Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The development of an objective model to assess arthroscopic performance.

BACKGROUND Many residency and fellowship programs have cadaver laboratories to teach and practice arthroscopic skills. However, there is currently no validated method of evaluating arthroscopic skill in this setting. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate an objective model for evaluating basic arthroscopic proficiency on a cadaver knee in a bioskills laboratory. METHODS Two measures from the educational literature were adapted for use specifically for arthroscopy: a task-specific checklist and a global rating scale were combined to create the Basic Arthroscopic Knee Skill Scoring System. Fifty-nine residents, three sports medicine fellows, and six sports medicine fellowship-trained attending surgeons were recruited. After completing a demographic survey, including the postgraduate year and number of knee and shoulder arthroscopies performed, each subject performed a diagnostic knee arthroscopy and a partial meniscectomy on a cadaver knee while being assessed by a single evaluator using the Basic Arthroscopic Knee Skill Scoring System. RESULTS There was a strong positive correlation between global rating scale scores and both the postgraduate year (r = 0.93, p < 0.01) and the ranked number of knee arthroscopies performed (r = 0.88, p < 0.01). These scores detected significant differences between postgraduate years 1 and 2, and years 4 and 5 at the p <or= 0.01 level and between years 2 and 3 at the p <or= 0.05 level. Task-specific checklist scores were moderately correlated with both postgraduate year (r = 0.73, p < 0.01) and ranked number of knee arthroscopies performed (r = 0.64, p < 0.01). These scores detected significant differences only between postgraduate year-1 and year-2 residents at the p <or= 0.01 level, indicating that these skills are acquired early in training. CONCLUSION The Basic Arthroscopic Knee Skill Scoring System can capture and differentiate levels of arthroscopic skill and was validated to objectively evaluate basic arthroscopic proficiency in a bioskills laboratory. This model will allow benchmarks of surgical skill to be created for each level of residency training and individual progress to be monitored over time.
Vehicle-dependent Effects of Sphingosine 1-phosphate on Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression

Aim: Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) has been suggested to be a positive regulator of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in adipocytes, while some studies are not consistent with this prothrombotic property of S1P. Since S1P is bound to apolipoprotein M (apoM) on HDL or to albumin in plasma, we compared the properties of these two forms on the PAI-1 induction. Methods: We investigated the associations of S1P, apoM, and PAI-1 concentrations in the plasma of normal coronary artery (NCA), stable angina pectoris (SAP), and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) subjects (n = 32, 71, and 38, respectively). Then, we compared the effects of S1P with various vehicles on the PAI-1 expression in 3T3L1 adipocytes. We also investigated the modulation of the PAI-1 levels in mice infected with adenovirus coding apoM. Results: Among ACS subjects, the PAI-1 level was positively correlated with the S1P level, but not the apoM level. In adipocytes, S1P bound to an apoM-rich vehicle induced PAI-1 expression to a lesser extent than the control vehicle, while S1P bound to an apoM-depleted vehicle induced PAI-1 expression to a greater extent than the control vehicle in 3T3L1 adipocytes. Additionally, apoM overexpression in mice failed to modulate the plasma PAI-1 level and the adipose PAI-1 expression level. S1P bound to albumin increased PAI-1 expression through the S1P receptor 2-Rho/ROCK-NFκB pathway. Conclusion: S1P bound to albumin, but not to apoM, induces PAI-1 expression in adipocytes, indicating that S1P can exert different properties on the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, depending on its vehicle.
Computed Tomographic Assessment of Fractures of the Posterior Wall of the Acetabulum After Operative Treatment

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results after operative treatment of fractures of the posterior wall of the acetabulum in relationship to the quality of the fracture reduction as assessed by postoperative two-dimensional computed tomography. Methods: The functional results for sixty-seven patients who had open reduction and internal fixation of an unstable fracture of the posterior wall of the acetabulum and the findings of two-dimensional computed tomography performed postoperatively were analyzed. Sixty-one patients were followed for a mean of four years after the injury, and the remaining six patients who had poor early results necessitating reconstructive surgery were followed for less than two years. All patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with use of three standard plain radiographs (one anteroposterior and two Judet 45° oblique pelvic radiographs) and a two-dimensional computed tomography scan. The functional outcome for the patients was evaluated with use of a modification of the clinical grading system described by Letournel and Judet. The radiographs were graded according to the criteria described by Matta. The two-dimensional computed tomography scans were used to determine fracture gap and offset measurements. Results: The clinical outcome was graded as excellent in thirty-one patients (46%), very good in twenty (30%), good in eight (12%), and poor in eight (12%). The final radiographic results were graded as excellent in fifty-three hips (79%), good in four (6%), fair in three (5%), and poor in seven (10%). There was a strong association between clinical outcome and final radiographic grade. Fracture reductions were graded as anatomic in sixty-five and imperfect in two, as determined with use of plain radiography. However, postoperative computed tomography revealed an incongruency (offset) of >2 mm in eleven hips and fracture gaps of ≥2 mm in fifty-two. Fracture gaps of ≥10 mm in any dimension or a total gap area of ≥35 mm 2 were associated with a poor result. The main risk factors for a poor result were a residual fracture gap width of ≥10 mm and osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Conclusions: The degree of residual fracture displacement is detected more accurately on postoperative computed tomography scans than on plain radiographs. The accuracy of surgical reduction as assessed on postoperative computed tomography is highly predictive of the clinical outcome. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level III-2 (retrospective cohort study). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Improving Self-Control: The Influence of Role Models on Intertemporal Choices

