Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Sulfuric Acid in Atmospheric Nucleation

Little Things Do Matter Gas-phase sulfuric acid is important during atmospheric particle formation, but the mechanisms by which it forms new particles are unclear. Laboratory studies of the binary nucleation of sulfuric acid with water produce particles at rates that are many orders of magnitude too small to explain the concentration of sulfuric acid particles found in the atmosphere. Sipilä et al. (p. 1243) now show that gas-phase sulfuric acid does, in fact, undergo nucleation in the presence of water at a rate fast enough to account for the observed abundance of sulfuric acid particles in the atmosphere. These particles, which contain 1 to 2 sulfuric acid molecules each, were not detectable previously, owing to their small size, with diameters as small as 1.5 nanometers. Gas-phase sulfuric acid and water react fast enough to account for the concentration of atmospheric sulfuric acid particles. Nucleation is a fundamental step in atmospheric new-particle formation. However, laboratory experiments on nucleation have systematically failed to demonstrate sulfuric acid particle formation rates as high as those necessary to account for ambient atmospheric concentrations, and the role of sulfuric acid in atmospheric nucleation has remained a mystery. Here, we report measurements of new particles (with diameters of approximately 1.5 nanometers) observed immediately after their formation at atmospherically relevant sulfuric acid concentrations. Furthermore, we show that correlations between measured nucleation rates and sulfuric acid concentrations suggest that freshly formed particles contain one to two sulfuric acid molecules, a number consistent with assumptions that are based on atmospheric observations. Incorporation of these findings into global models should improve the understanding of the impact of secondary particle formation on climate.
CELLULAR DETERMINANTS OF MAMMARY CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN THE RAT: KINETICS OF LYMPHOCYTE SUBSET ACCUMULATION IN THE RAT MAMMARY GLAND DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION *

The present study was undertaken to determine the pattern of T- and B-lymphocyte accumulation in the rat mammary gland during gestation, lactation, and weaning. Adoptive transfer experiments were then used to identify the likely source and extent of immigrating cells during this period. Our results indicate that the mammary gland accumulates levels of cIgA+, W3/13+, and W3/25+ cells that are approximately one third their densities in the small intestine. Cell migration studies suggest that the input of immigrating B-cells is not sufficient to maintain these levels in the gland, and we have suggested that substantial clonal expansion must occur among cIgA+ B-cells within the mammary tissue itself. The migratory behavior of T-cells, their pattern of appearance throughout gestation and lactation, and the predominance of the T-helper cell subset suggest that T-cells regulate B-cell development within the mammary gland.
Process‐Based Costing

Understanding how quality improvement affects costs is important. Unfortunately, low-cost, reliable ways of measuring direct costs are scarce. This article builds on the principles of process improvement to develop a costing strategy that meets both criteria. Process-based costing has 4 steps: developing a flowchart, estimating resource use, valuing resources, and calculating direct costs. To illustrate the technique, this article uses it to cost the care planning process in 3 long-term care facilities. We conclude that process-based costing is easy to implement; generates reliable, valid data; and allows nursing managers to assess the costs of new or modified processes.
Multivariate analysis of allozymic and quantitative trait variation in Alnus rubra: geographic patterns and evolutionary implications

Frequency data from six polymorphic allozyme loci and measurements of six quantitative traits were used to examine geographic differentiation among 65 British Columbia provenances of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.). Principal components analysis showed that variation in quantitative traits can be reduced to two underlying dimensions, one representing general vigor including the termination of the growing period and the other being the start of the growing period. Canonical correlation analysis among quantitative traits, allozyme frequencies, and geographic variables revealed complex associations of quantitative traits with the latitude, distance to the coast, and elevation of the seed source. There were no significant correlations among allozyme frequencies and quantitative traits, but the frequency of the most common allele at most loci decreased with latitude. Further, cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distance revealed a strong differentiation among island and mainland provenances at one allozyme l.
A one‐year survey on the use of a powder from Rosa canina lito in acute exacerbations of chronic pain

