Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A NOVEL CASCADED MULTILEVEL INVERTER USING MCPWM WITH REDUCED HARMONICS

This paper deals with Single Phase Five level Inverter using Multi Carrier Based Pulse width modulation Technique. The multilevel inverter is used to improve the voltage quality by reducing the harmonics, as the number of voltage levels of multilevel inverter is increased the harmonics are reduced and hence losses are minimized significantly. We have considered the Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter (FCMLI), the Neutral Point Clamped or the Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter and the Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter. The comparison between these inverters is based on the % of THD present in the output voltage. The performance of chosen FCMLI is confirmed through MATLAB SIMULINK based simulation. It is observed that sinusoidal reference with PODPWM provides output with relatively low distortion. The simulation of single phase cascaded five level multilevel is done using Multicarrier PWM technique and compared with steps wave. Hardware module is designed for as stepped wave and multicarrier PWM signal. The outputs of both simulation and hardware are analyzed.
Thiotropocin biosynthesis. Shikimate origin of a sulfur-containing tropolone derivative

Feeding of [U- 13 C 6 ]glucose to Pseudomonas CB-104 gave labeled thiotropocin (1a and 1b). The 13 C NMR spectrum of the derived p-bromobenzyl thioether (2a and 2b) displayed a pattern of enhancements and couplings consistent with a shikimate origin for thiotropocin by way of a symmetrical phenylpyruvate (11) intermediate. The latter metabolite is proposed to undergo oxidative ring expansion followed by further oxidation and oxygen-sulfur exchange
Estimating Future Grid Harmonics Due to Changing Harmonic Sources

Unprecedented changes in both end-use loads and grid management have raised concerns about increasing harmonics levels on T&D grids. Of particular concern is now to estimate future harmonics levels for existing circuits in a reliable and repeatable way as the composition and nature of loads change. A harmonic evaluation module that has been developed by EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) is an effective tool for estimating the harmonic impacts on distribution systems of increased penetration of newer harmonic sources. This paper focuses on aspects of that tool and how tools and techniques of this sort can be employed to improve grid management and planning.
Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade of NAFTA and MERCOSUR: The Case of the Automobile Industry”

The NAFTA and MERCOSUR agreements seem to have accelerated the regional integration process respectively within North and South of America. In the South in particular, MERCOSUR has led to trade liberalisation and deregulation, which has resulted in significant growth of its regional trade. In this article, we study the pattern of that trade growth in the automobile industry. Our results highlight an increase of intra-industry trade in the corresponding industry since the beginning of the 1990s. Firstly, we use the Grubel and Lloyd indicator (1975). Secondly, following Abd-el-Rahman (1991), Greenaway et al. (1995), Fontagne and Freudenberg (1997), we distinguish horizontally differentiated goods from vertically differentiated goods using a comparison of the unit values. With the increase of intra-industry trade, it appears that MERCOSUR has favoured in particular the development of trade in vertically differentiated goods. In NAFTA, intra-industry trade exists in most sectors and in two bilateral relations (US-Canada and US-Mexico). In MERCOSUR, the automobile industry has experienced the highest rate of growth in intraindustry trade, which accounts for 66% of total trade and 90% of all intra-regional trade. Thirdly, we analyse the nature of that increase and more precisely, the determinants of intra-industry trade. In order to explain the pattern of trade for the automobile industry, we use a gravity-type model taking into account some country-specific variables.
EVALUATION OF EPIC FOR ASSESSING TILE FLOW AND NITROGEN LOSSES FOR ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

The Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model has been successfully applied for agricultural policy analyses for more than a decade. EPIC has been tested and validated under a wide range of conditions; however, there is an ongoing need to further test the model to improve its prediction capabilities. In this study, EPIC was calibrated and validated using 3 years (1990–1992) of data collected from a field site near Nashua, Iowa. The model’s performance was evaluated by assessing its ability to replicate the effects of various tillage and crop rotation systems on subsurface tile flow, nitrate–nitrogen (NO3–N) loss with tile flow, and crop yield. Predicted annual average tile flows and nitrate losses in the tile flows were generally within 10% of measured values; the major exceptions were errors of 19.3% and 58.3% predicted for tile flow and nitrate loss for a no–tilled corn–soybean rotation system. Comparisons of monthly predictions with measured values resulted in r2 values between 0.67 and 0.89 for the tile flows and 0.60 to 0.83 for the associated nitrate losses in the tile flows. Paired t–tests that accounted for tillage and crop rotation effects on tile flow and nitrate losses showed that EPIC was in agreement with observed values in 11 out of 14 comparisons. However, EPIC showed a limited capability to reproduce tillage and crop rotation effects on crop yield, similar to results found in several previous studies. Further testing of EPIC is needed to refine and improve the model’s performance under conditions similar to those at the Nashua site.
Gender vs Ethnic Wage Differentials Among Professionals: Evidence from Israel

