Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Food of Bovine Origin in Selected Woredas of Tigray, Ethiopia

3 Abstract: Salmonella species are food borne pathogen and the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in several countries. The situation is aggravated by the ever increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance strains. The study was designed to determine antibiogram Salmonella serovars isolated from food of bovine origin. A total of 384 of milk (n =192) and meat samples (n =192) were collected from selected Woredas of Tigray, 12 Ethiopia. The samples were pre-enriched with buffered peptone water and incubated at 37°C for 18hrs. Aliquots were inoculated into Selenite-Cysteine broth. A loopful of broth was streaked on Brilliant Green agar. then sub- cultured on Biolog Universal Growth Agar. The bacteria were further identified by BiOLOG identification system. Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars was done by disk diffusion using twelve antimicrobials and ranges for minimum inhibitory concentration was determined. The study revealed that out of 384 samples, S.typhimurium 40 (10.4%), S. enteritidis 33 (5.7%) and S. newport 1 (0.2%) were isolated. Antibiogram of the isolates (n=63) revealed high resistance to cephalothin (74.6%), Chloramphenicol (71.4%), tetracycline(74.6%), gentamicin(54%) whereas low resistance to sulphoxazoletrimethoprim (17.5%), Neomycin(17.5%), streptomycin(27%), Kanamycin(25.4%), Ciprofloxacin(11.1%), Nitrofurantoine(4.8%), Norfloxon(7.9%) and Ciftriaxon (15.9 %). Multidrug resistance observed in (71.4%) of Salmonella serovars. The study reveals Salmonella serotypes originating from food of bovine origin and its multi-drug resistance. This poses a concern to design prevention and control methods.
The Dodd-Frank Act and Housing Finance: Can It Restore Private Risk Capital to the Securitization Market?

Private risk capital has virtually disappeared from the U.S. housing finance market since the market’s collapse in 2008. This Article argues that private risk capital is unlikely to return on any scale until the informational problems in housing finance are resolved so that investors can accurately gauge and price the risks they assume. The Dodd-Frank Act represents a first step in reforming the U.S. housing finance. It takes a multi-layered approach, regulating both loan origination and securitization. Dodd-Frank’s reforms, however, fail to adequately address the opacity of credit risk information in mortgage markets and thus are insufficient for the restoration of private risk capital. The Article argues that Dodd-Frank reforms like “skin-in-the-game” credit risk retention fail to solve the informational problems in the housing finance market, as they merely replace one informational opacity with another. Instead, the Article argues, it is necessary to institute structural changes in the housing finance market, particularly the standardization of mortgage securitization, that force the production of information necessary for accurate risk-pricing.
Risk factors of postictal generalized EEG suppression in generalized convulsive seizures

Objective: To identify the clinical determinants of occurrence of postictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES) after generalized convulsive seizures (GCS). Methods: We reviewed the video-EEG recordings of 417 patients included in the REPO2MSE study, a multicenter prospective cohort study of patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. According to ictal semiology, we classified GCS into 3 types: tonic-clonic GCS with bilateral and symmetric tonic arm extension (type 1), clonic GCS without tonic arm extension or flexion (type 2), and GCS with unilateral or asymmetric tonic arm extension or flexion (type 3). Association between PGES and person-specific or seizure-specific variables was analyzed after correction for individual effects and the varying number of seizures. Results: A total of 99 GCS in 69 patients were included. Occurrence of PGES was independently associated with GCS type (p < 0.001) and lack of early administration of oxygen (p < 0.001). Odds ratio (OR) for GCS type 1 in comparison with GCS type 2 was 66.0 (95% confidence interval [CI 5.4–801.6]). In GCS type 1, risk of PGES was significantly increased when the seizure occurred during sleep (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.2–20.9) and when oxygen was not administered early (OR 13.4, 95% CI 3.2–55.9). Conclusion: The risk of PGES dramatically varied as a function of GCS semiologic characteristics. Whatever the type of GCS, occurrence of PGES was prevented by early administration of oxygen.
Potent inhibition of cell density‐dependent apoptosis and enhancement of survival by dimethyl sulfoxide in human myeloblastic HL‐60 cells

