Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Challenges of flip chip packaging with embedded fine line and multi-layer coreless substrate

As mobile electronics are continuously driven for compact, slim and lightweight, miniaturization of IC packaging has been a must. Coreless substrate with fine-trace embedded technology is a key to achieve package miniaturization. Compare to conventional substrate, coreless substrate technology eliminates the substrate core, and utilize build-up layers to interconnect the chip and the PCB board. It brings about not only low z-height, lightweight, but also short interconnection and good power integrity. Coreless technology is a promising solution for the next generation substrate. Therefore, as a NEW innovative coreless structure, a substrate with the features of embedded trace has aroused lots of attention in IC semiconductor industry. Its trace is plated on a flat carrier and is embedded just after the plating. By using this unique embedded trace technology, it makes the fine-line of having 20um/20um or 15um/15um line width/space and having no concern for high cost. Without rigid core layer, the major challenges of this coreless substrate come from the warpage throughout substrate manufacturing and assembly process. In order to diminish the warpage during substrate manufacturing, prepreg (PP) was employed as the dielectric layer of a substrate. Furthermore the glass fiber in PP can reinforce the rigidity and flatness. For assembly process, lots of experiments were conducted extensively to reduce the package warpage, including molding compound selection (which focus on its CTE and Tg adjustments), post-mold cure optimization, die thickness decision, and so on. In this paper, a test vehicle (flip-chip package, 12x12mm2 body size, above 500 IO count) was carried out. 2layer and 3layer substrates were built for the different applications and were evaluated. Stress simulation was conducted to determine the package structure and work out the bill of material. Screen and corner DOEs which includes molding compound selection, die-bond reflow profile and post-mold cure parameters were performed to come out the optimal material and process window. Reliability and functional test have been passed as well. Hence coreless substrate with embedded trace technology has been proven to be a feasible and reliable way for the miniaturization in assembly industry.
Detection of glutamine synthetase in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer diseased patients: a potential diagnostic biochemical marker.

In this report, 8- and 2-azidoadenosine 5'-[gamma-32P]triphosphate were used to examine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples for the presence of an ATP binding protein unique to individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD). A 42-kDa ATP binding protein was found in the CSF of AD patients that is not observed in CSF from normal patients or other neurological controls. The photolabeling is saturated with 30 microM 2-azidoadenosine 5'-[gamma-32P]triphosphate. Photoinsertion can be totally prevented by the addition of 25 microM ATP. Photoinsertion of 2-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate into the protein is only weakly protected by other nucleotides such as ADP and GTP, indicating that this is a specific ATP binding protein. A total of 83 CSF samples were examined in a blind manner. The 42-kDa protein was detected in 38 of 39 AD CSF samples and in only 1 of 44 control samples. This protein was identified as glutamine synthetase [GS; glutamate-ammonia ligase; L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.3. 1.2] based on similar nucleotide binding properties, comigration on two-dimensional gels, reaction with a polyclonal anti-GS antibody, and the presence of significant GS enzyme activity in AD CSF. In brain, GS plays a key role in elimination of free ammonia and also converts the neurotransmitter and excitotoxic amino acid glutamate to glutamine, which is not neurotoxic. The involvement of GS, if any, in the onset of AD is unknown. However, the presence of GS in the CSF of terminal AD patients suggests that this enzyme may be a useful diagnostic marker and that further study is warranted to determine any possible role for glutamate metabolism in the pathology of AD.
Voice, control, and procedural justice : instrumental and noninstrumental concerns in fairness judgments

One hundred seventy-nine undergraduate Ss took part in a study of the effects of instrumental and noninstrumental participation on distributive and procedural fairness judgments. In a goal-setting procedure, Ss were allowed voice before the goal was set, after the goal was set, or not at all. Ss received information relevant to the task, irrelevant information, or no information. Both preand postdecision voice led to higher fairness judgments than no voice, with predecision voice leading to higher fairness judgments than postdecision voice. Relevant information also increased perceived fairness. Mediation analyses showed that perceptions of control account for some, but not all, of the voice-based enhancement of procedural justice. The results show that both instrumental and noninstrumental concerns are involved in voice effects.
Parallel program design - a foundation

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Contingent Muscular Tension during a Choice Reaction Task

