Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder.

OBJECTIVE The authors' goal was to conduct an adult follow-up of subjects who had participated in a study of nortriptyline for childhood depression. METHOD The study group represented 100 (90. 9%) of the original 110 subjects and included 72 subjects who had a prepubertal diagnosis of major depressive disorder and 28 normal comparison subjects. Subjects were assessed with semistructured research interviews given by research nurses who were blind to the subjects' original diagnoses. RESULTS In the original study, the mean age of the children with prepubertal major depressive disorder was 10.3 years (SD=1.5); at adult follow-up the mean age of these subjects was 20.7 years (SD=2.0). At follow-up, significantly more of the subjects who had prepubertal diagnoses of major depressive disorder (N=24 [33.3%]) than normal comparison subjects (none) had bipolar I disorder. Subjects who had prepubertal diagnoses of major depressive disorder also had significantly higher rates of any bipolar disorder than normal subjects (48.6% [N=35] versus 7.1% [N=2]), major depressive disorder (36.1% [N=26] versus 14.3% [N=4]), substance use disorders (30.6% [N=22] versus 10.7% [N=3]), and suicidality (22.2% [N=16] versus 3.6% [N=1]). Parental and grandparental mania predicted bipolar I disorder outcomes. CONCLUSIONS High rates of switching to mania have implications for the treatment of depressed children. The authors discuss the reasons for their finding a higher rate of bipolar disorder in this outcome study than was found in the one other adult outcome study of prepubertal major depressive disorder.
Nepotism or Family Tradition? A Study of NASCAR Drivers

Of the drivers who raced National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) cup series in 2005, 23 out of 76 had family connections. Family career following is not unique to NASCAR, it is common in many careers such as law, politics, business, agriculture, medicine, and entertainment. Children enter the same career as their parents for reasons of physical-capital transfer, human-capital transfer, brand-name-loyalty transfer, and nepotism. Using a panel data of NASCAR drivers from the last 30 years, the authors test to see which model best explains career following in racing. Their results suggest that nepotism is not present in the career length. Sons do not have longer careers than nonfamily-connected drivers, given the same level of performance. The authors do find that fathers end their careers earlier than performance indicates. Their results also show if nepotism exists, it occurs only with second brothers who follow their first brothers into racing.
Assessment of long-axis ventricular function in the fetal heart with a tissue-tracking algorithm

Abstract Objective: Tissue-tracking echocardiography (TTE) is a method for quantitative assessment of myocardial contraction and relaxation. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of TTE in fetuses and investigate fetal myocardial properties in normal pregnancies. Methods: Two hundred thirty pregnant women participated in the study. Fetal four-chamber-view cineloops were saved for off-line analysis. Reference values for the global longitudinal peak velocity (V), strain (S), strain rate (SR), and displacement (D) in the fetal heart were established using data from 62 right ventricles (RV) and 68 left ventricles (LV). Furthermore, the change of the motion (V and D) and deformation (S and SR) in the course of the pregnancy was analyzed. Intraobserver variability was assessed in a total of 137 cases. The remaining 93 cases were excluded, as there was no tracking possible. Results: Normal fetuses exhibit a statistically significant increase in all motion parameters in both ventricles with increasing gestational age (GA). In contrast, the deformation parameters with advancing GA decrease. RV has a higher diastolic V and SR than LV. Conclusions: The increase in motion is attributable to fetal cardiac growth, whereas the decrease in deformation para\xadmeters indicates an intrauterine adaptation mechanism. RV appears to have a different relaxation pattern than LV. This study establishes a base for further utilization of TTE in fetal medicine and emphasizes a distinct diastolic difference between RV and LV function.
Do Loan Commitments Cause Overlending?

I begin with a model that generates quantity credit rationing by banks in the spot credit market when the real interest rate is high and there is an economic downturn. Then I rationalize a bank loan commitment as partial insurance against such future rationing. Incorporating uncertainty about both the creditworthiness of borrowers and the abilities of banks to screen borrowers, I extend the bank contracting literature wherein I examine banks' decisions of whether to lend under the commitments sold earlier. I show that this discretion of whether to honor borrowing requests under commitments generates reputational concerns on the part of banks and can lead to an equilibrium in which loan commitments serve their role in increasing credit supply relative to the spot credit market, but produce the inefficiency of excessive credit supply when the real interest rate is low and the economy is doing well. Despite this, welfare is higher with loan commitments than with spot credit. Numerous empirical predictions and policy implications are drawn out.
Failure of Bay K 8644 to induce RhoA kinase‐dependent calcium sensitization in rabbit blood vessels

