Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rural industrialization in China

4. Preference for Arbitration. Most commentators have mentioned the Chinese insistence that trade contracts include a clause submitting potential disputes to arbitration, usually before Chinese arbitral tribunals in Peking. Yet, as Li points out (p. 12), except for a few maritime cases, there is no hard evidence that any foreign trade cases have actually been submitted to arbitration. This preference for arbitration appears in fact to be a preference for no formal procedures at all. Why then do the Chinese insist on arbitration clauses? One reasonable explanation suggested by Henderson and Matsuo (p. 60) is that these clauses are intended primarily or exclusively to avoid the possible jurisdiction of foreign courts, at least of those courts that recognize binding arbitration clauses as excluding litigation. To the practicing lawyer, the most striking lesson of these two volumes is, as Victor Li mentions (p. 16), not how exotic but how familiar Chinese trade practices appear. The Chinese are said to disparage the usefulness of lawyers; but quite clearly there are individuals in China with sophisticated legal knowledge and ability and, one would assume, legal training. These volumes also perform a service by highlighting the complexities and inconsistencies in China's trade practice, and by showing beyond doubt that the China market does not lend itself to easy generalization or facile cultural explanations.
Treatment for severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: A review

Objective: Many patients with anorexia nervosa develop an intractable and debilitating illness course. Our aims were to (i) conduct a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of treatment for chronic anorexia nervosa participants, and (ii) identify research informing novel therapeutic approaches for this group. Methods: Systematic search (SCOPUS plus previous reviews date 2011) of literature for (i) RCTs of treatment that included anorexia nervosa participants with a mean duration of illness of at least 3 years, (ii) studies reporting new treatments addressing factors associated with chronicity. Results: Evidence of efficacy for treatment approaches in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa is limited. Only one unpublished RCT designed to test a specific psychological approach for these patients was identified. There is a probable advantage for specialist psychotherapy over treatment as usual, and a promising study of relapse prevention with cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for anorexia nervosa (CBT-AN). Open trials have, however, reported developments in psychological therapies that warrant further specific evaluation. These include forms of CBT modified for anorexia nervosa, cognitive remediation therapy with emotion skills training, the Maudsley Model for Treatment of Adults with Anorexia Nervosa, the Community Outreach Partnership Program, Specialist Supportive Clinical Management and the approach of Strober with its emphasis on therapeutic alliance and flexible goals. Conclusions: Treatment trials need to move beyond targeting core eating disorder pathology (primarily weight restoration) and examine efficacy and effectiveness in minimising harm and reducing personal and social costs of chronic illness. There is also a need to develop better definitions of chronicity, with or without treatment ‘resistance’ specifiers.
Predicting neonatal outcomes: birthweight, body mass index or ponderal index?

Abstract Aims: To compare birthweight (BW), body mass index (BMI) and ponderal index (PI) as predictors of selected short-term (ST) outcomes, namely Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission and prolonged hospitalization (PH), among newborn (NB) infants. Methods: Data was collected prospectively on 9,226 infants born during one year at nine tertiary care hospitals in Greater Beirut, Lebanon. The predictive abilities of BW, BMI and PI were compared using the area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and sensitivity analysis was performed at the optimal cut-off points for the best anthropometric measurement. Results: The area under the ROC curve suggested superior discriminative power for BW as compared to BMI or PI, as a predictor of NICU admission (ROC area = 0.73) and PH (ROC area = 0.74). The optimal BW cut-off point was 2750 g (sensitivity: 0.49; specificity: 0.89) and 2950 g (sensitivity: 0.62; specificity: 0.78) for NICU admission and PH, respectively. Conclusion: In our population of NB infants, BW – a crude measure of fetal growth – is a better predictor than either BMI – a measure of adiposity in adults and children – or PI – a measure of thinness at birth – for selected ST outcomes in NB infants.
Uncertainty, trust and purchase intention based on online product reviews: an introduction to a multinational study

In this study, we apply the uncertainty reduction theory of communication and espoused national culture theory to identify the antecedents of consumers' trust in online product recommendations. We hypothesise that online reviews have both an informational component and a social component that have varying effects on consumers' trust. We further theorise that cultural differences in dimensions such as uncertainty avoidance and collectivism moderate the effect of informational and social components on trust. To test the hypotheses, we adopt a 2 × 2 repeated measures experimental design. The research framework and experimental design are discussed in detail. We intend to test the framework on student populations from the USA and China. Results can shed light on the informational and social dynamics of online reviews, and help practitioners develop robust online recommendation systems that have multinational appeal. Findings of this study promise to carry substantial implications for marketers and commercial website designers interested in taking advantage of the recent trend toward globalisation of consumer marketplaces, and the resultant cultural heterogeneity of consumers.
Form and function of luxury flagships: An international exploratory study of the meaning of the flagship store for managers and customers

