Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bulk Types With Class

Bulk types | such as lists, bags, sets, nite maps, and priority queues | are ubiquitous in programming. Yet many languages don't support them well, even though they have received a great deal of attention, especially from the database community. Haskell is currently among the culprits. This paper has two aims: to identify some of the technical di culties, and to attempt to address them using Haskell's constructor classes. This paper appears in the proceedings of the 1997 Haskell Workshop, Amsterdam, 7 June 1997. A slightly earlier version appears in the (electronic) proceedings of the 1996 Glasgow Functional Programming Workshop: http://www.dcs. gla.ac. uk/fp/workshops/fpw96/Proceedings96.html
Enhanced Foamability with Shrinking Microfibers in Linear Polymer

Strain hardening has important roles in understanding material structures and polymer processing methods, such as foaming, film forming, and fiber extruding. A common method to improve strain hardening behavior is to chemically branch polymer structures, which is costly, thus preventing users from controlling the degree of behavior. A smart microfiber blending technology, however, would allow cost-efficient tuning of the degree of strain hardening. In this study, we investigated the effects of compounding polymers with microfibers for both shear and extensional rheological behaviors and characteristics and thus for the final foam morphologies formed by batch physical foaming with carbon dioxide. Extensional rheometry showed that compounding of in situ shrinking microfibers significantly enhanced strain hardening compared to compounding of nonshrinking microfibers. Shear rheometry with linear viscoelastic data showed a greater increase in both the loss and storage modulus in composites with shrinking microfibers than in those with nonshrinking microfibers at low frequencies. The batch physical foaming results demonstrated a greater increase in the cell population density and expansion ratio with in situ shrinking microfibers than with nonshrinking microfibers. The enhancement due to the shrinkage of compounded microfibers decreasing with temperature implies that the strain hardening can be tailored by changing processing conditions.
Mapping teaching, learning and assessment in the MPharm in UK schools of pharmacy

Aim To undertake a national study of teaching, learning and assessment in UK schools of pharmacy. Design Triangulation of course documentation, 24 semi-structured interviews undertaken with 29 representatives from the schools and a survey of all final year students (n=1,847) in the 15 schools within the UK during 2003–04. Subjects and setting All established UK pharmacy schools and final year MPharm students. Outcome measures Data were combined and analysed under the topics of curriculum, teaching and learning, assessment, multi-professional teaching and learning, placement education and research projects. Results Professional accreditation was the main driver for curriculum design but links to preregistration training were poor. Curricula were consistent but offered little student choice. On average half the curriculum was science-based. Staff supported the science content but students less so. Courses were didactic but schools were experimenting with new methods of learning. Examinations were the principal form of assessment but the contribution of practice to the final degree ranged considerably (21–63%). Most students considered the assessment load to be about right but with too much emphasis upon knowledge. Assessment of professional competence was focused upon dispensing and pharmacy law. All schools undertook placement teaching in hospitals but there was little in community/primary care. There was little inter-professional education. Resources and logistics were the major limiters. Conclusions There is a need for an integrated review of the accreditation process for the MPharm and preregistration training and redefinition of professional competence at an undergraduate level.
The Economical Value of Nile Tilapia Fish "Oreochromis niloticus" in Relation to Water Quality of Lake Nasser, Egypt

