Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monetarism, indeterminacy and the great inflation

I study whether money growth targeting leads to indeterminacy in the price level. I extend a conventional framework and show that the price level may be indeterminate if the central bank's response to money growth is weak even when the Taylor principle is satisfied. Based on this reasoning, policy coefficients estimated using novel FOMC meeting-level data propose a new channel of the policy mistakes that may have triggered indeterminacy during the Great Inflation. I show that 'passively' pursuing money growth objectives generates significantly larger welfare loss compared to alternative specifications of the monetary policy rule but 'active' money growth targeting drastically minimizes welfare and loss. I confirm the relationship between money and growth objectives and macroeconomic volatility using cross-country evidence.
Growth and body composition in Brazilian female rhythmic gymnastics athletes

Abstract The aim was to analyse the physical growth and body composition of rhythmic gymnastics athletes relative to their level of somatic maturation. This was a cross-sectional study of 136 athletes on 23 teams from Brazil. Mass, standing height and sitting height were measured. Fat-free and fat masses, body fat percentages and ages of the predicted peak height velocity (PHV) were calculated. The z scores for mass were negative during all ages according to both WHO and Brazilian references, and that for standing height were also negative for all ages according to WHO reference but only until 12 years old according to Brazilian reference. The mean age of the predicted PHV was 12.1 years. The mean mass, standing and sitting heights, body fat percentage, fat-free mass and fat mass increased significantly until 4 to 5 years after the age of the PHV. Menarche was reached in only 26% of these athletes and mean age was 13.2 years. The mass was below the national reference standards, and the standing height was below only for the international reference, but they also had late recovery of mass and standing height during puberty. In conclusion, these athletes had a potential to gain mass and standing height several years after PHV, indicating late maturation.
Electronic Working Paper Series Paper No . 300 Regional Variation of Returns to Education

Returns to education are mainly influenced by the characteristics of the individual. However, returns are also likely to depend on location characteristics. Thus, there are different location premiums for educational attainment. This paper analyse the regional variation of returns to education where Swedish municipal markets are divided into four categories based on size and commuting patterns. Through the obtained results, the often-assumed hypothesis of equal returns to education for all regions in a country can be rejected. Highest returns to education are found in municipalities in metropolitan functional regions and the lowest in peripheral municipalities in small functional regions.
NileTMRG at SemEval-2017 Task 4: Arabic Sentiment Analysis

This paper describes two systems that were used by the NileTMRG for addressing Arabic Sentiment Analysis as part of SemEval-2017, task 4. NileTMRG participated in three Arabic related subtasks which are: Subtask A (Message Polarity Classification), Subtask B (Topic-Based Message Polarity classification) and Subtask D (Tweet quantification). For subtask A, we made use of NU’s sentiment analyzer which we augmented with a scored lexicon. For subtasks B and D, we used an ensemble of three different classifiers. The first classifier was a convolutional neural network that used trained (word2vec) word embeddings. The second classifier consisted of a MultiLayer Perceptron while the third classifier was a Logistic regression model that takes the same input as the second classifier. Voting between the three classifiers was used to determine the final outcome. In all three Arabic related tasks in which NileTMRG participated, the team ranked at number one.
Lectins: their multiple endogenous cellular functions.

PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY 207 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 208 Some Properties of Lectins that Suggest Biological Functions 208 Experimental Approaches to Identification of Lectin Function 210 LECTINS IN PLANTS . 211 Binding Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria to Legume Roots 211 Relationship of Seed Lectins to Related Material in Other Tissues 215 LECTINS IN CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS 217 LECTINS IN ANIMALS 220 Hepatic Lectins in Receptor-Mediated Pinocytosis 221 Developmentally Regulated Vertebrate Lectins 223 OTHER RELEVANT WORK 227 CONCLUSION 228
Author's Response to the Letter: Does the optimal BMI really vary by age and sex?, by Xu et al.

