Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement on Treatment and Return to Play of the Female Athlete Triad: 1st International Conference held in San Francisco, California, May 2012 and 2nd International Conference held in Indianapolis, Indiana, May 2013

The Female Athlete Triad is a medical condition often observed in physically active girls and women, and involves three components: (1) low energy availability with or without disordered eating, (2) menstrual dysfunction and (3) low bone mineral density. Female athletes often present with one or more of the three Triad components, and an early intervention is essential to prevent its progression to serious endpoints that include clinical eating disorders, amenorrhoea and osteoporosis. This consensus statement represents a set of recommendations developed following the 1st (San Francisco, California, USA) and 2nd (Indianapolis, Indiana, USA) International Symposia on the Female Athlete Triad. It is intended to provide clinical guidelines for physicians, athletic trainers and other healthcare providers for the screening, diagnosis and treatment of the Female Athlete Triad and to provide clear recommendations for return to play. The 2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement on Treatment and Return to Play of the Female Athlete Triad expert panel has proposed a risk stratification point system that takes into account magnitude of risk to assist the physician in decision-making regarding sport participation, clearance and return to play. Guidelines are offered for clearance categories, management by a multidisciplinary team and implementation of treatment contracts. This consensus paper has been endorsed by the Female Athlete Triad Coalition, an International Consortium of leading Triad researchers, physicians and other healthcare professionals, the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine.
A comparative picture of the ease of use and acceptance of onscreen marking by markers across subject areas

Onscreen marking ( OSM) has been used for the majority of Hong Kong public examinations since 2012. The current study compares marker reactions to OSM, ie, perceived ease of use and acceptance of OSM, against the backdrop of virtually all subject areas being marked on screen. The data were collected from three major sources: (1) survey data obtained from 1743 markers across 14 major subject areas, (2) markers' qualitative comments about the OSM system and (3) post-hoc interviews with a key informant from the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority ( HKEAA). Results showed that, in general, markers revealed a high level of perceived ease of use and positive acceptance of OSM. The effect of subject area for both scales was statistically significant. On the E ase of U se in the OSM Environment scale, markers of information and communication technology ( ICT) and mathematics were the most positive, with markers of history and geography the least positive. On the A cceptance of OSM scale, markers of mathematics and ICT were the most accepting, with markers of biology and geography the least. The analysis of survey data was triangulated by markers' qualitative comments together with the HKEAA staff interview. Possible explanations for the results are proposed and implications for the further development of OSM are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ORAL HEALTH STATUS AND TREATMENT NEEDS OF PRISONERS OF DHARWAD , INDIA

Introduction: Prisoner is a person who is deprived of his/her liberty; even though they are deprived of their liberty they are not deprived of their right to maintain good general and oral health. Currently, one under researched area has been the oral health status of prisoners. Aim: To assess the oral health status and treatment needs of prisoners in Dharwad district prisons. Methodology: A total of 256 prisoners were examined from two different prisons of Dharwad district. A pro-forma was used to obtain data regarding socio-demographic characteristics, duration of stay in prison, previous dental treatment in prison and oral hygiene habits. The W.H. O. Oral Health Assessment Form (1997) was used to assess the oral health status of the study subjects. Results: 88.28% of prisoners were males and were in the age group of 18-27 years. 47.27% of prisoners were imprisoned for less than 1 year. Prevalence of periodontal disease was 98.5% and dental caries was 82.42%. About 98% of the prisoners did not receive any kind of dental treatment in the prison. 67.19% of subjects needed one surface filling, 18.75% two surface filling, 10.55% pulp care, 31.64% extraction of teeth and 42.58% of study subjects needed replacement of missing teeth. Conclusions: Prisoners were sharing disproportionate burden of oral diseases and there was no provision of oral health services in the prison, hence the study emphasizes the need for oral health programs to improve the oral health of prisoners.
Abnormalities of human preimplantation development in vitro.

