Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Awareness and the demand for improved drinking water source in Cameroon

Given the growing emphasis being placed on population access to safe and reliable water, there is a pressing need to identify factors affecting household choice of drinking water source so that policy makers can more accurately target initiatives for population access to potable water. This paper seeks to examine the impact of Cameroonian households’ awareness about health effects of contaminated water (awareness is measured by schooling and exposure to mass media) on their choice of adopting improved water source. Our study relies on data from the third Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS3). The results from the estimation of the probit model used for empirical analysis show that awareness variable positively affects the decision of adopting improved water source. As compare to illiterate headed-household, the more educated headed-household, the more the probability of choosing improved source. Households owning a TV are more likely to adopt improved source (marginal effect is 0.113). Also, the possession of a radio positively affects household decisions even if the effect is not significant. The policy implications of the research are described in the paper.
Effect of fertilizers at various levels of recommended dosages with organic manures and seed inoculation on phosphorus fractions in postharvest soils

A field experiment was conducted at KVK, Srinagar during two consecutive Kharif of 2009-10 and 2010-11 to study the effect of fertilizers at various levels of recommended dosages with organic manures and microbial inoculation of seeds on the contents of different P fractions (Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P) in postharvest soils under temperate conditions. The field experiment with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill] as the crop was laid out with 18 treatments viz. three levels of recommended dosages (RD) of inorganic fertilizers (50, 75 and 100% RD) along with organic manures (control, and FYM and Dalwood, both at 10 t ha-1) and biofertilizers by means of seed inoculation (control and dual inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB), in complete randomised block design. Each treatment was replicated thrice. The results revealed that the application of inorganic fertilizers, organic manures and bio-inoculation (INM) significantly increased the Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P fractions in postharvest soils. With the application of fertilizers at 100 per cent level of RD along with the manures and seed inoculation, postharvest soil Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P contents were higher than when the fertilizers were applied at 50 and 75 per cent level of RD. FYM proved to be superior to Dalweed towards increasing the levels of soil P fractions (Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P). The levels various inorganic P-fractions increased also with dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB of the seeds.
Analysis of the Relationship Between Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Kenya

Given that policy makers and civil society in Kenya disagree on the contribution of openness to economic growth. It is therefore not clear whether trade openness does or does not promote growth in the case of Kenya. The purpose of this study was therefore to analyze relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Kenya. This study was modeled on Adam Smith’s absolute advantage theory. The study used correlation research design based on annual time series data spanning 30 years from 1980 – 2009. Data was obtained from the World Development Indicators. The study used Vector Error Correction Mechanism to integrate long run and short run dynamics and Granger causality for directional causality. The results indicated significant positive effect and unidirectional causality between trade openness and economic growth in Kenya, with coefficient of 0.98 implying that 1 % increase in trade openness increases economic growth by 0.98% respectively. Economic growth is significantly error correcting at 34.7% annually. The study concluded that in the long run trade openness promote growth in Kenya. In view of this, the study recommends that the government of Kenya to continue pursuing trade openness policies to increase trade volumes to enhance economic growth. Keywords: Trade Openness, Economic Growth, Kenya
Sowing gender policies, cultivating agrarian change, reaping inequality? Intersections of gender and class in the context of marshland transformations in Rwanda

Gender equality has become one of the top priorities throughout the political agenda of Post-Genocide Rwanda. A set of legal reforms, which aim at securing women’s land rights, together with the worldwide highest percentage of female parliamentarians have earned the government a lot of respect from the international donor community. At the same time, the state’s eager involvement in transforming the countryside into a modern, large-scale production zone, steers in a different direction: Vulnerable groups – among them many single mothers, poor or female headed households – are gradually excluded from this promising path of empowerment. By focusing on the lived experiences of rural women, this paper illustrates how intersections of class-related risk management, gendered labour tasks, and different livelihood strategies rub up against the Rwandan vision of agrarian change. “Gender equality” thereby remains first and foremost a frequently used buzzword in political discourse.
Two-point observations of low-frequency waves at 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during the descent of PHILAE: comparison of RPCMAG and ROMAP

