Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discrepancy of hepatitis C virus genotypes as determined by phylogenetic analysis of partial NS5 and core sequences

The use of phylogenetic analyses of partial NS5 and core regions for hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping was evaluated by analysing seven Honduran and 24 European HCV strains. Core primers were designed with which HCV genotypes 1, 2, and 3 were readily amplified. The reliability of phylogenetic analysis of a 111‐bp core sequence was verified by comparing the typing results with those obtained using the whole core gene of 52 reference strains. Accordant genotypes (1a, 1b, 2b, and 3a) were obtained when phylogenetic analyses were undertaken on both the partial core and a 222‐bp NS5 sequence in all of the European HCV strains. Genotypes 1a, 1b, and 3a were identified among the Honduran strains by phylogenetic analysis of the partial NS 5 sequence. Interestingly, two of three Honduran type 3a strains, as determined by the NS5 sequence analysis, turned out to be type 1a by core sequence analysis. These two strains were also classified as type 1a, but not 3a, by a core type‐specific PCR. Furthermore, the R2/NS1 regions were similar to HCV‐PT, a representative strain of genotype 1a. The results indicate that chimeral HCV strains exist, although in most cases a good concordance is found when phylogenetic analysis of partial core and NS5 sequences are used for genotyping. This finding should be taken into account when HCV is genotyped by a phylogenetic analysis of a partial HCV sequence from a single genomic region. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of Sternal Precautions Following Median Sternotomy by Physical Therapists in Australia: A Web-Based Survey

Background Sternal precautions are utilized within many hospitals with the aim of preventing the occurrence of sternal complications (eg, infection, wound breakdown) following midline sternotomy. The evidence base for sternal precaution protocols, however, has been questioned due to a paucity of research, unknown effect on patient outcomes, and possible discrepancies in pattern of use among institutions. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate and document the use of sternal precautions by physical therapists in the treatment of patients following median sternotomy in hospitals throughout Australia, from immediately postsurgery to discharge from the hospital. Design A cross-sectional, observational design was used. An anonymous, Web-based survey was custom designed for use in the study. Methods The questionnaire was content validated, and the online functionality was assessed. The senior cardiothoracic physical therapist from each hospital identified as currently performing cardiothoracic surgery (N=51) was invited to participate. Results The response rate was 58.8% (n=30). Both public (n=18) and private (n=12) hospitals in all states of Australia were represented. Management protocols reported by participants included wound support (n=22), restrictions on lifting and transfers (n=23), and restrictions on mobility aid use (n=15). Factors influencing clinical practice most commonly included “workplace practices/protocols” (n=27) and “clinical experience” (n=22). Limitations The study may be limited by response bias. Conclusions Significant variation exists in the sternal precautions and protocols used in the treatment of patients following median sternotomy in Australian hospitals. Further research is needed to investigate whether the restrictions and precautions used are necessary and whether protocols have an impact on patient outcomes, including rates of recovery and length of stay.
Weak Credit Covenants

Using novel data on 1,240 credit agreements, we investigate sources of contractual complexity in the leveraged loan market. While negative covenants are widespread, carve-out and deductible clauses that weaken them are as frequent. We propose simple measures of contractual weakness, which uniquely explain the market-wide price reaction that followed the 2017 J.Crew restructuring, a high profile use of such contractual elements. Leveraged buyouts have significantly weaker loan agreements, and a larger non-bank funding of a loan is conducive to weaker contractual terms. Weak covenants translate to modestly higher issuance spreads. Overall, our findings are consistent with sophisticated borrowers catering to a reaching-for-yield phenomenon by exploiting contractual complexity. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber. org.
Optimal diameter of diseased bifurcation segment: a practical rule for percutaneous coronary intervention.

