Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of zinc transport into pig small intestine brush‐border membrane vesicles.

1. The purpose of the present work was to examine certain membrane transport mechanisms likely to carry zinc across the brush‐border membrane of pig small intestine, isolated in a vesicular form. 2. In initial velocity conditions, saturation kinetics revealed a great effect of pH on zinc transport: optimal conditions were observed with an intravesicular pH of around 6.6 with or without a H+ gradient; however, this did not allow us to conclude the existence of a neutral exchange between Zn2+ and H+ ions. 3. By measuring 36Cl uptakes, the presence of the Cl(‐)‐HCO3‐ or Cl(‐)‐OH‐antiporter with typical 4,4'‐diisothiocyanatostilbene‐2,2'‐disulphonic acid (DIDS) sensitivity was detected in vesicles; zinc did not alter this anionic exchange activity. A 65Zn time course, performed in conditions identical with those for 36Cl uptake, was DIDS insensitive and was greatly inhibited by an outward OH‐ gradient. This could argue against a transport of zinc as a complex with Cl‐ and HCO3‐ through the anion antiporter. 4. When external Cl‐ and HCO3‐ were replaced by SCN‐, able to form a Zn(SCN)4(2‐) complex, we observed a stimulating effect of outward HCO3‐ gradients on 65Zn uptake but neither DIDS nor diphenylamine‐2‐carboxylate (DPC) inhibited the transport in these conditions. This suggested that the intestinal anion antiporter was not a major route for zinc reabsorption. 5. The tripeptide Gly‐Gly‐His at low concentrations stimulated 65Zn uptake, then inhibited it in a dose‐dependent manner either in the presence of an inward H+ gradient or in the presence of a membrane potential ‘negative inside’ or in both situations. These conditions are necessary for the active transport of the peptide and this strongly suggests that zinc can be transported as a [Gly‐Gly‐His‐Zn] complex, utilizing the peptide carrier system.
Generation and genetic modification of induced pluripotent stem cells

Importance of the field: The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) enabled by exogenous expression of the canonical Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc reprogramming factors has opened new ways to create patient- or disease-specific pluripotent cells. iPSCs represent an almost inexhaustible source of cells for targeted differentiation into somatic effector cells and hence are likely to be invaluable for therapeutic applications and disease-related research. Areas covered in this review: After an introduction on the biology of reprogramming we cover emerging technological advances, including new reprogramming approaches, small-molecule compounds and tailored genetic modification, and give an outlook towards potential clinical applications of iPSCs. What the reader will gain: Although this field is progressing rapidly, reprogramming is still an inefficient process. The reader will learn about innovative tools to generate patient-specific iPSCs and how to modify these established lines in a safe way. Ideally, the disease-causing mutation is edited directly in the genome using novel technologies based on artificial nucleases, such as zinc-finger nucleases. Take home message: Human iPSCs create fascinating options with regard to disease modeling, drug testing, developmental studies and therapeutic applications. However, important hurdles have to be taken and more efficient protocols to be established to achieve the ambitious goal of bringing iPSCs into clinical use.
Construct Validity

The simple way of thinking about it is as a test of generalization, like external validity, but it assesses whether the variable that you are testing for is addressed by the experiment. Construct validity is a device used almost exclusively in social sciences, psychology and education. For example, you might design whether an educational program increases artistic ability amongst pre-school children. Construct validity is a measure of whether your research actually measures artistic ability, a slightly abstract label.
The Institutional Context of Industry Consolidation: Radio Broadcasting in the United States, 1920-1934

Shortly after the first commercial radio broadcast in 1920, the medium's popularity exploded and the number of stations on the dial grew tremendously. By 1930, however, a mere 10 years after the first radio broadcast occurred, the industry was dominated by large, commercial stations who sold advertising time in a variety of forms and were operated to generate profit. Because of the nature of broadcasting organizations and markets, explanations based on competitive dynamics and organizational fitness cannot explain this dramatic change in the broadcasting industry. In the absence of a competitive advantage, I argue that this concentration was the result of institutional shifts in legitimate organizational practices and the political environment in which broadcasters operated.
Fairness and its Price

Abstract We discuss the economic aspects of fairness defined here in the benchmark case as equality of producer and consumer rents. We show that there are significant differences considering private and public goods, especially with regard to a potential self-damaging of the initially disadvantaged, resulting from the implementation of the equality-rule. Furthermore, the potential welfare loss to society will be substantially larger in the field of public rather than of private goods.
Profitability of Nonlinear Dynamics Under Technical Trading Rules: Evidence from Pacific Basin Stock Markets

