Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Impairment in Acute Cocaine Withdrawal

To perform a pilot study to examine a range of cognitive flexibility tasks early in cocaine withdrawal. Background:Previous neuropsychological investigations of cocaine withdrawal have conflicted regarding whether impaired cognitive flexibility occurs. However, most studies have examined patients later in withdrawal. Anxiety and yohimbine-induced panic are greatest early in withdrawal, and both anxiety and increased noradrenergic tone can impair cognitive flexibility. Method:Twelve patients acutely withdrawing from cocaine were compared with gender-, age-, and estimated premorbid intelligence-matched control subjects on tests of cognitive flexibility as well as verbal fluency, verbal memory, spatial memory, and attention. Results:As predicted, impairments were found on the cognitive flexibility tasks. Impairments also were present in verbal fluency and verbal memory but not spatial memory or attention. Conclusions:We propose that the cognitive flexibility impairment may relate to the increased noradrenergic activation recently described in cocaine withdrawal. Impairments on verbal tasks may also relate to an impaired flexibility in the search of semantic networks. Further research will explore the effects of pharmacologic manipulation of the noradrenergic system on cognition in acute withdrawal. Recently, propranolol has been shown to benefit patients in cocaine withdrawal. Further research will explore whether impaired cognitive flexibility related to altered noradrenergic tone could serve as a mechanism for this treatment response.
Association of Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia and negative symptoms in a Chinese population

The gene encoding Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), a dopamine catabolic enzyme, has been associated inconsistently with schizophrenia in spite of consistent evidence for dopaminergic dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of schizophrenia. Since one contribution to this inconsistency might be genetic heterogeneity, this study investigated whether the COMT gene was associated with the development and symptoms of schizophrenia in relatively genetically homogeneous Chinese schizophrenic patients. We analyzed two polymorphisms (rs740603 and rs4818) of the COMT gene in a case‐control study of 604 Han Chinese (284 patients and 320 controls). The patients' psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). We found no significant differences in the rs740603 and rs4818 genotype and allele distributions between the patient and control groups. Quantitative trait analysis by the UNPHASED program showed that the rs740603 and rs740603(G)‐rs4818(G) haplotypes were associated with negative symptoms in the schizophrenic patients, particularly among female patients. Thus, the COMT gene polymorphisms may not contribute to the susceptibility to schizophrenia, but may contribute to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia among Han Chinese. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A linear scale height Chapman model supported by GNSS occultation measurements

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) radio occultations allow the vertical sounding of the Earth's atmosphere, in particular, the ionosphere. The physical observables estimated with this technique permit to test theoretical models of the electron density such as, for example, the Chapman and the Vary‐Chap models. The former is characterized by a constant scale height, whereas the latter considers a more general function of the scale height with respect to height. We propose to investigate the feasibility of the Vary‐Chap model where the scale height varies linearly with respect to height. In order to test this hypothesis, the scale height data provided by radio occultations from a receiver on board a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite, obtained by iterating with a local Chapman model at every point of the topside F2 layer provided by the GNSS satellite occultation, are fitted to height data by means of a linear least squares fit (LLS). Results, based on FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC GPS occultation data inverted by means of the Improved Abel transform inversion technique (which takes into account the horizontal electron content gradients) show that the scale height presents a more clear linear trend above the F2 layer peak height, hm, which is in good agreement with the expected linear temperature dependence. Moreover, the parameters of the linear fit obtained during four representative days for all seasons, depend significantly on local time and latitude, strongly suggesting that this approach can significantly contribute to build realistic models of the electron density directly derived from GNSS occultation data.
Selection of male traits during and after copulation in the seedbug Lygaeus simulans (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae)

