Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HIV-1 immune responses induced by natural infection or immunisation

The development of an effective HIV‐1 vaccine must be considered as one of today’s greatest biomedical goals and challenges. The nature of the HIV‐1 virus, characterised by its tropism for the CD4+ T cells of the immune system and its integration into the host genome, together with the vast viral variability, allows the HIV‐1 virus to establish a latent infection and evade the host defence mechanisms. In our endeavour to develop a genetic HIV‐vaccine that elicits broad and robust immune responses to several virus variants, we have demonstrated major cross‐clade Gag responses in patients infected with different subtypes of HIV‐1. This indicates that genetic vaccines encoding Gag from a few strains may act to induce immunity to broad ranges of HIV‐1 clades. We also found that HIV‐1 infection results in release of intracellular perforin into the serum of HIV infected individuals and in SIV/SHIV infected monkeys. As perforin secretion/production has been shown to be associated with control of HIV‐1 infection, the aberrant perforin release may be a result of a yet unknown viral immune escape mechanism. Individuals enrolled in two therapeutic and one prophylactic HIV‐1 vaccine trial were analysed for their vaccine‐specific immune responses. Analyses of the therapeutic vaccine samples revealed that: 1) Multiple injections with recombinant HIV‐1 glycoprotein 160 induces an increased central memory T cell population, which can be associated with increased antigen‐specific cellular immune responses in treatment naive HIV‐1 infected individuals. 2) Topical DNA immunisation, combined with repeated treatment interruptions in patients on successful antiretroviral therapy, induced novel HIV‐1 specific cellular immune responses. Such treatment did permit extended drug‐free periods for all participants. Moreover, the viral load set points were significantly lower after the treatment protocol than before initial onset of any antiretroviral treatment. However, the decreased viral load set points were not related to the HIV‐1 immunisation. In the prophylactic study, HIV‐1 DNA followed by a recombinant vaccinia virus vector boost induced strong and broad HIV‐1 specific cellular immune responses. In healthy individuals, we found that previous immunity to vaccinia only moderately reduced the HIV‐specific immune responses when vaccinia was used as a vector for HIV genes. This finding suggests that vaccinia‐based immunogens can be used despite the presence of pre‐existing immunity to this vector. Immunisation of HIV‐1 infected individuals is difficult, as HIV‐1 infection leads to a dysfunctional immune system. Despite efforts to induce new and improve existing immune responses by therapeutic vaccination, no clinical trial has yet been able to show long‐term sustained clinical effects of immunisation. The modest and transient effects observed by us with currently available DNA vaccines highlight the need to develop immunisation strategies which combine immunisation with novel antiviral
The study of the intoxiation cases of the patients (0-18 years) admitting to pediatric emergency unit

Objective: This study has been held descriptively with the aim of analyzing the acute intoxication cases of the ones (0-18 years) applying to Pediatric Emergency Unit. Material and Method: Permission is obtained from the institution before starting the study. 110 children admitting to pediatric emergency unit with the problem of intoxication have been included in the study after their family signed the consent form by being informed about the aim of the study. Descriptive and parametric tests are used for the evaluation of the data gathered by a questionnaire form prepared based on the literature data. Result: The average age for the cases is 7.7±5.7 (5 months-18 year); 44.5 % of these are in 2-6 age group, 56.4% are female, 61. % are the ones out of school. 57.3% (n=63) of the 110 intoxication cases are drug toxicity (paracetamol 26/63 %) and 65.1% of these are female children. 43.6% of the cases are taken into intensive care unit while 34.5% are hospitalized in service. The average length of hospitalization is 27.6±15.73 hours. 22.7% of the reasons of intoxication (n=5) are suicide, 20% are unconscious drug intake, 19.1% are the drugs left uncovered and 13.6% are home accidents. Gastric lavage is performed to the most of the patients (61.8%) and after giving activated charcoal they are taken into service and received supportive treatment aimed at the symptoms. Conclusion: The fact that the intoxication is mostly seen in children and mostly results from unconsciousness shows that the education of the family about this issue has great importance. Also female children remain at the forefront of the suicidal drug intoxication. We believe that in order to prevent the childhood intoxication, there must be extensive research with the aim of reducing the mortality and morbidity and efforts should be made to raise public awareness.
Training Status and Match Activity of Professional Soccer Players Throughout a Season