This paper explores a possible link between an asymmetric dynamic process of stock returns and profitable technical trading rules. Using Pacific Basin stock market indexes, we show that the dynamic process of daily index returns is better characterized by nonlinearity arising from an asymmetric reverting property, and that the asymmetric reverting property of stock returns is exploitable in generating profitable buy and sell signals for technical trading rules. We show that the positive (negative) returns from buy (sell) signals are a consequence of trading rules that exploit the asymmetric dynamics of stock returns that revolve around positive (negative) unconditional mean returns under prior positive (negative) return patterns. Our results corroborate the arguments for the usefulness of technical analysis.
Cardiovascular risks of atypical antipsychotic drug treatment

Atypical antipsychotics are the treatment of choice for patients with schizophrenia. They are generally better tolerated than conventional antipsychotics since most do not cause debilitating extrapyramidal symptoms. They are associated though with an array of cardiovascular adverse events that may affect morbid‐mortality of schizophrenic patients. Orthostatic hypotension, electrocardiographic changes and metabolic syndrome (MS) are the main cardiovascular effects of atypical antipsychotics. They contribute to the overall disease burden associated with schizophrenia even though the benefit risk of such treatments still is highly favourable.
The New Corporate Social Responsibility

The last half decade has witnessed a remarkable resurgence of attention among practitioners and scholars to understanding the ability of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to address environmental and social problems. Although significant advances have been made, assessing the forms, types, and impacts on intended objectives is impeded by the conflation of distinct phenomena, which has created misunderstandings about why firms support CSR, and the implications of this support, or lack thereof, for the potential effectiveness of innovative policy options. As a corrective, we offer seven categories that distinguish efforts promoting learning and stakeholder engagement from those requiring direct on-the-ground behavior changes. Better accounting for these differences is critical for promoting a research agenda that focuses on the evolutionary nature of CSR innovations, including whether specific forms are likely to yield marginal or transformative results.
Outward Foreign Direct Investment from Russia: A Literature Review

The revolution in Russian outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has occurred this century. UN statistics indicate that Russian OFDI stock was just USD 20 billion at the beginning of this century, whereas in 2013 it already exceeded USD 500 billion. The researchers have followed this skyrocketing investment growth and the numerous novel themes it has generated. On the eve of the millennium, there were only a handful of scientific studies focusing on Russian OFDI, whereas a decade later, significantly more than 100 contributions have emerged. With this review the authors aim to identify the development of Russian OFDI, its main trends, research gaps, key weaknesses and even some scientific disputes among scholars. With the description of the development of the research field, the authors wish to strengthen the accumulation of knowledge concerning Russian OFDI and aid other scholars to find novel research topics and focus their research more effectively than before.
Different localization and expression of protein kinase C-beta in kidney cortex of diabetic nephropathy mice and its role in telmisartan treatment.

AIM This study aims to investigate the localization and expression of protein kinase C-beta I and beta II in kidney cortex of diabetic nephropathy mice and their roles in telmisartan treatment. METHODS 18 mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal group, diabetic nephropathy group and telmisartan-treated group. The localization and expression of protein kinase C-beta I and beta II were measured with confocal immunofluorescence laser scanning microscopy, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in glomeruli was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared to the normal mice, the expression and localization of protein kinase C-beta I and beta II are differed in diabetic nephropathy mice, with increased expression of protein kinase C-beta I but decreased level of protein kinase C-beta II. Meanwhile, the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor showed increase in the glomeruli of diabetic nephropathy, compared to the controls. Also, protein kinase C-beta I exhibited a positive correlation to transforming growth factor-beta 1 (r = 0.649, P = 0.030), but no correlation to vascular endothelial growth factor (r = 0.387, P = 0.079). Telmisartan treatment exercised significant beneficial role in diabetic nephropathy, which is associated with protein kinase C-beta I, but not beta II. CONCLUSIONS The expression and localization of protein kinase C-beta I and beta II differ in the diabetic nephropathy, and such difference is associated with the pathogeneses of diabetic nephropathy.
Bis(pyrimidine-2-carboxylato-κ2 N,O)copper(II)

The title compound, [Cu(C5H3N2O2)2], was prepared in a water–ethanol solution containing 2-cyanopyrimidine, malonic acid and copper(II) nitrate trihydrate. The CuII ion, located on an inversion center, is chelated by two pyrimidine-2-carboxylate anions in a CuO2N2 square-planar geometry. The uncoordinated carboxylate O atom and pyrimidine N atoms are linked to adjacent pyrimidine rings via weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonding. π–π Stacking is observed between nearly parallel pyrimidine rings, the centroid-to-centroid separation being 3.8605 (13) Å.
Sharing the load? Partners’ relative earnings and the division of domestic labour