Abstract In order to evaluate selection of male morphological traits during copulation, a laboratory experiment was performed with the promiscuous seedbug Lygaeus simulans . Three male traits suspected as putative targets of selection were measured: weight, fluctuating asymmetry of a measure on the forewings, and length of a conspicuous genital structure, the processus gonopori. As fitness measures we considered total fecundity (number of fertilized eggs), insemination and fertilization success (established if a female laid fertilized eggs after copulation), and the interval between copulation and oviposition. Eighty-four males were allowed a single copulation with one virgin female each. Out of 67 copulations, 27 (40.2%) resulted in fertilized eggs and the oviposition latency ranged from 6 to 26 days. Regressions of male traits on the fitness measures showed significant phenotypical selection of two male traits: (1) males of average weight are more likely to achieve fertilization and (2) the oviposition latency was shorter for males with lower asymmetry. The copulation–oviposition interval may be especially important for male fertilization success because Lygaeus males perform copulatory mate guarding and the last male copulating with a female fertilizes most of the eggs. No selection of the genitalic trait was detected.
Levels of oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotides in dormant spores and during growth, sporulation, and spore germination of Bacillus megaterium

Dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium contained no detectable reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) despite significant levels of the oxidized forms of these nucleotides (NAD and NADP). During the first minutes of spore germination there was rapid accumulation of NADH and NADPH. However, this accumulation followed the fall in optical density that is characteristic of the initiation of spore germination. Accumulation of NADH and NADPH early in germination was not blocked by fluoride or cyanide, and it occurred even when germination was carried out in the absence of an exogenous source of reducing power. In addition to pyridine nucleotide reduction, de novo synthesis also began early in germination as the pyridine nucleotide levels increased to those found in growing cells. Midlog-phase cells grown in several different media had 20 to 35 times as much total pyridine nucleotide as did dormant spores. However, as growth and sporulation proceeded, the NADH plus NAD level fell four- to fivefold whereas the NADPH plus NADP level fell by a lesser amount. From min 10 of spore germination until midway through sporulation the value for the ratio of NADH/NAD is about 0.1 (0.03 to 0.18) while the ratio of NADPH/ANDP is about 1.4 (0.3 to 2.4). Comparison of these ratios in log-phase versus stationary phase (sporulation) growth in all three growth media tested did not reveal any common pattern of changes.
Dynamic conformations compared for IgE and IgG1 in solution and bound to receptors.

Dynamic conformations of two distinct immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, murine IgE and human IgG1, were examined with fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements. The IgE mutant epsilon/C gamma 3* and the IgG1 mutant gamma/C gamma 3* each bind [5-(dimethylamino)naphthalen-1-yl]sulfonyl (DNS) in two identical antigen binding sites at the amino (N)-terminal ends of the Ig in the Fab segments. Eosin-DNS bound in these Fab sites served as the acceptor probe in these studies. Both Ig have a carboxy (C)-terminal domain (C gamma 3*) which contains genetically introduced cysteine residues. Modification of these cysteine sulfhydryls with fluorescein maleimide provided donor probes near the C-terminal ends of the Ig in the Fc segment. Energy transfer between the C-terminal and N-terminal ends was compared for these two Ig in solution and when they were found to their respective high-affinity receptors on plasma membranes: IgE-Fc epsilon RI on RBL cell membranes and IgG1-Fc gamma RI on U937 cell membranes. Previous energy-transfer measurements with these probes yielded an average end-to-end distance of 71 A for IgE in solution and 69 A for IgE bound to Fc epsilon RI, indicating that in both situations IgE is bent such that the axes of the Fab segments and the axis of the Fc segment do not form a planar Y-shape [Zheng, Shopes, Holowka, & Baird (1991) Biochemistry 30, 9125]. In the current study we found the average end-to-end distance for IgG1 in solution is 75 A and greater than or equal to 85 A for IgG1 bound to Fc gamma RI, suggesting an average bend conformation for IgG1 as well. The contributions of segmental flexibility to the average distances were assessed directly by measuring the efficiency of energy transfer as a function of variations in donor quantum yield caused by a collisional quencher and using these data to extract a Gaussian distribution of end-to-end distances. The distribution average (rho) and half-width (hw) were determined to be as follows: rho = 75 A, hw = 24 A for IgE in solution; rho = 71 A, hw = 12 A for IgE bound to Fc epsilon RI; and rho = 100 A, hw = 88 A for IgG in solution. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Application of Acclerometer Data to Atmospheric Modeling During Mars Aerobraking Operations

