Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transmembrane Domains 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10 of the Human Reduced Folate Carrier Are Important Structural or Functional Components of the Transmembrane Channel for Folate Substrates*

The human reduced folate carrier (hRFC) facilitates membrane transport of folates and antifolates. hRFC is characterized by 12 transmembrane domains (TMDs). To identify residues or domains involved in folate binding, we used substituted cysteine (Cys) accessibility methods (SCAM) with sodium (2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate (MTSES). We previously showed that residues in TMD11 of hRFC were involved in substrate binding, whereas those in TMD12 were not (Hou, Z., Stapels, S. E., Haska, C. L., and Matherly, L. H. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 36206-36213). In this study, 232 Cys-substituted mutants spanning TMDs 1-10 and conserved stretches within the TMD6-7 (residues 204-217) and TMD10-11 connecting loop domains were transiently expressed in hRFC-null HeLa cells. All Cys-substituted mutants showed moderate to high levels of expression on Western blots, and only nine mutants including R133C, I134C, A135C, Y136C, S138C, G163C, Y281C, R373C, and S313C were inactive for methotrexate transport. MTSES did not inhibit transport by any of the mutants in TMDs 1, 3, 6, and 9 or for positions 204-217. Whereas most of the mutants in TMDs 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10, and in the TMD10-11 connecting loop were insensitive to MTSES, this reagent inhibited methotrexate transport (25-75%) by 26 mutants in these TMDs. For 13 of these (Y126C, S137C, V160C, S168C, W274C, S278C, V284C, V288C, A311C, T314C, Y376C, Q377C, and V380C), inhibition was prevented by leucovorin, another hRFC substrate. Combined with our previous findings, these results implicate amino acids in TMDs 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, and 11, but not in TMDs 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, or 12, as important structural or functional components of the putative hydrophilic cavity for binding of anionic folate substrates.
Single Arc Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy for Complex Brain Gliomas: Is There an Advantage as Compared to Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy or by Adding a Partial Arc?

The objective of this study was to determine if volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) offers advantages over intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for complex brain gliomas and evaluate the role of an additional partial arc. Twelve patients with glioma involving critical organs at risk (OAR) were selected [six low grade brainstem glioma (BG) and six glioblastoma (GB) cases]. BGs were prescribed 54 Gy/30 fractions (frx), and GB treated to 50 Gy/30 frx to a lower dose PTV (PTV50) with a simultaneous integrated boost delivering a total dose of 60 Gy/30 frx to a higher dose PTV (PTV60). VMAT was planned with a single arc (VMAT1) and with an additional coplanar partial arc spanning 90° (VMAT2). We observed VMATI improving the PTV equivalent uniform dose (EUD) for BG cases (p = 0.027), improving the V95 for the PTV50 in GB cases (p = 0.026) and resulting in more conformal GB plans (p = 0.008) as compare to IMRT. However, for the GB PTV60, IMRT achieved favorable V95 over VMAT1 and VMAT2 (0.0046 and 0.008, respectively). The GB total integral dose (ID) was significantly lower with VMAT1 and VMAT2 (p = 0.049 and p = 0.006, respectively). Both VMAT1 and VMAT2 reduced the ID, however, only at the 5 Gy threshold for BG cases (p = 0.011 and 0.005, respectively). VMAT achieved a lower spinal cord maximum dose and EUD for BG cases and higher optic nerve doses, otherwise no significant differences were observed. VMAT1 yielded the fastest treatment times and least MU. We conclude that VMAT offers faster treatment delivery for complex brain tumors while maintaining similar dosimetric qualities to IMRT. Selective dosimetric advantages in terms of spinal cord sparing and lowering the ID are observed favoring the use of an additional coplanar partial arc.
Bcl‐2 expression and prognosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma

