Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of HBs Antigen, and HCV and HIV Antibodies in a Young Male Population in Cameroon

Introduction: According to WHO estimates, 57% of cases of liver cirrhosis and 78% of primary liver carcinoma are caused by a hepatitis B or C virus. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of these diseases and HIV among a young male population, according to region. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from 17 February to 31 March 2014 in the ten administrative regions of Cameroon. The study included male subjects of Cameroonian nationality aged at least 18 and at most 23, and living in the regions concerned. It excluded subjects that did not match the age, gender, and nationality criteria. For each subject, 10 ml of blood was collected in a dry tube. After centrifugation at 3000 RPM for 5 minutes, the serum was collected for the detection of viral infections. For subjects that tested positive, a confirmatory test was conducted. Results: In total, 4367 subjects were selected, with an average age of 20.46 (+/- 1.17) years. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus stood at 13.01% (with 95% CI: 12.03% - 14.05%). That of viral hepatitis C was 0.30% (95% CI: 0.17% - 0.52%). Co-infection with hepatitis B and C viruses was 0.05% (95% CI: 0.01% - 0.18%). The prevalence of HIV infection was 1.01% (95% CI: 0.74% - 1.36%). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of HBsAg in the population of young males is high. It tallies with the early vertical and horizontal modes of transmission that prevail in our environment.
A Study on the Behavior of Volatility in Saudi Arabia Stock Market Using Symmetric and Asymmetric GARCH Models

Problem statement: This study examines several stylized facts (heavy-tailedness, leverage effect and persistence) in volatility of stock price returns exploiting symmetric and asymmetric GARCH family models for Saudi Arabia. Approach: This study is carried out using closing stock market prices over 15 years covering the period 1 January 1994 to 31 March 2009. The sample period is divided into three sub-periods according to the local crisis in 2006. Results: The results reveal that asymmetric models with heavy tailed densities improve overall estimation of the conditional variance equation. Moreover, we find that AR (1)-GJR GARCH model with Student-t outperform the other models during and before the local crisis in 2006, while AR (1)-GARCH model with GED exhibits a better performance after the crisis. Furthermore, the findings reveal the existence of leverage effect at 1 percent significance level. Conclusion/Recommendations: Finally, the volatility persistent in the samples during and after crises decreases in all models under various distribution assumptions.
Influence of Organic Manures on Growth , Yield and Quality of Okra

Field experiments were conducted to study the influence of different organic manures on the growth, yield and quality of okra var Arka Anamika. The experiments were conducted in a Randomized Block Design replicated thrice with eleven treatments involving different organic manures along with no manure control. The results showed that FYM 20t ha recorded the highest yield of 10.39 t ha with the BC ratio of 3.56. The -1 -1 crude fibre content of fruits under this treatment was also less when compared to control.
Flag Leaf Photosynthesis and Stomatal Function of Grain Sorghum as Influenced by Changing Photosynthetic Photon Flux Densities

Photosynthesis (A) and stomatal function research in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is limited compared to other crops. Flag leaves from three plants of two hybrids, grown with added N-fertilizer of 0.0, 112, and 224 kg ha−1 near Elizabeth, MS, were measured for A and stomatal functions at growth stages GS6 and GS7. A Li-Cor LI-6400XT set at 355 µmol [CO2], a flow rate of 500 µmol s−1, and a 6400-02 LED light source were used to collect data. Light levels were initially set at 2200 µmol m−2 s−1 indicated photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), A was allowed to stabilize, data was recorded, indicated PPFD level was reduced by 200 µmol m−2 s−1, and the process was repeated to a level of 200 µmol m−2 s−1. At GS6 all data were unaffected by N-fertility, hybrids, or years. Data on at GS6 indicated A declines faster with decreasing PPFD than . Intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) data supports prior research showing stomata function more to regulate water loss and only marginally limit A. Nitrogen fertility was null on A and stomatal functions and minimal on yield; thus no attempt was made to correlate yield with these data.
Cooler and smoother – the impact of cosmic rays on the phase structure of galactic outflows

