Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Urban Expansion or Clustered Deconcentration? An Applied Welfare Economic Analysis of Growth Controls and the Foundation of Satellites

How should urban containment and the diversion of households to nearby residential areas be evaluated from a welfare economic perspective? Assuming the existence of a negative externality of city size, we develop a concise general equilibrium model for a mother city and a satellite. This satellite should be founded if the gain in surplus exceeds the fixed costs of intercity infrastructure provision, and a Pigouvian tax on the conversion of land to urban use in both cities would then attain the first-best allocation. Rising incomes and falling transport costs enhance the surplus gain from "clustered deconcentration", or the accommodation of growth in planned satellites, relative to expansion of the mother city. Nevertheless, plans by the Dutch government to uphold strict growth controls around Amsterdam, while fostering large-scale residential construction projects in the nearby satellite of Almere, are difficult to reconcile with the optimal policy in a calibrated version of our model.
Evaluation of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Program for Caregivers of Children with Chronic Conditions

Abstract OBJECTIVES-Givm the demands of caring for chronically ill children, it is not surprising that caregivers often experience high levels of chronic stress. A Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction MBSR) program may offer relief to these caregivers by providing tools for self-care and heath promotion that otherwise may be lacking. METHODS-MBSR classes were offered without restriction to parents of children attending various clinics at a large urban children's medical centre. Caregivers completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Symptoms of Stress Inventory (SOSI) both before and after program participation. RESULTS-Foïty-fouï caregivers participated in one of seven group MBSR sessions that were offered between August 2001 and February 2004. Most were mothers of children with special needs and various chronic conditions, who had been diagnosed an average of 7 years previous. Prior to the intervention, caregivers reported very high levels of stress and mood disturbance. These decreased substantially over the 8-week program, with an overall reduction in stress symptoms of 32% (p < .001), and in total mood disturbance of 56% (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS-This brief MBSR program for caregivers of chronically ill children was successful in significantly decreasing substantial stress symptoms and mood disturbance. Further studies would benefit from using more rigorous methodology and applying the program to Other groups of chronically Stressed caregivers.
Utilización de la colocación en salto en función del nivel de competición en voleibol masculino

The jump set is a technique used by volleyball setters to try to have better conditions for their spikers against blockers. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of the jump set on set efficacy, reception efficacy, number of players in the block, and efficacy of the play. The sample was composed of eight setters (five setters from the Spanish senior national second division, and four setters from the international senior level -Olympic Games-). A descriptive, transversal and intergroup study design was used. The variables studied were: level of competition (senior national, and senior international), set efficacy, type of set, reception efficacy, number of blockers, and result of the play. The results show that in the use of jump set is higher in the highest level of competition, that it use in this level of competition involves more efficacy in the set, higher number of attack against individual block, done close to the net, and its use increases the options to win the game.
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and the bovine immune system

Abstract Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease, a deadly intestinal ailment of ruminants. Johne’s disease is of tremendous economic importance to the worldwide dairy industry, causing major losses due to reduced production and early culling of animals. A highly controversial but developing link between exposure to M. paratuberculosis and human Crohn’s disease in some individuals has led to the suggestion that M. paratuberculosis is also a potential food safety concern. As with many other mycobacteria, M. paratuberculosis is exquisitely adapted to survival in the host, despite aggressive immune reactions to these organisms. One hallmark of mycobacteria, including M. paratuberculosis, is their propensity to infect macrophages. Inside the macrophage, M. paratuberculosisinterferes with the maturation of the phagosome by an unknown mechanism, thereby evading the host’s normal first line of defense against bacterial pathogens. The host immune system begins a series of attacks against M. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages, including the rapid deployment of activated γδ T cells, CD4+T cells and cytolytic CD8+ T cells. These cells interact with the persistently infected macrophage and with each other through a complex network of cytokines and receptors. Despite these aggressive efforts to clear the infection, M. paratuberculosis persists and the constant struggle of the immune system leads to pronounced damage to the intestinal epithelial cells. Enhancing our ability to control this important and tenacious pathogen will require a deeper understanding of how M. paratuberculosis interferes with macrophage action, the cell types involved in the immune response, the cytokines these cells use to communicate, and the host genetic factors that control the response to infection.
Changes in body composition during post-menopausal hormone therapy: a 2 year prospective study.

