Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Late Miocene Terrestrial Temperature History for the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau's Period of Tectonic Expansion

During the Late Miocene, the climate patterns and ecosystems of continental land masses experienced crucial transitions, but whether the principal driver was regional tectonic forcing or a decline in CO2 concentrations remains debated. Here we present a terrestrial paleotemperature record spanning ~12.7–5.2 Ma based on tetraether lipids extracted from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results reveal a sharp cooling (~8 °C) during ~10.5–8 Ma, asynchronous with minor fluctuations in global sea temperatures, suggesting a rapid tectonic uplift of ~1 km in extent. This event appears consistent with the simultaneous aridification and transitions of ecosystems experienced in adjacent regions. Moreover, the amplitude of the cooling over land is less than that which occurred over the ocean during the CO2‐dominated Late Miocene cooling event (~7–5.4 Ma). We therefore concluded that tectonic forcing, rather than a decline in CO2 levels, most likely dominated continental climate patterns and ecosystem transitions during the Late Miocene.
Investigation of Wind Turbine Fatigue Loads under Wind Farm Control: Analysis of Field Measurements

Wind energy is one of the most promising sources of renewable energy and has experienced a very rapid growth in the last 15 years. In order to maintain and sustain this growth wind energy needs to be competitive with the other sources of energy, especially with fossil fuels. A major factor keeping the competitiveness of wind energy is the sustained investment made on research and innovation. Active wake wind farm control is part of the research effort that aims to reduce the cost of producing wind energy; these new control strategies have the goal of reducing wind turbine wakes interactions in order to increase the power production and to minimize loads and fatigue. Literature shows good potential for these control strategies; however most of the studies have been made in a virtual environment through the use of computer simulations and as a consequence there is a lack of real field measurement data analysis that could confirm the potential of these strategies. The French National Research Agency SMARTEOLE project implemented two wind farm control strategies in an operating wind farm called La Sole du Moulin Vieux and owned by Engie Green in order to assess the effects that the applied innovative wind farm control strategies have on the blade loads, particularly in terms of blade fatigue. The two wind farm control strategies applied are the curtailment strategy and the yaw-control strategy. It needs to be noted that due to the high sensitivity of loads and fatigue to inflow conditions and due to the limited amount of data available the results observed should be considered as general trends very specific for this particular wind turbine set up and location. In the curtailment strategy the upstream turbine SMV6 loads decreased up to 33% (at 9 m/s) in the flapwise direction and up to 67% (at 8 m/s) in the edgewise direction. Fatigue loads decreased up to 22% (at 9 m/s) in the flapwise direction and up to 2% (at 9 m/s) in the edgewise direction. In the downstream turbine no clear trend has been detected due to the high uncertainty in the results. Most likely low amount of data and increased turbulence in the downstream turbine led to this uncertainty in the trends. In the yaw-control strategy loads showed a decrease up to 8% (at 9 m/s) in the flapwise direction loads and up to 72% (at 9 m/s) in the edgewise direction loads for the upstream turbine SMV6. Fatigue also decreased up to 19% (at 11 m/s) in the flapwise direction loads and up to 1.3% (at 10 m/s) in the edgewise direction for the upstream turbine. The downstream turbine SMV5 showed no significant reductions in the flapwise loads and fatigue when the whole wake was analyzed but, when the full-wake only was analyzed, a significant increase in loads and power produced, without any significant increase in fatigue loads have been observed. This underlines the potential of the yaw-controlled strategy to increase power production without significantly increasing fatigue.
Effect of NiOx’s film thickness on the electrical properties of Ni/p–NiOx/n-Si structures

