Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A founder mutation of the MSH2 gene and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in the United States.

CONTEXT Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome, is caused by mutations in the mismatch repair genes and confers an extraordinarily high risk of colorectal, endometrial, and other cancers. However, while carriers of these mutations should be identified, counseled, and offered clinical surveillance, at present the mutations are not tested for in mutation analyses. OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of a large genomic deletion encompassing exons 1 to 6 of the MSH2 gene that is widespread in the US population as a result of a founder effect. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Ongoing genealogical and historical study conducted to assess the origin and spread of an MSH2 mutation previously identified in 9 apparently unrelated families with putative HNPCC and living in widely different geographic locations in the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Classification of family members as carriers or noncarriers of the MSH2 mutation; spread of the mutation across the continental United States. RESULTS To date, 566 family members of the 9 probands have been identified to be at risk and counseled; 137 of these have been tested, and 61 carry the founder mutation. Three families have been genealogically shown to descend from a German immigrant family that arrived and first settled in Pennsylvania in the early 1700s. Movements of branches of the family from Pennsylvania through North Carolina, Alabama, Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Utah, Texas, and California have been documented, and carriers of the mutation have already been diagnosed in 14 states. In contrast, the deletion was not found among 407 European and Australian families with HNPCC. CONCLUSION The postulated high frequency and continent-wide geographic distribution of a cancer-predisposing founder mutation of the MSH2 gene in a large, outbred (as opposed to genetically isolated) population, and the ease with which the mutation can be detected, suggest that the routine testing of individuals at risk for HNPCC in the United States should include an assay for this mutation until more is learned about its occurrence.
The effects of prey availability on pup mortality and the timing of birth of South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) in Peru

Pup mortality and the timing of birth of South American sea lions Otaria flavescens were investigated to determine the possible relationship between fluctuations in prey availability in the Peruvian upwelling ecosystem and current and future reproductive success of sea lions during six consecutive breeding seasons. Our study from 1997 to 2002 encompassed the strongest El Nino on record and one La Nina event. Pup mortality ranged from 13% before El Nino to 100% during El Nino, and was negatively correlated with prey availability. Abortions were also more frequent when prey availability was low. However, pup mortality remained high following El Nino due to the punctuated short-term effects it had on population dynamics and subsequent maternal behaviour. Births occurred later in the season after years of low food availability and earlier following years of high food availability. The peak of pupping occurred around the peak of mortality in all years, and may have been the product of intensive competition between bulls at the peak of the breeding season. The stronger and more frequent El Ninos that appear to be occurring along the Peruvian coast may produce significant stochastic changes in future births and pup mortality, which may place the vulnerable South American sea lion population in Peru at greater risk.
Instance Based Schema Matching Framework Utilizing Google Similarity and Regular Expression

Schema matching is the task of identifying correspondences between schema attributes that exist in different schemas. A variety of approaches have been proposed to achieve the main goal of high-quality match results with respect to precision (P) and recall (R). However, these approaches are unable to achieve high quality match results, as most of these approaches treated the instances as string regardless the data types of the instances. As a consequence, this causes unidentii? ed matches especially for attribute with numeric instances which further reduces the quality of match results. Therefore, effort still needs to be done to further improve the quality of the match results. In this paper, we propose a framework for addressing the problem of finding matches between schemas of semantically and syntactically related data. Since we only fully exploit the instances of the schemas for this task, we rely on strategies that combine the strength of Google as a web semantic and regular expression as pattern recognition. To demonstrate the accuracy of our framework, we conducted an experimental evaluation using real world data sets. The results show that our framework is able to find 1-1 schema matches with high accuracy in the range of 93% - 99% in terms of precision (P), recall (R), and F-measure (F).
Longitudinal Construct Validity: Establishment of Clinical Meaning in Patient Evaluative Instruments

Objectives.Although widely used and reported in research for the evaluation of groups, measures of health status and health-related quality of life have had little application in clinical practice for the assessment of individual patients. One of the principal barriers is the demonstration that these measures add clinically significant information to measures of function or symptoms alone. Here, we review the methods for evaluation of construct validity in longitudinal studies and make recommendations for nomenclature, reporting of study results, and future research agenda. Methods.Analytical review. Results.The terms “sensitivity” and “responsiveness” have been used interchangeably, and there are few studies that evaluate the extent to which health status or health-related quality-of life measures capture clinically important changes (“responsiveness”). Current methods of evaluating responsiveness are not standardized or evaluated. Approaches for the assessment of a clinically significant or meaningful change are described; rather than normative information, however, standardized transition questions are proposed. They would be reported routinely and as separate axes of description to capture individual perceptions. Conclusions.Research in methods to assess the subject’s evaluation of the importance and magnitude of a measured change are critical if health status and health-related quality-of-life measures are to have an impact on patient care.
‘Left’ and ‘Right’ in Icon Painting

