Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patterns of glial proliferation during formation of olfactory glomeruli in an insect

Paritioning of the first‐order olfactory neuropil into glomeruli in the developing brain of the moth Manduca sexta occurs only in the presence of olfactory sensory axons and appears to be mediated by changes in glial cells (Oland et al.: J. Neurosci., 8:353–367, 1988). The arrival of sensory axons in the brain triggers changes in glial shape and position that lead to the formation of a glial scaffolding for the developing glomeruli. The presence of mitotic figures in glial cells at stages before glomeruli emerge (Oland and Tolbert: J. Comp. Neurol., 255:196–207, 1987) suggested that glial proliferation might also contribute to the formation of the glomerular envelopes. To determine whether glial proliferation is induced by olfactory axons, we have used 3H‐thymidine to label dividing cells before, during, and after the formation of glomeruli and have compared the patterns of proliferation in normal and chronically unafferented olfactory neuropils. We found significant differences in mitotic indices only after glomerular walls had been established, indicating that the sensory axons induce the formation of glomerular envelopes primarily via the changes in glial morphology and distribution, not by stimulating glial proliferation.
A novel method for detection of voxels for decision making: An fMRI study

This study explores the patterns of activation in brain regions toward classifying decision making voxels from among four major Brodmann areas (BAs) upon stimulus of visual tasks. Toward this goal, a well‐known clustering analysis has been performed on real‐time data of the human brain obtained using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The functional connectivity among various brain regions was detected by leveraging a distance correlation graph. Graphical methods have been employed to visualize the clusters elicited in the process. The analysis of the results sheds new light on how four significantly activated BAs of the brain exhibit effective connectively to perform a visual task in the context of decision making.
EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE RECURRENCE: Incidence, Characteristics, Evolution, and Preventive and Risk Factors

Background: To evaluate the incidence, evolution, clinical characteristics, possible risk factors or preventive factors, and visual outcomes of epiretinal membrane (ERM) recurrence. Methods: Retrospective study of 440 consecutive patients (440 eyes) who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for ERM. The internal limiting membrane (ILM) was peeled in 266 cases, with the help of indocyanine green in 27 cases and brilliant blue in 45 cases. Cases of symptomatic ERM recurrence were reoperated. Results: The incidence of ERM recurrence was 5% (22/440), and 2% of the patients were reoperated (9/440). Epiretinal membrane recurrence was symptomatic in 9 cases (41%) and asymptomatic in 13 cases (59%). ILM peeling was the only factor preventing ERM recurrence (adjusted odds ratio = 0.33, P = 0.026). The use of staining dyes did not prevent recurrence (adjusted odds ratio = 0.35, P = 0.338). In the case of ERM reproliferation, the absence of ILM peeling, the existence of ERM on the fellow eye, and poor visual acuity before surgery seemed to be associated with a high risk of symptomatic recurrence and reoperation. The mean duration for follow-up was 3.5 ± 1.7 years. Conclusion: ILM peeling not only reduces the likelihood of reproliferation of ERM but also seems to improve the visual prognosis of recurrent ERMs. The use of dyes did not reduce the rate of recurrence compared with when ILM was peeled without dyes.
Capital and Risk Adjustments Under Risk-Based Capital Regulations and Diversification Loss

In the last two decades, regulators have focused on the enforcement of minimum capital requirements on banks. Excessive risk-taking might otherwise have been encouraged by the principle of limited liability and by the availability of deposit insurance. Strengthened capital regulation has resulted in improved capital ratios for banks, and a more stable financial system. However, the changes to the regulatory system have been criticised on the grounds that an increased regulatory capital standards may encourage an increase in leverage and portfolio risk. Both the theoretical literature and the empirical literature on the impact of capital regulation have produced heterogeneous results concerning the capital and risk adjustment behaviour of banks. This study uses a cross-sectional time-series data set on commercial banks that is longer and more recent than in most other studies. We estimate the effect of changes in portfolio risk on the capital adjustment and of risk-based capital regulation on portfolio risk adjustment, using a simultaneous equations model. We find support for the capital buffer theory, which suggests that banks increase their capital holdings in response to an increase in portfolio risk, in order to avoid regulatory penalties. We also find evidence that banks increase their loan portfolio concentration in order to increase their regulatory capital ratios, suggesting that improvements in capital ratios are achieved at a cost in terms of the degree of diversification of the banks' loans portfolios.
Modern Competitive Strategy

