Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Persistent binding of a new reaction product of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene with guanine in rat liver DNA in vivo.

The binding of 2-acetylaminofluorenyl residues (-AAF) to rat liver DNA in vivo was studied at different periods of time after administration of N -hydroxy- N -2-acetylaminofluorene-2′-3H. Liver DNA was hydrolyzed at pH 6 with a mixture of spleen phosphodiesterase and wheat germ acid phosphatase. The enzymatic digests were analyzed by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Maximum levels of bound radioactivity were found in liver DNA at 16 to 18 hr following a single injection of N -hydroxy- N -2-acetylaminofluorene-2′-3H. The major part (80%) of the bound radioactivity was identified as N -(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-acetylaminofluorene (dGuo-AAF), which disappeared rapidly from DNA with a biological half-life of approximately 7 days. A second product, however, constituting 20% of the bound radioactivity, remained associated with DNA for periods of up to 8 weeks after injection. Unlike dGuo-AAF, the minor product was not deacetylated by the action of 0.1 n NaOH or 0.1 n HCl at 75° for 2 hr. The persistent -AAF residue was not detected in rRNA and tRNA from rat liver. A minor product with chemical and chromatographic properties similar to those of the persistent -AAF moiety in vivo was isolated from 14C-labeled DNA, which had been reacted with N -acetoxy- N -2-acetylaminofluorene-2′-3H in vitro . The 3H:14C ratio of this product was identical to the theoretical 3H:14C ratio, which was calculated for the reaction product dGuo-AAF, thus indicating that the persistent -AAF moiety in DNA is also bound to guanine. Persistent binding of radioactivity to rat liver DNA in vivo was also observed following a single injection of 2-acetylaminofluorene-9-14C-2′-3H. Previous reports that 70% of the total carcinogen bound to DNA at 24 hr had lost the N -acetyl group were confirmed. Approximately 20% of bound -AAF at 24 hr (5% of total carcinogen) remained associated with DNA at 4 weeks after injection. The 3H:14C ratio of DNA at 4 weeks was identical to the 3H:14C ratio of the isolated reaction product dGuo-AAF, indicating that there are no persistent 2-aminofluorene residues. Administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene-9-14C-2′-3H resulted in 53% exchange of N -acetyl groups, but injection of N -hydroxy- N -2-acetylaminofluorene-9-14C-2′-3H did not result in significant exchange of the N -acetyl group.
Effects of Anaesthesia upon Intrinsic Laryngeal Reflexes

THE effects of monitored variations in the stages of barbiturate anaesthesia upon reflex activity in the intrinsic muscles of the cat's larynx have been studied with simultaneous multi-channel electromyography, in tracheotomized and non-tracheotomized animals. Independent and comparative analyses of the effects of changing anaesthesia upon the articular, myotatic and mucosal mechanoreceptor reflex influences on laryngeal muscle tone show that the related reflex systems display differential sensitivities to the circulating anaesthetic agent. These anaesthetic effects upon intrinsic laryngeal mechanoreceptor reflex systems therefore supplement the effects of the anaesthetic agent upon the central mechanisms controlling respiration in producing the alterations in the pattern of laryngeal muscle activity that are associated with different stages of general anaesthesia.
Otitis media and the immotile cilia syndrome

The immotile cilia syndrome appears to be a congenital defect in the ultrastructure of cilia that renders them incapable of movement. Respiratory tract cilia and sperm are predominantly affected. Bronchiectasis, sinusitis and male sterility are the main clinical findings. Situs inversus may be found. To these findings can be added otitis media.
Measuring the globalization of health services: a possible index of openness of country health sectors to trade

Globalization is a key challenge facing health policy-makers. A significant aspect of this is trade in health services. However, little is currently known about how trade in health services will affect the health of populations and national economies. A key determinant of the impact of trade in health services will be the general economic and trade context of the country concerned. One specific aspect of this is the ‘openness’ of a country’s health sector to trade; yet there is little, if anything, currently known about the most appropriate methods to assess openness of the health sector.
The effectiveness of parents in promoting the development of road crossing skills in young children.