Human myeloblastic cell line HL‐60 cells undergo apoptosis during in vitro culture in a cell density‐dependent manner, and this cell density‐dependent apoptosis was observed when the concentration of cultured cells exceeded 8–10 × 105 cells/ml. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a differentiation inducer of HL‐60 cells, did not amplify, but rather potently inhibited, this apoptosis. In a low density culture condition, DMSO attenuated proliferation of HL‐60 cells in spite of its inhibition of apoptosis. In contrast, DMSO did support cell survival under high cell density conditions, and DMSO‐treated HL‐60 cells reached an extremely high concentration of 2–3 × 106 cells/ml, a condition which could never be possible in a usual culture environment. Thus, DMSO exerted dual effects on cell proliferation, i.e., growth inhibition and apoptosis inhibition, and the sum of these effects resulted in an apparently distinct phenomenon according to the culture conditions including cell density. J. Cell. Physiol. 174:135–143, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
D comparison of hippocampal atrophy in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer ’ s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a relatively newly defined clinical entity that requires memory decline while activities of daily living remain intact.Most amnesticMCI patients developAlzheimer’s disease. Using an innovative surfacebased hippocampal analytic technique we analysed the structural magnetic resonance hippocampal data of 31 amnestic MCI and 34 Alzheimer’s disease subjects. We tested the hypothesis that Alzheimer’s disease subjects have greater atrophy of the CA1, CA2 and CA3 hippocampal subfields relative to amnestic MCI subjects. 3D hippocampal maps localized the main group differences to the CA1 region bilaterally and the CA2 and CA3 region on the right (left P = 0.0024, right P = 0.0002, both corrected for multiple comparisons). Age, race, gender, education and Mini-Mental State Examination were significant predictors of hippocampal volume. Hippocampal volume was a significant predictor of clinical diagnosis. Our study suggests that as Alzheimer’s disease progresses, subregional hippocampal atrophy spreads in a pattern that follows the known trajectory of neurofibrillary tangle dissemination. Novel hippocampal analytic techniques that can track the spread of hippocampal pathology in 3D with such precision are a promising research tool.
Advancing U.S. Seafood Production: Developing Hatchery Technology for Florida Stone Crab (Menippe mercenaria)

of a thesis at the University of Miami. Thesis supervised by Professor Daniel D. Benetti. No. of pages in text. (35) These experiments will be conducted in order to refine and implement reliable techniques for larval rearing of Florida stone crab (Menippe mercenaria). The aim is to secure the technology for production of large quantities of stone crab larvae for transfer to nursery growout environments to support domestic aquaculture production. Establishing a successful larval rearing protocol that maximizes total survivability and growth is essential for all aquacultures species. This experiment sought to define optimal larval rearing parameters from the first zoeal stage through the megalope stage (settlement). Four treatments, which included instar 1 Artemia (T1), decapsulated instar 1 Artemia (T2), enriched instar II Artemia (T3), and enriched rotifers (T3 and T4) were utilized to establish a proper feeding regime that maximizes larval growth and survival. Data revealed that survival through the zoea 3 stage of development (day 7) was higher when using enriched rotifers or decapsulated Artemia, and were not statistically different from each other. It was also shown that the fastest time (11days) to reach megalope stage, as well as the highest survival of megalops (1122.50 ± 24.85) was obtained when crab larvae were fed decapsulated Artemia (T2) from zoea 1 through the megalope stage. Crab larvae fed only instar I Artemia throughout the rearing experiment suffered the highest levels of mortality through the megalope stage. T4 which was fed only enriched rotifers, reached the zoea 5 stage, but never molted to the final megalope stage after 22 days. This trial showed that while enriched rotifers alone were an acceptable food prey during early stages of development, dacpsulated Artermia’s small size increased nutritional profile was ideal for maximizing growth and survival.
Clinical and economic impact of a combination Haemophilus influenzae and Hepatitis B vaccine: estimating cost-effectiveness using decision analysis.