R. H. Tolson∗ North Carolina State University, Hampton, Virginia 23666-6147 G. M. Keating George Washington University, Newport News, Virginia 23602 R. W. Zurek Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109-8099 S. W. Bougher University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143 C. G. Justus Morgan Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama 35805-1948 and D. C. Fritts∗∗ NorthWest Research Associates, Inc., Boulder, Colorado 80301
Patterns and correlates of deliberate abstinence among men and women with HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVES We examined correlates of deliberate sexual abstinence among gay/bisexual men, heterosexual men, and women in a national probability sample of adults with HIV. METHODS Participants in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS; n=1339) answered questions about oral, anal, or vaginal sexual intercourse in the past 6 months; those who reported none of these behaviors (n=415) were asked about their reasons for abstinence. Of these, 201 participants (11% of gay/bisexual men, 18% of women, 18% of heterosexual men) indicated that their abstinence was deliberate. Multivariate models were used to predict deliberate abstinence. RESULTS In multivariate analyses, not having a primary relationship partner/spouse was a significant correlate of deliberate abstinence for all 3 groups. Higher perceived responsibility for limiting disease transmission and nondrinking status were related to deliberate abstinence only among gay/bisexual men. Worse health was associated with deliberate abstinence only among heterosexual men. CONCLUSIONS Perhaps because HIV is more common in gay communities, abstinence choices may be more closely linked to a higher sense of responsibility for reducing transmission among gay/bisexual men, and their illness may be less of an impediment to sexual activity.
EFFECT OF VARYING INSPIRED O2 TENSION ON ALVEOLAR-ARTERIAL O2 TENSION DIFFERENCE IN MAN.

Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (A-aD) and physiological dead space were measured in 16 normal men and women selected equally from the age groups 20–29 and 50–59 years, at mean alveolar oxygen tensions (PaOO2) of 107, 291, and 653 mm Hg. Arterial oxygen tension was measured polarographically and arterial carbon dioxide tension by an interpolation method. Values for A-aD were not related to posture but were significantly greater in the older group. Mean values for A-aD in the younger group were 8.7, 23.5, and 6.1 mm Hg at the three levels of PaOO2, respectively, and 14.1, 44.5, and 21.3 mm Hg, respectively, among the older group. At the two lower levels of PaOO2 results were in general agreement with those of previous workers, but a significant decrease in A-aD was observed when PaOO2 was raised to 653 mm Hg. It is suggested that this finding may be due either to change in the effective size of anatomical shunt while breathing 99.5% oxygen, or to a significant distribution component of total A-aD at the intermediate alveolar oxygen tension. effect of posture, age and sex; physiological dead space; veno-arterial shunt Submitted on April 23, 1963
Lowering the cut off value of an automated chlamydia enzyme immunoassay and confirmation by PCR and direct immunofluorescent antibody test.

AIMS: To increase the sensitivity of an automated chlamydia enzyme immunoassay by significantly lowering its cut off value, and to maintain specificity by confirmation with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct immunofluorescent antibody test (DFA). METHODS: Over five months, the cut off value of the enzyme immunoassay used to screen urogenital samples for chlamydia antigen was reduced from 80 to 10. Samples with a test value of 10 or above were further tested with a commercial PCR assay. All samples during the first three months and discrepant samples during the last two months of the study were also tested with the DFA. RESULTS: 3250 urogenital swabs (1246 urethral, 1335 endocervical, 669 pooled urethral/endocervical) from 1246 males and 2004 females were processed. Using the manufacturer's recommended cut off of 80, the enzyme immunoassay identified chlamydia antigen in 134 samples (4.1%). Using the lower cut off value of 10 and either PCR or DFA as the confirmatory test, Chlamydia trachomatis was identified in 178 samples (5.5%). Thus, 45 additional positive samples were identified and the confirmed detection rate was increased by 33.8% (45/133). Excluding equivocal PCR results, the concordance between DFA and PCR was 91.8%. This strategy increased the detection rate by 2.1% in men and 0.9% in women (significant only in men). In female patients, pooled urethral/endocervical swabs as a specimen gave a significantly higher yield than endocervical swabs regardless of whether the lower cut off strategy was used. CONCLUSIONS: This strategy of significantly lowering the cut off test value with confirmation on the same specimen by either PCR or DFA is feasible and cost effective. The use of pooled urethral/ endocervical specimens in females should be considered routinely as detection rate was significantly improved.
BACTERIOLOGIC AND QUANTITATIVE‐CYTOLOGIC ANALYSES OF THE CONJUNCTIVA BEFORE AND AFTER EXTRACTION OF CATARACT

