Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reply to Referee reviews Manuscript title Comparison of different methods to retrieve optical-equivalent snow grain size in central Antarctica Date of reply 27 September 2017

The size of snow grains ::::::::::::::: optical-equivalent :::: snow ::::: grain ::: size : affects the reflectivity of snow surfaces and, thus, the local surface energy budget in particular in polar regions. Therefore, the specific surface area (SSA)as an equivalent measure for : , :::: from ::::: which ::: the :::::: optical snow grain size :: is :::::: derived, : was observed for a two-month period in central Antarctica (Kohnen research station) during austral summer 2013/14. The data were retrieved on the basis of ground-based spectral surface albedo measurements collected by the COmpact RAdiation measurement System (CORAS) and airborne observations with the Spectral 5 Modular Airborne Radiation measurement sysTem (SMART). The Snow Grain Size and Pollution amount (SGSP) algorithm, originally developed to analyze spaceborne reflectance measurements by the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), was modified in order to reduce the impact of the solar zenith angle on the retrieval results and to cover measurements in overcast conditions. Spectral ratios of surface albedo at 1280nm and 1100nm wavelength were used to reduce the retrieval uncertainty. The retrieval was applied to the ground-based and airborne observations and validated against op10 tical in situ observations of SSA utilizing an IceCube device. The SSA retrieved from CORAS observations varied between 27m kg 1 and 89m kg . Snowfall events caused distinct relative maxima of the SSA which were followed by a gradual decrease in SSA due to snow metamorphism and wind-induced transport of fresh fallen ice crystals. The ability of the modified algorithm to include measurements in overcast conditions improved the data coverage especially at times when precipitation events occured and the SSA changed quickly. SSA retrieved from measurements with CORAS and MODIS agree with the in 15 situ observations within the ranges given by the measurement uncertainties. However, SSA retrieved from the airborne SMART data :::::: slightly underestimated the ground-based resultsby a factor of 2. :
Sampler Discriminator 0 / 1 Sentence Encoder Estimator Noisy Instances Sentence Encoder Estimator Informative InstancesNA Instances Sentence Encoder Estimator Unconfident Instances Confident Instances Sentence Encoder Unconfident Instances Confident Instances

Existing neural relation extraction (NRE) models rely on distant supervision and suffer from wrong labeling problems. In this paper, we propose a novel adversarial training mechanism over instances for relation extraction to alleviate the noise issue. As compared with previous denoising methods, our proposed method can better discriminate those informative instances from noisy ones. Our method is also efficient and flexible to be applied to various NRE architectures. As shown in the experiments on a large-scale benchmark dataset in relation extraction, our denoising method can effectively filter out noisy instances and achieve significant improvements as compared with the state-of-theart models.
Cooperation for tenders: Is it a threat to competition?

This chapter is based on a study on the working of an exemption on the Dutch Competition Law that elevates the prohibition on cooperation by firms in certain cases (Felso, Baarsma & Mulder, 2005). This exemption is formalized in the “Decree of Exemption for Combination Formation” (in Dutch: Besluit vrijstelling combinatieovereenkomsten), here referred to as “exemption for combinations. ” Our study on the effects of this decree was carried out in the second half of 2004 on behalf of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs. Although the main purpose of the research was to evaluate the effects of this exceptional exemption, our findings, we believe, have general implications that are of interest to those, who are interested in topics at the intersection between Competition Law and public procurement.
nfluence of clearance on the time-dependent performance of the hip ollowing hemiarthroplasty : A finite element study with biphasic cetabular cartilage properties

Hip hemiarthroplasty is a common treatment for femoral neck fracture. However, the acetabular cartilage may degenerate after hemiarthroplasty leading to postoperative failure and the need for revision surgery. The clearance between the acetabular cartilage and head of the prosthesis is one of the potential reasons for this failure. In this study, the influence of joint clearance on the biomechanical function of a generic hip model in hemiarthroplasty was investigated using biphasic numerical simulation. Both a prolonged loading period of 4000 s and dynamic gait load of 10 cycles were considered. It was found that a larger clearance led to a higher stress level, a faster reduction in load supported by the fluid and a faster cartilage consolidation process. Additionally, the mechanical performance of the acetabular cartilage in
1 Product Market Reforms , Labour Market Institutions and Unemployment

