschizophrenic, cognitively intact siblings of patients with schizophrenia. They compared 23 unaffected siblings of schizophrenic patients to 18 matched comparison subjects. As a planned replication, they studied another 25 unaffected siblings and 15 comparison subjects. RESULTS In both cohorts, there were no group differences in working memory performance. Nevertheless, both groups of siblings showed an exaggerated physiological response in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex that was qualitatively similar to results of earlier fMRI studies of patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS These fMRI data provide direct evidence of a primary physiological abnormality in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function in individuals at greater genetic risk for schizophrenia, even in the absence of a manifest cognitive abnormality. This exaggerated fMRI response implicates inefficient processing of memory information at the level of intrinsic prefrontal circuitry, similar to earlier findings in patients with schizophrenia. These data predict that inheritance of alleles that contribute to inefficient prefrontal information processing will increase risk for schizophrenia.
SecA protein hydrolyzes ATP and is an essential component of the protein translocation ATPase of Escherichia coli.

Bacterial protein export requires two forms of energy input, ATP and the membrane electrochemical potential. Using an in vitro reaction reconstituted with purified soluble and peripheral membrane components, we can now directly measure the translocation‐coupled hydrolysis of ATP. This translocation ATPase requires inner membrane vesicles, SecA protein and translocation‐competent proOmpA. The stimulatory activity of membrane vesicles can be blocked by either antibody to the SecY protein or by preparing the membranes from a secY‐thermosensitive strain which had been incubated at the non‐permissive temperature in vivo. The SecA protein itself has more than one ATP binding site. 8‐azido‐ATP inactivates SecA for proOmpA translocation and for translocation ATPase, yet does not inhibit a low level of ATP hydrolysis inherent in the isolated SecA protein. These data show that the SecA protein has a central role in coupling the hydrolysis of ATP to the transfer of pre‐secretory proteins across the membrane.
A 90 nm leakage control transistor based clock gating for low power flip flop applications

The continuous growing demand of portable battery-powered electronics devices hunts for Nano-electronic circuit design for ultra-low power applications by reducing dynamic power, static power and short circuit power. In sequential circuit elements of an IC, a notable amount of power dissipation occurs due to the rapid switching of high frequency clock signals, which do not fetch any data bit or information. The needless switching of clock, during the HOLD phase of either ‘logic 1’ or ‘logic 0’, may be abolished using gated clock. In this paper, we have presented a new clock gating technique incorporating Leakage Control Transistor. The improvised technique is employed to trigger a D-Flip Flop using 90nm PTM technology at 1.1V power supply. We have observed an impressive reduction in power, delay and latency using the proposed gating logic, which has outsmarted the existing works. The simulation is also performed in smaller technology nodes such as 65nm, 45nm and 32 nm to notice the change in delay, dynamic power and static power of the circuit.
Comprehensive Mechanism Analysis of Mesoporous‐Silica‐Nanoparticle‐Induced Cancer Immunotherapy

A plain mesoporous silica nanoparticle without any immunomodulatory molecules significantly enhances anticancer immunity in vivo. Comprehensive mechanism of mesoporous‐silica‐nanoparticle‐induced cancer immunotherapy is analyzed in this paper. The mesoporous silica nanoparticle promotes both Th1 and Th2 immune responses, as it accelerates lymphocytes proliferation, stimulates IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐4, and IL‐10 cytokine secretion by lymphocytes ex vivo, and increases IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgM, and IgA antibody titers in mice serum compared with those of alum and adjuvant‐free groups. Moreover, the mesoporous silica nanoparticle enhances effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations in three most important immune organs (bone marrow, lymph node, and spleen) of mice compared with those of alum and adjuvant‐free groups three months after adjuvant injection. The present study paves the way for the application of mesoporous silica nanoparticle as immunoadjuvant for cancer immunotherapy.
Utility rebates, emissions spillovers and lobbying : essays on environmental economics

The first essay, co-authored with Sumeet Gulati, estimates the increase in the market share of ENERGY STAR-qualified appliances attributed to utility rebates in the US. Results show that a dollar increase in the rebate leads to a 0.3% increase in the share of ENERGY STAR-qualified clothes washers while the effect is not significant for dishwashers and refrigerators. Assuming a redemption rate of 40%, the cost of a megawatt hour saved is lower than the estimated cost of building and operating an additional power plant and the average on-peak spot price. Therefore, rebate programs for ENERGY STAR clothes washers are a cost-effective way to reduce energy demand. In the second essay I analyse the presence of pollution spillovers by looking at emission levels and changes in emissions. I use a spatial autoregressive (SAR) model with geographic distance and industry distance weight matrices as well as an extension of the SAR model that uses the two weight matrices simultaneously to exploit the variation in the toxicity-weighted emission levels and emission changes in a large sample of manufacturing facilities in Canada. I find that, compared to OLS results, these spatial linkages exist and are stronger for within sector linkages than geographic linkages. In the third essay I use firm-level characteristics to predict the lobbying and abatement decision of firms in a model with two non-cooperating firms. There are three sources of firm heterogeneity, viz. the marginal cost of production, the emission intensity and the marginal cost factor of abatement. The decision to lobby or abate or do both depends on the cost-effectiveness of lobbying against that of abating. I find that a firm will abate and not lobby if its effective marginal abatement cost, which depends on output, is lower than a threshold value.