Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Shift Toward Resilience?

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present a concern across clinical, academic, and social domains. However, a subset of these children does fairly well symptomatically and functionally. This article employs a resilience framework to organize the research on factors that promote favorable outcomes in ADHD. A PubMed search was conducted using key words: resilience and ADHD. Of particular interest were articles focusing on modifiable protective factors, such as parenting and pharmacotherapy. There is consensus that genetics strongly contributes to the etiology of ADHD. Parental, peer, and environmental factors may interact with genes to moderate the developmental expression of ADHD. Pharmacotherapy research reveals that medications exert positive effects of modest magnitude in academic achievement, social functioning and quality of life. However, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether treatment can modify developmental outcomes. Efforts to strengthen family support along with access to health and educational resources may also optimize outcomes.
"Soccer moms" and the new care work

Contemporary mothers are engaged in modern motherhood: holding employment and rearing children concurrently. Further, modern mothers seek to secure for their children the modernized childhood, which involves a high degree of involvement by children in extracurricular lessons, sports, and other activities. Coordinating these activities constitutes the new maternal care work. Based on in-depth interviews with 23 northern California employed, married, middle-class mothers, I examine how mothers manage their families’ busy schedules and monitor their children’s daily lives. I investigate mothers’ strategies for managing their everyday lives in the context of time. Three strategies of action predominate: managing time, scaling back, and using help.
Transport Infrastructure, City Productivity Growth and Sectoral Reallocation: Evidence from China

This paper examines the impact of highway expansion on aggregate productivity growth and sectoral reallocation between cities in China. To do so, I construct a unique dataset of bilateral transportation costs between Chinese cities, digitized highway network maps, and firm-level census. I first derive and estimate a market access measure for cities in China from 1995 to 2005. I then examine the channels through which the highway infrastructure affected economic outcomes. The results suggest that highways promoted aggregate productivity growth by facilitating the entry of new firms and reallocation among existing firms. I estimate the aggregate economic impact of China's national highway system and find that eliminating all highways in China would decrease aggregate productivity by 3.2%. There is also evidence that the national highway system led to a sectoral reallocation between cities in China.
Determining customer satisfaction in anatomic pathology.

CONTEXT Measurement of physicians' and patients' satisfaction with laboratory services has become a standard practice in the United States, prompted by national accreditation requirements. Unlike other surveys of hospital-, outpatient care-, or physician-related activities, no ongoing, comprehensive customer satisfaction survey of anatomic pathology services is available for subscription that would allow continual benchmarking against peer laboratories. Pathologists, therefore, must often design their own local assessment tools to determine physician satisfaction in anatomic pathology. OBJECTIVE To describe satisfaction survey design that would elicit specific information from physician customers about key elements of anatomic pathology services. DESIGN The author shares his experience in biannually assessing customer satisfaction in anatomic pathology with survey tools designed at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Mich. Benchmarks for physician satisfaction, opportunities for improvement, and characteristics that correlated with a high level of physician satisfaction were identified nationally from a standardized survey tool used by 94 laboratories in the 2001 College of American Pathologists Q-Probes quality improvement program. RESULTS In general, physicians are most satisfied with professional diagnostic services and least satisfied with pathology services related to poor communication. CONCLUSIONS A well-designed and conducted customer satisfaction survey is an opportunity for pathologists to periodically educate physician customers about services offered, manage unrealistic expectations, and understand the evolving needs of the physician customer. Armed with current information from physician customers, the pathologist is better able to strategically plan for resources that facilitate performance improvements in anatomic pathology laboratory services that align with evolving clinical needs in health care delivery.
A First Survey of Organized Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Italy

In Italy, where no national screening program for cervical cancer exists, organized programs have developed on a local basis. We performed the first survey of existing organized programs by mailing a standard questionnaire to a large network of possibly involved services. For the present survey, a program was defined as organized if personal invitations were sent. We identified 29 already active organized programs and 4 others in a starting phase. The target population of active programs included 2,074,820 women in the age range 25-64 years, corresponding to 13.5% of the Italian female population of the same age. The situation is rapidly evolving since many regional programs are being implemented. Most programs followed Italian and European recommendations as regards the age limits, interval between screening rounds, presence of a fail-safe system for women referred for colposcopy, presence of protocols for diagnostic workup and treatment, and presence of referral centers for such phases. However, many programs did not meet national guidelines as regards the size of laboratories interpreting smears, which were frequently small. Second-level referral centers also frequently had a very small activity. The average (weighted for size of the invited population) compliance to invitation and coverage (proportion of women with at least one test in the last 3 years) was 32.6% and 66.0%, respectively, therefore needing to be improved. Compliance to colposcopy (weighted for number of referred women) was 81.4%. We found a very high variability in the proportion of women referred for colposcopy that could only be partly explained by different referral protocols and could depend on different criteria of smear interpretation: the average (weighted for number of tested women) was 2.01%. A need for improvement in the process of evaluation and for homogenization of criteria of cytology interpretation was identified: work in this regard is ongoing.
Innovation Led Alliances: Theory and application to the GM Plant Industry

