Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Double Failure of the Master and the Slave Highlighted in Selected Works by Chinua Achebe and Amma Darko

Colonization was sealed by the Berlin Conference in 1885 and represents the second main stage in the contact between Africa and Europe after slave trade. The aftermaths of colonization are still noticeable in Africa and will still be in the future. Although many documents, through ages, have dealt with what the relationships between Europe and Africa have usually been some African novelists have also dealt with either the colonization of their continent or its aftermath or both. Among them are Chinua Achebe and Amma Darko. This paper, based on Things Fall Apart and No Longer At Ease by Chinua Achebe, and on Beyond The Horizon by Amma Darko, aims at pointing out the failures of both the colonizer and the colonized. Marxism as a literary theory and the qualitative analysis approach have enabled me to realize that the two novels by Achebe and the one Amma Darko under study depict, in one way or the other, the socio-political and religious situations in most black (African) countries from pre-colonial to the post-independence periods. The study has reached the following conclusions. First both Europeans Africans are responsible for the underdevelopment situation Africa has experienced so far which is a failure. Then the Europeans’ failure to prevent by all costs Africans from immigrating to their continent. Last Africans’ failure to adopt adequate political and economic systems that can help develop their continent, compelling then their fellows to emigrate to Europe, where most of them end in despair and misery.
Determination of Hygienic Condition of Municipal Slaughterhouse and Its Microbial Effect on the Meat Quality

Beef meat considers one of the major and expensive sources of animal protein. It is an excellent media for bacterial growth. To ensure production of good keeping quality meat, slaughtering should be in slaughterhouses under veterinary supervision and complete hygienic measures as the main sources of meat contamination occur during slaughtering processes. This study aimed to evaluate the hygienic conditions of Elkharga municipal slaughterhouse, New Valley governorate, Egypt as well as the meat quality. A total of 200 different samples include; meat, air, tank water, tap water and floor/wall swabs (40 samples/each) were randomly collected from the slaughterhouse. Samples were examined bacteriologically for determination of the total aerobic, total anaerobic count, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), count as well as detection of Salmonellae was attempted. The results revealed that the means values of total aerobic counts, total anaerobic counts, E. coli, S. aureus counts for meat samples were: 3.796 ×105 ± (93.07 × 103), 1.468 × 103 ± (10.70 × 10), 2.466 × 103 ± (15.54 × 10), 9.94 × 102 ± (15.7 × 10) CFU/g, respectively while Salmonellae spp. Could not be detected. Also, it was noticed that tap water had higher microbial load than tank water and floor was more contaminated than walls samples. On contrary, the lowest microbial contamination was recorded in air samples. On comparing the obtained results of meat evaluation with the Egyptian Standard Specification (ESS), it was found that 47.5% of samples exceeded the permissible limit for total aerobic count (106), 15% for total anaerobic count (102), 35% for E. coli (102) and 27.5% for S. aureus (102). In conclusion, more governmental efforts are still needed to control the microbial contamination and improve the environmental quality and infrastructure of Elkharga slaughterhouse in New Valley, Egypt.
Records Management Practices in the South African Public Sector

An effective records management programme is a major element of the governance of any organisation. The proper management of records can make a vital contribution to the achievement of business objectives, information sharing, legal compliance, administrative efficiency, etc. Despite these benefits offered by a records management programme, many organisations, including government departments, pay little attention to the management of records. In South Africa, government departments are under legislative obligations to adopt a systematic and organised approach to the management of records. This book, therefore, explores records management trends in the South African public sector with reference to the Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs. Historical account of record-keeping by the state archives is also discussed. Data was collected through content analysis, online questionnaires, physical observation and interviews. This book can serve as a catalyst for modification and formulation of records management policies and should be especially useful to professionals and students in archives and records management fields.
Undergraduate Students’ Use of Online Information in World Geography: Source Types and Selection Criteria

Offering up-to-date information and diverse perspectives on issues, online information can be a valuable resource that supplements traditional course materials like textbooks. In this paper, the source types that students’ use for a course assignment and the criteria they apply to determine usefulness of the online information are examined. Sixty-five undergraduate students enrolled in a world geography course in fall 2015 were asked to search for 20 sources of online information about recent changes in oil prices and then to rank the sources based on their usefulness for understanding the topic. The findings will provide instructors with insights for guiding students’ appropriate use of online information for academic tasks and lifelong learning.
Transport of very short-lived substances from the Indian Ocean to the stratosphere through the Asian monsoon

