Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Sero-Prevalence of Parvovirus Antibodies among Children with Sickle Cell Anaemia in Zaria

Parvovirus is an erythrovirus that infects red cell precursors in individuals with conditions characterised by a high red cell turnover like sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia. Arthritis, vasculitis, carditis, bone marrow failure, and the slapped cheek appearance have been associated with Parvovirus B19 infection. Recurrent blood transfusion is a risk factor for the B19 serotype of Parvovirus infection, with the P antigen as the mediator for erythroid invasion presenting as transient erythroblastopaenia (TEB). Although TEB is self-limiting a few cases may progress to aplastic anaemia. Previous studies report seroprevalence rates of between 44 and 71%, but the dearth of data on the seroprevalence of B19 parvovirus strain in our region prompted this study. Venous blood samples from 239 children aged 1to 15 years of consenting parents and guardians were screened for Parvovirus B19 IgG antibodies using the ELISA technique and antibody titer assessed spectrophotometrically. All the participants have sickle cell anaemia, but were in the steady state. Of this serum samples from 204 (85.4%) participants were positive for IgG antibodies against Parvovirus B19 while 35 (14.6%) were negative for the IgG antibodies. ). The age-group with the highest prevalence is 10-12year group with seroprevalence rate of 88.9%. The overall seroprevalence of Parvovirus B19 antibodies is 85.4 %. The seroprevalence of Parvovirus B19 antibodies is high in all socio-economic groups. Antibody prevalence is higher in the non-transfused group suggesting that other factors than transfusion play a role in the spread of the B19 strain of Parvovirus B19.
Zonal asymmetry of daytime 150-km echoes observed by Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia

Abstract. Multi-beam observations of the daytime ionospheric E-region irregularities and the so-called 150-km echoes with the 47-MHz Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) in West Sumatra, Indonesia (0.20° S, 100.32° E, 10.36° S dip latitude) are presented. 150-km echoes have been frequently observed by the EAR, and their characteristics are basically the same as the equatorial ones, except for an intriguing zonal asymmetry; stronger echoes in lower altitudes in the east directions, and weaker echoes in higher altitudes in the west. The highest occurrence is seen at 5.7° east with respect to the magnetic meridian, and the altitude gradually increases as viewing from the east to west. Arc structures which return backscatter echoes are proposed to explain the asymmetry. While the strength of radar echoes below 105 km is uniform within the wide coverage of azimuthal directions, the upper E-region (105–120 km) echoes also show a different type of zonal asymmetry, which should be generated by an essentially different mechanism from the lower E-region and 150-km echoes.
The Quantity Theory of Money

For an innocuous statement based on a trivial tautology, the quantity theory of money is sorely battered. This paper has three goals. First, it exposes the various flavours of the quantity theory as special cases of a simple application of the law of diminishing marginal utility. Second, it provides an overview of some typically controversial aspects of the quantity theory. Finally, it reformulates the quantity theory in light of these now resolved controversies. Although I use the term “quantity theory of money”, by the end of this article I reformulate the concept as an “exchange theory of velocity”.
Privacy calculus: Factors that influence the perception of benefit

In many cases, users of online applications and services consciously and willingly hand over personal data to obtain a better service or a price reduction. This action assumes –nominally – that they behaved rationally, estimating and comparing benefits and costs (the potential use of their data and to whom it might be given). People have different perceptions about the benefits that result from handing over personal data. This article investigates the factors that influence this differing perception and concludes that those who are addicted to the internet, whose confidence has not been damaged in the past, with less knowledge, and who are more active on the internet are prone to perceive a greater benefit.
Ichthyoplankton interchange in the mouth region of a southern African estuary

