Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simple universal models capture all classical spin physics

One model to rule them all? The idea of finding an all-encompassing model to describe the world around us has appealed to generations of scientists. Although we are very far from this ultimate goal, more modest steps can be taken if we focus on particular problems. De las Cuevas and Cubitt used concepts borrowed from computer science to show that all classical spin models (introduced initially to study magnetism) can be solved by tackling a slightly more complex, universal model (see the Perspective by Wehner). Thanks to these findings, it may be possible to physically simulate systems with complex interactions, using the well-understood two-dimensional Ising model with fields. Science, this issue p. 1180; see also p. 1156 The two-dimensional Ising model with fields can simulate all classical spin models. [Also see Perspective by Wehner] Spin models are used in many studies of complex systems because they exhibit rich macroscopic behavior despite their microscopic simplicity. Here, we prove that all the physics of every classical spin model is reproduced in the low-energy sector of certain “universal models,” with at most polynomial overhead. This holds for classical models with discrete or continuous degrees of freedom. We prove necessary and sufficient conditions for a spin model to be universal and show that one of the simplest and most widely studied spin models, the two-dimensional Ising model with fields, is universal. Our results may facilitate physical simulations of Hamiltonians with complex interactions.
Effect of a Special Examination Gown and Nature-Based Sounds on Anxiety in Women Undergoing a Gynecological Examination

Many women feel anxiety about gynecological examination. The purpose of this semi-experimental study was to investigate the effect of a special examination gown and nature-based sounds on anxiety in women undergoing a gynecological examination. This study was conducted with three experimental groups and one control group. The randomized sampling method was used. The sample size was determined as 30 women for each group. Data were collected over 4 months from February 2015 to May 2015. Anxiety levels were assessed using the Status Anxiety Inventory Form (STAI, A-State). The STAI (A-State) score after the gynecological examination was quite low in the women in the experimental groups in comparison with the women in the control group (F = 3.672, p = .001). It is remarkable that the anxiety levels of the women in the special examination gown + nature-based sounds group were especially lower than the women in the control group.
Pressure Ulcers Prevalence in the Acute Care Setting: A Systematic Review, 2000-2015

Little is known about the prevalence of pressure ulcer (PrU) in acute care settings. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence rate of PrU in acute care settings and to assess the methodological quality of the reviewed publications. The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, British Nursing Index, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched using the keywords pressure ulcer or decubitus ulcer or bed sore or pressure sore or pressure injury, with prevalence and acute care, for studies published between January 2000 and December 2015. Nineteen publications met our criteria. These reported a prevalence range of between 7.8% and 54% for those using European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel methodology, 6% and 22% for those using National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel methodology, and 4.94% for the study that employed the Torrance system. The likely worldwide PrU prevalence rate range in acute care settings is between 6% and 18.5%. Prevalence rate varies between studies depending on the methodology of data collection. Moreover, the methodological quality of the included studies in the review was variable; therefore, it was difficult to compare the prevalence rate between the studies, settings, and countries.
Does Self-Efficacy Mediate the Relationships Between Social-Cognitive Factors and Intentions to Receive HPV Vaccination Among Young Women?

Drawing upon health behavior change theories, the current study examined whether self-efficacy mediated relationships between social-cognitive factors (i.e., perceived risk, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived severity, and cue to action) and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination intentions among college women. Unvaccinated women (N = 115) aged 18 to 25 years attending a Midwestern university completed an anonymous web-based survey assessing study variables. Correlational analyses and mediation analyses were conducted. Self-efficacy mediated relationships between two social-cognitive factors (i.e., perceived barriers to HPV vaccination—indirect effect = −.16, SE = .06, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [−.31, −.06]—and perceived risk of HPV-related conditions—indirect effect = .16, SE = .09, 95% CI = [.01, .37]) and HPV vaccination intentions but was unrelated to the other three social-cognitive factors. Based on these findings, future research should test whether increasing self-efficacy through education on risk of HPV-related conditions and reducing barriers to HPV vaccination improves vaccine uptake in college women.
Universal source coding with codebook transmission

A universal source coding system with vector quantizer codebook transmissions is studied using high resolution quantization theory. Conditions are derived for the optimal tradeoff between quantizer resolution and the information rate used to transmit codebooks. A formula that tightly bounds the mean squared error of the universal coding system as a function of the time between codebook transmissions is experimentally verified and found to be tight, and a new and simpler derivation is given. Other research in the literature has proposed vector quantizing the transmitted codebooks; one conclusion we prove here is that under some reasonable conditions uniform scalar quantization of the transmitted codebooks performs as well as vector quantizing them. Experimental results are given that support the analytic derivations. >
The first Nyquist criterion applied to coherent receiver design for generalised MSK signals