We investigate the impact of cosmic rays (CRs) on galactic outflows from a multi-phase interstellar medium with solar neighbourhood conditions. The three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamical simulations include CRs as a relativistic fluid in the advection-diffusion approximation. The thermal and chemical state of the ISM is computed with a non-equilibrium chemical network. We find that CRs (injected with 10 \% of the supernova energy) efficiently support the launching of outflows and strongly affect their phase structure. Outflows leaving the midplane are denser ($\rho \sim 10^{-26}\,\mathrm{g\,cm}^{-3}$), colder ($\sim 10^4\,\mathrm{K}$), and slower ($\sim 30\,\mathrm{km\,s}^{-1}$) if CRs are considered in addition to thermal SNe. The CR supported outflows are also smoother, in particular at larger heights ($> 1\,\mathrm{kpc}$ above the midplane) without the direct impact of SN explosions. Approximately $5\% - 25\%$ of the injected CR energy is lost via hadronic cooling. Smaller diffusion coefficients lead to slightly larger hadronic losses but allow for steeper CR pressure gradients, stronger outflows and larger accelerations. Up to a height of $z \sim1\,\mathrm{kpc}$ there are large volumes in approximate pressure equilibrium between thermal and CR component. At larger altitudes the CR pressure is $10-100$ times as large as the thermal counterpart. More than $\sim 1\,\mathrm{kpc}$ away from the midplane, CRs provide the dominant gas acceleration mechanism.
Selected body temperatures of seven species of Chilean Liolaemus lizards

Selected body temperature (Tsel) was determined for seven species of Liolaemus lizards, under laboratory conditions. The objectives were to establish if there are intra- and interspecific differences in Tsel, and if these differences would be correlated with the thermal environments naturally experienced by the lizards. To analyze intraspecific differences in Tsel, I collected individuals of each species from different localities or during different months of the year. Lizards were placed in a thermal gradient without biotic or abiotic factors that would prevent thermoregulation, and their Tsels were recorded. No intraspecific differences were observed in Tsel for six of the seven species studied. However, there were interspecific differences in Tsel, and these were positively correlated with the minimum air temperature recorded during the capture period of lizards. It is not clear if this correlation actually represent an adaptive response because this argument depends on level of analysis. At the intraspecific level, lizards did not appear to exhibit an adaptive response to thermal conditions, whereas at the interspecific level lizards appeared to be responding to thermal factors in their physical environment. Results suggest that different factors are involved in the thermal biology of the species studied, at macro and microevolutionary scales. Further studies in this area may help to understand the evolution of the thermal biology of Liolaemus species.
Macroinvertebrates in Estonian streams: the effects of habitat, season, and sampling effort on some common metrics of biological quality

According to the EU Water Framework Directive, benthic macroinvertebrates are considered a biological quality element required for typology and classification of the ecological status of fresh- waters. The effects of habitat, season, and sampling effort on three common quality metrics were studied in Estonian streams. More than 900 macroinvertebrate samples from minimally disturbed sites, collected in 1985-2002, were analysed. All metrics were significantly influenced by stream size, bottom substrate, flow velocity, and geographical location. The biological quality was the best 30-50 km from the stream source. The geographical distribution of the values of ASPT (mean sensitivity of a taxon) and DSFI (level of organic pollution) was markedly different from the geographical distribution of the values of NTAXA (taxa richness). All metrics also revealed lower quality for sandy than for stony bottom, and for low than for high flow velocity (except NTAXA). Unlike the other two metrics, ASPT did not depend on sampling season and depended much less on sampling method. Hence it could be recommended as a tool for transforming the biological quality derived from historical non-standard samples into modern terms.
Supplement of Does predictability of fluxes vary between FLUXNET sites?

