Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Population-attributable fractions of Axis I and Axis II mental disorders for suicide attempts: findings from a representative sample of the adult, noninstitutionalized US population.

OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the percentage of suicide attempts attributable to individual Axis I and Axis II mental disorders by studying population-attributable fractions (PAFs) in a nationally representative sample. METHODS Data were from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave 2 (NESARC; 2004-2005), a large (N = 34 653) survey of mental illness in the United States. We used multivariate logistic regression to compare individuals with and without a history of suicide attempt across Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Axis I disorders (anxiety, mood, psychotic, alcohol, and drug disorders) and all 10 Axis II personality disorders. PAFs were calculated for each disorder. RESULTS Of the 25 disorders we examined in the model, 4 disorders had notably high PAF values: major depressive disorder (PAF = 26.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 20.1, 33.2), borderline personality disorder (PAF = 18.1%; 95% CI = 13.4, 23.5), nicotine dependence (PAF = 8.4%; 95% CI = 3.4, 13.7), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PAF = 6.3%; 95% CI = 3.2, 10.0). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new insight into the relationships between mental disorders and suicide attempts in the general population. Although many mental illnesses were associated with an increased likelihood of suicide attempt, elevated rates of suicide attempts were mostly attributed to the presence of 4 disorders.
Impact of poor oral health on children's school attendance and performance.

OBJECTIVES We examined school days missed for routine dental care versus dental pain or infection to determine the relationship between children's oral health status and school attendance and performance. METHODS We used 2008 data from the North Carolina Child Health Assessment and Monitoring Program. The study sample, weighted to reflect the state's population, included 2183 schoolchildren. Variables assessed included school absences and performance, oral health status, parental education, health insurance coverage, race, and gender. RESULTS Children with poor oral health status were nearly 3 times more likely (odds ratio = 3.89; 95% confidence interval = 1.96, 7.75) than were their counterparts to miss school as a result of dental pain. Absences caused by pain were associated with poorer school performance (P < .05), but absences for routine care were not. Mediation analyses revealed that oral health status was associated with performance independent of absence for pain. CONCLUSIONS Children with poorer oral health status were more likely to experience dental pain, miss school, and perform poorly in school. These findings suggest that improving children's oral health status may be a vehicle to enhancing their educational experience.
A case study of the statutory review system for older people in care homes in one local authority

A case study of the statutory care home review system in one Local Authority. Statutory reviews of older people's care home placements are a legacy of the Community Care reforms of the 1990s in the UK. Using a mixed method approach this small-scale qualitative study was designed to explore how the statutory care home review system operated from the perspectives of its multiple stakeholders, but paying particular attention to the role played by the older person. The study also set out to assess the relevance and usefulness of the concept of 'street-level bureaucracy' as developed by Upsky (1980) in understanding how discretion was used in operating the system. It is argued that, in a context in which the adult social care sector has been 'transformed' by processes of privatisation, marketization and 'modernisation', the exercise of discretion is no longer the sale preserve of 'street-level bureaucrats' (front-line practitioners), but rather, it is dispersed among the various statutory and non-statutory actors in the review system, including managers, care home providers relatives and older -people themselves. The study revealed a system which had undergone multiple reorganisations in response to a variety of national and local policy initiatives and, against this context, was struggling to cope with the implementation of ambiguous and, often, conflicting policy agendas. Overall, the system was compromised by the need to balance ensuring care standards with the need to meet performance targets, often leading managers, practitioners and care providers to have to tolerate sub-optimal standards of care. It is proposed that, generally, in order for review actors to manage the tensions inherent in the system, it was helpful if the older person either voluntarily adopted or was steered into a position of passive participation in care reviews, suggesting that reviews can be as much a source of disempowerment for older people as empowerment.
Determinants of hearing aid acquisition in older adults.

OBJECTIVES We determined factors associated with hearing aid acquisition in older adults. METHODS We conducted a population-based, prospective study that used information from 3 examinations performed on study participants as part of the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (1993-2005). We included participants (n = 718; mean age = 70.5 years) who exhibited hearing loss at baseline or the first follow-up and had no prior history of hearing aid use. We defined hearing loss as a pure tone threshold average (PTA) at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kilohertz in the better ear of greater than 25 decibels Hearing Level. RESULTS The 10-year cumulative incidence of hearing aid acquisition was 35.7%. Associated factors included education (college graduate vs all others: hazard ratio [HR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5, 4.1), self-perception of hearing (poor vs good or better: HR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.3, 5.0), score on a perceived hearing handicap inventory (+1 difference: HR = 1.1; 95% CI = 1.0, 1.1), and PTA (+ 5 dB difference: HR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.2, 1.6). CONCLUSIONS The low rate of hearing aid ownership among older adults is a problem that still needs to be addressed.
Characterizing workplace exposures in Vietnamese women working in California nail salons.

