Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Imperfections of the Thermohaline Circulation: Multiple Equilibria and Flux Correction*

Abstract Within one of the simplest models that represents thermohaline transport in the ocean, a two-dimensional Boussinesq model under mixed boundary conditions, the relationship between multiple equilibria in a flux-corrected model and an uncorrected model is considered. Flux-correction procedures are used in some climate models to maintain a climate state close to observed, compensating for model errors by introducing artificial fluxes between model components. A correction procedure used in many ocean or ocean–atmosphere models of the thermohaline circulation involves calculating the freshwater flux required to maintain observed surface salinity and then specifying this flux. In the prototype system here, one model solution is chosen as the “true” solution and flux correction is applied to model versions with different parameters. When the flux correction is not too large, it is qualitatively successful, particularly in reproducing the equilibrium state for which the correction is designed. However, .
Where and How to Look for Help Matters: Analysis of Support Exchange in Online Health Communities for People Living with HIV

Research is scarce on how direct and indirect support seeking strategies affect support exchange in online health communities. Moreover, prior research has relied mostly on content analysis of forum posts at the post level. In order to generate a more fine-grained analysis of support exchange, we conducted content analysis at the utterance level, taking directness of support seeking, quality of provision, forum type, and seeker gender into account. Our analysis of four popular online support forums for people living with human immunodeficiency virus found that type of support sought and provided, support seeking strategy, and quality of emotional support provision differed in care provider/formal forums versus social/informal forums. Interestingly, indirect support seeking tended to elicit more supportive emotional responses than direct support seeking strategies in all forums; we account for this in terms of type of support sought. Practical implications for online support communities are discussed.
CAP I TAL MA INTENANCE A S A KEY DEVELO PMENT TOOL

We construct optimal growth models where labor resources can be allocated either to production, technology adoption or capital maintenance. We first characterize the balanced growth paths of a benchmark model without maintenance. Then we introduce maintenance activity via the depreciation rate of capital. We characterize the optimal allocation of labor across the three activities. Although maintenance deepens the technological gap by diverting labor resources from adoption, we show that it generally increases the long run output level. Moreover, we find that equilibrium maintenance and adoption efforts respond in opposite directions to policy or technology shocks. Finally, we find that the long-term output response to policy shocks is slightly higher in the presence of maintenance.
Ventilation systems for indoor radon mitigation in energy-efficient houses 1

Radon inside buildings represents the main source of human exposure to ionizing radiation in the world. Studies in many countries have shown that high levels of indoor radon increases the risk of lung cancer. A current challenge in research dedicated to residential radon comes from the growing number of modern houses, well insulated with a highly airtight building envelope or conventional rehabilitated in order to reduce energy consumption. Modern trends in civil construction are based on increasing the energy efficiency of buildings in which we live. In the light of the ongoing policy to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings, it is essential to evaluate the effect of new construction methods on the indoor radon level.
Genetic control of yield and yield related traits in selected upland cotton varieties of Pakistan

Inheritance pattern of some polygenic characters were studied in 5 x 5 F 1 diallel hybrids and their parents of upland cotton. 20 F1 hybrids and their parents were grown in field under randomized complete block design at experimental area of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Diallel analysis was used to determine the mode of gene action and genetic components for various yield related traits like plant height, monopodial branches plant -1 , sympodial branches plant -1 , bolls plant -1 , boll weight and seed cotton yield plant -1 . Results of regression coefficients showed that all the characters were fit for genetic analysis. Additive type of gene action with partial dominance and over dominance were involved for the expression of the traits studied. Results suggested that these characters can be improved through appropriate selection method or by hybrid development. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.4038/jas.v9i3. 7435 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2014, vol.9, no3: p.129-138
Determinants of Positive Job Attitude and Behaviour in the Asian Work Context: Evidence from Korean central government agencies

Abstract This study probes and tests the impacts of organizational commitment (OC) and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) among public employees in the Asian context. Using a 2010 Korean Central Government Survey of forty Korean central government agencies (totalling 1,122 respondents), an antecedent- outcome model is developed which analyses how different types of interpersonal and organizational characteristics affect OC and OCB using hierarchical and multi-level ordering statistical techniques. The research finds that certain predictors, such as trust in colleagues (TC), formalized structures, and group culture, play significant roles in fostering OC and OCB among employees. In conclusion, suggestions are made for further research, and practical implications for Asian civil servants are considered.
Statistics and Bioinformatics Ethnicity

