Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Endogenous sample selection: A laboratory study

Accounting for sample selection is a challenge not only for empirical researchers, but also for the agents populating our models. Yet most models abstract from these issues and assume that agents successfully tackle selection problems. We design an experiment where a person who understands selection observes all the data required to account for it. Subjects make choices under uncertainty and their choices reveal valuable information that is biased due to the presence of unobservables. We find that almost no subjects optimally account for endogenous selection. On the other hand, behavior is far from random, but actually quite amenable to analysis: Subjects follow simple heuristics that result in a partial accounting of selection and mitigate mistakes. Contingent thinking learning sample selection C91 D83
Filtrage d'ordre superieur

On appelle filtrage d'ordre superieur le probleme de la resolution d'equations entre termes du lambda calcul simplement types par substitution de variables dans un seul des deux membres. Nous demontrons que la decidabilite du filtrage, encore inconnue a ce jour, serait une consequence de la decidabilite d'un probleme derive, celui de l'interpolation duale. Ce probleme consiste en la resolution d'ensembles finis d'equations et d'inequations de filtrage ne contenant qu'une seule occurrence de variable. Nous demontrons d'autre part la decidabilite de l'interpolation duale du quatrieme ordre et, en corollaire, celle du filtrage de quatrieme ordre. Enfin, nous demontrons la decidabilite de tout modele minimal du lambda calcul simplement type et, en corollaire, la decidabilite du filtrage atomique. Ce dernier probleme consiste en la resolution d'ensembles finis d'equations de filtrage dont les membres droits sont des constantes du premier ordre
Tuning rules for second order sliding mode based output feedback synthesis

Tuning rules to a-priori guarantee an arbitrarily specified settling time for the output feedback synthesis are studied for planar systems. The estimate of one of the states is given by a second order sliding mode (super-twisting) observer. This is utilised in conjunction with the measured state to form the so-called `twisting' controller. Existing results on finite settling time convergence based on strict and non-strict Lyapunov functions are used to construct a new combined Lyapunov function for the output feedback system. A finite upper bound on the closed-loop system trajectories is computed explicitly under output feedback synthesis, thereby proving that the trajectories cannot escape to infinity. Then, the twisting controller essentially coincides with the state feedback case. Furthermore, tuning rules for the observer are developed to ensure that the observer error converges to zero before the closed-loop trajectories of the output feedback system escapes to an arbitrarily specified region. Existing tuning rules for the twisting controller are utilised to ensure finite time convergence from the arbitrarily specified region. The results prove a separation principle for the second order sliding mode output feedback problem.
Novel and Recurrent Mutations in Patients with Androgen Insensitivity Syndromes

Background/Aims: Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) caused by mutations within the androgen receptor gene represents a variety of phenotypes from females with 46,XY karyotype over individuals with ambiguous genitalia to infertile males. Methods: We studied 24 patients with AIS by sequencing androgen receptor gene. 19 of the investigated patients were affected by complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) and 5 suffered from partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS). Results: So far we have detected 12 unreported mutations as well as 9 recurrent mutations (3 recurrent mutations were detected twice) in exons 2–8 of the androgen receptor gene. Three of the novel mutations cause a frameshift with subsequent premature termination and were found in patients with CAIS. These frameshifts were induced by single nucleotide deletion or insertion, or in one case by a 13-bp deletion, respectively. Another premature stop codon found in a CAIS patient results from an already reported nucleotide substitution in exon 5. Furthermore, in a CAIS patient we found a novel duplication of codon 788. All other mutations caused single base substitutions spread through exons 2–8 and were associated with CAIS or PAIS. Conclusions: We report a broad spectrum of different mutations within the AR gene leading to various manifestations of AIS. Apart from truncating mutations, a reliable genotype/phenotype correlation cannot be established. Therefore, modifying factors must be effective.
Neurotrophic Factors and Clinical Recovery in Relapsing‐Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Pathogenic autoimmune cells are demonstrated to be able to produce neurotrophic factors during acute phase of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we determined the production of various neurotrophins [brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT3) and neurotrophin 4 (NT4)] and some pro‐inflammatory cytokines [tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)] by unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in 21 relapsing‐remitting MS patients during different phases of disease (stable, relapse and post‐relapse). During acute phase of disease, we detected a considerable increase of BDNF, TNF‐α and IFN‐γ production, while significantly higher levels of GDNF, NGF, NT3 and NT4 were found in post‐relapse phase. When neurotrophin production was correlated with clinical outcome (complete or partial recovery from new symptoms), we found a significantly higher BDNF production in relapse phase followed by increased GDNF, NGF, NT3 and NT4 levels during post‐relapse phase in subjects with complete remission only. During relapse phase, we detected a significant increase of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, that was more evident in patients with partial recovery. The neuroprotective potential of immune cells seems to be inversely correlated with disease duration and with the age of patients.
A theoretical and empirical investigation into the willingness-to-pay function for new innovative drugs by Germany’s health technology assessment agency (IQWiG)