BACKGROUND Compliance with hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine remains suboptimal, despite a recommendation by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the US Public Health Service that all newborns be vaccinated. Although a combined HBV-Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine may improve acceptance of the HBV vaccine, the clinical and economic consequences of this intervention are uncertain. OBJECTIVES To compare the health impact and cost-effectiveness of the following 2 immunization strategies: current practice of administering HBV vaccine separately (75% compliance) and Hib vaccine alone or as part of a multivalent vaccine (95% compliance); and strategy of delivering a combined HBV-Hib vaccine (95% compliance). DESIGN A Markov model simulated the natural history of acute and chronic HBV and Hib disease in a cohort of US newborns. Clinical and economic variables were obtained from published reports. RESULTS The Hib-related outcomes were the same in both strategies, because the efficacy and compliance with Hib vaccine were assumed to be equivalent in both. A 53% reduction in the number of cases of HBV infection with the combination strategy (n = 8541) was estimated when compared with current practice (n = 18 044), along with 205 fewer HBV-related deaths per 1 million infants. Immunization costs of the combination strategy were $11.5 million higher than for current practice ($108.4 million compared with $96.9 million), whereas the cost of HBV-related disease was $4.0 million lower than in current practice. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the combination strategy was $17700 per year of life saved. CONCLUSION An HBV-Hib vaccine in US infants yields substantial benefits, with a cost-effectiveness ratio that is lower than that of many commonly used medical interventions.
Deletion of the SMN 1 and NAIP Genes in Vietnamese Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy

NGUYEN DUC BACH, AHMAD HAMIM SADEWA, YASUHIRO TAKESHIMA*, RETNO SUTOMO, TRAN VAN KHANH, NGUYEN THI NGOC DAO, NGUYEN THI HOAN, VU CHI DUNG, DANG DIEM HONG, YOSUKE HARADA, HISAHIDE NISHIO, and MASAFUMI MATSUO Division of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Aging, Division of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan Institute of Biotechnology, National Center for Natural Science and Technology, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Genetics, National Institute of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam
Promotion of physical activity among high-school girls: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES Many adolescent girls fail to meet national guidelines for physical activity, and the prevalence of obesity is increasing among this group. Our study examined the effects of a comprehensive school-based intervention on physical activity among high-school girls. METHODS A group-randomized controlled field trial was conducted at 24 high schools. A school-based sample of 2744 girls (48.7% African American, 46.7% White) participated in a measurement protocol when they were in eighth and then ninth grade. A comprehensive physical activity intervention was designed to change the instructional program and the school environment to increase support for physical activity among girls. RESULTS At follow-up, 45% of girls in the intervention schools and 36% of girls in the control schools reported vigorous physical activity during an average of 1 or more 30-minute time blocks per day over a 3-day period. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive school-based intervention can increase regular participation in vigorous physical activity among high-school girls.
THE PREPARATION AND SOME PROPERTIES OF PURIFIED MYELIN FROM THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM *

THE MYELIN sheath has been the subject of extensive investigation by physical methods, such as polarized light studies (SCHMIDT, 1936), X-ray diffraction (SCHMITT, BEAR and PALMER, 1941 ; FINEAN, 1958, 1962) and electron microscopy (FERNANDEZ-MORAN, 1950; SJOSTRAND, 1953 ; FERNANDEZ-MORAN, 1957 ; FERNANDEZ-MORAN and FINEAN, 1957; ROBERTSON, 1962.) The early recognition of myelin as an ordered structure of repeating lamellae (SCHMITT, BEAR and CLARK, 1935; SCHMITT, 1950) provided the impetus for many of the subsequent physical measurements. This work was possible with myelin, and not other biological membranes, not only because of the para-crystalline structure of myelin but also because it exists in the largest concentration of any of the ordered structures of biological systems. These detailed morphological studies took on new significance when it was shown, first in the peripheral nervous system (GEREN, 1954), and later in the central nervous system (PETERS, 1960a,b; BUNGE, BUNGE and PAPPAS, 1962), that the myelin sheath was an extension of the Schwann cell in peripheral nerve and oligodendroglial cell plasma membranes in the CNS. It could be argued that data obtained from a study of the myelin lipoprotein systems might be directly applicable to the plasma membranes of these two cells and possibly have general significance in the study of other biological membranes. At the present time, through techniques mentioned above, we have a rapidly increasing body of knowledge concerning the morphology of the myelin sheath; however, the chemical nature of myelin can only be inferred from indirect measurements such as comparative analyses of gray and white matter (BRANTE, 1949; JOHNSON, MCNABB and ROSSITER, 1948a, b; ROBINS, EYDT and SMITH, 1956~1, b.); studies of the increase of constituents during the period of rapid myelination (FOLCH, 1955; FOLCH, CASALS, POPE, HEATH, LEBARON and LEES, 1959; UZMAN and RUMLEY, 1958; SPERRY, 1955a, 6); and studies of nerve composition during Wallerian degeneration (JOHNSON et al., 1949; MCCAMAN and ROBINS, 1959). FERNANDEZ-MORAN (1957), speculating about the three-dimensional molecular organization of myelin says, “However, without quantitative information about the chemical composition of the myelin sheath and precise localization of its various constituents, including water, these speculations are of little operational value. ” Recently several groups have reported centrifugation procedures for the preparation of myelin in varying degrees of apparent purity. Both LAATSCH, GORDON, KIES and ALVORD (1961, 1962) and HULCHER et al. (1963a, b) have devised non-classical procedures specifically to obtain myelin for its subsequent study as an antigen in
PRRSV , the virus Janneke

