Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efecto de la congelación -40ºc en los ácidos grasos de la pulpa de sardina (sardinella aurita) lavada con una solución de bicarbonato de sodio al 0,5%

Se evaluo el efecto de la congelacion a -40oC de la pulpa de sardina lavada con solucion de NaHCO3 al 0,5% en las diferentes fracciones de los lipidos (fosfolipidos, trigliceridos y acidos grasos libres). Las diferentes fracciones de lipidos fueron separadas por cromatocrafia en capa fina y luego evaluadas por cromatografia de gases y espectrometria de masas, durante el almacenamiento a bajas temperaturas. El indice de TBA aumenta desde 0,06 hasta 0,17 mg/kg a medida que incrementa el tiempo de almacenamiento en congelacion en la pulpa de sardina lavada con NaHCO3 al 0,5%, indicando la formacion de compuestos de bajo peso molecular, producto de la degradacion de los acidos grasos de alto peso molecular. Estos resultados coinciden con las cromatografias de gases y las espectrometrias de masas realizadas a la pulpa lavada. Estos compuestos presentas tiempos de retencion similares a los acidos grasos C18:2, n-6; C18:3, n-3; C20:4, n-6; C20:5, n-3 y C22:6, n-3, ademas de la formacion de aldehidos, cetonas y alcoholes.
The ‘performativity thesis’ and its critics: Towards a relational ontology of management accounting

This paper explores accounting's mediating role in bringing theoretical statements from economics into life. It addresses the so-called performativity thesis that claims that economic theory does not just observe and explain a reality, but rather shapes, formats and performs reality. Accounting mediates in that process by creating cognitive boundaries that embed societal practices in economic theory. However, the performativity thesis is not without criticisms. Its main criticisms concern a lack of proof of the thesis; an overestimation of the power of economics to extend beyond the virtual; and a lack of a critical stance. In order to bring more nuance in the discussion on the performativity thesis the paper reflects on evidence from the field of accounting. The review of accounting studies reveals how accounting, to different degrees, is implicated in strategic and operational activities in markets and organisations and how it is a performative mechanism of economisation. Moreover, in order to accentuate the ‘good’ in society and to challenge the ‘bad’, the paper suggests a further development of (critical) management accounting research into the performativity of both economics and other social theories. A relational ontology of management accounting that is in politics and that is sensitive to ‘unlocalisable’ virtual powers of social-historical formations of management accounting may be developed.
In utero exposure to phenobarbital and intelligence deficits in adult men.

OBJECTIVE To test whether exposure to phenobarbital in utero is associated with deficits in intelligence scores in adult men and whether the magnitude of the postnatal effect is mediated by exposure parameters and/or postnatal environmental factors. DESIGN Two double-blind studies were conducted on independent samples of adult men prenatally exposed to phenobarbital and matched control samples using different measures of general intelligence. Based on data from control subjects, regression models were built relating intelligence scores to relevant pre-exposure matching variables and age at testing. Models generated predicted scores for each exposed subject. Group mean differences between the individually predicted and observed scores estimated exposure effects. SETTING Copenhagen, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS Exposed subjects were adult men born at the largest hospital in Copenhagen between 1959 and 1961 who were exposed to phenobarbital during gestation via maternal medical treatment and whose mothers had no history of a central nervous system disorder and no treatment during pregnancy with any other psychopharmacological drug. Study 1 included 33 men and study 2, 81 men. Controls were unexposed members of the same birth cohort matched on a wide spectrum of maternal variables recorded prenatally and perinatally. Controls for studies 1 and 2 included 52 and 101 men, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In study 1: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Danish version); in study 2: Danish Military Draft Board Intelligence Test (Børge Priens Prøve). RESULT Men exposed prenatally to phenobarbital had significantly lower verbal intelligence scores (approximately 0.5 SD) than predicted. Lower socioeconomic status and being the offspring of an "unwanted" pregnancy increased the magnitude of the negative effects. Exposure that included the last trimester was the most detrimental. CONCLUSION Phenobarbital exposure during early development can have long-term deleterious effects on cognitive performance. Detrimental environmental conditions can interact with prenatal biological insult to magnify negative outcomes. Physicians are urged to use increased caution in prescribing such medications during pregnancy.
The startle probe response: a new measure of emotion?

