Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptation can help mitigation: an integrated approach to post-2012 climate policy

Abstract This paper analyzes the optimal mix of adaptation and mitigation expenditures in a cost-effective setting, in which countries cooperate to achieve a long-term stabilization target (550 CO2-eq). It uses an Integrated Assessment Model (AD-WITCH) that describes the relationships between different adaptation modes (reactive and anticipatory), mitigation and capacity building to analyze the optimal portfolio of adaptation measures. Results show that the optimal intertemporal distribution of climate policy measures is characterized by early investments in mitigation followed by large adaptation expenditures a few decades later. Hence, the possibility of adapting does not justify postponing mitigation. Moreover, a climate change policy combining mitigation and adaptation is less costly than mitigation alone. In this sense mitigation and adaptation are shown to be strategic complements rather than mutually exclusive.
Pathogenic anti- β 2 -glycoprotein I antibodies recognize domain I of β 2 -glycoprotein I only after a conformational change

Recently, we published the existence of two populations of anti- β 2 -glycoprotein I ( β 2 GPI) IgG antibodies. Type A antibodies recognize epitope G40-R43 in domain I of β 2 -GPI and are strongly associated with thrombosis. Type B antibodies recognize other parts of β 2 -GPI and are not associated with thrombosis. In this study we demonstrate that type A antibodies only recognize plasma-purified β 2 -GPI when coated onto a negatively-charged surface, and not when coated onto a neutrally-charged surface. The affinity of type B antibodies towards plasma-purified β 2 -GPI was independent of the charge of the surface to which β 2 -GPI was coated. Type A antibodies did not recognize plasma-purified β 2 -GPI in solution, whereas they did recognize recombinant β 2 -GPI both in solution and coated onto a neutrally-charged plate. When the carbohydrate chains were removed from plasma-purified β 2 -GPI, we found that type A antibodies did recognize the protein in solution. This supports the hypothesis that the difference in recognition of plasma-purified and recombinant β 2 GPI is caused by the difference in glycosylation and that epitope G40-R43 of plasma-purified β 2 -GPI is covered by a carbohydrate chain. Type A anti- β 2 -GPI antibodies can only recognize this epitope when this carbohydrate chain is displaced due to a conformational change. This finding has major implications both for the detection of pathogenic anti- β 2 -GPI antibodies and the comprehension of the pathophysiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome.
THREE GRAVITATIONALLY LENSED SUPERNOVAE BEHIND CLASH GALAXY CLUSTERS

We report observations of three gravitationally lensed supernovae (SNe) in the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) Multi-Cycle Treasury program. These objects, SN CLO12Car (z = 1.28), SN CLN12Did (z = 0.85), and SN CLA11Tib (z = 1.14), are located behind three different clusters, MACSJ1720.2+3536 (z = 0.391), RXJ1532.9+3021 (z = 0.345), and A383 (z = 0.187), respectively. Each SN was detected in Hubble Space Telescope optical and infrared images. Based on photometric classification, we find that SNe CLO12Car and CLN12Did are likely to be Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), while the classification of SN CLA11Tib is inconclusive. Using multi-color light-curve fits to determine a standardized SN Ia luminosity distance, we infer that SN CLO12Car was ∼1.0 ± 0.2 mag brighter than field SNe Ia at a similar redshift and ascribe this to gravitational lens magnification. Similarly, SN CLN12Did is ∼0.2 ± 0.2 mag brighter than field SNe Ia. We derive independent estimates of the predicted magnification from CLASH strong+weak-lensing maps of the clusters (in magnitude units, 2.5 log10μ): 0.83 ± 0.16 mag for SN CLO12Car, 0.28 ± 0.08 mag for SN CLN12Did, and 0.43 ± 0.11 mag for SN CLA11Tib. The two SNe Ia provide a new test of the cluster lens model predictions: we find that the magnifications based on the SN Ia brightness and those predicted by the lens maps are consistent. Our results herald the promise of future observations of samples of cluster-lensed SNe Ia (from the ground or space) to help illuminate the dark-matter distribution in clusters of galaxies, through the direct determination of absolute magnifications.
Interhemispheric Teleconnections from Tropical Heat Sources in Intermediate and Simple Models

