Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mixed motivations to provide formal care to older adults: lessons from a training program

ABSTRACT Objective: With the aging of the population, the demand for long-term services is increasing accordingly and the recruitment of paid caregivers to older adults has become a critical issue. Hence, there is a great need to train people in the care of older adults. This study examined motivations to participate in a new program, which aims to train young people (ages 19–25) to become paid caregivers for older adults. Methods: The study is based on focus groups with program participants (N = 33) and on phone interviews with former participants (N = 8) and face-to-face interviews with staff members (N = 14). Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Three major themes emerged: (1) “Motivations to participate in the program,” referred to participants’ motivations to work with older adults. (2) “Reduced motivations due to ambiguity of roles,” referred to the unclear definition of the care worker's role, which created a decrease in participants' motivations to provide care. (3) “Inadequate financial compensation,” concerned participants’ reduced motivation to participate in the program as a result of financial promises that were not realized. Conclusions: Findings suggest that it is important to be cautious about the motivations for participation in the program because by emphasizing the difficult situation of older adults, one stresses the low status assigned to older adults, rather than positive attributes. It is also suggested that care workers should be financially rewarded, so that despite the difficulties that may arise during work, they will feel valued and will want to remain in the profession.
DESENVOLVIMENTO MORAL: O QUE A EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL TEM A VER COM ISSO?

O desenvolvimento moral do ser humano inicia-se nas relacoes que ele estabe-lece com seu meio, desde o momento em que nasce. Essas relacoes sao permea-das por valores, principios e regras para o convivio coletivo. Na perspectiva piagetiana pode-se fazer mencao a tendencias morais no desenvolvimento da crianca: a da heteronomia e a da autonomia. Mas pode-se dizer que anterior a heteronomia ha um periodo caracterizado como anomia em que a crianca nao tem consciencia das normas sociomorais presentes no mundo na qual esta inse-rida, para ela as regras nao fazem sentido. Porem imergida no universo das regras, a crianca comeca a desenvolver a nocao de dever, decorrente da ideia de certo e errado, de boas e mas acoes, apresentando uma moral heteronoma, da obediencia, em que as regras lhe sao exteriores. Para alcancar a autonomia, e preciso que alem da superacao de suas tendencias heteronomas e egocentricas, a crianca possa ter possibilidades de exercer a cooperacao e a consciencia de necessidade de regras boas e justas, ou seja, que possa ter boas experiencias que a levem ao desenvolvimento autonomo. Na educacao infantil, primeira etapa da educacao basica que tem como objetivo a formacao integral de criancas de zero a cinco anos, ocorrem inumeras situacoes que envolvem regras. No entanto, muitas vezes o professor faz intervencoes que nao favorecem o desenvolvimento moral com vistas a autonomia. Este artigo tem por objetivo refletir sobre alguns aspectos do desenvolvimento moral sob a otica da Epistemologia Genetica, bem como refletir sobre as acoes do educador da infância no momento da aplicacao das sancoes na escola. A metodologia utilizada, alem da revisao da literatura especializada, contou com a experiencia, a observacao e acao supervisora de educadora da infância. A pesquisa aponta para a necessidade da formacao dos educadores em desenvolvimento moral, pois muitas intervencoes que tem ocorrido tem somente contribuido para a formacao da moral heteronoma.
A review of factors associated with severe violence in schizophrenia

Abstract Background: There is a modest but consistent association between violence and schizophrenia. The consequences of serious violence could be catastrophic for the victims, as well as the patients themselves and the community. Any knowledge that would help to prevent acts of serious violence would be of considerable value for the individual and the society. Aim: To identify external and clinical risk factors for serious violence in schizophrenia, in addition to considering the strength of the association between the factors assessed and severe violence. Methods: This was accomplished by a literature survey. One-hundred and two relevant papers were identified that were published during the past 20 years. Forty-four papers were assessed for eligibility. In all, 27 studies including clinical or cognitive variables were reviewed systematically. An effect size was reported where an odds ratio (OR) could be identified or calculated from available data. Five external factors and six clinical domains were evaluated. Results: Substance abuse is robustly linking schizophrenia and violence. Among the clinical factors, insight, impulsivity, psychopathy, motor speed and a global measure of cognition are the factors with the strongest empirical evidence for an association with severe violence. Conclusion: This is the first systematic review of risk factors for severe violence in schizophrenia, in which a great number of clinical and external factors have been evaluated. Most of the clinical factors have been compared on effect size. The identified factors that represent an increased risk of violence in patients with schizophrenia should be included in risk assessments.
Feelings-of-Warmth Increase More Abruptly for Verbal Riddles Solved With in Contrast to Without Aha! Experience

