Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the maximum number of cycles in a planar graph

Let G be a graph on p vertices with q edges and let r = q − p = 1. We show that G has at most ${15\over 16} 2^{r}$ cycles. We also show that if G is planar, then G has at most 2r − 1 = o(2r − 1) cycles. The planar result is best possible in the sense that any prism, that is, the Cartesian product of a cycle and a path with one edge, has more than 2r − 1 cycles. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Graph Theory 57: 255–264, 2008
Trypanosomes résistants aux médicaments : une menace pour la production bovine du sud-ouest éthiopien

Trypanosomosis is an important disease of cattle in the southwest of Ethiopia. At present chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis are the only practical methods available for the control of animal trypanosomosis, but their effectiveness is being eroded by the emergence of drug resistant trypanosomes. Of the drugs available for the treatment of animal trypanosomosis, Berenil ® (diminazene aceturate) and Trypamidium ® (isometamidium chloride) have been used the most because of their availability and relatively low toxicity to cattle. In this study, four stocks of Trypanosoma congolense , originally isolated from cattle in the southwest of Ethiopia (Ghibe, Bedelle, Sodo and Arbaminch), were tested for their Berenil and Trypamidium sensitivity using Swiss white mice and indigenous zebu cattle. The results on the limited number of stocks indicated the existence of drug resistant strains of T. congolense . Isolates from Ghibe, Bedelle and Sodo were resistant to a therapeutic dose of diminazene aceturate (3.5 mg/kg) and to standard therapeutic and prophylactic doses of isometamidium chloride (0.5 and 1 mg/kg). However, all three stocks were found to be sensitive to 7 mg/kg diminazene aceturate. The fourth, the Arbaminch stock, was found to be resistant to the manufacturers’ recommended doses of diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride.
On the influence of poleward jet shift on shortwave cloud feedback in global climate models

Experiments designed to separate the effect of atmospheric warming from the effect of shifts of the eddy‐driven jet on shortwave (SW) cloud feedback are performed with three global climate models (GCMs). In each model a warming simulation produces a robust SW cloud feedback dipole, with a negative (positive) feedback in the high‐latitudes (subtropics). The cloud brightening in high‐latitudes that characterizes warming simulations is not produced by jet shifts alone in any of the models, but is highly sensitive to perturbations of freezing temperature seen by the cloud microphysics scheme, indicating that thermodynamic mechanisms involving the phase of cloud condensate dominate the SW feedback at high‐latitudes. In one of the models a poleward jet shift causes significant cloud dimming throughout the midlatitudes, but in two models it does not. Differences in cloud response to jet shifts in two of the models are attributed to differences in the shallow convection parameterizations.
An osteometrical method for sexing cattle bones: the metacarpals from 17th century Carnide, Lisbon, Portugal

Measurements taken on 47 complete and 44 distal fragments of cattle metacarpals from 17th century AD Carnide, Lisbon, separate into two groups. Comparison with 21 ancient DNA sexed specimens and modern specimens of known sex (seven Barrosã cows and a Barrosã bull), indicates that the Carnide metacarpals probably belonged to both cows and bulls/oxen. We use the 47 complete metacarpals as a “sexed reference sample” in order to find which measurements generally taken by zooarchaeologists on the distal metacarpal help separate males from females. Widths appear to be most useful. The modern Barrosã cattle in our collection, selected for their meat, have wider metacarpals than the ones from Carnide; the latter were perhaps more generalist animals.
Expression and biochemical characterization and substrate specificity of the fucoidanase from Formosa algae