Abstract. The European Space Agency's spacecraft ROSETTA has reached its final destination, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Whilst orbiting in the close vicinity of the nucleus the ROSETTA magnetometers detected a new type of low-frequency wave possibly generated by a cross-field current instability due to freshly ionized cometary water group particles. During separation, descent and landing of the lander PHILAE on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, we used the unique opportunity to perform combined measurements with the magnetometers onboard ROSETTA (RPCMAG) and its lander PHILAE (ROMAP). New details about the spatial distribution of wave properties along the connection line of the ROSETTA orbiter and the lander PHILAE are revealed. An estimation of the observed amplitude, phase and wavelength distribution will be presented as well as the measured dispersion relation, characterizing the new type of low-frequency waves. The propagation direction and polarization features will be discussed using the results of a minimum variance analysis. Thoughts about the size of the wave source will complete our study.
Theoretical Relations Between Risk Premiums and Conditional Variances

Many statistical models of time-varying risk premiums, including the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH)-in-mean, attempt to exploit a relation between risk premiums and conditional variances or covariances of asset returns. We examine this relation in numerical versions of a dynamic asset-pricing theory and show that it can be increasing, decreasing, flat, or nonmonotonic. Its shape depends on both the preferences of the representative agent and the stochastic structure of the economy. Without additional structure, the theory does not provide either a general foundation for ARCH-in-mean specifications or a simple interpretation of their parameters.
Zooplankton carcasses and non-predatory mortality in freshwater and inland sea environments

Zooplankton carcasses are ubiquitous in marine and freshwater systems, implicating the importance of non-predatory mortality, but both are often overlooked in ecological studies compared with predatory mortality. The development of several microscopic methods allows the distinction between live and dead zooplankton in field samples, and the reported percentages of dead zooplankton average 11.6 (minimum) to 59.8 (maximum) in marine environments, and 7.4 (minimum) to 47.6 (maximum) in fresh and inland waters. Common causes of non-predatory mortality among zooplankton include senescence, temperature change, physical and chemical stresses, parasitism and food-related factors. Carcasses resulting from non-predatory mortality may undergo decomposition leading to an increase in microbial production and a shift in microbial composition in the water column. Alternatively, sinking carcasses may contribute significantly to vertical carbon flux especially outside the phytoplankton growth seasons, and become a food source for the benthos. Global climate change is already altering freshwater ecosystems on multiple levels, and likely will have significant positive or negative effects on zooplankton non-predatory mortality. Better spatial and temporal studies of zooplankton carcasses and non-predatory mortality rates will improve our understanding of this important but under-appreciated topic.
Does Public Service Motivation Matter in Volunteering Domain Choices? A Test of Functional Theory

Functional theory suggests that people choose activities based on their perception of how well the work matches their personal motives.This process implies that worker motivations vary by activity even when controlling for typical motivational antecedents. Although this perspective is common in the volunteering literature, the public service motivation (PSM) literature has not formally considered functional theory hypotheses.Yet PSM theory asserts a relationship not to government work itself, but to activities related to public service such as volunteering.This study evaluates functional theory in regard to PSM based on using a survey of recipients of the Daily Point of Light Award (DPOL) and the President’s Community Volunteer Award (PCV). After controlling for common PSM antecedents such as gender, level of education, religious participation, and age, PSM and its subdimensions exhibit some variance across volunteering domains (viz., religious, educational/school, human services, and other), though most differences involve religious organizations.
The Supermassive Black Hole at the Heart of Centaurus A: Revealed by the Kinematics of Gas and Stars

Abstract At less than 4 Mpc distance the radio galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) is the prime example to study the supermassive black hole and its influence on the environment in great detail. To model and understand the feeding and feedback mechanisms one needs an accurate determination of the mass of the supermassive black hole. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the recent studies that have been dedicated to measure the black hole mass in Centaurus A from both gas and stellar kinematics. It shows how the advancement in observing techniques and instrumentation drive the field of black hole mass measurements and concludes that adaptive optics assisted integral field spectroscopy is the key to identify the effects of the AGN on the surrounding ionised gas. Using data from SINFONI at the ESO Very Large Telescope, the best-fit black hole mass is MBH = 4.5(+1.7, −1.0) × 107 M⊙ (from H2 kinematics) and MBH = (5.5 ± 3.0) × 107 M⊙ (from stellar kinematics). This is one of the cleanest gas-versus-star comparisons of a MBH determination, and brings Centaurus A into agreement with the MBH−σ relation.
Reliability and a Measure of Sexual Interest: Examining the Temporal Stability of Scores on Affinity 2.5

