Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural mechanisms of centromeric nucleosome recognition by the kinetochore protein CENP-N

Recognizing centromere by kinetochore The kinetochore proteins CENP-N and CENP-C recognize the histone H3 variant CENP-A in the centromeric nucleosome. This ensures proper kinetochore assembly and accurate segregation of chromosomes. Chittori et al. describe the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human CENP-A nucleosome-CENP-N complex. The interaction of CENP-N with CENP-A and the nucleosomal DNA together ensure specific and stable centromeric nucleosome recognition. Mutational analyses using both human and Xenopus CENP-A and CENP-N proteins suggest that the proteins have coevolved to preserve the interacting surfaces. Science, this issue p. 339 Cryo–electron microscopy reveals mechanisms of centromeric nucleosome recognition and initial assembly steps of the kinetochore complex. Accurate chromosome segregation requires the proper assembly of kinetochore proteins. A key step in this process is the recognition of the histone H3 variant CENP-A in the centromeric nucleosome by the kinetochore protein CENP-N. We report cryo–electron microscopy (cryo-EM), biophysical, biochemical, and cell biological studies of the interaction between the CENP-A nucleosome and CENP-N. We show that human CENP-N confers binding specificity through interactions with the L1 loop of CENP-A, stabilized by electrostatic interactions with the nucleosomal DNA. Mutational analyses demonstrate analogous interactions in Xenopus, which are further supported by residue-swapping experiments involving the L1 loop of CENP-A. Our results are consistent with the coevolution of CENP-N and CENP-A and establish the structural basis for recognition of the CENP-A nucleosome to enable kinetochore assembly and centromeric chromatin organization.
Recent developments in C5/C5a inhibitors

Complement factor 5a (C5a) is formed upon complement system activation in response to infection, injury or disease. Whilst C5a is a potent mediator of immune and inflammatory processes, excessive production or inadequate regulation of C5a has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous immuno-inflammatory diseases, predominantly through experimental studies utilising animal models of disease. Both acute and chronic conditions may benefit from C5a inhibition, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, psoriasis, haemorrhagic shock and neurodegenerative conditions. The potentially broad clinical application for treatments that inhibit the activity of C5a at C5a receptors and the large global market for anti-inflammatory therapeutics have made C5a and the C5a receptor attractive targets for academic and commercial drug development programmes. In the past 5 years, interest in C5a as a drug target has grown substantially, and this activity has resulted in a collection of patents and scientific papers reporting novel C5a and C5a receptor inhibitors and antagonists, and generated a secondary stream of patent applications broadly claiming the use of C5/C5a inhibitors as a method of treating various immune and inflammatory conditions. This paper will review the physiology and pathophysiology of C5a and discuss the development of C5a and C5a receptor inhibitors in light of the recent scientific and patent literature.
Conceptual and Contextual Paradigm of the Family as a Unit of Care

The faculty of General Medical Practice has change its name to the faculty of Family Medicine The change has come partly due to world wide response to the call by the World organization of family doctors calling on all colleges, academies, societies and associations of general practitioners that have a postgraduate/specialty program to change and due to pressure from societal view of the certified members not being regarded as a specialist. Also the public view of not being able to differentiate those with basic medical degree and those who have acquired specialist qualification from the general practitioners has prompted this paper. Using a convenient sample of key informants who were faculty officers in the National postgraduate medical college of Nigeria and the West African college of physicians faculty of General medical practice /family practice who sourced information from documents and the internet this paper explores the extent to which Family Doctors are being trained to be relevant in the West African subregion. The principles, attributes and skills for family practice in a developing economy as ours is highlighted. It is the breath of care of family practice with a depth of competencies that makes the difference from general medical practice Nig. Medical Practitioner Vol. 45(1/2) 2004: 9-13
Selective blockade of NF‐κB by novel mutated IκBα suppresses CD3/CD28‐induced activation of memory CD4+ T cells in asthma

Background: Nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) overactivation plays a crucial role in T‐helper 2 (Th2)‐biased allergic airway inflammation by increased activation and decreased apoptosis of CD4+ T cells. We have shown that targeted NF‐κB suppression in dendritic cells by adenoviral gene transfer of a novel mutated inhibitor of NF‐κB (IκBα) (AdIκBαM) contributes to T‐cell tolerance, but the immunosuppressive action of AdIκBαM on memory (CD45RO+) CD4+ T cells remains enigmatic.
Perceptions of Neighborhood Collective Efficacy Moderate the Impact of Maltreatment on Aggression

