Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Spatial Effects in Early Carcinogenesis : Stochastic Versus Deterministic Reaction-Diffusion Systems

We consider the early carcinogenesis model originally proposed as a deterministic reaction-diffusion system. The model has been conceived to explore the spatial effects stemming from growth regulation of pre-cancerous cells by diffusing growth factor molecules. The model exhibited Turing instability producing transient spatial spikes in cell density, which might be considered a model counterpart of emerging foci of malignant cells. However, the process of diffusion of growth factor molecules is by its nature a stochastic random walk. An interesting question emerges to what extent the dynamics of the deterministic diffusion model approximates the stochastic process generated by the model. We address this question using simulations with a new software tool called sbioPN (spatial biological Petri Nets). The conclusion is that whereas single-realization dynamics of the stochastic process is very different from the behavior of the reaction diffusion system, it is becoming more similar when averaged over a large number of realizations. The degree of similarity depends on model parameters. Interestingly, despite the differences, typical realizations of the stochastic process include spikes of cell density, which however are spread more uniformly and are less dependent of initial conditions than those produced by the reaction-diffusion system.
Tissue diversity in respiratory metabolism and free radical processes in embryonic axes of the white mangrove (Avicennia marina L.) during drying and wet storage

Species diversity in responses to desiccation in plants is well studied and documented. However, organ and tissue variability in plant dehydration responses is not as well investigated and understood. Therefore, the responses of whole axes, hypocotyls, root primordia and plumules of white mangrove to drying and wet storage were monitored. Increasing the rate of drying lowered the critical and lethal water concentrations for survival as assessed by germination capacity and tetrazolium staining. Dehydration and hydrated storage were generally associated with decrease in activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK) and malate dehydrogenase and levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and an increase in the levels of hydroperoxides in whole axes, hypocotyls, root primordia and plumules and membrane damage in axes. Increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and decrease in the activities of glutathione reductase and amounts of ascorbate accompanied drying and moist storage in all tissues, in general. Apart from the activity of PFK, the plumules showed the highest activities and quantities of all the enzymes and compounds among the tissues during desiccation and wet storage. It is possible that this tissue, despite its relatively small size and volume plays disproportionately an important role in the events described. Nonetheless, it is likely that physical rather than metabolic damage underlined loss of viability as it occurred at high water concentration. Keywords: Antioxidant, Avicennia marina desiccation, drying rate, free radical processes, lipid peroxidation, metabolism, respiration seed survival African Journal of Biotechnology , Vol 13(17), 1813-1823
The Phase Composition and Magnetic Properties of Film Systems Based on Fe(Co) and Gd(Dy)

The article represents the results of a comprehensive study of the structural and phase state and magnetic properties of three-layer Co(Fe)/Gd(Dy)/Co(Fe)/Sub film systems before and after heat treatment. It is shown that the structural and phase state of Gd and Dy films depends on their thickness, and the processes of phase formation in three-layer films have a number of features. It is established that magnetic properties of film systems correlate with their structural and phase state, leading to a change in the coercive force and residual magnetization and the nature of the dependences between the film magnetization and the applied external magnetic field.
When More Flexibility Yields More Fragility: The Microfoundations of Keynesian Aggregate Unemployment

Wages are an element of cost crucially aecting the competitiveness of individual firms. But the wage bill is also a crucial element of aggregate demand. Hence it could be that more "flexible" and fluid labour markets, while allowing for faster inter-firm reallocation of labour, may also render the whole economic system more fragile, more prone to recession, more volatile. In this work we investigate some conditions under which such a conjecture applies. The paper presents an agent- based model that investigates the effects of two "archetypes of capitalism", in terms of regimes of labour governance - defined by the mechanisms of wage determination, firing, labour protection and productivity gains sharing - upon (i) labour market regularities and (ii) macroeconomic dynamics (long-term rates of growth, GDP uctuations, unemployment rates, inequality, etc.). The model is built upon the "Keynes meets Schumpeter" family of models (Dosi et al., 2010), explicitly incorporating different microfounded labour market regimes. Our results show that seemingly more rigid labour markets and labour relations are conducive to coordination successes with higher and smoother growth.
Pengantar Ilmu Pajak: Kebijakan dan Implementasi di Indonesia

Bab 1 Pengertian Pajak: Paradigma dan Rekonstruksi Bab 2 Fungsi Negara dan Pajak Bab 3 Penggolongan (Klasifikasi) Pajak Bab 4 Sistem Perpajakan Bab 5 Hukum Pajak dan Yuridiksi Pemajakan Bab 6 Asas-asas Pemungutan Pajak Bab 7 Pajak Berbasis Penghasilan Bab 8 Pajak Berbasis Konsumsi Bab 9 Konsep dan Teori Pertambahan Nilai
Rethinking environmental leadership: The social construction of leaders and leadership in discourses of ecological crisis, development, and conservation

