Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Different Techniques of Teat Ultrasonography in Goats

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of ultrasonography for visualization of teats in goats using different techniques. Thirty clinically healthy Bulgarian Dairy White goats, aged 3-7 years, weighing 45-60 kg were studied. They were between the first and third months of lactation and were reared under an identical production system. The ultrasonography of 60 teats was performed by means of diagnostic ultrasound Mindray DP-2200Vet (Mindray, China) and 5, 7.5 and 10 MHz probes. Each teat was scanned by the "direct contact", "stand o f f and "water bath" techniques. The possibility of visualization of teat orifice, teat canal, rosette of Furstenberg, teat wall, teat cistern and the boundary between teat and gland cisterns was investigated. The results were processed by statistical software (StatSoft, Microsoft Corp. 1984-2000 Inc.). The "direct contact" and "stand o f f techniques allowed the visualization of the proximal teat part, but the structures in the distal part of the teat were hardly visible (P<0.05). The probe frequency had a significant impact on the quality of images obtained by these two techniques, and the results were statistically significantly better (P<0.05) when a 10 MHz probe was used. The analysis of results established that the "water bath" technique provided the best imaging options (100%) for observation of teat structures in the goat. The utilization of 10 MHz probe gave a high-quality image and could be recommended for diagnostics of different physiological and pathological changes.
Interactive comment on “ The direct radiative effect of biomass burning aerosols over southern Africa ” by S . J .

We thank J. Feichter for his constructive comments. General comments 1) Conclusions drawn from the paper need to be strengthened. In particular, it would be helpful, if uncertainties regarding modelling and observations could be ranked, in order to learn, where future efforts should focus on. We agree with the reviewer that the conclusions could be strengthened by ranking the uncertainties in the order of importance. The following text has been added to the conclusions section. "Improving current model estimates of the direct radiative effect of biomass burning aerosols over southern Africa may be achieved by focusing future
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and standard of living in Nigeria

The subject of interrelationship that exists between foreign direct investment (FDI) and standard of living has been an issue of both theoretical and empirical investigations. This study, thus examined the relationship between foreign direct investment and standard of living measured by per capita income (PCI) in Nigeria over 1986 â€“ 2009 period using time series data. The study employed Vector Auto regression (VAR) model because of the fact that the variables are integrated of different orders in their Unit Root Tests. Test involving Impulse Response Analysis and Variance Decomposition reveal that the relationship between FDI and standard of living is insignificant. Thus, the past values of FDI could be used to predict the future behavior of standard of living in Nigeria only to a lesser extent. Thus, the policy implications underscore the need for institutional and macroeconomic policy framework that would redirect steps in making FDI toÂ contribute positively to the standard of living in Nigeria by channeling the available FDI into industrial, productive sector of the economy.
In vitro antimicrobial activity and fatty acid composition through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of ethanol extracts of Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti) fruits

In this study, the chemical composition of the peel and pulp of Mauritia flexuosa fruits were analyzed and the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts from these fruits was evaluated using in vitro tests. Chemical composition analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) indicated the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The peel extracts (ECBU) presented 54.41% and the pulp (EPBU) presented 94.05% of the saturated fatty acids lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. The antimicrobial activities were performed using the diffusion and micro-dilution (MIC) methods. ECBU was active against the bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 200 mg mL-1, but it was not active against the yeasts Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis using the diffusion method. The MIC results showed that ECBU was active against the tested bacteria at concentrations > 12.5 mg mL-1 and EPBU was active at concentrations > 25.0 mg mL-1. This was probably due to higher sensibility of the method. The results indicated that the peel and pulp extracts of M. flexuosa present antibacterial activity and that ECBU is an especially promising potential candidate for the prospection of new pharmaceutical compounds. Key words: Mauritia flexuosa, Buriti, anti-bacterial agents, fatty acids.
e-Government Systems Success and User Acceptance in Developing Countries: The Role of Perceived Support Quality

─Abstract ─ This paper proposes a conceptual model to explain user acceptance of eGovernment systems considering the diverse layers of user groups. Due to digital division developing countries are providing e-Government services to heterogeneous user groups including non-educated and less skilful citizens for using computer based systems. Therefore this paper considers support quality of eGovernment systems is one of critical success factors and integrates the factor in a widely adopted user acceptance and success model of information systems. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology is integrated with information systems success model to explain how the quality of e-Government systems is linked to the acceptance of the systems by citizens. Support quality is added as additional dimension of information systems success and relevant hypotheses are developed under e-Government contexts. Finally a description about data collection and future works are provided.
X-ray emission from MCWs