AIMS The percutaneous repair of a diseased segment should consider the dimensions of other segments of a bifurcation in order to ensure the optimality of flow through the bifurcation. The question is, if the diameters of two segments of a bifurcation are known, can an optimal diameter of the third diseased segment be determined such that the bifurcation has an optimal geometry for flow transport? Various models (i.e., Murray, Finet, area-preservation and HK models) that express a diameter relationship of the three segments of a bifurcation have been proposed to answer the question. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study the four models were compared with experimental measurements on epicardial coronary bifurcations of patients and swine. The HK model is found to be in agreement with morphometric measurements of all bifurcation types and is based on the minimum energy hypothesis while Murray and area-preservation models are in agreement with experimental measurements for bifurcations with daughter diameter ratio (i.e., small daughter diameter/large daughter diameter) ≤0.25 and Finet model is in agreement for bifurcations with daughter diameter ratio ≥0.75. CONCLUSIONS The HK model provides a comprehensive rule for the percutaneous reconstruction of the diameters of diseased vessels and has a physical basis.
Determinants of Corporate Financial Disclosures: An Empirical Analysis of Family and Non-Family Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Objectives . This paper aims to empirically investigate the determinants of corporate financial disclosure (CFD) and the possible associations between the extent of CFD and financial/non-financial variables. Methodology . The study is among descriptive and correlational researches and using panel data methodology on sample of family and non-family SMEs listed on AIM Italia. The time under study was from 2006 to 2011. In addition, the hypotheses of the research have been tested analyzing the content of annual reports pertaining to each of Italian SMEs. Findings . In general, the findings indicate that the agency and proprietary cost theories play a vital role in explaining the quantity of financial disclosure by Italian SMEs. Research limits . Data used for this study need to be subjected to more statistical tests in order to establish a more robust validity and reliability. It is necessary to acquire further strengthened data and assume a variety of conditional situations. It is expected that subsequent studies can use larger samples and diversified by sector, a broader geographic base and a multi-faceted analyses. Practical implications . The results of this study could assist Italian SMEs and bankers in integrating CFD in their corporate strategies and help the local and international business communities in understanding the characteristics of CFD in Italy. Originality of the study . The study is the first attempt to understand practice by which family and non-family SMEs communicate their financial disclosure to different stakeholders. Keywords: CFD, Family business, SME, Agency cost, Financial crisis, Stakeholder perspective
Hiccup and heart block.

Transient heart block may be induced by vagal stimulation, and it has been described as a complication ofa number ofphysiological acts involving vagal activity, such as deep breathing (Schwartz and Schwartz, 1961), "gagging" (Dressler, 1959), and swallowing (Weiss and Ferris, 1934; Deuchar and Trounce, 1960), as well as exertion (Gough and Galpin, 1964); though with swallowing there is probably an underlying abnormality of the pharynx such as glosso-pharyngeal neuralgia, or of the oesophagus, such as a pouch. The writer has been unable to find any report of the association of heart block with hiccup and therefore presents the following case history.
The Development and Validation of a Nomogram for Identification of Potential Donation After Cardiac Death Donors

We appreciate the interest of Collins et al (1) in our recent article regarding the development and validation of a nomogram for identification of potential donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors (2). The authors emphasized some important rules that investigators should pay attention to when developing a prognostic model. We do agree with all these rules and have to point out some statistical considerations in this study to avoid misunderstanding.
Women's Autonomy in the Context of Rural Pakistan

The paper explores the elements that constitute women’s autonomy in rural Pakistan. Hitherto most research on women’s status in Pakistan has either been restricted to proxy measures of women’s status generally or to the urban areas. Community or region, each of which has distinctive features, have an overriding influence on this subject. Northern Punjabi women have lower economic autonomy but greater mobility and decision-making authority than women in Southern Punjab. Gender systems at the village level are also important predictors of women’s autonomy. Economic class has a weak and ambivalent influence on women’s autonomy in rural Punjab. Class influences both education and employment of women, these remains the routes to empowerment in rural settings. While most women in rural areas contribute economically, the majority works on the household farm or within the household economic unit. These women do not derive any additional autonomy as a result of this contribution. Paid employment, though offset by other restrictions on poor women, offers greater potential for women’s autonomy. Education, on the other hand, has a lesser influence on female autonomy in the rural Punjabi context.
Immunohistochemical analysis of nuclear versus cytoplasmic staining of WT1 in malignant mesotheliomas and primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas.

