Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Injuries, Prior Beliefs, and Damage Awards

Two empirical studies investigated how people’s prior beliefs about injury-causing incidents affect damages awarded in personal injury cases. In Study 1, participants were asked to describe what they thought were the typical features of four types of injury-producing incidents. Participants' descriptions indicated that people have prior beliefs about car accidents, falls, defective products, and medical malpractice. In Study 2, additional participants were asked to award damages for pain and suffering in personal injury cases in which the plaintiff had sustained an injury that was either common to or unusual for the type of incident, as determined from the descriptions obtained in Study 1. Larger and more variable damage awards were made for accidents that resulted in schema-inconsistent injuries.
On-road driving assessment and route design for drivers with dementia

Introduction Dementia causes the progressive loss of cognitive capacities and thus impairs social and daily living skills. Dementia, to varying degrees, influences driver performance and safety. Eventually drivers affected by dementia must stop driving so they do not harm themselves or others. However, having to stop driving can result in loss of mobility and social connections. Therefore, assessing drivers with dementia is important. Driving assessment is susceptible to possible biases, including unreliable driving performance measures or driving routes that are inconsistent in the levels of difficulty of the driving tasks and manoeuvres. The aim of the study was to determine what measures of driving performance could optimally be applied to occupational therapy on-road driving assessments. Method All drivers with dementia underwent a 60 minute, set route on-road driving assessment that consisted of 110 pre-programmed observation points. Results The study identified 80 sufficiently challenging driving tasks and described the relationship of driving error to that task, for example, critical errors at unguided intersections. Conclusion The results of the task-demand by error type analysis identified a list of task items that can be applied to assessment route design to increase consistency of on-road assessment for people with dementia.
Mapping the Nasal Airways: Using Histology to Enhance CT‐Based Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction in Nycticebus

Three‐dimensional reconstructions of imaging data are an increasingly common approach for studying anatomical structure. However, certain aspects of anatomy, including microscopic structure and differentiating tissue types, continue to benefit from traditional histological analyses. We present here a detailed methodology for combining data from microCT and histological imaging to create 3D virtual reconstructions for visualization and further analyses. We used this approach to study the distribution of olfactory mucosa on ethmoturbinal I of an adult pygmy slow loris, Nycticebus pygmaeus. MicroCT imaging of the specimen was followed by processing, embedding, and sectioning for histological analysis. We identified corresponding features in the CT and histological data, and used these to reconstruct the plane of section in the CT volume. The CT volume was then digitally re‐sliced, such that orthogonal sections of the CT image corresponded to histological sections. Histological images were annotated for the features of interest (in this case, the contour of soft tissue on ethmoturbinal I and the extent of olfactory mucosa), and annotations were transferred to binary masks in the CT volume. These masks were combined with density‐based surface reconstructions of the skull to create an enhanced 3D virtual reconstruction, in which the bony surfaces are coded for mucosal function. We identified a series of issues that may be raised in this approach, for example, deformation related to histological processing, and we make recommendations for addressing these issues. This method provides an evidence‐based approach to 3D visualization and analysis of microscopic features in an anatomic context. Anat Rec, 297:2113–2120, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nasal Morphometry in Marmosets: Loss and Redistribution of Olfactory Surface Area

The two major groups of primates differ in internal nasal anatomy. Strepsirrhines (e.g., lemurs) have more numerous turbinals and recesses compared with haplorhines (e.g., monkeys). Since detailed quantitative comparisons of nasal surface area (SA) have not been made, we measured mucosa in serially sectioned monkeys (Callithrix jacchus, Cebuella pygmaea). Data were compared with previously published findings on the mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus. The nasal airways were digitally reconstructed using computed tomography scanned heads of Cebuella and Microcebus. In addition, morphometric and functional analyses were carried out using segmented photographs of the histological sections of Cebuella and Microcebus. The SA of the ethmoturbinal complex is about half as large in marmosets compared with Microcebus, and is covered with less olfactory mucosa (18%–24% in marmosets, compared with ∼50% in Microcebus). Whereas the ethmoturbinal complex of Microcebus bears half of the total olfactory mucosa in the nasal airway, most (∼80%) olfactory mucosa is distributed on other surfaces in the marmosets (e.g., nasal septum). A comparison to previously published data suggests all primate species have less olfactory surface area (OSA) compared with other similar‐sized mammals, but this is especially true of marmosets. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that there is a reduced OSA in at least some haplorhines, and this can be linked to diminished posterosuperior dimensions of the nasal fossae. However, haplorhines may have minimized their olfactory loss by redistributing olfactory mucosa on non‐turbinal surfaces. Our findings also imply that airflow patterns in the olfactory region differ among primates. Anat Rec, 297:2093–2104, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the probability of facing random breakdowns: a measure of networks’ vulnerability