Baseline vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD)), examined as a predictor of 3307 first cardiovascular events, 1350 cardiovascular (CVD) and 2987 total deaths in 13224 cohort subjects over 22 years in the Scottish Extended Health Study (SHHEC) showed modest reductions in adverse events with increasingly high baseline vitamin D status, whose significance was reduced after adjustment for conventional CVD risk factors. Peaks and troughs of incident deaths occurred before those of baseline vitamin D status with season, and the authors concluded that these data ‘challenge vitamin D inadequacy as a major prime mover in cardiovascular disease and mortality’. 1 The concepts tested are important, since beneficial CVD effects of better vitamin D status would strengthen the case for improving the notoriously poor vitamin D status of Brit-ish people, especially in Scotland where this problem is most severe. 2,3 authors status baseline Correlations baseline and follow-up fell to and 0.52
Evaluation of Fungal Deterioration in Liquidambar orientalis Mill. Heartwood by FT-IR and Light Microscopy

The chemical and morphological changes in heartwood specimens of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. caused by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and the brown-rot fungi Tyromyces palustris and Gloeophyllum trabeum were studied by wet chemistry, FT-IR, GC-MS analyses, and photo-microscopy. According to GC-MS results, 26 extracts identified in the ethanol/toluene extraction and 17 in the ethanol extraction were found. Heartwood specimens of L. orientalis were highly susceptible to the fungi tested. While 1% NaOH solubility increased 35% in the specimen decayed by T. palustris, only an 8% increase was seen in the specimen exposed to T. versicolor when compared to the control specimen. Decayed wood by T. palustris showed a 5.5% increase in the Klason lignin content when compared to control specimens; however, the Klason lignin content decreased after a T. versicolor attack for 12 weeks. A T. versicolor attack in the cell walls was seen both from the lumina and from the cell corners, and the attack from the cell corners was mainly clear in ray parenchyma cells. An excessive destruction was detected in the wood structure attacked by T. palustris. The cell collapse was caused by a distortion in the plane of the wood cells. This extensive degradation was seen in all types of cell walls. Cracks in the cell walls were also detected in the specimens.
The central and the reflex mechanism of panting

RICHET [1898], when describing the effect of exposure to heat on respiration in dogs, pointed out the striking difference between the behaviour of anwsthetized and non-ansesthetized animals. Non-anesthetized dogs pant without a rise of body temperature, by simply being exposed to the sun for 2-10 min. To induce panting after administration of an anaesthetic (Richet used chloralose), however, the body temperature of the animal must be raised appreciably above normal. Richet assumes that in the first case the panting is based on a reflex, initiated by warming the terminations of the cutaneous nerves and of the fifth cranial nerve, while in the second panting is the direct result of raising the temperature of the brain centres. A previous paper, published jointly with Prof. G. V. Anrep [Anrep and Hammouda, 1932], dealt with the respiratory changes which take place in the animal during panting. In the present counication it is proposed to study the nervous mechanism underlying the phenomenon of panting. Richet thought that this peculiar form of respiratory activity was governed by the medulla. But subsequent researches on the Sherrington decerebrate preparation show that the medulla cannot be responsible for panting, since, in decerebrate dogs and cats, even at very high body temperatures, the highest respiratory rate does not exceed 60-70 per min.; decerebrate animals do not pant. Nikolaides and Dontas [1911] found that heat polypncea cannot occur if the medulla is separated from the. brain. They describe a heat polypnoea centre in the corpus striatum. Bazett and Penfield [1922] found in acute decerebrate cats and dogs a. maximum rate of 60 at a temperature of 42.80 C. , and Sherrington. [1924] found in acute decerebrate cats and dogs a maximum rate of 75 with a rectal temperature of 41.10 0. On comparing the maximum rate of 60-75 per min. obtained in these decerebrate preparations with the
Marine Protected Areas and the conservation of long-lived marine invertebrates: the Mediterranean red coral