Purpose – Luxury shopping touches upon many facets of experience, ranging from the strategic objectives of the brand to the subjective, interpersonal experiences of individuals. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the flagship's form and appearance: including architecture, decor, arrangement of space, symbolic elements, location, and its function to better understand the role of the aesthetic environment of the flagship as a means of communicating the brand's objectives, which are mediated by a consumer's perception of the brand and store, the goals he or she brings to the experience, and the situational determinants of the shopping experience.Design/methodology/approach – The authors explore the strategic role and customer experience of flagships in major international locations through interviews with luxury flagship managers and customers. Site visits were made to multiple brands. Ethnographic research on the consumer experience was carried out in two locations of a major brand's flagship store.
Rituximab therapy for follicular lymphoma: a comprehensive review of its efficacy as primary treatment, treatment for relapsed disease, re-treatment and maintenance.

BACKGROUND Advances in the treatment of follicular lymphoma (FL) have been achieved through the development of newer combination regimens, mostly based upon purine analogs and/ or monoclonal antibodies, as well as recent progress in the area of stem cell transplantation. INFORMATION SOURCES These advances have increased the need to obtain consensus regarding treatment priorities from the various options available, ranging from the traditional palliative approach through to the novel regimens available including stem cell transplantation. STATE OF THE ART The apparent synergism between chemotherapy and rituximab, which facilitates the achievement of complete clinical (CR) and molecular remission (MR), together with the possible feasibility of maintenance and re-treatment with rituximab have increased the interest in the use of this drug as primary treatment for FL. This review summarizes the available literature and deals with the role of rituximab in refractory/relapsed FL as well as in previously untreated FL patients. The improvement in remission rates and response duration associated with immunotherapy are contrasted with the potential risks, such as the development of rituximab resistance, as well as other less recognized complications related to altered humoral immunity. PERSPECTIVES Despite all the advances reported, treatment might still have to be individualized for patients with FL, until evidence of an important survival advantage for rituximab over chemotherapy is established. The possible role of autotransplantation for FL and the use of rituximab is also reviewed.
Numerical and experimental analysis of UWB pulse propagation into human tissues

In this paper an experimental validation of the results obtained studying the reflection of a UWB pulse by a multilayer human body model is performed. The simulated received signal presents a first reflection due to the air-skin interface and a second small reflection due to the interface between the posterior lung wall and the bone. Measurements with commercial impulse radar have been conducted to assess the simulation results, confirming that the second refection is well distanced in time from the first one and that it can be used to detect lung and heart movements associated with the cardio-respiratory activity.
Hope and social support utilisation among different age groups of women with breast cancer and their spouses

Objective: Social support and hope are considered positive, important contributors to psychological well-being for women with breast cancer and their spouses. Few studies examine the role of age in relation to these variables. The current study compares the relationship between social support, hope and depression among different age groups of women with advanced breast cancer and their healthy spouses. Design: Cross-sectional sample of 150 women with advanced breast cancer and their spouses. Main outcome measures: Social support, hope, depression and socio-demographic data. Analysis included comparison of these variables between groups of older and younger patients and their spouses. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to examine hope as a mediator of the relationship between social support and depression within each group (older and younger patients and spouses). Results: Older patients and spouses reported lower levels of depression than younger ones. SEM showed that social support related directly to depression among younger women and older spouses, while hope was directly related to depression among older women and younger spouses and acted as a mediator between social support and depression. Conclusions: Theoretical, empirical and clinical implications regarding the understanding of the role of age in coping with cancer are discussed.
Loop ileostomy versus total colectomy as surgical treatment for Clostridium difficile–associated disease: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter trial

OBJECTIVES The mortality of patients with Clostridium difficile–associated disease (CDAD) requiring surgery continues to be very high. Loop ileostomy (LI) was introduced as an alternative procedure to total colectomy (TC) for CDAD by a single-center study. To date, no reproducible results have been published. The objective of this study was to compare these two procedures in a multicentric approach to help the surgeon decide what procedure is best suited for the patient in need. METHODS This was a retrospective multicenter study conducted under the sponsorship of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Demographics, medical history, clinical presentation, APACHE score, and outcomes were collected. We used the Research Electronic Data Capture tool to store the data. Mann-Whitney (continuous data) and Fisher exact (categorical data) were used to compare TC with LI. Logistic regression was performed to determine predictors of mortality. A propensity score analysis was done to control for potential confounders and determine adjusted mortality rates by procedure type. RESULTS We collected data from 10 centers of patients who presented with CDAD requiring surgery between July 1, 2010 and July 30, 2014. Two patients died during the surgical procedure, leaving 98 individuals in the study. The overall mortality was 32%, and 75% had postoperative complications. Median age was 64.5 years; 59% were male. Concerning preoperative patient conditions, 54% were on pressors, 47% had renal failure, and 36% had respiratory failure. When comparing TC and LI, there was no statistical difference regarding these conditions. Univariate preprocedure predictors of mortality were age, lactate, timing of operation, vasopressor use, and acute renal failure. There was no statistical difference between the APACHE score of patients undergoing either procedure (TC, 22 vs LI, 16). Adjusted mortality (controlled for preprocedure confounders) was significantly lower in the LI group (17.2% vs 39.7%; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS This is the first multicenter study comparing TC with LI for the treatment of CDAD. In this study, LI carried less mortality than TC. In patients without contraindications, LI should be considered for the surgical treatment of CDAD. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic study, level III.
Structure and composition of cyanophycin granules in the cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa 6308