The FLUXNET dataset contains eddy covariance measurements from across the globe and represents an invaluable estimate of the fluxes of energy, water, and carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere. While there is an expectation that the broad range of site characteristics in FLUXNET result in a diversity of flux behaviour, there has been little exploration of how predictable site behaviour is across the network. Here, 155 datasets with 30 min temporal resolution from the Tier 1 of FLUXNET 2015 were analysed in a first attempt to assess individual site predictability. We defined site uniqueness as the disparity in performance between multiple empirical models trained globally and locally for each site and used this along with the mean performance as measures of predictability. We then tested how strongly uniqueness was determined by various site characteristics, including climatology, vegetation type, and data quality. The strongest determinant of predictability appeared to be that drier sites tended to be more unique. We found very few other clear predictors of uniqueness across different sites, in particular little evidence that flux behaviour was well discretised by vegetation type. Data length and quality also appeared to have little impact on uniqueness. While this result might relate to our definition of uniqueness, we argue that our approach provides a useful basis for site selection in LSM evaluation, and we invite critique and development of the methodology.
Temporal-Spatial Distribution of Atmospheric Predictability Limit by Local Dynamical Analogs

To quantify the predictability limit of a chaotic system, the authors recently developed a method using the nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent (NLLE). The NLLE method provides a measure of local predictability limit of chaotic systems and is intended to supplement existing predictability methods. To apply the NLLE in studies of actual atmospheric predictability, an algorithm based on local dynamical analogs is devised to enable the estimation of the NLLE and its derivatives using experimental or observational data. Two examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm, involving the Lorenz63 three-variable model and the Lorenz96forty-variable model; they reveal that the algorithm is applicable in estimatingthe NLLE of a chaotic system from its experimental time series. On this basis, the NLLE method is used to investigate temporal‐spatial distributions of predictability limits of the daily geopotential height and wind fields. The limit of atmospheric predictability varies widely with region, altitude, and season. The predictability limits of the daily geopotential height and wind fields are generally less than 3 weeks in the troposphere, whereas they are approximately 1 month in the lower stratosphere, revealing a potential predictability source for forecastingweatherfromthestratosphere. FurtherworkisrequiredtoexaminebroaderapplicationsoftheNLLE method in predictability studies of the atmosphere, ocean, and other systems.
Moduli of parahoric $\mathcal G$--torsors on a compact Riemann surface

Let $X$ be an irreducible smooth projective algebraic curve of genus $g \geq 2$ over the ground field $\bc$ and let $G$ be a semisimple simply connected algebraic group. The aim of this paper is to introduce the notion of semistable and stable parahoric torsors under a certain Bruhat-Tits group scheme $\mathcal G$ and construct the moduli space of semistable parahoric $\mathcal G$--torsors; we also identify the underlying topological space of this moduli space with certain spaces of homomorphisms of Fuchsian groups into a maximal compact subgroup of $G$. The results give a generalization of the earlier results of Mehta and Seshadri on parabolic vector bundles. This is the final version of the accepted paper.
ARTISTE: Automatic Generation of Hybrid Data Structure Signatures from Binary Code Executions

Data structure signatures can be used for finding instances of data structures holding sensitive data in memory, a crucial capability for many security applications such as memory forensics, rootkit detection, online games cheat analysis, reverse engineering, and virtual machine introspection. Manually generating data structure signatures is a tedious and error-prone process. Prior work automatically generates data structure signatures from the type definitions in the program’s source code, but unfortunately for many programs their source code is not publicly available. In this paper we present ARTISTE, the first tool for automatically generating data structure signatures without access to the program’s source code or debugging symbols. The salient features of ARTISTE are: (1) it generates hybrid signatures that minimize false positives during scanning by combining points-to relationships, value invariants, and cycle invariants; (2) it uses a novel dynamic shape analysis to recover recursive data structures, classifying them by their shapes (e.g., doubly linkedlist or tree); (3) it identifies data structures of the same type allocated at different program points; and (4) it accumulates data structure information over multiple executions, increasingly improving its accuracy. Our experimental results on a number of binary programs show that the hybrid signatures generated by ARTISTE accurately identify instances of the data structures in memory with no false positives or false negatives in 80% of the programs, while prior signature types produce large false positive rates.
Systematic Risk Determinants of Stock Returns after Financial Crisis: Evidence from United Kingdom

