Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supernovae‐induced accretion and star formation in the inner kiloparsec of a gaseous disc

We consider the effects of supernovae (SNe) on accretion and star formation in a massive gaseous disc in a large primeval galaxy. The gaseous disc we envisage, roughly 1 kpc in size with ≳108 M⊙ of gas, could have formed as a result of galaxy mergers where tidal interactions removed angular momentum from gas at larger radius and thereby concentrated it within the central ∼1 kpc region. We find that SNe lead to accretion in the disc at a rate of roughly 0.1–1 M⊙ yr−1 and induce star formation at a rate of ∼10–100 M⊙ per year which contributes to the formation of a bulge; a part of the stellar velocity dispersion is due to SN shell speed from which stars are formed and a part due to the repeated action of stochastic gravitational field of SNe remnant network on stars. The rate of SN in the inner kpc is shown to be self-regulating, and it cycles through phases of low and high activity. The SN-assisted accretion transports gas from about 1 kpc to within a few pc of the centre. If this accretion were to continue down to the central black hole then the resulting ratio of black hole mass to the stellar mass in the bulge would be of the order of ∼ 10−2–10−3, in line with the observed Magorrian relation.
Juxtaposition as a form feature; syntax captured and explained rather than assumed and modelled

In this article, we report on a study conducted to further the design a formal grammar model (AZee), confronting it to the traditional notion of syntax along the way. The model was initiated to work as an unambiguous linguistic input for signing avatars, accounting for all simultaneous articulators while doing away with the generally assumed and separate levels of lexicon, syntax, etc. Specifically, the work presented here focused on juxtaposition in signed streams (a fundamental feature of syntax), which we propose to consider as a mere form feature, and use it as the starting point of data-driven searches for grammatical rules. The result is a tremendous progress in coverage of LSF grammar, and fairly strong evidence that our initial goal is attainable. We give concrete examples of rules, and a clear illustration of the recursive mechanics of the grammar producing LSF forms, and conclude with theoretical remarks on the AZee paradigm in terms of syntax, word/sign order and the like.
Gait characteristics of vertical climbing in mountain gorillas and chimpanzees

Biomechanical analyses of arboreal locomotion in great apes in their natural environment are scarce and thus attempts to correlate behavioural and habitat differences with variations in morphology are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the gait characteristics of vertical climbing in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in a natural environment to assess differences in the climbing styles that may relate to variation in body size. We investigated temporal variables (i.e., cycle duration, duty factors, and stride frequency) and footfall sequences (i.e., diagonal vs. lateral sequence gaits) during vertical climbing (both ascent and descent) in 11 wild mountain gorillas and compared these data to those of eight semi-free-ranging chimpanzees, using video records ad libitum. Comparisons of temporal gait parameters revealed that largebodied mountain gorillas exhibited a longer cycle duration, lower stride frequency and generally a higher duty factor than smaller-bodied chimpanzees. While both apes were similarly versatile in their vertical climbing performance in the natural environment, mountain gorillas most often engaged in diagonal sequence/diagonal couplet gaits and chimpanzees most often used lateral sequence/diagonal couplet gaits. This study revealed that mountain gorillas adapt their climbing strategy to accommodate their large body mass in a similar manner previously found in captive western lowland gorillas, and that chimpanzees are less variable in their climbing strategy than has been documented in captive bonobos.
Upgrading or Polarization? Occupational Change in Britain, Germany, Spain and Switzerland, 1990-2008

We analyze the pattern of occupational change over the last two decades in Britain, Germany, Spain and Switzerland: which jobs have been expanding – high-paid jobs, low-paid jobs or both? Based on individual-level data, we examine what hypothesis is most consistent with the observed change: skill-biased technical change, routinization, skill supply evolution or wage-setting institutions? Our analysis reveals massive occupational upgrading that closely matches educational expansion: employment expanded most at the top of the occupational hierarchy, among managers and professionals. In parallel, mid-range occupations (clerks and production workers) declined relative to those at the bottom (interpersonal service workers). This U-shaped pattern of upgrading is consistent with the routinization hypothesis: technology seems a better substitute for average-paid clerical and manufacturing jobs than for low-end service employment. Yet country differences in low-paid service job creation suggest that wage-setting institutions play an important role, channelling technological change into more or less polarized patterns of upgrading.
Comparative Potential of Traditional versus Modern Diagnostic Tests in Estimating Status of Caprine Johne ’ s disease

Dilip Singh Barad, Bharat Singh Chandel, AbidaliI. Dadawala, HarshadC. Chauhan, Hemendra Singh Kher, Sagar Shroff, Abidali Gulamhaider Bhagat, ShoorVir Singh, Pravin Kumar Singh, Ajay Vir Singh, Jagdip Singh Sohal, Saurabh Gupta and Kundan Kumar Chaubey Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H. , SardarkrushinagarDantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar 385 506, Dist. Banaskantha, Gujarat; Microbiology Laboratory,Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, PO -Farah, Dist.Mathura, 281 122, Uttar Pradesh, India Corresponding author:shoorvir.singh@gmail.com; shoorvir_singh@rediffmail.com;Phone: 91 565 2763260; Fax: 91 565 2763246
News Sentiment in the Gold Futures Market