OBJECTIVES We engaged Vietnamese nail salon workers in a community-based participatory research (CBPR) study to measure personal and area concentrations of solvents in their workplace. METHODS We measured average work-shift concentrations of toluene, ethyl acetate, and isopropyl acetate among 80 workers from 20 salons using personal air monitors. We also collected area samples from 3 salons using summa canisters. RESULTS For personal measurements, the arithmetic mean was 0.53 parts per million (range = 0.02-5.50) for ethyl acetate, 0.04 parts per million (range = 0.02-0.15) for isopropyl acetate, and 0.15 parts per million (range = 0.02-1.0) for toluene. Area measurements were lower in comparison, but we detected notable levels of methyl methacrylate, a compound long banned from nail products. Predictors of solvent levels included different forms of ventilation and whether the salon was located in an enclosed building. CONCLUSIONS Using a CBPR approach that engaged community members in the research process contributed to the successful recruitment of salon workers. Measured levels of toluene, methyl methacrylate, and total volatile organic compounds were higher than recommended guidelines to prevent health symptoms such as headaches, irritations, and breathing problems, which were frequently reported in this workforce.
Therapeutic drug monitoring: an e-learning resource

The main aim of this project was to produce an interactive e-learning resource explaining the pharmacokinetic principles related to therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). The target audience for the resource were scientists at Manchester Royal Infirmary and the intended learning outcome for the users was to improve their understanding of the pharmacology behind the results they generate. The null hypothesis stated that the resource would not cause a significant improvement in the users' understanding of pharmacokinetics. The ADDIE Instructional Design Model was applied to the learning situation. A pre-project questionnaire allowed for a needs analysis to be conducted, determining the current level of knowledge. Design and development involved production of project plans and story- boards and the entire resource was produced using Opus Professional. The resource was distributed via compact discs, along with pre- and post-resource questionnaires to permit analysis. Knowledge was compared before and after using the resource to establish the effectiveness of the resource, and the functionality of the resource was evaluated. The needs questionnaire results outlined the exist- ing level of knowledge as being varied and provided suggestions for possible concepts to include in the resource. A more precise and accurate definition of TDM, why it is carried out, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were apparent in the post-resource questionnaire results. Confidence in the understanding and interpretation of data produce was not significantly improved (Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test, n ¼ 14, P ¼ 0.13), while confidence in the understanding of pharmacokinetic parameters was significantly improved (Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test, n ¼ 16, P ¼ 0.01). About 81% of the audience found the resource very helpful to understand- ing TDM and all of the users found it either easy to use or very easy to use. The post-resource results showed that confidence in the understanding of pharmacokinetics was improved, indicating that the learning outcomes of the user were achieved thus allowing the null hypothesis to be rejected. However, confidence in understanding the data generated was not improved, suggesting a possible aspect to be developed if the project was to be repeated. Functionality of the resource was successful as users found the resource easy to use and navigate.
Prevalence of anaemia among rural pre-school children of West Bengal, India

Background: Micronutrient malnutrition is a major public health nutritional problem in India, and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) continues to be a major nutritional problem of public health significance, affecting all physiological groups, of which rural pre-school children are the most vulnerable. Aim: The main aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of anaemia among rural pre-school children. Subjects and methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in rural areas of West Bengal State during 2002–2003. A total of 437 pre-school children were covered for the estimation of blood haemoglobin levels. Results: A majority (81%) of the rural children of West Bengal were anaemic, and the prevalence was significantly (p<0.001) higher among 1–3-year-old (91%) as compared to 4–5-year-old (74.6%) children. A significantly (p<0.01) higher proportion of 1+ (OR=7.7; 95% CI: 2.6–22.4) and 2+ year children (OR=3.0; 95% CI: 1.5–6.0) and those belonging to lower socio-economic Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe communities were at risk for anaemia (OR=2.3; 95% CI 1.3–3.9). Conclusions: The prevalence of anaemia is a severe nutritional problem of public health significance. Therefore, iron supplementation and health and nutrition education programmes should be strengthened. The community needs to be encouraged to diversify their diets by consuming iron-fortified and iron-rich foods.
Estado nutricional como preditor de morte, infecção e permanência hospitalar