We analyze the impact of product market competition on unemployment and wages, and how this depends on labour market institutions. We use differential changes in regulations across OECD countries over the 1980s and 1990s to identify the effects of competition. We find that increased product market competition reduces unemployment, and that it does so more in countries with labour market institutions that increase worker bargaining power. The theoretical intuition is that both firms with market power and unions with bargaining power are constrained in their behaviour by the elasticity of demand in the product market. We also find that the effect of increased competition on real wages is beneficial to workers, but less so when they have high bargaining power. Intuitively, real wages increase through a drop in the general price level, but workers with bargaining power lose out somewhat from a reduction in the rents that they had previously captured. JEL codes: E24, J50, L50.
Legitimacy Building under Weak Institutional Settings Climate Change Adaptation at the Local Level in Denmark and Norway

This article discusses local strategies for addressing the adaptation to climate change in Denmark and Norway. In both countries, the national impetus for local adaptation is weak. Regarding climate change adaptation, it is largely left to local actors to take the initiative. The article illuminates the dynamics of the different approaches to climate change adaptation at the local level. Using decision-making and learning theory, we present an analytical framework to examine four Scandinavian cases, two in Norway and two in Denmark, which represent two different responses, i.e. anticipatory actions and obligatory actions to climate change adaptation. This research finds that, by bringing in knowledge and resources and engaging in persuasive communication across sectors, the presence of institutional entrepreneurs in the adaptation process plays a key role in building legitimacy for anticipatory action in the municipal organisation.
Size Watermelon Apple Grape Color Shape Size Size Banana GrapeFruit Lemon Apple Taste

Since its first use by Euler on the seven bridges of Königsberg problem, graph theory has shown excellent abilities in solving and unveiling the properties of multiple discrete optimization problems notably in communications and signal processing. The study of the structure of integer programs reveals equivalence with graph theory problems, which makes a large body of the literature readily available for solving and characterizing the complexity of these problems. This tutorial presents a framework for utilizing a particular graph theory problem, known as the clique problem, for solving communications and signal processing problems. In particular, the paper aims to illustrate the structural properties of problems that can be formulated as clique problems through multiple examples in communications and signal processing. To that end, the first part of the tutorial formulates and suggests various optimal and heuristic solutions for the clique problem and its variants. The tutorial, further, illustrates the use of the clique formulation and its variants through numerous contemporary examples in communications and signal processing, mainly in the maximum access problem for non-orthogonal multiple access networks, throughput maximization using index coding and instantly decodable network coding, collision-free radio frequency identification networks, and resource allocation in cloud-radio access networks. The tutorial finally sheds light on the recent advances of such applications and discusses future research directions on the topics.
Years Postdiscontinuation of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiated During Primary Human Immunode fi ciency Virus-1 Infection and Association With Gag-Speci fi c T-Cell Responses

Sabine Kinloch-de Loes, Lucy Dorrell, Hongbing Yang, Gareth A. D. Hardy, Sabine Yerly, Cristina Cellerai, Linos Vandekerckhove, Ward De Spiegelaere, Eva Malatinkova, Willie Wee Lee Koh, and Margaret A. Johnson Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, Department of Immunology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Centre for Immunology and Virology, Imperial College London, and Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospital, and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; HIV Translational Research Unit, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London Medical School, University College London Campus, United Kingdom
HOW TOP-LEVEL ONTOLOGY CAN HELP IN ANALYSES OF WORKFLOW MODELING LANGUAGES

A success of business process modeling depends on the level of formalization of the workflow modeling languages. However, the specification of the notations used for workflow modeling, does not include a formal semantics and syntax. This paper suggests defining semantics and syntax of workflow modeling languages using semiotic approach and mapping to concepts of top-level Bunge-Wand-Weber (BWW) ontology. Unfortunately, the BWW ontology has several shortcomings that limit its practical usage. We adapt the ontology in such a way that it becomes suitable for business processes modeling. We consider we are not allowed to introduce new concepts into BWW ontology, thus we give a new explanation to existing concepts in order to reflect necessary notions.
Treatment of brain cancer and ischaemic stroke utilising High Intensity Focus Ultrasound (HIFU) guide with MRI