Background and purpose: RhoA kinase (ROCK) participates in K+ depolarization (KCl)‐induced Ca2+ sensitization of contraction. Whether constitutive, depolarization‐ or Ca2+‐activated ROCK plays the major role in this signalling system remains to be determined. Here, we determined whether Bay K 8644, a dihydropyridine that promotes Ca2+ channel clusters to operate in a persistent Ca2+ influx mode, could cause ROCK‐dependent Ca2+ sensitization.
DFT Investigation of Chelation of Divalent Cations by Some 4-Benzylidenamino-4 , 5-Dihydro-1 H-1 , 2 , 4-Triazol-5-One Derivatives

The complexation of BDHTD (4-benzylidenamino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one derivatives) by divalent doubly charged metal ions M (M = Mg, Ca, Fe and Cu) has been investigated using the density functional method B3LYP. Two distinct coordination modes (k-O,O and k-O,N) have been taken into account. Geometry optimizations have been performed in gas-phase and solution-phase: acetonitrile and DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) with the basis set 6-31G(d,p). The B3LYP method was also used to calculate the stability and free energies of the 24 complexes of BDHTD with metal ions M (M = Mg, Ca, Fe and Cu) respectively in gas-phase and solution-phase: acetonitrile and DMF. Results indicate that k-O,N structures are most stable in gas-phase. The influence of substitution on the stability is sensitive in solution-phase. The interaction energies of complexation process in various media have been calculated at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and CCSD(T) level. The MIA (metal ion affinity) of BDHTD with M (M = Mg, Ca, Fe and Cu) in various media has been explored. The results show that the MIA highly varies with the coordination mode and substitution effect. From the calculated Gibb energies of complexation in various media, it is revealed that the complexation is possible in gas in acetonitrile. The ligand’s affinity toward individual cation M (M = Mg, Ca, Fe and Cu) has been analysed. A significant reduce of BDEs observed confirms the decrease of the antioxidant activity by the metal chelation. The charge transfer induced by metal chelation is examined using the NBO analysis.
Industry-Specific Human Capital, Idiosyncratic Risk and the Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns

Human capital is one of the largest assets in the economy and in theory it may play an important role for asset pricing. Human capital is heterogeneous across investors and one source of heterogeneity is industry affiliation. I show that the cross-section of expected stock returns is primarily affected by industry-level rather than aggregate labor income risk. Furthermore, when human capital is excluded from the asset pricing model, the resulting idiosyncratic risk may appear to be priced. I find that the premium for idiosyncratic risk documented by several empirical studies depends on the covariance between stock and human capital returns.
SME exporting challenges in transitional and developed economies

Purpose – This research seeks to extend earlier work by Scharf et al. (2001) that examined the challenges faced by SMEs along their path of internationalization. In particular, the internationalization process in transitional and developed economies is examined.Design/methodology/approach – The central research methodology for the project uses a qualitative approach involving the in‐depth investigation of a “critical incident. ” The incident explored is the firm's “worst nightmare” or “biggest challenge” in conducting international business. Respondents are asked to “tell the story” of the “critical incident”, its nature and consequences.Findings – SME exporters in the transitional economy encountered export problems related to product quality acceptance and logistics management. In comparison, SME exporters in the developed economy faced issues such as country differences, general business risk, and logistics.Research limitations/implications – The research methodology provides both limitations and benefi.
Participation in the Labor Supply in Latin America, 2000–2008

This paper analyzes the determinants of participation in the labor supply in a sample of ten Latin American countries. To this end, a VAR model is estimated with the variables economic growth, wages, unemployment and participation rate. A first section discusses the evolution and determining variables of participation rates in the Latin American countries, under the light of recent theories. This is followed by a review of recent literature on participation in Latin American countries. Next, impulse response functions are analyzed which permits to appreciate the role of economic growth, the real wage and the unemployment rate on participation. Further analysis is carried to appreciate the role of governance in the labor market. The paper ends with a discussion of the social policies related to labor markets.
Isoflurane Neuroprotection in Hypoxic Hippocampal Slice Cultures Involves Increases in Intracellular Ca2+ and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases

Background:The volatile anesthetic isoflurane reduces acute and delayed neuron death in vitro models of brain ischemia, an action that the authors hypothesize is related to moderate increases in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Specifically, the authors propose that during hypoxia, moderate increases in [Ca2+]i in the presence of isoflurane stimulates the Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP) kinase Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway that are critical for neuroprotective signaling and suppression of apoptosis. Methods:Death of CA1, CA3, and dentate neurons in rat hippocampal slice cultures was assessed by propidium iodide fluorescence 48–72 h after 60–75 min of hypoxia. [Ca2+]i in CA1 neurons was measured with fura-2 and fura-2 FF. Concentrations of the survival-signaling proteins Ras, MEK, MAP kinase p42/44, and protein kinase B (Akt) were assessed by immunostaining, and specific inhibitors were used to ascertain the role of Ca2+ and MAP kinases in mediating survival. Results:Isoflurane, 1%, decreased neuron death in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus neurons after 60 but not 75 min of hypoxia. Survival of CA1 neurons required an inositol triphosphate receptor–dependent increase in [Ca2+]i of 30–100 nm that activated the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK (p44/42) signaling pathway. Isoflurane also increased the phosphorylation of Akt during hypoxia. Conclusions:Isoflurane stimulates the phosphorylation of survival signaling proteins in hypoxic neurons. The mechanism involves a moderate increase in [Ca2+]i from release of Ca2+ from inositol triphosphate receptor–dependent intracellular stores. The increase in [Ca2+]i sets in motion signaling via Ras and the MAP kinase p42/44 pathway and the antiapoptotic factor Akt. Isoflurane neuroprotection thus involves intracellular signaling well known to suppress both excitotoxic and apoptotic/delayed cell death.
Ten steps to enterprise‐wide risk management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the objectives of enterprise‐wide risk management (ERM), the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) ERM Framework, and outline a method to implement ERM in organizations.Design/methodology/approach – This paper delineates ten steps organizations can use to develop a viable ERM system for any organization.Findings – It is highly recommended that a high‐level risk officer with visible support from senior and board level executives has a separate function to oversee the development of an ERM department.Practical implications – Although the internal audit department has a large role in evaluation and monitoring the ERM system, it is management's responsibility to develop a strong ERM function that ties corporate strategy, the budget, controls, and the entity's performance measurement systems to risk management.Originality/value – The cost to the entity of implementing and maintaining of an ERM system is grossly out‐weighed by the results and knowledge ga.
Agro-Food Preferences in the EU's GSP Scheme: An Analysis of Changes Between 2004 and 2006

This article examines the extent to which the 2006 revisions to the EU's Generalised System of Preferences improved market-access opportunities for developing-country agro-food exports. It shows that they resulted in only a slight increase in the percentage preferential margin, but that there has been a significant increase in the value of preferential trade and of the preferential margin enjoyed by exporters. This was accompanied by changes in the ranking of beneficiaries. Countries such as China, Brazil, Argentina, India and South Africa maintained their significant shares of GSP agro-food exports, but other countries such as Thailand and Vietnam have now emerged as major GSP beneficiaries.
Valuing the Welfare Cost of Forest Fires: a Life Satisfaction Approach

Sustainable natural resource management is at the core of the policy agenda, given the wide array of goods and services environmental resources generate, that significantly contribute to social welfare and productive capacity of modern economies. Likewise, there is a large policy interest in the monetization of the economic effects of environmental damages, to enable the design of response and mitigation strategies. This paper focuses on the valuation of the welfare losses from forest fires in the fire prone Mediterranean region applying the life‐satisfaction approach. Detrimental effects on utility relate to morbidity, losses of marketed goods and impacts on forest goods and services. For our empirical investigation, we employ self‐reported life satisfaction, income and other socio‐economic information from the Eurobarometer Survey Series matched with data on the number and extent of forest fires at the regional level. To account for endogeneity, we instrument forest fire characteristics with the mean daily precipitation in the region during the fire season (April to September). Our sample covers Portugal, Spain, Italy and the Mediterranean provinces of France, and spans from 1986–1993 and 2001–2003. We find that both forest fire incidence and forest fire extent have a significant negative effect on individual welfare. We estimate the monetary loss from an additional fire incident to be €0.20 and the loss from burning an additional 100ha of forest at €2.03 per household respectively. Nevertheless, the negative effect of forest fires on life satisfaction is significant only for the rural population. Results therefore provide useful insights on the detrimental effects of forest fires at the regional level for different segments of the population that should be accounted for in policy formulation.
Economics and the Idea of Jus Naturale

I. The ethical-juristic conception of "natural law," as well as the natural science conception of "natural laws," affected economic thought in the eighteenth century, 205. —Separate study of the influence of former would throw light on laissez faire, 208. —II. General meaning of Jus Naturale conception in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 209. —Of no influence on economic theories of mercantilists, it shaped those of such writers as Grotius, Pufendorf, and Hutcheson, 211. —III. The philosophy of the Physiocrats. Laws of economic process as it would go on in an ideal social order, prescribed by Nature but to be achieved by human efforts, 215. —IV. The philosophy of Adam Smith. Human propensities and sentiments, with limited amount of human planning, would produce a harmonious social order, 226. —The Theory of Moral Sentiments in relation to the Wealth of Nations, 232. —V. Summary and conclusions, 239.
Financial integration and macroeconomic adjustments in a monetary union

