Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mild dehydration and cycling performance during 5-kilometer hill climbing.

CONTEXT Hydration has been shown to be an important factor in performance; however, the effects of mild dehydration during intense cycling are not clear. OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of mild dehydration on cycling performance during an outdoor climbing trial in the heat (ambient temperature = 29.0°C ± 2.2°C). DESIGN Crossover study. SETTING Outdoor. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Ten well-trained, male endurance cyclists (age = 28 ± 5 years, height = 182 ± 0.4 cm, mass = 73 ± 4 kg, maximal oxygen uptake = 56 ± 9 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1), body fat = 23% ± 2%, maximal power = 354 ± 48 W). INTERVENTION(S) Participants completed 1 hour of steady-state cycling with or without drinking to achieve the desired pre-exercise hydration level before 5-km hill-climbing cycling. Participants started the 5-km ride either euhydrated (EUH) or dehydrated by -1% of body mass (DEH). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Performance time, core temperature, sweat rate, sweat sensitivity, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). RESULTS Participants completed the 5-km ride 5.8% faster in the EUH (16.6 ± 2.3 minutes) than DEH (17.6 ± 2.9 minutes) trial (t1 = 10.221, P = .001). Postexercise body mass was -1.4% ± 0.3% for the EUH trial and -2.2% ± 0.2% for the DEH trial (t1 = 191.384, P < .001). Core temperature after the climb was greater during the DEH (39.2°C ± 0.3°C) than EUH (38.8°C ± 0.2°C) trial (t1 = 8.04, P = .005). Sweat rate was lower during the DEH (0.44 ± 0.16 mg·m(-2)·s(-1)) than EUH (0.51 ± 0.16 mg·m(-2)·s(-1)) trial (t8 = 2.703, P = .03). Sweat sensitivity was lower during the DEH (72.6 ± 32 g·°C(-1)·min(-1)) than EUH (102.6 ± 54.2 g·°C(-1)·min(-1)) trial (t8 = 3.072, P = .02). Lastly, RPE after the exercise performance test was higher for the DEH (19.0 ± 1.0) than EUH (17.0 ± 1.0) participants (t9 = -3.36, P = .008). CONCLUSIONS We found mild dehydration decreased cycling performance during a 5-km outdoor hill course, probably due to greater heat strain and greater perceived intensity.
Health-related quality of life and depression among older people in Yerevan, Armenia: a comparative survey of retirement home and household residents aged 65 years old and over.

SIR—For older people (adults aged 65 and older), healthrelated quality of life (HRQoL) is more than rating their physical health status; emotional and social health are also recognised as very important factors for their well-being [1–4]. Ageing studies show that depressive symptoms among older people are associated with reduced levels of functioning across all the domains in HRQoL [5–9]. Current geriatric research emphasises the importance of improved HRQoL of older people. The rate of depression in this age group is most likely underestimated because many studies of depression leave out institutionalised patients, including nursing home residents, although they are twice at risk of being depressed than those living with their families [9–11]. About 10.2% of the population in Armenia is 65 or older [12]. Living conditions for the majority of older people have deteriorated since the collapse of the Soviet Union because of ongoing socio-economic transition and malfunctioning of the social support systems. Some older people in Armenia, who are no longer able to care for themselves, rely on public retirement homes (RHs) to get minimal supportive care [13]. In 2004, household (HH) surveys in two provinces of Armenia revealed that the majority of women aged 60 years and over were depressed (about 76% for mainly urban areas and 94% for mainly rural areas) [14, 15]. No studies concerning the HRQoL and/or depression among residents of RHs were previously conducted in Armenia. The experience of other countries and the relevant literature suggested the need to conduct the current study and assess the rate of depression and HRQoL in the older population in Yerevan, including people living in RHs and HHs, and to make comparisons between the two groups.
Center for Policy Research Working Paper No . 113 A GENERALIZED SPATIAL PANEL DATA MODEL WITH RANDOM EFFECTS