In this paper, we study the vulnerability of networks in the case of random removal of individual nodes. To achieve this goal, a network reliability measure, the probability of messages facing malfunctions, has been proposed. The benefit of this measure is its capability of applying in a wide range of graphs. Moreover, it is well suited to human activities and foraging patterns of some sorts of animals, as they try to make an alternative path in the case of facing failures. We examine the most prominent communication networks such as meshes and tori; further, CAN, Chord, Petersen, PRU, and Hypergrid, which are well suited for P2P networks, have been investigated. In order to gain a better understanding of the studied networks’ vulnerability and easier evaluation of the proposed measure, an ant colony-based communication protocol has been presented. Experimental results verify the correctness of the proposed measure.
Redescription of the Hyoid Apparatus and Associated Musculature in the Extant Coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae: Functional Implications for Feeding

The coelacanth Latimeria is the only extant vertebrate in which the neurocranium is divided into an anterior and a posterior portion which articulate by means of an intracranial joint. This articulation is thought to allow an elevation of the snout up to 20‐degree angle, which is supposed to enhance mouth gape and velocity, in turn allowing for a powerful suction. Several functional models have been proposed to explain the skull movement in Latimeria, but they disagree on the mechanisms responsible for mandibular depression and intracranial elevation, and more precisely on the role and mobility of the hyoid apparatus during these processes. We here show that the m. coracomandibularis spans ventrally to the palate‐mandible joint, and is likely involved in mandibular depression. The hyoid apparatus is sheathed by several layers of ligaments, rendering extensive movements of the hyoid bones in the anteroposterior direction unlikely. Together with the manipulation of the 3D virtual model of the skull, these observations suggest that the hyoid arch is less mobile than previously proposed, and that the movements proposed in previous models are unlikely. In the light of our new observations, we suggest that the mechanisms proposed for explaining the intracranial elevation are incomplete. Moreover, we suggest that the extensive movements of the hyoid arch elements, which were thought to accompany intracranial elevation, are unlikely. In the absence of intracranial elevation, we propose that the movements of the hyoid mainly take place in the transverse plane, allowing the lateral expansion of the orobranchial chamber. Anat Rec, 298:579–601, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the Anatomy of the Temporomandibular Joint and the Muscles That Act Upon It: Observations on the Gray Whale, Eschrichtius robustus

The temporomandibular joint and its associated musculature are described in a neonate gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) and serve as the basis for direct anatomical comparisons with the temporomandibular region in other clades of baleen whales (Mysticeti). Members of the right whale/bowhead whale clade (Balaenidae) are known to possess a synovial lower jaw joint, while members of the rorqual clade (Balaenopteridae) have a nonsynovial temporomandibular joint characterized by a highly flexible fibrocartilaginous pad and no joint capsule. In contrast, the gray whale possesses a modified temporomandibular joint (intermediate condition), with a vestigial joint cavity lacking a fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, and articular disk. In addition, the presence of a rudimentary fibrocartilaginous pad appears to be homologous to that seen in balaenopterid mysticetes. The intrinsic temporomandibular musculature in the gray whale was found to include a multibellied superficial masseter and a single‐bellied deep masseter. The digastric and internal pterygoid muscles in E. robustus are enlarged relative to the condition documented in species of Balaenoptera. A relatively complex insertion of the temporalis muscle on the dentary is documented in the gray whale and the low, knob‐like process on the gray whale dentary is determined to be homologous with the prominent coronoid process of rorquals. Comparison with the anatomy of the temporomandibular musculature in rorquals reveals an increased importance of alpha rotation of the dentary in the gray whale. This difference in muscular morphology and lines of muscle action is interpreted as representing adaptations for suction feeding. Anat Rec, 298:680–690, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Getting "to the Point": The Experience of Mothers Getting Assistance for Their Adult Children Who Are Violent and Mentally Ill

Background: If individuals with mental illness become violent, mothers are most often victims, yet there is little available research addressing how, when, and from whom mothers seek help for themselves or their children when they become victims of this form of familial violence. Objectives: To describe how mothers understood violence their adult children with mental illness exhibited toward them and to articulate the process mothers used to get assistance and access mental health treatment when this violence occurred. Method: Grounded theory methods were used to explore and analyze mothers' experiences of violence perpetrated by their adult children with mental illness. Eight mothers of adult children who are violent with a diagnosed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Axis I disorder participated in one to two open-ended interviews. Mothers were of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Results: Getting immediate assistance involved a period of living on high alert, during which mothers waited in frustration for their children to meet criteria for involuntary hospitalization. This was a chaotic and fearful period. Fear and uncertainty eventually outweighed mothers' abilities to manage their children's behavior, at which time they called the police or psychiatric evaluation teams who served as gatekeepers to mental health treatment. Mothers accepted the consequences of being responsible for their children's involuntary hospitalization or of being left home with their children if the gatekeepers did not initiate involuntary hospitalization. Discussion: Mothers can identify signs of decompensation in their children who are ill and recognize their need for hospitalization. They cannot, however, always access mental health treatment due to their children's refusal or failure to meet legal criteria for involuntary hospitalization. Mothers' inability to intervene early sometimes results in their own violent victimization.
Detailed Anatomical Orientations for Certain Types of Morphometric Measurements Can Be Determined Automatically With Geometric Algorithms