This pilot surveillance included 152 patients with acute exacerbations of chronic pain, 124 (Back group) with non‐specific low back pain (NSLBP), 20 with NSLBP overridden by osteoarthritic pain (Knee‐Hip group), and eight with specific LBP (included in the safety analysis). Patients were recommended the rose hip and seed powder LitozinR at a dose providing up to 3 mg of galactolipid/day for up to 54 weeks. Clinical symptoms and well‐being were assessed every 6 weeks. The patients also kept a diary of their pain and the requirement for rescue medication. Data were analysed by intention to treat with last observation carried forward.
Pregnancy‐related deaths due to pulmonary embolism in Sweden

Background. The objective of this study was to report deaths from amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) and pregnancy‐related venous thromboembolism (VTE), to study contributing factors, and to analyse mortality trends. Methods. Using the Swedish Cause of Death Register (CDR), we identified all women aged 15–44, who died during 1990–1999, with VTE or AFE coded as the underlying or contributory cause of death. We scrutinised medical records, and women who had died during pregnancy or within 6 weeks of terminated pregnancy were included. We also used data from the Medical Birth Register (MBR) on incident and fatal cases. Mortality data from the 1970s and 1980s were based on previous studies, in which cases were identified through register linkage (CDR and MBR). Results. Five women died of AFE and 10 of VTE – 6 in early pregnancy – during the 1990s. Five of the cases were not registered as maternal deaths. Only 4 cases were reported as pregnancy‐related deaths from pulmonary embolism (PE). Cesarean section/surgery without thromboprophylaxis, overweight, severe intercurrent disease, delays in seeking health care, and verbal miscommunication were contributing factors in the VTE cases. VTE mortality rates (pregnancy >28 weeks and/or a registered birth) were 1.0 (0.5–1.8), 0.8 (0.3–1.6), and 0.4 (0.1–1.0) per 100,000 live births during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, respectively; the corresponding respective figures for AFE were 1.0 (0.5–1.8), 1.1 (0.6–2.1), and 0.5 (0.2–1.1) per 100,000 live births. The case fatality rate for VTE decreased from 4.5% in the 1970s, to 0.6% in the 1990s, paralleled with quadrupled incidence. The case fatality rate for AFE was unaltered and high, around 45%, during those 3 decades. Conclusions. Mortality from pregnancy‐related PE in Sweden is in the lowest range ever reported, and shows a downward trend during the 1990s, with a shift towards early pregnancy. In order to monitor mortality trends, death certificate quality must improve, and registers must be linked routinely.
The Relationship Between Corneal Biomechanical Properties and Confocal Microscopy Findings in Normal and Keratoconic Eyes

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between corneal biomechanical properties and confocal microscopy (CM) findings in normal and keratoconic eyes. Methods: The study consisted of 28 eyes of 28 healthy volunteers and 23 eyes of 15 patients with keratoconus. The diagnosis of keratoconus was made with corneal topography and clinical findings. The corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) were measured by the ocular response analyzer. In vivo CM was performed with NIDEK Confoscan 3. CH and CRF were compared with corneal morphological findings (detailed cell counts of endothelial, stromal, and epithelial cells) in vivo. Results: CH was 10.1 ± 1.3 mm Hg in normal eyes and 7.4 ± 1.5 mm Hg in keratoconic eyes (P < 0.0001). CRF was 10.1 ± 1.8 mm Hg in normal eyes and 6.2 ± 1.4 mm Hg in keratoconic eyes (P < 0.0001). CH and CRF were negatively correlated with full-thickness stromal keratocyte density (P < 0.01; r = −0.52 and P < 0.001; r = −0.67, respectively) in healthy eyes. Keratocyte density of the posterior half of the stroma was found to be significantly related with CRF in healthy eyes (β = −0.404; P = 0.01). There was no significant relationship among CH, CRF, and CM findings in eyes with keratoconus. Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between CRF and keratocyte density of the posterior half of the stroma in healthy eyes. Our results suggest that corneal elasticity is related to not only stromal matrix but also cellular structure of the cornea.
Estimating Basal Area and Stem Volume for Individual Trees from Lidar Data