Extraction of a cataract may in rare cases be complicated by endophthalmitis, if the surgical intervention causes pathogenic bacteria to enter the eyeball. Neveu et al. found this complication in 0.81 per cent of 1226 patients submitted to intraocular operation. According to Leopold e t al., some other workers have found varying frequencies for this complication, the majority a scant 1 per cent, however, possibly lower after pre-operative antibiotic treatment. One usually aims at avoiding this unfortunate complications by forbearing to operate on patients whose conjunctivae on clinical examination raise suspicion of infectious conjunctivitis. Also, many surgeons submit the conjunctiva to antibiotic treatment prior to the operation. Bacteriologic analysis of the conjunctiva can be carried out pre-operatively. In many cases, however, such an analysis gives an unsatisfactory answer, because one does not know whether the bacteria found are pathogenic r: merely accidentally present, harmless saprophytes. I have devised a gualztitative-cytologic method by which it is possible to decide whether or not the conjunctiva is infected (Norn). In the present series of patients with cataract I have employed both the quantitative-cytologic method and the bacteriologic analysis.
Intravenous lidocaine: optimal time of injection before tracheal intubation.

La lidocaine a la dose de 1,5 mg/kg attenue les augmentations du rythme cardiaque et de la pression arterielle lorsqu'elle est administree 3 minutes avant l'intubation et n'offre pas de protection contre les modifications hemodynamiques lorsqu'elle est donnee 1, 2 ou 5 minutes avant l'intubation
Low-power, lightweight and reliability-enhanced current starved inverter based RO PUFs

Ring oscillator (RO) based physical uncloanble function (PUF) is an emerging hardware security primitive but its response is susceptible to changes in operating conditions. Current solutions either incur large hardware overhead or require sophisticated RO selection algorithms to increase its reliability. This is the first paper that exploits the temperature invariant biasing of three different types of current staved inverter for the design of RO PUFs with high temperature stability. The reliability is further improved by a simple proximity detector circuit and the generation of internal challenges is made more secure by an irregular clocking scheme for linear feedback shift register. The results show that the proposed method increases the reliability of regular inverter based RO PUF by more than 12% with only less than 9% of hardware overhead.
Stylochronometry with substrings, or : a poet young and old

Assigning a date to a text is an important task in stylometry. Most previous researchers, however, have worked on intractable problems, where a true chronology will never be known with certainty, such as the works of Plato, Shakespeare or Marlowe. It is argued here that stylochronometric methods should be extensively tested on unproblematic texts before being used in disputed cases. As part of such testing, the present study applies a novel technique, Monte-Carlo Feature-Finding, to the verse of W. B. Yeats, where the dating is relatively well documented. Yeats insisted that his language changed as he grew older, and most readers would concur; yet scholars have not reached agreement on the nature of this linguistic change. A quasi-random search algorithm was used to find marker substrings in 142 poems of Yeats. To test their distinctiveness, four trials were performed: (1) assignment of ten poems absent from the training sample to their correct period; (2) detecting differences in two poems written by Yeats in his twenties and revised when he was fifty; (3) constructing a regression formula; and (4) classifying two prose extracts written forty-six years apart. Assigning short poems (median length 114 words) to their correct chronological period is a non-trivial task. Nevertheless, counting of distinctive substrings gave the right assignment in nine out often unseen cases. Moreover, these substring frequencies were sensitive enough to detect authorial revision in two early poems revised by Yeats many years after he originally wrote them, and robust enough to classify a pair of short prose extracts correctly; as well as accounting for 71% of the variance when used in a regression to predict the year in which thirteen poems, absent from the training sample, were composed. These results suggest that short substrings found by a Monte-Carlo process warrant further investigation as stylistic indicators
GABAB Receptors Regulate Chick Retinal Calcium Waves