Under the recently enacted pharmaceutical price and reimbursement regulation in Germany, new drugs are subject to a rapid assessment to determine whether there is sufficient evidence of added clinical benefits compared with the existing standard of treatment. If such added benefits are confirmed, manufacturers and representatives of the Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) are expected to negotiate an appropriate reimbursement price. If parties fail to reach an agreement, a final decision on the reimbursement price will be made by an arbitration body. If one of the parties involved wishes so, then the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen, IQWiG) will be commissioned with a formal evaluation of costs and benefits of the product in question. IQWiG will make a recommendation for a reimbursement price based on the ‘efficiency frontier’ in a therapeutic area. The purpose of the assessments is to provide support for decision-making bodies that act on behalf of the SHI insurants. To determine the willingness to pay for new drugs, IQWiG uses the following decision rule: the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of a new drug compared with the next effective intervention should not be higher than that of the next effective intervention compared with its comparator. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the theoretical and empirical relationship between the willingness to pay for drugs and their health benefits. The analysis shows that across disease areas IQWiG has a curvilinear relationship between willingness to pay and health benefits. Future research may address the validity of the willingness-to-pay function from the viewpoint of the individual SHI insurants.
Effects of bolus tube feeding on cerebral blood flow velocity in neonates

AIM To study continuously cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery before, during, and after tube feeding in neonates. METHOD Cerebral blood flow velocity was measured in 14 neonates using a Doppler ultrasound device. Blood pressure, respiration, and oxygen saturation were monitored. RESULTS Mean blood flow velocity decreased from 37 cm/s before feeding to 33 cm/s (P<0.001) 5 to 11 minutes after feeding. Prefeeding values were reached after 17 minutes. Arterial blood pressure, respiration patterns, and oxygen saturation did not change significantly during the study period. CONCLUSION Tube feeding in preterm infants may decrease cerebral perfusion, despite unchanged blood pressure and unchanged oxygen saturation.
3-min All-out Exercise Test for Running

Abstract A 3-min all-out exercise test (3 MT) estimates critical power and the curvature constant for cycle ergometry validly; however, the mode of running has not been studied. We examined the efficacy of a running 3 MT, using global positioning sensor data, to predict outdoor racing performance. Women distance runners (n=14) were tested at preseason within a month prior to competing officially in either short or middle distance races. Critical speed (CS) (4.46±0.41 m/s) estimated from the 3 MT did not differ (p>0.05) from the mean speed of gas exchange threshold and maximum oxygen uptake (50%Δ), as derived from a custom treadmill graded exercise test (4.55±0.24 m/s). Runners with higher curvature constants (D’), estimated from the 3 MT, raced at higher speeds above CS (R2 ranging 0.63–0.99). Race speeds for 800 m exceeded the speed for 150 s of all-out running, rendering 800 m estimates less accurate. Conversely, predicted times for the other distances yielded strong intraclass correlations (α) and low coefficients of variation (%) values (α=0.74/1.7% and α=0.87/2.1%, for 1 600 and 5 000 m, respectively). Use of the running 3 MT for performances ranging ~2.5–18 min is recommended.
Categorization Abilities for Emotional and Nonemotional Stimuli in Patients With Alcohol-related Korsakoff Syndrome

