Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the reconstruction of locally finite trees

We prove a theorem saying, when taken together with previous results of Bondy, Hemminger, and Thomassen, that every locally finite, infinite tree not containing a subdivision of the dyadic tree (i. e., the regular tree of degree 3) is uniquely determined, up to isomorphism, from its collection of vertex-deleted subgraphs. Furthermore, as another partial result concerning the reconstruction of locally finite trees, we show that the same is true for locally finite trees whose set of vertices of degree s is nonempty and finite (for some positive integer s).
Direct assessment of lung function in COPD using CT densitometric measures

To investigate whether lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be directly predicted using CT densitometric measures and assess the underlying prediction errors as compared with the traditional spirometry-based measures. A total of 600 CT examinations were collected from a COPD study. In addition to the entire lung volume, the extent of emphysema depicted in each CT examination was quantified using density mask analysis (densitometry). The partial least square regression was used for constructing the prediction model, where a repeated random split-sample validation was employed. For each split, we randomly selected 400 CT exams for training (regression) purpose and the remaining 200 exams for assessing performance in prediction of lung function (e.g., FEV1 and FEV1/FVC) and disease severity. The absolute and percentage errors as well as their standard deviations were computed. The averaged percentage errors in prediction of FEV1, FEV1/FVC%, TLC, RV/TLC% and DLco% predicted were 33%, 17%, 9%, 18% and 23%, respectively. When classifying the exams in terms of disease severity grades using the CT measures, 37% of the subjects were correctly classified with no error and 83% of the exams were either correctly classified or classified into immediate neighboring categories. The linear weighted kappa and quadratic weighted kappa were 0.54 (moderate agreement) and 0.72 (substantial agreement), respectively. Despite the existence of certain prediction errors in quantitative assessment of lung function, the CT densitometric measures could be used to relatively reliably classify disease severity grade of COPD patients in terms of GOLD.
Combining and benchmarking methods of foetal ECG extraction without maternal or scalp electrode data

Despite significant advances in adult clinical electrocardiography (ECG) signal processing techniques and the power of digital processors, the analysis of non-invasive foetal ECG (NI-FECG) is still in its infancy. The Physionet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2013 addresses some of these limitations by making a set of FECG data publicly available to the scientific community for evaluation of signal processing techniques. The abdominal ECG signals were first preprocessed with a band-pass filter in order to remove higher frequencies and baseline wander. A notch filter to remove power interferences at 50 Hz or 60 Hz was applied if required. The signals were then normalized before applying various source separation techniques to cancel the maternal ECG. These techniques included: template subtraction, principal/independent component analysis, extended Kalman filter and a combination of a subset of these methods (FUSE method). Foetal QRS detection was performed on all residuals using a Pan and Tompkins QRS detector and the residual channel with the smoothest foetal heart rate time series was selected. The FUSE algorithm performed better than all the individual methods on the training data set. On the validation and test sets, the best Challenge scores obtained were E1 = 179.44, E2 = 20.79, E3 = 153.07, E4 = 29.62 and E5 = 4.67 for events 1–5 respectively using the FUSE method. These were the best Challenge scores for E1 and E2 and third and second best Challenge scores for E3, E4 and E5 out of the 53 international teams that entered the Challenge. The results demonstrated that existing standard approaches for foetal heart rate estimation can be improved by fusing estimators together. We provide open source code to enable benchmarking for each of the standard approaches described.
Running Injuries: A Clinical Study of 4,173 Cases

This retrospective study reports on 4,173 running injuries seen on referral over a 4-year period at a sports medicine clinic. Runners were grouped as recreational, marathon, or middle distance runners on the basis of their training, and data was examined for groupwise differences in age, gender, anatomical site of injury, diagnosis, and time of year the injury presented. Additionally, the results were compared to those of a 1981 study of 1,819 injuries from the same population in order to determine changes in injury patterns over time. The knee was the most common site of injury, with patellofemoral pain syndrome the most common overall diagnosis, although there were significant differences between the training groups for both injury site and diagnosis. The pattern of injuries has changed over the interval between the two studies, with a higher proportion of knee injuries and a relatively lower frequency of lower leg and foot injuries, and much of this change is attributed to improvements in footwear technology.
The release of tumor necrosis factor–α is associated with ischemic tolerance in human stroke