The objective of the present paper is to identify the determinants of the form of collaboration initiated between an upstream innovator and a downstream producer in order to incorporate a new input and commercialize an innovation consisting of a quality enhanced final product, with an empirical application to the GM plant industry. The choice of upstream firm between license, joint venture, merger or a subsidiary is modeled as a function of three parameters: degree of quality improvement engendered by the new input, the market share of the downstream producer and the capability of the downstream producer to incorporate the new input and commercialize it successfully. We also discuss the case where the downstream firm is a cooperative.
1 EARNINGS MANAGEMENT AND ITS RELATIONS WITH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY UDC 005.35

The ethics of financial reporting assumes a center stage in the corporate world in the background of an emerging understanding of corporate social responsibility (CSR). We review the literature on the link between earnings management (EM) and CSR and reveal that there are two contradictory perspectives. One perspective assumes that EM is negatively associated to CSR, while the other argues that EM and CSR are positively related. These perspectives are based on the competitive existence theories such as agency, singling, stakeholder, legitimacy theories. While, the negative relationship between EM and CSR perspective is in line with the legitimacy, agency and singling theories, the positive relationship is in accordance with stakeholder theory.
Diagnostic blood loss from phlebotomy and hospital-acquired anemia during acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND Hospital-acquired anemia (HAA) during acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with higher mortality and worse health status and often develops in the absence of recognized bleeding. The extent to which diagnostic phlebotomy, a modifiable process of care, contributes to HAA is unknown. METHODS We studied 17,676 patients with AMI from 57 US hospitals included in a contemporary AMI database from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2008, who were not anemic at admission but developed moderate to severe HAA (in which the hemoglobin level declined from normal to <11 g/dL), a degree of HAA that has been shown to be prognostically important. Patients' total diagnostic blood loss was calculated by multiplying the number and types of blood tubes drawn by the standard volume for each tube type. Hierarchical modified Poisson regression was used to test the association between phlebotomy and moderate to severe HAA, after adjusting for site and potential confounders. RESULTS Moderate to severe HAA developed in 3551 patients (20%). The mean (SD) phlebotomy volume was higher in patients with HAA (173.8 [139.3] mL) vs those without HAA (83.5 [52.0 mL]; P < .001). There was significant variation in the mean diagnostic blood loss across hospitals (moderate to severe HAA: range, 119.1-246.0 mL; mild HAA or no HAA: 53.0-110.1 mL). For every 50 mL of blood drawn, the risk of moderate to severe HAA increased by 18% (relative risk [RR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.22), which was only modestly attenuated after multivariable adjustment (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.12-1.18). CONCLUSIONS Blood loss from greater use of phlebotomy is independently associated with the development of HAA. These findings suggest that HAA may be preventable by implementing strategies to limit blood loss from laboratory testing.
CONSUMER WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR SAFETY LABELS IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF POTASSIUM BROMATE IN BREAD

The study analysed consumer willingness to pay for safety labels in Nigeria by a case study of potassium bromate in bread” in Benin City, Edo State. It specifi cally investigates factors that promote willingness to pay for label among consumers of bread in Benin City, Edo State. Data used for the study were obtained through a well-structured questionnaire from 200 respondents. Both descriptive analytical methods and probit regression models were used for the analysis. The study revealed that 73% of the respondents are in their active working age with 50 percent of the respondent being male and female respectively. 67 percent of the respondents are married with 55 percent having an average of 5 members per household. 99 percent of the respondents are educated i.e. they have the capability of being able to read and write. Respondents purchased bread mainly from hawkers (60%) with about 60% of them being aware of the presence of bromate in bread. 40% of the consumers used labeling as a way of identifying bromate free bread. Other methods reported deal with differences in price of bread with same weight, aroma and taste. Result also revealed that 60% of the respondents got to know about the negative effect of bromate from news (both print and mass media). Econometric results show that variables like education, gender, income, prior knowledge of bromate and perception held by respondents of negative implications of bromate signifi cantly infl uence the willingness to pay for safety labels. Education, gender, income and prior knowledge of bromate positively infl uence the probability of consumers’ decision to pay for safety label, while price of bread and confi dence and perception held by respondents of negative implications of bromate on human health infl uence consumers willingness to pay more for safety labels. The study, thus, suggests a defi ned market for bread purchases, community based awareness programme and extension of National Agency for Food and Drug Administration (NAFDAC) role beyond media advertisement.
Association of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and MDR1 Gene Polymorphism in an Ethnic Iranian Population