ObjectiveTo investigate whether patients with alcohol-related Korsakoff syndrome (KR) have emotion-specific or general deficits in multicategoric classification performance. BackgroundEarlier studies have shown reduced performance in classifying stimuli according to their emotional valence in patients with KS. However, it is unclear whether such classification deficits are of emotion-specific nature or whether they can also occur when nonemotional classifications are demanded. MethodIn this study, we examined 35 patients with alcoholic KS and 35 healthy participants with the Emotional Picture Task (EPT) to assess valence classification performance, the Semantic Classification Task (SCT) to assess nonemotional categorizations, and an extensive neuropsychologic test battery. ResultsKS patients exhibited lower classification performance in both tasks compared with the healthy participants. EPT and SCT performance were related to each other. EPT and SCT performance correlated with general knowledge and EPT performance in addition with executive functions. ConclusionsOur results indicate a common underlying mechanism of the patients' reductions in emotional and nonemotional classification performance. These deficits are most probably based on problems in retrieving object and category knowledge and, partially, on executive functioning.
Zebrafish as a model for systems biology

Zebrafish offer a unique vertebrate model for research areas such as drug development, disease modeling and other biological exploration. There is significant conservation of genetics and other cellular networks among zebrafish and other vertebrate models, including humans. Here we discuss the recent work and efforts made in different fields of biology to explore the potential of zebrafish. Along with this, we also reviewed the concept of systems biology. A biological system is made up of a large number of components that interact in a huge variety of combinations. To understand completely the behavior of a system, it is important to know its components and interactions, and this can be achieved through a systems biology approach. At the end of the paper we present a concept of integrating zebrafish into the systems biology approach.
The aetiology and associations of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia

Aim: To summarise the main causes and associations of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) found in the literature to date. Method: Literature search using Ovid databases on the NHS Scotland E-library, Medline, and the Cochrane Library. The internet search engine Google Scholar was also used to identify relevant articles. Results: The main causes and associations of CIN in the literature are sun exposure and distance from the equator; human papillomavirus infection, increased p53 expression, and HIV seropositivity. It has been found that in HIV positive individuals CIN is on the increase with people being affected with more aggressive tumours at younger ages. Conclusion: Given that CIN is becoming more common in HIV infected populations and that it has the potential to cause severe disability, it is important to improve our understanding of the condition. Early identification of CIN by an understanding of its aetiology and associations may enable the implementation of preventative measures to reduce its incidence and potentially lead to the diagnosis and further management of conditions such as HIV. Young people presenting with CIN in particular may benefit from HIV testing.
Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipases C of bull and rabbit spermatozoa

Acrosomal reaction is an essential prerequisite to fertilization. The changes in lipid composition of sperm membranes cause fusion of the plasma and outer acrosomal membranes that results in the exocytosis of acrosomal contents. We report that both bull and rabbit spermatozoa contain a phosphatidylcholine‐specific phospholipase C (PC‐PLC) that hydrolyzes L‐α‐dipalmitoyl‐(choline‐methyl‐14C‐153.0 Ci/mmol and a phosphatidyl‐inositol‐specific phospholipase C (Pl‐PLC)) that hydrolyzes L‐α‐(Myo)‐lnositol‐2‐3H (N)‐5.2 Ci mmol. Pl‐PLC from bull sperm acrosome has been purified 568 × fold with a specific activity 6.25 ± 0.6 nmol/min/mg protein, km 0.004 mM, and Vmax 12 nmol/min/mg protein. Both enzymes had optimum at pH 7.5. The activity of PC‐PLC remained unaffected by varying concentrations of Ca2+, whereas Pl‐PLC activity was significantly increased. The bulk of Pl‐PLC was found to be associated with inner acrosomal membrane of bull and rabbit sperm, while PC‐PLC was found in the outer acrosomal membranes in the bull sperm and the plasma membrane of the rabbit sperm. Both enzymes are compartmentalized in sperm cell. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generalization error of deep neural networks: Role of classification margin and data structure

