Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Misconceptions About Traumatic Brain Injury and Recovery Among Nursing Students

ObjectiveTo identify potential misconceptions that nursing students have regarding traumatic brain injury (TBI) and recovery. DesignDescriptive questionnaire. SettingUniversity. Main MeasureThirty-item questionnaire addressing knowledge about TBI and recovery. ParticipantsOne hundred eight undergraduate students, 65 in the prenursing program and 43 nursing majors. ResultsIn general, nursing students had a lower frequency of misconceptions than did university students in a prior study, and the more advanced nursing majors had a lower frequency of misconceptions than did the prenursing students. Substantial misconceptions did exist, though, especially concerning unconsciousness, amnesia, and recovery. ConclusionsNursing students possess several misconceptions pertaining to TBI and recovery that have the potential to adversely affect assessment, treatment, and education of patients and family members. Education focusing on TBI and recovery should be included in the nursing curriculum and be a part of continuing education at the professional level.
Influence of GBV-C infection on the endogenous activation of the IFN system in HIV-1 co-infected patients.

BACKGROUND GB virus C (GBV-C) co-infection is associated with a better prognosis in HIV-infected persons. Since interferon activation can be one of the possible mechanisms involved in GBV-C-driven protection against HIV, we compared the endogenous activation of the interferon system in PBMC from GBV-C-positive and -negative patients infected with HIV-1. METHODS The expression of interferon related genes was analyzed in 20 GBV-C positive and 20 GBV-C-negative HIV-infected patients, comparable in terms of CD4 cell counts and HIV viral loads. The levels of mRNA for interferon-related genes (2-5-OAS, MxA, interferon AR-1 and PKR) in PBMC were measured by real time RT-PCR, using B-actin as internal control. RESULTS The endogenous levels of all the Interferon-related genes in HIV/GBV-C co-infected patients were higher than in HIV mono-infected subjects. The difference was statistically significant for PKR mRNA. Direct positive correlation was found between PKR and all the other interferon-related genes, suggesting a coordinated activation of the interferon system. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced activation of the interferon system occurs in GBV-C-positive, as compared to GBV-C-negative patients harbouring HIV-1. These data may be relevant to understand the GBV-C-driven protection against HIV, suggesting that the endogenous activation of the interferon system can contribute to the control of HIV replication.
Comparison of Filters for Concentrating Microbial Indicators and Pathogens in Lake Water Samples

ABSTRACT Bacterial indicators are used to indicate increased health risk from pathogens and to make beach closure and advisory decisions; however, beaches are seldom monitored for the pathogens themselves. Studies of sources and types of pathogens at beaches are needed to improve estimates of swimming-associated health risks. It would be advantageous and cost-effective, especially for studies conducted on a regional scale, to use a method that can simultaneously filter and concentrate all classes of pathogens from the large volumes of water needed to detect pathogens. In seven recovery experiments, stock cultures of viruses and protozoa were seeded into 10-liter lake water samples, and concentrations of naturally occurring bacterial indicators were used to determine recoveries. For the five filtration methods tested, the highest median recoveries were as follows: glass wool for adenovirus (4.7%); NanoCeram for enterovirus (14.5%) and MS2 coliphage (84%); continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC) plus Virocap (CFC+ViroCap) for Escherichia coli (68.3%) and Cryptosporidium (54%); automatic ultrafiltration (UF) for norovirus GII (2.4%); and dead-end UF for Enterococcus faecalis (80.5%), avian influenza virus (0.02%), and Giardia (57%). In evaluating filter performance in terms of both recovery and variability, the automatic UF resulted in the highest recovery while maintaining low variability for all nine microorganisms. The automatic UF was used to demonstrate that filtration can be scaled up to field deployment and the collection of 200-liter lake water samples.
Acetylation by p300 Regulates Nuclear Localization and Function of the Transcriptional Corepressor CtBP2*