BACKGROUND Post-menopausal hormone therapy (pHT) induces changes in both body composition and bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS In 109 post-menopausal women beginning either tibolone 2.5 mg (n=29), tibolone 1.25 mg (n=42) or estradiol 2 mg plus norethisterone acetate 1 mg (E2 + NETA) (n=38), we assessed body composition, total and regional BMD by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), osteocalcin and the urinary excretion to type I collagen C-telopeptide (CTX) at baseline and after 2 years. RESULTS At baseline, BMD at all sites correlated negatively with age and years since menopause, and positively with lean mass and fat mass (r=0.42, P<0.001 and r=0.26, P=0.006 at the total femur). During treatment, BMD increased at all sites (P<0.001), and serum BAP, osteocalcin, and urinary CTX decreased in all groups (P<0.001). Lean mass increased whereas android fat and android obesity index decreased. The increase in BMD at all sites correlated positively with changes of lean mass at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS Both fat mass and lean mass are related to BMD in post-menopausal women, the relationship being strongest with lean mass; an increase in lean mass and a change in distribution of body fat are observed during treatment with E2 + NETA and tibolone.
Neuronal activity in cortical motor areas related to ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral digit movements of the monkey.

1. Single cell activity was studied in the precentral (PCM), premotor (PM), and supplementary (SMA) motor cortex of the monkey to compare magnitudes of activity changes in relation to ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral digit movements. 2. Three Japanese monkeys were trained to press a small key with the right or left hand, or with both hands, in accordance with visual instruction signals given 2.6-5.4 s before a visual movement-trigger signal. Great care was taken to train the animal to use only the required part of the limb. As a result of extensive training, electromyographic (EMG) studies revealed that muscle activities before the key press were limited to the digit and hand muscles of the limb instructed to move. No overt increase or decrease in activity was detectable in the proximal limb or body muscles in relation to the key-press movements or instructions. 3. Even though the movement was thus limited to distal forelimb, distinct ipsilateral relationships were observed in 8.2% of the task-related PCM neurons. They changed their activity before ipsilateral and bilateral (but not before contralateral) key press. 4. A majority of the neurons recorded from the digit area of PCM (mostly limited to the anterior bank of the central sulcus) exhibited a contralateral relationship; namely the activity increased or decreased before the onset of the contralateral and bilateral key-press movements. In most of them, the magnitudes of the activity changes before the contralateral and bilateral movements were similar. 5. In proximal limb and trunk areas of PCM and also in the somatosensory cortex, no neurons were found to exhibit distinct relations to any of the key-press movements. 6. In both SMA and PM, a number of neurons exhibited relationships of the type never or only rarely observed in the primary motor cortex. Thirty-seven percent of SMA and 62% of PM neurons exhibited premovement activity changes before all of the key-press movements. The movement-specific type of activity was observed in 28% of SMA and 16% of PM neurons. In these neurons, the activity changes were observed in relation to only one of the right or left key-press movements or exclusively in relation to the bilateral key press. Neuronal activity resembling the majority of the PCM neurons (contralateral type) was observed in 31% of SMA and 13% of PM neurons. 7. Instruction-induced changes in activity were more often found in the secondary than in the primary motor area. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Melanic variation underlies aposematic color variation in two hymenopteran mimicry systems

The stinging hymenopteran velvet ants (Mutillidae) and bumble bees (Apidae: Bombus spp.) have both undergone extensive diversification in aposematic color patterns, including yellow-red hues and contrasting dark-light body coloration, as a result of Müllerian mimicry. Understanding the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying shifts in these mimetic colors requires characterization of their pigmentation. In this study, a combination of solubility, spectrophotometry, and melanin degradation analysis are applied to several color forms and species of these lineages to determine that orange-red colors in both lineages are comprised of primarily dopamine-derived pheomelanins. Until a few recent studies, pheomelanins were thought not to occur in insects. These results support their potential to occur across insects and particularly among the Hymenoptera. Shifts between black and orange-red colors, such as between mimetic color forms of bumble bee Bombus melanopygus, are inferred to involve modification of the ratios of dark eumelanins to red pheomelanins, thus implicating the melanin pathway in mimetic diversification. This discovery highlights the need to focus on how pheomelanins are synthesized in the insect melanin pathway and the potential for new pigments to be found even in some of our most well-known insect systems.
Mexican Urban Colonias in the Salt River Valley oF Arizona

The history of the Salt River Valley is often characterized as a boomtown narrative that highlights the exploding Anglo population and rapid suburban sprawl that followed World War II. Frequently overlooked is the fundamental role that Mexicans played in the early suburbanization process through the formation of urban colonias, or suburban Mexican settlements. Early Mexican suburbs, despite their rural atmosphere, were connected to the pre–World War II urbanization process in the Salt River Valley. Our research seeks to amend and clarify the urban historical record by documenting the diverse and dispersed array of Mexican suburban settlements, a process generated by industrial agriculture, decentralization, and residential segregation.
Detecting Active Attacks in WiFi Network by Semi-supervised Deep Learning