Reliability and a Measure of Sexual Interest: Examining the Temporal Stability of Scores on Affinity 2.5 Kristina S. Withers Hansen Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, BYU Doctor of Philosophy Affinity 2.5 is a computer-based instrument designed to measure sexual interest using viewing time of images depicting fully-clothed males and females of different ages. Participants are asked to rate the sexual attractiveness of the person in the image according to a 15-point scale while their viewing time of each image is surreptitiously monitored. The validity of viewing time as a measure of sexual interest is based on social cognition theory and is established in the review of literature. The number of images comprising Affinity 2.5 represents a 42.9% increase from the previous version of the assessment, Affinity 2.0. The purpose of this study was to examine the temporal stability of scores on Affinity 2.5 for a sample of exclusively heterosexual, nonpedophilic males and females. Viewing time data from 63 males and 84 females were analyzed using a chi-square procedure. Results of this analysis indicate that 86% of responses from the male participants and 88% of responses from the female participants were consistent from time one to time two. As suspected, these percentages represent an increase in reliability over the temporal stability of the shorter Affinity 2.0.
Incorporating default risk into Hamada's Equation for application to capital structure

Implemented widely in the area of corporate finance, Hamada’s Equation enables one to separate the financial risk of a levered firm from its business risk. The relationship, which results from combining the Modigliani-Miller capital structuring theorems with the Capital Asset Pricing Model, is used extensively in practice, as well as in academia, to help determine the levered beta and, through it, the optimal capital structure of corporate firms. Despite its regular use in the industry, it is acknowledged that the equation does not incorporate the impact of default risk and, thus, credit spread - an inherent component within every levered institution. Several attempts have been made so far to correct this, but, for one reason or another, they all seem to have their faults. This, of course, presents a major setback, as there is a strong need, especially by practitioners, to have in place a solid methodology to enable them to assess a firm’s capital structure in a consistent manner. This work addresses the issue and provides a robust modification to Hamada’s Equation, which achieves this consistency.
Radioecological assessments of the Iodine working group of IAEA's EMRAS programme: Presentation of input data and analysis of results of the prague scenario

In 2003 IAEA launched the EMRAS Programme aiming at evaluating the predictive power of radiological models. The programme continued work of previous international radioecological modelling programmes and comprised several working groups focusing on different aspects of environmental modelling. The Iodine Working Group reassessed the impact of the release of 131 I during the Chernobyl accident with the aim of comparing model predictions with environmental data and inter-comparing the model predictions. Measurement data and detailed geographic and demographic descriptions were available for three regions: Plavsk, Warsaw and Prague. As for the Prague Scenario, milk supply regions of three big dairies were chosen for the model validation. Apart from geographic, demographic and agricultural descriptions (e.g. gathering regions of the dairies, feeding regime), the modellers were provided with information on the weather conditions and measurement data of iodine contamination. The most important peculiarities of Prague Scenario were keeping milk cattle in sheds and a special feeding regime during May 1986. The modellers were asked to assess the 131 I content in the thyroid of the local population and the resulting dose. The assessments were compared with measurement data. The results of these model calculations and their comparison with experimental data are presented.
A Hybrid Public Good Experiment Eliciting Multi-Dimensional Choice Data

Similar to Fischbacher and Gachter (2010) we try to understand and explain the motivation of participants when contributing to a public good. In the Hybrid Public Good experiment each of two interacting contributors chooses an independent contribution level and three adjusted contribution levels when (s)he, as the only adjusting player, learns that the other's independent contribution is smaller, equal or larger than the own one. We systematically vary the probability that one player can adjust, based on such qualitative information, but maintain that no adaptation at all and adaptation by only one occurs with positive probability. Adaptation is framed in two ways, once by additively changing the own independent contribution and once by stating new contribution levels. Surprisingly, there is a strong framing effect which increases with experience. Reacting to coinciding independent contributions implies impressive conformity in contributing. Reacting to higher, respectively lower independent contributions implies average upward, and, more strongly, downward adaptation.
Aid and the Rise and Fall of Conflict in the Muslim World

The conflict following the Arab Spring is not the first wave of civil war in the Muslim world in recent time. From the mid-1980s to the end of the century, an average of one in 10 predominantly-Muslim countries experienced violent civil war in any given year. We provide a partial explanation for this statistic: a foreign aid windfall to poor, non-oil producing Muslim countries during the twin oil crises of the 1970s allowed the recipient states to become more repressive and stave off rebellion. When oil prices fell in the mid-1980s, the windfall ended, and the recipient countries experienced a significant uptick in civil war. To provide a causal interpretation we leverage a quasi-natural experiment of oil price induced aid disbursements which favored Muslim countries over non-Muslim countries. Our empirical findings are consistent with existing theories that foreign aid can "buy" stability.
Burnout and Social Support in Bafq ' s Miners