In this study, non-stoichiometric NiO films were obtained by using radio frequency sputtering technique to fabricate a heterojunction p–n Schottky diode. The crystal structure and topographical features of nickel oxide (NiOx) films were evaluated by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The X-ray diffraction analysis has shown that all films have cubic polycrystalline nature, and some microstructural properties such as lattice constant, average crystallite size, micro-strain, dislocation density were changed depending on film thickness. In addition, topography of the nickel oxide films deposited with different film thickness consisted of fine nanoscale grains, showing a consistency between scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements. To evaluate electrical performance of NiOx films, high-quality vacuum evaporated silver (Ag) (ohmic) layer and nickel (Ni) (measurement electrode) dots were used. The current–voltage (I–V) measurements of Ni/p–NiOx/n-Si device indicated that all devices exhibit rectifying properties and these improve with the increasing film thickness. All electrical properties were correlated with the structural properties of the films to better understand transport mechanism of Ni/p–NiOx/n-Si device.
Exploring the Effects of Land-Cover Configuration, Body Size and Trophic Diversity on the Avifauna Richness of Prince Edward Island, Canada

We explored the effects of land-cover configuration, body size and trophic diversity in determining avian species richness on Prince Edward Island, Canada. Data on avian species richness were obtained from the Maritime Breeding Bird Atlas data. Prince Edward Island was divided into 97 sampling cells of 10 × 10 km. Land-cover metrics were calculated using a forest inventory database, Fragstats and ArcView version 8.1. The relationships between avian species richness and explanatory variables were explored using correlation analysis, mixed forward-backward stepwise analysis, generalized linear models and Akaike’s information criterion. Models predicted between 27% and 63% of the variability in species richness, attributing substantial explanatory power to both the average body size and the range of body size spanned by the avian community. The body-size frequency distribution showed that avian communities were dominated by species weighing between 50 and 80 g. Habitat metrics associated with forests were more important to the avifauna than those related to agriculture. Avian species richness also decreased with both the fragmentation and isolation of wetlands. The total area covered by the human infrastructure land-cover and its subdivision were also important. Clearly, body size plays a key role in determining the diversity of birds on Prince Edward Island. In particular, species weighing 50 - 80 g appear to have sufficient resources to be successful on Prince Edward Island’s landscapes. Our findings also highlighted the importance of controlling the expansion of human infrastructure and both the fragmentation and reduction in size of wetlands to maintain avian species richness patterns.
Near-Surface Wind-Speed Stilling in Alaska during 1984-2016 and Its Impact on the Sustainability of Wind Power

Based on wind-speed records of Alaska’s 19 first-order weather stations, we analyzed the near-surface wind-speed stilling for January 1, 1984 to December 31, 2016. With exception of Big Delta that indicates an increase of 0.0157 m·s–1·a–1, on average, all other first-order weather stations show declining trends in the near-surface wind speeds. In most cases, the average trends are less then –0.0300 m·s–1·a–1. The strongest average trend of –0.0500 m·s–1·a–1 occurred at Homer, followed by –0.0492 m·s–1·a–1 at Bettles, and –0.0453 m·s–1·a–1 at Yakutat, while the declining trend at Barrow is marginal. The impact of the near-surface wind-speed stilling on the wind-power potential expressed by the wind-power density was predicted and compared with the wind-power classification of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Alaska Energy Authority. This wind-power potential is, however, of subordinate importance because wind turbines only extract a fraction of the kinetic energy from the wind field characterized by the power efficiency. Since wind turbine technology has notably improved during the past 35 years, we hypothetically used seven currently available wind turbines of different rated power and three different shear exponents to assess the wind-power sustainability under changing wind regimes. The shear exponents 1/10, 1/7, and 1/5 served to examine the range of wind power for various conditions of thermal stratification. Based on our analysis for January 1, 1984 to December 31, 2016, Cold Bay, St. Paul Island, Kotzebue, and Bethel would be very good candidates for wind farms. To quantify the impact of a changing wind regime on wind-power sustainability, we predicted wind power for the periods January 1, 1984 to December 31, 1994 and January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2016 as well. Besides Big Delta that suggests an increase in wind power of up to 12% for 1/7, predicted wind power decreased at all sites with the highest decline at Annette (≈38%), Kodiak (≈30%), King Salmon (≈26%), and Kotzebue (≈24%), where the effect of the shear exponents was marginal. Bethel (up to 20%) and Cold Bay (up to 14%) also show remarkable decreases in predicted wind power.
Preschoolers' Moral Actions and Emotions in Prisoner's Dilemma

