Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Primary, syncytium-inducing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates are dual-tropic and most can use either Lestr or CCR5 as coreceptors for virus entry

A panel of primary syncytium-inducing (SI) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates that infected several CD4+ T-cell lines, including MT-2 and C8166, were tested for infection of blood-derived macrophages. Infectivity titers for C8166 cells and macrophages demonstrated that primary SI strains infected macrophages much more efficiently than T-cell line-adapted HIV-1 strains such as LAI and RF. These primary SI strains were therefore dual-tropic. Nine biological clones of two SI strains, prepared by limiting dilution, had macrophage/C8166 infectivity ratios similar to those of their parental viruses, indicating that the dual-tropic phenotype was not due to a mixture of non-SI/macrophage-tropic and SI/T-cell tropic viruses. We tested whether the primary SI strains used either Lestr (fusin) or CCR5 as coreceptors. Infection of cat CCC/CD4 cells transiently expressing Lestr supported infection by T-cell line-adapted strains including LAI, whereas CCC/CD4 cells expressing CCR5 were sensitive to primary non-SI strains as well as to the molecularly cloned strains SF-162 and JR-CSF. Several primary SI strains, as well as the molecularly cloned dual-tropic viruses 89.6 and GUN-1, infected both Lestr+ and CCR5+ CCC/CD4 cells. Thus, these viruses can choose between Lestr and CCR5 for entry into cells. Interestingly, some dual-tropic primary SI strains that infected Lestr+ cells failed to infect CCR5+ cells, suggesting that these viruses may use an alternative coreceptor for infection of macrophages. Alternatively, CCR5 may be processed or presented differently on cat cells so that entry of some primary SI strains but not others is affected.
Organizational Justice and Trust Perceptions : A Comparison of Nurses in Public and Private Hospitals

Background: Hospital organizational environment influences nurses’ behaviors, attitudes and work quality. Organizational justice and trust are important organizational factors which have significant effects on the organizational and individual work outcomes. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate perceived organizational justice and organizational trust and their relationship in nurses of public and private hospitals in north of Iran and to compare these two groups of nurses. Methods: The study population included 322 nurses working in six public and private hospitals selected though stratified and simple random sampling. Perceived organizational justice was assessed through Niehoff and Moorman questionnaire and Elonenet et. al questionnaire was used to assess the perceived institutional trust. Results: Perceived organizational justice and institutional trust of nurses in private hospitals were better than nurses in public hospitals. There was a significant positive relationship between perceived organizational justice and perceived institutional trust and this relationship was more significant in nurses of private hospitals. Organizational justice explained approximately 60% and 50% of the total variance of trust in respectively private and public hospitals. Among three dimensions of organizational justice, procedural justice had a greater relationship with institutional trust and it was a better predictor of nurses’ trust in comparison to distributive and interactional justice in both types of hospitals. Also nurses’ perceptions of organizational justice and trust were not significantly different based on sex, age group, job tenure, employment status, and education level in both types of hospitals. Conclusion: According to the results, in order to improve organizational trust, it is necessary that hospital managers develop organizational justice. In this way, the resulted positive individual and organizational outcomes can significantly affect the quality of nurses’ services and patients’ satisfaction.
Can medical school performance predict residency performance? Resident selection and predictors of successful performance in obstetrics and gynecology.

BACKGROUND During the evaluation process, Residency Admissions Committees typically gather data on objective and subjective measures of a medical student's performance through the Electronic Residency Application Service, including medical school grades, standardized test scores, research achievements, nonacademic accomplishments, letters of recommendation, the dean's letter, and personal statements. Using these data to identify which medical students are likely to become successful residents in an academic residency program in obstetrics and gynecology is difficult and to date, not well studied. OBJECTIVE To determine whether objective information in medical students' applications can help predict resident success. METHOD We performed a retrospective cohort study of all residents who matched into the Johns Hopkins University residency program in obstetrics and gynecology between 1994 and 2004 and entered the program through the National Resident Matching Program as a postgraduate year-1 resident. Residents were independently evaluated by faculty and ranked in 4 groups according to perceived level of success. Applications from residents in the highest and lowest group were abstracted. Groups were compared using the Fisher exact test and the Student t test. RESULTS Seventy-five residents met inclusion criteria and 29 residents were ranked in the highest and lowest quartiles (15 in highest, 14 in lowest). Univariate analysis identified no variables as consistent predictors of resident success. CONCLUSION In a program designed to train academic obstetrician-gynecologists, objective data from medical students' applications did not correlate with successful resident performance in our obstetrics-gynecology residency program. We need to continue our search for evaluation criteria that can accurately and reliably select the medical students that are best fit for our specialty.
The Trade-Off between Scoring and Competitive Balance in Basketball