Migration patterns of ichthyoplankton in the seasonally open Swartvlei estuary were monitored during 1986/87 with particular emphasis on exchange between the estuary and sea. Four groups of fishes are recognised in the area accorhng to breeding and recruitment strategies. Group 1 consists of species (e.g. Rhabdosargus holubj and Monodactylus falciformis) which spawn at sea, enter the estuary mainly as postlarvae, and congregate along the margins or on the bottom where water current speeds are reduced. Group 2 species (e.g. Spondyljosorna ernarginatum and Etrumeus whitehead]] also spawn at sea, their larvae are swept into the estuary on the flood tide, but are returned to the marine environment on the ebb hde. Breeding and larval development of Group 3 species (e.g. Hippocampus capensis and Syngnathus acus) occur within the estuary, although some eggs and larvae are lost to the sea following opening of the mouth. Group 4 larvae (e.g. Psarnrnogobius knysnaensjs and Caffrogobius spp.), which hatch from demersal eggs in the estuary, leave the system on the ebb tide before returning several weeks later as postlarvae. Die1 ichthyoplankton density changes in the lower reaches of the Swartvlei estualy revealed that movements of larvae and postlarvae between the estuary and marine environment occurred malnly during twilighWnocturna1 hours. The above data, together with a hydrodynamic model of the estuary, has enabled the quantification of ichthyoplankton exchange over specific 24 h periods.
Mycorrhizal symbiosis alters root H+ effluxes and root system architecture of trifoliate orange seedlings under salt stress.

H + fluxes are important forexchange of nutrients and regulation of cytosolic pH and cell wall plasticity. Root system architecture (RSA)is a deciding factor in water-and nutrient-uptaked efficiency of a plant. Four-month-old trifoliate orange ( Poncirustrifoliat a L. Raf.) seedlings inoculated with or without an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Funneliformismosseae)were conducted to analyze root H + effluxesandRSA under the conditions of 100 mM NaCl, 100 mM KCl, and 100 mM NaNO 3.Although salt stress partly inhibitedgrowth performance (plant height, stem diameter,and leaf number) and RSA variables (length, projected area, surface area, volume, and average diameter), mycorrhizal inoculation generally significantly increased these growth performance and RSA traits. There wasa more acid environment in rhizosphere of mycorrhizal seedlings than in non -mycorrhizal seedlings, bas ed onbromocresol purpledyeing.Theroot H + efflux rates were significantly increased by the salt treatments.n the other hand, F.mosseae significantly increased the root H + efflux rates by 14.3%, 31.7%, 10.3%, and 16.7% under the NaCl, KCl, NaNO 3and non-saltconditions, respectively. It is concluded that mycorrhizal symbiosis increasedrootH + effluxesandimproved
Physical Maps and Comparative DNA Hybridization of Mamestra Brassicae and Panolis Flammea Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Genomes

Summary The genome DNAs from the Panolis flammea (Pf) multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MNPV) and the Mamestra brassicae (Mb) MNPV were analysed with the restriction endonucleases BamHI, BglII, KpnI, HindIII, SmaI and XhoI. The profiles produced by each enzyme for the two virus genomes were quite dissimilar with very few comigrating fragments. The size of PfMNPV DNA was calculated to be 145 kilobase pairs (kbp) and that of MbMNPV 150 kbp. Physical maps of the two genomes were constructed utilizing the above enzymes. The two maps were oriented in relation to their putative polyhedrin genes. Alignment of the two restriction maps for PfMNPV and MbMNPV was achieved by performing cross blot hybridization between XhoI digests of the two virus genomes. This showed that despite differences in the physical maps the two genomes shared overall similarity in gene organization. The two viruses were also compared using dot blot hybridization analysis to quantify homology with Autographa californica (Ac) MNPV. These data showed that both PfMNPV and MbMNPV were distantly related to AcMNPV but exhibited a high degree of homology to each other (nearly 100% in 20% formamide, 70% in 50% formamide).
Loss-Averse Inventory and Borrowing Decisions with Constraints on Working Capital in Fashion and Textiles Industry