Bcl‐2 protein inhibits apoptosis, reduces the requirement for growth factors, and thereby extends the survival of cells. Recent findings of Bcl‐2 in several solid tumors suggest that it might contribute to the genesis of some types of cancer. Over‐expression of Bcl‐2 might play a role in carcinogenesis and malignant progression of endometrial carcinoma. The aims of this study were to determine Bcl‐2 expression in endometrial carcinoma in relation to other histopathologic prognostic factors, and to test its prognostic significance in patients with endometrial carcinoma. A total of 61 endometrioid‐type endometrial carcinomas were immunohistochemically investigated for Bcl‐2 expression on cryostat sections. Bcl‐2 localization was observed in cytoplasm in 18 tumors, in nucleus in 27 tumors, or in both in 5 tumors. In 11 tumors, Bcl‐2 was observed neither in cytoplasm nor in nucleus. There was not a statistically significant relationship between grade of tumor and Bcl‐2 expression. Cytoplasmic Bcl‐2 became less frequently expressed as the tumor invaded the myometrium deeper (p < 0.025). Retroperitoneal lymph‐node dissection was performed in 57 patients. Multiple‐regression analysis showed that lymph‐vascular space invasion and nuclear expression of Bcl‐2 were correlated to pelvic lymph‐node metastasis (p < 0.0001 and <0.05 respectively). Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that nuclear Bcl‐2 expression was associated with shorter survival (p < 0.05) than that of patients with cytoplasmic Bcl‐2 expression. Pelvic node metastasis was a significant prognostic factor for patients who underwent systematic retroperitoneal lymph‐node dissection. Cox multivariate‐regression analysis revealed that pelvic node metastasis and cervical invasion were the most important prognostic factors in this series of patients. When the analysis was made after exclusion of pelvic node metastasis, histologic grade (hazard ratio = 2.4), cervical invasion (hazard ratio = 3.7) and nuclear Bcl‐2 expression (hazard ratio = 11.5) were shown to be significant predictors of survival of the patients. These results indicate that aberrant Bcl‐2 expression might be involved in malignant progression of endometrioid‐type endometrial carcinoma. Site of Bcl‐2 localization may be an important predictor of prognosis for patients with endometrioid‐type endometrial carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer (Pred. Oncol.) 79:153–158, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flux of selected body fluid constituents and benzylpenicillin in polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG)

The polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) Aquamid® (Contura International A/S Soeborg, Denmark) is one of the new macromolecules that are used as implants and tissue fillers in reconstruction and aesthetic surgery. This study showed, by means of radioactive isotope methods, that PAAG can exchange both physiological and non‐physiological constituents very efficiently with the surrounding medium. The efflux (J, mole/(cm2 × s), 25 °C, pH 7.2) of water (4.4 × 10−5), chloride (2.4 × 10−7), urea (1.0 × 10−9), and glucose (1.1 × 10−9) was 3‐40x greater than in human red blood cells. PAAG was also accessible to sucrose, inulin, and benzylpenicillin that could not permeate biological cell membranes. The conclusion of the study is that the hydrogel structure created no significant barrier to the exchange of solvent and solutes with the surrounding medium. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
" Jane Eyre Fever": Deciphering the Astonishing Popular Success of Charlotte Bronte in Antebellum America

report that “Jane Eyre had had a great run in America. ” This was good news, of course, and yet it created a complication that required immediate attention. As a result of the success of Jane Eyre, Charlotte wrote, an American publisher, Harper & Brothers, “had consequently bid high for the Wrst sheets of the next work by ‘Currer Bell’ which they [Brontë’s publisher, Smith & Elder] had promised to let him have. ” These “Wrst sheets” would have secured for Harper, for a small fee paid to the British publisher, the proofs of the next manuscript, enabling them to issue the Wrst edition of the novel in the American market if not “courtesy of the trade” rights to its “exclusive” publication there.1 The problem arose when Harper & Brothers wrote back to complain that they had been cheated; the new work by “Currer Bell” was being issued in America by their main rival in publishing, T. B. Peterson. Harper & Brothers “asked to know the meaning of such false play. ” Enclosed in the letter was a note from Acton and Ellis Bell’s rather shady British publisher, Thomas Newby, “afWrming that ‘to the best of his belief’ Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights—Agnes Grey—and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall—(the new work) were all the production of one writer. ” As Charlotte wrote, “Jane Eyre Fever”
The evolution of respect for property

