Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why is young maternal age at first childbirth a risk factor for persistent delinquency in their male offspring? Examining the role of family and parenting factors.

BACKGROUND Children born to mothers who were younger than average at their first childbirth are at increased risk for future persistent delinquent behaviour, but explanations for this remain unclear. AIMS Our aim was to identify possible family and parenting variables that may help explain this relationship. We hypothesised that parental stress, large number of children in the home, low socioeconomic status (including neighbourhood problems) and poor parenting would account for the link between early first motherhood and their offspring's delinquency. METHODS Four hundred and sixty-two boys were selected from the Pittsburgh Youth Study, a longitudinal study of a random sample of school boys in Pittsburgh, initially assessed half-yearly and then annually from 7 to 19 years of age, using self-reporting and other reporting methods. Indirect effect models were used to test relationships between variables. RESULTS Higher levels of parental stress, poorer parent-child communication and caring for a larger number of children all mediated the relationship between maternal youth and persistent delinquency by their boys, but only explained about 20% of it. DISCUSSION At least partial explanations of the relationship between a mother's age at first childbirth and persistent delinquency in her male offspring suggest that future research should test whether early interventions with younger mothers to decrease their sense of stress in parenting and improve their capacity for communication with their child(ren) may help to prevent persistent delinquency in their boys. Programmes designed to help young women make more informed and planned decisions about their pregnancies should also be evaluated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hospital-treated suicide attempts among Finnish fire setters: a follow-up study.

BACKGROUND High rates of attempted and completed suicide have been reported among offenders, but there has been little attention in this respect to fire setters specifically. Aim Our aim was to investigate hospital-treated suicide attempts among male fire setters. METHODS For each of a consecutive series of 441 pre-trial fire setters, four controls matched for age, gender and place of birth were randomly selected from the Central Population Register. Data on hospitalisation and causes of death over a 39-year period were obtained from the Finnish national registers. RESULTS The prevalence of suicide attempts was significantly higher among fire setters than among controls. Approximately every fifth fire setter had made at least one suicide attempt which had required hospital treatment. The most common method chosen was intentional self-poisoning or exposure to noxious substances. More than 1 in 10 fire setters with at least one hospitalisation for suicide-related behaviour eventually completed suicide. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE More attention should be paid to detecting and managing suicidal behaviours among fire setters as they are a high-risk group and accurate identification of their needs in this respect may not only be life-saving but also reduce recidivism. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of site-specific nitrogen management for irrigated transplanted rice in northwestern India

Abstract Leaf colour chart (LCC) guides fertilizer nitrogen (N) application to rice as per requirement of the crop on the basis of a critical leaf colour. We evaluated need-based N management in on-farm experiments at 350 locations in the Indian Punjab during 2002 – 2005. Following LCC-based N management, from 9.4 – 54.2 kg N ha−1, with an average of about 25% less fertilizer N was used, without any reduction in yield as compared to the practice of farmers of applying blanket N at fixed time intervals. Application of fertilizer N when colour of the first fully expanded leaf was less than LCC shade 4, increased nitrogen use efficiency from 48 – 65 kg grain kg N−1. Nitrogen requirement of rice was site-specific both in terms of time and the amount of fertilizer N applied. In 36% of the experiments, a dose of fertilizer N was applied 55 days after transplanting (DAT) of rice. Also there were cases where only one top dressing of N was required. The study reveals that practice of applying N at fixed growth stages of rice may not be adequate and LCC-based N management can result in efficient utilisation of applied N by rice.
New virologic reagents for neutralizing antibody assays

Purpose of reviewThis review summarizes current and novel virologic reagents employed for the development and application of in-vitro assays that assess neutralizing activity of antibodies against HIV-1. Characteristics of several virologic approaches are placed in context with various cellular targets and assay read-outs intended to determine potency and breadth of neutralization in patient cohorts and clinical vaccine trials. Recent findingsNew molecular virologic reagents developed for in-vitro primary cell-based assays promise to facilitate rigorous and standardized assessment of anti-HIV-1-neutralizing antibody responses elicited by vaccine immunogens. SummaryComprehensive assessment of anti-HIV-1 antibody potency and breadth is essential for evaluating vaccine immunogens, the advancement of vaccine candidates into clinical trials, and ultimately the development of effective vaccine strategies. Env-pseudovirion and recombinant reporter cell line neutralization assays are important tools for rapid and standardized measurement of neutralizing antibody activity. However, recent studies indicate that reporter cell lines fail to detect neutralization activity of certain antibodies observed when analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and may yield results on neutralizing antibody breadth that are discordant with peripheral blood mononuclear cell assays. Importantly, it remains unknown whether current in-vitro assays may be predictive of a protective neutralizing antibody response elicited by vaccine immunogens. This situation underscores the significance of standardizing existing, complementary methods as well as developing new assay concepts that assess neutralization in primary cells. Thus, this chapter focuses on new virologic reagents that promise to facilitate reaching this goal.
Does acute dysfunction of the saccular afferents affect the subjective visual horizontal in patients with vestibular neurolabyrinthitis?