Anthropogenic halogenated substances cause the ozone hole above Antarctica through catalytic ozone destruction and depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, which shields the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Their emissions were regulated through the Montreal Protocol in 1989. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the amount of chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere from long-lived ozone depleting substances (ODS) has been decreasing and stratospheric ozone has started to increase slowly. Under these circumstances the importance of natural halogenated substances for atmospheric composition and chemistry will increase in the future. Trace-gases with atmospheric lifetimes of less than half a year belong to the so-called very short-lived substances(VSLS). The most important bromine containing VSLS bromoform (CHBr3, 17 days lifetime) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2, 150 days) from marine sources currently contribute about 25% to the observed stratospheric bromine loading. In addition, the short-lived VSLS methyl iodide (CH3I, 3.5 days) contributes to stratospheric iodine levels. Sulfur containing compounds, such as dimethylsulfide (DMS, 1 day), also influence stratospheric ozone. Sulfur supplies the stratospheric aerosol layer, which amplifies heterogeneous chemical ozone depleting reactions under high chlorine levels. DMS is a potential source of sulfur to the stratosphere. VSLS are naturally produced in the oceans by phytoplankton, macro algae, and photochemistry. They are primarily transported to the stratosphere with deep convection in the tropics and mainly enter the stratosphere over the Pacific warm pool in boreal winter and the Asian monsoon region in boreal summer. Major uncertainties still exist with respect to the oceanic emissions of halogenated VSLS from the Indian Ocean and their stratospheric entrainment through the Asian monsoon circulation. This thesis investigates the emissions of VSLS from the Indian Ocean and their transport to the stratosphere with novel combinations of data and modeling.
Crystal-Induced Arthropathies: Gout, Pseudogout and Apatite-Associated Syndromes

Crystal-Induced Arthropathies: Gout, Pseudogout and Apatite-Associated Syndromes Wortmann RL, Schumacher HR, Becker MA, Ryan LM, eds. 448 pages. London: Informa; 2006. $185.95. ISBN 0849393825. Order at www.informahealthcare. com. Field of medicine: Rheumatology. Format: Hardcover book. Audience: Rheumatologists, rheumatology trainees, and interested general internists and geriatricians. Purpose: To produce a concise but comprehensive review of this large field, recognizing that much of the present understanding of these diseases is the result of observations that have occurred during the span of our careers. Content: This book provides a single source covering the crystal-induced diseases. It is useful in reminding readers that gout is not the only crystal-induced disease. The authors, all experienced clinicians, have assembled a relatively concise text that deals with the crystal-induced arthritides in depth from their epidemiology and genetics to biochemistry, pathophysiology, and pathology, in addition to the clinical aspects of the disease and their treatment. It is a generally readable source that amplifies and expands on the material covered in rheumatology textbooks. Highlights: Several areas of the book are particularly well done. The chapter on the differential diagnosis of monoarthritis includes a flow chart for evaluating both acute and chronic monoarticular symptoms. The chapter on synovial fluid analysis by a luminary in the field was also excellent. The management chapters (Chapters 19 to 26) comprehensively cover treatment from general management through in-depth discussions of individual agents, such as colchicine and allopurinol. I found the index and the color reproductions of synovial fluid analysis very useful. This is a worthy reference for any rheumatologist but especially for rheumatology training programs because much of the information regarding these illnesses is not available in 1 volume. Limitations: Although this text is generally concise, some of the chapters are, in part, repetitive. I was disappointed in the radiography chapter which, although rich in radiograph reproductions, does not expand on the expected findings either in the text or figure captions. I also hoped that there would be more discussion of uric acid as an important agent in innate immunity, but I did not find this noted. Related reading: Most rheumatology textbooks have individual chapters devoted to the crystal-induced diseases that are more superficial in nature. I am not aware of another single source devoted to crystal-induced arthropathy. Reviewer: Lin A. Brown, MD, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
The Effects of a Combination of Ion Channel Inhibitors in Female Rats Following Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the ionic homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) becomes imbalanced. Excess Ca2+ influx into cells triggers molecular cascades, which result in detrimental effects. The authors assessed the effects of a combination of ion channel inhibitors (ICI) following repeated mTBI (rmTBI). Adult female rats were subjected to two rmTBI weight-drop injuries 24 h apart, sham procedures (sham), or no procedures (normal). Lomerizine, which inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels, was administered orally twice daily, whereas YM872 and Brilliant Blue G, inhibiting α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and P2X7 receptors, respectively, were delivered intraperitoneally every 48 h post-injury. Vehicle treatment controls were included for rmTBI, sham, and normal groups. At 11 days following rmTBI, there was a significant increase in the time taken to cross the 3 cm beam, as a sub-analysis of neurological severity score (NSS) assessments, compared with the normal control (p < 0.05), and a significant decrease in learning-associated improvement in rmTBI in Morris water maze (MWM) trials relative to the sham (p < 0.05). ICI-treated rmTBI animals were not different to sham, normal controls, or rmTBI treated with vehicle in all neurological severity score and Morris water maze assessments (p > 0.05). rmTBI resulted in increases in microglial cell density, antioxidant responses (manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) immunoreactivity), and alterations to node of Ranvier structure. ICI treatment decreased microglial density, MnSOD immunoreactivity, and abnormalities of the node of Ranvier compared with vehicle controls (p < 0.01). The authors’ findings demonstrate the beneficial effects of the combinatorial ICI treatment on day 11 post-rmTBI, suggesting an attractive therapeutic strategy against the damage induced by excess Ca2+ following rmTBI.
Effect of ambient temperature and restricted feeding on the production of rabbit does and their kits

