Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
2 IMPLICIT MEASURES Procedures , Use , and Interpretation

There is no doubt that self-report measures have provided invaluable insights for a wide range of psychological questions (see Jaccard and Blanton, Chapter 1 , this volume). After all, a straightforward way to fi nd out what is on a person’s mind is to directly ask the person about his or her thoughts and feelings. Yet, self-report measures have been criticized for their inability to capture mental contents that people are either unwilling or unable to report. First, self-report measures are known to be susceptible to self-presentation and socially desirable responding ( Crowne & Marlowe, 1960 ). Second, self-report measures are not well-suited to capture thoughts and feelings that are outside of conscious awareness ( Greenwald & Banaji, 1995 ). To overcome these limitations, psychologists have developed performance-based instruments that (a) limit participants’ ability to strategically control their responses, and (b) do not rely on introspection for the measurement of thoughts and feelings. Based on their indirect approach in the assessment of mental contents, these performance-based instruments are often referred to as implicit measures , whereas traditional self-report measures are described as explicit measures . Despite the popularity of implicit measures as a tool to overcome the two well-known problems of explicit measures, an accumulating body of research suggests that the relation between implicit and explicit measures involves a much more complex set of factors that cannot be reduced to motivational distortions and lack of introspective access. In a nutshell, the available evidence indicates that (a) strategic control is just one among several factors that can lead to dissociations between implicit and explicit measures and (b) the thoughts and feelings captured by implicit measures are consciously accessible (see Gawronski, LeBel, & Peters, 2007 ). Together, these fi ndings pose a challenge to the common practice of interpreting dissociations between implicit and explicit measures as indicators
Exact Expectation Evaluation and Design of Variable Step-Size Adaptive Algorithms

The choice of a fixed step size in adaptive filtering algorithms implies a conflict between the convergence rate and the steady-state performance. In order to address this tradeoff more effectively, variable step-size schemes have been proposed. The efficiency evaluation of such techniques requires comparisons of the resulting step-size values with theoretical optimum values obtained from a statistical analysis of the adaptive algorithm convergence. The analysis generally employs statistical approximations, the most critical being the assumption of independence between the input signal and the filter coefficients. In this letter, it is argued that such a comparison can be misleading because the supposedly optimal step-size sequence sometimes induces divergence in the initial phase of learning. This occurs most often when the input signal is colored and/or heavy tailed. This instability trend can be explained by a convergence analysis that does not employ the independence hypothesis. In addition, the use of this exact analysis implies an optimal step-size sequence that can be significantly different from that obtained with standard analysis methods. This approach can be used to improve the design process of variable step-size adaptive filtering algorithms.
Can a risk factor questionnaire for osteoporosis and functional tests predict low bone mineral density or falls in patients with a distal radius fracture?

In a prospective cohort study, 141 patients with a recent radius fracture [135 women (66±9.2 years) and six men (72±6.3 years)] were studied using bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, a risk factor questionnaire, a fall diary, functional tests of dynamic and static balance, and a one-leg rise from a chair test. The mean BMD T-score was −1.97. The results of the one-leg rise test were significantly associated with dynamic and static balance, but none of the functional tests was associated with the number of falls. Forty of 117 patients fell prospectively, 77 of them did not. Decreased height and cigarette smoking were the only risk factors, which significantly predicted low BMD. All risk factors were estimated to explain osteopenia and osteoporosis to an extent of 27%. The functional tests and the risk factor questionnaire seem to be of limited value for identifying people with a radius fracture who are at risk of falling or to have early osteoporosis. If functional tests on musculoskeletal function are considered for older and more frail, the one-leg rise test may be sufficient.
Challenges to the improvement of Colombian medical brigades aimed at the diagnosis of congenital heart disease: A qualitative approach