The ability to delay rewards is one of the most useful qualities one may wish to develop. People who possess this quality achieve more successful careers, display better interpersonal skills and are less vulnerable to psychopathology, obesity or addictions. In the present online studies, we investigated the extent to which delay-of-reward behaviors in female participants can be improved by observing others mastering it. We developed an intertemporal choice (IC) paradigm in which participants had to make fictitious choices between sooner smaller rewards and later bigger ones (e.g., $150 in 1 week vs. $170 in 4 weeks). In Study 1 (N = 186), we found that participants who delayed more had higher socioeconomic statuses and were less likely to procrastinate, smoke or develop obesity. In Study 2 (N = 178), we exposed female participants to a role model who, faced with ICs, chose most of the time the delayed option. Results showed that, although participants were only asked to memorize the model’s decisions, they tended to choose the delayed option more often after than before exposure to the model. In Study 3 (N = 148), we found that the direction of the influence depended on the model’s behavior: our female participants delayed more after having seen a high delay than a low delay model. In Study 4 (N = 370), we confirmed the effect of modeling on ICs in comparison to a control condition and showed that this effect was still significant 3 months after exposure to the model. Altogether, these results speak in favor of a high efficacy of modeling to develop self-control in women.
A novel echocardiographic method for the prediction of coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death and prevention and early detection of CAD are major goals of healthcare. Although ultrasound methods allow valid and repeatable detection of structure and function of cardiovascular system, a rapid ultrasonographic method for the prediction of CAD has not yet been defined. MATERIAL/METHODS Ninety-one patients with newly diagnosed significant CAD on coronary angiography and 36 patients with normal coronary arteries were included in the study. Aortic strain, aortic distensibility, aortofemoral pulse-wave propagation velocity (PWPV), and color M-mode propagation velocity of the descending aorta (AVP) were measured. RESULTS Male sex and smoking were significantly more frequent in the CAD group. Mean values of the left ventricular ejection fraction and AVP were significantly lower with higher PWPV in patients with CAD than controls. Multivariate regression analysis including age, hypertension, LDL cholesterol, diabetes, smoking habit, body mass index, left ventricular ejection fraction, AVP, aortic strain, aortic distensibility, and PWPV revealed that AVP (beta=0.850, p<0.001) and PWPV (beta=0.166, p=0.008) were the only significant predictors of CAD. However, when AVP was extracted from the regression model, the adjusted R2 decreased from 0.652 to 0.099. An AVP value of < or =41 cm/s, determined by receiver operating curve analysis, predicted CAD with 82.4% sensitivity and 97.2% specificity (positive predictive value: 98.7% and negative predictive value: 68.2%). CONCLUSIONS Bedside risk stratification for CAD is feasible by echocardiographic determination of AVP. This novel parameter may be particularly useful in identifying patients who will benefit from further diagnostic strategies for CAD.
The energetic value of nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to physical activity in group-housed, growing pigs.

The dose response effect of dietary nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) content on physical activity in relation to metabolic rate in pigs was studied. Twelve clusters of 14 pigs (50-kg castrated males) were fed one of four diets, similar in composition, except for the starch and NSP content. The difference in starch and NSP ratio was created by exchanging sugar beet pulp silage (SBPS) for tapioca. On a DM basis, diets contained 0, 5, 10, or 15% SBPS. Pigs were housed in groups and fed at 2.5 times the maintenance energy requirements. Nitrogen and energy balances were measured per cluster during a 7-d experimental period, which was preceded by a 2-wk adaptation period. Dietary composition did not affect ADG. Metabolizability decreased with increasing dietary SBPS content (P < .01). Heat production as well as energy retention were unaffected by the exchange of starch for NSP (P > .1). However, dietary composition affected energy expenditure on physical activity (P < .10). Pigs were more quiet when dietary NSP content increased. Based on heat production data and on apparent digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, and NSP, the estimated net energy value of fermented NSP was 14.8 kJ/g. This relatively high energy value of fermented NSP was mainly related to the lowered energy expenditure for physical activity, 3.9 kJ/g of fermented NSP. The present study demonstrated that the lower energetic utilization of fermented NSP compared with that of starch can be fully compensated in pigs by reducing their physical activity. Thus, energy evaluation systems should account for systematic dietary influences on physical activity.
A Brief Overview of Resting Energy Expenditure and It’s Predictive Equations

