Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON STOCK MARKET PRICES AND THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ON THE JORDANIAN CAPITAL MARKET

The capital structure choice has been an issue long for a long time of great interest in the corporate finance literature. This interest is due to the fact that the mix of funds (leverage ratio) affects the cost and availability of capital and thus, firms’ investment decisions. To date, much of the empirical research has been applied on companies listed on advanced stock markets. This research aims to examine the impact of stock market prices (MBV) on the capital structure, on the Jordanian capital market (Amman Stock Exchange[ASE]),to achieve this objective the study was set to test a number of hypotheses regarding the determinants of capital structure decisions and impact of stock market price (MBV). These hypotheses were related to the effects of profitability, stock market price (MBV), Asset Tangibility, and size. Based on a panel data methodology (2011-2013) is used for data analysis. Data of all industrial sectors of Jordan is used for this research. The results indicate that the stock market price (MBV) of firms is negatively related with the capital structure.
The Uniqueness of management in New Zealand - the project management case

Management behavior is highly dependent upon culture. Understanding the management culture of a nation is an increasingly important task in a global market. The objective of this paper is to better understand the management culture in New Zealand. This paper analyzes the common management practices in New Zealand, focusing on project management. This paper presents the results of the first vast project management study held in New Zealand, and compares project management capabilities in New Zealand with those in other countries. Data have been collected from 752 project managers and their supervisors in New Zealand, Australia, China, Japan, Israel, and India. Significant differences in the management style and behavior have been found among these countries. For example, New Zealand project managers pay relatively more attention to communication management and risk management, as compared with project managers from other countries. On the other hand, there is relatively low emphasis on learning from experience.
Twists of symmetric bundles

We establish comparison results between the Hasse–Witt invariantswt (E) of a symmetric bundle E over a scheme and the invariants of one of its twists Eα. For general twists we describe the difference between wt (E) and wt (Eα) up to terms of degree 3. Next we consider a special kind of twist, which has been studied by A. Fröhlich. This arises from twisting by a cocycle obtained from an orthogonal representation. A simple important example of this twisting procedure is the bilinear trace form of an étale algebra, which is obtained by twisting the standard/sum‐of‐squares form by the orthogonal representation attached to the algebra. We show how to explicitly describe the twist for representations arising from very general tame actions. This involves the ‘square root of the inverse different’ which Serre, Esnault, Kahn, Viehweg and ourselves had studied before. For torsors we show that, in our geometric set‐up, Jardine's generalisation of Fröhlich's formula holds. Namely let (X, G) be a torsor with quotientY, let E be a symmetric bundle overY, let ρ: G → O(E) be an orthogonal representation and letEρ, X be the corresponding twist of E. Then we verify up to degree 3 that the formulawt (Eρ, X) Spt (ρ) =wt (E)wt (ρ) holds. Here Spt (ρ) andwt (ρ) are respectively the spinor invariant and the Stiefel–Whitney class of ρ. The case of genuinely tamely ramified actions is geometrically more involved and leads us to introduce an invariant of ramification, which in a sense gives a decomposition in terms of representations of the inertia groups of the invariant introduced by Serre for curves. The comparison result in the tamely ramified case proceeds by reduction to the case of a torsor. The reduction is carried out by means of a partial normalisation procedure, which we had introduced in a previous paper. An important lemma of Esnault, Kahn and Viehweg allows us to express the difference between the invariants of bundles before and after the normalisation procedure in terms of Chern classes of certain sub‐bundles. As noted elsewhere, this result can be best understood in the context of symmetric complexes and their invariants. Our results are new even for bundles over curves and they allow us to weaken the regularity assumptions that we had to impose in previous work of ours.
International Technology Di ff usion and the Demand for Skilled Labor : Evidence from East Asia and Latin America