This paper provides an empirical analysis of FTSE100 stock returns during the period of 2009 to 2013 with an aim to assess the relevancy of Fama- French three factor model post financial crisis of 2008. FTSE100 index was chosen in particular as it is benchmark of the prosperity among UK stocks. Assortment of six portfolios S/L, S/M, S/H, B/L, B/M and B/Hbased on firmâ€Ÿs size and book-to-market ratio was constructed as per gudielines of Fama- French model. The ordinary least square estimation showed consistently positive and significant in all observed portfolios.However the results indicated that excess market return is the dominant variable among three risk factors meanwhile size factor (SMB) was significant while explaining only small-scale portfolios returns but had no effect on the average returns of large-scale portfolio. Likewise value factor (HML) appeared to be somewhat effective only in case of high book-to-market stock portfolios. Thus the impact of book-to-market value on the average excess returns of these observed portfolios behave in an un-systematic manner.
Non-equilibrium water ̄ ow characterized by means of upward in ® ltration experiments

Upward in®ltration experiments under tension were used to demonstrate the presence of non-equilibrium ̄ow in soils, the phenomenon that has important implications for the accelerated movement of fertilizers, pesticides, non-aqueous liquids, and other pollutants. Data obtained from these experiments were analysed using the single-porosity Richards equation, as well as a variably saturated, dual-porosity model and a dual-permeability model for characterizing non-equilibrium water ̄ow. The laboratory experiments were carried out on 0.10-m-long soil cores having an internal diameter of 0.10 m. Constant pressure heads of ±0.10 and ±0.01 m were used as the lower boundary condition. Each in®ltration was followed by a single-rate evaporation experiment to re-establish initial conditions, and to obtain the drying soil hydraulic properties. Pressure heads inside the cores were measured using ®ve tensiometers, while evaporative water loss from the top was determined by weighing the soil samples. The data were analysed to estimate parameters using a technique that combined a numerical solution of the governing ̄ow equation (as implemented in a modi®ed version of the Hydrus-1D software) with a Marquardt±Levenberg optimization. The objective function for the parameter estimation was de®ned in terms of pressure head readings, the cumulative in®ltration rate, and the ®nal total water volume in the core during upward in®ltration. The ®nal total water volume was used, as well as the pressure head readings during the evaporation part. Analysis of ̄ow responses obtained during the in®ltration experiment demonstrated signi®cant non-equilibrium ̄ow. This behaviour could be well characterized using a model of physical non-equilibrium that divides the medium into interand intra-aggregate pores with ®rst-order transfer of water between the two systems. The analysis also demonstrated the importance of hysteresis.
Maize yield and rainfall on different spatial and temporal scales in Southern Brazil

This study aimed to establish relationships between maize yield and rainfall on different temporal and spatial scales, in order to provide a basis for crop monitoring and modelling. A 16-year series of maize yield and daily rainfall from 11 municipalities and micro-regions of Rio Grande do Sul State was used. Correlation and regression analyses were used to determine associations between crop yield and rainfall for the entire crop cycle, from tasseling to 30 days after, and from 5 days before tasseling to 40 days after. Close relationships between maize yield and rainfall were found, particularly during the reproductive period (45-day period comprising the flowering and grain filling). Relationships were closer on a regional scale than at smaller scales. Implications of the crop-rainfall relationships for crop modelling are discussed.
Children of War: The Long-Run Effects of Large-Scale Physical Destruction and Warfare on Children

