Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corrosive esophagitis in children : social and psychological aspects

Amaç: Ülkemizde korozif madde içen çocukların sayısı gelişmiş ülkelere göre oldukça yüksektir. Bu hastaların yaşadıkları kazanın sonucu olarak psikososyal gelişimleri bozulmakta ve tedavileri yıllarca devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı korozif madde içen hastaların ailelerinin sosyokültürel ve sosyoekonomik yapılarının belirlenmesi ve önlenebilir olan bu tip kazalara karşı gerekli toplumsal duyarlılığı sağlamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza korozif madde içimi nedeniyle CTF Acil Servise başvuran ve ilk mudaheleleri yapıldıktan sonra, Çocuk Cerrahisi AD’da tanı ve/veya tedavilerinde endoskopi uygulanmış olan 102 hasta alınmıştır. Hastaların ailelerine hazırlanan anket formu verilmiştir. Bu anket formu, çocuk psikiyatrisi, anestezi hekimleri ve tıp fakültesi öğrencileri tarafından, ailelere ayrıntılı bilgi verilerek uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya alınan 102 hastanın 67’si erkek, 35’i kızdır. Hastaların yaşları 1 ile 18 arasında değişmekte ve yaş ortalaması ise 5,5’ dir. Kazanın oluş mevsimi incelendiğinde yaz mevsiminin % 41 ile ilk sırada olduğu bunu sırasıyla ilkbahar (% 25), sonbahar (%21) ve kış (%13) mevsimlerinin izlediği görülmüştür. İçilen maddeler arasında yağçöz (%66), kireç çözücü (%8), çamaşır suyu (%6) ve %20 oranında kirçöz, lavabo açıcı, akü asidi, sirke ruhu, kezzap, mantar ilacı, tuzruhu, bulaşık deterjanı, potasyum permanganat, tütüne katılan asit gibi çok çeşitli maddeler bulunmaktadır. Hastalardan 97’si ( %95 ) maddeyi kendisi içerken 5 (%5) hastaya ise madde yanlışlıkla anne veya büyükanne tarafından verilmiştir. Çıkarımlar: Sosyoekonomik ve sosyokültürel düzeyi düşük olan ailelerde, küçük yaş erkek çocukları risk altındadırlar. Ailelerin temizlik ürünlerini doğru biçimde saklayamamaları (bu maddeler su veya içecek kaplarında, mutfakta saklanıyorlar) kaza riskini artırmaktadır. Kazalar en sık çocukların daha çok susadığı yaz aylarında meydana gelmektedir. Korozif yanıkları olan çocuklar ve aileleri sıklıkla psikiyatrik yardıma ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar. Ailelerin, medyanın ve 1. basamak hizmet veren hekimlerin bu konuda bilgilendirilmesi kazanın oluş riskini azaltacağı gibi klinik seyiri de iyileştirecektir. Anahtar kelimeler: çocuk ve ergen, korozif özofajit, sosyodemografik özellikler, temizlik maddeleri, zehirlenme
THE TWIN DEFICITS HYPOTHESIS : NEW EVIDENCE FROM GIIPS ACCOUNTING FOR STRUCTURAL SHIFTS IN CAUSAL LINKAGES

This study re-examines the dynamic causal link between government budget and current account deficits for five highly indebted European countries: Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain (GIIPS) with newly developed econometric techniques. Utilizing first Toda – Yamamoto causality analysis and then its Fourier approximation to consider structural shifts, this study asks whether accounting structural shifts plays a role on these causal linkages. The results reveal that considering structural shifts is important for the relationship between fiscal and current account imbalances of the GIIPS. The findings of analysis that does not consider structural changes indicate that the twin deficit hypothesis is supported through Keynesian Hypothesis (for Spain) or Current Account Targeting Hypothesis (for Greece and Portugal) but also Barro-Ricardo Equivalence Theorem is acknowledged for Ireland and Italy. On the other hand, the causality analysis that account for structural changes show that current account targeting hypothesis is supported by all countries, except Ireland. Anahtar Kelimeler: Fiscal deficit, Current account defici, Twin deficits, Structural breaks, Causality analysis. JEL Sınıflandırması: C22, E6, F32. İKİZ AÇIK HİPOTEZİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALARIN DİKKATE ALINDIĞI NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ İLE GIIPS ÜLKELERİ İÇİN YENİ KANITLAR
Nursing students Preparedness and Barriers towards E-learning at king Abdulziz University

