Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Radiation and EGR on Pollutant Formation in High-Pressure Constant Volume Spray Combustion

EFFECT OF RADIATION AND EGR ON POLLUTANT FORMATION IN HIGH-PRESSURE CONSTANT VOLUME SPRAY COMBUSTION Khaled Mosharraf Mukut Marquette University, 2019 Soot formation is a complex process and the actual soot formation methodology is still a mystery. Numerically modeling of soot requires successful coupling of turbulence, chemistry and radiation modeling. In the present study, a comprehensive sensitivity study is conducted to see the effect of radiation and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on soot and NOX formation in a high pressure spray combustion scenario. The spray-A case (n-dodecane as fuel) from Engine Combustion Network (ECN) is used as the target condition. Two different soot modeling approaches have been considered: a semi-empirical two-equation model and a method of moments with interpolative closure (MOMIC). A multiphase photon Monte Carlo (PMC) solver with line-by-line (LBL) spectral database is used to resolve radiative heat transfer. Results show that, effect of radiation on soot is minimal in spray-A configuration. Inclusion of radiation modeling, on the other hand, marginally reduce NO prediction. Both peak soot and NO formation increases with O2 content in EGR. Oxygen content of EGR is found to have significant effect on soot sizes as the mean soot diameter increases along with considerable widening of the diameter distribution with the increase of O2 percentage.
Influence of Blending Technique on Surface Free Energy of Modified Asphalt Cement

Abstract The processing technique of modified asphalt cement in the laboratory is adopted by heating the asphalt cement in an oven to the required mixing temperature; then the additive is added and mixed for a target mixing time. It was felt that such technique allows more volatiles to evaporate and required high mixing temperature. In this work, asphalt cement of 44 penetration grade was gained from Dora refinery, south west of Baghdad; the asphalt cement had experienced physical and rheological properties determination. Asphalt cement was then digested with varying percentages of two types of modifiers, Carbon Black (5, 10, and 15%) and Sulfur (3, 5, 7, and 10%), by weight of asphalt. Since the preparation method of modified asphalt cement has a great influence on its quality, two blending techniques have been implemented; the traditional oven heating and stirring, and blending inside the cooking pressure vessel. The surface free energy component of the prepared asphalt cement mixtures was measured using the Wilhelmy plate and sessile drop methods. The aim of this work is to assess how surface free energy characteristics and the blending techniques alter the properties of modified asphalt cement. For comparison, the surface free energy characteristics of the unmodified bitumen were also determined. Based on the result obtained, it was concluded that pressure vessel blending is more appropriate for enhancing the required homogeneity in the blending process. The pressure vessel technique exhibits higher surface free energy of 7.4 and 13.2% for carbon black and sulfur additives respectively with sessile drop method. Wilhelmy plate method shows that the surface free energy is lower by 6.3% and higher by 10% for carbon black and sulfur respectively when the pressure vessel technique was implemented as compared to oven heating technique. Keywords: Modified asphalt cement, Wilhelmy plate, sessile drop, surface free energy, pressure vessel, blending Cite this Article Saad Issa Sarsam, Mustafa Kamal Abdulhussain. Influence of Blending Technique on Surface Free Energy of Modified Asphalt Cement. Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications . 2018; 5(1): 22–31p.
Productivity, quality, energetics and marginal rate of return of wheat (Triticum spp.) varieties as influenced by zinc and boron application in vertisols of Central India