This study examined the effects of contingent muscular tension on a choice reaction task, and especially, the effects various amounts of muscular tension have on the information processing of choice reaction time. The reactive movement task included a choice reaction task. Ten right-handed healthy men (ages 18 to 19 years) underwent trials with stimulus presentation probabilities of 50% and 20% on the muscular tension task and choice reaction tasks. The conditions for the muscular tension tasks were divided into seven different conditions: 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% of maximum voluntary contraction. On these tasks, subjects performed isometric contraction of the biceps brachii. The choice reaction task was a rapid extension of the left or right knee as a choice reaction. Measures were choice reaction time, movement time, and total reaction time. Analysis indicated that shortening choice reaction time of the left and right feet was observed under 10% muscular tension of maximum strength. Muscular tension appreciably influenced information processing, including choice reaction time. Muscular tension did not affect movement time. Results are discussed with respect to previous research and the optimal muscular tension for best performance.
Dietary and socio-economic factors associated with obesity among Kuwaiti college men

Obesity has been on the increase among people of the Arabian Gulf countries. Overweight and obesity among 18–29-year-old Kuwaiti men increased by 23·4 and 14·8 % respectively, between 1980 and 1993. The objective of the present study was to explore factors associated with overweight and obesity in a sample of 515 Kuwaiti college men studied in 1997. Weight and height were measured. The index of adiposity used was the BMI, which is the weight (kg) divided by the height (m) squared (kg/m2). The men were classified as overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2) or obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2). The associated factors obtained through questionnaires included age, marital status, governorate, number of siblings, suffering from a chronic disease, subjects' parental obesity, education and occupation, number of major meals eaten, eating between meals, family income, number of servants, number of people living at home, exercising, last dental and physical check-up, dieting, year of study, highest desired degree after college, countries preferred for visiting, and socio-economic status. The results of the study revealed that 38·5 and 11·1% of the students were overweight and obese respectively. Factors that were found to be significantly associated with overweight and obesity among the men included age, marital status, last dental check-up, exercising, subjects' parental obesity, dieting and year of study. Logistic regression analysis of significant associated factors revealed that the same factors contributed to the development of overweight and obesity.
Glucocorticoid signaling synchronizes the liver circadian transcriptome

Circadian control of physiology is mediated by local, tissue‐based clocks, synchronized to each other and to solar time by signals from the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the master oscillator in the hypothalamus. These local clocks coordinate the transcription of key pathways to establish tissue‐specific daily metabolic programs. How local transcriptomes are synchronized across the organism and their relative contribution to circadian output remain unclear. In the present study we showed that glucocorticoids alone are able to synchronize expression of about 60% of the circadian transcriptome. We propose that synchronization occurs directly by the action of glucocorticoids on a diverse range of downstream targets and indirectly by regulating the core clock genes mPer1, Bmal1, mCry1, and Dbp. We have identified the pivotal liver transcription factor, HNF4α, as a mediator of circadian and glucocorticoid‐regulated transcription, showing that it is a key conduit for downstream targeting. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that by orchestrating transcriptional cascades, glucocorticoids are able to direct synchronization of a diverse range of functionally important circadian genes. (HEPATOLOGY 2007;45:1478–1488.)
Specific Aldosterone Synthase Inhibition: A Potential Improvement Over Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism?

See related article, pp 189–196 We have come to appreciate the many physiological and pathophysiological functions of adrenal steroid hormones in health and disease and the benefits and adverse effects of therapeutic manipulations. Glucocorticoids are an indispensable component in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) with spironolactone is a long-established diuretic therapy in states of volume overload. In patients with heart failure, MR blockade prolongs survival because of beneficial effects on the heart. In patients with treatment-resistant arterial hypertension, MR blockade has been found to provide superior blood pressure–lowering effects compared with α-blockers and β-blockers.1 Even in patients on hemodialysis, MR blockade seems to prolong survival.2 Much work has been invested in deciphering the molecular pathways involved in steroid hormone function. On ligand binding, steroid hormone receptors translocate to the nucleus to activate or repress target genes. It has been proposed, however, that some of the effects of steroid hormones, including aldosterone, are not mediated by the known MR but rather by nongenomic effects that do not involve gene translation and, therefore, produce a faster response. In contrast to the classical genomic effects, such nongenomic effects are less well understood on a molecular level. In humans, the existence of nongenomic effects has been difficult to prove. Experimental studies suggest that GPR30 may mediate some of the postulated MR-independent effects of aldosterone. Aldosterone-synthase inhibition has been developed as a novel alternative strategy to MR blockade. In contrast to MR blockade, aldosterone-synthase inhibition would be able to attenuate both genomic …
Rumination as a predictor of drinking behaviour in alcohol abusers: a prospective study.

