Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF SMALL-SCALE TURBULENCE ON MAXIMUM HURRICANE INTENSITY

In a recent article, Bryan and Rotunno (2009b) (hereafter BR09) studied the maximum possible intensity of tropical cyclone (TCs) using an axisymmetric numerical model. They found the maximum azimuthal velocity (vmax) to be sensitive to several parameters in the numerical model that have uncertain values, including: the terminal fall velocity of liquid water; the ratio of the surface exchange coefficients for enthalpy and momentum; and settings in the turbulence parameterization. BR09 found their results to be most sensitive to the horizontal turbulence length scale (lh). As shown in Fig. 1, vmax can be changed by more than a factor of 3. In this axisymmetric model, the intensity of radial diffusion (mixing) is directly proportional to lh. Consequently, the radial gradients in scalars and velocity are reduced as lh is increased. Weaker radial gradients are consistent with weaker intensity by consideration of thermal-wind balance; that is, weaker radial temperature gradients are consistent with weaker vertical wind shear (and, thus, weaker azimuthal velocity). Bryan and Rotunno (2009a) also showed that supergradient flow in axisymmetric models is reduced as lh increases. The most appropriate value of lh is unclear. There is no quantitative theoretical guidance to help set the value of lh in axisymmetric models. In previous studies, values between 3000 m (Rotunno and Emanuel 1987) and 0 m (Hausman et al. 2006) have been used. By comparing their model output against observational analyses of TCs, BR09 argued that lh ≈ 1500 m is probably the most reasonable value. So the question remains: what value of lh is most appropriate for axisymmetric numerical models? It is important to provide reasonable bounds on this parameter because axisymmetric models continue to be used for research and operational forecasting (e.g., Emanuel et al. 2004). As we show later (in Section 3), lh is also needed in a radial turbulence parameterization for three-dimensional models with horizontal grid spacing of order 1 km (i.e., for high-resolution NWP models).
The Impact of the Mexican Drug War on Trade

This paper studies the unintended economic consequences of increases in violence following the Mexican Drug War. We study the effects on exports in municipalities with different levels of exposure to violence after the policy. A focus on exports allows us to control for demand shocks by comparing exports of the same product to the same country of destination. Building on the close elections identification strategy proposed by Dell (2015), we show that municipalities that are exogenously exposed to the Drug War experience a 40% decrease in export growth on the in- tensive margin. Large exporters suffer larger effects, along with exports of more complex, capital intensive, and skill intensive products. Finally, using firm level data, we provide evidence consistent with violence increasing marginal exporting costs.
WP / 19 / 166 Optimal Monetary Policy under Bounded Rationality by Jonathan Benchimol and

The form of bounded rationality characterizing the representative agent is key in the choice of the optimal monetary policy regime. While inflation targeting prevails for myopia that distorts agents' inflation expectations, price level targeting emerges as the optimal policy under myopia regarding the output gap, revenue, or interest rate. To the extent that bygones are not bygones under price level targeting, rational inflation expectations is a minimal condition for optimality in a behavioral world. Instrument rules implementation of this optimal policy is shown to be infeasible, questioning the ability of simple rules à la Taylor (1993) to assist the conduct of monetary policy. Bounded rationality is not necessarily associated with welfare losses. JEL Classification Numbers: C53, E37, E52, D01, D11.
Combining Ability and Gene Action Studies in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

The combining ability analysis of a 10 x 10 half diallel set of crosses in brinjal was undertaken for fruit yield and its attributing characters. Ten parents, 45 F1's and one standard check were evaluated at Main Vegetable Research Station, Anand Agricultural University during 2016-17. The analysis of variance revealed presence of considerable variability among genotypes for all the characters under study. Combining ability analysis revealed importance of both additive and non additive variances in expression of various traits. The magnitude of variance due to specific combining ability was higher in comparison to variance due to general combining ability for plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, dry matter, ascorbic acid, total soluble sugars and acidity suggesting greater role of non-additive genetic variance. Whereas, for rest of the characters predominance of additive gene action involved. Among the parental genotypes, GAOB 2 was good general combiner and GBL1, Doli 5, GP-BRJ-215 and GP-BRJ-216 were average general combiners for fruit yield per plant and were also good/ average general combiners for most of the yield contributing component characters and quality characters. In respect to estimates of specific combining ability effects, for fruit yield per plant, the hybrids GBL 1 × Doli 5, JBL 10-08-07 × GP-BRJ-216, and GAOB 2 x JBL 10-08-01 registered high per se performance and significant high values of sca effects in desired direction for the important yield contributing characters and nutritional quality parameters. Therefore, the above hybrids may be favoured for commercial cultivation as hybrids after critical evaluation over locations. All the parents involved in these crosses had good or average gca effects. Hence, their hybrids are also expected to throw-off transgressive recombinants in segregating generations, combining favourable traits into one genotype for development as improved varieties.
Efficacy of herbicides against weed flora in onion (Allium cepa L.)

