Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian Time Series Approach to the Comparison of Conflict Dynamics

Despite the apparent decline in interstate war and some other kinds of conflicts since the middle of the last century, the world continues to be plagued by lethal, politically motivated violence. We address major deficiencies in the rationalist accounts of this violence. Using time series data from the Event Data Project (EDP) at Pennsylvania State University and a Markov-switching, Bayesian multivariate time series model, we produce novel test of rationalists’ theoretical expectations and of empiricists’ stylized facts. We show that there are significant di↵erences in the dynamic structure (mechanisms) of conflicts in the Levant, Cross Straits, and Indian subcontinent. In particular, the number of conflict phases and the lag structures of these conflicts are not the same. Moreover the regimes in the Levant are best conceived in terms of di↵erent variances while those in the other two cases in terms of di↵erent intercepts. These di↵erences translate into di↵erent short and long term patterns of (non) reciprocity and of conflict phase shifts. Hence the evolutionary—non-equilibrating—behaviors of the belligerents in the three conflicts are distinct (Diehl, 2006). The actual patterns are di↵erent than those reported recently by Zeitzo↵ (2011) for the Levant but they appear consistent with some commentaries on Pakistani policymaking (Tremblay and Schofield, 2005). There is little evidence that succession processes or changes in the type of government are the source of conflict phase shifts. The exception is the change in the regime type of Pakistan in the late 1990s; this change does appear to have caused a conflict phase shift. Empirically, conflict dynamics across rivalries di↵er greatly. There are major di↵erences in the patterns of verbal and material behavior in the Cross Straits and Indian Subcontinent as well as between the conflict dynamics in these two rivalries and the conflict dynamics between the the Israelis and Palestinians. As regards the idea of conflict phase shifts, we find, contrary to many works in the literature, that there are a relatively small number (2-3) in each of our cases. The propensity of some scholars to find 4 or more phases seems to be due to post hoc pattern hunting of the kind that Taleb (2010) and others criticize.
On the Thermodynamic Properties of the Spinless Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau Oscillator in Noncommutative Plane

The Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau oscillator for spin 0 particle in noncommutative plane is analyzed and the energy eigenvalue of the system is obtained by employing the functional analysis method. Furthermore, the thermodynamic properties of the noncommutative DKP oscillator are investigated via numerical method and the influence of noncommutative space on thermodynamic functions is also discussed. We show that the energy spectrum and corresponding thermodynamic functions of the considered physical systems depend explicitly on the noncommutative parameter which characterizes the noncommutativity of the space.
Retention of vertically migrating suprabenthic mysids in fjords

Horizontal and vertical pelagic distribution patterns at night of the vertically migrating suprabenthic mysids Boreomysis megalops, Lophogaster typicus, Leptomysis gracilis and Schistornysis ornata were studied in Masfjorden, western Norway. Horizontal distributions were h~ghly patchy, and reflected known localities of daytime bottom habitats. Little evidence of horizontal dispersal was found in spite of extensive upward migration at night (> 100 m away from bottom). Fjords seem to offer suitable habitats for vertically migrating mysids through relative low advective forcing, thereby facilitating population maintenance within a locality. However, current data indicate that population maintenance is not possible if mysids drift passively during the pelagic phase. It is suggested that dispersal is reduced by mysid behaviour.
The Comparative Analysis of Neutrons Properties of the Nuclear Fuel Produced by the Westinghouse and the TVEL for the Reactors VVER-1000 by Code SERPENT

In this paper, we analyze the impact on isotopic composition of spent nuclear fuel VVER-1000, due to various operational conditions, such as concentration of boric acid dissolved in water, the temperature of the fuel, and others. In addition, the impact that is caused by the technological allowances applied while manufacturing fuel assemblies that were analyzed by the mass fuel and its enrichment. The calculations were performed on models of the fuel assemblies of reactor VVER-1000. The basis was taken of a typical fuel Assembly of the Russian TVEL suppliers and the new fuel assemblies of the American company Westinghouse.
Phylogenetic relatedness of Erebia medusa and E. epipsodea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) confirmed

The extensive genus Erebia is divided into several groups of species according to phylogenetic relatedness. The species Erebia medusa was assigned to the medusa group and E. epipsodea to the alberganus group. A detailed study of the morphology of their copulatory organs indicated that these species are closely related and based on this E. epipsodea was transferred to the medusa group. Phylogenetic analyses of the gene sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) confirm that E. medusa and E. epipsodea are closely related. A possible scenario is that the North American species, E. episodea, evolved after exclusion/isolation from E. medusa, whose current centre of distribution is in Europe.
Hosting the Small Island Developing States: two scenarios

