Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can early extubation and intensive physiotherapy decrease length of stay of acute quadriplegic patients in intensive care? A retrospective case control study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Respiratory complications remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the acute quadriplegic patient population. The literature has suggested that early insertion of a tracheostomy facilitated pulmonary management and an earlier discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU). Recently, a change in practice has meant that these patients are considered for extubation and intensive physiotherapy treatment, including an overnight on-call service, rather than tracheostomy. The aim of the present retrospective, case-controlled study was to determine if either practice resulted in a difference in length of stay in intensive care and if an on-call physiotherapy service for these patients was cost effective. METHOD A case control design was used. Between April 1997 and November 1999, seven patients who did not require a tracheostomy were identified; case control subjects were matched for severity with seven patients who did receive a tracheostomy. Length of stay in intensive care and on the acute ward, days from injury to fixation and the overall number of respiratory physiotherapy and night physiotherapy treatments were recorded. RESULTS Five of the seven patients in the non-tracheostomy group received on-call overnight physiotherapy treatment, with an average of five sessions over a total of three nights. This group's length of stay in an ICU was significantly less than patients who were tracheostomized (p = 0.02). The overall number of physiotherapy treatments between the two groups was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that if extubation and intensive physiotherapy is undertaken for suitable patients, the length of stay in intensive care can be significantly reduced. This represents a considerable cost saving for ICUs and more than covers the added cost of providing an after hours on-call physiotherapy treatment service. A prospective evaluation is required to confirm these findings.
NGTS-1b : a hot Jupiter transiting an M-dwarf

UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/M001962/1 Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) STFC ST/L000733/1 ST/P000495/1 ST/N000757/1 ST/P000312/1 1226157 1490409 Fondecyt 1161218 CATA-Basal (CONICYT) PB06 European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme 681601 European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP)/ERC 320964
Ontogenesis of hexokinase I and hexokinase IV (glucokinase) gene expressions in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) related to diet

The expressions of hexokinase IV (glucokinase, GK) and hexokinase (HK)-I genes were analysed during early ontogenesis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Unlike HK-I gene, which was expressed during all the stages of the development, GK was only induced by the first feeding with high levels of dextrin as a source of carbohydrate. This study confirms the high capacity of common carp to use glucose even at the very early stages of development.
Evaluation of an e-learning package to improve understanding of blood-borne viruses amongst prison staff in Wales, UK.

PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to provide education on blood-borne viruses (BBVs) to prison staff to help reduce stigma within the prisons, improve the care prisoners receive and reduce the risk of occupational transmission. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH An e-module was used to improve staff understanding of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV at a prison in Wales, UK. An assessment was used to gather data on prison staff understanding of BBVs prior to undertaking the e-module. FINDINGS In total, 530/697 (76 per cent) prison staff completed the BBV e-module. Average pre- and post-course assessment scores were 8.6/11 and 10.85/11, respectively. Most staff understood the modes of hepatitis transmission, however, gaps in understanding were highlighted. In total, 22 per cent of staff believed HBV and HCV were airborne, 9 per cent believed transmission occurred through sharing cutlery. In total, 31 per cent of staff believed prisoners with hepatitis should declare their status to the prison. Practical implications: The e-module significantly improved staff understanding of BBVs and should be incorporated into future prison training packages. Future education should include how BBVs are not transmitted with an emphasis on casual contact. Medical confidentiality in prisons should also be addressed. Improving understanding will help reduce the stigma of BBVs within prison and improve the multidisciplinary care the prisoner receives. ORIGINALITY/VALUE To the authors knowledge this is the first published evaluation of a BBV learning package for custodial staff. Evaluation of this educational package demonstrates a unique and valuable insight into the general understanding of BBVs by prison staff in Wales, UK.
Trust, Punishment, and Cooperation Across 18 Societies

Punishment promotes contributions to public goods, but recent evidence suggests that its effectiveness varies across societies. Prior theorizing suggests that cross-societal differences in trust play a key role in determining the effectiveness of punishment, as a form of social norm enforcement, to promote cooperation. One line of reasoning is that punishment promotes cooperation in low-trust societies, primarily because people in such societies expect their fellow members to contribute only if there are strong incentives to do so. Yet another line of reasoning is that high trust makes punishment work, presumably because in high-trust societies people may count on each other to make contributions to public goods and also enforce norm violations by punishing free riders. This poses a puzzle of punishment: Is punishment more effective in promoting cooperation in high- or low-trust societies? In the present article, we examine this puzzle of punishment in a quantitative review of 83 studies involving 7,361 participants across 18 societies that examine the impact of punishment on cooperation in a public goods dilemma. The findings provide a clear answer: Punishment more strongly promotes cooperation in societies with high trust rather than low trust.
A randomized multicenter trial of the anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody (enlimomab) for the prevention of acute rejection and delayed onset of graft function in cadaveric renal transplantation: a report of the European Anti-ICAM-1 Renal Transplant Study Group.

