Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A unified continental thickness from seismology and diamonds suggests a melt-defined plate

A coherent depth for continental plates The thickness of the continental portion of Earth's cold and rigid surface plates is a source of debate. Tharimena et al. analyzed a specific type of seismic signal called SS precursors to provide a robust estimate of plate thickness under the continents (see the Perspective by Savage). The values range from 130 to 190 km, which lines up well with the depth where diamonds are stable—an independent line of evidence for the depth of continents. Science, this issue p. 580; see also p. 549 Reflection seismology constrains continental lithosphere thickness, which is likely tied to small amounts of melt. Thick, rigid continents move over the weaker underlying mantle, although geophysical and geochemical constraints on the exact thickness and defining mechanism of the continental plates are widely discrepant. Xenoliths suggest a chemical continental lithosphere ~175 kilometers thick, whereas seismic tomography supports a much thicker root (>250 kilometers) and a gradual lithosphere-asthenosphere transition, consistent with a thermal definition. We modeled SS precursor waveforms from continental interiors and found a 7 to 9% velocity drop at depths of 130 to 190 kilometers. The discontinuity depth is well correlated with the origin depths of diamond-bearing xenoliths and corresponds to the transition from coarse to deformed xenoliths. At this depth, the xenolith-derived geotherm also intersects the carbonate-silicate solidus, suggesting that partial melt defines the plate boundaries beneath the continental interior.
Conflict adaptation: It is not what you expect

In two studies, a vocal Stroop task with eight different colours was employed in order to put two core assumptions of the original interpretation of the Gratton effect to the test. We verified whether top-down control processes can elicit conflict adaptation when episodic memory effects are controlled for and to what extent proactive adjustments driven by the subjects' expectancy for congruency level repetition contribute to this effect. Therefore, we presented Stroop stimuli without feature repetitions and investigated whether the induced expectancy manipulation of raising the amount of either congruency level repetitions or alternations in a training phase transferred to an unmanipulated test phase. Over the two experiments, a sequential modulation of the Stroop effect was found in the absence of stimulus feature repetitions, strongly confirming a share for top-down control processes in bringing about the Gratton effect. In the condition where congruency level repetitions were raised, a strong Gratton effect was found. When congruency level alternations outnumbered repetitions, the Gratton effect disappeared completely. However, this difference seemed mainly due to cumulative effects of local, dynamic, trial-to-trial control adjustments rather than expectancy-induced attentional shifting. Once the transition probability changed back to 50% in the test phase of each experiment, a similar Gratton effect was found in both conditions. Taken together, these results are best explained in terms of dynamic reactive control.
The Relationship Between Intercondylar Notch Width of the Femur and the Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears

For 714 consecutive patients who underwent autogenous patellar tendon graft anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions we intraoperatively measured intercondylar notch width. We prospectively recorded height, weight, sex, and which patients subsequently tore their contralateral anterior cruciate ligament or the 10-mm autograft. The patients were divided into two groups based on notch width (group 1, 15 mm; group 2, 16 mm). The mean notch width was 13.9 2.2 mm for women and 15.9 2.5 mm for men. There was no statistically significant difference in notch width between height groups for women or men. Analysis showed that, with height and weight as covariates, women had statistically significantly narrower notches than men. Twenty-three of 388 patients in group 1 and 4 of 326 patients in group 2 tore their contralateral anterior cruciate ligaments. Within groups, no statistically significant differences in contralateral tear rates existed between men and women. Once the men and women had reconstructions with equally sized 10-mm autografts, there was no difference in graft tear rate between groups or between men and women. Our results show that patients with narrower notches have a higher incidence of tearing their contralateral anterior cruciate ligament. After reconstruction with a 10-mm autograft, the incidence of graft rupture is the same for men and women.
Plastic Senescence in the Honey Bee and the Disposable Soma Theory

The demonstration of life span plasticity in natural populations would provide a powerful test of evolutionary theories of senescence. Plastic senescence is not easily explained by mutation accumulation or antagonistic pleiotropy but is a corollary of the disposable soma theory. The life span differences among castes of the eusocial Hymenoptera are potentially some of the most striking and extreme examples of life span plasticity. Although these differences are often assumed to be plastic, this has never been demonstrated conclusively because differences in life span may be caused by the proximate effects of different levels of environmental hazard experienced by castes. Here age-dependent and age-independent components of instantaneous mortality rates of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) were estimated from published life tables for natural and seminatural populations to determine whether differences in life span between queens and workers and between different types of workers are indeed plastic. These differences in life span were found to be due to differences in the rate of actuarial senescence, which correlate positively with the rate of extrinsic mortality, in accordance with the central prediction of evolutionary theories of senescence. Although all three evolutionary theories of senescence could in principle explain such plastic senescence, given differential gene expression between castes or life stages, only the disposable soma theory adequately explains the adaptive regulation of somatic maintenance in response to different environmental conditions that appears to underlie life span plasticity.
Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Polyhydroxyflavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI

