Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Loss of Emx2 function leads to ectopic expression of Wnt1 in the developing telencephalon and cortical dysplasia

Leptomeningeal glioneuronal heterotopias are a focal type of cortical dysplasia in which neural cells migrate aberrantly into superficial layers of the cerebral cortex and meninges. These heterotopias are frequently observed as microscopic abnormalities in the brains of individuals with central nervous system (CNS) malformations and epilepsy. Previous work has demonstrated that the function of Emx2, which encodes a homeodomain transcription factor, is essential for development of the cortical preplate, which gives rise to the marginal zone and subplate. However, transcriptional targets of EMX2 during CNS development are unknown. We report that leptomeningeal glioneuronal heterotopias form in Emx2–/– mice that are equivalent to human lesions. Additionally, we observed ectopic expression of Wnt1 in the embryonic roofplate organizer region and dorsal telencephalon. To determine the phenotypic consequences of such Wnt1 misexpression, we deleted a putative EMX2 DNA-binding site from the Wnt1 enhancer and used this to misexpress Wnt1 in the developing murine CNS. Heterotopias were detected in transgenic mice as early as 13.5 days postcoitum, consistent with a defect of preplate development during early phases of radial neuronal migration. Furthermore, we observed diffuse abnormalities of reelin- and calretinin-positive cell populations in the marginal zone and subplate similar to those observed in Emx2-null animals. Taken together, these findings indicate that EMX2 is a direct repressor of Wnt1 expression in the developing mammalian telencephalon. They further suggest that EMX2-Wnt1 interactions are essential for normal development of preplate derivatives in the mammalian cerebral cortex.
Follow up of quality of public oriented health information on the world wide web: systematic re-evaluation

In 1997 one of the first studies to evaluate the quality of health information on the internet was published.1 This article assessed the reliability of information for managing fever in children at home and found that the quality of information was poor. Four years after publication these findings were mentioned in 78 journals (from Journal Citation Report ), and the message should therefore have reached a wide audience. We investigated the effects of the earlier findings by re-evaluating the quality of the original web pages four years later, as well as that of a more recent sample of pages, using the same methods. On 28 June 2001 we searched articles through the Institute for Scientific Information's citation index for references to the earlier study. …
The Impact of Racial Slurs and Racism on the Perceptions and Punishment of Violent Crime

When a crime is committed by an individual of one race against an individual of another race, there is the possibility that the crime is a hate crime. Legislation often mandates harsher penalties for perpetrators convicted of crimes determined to be hate crimes, yet this determination is difficult to make. This study used vignettes of violent crimes to examine how the races of the perpetrators and victims, the severity of the assault, and the use of racial slurs by the perpetrators would affect perceptions of the crimes as “hate crimes,” victim blaming, and sentencing recommendations. Results showed that each of these factors affected participants' perceptions and punishments of violent crime. Participants' levels of racism were an additional factor. These results contribute to the understanding of how crimes in which the perpetrator's and victim's races differ are perceived.
College Female and Male Heavy Internet Users' Profiles of Practices and Their Academic Grades and Psychosocial Adjustment

This study presents the profiles of heavy Internet users and provides empirical evidence that it is not how much time university students spend online but what they do online that is associated with academic grades and psychological adjustment. Using a nationally representative sample from Taiwan, we employed K-mean cluster analysis and identified profiles based on nine Internet practices in which users engaged. Female heavy users favoring information seeking and chatting had better academic performance but tended to feel more depressed than nonheavy users, while those favoring information seeking, chatting, and online games had lower academic grades and greater loneliness, physical illness, and depression scores than nonheavy users. In contrast, only male heavy users favoring online games had lower academic grades, whereas those who favored information seeking, chatting, and online games were more likely than nonheavy users to feel physically ill and depressed.
Exposure to T‐Cycles of 22 and 23 h during Lactation Modifies the Later Dissociation of Motor Activity and Temperature Circadian Rhythms in Rats

Early environmental conditions may affect the development and manifestation of circadian rhythms. This study sought to determine whether the maintenance of rats under different T‐cycles during lactation influences the subsequent degree of dissociation of the circadian rhythms of motor activity and core body temperature. Two groups of 22 day‐old Wistar rats were kept after weaning under T‐cycles of 22 h (T22) or 23 h (T23) for 70 days. Subsequently, they were kept in constant darkness (DD). Half of the animals in each group were born and reared under these experimental conditions, while the other half were reared until weaning under 24 h LD cycles (T24). Rats transferred from T24 to T22 or T23 showed two circadian components in motor activity and temperature, one entrained by light and the other free‐running. In T22, there was also desynchronization between temperature and motor activity. Rats submitted to T23 from birth showed higher stability of the 23 h component than rats transferred from T24 to T23 after weaning. However, in comparison to rats born under T24 and subsequently changed to T22, animals submitted to T22 from birth showed shorter values of the period of the non‐light‐dependent component during T22, more aftereffects when transferred to DD, and a lack of desynchronization between motor activity and temperature. The results suggest that T‐cycles in the early environment may modify overt rhythms by altering the internal coupling of the circadian pacemaker.
Mise en évidence d'une résistance aux trypanocides parmi des souches de Trypanosoma congolense récemment isolées au Burkina