Background: E-learning exploits interactive technologies and communication systems to improve the learning experience. It has the potential to transform the way we teach and learn across the board. It can raise standards, and widen participation in lifelong learning. Aim of the study: was to assess nursing students’ preparedness and barriers towards E-learning as an educational strategy. Subjects and Methods: Research design: mixed methods cross sectional design) was adopted to carry out this study. Setting: The study was conducted at faculty of nursing king Abdulziz University. Subjects: 142 nursing students who registered at adult health (purposive sample) during the first semester of the last academic year (2018). Tools of data collection: Two tools were used for data collection. Tool (I): Students’ Structured Questionnaire. Tool (II): Focus Group Discussion Guideline. In addition to the socio-demographic characteristics. Results: Statistically significant difference was found regarding students having computer skill and the ability to learn autonomously, also, regarding students having computer, Learnercontent-interaction and Learnerinstructor-interaction and Learner-Learner-interaction. A statistically significant difference was found also between students who previously studied with E-Learning and Staff interaction with E-learning and regarding students having computer and the overall dimensions of E-learning. However, negative correlation was found in staff interaction. Conclusion: There were many advantages of IT preparedness and barriers regarding learner, instructors, content as well as technical barriers in adopting E-learning in nursing faculties. Recommendations: training programs needed to increase awareness of all faculty members' regarding digital technologies and the diversity of context.
Optimal integrated code generation for VLIW architectures

We present a dynamic programming method for optimal integrated code generation for basic blocks that minimizes execution time. It can be applied to single‐issue pipelined processors, in‐order‐issue superscalar processors, VLIW architectures with a single homogeneous register set, and clustered VLIW architectures with multiple register sets. For the case of a single register set, our method simultaneously copes with instruction selection, instruction scheduling, and register allocation. For clustered VLIW architectures, we also integrate the optimal partitioning of instructions, allocation of registers for temporary variables, and scheduling of data transfer operations between clusters. Our method is implemented in the prototype of a retargetable code generation framework for digital signal processors (DSPs), called OPTIMIST. We present results for the processors ARM9E, TI C62x, and a single‐cluster variant of C62x. Our results show that the method can produce optimal solutions for small and (in the case of a single register set) medium‐sized problem instances with a reasonable amount of time and space. For larger problem instances, our method can be seamlessly changed into a heuristic. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involvement of functional autoantibodies against vascular receptors in systemic sclerosis

Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) features autoimmunity, vasculopathy and tissue fibrosis. The renin-angiotensin and endothelin systems have been implicated in vasculopathy and fibrosis. A role for autoantibody-mediated receptor stimulation is hypothesised, linking three major pathophysiological features consistent with SSc. Methods Serum samples from 478 patients with SSc (298 in the study cohort and 180 from two further independent cohorts), 372 healthy subjects and 311 control-disease subjects were tested for antibodies against angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and endothelin-1 type A receptor (ETAR) by solid phase assay. Binding specificities were tested by immunoprecipitation. The biological effects of autoantibodies in microvascular endothelial cells in vitro were also determined, as well as the quantitative differences in autoantibody levels on specific organ involvements and their predictive value for SSc-related mortality. Results Anti-AT1R and anti-ETAR autoantibodies were detected in most patients with SSc. Autoantibodies specifically bound to respective receptors on endothelial cells. Higher levels of both autoantibodies were associated with more severe disease manifestations and predicted SSc-related mortality. Both autoantibodies exert biological effects as they induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and increased transforming growth factor β gene expression in endothelial cells which could be blocked with specific receptor antagonists. Conclusions Functional autoimmunity directed at AT1R and ETAR is common in patients with SSc. AT1R and ETAR autoantibodies could contribute to disease pathogenesis and may serve as biomarkers for risk assessment of disease progression.
Interlaboratory comparison of a reduced volume marine sediment toxicity test method using the amphipod Ampelisca abdita