CtBP family members, CtBP1 and CtBP2, are unique transcriptional regulators that adapt a metabolic enzyme fold, and their activities are regulated by NAD(H)-binding. CtBP1 is both cytoplasmic and nuclear, and its subcellular localization is regulated by sumoylation, phosphorylation, and binding to a PDZ protein. In contrast, we showed that CtBP2 is exclusively nuclear. CtBP1 and CtBP2 are highly similar, but differ at the N-terminal 20 amino acid region. Substitution of the N-terminal domain of CtBP1 with the corresponding CtBP2 domain confers a dominant nuclear localization pattern to CtBP1. The N-terminal domain of CtBP2 contains three Lys residues. Our results show that these Lys residues are acetylated by the nuclear acetylase p300. Although all three Lys residues of CtBP2 (Lys-6, Lys-8, and Lys-10) appear to be acetylated, acetylation of Lys-10 is critical for nuclear localization. CtBP2 with a single amino acid substitution at Lys-10 (K10R) is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic localization of the K10R mutant is correlated with enhanced nuclear export that is inhibited by leptomycin B. Furthermore, lack of acetylation at Lys-10 renders CtBP2 to be more efficient in repression of the E-cadherin promoter. Our studies have revealed the important roles of acetylation in regulating subcellular localization and transcriptional activity of CtBP2.
Bioavailability of two licensed paediatric rifampicin suspensions: implications for quality control programmes.

SETTING To assess the revised World Health Organization-recommended dose of 10-20 mg/kg rifampicin (RMP), we studied the steady state pharmacokinetics of RMP in South African children who received standard treatment for drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB). OBJECTIVE To determine the formulation effect on the pharmacokinetics of RMP. DESIGN RMP plasma concentrations were characterised in 146 children (median age 1.4 years, range 0.2-10.2). The morning dose on the day of the pharmacokinetic evaluation was administered as one of two RMP single-drug oral suspensions. RESULTS While one formulation achieved 2 h concentrations in the range of those observed in adults (median 6.54 mg/l, interquartile range [IQR] 4.47-8.84), the other attained a median bioavailability of only 25% of this, with a median 2 h concentration of 1.59 mg/l (IQR 0.89-2.38). CONCLUSION RMP is a key drug for the treatment of TB. It is critical that the quality of RMP suspensions used to treat childhood TB is ensured.
Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation.

The present experiment tested the hypothesis that self-motivation through proximal goal setting serves as an effective mechanism for cultivating competencies, self-percepts of efficacy, and intrinsic interest. Children who exhibited gross deficits and disinterest in mathematical tasks pursued a program of self-directed learning under conditions involving either proximal subgoals, distal goals, or no goals. Results of the multifaceted assessment provide support for the superiority of proximal self-influence. Under proximal subgoals, children progressed rapidly in self-directed learning, achieved substantial mastery of mathematical operations, and developed a sense of personal efficacy and intrinsic interest in arithmetic activities that initially held little attraction for them. Distal goals had no demonstrable effects. In addition to its other benefits, goal proximity fostered veridical self-knowledge of capabilities as reflected in high congruence between judgments of mathematical self-efficacy and subsequent mathematical performance. Perceived self-efficacy was positively related to accuracy of mathematical performance and to intrinsic interest in arithmetic activities.
Relations of Exercise, Self-Appraisal, Mood Changes and Weight Loss in Obese Women: Testing Propositions Based on Baker and Brownell’s (2000) Model

Background:Obesity is a prominent modifiable health risk factor. Treatments of severe caloric restrictions and educational interventions have had minimal sustained effects on weight loss. Physical activity may have significant indirect effects on weight reduction associated with changes in psychological variables, although explanatory models are lacking. Methods:Relationships based on Baker and Brownell’s model of exercise, self-appraisal, mood change, and weight loss were tested with obese (body mass index ≥30) women initiating a supported exercise and nutrition information program over 6 months. Results:Exercise participation was associated with significant improvements in mood, body image, and exercise-related self-efficacy. When changes on measures of these factors were simultaneously entered into a multiple regression equation, a significant portion of the variance in exercise session attendance was accounted for (R2 = 0.26, F(7, 52) = 2.57, P < 0.05), with changes in tension (&bgr; = –0.34) and physical self-concept (&bgr; = 0.33) making significant unique contributions. Exercise session attendance was significantly correlated with weight and body composition changes (r = –0.30 to –0.47). The indirect effect of exercise on weight loss was estimated at 0.23. As hypothesized, less improvement in depression was significantly associated with less improvement in weight and body composition (r values = 0.23 to 0.29). Conclusions:Physical activity and exercise may have positive effects on sustained weight loss due to associated changes in self-appraisal and mood factors. Early incorporation of moderate exercise into weight management treatments may have considerable value beyond just energy expenditure. Continued testing of explanatory models is warranted.
[On the sweetness of fructose and some other sugars especially its variation with temperature].