This study examined the moderating influence of positive neighborhood factors such as social cohesion and informal social control (collective efficacy), on the relationship between child maltreatment and aggressive behavior at age 12. Caregiver (N = 861) and youth (N = 823) dyads were interviewed when youth were aged 12 as part of a longitudinal study of child abuse and neglect (LONGSCAN). Caregivers and youth provided reports of youth externalizing behaviors while caregivers provided perceptions of collective efficacy. Child Protective Services records and youth’s self-report of abuse experiences provided information on history of maltreatment. Multivariate analyses examined the moderating effect of collective efficacy on the influence of child abuse and neglect on youth externalizing behaviors. Neighborhood factors did moderate the association between earlier neglect and aggression at age 12, such that youth who experienced neglect, but not abuse, had lower externalizing scores in neighborhoods with higher levels of collective efficacy. Neighborhood-level factors such as collective efficacy should be considered as protective in preventing externalizing behaviors for youth who have experienced maltreatment.
Maltreated and Nonmaltreated Children’s Knowledge of the Juvenile Dependency Court System

The current study examined age differences in maltreated and nonmaltreated children’s knowledge of juvenile dependency court vocabulary and proceedings. One hundred and sixty-seven children aged 4—14 years were questioned about their understanding of legal vocabulary and about the content of a story depicting a child involved in dependency court. Age-related increases emerged across all measures of children’s legal understanding. Direct experience with the dependency system was also related to the accuracy of children’s legal knowledge. Children with greater experience in the dependency system were more knowledgeable than children with no such experience, although even the oldest maltreated children with considerable dependency system experience evidenced some deficits in legal knowledge. Overall, findings suggest children and adolescents involved in dependency proceedings need help understanding some aspects of the dependency process, and this need exists regardless of whether children have been involved in cases ongoing for some time.
Childhood Abuse Is Related to Working Memory Impairment for Positive Emotion in Female University Students

Childhood abuse is an important risk factor for depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use later in life. One possible mechanism underlying this association could be deficits in cognitive processing of emotional information. This study tested the impact of distracting emotional information on working memory performance in 21 young women with a history of sexual and physical abuse during childhood/adolescence (mean age = 20.0), and compared their performance to 17 individuals reporting nonabuse-related childhood stress (mean age = 19.6) and a control group of 17 women without a history of childhood stress (mean age = 20.0). During the most difficult distractor condition, working memory accuracy for positive versus neutral incidental emotional stimuli was reduced in women reporting a history of abuse relative to both control groups (with and without nonabuse-related childhood stress). The current results reveal aberrant responses to positive stimuli and are consistent with the notion of persistent influence of childhood abuse on processes critical for emotional well-being and emotion control.
Multiplicity of Child Maltreatment and Biopsychosocial Outcomes in Young Adulthood

This study examined the moderating role of resiliency characteristics in the relationship between multiplicity of child maltreatment and biopsychosocial outcomes (i.e., psychological, physical, and interpersonal distress) in young adulthood. Participants included 765 college women who completed surveys. Structural equation modeling showed that resiliency characteristics moderated the relationship between multiplicity of child maltreatment and psychological distress; at high levels of resiliency characteristics, there was a nonsignificant relationship between multiplicity of child maltreatment and psychological distress. There was no evidence of moderation for physical or interpersonal distress. However, for both interpersonal and physical distress, the main effects of multiplicity of child maltreatment were positively related to each form of distress, and the main effect of resiliency characteristics was negatively related to each form of distress. These findings underscore the importance of promoting resiliency characteristics among survivors of multiplicity of child maltreatment to promote optimal functioning.
Risk of Re-Reporting Among Infants Who Remain at Home Following Alleged Maltreatment

Maltreatment that begins during infancy is likely to be chronic in duration and developmentally consequential if the appropriate intervention is not delivered. Repeated reports of maltreatment may signal unmet service needs. This study prospectively followed infants who remained at home following an initial report of maltreatment to determine the rate of re-reporting within 5 years. Birth records for all children born in California in 2006 were linked to statewide child protection records through 2012; 5.2% (n = 29,135) of children were reported for abuse or neglect prior to age 1. Following an initial report, 81.9% of infants remained in the home, the majority (60.7%) of whom were re-reported within 5 years. The highest rate of re-reporting was observed among infants whose initial allegation was substantiated and who had a case opened for family maintenance services (69.1%). Infants whose initial allegation was not investigated had re-reporting rates that were equal to or higher than other infants remaining in the home without services. Findings highlight that most families with infants reported for maltreatment are not formally served through the child protection system. High rates of re-reporting underscore the challenge of delivering services that remedy conditions necessitating child protection follow-up and call attention to the importance of accessing data from community service providers.
Applying Trauma-Focused Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy in Group Format

