Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Foot Height, Length, Breadth and Foot Types between Males and Females Ga'anda People, Adamawa, Nigeria

The human foot shows great variation in length, width and height in males and females due to genetic, natural and environmental factors; and it has anthropological, clinical and forensic importance. The aim of the study was to measure the anthropometric parameters of foot of adult males and females Ga'anda people, to find out racial characteristics of their own, determine their difference and to classify their foot shapes. The study was carried out on sixty five (65) male and sixty five (65) female adult Ga'anda people. Foot length, foot breadth and foot height was measured. Foot index was calculated and foot shape was determined. The results revealed that male foot length, height and breadth were significantly higher than their female counterparts. Regarding the foot shape, proportion of broad foot was higher among the males; however, the slender and standard foot types were higher among the females. The anthropometric data provided serves as a template for the Ga'anda people on whom the study was carried out, and confirms that there is a geographical and sexual difference in anthropometric parameters, therefore should be considered in shoe industries and
Motivations of the community forest protection forces of the Manas Biosphere Reserve in Assam, India

Conservation with a high level of community involvement is proving to be an effective way to conserve forests with benefits for livelihoods and biodiversity. However, people’s motivations to participate in conservation in developing countries are not well studied or understood. One example of a highly successful community conservation program is the Golden Langur Conservation Project (GLCP) in the Manas Biosphere Reserve. The project was initiated in 1998 to protect the endangered golden langur (Trachypithecus geei) and its forested habitat. By 2005, community forest protection forces had been created and were successfully protecting the forest. They have been effective in stopping illegal poachers and confiscating illegally taken timber and wildlife. The objectives of this study are to describe the community forest guards’ motivations to participate in the program, and their perceptions of the project. Results show that these community-based guardians are motivated to participate by multiple factors: conservation, social benefits, and economic opportunities. Conservation of forests and wildlife seem to play the primary role in motivating guards to participate in conserving the forest. However, economic benefits and social benefits also play important roles.
RELATIVE STRENGTH AS A CRITERION FOR INVESTMENT SELECTION

AN EXTENSIVE BODY of literature has recently emanated from scholarly sources stating that successive stock market price changes are statistically independent (i.e., that the study of past price trends and patterns-known in the trade as technical analysis-is no more useful in predicting future price movements than throwing a dart at the list of stocks in a daily newspaper). Most of the empirical tests to date of this random walk theory have employed some variation of serial correlation or runs analysis. The results have been both consistent and impressive. As stated by Eugene F. Fama:
KAP1 depletion increases PML nuclear body number in concert with ultrastructural changes in chromatin

The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein is the main structural component of subnuclear domains termed PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs), which are implicated in tumor suppression by regulating apoptosis, cell senescence, and DNA repair. Previously, we demonstrated that ATM kinase can regulate changes in PML NB number in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). PML NBs make extensive contacts with chromatin and ATM mediates DNA damage-dependent changes in chromatin structure in part by the phosphorylation of the KRAB-associated protein 1 (KAP1) at S824. We now demonstrate that in the absence of DNA damage, reduced KAP1 expression results in a constitutive increase in PML NB number in both human U2-OS cells and normal human diploid fibroblasts. This increase in PML NB number correlated with decreased nuclear lamina-associated heterochromatin and a 30% reduction in chromatin density as observed by electron microscopy, which is reminiscent of DNA damaged chromatin. These changes in chromatin ultrastructure also correlated with increased histone H4 acetylation, and treatment with the HDAC inhibitor TSA failed to further increase PML NB number. Although PML NB number could be restored by complementation with wild-type KAP1, both the loss of KAP1 or complementation with phospho-mutants of KAP1 inhibited the early increase in PML NB number and reduced the fold induction of PML NBs by 25-30% in response to etoposide-induced DNA DSBs. Together these data implicate KAP1-dependent changes in chromatin structure as one possible mechanism by which ATM may regulate PML NB number in response to DNA damage.
Effect of wound infiltration with bupivacaine or lower dose bupivacaine/magnesium versus placebo for postoperative analgesia after cesarean section