Abstract Silva, JR, Magalhães, J, Ascensão, A, Seabra, AF, and Rebelo, AN. Training status and match activity of professional soccer players throughout a season. J Strength Cond Res 27(1): 20–30, 2013—The purpose of this study was to examine match activity (MA) and fatigue development (FD) during official soccer games in different moments of a season and the influence of training status (TS) on MA and FD. Match activity of 13 professional players was examined by time-motion analysis at 4 time points of a competitive season. In addition, per time point within the 2-week period between the 2 games video-filmed, players performed the following physical tests: countermovement jump, 5- and 30-m sprints, change of direction, knee extensor and flexor isokinetic strength, and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test-level 2. The players covered a greater high-intensity distance running (HI; p < 0.05) in the last quarter of the season (E4) than in the second (E2) and the third (E3) quarters. Within each assessment period, a greater distance was covered in HI during the peak 5-minute period of the match (P5-min) than in the 5-minute period after P5-min (Next5-min) and the remaining 5-minute periods (Av5-min; p < 0.05) of the match. Also, P5-min was higher in E4 than in the beginning of the season (E1, E2, and E3; p < 0.05). The physical fitness variables, composites scores of power-related and isokinetic strength tests were correlated (r ranging between 0.59 and 0.73, p < 0.05) with game physical parameters (GPPs) analyzed by time motion. Soccer players were found to cover more HI during the game and in the P5-min toward end of season. The players with greater muscle strength and power expressed lower performance decrements in the GPPs. In conclusion, the results highlight the relevance of players' neuromuscular function on game physical performance.
Effects of Weightlifting vs. Kettlebell Training on Vertical Jump, Strength, and Body Composition

Abstract Otto, III, WH, Coburn, JW, Brown, LE, and Spiering, BA. Effects of weightlifting vs. kettlebell training on vertical jump, strength, and body composition. J Strength Cond Res 26(5): 1199–1202, 2012—The present study compared the effects of 6 weeks of weightlifting plus traditional heavy resistance training exercises vs. kettlebell training on strength, power, and anthropometric measures. Thirty healthy men were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: (a) weightlifting (n = 13; mean ± SD: age, 22.92 ± 1.98 years; body mass, 80.57 ± 12.99 kg; height, 174.56 ± 5.80 cm) or (b) kettlebell (n = 17; mean ± SD: age, 22.76 ± 1.86 years; body mass, 78.99 ± 10.68 kg; height, 176.79 ± 5.08 cm) and trained 2 times a week for 6 weeks. A linear periodization model was used for training; at weeks 1–3 volume was 3 × 6 (kettlebell swings or high pull), 4 × 4 (accelerated swings or power clean), and 4 × 6 (goblet squats or back squats), respectively, and the volume increased during weeks 4–6 to 4 × 6, 6 × 4, and 4 × 6, respectively. Participants were assessed for height (in centimeters), body mass (in kilograms), and body composition (skinfolds). Strength was assessed by the back squat 1 repetition maximum (1RM), whereas power was assessed by the vertical jump and power clean 1RM. The results of this study indicated that short-term weightlifting and kettlebell training were effective in increasing strength and power. However, the gain in strength using weightlifting movements was greater than that during kettlebell training. Neither method of training led to significant changes in any of the anthropometric measures. In conclusion, 6 weeks of weightlifting induced significantly greater improvements in strength compared with kettlebell training. No between-group differences existed for the vertical jump or body composition.
Comparison of Kettlebell Swings and Treadmill Running at Equivalent Rating of Perceived Exertion Values

Abstract Hulsey, CR, Soto, DT, Koch, AJ, and Mayhew, JL. Comparison of kettlebell swings and treadmill running at equivalent rating of perceived exertion values. J Strength Cond Res 26(5): 1203–1207, 2012—The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic demand of a kettlebell (KB) swing routine with treadmill (TM) running at equivalent rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Thirteen subjects (11 male, 2 female, age = 21.4 ± 2.1 years, weight = 73.0 ± 9.2 kg) completed a 10-minute KB swing routine consisting of 35-second swing intervals followed by 25-second rest intervals. Men used a 16-kg KB, and women used an 8-kg KB. After 48 hours of rest, the subjects completed a 10-minute TM run at equivalent RPEs as measured during the swing workout. Metabolic data were monitored each minute during each exercise using an automated cart, with the final 7 minutes used for analysis. The RPE and heart rate (HR) recorded at minutes 5, 7, 9, and 10 increased by 2–3 and 7–9%, respectively, for each exercise, producing a significantly increasing pattern but no significant difference between exercises. Average HR and RPE were not significantly different between KB and TM and averaged 90 and 89%, respectively, of age-predicted HRmax. Oxygen consumption, METS, pulmonary ventilation, and calorie expenditure were significantly higher for TM (25–39%) than for KB. Respiratory exchange ratio (TM = 0.94 ± 0.04, KB = 0.95 ± 0.05) and respiratory rate (TM = 38 ± 7, KB = 36 ± 4 b·min−1) were not significantly different between the exercises at any time point. During TM and KB exercises matched for RPE, the subjects are likely to have higher oxygen consumption, work at a higher MET level, and burn more kilocalories per minute during TM running than during KB swings. However, according to the American College of Sports Medicine standards, this KB drill could provide sufficient exercise stress to produce gains in aerobic capacity.
The Validity and Utility of Risk Assessment for Inpatient Suicide