This paper presents new plant-level evidence on the effects of access to international technology diffusion on the demand for skilled workers using data from Investment Climate Surveys performed by the World Bank in Asia and Latin America. Our findings suggest that in Brazil, China and Malaysia foreign direct investment and technology licensing are associated with greater demand for skilled labor, probably because they act as a channel for the diffusion of skilled biased technology developed in industrialized countries. In contrast, exports are negatively related to the demand for skilled workers in China and Malaysia, and to a lesser extent in Brazil, which is consistent with international sales leading to a greater degree of specialization according to the countries’ comparative advantage in unskilled labor intensive goods. Finally, imported inputs lead to greater demand for skilled workers in Brazil and Malaysia but the opposite occurs in China, reinforcing the possibility that the specialization of Chinese plants in the production of goods intensive in the use of unskilled labor has more than countervailed the greater access to foreign technology potentially associated with international sales. JEL Classification Numbers: F16, J31, O33.
Shell allometry and length-mass-density relationship for Mytilus edulis in an experimental food-regulated situation

We examined the influence of food availability and population density on the morphometry and shell length body mass relationship of Mytilus edulis. Mussels were reared in the laboratory for 22 mo at 8 different density levels in 11 chambers supplied with natural seston at 2 different concentrations. This allowed us to assess separately the effects of food availability and mussel density. The shell length/width and shell height/width ratios were affected by food, density and time. Mussels tended to be narrower (flatter) at high density and at low food level. Therefore, narrow shells could result from reduced food concentration in high density situations without implying physical interference. Shell mass was also influenced by both food and density levels, but to a lesser extent than tissue dry mass. In contrast with soft tissue mass, shell mass increased significantly for all food and density levels between October 1995 and October 1996, The elevation of the shell length-body mass-population density relationship was lower at low food availability, The slope of the tridimensional relationship, however, increased with decreasing food level, indicating apparent asymmetric competition for all food-density treatments pooled together, This pattern, however, is misleading because mussels obviously cannot interact among chambers. Since the slopes of length mass relationships are used in predicting self-thinning exponents in space-regulated situations, it follows that self-thinning exponents in mussels should be sensitive to background food level, thus limiting the use of self-thinning relationships for resolving factors regulating growth.
The Cd 4 ( + ) Cd 25 ( + ) Regulatory T Cell Profile and Foxp 3 Expression and Clinic Associations of in Various Stage and Types of Multiple Sclerosis

In the pathogenesis of MS, impairment of peripheric immune tolerance plays an important critical role in the emergence of autoimmunity. The regulatory T cells play a crucial role in the healthy function of immune tolerance. FoxP3 is a transcription factor which assignment for enough regulatory T cell expression. We compared the total percentage CD4(+) and FoxP3 expression in T lymphocytes in 31 cases including 12 RRMS, 11 SRMS and eight attack which has a definite MS regarding Mc Donald's criteria 12 healthy subjects for regulatory T cell subtypes with analysis flow cytometry in haematology laboratory. Also, we compared 7 cases in a group of 8 RRMS with an attack for before and after 1000 mg/day IVMP. The results have assesment as statistical. The regulatory cell profiles CD4(+) CD25(+), CD4(+) foxP3(+), CD4(+) CD25(+) foxP3(+),CD4(+) CD25(+) foxP3(-), and CD4(+) CD25(-) foxP3(+)of all patients were compared with the healthy control group.No significant differences existed between the groups (p>0.005). The results of regulatory cell profiles and foxP3 expression of 7 patients with attacks before treatment and after IVMP treatment were not significant (p>0.05). However, high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone therapy (IVMP) treatment was observed to cause a slight numerical increase in regulatory cell subtypes. As a consequence, we thought that the regulatory T cells play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of MS as well as its numerical sufficiency.
Sequential Choice and R&D Racing

This paper develops a framework to analyze how choices are made when R&D competition occurs between two firms, and the aggressiveness-time tradeoffs have to be resolved in multiple stages. At issue is the way in which resources are used at each stage, i.e. are aggressiveness problems undertaken and solved (slowly) or are quick solutions adopted in an effort to get the product to market faster? We first analyze why differently positioned firms choose different targets. We focus on this translation between ex ante asymmetries between firms and ex post asymmetries in the equilibrium outcomes. Our second focus is on understanding the implications of the tradeoff between the level of aggressiveness and time spent on each stage in a multi-stage process.
How apple responds to boron excess in acidic and limed soil

