Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extra stress tensor in fiber suspensions: Mechanics and thermodynamics

Formulas expressing the extra stress tensor, $\boldsymbol\sigma$, in fiber suspensions in terms of microstructural state variables are derived by using two types of arguments: mechanical and thermodynamical. Results are compared for the distribution function ($\psi$) and the orientation tensor, $\mathbf A$, playing the role of state variables. The main results are the following: (i) In the thermodynamical analysis the formulas arise as compatibility conditions between the time evolution of the fluid velocity and the time evolution of the internal structure. (ii) A complete agreement among the formulas arising in mechanics and thermodynamics is seen only in kinetic theory (i.e. with $\psi$ as the state variable) and only with the Chan-Terentjev mechanical formula. (iii) Theoretical arguments as well as numerical illustrations indicate that the larger is the role of the reversible part of the time evolution of the microstructure the larger is the difference in predicted stresses (i.e. the formulas for $\boldsymbol \sigma$ evaluated at solutions of the microstructural equations) calculated with the thermodynamic and the Dinh-Armstrong mechanical formulas.
Perceptions of employability among London’s low-paid: ‘Self-determination’ or ethnicity?

This article investigates how ethnicity, gender and other characteristics affect low-paid workers’ perceptions of their employability in London’s labour market, examining self-efficacy, ethnic and dual labour market theories. The authors find that perceptions vary considerably, both between genders and ethnicities and in the extent to which they are ‘justified’ by human capital attributes. Optimism varies between genders and ethnic groups but individuals’ perceptions vary to an even greater extent within genders and ethnic groups. Hence, individual-level ‘self-determination’ explanations of these perceptions appear to have greatest explanatory power in this specific context, although ethnic theories also have utility.
An impulse-based approach to estimating forces in unsteady flow

The ready availability of full-field velocity measurements in present-day experiments has kindled interest in using such data for force estimation, especially in situations where direct measurements are difficult. Among the methods proposed, a formulation based on impulse is attractive, for both practical and physical reasons. However, evaluation of the impulse requires a complete description of the vorticity field, and this is particularly hard to achieve in the important region close to a body surface. This paper presents a solution to the problem. The incomplete experimental-vorticity field is augmented by a vortex sheet on the body, with strength determined by the no-slip boundary condition. The impulse is then found from the sum of vortex-sheet and experimental contributions. Components of physical interest can straightforwardly be recognised; for example, the classical ‘added mass’ associated with fluid inertia is represented by an explicit term in the formulation for the vortex sheet. The method is implemented in the context of two-dimensional flat-plate flow, and tested on velocity-field data from a translating wing experiment. The results show that the vortex-sheet contribution is significant for the test data set. Furthermore, when it is included, good agreement with force-balance measurements is found. It is thus recommended that any impulse-based force calculation should correct for (likely) data incompleteness in this way.
Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budget on Mars. Derivation from Ground-Based Data

We present in this abstract the first estimation of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget from ground-based data on Mars. The comparative role of advection, buoyancy, shear, turbulent transport, turbulent pressure redistribution, and dissipation has been determined during the most convective hours, both for the lowest Surface Layer (SL), and for the upper Convective Mixed Layer (CML). This study has been carried out from ground-based data corresponding to Viking 1, Viking 2, and Pathfinder (PF) missions, and from an adaptation of similarity theory to Mars, creating a new approach to research the Martian TKE budget [1]. Specifically, the set of data consists of: (i) in situ hourly-averaged temperature, (ii) in situ hourly-averaged horizontal wind speed measured at the same height as temperature, and (iii) modeled hourly ground temperature —derived using the model presented in [2]. They all belong to 3 selected entire Martian Sols, namely: Sol 25-26 of PF; Sol 28 of Viking Lander 1 (VL1); and Sol 20 of Viking Lander 2 (VL2). Using this simple scheme —compared to the timecosting Large Eddy Simulations (LES)—, some of our results have been found to compare well to already published LES outcomes [3, 4], which increases our confidence in our new results and methodology.
SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research Are Retirees More Satisfi ed ? – Anticipation and Adaptation Effects of Retirement on Subjective Well-Being : A Panel Analysis for Germany

Quality of life and satisfaction with life are of particular importance for individuals as well as for society concerning the “demographic change” with now longer retirement periods. This study will contribute to the life satisfaction discussion and quantifies life satisfaction and pattern of explanation before and after such a prominent life cycle event, the entrance into retirement. In particular, with the individual longitudinal data and 33 waves of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and the appropriate microeconometric causal fixed effects robust panel methods we ask and quantify if actual life satisfaction indeed is decreasing before retirement, is increasing at the entrance into retirement, and is decreasing then after certain periods back to a foregoing level. Thus, we ask if such an anticipation and adaptation pattern– as known from other prominent events – is also to discover for life satisfaction before and after retirement in Germany. Main result: Individual and family situation lift life satisfaction after retirement for many years, the (former) occupational situation, however, absorbs this effect both for pensioners and civil service pensioners. It remains only one period of improvement with close anticipation and adaptation at entering retirement but no furthermore significant change compared to pre-retirement life satisfaction. This holds for pensioners (German pension insurance, GRV) but there is no significant effect at all for civil service pensioners. JEL: I31, J26, J14, J17, A13, C23
The XMM-Newton serendipitous survey: II. First results from the AXIS high galactic latitude medium sensitivity survey

