Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Single-Dimensional Human Brain Signals for Two-Dimensional Economic Choice Options

Rewarding choice options typically contain multiple components, but neural signals in single brain voxels are scalar and primarily vary up or down. In a previous study, we had designed reward bundles that contained the same two milkshakes with independently set amounts; we had used psychophysics and rigorous economic concepts to estimate two-dimensional choice indifference curves (ICs) that represented revealed stochastic preferences for these bundles in a systematic, integrated manner. All bundles on the same ICs were equally revealed preferred (and thus had same utility, as inferred from choice indifference); bundles on higher ICs (higher utility) were preferred to bundles on lower ICs (lower utility). In the current study, we used the established behavior for testing with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We now demonstrate neural responses in reward-related brain structures of human female and male participants, including striatum, midbrain, and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mid-OFC) that followed the characteristic pattern of ICs: similar responses along ICs (same utility despite different bundle composition), but monotonic change across ICs (different utility). Thus, these brain structures integrated multiple reward components into a scalar signal, well beyond the known subjective value coding of single-component rewards. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Rewards have several components, like the taste and size of an apple, but it is unclear how each component contributes to the overall value of the reward. While choice indifference curves (ICs) of economic theory provide behavioral approaches to this question, it is unclear whether brain responses capture the preference and utility integrated from multiple components. We report activations in striatum, midbrain, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) that follow choice ICs representing behavioral preferences over and above variations of individual reward components. In addition, the concept-driven approach encourages future studies on natural, multicomponent rewards that are prone to irrational choice of normal and brain-damaged individuals.
The soy-derived peptide Vglycin inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

Vglycin, a novel natural polypeptide isolated from pea seeds, possesses antidiabetic properties. Our previous studies have shown that Vglycin can induce the differentiation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells. We aimed to determine the anticancer activity of Vglycin against colon cancer cells and to elucidate related apoptosis-inducing mechanisms. Treatment with purified Vglycin significantly reduced growth, viability, and colony formation of CT-26, SW480, and NCL-H716 colon cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner while down-regulating the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Mouse xenograft studies showed a 38% inhibition of colon cancer growth in mice treated with Vglycin (20 mg/kg/day) at day 21. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms involved in Vglycin-induced cell apoptosis were examined using cell cycle studies, ultrastructural examination, as well as apoptosis-associated pathway analysis. The results showed that Vglycin significantly promoted apoptosis and G1/S phase cell cycle arrest. As revealed by Western blot, the expression of CDK2 and Cyclin D1 was down-regulated in all three Vglycin-treated colon cancer cells, indicating that the CDK2/Cyclin D1 cell cycle pathway involved in the initiation and progression of colon cancer. Moreover, the inhibition of Vglycin-induced cell proliferation in colon cancer cells was accompanied by alteration of the expression levels of the apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, and an increase of caspase-3 activity. Together, our results suggest that Vglycin may be another plant-derived peptide that suppresses colon cancer, supporting the continued investigation of Vglycin as therapeutic agent for colon cancer. Impact statement The antidiabetic properties and the capability of inducing differentiation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells of Vglycin have been reported in our previous studies. However, the anticancer potential of Vglycin on colon cancer cells and its possible related mechanisms were still unknown. In this study, we found that Vglycin could reduce growth, viability, and colony formation or colony size of CT-26, SW480, and NCL-H716 colon cancer cells. Moreover, Vglycin decreased tumor volume by 38% in xenograft mice transplanted with CT-26 cells. The mechanisms of these phenomena may be due to the down-regulated CDK2 and Cyclin D1, G1/S phase cell cycle arrest, and the dysregulated expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Mcl-1. The findings highlight the anticancer potential of Vglycin against colon cancer cells, and suggest Vglycin may be another colon cancer potential suppressive component of plant-derived peptides.
Structures of the Multidrug Transporter P-glycoprotein Reveal Asymmetric ATP Binding and the Mechanism of Polyspecificity*♦