This article empirically details the trade-off between scoring and competitive balance in professional basketball. Noting reduced time of possessions in 2000, basketball federations sought to increase the speed and attractiveness of the game. At the same time an increase in possessions reduce the impact of randomness on outcome. Using both game- and season-level data from the Spanish professional league, this study confirms that the resulting increase in scoring was accompanied by decreased competitive balance. This finding empirically reveals a trade-off between the two measures, which presumably drive consumer demand.
Low rate of detectable in utero transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in a dairy herd with a low prevalence of Johne’s disease

In an effort to correlate the likelihood of in utero transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causal organism of Johne’s disease, with the test status of the dam, tissues from neonatal calves borne to known test status cows were cultured for the presence of MAP. Tissues from a single calf borne to a test-positive cow shedding large numbers of organisms in the feces were positive for MAP. The detected overall transmission rate was approximately 2% (1/49), and the detected transmission rate in cows that were fecal culture positive and serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay suspect or positive was approximately 4.3% (1/23).
Should there be more showers at the summer music festival? Studying the contextual dependence of resource consuming conventions and lessons for sustainable tourism

ABSTRACT Summer music festivals that involve a few days of camping have often been linked to sustainability agendas. Yet relevant studies have so far overlooked how these events can themselves serve as experiments in less resource consumptive living. Building on a wider interest in the cultural evolution of cleanliness norms, this paper explores how attendees come to use water in personal washing at two UK festivals. Through survey, observation and interview research, it examines how current festival goers respond to the disruption of their usual washing regimes, paying particular attention to how a combination of social and infrastructural cues serves to encourage the emergence of a temporary new cleanliness culture. Doing so highlights the value of seeing human resource consumption as a matter of dynamic collective convention more than fixed personal preference since these respondents were seen to embrace a new relationship with washing that was otherwise deemed unthinkable. This leads to a broader discussion of how visitor needs and the social world are most usefully studied by both future festival organisers and the wider field of sustainable tourism research.
Engaging youth in decision-making process via new media: a case of rural and urban youth in marginalized communities in Malaysia

This paper presents the outcome of a study, which investigates the way in which youth in marginalized communities utilize new media to participate in the decision making process.It aims to identify issues commonly raised by the rural and urban youth.Data gathering for this study involves three phases – conducting focus group discussions with 51 participants from five states in Malaysia, developing new media portal for youth, and organising five intervention programmes involving 393 rural and urban youth of marginalized communities in Malaysia.The findings show that the youth are more interested to voice out issues related to social aspects, particularly issues related to quality of living.Other issues are freedom of speech and rising cost of living.However, there are also some differences in terms of the issues raised by the rural and urban participants, which are discussed at length in this paper.This study highlights the need for the government to take into account various issues raised by the youth in the decision and policy-making processes.
An alternative way to individualized medicine: psychological and physical traits of Sasang typology.

BACKGROUND Disease susceptibility and drug response of individuals are presumed to be different depending on their personality traits. The Sasang typology, a traditional Korean medical typology, explains the individual differences of vulnerability to pathology and proposes guidelines for the safe and effective use of medical herbs depending on individual traits. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to evaluate psychologic and physical characteristics of Sasang types from the perspective of personality theory. DESIGN After determining the Sasang type of 79 college students based on the Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification, the psychologic and physical traits of each type were analyzed by the Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, respectively. RESULTS Each of the Sasang types showed significantly different profiles based on the MBTI scores (generalized estimation equation, coefficient = 11.88, z = 2.13, p = 0.033) and could be distinctively classified based on their MBTI scores (discriminant analysis Wilks' lambda = 0.611, df = 8, chi(2) = 36.7, p < 0.001). Subjects with the So-Eum type (Introversion and Judging) and the So-Yang type (Extroversion and Perceiving) showed contrasting psychologic features. However, they had similar anthropometric characteristics. Subjects with Tae-Eum type had relatively higher body fat mass. CONCLUSION Current results demonstrated distinctive personality traits associated with Sasang types using reproducible psychometric and anthropometric instruments. With further study, the Sasang typology could serve as a scientific tool for individualized and integrative medicine.
Cognitive development over 8 years in midlife and its association with cardiovascular risk factors.