Although possession is ‘nine‐tenths of the law’, respect for ownership is widespread in the animal kingdom even without third‐party enforcement. Thus, the first individuals to find objects are frequently left unchallenged by potential competitors and tend to win contests when disputes arise. Game theory has shown that respect for ownership (‘Bourgeois’ behaviour) can arise as an arbitrary convention to avoid costly disputes. However, the same theory predicts that a paradoxical respect for lack of ownership (‘anti‐Bourgeois’ behaviour) can evolve under the same conditions and in some cases is the only stable outcome. Despite these predictions, anti‐Bourgeois behaviour is rare in nature, whereas respect for ownership is frequently not absolute. Here, we review extensions of the classic models involving repeated interactions, confusion over roles, strategic coordination of behaviour (‘secret handshakes’), owner–intruder asymmetries and continuous control of fighting investment. Confusion over roles and owner–intruder asymmetries in fighting ability may explain why respect for ownership is often partial. Moreover, although most model extensions facilitate the evolution of Bourgeois‐like behaviour, secret handshakes and continuous control of fighting investment render the alternative anti‐Bourgeois convention unstable. We develop these insights to highlight several key areas for future investigation.
The topographical and laminar organization of the presubiculum's projection to the ipsi‐ and contralateral entorhinal cortex in the guinea pig

This is a detailed report of a previously described projection from the presubiculum to the entorhinal are (Shipley,1974). The terminal degeneration in the entorhinal area is specifically confined to the outer three layers of this cortex. The projection is topographically organized and confined to dorsal and medial parts of the entorhinal area. A similarly organized projection courses via the dorsal psalterium (dorsal hippocambal commissure) to the contralateral entorhinal area. Thus each presubiculum has an orgainzed terminal pathway to the entorhinal cortices of both hemisphers.
Abyssal fauna of the UK-1 polymetallic nodule exploration area, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Cnidaria

Abstract Background We present data from a DNA taxonomy register of the abyssal Cnidaria collected as part of the Abyssal Baseline (ABYSSLINE) environmental survey cruise ‘AB01’ to the UK Seabed Resources Ltd (UKSRL) polymetallic-nodule exploration area ‘UK-1’ in the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), central Pacific Ocean abyssal plain. This is the second paper in a series to provide regional taxonomic data for a region that is undergoing intense deep-sea mineral exploration for high-grade polymetallic nodules. Data were collected from the UK-1 exploration area following the methods described in Glover et al. (2015b). New information Morphological and genetic data are presented for 10 species and 18 records identified by a combination of morphological and genetic data, including molecular phylogenetic analyses. These included 2 primnoid octocorals, 2 isidid octocorals, 1 anemone, 4 hydroids (including 2 pelagic siphonophores accidentally caught) and a scyphozoan jellyfish (in the benthic stage of the life cycle). Two taxa matched previously published genetic sequences (pelagic siphonophores), two taxa matched published morphological descriptions (abyssal primnoids described from the same locality in 2015) and the remaining 6 taxa are potentially new species, for which we make the raw data, imagery and vouchers available for future taxonomic study. We have used a precautionary approach in taxon assignments to avoid over-estimating species ranges. The Clarion-Clipperton Zone is a region undergoing intense exploration for potential deep-sea mineral extraction. We present these data to facilitate future taxonomic and environmental impact study by making both data and voucher materials available through curated and accessible biological collections. For some of the specimens we also provide image data collected at the seabed by ROV, wich may facilitate more accurate taxon designation in coming ROV or AUV surveys.
Structural Basis for Peptide Binding in Protein Kinase A

For optimal activity the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase requires a phosphate on Thr-197. This phosphate anchors the activation loop in the proper conformation and contributes to catalytic efficiency by enhancing the phosphoryl transfer rate and increasing the affinity for ATP (1). The crystal structure of the catalytic subunit bound to ATP, and the inhibitor peptide, IP20, highlights the contacts made by the Thr-197 phosphate as well as the role adjacent residues play in contacting the substrate peptide. Glu-203 and Tyr-204 interact with arginines in the consensus sequence of PKA substrates at the P-6 and P-2 positions, respectively. To assess the contribution that each residue makes to peptide recognition, the kinetic properties of three mutant proteins (E203A, Y204A, and Y204F) were monitored using multiple peptide substrates. The canonical peptide substrate, Kemptide, as well as a longer 9-residue peptide and corresponding peptides with alanine substitutions at the P-6 and P-2 positions were used. While the effect of Glu-203 is more localized to the P-6 site, Tyr-204 contributes to global peptide recognition. An aromatic hydrophobic residue is essential for optimal peptide recognition and is conserved throughout the protein kinase family.
Displacement of the contents of dentinal tubules and sensory transduction in intradental nerves of the cat