One of the most pressing issues contributing to the persistence of gender inequality is the gendered division of domestic labour. Despite their entry into paid employment, women still carry out more domestic work than men, limiting their ability to act on an equal footing within the workplace. This qualitative research adds to the ongoing debate concerning the reasons for the persistence of the gendered nature of domestic work, by comparing working women who earn more, those who earn around the same and those who earn less than their male partners, as well as examining women’s absolute incomes. On average, men whose partners earn more than they do carry out more housework than other men, although women in these partnerships still do more. However, these women actively contest their male partner’s lack of input, simultaneously ‘doing’ and ‘undoing’ gender. The article also identifies class differences in the ‘sharing’ of domestic work.
Dynamics of Microbial Communities on Marine Snow Aggregates: Colonization, Growth, Detachment, and Grazing Mortality of Attached Bacteria

ABSTRACT We studied the dynamics of microbial communities attached to model aggregates (4-mm-diameter agar spheres) and the component processes of colonization, detachment, growth, and grazing mortality. Agar spheres incubated in raw seawater were rapidly colonized by bacteria, followed by flagellates and ciliates. Colonization can be described as a diffusion process, and encounter volume rates were estimated at about 0.01 and 0.1 cm3 h−1 for bacteria and flagellates, respectively. After initial colonization, the abundances of flagellates and ciliates remained approximately constant at 103 to 104 and ∼102 cells sphere−1, respectively, whereas bacterial populations increased at a declining rate to >107 cells sphere−1. Attached microorganisms initially detached at high specific rates of ∼10−2 min−1, but the bacteria gradually became irreversibly attached to the spheres. Bacterial growth (0 to 2 day−1) was density dependent and declined hyperbolically when cell density exceeded a threshold. Bacterivorous flagellates grazed on the sphere surface at an average saturated rate of 15 bacteria flagellate−1 h−1. At low bacterial densities, the flagellate surface clearance rate was ∼5 × 10−7 cm2 min−1, but it declined hyperbolically with increasing bacterial density. Using the experimentally estimated process rates and integrating the component processes in a simple model reproduces the main features of the observed microbial population dynamics. Differences between observed and predicted population dynamics suggest, however, that other factors, e.g., antagonistic interactions between bacteria, are of importance in shaping marine snow microbial communities.
The Relation of Social Support, Connectedness, and Collective Self-Esteem to the Psychological Well-Being of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth

Abstract The present study extended the research on the mental health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth by testing the relationship of social support, social connectedness, and collective self-esteem to psychological well-being in a sample of 218 LGB youth. Perceived social support significantly predicted psychological well-being subscales; social connectedness and collective self-esteem contributed significantly to the psychological well-being of the LGB participants when controlling for perceived social support. Age moderated the relations between several of the social and psychological well-being variables. Results of the study suggest that helping professionals working with LGB youth consider assessment of the youth's sense of connectedness to those around him/her and esteem related to LGB group membership in addition to assessing general social support.
Embryonic origin of the Drosophila brain neuropile

Neurons of the Drosophila larval brain are formed by a stereotyped set of neuroblasts. As differentiation sets in, neuroblast lineages produce axon bundles that initially form a scaffold of unbranched fibers in the center of the brain primordium. Subsequently, axons elaborate interlaced axonal and dendritic arbors, which, together with sheath‐like processes formed by glial cells, establish the neuropile compartments of the larval brain. By using markers that visualize differentiating axons and glial cells, we have analyzed the formation of neuropile compartments and their relationship to neuroblast lineages. Neurons of each lineage extend their axons as a cohesive tract (“primary axon bundle”). We generated a map of the primary axon bundles that visualizes the location of the primary lineages in the brain cortex where the axon bundles originate, the trajectory of the axon bundles into the neuropile, and the relationship of these bundles to the early‐formed scaffold of neuropile pioneer tracts (Nassif et al. [ 1998 ] J. Comp. Neurol. 402:10–31). The map further shows the growth of neuropile compartments at specific locations around the pioneer tracts. Following the time course of glial development reveals that glial processes, which form prominent septa around compartments in the larval brain, appear very late in the embryonic neuropile, clearly after the compartments themselves have crystallized. This suggests that spatial information residing within neurons, rather than glial cells, specifies the location and initial shape of neuropile compartments. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:981–998, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multi-Population Mortality Models: A Factor Copula Approach