The present study was carried out to evaluate the quality of Nile Tilapia fish "Oreochromis niloticus" collected from three main localities (Adendan, Abou Simbel and Toushka) in Lake Nasser, Egypt. Throughout four season's survey (2010 - 2011), 36 water samples and 60 fish samples were assayed. The Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters in the lake water were found within permissible limits. The macroscopical examination of collected fish samples confirmed their freshness, with no detected signs of clinical abnormalities. However, 23 fishes (38.3%) out of 60 were found positive for helminth parasites. The positive hosts were infected with nematodes (71.2%) and trematodes (28.8%) in the larval stage, whose incidence was restricted to the gills only and didn't exceed 1 - 6 larvae/fish. The infection was always single and not mixed and included the genera Amplicaecum, Contracaecum and Clinostomum. The total number of parasite individuals exhibited clear seasonal variation, being significantly higher in winter (53.3%), followed by spring (40%), summer (33.3%) and least in autumn (26.6%). The muscles - main edible parts - were completely free from any larvae or adult worms and testified their safety for human consumption. The concentrations of four trace metals (Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn) and their bioaccumulation factors (BAF) in both fish gills and muscles were found satisfactory compared to FAO and EOSQC permissible limits and the WMPT scoring system and didn't constitute threat to public health. The study concluded that trace metals bioaccumulation and parasites burden in Oreochromis niloticus are considered a proxy of both water quality and ecology of Lake Nasser which is by far suitable for fishing activities and safe consumption of this fish species. The study recommended proper cooking, salting or freezing of fish as a precautionary measure and prohibited disposal of infected fish parts in water ways. Regular monitoring of water and fish quality is a must. (Safaa M. Ezzat, Reham M. ElKorashey and Mohammed M. Sherif. The Economical Value of Nile Tilapia Fish "Oreochromis niloticus" in Relation to Water Quality of Lake Nasser, Egypt. J Am Sci 2012;8(9):234-247). (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience. org. 35
Weel Computers and employment : The truth about e-skills 1

This paper addresses the particular question of the impact of this "new" digital environment on the labour market. It will investigate in particular how ICT has changed and is changing the labour market and the "old", classical insights into the relationship between technology, employment and skills. We start in Section 2 with a review of the literature on technology and employment. In previous centuries, but also in recent decades, new technologies were often identified with employment "destruction". They were feared to be one of the main causes of unemployment amongst unskilled workers and at the origin of most of the new, so-called "biased" opportunities in favour for more skilled workers. Ever since the so-called Luddites smashed the power looms and spinning jennies that threatened their livelihood in the early 19th century, the popular fear that technological change would increase unemployment has existed and continued even in boom years.
Relationships between Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor PM 10 in the Residential Environment in Damietta, Egypt

The relationship between indoor and outdoor air pollution levels is important as people spend about 90% of their time indoors. This may underline the importance of particulate as an environmental health risk and the consequence need for monitoring them particularly in indoor microenvironment. The current study measured the concentrations of PM 10 in the personal (P), indoor (I), and outdoor (O) air of buildings located in three residential areas at Damietta Governorate, Egypt, during the summer and the winter of 2009. Twenty- four homes were included in this study. The outdoor PM 10 concentrations ranged from 975.9 - 512 µgm 3 in summer and from 1184 to
What is the Phonological Word in Dagbani? A Positional Faithfulness Account

This paper offers a phonological diagnostic for defining the word in Dagbani, a Gur language of Ghana. It shows that a morphological unit that constitutes a complete word blocks contrast-neutralising phonological processes from target segments within its boundaries when triggered across its boundary. In sub-word units, these processes (e.g. nasal place assimilation, vowel harmony, segmental deletion) apply to target sounds without restrictions. The result is the maintenance of contrast in words and neutralisation of contrast in sub-words. The paper further argues that the asymmetrical application of these rules is an indication of a morphological strength distinction between the word as a strong position where segments are fully specified for phonological features, and the sub-word domain as a non-privileged position where segments may be underspecified for features. A formal analysis of the asymmetry is presented using the theory of positional faithfulness within the framework of Optimality Theory.
Fluxes and sources of nutrients and trace metals
atmospheric deposition in the northwestern Mediterranean

