Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Wealth Effect of New Product Introductions on Industry Rivals

We find that, on average, rivals of firms announcing new products experience a significantly negative wealth effect. We also show that rivals in technologically based industries experience the most significantly unfavorable effect. Rivals' share price response is more unfavorable when the wealth effect on the announcers is larger and when frequent announcers introduce new products. Smaller rivals and those with better investment opportunities also are more adversely affected. Further, highly leveraged rivals, especially those in concentrated industries, experience a greater wealth loss. However, we find that rivals' wealth effects are more favorable when the products introduced are very new.
Rheology of magmas with bimodal crystal size and shape distributions: Insights from analog experiments

Magmas in volcanic conduits commonly contain microlites in association with preexisting phenocrysts, as often indicated by volcanic rock textures. In this study, we present two different experiments that investigate the flow behavior of these bidisperse systems. In the first experiments, rotational rheometric methods are used to determine the rheology of monodisperse and polydisperse suspensions consisting of smaller, prolate particles (microlites) and larger, equant particles (phenocrysts) in a bubble‐free Newtonian liquid (silicate melt). Our data show that increasing the relative proportion of prolate microlites to equant phenocrysts in a magma at constant total particle content can increase the relative viscosity by up to three orders of magnitude. Consequently, the rheological effect of particles in magmas cannot be modeled by assuming a monodisperse population of particles. We propose a new model that uses interpolated parameters based on the relative proportions of small and large particles and produces a considerably improved fit to the data than earlier models. In a second series of experiments we investigate the textures produced by shearing bimodal suspensions in gradually solidifying epoxy resin in a concentric cylinder setup. The resulting textures show the prolate particles are aligned with the flow lines and spherical particles are found in well‐organized strings, with sphere‐depleted shear bands in high‐shear regions. These observations may explain the measured variation in the shear thinning and yield stress behavior with increasing solid fraction and particle aspect ratio. The implications for magma flow are discussed, and rheological results and textural observations are compared with observations on natural samples.
The Environment and Trade : a Review ∗

Reflecting the emphasis of recent work in the field of trade and the environment, this review focuses on empirical issues, primarily econometric estimates of the pollution haven effect and simulationbased calculations of carbon leakage. A brief discussion of the theory explains why intuition from partial equilibrium models may not carry over to a genral equilibrium setting.
Accurate Quantification of Cortical Bone Porosity Using High-Resolution Micro-CT

Figure 2. (a) Reconstructed 1μm nominal resolution microCT image of the anterior proximal tibial metaphysis. (b) Reconstructed 4-μm nominal resolution microCT image of the same region shown in (a). (scale bars: 100 μm) INTRODUCTION Cortical porosity contributes to the overall mechanical properties of bone and provides a reservoir for interstitial fluid. Micro-CT is a convenient technique to evaluate the 3D microstructure of bone, including cortical porosity. Recent improvements in commercial micro-CT systems allow scanning at nominal resolutions as high as 1 μm; however, image processing and histomorphometric analysis at this level of resolution are timeand computer-intensive tasks. Thus, it is important to determine the minimum resolution that is adequate for the type of measurements an experimenter wants to investigate. The goal of this study was to assess the appropriate micro-CT resolution to accurately quantify cortical bone porosities in small animal models. For this purpose, cortical bone porosity measurements were compared using nominal resolutions of 1 μm and 4 μm. Figure 3. (a) VOI from a 1-μm image of the anterior proximal tibia. (b) Edgedetected image demonstrating vascular pores and the smaller lacunar pores. Red arrows mark a vascular pore. (scale bars: 15 μm) METHODS (b) (a) Sample preparation Permission for this study was granted by the IACUC. Six 20-weekold female Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to sham ovariectomy surgery, as part of a larger study. Six weeks after sham surgery the animals were sacrificed, and the right tibiae harvested, put in formalin for 48 hours, placed in 70% ethanol and stored at 4o C until imaging.
Got worms ? A review of Tubifex tubifex resistance to Myxobolus cerebralis infection

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (Holt 1987) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (Lorenzen, Salsgaard et al. 1997) in young salmonids. This bacterium was first isolated in 1948 from Coho Salmon in Washington State (Holt 1987) and has since been shown to cause significant losses in commercial aquaculture operations in the United States (Bernardet 1997), Europe (Lorenzen, Salsgaard et al. 1997), Chile (Bustos, Calbuyahue et al. 1995) and Japan (Wakabayashi, Toyama et al. 1994). The bacteria was first isolated from Utah’s Glenwood Sport Fish Hatchery in 1996 and has since been found to cause significant fish mortalities throughout the state’s captive rearing program. To address this problem, a research team at the state’s Fisheries Experiment Station has been working to develop a vaccine against the bacteria.
Reflected solutions of backward SDE's, and related obstacle problems for PDE's