This paper proposes a generalized panel data model with random effects and first-order spatially autocorrelated residuals that encompasses two previously suggested specifications. The first one is described in Anselin’s (1988) book and the second one by Kapoor, Kelejian, and Prucha (2007). Our encompassing specification allows us to test for these models as restricted specifications. In particular, we derive three LM and LR tests that restrict our generalized model to obtain (i) the Anselin model, (ii) the Kapoor, Kelejian, and Prucha model, and (iii) the simple random effects model that ignores the spatial correlation in the residuals. For two of these three tests, we obtain closed form solutions and we derive their large sample distributions. Our Monte Carlo results show that the suggested tests are powerful in testing for these restricted specifications even in small and medium sized samples. JEL classification: C23; C12
Biophysical growth and reproduction mechanisms of cells and first principles of life origin and development

There are evidences that organic life cannot be reduced to a single biomolecular realm, but, similar to other natural phenomena, rather involves different mechanisms acting at different scale levels, which together define evolvement of the living world. Here we show that a certain biophysical mechanism of general nature, acting at a cellular scale level and above, is also an influential factor in life phenomena. In inherent unity with biomolecular mechanisms, it governs growth and reproduction of cells, organs and whole organisms, and secures irreversibility of the life cycle progression. For validation of proposed concepts, we study the growth and division of B. subtilis, Staphylococcus, E. coli, S. pombe and Amoeba using extensive experimental observations. A well founded hypothesis is presented why and how cells grow and divide. The study also sheds light on other pertinent problems of biology, biophysics, and first principles of life origin and development.
A PCR‐based strategy for Dombrock screening in Brazilian blood donors reveals a novel allele: the DO*A‐WL

Background: Determination of the molecular basis underlying the antigens in the Dombrock blood group system has shown various rearrangements between the alleles associated with DO*A and DO*B. Based on this, we employed a PCR‐based strategy to screen DO alleles (DO*A, DO*B, HY*1, HY*2 and JO) in Brazilians. Methods: We tested DNA of 278 Brazilian blood donors by PCR‐RFLP on plates of 96 wells to determine the 793A/G (DO*A/DO*B), 323G/T (HY), 350C/T (JO) and 898C/G (HY*1/HY*2) single nucletide polymorphisms. In order to confirm the results sequence analysis was also performed. Results: When samples of these donors were analyzed, a novel allele combination, the DO*A allele (793A and 323G) associated with 898G was identified and designated as DO*A‐WL allele. This new allele encoding 300Val is the same as HY*1 at nucleotide 898 on the molecular background of DO*A. Among the 556 alleles analyzed by PCR‐RFLP, 3 were DO*A‐WL and 78 were DO*B‐WL. This represents an overall frequency of 0.5% for DO*A‐WL and 14% for DO*B‐WL across the population studied. Conclusion: Molecular screening of Brazilians revealed one novel allele, the DO*A‐WL. Our data highlight the importance of testing a cohort of different populations to determine DO haplotypes and to establish reliable genotyping tests for predicting Doa/Dob status. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 25:79–82, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and cellular therapy

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a form of immunotherapy that has increased the chances of survival for patients with relapsed leukemia and high risk leukemia in remission. The major obstacles are graft‐vs‐host disease (GVHD) involving vital organs and infections. A most efficacious prophylaxis of GVHD is by depleting of T cells from the graft. However, problems of T‐depleted transplants are rejection, slow recovery of the immune system and high incidence of relapse of leukemia and myeloma. The major problem of allogeneic transplantation is the separation of a graft‐vs‐leukemia (GVL) effect from GVHD. This review will summarize the factors influencing GVHD, ways to exploit rapid advances in our knowledge of histocompatibility, chimerism and tolerance for fostering GVL over GVHD, and in particular the use of cellular therapies including donor lymphocyte infusions for disease control.
Congenital Syphilis: Identification of Two Distinct Profiles of Maternal Characteristics Associated With Risk