The moral acts of 19 dyads of 4-year-olds in a cognitively simplified version of Prisoner's Dilemma were analyzed in relationship to their friendship, emotions, and processes of conflict resolution. Degree of friendship was rated by teachers; two sociologists used a Q-sort of Group Processes to describe the dyads' interactions; the emotions of each child were coded from videotape--independently of his or her partner's and with the sound turned off--in accordance with Ekman and Friesen's (1983) Emotion Facial Action Coding System. Moral acts were categorically identified as equalization, reparation, stalemate, default, and betrayal; these acts were also assigned scale scores on a dimension of moral sensitivity that was independently derived from separate work with a sample of 143 undergraduates. They judged the five acts in all possible paired comparisons and then rated the moral difference between each pair. These data almost perfectly fitted a model of increasing monotonic function according to Kruskal's (1964) criterion. The degree of friendship between the dyads and their interactive processes---group orientation, positive emotional tone, and active involvement--were positively related to sensitive moral action. Their emotions were related to concurrent acts, and more importantly, predicted their subsequent acts even though they seldom talked about morality. These results suggest that if social scientists' search for practical morality is to be successful, emotional communication needs to be brought into the account. A substantial and still growing number of investigations (for a few of the many examples, see Main & George, 1985; Rheingold & Hay, 1980, Strayer, 1980; and an extensive review by Radke-Yarrow, Zahn-Waxler, & Chapman, 1983) suggest that young children may be neither as morally insensitive nor incapable as held in theories that define morality and its development as primarily due to cognitive development or socialization. These contrary findings especially seem to occur in investigations that concern young children's moral actions rather than their judgments about hypothetical dilemmas. Still those cognitive scientists (for instance, Anderson, 1980) who have taken special care in simplifying and clarifying the cognitive requirements of their tasks also report such findings. Thus this growing body of work raises questions about the nature of young children's morality. Here we are concerned only with the conditions of their action, which is surely the more convincing test of moral capability. An obvious but not frequently studied feature of moral action is its heat--its "hot cognitions" in contrast to the cool cognitions evoked by hypothetical problems
Fast engine model for FMU-less small turbojet engines

The focus of this paper is on small low-cost turbojet engines equipped with a gear-type fuel pump rather than a more traditional fuel metering unit. The incorporation of such type of fuel flow actuation devices introduce additional nonlinearities into the system and therefore make traditional modeling and system identification methods difficult to apply. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear fast engine model structure that can be used for various applications, including identification, modeling and simulation, and controller design of such sub-class turbojet engines. A high-fidelity turbojet engine model including its nonlinear gear-type fuel pump is developed, which is later used to generate the fast engine model. The parameters of the fast engine model are estimated using regression analysis. The identification procedure is also applied to real engine test data to verify the proposed approach.
Process Flow Modelling and Characterisation of Stacked Gate-All-Around Nanosheet Transistors

A fabrication process of stacked n-type gate-all-around (GAA) triple nanosheet (NS) field-effect transistors (FETs) is modelled by the 3D Victory Process (TCAD by Silvaco). The modelling confirms that the NS FET process flow is highly compatible with the FinFET fabrication. To verify the accuracy of the process modelling, carrier transport in the NS FET is simulated by the 3D Victory Device using quantum corrected drift-diffusion. Simulated ID-VG characteristics at drain biases of 0.05 V and 0.7 V are in a very good agreement with experimental data, including the sub-threshold region. The 1st NS channel provides the largest contribution to current density, while additional channels still contribute by a good increase to current density. The stacked GAA NS FETs are proved to be the cost-effective and performance-fitting solution for the sub-5 nm CMOS technology nodes.
Using Twitter to Analyze the Effect of Hurricanes on Human Mobility Patterns