We study reflected solutions of one-dimensional backward stochastic differential equations. The “reflection” keeps the solution above a given stochastic process. We prove uniqueness and existence both by a fixed point argument and by approximation via penalization. We show that when the coefficient has a special form, then the solution of our problem is the value function of a mixed optimal stopping–optimal stochastic control problem. We finally show that, when put in a Markovian framework, the solution of our reflected BSDE provides a probabilistic formula for the unique viscosity solution of an obstacle problem for a parabolic partial differential equation.
Torsional Alfvén waves in solar magnetic flux tubes of axial symmetry

Aims. Propagation and energy transfer of torsional Alfven waves in solar magnetic flux tubes of axial symmetry is studied. Methods. An analytical model of a solar magnetic flux tube of axial symmetry is developed by specifying a magnetic flux and deriving general analytical formulas for the equilibrium mass density and gas pressure. The main advantage of this model is that it can be easily adopted to any axisymmetric magnetic structure. The model is used to numerically simulate the propagation of nonlinear Alfven waves in such 2D flux tubes of axial symmetry embedded in the solar atmosphere. The waves are excited by a localized pulse in the azimuthal component of velocity and launched at the top of the solar photosphere, and they propagate through the solar chromosphere, the transition region, and into the solar corona. Results. The results of our numerical simulations reveal a complex scenario of twisted magnetic field lines and flows associated with torsional Alfven waves, as well as energy transfer to the magnetoacoustic waves that are triggered by the Alfven waves and are akin to the vertical jet flows. Alfven waves experience about 5% amplitude reflection at the transition region. Magnetic (velocity) field perturbations that experience attenuation (growth) with height agree with analytical findings. The kinetic energy of magnetoacoustic waves consists of 25% of the total energy of Alfven waves. The energy transfer may lead to localized mass transport in the form of vertical jets, as well as to localized heating because slow magnetoacoustic waves are prone to dissipation in the inner corona.
Do Investment‐Specific Technological Changes Matter for Business Fluctuations? Evidence from Japan

The observed decline in the relative price of investment goods in Japan suggests the existence of investment-speci…c technological (IST) changes. This paper examines whether IST changes are a major source of business ‡uctuations in Japan, by estimating a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with Bayesian methods. We show that IST changes are less important than neutral technological changes in explaining output ‡uctuations. We also demonstrate that investment ‡uctuations are mainly driven by shocks to investment adjustment costs. Such shocks represent variations of costs involved in changing investment spending, such as …nancial intermediation costs. We then …nd that the estimated investment adjustment cost shocks correlate strongly with the diusion index of …rms'…nancial position in the Tankan (Short-term Economic Survey of Enterprises in Japan). We thus argue that the large decline in investment growth in the early 1990s is due to an increase in investment adjustment costs stemming from …rms'tight …nancial constraint after the collapse of Japan's asset price bubble.
Arboreal Diversity of the Atlantic Forest of Southern Brazil: From the Beach Ridges to the Paraná River

The Atlantic Forest (a hotspot for conservation) used to be the second largest tropical moist forest of South America (Oliveira-Filho & Fontes, 2000). It originally covered 20% (around 1.5 million km2) of the Brazilian territory and occupied highly heterogeneous environmental conditions (Ribeiro et al., 2009). Nowadays, however, the Atlantic Forest covers less than 1% of the country or 7.5% of remnants (Myers et al., 2000). When intermediate secondary forests and small fragments (< 100 ha) are included, this contribution increases, ranging from 11.4 to 16% (Ribeiro et al. 2009). The Atlantic Forest still comprises 20000 plant species, 8000 being endemic (Myers, 2000). For instance, in the 1950s, 40% of the Atlantic Forest still covered almost all the state of Parana in Southern Brazil (Fundacao SOS Mata Atlântica et al., 1998). During the following three decades, habitats that took thousands of years to evolve continued to be destroyed. What remains today covers an area 9.5 times smaller (10.58%) than the original area (Fundacao SOS Mata Atlântica & INPE, 2010). This coincided with a period when the government aimed at an “economic development”. However, this erroneous decision caused an irreparable loss of ecosystem functions (e.g. amount and quality of water, soil, carbon stocks, biodiversity, etc). Once more, immediate “development” led to the loss of a valuable ecosystem that had potential to bring true and sustainable development. The respect for the natural dynamics of ecosystems and species evolution is rarely presented in environmental discussions. Therefore it is timely to study biodiversity and to promote its management and restoration. This chapter aims at discussing tree diversity of different formations of the Atlantic Forest in Southern Brazil, using data from phytosociological studies carried out in the state of Parana. This study attempts to assess the following questions: What ecosystems are understudied in terms of phytosociological surveys? Are the tree species richness and diversity of the different formations of these Atlantic Forests sufficiently known? What are the tree species richness and the diversity when considering only individuals found in phytosociological surveys? What species are the most abundant in each ecosystem evaluated? What are the differences and similarities among these formations?
Recent Advances That Impact Skeletal Muscle Growth and Development Research

