Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary design of domain specific non-cryptographic hash functions

Hash functions are inseparable part of modern computer world. Fast associative arrays so popular among computer programmers for their robustness and simplicity, are based on them. Their performance greatly depends on their design and although their roots are deep in the past, the topic of designing a well performing hash function is still often discussed today. There is currently a plenty of exceptional implementations of generic hash functions and their numbers are rising. Such functions are not constrained to a concrete set of inputs, they perform on any input. On the other hand, there are use cases when input domain is known in advance. In such case, there is a room for an improvement by designing a specific hash function thus reaching better level of performance in comparison with a generic hash function. However designing a hash function is not a trivial task. There are no rules, standards or guides. In case of manual design the hash function author has to rely on his/her knowledge, experience, inventiveness and intuition. This fact opens up a space for different techniques such as evolutionary algorithms, an unconventional approach to solve certain problem inspired by the process of species reproduction. In this paper hash functions are designed for the domain of IP addresses using genetic programming. Genetic programming algorithm parameters are accurately chosen so the evolved functions will perform on its best. The experiments proved that the developed hash functions are better in comparison with generic hash functions in terms of both the speed and the performance.
Exposure to anaesthetic agents, cognitive functioning and depressive symptomatology in the elderly.

BACKGROUND Anaesthesia could provoke persistent alterations in specific cognitive domains in the elderly where ageing-related neuronal changes may exacerbate pharmacotoxic effects. AIMS To evaluate anaesthesia effects on the incidence of cognitive dysfunction after orthopaedic surgery in elderly patients. METHOD A total of 140 patients over the age of 64 years completed a full range of computerised cognitive tests. The study takes into account effects of pre-operative cognitive dysfunction, depressive symptomatology and ability to perform activities of daily living. RESULTS Postoperative cognitive decline persisted for up to 3 months in 56% of subjects. Dysfunction was limited to verbal, visuo-spatial and semantic abilities and secondary and implicit memory. Age, low educational level, pre-operative cognitive impairment or depression are risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive functions are not equally affected, type of impairment being determined by the risk factors described above and anaesthesia type.
Obesity and the Orthopedic Trauma Patient: A Review of the Risks and Challenges in Medical and Surgical Management

Abstract The medical and surgical care of obese trauma patients presents a variety of unique and important challenges. Over the past 30 years, this population has increased dramatically in number, and the optimization of their care demands the attention of the medical community. The problems of caring for an obese trauma patient begin before the actual traumatic event occurs due to their substantially higher incidence of serious comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiopulmonary issues. In the setting of trauma, important considerations for the obese patient include careful and expeditious preoperative medical optimization; appropriate deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis; planning for and preventing operative and postoperative challenges (eg, pulmonary and wound complications); and ensuring adequate hospital equipment and staffing resources in the acute and rehabilitative phases of care. This article outlines the scope of the obesity epidemic, reviews the medical consequences of obesity, and highlights surgical considerations specific to the care of orthopedic injuries in the obese trauma patient.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry into Macrophages Mediated by Macropinocytosis

ABSTRACT Whereas human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects various cell types by fusion at the plasma membrane, we observed a different entry route in human primary macrophages, in which macropinocytosis is active. Shortly after exposure of macrophages to HIV-1 and irrespective of viral envelope-receptor interactions, particles were visible in intracellular vesicles, which were identified as macropinosomes. Most virions appeared subsequently degraded. However, fusion leading to capsid release in the cytosol and productive infection could take place inside vesicles when particles were properly enveloped. These observations provide new insights into HIV-1 interactions with a cell target relevant to pathogenesis. They may have implications for the design of soluble inhibitors aimed at interfering with the fusion or entry processes.
Laminar and subcellular heterogeneity of GLAST and GLT‐1 immunoreactivity in the developing postnatal mouse hippocampus

Astrocytes express two sodium‐coupled transporters, glutamate–aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter‐1 (GLT‐1), which are essential for the maintenance of low extracellular glutamate levels. We performed a comparative analysis of the laminar and subcellular expression profile of GLAST and GLT‐1 in the developing postnatal mouse hippocampus by using immunohistochemistry and western blotting and employing high‐resolution fluorescence microscopy. Astrocytes were identified by costaining with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or S100β. In CA1, the density of GFAP‐positive cells and GFAP expression rose during the first 2 weeks after birth, paralleled by a steady increase in GLAST immunoreactivity and protein content. Upregulation of GLT‐1 was completed only at postnatal days (P) P20–25 and was thus delayed by about 10 days. GLAST staining was highest along the stratum pyramidale and was especially prominent in astrocytes at P3–5. GLAST immunoreactivity indicated no preferential localization to a specific cellular compartment. GLT‐1 exhibited a laminar expression pattern from P10–15 on, with the highest immunoreactivity in the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare. At the cellular level, GLT‐1 immunoreactivity did not entirely cover astrocyte somata and exhibited clusters at processes. In neonatal and juvenile animals, discrete clusters of GLT‐1 were also detected at perivascular endfeet. From these results, we conclude there is a remarkable subcellular heterogeneity of GLAST and GLT‐1 expression in the developing hippocampus. The clustering of GLT‐1 at astrocyte endfeet indicates that it might serve a specialized functional role at the blood–brain barrier during formation of the hippocampal network. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:204–224, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sedative and antiepileptic effects of Anthocephalus cadamba Roxb. in mice and rats