Thirty-six lactating New Zealand White rabbit does were divided into 6 groups according to ambient temperature and feed intake. The does were kept at 20 °C during pregnancy and at kindling, then they were put into climatic chambers at temperatures of 5, 15, 23 or 30 °C. One part of the does were fed ad libitum (5A, 15A, 23A and 30A), two other groups were housed at 15 °C, but they received the same amount of pellet as the does' intake at 23 °C or 30 °C (15/23R and 15/30R). The litter sizes were equalized to seven. The weight of does, milk production, feed intake and water intake were recorded daily. Heat stress reduced milk yield (148, 152, 150 and 106 g/day), feed intake (287, 279, 260 and 179 g/day) and water intake (497, 512, 526 and 428 g/day), but increased the water/feed ratio (1.73, 1.84, 2.02 and 2.39) in the groups of 5A, 15A, 23A and 30A, respectively. Body weight of does decreased at 23 °C and 30 °C by 5.6% and 8.5%, respectively, compared to 15 °C. Comparing the groups of rabbits kept at 23 °C and 30 °C fed ad libitum (23A and 30A) and the data obtained for groups of 15/23R and 15/30R it was observed that the milk yield decreased by 8.0% and 2.5%, water intake increased by 8.6 and 13.3%, and the feed/water ratio was higher by 0.18 and 0.18, respectively. The effect of heat stress was less significant on kits than on does. It can be concluded that the high ambient temperature mainly affected the milk production through the reduction of feed intake.
The Transformation of the School: Progressivism in American Education, 1876-1957

An elevator control apparatus is provided with means for detecting a new type of elevator car traffic information consisting of the information indicating, by allotting the passengers in the car to resistered cage calls, how many passengers classified for each of destination floors are in the car, namely, the information indicating the number of in-cage passengers classified for each of destination floors. In an apparatus comprising means for allotting a hall call generated to an optimum one of a plurality of cars and means for detecting the number of prospective passengers waiting on the floors, the number of prospective passengers waiting at the floor the hall call from which is allotted to the car and the number of passengers classified for each of destination floors are added to or subtracted from the number of passengers in the car for each floor involved thereby to forecast the number of in-cage passengers in the leading floors. It is decided whether there is room available or not in the car for accomodating additional passengers at the leading floors, by comparing the forecast number of passengers in the car with a predetermined number limit of the passengers for the car. By the use of the result of this decision, the hall call is prevented from being allotted to a car having no room for accomodating additional passengers.
Racing to Reduce Emissions: Assessing the Relation between Race and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from On-Road Travel

The environmental implications of racial inequality have been discussed by sociologists almost exclusively as matters of environmental justice or injustice, where scholars analyze how racial inequality affects a community9s rate of exposure to environmental hazards. The present study seeks to assess how race and income independently and synergistically affect the emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from on-road travel across and within counties, using longitudinal data from 3,079 counties in the continental United States. We incorporate these data into a hybrid panel model to test the effect of racial composition over time and across space. We find that, over time, as the percentage of White individuals living in a county increases, the county emits less CO 2 from on-road transportation. Across space, counties with more Black residents (as a percentage of total population) emit more on-road CO 2 than other counties. To connect our findings with the broader environmental sociological literature, we also explore the interaction of race and affluence, finding that the effect of racial composition is influenced by variation in local affluence across space. Specifically, affluence reduces the correlation between percentage of Black residents and emissions. Conceptually, we argue that through the process of subnational uneven development, environmental privilege manifests as a distinct dimension of environmental racism that affects how specific racial groups experience environmental degradation.
INTERAGIR POUR S'AIDER À ÉCRIRE EN PREMIÈRE ANNÉE DU PRIMAIRE