th century with the joint development by Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat in probability theory. The scope of statistics increased in the early 19 th century which included the collection and analysis of data in general. This probability theory aroused from the studies made in games of chance. Large-scale statistical computation is required in computation nowadays, and new methods that are tough to perform manually are done with the help of statistics. Biostatistics plays a critical importance in the foundation of modern biology theories. The rediscovery of Mendel's work created gaps in understanding between genetics and evolutionary Darwinism and led to debate between biometricians like, Walter Weldon, Karl Pearson, Charles Davenport, William Bateson and Wilhelm Johannsen. Models built on statistical reasoning had helped to solve these variances and to generate the neo-Darwinian modern evolutionary synthesis. Bioinformatics is a novel branch of science stands in-between biology and informatics, which is itself a new area of research. Therefore, bioinformatics is concerned with creation and application of information-based methodologies to analyze biological data sets and the contained information. The wide adoption of technologies like microarrays, genome sequencing projects has resulted in accumulation of large amount of data daily. Hence, to extract automatically extraction and analysis of these data sets is required. To fill this gap new tools are designed with the help of bioinformatics. Mathematical techniques and statistical methods are the natural solution to this problem. Statistics is helpful in predicting unknown system with the application of mathematical model to the observations obtained from the unknown system. Various fields and recent applications which received the boon of statistics in bioinformatics are depicted in this review article. Some examples like Abstract The outcome of the information by bioinformatics is enormous nowadays. Due to this rapid increment in information, collecting and analysing became a quite hard job. To reduce this encumbrance, various statistical methods are developed. This review paper contains how statistics helped in tool designing for finding genes in genomic DNA where biologists needed in plenty, in Phylogenetic trees, in microarrays, in alignment, in sequence analysis, in BLAST and various other implementations.
The 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd disequilibrium between Polynesian hot spot lavas and the clinopyroxenes they host: Evidence complementing isotopic disequilibrium in melt inclusions

We report 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd data on clinopyroxenes recovered from 10 ocean island lavas from three different hot spots (Samoa, Society, and Cook‐Austral island chains). The clinopyroxenes recovered from eight of the 10 lavas analyzed in this study exhibit 87Sr/86Sr disequilibrium with respect to the host lava. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios in clinopyroxene separates are 95–3146 ppm (0.0095–0.31%) different from their respective host whole rocks. Clinopyroxenes in three lavas have 143Nd/144Nd ratios that are 70–160 ppm (0.007–0.016%) different from the host lavas. The 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd disequilibrium in one lava (the oldest lava considered in this study, Mangaia sample MGA‐B‐47) can be attributed to posteruptive radiogenic ingrowth, but the isotope disequilibrium in the other, younger lavas cannot be explained by this mechanism. In five of the lava samples, two populations of clinopyroxene were isolated (black and green, separated by color). In four out of five of these samples, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the two clinopyroxene populations are isotopically different from each other. In addition to 87Sr/86Sr disequilibrium, the two clinopyroxene populations in one of the lavas (Tahaa sample TAA‐B‐26) have 143Nd/144Nd ratios that are ∼100 ppm different from each other. Given the resilience of clinopyroxene to seawater alteration and the likelihood that the Sr and Nd isotope composition of fresh clinopyroxene separates provides a faithful record of primary magmatic compositions, the clinopyroxene‐clinopyroxene isotope disequilibrium in these four lavas provides strong evidence that a mechanism other than seawater alteration has generated the observed isotopic disequilibrium. This study confirms the isotopic diversity in ocean island lavas previously observed in olivine‐hosted melt inclusions. For example, the Sr isotopic variability previously observed in olivine‐hosted melt inclusions is mirrored by the isotopic diversity in clinopyroxenes isolated from many of the same Samoan lavas. The isotopic data from melt inclusions and clinopyroxenes are not consistent with shallow assimilation of sediment or with entrainment of xenocrystic clinopyroxene from the oceanic crust or upper mantle. Instead, the data are interpreted as reflecting isotopic heterogeneity in the mantle sources of the lavas. The isotopic diversity in clinopyroxenes and melt inclusions suggests that a single lava can host components derived from isotopically diverse source regions.
Gender and Agriculture: Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps

Women make essential contributions to agriculture in developing countries, where they constitute approximately 43 percent of the agricultural labor force. However, female farmers typically have lower output per unit of land and are much less likely to be active in commercial farming than their male counterparts. These gender differences in land productivity and participation between male and female farmers are due to gender differences in access to inputs, resources, and services. In this paper, the authors review the evidence on productivity differences and access to resources. They discuss some of the reasons for these differences, such as differences in property rights, education, control over resources (e.g., land), access to inputs and services (e.g., fertilizer, extension, and credit), and social norms. Although women are less active in commercial farming and are largely excluded from contract farming, they often provide the bulk of wage labor in the nontraditional export sector. In general, gender gaps do not appear to fall systematically with growth, and they appear to rise with GDP per capita and with greater access to resources and inputs. Active policies that support women's access and participation, not just greater overall access, are essential if these gaps are to be closed. The gains in terms of greater productivity of land and overall production are likely to be large.
SACOBRA: Self-Adjusting Constrained Black-Box Optimization with RBF

