Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Characteristics of Velocities Fields in the Vicinity of Manhole Inlet Grates During Flood Events

The accurate characterization of flow from urban surfaces to sewer/stormwater systems is important for urban drainage design and flood modeling/risk identification. However, the geometrical complexity and large variety of drainage structures (linking elements) available makes model calibration and verification difficult. In this study an extensive comparison between experimentally measured and numerically modeled flow characteristics in the vicinity of ten different designs of manhole grate was performed under drainage flow in subcritical conditions. Using a 2‐D surface PIV (sPIV) system the work presents the first detailed characterization of velocity fields around these linking elements. In addition, it provides the first detailed verification of the ability of a 2‐D numerical model to describe both velocity fields and drainage flows. The overall comparison shows a close relationship between numerical and the experimental results with some higher inflows in the experimental results as a consequence of a localized transition from weir to orifice condition near the void areas of the grates. It was also noted that velocity differences decreased further from the manhole, due mainly to the more directional flow. Overall the work demonstrates the potential for further use of 2‐D numerical models to describe flow conditions at linking elements, either directly within modeling simulations or indirectly via the characterization of energy loss coefficients.
A DREPANOSAURID PECTORAL GIRDLE FROM THE GHOST RANCH (WHITAKER) COELOPHYSIS QUARRY (CHINLE GROUP, ROCK POINT FORMATION, RHAETIAN), NEW MEXICO

Abstract An isolated but three-dimensionally preserved pectoral girdle from the Rock Point Formation (Rhaetian) of New Mexico represents the youngest known drepanosaurid. The specimen preserves, in articulation, both scapulae, coracoids, clavicles, and sternal plates; clavicles and sternal plates were previously poorly documented or unknown in the Drepanosauridae. The elongate, thin, dorsally-oriented scapular blades are distinctive autapomorphies of the clade and strongly support the drepanosaurid origin of the specimen. The paired clavicles resemble the furculae of some theropod dinosaurs and basal birds, but the morphology of the remainder of the girdle demonstrates that it cannot belong to either group. The specimen's three dimensional preservation provides new information concerning the pectoral morphology of drepanosaurids.
Effects of business-as-usual anthropogenic emissions on air quality

Abstract. The atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC has been used to estimate the impact of anthropogenic emission changes on global and regional air quality in recent and future years (2005, 2010, 2025 and 2050). The emission scenario assumes that population and economic growth largely determine energy and food consumption and consequent pollution sources with the current technologies ("business as usual"). This scenario is chosen to show the effects of not implementing legislation to prevent additional climate change and growing air pollution, other than what is in place for the base year 2005, representing a pessimistic (but plausible) future. By comparing with recent observations, it is shown that the model reproduces the main features of regional air pollution distributions though with some imprecisions inherent to the coarse horizontal resolution (~100 km) and simplified bottom-up emission input. To identify possible future hot spots of poor air quality, a multi pollutant index (MPI), suited for global model output, has been applied. It appears that East and South Asia and the Middle East represent such hotspots due to very high pollutant concentrations, while a general increase of MPIs is observed in all populated regions in the Northern Hemisphere. In East Asia a range of pollutant gases and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is projected to reach very high levels from 2005 onward, while in South Asia air pollution, including ozone, will grow rapidly towards the middle of the century. Around the Persian Gulf, where natural PM 2.5 concentrations are already high (desert dust), ozone levels are expected to increase strongly. The population weighted MPI (PW-MPI), which combines demographic and pollutant concentration projections, shows that a rapidly increasing number of people worldwide will experience reduced air quality during the first half of the 21st century. Following this business as usual scenario, it is projected that air quality for the global average citizen in 2050 would be almost comparable to that for the average citizen in East Asia in the year 2005, which underscores the need to pursue emission reductions.
Linguistic competences of learners of Dutch as a second language at the B1 and B2 levels of speaking proficiency of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) 1