The field experiment was conducted for three consecutive years during rabi seasons from 2009-12 at Indore (Madhya Pradesh) to find out the effect of zinc and boron levels on the productivity, quality and economic viability of wheat. Two wheat varieties viz., HI 1544 (Triticum aestivum L.) and HI 8498 (Triticum turgidum ssp. Durum) were tested under three levels each of zinc (0, 5.0 and 10 kg ha) and boron (0, 1.0 and 2.0 kg ha). Pooled over data of 3 years revealed that the yield performance of bread wheat variety HI 1544 (grain yield 5.69 t ha) was significantly higher over durum wheat variety HI 8498. In case of Zn and B application, grain yields recorded with 5.0 kg Zn ha (5.63 t ha) and 1.0 kg B ha (5.63 t ha) were significantly higher to the tune of 6.63 and 5.23 percent, respectively over control and thereafter differences were non-significant. While crude protein (12.9%) and yellow pigment (4.45 ppm) contents observed with durum wheat variety HI 8498 were significantly higher over bread wheat variety HI 1544. However, SDS (sedimentation) value (37.9 ml) recorded with bread wheat variety HI 1544 was significantly higher over durum wheat variety HI 8498. None of the nutrients viz., Zn and B had significant effect on any of quality traits. Zinc (24.14 and 13.57 mg kg) and boron (7.40 and 11.83 mg kg) contents recorded in grain and straw of wheat variety HI 8498 were significantly higher over HI 1544. But, total uptakes of Zn and B were more in HI 1544 than HI 8498 due to higher wheat tonnage. Due to synergistic effect of zinc and boron to each other, their contents and uptakes were gradually increased with each increase in nutrients level. Energy relationships values were followed the trend of wheat yields. Whereas, analysis of marginal rate of return showed that application of Zn @ 5.0 kg/ha and B @ 1.0 kg ha were found safe doses for farmers’ recommendations. On the basis of 3 years study, it may be inferred that bread wheat variety HI 1544 under application of Zn @ 5.0 kg haand B @ 1.0 kg ha holds promise to provide higher wheat productivity in vertisols of Central India.
River Bed Elevation Variability Reflects Sediment Supply, Rather Than Peak Flows, in the Uplands of Washington State

River channel beds aggrade and incise through time in response to temporal variation in the upstream supply of water and sediment. However, we lack a thorough understanding of which of these is the dominant driver of channel bed elevation change. This lack hampers flood hazard prediction, as changes to the bed elevation can either augment or reduce flood heights. Here, we explore the drivers of channel change using multidecadal time series of river bed elevation at 49 United States Geological Survey (USGS) gage sites in the uplands of Washington State, USA. We find that channel bed elevations at many of the gages change remarkably little over >80 years, while others are highly unstable. Despite regionally synchronous decadal fluctuations in flood intensity, there is a lack of regional synchrony of channel response at the decadal scale. At the monthly scale, the magnitude of antecedent high flow events between gage measurements does not predict either the direction or magnitude of shift in channel bed elevation. That variations in flood magnitude are insufficient to explain changes in bed elevation suggests that fluctuations in sediment supply, rather than variation in peak flows, are the primary driver of change to river bed elevation. In this region, channels downstream from glaciers have statistically significantly greater variability in bed elevation compared to those lacking upstream glaciers. Together, these findings suggest that aggradation and incision signals in this region predominately reflect fluctuations in sediment supply, commonly associated with glaciogenic sources, rather than response to high flow events.
An Assessment of Geospatial Technology Integration in K–12 Education

Abstract K–12 geography education is often grouped with other subjects, limiting student exposure to geospatial technology and geographic inquiry. We explored the implementation of geospatial technology in North Carolina K–12 schools through a forty-four-question survey. Educators shared their teaching methods, geospatial technology integration, and professional development experience. Survey responses were statistically tested for multiple subpopulations, including rural, urban, and state-sponsored schools. Results suggest a lack of geography state standards, professional development opportunities, and classroom utilization of most geospatial technologies, which contribute to the deficiencies of geographic inquiry–based learning in North Carolina. Future North Carolina K–12 initiatives require changes to curriculum standards, professional training, and classroom resources.
Pn Tomography of the Juan de Fuca and Gorda Plates: Implications for Mantle Deformation and Hydration in the Oceanic Lithosphere

