Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aerosols in atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles of nutrients

Atmospheric aerosols have complex and variable compositions and properties. While scientific interest is centered on the health and climatic effects of atmospheric aerosols, insufficient attention is given to their involvement in multiphase chemistry that alters their contribution as carriers of nutrients in ecosystems. However, there is experimental proof that the nutrient equilibria of both land and marine ecosystems have been disturbed during the Anthropocene period. This review study first summarizes our current understanding of aerosol chemical processing in the atmosphere as relevant to biogeochemical cycles. Then it binds together results of recent modeling studies based on laboratory and field experiments, focusing on the organic and dust components of aerosols that account for multiphase chemistry, aerosol ageing in the atmosphere, nutrient (N, P, Fe) emissions, atmospheric transport, transformation and deposition. The human-driven contribution to atmospheric deposition of these nutrients, derived by global simulations using past and future anthropogenic emissions of pollutants, is put into perspective with regard to potential changes in nutrient limitations and biodiversity. Atmospheric deposition of nutrients has been suggested to result in human-induced ecosystem limitations with regard to specific nutrients. Such modifications favor the development of certain species against others and affect the overall functioning of ecosystems. Organic forms of nutrients are found to contribute to the atmospheric deposition of the nutrients N, P and Fe by 20%–40%, 35%–45% and 7%–18%, respectively. These have the potential to be key components of the biogeochemical cycles since there is initial proof of their bioavailability to ecosystems. Bioaerosols have been found to make a significant contribution to atmospheric sources of N and P, indicating potentially significant interactions between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. These results deserve further experimental and modeling studies to reduce uncertainties and understand the feedbacks induced by atmospheric deposition of nutrients to ecosystems.
The Effect of Ethnic and Religious Conflict on Growth

This paper analyzes the role that different dimensions of ethnicity plays in the process of growth of a country. We cover essentially four issues. First, and in contrast with the ethnic characteristics considered in other studies, this paper emphasizes the importance of religious conflict in the explanation of economic growth. Second we consider an index of polarization, instead of the traditional index of fragmentation, in order to measure conflict. We provide a theoretical justification for the index based on rent-seeking models. Third, we elaborate a database on religious diversity within countries and finally we analyze the channels through which religious polarization affects growth. The main finding is that religious conflict, measured as a polarization index, is an important factor in explaining economic growth and the so called ``Africa's growth tragedy''. We show that, when religious polarization is included in growth regressions together with ethnolingustic fragmentation this last one turns out to be insignificant while the former is an important determinant of economic growth and, in particular, of the poor economic performance of Africa (JEL: O11, Z12, O55).
Anthropological significance of dermatoglyphic trait variation: an intra-Tunisian population analysis.

Background: The human dermatoglyphic traits present variations within and between populations and could be used for estimating the genetic distances between populations. Aim: This study aims to characterize the dermatoglyphic traits in the Tunisian population and to analyze eventual differences between men and women and between individuals according to their geographical distribution. Subjects and Methods: Several dermatoglyphic traits have been determined and analysed for 343 Tunisians belonging to six groups distributed on different Tunisian regions. For statistical analysis, the percent frequency, chi square test and t-test were used. The cluster analysis was applied on D2 Mahalanobis distance matrix. Results: The chi-square test revealed high significant differences between the sexes for the frequencies of arches in the case of the fifth finger and for the frequencies of loops in the case of the fourth left finger and the first left finger. The difference of the distribution of whorl type between men and women was statistically significant for the fourth left finger. While no significant differences were found between sexes in finger ridge counts. Conclusion: The intra-Tunisian population analysis shows that Tunisians living in the North and the expanded East Centre of Tunisia are genetically very close, while Tunisians from the extreme East Center and the South of Tunisia are relatively less close to them. This conclusion agrees with that deduced from recent molecular marker analyses and shows that the multivariate analysis of a high number of quantitative digito-palmar dermatoglyphic traits represents a powerful and shrewd tool in intra-population analyses. Key words: Dermatoglyphics, Fingerprints, Tunisian population, Cluster analysis, Intra-population analysis doi: 10.4314/ijma.v1i4. 1
ENCOURAGING PARTICIPATION IN ONLINE DISCUSSION FORUMS WITH UNIVERSITY EFL LEARNERS