Chronic energy imbalance is a strong predictor of metabolic abnormalities; a sizable number of research has been carried out to investigate how this system of obesity and energy homeostasis are understood, its metabolic consequences, and possible solutions to restore homeostasis. Currently, there is an array of methodologies designed for measurements of various aspects of energy metabolism. It is exigent therefore to understand the relative merits of each methodology in order to choose the most appropriate ones for research and other investigations. It is also important to note that studies of this nature require precision and accuracy. In this review article, we provide information on the utility and limitations of methodologies that are commonly used in energy expenditure research, with a specific focus on its variability, correlations, indications and contraindications.
Marketisation in China from 1997 to 2014: Achievements and contribution to growth

China has persevered in its market-oriented economic reform for 40 years. Guided by a reform strategy of ‘crossing the river by feeling the stones’, China managed to avoid the major economic decline and crisis that occurred in other transitional economies such as Russia and others in Eastern Europe, and successfully transformed its centrally planned economy into a largely market-oriented economy. In the past 40 years, China has achieved average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 9.5 percentage points, and overtook the United States to become the world’s largest economy, measured by purchasing power parity (PPP), in 2014. Rapid economic growth has lifted millions of Chinese people out of poverty and improved their living standards.
Cecectomy causes long-term reduction of colonization resistance in the mouse gastrointestinal tract

Removal of the cecum from normal mice caused a major perturbation of the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. There was a permanent reduction in colonization resistance resulting in a 1,000-fold increase in the concentration of facultatively anaerobic coliform bacteria. The animals were significantly more susceptible to peroral challenge by the intestinal pathogen Salmonella enteritidis. Coincident with this increase in coliform counts and susceptibility to salmonellae was a decrease in the numbers of strictly anaerobic fusiform bacteria that dominate the rodent intestinal tract, resulting in reduced levels of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. Cecectomized mice are likely to be a useful model for study of the interaction between intestinal pathogens and the normal microbiota and for studies of translocation of bacteria into host tissues after loss of colonization resistance.
Association between Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Bacteremia and Ceftriaxone Usage

Objective. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have become a public health concern with implications for patient mortality and costs. Hospital antibiotic usage may impact VRE incidence, but the relationship is poorly understood. Animal investigations suggest that ceftriaxone may be associated with VRE proliferation. We measured antimicrobial usage and VRE bloodstream infection (VRE-BSI) incidence to test our hypothesis that increased ceftriaxone usage would be associated with a higher incidence of VRE-BSI. Design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, a 900-bed urban tertiary care hospital. Participants. All patients admitted during the study period contributed data. Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of antimicrobial usage and VRE-BSI from 2005 to 2008 (43 months). Antimicrobial usage was quantified as days of therapy (DOTs) per 1,000 patient-days. VRE-BSI incidence was calculated as cases per 1,000 patient-days. Negative binomial regression with adjustment for correlation between consecutive observations was used to measure the association between antimicrobial usage and VRE-BSI incidence at the hospital- and care-unit levels. Results. VRE-BSI incidence increased from 0.06 to 0.17 infections per 1,000 patient-days. Hospital VRE-BSI incidence was associated with prior-month ceftriaxone DOTs (incidence rate ratio, 1.38 per 10 DOTs; P = .005). After controlling for ceftriaxone, prior-month cephalosporin usage (class) was not predictive of VRE-BSI (P = .70). Similarly, prior-month usage of piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, cefazolin, or vancomycin was not predictive of VRE-BSI when considered individually (P ≥ .4 for all comparisons). The final model suggests that type of intensive care unit was related to VRE-BSI incidence. Conclusions. Ceftriaxone usage in the prior month, but not cephalosporin (class) or vancomycin usage, was related to VRE-BSI incidence. These findings suggest that an antimicrobial stewardship program that limits ceftriaxone may reduce nosocomial VRE-BSI incidence.
The Mucosa of the Digestive Tract in Micropogonias furnieri: A Light and Electron Microscope Approach