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a polyspecific ATP-dependent transporter linked to multidrug resistance in cancer; it plays important roles in determining the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. Understanding the structural basis of P-gp, substrate polyspecificity has been hampered by its intrinsic flexibility, which is facilitated by a 75-residue linker that connects the two halves of P-gp. Here we constructed a mutant murine P-gp with a shortened linker to facilitate structural determination. Despite dramatic reduction in rhodamine 123 and calcein-AM transport, the linker-shortened mutant P-gp possesses basal ATPase activity and binds ATP only in its N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain. Nine independently determined structures of wild type, the linker mutant, and a methylated P-gp at up to 3.3 Å resolution display significant movements of individual transmembrane domain helices, which correlated with the opening and closing motion of the two halves of P-gp. The open-and-close motion alters the surface topology of P-gp within the drug-binding pocket, providing a mechanistic explanation for the polyspecificity of P-gp in substrate interactions.
Simulating the Impact of Glenohumeral Capsulorrhaphy on Movement Kinematics and Muscle Function in Activities of Daily Living

This study aimed to use a predictive simulation framework to examine shoulder kinematics, muscular effort and task performance during functional upper limb movements under simulated selective glenohumeral capsulorrhaphy. A musculoskeletal model of the torso and upper limb was adapted to include passive restraints that simulated the changes in shoulder range of motion stemming from selective glenohumeral capsulorrhaphy procedures (anteroinferior, anterosuperior, posteroinferior, posterosuperior, and total anterior, inferior, posterior and superior). Predictive muscle-driven simulations of three functional movements (upward reach, forward reach and head touch) were generated with each model. Shoulder kinematics (elevation, elevation plane and axial rotation), muscle cost (i.e. muscular effort) and task performance time were compared to a baseline model to assess the impact of the capsulorrhaphy procedures. Minimal differences in shoulder kinematics and task performance times were observed, suggesting that task performance could be maintained across the capsulorrhaphy conditions. Increased muscle cost was observed under the selective capsulorrhaphy conditions, however this was dependent on the task and capsulorrhaphy condition. Larger increases in muscle cost were observed under the capsulorrhaphy conditions that incurred the greatest reductions in shoulder range of motion (i.e. total inferior, total anterior, anteroinferior and total posterior conditions) and during tasks that required shoulder kinematics closer to end range of motion (i.e. upward reach and head touch). The elevated muscle loading observed could present a risk to joint capsule repair. Appropriate rehabilitation following glenohumeral capsulorrhaphy is required to account for the elevated demands placed on muscles, particularly when significant range of motion loss presents.
Determinants of dermatological disorders among school children in Sagamu, Nigeria

Studies from developing countries conducted over a period of years in the past have reported high prevalence of skin disorders among school children, the spectrum of which has been highly variable. Our study aimed at describing the current pattern and determinants of dermatological disorders among urban primary school children in an African population. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in public primary schools in Sagamu local government area of Ogun State. A multi stage sampling technique was employed and data was collected by well trained health workers using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Dermatological diagnosis was made mainly clinically by Physicians. Laboratory investigations were used to confirm difficult diagnoses. A total of 480 primary school children were recruited. The overall point prevalence of any skin disease was 39.6% (190/480) with 86.2% of those infected having one lesion, and 26 (13.8%) with two or more lesions. The prevalence of any skin disorder was 112 (48.1%) in males and 78 (31.6%) in females (X2= 13.632, p = 0.000). Infective dermatoses accounted for 83.7% of all skin disorders, with superficial fungal infections (dermatophytoses and pityriasis versicolor) accounting for 159 (74.1%). Determinants of acquisition of skin infection among school children were Male sex [OR=2.0, CI=1.36-2.94], previous skin infection [OR=2.09, C.I=1.42-3.06] and No of Siblings greater than 4 [OR=1.17, C.I=01.00-1.37] Number of Siblings greater than 4, previous skin infections and gender were significantly associated with skin disorders among the study population. These factors should be considered in screening for skin infection among young school children. Interventions that enhance good personal hygiene and family life education should be encouraged in developing countries in order to reduce the incidence of skin infection.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- Residual Type

