Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonlocality and entanglement in the XY model

Nonlocality and quantum entanglement constitute two special features of quantum systems of paramount importance in quantum-information theory (QIT). Essentially regarded as identical or equivalent for many years, they constitute different concepts. Describing nonlocality by means of the maximal violation of two Bell inequalities, we study both entanglement and nonlocality for two and three spins in the XY model. Our results shed light on the description of nonlocality and the possible information-theoretic task limitations of entanglement in an infinite quantum system.
The Rwanda crisis, 1959-1994 : history of a genocide

Rwandese society and the colonial impact - the making of a cultural mythology, 1894-1959 the Hutu Republic, 1959-1990 civil war and foreign intervention, October 1990-July 1991 slouching towards democracy, July 1991-June 1992 the Arusha peace marathon, June 1992-Aug 1993 chronicle of a massacre foretold, Aug 1993-April 1994 genocide and renewed war, April 6-June 14 1994 operation Turquoise and Gotterdammerung in Africa, June 14 1994-August 21 1994 aftermath or new beginning? , August 22-December 1994.
Predicting outcome in a postacute stroke rehabilitation programme

This study aims to evaluate and predict outcome as part of routine quality assessment of an inpatient stroke rehabilitation programme. By relating functional outcome to patient characteristics, including variables from the quality of life domain, we aim to find a set of variables that can be useful for prognosis, stratification and programme improvement. Data were collected, before and after rehabilitation, from a prospective quality registration database. Included were 250 patients in inpatient stroke rehabilitation after sustaining a first or recurrent ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke. Functional status was measured with the Barthel Index and the Academic Medical Centre Linear Disability Score. Health-related quality of life (HrQoL) was measured with the COOP/WONCA and the Nottingham Health Profile. Significant improvements were found on all outcome measures. A lower functional admission score, older age, more severe stroke, more pain and more negative emotional reactions on admission were found to be independent predictors of a lower outcome score, explaining 39.5% of its variance. Subjective (HrQoL) factors such as negative emotion and pain have an adverse effect on outcome of stroke rehabilitation, in addition to stroke severity, age and functional status at admission. These factors need to be taken into account in screening, clinical decision making and treatment design.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: A case‐control analysis

Folate deficiency is implicated in cancer risk that may be modulated by a genetic variation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene in folate metabolism. We hypothesized that genetic variants in MTHFR are associated with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). We genotyped 3 MTHFR polymorphisms (C677T, A1298C and G1793A) and estimated their haplotypes in a hospital‐based case‐control study of 537 SCCHN cases and 545 cancer‐free controls. The controls were frequency‐matched to the cases by age (± 5 years), sex, ethnicity and smoking status. We found that the MTHFR 1298AC/CC genotypes were associated with an approximately 35% reduction in risk of SCCHN (adjusted odds ratio = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.51–0.82) compared to the AA genotype. The MTHFR 677CT and 1793GA/AA genotypes were associated with nonsignificant increased risk of SCCHN compared to the 677CC and 1793GG genotypes, respectively. We estimated that there were 8 haplotypes and 16 haplotype genotypes based on these 3 variants. When we used the haplotypes and assumed that the 677T, 1298A and 1793A alleles were risk alleles, the adjusted odds ratios increased as the number of risk alleles increased: 1.00 for 0–1 variant, 1.85 (1.3–2.5) for any 2 risk alleles and 1.93 (1.4–2.7) for any 3 risk alleles. These results suggest that all 3 MTHFR polymorphisms may play a role in the susceptibility to SCCHN among non‐Hispanic whites. Future studies should incorporate detailed data on alcohol consumption, dietary folate intake and related serologic measurements. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Randomised, waiting list controlled trial of cognitive–behavioural therapy for persistent postconcussional symptoms after predominantly mild–moderate traumatic brain injury

Background Persistent postconcussional symptoms (PCS) can be a source of distress and disability following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Such symptoms have been viewed as difficult to treat but may be amenable to psychological approaches such as cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT). Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-session individualised, formulation-based CBT programme. Method Two-centre randomised waiting list controlled trial with 46 adults with persistent PCS after predominantly mild-to-moderate TBI (52% with post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)≤24 hours), but including some with severe TBIs (20% with PTA>7 days). Results Improvements associated with CBT were found on the primary outcome measures relating to quality of life (using the Quality of Life Assessment Schedule and the Brain Injury Community Rehabilitation Outcome Scale). Treatment effects after covarying for treatment duration were also found for PCS and several secondary outcomes, including measures of anxiety and fatigue (but not depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)). Improvements were more apparent for those completing CBT sessions over a shorter period of time, but were unrelated to medicolegal status, injury severity or length of time since injury. Conclusions This study suggests that CBT can improve quality of life for adults with persistent PCS and potentially reduce symptoms for some, in the context of outpatient brain injury rehabilitation services. Trial registration number ISRCTN49540320.
Data-Limited Population-Status Evaluation of Two Coastal Fishes in Southern Angola Using Recreational Catch Length-Frequency Data