Purpose It has been estimated that some Small Island Developing States might have only decades before their territories become uninhabitable. Future of these states poses timely questions to world politics. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the potential hosts and endangered states at the time of relocation by looking at two relocation scenarios: Kiribati/New Zealand and the Maldives/Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses normative international political theory to explore the nature of relocation. It critically examines the proposal for the free right to choose the new host state. Guided by two examples, the paper proposes that we should not ignore the contingent reasoning when evaluating these hypothetical scenarios. Findings The paper argues that the endangered state might have ethical grounds for its rights–claims to continuous existence on a chosen territory. At the same time, both scenarios looked at here also impose serious constraints. By illustrating these constraints, the paper aims at mapping some central challenges that the continuity of endangered states creates to international state-system. The paper argues that the complex relationships between the potential hosts and the relocating communities should not be ignored. Originality/value This paper provides a contextual analysis of two hypothetical relocation scenarios. In doing so, it relies on comparative research in two regions and offers a normative argument in relation to the rights of both endangered and host populations.
Synthesis of silica nanoparticles by sol-gel: size-dependent properties, surface modification, and applications in silica-polymer nanocomposites — a review

Application of silica nanoparticles as fillers in the preparation of nanocomposite of polymers has drawnmuch attention, due to the increased demand for new materials with improved thermal, mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Recent developments in the synthesis of monodispersed, narrow-size distribution of nanoparticles by sol-gel method provide significant boost to development of silica-polymer nanocomposites. This paper is written by emphasizing on the synthesis of silica nanoparticles, characterization on size-dependent properties, and surface modification for the preparation of homogeneous nanocomposites, generally by sol-gel technique. The effect of nanosilica on the properties of various types of silica-polymer composites is also summarized.
The coup in Mali : the result of a long-term crisis or spillover from the Libyan civil war ?

unexpected, although most national and international players were eager to maintain an unrealistic view of political developments in this Sahelian country. This crisis reflects the decay of state institutions and practices: the Malian army collapsed and patronage does not mean democracy. The crisis is built on four dynamics that have their own effects: the debatable implementation of previous peace settlements with the Tuareg insurgency; the growing economic importance of AQIM activities in the Sahelian region; the collapse of the Qaddafi regime in Libya; and the inability or unwillingness of Algeria to play the role of regional hegemon now that its rival (Libya) has stopped doing so.
Mathematical model of low-temperature wafer bonding under medium vacuum and its application

Low-temperature direct wafer bonding was successfully performed under medium vacuum level. A mathematical model was developed based on the qualitative understanding of the bonding mechanisms. The model combined the diffusion-reaction model of water in SiO/sub 2/ and the diffusion theory in porous media. It is found that the model agrees well with the experimental data. This model can be applied to predict the effects of annealing time, annealing temperature, ambient vacuum, wafer orientation, and wafer dimension on the bond strength.
Diel variation in microphytobenthic productivity in areas of different tidal amplitude

In situ diel patterns of productivity, total daily productivity ( 14 C-uptake) and microphy- tobenthic biomass were measured at 3 sites from different tidal regimes: a shallow subtidal site with negligible tidal fluctuations (Sweden), a shallow subtidal site exposed to distinct salinity and turbid- ity variations (Italy) and an intertidal site in a macrotidal estuary (Portugal). Measurements were taken at regular intervals (5 to 7) throughout the period that the sediment was light-exposed and replicated over 3 d. The pattern of diel productivity varied between the sites. The subtidal Swedish site showed the clearest pattern, closely following daily irradiance, while productivity at the Italian subtidal site was influenced by varying freshwater input affecting the turbidity. Daily productivity at the intertidal site was controlled mainly by the tidal exposure patterns, but changes in rates of pro- ductivity also occurred across the emersion period. This variation could not be explained purely by irradiance, suggesting the influence of further factors, e. g. nutrient limitation. Despite different sed- iment type, tidal amplitude and species composition, the biomass and total daily primary productiv- ity at the sites was of the same order of magnitude, suggesting a similar carrying capacity. The main difference between the sites was in the degree of intra-site variation, being greatest for the intertidal site. The relationship between in situ productivity (measured across the diel cycle) and irradiance varied between sites. No relationship could be determined for the highly motile intertidal microphy- tobenthic community, while a statistically significant relationship between in situ microphytobenthic productivity and irradiance was found at the 2 subtidal sites.
Harmonic Impedance of Horizontal Grounding Electrode under Soil Ionization Effect