CONTEXT Previous studies have indicated certain immunohistochemical markers, including WT1, may be helpful in distinguishing adenocarcinomas from mesotheliomas, but to date there are no reliable, widely accepted, commercially available antibodies positive in mesotheliomas and negative in adenocarcinomas. We compared the nuclear and cytoplasmic staining patterns of WT1 in these 2 malignancies using a commercially available antibody and examined the expression of 2 other previously reported positive markers, calretinin and thrombomodulin. METHODS Sixty-seven mesotheliomas and 51 adenocarcinomas, all paraffin embedded, were retrieved from recent case files. The diagnosis of mesothelioma was based on typical clinical and morphologic features, as well as immunohistochemistry; electron microscopy had been performed on 16 cases. The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was based on typical light microscopic findings and a positive stain for mucin. Commercially available antibodies to WT1, thrombomodulin, and calretinin were applied. Because of the conflict surrounding calretinin, 2 anticalretinin antibodies (from Chemicon Inc and Zymed Laboratories) were utilized. RESULTS Fifty of 67 mesotheliomas showed strong nuclear staining with WT1. No adenocarcinomas (0/51) showed nuclear staining. Twenty-three of 67 mesotheliomas were positive for thrombomodulin, and 35 of 67 mesotheliomas were positive for calretinin with the Chemicon antibody. Nine of 15 mesotheliomas were positive for calretinin with the Zymed antibody. CONCLUSIONS Thrombomodulin and calretinin did not prove useful in discriminating between mesotheliomas and adenocarcinomas. The degree of positivity with calretinin may be dependent on the specific antibody utilized. Nuclear staining for WT1 is highly specific for mesothelioma and, in the appropriate clinical setting, can be a helpful adjunct in the distinction between adenocarcinomas and mesotheliomas.
The economic determinants of depreciation accounting in late nineteenth-century Britain

This paper examines the economic incentives for unregulated companies, in late nineteenth-century Britain, to disclose in their published accounts the fact that they had charged depreciation. We argue that the disclosure will be positively associated with whether a company has outside shareholders and long-term debtholders, profitability, extent of depreciable assets, appointment of a professional auditor, and size. These hypotheses are tested using 150 British companies from the years 1880/81, 1889/90 and 1899/01. Our results indicate that whether depreciation was charged is related to profitability and, to a lesser extent, to the presence of outside shareholders, long-term debt holders and the appointment of a professional auditor. However, the amount of depreciation charged is related only to profitability and appears to be opportunistically determined.
Factors Affecting the Disclosure of Islamic Social Reporting

—Social responsibility measurement used Islamic issuers should ideally use Islamic Social Reporting (ISR) that in accordance with the rules of Sharia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of industry type, profitability and public share ownership on ISR disclosures on companies listed in the List of Sharia Securities (DES) for the 2013-2016 period and obtained thirty company samples. The method used is content analysis, namely by giving value to each item during the disclosure contained in each annual report the company recorded in the DES. Given a value of 1 if the company is listed on the DES do disclosure annual reports on each of the ISR and the value 0 is given if the company does not conduct disclosure of ISR annual reports on each. The results showed that industry type variable has no effect against the disclosure of ISR. This is possible because the company has the view that the types of industries that fall into the category of high profile does not require legitimacy from the community. The variable profitability effect on disclosure of ISR. This is in accordance with Signaling hypothesis that companies that have high profit will give the signal to investors by revealing his social information. Variable stock ownership has no effect against public disclosure of ISR. This is because the company's share ownership in Asia dominated the stock family, so that public ownership is not capable of pressing companies in expressing social accountability in the sharia.
Ukuran Perusahaan, Profitabilitas, Dan Leverage Terhadap Islamic Social Reporting Pada Bank Umum Syariah Di Indonesia