The following remarks are intended to confirm the proposition that mediaeval painting, and in particular icon painting, was oriented primarily towards an INTERNAL viewer's position, that is, towards the point of view of an observer imagined to be within the depicted reality and to be facing the spectator of the picture. (Renaissance painting, on the contrary, was understood as 'a window on the world' and hence was oriented towards an EXTERNAL viewer's position, that is, towards the position of the spectator of the picture who is, in principle, a non-participant in this world.) The present article discusses the opposition of 'left' and 'right' in the icon. The study of icon painting is particularly revealing of the language of pictorial techniques: this is not only because of the canonic nature of the icon and the extreme semiotic weight of its compositional structure, but also because of the availability of more or less precise verbal descriptions of the pictorial representation (its construction), which are in the nature of DOCUMENTARY evidence.
Reciprocal Control in Adaptive Environments

Computing has become an established part of the built environment augmenting it to become adaptive. We generally assume that we control the adaptive environments we inhabit. Using an existing adaptive environment prototype, we conducted a controlled study testing how the reversal of control (where the environment attempts to influence the behaviour of the inhabitant) would affect participants. Most participants changed their respiratory behaviour in accordance with this environmental manipulation. Behavioural change occurred either consciously or unconsciously. We explain the two different paths leading participants to behavioural change: (1) We adapt the model of interbodily resonance, a process of bodily interaction observable between, for example, partners engaged in verbal dialogue, to describe the unconscious bodily response to subtle changes in the environment. (2) And we apply the model of secondary control, an adjustment of one’s own expectations to maintain the pretence of control, to describe conscious cognitive adaptation to the changing environment. We also discuss potential applications of our findings in therapeutic and other settings.
Anthropometric Basis of Vertical Jump Performance: A Study in Young Indian National Players.

INTRODUCTION Vertical Jump (VJ) is a good measure of athletic performance and occupational activities. Earlier studies reported conflicting results on anthropometric influence. AIM To evaluate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and VJ in national level hockey and cycling players. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty four (32 males) national level hockey and cycling players of 11-21 years were the volunteers. Following standard protocols, these variables were measured: VJ, Weight (WT), Height (HT), Trochanterion-Height (TH), Sum of Skinfold Thickness (SSF), Lengths [Acromiale-Stylion (AS) and Midstylion-Dactylion (SD)], Breadths [Biacromial (AB), Biiliocristal (IB), Biepicondylar Humerus (HB) and Biepicondylar Femur (FB)], Girths [Relaxed Arm (AG), Mid Thigh (TG) and Calf (CG)], Lower Back and Hamstring Flexibility (SR), Grip [Left Hand Grip (LHG) and Right Hand Grip (RHG)] and Back Strength (BS). International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) procedures were followed for anthropometric variables measurement. Unpaired-'t'-test was used for comparison between genders. Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to evaluate correlates and predictors of VJ respectively. RESULTS Males had significantly higher VJ, HT, SD, AB and BS; but lower SSF, AS and TG. VJ correlated positively with age, WT, HT, SD, TH, girths, SR and strength among males; but only with WT and LHG among females. After controlling gender, TH and LHG predicted VJ significantly with 69% of total variance. HT, SSF and BS; and LHG were the significant predictors among males and females respectively. CONCLUSION Anthropometric and physiological variables like TH, grip, HT, skinfold and BS had major influence on VJ. The result might help in training-monitoring and player's selection.
Prognostic value of 24-hour ambulatory ECG (Holter) monitoring in Boxer dogs.

BACKGROUND Boxer dogs are reported to be predisposed to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), but the natural history has not been well characterized and inconsistent diagnostic criteria have been applied to identify affected dogs. Echocardiographic examination findings are unremarkable in many affected Boxer dogs, and in these dogs, 24-hour ambulatory ECG (Holter) monitoring often is used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes, despite limited information available relating Holter findings to outcome. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Boxers with complex ventricular arrhythmias at initial presentation will have shorter survival times. The objective was to investigate the prognostic value of Holter monitoring in Boxer dogs. ANIMALS One hundred and twenty-two Boxer dogs seen at 3 university referral hospitals. METHODS Retrospective study. Survival times were obtained for Boxer dogs evaluated by echocardiography and a 24-hour Holter ECG. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the median survival time and Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to identify variables independently associated with cardiac mortality. RESULTS Outcome data were obtained for 122/163 dogs meeting the inclusion criteria. Of the 70 dogs that had died, 45 were considered to have suffered cardiac-related deaths. Median survival was significantly longer in dogs with a left ventricular systolic diameter (LVIDs) ≤ 35 mm compared with those with LVIDs > 35 mm (P < .001). Multivariable analysis in dogs with LVIDs ≤ 35 mm showed that the presence of ventricular tachycardia, age >4.5 years, and male sex were independent predictors of cardiac mortality. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Holter monitoring in Boxer dogs provides valuable prognostic information.
Sleep-Associated Fall in Glucose Disposal and Hepatic Glucose Output in Normal Humans: Putative Signaling Mechanism Linking Peripheral and Hepatic Events