Understanding human mobility patterns becomes essential in crisis management and response. This study analyzes the effect of two hurricanes in the United States on human mobility patterns, more specifically on trip distance (displacement), radius of gyration, and mean square displacement, using Twitter data. The study examines three geographical regions which include urbanized areas (Houston, Texas; Miami-Dade County, Florida) and both rural and urbanized areas (North and South Carolina) affected by hurricanes Matthew (2016) and Harvey (2017). Comparison of movement patterns before, during, and after each hurricane shows that displacement and activity space decreased during the events in the regions. Part of this decline can be potentially tied to observed lower tweet numbers around supply facilities during hurricanes, when many of them are closed, as well as to numerous flooded and blocked roads reported in the affected regions. Furthermore, it is shown that displacement patterns can be modeled through a truncated power-law before, during, and after the analyzed hurricanes, which demonstrates the resilience of human mobility behavior in this regard. Analysis of hashtag use in the three study areas indicates that Twitter contributors post about the events primarily during the hurricane landfall and to some extent also during hurricane preparation. This increase in hurricane-related Twitter topics and decrease in activity space provides a tie between changed travel behavior in affected areas and user perception of hurricanes in the Twitter community. Overall, this study adds to the body of knowledge that connects human mobility to natural crises at the local level. It suggests that governmental and rescue operations need to respond to and be prepared for reduced mobility of residents in affected regions during natural crisis events.
ESTIMATION OF COTTON AND MAIZE CROP AREA IN PERAMBALUR DISTRICT OF TAMIL NADU USING MULTI-DATE SENTINEL-1A SAR DATA

Abstract. Crop classification is a key issue for agricultural monitoring using remote sensing techniques. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data has an advantage in crop classification because of its all-weather imaging capabilities. The objective of this study was to investigate the capability of SAR data for estimation of cotton and maize area in Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu. The multi-temporal Sentinel-1 SAR data was acquired from 2nd September, 2017 to 24th January, 2018. Both the Vertical-Vertical (VV) and Vertical-Horizontal (VH) polarized data was used. Ground truth data collection was performed for cotton and maize during the vegetative, flowering and harvesting stages. Sixty per cent of the ground truth data were used for training and remaining forty per cent were utilized for validation. The temporal backscattering coefficient (σ0) for cotton and maize were extracted using the training datasets. The mean backscattering values for cotton crop during the entire cropping period had a range from −11.729 dB to −8.827 dB and from −19.167 dB to −14.186 dB for VV and VH polarization respectively. For maize crop it ranged from −11.248 dB to −8.878 dB and from −19.043 dB to −14.753 dB for VV and VH polarized data respectively. The Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Decision Tree classifier (DT) methods were adopted for cotton and maize area estimation. SAM classified 73259 and 51489 hectares (ha) as cotton and maize respectively in VV polarization. DT classified the area of 61501 and 64530 ha for cotton and maize respectively in VH polarization. The accuracy measures, such as overall accuracy, producer’s accuracy and user’s accuracy and kappa coefficient were estimated. SAM classifier exhibits the overall accuracy of 73.3% for VV Decision tree classifier reported the overall accuracy of 75.0% for VH. It is evident from the present study, that the multi-temporal Sentinel-1 SAR sensor can be well used for the discrimination of cotton and maize crops because of its high temporal resolution which captures the complete phenology of the crops during the cropping period.
How alike is it versus how likely is it: A disjunction fallacy in probability judgments.

