Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Particulate nutrient fluxes over a fringing coral reef: relevant scales of phytoplankton production and mechanisms of supply

Seasonal observations of phytoplankton uptake at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, reinforce the importance of particulate organic nitrogen (PON) and carbon (POC) in reef nutrient budgets and identify wave action and the dynamics of regional currents (over a range of temporal and spatial scales) as important factors determining plankton supply to the reef. Phytoplankton uptake rates, calculated from declining chlorophyll a concentrations as water moved over the reef, appeared to be near the physical limits of mass transfer. Phytoplankton-derived PON flux of 2 to 5 mmol N m -2 d -1 was on the order of that typical for dissolved N uptake — confirming that particle feeding may supply the N missing in reef N budgets — while POC flux of 14 to 27 mmol C m -2 d -1 was on the order of net community metabolism. Phytoplankton supply was highly variable at daily-to- seasonal time scales in response to the dynamics of a regional current system dominated by the downwelling-favourable Leeuwin Current (LC). Acceleration of the LC in the austral autumn may supply as much phytoplankton to the reef as sporadic upwelling associated with the Ningaloo Cur- rent (NC) in summer. The ocean catchment concept is introduced as a basis for examining the spatial scale of pelagic processes influencing benthic systems: every day, Ningaloo may completely consume the phytoplankton over 87 km 2 of LC water, compared to only 20 km 2 of NC water. Production within this catchment appears insufficient to maintain offshore phytoplankton concentrations, and advec- tion of remotely sourced production into the catchment is required to balance reef uptake. A func- tional dependence by reef organisms on externally sourced ocean productivity increases the poten- tial scale at which human- or climatically induced changes may affect reef communities and suggests that processes such as changes in offshore currents and plankton communities require further con- sideration in reef-level biogeochemistry.
NATURAL NITROGEN-15 ABUNDANCE OF SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES

Nitrogen isotope analysis of total soil N and soil-derived nitrate for nine selected Chernozemic and Luvisolic Ap horizons showed mean δa15N values based on atmospheric abundance of 8.8. Luvisolic soils were characterized by a relatively low level of the heavier isotope. Isotope enrichment of the total N reached a maximum in the lower B horizon. Subsoil nitrate (180-cm depth) had a δa15N value 1/3 that of the Ap horizon. The δa15N of subsurface soil horizons containing residual fertilizer N were low (−5.2) compared to the surface horizon (7.0). The δa15N of NH4-N in commercial fertilizers is close to that of atmospheric-N whereas the NO3-N has higher values. The data suggest that variations in δ15N abundance between horizons of the same soil, or between different soils, may be of real use in evaluating stresses which have been placed in the nitrogen cycle due to man's activities in the past. Similarly, differences in 15N abundance of soil, legume and air samples may provide an integrated estimation of sym.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND EVALUATION OF TWO TRAP TYPES FOR MONITORING GRAPE ROOT BORER VITACEA POLISTIFORMIS (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE) IN FLORIDA VINEYARDS

Abstract Sixteen vineyards from 4 grape-growing regions across Florida were evaluated for seasonal distribution and presence of grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis Harris (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), during 2003 and 2004. Vineyards consisted of both muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) and bunch grapes (Euvitis spp.). Grape root borer males were caught in all vineyards with Universal Moth Traps baited with female GRB pheromones, with higher captures in the northern and southern counties. Grape root borers began emerging in late Jun and early Jul in the Panhandle and southern regions. Emergence occurred in late Jul in the north-central region and in mid-Aug in the central region. Weekly trap catches indicated that peak GRB flights occurred during mid-to late Aug for the Panhandle region. In the north-central, central, and southern regions, peak flights occurred in the second and third week of Sep, coinciding with the period of grape harvest for muscadine grapes. The emergence period ceased with the onset of colder temperatures as the grapevines approached dormancy. Wing-style sticky traps were compared with Universal Moth Traps (bucket traps) in 2003 and 2004. Bucket traps were more effective and caught significantly more GRB than wing traps during both years of the study.
Measurement of correlation between transmission and scattering during wound healing in hen corneas