BACKGROUND Young children show poor judgment when asked to select a safe place to cross the road, frequently considering dangerous sites to be safe. Correspondingly, child pedestrian accidents are over-represented at such locations. Increasing the child's ability to recognise such dangers is a central challenge for road safety education. AIMS Practical training methods have proved effective in improving such judgments but are labour-intensive, time-consuming and therefore difficult to implement on a realistic scale. The study examined the possibility that volunteers from the local community might be capable of using such methods to promote children's pedestrian competence. SAMPLE Sixty children from the Primary 1 (Reception) classes of three Glasgow schools took part. Volunteers were ordinary parents from the same areas. None had 'formal' experience of working with children other than through being parents. METHOD Volunteers received experience of training children at courses organised in each school. Children learned in small groups, receiving two sessions of roadside training followed by four on a table-top model. Pre- and post-tests allowed the effectiveness of training to be assessed. RESULTS Significant improvements relative to controls were found in all children following training. Improvements proved robust and no deterioration was observed two months after the programme ended. Comparison with a previous study in which training was undertaken by highly qualified staff showed that the volunteers were as effective as 'expert' trainers. CONCLUSIONS Parent volunteers can significantly increase the pedestrian competence of children as young as five years. They constitute a most valuable 'resource' in road safety education. The opportunities afforded by involving the local community in educational interventions should be further explored.
A risk of malignancy index in preoperative diagnosis of ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of a risk of malignancy index (RMI), based on serum CA125 level, ultrasound findings and menopausal status, to discriminate benign from malignant pelvic mass. METHODS One hundred and forty women with pelvic masses, at age 30 of years or more were admitted to the Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 1998 and June 1999. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of serum CA125 level, ultrasound findings and the menopausal status in diagnosis of ovarian cancer were evaluated separately or combined into the RMI. RESULTS RMI was more accurate than any individual criterion in diagnosing cancer. Using an RMI cutoff level of 200 to indicate malignancy, the RMI derived from this data set gave a sensitivity of 87.3%, a specificity of 84.4%, and a positive predictive value of 82.1%. CONCLUSIONS RMI is able to correctly discriminate malignant from benign pelvic mass. It can be introduced easily into clinical practice to facilitate the selection of patients for primary surgery.
What Prospective Franchisees Are Seeking

A shortage of suitable franchisee applicants has been identified by franchisors as a major hindrance to franchise sector growth in Australia. However, there has been little investigation into this issue within organizational choice research. This represents an important gap in the literature. To explore the issue of franchisee shortage it was first necessary to determine what prospective franchisees are seeking from franchisors. Prospective franchisees considered a return on investment, provision of training, and being their own boss as being the most important attributes that franchisors could provide. These findings also indicate that attendees saw trade shows as an important means of gathering franchising information. Further, respondent's attributes generally aligned with what franchisors believed they supplied, and though possessing entrepreneurial tendencies, they desired ongoing support from franchisors.
Prospective phase II trial of regional hyperthermia and whole liver irradiation for numerous chemorefractory liver metastases from colorectal cancer

Purpose A prospective phase II trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and toxicity of regional hyperthermia and whole liver irradiation (WLI) for numerous chemorefractory liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods Enrolled patients had numerous chemorefractory hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Five sessions of hyperthermia and seven fractions of 3-gray WLI were planned. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was determined using the Korean version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of life questionnaire C-30 and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary version 4.0. Objective and pain response was evaluated. Results A total of 12 patients consented to the study and the 10 who received WLI and hyperthermia were analyzed. WLI was completed as planned in nine patients and hyperthermia in eight. Pain response was partial in four patients and stable in four. Partial objective response was achieved in three patients (30.0%) and stable disease was seen in four patients at the 1-month follow-up. One patient died 1 month after treatment because of respiratory failure related to pleural metastasis progression. Other grade III or higher toxicities were detected in three patients; however, all severe toxicities were related to disease progression rather than treatment. No significant difference in HRQoL was noted at the time of assessment for patients who were available for questionnaires. Conclusion Combined WLI and hyperthermia were well tolerated without severe treatment-related toxicity with a promising response from numerous chemorefractory hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer.
Introducing a mouse model for pre‐eclampsia: adoptive transfer of activated Th1 cells leads to pre‐eclampsia‐like symptoms exclusively in pregnant mice