One event cannot be more probable than another that includes it. Judging P(A & B) to be higher than P(A) has been caIled the conjunction fallacy- This study examined a disjullctioll fallaQ< Ss received brief case descriptions and ordered 7 categories according to 1 of 4 criteria: (a) probability of membership, (b) wiIlingness to bet on membership, (c) inclination to predict membership, and (d) suitability for membership. The list included nested pairs of categories (e.g., Brazil-South America). Ranking a category more probable than its superordinate, or betting on it rather than its superordinate, is fallacious. Prediction, however, may be guided by maximizing informativeness, and suitability need conform to no formal rule. Hence, for these 2 criteria, such a ranking pattern is not fallacious. Yet ranking of categories higher than their superordinates was equally common on all 4 criteria. The results support representativeness against alternative interpretations. The extension rule in probability theory states that if A is a subset ofB, then the probability of A cannot exceed that ofB. A special case of the extension rule is the conjunction rule, which states that the probability of A&B can exceed the probability of neither A nor B, since it is contained in both. Tversky and Kahneman (1983) demonstrated that, under certain circumstances, people predictably and systematically violate the conjunction rule. In one study, they gave subjects the fof ng description: lda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She maed in philosophy. As a student, she was deeply concerned with les of discrimination and social justice, and also participated in :i-nuclear demonstrations. (p. 297) This was followed by a list of eight possible outcomes, each describing possible activities of Linda at the present time (her job, her interests, or both). Subjects were asked to rank order the outcomes by the probability that they describe Linda's current activities. Of the eight, one was representative of Linda ("Linda is active in the feminist movement"), one was unrepresentative of Linda ("Linda is a bank teller"), and one was a conjunction of these two ("Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement"). A large majority of the subjects (85%) rated the conjunctive outcome, "Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement," more probable than "Linda is a bank teller. " This result was predicted from the representativeness hypothesis: "Representativeness is an assessment of the degree of correspondence between a sample and a population, an instance and a category, an act and an actor or, more generally, between
Kemampuan representasi matematis siswa SMP melalui pendekatan pendidikan matematika realistik

[Bahasa]: Penelitian kualitatif ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan representasi matematis siswa melalui pendekatan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik (PMR). Penelitian ini dilakukan di kelas VII-2 SMP Negeri 6 Banda Aceh yang melibatkan enam siswa. Kemampuan representasi siswa dianalisis dari hasil tes dan wawancara setelah penerapan PMR melalui tahap reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil tes, subjek penelitian dikategorikan menjadi siswa dengan kemampuan representasi matematika tinggi, sedang dan rendah. Keenam siswa tersebut diwawancara untuk mengonfirmasi hasil tes. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa yang berkemampuan tinggi dan sedang memenuhi ketiga indikator kemampuan representasi matematis yaitu menyajikan data atau informasi dari suatu masalah ke representasi tabel, menyelesaikan masalah yang melibatkan ekspresi matematis, serta menuliskan langkah-langkah penyelesaian masalah matematika dengan kata-kata. Siswa berkemampuan rendah memenuhi dua indikator kemampuan representasi matematis yaitu menyelesaikan masalah yang melibatkan ekspresi matematis dan menuliskan langkah-langkah penyelesaian masalah matematika dengan kata-kata. Kata kunci: Representasi Matematis; Kemampuan; Pendidikan Matematika Realistik [English]: This qualitative reseach aims at describing students’ representation ability through realistic mathematics education (RME). It is conducted in grade VII-2 SMP Negeri 6 Banda Aceh focusing on the six students. Students’ representation ability is analyzed from the developed test and interview after applying RME through data reduction, data display and conclusion. Based on the result of the test, the subjects are categorized into students who have high, medium and low ability in mathematical representation. They are then interviewed to confirm the test. The research finds that students in high and medium category fulfill the three indicators of mathematical representation, i.e. displaying data or information of a problem into table, solving problems that involve mathematical expression, and write the steps in solving the problems using words. Meanwhile, students in low category can only fulfill the second and third indicator. Keywords: Mathematics Representation; Ability; RME