This research discusses the effect of firm size, profitability, and leverage on Islamic Social Reporting (ISR) at Sharia Commercial Bank in Indonesia. The sample is 8 Syariah Commercial Banks in Indonesia within the period from 2011 to 2015. Dependent variable in this research is ISR, using method of content analysis. Firm size is measured by total company asset, profitability is matched by ROA and ROE, as well as leverage is measured by DAR is an independent variable. The method of analysis is multiple linear regression using panel data and processed using Eviews version 9.0. The result shows simultaneously firm size, ROA, ROE, and DAR effect against ISR. That partially only variable of firm size that significant effects to ISR, while ROA, ROE and DAR has no significant effect to ISR
The influence of ERP simulation on enterprise system learning outcome

This study aims to examine how Enterprise Resurce Planning simulation (ERPsim) enhance the outcome of learning Enterprise Systems Course for accounting students. The sample of this study is undergraduate accounting students who have taken an Enterprise System course and ERPsim. The sample used in this study is 140 respondents selected using purposive sampling, The data analysis is conducted through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The result of this research indicates that two factors determining the behavior for learning Enterprise systems course are enjoyment and cognitive appraisal. The result of this study provides evidence that behavior intention to use ERPsim is related positively to learning outcomes. Enjoyment is related positively to cognitive appraisal for using ERPsim. Enjoyment and cognitive appraisal have an important role in the effectiveness of using ERPsim in understanding business processes and enterprise system.
Follow‐up biological and genotoxicological monitoring of acrylonitrile‐ and dimethylformamide‐exposed viscose rayon plant workers

In order to investigate the genotoxic effects of occupational acrylonitrile (ACN) and dimethylformamide (DMF) exposures, clinical serum and urine parameters and genotoxicological endpoints such as chromosome aberration (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE), high frequency SCE (HFC), cell cycle kinetics, and UV‐induced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) were followed up three times during a 20‐month period in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 26 workers (13 maintainers and 13 fiber producers) occupationally exposed to ANC and/or DMF in a viscose rayon plant, 26 matched control subjects, and six industrial controls (all males). Six of the 26 exposed subjects were hospitalized because of liver dysfunction that had developed due to inhalative DMF exposure. The rate of smoking was estimated on the basis of serum thiocyanate (SCN) levels. Average peak air ACN and DMF concentrations were over the maximum concentration limits at the time of both investigations. Urine ACN and monomethyl‐formamide (MMF) excretions of the exposed subjects were almost doubled after work shifts. An increase in lymphocyte count (in months 0 and 7), and severe alterations in the liver function were observed in the exposed subjects. In PBLs the proliferative rate index (PRI) was already increased in month 0 compared with the controls. In each study, significant increases in CA and SCE frequencies, as well as increases in UDS were found in PBLs of the exposed subjects. The frequencies of chromatid breaks and acentric fragments further increased in month 7 and remained constantly elevated in month 20. Increased yields of both chromatid and chromosome‐type exchange aberrations first appeared in month 20, when HFCs were 2.72 times more frequent in fiber producers than in maintainers. The role of some important biological confounding factors (age, white blood cell count, and hematocrit) and lifestyle confounding factors (smoking and drinking habits) were subjected to an analysis of variance during the second study. Increased CA, SCE, and UDS were found both in control and exposed smokers when current smoking was established on the basis of the serum SCN levels. The cytogenetic data suggest that occupational exposures to ACN and DMF induce considerable genotoxic consequences and may increase the cancer risk in the exposed human populations. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 31:301–310, 1998 © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loyalty Program Effectiveness: An Examination of Mainstream and Niche Sport Fan-Team Relationships