1 Experiments were performed on anaesthetized cats to test the hypothesis that fluid flow through dentinal tubules is part of the mechanism involved in the transduction of pain‐producing stimuli in teeth. 2 In 11 animals, fluid flow through dentine and single‐ and multi‐unit activity in intradental nerves were recorded simultaneously during the application of changes in hydrostatic pressure (‐500 to +500 mmHg) to exposed dentine. 3 Seventeen A‐fibres (conduction velocity (CV), 10.6‐55.1 m s−1) were isolated that were pressure sensitive. The thresholds of these units in terms of dentinal fluid flow were in the range 0.3‐2.1 nl s−1 mm−2 during outward flow from the pulp and 2.0‐3.5 nl s−1 mm−2 during inward flow. All the units were more sensitive to outward than inward flow. Twenty‐eight units (CV, 0.6‐48.8 m s−1) were not pressure sensitive, and 12 of these had conduction velocities in the C‐fibre range (< 2.5 m s−1). The velocities of the tubular contents were calculated by estimating the number and diameters of dentinal tubules exposed. At the threshold of single‐fibre responses these velocities were in the range 31.7‐222.9 μm s−1 during outward flow, and 211.4‐369.6 μm s−1 during inward flow. 4 Repetitive pressure stimulation of dentine resulted in a progressive reduction in the evoked discharge, which was probably due to pulp damage. 5 In seven animals, 10 single intradental nerve fibres were selected that responded to hydrostatic pressure stimuli and their responses to the application of hot, cold, osmotic, mechanical and drying stimuli to exposed dentine were investigated. With these stimuli dentinal fluid flow could not be recorded in vivo for technical reasons and was therefore recorded in vitro after completion of the electrophysiological recordings. 6 With each form of stimulus, the discharge evoked in vivo was closely related to the flow predicted from the in vitro measurements. The results were therefore consistent with the hypothesis that the stimuli act through a common transduction mechanism that involves fluid flow through dentine.
RECENT ADVANCES IN OSTRICH NUTRITION IN SOUTH AFRICA: EFFECT OF DIETARY ENERGY AND PROTEIN LEVEL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING OSTRICHES

Introduction Since the first publication on ostrich nutrition appeared in 1913 (Dowsley & Gardiner, 1913), a considerable amount of research has been conducted on the subject in South Africa. Scientific publications on ostrich nutrition is, however, scarce, since plenty of this information is not published in International Scientific Journals yet. During 1997/1998 the ostrich industry in South Africa reached a low point. Feeding usually constitutes about 70 80% of the total costs of intensive production systems for farm animals and had a major influence on the profitability of an ostrich enterprise as well. Researchers of the Elsenburg Agricultural Research Centre and the Oudtshoorn Experimental farm, in cooperation with the Little Karoo Agricultural Cooperation at Oudtshoorn, therefore conducted several experiments over this period to lower the most important cost item in ostrich production systems, namely the cost of feeding. This was an effort to improve the profitability of intensive ostrich production systems in South Africa.
A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoid Neoplasms in Shanghai: Analysis of Personal Characteristics, Lifestyle, and Environmental Risk Factors by Subtypes of the WHO Classification

