Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal dividend problems for Sparre Andersen risk model with bounded dividend rates

ABSTRACT This paper concerns the optimal dividend problem with bounded dividend rate for Sparre Andersen risk model. The analytic characterizations of admissible strategies and Markov strategies are given. We use the measure-valued generator theory to derive a measure-valued dynamic programming equation. The value function is proved to be of locally finite variation along the path, which belongs to the domain of the measure-valued generator. The verification theorem is proved without additional assumptions on the regularity of the value function. Actually, the value function may have jumps. Under certain conditions, the optimal strategy is presented as a Markov strategy with space-time band structure. We present an iterative algorithm to approximate the optimal value function and the optimal dividend strategy. As applications, some numerical examples are given.
Comparison of Ground‐Based Ionospheric Scintillation Observations With In Situ Electron Density Variations as Measured by the Swarm Satellites

Ionospheric scintillation is known to be associated with irregularities in electron density, which manifests as rapid fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of radio signals traversing the ionosphere. The scintillations caused by irregularity structures in the ionosphere can be directly measured using ground‐based GPS scintillation measurement receivers. In this work we have used in situ measurements of electron density by means of the Langmuir probe on the Swarm satellites to derive an index called the rate of density index (RODI). Using a ground‐based International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service receivers and one dedicated scintillation measurement receiver, we have examined if we can identify ionospheric scintillation events that are correlated with space‐based electron density variations characterized by the RODI for cases when the Swarm satellites orbital tracks traverse coincidental locations to the ground‐based station. The selected Swarm B passes over Africa have been limited to the longitudes within ±7° of longitude relative to the position of a dedicated scintillation receiver located at Pwani, Kenya (Geo. Lon: 39.78°E, Geo. Lat: 3.24°S). Our results show that RODI could be a useful index for detecting irregularities associated with scintillation events that can also be observed from the ground. There is a similarity in RODI fluctuations and ground‐based irregularity measures based on rate of total electron content index with an asymmetry in irregularity activity across African region. There is stronger irregularity activity and high background nighttimes electron density on the western side of Africa than on the eastern side. This work shows the potential of using space‐based in situ measurement for scintillation detection and mitigation for operational purposes particularly for regions where terrestrial scintillation measurement are not possible like over oceans and deserts.
Influence of exercise intensity and nasal flow resistance on activities of human nasal dilator muscles

Ten healthy subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer at 60, 120, and 150 180 W while breathing nasally. Nasal inspiratory flow, nasal dilator muscle (alae nasi; A.N.) EMG activities, and alveolar C02 and 02 were measured at rest and at each work rate. On separate days six of the subjects exercised at 30 60, and 60 120 W while nasal airway resistance was measured by anterior rhinomanometry. In both protocols, 12 15 breaths of a He:02 (79:21%) gas mixture were substituted surreptitiously for air under each condition. He:02 breathing resulted in a decrease in flow turbulence and intranasal pressure, and therefore, resistance, as indicated by lower calculated Reynold's numbers. He:02 evoked an increase in nasal inspiratory flow, and reductions in nasal pressure and A.N. EMG activities (25 50%) at each work rate. These results suggest that A.N. EMG during exercise is controlled by increases in intranasal pressure, not by nasal flow. Thus, the data suggest that sensory information from pressure sensitive nasal receptors in the nasal lumen serve to modulate A.N. EMG during exercise. INTRODUCTION The mechanisms controlling the distribution of nasal and oral breathing routes have not been elucidated. In fact, most researchers and clinicians use noseclips to measure ventilation in human subjects, thereby eliminating airflow through the upper airways. This is significant in that most of the airflow in normal subjects enters the lungs via the upper airways at rest and with light exercise. The upper airway, as defined by Proctor (21), consists of the external nares and the nasal passages, the nasopharynx and pharynx, and in some circumstances the mouth. The nasal passages serve to adjust the temperature and the humidity of inspired air, and to participate in the absorption of foreign gases and dust; consequently, the nose has been described as a defense organ (21). Because of these defensive mechanisms, approximately 80% of adult humans breathe nasally at rest and during light exercise (12). Moreover, human infants and lower mammals breathe through the nose only. In 1981 Niinimaa et al. (18) found that 20 out of 30 subjects breathed nasally at rest and during mild exercise, but switched to an oronasal breathing pattern when total pulmonary ventilation reached about 35 L/min. A 1991 study by Wheatley et al. (32) reported similar results in five subjects who breathed nasally at rest, but switched to an oronasal pattern when ventilation reached about 22 L/min.
Investigation of Kronecker-Based Recovery of Compressed ECG Signal