Abstract Two year-old apple plants ( Malus domestica cv. Red Chief Delicious) were grown in an acidic and limed soil, and fertilized with B (0, 1, 3 and 5 mg kg -1 soil). Fresh matter weight of plants was positively correlated with the applied B only in acidic soil. The number of nods, plant height, stem diameter, and shoot length were not particularly affected by either B additions or liming. The length of internodes of the plants grown in limed soil showed a positive correlation with the amount of added B, but the opposite effects were observed in the acidic soil. Boron and K concentration in leaves showed a positive correlation with added B in both soils. Leaf N and Fe concentrations were negatively affected by B additions in soils, while leaf Mn and Zn concentrations were also affected by added B and soil pH, reflecting thus their soil mobility. Chlorophyll content in leaves was reduced at high B treatments, only in plants grown in the acidic soil. Our results show that added B even in our high B-content acidic soil did not cause any detrimental effects on apple plants, and that liming seemed to buffer trace metal excesses, characteristic of any acidic soil.
CONSEQUENCES FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN CROP ROTATIONS BY INTRODUCING IMIDAZOLINONE-

Weed control in OSR is dominated by prophylactic PRE-E or early POST-E treatments without specific knowledge of the occurring weed species and density. However, models for the analysis of economic damage thresholds require this information. A two-year field experiment was conducted at two different locations in Germany in order to evaluate the use of IT WOSR varieties and a corresponding herbicide (metazachlor+quinmerac+imazamox) for POST-E weed control. Randomised blocks were established using both minimum tillage and ploughing as soil management methods. Herbicides were applied in the fall, and the efficacy was determined by weed density and yield. The overall efficacy of metazachlor+quinmerac+imazamox was approximately 90 %, with good results against the volunteer cereals, Thlaspi arvense, Chenopodium album, Matricaria inodora, Papaver rhoeas, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Apera spica-venti, but a lack of efficacy regarding Agropyron repens and Viola arvensis. OSR yield was increased significantly in treated plots compared to untreated ones and was between 29.9 dt ha -1 and 63.7 dt ha -1 according to trial year and location, with an overall yield increase of 50 %. The opportunity for the use of economic damage thresholds in WOSR is shown by growing IT varieties. Herbicide treatments can be applied POST-E with detailed knowledge of the weed spectrum. The higher dose rate of 35 g ha -1 a.i. imazamox provides superior weed control.
Divide and Rule: An Origin of Polarization and Ethnic Conflict

We propose a theory of ethnic conflict where political elites strategically initiate conflicts in order to polarize society and thus sustain their own power. We provide a micro-foundation for this divide-and-rule strategy by modelling polarization as a lack of trust. Trust is shaped by economic interactions between different groups as in Rohner, Thoenig, and Zilibotti (2013a). Low trust reduces the expected gains from trade. By starting a conflict and thus interrupting trade, the elite can prevent trust from emerging. The elite will follow this strategy whenever it faces a large threat of revolution which originates in the common interest of people to reap gains from trade without being taxed by the elite. This is likely to be the case if current trust levels are high and if the cost of revolution is low.
Visual fields, foraging and collision vulnerability in Gyps vultures

The visual fields of vultures contain a small binocular region and large blind areas above, below and behind the head. Head positions typically adopted by foraging vultures suggest that these visual fields provide comprehensive visual coverage of the ground below, prohibit the eyes from imaging the sun and provide extensive visual coverage laterally. However, vultures will often be blind in the direction of travel. We conclude that by erecting structures such as wind turbines, which extend into open airspace, humans have provided a perceptual challenge that the vision of foraging vultures cannot overcome.
Vegetation structure, floristic composition and species diversity of woody plant communities in sub-tropical Kandi Siwaliks of Jammu, J & K, India