Morphometric datasets only convey useful information about variation when measurement landmarks and relevant anatomical axes are clearly defined. We propose that anatomical axes of 3D digital models of bones can be standardized prior to measurement using an algorithm that automatically finds a universal geometric alignment among sampled bones. As a case study, we use teeth of “prosimian” primates. In this sample, equivalent occlusal planes are determined automatically using the R‐package auto3dgm. The area of projection into the occlusal plane for each tooth is the measurement of interest. This area is used in computation of a shape metric called relief index (RFI), the natural log of the square root of crown area divided by the square root of occlusal plane projection area. We compare mean and variance parameters of area and RFI values computed from these automatically orientated tooth models with values computed from manually orientated tooth models. According to our results, the manual and automated approaches yield extremely similar mean and variance parameters. The only differences that plausibly modify interpretations of biological meaning slightly favor the automated treatment because a greater proportion of differences among subsamples in the automated treatment are correlated with dietary differences. We conclude that—at least for dental topographic metrics—automated alignment recovers a variance pattern that has meaning similar to previously published datasets based on manual data collection. Therefore, future applications of dental topography can take advantage of automatic alignment to increase objectivity and repeatability. Anat Rec, 298:1816–1823, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Doppelseitige Hyperplasie des Os pisiforme und des Hamulus ossis hamati

Zahl der Handwurzelknochen und ihre gelenkigen Verbindungen sind praktisch konstant. Lediglich Synostosen, Miß. bildungen und Aplasien können gelegentlich zu einer Abweichung führen. Durch Hyperplasie zweier Handwurzelknochen kann es auch zu einer zusätzlichen gelenkartigen Verbindung kommen. Hierüber soll kurz berichtet werden: Die Röntgenaufnahme des linken Handgelenkes eines 30 jährigen Patienten, der eine Distorsion erlitten hatte, ließen einen auffallend großen Hamulus und ein großes Os pisiforme erkennen (Abb. 1). Die Spezialaufnahmen erbrachten den in Abb. 2 wiedergegebenen doppelseitigen Befund. Der Hamulus ist sehr groß, plump und von rechteckigei Form. Er ragt weit nach ventral und berührt hier fast das auffallend große Os pisiforme, dessen distal-dorsale Fläche ebenfalls abgeflacht ist und sich der Fläche des Hamulus anpaßt;. Im Gegensatz zu den übrigen Gelenkflächen sind die beiden einander gegenüberliegenden Flächen des Hamulus nicht ganz glatt. Sie sind vielmehr leicht wellig und lassen eine deutliche Verdickungszone erkennen.
Ameliorative Effect of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on Cadmium‐Induced Meiosis Inhibition During Oogenesis in Chicken Embryos

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental endocrine disruptor that has toxic effects on the female reproductive system. Here the ameliorative effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on Cd‐induced meiosis inhibition during oogenesis was explored. As compared with controls, chicken embryos exposed to Cd (3 µg/egg) displayed a changed oocyte morphology, decreased number of meiotic germ cells, and decreased expression of the meiotic marker protein γH2AX. Real time RT‐PCR also revealed a significant down‐regulation in the mRNA expressions of various meiosis‐specific markers (Stra8, Spo11, Scp3, and Dmc1) together with those of Raldh2, a retinoic acid (RA) synthetase, and of the receptors (RARα and RARβ). In addition, exposure to Cd increased the production of H2O2 and malondialdehyde in the ovaries and caused a corresponding reduction in glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Simultaneous supplementation of GSPE (150 µg/egg) markedly alleviated the aforementioned Cd‐induced embryotoxic effects by upregulating meiosis‐related proteins and gene expressions and restoring the antioxidative level. Collectively, the findings provided novel insights into the underlying mechanism of Cd‐induced meiosis inhibition and indicated that GSPE might potentially ameliorate related reproductive disorders. Anat Rec, 299:450–460, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Injured Psittacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) From the Yixian Formation (Liaoning, China): Implications for Psittacosaurus Biology