Evidence for the persistence into adult life of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has accumulated in publications of the past two decades. As reviewed here, retrospective and longitudinal data suggest that a residual type of ADHD (ADHD-RT) can be recognized. Diagnostic historical interview and checklist criteria, primarily the Utah set developed by Wender and colleagues, have been proposed. The difficulties of obtaining reliable and valid historical information, which are greater than those encountered in diagnosing childhood cases, add to the desirability of some direct examination for ADHD-RT. It is proposed herein that assessment of the neuropsychological domain of executive function—broader than, yet encompassing, several facets of attention-offers opportunities for documentation of the cognitive correlates of ADHD-RT, its responsiveness to therapeutic intervention, and clues as to its neurobiological foundation. (J Child Neurol 1991;6(Suppl):S42-S48).
Stump Appendicitis after Open Appendicectomy: Judicious Surgical Approach

Background: Incomplete appendectomy may predispose to the development of stump appendicitis. Stump appendicitis, the interval re-inflammation of the residual appendiceal tissue, is a rare complication of appendectomy. Stump appendicitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient with a previous history of appendectomy who presents with signs and symptoms of appendicitis. Case History: A 15 yr old girl, class 10 student presented with on & off right lower quadrant pain, vomiting and anorexia since 5months i.e. one week post appendicectomy surgery. Ultrasound examination revealed an inflamed residual stump with periappendicular edema. Completion open appendicectomy performed safely & patient got relieved of her symptoms fully. Conclusion: Stump appendicitis is a rare but real complication after appendectomy surgery. Diagnosis of stump appendicitis certainly requires a high clinical suspicion and one should be aware of this uncommon phenomenon. Ultrasonogram & CT scan are proven useful tools in establishing the diagnosis. Completion appendicectomy either by open/laparoscopic surgery is the standard treatment to avoid lot of morbidity. Regardless of the surgical technique used, identification of the appendiceal base by tracing the taenia coli down to the appendix is crucial in preventing such a complication.
Differentially Private Semi-Supervised Classification

In this work, we propose a novel framework for linear classification, differentially private semi-supervised classification. The previous method in the classification problem, differentially private empirical risk minimization (ERM) only generates a classifier from labeled data. Inspired by semi-supervised learning, we propose two differentially private semi-supervised methods, which train a classifier by using both labeled and unlabeled data. We analyze the global sensitivity of the objective function and introduce differentially private ERM for semi-supervised prediction using output perturbation and objective perturbation. We experimentally evaluate the performance of the proposed methods and demonstrate that the proposed methods give more accurate prediction than regular differentially private ERM by increasing the number of unlabeled data used for training.
ORIGINAL H‐2d AND FOREIGN H ‐ 2k ‐ LIKE ANTIGENS ARE INDEPENDENT ENTITIES ON A CHEMICALLY INDUCED SARCOMA

We have previously shown that a methylcholanthrene‐induced sarcoma of BALB/c strain (C‐1) expressed, in addition to its original H‐2d antigens, foreign H‐2k‐like determinants. In the present study the relationship between H‐2d and H‐2k‐like antigens was examined by in vitro and in vivo assays. Cultured tumour cells were exposed in the cold to either a monospecific (D‐23, D‐25, D‐1) or polyspecific (BALB/c anti‐C3Hf) alloantiserum directed to H‐2k specificities and then used to absorb the cytotoxic activity of either monospecific (D‐31) or a polyspecific (C3Hf anti‐BALB/c) alloantisera to H‐2d antigens (blocking test). The opposite was also done, i.e. tumour cells were coated with anti‐H‐2d sera and used to absorb the cytotoxicity of anti‐H‐2k sera. No reciprocal interference was found between the two H‐2‐different antigens in the absorption of related alloantisera. Suspensions of irradiated C‐1 tumour cells were exposed in vitro to either anti‐H‐2d or anti‐H‐2k antisera and then used to immunize either syngeneic BALB/c or allogeneic C3Hf mice. The coating of immunizing neoplastic cells with BALB/c anti‐C3Hf serum prevented anti‐C3Hf (anti‐H‐2k) antibody production in BALB/c mice without affecting anti‐BALB/c (anti‐H‐2d) antibody development in C3Hf animals; coating of H‐2d antigens on tumour cells strongly reduced anti‐BALB/c but not anti‐C3Hf antibody production. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that foreign H‐2k‐like determinants are physically separated from the wild H‐2d antigens on the C‐1 sarcoma cells.
Interspecific introgression reveals a role of male genital morphology during the evolution of reproductive isolation in Drosophila