This study proposes a new metric called canopy geometric volume G, which is derived from small-footprint lidar data, for estimating individual-tree basal area and stem volume. Based on the plant allometry relationship, we found that basal area B is exponentially related to G (B �� 1G 3⁄4 , where � 1 is a constant) and stem volume V is proportional to G (V � � 2G, where � 2 is a constant). The models based on these relationships were compared with a number of models based on tree height and/or crown diameter. The models were tested over individual trees in a deciduous oak woodland in California in the case that individual tree crowns are either correctly or incorrectly segmented. When trees are incorrectly segmented, the theoretical model B � � 1G 3⁄4 has the best performance (adjusted R 2 , � 0.78) and the model V � � 2G has the second to the best performance ( � 0.78). When trees are correctly segmented, the theoretical models are among the top three models for estimating basal area ( � 0.77) and stem volume ( � 0.79). Overall, these theoretical models are the best when considering a number of factors such as the performance, the model parsimony, and the sensitivity to errors in tree crown segmentation. Further research is needed to test these models over sites with multiple species.
Evolutionary social psychology and family homicide.

Homicide is an extreme manifestation of interpersonal conflict with minimal reporting bias and can thus be used as a conflict "assay. " Evolutionary models of social motives predict that genetic relationship will be associated with mitigation of conflict, and various analyses of homicide data support this prediction. Most "family" homicides are spousal homicides, fueled by male sexual proprietariness. In the case of parent-offspring conflict, an evolutionary model predicts variations in the risk of violence as a function of the ages, sexes, and other characteristics of protagonists, and these predictions are upheld in tests with data on infanticides, parricides, and filicides.
Expectancies as core features of mental disorders

Purpose of review Expectancies are core features of mental disorders, and change in expectations is therefore one of the core mechanisms of treatment in psychiatry. We aim to improve our understanding of expectancies by summarizing factors that contribute to their development, persistence, and modification. We pay particular attention to the issue of persistence of expectancies despite experiences that contradict them. Recent findings Based on recent research findings, we propose a new model for expectation persistence and expectation change. When expectations are established, effects are evident in neural and other biological systems, for example, via anticipatory reactions, different biological reactions to expected versus unexpected stimuli, etc. Psychological ‘immunization’ and ‘assimilation’, implicit self-confirming processes, and stability of biological processes help us to better understand why expectancies persist even in the presence of expectation violations. Summary Learning theory, attentional processes, social influences, and biological determinants contribute to the development, persistence, and modification of expectancies. Psychological interventions should focus on optimizing expectation violation to achieve optimal treatment outcome and to avoid treatment failures.
The Low Anterior Five-O'clock Portal During Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery Performed in the Beach-Chair Position

We evaluated the difficulty, accuracy, and safety of establishing a low anterior 5-o'clock portal for anterior capsulolabral repair in patients positioned in the beach-chair position during shoulder arthroscopy. An initial 5-o'clock portal was created using an inside-out technique as described by Davidson and Tibone. During establishment of the portal, significant force was required to lever the humeral head laterally, and chondral indentations were noted in several specimens. Because of the difficulty noted establishing the 5-o'clock portal using an inside-out technique, we attempted to establish a 5-o'clock anterior portal using an outside-in technique. Seven fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders underwent shoulder arthroscopy in the beach-chair position. After the establishment of a 3-o'clock portal, a specially constructed guide was used to place a pin at the 5-o'clock position. The distances of the pins from the cephalic vein and the musculocutaneous and axillary nerves were recorded. The bottom (5-o'clock position) and top (3-o'clock position) pins varied from 12 to 20 mm from the musculocutaneous and axillary nerves. The bottom pin was located within 2 mm of the cephalic vein and varied from medial to lateral in different specimens. We do not recommend the use of a 5-o'clock portal using an inside-out or outside-in technique for patients positioned in the beach-chair position during shoulder arthroscopy because of the potential for cephalic vein or articular cartilage injury.
Joint attention and disorganized attachment status in infants at risk

