Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of female education, labour force participation and age at marriage on fertility behaviour in Bangladesh.

"The purpose of this paper was to study the relationship between certain aspects of the status of women (i.e., education, work experience and age at marriage) and the use of contraception and fertility, using data collected by the Bangladesh Fertility Survey (BFS) of 1975. " The analysis is presented separately for rural and urban areas. "Results of the tests in brief are as follows: (a) Education is found to be strongly correlated with the use of contraception within each sub-group of the study population. Education is positively related with use of contraception and negatively with fertility. (b) age at marriage is found to be the most important factor explaining fertility for every sub-group of the study population. Couples marrying at higher ages are likely to have fewer children.and (c) work experience has very little or no effect on current use of contraception and fertility. "
Reduced PTEN Expression Is Associated With Poor Outcome and Angiogenesis in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast

Loss of PTEN expression has been associated with advanced stages of tumor. Tumor angiogenesis is involved in tumor progression. In breast cancer, a high frequency of mutations of the PTEN locus has been reported. However, the prognostic importance of PTEN expression and its correlation with angiogenesis in breast cancer have not been well established. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 99 women with a primary diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma were evaluated for PTEN expression by immunohistochemical methods. The microvessel density (MVD) was also studied by immunohistochemical labeling of endothelial cells with CD34 antibody. Computerized image analysis was used to evaluate MVD. Reduced PTEN expression was seen in 27.3% of invasive ductal carcinoma. The MVD ranged from 22.0 to 197.0, with a median value of 58.5 (65.4 ± 27.9). Reduced PTEN expression correlated with lymph node status (P < 0.01), tumor grade (P < 0.05), and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P < 0.05). There was a statistically significant correlation between reduced PTEN expression and increased MVD (P < 0.05). The mean MVD was higher in reduced PTEN-expressive tumors, irrespective of stage, compared with normal PTEN-expressive tumors with the same stage. On multivariate analysis, only TNM stage and reduced PTEN expression correlated with survival. Our results suggest that reduced PTEN expression may be an independent prognostic indicator in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. PTEN loss may be associated with increased tumor angiogenesis.
Two brief interventions to mitigate a “chilly climate” transform women’s experience, relationships, and achievement in engineering.

In a randomized-controlled trial, we tested 2 brief interventions designed to mitigate the effects of a “chilly climate” women may experience in engineering, especially in male-dominated fields. Participants were students entering a selective university engineering program. The social-belonging intervention aimed to protect students’ sense of belonging in engineering by providing a nonthreatening narrative with which to interpret instances of adversity. The affirmation-training intervention aimed to help students manage stress that can arise from social marginalization by incorporating diverse aspects of their self-identity in their daily academic lives. As expected, gender differences and intervention effects were concentrated in male-dominated majors (20% women). In these majors, compared with control conditions, both interventions raised women’s school-reported engineering grade-point-average (GPA) over the full academic year, eliminating gender differences. Both also led women to view daily adversities as more manageable and improved women’s academic attitudes. However, the 2 interventions had divergent effects on women’s social experiences. The social-belonging intervention helped women integrate into engineering, for instance, increasing friendships with male engineers. Affirmation-training helped women develop external resources, deepening their identification with their gender group. The results highlight how social marginalization contributes to gender inequality in quantitative fields and 2 potential remedies.
Treatment benefits of duloxetine in major depressive disorder as assessed by number needed to treat

The efficacy of an antidepressant typically is assessed by comparing it with placebo using a validated rating scale. This type of analysis, however, does not translate well to the clinical settings. For clinicians, a more meaningful measure is the number needed to treat (NNT). The objective of this analysis is to assess the efficacy of duloxetine in terms of NNT. Data were obtained from nine clinical trials designed to assess the efficacy and safety of duloxetine as a treatment for major depressive disorder. These studies examined 8–9 weeks of acute treatment with duloxetine. NNT estimates were determined for duloxetine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor comparators from six multi-dose studies, and for duloxetine in patients ≥65 years of age. The NNT was based on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD17) for response and remission, and improvements defined by the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) were estimated and compared. The NNT was favorable for both duloxetine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor compared with placebo. The patients receiving duloxetine had NNT for HAMD17 response of 6.0, remission 7–9, and CGI-defined improvement 6–7 by 8 weeks. The NNTs for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine or paroxetine, 20 mg/day) were around 7 for response, 11 for remission, and 8 for CGI-defined improvement. The NNTs in the elderly were similar. The NNT for several measures of efficacy including remission consistently demonstrated the treatment benefits of duloxetine as well as of fluoxetine and paroxetine compared with placebo.
Socio-Demographic Features and Knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus among Diabetic Patients in Kuwait