Tomographic analysis of Pn arrivals—the guided P wave propagating within the lithospheric mantle—is ideal for studying uppermost mantle structure. While plate‐scale seismic images of Pn velocities are common beneath the continents, similar scale studies have not been possible within ocean basins due to the sparse distribution of seismic stations. The Cascadia Initiative (CI) data set provides the first opportunity to image spatial variations in lithospheric structure from accretion to subduction across an entire oceanic plate. We invert Pn travel times from local earthquakes for 3‐D variations in isotropic and anisotropic P wave velocity and event hypocentral parameters. Despite surficial evidence of extensive faulting, we find that the velocity structure of the Gorda uppermost mantle is remarkably consistent with predictions from a conductive cooling model. Limited brittle deformation at mantle depths is supported by seismic anisotropy measurements, which show the fast direction of P wave propagation rotates in concert with the magnetic anomaly lineations. This rotation may be explained by local plate kinematics without internal deformation and hydration of the shallow mantle. In contrast to Gorda, the seismic velocity structure of the Juan de Fuca (JdF) plate does not exhibit a clear age dependence. Anomalously slow mantle velocities are found along the southern edge of the JdF plate and are spatially associated with the termini of pseudofaults. We attribute these velocity reductions to mantle alteration by seawater. Our results highlight the heterogeneous nature of the oceanic mantle lithosphere and show that patterns of mantle alteration are not readily discerned from surficial indicators of seafloor deformation.
Global Variability of Optical Backscattering by Non‐algal particles From a Biogeochemical‐Argo Data Set

Understanding spatial and temporal dynamics of non‐algal particles in open ocean is of the utmost importance to improve estimations of carbon export and sequestration. These particles covary with phytoplankton abundance but also accumulate independently of algal dynamics. The latter likely represents an important fraction of organic carbon, but it is largely overlooked. A possible way to study these particles is via their optical backscattering properties (bbp) and relationship with chlorophyll‐a (Chl). To this aim, we estimate the fraction of bbp associated with the non‐algal particle portion ( bbpk ) that does not covary with Chl by using a global Biogeochemical‐Argo data set. We quantify the spatial, temporal, and vertical variability of bbpk . In the northern productive areas, bbpk is a small fraction of bbp and shows a clear seasonal cycle. In the Southern Ocean, bkbp is a major fraction of total bbp. In oligotrophic areas, bbpk has a smooth annual cycle.
Evaluation of an Extended PICS (EPICS) for Calibration and Stability Monitoring of Optical Satellite Sensors

Pseudo Invariant Calibration Sites (PICS) have been increasingly used as an independent data source for on-orbit radiometric calibration and stability monitoring of optical satellite sensors. Generally, this would be a small region of land that is extremely stable in time and space, predominantly found in North Africa. Use of these small regions, referred to as traditional PICS, can be limited by: (i) the spatial extent of an individual Region of Interest (ROI) and/or site; (ii) and the frequency of how often the site can be acquired, based on orbital patterns and cloud cover at the site, both impacting the time required to construct a richly populated temporal dataset. This paper uses a new class of continental scaled PICS clusters (also known as Extended PICS or EPICS), to demonstrate their capability in increasing temporal frequency of the calibration time series which ultimately allows calibration and stability assessment at a much finer scale compared to the traditional PICS-based method while also reducing any single location’s potential impact to the overall assessment. The use of EPICS as a calibration site was evaluated using data from Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Sentinel-2A&B Multispectral Instrument (MSI) images at their full spatial resolutions. Initial analysis suggests that EPICS, at its full potential and with nominal cloud consideration, can significantly decrease the temporal revisit interval of moderate resolution sensors to as much as of 0.33 day (3 collects/day). A traditional PICS is expected to have a temporal uncertainty (defined as the ratio of temporal standard deviation and temporal mean) of 2–5% for TOA reflectance. Over the same time period EPICS produced a temporal uncertainty of 3%. But the advantage to be leveraged is the ability to detect sensor change quicker due to the denser dataset and reduce the impact of any potential ‘local’ changes. Moreover, this approach can be extended to any on-orbit sensor. An initial attempt to quantify the minimum detectable change (a threshold slope value which must be exceeded by the reflectance trend to be considered statistically significant) suggests that the use of EPICS can decrease the time period up to approximately half of that found using traditional PICS-based approach.
Generation of Two-Dimensional Kinesthetic Illusion in Ankle Joint with Vibration Stimulation