In this thesis high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is utilized for cancer treatment (thermal mode) and treatment of ischaemic stroke (mechanical mode). These two applications were investigated in vitro and in vivo models. MRI was utilized to monitor the lesions created by HIFU either in thermal or cavitation mode in freshly excised lamb brain tissue in vitro, and in rabbit brain in vivo. Additionally, MRI was used to monitor lesions deep in tissue for both in vitro and in vivo exposures. All three MRI sequences used (T1-W FSE, T2-W FSE and FLAIR) were able to detect lesions. Both thermal and bubbly lesions were best monitored using T1-W FSE with excellent contrast, proving the potential of HIFU to treat reliably tumours in the brain. A HIFU system was also used to assist thrombolysis in cooperation with a thrombolytic drug such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in vitro and in vivo. It was shown that higher intensity results to higher volume of dissolved clot, but there is a limit of the intensity to be used in order to avoid heating of the clot and the surrounding tissue. The goal in this study was to achieve temperature elevation not exceeding 1oC (called safe temperature). It was found that the larger the beam area the larger the dissolved clot volume. Also, the lower the frequency, the larger the volume of the dissolved clot. The results reported herein point to the use of frequency around 0.5 MHz and pulsing to optimize thrombolysis and skull penetration and at the same time avoiding unwanted heating. Finally, an Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) phantom skull model was developed in order to evaluate the propagation of ultrasound using a single element transducer. The skull model was appropriately designed so that it has the same attenuation as a human skull. It was demonstrated that using a frequency of 0.5 MHz versus 1 MHz, ultrasound propagation through the phantom skull was higher. Therefore, higher frequency has poor skull penetration and a small beam size at the focus, while low frequencies have better skull penetration but with the risk of reaching the unpredictable effect of cavitation. The developed system has proven to successfully create large lesions in the brain and at the same time, these lesions are successfully monitored with excellent contrast using MRI (T1-W FSE) enabling the accurate determination of the margins of these lesions. The results reported in this study point to the use of frequency around 0.5 MHz and pulsing to optimize thrombolysis and skull penetration and at the same time avoiding unwanted heating. For treating tumours located deep in the brain and for dissolving thrombus causing an acute ischaemic stroke, further extensive clinical studies will be needed before this technology is applied to humans.
Blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine responses to dexfenfluramine in obese postmenopausal women 1–3

Dexfenfluramine has been shown to reduce body weight and lower blood pressure in obese individuals. However, it is not clear whether the blood pressure–lowering effect is due to dexfenfluramine or to the loss of weight. This project was designed to study the effect of a 5-d treatment of dexfenfluramine on blood pressure changes in obese postmenopausal women. Twenty women aged 51–60 y matched for body mass index [BMI (in kg/m 2 ) of 34.5–50.1] were assigned to either the dexfenfluramine group (15 mg orally twice a day for 5 d) or the control group. All subjects were instructed about an isoenergetic diet. Twenty-four–hour ambulatory blood pressure, plasma catecholamines, glucose, insulin, and lipids were measured at the beginning and repeated at the conclusion of the study. On day 5 the mean systolic (SBP) and mean diastolic blood pressures (DBP) in the dexfenfluramine group were lower than those of the control group (SBP: 114 – 7 mm Hg in the dexfenfluramine group compared with 124 – 12 mm Hg in the control group, P < 0.05; DBP: 70 – 9 mm Hg in the dexfenfluramine group compared with 76 – 10 mm Hg in the control group, P < 0.05). The mean plasma norepinephrine concentration was lower in the dexfenfluramine group than in the control group (1.60 – 0 .5 compared with 2.41 – 0.5 nmol/L, respective-ly, P < 0.05). No differences were noted in epinephrine, glucose, insulin, and lipid concentrations between the two groups. We showed that a 5-d treatment of dexfenfluramine decreases blood pressure and reduces heart rate in obese postmenopausal women. Our data suggest that these effects are results of the direct action of dexfenfluramine. 1998;67:611–5. on changes in blood pressure in obese postmenopausal women consuming an isoenergetic diet by using both the new ABPM technique and the conventional method. We also examined the effects of dexfenfluramine on circulating concentrations of catecholamines, glucose, insulin, and lipids.
Trade , Wages , and Speci ̄ c Factors

In this paper, we use a multi-sector speci ̄c-factors model with sector-speci ̄c capital and two mobile factors, skilled and unskilled labor, to examine the e®ects of trade, technology, and factor endowments on the skill premium in U.S. manufacturing industries. A key feature of this model is that factor-price insensitivity does not hold, and thus endowment changes and factor-speci ̄c technological change a®ect relative factor returns, and hence the skill premium. Using this model and data for the U.S. manufacturing sector from 1958-96, we calculate changes in the skill premium and then carry out a decomposition to identify the changes caused by product price changes (trade), technological progress, labor and capital endowment changes. The decomposition reveals that trade e®ects, working through product price changes, caused the skill premium to increase moderately. Changes in capital endowments (new investments) had a positive e®ect on the skill premium, with the strongest impact during the '80s, while the e®ect of technological change on the skill premium varied over time. Finally, changes in relative labor endowments had a negative e®ect on the skill premium.
Prognostic value of p 53 molecular status in high-risk primary breast cancer