果糖,ブドウ糖, D-ガラクトース, L-ソルボース及び麦芽糖の甘味度を3°～60°Cに亘って全系列法と選抜さたた味覚を有する人々を用いて測定した。 果糖の甘味度に及ぼす温度の著しい影響をみいだし,これが平衡移動による構造と密接な関係のあることを指摘した。 果糖の甘味度に及ぼす濃度の著ししい効果をも見出した。 東大心理学教室高木貞二教授から全系列法について懇切な御教示を賜わり,また東京工業試験所の浅岡〓技官,加々美兼吉技官をはじめ多数の所員から測定に関して長期に亘る御協力を頂いた。 更に文部省から科学研究費の援助をうけた。 茲に記して深厚なる謝意を表する。
Short-Chain Ubiquitination Is Associated with the Degradation Rate of a Cell-Surface-Resident Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP/ABCB11)

The reduced expression of the bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) at the canalicular membrane is associated with cholestasis-induced hepatotoxicity due to the accumulation of bile acids in hepatocytes. We demonstrated previously that 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) treatment, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of urea cycle disorders, induces the cell-surface expression of BSEP by prolonging the degradation rate of cell-surface-resident BSEP. On the other hand, BSEP mutations, E297G and D482G, found in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2), reduced it by shortening the degradation rate of cell-surface-resident BSEP. Therefore, to help the development of the medical treatment of cholestasis, we investigated the underlying mechanism by which 4PBA and PFIC2-type mutations affect the BSEP degradation from cell surface, focusing on short-chain ubiquitination. In Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCK II) cells expressing BSEP and rat canalicular membrane vesicles, the molecular mass of the mature form of BSEP/Bsep shifted from 170 to 190 kDa after ubiquitin modification (molecular mass, 8 kDa). Ubiquitination susceptibility of BSEP/Bsep was reduced in vitro and in vivo by 4PBA treatment and, conversely, was enhanced by BSEP mutations E297G and D482G. Moreover, biotin-labeling studies using MDCK II cells demonstrated that the degradation of cell-surface-resident chimeric protein fusing ubiquitin to BSEP was faster than that of BSEP itself. In conclusion, BSEP/Bsep is modified with two to three ubiquitins, and its ubiquitination is modulated by 4PBA treatment and PFIC2-type mutations. Modulation of short-chain ubiquitination can regulate the change in the degradation rate of cell-surface-resident BSEP by 4PBA treatment and PFIC2-type mutations.
Was erkl??rt die Traditionalisierungsprozesse h??uslicher Arbeitsteilung im Eheverlauf: soziale Normen oder ??konomische Ressourcen?

Der Beitrag analysiert die Dynamik von Traditionalisierungsprozessen der h? uslichen Arbeitsteilung im Eheverlauf westdeutscher Paare. Die Studie weist nach, dass vor allem Traditionalisierungsprozesse die Entwicklungsrichtung der h? uslichen Arbeitsteilung dominieren. Im Zentrum steht die Frage, ob und inwieweit normenorientierte soziologische und ressourcenorientierte ? konomische Theorien geeignet sind, zu erkl? ren, weshalb M? nner in der Regel ihren relativen Beitrag an den weiblich konnotierten Haushaltst? tigkeiten im Zeitverlauf verringern. Auf Basis einer Analyse von L? ngsschnittdaten des Bamberger Ehepaar-Panels zeigt sich, dass ? konomische Handlungstheorien vor allem wegen ihrer geschlechtssymmetrischen Vorhersagen die Dynamik arbeitsteiliger Traditionalisierungsprozesse nicht erkl? ren k? nnen. Mit der These zur Ver? nderung normativer Bezugsrahmen f? r geschlechteregalit? re und -divergente Fairnessnormen werden ? berlegungen angestellt, wie man die Ver? nderung der Arbeitsteilung im Haushaltskontext besser verstehen kann.
Some factors influencing post—operative hypoxaemia