1. What Is Strategy? 2. Strategic Planning and Decision Making 3. Competitive Advantage 4. Industry Analysis 5. Competing Over Time 6. Strategy Execution 7. Vertical Integration and Outsourcing 8. Partnering 9. Global Strategy 10. Modern Competitive Strategy 11. Managing the Multi-business Firm 12. Corporate Governance
Indirect calorimetry: a potential but as yet unrealized technique for guiding nutritional management.

1. Hopkins RO, Jackson JC. Long-term neurocognitive functionafter critical illness. Chest. 2006;130:869-78.2. Fiser DH, Long N, Roberson PK, Hefley G, Zolten K, Brodie-Fowler M.Relationshipofpediatricoverallperformancecategoryand pediatric cerebral performance category scores at pediatricintensive care unit discharge with outcome measures collectedathospitaldischargeand1-and6-monthfollow-upassessments.Crit Care Med. 2000;28:2616-20.3. Taylor HG, Klein N, Hack M. School-age consequences of birthweightlessthan750g:areviewandupdate.DevNeuropsychol. 2000;17:289-321.4. AlieviPT,CarvalhoPR,TrottaEA,MombelliFilhoR.Theimpactofadmission to a pediatric intensive care unit assessed by meansof global and cognitive performance scales. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007;83:505-511.5. Fiser DH. Assessing the outcome of pediatric intensive care. JPediatr. 1992;121:68-74.6. Meaney PA,Nadkarni VM,Cook EF,Testa M,Helfaer M,Kaye W,et al. Higher survival rates among younger patients afterpediatric intensive care unit cardiac arrests. Pediatrics. 2006;118:2424-33.7. HopkinsRO,WeaverLK,PopeD,OrmeJF,BiglerED,Larson-LOHRV. Neuropsychological sequelae and impaired health status insurvivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.AmJRespir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:50-6.8. Starr JL, Whalley LJ.Drug induced dementia. Incidence,management and prevention. Drug Saf. 1994;11:310-7.9. Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Chan KJ, Orme JF Jr. Quality of life,emotional, and cognitive function following acute respiratorydistress syndrome. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10:1005-17.10. Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Hart RP, Hopkins RO, Ely EW.Theassociation between delirium and cognitive decline: a review ofthe empirical literature. Neuropsychol Rev. 2004;14:87-98.11. Hopkins RO, Suchyta MR, Jephson A, Orme JF Jr., Weaver LK,Clemmer TP, et al. Hyperglycemia and neurocognitive outcomein ARDS survivors. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2005;2 abstracts:A36.12. Hofer A,Niedermayer B,Kemmler G,Rettenbacher MA,Trebo E,Widschwendter CG, et al. Cognitive impairment inschizophrenia: clinical ratings are not a suitable alternative toneuropsychological testing. Schizophr Res. 2007;92:126-31.13. Taylor HG, Minich N, Bangert B, Filipek PA, Hack M. Long-termneuropsychological outcomes of very low birth weight:associations with early risks for periventricular brain insults. JInt Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10:987-1004.14. Woods SP, Weinborn M, Ball JD, Tiller-Nevin S, Pickett TC.Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL): an identical twin case studyillustration of white matter dysfunction and nonverbal learningdisability (NLD). Child Neuropsychol. 2000;6:274-85.
The Information Content of Administration and Administrative Receivership Filings in the UK

