Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quotienting the delay monad by weak bisimilarity

The delay datatype was introduced by Capretta (Logical Methods in Computer Science, 1(2), article 1, 2005) as a means to deal with partial functions (as in computability theory) in Martin-Löf type theory. The delay datatype is a monad. It is often desirable to consider two delayed computations equal, if they terminate with equal values, whenever one of them terminates. The equivalence relation underlying this identification is called weak bisimilarity. In type theory, one commonly replaces quotients with setoids. In this approach, the delay datatype quotiented by weak bisimilarity is still a monad–a constructive alternative to the maybe monad. In this paper, we consider the alternative approach of Hofmann (Extensional Constructs in Intensional Type Theory, Springer, London, 1997) of extending type theory with inductive-like quotient types. In this setting, it is difficult to define the intended monad multiplication for the quotiented datatype. We give a solution where we postulate some principles, crucially proposition extensionality and the (semi-classical) axiom of countable choice. With the aid of these principles, we also prove that the quotiented delay datatype delivers free ω-complete pointed partial orders (ωcppos). Altenkirch et al. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10203, Springer, Heidelberg, 534–549, 2017) demonstrated that, in homotopy type theory, a certain higher inductive–inductive type is the free ωcppo on a type X essentially by definition; this allowed them to obtain a monad of free ωcppos without recourse to a choice principle. We notice that, by a similar construction, a simpler ordinary higher inductive type gives the free countably complete join semilattice on the unit type 1. This type suffices for constructing a monad, which is isomorphic to the one of Altenkirch et al. We have fully formalized our results in the Agda dependently typed programming language.
Early Impairment of Lung Mechanics in a Murine Model of Marfan Syndrome

Early morbidity and mortality in patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) -a connective tissue disease caused by mutations in fibrillin-1 gene- are mainly caused by aorta aneurysm and rupture. However, the increase in the life expectancy of MFS patients recently achieved by reparatory surgery promotes clinical manifestations in other organs. Although some studies have reported respiratory alterations in MFS, our knowledge of how this connective tissue disease modifies lung mechanics is scarce. Hence, we assessed whether the stiffness of the whole lung and of its extracellular matrix (ECM) is affected in a well-characterized MFS mouse model (FBN1C1039G/+). The stiffness of the whole lung and of its ECM were measured by conventional mechanical ventilation and atomic force microscopy, respectively. We studied 5-week and 9-month old mice, whose ages are representative of early and late stages of the disease. At both ages, the lungs of MFS mice were significantly more compliant than in wild type (WT) mice. By contrast, no significant differences were found in local lung ECM stiffness. Moreover, histopathological lung evaluation showed a clear emphysematous-like pattern in MFS mice since alveolar space enlargement was significantly increased compared with WT mice. These data suggest that the mechanism explaining the increased lung compliance in MFS is not a direct consequence of reduced ECM stiffness, but an emphysema-like alteration in the 3D structural organization of the lung. Since lung alterations in MFS are almost fully manifested at an early age, it is suggested that respiratory monitoring could provide early biomarkers for diagnosis and/or follow-up of patients with the Marfan syndrome.
Unilateral photoreceptor rescue can improve the ability of the opposite, untreated, eye to drive cortical cells in a retinal degeneration model

In the Royal College of Surgeons, rat photoreceptor degeneration occurs over the first several months of life, causing deterioration of visual cortical responsiveness seen as greater numbers of cells being nonresponsive to visual stimulation, poor tuning of those cells that do respond, and an overall tendency for domination by the contralateral visual input. If the progress of degeneration in one eye is slowed by intraretinal cell transplantation, cortical responses to stimulation of the remaining, untreated, eye are much stronger, better tuned and histograms of ocular dominance resemble more those in normal rats. This suggests that the rescued eye is able to enhance performance in the untreated eye by some form of postsynaptic mechanism.
Industrialized building system (IBS) provision in local and international standard form of contracts

Industrialized Building System (IBS) has been introduced for over 40 years in Malaysia, with well-documented benefits and strong support from the government. Unfortunately, the pace of IBS adaptation is still slow and below the government's target. Construction players are still facing various issues and challenges when adopting IBS, particularly on contractual and procurement aspects, thus, it contributes to the low adoption of IBS in Malaysia. As of to date, there is still the lack of provisions in Malaysian standard form of contract to suit the IBS construction approach. Therefore, this research will attempt to investigate and compare several local and international standard form of contracts to identify and highlight what international standard form of contracts have provisions to suit IBS construction approach. Literature review and documents analysis were used in the data collection exercise. The study revealed that there are six provisions that the local standard form of contract can enhance to suit the IBS construction approach. The findings will be useful to enhance the local standard form of contract to suit IBS construction approach, hence, able to accelerate the adoption of IBS construction in Malaysia.
Top management team nationality diversity, corporate entrepreneurship, and innovation in multinational firms