When we are confronted with a new problem, we typically try to apply strategies that have worked in the past and which usually lead closer to the solution incrementally. However, sometimes, either during a problem-solving attempt that does not seem to lead closer to the solution, or when we have given up on problem-solving for the moment, the solution seems to appear out of nowhere. This is often called a moment of insight. Whereas the cognitive processes of getting closer to the solution are still unknown for insight problem-solving, there are two diverging theories on the subjective feeling of getting closer to the solution: (1) One that states that an intuitive feeling of closeness to the solution increases slowly, but incrementally, before it surpasses the threshold to consciousness and becomes verbalizable (=insight) (continuous approach), and (2) another that proposes that the feeling of closeness to the solution does not increase before it exceeds the threshold to consciousness (discontinuous approach). Here, we investigated the subjective feeling of closeness to the solution, assessed as feeling-of-warmth (FoW), its relationship to solving the problem versus being presented with it and whether a feeling of Aha! was experienced. Additionally, we tested whether Aha! experiences are more likely when the problem is solved actively by the participant or presented to the participant after an unsuccessful problem-solving attempt, and whether the frequency of Aha! experiences correlates with problem difficulty. To our knowledge, this is the first study combining the CRAT with FoW assessments for the named conditions (solved/unsolved, three difficulty levels, Aha! /no Aha! ). We used a verbal problem-solving task, the Compound Remote Associates Task (CRAT). Our data revealed that Aha! experiences were more often reported for solutions generated by the participant compared to solutions presented after unsuccessful problem-solving. Moreover, FoW curves showed a steeper increase for the last two FoW ratings when problems were solved with Aha! in contrast to without Aha! Based on this observation, we provide a preliminary explanation for the underlying cognitive process of solving CRA problems via insight.
Immunobiology of periprosthetic inflammation and pain following ultra-high-molecular-weight-polyethylene wear debris in the lumbar spine

ABSTRACT Introduction: Wear debris-induced osteolysis is a common cause of arthroplasty failure in several joints including the knee, hip and intervertebral disc. Debris from the prosthesis can trigger an inflammatory response that leads to aseptic loosening and prosthesis failure. In the spine, periprosthetic pain also occurs following accumulation of wear debris through neovascularization of the disc. The role of the immune system in the pathobiology of periprosthetic osteolysis of joint replacements is debatable. Areas covered: We discussed the stimulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-protective and pro-regenerative pathways due to debris from the prosthetics. The balance between the two pathways may determine the outcome results. Also, the role of cytokines and immune cells in periprosthetic inflammation in the etiology of osteolysis is critically reviewed. Expert commentary: Therapies targeting the inflammatory process associated with ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene wear debris could reduce implant failure. Additionally, therapies targeting neovascularization of discs following arthroplasty could mitigate periprosthetic pain.
Precision Surveillance for Viral Respiratory Pathogens: Virome Capture Sequencing for the Detection and Genomic Characterization of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection in Uganda

