Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How does downward planetary wave coupling affect polar stratospheric ozone in the Arctic winter stratosphere

Abstract. It is well established that variable wintertime planetary wave forcing in the stratosphere controls the variability of Arctic stratospheric ozone through changes in the strength of the polar vortex and the residual circulation. While previous studies focused on the variations in upward wave flux entering the lower stratosphere, here the impact of downward planetary wave reflection on ozone is investigated for the first time. Utilizing the MERRA2 reanalysis and a fully coupled chemistry–climate simulation with the Community Earth System Model (CESM1(WACCM)) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), we find two downward wave reflection effects on ozone: (1) the direct effect in which the residual circulation is weakened during winter, reducing the typical increase of ozone due to upward planetary wave events and (2) the indirect effect in which the modification of polar temperature during winter affects the amount of ozone destruction in spring. Winter seasons dominated by downward wave reflection events (i.e., reflective winters) are characterized by lower Arctic ozone concentration, while seasons dominated by increased upward wave events (i.e., absorptive winters) are characterized by relatively higher ozone concentration. This behavior is consistent with the cumulative effects of downward and upward planetary wave events on polar stratospheric ozone via the residual circulation and the polar temperature in winter. The results establish a new perspective on dynamical processes controlling stratospheric ozone variability in the Arctic by highlighting the key role of wave reflection.
The relationships of Cuspicephalus scarfi Martill and Etches, 2013 and Normannognathus wellnhoferi Buffetaut et al., 1998 to other monofenestratan pterosaurs

The evolution of pterodactyloid pterosaurs occurred in a ‘modular’ fashion with ‘pterodactyloid’-type crania and cervical vertebrae evolving in pterodactyloid sister taxa – early monofenestratan pterosaurs – before later postcervical modifications marked the development of the true pterodactyloid condition. This means of evolution creates problems for distinguishing isolated pterodactyloid crania from those of non-pterodactyloid monofenestratans, and has led to uncertainty over the affinities of two Late Jurassic European pterosaurs known only from skulls, Cuspicephalus scarfi Martill and Etches, 2013 and Normannognathus wellnhoferi Buffetaut et al., 1998. Some aspects of their cranial anatomy suggest affinities to early pterodactyloids – specifically the Germanodactylidae – while others indicate a relationship with a group of non-pterodactyloid monofenestratans, the Wukongopteridae. Here, we characterise the skulls of Jurassic monofenestratans to provide greater insight into the identity of these pterosaurs. We find a suite of characters indicating that Cuspicephalus is a wukongopterid, notable for being a particularly large and long snouted member of the group, as well as the youngest, and the first European record of this clade. The affinities of Normannognathus are less clear however. We consider its previous allocation to the Germanodactylidae doubtful, and note some similarities it shares with ctenochasmatoid pterodactyloids, but the only known specimen is probably too fragmentary for confident referral to any specific clade within Monofenestrata.
A NEW EURYPTERID (CHELICERATA) FROM THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN OF MANITOULIN ISLAND, ONTARIO, CANADA

Abstract A new genus and species of eurypterid (Eurypterida: Chelicerata) is described as Orcanopterus manitoulinensis from the Upper Ordovician Kagawong Submember (Upper Member) of the Georgian Bay Formation, Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. The material comprises several partial specimens in addition to disarticulated carapaces, appendages, metastomas, opisthosomal segments, and telsons. Associated fossils include rare bryozoans, a conularid, ostracodes, and conodonts. A restricted marine lagoon, or very shallow subtidal to intertidal environment is inferred. This assemblage, perhaps representing an accumulation of molted exuviae, was apparently preserved as the result of rapid burial by carbonate muds and silts during a storm event. O. manitoulinensis shares a number of traits with both the Hughmilleriidae and the Carcinosomatidae. Diagnostic features include curved preabdominal segments, a petaloid A metastoma with deep anterior emargination, spiniferous appendages of Carcinosoma type, paddle with enlarged, symmetrical podomere 9, and a xiphous telson. It is only the fourth (the first Canadian) well-documented Ordovician eurypterid genus, and provides the oldest reliable record of the Hughmillerioidea to date.
Alternative Approaches to the Shasta Complex and Adjacent Expressions: Assemblages, Cultural Ecology, and Taxonomies

Author(s): Farber, Alfred | Abstract: Commenting on the rapidly changing archaeological perspectives of the Shasta Complex and neighboring late prehistoric assemblages in northern California, Jerald Johnson observed aptly that "considerable turmoil currently exists in the north-central part of the state in terms — not only of what terminology ought to be used — but also of what the different archaeological expressions represent" (J. Johnson and Theodoratus 1984: 190). It was also recently noted (Raven et al. 1984: 20) that the Shasta Complex concept, as first introduced by Meighan (1955), endured for nearly three decades before being seriously challenged. Not unexpectedly, as it now stands, the original concept may be so broadly defined as to obscure growing evidence of late prehistoric spatial and temporal cultural variability in the general region (J. Johnson and Theodoratus 1984: 187; Raven et al. 1984: 20). Current impressions of the Shasta Complex are, to a large extent, the result of an emphasis on reconstructing prehistoric adaptive strategies and cultural ecology in the region. The goal of this paper is to clarify notions about the Shasta Complex and adjacent prehistoric cultural expressions so that substitutions of one set of taxonomic and conceptual shortcomings for another might be avoided.
Growth, yield and quality of jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius L.) as affected by different nutrient sources.