Modern real-world optimization problems are often high dimensional and subject to many constraints. These problems are typically expensive in terms of cost and computational time. Conventional constraint-based solvers often require a high number of function evaluations which are not affordable for such problems in practice. Employment of fast surrogate models to approximate objective and constraint functions is a known approach for efficient optimization. In this paper we present a new algorithm called Self-Adjusting COBRA (SACOBRA) based on Regis’ COBRA [1]. We evaluate our approach by using 11 G-problems. We get very good results on 10 of the 11 G-problems with a severely limited budget of only 300 evaluations.
Different perspectives on animal health and implications forcommunication between stakeholders

Despite numerous efforts of various professional groups, the level of production diseases in livestock production remains on an unsatisfying high level. Barriers in the process of knowledge transfer in connection with the improvement of the animal health status have been the topic of a study taking different stakeholder perspectives into account. Using instruments of communication science, the perspectives of farmers, agricultural and veterinarian advisors as well as animal scientists were brought together and discussed in workshops. The process revealed the following barriers in the transfer of knowledge: diverging comprehension of animal health, complexity behind multifactorial production diseases, reluctance to assume responsibility, and role conflicts. We conclude that the current communication structure between stakeholders is highly self-referential and not appropriate to enable a target-oriented transfer of knowledge aiming to reduce prevalence rates of multifactorial production diseases on the farm level. Hence, an impulse from “outside” is required to irritate the deadlocked situation and provide new orientation.
Emergent particle-hole symmetry in the half-filled Landau level

We provide an effective description of a particle-hole symmetric state of electrons in a half-filled Landau level, starting from the traditional approach pioneered by Halperin, Lee and Read. Specifically, we study a system consisting of alternating quasi-one-dimensional strips of composite Fermi liquid (CFL) and composite hole liquid (CHL), both of which break particle-hole symmetry. When the CFL and CHL strips are identical in size, the resulting state is manifestly invariant under the combined action of a particle-hole transformation with respect to a single Landau level (which interchanges the CFL and CHL) and translation by one unit, equal to the strip width, in the direction transverse to the strips. At distances long compared to the strip width, we demonstrate that the system is described by a Dirac fermion coupled to an emergent gauge field, with an anti-unitary particle-hole symmetry, as recently proposed by Son.
Exploring the washback effects of a high-stakes English test on the teaching of English in Spanish upper secondary schools

In the past decades, there has been a growing interest in the effects of language tests, especially high-stakes tests, on teaching and learning referred to as ‘washback'. In fact, high-stakes tests have started to be exploited to reform instruction and achieve beneficial washback. This paper focuses on the washback effects of a high-stakes English Test (ET) on the teaching of English. The main goal of this study is to examine the washback effects of the ET on the following aspects of teaching: curriculum, materials, teaching methods, and teaching feelings and attitudes. The study also attempts to discover teachers' perceptions towards the introduction of a speaking and a listening component in the design of the new ET due to be implemented in 2012. The overall findings, collected from a questionnaire carried out among 51 secondary teachers, indicate that the ET is clearly affecting curriculum and materials. Results also reveal that the ET appears to influence teachers' methodology. Furthermore, most of the teachers believe that the introduction of a speaking and a listening component in the new ET design will help solve the mismatch between the communicative approach they seem to value and the skills so far evaluated in the ET.
Studies of lipolysis and neuroendocrine rhythms in cluster headache