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α overexpression has been related to experimental ischemic tolerance when transient ischemia precedes cerebral infarction. We investigated TNF‐α and interleukin (IL)–6 plasma concentrations in 283 patients with an acute stroke within 24 hours after symptom onset. An ipsilateral transient ischemic attack (TIA) within 72 hours before stroke was recorded in 38 patients. The infarct volume measured on computed tomography on days 4 to 7 and the frequency of poor outcome (Barthel Index score < 85) at 3 months were significantly lower in patients with prior TIA. Plasma concentrations of TNF‐α were higher (42.5 ± 9.9 vs 13.1 ± 6.4pg/ml, p < 0.0001) and IL‐6 levels were lower (10.1 ± 6.2 vs 28.3 ± 17.3pg/ml, p < 0.0001) in patients with prior TIA. A new variable termed TNF‐α/IL‐6 index was considered positive when TNF‐α was greater than 30pg/ml and IL‐6 was less than 30pg/ml. Positive TNF‐α/IL‐6 index was found in 92% of patients with prior TIA and in 1% of those without. TNF‐α/IL‐6 index (p = 0.0003) and TIA (p = 0.0001) were associated with good outcome in logistic regression analysis after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Ischemic tolerance in acute stroke is associated with increased plasma levels of TNF‐α in the presence of reduced concentrations of IL‐6. Ann Neurol 2003;54:811–819
In vitro arrhythmia generation by mild hypothermia: a pitchfork bifurcation type process

The neurological damage after cardiac arrest presents a huge challenge for hospital discharge. Therapeutic hypothermia (34 °C − 32 °C) has shown its benefits in reducing cerebral oxygen demand and improving neurological outcomes after cardiac arrest. However, it can have many adverse effects, among them cardiac arrhythmia generation which represents an important part (up to 34%, according different clinical studies). A monolayer cardiac culture is prepared with cardiomyocytes from a newborn rat, directly on a multi-electrode array, which allows the acquisition of the extracellular potential of the culture. The temperature range is 37 °C − 30 °C–37 °C, representing the cooling and rewarming process of therapeutic hypothermia. Experiments showed that at 35 °C, the acquired signals are characterized by period-doubling phenomenon, compared with signals at other temperatures. Spiral waves, commonly considered to be a sign of cardiac arrhythmia, are observed in the reconstructed activation map. With an approach from nonlinear dynamics, phase space reconstruction, it is shown that at 35 °C, the trajectories of these signals formed a spatial bifurcation, even trifurcation. Another transit point is found between 30 °C–33 °C, which agreed with other clinical studies that induced hypothermia after cardiac arrest should not fall below 32 °C. The process of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest can be represented by a pitchfork bifurcation type process, which could explain the different ratios of arrhythmia among the adverse effects after this therapy. This nonlinear dynamic suggests that a variable speed of cooling/rewarming, especially when passing 35 °C, would help to decrease the ratio of post-hypothermia arrhythmia and then improve the hospital output.
Potential deficiencies of a pastoral diet: A case study of the Maasai

The staple diet of the Maasai is cow's milk and maizemeal, neither of which are rich in iron or ascorbic acid. In view of this, the seasonal variation in food iron, and ascorbic acid intakes of Maasai women and children was determined from bi‐monthly 24‐hour recalls, validated against 3‐day weighed intakes, over a one‐year period. Subjects were screened for signs of iron and ascorbic acid deficiencies. Iron intakes from food were low but water was found to be an important source of iron for all age groups except young children for whom the prevalence of anaemia was greatest. Intestinal parasites were not a major problem but malaria was endemic. Milk provided most of the ascorbic acid and, although intakes were low, they were above the minimum level to prevent clinical signs of deficiency.
Segurança alimentar e nutricional de crianças menores de dois anos de famílias de trabalhadores rurais Sem Terra

