Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predictive and Reactive Mechanisms in Smile Reciprocity

During face-to-face interactions, people reciprocate their conversation partners’ genuine and polite smiles with matching smiles. In the research reported here, we demonstrated that predictive mechanisms play a role in this behavior. In natural interactions (Study 1), participants anticipated a substantial proportion of genuine smiles but almost no polite ones. We propose that reinforcement-learning mechanisms underpin this social prediction and that smile-reciprocity differences arise because genuine smiles are more rewarding than polite smiles. In Study 2, we tested this idea using a learning task in which correct responses were rewarded with genuine or polite smiles. We measured participants’ smile reactions with electromyography (EMG). As in natural interactions, people mimicked polite smiles reactively, after seeing them appear. Interestingly, the EMG data showed predictive responding to genuine smiles only. These results demonstrate that anticipating social rewards drives predictive social responding and therefore represent a significant advance in understanding the mechanisms that underpin the neural control of real-world social behavior.
Biomarker-guided Intervention to Prevent Acute Kidney Injury After Major Surgery: The Prospective Randomized BigpAK Study

Objective:To determine the impact of renal biomarker–guided implementation of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) care bundle on the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after major noncardiac surgery in a single-center unblinded randomized clinical trial. Background:Early optimization of volume status and discontinuation of nephrotoxic medication before the occurrence of AKI may be the crucial step to reduce preventable AKI. Methods:The urinary biomarker−triggered KDIGO care bundle (early optimization of fluid status, maintenance of perfusion pressure, discontinuation of nephrotoxic agents) was compared to standard intensive care unit (ICU) care in 121 patients with an increased AKI risk after major abdominal surgery that was determined by urinary biomarker (inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 × insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 7) >0.3. Incidence of overall AKI, severity of AKI, length of stay, major kidney events at discharge, and cost effectiveness were evaluated. Results:The overall stages of AKI were not statistically different between the 2 groups, but in patients with inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 × insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 7 values of 0.3 to 2.0 a subgroup analysis demonstrated a significantly reduced incidence of AKI 13/48 (27.1%) in the intervention group compared to control 24/50 (48.0%, P = 0.03). Incidence of moderate and severe AKI (P = 0.04), incidence of creatinine increase >25% of baseline value (P = 0.01), length of ICU, and hospital stay (P = 0.04) were significantly lower in the intervention group. Intervention was associated with cost reduction. There were no significant differences regarding renal replacement therapy, in-hospital mortality, or major kidney events at hospital discharge. Conclusions:Early biomarker-based prediction of imminent AKI followed by implementation of KDIGO care bundle reduced AKI severity, postoperative creatinine increase, length of ICU, and hospital stay in patients after major noncardiac surgery.
Institutional Environment and Bank Loans: Evidence from 25 Developing Countries

Research Question/Issue This study tries to verify the impact of institutional environment, namely legal protection, law enforcement, trust and religion, on bank loans in the context of developing countries. Moreover, we investigate the interactive effect of formal and informal institution. Research Findings/Insights Using survey data on enterprises from twenty-five developing countries, we find that institutional environment can significantly affect bank loans in developing countries. Compared with formal institutions, informal ones are relatively efficient at alleviating enterprises’ financial constraints, while law enforcement is more important than legal protection within the set of formal institutions. The split-sample tests indicate that informal and formal institutions have substitutive effects on firms’ loan financing. Theoretical/Academic Implications This study provides evidence of the impact of institutions on loan contracts in developing countries and sheds light on the importance of law enforcement and informal institutions. It suggests new avenues of research on the loan contract from a neo-institutional perspective. Practitioner/Policy Implications This study offers inspiration to the government of developing countries interested in promoting the development of enterprises. In addition, it provides efficient methods that entrepreneurs can use to reduce enterprises’ financing constraints in the context of lower legal protection.
Nucleotide sequence of the Streptococcus gordonii PK488 coaggregation adhesin gene, scaA, and ATP-binding cassette