Continuous measurement of electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is required for detecting various cardiac abnormalities, such as arrhythmia. Wearable devices have become ubiquitous as continuous monitoring devices. Due to power and memory restrictions in wearable devices, signal acquisition may need to be done in smaller segments using compressive sensing (CS) techniques. However such acquisitions may lead to poor recovery of compressed measurements. A Kronecker-based novel recovery technique has been recently proposed to improve the recovery of compressed signals where the recovery is achieved through a single recovery of concatenated compressed signal segments. In this article, a mathematical reasoning for improvement using the Kronecker-based recovery over standard CS recovery procedure is presented. A detailed investigation of Kronecker-based recovery technique of compressed ECG signal is presented using ECG signals from MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database. As a part of this investigation, the quality of recovery with random and deterministic sensing of ECG signals and impact of choice of sparsifying dictionaries under various compression ratios (CRs) are considered. Deterministic sensing with deterministic binary block diagonal (DBBD) matrix and discrete cosine transform (DCT) as sparsifying basis is seen to provide the best recovery for ECG signals. Kronecker-based recovery of noisy ECG signals is possible with DBBD measurement matrix.
Midwives and comprehensive postabortion care in Ghana.

This operations research project examined a single strategy for minimizing the three delays in relation to emergency treatment for incomplete abortion in Ghana. These delays may occur in the following instances: making the decision to seek care; reaching a health care facility with providers trained and equipped to offer services; and receiving adequate treatment upon arrival at the facility. The purpose of the project was to train and equip registered midwives working at the primary level and in private maternity homes to deliver postabortion care. Using a quasi-experimental preintervention postintervention design with nonrandomized intervention and control groups the project demonstrated that postabortion care provided by trained midwives in the primary level facilities is feasible within the existing health care infrastructure in Ghana. It was noted that such care is acceptable to women health care providers community leaders and policymakers. In addition the training of primary level midwives has also improved access to postabortion care and facilitated the provision of postabortion family planning services for women treated for incomplete abortion.
A Study of SuperDARN Response to Co‐occurring Space Weather Phenomena

The Sun was remarkably active during the first week of September 2017 producing numerous solar flares, solar radiation storms, and coronal mass ejections. This activity caused disruption to terrestrial high‐frequency (HF, 3–30 MHz) radio communication channels including observations with the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radars. In this paper, we analyze the response of SuperDARN groundscatter observations and decreases in background sky noise level in response to multiple solar flares occurring in quick succession and co‐occurring with solar energetic protons and auroral activity. We estimate the attenuation in HF signal strength using an approach similar to riometry and find that the radars exhibit a nonlinear response to compound solar flare events. Additionally, we find that the three different space weather drivers have varying degrees of influence on the HF signal properties at different latitudes. Our study demonstrates that in addition to monitoring high‐latitude convection, SuperDARN observations can be used to study the spatiotemporal evolution of disruption to HF communication during extreme space weather conditions.
Klasifikasi Kematangan Buah Jeruk Berdasarkan Fitur Warna Menggunakan Metode SVM

Warna buah yang beragam membuat kita kadang terlalu susah untuk menentukan apakah buah tersebut masuk kategori sudah matang atau masih mentah, oleh karena itu didalam skripsi ini dibahas dan jelaskan cara mengetahui kematangan buah dengan menggunakan metode svm (Support Vector Machine), dengan pengambilan beberapa sampel citra buah jeruk dengan menggunakan kamera digital atau kamera telefon genggam kemudian dari sampel tersebut citra asli akan dikonversikan menjadi warna greyscale kemudian dari greyscale di konversi ke dalam warna LAB dengan tujuan mencari nilai warna A dari LAB dan nilai R,G dari warna RGB (Red, Green, Blue) kemudian diambil nilai rata-ratanya dan kemudian di klasifikasikan. Dari penelitian tersebut akan diperoleh hasil buah tersebut sudah matang atau masih mentah. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh akurasi kecocokan dengan presentase 80%Â dari data sebanyak 100 citra jeruk. Â Kata kunci : Klasifikasi Tingkat Kematangan Buah, Citra Â Â Abstract Diverse fruit colors make us sometimes too difficult to determine whether the fruit is in the mature or raw category, therefore in this thesis discussed and explained how to find out the maturity of the fruit by using the SVM method (Support Vector Machine), by taking several image samples oranges by using a digital camera or handheld camera then from the sample the original image will be converted into a greyscale color then from greyscale it will be converted into LAB color in order to find the color A from LAB and R, G from RGB (Red, Green , Blue) then the average value is taken and then classified. From the research, the fruit will be ripe or still raw. From the results of the study, the accuracy of the match was obtained with a percentage of 80% of the data as many as 100 images of oranges. Â Keywords : Classification of Fruit Maturity Levels, Citra
Spatially Resolved Dark Current in High Gradient Traveling Wave Structures