Leadership is heralded as being critical to addressing the “crisis of governance” facing the Earth's natural systems. While political, economic, and corporate discourses of leadership have been widely and critically interrogated, narratives of environmental leadership remain relatively neglected in the academic literature. The aims of this paper are twofold. First, to highlight the centrality and importance of environmental science's construction and mobilization of leadership discourse. Second, to offer a critical analysis of environmental sciences' deployment of leadership theory and constructs. The authors build on a review of leadership research in environmental science that reveals how leadership is conceptualized and analyzed in this field of study. It is argued that environmental leadership research reflects rather narrow framings of leadership. An analytical typology proposed by Keith Grint is employed to demonstrate how any singular framing of environmental leadership as person, position, process, result, or purpose is problematic and needs to be supplanted by a pluralistic view. The paper concludes by highlighting key areas for improvement in environmental leadership research, with emphasis on how a political ecology of environmental crisis narratives contributes to a more critical body of research on leadership in environmental science.
Adapting Auxiliary Losses Using Gradient Similarity

One approach to deal with the statistical inefficiency of neural networks is to rely on auxiliary losses that help to build useful representations. However, it is not always trivial to know if an auxiliary task will be helpful for the main task and when it could start hurting. We propose to use the cosine similarity between gradients of tasks as an adaptive weight to detect when an auxiliary loss is helpful to the main loss. We show that our approach is guaranteed to converge to critical points of the main task and demonstrate the practical usefulness of the proposed algorithm in a few domains: multi-task supervised learning on subsets of ImageNet, reinforcement learning on gridworld, and reinforcement learning on Atari games.
Property Investments and Prestige Projects in Damascus: Urban and Town Planning Metamorphosis

In 2005, in announcing the acceleration of the open-economy policy, Bachar al- Assad, President of the Syrian Arab Republic, responded positively to the growing interest from Gulf region investors in regionally specific investment. Several laws were initiated to accompany a rapid increase in number of investments in luxury property projects announced. This paper studies this process, the impacts on Damascus of the announcements and the (limited) realization of these prestige projects. It highlights the new dynamics produced to revitalize the city centre and to create new secondary urban centers. It also shows that this process induced the emergence of new urban planning practices, as well as the implementation of many other projects designed specifically for lower income categories.
Promoting Early Identification of Autism in the Primary Care Setting: Bridging the Gap Between What We Know and What We Do

During the last decade, research on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has made tremendous progress with regard to early identification and diagnosis. These advances were made possible by a growing number of rigorous research studies with large sample sizes that utilized a combination of: (1) retrospective parent report and home video studies [1], (2) prospective studies of infant siblings of children with ASD [2], (3) population-wide studies of ASD screening tools [3], and (4) studies on the early stability of diagnostic classifications [4]. Advances in best practices related to early identification are reflected in a 2006 policy statement published by the American Academy of Pediatrics [5], and a corresponding set of clinical practice guidelines [6]. According to these guidelines, it is recommended that Primary Care Providers (PCPs; e.g., family physicians, pediatricians) administer formal screening tests during every well-child visit scheduled at 18 and 24 months, independent of known risk factors or reported concerns. Moreover, PCPs are urged to promptly refer children for Early Inter‐ vention1 services as soon as ASD is seriously considered.
Effect of zinc supplementation on preventing Diarrhea in children

Introduction: Diarrhea still remains a leading cause of mortality in developing countries. Zinc has been reported to affect the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. This study was aimed at evaluating the prophylactic effect of zinc on prevention of diarrhea in children. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed on 100 children of 6-36 months referring to Children Hospital outpatient clinic in Bandar Abbas who had no diarrhea during the study and no underlying medical condition such as celiac and allergy to cow’s milk. The subjects were randomly divided into two 50-member groups of supplementation who received zinc sulfate for three months and control who received no drugs. All children were followed up every 3 weeks for one year. Gastroenteritis, type of diarrhea, and the duration of each episode were recorded. Data were analyzed with Chi-square and t-test. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 21.5±7.9 months (ranged from 6 to 36 months); 61% of whom were male and 39% were female. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of baseline characteristics and history of vaccination. The incidence of diarrhea, fever, and vomiting had no statistically significant difference between both groups (P=0.83, P=0.88, P=0.53, respectively). No significant difference existed between the groups in terms of the mean number of diarrheal episodes (P=0.96) and the duration of diarrhea (P=0.09). Conclusion: The use of zinc for three months as prophylaxis had no impact on reducing the number and incidence of diarrhea in children aged between 6 and 36 months.
Spontaneous Generation of Near-Inertial Waves by the Kuroshio Front