Conclusions. The results of a series of studies including the present study suggest that acute dysfunction of the utricular afferents accompanied by acute dysfunction of the saccular afferents might require more time for the compensation of the otolith-ocular system than acute utricular dysfunction that was not accompanied by acute saccular dysfunction. Perhaps the inputs from the saccule also have some contribution to the subjective visual horizontal (SVH). Objective. To clarify if acute dysfunction of the saccular afferents affects the SVH. Patients and methods. Twenty-six patients with vestibular neurolabyrinthitis (20 men and 6 women, 23–67 years of age) were enrolled in this study. They had undergone measurement of SVH at the early stage (within 1 month after the attack) and 3 months after the attack. For the measurement of SVH, we used a device that has a red bar of light-emitting diodes with a head fixing frame. They also underwent vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) testing. For the recording of VEMPs, 95 dBnHL clicks were presented. Results. Patients with vestibular neurolabyrinthitis showed deviation of SVH toward the affected side-down at the early stage after the attack, irrespective of VEMP results. However, 3 months after the attack SVH was significantly more deviated toward the affected side-down in patients who showed absent VEMPs than those with VEMPs present (p<0.01 Mann–Whitney U test).
Arsenic in Mexican Children Exposed to Contaminated Well Water

This cross-sectional study measures the arsenic level in school children exposed to contaminated well water in a rural area in México. Arsenic was measured in hair by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Overall, 110 children were included (average 10 years-old). Among 55 exposed children, mean arsenic level on hair was 1.3 mg/kg (range <0.006–5.9). All unexposed children had undetectable arsenic levels. The high level of arsenic in water was associated to the level in hair. However, exposed children drank less well water at school or at home than unexposed children, suggesting that the use of contaminated water to cook beans, broths or soups may be the source of arsenic exposure.
The Theory/Practice Divide: Bridging the Gap in Occupational Therapy

Recent research has highlighted students' and new practitioners' perceptions of a theory/practice divide. In reviewing the literature on types of knowledge and their use in different contexts, a number of possible explanations for the divide emerge concerning the relationship of theory to practice. The extent to which changing patterns of fieldwork practice and clinical reasoning strategies are bridging the divide is explored. This suggests that emancipatory knowledge is possible by these educational routes but has yet to fulfil its full potential because of historical, professional and institutional constraints.
Beliefs About Infant Feeding in China and the United States: Implications for Breastfeeding Promotion

This study investigates cultural differences in mothers' views regarding infant feeding and socialization. The majority of mothers reported breastfeeding as one of their methods of infant feeding, although more than half reported using both breast and bottle. Mothers in China expressed concerns that breastfeeding is not compatible with work outside of the home. American mothers were more likely to believe that breastfeeding is difficult to establish. “Happiness” was ranked the most important socialization goal by both groups. Public health initiatives must be culturally relevant and reflect an understanding of parenting values and beliefs.
Domestic abuse and older women: exploring the opportunities for service development and care delivery

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of domestic abuse on the health and lives of older women.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative research design was used and data were collected using in‐depth interviews with 16 older women who had experienced domestic abuse. The interviews varied between one and two hours in length and, with the participant's permission, all of the interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Analysis was undertaken utilising an iterative approach. In the present study all data were manually indexed and coded.Findings – The findings of this study illustrate that the consequences of domestic abuse for older women are far reaching, impacting significantly on the long‐term health and emotional wellbeing of those affected. This paper also highlights that there is currently little available data regarding older women and domestic abuse within the particular context of health. This is increasingly being recognised as a significant deficit in awarene.
Changes over time in homicides by women: a register-based study comparing female offenders from 1982 to 1992 and 1993 to 2005.