We present the first results on the identifications of a medium sensitivity survey (X-ray flux limit 2 x 10(-14) erg cm(-2) s(-1) in the 0.5-4.5 keV band) at high galactic latitude (\b\ > 20degrees) carried out with the XMM-Newton X-ray observatory within the AXIS observing programme. This study is being conducted as part of the XMM-Newton Survey Science Centre activities towards the identification of the sources in the X-ray serendipitous sky survey. The sample contains 29 X-ray sources in a solid angle of 0.26 deg(2) (source density 113 +/- 21 sources deg(-2)), out of which 27 (93%) have been identified. The majority of the sources are broad-line AGN (19), followed by narrow emission line X-ray emitting galaxies (6, all of which turn out to be AGN), 1 nearby non-emission line galaxy (NGC 4291) and 1 active coronal star. Among the identified sources we find 2 broad-absorption line QSOs (z similar to 1.8 and z similar to 1.9), which constitute similar to10% of the AGN population at this flux level, similar to optically selected samples. Identifications of a further 10 X-ray sources fainter than our survey limit are also presented.
Simultaneous X-ray and UV spectroscopy of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 5548 - II. Physical conditions in the X-ray absorber

We present the results from a 500 ks Chandra observation of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548. We detect broadened (full width half maximum = 8000 km s −1 ) emission lines of O  and C  in the spectra, similar to those observed in the optical and UV bands. The source was continuously variable, with a 30% increase in luminosity in the second half of the observation. The gradual increase in luminosity occurred over a timescale of ∼300 ks. No variability in the warm absorber was detected between the spectra from the first 170 ks and the second part of the observation. The longer wavelength range of the LETGS resulted in the detection of absorption lines from a broad range of ions, in particular of C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S and Fe. The velocity structure of the X-ray absorber is consistent with the velocity structure measured simultaneously in the ultraviolet spectra. We find that the highest velocity outflow component, at −1040 km s −1 , becomes increasingly important for higher ionization parameters. This velocity component spans at least three orders of magnitude in ionization parameter, producing both highly ionized X-ray absorption lines (Mg  ,S i) as well as UV absorption lines. A similar conclusion is very probable for the other four velocity components. Based upon our observations, we argue that the warm absorber probably does not manifest itself in the form of photoionized clumps in pressure equilibrium with a surrounding wind. Instead, a model with a continuous distribution of column density versus ionization parameter gives an excellent fit to our data. From the shape of this distribution and the assumption that the mass loss through the wind should be smaller than the accretion rate onto the black hole, we derive upper limits to the solid angle as small as 10 −4 sr. From this we argue that the outflow occurs in density-stratified streamers. The density stratification across the stream then produces the wide range of ionization parameter observed in this source. We determine an upper limit of 0.3 Myr −1 for the mass loss from the galaxy due to the observed outflows.
Bulk chemical composition of Sołtmany chondrite

The authors examined the bulk chemical composition of the Soltmany chondrite which fell on April 30th, 2011 in Northern Poland. Based on the analysis of 47 elements, it was concluded that Soltmany is representative of L-type of ordinary chondrites. However, compared to the average values observed in other L-type ordinary chondrites, Soltmany displays higher content of Ni, P, Cd, Pb, and As. The Ni and P content closely resembles typical values for H-type ordinary chondrites. Furthermore, Soltmany displays other distinct properties including very low Zn content and lower contents of Mo and Zr than the average values found in other L-type ordinary chondrites. Consistent with other L-type ordinary chondrites, the absolute content of REE in Soltmany is higher than that of CI-type carbonaceous chondrites while the REE trend lines for both Soltmany and CI-chondrites are similar. Due to similar times of year of when both falls took place and the proximity of their strewn fields, the chemical composition of Soltmany was compared with that of Jesenice, an L6 ordinary chondrite which fell on April 9th, 2009 in Europe. The analysis led to a conclusion that Soltmany and Jesenice are not launch-paired. Nevertheless, even though they do not represent fragments of the same meteoroid, their origin on a common parent body (an asteroid – planetesimal) cannot be conclusively ruled out on the sole basis of their bulk chemical composition.
Models of Growth and Firm Heterogeneity

