Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using Linear Programming for the Optimal Control of a Cart-Pendulum System

This paper discusses the use of linear programming for the optimal control of a cart pendulum system. The objective function and the constraints are designed to minimize the control effort and the time duration of the operation. Simulations and experimental tests were performed. Restrictions of null angle and angular velocity at the extremes were incorporated in the design specification as well as other physical constraints. In order to compensate for the modeling errors and disturbances, the optimal trajectory was kept within a prescribed precision by means of a closed loop system. The obtained results illustrate that the technique is simple, powerful and always conclusive.
Winter-to-summer evolution of p CO 2 in surface water and air–sea CO 2 flux in the seasonal ice zone of the Southern Ocean

Partial pressure of CO 2 ( p CO 2 ) in surface water and vertical profiles of the carbonate system parameters were measured during austral summer in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (64–67° S, 32–58° E) in January 2006 to understand the CO 2 dynamics of seawater in the seasonal ice zone. Surface-water p CO 2 ranged from 275 to 400 μatm, and longitudinal variations reflected the dominant influence of water temperature and dilution by sea ice meltwater between 32 and 40° E and biological productivity between 40 and 58° E. Using carbonate system data from the temperature minimum layer (−1.9 °C T S p CO 2 and the factors affecting it. Our results indicate that p CO 2 increased by as much as 32 μatm, resulting mainly from the increase in water temperature. At the same time as changes in sea ice concentration and surface-water p CO 2 , the air–sea CO 2 flux, which consists of the exchange of CO 2 between sea ice and atmosphere, changed from −1.1 to +0.9 mmol C m −2 day −1 between winter and summer. These results suggest that, for the atmosphere, the seasonal ice zone acts as a CO 2 sink in winter and a temporary CO 2 source in summer immediately after the retreat of sea ice. Subsequent biological productivity likely decreases surface-water p CO 2 and the air–sea CO 2 flux becomes negative, such that in summer the study area is again a CO 2 sink with respect to the atmosphere.
Use of an OSSE to evaluate background‐error covariances estimated by the NMC method

The NMC method has proven utility for prescribing approximate background‐error covariances required by variational data assimilation systems. Here, untuned NMC method estimates are compared with explicitly determined error covariances produced within an OSSE context by exploiting availability of the true simulated states. Such a comparison provides insights into what kind of rescaling is required to render the NMC method estimates usable. It is shown that rescaling of variances and directional correlation lengths depends greatly on both pressure and latitude. In particular, some scaling coefficients appropriate in the Tropics are the reciprocal of those in the Extratropics. Also, the degree of dynamic balance is grossly overestimated by the NMC method. These results agree with previous examinations of the NMC method which used ensembles as an alternative for estimating background‐error statistics.
GALAXY FORMATION WITH COLD GAS ACCRETION AND EVOLVING STELLAR INITIAL MASS FUNCTION

The evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function is especially useful to test the current model of galaxy formation. Observational data have revealed a few inconsistencies with predictions from the ΛCDM model. For example, most massive galaxies have already been observed at very high redshifts, and they have experienced only mild evolution since then. In conflict with this, semi-analytical models (SAMs) of galaxy formation predict an insufficient number of massive galaxies at high redshift and a rapid evolution between redshift 1 and 0. In addition, there is a strong correlation between star formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass for star-forming galaxies, which can be roughly reproduced with the model, but with a normalization that is too low at high redshift. Furthermore, the stellar mass density obtained from the integral of the cosmic star formation history is higher than the measured one by a factor of 2. In this paper, we study these issues using an SAM that includes (1) cold gas accretion in massive halos at high redshift; (2) tidal stripping of stellar mass from satellite galaxies; and (3) an evolving stellar initial mass function (IMF; bottom-light) with a higher gas recycle fraction. Our results show that the combined effects from (1) and (2) can predict sufficiently massive galaxies at high redshifts and reproduce their mild evolution at low redshift, while the combined effects of (1) and (3) can reproduce the correlation between SFR and stellar mass for star-forming galaxies across a wide range of redshifts. A bottom-light/top-heavy stellar IMF could partly resolve the conflict between the stellar mass density and cosmic star formation history.
Analysis and Modelling Guide