BACKGROUND T-cell activation through T-cell receptor engagement requires co-stimulatory molecules and also adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1. Moreover ICAM-1 mediates leukocyte invasion from the blood into tissue during inflammatory processes. In animal studies using mouse monoclonal antibodies against ICAM-1 (enlimomab), renal allograft survival has been improved and reperfusion damage from ischemia reduced. The European Anti-ICAM-1 Renal Transplant Study (EARTS) was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study lastingl year and performed in 10 transplant centers in Europe. METHODS A total of 262 recipients of cadaveric kidneys were given either enlimomab or a placebo for 6 days and were given triple immunosuppressive therapy of cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisolone. The primary efficacy endpoint was the incidence of the first acute rejection within 3 months, and each event was assessed by a committee including investigators and independent pathologists. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the incidences of first acute rejection at 3 months between the placebo and enlimomab groups (39% vs. 45%), and enlimomab did not reduce the risk of delayed onset of graft function (DGF) (26% vs. 31%). Neither was there a difference in patient survival (95% vs. 91%) or graft survival (89% vs. 84%) at 1 year. Fatal events occurred in 19 (7%) patients (7 placebo, 12 enlimomab). Clinically, the most important non-fatal adverse events were infections; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the incidences in the two groups (70% vs. 79%). CONCLUSION Short term enlimomab induction therapy after renal transplantation did not reduce the rate of acute rejection or DGF.
miR-218 Inhibits Proliferation, Migration, and EMT of Gastric Cancer Cells by Targeting WASF3

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in carcinogenesis. miR-218 is one of the most known miRNAs and has been demonstrated to inhibit progression in gastric cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not established. In this study, qRT-PCR and Western blot indicated that miR-218 was downregulated in gastric cancer cell lines SGC7901 and BGC823 compared to that in normal gastric epithelial cell line GES-1. MTT and wound scratch assays suggested that overexpression of miR-218 markedly suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and EMT of gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, we proved that WASF3 was a direct target of miR-218 by luciferase reporter assay, and restoration of WASF3 expression impairs miR-218-induced inhibition of proliferation, migration, and EMT in gastric cancer cells SGC7901. In summary, our results demonstrated that miR-218 functions as one of the tumor-suppressive miRNAs and inhibits gastric cancer tumorigenesis by targeting WASF3. miR-218 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
REHABILITATION OF ELDERLY LOWER‐EXTREMITY AMPUTEES

Eighty elderly amputees who were seen at the Rehabilitation Centre of the Royal South Sydney Hospital during a five‐year period between 1974 and 1978, have been reviewed. These included 44 unilateral below‐knee amputees, 21 unilateral above‐knee amputees, and 15 bilateral amputees. Seventy‐nine per cent of these patients were able to use their prostheses successfully, and 84% returned to their own homes after discharge from hospital. Some details of the rehabilitation programme, and types of prosthesis prescribed are discussed.
Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Fatness in a Biethnic Sample of Young Children

Purpose This study aimed to investigate associations of objectively measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary time with adiposity in a predominantly biethnic (South Asian and White British) sample of young children. Methods The sample included 333 children age 11 months to 5 yr who provided 526 cross-sectional observations for PA and body composition. Total PA volume (vector magnitude counts per minute), daily time at multiple intensity levels (the cumulative time in activity >500, >1000, >1500, …, >6000 counts per minute), and time spent sedentary (<820 counts per minute), in light PA (820–3907 counts per minute) and in moderate-to-vigorous PA (≥3908 counts per minute) were estimated with triaxial accelerometry. Indicators of adiposity included body mass index, waist circumference, and the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses. Statistical analyses were performed using multilevel regression and isotemporal substitution models adjusted for confounders. Effect modification by ethnicity was examined. Results There was no evidence for effect modification by ethnicity (P interaction ≥ 0.13). In the whole sample, the accumulated time spent above 3500 counts per minute (i.e., high light-intensity PA) was inversely associated with the sum of skinfolds (&bgr; = −0.60 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.19 to −0.021, per 20 min·d−1), and the magnitude of association increased dose dependently with PA intensity (peaking for time spent >6000 counts per minute = −1.57 mm, 95% CI = −3.01 to −0.12, per 20 min·d−1). The substitution of 20 min·d−1 of sedentary time with moderate-to-vigorous PA was associated with a lower sum of skinfolds (−0.77 mm, 95% CI = −1.46 to −0.084). Conclusions High light-intensity PA appears to be beneficial for body composition in young South Asian and White British children, but higher-intensity PA is more advantageous.
Comparison of long versus short duration of anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism: a meta‐analysis of randomized, controlled trials