AbstractWhile near-inertial waves are known to be generated by atmospheric storms, recent observations in the Kuroshio Front find intense near-inertial internal-wave shear along sloping isopycnals, even during calm weather. Recent literature suggests that spontaneous generation of near-inertial waves by frontal instabilities could represent a major sink for the subinertial quasigeostrophic circulation. An unforced three-dimensional 1-km-resolution model, initialized with the observed cross-Kuroshio structure, is used to explore this mechanism. After several weeks, the model exhibits growth of 10–100-km-scale frontal meanders, accompanied by O(10) mW m−2 spontaneous generation of near-inertial waves associated with readjustment of submesoscale fronts forced out of balance by mesoscale confluent flows. These waves have properties resembling those in the observations. However, they are reabsorbed into the model Kuroshio Front with no more than 15% dissipating or radiating away. Thus, spontaneous generation o.
Fighting African Capital Flight: Empirics on Benchmarking Policy Harmonization

With earthshaking and heartbreaking trends in African capital flight provided by a new database, this paper complements existing literature by answering some key policy questions on the feasibility of and timeframe for policy harmonization in the battle against the economic scourge. The goal of the paper is to study beta-convergence of capital flight across a set of 37 African countries in the period 1980-2010 and to discuss the policy implications. Three main findings are established. (1) African countries with low capital flight rates are catching-up their counterparts with higher rates, implying the feasibility of policy harmonization towards fighting capital flight. (2) Petroleum-exporting and conflict-affected countries significantly play out in absolute and conditional convergences respectively. (3) Regardless of fundamental characteristics, a genuine timeframe for harmonizing policies is within a horizon of 6 to 13 years. In other words, full (100%) convergence within the specified horizon is an indication that policies and regulations can be enforced without distinction of nationality or locality.
The We and the I: The Logic of Voluntary Associations

This paper sheds new light on the economic logic of voluntary associations and the relationship between individual contribution and collective action. The aims are twofold. Firstly, we seek to explain how "team reasoning" (Bacharach et al. 2006) can deeply change the functioning of voluntary associations (which are considered to produce a public good) when some or all of the individual members group together to make collective decisions about their involvement or contribution, rather than deciding separately. Secondly, we seek to better understand the effects of heterogeneity of resources on individual involvement, in terms of both the budget constraints of individual members and their capacity to contribute differentiated non-monetary contributions to the association, in relation to the diversity of their personal abilities and preferences about the characteristics of the good produced. To this end, we use a model of voluntary association collectively producing a public good, where monetary contributions (compulsory fees plus voluntary donations) is combined with volunteering. We analyze the conditions for an association to offer profitable conditions to its members and the consequences that can be drawn in terms of its existence and size. We show that, at equilibrium, the level of voluntary contributions is ceteris paribus higher when individuals make their decisions on the basis of team-reasoning rather than individually. We analyze the role played by heterogeneity of incomes in the formation of teams within associations. We then introduce the concept of subjective quality into the basic model. The originality of the model is that we assume the public good to be characterized by at least two main components: quantity and quality. The quantity is considered here as a purely public component, insofar as all the members benefit equally from it. However, the quality of the public good is assumed to be a mixed (public and private) component. The agents can enjoy part of it in the same way, but there may be certain characteristics of quality that are difficult or impossible to measure objectively. Quality is always somewhat subjective, to the extent that perfect correspondence with the preferences of heterogeneous agents is unlikely to occur. In our model, the agents can contribute money and/or time and effort. The latter, which we call volunteering, allows them to influence the quality of the good (or service) provided according to their own preferences.
Towards a complete census of active galactic nuclei in nearby galaxies: the incidence of growing black holes