A subset (∼ 10%) of massive stars present strong, globally ordered (mostly dipolar) magnetic fields. The trapping and channeling of their stellar winds in closed magnetic loops leads to magnetically confined wind shocks (MCWS), with pre-shock flow speeds that are some fraction of the wind terminal speed. These shocks generate hot plasma, a source of X-rays. In the last decade, several developments took place, notably the determination of the hot plasma properties for a large sample of objects using XMM and Chandra, as well as fully self-consistent MHD modelling and the identification of shock retreat effects in weak winds. Despite a few exceptions, the combination of magnetic confinement, shock retreat and rotation effects seems to be able to account for X-ray emission in massive OB stars. Here we review these new observational and theoretical aspects of this X-ray emission and envisage some perspectives for the next generation of X-ray observatories.
Board diversity and discretionary accruals of the top 100 Malaysia corporate governance (MCG) index company

This paper sought to examine the relationship between board diversity and discretionary accruals practices. Data was obtained from annual report for the year 2008 of the top 100 companies in Malaysia corporate governance (MCG) index. The discretionary accrual is measured using modified Jones model. The link was tested between five board diversity (that is, size, independence, competency, remuneration and gender) and discretionary accruals practices. The perspective of resource based view and agency theory was invoked to explain the board diversity that could influence the practice of discretionary accrual. The study revealed that discretionary accruals occurred even for the top 100 MCG companies. Women on board are found to have a positive significant relationship with discretionary accruals which indicate that higher number of women board may increase the discretionary accruals activity. In addition, it was also found that cash flow had a negative significant relationship with discretionary accruals which showed that companies with lower cash flow tend to use accruals to increase earnings. Key words: Board diversity, gender, corporate governance, discretionary accrual, earnings management.
ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS TOWARD COUNTRY-OF-ORIGIN AND AUTO BRAND IMAGES

Personal and environmental factors determine the image of a company or a brand, which appears as an attitude of the perceiver. The attitudes of people against the products, countries and concepts are directly influential in their purchasing decisions. The objective of this research is to define whether there is a relation between the image of a country and that of the product. This study measures the attitudes of Turkish consumers against five countries and automobile brands from each of these countries. This study aims to identify whether there are any differences between the images of the countries and the respective automobile brands.
Face-Saving or Fair-Minded: What Motivates Moral Behavior?

We study the relative importance of intrinsic moral motivation and extrinsic social motivation in explaining moral behavior. The key feature of our experiment is that we introduce a dictator game design that manipulates these two sources of motivation. In one set of treatments, we manipulate the moral argument for sharing, in another we manipulate the information given to the recipient about the context of the experiment and the dictator's decision. The paper offers two main findings. First, we provide evidence of intrinsic moral motivation being of fundamental importance. Second, we show that extrinsic social motivation matters and is crowding-in with intrinsic moral motivation. We also show that intrinsic moral motivation is strongly associated with self-reported charitable giving outside the lab and with political preferences.
Protein‐based nanoformulations for α‐tocopherol encapsulation

Nanoparticles of BSA and silk fibroin (SF) with entrapped α‐tocopherol were produced via ultrasonic emulsification. Populations with particle size of 200–300 nm and highly negatively charged were obtained for all the tested formulations. Entrapment efficiencies of around 99% revealed the effective encapsulation of α‐tocopherol into the produced nanoformulations. Generally, these nanodevices did not induce significant cytotoxicity to human skin keratinocytes for all the concentrations tested. The developed formulations showed free radical scavenging of ABTS. + ability resulting from the synergistic effect between the proteins in formulation and the entrapped tocopherol. Overall, the results contribute for the establishment of BSA:VO and BSA:SF:VO as biodegradable and non‐toxic nanoformulations for the functionalization of textile devices and controlled delivery of tocopherol into the skin.
Fluid Milk Consumption in Urban Qingdao, China

This study relates the social-demographic characteristics of urban Chinese consumers to their consumption of fluid milk. A Tobit model is estimated drawing on individual consumer survey data collected in urban Qingdao in China in 2005. The major results of this study indicate that fluid milk consumption in urban Qingdao is much higher compared to China’s national level. The effect of increased income on milk consumption is positive, as expected. The expansion of modern food retailers also appears to play a positive role by facilitating consumers’ fluid milk consumption and influencing their food shopping patterns. The young and old consume significantly more fluid milk than the middle-aged. Health consciousness of the elderly and the openness of youth to new foods appear to be fuelling these consumption patterns. If the findings of this study apply to other urban regions in China, then as urbanisation continues so also will the trend of increasing fluid milk consumption in China.
The Survey of Practice About Prevention of Osteoporosis Based on Health Belief Model in Pregnant Women in Arak City