During general anresthesia a variety of changes in pulmonary physiology have been demonstrated; thus, compliance 1, physiological dead space 2 , physiological shunt 3, sensitivity to carbon dioxide4 and ventilation-perfusion ratios 5 may all be affected adversely. If these changes persisted into the post-operative period, serious arterial hypoxaemia might be encountered when breathing air. Hypoxaeinia has been shown to occur following open-chest 69 7 and upper abdominal* operations, but in these patients the site of the surgery may have been an important factor. It has however been suggestedgt 1091 1 that a significant reduction in arterial oxygen tension (PaOz) occurs after general anmthesia, in the absence of under-ventilation and even after trivial surgery and that this reduction lasts for at least 24 hours. These findings were not confirmed in a small group of patients undergoing a minor operation 1 2 and this underlined the need for adequate control of the many variables involved. The studies described below were therefore undertaken to assess some of the main factors influencing post-operative arterial gas tensions. In order to minimise the direct effects of surgery, operations involving thoracic, abdominal, or oral incisions were avoided.
High Voltage Vertical GaN p-n Diodes With Avalanche Capability

In this paper, vertical p-n diodes fabricated on pseudobulk gallium nitride (GaN) substrates are discussed. The measured devices demonstrate breakdown voltages of 2600 V with a differential specific on-resistance of 2 mΩ cm2. This performance places these structures beyond the SiC theoretical limit on the power device figure of merit chart. Contrary to common belief, GaN devices do possess avalanche capability. The temperature coefficient of the breakdown voltage is positive, showing that the breakdown is indeed because of impact ionization and avalanche. This is an important property of the device for operation in inductive switching environments. Critical electric field and mobility parameters for epitaxial GaN layers grown on bulk GaN are extracted from electrical measurements. The reverse recovery time of the vertical GaN p-n diode is not discernible because it is limited by capacitance rather than minority carrier storage, and because of this its switching performance exceeds the highest speed silicon diode.
The Bacillus subtilis spo0J gene: evidence for involvement in catabolite repression of sporulation

Previous observations concerning the ability of the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages SP10 and PMB12 to suppress mutations in spo0J and to make wild-type sporulation catabolite resistant suggested that spo0J had a role in catabolite repression of sporulation. This suggestion was supported in the present report by the ability of the catabolite-resistant sporulation mutation crsF4 to suppress a Tn917 insertion mutation of the B. subtilis spo0J locus (spo0J::Tn917 omega HU261) in medium without glucose. Although crsF4 and SP10 made wild-type B. subtilis sporulation catabolite resistant, neither crsF4 nor SP10 caused a mutant with spo0J::Tn917 omega HU261 to sporulate in medium with glucose. Sequencing the spo0J locus revealed an open reading frame that was 179 codons in length. Disruption of the open reading frame resulted in a sporulation-negative (Spo-) phenotype that was similar to those of other spo0J mutations. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the spo0J locus indicated that the spo0J gene product contains an alpha-helix-turn-alpha-helix unit similar to the motif found in lambda Cro-like DNA-binding proteins.
Must Psychology Be Individualistic

Discussion de l'individualisme en psychologie, a travers un examen critique des arguments de J. Fodor et T. Burge. L'A. soutient que l'argument en faveur de l'individualisme psychologique echoue pour des raisons metaphysiques, et que l'argument contre l'individualisme echoue aussi pour des raisons metaphysiques. La conclusion de l'A. est qu'il est probable que la psychologie doit etre individualiste. L'individualisme est defini en termes de survenance. L'A. discute notamment les theses de T. Burge et s'appuie sur les travaux de D. Marr a propos de la vision
The influence of age-related cataract on blue-on-yellow perimetry.