Themechanismsthatcontroltheinterhemisphericteleconnectionsfromtropicalheatsourcesareinvestigated using an intermediate complexity model [a quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation model (QTCM)] and a simple linear two-level model with dry dynamics. Illustrating the interhemispheric teleconnection process with an Atlantic warm pool principal case, the heat source directly excites a baroclinic response that spreads across the equator. Then,threeprocesses involvingbaroclinic‐barotropicinteractions—shearadvection, surfacedrag, and vertical advection—forcea cross-equatorial barotropicRossbywaveresponse.Ananalysis ofthese processes in QTCM simulations indicates that 1) shear advection has a pattern that roughly coincides with the baroclinic signal in the tropics and subtropics, 2) surface drag has large amplitude and spatial extent and can be very effective in forcing barotropic motions around the globe,and 3)vertical advection has a significantcontribution locally and remotely where large vertical motions and vertical shear occur. The simple model is modified to perform experiments in which each of these three mechanisms may be included or omitted. By adding surface drag and vertical advection, and comparing each to shear advection, the effects of the three mechanisms on the generationandpropagationofthebarotropicRossbywavesareshowntobequalitativelysimilartotheresultsin QTCM. It is also found that the moist processes included in the QTCM can feed back on the teleconnection process and alter the teleconnection pattern by enlarging the prescribed tropical heating in both intensity and geographical extent and by inducing remote precipitation anomalies by interaction with the basic state.
Atlantic Subtropical Storms. Part II: Climatology

Abstract A 45-yr climatology of subtropical cyclones (ST) for the North Atlantic is presented and analyzed. The STs pose a warm-season forecasting problem for subtropical locations such as Bermuda and the southern United States because of the potentially rapid onset of gale-force winds close to land. Criteria for identification of ST have been developed based on an accompanying case-study analysis. These criteria are applied here to the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) to construct a consistent historical database of 197 North Atlantic ST in 45 yr. Because ST may eventually evolve into tropical cyclones, sea surface temperatures (SST) and vertical wind shear conditions for tropical cyclogenesis are contrasted with the conditions for ST genesis identified here. Around 60% of the 197 ST formed over SST in excess of 25°C in a region of weak static stability. Further, the mean environmental vertical wind shear at formation for these storms is 10.7 m s−1, a magnitud.
The Differences between Online Banking Users and Non-users

Purpose; This study examines factors influencing intentions towards internet banking (IB) among bank clients in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, it examines the differences between IB users and non-users in their characteristics and in the factors that influence their intention to start or continue using IB. Design, Methodology, Approach; Questionnaires based on the Decomposed theory of Planned Behaviour (Taylor and Todd, 1995) were administered online to existing IB users (N= 651) and in person to non-users (n=408), all clients of Riyad bank in (Riyath), Saudi Arabia. Findings; Perceived Relative Advantage and Compatibility, Ease of Use, Self-efficacy, Resource Facilitating Conditions and Perceived Website Characteristics are significant in predicting users’ intention to continue using IB, but not in non-users’ intention to start; for non-users, only Perceived Trust and Subjective Norms are significant. Practical Implications; Banks’ strategies to encourage adoption of IB should include two dimensions, Non-users should be targeted by emphasising safety, security and social acceptance; users by enhancing the features important to them, with website design of key importance. Originality and value; the research refines and extends the original DTPB model with the addition of a new construct, Website Features. It confirms and clarifies the distinction between technology users and non-users suggested in previous research. It also provides insights from a novel context, Saudi Arabia, contributing to cross cultural understanding of technology adoption.
Monetary Policy and Staggered Wage Bargaining When Prices are Sticky

