Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developing a Forensic Service Delivery System for Juveniles Adjudicated Incompetent to Stand Trial

Our study examines the experiences of 563 youth ordered into restoration services after a judicial finding of adjudicative incompetence. Among this group, 72% were determined to be restored to competence usually within 90 to 120 days of services provided in the least restrictive environment allowed by the courts. These outcomes were achieved using an individualized psycho-educational intervention that combined intensive case management, developmentally informed interactive educational tools, and case integration and mentoring by specially trained restoration counselors. These individualized services were provided to each youth on average three times a week by the restoration counselor contracted to provide services in the location where the youth was residing. No juveniles were admitted for inpatient hospitalization for the purpose of restoration only. Five percent were hospitalized based upon civil commitment criteria or for further psychiatric evaluation or stabilization. Chi-square Automated Interaction Detector (CHAID) analyses were used to create decision trees of the restoration pathways demonstrated by four subgroups of youth: Mental Illness Only (MIO), Mental Retardation Only (MRO), Mental Illness and Mental Retardation (MI-MR), and No Mental Illness and No Mental Retardation (NMI-NMR). The interaction of individual characteristics and interventions varied across the four groups with the highest rates of restoration being achieved by youth in the NMI-NMR group (91%) and the lowest rate among youth in the MRO group (47%). These rates of restoration are comparable to those achieved using residential treatment for youth and inpatient hospitalization for adults.
A prospective observational cohort study to identify the causes of anaemia and association with outcome in cardiac surgical patients

Objectives Preoperative anaemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We sought to determine the relative frequencies of the different causes of anaemia including absolute and functional iron deficiency, and the association of different haematological parameters, including plasma hepcidin, a key protein responsible for iron regulation, with outcomes after cardiac surgery. Methods Prospective observational study between January 2012 and 2013; 200 anaemic cardiac surgical patients were recruited and 165 were studied. Detailed blood and bone marrow analysis was performed. Primary outcome was days alive and out of hospital. Results Mean (SD) haemoglobin (Hb) was 102 (8) g/L for women and 112 (11) g/L for men. Regarding outcomes, 137 (83%) patients were transfused at least one unit of red blood cells; 30-day mortality was 1.8% (three patients). Functional iron deficiency was diagnosed in 78 patients (47%). Plasma hepcidin concentration was the only haematological variable associated with outcome, with mean days alive and out of hospital 2.7 (95% CI 0.4 to 5.1) days less if hepcidin ≥20 ng/mL compared with <20 ng/mL (p=0.024). Multivariable analysis showed that the association between hepcidin and outcome was independent of risk (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation), transfusion and Hb. Conclusions Functional iron deficiency was the most common cause of anaemia but was not associated with outcome. The only haematological parameter that was associated with outcome was hepcidin concentration, which is a novel finding and introduces further complexity into our understanding of the role of iron and its regulation by hepcidin. We propose that future research should target patients with elevated hepcidin.
Re-infection patterns of ascariasis among school children in Ogun State, Nigeria

A study was conducted to determine the direct prevalence, intensity and re-infection pattern of ascariasis among school pupils aged 6-17 years in Ogun State, Nigeria; 2,837 primary school pupils randomly selected from twenty schools in five Local Government Areas (LGAs) namely: Odeda, Obafemi/Owode, Ewekoro, Ado-Odo/Otta, and Ogun Waterside were enlisted for the study. Drug (Levamisole) administration was used to determine the direct prevalence, intensity and the re-infection patterns of infection. The overall direct prevalence for A.lumbricoides was 48.5%. Obafemi/Owode had the highest mean infection rate of 62.6%, followed by Ogun Waterside (59.19%), Odeda (44.8%), Ewekoro (34.2%) and Ado-Odo/Otta (25.6%). Male pupils were slightly more infected (51.9%) than females (48.1%) and also had higher mean intensity (2.2) than females (1.7). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the infection rates in both sexes (t=2.60, p=0.234). The cumulative numbers of worms expelled by pupils in the LGAs were Ogun Waterside 778 (39.5%), Obafemi/Owode 768 (39%), Odeda 216 (11%), Ewekoro 152 (7.7%) and Ado-Odo/Otta 55 (2.8%). The morphometric studies revealed that of the 1969 worms voided, adult worms accounted for 92.7% while young worms formed only 7.3%. Re-infection of pupils with ascariasis from different LGAs varied. The calculated monthly re-infection rates (X) were: Ewekoro (1.6%), Odeda (2.3%), Ado-Odo/Otta (2.3%), Ogun Waterside (3.8%), and Obafemi/Owode (4.2%); with a mean value of 2.84% for Ogun State. The re-infection time (N months) are Ado-Odo/Otta (12.7), Ogun Waterside (21.8), Obafemi/Owode (22.92), Odeda (25.45), and Ewekoro (25.9). The mean value for N in Ogun State was 21.75, which implies that it would require 22 months for initial equilibrium of A.lumbricoides infection to be attained in school pupils in Ogun State, Nigeria. Keywords : Ascaris lumbricoides , reinfection, primary school pupils, Ogun State Nigerian Journal of Parasitology Vol. 25, 2004: 7-13
Analysing the Expert Judgment of a Rehabilitation Counsellor: A Case Study

