Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Food Web Responses to Augmenting the Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Bare and Animal Manure-Mulched Soil

: Factorial treatments of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and composted, manure mulches were evaluated for two years in a central Florida citrus orchard to study the post-application biology of EPN used to manage the root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus . Mulch treatments were applied once each year to study the effects of altering the community of EPN competitors (free-living bactivorous nematodes) and antagonists (nematophagous fungi (NF), predaceous nematodes and some microarthro-pods). EPN were augmented once with Steinernema riobrave in 2004 and twice in 2005. Adding EPN to soil affected the prevalence of organisms at several trophic levels, but the effects were often ephemeral and sometimes inconsistent. EPN augmentation always increased the mortality of sentinel weevil larvae, the prevalence of free-living nematodes in sentinel cadavers and the prevalence of trapping NF. Subsequent to the insecticidal effects of EPN augmentation in 2004, but not 2005, EPN became temporarily less prevalent, and fewer sentinel weevil larvae died in EPN-augmented compared to non-augmented plots. Manure mulch had variable effects on endoparasitic NF, but consistently decreased the prevalence of trapping NF and increased the prevalence of EPN and the sentinel mortality. Both temporal and spatial abundance of NF were inversely related to the prevalence of Steinernema diaprepesi , whereas Heterorhabditis zealandica prevalence was positively correlated with NF over time. The number of weevil larvae killed by EPN was likely greatest in 2005, due in part to non-target effects of augmentation on the endemic EPN community in 2004 that occurred during a period of peak weevil recruitment into the soil. IPM, nematophagous fungi, post-application biol- ogy, survival, trophic cascades.
Diversification in the venture capital industry: leveraging knowledge under uncertainty

This study contributes to the research on the effect of diversification on performance under conditions of uncertainty. More specifically, we examine diversification in the context of venture capital firms. Drawing on the knowledge and organizational learning literature, we hypothesize that firms benefit from either low levels of diversification because of efficiencies in processing knowledge or high levels of diversification because of access to broad information that facilitates solving complex problems and the ability to direct a portfolio company down different trajectories. Consistent with our hypotheses, we find a U-shaped relationship. Firms benefit from either low or high levels of diversification; moderate levels yield the poorest results. When uncertainty is highest (i.e., early stage investing, no coinvestors), the effects are most pronounced. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Market Timing and Investment Selection: Evidence from Real Estate Investors

We examine commercial real estate fund managers’ abilities to generate abnormal profits through selection of outperforming property submarket segments or through the timing of entry into and exit from submarkets. The vast majority of portfolio managers exhibit little market timing ability, with the exception of non-NYSE real estate investment trusts after the financial crisis. A substantial fraction of managers seems able to successfully select property submarkets. Selection performance exhibits significant persistence. Managers that are active in more liquid markets tend to exhibit better timing performance, while managers exhibiting better selection ability appear to be active in less liquid markets.
Managerial Risk-Taking Incentives and Merger Decisions

We provide evidence concerning the effect of managerial risk-taking incentives on merger and acquisition (M&A) decisions and outcomes for different types of mergers: vertical, horizontal, and diversifying. Using chief executive officer (CEO) relative inside leverage to proxy for the incentives of risk-averse managers, we find that CEOs with higher inside leverage are more likely to engage in vertical mergers, and those mergers generate lower announcement returns for shareholders. This effect of CEO relative inside leverage on returns for shareholders in vertical acquisitions is more pronounced when the acquirer has a higher degree of informational opacity, weak governance, and excess cash.
A scoping review on bio-aerosols in healthcare and the dental environment

Background Bio-aerosols originate from different sources and their potentially pathogenic nature may form a hazard to healthcare workers and patients. So far no extensive review on existing evidence regarding bio-aerosols is available. Objectives This study aimed to review evidence on bio-aerosols in healthcare and the dental setting. The objectives were 1) What are the sources that generate bio-aerosols? ; 2) What is the microbial load and composition of bio-aerosols and how were they measured? ; and 3) What is the hazard posed by pathogenic micro-organisms transported via the aerosol route of transmission? Methods Systematic scoping review design. Searched in PubMed and EMBASE from inception to 09-03-2016. References were screened and selected based on abstract and full text according to eligibility criteria. Full text articles were assessed for inclusion and summarized. The results are presented in three separate objectives and summarized for an overview of evidence. Results The search yielded 5,823 studies, of which 62 were included. Dental hand pieces were found to generate aerosols in the dental settings. Another 30 sources from human activities, interventions and daily cleaning performances in the hospital also generate aerosols. Fifty-five bacterial species, 45 fungi genera and ten viruses were identified in a hospital setting and 16 bacterial and 23 fungal species in the dental environment. Patients with certain risk factors had a higher chance to acquire Legionella in hospitals. Such infections can lead to irreversible septic shock and death. Only a few studies found that bio-aerosol generating procedures resulted in transmission of infectious diseases or allergic reactions. Conclusion Bio-aerosols are generated via multiple sources such as different interventions, instruments and human activity. Bio-aerosols compositions reported are heterogeneous in their microbiological composition dependent on the setting and methodology. Legionella species were found to be a bio-aerosol dependent hazard to elderly and patients with respiratory complaints. But all aerosols can be can be hazardous to both patients and healthcare workers.
Slow oscillatory activity of rat globus pallidus neurons in vitro