Dix-huit souches de T. congolense ont fait l'objet d'une epreuve de sensibilite a l'acetate de diminazene et a l'isometamidium chez la souris. L'interet et les limites de cette epreuve sont discutes. Les 13 souches de T. congolense isolees chez des bovins entre 1982 et 1984 dans la region de Bobo-Dioulasso presentent toutes un certain degre de resistance a l'isometamidium. Des resistances au Berenil se font jour pour la moitie d'entre elles; l'existence de resistances croisees entre ces deux produits n'est donc plus a exclure. La reponse de ces souches aux trypanocides chez la souris rend compte des problemes pratiques auxquels se heurte la lutte contre la trypanosomose sur le terrain. La plupart des isolats etudies sont issus de deux centres d'elevage ou sont observees des infections multiples malgre la chimioprevention
A Traveling-Wave-Based Amplitude Integral Busbar Protection Technique

This paper proposes an extra high-speed busbar protection technique according to the propagation theory of traveling wave. When the fault occurs on the busbar, the detected initial traveling waves on all connected lines will come from their back, which are defined as positive direction traveling waves. While a fault occurs on any one of these lines, the detected initial traveling waves on all healthy lines are positive direction traveling waves; however, the traveling wave direction on the faulted line is negative. Within a short duration of postfault, a criterion discriminating fault direction can be established according to the amplitude integral relationships between the positive direction traveling wave and the negative direction traveling wave. Analyzing the detected traveling wave directions for all lines, a distributed busbar protection scheme can be constructed. To evaluate the proposed technique, a typical busbar model was built. Simulation results show that the proposed method can rapidly and reliably discriminate the internal faults from external faults, and the protection performances are immune to fault resistances, fault inception angles, fault types, and current-transformer saturation.
Allometric relationships among body mass, MUZZLE-tail length, and tibia length during the growth of Wistar rats.

PURPOSE To investigate allometric relationships among body mass (BM), muzzle-tail length (MTL), and tibia length (TL) in Wistar rats and establish their growth rate change parameters. METHODS Eighteen male and 18 female Wistar rats were studied from the 3rd to the 21st week of age. BM, MTL, and TL were measured daily, and relative growth was compared using allometry. RESULTS A positive correlation between BM and MTL (p<0.05) and BM and TL (p<0.05) was observed. Males and females showed comparable curves; however, females had turning points at a younger age. The allometric relationship between BM and MTL presented a regular increase until reaching a mass of 351 g (males) and 405 g (females). BM and TL showed an initial increase until 185 g (males) and 182 g (females), and then reached a plateau that finished at 412 g (males) and 334 g (females), to display another increase. CONCLUSIONS The allometric relationship of body mass with animal length and tibia length was comparable for male and female rats, with female rats maturing earlier. Animal longitudinal growth occurred in a single stage. In contrast, tibia length depicted two stages of accelerated growth with an intermediate period of deceleration.
The Establishment and Regulation of Melanocyte Stem Cells in Zebrafish

25 Introduction 26 Methods 29 Results 31 Discussion 46 Acknowledgements 50 Chapter 3: Kit signaling is involved in the fate decision for the melanocyte stem cell in zebrafish embryos 51 Abstract 52 Introduction 53 Methods 56 Results and Discussion 60 Acknowledgements 74 Chapter 4: A quantitative estimate of spermatagonia in mutagenized zebrafish males 75 Introduction 76
Investigation of the Persuasiveness of Social Influence in Persuasive Technology and the Effect of Age and Gender

Research has shown that social influence is a strong motivator of behavior change. However, in persuasive technology research, limited studies exist showing the influence of age and gender on its effectiveness. To bridge this gap, we conducted a study among 323 participants on the level of susceptibility to four social influence strategies: Social Learning, Social Comparison, Competition and Reward. Our results reveal that 1) males and females vary in their level of susceptibility to Reward and Competition, with males being more susceptible than females; and 2) younger and older individuals vary also, with younger individuals being more susceptible to Competition, Social Comparison and Social Learning. Specifically, our results reveal that Competition, a powerful driver of intrinsic motivation, is most effective in bringing about behavior change in younger males, but least effective in older females. These findings provide designers with insight into effective ways of tailoring persuasive applications (using commonly applied gamification mechanics) based on age and gender.
Server Placement for Enhancing the Interactivity of Large-Scale Distributed Virtual Environments