Abstract This case study analysed the expert judgments of a rehabilitation counsellor. The counsellor was given 37 accident victims' self-ratings of health, energy, daily activities, self-esteem, personal relations, financial resources and living conditions. The accident victims also rated their own overall quality of life as poor or good. The expert was required to make judgments about whether the quality of life was poor or good in each case and matched the ratings of the accident victims in 64.8% of cases. The results suggest that under conditions of uncertainty and complexity an expert may be more accurate than chance but still fail to use the properties of information to their maximum advantage.
Predictors of comorbid polysubstance use and mental health disorders in young adults-a latent class analysis.

AIM The co-occurrence of mental health and substance use disorders adds complexity to already-significant health burdens. This study tests whether mental health disorders group differently across substance use disorder types and compares associations of early factors with the development of differing comorbidities. DESIGN Consecutive antenatal clinic attendees were recruited to the longitudinal Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP). Mother/offspring dyads were followed over 21 years. SETTING Mater-Misericordiae Public Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. PARTICIPANTS MUSP offspring with maternal baseline information (n = 7223), offspring behaviour data at 14 (n = 4815) and psychiatric diagnoses at 21 (n = 2575). MEASUREMENTS The Composite International Diagnostic Interview yielded life-time diagnoses of mental health (MH) and substance use (SU) disorders for offspring, then latent class modelling predicted membership of polydisorder groups. We fitted the resulting estimates in multinomial logistic regression models, adjusting for maternal smoking, drinking and mental health, adolescent drinking, smoking and behaviour and mother-child closeness. FINDINGS Fit indices [Bayesian information criterion (BIC) = 12 415; Akaike information criterion (AIC) = 12 234] from LCA supported a four-class solution: low disorder (73.6%), MH/low SU disorder (10.6%), alcohol/cannabis/low MH disorder (12.2%) and poly SU/moderate MH disorder (3.5%). Adolescent drinking predicted poly SU/MH disorders [odds ratio (OR) = 3.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.42-7.84], while externalizing predicted membership of both SU disorder groups (ORalcohol/cannabis = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.11-3.75; ORpolysubstance = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.1-6.08). Maternal smoking during pregnancy predicted MH (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.06-2.23) and alcohol/cannabis-use disorders (OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.22-2.45). Low maternal warmth predicted mental health disorders only (OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.32-3.71). CONCLUSIONS Mental health disorders are more likely in young adults with polysubstance use disorders than those with alcohol/cannabis use disorders. Predictors of comorbid mental health/polysubstance use disorders differ from those for alcohol/cannabis use disorders, and are detectable during adolescence.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus, and the influence of maternal obesity and weight gain: the DEPOSIT study

We prospectively studied pregnancy outcome in 428 women with gestational diabetes mellitus (DM) and 196 women with pregestational DM, with particular reference to the influence of maternal obesity and excessive weight gain. These were consecutive singleton pregnancies delivered in our institution over 5 years. After controlling for multiple risk factors, including maternal BMI and pregnancy weight gain, women with pregestational DM were at increased risk (compared to those with gestational DM) for Caesarean delivery (OR 3.6, 95%CI 2.3-5.6), shoulder dystocia or cephalopelvic disproportion (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.3-3.6), and gestational hypertension or toxaemia (OR 3.0, 95%CI 1.7-5.4). The offspring of these women were also at increased risk for admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (OR 4.0, 95%CI 2.3-6.8), large-for-gestational-age birthweight (OR 3.5, 95%CI 2.2-5.6), and preterm birth before 37 weeks (OR 3.8, 95%CI 2.5-5.9). Maternal obesity, and, to a lesser degree, excessive weight gain, were also independent risk factors for all these adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, regardless of the type of DM, except for shoulder dystocia/cephalopelvic disproportion.
Pacific ciguatoxins in food web components of coral reef systems in the Republic of Kiribati.