Numerous technological advances and scientific insights have had profound effects on our understanding of skeletal muscle growth and development. The objective of this review is to highlight a new technology and recent findings on the functional responses of skeletal muscle/satellite cells to physiological stimuli. First, recent technological advances have facilitated global gene expression profiling experiments. This type of research has, for the first time, provided researchers with insights into cell/tissue-wide response to a given treatment. These experiments have dramatically increased our understanding of the extent to which cells/tissues respond. Furthermore, these experiments have implicated previously underappreciated genes as playing potentially vital roles in biological events. Secondly, recent advances have suggested that the cell culture model utilized can greatly influence the
Functional Characterization of the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) in S. cerevisiae

The origin recognition complex (Orc1-6) plays a fundamental role in the initiation of DNA replication by binding replication origins throughout the budding yeast cell cycle. ORC acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) factors Cdc6, Cdt1 and a replicative helicase, the minichromosome maintenance (MCM2-7) complex in G1 phase. Upon assembly, origins are then said to be “licensed” for DNA replication. Previous models of pre-RC assembly and function have predicted that once MCMs have been loaded onto chromatin, ORC and Cdc6 are no longer required for DNA replication. In contrast, data from our lab strongly suggest a role for Orc6 in the maintenance of MCMs after pre-RC formation. Orc6 was found to be required for the chromatin maintenance of Mcm2 and more specifically, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis demonstrated that Orc6 was necessary for the continued origin association of MCM proteins in late G1 at the early-firing origin ARS1, and the late-firing origin ARS609. It was also determined that after destabilization in the absence of Orc6, the pre-RC could be reassembled and facilitate DNA replication in late G1 after Orc6 expression had been turned back on. Interestingly, the clamp loading protein Cdc6 was also discovered to be essential to the maintenance of MCM proteins on bulk chromatin and at ARS1.
Peak–peak correlations in the cosmic background radiation from cosmic strings

We examine the two-point correlation function of local maxima in temperature fluctuations at the last scattering surface when this stochastic field is modified by the additional fluctuations produced by straight cosmic strings via the Kaiser-Stebbins effect. We demonstrate that one can detect the imprint of cosmic strings with tension $G\mu \gtrsim 1.2 \times 10^{-8}$ on noiseless $1^\prime$ resolution cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps at 95% confidence interval. Including the effects of foregrounds and anticipated systematic errors increases the lower bound to $G\mu \gtrsim 9.0\times 10^{-8}$ at $2\sigma$ confidence level. Smearing by beams of order 4' degrades the bound further to $G\mu \gtrsim 1.6 \times 10^{-7}$. Our results indicate that two-point statistics are more powerful than 1-point statistics (e.g. number counts) for identifying the non-Gaussianity in the CMB due to straight cosmic strings.
Application of F-Wave Waveform for the Effect of Physical Therapy-Relationship between the Correlation Coefficient of the F-Wave Waveforms and Waveform Identification by Investigators

Purpose: The F-wave shows the excitability of spinal nerve. There is prior study that it is normal to appear the various F-waves. However, there is no provision for a method of judging whether or not it is the same waveform. The purpose of this study is to find objective evaluation in comparing F-wave waveform. Method: Present 5 trials of 30 F-wave to 3 people who are engaged in F-wave for many years. We compared the results of visually selected waveform and correlation coefficient (hereafter CC) calculated by personal computer. Results: There were 2 F-waves that 3 people checked, the highest value of CC was 0.99, the lowest value of CC was 0.95. There were 10 F-waves that 2 peoples checked, the highest value of CC was 1.00, the lowest value of CC was 0.71. From the above, consistency of 0.95 or more correlation coefficient was recognized, except for one case. Conclusion: F-wave waveform analysis, criterion with a CC of 0.95 was made as a judgment of the same waveform. We think that waveform analysis become index for physical disability improvement in clinical scene and it will be an objective evaluation of influential physical therapy.
Cyberbullying in South African and American schools : a legal comparative study