We investigate the local supermassive black hole (SMBH) density function and relative mass accretion rates of all active galactic nuclei (AGNs) identified in a volume-limited sample of infrared (IR) bright galaxies (L IR > 3 × 10 9 L O ) to D < 15 Mpc. A data base of accurate SMBH mass (M BH ) estimates is compiled from literature sources using physically motivated AGN modelling techniques (reverberation mapping, maser mapping and gas kinematics) and well-established indirect M BH estimation methods (the M―σ * and M BH ―L K,bul relations). For the three sources without previously published M BH estimates, we use Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) K-band imaging and GALFIT to constrain the bulge luminosities, and hence SMBH masses. In general, we find the AGNs in the sample host SMBHs which are spread over a wide mass range [M BH ≈ (0.1-30) × 10 7 M ⊙ ], but with the majority in the poorly studied M BH ≈ 10 6 ―10 7 M ⊙ region. Using sensitive hard X-ray (2―10 keV) and mid-IR constraints we calculate the bolometric luminosities of the AGNs (L Bol,AGN ) and use them to estimate relative mass accretion rates. We use these data to calculate the volume-averaged SMBH growth rate of galaxies in the local Universe and find that the AGNs hosting SMBHs in the mass range M BH ≈ 10 6 ―10 7 M ⊙ are dominated by optically unidentified AGNs. These relatively small SMBHs are acquiring a significant proportion of their mass in the present day, and are amongst the most rapidly growing in the local Universe (SMBH mass-doubling times of ≈6 Gyr). Additionally, we find tentative evidence for an increasing volume-weighted AGN fraction with decreasing SMBH mass in the M BH ≈ 10 6 ―10 8 M ⊙ range. Overall, we conclude that significant mass accretion on to small SMBHs may be missed in even the most sensitive optical surveys due to absent or weak optical AGN signatures.
Plankton succession and responses to manipulations in a marine basin for larval fish rearing

A marine basin was constructed in order to provide fish larvae a natural environment for growth and survival. In nature, similar enclosed systems are limited by stagnant water and anoxic conditions. Consequently, 3 types of manipulations were performed(1) turbulence with a propeller; (2 ) artificial fertilization; (3) pumping water into the basin. Positive correlations were found between chlorophyll content a , diatom concentration and oxygen saturation Turbulence induced by the propeller, together with supply of nltrate and silicate, promoted diatom growth and resulted in increased oxygen concentrations. In general, the manipulations resulted in ~rnproved water quality by favoring d~a toms , increased oxygen concentrations, and at the end of the Inve5tlgatlon, increased product~on of ca lano~d nauplii. Detrended correspondence analysis of specles composition Indicated that phytoplankton was most affected by turbulence, w h ~ l e ciliates were most affected by fertilization. No effects on composition of the larger zooplankton were identified. The production capacity was estimated and discussed in relation to closed vs advective systems.
Firm Location and the Creation and Utilization of Human Capital

This paper presents a theory of location choice that draws on insights from the incomplete contracts and investment flexibility (real option) literatures. We provide conditions under which human capital is more efficiently created and better utilized within industrial clusters that contain similar firms. Our analysis indicates that location choices are influenced by the extent to which training costs are borne by firms versus employees as well as by the uncertainty about future productivity shocks and the ability of firms to modify the scale of their operations. Extensions of our model consider, among other things, endogenous technological choices by firms in clusters and how behavioral biases (i.e., managerial overconfidence about their firms' prospects) can affect firms' location choices.
Spatial and temporal patterns of Cenozoic dynamic topography around Australia

Despite its importance, the spatial and temporal pattern of dynamic topography generated by mantle convective circulation is poorly known. We present accurate estimates of dynamic topography from oceanic basins and continental margins surrounding Australia. Our starting point is measurement of residual depth anomalies on the oldest oceanic floor adjacent to the continental shelf. These anomalies were determined from a combined dataset of ~200 seismic reflection and wide‐angle images of well‐sedimented oceanic crust. They have amplitudes of between −1 km and +0.5 km, and their spatial variation is broadly consistent with long‐wavelength free‐air gravity and shallow seismic tomographic anomalies. Along the Northwest Shelf, a regional depth anomaly of −300 to −700 m intersects the adjacent continental shelf. The temporal evolution of this anomaly was determined by analyzing the stratigraphic architecture of an extensive carbonate platform, which fringes the shelf and records a dramatic switch from progradation to aggradation during Neogene times. Three‐dimensional seismic mapping calibrated by boreholes was used to calculate water‐loaded subsidence histories at rollover points of clinoforms along the shelf. At 9 ± 3 Ma, the rate of subsidence increases from 5 to up 75 m Myr−1, generating a subsidence anomaly of −300 to −700 m. The amplitude of this anomaly varies along the shelf and cannot be generated by glacio‐eustatic sea‐level variation. Instead, we propose that a regional subsidence episode, which affects both the proximal shelf and the distal oceanic basin, was generated by convective drawdown. By combining our results with other published estimates of uplift and subsidence, a map of Australia, which shows the spatial and temporal pattern of dynamic topography is presented. Most, but not all, of Australia's epeirogeny can be attributed to rapid northward motion of the Australian plate over a pre‐existing pattern of convective circulation.