The neurons in the external segment of the pallidum in the primate develop a characteristic firing pattern consisting of alternately occurring long, 2–20 s, strongly active phases and long completely silent phases when the subthalamo‐pallidal excitatory inputs are blocked. The induction of the activity might be a factor in the development of dyskinesias after the loss of subthalamic output. In this study, we used globus pallidus (GPe) slice preparations obtained from juvenile rats to examined the conditions that support the alternatively occurring long depolarized and hyperpolarized phases which we refer to as the slow oscillation (SO). SO was not induced by the blockade of glutamatergic inputs but was induced by treatments that depolarized dendrites and, at the same time, hyperpolarized the somata with current injections. The treatments included elevation of extracellular K+, application of K‐current blockers and the lowering of extracellular Ca2+. Application of TTX or intracellular BAPTA injection blocked the SO, while the SO could be maintained in hyperpolarization‐activated inward current blockers, organic Ca‐current blockers and up to 200 µm CdCl2. These results suggest that Na currents play a major role in the generation of SO in vitro. It can be speculated that Na currents are involved in the development of active phases observed in the GPe after blockade of the glutamatergic inputs in vivo and that the unique property of GPe neurons in maintaining strong activity after the elimination of the glutamatergic driving force contributes to the development of motor disorders such as dyskinesia.
UNDERSTANDING PRODUCTION CONTRACTS: TESTING AN AGENCY THEORY MODEL

Production contracts are increasingly important in American agriculture. Unfortunately, little is known about the fundamental forces governing their adoption and design. In order to better-understand the underlying incentives, we construct and test an agency-theoretic model of broiler production contracts. We discuss the analysis' implications for industry participants and government policy.
Genre of Music and Lyrical Content: Expectation Effects.

This study was designed to examine whether people's expectations differ regarding how music lyrics affect individual behavior as a function of music genre. Because legislative attention and media publicity have been biased against certain types of popular music (i.e., heavy metal and rap), the authors expected that those genres of music would be viewed more negatively than other genres of popular music, for which there has been little or no negative publicity (i.e., pop and country). Participants (N = 160 college students) rated their perceptions of how the lyrical content of a song would affect listeners' behavior. The authors presented prosocial or antisocial lyrical passages to students (N = 160) under the guise of four musical genres (heavy metal, rap, pop, and country). Participants rated the potential impact of the lyrics on listeners' behavior. Findings indicated that lyrics labeled as heavy metal or rap were perceived as less likely to inspire prosocial behavior but not more likely to inspire antisocial behavior than the same lyrics labeled as country or pop.
Structure and relaxation in liquid and amorphous selenium

We report a molecular dynamics simulation of selenium, described by a three-body interaction. The temperatures ${T}_{g}$ and ${T}_{c}$ and the structural properties are in agreement with experiment. The mean nearest neighbor coordination number is 2.1. A small prepeak at about $1 {\AA{}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ can be explained in terms of void correlations. In the intermediate self-scattering function, i.e., the density fluctuation correlation, classical behavior, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ regimes, is found. We also observe the plateau in the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ regime below ${T}_{g}. $ In a second step, we investigated the heterogeneous and/or homogeneous behavior of the relaxations. At both short and long times the relaxations are homogeneous (or weakly heterogeneous). In the intermediate time scale, lowering the temperature increases the heterogeneity. We connect these different domains to the vibrational (ballistic), $\ensuremath{\beta}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ regimes. We have also shown that the increase in heterogeneity can be understood in terms of relaxations.
Homogenization of Elliptic Difference Operators