The development of joint attention skills is a major milestone of infancy. Recent research suggests that the development of these skills may be affected by disorganized (D) attachment. This hypothesis was examined in a longitudinal study of attachment and joint attention skill development in a sample of infants at risk for developmental–behavioral morbidity. The results revealed that toddlers with D classifications initiated joint attention with an experimenter significantly less often than did secure, or even other insecure, toddlers. However, no group differences in the capacity to respond to the joint attention bids of others were observed in this study. These data suggest that a disturbance in the tendency to initiate episodes of joint attention with others may be indicative of early social–cognitive and social–emotional disturbance among infants affected by disorganized attachment status. Theory and research is reviewed to suggest that an early impairment in joint attention facility may make a significant contribution to risk for negative cognitive and emotional outcomes among these infants.
Potential Benefits of Incorporating Peer-to-Peer Interactions Into Digital Interventions for Psychotic Disorders: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE Peer-to-peer interactions and support groups mitigate experiences of social isolation and loneliness often reported by individuals with psychotic disorders. Online peer-to-peer communication can promote broader use of this form of social support. Peer-to-peer interactions occur naturally on social media platforms, but they can negatively affect mental health. Recent digital interventions for persons with psychotic disorders have harnessed the principles of social media to incorporate peer-to-peer communication. This review examined the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of recent digital interventions in order to identify strategies to maximize benefits of online peer-to-peer communication for persons with psychotic disorders. METHODS An electronic database search of PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Health Technology Assessment Database was conducted in February 2017 and yielded a total of 1,015 results. Eight publications that reported data from six independent trials and five interventions were reviewed. RESULTS The technology supporting peer-to-peer communication varied greatly across studies, from online forums to embedded social networking. When peer-to-peer interactions were moderated by facilitators, retention, engagement, acceptability, and efficacy were higher than for interventions with no facilitators. Individuals with psychotic disorders were actively engaged with moderated peer-to-peer communication and showed improvements in perceived social support. Studies involving service users in intervention design showed higher rates of acceptability. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with psychotic disorders value and benefit from digital interventions that include moderated peer-to-peer interactions. Incorporating peer-to-peer communication into digital interventions for this population may increase compliance with other evidence-based therapies by producing more acceptable and engaging online environments.
SEXUAL SELECTION ON BODY SIZE, TERRITORY AND PLUMAGE VARIABLES IN A POPULATION OF DARWIN'S FINCHES

Sexual selection on a phenotypic trait arises when that trait covaries with mating success among individuals of the same sex, usually males. As such sexual selection is thought to occur most readily and strongly in polygamous species where variance in mating success is high, but it can occur also in monogamous species where there is competition among males for early breeding females (Darwin, 1871 Ch. 8; O'Donald, 1980). As Darwin originally recognized, sexual selection in monogamous systems will be intensified when the sex ratio is skewed in favor of males. This paper reports on sexual selection on male body size, plumage and territory size characteristics in a small population of Darwin's Medium Ground Finches (Geospiza fortis) on I. Daphne Major, Galapagos, Ecuador. The species is monogamous, but during this study (from 1979 to 198 1) males have outnumbered females by a factor of three to two.
Differential effects of endurance and resistance training on central fatigue

Abstract The effect of long-term endurance and resistance training on central fatigue has been studied using transcranial magnetic stimulation by exercising the biceps brachii to exhaustion and recording motor-evoked potentials from the non-exercised homologous biceps. Three groups of eight healthy individuals took part: two groups of individuals who had more than 8 years of athletic training in either an endurance or resistance sport, and a group of controls. The size of a motor-evoked potential (area of averaged rectified response) was significantly depressed in all three groups in the non-exercised arm after exhaustive exercise of the opposite arm. Recovery of motor-evoked potentials occurred earlier in endurance athletes (20 min) than in control participants (30 min) and resistance athletes (>30 min). Dexterity and maximum voluntary contraction of the biceps for the non-exercised arm were not depressed in any group. In a separate session, the limit of endurance time for the biceps was reduced significantly following exhaustive exercise of the biceps of the other arm for resistance athletes and control participants, whereas there was no change in the endurance athletes. Our findings suggest that athletic training has an effect on the mechanism of central fatigue that may be specific to the nature of training.
The impact of CCL 3 L 1 copy number in an HIV-1-infected white population