Human oral viridans group streptococci that coaggregate with Actinomyces naeslundii PK606 express surface proteins related to ScaA, the coaggregation-mediating adhesin of Streptococcus gordonii PK488 (R. N. Andersen, N. Ganeshkumar, and P. E. Kolenbrander, Infect. Immun. 61:981-987, 1993). The nucleotide sequence of the 6,125-bp EcoRI insert of pRA1, containing scaA, the gene encoding ScaA, was determined. Six open reading frames (ORFs) were identified. The orientation of four ORFs, two upstream (ORF 1 and ORF 2) and one downstream (ORF 4) of scaA (ORF 3), indicated transcription in one direction, whereas ORF 5 and ORF 6 were transcribed divergently. Computer analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences identified a consensus binding site for ATP (GxxGxGKS) in the putative 28,054-Da protein encoded by ORF 1. ORF 2 potentially encoded a hydrophobic protein of 29,705 Da with six potential membrane-spanning regions. ScaA was 310 amino acids, 34,787 Da, and contained the lipoprotein consensus sequence LxxC, also reported for the ScaA-related proteins SsaB, FimA, and PsaA from Streptococcus sanguis 12, Streptococcus parasanguis FW213, and Streptococcus pneumoniae R36A, respectively. ORF 4 potentially encoded a 163-amino-acid protein of 17,912 Da, which was nearly identical to the downstream adjacent gene products of ssaB, fimA, and psaA. No significant homology with other proteins was found with the putative ORF 5 gene product, a 229-amino-acid protein of 25,107 Da. ORF 6 was incomplete and encoded a protein larger than 564 amino acids. This putative protein had a consensus Zn2+ binding motif, HExxH, found among bacterial thermolysins and mammalian neutral endopeptidases and was 40% identical to a homologous 210-amino-acid region of human enkephalinase. The genetic organization of ORFs 1, 2, and 3 was similar to those of the bacterial periplasmic-binding protein-dependent transport systems of gram-negative bacteria and binding-lipoprotein-dependent transport systems of gram-positive bacteria, and these genes appeared to encode ABC (ATP-binding cassette) proteins. This report describes a cell-to-cell adherence function associated with an ATP-binding cassette.
The influence of postpartum PTSD on breastfeeding: A longitudinal population‐based study

BACKGROUND In most Western countries, breastfeeding rates are lower than what is recommended by the World Health Organization. Depression has been shown to influence breastfeeding outcomes; however, there is very little research on the role of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined to what extent maternal postpartum PTSD predicted breastfeeding initiation, exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months, and continuation up to 1 and 2 years. METHODS The study is part of the large, population-based Akershus Birth Cohort. Data from the hospital's birth record and questionnaire data from 8 weeks and 2 years postpartum were used (n = 1480). All breastfeeding variables significantly correlated with postpartum PTSD were entered into stepwise logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Although most mothers (97.1%) initiated breastfeeding, considerably fewer adhered to the World Health Organization's breastfeeding guidelines about exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months (13.4%) or continued breastfeeding for 12 or 24 months postpartum (37.7% and 4.2%, respectively). Even after adjustment for important confounding variables, maternal postpartum PTSD was significantly associated with not initiating breastfeeding (aOR 5.98 [95% CI 1.79-19.97]). Postpartum PTSD was also significantly related to not continuing breastfeeding up to 12 months, although this association did not hold after adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSION Identifying women at risk of not initiating breastfeeding is crucial to prevent a negative influence on infant development and the development of the mother-infant bond. Early screening and treatment of women at risk of developing postpartum PTSD might be a way forward.
Predictors of Dengue-Related Mortality and Disease Severity in a Tertiary Care Center in North India

Abstract Background There is lack of reliable predictors of disease severity and mortality in dengue. The present study was carried out to identify these predictors during the 2015 outbreak in India. Methods This prospective observational study included confirmed adult dengue patients hospitalized between August and November 2015 in a tertiary care centre in New Delhi, India. Appropriate statistical tests were used to compare clinicolaboratory characteristics, derive predictors of severe disease and mortality, and compute a predictive score for mortality. Serotyping was done. Results Data of 369 patients were analyzed (mean age, 30.9 years; 67% males). Of these, 198 (54%) patients had dengue fever, 125 (34%) had dengue hemorrhagic fever (grade 1 or 2), and 46 (12%) developed dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Twenty-two (6%) patients died. Late presentation to the hospital (≥5 days after onset) and dyspnea at rest were identified as independent predictors of severe disease. Age ≥24 years, dyspnea at rest and altered sensorium were identified as independent predictors of mortality. A clinical risk score was developed (12*age + 14*sensorium + 10*dyspnea), which, if ≥22, predicted mortality with a high sensitivity (81.8%) and specificity (79.2%). The predominant serotypes in Delhi (2015) were dengue virus DENV2 and DENV4. Conclusion Age ≥24 years, dyspnea at rest, and altered sensorium were identified as independent predictors of mortality. Platelet counts did not determine outcome in dengue patients. Timely referral/access to healthcare is important. The clinical risk score for mortality prediction that was developed in this study can be used in all healthcare settings, after validation in larger cohorts.
UNUSUAL CAUSES AND PRESENTATIONS OF HEMIFACIAL SPASM