Cyanophycin granules in the unicellular cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa 6308 were examined with the electron microscope in both thin section and by freeze-fracture techniques. Purified granules were examined with the electron microscope, by arginine determinations, by chromatography, and by elemental analysis. They are similar in ultrastructure and composition to those isolated from the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica, consisting of equal molar quantities of L-arginine and L-aspartic acid.
Selective Expression of Nkx-2.2 Transcription Factor in Chicken Oligodendrocyte Progenitors and Implications for the Embryonic Origin of Oligodendrocytes

Recent studies have demonstrated that oligodendrocytes originate from the ventral region of the developing spinal cord. However, the precise neuroepithelial origin of oligodendrocytes remains controversial, and the transcriptional control of oligodendrocyte lineage specification is largely unknown. Here we present evidence that oligodendrocytes in the embryonic chicken spinal cord can be generated from neuroepithelial cells that express the Nkx-2.2 homeodomain transcription factor. Nkx-2.2 expression is initially confined to a narrow stripe of neuroepithelium flanking the floor plate. Later, Nkx-2.2+ cells migrate ventrally and dorsolaterally into the surrounding gray and white matter regions where they undergo rapid proliferation. Double labeling experiments revealed that Nkx-2.2+ cells coexpress markers specific for oligodendrocyte progenitors, e.g., PDGFRalpha+, O4, and R-mAb antigens. In the brain, the Nkx-2.2 cells are also highly migratory and can generate oligodendrocytes. The persistent expression of the Nkx-2.2 homeodomain transcription factor in the oligodendrocyte lineage suggests its important role in the control of oligodendrocyte development.
Recovery Rates and Macroeconomic Conditions: The Role of Loan Covenants

For U.S. firms from 1988 to 2007, firms with stricter loan covenants had higher firm-level default recovery rates. Covenants were stricter, moreover, when set during downturns in the business cycle. This implies a negative dependence of recovery rates on lagged macroeconomic conditions. That is, bank loan contracts established in economic recessions have tight covenants, leading later to higher recovery rates. My empirical evidence suggests that private creditors have significant influence on firms' bankruptcy decisions through the channel of covenants in debt contracts.
The α-Subunit of Human Choriogonadotropin Interacts with the Exodomain of the Luteinizing Hormone/Choriogonadotropin Receptor.

The LH/CG receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, consists of two parts, the N-terminal extracellular segment (exodomain) and the membrane-associated C-terminal segment (endodomain). hCG initially binds the exodomain of the receptor and then, the hormone/exodomain complex is thought to make the secondary contact with the endodomain of the receptor and generate a hormone signal. However, little direct evidence is available about which hormone subunits (alpha or beta) interact with which domains of the receptor. To determine whether the alpha-subunit contacts the exodomain of its receptor, hCG containing [125I]alpha and truncated exodomain lacking the endodomain were prepared. They were chemically cross-linked, and the resulting cross-linked complexes were solubilized and electrophoresed. The results indicate that the alpha-subunit of hCG was directly and specifically cross-linked to the exodomain. To verify the cross-linked exodomain by the independent method, the Flag epitope was inserted between the signal sequence and the mature exodomain. hCG containing [125I]alpha was cross-linked to the Flag exodomain, and the resulting cross-linked hCG/Flag exodomain complexes were immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag antibody. The results show that the material cross-linked to hCG containing [125I]alpha is indeed the exodomain. In conclusion, our results show the direct interaction of the alpha-subunit with the exodomain and, therefore, its crucial role in the hormone-receptor interaction in addition to its involvement in signal generation.
Serum ferritin concentrations predict incidence of metabolic syndrome in rural Korean adults