To date little is known of health, nutrition and food safety conditions of children living in rural camps and settlements. The present cross-sectional descriptive study seeks to present and discuss such conditions for children under two years of age in families of landless rural workers in the Central Western region of the State of Parana. The study was conducted with a total of 337 children under two years of age in families living in two rural settlements and two rural camps. The main variables related with protein-energy malnutrition were assessed. Results indicated that the prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition was 4.7% in settlements and 10% in camps. Home location, home type and the possibility of producing food for private consumption were the distal variables that influenced most the nutritional status of the pediatric population analyzed. This study established that the search for nutritional and food safety must consider the right of accessing resources and proper means to produce safe and healthy foods in order to enable adequate feeding compatible with the habits and practices of the region.
Targeting CD20 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common leukemia in adults, is standardly managed with chemotherapy in combination with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. In this review, we discuss the history, use, and evolution of rituximab in the treatment of CLL and explore the next generation CD20 antibodies ofatumumab and obinutuzumab with a focus on recent clinical trials. Increased understanding of the importance of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling in CLL has resulted in the development of several drugs with significant clinical activ - ity that are ideally suited for combination with CD20 therapy as is being currently explored. Moving forward, these developments have the potential to result in treatment regimens that do not include traditional chemotherapeutic agents, which is of particular importance in CLL given the late onset of diagnosis and potential frailty of the patients.
Acoustofluidic bacteria separation

Bacterial separation from human blood samples can help with the identification of pathogenic bacteria for sepsis diagnosis. In this work, we report an acoustofluidic device for label-free bacterial separation from human blood samples. In particular, we exploit the acoustic radiation force generated from a tilted-angle standing surface acoustic wave (taSSAW) field to separate Escherichia coli from human blood cells based on their size difference. Flow cytometry analysis of the E. coli separated from red blood cells shows a purity of more than 96%. Moreover, the label-free electrochemical detection of the separated E. coli displays reduced non-specific signals due to the removal of blood cells. Our acoustofluidic bacterial separation platform has advantages such as label-free separation, high biocompatibility, flexibility, low cost, miniaturization, automation, and ease of in-line integration. The platform can be incorporated with an on-chip sensor to realize a point-of-care sepsis diagnostic device.
Radius two trees specify χ-bounded classes

A class of graphs χ is said to be χ-bounded, with χ-binding function f, if for all G ϵ Γ, χ (G) ≦ f (ω(G)), where χ(G) is the chromatic number of G and ω(G) is the clique number of G. It has been conjectured that for every tree T, the class of graphs that do not induce T is χ-bounded. We show that this is true in the case where T is a tree of radius two. © 1994 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Leishmaniose tegumentar americana: histórico, epidemiologia e perspectivas de controle

A Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) e uma doenca causada por protozoarios do genero Leishmania, transmitida ao homem pela picada de mosquitos flebotomineos (Ordem Diptera; Familia Psychodidae; Sub-Familia Phlebotominae). No Brasil existem atualmente 6 especies de Leishmania responsaveis pela doenca humana, e mais de 200 especies de flebotomineos implicados em sua transmissao. Trata-se de uma doenca que acompanha o homem desde tempos remotos e que tem apresentado, nos ultimos 20 anos, um aumento do numero de casos e ampliacao de sua ocorrencia geografica, sendo encontrada atualmente em todos os Estados brasileiros, sob diferentes perfis epidemiologicos. Estima-se que, entre 1985 e 2003, ocorreram 523.975 casos autoctones, a sua maior parte nas regioes Nordeste e Norte do Brasil. Neste estudo, sao discutidos aspectos relacionados ao tratamento e ao controle dessa doenca, assim como tambem as dificuldades para a implementacao dessas medidas. Sao apontadas alternativas que passam pela estruturacao dos servicos de saude, com respeito ao diagnostico, no desenvolvimento de drogas de aplicacao topica ou por via oral, no desenvolvimento de vacinas, no controle diferenciado de vetores e no aprofundamento de estudos relacionados a biologia celular do parasita.
Body mass index of adults with intellectual disability participating in Special Olympics by world region.