OBJECTIVETo evaluate unusual possible causes and clinical presentations of hemifacial spasm (HFS). METHODSThe authors reviewed 1642 cases of HFS. Assessments were based on clinical features, 3-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography, and surgical findings. Causes other than neurovascular compression at the root exit zone of the facial nerve were investigated and unusual clinical presentations were noted. RESULTSNine (0.5%) patients had a secondary causative structural lesion, 7 patients had a tumor, and the remaining 2 had a vascular malformation. Direct compression by dolichoectatic vertebrobasilar artery was noted in 12 (0.7%) patients. In 7 (0.4%) patients, only the distal portion of the facial nerve was compressed, and five (0.3%) had only venous compression. Bilateral HFS and tic convulsif were encountered in 7 (0.4%) and 6 (0.37%) patients, respectively. Fifty-six (3.4%) patients were younger than 30 years old at the time of microvascular decompression. CONCLUSIONHFS can result from tumor, vascular malformation, and dolichoectatic artery. Therefore, appropriate preoperative radiological investigations are crucial to achieve a correct diagnosis. The authors emphasize that distal compression or only venous compression can be responsible for persistent or recurrent symptoms postoperatively. In cases of bilateral HFS, a definite differential diagnosis is necessary for appropriate therapy. MVD is recommended as the treatment of choice in patients younger than 30 years old or patients with painful tic convulsif.
If Mothers Had Their Say: Research-Informed Intervention Design for Empowering Mothers to Establish Smoke-Free Homes

The Empowering Mothers to Establish Smoke-free Homes (EMESH) project developed in response to an interdisciplinary health team seeking effective interventions for reducing/eliminating the environmental tobacco smoke exposure of infants with compromised respiratory status. Two study phases that informed the EMESH intervention design are described. Phase I involved semi-structured interviews with 20 caretakers of infants diagnosed with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD). In Phase II, 75 randomly selected medical records of infants with BPD were reviewed to explore the family demographics and staff behavior regarding environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) interventions. Interview results suggest that families are open to partnering with social workers and interdisciplinary team members in addressing infants’ ETS exposure, families’ unique circumstances indicate a need for tailored interventions, and the use of self-efficacy and decisional balance tools are feasible options. Results from the medical records review indicate that many families are economically vulnerable and reside in regions where smoking is common. There is a paucity of staff documentation regarding ETS conversations and interventions, indicating that these conversations may not take place. Together these results suggest a two-pronged approach in the next phases of EMESH: staff training in hosting and documenting ETS conversations and a tailored, parent-driven set of intervention options.
Validation of a tuning method for haptic shared control using neuromuscular system analysis

This research investigates a neuromuscular analysis based tuning procedure for haptic shared control systems that has been hypothesized to improve subjective operator workload when compared to heuristic tuning methods. Here, the tuning procedure takes into consideration the response of the neuromuscular system to haptic cues. Human arm stiffness, the neuromuscular property of concern, can be changed by modulating reflex strength. The `relax task' setting of the neuromuscular system, for which reflexes are minimized, is chosen as the design point for tuning haptic cues as it is hypothesized to lead to the lowest workload. A simulated haptic collision avoidance system for unmanned aircraft teleoperation is used as a platform to experimentally validate the tuning method. The results show that the novel tuning procedure, particularly for relax task tuning, substantially improves workload and situational awareness over conditions that ignores the neuromuscular system. Additionally, over-tuning, which frequently occurs for heuristic methods, leads to worse user acceptance than a condition without haptic support.
Unraveling Factors Influencing Early Seroma Formation in Breast Augmentation Surgery

Background It is often assumed that seroma formation trails closely behind with incidence rates reported at 1 to 2%. Seroma is highly problematic for both the surgeon and patient and results in both patient anxiety and discomfort, succeeded by frequent outpatient visits, follow-up treatment, increased costs, and potentially hampered aesthetic outcomes. Consequently, it is now more important than ever to study seroma and to assess its pathophysiology and mechanisms of prevention. Objectives The aim of this study was to isolate and identify risk factors that may be associated with early seroma formation. Methods The authors reviewed 539 female patients who had undergone bilateral breast augmentation with silicone cohesive gel implants in a period of 12 months. Five possible risk factors were isolated for analysis: patient’s age, body mass index (BMI), smoking habit, implant pocket position, and implant size. A total of 15 patients developed early seromas within the one-year postoperative period. Results Using exact logistic regression with the independent variables treated as binary variables, we found that smoking, BMI, and pocket are associated with increased risk of seroma while we cannot reject the hypothesis that pocket size and age do not affect the development of seroma at 5% significance level. Conclusions A high BMI, large implant size, submammary pocket, and smoking are factors significantly associated with seroma development whilst age is not. Smoking however was found to be the most detrimental factor as it significantly amplified the effects of other variables. Level of Evidence 2
High resolution SEM imaging of gold nanoparticles in cells and tissues