Intensive harvesting has caused important shifts in the size structure of the Medi- terranean red coral Corallium rubrum, and continues to hinder the total recovery of exploited popula- tions. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) offer an excellent opportunity to observe their recovery in the absence of fishing pressures. In this study, we analysed the demographic structure of red coral popula- tions from 3 of the oldest Mediterranean MPAs. The population structures at the beginning of each reserve and after 30 yr of similar management efforts were also forecasted. The 3 MPAs displayed higher size values than those reported for most of the shallow populations and deep-dwelling popula- tions. Differences in the observed size distributions were more closely related to the structure at the beginning of the reserve than to the number of years of protection. The estimated future size distribu- tions showed a significant increase in large colonies; however, the maximum values predicted are far from those measured in pristine populations. Comparisons of harvested and protected populations using different parameters allowed us to identify the percentages of colonies with basal diameter greater than 7 mm or colony height greater than 100 mm as the most useful descriptors for evaluating the conservation status of each population. The vulnerability of long-lived marine invertebrates to dis- turbances is due to their slow population dynamics, hence the importance of active management within MPAs to promote delayed but long-term positive effects on these species. This study provides helpful information for the evaluation of the effectiveness of management measures for coral populations.
Minimal toxicity and mortality in high-risk breast cancer patients receiving high-dose cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, and carboplatin plus autologous marrow/stem-cell transplantation and comprehensive supportive care.

PURPOSE To assess the clinical toxicity and outcome associated with a comprehensive supportive care approach in poor-risk breast cancer (BrCA) patients with high-dose chemotherapy (HDC). PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred twenty-five consecutive patients with stages II, III or metastatic breast cancer received HDC between February 1992 and June 1994. Recipients received 4 days of continuous infusion of cyclophosphamide 1.5 g/m2/d, thiotepa 125 mg/m2/d, and carboplatin 200 mg/m2/d followed by infusion of bone marrow or peripheral-blood stem cells (PBSC) and recombinant human growth factor (rhu-GF) support. Patients received similar supportive care that included administration of prophylactic antibiotics, management of neutropenic fevers, and transfusion support. RESULTS There were 38 women with stage II or III (27 patients with > or = 10 lymph nodes), four with stage IIIB, and 83 with metastatic breast cancer. The median age was 44 years (range, 27 to 61). Grade II or greater nonhematologic toxicities included diarrhea (66%), stomatitis (33%), hepatic venoocclusive disease (VOD) (5%), and pulmonary toxicity (4%). Myeloid and platelet engraftment was comparable between bone marrow and PBSC recipients (P > .1). Infectious complications were rare and consisted of gram-negative bacteremia (1.6%), gram-positive bacteremia (1.6%), fungemia (1.6%), and documented or suspected aspergillosis infection (3%). There was one treatment-related death secondary to severe VOD. CONCLUSION A comprehensive supportive care approach was associated with a low treatment-related mortality rate of less than 1%. With the observed reduction in treatment-related mortality, it is reasonable to evaluate the efficacy of HDC in women with less than 10 positive nodes and stage II disease in well-designed clinical trials.
Warning signal words: connoted strength and understandability by children, elders, and non-native English speakers.

Signal words, such as DANGER, WARNING and CAUTION, are commonly used in sign and product label warnings for the purpose of conveying different levels of hazard. Previous research has focused on whether people's perceptions of connoted hazard are consistent with the levels suggested by design standards and guidelines. Most investigations have used college students to evaluate the terms; other populations who may be at greater risk have not been adequately studied. One purpose of the present research was to determine whether young children, the elderly, and non-native English speakers perceive similar connoted hazard levels from the terms as undergraduates and published guidelines. A second purpose was to assess the terms' comprehensibility using various metrics such as missing values (i.e. ratings left blank) and understandability ratings. A third purpose was to develop a list of potential signal words that probably would be understandable to members of special populations. In the first experiment, 298 fourth- to eighth-grade students and 70 undergraduates rated 43 potential signal words on how careful they would be after seeing each term. The undergraduates also rated the terms on strength and understandability. In the second experiment, 98 elders and 135 non-native English speakers rated the same set of terms. The rank ordering of the words was found to be consistent across the participant groups. In general, the younger students gave higher carefulness ratings than the undergraduates. The words that the younger children and the non-native English speakers frequently left blank were given lower understandability ratings. Finally, a short list of terms was derived that 95% or 99% of the youngest students (fourth- and fifth-graders) and 80% of the non-native English speakers understood. Implications of hazard communication are discussed.
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Trauma Patients: Different Criteria, Different Rates.