A simple procedure for designing the post-detection filter of an MSK-type receiver for continuous phase modulation with modulation index h=0.5 (generalized MSK signals) is proposed: the criterion descends from a useful, general representation of this class of signals. The frequency response of the baseband receiver filter is analytically optimized in closed form whatever the modulation pulse shaping of the transmitted signal, and signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver. The criterion is pointed out through a significant, exact representation of generalized MSK signals, whatever the modulation pulse-shaping waveform, which is assumed to be included in a time range equal to LT, T=symbol time. The main part of intersymbol interference, as appears from the representation of the CPM signal, is cancelled by applying the Nyquist criterion to the most significant function among those describing the signal structure. The numerical results obtained show a performance improvement with respect to the averaged matched filter (AMF) criterion and are very close to the results reported in the literature, deriving from more complex design criteria. The suitability of the design criterion is also tested in the presence of interferers, showing a significant advantage of the proposed filter when considering adjacent channel interference. >
Young Adults’ Experience of Appearance-Altering Orthognathic Surgery

Objective: To gain an experiential account of the processes of change associated specifically with orthognathic surgery. Design: A qualitative design was used. Semistructured interviews were carried out with 7 participants approximately 1 week before and 6-8 weeks after surgery. The data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenologic analysis (IPA). Setting: Participants were recruited from a NHS Dental Hospital. Participants: Patients aged 16 to 25 years scheduled to undergo orthognathic surgery on both the upper and lower jaws were purposively sought to participate. Seven participants aged between 18 and 25 years and who had undergone a bimaxillary osteotomy completed interviews (5 females and 2 males). Results: Themes were identified in connection with the overall journey of treatment being a rite of passage; the treatment’s role in raising awareness about the anomalies in appearance; the initial shock at the changes that followed surgery; the uncertainty about treatment; the impact of actual negative reactions of others; and the role of significant others in the decision-making process. Conclusions: Participants described undergoing a much more complex process of adjustment to change in appearance than has been identified elsewhere within the literature, and the study highlights the nuanced fashion in which both medical and parental communication influence patient expectation and experience of surgery. There is a need to improve communication between clinicians, families, and young adults seeking orthognathic surgery. Further studies are needed to investigate the processes associated with seeking to change facial appearance resulting from other forms of dentofacial condition.
Climate confusion among U.S. teachers

Teachers' knowledge and values can hinder climate education Although more than 95% of active climate scientists attribute recent global warming to human causes (1, 2) and most of the general public accepts that climate change is occurring, only about half of U.S. adults believe that human activity is the predominant cause (3), which is the lowest among 20 nations polled in 2014 (4). We examine how this societal debate affects science classrooms and find that, whereas most U.S. science teachers include climate science in their courses, their insufficient grasp of the science may hinder effective teaching. Mirroring some actors in the societal debate over climate change, many teachers repeat scientifically unsupported claims in class. Greater attention to teachers' knowledge, but also values, is critical.
Experimental Myocardial Infarction in the Dog

Control measurements of myocardial blood flow were made in intact dogs by a method of 133Xe clearance, using a catheter positioned radiographically in the circumflex artery. Acute myocardial infarction was then caused by tying the anterior descending artery. A small catheter was inserted distally beyond the obstructed artery into the infarct, and another proximally toward the anterior ventricular artery supplying adjacent left ventricular muscle. Their ends were brought out as the chest was closed. 133Xe in solution was injected serially over 4 hours to determine myocardial blood flow within the infarct, in adjacent muscle, and in more distant muscle supplied by the circumflex artery. Myocardial blood flow in the circumflex artery usually fell as a result of infarction. A constant finding was that adjacent flow exceeded the more distant flow by 6% up to 43% (mean 20%) regardless of either spontaneous or induced changes in blood pressure. The difference was not related to the collateral flow rate and was abolished by dipyridamole. Perfusion of muscle adjacent to the infarct was less homogenous than that of more distant muscle. In the normal dog rates of myocardial blood flow in the distribution of the circumflex and anterior descending branches of the left coronary artery were the same, contrasting with lower rates for the right.
Renal sympathetic denervation: A promising therapy for resistant hypertension