Objective: To determine the socio-demographic profile and assess knowledge about the nature, symptoms, complications, and treatment of diabetes mellitus among diabetic patients in Kuwait. Methods and Results: A cross-sectional sample survey of 788 patients attending specialized diabetic clinics was conducted in 1995. Kuwaitis were significantly more represented in this sample than in the general population (52.5% versus 37%). Female to male ratio among Kuwait population was 1.07 and among non-Kuwaitis it was 0.28. Age at diagnosis ranged between sixteen to eighty years with a mean of 48 ± 10.8 years. Overall knowledge was assessed by percentage of correct responses for individual knowledge questions. There was no significant difference in knowledge of diabetes seen among Kuwaitis (66%) and non-Kuwaitis (64%). No sex difference in knowledge was seen. Knowledge about diabetes was highest among diabetic patients with increasing educational achievement but lowest with advancing age. Conclusion: Most patients lack a lot of information that could have a significant impact on their motivation and ability to remain healthy. To overcome this growing problem, instructing a standard diabetes education system was found to be one way of improving in morbidity due to diabetes and reduced hospital admission.
Reovirus infection in rat lungs as a model to study the pathogenesis of viral pneumonia

We undertook the present study to elucidate the pathogenesis of the pathologic response to reovirus infection in the lungs and further understand the interactions of reoviruses with pulmonary cells. We found that reoviruses were capable of causing acute pneumonia in 25- to 28-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats following intratracheal inoculation with the reoviruses type 1 Lang (T1L) and type 3 Dearing (T3D). The onset of the pneumonia was rapid, marked by type I alveolar epithelial cell degeneration, type II alveolar epithelial cell hyperplasia, and the infiltration of leukocytes into the alveolar spaces. More neutrophils were recruited into the lungs during T3D infection than during T1L infection, and the serotype difference in the neutrophil response was mapped to the S1 gene of reovirus. Viral replication in the lungs was required for the development of pneumonia due to T1L and T3D infections, and replication occurred in type I alveolar epithelial cells. T1L grew to higher titers in the lungs than did either T3D or type 3 clone 9, and the S1 gene was found to play a role in determining the level of viral replication. We propose that experimental reovirus infection in the lungs can serve as a model for the pathogenesis of viral pneumonia in which pulmonary inflammation results following direct infection of lung epithelial cells.
An empirical study of segment prioritization for incrementally retrained post-editing-based SMT

Post-editing the output of a statistical machine translation (SMT) system to obtain high-quality translation has become an increasingly common application of SMT, which henceforth we refer to as post-editing-based SMT (PE-SMT). PE-SMT is often deployed as an incrementally retrained system that can learn knowledge from human post-editing outputs as early as possible to augment the SMT models to reduce PE time. In this scenario, the order of input segments plays a very important role in reducing the overall PE time. Under the active learning-based (AL) framework, this paper provides an empirical study of several typical segment prioritization methods, namely the cross entropy difference (CED), n-grams, perplexity (PPL) and translation confidence, and verifies their performance on different data sets and language pairs. Experiments in a simulated setting show that the confidence of translations performs best with decreases of 1.72-4.55 points TER absolute on average compared to the sequential PE-based incrementally retrained SMT.
A Riemannian Gradient Sampling Algorithm for Nonsmooth Optimization on Manifolds

In this paper, an optimization method for nonsmooth locally Lipschitz functions on complete Riemannian manifolds is presented. The method is based on approximating the subdifferential of the cost function at every iteration by the convex hull of transported gradients from tangent spaces at randomly generated nearby points to the tangent space of the current iterate and can hence be seen as a generalization of the well known gradient sampling algorithm to a Riemannian setting. A convergence result is obtained under the assumption that the cost function is bounded below and continuously differentiable on an open set of full measure and that the employed vector transport and retraction satisfy certain conditions, which hold, for instance, for the exponential map and parallel transport. Then with probability one the algorithm produces iterates at which the cost function is differentiable, and each cluster point of the iterates is a Clarke stationary point. Modifications yielding only $\varepsilon$-stationary .
Cell Migration Related to MDR—Another Impediment to Effective Chemotherapy?