A gene that encodes fucoidanase ffa2 in the marine bacterium Formosa algae strain KMM 3553T was cloned, and the protein (FFA2) was produced in Escherichia coli. Recombinant fucoidanase FFA2 was purified, and the biochemical properties of this enzyme were studied. The amino acid sequence of FFA2 showed 57% identity with known fucoidanase FcnA from Mariniflexile fucanivorans. The mass of the gene product FFA2 is 101.2 kDa (918 amino acid residues). Sequence analysis has revealed that fucoidanase FFA2 belongs to the GH107 (CAZy) family. Detailed substrate specificity was studied by using fucoidans from brown seaweeds as well as synthetic fucooligosaccharide with distinct structures. Fucoidanase FFA2 catalyzes the cleavage of (1→4)-α-glycosidic bonds in the fucoidan from Fucus evanescens within a structural fragment (→3)-α-l-Fucp2S-(1→4)-α-l-Fucp2S-(1→)n but not in a fragment (→3)-α-l-Fucp2S,4S-(1→4)-α-l-Fucp2S-(1→)n. Using synthetic di-, tetra- and octasaccharides built up of the alternative (1→4)- and (1→3)-linked α-l-Fucp2S units, the difference in substrate specificity and in the rate of enzymatic selectivity was investigated. Nonsulfated and persulfated synthetic oligosaccharides were not transformed by the enzyme. Therefore, FFA2 was specified as poly[(1→4)-α-l-fucoside-2-sulfate] glycanohydrolase. This enzyme could be used for the modification of natural fucoidans to obtain more regular and easier characterized derivatives useful for research and practical applications.
PHARMACOKINETICS AND ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY OF ENROFLOXACIN IN FAUNATED AND DEFAUNATED ANGORA GOATS

Enrofloxacin is the first fluoroquinolone introduced into veterinary medicine [22, 25]. Enrofloxacin has broad-spectrum activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasma spp and has efficacy against organisms that are resistant to other antibacterial agents [1, 2]. Pharmacokinetic studies have indicated that enrofloxacin is rapidly absorbed after oral and parenteral administration, has a large volume of distribution, with low plasma protein binding, and penetrates well into tissue and cells [6, 19, 23, 25, 27]. In addition, fluoroquinolones have a long serum elimination half-life, making them suitable for once or twice a day administration. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of enrofloxacin after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration to Angora goats were determined in a ours previous study [10]. Enrofloxacin was rapidly and almost completely absorbed after IM administration. Although enrofloxacin is given by oral route in adult ruminants, the oral absorption of this drug in these species is only approximately 10-35 % [8, 25]. ARTICLE ORIGINAL
Ki-67 Expression in Benign Breast Ductal Cells Obtained by Random Periareolar Fine Needle Aspiration

Ki-67 expression in ductal cells obtained by random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) is currently being used as a response biomarker in phase II breast cancer chemoprevention trials; however, Ki-67 in RPFNA has not been well studied as a risk predictor for cancer, which would support its use as a response indicator. We examined the expression of Ki-67 in RPFNA specimens with hyperplasia +/- atypia obtained from 147 women at high risk for development of breast cancer. Median Ki-67 was 1.4% (range 0-24%). Ki-67 was higher in specimens from women < 50 versus those > or = 50 (median 2% versus 0.6%; P = 0.006) and from premenopausal women versus postmenopausal women (P = 0.037); however, hormone replacement therapy (predominately low-dose estrogen without progestins) had no effect. By univariate analysis, Ki-67 was positively correlated with ductal cell number (P = 0.001) and hyperplasia with atypia (P = 0.007). By multivariable analysis, the proportion of ductal cells expressing Ki-67 was again predicted by cell number, which, in turn, was predicted by cytologic atypia. The association of Ki-67 expression with cytologic atypia, a known risk factor for development of breast cancer, provides preliminary justification for its use as a response biomarker in phase II chemoprevention trials.
Mountain High, Valley Low: Direction-Specific Effects of Articulation on Reaching

Representations underpinning action and language overlap and interact very closely. There are bidirectional interactions between word and action comprehension, semantic processing of language, and response selection. This study extends our understanding of the influence of speech on concurrent motor execution. Participants reached-to-grasp the top or bottom of a vertically oriented bar in response to the location of a word on a computer screen (top/bottom). Words were synonyms for “up” or “down”, and participants were required to articulate the word during movement. We were particularly interested in the influence of articulated word semantics on the transport component of the reach. Using motion capture to analyse action kinematics, we show that irrespective of reach direction, saying “up” synonyms led to greater height of the hand, while saying “down” synonyms was associated with reduced height. This direction-specific influence of articulation on the spatial parameters of the hand supports the idea that linguistic systems are tightly integrated and influence each other.
Metabolism and Urinary Excretion of Several Flavonoid Compounds.∗