The study was conducted on sub-tropical forest of districts Jammu and Samba of Jammu province of Jammu and Kashmir state, India with the objective of determining floristic composition, species diversity and structure of woody vegetation in drier Kandi Siwaliks. The forests of Kandi belt represent typical subtropical vegetation with distinct vertical zonation of three forest types i.e., Northern dry mixed deciduous forests (5B/C2), Himalayan subtropical scrub (9/C1/DSI) and Himalayan subtropical Pine forest (9/C1a) in an altitudinal range of 300 m asl to 990 m asl. The community analysis was performed using stratified random sampling involving 0.01 % of the total area for each community. Accordingly, 750 quadrats of 400 m 2 and 100 m 2 were laid for trees and shrubs respectively after attaining their species area curve. Various phytosociological parameters and diversity indices have been used to reveal the community structure, species richness, diversity and evenness for the phanerophytes in different forest types. A total of 112 species comprising 65 trees and 47 shrubs belonging to 92 genera and 48 families were recorded from the forest. The vegetation analysis revealed the dominance of Mallotus philippensis (SIV %, 6.4), Acacia modesta (10.44 %) and Pinus roxburghii (24.27%) as over storey elements in northern dry mixed deciduous forests, Himalayan subtropical scrub and Himalayan subtropical Pine forest respectively. The northern dry mixed deciduous forests occupying 27.3 % of the study area revealed maximum species richness and diversity as indicated by the higher values obtained for Shannon-Wienner’s index and Simpson’s index of dominance. Most of the forest landscapes are influenced by human disturbances and thus necessitates the need for immediate conservation action plan to ensure sustainable utilization and better management of forest.
中央研究院經濟所學術研討論文 IEAS Working Paper Innovation – Specific Patent Protection

This study develops an R&D-based growth model that features both vertical and horizontal innovation to shed some light on the current debate on whether patent protection stimulates or sties innovation. Speci cally, we analyze the growth and welfare e¤ects of patent protection in the form of pro t division between sequential innovators along the quality ladder. We show that patent protection has asymmetric e¤ects on vertical innovation (i.e., quality improvement) and horizontal innovation (i.e., variety expansion). Maximizing the incentives for vertical (horizontal) innovation requires a pro t-division rule that assigns the entire ow pro t to the entrant (incumbent) of a quality ladder. In light of this nding, we argue that in order to properly analyze the growth and welfare implications of patent protection, it is important to rstly disentangle its di¤erent e¤ects on vertical and horizontal innovation. JEL classi cation: O31, O34, O40
A simple model for the cloud adjacency effect and the apparent bluing of aerosols near clouds

[1] In determining aerosol-cloud interactions, the properties of aerosols must be characterized in the vicinity of clouds. Numerous studies based on satellite observations have reported that aerosol optical depths increase with increasing cloud cover. Part of the increase comes from the humidification and consequent growth of aerosol particles in the moist cloud environment, but part comes from 3-D cloud-radiative transfer effects on the retrieved aerosol properties. Often, discerning whether the observed increases in aerosol optical depths are artifacts or real proves difficult. The paper only addresses the cloud-clear sky radiative transfer interaction part. It provides a simple model that quantifies the enhanced illumination of cloud-free columns in the vicinity of clouds that are used in the aerosol retrievals. This model is based on the assumption that the enhancement in the cloud-free column radiance comes from enhanced Rayleigh scattering that results from the presence of the nearby clouds. This assumption leads to a larger increase of AOT for shorter wavelengths, or to a "bluing" of aerosols near clouds. The assumption that contribution from molecular scattering dominates over aerosol scattering and surface reflection is justified for the case of shorter wavelengths, dark surfaces, and an aerosol layer below the cloud tops. The enhancement in Rayleigh scattering is estimated using a stochastic cloud model to obtain the radiative flux reflected by broken clouds and comparing this flux with that obtained with the molecules in the atmosphere causing extinction, but no scattering.
Research on Maritime Radio Wave Multipath Propagation Based on Stochastic Ray Method

