Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of suicide in people aged 65–74 and 75+ by gender in England and Wales and the major Western countries 1979–1999

The factors most strongly associated with suicide are age and gender—more men than women, and, more people over 65 kill themselves. As a number of Governments have targets to reduce suicide levels we compare elderly suicide rates over a 20‐year period in England and Wales. And the major Western countries focusing upon age and gender.
Institutions and Casinos on American Indian Reservations: An Empirical Analysis of the Location of Indian Casinos

This paper empirically investigates the institutional determinants of whether a tribal government invests in a casino. I find that the presence of Indian casinos is strongly related to plausibly exogenous variation in reservations’ legal and political institutions. Tribal governments that can negotiate gaming compacts with multiple state governments, because tribal lands span state borders, had more than twice the estimated probability (.77 versus .32) of operating an Indian casino in 1999. Tribal governments of reservations where contracts are adjudicated in state courts, rather than tribal courts, have more than twice the estimated probability (.76 versus .34) of investing in an Indian casino, ceteris paribus. These findings suggest that states’ political pressures and predictable judiciaries affect incentives to invest in casinos. This study contributes, more generally, to the empirical literature on the effects of institutions by providing new evidence that low-cost contracting is important for taking advantage of substantial investment opportunities.
Invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales: vaccination implications.

Knowledge of the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) will aid in planning the use of pneumococcal vaccines. A United Kingdom (UK)-based surveillance in England and Wales (1995-1997) of 11,528 individuals with IPD and a local enhanced surveillance in the Oxford (UK) area (1995-1999) have been analyzed. IPD has a high attack rate in children, with 37.1-48.1 cases per 100,000 infants <1 year old per year, and in older persons, with 21.2-36.2 cases per 100,000 persons >65 years old per year, for England, Wales, and Oxford. The 7-valent conjugate vaccine includes serotypes causing < or =79% of IPD in children <5 years old, but only 66% in adults >65 years old. The data also indicate that IPD varies by serotype, age, and country, emphasizing that the epidemiology of IPD is heterogeneous and requires continued surveillance.
Customary land tenure and the new land policy in Malawi

Malawi occupies an area of 118 484 square kilometres, of which 94 076 are arable land. More than 80 per cent of the country's population, estimated at nearly 11 million, depends on agriculture for its livelihood. In addition to being an important economic resource, land is valued as a basis for social security. Many urban-based Malawians expect to retire to the village and work on the land to supplement their pensions. Access to land is viewed as a fundamental right. While encroachment and boundary disputes are a common feature of smallholder agriculture in the absence of properly marked boundaries, deliberate encroachment on estates and the invasion of protected lands such as forest reserves by land hungry villagers are new phenomenona.
Development and airborne operation of a compact water isotope ratio infrared spectrometer

A sensitive laser spectrometer, named IRIS (water isotope ratio infrared spectrometer), was developed for the in situ detection of the isotopic composition of water vapour in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere. Isotope ratio measurements can be used to quantify troposphere–stratosphere exchange, and to study the water chemistry in the stratosphere. IRIS is based on the technique of optical feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy. It uses a room temperature near-infrared laser, and does not require cryogenic cooling of laser or detectors. The instrument weighs 51 kg including its support structure. Airborne operation was demonstrated during three flights aboard the European M55-Geophysica stratospheric research aircraft, as part of the AMMA/SCOUT-03 (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis/Stratospheric Climate links with emphasis on the Upper Troposphere and lower stratosphere) campaign in Burkina Faso in August 2006. One-second averaged, vertical profiles of δ2H, δ17O and δ18O in the upper troposphere are shown, as are the δ17O–δ18O and δ2H–δ18O relations. The data are discussed with reference to a Rayleigh distillation model. As expected, there is no indication of non-mass-dependent fractionation (also known as mass-independent fractionation) in the troposphere. Furthermore, improvements to the thermal management system and a move to a (cryogen-free) longer-wavelength laser source are discussed, which together should result in approximately two orders of magnitude improvement of the sensitivity.
Price Manipulation and Quasi-Arbitrage

In an environment where trading volume affects security prices and where prices are uncertain when trades are submitted, quasi-arbitrage is the availability of a series of trades that generate infinite expected profits with an infinite Sharpe ratio. We show that when the price impact of trades is permanent and time-independent, only linear price-impact functions rule out quasi-arbitrage and thus support viable market prices. When trades have also a temporary price impact, only the permanent price impact must be linear while the temporary one can be of a more general form. We also extend the analysis to a time-dependent framework. Copyright The Econometric Society 2004.
The Timing and Magnitude of Retail Store Markdowns: Evidence from Weekends and Holidays