BACKGROUND No consensus exists regarding the definition of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Even within a single institution, inconsistent diagnostic criteria result in conflicting rates of VAP. As a Level 1 trauma center participating in the Trauma Quality Improvement Project (TQIP) and the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN), our institution showed inconsistencies in VAP rates depending on which criteria was applied. The purpose of this study was to compare VAP definitions, defined by culture-based criteria, National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) and NHSN, using incidence in trauma patients. METHODS A retrospective chart review of consecutive trauma patients who were diagnosed with VAP and met pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria admitted to our rural, 861-bed, Level 1 trauma and tertiary care center between January 2008 and December 2011 was performed. These patients were identified from the National Trauma Registry of the American College of Surgeons (NTRACS) database and an in-house infection control database. Ventilator-associated pneumonia diagnosis criteria defined by the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (used by the NHSN), the NTDB, and our institutional, culture-based criteria gold standard were compared among patients. RESULTS Two hundred seventy-nine patients were diagnosed with VAP (25.4% met NHSN criteria, 88.2% met NTDB, and 76.3% met culture-based criteria). Only 58 (20.1%) patients met all three criteria. When NHSN criteria were compared with culture-based criteria, NHSN showed a high specificity (92.5%) and low sensitivity (28.2%). The positive predictive value (PPV) was 84.5%, but the negative predictive value (NPV) was 47.1%. The agreement between the NHSN and the culture-based criteria was poor (κ = 0.18). Conversely, the NTDB showed a lower specificity (57.8%), but greater sensitivity (86.4%) compared with culture-based criteria. The PPV and NPV were both 74% and the two criteria showed fair agreement (κ = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS The lack of standard diagnostic criteria for VAP resulted in variable reporting to different agencies. Emphasis on establishing a consensus VAP definition should be undertaken.
Early Proactive Management of Vestibular Schwannomas in Neurofibromatosis Type 2

OBJECTIVEThe treatment of patients with neurofibromatosis Type 2 has always been challenging for neurosurgeons and neurotologists. Guidelines for appropriate management of this devastating disease are controversial. METHODSA retrospective study of 28 patients with neurofibromatosis Type 2 who underwent 40 middle fossa craniotomies for excision of their acoustic tumors is reported. Eleven patients underwent bilateral procedures. The study focused on hearing preservation and facial nerve results for this group of patients. The 16 male patients and 12 female patients ranged in age (at the time of surgery) from 10 to 70 years, with a mean age of 22.6 years. The mean tumor size was 1.1 cm (range, 0.5–3.2 cm), and the majority of tumors were less than 1.5 cm. RESULTSMeasurable hearing was preserved in 28 ears (70%), with 42.5% being within 15 dB pure-tone average and 15% speech discrimination score of preoperative levels. In 55% of cases there was no change in the hearing class, as defined by the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Of the 11 patients who underwent bilateral operations, 9 (82%) retained some hearing bilaterally. After 1-year follow-up periods (mean, 12.8 mo), 87.5% of patients exhibited normal facial nerve function (House-Brackmann Grade I). CONCLUSIONEarly surgical intervention to treat acoustic tumors among patients with neurofibromatosis Type 2 is a feasible treatment strategy, with high rates of hearing and facial nerve function preservation.
Early widespread cortical distribution of coherent fusiform face selective activity