Understanding the generalization properties of deep learning models is critical for their successful usage in many applications, especially in the regimes where the number of training samples is limited. We study the generalization properties of deep neural networks (DNNs) via the Jacobian matrix of the network. Our analysis is general to arbitrary network structures, types of non-linearities and pooling operations. We show that bounding the spectral norm of the Jacobian matrix in the network reduces the generalization error. In addition, we tie this error to the invariance in the data and the network. Experiments on the MNIST and ImageNet datasets support these findings. This short paper summarizes our generalization error theorems for DNNs and for general invariant classifiers [1], [2].
Clinical Features and Treatment Results of Children with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

The demographic, clinical characteristics, and treatment groups of 33 children with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) were recorded and analyzed among 1486 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases since 1972. The median age was 9.7 years (range 1.4–16.9) and male/female ratio was 24/9 = 2.6. Kaplan–Meier methods and logrank tests were used in treatment analysis. The frequency of DLBCL among 1486 NHL cases was 2.2%, however, the percentage was 9.3% in cases diagnosed after 2000. The event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) rates for 33 children were 61% and 65.1% at 5 years, respectively. The EFS and OS rates of low stage (stages I and II) disease decreased to lower level in advanced stage (stages III and IV) disease. Associated conditions and ages older than 14 years were found as poor prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. The survival rates in children with DLBCL need further improvement. This is mainly related with late referral of those children with advanced disease. The proper diagnosis and early referral is essential in these children for a better survival rate. The children with associated conditions and older children must be handled with care since these are found as poor prognostic factors.
PREVALENCE OF DENTAL ANOMALIES AMONG ORTHODONTIC PATIENTS

Dental anomalies are clinically evident abnormalities which can cause vari¬ous dental problems, which may complicate orthodontic treatment planning. Clinical & radiological inspection play crucial role in identification of various anomalies. This study was carried over the period of 2 years to determine the pattern and distribution of various morphological dental anomalies among orthodontic patients. Demographic details along with detailed medical, dental and family histories were obtained from every patient. In addition to the intraoral examination, study casts and dental panoramic radiograph were also evaluated for dental anomalies causing disturbance in number, size, form, and location of teeth. Patients with syndromes were not included in the study. Out of 520 patients, dental anomalies were present in 83 (16%) patients. Hypodontia was the most prevalent dental anomaly occurring in 37 (7.1%) patients & maxillary lateral incisor was found to be the most commonly missing tooth. Microdontia was second most prevalent dental anomaly observed in 21 (4%) patients with the maxillary lateral incisor being the most commonly affected tooth. Double tooth was rare finding present only in 1 (0.19%) patient. All dental anomalies showed higher prevalence in female patients except for double tooth and transposition which were more prevalent in male patients. Dental anomalies can lead to disturbance in occlusion. Orthodontists have the responsibility to observe each patient carefully for various dental anomalies and have full knowledge of them as it can help them in planning treatment for these patients and executing them without any complications.
Sports Field Localization via Deep Structured Models

In this work, we propose a novel way of efficiently localizing a sports field from a single broadcast image of the game. Related work in this area relies on manually annotating a few key frames and extending the localization to similar images, or installing fixed specialized cameras in the stadium from which the layout of the field can be obtained. In contrast, we formulate this problem as a branch and bound inference in a Markov random field where an energy function is defined in terms of semantic cues such as the field surface, lines and circles obtained from a deep semantic segmentation network. Moreover, our approach is fully automatic and depends only on a single image from the broadcast video of the game. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by applying it to soccer and hockey.
Evidence of the subperiosteal origin of osteoid osteomas in tubular bones: analysis by CT and MR imaging.