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a positive-strand RNA virus that belongs to the Arteriviridae family. PRRSV grows in primary alveolar macrophages and in monkey kidney cell lines. The genomic RNA is approximately 15 kb. The genome encodes the RNA replicase (ORF1a and ORF1b), the glycoproteins GP 2 to GP5, the integral membrane protein M, and the nucleocapsid protein N (ORFs 2 to 7). A comparison of nucleotide sequences of different strains indicates that European and North American strains represent two distinct antigenic types. Various PRRSV-specific monoclonal antibodies and recombinant structural proteins have been produced. Well-defined PRRSV mutants can be generated with the recently developed infectious cDNA clone of PRRSV. PRRSV / genome organisation / structural protein / infectious cDNA clone Résumé – Syndrome dysgénésique et respiratoire porcin, le virus. Le virus du syndrome dysgénésique et respiratoire porcin (PRRSV) est un virus à ARN simple brin de polarité positive qui appartient à la famille des Arteriviridae. PRRSV se multiplie sur des macrophages alvéolaires et sur des lignées cellulaires dérivées de rein de singe. L’ARN génomique est d’une longueur approximative de 15 kb. Le génome code pour la réplicase de l’ARN (ORF1a et ORF1b), les glycoprotéines GP 2 à GP5, la protéine membranaire intégrale M, et la protéine de nucléocapside N (ORFs 2 à 7). La comparaison des séquences nucléotidiques des différentes souches indique que les souches européenne et nord-américaine représentent deux types antigéniques distincts. Divers anticorps monoclonaux spécifiques du PRRSV, et diverses protéines de structure recombinantes ont été obtenus. Des mutants bien définis du PRRSV peuvent être produits grâce au clone d’ADNc infectieux du PRRSV qui a été récemment construit. PRRSV / organisation génomique / protéine de structure / clone d’ADNc infectieux Vet. Res. 31 (2000) 11–21 11 © INRA, EDP Sciences Tel. : (31) 320238804; fax: (31) 320328668; e-mail: J.J.M.Meulenberg@id.dlo. nl J.J.M. Meulenberg 12
Polaris-H measurements and performance

Polaris-H, a compact Compton camera designed by H3D, Inc. has been characterized and tested in field measurements at nuclear power plants. Polaris-H integrates a 3D-position-sensitive pixelated CZT detector (20 mm × 20 mm × 15 mm), associated readout electronics, an embedded computer, a 5-hour battery, and an optical camera all within a portable water-resistant case. The total mass is about 4 kg. Start-up time is 2 minutes. Additionally, there is a connection for a tablet, which displays a real-time gamma-ray spectrum (near 1% FWHM at 662 keV) and isotope-specific images of the radiation distribution in all 4π in real time. The newest design of Polaris-H features the capability to control data acquisition without using a tablet interface, a higher energy dynamic range, and a higher maximum count rate. Absolute efficiency, imaging efficiency, energy resolution, and detection and identification performance are presented. Measurements are shown for applications of decontamination and detection of previously unknown contamination regions.
CD8+ T cells produce IL‐2, which is required for CD4+CD25+ T cell regulation of effector CD8+ T cell development for contact hypersensitivity responses