Abstract Using an e-learning environment undoubtedly has many advantages in foreign language learning contexts, especially when we consider their potential for enhancing learner autonomy and providing out-of-class language practice as well as maintaining language learning motivation. In this paper we describe an action research project conducted with first-year university students enrolled in the degree “English Language and Literature” (“Filologia Inglesa”) at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands, Spain, which explores affective and methodological reasons for limited participation in our interactive online learning platform (“Moodle”). We report on the effect of using different formats in the discussion forum application in our virtual learning environment (“Campus Virtual”) and the insights for future practice that we have gained. Resumen La utilizacion de un entorno virtual de aprendizaje tiene, sin duda, muchas ventajas en contextos de aprendizaje de segundas lenguas, sobre todo en relacion con su potencial para fomentar la autonomia del alumno y ofrecer practica suplementaria fuera del aula, asi como para mantener la motivacion. En este articulo describimos un proyecto de investigacion accion llevado a cabo con alumnos universitarios de primer curso matriculados en la asignatura de “Lengua Inglesa I” impartida en la licenciatura “Filologia Inglesa” en la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias, Espana, que analiza razones afectivas y metodologicas para explicar la participacion limitada en nuestra plataforma virtual (“Moodle”). Presentamos los resultados del proyecto en relacion con el efecto de la utilizacion de distintos formatos de foros de discusion en nuestro Campus Virtual asi como datos reveladores que pretendemos incorporar en nuestra practica docente.
The Capital Structure: Government-Linked and Non- Government-Linked Companies in the Trading and Services Industry in Malaysia

Government-Linked Companies perhaps differ from other companies in terms of their capability to absorb socio- political benefit from the government interest. This allows the companies to take greater risk with respect to their capital structure decision. The paper seeks to identify if there are differences in capital structure between Malaysian Government-Linked Companies (GLCs) and Non-Government-Linked Companies (NGLCs). The sample consists of six companies each of the GLCs and the NGLCs, all from trading and services industry. The study uses 21 years of unbalanced panel data from 1993 to 2013. Leverage acts as dependent variable, while profitability, asset tangibility, firm size, and growth are the independent variables. The model uses group dummy to distinguish the sample of GLCs and NGLCs. Within the scope of the study, the paper is unable to proof any differences in capital structure between the two groups of companies. The random effects estimation identify profitability as negatively significant with capital structure decision for GLCs and NGLCs. In contrast, asset tangibility and firm size are positively related to leverage. The interaction effect discloses company growth have a different impact on leverage for GLCs and NGLCs for trading and services companies in Malaysia.
From a Text to Practice and Back Again. Making Knowledge(s) Work for Participatory Budgeting in Poland

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into practices of producing and translating knowledge that is intended to improve the work of participatory budgeting in Poland. From the onset, the knowledge processes described are no flat or transparent accounts. Rather, they should be perceived as profoundly performative, that is, entailing several translations of various types of knowledge together with the very conditions in which they are supposed to operate. The initially launched know ledges are supposed to eventually turn into a fairly coherent, non-imposing, well-embedded framework for thinking and acting. The success is then largely dependent on how know ledges are being inscribed, enacted and embodied in a complex and dynamic environment.
The Stem Crustacean Oelandocaris oelandica Re-Visited

The arthropod Oelandocaris oelandica from the upper Middle Cambrian “Orsten” of Sweden was recently recognized as a member of the early phase of crustacean evolution based on additional morphological detail from new specimens. Here we present a detailed investigation of all available material. It includes the description of a 400 µm long specimen probably representing an early developmental stage. Variation in size correlated with variation of trunk-segment numbers allowed recognition of different instars. The largest specimens do not exceed an estimated length of about 1 mm, indicating that our material may consist only of immature specimens. The characteristic, extremely long antennula of O. oelandica branches into three long rods. It may have served as the major structure to sweep in food, aided by the two subsequent appendages. These and the more posterior limbs were also responsible for locomotion. Minute pores on the outer edges of the posterior limbs and on the trunk tergites possibly contained sensilla originally, which may have served as water-current detectors. The presence of a minute proximal endite only on the third head appendage suggests a rather basal position of this species within Crustacea, because comparable developmental stages of other known stem crustaceans have such an endite on more of their appendages. Reconstruction of O. oelandica and its life attitudes (referred to the largest instar known) benefited from the application of 3D modelling. These helped, e.g., in identifying the combination of the plesiomorphic feeding function of the antennulae and the specialisation of the exopods of the next two appendages as a step toward the development of a sweep-net mode of feeding, one of the key novelties in the evolution of Crustacea. Such a mode of feeding coupled with locomotion of the three anterior appendages is still practiced in the naupliar and metanaupliar phases of many extant eucrustaceans, and even some adults.
Evaluating the Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH) and Pasteurization effects on the quality and shelf life of donkey milk

