Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of pH on Fluoride Release of Glass Ionomer Based Restorative Materials

Three Glass-ionomer based restorative materials (Conventional Glass-ionomer cement, resin-modified Glass-ionomer cement and Compomer) were used. The number of the specimens for the fluoride measurement and surface hardness test was 156 specimens. The specimens for each material were divided into four equal groups: the first group was dry stored, the second group was stored in solution pH7, the third group was stored in solution pH5 and the last group was stored in solution pH3. All the specimens were stored in an incubator at 37°C for seven days. Fluoride release after seven days was measured with fluoride ion selective electrode. The amount of fluoride released from the three materials were significantly higher in acidic solutions than in neutral solutions. The Compomer released the highest amount of fluoride into the three storage solutions, while the least fluoride release was from the resin-modified glass-ionomer.
Capital-Skill Complementarity and the Emergence of Labor Emancipation

This paper advances a novel hypothesis regarding the historical roots of labor emancipation. It argues that the decline of coercive labor institutions in the industrial phase of development has been an inevitable by-product of the intensification of capital-skill complementarity in the production process. In light of the growing significance of skilled labor for fostering the return to physical capital, elites in society were induced to relinquish their historically profitable coercion of labor in favor of employing free skilled workers, thereby incentivizing the masses to engage in broad-based human capital acquisition, without fear of losing their skill premium to expropriation. In line with the proposed hypothesis, exploiting a plausibly exogenous source of variation in early industrialization across regions of nineteenth-century Prussia, capital abundance is shown to have contributed to the subsequent intensity of de facto serf emancipation.
The Arginine of the DRY Motif in Transmembrane Segment III Functions as a Balancing Micro-switch in the Activation of the β2-Adrenergic Receptor

Background: ArgIII:26 (Arg3.50) is almost 100% conserved among 7TM receptors. Results: Alanine substitution of ArgIII:26 was basically silent while providing expected positive and negative effects when applied to its proposed interaction partners. Conclusion: The ArgIII:26 micro-switch stabilizes both active and inactive receptor conformations but is not directly involved in receptor signaling. Significance: This work provides clarification of the molecular mechanism of a crucial micro-switch in 7TM receptors. Recent high resolution x-ray structures of the β2-adrenergic receptor confirmed a close salt-bridge interaction between the suspected micro-switch residue ArgIII:26 (Arg3.50) and the neighboring AspIII:25 (Asp3.49). However, neither the expected “ionic lock” interactions between ArgIII:26 and GluVI:-06 (Glu6.30) in the inactive conformation nor the interaction with TyrV:24 (Tyr5.58) in the active conformation were observed in the x-ray structures. Here we find through molecular dynamics simulations, after removal of the stabilizing T4 lysozyme, that the expected salt bridge between ArgIII:26 and GluVI:-06 does form relatively easily in the inactive receptor conformation. Moreover, mutational analysis of GluVI:-06 in TM-VI and the neighboring AspIII:25 in TM-III demonstrated that these two residues do function as locks for the inactive receptor conformation as we observed increased Gs signaling, arrestin mobilization, and internalization upon alanine substitutions. Conversely, TyrV:24 appears to play a role in stabilizing the active receptor conformation as loss of function of Gs signaling, arrestin mobilization, and receptor internalization was observed upon alanine substitution of TyrV:24. The loss of function of the TyrV:24 mutant could partly be rescued by alanine substitution of either AspIII:25 or GluVI:-06 in the double mutants. Surprisingly, removal of the side chain of the ArgIII:26 micro-switch itself had no effect on Gs signaling and internalization and only reduced arrestin mobilization slightly. It is suggested that ArgIII:26 is equally important for stabilizing the inactive and the active conformation through interaction with key residues in TM-III, -V, and -VI, but that the ArgIII:26 micro-switch residue itself apparently is not essential for the actual G protein activation.
Pharmacokinetic interaction between verapamil and everolimus in healthy subjects.