WiFi network usage is increased rapidly these days while the number of attacks in WiFi network are growing as well. Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is one of the popular defense mechanisms that often uses e.g., machine learning algorithms in order to detect both known and unknown attacks in a particular network. We leverage an unsupervised deep learning approach, so called Stacked Auto Encoder (SAE) as feature extraction scheme. Feature extraction by SAE can reduce the complexity of original features of the dataset. While regression layer with softmax activation function is implemented as supervised classification. In this paper, we test our proposed IDS using AWID dataset which is one of comprehensive WiFi network traces from real network. Our experiments show that our proposed IDS can outperform the previous work by Kolias et al. In addition, we provide several suggestions in order to made our proposed IDS reach an optimum result.
Induction of microRNA-155 is TLR- and type IV secretion system-dependent in macrophages and inhibits DNA-damage induced apoptosis

Helicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen responsible for a high disease burden worldwide. Deregulated inflammatory responses, possibly involving macrophages, are implicated in H. pylori-induced pathology, and microRNAs, such as miR-155, have recently emerged as crucial regulators of innate immunity and inflammatory responses. miR-155 is regulated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in monocyte-derived cells and has been shown to be induced in macrophages during H. pylori infection. Here, we investigated the regulation of miR-155 expression in primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) during H. pylori infection and examined the downstream mRNA targets of this microRNA using microarray analysis. We report TLR2/4- and NOD1/2-independent up-regulation of miR-155, which was found to be dependent on the major H. pylori pathogenicity determinant, the type IV secretion system (T4SS). miR-155 expression was dependent on NF-κB signaling but was independent of CagA. Microarray analysis identified known gene targets of miR-155 in BMMs during H. pylori infection that are proapoptotic. We also identified and validated miR-155 binding sites in the 3′ UTRs of the targets, Tspan14, Lpin1, and Pmaip1. We observed that H. pylori-infected miR-155−/− BMMs were significantly more susceptible to cisplatin DNA damage-induced apoptosis than were wild-type BMMs. Thus, our data suggest a function for the prototypical H. pylori pathogenicity factor, the T4SS, in the up-regulation of miR-155 in BMMs. We propose the antiapoptotic effects of miR-155 could enhance macrophage resistance to apoptosis induced by DNA damage during H. pylori infection.
Reduced dose of stavudine and lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients in Cameroon

Background This study assessed the effect of stavudine (d4T) 30 mg dosage on lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral treatment. Methods A total of 243 patients from Cameroon receiving d4T or zidovudine (AZT) in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz or nevirapine for >6 months were clinically assessed for moderate to severe (‘strict’ definition) and mild to severe (‘large’ definition) lipoatrophy. Prevalence of lipoatrophy was compared between 69 patients who had received exclusively d4T 30 mg (d4T30), 64 patients who had received both d4T 30 and 40 mg dosages since treatment initiation (d4T30/40) and 110 patients on AZT-related therapy. Results Prevalence of lipoatrophy varied from 7% to 24%, according to the definition. After adjustment for gender, age, treatment duration and CD4+ T-cell count, the risk of lipoatrophy in the d4T30 group was lower than in the d4T30/40 group (odds ratio [OR] 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1–0.8 with the large definition and OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.0–0.8 with the strict definition) and was comparable to that of the AZT group (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.2–4.6 and OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.4–2.2 with the large and strict definitions, respectively). The risk was significantly higher in the d4T30/40 group compared with the AZT group (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3–6.4 with the large definition and OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.3–23.5 with the strict definition). Conclusions The use of d4T at a lower dosage might increase safety with regard to its effect on lipoatrophy.
Sociodemographic, Educational, Behavioral, and Psychologic Factors Underlying Orofacial Esthetics and Self-Reported Oral Health.

PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to compare sociodemographic, behavioral, and educational characteristics, together with personality traits, on perceptions of individuals' own oral health and orofacial esthetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The participants had different educational backgrounds: dentistry students and students not following health care-related courses (university groups), and volunteers with no university studies (nonstudent group). The age range was 18 to 30 years. Sociodemographic and behavioral data and data on facial and dental attractiveness were gathered via personalized interviews. Personality traits were measured using the Big Five Inventory (BFI) (extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness), and the Life Orientation Test was used to measure optimism and pessimism. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were observed among the three educational groups regarding the mean scores on the five personality variables. The nonstudent group accorded significantly greater importance to tooth color, whereas the university groups considered tooth alignment more important (P = .016). The logistic regression model used to predict perceptions about orofacial health and esthetics revealed that underlying behavioral (pattern of visits to dentist and brushing habits), psychologic (pessimism and agreeableness), and educational (training in dentistry) factors affected the participants' perceptions of orofacial attractiveness, oral satisfaction, and self-rated oral health. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that there are behavioral, psychologic, and educational factors that significantly modulate people's perceptions of orofacial esthetics, oral satisfaction, and self-rated oral health.
El Comercio Exterior Colombiano En El Siglo Xx