Objectives: To investigate potential risk factors (personal characteristics, lifestyle, and environmental factors) of non-Hodgkin lymphoid neoplasms (NHLN), including lymphomas and lymphocytic leukemia, according to the World Health Organization classification. Materials and Methods: The investigation was a hospital-based case-control study consisting of 649 confirmed NHLN cases and 1298 individually gender-age-matched patient controls at 25 hospitals in Shanghai. A 17-page questionnaire was used to obtain information on demographics, medical history, family history, lifestyle risk factors, employment history, residential history, and occupational and non-occupational exposures. Risk estimates were calculated using conditional logistic regression models. Results: Potential risk factors of NHLN (all subtypes combined) or individual subtypes included low-level education, home or workplace renovation, living on a farm, planting crops, and raising livestock or animals. Some risk factors applied to all or most subtypes (such as lowlevel education, living on a farm, and raising livestock or animals), whereas others did not (such as the use of traditional Chinese medicines, which was associated with a reduced risk). Blood transfusions, hair dyes, or living near high-voltage power lines were not associated with an increased risk. Conclusions: The study identified a number of risk factors for NHLN overall and specific subtypes. Some risk factors were subtype-specific. The difference in risk by subtype underscores the etiologic commonality and heterogeneity of NHLN subtypes.
Inestabilidad de tanques de almacenamiento de petróleo con techo cónico durante un incendio

En este trabajo se presenta un analisis del comportamiento estructural de tanques de almacenamiento de petroleo con techo bajo temperaturas procedentes de fuego adyacente a la estructura. En la simulacion numerica se modela la cascara con elementos finitos de doble curvatura utilizando el codigo de propositos generales ABAQUS. Se determinan las configuraciones deformadas y las temperaturas que identifican el estado critico de pandeo y tambien el comportamiento poscritico, mediante analisis de bifurcacion lineal (conocido como LBA), analisis no lineal geometrico (GNA) y analisis no lineal geometrico con imperfecciones (GNIA). Para el analisis se modelan dos geometrias de tanques de almacenamiento de petroleo con techo fijo en su parte superior (representativas de diferentes volumenes de almacenamiento) expuestos a una distribucion de temperatura externa y una carga hidrostatica interna, a fin de valuar la influencia de las diferentes relaciones de esbeltez altura-diametro del tanque en la respuesta y la posible estabilizacion producida por el fluido almacenado en el interior. Los resultados muestran que la inestabilidad se produce a temperaturas muy bajas, del orden de 70oC a 150oC, con modos de pandeo que afectan la cara directamente expuesta al fuego. La inestabilidad se produce en regimen elastico del material.
Serologic diagnosis and fetal involvement in maternal rubella. Criteria for abortion.

A series of pregnant women with clinical rubella or exposed to a rubella-like illness was studied in an effort to establish a diagnosis of rubella by serologic means. Serologic evidence of rubella could not be found in seven exposed women in whom clinical illness did not develop. A fourfold rise in antibody titer was demonstrated in 13 of 16 women with a rubella-like illness. Ten women underwent therapeutic abortions and rubella virus was recovered from nine of ten abortuses. Rubella virus was also isolated from the placenta and throat swab of the one infant delivered thus far from the women with first trimester rubella. The number of fetal cells infected with virus was determined in five fetuses and found to be between one per 1,000 and one per 250,000 cells. The findings indicate that a high proportion of fetuses are infected in serologically proven maternal rubella. The number of fetal cells infected by rubella virus is relatively small, a finding which supports the hypothesis that viral persistence in congenital rubella results from in utero establishment of clones of infected cells.
Glycosphingolipids from bovine milk and milk fat globule membranes: a comparative study. Adhesion to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains

Abstract Several components of milk fat globule membranes (MFGMs) have been reported to display beneficial health properties and some of them have been implicated in the defense of newborns against pathogens. These observations prompted us to determine the glycosphingolipid content of MFGMs and their interaction with pathogens. A comparative study with whole milk components was also carried out. Milk fat globules and MFGMs were isolated from milk. Gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids were obtained from MFGMs and whole milk and their fatty acid contents were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). MFGMs and whole milk showed similar ganglioside and neutral glycosphingolipid contents, with whole milk having more GM3 and glucosylceramide and less GD3, O-acetyl GD3, O-acetyl GT3, and lactosylceramide. The fatty acid content of gangliosides from both sources showed a similar composition. However, the neutral glycosphingolipid fatty acid content seemed to be quite different. Whole milk had fewer very-long-chain fatty acids (18.1% vs. 46.4% in MFGMs) and more medium-chain and unsaturated C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids. Milk fat globules, MFGMs, lactosylceramide, and gangliosides GM3 and GD3 were observed to bind enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains. Furthermore, bacterial hemagglutination was inhibited by MFGMs and glycosphingolipids.