AIMS We sought to define the influence of verapamil, an inhibitor of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein, on the pharmacokinetics of everolimus, a substrate of this enzyme and transporter. METHODS This was a two-period, single-sequence, crossover study in 16 healthy subjects. In period 1 subjects received a single 2 mg oral dose of everolimus. In period 2 they received verapamil 80 mg three times daily for a total of 6 days and a single 2 mg dose of everolimus co-administered on the second day of verapamil therapy. RESULTS During verapamil co-administration, everolimus C(max) increased 2.3-fold (90% CI, 1.9, 2.7) from 21 +/- 8 to 47 +/- 18 ng ml(-1) and AUC increased 3.5-fold (90% CI, 3.1, 3.9) from 115 +/- 45 to 392 +/- 142 ng ml(-1) h. Everolimus half-life was only prolonged to a minor extent (32 +/- 6 vs. 37 +/- 6 h). Verapamil predose concentrations doubled from 32 +/- 16 to 74 +/- 42 ng ml(-1) after single dose administration of everolimus. CONCLUSIONS Multiple dosing with verapamil increased blood concentrations of everolimus after a single dose by an average 3.5-fold. During verapamil treatment, dose reduction for everolimus should be made guided by blood monitoring and for verapamil by blood pressure monitoring.
Measurement of IGBT switching characteristics and loss using coaxial current transformer

Device switching times and switching energy losses are required over a wide range of practical working conditions for successful design of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based power converters. This paper presents a cost-effective experimental setup using a co-axial current transformer for measurement of IGBT switching characteristics and switching energy loss. Measurements are carried out on a 50A, 1200V IGBT (SKM50GB123D) for different values of gate resistance, device current and junction temperature. These measurements augment the technical data available in the device datasheet.Short circuit transients are also investigated experimentally under hard switched fault as well as fault under load conditions.
The influence of partial‐match cues on event‐based prospective memory

In event‐based prospective memory tasks people form an intention to respond when an environmental cue signals that conditions are appropriate to fulfil an intended activity. In the ongoing activity the authors embedded partial‐match cues that only partially, but not completely, satisfied the conditions required to make a prospective response. The consequence of encountering these partial‐match cues was to increase responses to appropriate prospective memory cues encountered later. This outcome occurred both with semantic and orthographic cues, but only the former led to longer processing latencies of the partial‐match cues. This asymmetry suggests that partial‐match cues may not need to be processed consciously in order to benefit event‐based prospective memory. A parametric manipulation of the number of partial‐match cues resulted in numerically but not statistically better prospective memory. Consequently, partial‐match cues may function as overt reminders of the intention to respond or they may serve to engage participants in self‐initiated remindings of the intention.
A new proof of the 6 color theorem

In 1965 Ringel raised a 6 color problem for graphs that can be stated in at least three different forms. In particular, is it possible to color the vertices and faces of every plane graph with 6 colors so that any two adjacent or incident elements are colored differently? This 6 color problem was solved in 1984 by the present author; the proof used about 35 reducible configurations. A shorter new proof is given here using only half as many of reducible configurations. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Au th or ' s pe rs on al co py Colloque : Épidémiologie sociale et inégalités de santé The development of life course epidemiology

The present paper reviews the development of life course epidemiology since its origins during the 1990s from biological programming, birth cohort research and the study of health inequalities. Methods of studying the life course are examined, including birth cohort studies, linked register datasets and epidemiological archaeology. Three models of life course epidemiology are described: critical periods, accumulation, and pathways. Their conceptual and empirical differentiation can be difficult, but it is argued that accumulation is the underlying social process driving life course trajectories, while the critical period and pathway models are distinguished by their concern with specific types of aetiological process. Among the advantages of the accumulation model are predictive power, aetiological insights, contributions to health inequality debates and social policy implications. It is emphasised that the life course approach is not opposed to, or an alternative to, a concern with cross-sectional and current effects; major social disruption can have a large and immediate impact on health. Other limitations of the life course approach include a spectrum of impact (life course effects can be strong in relation to physiology, but often are weaker in relation to behaviour and psychological reactions to everyday life) and, more speculatively, the possibility that life course effects are diluted in the older age groups where morbidity and mortality are highest. Three issues for the future of life course epidemiology are identified. Many life course data are collected retrospectively. We need to know which items of information are recalled with what degree of accuracy over how many decades; and what methods of collecting these retrospective data maximise accuracy and duration. Second, the two partners in life course research need to take more seriously each other’s disciplines. Social scientists need to be more critical of such measures as self-assessed health, which lacks an aetiology and hence biological plausibility. Natural scientists need to be more critical of such concepts as socio-economic status, which lacks social plausibility because it fails to distinguish between social location and social prestige. Finally, European comparative studies can play an important part in the future development of life course epidemiology if they build on the emerging infrastructure of European comparative research. © 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Interaction between the ventilatory and cerebrovascular responses to hypo‐ and hypercapnia at rest and during exercise