Abstract. Total atmospheric deposition was collected on a weekly basis over 3.5-yr (March 2008–October 2011) at a remote coastal site on the west coast of Corsica Island. Deposition time series of macro and micro-nutrient (N, P, Si, Fe), and trace metals (As, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, Zn) are investigated in terms of variability and source apportionment (from fluxes of proxies for aerosol sources (Al, Ti, Ca, Na, Mg, S, Sr, K, Pb)). The highest fluxes are recorded for Si, P, then Fe for nutrients, and for Zn and Mn for trace metals. For the majority of elements, data show some weeks with high episodic fluxes, except for N, Cr and V which present the lowest variability. Twelve intense mineral dust deposition events are identified during the sampling period. The contribution of these events to the fluxes of Fe and Si represents 52 % and 57 % of their total fluxes, respectively, confirming the important role of these sporadic dust events on the inputs of these elements. For N and P, the contribution of these intense dust deposition events is lower and reaches 10 and 15 %, respectively. Out of these most intense events, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to our total deposition database in order to identify the main sources of nutrients and trace metals deposited. Results show that P deposition is mainly associated to anthropogenic biomass burning inputs. For N deposition, inputs associated to marine sources (maybe associated to the reaction of anthropogenic N on NaCl particles) and anthropogenic sources are quasi-similar. A good correlation is obtained between N and S fluxes, supporting a common origin associated to the inorganic secondary aerosol, i.e. ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate. For trace metals, their origin is very variable: with a large contribution of natural dust sources for Ni or Mn and on the contrary of anthropogenic sources for V and Zn.
Networks and Selection in International Migration to Spain

This paper provides new evidence on migrant networks as determinants of the total size (scale) and skill structure of migration, using aggregate data from a recent migration boom to Spain. We draw upon McFadden (1984, 1422-1428) in order to develop and apply a three-level nested multinomial logit migration model. Our model accommodates varying degrees of similarity of destinations located in the same region (or the same country), allowing for a rich structure of substitutability across alternative destinations. We find strong positive network effects on the scale of migration and a strong negative effect on the ratio of high-skilled to low-skilled migrants. Simplifying restrictions on substitutability across destinations are rejected by the data.
EFFECT OF DEM RESOLUTIONS IN THE RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS PREDICTIONS OF THE WEPP WATERSHED MODEL

Erosion prediction utilizing digital elevation models (DEMs) is a logical advancement for automating the simula- tion process for models such as the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP). The effects of using different DEM resolutions on watershed simulations and the ability to accurately predict sediment yield and runoff from different rainfall event sizes were studied using three application methods and data from six research watersheds. Simulating watersheds with a range of resolutions can help address the problem of deciding what topographic DEM resolution is ideal for model simulations of the watershed outlet, the end of each hillslope, and along the slope profiles. The three application methods studied here were: (1) HillslopeChanleng, (2) HillslopeCalcleng, and (3) Flowpath. The two Hillslope methods use a representative slope profile to represent each hillslope in the watershed, and the Flowpath method uses all of the individual flowpaths as model input for WEPP simulations. Results show that the Hillslope methods were not significantly influenced by DEM resolutions; however, there was an observable interaction between resolutions and the Flowpath method. Large rainfall events were pre- dicted better than small events, but fine DEM resolutions did not improve predictions of either large or small rainfall events. Using coarse DEM resolutions for the topographic input will not decrease the accuracy of erosion prediction using the WEPP model and the Hillslope methods, unless the coarseness of the DEM compromises the delineation of the watershed or hill- slopes.
Response of summer rainfalls in Pakistan to dust aerosols in an atmospheric general circulation model

Satellite data indicate that the dust concentration over Pakistan and its surrounding regions is substantially large especially in summer season when southwesterly winds actively bring additional dust (apart from local deserts) from eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. To assess the potential response of summer rainfalls in Pakistan for dust concentrations, in this study we use an atmospheric general circulation model with prescribed sea surface temperatures and elucidate that the contribution of dust in modulating summer precipitation can be substantial with mainly positive responses over northern and southern Pakistan while negligibly small negative response over the central region. The anomalous results for dust aerosols in the model are calculated as the difference between two types of ensemble sensitive experiments with one ensemble simulation including dust while in the other ensemble the dust is removed over a selected domain. The maximum amount of enhanced rainfall is about 0.7 mm/day which is approximately 10% of the summer season rainfall in northern Pakistan. Such anomalous amplification in rainfall is realized through the advection of moist static energy into land regions of Pakistan as well as the additional supply of moisture from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
Relationship between H2O2-detoxification, tolerance to H2O2 and virulence of some phytopathogenic bacteria