Research Summary We integrate insights from upper echelon theory and the literature on innovation and multinational corporations (MNCs) to develop a framework explaining when and why nationality diversity in top management teams (TMTs) affects corporate entrepreneurship—as evidenced by diversity in global knowledge sourcing—and through this innovation performance in MNCs. In a panel of 165 manufacturing MNCs based in 20 countries, we confirm that the positive effects of TMT nationality diversity on corporate entrepreneurship and innovation are only unleashed in TMTs with low social stratification and in MNCs located in home countries that are low in national power distance. Our study contributes to opening up the black box of the upper echelon's strategic role in spurring entrepreneurship and innovation in MNCs embedded in different cultures. Managerial Summary The internationalization of TMTs in MNCs has been increasing in response to the globalization of markets and sources of knowledge. In this study, we examine under what circumstances MNCs that have TMTs comprised of executives with diverse nationalities exhibit stronger innovation performance. Analysis of leading corporations from 20 countries over a period of 10 years reveals that MNCs with diverse TMTs engage more in corporate entrepreneurship and subsequently see increased innovation performance—but only when these TMTs are operating in environments characterized by equal distribution of power and low hierarchy. The findings underscore the important role of corporate headquarters and TMT composition in the strategic management of modern MNCs.
ANALISIS PENGARUH INDEPENDENSI AUDITOR, KARAKTERISTIK PERUSAHAAN, KUALITAS AUDITOR DAN PERGANTIAN AUDITOR TERHADAP INTEGRITAS LAPORAN KEUANGAN

This study aimed to analyze the influence of auditor independence, corporate characteristics, quality auditors and auditor turnover for the integrity of the financial statements. The study population is a company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2008 until 2010. The sample selection based on purposive sampling method and obtained a sample of 38 companies. Then analyzed with multiple regression. The results showed that the change of ownership of managers and auditors significantly affect the integrity of the financial statements. While the auditor independence variables, firm characteristics, quality auditor is not significant
Association between circulating hemostatic measures and dementia or cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta‐analyzes

Summary. Background and objectives: Hemostasis and thrombosis may be important contributors to cognitive decline and dementia. Certain blood markers may assist in diagnosis or management. Objectives: To collate evidence for the association of circulating hemostatic variables and dementia or cognitive impairment. Methods: A systematic review of studies describing blood markers of hemostatic function and cognition/dementia. Abstracts were reviewed by two independent assessors and studies selected based on pre‐specified criteria. We described methodological quality and performed meta‐analyzes where data allowed. Results: From 7103 titles, 485 abstracts and included 21 studies (n = 32 773) were assessed. In two longitudinal studies, the incident of vascular dementia risk was greater for higher D‐dimer [hazard ratio (HR): 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–1.96]. For case–control data, we calculated standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% CI. Higher levels of: factor (F)VII (SMD: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.60–1.26), fibrinogen (SMD: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.17–1.87), prothrombin fragment 1 and 2 (SMD: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.32–0.96), plasminogen activator inhibitor (SMD: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.26–1.10), D‐dimer (SMD: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.59–2.40) and von Willebrand factor (VWF) (SMD: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.30–2.06) showed modest but significant associations with vascular dementia. For patients with any dementia diagnosis, associations were with higher D‐dimer (SMD: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.15–0.56) and VWF (SMD: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.11–0.51). For specific cognitive domains, significant (P < 0.001) positive correlations were fibrinogen and speed of processing (0.76; 95% CI: 0.67–0.84), verbal memory (0.69; 95% CI: 0.59–0.79) and non‐verbal reasoning (0.57; 95% CI: 0.49–0.65). Conclusions: The present results suggest a modest association between hemostasis and vascular dementia including increased levels of thrombin generation markers (D‐dimer and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2) and endothelial dysfunction (VWF and plasminogen activator inhibitor). Associations are weaker for specific cognitive tests and when all dementias are combined.
North American entrepreneurs in Cuba: which entry mode and government affiliation strategy?