Traditional inventory models focus on operational decisions and inventory control. Quite few models consider the financial constraint and decision bias such as loss aversion, which are the reality in today's business environment, especially for the fashion and textiles industry. In this paper we study the inventory control problem for a loss-averse retailer with financial constraint for operations in a periodic review setting in a finite horizon. We characterize the optimal inventory control policies with self-financing or with borrowing as capital-dependent base-stock policies. We demonstrate with numerical examples that the optimal base-stock level is nonincreasing in the accumulated wealth and the loss-aversion indicator.
My struggle with maths may not have been a lonely one :Bibliotherapy in a teacher education number theory unit

Bibliotherapy provides a new approach to eliciting and understanding the affective responses of pre-service primary teachers. This paper further explores bibliotherapy as a reflective tool in teacher education by analysing affective responses of pre-service primary teachers studying an elective number theory unit. Pre-service teachers voluntarily wrote responses to readings about school students’ learning, discussed their understanding of their own experiences in the light of the readings, and identified readings that impacted most on them. The paper describes the responses using the five stages of the bibliotherapy and identifies some factors which affect levels of engagement with the process.
Influence of Mild Hyperglycamia on Physical Function, Mood & Cognition after Acute Ischaemic Stroke

Hyperglycaemia has been linked to increased mortality and poorer physical outcomes after ischaemic stroke, but effects on mood and cognition after ischaemic stroke are less certain. We studied a prospective cohort of people presenting to two teaching hospitals in Australia within 24 hours of an ischaemic stroke to determine the relationship between hyperglycaemia in the first 48 hours after presentation and physical function, mood and cognition three months later. Eighty-six patients with known diabetes or a g lucose greater than 7mmo l/l at presentation were included. Their mean admission glucose was 6.85mmo l/l. The major determinants of physical function, mood and cognition at 3 months were age, gender, atrial fibrillation (AF), and baseline NIH score. Hyperglycaemia was only significantly associated with quality of life, one of the 2 components in the mood domain, and this remained significant in the mult iple regression model. Mild hyperglycaemia in the first 48 hours of acute ischaemic stroke is potentially associated with worse quality of life at 3 month post-stroke. The major determinants of physical, cognitive & emotional outcomes remain age, gender, baseline NIH and presence of atrial fibrillation.
Electrical Parameters Investigation and Zero Flow Rate Effect of Nitrogen Atmospheric Nonthermal Plasma Jet

The construction and operation of atmospheric nonthermal plasma jet, ANPJ, are presented in this work as well as the experimental investigations of its electrical parameters, the configuration of plasma jet column and its temperature. The device is energized by a low-cost Neon power supply of (10 kV, 30 mA, and 20 kHz) and the discharge takes place by using N2 gas with different flow rates from 3 to 25 L/min and input voltage of 6 kV. Diagnostic techniques such as voltage divider, Lissajous figure, image processing and thermometer are used. The electrical characteristics of discharge at different flow rates of N2 gas such as discharge voltage, current, mean power, power efficiency, and mean energy have been studied. The experimental results show that the maximum plasma jet length of 14 mm is detected at flow rate of 12 L/min. The results of plasma jet (heavy particles) temperature along the jet length show that jet plasma has approximately a room temperature at the jet column end. The results of zero flow rate effect on the ANPJ operation show damage in the Teflon insulator and a corrosion in the Aluminum electrodes.
Estimating the moments of a random vector with applications

A general result about the quality of approximation of the mean of a distribution by its empirical estimate is proven that does not involve the dimension of the feature space. Using the kernel trick this gives also bounds the quality of approximation of higher order moments. A number of applications are derived of interest in learning theory including a new novelty detection algorithm and rigorous bounds on the Robust Minimax Classification algorithm.
Intergenerational Transmission of Reproductive Behavior in Sweden, 1850-1889