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the sedative and antiepileptic activities of ethanolic extract of Anthocephalus cadamba (ACE) bark in various experimental animal models. Materials and Methods: ACE was tested at three doses viz. 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. We used ketamine-induced sleeping time model to test the sedative property of the extract where, onset and duration of sleep were observed. A paradigm of anticonvulsant models (pentylenetetrazole, isoniazid and maximal electroshock-induced seizures) were used to evaluate its protective effect against absence and generalized types of seizures. Onset of clonic convulsions, tonic extension and time of death were observed in PTZ and INH-induced seizure models. In MES model, duration of tonic hind leg extension and onset of stupor were observed. Results: ACE showed significant increase in ketamine induced sleeping time. It also exhibited significant increase (P<0.05, 0.01 and 0.001) in latency to clonic convulsion, tonic extension and time of death in PTZ and INH models at all tested doses, whereas in the MES model, the lower dose was found to be effective when compared with the higher doses (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.). Conclusion: The results of the present investigation demonstrated that ACE possesses sedative and antiepileptic activities.
Cloning and Characterization of the Schistosoma japonicum Aspartic Proteinase Involved in Hemoglobin Degradation (*)

A cDNA encoding a Schistosoma japonicum aspartic proteinase was cloned, sequenced, and found to encode a zymogen of 380 amino acid residues, and its gene was shown to be present as a single copy in the S. japonicum genome. Identity comparisons showed that the enzyme (Sjpasp) was most closely related to the cathepsin Ds. The deduced amino acid sequence has four potential glycosylation sites, two of which are in identical positions to the two glycosylation sites of human kidney lysosomal cathepsin D. Furthermore, all four disulfide bonds found in mammalian cathepsin D sequences are present in Sjpasp, although the β-hairpin (loop 3), which is cleaved during maturation of vertebrate cathepsin Ds to yield light and heavy chain subunits, is absent from Sjpasp. While most residues involved in substrate specificity and catalysis of aspartic proteinases are preserved in Sjpasp, several residues in these regions exhibit changes that may result in a novel substrate specificity. Aspartic proteinase activity is present in extracts of adult S. japonicum and Schistosoma mansoni and in culture media in which schistosomes were maintained and was capable of digesting hemoglobin. The schistosome aspartic proteinase may play a pivotal role in the catabolism of hemoglobin obtained from host erythrocytes.
Triptans Induce Vasoconstriction of Human Arteries and Veins from the Thoracic Wall

A common side effect of migraine treatment with triptans is chest symptoms. The origin of these symptoms is not known. The aim of the present study was to examine the vasocontractile effect of triptans in human arteries and veins from the thoracic wall and in coronary artery bypass grafts. In vitro pharmacology experiments showed that the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) type 1B and 1D receptor agonists, eletriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, and zolmitriptan, induced vasoconstriction in the thoracic blood vessels from 38% to 57% of the patients. 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) and sumatriptan elicited a vasoconstriction that was antagonized by the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist SB224289, whereas the 5-HT1D receptor antagonist BRL115572 had no effect. 5-HT induced a contraction that was inhibited by the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin. 5-HT2A, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT1D receptor mRNA levels were detected by real-time PCR in all blood vessels studied. In conclusion, triptans induce vasoconstriction in arteries and veins from the thoracic wall, most likely by activation of 5-HT1B receptors. This response could be observed in only 38% to 57% of the patients, which may provide an explanation for why a similar number of patients experience chest symptoms as a side effect of migraine treatment with triptans.
Acoustic correlates of Persian in-situ-wh-questions

This experiment was designed to investigate whether the acoustic correlates of prosody of the pre-wh-part of the sentence differentiate in-situ-wh-questions from declaratives in Persian. To accomplish the purpose of this research 115 declaratives and 115 insitu-wh-questions were constructed. These sentences were elicited from eight Persian native speakers in a sentence elicitation task. The contrast between the prosody of the pre-wh-part of the sentence in declaratives and in-situ-wh-questions appears to have clear acoustic correlates, which can be captured in terms of a higher pitch level and shorter duration of the pre-wh-part in wh-questions and a larger pitch excursion size of the word immediately preceding the wh-word. This finding provides evidence for the claim [14] that questions universally differ from statements in that the former have some element of high pitch that is absent in the latter. In addition, the result implies that the in-situ-wh-questions can potentially be distinguished from declaratives based on the prosody of the pre-wh-part of the sentence.
Induction of BIMEL following growth factor withdrawal is a key event in caspase‐dependent apoptosis of 661W photoreceptor cells