This study examines the associations between the speaking proficiency of 181 adult learners of Dutch as a second language and their linguistic competences. Performance in eight speaking tasks was rated on a scale of communicative adequacy. After extrapolation of these ratings to the Overall Oral Production scale of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) (Council of Europe, 2001), 80 and 30 participants (on average per speaking task) were found to be, respectively, at the B1 and B2 levels of this scale. The following linguistic competences were tapped with non-communicative tasks: productive vocabulary knowledge, productive knowledge of grammar, speed of lexical retrieval, speed of articulation, speed of sentence building, and pronunciation skills. Discriminant analyses showed that all linguistic competences, except speed of articulation, discriminated participants at the two levels of oral production. Subsequent comparisons showed that the distance between B1ers and B2ers was smaller in knowledge of high-frequency words than in knowledge of medium- and low-frequency words. Extrapolation from scores on the vocabulary test yielded estimations of productive vocabularies of, on average, 4000 and 7000 words for B1ers and B2ers, respectively. The grammar test assessed grammatical knowledge in 10 domains. B2ers were found to outperform B1ers on all parts of the test. Thus, the differences in lexical and grammatical knowledge of B1ers and B2ers appear to be a matter of degree, rather than a matter of category or domain. The paper ends with a research agenda for a linguistic underpinning of the CEFR.
Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave spectrum of methyleneaminoacetonitrile

Context. Aminoacetonitrile has been detected in the interstellar medium, and the Strecker-type synthesis is considered as one of its possible formation mechanisms in this medium. Methyleneaminoacetonitrile (CH2NCH2CN, MAAN) is one of the by-products of the Strecker reaction and a good candidate for astrophysical detection. Aims. The rotational spectrum of MAAN has never been studied before. To provide the basis for MAAN detection in the interstellar medium we studied its millimeter- and submillimeter-wave spectrum. Methods. The rotational spectrum of MAAN was measured in the frequency range of 120–600 GHz. The spectroscopic study was supported by theoretical calculations of the molecular structure and harmonic force field. Results. The ground- and the two lowest excited vibrational states of the most stable synperiplanar conformation of MAAN were assigned and analyzed. The obtained sets of rotational constants allow us to accurately predict the transition frequencies of MAAN in the frequency range up to 900 GHz.
Got Organic Milk? Consumer Valuations of Milk Labels after the Implementation of the USDA Organic Seal

This paper investigates consumer reactions to changes in information provision regarding organic production. Quantitative analyses focus on the actual implementation of mandatory labeling guidelines under the National Organic Program. The unique nature of the fluid milk market in combination with these regulatory changes allows us to place a value on information sets under different labeling regimes. Hedonic price functions provide an initial reference point for analyses of individual responses. A random utility discrete choice model serves as the primary econometric specification and allows consideration of consumer preference heterogeneity along observable household demographics. Our results indicate that the USDA organic seal increases the probability of purchasing organic milk. An initial hedonic price function approach, as well as simulations within the discrete choice framework, suggests that consumers value the change in labeling regulations with regard to organic production. Our results further suggest that consumers substitute away from milk carrying the rBGH-free label. This may indicate that consumers pay less attention to these labels in the time period investigated compared to results found in studies that use earlier time periods.
CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF BEES OF THE GENUS CENTRIS ( HYMENOPTERA : APIDAE )

The reproductive biology of some plants is based on the movement of pollen between plants by insects. In many plant-insect pollination systems the plant produces a “reward” usually in the form of nectar. However, a number of plant taxa produce oil as a floral reward. Bees of the genus Centris are known as “oil-collecting” bees which are the important mediators in the reproductive success of oil reward producing flowers. These bees are solitary and their own reproductive success depends on the interaction between the sexes and the ability of the female to construct and provision a nest. In this paper we discuss the importance of male territorality and its maintenance to the reproductive success of this taxa of bees. We also discuss the nesting biology of Centris in Costa Rica focusing on the resource needs of females.
Regional modelling of the Southern African geomagnetic field using harmonic splines