Summary A study has been made of the metabolism and urinary excretion of rutin, hesperidin. hesperidin methyl chalcone, maringin and phloroacetophenone. Whereas the latter compound is to a large extent excreted either free or combined, the flavonoids, with the exception of rutin, are probably destroyed in the body or converted into other compounds which were not detected by the methods used. Rutin is partially destroyed in the body and partially handled by the usual phenol excretion pathways of sulfate and glucuronide.
Sports Injuries: An Important Cause of Morbidity in Urban Youth

Introduction. Sports injuries account for substantial morbidity and medical cost. To direct intervention, a population-based study of the causes and types of sports injuries was undertaken. Method. An injury surveillance system was established at all trauma center hospitals that treat residents 10 to 19 years old in the District of Columbia and the Chief Medical Examiner's Office. Medical record abstractions were completed for those seen in an emergency department, admitted to the hospital, or who died from injury June 1996 through June 1998. Findings. Seventeen percent (n = 2563) of all injuries occurred while participating in 1 of 6 sports (baseball/softball, basketball, biking, football, skating, and soccer) resulting in an event-based injury rate of 25.0 per 1000 adolescents or 25.0/1000 population year. Rates were higher in males for all sports. The most common mechanisms were falls (E880–888) and being struck by or against objects (E916–918). Hospitalization was required in 2% of visits and there were no deaths. Of those requiring hospitalization, 51% involved other persons, 12% were equipment-related, and 8% involved poor field/surface conditions. Of all baseball injuries, 55% involved ball or bat impact often of the head. Basketball injuries included several injuries from striking against the basketball pole or rim or being struck by a falling pole or backboard. Biking injuries requiring admission included 2 straddle injuries onto the bike center bar and collision with motor vehicles. Of all football injuries, 48 (7%) involved being struck by an opponent's helmet and 63 (9%) involved inappropriate field conditions including falls on or against concrete, glass, or fixed objects. In soccer there were 4 goal post injuries and a large proportion of intracranial injuries. There were 51 probable or clear assaults during sports and an additional 30 to 41 injuries from baseball bat assaults. Conclusions. Many sports including noncontact sports involved injuries of the head suggesting the need for improved head protection. Injuries involving collisions with others and assaults point to the need for supervision and enforcement of safety rules. The 16% of sports injury visits and 20% of hospitalizations related to equipment and environmental factors suggest that at least this proportion of injury may be amenable to preventive strategies. Design change may be warranted for prevention of equipment-related injuries. The many injuries involving inappropriate sports settings suggest the need for and use of available and safe locations for sports.
The high costs of conserving Southeast Asia's lowland rainforests

Mechanisms that mitigate greenhouse-gas emissions via forest conservation have been portrayed as a cost-effective approach that can also protect biodiversity and vital ecosystem services. However, the costs of conservation – including opportunity costs – are spatially heterogeneous across the globe. The lowland rainforests of Southeast Asia represent a unique nexus of large carbon stores, imperiled biodiversity, large stores of timber, and high potential for conversion to oil-palm plantations, making this region one where understanding the costs of conservation is critical. Previous studies have underestimated the gap between conservation costs and conversion benefits in Southeast Asia. Using detailed logging records, cost data, and species-specific timber auction prices from Borneo, we show that the profitability of logging, in combination with potential profits from subsequent conversion to palm-oil production, greatly exceeds foreseeable revenues from a global carbon market and other ecosystem-service .
Difference in Entrepreneurial Intention on Generation X, Y and Z