Objective: It is widely assumed that identifying clinical risk factors can allow us to determine which patients are at high risk of suicide while in hospital, and that identifying those patients can help prevent inpatient suicide. We aimed to examine the validity and utility of categorizing psychiatric patients to be at either high or low risk of committing suicide while in hospital. Method: The assumption that high-risk categorizations are valid was examined by comparing factors included in high-risk models derived from individual studies of inpatient suicide with the results of a meta-analysis of factors associated with inpatient suicide. A valid high-risk model was then applied to a hypothetical clinical setting in order to test the assumption that high-risk categorizations are useful. Results: The existing models for assessing whether inpatients are at high risk of suicide all include one or more factors that were not found to be associated with inpatient suicide by meta-analysis and were probably chance associations. Depressed mood and a prior history of self-harm are the only well-established independent risk factors for inpatient suicide. Using these risk factors to classify patients as being at high or low risk would prevent few, if any, suicides, and would come at a considerable cost in terms of more restrictive care of many patients and the reduced level of care available to the remaining patients. Conclusions: Risk categorization of individual patients has no role to play in preventing the suicide of psychiatric inpatients.
Effects of a Short Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching Bout on Quadriceps Neuromuscular Function, Flexibility, and Vertical Jump Performance

Abstract Place, N, Blum, Y, Armand, S, Maffiuletti, NA, and Behm, DG. Effects of a short proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching bout on quadriceps neuromuscular function, flexibility, and vertical jump performance. J Strength Cond Res 27(2): 463–470, 2013—The inclusion of relatively long bouts of stretching (repeated static stretches of ∼30 seconds) in the warm-up is usually associated with a drop in muscle performance. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a novel self-administered proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) paradigm with short periods of stretching and contraction on quadriceps neuromuscular function, vertical jump performance, and articular range of motion (ROM). Twelve healthy men (age: 27.7 ± 7.3 years, height: 178.4 ± 10.4 cm, weight: 73.8 ± 16.9 kg) volunteered to participate in a PNF session and a control session separated by 2–7 days. The PNF stretching lasted 2 minutes and consisted of 4 sets of 5-second isometric hamstring contraction immediately followed by 5 seconds of passive static stretch of the quadriceps immediately followed by 5 seconds isometric quadriceps contraction for each leg. For the control session, the participants were asked to walk at a comfortable speed for 2 minutes. Active ROM of knee flexion, vertical jump performance, and quadriceps neuromuscular function were tested before, immediately after, and 15 minutes after the intervention. The PNF stretching procedure did not affect ROM, squat jump, and countermovement jump performances. Accordingly, we did not observe any change in maximal voluntary contraction force, voluntary activation level, M-wave and twitch contractile properties that could be attributed to PNF stretching. The present self-administered PNF stretching of the quadriceps with short (5-second) stretches is not recommended before sports where flexibility is mandatory for performance.
What if many follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas are not malignant? A review of follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma and a proposal for a new classification.

OBJECTIVES To review the relevant literature concerning follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) with an emphasis on the heterogeneity of this disorder and to propose a new classification for FVPTC on the basis of molecular diagnostics and apply the classification to a typical case. METHODS English-language articles pertaining to FVPTC published between January 1990 and December 2010 were reviewed. RESULTS FVPTC is particularly vexing. The criteria for diagnosing FVPTC appear to have changed over the years. Pathologists often disagree about the diagnosis of FVPTC. The clinical behavior of these tumors is variable. Molecular diagnostic studies suggest that FVPTC represents a heterogeneous group of disorders rather than a single entity. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the available data, it is proposed that individual cases of FVPTC be reclassified as papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, or follicular adenomas, after appropriate molecular biologic studies have been completed. Long-term follow-up studies to validate this classification are necessary.
Ingestion of large amounts of papaya fruit and impaired effectiveness of levothyroxine therapy.