Background Behavioral and socioeconomic factors create considerable obstacles to the elimination of congenital syphilis. A clear understanding of maternal risk factors is important to define interventions in every community. Goal The goal of this study was to investigate maternal risk factors for congenital syphilis. Study Design We conducted a case-control and descriptive analysis of 3 groups of live born infants and their mothers consisting of: group I (cases of congenital syphilis), group II (neonates without congenital syphilis whose mothers had been adequately treated for syphilis), and group III (random sample of newborn infants whose mothers have not had syphilis). Data were prospectively collected from personal interview and antenatal records. Results In the case-control study, including groups I and III, the maternal characteristics independently associated with congenital syphilis in the logistic regression were monthly per capita income under US $30 (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–7.4), single status (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1–7.8), and less than 6 prenatal visits (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.3–8.1). Comparison between groups I and II (only mothers who have had syphilis) showed a strong protective association of prenatal care with congenital syphilis (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.00–0.39). Additional analysis identified 2 separate profiles of maternal characteristics, one consisting of low socioeconomic status and the other of risk behaviors. Some women who had syphilis before or during pregnancy received adequate prenatal care and delivered infants without congenital syphilis. Most of these women had high-risk behaviors but they were, in general, less poor, older, and more educated than mothers of infants with congenital syphilis. Conclusions Risk behaviors and low socioeconomic characteristics constituted 2 separate maternal profiles associated with congenital syphilis. Socioeconomic risk factors interfered more with prenatal care. To become more effective, the strategies for prevention of congenital syphilis should be targeted to each maternal profile.
Equal-gain performance of MDPSK in Nakagami fading and correlated Gaussian noise

The general formula for evaluating the bit-error probability of M-ary differential phase-shift keying with L diversity equal-gain combining over frequency nonselective m-distributed, uncorrelated Nakagami fading channels and correlated Gaussian noise is presented. The evaluation usually takes a one-dimensional integration and this integration can be reduced to a closed form for integer m by applying the residue theorem.
The eIF4E RNA regulon promotes the Akt signaling pathway

Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) promotes cellular proliferation and can rescue cells from apoptotic stimuli such as serum starvation. However, the mechanisms underlying apoptotic rescue are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that eIF4E overexpression leads to enhanced survival signaling through Akt and that eIF4E requires Akt1 to rescue serum-deprived fibroblasts. Furthermore, a mutant form of eIF4E (W73A), which is messenger RNA (mRNA) export competent but does not promote translation, rescues cells as readily as wild-type eIF4E. We show that eIF4E mediates Akt activation via up-regulation of Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (NBS1), a phosphoinositide-3 kinase–Akt pathway upstream activator. Additionally, eIF4E coordinately up-regulates the expression of downstream effectors of the Akt pathway, thereby amplifying Akt signaling effects. A negative regulator of eIF4E, the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML), suppresses Akt activation and apoptotic rescue. These PML activities likely arise, at least in part, through its inhibition of eIF4E-mediated NBS1 mRNA export. In summary, eIF4E coordinately regulates gene expression to potentiate Akt activation, an activity required for apoptotic rescue.
Super and massive AGB stars – III. Nucleosynthesis in metal-poor and very metal-poor stars – Z = 0.001 and 0.0001

We present a new grid of stellar models and nucleosynthetic yields for super-AGB stars with metallicities Z=0.001 and 0.0001, applicable for use within galactic chemical evolution models. Contrary to more metal rich stars where hot bottom burning is the main driver of the surface composition, in these lower metallicity models the effect of third dredge-up and corrosive second dredge-up also have a strong impact on the yields. These metal-poor and very metal-poor super-AGB stars create large amounts of 4 He, 13 C and 14 N, as well as the heavy magnesium isotopes 25 Mg and 26 Mg. There is a transition in yield trends at metallicity Z�0.001, below which we find positive yields of 12 C, 16 O, 15 N, 27 Al and 28 Si, which is not the case for higher metallicities. We explore the large uncertainties derived from wind prescriptions in super-AGB stars, finding � 2 orders of magnitude difference in yields of 22 Ne, 23 Na, 24,25,26 Mg, 27 Al and our s-process proxy isotope g. We find inclusion of variable composition low temperature molecular opacities is only critical for super-AGB stars of metallicities below Z�0.001. We analyze our results, and those in the literature, to address the question: Are super-AGB stars the polluters responsible for extreme population in the globular cluster NGC 2808? Our results, as well as those from previous studies, seem unable to satisfactorily match the extreme population in this globular cluster.
On the allocation of double-binary turbo coded bits in the case of 16-QAM modulation