Field experiment was conducted at the teaching and research farm, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger state Nigeria during 2014 rainy season to determine the effect of different nutrient sources on the growth, yield and quality of jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius L). The experiment was a randomized complete block design. The treatments were control (no fertilizer), poultry manure at the rate of 8 t/ha, organomineral fertilizer (4 t/ha poultry manure + 125 kg NPK 20:10:10 /ha), NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer at the rate of 250 kg/ha. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and means were separated using least significant difference (LSD0.05). The results showed that all the parameters measured were significantly affected by the different nutrient sources. Largest leaves and stems were observed in plants which received poultry manure. There was no significant difference between the values of plant height and number of leaves recorded in plants treated with poultry manure and NPK fertilizer. The lowest values of all the growth parameters measured were recorded in the control plants. The highest yield values (fresh and dry matter yield) were obtained in plants which received poultry manure followed by NPK fertilizer while the least was recorded in the control plants. The highest values of crude protein and phosphorus were recorded in plant treated with poultry manure whereas the least values were recorded in control plants. There were no significant differences between the values of ash, Na, K and moisture content recorded in plants that received poultry manure and NPK fertilizer. Plants treated with poultry manure were more mucilaginous than plants that received other treatments. Poultry manure seems to be a better alternative for the production of jute mallow.
How mega-events capture their hosts: event seizure and the World Cup 2018 in Russia

ABSTRACT This paper develops the notion of “event seizure” to better understand how mega-events, and the elites associated with them, take possession of host cities and societies—of development plans, funds and legislation—and impose their priorities on cities and citizens. It illustrates how event seizure plays out in the preparations for the Football World Cup 2018 in Russia, which is on course to become the most expensive World Cup ever with a total cost of about USD 20 billion. Drawing on government and FIFA documents, public statements from authorities and officials, and media coverage, the paper examines three different dimensions of event seizure. First, infrastructural seizure, where event-related infrastructure, particularly sports venues, crowd out infrastructure that serves wider urban needs. Second, financial seizure, where a close circle of political and business elites benefits from state funding, while the public underwrites cost overruns. Third and last, legal seizure, where the event introduces exceptional legislation, infringing citizen rights and compromising due oversight of event preparations.
The Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors in Adopting Good Aquaculture Practices: Case of Aquaculture Farmers in Malaysia

This study examined the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on the level of Good Aquaculture Practices (GAqP) among aquaculture farmer in the Northern part of Peninsular Malaysia. Primary data was obtained from survey that was conducted on 121 brackishwater and freshwater pond aquaculture farmer in the states of Kedah and Penang. Descriptive analysis was applied to identify the socio-demographic characteristics of aquaculture farmer and their level of GAqP. Multiple Linear Regression model was used to analyze the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the level of GAqP. The findings has revealed that the level of GAqP among brackishwater pond farmer is satisfactory where almost 84 per cent of farmer practicing GAqP at the level of 60 per cent and above with the mean value of 71.9 per cent. While the mean level of GAqP for freshwater pond farmer was at 50.3 per cent with only 18.6 percent of them practicing GAqP at the level of 60 per cent and above. Age and having technical knowledge related to aquaculture were the main factors that significantly influence to the level of GAqP among aquaculture farmer. Therefore measures related to the enhancement of technical knowledge among aquaculture farmer should be deliberated in the formulation of aquaculture development programs to ensure the sustainable development of aquaculture in Malaysia.
Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin Resistant S. aureus in Commercial Soft Drink with Antimicrobial Resistance Test on Isolates in Ethiopia