We examined the effect of CCL3L1 gene copy number on disease progression in a North American white cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals. Although CCL3L1 copy number is enriched in uninfected Caucasians, in HIV-1-infected individuals CCL3L1 copy number did not correlate either with long-termnonprogressionorwithCD4cell countor viral load in chronic progressors. These findings underscore the heterogeneity of factors involved with long-term nonprogression when comparing cohorts of varying ethnic backgrounds.
The distribution of angiotensinogen in dog brain studied by cell fractionation.

Cerebrospinal fluid contains angiotensinogen; however, its origin and role are not known. The possibility that brain cells contain angiotensinogen in granules was examined by cell fractionation. Subcellular fractions of midbrain and forebrain of dogs generated angiotensin I over a period of 60 min when incubated with renin at 37 C, pH 7.4. The results for midbrain and forebrain were virtually identical. The highest specific concentration of angiotensinogen was in the soluble fraction. Some angiotensinogen was present in granule fractions, but it was shown by isopycnic gradient centrifugation and in control experiments using 125I-labeled human serum albumin and an 125I-labeled preparation of dog angiotensinogen that this could be accounted for entirely by soluble contaminant and nonspecific uptake by granules, probably lysosomes, during the fractionation procedure. The concentration in whole tissue was ca. 45 pmol/g tissue and calculations based on the concentration in cerebrospinal fluid suggest that all .
Experimental investigation on the dynamic of cathode spot of vacuum arc in external transverse magnetic field

In this paper, the dynamic of single cathode spot (CS) in external transverse magnetic field (TMF) up to 200mT is investigated experimentally. The constant arc current of 40A is used in this work, with which there is only one CS. Experiments are conducted with Cu and CuCr25 butt contacts in a demountable vacuum chamber. The gap distance is fixed at 4mm. The uniform constant TMF (Bt) within the inter-contacts region is supplied by Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets. Images of CS are photographed through the observation window by a digital high-speed camera with an exposure time of 2μs. Experimental results show that the velocity Vr of retrograde motion of CS on both Cu and CuCr25 cathode increases linearly with external TMF with a proportional coefficient Kr in a certain range of Bt, and then increases nonlinearly and slowly with further increased of Bt. The proportional coefficients Kr are about 109 m/(s T) and 190 m/(s T) respectively for Cu and CuCr25 cathode.
The carboxyl‐terminal SH3 domain of the mammalian adaptor CrkII promotes internalization of Listeria monocytogenes through activation of host phosphoinositide 3‐kinase

The intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes causes food‐borne illnesses leading to gastroenteritis, meningitis or abortion. Listeria induces its internalization into some mammalian cells through binding of the bacterial surface protein InlB to its host receptor, the Met Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. InlB‐induced activation of Met stimulates host signal transduction pathways that culminate in cell surface changes driving pathogen engulfment. One mammalian protein with the potential to couple Met to downstream signalling is the adaptor CrkII. CrkII contains an unusual carboxyl‐terminal SH3 domain (SH3C) that promotes entry of Listeria. However, binding partners or downstream effectors of SH3C remain unknown. Here, we use RNA interference and overexpression studies to demonstrate that SH3C affects bacterial uptake, at least in part, through stimulation of host phosphatidylinositide (PI) 3‐kinase. Experiments with latex beads coated with InlB protein indicated that one potential role of SH3C and PI 3 kinase is to promote changes in the F‐actin cytoskeleton necessary for particle engulfment. Taken together, our results indicate that the CrkII SH3C domain engages a cellular ligand that regulates PI 3 kinase activity and host cell surface rearrangements.