Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Determinants of Individual Taxpayers’ Tax Compliance Behaviour in Peninsular Malaysia

The findings from this review suggested that tax compliance behaviour of individual taxpayers is influenced by ethical perception of individual taxpayers and their ethical perception is affected by public governance and transparency in government operations. Ethical perception plays an important role for individual taxpayers to report their income correctly. Ethical perception varies from an individual to another, which influenced by changes in their surroundings and their experiences when interact with government. Perceptions of how taxpayers’ money is being utilised, benefits they derived from government or others evade to pay tax are considered as possible factors influencing their compliance behaviour. Taxpayers will be more compliance if government use tax monies wisely or when taxpayers get benefits for the taxes paid in terms of public goods and social amenities that they prefer. Transparent surroundings will enhance taxpayers’ confidence in public bodies. Taxpayers are concerned on transparency in public procurement as lack of transparency may cause corruption and reduces public sector efficiency. In contrast, scholars argued that greater degree of transparency could lead to less trust as it will be easier for taxpayers to audit government and they might blame government for small mistakes.
A Comparison of S. mutans Prevalence in Relation to Caries Experience in Norwegian and Immigrant Vietnamese Children

Vietnamese immigrant and Norwegian children, matched according to caries experience, age, and sex, were compared with respect to S. mutans in dental plaque and in saliva. Regardless of ethnic group, S. mutans prevalence was highest in plaque over caries lesions and from fissures, and lowest in plaque from smooth surfaces. The S. mutans distribution appeared very similar in the two groups. Only in untreated Vietnamese children were the S. mutans saliva levels higher, probably refTecting the numerous untreated caries lesions present in this group. After caries treatment, we observed significant reductions in S. mutans levels in both saliva and smooth surface plaque.
Risk factors for cancer of the buccal and labial mucosa in Kerala, southern India.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to investigate risk factors for cancer of the buccal and labial mucosa in Kerala, southern India. DESIGN--The investigation was a case-control study. SETTING--Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, and local teaching hospitals. PARTICIPANTS--Cases were all those registered with oral cancers at the Regional Cancer Centre during 1983 and 1984 (n = 414). Controls (n = 895) were selected from admissions to the cancer centre who were found to have non-malignant conditions, or from patients attending outpatients in teaching hospitals of Trivandrum medical college with non-malignant conditions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--The risk in males of the following habits was investigated: pan (betel)-tobacco chewing, bidi and cigarette smoking, drinking alcohol, and taking snuff. Only pan-tobacco chewing was investigated in females as very few indulged in other habits. Among males predisposing effects were found for pan-tobacco chewing (p less than 0.001), bidi smoking (p less than 0.001), drinking alcohol (p less than 0.001), and taking snuff (p less than 0.01). As in males, pan-tobacco chewing also had a predisposing effect in females (p less than 0.001). Duration of use was a better predictor of risk than either daily frequency of use or total lifetime exposure, both for pan-tobacco chewing (especially if the habit started before age 21 years) and bidi smoking. However, there were also very high risks associated with the current occasional use of both factors. Pan-tobacco chewing was the most important risk factor, with relative risk of 13.24 with 31-40 years' use, and 37.75 with greater than 40 years' use among males. Corresponding relative risks in females were 21.30 and 54.93. No effect of cigarette smoking was observed (relative risk 0.64, p greater than 0.1). CONCLUSIONS--A substantial majority of cases of buccal and labial cancers are attributable to chewing pan-tobacco. This has obvious implications for instituting preventive measures.
THE EFFECT OF UNCOMPLICATED OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS ON PERINATAL OUTCOME

Objective: To evaluate the effect of oligohydramnios on perinatal outcome. Study Design: A prospective cohort study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CMH Okara and PNS Shifa, Karachi from Jan 2014 – Dec 2014. Patients and Methods: All at term (>37 weeks) gestation uncomplicated singleton pregnancies who were booked before 16 weeks of gestation, and had no associated medical illness were included in the study. Patients with history of premature rupture of membranes (PROM), previous history of preterm delivery or any associated medical illness were excluded from the study. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of the patients who met the inclusion criteria and had uncomplicated oligohydroamnios, and group B includes the patients with normal amniotic fluid volume (no oligohydroamnios). Perinatal outcome and demographic and socioeconomic features of both groups were compared. Results: Total 226 women fulfilled the criteria and were recruited in the study with 106 in group A and 120 in group B. When the results of the two groups were compared, group A had low birth weight babies and were delivered at slightly earlier gestation and had higher incidence of meconium staining of liquor. They had higher caesarean section and induction rate as compared to group B. While there was no statistical difference in the APGAR score of the babies at birth or IUD rates and NICU admissions in the groups. Conclusion: Isolated oligohydramnios at term is not associated with adverse perinatal outcome but there is low birth weight and increased rates of caesarean section and meconium staining associated with it.
Bidirectional changes in ethanol consumption in rats with site-specific antisense down-regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptors in brain.