Bullying conjures up visions of the traditional schoolyard bully and the subordinate victim. However, bullying is no longer limited to in-person encounter, having come to include cyberbullying, which takes place indirectly over electronic media. In this electronic age, cyber platforms proliferate at an astonishing rate, all attracting the youth in large number, and posing the risk that they may become subject to cyberbullying. Far from being limited to those individual learners being cyberbullied, the effects of this phenomenon extend to the learner collective, the school climate, and also the entire school system, management and education, thus requiring an urgent response. This article first provides a general overview of cyberbullying and its impact on learners, schools and education. This is done through a comparative lens, studying the extent of the phenomenon in both the United States and South Africa. The focus then shifts to the existing legislative frameworks within which the phenomenon is tackled in these respective jurisdictions, particularly the tricky balancing act required between learners’ constitutional right to free speech and expression, and the protection of vulnerable learners’ right to equality, dignity and privacy. The article concludes by proposing certain possible solutions to the problem. Keywords : cyberbullying; electronic media; harassment; learners; potential solutions; right to dignity and respect; right to free speech; schools; South Africa; United States
The Effectiveness of Kindergarten Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies for Students with Disabilities

This study determined the effectiveness of Kindergarten Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies (K-PALS) for students with disabilities. The researchers randomly assigned 89 kindergartners with individualized education programs (IEPs) from 47 classrooms to control (n = 9); K-PALS Level 1 (teachers received 1-day workshop; n = 19); or K-PALS Level 2 (teachers received workshop plus booster sessions; n = 19). Multivariate analysis of covariance on posttest measures of beginning reading skills indicated that K-PALS students outperformed controls on alphabetic and oral reading measures, but that no reliable between-group differences were attributable to level of support. The researchers also discuss directions for further research and implications for implementing classroom-based reading interventions for students with disabilities.
Confounding and Collapsibility in Causal Inference

Consideration of confounding is fundamental to the design and analysis of studies of causal effects. Yet, apart from confounding in experimental designs, the topic is given little or no discussion in most statistics texts. We here provide an overview of confounding and related concepts based on a counterfactual model for causation. Special attention is given to definitions of confounding, problems in control of confound- ing, the relation of confounding to exchangeability and collapsibility, and the importance of distinguishing confounding from noncollapsibility.
Optimization of machining parameters of A16061 composite to minimize the surface roughness – modelling using RSM and ANN

The Al6061/SiCp metal matrix composites are most frequently used for automobile and aerospace applications and the end milling operations are performed to achieve the better surface roughness of these composites. It is difficult to achieve required surface roughness on these composites due to their hardness. By considering the spindle speed (s), feed rate (f), depth of cut (d) and nose radius (r) and as predominant parameters and are optimized to achieve required surface roughness. In this regard, a versatile prediction model is required to determine the surface roughness of the composite considering the effect of machining parameters. In this research work, the response surface method (RSM) and an artificial neural network (ANN) based prediction models are developed to determine the surface roughness (Ra) of Al6061/SiCp and the performance of the RSM and ANN models are compared with experimental results for their effectiveness. The genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization of machining parameters for the RSM and ANN models are also carried out to minimize surface roughness. The results of the GA optimal parameters are analyzed for the convergence of various crossover and mutation probabilities and also to find the better prediction model.
Morphological deformities and atypical colour pattern in thornback ray, Raja clavata (Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes: Rajidae), from Izmir (Turkey, Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean)

Two specimens of the thornback ray, Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758, from Turkish waters, exhibiting deformities of disc and tail are described in the present paper. One of these specimens had a colour pattern similar to type 7, vermiculated, it could constitute a transitional step between Raja clavata and its close relative species Raja maderensis Lowe, 1838.
Structural performance of metallic sandwich panels with square honeycomb cores

Metallic sandwich panels with periodic lattice cores exhibit superior strength and blast resistance relative to monolithic plates of equivalent weight. Their implementation into engineering structures requires computationally-efficient analysis and design codes that properly account for the complex deformation modes within such cores. The objective of the present article is to devise and assess a continuum constitutive law and to demonstrate its application to the elastic–plastic response of one particular topology: the square honeycomb. The law is based on Hill's yield criterion for orthotropic materials, modified to account for the effects of mean stress and the associated compressibility upon plastic straining. Parameters characterizing initial yield are obtained from both approximate stress analyses and finite element calculations of unit cells. Finite element calculations are also used to calibrate the hardening. Once calibrated, the law is used to simulate the bending response of various sandwich panels under either simply-supported or clamped end conditions. An assessment of the law is made through comparisons with corresponding finite element calculations in which the core and face elements are fully meshed. Additional assessments are made through experimental measurements on a family of honeycomb core sandwich panels fabricated from a ductile stainless steel. Comparisons are made on the basis of the global load–displacement response as well as the distribution of shear strain within the core. Issues associated with end-effects, boundary conditions and deformation localization are addressed. Overall, the comparisons reveal that the proposed constitutive law is capable of predicting most of the pertinent features of honeycomb sandwich panels with high fidelity. Some limitations and potential refinements are described.