BACKGROUND People with intellectual disability (ID) experience poorer health and have more unmet health needs compared with people without ID, and they are often absent from population health surveillance. The aim of this study was to describe the body mass index (BMI) status of adult Special Olympics participants by world region and gender. Additionally, the general influence of age and gender on overweight/obesity of all participants was explored. METHOD A total of 11 643 (7150 male and 4493 female) Special Olympics BMI records were available from the Special Olympics International Health Promotion database. BMI was compared by gender and world region. Logistic regression was used to examine whether age and gender were associated with the likelihood of being overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25.0). RESULTS Overall, 5.5% of the sample was underweight, 36.1% in the normal range, 24.7% overweight and 32.1% obese, and levels of overweight/obesity were very high in North America. Both age and gender were significant predictors of overweight/obesity (odds ratios 1.06 and 0.59, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that adult Special Olympics participants have high levels of overweight and obesity; particularly among women and those from North America. It is crucial that those who work with, care for, coach and live with adults with ID who participate in Special Olympics increase efforts to promote healthy weight status.
The significance of aspects of screening for obstructive sleep apnoea in children with Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND The sleep problems of children with intellectual disabilities remains a relatively neglected topic in spite of the consistent reports that such problems are common, often severe and persistent with potentially serious consequences for the children and their families. Children with Down syndrome (DS) are a case in point. They often suffer from obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), early detection of which is recommended because of its potentially adverse effects on development. This study is concerned with aspects of assessment that have been considered important in helping to recognise OSA in children with DS. The relationships between different objective measures, and between these measures and parental reports of their child's sleep and daytime behaviour, were explored. METHOD Overnight recordings were carried out on a group of children with DS (n = 31) involving video and audio recording, oximetry and activity monitoring during sleep. Parents also completed questionnaires concerning their child's sleep and daytime behaviour. RESULTS Parents' reports of restless sleep and noisy breathing were supported by objective measures of activity during sleep and audio recording respectively. No significant association was found between objective measures of restlessness during sleep and 'snoring' (see later for definition), nor were objective measures of restlessness related to reductions in overnight blood oxygen levels. However, the objective measure of snoring was significantly associated with reductions in overnight blood oxygen levels. All three of the objective measures were significantly associated with parental reports of various types of disturbed daytime behaviour. CONCLUSIONS The findings have implications for aspects of screening for OSA in children with DS and for the interpretation of the relevance of the results to the children's daytime behaviour.
Sexual understanding, sources of information and social networks; the reports of young people with intellectual disabilities and their non-disabled peers.

BACKGROUND Sexual development plays a vital part in young people's emotional adjustment. METHOD This study compared the sexual understanding of 30 adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities (ID) and 30 non-disabled adolescents, along with their reports of where they obtained sexual information, and the nature of their social networks and support. RESULTS As expected, the non-disabled young people had superior levels of knowledge. However, an interaction was found between group and gender. The non-disabled young women had a better grasp of sexual matters than men, whereas the opposite was the case for those with ID. The non-disabled young people reported more formal and informal sources of sexual information and described larger social networks than those with ID. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the need to tackle the barriers to sexual knowledge faced by young people with ID, and the need to take account of the broader social context of their lives when doing so. This includes the attitudes to the developing sexuality of young women with ID in particular.
Serum miR-200c Is a Novel Prognostic and Metastasis-Predictive Biomarker in Patients With Colorectal Cancer