OBJECTIVE A large series of patients with pathologically proven osteoid osteoma of tubular bones was reviewed to determine the frequency of a subperiosteal site of origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-eight cases that were included met two criteria: the tumor was located in a tubular bone, and the lesion had been evaluated by CT scanning or MR imaging, or both. The location of the osteoid osteoma was categorized as intracortical, sub-periosteal, endosteal, or medullary. RESULTS Among the 38 cases, 19 were imaged with CT scanning, 14 with MR imaging, and five with both techniques. The most common affected sites were the femur (n = 13), tibia (n = 15), and humerus (n = 4). Among these 38 cases, 18 were intracortical, two were intramedullary, and 18 were subperiosteal. CONCLUSION Osteoid osteomas occurring in a subperiosteal or surface location are not rare. Indeed, many osteoid osteomas arising in a tubular bone possibly originate in a subperiosteal site and later appear as an intracortical lesion. This site of origin appears to relate principally to continual remodeling of bone with subperiosteal deposition and endosteal erosion.
Decision Making Using Multiple Rates of Return: An Alternative Approach

Internal rate of return (IROR) method as a decision making tool receives widespread use and acceptance in economic analysis. When performing economic analysis using IROR method, multiple rates might exist, in such cases these rates might be misleading. This research aims at presenting a realistic approach for resolving the multiple rate of return (MROR) problem. A Proposed approach is presented and illustrated through demonstrative cases. The key advantage of the proposed approach is that it reflects real life opportunities and its decisions are consistent with worth methods as well as with other approaches. Relevant approaches of well-known authors are presented discussed and critiqued.
A Comparison of Superomedial versus Inferior Pedicle Reduction Mammaplasty Using Three-Dimensional Analysis.

A COMPARISON OF SUPEROMEDIAL VERSUS INFERIOR PEDICLE REDUCTION MAMMOPLASTY USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS. Victor Z. Zhu, Ajul Shah, Rachel Lentz, Tracy Sturrock, Alexander F. Au, Stephanie L. Kwei. Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Reduction mammoplasty using the inferior pedicle (IP) technique continues to be more commonly performed than the superomedial pedicle (SMP). This study uses three-dimensional (3D) imaging to compare postoperative linear and volumetric changes in SMP and IP breast reductions. Reduction mammoplasty was performed using either a SMP or IP, with a Wise-pattern skin incision. Patients in each cohort were matched based on total postoperative breast size, BMI, and age. Postoperative 3D photographs were taken at 1-3 months and 6-12 months. Measurements included: sternal notch to nipple distance, areola surface area, total breast volume, breast projection, proportion superior pole volume, proportion medial pole volume, and tissue shifting over time. There were 13 SMP patients (26 breasts) and 14 IP patients (28 breasts). There were significant differences at 1-3 months between the cohorts in sternal notch to nipple distance (21.6+0.4cm SMP vs. 24.1+0.3cm IP, p<0.01), and proportion superior pole volume (53.9+1.2% SMP vs. 57.3+1.1% IP, p=0.04). The sternal notch to nipple distance (21.6+0.4cm SMP vs. 24.6+0.4cm IP, p<0.01) remained different between the two cohorts at 6-12 months; however, there was no difference in superior pole fullness at this time point. There was a significant difference in proportion medial pole volume (38.1+2.0% SMP vs. 45.8+1.4% IP, p<0.01). There were changes in volumetric distribution over time in both cohorts, with decreased proportion medial pole volume in the SMP cohort, and increased proportion medial pole volume in the IP cohort (p<0.01) over time. Areola surface area increased significantly more over time in the IP cohort than the SMP cohort (2.87+0.77cm IP vs. 0.01+0.57cm SMP, p<0.01). There is no difference between the SMP and IP technique in proportion superior pole volume or breast projection within the 12-month postoperative period; however, the IP technique demonstrated greater proportion medial pole volume and increased areolar surface area over time.