The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A receptor is an important component of the neural substrates underlying ethanol (EtOH) intake and behaviors related to anxiety and stress. Paradoxically, both 5-HT2A agonists and antagonists have been shown to reduce EtOH intake, however the mechanisms underlying these effects are not understood. This inconsistency could possibly be explained by their chronic down-regulation of the 5-HT2A receptor. To further address these findings, the present study sought to functionally characterize the role of localized 5-HT2A receptors in regulating EtOH ingestion by producing central nervous system site-specific receptor down-regulation through infusion of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). Rats were infused with 5-HT2A receptor ASO into the lateral ventricle (i.c.v.), prefrontal cortex (PFC), central amygdaloid nucleus, medial and lateral division (CeA/L), dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), or hippocampus (HIP) for a period of 26 days. Subjects were tested for EtOH intake and behaviors related to anxiety and stress. ASO administration i.c. v. and into the CeA/L significantly reduced EtOH intake. PFC 5-HT2A ASO administration increased EtOH intake. Administration of 5-HT2A ASO into the DRN and HIP had no effect on EtOH intake. Intracerebroventricular ASO administration increased activity in a novel open field and increased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze. PFC ASO administration produced an anxiogenic effect in the elevated plus maze. Intracerbroventricular, PFC, and CeA/L ASO infusions altered adrenocortical function. These differential behavioral effects specific to the anatomical locations targeted for 5-HT2A receptor down-regulation may help resolve a long-standing, apparent inconsistency in the role of 5-HT2A receptors in EtOH consumption.
Decreased magnetisation transfer ratio due to demyelination: a case of central pontine myelinolysis.

roglobulin, antimicrosome, or antiskeletal muscle autoantibodies whereas the generalised type showed a high titre and incidence of autoantibodies including AChR antibody.5 Seronegative patients or those with low AChR antibody may form a low responder subgroup of myasthenia gravis distinct from the high responders, who show a high titre of AChR antibody. Twelve patients (37 5%) were of the ocular type, which is higher than the incidence in the report of Confalonieri et al.' All subjects in Cohen-Kaminsky's report had generalised myasthenia gravis of type hIa or IIb.2 Chiu et a16 reported a difference in myasthenia gravis expression between Chinese and Caucasians. The characteristic population pattern in our study may be common to east Asians and may partly cause a different correlation between sIL-2R and disease activity. 2 The study of this characteristic population may lead to the elucidation of the pathogenesis of low responder myasthenia gravis.
[Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: clinical, pathologic features and effectiveness of new diagnostic criteria].

BACKGROUND/AIMS The effective and reproducible diagnostic parameters for differentiating benign from malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are still not clear. In this study, GISTs were diagnosed and classified by immunohistochemistry and their clinical and pathologic features were investigated. GISTs were re-evaluated by Amin's and NIH's criteria, and prognostic relevance of these two criteria were compared. METHODS Fifty cases of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor diagnosed from May 1990 to February 2000, were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for CD117, CD34, smooth muscle actin, and S-100 protein. GISTs were diagnosed according to Amin's and NIH's criteria. The relationship between the prognosis and diagnosis based on Amin's or NIH's classification were analyzed. RESULTS Thirty cases of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors were diagnosed as GISTs. The stomach (40%) and small bowel (40%) were the most common origin for GISTs. Immunophenotypically, null, myoid, neural, combined type were 70.0%, 10.0%, 16.7% and 3.3%, respectively. Seven cases showed metastasis and one case showed recurrence. According to Amin's criteria, 5 benign, 8 borderline and 17 malignant tumors were diagnosed. The NIH's criteria showed 2 very low risk, 6 low risk, 7 intermediate risk, and 15 high risk tumors. Metastasis or recurrence of GISTs had no significant relationship with malignancy according to Amin's criteria (p=0.4069) but had significant correlation with high risk tumor based on NIH's criteria. (p=0.0352). CONCLUSIONS GISTs showing local invasion, distant metastasis or recurrence were related with high risk tumors based on NIH's criteria. NIH's criteria might be better reliable scheme than Amin's for predicting the prognosis of GISTs.
Reduced severity of oxygen-induced retinopathy in eNOS-deficient mice.