The aim of this work is to provide experimental data for corneal transparency and scattering to help create a more complete model of corneal transparency. The scattered light in 96 healing hen corneas was measured for three wavelengths by a scatterometer constructed in the Optics Laboratory (The University of Valladolid, Spain). With the help of mirrors and beamsplitters, the light from the three lasers is directed toward the cell containing the sample to be measured. The measured scattered light varies between six orders of magnitude. Corneal transmissivity, mean cosine of a scattering angle, and angular distribution of scattered light were all computed. The total transmitted light remained practically constant over a wide range of light values transmitted in a forward direction (direct transmissivity). The value of the mean cosine of the scattering direction is very close to the unit ( ), even in corneas with high opacities. The behavior of g indicates that even damaged corneas evidence extremely small scattering, compared to other biological tissues. The transmission reduction of each cornea is related to an increase in scattered light. In all cases, scattered light is concentrated at very small angles. This behavior is acceptable in corneas that are healthy or which evidence small lesions, but remains in corneas that are severely injured.
Estimation of correlation coefficients between histological parameters and carcass traits of pig Longissimus dorsi muscle

The aim of this study was to investigate the histochemical parameters of muscle fibers, and to estimate the correlation between these histological parameters and carcass traits in pigs. A total of 230 crossbred Duroc×(Yorkshire×Landrace) pigs (149 gilts and 81 castrated male pigs) was evaluated. Carcass traits (carcass weight, backfat thickness, and loin eye area), muscle fiber size (cross- sectional area, diameter, and perimeter), muscle fiber number (density of fibers/mm 2 and total number of fibers), and fiber type composition (percentages of myofibers and relative areas of each fiber type) were evaluated. Mean cross-sectional area (CSA) and type IIB fiber CSA were positively correlated to carcass weight, backfat thickness and loin eye area. Mean fiber CSA was mostly related to type IIB CSA (r=0.98) as a result of the high percentage of type IIB fibers in the longissimus muscle. Correlations between fiber diameters and perimeters were also high, and showed similar results with CSA. Mean fiber density was negatively correlated to carcass weight (r=-0.24), backfat thickness (r=-0.18) and loin eye area (r=-0.27). To the contrary, total fiber number was positively correlated with carcass weight (r=0.27) and loin eye area (r=0.53). Carcass weight and loin eyZe area were not significantly related to muscle fiber composition. For backfat thickness, there was an opposition between type IIA percentage, which was positively related and type IIB percentage, which was negatively related. Fiber type composition of type I and IIA fibers were negatively correlated to that of type IIB fibers (r=-0.67 to -0.74). In the present study, carcass weight and loin eye area were positively correlated to CSA and negatively correlated to fiber density. But, these relationships were generally low. The fiber density was strongly affected by muscle fiber size and the total fiber number was affected either by CSA of muscle fiber and loin eye area. Fiber type composition was much more related to their numerical abundance than their CSA. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 3 : 428-433)
TError: towards a better quantification of the uncertainty propagated during the characterization of tephra deposits

We present TError, a Matlab package designed to quantify systematically the uncertainty associated with the characterization of tephra deposits, in which the most commonly used methods to quantify eruption source parameters are implemented. Inputs of the code are a range of field-based, model-based and empirical parameters (i.e., clast diameter, crosswind and downwind ranges, thickness measurement, area of isopach contours, bulk deposit density, empirical constants and wind speed), for which the user defines an uncertainty and an associated distribution. The TError package contains two main functions. The first function deterministically varies one input parameter at a time and quantifies the sensitivity of each Eruption Source Parameter (ESP; i.e., plume height, erupted volume, mass eruption rate) to the variability of input parameters. The second function propagates input parameters as stochastic distributions of noise through all ESPs. The resulting distributions can then be used to express the uncertainty of physical parameters of explosive eruptions in a systematic way. For both functions, comprehensive reports and sets of figures assist the user in the interpretation of the results. As an example, the TError package was applied to Layer 5 of Cotopaxi volcano. Using the median, the 2 percentile and the 98 percentile as central value, lower bound and upper bound respectively, a new quantification of the ESP suggests a plume height of 30± 1 km a.s. l, a mass eruption rate of 1.8+0.3 −0.2 × 108 kg s−1 and a tephra volume between 0.23 +0.13 −0.04 and 0.43 +0.08 −0.06 km3, depending on the empirical model used.
First case of Listeria innocua meningitis in a patient on steroids and eternecept

