Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: an in vivo method of estimating hippocampal neuronal depletion in schizophrenia

Synopsis Diffuse loss of cortical volume and ventricular enlargement have been demonstrated in schizophrenia using imaging. In addition, histological studies have provided evidence that the number of neurons in the medial temporal lobe structures is reduced and that the cytoarchitecture is abnormal. In an attempt to correlate these histological findings with in vivo estimates of neuronal integrity we have studied the concentration of the neuronal marker N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) in the hippocampi of schizophrenics using in vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Compared with a group of healthy volunteers schizophrenics showed a 22% loss of NAA in the left hippocampus. Two other metabolites, choline and creatine showed bilateral reduction in schizophrenics and these achieved significance in the left hippocampus. These results indicate a significant depletion of NAA in schizophrenia and are in close agreement with the reported neuronal loss in the hippocampus detected histologically. We propose that in vivo MRS is a valid measure of integrity of neuronal populations in schizophrenia.
Selling to Major Accounts: Tools, Techniques, and Practical Solutions for the Sales Manager

Part 1 Introduction: what is national account management the roles and responsibilities of national account managers the four types of customer relationships summary of part one. Part 2 The foundations of national account management: the management in national account management NAM as an instrument of corporate strategy identifying national accounts building account teams summary of part two. Part 3 Account planning: the account planning process gathering information analyzing your customer analyzing your competitors analyzing your position developing account strategy summary of part three. Part 4 Implementing the account plan: building internal support managing relationships managing information managing customer delight managing momentum managing opportunities summary of part four the future of national account management.
Driving Forces of Outsourcing New Product Development and Its Implications

This paper addresses how firms make decision of outsourcing knowledge-intensive activities such as new products development (NPD). Through the employment of transaction cost economics, resource based theory and knowledge based theories, a conceptual decision model is presented, and key factors which influence the decision making process are proposed and compared to the arguments generated from empirical studies. In the empirical studies, the comparison between medium-sized firm and large firm indicates that a stronger influence of transaction costs economics can be detected in large firm; a longer time collaboration relationship is preferable for both firms in R&D projects. In addition, lack of internal resources is another reason for the decision of outsourcing NPD.
Medical Condition , Medication Use and Licensing

Medical condition can negatively effect the capacity to drive safely (1). Thus, in the EU (2) North America (1) and Australia (3), the licensing authorities have imposed certain restrictions or conditions to the concession of driving licenses to persons with particular medical conditions; that is, they are permitted to drive in certain circumstances. In some cases, the conditions or restrictions affect the driving license (licensing restriction, such as a review after a stipulated period of time). Other cases limit driving (driving restriction, hours permitted to drive, maximum speed, etc). Or both, licensing and driving restriction.
The influence of relative age on success and dropout in male soccer players

The consistent asymmetry in the birth‐date distribution of senior professional soccer players has led us to investigate whether similar asymmetries emerge throughout youth categories in soccer. Birth dates were considered for professional players, national youth teams, youth players transferred to top teams, and regular youth league players. Kolmogorov Smirnov tests assessed differences between observed and expected birth‐date distributions. Regression analyses examined the relationship between month of birth and number of participants at various levels of play in soccer. Results indicated that youth players born from August to October (the early part of the selection year), beginning in the 6–8 year age group, are more likely to be identified as talented and to be exposed to higher levels of coaching. Eventually, these players are more likely to be transferred to top teams, to play for national teams, and to become involved professionally. In comparison, players born late in the selection year tended to dropout as early as 12 years of age. Recommendations suggest a review of the 24‐month age band and current methods for talent detection and selection. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 10:791–798, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Various Dynamic, Thermodynamic and Design Parameters on the Performance of a Turbocharged Diesel Engine Operating under Transient Load Conditions