One of faults that occur in electric power system is due to the striking of lightning current pulses. The current in lightning pulse is up to some kilos of ampere and has high content of frequency. The main objective of grounding system is taking these pulses to earth. Due to high current in pulses the soil ionization effect takes place. This paper presents harmonic impedance of horizontal grounding electrode when it is hit by fast lightning current pulses. Also, this study takes into account soil ionization effect. As well as, in this paper a comparison between harmonic impedance when soil ionization effect is taken into account or not, is done. Transmission line (TL) approach is used within this study. The effect of soil electrical parameters, length of grounding electrode and type of lightning stroke are considered in this study.
Service Quality Dimensions of Retailing - A Study on Retail Chain Stores in Chittagong

Service quality is a critical component of customer perceptions about the service. The performance and quality parameters of any service are dependent on customer expectations and how efficiently and satisfactorily the service firm is able to serve its customers. This study employs the SERVQUAL method to study service quality aspects of retail stores in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The traditional quality dimensions for assessing the service quality have been modified to assess the customers’ service needs and satisfaction in the retail sector. The results showed that a high positive correlation existed between various service dimensions, and that customers’ evaluation of service quality was more or less similar across different age groups. This study aims at identifying components of retail service quality in retail chain store in Chittagong. A survey of 412 shoppers in various retail chain store in Chittagong has resulted that service quality of retain chain store composes of 5 dominant factors namely Tangibility, Reliability, Assurance, Responsiveness and Empathy. Keywords: SERVQUAL; Retailer; Interactions; Behavior; Retailing
Nutritional Quality of Animal Polypeptide (Crayfish) Formulated Into Complementary Foods

Crayfish is classified as animal polypeptide, has complete amino acid profile, highly digestible, considerable nutritive value with a superior biological value that is necessary for good health and normal growth. The objective of this study is to assess nutritionally the quality and quantity of animal polypeptide formulated into complementary foods. Maize (Zea mays) and crayfish (euastacus spp) were the sole energy and protein sources respectively. Dietary samples consisted of diet 1, carbohydrate100% (Basal) diet 2 (Powdered Crayfish: fermented maize 10:100), diet 3 (Powdered Crayfish: fermented maize15:100), diet 4, milk based commercial diet, the formulated complementary diets were fed to 50 albino rats. The experimental animals (50) were selected randomly, weighed, allocated to metabolic cages. The experimental animals were reweighed and grouped into five of ten each per group. Dietary samples and water were fed to experimental animals ad libitum for 28 days and the variations were noted. The results revealed that the growth rate, (non protein dietary) declined from 24.62- 23.79g, (protein dietary) increased from 23.36-45.74, 24.50-40.77, and 24.43-37.81g, for diets 1 2, 3, and 4 respectively. The average nitrogen content retained in the various organs of the experimental animals, such as liver, kidney and muscle of the diets 1 2, 3 and 4 were 33.52, 57.30, 55.70, 55.22; 43.60, 52.33, 53.20, 51.38; and 45.80, 57.80, 56.80, 56.08mg/100g respectively. The complementary food formulations at 10% animal polypeptide formulation was favourably comparable to control, was found superior in terms of growth rate, and ensure optimum nitrogen content in the animal organs. It is thus concluded that calories obtained at 10% formulation with an animal polypeptide (crayfish) inclusion result in optimal nutrient composition of complementary foods and may be suitable to provide caloric value for sustenance, met recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and sufficient to eradicate protein energy malnutrition (PEM), in the developing countries.
IS Alignment Factors: Dynamic Relationships At Strategic, Tactical and Operational Level

The dynamic nature of IS alignment has been recognised in literature, nevertheless most empirical studies still focus on the relationships between business and IS at strategic level. Building on previously identified IS alignment factors (IT governance, IT value, communication, partnership, scope and architecture, human resources skills) this study incorporates an empirical investigation in a large insurance organisation that examines the relationships between business and IS across different organisational levels. By measuring the level of IS alignment of five strategic projects the impact of the factors affecting IS alignment is analysed. As previously reported IT governance was found to be the most relevant factor when high levels of IS alignment are obtained. However, by examining the variations of IS alignment for each project common areas of low IS alignment were identified: understanding of IT by business, balance metrics, budgetary control and share goals, risk and rewards. Findings reveal organisational structure and the business perception of IT value as the root causes behind low levels of IS alignment within those areas. Additionally, results exhibit a bigger IS alignment gap between the perceptions across strategic, tactical and operational levels than the traditional gap between business and IS.
Does Sutton apply to supermarkets