The rapid expansion of the use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) for the treatment of infertility over the last ten years or so has provided a valuable opportunity to observe the early stages of human development in vitro prior to transferring embryos to the uterus usually on the second or third day post insemination (Day 2 or 3). Also, improvements in methods for superovulation and embryo culture over this period (Edwards and Craft 1990) have increased pregnancy success rates so that most clinics now limit the number of embryos transferred to two or three to reduce the frequency of multiple births (Dawson et al. 1991). The most significant change is probably the use of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists to suppress ovarian function and this has allowed greater control of subsequent ovarian stimulation (Rutherford et al. 1988). This provides an additional opportunity to examine the later development of surplus embryos in vitro (with the patient's informed consent and appropriate ethical approval) with the aim of improving pregnancy rates still further. In the mouse, the most extensively studied of mammalian embryos, the majority of zygotes can be cultured to the hatching blastocyst stage in vitro and implantation and development rates after transfer are high. In contrast, the early development of human embryos in vitro is often abnormal, many embryos arrest at cleavage stages and implantation and development rates per embryo transferred are low. An understanding of the nature and causes of abnormalities of human preimplantation development is, therefore, essential for prospects of improving pregnancy rates following IVF.
Three-Dimensional Dendritic Cu–Co–P Electrode by One-Step Electrodeposition on a Hydrogen Bubble Template for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

A Cu–Co–P electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was designed with a dendritic and porous foam structure. Fabricated by one-step electrodeposition with binary alloy on a hydrogen bubble template, the porous foam exhibited remarkable HER activity in alkaline conditions. Cu was the dominant element in the core and shell region and acted for 3D structure formation. Cu–Co formed in the shell part and acted as an active region for hydrogen evolution reaction. Also, as the amount of P increased in the Cu–Co–P foams, the pore numbers, the electrochemical surface area (ECSA), and the HER activity were enhanced. The improved activity is believed to originate from the charge separation between the negatively charged P (δ–) and positively charged Cu and Co (δ+), the larger ECSA, and increased porosity.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Elementary School Children in Rhode Island: Associated Psychosocial Factors and Medications Used

This study was undertaken to explore psychosocial factors associated with referral for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evaluation or ADHD diagnosis among elementary school children in Rhode Island, as well as to examine the extent of drug therapy among this population. A survey was distributed to parents/guardians of 2,800 3rdto 5th-grade public school students in 4 Rhode Island school districts. The average age of the children was 9.0 + 1.0 years with 52% girls. Approximately 12% of the students had been referred for ADHD evaluation (RFE). Of these, 52% (6% of all children in the survey) were receiving psychoactive prescription medications daily. While the male: female ratio in the non-RFE group was almost 1:1, there were more boys than girls in the RFE group (male/female ratio of 3:1, p<0.0001) and in the medicated group (male/ female ratio 4:1, p<0.0001). RFE children and medicated children were older than classroom peers (p<O.OOOl), and had a greater degree of school misconduct (p<0.0001). RFE children and medicated children were significantly less likely to have parents who completed college (p<0.05), were significantly more likely to have stepparents (p<0.05), and to be only children (p<0.05) when compared with their peers. Amphetamine was the most commonly prescribed drug (used by 54% of the medicated children) followed by methylphenidate (43%). Nearly 18% of the medicated children were receiving 1 to 3 additional psychoactive prescription medications on a daily basis. In conclusion, RFE children and children medicated for ADHD were more likely to have a stepparent, have no siblings, and have parents that had not completed college. Amphetamine rather than methylphenidate accounted for the majority of medications used in this study, and simultaneous use of multiple psychoactive medications was reported in 18% of the medicated children.
InGaP/GaAs heterojunction phototransistors for ultra-low optical power detection

Optoelectronic conversion gain of floating base InGaP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar phototransistors (HPTs) with and without base contact metal was investigated. The fabricated HPTs without base contact metal showed the higher optical gain compared to those with base contact metal. The devices exhibited very high optical gain of 162 at optical power of 1.74 µW under the 640 nm illumination.
Variability in the Atypia of Undetermined Significance/Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance Diagnosis in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology: Sources and Recommendations

Objective: Of the 6 categories in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC), the atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) category has received the most attention. The objectives of this study were to review the use of the AUS/FLUS category in recent studies, to search for likely sources of the variability in its use, and to address possible methods for improvement. Study Design: A PubMed search was performed to retrieve peer-reviewed articles that have comprehensively detailed the incidence and outcome of AUS/FLUS and other BSRTC categories. Related thyroid cytology articles on the BSRTC were also included. Results: Recent series that reported experiences with the BSRTC categories showed that the AUS/FLUS category exhibited a marked variability in incidence (0.7–18%) and malignant outcome (6–48%) in resection specimens. Review of the literature revealed institutional differences in technical aspects, interpretation and application of criteria, analysis of outcome data, and clinicopathologic interactions. Conclusions: A heightened awareness of technical issues, diagnostic borders of AUS/FLUS, and clinical management may aid in diagnostic refinement and help avoid overuse of this category.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Endometrial Carcinoma