Multidrug resistance, mediated by members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins superfamily, has become one of the biggest obstacles in conquering tumour progression. If the chemotherapy outcome is considered successful, when the primary tumour volume is decreased or completely abolished, modulation of ABC proteins activity is one of the best methods to overcome drug resistance. However, if a positive outcome is represented by no metastasis or, at least, elongation of remission-free time, then the positive effect of ABC proteins inhibition should be compared with the several side effects it causes, which may inflict cancer progression and decrease overall patient health. Clinical trials conducted thus far have shown that the tested ABC modulators add limited or no benefits to cancer patients, as some of them are merely toxic and others induce unwanted drug–drug interactions. Moreover, the inhibition of certain ABC members has been recently indicated as potentially responsible for increased fibroblasts migration. A better understanding of the complex role of ABC proteins in relation to cancer progression may offer novel strategies in cancer therapy.
Teaching and Learning with ICT Tools: Issues and Challenges from Teachers' Perceptions.

In this digital era, ICT use in the classroom is important for giving students opportunities to learn and apply the required 21st century skills. Hence studying the issues and challenges related to ICT use in teaching and learning can assist teachers in overcoming the obstacles and become successful technology users. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyze teachers’ perceptions of the challenges faced in using ICT tools in classrooms. A quantitative research design was used to collect the data randomly from a sample of 100 secondary school teachers in the state of Melaka, Malaysia. Evidence has been collected through distribution of a modified‐ adopted survey questionnaire. Overall, the key issues and challenges found to be significant in using ICT tools by teachers were: limited accessibility and network connection, limited technical support, lack of effective training, limited time and lack of teachers’ competency. Moreover, the results from independent ttest show that use of ICT tools by male teachers (M =2.08, SD = .997) in the classroom is higher compared to female teachers (M = 2.04, SD = .992). It is hoped that the outcome of this research provides proper information and recommendation to those responsible for integrating new technologies into the school teaching and learning process
Extraction and characteristics of seed oil from Papaya (Carica papaya) in Congo-Brazzaville

Papaya seeds were collected and dried. This study was carried out on papaya seed to clarify their proximate composition and the characteristics of the extracted oil including unsaponifiable matter and fatty acid composition. The seed is a rich source of protein (26.78%) and crude fiber (21.4%). Palmitic acid was the main saturated fatty acid (15.22%), while linoleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid (76.38%) in all lipid classes. The physical properties of the oil extracts showed the state to be liquid at room temperature. Carica papaya seeds have ash content of 3.2% (with the presence of following minerals: K, Na, Ca, P and Mg). However, Ca and P occur in appreciable quantities (1821±2.12 mg/100 g dry matter and 1156±1.8 mg/100 g dry mater, respectively).
The Immediate Postoperative Prosthesis in Lower Extremity Amputations

A collaborative study by teams in eight Veterans Administration hospitals in 1967 and 1968 of 182 cases of the immediate postoperative prosthetic fitting technique is reported. One hundred and fifty-four (84%) were "rehabilitation successes"; 14 (7%) healed but could not be rehabilitated and 17 (9%) were healing failures, two of whom died (a mortality of 1.1%). Success in both healing and rehabilitation was greater in the patients with good circulation than in the ischemic ones, all 17 healing failures occurring in the 116 below-the-knee amputations (BKs) done for ischemia. Nevertheless, rehabilitation was accomplished in these ischemic BK operations in 91 instances (78%).
Memory impairment in chronic pain patients and the related neuropsychological mechanisms: a review

Objective This study provides a comprehensive review of the literature on memory impairment and the potential effective factors in patients with chronic pain. Methods A literature search of databases PubMed, EMBASE, SpringerLink, and PsycINFO until September 2012 was conducted using the keywords ‘memory’ and ‘chronic pain’. The study emphasises on publications over the past 20 years. Results Memory impairment in chronic pain patients is substantial, but the aspects of memory (e.g. working memory, long-term memory, and autobiographical memory) in chronic pain patients and the potentially related factors (e.g. age, level of education, pain conditions, emotion, neural network, and use of analgesics) are modest. Memory impairment is interpreted with the attention-narrowing hypothesis and the capacity-reduction hypothesis. Conclusions The currently available data and theory have explained memory impairment in chronic pain patients, but many controversies remain. Future research should focus on the subclinical characteristics of chronic pain, enlarging the sample size, and emphasise on the experimental intervention method and the cognitive neuroscience method.
The effect of hemodialysis on lung function, gas exchange, and response to carbon dioxide stimulation in chronic uremia

AbstractLittle is known of the effect of chronic hemodialysis on lung function. In six patients with chronic uremia, we performed pulmonary function tests, sampled arterial blood, and measured the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide inhalation before and after routine hemodialysis. Patients were in the seated position throughout the study period. Routine pulmonary function was normal in all but one patient; a restrictive ventilatory defect was seen in a patient with prior pleuropericarditis and this was independent of fluid status. All patients showed improvement after dialysis in maximum flow rate at 25 per cent vital capacity corrected for changes in vital capacity (V max25% VC/VC) supporting reversible obstruction of small airways. Hypoxemia was not precipitated by dialysis and all patients showed a small improvement in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. Although resting hyperventilation was documented in these patients, the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide inhalation was not consistently enhanced before or after hemodialysis.
Long-term retention of learned skills: a review of the literature.