Despite rapid strides in pharmacotherapy for hypertension over last few decades, resistant hypertension continues to be prevalent. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is an important etiological factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension and renal sympathetic nervous system is one of its pivotal arm. Thus, renal sympathetic system was the target of therapy for hypertension in the initial period, in the form of sympathectomy. The major adverse events associated with this procedure and the emergence of potent blood pressure (BP) lowering medications led to disrepute of this procedure. Of late, novel techniques targeting the sympathetic nervous system have emerged. Among them and the most promising one is catheter-based radiofrequency ablation of renal nerves-Renal sympathetic denervation (RSD). Clinical trials of renal denervation therapy have shown consistent and durable reduction of systolic as well as diastolic BP persisting up to 3 years. Beyond BP control, renal denervation also exerts favorable effects on glucose metabolism, heart failure, and sleep apnea. As many as five different catheter-based renal denervation systems are now approved for treating resistant hypertension, the maximum clinical experience being with Medtronic′s symplicity system. The European Society of Cardiology guidelines for hypertension 2013 now recommend catheter-based renal denervation for management of drug-resistant hypertension. In this review, we briefly discuss the role of sympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of hypertension, the present status, and future perspectives of RSD in the treatment of resistant hypertension.
T cell help controls the speed of the cell cycle in germinal center B cells

B cells have a need for speed High-affinity antibodies provide long-lasting protective immunity against many infections. Generating such antibodies requires help, in the form of T cells, which interact with antibody-producing B cells. As B cells proliferate and mutate their antibody genes, T cells select the cells producing high-affinity antibodies. Gitlin et al. show in mice that B cells that receive T cell help transit through the cell cycle more quickly by increasing the speed at which replication forks progress. Such a rapid cell cycle transition gives high-affinity B cells a selective advantage. Science, this issue p. 643 T cells help select high-affinity antibodies by increasing the speed at which B cells progress through the cell cycle. The germinal center (GC) is a microanatomical compartment wherein high-affinity antibody-producing B cells are selectively expanded. B cells proliferate and mutate their antibody genes in the dark zone (DZ) of the GC and are then selected by T cells in the light zone (LZ) on the basis of affinity. Here, we show that T cell help regulates the speed of cell cycle phase transitions and DNA replication of GC B cells. Genome sequencing and single-molecule analyses revealed that T cell help shortens S phase by regulating replication fork progression, while preserving the relative order of replication origin activation. Thus, high-affinity GC B cells are selected by a mechanism that involves prolonged dwell time in the DZ where selected cells undergo accelerated cell cycles.
Spreading sequences for asynchronous MC-CDMA revisited: accurate bit error rate analysis

The bit error rate (BER) of an asynchronous multicarrier code-division multiple-access system in an additive white Gaussian noise channel is evaluated using Monte Carlo integration and moment-generating function methods. The BER performance for different families of spreading sequences is investigated. Numerical results show that the approach of a recently published paper (see Popovic, B.M., IEEE Trans. Common., vol.47, p.918-26, 1999) cannot give an accurate BER because the interference from other subcarriers has been omitted. Some new findings about the performance of different sequences are also presented.
SVD iterative detection of turbo-coded multiantenna unitary differential modulation

A new suboptimal demodulator based on a singular value decomposition for estimation of unitary matrices is introduced. Noncoherent communication over the Rayleigh flat fading channel with multiple transmit and receive antennas, where no channel state information is available at the receiver is investigated. Codes achieving bit-error rate (BER) lower than 10/sup -4/ at bit energy over the noise spectral density ratio (E/sub b//N/sub 0/) of 1.6-1.9 dB from code restricted capacity limit were found. At higher data rates, computation of code restricted capacity is impractical. Therefore, the mutual information upper bound of the capacity attaining isotropically random unitary transmit matrices was used. The codes achieve BER lower than 10/sup -4/ at E/sub b//N/sub 0/ of 3.2-6 dB from this bound, with coding rates of 1.125-5.06 bits per channel use, and different modulation decoding complexities. The codes comprise a serial concatenation of turbo code and a unitary matrix differential modulation code. The receiver employs the high-performance coupled iterative decoding of the turbo code and the modulation code. Information theoretic arguments are harnessed to form guidelines for code design and to evaluate performance of the iterative decoder.
Pri sORF peptides induce selective proteasome-mediated protein processing

Small peptide regulates protein activity Coding and noncoding RNAs can produce peptides from small open reading frames (smORFs), with a variety of mostly unknown functions. Using a genome-wide screen, Zanet et al. show that Polished rice (Pri) smORF peptides control fruit fly development by binding to an E3 ubiquitin ligase. This changes the ligase's selectivity and triggers proteasome-dependent maturation of the developmental transcription factor Shavenbaby. Other smORF peptides may act by a similar mechanism to regulate protein activity. Science, this issue p. 1356 A small open reading frame encodes peptides that control a ubiquitin ligase for proteasome processing of a transcription factor. A wide variety of RNAs encode small open-reading-frame (smORF/sORF) peptides, but their functions are largely unknown. Here, we show that Drosophila polished-rice (pri) sORF peptides trigger proteasome-mediated protein processing, converting the Shavenbaby (Svb) transcription repressor into a shorter activator. A genome-wide RNA interference screen identifies an E2-E3 ubiquitin-conjugating complex, UbcD6-Ubr3, which targets Svb to the proteasome in a pri-dependent manner. Upon interaction with Ubr3, Pri peptides promote the binding of Ubr3 to Svb. Ubr3 can then ubiquitinate the Svb N terminus, which is degraded by the proteasome. The C-terminal domains protect Svb from complete degradation and ensure appropriate processing. Our data show that Pri peptides control selectivity of Ubr3 binding, which suggests that the family of sORF peptides may contain an extended repertoire of protein regulators.
Cryo-EM structure of the activated NAIP2-NLRC4 inflammasome reveals nucleated polymerization