This study investigates the stock price performance of all listed firms that filed for Administration and Administrative Receivership in the UK between 1996 and 2003. Using event study methodology, we find a significant negative market reaction to Administrative Receivership filings but not to Administration filings. The evidence points to some degree of anticipation by the market participants given the large incidence of pre-filing warnings (e.g., profit and liquidity warnings) in our sample. The results are consistent with a less lenient treatment of shareholders in Administrative Receivership compared to Administration.
The Association between Corporate Governance and Earnings Surprises Games

In this paper, I investigate (1) the extent to which corporate governance is associated with managers’ choice of the mix of earnings management and expectations management to avoid negative earnings surprises, and (2) whether the association has changed following the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) 2002. Three distinct earnings management tools are considered: real earnings management, accruals management, and classification shifting. I document that higher quality corporate governance is associated with less upward accruals management and classification shifting, but also increases both the likelihood and magnitude of downward expectations management. With respect to real earnings management, the results are less conclusive. While board independence is positively associated with temporarily boosting sales, it is negatively associated with cutting discretionary expenses such as R&D. I also find some evidence that the impact of corporate governance quality on managers’ choice of the four mechanisms to meet or beat analysts’ forecasts has changed in the post-SOX period.
The Diagnosis of Viral Respiratory Disease in Older Adults

Abstract Viral respiratory disease in older adults has been increasingly recognized as a significant cause of hospitalizations and death. Unfortunately, the recognition and diagnosis of infection due to many viral respiratory pathogens in older adults can be elusive because of atypical clinical presentations and the insensitivity of current laboratory diagnostic tests in this population. For influenza diagnosis, rapid antigen tests followed by viral culture (if antigen test results are negative), can be useful in older adults as long as clinicians are mindful of test limitations. Although specific, rapid antigen tests are insensitive in this population. Erroneous negative results may lead to delays in timely administration of antiviral treatment and institution of appropriate isolation precautions. The increasing availability of new, rapid, and sensitive molecular diagnostics, such as polymerase chain reaction testing, should provide more accurate and timely diagnoses of viral respiratory infections in older adults in the near future.
14-year changes in emotional and behavioral problems of very young Dutch children.

OBJECTIVE The societal changes experienced by Western societies in recent decades have raised concerns about increases in the level of children's mental health problems. Although studies of secular changes in the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses have indeed shown increases, their results may have been influenced by methodological problems, such as changing diagnostic criteria. Although repeated population studies using identical measures have not indicated such a clear increase in mental health problems, these studies have been limited to school-age children. We therefore investigated changes in Dutch parents' reports of very young children's emotional and behavioral problems over a 14-year period. METHOD We compared Child Behavior Checklist scores across two Dutch general population samples of 2- and 3-year-olds, one sample assessed in 1989 and one in 2003. RESULTS Results revealed only a few changes over time, indicating small decreases in parent-reported problems. Between 1989 and 2003, there were decreases in the mean scores and in the proportions of children with deviant scores on the Anxious/Depressed, Total Problems, Internalizing, and DSM-oriented attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems scales. CONCLUSIONS Despite indications of increasing problems among school-age children and adolescents, parent-reported problem levels of very young Dutch children have not increased. Our findings even showed some small improvements in parents' reports of very young children's functioning between 1989 and 2003.
Recent progress in the development of antagonists to the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4

Introduction: The chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 have been shown to be important therapeutic targets for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Although only two chemokine receptor inhibitors have been approved so far, there are numerous compounds that are in various stages of development. Areas covered: In this review article, the authors provide an update on the progress made in the identification of antagonists against the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 from 2009 to the present. The rationale of writing this review article is to cover the most important approaches to identifying antagonists to these two receptors, which could prove to be useful therapeutics in treating proinflammatory diseases. Expert opinion: Pharmaceutical companies have expended a considerable amount of money and effort to identify potent inhibitors of CCR3 and CCR4 for the treatment of asthma and atopic diseases. Although a variety of compounds have been described and several have progressed into the clinic, none have so far made it as approved drugs. There are, however, novel approaches such as mogamulizumab, a monoclonal antibody to CCR4 currently is in clinical trials for cancer and ASM8, an antisense nucleotide to CCR3, which is in Phase II clinical trials for asthma that might still prove to be successful new therapeutics.
Comparative histological studies on liver of mice exposed to Cr(VI) and Cr(V) compounds