Trauma-focused cognitive–behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), a well-established, evidence-based treatment for children who have experienced trauma, has been increasingly utilized in a group format. Group therapy formats are appealing because they can be highly effective and have the potential to reach larger numbers of clients. Moreover, TF-CBT group delivery may be particularly valuable in reducing the feelings of shame, isolation, and stigma experienced by youth and their caregivers in the aftermath of traumatic experiences. This article reviews the group TF-CBT research, discusses the therapeutic benefits of TF-CBT therapy groups, and provides clinical and logistical guidance for implementing TF-CBT in group format, including a session-by-session protocol. Future directions for research and clinical work in this area are also discussed.
Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations

Relationships among North Africans The general view is that Eurasians mostly descend from a single group of humans that dispersed outside of sub-Saharan Africa around 50,000 to 100,000 years ago. Present-day North Africans share a majority of their ancestry with present-day Near Easterners, but not with sub-Saharan Africans. To investigate this conundrum, Van de Loosdrecht et al. sequenced high-quality DNA obtained from bone samples of seven individuals from Taforalt in eastern Morocco dating from the Later Stone Age, about 15,000 years ago. The Taforalt individuals were found to be most closely related to populations from the Near East (Natufians), with a third of their ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. No evidence was found for introgression with western Europeans, despite attribution to the Iberomaurusian culture. None of the present-day or ancient Holocene African groups are a good proxy for the sub-Saharan genetic component. Science, this issue p. 548 Ancient human genomes suggest dynamic interactions among Pleistocene African populations. North Africa is a key region for understanding human history, but the genetic history of its people is largely unknown. We present genomic data from seven 15,000-year-old modern humans, attributed to the Iberomaurusian culture, from Morocco. We find a genetic affinity with early Holocene Near Easterners, best represented by Levantine Natufians, suggesting a pre-agricultural connection between Africa and the Near East. We do not find evidence for gene flow from Paleolithic Europeans to Late Pleistocene North Africans. The Taforalt individuals derive one-third of their ancestry from sub-Saharan Africans, best approximated by a mixture of genetic components preserved in present-day West and East Africans. Thus, we provide direct evidence for genetic interactions between modern humans across Africa and Eurasia in the Pleistocene.
Dirac electrons in a dodecagonal graphene quasicrystal

Dirac fermions in quasicrystalline graphene Quasicrystal lattices, which can have rotational order but lack translational symmetry, can be used to explore electronic properties of materials between crystals and disordered solids. Ahn et al. grew graphene bilayers rotated exactly 30° that have 12-fold rotational order. Electron diffraction and microscopy confirmed the formation of quasicrystals, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy revealed anomalous interlayer electronic coupling that was quasi-periodic. The millimeter-scale layers can potentially be transferred to other substrates. Science, this issue p. 782 A Dirac fermion quasicrystal with 12-fold rotational symmetry results from twisted bilayer graphene rotated exactly 30°. Quantum states of quasiparticles in solids are dictated by symmetry. We have experimentally demonstrated quantum states of Dirac electrons in a two-dimensional quasicrystal without translational symmetry. A dodecagonal quasicrystalline order was realized by epitaxial growth of twisted bilayer graphene rotated exactly 30°. We grew the graphene quasicrystal up to a millimeter scale on a silicon carbide surface while maintaining the single rotation angle over an entire sample and successfully isolated the quasicrystal from a substrate, demonstrating its structural and chemical stability under ambient conditions. Multiple Dirac cones replicated with the 12-fold rotational symmetry were observed in angle-resolved photoemission spectra, which revealed anomalous strong interlayer coupling with quasi-periodicity. Our study provides a way to explore physical properties of relativistic fermions with controllable quasicrystalline orders.
A Randomized Implementation Study of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adjudicated Teens in Residential Treatment Facilities

Adjudicated youth in residential treatment facilities (RTFs) have high rates of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study evaluated strategies for implementing trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) in RTF. Therapists (N = 129) treating adjudicated youth were randomized by RTF program (N = 18) to receive one of the two TF-CBT implementation strategies: (1) web-based TF-CBT training + consultation (W) or (2) W + 2 day live TF-CBT workshop + twice monthly phone consultation (W + L). Youth trauma screening and PTSD symptoms were assessed via online dashboard data entry using the University of California at Los Angeles PTSD Reaction Index. Youth depressive symptoms were assessed with the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire–Short Version. Outcomes were therapist screening; TF-CBT engagement, completion, and fidelity; and youth improvement in PTSD and depressive symptoms. The W + L condition resulted in significantly more therapists conducting trauma screening (p = .0005), completing treatment (p = .03), and completing TF-CBT with fidelity (p = .001) than the W condition. Therapist licensure significantly impacted several outcomes. Adjudicated RTF youth receiving TF-CBT across conditions experienced statistically and clinically significant improvement in PTSD (p = .001) and depressive (p = .018) symptoms. W + L is generally superior to W for implementing TF-CBT in RTF. TF-CBT is effective for improving trauma-related symptoms in adjudicated RTF youth. Implementation barriers are discussed.
Exercise on prescription: does it work?