The growing demand of gold nanoparticles in medical applications increases the need for simple and efficient characterization methods of the interaction between the nanoparticles and biological systems. Due to its nanometre resolution, modern scanning electron microscopy (SEM) offers straightforward visualization of metallic nanoparticles down to a few nanometre size, almost without any special preparation step. However, visualization of biological materials in SEM requires complicated preparation procedure, which is typically finished by metal coating needed to decrease charging artefacts and quick radiation damage of biomaterials in the course of SEM imaging. The finest conductive metal coating available is usually composed of a few nanometre size clusters, which are almost identical to the metal nanoparticles employed in medical applications. Therefore, SEM monitoring of metal nanoparticles within cells and tissues is incompatible with the conventional preparation methods. In this work, we show that charging artefacts related to non‐conductive biological specimen can be successfully eliminated by placing the uncoated biological sample on a conductive substrate. By growing the cells on glass pre‐coated with a chromium layer, we were able to observe the uptake of 10 nm gold nanoparticles inside uncoated and unstained macrophages and keratinocytes cells. Imaging in back scattered electrons allowed observation of gold nanoparticles located inside the cells, while imaging in secondary electron gave information on gold nanoparticles located on the surface of the cells. By mounting a skin cross‐section on an improved conductive holder, consisting of a silicon substrate coated with copper, we were able to observe penetration of gold nanoparticles of only 5 nm size through the skin barrier in an uncoated skin tissue. The described method offers a convenient modification in preparation procedure for biological samples to be analyzed in SEM. The method provides high conductivity without application of surface coating and requires less time and a reduced use of toxic chemicals.
Long-Term Effect of Primary Cleft Rhinoplasty on Secondary Cleft Rhinoplasty in Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip–Cleft Palate

Background: The senior author routinely performs primary nasal reconstruction with every cleft lip repair. This addresses the nasal tip asymmetry and simplifies the definitive secondary rhinoplasty in adolescence. Methods: A retrospective chart review was completed of all unilateral cleft secondary rhinoplasties performed by the senior author. The indications for secondary rhinoplasty were examined, anatomical features of the nose at the time of operation were documented, and the reconstructive techniques used were recorded. Results: From 2001 to 2009, the senior author performed 116 secondary rhinoplasties in patients with a previously repaired unilateral cleft lip. The senior author performed 44 of the initial cleft lip repairs (group A). A Dibbell rhinoplasty was required in 26 percent, a Potter rhinoplasty was required in 5 percent, a Tajima inverted-U incision was required in 70 percent, and an alar base resection was required in 53 percent. For those patients who did not undergo cleft lip repair with primary rhinoplasty by the senior author, 60 percent required a Dibbell rhinoplasty, Potter rhinoplasty was not used, 76 percent required a Tajima inverted-U incision, and 64 percent required an alar base resection. Group A had significantly greater dome symmetry when comparing the cleft side to the noncleft side (p = 0.001). Nostril apex height was also more symmetrical in group A (p = 0.105). Conclusion: Primary nasal reconstruction performed with cleft lip repair as described by the senior author makes the nasal tip more symmetric and requires less complex intervention at the time of definitive secondary rhinoplasty. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.
Local Governments

The Clean Air Act (CAA) utilizes an intergovernment partnership, relying heavily on the states for implementation. However, local governments have emerged in recent years as key players in improving local air quality. With no official role under the CAA and research typically overlooking their efforts, they are serving as “hidden” partners in the implementation process. Nevertheless, they are playing a role in improving and maintaining air quality in some local communities. Analysis of air quality monitoring sites indicates these initiatives can be successful, if the local government has the capacity to effect change across the entire area.
The accuracy of the Alvarado score in predicting acute appendicitis in the black South African population needs to be validated.

BACKGROUND The Alvarado score is the most widely used clinical prediction tool to facilitate decision-making in patients with acute appendicitis, but it has not been validated in the black South African population, which has much wider differential diagnosis than developed world populations. We investigated the applicability of this score to our local population and sought to introduce a checklist for rural doctors to facilitate early referral. METHODS We analyzed patients with proven appendicitis for the period January 2008 to December 2012. Alvarado scores were retrospectively assigned based on patients' admission charts. We generated a clinical probability score (1-4 = low, 5-6 = intermediate, 7-10 = high). RESULTS We studied 1000 patients (54% male, median age 21 yr). Forty percent had inflamed, nonperforated appendices and 60% had perforated appendices. Alvarado scores were 1-4 in 20.9%, 5-6 in 35.7% and 7-10 in 43.4%, indicating low, intermediate and high clincial probability, respectively. In our subgroup analysis of 510 patients without generalized peritonitis, Alvarado scores were 1-4 in 5.5%, 5-6 in 18.1% and 7-10 in 76.4%, indicating low, intermediate and high clinical probability, respectively. CONCLUSION The widespread use of the Alvarado score has its merits, but its applicability in the black South African population is unclear, with a significant proportion of patients with the disease being potentially missed. Further prospective validation of the Alvarado score and possible modification is needed to increase its relevance in our setting.