Submitted for publication August 2, 2011 Accepted for publication August 10, 2011 From the Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy. Address correspondence to Dr. Stefano Mariotti, Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, c/o Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Cagliari, Presidio di Monserrato, SS 554-bivio per Sestu 09042 Monserrato CA, Italy. E-mail: mariotti@medicina.unica. it. Published as a Rapid Electronic Article in Press at http://www. endocrine practice.org on August 19, 2011. DOI:10.4158/EP11233.CO Copyright © 2012 AACE. Abbreviations: FT3 = free triiodothyronine; FT4 = free thyroxine; TSH = thyrotropin
Creatine kinase elevation, lactacidemia, and metabolic myopathy in adult patients with diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels among patients with diabetes mellitus and to determine how often elevated CK is attributable to primary myopathy. METHODS In this prospective study, we investigated how often CK, aspartate amino-transferase, alanine aminotransferase, and resting lactate were elevated among consecutive diabetic patients attending our clinic. Those with elevated CK values were offered a neurologic workup. RESULTS Ninety-nine patients with diabetes mellitus, aged 19 to 87 years, were assessed between May 2008 and April 2010. Seven patients had type 1 diabetes and 92 patients had type 2 diabetes. CK, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and resting lactate were elevated in 19 of 99, 25 of 99, 22 of 99, and 24 of 98 patients, respectively. Eleven of 19 patients with increased CK were self-injecting insulin. Ten of 24 patients with elevated serum lactate took metformin. Seven of 19 patients with elevated CK consented to neurologic workup. Two of the 7 had elevated resting lactate. In all 7 patients, the findings from neurologic investigation were indicative of a metabolic defect and further diagnostic evaluation was recommended. CONCLUSIONS In diabetic patients attending our clinic, elevated CK levels occur in one-fifth and lactacidemia occurs in one-quarter. Elevated CK levels are attributable to a primary metabolic myopathy in most cases. Elevated CK levels in the setting of diabetes mellitus require further neurologic evaluation.
Reliability and Comparability of the Accelerometer and the Linear Position Measuring Device in Resistance Training

Abstract Gomez-Piriz, PT, Sanchez, ET, Manrique, DC, and Gonzalez, EP. Reliability and comparability of the accelerometer and the linear position measuring device in resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 27(6): 1664–1670, 2013—The purpose of this study was to determine the intermachine reliability attained from devices used to measure the common variables in sports performance. Repeatability conditions were established by creating a similar set of conditions under which the measurements were taken from both devices. The objectives of this research were to demonstrate the reliability between two devices in a bench press movement—the linear position measuring device (LPM) isoinertial dynamometer (T-Force) and the 3D (Myotest) accelerometer (AC)—and to compare the existing correlations between maximum velocity, maximum estimated strength, and peak power estimate variables in the bench press exercise. Forty bench press exercise trials were analyzed simultaneously, performed by 3 different subjects (age: 26.74 ± 1.2 years, height: 175.74 ± 4.04 cm, weight: 78.7 ± 3.35 kg) at maximum velocity (25 kg additional load). Three simple linear regression models were developed, supplied by the LPM on the basis of the AC data. The assumption of independence of errors was compared by means of the Durban-Watson test, and partial autocorrelation coefficients were established at an overall p < 0.05 significance level. It has not been possible to confirm the presence of a general correlation between the measurements of both devices. Regarding the assumption of independence of errors, the presence of generalized autocorrelation was confirmed. Linear regression analysis revealed an intermachine correlation in one of the nonconclusive cases, (peak power) variable and subject 1, r (10) = 0.640, p = 0.024. No partial autocorrelation was found. The devices should not be used interchangeably as instruments.
10-Year Changes in Upper Body Strength and Power in Elite Professional Rugby League Players—The Effect of Training Age, Stage, and Content

Abstract Baker, DG. 10-year changes in upper body strength and power in elite professional rugby league players—The effect of training age, stage, and content. J Strength Cond Res 27(2): 285–292, 2013—The purpose of this investigation was to observe changes in maximal upper body strength and power across a 10-year period in professional athletes who were experienced resistance trainers. Six professional rugby league players were observed with test data reported according to 2 important training stages in their professional careers. The first stage (1996–1998) monitored the changes as the subjects strived to establish themselves as elite professionals in their sport. The remaining test data are from the latter stage (2000–2006), which is characterized by a longer competition schedule and shorter periods devoted to improving physical preparation. The changes in upper body strength, assessed by the 1 repetition maximum bench press and mean maximum power during bench press throws with various barbell resistances of 40–80 kg, were assessed by effect size (ES) and smallest worthwhile change (SWC) statistics. Large increases in strength and power of approximately 22–23% were reported across the 10-year period, however, only small changes (as determined by ES) in strength or power occurred after year 2000 till 2006. This result of only small changes in strength or power despite 6 years of intense resistance training was attributed to 3 main factors. Key among them are the possible existence of a “strength ceiling” for experienced resistance trainers, the Long-term Athlete Development model, and possibly an inappropriate volume of strength-endurance training from 2004 to 2005. The fact that an SWC in strength and power occurred in the year after the cessation of strength-endurance training suggests that training program manipulation is still an influencing factor in continuing strength and power gains in experienced resistance trainers.