Abstract Background Precision public health is a novel set of methods to target disease prevention and mitigation interventions to high-risk subpopulations. We applied a precision public health strategy to syndromic surveillance for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Uganda by combining spatiotemporal analytics with genomic sequencing to detect and characterize viral respiratory pathogens with epidemic potential. Methods Using a national surveillance network we identified patients with unexplained, influenza-negative SARI from 2010 to 2015. Spatiotemporal analyses were performed retrospectively to identify clusters of unexplained SARI. Within clusters, respiratory viruses were detected and characterized in naso- and oropharyngeal swab samples using a novel oligonucleotide probe capture (VirCapSeq-VERT) and high-throughput sequencing platform. Linkage to conventional epidemiologic strategies further characterized transmission dynamics of identified pathogens. Results Among 2901 unexplained SARI cases, 9 clusters were detected, accounting for 301 (10.4%) cases. Clusters were more likely to occur in urban areas and during biannual rainy seasons. Within detected clusters, we identified an unrecognized outbreak of measles-associated SARI; sequence analysis implicated cocirculation of endemic genotype B3 and genotype D4 likely imported from England. We also detected a likely nosocomial SARI cluster associated with a novel picobirnavirus most closely related to swine and dromedary viruses. Conclusions Using a precision approach to public health surveillance, we detected and characterized the genomics of vaccine-preventable and zoonotic respiratory viruses associated with clusters of severe respiratory infections in Uganda. Future studies are needed to assess the feasibility, scalability, and impact of applying similar approaches during real-time public health surveillance in low-income settings.
Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Inorganic Arsenic via Consumption of Herbs Collected in Thailand

Total and inorganic arsenic contents in ten commonly consumed Thai herbs, namely, bird's eye chili, cayenne pepper, celery, garlic, holy basil, kitchen mint, lemongrass, pepper, shallot, and sweet basil, were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry coupled with a hydride generation system (HG-AAS). Total arsenic contents in fresh herbs and lyophilized herbs ranged from 3.39 to 119 ng/g wet weight (wet wt) and from 41.0 to 156 ng/g dry weight (dry wt), respectively. Inorganic arsenic contents in fresh herbs and lyophilized herbs ranged from 2.09 to 26.9 ng/g (wet wt) and from 23.5 to 55.5 ng/g (dry wt), respectively. Percentages of inorganic arsenic to total arsenic in herbs ranged from 22.7 to 62.0%. High percentages of inorganic arsenic to total arsenic were found in celery, lemongrass and sweet basil. Total arsenic contents in the studied herbs were lower than the maximum limits of Thai and Chinese regulatory standards, set at 2,000 ng/g in foods (excluding aquatic animals and seafood) and 500 ng/g in fresh vegetables, respectively. Total and inorganic arsenic contents in the studied herbs were comparable to or lower than the levels found in other studies in the EU and China. Lifetime average daily dose (LADD) and cancer risk (CR) of inorganic arsenic exposure to commonly consumed herbs were evaluated using probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) by @RISK software version 6.0 of Palisade cooperation. All calculated LADD and CR values from all herbs did not exceed the acceptable levels. It can be concluded that there were very low cancer risks of inorganic arsenic exposure from the consumption of the studied herbs.
Quality of Life after an Episode of Severe Maternal Morbidity: Evidence from a Cohort Study in Brazil

Objective To assess quality of life (QOL) in women who experienced a severe maternal morbidity (SMM) event and associated factors, in comparison to those who did not. Study Design Retrospective cohort study performed at the maternity of the University of Campinas in Brazil, including 801 women with or without SMM, within 6 months to 5 years after delivery. Women were interviewed by phone and data were electronically stored, using the Brazilian version of the SF36 to assess women's self-perception of quality of life. To analyze a possible relationship between SMM and perceived impairment in quality of life, χ2 and Fisher's Exact tests were used. Multiple analysis using Generalized Linear Models was applied to identify factors independently associated with the general health score. The main outcome measures were general and domain-specific SF36 scores on quality of life. Results Maternal morbidity conditions were associated with lower scores of patient perceptions of quality of life in the following domains: physical functioning, role-limiting physical, pain, and general health status. A lower level of school education, not having a partner, caesarean section, and history of previous clinical conditions were associated with a worse perception of general health and quality of life. Conclusion Health professionals should know the association between life conditions, previous chronic health conditions, and SMM for women during prenatal care to beyond 42 weeks postpartum. Longitudinal and interdisciplinary actions should be put into practice to provide healthcare for these women, with special emphasis on the effective reduction in health inequities.
Testosterone plays a permissive role in angiotensin II-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in male rats†