Donkey milk has functional properties of great interest to human nutrition. The effects of ultra-high pressure homogenization (UHPH) at 100 MPa, 200 MPa and 300 MPa in comparison with different pasteurization treatments of 70 °C for 1 min and 85 °C for 1 min on the physicochemical quality and shelf-life of treated and raw (untreated) donkey milk were studied. Gross composition and pH, total mesophilic counts, lysozyme activity and physical stability were studied during storage at 4 °C for 28 days. The compositional profile showed resemblance to that of human milk characterized by high lactose, low fat and low protein content and was least affected by the treatments. UHPH treatments at 200 MPa, 300 MPa and 85 °C were able to maintain steady pH during storage whereas the low intensity treatments showed a significant decrease. The observed lysozyme activity in the samples was generally high and appeared to have been enhanced by the applied UHPH and pasteurization treatments with no significant change during storage. Although the raw milk showed good initial microbial quality, extensive growth of mesophilic microorganisms occurred after 7 days of storage, unlike the treated samples which were able to maintain significantly low counts throughout the storage period. The physical stability of milk was negatively influenced by the higher UHPH treatments of 200 MPa and 300 MPa which exhibited sedimentation phenomenon, while creaming was insignificant.
Reciprocal Effect Between Fossilization of the Lexi Cogrammatical Error and Linguistic Focus Within Professional EFL Learners

Fossilization has become the focus of many L2 studies since its introduction in 1972 as many learners fail to achieve native-speaker competence. Researchers have tried to unravel the causes of fossilization, among which focusing has been claimed to be of great importance. This study aimed to explore the effect of focusing on fossilization. To achieve this aim, a mixed-methods approach was utilized. Sixty advanced L1 Persian learners of English studying in Iran were chosen to perform two written and three spoken tasks twice. Qualitative data included the content analysis of the participants’ performance on the written and spoken tasks while the quantitative data included percentages of focused errors and recurrent erroneous forms. The errors observed in both performances were counted and classified. Three main categories named Grammatical Errors, Lexical Errors, and Cohesive Errors were identified. The observed errors were further classified into 36 subcategories. When learners’ ability in focusing their errors was investigated, it was found that they could focus 37.4% of the 3,796 fossilized forms they had produced. Most of the errors observed were categorized in the category of grammatical errors. Focusing affected the number of errors produced. It can be concluded that becoming aware of ones fossilized forms, one will produce fewer fossilized forms. The results of the current study have implications for English language teachers and learners. By being informed of the errors learners make while learning a language and how their focusing affects fossilization, teachers can improve their teaching practice which in turn enhances learning.
Future work design research and practice: Towards an elaborated model of work design

Developments in work design theory have not kept pace with the changes occurring in the organizational landscape. We propose a theoretical framework that specifies five categories of work design variables that span individual, group and organizational levels of analysis. Specifically, we propose an elaborated model of work design that includes: systematic consideration of antecedents of work characteristics; expansion of the traditional range of work characteristics to include aspects salient to the modern context; extension of the range of outcome variables beyond the existing narrow focus on affective reactions; analysis of the mechanisms, or processes, that explain why work characteristics lead to particular outcomes; and consideration of contingencies that moderate the effects of work characteristics. We argue that the particular choice of work design variables should be guided by theory and an analysis of the organizational context.
Total light transmittance of glass fiber-reinforced polymer laminates for multifunctional load-bearing structures

The total light transmittance of hand lay-up glass fiber-reinforced polymer laminates for building construction was investigated with a view to two architectural applications: translucent load-bearing structures and the encapsulation of photovoltaic cells into glass fiber-reinforced polymer building skins of sandwich structures. Spectrophotometric experiments on unidirectional and cross-ply glass fiber-reinforced polymer specimens in the range from 0.20 to 0.45 fiber volume fraction and artificial sunlight exposure experiments on encapsulated amorphous silicon photovoltaic cells were performed. Analytical models have been developed to predict light transmittance through glass fiber-reinforced polymer structures and the percentage of solar radiation reaching encapsulated photovoltaic cells. The total amount of fibers in the laminates was the major parameter influencing light transmittance, with fiber architecture having little effect and regardless of fiber volume fraction. Eight-three percent of solar irradiance in the band of 300–800 nm reached the surface of amorphous silicon photovoltaic cells encapsulated below structural glass fiber-reinforced polymer laminates with a fiber reinforcement weight of 820 g/m2, demonstrating the feasibility of conceiving multifunctional glass fiber-reinforced polymer structures.
Being Different Leads to Being Connected

