Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of pre-sowing plants and different nitrogen levels on the yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was conducted to determine the most appropriate level of nitrogen fertilizer and wheat presowing plants during 2012- 2013 sowing season under the temperate climate of Ilam province, IRAN. The experiment was performed in a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The main plots consisted of 6 pre-sowing plant treatments (control, Perko PVH, Buko, Clover, Oilseed radish and the combination of three plants Ramtil, Phacelia and clover), and sub-plots were allocated to four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg/ ha ). The results showed that there were significant differences among the treatments for the biological yield, total dry weight, protein content, protein yield and the percentage of organic carbon in soil after planting. Boko and Perko produced the highest yield as a pre-sowing plant. The type of Pre-sowing plant significantly affected grain yield, number of spikelets per spike and harvest index. However, the effect of pre-sowing plant type was not significant on the number of grains per spike, thousand grain weight, spike number and grain weight per spike. Increasing the nitrogen levels significantly improved the number of spikelets per spike, grains per spike, grain weight, and the number of spikes per unit area. However, there was a reduction in harvest index and grain weight per spike by increasing the levels of nitrogen. The highest wheat grain yield (8440.8 kg ha -1 ) was achieved at 150 kg N ha -1 and the lowest (5039 kg ha -1 ) belonged to control (no N fertilizer). The highest and lowest grain yields were obtained for Buko and no pre-sowing plant with 8345, and 4491 kg ha-1, respectively.
Status and dynamics of a Mute Swan population near Oxford between 1976 and 1978

During 1976-1978 a study of the population genetics of Mute Swans Cygnus olor was carried out, concentrating on a population near Oxford. The population dynamics of swans in the Oxford study area during that period are recorded and compared to earlier findings and similar studies elsewhere in Britain. The density of non-breeders and breeding pairs is lower overall; the distribution of breeding pairs has altered, both local decreases and local increases are apparent; cygnet production per pair may be slightly higher, but the observed change in this is within expected seasonal variations. The overall production of cygnets in the area may now depend largely on a few small areas of 'good' habitat.
Thinning of kelp canopy modifies understory assemblages: the importance of canopy density

Kelp forests in southeastern Australia form canopies that support complex understory assemblages. Predicted levels of climate change in this region are likely to impact the health and distribution of these forests, potentially resulting in large-scale reductions in canopy cover. This study determined the impacts of a permanent reduction in canopy cover of the dominant kelp in this region, Ecklonia radiata , on the structure of understory algal and sessile invertebrate community assemblages. Changes in assemblages were determined over 12 mo in 3 treatments: unmanipulated, 33% canopy reduction and 66% canopy reduction. Clearance treatments were maintained to simulate the predicted effects of long-term climate-driven canopy reduction. Thinning of E. radiata canopy (especially 66% loss) caused a shift towards a foliose algal-dominated understory, with an associated loss of sponges, bryozoans, and encrusting algae. Canopy loss homogenised existing patchiness in understory assemblages, and high recruitment of E. radiata occurred at both levels of thinning. A 66% reduction in kelp canopy increased understory community diversity, but did not affect species richness. Thus, changes to understory assemblages occurred in a density-dependent manner, with 66% canopy loss required to alter the structure of assemblages at the community scale. Changes at this scale were subtle but important (with stability attributed to a combination of biogeography and resistance to perturbation driven by high diversity), and indicate that partial loss of kelp canopy under future climate change scenarios will shift understory communities towards a foliose algal-dominated state, which has important implications for sessile invertebrates and potentially future recruitment of kelp.
Disclosure Tone and Shareholder Litigation

ABSTRACT: We examine the relation between disclosure tone and shareholder litigation to determine whether managers' use of optimistic language increases litigation risk. Using both general-purpose and context-specific text dictionaries to quantify tone, we find that plaintiffs target more optimistic statements in their lawsuits and that sued firms' earnings announcements are unusually optimistic relative to other firms experiencing similar economic circumstances. These findings are consistent with optimistic language increasing litigation risk. In addition, we find incrementally greater litigation risk when managers are both unusually optimistic and engage in abnormal selling. This finding suggests that firms can mitigate litigation risk by ensuring that optimistic statements are not contradicted by insider selling. Finally, we find that insider selling is associated with litigation risk only when contemporaneous disclosures are unusually optimistic. JEL Classifications: G38; K22; M41; M48. Data Availabil.
Magnification and resolution in dental microwear analysis using light microscopy