Staphylococcus aureus is common food contaminant and responsible for food poising. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of S. aureus and Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Commercial Soft Drinks (CSDs) with antimicrobial resistance test on the isolates in two towns of Ethiopia. A total of 774 samples of ready-to-drink CSDs were randomly purchases from different public supply locations and analyzed for S. aureus. MRSA were screened phenotypically using Cefoxitin (FOX 30 μg) disk diffusion method. All of studied CSD products were within manufacturer shelf life. An overall 28 (3.6%) and 5 (0.6%) S. aureus and MRSA were observed, respectively. Similar prevalence of S. aureus ranging from 1.0-4.8% and 1.2-6.6% were observed by product category and by public supply location, respectively. Significantly higher (10.7%; OR=12, 95%OR CI: 6.1-23.7) S. aureus in carton box packed than in glass bottle canned (2.3%) and metal canned (2.4%) products were observed. S. aureus prevalence was higher in CSD products from Bangladesh (17.9%; OR=21.6, 95% OR CI: 10.3-45.6) and Portugal (8.9%; OR=9.8, 95% OR CI: 3.6-26.2) than from Ethiopia (1.3%; OR=1.3, 95% OR CI: 0.5-3.3). Prevalence of MRSA ranged from 0-6.7% within studied variable. High (64.3%) S. aureus were resistant to erythromycin followed by 32.2% to ampicillin. Equal, (21.4%) of S. aureus were resistant to streptomycin, amoxicillin and chloramphenicol. All of MRSA were resistant erythromycin. Equal, 4 (80.0%) MRSA were resistant to amoxicillin and chloramphenicol. No resistant S. aureus and MRSA were observed to gentamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All MRSA isolates were also not resistant to ciprofloxacin. Eighteen S. aureus isolates were resistant to at least single to multiple of six drugs used in the study. Data indicated possible contamination of CDS products with S. aureus and MRSA including MDR strain during processing and post-process handling.
Atmospheric processes triggering the central European floods in June 2013

Abstract. In June 2013, central Europe was hit by a century flood affecting the Danube and Elbe catchments after a 4 day period of heavy precipitation and causing severe human and economic loss. In this study model analysis and observational data are investigated to reveal the key atmospheric processes that caused the heavy precipitation event. The period preceding the flood was characterised by a weather regime associated with cool and unusual wet conditions resulting from repeated Rossby wave breaking (RWB). During the event a single RWB established a reversed baroclinicity in the low to mid-troposphere in central Europe with cool air trapped over the Alps and warmer air to the north. The upper-level cut-off resulting from the RWB instigated three consecutive cyclones in eastern Europe that unusually tracked westward during the days of heavy precipitation. Continuous large-scale slantwise ascent in so-called "equatorward ascending" warm conveyor belts (WCBs) associated with these cyclones is found as the key process that caused the 4 day heavy precipitation period. Fed by moisture sources from continental evapotranspiration, these WCBs unusually ascended equatorward along the southward sloping moist isentropes. Although "equatorward ascending" WCBs are climatologically rare events, they have great potential for causing high impact weather.
The Observed State of the Water Cycle in the Early Twenty-First Century

AbstractThis study quantifies mean annual and monthly fluxes of Earth’s water cycle over continents and ocean basins during the first decade of the millennium. To the extent possible, the flux estimates are based on satellite measurements first and data-integrating models second. A careful accounting of uncertainty in the estimates is included. It is applied within a routine that enforces multiple water and energy budget constraints simultaneously in a variational framework in order to produce objectively determined optimized flux estimates. In the majority of cases, the observed annual surface and atmospheric water budgets over the continents and oceans close with much less than 10% residual. Observed residuals and optimized uncertainty estimates are considerably larger for monthly surface and atmospheric water budget closure, often nearing or exceeding 20% in North America, Eurasia, Australia and neighboring islands, and the Arctic and South Atlantic Oceans. The residuals in South America and Africa ten.
Temperature and Moisture Effects on Soil Respiration in Alpine Grasslands

Abstract The Tibetan Plateau, the low-latitude and high-altitude cold region, has a variety of soils rich in organic carbon (C). Climate change will have large impacts on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux in the region. These impacts will subsequently affect global-scale climate and C cycle links. However, the magnitude of this feedback is still uncertain. Here we use a laboratory incubation experiment to investigate how soil temperature and moisture affected the rate and temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration of three alpine ecosystems (alpine meadow [M], alpine shrubland [SB], alpine swamp [SP]) on the Tibetan Plateau. Soil samples were incubated under three temperature (0°C, 15°C, and 30°C) and two moisture (50% and 100% water-holding capacity) conditions. The response of soil respiration to temperature and moisture varied with ecosystems. Soil respiration in SP was the most temperature sensitive, and higher moisture increased its temperature sensitivity (Q10). The respiration and Q10 depended on total nitrogen in soils. Moreover, high moisture increased the dependence of Q10 on total nitrogen. Our results suggest that rising temperature in Tibetan Plateau may cause a positive feedback to the soil C cycle, particularly coupled with increasing precipitation and N addition.
Intrinsic Motivation in Public Service: Theory and Evidence from State Supreme Courts