Cluster headache (CH) is characterised by excruciating, unilateral headache attacks, which in the episodic form appear in clusters for weeks or even months. The headache attacks are often accompanied by ipsilateral, cranial autonomic symptoms supporting a local peripheral sympathetic deficit and a parasympathetic discharge. CH attacks are also associated with various cardiovascular changes indicating a systemic, autonomic disturbance as well, although the reports are contradictory. The etiology of CH is not known but a hypothalamic involvement is strongly suggested. Since hypothalamus is of great importance for the integration of autonomic nervous system signals, a disturbance in this area provides a possibility of a systemic, autonomic dysfunction of central origin in CH. The overall objective with this project was to focus on a better understanding of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions in CH. As a metabolic marker of systemic autonomic activity, adipose tissue lipolysis was studied, a metabolic function that is directly and indirectly regulated by hypothalamus. In study I we investigated nocturnal lipolysis in CH patients as a marker for nocturnal sympathetic function compared to healthy controls. We found diminished nocturnal lipolysis in CH patients, both in active period and in remission. In addition, patients in remission showed an altered nocturnal lipolysis rhythm. These findings reflect for the first time a metabolic disturbance in CH and may be a result of a systemic sympathetic dysregulation, possibly at a hypothalamic level. Most of the CH patients are heavy smokers. In study II we investigated to which extent smoking habits affect lipolysis in habitual smokers. We did not find any differences in nocturnal lipolysis between healthy smokers, after short-term tobacco withdrawal, and healthy non-smokers, which indicates that our finding of diminished nocturnal lipolysis in CH patients is not explained by smoking habits. The lipolytic activity may be affected by disturbed β-receptor function. In study III we showed that diminished lipolysis in CH is not caused by defective β-receptors in adipose tissue, at least not in remission. On the contrary, β-receptors in adipose tissue appeared to be up-regulated, which may be a sign of decreased sympathetic tone and in support of a systemic sympathetic dysregulation in CH. In study IV we investigated if a diminished lipolysis in CH remission could be a result of altered nocturnal secretion of noradrenaline, growth hormone (GH), insulin or cortisol, hormones with a potential effect on lipolysis and which at least partly are regulated by hypothalamic activity. We found altered GH concentrations during the early part of the night in CH but a normal secretion of noradrenaline, insulin and cortisol compard to controls. We suggested that the altered nocturnal GH pattern in remission in part may explain the altered nocturnal lipolysis in CH and support a permanent hypothalamic disturbance in CH
Of Roots and Fruits: A Comparison of Psychedelic and Nonpsychedelic Mystical Experiences

Experiences of profound existential or spiritual significance can be triggered reliably through psychopharmacological means using psychedelic substances. However, little is known about the benefits of religious, spiritual, or mystical experiences (RSMEs) prompted by psychedelic substances, as compared with those that occur through other means. In this study, 739 self-selected participants reported the psychological impact of their RSMEs and indicated whether they were induced by a psychedelic substance. Experiences induced by psychedelic substances were rated as more intensely mystical (d = .75, p < .001), resulted in a reduced fear of death (d = .21, p < .01), increased sense of purpose (d = .18, p < .05), and increased spirituality (d = .28, p < .001) as compared with nonpsychedelically triggered RSMEs. These results remained significant in an expanded model controlling for gender, education, socioeconomic status, and religious affiliation. These findings lend support to the growing consensus that RSMEs induced with psychedelic substances are genuinely mystical and generally positive in outcome.
Evidence for Superconductivity above 260 K in Lanthanum Superhydride at Megabar Pressures.

Recent predictions and experimental observations of high T_{c} superconductivity in hydrogen-rich materials at very high pressures are driving the search for superconductivity in the vicinity of room temperature. We have developed a novel preparation technique that is optimally suited for megabar pressure syntheses of superhydrides using modulated laser heating while maintaining the integrity of sample-probe contacts for electrical transport measurements to 200 GPa. We detail the synthesis and characterization of lanthanum superhydride samples, including four-probe electrical transport measurements that display significant drops in resistivity on cooling up to 260 K and 180-200 GPa, and resistivity transitions at both lower and higher temperatures in other experiments. Additional current-voltage measurements, critical current estimates, and low-temperature x-ray diffraction are also obtained. We suggest that the transitions represent signatures of superconductivity to near room temperature in phases of lanthanum superhydride, in good agreement with density functional structure search and BCS theory calculations.
Insurance Activities and Systemic Risk

This paper investigates systemic risk in the insurance industry. We first analyze the systemic contribution of the insurance industry vis-a-vis other industries by applying 3 measures, namely the linear Granger causality test, conditional value at risk and marginal expected shortfall, on 3 groups, namely banks, insurers and non-financial companies listed in Europe over the last 14 years. We then analyze the determinants of the systemic risk contribution within the insurance industry by using balance sheet level data in a broader sample. Our evidence suggests that i) the insurance industry shows a persistent systemic relevance over time and plays a subordinate role in causing systemic risk compared to banks, and that ii) within the industry, those insurers which engage more in non-insurance-related activities tend to pose more systemic risk. In addition, we are among the first to provide empirical evidence on the role of diversification as potential determinant of systemic risk in the insurance industry. Finally, we confirm that size is also a significant driver of systemic risk, whereas price-to-book ratio and leverage display counterintuitive results.