Introduction: Listeria innocua is widespread in food and the environment and is considered to be a non‐pathogenic bacterium in healthy subjects. To date, this species has only been associated with human diseases in a fatal case of bacteraemia in an elderly patient. Here, we describe a case of acute meningitis infection caused by this bacterium. Case presentation: Our patient had an increased risk of infection because of treatment with etanercept and a corticosteroid given for rheumatoid arthritis. Etanercept use has been described previously as the possible cause of multiple Listeria monocytogenes infections (to date, four cases have been described, of which two were cases of arthritis and two of meningitis), but etanercept has never been associated with L. innocua meningitis. In our case, despite rapid identification of the pathogen and proper antibiotic treatment, the patient had an unfavourable outcome. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this report constitutes the first documentation of a case of meningitis due to L. innocua, and our experience serves as a warning to microbiologists and clinicians that L. monocytogenes is not the only Listeria sp. that can cause human meningitis.
Large and ancient linguistic areas

Large-scale areal patterns point to ancient population history and form a well-known confound for language universals. Despite their importance, demonstrating such patterns remains a challenge. This chapter argues that large-scale area hypotheses are better tested by modeling diachronic family biases than by controlling for genealogical relations in regression models. A case study of the Trans-Pacific area reveals that diachronic bias estimates do not depend much on the amount of phylogenetic information that is used when inferring them. After controlling for false discovery rates, about 39 variables in WALS and AUTOTYP show diachronic biases that differ significantly inside vs. outside the Trans-Pacific area. Nearly three times as many biases hold outside than inside the Trans-Pacific area, indicating that the Trans-Pacific area is not so much characterized by the spread of biases but rather by the retention of earlier diversity, in line with earlier suggestions in the literature.
Switching the electric and magnetic responses in a metamaterial

We demonstrate in this Rapid Communication that in an assembly of stacked metallic U-shaped resonators, pure magnetic and electric responses are, respectively, realized, and the magnetic and electric responses can be switched at the same frequency by changing the polarization of incident light for $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. This unique feature originates from the topological symmetry of the structure. We suggest that this property opens a gateway to construct metamaterial with tunable permittivity and permeability.
DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN FIBRE-RICH DIETS FOR PIGS

The experiment was carried out on four crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire) castrated male pigs with an average live weight of 28 kg at the start and 67 kg at the end of the experiment. All pigs were fitted with postvalvular t-caecal (PVTC) cannulas at the terminal ileum for determination of ileal digestibility. Four experimental diets with increasing level of lucerne leaf meal (LLM) were fed according to a 4×4 Latin Square design. The diets were based on barley, which was substituted by 0, 5, 10 or 20% LLM. For ileal digestibility determination, chromium oxide (Cr2O3) was included in the diet. The experiment lasted 15 days, which included a pre-experimental period of 10 days and a collection period of 5 days. With increasing inclusion of LLM there was a significant increase in the intake of dietary fibre (DF), Klason lignin, mannose, galactose, glucose and uronic acid residues. In contrast the daily intake of starch, arabinose and xylose residues decreased significantly (P<0.05). Increased LLM inclusion in the diets reduced apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of DM, OM, CP and EE compared with the barley-based diet. The ileal digestibility of total dietary fibre decreased with increasing LLM inclusion, while total tract digestibility of DF was affected only at 20% inclusion of LLM. The ileal and total tract digestibility of neutral sugars (NS) followed the same pattern as the digestion of DF. There was a significant increase in the total tract digestibility of uronic acid (UA) when inclusion of LLM was increasing in the diets. The proportion (% of total tract digestibility) of total DF digested in the hindgut was 33% in the barley-based diet and increased to 46%, 48% and 62% with dietary inclusions of 5, 10 and 20% LLM, respectively. Also, the proportion of all NS components digested in the hindgut increased with LLM inclusion, which shows that microbial breakdown of fibrous components increased in the hindgut.
Litterfall Dynamics Under Different Tropical Forest Restoration Strategies in Costa Rica