OBJECTIVE We describe population-level cognitive development in early middle-age and evaluate whether cardiovascular risk factors for late-onset dementia influence cognitive change in midlife. METHOD The sample from the PATH Through Life (PATH) Project (N = 2,530; 40-44 years of age at baseline) was drawn randomly from the community, followed for 8 years, and assessed on cognitive function, health, and lifestyle risk factors at 4 yearly intervals. A summary risk score (PATHrisk) was computed for presence of smoking, hypertension, depression, high body mass index, diabetes, and insufficient physical activity. RESULTS Decline in processing speed and reaction time (RT) and improvement in memory and verbal ability were observed. Higher PATHrisk score was associated with poorer performance on all cognitive tests, except for RT. Participants with higher PATHrisk scores had greater slowing on choice RT over 8 years. Education was associated with cognitive test performance and was weakly protective against slowing of RT. Individual risk factors, primarily diabetes, smoking, and depression, were associated with cognitive function, and smoking was associated with decline in simple RT. CONCLUSION Reliable change in cognitive function was detected in midlife, and decline occurred primarily in measures of cognitive speed. It appears that in midlife, the overall burden of cardiovascular risk factors is more important than individual risk factors. Midlife is a critical period for identifying modifiable risk factors for dementia in late-life, and evaluation of burden of risk factors is indicated for developing strategies to prevent cognitive decline in ageing.
Reducing medication errors using LSS Methodology: A systematic literature review and key findings

The paper aims to systematically review the literature on Lean, Six Sigma, Lean Six Sigma (LSS) intervention and its tools and techniques to reduce the medication errors in hospitals. Subject-specific journals according to the top journal ranking lists in the Business School and Healthcare sector were used for the assessment. Eight databases including Medline, PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO were used to collect relevant articles from the year 1996–2016. A total of 24 studies were identified have from the search meeting the criteria for the systematic literature review. Increased interest in the application of process excellence methodologies such as Lean, Six Sigma and LSS to reduce medication errors especially from the developed countries was found. Several themes have emerged in this paper including: tools and techniques of Lean and Six Sigma in the context of medication errors, Lean and Six Sigma methodology, types of medication errors, LSS project selection, benefits, challenges and success factors. The study is expected to benefit healthcare practitioners in implementing the LSS methodology to reduce medication errors.
Environmental Conservation in the Tibetan Plateau Region: Lessons for China’s Belt and Road Initiative in the Mountains of Central Asia

Environmental conservation has developed significantly in China over the past 20 years, including more collaborative approaches and recent advances in establishing a national parks system. This study reviews the development of protected areas in the headwaters of the Yangtze River, drawing lessons from experiences of community development and co-management approaches. Community engagement and participation in developing localized plans for natural resource utilization and conservation have been critical features of successful ventures. Government programs and policies, the emergence of grassroots civil society, and the development of herders’ cooperatives and protected areas, are all tracked, each pointing towards the significant value of inclusive biodiversity conservation approaches for meeting broadly agreed development agendas, such as achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Observations from the vast, high, arid, and semi-arid lands of the Tibetan Plateau are then considered in light of China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which is bringing vast financial and technical resources to the world. Special attention is given to applying the lessons that have been learned in China to the mountains of Central Asia, globally recognized as a biodiversity hotspot and a water tower for large downstream populations. Keeping local people at the heart of conservation is deemed fundamentally important.
Stenosis of the common bile duct in chronic pancreatitis

The incidence of common bile duct stenosis in patients with chronic pancreatitis was studied in a consecutive series of patients admitted for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Thirty‐six out of 79 patients (46 per cent) with moderate or advanced chronic pancreatitis as defined by radiological criteria were found to have a stenosis of the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct. There were no age or sex differences between the patients with and without biliary stenosis, but significantly more patients with stenosis had advanced chronic pancreatitis. In about two‐thirds of the patients the stenosis was smooth, symmetrical and tapering. In the remaining cases, a shorter stricture of the hour‐glass type was found. A complete obstruction was never seen. About one‐half of the patients with bile duct stenosis were icteric at the time of the investigation. The jaundice resolved spontaneously in all but 1 patient in 3–42 (median 14) days. Stenosis of the common bile duct is a frequent complication of chronic pancreatitis, but biliary–enteric bypass operation seems to be unnecessary in the great majority of the patients.
Anti-phencyclidine monoclonal Fab fragments markedly alter phencyclidine pharmacokinetics in rats.