In this paper, we outline a baseline DSGE model which enables a straightforward analysis of wage bargaining between firms and households/unions in a model with both staggered prices and wages. Relying on empirical evidence, we assume that prices can be changed whenever wages are changed. This feature of the model greatly reduces the complexity of the price and wage setting decisions; specifically it removes complicated interdependencies between current and future price and wage decisions. In an application of the model we study the interaction between labor-market institutions and monetary policy choices, and the consequences for welfare outcomes. Specifically, we focus on the relative bargaining power of unions. We find that, for a standard specification of the monetary policy rule, welfare is substantially affected by the degree of relative bargaining power, but that this effect can be neutralized by optimal discretionary policy.
PERAN KEPEMIMPINAN KETUA KELOMPOK PETERNAK KAMBING PERAH TERHADAP KEBERLANJUTAN USAHA ANGGOTANYA (Studi Kasus di Kelompok Tani Mekar Harapan Kampung Garung Desa Cilengkrang Kecamatan Cilengkrang Kabupaten Bandung)

menganalisis peran kepemimpinan dalam mengembangkan keberlanjutan usaha anggotanya serta mengalisis keberlanjutan usaha anggota Kelompok Tani Mekar Harapan. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi kasus dengan analisis kualitatif terhadap 5 orang informan serta 3 orang informan kunci dengan wawancara mendalam dan studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa peran kepemimpinan Kelompok, Tani Mekar Harapan sudah berjalan baik dalam pelaksanaan tugasnya, terutama dalam hal menganalisis dan mengidentifikasi kebutuhan anggota, mampu membangun stuktur organisasi, memiliki inisiatif yang tinggi, mempermudah jalannya komunikasi antara ketua dan anggota, namun ketua belum mampu untuk menyatupadukan dan membuat suasana nyaman di dalam kelompok. Secara umum anggota peternak kambing perah sudah mampu menjadi manajer bagi usahanya, adil dalam berusaha serta memiliki kemandirian dalam mengembangkan usahanya. Kata Kunci : kambing perah, peran kepemimpinan, keberlanjutan usaha
Revision of the Alpheus nuttingi (Schmitt) species complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae), with description of a new species from the tropical eastern Pacific

The Alpheus nuttingi (Schmitt, 1924) species complex consists of three species. The only western Atlantic species, A. nuttingi, occurs from the southeastern United States to Brazil. The two eastern Pacific species are A. galapagensis Sivertsen, 1933 (synonyms: A. canalis Kim & Abele, 1988; A. cryptodentatus Christoffersen & Ramos, 1988), which occurs from the Gulf of California to Colombia and Galapagos, and A. millsae, n. sp. , presently known only from a few localities in Panama. The three species differ morphologically, genetically, and in color pattern. The two eastern Pacific species both can be found in the intertidal, but A. millsae, n. sp. occurs slightly deeper, suggesting the possibility of ecological speciation. All evidence shows that A. nuttingi and A. millsae, n. sp. are transisthmian sister species, with A. galapagensis forming their sister clade. Genetic differentiation between the transisthmian sister species suggests a divergence time of approximately 6 mya, well before the final closure of the Isthmus of Panama.
Response of magnetotail twisting to variations in IMF By: A THEMIS case study 1–2 January 2009

Theoretical considerations, observations, and simulations have shown that the By component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may cause twisting of the magnetotail. However, the fundamental issues, the temporal and spatial responses of the magnetotail in the twisting process, are still unresolved. We report unique multipoint observations of the response of the magnetotail to the variations in IMF By on 1–2 January 2009. For the first time, estimates of the tail twisting response time at different (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms, THEMIS) distances in the same event are inferred. Using cross‐correlation and timing analyses, we find that the tail twisting propagates from farther out toward the Earth and the response time increases significantly to the inner magnetosphere.
Once Bitten, Twice Shy? The Performance of Entrepreneurial Restarts

The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of entrepreneurial experience on firm growth. According to the human capital theory, individuals who have higher ? human capital? are more successful than others. Entrepreneurial experience is a kind of human capital and, therefore, should affect firm performance positively. In reality, however, not all types of experience indicate enhanced knowledge alone. Bad experience, here the experience of failure, might equally be a signal for entrepreneurial weakness and, thus, an argument for exercising restraint in possible further business ventures. The ambiguous effects of this failure experience on firm success necessitate an in-depth analysis of the issue. Therefore, this paper contains an empirical comparison of firms involving experienced entrepreneurs and novice firms. The analysis shows that entrepreneurial experience affects firm growth positively. Accounting for failure experience separately reveals a negative effect. Interpreting this finding in combination with other control measures indicates that failed entrepreneurs indeed behave more cautiously regarding firm growth.
Pharmacognostical and phytochemical study on the leaves of Paederia foetida linn.