Aim: The authors examined the analgesic effect of wound infiltration with bupivacaine or lower dose bupivacaine and magnesium versus normal saline for postoperative analgesia after cesarean section. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II were prepared for elective cesarean section. At the end of the surgery, the wound was continuously infiltrated at a rate of 5 ml/h for 24 h post-operatively by one of the following solutions: 0.25% bupivacaine, a mixture of 0.125% bupivacaine and 5% magnesium sulphate or normal saline (0.9%). Total opioid consumption, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at rest and movement, incidence of opioid side-effects and signs of wound inflammation were assessed during the period of the study (24 h post-operatively). Three months later, residual pain, surgical wound infection, need for extra-antibiotic therapy and wound healing impairment were assessed. Results: Post-operative pain scores at rest were statistically significant higher in the control group than those in the both wound infiltration groups from 4th h and onwards (P < 0.0001). Meanwhile, post-operative pain was higher in bupivacaine group versus magnesium group (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, 0.0012, respectively). There was statistically significant increase in VAS during movement in the control group versus others at 2, 4, 12, 24 h post-operatively (P < 0.0001). However, patients received magnesium plus bupivacaine wound infiltration showed a significant decrease in post-operative pain scores than whom received bupivacaine from 4th h and onward (P < 0.0001, 0.0054, 0.0001, respectively). Morphine consumption was significantly reduced in the magnesium group, (P < 0.0001). Incidence of residual pain was comparable in the three groups. The incidence of sedation and urine retention were noted to be significantly higher in the control group in comparison to other groups, (P <0.0001). The incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting was reduced in patients received magnesium plus bupivacaine block versus others (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Continuous wound infiltration with a mixture of bupivacaine and magnesium sulphate after cesarean section showed an effective analgesia and reduced post-operative Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) requirements as compared to continuous wound infiltration with local anesthetic only or placebo with fewer incidences of opioid adverse effects.
A Cross-National Analysis of the Wages of Part-Time Workers: Evidence from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia

We analyse wage differentials between part-time and full-time workers in four English-speaking countries, using cross-nationally comparable data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). An analysis of gross wage gaps (that is, unadjusted for human capital- and job-related differences) reveals that women part-time workers earn significantly less per hour than do their full-time counter-parts in all of these countries. In an analysis of net wage gaps (wage gaps adjusted for a range of explanatory variables) we assess the extent to which wage differentials can be explained by measurable differences in human capital-related attributes, and in occupational and industrial variables. Findings indicate that part-time workers are positioned differently within the labour markets of these countries, and that cross-national differences in part-time versus fill-time wages cannot be explained fully by inter-country differences in the degree of wage dispersion. Finally, we discuss policies and institutions that contribute to different outcomes across countries.
Patterns of Development, 1950-1970

The past forty years have seen numerous attempts to discover uniformities in economic behavior by a comparison of economies at different levels of income. Many detailed comparisons have focused on individual characteristics of developing countries, notably consumption, savings, investment, taxation, industrialization, and population growth. These studies apply a variety of statistical methods to different country samples and time periods - their results are not generally comparable. However, they do demonstrate the value of comparative analysis for a variety of purposes. The main objective of the report is to provide a comprehensive description of the structural changes that accompany the growth of developing countries and to analyze their interrelations.
Anatomy 1999–2000: the curriculum, who teaches it and how?

Aim To review the impact of Tomorrow's Doctors 1 on anatomical teaching in the UK and Ireland. To establish in particular whether a consensus has emerged on: (a) the duration and format of teaching, and (b) the impact on staffing and on the four main anatomical disciplines of gross anatomy, histology, embryology and neuroanatomy.
Intergenerational Mobility and the Process of Development

This paper offers an explanation for some evidence that intergenerational earnings mobility is higher in more developed economies and that mobility is positively correlated with wage equality. In the model mobility promotes economic growth via its effect on the accumulation and allocation of human capital. Growth influences mobility via its effect on incentives to acquire education and its effect on liquidity constraints upon such acquisition. In the process of development mobility increases and the distribution of education becomes better correlated with ability. Redistributive policy has a negative effect on growth in developed economies and a positive effect in developing economies.
The Systemic Risk of Energy Markets

This paper investigates the meaning of systemic risk in energy markets and proposes a methodology to measure it. Energy Systemic Risk is defined by the risk of an energy crisis raising the prices of all energy commodities with negative consequences for the real economy. Measures of the total cost (EnSysRISK) and the net impact (ΔMES) of an energy crisis on the rest of the economy are proposed. The measures are derived from the Marginal Expected Shortfall (MES) capturing the tail dependence between the asset and the energy market factor. The adapted MES accounts for causality and dynamic exposure to common latent factors. The methodology is applied to the European Energy Exchange and the DAX industrial index, where a minor decline in industrial productivity is observed from recent energy shocks.
The Efficacy of Corticosteroids in Periradicular Infiltration for Chronic Radicular Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial

Study Design. A randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Objectives. To determine the treatment effect of corticosteroids in periradicular infiltration for chronic radicular pain. We also examined prognostic factors in relation to the outcome of the procedure. Summary of Background Data. Various studies have examined the therapeutic value of periradicular infiltration using treatment agents consisting of local anesthetic and corticosteroids for radicular pain, secondary to lumbar disc herniation and spinal stenosis. There is currently no randomized trial to determine the efficacy of a single injection of corticosteroids for chronic radicular pain. Methods. Eligible patients with radicular pain who had unilateral symptoms who failed conservative management were randomized for a single injection with bupivacaine and methylprednisolone or bupivacaine only. Outcome measures included the Oswestry Disability Index, visual analogue score for back pain and leg pain, claudication walking distance, and the patient's subjective level of satisfaction of the outcome. Results. We recruited 43 patients in the bupivacaine and methylprednisolone group and 43 patients in the bupivacaine only group. The follow-up rate is 100%. Five patients had early termination of the trial for discectomy and further root block. There is no statistically significant difference in the outcome measures between the groups at 3 months (change of the Oswestry Disability Index [P = 0.68], change in visual analogue score [back pain, P = 0.68; leg pain, P = 0.94], change in walking distance [P = 0.7]). Duration of symptoms has a statistically significant negative association with the change in Oswestry Disability Index (P = 0.03). Conclusion. Clinical improvement occurred in both groups of patients. Corticosteroids did not provide additional benefit.
Testing export‐led growth in South Asia

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the export-led growth hypothesis for South Asia, a diverse region consisting of one large country, India, surrounded by a number of medium and small countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives. Design/methodology/approach – To test this, the study employs cointegration and error-correction modelling, using data from the International Financial Statistics of the IMF. Findings – The study produces fairly mixed results, and does not find any conclusive evidence in favour of export-led growth. While India, Maldives and Nepal exhibit export-led growth, Bangladesh and Bhutan show the opposite result of growth-led exports. In Pakistan and Sri Lanka no causality in either direction was found. The mixed nature of the results is further confirmed by taking a common time period since 1980. Practical implications – South Asia is one of the poorest regions of the world; so success or otherwise of export-led growth is of great interest for policy purposes. For example, the finding of export-led growth for the largest economy of the region, India, is particularly heartening as, by opening up its markets further to the other countries of the region, it can fuel growth in the entire region. Originality/value – This study tries to fill an important gap in the literature as it is the first comprehensive study of the region as a whole.
Does Cross-Listing in the US Foster Mergers and Acquisitions and Increase Target Shareholder Wealth?

We examine the role of cross-listing in alleviating domestic market constraint and facilitating cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Cross-listing appears to strengthen the bargaining power of target firms, allowing them to extract higher takeover premiums relative to their non-cross-listed peers. Moreover, shareholders of Sarbanes-Oxley-compliant targets seem to benefit from a higher premium. We also find that cross-listed firms are more likely to be acquisition targets. This evidence is consistent with the idea that cross-listing increases firms’ attractiveness and visibility on the market for corporate control. Our results are robust to various specifications and to the self-selection bias arising from the decision to cross-list.
When Professionals Lead: Executive Management, Normative Isomorphism, and Policy Implementation

If professionalism shapes executive behavior significantly, then agencies whose executives belong to a particular profession ought to manage differently from similarly situated executives who do not, and in ways that affect organizational outcomes. Extending theories of normative isomorphism to executive management, this study examines the effects of executives’ professions on their management and their agencies’ implementation of federal environmental regulations. Examining American local government water utilities, I argue that normative isomorphism causes executives who are engineers to manage their agencies differently from nonengineers. Illustrative case studies show how professions shape executive management. Since professional engineers were influential in the development of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), its regulations reflect the dominant norms of the engineering profession. Analysis of data from a survey of utility executives and the Environmental Protection Agency shows that utilities that are headed by professional engineers violate the SDWA significantly less frequently than do utilities led by nonengineers. Results demonstrate normative isomorphism in executive management and highlight the significance of professionalism in policy design and implementation.
Patient Satisfaction after Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Bone-Grafted Alveolar Clefts with Nonsubmerged ITI Straumann Dental Implants Loaded at Three Months