Although employment at individual firms tends to be highly nonstationary, the employment size distribution of all firms in the United States appears to be stationary. It closely resembles a Pareto distribution. There is a lot of entry and exit, mostly of small firms. This review surveys general equilibrium models that can be used to interpret these facts and explores the role of innovation by new and incumbent firms in determining aggregate growth. The existence of a balanced growth path with a stationary employment size distribution depends crucially on assumptions made about the cost of entry. Some type of labor must be an essential input in setting up new firms.
Cores, filaments, and bundles: hierarchical core formation in the L1495/B213 Taurus region

Context. Core condensation is a critical step in the star-formation process, but it is still poorly characterized observationally. Aims. We have studied the 10 pc-long L1495/B213 complex in Taurus to investigate how dense cores have condensed out of the lower density cloud material. Methods. We observed L1495/B213 in C 18 O(1−0), N 2 H + (1−0), and SO( J N = 3 2 –2 1 ) with the 14 m FCRAO telescope, and complemented the data with dust continuum observations using APEX (870 μ m) and IRAM 30 m (1200 μ m). Results. From the N 2 H + emission, we identify 19 dense cores, some starless and some protostellar. They are not distributed uniformly, but tend to cluster with relative separations on the order of 0.25 pc. From the C 18 O emission, we identify multiple velocity components in the gas. We have characterized them by fitting Gaussians to the spectra and by studying the distribution of the fits in position–position–velocity space. In this space, the C 18 O components appear as velocity-coherent structures, and we identify them automatically using a dedicated algorithm (FIVE: Friends In VElocity). Using this algorithm, we identify 35 filamentary components with typical lengths of 0.5 pc, sonic internal velocity dispersions, and mass-per-unit length close to the stability threshold of isothermal cylinders at 10 K. Core formation seems to have occurred inside the filamentary components via fragmentation, with few fertile components with higher mass-per-unit length being responsible for most cores in the cloud. On large scales, the filamentary components appear grouped into families, which we refer to as bundles. Conclusions. Core formation in L1495/B213 has proceeded by hierarchical fragmentation. The cloud fragmented first into several pc-scale regions. Each of these regions later fragmented into velocity-coherent filaments of about 0.5 pc in length. Finally, a small number of these filaments fragmented quasi-statically and produced the individual dense cores we see today.
Cellulolytic Enzymes Production by Solid State Culture Using Pecan Nut Shell as Substrate and Support

Problem Statement: Great interest in the use of lignocellulosic biomass is increasing in order to diminish the accumulation of residues, such as pecan nut shells. One of the alternatives is the fungal degradation of these residues. Approach: The capacity of Trichoderma (coded as T1, T2 and T3) strains to produce cellulase and xylonite was evaluated. Results: Pecan nut shell fibers were used as sole carbon source. The fiber characterization study showed that cellulose levels were of 0.1% while hemicellulose was up to 25 %. Three Trichoderma strains were used on solid fungal cultures using the fibers as sole carbon and inductor source for the production of cellulolytic enzymes. The behavior of the sugars liberated by the fungi showed that the strain T2 is able to accumulate more monomeric reducing sugars than the other two strains, this could be attributed at this strain has a higher sugar liberation rate and slower sugar consumption rate. This strain also expressed more cellulase and xylanase activity. The low quantity of cellulose registered in the fibers can still be used to induce cellulase activity. Conclusion: The T2 strain had the highest level of enzymatic activity both cellulase and xylanase.
Chimpanzee and Human Cultures

Culture has traditionally been attributed only to human beings. Despite growing evidence of behavioral diversity in wild chimpanzee populations, most anthropologists and psychologists still deny culture to this animal species. We argue here that culture is not monolithic but a set of processes. These processes show much diversity both in the social norms and models that determine which individuals will be exposed to particular cultural variants and what cultural variants will be present in the population and in the social learning mechanisms that determine the fidelity of transmission of the variants over time. Recognition of the diversity of these processes is important because it affects cultural dissemination, cultural evolution, and the complexity of cultural artifacts. A comparison of chimpanzee and human cultures shows many deep similarities, thus suggesting that they share evolutionary roots. Two possible differences between the two species are discussed. First, thanks to indirect means of transmission such as language, cultural dissemination is possible over greater stretches of time and space in humans than in chimpanzees. Second, human cultures rely more intensively than chimpanzee cultures on cumulative cultural evolution through the ratchet effect, which allows the accumulation of modifications over time and produces more elaborate cultural artifacts.
The prediction of one-, two-, and three-dimensional heave in expansive soils