We examine daily prices of eight goods at seventeen retail stores collected in Ann Arbor, Michigan, over a four-month period from November 1 to February 28. We focus on weekly and seasonal price patterns, and on the frequency of price markdowns or "sales. " There were frequent markdowns in the intensive shopping period prior to Christmas, and a tendency for such sales to occur on weekends. We interpret these findings as evidence that a significant number of markdowns are timed to occur when shopping intensity is exogenously high. We complement the imperfect information-based motives for sales in the literature by contributing an additional element based on the role of bulk shopping and increasing returns in the shopping technology.
The cellular origin and proliferative status of regenerating renal parenchyma after mercuric chloride damage and erythropoietin treatment

Abstract. Objectives: In this study, we have sought to establish the cellular origin and proliferative status of the renal parenchyma as it regenerates after damage induced by mercuric chloride, with or without erythropoietin treatments, that might alter the response. Materials and methods: Female mice were irradiated and male whole bone marrow was transplanted into them. Six weeks later recipient mice were assigned to one of four groups: control, mercuric chloride treated, erythropoietin treated and treated with mercuric chloride plus erythropoietin. Results: Tubular injury scores were high 3 days after mercuric chloride and had recovered partially after 14 days, in line with serum urea nitrogen levels. Confocal microscopy confirmed the tubular location of bone marrow‐derived cells. A ‘four‐in‐one’ analytical technique (identifying cell origin, tubular phenotype, tubular basement membranes and S‐phase status) revealed that tubular necrosis increased bone marrow derivation of renal tubular epithelium from a baseline of ∼1.3% to ∼4.0%. Erythropoietin increased the haematocrit, but no other effects were detected. Conclusion: As 1 in 12 proximal tubular cells in S‐phase was derived from bone marrow, we conclude that in the kidney, the presence of bone marrow‐derived cells makes a minor but important regenerative contribution after tubular necrosis.
A comparison of attrition rates in patients undergoing sublingual immunotherapy vs subcutaneous immunotherapy

Effective allergy immunotherapy (IT) requires patient compliance. Numerous studies have shown high noncompliance rates in patients undergoing IT. For patients enrolled in subcutaneous IT (SCIT), noncompliance rates were noted to range from 11% to 50%, whereas sublingual IT (SLIT) patients had noncompliance rates ranging from 3% to 25%. Comparing noncompliance rates is difficult because noncompliance in SCIT is defined as withdrawal from therapy, whereas in SLIT it is considered poor adherence to daily administration. The aim of this study was to compare attrition rates in patients enrolled in SCIT vs SLIT, as well as major factors leading to termination of IT.
Plasma Response to Resonant Magnetic Perturbations in Large Aspect Ratio Tokamaks

In this paper, a plasma response model is investigated for large aspect ratio tokamaks, on the presence of external nonaxisymmetric resonant magnetic perturbations. To control plasma confinement, the plasma is perturbed by external resonant helical windings, similar to those introduced by an ergodic magnetic limiter. The plasma response to the perturbation is modeled as an additional magnetic perturbation, created by a current sheet on the main perturbed resonant surface, vanishing the radial component of the total magnetic field in the considered resonant surface. In order to show the influence of the plasma response on the field line topology, the field line differential equations are integrated numerically, showing the reduction of magnetic island sizes and the regularization of chaotic regions around the resonant surface where the response was introduced, in agreement with results observed in sophisticated simulation codes. Finally, the connection lengths indicate that, regarding their distribution, the plasma response introduces a homogenization effect which may affect the deposition patterns at the tokamak wall.
How much does industry matter

This study partitions the total variance in rate of return among FTC Line of Business reporting units into industry factors (whatever their nature), time factors, factors associated with the corporate parent, and business‐specific factors. Whereas Schmalensee (1985) reported that industry factors were the strongest, corporate and market share effects being extremely weak, this study distinguishes between stable and fluctuating effects and reaches markedly different conclusions. The data reveal negligible corporate effects, small stable industry effects, and very large stable business‐unit effects. These results imply that the most important sources of economic rents are business‐specific; industry membership is a much less important source and corporate parentage is quite unimportant.
Does Realized Skewness Predict the Cross-Section of Equity Returns?