Endometrial carcinoma is the most common female pelvic malignancy and the seventh most common neoplasm worldwide, with the highest incidence in North America and Europe. Endometrial cancer is staged according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics surgical system. Clinical estimation of stage, however, can be inaccurate in more than 20%, and therefore, preoperative imaging of the disease may assist in planning the optimal course of treatment. For example, cross-sectional imaging, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may detect gross myometrial extension or extension of tumor to the cervical stroma, which can alter management and therefore help in preoperative surgical planning. This issue is increasingly relevant as less invasive surgical techniques, such as laparoscopic surgeries, are becoming more commonplace for lower stage cancers. Several imaging techniques such as MRI, computed tomography, and transvaginal ultrasound have been used as tools for preoperative staging of endometrial cancer. Currently, MRI is the most widely used modality for preoperative planning. This article discusses the use of MRI in diagnosis, staging, and detection of endometrial cancer and treatment of recurrent disease.
Anonymity and Online Self-Disclosure: A Meta-Analysis

When an individual is anonymous online, they may communicate more boldly than they would in a face-to-face situation—a phenomenon called the online disinhibition effect. While much is known about the toxic effects of online disinhibition, social effects (such as self-disclosure) receive less scholarly attention. This meta-analysis (k = 14, random effects assumed) examined the relationship between anonymity and online self-disclosure as a form of benign disinhibition. Results indicated anonymity had a positive average correlation with self-disclosure (r = .184). However, there was substantial heterogeneity across studies that could not be explained by moderators including type of anonymity (visual or discursive), the measure of self-disclosure (self-report or content analysis), or the type of interaction task (social, task, none present).
Cochlear Implants in the Geriatric Population: Benefits Outweigh Risks

Cochlear implantation has become widely accepted as an effective means of hearing rehabilitation in severely and profoundly deaf individuals. In the elderly, cochlear implantation involves a number of unique issues that can affect patient outcomes. These factors include age-related changes in the auditory system, prolonged durations of deafness, diminished communication abilities, and coexisting medical and psychosocial problems. In general, the results of cochlear implantation in the elderly have been comparable with those of younger adults. Perioperative attention to medical and surgical details allows for safe insertion and a minimum of postoperative complications. Patients older than 65 have obtained excellent results by both audiologic and quality-of-life measures.
Education Does not Cause Political Participation : Evidence From the 1970 British Cohort Study

According to the conventional wisdom in political behavior research, education has a direct causal effect on political participation. However, a number of recent studies have questioned this established view by arguing that education is not a direct cause but only a proxy for other factors that are not directly related to the educational experience, such as pre-adult factors. This paper engages in a current controversy regarding the application of matching techniques to assess whether there is a direct causal effect of education on political participation. It uses data from a British cohort study that follows everyone born during one week in the UK in 1970. The data includes a rich set of variables measuring factors in childhood and adolescence such as cognitive ability, activities and family socio-economic status. Results show that after matching there is no significant effect of education on political participation. ∗PhD candidate, Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 711, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden, e-mail: mikael.persson@pol.gu.se, URL: http://www.pol.gu.se/staff/mikaelpersson
High Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in the Sultanate of Oman: Results of the 1991 National Survey

A national survey of glucose intolerance and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Oman has demonstrated a high prevalence of diabetes (10%) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, 13% in females and 8% in males). Prevalence of diabetes rose with age to a maximum of over 30% in both sexes. Prevalence of total glucose intolerance (diabetes and IGT combined) exceeded 50% in the seventh (females) and eighth (males) decade of life.
Tunneling under squeezing conditions : Effect of the excavation method

During the excavation of deep tunnels, squeezing ground conditions are often encountered. The squeezing behavior of the ground is characterized by large time-dependent and usually anisotropic convergences that take place at the tunnel wall. The technique of excavation has a strong influence on the tunnel response when it is excavated under squeezing conditions. This phenomenon is illustrated throughout the case study of the Frejus road tunnel excavated with conventional drill and blast methods and of its safety gallery excavated with a single shield tunneling boring machine. They exhibit a very interesting configuration of two tunnels excavated in parallel under the same geotechnical conditions but with different excavation techniques. Monitored geotechnical data from both tunnels are analyzed and compared. Numerical simulations of both tunnels have been carried out with Flac3D. An anisotropic creep model which includes weakness planes of given orientation embedded in a visco-elasto-plastic matrix has been used for describing the behavior of the ground. A back-analysis of convergence measurements of the Frejus road tunnel has been carried out. The behavior of the ground identified from the Frejus road tunnel is extrapolated to predict the response of the Frejus safety gallery in terms of the stress state in the lining. The influence of the technique of excavation on the time-dependent parameters of the ground is taken into account in the computations and its effects are discussed. It is shown that the long term ground deformation are significantly reduced with TBM excavation as compared to traditional blast and drill method.Furthermore, the convergence-confinement methods are reviewed and their applicability is discussed when they are applied to full face circular tunnels excavated in rock masses with a stiff support system near the face. In this context, a set of empirical formula are proposed which allows to accurately predict the equilibrium state between the ground and the lining in circular tunnels excavated in full section. These formula are useful in the preliminary phase of tunnel design
Group VII Ethylene Response Factors Coordinate Oxygen and Nitric Oxide Signal Transduction and Stress Responses in Plants1