In degraded tropical pastures, active restoration strategies have the potential to facilitate forest regrowth at rates that are faster than natural recovery, enhancing litterfall, and nutrient inputs to the forest floor. We evaluated litterfall and nutrient dynamics under four treatments: plantation (entire area planted), tree islands (planting in six patches of three sizes), control (same age natural regeneration), and young secondary forest (7–9‐yr‐old natural regeneration). Treatments were established in plots of 50 × 50 m at six replicate sites in southern Costa Rica and the annual litterfall production was measured 5 yr after treatment establishment. Planted species included two native timber‐producing hardwoods (Terminalia amazonia and Vochysia guatemalensis) interplanted with two N‐fixing species (Inga edulis and Erythrina poeppigiana). Litter production was highest in secondary forests (7.3 Mg/ha/yr) and plantations (6.3), intermediate in islands (3.5), and lowest in controls (1.4). Secondary forests had higher input of all nutrients except N when compared with the plantation plots. Inga contributed 70 percent of leaffall in the plantations, demonstrating the influence that one species can have on litter quantity and quality. Although tree islands had lower litterfall rates, they were similar to plantations in inputs of Mg, K, P, Zn, and Mn. Tree islands increased litter production and nutrient inputs more quickly than natural regeneration. In addition to being less resource intensive than conventional plantations, this planting design promotes a more rapid increase in litter diversity and more spatial heterogeneity, which can accelerate the rate of nutrient cycling and facilitate forest recovery.
Preliminary results with a torsion microbalance indicate that carbon dioxide and exposed carbonic anhydrase in the organic matrix are the basis of calcification on the skeleton surface of living corals

Ocean acidification is altering the calcification of corals, but the mechanism is still unclear. To explore what controls calcification, small pieces from the edges of thin plates of Agaricia agaricites were suspended from a torsion microbalance into gently stirred, temperature controlled, seawater. Net calcification rates were monitored while light, temperature and pH were manipulated singly. The living coral pieces were sensitive to changes in conditions, especially light, and calcification was often suspended for one or two hours or overnight. The mean calcification rate increased from 0.06 in the dark to 0.10 mg.h-1.cm-2 (T test, n=8, p<0.01) in low light (15 μmol.s-1.m-2) and showed a positive linear relationship with temperature. With a reduction of mean pH from 8.2 to 7.6 the mean calcification rate in the light (65 μmol.s-1.m-2) increased from 0.19 to 0.28 mg.h-1.cm-2 (T test, n=8, p<0.05) indicating a dependency on carbon dioxide. After waterpiking and exposure of the skeletal surface/organic matrix to seawater, calcification showed an astonishing initial increase of more than an order of magnitude then decreased following a non-linear generalised Michaelis-Menten growth curve and reached a steady rate. Calcification rate of the freshly waterpiked coral was not influenced by light and was positively correlated with temperature. For a mean pH reduction from 8.1 to 7.6 the mean calcification rate increased from 0.18 to 0.32 mg.h-1.cm-2 (T test, n=11, p<0.02) again indicating a dependency on carbon dioxide. Calcification ceased in the presence of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor azolamide. Staining confirmed the presence of carbonic anhydrase, particularly on the ridges of septae. After immersion of waterpiked corals in seawater for 48 hours weight gain and loss became linear and positively correlated to temperature. When the mean pH was reduced from 8.2 to 7.5 the mean rate of weight gain decreased from 0.25 to 0.13 mg.h-1.cm-2 (T test, n=6, p<0.05) indicating a dependence on carbonate. At a pH of 6.5 the skeleton lost weight at a rate of 1.8 mg.h-1.cm-2. The relationship between net calcification and pH (n=2) indicates that wt gain turns to loss at pH 7.4. These experiments confirm that calcification is a two-step process, involving secretion of a layer of organic matrix incorporating carbonic anhydrase to produce an active calcifying surface which uses carbon dioxide rather than carbonate. It is also unlikely that the calcifying surface is in direct contact with seawater. Inorganic deposition or dissolution of the skeleton in exposed dead areas of coral is a different phenomenon and is carbon- ate related. The wide range in results from this and other studies of calcification rate and carbon dioxide may be explainable in terms of the ratio of "live" to "dead" areas of coral. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (Suppl. 1): 109-126. Epub 2012 March 01.
Entrepreneurial University Archetypes