Correlated spiking activity and associated Ca2+waves in the developing retina are important in determining the connectivity of the visual system. Here, we show that GABA, via GABAB receptors, regulates the temporal characteristics of Ca2+ waves occurring before synapse formation in the embryonic chick retina. Blocking ionotropic GABA receptors did no affect these Ca2+ transients. However, when these receptors were blocked, GABA abolished the transients, as did the GABAB agonist baclofen. The action of baclofen was prevented by the GABAB antagonistp-3-aminopropyl-p-diethoxymethyl phosphoric acid (CGP35348). CGP35348 alone increased the duration of the transients, showing that GABAB receptors are tonically activated by endogenous GABA. Blocking the GABA transporter GAT-1 with 1-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)-3-piperidine carboxylic acid (SKF89976A) reduced the frequency of the transients. This reduction was prevented by CGP35348 and thus resulted from activation of GABAB receptors by an increase in external [GABA]. The effect of GABAB receptor activation persisted in the presence of activators and blockers of the cAMP–PKA pathway. Immunocytochemistry showed GABAB receptors and GAT-1 transporters on ganglion and amacrine cells from the earliest times when Ca2+ waves occur (embryonic day 8). Patch-clamp recordings showed that K+ channels on ganglion cell layer neurons are not modulated by GABAB receptors, whereas Ca2+ channels are; however, Ca2+channel blockade with ω-conotoxin-GVIA or nimodipine did not prevent Ca2+ waves. Thus, the regulation of Ca2+ waves by GABAB receptors occurs independently of N- and L-type Ca2+ channels and does not involve K+ channels of the ganglion cell layer. GABAB receptors are likely to be of key importance in regulating retinal development.
S(+)-Ketamine Suppresses Desensitization of &ggr;-Aminobutyric Acid Type B Receptor-mediated Signaling by Inhibition of the Interaction of &ggr;-Aminobutyric Acid Type B Receptors with G Protein–coupled Receptor Kinase 4 or 5

Background:Intrathecal baclofen therapy is an established treatment for severe spasticity. However, long-term management occasionally results in the development of tolerance. One of the mechanisms of tolerance is desensitization of &ggr;-aminobutyric acid type B receptor (GABABR) because of the complex formation of the GABAB2 subunit (GB2R) and G protein–coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 4 or 5. The current study focused on S(+)-ketamine, which reduces the development of morphine tolerance. This study was designed to investigate whether S(+)-ketamine affects the GABABR desensitization processes by baclofen. Methods:The G protein–activated inwardly rectifying K+ channel currents induced by baclofen were recorded using Xenopus oocytes coexpressing G protein–activated inwardly rectifying K+ channel 1/2, GABAB1a receptor subunit, GB2R, and GRK. Translocation of GRKs 4 and 5 and protein complex formation of GB2R with GRKs were analyzed by confocal microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis in baby hamster kidney cells coexpressing GABAB1a receptor subunit, fluorescent protein–tagged GB2R, and GRKs. The formation of protein complexes of GB2R with GRKs was also determined by coimmunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. Results:Desensitization of GABABR-mediated signaling was suppressed by S(+)-ketamine in a concentration-dependent manner in the electrophysiologic assay. Confocal microscopy revealed that S(+)-ketamine inhibited translocation of GRKs 4 and 5 to the plasma membranes and protein complex formation of GB2R with the GRKs. Western blot analysis also showed that S(+)-ketamine inhibited the protein complex formation of GB2R with the GRKs. Conclusion:S(+)-Ketamine suppressed the desensitization of GABABR-mediated signaling at least in part through inhibition of formation of protein complexes of GB2R with GRK 4 or 5.