We use intraday data to compute weekly realized moments for equity returns and study their time-series and cross-sectional properties. Buying stocks in the lowest realized skewness decile and selling stocks in the highest realized skewness decile generates an average return of 19 basis points the following week with a t-statistic of 3.70. This result is robust across a wide variety of implementations and is not captured by the Fama-French and Carhart factors. The relation between realized kurtosis and next week׳s stock returns is positive but not always significant. We do not find a strong relation between realized volatility and next week׳s stock returns.
Organization of transcriptional regulatory machinery in osteoclast nuclei: Compartmentalization of Runx1

The osteoclast is a highly polarized multinucleated cell that resorbs bone. Using high resolution immunofluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that all nuclei of an osteoclast are transcriptionally active. Each nucleus within the osteoclast contains punctately organized microenvironments where regulatory complexes that support transcriptional and post‐transcriptional control reside. Functional equivalency of osteoclast nuclei is reflected by similar representation of regulatory proteins that support ribosomal RNA synthesis (nucleolin), mRNA transcription (RNA polymerase II, bromouridine triphosphate), processing of gene transcripts (SC35), signal transduction (NF‐κB), and phenotypic gene expression (Runx1). Our results establish that gene regulatory machinery is architecturally associated and compartmentalized within intranuclear microenvironments of the multiple nuclei of osteoclasts to support physiologically responsive modifications in cellular structural and functional properties. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Windows of opportunity: addressing climate uncertainty through adaptation plan implementation

There is a pressing need for municipalities and regions to create urban form suited to current as well as future climates, but adaptation planning uptake has been slow. This is particularly unfortunate because patterns of urban form interact with climate change in ways that can reduce, or intensify, the impact of overall global change. Uncertainty regarding the timing and magnitude of climate change is a significant barrier to implementing adaptation planning. Focusing on implementation of adaptation and phasing of policy reduces this barrier. It removes time as a decision marker, instead arguing for an initial comprehensive plan to prevent maladaptive policy choices, implemented incrementally after testing the micro-climate outcomes of previous interventions. Policies begin with no-regrets decisions that reduce the long-term need for more intensive adaptive actions and generate immediate policy benefits, while gradually enabling transformative infrastructure and design responses to increased climate impacts. Global and local indicators assume a larger role in the process, to evaluate when tipping points are in sight. We use case studies from two exemplary municipal plans to demonstrate this method's usefulness. While framed for urban planning, the approach is applicable to natural resource managers and others who must plan with uncertainty.
The generalised interval estimations in decision making under uncertainty

This paper summarises and further extends the theoretical and practical aspects of the Generalised Interval Estimations (GIE) approach in decision making under uncertainty. The oil reservoir evaluation example demonstrates the properties of the GIE approach, which we believe could be important for a wide variety of interdisciplinary problems, including investment project evaluation, technology assessment, and the development of policies and regulations. The GIE structure, being a scenario-based expert knowledge representation, is more analysis-oriented, since it provides flexibility to add/remove/modify scenarios from the expert description of estimated quantity. The practical example on projecting the dynamics of world oil production also illustrates the algorithm that an independent expert could use to develop and analyse new scenarios based on the initial set of projections available from relevant studies and research.
Developing Countries in Need: Which Characteristics Appeal Most to People when Donating Money?

Abstract A discrete choice experiment was conducted to discover the relative importance of five characteristics of developing countries considered by people when choosing countries to donate money to. The experiment was administered via an online survey involving almost 700 university student participants (potential donors). The most important recipient country characteristic for participants on average is hunger and malnutrition, followed by child mortality, quality of infrastructure, income per capita, and, least importantly, ties to the donor’s home country. A cluster analysis of participants’ individual ‘part worth utilities’ representing the relative importance of the country characteristics reveals they are not strongly correlated with participants’ demographic characteristics.
Competition and the Pricing of Dealer Service in the Over-the-Counter Stock Market

The stock market is in the midst of an era of change unparalleled since the Great Depression, long-standing institutions — including the major stock exchanges — are being radically challenged by contemporary developments, and novel approaches to making markets for common stocks are appearing with increasing frequency. In addition, the Martin Report and the recent hearings of the Securities and Exchange Commission on the future structure of the equities market indicate that the regulatory climate surrounding the stock market can be expected to undergo serious change in the near future.
Determining the test voltage factor function for the evaluation of lightning impulses with oscillations and/or an overshoot

In order to remove the present IEC 60060-1 and IEEE Standard 4 ambiguities in the evaluation of the test voltage when oscillations and/or an overshoot appear superimposed in a lightning impulse, at the end of the 1990s, a European Project within the Standard, Measurement and Testing (SMT) program was developed by KEMA (Netherlands), Schering Institute (Germany), LCOE (Spain), and NGC (United Kingdom) in coordination with the CIGRE Working Group 33.03. The conclusion of this European Project is a new evaluation method called test voltage function K(f) derived on the breakdown behavior of different dielectric media, that removes the standard ambiguity to determine the test voltage of an impulse with oscillations and/or an overshoot. This paper presents the experimental results of the project and deals in depth with the definition of K(f).
Temporal variation of heterozygosity‐based assortative mating and related benefits in a lesser kestrel population