The percentage of entrepreneurship in Indonesia has not reached two percent of the whole population. This is proven by the survey result of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) which shows that, out of the total population of two hundred fifty million people, there is only 1.65% entrepreneur in Indonesia; this figure is still below other ASEAN countries. Nevertheless, the survey result says the perceived opportunity in Indonesia is rather high with 47% and the proportion of perceived opportunity between man (51%) and woman (49%) is similar. This shows that Indonesian people have high intention to become an entrepreneur. There are many businesses that grow from different generation backgrounds. Based on the generation theory, there are five generation groups which are categorized based on their birth cohort: Mature Generation (1925 - 1945), Boom Generation (1946 - 1964), Generation X (1965 - 1980) Millennial Generation (1981 - 2000), and Generation Z (2001 - present). Previous researches have investigated the trend and characteristic of generations and entrepreneurial intention on a certain group. The objective of this research is to find out the trend of entrepreneurial intention on generation X, millennial and Z based on the priority and perception on the need of achievement, self-efficacy, instrument readiness, demography and interest. The main objective of this research is to investigate the difference of entrepreneurial intention on the different generations. In the future, research will be developed to be applicable. Data were collected using questionnaire distribution regarding entrepreneurial intention on each generation with purposive sampling method and the collected data then analyzed using difference test.
Submerged fermentation and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulase from a rhizospheric isolate of Trichoderma viride associated with Azadirachta indica

Analysis of process parameters influencing the submerged fermentation of carboxymethyl cellulase by Trichoderma viride isolated from Azadirachta indica rhizosphere showed that the highest enzyme yield was obtained with carboxymethyl cellulose and ammonium sulphate as nutritional supplements at an optimum pH, temperature, incubation period and inoculum volume of 5.0, 30°C, 72 h and 1% (v/v), respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the apparent molecular weight of the purified enzyme to be 55 kDa. The enzyme exhibited a Vmax value of 83.7 µg/min and Km value of 0.53 mg/ml. Optimal activity of the enzyme at 50°C and pH 5.0 emphasizes its potential to be utilized in textile industry operations.
Sulindac in Established Experimental Diabetes: a Follow-up Study

Abstract Background In two previous studies we have demonstrated prevention of electrophysiological abnormalities of nerve in experimental STZ (streptozotocin)-induced diabetes (ED) of rats using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents: indomethacin and sulindac. Sulindac might benefit ED because it inhibits both cyclo-oxygenase and aldose reductase. Methods In this work, we examined whether 1 month of sulindac treatment reversed or improved established biochemical and electrophysiological abnormalities in experimental diabetes of 3 months duration. Sulindac-treated diabetic rats (6.0 mg/kg 5/7 days weekly by gavage) were compared to untreated diabetics, nondiabetic controls and sulindac treated control rats. Results Diabetic rats developed slowing of conduction velocity in caudal sensory, sural sensory, caudal motor and sciatic tibial motor fibers. Sulindac improved caudal motor and, to a lesser extent sural sensory conduction but not caudal sensory or sciatic tibial motor conduction. Sulindac did not alter sciatic sugars or polyols. Conclusions Sulindac provided modest improvement in some indices of experimental neuropathy in this reversal study, but there was less efficacy than in the preventative study. Reversal paradigms should be examined in all experimental therapies for diabetic neuropathy.
Sequence Variants in SLITRK1 Are Associated with Tourette's Syndrome

Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a genetically influenced developmental neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by chronic vocal and motor tics. We studied Slit and Trk-like 1 (SLITRK1) as a candidate gene on chromosome 13q31.1 because of its proximity to a de novo chromosomal inversion in a child with TS. Among 174 unrelated probands, we identified a frameshift mutation and two independent occurrences of the identical variant in the binding site for microRNA hsa-miR-189. These variants were absent from 3600 control chromosomes. SLITRK1 mRNA and hsa-miR-189 showed an overlapping expression pattern in brain regions previously implicated in TS. Wild-type SLITRK1, but not the frameshift mutant, enhanced dendritic growth in primary neuronal cultures. Collectively, these findings support the association of rare SLITRK1 sequence variants with TS.
Sex and Mathematical Background as Predictors of Anxiety and Self-Efficacy in Mathematics

