Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alternative Economies of the Forest: Honey Production and Public Land Management in Northwest Florida

ABSTRACT Within public lands across the United States, “natural” environments are given boundaries, subject to regulation, and managed for various uses. However, the effective and judicious management of these socionatural spaces for the greater good of both long-term sustainability and the mutual benefit of disparate stakeholders remains a challenge. One such stakeholder group includes forest-dependent communities, specifically, harvesters and producers of nontimber forest products (NTFPs). Relying on a case study of honey producers in rural northwest Florida, this article demonstrates how competing notions of forest management create tensions between local resource users and resource managers. NTFP research engages in timely discussions of diverse economic practices, resource politics, and issues of contested land use and access within a post-industrial context.
Complex Regulation Pattern of IRF3 Activation Revealed by a Novel Dimerization Reporter System

Induction of type I IFN (IFN-I) is essential for host antiviral immune responses. However, IFN-I also plays divergent roles in antibacterial immunity, persistent viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and tumorigenesis. IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is the master transcription factor that controls IFN-I production via phosphorylation-dependent dimerization in most cell types in response to viral infections and various innate stimuli by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). To monitor the dynamic process of IRF3 activation, we developed a novel IRF3 dimerization reporter based on bimolecular luminescence complementation (BiLC) techniques, termed the IRF3-BiLC reporter. Robust induction of luciferase activity of the IRF3-BiLC reporter was observed upon viral infection and PAMP stimulation with a broad dynamic range. Knockout of TANK-binding kinase 1, the critical upstream kinase of IRF3, as well as the mutation of serine 386, the essential phosphorylation site of IRF3, completely abolished the luciferase activity of IRF3-BiLC reporter, confirming the authenticity of IRF3 activation. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the IRF3-BiLC reporter is a highly specific, reliable, and sensitive system to measure IRF3 activity. Using this reporter system, we further observed that the temporal pattern and magnitude of IRF3 activation induced by various PAMPs are highly complex with distinct cell type–specific characteristics, and IRF3 dimerization is a direct regulatory node for IFN-α/β receptor–mediated feed-forward regulation and crosstalk with other pathways. Therefore, the IRF3-BiLC reporter has multiple potential applications, including mechanistic studies as well as the identification of novel compounds that can modulate IRF3 activation.
Childhood Obesity Incidence in the United States: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND This systematic review synthesizes the literature on incidence of obesity during childhood. METHODS We searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and used the Web of Science tool in June 2015. Studies were included if they were published in English, presented results from primary or secondary analyses, used data about children in the US, provided obesity incidence data on children 0 to 18 years born after 1970, and did not pertain to clinically defined populations (disease, medication use, etc.). Author(s), study year, study design, location, sample size, age, and obesity incidence estimates were abstracted. RESULTS Nineteen studies were included, three of which used nationally representative data. The median study-specific annual obesity incidences among studies using U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts were 4.0%, 3.2%, and 1.8% for preschool (2.0-4.9 years), school aged (5.0-12.9 years), and adolescence (13.0-18.0 years), respectively. This pattern of declining obesity incidence with age was consistent between and within studies. CONCLUSIONS Studies of childhood obesity in the US indicate declining incidence with age. Childhood obesity prevention efforts should be targeted to ages before obesity onset. Longitudinal data and consistent obesity definitions that correlate with long-term morbidity are needed to better characterize the life history of obesity.
Conjoint Analysis of Option and Volatility Models

This study endeavours to find an impeccable option-pricing model to meet the requirements of ‘Options’ practitioners during a tumultuous period. It encompasses ‘smile’ and ‘skew’ characters exhibiting price bias across moneyness and maturity. For the same, we compared and contrasted the classical Black–Scholes model with deterministic and stochastic volatility models. In order to make applicability of models more prominent, the hypothetical model has been put into practical implication of Nifty index options of India. Also, to ensure the model’s all-round applicability, they all have been passed through the most dramatic phase of the Indian financial economy spanning 2006–11, an ideal time to examine the sustainability of such models. Accuracy of model prices has been testified relative to the market, using the well-known error metrics. This research suggests that the deterministic volatility function (DVF) is the most suitable framework to price the Nifty index options. It not only out passes the benchmark Black–Scholes model but also dominates its stochastic counterpart the stochastic alpha, beta and rho (SABR) model. JEL Classification: C01, C13, C52, C53, G17
Plasma levels of neuropeptides in Alzheimer's disease