Multipath effect in vessel communication is caused by a combination of reflections from the sea surface and vessels. This paper proposes employing stochastic ray method to analyze maritime multipath propagation properties. The paper begins by modeling maritime propagation environment of radio waves as random lattice grid, by utilizing maximum entropy principle to calculate the probability of stochastic ray undergoing k time(s) reflection(s), and by using stochastic process to produce the basic random variables. Then, the paper constructs the multipath channel characteristic parameters, including amplitude gain, time delay, and impulse response, based on the basic random variables. Finally, the paper carries out a digital simulation in two-dimensional specific fishery fleet model environment. The statistical properties of parameters, including amplitude response, probability delay distribution, and power delay profiles, are obtained. Using these parameters, the paper calculates the root-mean-squared (rms) delay spread value with the amount of 9.64 μs. It is a good reference for the research of maritime wireless transmission rate of the vessels. It contributes to a better understanding of the causes and effects of multipath effect in vessel communication.
Trisomy 9 In Prenatal Diagnosis - Case Report

Abstract Trisomy 9 is a rare chromosomal disorder that often results in significant mortality. We present a case report in a low-risk pregnancy. The prenatal ultrasonography at 12 weeks of gestation showed normal nuchal translucency and the presence of the nasal bone. The anatomy scan performed by an experienced doctor revealed an abnormal four chamber view and abnormal posterior cranial fossa. First trimester biochemical analysis ( free βhCG and PAPP-A) showed high risk for trisomy 18. By amniocenthesis ( at 16 weeks of gestation ) and karyotype evaluation trisomy 9 was diagnosed and at 20 weekstermination was conducted on maternal request.
Gender Homophily in Referral Networks: Consequences for the Medicare Physician Pay Gap

Female physicians—now a quarter of active U.S. doctors—still work puzzlingly less than their male counterparts. This paper suggests an explanation: gender homophily in referral networks (more same-gender referrals). I model how referral networks are formed when doctors decide which specialists to refer to. The model highlights that homophily can be explained by both biased preferences and sorting. I then suggest how to identify and quantify both types of biases in directed networks empirically. Analyzing administrative data on more than 100 million Medicare physician referrals from 2008–2012, I find that there exists significant gender homophily, and most of it is due to preferences, not sorting. As most referrals are still made by men, homophily lowers demand for female specialists, explaining 10% of the average within-specialty workload gap, and contributing to the absence of women from lucrative specialties that rely on referrals from men. In the healthcare environment, my results imply that increased participation of female physicians facilitates further integration into related specialties. More generally, my findings suggest that homophily contributes to the persistence of occupational inequalities. JEL classification: J72; I11; L14
Effect of adding different levels of probiotics to broilers diets on gastrointestinal tract development and production performance

Probiotics are used as alternative in diets. Probiotics, as defined by many authors, are food additives consisting of living microorganisms that have beneficial effects on the physiology and health of organisms. Microorganisms are most commonly used by lactic acid bacteria which are part of the bio- preparations, for poultry animals in improving their health and production parameters. The objective of this work is to determine the effect of different doses of probiotics on broiler Ross 308 in terms of improving its production and digestive tract development. The study evaluated the addition of different doses of probiotics offered orally in relation to weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion in broilers. Comparison was also made in development of gastrointestinal tract, based on villi level of intestinal walls. In feed intake, differences were not significant (P >0.05). Daily weight gain of treatments with higher level of probiotic was higher (P 0.05). Measurements of intestinal villi in duodenum were not different (P > 0.05). In jejunum and ileum, villi length and extent of muscle layer in treatment three were different compared to other treatments (P <0.05). It was concluded that 1.5 ml of probiotics supplement improves body weight gain and measurement of the villi and muscle layer of jejunum and ileum. Key words: Broilers, organ weight, performance, probiotic, villi measurements.