*Correspondence to: Dr P. Marchetti, University of L’Aquila, Department of Experimental Medicine, Via Vetoio, Coppito II, L’Aquila 67100, Italy. Tel: +39-0862-368523; Fax: +39-0862-433523; E-mail: oncologiamedica@tin.it Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila; Divisions of Oncologic Surgery and Pathology and Cytology, S. Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila; Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, University ‘G. D. Annunzio’, Chieti, Italy
Chapter 2 CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND PATHOGENESIS OF GI AND PANCREATIC CANCERS

The pathogenesis of cancer represents a complex and multifactorial process requiring a number of acquired and genetic defects. It is becoming increasingly apparent that many cancers originate from a chronic inflammatory process. The topic of this review is the inflammatory response and development of gastrointestinal (GI) and pancreatic cancers. Here, we describe the development of various gastric colorectal and pancreatic cancers through an inflammatory process. The tumor microenvironment which predisposes to tissue destruction, subsequent attempts at healing and accumulation of cellular damage with loss of cell cycle control mechanisms is discussed. Components of the tumor microenvironment that are important in the final common pathway leading to cancer include the tumor stroma, tumor-associated macrophages, cytokines and chemokines and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Common signaling pathways that link inflammation with cancer are described and include the COX-2, NF-KB and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. Finally, therapies that can be directed to the inflammatory process as either treatment or prevention of these cancers will be discussed including novel inhibitors of signaling pathways which are currently in
On the Timeliness of Price Discovery 1

Price discovery is the process whereby value-relevant, private information becomes impounded or reflected in a stock's publicly-observable market price. The timeliness of price discovery refers to how quickly that process takes effect. There is no reason to believe either that all private information is discovered equally quickly or that price discovery is equally speedy for all firms. The latter observation suggests it would be worthwhile knowing why the timeliness of price discovery differs across firms, even the more so in an environment where all listed companies by law must disclose most material price-sensitive information as soon as they become aware of it. The other observation, that not all private information is discovered equally quickly, implies we should focus on a material, periodic event when we compare timeliness across firms. A good candidate is the announcement of the company’s annual results, since for many years is has been known that annual earnings alone captures at least half the value-relevant information released by the average firm over the 12 months leading up to this date. We use various approaches to explore measures of timeliness and what they can tell us. We review a number of studies that have considered various aspects of timeliness in different countries and extend and contrast their findings. We also examine the relationship between the timeliness of price discovery and analogous measures based upon firms’ formal disclosures to the share market and upon analysts’ consensus earnings forecasts. Finally, we report on an issue of major concern to regulators and market operators, namely the influence of corporate governance on the timeliness of price discovery. 1 Department of Accounting and Finance, Lancaster University (corresponding author: w.beekes@lancaster.ac.uk). 2 Schools of Accounting and Banking and Finance, UNSW and UWA Business School. On the Timeliness of Price Discovery Wendy Beekes and Philip Brown
Clinical Profile and Etiological Evaluation of Pancytopenia in a Tertiary Care Hospital

DOI: 10.21276/sjams.2018. 6.6. 22 Abstract: Evaluation of clinical and etiological profile of Pancytopenia in a tertiary care hospital. This is a Retropective study conducted in dept of medicine in SDMCMSH Sattur Dharwad during the period of July 2017 – December 2017. 50 Inpatients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of Pancytopenia were evaluated and detailed history and clinical evaluation was done. Selected patients were evaluated with bone marrow examination. Among 50 inpatients of Pancytopenia studied, age of patients ranged between 18-90years with commonest age being 5-7 th decade with male preponderance. Most of the patients presented with easy fatiguability and exertional breathlessness. Commonest etiology found in our study was nutritional anemia secondary to VitB12 and folate deficiency. Pancytopenia is a hematological problem having underlying various etiologies. Megaloblastic anemia due to nutritional deficiency was most common cause observed in this part of population. A detailed clinical history and examination and baseline haematological investigation provide valuable information for further evaluation of pancytopenic patients and reach to a etiological diagnosis.