Inflammasomes take the wheel Cells require microbial ligand binding to sense pathogens (see the Perspective by Liu and Xiao). Binding to the family of NOD-like receptors triggers the assembly of large protein signaling complexes called inflammasomes, leading infected cells to die and produce inflammatory mediators. Hu et al. and Zhang et al. use cryo–electron microscopy to uncover the structural and biochemical basis of two such receptors: NAIP2, which directly binds microbial ligands, and NLRC4, a protein functioning directly downstream. A self-propagating activation mechanism of downstream inflammasome signaling starts with one molecule of NAIP4 directly binding its microbial ligand. NAIP4 then catalyzes the activation of 10 to 12 NLRC4 molecules to form a wheel-like structure. Science, this issue p. 399, 404; see also p. 376 An autocatalytic self-propagating mechanism drives activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome. [Also see Perspective by Liu and Xiao] The NLR family apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIPs) bind conserved bacterial ligands, such as the bacterial rod protein PrgJ, and recruit NLR family CARD-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) as the inflammasome adapter to activate innate immunity. We found that the PrgJ-NAIP2-NLRC4 inflammasome is assembled into multisubunit disk-like structures through a unidirectional adenosine triphosphatase polymerization, primed with a single PrgJ-activated NAIP2 per disk. Cryo–electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstruction at subnanometer resolution revealed a ~90° hinge rotation accompanying NLRC4 activation. Unlike in the related heptameric Apaf-1 apoptosome, in which each subunit needs to be conformationally activated by its ligand before assembly, a single PrgJ-activated NAIP2 initiates NLRC4 polymerization in a domino-like reaction to promote the disk assembly. These insights reveal the mechanism of signal amplification in NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasomes.
Operational Definition of a Causative Contact Allergen – A Study with Six Fragrance Allergens

In practice, the clinical diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis is often highly problematic with the identification of the specific allergen that has actually caused a patient’s particular dermatitic episode being even more difficult. A large number of reports in the literature are able to identify a number of substances to which the patient is allergic without clearly indicating a causal link to the patient’s current problem. For the reader of such reports, it is often difficult to judge if this link has been established, and for this reason, a number of criteria have been proposed to determine if reported positive patch test reactions are clinically relevant. These criteria include the degree of information given on the selection and condition of the patients, patch testing conditions, the intensity and duration of reactions, reactions occurring simultaneously to other patch test materials, the likelihood of confounding factors such as cross-reactions and excited skin occurring, linkage to specific consumer products or environmental sources of the putative allergen and follow-up with appropriate use testing. Criteria are also suggested for evaluating a substance’s allergenic potency from reports of predictive testing. These include the availability of details on the test methodology, maximization procedures, the selection criteria for test and control subjects and of the exact test scores. The applicability of these criteria are tested in separate publications on 6 fragrance allergens, for which information is provided on patch test concentrations.
Wrapping it up in a person: Examining employment and earnings outcomes for Ph.D. recipients

Tracking the knowledge economy Although the U.S investment in scientific research can be documented readily, its output is harder to track. Zolas et al. combined data obtained from eight universities on their doctorate recipients with data from business registries and the U.S. Census Bureau. This allowed them to link Ph.D. recipients to all their subsequent employers. Doctoral recipients tended to stay in academia or join large companies with high salaries. Roughly 20% stayed in the state in which they received their degree. In the year after receiving a Ph.D., mathematicians and computer scientists received the highest salaries, and biologists received the lowest. Science, this issue p. 1367 Researchers’ career patterns can provide a means to move knowledge from the university to the broader economy. In evaluating research investments, it is important to establish whether the expertise gained by researchers in conducting their projects propagates into the broader economy. For eight universities, it was possible to combine data from the UMETRICS project, which provided administrative records on graduate students supported by funded research, with data from the U.S. Census Bureau. The analysis covers 2010–2012 earnings and placement outcomes of people receiving doctorates in 2009–2011. Almost 40% of supported doctorate recipients, both federally and nonfederally funded, entered industry and, when they did, they disproportionately got jobs at large and high-wage establishments in high-tech and professional service industries. Although Ph.D. recipients spread nationally, there was also geographic clustering in employment near the universities that trained and employed the researchers. We also show large differences across fields in placement outcomes.