Previous studies have consistently observed intergenerational continuities in childbearing. This study uses individual-level parish records to examine the intergenerational transmission of fertility over the life course of women in Sweden during the fertility transition in the second half of the nineteenth century. Bivariate correlations, event history analysis and Poisson regression models are estimated for a large number of indicators of reproductive behavior. In line with the literature, the findings show evidence of intergenerational fertility correlations. The observed correlations are often small, but show that fertility transmission did occur during the demographic transition. The findings confirm our current understanding of intergenerational transmission and highlight the role of kin members in shaping reproductive outcomes.
STRUCTURAL SHIFTS IN THE INDIAN ECONOMY: A RE-EXAMINATION OF PUSH-PULL HYPOTHESES

This paper attempts to identify sectoral pull and push processes of structural transformation of the workforce in India, and the constraints that are experienced in these processes. Agriculture-led growth has been advocated by many to improve income and employment in the country. This paper finds that the rise in labour productivity in agriculture exercises the strongest influence on the shift of its own workers to other sectors. The second highest influence is exercised by the ‘residual sectors’, that is, all sectors other than agriculture and manufacturing. Manufacturing itself does not directly pull workers out of agriculture, rather it pushes workers back into it. The constraining factors seem to be: (a) a dominance of the organised sector which promotes high capital intensity, (b) a low work participation rate (WPR) 1 due to the existence of far too few factories, and (c) lack of employment generation in organised manufacturing, due to a high rise in the K/L ratio in organised manufacturing over time. However, manufacturing seems to ‘pull’ workers out from agriculture indirectly by generating demand from the residual sectors. The shift of workers from the manufacturing to the residual sector is the weakest among the various ‘pulls’ and ‘pushes’. I. INTRODUCTION The structural shift of income and workers from the agricultural sector to industry has been noted as an essential feature of economic development in the literature. Kuznets in his Modern Economic Growth (1966) has noted the change across many countries. The transition is initiated by an increase in labour productivity in agriculture, which facilitates the production of the same amount of agricultural output (mainly food) by a smaller number of people. The workers who are no longer required for agricultural production can shift to manufacturing, and consume the same amount of food as before, without having to produce it. This process is thus one of rising productivity levels in agriculture, pushing the workers out of agriculture into industry, or that of an ‘agricultural push’. However, this is possible only if jobs are available in the manufacturing sector, and they give enough extra income per worker to induce the workers to leave their native place and to cover the additional cost of living in a city. Lewis postulated the presence of a perfectly elastic supply of workers at the floor wage (minimum wage) that was required to attract workers from agriculture to industry. Since the marginal productivity of labour in industry is more than the minimum wage, a surplus is earned by the capitalist, which is then invested for further expansion in production. This leads to more employment and the process goes on till the supply of labour is no longer elastic and no further surplus labour exists in agriculture. Thus, this process is broadly one
Seed rain of fleshy and dry propagules in different habitats in the temperate rainforests of Chiloe Island, Chile.

In temperate rainforests on Chiloe Island in southern Chile (42°S), most canopy trees bear fleshy, avian-dispersed propagules, whereas emergent tree species have dry, wind-borne propagules. In the present study, the following hypothesis was tested: regardless of species, fleshy propagules are deposited in greater numbers in canopy gaps and in forest margins and hence have a more heterogeneous seed shadow than wind-dispersed propa- gules. To test this hypothesis, the seed rains of these two types of propagules were compared in the following forest habitats: (i) tree-fall gaps (edges and centre); (ii) forest margins with adjacent pastures; and (iii) under closed canopy (forest interior). Seed collectors (30-cm diameter) were placed in two (15 and 100 ha) remnant forest patches (n � 60-100 seed collectors per patch) distributed in the four habitats. Seeds were retrieved monthly from each collector during two reproductive seasons (1996, 1997). In both years, the seed rain was numerically dom- inated by two species with dry propagules (Laureliopsis philippiana and Nothofagus nitida) and three species with fleshy fruits (Drimys winteri, Amomyrtus luma, and Amomyrtus meli). The seed shadows of the two species with dry, wind-dispersed seeds differed markedly. Seeds of L. philippiana were deposited predominantly in canopy openings, whereas N. nitida seeds fell almost entirely in the forest interior. The fleshy-fruited species, Drimys and Amomyrtus spp. , had similar seed deposition patterns in the various habitats studied, but the between-year differences in seed rain were greater in Drimys winteri than in Amomyrtus spp. Although no more than 10% of fleshy-fruited propag- ules reached the margins of the patch, approximately 7% of these were carried there by birds. Every year, canopy gaps (pooling data from edges and centres) concentrated approximately 60% of the total seed rain of both propag- ule types in both forest patches. Forest margins received less than 20% of the total seed rain, which was largely dominated by fleshy-fruited species. Seed shadows were a species-specific attribute rather than a trait associated with propagule type and dispersal mode.
Risk indifference in white-eared hummingbirds (Hylocharis leucotis) confronting multiple foraging options