Rapid divergence in genital structures among nascent species has been posited to be an early-evolving cause of reproductive isolation, although evidence supporting this idea as a widespread phenomenon remains mixed. Using a collection of interspecific introgression lines between two Drosophila species that diverged ∼240,000 years ago, we tested the hypothesis that even modest divergence in genital morphology can result in substantial fitness losses. We studied the reproductive consequences of variation in the male epandrial posterior lobes between Drosophila mauritiana and D. sechellia and found that divergence in posterior lobe morphology has significant fitness costs on several pre-fertilization and post-copulatory reproductive measures. Males with divergent posterior lobe morphology also significantly reduced the life span of their mates. Interestingly, one of the consequences of genital divergence was decreased oviposition and fertilization, which suggests that a sensory bias for posterior lobe morphology could exist in females, and thus posterior lobe morphology may be the target of cryptic female choice in these species. Our results provide evidence that divergence in genitalia can in fact give rise to substantial reproductive isolation early during species divergence, and they also reveal novel reproductive functions of the external male genitalia in Drosophila.
Survey of HER2-neu Expression in Colonic Adenocarcinoma in the West of Iran.

BACKGROUND Overexpression of HER2-neu has been reported in many epithelial malignancies, including cancers of the breast, ovaries, lungs, prostate, bladder, pancreas, colorectum and stomach as well as osteosarcomas. The aim of this study was evaluation of expression of HER2-neu immunohistochemistry (IHC) status and clinicopathologic features in a series of colonic adenocarcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this descriptive and analytical study, we surveyed 211 samples of colon adenocarcinoma from 182 patients (86.3%) undergoing total or partial colectomy and 29 (7.13%) with biopsies by colonoscopy. A sufficient sample size was obtained from all cases and the slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and also by IHC (HER2) staining. RESULTS The mean age for the patients at diagnosis was 57.9 years (range, 15-88 years). One hundred and twenty one patients (57.3%) were male. Of all patients, 201 samples (95.3%) were conventional adenocarcinomas (159, 29 and 13 cases were well, moderately and poorly differentiated, respectively) and 10 (4.7%) were mucinous type. Out of 211 cases, 171 were checked for lymph nodes metastasis and 64 were positive. There is a correlation between HER2 scores and differentiation, most score 3 cases being well differentiated (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In patients with advanced colon cancer, surgery alone is not curative and other forms of therapy may be required to prolong patient survival. HER2 overexpression was found in some cases and this could be a guideline to new adjuvant therapy for these patients.
Non-Darcian Behavior of Pyrolysis Gas in a Thermal Protection System

DOI: 10.2514/1.44103 To improve heat and ablation rate modeling of the thermal protection system for reentry vehicles, a material response model with surface ablation and pyrolysis is developed. To accurately model the effects of the pyrolysis gas within the ablator, Darcy’s law is replaced by Forchheimer’s law for flow through porous media. The use of Forchheimer’s law accounts for the inertial effects of the gas and removes any dependency on microscopic parameters,suchasporesize.Tocharacterizethe flow,theForchheimernumberisproposedbecauseitdependsonly on macroscopic quantities. To verify and validate the model, comparisons to experimental data and to prior computational results are presented. Applying Ergun’s equation to evaluate the inertial parameter of the Forchheimer number, a simple test case is run. For the case of a generic carbon-phenolic ablator subjected to a typical reentry trajectory, conditions for non-Darcian behavior are investigated by way of a parametric study. Finally, the necessary conditions required for gas kinetic energy to be relevant are highlighted.
Characterization of a large scale DNW MAPS fabricated in a 3D integration process