AIMS To investigate the role of depression and rumination in predicting drinking status (absence or presence of alcohol use) and level of alcohol use at 3, 6 and 12 months following a brief course of cognitive-behavioural therapy for alcohol abuse. METHODS A total of 80 out-patients with a diagnosis of alcohol abuse completed measures of depression (Beck Depression Inventory), rumination (Ruminative Responses Scale) and alcohol use (Quantity-Frequency Scale). RESULTS These indicated that rumination predicted drinking status and level of alcohol use at 3-, 6- and 12-month follow-up. The contribution of rumination was independent of depression and initial level of alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm that rumination is an important prospective predictor of drinking status and level of alcohol use in alcohol abusers and highlight the potential relevance of targeting rumination in the treatment of alcohol abuse.
Promotion of cooperation in social dilemma games via generalised indirect reciprocity

This paper presents a novel generalised indirect reciprocity approach for promoting cooperation in social dilemma games. Here, players decide upon an action to play in the game based on public information (or “external cues”) rather than individual-specific information. The public information is constantly updated according to the underlying learning model. Comprehensive simulation experiments using the N-player Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) and Snowdrift (SD) games show that generalised indirect reciprocity promotes high levels of cooperation across a wide range of conditions. This is despite the fact that the make-up of player groups is continually changing. As expected, the extent of cooperative behaviour observed in the “constraint-relaxed” N-player SD game is significantly higher than the N-player PD game. Our proposed generalised indirect reciprocity model may shed light on the conundrum of cooperation between anonymous individuals.
The pharmacologic profile of desloratadine: a review

Desloratadine is a new agent for the treatment of diseases such as seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria. The pharmacologic profile of desloratadine offers particular benefits in terms of histamine H1‐receptor binding potency and H1 selectivity. Desloratadine has a half‐life of 21–24 h, permitting once‐daily dosing. No specific cautions are required with respect to administration in renal or hepatic failure, and food or grapefruit juice have no effect on the pharmacologic parameters. No clinically relevant racial or sex variations in the disposition of desloratadine have been noted. In combination with the cytochrome P450 inhibitors, ketoconazole and erythromycin, the AUC and Cmax of desloratadine were increased to a small extent, but no clinically relevant drug accumulation occurred. With high‐dose treatment (45 mg/day for 10 days), no significant adverse events were observed, despite the sustained elevation of plasma desloratadine levels. Specifically, desloratadine had no effects on the corrected QT interval (QTc) when administered alone, at high dose, or in combination with ketoconazole or erythromycin. Preclinical studies also show that desloratadine does not interfere with HERG channels or cardiac conduction parameters even at high dose. Desloratadine is nonsedating and free of antimuscarinic/anticholinergic effects in preclinical and clinical studies. Novel antiallergic and anti‐inflammatory effects have also been noted with desloratadine, a fact which may be relevant to its clinical efficacy.
West Nile virus past infections in the general population of Southern Spain.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of past and recent infections by West Nile virus (WNV) and the risk factors associated with WNV exposure in a representative population from southern Spain. METHODS Sample size was established for an estimated prevalence of past WNV infections of 5 +/- 2.5% in 504 subjects. A pre-stratification was performed according to age distribution and place of residence. After random telephone solicitation and acquisition of informed consent, a serum sample was collected and an epidemiologic survey performed on all participating subjects. Samples were tested with ELISA-IgG and MAC-ELISA to detect specific IgG and IgM antibodies; results were confirmed by the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Multivariate analysis using a forward stepwise logistic regression model was performed to assess potential risk factors associated with WNV exposure. RESULTS Prevalence of past WNV infections confirmed by PRNT in the 504 participants was 0.6%, affecting mainly older persons (mean age 65 +/- 23 vs. 34 +/- 22 years; P = 0.018), those living in rural areas (5.4% vs. 0% in urban areas; P = 0.01), and individuals with risk professions (prevalence 2.8% vs. 0%; P = 0.048). None of the five recent infections detected by MAC-ELISA was confirmed by PRNT. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest past circulation and exposure of the human population to WNV in southern Spain.
A Yeast Hybrid Provides Insight into the Evolution of Gene Expression Regulation

Gene Expression in Hybrids A large proportion of genes differ in their expression patterns between closely related species, and this divergence is believed to be an important driver of phenotypic evolution. However, little is known about the genetic basis of this divergence. Tirosh et al. (p. 659) use allele-specific expression profiling of two yeast species and their hybrid to identify which genes diverged in expression owing to changes in their genomic loci (cis) and which genes diverged owing to changes in their regulators (trans). The data can be used to explain the distinct gene expression pattern observed in the hybrid. Analysis of two yeast species and their hybrid reveals the role of cis and trans effects in the evolution of gene expression. During evolution, novel phenotypes emerge through changes in gene expression, but the genetic basis is poorly understood. We compared the allele-specific expression of two yeast species and their hybrid, which allowed us to distinguish changes in regulatory sequences of the gene itself (cis) from changes in upstream regulatory factors (trans). Expression divergence between species was generally due to changes in cis. Divergence in trans reflected a differential response to the environment and explained the tendency of certain genes to diverge rapidly. Hybrid-specific expression, deviating from the parental range, occurred through novel cis-trans interactions or, more often, through modified trans regulation associated with environmental sensing. These results provide insights on the regulatory changes in cis and trans during the divergence of species and upon hybridization.
Methionine‐rich storage protein gene in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, is expressed during diapause in response to cold acclimation