PURPOSE Exposure of premature human infants to hyperoxia results in the obliteration of developing retina capillaries, leading to a vision-threatening retinopathy termed retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The authors hypothesized that this process may be mediated in part by endothelial nitric oxide (NO)-derived oxidants such as peroxynitrite and tested this hypothesis in a mouse model of ROP. METHODS Normal mice, mice treated with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N:(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), and knockout mice carrying a homozygous targeted disruption of the gene for endothelial NOS (eNOS) were studied in an experimental model of ROP. Retinas were compared for extent of capillary obliteration in hyperoxia, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, nitrotyrosine formation, and vitreous neovascularization. RESULTS Oxygen-induced retinal vaso-obliteration was significantly reduced by L-NNA treatment (43% decrease from controls). The eNOS-deficient mice showed a similar reduction in vaso-obliteration (46% decrease from controls), and vitreous neovascularization was also substantially reduced (threefold decrease). Retinal nitrotyrosine formation, a measure of in situ peroxynitrite modification of proteins, was significantly elevated in normal mice during hyperoxia, in a spatial and temporal pattern consistent with a role in oxygen-induced vaso-obliteration. This was not seen in eNOS-deficient mice. VEGF expression was similar in both groups of mice, although suppression in hyperoxia was slightly blunted in eNOS-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a role for NO and peroxynitrite in the pathogenesis of ROP. Therapies aimed at modulation of eNOS activity may have therapeutic potential for preventing ROP.
The Effect of Income Shifting on the Information Environment: Evidence from Two-Stage Least Squares and SFAS 131

We examine the information environment consequences that occur when U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) engage in outbound income shifting. Using a new measure of outbound income shifting that considers evidence of prior outbound shifting and firms’ incentives, we find income shifting increases information asymmetry, private information gathering, and information uncertainty. Cross-sectional tests reveal that the presence of monitoring institutional investors mitigates the information environment consequences of income shifting. Our study provides evidence that significant information environment consequences are associated with tax-motivated income shifting.
Serum Proteins in Amniotic Fluids in Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Twelve serum proteins in amniotic fluids and in corresponding maternal sera from 18 Rh sensitized gravidas were studied by radial immunodiffusion. No changes in the concentration of any of the proteins were found at different gestational ages when concentrations were expressed in g/100 g of protein. However, in some severely affected patients, total protein was markedly increased.
Food Insecurity in Selected African Countries: Effect of Food Imports among Other Predictors

It has been envisaged that Sub-Saharan Africa would remain the region with the highest level of food insecurity over the 2015-2025 period. This study, therefore, further investigates food insecurity and food imports in some selected African countries. The regression results based on the fixed effects model show that food imports, employment in agriculture, and food production have helped to reduce food insecurity in the five biggest African economies. However, livestock production, crop production, cereal yield as well as agricultural land area have not been able to reduce food insecurity in these countries. Agriculture value added per worker/food insecurity nexus was insignificant. Although, food importation remains a strong option for African countries in reducing their levels of food insecurity, policy measures by each country should be conceptualized based on their food security historical paths, environmental concerns, as well as their political, social and economic health.
Facts and Fantasies About Factor Investing