Excessive truncation of a population’s size structure is often identified as an important deleterious effect of exploitation, yet the effect on population persistence of size-structure truncation caused by exploitation is often not quantified due to data limitations. In this study, we estimate changes in eggs per recruit (EPR) using annual length-frequency samples over a 9 year period to assess persistence of the two most important recreational fishes in southern Angola: west coast dusky kob (Argyrosomus coronus) and leerfish (Lichia amia). Using a length- and age-structured model, we improve on an existing method to fit this type of model to length-frequency data and estimate EPR. The objectives of the methodological changes are to add flexibility and robustness to the approach for assessing population status in data-limited situations. Results indicate that dusky kob presents very low levels of EPR (5%-10% of the per recruit reproductive capacity in the absence of fishing) in 2013, whereas large inter-annual variability in leerfish estimates suggest caution must be applied when drawing conclusions about its exploitation status. Using simulated length frequency data with known parameter values, we demonstrate that recruitment decline due to overexploitation leads to overestimation of EPR values. Considering the low levels of EPR estimated for the study species, recruitment limitation is not impossible and true EPR values may be even lower than our estimates. It is, therefore, likely that management action, such as the creation of Marine Protected Areas, is needed to reconstitute the west coast dusky kob population.
Managerial Perceptions of the Economic Impact of Labor Relations Programs

Managers of unionized Wisconsin firms were surveyed in 1984 concerning their companies' experiences with gainsharing programs, profit-sharing plans, employee stock-ownership plans, employee participation programs, joint union-management committees at the plant level, and communitywide union-management cooperation committees. Managers assessed gainsharing, profit-sharing, and participation programs as improving company performance more than the other types of programs. The local community cooperation committees were perceived as having no effect on firm performance.
Protein kinases that phosphorylate activated G protein‐coupled receptors

G protein‐coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that specifically recognize agonist‐occupied, activated G protein‐coupled receptor proteins as substrates. Phosphorylation of an activated receptor by a GRK terminates signaling by that receptor, by initiating the uncoupling of the receptor from heterotrimeric G proteins. Six distinct mammalian GRKs are known, which differ in tissue distribution and in regulatory properties. The intracellular localization of GRKs to membrane‐bound receptor substrates is the most important known regulatory feature of these enzymes. Rhodopsin kinase (GRK1) requires a post‐translationally added farnesyl isoprenoid to bind to light‐activated rhodopsin. The β‐adrenergic receptor kinases (GRK2 and GRK3) associate with heterotrimeric G protein βγ‐subunits, released upon receptor activation of G proteins, for membrane anchorage. The recently‐described GRKs 4, 5, and 6 comprise a distinct subgroup of GRKs. These kinases utilize distinct mechanisms for membrane localization, which are just beginning to be defined. All GRKs appear to play the same general cellular role of desensitizing activated G protein‐coupled receptors, but utilize distinctly individual means to the same end. —Premont, R. T. , Inglese, J., Lefkowitz, R. J. Protein kinases that phosphorylate activated G protein‐coupled receptors. FASEB J. 9, 175–182 (1995)
Complete Genome Sequence of an Edwardsiella piscicida-Like Species Isolated from Diseased Grouper in Israel

ABSTRACT The Edwardsiella piscicida-like sp. is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe that causes disease in some fish species. We report here the complete genome sequence of a virulent isolate from a diseased white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus) raised on the Red Sea in Israel, which contains a chromosome of 3,934,167 bp and no plasmids.
New ICD‐Technologies: First Clinical Experience with Dual‐Chamber Sensing for Differentiation of Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias

Inappropriate ICD therapy for supraventricular arrhythmias remains an unsolved problem and may lead to serious clinical situations. Current algorithms for differentiation of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias are based on ventricular sensing solely and, therefore, lack semitivity and specificity. This preliminary analysis from a multicenter trial comprises data from the first 26 patients who received a Res‐Q™ Micron active‐can ICD (Stdzer Intermedics) with a ventricular defibrillation lead and an additional bipolar lead for atrial sensing. Digitized atrial and ventricular waveform storage as well as interval charts from 102 induced and 30 spontaneous arrhythmia episodes were prospectively collected and analyzed with regard to appropriateness of ICD therapy. From all 132 arrhythmia episodes, high‐quality stored dual‐chamber intracardiac electrograms (JFXJM) could be retrieved for further analysis: in 40 (30%) episodes, atrial fibrillation (AF with rapid ventricular response 22, AF with VT9, AF with VF 9) was identified as the underlying intrinsic rhythm, and inappropriate ICD therapy was delivered in 4/22 (18%) episodes of AF with rapid ventricular response. In the remaining 92 (70%) episodes, sinus rhythm was the underlying atrial rhythm (SR with VT 13, SR with VF 79), and no inappropriate therapy was observed. Three of 22 (15%) high‐energy shocks delivered for ventricular arrhythmias (VT 9, VF 9, rapid AF 4) terminated AF at the same time. In total, there were 3 complications (2 atrial lead dislodgments, I revision for bleeding). Both atrial lead dislodgments occurred in the 2 patients with passive‐fixation leads compared to none in the 24 patients with active‐fixation leads (p ‐ 0.003). In conclusion, dual‐chamber sensing and waveform storage of the new Res‐Q™ Micron offer very helpful diagnostic tools for the detection of inappropriate ICD‐therapy. Placement of an additional atrial lead is safe and does not interfere with proper ICD function. However, for avoidance of atrial lead dislodgment, active fixation leads are recommended With the tested active‐can lead configuration, the efficacy of successful atrial cardioversion by high‐energy shocks delivered for ventricular arrhythmias seems to be low.
Executive Options with Inflated Equity Prices