This article utilises commodity specific news sentiment data provided by Thomson Reuters News Analytics to examine the relationship between news sentiment and returns in the gold futures market over the period 2003–2012. There is an asymmetric response to news releases with negative news sentiment invoking a greater contemporaneous response in returns of gold futures. There is evidence to support the supposition that net trader positions significantly impact the identified sentiment relationship with the effect greatest when traders are holding positions contrary to their natural position; this may be explained by constraints imposed on traders in terms of credit availability, exchange imposed limits, or inventory required for physical settlement. Recession, and associated changes in credit costs, impact the size of net positions and the news sentiment/return relationship.
ECOSYSTEM ADAPTATION: DO ECOSYSTEMS MAXIMIZE RESILIENCE?

The response of an ecological system to perturbation can be described in terms of its resilience, essentially a measure of the time the system takes to return to its prior state. The resilience of an ecosystem is the result of interactions of the biota and their environment and will therefore change as the biota evolve and environmental conditions change. Ecological systems exist within the constraints of thermodynamic laws that pre- scribe the transfer of energy. Ecologically defined ''thermodynamic imperatives,'' such as entropy, exergy, and ascendency, provide whole-ecosystem selection pressures that con- strain the evolution of individuals within an ecosystem in addition to the selection pressures of individual evolution. The essence of these whole-ecosystem selection pressures may be captured by metrics. We have used a ''genetic algorithm'' to optimize these metrics, sim- ulating the adaptation of a model ecosystem biota. Our simulations suggest the hypothesis that, within the constraints of the external environment and the genetic potential of their constituent biota, ecosystems will evolve to the state most resilient to perturbation.
A Network of Protein-Protein Interactions of the Model Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough

Virtual Institute of Microbial Stress and Survival; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California; Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California; Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California; Biochemistry and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Departments, University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri; Biosystems Research Department, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Departments of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, Califronia; Amyris Biotechnologies, Emeryville, California.
Anti-epileptic drugs and severe cutaneous drug reactions in certain ethnic populations & HLA association

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are severe adverse reactions, which could be induced by a variety of drugs. It was proposed that human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted presentation of antigens (drugs or their metabolites) to T lymphocytes initiates the immune reactions of SJS-TEN. The genetic susceptibility and the exact immunological pathogenesis were not clear until the recent studies. It was first identified that HLA-B*1502 is strongly associated with carbamazepine (CBZ)-induced SJS-TEN and HLA-B*5801 with allopurinol-SJS- TEN in Han Chinese. The same associations had been validated across different human populations. For the downstream danger signals, Fas-Fas ligand (FasL) and perforin -granzyme B had been advocated as cytotoxic mediators for keratinocyte death in SJS-TEN. However, expression levels of these cytotoxic proteins from the skin lesions were too low to explain the distinct and extensive epidermal necrosis. In recent study it was identified that the granulysin, a cytotoxic protein released from cytotoxic T cells or natural killer (NK) cells, is a key mediator for disseminated keratinocyte death in SJS-TEN. The article aims to provide an outlay of both of the genomic and immunologic perspectives of SJS-TEN. These studies give us a better understanding of the immune mechanisms, biomarkers for disease prevention and early diagnosis, as well as providing the therapeutic targets for the treatments of SJS-TEN.
Resources, Techniques, and Strategies South of the Sahara: Revising the Factor Endowments Perspective on African Economic Development, 1500-2000

This article seeks to revise and re-apply the factor endowments perspective on African history. The propositions that sub-Saharan Africa was characterized historically by land abundance and labour scarcity, and that the natural environment posed severe constraints on the exploitation of the land surplus, are broadly upheld. Important alterations are suggested, however, centred on the seasonality of labour supply, Ruf's concept of 'forest rent', and, for precolonial economies, the role of fixed capital. This revised endowments framework is then applied in order to explore the long-term dynamics of economic development in Africa, focusing on how the economic strategies of producers and political authorities created specific paths of change which shifted the production possibility frontiers of the economies concerned, and ultimately altered the very factor ratios to which the strategies had been responses.
Effects of Clear-cut Logging on Wood Breakdown in Appalachian Mountain Streams