Purpose To have success in newly liberalized markets, firms must have a plan of action before resources are committed. What some companies do not realize is that their own entrepreneurial orientation (EO) will dictate their strategies, and performance outcomes, in both their home market and abroad. In order to maximize firm performance in newly liberalized markets (such as Cuba), firms must be able to objectively gauge their own EO. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Within this framework, the present paper will attempt to effectively measure the EO of decision-making managers from US companies that have an interest in entering the Cuban market. A final sample of 81 US managers accepted to collaborate. They were then split into two groups (high and low EO; with 41 and 35 managers in each group, respectively) and compared regarding three variables: entry mode strategy, government affiliation strategy, and performance outcomes. Findings The results show that EO is related with performance, but not with the two proposed variables of entry mode and government affiliation. Originality/value In sum, the added value of the paper is to link US managers’ strategies and performance in a newly liberalized market which has been seldom studied: Cuba. The fields of entry mode strategies and government affiliation decisions in this newly liberalized market remain poorly investigated. Not all firms managed by highly entrepreneurial-orientated managers will decide to enter foreign markets and, on the contrary, domestic firms which are not interested in international markets can be run by highly entrepreneurial managers. This is due, in part, to the fact that internationalization can be driven by other factors. Therefore, this paper will attempt to demonstrate if certain entry modes will perform better than others when the foreign market is a newly liberalized economy. Additionally, the importance, and effect, of governmental relationships on performance outcomes will be tested within the research.
Temporal detection of Cry1Ab-endotoxins in coccinellid predators from fields of Bacillus thuringiensis corn

Abstract The area planted to genetically engineered crops has increased dramatically in the last ten years. This has generated many studies examining non-target effects of bioengineered plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins. To date, most have focused on population-level effects in the field or laboratory evaluation of specific plant-herbivore or plant-herbivore-predator trophic pathways. Using a post-mortem enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we examined the uptake of Cry1Ab-endotoxins by predatory coccinellids and the importance of anthesis to this trophic pathway. Adult Coleomegilla maculata, Harmonia axyridis, Cycloneda munda and Coccinella septempunctata contained low, but detectable, quantities of Bt-endotoxin when screened by ELISA. This was most evident in C. maculata, with 12.8% of 775 individuals testing positive for Cry1Ab-endotoxins. Interestingly, the presence of endotoxins in gut samples was not confined to periods around anthesis, but coccinellid adults tested positive two weeks before and up to ten weeks after pollen was shed, suggesting tri-trophic linkages in their food chain facilitates the transfer of endotoxins into higher-order predators. This contrasts with adult Coleomegilla maculata entering overwintering sites where Bt-endotoxins were not detected in gut samples, indicating low levels of persistence of Cry1Ab-endotoxins within coccinellid predators. This study enhances our understanding of complex interactions between transgenic crops and non-target food webs, but further research is required to quantify the significance of specific trophic linkages in the field.
Potential visitors of spice tourism and their intended future behaviour: a case study in the Kolonna Divisional Secretariat Division of Sri Lanka

Agro-tourism attracts visitors to an area, which is used primarily for agricultural purposes. Spice tourism is a form of agro-tourism that allows a specific land area for the benefits of the visitors to gain knowledge and experience of various spice crops, while roaming around the cultivations while feeling the aroma of spices. This study examined the potential visitors of spice tourism and their intended future behaviour regarding agro-tourism in spice gardens in the Kolonna Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD) of Sri Lanka. A field survey was conducted for 40 local and foreign visitors who had visited three popular tourist destinations, namely, Maduwanwela Walawwa, Panamure Ethgala and Wavulpane Limestone cave in Kolonna. The results revealed that the middle-aged, educated, employed people with higher levels of income and living in urban areas are the potential visitors of spice tourism. Although their knowledge about spices was high, the awareness on the concept of spice tourism was low. However, visitors were willing to visit and study spice gardens as tourism destinations,, and would also stay one to two days and purchase spice products. Therefore, it is worthwhile to establish spice tourism destinations in spice gardens in Kolonna for the benefit of visitors as well as spice growers.
Associations between the Department of Veterans Affairs' Suicide Prevention Campaign and Calls to Related Crisis Lines

Objective. The Transit Authority Suicide Prevention (TASP) campaign was launched by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in a limited number of U.S. cities to promote the use of crisis lines among veterans of military service. Methods. We obtained the daily number of calls to the VCL and National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL) for six implementation cities (where the campaign was active) and four control cities (where there was no TASP campaign messaging) for a 14-month period. To identify changes in call volume associated with campaign implementation, VCL and NSPL daily call counts for three time periods of equal length (pre-campaign, during campaign, and post-campaign) were modeled using a Poisson log-linear regression with inference based on the generalized estimating equations. Results. Statistically significant increases in calls to both the VCL and the NSPL were reported during the TASP campaign in implementation cities, but were not reported in control cities during or following the campaign. Secondary outcome measures were also reported for the VCL and included the percentage of callers who are veterans, and calls resulting in a rescue during the study period. Conclusions. Results from this study reveal some promise for suicide prevention messaging to promote the use of telephone crisis services and contribute to an emerging area of research examining the effects of campaigns on help seeking.
[18O]-Labeled Singlet Oxygen as a Tool for Mechanistic Studies of 8-Oxo-7,8-Dihydroguanine Oxidative Damage: Detection of Spiroiminodihydantoin, Imidazolone and Oxazolone Derivatives