This study solves the optimal managerial compensation problem when shareholders are either naively optimistic or rational. The results suggest that boards of directors should decrease option grants to CEOs when equity is likely to be irrationally overvalued at the date when the CEO’s options vest. The implications of the model are consistent with the available empirical evidence. In addition, the model generates new testable predictions about managerial stock price manipulation, the number of options granted, and the magnitude of the options’ strike prices that have not yet been formally tested.
Does Development Reduce Migration?

The most basic economic theory suggests that rising incomes in developing countries will deter emigration from those countries, an idea that captivates policymakers in international aid and trade diplomacy. A lengthy literature and recent data suggest something quite different: that over the course of a "mobility transition", emigration generally rises with economic development until countries reach upper-middle income, and only thereafter falls. This note quantifies the shape of the mobility transition in every decade since 1960. It then briefly surveys 45 years of research, which has yielded six classes of theory to explain the mobility transition and numerous tests of its existence and characteristics in both macro- and micro-level data. The note concludes by suggesting five questions that require further study.
Microtubules: dynamics, drug interaction and drug resistance in Leishmania

Microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers essential for the survival of all eukaryotes. These proteins are the proposed cellular targets of many anticancerous, antifungal and antihelminthic drugs. Sufficient differences exist between the microtubules of kinetoplastid parasites like Leishmania and humans to explore the selective targeting of these proteins for therapeutic purposes. This review describes the basic structure of microtubules and its dynamics in general, with specific insights into leishmanial microtubules, the salient features of microtubule–drug interactions including the specificity of certain drugs for parasitic microtubules. Chemotherapy against leishmanial parasites is failing because of the emergence of drug resistant strains. The possible mechanisms of resistance to antimicrotubule agents along with insights into the role of microtubules in mediating drug resistance in Leishmania are discussed.
The Contribution of Internal Audit as a Determinant of External Audit Fees and Factors Influencing this Contribution

Despite extensive research on the determinants of external audit fees, there is little empirical evidence on the effect of internal audit contribution on the external audit fee. Using a cross-sectional regression model based on prior audit fee research, this study provides evidence that internal audit contribution is a significant determinant of the external audit fee. Further, a second model that provides evidence on the determinants of internal audit contribution is developed and tested. This second model indicates that internal audit contribution is influenced by internal audit quality and, conditional on the level of inherent risk, the availability of internal audit and the extent of coordination between internal and external auditors. These results are based on a unique data-set comprised of publicly available data matched with survey responses from internal and external auditors affiliated with 70 non-financial services Fortune 1000 firms. The sample includes all of the former "Big 6" international accounting firms and clients from twenty-nine different industries.
Open Versus Closed Firms and the Dynamics of Industry Evolution

We develop a model of industry evolution in which firms choose proprietary standards (closed firm) or adopt a common standard (open firm). A closed entrant can capture multiple profits whereas an open entrant faces lower entry barriers: The odds of closed entry (relative to open entry) decrease with price and eventually open entry becomes more likely. While initially closed firms have better survival because they can offset losses in one component with profits from another, the situation is reversed when prices fall below a threshold. These entry and exit dynamics can lead the industry away from its long run equilibrium.
Technological Diffusion, Expectations and Welfare

This paper investigates a simple intertemporal model to illustrate the effect of different forms of expectations formation by the buyers of technolog y on the extent and time path of the usage of a new technology. In addition, the related questions of the optimal rate oftake up of new technology, and the des ign of policies to achieve such a rate, are considered. Copyright 1986 by Royal Economic Society.
Smoking, Skydiving, and Knitting: The Endogenous Categorization of Risks in Insurance Markets with Asymmetric Information

We analyze the efficiency and market equilibirum effects of endogenous categorization, where insurance companies classify risks on the basis of insureds' voluntary consumption of products that are correlated with underlying loss propersities, and we show that the use of such categorization may permit the attainment of first-best allocations as competitive Nash equilibria. The optimal insurance premium involves a trade-off between the use of categorization to correct moral hazard externalities generated by the consumption of the product and the use of differential consumption to sort heterogeneous consumers, thereby mitigating the social costs of adverse selection. The efficiency consequences of taxing or subsidizing aggregate, as opposed to individual, consumption is also considered.
The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.