Chromium toxicity is strongly dependent on its oxidation state. Cr(VI) is carcinogenic and mutagenic, although its in vivo and in vitro toxic effects are related to its intracellular fate. Inside the cells, Cr(VI) is rapidly reduced to stable Cr(III). As Cr(V) and Cr(IV) species have been reported to be formed in the Cr(VI) reduction pathways, Cr(VI)induced damage is thought, at least in part, to arise from these hypervalent species. The study of Cr(VI) reduction mechanisms and the characterization of the effects of each reactive intermediate constitute important steps towards a better understanding of chromium toxicity. The purpose of this work is to enlarge the scope of Cr(VI)induced alterations in mouse to other chromium species. Our studies have led to the in situ preparation of a new Cr(V) complex, [CrV–BT]2–, a stable compound at neutral pH, which mimics Cr(VI) reduction intermediates. The effect of Cr(V) on the histology of mice liver is assessed and compared with similar Cr(VI) assays. Liver toxicity was examined after single administrations of Cr(VI) or [CrV–BT]2– to mice. Both compounds produced reversible hepatic damage in a time-dependent manner. However, Cr(V) toxic effects have proved to be more rapid than with Cr(VI), permitting the role of Cr(VI) intermediates formed during intracellular chromium reduction to be highlighted.
Applying Absolute Residuals as Evaluation Criterion for Estimating the Development Time of Software Projects by Means of a Neuro-Fuzzy Approach

In the software development field, software practitioners expend between 30% and 40% more effort than is predicted. Accordingly, researchers have proposed new models for estimating the development effort such that the estimations of these models are close to actual ones. In this study, an application based on a new neurofuzzy system (NFS) is analyzed. The NFS accuracy was compared to that of a statistical multiple linear regression (MLR) model. The criterion for evaluating the accuracy of estimation models has mainly been the Magnitude of Relative Error (MRE), however, it was recently found that MRE is asymmetric, and the use of Absolute Residuals (AR) has been proposed, therefore, in this study, the accuracy results of the NFS and MLR were based on AR. After a statistical paired t-test was performed, results showed that accuracy of the NewNFS is statistically better than that of the MLR at the 99% confidence level. It can be concluded that a newNFS could be used for predicting the effort of software development projects when they have been individually developed on a disciplined process.
Force responses following stepwise length changes of rat skeletal muscle fibre types.

1. Force responses following stepwise length changes of Ca(2+)‐activated skinned leg muscle fibres (6 degrees C) of the rat were correlated with their myosin heavy chain (HC) isoforms (myosin HC I, fibre type I; myosin HC IIA, type IIA; myosin HC IID (HC IIX), type IID (type IIX); myosin HC IIB, type IIB) in order to study the mechanical properties of these molecules. 2. Marked differences in the time behaviour of force transients following quick releases of fibre length existed between various muscle fibres, and a conspicuous correlation with their myosin HC complement was noticed (order of velocity: IIB > IID > IIA > > I). No differences were found in the relationship between the applied length step and the resulting force (T1, T2 curves). 3. Our results suggest that the heads of various myosin heavy chain isoforms exhibit different kinetic properties. The differences concern the kinetics of the myosin head movements and the duration of cyclic interactions between myosin heads and thin filaments. The extent of force‐generating movements and the mean elongation of attached heads in the isometric state seem to be independent of the isoform.
Building uniformly most-reliable networks by iterative augmentation