Objective:To evaluate the ability of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition–related microRNAs (miRNAs) as serum biomarkers for prognosis and prediction of metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Background:Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition–related miRNAs drive CRC progression and metastasis. However, their potential as serum biomarkers in CRC has not been studied. Methods:This was a 3-phase study using 446 colorectal specimens. In the first phase, we selected candidate miRNAs associated with metastasis by analyzing the expression of 4 miR-200 family members (miR-200b, -200c, -141, and -429) in serum samples from 12 patients with stage I and IV CRC. The second phase involved independent validation of candidate miRNAs in serum from 182 patients with CRC and 24 controls. Finally, we analyzed expression in matched 156 tumor tissues from 182 patients with CRC and an independent set of 20 matched primary CRC and corresponding liver metastases to identify the source of circulating miRNAs. Results:After initial screening, miR-200c was selected as the candidate serum miRNA best associated with metastasis. Validation analysis revealed that serum miR-200c levels were significantly higher in stage IV than in stage I–III CRCs. High serum miR-200c demonstrated a significant positive correlation with lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and prognosis (P = 0.0026, P = 0.0023, and P = 0.0064, respectively). More importantly, serum miR-200c was an independent predictor for lymph node metastasis (odds ratio: 4.81, 95% confidence interval: 1.98–11.7, P = 0.0005) and tumor recurrence (hazard ratio: 4.51, 95% confidence interval: 1.56–13.01, P = 0.005) and emerged as an independent prognostic marker for CRC (hazard ratio: 2.67, 95% confidence interval: 1.28–5.67, P = 0.01). Conclusions:Serum miR-200c has strong potential to serve as a noninvasive biomarker for CRC prognosis and predicting metastasis.
Prevalence of aggressive challenging behaviours in intellectual disability and its relationship to personality status: Jamaican study.

BACKGROUND Both the classification of personality disorder in intellectual disability (ID) and its identification in practice are deemed to be difficult. A simpler approach to classification and its relationship to challenging behaviours were tested in an adult Jamaican population with ID. METHOD The study was carried out in Kingston, Jamaica, as part of a programme of field trials to determine the utility of the proposed revision of personality disorders in the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), in a population of adults with ID living with their families or in supported care homes. Thirty-eight people with borderline (n = 5), mild (n = 16), moderate (n = 14) and severe (n = 3) ID were assessed at face-to-face interview and with relatives or staff using the provisional criteria for severity of personality disorder and its associated domain traits, and challenging behaviour was assessed using the Problem Behaviour Check List (PBCL) (a 5-point, 7-item scale). RESULTS Using the severity scale 18 patients (47%) had no personality disorder, 7 (18%) had personality difficulty, 9 (24%) had mild personality disorder, and 4 (11%) had moderate personality disorder. None of the sample had severe personality disorder in which there is high risk of harm to self or others. Of the four major trait domains, provisionally named anankastic, detached, emotional and dissocial, three were evenly distributed in those with personality disturbance with the antagonistic (antisocial) trait less commonly shown (6 only). Scores on the PBCL were higher in those with increasing severity of personality disorder (P = 0.03) and those in the antagonistic personality trait domain had the highest PCL scores. CONCLUSIONS Despite previous difficulties in assessing personality disorder in intellectual difficulties the ICD-11 classification was easy to administer in practice in this population, and the higher problem behaviour scores in those with greater severity of personality disturbance support its construct validity.
Cryopreserved arterial grafts as a conduit in outflow reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation

Few reports have addressed the use of cryopreserved arterial grafts (CAG) for anterior section drainage in right lobe living donor liver transplantation (RL LDLT), and the impact of atherosclerosis on patency rate (PR) is not well studied. Also, those reports have limited case numbers. The aim of the present study is to report the largest experience with CAG in outflow reconstruction in RL LDLT and the impact of atherosclerosis on its patency.