Red oak (Quercus rubra) sticks, approximately 10-cm long and in three size classes (large, 3-cm diam, 22-55 g; medium, 1-2-cm, 12-22 g; small, < 1-cm, 312 g) were placed at five sites in two second-order streams at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. One stream, Big Hurricane Branch, drains a watershed logged in 1976 (WS 7); the other stream, Hugh White Creek, drains an uncut reference watershed (WS 14). Ten sticks of each size class were collected from each site at 6-month to 1year intervals from September 1981 through November 1985. Calculated breakdown rates ranged from 0.107 to 0.281 y-1. Breakdown rates were significantly different among size classes on both watersheds-smaller sticks lost mass faster than larger sticks. Breakdown rates of similar size sticks were significantly faster in Big Hurricane Branch, the disturbed stream, than in Hugh White Creek. Faster rates of wood breakdown in Big Hurricane Branch may be associated with higher stream N03-N levels, greater stream channel instability and greater invertebrate abundance on sticks.
4098 galaxy clusters to z∼ 0.6 in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey equatorial Stripe 82

We present a catalogue of 4098 photometrically selected galaxy clusters with a median redshift � z �= 0.32 in the 270 deg 2 ‘Stripe 82’ region of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), covering the celestial equator in the Southern Galactic Cap (−50 ◦ <α <59 ◦ , |δ |≤ 1. ◦ 25). Owing to the multi-epoch SDSS coverage of this region, the ugriz photometry is ∼2 mag deeper than single scans within the main SDSS footprint. We exploit this to detect clusters of galaxies using an algorithm that searches for statistically significant overdensities of galaxies in a Voronoi tessellation of the projected sky. 32 per cent of the clusters have at least one member with a spectroscopic redshift from existing public data (SDSS Data Release 7, 2SLAQ and WiggleZ), and the remainder have a robust photometric redshift (accurate to ∼5–9 per cent at the median redshift of the sample). The weighted average of the member galaxies’ redshifts provides a reasonably accurate estimate of the cluster redshift. The cluster catalogue is publicly available for exploitation by the community to pursue a range of science objectives. In addition to the cluster catalogue, we provide a linked catalogue of 18 295 V ≤ 21-mag quasar sightlines with impact parameters within ≤3 Mpc of the cluster cores selected from the catalogue of VeronCetty & Veron (2010). The background quasars cover 0.25 <z < 2, where Mg II absorption-line systems associated with the clusters are detectable in optical spectra.
A vector space model for information retrieval with generalized similarity measures.

We develop a new set of similarity functions for a formal vector space model for information retrieval. Our model considers records as multisets of tokens. A token weight maps records into real vectors. Using this vector representation we define a p-norm of a record and pairwise conjunction and disjunction operations on records. With the help of these operations we then develop consistent extensions of set-based similarity functions and new `p distance-based similarities. We show that with particular classes of token weights and p-values, our definitions recover the standard versions of the similarity functions. The paper concludes with a preliminary study of the new similarities in the context of a model entity matching problem.
Item response models to measure corporate social responsibility

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a multidimensional concept that involves several aspects, ranging from environment to social and governance. Companies aiming to comply with CSR standards have to face challenges that vary from one aspect to the other and from one industry to the other. Latent variable models may be usefully employed to provide a unidimensional measure of the grade of compliance of a firm with CSR standards, which is both understandable and theoretically solid. A methodology based on item response theory has been implemented on the multidimensional sustainability rating as expressed by KLD data-set from 1991 to 2007. Results suggest that companies in the oil and gas industry together with firms in industrials, basic materials and telecommunications have a higher difficulty to meet the CSR standards. Criteria based on human rights, environment, community and product quality have a large capacity to select the best performing firms, as they are very discriminant, while governance does not exhibit similar behaviour. A stock selection based on the ranking of the firms according to the proposed CSR measure supports the hypothesis of a positive relationship between CSR and financial performance.
Petedunnite ( CaZnSirOu ) , a new zinc clinopyroxene from Franklin , New Jersey , and phase equilibria for zincian pyroxenes *

has been found in the zinc deposit in Franklin, New Jersey. Because Zn is the dominant Ml cation, this phase is a new mineral species, and the endmember is considered to be CaZnSirOu. It has been named for Dr. Pete J. Dunn of the Smithsonian Institution in recognition of his extensive work on Franklin minerals. The X-ray, chemical, and optical data are consistent with the interpretation of petedunnite as a clinopyroxene with space group C2/c. Unit-cell parameters are a:9.82(3), D : 9.00(l), c: 5.27(2) A, B : 105.6(2)', V:448(2) A'. Plots of available chemical analyses suggest extensive solid solution between petedunnite and diopside-hedenbergite-johannsenite. Petedunnite is dark green, has a calculated density of 3.68 g/cm3 and has {110} cleavages. Optical properties are a: 1 . 6 8 ( l ) , 8 : 1 . 6 9 ( l ) , 7 : 1 . 7 0 ( l ) , 2 V . : 8 0 ( 5 ) , Z t c : 4 0 ( 5 ) ' , y l l b , X , Y : l i g h t y e l l o w , Z : lidhtgreen, r > v (strong). Preliminary high-pressure experiments at 20 kbar and 900'C have yielded the phase caZnSi,ou, wirh a : 9.803(6), b: 8.915(7), c: 5.243(7) A, B : t05.75(7), V: 444.0(9) A', p*. : 3.S53(S) g,/cm3. The lower-pressure assemblage hardystonite (CarZnSirOr) + willemite (ZnrSiOo) + qvafiz will buffer the CaZnSirO5 content of a coexisting clinopyroxene solid-solution at a maximum for given P-Z conditions. Petedunnite substitution is also bufered in clinopyroxene solid-solution as a function ofthe ratio/" r/f"rinthe presence of wollastonite + sphalerite + quartz. Phase equilibria calculated from thermodynamic data collated for phases in the system Zn-Al-Si-O-S suggest hat much of the Franklin area zinc ore formed at a relatively high fugacity rutio of fo,/fr, that was presumably inherited from a S-poor premetamorphic protore.
Inflectional morphology with linear mappings