Thermodynamic, dynamic and design parameters have a significant and often conflicting impact on the transient response of a compression ignition engine. Knowing the contribution of each parameter on transient operation could direct the designer to the appropriate measures for better engine performance. To this aim an explicit simulation program developed is used to study the performance of a turbocharged diesel engine operating under transient load conditions. The simulation developed, based on the filling and emptying approach, provides various innovations as follows: Detailed analysis of thermodynamic and dynamic differential equations, on a degree crank angle basis, accounting for the continuously changing nature of transient operation, analysis of transient mechanical friction, and also a detailed mathematical simulation of the fuel pump. Each equation in the model is solved separately for every cylinder of the 6-cylinder diesel engine considered. The model is validated against experimental data for various load changes. The effect of several dynamic, thermodynamic and design parameters is studied, i.e. load schedule (type, and duration of load applied), turbocharger mass moment of inertia, exhaust manifold volume and configuration, cylinder wall temperature, aftercooler effectiveness as well as an interesting case of a malfunctioning fuel pump. Explicit diagrams are given to show how, after an increase in load, each parameter examined affects the engine speed response, as well as other properties of the engine and turbocharger such as fuel pump rack position, boost pressure and turbocharger speed. It is shown that certain parameters, such as the type of connected loading, the turbocharger inertia, a damaged fuel pump and the exhaust manifold volume, can have a significant effect on the engine and turbocharger transient performance. However others, such as the cylinder wall temperature, the aftercooler effectiveness and the exhaust manifold configuration have a less important effect as regards transient response and final equilibrium conditions.
Quantifying within- and between-animal variation and uncertainty associated with counts of Escherichia coli O157 occurring in naturally infected cattle faeces

Cattle faeces are considered the most important reservoir for human infection with Escherichia coli O157. We have previously described shedding of E. coli O157 in the faeces of naturally infected cattle cohorts. However, the data require further investigation to quantify the uncertainty and variability in the estimates previously presented. This paper proposes a method for analysing both the presence and the quantity of E. coli O157 in cattle faecal samples, using two isolation procedures, one of which enumerates E. coli O157. The combination of these two measurements, which are fundamentally different in nature and yet measuring a common outcome, has necessitated the development of a novel statistical model for ascertaining the contribution of the various components of variation (both natural and observation induced) and for judging the influence of explanatory variables. Most of the variation within the sampling hierarchy was attributable to multiple samples from the same animal. The contribution of laboratory-level variation was found to be low. After adjusting for fixed and random effects, short periods of increased intensity of shedding were identified in individual animals. We conclude that within-animal variation is greater than between animals over time, and studies aiming to elucidate the dynamics of shedding should focus resources, sampling more within than between animals. These findings have implications for the identification of persistent high shedders and for assessing their role in the epidemiology of E. coli O157 in cattle populations. The development of this non-standard statistical model may have many applications to other microbial count data.
Factors contributing to university image: the postgraduate students’ points of view

Despite several studies having been conducted to examine organizational image from a business perspective, there has not been adequate research in the area of perceived image in nonprofit organizations such as universities. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the factors contributing to university image, from the postgraduate students’ point of view. In addition, the impact of the students’ perceived university image on their organizational trust was examined. The population of this study consisted of postgraduate students in 10 of the top Iranian universities. Questionnaires were used to collect the required data. The findings indicated the difference between current practices and ideal values of the factors contributing to the university image. Based on our findings, the factors contributing to university image range from internal and international reputation, university members, and academic planning, to university environment. Furthermore, we found that university image has a significant impact on students’ trust in their university.
CTLA-4 (CD152) Can Inhibit T Cell Activation by Two Different Mechanisms Depending on Its Level of Cell Surface Expression1

CTLA-4 (CD152) engagement results in down-regulation of T cell activation. Two mechanisms have been postulated to explain CTLA-4 inhibition of T cell activation: negative signaling and competitive antagonism of CD28:B7-mediated costimulation. We assessed the contributions of these two mechanisms using a panel of T cell lines expressing human CTLA-4 with mutations in the cytoplasmic region. Under conditions of B7-independent costimulation, inhibition of IL-2 production following CTLA-4 engagement required the CTLA-4 cytoplasmic region. In contrast, under B7-dependent costimulation, inhibition of IL-2 production by CTLA-4 engagement was directly proportional to CTLA-4 cell surface levels and did not require its cytoplasmic region. Thus, CTLA-4 down-regulates T cell activation by two different mechanisms—delivery of a negative signal or B7 sequestration—that are operational depending on the levels of CTLA-4 surface expression. These two mechanisms may have distinct functional outcomes: rapid inhibition of T cell activation or induction of T cell anergy.
Alliance Advantage: The Art of Creating Value Through Partnering

Partnerships between companies receive a great deal of attention from top managers and researchers at the time of their formation. This attention results largely from the common perception that the initial structuring of partnerships and establishment of common goals determines partnership outcomes and success. In Alliance Advantage, Doz and Hamel shift the focus away from deal making to the internal processes within the partnership and the unfolding interactions among partners that play an important and relatively unexplored role in shaping outcomes. Focusing on the underlying reasons why companies enter alliances and the processes by which they continually learn from their interactions and re-evaluate common--and individual--goals, the authors paint a sophisticated picture of alliance dynamics over time. The authors challenge organizations to define their objectives for alliance formulation and consider whether their own corporate culture provides an "alliance ready" atmosphere.
Information Advantage in Stackelberg Duopoly under Demand Uncertainty

We consider a Stackelberg model under demand slope uncertainty in an environment where the follower owns information advantage. Specifically, we show that the second mover obtains higher expected profit than the first mover when the leader only knows the prior beliefs and the follower gains the posterior probabilities. This result tells us that the leadership advantage is dominated by the information advantage when demand fluctuation is important.
Estimating the likely public health impact of partner notification for a clinical service: an evidence-based algorithm.