The current research proposes that high need for uniqueness (NFU) brings individuals positive life outcomes by helping them be connected with, rather than isolated from, others in societies where social relationships are mobile and generally open to outsiders. In societies characterized by a high mobility of relationships (relational mobility) that may result in market-like competitive circumstances (e.g., America), NFU may increase chances of social success by leading individuals to develop their unique “selling points. ” In contrast, high NFU may bring worse results in closed societies (e.g., Japan) because of the associated risk of being ostracized. This hypothesis was examined and confirmed by three studies that employed cross-national as well as cross-regional comparisons within a single nation. A pilot study first confirmed that for societies higher in relational mobility, a high NFU person was viewed more favorably as a friend. Studies 1 and 2 found that NFU was more positively associated with life satisfaction, relationship satisfaction (Study 2), as well as income (Study 2) in societies higher in relational mobility.
Introduction : Major Issues of Feeding Motor Control in Vertebrates

The study of motor control is one of the most active areas of research in feeding functional morphology. As many of the muscles responsible for controlling feeding behavior are large and superficial, it has proved relatively easy to record muscle activity during feeding using electromyographic techniques. As a result, feeding muscle activity patterns have been quantified for representatives of all the major vertebrate groups, although sampling intensity varies from relatively good in groups like fishes and amphibians to poor in sharks, turtles and snakes (see Schwenk, 2000; this volume for an overview).
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of an ethnobotanically important plant Notholirion thomsonianum from district Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir.

The petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of Notholirion thomsonianum(D. Don) Stapf, obtained by maceration method were tested for their antioxidant potential, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Antioxidant activity was checked by four methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and ferric t hiocyanate (FTC) assay along with the determination of their total phenolic contents. The results revealed that among these fractions the methanol soluble fraction showed highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, i.e. 91.26±0.44% inhibition of DPPH radical at a concentration of 500 µg/ml with IC50 value 22.08±0.69 relative to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), having IC50 of 12.52 ± 0.89 μg/ml. Chloroform extract showed highest total antioxidant activity, i.e. 0.730±10.56 as well as highest FRAP value, i.e. 22.66±1.33 TE µM/ml of aqueous extract. Methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts showed considerable amounts of total phenolic contents, i.e. 147±0.59 and 145±0.85 and 141.83±2.36 GAE mg/g respectively. Methanol extract showed good value of inhibition of lipid peroxidation, i.e. 47.1 9±1.25. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by well diffusion method against some bacteria and fungi. The highest zone of inhibition was formed by aqueous extract, i.e. 35±1.31 against E. coli followed 32±0.32 and 32±0.9 of aqueous extract against Streptococcus faecelis and Staphylococcus aureusrespectively. The highest antifungal zone of inhibition was formed by aqueous and petroleum ether extract, i.e. 40±1.1 and 37±1.73 against Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) results revealed that the methanolic extract 0.009 μg/ml showed more resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
It ± not my Fault ! Self-Con dence and Experimentation

We study the inference and experimentation problem of an agent in a situation where the outcomes depend on the individual’s intrinsic ability and on an external variable. We analyze the mistakes made by decision-makers who hold inaccurate prior beliefs about their ability. Overconfident individuals take too much credit for their successes and excessively blame external factors if they fail. They are too easily dissatisfied with their environment, which leads them to experiment in variable environments and revise their selfconfidence over time. In contrast, underconfident decision-makers might be trapped in low-quality environments and incur perpetual utility losses. We are extremely grateful to Roland Bénabou, Florian Englmaier, Christian Gollier and Jean Tirole for their guidance and encouragement. We also thank Nicolas Astier, Miaomiao Dong, Daniel Garrett, George Lukyanov, Thomas Mariotti, Takeshi Murooka, Klaus Schmidt, Séverine Toussaert, and conference participants at M-BEES 2016, ECBE 2016, EEA 2016 and LMU Munich. Yves Le Yaouanq gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Corps des Mines and from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (through CRC TRR 190). All remaining mistakes are due to external factors. Toulouse School of Economics. E-mail: nina.hestermann@gmail.com Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich. E-mail: yves.leyaouanq@econ.lmu. de
Going with the Flows: New Borrowing, Debt Service and the Transmission of Credit Booms

Traditional economic models have had difficulty explaining the non-monotonic real effects of credit booms and, in particular, why they have predictable negative after-effects for up to a decade. We provide a systematic transmission mechanism by focusing on the flows of resources between borrowers and lenders, i.e. new borrowing and debt service. We construct the first cross-country dataset of these flows for a panel of house-hold debt in 16 countries. We show that new borrowing increases economic activity but generates a pre-specified path of debt service that reduces future economic activity. The protracted response in debt service derives from two key analytic properties of credit booms: (i) new borrowing is auto-correlated and (ii) debt contracts are long term. We confirm these properties in the data and show that debt service peaks on average four years after credit booms and is associated with significantly lower output and higher crisis risk. Our results explain the transmission mechanism through which credit booms and busts generate non-monotonic and long-lasting aggregate demand effects and are, hence, crucial for macroeconomic stabilization policy.