The frequency of the multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene C3435T polymorphism differs in various ethnical populations such as Asian, African, and Caucasians populations. A silent C3435T polymorphism in exon 26 of MDR1 has been reported to be associated with a decreased expression of P-gp in TT genotypes carriers compared with CC genotypes carriers. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the association between MDR1 gene C3435T polymorphism and acute lymphocyte leukemia (ALL), 126 ALL patients (72 males and 54 females) with a mean age of 11.42 ± 6.55 and 139 healthy controls (79 males and 60 females) with a mean age of 12.15 ± 7.5 who were referred to Dr. Sheykh hospital, Mashhad, Iran, between 2005-2007 were enrolled in our study and their C3435T MDR1 polymorphism was investigated using PCR-RFLP. Results: The mutant homozygous TT and TC genotypes were found to be associated with the incidence of ALL (p<0.05). There was no significant difference for T allele frequency between ALL patients and healthy controls (OR=1.08, 95% CI; 0.84-1.66, p=0.33). Conclusion: TT genotypes carriers are at higher risk of developing ALL than carriers of other genotypes.
Descriptive analysis of critical care units in the United States: Patient characteristics and intensive care unit utilization

ObjectiveTo gather data about occupancy, admission characteristics, patients' ages, and types of therapy utilized in ICUs in the United States. Design and SettingSurvey instruments were mailed to the administrators of 4,233 hospitals to gather information from the medical director of the institutions' respective ICUs for the purpose of developing a database on ICUs in the United States. The sampling frame for this study was based on allAmerican Hospital Association (AHA) hospitals stating they had ICUs. MeasurementsCensus questionnaires solicited information on occupancy, where the patients were admitted from, length of stay, therapies rendered, intensive care diagnoses, and resuscitation status, as well as other information. Main ResultsData were obtained regarding 32,850 ICU beds, with 25,871 patients from 2,876 separate ICUs in 1,706 hospitals in the United States. The census response rate was 40% of the AHA hospitals that stated they had ICUs, with specific ICU data on 38.7% of the nation's ICUs.Overall, the responding units reported a mean occupancy rate of 84% of total bed capacity and 87% of available beds. As hospital size increased, so did ICU occupancy. Nearly 17% of all of the critical care patients had been in the units for >14 days. More precisely, 49% of all responding units indicated that they had one or more “chronic” (>14-day length of stay) patients. Most patients were admitted to the units from the emergency room (38%), operating room/postan-esthesia care unit (22%), and the general hospital floor (16%). Neonatal units were exceptions to this observation, where most patients came from the delivery room (60%). Admission from other hospitals represented a significantly larger group of patients in the cardiac care, pediatric, and neonatal units.Respondents indicated that many of their current patients were elderly, with 43% of these patients aged 65 to 84 yrs and with 4% being ≥85 yrs of age. The 47% of patients ≥65 yrs of age increased to 58% when the neonatal and pediatric units were eliminated from the analyses.For all units responding to the survey, the leading primary admitting intensive care diagnoses were postoperative management, ischemic heart disorder, respiratory insufficiency/failure, and prematurity. Elimination of units predominantly treating children (pediatric and neonatal) from the analysis left “adult” units with three primary admitting diagnoses: ischemic heart disease, postoperative management, and respiratory insufficiency/failure with variation according to specific unit type.
Feeding habits of the atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis, in southeastern Brazil

O presente estudo apresenta novas informacoes sobre os habitos alimentares de golfinhos-pintados-do-Atlântico, Stenella frontalis, no Atlântico Sudoeste. Foram analisados nove conteudos estomacais de S. frontalis acidentalmente capturados em operacoes de pesca entre 2005 e 2007 pela frota pesqueira do municipio de Cananeia (25°00'S; 47°55'W), sudeste do Brasil. Foram recuperados dos conteudos estomacais 1 422 bicos de cefalopodes, 147 otolitos e tres camaroes. Dos itens analisados, foram reportados um minimo de oito especies de peixes pertencentes as familias Trichiuridae, Carangidae, Sparidae, Merluccidae, Engraulidae, Sciaenidae, Congridae e Scombridae, cinco especies de cefalopodes pertencentes as familias Loliginidae, Sepiolidae, Tremoctopodidae e Thysanoteuthidae, e uma especie de camarao da familia Penaeidae. Com base no Indice de Importância Relativa (IRI), o peixe-espada, Trichiurus lepturus, correspondeu a especie de peixe com maior importância. Entre os cefalopodes, a especie que apresentou o maior valor de IRI foi Doryteuthis plei. Algumas especies foram reportadas pela primeira vez como presa de S. frontalis em aguas brasileiras: Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, Tremoctopus violaceus, Semirossia tenera, Merluccius hubbsi, Pagrus pagrus e Paralonchurus brasiliensis. S. frontalis apresentou habitos alimentares teutofagos e ictiofagos, com aparente predominio do primeiro, e predou principalmente sobre itens pelagicos e demersais.
College Students’ Response Rate to an Incentivized Combination of Postal and Web-Based Health Survey