OBJECTIVES We present the first evidence-based method for estimating public health and cost impacts of partner notification (PN) that takes account of sexual partnership type. METHODS Our algorithm uses routine clinical data, probability survey data, and transmission parameters. We propose 2 new epidemiological concepts to quantify PN impact: "[the] absolute reduction in onward transmission" and its reciprocal, "[the] number needed to treat to interrupt transmission" (i.e., the number of partners who need to be treated to interrupt 1 onward transmission). We demonstrate these concepts for 273 chlamydia cases diagnosed at a UK genitourinary medicine clinic. RESULTS The number needed to treat to interrupt transmission (overall, for casual partners, and for regular partners, respectively) was 1.47, 1.11, and 2.50, respectively, for men younger than 25 years; 1.60, 0.83, and 1.25, respectively, for women younger than 25 years; 2.35, 1.39, and 2.08, respectively, for men older than 25 years; and 2.14, 0.93, and 2.08, respectively, for women older than 25 years. CONCLUSIONS PN that targets casual partners, rather than regular or live-in partners, prevents more secondary transmissions per partnership; it is also more resource intensive, but the public health benefit is greater.
Evaluation of an abdominal fluid scoring system determined using abdominal focused assessment with sonography for trauma in 101 dogs with motor vehicle trauma.

OBJECTIVE Evaluate an abdominal fluid scoring (AFS) system using an abdominal focused assessment with sonography for trauma (AFAST) protocol. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Private veterinary emergency center. ANIMALS One hundred and one client-owned dogs with motor vehicle trauma. Interventions- AFAST performed on admission and 4 hours post-admission. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS An AFS was assigned to each dog based on the number of AFAST fluid-positive quadrants identified using a 4-point scale: AFS 0 (negative for fluid in all quadrants) to AFS 4 (positive for fluid in all quadrants). Free abdominal fluid was identified in 27 of 101 dogs (27%). Dogs with AFS scores of 3 or 4 (14/27 [52%] AFS-positive dogs) experienced more marked decreases in packed cell volume and total plasma protein, increases in alanine aminotransferase, and needed more blood transfusions than dogs with lower AFS scores and AFS-negative dogs. Serial AFAST was performed in 71% of dogs (71/101); 17% (12/71) of these cases changed AFS score, and 75% (9/12) of the changes were higher (worsened) AFS, correlating with increasing amounts of free abdominal fluid. Ninety-eight percent of the study population was a primary presentation. Overall, median time from trauma to initial AFAST was 60 minutes, and median AFAST examination time was 3 minutes. CONCLUSIONS Initial and serial AFAST with applied AFS allowed rapid, semiquantitative measure of free abdominal fluid in traumatized patients, was clinically associated with severity of injury, and reliably guided clinical management. Where possible, AFAST and AFS should be applied to the management of blunt trauma cases.
Memories, Dreams, Reflections

tifl Healers are often by reason of their vocation surrounded by an aura of mysl (Jung, the psychiatrist and the founder of analytical psychology, unfolds his life in fr? ^ us with deeply moving humility. His life, as he saw it, was "a story of the self-realis 108
Guided bone regeneration for socket preservation in molar extraction sites: histomorphometric and 3D computerized tomography analysis.