This report concentrates on two aspects of an evaluation of the Stockport Exercise on Prescription Scheme: patterns of compliance, and changes in physical and mental health. Data were collected using a series of questionnaires at the first consultation, after ten weeks and again after six months of the scheme. Qualitative methods were also used to explore particular aspects of the project. A 60 per cent initial uptake rate was achieved, although compliance rates at ten and six months were disap pointingly low at 18 per cent and 14 per cent respectively. There were, however, very positive results in terms of improvements in mental and physical health for participants. The experiences in Stockport and the implications for similar schemes are discussed.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Examination of a Remote Parenting Intervention: Engagement and Effects on Parenting Behavior and Child Abuse Potential

Technology advances increasingly allow for access to remotely delivered interventions designed to promote early parenting practices that protect against child maltreatment. Among low-income families, at somewhat elevated risk for child maltreatment, there is some evidence that parents do engage in and benefit from remote-coaching interventions. However, little is known about the effectiveness of such programs to engage and benefit families at high risk for child maltreatment due to multiple stressors associated with poverty. To address this limitation, we examined engagement and outcomes among mothers at heightened risk for child abuse, who were enrolled in a randomized controlled, intent-to-treat trial of an Internet adaptation of an evidence-based infant parenting intervention. We found that engagement patterns were similar between higher and lower risk groups. Moreover, an intervention dose by condition effect was found for increased positive parent behavior and reduced child abuse potential.
Comparative evaluation of fentanyl and midazolam with propofol induction on laryngeal mask airway insertion conditions: A study

Background: Propofol alone for laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion is unsatisfactory. To overcome the problems associated with it, a number of co-induction drugs have been introduced. The present study was conducted to compare the insertion conditions using midazolam and fentanyl co administered with propofol during intravenous induction of anesthesia. Materials and Methods: This prospective, double-blinded, randomized study was conducted at a tertiary healthcare teaching hospital at Imphal. Ninety American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II patients aged 18-60 years were randomly divided into three equal groups and received intravenous (IV) fentanyl 2 μg/kg (Group I), IV midazolam 0.05 mg/kg (Group II), and control (saline) group (Group III) followed by induction with propofol 2.5 mg/kg. LMA was inserted after 90 s. The insertion conditions and hemodynamic changes were noted. Data were collected and analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v.20. Results: There were no statistical differences in the demographic profile ( P > 0.05). Adequate jaw relaxation was present in 21 (70%) patients in Group II and 14 (46.6%) patients in Group I ( P > 0.05). Excellent insertion conditions were present in 80% of the patients in both fentanyl and midazolam groups, respectively. Conclusion: Midazolam and fentanyl provides adequate conditions for LMA insertion, although midazolam provides better jaw relaxation.
“Violence Is an International Language”

Research on intimate partner violence (IPV) across populations is challenging because of the multiplicity of definitions and lack of clarity about the behaviors that constitute IPV. The purpose of this study was to examine the ways in which Sri Lankan Tamil women in Toronto understand, define, and experience IPV. Focus group interviews were conducted with women representing different ages and stages of life. Findings suggest that definitions of IPV were not culturally specific. Rather, the Tamil women defined IPV broadly and recognized different forms of coercive control. However, psychologically abusive behaviors were identified that held particular meanings for this community.
Varieties of Patriarchy and Violence Against Women

Feminist scholars have produced abundant writings on violence against women, yet theory development has stagnated. The effort to construct a theory of patriarchy to explain violence against women was derailed by criticism. In this article, the author addresses some of these criticisms, uncovers the explanatory strengths of this concept, and lays some foundations for a more fully developed theory of violence against women. The concept of patriarchy holds promise for theorizing violence against women because it keeps the theoretical focus on dominance, gender, and power. It also anchors the problem of violence against women in social conditions, rather than individual attributes.
Oppression Through Acceptance?

Feminist theories of rape motivation are based on research suggesting a relationship between dominance and sexual aggression. However, the relationship between dominance and rape myth acceptance (RMA), a predictor of rape proclivity and sexual aggression and a key component in feminist theory, is understudied. The current study tests the hypotheses that individuals' scores on sex-based oppression and intergroup dominance measures will improve the predictive models for RMA and attitudes toward rape and rape victims. The hypotheses are supported. Individuals' general intergroup dominance and sex-based oppression attitudes provide significant unique prediction beyond previously studied predictors of attitudes about rape and rape victims.