Objective: Concerning the nature of mining, miners a re more likely to suffer from different damages including burnout, which may damage the organization, besides its p hysical and mental damages to individuals. Social support a nd job satisfaction, on the other hand, can decrease burnout in the workplace. The present paper aims to identify the level of social support, job satisfaction and burnout among miners. Methods: This investigation was a descriptive and analytical, cross-sectional study. 250 out of 700 miners working at Bafq’sIron OreMine were selected randomly to participate in t his study. To collect data, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Adolescent Family Caring Scale (AFCS), besides some items on demographic characteristics and job satisfaction were used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Software, version 16, operating descriptive analysis and p earson Correlation Test, T-test, and Regression analysis. Findings: The mean age of miners was 34.73±6.83. 90% of them were married and native residents. More than 70% of the subjects had mild emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, however, reduced sense of personal a ccomplishment was severe among more than 70% of workers. There was a significant correlation between burnout level and social support and its three dimensions P<0.05.
Household Formation and Tenure Choice: Did the great Irish housing bust alter consumer behaviour?

This paper analyses the household formation and tenure choice decisions of different age cohorts in the Irish market. We use data covering the years 2001 to 2011, a period which encompasses the boom, bubble and collapse in the Irish housing market. We find that the household formation decision is affected by the rent-to-income ratio while tenure choice depends upon the difference between rent and the user cost of housing, a notional cost of services derived from owning a home. After the crash, the balance of these costs favoured renting, resulting in a decrease in owner occupancy. In addition, we find that falling average rents caused entry to the housing market to become more affordable, and that this was linked to significantly higher household formation rates.
Not Merely Memorization in Deep Networks: Universal Fitting and Specific Generalization

We reinterpret the training of convolutional neural nets(CNNs) with universal classification theorem(UCT). This theory implies any disjoint datasets can be classified by two or more layers of CNNs based on ReLUs and rigid transformation switch units(RTSUs) we propose here, this explains why CNNs could memorize noise and real data. Subsequently, we present another fresh new hypothesis that CNN is insensitive to some variant from input training data example, this variant relates to original training input by generating functions. This hypothesis means CNNs can generalize well even for randomly generated training data and illuminates the paradox Why CNNs fit real and noise data and fail drastically when making predictions for noise data. Our findings suggest the study about generalization theory of CNNs should turn to generating functions instead of traditional statistics machine learning theory based on assumption that the training data and testing data are independent and identically distributed(IID), and apparently IID assumption contradicts our experiments in this paper.We experimentally verify these ideas correspondingly.
THE IFRS ADOPTION: CONTRIBUTION TO VALUATION THEORY

The transition to IFRS has brought fundamental changes as it has impact on corporate accountants, public auditors, investors and its influence extends well beyond the change in accounting rules. The purpose of the paper is to investigate whether the information on IFRS adjustments is value relevant. This paper analyses value-relevance, incremental, and relative association of the effects of IFRS reconciliations reflected in earnings and owners’ equity, versus Indonesia GAAP measures. This study adopts a market value model, which relates a firm’s earnings to shareholders’ equity measured under Indonesia GAAP together with the respective IFRS reconciliation adjustment, to its market value, adding some firm specific factors to the regressions. This research uses regression to test the hypothesis. The results show that IFRS adjustments improve financial reporting quality and the capacity of financial statements to explain firm values, over and above the INDONESIA GAAP numbers. However, the effect is not equally distributed given that they are more significant for larger firms. The research also reveals that the market places a high value on the earnings reconciliation adjustments but, in general, it appears that the IASB has had at least some success in providing relevant information because it has the capacity to make a difference in investors’ decisions.
Trawl exposure and protection of seabed fauna at large spatial scales

Trawling is the most widespread direct human disturbance on the seabed. Knowledge of the extent and consequences of this disturbance is limited because large‐scale distributions of seabed fauna are not well known. We map faunal distributions in the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and quantify the proportion of their abundance that occurs in areas 1) that are directly trawled and 2) where legislation permanently prohibits trawling—defined as percentage exposure or protection, respectively. Our approach includes developing a method that integrates data from disparate seabed surveys to spatially expand predicted benthos distributions.