It is well known that the 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) differently protects the bits of the same symbol. In turbo-coded transmission systems, several ways for allocating the bits generated by the turbo encoder can be considered. Thus, the bits generated by the turbo encoder can occupy different positions in the modulator input symbol. In this paper, we investigated the performance of transmission systems, in terms of bit/frame error rate versus signal to noise ratio (BER/FERvsSNR), in case of using double-binary turbo codes (DBTC) and 16-QAM square modulation, in AWGN channel, for various allocation modes. In our simulation we considered two coding rates, namely ½ and ¾. Intensive simulations up to FER ≈ 10-7, allow some practical tips on choosing the best allocation methods, both in the water fall and error floor regions.
LAS RELACIONES DE CAUSALIDAD ENTRE EL GASTO PÚBLICO Y EL PRODUCTO EN MÉXICO: ¿EXISTE EVIDENCIA DE CAMBIO ESTRUCTURAL?

El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es evaluar la ley de Wagner y la hipotesis Keynesiana en un contexto de analisis multivariado usando datos anuales de la economia mexicana para el periodo 1970-2004. Los resultados indican la existencia de una relacion de cointegracion entre el ingreso per-capita, la inversion y el gasto publico. Los valores de los coeficientes del vector de cointegracion, sugieren que la inversion y el gasto publico tienen un impacto positivo en el PIB per capita. Sin embargo, ambas variables reportan un coeficiente menor a uno, lo cual rechaza la hipotesis de Wagner. Las pruebas de exogeneidad debil indican que el ingreso per-capita y el gasto publico son variables endogenas. En tanto las pruebas de no-causalidad en el sentido de Granger muestran que no existe hay causalidad entre ambas variables. En general el analisis realizado, confirma un efecto positivo de la inversion y el gasto publico en el PIB per capita, pero se rechaza el cumplimento de los casos extremos de la ley de Wagner y la hipotesis keynesiana.
Scholarly communication in the age of Google: Exploring academics' use patterns of e-journals at the University of the Punjab

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the use patterns of scholarly e-journals by academics for teaching, research and keeping themselves up-to-date. The study also looks at differences in the use patterns across 12 disciplines. Design/methodology/approach A survey was conducted to explore academics’ use patterns of scholarly e-journals in 12 disciplines. The University of the Punjab was used for the sample population. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all regular and contractual academics of Lahore campuses of the University. After follow up, 457 questionnaires were received with a response rate of 54 per cent. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric statistics were used to analyse data. Findings The results showed that the academics made more frequent use of e-journals, online reference sources and discussion with colleagues for scholarly activities. E-journals were used predominantly for research-related activities rather than for teaching and instruction. Academics obtained e-journal articles primarily from open access sources, i.e. general search engines and Google Scholar as compared to subscribed and other sources of e-journal articles. Disciplinary differences were also found in academics’ use patterns of e-journals. However, academics showed just satisfactory skills regarding use of advanced searching techniques and evaluation of the quality of e-journals. Practical implications Findings will be helpful for information professionals to review their policies and practices in relation to e-journal services for academic community. The needs for e-literacy skills to use e-journals will also be identified and findings will be significant for information professionals in arranging information literacy instruction programmes for targeted disciplines. Originality/value Most of e-journals use studies focused on specific disciplines – Sciences, Life Sciences, Engineering and Technology and Social Sciences. This research study is valuable that investigated use patterns of e-journals across 12 different disciplines at the University of the Punjab.
Vertebral bone density in children: effect of puberty.

To determine changes in bone density during growth, trabecular vertebral density and an index of spinal cortical bone were measured with quantitative computed tomography in 101 children. The children were divided by age into three groups: prepubertal, indeterminate, and pubertal. Compared with prepubertal children, pubertal adolescents had significantly higher trabecular bone density and more compact bone in the spine (P less than .001). After controlling for puberty, vertebral bone density failed to correlate significantly with age, sex, weight, height, surface area, and body mass index. The results indicate that bone density increases markedly during puberty.
Single-Dose Methotrexate for Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy

Methotrexate treatment of unruptured ectopic pregnancy is safe and effective and preserves reproductive potential. Previous protocols have required multiple methotrexate doses with or without citrovorum rescue. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with an unruptured ectopic pregnancy 3.5 cm or less in greatest dimension could be treated with single-dose intramuscular methotrexate (50 mg/m2) without citrovorum rescue. Thirty-one patients were eligible for this outpatient treatment protocol. One patient withdrew from follow-up, leaving 30 patients (96.8%) in the study group. Patients had a mean age of 28.5 years (range 18–37) and a mean gravidity of 3.0 (range 1–8); nine of 30 (30%) had previously undergone a salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy. Pre-treatment hCG titers ranged from 130–16,700 mlU/mL (mean 4558). Pre-treatment transvaginal sonography visualized the ectopic in 28 of 30 patients (93.3%) and revealed cardiac activity in six patients. Patients were monitored with hCG titers three times per week for the first week, and then weekly until the hCG was less than 15 mlU/mL. A complete blood count and liver enzymes were obtained before treatment and on day 7. All patients had a continued rise in hCG titer for at least 3 days after methotrexate injection, although all levels began to decline by day 7. No patient required a second dose of methotrexate and no patient experienced any side effects. Twenty-nine of 30 patients (96.7%) were successfully treated. Six of 30 (20%) experienced an increase in lower abdominal pain between days 5-10, and two were hospitalized overnight for observation. This regimen decreases the expense and minimizes side effects associated with treatment. Five of six ectopics with cardiac activity were successfully treated with this protocol. Single-dose intramuscular methotrexate appears to be an effective medical treatment for the unruptured ectopic pregnancy of 3.5 cm or less in greatest dimension with or without cardiac activity.
Radiation‐induced cathepsin S is involved in radioresistance

Previous studies have suggested that the production of cathepsin S (CatS), a cysteine protease, was specifically induced in radiation‐induced rat mammary tumors. In this study, we further investigate the mechanism by which CatS is induced by radiation and its function. Radiation induced production of CatS at both the mRNA and protein level, and increased its protease activity. In addition, these radiation induced changes occurred in a dose and time‐dependent fashion. Agents such as bleomycin, As2O3 and H2O2, which produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), also induced CatS expression; however, other agents that damage DNA such as taxol and cisplatin did not. Additionally, treatment of the cells with the ROS scavengers, N‐acetylcysteine and catalase, inhibited the radiation induced CatS expression. Furthermore, radiation‐induced ROS was also involved in IFN‐γ production, which was responsible for radiation‐mediated CatS expression. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) data obtained using an IFN‐stimulated response element (ISRE) oligonucleotide revealed that IFN regulatory factor‐1 (IRF1) was the critical transcriptional mediator of IFN‐γ‐dependent CatS production after radiation. Finally, CatS overespression was found to induce radioresistance; however, knockdown of CatS resulted in the suppression of radioresistance. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that radiation induced CatS expression via ROS‐IFN‐γ pathways, and that this increased expression may be involved in radioresistance. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy conservation in acidophilic bacteria

INTRODUCTION. 579 MICROORGANISMS IN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENTS . 579 ACIDOPHILIC PROCARYOTES. 580 Acidophilic chemoautotrophs . 580 Acidophilic heterotrophs . 581 LIPIDS IN ACIDOPHILIC PROCARYOTES. 581 CHEMIOSMOTIC MECHANISM OF ENERGY CONSERVATION. 582 TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE PROTON MOTIVE FORCE (AlxH+) . 583 Measurement of ApH. 583 Measurement of Ai . 584 VALUES OF AP.H+ IN ACIDOPHILIC PROCARYOTES. 584 AILH+ in Acidophilic Chemoautotrophs . 584 AJLH+ in Acidophilic Heterotrophs . 584 MAINTENANCE OF ApH IN ACIDOPHILIC PROCARYOTES. 586 Gibbs-Donnan Equilibria. 586 Catalytic Versus Stoichiometric Mechanisms of UJncoupler Action . 587 ApH in the Absence of Respiration . 588 UTILIZATION OF ARLH+ IN ACIDOPHILIC PROCARYOTES . 588 ADP Phosphorylation. 588 Solute Transport. 589 Reversed Electron Transport . 589 MECHANISMS FOR AILH+ GENERATION IN ACIDOPHILIC PROCARYOTES . 590 COMPARISON OF ENERGY CONSERVATION IN NEUTROPHILES AND ACIDOPHILES. 591 CONCLUSIONS . 591 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 592 LITERATURE CITED . 592