D eveloping ideal sites for implant placement after tooth extraction depends on controlling the resorption and remodeling phenomena that is inevitably seen during healing of extraction sites. Bone resorption, vertically and horizontally, occurs most rapidly in the first 3 months after extractions, so immediate augmentation is important at the time of extraction. Augmentation of extraction sites will prevent most resorption, thus preventing the necessity of future ridge augmentation procedures in order to have optimal positioning for implant placement. Autogenous bone is the first choice for augmentation due to the inherent osteogenic, osteoconductive, and osteoinductive properties, but limited quantities and a second surgery adding significant morbidity make a substitute material highly desirable. Numerous materials have been used for socket graft augmentation including autogenous bone, xenografts, allografts, alloplasts, and combinations of these. Use of mineralized cancellous particulate allograft has been reported in numerous studies for sinus grafts, guided bone regeneration procedures, implant defects, furcation defects, and socket grafting. Placement of a barrier over grafted socket sites has been shown to be essential to prevent soft tissue ingrowth and encapsulation of graft particules. Barriers used over graft materials include resorbable and nonresorbable membranes with varying results with regard to graft retention and regeneration. The size of an extraction site defect affects the extent of bone regeneration that occurs, so the combination of a socket graft with a barrier membrane is important in larger defects such as molar extraction sites to maximize woven bone regeneration throughout the site. Complete flap closure over a grafted socket site is important in preventing infection and interference with maximal bone regeneration. Acellular dermis matrix (ADM) is cadaveric tissue that has had cellular components removed. Its remaining collagen scaffold structure lends itself to ingrowth of endothelial and fibroblast cells. Originally developed as therapy for burn patients, reports have demonstrated positive results with ADM used as a guided bone regeneration barrier membrane in combination with different graft materials in socket preservation surgery. However, there are few reports providing histologic data on new bone regeneration in extraction sockets where cortical or cancellous allograft has been used specifically with ADM for the guided bone regeneration barrier. A new ADM is available that does not have to be hydrated before use. The purpose of this case series is to obtain data showing the histologic and clinical results of this new decellularized dermis matrix (DDM) used as a guided bone regeneration barrier over mineralized cancellous bone allograft (MCAB) in molar extraction sites in preparation for implant placement.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Hypermobility Type, Is Linked to Chromosome 8p22-8p21.1 in an Extended Belgian Family

Joint hypermobility is a common, mostly benign, finding in the general population. In a subset of individuals, however, it causes a range of clinical problems, mainly affecting the musculoskeletal system. Joint hypermobility often appears as a familial trait and is shared by several heritable connective tissue disorders, including the hypermobility subtype of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS-HT) or benign joint hypermobility syndrome (BJHS). These hereditary conditions provide unique models for the study of the genetic basis of joint hypermobility. Nevertheless, these studies are largely hampered by the great variability in clinical presentation and the often vague mode of inheritance in many families. Here, we performed a genome-wide linkage scan in a unique three-generation family with an autosomal dominant EDS-HT phenotype and identified a linkage interval on chromosome 8p22-8p21.1, with a maximum two-point LOD score of 4.73. Subsequent whole exome sequencing revealed the presence of a unique missense variant in the LZTS1 gene, located within the candidate region. Subsequent analysis of 230 EDS-HT/BJHS patients resulted in the identification of three additional rare variants. This is the first reported genome-wide linkage analysis in an EDS-HT family, thereby providing an opportunity to identify a new disease gene for this condition.
Can Greek Mutual Funds Managers Outguess the Market Persistently?

This paper investigates the performance of Greek equity funds in the period 08/01/2005 - 08/23/2007 finding that funds deliver average daily percentage returns that move in line or are inferior to the return of benchmarks, being in parallel less risky than indexes. Also discovered that the funds do not produce significant abnormal risk-adjusted returns implying lack of stock picking skills by managers. Further research provides evidence for negative market timing performance related to the active management applied by managers, which probably contributes to the failure of funds to achieve significant abnormal returns to compensate expenses. The results also indicate short-run performance persistence over one-to four-quarter holding periods after a specific quarter (maximum total holding period equal to 15 months).
Differences in emoji sentiment perception between readers and writers

Previous research has traditionally analyzed emoji sentiment from the point of view of the reader of the content not the author. Here, we analyze emoji sentiment from the point of view of the author and present an emoji sentiment benchmark that was built from an employee happiness dataset where emoji happen to be annotated with daily happiness of the author of the comment. The data spans over 3 years, and 4k employees of 56 companies based in Barcelona. We compare sentiment of writers to readers. Results indicate that, there is an 82% agreement in how emoji sentiment is perceived by readers and writers. The disagreement concentrates in negative emoji, where the authors report to feel 26% worse than perceived by readers. Emoji use was not found to be correlated with author moodiness. Authors that use emoji are happier than authors that never use emoji.
An improved secretive coded caching scheme exploiting common demands

Coded caching schemes on broadcast networks with user caches help to offload traffic from peak times to off-peak times by prefetching information from the server to the users during off-peak times and thus serving the users more efficiently during peak times using coded transmissions. We consider the problem of secretive coded caching which was proposed recently, in which a user should not be able to decode any information about any file that the user has not demanded. We propose a new secretive coded caching scheme which has a lower average rate compared to the existing state-of-the-art scheme, for the same memory available at the users. The proposed scheme is based on exploiting the presence of common demands between multiple users.