Anxiety and self-efficacy in mathematics as a function of sex and mathematical background were investigated. This study employed an ex post facto 2 × 2 factorial design in which sex and mathematical background were classification variables. It was predicted that men would report lower anxiety scores and higher self-efficacy scores than women and that students with a high mathematical background would report lower anxiety scores and higher self-efficacy scores than those with a low background in mathematics. An interaction between sex and mathematical background was also predicted. 51 subjects were given the revised Mathematics Anxiety Scale and the Mathematics Self-efficacy Scale. Results supported the hypotheses with respect to background in mathematics for anxiety in mathematics, and all of the hypotheses were supported for self-efficacy in mathematics.
Commercial Video Games As Therapy: A New Research Agenda to Unlock the Potential of a Global Pastime

Emerging research suggests that commercial, off-the-shelf video games have potential applications in preventive and therapeutic medicine. Despite these promising findings, systematic efforts to characterize and better understand this potential have not been undertaken. Serious academic study of the therapeutic potential of commercial video games faces several challenges, including a lack of standard terminology, rapidly changing technology, societal attitudes toward video games, and understanding and accounting for complex interactions between individual, social, and cultural health determinants. As a vehicle to launch a new interdisciplinary research agenda, the present paper provides background information on the use of commercial video games for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of mental and other health conditions, and discusses ongoing grassroots efforts by online communities to use video games for healing and recovery.
Aerosol and parenteral pneumocandins are effective in a rat model of pulmonary aspergillosis

The pneumocandins are semisynthetic analogs of echinocandin-like compounds that have shown efficacy in animal models of systemic candidiasis, disseminated aspergillosis, and pneumocystis pneumonia. However, the most common form of Aspergillus infection in susceptible patients is pulmonary aspergillosis, which was not directly tested in the mouse models used in the past. We have evaluated three pneumocandins, L-693,989, L-731,373, and L-733,560, in a rat model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 2 weeks with cortisone and tetracycline and fed a low-protein diet before being inoculated via the trachea with 10(6) conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus H11-20. In the absence of drug treatment, the animals developed a progressive, rapidly fatal bronchopneumonia. All three pneumocandins at doses of 5 mg/kg (intraperitoneally [i.p.] every 12 h [q12h]) were effective in delaying mortality in this model. Survival at day 7 postinfection was 20% among controls (n = 10 for all groups), while it was 60, 80, and 90% in groups that were treated with L-693,989, L-731,373, and L-733,560, respectively. In another trial, survival at day 7 postinfection was 25% among controls (n = 8 for all groups); it was 87.5% in a group treated with amphotericin B (0.5 mg/kg i.p. q12h) and was 100% in a group treated with L-733,560 (0.625 mg/kg i.p. q12h). In a separate trial, aerosol L-693,989 administered 2 h before infection (5 mg/kg) delayed mortality. Eight of the 10 animals treated with aerosol L-693,989 survived for 7 days, whereas only 2 of 10 control animals survived. We conclude that the pneumocandins we tested were highly effective in an animal model of pulmonary aspergillosis.
Rise of the machines – recommendations for ecologists when using next generation sequencing for microsatellite development

Next generation sequencing is revolutionizing molecular ecology by simplifying the development of molecular genetic markers, including microsatellites. Here, we summarize the results of the large‐scale development of microsatellites for 54 nonmodel species using next generation sequencing and show that there are clear differences amongst plants, invertebrates and vertebrates for the number and proportion of motif types recovered that are able to be utilized as markers. We highlight that the heterogeneity within each group is very large. Despite this variation, we provide an indication of what number of sequences and consequent proportion of a 454 run are required for the development of 40 designable, unique microsatellite loci for a typical molecular ecological study. Finally, to address the challenges of choosing loci from the vast array of microsatellite loci typically available from partial genome runs (average for this study, 2341 loci), we provide a microsatellite development flowchart as a procedural guide for application once the results of a partial genome run are obtained.