The purpose of this paper is to investigate wage structures of professional workers in the Israeli labor market using data from the 1983 Israeli census and correcting for selectivity at the state of entrance into the occupation. The sample of professionals is decomposed into several subsamples: Jewish men and Jewish women; within the Jewish sample a distinction is made between Westerners and Easterners. The core of this study is the investigation of wage differentials between the various groups, taking into account differences in entrance probabilities. The standard Oaxaca decomposition does not take into account different probabilities of entering the professional occupations (i.e., occupational segregation). In order to incorporate this type of segregation into the wage differential decompositions, two statistical methodologies are merged: the Oaxaca methodology and the Heckman selectivity bias correction procedure. The decomposition procedure is then modified in order to take into account the contribution of segregation to the characteristics and the discrimination components. We propose four alternative decompositions of the selectivity corrected wage equations and present the results based on these decompositions.
Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition diminishes acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer with T 790 M mutations

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are effective against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activating EGFR mutations, but resistance is inevitable. Mechanisms of acquired resistance include T790M mutations and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). One potential strategy for overcoming this resistance is the inhibition of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) based on our previous studies showing that mesenchymal NSCLC cell lines are more sensitive to PLK1 inhibition than epithelial cell lines. To determine the extent to which PLK1 inhibition overcomes EGFR TKI resistance we measured the effects of the PLK1 inhibitor volasertib alone and in combination with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib in vitro and in vivo in EGFR mutant NSCLC cell lines with acquired resistance to erlotinib. Two erlotinib-resistant cell lines that underwent EMT had higher sensitivity to volasertib, which caused G2/M arrest and apoptosis, than their parental cells. In all NSCLC cell lines with T790M mutations, volasertib markedly reduced erlotinib resistance. All erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cell lines with T790M mutations had higher sensitivity to erlotinib plus volasertib than to erlotinib alone, and the combination treatment caused G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Compared with either agent alone, the combination treatment also caused significantly more DNA damage and greater reductions in tumor size. Our results suggest that PLK1 inhibition is clinically effective against NSCLC that becomes resistant to EGFR inhibition through EMT or the acquisition of a T790M mutation. These results uncover new functions of PLK1 inhibition in the treatment of NSCLC with acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs. Research Paper
Result verbs, scalar change, and the typology of motion verbs

Abstract: In this article we consider the nature of ‘result verbs’, typically defined as verbs describing scalar changes, which have played a significant role in the literature on verb typologies, event structures, and theories of (im)possible word meanings. We argue that the entailment of scalar change and the entailment of a new result state should not be wholly conflated. Rather, various previously proposed diagnostics for scalar change actually pick out at least two distinct notions—entailing change along a scale regardless of whether a new state obtains for the theme argument, more broadly, and change along a scale that does result in a new state, more narrowly. We specifically examine verbs of manner of motion, with a special emphasis on the verb climb, and show that there is a subclass of manner-of-motion verbs that entail scalar change without a new result and are themselves also cross-classified by other standard distinctions among scalar change verbs. These observations have several consequences. First, manner-of-motion verbs are not as distinct from path verbs as prior work in the Talmy typology has suggested. Second, prior diagnostics for identifying result verbs and subtypes of result verbs are sensitive to the various distinctions we propose, producing more nuanced results than previously assumed. Third, the observation that a large swath of manner-of-motion verbs also have result entailments further supports the conclusion in Beavers & Koontz-Garboden 2012 that there is no truth-conditional manner/result complementarity in verb meaning, expanding the base of potential counterexamples and raising questions about how the claim is meant to be interpreted.
Title DNA polymorphism and selection at the bindin locus in three Strongylocentrotus sp ( Echinoidea ) Permalink