Abstract A watersoluble [18O]labeled endoperoxide derived from N,Ndi(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1,4-naphthalenedipropanamide (DHPN18O2) has been shown to act as a clean chemical source of [18O]labeled molecular singlet oxygen. This allows the assessment of the singlet oxygen (1O2) reactivity toward biological targets such as DNA. The present work focuses on the qualitative identification of the main 1O2-oxidation products of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2deoxyguanosine, which was achieved using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLCESIMS/MS). Thus, the [18O]labeled and unlabeled imidazolone and oxazolone, together with the diastereoisomeric spiroiminodihydantoin nucleosides, were detected as the main degradation products. In addition, a modified nucleoside that exhibits similar features as those of the oxidized guanidinohydantoin molecule was detected. Our data strongly suggest that the imidazolone and oxazolone nucleosides are generated via the rearrangement of an unstable 5-hydroperoxide intermediate. Interestingly, the combined use of appropriate tools, including isotopically labeled singlet oxygen and the high resolution HPLCESIMS/MS technique, has allowed to shed new light on the 1O2- mediated oxidation reactions of guanine DNA components.
Sport events, urban regimes, and community development: a case study of Nanjing, China

ABSTRACT Cities throughout the world have experienced mounting pressures to distinguish themselves in an increasingly competitive market for tourism, economic development, and investment. However, there are growing concerns about the sustainability of place promotion advantages and economic and community benefits brought about by hosting sporting events. This study examined Nanjing’s community development agenda and ongoing events strategy, in order to identify possible community development initiatives embedded in the events strategy (as evidenced in event policy), and the form they took. A deductive coding procedure was organized using four categories – agenda (problem-solving tasks), governing coalition (key individuals and organizations), resources (skills, expertise, organizational connections, informal contacts and level and scope of contributing efforts) and scheme of cooperation (coordination among the suppliers of the resources). The Nanjing regime appears to be a social-reform regime where the agenda targets disadvantaged groups or neighborhoods and focuses on community development aimed at encouraging community participation.
Canadian Media Representations of Mad Cow Disease

A Canadian case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or “mad cow disease” was confirmed in May, 2003. An in-depth content analysis of newspaper articles was conducted to understand the portrayal of BSE and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) in the Canadian media. Articles in the “first 10 days” following the initial discovery of a cow with BSE in Canada on May 20, 2003, were examined based on the premise that these initial stories provide the major frames that dominate news media reporting of the same issue over time and multiple occurrences. Subsequent confirmed Canadian cases were similarly analyzed to determine if coverage changed in these later media articles. The results include a prominence of economic articles, de-emphasis of health aspects, and anchoring the Canadian outbreak to that of Britain's crisis. The variation in media representations between those in Canada and those documented in Britain are explored in this study.
Influence of Trait Anxiety on Perception of Humor

Previous research and theory suggest that a person's anxiety level plays a functional role in determining his responsiveness to and appreciation of humor. Based upon the theoretical view that humor serves to dissipate anxiety, it was proposed that highly anxious individuals would respond more favourably to a therapist's use of humor than low trait-anxiety individuals. To test the hypothesis 87 undergraduate students in psychology were classified according to their measured level of trait anxiety (high or low, on the Spielberger Trait-Anxiety Inventory). Subjects evaluated a therapist who used humor in a written therapist-client dialogue. Results were contrary to prediction; an inverse relation between anxiety and appreciation of humor obtained.
Selective recall of gastrointestinal-sensation words: evidence for a cognitive-behavioral contribution to irritable bowel syndrome

OBJECTIVE:Selective attention to GI sensations has been suggested as an important mechanism that affects symptom perception in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but this hypothesis has not yet been tested empirically. Differential recall of words describing negative affect has been used to demonstrate that depressed patients selectively attend to negative affect words. This technique may be useful for examining selective attention to somatic sensations. The aim of this study was to determine whether patients with IBS demonstrate selective recall of GI sensations compared with neutral words and words describing respiratory sensations.METHODS:A total of 16 IBS patients, nine asthmatic patients (medical controls), and eight healthy controls were shown 10 GI sensation words or phrases, 10 respiratory sensation words or phrases, and 10 neutral words in random order for 3 s each. After a distraction task, subjects wrote down all of the words or phrases they could remember.RESULTS:As predicted, IBS patients were more likely to recall GI words than other categories. Asthmatic patients were more likely to recall respiratory words in comparison with healthy controls.Conclusions:IBS patients selectively recall words describing GI sensations; this suggests that they may selectively attend to GI sensations, thus supporting the cognitive-behavioral theory of IBS.