Abstract Sex hormones contribute to sex differences in blood pressure. Inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin system is involved in vascular dysfunction and hypertension. This study evaluated the role of androgens (testosterone) in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced increase in blood pressure, vascular reactivity, and cardiac hypertrophy. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats underwent sham operation, castration, or castration with testosterone replacement. After 12 weeks of chronic changes in androgen status, Ang II (120 ng/kg per minute) or saline was infused for 28 days via subcutaneous miniosmotic pump, and changes in blood pressure was measured. Vascular reactivity and Ang II receptor levels were examined in mesenteric arteries. Heart weight, cardiac ANP mRNA levels, and fibrosis were also assessed. Ang II infusion increased arterial pressure in intact males. The Ang II-induced increase in hypertensive response was prevented in castrated males. Testosterone replacement in castrated males restored Ang II-induced hypertensive responses. Castration reduced vascular AT1R/AT2R ratio, an effect that was reversed by testosterone replacement. Ang II-induced hypertension was associated with increased contractile response of mesenteric arteries to Ang II and phenylephrine in intact and testosterone-replaced castrated males; these increases were prevented in castrated males. Ang II infusion induced increased left ventricle-to-body weight ratio and ANP mRNA expression, indicators of left ventricular hypertrophy, and fibrosis in intact and testosterone-replaced castrated males, and castration prevented the increase in these parameters caused by Ang II. This study demonstrates that testosterone plays a permissive role in development and maintenance of Ang II-induced vascular dysfunction, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy. Summary Sentence Testosterone, at physiologically relevant concentrations, plays a permissive role in development and maintenance of Ang II-induced hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis via heightened angiotensin II receptor-mediated signaling.
On the Convergence of AdaGrad with Momentum for Training Deep Neural Networks

Adaptive stochastic gradient descent methods, such as AdaGrad, Adam, AdaDelta, Nadam, AMSGrad, etc., have been demonstrated efficacious in solving non-convex stochastic optimization, such as training deep neural networks. However, their convergence rates have not been touched under the non-convex stochastic circumstance except recent breakthrough results on AdaGrad [34] and perturbed AdaGrad [22]. In this paper, we propose two new adaptive stochastic gradient methods called AdaHB and AdaNAG which integrate coordinate-wise AdaGrad with heavy ball momentum and Nesterov accelerated gradient momentum, respectively. The O( log T √ T ) nonasymptotic convergence rates of AdaHB and AdaNAG in non-convex stochastic setting are also jointly characterized by leveraging a newly developed unified formulation of these two momentum mechanisms. In particular, when momentum term vanishes we obtain convergence rate of coordinate-wise AdaGrad in non-convex stochastic setting as a byproduct.
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with osteolytic bone lesions: diagnostic dilemma

A previously healthy 37-year-old man presented with a 10-month history of intractable back pain. On examination, there was tenderness to palpation along lower thoracic and lumbar spine. Complete blood count showed mild anaemia but was otherwise unremarkable. Imaging studies revealed compression deformities with multiple osteolytic lesions involving multiple levels of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy were performed and demonstrated blast cells involving 80% of the bone marrow cellularity. Findings on flow cytometry were consistent with B-lymphoblastic leukaemia. He was subsequently started on hyper-CVAD (fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Adriamycin and dexamethasone) induction chemotherapy.
What Is Going Through Your Mind? Thinking Aloud as a Method in Cross-Cultural Psychology

Thinking aloud is the concurrent verbalization of thoughts while performing a task. The study of thinking-aloud protocols has a long tradition in cognitive psychology, the field of education, and the industrial-organizational context. It has been used rarely in cultural and cross-cultural psychology. This paper will describe thinking aloud as a useful method in cultural and cross-cultural psychology referring to a few studies in general and one study in particular to show the wide applications of this method. Thinking-aloud protocols can be applied for (a) improving the validity of cross-cultural surveys, (b) process analysis of thoughts and the analysis of changes over time, (c) theory development across cultures, (d) the study of cultural meaning systems, and (e) individual as well as group level analyses allowing hypothesis testing cross-culturally. Limitations of the thinking-aloud method are also discussed.
Plastidial Phosphoglucose Isomerase Is an Important Determinant of Seed Yield through Its Involvement in Gibberellin-Mediated Reproductive Development and Storage Reserve Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