This paper gives the information about the Paederia foetida linn. Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical studies on the leaves of Paederia foetida linn were performed. Less study are available on microscopical and phytochemical studies, hence, the present study was undertaken to investigate the same. All the parameters were studied under the WHO and pharmacopocial guidelines. The leaf simple, petiolale, stipulate, glabrous and mostly ovate margin entire, taste is indistinct. Epidermis, trichomes, parenchyma, collenchyma, vascular bundle, cell content were appearing on microscopical study on the leaf. Phytochemical standardization parameter such as moisture content, total ash, water soluble and acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble and water soluble extractives were determined. Priminary identification of phytoconstituents was performed.
Institutional Ownership and Long-Term Stock Returns

This paper reports on an empirical investigation of the relationship between long-term stock returns and the percentage of institutional stock ownership for the period from July 1982 to December 1994. It is shown that, on average, the biggest high-IO stocks outperform their low-IO size and book-to-market matches by roughly 60 basis points per month. Because in IO-sorted groups average contemporaneous IO change is always larger for low-IO stocks than for high-IO stocks, and because the positive relation between returns and contemporaneous IO changes is stronger for relatively smaller stocks, the IO effect is substantially attenuated in portfolios that go long on relatively smaller high-IO stocks and short on their low-IO size and book-to-market matches. If IO change is controlled for, the IO effect is strong for all the sample stocks from the top four NYSE size quintiles. This suggests that a successful forecasting model for IO changes could improve trading strategies aimed at profiting from the IO effect. The paper analyzes whether the IO effect could have attenuated the size effect starting in the 80's. When IO is controlled for, the size effect is pronounced within the group of the smallest stocks but nonexistent within the top four NYSE size quintiles. This suggests that the IO effect cannot fully account for the reversal of the size effect during the sample period. The paper attempts to uncover the nature of the IO effect and shows that the documented anomaly cannot be explained by price pressure, momentum, stock turnover, or the S&P500 effect. In addition, the paper presents the evidence in favor of an explanation of the S&P500 effect based on a combination of the IO effect and increases in the index liquidity.
FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF THE CRAB PULSAR AND NEBULA

We report on γ-ray observations of the Crab Pulsar and Nebula using 8 months of survey data with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). The high quality light curve obtained using the ephemeris provided by the Nançay and Jodrell Bank radio telescopes shows two main peaks stable in phase with energy. The first γ-ray peak leads the radio main pulse by (281 ± 12 ± 21) μs, giving new constraints on the production site of non-thermal emission in pulsar magnetospheres. The first uncertainty is due to γ-ray statistics, and the second arises from the rotation parameters. The improved sensitivity and the unprecedented statistics afforded by the LAT enable precise measurement of the Crab Pulsar spectral parameters: cut-off energy at Ec = (5.8 ± 0.5 ± 1.2) GeV, spectral index of Γ = (1.97 ± 0.02 ± 0.06) and integral photon flux above 100 MeV of (2.09 ± 0.03 ± 0.18) × 10−6 cm−2 s−1. The first errors represent the statistical error on the fit parameters, while the second ones are the systematic uncertainties. Pulsed γ-ray photons are observed up to ∼ 20 GeV which precludes emission near the stellar surface, below altitudes of around 4–5 stellar radii in phase intervals encompassing the two main peaks. A detailed phase-resolved spectral analysis is also performed: the hardest emission from the Crab Pulsar comes from the bridge region between the two γ-ray peaks while the softest comes from the falling edge of the second peak. The spectrum of the nebula in the energy range 100 MeV–300 GeV is well described by the sum of two power laws of indices Γsync = (3.99 ± 0.12 ± 0.08) and ΓIC = (1.64 ± 0.05 ± 0.07), corresponding to the falling edge of the synchrotron and the rising edge of the inverse Compton (IC) components, respectively. This latter, which links up naturally with the spectral data points of Cherenkov experiments, is well reproduced via IC scattering from standard magnetohydrodynamic nebula models, and does not require any additional radiation mechanism.
Core Evidence Mipomersen : evidence-based review of its potential in the treatment of homozygous and severe heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