Abstract. Pinede L, Duhaut P, Cucherat M, Ninet J, Pasquier J, Boissel JP (Hôpital Edouard Herriot and Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique, Lyon, France). J Intern Med 2000; 247: 553–562.
The cerebellum plays a role in conscious episodic memory retrieval

The cerebellum has traditionally been considered to be primarily dedicated to motor functions. Its phylogenetic development and connectivity suggest, however, that it also may play a role in cognitive processes in the human brain. In order to examine a potential cognitive role for the cerebellum in human beings, a positron emission tomography (PET) study was conducted during a “pure thought experiment”: subjects intentionally recalled a specific past personal experience (consciously retrieved episodic memory). Since there was no motor or sensory input or output, the design eliminated the possibility that cerebellar changes in blood flow were due to motor activity. During silent recall of a consciously retrieved episodic memory, activations were observed in the right lateral cerebellum, left medial dorsal thalamus, medial and left orbital frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and a left parietal region. These activations confirm a cognitive role for the cerebellum, which may participate in an interactive cortical‐cerebellar network that initiates and monitors the conscious retrieval of episodic memory. Hum. Brain Mapping 8:226–234, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are There Oxytocin Receptors in the Primate Brain?

To extend to primates the research on the role of central oxytocin (OT) pathways, we investigated the regional distribution of OT binding sites in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) brain. With standard in vitro receptor binding autoradiography, sections (20 pm) of fresh frozen rhesus brain collected at 400-pm intervals were incubated with Iz5Id(cH&(T~r(Me)~, Tyr-NH2)OVT (12'I-OTA). This radioligand binds selectively to OT receptors in the rat brain. ' For comparison, adjacent sections were incubated with I2Tlin-vasopressin VIA receptor agonist ('251-lin-AVP) (NEN Research Products, N. Billerica, Massachusetts) which binds selectively to vasopressin (VIA) receptors in rat brain.z Similar patterns of specific binding were found for both radioligands in the rhesus monkey brain (FIG. 1). The specificity of Iz5I-OTA binding was characterized through a ligand competition study. Adjacent 20-pm sections were incubated with either IzI-OTA alone or with 'ZSI-OTA and 50-nM concentrations of an agonist specific for either OT, VIA, or Vz receptors. Only the VIA agonist displaced '251-OTA (FIG. 2). Receptor types were investigated further using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on cingulate and entorhinal cortices, two regions where specific binding had been apparent for both radioligands. Sequence-specific PCR primers were used to amplify OT and VIA receptor cDNAs. The amplified products were electrophoresed, transferred to nylon membranes, and detected by Southern blots using a radiolabeled 450-bp OT receptor probe (cloned from rhesus uterus) or a 305-bp VIA probe (cloned from rhesus liver). The results indicated the presence of VIA mRNA but no OT receptor mRNA in any of the brain areas examined, but a strong signal was detected in uterine tissue.
Risk factors for salmonella food poisoning in the domestic kitchen – a case control study

Domestic kitchen food handling risk factors for sporadic salmonella food poisoning are largely unknown. We compared food consumption and food handling practices, opportunities for cross contamination and refrigerator temperature control, in 99 households in South East Wales in 1997/8 with a case of salmonella food poisoning, and control households matched for electoral ward. On univariate analyses, cases were significantly more likely than control respondents to have purchased free-range eggs in the preceding week, and more likely than control households to have handled frozen whole chicken in the previous week, and to handle raw chicken portions at least weekly. In multivariate analysis, only consumption of raw eggs and handling free-range eggs were significant risk factors, independent of the age structure of the family and of the season.
Three-dimensional structure of the yeast ribosome.