Pre‐eclampsia (PE) is the most severe pregnancy‐related disease, leading to high maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality. Immunological imbalances associated with endothelial cell dysfunction have been hypothesized as a cause for the onset and perpetuation of PE. Valid and reliable animal models are urgently required to test this hypothesis and to better understand the mechanisms underlying PE. We developed a novel PE‐model by adoptively transferring activated BALB/c Th1‐like splenocytes into allogeneically pregnant BALB/c female mice during late gestation; the model mimicked the symptoms of PE, i.e. increased blood pressure and glomerulonephritis accompanied by proteinuria. Interestingly, these PE‐like symptoms were not detectable in non‐pregnant recipients of activated Th1‐like cells. Adoptive cell transfer adversely affected the outcome of pregnancy by increasing fetal rejection, with uterine immune cells showing an inflammatory profile. In conclusion, we have established a valid and reliable PE mouse model, which opens vast opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
Pharmacokinetics and Urinary Excretion of Amikacin in Low-Clearance Unilamellar Liposomes after a Single or Repeated Intravenous Administration in the Rhesus Monkey

ABSTRACT Liposomal aminoglycosides have been shown to have activity against intracellular infections, such as those caused by Mycobacterium avium. Amikacin in small, low-clearance liposomes (MiKasome) also has curative and prophylactic efficacies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. To develop appropriate dosing regimens for low-clearance liposomal amikacin, we studied the pharmacokinetics of liposomal amikacin in plasma, the level of exposure of plasma to free amikacin, and urinary excretion of amikacin after the administration of single-dose (20 mg/kg of body weight) and repeated-dose (20 mg/kg eight times at 48-h intervals) regimens in rhesus monkeys. The clearance of liposomal amikacin (single-dose regimen, 0.023 ± 0.003 ml min−1 kg−1; repeated-dose regimen, 0.014 ± 0.001 ml min−1 kg−1) was over 100-fold lower than the creatinine clearance (an estimate of conventional amikacin clearance). Half-lives in plasma were longer than those reported for other amikacin formulations and declined during the elimination phase following administration of the last dose (from 81.7 ± 27 to 30.5 ± 5 h). Peak and trough (48 h) levels after repeated dosing reached 728 ± 72 and 418 ± 60 μg/ml, respectively. The levels in plasma remained >180 μg/ml for 6 days after the administration of the last dose. The free amikacin concentration in plasma never exceeded 17.4 ± 1 μg/ml and fell rapidly (half-life, 1.47 to 1.85 h) after the administration of each dose of liposomal amikacin. This and the low volume of distribution (45 ml/kg) indicate that the amikacin in plasma largely remained sequestered in long-circulating liposomes. Less than half the amikacin was recovered in the urine, suggesting that the level of renal exposure to filtered free amikacin was reduced, possibly as a result of intracellular uptake or the metabolism of liposomal amikacin. Thus, low-clearance liposomal amikacin could be administered at prolonged (2- to 7-day) intervals to achieve high levels of exposure to liposomal amikacin with minimal exposure to free amikacin.
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL, AN ALTERNATIVE TO CYCLOSPORINE A FOR LONG-TERM IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION?1,2