Most research on the entrepreneurial university is case-study based. While this helps us to understand specific characteristics of particular cases, integrative studies that build on cumulated knowledge have yet to be conducted. This study aims to synthesize existing research and to generate archetypes of the entrepreneurial university by conducting a qualitative meta-synthesis of the empirical literature. The underlying assumption of this research is that there is no single model or best type of the entrepreneurial university. Nevertheless, the authors expect to see entrepreneurial universities converge into a few distinct archetypes that display similar organizational attributes. As primary data sources, they use twenty-seven case studies on entrepreneurial universities, which are synthesized into four empirically grounded archetypes: ‘Research-preneurial’ or research driven; ‘Techni-preneurial’ or industry driven; ‘Inno-preneurial’ or service innovation driven; and ‘Commerce-preneurial’ or knowledge commercialization driven. This meta-synthesis provides a taxonomy of various structures, strategies and resources that characterize entrepreneurial universities, serving as a conceptual framework for a heterogeneous body of literature.
Constraints on the near-Earth asteroid obliquity distribution from the Yarkovsky effect

Aims. From lightcurve and radar data we know the spin axis of only 43 near-Earth asteroids. In this paper we attempt to constrain the spin axis obliquity distribution of near-Earth asteroids by leveraging the Yarkovsky effect and its dependence on an asteroid’s obliquity. Methods. By modeling the physical parameters driving the Yarkovsky effect, we solve an inverse problem where we test different simple parametric obliquity distributions. Each distribution results in a predicted Yarkovsky effect distribution that we compare with a X2 test to a dataset of 125 Yarkovsky estimates. Results. We find different obliquity distributions that are statistically satisfactory. In particular, among the considered models, the best-fit solution is a quadratic function, which only depends on two parameters, favors extreme obliquities, consistent with the expected outcomes from the YORP effect, has a 2:1 ratio between retrograde and direct rotators, which is in agreement with theoretical predictions, and is statistically consistent with the distribution of known spin axes of near-Earth asteroids.
Numerical simulations of dynamos generated in spherical Couette flows

We numerically investigate the efficiency of a spherical Couette flow at generating a self-sustained magnetic field. No dynamo action occurs for axisymmetric flow, while we always found a dynamo when non-axisymmetric hydrodynamical instabilities are excited. Without rotation of the outer sphere, typical critical magnetic Reynolds numbers Rm c are of the order of a few thousands. They increase as the mechanical forcing imposed by the inner core on the flow increases (Reynolds number Re). Namely, no dynamo is found if the magnetic Prandtl number Pm = Rm/Re is less than a critical value Pm c ∼ 1. Oscillating quadrupolar dynamos are present in the vicinity of the dynamo onset. Saturated magnetic fields obtained in supercritical regimes (either Re > 2Re c or Pm > 2Pm c ) correspond to the equipartition between magnetic and kinetic energies. A global rotation of the system (Ekman numbers E = 10−3, 10−4) yields to a slight decrease (factor 2) of the critical magnetic Prandtl number, but we find a peculiar regime where dynamo action may be obtained for relatively low magnetic Reynolds numbers (Rm c ∼ 300). In this dynamical regime (Rossby number Ro ∼ −1, spheres in opposite direction) at a moderate Ekman number (E = 10−3), an enhanced shear layer around the inner core might explain the decrease of the dynamo threshold. For lower E (E = 10−4) this internal shear layer becomes unstable, leading to small scale fluctuations, and the favorable dynamo regime is lost. We also model the effect of ferromagnetic boundary conditions. Their presence have only a small impact on the dynamo onset, but clearly enhance the saturated magnetic field in the ferromagnetic parts. Implications for experimental studies are discussed.