In a monetary union, such as the euro zone, adjustments facing asymmetric evolutions are more difficult due to fixed intra-European exchange rates. Well-integrated capital markets, with portfolio diversification and intrazone credit, would constitute a powerful adjustment mechanism, according to the "international risk-sharing" approach. A different approach is adopted, based on a "stock-flow consistent" model of a monetary union along the lines of Godley and Lavoie (2007). Two results can be underlined. Holding foreign assets has a stabilizing role, but the capital income stabilizing coefficient seems small. By contrast, intrazone credit seems to have no specific stabilization effects.
Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention

With respect to hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention measures have been or should be adopted. In primary prevention, behavioral patterns represent an important risk factor for HBV infection and should be controlled, discouraging those favoring infection. Interferon treatment shows a modest effect in reducing HCC risk in treated patients, but the data obtained cannot be converted in clinical practice. Nucleoside analogs significantly reduce, but do not abolish, HCC risk in patients with cirrhosis, and should therefore be used in patients with cirrhosis and also to diminish the risk of the other potential complications. With respect to secondary prevention, surveillance with semiannual ultrasound examination is indicated in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis as well as in other subgroups of patients, depending on racial and geographical pattern. Finally, the role of interferon in tertiary prevention of HCC relapse after radical treatment is still under debate; some evidence in favor of the treatment is present, but side effects due to toxicity are frequent and severe enough to limit patients' compliance substantially. As there is definitely no agreement on the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatment in HCC prevention, there is still a need for well-constructed, large size, and randomized prospective trials to confirm what is still required based on expert opinion rather than on sound scientific evidence.
Uma Análise da Transição dos Jovens Para o Primeiro Emprego no Brasil

This paper analyzes the probability of leaving unemployment for young first-time job seekers. Estimates indicate that the probability of finding a job seems to be positively affected by previous work experience. Also, young people who have been previously employed have similar unemployment spells to adults. Also according to evidence, the difference in exit probability between workers with previous experience and first-time job seekers is larger for good quality jobs.
In‐film placement trends: a comparative study of Bollywood and Hollywood

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the growing phenomenon of brand placements in the Indian movie industry. The study goes further to compare the incidence and the nature of brands placed within movies for the same time period.Design/methodology/approach – A content analysis of 106 successful Bollywood movies between 1997 and 1999 was conducted and the incidence of brand placements within them and the execution style adopted were documented. Analysis of the brand appearances in 110 Hollywood movies was carried out and the volume of placements, kind of brands placed and the movie genre in which they were found was noted.Findings – In‐film placements of entertainment and automobile brands were found to be highly prevalent in Indian movies. Showing the usage of the brand was the most common style of execution. The volume of in‐film placements in Hollywood movies was found to be far higher than that in Indian movies.Research limitations/implications – This study being exploratory in nature h.
Point-of-Care Testing of Coagulation in Patients Treated With Non–Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants

Background and Purpose— Specific coagulation assays for non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOAC) are relatively slow and often lack availability. Although specific point-of-care tests (POCT) are currently not available, NOAC are known to affect established coagulation POCT. This study aimed at determining the diagnostic accuracy of the CoaguChek POCT to rule out relevant concentrations of rivaroxaban, apixaban, and dabigatran in real-life patients. Methods— We consecutively enrolled 60 ischemic stroke patients newly started on NOAC treatment and obtained blood samples at 6 prespecified time points. Samples were tested using the CoaguChek POCT, laboratory-based coagulation assays (prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, anti-Xa test and Hemoclot), and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for direct determination of NOAC concentrations. Results— Three hundred fifty-six blood samples were collected. The CoaguChek POCT strongly correlated (r=0.82 P<0.001) with rivaroxaban concentrations but did not accurately detect dabigatran or apixaban. If used to estimate the presence of low rivaroxaban concentrations, POCT was superior to predictions based on normal prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time values even if sensitive reagents were used. POCT-results ⩽1.0 predicted rivaroxaban concentrations <32 and <100 ng/mL with a specificity of 90% and 96%, respectively. Conclusions— If anti-Xa test is not available, we propose the use of the CoaguChek POCT to guide thrombolysis decisions after individual risk assessment in rivaroxaban-treated patients having acute ischemic stroke. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT02371044.