Twenty undergraduate subjects were presented with unsignaled 50-ms white noise bursts (95 dB) to probe their perceptual processing while viewing 36 colored photographic slides, depicting pleasant/ interesting, neutral/dull, or unpleasant/interesting scenes and objects. Startle magnitudes to the noise bursts as measured by the eyeblink response were largest for unpleasant material and smallest for positive material. This effect was independent of measures of orienting, arousal, and interest in the materials. The results reconcile conflicting animal and human research. Alternative attentional and response matching explanations of these startle probe effects were evaluated. The startle probe is proposed as a broadly useful tool for studying emotion, its development and modification, and for the assessment of pathological anxiety.
TLR-2 and IL-17A in Chitin-Induced Macrophage Activation and Acute Inflammation1

Chitin is a ubiquitous polysaccharide in fungi, insects, and parasites. To test the hypothesis that chitin is an important immune modulator, we characterized the ability of chitin fragments to regulate murine macrophage cytokine production in vitro and induce acute inflammation in vivo. In this study, we show that chitin is a size-dependent stimulator of macrophage IL-17A production and IL-17AR expression and demonstrate that these responses are TLR-2 and MyD88-dependent. We further demonstrate that IL-17A pathway activation is an essential event in the stimulation of some but not all chitin-stimulated cytokines and that chitin uses a TLR-2, MyD88-, and IL-17A-dependent mechanism(s) to induce acute inflammation. These studies demonstrate that chitin is a size-dependent pathogen-associated molecular pattern that activates TLR-2 and MyD88 in a novel IL-17A/IL-17AR-based innate immunity pathway.
Effect of Brine Composition on Wettability Alteration of Carbonate Rocks in the Presence of Polar Compounds

The impact of brine salinity and ion composition on oil recovery for carbonate reservoirs has been an area of research in recent years. This was motivated by the additional oil recovery that was recovered by low salinity and ionic modifications in sandstone and chalk reservoirs and to some extent in carbonate reservoirs. Wettability alteration to more water-wet conditions has been proposed as the mechanism leading to the additional oil recovery.
Isolation process dependence of channel mobility in thin-film SOI devices

Degradation of NMOS and enhancement of PMOS I-V characteristics are found to be dependent on specific isolation processes in thin-film SOI devices. These variations are due to mobility decrease in NMOS and increase in PMOS, which can be attributed to the isolation-process-related compressive strain of the silicon film. Magnitudes of mobility variation as high as 40% are observed in the affected SOI devices.
The cost-effectiveness of air bags by seating position.

CONTEXT Motor vehicle crashes continue to cause significant mortality and morbidity in the United States. Installation of air bags in new passenger vehicles is a major initiative in the field of injury prevention. OBJECTIVE To assess the net health consequences and cost-effectiveness of driver's side and front passenger air bags from a societal perspective, taking into account the increased risk to children who occupy the front passenger seat and the diminished effectiveness for older adults. DESIGN A deterministic state transition model tracked a hypothetical cohort of new vehicles over a 20-year period for 3 strategies: (1) installation of safety belts, (2) installation of driver's side air bags in addition to safety belts, and (3) installation of front passenger air bags in addition to safety belts and driver's side air bags. Changes in health outcomes, valued in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs (in 1993 dollars), were projected following the recommendations of the Panel on Cost-effectiveness in Health and Medicine. PARTICIPANTS US population-based and convenience sample data were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS Safety belts are cost saving, even at 50% use. The addition of driver's side air bags to safety belts results in net health benefits at an incremental cost of $24000 per QALY saved. The further addition of front passenger air bags results in an incremental net benefit at a higher incremental cost of $61000 per QALY saved. Results were sensitive to the unit cost of air bag systems, their effectiveness, baseline fatality rates, the ratio of injuries to fatalities, and the real discount rate. CONCLUSIONS Both air bag systems save life-years at costs that are comparable to many medical and public health practices. Immediate steps can be taken to enhance the cost-effectiveness of front passenger air bags, such as moving children to the rear seat.
Bounded reachability of model programs

Model programs represent labeled transition systems and are used to specify expected behavior of systems at a high level of abstraction. Such programs are common as high-level executable specifications of complex protocols. Model programs typically use abstract data types such as sets and maps, and comprehensions to express complex state updates. Such models are mainly used in model-based testing as inputs for test case generation and as oracles during conformance testing. Correctness assumptions about the model itself are usually expressed through state invariants. An important problem is to validate the model prior to its use in the above-mentioned contexts. We introduce a technique of using Satisfiability Modulo Theories or SMT to perform bounded reachability of a fragment of model programs. We analyze the bounded reachability problem and prove decidability and undecidability results of restricted cases of this problem. We use the Z3 solver for our implementation and benchmarks, and we use AsmL as the modeling language. The translation from a model program into a verification condition of Z3 is incremental and involves selective quantifier instantiation of quantifiers that result from set comprehensions and bag axioms. This report subsumes part of the material in [41]. Part of this work was done during an internship at Microsoft Research, Redmond.
Knowledge and attitudes of Pakistani medical students towards HIV-positive and/or AIDS patients