We develop some aspects of general homogenization theory for second order elliptic difference operators and consider several models of homogenization problems for random discrete elliptic operators with rapidly oscillating coefficients. More precisely, we study the asymptotic behavior of effective coefficients for a family of random difference schemes whose coefficients can be obtained by the discretization of random high-contrast checker-board structures. Then we compare, for various discretization methods, the effective coefficients obtained with the homogenized coefficients for corresponding differential operators.
The effect of knowledge management resource inputs on organizational effectiveness in the restaurant industry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine knowledge management resource inputs that affect organizational effectiveness in the restaurant industry.Design/methodology/approach – The target population of this paper was restaurant employees. Data were collected using online surveys. Data analysis for this paper included frequency table, t‐test, one‐way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis.Findings – The paper finds knowledge management resource inputs influence organizational effectiveness in a restaurant. The results reveal that the significant knowledge management resource inputs that affected organizational effectiveness were information technology, incentive, and a knowledge sharing culture. Information technology turns out to be the most important input followed by incentive and a knowledge sharing culture to improve organizational effectiveness.Research limitations/implications – First, data collection from self‐repot surveys can threaten the validity of the paper. Second, this paper did not.
Are Ureaplasma spp. a Cause of Nongonococcal Urethritis? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is the most common male reproductive tract syndrome. Ureaplasmas spp. including U. urealyticum and U. parvum, have been increasingly reported to be implicated in NGU. However, there are still many contradictions about their pathogenic role in NGU. Aims The goals of this study were to evaluate the association of Ureaplasmas spp. with NGU, and to compare the prevalence of Ureaplasmas spp. infection in China relative to the world average. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following standard guidelines for meta-analysis. The quality of included studies was assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results A total of seven studies involving 1,507 NGU patients and 1,223 controls were eligible for meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in the Ureaplasma spp. positive rate between the NGU and control groups. However, the U. urealyticum positive rate was significantly higher in NGU patients compared to controls; the U. parvum positive rate was significantly higher in controls compared to NGU patients. Furthermore, within the NGU patient group, the positive rate of U. urealyticum was significantly higher than that of U. parvum, whereas within the control group, the opposite trend was observed. Compared to the world average, a significantly higher positive rate of Ureaplasma spp. was observed in both the NGU and control groups in China. Conclusions Our analysis supports that U. urealyticum, but not U. parvum, is an etiological agent in NGU. More detailed studies of these two species in China and the world could contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis, and facilitate the development of better strategies for treatment and prevention of NGU.
Determinants of Corporate Default: Systematic Distress, Sectoral Distress and Credit Contagion

This paper studies the effects of systematic distress and sectoral distress in the context of default/bankruptcy prediction using a large sample of U.S. public company default data from 1991 to 2009. I construct measures to proxy for economy-wide systematic distress and sectoral distress based on distance to default, which is a powerful proxy to evaluate a firm's credit risk. I find that including such distress factors as covariates can improve the intensity model's performance to predict defaults. Therefore the systematic and sectoral distress factors are important macroeconomic and industry-level covariates that are missing in the previous literature. I also examine the credit contagion effects using the Hawkes specification. Contrary to Lando and Nielson (2010), I find strong evidence that credit contagion effects do exist in the sample. After adding the systematic and sectoral distress factors to such model, the credit contagion effects are much less significant which indicates that these distress measures are able to capture the pre-default as well as post-default contagion effects.
Intensity‐dependent constitutional MLH1 promoter methylation leads to early onset of colorectal cancer by affecting both alleles

Constitutional epimutation is one of the causes for MLH1 gene inactivation associated with hereditary non‐polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) syndrome. Here we investigate MLH1 promoter hypermethylation in 110 sporadic early‐onset colorectal cancer patients. Variable levels of hypermethylation were detected in 55 patients (50%). Importantly a reduced MLH1 gene expression was found in patients with high‐level methylation, with the association of microsatellite instability (MSI) in their tumor cells. Such high‐level methylation accounts for 7.4% of all patients included in this study. Furthermore, we found that in one case constitutional methylation affected both alleles, indicating a post‐zygotic methylation dysregulation. Our findings suggest that constitutional epimutation is a mechanism underlying early‐onset colorectal cancer, although it is involved in only a small proportion of patients, who require appropriate surveillance. Our findings provide further insight into the role of aberrant constitutional methylation in colon carcinogenesis and raise the question of whether prevalent low‐level methylation constitutes a potential risk factor for cancer development. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LUMINOUS SATELLITES. II. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, LUMINOSITY FUNCTION, AND COSMIC EVOLUTION