A questionnaire survey on health among students of higher education was planned. To produce a response rate high enough for the analysis in a cost-effective manner, a pilot study was carried out to test various methods of data collection. Electronic invitation by the university messaging system to fill a Web-based questionnaire, invitation by the same means to fill paper-based questionnaires at a predefined place and time with or without conditional incentives yielded response rates below 10%. Therefore, a combination of postal and Internet-based questionnaires was used for data collection enhanced with a small up-front gift and conditional incentives suggested by a student focus group. This modality resulted in a 68.6% response rate (65.2% after data cleaning). Those who responded through the Web were more likely to be males and residing in larger settlements. However, no statistically significant differences were observed on the primary health status variables with respect to modality. Use of Web-based questionnaires is recommended in combination with other data collection methods and incentives.
Banks, Non-bank Companies and Stock Exchange : Do we Know the Relationship?

This paper investigates the role played by the banking sector in founding, sustaining and developing stock exchange markets. The paper has constructed data on market capitalisation separately for banks and non-bank companies. We apply cointegration techniques developed by Engle and Granger [1987] and Johansen [1988] and we bootstrap the variables to examine the nature of relationship between the banks and stock markets. We found that banks have played an important role in the development of stock exchanges. Further, the empirical analysis made amongst ten developed and developing exchanges suggests a listing of non-bank companies important for development of stock markets. These findings have also been verified by analysing the data of an exchange not included in the test.
EXPLORING FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF IPTV: A LITERATURE REVIEW

The evolution of Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) is quickening worldwide and provides substantial revenue opportunities depending upon user acceptance. Therefore, user acceptance of IPTV becomes an area of interest for IPTV service providers. This study reviewed different prior studies to investigate the driving forces of users' adoption of IPTV. Analyzing IPTV as a hedonic IT system, this paper emphasizes the importance of users' perception of IPTV-specific factors through technology acceptance model (TAM). Technology Acceptance Model is widely used to access users' usage in various information system fields. Learning the vital role of TAM can guide research workers to design different users' interface for different online consumers and accordingly achieve high user use in various application areas. The application areas of TAM are elaborated including individual and organization adoption, electronic service, mobile data service, self-service technology, electronic learning, World Wide Web, intranet, electronic commerce, online shopping and so on, but limited number of research was done to explain the acceptance factors of IPTV through TAM. We discussed the related studies to understand important factors for using and accepting IPTV indifferent corner of world. Further this study will help to implement IPTV successfully in
Pediatric discharge against medical advice: experience from a Nigerian secondary healthcare institution

Background: Often, discharge of children against medical advice has a negative effect on the well-being of the patient. To determine the prevalence of discharge against medical advice (DAMA) among hospitalized chil- dren and examine the reasons given by parents/guardians for such discharges. Methods: A retrospective 2-year medical records audit of children aged one day to 15 years discharged against medical advice was carried out in a pediatric unit of a secondary health-care facility. Results: The overall prevalence of DAMA was 6.3% while the prevalence among neonates was 7.5%, p>0.05. Sixty-two (56.4%) of all cases were less than 12 months old with neonates accounting for 40 (64.5%) of the 62. The prevalence of DAMA was 2.8 times higher in male neonates compared to female neonates. Thirty two (9.9%) of 322 male neonates compared to 8 (3.7%) of female neonates were DAMA; Odd ratio, OR=2.8; 95% Confidence Interval, CI= 1.26, 6.20). Majority (65.4%) of the signatories to the discharge documents were the child's fathers. In only 5.5% of cases were the child's mothers the signatories. Rate of re-admission was 13.6%. The commonest reason for DAMA in both neonates and older children was financial constraints. Parental dis- agreement with planned treatment and/or investigations ranked second in the case of neonates. Conclusions: DAMA is a common social pediatric health problem, especially among infants and has multi- factorial etiology. Socioeconomic factors, parental misjudgment of improvement and disagreement with treat- ment plan were found to have a significant bearing to its occurrence.