Distributed virtual environments (DVEs) allow many simultaneous human users to interact with each other in shared, 3D virtual worlds. The interactivity of a DVE is of crucial importance, as its success greatly depends on users' perceptions when interacting within the virtual world. In this paper, different from traditional application-centric approaches like dead reckoning, we propose a network-centric approach to enhance the interactivity of DVEs by directly reducing the network latencies in client-server communications. We consider a key problem with this approach, termed the server placement problem. Generally, this problem concerns how to place servers in the network to reduce client-server communication latencies. We then suggest several degree-based server placement approaches. Extensive simulation studies using realistic models have shown that appropriate server placement is very effective in enhancing the interactivity of large-scale DVEs
Combined Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Planning of Stereotactic Brain Biopsies in Children: Experience in 9 Cases

Because brain tumors can be histologically heterogeneous, stereotactic brain biopsies (SBB) may lead to inaccurate diagnosis or grading. Positron emission tomography (PET) has been used in pediatric neuro-oncology to help in the understanding and management of brain neoplasms. We combined PET and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the planning of SBB in 9 children (5 males and 4 females, aged 2–14 years) with infiltrative, ill-defined brain lesions. Tracers used for PET were 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in 4 cases, 11C-methionine in 2 cases and both tracers in 3 cases. Biopsy targets were selected in hypermetabolic areas. PET-guided SBB provided accurate histological diagnosis in all patients and allowed a reduction of the number of trajectories in lesions located in functional areas. It also helped in better understanding and management of complex cases. This preliminary series suggests that combining PET and MR imaging in the planning of SBB in children (1) improves the diagnostic yield of SBB in infiltrative, ill-defined brain lesions, (2) makes it possible to reduce the sampling in high-risk/functional areas and (3) improves the quality of therapeutic management of pediatric brain tumors.
Occupational Immunoglobulin E-Mediated Asthma due to Penicillium camemberti in a Dry-Sausage Packer

A 62-year-old female sausage packer reported progressive work-related asthma, rhinitis and contact urticaria after contact to dry sausages refined by moulds. Whereas skin prick tests with commercial mould extracts were negative, the patient showed weak skin sensitization to a cultivated mould sample from a dry sausage. Specific immunoglobulin E antibodies to various moulds were demonstrated by ImmunoCAP and antibodies to the cultivated mould sample were demonstrated by enzyme allergosorbent test. The mould was identified by pheno- and genotyping as Penicillium camemberti. Five atopic controls did not show sensitization with the same tests. Crossreactivity of P. camemberti and Penicillium notatum was shown by enzyme allergosorbent inhibition tests. Although no challenge tests were considered due to the patient’s airway obstruction, a diagnosis of allergic occupational asthma was made. We conclude that immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic occupational asthma due to moulds may occur in dry sausage packers.
Combined channel estimation and adaptive prediction for MC-IDMA systems

Combination of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multplexing (OFDM) and Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) to form OFDM-IDMA scheme has been shown as a promising approach to resolving the dual problems of intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple access interference (MAI). For the optimum performance of this scheme, efficient method of obtaining channel state information (CSI) to be used by the multi-user detector for accurate signal detection is required. This paper proposes channel estimation scheme that employs combination of linear estimation of the frequency domain channel transfer function CTF) and the adaptive prediction of the time domain channel impulse response (CIR). Regularized adaptive algorithm is employed for the CIR prediction in order to exploit the sparsity characteristics of the OFDM channel. The achievable performance of the proposed channel estimation scheme is documented in the context of OFDM-IDMA system operating in both very slow and very fast mobile speed scenarios.
DPP-4 Inhibition and the Known Unknown