Au Quebec, de nombreux eleves n'ont pas de competences suffisantes en ecriture pour entrer au secondaire. La reforme de l'education a donc mis l'accent sur l'apprentissage de l'ecrit et elle accorde une grande importance aux interactions. Bien que nous connaissions les bienfaits de celles-ci, nous en savons peu sur leur nature et sur leur evolution. Un des objectifs de la recherche etait de saisir comment les eleves de premiere annee du primaire interagissent dans des situations d'ecriture en fonction du type de pairage (sexe et niveau de competence en ecriture) et du moment de l'annee. A cet effet, 30 dyades ont ete formees et rencontrees a trois reprises. Les sequences video ont ete analysees a partir d'une grille qui determine le niveau d'elaboration des interactions. Sur le plan des retombees pedagogiques, les resultats obtenus a l'egard de la formation de dyades d'eleves meritent d'etre connus dans les milieux de pratique. Ils pourront aussi aider a degager certaines strategies pedagogiques favorisant l'apprentissage de l'ecriture des eleves en debut de scolarisation.
Low Back Pain: The Potential Contribution of Supraspinal Motor Control and Proprioception

Motor control, which relies on constant communication between motor and sensory systems, is crucial for spine posture, stability and movement. Adaptions of motor control occur in low back pain (LBP) while different motor adaption strategies exist across individuals, probably to reduce LBP and risk of injury. However, in some individuals with LBP, adapted motor control strategies might have long-term consequences, such as increased spinal loading that has been linked with degeneration of intervertebral discs and other tissues, potentially maintaining recurrent or chronic LBP. Factors contributing to motor control adaptations in LBP have been extensively studied on the motor output side, but less attention has been paid to changes in sensory input, specifically proprioception. Furthermore, motor cortex reorganization has been linked with chronic and recurrent LBP, but underlying factors are poorly understood. Here, we review current research on behavioral and neural effects of motor control adaptions in LBP. We conclude that back pain-induced disrupted or reduced proprioceptive signaling likely plays a pivotal role in driving long-term changes in the top-down control of the motor system via motor and sensory cortical reorganization. In the outlook of this review, we explore whether motor control adaptations are also important for other (musculoskeletal) pain conditions.
Cultivating belonging: Living leadership in communities of learning

Learning Communities are an important element of the Royal Roads University (RRU) Learning and Teaching Model. Cohort members in Royal Roads University’s Master’s of Arts in Leadership (MAL) program remain connected and continue to support one another’s career development years after they have graduated. In this chapter, we explore the intentional design in MAL that serves to build multiple opportunities for belonging, giving rise to these long-standing relationships. After a brief review of the adult learning literature and the concept of Learning Communities, we present several examples of students accomplishing their learning needs through their cohort. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of these activities for the student, the cohort, and for faculty and staff members. We identify activities that support the cohort as a learning community and offer examples of learner-focused approaches. * 158 Engaging Students in Life-Changing Learning
EXAMINING TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS ABOUT IMPROVING THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

The purpose of this paper is to examine South African teachers’ suggestions for improving the teaching and learning of mathematics and statistics, as well as exploring relationships between certain demographic factors and the number and types of strategies suggested by teachers. The study was conducted with 75 South African mathematics teachers. We asked them to respond to closed- and open-ended questions regarding their strategies and plans about how they intend to improve the teaching and learning of mathematics and statistics. The findings revealed that teachers were most concerned with improving the motivation and interest of their learners. Furthermore, there were relationships between the number and types of strategies suggested and certain factors such as attendance at workshops, and use of the curriculum. First published November 2018 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
Temperature and dehydration effects on metabolism, water uptake and the partitioning between respiratory and cutaneous evaporative water loss in a terrestrial toad

ABSTRACT Terrestrial anurans often experience fluctuations in body temperature and hydration state, which are known to influence evaporative water loss through the skin (EWLSkin) and lungs (EWLResp). These effects arise from associated changes in skin permeability, metabolism and lung ventilation. Herein, we determined the rates of EWLSkin and EWLResp in the terrestrial toad Rhinella diptycha at different temperatures and hydration states. We measured oxygen uptake rates to verify whether alterations in the partitioning between EWLSkin and EWLResp were associated with metabolism-induced changes in pulmonary gas exchange. We also measured the influence of hydration and temperature on water uptake (WU) through the skin. Finally, as estimates of skin resistance to evaporation (Rs) are usually inferred from total evaporative water loss (EWLTotal), under the assumption of negligible EWLResp, we calculated the potential error in accepting this assumption for different temperature and hydration states. EWLSkin and EWLResp increased with temperature, but this response was greater for EWLResp, which was attributed to the temperature-induced elevation in metabolism and lung ventilation. Dehydration caused a decrease in the relative contribution of EWLSkin to EWLTotal, mirrored by the concurrent increase in the contribution of EWLResp, at all temperatures. Thus, Rs increased with dehydration. WU rates were dictated by dehydration with little influence of temperature. The partitioning between EWLSkin and EWLResp was affected by both temperature and hydration state and, under some conditions, considering EWLResp as negligible led to significant errors in the assessment of skin resistance to evaporation. Summary: Partitioning between cutaneous and respiratory evaporative water loss is influenced by temperature and hydration state in a terrestrial toad because of the accompanying changes in metabolic rate and skin permeability.