BACKGROUND The contribution of women to violent offending, including homicide, may be increasing as society changes. AIMS The aim of this paper was to test for trends in homicide by women in Finland. METHODS A retrospective register-based study was conducted by comparing two national cohorts: one from 1982 to 1992 and the other from 1993 to 2005. RESULTS There was a small increase in the proportion of homicides committed by women over time, but the most striking difference between the cohorts was in the significantly higher frequency of alcohol abuse/dependence in the later cohort and of being under the influence of alcohol during the crime. Fewer perpetrators were regarded as lacking or being of diminished responsibility in the later cohort. The victims of the earlier cohort were emotionally closer to the offender than those of the later one. CONCLUSIONS In Finland, there have been changes in characteristics of women who commit homicide and their crimes over time, with the apparent development of a subgroup of women who kill who are much more like men who kill than women in the 1980s and early 1990s. Preventing substance abuse and marginalization are likely to be important ways of preventing homicide by both female and male perpetrators.
Association of criminal convictions between family members: effects of siblings, fathers and mothers.

BACKGROUND Crime runs in families. Previous research has shown the existence of intergenerational transmission of criminal behaviour. AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the extent to which variation in criminal convictions may be explained by the criminality of siblings and by the intergenerational transmission of criminal behaviour. METHOD Data from the Dutch Criminal Career and Life-course Study (CCLS) were used to analyse cross-tabulations and to conduct multi-level logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The results indicate that criminal convictions of other family members are indeed correlated with individual conviction risk. The criminal history of siblings is most strongly correlated with the convictions of focal respondents. Results furthermore show that parental convictions only account modestly for the association of criminal convictions between siblings. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that a direct influence between siblings is plausible, providing support for learning or imitation theories.
Biomarkers in immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: signals from pathogenesis

Purpose of reviewImmune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is the paradoxical worsening or unmasking of an infection or neoplasm in HIV-1-infected patients shortly after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. New insights into the pathogenesis of IRIS may help identify biomarkers that could be useful in predicting or diagnosing IRIS. Recent findingsStudies of immunopathogenesis have shown a signification activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses with elevation of plasma or serum chemokines and cytokines. Markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein, interferon-inducible protein 10 or interferon γ may be helpful as predictors of IRIS events. In addition, tuberculosis (TB)-associated IRIS is associated with a prominent Th1 response that can be heightened even prior to ART initiation in cases of unmasking TB, and may assist in early diagnosis. Large prospective studies are needed to elucidate the predictive and diagnostic value of IRIS biomarkers and advance them to the clinic. SummaryReversal of immunosuppression by ART leads to exaggerated pathogen-specific immune responses (known as IRIS) that appear to be primed prior to therapy. Inflammatory markers, chemokines and cytokines that signify innate and adaptive immune activation are biomarkers that could prove of clinical value after appropriate validation.
Safety and Efficacy of Implantable CardioverterDefibrillator During Pregnancy and After Delivery

Background: There are few studies of pregnancy and delivery in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The purpose of this study was to investigate maternal and fetal outcome in these patients. Methods and Results: Six pregnant women with an ICD were retrospectively reviewed. All women underwent implantation of an ICD before pregnancy and delivered at the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center. The mean age at pregnancy and the mean follow-up period after ICD implantation were 28±3 years old and 5±3 years, respectively. There was no device-related complication during pregnancy. In 4 women, the number of tachyarrhythmias such as non-sustained ventricular tachycardia increased after the end of the second trimester of pregnancy and anti-arrhythmic medications were gradually increased. No patient received discharges or shocks from the ICD during pregnancy, however, and only one required anti-tachycardia pacing at 27 weeks’ gestation. Mean gestational age at delivery was 37±2 weeks and all deliveries were by cesarean section, including 5 as emergency deliveries due to a fetal indication. After delivery, 2 mothers had reduced cardiac function and 1 received an ICD shock for the first time. Conclusions: Pregnancy did not increase the risk of an ICD-related complication under appropriate management. Additional caution might be required in the postpartum period as well as during pregnancy and labor. (Circ J 2013; 77: 1166–1170)
Bacteremia in Febrile Children: Its Correlation with Birth Weight, Feeding Practices, Vaccination and Malnutrition