Science sometimes moves very slowly. Observations in 1964 (1,2) that the insulin response to oral (and enteral) glucose is substantially greater than that to an isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (the incretin effect), followed by characterization of the two known incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (1973) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (1985), have only recently led to the development of two classes of antidiabetes drugs, GLP-1 agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, now used widely in the management of type 2 diabetes. GIP and GLP-1 are predominantly released from the proximal and distal intestine, respectively, primarily in response to enteral nutrients, and stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner (3). Attenuation of the incretin effect is probably an early marker of β-cell dysfunction (4). In type 2 diabetes, the incretin effect is markedly reduced (5), partly because the insulinotropic effect of GIP is essentially lost, whereas pharmacological doses of GLP-1 still stimulate insulin secretion substantially (6). GLP-1 also suppresses glucagon and slows gastric emptying (3,7). Following their release, GLP-1 and GIP are rapidly degraded by the ubiquitous enzyme, DPP-4. The concept that inhibition of DPP-4 may represent a therapy for type 2 diabetes was expressed in a seminal article by Deacon et al. (8) in 1995. DPP-4 inhibition markedly increases circulating intact (active) GLP-1 and GIP concentrations. In 2006, the first DPP-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and some 11 different DPP-4 inhibitors are now available worldwide. Their efficacy …
THE EFFECT OF ILLUMINATION AND FOVEAL FUSION LOCK ON CLINICAL FIXATION DISPARITY MEASUREMENTS WITH THE SHEEDY DISPAROMETER

Abstract— The Sheedy Disparometer is a clinical instrument designed to measure fixation disparity and hence determine forced vergence — fixation disparity curves. The target design includes a central 1.5° fusion‐free area. The effect of introducing a central fixation target to the instrument is investigated along with the influence of ambient illumination level on fixation disparity. All curve parameters, i.e. curve type, slope, X‐ and y‐intercepts were found to significantly alter with the introduction of a foveal lock. Illumination changes did not cause significant differences in any parameter.
Interactions of halothane with isoproterenol and epinephrine on canine epicardial conduction velocity at normal and elevated potassium levels

Background: Halothane is known to potentiate catecholamine‐induced depression of conduction velocity in Purkinje fibers but not endocardial muscle fibers. The purpose of this study was to examine the interactions of halothane with epinephrine and isoproterenol on canine epicardial conduction velocity at moderately elevated extracellular potassium concentration ([K]0).
Adult Sex Roles and Mental Illness

This paper looks at the relationship between adult sex roles and mental illness.A fairly precise definition of mental illness is used limiting it to functional disorders characterized by anxiety (neurosis) and/or mental disorganization (psychosis). A number of characteristics of the woman's role in modern industrial societies that might promote the development of mental illness are discussed. The rates of mental illness for men and women following Wolrd War II are then compared by looking at community surveys, first admissions to mental hospitals, psychiatric treatment in general hospitals, psychiatric outpatient clinics, private outpatient psychiatric care, and the practices of general physicians. These data uniformly indicate that adult women have higher rates of mental illness than adult men. A survey of other disorders which appear to be a response to stress also shows women to have higher rates than men. Alternatives to the role explanation of the observed relationships are shown to be inadequate.
Effects of a sustained heroin shortage in three Australian States.

BACKGROUND In early 2001 in Australia there was a sudden and dramatic decrease in heroin availability that occurred throughout the country that was evidenced by marked increases in heroin price and decreases in its purity. AIM This study examines the impact of this change in heroin supply on the following indicators of heroin use: fatal and non-fatal drug overdoses; treatment seeking for heroin dependence; injecting drug use; drug-specific offences; and general property offences. The study was conducted using data from three Australian States [New South Wales (NSW), Victoria (VIC) and South Australia (SA)]. METHODS Data were obtained on fatal and non-fatal overdoses from hospital emergency departments (EDs), ambulance services and coronial systems; treatment entries for heroin dependence compiled by State health departments; numbers of needles and syringes distributed to drug users; and data on arrests for heroin-related incidents and property-related crime incidents compiled by State Police Services. Time-series analyses were conducted where possible to examine changes before and after the onset of the heroin shortage. These were supplemented with information drawn from studies involving interviews with injecting drug users. RESULTS After the reduction in heroin supply, fatal and non-fatal heroin overdoses decreased by between 40% and 85%. Despite some evidence of increased cocaine, methamphetamine and benzodiazepine use and reports of increases in harms related to their use, there were no increases recorded in the number of either non-fatal overdoses or deaths related to these drugs. There was a sustained decline in injecting drug use in NSW and VIC, as indicated by a substantial drop in the number of needles and syringes distributed (to 1999 levels in Victoria). There was a short-lived increase in property crime in NSW followed by a sustained reduction in such offences. SA and VIC did not show any marked change in the categories of property crime examined in the study. CONCLUSIONS Substantial reductions in heroin availability have not occurred often, but in this Australian case a reduction had an aggregate positive impact in that it was associated with: reduced fatal and non-fatal heroin overdoses; reduced the apparent extent of injecting drug use in VIC and NSW; and may have contributed to reduced crime in NSW. All these changes provide substantial benefits to the community and some to heroin users. Documented shifts to other forms of drug use did not appear sufficient to produce increases in deaths, non-fatal overdoses or treatment seeking related to those drugs.