Jin-Ha Yoon 1,2 , John A. Linton 3 , Sang-Baek Koh 1,2, 4, a , * and Hee-Taik Kang 5 , 6, a , * 1 Occupational Lung Disease Institute , Korea Workers ’ Compensation and Welfare Service, Ansan , South Korea 2 Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju-city, Gangwon-do , South Korea 3 International Health Care Center , Severance Hospital, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul , South Korea 4 Institute of Genomic Cohort , Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju-city, Gangwon-do , South Korea 5 Department of Family Medicine , Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul , South Korea 6 Department of Medicine , Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul , South Korea
The Role of Publicity Requirements on Entry and Auctions Outcomes

Using a regression discontinuity design, we document the effect of publicizing a procurement auction on entry and outcomes. We collect a large sample of procurement auctions, which by Italian law are assigned different publicity levels on the basis of their reserve price. We find that auctions publicized at the regional level have more bidders and higher winning rebates compared to auctions that are publicized on the notice board of the public administration managing the auction. Regionally-publicized auctions are also more likely to be won by bidders from outside the region, less likely to be won by small companies, and the same firm is more likely to win repeated auctions. Taken together, our results suggest that publicity informs more bidders and reduces search and preparation costs, which encourages entry and “improves” procurement.
Hypothalamic control of secretion and release of prolactin.

Comparative studies on the mechanisms underlying control of the release of prolactin (PRL) are reviewed. The review covers hypothalamic factors the mechanism of action of PRL-inhibiting factor the relation between biogenic amines and PRL secretion feedback control of PRL stimuli which release PRL central neural pathways concerned with PRL release possible central nervous control mechanisms of PRL release and findings on circadian PRL release patterns.
Proximate and elemental composition and their estimated daily intake in infant formulae from developed and developing countries: A comparative analysis

The proximate compositions (moisture, protein, ash, fat, crude fiber and carbohydrate) and levels of thirty seven elements (P, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Na, K, Zn, Pb, Bi, Sn, Ti, Si, Tl, Sb, Ba, Se, Sr, S, Ag, Cd, Mo, Ni, Al, As, Be, Co, Cr, Sc, V, W, Zr, B, Ce, Li, Te and U) were determined in thirteen brands infant formulae samples obtained from three developing (Nigeria, South Africa and Venezuela) and five developed (USA, France, Italy, Denmark and Germany) countries. In addition, the daily intakes of the elements from formulae from developing and developed countries were estimated and compared. The results from this study indicated that the qualities, elemental compositions and their estimated daily intake from infant formulae obtained from developing countries compare well with those from the developed countries and within statutory safe limits. However, some essential elements, such as Se, Co, Cr and Mo, were not detected in most formulae from developing as well as from developed countries.
Professional assessment of optimal nursing care intensity level: a new method of assessing personnel resources for nursing care.

The primary aim of patient classification is to be able to respond to the constant variation in patients' caring needs. Systems of patient classification usually include some form of time study, e.g. work sampling or time-and-motion studies. This article deals with the pros and cons of traditional time studies and with the theoretical bases of a new method of assessing the need for staff resources for nursing, a method termed 'Professional Assessment of Optimal Nursing Care Intensity Level'. The main idea of the method is to arrive at an optimal level of nursing care intensity for a ward by means of professional assessment and daily patient classification. The optimal level of nursing care intensity is supposed to prevail when there is a balance between the patients' need for care and the hospital's staff resources. The development of this new method and an account of a pilot study carried out in two wards are presented. The results of the pilot study established that the development of the method is worth continuing in order to create an administrative tool which, by its nature, is more compatible than traditional time studies with the idea of caring from the perspective of caring science.
Activity–dormancy transition in the cambial meristem involves stage-specific modulation of auxin response in hybrid aspen

The molecular basis of short-day–induced growth cessation and dormancy in the meristems of perennial plants (e.g., forest trees growing in temperate and high-latitude regions) is poorly understood. Using global transcript profiling, we show distinct stage-specific alterations in auxin responsiveness of the transcriptome in the stem tissues during short-day–induced growth cessation and both the transition to and establishment of dormancy in the cambial meristem of hybrid aspen trees. This stage-specific modulation of auxin signaling appears to be controlled via distinct mechanisms. Whereas the induction of growth cessation in the cambium could involve induction of repressor auxin response factors (ARFs) and down-regulation of activator ARFs, dormancy is associated with perturbation of the activity of the SKP-Cullin-F-boxTIR (SCFTIR) complex, leading to potential stabilization of repressor auxin (AUX)/indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) proteins. Although the role of hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA), in growth cessation and dormancy is well established, our data now implicate auxin in this process. Importantly, in contrast to most developmental processes in which regulation by auxin involves changes in cellular auxin contents, day-length–regulated induction of cambial growth cessation and dormancy involves changes in auxin responses rather than auxin content.