ABSTRACT Qualitative research of brigades and the family experience of congenital heart disease is of current interest and has been previously neglected. This study aimed to explore the social factors conditioning outcomes of paediatric cardiology care in the setting of Colombian medical brigades and to identify feasible strategies to improve the experience of the beneficiary populations. Participants were selected using purposeful sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of logistic and health care teams, caregivers and custodians of beneficiary children of the Programme. The data collected provided an understanding of the health culture, social background, household and intrafamily dynamics. The outcomes of the Programme are influenced by sociocultural dynamics such as communication gaps and the socioeconomic status of the beneficiary populations. Findings may be specific to brigades, but also cross-relevant to any family experience of a new diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) communicating with healthcare professionals. It is important to foresee the role and further development of the Programme. Recommendations are provided suggesting innovative work by means of telemedicine and other sociocultural measures to reduce healthcare inequity and strengthen comprehensive healthcare programmes.
Use of the coherence of synthetic aperture radar cross spectra for ocean wave measurements

A noise model for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) look cross spectra (LCS) acquired over the ocean is proposed. The study is meant to contribute to the improvement of algorithms for retrieval of two dimensional ocean wave spectra from LCS. Error bars for the LCS phase, which contains information on the ocean wave phase speed and propagation direction are derived. The error estimates depend on the respective LCS coherence and the amount of smoothing applied in the LCS estimation process. A model for the LCS coherence is introduced. The first part of the model describes the dependence of the coherence on system parameters like spatial resolution. The second part is associated with the motion of the imaged ocean wave field. Decorrelation is shown to be caused by the coupling of dispersive ocean wave components in the SAR image formation process. Forward simulations for the cross spectrum coherence are carried out using parameterized swell and wind sea spectra. Coherence is estimated from a global data set of reprocessed ERS-2 wave mode data and compared to theory.
Bipartite matching model with dynamic arrivals and departures

In this paper, we introduce a bipartite matching model for matching markets with dynamic arrivals and departures. Different from classical models with a finite-time horizon, our model has a long-time horizon with infinite vertices. In our model, the matching goal is to maximize the ratio of matched vertices, i.e., matched ratio. We define two types of online algorithms, i.e., Greedy and Patient, analyze their performance with evaluation metrics of both upper bounds and competitive ratios, and conduct extensive simulations to validate our analysis. To further simulate the real situation, we extend our model with the user’s strategic behavior and prove the existence of a specific Nash equilibrium under a differentiated matching mechanism.
Glymphatic Pathway of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents through the Brain: Overlooked and Misinterpreted

Background The “glymphatic system” (GS), a brain-wide network of cerebrospinal fluid microcirculation, supplies a pathway through and out of the central nervous system (CNS); malfunction of the system is implicated in a variety of neurological disorders. In this exploratory study, we analyzed the potential of a new imaging approach that we coined delayed T2-weighted gadolinium-enhanced imaging to visualize the GS in vivo. Methods Heavily T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (hT2w-FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging was obtained before, and 3 hours and 24 hours after intravenous gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) application in 33 neurologically healthy patients and 7 patients with an impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) due to cerebral metastases. Signal intensity (SI) was determined in various cerebral fluid spaces, and white matter hyperintensities were quantified by applying the Fazekas scoring system. Findings Delayed hT2w-FLAIR showed GBCA entry into the CNS via the choroid plexus and the ciliary body, with GBCA drainage along perineural sheaths of cranial nerves and along perivascular spaces of penetrating cortical arteries. In all patients and all sites, a significant SI increase was found for the 3 hours and 24 hours time points compared with baseline. Although no significant difference in SI was found between neurologically healthy patients and patients with an impaired BBB, a significant positive correlation between Fazekas scoring system and SI increase in the perivascular spaces 3 hours post injection was shown. Interpretation Delayed T2-weighted gadolinium-enhanced imaging can visualize the GBCA pathway into and through the GS. Presence of GBCAs within the GS might be regarded as part of the natural excretion process and should not be mixed up with gadolinium deposition. Rather, the correlation found between deep white matter hyperintensities, an imaging sign of vascular dementia, and GS functioning demonstrated feasibility to exploit the pathway of GBCAs through the GS for diagnostic purposes.
Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates Is Associated With Sputum Pre-treatment Bacterial Load, Lineage, Survival in Macrophages, and Cytokine Response