SUMMARY Over the southern African region the geomagnetic eld is weak and changes rapidly. For this area series of geomagnetic eld measurements exist since the 1950s. We take advantage of the existing repeat station surveys and observatory annual means, and clean these data sets by eliminating jumps and minimising external eld contributions in the original time series. This unique data set allows us to obtain a detailed view of the geomagnetic eld behaviour in space and time by computing a regional model. For this, we use a system of representation similar to harmonic splines. Initially, the technique is systematically tested on synthetic data. After systematically testing the method on synthetic data, we derive a model for 1961 to 2001 that gives a detailed view of the fast changes of the geomagnetic eld in this region.
Qualitative Investigation of Corneal Changes after Accelerated Corneal Collagen Cross-linking (A-CXL) by In vivo Confocal Microscopy and Corneal OCT

Purpose: To assess qualitative micro-morphological corneal changes by confocal microscopy and corneal OCT after accelerated corneal crosslinking (A-CXL) in keratoconic patients. Study design: Prospective non-randomized pilot study. Methods: 20 eyes of 20 patients, aged between 13 and 26 years (mean 22.6 years) underwent A-CXL by the KXL UV-A source (Avedro Inc. Waltham MA, USA). Patients were divided into 4 groups according to different riboflavin solutions and UV A powers.15 patients underwent epithelium-off A-CXL: 5 (Group 1) by riboflavin 0.1% plus dextran 20% at 12 mW/cm2 for 10 min; 5 (Group 2) at 30 mW/cm2 for 4 min; 5 (Group 3) by dextran-free riboflavin 0.1% plus HPMC at 30 mW/cm2 for 4 min and 5 (Group 4) by riboflavin 0.25% plus EDTA, BAK, TRIS epithelium-on A-CXL for 2 min and 40 sec. Micro-morphological analysis was assessed by in vivo HRT II confocal microscopy and corneal OCT. Results: Epithelium regenerated into 3 days. Sub-epithelial nerves disappeared after treatment regenerating into 6 months. Epithelium off A-CXL penetration, measured evaluating keratocytes loss at confocal microscopy and demarcation lines at corneal OCT, resulted at 180 μm on average in the Group 1, 160 μm in the Group 2, 150 μm in the Group 3. Epithelium-on A-CXL (Group 4) revealed a penetration at 80 μm on average. No endothelial damage was recorded in all groups. Conclusion: A-CXL shortened conventional CXL procedure under 20 minutes, being well tolerated. Its clinical efficacy needs to be determined in the mid-long term follow-up and in a large cohort of patients.
Aircraft Dynamics Identification

Aircraft dynamics identification has been a longstanding problem in aircraft engineering and is essential today for the optimization of flight trajectories in aircraft operations. This motivates the search for accurate dynamical systems identification techniques, the main topic of this study. The application we are most interested in here is aircraft fuel consumption reduction. This is a major goal for airlines nowadays, mainly for economic reasons, but also because it implies less CO2 emissions. We limit our study to civil flights, and more specifically to the climb phase, where we expect to have more room for improvement. The techniques presented hereafter are suited for data extracted from the Quick Access Recorder (QAR). They contain multiple variables such as the pressure altitude and the true airspeed, with a sample rate of one second.
Impact of Upstream Urbanization on the Urban Heat Island Effects along the Washington–Baltimore Corridor

AbstractAlthough there has been considerable research on urban heat island (UHI) effects, most of the previous studies have attributed UHI effects to localized, surface processes. In this study, the impact of upstream urbanization on enhanced UHI effects is examined using surface observations and numerical simulations of an extreme UHI event that occurred on 9 July 2007 over Baltimore, Maryland. Under southwesterly wind, Baltimore experienced higher peak surface temperatures and higher pollution concentrations than did the larger urban area of Washington, D.C. Results from a coupled ultrahigh-resolution mesoscale–urban canopy model with 2001 National Land Cover Data show an advective contribution from upstream urbanization to the UHI event. This dynamical process is demonstrated by replacing Baltimore or its upstream urban areas by natural vegetation (in the model), indicating that the UHI effects could be reduced by as much as 25%. An analysis of the urban–bay interaction reveals the importance of horizo.
Depositional Environment of the Devonian Quartz Sandstones in the Bāle Sand Pits