This paper presents empirical evidence that endogenous sunk costs play a central role in determining the equilibrium structure of the supermarket industry. Using the endogenous sunk cost (ESC) framework developed in Sutton (1991), I construct a model of supermarket competition where escalating investment in firm level distribution systems is driven by the incentive to produce a greater variety of products in every store. Using the observed networks of store and warehouse locations, I identify 51 distinct geographic markets covering nearly the entire United States and empirically verify their relative independence. Employing a dataset consisting of every supermarket operating in these markets, I establish the existence of a lower bound to concentration that remains strictly positive as market size expands. Furthermore, I am able to verify that this non-fragmentation result applies only to firms that have built their own distribution networks, as the model predicts.
Preliminary study on virulence of some isolates of entomopathogenic fungi in different developmental stages of Boophilus annulatus in Iran

To evaluate the virulance of 11 isolates of native entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agent of Boophilus annulatus, in this study, 4 three months old calves were used for tick rearing. Different developmental stages of the ticks, Boophilus annulatus were inoculated by 10 7 conidia/ml dilution of the fungal isolates in the presence of control groups. The mortality, egg hatchability and reproductive efficiency were determined in different treatments and control groups and the results were analized statisticaly. Metarhizium anisopliae strains DEMI001 and IRAN437C, Beauveria bassiana strain IRAN403C, and Lecanicillium psalliotae strain IRAN468C were the most virulent strains in comparison with their relative strains and caused 80 -100%, 20 - 80%, 0 - 40% and 0- 40% mortality for engorged females respectively. All 11 tested fungi reduced egg laying capability of the ticks several days before their death. The obtained data showed that the entomopathogenic fungi can affect all developmental stages of Boophilus annulatus, but their efficiency varies considerably according to the fungal species and strains. It is demonstrated for the first time the pathogenic effect of Lecanicillium psalliotae against Boophilus annulatus.
Plasmodium Falciparum Clearance in Malaria Treated Children at Lake Alau Settlements, North Eastern Nigeria: Effects of Body Weight

The influence of body weights on Plasmodium falcifarum clearance in malaria positive children was conducted using AT+SP and AQ+SP combination therapies, at the malaria holo - endemic and risk settlements of lake - alau, North Eastern Nigeria. A total of 313 children (6 - 59 months) were admitted into the study, to assess the efficacies of the combination therapies in children (6 - 59 months) using the effects of Body weights (kg) on parasite densities. Each child's weight was determined on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14 and 28 during the follow up periods. The drugs were administered between 0-3 days. Finger prick and venipuncture (syringe) techniques were employed and blood was sampled by pricking using sterilized needle on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14 and 28 for the assessment of parasite densities count (per µl) while blood smear was prepared using Giemsa stained slides making thick and thin blood smears. The result shows body weight exerted negative effects on Plasmodium falciparum between the range of 71.63 to 96.0% for AT+SP and 87.79 to 96.38% for AQ+SP in the first three days of treatment. Furthermore, results showed for each kg gain in body weight there was a synchronous parasite clearance by 325.79 versus 1199.91∕µ, 16.621 versus 157.06∕µ, 17.445 versus 153.5∕µ for AT+SP versus AQ+SP on days 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The terminal resultsindicated a higher residual parasitaemia at the onset of late phase in children treated with AQ+SP (195.17 to 113.92∕µ) tcompared to AT+SP (182.48 to 25.531∕µ). The respective parasite densities clearance per kg body weight for days 7, 14 and 28 for AT+SP versus AQ+SP was 33.82 versus 35.887∕µ, 10.076 versus 29.578∕µ and 2.3548 versus 26.368∕µ respectively. Thus, on each of the late follow-up days, the rate of parasite depletion was higher in AQ+SP than AT+SP. *Corresponding Author: muskokoss@gmail.com
Evaluation of Yield Component Traits of Honeybee-Pollinated (Apis mellifera L.)Rapeseed Canola (Brassica napus L.)

Recent introduction of hybrid varieties raises the question if bees (Apis mellifera L.) contribute as pollinator agents in developing the full yield potential of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). In order to evaluate the yield achieved by B. napus cv. Artus pollinated by A. mellifera testing was carried out in the district of Freire, La Araucania Region, Chile. This consisted in isolating or excluding rapeseed plants from pollinators with exclusion cages. Treatments applied were total exclusion (T1), partial exclusion (T2) and free pollination (T0) with a density of 6.5 hives ha-1, in order to determine the following yield components traits: grains per silique, siliques per plant, 1000 grain weight and yield. The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks with three treatments and three replicates. Results obtained show that the parameter least affected by bee intervention was the grains per silique variable. In contrast, siliques per plant and 1000 grain weight parameters presented significant differences, contributing to a yield greater than 5 t ha-1; which represented a figure 50.34% higher than in the treatment without bees. It may be concluded that the inclusion of bees in crops is fully justified as a production tool.