of key issues Issue Description Description Examines the distribution of bed shear stresses and compares these with erosion thresholds for the types of sediment present. Temporal Applicability Typically applied over scales of between 10 and 100 years. Spatial Applicability Generally applied over the entire estuary, however, can be applied at a single point or cross-section. Links with Other Tools Hydrodynamic and sediment transport models, the hydrodynamic model provides the required flow information in which the bed shear stresses are derived. Data Sources • Bathymetry • Boundary Information • Calibration Data (Flows and Water levels) • Sediment information • Long-term morphological change (historic charts) Necessary Software Tools / Skills 1D numerical model, historic bathymetry. A good understanding of the estuary hydrodynamic regime and the ability to interpret modelling results is essential. Typical Analyses Estimate of changes in estuary form (width and depth). Limitations Calibration is extremely difficult; application and interpretation of the model results can also be difficult; lack of historic data. Example Applications Humber Estuary
High-frequency information content in end-user foreign exchange order flows

This article considers the impact of foreign exchange (FX) order flows on contemporaneous and future stock market returns using a new database of customer order flows in the euro-dollar exchange rate market as seen by a leading European bank. We do not find clear contemporaneous relationships between FX order flows and stock market changes at high frequencies, but FX flows do appear to have significant power to forecast stock index returns over 1–30 min horizons, after controlling for lagged exchange rate and stock market returns. The effects of order flows from financial customers on future stock market changes are negative, while the effects of corporate orders are positive. The latter results are consistent with the premise that corporate order flows contain dispersed, passively acquired information about fundamentals. Thus, purchases of the dollar by corporate customers represent good news about the state of the US economy. Importantly, though, there also appears to be extra information in corporate flows which is directly relevant to equity prices over and above the impact derived from stock prices reacting to (predicted) exchange rate changes. Our findings suggest that financial customer flows only affect stock prices through their impact on the value of the dollar.
Pattern Of Domestic Injuries In A Rural Area Of India

Objective: To study the frequency and type of domestic accidents Study design: Prospective Epidemiological studyParticipants / Study area: Rural area of Punjab, India Methodology : Frequency of domestic accidents was studied in the participants as per age, sex, mode of injury, category of injury and place of injuryStatistical analysis: Percentages & Chi-square testResults: A total of 300 accidents occurred in one year in the 2825 individuals studied in one year. Incidence density was calculated to be 106.2 accidents per thousand person-years of observation. More accidents occurred in females (173) as compared to males (127). There were 53.2 % Trivial, 27.3% Minor & 11.7% serious accidents. No Fatal accident was reported. 44.3% of accident were reported to be ‘fall at level and fall from height’. Maximum (53.3%) accidents occurred in the courtyard.
Fluid mixing during ore deposition at the Tynagh base-metal deposit, Ireland

The Tynagh base-metal deposit is hosted by upper Tournaisian to lower Visean age Waulsortian carbonates in the west of Ireland. Epigenetic galena, sphalerite and baryte are located in the hanging wall of a major normal fault. Fluid inclusion in quartz, sphalerite and baryte show that two distinct fluids were responsible for the mineralisation. A high temperature moderate salinity fluid (240 o C, 12 Wt.%), derived from convection of Carboniferous seawater in the crust, carried most of the ore metals. A low temperature high salinity fluid (<70 o C, 21 Wt.%), residing on or close to the seafloor, provided most of the reduced sulphur and sulphate. These fluids mixed to a minor extent on the seafloor as well as in the epigenetic ore zones and the fault zone which acted as a major conduit for both ascending and descending fluids. Post-ore fluid inclusions in calcite show no evidence of the high temperature fluid but record that the high salinity was being progressively diluted by a low salinity (c. 1 Wt.%) SO 4 2− or HCO 3 − meteoric fluid. The results are similar to those from the Silvermines deposit and suggest that other Irish base-metal deposits may have been derived from similar fluids
A proposed model of e-trust for electronic banking