Correspondence: Klaus G Parhofer Medical Department II, Grosshadern, University Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany Tel +49 89 7095 3010 Fax +49 89 7095 8879 Email klaus.parhofer@med.unimuenchen. de Abstract: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal-dominant inherited disease with a prevalence of one in 500 (heterozygous) to one in 1,000,000 (homozygous). Mutations of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene, the apolipoprotein B100 gene, or the PCSK9 gene may be responsible for the disease. The resulting LDL hypercholesterolemia results in premature atherosclerosis as early as childhood (homozygous FH) or in adulthood (heterozygous FH). Current treatment modalities include lifestyle modification, combination drug therapy (statin-based), and apheresis. Mipomersen is an antisense oligonucleotide which inhibits apolipoprotein B production independent of LDL receptor function and thus works in homozygous FH, heterozygous FH, and other forms of hypercholesterolemia. Mipomersen is given 200 mg/week subcutaneously. Phase III studies indicate that the LDL cholesterol concentration can be reduced by 25%–47%, lipoprotein(a) levels by 20%–40%, and triglyceride concentrations by approximately 10%. In general, mipomersen has no effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Although there is considerable interindividual variability, the observed lipid effects are largely independent of age, gender, concomitant statin therapy, and underlying dyslipoproteinemia. The most common side effects are injection site reactions (70%–100%), flu-like symptoms (29%–46%), and elevated transaminases associated with an increased liver fat content (6%–15%). Mipomersen may be an interesting addon drug in patients with heterozygous or homozygous FH not reaching treatment goals, either because baseline values are very high or because high-dose statins are not tolerated.
Relation of Stump Length with Various Gait Parameters in Trans-tibial Amputees

The purpose of this paper is evaluating the impact of stump length of unilateral below knee amputees (BKA) on different gait parameters. Nine unilateral BKA were chosen and divided into three groups comprising patients with short, medium, and long stump length. Each of them underwent gait analysis test by Computer Dynography (CDG) system to measure the gait parameters. It was found that the ground reaction force is higher in the patients with medium stump length whereas the velocity, step length both for the prosthetic and sound limb and cadence were high in longer stump length. Statistical analysis shows a significant difference (p<0.05) between the gait parameters of BKA with medium and longer stump length. The patients with longer stump length were more efficient than medium and short stump patients as they consumed comparatively lesser energy while walking with self-selected velocity and conventional (Solid ankle cushioned heel) SACH foot.
Human neurocysticercosis : Comparison of different diagnostic tests in cerebrospinal fluid 1 2

25 Neurocysticercosis (NC), caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium, is one of the most 26 common parasitic diseases of the central nervous system. NC diagnosis is mostly based on 27 costly brain neuroimaging (computed tomography and/or nuclear magnetic resonance) that is 28 rarely accessible in most affected areas. The most sensitive and specific tools for NC 29 diagnosis are imagery techniques. The identification of specific antibodies and antigens are 30 currently used only to support NC diagnosis due to their limited specificity and sensitivity. 31 This study was performed to compare immunodiagnostic assays (antibody detection by 32 ELISA and EITB and HP10 antigen detection by ELISA) with the detection of parasite DNA 33 by PCR amplification of a repetitive element of the parasite genome in the cerebrospinal fluid 34 (CSF) of 121 radiological and clinically characterized NC patients. Patients were divided into 35 six groups according to the stage of parasites and their localization. CSF cellularity of each 36 patient was also recorded. 37 When all patients were considered, PCR exhibited the highest sensitivity (95.9%) and 38 variable specificity (80% or 100%) depending on the controls used. Sensitivity of antibody 39 detection by ELISA and EITB was not significantly different and ELISA identified HP10 40 antigen mostly when vesicular cysticerci were located in the subarachnoideal basal cisterns. 41 These results can help in the selection of different individual assays or their combination to be 42 used in NC diagnosis according to different requirements. 43