Background. In the central nervous system, several neuropeptides are believed to be involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Indeed, previous studies have documented that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) possesses neurotropic properties and can reduce amyloid-β peptide levels in the brain in vivo. Moreover, the concentrations of neuropeptide Y (NPY) seem to be altered in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with AD and in subjects with major depression. Finally, among the modifications induced by aging, a dysregulation of the ghrelin–growth hormone (GH) system has been reported. Methods. We investigated the plasma concentrations of these neuropeptides in 14 subjects with AD. Data obtained from these patients were compared with data from an age- and weight-matched healthy group. Results. No significant differences were found between the two groups in relation to plasma levels of GLP-1, NPY, ghrelin and GH. Peripheral NPY concentrations were positively correlated with ghrelin levels in both groups, and with plasma GLP-1 concentration only in controls. Conclusion. On the basis of our results, peripheral levels of these neuropeptides seem not to serve as biochemical markers of AD.
POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHILS IN POSTTRAUMATIC OSTEOMYELITIS: CELLS RECOVERED FROM THE INFLAMED SITE LACK CHEMOTACTIC ACTIVITY BUT GENERATE SUPEROXIDES

The pathogenesis of posttraumatic osteomyelitis, one of the major complications after orthopedic surgery, is not yet understood. Formation of bacterial biofilms on the implant is presumed, conferring resistance to antibiotic therapy and probably also to the host defense mechanisms. In that context, the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) having infiltrated the infected site were recovered and characterized phenotypically and functionally. Loss of CD62L and upregulation of CD14 were seen, as was expression of CD83. Expression of the latter is dependent on de novo protein synthesis and thus is indicative of an extended life span and a transdifferentiation of the PMN at the infected site. The infiltrated PMN had lost their chemotactic activity, whereas the capacity to produce superoxides was preserved and in some patients even enhanced. In vitro experiments done in parallel showed that long-term culture with interferon-γ resulted in similar alterations of PMN: loss of chemotactic activity, whereas other functions of PMN, such generation of superoxides and phagocytosis of opsonized bacteria, were preserved or even enhanced. The loss of the migratory capacity of PMN having already emigrated from the blood vessel to the infected site is not expected to affect the host defense negatively. Assuming, however, that bacteria are organized as a biofilm and that infiltration into this biofilm is required for phagocytosis of the bacteria, our data could to some extent explain why despite being activated, the PMN are not able to control the infection. By releasing their cytotoxic, proteolytic, and collagenolytic potential, PMN might instead contribute to tissue destruction and eventually to osteolysis.
Clinical Validation of the Indicators and Definitions of the Nursing Outcome "Tissue Integrity: Skin and Mucous Membranes" in People With Diabetes Mellitus.

PURPOSE The study aimed to validate clinically the indicators of the nursing outcome "Tissue Integrity: Skin and Mucous Membranes" and its conceptual and operational definitions in people with diabetes mellitus. METHODS A methodological study was conducted with an evaluation of 100 participants for two pairs: one of these pairs used the indicators without the definitions and the other used the indicators with their definitions. FINDINGS The pair who used the definitions presented greater concordance and similarity in the ratings. CONCLUSIONS The indicators and their definitions have been validated clinically. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE The use of indicators with definitions can contribute to reliable and accurate evaluation of the tissue integrity of the feet in people with diabetes mellitus and, thus, assist in the measurement of the effectiveness of the nursing care provided. OBJETIVO Validar clinicamente os indicadores do resultado de enfermagem "Integridade Tissular: pele e mucosas" e suas definições conceituais e operacionais em pessoas com diabetes mellitus. MÉTODOS: Estudo metodológico que consistiu na avaliação de 100 participantes por duas duplas de avaliadores: uma dupla utilizou os indicadores sem as definições e, a outra dupla, os indicadores com suas definições. RESULTADOS A dupla que utilizou as definições apresentou maior concordância e similaridade nas avaliações. CONCLUSÃO: Os indicadores e suas definições foram validados clinicamente. IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA DE ENFERMAGEM: A utilização de indicadores com suas respectivas definições pode contribuir para a avaliação confiável e precisa da integridade tissular dos pés de pessoas com diabetes mellitus e, assim, auxiliar na mensuração da eficácia da assistência de enfermagem.
Emotions in sexual morality: Testing the separate elicitors of anger and disgust

Recent work suggests that negative moral judgements of sexual activities are informed by disgust and anger. A correlational study (N=62) and an experiment (N=176) examined the specific antecedents that elicit these distinct, though correlated, moral emotions. Participants in Study 1 rated their emotional reactions to, and judgements of, 10 sexual scenarios. Across scenarios, judgements of abnormality predicted disgust independent of anger, and judgements of harm/rights violation predicted anger independent of disgust. Study 2 replicated these results in an experimental design. Participants rated their emotions and judgements in response to behaviours that varied in degree of potential sexual morality violation (non-sexual, heterosexual, homosexual) and rights violation (no harm, indirect harm, direct harm). Judgement of rights violation mediated the effects of harm on anger. Judgements of abnormality, but not other antecedents proposed to elicit moral disgust, mediated the effects of sexual immorality on disgust.
Evidence that dyslexia may represent the lower tail of a normal distribution of reading ability.