LOYALTY PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS: AN EXAMINATION OF MAINSTREAM AND NICHE SPORT FAN-TEAM RELATIONSHIPS By Lisa S. Rufer, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2018 Major Director: Dr. Brendan Dwyer, Director of Research and Distance Learning; Associate Professor, Center for Sport Leadership The purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy of using loyalty programs on sport fans’ relationship quality and fan engagement toward sport organizations. This study also sought to explore which relationship quality and fan engagement factors potentially differed as a result of using loyalty programs. Since there are two major defined sport levels, differences were explored across niche and mainstream sport organizations. Using relationship marketing as the theoretical framework, participants (n = 678) were administered a 55-item instrument that included revised relationship quality and fan engagement scales. Quantitative data were used to run confirmatory factor analyses, analyses of covariance, and multivariate analyses of
WEAK AND VISCOSITY SOLUTIONS OF THE FRACTIONAL LAPLACE EQUATION

Aim of this paper is to show that weak solutions of the following fractional Laplacian equation ( ( ) s u = f in u = g in R n n are also continuous solutions (up to the boundary) of this problem in the viscosity sense. Here s2 (0; 1) is a xed parameter, is a bounded, open subset of R n (n > 1) with C 2 -boundary, and ( ) s is the fractional Laplacian operator, that may be dened as
Identification of Mosquito Bloodmeals Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) With Order-Specific Primers

Abstract A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was developed to identify host bloodmeals from mosquitoes. Primers for the cytochrome b gene were designed to distinguish between mammalian and avian bloodmeals and further differentiate among four avian orders: passeriformes, falconiformes, columbiformes, and galliformes. The assay was validated by testing tissues from 18 species of passeriformes, three species of falconiformes, three species of columbiformes, and two species of galliformes. American crows were distinguished from other passeriformes by restriction enzyme digestion. Host bloodmeals from engorged mosquitoes collected in New York State were identified to avian order level. PCR was able to detect the mosquito bloodmeal for up to 3 d after feeding on a quail. Significantly, these studies use order-specific primers in a single PCR test to identify mosquito bloodmeals.
Genome-wide association study identiﬁes three novel susceptibility loci for severe Acne vulgaris

Acne vulgaris (acne) is a common inﬂammatory disorder of the cutaneous pilo-sebaceous unit. Here we perform a genome-wide association analysis in the United Kingdom, comparing severe cases of acne ( n ¼ 1,893) with controls ( n ¼ 5,132). In a second stage, we genotype putative-associated loci in a further 2,063 acne cases and 1,970 controls. We identify three genome-wide signiﬁcant associations: 11q13.1 (rs478304, P combined ¼ 3.23 (cid:2) 10 (cid:3) 11 , odds ratio (OR) ¼ 1.20), 5q11.2 (rs38055, P combined ¼ 4.58 (cid:2) 10 (cid:3) 9 , OR ¼ 1.17) and 1q41 (rs1159268, P combined ¼ 4.08 (cid:2) 10 (cid:3) 8 , OR ¼ 1.17). All three loci contain genes linked to the TGF b cell signalling pathway, namely OVOL1 , FST and TGFB2 . Transcripts of OVOL1 and TFGB2 have decreased expression in affected compared with normal skin. Collectively, these data support a key role for dysregulation of TGF b -mediated signalling in susceptibility to acne.
Star Formation Around Supermassive Black Holes

The presence of young massive stars orbiting on eccentric rings within a few tenths of a parsec of the supermassive black hole in the galactic center is challenging for theories of star formation. The high tidal shear from the black hole should tear apart the molecular clouds that form stars elsewhere in the Galaxy, and transport of stars to the galactic center also appears unlikely during their lifetimes. We conducted numerical simulations of the infall of a giant molecular cloud that interacts with the black hole. The transfer of energy during closest approach allows part of the cloud to become bound to the black hole, forming an eccentric disk that quickly fragments to form stars. Compressional heating due to the black hole raises the temperature of the gas up to several hundred to several thousand kelvin, ensuring that the fragmentation produces relatively high stellar masses. These stars retain the eccentricity of the disk and, for a sufficiently massive initial cloud, produce an extremely top-heavy distribution of stellar masses. This potentially repetitive process may explain the presence of multiple eccentric rings of young stars in the presence of a supermassive black hole.