It is uncertain whether differences in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) virulence defined in vitro influence clinical tuberculosis pathogenesis, transmission, and mortality. We primarily used a macrophage lysis model to characterize the virulence of Mtb isolates collected from 153 Vietnamese adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. The virulence phenotypes were then investigated for their relationship with sputum bacterial load, bacterial lineages, bacterial growth, and cytokine responses in macrophages. Over 6 days of infection, 34 isolates (22.2%) showed low virulence (< 5% macrophages lysed), 46 isolates (30.1%) showed high virulence (≥90% lysis of macrophages), and 73 isolates (47.7%) were of intermediate virulence (5–90% macrophages lysed). Highly virulent isolates were associated with an increased bacterial load in patients' sputum before anti-tuberculosis therapy (P = 0.02). Isolate-dependent virulence phenotype was consistent in both THP-1 and human monocyte-derived macrophages. High virulence isolates survived better and replicated in macrophages one hundred fold faster than those with low virulence. Macrophages infected with high virulence isolates produced lower concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 (P = 0.002 and 0.0005, respectively), but higher concentration of IL-1β (P = 5.1 × 10−5) compared to those infected with low virulence isolates. High virulence was strongly associated with East Asian/Beijing lineage [P = 0.002, Odd ratio (OR) = 4.32, 95% confident intervals (CI) 1.68–11.13]. The association between virulence phenotypes, bacterial growth, and proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages suggest the suppression of certain proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) but not IL-1β allows better intracellular survival of highly virulent Mtb. This could result in rapid macrophage lysis and higher bacterial load in sputum of patients infected with high virulence isolates, which may contribute to the pathogenesis and success of the Beijing lineage.
A Statistical Model for Motifs Detection

We consider a statistical model for the problem of finding subgraphs with specified topology in an otherwise random graph. This task plays an important role in the analysis of social and biological networks. In these types of networks, small subgraphs with a specific structure have important functional roles, and they are referred to as motifs. Within this model, one or multiple copies of a subgraph is added (planted) in an Erdős–Renyi random graph with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> vertices and edge probability <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. We ask whether the resulting graph can be distinguished reliably from a pure Erdős–Renyi random graph, and we present two types of result. First we investigate the question from a purely statistical perspective, and ask whether there is <italic>any</italic> test that can distinguish between the two graph models. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions that are essentially tight for small enough subgraphs. Next we study two polynomial-time algorithms for solving the same problem: a spectral algorithm and a semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation. For the spectral algorithm, we establish sufficient conditions under which it distinguishes the two graph models with high probability. Under the same conditions the spectral algorithm indeed identifies the hidden subgraph. The spectral algorithm is substantially sub-optimal with respect to the optimal test. We show that a similar gap is present for the more sophisticated SDP approach.
Soil Matrix Determines the Outcome of Interaction Between Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Biochar for Andropogon gerardii Growth and Nutrition