BACKGROUND Dyslexia is now widely believed to be a biologically based disorder that is distinct from other, less specific reading problems. According to this view, reading ability is considered to follow a bimodal distribution, with dyslexia as the lower mode. We hypothesized that, instead, reading ability follows a normal distribution, with dyslexia at the lower end of the continuum. METHODS AND RESULTS We used data from the Connecticut Longitudinal Study, a sample survey of 414 Connecticut children who entered kindergarten in 1983 and were followed as a longitudinal cohort. Dyslexia was defined in terms of a discrepancy score, which represents the difference between actual reading achievement and achievement predicted on the basis of measures of intelligence. Data were available from intelligence tests administered in grades 1, 3, and 5 and achievement tests administered yearly in grades 1 through 6. For each child there were 108 possible discrepancy scores ([3 x 3 years] x [2 x 6 years]) based on combinations of the ability scores (full-scale, verbal, and performance IQ) in each of three years and two achievement scores (reading and mathematics) in each of six years. We demonstrated that each of the discrepancy scores followed a univariate normal distribution and that the interrelation of two different discrepancy scores followed a bivariate normal distribution. At most, only 9 of 108 discrepancy scores (8.3 percent) and 171 of 3402 pairs of discrepancy scores (5.0 percent) were significantly different (at the 5 percent level) from the expected scores--well within the expected values for data with univariate and bivariate normal distributions, respectively. We also examined the stability of dyslexia over time. The normal-distribution model predicted (and the data indicated) that only 7 of the 25 children (28 percent) classified as having dyslexia in grade 1 would also be classified as having dyslexia in grade 3. CONCLUSIONS Reading difficulties, including dyslexia, occur as part of a continuum that also includes normal reading ability. Dyslexia is not an all-or-none phenomenon, but like hypertension, occurs in degrees. The variability inherent in the diagnosis of dyslexia can be both quantified and predicted with use of the normal-distribution model.
Acceptability of Genital Herpes Immunization: The Role of Health Beliefs and Health Behaviors

Background and Objectives: Little is known about the acceptability of vaccines for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases(STDs). The purpose of this study was to examine potential predictors of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) vaccine acceptability. Goals: To evaluate the relationship of health beliefs and health behaviors to HSV‐2 vaccine acceptability. Study Design: Three hundred twenty‐one subjects participating in two phase III clinical trials for an HSV‐2 vaccine completed surveys addressing health beliefs, health behaviors, and acceptability of hypothetical HSV‐2 vaccines. Results: Bivariate analyses found that perceived benefits of vaccination, seatbelt use, a healthy diet, and having had cholesterol levels checked were associated with higher acceptability. Perceived limitations of HSV‐2 immunization, alcohol use, and exercise were associated with lower acceptability. Multiple regression analysis identified perceived benefits of vaccination, decreased exercise, and lower alcohol use as significant independent predictors of greater HSV‐2 vaccine acceptability. Conclusions: In groups of high‐risk individuals who had completed participation in HSV‐2 clinical trials, health beliefs and health behaviors influenced acceptability of hypothetical HSV‐2 vaccination. The findings support the need to understand determinants of acceptance of vaccines for HSV‐2 and other STDs.
Development and implementation of effective pro-environmental campaigns: Psychological strategies and case study

It is generally acknowledged that human behavior is one of the main factors contributing to climate change. Therefore, there is an increasing need for campaigns addressing environmentally unfriendly habits while promoting an environmentally friendly lifestyle. These ecological campaigns are able to improve their effectiveness by integrating various psychological strategies and theories. Furthermore, statistical analyses enable campaigners to gain more insight into attitudes, norms and behaviors of their target group, and even enable the setting of benchmarks for further campaigns. Based on psychological studies this paper proposes a general design for such a pro-environmental campaign. This design comprises 1) identifying the target group, 2) identifying effective strategies, 3) implementing the campaign and 4) evaluating the implementation. In consideration of this proposed design the last section provides a practical example: the applied strategies of Opower - a company which claims to foster ecological behavior change in households.
Naming and Knowing in Dementia of Alzheimer's Type