We studied correlation of catalase activity, tolerance to H2O2 and virulence of some phytopathogenic bacteria. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci is a specific pathogen of tobacco. Other pathogenic bacteria, such as Erwinia carotovora, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Agrobacterium tumefaciens can infect a broad spectrum of plant species and there is no plant cultivar resistance against them. We have expected that these bacteria can protect themselves against the unspecific defence actions of plants which involve the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. We demonstrated a high level of catalase activity in a virulent strain of Erwinia chrysanthemi, as compared to a less virulent one. However, we did not find clear correlation between virulence levels and H2O2-detoxifying activity when we examined different bacterial species. Acta Biol Szeged 49(1-2):89-90 (2005)
Steel corrosion in reinforced alkali‐activated materials

The development of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) as an alternative to Portland cement (PC) has seen significant progress in the past decades. However, there still remains significant uncertainty regarding their long term performance when used in steel-reinforced structures. The durability of AAMs in such applications depends strongly on the corrosion behaviour of the embedded steel reinforcement, and the experimental data in the literature are limited and in some cases inconsistent. This letter elucidates the role of the chemistry of AAMs on the mechanisms governing passivation and chloride-induced corrosion of the steel reinforcement, to bring a better understanding of the durability of AAM structures exposed to chloride. The corrosion of the steel reinforcement in AAMs differs significantly from observations in PC; the onset of pitting (or the chloride ‘threshold’ value) depends strongly on the alkalinity, and the redox environment, of these binders. Classifications or standards used to assess the severity of steel corrosion in PC appear not to be directly applicable to AAMs due to important differences in pore solution chemistry and phase assemblage.
Cosmological Parameters from Galaxy Clustering in the SDSS

We present estimates of cosmological parameters from the application of the Karhunen-Loève transform to the analysis of the 3D power spectrum of density fluctuations using Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxy redshifts. We use Ωmh and fb Ωb Ωm to describe the shape of the power spectrum, σ8g for the (linearly extrapolated) normalization, and β to parametrize linear theory redshift space distortions. On scales k 0 16hMpc 1, our maximum likelihood values are Ωmh 0 264 0 043, fb 0 286 0 065, σ8g 0 966 0 048, and β 0 45 0 12. When we take a prior on Ωb from WMAP, we find Ωmh 0 207 0 030, which is in excellent agreement with WMAP and 2dF. This indicates that we have reasonably measured the gross shape of the power spectrum but we have difficulty breaking the degeneracy between Ωmh and fb because the baryon oscillations are not resolved in the current spectroscopic survey window function.
Growth Response, Feed Conversion Ratio and Antiprotease Activity of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Mixed Diet in Catla catla (Ham.)

The effect of C. dactylon incorporated into diet formulations on the growth and body composition of Indian major carp, Catla (Catla catla) were investigated in a 45 days feeding trial. Different concentration (0%, 0.05%, 0.5% and 5% with the total fish feed) of C. dactylon ethanolic extract was mixed with feed ingredient. The incorporation of C. dactylon mixed diet improved the feed conversion ratio and body composition in C. catla. The elevated levels of amylase and protease activity were found in hepatopancreas at 30th days of feeding trial in 0.5% and 5% level of mixed diet groups. Non-specific immune parameter of serum antiprotease activity was higher in 5% level of experimental group. The results indicate that 5% inclusion of C. dactylon mixed diet improves the growth performance, feed efficiency, body composition, digestive enzyme and antiprotease activity in C. catla. In general, this study demonstrated the benefits of incorporating C. dactylon into fish feeds.
Deposit Insurance , Bank Competition and Risk Taking DIVISIÓN DE Economía