This work is concerned with the characterization of a large matrix of deep n-well (DNW) 130 nm CMOS monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) with an FPGA based system. The acquisition system has been configured to stimulate the sensor and process the output data of the devices under test. Characterization results provide evidence of a remarkably high yield in the vertical integration process interconnecting the two layers fabricated by Globalfoundries and subsequently processed by Tezzaron Semiconductor.
Dataset shift in PLDA based speaker verification

Dataset shift is a problem widely studied in the field of speaker recognition. Among the different types of dataset shift, covariate shift is the most common one in real scenarios. Traditional solutions for the problem of covariate shift have been developed in the context of channel and session variability, and make use of large datasets to train models for channel/session compensation. However, in real applications, it is not always possible to obtain a large matched dataset to train these techniques. This work analyzes the stages of an i-vector system that are more vulnerable to covariate shift, and proposes different techniques to mitigate this effect. The proposed techniques operate under the assumption that little matched data is available for development. These techniques are evaluated in a scenario where covariate shift is simulated introducing language shift. Among the proposed techniques, the most promising one is the i-vector adaptation based on the mean centering and length normalization technique. However, the proposed techniques are not enough to reduce the wide gap in the accuracy that appears in presence of covariate shift.
BRIDGES BETWEEN EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN AND PROCESS

Uc Pinna and Sallcs ask lor clarification on how cladistic analysis tests adaptational hypotheses de Pinna and Sallcs. 1990; Coddington, 1988 . They also [joint out that an alternative optimization exists lor character 3 in my 19881 fig. 2. Ynp. OK, I'll admit it. All readers of the previous paper are hereby instructed to believe that a new laxon has been discovered, identical to taxon D except for some convincing autapomorphies which need not concern us. Based on this new information, the previously reported optimization wins by one and only one step. Hey, close don't count in fladistics! Passing on to a more profound.issue. I have to confess a long-standing difficulty with the allegedly important distinction between "states of becoming" and "states of being". II something already is. I would guess it probably became in order to be. and if it is only becoming, it had to become from somewhere, and probably to somewhere as well, not to mention be while it is becoming. I am not sure whether I view adaptation as becoming rather than being or whether the distinction makes a difference. Mosi of de Pinna and Salles's remaining arguments tend to the same point: however desirable, no amount of mapping characters on cladograms has yet provided an "empirical bridge", "bridge concept", "empirical link", or even "true and empirical relations" to processes such as natural selection or process theories such as adaptation. Although I think the jargon peculiar to theories about theories often obfuscates simple issues anyone care to define "individual" in 50 pages or less. I hope I understand more or less what they mean by "empirical bridge". In fact. I think the argument reduces to the question. "What is a bridge? " When bushwhacking through chasm-filled forests real or theoretical . people do differ on what ihey accept as trustworthy bridges (e.g. rock hoppers, waders. fallen tree walkers, vine swingers . 11 is a fair question. I will first summarize what I said, and then use the rhinoceratid example, or at least a fictive extrapolation of it. to demonstrate the tests. To review the backbone of the 1988 argument:
Review Paper: Epidemiology of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Comparisons Between Developed and Developing Countries

A review of global epidemiological studies of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) within 2 decades was undertaken to compare the incidence, mortality rate, patients’ age, gender, causes, and severity of injury between developed countries and developing countries. The incidence rates varied greatly, and there was also a 2-fold difference between the highest mortality rate in developing countries and that in developed countries. Male sex and age from 30 to 50 years are strong risk factors in both these groups. Traffic accidents are the leading cause of injury in developed countries, whereas falls are the leading cause in developing countries. To clarify regional differences, future studies should contain long-term data about TSCI characteristics in a region-based population.