The prediction of heave in unsaturated, expansive soils has historically been studied primarily as a one-dimensional type analysis. This paper proposes a methodology that can be used for the prediction of one-, two-, or three-dimensional heave. It is suggested that negative pore-water pressures (i.e., soil suctions) can be estimated through a saturatedunsaturated seepage analysis. The results of the seepage analysis are then used as input for the prediction of displacements in a stressdeformation analysis. The formulation of the governing partial differential equations for both seepage and stressdeformation is based on the general theory of unsaturated soils using two independent stress state variables. The elasticity parameter functions required for a stressdeformation analysis can be calculated from various tests, including conventional one-dimensional oedometer tests. The proposed method is studied and tested against data collected on a case history involving a slab-on-ground floor on Regina clay.
A possible excitation mechanism for observed superthermal ion cyclotron emission from tokamak plasmas

Intense superthermal ion cyclotron emission (ICE) has been observed from tokamak plasmas. The power spectrum displays narrow peaks at multiple harmonics of the background ion cyclotron frequency [Cottrell and Dendy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 33 (1988)] in Ohmic deuterium plasmas, and the radiation appears to be driven by the fusion ion population in the edge plasma. Theoretical investigation of this phenomenon may be rewarding, in terms of the information about the behavior of energetic ions in tokamaks that can be extracted from ICE observations. The interpretation presented here is based on the resonant excitation of fast Alfven waves with ion Bernstein waves supported by an energetic ion species (α), in the presence of a more numerous thermal ion species (i). Because the ion cyclotron frequencies may be commensurate (lΩα=sΩi for some low integers l,s), and observations indicate that ω is comparable in magnitude to Ωi, the standard theory [Belikov and Kolesnichenko, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 20, 1146 (1976)] wh.
Notes on the genus Frithia (Mesembryanthemaceae) and the descrip­ tion of a new species, E humilis, in South Africa

Frithia N.E. Br (Mesembryanthemaceae), formerly thought to be a monotypic genus, has been found to comprise two species. Populations from the eastern parts of the distribution range of Frithia pulchra N.E. Br. are recognised as a distinct species, Frithia humilis PM Burgoyne The genus has a limited distribution, although present in three provinces of South Africa, namely Gauteng, North-West and Mpumalanga. The two window-leaved species are allopatnc and morphological differences between the roots, leaves, flowers, pollen, capsules and seeds are discussed. A formal description of the new species, an identification key and a distribution map of the two species are provided.
Ultrasonic Properties of Plutonium Monochalcogenides

A computer program in MATLAB is developed for the numerical computation of ultrasonic properties in Pu- monochalcogenides in present investigation in the temperature range 100-300K along , and 111> directions. The program calculates the second and third order elastic constants, relaxation time, ultrasonic coupling constants and ultrasonic attenuation by considering the interaction of sound wave with complete spectrum of thermal phonon modes and by taking two basic parameters i.e., nearest neighbour distance and hardness parameters. The program has been successful for the study of (i) temperature dependence of the second and third order elastic constants, (ii) temperature and crystallographic dependence of ultrasonic velocities for longitudinal and shear waves with thermal relaxation time, ultrasonic coupling constants and ultrasonic attenuation for PuS, PuSe and PuTe. The behaviour of acoustic parameters as a function of higher temperature has been discussed in correlation with other thermophysical parameters.
The ring effect in the cloudy atmosphere

Filling‐in of spectral features observed in scattered sunlight and known as the “Ring Effect” has a significant impact on the retrieval of atmospheric trace constituents from both ground‐based and satellite observations. As clouds also have strong impacts on radiative transfer in the UV/visible spectral range, possible changes of the Ring Effect due to clouds have to be considered. Such investigations require radiative transfer modeling explicitly accounting for both cloud and Ring features. UV/visible ground and satellite based measurements, taken under cloudy conditions, were used to validate Ring and cloud modeling using the radiative transfer model SCIATRAN. As an example results of model applications are presented for both ground‐based and satellite geometry. Two case studies are used to explain the sources of the observed Filling‐in.
Factors Influencing Early Adoption of New Food Products in Louisiana and Southeast Texas

The study uses the chi-square contingency test for independence and an ordered probit model to examine the relationships between early adoption of new food products and primary grocery shoppers' geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics (GDS). The results suggest that GDS variables affect early adoption. Specifically, early adopters are likely to be women, about 42 years old, living in three-person households, college educated, Catholics, Caucasians, and have household income of at least $50,000.
Inter-Industry and Firm Size Effects on Wage Differentials and Efficiency Wages in Japan

This paper analyzes the effects of inter-industry and firm size on wage differentials,focusing on how their estimated effects vary by the introduction of elements indicating firm characteristics such as wage-experience profiles.Using the worker-establishment matched data, we find that inter-industry effects are larger than firm size ones judging from their explanatory powers and the wage distributions caused by them although the introduction of firm characteristics reduces more the effect of industry. Since this paper is based on the efficiency wage hypothesis to explain wage differentials, it is required to test for the bonding critique. Checking how steeper wage profiles affect wages of young workers, we find that even those who work at firms where wage profiles are steeply rising are not paid lower. This result supports the efficiency wage hypothesis to be a good explanation for wage differentials.