We studied the relationship between naming and the integrity of physical and associative knowledge in a group of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and matched normal controls. All subjects named 48 line drawings and later generated verbal definitions in response to the names of a subset of the 48 items, which included a minimum of six definitions for correctly named objects and six definitions for items that the subject failed to name. A comprehensive scoring system was designed for the definitions, including physical and associative features of a general and a specific type, a superordinate label, the core concept, and various categories of errors. The definitions generated by the DAT patients, even those in the minimal group, contained significantly less correct information than those of normal subjects, and definitions corresponding to unnamed items were more impoverished than those for named items. Particularly striking was the loss of core concept for unnamed items. There was also a disproportionate reduction in physical information on unnamed compared to named items. We conclude that quantitative assessment of verbal definitions is a sensitive index of semantic memory breakdown. Our findings offer some support for the hypothesis that successful naming depends upon integrity of the subset of semantic knowledge comprising physical features.
The eco‐island trap: climate change mitigation and conspicuous sustainability

Small islands worldwide are increasingly turning to conspicuous sustainability as a development strategy. Island spatiality encourages renewable energy and sustainability initiatives that emphasise iconicity and are undertaken in order to gain competitive advantage, strengthen sustainable tourism or ecotourism, claim undue credit, distract from failures of governance or obviate the need for more comprehensive policy action. Without necessarily contributing significantly to climate change mitigation, the pursuit of eco-island status can raise costs without raising income, distract from more pressing social and environmental problems, lead to competitive sustainability and provide green cover behind which communities can maintain unsustainable practices. We argue that eco-islands do not successfully encourage wider sustainable development and climate change mitigation. Instead, island communities may place themselves in eco-island traps. Islands may invest in inefficient or ineffective renewable energy and sustainability initiatives in order to maintain illusory eco-island status for the benefit of ecotourism, thereby becoming trapped by the eco-label. Islands may also chase the diminishing returns of ever-more comprehensive and difficult to achieve sustainability, becoming trapped into serving as eco-island exemplars. We conclude by arguing that island communities should pursue locally contextualised development, potentially focused on climate change adaptation, rather than focus on an eco-island status that is oriented toward place branding and ecotourism.
Targeted cell elimination reveals an auxin-guided biphasic mode of lateral root initiation

In this study, Marhavý et al. investigate the role of auxin in the early lateral root initiation and identify a dual, spatiotemporally distinct role of auxin during the early phases of lateral root organogenesis. Using a cell ablation technique that can eliminate a single cell in the developing root, they show that auxin can relieve inhibition of pericycle meristematic activity by cell-to-cell interactions in the endodermis and defines the orientation of the cell division plane to initiate the lateral root developmental program in the pericycle.
Admission glucose level and clinical outcomes in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial

BackgroundHyperglycemia during acute ischemic stroke may augment brain injury, predispose to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or both. Method To analyze the relationship between admission glucose level and clinical outcomes from acute ischemic stroke, the authors performed multivariate regression analysis with the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) Stroke Trial data. Neurologic improvement was defined as improvement on the NIH Stroke Scale by 4 or more points from baseline to 3 months, or a final score of zero. Favorable outcome was defined as both Glasgow Outcome score of 1 and Barthel Index 95 to 100 at 3 months. Symptomatic ICH was defined as CT-documented hemorrhage temporally related to clinical deterioration within 36 hours of treatment. Potential confounding factors were controlled, including acute treatment (rt-PA or placebo), age, baseline NIH Stroke Scale score, history of diabetes mellitus, stroke subtype, and admission blood pressure. Results There were 624 patients enrolled within 3 hours after stroke onset. As admission glucose increased, the odds for neurologic improvement decreased (odds ratio [OR] = 0.76 per 100 mg/dL increase in admission glucose, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.95, p = 0.01). The relation between admission glucose and favorable outcome depended on admission mean blood pressure (MBP): as admission MBP increased, the odds for favorable outcome related to increasing admission glucose levels progressively decreased (p = 0.02). As admission glucose increased, the odds for symptomatic ICH also increased (OR = 1.75 per 100 mg/dL increase in admission glucose, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.78, p = 0.02). Admission glucose level was not associated with altered effectiveness of rt-PA. Conclusions In patients with acute ischemic stroke, higher admission glucose levels are associated with significantly lower odds for desirable clinical outcomes and significantly higher odds for symptomatic ICH, regardless of rt-PA treatment. Whether this represents a cause and effect relationship remains to be determined.