Values reported for basal hepatic glucose production and glucose utilization do not reflect metabolic changes occurring during sleep. To determine the effect of sleep with its associated lowered metabolic rate and thermogenesis on glucose kinetics and gluconeogenic substrate availability, 11 normal volunteers underwent an overnight study in which [3-3H]glucose was infused. Despite decreased insulin secretion, a fall in hepatic glucose output was observed with sleep that was synchronous with a reduction in glucose utilization and lipolysis (decreased plasma glycerol and free fatty acids). When activity was increased, these parameters rose toward previously reported basal levels. Prevention of sleep in 6 additional subjects attenuated the fall in glucose utilization and production as well as the fall in glycerol and free fatty acids despite similar insulin and counterregulatory hormone profiles. We suggest that sleep-associated metabolic changes produce a peripheral signal(s) that modulates hepatic glucose production in humans.
Origins and migratory routes of murine Cajal‐Retzius cells

The first layer that appears in the cortical neuroepithelium, the preplate, forms in the upper part of the cortex immediately below the pial surface. In mice, this layer exists between embryonic days (E) 10 and 13, and it hosts different cell populations. Here, we have studied the first cell population generated in the preplate, the Cajal‐Retzius cells. There is considerable confusion regarding these cells with respect to both their site of generation and the migratory routes that they follow. This perhaps is due largely to the different opinions that exist regarding their characterization. We have studied the site of origin of these cells, their migratory routes, and the molecular markers that may distinguish them by injecting tracers into early embryos, culturing them in toto for 24 hours, and then performing immunohistochemistry. We found that the Cajal‐Retzius cells are most likely generated in the cortical hem by comparing with other cortical or extracortical origins. These cells are generated mainly at E10 and E11, and they subsequently migrate tangentially to cover the whole cortical mantle in 24 hours. From their site of origin in the medial wall of the telencephalon, they spread in a caudorostral direction, following an oblique migratory path toward the lateral part of the neuroepithelium. Prior to the splitting of the preplate, a percentage of the Cajal‐Retzius cells that can be distinguished by the expression of reelin do not contain calretinin. Furthermore, there were no early‐migrating neurons that expressed calbindin. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:419–432, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modest A Priori Knowledge

A priori knowledge is out of fashion these days, what with Quine's classic attacks on the analytic/synthetic distinction, with related attacks on Wittgenstein's distinction between criteria and symptoms and on the very possibility of knowledge that is certain, incorrigible, and indefeasible, and more recently, with reliabilist theories of knowledge. ' And yet, we really could use something like a priori knowledge: There are some subject matters, for example, mathematics and ethics, that experience arguably could not give us knowledge of (even leaving aside certainty, etc.), so that if we are going to have knowledge of them, we had better have some knowledge not provided by experience. Further, there are principles of inquiry2 in many areas that appear to be justified, but are not justified by empirical evidence. More generally, empirical knowledge itself may be possible only if there is something non-empirical, as Kant and Wittgenstein both insisted. We had better not be too quick to throw the baby of a priori knowledge out with the bath water of extravagant claims traditionally made for that knowledge, or we may find ourselves with no knowledge at all. In this paper, I articulate a minimal, or modest, notion of a priori warrant which shows that there is a position to be taken between those
PET [11C]DASB imaging of serotonin transporters in patients with alcoholism.