The active ingredients of ‘golden root’ of Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI (Huang-Qin), a valuable traditional Chinese medicine, are polyhydroxyflavonoids, namely baicalein, oroxylin A and wogonin. With the objective of overcoming their poor solubility and to investigate their structure and activity relationships, baicaleinyl 7-O-sulfate was prepared, and extensive comparative antioxidative and anti-inflammatory tests were conducted. All the polyhydroxyflavonoids exhibited significant antioxidative and free-radical scavenging activities. In respect of their nitric oxide (NO) inhibition, wogonin was superior to all the other flavonoids, while oroxylin A was most potent in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Wogonin proved to be the most potent (82.9% inhibition, p<0.05) in its anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema. There was a correlation between the in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity and the in-vitro antioxidative activities.
Hydrosocial territories: a political ecology perspective

ABSTRACT We define and explore hydrosocial territories as spatial configurations of people, institutions, water flows, hydraulic technology and the biophysical environment that revolve around the control of water. Territorial politics finds expression in encounters of diverse actors with divergent spatial and political-geographical interests. Their territory-building projections and strategies compete, superimpose and align to strengthen specific water-control claims. Thereby, actors continuously recompose the territory’s hydraulic grid, cultural reference frames, and political-economic relationships. Using a political ecology focus, we argue that territorial struggles go beyond battles over natural resources as they involve struggles over meaning, norms, knowledge, identity, authority and discourses.
Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers to Improve Use of Contraception in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review

This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers (CCT and UCT) on contraception in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Scientific and gray literature databases were searched from 1994 to 2016 and 11 papers from ten studies were included. Most of the studies had low risk of bias. Cash transfers were used for increasing school attendance or improving health and nutrition, but not directly for contraception. Three studies showed positive impact on contraceptive use and four showed a decrease in fertility outcomes. An increase in childbearing was observed in two studies, and three studies demonstrated no impact on fertility indicators. All studies treated contraceptive use or fertility only as unintended and indirect outcomes. The available evidence on impact of CCT and UCT on contraception is inconclusive due to the limited number of studies, varying outcome measures, and lack of intervention specifically for contraception.
Hypothalamic sites of catecholamine inhibition of luteinizing hormone in the anestrous ewe.

Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) actively inhibit the release of LH in anestrous ewes. This can be detected as an increase in LH pulse frequency following i.v. injection of NE and DA antagonists. The objective of this study was to determine the sites of these inhibitory actions in the ovine hypothalamus by using local administrations of the NE antagonist, phenoxybenzamine (PBZ), or the DA antagonist, pimozide (PIM), into specific hypothalamic areas. Each neurotransmitter antagonist was administered via a chronically implanted steel guide tube into either the preoptic area (POA), retrochiasmatic area (RCh), or the median eminence region (ME). Blood samples were taken every 15 min for 2 h before and 4 h during implantation of these drugs and were analyzed for LH and prolactin by RIA. Control (no treatment) samples were obtained similarly from the same animals on another day. Placement of PBZ into the POA significantly increased LH pulse frequency and mean LH concentrations over control values whereas PIM did not. In contrast, PIM significantly increased LH pulse frequency and mean LH concentrations when placed in the ME or in the RCh, but PBZ did not. No effects of PIM on prolactin concentrations were detected. These results suggest that an NE neural system operates in the POA and that a DA system acts in the medial basal hypothalamus (RCh or ME) to suppress GnRH pulse frequency in the ovary-intact anestrous ewe.
Predicting the Impact of Android Malicious Samples via Machine Learning