Variations in the quality or quantity of a food source determines if an animal takes the risk of spending energy searching for or eating it. Hummingbirds have been traditionally catalogued as risk-averse foragers. However, the inclusion of more than 2 options in a foraging set for risk-sensitive experiments has resulted in the observation that some hummingbird species preferred intermediate risk even if they had been risk-averse in a traditional binary risk experiment. These contrasting results suggest an effect of having multiple foraging options that had been ignored due to the design of previous risk experiments. Here, we studied the influence of varying reward volume (Experiment 1) or sugar concentration (Experiment 2) on choice behavior of white-eared hummingbirds, Hylocharis leucotis, by recording their visits to feed from a sucrose solution located in 4 artificial floral arrays associated with constant, low, medium, and high variance. In both experiments, each of the vertical arrays was evaluated in a training stage and a test stage. The birds visited all the arrays without discriminating among them, and thus were indifferent to variations in the volume or sugar concentration of reward. Thus, there was no influence of variance of nectar volume and sugar concentration on the choice behavior of the birds, ruling out the possibility that white-eared hummingbirds are risk sensitive under these conditions of 4 foraging alternatives.
THE COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS OF GESTURES IN L2 SPEECH

By comparing the frequency of hand gestures used by native Chinese speakers in their L1 Chinese conversation, and that of the same speakers in their L2 English speech when they talk to native speakers of English, this study supports Gullberg (1998) and Hardar, Dar and Teitelman’s (2001) claim that L2 speakers do tend to use more gestures in L2 speech. Unlike previous gestural studies that focus on gestures used while narrating a watched cartoon or a video to the interlocutors, this study investigates the use of gestures in conversational settings and transcends the narrator-centered paradigm of data analysis to incorporate the interaction of the interlocutors and how that influences their subsequent use of gestures. Detailed analysis of the contextualized gestures in their L2 English speech suggests that interlocutors use gestures as a communicative strategy to ensure the smooth flow of the conversation and to enhance comprehension of their speech.
Becker's thesis and three models of preference change

This article examines Becker's thesis that the hypothesis that choices maximize expected utility relative to fixed and universal tastes provides a general framework for the explanation of behaviour. Three different models of preference revision are presented and their scope evaluated. The first, the classical conditioning model, explains all changes in preferences in terms of changes in the information held by the agent, holding fundamental beliefs and desires fixed. The second, the Jeffrey conditioning model, explains them in terms of changes in both the information held by the agent and changes in her prior beliefs, holding her fundamental desires fixed. The final model, that of generalized conditioning, allows for explanations in terms of changes in the values of all three variables.
Low frequency instability of the Karman vortex street: An experimental study of the secondary wake instability

The flow in the wake of a finite-length cylinder has been studied experimentally as it undergoes its secondary instability. This instability occurs at Reynolds numbers around 180190. The energy content of four main frequency modes appearing in the wake was measured before and after transition. For three of the modes, the energy content remains largely unchanged by the transition process. However, after transition, a low frequency (turbulent) mode appears which exhibits energy four orders of magnitude greater after transition than before. By considering the downstream growth rate of this mode, evidence is presented which suggests that transition to turbulence may occur as a result of wake transition in the central downstream plane of the cylinder.