We infer the normalization and the radial and angular distributions of the number density of satellites of massive galaxies (log10[M*h/M☉] > 10.5) between redshifts 0.1 and 0.8 as a function of host stellar mass, redshift, morphology, and satellite luminosity. Exploiting the depth and resolution of the COSMOS Hubble Space Telescope images, we detect satellites up to 8 mag fainter than the host galaxies and as close as 0.3 (1.4) arcsec (kpc). Describing the number density profile of satellite galaxies to be a projected power law such that , we find γp = −1.1 ± 0.3. We find no dependency of γp on host stellar mass, redshift, morphology, or satellite luminosity. Satellites of early-type hosts have angular distributions that are more flattened than the host light profile and are aligned with its major axis. No significant average alignment is detected for satellites of late-type hosts. The number of satellites within a fixed magnitude contrast from a host galaxy is dependent on its stellar mass, with more massive galaxies hosting significantly more satellites. Furthermore, high-mass late-type hosts have significantly fewer satellites than early-type galaxies of the same stellar mass, possibly indicating that they reside in more massive halos. No significant evolution in the number of satellites per host is detected. The cumulative luminosity function of satellites is qualitatively in good agreement with that predicted using SubHalo Abundance Matching techniques. However, there are significant residual discrepancies in the absolute normalization, suggesting that properties other than the host galaxy luminosity or stellar mass determine the number of satellites.
Risk measures in strategic management research: auld lang syne?

Risk is an integral component of strategic management decisions and often appears as an element of empirical studies reported in the strategic management literature. Recent methodological research in the financial economics and management science literatures has, however, raised serious questions about the strategic management literature’s two most widely used measures of firm and business‐level risk: beta (or its derivatives) from the Capital Asset Pricing Model and simple variance (or its variants). This research reviews risk studies published in leading management journals in the past 15 years and summarizes the recent methodological findings in the adjacent literatures. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of risk in strategic management and assess alternative measures of risk and conclude with a discussion of directions for future strategy research. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary Counseling Practices and Perceived Barriers Among Utah Dental Hygienists

Diet related factors are associated with the 2 most prevalent oral diseases- caries and periodontal disease. Furthermore, there is growing evidence of a synergistic link between nutrition, systemic health, and oral health. Regardless of this evidence and in spite of recommendations by dental associations, researchers have shown the majority of dental professionals are consistently excluding nutritional screenings and dietary counseling in their dental services. The purpose of this study was to examine the nutritional screening and dietary counseling practices of Utah dental hygienists and to evaluate possible associations between various factors influencing the implementation of nutritional services. Surveys were collected from members of the Utah Dental Hygienists’ Association. Mean scores showed low frequency and low confidence levels in performing nutritional services and high perceptions of barriers to care. Little to no difference in mean scores occurred when differentiating between degree achievements, years in dental hygiene practice, or component affiliation.
3C framework for modular supply networks in the Chinese automotive industry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is aimed at understanding and identifying the context, capability requirements, and configurations (3Cs) of modular supply networks in the Chinese automotive industry.Design/methodology/approach – In an attempt to specify the main elements of modular supply networks, a case study and 3C framework approach analyze different network contexts. The framework considers not only the capabilities of product design, production, inbound logistics, and information sharing, but also the configuration of the role structure, process structure, and information structure that helps achieve these capabilities.Findings – This paper analyzes two types of modular supply network, directly reflecting the degrees of involvement in the modularity logic of the module supplier and the automaker, which largely depend on their corporate strategy toward technology innovation. In a fully integrated module supply network, the module supplier needs sufficient capability for upstream supply network in.
Effect of cytokines on the production of endothelin by endothelial cells.

OBJECTIVE Circulating levels of endothelin (ET), a potent vasoconstrictor peptide and a mitogen for smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, are reported to be increased in a variety of human diseases characterized by vascular pathology. In view of the probable immune bases for vascular injury in connective tissue disorders, we examined the effect of the cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin on the production of ET-1 by cultured vascular endothelial cells. RESULTS ET levels in endothelial cell conditioned media were measured by radioimmunoassay. IL-4 and lymphotoxin had no effect on ET release by endothelial cells, while IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha stimulated ET mRNA expression and ET release in a dose dependent fashion. IL-6 was the most potent stimulator and IL-1 was the least effective. The addition of neutralizing antibodies to the cytokines inhibited the observed increase in ET release. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cytokines may play a significant role in the control of vascular tone. Furthermore, cytokines may indirectly contribute to the development of proliferative vascular lesions by stimulating smooth muscle and interstitial cell proliferation through their effects on endothelin release by the vascular endothelium.