Abstract : The ability to retain a learned skill or habit over extended time periods is a problem which has, as yet, not been too thoroughly explored. Reviewing those articles which seem to relate either directly or peripherally to long-term retention of learned motor behavior indicates that the number of variables of possible importance is quite large, and that in general only limited research has been conducted with any one of these given variables. The variables appear to fall into four general classes: those dealing with the type of task, those concerned with learning p rameters, those concerned with retention interval parameters, and those concerned with recall parameters. Research under each category is reviewed and commented on, and suggestions are made that certain variables (such as task organization and the scoring method used) should be considered as key variables in any research program dealing with the long-term retention of skills. (Author)
Zakah as an Islamic Micro-Financing Mechanism to Productive Zakah Recipients

There are various forms of zakah distribution practiced by the zakah institutions. One of them is the distribution of zakah in a form of business capital given to productive zakah recipients. This form of zakah distribution is recognized as micro-financing mechanism. Thus, this paper attempts to analyse the potential of zakah fund as a source of Islamic micro financing to productive zakah recipients. The analysis is divided into several parts. Firstly, this paper discusses on the rationale of zakah fund as a source of micro financing to small Muslim entrepreneurs. It is then followed by the feasibility study of zakah as a micro financing mechanism. Thirdly, this paper shares the practicality analysis of the mechanism by sharing the experience of Selangor Zakah Board (Lembaga Zakat Selangor - LZS). In addition, it also highlights the problems and challenges of LZS in performing the role of ‘micro-finance institution’. Lastly, suggestion on the proper mechanism of zakah micro financing to ensure its effectiveness is given in the final part of the paper. This is to ensure that the objectives of zakah in alleviating poverty and reducing income inequality are met.
The Role of Arousal in Congruity-Based Product Evaluation

New products are often incongruent with consumer expectations. Researchers have shown that consumers prefer moderately incongruent products, while being adverse to extremely incongruent products. Evidence from three studies suggests that this phenomenon is highly influenced by a consumer's state of arousal. Specifically, low arousal decreases preference for moderate incongruity while increasing preference for extreme incongruity, whereas high arousal decreases preference for any form of incongruity. Underlying these effects are discrete emotional states brought on by a physiological response to incongruity. Varying arousal subsequently varies the severity of the emotion, be it negative (anxiety) or positive (curiosity), which in turn varies evaluations for the product. This suggests that creating excitement around a product launch may be good for incremental innovation, but it may not be a good idea for something truly innovative.
Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Myocardial Infarction: An Updated Review

The current review aimed to highlight the update management in patients with ischemic Cardiogenic shock(CS)and its impact on mortality. We reviewed the literature using search engine as MIDLINE, SCOPUS, and EMBASE from January 1982 to October 2012. We used key words: �Cardiogenic Shock �. This traditional narrative review did not expand to explore the mechanical complications or other causes of CS. There were 7193 articles assessed by 3 reviewers. We excluded 4173 irrelevant articles, 1660 non - English articles and 93 case -reports. The current review evaluated 888 articles (880 studies and 8 meta-analyses)that were tackling ischemic CS from different points of view before and after the era of SHOCK trial. Ischemic CS remains the most serious complication of acute MI, being associated with high mortality rate both in the acute and long-term setting, despite the advances in its pathophysiology and management. Further random ized trials and guidelines are needed to save resources and lives in patients sustained ischemic CS.
Large-area visual mapping of an underwater vent field using the AUV “Tri-Dog 1”

In August 2007, the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Tri-Dog 1 succeeded in visually mapping the seafloor of Tagiri underwater vent field, Kagoshima Bay in Japan to create a large photomosaic with an area of around 3,000 square meters. This is one of the largest underwater photomosaic ever reported. The photomosaic revealed distribution of detailed features of the field such as tube-worm colonies, bacteria mats and bubble plumes. This paper describes the autonomous navigation method implemented on the vehicle and then reports the experimental results.