High-gradient accelerating structures are known to produce field-emitted current from regions of high surface field, which are captured and accelerated by the fields within the structure. This current is routinely measured in structures under test in the CLIC (Compact Linear Collider) high-gradient test stands using Faraday cups. This paper presents a novel technique to spatially resolve the longitudinal distribution of field emitted current by analysing downstream Faraday cup signals when the structure is fed with RF pulses much shorter than its filling time. Results from this method applied to X-band cavities operating at 100 MV/m are presented, and are compared to breakdown position distributions. A decay in emitted current as conditioning progressed in regions with a low breakdown rate and large jumps in regions with a large breakdown rate are observed.
Contrast-Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Accurately Differentiates Ischemic from Non-Ischemic Etiologies in Newly Diagnosed Cardiomyopathy

Objective Patients with newly diagnosed cardiomyopathy frequently undergo coronary angiography to exclude significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CE-CMR) can detect myocardial scar in-vivo, and has the potential to identify patients with cardiomyopathy secondary to prior myocardial infarction. Aim To investigate the accuracy of contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CE-CMR) in differentiating ischemic from non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in patients with new onset heart failure and previously undiagnosed left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Methods Forty eight patients (mean age 54 ± 8) were prospectively identified from symptoms and echocardiography, and underwent both CE-CMR and angiography. Patients with >70% diameter stenosis in > 1 major epicardial vessel on angi-ography were considered to have an ischemic cardiomyopathy. Myocardial scar was assessed using delayed enhancement inversion-recovery imaging after gadolinium administration. Patients with subendocardial enhancement typical of a myocardial infarction were classified as having an ischemic etiology by CE-CMR. Results Sixteen patients were classified as ischemic by angiography, and of these 15 had subendocardial enhancement on CE-CMR. The sensitivity and negative predictive value for CE-MRI were 94% and 97% respectively for detecting an ischemic cause. However 5 patients with subendocardial enhancement by CE-CMR had no obstructive coronary disease, suggesting misclassification by angiography, and reducing the specificity (82%) of CE-CMR. Conclusion The lack of subendocardial scar on CE-CMR identifies patients with new-onset heart failure and cardiomyopathy who may not require angiography.
Factors associated with perinatal deaths in women delivering in a health facility in Malawi

The perinatal mortality rate in Malawi is estimated at 40/1,000 births. Annually 6.3 million babies die in the perinatal period globally, with Africa having the highest perinatal mortality rate. This study was conducted to determine perinatal mortality, to identify associated risk factors, and to determine causes of perinatal deaths at Chiradzulu District Hospital, Malawi. The study was designed as a cross sectional study that prospectively reviewed records of 606 births at the health facility. The perinatal mortality rate was 59.9/1,000 births; the stillbirth rate was 36/1,000 births; and the early neonatal death rate was 24/1,000 live births. Of 16 early neonatal deaths, 63% occurred on the day of birth and 19% in next 48 hours. The primary cause (75%) was birth asphyxia. Significant associations with perinatal death included: number of antenatal visits, most in one visit (29.4%); gestation ≤ 31 weeks (47%); prolonged second stage of labour (22%); premature babies with birth weight ≤1499 grams (61%); and severely asphyxiated babies (46%). There is a need to strengthen the care of delivering women for early provision of comprehensive obstetric care. The high perinatal mortality could be reduced by improving health workers’ ability in resuscitation, as well as care of low birth weight babies.
Managing pig health and the treatment of disease : a reference for the farm

Introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the pig understanding disease managing health and disease treating disease reproduction - non-infectious infertility reproduction - infectious fertility managing and treating disease in the dry period managing and treating disease in the farrowing and suckling period managing and treating disease in the weaning and finishing period skin conditions parasites exotic diseases poisons - recognition, treatment and control nutrition and disease surgical, manipulative and practical procedures on the farm welfare and disease health and safety appendix - quick references and useful information.
Why are some galaxy clusters underluminous?