One potentially problematic aspect of dental microwear analysis is sensitivity to the resolution (fineness of detail) at which dental wear surfaces are viewed. Magnification is one of many variables that determine resolution. Microwear studies based on light microscopy generally report magnifications ranging from 30X-100X, although ambiguities in reported methods prohibit duplication of the resolutions of many studies. Moreover, magnification settings have been arbitrary and, thus far, the biasing effects of different resolutions have not been tested. We tested sensitivity of dental microwear analysis to resolution by manipulating pixel density and magnification in photomicrographs taken under a light microscope using the molars of a browser (moose), grazer (zebra), and frugivore/hard object feeder (peccary). Resolution affected the number of observable microwear features and distorted the proportional frequencies of large and small features. Nonetheless, two observers independently found similar differences between the species throughout a range of resolutions. At no resolution did observers recover statistically undifferentiated data, although interobserver correlation was best when resolution was decreased to 20-40% of the initial resolution. Observer correlation for microwear features with a maximal dimension >20 μm was substantially better than for smaller features. We conclude that (1) dimensionless aspects of microwear data (e.g., proportional numbers of scratches between species) are more robust to resolution than raw frequency data, (2) higher resolution does not produce higher quality data, and (3) the optimal resolution may be dependent upon the size of the microwear features. Further testing of the interaction of resolution, microwear feature size, and the observer will increase repeatability of results and lead to more robust paleodietary interpretations.
Immunohistochemical distinction of hepatocellular carcinoma using Arginase-1, Hepatocyte paraffin antigen -1 and Glypican-3

The distinction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from the metastatic carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma in the liver often presents a diagnostic challenge that carries significant impact on its subsequent management. We aimed to investigate the expressions of arginase-1, hepatocyte paraffin antigen -1 (HepPar-1), and glypican-3 (GPC-3) in a trial to distinguish HCC from non-hepatocellular carcinomas involving the liver.The study included 69 cases, with 32 HCC, 28 MC, 4 CC and 5 normal liver tissues. The predictive capacity of arginase-1, HepPar-1 and GPC-3 staining was determined using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value calculations.Both arginase-1 and HepPar-1 expressions were present in all cases of nonmalignant hepatocellular tissues, whereas GPC-3 expression was absent in all cases. Only two of 28 (7.1%) cases of MC and one of 4 (25%) cases of CC showed positive immunoreactivity for arginase-1. HepPar-1 immunoreactivity was detected in 3 of 28 (10.7%) cases of MC and in one of 4 (25%) cases of CC. In contrast, GPC-3 immunoreactivity was detected in 2 of 28 (7.1%) cases of MC and negative in all cases of CC. Arginase-1 was more sensitive (87.5%) than HepPar-1 (71.9%) or GPC-3 (65.6%) for HCC. GPC-3 was more specific (93.8%) than HepPar-1 (87.5%) and arginase-1 (90.6%). However, the combination of the three biomarkers for the diagnosis of HCC raised the specificity to 100%. Arginase-1 and HepPar-1 are effective biomarkers for HCC differentiation. Also, arginase-1 demonstrates a superior sensitivity in comparison with GPC-3 and HepPar-1 in the diagnosis of HCC, whereas GPC-3 demonstrates superior specificity. Hence, the use of combination of arginase-1 with HepPar-1 and GPC-3 can aid in precise diagnosis of HCC and distinguishing it from non-hepatocellular carcinomas.
Community Perception Regarding Mosquito-borne Diseases in Karnataka State, India

A knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) study was carried out in an urban and a rural area in Karnataka state of India with the objective of determining the perceived risk by the community of mosquito-borne infectious diseases and the level of knowledge regarding mosquitoes. The study brought out that more than 90% of the people interviewed perceived mosquitoes as a problem. However, this perception was with regard to the nuisance value of mosquito bites rather than their disease-causing potential. Malaria was known as the main disease transmitted by mosquitoes. Quite a large number of people did not know where the mosquitoes bred. Those who knew mentioned drains and stagnant water as the main breeding sites. More than one third of the interviewees did not know of any preventive measures against mosquitoes at the community level. More than 75% were taking some kind of personal prophylactic measures against mosquito bites. Approaches based on social mobilization and communication aimed at bringing behaviour change in the communities are stressed.
Large-eddy simulation of organized precipitating trade wind cumulus clouds

Abstract. Trade wind cumulus clouds often organize in along-wind cloud streets and across-wind mesoscale arcs. We present a benchmark large-eddy simulation which resolves the individual clouds as well as the mesoscale organization on scales of O(10 km). Different methods to quantify organization of cloud fields are applied and discussed. Using perturbed physics large-eddy simulation experiments, the processes leading to the formation of cloud clusters and the mesoscale arcs are revealed. We find that both cold pools as well as the sub-cloud layer moisture field are crucial to understand the organization of precipitating shallow convection. Further sensitivity studies show that microphysical assumptions can have a pronounced impact on the onset of cloud organization.
Risk Conception and Evaluation in Taiwan Financial Markets