This methodological study provides a step-by-step introduction to a computational implementation of word and paradigm morphology using linear mappings between vector spaces for form and meaning. Taking as starting point the linear regression model, the main concepts underlying linear mappings are introduced and illustrated with R code. It is then shown how vector spaces can be set up for Latin verb conjugations, using 672 inflected variants of two verbs each from the four main conjugation classes. It turns out that mappings from form to meaning (comprehension), and from meaning to form (production) can be carried out loss-free. This study concludes with a demonstration that when the graph of triphones, the units that underlie the form space, is mapped onto a 2-dimensional space with a self-organising algorithm from physics (graphopt), morphological functions show topological clustering, even though morphemic units do not play any role whatsoever in the model. It follows, first, that evidence for morphemes emerging from experimental studies using, for instance, fMRI, to localize morphemes in the brain, does not guarantee the existence of morphemes in the brain, and second, that potential topological organization of morphological form in the cortex may depend to a high degree on the morphological system of a language.
TV viewing and dreaming in children: the UK library study.

Since watching TV represents a considerable constituent of children’s waking-life, TV content should hence have a great influence on dream content. The present study in children (N = 3167) clearly indicates that most children stated that watching TV affect their dreams. Whereas the amount of TV watching is weakly associated with nightmare frequency, the children who incorporate TV contents into their dreams have more nightmares. This is most likely explained by emotional intensity experienced while watching TV and/or personality traits. Carefully designed studies eliciting TV content, emotional response to TV watching, and personality traits are necessary to better understand the effect of TV consumption on dreaming.
Does Model Fit Matter for Hedging? Evidence from FTSE 100 Options

This paper implements a variety of different calibration methods applied to the Heston model and examines their effect on the performance of standard and minimum-variance hedging of vanilla options on the FTSE 100 index. Simple adjustments to the Black-Scholes-Merton model are used as a benchmark. Our empirical findings apply to delta, delta-gamma or delta-vega hedging and they are robust to varying the option maturities and moneyness, and to different market regimes. On the methodological side, an efficient technique for simultaneous calibration to option price and implied volatility index data is introduced.
Examples of M5-Brane Elliptic Genera

We determine the modified elliptic genus of an M5-brane wrapped on various one modulus Calabi-Yau spaces, using modular invariance together with some known Gopakumar-Vafa invariants of small degrees. As a bonus, we find nontrivial relations among Gopakumar-Vafa invariants of different degrees and genera from modular invariance.
Athens Institute for Education and Research ATINER ATINER ' s Conference Paper Series ARC 2014-1188

Analogical reasoning can be seen as an important aid in problem solving, and architectural design problem solving in particular. Analogical reasoning was found to be an important aid supporting architectural education. In this paper we explored the use of visual and verbal analogies in the early phases of the design process when student designers work alone and as a team. In addition, we investigated the contribution of different types of analogy on the creativity of the final design outcome. In an empirical study the use of visual and verbal analogies were compared in regard to the question of how designers deal with different problem solving activities during the design process. Findings showed that the help provided by visual analogy was mainly successful in a definition of the problem, clarifications of ideas, and evaluations of solutions. Verbal analogy, on the other hand, was particular successful in generating design ideas. Both types of analogies contributed to the originality and aesthetic value of the final design outcome. Independently of the type of analogy used, working in team was found to be fundamental to enrich different aspects of the design activity. Implications for design education are discussed.
Asymptotics for lasso-type estimators

We consider the asymptotic behavior of regression estimators that minimize the residual sum of squares plus a penalty proportional to Σ ∥β j ∥γ for some y > 0. These estimators include the Lasso as a special case when γ = 1. Under appropriate conditions, we show that the limiting distributions can have positive probability mass at 0 when the true value of the parameter is 0. We also consider asymptotics for nearly singular designs.