Este articulo presenta una vision de la politica de comercio exterior de Colombia durante el Siglo XX. A diferencia de otros trabajos sobre la historia economica colombiana, la politica proteccionista no es vista aca como un dato exogeno, producto de voluntades politicas o ideologias. Se argumenta en cambio que dicha politica fue en buena medida resultado de las restricciones fiscales que imperaban en las primeras decadas del siglo y de la escasez estructural de divisas que se experimento entre los anos treinta y los anos sesenta. La relativa liberalizacion que tuvo lugar en los veinte y, de forma mas permanente, a partir de los setenta, solo fue posible por incrementos en la generacion de ingresos por exportaciones y por el mayor acceso a recursos financieros internacionales que caracterizo esos periodos. Esta argumentacion facilita la comprension de dos caracteristicas del comportamiento de la tasa de cambio real a lo largo del siglo. La primera de ellas es la tendencia de largo plazo hacia la depreciacion real del peso, la cual es explicada por una reduccion sostenida en los costos de transporte -particularmente fuerte en la primera mitad del siglo- y por un proceso de liberalizacion de la politica comercial a partir de la decada de los sesenta. La segunda caracteristica tiene que ver con las fluctuaciones que presento la tasa de cambio real alrededor de su tendencia de largo plazo, en las cuales los periodos de mayor apreciacion del peso tipicamente coincidieron con los de mayor liberalidad de la politica comercial. Esta caracteristica es aparentemente contradictoria con la anterior en cuanto a la correlacion entre politica comercial y tasa de cambio real. La paradoja se explica precisamente por la endogeneidad de la politica comercial, ya que esta se liberalizaba en los mismos periodos de abundancia de divisas en los cuales se manifestaban presiones temporales hacia la apreciacion cambiaria.
Client Server Stub Within-device RPC Android Platform System-wide processes Proxy Activity manager Service manager Pass a proxy Register a proxy

In recent years, the explosion of diverse smart devices such as mobile phones, TVs, watches, and even cars, has completely changed our lives. We communicate with friends through social network services (SNSs) whenever we want, buy stuff without visiting shops, and enjoy multimedia wherever we are, thanks to these devices. However, these smart devices cannot simply interact with each other even though they are right next to each other. For example, when you want to read a PDF stored on a smartphone on a larger TV screen, you need to do complicated work or plug in a bunch of cables. In this paper, we introduce M+, an extension of Android that supports cross-device functionality sharing in a transparent manner. As a platform-level solution, M+ enables unmodified Android applications to utilize not only application functionalities but also system functionalities across devices, as if they were to utilize them inside the same device. In addition to secure connection setup, M+ also allows performing of permission checks for remote applications in the same way as for local. Our experimental results show that M+ enables transparent cross-device sharing for various functionalities and achieves performance close to that of within-device sharing unless a large amount of data is transferred.
Clinical Diagnosis of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Failure Among Children With Hydrocephalus

Objective: To define the significance of various symptoms and signs in the diagnosis of ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure and infection. Methods: The observations that form the basis of this study were made in the course of 2 multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trials of technical aspects of ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery-the Shunt Design Trial and the Endoscopic Shunt Insertion Trial. At registration, basic demographic and baseline clinical data were recorded. At scheduled follow-up visits 3 months and 1, 2, and 3 years after surgery and at unscheduled visits, the presence or absence of various symptoms or signs was recorded. At each visit, the neurosurgeon-investigator made a determination about whether the shunt had reached an end point: mechanical obstruction, infection, overdrainage, or loculation of the ventricular system. Observations at the last follow-up visit for each patient constituted the data for the current study. Sensitivities, specificities, and likelihood ratios were calculated for each symptom and sign as tests for shunt failure from any cause and for failure by infection. Decision trees were constructed to analyze the relationships of various symptoms and signs in the diagnosis of shunt failure and infection. Results: Observations were available for analysis from 647 patient visits. A total of 248 shunts were judged to have failed (38%), and 55 were judged specifically to have failed by infection (8.5%). Bulging fontanel, fluid collection along the shunt, depressed level of consciousness, irritability, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, abnormal shunt pump test, accelerated head growth, and headache were strongly associated with shunt failure. Fever was strongly associated with shunt infection. Gross signs of wound infection were associated with shunt infection but were observed infrequently. Decision tree analysis confirmed the salience of bulging fontanel as a predictor of shunt failure. Fever and time since initial surgery were powerful predictors of shunt infection. Irritability emerged as an important observation in the identification of both shunt failure and shunt infection. Among children who underwent initial shunt insertion after 2 months of age, the absence of irritability, nausea/vomiting, and headache were powerful and generalizable predictors of the absence of shunt failure or infection. Conclusions: Analysis of symptoms and signs of ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications can inform clinical judgment in the assessment of children with hydrocephalus.