Background and Objectives: Osteoporosis, as a disease, is characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enlarged bone fragility and a consequent increase in the risk of fracture. The aim of this study was to measure health belief model construct in preventive behavior about osteoporosis in pregnant women in Arak city. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, analytical study was carried out on 120 pregnant women referring to health centers in diffeaent zones of Arak city with random sampling. Data collection was based on the Health Belief Model (susceptibility, severity, perceived benefits and barriers, self-efficacy and cues to action) and the checklist of the practice mothers about walking and nutrition. The data were analyzed using t-test and Pearson correlation. Results: Findings showed that the mean of scores of nutrition and regular walking was 22.85 and 19.14 respectively. There was a positive correlation among perceived benefits, sensitivity, severity, perceived barriers and self efficacy with the performance of mothers about prevention of osteoporosis. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between perceived barrier and practice (p=0.001). So the higher the knowledge of the perceived severity and self-efficacy of the woman, the higher the performance of women about prevention of osteoporosis . Although this factor was based on the low level of perceived barrier (p=0.001). Conclusion: Necessary training programs based on health belief model for enhancing susceptibility, perceived severity, self efficacy and decrease of perceived barrier in pregnancy for pregnant women in order doing to preven of osteoporosis is recommended. Key words: Health Belief Model, Women, Osteoporosis, Practice Funding : This research was funded by the Arak university of medical science. Conflict of interest : Non Declared. Ethical approval : The Ethical Committee of Arak university of medical science approved the study. How to cite this article : Khorsandi J , Shamsi M, Jahani F. The Survey of Practice About Prevention of Osteoporosis Based on Health Belief Model in Pregnant Women in Arak City . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2013 12(1): 35-46. [Farsi]
Recruitment, growth, mortality and orientation patterns of Balanus trigonus (Crustacea: Cirripedia) during succession on fouling plates

Succession studies on artificial substrates in the Bay of Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean showed Balanus trigonus (Darwin) as one of the more prominent members of the fouling community. This fact prompted the interest for a closer examination of its biology. Four aspects were touched upon: recruitment, growth and mortality rates, and orientation with respect to the horizon line. Two hypotheses were tested. First, that orientation of individuals was random within the orientation range observed during succession, and second, that there was no relationship between orientation and age of the individuals. Larvae settling was found to occur throughout the year but with a well delimited peak in the dry season (January to April). The availability of competent larvae is reflected in the abundance of the species during succession. Growth and mortality proceed rapidly. Maximal growth (6.2 mm average carino-rostral distance) is reached in 20 weeks after settlement. Mortality is substantial: 50% of recruits, on average, died after 3-4 weeks from settlement. Orientation at settlement was found to be not random: for instance, 64% of individuals orientated between 0°-60° from the horizon. With age the orientation patterns at settlement changed statistically. Biological and ecological implications of these findings are discussed and comparisons made with other studies. It is concluded that Balanus trigonus could act as a model species for latitudinal comparisons in view of its wide distribution, adaptability and sessile habit.
Effective Josephson dynamics in resonantly driven Bose–Einstein condensates

We show that the orbital Josephson effect appears in a wide range of driven atomic Bose–Einstein condensed systems, including quantum ratchets, double wells and box potentials. We use three separate numerical methods: the Gross–Pitaevskii equation, exact diagonalization of the few-mode problem and the multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree for bosons algorithm. We establish the limits of mean-field and few-mode descriptions, demonstrating that the few-mode approximation represents the full many-body dynamics to high accuracy in the weak driving limit. Among other quantum measures, we compute the instantaneous particle current and the occupation of natural orbitals. We explore four separate dynamical regimes, the Rabi limit, chaos, the critical point and self-trapping; a favorable comparison is found even in the regimes of dynamical instabilities or macroscopic quantum self-trapping. Finally, we present an extension of the (t,t′)-formalism to general time-periodic equations of motion, which permits a systematic description of the long-time dynamics of resonantly driven many-body systems, including those relevant to the orbital Josephson effect.
Analysis of the cost of infrastructure failures in a developing economy: The case of the electricity sector in Nigeria