Article history: Received March 25, 2015 Received in revised format August 6 2015 Accepted August 17 2015 Available online August 18 2015 Customer’s trust is the most important and one of the key factors of success in e-commerce. However, trust is the essential aspects of e-banking adoption and the main element for building long-term relationships with the bank's customers. So the purpose of this research is to investigate the factors influencing on customer′s trust in e-banking services and prioritize them. Therefore, designed questionnaire was distributed among 177 electronic service customers in number of banks in the city of Karaj, Iran. Likert quintuplet scales were used to measure the variables. After collecting the questionnaires, the data were analyzed by structural equation modeling (by using LISREL 8.5). The results revealed that quality of electronic services such as ease of use, privacy and security, individual characteristics of customers such as disposition to trust and features of bank such as reputation, size and dependence on government, have had the greatest effect on customer′s trust in e-banking services. Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 5 © 201
Experimental studies of the effect of organic deposition on the metabolism of a coastal marine bottom community

Experiences realisees sur un microcosme, utilisant des echantillons relativement peu perturbes d'une biocenose benthique naturelle de la baie de Narragansett, Rhode Island. L'arrivee de composes organiques dans la colonne d'eau peut exercer une influence preponderente sur l'amplitude du taux d'echanges sediment-eau. Precisions sur la vitesse de remineralisation des nutriments
Efficacy of different herbicides for controlling narrow leave weeds in wheat -crop at different locations under adaptive research zone Sheikhupura

Field experiment was conducted at three locations i.e. Adaptive Research Farm and two at farmers field during Rabi 2014-15 under ecological zone of Adaptive Research Farm Sheikhupura to study the efficacy of different post emergent herbicides against narrow leave weeds. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three repeats. Present study comprised of five treatments including control. The treatments comprised of Axial (penoxadin), Exit (clodinofop propargyl), Brake (fenoxaprop-p-ethyl), Proton (Isoproturon) and weedy check. The data were recorded on Plant height at maturity (cm), no. of grains per spike, spike length (cm), weed density m-2, 1000 grains weight (g), and grain yield (t ha-1). All treatments of herbicide significantly control the weeds causing significant reduction in weed mass and also improved the grain yield significantly in comparison with the check at three locations. Highest death of weeds (96.12, 97.09 and 98.95 %) and with maximum grain yield of 2846.7, 3320.0 and 3300.0 kg ha-1 which is 19.6, 39.6 and 39.9 % higher than weedy check were recorded in the penoxadin treated plot at three locations respectively. In the weedy check the weed density was 51, 126 and 127 weeds m-2 with grain yield 2380, 2376 and 2358 kg ha-1 at three locations respectively. Keywords: Wheat; Wheat weed density; Yield; Yield components; Herbicides http://dx.doi. org/10.19045/bspab.2017. 60053
Distributional Welfare Impacts of Public Spending: The Case of Urban versus National Parks

This study examines the optimal allocation of funds between national and urban parks. Since travel costs to national parks are significantly higher than to urban parks, poor households tend to visit the latter more frequently, whereas rich households favor the former. Therefore, allocating public funds to improving the quality of national parks at the expense of urban parks disproportionately benefits high income households. By developing a theoretical model and implementing it using Israeli data, findings indicate all households, except for the richest decile, prefer that the park authority divert a larger proportion of its budget from national to urban parks.
Increasing patch area, proximity of human settlement and larval food plants positively affect the occurrence and local population size of the habitat specialist butterfly Polyommatus coridon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in fragmented calcareous grasslands