During World War II, more than one-half million tons of bombs were dropped in aerial raids on German cities, destroying about forty percent of the total housing stock nationwide. This paper provides causal evidence on long-term consequences of large-scale physical destruction on the educational attainment, health status and labor market outcomes of German children. I combine a unique dataset on city-level destruction in Germany caused by Allied Air Forces bombing during WWII with individual survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). My identification strategy exploits the plausibly exogenous city-by-cohort variation in the intensity of WWII destruction as a unique quasi-experiment. My findings suggest significant, long-lasting detrimental effects on the human capital formation, health and labor market outcomes of Germans who were at school-age during WWII. First, these children had 0.4 fewer years of schooling on average in adulthood, with those in the most hard-hit cities completing 0.7 fewer years. Second, these children were about half inches (one centimeter) shorter and had lower selfreported health satisfaction in adulthood. Third, their future labor market earnings decreased by 6% on average due to exposure to wartime physical destruction. An important channel for the effect of destruction on educational attainment appears to be the destruction of schools and the absence of teachers, whereas malnutrition and destruction of health facilities during WWII seems to be important for the estimated impact on health. JEL Codes: I21, I12, J24, N34
Seidel Signless Laplacian Energy of Graphs

Let $S(G)$ be the Seidel matrix of a graph $G$ of order $n$ and let $D_S(G)=diag(n-1-2d_1, n-1-2d_2,ldots, n-1-2d_n)$ be the diagonal matrix with $d_i$ denoting the degree of a vertex $v_i$ in $G$. The Seidel Laplacian matrix of $G$ is defined as $SL(G)=D_S(G)-S(G)$ and the Seidel signless Laplacian matrix as $SL^+(G)=D_S(G)+S(G)$. The Seidel signless Laplacian energy $E_{SL^+}(G)$ is defined as the sum of the absolute deviations of the eigenvalues of $SL^+(G)$ from their mean. In this paper, we establish the main properties of the eigenvalues of $SL^+(G)$ and of $E_{SL^+}(G)$.
Induction of somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants of safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum)

Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) is an endangered medicinal plant of liliaceae along with a few other species. It has a very short life cycle (90–100 days). The root of plant is widely used as tonic and aphrodisiac and other important application in Indian system of medicine since ancient time. It contains steroidal saponin viz. neotigogenin, neon hecogenin, stigmasterol and tokorogenin. It is propagated through the fleshy tubers as seeds of plant have only 10-14% germination. Limited success in plant let regeneration from leaf discs and seedling derived calli have been reported via somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis because of heavy contamination (80100%) of cultures. Culture contaminations have been controlled to 20-40% level with the leaf and central root disc explants in the present study. Murashige and Skoog’s medium proved better for establishment of culture as well as induction of somatic embryogenesis. Induction of somatic embryogenesis was achieved from basal leaf portion while other explants failed to do so. An optimum of 6% sucrose in medium was required for induction and development of somatic embryos. Amongst the different auxins and cytokinins, naphthalene acetic acid alone was effective for induction of somatic embryogenesis. Other growth regulators either alone or in various combinations permutations were inhibitory for induction and development of somatic embryos. The basal leaf portion showed swelling in the first week and development of calli by bursting of leaf surface in the second week of culture initiation. Somatic embryos appeared as globular and developed to scutellar notch stage and finally as well developed scutellum, coleoptile and coleorhiza with simultaneous maturation within 5 to 6 week of culture initiation. Upon subculture of somatic embryo to fresh medium with similar levels of sucrose and NAA in both agar solidified and liquid suspension medium showed germination and converted in to normal plantlets within two weeks. Further growth of the plantlets was achieved in liquid medium with 3% sucrose and plantlets were transplanted in soil compost mix after two weeks. About 80 – 100% of normal and properly matured somatic embryos converted into plantlets and survived well following the acclimatization process. Abbreviations: BAP6benzylaminopurine, 2,4-D – 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, IAAindoleacetic acid, IBAindolebutyric acid, NAAa-naphthaleneacetic acid, TDZthidiazuron, MSMurashige and