The purpose of these studies was to explore the use of phencyclidine (PCP)-specific high affinity antibodies as a possible treatment for phencyclidine toxicity. High affinity (Kd = 1.8 nM) anti-PCP monoclonal Fab fragments were purified from papain digested anti-PCP immunoglobulin produced in mouse ascites. Control animals (n = 5) received an i.v. bolus dose of 1 mg/kg of PCP, along with a tracer dose of 250 microCi of [3H]PCP. Fab-treated rats (n = 5) also received this PCP dose, but at 2 hr after dosing (when PCP distribution was complete) they received an equimolar dose of anti-PCP Fab (50 mg). Within 5 min after the anti-PCP Fab administration, serum [3H]PCP concentrations increased approximately 60- to 100-fold. Fab treatment caused the [3H]PCP volume of distribution at steady state to decrease from 12.6 +/- 3.0 liters/kg (mean +/- S.D.) in control animals to 0.6 +/- 0.2 liters/kg in the Fab-treated animals (about 5% of control values). Systemic clearance changed from 66.3 +/- 16.9 to 6.8 +/- 2.8 ml/min/kg (about 10% of control values). Because both volume of distribution and systemic clearance decreased to a similar degree, the terminal elimination half-life did not change significantly (3.9 hr in controls vs. 4.9 hr in treated animals, harmonic means). Renal clearance decreased from 1.8 +/- 0.6 to 0.62 +/- 0.17 ml/min/kg after Fab treatment. The anti-PCP Fab caused the percentage of PCP recovered in urine to increase from 2.5 +/- 0.5 to 10.3 +/- 4.7%. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Just-In-Time Bug Prediction in Mobile Applications: The Domain Matters!

Bug prediction allows developers to focus testing eorts onspecic areas of software systems. While this topic has beenextensively studied for traditional applications, investiga-tions on mobile apps are still missing. In this paper wepreliminarily study the eectiveness of a previously denedJust-In-Time bug prediction model applied onve mobileapps. Key results indicate the poor performance of the modeland the need of further research on the topic.
Logistic EuroSCORE I risk analysis in aortic valve reoperations after bioprosthetic replacement.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY The aim was to evaluate the early and long-term results of redo-aortic valve replacement (AVR) for dysfunctioning bioprostheses, according to the type of bioprosthesis failure. The performance of the EuroSCORE in predicting operative mortality was addressed. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed of 164 patients who had undergone redo-AVR at the authors' institution. All data were collected prospectively. The type of bioprosthesis failure was categorized as either structural valve dysfunction (SVD), non-structural vale dysfunction (NSVD), or infective endocarditis (IE). The logistic EuroSCORE I was obtained, and a formal analysis of its predictive performance was conducted. RESULTS The mean logistic EuroSCORE was 26.3 +/- 20.6%, while the observed operative mortality was 10.6%. The EuroSCORE overestimated mortality in all subgroups of indication; operative mortality was higher among the NSVD (14.7%) and IE (13.9%) groups, and lower among SVD patients (8.5%). The performance of the EuroSCORE in predicting mortality was better in SVD patients, and worse in NSVD patients (areas under the ROC curve of 0.857 and 0.751, respectively). Only patient-related factors independently predicted the operative mortality (logistic regression). The SVD patients displayed a significantly better long-term survival compared to NSVD and IE patients. Patient-related factors were seen to be the determinants of long-term survival. CONCLUSION Redo-AVR can be performed with good early and long-term results, despite a high predicted risk. The logistic EuroSCORE I globally overestimates the risk, and its performance varies considerably according to the indication for redo-AVR. Therefore, it should not be used to determine the application of valve-in-valve procedures. The type of indication for redo-AVR (SVD, NSVD, IE) defines three different profiles of patients having distinctive early and long-term behaviors.
Institutional entrepreneurship and organisational learning: financial stability policy design in Turkey

Abstract In the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), ‘financial stability’ emerged as one of the key pillars of economic policy-making and as a new mandate for central banks. In spite of the acceptance and prominence of financial stability goal, we know very little about the mechanisms of institutional change and the role of institutional entrepreneurship in particular, to pursue financial stability objective in national contexts. This study investigates the active financial stability pursuit of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) following the GFC and argues that institutional entrepreneurship of CBRT as an organisation and the governor of CBRT as an individual paved the way for active financial stability pursuit and resulting institutional and policy changes in Turkey by accomplishing ‘organisational learning’ at the CBRT. Governor of CBRT also played a key role as an institutional entrepreneur by gaining Turkish Treasury’s political support in design of unconventional monetary policy measures for financial stability objective. Utilising institutional theory, organisation theory, and public policy literature, this study offers an interdisciplinary, agency based and process-oriented analysis to the study of the political economy of central banking in the aftermath of GFC and sheds light on the questions of why and how central banks take specific policy decisions from a micro-level analysis.