The 80S ribosome from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been reconstructed from cryo electron micrographs to a resolution of 35 A. It is strikingly similar to the 70S ribosome from Escherichia coli, while displaying the characteristic eukaryotic features familiar from reconstructions of ribosomes from higher eukaryotes. Aside from the elaboration of a number of peripherally located features on the two subunits and greater overall size, the largest difference between the yeast and E.coli ribosomes is in a mass increase on one side of the large (60S) subunit. It thus appears more elliptical than the characteristically globular 50S subunit from E.coli. The interior of the 60S subunit reveals a variable diameter tunnel spanning the subunit between the interface canyon and a site on the lower back of the subunit, presumably the exit site through which the nascent polypeptide chain emerges from the ribosome.
Association of Ovarian and Uterine Cancers With Postmenopausal Hormonal Treatments

During hormone treatments for the relief of the symptoms of postmenopausal women a number of side effects may occur. Some may be due to the wrong choice of the steroids used for treatment or to the route of administration. However, the more important ones deserving much attention are the rare occurrences of malignancies of the uterus and ovaries. The risk for ovarian cancer, if it exists, is minimal and clinically irrelevant. Estrogen only treatments are used only in hysterectomized women. Continuous combined estrogen-progestin treatments have a very low risk of association with endometrial cancers compared with sequential regimens. Tibolone may be associated with a very small risk for endometrial cancers and thus must be properly monitored by transvaginal ultrasound. Breast cancer patients being treated with tamoxifen require careful attention to the endometrium to exclude a carcinoma. For the protection of the endometrium, a progestin-releasing intrauterine devise is an attractive choice. Raloxifene used for a long time to prevent osteoporosis is safe for the endometrium. None of the above-mentioned side effects is enough to prevent a physician from using hormone treatment in postmenopausal women if there are no past or current contraindications.
Compact low phase-noise MEMS-based RF oscillator on a dedicated silicon-ceramic composite substrate

Over the last few years, a unique silicon-ceramic composite substrate technology has been developed, where a silicon wafer can be directly bonded to a stack of low-temperature co-fired ceramic layers. With this approach, a composite substrate is constructed which combines the advantages of two versatile materials for the design of integrated RF modules: the superior electrical performance of low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology for the realisation of three-dimensional passive RF and microwave circuitry, and the unique possibilities for the integration of microelectromechanical systems on the silicon wafer. Additionally, it is feasible to fabricate CMOS integrated circuits directly on the silicon wafer. Within this work, the powerful concept of the silicon-ceramic composite substrate is explained and illustrated in terms of a compact MEMS resonator-based RF oscillator module.
Development of Neural Networks for Exact and Approximate Calculation: A fMRI Study

Neuroimaging findings in adults suggest exact and approximate number processing relying on distinct neural circuits. In the present study we are investigating whether this cortical specialization is already established in 9- and 12-year-old children. Using fMRI, brain activation was measured in 10 third- and 10 sixth-grade school children and 20 adults during trials of symbolic approximate (AP) and exact (EX) calculation, as well as non-symbolic magnitude comparison (MC) of objects. Children activated similar networks like adults, denoting an availability and a similar spatial extent of specified networks as early as third grade. However, brain areas related to number processing become further specialized with schooling. Children showed weaker activation in the intraparietal sulcus during all three tasks, in the left inferior frontal gyrus during EX and in occipital areas during MC. In contrast, activation in the anterior cingulate gyrus, a region associated with attentional effort and working memory load, was enhanced in children. Moreover, children revealed reduced or absent deactivation of regions involved in the so-called default network during symbolic calculation, suggesting a rather general developmental effect. No difference in brain activation patterns between AP and EX was found. Behavioral results indicated major differences between children and adults in AP and EX, but not in MC. Reaction time and accuracy rate were not correlated to brain activation in regions showing developmental changes suggesting rather effects of development than performance differences between children and adults. In conclusion, increasing expertise with age may lead to more automated processing of mental arithmetic, which is reflected by improved performance and by increased brain activation in regions related to number processing and decreased activation in supporting areas.
Adaptation to an extraordinary environment by evolution of phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation

Adaptation to a sudden extreme change in environment, beyond the usual range of background environmental fluctuations, is analysed using a quantitative genetic model of phenotypic plasticity. Generations are discrete, with time lag τ between a critical period for environmental influence on individual development and natural selection on adult phenotypes. The optimum phenotype, and genotypic norms of reaction, are linear functions of the environment. Reaction norm elevation and slope (plasticity) vary among genotypes. Initially, in the average background environment, the character is canalized with minimum genetic and phenotypic variance, and no correlation between reaction norm elevation and slope. The optimal plasticity is proportional to the predictability of environmental fluctuations over time lag τ. During the first generation in the new environment the mean fitness suddenly drops and the mean phenotype jumps towards the new optimum phenotype by plasticity. Subsequent adaptation occurs in two phases. Rapid evolution of increased plasticity allows the mean phenotype to closely approach the new optimum. The new phenotype then undergoes slow genetic assimilation, with reduction in plasticity compensated by genetic evolution of reaction norm elevation in the original environment.