Field experiment was conducted to compare different weed control methods in onion during rabi 2010-11 to 2011-12. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments and replicated thrice. The pooled results revealed that significantly highest marketable yield (187.17 q ha-1) as well as total bulb yield (217.48 q ha-1) was produced by the application of oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC@2 ml l-1 before planting and one hand weeding at 40-60 days after transplanting (DAT) than rest of the treatments. The Weed Control Efficiency was significantly highest in T6 (74.28) than the rest of the treatments. Thus, application of oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC@2 ml l-1 before planting and one hand weeding at 40-60 DAT or combined spray of pendimethalin 30% EC@2.5 ml l-1 and quizalofop ethyl 5% EC1.75 ml l-1 at the time of planting and at 30 DAT reduces the weed infestations with higher bulb yield in onion.
PROLINE TREATMENT INDUCES SALT STRESS TOLERANCE IN MAIZE ( ZEA MAYS L . CV . SAFAID AFGOI )

A pot experiment was performed to assess the effect of proline as seed treatment on maize (Zea mays L.) under salt stress. Seeds of maize cultivar (cv.) Safaid Afgoi were soaked in different proline solutions (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM) for 12 hours. Salt treatment (0 and 75 mM NaCl) was applied to one week old maize seedlings. Data was taken of 21 day old maize plants for the determination of different growth and physiochemical parameters. Salt stress inhibited most of the growth attributes and decreased ratio of chlorophyll a to chl. b, while increased chl. b and total soluble proteins and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in maize plants. Seed treatment with proline increased shoot length significantly and chlorophyll a non-significantly, while all other attributes remained unaffected of maize plants under salt stress. In conclusion, proline show differential response in increasing growth by regulating different physiochemical parameters not only in different plant species but also under diverse environmental conditions.
Draft Version Increased Agricultural Trade and its Impacts on Food System , Land-use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The volume of agricultural trade increased by more than ten times throughout the past six decades and is likely to continue with similar rates in the future. Thereby the issue of environmental and climatic impacts of this development is a recently discussed concern in literature. We analyse future trade scenarios covering the next five decades by evaluating economic and environmental effects using the global land-use model MAgPIE ("Model of Agricultural Production and its Impact on the Environment"). The model predicts global landuse patterns in a spatially explicit way and uses endogenously derived technological change and land expansion rates. Our study is the first which combines trade analysis with a spatially explicit mapping of landuse patterns and greenhouse gas emissions. By implementing self-sufficiency rates in the regional demand and supply equations, we are able to simulate different trade settings. We focus on three scenarios: the default scenario fixes current trade patterns until the year 2045, the liberalisation scenario assumes a path of increasing trade liberalization which ends with no trade barriers in 2045 and the policy scenario follows a historically derived pathway by reducing trade barriers by 10% in each decade. Results show lower global costs of food production and lower rates of food price rises due to liberalisation. Regions with comparative advantages like Latin America for oilcrops and China for cereals will export more. In contrast, regions like the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia face the highest increases of imports. Deforestation, mainly in Latin America, leads to significant amounts of additional carbon emissions coming from further trade liberalisation. Non-CO2 Emissions will increase most in China due to rising livestock demand in the region. In general, the model predicts a non-continous behaviour in terms of environmental damages when trade increases continously. 1 contact of corresponding author: schmitz@pik-potsdam.de
Modeling of the free convection in a viscous compressible fluid

Convection is one of the basic types of the flows used in description of processes of the Earth’s interior and the Earth’s atmosphere. The simulation of convection of many geological systems under the assumption of an incompressible medium in the Boussinesq approximation often appears to be poor and the model of a compressible medium is used not only when simulating processes in the atmosphere, but, also, when simulating dense media of such geological systems as magmatic fluid systems, the convective upper mantle with allowance for phase transitions, dynamics of magma in deep chambers and magma-conductors, a convective warm-up of the lithosphere magmatic fluids, dynamics of liquid hydrothermal systems with allowance for magma boiling and hydrothermal solution, condensation of a gas, etc. In the given paper, a numerical model for analysis of dynamics of such media with variable kinetic and thermodynamic parameters is constructed. The choice of a numerical algorithm was determined by the necessity to ensure the physical correctness of the solution at arbitrary spatial and time scales of the system under investigation as a large spatial scale of the system and large times of its evolution make it difficult to carry out laboratory simulation as well as field measurements. The control volume method satisfies this condition.
The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on the growth of weaned piglets