Apoptosis of photoreceptor cells in the early postnatal period is a normal feature of mammalian retinal development. The role of mitochondria and caspases in the process has been well established; however, the identification of key apoptotic mediators still remains elusive. Here we report that BIMEL, a pro‐apoptotic BCL‐2 family member, may be one such molecule. Following growth factor deprivation, BIMEL was up‐regulated in mouse 661W cone photoreceptors. This event correlated with the release of mitochondrial apoptogenic factors into the cytosol, the activation of caspases and apoptosis. Moreover, a similar behaviour was observed in response to UV radiation, ionomycin or H2O2 treatments. We identified the PI3K–Akt–FKHRL1 signalling cascade as the main regulatory pathway of BIMEL expression in these cells. Finally, using RNA interference, we were able to silence BIMEL expression and subsequently suppress caspase‐3 activation. In conclusion, we propose BIMEL as a critical factor in mitochondria‐dependent apoptosis of 661W photoreceptors.
Alemtuzumab Induction and Sirolimus Plus Mycophenolate Mofetil Maintenance for CNI and Steroid‐Free Kidney Transplant Immunosuppression

We performed a pilot study in which 22 kidney recipients (14 LD: 8 DCD) were given alemtuzumab induction (30 mg day 0 and 1), steroids (500 mg mp day 0 and 1, none thereafter), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) maintenance (500 mg b.i.d) and sirolimus (concentration controlled 8–12 ng/mL). With a mean follow‐up of 15.9 months, patient survival is (21/22) 96% and graft survival (19/22) 87%. Acute rejections occurred in (8) 36.3% (two humoral). Of 19 surviving grafts, 18 (95%) remain steroid and 15 (79%) CNI‐free. At 1 year, mean creatinine was 1.43 mg/dL. Overall infection rates were low, but 2 patients developed severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) at month 3 and 7, respectively, resulting in mortality in one and a graft loss in the other. No cancer or PTLD was observed. Leukopenia was common and MMF dose was reduced or eliminated in 6/22 (27%) patients. The reported higher than expected rate of acute rejection, leukopenia and possible pulmonary toxicity suggests excessive morbidity. Modifications such as an initial period of CNI use should be considered.
Explaining Individual Differences in Third-Person Perception

Research on social perception and a reassessment of findings from third-person research suggest that an individual's tendency to third-person perception is constrained by his or her perceptual position. For some people (e.g., the less well educated), it is probably less easily possible to perceive others as more susceptible to media effects than themselves. These kinds of constraints were investigated using data on third-person perception of television viewing behaviors (which is analogous to third-person perception of media influences). The authors found that people indeed showed a weaker tendency to third-person perception if they were in a less favorable position to do so, given their own viewing behavior and their attitudes. The limits / possibilities perspective seems useful for integrating research findings and may enhance our understanding of individual differences in third-person perception.
Left colon and liver hemangiomas.

Hemangiomas are uncommon in the gastrointestinal tract, but cavernous hemangiomas are the most common type encountered.1 Colonic cavernous hemangiomas most often involve the rectum and, when symptomatic, often present with evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding.1 Abdominal solid organ involvement may be an incidental finding on radiologic investigations. Rarely, hemangiomas of the colon may form an exophytic mass, and patients present because of the mass effect. We recently had such a patient, who, in the course of her evaluation was also discovered to have multiple cystic lesions in her liver. This report reviews the association of colonic and liver cavernous hemangiomas with an emphasis on the management of the involved colon.
The dynamics and control of a haptic interface device

Haptic interface devices are machines that are controlled by the human arm contact forces. These devices are necessary elements of virtual reality machines. These devices may be programmed to give the human arm the sensation of forces associated with various arbitrary maneuvers. As examples, these devices can give the human the sensation that he/she is maneuvering a mass, or pushing onto a spring or a damper. In general, these devices may be programmed for any trajectory-dependent force. To illustrate and verify the analysis of these machines, a two-degree-of-freedom electrically-powered haptic interface device was designed and built at the Human Engineering Laboratory (HEL) of the University of California-Berkeley. >
Concerns of Capitol Hill Staff Workers After Bioterrorism: Focus Group Discussions of Authorities’ Response