An experiment is designed to explore risk conception and evaluation of investors. A new risk measurement, which is called martingale variance, is included. The new measure uses previous return as benchmark instead of mean return to calculate variance. The results show that respondents are more care about expected loss than variance, but are indifferent between variance and loss probability. Meanwhile, the respondents prefer martingale semivariance to martingale variance significantly. The weighted martingale semivariance also dominates martingale semivariance. The results can be helpful to explain the relationship between risk and return.
Estimation of cell concentration using high-frequency ultrasonic backscattering

Cell concentration is a crucial quantity for both clinical diagnostic examinations and cell culture studies. However, typical modalities for cell concentration measurements are either time-consuming or not cost-effective. In the present study, cell concentration is estimated using high-frequency ultrasonic backscattering. Validation tests indicate that the proposed method can differentiate red blood cells (RBCs) of various hematocrits. A 50-MHz ultrasound system with appropriate sensitivity is utilized to estimate cell concentrations from a small volume of RBCs suspended in saline, with hematocrits ranging from 1.66 × 10 -4 to 10%, and fibroblasts, with concentrations ranging from 2 × 10 4 to 128 × 10 4 cells/mL. The backscatter strength and statistical distribution, characterized by the Nakagami parameter, are calculated from gated signals for quantitatively assessing the samples. Results show that the backscatter strength of RBCs linearly increases with increasing hematocrit level in the hematocrit range of 3 to 10%, which agrees well with results of previous studies. The backscatter strength of RBCS has an exponential relationship with the hematocrit level in the hematocrit range of 1.66 × 10 -4 to 3%. The corresponding Nakagami parameter is sensitive to electronic noise as long as the signal-to-noise ratio decreasing follows with the decrease of RBC hematocrits at the concentration lower than 0.85%. The backscatter strength of fibroblasts exponentially increases with increasing fibroblasts concentration, which is consistent with results obtained from typical optical density measurements. A linear relationship, with correlation coefficient of 0.99, between the results of ultrasonic backscattering and those of the optical density measurements is established. High-frequency ultrasonic backscattering can be applied to sensitively estimate the concentrations of small volumes of cells.
Bootstrap testing of trading strategies in emerging balkan stock markets

Most lately, the attention of technical trading analysis has shifted to emerging stock markets which collectively bring a signifi cant alternative source of opportunities to international investors. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of four technical trading rules (moving average, fi lter, trading range breakout and channel breakout rule) in six stock market indices of the Balkan States. Also, the paper is providing resume evidence on the predictive power of four mentioned trading rules. We apply the Reality Check and the Superior Predictive Ability test using bootstrap methodology to evaluate the relative performance of those rules. Furthermore, presented tests provide an answer to data snooping problems, which is essential to obtain unbiased outcomes. The original time series is resampled with random draw in two ways: a parametric residual-based method from the AR(1)-GARCH(1,1) model, and a nonparametric, the moving block bootstrap. After including data snooping biases, this study fi nds that the null hypothesis that trading rules do not outperform the benchmark can be rejected at the 5 percent signifi cance level for fi ve separate stock indices, excluding the MBI10 index. Similarly, such results show the rejection of the weak-form market effi ciency hypothesis in case of mentioned stock markets. Applied technical trading rule algorithms in all six stock market indices mainly generate more losing trades then wining trades. Finally, transaction costs have relatively small effect on the overall performance of selected technical trading rules in case of indices BELEX15, CROBEX, SBITOP and MONEX20, but with some changes in choice of the best technical trading rule considering the effects of trading frequencies.
Transformational leadership and organizational innovation: Moderated by organizational size

The present study was aimed to explore the moderating role of organizational size in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational innovation. The study also examined the impact of transformational leadership on organizational innovation. A purposive sample of 296 managers from the telecommunication sector of Pakistan participated in the study. The age range of managers was from 25 to 60 years with mean age of 42.5, (SD = 11.27) years. Hierarchical regression models demonstrated organizational size significantly moderating the relationship between transformational leadership. The results further revealed that organizational size significantly moderated the relationship between all facets of transformational leadership (Attributed Charisma, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation and Individualized Consideration) and organizational innovation except idealized influence. The results also exhibit positive and significant impact of transformational leadership on organizational innovation. Key words: Organizational innovation, transformational leadership, organizational size, attributed charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and Individualized consideration, idealized influence.
A Safe Haven for Three Freshwater Invasive Alien Species in Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago

Invasive alien species are non-native species that have been introduced either through self-introduction or by man and which have subsequently become a threat to a country’s economy (e.g., agriculture and trade, infrastructure [e.g., water supplies], human health, etc.). They may also impact biodiversity, habitat quality, and ecosystem functions. Aquatic invasive alien species (IAS) have been documented in both Trinidad and Tobago but generally are regarded as established or naturalised exotics, as their potential negative impacts are not appreciat- ed fully. A site in Tobago is described, which provides a safe haven for aquatic IAS.
The assessment of non visual maritime cognitive maps of a blind sailor: a case study

Abstract Please click here to download the map associated with this article. Nowadays, thanks to the accessibility of GPS, sighted people widely use electronic charts to navigate through different kinds of environments. In the maritime domain, it has considerably improved the precision of course control. In this domain, blind sailors can not make a compass bearing, however they are able to interact with multimodal electronic charts. Indeed, we conceived SeaTouch, a haptic (tactilekinesthetic) and auditory virtual environment that allows users to perform virtual maritime navigation without vision. In this study we attempt to assess if heading or northing “haptic” views during virtual navigation training influences non-visual spatial knowledge. After simulating a navigation session in each condition, a blind sailor truly navigated on the sea and estimated seamark bearings. We used the triangulation technique to compare the efficiency of northing and heading virtual training. The results are congruent with current knowledge about spatial frames of reference and suggest that getting lost in heading mode forces the blind sailor to coordinate his current “view” with a more global and stable representation.
Observer differences in color-mixture functions studied by means of a pair of metameric grays

The Granville metameri c gray p anels have served to characterize t he color vis ion of obser vers in a n approximate bu t useful way. Thus, t he 39 observers st udied, an d t he four color-m ixture fun ctions were classed into fi ve groups according to t he ir indica ted amoun ts of ocular pigmen tation. These pa nels were also used to measure t he correlation of lens a nd macular pigmentations wi th observer age, sex, a nd eye and ha ir colors. Of the three sets of color-m ixture fu nctio! ls inte nded to refer to 2° fi eld obser vat ion, t he 1931 Co mmission Interna tiona le de L 'Eclairage standard observer agrees best. _These data thus afford no basis for supplan t ing t he 1931 Commission Internat ionale de L' Ecla irage standard observer wi t h either t he J udd" i" or t he 1955 Stiles' 2° color-mixture t unctio n . The 1955 Stiles' 10° functions, however, agree fa irly well.
Characterization and classification of soils of Kokarda micro watershed in relation to landform and soil properties

The soil survey was conducted and eight typifying pedons were selected for detailed investigations representing major landforms, which are distinctly different from one another in their slope form and composition viz., summit crests, shoulder slopes, escarpments, foot slopes, toe slopes, interfluves slopes and entrenched valley floors. In general, these soils are non saline and alkaline in nature owing to the calcareous nature of the parent material. The soils developed on toe slopes and main valley side slopes are deep, showed comparatively thicker horizons, where deposition predominates erosion (P4 and P5), characterized by deep, wide cracks and well developed slickenside. These soils were classified under the order Vertisols. The soils of shoulder slopes and foot slopes (lower) (P1, P3 and P6) were classified as Ochrepts within the order Inceptisols. The soils developed on summit crests, shoulder slopes, foot slopes (upper) and escarpments (P2, P7 and P8) lack diagnostic surface and subsurface horizons and hence they qualified for Entisols soil order.
Rapid induction of ageing character in brandy products: part II. Influence of type of oak

As part of a broader study that investigated techniques for the rapid induction of the needed ageing character in brandy products, the effect of oak type on quality and chemical composition of oak wood extracts and matured and unmatured potstill brandy, is reported on. Extracts, prepared from American and French oak chips supplied by a South African cooper, and from commercially obtained oak, and representing different levels of toasting, were added to 70% (v/v) unmatured pot-still brandy and stored for eight months in glass containers (Schott bottles) at room temperature, or in the case of controls, below 0°C. Matured and unmatured (control) pot-still brandy samples were analysed for wood-derived congeners by means of HPLC and GC. Although French oak initially yielded better quality products, these effects lost prominence and, after eight months maturation, yielded similar sensory quality to American oak. French oak samples had higher concentrations of wood-derived congeners (including eugenol, the furan derivatives and aromatic aldehydes). However, the American oak generally contained higher concentrations of oak lactones than their French counterparts, with higher proportions of the more sensorially potent cis-form of lactone than its trans-isomer.