Modeling mortality co-movements for multiple populations have significant implications for mortality/longevity risk management. A few two-population mortality models have been proposed to date. They are typically based on the assumption that the forecasted mortality experiences of two or more related populations converge in the long run. This assumption might be justified by the long-term mortality co-integration and thus be applicable to longevity risk modeling. However, it seems too strong to model the short-term mortality dependence. In this paper, we propose a two-stage procedure based on the time series analysis and a factor copula approach to model mortality dependence for multiple populations. In the first stage, we filter the mortality dynamics of each population using an ARMA–GARCH process with heavy-tailed innovations. In the second stage, we model the residual risk using a one-factor copula model that is widely applicable to high dimension data and very flexible in terms of model specification. We then illustrate how to use our mortality model and the maximum entropy approach for mortality risk pricing and hedging. Our model generates par spreads that are very close to the actual spreads of the Vita III mortality bond. We also propose a longevity trend bond and demonstrate how to use this bond to hedge residual longevity risk of an insurer with both annuity and life books of business.
Experimental investigation of airflow over helicopter platform of a polar icebreaker

The airwake over the helicopter platform of a Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) polar icebreaker was studied experimentally. By application of high speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) on a 1:522 scaled model of the polar icebreaker, quantitative flow filed data were obtained in several vertical and horizontal planes. Present investigation was conducted with two types of the inflow conditions: (i) a uniform flow and (ii) a simulated atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The incidence angle (α) varied between 0° to 330° with the increment of 30°. The unsteadiness of the flow was demonstrated by calculation of standard deviation of vertical airflow velocity (σ) over the helicopter platform, which directly influences the pilot workload. It was observed that, despite having relatively the same trend in different angels of incidence, the maximum value of σ is generally higher in the case of simulated ABL. It could be attributed to higher velocity gradients in oncoming flow associated with the simulated ABL inflow condition. Additionally this investigation showed that, in both inflow conditions, incidence angles of 0° and 300° were associated with the highest values for σ.
The Effect of Smoking Bans on Bars and Restaurants: An Analysis of Changes in Employment

Abstract Many communities and several states prohibit smoking in bars or restaurants. Using county-level data on employment from across the US, we find that communities where smoking is banned experience reductions in bar employment compared with counties that allow smoking. Smoking bans have a larger detrimental impact on bars in geographic areas with a high prevalence of smokers. The relative effect on restaurant employment is neutral or mildly positive. The positive effects are concentrated in areas with fewer smokers. We also find that bans have a positive effect on restaurant employment in warmer regions of the country, especially during the cooler winter months, and in the summer in colder regions. This suggests the prevalence of outdoor seating might influence the policy's effect.
EU promotion of democratic governance in the neighbourhood

This article analyses the effectiveness of the EU's promotion of democratic governance through functional co-operation in the European neighbourhood. In a comparative study of three policy sectors in three countries (Moldova, Morocco, and Ukraine), we show that the EU is capable of inducing neighbouring countries to adopt policy-specific democratic governance provisions in the absence of accession conditionality. In line with the institutionalist hypotheses, we find that effective rule adoption can be secured by strong legal specification of democratic governance elements in the EU sectoral acquis and international conventions. However, successful rule adoption does not necessarily lead to rule application.
Assessing Self-Reported Expenditures on Gambling

Estimates of the proportion of gambling revenues derived from problem gamblers represent an important element in the rational calculus of public gambling policy. However, a critical concern in calculating such estimates is the accuracy of self-reported expenditure data. In this paper, we review an emerging literature on estimating the proportion of expenditures from problem gamblers for different types of gambling, with a focus on the relationship between self-reported estimates and known spending. We then examine recent national survey data pertaining to this matter. After detailing several of the challenges in the effort to assess self-reported expenditures on different types of gambling, we recommend some methodological improvements that can be made in response to these problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Takeovers and Divergence of Investor Opinion

We test several hypotheses on how takeover premium is related to investors' divergence of opinion on a target's equity value. We show that the total takeover premium, the pre-announcement target stock price run-up, and the post-announcement stock price markup are all higher when investors have higher divergence of opinion. We obtain identical results with higher market-level investor sentiment. When divergence of opinion is higher, a firm is less likely to be a takeover target, although takeover synergy in successful takeovers is higher. Our results suggest that takeovers may play a role in explaining high contemporaneous stock prices in the presence of high divergence of investor opinion. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. , Oxford University Press.