PURPOSE The influence of cataract on the blue-on-yellow visual field is unknown. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of age-related cataract on the normal blue-on-yellow (B-Y), yellow-on-yellow (Y-Y) and white-on-white (W-W) visual field. METHODS Forty normal subjects (age range, 60 to 81 years) randomly performed B-Y, Y-Y, and W-W perimetry using a modified Humphrey Field Analyser 640 (HFA) (Program 24-2). Twenty age-matched patients with cataract underwent the same testing paradigm. Cataract was classified using the LOCS II system. Ocular media absorption was measured with the HFA by determining the difference in scotopic sensitivity to 410-nm and 560-nm stimuli. Forward light scatter was measured by the direct compensation technique of van den Berg. Unweighted mean deviation (MD), short-term fluctuation, and corrected pattern standard derivation indices were calculated for each patient with cataract for each of the three stimulus combinations. RESULTS Cataract produced an adverse effect on the MD (i.e., a more negative MD) in all patients for each of the three stimulus combinations. The magnitude depended on the degree and type of cataract and was highly correlated with forward light scatter. The attenuation in sensitivity was greatest for the B-Y and W-W stimulus combinations; the B-Y field was preferentially affected by posterior subcapsular cataract and the W-W field by anterior cortical cataract. CONCLUSIONS Cataract predominantly causes a general reduction in B-Y sensitivity. Caution therefore needs to be exercised in the interpretation of the B-Y visual field in patients in whom glaucoma and cataract coexist.
Speech-in-speech perception and executive function involvement

This present study investigated the link between speech-in-speech perception capacities and four executive function components: response suppression, inhibitory control, switching and working memory. We constructed a cross-modal semantic priming paradigm using a written target word and a spoken prime word, implemented in one of two concurrent auditory sentences (cocktail party situation). The prime and target were semantically related or unrelated. Participants had to perform a lexical decision task on visual target words and simultaneously listen to only one of two pronounced sentences. The attention of the participant was manipulated: The prime was in the pronounced sentence listened to by the participant or in the ignored one. In addition, we evaluate the executive function abilities of participants (switching cost, inhibitory-control cost and response-suppression cost) and their working memory span. Correlation analyses were performed between the executive and priming measurements. Our results showed a significant interaction effect between attention and semantic priming. We observed a significant priming effect in the attended but not in the ignored condition. Only priming effects obtained in the ignored condition were significantly correlated with some of the executive measurements. However, no correlation between priming effects and working memory capacity was found. Overall, these results confirm, first, the role of attention for semantic priming effect and, second, the implication of executive functions in speech-in-noise understanding capacities.
Barriers to Evidence-Based Decision Making in Public Health: A National Survey of Chronic Disease Practitioners

Objective. Existing knowledge of evidence-based chronic disease prevention is not systematically disseminated or applied. This study investigated state and territorial chronic disease practitioners' self-reported barriers to evidence-based decision making (EBDM). Methods. In a nationwide survey, participants indicated the extent to which they agreed with statements reflecting four personal and five organizational barriers to EBDM. Responses were measured on a Likert scale from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating a larger barrier to EBDM. We analyzed mean levels of barriers and calculated adjusted odds ratios for barriers that were considered modifiable through interventions. Results. Overall, survey participants (n=447) reported higher scores for organizational barriers than for personal barriers. The largest reported barriers to EBDM were lack of incentives/rewards, inadequate funding, a perception of state legislators not supporting evidence-based interventions and policies, and feeling the need to be an expert on many issues. In adjusted models, women were more likely to report a lack of skills in developing evidence-based programs and in communicating with policy makers. Participants with a bachelor's degree as their highest degree were more likely than those with public health master's degrees to report lacking skills in developing evidence-based programs. Men, specialists, and individuals with doctoral degrees were all more likely to feel the need to be an expert on many issues to effectively make evidence-based decisions. Conclusions. Approaches must be developed to address organizational barriers to EBDM. Focused skills development is needed to address personal barriers, particularly for chronic disease practitioners without graduate-level training.
Fgf16 is required for cardiomyocyte proliferation in the mouse embryonic heart

Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling plays important roles in development and metabolism. Mouse Fgf16 was predominantly expressed in cardiomyocytes. To elucidate the physiological roles of Fgf16, we generated Fgf16 knockout mice. Although the mice were apparently normal and fertile, heart weight and cardiomyocyte cell numbers were slightly decreased at 6 months of age. However, blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac performance were essentially unchanged. In addition, the expression of most cardiac marker genes examined was also essentially unchanged. However, the expression of Bnp was significantly decreased, indicating potential roles of Fgf16 in the heart under pathological conditions. In contrast, the proliferation of embryonic cardiomyocytes was significantly decreased, indicating that Fgf16 is a growth factor for these cells. The embryonic heart phenotype is similar to that of the Fgf9 knockout heart, indicating Fgf9 and Fgf16 to synergistically act as growth factors for embryonic cardiomyocytes. Developmental Dynamics 237:2947–2954, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.