Our knowledge of the variety of galaxy clusters has been increasing in the last few years thanks to our progress in understanding the severity of selection effects on samples. To understand the reason for the observed variety, we study CL2015, a cluster (log M500/M⊙ = 14.39) easily missed in X-ray selected observational samples. Its core-excised X-ray luminosity is low for its mass M500, well below the mean relation for an X-ray selected sample, but only ∼1. 5σ below that derived for an X-ray unbiased sample. We derived thermodynamic profiles and hydrostatic masses with the acquired deep Swift X-ray data, and we used archival Einstein, Planck, and Sloan Digital Sky Survey data to derive additional measurements, such as integrated Compton parameter, total mass, and stellar mass. The pressure and the electron density profiles of CL2015 are systematically outside the ±2σ range of the universal profiles; in particular the electron density profile is even lower than the one derived from Planck-selected clusters. CL2015 also turns out to be fairly different in the X-ray luminosity vs. integrated pressure scaling compared to an X-ray selected sample, but it is a normal object in terms of stellar mass fraction. CL2015’s hydrostatic mass profile, by itself or when is considered together with dynamical masses, shows that the cluster has an unusual low concentration and an unusual sparsity compared to clusters in X-ray selected samples. The different behavior of CL2015 is caused by its low concentration. When concentration differences are accounted for, the properties of CL2015 become consistent with comparison samples. CL2015 is perhaps the first known cluster with a remarkably low mass concentration for which high quality X-ray data exist. Objects similar to CL2015 fail to enter observational X-ray selected samples because of their low X-ray luminosity relative to their mass. The different radial dependence of various observables is a promising way to collect other examples of low concentration clusters.
Decoherence framework for Wigner's-friend experiments

The decoherence interpretation of quantum measurements is applied to Wigner’s friend experiments. A framework in which all the experimental outcomes arise from unitary evolutions is proposed. All the (apparent) wave-function collapses, and the corresponding randomness, result from tracing out relevant parts of the states in which the observers live. The main effect of this framework is ruling out all the inconsistences ensuing from Wigner’s friend experiments. Contrary to what is stated in [D. Frauchiger and R. Renner, Quantum theory cannot consistently describe the use of itself, Nat. Comm. 9, 3711 (2018)], this framework makes compatible the conclusions obtained by all the observers. And contrary to what is shown in [C. Bruckner, A no-go theorem for observerindepdendent facts, Entropy 20, 350 (2018)], it makes possible to assign joint truth values to the observations made by all the agents. This framework also narrows down the requisites for such experiments, making virtually impossible to apply them to conscious (human) beings.
The Blossom Project Online: Use of a behaviorally-based website to promote physical activity and prevent excessive gestational weight gain in previously sedentary pregnant women

Obesity and incidence of chronic disease continue to rise in the United States. The current medical paradigm focuses on treatment of chronic disease. A shift from the management of disease to prevention of obesity and its associated co-morbidities including diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease is necessary to protect the health of future generations. Pregnancy is a “teachable moment” offering a time when many women are motivated to make healthier lifestyle choices to optimize the health of their unborn child. This critical stage of the life cycle offers a unique opportunity to influence the health of future generations by modifying the lifestyle of the expectant mother. An abundance of evidence exists to associate excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. Prenatal physical activity (PA) has been recommended to curtail the increasing rates of excessive weight gain during pregnancy yet few pregnant women meet current PA guidelines. Furthermore, the ability to accurately assess PA during pregnancy is convoluted by many factors, most notably the uncomfortable waist-worn placement of many commonly used activity monitors. Therefore, to make considerable strides in improving the health of future generations, it is imperative that strategies are developed to increase and accurately evaluate prenatal PA and explore its potential relationship with improved maternal and infant outcomes. In order to provide possible answers to these issues, the Blossom Project at Iowa State University conducted two studies. The first study evaluated the validity of the SenseWear® Mini armband (SWA) to estimate energy expenditure (EE) in pregnant women. Multiple activities of daily living ranging in intensity from sedentary to moderate walking on a treadmill were performed while EE was measured by the SWA and indirect calorimetry. The results of the study showed significant overestimation by the SWA compared to indirect calorimetry (0.57 ±0.06 kcal·min -1 ) but average individual correlation coefficients revealed good overall agreement between methods (mean r = 0.93). Due to the convenient location worn on the upper-arm, the SWA is a plausible method to estimate EE and PA during pregnancy. Future studies should develop pregnancy-specific algorithms to further improve estimation of EE in this population.