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has standardized methods for performing acute marine amphipod sediment toxicity tests. A test design reducing sediment volume from 200 to 50 ml and overlying water from 600 to 150 ml was recently proposed. An interlaboratory comparison was conducted to evaluate the precision of this reduced sediment volume toxicity test method using the marine amphipod Ampelisca abdita. A negative control and three sediment samples of varying degrees of toxicity ranging from low to high were tested by six laboratories. Complete agreement was reached in rank of relative toxicity for all samples tested by five out of six laboratories. Test acceptability for control survival was achieved by all laboratories, and 69% agreement in classification of the sediments as toxic or nontoxic was documented. Coefficients of variation in all test samples were similar to those reported in other interlaboratory studies using marine amphipods. Results of this study indicate that the reduced sediment volume test using A. abdita is a reliable and precise measure of acute toxicity in marine sediment samples.
Analysis of Bacteriological Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Kabale Municipality, Western Uganda

In the present study, we assessed the bacteriological quality of water of drinking water sources in Kabale Municipality. A total of 28 water samples were collected from 14 water springs during the dry and wet season and analyzed for determination of Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) using the membrane filtration method. Most water springs located in less than 20 meters away from residential areas were associated with bacterial contamination. The mean concentrations of E. coli, total coliforms, and THB were 24.07 CFU/100 ml, 85.71 CFU/100 ml, and 197.07 CFU/100 ml, respectively in the wet season. While in the dry season, the mean concentrations were 2 CFU/100 ml, 10 CFU/100 ml, and 91 CFU/100 ml for E. coli, total coliforms, and THB, respectively. There were significant differences between CFU of total coliforms, HTB, between wet and dry seasons (p = 0.026). Samples collected and analyzed during the wet season for total coliforms did not conform to WHO drinking water quality guideline value of no detection per 100 ml. The study concludes that the majority of spring water sources are located in less than 20 meters away from residential areas with significant paved areas, the presence of septic tanks and pit latrines. Wet season significantly affects the quality of domestic water sources than the dry season. The study recommends that spring water should be treated before drinking due to high bacteria concentrations which makes it unsafe for consumption.
The Pathogenesis and Prevention of Radiocontrast Medium-Induced Renal Dysfunction ☆

Introduction 2 History 2 Pharmacology and Physiology 3 Mechanisms of Nephrotoxicity 4 Overview 4 Hemodynamic Mechanisms of Nephrotoxicity 7 The role of calcium in RCM vasoconstriction 7 The role of adenosine in RCM vasoconstriction 7 The role of endothelin in RCM vasoconstriction 7 Mechanisms of Tubular Injury 8 The role of reactive oxygen species 8 Markers of (Tubular) Renal Injury 9 Overview 9 Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 9 Tamm–Horsfall proteins 9 Cystatin C 9 Renal Metabolism 10 Prostaglandins 11 Animal Models of RCM Nephrotoxicity 11 Risk Factors for Human RCM Nephropathy 11 Renal Insufficiency 11 Miscellaneous Medical Conditions 12 Complications of RCM Procedures 12 Atheroembolic Disease 12 Prophylactic Strategies for Prevention 13 Efficacious Prophylactic Approaches 13 Hydration 13 Adenosine antagonists 14 Class of contrast medium 14 RCM dose adjustment 15 Increased urinary flow rate 15 Selective dopamine receptor stimulation 16 N-acetylcysteine 16 Sodium bicarbonate 18 Statins 18 Extracoporeal blood purification 19 Prostaglandins 19 Ascorbic acid 20 Other recommendations 20 Uncertain and nonefficacious prophylactic approaches 20 Nonefficacious approaches 20 Summary 20 Acknowledgment 21 References 21
Language attitudes in Galicia: using the matched-guise test among high school students