This paper summarises data about the depositional environment of Devonian quartz sandstones in Latvia and discusses new fieldwork data from Bāle 1 and Bāle 2 sand pits. The commercial bed in these sand pits is composed of fine to gravel size grained white and pale gray sandstones with mud clasts and quartz pebbles in places. Studies in Bāle sand pit sectors 1 and 2 suggest the deposition of sediments in details channel and sand bars, with the scarce influence of tidal processes on sedimentation.
Does GOSAT capture the true seasonal cycle of XCO 2

The seasonal cycle accounts for a dominant mode of total column CO 2 (XCO 2 ) annual variability and is connected to CO 2 uptake and release; it thus represents an important quantity to test the accuracy of the measurements from space. We quantitatively evaluate the XCO 2 seasonal cycle of the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) observations from the Atmospheric Carbon Obser- 5 vations from Space (ACOS) retrieval system, and compare average regional seasonal cycle features to those directly measured by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We analyze the mean seasonal cycle amplitude, dates of maximum and minimum XCO 2 , as well as the regional growth rates in XCO 2 through the ﬁtted trend over several years. We ﬁnd that GOSAT generally captures the seasonal cycle amplitude within 1.0 ppm accuracy compared to TCCON, except in Eu- 10 rope, where the difference exceeds 1.0 ppm at two sites, and the amplitude captured by GOSAT is generally shallower compared to TCCON. This bias over Europe is not as large for the other GOSAT retrieval algorithms (NIES v02.21, RemoTeC v2.35, UoL v5.1, and NIES PPDF-S v.02.11), although they have signiﬁcant biases at other sites. The ACOS bias correction was found to partially explain the shallow amplitude over Europe. The impact of the co-location method and aerosol changes in the 15 ACOS algorithm were also tested, and found to be few tenths-of-a-ppm and mostly non-systematic. We ﬁnd generally good agreement in the date of minimum XCO 2 between ACOS and TCCON, but ACOS generally infers a date of maximum XCO 2 2-3 weeks later than TCCON. We further analyze the latitudinal dependence of the seasonal cycle amplitude throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and compare the dependence to that predicted by current optimized models that assimilate in-situ 20 measurements of CO 2 . In the zonal averages, models are consistent with the GOSAT amplitude to within 1.4 ppm, depending on the model and latitude. We also show that the seasonal cycle of XCO 2 depends on longitude especially at the mid-latitudes: the amplitude of GOSAT XCO 2 doubles from West U.S. to East Asia at 45 − 50 ◦ N, which is only partially shown by the models. In general, we ﬁnd that model-to-model differences can be larger than GOSAT-to-model differences. These results 25 suggest that GOSAT retrievals of the XCO 2 seasonal cycle may be sufﬁciently accurate to evaluate land surface models in regions with signiﬁcant discrepancies between the models.
The innovation journey of new-to-tourism entrepreneurs

This study addresses the neglect of an overall analysis of the generative process of innovation in tourism studies. A conceptual framework draws together the fragmented literature on the innovation process which is visualized as a series of non-linear tasks from idea generation to diffusion. The conceptual framework is explored through a systematic analysis of the tourism innovation journey of 24 new-to-tourism entrepreneurs establishing start-ups in Spain. The analysis draws on the innovators’ narrations about their distinctive journeys to provide a more holistic picture of the innovation process. Drilling down into the sub-processes within each major task reveals the complexity of an innovation journey that is highly dynamic, uncertain, experimental and market-driven. A model of the innovation process is proposed based on the findings.
Emergent Landscapes of Movement in Early Bronze Age Northern Mesopotamia