Background. Mycophenolate-mofetil (MMF) is a nonnephrotoxic immunosuppressant most often used in combination with cyclosporine A (CsA) and prednisone (Pred). This study reports the outcome of 17 adult renal recipients whose immunosuppressive regimen was changed from CsA-Pred to MMF-Pred because of CsA nephrotoxicity. Methods. CsA nephrotoxicity was diagnosed in all patients based on suggestive histopathological lesions on a renal biopsy. Sixteen patients had deteriorating graft function and 1 had isolated persistent proteinuria. Immunosuppressive therapy was changed 57±32 months posttransplant. Results. After replacement of CsA by MMF, a reduction in serum creatinine was observed in all patients (mean 26±17%). This reduction was maintained 20±8 months after the change in therapy without any episodes of acute rejection. Serum lipids and blood pressure also decreased significantly. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that MMF-Pred can be an effective long-term immunosuppressive treatment alternative for renal transplant patients experiencing CsA nephrotoxicity. Such treatment may result in improved graft function, and better control of hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DRAG AND SHAPE OF AIR BUBBLES RISING IN VARIOUS LIQUIDS

Abstract : Experiments showed that the motion of air bubbles can not be completely described by the use of dimensionless parameters containing the usual physical properties of the liquid (viscosity, surface tension, density). Three types of bubble shapes were observed in each liquid: spherical, ellipsoidal, and spherical cap. For a specific liquid, the shape of the bubble was a function of its volume. For tiny spherical bubbles, the drag coefficients coincided with those of corresponding rigid spheres. With increased bubble size, a decrease in the drag occurred in some liquids as compared to that of rigid spheres. The drag curves of the spherical bubbles rising in various liquids fell between the drag curves of rigid and fluid spheres. No criterion could be determined for the transition of the bubbles from rigid to fluid spheres. The region of ellipsoidal bubbles extended over different ranges of Reynolds numbers for the various liquids. The drag coefficients of spherical-cap bubbles were independent of bubble size and had a constant value of 2.6. An increase in drag as compared to bubbles in pure water was noted for bubbles rising in tap water or in water containing certain surface-active substances. Results are presented of tests to determine the effect of the container walls on the velocity of rise, and the experimental apparatus is described. A summary of the theoretical and experimental work of other investigators is also inlcuded.
Self-organized criticality , multi-fractal spectra , sporadic localized reconnections and intermittent turbulence in the magnetotail

It has been suggested that the dynamics of the Earth’s magnetotail may be described by the stochastic behavior of a nonlinear dynamical system near forced and/or self-organized criticality ~SOC! It has been further argued that multiscale intermittent turbulence of overlapping plasma resonances is the underlying physics that can lead to the onset and evolution of substorms. Such a description provides a convenient explanation of the localized and sporadic nature of the reconnection signatures and fractal spectra that are commonly observed in the magnetotail region. These concepts provide a new paradigm for the understanding of the ever-elusive phenomenon of magnetic substorms. In this review, we describe some of the basic physical concepts and mathematical techniques ~such as the dynamic merging of coherent structures, nonclassical nonlinear instability, path integrals, the theory of the renormalization-group, low-dimensional chaos, self-similarity and scaling, fractals, coarse-grained helicity and symmetry breaking ! that play a central role in the development of these new ideas. © 1999 American Institute of Physics. @S1070-664X~99! 02611-7#
Decoupling and near-optimal restriction estimates for Cantor sets

For any $\alpha\in(0,d)$, we construct Cantor sets in $\mathbb{R}^d$ of Hausdorff dimension $\alpha$ such that the associated natural measure $\mu$ obeys the restriction estimate $\| \widehat{f d\mu} \|_{p} \leq C_p \| f \|_{L^2(\mu)}$ for all $p>2d/\alpha$. This range is optimal except for the endpoint. This extends the earlier work of Chen-Seeger and Shmerkin-Suomala, where a similar result was obtained by different methods for $\alpha=d/k$ with $k\in\mathbb{N}$. Our proof is based on the decoupling techniques of Bourgain-Demeter and a theorem of Bourgain on the existence of $\Lambda(p)$ sets.
Experimental study of fracture surface roughness on rocks with crack velocity.