Recently, Android malicious samples threaten billions of mobile end users’ security or privacy. The community researchers have designed many methods to automatically and accurately identify Android malware samples. However, the rapid increase of Android malicious samples outpowers the capabilities of traditional Android malware detectors and classifiers with respect to the cyber security risk management needs. It is important to identify the small proportion of Android malicious samples that may produce high cyber-security or privacy impact. In this paper, we propose a light-weight solution to automatically identify the Android malicious samples with high security and privacy impact. We manually check a number of Android malware families and corresponding security incidents and define two impact metrics for Android malicious samples. Our investigation results in a new Android malware dataset with impact ground truth (low impact or high impact). This new dataset is employed to empirically investigate the intrinsic characteristics of low-impact as well as high-impact malicious samples. To characterize and capture Android malicious samples’ pattern, reverse engineering is performed to extract semantic features to represent malicious samples. The leveraged features are parsed from both the AndroidManifest.xml files as well as the disassembled binary classes.dex codes. Then, the extracted features are embedded into numerical vectors. Furthermore, we train highly accurate support vector machine and deep neural network classifiers to categorize the candidate Android malicious samples into low impact or high impact. The empirical results validate the effectiveness of our designed light-weight solution. This method can be further utilized for identifying those high-impact Android malicious samples in the wild.
Multirate Stabilization of Linear Multiple Sensor Systems via Limited Capacity Communication Channels

The paper addresses a feedback stabilization problem involving bit-rate communication capacity constraints. A discrete-time partially observed linear system is studied. Unlike classic theory, the signals from multiple sensors are transmitted to the controller over separate finite capacity communication channels. The sensors do not have constant access to the channels, and the channels are not perfect: the messages incur time-varying transmission delays and may be corrupted or lost. However, we suppose that the time-average number of bits per sample period that can be successfully transmitted over the channel during a time interval converges to a certain limit as the length of the interval becomes large. Necessary and sufficient conditions for stabilizability are established. They give the tightest lower bounds on the channel capacities for which stabilization is possible. An algorithm for stabilization is also presented.
Predicting intention to purchase on group buying website in Taiwan: Virtual community, critical mass, and risk

Purpose – This study proposes integrating the perceived risk and social influence literatures on online group buying (OGB) intentions with the basic TAM variables (perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use). Design/methodology/approach – Based on an empirical survey of 304 online adopters of OGB in Taiwan, the paper uses structural equation modeling to confirm the research model.Findings – The results reveal that perceived critical mass had the largest total effect on intention to use group buying websites. The findings also indicate that perceived usefulness and a sense of virtual community (SOVC) have significant effect on OGB intention. In addition, both perceived ease of use and website quality influence perceived usefulness. As expected, perceived risk has negative effect on OGB intention.Research limitations/implications – This study only considered buying intention with regard to foodstuffs, and it is unclear whether these analytical results can be generalized to other items. Further research c.
MTHFR rs2274976 polymorphism is a risk marker for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the Brazilian population.

BACKGROUND Polymorphisms within the MTHFR (rs2274976) and MTHFD1 (rs2236225) genes were previously associated with maternal susceptibility for having an offspring with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in the Brazilian population. However, as the genotypes of the patients with NSCL/P were not evaluated, it is not clear whether the effects are associated with maternal or offspring genotypes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of rs2274976 and rs2236225 in the pathogenesis of NSCL/P. METHODS By using the TaqMan 5'-exonuclease allelic discrimination assay, the present study genotyped the rs2274976 and rs2236225 polymorphisms in 147 case-parent trios, 181 isolated samples of NSCL/P and 478 healthy controls of the Brazilian population. Transmission disequilibrium test and structured case-control analysis based on the individual ancestry proportions were performed. RESULTS The transmission disequilibrium test showed a significant overtransmission of the rs2274976 A allele (p = 0.004), but no preferential parent-of-origin transmission was detected. The structured case-control analysis supported those findings, revealing that the minor A allele of rs2274976 was significantly more frequent in NSCL/P group compared with control group (p = 0.001), yielding an odds ratio of 3.46 (95% confidence interval, 2.05-5.85). No association of rs2236225 polymorphism with NSCL/P was observed in both transmission disequilibrium test and case-control analysis. CONCLUSION The results of the study revealed that the presence of the rs2274976 A allele is a risk marker for the development of NSCL/P in the Brazilian population.
Applying a one-dimensional PDR model to the Taurus molecular cloud and its atomic envelope

In this contribution, we test our previously published one-dimensional PDR model for deriving total hydrogen volume densities from HI column density measurements in extragalactic regions by applying it to the Taurus molecular cloud, where its predictions can be compared to available data. Also, we make the first direct detailed comparison of our model to CO(1-0) and far-infrared emission. Using an incident UV flux G0 of 4.25 ({\chi} = 5) throughout the main body of the cloud, we derive total hydrogen volume densities of \approx 430 cm-3, consistent with the extensive literature available on Taurus. The distribution of the volume densities shows a log-normal shape with a hint of a power-law shape on the high density end. We convert our volume densities to H2 column densities assuming a cloud depth of 5 parsec and compare these column densities to observed CO emission. We find a slope equivalent to a CO conversion factor relation that is on the low end of reported values for this factor in the literature (0.9 x 1020 cm-2 (K km s-1)-1), although this value is directly proportional to our assumed value of G0 as well as the cloud depth. We seem to under-predict the total hydrogen gas as compared to 100 {\mu}m dust emission, which we speculate may be caused by a higher actual G0 incident on the Taurus cloud than is generally assumed.
Organizational Learning, Internal Control Mechanisms, and Indigenous Innovation: The Evidence from China