This paper provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of the intrinsic preferences of state appellate court judges. We construct a panel data set using published decisions from all state supreme courts from 1947 to 1994. We estimate the effects of changes in judges’ employment conditions on a number of measures of judicial performance. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that judges are intrinsically motivated to provide high-quality decisions and that at the margin they prefer quality over quantity. When judges face less time pressure—whether from the introduction of an intermediate appellate court, the weakening of electoral demands, or an increased salary—they write more well-researched opinions that are cited more often by other judges. These effects are strongest when judges have more discretion to select their portfolios of cases.
The Influence of Oil Concentration, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Composition on Crude Oil Biodegradation by Epyzim and Mixed Cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Arthrobacter simplex

Biological methods have gained attention as an alternative treatment for oil degradation in pollution remediation. External and internal factors have a great influence on crude oil biodegradation. This experiment studied the effect of oil concentrations and ratios of Ammonium and Phosphate on oil degradation in mixed cultures of local strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Arthrobacter simplex. The oil degradation ability of this mixed culture was compared to the dormant culture of Epyzim. The increase of oil concentration, from 1, 3, 5 and 10% (w/v), significantly lowered the ability of both cultures to degrade the oil i.e from 83 % for 1% oil concentration to 64% for 10% oil concentration using local strains. The local strains showed better capability compare to the dormant culture. Medium composition was designed by three levels of ammonium concentration (7.6, 37.9 and 75.8 mg l-1) and two levels of phosphate concentration (2.0 and 9.9 mg l-1). The ratio of ammonium to phosphate of 3.8:1.0 in the growth media has resulted the maximum level of oil degradation, i.e 83% and 88%, for dormant and local cultures respectively. The results suggest a potential usage of local microorganisms in degrading crude oil-polluted water.
A Study Of Antimicrobial Activity Of Acalypha Indica Against Selected Microbial Species

The present study deals with the leaf extracts of Acalypha indica were tested against bacteria by agar well diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity of Acalypha indica was studied using different solvent like acetone and aqueous against bacterial strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. The acetone extract of Acalypha indica showed the maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, minimum inhibition of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. The aqueous extract of Acalypha indica showed maximum inhibition against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Klebsiella sp was resistant to aqueous extract of Acalypha indica. Antimicrobial activity of Acalypha indica plant was due to the presence of phyto chemical compounds like Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, Steroids and Proteins.
Simulation modeling for analysis of a ( Q , r ) inventory system under supply disruption and customer differentiation with partial backordering

We have modeled a new (Q, r) inventory system which involves a single product, a supplier, and a retailer with customer differentiation under continuous review inventory policy. The supplier provides the retailer with all requirements, and the retailer sells products to the customers. The supplying process is randomly subject to disruptions. Partial backordering is applied when a stock out occurs, and customer can select either to leave the system without purchasing or to backorder products. The customers are categorized into two main classes regarding to their backordering probabilities. Themain contribution of this paper is including the customer differentiation in the inventory model. We used simulation technique to verify the impact of supply disruptions and customer differentiation and carried out sensitivity analysis. To test the performance of the model, we have compared our model to one from the latest related research. As the results show, the average of total annual cost of the (Q, r) inventory system is lower than that of the previously developed models such as (r, T) inventory systems.
Effect of drought stress on qualitative characteristics of olive oil of c v Koroneiki

Se han estudiado los valores de calidad reglamentada (acidez, índice de peróxido, los valores de absorbancia en UV (K270, K232), estabilidad oxidativa media en Rancimat 120 C) y características químicas (ácidos grasos, esteroles, triglicéridos) en aceite de oliva virgen variedad Koroneiki sometidos a diferentes regímenes hídricos. El estudio se ha realizado en árboles adultos de 3 años cultivados en contenedor al aire libre. Los árboles se riegan con dos dosis tratando de mantener un potencial de agua en el suelo de unos -0,03 Mpa y -1,5 Mpa. Los resultados muestran en los olivos de riego un aumento significativo de la riqueza grasa y de la estabilidad del aceite. Los aceites producidos en olivos de riego presentan una mayor proporción de ácidos grasos saturados (palmítico-esteárico). Los esteroles totales se ven significativamente influenciados por el riego. Acidez y absorbancia K270, K232 no se han visto afectados por el riego.
Country stereotypes and L2 motivation: A study of French, German and Spanish language learners

The purposes of this study (N=80) were: 1) to explore stereotypes about a target language (TL) country and TL learning motivation among beginner learners of French, German, and Spanish in a big public university in Malaysia, and 2) to examine whether there were relationships between the country stereotypes and the students’ motivation to learn a TL. To collect data, this study administered a questionnaire to the participants. To achieve the first research purpose, this study employed content analysis, which revealed that the respondents had diverse and overwhelmingly positive images about the TL countries. Interestingly, there were some differences in stereotype content across the three TL countries. For example, while technology-related images were prominent in the data collected from the learners of German, such references lacked among the images reported by the participants learning Spanish or French. As to the second research purpose, the findings of statistical analyses indicated that there were statistically significant and positive relationships between country stereotypes and TL learning motivation. The study concludes with discussing implications of the finding for L2 education.