A fundamental problem in network reliability analysis is to find the connectedness probability of a random graph, subject to perfect nodes and link failures. If, in addition, we consider independent link failures with identical probability ρ, the connectedness probability is known as the all-terminal reliability. It is well-known that the all-terminal reliability is a polynomial in the variable ρ ∊ [0,1], and its determination belongs to the class of NP-Hard problems. In this paper we address the following network design problem: given a fixed number of nodes and links p and q, find the graph that maximizes the reliability polynomial uniformly on the compact set ρ ∊ [0,1] for all (p, q)-graphs whenever it exists. These graphs are called uniformly most-reliable graphs. There exists easy graphs, where the reliability polynomial is obtained in a straightforward manner. The interplay between easy graphs and uniformly most-reliable graphs is first studied. Then, Wagner graph is discovered as a uniformly most-reliable graph, inspired by greedy augmentations of a cycle. The paper is closed with a conjecture on the existence of (n, n + 4) uniformly most-reliable graphs.
GAME THEORETICAL MODELS OF COMPETITION IN TIME-SENSITIVE MARKETS

This study focuses mainly on situations of time-based competition. Three problems in this context will be studied in three di¤erent parts. In the rst part, we will examine the promised delivery time (PDT) competition for rms whose production processes consist of more than one stage. We study three games; a) when each rm consists of two stages and has identical production rates in both stages, b) when each rm consists of k stages and has identical production rate in all stages and, c) when each rm consists of two stages and has di¤erent production rates in each stage. In the second part, we focus on a duopolistic market where the rms compete against each other by determining their PDT. The rms try to win the business of a single customer who is sensitive to PDT but will also penalize the winning rm through tardiness costs. This situation may emerge when the production duration is too long and the product is expensive as in the aviation industry. The third part of this study deals with situations of investment competition in the presence of incomplete information in the market. The investment decision will a¤ect the time to production (speed) and determines the probability of winning the business. The notion of incompleteness in information is projected when rms are not fully certain about each others objective function. In each chapter, we will nd the equilibrium of the game and determine the players optimal strategies. At the end of each chapter, a numerical analysis is presented, where numerous numerical examples are solved. Based on the numerical examples, a sensitivity analysis is also presented for each model that would capture the sensitivity of the Nash equilibria and the rmsoptimal strategies towards changes in parameters in the market or the competitors operations.
Assessing the economic impact of Sustainable Forest Management practices on the timber market in Peninsular Malaysia.

This study was carried out to analyze the impact of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) practices on the timber market in Peninsular Malaysia. A partial equilibrium model was applied, covering the domestic timber supply and demand. It was analysed using an equations system approach. Data were compiled from Malaysian Government publications, namely the Department of Statistics and the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia. Data used were annual time series from 1970 to 2008. Impact analysis was conducted based on three scenarios that had arisen from the SFM practices: (1) reduced by 24-percent in harvested area, (2) increased by 49-percent in external cost of timber harvesting, and (3) increased by 47- percent in the cost of internalisation the externalities. These scenarios were incorporated in the timber market model. Results implied that changing from the conventional logging (CL) practices to SFM practices had reduced the equilibrium quantity of timber and increased the price level. The welfare economic impacts of SFM provided empirical evidence that there was loss in welfare economic impacts on the timber industry in Peninsular Malaysia. However, an increase in the domestic price of timber helped to compensate for the loss volume of timber. These results can be used as reference by the State Government and related agencies to improve the mechanism in strengthening the effectiveness of the SFM policy. Hence, they should be able to assist domestic timber industry by supporting them to fetch various potential incentives such as price premium, carbon credit and market access for timber produced from sustainably managed forest.
Surviving the First Year: What Helps Principals Last the Distance?

This research study investigated the induction experiences and perceptions of a group of novice principals in a national, Christian, independent school system. Semi-structured interviews were used to generate discussion, elicit experiences and present recommendations about providing support for novice principals. The study found that eight of the nine principals experienced diffi culties with role clarifi cation, administration issues, fi nancial management, time management and the isolation in the principal’s position. Initial shock in the role, policy development, lack of leadership training, staff relationships and information overload were also serious issues for the group. From both the literature and the interviewees’ perceptions and comments, recommendations for systemic improvements are made regarding the needs of newly appointed principals.