Biochar has been heralded as a multipurpose soil amendment to sustainably increase soil fertility and crop yields, affect soil hydraulic properties, reduce nutrient losses, and sequester carbon. Some of the most spectacular results of biochar (and organic nutrient) inputs are the terra preta soils in the Amazon, dark anthropogenic soils with extremely high fertility sustained over centuries. Such soil improvements have been particularly difficult to achieve on a short run, leading to speculations that biochar may need to age (weather) in soil to show its best. Further, interaction of biochar with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), important root symbionts of a great majority of terrestrial plants including most agricultural crops, remains little explored. To study the effect of aged biochar on highly mycotrophic Andropogon gerardii plants and their associated AMF, we made use of softwood biochar, collected from a historic charcoal burning site. This biochar (either untreated or chemically activated, the latter serving as a proxy for freshly prepared biochar) was added into two agricultural soils (acid or alkaline), and compared to soils without biochar. These treatments were further crossed with inoculation with a synthetic AMF community to address possible interactions between biochar and the AMF. Biochar application was generally detrimental for growth and mineral nutrition of our experimental plants, but had no effect on the extent of their root colonized by the AMF, nor did it affect composition of their root-borne AMF communities. In contrast, biochar affected development of two out of five AMF (Claroideoglomus and Funneliformis) in the soil. Establishment of symbiosis with AMF largely mitigated biochar-induced suppression of plant growth and mineral nutrition, mainly by improving plant acquisition of phosphorus. Both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants grew well in the acid soil without biochar application, whereas non-mycorrhizal plants remained stunted in the alkaline soils under all situations (with or without biochar). These different and strong effects indicate that response of plants to biochar application are largely dependent on soil matrix and also on microbes such as AMF, and call for further research to enable qualified predictions of the effects of different biochar applications on field-grown crops and soil processes.
Maternal protein intake during pregnancy is associated with child growth up to 5 years of age, but not through insulin-like growth factor-1: findings from the ROLO study

Abstract Infant protein intake has been associated with child growth, however, research on maternal protein intake during pregnancy is limited. Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) play a role in early fetal development and maternal protein intake may influence child body composition via IGF-1. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of maternal protein intake throughout pregnancy on cord blood IGF-1 and child body composition from birth to 5 years of age. Analysis was carried out on 570 mother–child dyads from the Randomised cOntrol trial of LOw glycaemic index diet study. Protein intake was recorded using 3-d food diaries in each trimester of pregnancy and protein intake per kg of maternal weight (g/d per kg) was calculated. Cord blood IGF-1 was measured at birth. Infant anthropometry was measured at birth, 6 months, 2 and 5 years of age. Mixed modelling, linear regression, and mediation analysis were carried out. Birth weight centiles were positively associated with early-pregnancy protein intake (g/d per kg), while weight centiles from 6 months to 5 years were negatively associated (B=−21·6, P<0·05). These associations were not mediated by IGF-1. Our findings suggest that high protein intake in early-pregnancy may exert an in utero effect on offspring body composition with a higher weight initially at birth but slower growth rates into childhood. Further research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms by which dietary protein modulates fetal growth.
Modification of Barley Plant Productivity Through Regulation of Cytokinin Content by Reverse-Genetics Approaches

Barley is one of the most important cereals, which is used for breweries, animal and human feeds. Genetic manipulation of plant hormone cytokinins may influence several physiological processes, besides others stress tolerance, root formation and crop yield. In planta, endogenous cytokinin status is finely regulated by the enzyme cytokinin dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.12; CKX), that irreversible degrades the side chain of adenine-derived isoprenoid cytokinins. Increasing grain yield by mean of manipulation of endogenous cytokinin content was assayed by the silencing of the HvCKX1 gene. Moreover, to elucidate the putative role of HvCKX1 gene on grain production, knocked-out Hvckx1 mutant plants were generated using the RNA-guided Cas9 system. Homozygote transgenic plants with silenced HvCKX1 gene and azygous knock-out Hvckx1 mutants have been selected and analyzed. Both reduced expression of HvCKX1 gene and CKX activity were measured in different stages of barley grain development. Phenotyping of the transgenic lines revealed reduced root growth, however, plants produced more tillers and grains than azygous wild-type controls and the total yield was increased up to 15 per cent. Although plant productivity was increased, total grain biomass was decreased to 80% of WT grains. RNA-seq analysis of knock-down transgenic lines revealed that several important macronutrient transporters were downregulated in the stage of massive starch accumulation. It suggests that local accumulation of cytokinins negatively affected nutrients flow resulting in reduced grain biomass. Obtained results confirmed the key role of HvCKX1 for regulation of cytokinin content in barley.
Impacto del Sistema de Alta Dirección Pública (SADP) en la gestión hospitalaria. Un análisis empírico