The histomorphological aspects as well as the histochemical content and distribution of glycoproteins (GPs) in the mucosa of the digestive tract of the white croaker Micropogonias furnieri were studied. The buccopharyngeal cavity and the esophagous showed a squamous stratified epithelium with mucous cells. The stomach presented three portions: cardias, fundus and pylorus. Tubular glands formed by a single type of gland cell were located along the cardias and fundus. Histochemical tests showed that the buccopharyngeal cavity and the esophagous presented the largest amount of the different types of mucosubstances. Both organs showed abundant secretory mucous cells that synthesize large quantities of neutral, sulphated and sialylated GPs. The surface epithelium in the cardias and fundus synthesized and secreted scarce sialylated and neutral GPs whereas the secretions of the apical surface were abundant. The pylorus secreted large amounts of neutral as well as sulphated and sialylated GPs. Gland cells secreted neutral GPs. The ultrastructural features of the gut cells were quite similar to those of other teleosts. The buccopharyngeal cavity and the esophagous surface epithelial cells, identified by their superficial localization, were characterized by cytoplasmic vesicles of different size. Abundant goblet cells with secretory mucous granules were also present. Gastric glands in the stomach contained just one form of cell with a fine structure similar to cells that secrete pepsinogen.
Noradrenergic Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious psychiatric illness that may develop in individuals after exposure to a traumatic event. Recent data suggest that trauma and/or long-term stressors can cause alterations in the functioning of neuroanatomical structures and neural networks throughout the central nervous system. Specifically, dysregulation in central and perhaps, peripheral noradrenergic neural networks has been implicated as the cause of specific symptom clusters in the pathophysiology of PTSD. In this review, both clinical and preclinical data are presented to highlight types of noradrenergic dysfunction observed in individuals with PTSD. Additionally, the role of noradrenaline dysregulation in the acquisition/initiation, and maintenance of hyperarousal and reexperiencing symptom clusters in PTSD will be addressed.
A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF BLACK DOCTORAL MUSIC STUDENTS’ AND GRADUATES’ MANAGEMENT OF IDENTITY STEREOTYPES

Numerous studies have found that stereotype threat can negatively affect academic performance, especially for Black students. However, studies have also shown that many African Americans have used the threat to enhance motivation and achievement. McGee & Martin (2011) used stereotype management to explain how Black mathematic students handled racial stereotypes and exhibited high achievement and resilience within an environment where stereotypes threatened performance. This study was designed to apply and extend research on stereotype threat and stereotype management to non-experimental, real-world accounts of Black music students. The purpose of this study was to investigate how Black music students identify and respond to identity stereotypes throughout their music education . The focus was on the issues of motivation and resilience. The study was designed to elicit the current and past experiences of Black doctoral music students and graduates, within the sociocultural context of their music programs and communities. This study was grounded in a phenomenological theoretical framework and employed narrative inquiry methods. The following questions framed the study: How do Black doctoral music students and graduates report their experiences in music education classrooms and related activities? What types of stereotypes do Black doctoral music students and graduates encounter? The findings reveal that the major experiences were related to gender and SES stereotypes in earlier years, and almost exclusively racial stereotyping in college years. However the participants’ strengthening racial identity directly affected their responses to racial stimuli in their experiences. In addition, pride in Black identity not only served as motivation in the presence of racial stereotyping but also had debilitating effects. Finally, stereotype management manifested in determination to prove naysayers wrong, adamant defiance of stereotypes, and the desire to give back to future Black music students. Implications include suggestions on how music programs can build agency and resilience, and support the success of minority students and students from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Findings from this study corroborate findings on the experiences of Black doctoral students in other disciplines. The results encourage further research on the effects of identity on the success of music students. INDEX WORDS: Stereotype threat, stereotype management, Black doctoral students, Black doctoral music students, resilience, social identity, racial identity, music education A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF BLACK DOCTORAL MUSIC STUDENTS’ AND GRADUATES’ MANAGEMENT OF IDENTITY STEREOTYPES by STEVEN ARMON ANDERSON
Knowledge of the European Code against Cancer in sixth‐form pupils and teachers in Asturias (Spain)

Cancer is the second major cause of death in Spain and in most industrialized countries. It is also the main cause of premature death. The objective of this study was to evaluate what is known and practiced of the European Code against Cancer by students and teachers of the final course of secondary education in Asturias (Spain). Two questionnaires (the official one given by the European Code against Cancer and another, designed by us) were given to a representative sample of 695 students and 160 teachers. The mean score of knowledge for teachers and pupils, respectively, was 6.41 and 5.05, out of a possible maximum of 16 points. This difference was statistically significant (Student's t-test = 6.63; P > 0.0001). A relationship was also found in females between knowledge and practice in relation to food intake, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and cancer. Our results demonstrate a lack of knowledge and practice of the Code, which places at risk the main objective of the Europe against Cancer Programme to reduce cancer mortality by 15% by the year 2000. In our opinion more informational-educational programmes are therefore necessary.
Critical Literacy and Urban Youth: Pedagogies of Access, Dissent, and Liberation

Critical Literacy and Urban Youth offers an interrogation of critical theory developed from the author’s work with young people in classrooms, neighborhoods, and institutions of power. Through cases, an articulated process, and a theory of literacy education and social change, Morrell extends the conversation among literacy educators about what constitutes critical literacy while also examining implications for practice in secondary and postsecondary American educational contexts. This book is distinguished by its weaving together of theory and practice.