The artificial sensation of walking can be applied to enhancing the self-efficacy and self-agency of persons whose motions are assisted by human assist-robots. When mechanical vibratory stimulation is applied to muscle tendons, a phenomenon called "Kinesthetic Illusion (KI)" is induced. The stimulated muscle feels as if it is being extended, even though it is not moving when KI is induced. If this phenomenon can be generated and controlled at the ankle joint, an artificial gait sensation can be generated. It is known that a variety of muscles such as Gastrocnemius (GA), Tibialis Anterior (TA), Peroneus Longus (PL), and Tibialis Posterior (TP) act on gait. Therefore, it would be possible to enhance gait sensation and generate two-dimensional gait sensations, such as in the sagittal and anterior forehead planes if KI is generated for those muscles. This paper investigates a basic study of KI characteristics in the two-dimensional direction at GA, TA, PL, and TP. The experiment results revealed the possibility of KI generation in the two-dimensional direction. Moreover, it is found that vibration stimulation at 30Hz-40Hz is adequate for generating KI in all muscles. The results of this study demonstrate the possibility of generating a two-dimensional gait sensation.
Making seismic monitoring work in a complex desert environment — 4D processing

Seismic monitoring of an onshore carbonate reservoir in a desert environment has been achieved for the first time. Optimizing data repeatability was key to detecting the weak 4D (time-lapse) signal resulting from a fluid-injection program, which was achieved through a combination of specialized survey design, careful acquisition, and dedicated 4D processing. The hybrid acquisition system utilized buried geophones, which significantly reduced 4D noise caused by variability in the near-surface environment. Despite the extensive acquisition efforts, time-lapse processing is an essential component of achieving highly repeatable data. A fit-for-purpose workflow was developed to reduce the remaining 4D noise using a combination of parallel and simultaneous processing. Processing steps leading to the largest improvement in reflection signal-to-noise ratio, such as noise attenuation, amplitude balancing, and supergrouping, produced the largest reduction in 4D noise. Outstanding final migrated data repeatability has been achieved, comparable to levels reported for the more favorable permanent marine systems. However, the need to use surface sources results in a seasonal imprint on data repeatability, which hinders the interpretation of surveys acquired during different seasons. In the absence of a fully buried acquisition system, advanced processing techniques such as surface-consistent matching filters may be required to resolve these variations.
Multi-channel higher-order local autocorrelation for object detection on satellite images

ABSTRACT An automatic object-detection method is necessary to facilitate the efficient analysis of satellite images consisting of multispectral images. Considering that the relationship between spectrums is important for discriminating objects in multispectral images. This paper proposes a feature extraction method that can capture both spatial and spectral relationships of the multispectral images. Moreover, image preprocessing and dimensionality reduction procedures are introduced for stable feature extraction. In this study, we conducted experiments for detecting two types of objects by using Landsat 8 images. The proposed method improved the detection performance relative to other image features.
Radar Imaging Based on IEEE 802.11ad Waveform in V2I Communications

Since most of vehicular radar systems are already exploiting millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectra, it would become much more feasible to implement a joint radar and communication system by extending communication frequencies into the mmWave band. In this paper, an IEEE 802.11ad waveform-based radar imaging technique is proposed for vehicular settings. A roadside unit (RSU) transmits the IEEE 802.11ad waveform to a vehicle for communications while the RSU also listens to the echoes of transmitted waveform to perform inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging. To obtain high-resolution images of the vehicle, the RSU needs to accurately estimate round-trip delays, Doppler shifts, and velocity of vehicle. The proposed ISAR imaging first estimates the round-trip delays using a good correlation property of Golay complementary sequences in the IEEE 802.11ad preamble. The Doppler shifts are then obtained using least square estimation from the echo signals and refined to compensate phase wrapping caused by phase rotation. The velocity of vehicle is determined using an equation of motion and the estimated Doppler shifts. Simulation results verify that the proposed technique is able to form high-resolution ISAR images from point scatterer models of realistic vehicular settings with different viewpoints. The proposed ISAR imaging technique can be used for various vehicular applications, e.g., traffic condition analyses or advanced collision warning systems.
22‐kyr‐Long Record of Surface Faulting Along the Source of the 30 October 2016 Earthquake (Central Apennines, Italy), From Integrated Paleoseismic Data Sets