Interleukin (IL)‐2 functions to promote, as well as down‐regulate, expansion of antigen‐reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but the role of IL‐2 in hapten‐specific CD8+ T cell priming for contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses remains untested. Using enzyme‐linked immunospot to enumerate numbers of hapten‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IL‐2 in hapten‐sensitized mice, the number of IL‐2‐producing CD8+ T cells was tenfold that of CD4+ T cells. Hapten‐primed D4+ T cells produced low amounts of IL‐2 during culture with hapten‐presenting Langerhans cells, whereas production by hapten‐primed CD8+ T cells was fivefold greater. CD8+ T cells did not express CD25 during hapten priming, but treatment with anti‐IL‐2 or anti‐CD25 monoclonal antibodies during hapten sensitization increased hapten‐specific effector CD8+ T cells as well as the magnitude and duration of the CHS response. These results indicate that CD8+ T cells are the primary source of IL‐2 and that this IL‐2 is required for the function of a population of CD4+CD25+ T cells to restrict the development of the hapten‐reactive effector CD8+ T cells that mediate CHS responses.
Mechanisms and patterns of injuries related to large animals.

BACKGROUND Injuries from encounters with large animals represent a significant health risk for rural communities. We evaluated our regional trauma centers' experience with large-animal injuries to determine whether certain mechanisms and patterns of injury predicted either major head/craniofacial or torso (chest/abdomen/pelvis) trauma. METHODS The hospital courses of 145 patients with injuries related to large animals were reviewed retrospectively to determine patterns of injury, specific injury mechanisms, species-specific injuries, and predictors of multiple body region trauma. RESULTS Seventy-nine patients (55%) were injured by horses, 47 patients (32%) by bulls, 16 patients (11%) by cows, and 3 patients (2%) by wild animal attacks. The predominant species-specific mechanisms of injury were falls (horses), tramplings (bulls), and kicks (cows). Brain/craniofacial injuries were most common from horse-related encounters (32%), whereas bull and cow encounters usually resulted in torso injuries (45% and 56%, respectively). Multiple body region injuries occurred in 32% of patients. Fractures of the upper extremities were more often associated with torso and head/craniofacial injuries (48%) than lower extremity injuries (17%) (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Large animal injuries frequently involve multiple body regions with species-specific mechanisms. Upper extremity injuries are associated with a significantly higher percentage of torso and head/craniofacial injuries, which may have implications for field triage.
Morphological differences in skeletal muscle atrophy of rats with motor nerve and/or sensory nerve injury

Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs after denervation. The present study dissected the rat left ventral root and dorsal root at L4-6 or the sciatic nerve to establish a model of simple motor nerve injury, sensory nerve injury or mixed nerve injury. Results showed that with prolonged denervation time, rats with simple motor nerve injury, sensory nerve injury or mixed nerve injury exhibited abnormal behavior, reduced wet weight of the left gastrocnemius muscle, decreased diameter and cross-sectional area and altered ultrastructure of muscle cells, as well as decreased cross-sectional area and increased gray scale of the gastrocnemius muscle motor end plate. Moreover, at the same time point, the pathological changes were most severe in mixed nerve injury, followed by simple motor nerve injury, and the changes in simple sensory nerve injury were the mildest. These findings indicate that normal skeletal muscle morphology is maintained by intact innervation. Motor nerve injury resulted in larger damage to skeletal muscle and more severe atrophy than sensory nerve injury. Thus, reconstruction of motor nerves should be considered first in the clinical treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy caused by denervation.
[Anesthesia risks].

Both effects of anaesthesia and analgesia are involved in the anaesthesia risk. Most often, anaesthetic accidents appear to be related to hypoxia. Applying anaesthetic security principles allow controlling risk. Systematic use and check of monitoring instruments and anaesthesiology department organisation appear as major preventive measures. Independent operative risk is related to individual, surgical and anaesthetic factors, which interact with one another. Individual preoperative evaluation is one of the great challenges of anaesthesiology. The establishment of an aimed perioperative anaesthetic strategy is the best warrant of the operative risk reduction. Assessment of individual benefit to risk ratio takes also into account the experience of the surgeon and anaesthesiologist. It implicates the patient's choice as well his general practitioner as a privileged advice.