Several methods have been applied for the assessment of nutrition status, even tough there are not evidences defining the increment of risk for adverse hospital outcomes attributable to malnutrition in hospitalized adults. The accuracy of methods applied for the assessment of nutritional status was compared in 434 adults admitted in a tertiary care general hospital in southern Brazil. Serum albumin was the best predictive method for death (C statististic: 77%; 95%CI: 69-86%) and infection (67%; 95%CI: 61-74%), while total lymphocyte count was the most predictive method for prolonged length of hospital stay (LOS) (60%; IC95%: 55-65%). Serum albumin <3.5 g/dL was the only variable independently associated to greater risk for these 3 outcomes, suggesting little contribution of other methods in the prediction of hospital outcomes. In order to develop and validate a predictive score for death, infection, and LOS, from October/2005 to June/2006, 1503 adults were assessed at hospital admission. The derivation cohort was constituted by 1002 patients, and the validation cohort by 501 patients. Satisfactory agreement (ICC>0.86) and low mean differences were observed in 102 patients assessed in duplicate. Lower agreement was verified for methods that demand greater experience by the observer. The variables serum albumin <3,5g/dL and >2 chronic comorbidities predicted the 3 outcomes, and malnutrition (Subjective Global Assessment) predicted death and LOS. The score developed to predict death [(>2 comorbidities x 6.0) + (albumin<3.5g/dL x 4.0) + (ASG “C” x 4.0) + (impaired physical condition x 2.5)] appeared to be sensitive and of low negative post-test probability for death, and showed similar performance to predict infection and LOS compared to the scores specifically developed for these outcomes (C statistic: 0.60, IC95%: 0.55-0.66 e 0.61,
Project-based Housing First for chronically homeless individuals with alcohol problems: within-subjects analyses of 2-year alcohol trajectories.

OBJECTIVES Two-year alcohol use trajectories were documented among residents in a project-based Housing First program. Project-based Housing First provides immediate, low-barrier, nonabstinence-based, permanent supportive housing to chronically homeless individuals within a single housing project. The study aim was to address concerns that nonabstinence-based housing may enable alcohol use. METHODS A 2-year, within-subjects analysis was conducted among 95 chronically homeless individuals with alcohol problems who were allocated to project-based Housing First. Alcohol variables were assessed through self-report. Data on intervention exposure were extracted from agency records. RESULTS Multilevel growth models indicated significant within-subjects decreases across alcohol use outcomes over the study period. Intervention exposure, represented by months spent in housing, consistently predicted additional decreases in alcohol use outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Findings did not support the enabling hypothesis. Although the project-based Housing First program did not require abstinence or treatment attendance, participants decreased their alcohol use and alcohol-related problems as a function of time and intervention exposure.
Emerging drug targets in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and devastating neurodegenerative disease resulting from injury and death of upper and lower motor neurons. Symptoms initially include muscle weakness and twitching and subsequently progress to muscle atrophy, complete loss of limb use, respiratory difficulties and ultimately death. Multiple biological mechanisms have been implicated in ALS and a complex etiology has been described. As a result, drug discovery researchers have few validated targets to pursue and patients have few therapeutic options. Areas covered: Identification of new drug targets in ALS can be facilitated by a detailed understanding of the processes and genes that contribute to pathogenesis. Accordingly, this review summarizes current hypotheses regarding underlying mechanisms for motor neuron susceptibility in ALS. An overview of emerging and tractable drug targets that could result in therapeutic breakthroughs is provided. Expert opinion: Despite the immense progress that has been made in understanding ALS over the last decade, riluzole remains the only approved drug to treat ALS. Combining structure-guided drug design applied to validated and pharmaceutically tractable targets with disease-relevant phenotypic screens will allow for the identification of novel drug targets and potentially breakthrough therapeutics for ALS.
Sociodemographic determinants of usage of complete dentures in a Nigerian teaching hospital: A pilot study

Objective: To determine the sociodemographic factors that affects the usage of complete dentures. Material and Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered to edentulous patients seen in a prosthetic outpatient department of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Complete dentures were fabricated, assessed, and fitted, and the patients were followed up for six months. Information sought included demographics of the subjects, their socioeconomic status, reason for demand for complete dentures, and important considerations for its use. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.0 (SPSS 16). The level of statistical significance was set at P Results: Thirty patients participated in the study. The mean age of patients seen was 63.30 ± 17.67 years. Grouping of subjects into socioeconomic levels by occupation showed that one-third (33.3%) was classified as dependent. Twenty-one patients (70%) requested for both upper and lower dentures, six patients (20%) wanted upper dentures only, and three patients (10%) requested for lower dentures only. The commonest reason for demand for complete dentures was mastication (100%), followed by aesthetics (63%). The reasons for the use of dentures were basically aesthetics and mastication. Conclusion: Demand for complete dentures was greater among those 60 years and above. Age, gender, and socioeconomic status of patients had no statistically significant effect on the reason for demand for and usage of dentures.
Having the Last Word