Abstract Adolescents' attitudes towards standard Galician, non-standard Galician and Spanish are examined in this study using a matched-guise test. Results show that adolescents perceive standard and non-standard Galician differently and that different values are attached to the three linguistic varieties investigated. Our findings confirm that certain stigmas are still attached to speaking non-standard Galician and to having a Galician accent when speaking Spanish. Finally, results provide evidence of gender-related trends in regard to standard and non-standard Galician, and also reveal a covert social disapproval of women.
Prevalence of Current Smoking among Students in University of Kerbala

Background: Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death and it is prevalent among college students. Objective: To determine the prevalence and to study the determinants of smoking habit and its associated factors among college students together with their level of knowledge about the health effects of smoking and attitudes towards cessation. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iٌraq. Subjects and Methods: During December 2008 and January 2009, a sample of 1132 students (603 male and 529 female), between17 and 28 years of age, selected randomly from 8 colleges, was taken. Each subject was questioned about his/her past and present experience and attitude towards smoking, according to a modified Arabian version of the World Health Organization (WHO) standard questionnaire, and the data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0, P-value greater than 0.05 was considered as statistically insignificant. Results: Two hundred twenty students were smokers and 912 were nonsmokers. Of the smokers 201 smokers were males and 19 were females, fifty percent were light smokers, 37.7% were moderate smokers, and 12.3% percent were heavy smokers, and the mean number of cigarettes smoked daily among the regular smokers was 14 cigarettes. Conclusions: The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 19.4%, and half of the smokers were “light smokers”. The majority of the smokers were aware of the bad effects of smoking and two thirds had a favorable attitude towards cessation.
Accounting Conservatism in Islamic Banking

This study explores the nature of Islamic banks’ financial reporting incentives created by Shariah with respect to accounting conservatism. With adherence to Shariah rules, an Islamic bank, as a separate entity, is obligated to pay an Islamic tax or Zakah in order to maintain social justice and alleviate poverty. This indicates that the financial reporting of Islamic banks would be influenced by such an obligation. Many Islamic accounting scholars cast doubt on the relevance of a conservatism concept. Some scholars claim that the conservatism concept is not relevant to Islamic accounting reporting because it leads to understating assets that could be subject to Zakah (Adnan and Gaffikin, 1997). Others argue, however, that what is meant by a conservatism concept in Islamic accounting is the selection of the accounting techniques that have the most favorable impact on society not the owner. For instance, it is better to overestimate earnings ―anti-conservative‖ for Zakah purposes (Haniffa and Hudaib, 2001). I test the hypothesis that Islamic banks apply an anticonservatism practice in financial reporting to be consistent with Shariah rules. Using Ball and Shivakumar’s (2005) model, I find that Islamic banks recognize an earnings decrease on a timely basis while recognizing an earnings increase with delay. This would suggest that Islamic banks take the same accounting conservatism approach as conventional banks, and that Shariah does not play a significant role on Islamic banks’ financial reporting practices. In further analysis, I find that Islamic banks report more conservatively than conventional banks due to higher litigation risk and Islamic banks in addition having the obligation for Zakah payment.
California DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL ISOLATION SYSTEM WITH QUASI-ZERO-STIFFNESS PROPERTY

This paper presents an analytical study on a quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) isolation system to isolate both vertical earthquake shaking and environmental vibrations. The QZS system is composed of disk springs and spiral springs in parallel. The disk spring can obtain negative stiffness when loaded at the flat position. In this paper, the static characteristics of the isolation system are first investigated including the force-displacement relation and the effect of primary design parameters on the mechanical properties. Based on the static analysis, a vertically isolated multi-story building was designed. The super-structure is a 7-story concrete frame building with the vertical stiffness of the isolation layer designed to be approximately zero. The numerical model was established in OpenSees software, and the isolation system was realized by implementing a new uniaxial material. Time history comparison calculations between base-fixed model and isolated model were conducted to evaluate the isolation effect. The building models were excited using both seismic records in three directions (3D) and a set of field recorded transit vibration data in 3D with a higher frequency range between 20Hz~100Hz to represent environmental excitation. Response comparisons include the story drifts, floor acceleration and floor acceleration spectrum under earthquakes. The floor response caused by the environmental vibration is evaluated by frequency weighting considering the influence on the residents’ living comfort. It is concluded that the proposed QZS vertical isolation system can be effective for both seismic and metro vibration. The seismic actions and the transit induced vibration on the structure can be reduced and the overturning effect of the super-structure can be controlled under considered earthquake levels. Graduate Student, State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China (email: 100751@tongji.edu.cn) Professor, Dept. of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, United States Professor, State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Worden K, Tomlinson GR. Nolinearity in structural dynamics: detection, identification and modelling. CRC Press, 2000 Design and Analysis of Vertical Isolation System with Quasi-zeroStiffness Property P. Chen, G. Mosqueda, Y. Zhou
The role of Nav1.7 and methylglyoxal-mediated activation of TRPA1 in itch and hypoalgesia in a murine model of type 1 diabetes