Which factors influence the occurrence, population size and density of species in fragmented habitat patches are key questions in population and conservation ecology. Metapopulation theory predicts that larger and less isolated habitat patches should positively influence species occurrence and population size. However, recent studies have shown that habitat quality, human activity and permeability of the landscape surrounding habitat patches may be also important. In this paper we test the relative effects of habitat patch characteristics, human settlement and landscape permeability on the occurrence, local population size and density of the Chalk-hill Blue Polyommatus coridon a charismatic butterfly inhabiting calcareous grasslands in a fragmented landscape in southern Poland. Patch occupancy rate (corrected for the butterfly detection probability) was 0.45. Habitat patch area, proximity of human settlement and cover of larval food plants positively affected occurrence of the Chalk-hill Blue. Local population size of the Chalk-hill Blue was positively affected by patch area and proximity of human settlement, and negatively by patch isolation. Local density was higher in patches located close to human settlement. Our study is one of the few showing a positive effect of human settlement on a grassland specialist butterfly although the mechanism hidden behind this phenomenon is unknown and requires further examination. In order to maintain local populations of the Chalk-hill Blue in southern Poland, conservation action should be focused on large, closely connected calcareous grasslands. Moreover, extensive management of this habitat should be maintained by local inhabitants who are better placed to undertake such work.
Variability of Bed Load Transport During Six Summers of Continuous Measurements in Two Austrian Mountain Streams (Fischbach and Ruetz)

Previous measurements of bed load transport in gravel bed streams revealed a large temporal and spatial variability of bed load transport rates. Using an impact plate geophone system, continuous bed load transport measurements were made during 6 years in two mountain streams in Austria. The two streams have a snow‐melt and glacier‐melt dominated hydrologic regime resulting in frequent transport activity during the summer half year. Periods of days to weeks were identified which are associated with approximately constant Shields values that indicate quasi‐stable bed conditions. Between these stable periods, the position of the bed load transport function varied while its steepness remained approximately constant. For integration time scales of several hours to 1 day, the fluctuations in bed load transport decreased and the correlation between bed load transport and water discharge increased. For integration times of about 70–100 days, bed load transport is determined by discharge or shear stress to within a factor of about 2, relative to the 6 year mean level. Bed load texture increased with increasing mean flow strength and mean transport intensity. Weak and predominantly clockwise daily hysteresis of bed load transport was found for the first half of the summer period.
Phytoremediation of heavy metals (Cd, Pb and V) in gas refinery wastewater using common reed (Phragmitis australis)

Industrial wastewaters are of the major sources of heavy metal pollution in the environment. In the Middle East, gas and oil industry is the major source of heavy metal pollution and releases significant amounts of metals into the terrestrial and aquatic environment. In this research the capability of the common reed ( Phragmitis australis ) in absorbing heavy metals Cd, Pb and V from the wastewater of a gas refinery plant in Iran was investigated. The plant samples were collected from the vicinity of the Bidboland gas refinery plant in Iran and were used for the treatment of wastewaters collected from the outflow of the refinery plant. The metal concentrations were measured in the roots of the plant species before treatment and after 2, 6 and 10 days of treatment procedure. The heavy metal concentrations were measured after acid digestion and using an ICP-OES instrument. After 10 days of treatment, the concentrations of the metals in plant tissues increased by 2.5, 6.9 and 2.7 times for Cd, Pb and V, respectively. The best treatment time was suggested to be 6 days. The common reed was observed to have a very good capability in removing heavy metals from the gas refinery wastewater.
Navigating Complex Decisions in Restoration Investment

Ecosystem restoration requires choosing among potential interventions which differ in cost, and the time required to achieve outcomes of varying quality. Managers have different preferences for timeframes, certainty, and quality of outcomes, which can influence the choice of investment strategy. Here we develop a probabilistic approach to quantify expected restoration outcomes from alternative investment strategies, given operational constraints or alternative preferences. We apply the approach to a tropical forest restoration case study in which managers seek to allocate future resources between active planting and self‐organized regrowth. We find that the best strategy depends on the desired forest attributes and the time required for outcomes to be achieved. We quantify the trade‐off for three key forest attributes between restoring large areas of vegetation to low quality and restoring smaller areas to a higher quality. Explicit consideration of preferences and trade‐offs will enhance the likelihood that projects deliver desired outcomes.
Entrepreneurial Characteristics and Business Profile of Women Owned Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): A Case Study of the Tamale Metropolitan Area