Background: In children under 3 years old, fever is a common presenting symptom to the physician. Fever may be an indication of a mild infectious process such as a viral upper respiratory infection or a more serious infectious process such as bacteremia, bone and joint infections, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, soft tissue infection, bacterial enteritis, meningitis, sepsis and possibly death. The evaluation of fever in this age group has great clinical importance, as any of the serious bacterial infections whose presence it may signal may have grave morbidity if not treated. However, there exists scanty data on risk of bacteraemia among febrile children of developing countries and what clinical predictors, if any, could identify those febrile infants with bacteraemia. Present study aims to determine the prevalence of bacteremia in febrile children and the effect of low birth weight, poor feeding practices & coverage of vaccination and malnutrition which are more prevalent in developing countries like india. Objective: 1. To assess prevalence of bacteremia among hospitalized febrile children aged 3
Sensory Acceptability and Factors Predicting the Consumption of Grain Amaranth in Kenya

This study investigated the effect of adding grain amaranth flour on sensory acceptability of maize porridge in Kenya. Factors influencing the intention of mothers to feed their children on grain amaranth were identified. A significant difference between the various porridge ratios (50:50, 70:30, and 100:0 amaranth:maize) either in unfermented or fermented form could be detected. Preference for the unfermented amaranth enriched maize porridge was observed. Intention significantly correlated and predicted grain amaranth consumption (p < .001). Knowledge and health value significantly predicted health behavior identity. Interaction between barriers and intention negatively influenced behavior. Findings suggest that unfermented amaranth enriched maize porridge is acceptable. Unfermented porridge with 70% amaranth can be considered for use in a program aimed at increasing dietary iron intake among children. Increasing awareness about micronutrient deficiencies and nutritional benefits of grain amaranth could enhance its consumption.
Cotidiano e aprendizado de cuidadores familiares de doentes crônicos

This article aims to know the experiences concerning the home care of family caregivers of dependent chronic patients. It is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study with 11 family caregivers of seven registered users in a unit of the Family Health Strategy, located in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Data collection was carried out from July to September 2010 and consisted of narrative interviews, which were oriented by guiding themes, as well as a field journal. The categories home nursing: learning about chronicity and daily care of family caregivers emerged from thematic analysis. Results show that experiences are unique for each family, since the disease may be associated to cultural aspects. Therefore, health professionals, including the nurse, should recognize the peculiarities and possibilities of action in several situations concerning the family, aiming to establish the development of strategies of care, both in its wide and individual senses.
Treatment readiness, treatment engagement and behaviour change.

BACKGROUND Non-completion of treatment is a common occurrence in correctional contexts. Non-completion compromises service cost-efficiency, impacts adversely on staff and service user morale and may limit the effectiveness of therapy. Attention needs to be paid to enhancing offenders' readiness for treatment, and developing and maintaining their engagement. ARGUMENT In this paper, we state that research and practice in offender treatment readiness and engagement need to be driven in four major ways: (1) the construction of models of engagement that are theoretically based and empirically evidenced that can underpin assessments and treatments; (2) the development of psychometrically robust assessments of treatment readiness, motivation and engagement that can be used to select offenders for treatment or measure change over time; (3) the design, implementation and evaluation of pre-treatment preparation procedures that can promote treatment engagement and completion; and (4) the development of strategies that address barriers to engagement as an integral part of treatment. CONCLUSIONS This special issue contains contributions from leading researchers on the assessment of engagement, effects of engagement and non-engagement on outcomes, offenders' reasons for non-completion of treatment programmes, and the development of a measure of offenders' current concerns and life aspirations. These studies will improve research and practice in offender treatment readiness and engagement, and this could lead to better outcomes in terms of reduced re-offending.
Assessment of Polyphenols, Beta-Carotene, and Vitamin C Intake with Daily Diets by Primary School Children

The aim of this study was to analytically evaluate the daily intake of total polyphenols, β-carotene, and vitamin C by 10- to 12-year-old children. Twenty four–hour dietary recalls were collected in spring and autumn 2006 from students in Krakow and Skawina (Malopolska region, Poland). The content of vitamin C, polyphenols, and β-carotene was determined in reconstructed daily diets. Statistical analysis did not show any significant differences between the mean intake of measured compounds according to school location, gender, or season. Diets of children contained adequate amounts of polyphenols in relation to the recommended values. Intake of β-carotene usually exceeded the recommended retinol equivalent; in contrast, vitamin C did not meet requirements. Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C is recommended.