Methylglyoxal (MGO), an endogenous reactive carbonyl compound, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of MGO in diabetic itch and hypoalgesia, two common symptoms associated with diabetic neuropathy. Methods: Scratching behavior, mechanical itch (alloknesis), and thermal hypoalgesia were quantified after intradermal (i.d.) injection of MGO in naïve mice or in diabetic mice induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Behavioral testing, patch-clamp recording, transgenic mice, and gene expression analysis were used to investigate the mechanisms underlying diabetic itch and hypoalgesia in mice. Results: I.d. injection of MGO evoked dose-dependent scratching in normal mice. Addition of MGO directly activated transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) to induce inward currents and calcium influx in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons or in TRPA1-expressing HEK293 cells. Mechanical itch, but not spontaneous itch was developed in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Genetic ablation of Trpa1 (Trpa1-/-), pharmacological blockade of TRPA1 and Nav1.7, antioxidants, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase enzyme (MEK) inhibitor U0126 abrogated itch induced by MGO or in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Thermal hypoalgesia was induced by intrathecal (i.t.) injection of MGO or in STZ-induced diabetic mice, which was abolished by MGO scavengers, intrathecal injection of TRPA1 blockers, and in Trpa1-/-mice. Conclusion: This study revealed that Nav1.7 and MGO-mediated activation of TRPA1 play key roles in itch and hypoalgesia in a murine model of type 1 diabetes. Thereby, we provide a novel potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of itch and hypoalgesia induced by diabetic neuropathy.
Public Education Expenditure and Defense Spending in Nigeria: an Empirical Investigation

In this study, we set out to empirically investigate the empirical relationship between public education expenditure and defence spending in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1970 to 2003. Some statistical tools are employed to explore the relationship between these variables. The study examines stochastic characteristics of each time series by testing their stationarity using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillip Perron (PP) tests. This is followed by estimating the error correction model of public education expenditure. The effects of stochastic shocks of public education expenditure and defence spending are explored, using vector autoregressive (VAR) model. Although it is contended by some that the military may contribute towards the promotion of the modernization of developing societies through the enhancement of the quality and quantity of human capital by, among others, dismantling social rigidities, there is limited conclusive evidence to support this view. In fact, a negative trade-off between defence spending and public education expenditure (used as a proxy for human capital formation) is generally expected. A regression analysis of the relationship between military spending and public education expenditure in Nigeria between 1970 and 2003 is positive and statistically significant in all the techniques employed. It should be pointed out that the statistical analyses conducted in this study are concerned only with reported public expenditures on education. Inasmuch as private education and private expenditures on public education are excluded, the data employed understate the country's commitment to education. With this caveat in mind, the study concludes that it is not unlikely that military activity has served to enhance the productive capability of the Nigerian economy via some modernizing effect. Thus, in the short and long run, the impact of military expenditure on Nigeria's stock of human capital, particularly education, has been positive.
Closed-loop identification using canonical correlation analysis

We consider the identification of linear state space innovations model from closed-loop data. We suggest to use the subspace closed-loop identification algorithm of [3] to obtain an initial estimate of the deterministic part of the system and then plug this estimate into the second stage of the 2CCA algorithm of Peternell et. al. [9]. The main result of this paper is to show that given closed-loop data and consistent estimates of a number of Markov parameters of the deterministic part of the system, the second stage of the 2CCA algorithm delivers consistent estimates of the system matrices of the innovations model.