The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on growth parameters of sixteen piglets, divided into two groups was studied. The experiment started when the piglets were 29 days old. Prior the age of 39 days animals were fed restrictively on the same amount of feed, independent of the weight of animal. During the next period of the experiment, between ages of 40 and 75 days, the animals were fed individually, with 1.8 times of maintenance energy. Animals were weighed every week. The experimental group was fed extra with supplement of 1.5% of 80% CLA. The same amount of sunflower oil was used in the control group. During the last period of the experiment, between ages of 76 and 123 days, animals were fed ad libitum with feed without any CLA or sunflower supplement. CLA decreased average feed consumption and weight of the animals. All observed differences were found in the third or last period of the experiment, after the administration of CLA or sunflower oil was finished.
Integrand oxidation and one-loop colour-dual numerators in N = 4 gauge theory

: We present a systematic method to determine BCJ numerators for one-loop amplitudes that explores the global constraints on the loop momentum dependence. We apply this method to amplitudes in N = 4 gauge theory, working out detailed examples up to seven points in both the MHV and the NMHV sectors. We see no obstruction to the application of our method to higher point one-loop amplitudes. The structure of Jacobi identities between BCJ numerators is seen to be closely connected to that of algebraic integrand reductions. We discuss the consequences for one-loop N = 8 supergravity amplitudes obtained through the double copy prescription. Moreover, in the MHV sector, we show how to obtain simple BCJ box numerators using a relationship with amplitudes in self-dual gauge theory. We also introduce simpler trace-type formulas for integrand reductions
Competence of Nurses Relating Self-Directed Learning in Saudi Arabia: A Meta-Analysis

Self-directed learning (SDL) has become important for medical students for developing their independent learning skills. This may help them in enhancing their sense of assertiveness and responsibility. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the competency based learning among the nurses as it is important to secure and promote the nursing services. The study has conducted a broad spectrum of research studies between the 10-year duration i.e., between the time-period of (2009–2018). The studies shedding light on details of the competence of nurses’ relation to SDL in Saudi Arabia were reviewed. The results have shown significant post-intervention enhancements with a pooled random-effects standardized mean difference of 0.81. The effect size of learning was higher as compared to the reaction with respect to the assessment level. It has also been shown that students with medium-competence simulation have higher effect size as compared to high-competence simulation and low-competence simulation.
1 Sparse recovery for protein mass spectrometry data

Extraction of peptide masses from a raw protein mass spectrum (MS) is a challenging problem in computational biology, which can be recast as sparse recovery problem. We discuss modifications of standard sparse recovery methods that accomodate non-negativity and heteroscedastic noise, which are characteristic of MS data. The non-negativity constraints are found to be extremely powerful, since an approach combining non-negative least squares fitting and thresholding is shown to outperform competing methods that explicitly promote sparsity via some form of regularization. By means of examples taken from the given data, we discuss that assumptions such as absence of model mis-specifications and an upper bound on the coherence of the dictionary typically made within the usual sparse recovery framework are not met. We show that the resulting gap between theory and practice can be bridged by a suitable post-processing procedure.
Evaluation of the cropland modelling component of the U . S . national scale CEAP project : estimation of soil hydraulic properties

The USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is partnering with the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Farm Service Agency (FSA) and other agencies to conduct a national assessment of environmental benefits and effects of 2002 Farm Bill programs. The resulting Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) has two components; one of which is a national-scale assessment effort using the National Resources Inventory (NRI) as a sampling base for estimating the environmental benefits of the implementation of conservation practices both on-site and off-site. The Agricultural Policy Environmental Extender (APEX) model has been proposed for use to evaluate on-site benefits of conservation practices in place in cultivated croplands. Farmer surveys have been conducted at a subset of NRI sample points about ongoing farming activities and conservation practices; and an array of databases has been generated and utilized to provide base data to the simulation model. Existing data provides baseline estimates with current practices employed at farms that use NRCS conservation programs. “No practices” alternative scenario will be run in order to estimate the benefits of those programs. An independent evaluation of the cropland component of the national-scale assessment is being performed at the USDA-ARS Crop Systems and Global Change Laboratory and the University of Maryland. As part of the systematic evaluation process, we evaluate whether the approximation of in situ soil water conditions is done properly. A pedotransfer approach is embedded into the APEX model, estimating water retention at -33 and -1500kPa matric potentials using the renowned pedotransfer function of Rawls et al. (1982). Critical review revealed that the Rawls et al. PTF delivers sub-optimal and biased estimates for US conditions – for which these equations were widely considered to be valid. An alternative solution is being suggested to estimate soil hydraulic properties.
The Long-Term Debt Ratios of US Multinationals and The Securities Laws in the Countries of Subsidiaries