Group VII ethylene response factors are key regulators of signal transduction at the interface of ethylene, oxygen, and nitric oxide signaling. The group VII ethylene response factors (ERFVIIs) are plant-specific transcription factors that have emerged as important regulators of abiotic and biotic stress responses, in particular, low-oxygen stress. A defining feature of ERFVIIs is their conserved N-terminal domain, which renders them oxygen- and nitric oxide (NO)-dependent substrates of the N-end rule pathway of targeted proteolysis. In the presence of these gases, ERFVIIs are destabilized, whereas an absence of either permits their accumulation; ERFVIIs therefore coordinate plant homeostatic responses to oxygen availability and control a wide range of NO-mediated processes. ERFVIIs have a variety of context-specific protein and gene interaction partners, and also modulate gibberellin and abscisic acid signaling to regulate diverse developmental processes and stress responses. This update discusses recent advances in our understanding of ERFVII regulation and function, highlighting their role as central regulators of gaseous signal transduction at the interface of ethylene, oxygen, and NO signaling.
Retinal Vasculopathy Is Reduced by Dietary Salt Restriction: Involvement of Glia, ENaC&agr;, and the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System

Objective— Neovascularization and vaso-obliteration are vision-threatening events that develop by interactions between retinal vascular and glial cells. A high-salt diet is causal in cardiovascular and renal disease, which is linked to modulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. However, it is not known whether dietary salt influences retinal vasculopathy and if the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system is involved. We examined whether a low-salt (LS) diet influenced vascular and glial cell injury and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in ischemic retinopathy. Approach and Results— Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were fed LS (0.03% NaCl) or normal salt (0.3% NaCl) diets, and ischemic retinopathy was induced in the offspring. An LS diet reduced retinal neovascularization and vaso-obliteration, the mRNA and protein levels of the angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, and erythropoietin. Microglia, which influence vascular remodeling in ischemic retinopathy, were reduced by LS as was tumor necrosis factor-&agr;. Macroglial Müller cells maintain the integrity of the blood–retinal barrier, and in ischemic retinopathy, LS reduced their gliosis and also vascular leakage. In retina, LS reduced mineralocorticoid receptor, angiotensin type 1 receptor, and renin mRNA levels, whereas, as expected, plasma levels of aldosterone and renin were increased. The aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor–sensitive epithelial sodium channel alpha (ENaC&agr;), which is expressed in Müller cells, was increased in ischemic retinopathy and reduced by LS. In cultured Müller cells, high salt increased ENaC&agr;, which was prevented by mineralocorticoid receptor and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockade. Conversely, LS reduced ENaC&agr;, angiotensin type 1 receptor, and mineralocorticoid receptor expression. Conclusions— An LS diet reduced retinal vasculopathy, by modulating glial cell function and the retinal renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.
Real-time inertial lower body kinematics and ground contact estimation at anatomical foot points for agile human locomotion

The ability to accurately capture locomotion is relevant in various use cases, in particular in the sports and health area. With the major goal of providing a measurement system that can deliver different types of relevant information (3D body segment kinematics, spatiotemporal locomotion parameters, and locomotion patterns) in-field and in real-time, we propose a novel probabilistic (single-plane) ground contact estimation method, using four contact points defined through a biomechanical foot model, and integrate this into an existing inertial motion capturing method. The resulting method is quantitatively evaluated on simulated and real IMU data in comparison to an optical motion capture system on walking, running, and jumping sequences. The results show its ability to maintain a good average 3D kinematics estimation error on low- and high-acceleration locomotion, whereas many previous accuracy studies restrict themselves to movements with low to moderate global accelerations, such as upper body activities or slow locomotion. Moreover, a qualitative evaluation of the estimated ground contact probabilities demonstrates the method's ability to also provide consistent information also for deriving spatiotemporal locomotion parameters as well as locomotion patterns (e.g., over-pronation/-supination) simultaneously with the 3D kinematics.