Gene expressions of acclimatized and non‐acclimatized diapausing larvae were examined in Chilo suppressalis using a subtraction technique. A gene encoding a methionine‐rich storage protein, CsSP1, was cloned and its complete cDNA sequence was determined. Potentially, CsSP1 encoded a 758‐amino acid protein, with a calculated molecular weight of 88.8 kDa. The expression level of CsSP1 was higher in nondiapausing larvae than in diapausing ones. The CsSP1 expression was up‐regulated in diapausing larvae when the temperature of cold acclimation was shifted to 5 °C. The up‐regulated level was maintained at 40 days after incubation at 5 °C. In nondiapausing larvae, CsSP1 expression was down‐regulated when the temperature was below developmental zero. Involvement of CsSP1 in diapause, cold tolerance acquisition and postdiapause development in C. suppressalis is discussed.
Ocular and Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials to 500 Hz Fz Bone-Conducted Vibration in Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) on the n10 component of the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP n10) and the p13-n23 component of the cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP p13-n23) evoked by 500 Hz bone-conducted vibration (BCV) at the midline forehead at the hairline (Fz) in 26 patients with computed tomography-verified SSCD. Previous evidence has led to the proposal that the oVEMP n10 is of utricular origin whereas the cVEMP p13-n23 is of saccular origin. The question is can the oVEMP n10 to 500 Hz BCV indicate SSCD? Design: A hand-held Bruel & Kjaer 4810 Minishaker was used to provide BCV stimulation using surface electromyography electrodes to record oVEMP n10 and cVEMP p13-n23. The stimulus was 7 msec bursts of 500 Hz BCV at either Fz or at the vertex of the skull (Cz). Twenty-seven healthy subjects were tested in the same paradigm. Results: In response to 500 Hz Fz BCV in SSCD patients the oVEMP n10 amplitude beneath the contraSSCD eye was substantially and significantly larger than the oVEMP n10 beneath the ipsiSSCD eye, whereas in these same patients the cVEMP p13-n23 amplitude over the ipsiSSCD sternocleidomastoid muscle to Fz BCV was slightly but significantly larger than the cVEMP p13-n23 amplitude over the contraSSCD sternocleidomastoid muscle. In SSCD patients there was a significant relationship between the size of the dehiscence and the amplitude of the contralateral oVEMP n10 potential. The oVEMP n10 to Cz stimulation was still present in SSCD patients, but small or absent in healthy subjects. Conclusions: In response to 500 Hz Fz BCV an asymmetrical oVEMP n10 with a significantly increased amplitude of contralesional oVEMP n10 (compared with population values of healthy subjects) is a simple useful indicator of SSCD, confirmed by the Cz response. oVEMP testing with 500 Hz Fz BCV allows very simple, very fast identification of a probable unilateral SSCD.
Cardiovascular control during concomitant dynamic leg exercise and static arm exercise in humans

1 Skeletal muscle blood flow is thought to be determined by a balance between sympathetic vasoconstriction and metabolic vasodilatation. The purpose of this study was to assess the importance of high levels of sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in control of blood flow to human skeletal muscle during dynamic exercise. 2 Muscle sympathetic nerve activity to the exercising leg was increased by static or static ischaemic arm exercise added to on‐going dynamic leg exercise. Ten subjects performed light (20 W) or moderate (40 W) dynamic knee extension for 6 min with one leg alone or concomitant with bilateral static handgrip at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction force with or without forearm muscle ischaemia or post‐exercise forearm muscle ischaemia. 3 Muscle sympathetic nerve activity was measured by microneurography (peroneal nerve) and leg muscle blood flow by a constant infusion thermodilution technique (femoral vein). 4 Activation of an exercise pressor reflex from the arms, causing a 2‐ to 4‐fold increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity and a 15–32% increase in mean arterial blood pressure, did not affect blood flow to the dynamically exercising leg muscles at any level of leg exercise. Leg vascular conductance was reduced in line with the higher perfusion pressure. 5 The results demonstrate that the vasoconstrictor effects of high levels of muscle sympathetic nerve activity does not affect blood flow to human skeletal muscle exercising at moderate intensities. One question remaining is whether the observed decrease in muscle vascular conductance is the result of sympathetic vasoconstriction or metabolic autoregulation of muscle blood flow.