Intracranial EEG was analyzed from 16 pharmaco‐resistant epilepsy patients. Subjects participated in memory tasks for faces and/or words. Face‐selective coherence increases were found between the fusiform gyrus and temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices at 160–230 ms poststimulus onset. Word stimuli elicited weak or negligible response at the same latency. Phase lag increased monotonically with distance from the fusiform region. The slope was consistent with conduction velocities of myelinated cortico‐cortical pathways. These results suggest that the contribution of the fusiform gyrus to face processing at around 200 ms poststimulus onset is rapidly projected to widespread cortical regions. Hum. Brain Mapping 11:286–293, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Analogue FTY720 Reduces Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice

Objective—The sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) analogue FTY720 is a potent immunosuppressive agent currently in Phase III clinical trials for kidney transplantation. FTY720 traps lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs thereby preventing their migration to inflammatory sites. Previously, we have identified FTY720 as a potent activator of eNOS. As both inhibition of immune responses and stimulation of eNOS may attenuate atherosclerosis, we administered FTY720 to apolipoprotein E−/− mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. Methods and Results—FTY720 dramatically reduced atherosclerotic lesion volume (62.5%), macrophage (41.8%), and collagen content (63.5%) after 20 weeks of high-cholesterol diet. In isolated aortic segments and cultured vascular smooth muscle cell, FTY720 potently inhibited thrombin-induced release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. This effect was mediated by the S1P3 sphingolipid receptor as FTY720 had no effect on thrombin-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 release in S1P3−/− mice. In contrast to S1P receptors on lymphocytes, FTY720 did not desensitize vascular S1P receptors as arteries from FTY720-treated mice retained their vasodilator response to FTY720-phosphate. Conclusions—We suggest that FTY720 inhibits atherosclerosis by suppressing the machinery involved in monocyte/macrophage emigration to atherosclerotic lesions. As vascular S1P receptors remained functional under FTY720 treatment, S1P agonists that selectively target the vasculature and not the immune system may be promising new drugs against atherosclerosis.
Developmental Changes in the Femur and Acetabulum in Spastic Paraplegia and Diplegia

‘Normal’ mean value curves were constructed from data in the literature for the acetabular index, femoral inclination, and femoral anteversion in relation to age. These were compared to the mean values found in a group of 40 patients with spastic paraplegia and diplegia. The angle of inclination was usually normal in these spastic children, but anteversion was markedly increased. Decrease in the acetabular index in these children was related to the duration of ambulation.
Quantitative analysis of cytochrome P450 isoforms in human liver microsomes by the combination of proteomics and chemical probe‐based assay

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is one of the most important drug‐metabolizing enzyme families, which participates in the biotransformation of many endogenous and exogenous compounds. Quantitative analysis of CYP expression levels is important when studying the efficacy of new drug molecules and assessing drug–drug interactions in drug development. At present, chemical probe‐based assay is the most widely used approach for the evaluation of CYP activity although there are cross‐reactions between the isoforms with high sequence homologies. Therefore, quantification of each isozyme is highly desired in regard to meeting the ever‐increasing requirements for carrying out pharmacokinetics and personalized medicine in the academic, pharmaceutical, and clinical setting. Herein, an absolute quantification method was employed for the analysis of the seven isoforms CYP1A2, 2B6, 3A4, 3A5, 2C9, 2C19, and 2E1 using a proteome‐derived approach in combination with stable isotope dilution assay. The average absolute amount measured from twelve human liver microsomes samples were 39.3, 4.3, 54.0, 4.6, 10.3, 3.0, and 9.3 (pmol/mg protein) for 1A2, 2B6, 3A4, 3A5, 2C9, 2C19, and 2E1, respectively. Importantly, the expression level of CYP3A4 showed high correlation (r = 0.943, p < 0.0001) with the functional activity, which was measured using bufalin—a highly selective chemical probe we have developed. The combination of MRM identification and analysis of the functional activity, as in the case of CYP3A4, provides a protocol which can be extended to other functional enzyme studies with wide application in pharmaceutical research.