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a foodborne illness caused by consumption of coral reef fishes contaminated by ciguatoxins (CTXs); of the known CTX congeners, the Pacific ciguatoxins (P-CTXs) are the most toxic. Little is known about the trophodynamics of P-CTXs in coral reef systems. The present study explores the distribution, transfer, and trophic magnification of P-CTX-1, -2, and -3 in coral reef systems with high (ciguatoxic) and low (reference) ciguatoxicity in a CFP-endemic nation by use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In ciguatoxic coral reef systems, P-CTXs were detected in 54% of herbivorous fishes [total P-CTXs <0.500-1670 pg/g wet weight (ww)], 72% of omnivorous fishes (<0.500-1810 pg/g ww), and 76% of carnivorous fishes (<0.500-69 500 pg/g ww), as well as a lobster ( Panulirus penicillatus ; 2.36 pg/g ww) and an octopus (Octopodidae; 2.56 pg/g ww). The dominant P-CTXs in grazers and piscivorous fishes were P-CTX-2 and -1, respectively. No significant correlation between P-CTX levels and lipid content in three target predatory fishes indicated that accumulation of P-CTXs does not depend on fat content. A weak but significant positive relationship was observed between δ(15)N and P-CTX-1 levels, but further investigation is required to confirm its biomagnification potential.
Effect of Minimally Invasive Surgical Training Center on Laparoscopic Surgery: Observation from Preliminary Results for Primary Stomach GastroIntestinal Stromal Tumor in a Health Care System

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), are different from other mesenchymal tumors by immunohistochemistric biomarkers and are often encountered in the alimentary tract and less commonly originating from omentum, mesentery and peritoneum. They usually present as subepithelial tumors in the gastrointestinal tract or intraabdominal masses with malignant potential. The tumors might cause symptoms such as pain, intraluminal or extraluminal GI tract bleeding and obstruction but might also present as incidental findings. Gastroscopy, Ultrasonography and CT scan are employed for preoperative evaluation. The surgical principles are to excise the tumor with safe margin microscopically. Minimally invasive procedures are revolutionary innovation in surgery. Asian Institute of TeleSurgery training center is established in mid Taiwan in 2008 with the cooperation between Show Chwan Health Care System and European Institute of TeleSurgery in Strasbourg, France. We retrospectively reviewed 24 primary stomach GISTs operated at our institution in the past four years. The patients were divided into laparoscopy group (18 patients) and laparotomy group (6 patients) depending on the main surgical methods. The patients’ age, gender, hospital stay, operative time, blood loss, tumor size and complication rate were used for stastical analysis. There were significant differencesin tumor size and blood loss between the two groups with a p value of less than 0.05. In the past 4 years, 75% of primary gastric GISTs in our hospital were managed by laparoscopic surgery. Our experience showed that laparoscopic surgery is feasible for primary stomach GISTs in selective cases.
Questioning the validity of the 4+/5+ binge or heavy drinking criterion in college and clinical populations.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The terms 'binge drinking' and 'heavy drinking' are both operationalized typically as 4+/5+ standard drinks per occasion for women/men, and are used commonly as a proxy for non-problematic (<4/<5) versus problematic (4+/5+) drinking in multiple research contexts. The Food and Drug Administration in the United States recently proposed the 4+/5+ criterion as a primary efficacy end-point in their guidance for trials examining new medications for alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Internationally, similar cut-offs have been proposed, with the European Medicines Agency having identified reductions in the number of heavy drinking days (defined as 40/60 g pure alcohol in women/men) as a primary end-point for efficacy trials with a harm reduction goal. ANALYSIS AND EVIDENCE We question the validity of the 4+/5+ cut-off (and other similar cut-offs) on multiple accounts. The 4+/5+ cut-off has not been shown to have unique predictive validity or clinical utility. The cut-off has been created based on retrospective self-reports and its use demonstrates ecological bias. Given strong evidence that the relationship between alcohol consumption and problems related to drinking is at least monotonic, if not linear, there is little existing evidence to support the 4+/5+ cut-off as a valid marker of problematic alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS There is little empirical evidence for the 4+/5+ standard drinks per occasion threshold for 'binge' or 'heavy' drinking in indexing treatment efficacy. Further consideration of an appropriate threshold seems to be warranted.
Improved margin multi-class classification using dendritic neurons with morphological learning

We present an architecture of a spike based multiclass classifier using neurons with non-linear dendrites and sparse synaptic connectivity where each synapse takes a binary value. The learning in this model happens not through weight updates but through structural changes, i.e. a change of connectivity between inputs and dendrites. Hence, it is well suited for implementation in neuromorphic systems using address event representation (AER). We present a new learning rule that allows better generalization of the system to noisy testing data making it feasible to transfer learnt weights in software to a hardware device interfacing with noisy spiking sensors. The new rule improves testing accuracy by 7 - 10% compared to earlier versions. We also present preliminary results for multi-class classification on handwritten digits from the MNIST database and show that our system can attain comparable performance (≈ 3% more error) with other reported spike based classifiers while using at least 50% less synaptic resources.
Carbocysteine: clinical experience and new perspectives in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases

Background: Carbocysteine is a muco-active drug with free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties. It is actually approved for clinical use as adjunctive therapy of respiratory tract disorders characterized by excessive, viscous mucus, including chronic obstructive airways disease (COPD). Objective: The intriguing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of carbocysteine, beyond its known mucolytic activity, are described to explain its therapeutic efficacy and suggest new clinical uses. Methods: After reviewing physiology and preclinical studies, human studies on the use of carbocysteine in chronic inflammatory diseases, i.e., COPD and cancer cachexia, are reviewed. Results/conclusions: Carbocysteine has been recently recognized as an effective and safe treatment for the long-term management of COPD, able to reduce the incidence of exacerbations and improve patient quality of life. Moreover, carbocysteine was effective in counteracting some symptoms associated with cancer cachexia. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of carbocysteine are more important than mucolysis itself for its therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, carbocysteine may be able to reverse the oxidative stress associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Controlled, randomized studies in humans are warranted.
A micro-temporal geospatial analysis of medical marijuana dispensaries and crime in Long Beach, California.

AIMS To determine whether the density of marijuana dispensaries in California, USA, in 2012-13 was related to violent and property crimes, both locally and in adjacent areas, during a time in which local law enforcement conducted operations to reduce the number of storefront medical marijuana dispensaries. DESIGN Data on locations of crimes and medical marijuana dispensaries as well as other covariates were collected for a sample of 333 Census block groups. SETTING Long Beach, California, USA from January 2012 to December 2013. OBSERVATIONS A total of 7992 space-time observations (from 333 Census block groups over 24 time-points). MEASUREMENTS Outcome measures focused on block-group counts of violent and property crimes. Predictors were numbers of local and adjacent-area medical marijuana dispensaries. Covariates included markers of alcohol availability as well as area demographic and economic characteristics. FINDINGS After adjustment for covariates, density of medical marijuana dispensaries was unrelated to property and violent crimes in local areas but related positively to crime in spatially adjacent areas [incident rate ratio (IRR) = 1.0248, CI (1.0097, 1.0402) for violent crime, IRR = 1.0169, CI (1.0071, 1.0268) for property crime]. CONCLUSIONS Using law enforcement to reduce medical marijuana dispensaries in California appears to have reduced crime in residential areas near to, but not in, these locations.
Who are the 'healthy eaters'? Eating patterns and health promotion in the west of Scotland

THE diets of a community-based sample of people in their mid-thirties were compared with contempor aneous local health promotional guidelines. On this basis, 42 per cent of the sample were classified as 'healthy' eaters. However, the 'less healthy' eaters were not evenly distributed through the population. Multivariate analysis showed that, of all the vari ables considered, it was gender, household income, social class and current smoking status which were associated with 'healthy eating' status. Women were more than two-and-a-half times as likely to be classi fied as 'healthy eaters' than men; while those from higher income households, those from non-manual households, and non-smokers, were around twice as likely to be so classified in comparison with lower income, manual households and current smokers respectively.
Physiological and clinical relevance of anomalous right coronary artery originating from left sinus of Valsalva in adults

Objective To examine physiological and clinical relevance of an anomalous right coronary artery originating from left sinus of Valsalva (right ACAOS) with interarterial course in adults. Methods and results For physiological assessment, fractional flow reserve (FFR) during dobutamine challenge was measured in 37 consecutive adult patients with lone right ACAOS with interarterial course. At baseline, mean FFR was 0.91±0.06, declining to 0.89±0.06 upon dobutamine infusion (p<0.001). Dobutamine stress FFR was significant (≤0.8) in three patients (8.1%), two of whom were surgically treated. Following surgery, dobutamine stress FFR rose from 0.76 to 0.94 and 0.76 to 0.98. Remodelling index (r=0.583, p=0.002), minimal lumen area (diastole: r=0.580, p=0.002; systole: r=0.0618, p<0.001) and per cent area stenosis (r=–0.550, p=0.004), measured by intravascular ultrasound, correlated with dobutamine stress FFR. To assess the clinical relevance, follow-up data of 119 patients with lone right ACAOS with interarterial course were analysed retrospectively. Two deaths occurred during a median follow-up period of 4 years, for a mortality rate of 0.34 per 100 person-year. No instances of myocardial infarction were recorded and one patient did undergo surgical revascularisation in the course follow-up. Conclusions Most instances of lone right ACAOS with interarterial course discovered in adults were physiologically insignificant and ran benign clinical courses. Conservative management may thus suffice in this setting if no definitive signs of myocardial ischaemia are evident.