How should feminists concerned about women's experiences with rape prosecution position themselves relative to victims' rights legislation? This interview-based study focuses on rape survivors' talk about their participation in the criminal justice process and their emotional investments in prosecution. The authors examine how they account for their participation in sentencing—in particular, how they justify having pursued particular kinds of involvements or not. The authors identify four motivations to write to the court and to attend or speak at sentencing. Then, the authors explain how rape survivors' prior involvement in court events, their emotional states, and the support they receive from others leads them to selectively engage in sentencing activities.
Subjective well-being in men following neurosurgery for adult onset epileptic seizures

vi CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 The Study Purpose. 1 Personal and Insider Experience Background. 1 Personal Chronology. 2 Post-Surgery Experiences. 4 Subjective Well-Being. 5 Real World Aspects of SWB. 6 The Central Role of Emotional Regulation in SWB. 6 Epilepsy. 7 Seizure Types. 7 Focal Seizure. 8 Generalised Seizures. 9 Education about AOES. 9 Psycho-Behavioural Sequalae of AOES. 10 Research on SWB and AOES. 11 Relationships Impact with AOES. 11
STUDIES ON LYSOSOMES

Granular fractions sedimenting between 800 g and 15,000 g have been prepared in 0.25 M sucrose from the livers of normal young rabbits and from the livers of rabbits injected with A. aerogenes endotoxin. As early as 5 minutes after endotoxin, there was an augmented release of two enzymes, beta glucuronidase and cathepsin, into the supernatant of fractions which had been incubated or incubated and irradiated with a mercury vapor lamp at 37°C. These effects were maximum at 30 minutes after endotoxin and were associated with a depletion of the total activities of the two enzymes within the granules. Concurrently there was a rise in the activity of the two enzymes in fractions of the homogenate which were unsedimentable at 15,000 g. Fractions prepared from animals made tolerant to endotoxin no longer responded to incubation and irradiation by an augmented release of these two hydrolases, nor did fractions prepared from animals pretreated with glucocorticoids. Pretreatment with DOCA did not prevent release of enzymes after endotoxin. The results have been interpreted to indicate that one consequence of the injection of endotoxin is an effect upon the stability of lysosomes, with subsequent release of acid hydrolases into the cell sap or surrounding tissue. Glucocorticoids may exert their pharmacologic effects through the protection of these subcellular particles against a variety of injurious agents.
Survey of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in Hawzen district, Northern Ethiopia

Traditional medicine is an integral part of the culture of the Ethiopian people due to its long period of practice and existence. The present study was conducted to identify the medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in Hawzen district, Northern Ethiopia. Twenty informants including six females were selected purposefully for semi-structured interview with the help of local elderly people. Ethnobotanical data was collected between January and February 2011 on seven field trips made to the site. Thirtythree species of medicinal plants were collected and identified for treating 25 human ailments. Most (17, 51.5%) of the traditional medicinal plants were collected from the wild stands and leaves (65%) and roots (17%) were the most commonly used plant parts for herbal preparations. Most (85.7%) of the traditional medicinal plant preparations were used in fresh form. Oral, dermal and nasal were the routes of application of remedies. Squeezing, grinding, boiling, chewing, crushing and tying were the methods of remedy preparation. Leaves were mainly harvested part for traditional medicine preparation in the area; the practice does not affect the sustainable utilization of the medicinal plants.
Factors related to preventive behavior regarding HIV/AIDS among university students in Magway Township, Myanmar

This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out to identify preventive behavior and to examine fac-tors related to preventive behavior among university students regarding HIV/AIDS. Structured questionnaires were distributed to 296 university students in Magway Township, Myanmar. Descriptive statistics were used to describe preventive behavior and independent variables: socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, perception, influence of the media, personal influences and personal experience. The chi-square test and multiple logistic re-gression were used to identify factors related to preventive behavior. The results show that 89.5% of the students had good preventive behavior regarding HIV/AIDS. More than 90% of the students had only one sexual partner, used a condom when they had sexual activity and carried con-doms when they went out for sexual activity. Over half of the students had a moderate level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS and 51.4% of the students had negative perceptions toward preventive behavior. Most of the students got HIV/AIDS-related knowledge from television/videos, journals, magazine, cartoon booklets and pamphlets. Most students were influenced by health personnel, followed by NGO/INGO personnel, friends and teachers. Multiple logistic regression revealed that only personal allowances and personal experience showed a significant association with preventive behavior, when adjusted with other factors. Even though the preventive behavior of the students was good, some of them still did not understand HIV/ AIDS issues or had misconceptions about such issues. Therefore, health education for the youth about HIV/AIDS and methods for preventing HIV/AIDS should be routinely conducted to improve the students’ knowledge and to provide students with a correct understanding of HIV/AIDS and preventive methods.