One of the positive effects of the landscape approach to the human past has been the dismantling of the notion, often implicitly held, that settlements were islands in the midst of a sea of uninhabited or unused space. This notion has been subconsciously reinforced by settlement pattern maps wherein sites are depicted as black dots on a vacant white surface. The advent of sedentism did not bring to an end movement through the broader landscape beyond the settlement, but rather concentrated it in ways that have made it easier for archaeologists to detect. At the most mundane level, agriculturalists and pastoralists had to move between settlements, fields, and pasture. In addition to these subsistencerelated activities, complex societies required movement for exchange in nonlocal materials used for marking and maintaining status differences. Centralized polities cannot remain integrated without continuous interactions between political centers and their hinterlands. A holistic landscape approach not only recognizes the importance of these movements but also develops methods to document their traces and integrate them into economic and sociopolitical models. As the material manifestations of movement through the landscape, the surviving traces of roads and paths have much to tell us about past societies. These features manifest both repetitive social, political, and especially economic activities but also can serve as models of social order (Earle 1991:10).
Optical and electrical properties of amorphous zinc tin oxide thin films examined for thin film transistor application

Structural, electronic, and optical properties of amorphous and transparent zinc tin oxide films deposited on glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) were examined for two chemical compositions of Zn:Sn=1:1 and 2:1 as a function of oxygen partial pressure (PO2) used for the film deposition and annealing temperature. Different from a previous report on sputter-deposited films [Chiang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 013503 (2005)], the PLD-deposited films crystallized at a lower temperature <450 °C to give crystalline ZnO and SnO2 phases. The optical band gaps (Tauc gaps) were 2.80−2.85 eV and almost independent of oxygen PO2, which are smaller than those of the corresponding crystals (3.35−3.89 eV). Films deposited at low PO2 showed significant subgap absorptions, which were reduced by postthermal annealing. Hall mobility showed steep increases when carrier concentration exceeded threshold values and the threshold value depended on the film chemical composition. The films deposited at low PO2<2 Pa .
Integral Equations in Some Thermal Problems

Abstract — In this paper the method of integral equations is proposed for some thermal problems of engineering (radiative heat transfer, heat conduction). Presented models lead to a system of Fredholm integral equations and Volterra-Fredholm integral equations, respectively. We propose various numerical methods (discretization method, special kernels method and projection-iterative method) providing to a system algebraic equations . In some cases simulation methods can be used. Keywords — Integral equations method, Fredholm integral equation, radiative heat transfer, Volterra-Fredholm integral equation, heat conduction problems. I. I NTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to present the advantages of the integral equations method (IEM), and the possibilities of its application to various branches of engineering, particularly to the problems arising in power engineering [4]. It is an analytical-numerical method and requires great efforts from highly skilled specialists (mathematicians, computer scientists, engineers). IEM seems to be a natural method, especially in the field of electrodynamics. This is a case of electromagnetic field being described with integral equations, the kernels of which are searched for by integral transformations in the domain of space variables, while in the time domain the expected system response has a form of integral formulas. It confines the expected solution valid for the whole domain to a predefined part of the space subject to analysis. This enables a considerable reduction of the size of the system of equations. In such a case, the minimization of the size of the systems of equations and the reduction of computation time, while maintaining the accuracy, becomes highly important. Integral equations, or rather their systems, are often matched with mathematical models describing the current density distribution at the cross-section of a working conductor or in the cartridge of an induction heater. The knowledge of the current density distribution may be a base for determining some electrodynamics values such as magnetic induction or distribution of electrodynamics forces acted at selected points of the conductors. Moreover, some problems of the radiative heat transfer are reducible to a system of Fredholm integral equations. We restrict to the following mathematical models in electrical engineering: radiative heat transfer and Fourier’s problems. Presented models lead to a system of Fredholm integral equations, and Volterra-Fredholm integral equations, respectively.