We examine whether securities laws in the host countries influence the capital structure choice of United States (US) multinationals. We develop firm-level global indices to classify each firm in terms of its exposure to the security laws that govern the rights of security holders in the countries where it has subsidiaries. The results show that the use of long-term debt is positively related to the firm‟s global standing in terms of common law legal origin, burden of proof, investor protection, disclosure requirements, and public enforcement. The securities laws in a country affect the capital structure of multinationals that has subsidiaries in that country.
Efficient verification of universal and intermediate quantum computing

The promise of scalable quantum technology appears more realistic, after recent advances in both theory and experiment. Assuming a quantum computer is developed, the task of verifying the correctness of its outcome becomes crucial. Unfortunately, for a system that involves many particles, predicting its evolution via classical simulation becomes intractable. Moreover, verification of the outcome by computational methods, i.e. involving a classical witness, is believed inefficient for the hardest problems solvable by a quantum computer. A feasible alternative to verify quantum computation is via cryptographic methods, where an untrusted prover has to convince a weak verifier for the correctness of his outcome. This is the approach we take in this thesis. In the most standard configuration the prover is capable of computing all polynomialtime quantum circuits and the verifier is restricted to classical with very modest quantum power. The goal of existing verification protocols is to reduce the quantum requirements for the verifier ideally making it purely classical and reduce the communication complexity. In Part II we propose a composition of two existing verification protocols [Fitzsimons and Kashefi, 2012], [Aharonov et al., 2010] that achieves quadratic improvement in communication complexity, while keeping the quantum requirements for the verifier modest. Along this result, several new techniques are proposed, including the generalization of [Fitzsimons and Kashefi, 2012] to prime dimensions. In Part III we discuss the idea of model-specific quantum verification, where the prover is restricted to intermediate quantum power, i.e. between full-fledged quantum and purely classical, thus more feasible experimentally. As a proof of principle we propose a verification protocol for the One-Pure-Qubit computer [Knill and Laflamme, 1998], which tolerates noise and is capable of computing hard problems such as large matrix trace estimation. The verification protocol is an adaptation of [Fitzsimons and Kashefi, 2012] running on Measurement-Based Quantum Computing with newly proved properties of the underlying resources. Connections of quantum verification to other security primitives are considered in Part IV. Authenticated quantum communication has been already proved to relate to quantum verification. We expand this by proposing a quantum authentication protocol derived from [Fitzsimons and Kashefi, 2012] and discuss implications to verification with purely classical verifier. Connections between quantum security primitives, namely blindness prover does not learn the computation -, and classical security are considered in Part V. We introduce a protocol where a client with restricted classical resources computes blindly a
Right frontal white matter hyperintensities is associated with poor portrait memory

Background: It is unclear whether a single white matter lesion, is related to the type and extent of cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate whether individuals with frontal periventricular white matter hyperintensity (PVWMH) have a specific cognitive impairment. Methods: We compared 14 individuals with PVWMH with 14 matched healthy controls. All participants underwent T2-weighted fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging (FLAIR) and diffusion tensor imaging, and neuropsychological assessment. We compared cognitive function and fractional anisotropy (FA) between the two groups. Results: The subjects with frontal (PVWMH) had decreased FA of frontal white matter and poor performance on Portrait Memory (PM) testing compared with the controls. There were no significantly differences in overall cognitive scores between the two groups. FA of right frontal white matter significantly positively correlated with PM performance (r = 0.796; P = 0.001). These differences were found in those participants whose overall cognitive scores were normal and whose overall memory quotient (MQ) was not significantly different from that of the controls. Conclusion: The findings in this study suggest that frontal white matter integrity as determined by DTI is associated with PM decline before overall cognitive performance and overall memory decrease.