Heterozygosity as a target of mate choice has received much attention in recent years and there is growing evidence supporting its role in the evolution of mate preferences. In this study we analyse mating patterns in relation to heterozygosity in a lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) population intensively monitored over six study years (2002–2007). The magnitude of heterozygosity‐based assortative mating varied over time, being particularly patent in the last study years (2006, 2007). We have found evidence that this mating pattern entails both direct and indirect‐genetic benefits. Clutch size increased with female heterozygosity and more heterozygous males raised a higher number of fledglings particularly in those years when the strength of the heterozygosity‐based assortative mating was markedly higher. In the last study year, parent–offspring correlation of heterozygosity was stronger and higher than the expected if individuals would have randomly mated with respect to heterozygosity. Overall, our results offer empirical support to the heterozygous mate hypothesis of sexual selection but suggest that genetic diversity may act as a temporally variable target for mate choice.
Costless Signalling in Financial Markets

A costless, fully-revealing, signaling equilibrium is derived from two easily understandable conditions. The outsider-rationality condition states that the outsiders relate the price that they offer to pay for a security inversely to the supply of this security that they interpret as a quality signal. The no-arbitrage condition requires that the marginal exchange rate for two securities be the same in both primary and secondary markets. The se conditions restrict the firm's financing policy and have strong im plications for the valuation of securities and of the total firm. A c ostless signaling equilibrium is obtained. Copyright 1987 by American Finance Association.
The Valuation Effects of Frequent Common Stock Issuances

Previous empirical studies show that announcements of seasoned common stock registrations and issuances lead to significant reductions in common stock prices and shareholder wealth. Nevertheless, some firms issue common stock frequently. Our empirical study of nonutility firms that issued common stock four or more times within ten years shows that market reactions to announcements of offerings and to registrations are less unfavorable than typical reactions for infrequent issuers. A cross-sectional analysis reveals no unique characteristics that distinguish frequent issuers from one-time common equity issuers. In fact, the only detectable characteristic unique to the firms is that they issue common stock frequently.
Change-Point Analysis of the Growth Effects of State Banking Deregulation

This article uses recent developments in change-point analysis to demonstrate that stronger income growth rates previously associated with state bank branch deregulation were in all cases temporary rather than permanent. In addition, patterns of temporal ordering across regions suggest that in many states deregulation was a response to economic conditions rather than the reverse. (JEL E44, G28)
Entrepreneurial Orientation, Organizational Learning, and Performance: Evidence from China

This study examined the relationships among entrepreneurial orientation (EO), experimental learning (EL) and acquisitive learning (AL), and firm performance (FP). We tested our model in China as EO is the engine that is driving firms to take advantage of opportunities in an increasingly market–oriented transitional economy. From the responses of 607 firms, we found that EO was positively related to EL but had an inverse U–shaped relationship with AL. Both EL and AL enhanced FP although the effects from AL were weaker and became nonsignificant when external knowledge was embedded into the firm's internal private knowledge.
The HtrA (DegP) protein, essential for Escherichia coli survival at high temperatures, is an endopeptidase

As a preliminary step in the understanding of the function of the Escherichia coli HtrA (DegP) protein, which is indispensable for bacterial survival only at elevated temperatures, the protein was purified and partially characterized. The HtrA protein was purified from cells carrying the htrA gene cloned into a multicopy plasmid, resulting in its overproduction. The sequence of the 13 N-terminal amino acids of the purified HtrA protein was determined and was identical to the one predicted for the mature HtrA protein by the DNA sequence of the cloned gene. Moreover, the N-terminal sequence showed that the 48-kilodalton HtrA protein is derived by cleavage of the first 26 amino acids of the pre-HtrA precursor polypeptide and that the point of cleavage follows a typical target sequence recognized by the leader peptidase enzyme. The HtrA protein was shown to be a specific endopeptidase which was inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate, suggesting that HtrA is a serine protease.
Frames of mental illness in the Yoruba genre of Nigerian movies: Implications for orthodox mental health care

This study examines the modes of framing mental illness in the Yoruba genre of Nigerian movies. All Yoruba films on display in a convenient sample of movie rental shops in Ibadan (Nigeria) were sampled for content. Of the 103 films studied, 27 (26.2%) contained scenes depicting mental illness. Psychotic symptoms were the most commonly depicted, while effective treatments were mostly depicted as taking place in unorthodox settings. The most commonly depicted aetiology of mental illness was sorcery and enchantment by witches and wizards, as well as other supernatural forces. Scenes of mental illness are common in Nigerian movies and these depictions—though reflecting the popular explanatory models of Yoruba-speaking Nigerians about mental illness— may impede utilization of mental health care services and ongoing efforts to reduce psychiatry stigma in this region. Efforts to reduce stigma and improve service utilization should engage the film industry.