Cerebrovascular reactivity to changes in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (P a,CO 2 ) via limiting changes in brain [H+] modulates ventilatory control. It remains unclear, however, how exercise‐induced alterations in respiratory chemoreflex might influence cerebral blood flow (CBF), in particular the cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2. The respiratory chemoreflex system controlling ventilation consists of two subsystems: the central controller (controlling element), and peripheral plant (controlled element). In order to examine the effect of exercise‐induced alterations in ventilatory chemoreflex on cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity, these two subsystems of the respiratory chemoreflex system and cerebral CO2 reactivity were evaluated (n= 7) by the administration of CO2 as well as by voluntary hypo‐ and hyperventilation at rest and during steady‐state exercise. During exercise, in the central controller, the regression line for the P a,CO 2–minute ventilation relation shifted to higher and P a,CO 2 with no change in gain (P= 0.84). The functional curve of the peripheral plant also reset rightward and upward during exercise. However, from rest to exercise, gain of the peripheral plant decreased, especially during the hypercapnic condition (−4.1 ± 0.8 to −2.0 ± 0.2 mmHg l−1 min−1, P= 0.01). Therefore, under hypercapnia, total respiratory loop gain was markedly reduced during exercise (−8.0 ± 2.3 to −3.5 ± 1.0 U, P= 0.02). In contrast, cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity at each condition, especially to hypercapnia, was increased during exercise (2.4 ± 0.2 to 2.8 ± 0.2% mmHg−1, P= 0.03). These findings indicate that, despite an attenuated chemoreflex system controlling ventilation, elevations in cerebrovascular reactivity might help maintain CO2 homeostasis in the brain during exercise.
EFFECT OF NITRIC OXIDE INHIBITION ON KIDNEY FUNCTION IN EXPERIMENTAL RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION

We examined the effect of acute systemic blockade of nitric oxide (N0) synthesis on blood pressure and renal function in rats with angiotensin II dependent two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertension. Hypertensive animals had significantly higher blood pressures, plasma NO metabolite concentrations and urinary NO metabolite excretion rates than control rats. Intravenous administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) (10 mg/kg) increased mean arterial pressure in both hypertensive and control animals with the magnitude of increase being greater in hypertensive than control rats (32±3 vs. 20±2 mmHg,p< 0.05). L-NAME did not affect glomerular filtration rates of normal and clipped kidneys but significantly decreased non-clipped kidney glomerular filtration rate (1.1±0.1 vs. 0.7±0.1 ml/min per g kidney wt, p< 0.05). Blood flow to normal and non-clipped kidneys fell in response to L-NAME. Percent reduction in renal blood flow produced by L-NAME was significantly greater in non-clipped than normal kidneys (38±3 vs. 24±2%,p< 0.05). In contrast, clipped kidney blood flow increased after L-NAME (3.3±0.2 vs. 4.0±0.2 ml/min per g kidney wt,p< 0.05). An identical improvement in clipped kidney blood flow occurred when arterial pressure was raised with aortic constriction indicating that the systemic pressor effect of L-NAME was responsible for this finding. These results indicate that NO plays an important role in systemic and non-clipped kidney hemodynamics in renovascular hypertension. Because NO has little influence on stenotic kidney function, the stimulus for increased NO system activity in this disease appears to be vascular shear stress rather than elevated circulating or intrarenal angiotensin II concentrations.
Internalization of the Lymphocytic Surface Protein CD22 Is Controlled by a Novel Membrane Proximal Cytoplasmic Motif*