Setting in China's emerging economy, this study examines the underlying working mechanisms through which acquisitive learning and experimental learning produce positive impacts on indigenous innovation. We theorize that behavior control and output control will have different moderating effects on the learning and indigenous innovation relationships. Empirical analyses of a survey dataset of 607 Chinese firms provide supporting evidence to the theoretical model advanced in this study. Experimental learning mediates the relationship between acquisitive learning and indigenous innovation. Behavior control negatively moderates the relationship between acquisitive learning and indigenous innovation, while positively moderates the relationship between experimental learning and indigenous innovation. The moderating effects of output control on the relationships between both types of learning and indigenous innovation are significant and inverse-U-shaped. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relevant theoretical contributions and practical implications stemming from these findings, study limitations, and potential future research directions.
A mixed mechanistic‐electrostatic model to explain pH dependence of glycosyl hydrolase enzyme activity

Glycosyl hydrolases are a vast group of enzymes that share a common topology at their active site with two acidic residues that are responsible for activity. In spite of their similarity, they exhibit a wide range of pH optima that must depend on other factors. Using structural and mechanistic knowledge about glycosyl hydrolases from families 7, 10, and 16, we have formulated a new mathematical model that can include not only the ionization behavior of the catalytic residues but also as many ionizable residues as desired in the active site. In addition, the model can incorporate electrostatic influences via acid dissociation equilibrium constants and chemical relationships such as hydrogen bonds. The results of the simulations indicate a clear shift in the pH dependence of activity for the enzymes only when a close interrelation (hydrogen bond) between the catalytic and auxiliary residues in the active site is taken into account. This explains the observations from mutagenesis studies that show this type of shift and cannot be explained by a purely electrostatic interaction theory. Moreover, the presence of the kind of chemical interaction proposed could provide stabilization of the activity in the presence of environmental, structural, pH and electrostatic variations. These findings and the implications for the design of new mutagenesis strategies are discussed. The results suggest a way to modify, via site‐directed mutagenesis, the acid dissociation of one of the catalytic residues in the active site independently of the other, which could have clear advantages over the purely electrostatic modifications that usually affect both residues simultaneously. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overt categorical aggression in referred children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To investigate descriptive and predictive correlates of aggression in children and adolescents who exhibit a high frequency of daily physical assault after admission to a structured residential treatment program and to examine correlations between subcategories of overt categorical aggression (OCA) in the same population. METHOD Fifty-one admissions to a residential treatment program were assessed for frequency of physical assault after admission; analyses were corrected for length of stay. Patients with a high frequency of daily assault were compared with patients with a low frequency of daily assault on variables assessing demographics, history, family, concurrent behavior, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS A high prevalence of OCA was found in this sample. Variables assessing history and concurrent behavior were significantly associated and predictive of subjects exhibiting a high frequency of daily physical assault after admission. Physical assault was significantly correlated with verbal aggression, property destruction, and self-injurious behavior. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the distinctiveness of OCA as a separate subtype of aggression encompassing four subcategories. Further research on treatment, outcome, and associated comorbidity of OCA is warranted.
Chinese entrepreneurs' human and social capital benefiting innovation: in China and in the Chinese diaspora

An entrepreneur's innovative work tends to benefit from the entrepreneur's human and social capital. The entrepreneur's human and social capital depend on the social context, specifically whether the entrepreneur is residing in the home country or in the diaspora. The dual embeddedness of migrants may have a reinforcing or a countervailing impact on the benefits of human and social capital for innovation. Using a sample of 3,593 Chinese entrepreneurs in China and 177 Chinese entrepreneurs residing abroad, we examine the benefits of human and social capital for innovation, comparing Chinese entrepreneurs in China with Chinese entrepreneurs in diaspora. We find that the level of education, entrepreneurial competencies and social capital varied between entrepreneurs in home country and diaspora. Of the social and human capitals considered in this study, we found that only the more specific entrepreneurial competencies showed different dynamics for innovation in the diaspora compared to the home country.