We integrate paleoseismic data sets along the Mt. Vettore‐Mt. Bove normal fault system rupturing at the surface in the 30 October 2016 Norcia earthquake. Through the analysis of new trenches from this work and a review of the preexisting data, we correlate events among trench sites along antithetic and synthetic fault splays. We recognize seven M 6.5, 2016 Norcia‐type (or larger) surface‐faulting events in the last ~22 kyr, including 2016. Before 2016, one event occurred in the past two millennia (260–575 CE) and possibly corresponds to the event damaging Rome in 443 or 484/508 CE. Three previous events occurred between 10590 and 415 BCE, whereas the two oldest ones date between 19820 and 16540 BCE. The average recurrence time is 3,360–3,640 years for the last ~22 kyr and 1,220–1,970 years for the last ~4 kyr. We infer a minimum dip‐slip rate of 0.26–0.38 mm/year on the master fault in the central portion of the Mt. Vettore–Mt. Bove normal fault system and a dip‐slip rate of at least 0.10 mm/year on the southernmost portion. We infer a Middle–Late Pleistocene inception of the long‐term scarp of the investigated splays. The along‐strike variation of slip rates well reproduces the trend of the 2016 surface slip; thus, the time window exposed in the trenches is representative for the present fault activity. Based on trenching data, different earthquake rupture scenarios should be also considered for local hazard assessment.
Heavy Noble Gas Isotopes as New Constraints on the Ventilation of the Deep Ocean

Past studies of noble gas concentrations in the deep ocean have revealed widespread, several percent undersaturation of Ar, Kr, and Xe. However, the physical explanation for these disequilibria remains unclear. To gain insight into undersaturation set by deep‐water formation, we measured heavy noble gas isotope and elemental ratios from the deep North Pacific using a new analytical technique. To our knowledge, these are the first high‐precision seawater profiles of 38Ar/36Ar and Kr and Xe isotope ratios. To interpret isotopic disequilibria, we carried out a suite of laboratory experiments to measure solubility fractionation factors in seawater. In the deep North Pacific, we find undersaturation of heavy‐to‐light Ar and Kr isotope ratios, suggesting an important role for rapid cooling‐driven, diffusive air‐to‐sea gas transport in setting the deep‐ocean undersaturation of heavy noble gases. These isotope ratios represent promising new constraints for quantifying physical air‐sea gas exchange processes, complementing noble gas concentration measurements.
IMPROVE MICROSTRUCTURE AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF KARIESH CHEESE

The present study aimed to utilize inulin (IN) or whey protein concentrate (WPC) as a functional food additive that affects the maintaining of good health and fat replacement for improving texture of Kariesh cheese and compensating the fatness. Kariesh cheese was made from skim milk by adding IN or WPC at the level of 1 or 3% in addition to their mixture (1:1) which was added in another treatments at the level of 3% (i.e. 1.5% IN + 1.5% WPC). The effect of addition IN or/and WPC on physicochemical, yield, microbiological, microstructure, organoleptic and rheological properties were evaluated in the resultant Kariesh cheese. Results indicated that addition of WPC to Kariesh cheese led to increase acidity, total solid, total protein and this increases were proportional to the concentration of added WPC. The addition of 1and 3% inulin increased yield % and moisture content of Kariesh cheeses compared with control. Protein and ash contents were not influenced significantly as compared to control during storage at 4oC as a result of inulin addition. The Kariesh cheese samples of 3% IN or 1.5% WPC + 1.5% IN had a good microstructure when compared to control samples. Hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness values of resultant Kariesh cheese were decreased by adding inulin or WPC compared with the control. Coliform bacteria were not detected in any sample. Moreover, Kariesh cheese with 3% inulin showed best organoleptic attributes followed that of their mixture compared with the control. The results led to concluded that, the use of 3% IN or 1.5% IN+ 1.5% WPC led to improve the properties of Kariesh cheese.