Objective To assess clinical, aesthetic, and quality-of-life parameters of cleft lip and palate patients' implant-supported crowns with ITI Straumann nonsubmerged and loaded after 3 months implants. Patients, Material, and Methods In 17 bone-grafted cleft patients, 24 implants were placed nonsubmerged, loaded at 3 months to support crowns in the cleft area, and followed up at 40 months on average (±22 months). The oral-health–related quality of life was assessed in all patients with the German Oral Health Impact Profile after implant therapy. Aesthetics were judged on photographs by dental professionals, nonprofessionals, and the patients themselves. The Implant Crown Aesthetic Index served as an objective tool. Results A total of 23 implants (95.8%) were loaded and in function. Clinical parameters were marginal bone loss of 1.15 ± 2.16 mm, peri-implant probing depth of 2.56 ± 0.66 mm, width of keratinized mucosa of 2.71 ± 1.1 mm, mucosal recession of 0.41 ± 0.8 mm, Periotest value of 0.18 ± 6.5, and German Oral Health Impact Profile summary score of 2. The best aesthetic outcome was assessed by the patients themselves. Soft tissues were rated worse than were implant-supported crowns. Conclusions Implant-borne prosthetic rehabilitation of bone-grafted clefts with nonsubmerged ITI Straumann implants with 3 months' loading represents a reliable treatment option with high success rates in the long term. Functional aspects are comparable to those of noncleft patients. The oral-health–related quality of life of cleft patients is similar to that of noncleft patients. Aesthetics are restricted but satisfactory to patients and dental professionals. Aesthetics of peri-implant soft tissues should be improved in the future.
A Chinese Translation of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems–Short Circumplex

The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems–Short Circumplex (IIP–SC) is a self-report measure of subjective distress linked to behavioral excesses and inhibitions in social relationships. The IIP–SC exhibits circumplex structure reflecting the underlying dimensions of dominance–submissiveness and warmth–coldness. We translated the IIP–SC into Mandarin Chinese using rigorous translation and back-translation methods with independent native speakers. University students in the People's Republic of China (N = 401) completed the translated IIP–SC and the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI–2), an omnibus measure of indigenous personality trait dimensions and symptoms of psychopathology. The circumplex structure of the Chinese IIP–SC was confirmed using principal components analysis, a randomization test for hypothesized order relations, and confirmatory circumplex analysis. The validity of the Chinese IIP–SC was evaluated by examining its associations with the CPAI–2 scales. Validity evidence for Chinese translation of the IIP–SC extends its use for clinical assessment to native Chinese speakers, although ongoing work to improve its reliability is needed.
Nuclear law stands on thin ice

Revealing the questionable actions of many radiobiologists exposes the Achilles heel of nuclear law. Documentation of systematic deception is reason enough to change nuclear law. Much evidence comes from mis-statements by seven committees for the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR). These fraudulent interpretations led ignorant physicians, the media and government officials to accept the 'linear no threshold' (LNT) dogma. These misrepresentations are fully rebutted by rational interpretation of data. The best data comes from exposed nuclear workers. Eight independent epidemiological studies, involving almost 12 million person-years, consistently showed that increased exposure to ionising radiation was associated with decreased cancer mortality rates. These questionable actions kept ionising radiation from its role in abundant health.
Female self-perception as barrier to international careers?

It is a matter of fact that women are underrepresented in international management. In most of the articles on female expatriates, the companies' reluctance to send women abroad is usually named as first justification why female managers are rare in the international arena. The reasons cited are manifold, ranging from stereotypical views of the personnel managers to the prejudices women are expected to face abroad. Some authors tried to find additional causes such as dual career couples, cultural factors or the general lack of women in top management. However, only little has been written about the women's own fault for not being selected. Literature on gender-based stereotypes, female self-perception or traditional role models is broad. Typical issues are a perceived lack of self-confidence, stereotypical behaviour or underestimation. But a relation to expatriation is rarely found. Therefore, the aim of this article is to answer if and how women themselves contribute to their under-representation in international management.
Trade Liberalisation: The Effects of Free Trade Agreements on the Competitiveness of the Dairy Sector

type="main" xml:id="twec12181-abs-0001"> In recent years, preferential trade agreements (PTAs), free trade agreements (FTAs) in particular, have proliferated while WTO negotiations have stagnated. This paper contributes to the literature on trade liberalisation and the agricultural sector by analysing the effects of FTAs on the competitiveness of the dairy sector across 76 countries and over a 20-year period from 1990 to 2009. With a longitudinal econometric model, the results demonstrate that when a country has a revealed comparative advantage in the dairy sector, FTAs positively influence several indicators of competitiveness in the dairy sector, such as production, market share and trade balance. The results also indicate that multilateral FTAs are more beneficial than bilateral FTAs. There is strong empirical evidence that FTAs are more beneficial to developed countries than to developing countries. There is no statistical evidence to support the hypothesis about a relationship between FTAs and farm-gate price.