Systematic studies of mental health effects of bioterrorism on exposed populations have not been carried out. Exploratory focus groups were conducted with an exposed population to provide qualitative data and inform empirical research. Five focus groups of 28 political worker volunteers were conducted 3 months after the October 15, 2001, anthrax attack on Capitol Hill. More than 2000 transcribed focus group passages were categorized using qualitative software. The category with the most items was authorities’ response (23% passages), and much of this discussion pertained to communication by authorities. The category with the fewest items was symptoms (4%). Identified issues were less within individuals and more between them and authorities. Risk communication by authorities regarding safety and medical issues was a prominent concern among Capitol Hill office staff workers regarding the anthrax incident on Capitol Hill. This suggests focus on risk communication in developing interventions, but more systematic investigation is needed.
Role of endothelin in noradrenaline-induced hypertension in rats

Objective To investigate the role of endothelin in noradrenaline-induced hypertension in rats. Design The dose–response relationship of chronic noradrenaline infusion on arterial pressure was characterized to identify a dose that would produce sustained hypertension, and the effect of combined endothelin ETA and ETB receptor blockade (TAK-044) on the response to this dose was then examined. Methods and results Noradrenaline (or vehicle) was infused intravenously at 1 (subpressor acutely), 24 or 48 μg/kg per h (acute pressor response of 9 ± 1 and 11 ± 1 mmHg, respectively) for a 14-day infusion, and blood pressure was measured by radiotelemetry. Noradrenaline infusion at 1 μg/kg per h did not produce a ‘slow pressor’ rise in blood pressure. During noradrenaline infusions at 24 and 48 μg/kg per h, mean arterial pressure peaked initially on days 2–3 (+10 ± 1 and 14 ± 2 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.01), fell towards basal levels after day 3, and then began to rise again at days 5–6 only with 48 μg/kg per h, being 10 ± 1 mmHg above control levels at days 13–14 (P < 0.05). TAK-044 treatment did not alter the magnitude of the initial (13 ± 1 mmHg) or eventual (12 ± 2 mmHg) rise in blood pressure achieved in response to 14 days’ infusion of noradrenaline at 48 μg/kg per h, but abolished the transient fall. Conclusion Chronic noradrenaline infusion at acutely pressor doses leads either to a transient blood pressure elevation at a moderate dose, or to a triphasic but sustained hypertension at a higher dose, with a temporary escape from the hypertension apparently mediated by endothelin.
The Stroop Color-Word Interference Test as an Indicator of ADHD in Poor Readers

Abstract The performance on the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test of 36 boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was compared with performances of a matched control sample. The control group outperformed their counterparts on the control and interference conditions of the Stroop test, suggesting ADHD-specific executive and reading deficits. When individuals with both ADHD and reading disorders were excluded from the analysis, the authors found a significant difference between the ADHD group and the control group on the color-word test, indicating that poor reading skills may produce false negatives on the Stroop test. However, fast and slow readers with ADHD did not perform differently from each other on the color-word test. The authors postulated the existence of two different causes of reading problems: phonological deficits and attentional deficits.
Perioperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing liver transplantation: A randomized double‐blind trial

Preliminary work suggested that perioperative immunonutrition (IMN) enriched in n‐3 fatty acids, arginine, and nucleotides may improve preoperative nutritional status, enhance postoperative recovery, and reduce postoperative infectious complications in patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT). The current study examined these outcomes in a double‐blind, randomized, controlled trial. Patients wait‐listed for LT (n = 120) were randomized to either supplemental (0.6 L/d) oral IMN or an isocaloric control (CON). Enteral IMN or CON was resumed postoperatively and continued for at least 5 days. The change in total body protein (TBP) measured by neutron activation from study entry until immediately prior to LT was the primary endpoint and TBP measurements were repeated 10, 30, 90, 180, and 360 days after LT. Infectious complications were recorded for the first 30 postoperative days. Nineteen patients died or were delisted prior to LT. Fifty‐two IMN and 49 CON patients received supplemental nutrition for a median (range) 56 (0‐480) and 65 (0‐348) days, respectively. Preoperative changes in TBP were not significant (IMN: 0.06 ± 0.15 [SEM]; CON: 0.12 ± 0.10 kg). Compared to baseline, a 0.7 ± 0.2 kg loss of TBP was seen in both groups at 30 days after LT (P < 0.0001) and, at 360 days, TBP had not increased significantly (IMN: 0.08 ± 0.19 kg; CON: 0.26 ± 0.23 kg). Infectious complications occurred in 31 (60%) IMN and 28 (57%) CON patients (P = 0.84). The median (range) postoperative hospital stay was 10 (5‐105) days for IMN and 10 (6‐27) days for CON patients (P = 0.68). Conclusion: In patients undergoing LT, perioperative IMN did not provide significant benefits in terms of preoperative nutritional status or postoperative outcome. (Hepatology 2015;61:639‐647)