OBJECTIVE Alcoholism and aggression have each been associated with neurochemical measurements suggestive of decreased serotonin synaptic transmission. We measured densities of the serotonin transporter (SERT) in a moderate-sized sample of alcoholic patients who were assessed for aggressive characteristics. METHODS Thirty alcoholic inpatients and 18 healthy controls received a PET scan with [(11)C]-3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile. The alcoholic inpatients were classified as aggressive or nonaggressive based on a comparison between the top third and bottom third scores on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Index. RESULTS Using a pixel-wise comparison, no brain region showed significant alterations in SERT binding among the 3 groups of subjects (aggressive alcoholic subjects, nonaggressive alcoholic subjects, and healthy controls) or between the combined alcoholic group and healthy controls. None of the clinical measures (including measures of aggression) correlated with SERT binding in the alcoholic subjects. CONCLUSION Contrary to prior imaging reports using the nonselective ligand [(123)I]beta-CIT, we found no significant alterations of SERT density in alcoholic patients.
Infiltrants Inhibit Progression of Natural Caries Lesions in vitro

To define the optimized material properties of caries-infiltrating resins (infiltrants), we evaluated the effects of infiltrant composition and penetration coefficient (PC) on the inhibition of the progression of natural approximal caries lesions in vitro. Non-cavitated natural enamel lesions were etched (15% HCl gel) and infiltrated for 5 min with experimental resins varying in PC (cm/sec): PC63, PC185, PC204, and PC391. As a positive control (PosC), lesions were covered with flowable composite resin, whereas untreated lesions served as negative controls (NegC). Specimens were exposed to a demineralizing solution (pH 4.95) for 400 days. Progression of mineral loss was analyzed by transverse wavelength-independent microradiography. Percentage progressions of NegC [median (25th/75th percentile), 24 (10/56)], PC63 [9 (3/39)], and PC185 [12 (9/24)] were significantly higher compared with those of PosC [1 (-8/8)], PC204 [-2 (-4/2)], and PC391 [0 (-5/9)] (p < 0.05). Thus, infiltrants with PC > 200 cm/sec are capable of inhibiting lesion progression.
Loss of bone in the proximal part of the femur following unstable fractures of the leg.

We evaluated the subsequent loss of bone from the proximal part of the ipsilateral and contralateral femora and from the lumbar spine of seven men and nine women who had a fracture of the tibia. The average age was sixty years. All of the fractures were unstable, and the involved leg bore no weight for an average of eight weeks. The bone mineral density was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine and of the femoral neck and the trochanteric region of both hips immediately after the fracture, after the period of immobilization, and at approximately three, six, and twelve months after the fracture. During the period of immobilization, the bone mineral density of the trochanteric region decreased an average of 9 +/- 7 per cent on the side of the fracture, compared with the value immediately after the fracture, but there was no change on the contralateral side (p < 0.01). At twelve months, the average decrease in the trochanteric area was 15 +/- 10 per cent on the side of the fracture, compared with the value immediately after the fracture, but again there had been no change on the uninjured side (p < 0.01). The bone mineral density of the femoral neck on the side of the fracture had decreased 6 +/- 6 per cent at twelve months, compared with a decrease of 2 +/- 4 per cent on the uninjured side (p < 0.05). The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine decreased only during the period of unloading of the fractured leg (1 +/- 2 per cent, p = 0.01). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Food choice and meal consumption pattern among undergraduate students in two universities in Southwestern Nigeria

The food choices and meal consumption patterns of undergraduate students from two Nigerian universities, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife (OAU) and Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko (AAU) (n = 402; 199 male and 203 female; overall mean age 23) were studied. The result indicated that 60% of the students (58% male and 62% female) consumed the recommended minimum number of servings of cereal, 50% of the males and 35% of the females in the carbohydrate category while 35% of the males and 42% of the females consumed enough from the meat group. More female students (40%) consumed adequate quantities of fruits and vegetables than their male counterparts (20%) while the consumption of milk and milk substitutes was low (10% male and 25% female). Most students ate twice a day substituting snacks for the third meal. More female students (48%) exceeded their energy requirement than their male counterparts (28%) while 60%, 85% and 40% did not meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein, calcium and iron respectively. Body Mass Index (BMI) classification indicated that 29% of the students were overweight, 6% were obese while 13% of the male students were underweight. The unhealthy eating habits of Nigerian university students seemed to be a reflection of poor funding.
Analyzing Domestic Abuse Coverage in Introductory Criminal Justice and Criminology Textbooks

The dynamics of the coverage of domestic abuse in introductory criminal justice and criminology textbooks are analyzed. A sample consisting of 60 textbooks is used to examine the textual coverage of domestic abuse before and after a legislative landmark for women, the 1994 Violence Against Women Act. Content analysis results indicate that coverage of domestic abuse in the introductory textbooks did increase following 1994 as predicted. This increase, which was observed in both the criminal justice and the criminology samples, is attributed to the vast strides that women have made toward equality, including the Violence Against Women Act, as well as other instances of political pressure to change sometimes draconian domestic abuse policies. Possible avenues for much needed future research are discussed.