Plastidial phosphoglucose isomerase determines seed yield by affecting gibberellin-mediated reproductive development and the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to seed fatty acids and proteins. The plastid-localized phosphoglucose isomerase isoform PGI1 is an important determinant of growth in Arabidopsis thaliana, likely due to its involvement in the biosynthesis of plastidial isoprenoid-derived hormones. Here, we investigated whether PGI1 also influences seed yields. PGI1 is strongly expressed in maturing seed embryos and vascular tissues. PGI1-null pgi1-2 plants had ∼60% lower seed yields than wild-type plants, with reduced numbers of inflorescences and thus fewer siliques and seeds per plant. These traits were associated with low bioactive gibberellin (GA) contents. Accordingly, wild-type phenotypes were restored by exogenous GA application. pgi1-2 seeds were lighter and accumulated ∼50% less fatty acids (FAs) and ∼35% less protein than wild-type seeds. Seeds of cytokinin-deficient plants overexpressing CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE1 (35S:AtCKX1) and GA-deficient ga20ox1 ga20ox2 mutants did not accumulate low levels of FAs, and exogenous application of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine and GAs did not rescue the reduced weight and FA content of pgi1-2 seeds. Seeds from reciprocal crosses between pgi1-2 and wild-type plants accumulated wild-type levels of FAs and proteins. Therefore, PGI1 is an important determinant of Arabidopsis seed yield due to its involvement in two processes: GA-mediated reproductive development and the metabolic conversion of plastidial glucose-6-phosphate to storage reserves in the embryo.
Breastfeeding to 12 mo and beyond: nutrition outcomes at 3 to 5 y of age.

Background Little is known about nutrition outcomes in preschoolers associated with breastfeeding duration beyond 12 mo of age. Objective The aim was to examine the association between total breastfeeding duration and nutrition outcomes at 3 to 5 y of age. Design A cross-sectional study in healthy children, ages 3-5 y, recruited from 9 primary care practices in Toronto was conducted through the TARGet Kids! (The Applied Research Group for Kids) research network. Parents completed standardized surveys, including the Nutrition Screening for Every Preschooler (NutriSTEP) used to assess nutrition risk. Results A total of 2987 children were included. Ninety-two percent of children were breastfed, and the mean ± SD breastfeeding duration was 11.4 ± 8.4 mo. The prevalence of nutrition risk (score >20) was 17.0%. We examined breastfeeding duration as a continuous variable. With the use of restricted cubic spline modeling, we confirmed a nonlinear relation between breastfeeding duration and NutriSTEP score, dietary intake and eating behavior subscores, and sugar-sweetened beverage and sweet-savory snack consumption. Segmented linear regression was used to examine this nonlinear relation in a piecewise approach. We found a decreasing trend in NutriSTEP score for children who were breastfed for 0-6 mo (β = -0.14; 95% CI: -0.29, 0.004), a significant decrease in NutriSTEP score for children breastfed for 6-12 mo (β = -0.20; 95% CI: -0.33, -0.07), and no significant change after 12 mo (β = 0.09; 95% CI: -0.07, 0.24) and beyond. The mean ± SD NutriSTEP scores were 17.1 ± 7.4 for no breastfeeding, 15.9 ± 6.5 for breastfeeding >0-6 mo, 13.9 ± 6.2 for >6-12 mo, 13.7 ± 6.3 for >12-18 mo, 14.6 ± 6.7 for >18-24 mo, and 14.3 ± 6.8 for >24-36 mo. Conclusions Breastfeeding for ≤12 mo was associated with decreased nutrition risk and healthier eating behaviors and dietary intake at 3-5 y of age. We found insufficient evidence of additional benefit for breastfeeding beyond 12 mo of age. The TARGet Kids! practice-based research network is registered at www.clinicaltrials. gov as NCT01869530.