CD22 is a key receptor on B-lymphocytes that modulates signaling during antigenic stimulation. We have defined a novel cytoplasmic motif in human CD22 that controls its unusually rapid turnover at the plasma membrane. Chimeric and mutated CD22α cDNA vectors were constructed and stably transfected in CD22-negative Jurkat T-lymphocytic cells. Two assays were employed to measure CD22α internalization: first, cytoplasmic uptake of radioiodinated anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody; and second, lethal targeting of a toxin, saporin, into cells via CD22 using bispecific F(ab′)2([anti-CD22 × anti-saporin]) antibody. Results showed that CD22α lacking a cytoplasmic tail was not internalized and that replacement of the cytoplasmic tail of CD19 with that of CD22α resulted in a chimeric molecule that behaved like CD22α and internalized rapidly. Step-wise deletion of the cytoplasmic tail of CD22α located the internalization motif to a polar region of 11 residues (QRRWKRTQSQQ) proximal to the plasma membrane, a part of the molecule predicted to form a coil or turn structure. Interestingly, additional CD22 mutants showed that the two glutamine residues sandwiching the serine are critical to internalization but that the serine itself is not.
Pneumatic Lithotriptor vs Holmium : YAG Laser in management of Ureteral Calculus

Endoscopic management of ureteral calculi is one of the most important therapies in academic centers. Amongst these Laser and Pneumatic Lithotriptors are gaining popularity. This study was designed to study the efficacy and outcomes of both the available Lithotriptors. 200 patients presenting to the Urology OPD in our tertiary center were divided into 2 groups; first group being treated with pneumatic lithotripter and second group being treated with Holmium: YAG laser. Patients in both groups were compared in regards to mean operative time, successful fragmentation rate, mean hospital stay and occurrence of various complications in each procedure. Our study depicted results in favour of Holmium: YAG Laser which were substantiated by our data analysis.
Scapular Dyskinesis and Its Relation to Shoulder Pain

&NA; Scapular dyskinesis is an alteration in the normal position or motion of the scapula during coupled scapulohumeral movements. It occurs in a large number of injuries involving the shoulder joint and often is caused by injuries that result in the inhibition or disorganization of activation patterns in scapular stabilizing muscles. It may increase the functional deficit associated with shoulder injury by altering the normal scapular role during coupled scapulohumeral motions. Scapular dyskinesis appears to be a nonspecific response to shoulder dysfunction because no specific pattern of dyskinesis is associated with a specific shoulder diagnosis. It should be suspected in patients with shoulder injury and can be identified and classified by specific physical examination. Treatment of scapular dyskinesis is directed at managing underlying causes and restoring normal scapular muscle activation patterns by kinetic chain‐based rehabilitation protocols.
Relationship between hyperthermic cell killing and protein denaturation by alcohols.

The monohydric alcohols methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, and tert. -butanol dramatically sensitize V79 Chinese hamster lung cells to hyperthermia. for concentrations less than 3% alcohol by weignt, the rate of cell inactivation (k) appears to vary exponentially as a function of alcohol concentration. The degree of sensitization increases with increasing chain length, and for a constant concentration the ratio of the k's is 1:1.3:1.8:3.1 for methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, and t-butanol, respectively. Mono-, di-, and trihydric alcohols have similar effects upon the rate of protein denaturation. Membrane lipid fluidity of V79 cells was determined from 23 to 63/sup 0/C by measuring the rotational correlation time of the spin label 2,2-dimethyl-5-dodecyl-5-methyloxazolidine-N-oxide (2N14). A straight line was found for the Arrhenius plot of tau/sub c/, with an activation energy of 4.82 +- 0.07 kcal/mole. From the Arrhenius plot of the rate of cell killing from 42.0 to 46.8/sup 0/C, the enthalpy (.delta.H) and entropy (.delta.S) of activation were found to be 146 +- 9 kcal/mole and 388 cal/mole K, respectively. These values are consistent with protein denaturation (or possibly the denaturation of some other macromolecule) being the rate-limiting step in hyperthermic cell killing.
SHP-1 Deficient Mast Cells Are Hyperresponsive to Stimulation and Critical in Initiating Allergic Inflammation in the Lung

Phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1)-deficient mice display an allergic asthma phenotype that is largely IL-13 and STAT6 dependent. The cell types responsible for the Th2 phenotype have not been identified. We hypothesized that SHP-1 deficiency leads to mast cell dysregulation and increased production and release of mediators and Th2 cytokines, leading to the allergic asthma phenotype. We examined SHP-1 regulation of mast cell differentiation, survival, and functional responses to stimulation using bone marrow-derived mast cells from viable motheaten (mev) mice. We assessed pulmonary phenotypical changes in mev mice on the mast cell-deficient KitW-Sh genetic background. The results showed that SHP-1 deficiency led to increased differentiation and survival, but reduced proliferation, of mast cells. SHP-1–deficient mast cells produced and released increased amounts of mediators and Th2 cytokines IL-4 and -13 spontaneously and in response to H2O2, LPS, and FcεI cross-linking, involving c-Kit–dependent and –independent processes. The FcεRI signaling led to binding of SHP-1 to linker for activation of T cells 2 and enhanced linker for activation of T cells 2 phosphorylation in mev bone marrow-derived mast cells. Furthermore, the number of mast cells in the lung tissue of mev mice was increased and mast cell production and release of Th2 cytokines were distinctly increased upon FcεRI stimulation. When backcrossed to the KitW-Sh background, mev mice had markedly reduced pulmonary inflammation and Th2 cytokine production. These findings demonstrate that SHP-1 is a critical regulator of mast cell development and function and that SHP-1–deficient mast cells are able to produce increased Th2 cytokines and initiate allergic inflammatory responses in the lung.
Hybrid Fuel Cell Gas Turbine System Design and Optimization

Ultrahigh efficiency, ultralow emission fuel cell gas turbine (FC/GT) hybrid technology represents a significant breakthrough in electric power generation. FC/GT hybrid designs are potentially fuel flexible, dynamically responsive, scalable, low-emission generators. The current work develops a library of dynamic component models and system design tools that are used to conceptualize and evaluate hybrid cycle configurations. The physical models developed for the design analysis are capable of off-design simulation, perturbation analysis, dispatch evaluation, and control development. A parametric variation of seven fundamental design parameters provides insights into design and development requirements of FC/GT hybrids. As the primary generator in most configurations, the FC design choices dominate the system performance, but the optimal design space may be substantially different from a stand-alone FC system. FC operating voltage, fuel utilization, and balance of plant component sizing has large impacts on cost, performance, and functionality. Analysis shows that hybridization of existing fuel cell and gas turbine technology can approach 75% fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiency. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4024569]
A Study of Prevalence and Association of Risk Factors for Diabetic Vasculopathy in an Urban Area of Gujarat

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an aftermath of type 2 diabetes posing a significant health problem in developing countries. Its silent progression warrants presymptomatic screening by ankle brachial index (ABI), which cannot be applied to the whole population. We tried to measure the burden of PAD in diabetics of this region correlating various risk factors for it quantitatively and qualitatively. Materials and Methods: From various out-patient departments, 110 known under treatment type 2 diabetics were recruited. They underwent thorough assessment for general, symptomatic, medical history and risk factor screening that included 11 well-known risk factors. ABI was measured by Versadop instrument using the standard protocol with ABI <0.9 being considered as abnormal. Results: There was a high prevalence of asymptomatism, hypertension, positive family history and age <52 years in the study group. Relative risk was highest for asymptomatism followed by high body mass index, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease and smoking, but less significant for age, gender, fasting sugar level, family history. More adverse ABI profile was noticed with the increase in number of five modifiable risk factors cumulatively. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of low ABI in our region that is an evidence of PAD mainly affected by risk factors many of which were modifiable. Defining those who are at risk to develop PAD in Diabetes, one can use ABI better in early screening and prompt treatment of this complication to stop its further progression and primary prevention can be served as felt the need for health-care effectively.