Infrastructure has been identified as the key constraint to private sector development in Nigeria. Hence, this study analysed the cost of power outages to the business sector of the Nigerian economy using both a survey technique and revealed preference approach. One strong outcome of the study is that the poor state of electricity supply in Nigeria has imposed significant costs on the business sector. The bulk of these costs relate to the firms’ acquisition of very expensive backup capacity to cushion them against the even larger losses arising from frequent and long power fluctuations. Small-scale operators are more heavily affected by the infrastructure failures as they are unable to finance the cost of backup power necessary to mitigate the impact of frequent outages. The smallscale operators that could afford to back up their operations have to spend a significant proportion of their investment outlay on this. The study advocates for institutional reforms of the power supply sector in Nigeria.
Nonsense and Meaning in Ancient Greek Comedy

Introduction 1. Greek notions of nonsense 2. Nonsense as 'no-reference': riddles, allegories, metaphors 3. Nonsense as 'no-serious-sense': the case of Cinesias 4. Nonsense as 'no-sense': jokes, puns, and language play 5. Playing it straight: comedy's 'nonsense! ' accusations Conclusions.
Diverse Pattern of Cytokine Production, their Functional Association andmRNA Expression in Tuberculosis Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and theirHousehold Contacts

Cytokine genes are associated with their altered production and play a significant role in tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus and their household contacts. We aimed to study the influence of IL-1β and IL-6 gene polymorphisms on cytokine gene production and to evaluate their mRNA expression in M.tbAg85A stimulated culture supernatants of tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus, pulmonary tuberculosis patients, household contacts and diabetes individuals. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to estimate cytokine production in the culture supernatants and TRIZOL method for mRNA expression. Cytokine production was low in all the subjects when compared to the healthy controls and IL-6 levels increased with treatment. The CC genotype of IL-6 -174 G/C was associated with its low production in household contacts of tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus and pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The mRNA expression of IL-1β increased and that of IL-6 decreased in tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus, while that of IL-6 decreased with treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis patients; however, there was no significant difference in the household contacts. The cytokine levels were almost similar in patients and their household contacts at the time of diagnosis suggesting that even the household contacts might be infected thus aiding in protecting the high-risk individuals by their prior identification.
Measuring Information Security Awareness of Indonesian Smartphone Users

One of information security management elements is information security awareness program. Usually, this programs only involve the employees within the organization. Some organizations also consider security awareness for some parties outside the organization like providers, vendors, and contractors. This paper add consumers as variable to be considered in information security awareness program as there are also some threats for organization through them. Information security awareness will be measured from user’s knowledge, behavior, and attitude of five information security focus areas in telecommunication, especially related with smartphone users as one segment of telecommunication provider. For smartphone users, information security threats not only from Internet, but also by phone call or texting. Therefore, focus area in this research consist of adhere to security policy, protect personal data, fraud/spam SMS, mobile application, and report for security incident. This research use analytic hierarcy process (AHP) method to measure the information security awareness level from smartphone users. In total, the result indicated that awareness level is good (80%). Although knowledge and attitude dimension are in good criteria of awareness level, but behaviour dimension is average. It can be a reason why there are still many information security breach against smartphone user despite good awareness level.
Phosphorus Efficiency of Tagetes Plant Inoculated with Two Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Strains

This research aimed to study P efficiency of tagetes plants (Tagetes patula nana, Yellow jacket) without and with two mycorrhizal strains (Glomus intraradiaces, M49 and M301) and to quantify the contribution of root growth and hyphae length in P uptake by tagetes plant. Plants were grown in potted soil with two levels of available P in soil (40 (low P) and 270 (high P) mg P / kg soil) in glasshouse with five replicates in randomized complete block design. Tagetes plants inoculated with mycorrhizal strains attained more than 80% of its maximum yield at the low level of P supply, (tagetes inoculated with mycorrhizal strains M49 and M301 attained 97% and 86% of its maximum yield respectively). In contrast, at low level of P supply, tagetes without mycorrhizae (NM) attained only 67% of their highest yield. This signified that tagetes inoculated with both mycorrhizal strains had high P efficiency, whilst tagetes without mycorrhizal fungi had low P efficiency. The shoot P concentration at which tagetes inoculated with mycorrhizal strains 49 and 301 attained its maximum yield were low, being only 1/2 of that observed for tagetes without mycorrhizae. Therefore, tagetes inoculated with mycorrhizal strains had high P use efficiency, whereas tagetes without mycorrhizal fungi had low P use efficiency. A significant correlation (R = 0.95, p M301 > NM fungi. A highly significant and positive correlation was found between P uptake and hyphae length at limited P supply (R = 0.92, p< 0.05). This relation could 2 explain the contribution of mycorrhizal hyphae to P uptake. Also, based on the results of the present study, we can concluded that the plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi had a highly P efficiency comparing to plants without mycorrhizal fungi.