Este trabajo investiga el impacto del sistema de Alta Direccion Publica (SADP) en la gestion del sector salud en Chile. El estudio se centra en como el SADP ha incidido en la gestion hospitalaria medida a traves de los siguientes indicadores: dias de estada promedio de los pacientes en hospitales, rotacion de pacientes, tasa de utilizacion de pabellones e indice de letalidad hospitalaria. Se utilizo un panel de datos mensuales para 27 servicios de salud durante el periodo enero 2003 a diciembre 2010. Se encontro que los directores de los servicios de salud provistos a traves del SADP generaron mejoras en los indices de gestion estudiados
Unstable presentation: One Stent trumps two

This report was a retrospective look at a large registry database. A one‐stent strategy trumps a two‐stent approach in patients with acute coronary syndromes in this large registry. The primary endpoint and target lesion revascularization was half the rate if a one‐stent strategy was used. The incidence of stent thrombosis was more than three‐fold as high using a planned two‐stent strategy.
Frequência ao ambiente humano e dispersão de mosquitos Culicidae em área adjacente à mata atlântica primitiva da planície

Apresentam-se resultados obtidos com observacoes em area adjacente a ambiente primitivo representado pela mata atlântica da planicie. Focalizam-se as especies Aedes scapularis, Anopheles bellator, An. cruzii e Culex sacchettae. A dispersao foi estudada com a utilizacao de hospedeiro unico e que assim permitiu o reconhecimento dos mosquitos pela identificacao do sangue ingerido. A frequencia ao ambiente humano foi observada mediante a realizacao de coletas com aspiracao e utilizacao de isca humana, no peridomicilio e na mata circunjacente. Ae. scapularis revelou acentuada capacidade de dispersao apetente, bem como permanencia no ambiente domiciliar. Os anofelinos Kerteszia mostraram tendencia ao abandono desse meio e capacidade de retorno pos-prandial ao ambiente florestal primitivo. O Cx. sacchettae, juntamente com as outras tres especies, revelou frequencia regular "a isca humana no peridomicilio. A estimativa do indice alimentar ("feeding index") para Ae. scapularis mostrou preferencia por animais de grande porte, principalmente bovinos. Considera-se que no mecanismo de domiciliacao, desses mosquitos, a presenca de fontes sanguineas, representada por numero significante de animais domesticos de grande porte, constitui fator de atracao para populacoes de mosquitos silvestres existentes na mata adjacente. Destes, aqueles que tendem a permanecer no ambiente humano, apos a realizacao do repasto sanguineo, assumem particular significado na transmissao de agentes infecciosos, destacando Ae. scapularis e Cx. sacchettae.
Predictors of Cognitive Improvement during 12 Weeks of Antidepressant Treatment in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

Objective Cognitive disturbance is one of the major symptoms of depression and may be improved by treatment with antidepressants. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of cognitive improvement in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who were taking antidepressants. Methods This study included 86 patients with MDD who completed 12 weeks of antidepressant monotherapy. Cognitive symptoms were assessed using the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Korean version (PDQ-K), which addresses four domains of cognitive functioning (attention/concentration, retrospective memory, prospective memory, and organization/planning) and was administered at study entry and at the 12-week end point. A variety of demographic, clinical, and treatment-related variables were evaluated as predictors of changes in total and domain scores. Results All PDQ-K domains showed significant improvement after 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment. More severe initial depressive symptoms, fewer sick-leave days at study entry, and reduced use of concomitant anxiolytics/hypnotics during treatment were significantly associated with greater cognitive improvement. Conclusion Cognitive symptoms are more responsive to antidepressant treatment in patients with severe MDD. Reduced use of anxiolytics and hypnotics could improve the cognitive functioning of patients with MDD taking antidepressants.