Abstract As the incidence of HIV increases, one of the major steps in preventing a widespread epidemic is to make certain that medical students are prepared to recognize and treat HIV infections and their related conditions, and to counsel patients about avoiding risks that might lead to infections. This cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge level of 357 medical students and their attitudes about AIDS and HIV enrolled in a Medical College in Karachi, Pakistan. Only 6% of the students had complete knowledge on symptoms of HIV/AIDS and 7% of the students had complete knowledge on the modes of transmission of HIV. Statistical analysis of demographic factors affecting knowledge was done. Linear regression and Maentel – Haenszel tests showed that older and clinical students were more knowledgeable of symptoms and modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS. Ten attitudes were correlated with knowledge and none of these showed an association. These results on knowledge indicate that education about HIV/AIDS should be incorporated in the curriculum and interventions must be taken by public health professionals to avoid poor treatment outcomes.
Menopause: clustering of metabolic syndrome components and population changes in insulin resistance

Aim The incidence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in women rises rapidly during the menopause, substantially increasing their cardiovascular risk and mortality. The aim of the study was to analyze menopausal changes in individual MS components and the parameter of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Methods A random population sample of 909 women aged 45–54 years, resident in Prague 4, was examined in an epidemiological study. After excluding women with gynecological hormone therapy or surgical therapy, the two groups of women were compared: women of reproductive age (REPRO, n == 245) vs. naturally postmenopausal women (POSTm, n == 149). Results The incidence of MS rose significantly in menopause (REPRO/POSTm 22.9 ± 2.6%%/38.3 ± 4.0%%; p < 0.001). However, a detailed analysis among the five components defining MS showed that increases were only seen in waist circumference (p < 0.0001) and triglycerides (p < 0.001). There was no increase in the other components or HOMA-IR. A detailed analysis showed an increase in HOMA-IR at levels above the median (REPRO/POSTm: low HOMA-IR 0.9/0.9, not significant; high HOMA-IR 1.8/2.1, p < 0.001) and an increase in the incidence of MS just in these high levels of HOMA-IR and those rising during menopause (REPRO/POSTm: low HOMA-IR 13.8%%/18.7%%, not significant; high HOMA-IR 30.9%%/57.3%%, p < 0.0001). In menopause, there was an increase in the clustered incidence (accompanying MS) of each of the five MS components at the expense of isolated incidence (not accompanying MS). Conclusion The acceleration of MS incidence at the onset of menopause may be accompanied by an increase in insulin resistance only in the population at highest risk. Reproductive women entering the menopause with an isolated MS component are at high risk for developing additional risk factors during menopause.
What factors influence knowledge sharing in organizations? A social dilemma perspective of social media communication

Purpose Enterprise social media platforms provide new ways of sharing knowledge and communicating within organizations to benefit from the social capital and valuable knowledge that employees have. Drawing on social dilemma and self-determination theory, the purpose of this paper is to understand what factors drive employees’ participation and what factors hamper their participation in enterprise social media. Design/methodology/approach Based on a literature review, a unified research model is derived integrating demographic, individual, organizational and technological factors that influence the motivation of employees to share knowledge. The model is tested using statistical methods on a sample of 114 respondents in Denmark. Qualitative data are used to elaborate and explain quantitative findings. Findings The findings pinpoint towards the general drivers and barriers to knowledge sharing within organizations. The significant drivers to knowledge sharing are: enjoy helping others, monetary rewards, management support, management encourages and motivates knowledge sharing behavior and knowledge sharing is recognized. The significant identified barriers are: change of behavior, lack of trust and lack of time. Practical implications The proposed knowledge sharing framework helps to understand what factors impact engagement on social media. Furthermore, the article suggests different types of interventions to overcome the social dilemma of knowledge sharing. Originality/value The study contributes to an understanding of factors leading to the success or failure of enterprise social media drawing on self-determination and social dilemma theory.
Integrating prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission into antenatal care: learning from the experiences of women in South Africa

In 1999, for the first time in South Africa, a Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission (MTCT) prevention programme was implemented at the routine primary care level and not as part of a research protocol. A total of 264 women attending prenatal care in these clinics were interviewed in Xhosa using a standardized questionnaire. All had been offered HIV testing, and 95% had accepted. Women who had not been tested were four times more likely to believe that in the community families reject HIV-positive women (p<0.005). Of women who tested, 19% were HIV positive and 83% had told their partner that they had taken the test. HIV-positive women who had not disclosed testing to their partners were three times more likely to believe that, in the community, partners are violent towards HIV-positive women (p<0.005); 86% stated that they would have taken AZT if found to be HIV positive. Only 11% considered that the use of formula feeding indicated that a woman was HIV positive. In conclusion, routine prenatal HIV testing and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission are acceptable to the majority of women in a South African urban township, despite an awareness of discrimination in the community towards HIV-positive women.
Influence of Hemorrhagic Shock and Subsequent Fluid Resuscitation on the Electroencephalographic Effect of Isoflurane in a Swine Model