Background: The sperm gene bindin encodes a gamete recognition protein, which plays an important role in conspecific fertilization and reproductive isolation of sea urchins. Molecular evolution of the gene has been extensively investigated with the attention focused on the protein coding regions. Intron evolution has been investigated to a much lesser extent. We have studied nucleotide variability in the complete bindin locus, including two exons and one intron, in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius represented by two morphological forms. We have also analyzed all available bindin sequences for two other sea urchin species, S. pallidus and S. droebachiensis. Results: The results show that the bindin sequences from the two forms of S. intermedius are intermingled with no evidence of genetic divergence; however, the forms exhibit slightly different patterns in bindin variability. The level of the bindin nucleotide diversity is close for S. intermedius and S. droebachiensis, but noticeably higher for S. pallidus. The distribution of variability is non-uniform along the gene; however there are striking similarities among the species, indicating similar evolutionary trends in this gene engaged in reproductive function. The patterns of nucleotide variability and divergence are radically different in the bindin coding and intron regions. Positive selection is detected in the bindin coding region. The neutrality tests as well as the maximum likelihood approaches suggest the action of diversifying selection in the bindin intron. Conclusions: Significant deviation from neutrality has been detected in the bindin coding region and suggested in the intron, indicating the possible functional importance of the bindin intron variability. To clarify the question concerning possible involvement of diversifying selection in the bindin intron evolution more data combining population genetic and functional approaches are necessary.
Using Technology to Support the Nature of Science in the Classroom

The purpose of this literature review is to investigate how technology can be used to encourage the presence of the nature of science in a science classroom. Within the concept of the nature of science there is a strong focus on scientific inquiry which is the basis of a lot of the literature, but other aspects of the nature of science, such as providing meaning to content outside of the classroom are also covered. The promotion of the nature of science in a science classroom is a popular topic within the science education community, as student engagement and interest in the school subject continues to steadily decrease. The reviewed literature took a range of views into consideration to outline the beneficial links between the use of technology and having the presence of the nature of science in a science classroom. This review also discusses issues of economical and functional access to technology as well as the importance of correct implementation within a science education context.
On the Identification of Gross Output Production Functions

We study the nonparametric identification of gross output production functions under the environment of the commonly employed proxy variable methods. We show that applying these methods to gross output requires additional sources of variation in the demand for flexible inputs (e.g., prices). Using a transformation of the firm’s first-order condition, we develop a new nonparametric identification strategy for gross output that can be employed even when additional sources of variation are not available. Monte Carlo evidence and estimates from Colombian and Chilean plant-level data show that our strategy performs well and is robust to deviations from the baseline setting.
Impedance-based damage monitoring of steel columnconnection: numerical simulation

This study has been motivated to evaluate the practicality of numerical simulation of impedance monitoring for damage detection in steel column connection. In order to achieve the objective, the following approaches are implemented. Firstly, the theory of electro-mechanical (E/M) impedance responses and impedance-based damage monitoring method are outlined. Secondly, the feasibility of numerical simulation of impedance monitoring is verified for several pre-published experimental examples on steel beams, cracked aluminum beams, and aluminum round plates. Undamaged and damaged steel and aluminum beams are simulated to compare to experimental impedance responses. An aluminum round plate with PZT patch in center is simulated to investigate sensitive range of impedance responses. Finally, numerical simulation of the impedance-based damage monitoring is performed for a steel column connection in which connection bolts are damaged. From the numerical simulation test, the applicability of the impedance-based monitoring to the target steel column connection can be evaluated.
Shear strength of an unsaturated silty sand

This paper presents a series of direct shear tests performed on a silty sand at three different gravimetric water contents. The soil was sampled from test pits south of Ruedlingen in North East Switzerland, where a landslide triggering experiment was carried out on a 37°-40° steep forested slope through infiltration of extreme artificial rainfall. The aim of this work was mainly to establish a correlation between the degree of saturation and slope stability. Direct shear tests were performed on reconstituted samples with a direct shear apparatus under undrained conditions for the water phase. Three of the samples were saturated after the shear phase in order to analyse the effect of wetting on shear strength. The results were interpreted with the assistance of a soil water retention curve (WRC) and an analytical slope stability analysis was performed to apply the laboratory results to the field experiment
Ground thermal and geomechanical conditions in a permafrost- affected high-latitude rockslide site (Polvartinden, Northern Norway)