We describe a Psittacosaurus specimen from the Lujiatun beds of the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China with an abnormality on its left fibula. Although a large number of Psittacosaurus specimens are known, only a single example of a pathologic Psittacosaurus has been previously noted. The specific pathology in the current specimen is believed to be a healed fibular fracture as assessed through a combination of gross morphology, microcomputed tomography (microCT), and histology data. The fracture can be identified using microCT, but the degree of remodeling and the stage of fracture repair are best determined histologically. The fracture callus is made up of radially oriented spokes of woven bone in a cartilage matrix and the original cortical bone prior to the fracture has been largely eroded. A transverse histologic section taken at the level of the fracture shows the displacement of the proximal and distal parts of the fibula. The Psittacosaurus appears to have survived the break considering the deposition of circumferential non‐pathologic bone at the periosteal surface outside of the callus. The combination of gross morphological description, microCT data, and histologic data allowed for a full diagnosis of the abnormality. While some previous authors have preferred gross morphological description above other methods for assessing paleopathologies, it is evident based on this specimen that an amalgam of techniques provides greater clarity to paleopathology diagnoses. Although this Psittacosaurus lived in an environment with many predators, it was able to survive with a fracture on its hindlimb, which undoubtedly would have impacted its locomotion. Anat Rec, 299:897–906, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical variants of Guillain-Barré syndrome in children

Guillain-Barre´ syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy most commonly characterized by rapidly progressive, essentially symmetric weakness and areflexia. This study examined clinical symptoms of clinical variants of GBS through a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) study, nerve conduction (NCV) study, treatment, and prognosis. There were 16 children with GBS who visited our hospital from January 2011 to December 2013. Guillen-Barre´-like syndromes with transient synovitis were noted in three children. Clinical variants of GBS with acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis were observed in one child. Previous infections were noted in 16 children with Guillen-Barre´-like syndrome. There were ascending infections in 16 cases. Fifteen children showed symmetric infections, and one showed asymmetric infection. In NCV, slow waves were noted in two cases. We treated using intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in four cases, IVIG with steroid in two, cases and supportive care in 10 (62.5%) cases. Five children treated with IVIG and 10 with supportive care management were completely improved.Our study suggests that supportive care is effective as a treatment for clinical variants of GBS. Further study is necessary for more patients.
Validity and Reliability of Two‐Dimensional Motion Analysis for Quantifying Postural Deficits in Adults With and Without Neurological Impairment

Frequently, clinical balance outcome measures are limited by floor or ceiling effects and provide insufficient resolution to determine subtle deficits. Detailed assessment of postural control obtained through posturography may be cost‐prohibitive or logistically infeasible in some clinical settings. Two‐dimensional (2D) motion analysis may provide a clinically feasible means of obtaining detailed quantification of balance deficits. Forty‐five participants aged 18–80 years, with and without Parkinson disease, performed the Push and Release (PR) test, sit‐to‐stand (STS), and timed single leg stance (SLS). Performance was captured simultaneously using a three‐dimensional (3D) (10‐camera laboratory‐based 3D motion capture system and 3D motion analysis software) and 2D (two commercially available video cameras and 2D motion analysis software) system. Agreement was excellent between 2D and 3D systems for all outcomes of the PR and SLS (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC2,1] 0.96–0.99, 95% CIs 0.92–0.98 to 0.99–1.0), and ranged from fair to excellent for STS outcomes (ICC2,1 0.59–0.93, 95% CIs 0.36–0.75 to 0.87–0.96). Test–retest reliability (ICC3,1 0.89–1.0, 95% CIs 0.76–0.96 to 1.0–1.0) and inter‐rater reliability (ICC2,1 0.77–1.0, 95% CIs 0.61–0.87 to 1.0–1.0) of the 2D obtained outcomes were excellent. A technology package of commonly available video cameras and 2D motion analysis software was a valid and reliable method for quantifying outcomes of postural control tasks in people with a range of balance abilities. Two‐dimensional analysis can be used in clinical practice to provide balance assessments as a cost‐effective alternative to 3D motion capture. Anat Rec, 299:1165–1173, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A descriptive study on the barriers and facilitators to implementation of the NSW (Australia) Healthy School Canteen Strategy

Objective: The study investigated the barriers and facilitators to, and the extent of the implementation of, the New South Wales (Australia) ‘Healthy School Canteen Strategy’. Design: A purposeful sample was used and data were collected using a mixed method approach. Setting: Two primary and two secondary government schools from a low socio-economic region in Sydney, NSW, Australia. Method: An audit of the available food and beverage items was followed by interviews with the school principal/deputy principal and the canteen manager. Results: This descriptive study found that, although positive changes to canteen menus are evident, there are varying levels of implementation of the strategy with a number of poor nutritional choices regularly available. Implementation is influenced by the local context, school type, canteen management practices, meal type and the student body – in particular, their religious practices. Conclusion: Concerns are raised about the effectiveness of a policy that does not take into consideration the local context.