Despite the vital role of women entrepreneurs in the economic development of their families and countries, it has been revealed that they have low business performance compared to their male counterparts. In this paper, an analysis of the business profile and entrepreneurial characteristics of women owned Small and Medium Enterprises in the Tamale Metropolis has been carried out. A cross-sectional design was used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from a variety of women entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs who have benefited from microcredit were selected using simple random sampling. They were then categorized based on their economic activities. The study found that, the level of education of the respondents was generally low; over 69% had no formal education, 20% had primary education, 9.5% had secondary and 1% had tertiary education. Furthermore, 54.2% of the enterprises were managed by the entrepreneurs’ themselves whiles 7.8% were run by the owner and other non-family employees. Also Only about 3% of the businesses surveyed were registered.
Elevated Birth Rates in CD62L (L-Selectin)-Deficient BALB/c Mice: Potential Involvement of NK Cells

Background: L-selectin (CD62L) is a cell surface adhesion molecule recently shown to play a critical role in determining endometrial receptivity and implantation in humans. By contrast, the L-selectin ligand is missing from the rodent endometrium. Interestingly, CD62L (L-selectin)-deficient BALB/c mice delivered significantly higher numbers of viable offspring than wild type controls via mechanisms yet to be defined. Methods: Nulliparous CD62L-deficient (8-10-week-old, n = 25) or wild type (n = 18) females were mated with 43 age-matched males. Animals were sacrificed at gestational day (GD) 9.5. Tissue samples were analyzed by immunostaining and flow cytometry. Results: Mating wild type and CD62L-deficient BALB/c mice revealed that the increased birth rate was due to the CD62L deficiency in females. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated significant differences in the number of natural killer (NK) cells present in the uterus of pregnant CD62L- deficient mice compared to controls. Immunohistochemistry confirmed NK cell accumulation at the fetal-maternal interface. Discussion: Uterine NK cells have been shown to peak at GD 8-10 at the fetal-maternal interface. NK cells might regulate mouse fertility rates by facilitating development of the maternal spiral arteries, thereby stimulating the formation of larger vessels that facilitate intrauterine survival, however, their role is not obligate to spiral artery development. Conclusions: Diminished CD62L expression modified immune cell trafficking into the uterus of pregnant mice generating a microenvironment primarily dominated by NK cells resulting in improved embryonic survival rates.
Evaluation of aspirin (ASA) in broiler chicken during hot dry summer using zoo technical, molecular and physio-biochemical tools

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of aspirin as anti-heat stressor. Broiler chicks were reared on a standard diet up to 14 days of age. Thereafter, the chicks were randomly distributed into three dietary treatment groups viz., T1 (Control group: Standard diet), T2 (Standard diet with aspirin@250 mg/kg) and T3 (Standard diet with aspirin@500 mg/kg). Each treatment was having five replicates of eight birds per replicate. Experiment was carried out during hot-dry (April-May, 30.0±0.70 to 37.0±1.40C, Rh, %: 58.05±1.32 to 70.11±0.82) summer. Feed intake and live weight gain was comparable among the treatments but FCR, protein and energy efficiency improved significantly (P<0.001) on aspirin supplementation. The relative yield of thymus and bursa at 4th and 6th week of age improved significantly (P<0.05). The percentage of protein, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) increased significantly (P<0.001) due to aspirin supplementation at 4th as well as 6th week of age. While H:L ratio, serum corticosteron and serum cholesterol (only at 42nd day of age) decreased significantly (P<0.001) in aspirin supplemented groups at 28th as well as 42nd day of age. Supplementation of aspirin at 500 mg/kg reduced relative expression of HSP70 in jejunum tissues during 28th or 42nd day of age. It can be concluded that aspirin supplementation 500 mg/kg in diet of heat stressed broilers improved performance as well as welfare.