Background:The authors have previously reported that hemorrhage does not alter the electroencephalographic effect of isoflurane under conditions of compensated hemorrhagic shock. Here, they have investigated the influence of decompensated hemorrhagic shock and subsequent fluid resuscitation on the electroencephalographic effect of isoflurane. Methods:Twelve swine were anesthetized through inhalation of 2% isoflurane. The inhalational concentration was then decreased to 0.5% and maintained for 25 min, before being returned to 2% and maintained for 25 min (control period). Hemorrhagic shock was then induced by removing 28 ml/kg blood over 30 min. After a 30-min stabilization period, the inhalational concentration was varied as in the control period. Finally, fluid infusion was performed over 30 min using a volume of hydroxyethyl starch equivalent to the blood withdrawn. After a 30-min stabilization period, the inhalational concentration was again varied as in the control period. End-tidal isoflurane concentrations and spectral edge frequency were recorded throughout the study. The pharmacodynamics were characterized using a sigmoidal inhibitory maximal effect model for spectral edge frequency versus effect site concentration. Results:Decompensated hemorrhagic shock slightly but significantly shifted the concentration–effect relation to the left, demonstrating a 1.12-fold decrease in the effect site concentration required to achieve 50% of the maximal effect in the spectral edge frequency. Fluid resuscitation reversed the onset of isoflurane, which was delayed by hemorrhage, but did not reverse the increase in end-organ sensitivity. Conclusions:Although decompensated hemorrhagic shock altered the electroencephalographic effect of isoflurane regardless of fluid resuscitation, the change seemed to be minimal, in contrast to several intravenous anesthetics.
Piece-Rate Incentive Schemes

This paper uses recent results from incentive theory to study heretofore informal critiques of piece-rate compensation schemes. The informal critiques are based on the history of failed attempts to install piece-rate compensation schemes at the turn of the century. The formal analysis emphasizes the importance of information and commitment in contracting. The main result is as follows. In a work environment characterized by hidden information and a hidden action, if neither the firm nor the worker can commit to future behavior, then no compensation scheme, piece-rate or otherwise, can induce the worker not to restrict output.
Green tea polyphenol (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate promotes the rapid protein kinase C‐ and proteasome‐mediated degradation of Bad: implications for neuroprotection

The aim of the present study was to gain a deeper insight into the cell signaling pathways involved in the neuroprotection/neurorescue activity of the major green tea polyphenol (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG). EGCG (1 μm) caused an immediate (30 min) down‐regulation (∼40%) of Bad protein levels, and a more pronounced reduction after 24 h (55%) in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH‐SY5Y. Co‐treatment with EGCG and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide prominently shortened Bad half‐life, with as little as 30% of the Bad protein content remaining after 2 h, suggesting an effect of EGCG on Bad protein degradation. Accordingly, the proteasome inhibitors MG‐132 and lactacystin damped Bad down‐regulation by EGCG. The general protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X, or the down‐regulation of conventional and novel PKC isoforms, abolished EGCG‐induced Bad decline. However, no inhibition was seen with the cell‐permeable myristoylated pseudosubstrate inhibitor of the atypical PKCζ isoform. The enforced expression of Bad for up to 72 h rendered the cells more susceptible to serum deprivation‐induced cell death, whereas EGCG treatment significantly improved cell viability (up to 1.6‐fold). The present study reveals a novel pathway in the neuroprotective mechanism of the action of EGCG, which involves a rapid PKC‐mediated degradation of Bad by the proteasome.
How does soft tissue distribution affect anteversion accuracy of the palpation procedure in image-free acetabular cup navigation? An ultrasonographic assessment

Navigation of the acetabular cup in total hip replacement (THR) is used to improve the reproducibility of acetabular component positioning. When the palpation of anatomic landmarks, which is necessary to determine the pelvic coordinate system, is performed epicutaneously, the question as to how uneven soft tissue distribution can influence navigation accuracy arises. To obtain data, the questionable soft tissue thickness was measured in 72 patients scheduled for THR. In addition, distances between the landmarks were recorded. On the basis of this information, we were able to calculate the expected misinterpretation of the anteversion given by a navigation system for each patient. The calculations suggest that a navigation system would have underestimated the anteversion on average by 2.8° ± 1.8°. The median of anteversion misinterpretation was 2.4° and its 95% confidence interval was calculated to be 2.2°–3.0°. No correlation with substantial significance between anteversion misinterpretation and the patients' biometrical data could be found. According to the current knowledge, acetabular cups in THR should be positioned within a range of 30°–50° of inclination and 10°–30° of anteversion. In comparison with these permitted ± 10° windows, the amount of misinterpretation that was found due to uneven soft tissue distribution seems to be acceptable.