We analyse risk-taking behaviour of banks in the context of a model based on spatial competition. Banks mobilise deposite by offering deposit rates. We show that when the market concentration is low, banks invest in the gambling asset. On the other hand, for sufficiently high levéis of market concentration, aii banks choose the prudent asset to invest in, and some depositors may even be left out of the market. Our results suggest a discontinuóos reiation between market concentration and social welfare. We also show that, in a regime of high deposit Insurance, banks are more likely to gamble.
Otwayemys, a new cryptodiran turtle from the early Cretaceous of Australia. American Museum novitates ; no. 3233

The Early Cretaceous Eumeralla Formation, Otway Group, of Cape Otway, Victoria, Australia, has yielded remains of a new genus of eucryptodiran turtle, Otwayemys cunicularius, n. gen., n. sp. Otwayemys is based primarily on shell material, but unassociated skull elements, cervical and caudal vertebrae, and limb elements from the type locality are attributed to this taxon. Otwayemys cunicularius is characterized by a carapace with an emarginate nuchal area, wide vertebral scales, and a smooth shell texture; and by a plastron with wide epiplastra, small extragular scales (scale set 2), gular scales (scale set 1) extending onto entoplastron, a small and narrow entoplastron, a large hyoplastron/hypoplastron fontanelle, and an inguinal buttress terminating on the sixth peripheral. The shell of Otwayemys is most similar to Xinjiangchelys from the Jurassic of China; both have broad epiplastra, plastral buttresses not extending onto costals, a long first thoracic rib, no inclination to the first thoracic centrum, and no mesoplastra; all these characters are primitive for the Eucryptodira. Otwayemys is advanced over Xinjiangchelys in having formed vertebral articulations in the neck. Biconvex eighth and biconcave fifth (? ) cervicals in Otwayemys are characters found in the Early Cretaceous Ordosemys of central Asia. Otwayemys differs from Chelycarapookus, also from the Early Cretaceous of Victoria, in being 20% larger and having a large plastral fontanelle, a smooth surface texture, and a wide posterior plastral lobe. Otwayemys belongs in the Centrocryptodira, eucryptodires with formed vertebral articulations. A parsimony analysis of 18 taxa using 40 characters (of which only 20 are known for Otwayemys) produces 12 equally parsimonious trees. A consensus tree shows Otwayemys and Meiolaniidae in an unresolved trichotomy with Polycryptodira (consisting primarily of the living cryptodires) plus Sinemydidae. ' Curator, Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History. 2 Technical Coordinator of the Monash Science Centre, Melbourne, Australia. 3 Curator, Tyrrell Royal Museum, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. 4 Curator, Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. 5 Professor of Palaeontology and Director of the Monash Science Centre, Melbourne, Australia. Copyright C American Museum of Natural History 1998 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $3.00 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES
Political Economy Approach of Institutional Research

Abstract Institutional research should be ready to move to the next stage, a stage that is, as argued by this paper, characterized by a more comprehensive approach integrating economics, politics, and social culture. The theoretical foundation for such a move exists, as the interconnection between political institutions and economic institutions has been addressed by North, Fukuyama, and Acemoglu, and the influences of cultural heritage on institutional choices have further been mentioned by North and Huntington. Another shift in institutional research proposed by this paper is a change from general to specific solutions because the institutional characteristics become individualized after considering the impacts of culture heritage. This paper presents the correlations between political and economic institutions and the unique characteristics of political orders taking different developmental paths using a data analysis based on the World Governance Index (WGI) and other development indicators. The paper also discusses the influences of cultural heritage on institution’s choice of transformation path and proposes a institutional research framework.