PURPOSE A new hypothesis for the etiology of prostate cancer is that chronic or recurrent prostate inflammation may initiate and promote prostate cancer development. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the current direct and indirect evidence from epidemiology, genetics, molecular biology and histopathology implicating inflammation in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. RESULTS The case for prostate inflammation as a cause of prostate cancer is compelling. Epidemiology data have correlated prostatitis and sexually transmitted infections with increased prostate cancer risk and intake of anti-inflammatory drugs and antioxidants with decreased prostate cancer risk. Genetic studies have identified RNASEL, encoding an interferon inducible ribonuclease, and MSR1, encoding subunits of the macrophage scavenger receptor, as candidate inherited susceptibility genes for familial prostate cancer. Somatic silencing of GSTP1, encoding a glutathione S-transferase capable of defending against oxidant cell and genome damage, has been found in almost all prostate cancer cases. Proliferative inflammatory atrophy lesions containing activated inflammatory cells and proliferating epithelial cells appear likely to be precursors to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions and prostatic carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Emerging hints that prostate inflammation may contribute to prostatic carcinogenesis will provide opportunities for the discovery and development of new drugs and strategies for prostate cancer prevention.
Who Benefits from Price Promotions

This article reports new research on price promotions in grocery products. The results are striking and taken with other evidence they suggest that few consumers benefit from deep-discount price promotions. The study raises big questions about how manufacturers and retailers allocate their marketing budgets - and even about whether companies' management accounting and remuneration practices may be leading to reduced profits.
Redesigning, Redefining Work

The demands of today’s workplace—long hours, constant availability, self-sacrificial dedication—do not match the needs of today’s workforce, where workers struggle to reconcile competing caregiving and workplace demands. This mismatch has negative consequences for gender equality and workers’ health. Here, the authors put forth a call to action: to redesign work to better meet the needs of today’s workforce and to redefine successful work. The authors propose two avenues for future research to achieve these goals: research that (a) builds a more rigorous business case for work redesign/redefinition and (b) exposes the underlying gender and class dynamics of current work arrangements.
Socio-Demographic Determinants for Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students: The Case of University of Gondar Graduating Students

Entrepreneurship is one of the best economic development strategies being a source of job opportunity, promoting balanced regional development, improving the living standard of the common people, ensuring self-reliance and balancing import–export transaction of a given country. Cognizant of these facts, this research examined the entrepreneurial intention of 2011/2012 graduating students of University of Gondar, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional study was conducted through mixed research method with sequential explanatory strategy. The findings of this study were based on information drawn from 310 sample respondents, two discussion sessions with 6 individuals and 10 key informants. Binary logistic regression, Chi-square test, percentage and bar graph have been used. About 56% of graduating students were not entrepreneurially intended. Taking entrepreneurship course, role model occupation, using of learning by doing approach, gender and family work expectation were significant predictors of entrepreneurial intention with Exp (B) of 5.821, 4.167, 2.94, 2.93 and 0.048 respectively. The study recommends that entrepreneurial orientation of the content and methods of teaching, the awareness level of role model and the surrounding community to the nature and role of entrepreneurship should be enhanced. Keywords : entrepreneurial intention, socio-demographic variable and university graduating students
Automatic Identification of Oceanic Multieddy Structures From Satellite Altimeter Datasets

Very few of current eddy detection algorithms are capable of identifying multieddy structures resulted from interactions among eddies. In this study, we improve our previous hybrid detection (HD) algorithm by incorporating a new criterion to better identify multieddy structures from satellite altimeter data. The criterion defines an aspect ratio to determine if eddies have vortex overlaps and, as such, result in a composite structure of multiple eddies (a.k.a. multieddy structures). Compared with two previous studies on observed eddy-eddy interactions in eddy mergers from altimeter data, the improved HD algorithm not only successfully captures multieddy structures but also shows how eddies interact and evolve, including merging, splitting, and partial vorticity exchange. Tests of the improved HD algorithm on a series of sea-level anomaly maps in the South China Sea (SCS) from 1993 to 2012 show that single eddies, in contrast to eddies with composite structures, appear more concentrated in northwest of the Luzon and southeast of Vietnam. Tracking dual-eddy structures reveals several processes of eddy interactions in the SCS. The study demonstrates the potential value of the new HD algorithm in helping scientists to investigate characteristics of eddy-eddy interactions from satellite observations.