In June 2008, a rockslide detached in the northeast facing slope of Polvartinden, a high-alpine mountain in 10 Signaldalen, Northern Norway. Here, we report on the observed and modelled past and present near-surface temperature regime close to the failure zone, as well as on a subsequent simulation of the subsurface temperature regime, and on initial geomechanical mapping based on laser scanning. The volume of the rockslide was estimated to be approximately 500’000 m3. The depth to the actual failure surface was found to range from 40 m at the back of the failure zone to 0 m at its toe. Visible in-situ ice was observed in the failure zone just after the rockslide. Between September 2009 and August 2013 ground surface 15 temperatures were measured with miniature temperature data loggers at fourteen different localities close to the original failure zone along the northern ridge of Polvartinden, and in the valley floor. The results from these measurements and from a basic three-dimensional heat conduction model suggest that the lower altitudinal limit of permafrost at present is at 600-650 m a.s. l, which corresponds to the upper limit of the failure zone. A coupling of our in-situ data with regional climate data since 1958 suggests a general gradual warming and that a period with highest mean near surface temperatures on record ended four months 20 before the Signaldalen rockslide detached. A comparison with a transient permafrost model run at 10 m depth, representative for areas where snow accumulates, strengthen this findings, which are also in congruence with measurements in nearby permafrost boreholes. It is likely that permafrost in and near the failure zone is presently subject to degradation. This degradation, in combination with the extreme warm year antecedent to the rock failure, is seen to have played an important role in the detaching of the Signaldalen rockslide. 25
A COSMO-SkyMed Test Case of a Fast Framework for Semi-Automatic Monitoring of Infrastructure

In this study, the potentiality of an automatic processing system for fast implementation of interferometric SAR analysis is tested over a time series of COSMO-SkyMed data. A system architecture for the end-to-end implementation of Permanent Scatterer workflow is illustrated and applied to a test case located over the South-West area of the Rome area. The system architecture is aimed at providing a high degree of automation in the different steps of the procedures, from the Satellite products download and storage up to the data visualization. The proposed solution can be integrated with both commercial processing tools and open source frameworks. A two years of COSMO-SkyMed acquisitions from the MAPITALY archive have been analysed with SARscape and a customized open source workflow. The obtained results highlighted some interesting features on the considered area of interest. Moreover, the outcome of the analyses are in good agreement with previous studies on the same geographical region.
The Positive Effect of Contradictory Information: The Effect of Verbal/ Nonverbal Discrepancy on Brand Attitudes in the Short Term and the Long Term

While the field of verbal/nonverbal discrepancy has gained increasing interest in recent years, research in this area related to the effect of discrepant communication on brand attitudes received considerably less attention. This research uncovers a counterintuitive positive persuasive effect of contradictory information, showing that specifiable conditions will be more favorably disposed to a brand attitude when verbal/nonverbal discrepancy is expressed than an otherwise particular type of verbal/nonverbal congruency. This effect was revealed using an experimental design, and was explored both in the short term and in the long term. Participants were exposed to a persuasive message regarding a new brand product and were randomly assigned to four conditions: positive congruency (V+N+), negative congruency (V-N-), leakage discrepancy (V+N-), and adaptive discrepancy (V-N+). The novel findings indicated that adaptive discrepancy (V-N+), had the highest persuasive effect on brand attitudes in the long run. However, leakage discrepancy (V+N-), had a negative effect on brand attitudes, particularly in the long run, eliminating the sleeper effect. The present research expands the multimodal communication approach by presenting an analytical and theoretical framework that delineates the complex persuasive effects of verbal/nonverbal interrelations. Finally, the research develops reliance theory and developmental interactionist theory, regarding nonverbal primacy in persuasion.
Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis Version 2.1: Construction, Observational Verification, and New Results

Abstract The Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis suite of binary stellar evolution models and synthetic stellar populations provides a framework for the physically motivated analysis of both the integrated light from distant stellar populations and the detailed properties of those nearby. We present a new version 2.1 data release of these models, detailing the methodology by which Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis incorporates binary mass transfer and its effect on stellar evolution pathways, as well as the construction of simple stellar populations. We demonstrate key tests of the latest Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis model suite demonstrating its ability to reproduce the colours and derived properties of resolved stellar populations, including well-constrained eclipsing binaries. We consider observational constraints on the ratio of massive star types and the distribution of stellar remnant masses. We describe the identification of supernova progenitors in our models, and demonstrate a good agreement to the properties of observed progenitors. We also test our models against photometric and spectroscopic observations of unresolved stellar populations, both in the local and distant Universe, finding that binary models provide a self-consistent explanation for observed galaxy properties across a broad redshift range. Finally, we carefully describe the limitations of our models, and areas where we expect to see significant improvement in future versions.