In this paper we address the question of the influence of crack velocity on the fractured surface roughness. We studied samples made of Berea sandstone, chosen for their good macroscopic homogeneity and their granular microstructure. The samples were fractured in a double cantilever geometry, which allowed for a controlled crack speed that was maintained constant for each sample using an imposed displacement quadratic in time. The range of speed covered in the experiments was 5 x 10 ms to 2 x 10 ' ms. Systematic profilometry measurements of the fractured surfaces revealed a self-affine geometry characterized by a roughness exponent, which was found to be independent of the crack speed.
THE ATACAMA COSMOLOGY TELESCOPE: DATA CHARACTERIZATION AND MAPMAKING

We present a description of the data reduction and mapmaking pipeline used for the 2008 observing season of the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). The data presented here at 148 GHz represent 12% of the 90 TB collected by ACT from 2007 to 2010. In 2008 we observed for 136 days, producing a total of 1423 hr of data (11 TB for the 148 GHz band only), with a daily average of 10.5 hr of observation. From these, 1085 hr were devoted to an 850 deg2 stripe (11.2 hr by 9.°1) centered on a declination of −52. °7, while 175 hr were devoted to a 280 deg2 stripe (4.5 hr by 4.°8) centered at the celestial equator. The remaining 163 hr correspond to calibration runs. We discuss sources of statistical and systematic noise, calibration, telescope pointing, and data selection. For the 148 GHz band, out of 1260 survey hours and 1024 detectors in the array, 816 hr and 593 effective detectors remain after data selection, yielding a 38% survey efficiency. The total sensitivity in 2008, determined from the noise level between 5 Hz and 20 Hz in the time-ordered data stream (TOD), is in cosmic microwave background units. Atmospheric brightness fluctuations constitute the main contaminant in the data and dominate the detector noise covariance at low frequencies in the TOD. The maps were made by solving the least-squares problem using the Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient method, incorporating the details of the detector and noise correlations. Simulations, as well as cross-correlations with Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe sky maps on large angular scales, reveal that our maps are unbiased at multipoles ℓ > 300. This paper accompanies the public release of the 148 GHz southern stripe maps from 2008. The techniques described here will be applied to future maps and data releases.
Transcription factor Sp3 is silenced through SUMO modification by PIAS1

Sp3 is a ubiquitous transcription factor closely related to Sp1. Here we show that Sp3 is a target for SUMO modification in vivo and in vitro. SUMO modification of Sp3 occurs at a single lysine located between the second glutamine‐rich activation domain and the DNA‐binding domain. Mutational analyses identified the sequence IKXE as essential for SUMO conjugation to Sp3. We identified the protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) as an interaction partner of Sp3 and Ubc9. Moreover, PIAS1 strongly stimulated SUMO conjugation to Sp3, thus acting as an E3 ligase for SUMO conjugation to Sp3. All mutations that prevented SUMO modification in vitro strongly enhanced the transcriptional activity of Sp3, showing that SUMO modification silences Sp3 activity. SUMO‐modified Sp3 bound to DNA with similar specificity and affinity as unmodified Sp3. However, DNA‐bound Sp3 did not act as a substrate for SUMO modification.
Predominant fiber atrophy and fiber type disproportion in early ullrich disease

Ullrich disease (congenital muscular dystrophy type Ullrich, UCMD) is a severe congenital disorder of muscle caused by recessive and dominant mutations in the three genes that encode the α‐chains of collagen type VI. Little is known about the early pathogenesis of this myopathy. The aim of this study was to investigate early histological changes in muscle of patients with molecularly confirmed UCMD. Muscle biopsies were analyzed from 8 UCMD patients ranging in age from 6 to 30 months. Type I fiber atrophy and predominance were seen early, together with a widening of the fiber diameter spectrum, whereas no dystrophic features were apparent. A subpopulation of more severely atrophic type I fibers was apparent subsequently, including one biopsy that fulfilled the formal diagnostic criteria of histopathological fiber type disproportion (FTD). Thus, early in the disease, UCMD presents as a non‐dystrophic myopathy with predominant fiber atrophy. Collagen VI mutations also qualify as a cause of fiber type disproportion. Muscle Nerve 38: 1184–1191, 2008