The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) developed by Sharpe (1964) is the starting point for the arbitrage pricing theory (APT). It uses a single risk factor to model the risk premium of an asset class. However, the CAPM has been the subject of important research, which has highlighted numerous empirical contradictions. Based on the APT theory proposed by Ross (1976), Fama and French (1992) and Carhart (1997) introduce other common factors models to capture new risk premia. For instance, they consequently define equity risk factors, such as market, value, size and momentum. In recent years, a new framework based on this literature has emerged to define strategic asset allocation. Similarly, index providers and asset managers now offer the opportunity to invest in these risk factors through factor indexes and mutual funds. These two approaches led to a new paradigm called 'factor investing' (Ang, 2014). Factor investing seems to solve some of the portfolio management issues that emerged in the past, in particular for long-term investors. However, some questions arise, especially with the number of risk factors growing over the last few years (Cochrane, 2011). What is a risk factor? Are all risk factors well-rewarded? What is their level of stability and robustness? How should we allocate between them? The main purpose of this paper is to understand and analyze the factor investing approach in order to answer these questions.
How Networking and Social Embeddedness Make Entrepreneurs Successful in Medium-Sized Cities of Peripheral Areas: A Location Case-Study in Brittany (France)

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. How Networking and Social Embeddedness Make Entrepreneurs Successful in Medium-Sized Cities of Peripheral Areas: A Location Case-Study in Brittany (France) Guy Baudelle, Gerhard Krauss, Clément Marinos
A multivariate analysis of Pseudocymopterus (Apiaceae)1

Abstract Currently, Pseudocymopterus comprises two species, P. montanus and P. longiradiatus. Pseudocymopterus montanus is highly variable morphologically and in the past was subdivided into several poorly defined taxa. Multivariate analyses of 235 specimens reflecting the morphological variability exhibited by these plants and representing populations from throughout the ranges of both species were conducted to examine morphological discontinuities in Pseudocymopterus. Multivariate analysis of variance and principal component analysis confirmed that most of the characters previously used to recognize taxa within the complex are highly variable and overlapping among putative taxa. While no clearly distinguished clusters were revealed on the plots of the first three principal components, groups corresponding to P. montanus and P. longiradiatus were weakly separated from each other. Discriminant analysis using the same set of specimens showed that P. montanus and P. longiradiatus can generally be distinguished using a set of characters. These results are consistent with recent molecular analyses that revealed DNA sequence differences between these taxa. We therefore propose that Pseudocymopterus continues to be treated as having two species, P. longiradiatus and P. montanus, with no infraspecific taxa.
Obstetric complications and school performance.

Little is known about the mental development of children who are exposed to obstetric complications and escape the immediate hazards of perinatal death or severe brain injury. This lack of knowledge results from the practical difficulties involved in collecting the obstetric histories of a large number of infants and relating them to school performance, or to some other index of intellectual development, several years later. During the past 16 years obstetric records have been compiled for all births within the City of Birmingham, and these now permit
Demonstration of subchondral bone density patterns by three‐dimensional ct osteoabsorptiometry as a noninvasive method for in vivo assessment of individual long‐term stresses in joints

Since the work of Pauwels and his successors, it has been possible to use the distribution of subchondral bone density within a joint surface as a metric parameter that can reflect the principal long‐term stress acting upon a joint. However, the x‐ray densitometry method he employed cannot be applied to living people. A procedure was therefore developed whereby CT osteoabsorptiometry (CT OAM), based on the use of computed tomography, allows the distribution pattern of the density to be demonstrated in living subjects. This method has now been further developed, so that the form of the individual joint surfaces can be included by means of a three‐dimensional reconstruction program. This method is presented here. In addition, selected representative examples of various joints from normal people, athletes, and patients are used to demonstrate the use of CT OAM. In these examples from living subjects, regularly occurring, reproducible distribution patterns of subchondral bone density can be recorded, reflecting changes in mechanical stresses on a joint (increased stress, reduced stress, and disorders of joint mechanics). CT osteoabsorptiometry is demonstrated as a suitable noninvasive technique for investigating the individual long‐term stresses (loading history) acting on a living joint.
Stagonospora nodorum: cause of stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat.

UNLABELLED SUMMARY Stagonospora nodorum is an important pathogen of wheat and related cereals, causing both a leaf and glume blotch. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of taxonomy, control and pathogenicity of this species. TAXONOMY Stagonospora (syn. Septoria) nodorum (Berk.) Castell. and Germano [teleomorph: Phaeosphaeria (syn. Leptosphaeria) nodorum (Müll.) Hedjar. ], kingdom Fungi, phylum Ascomycota, subphylum Euascomycota, class Dothideomycetes, order Pleosporales, family Phaeosphaeriaceae, genus Phaeosphaeria, species nodorum. HOST RANGE Wheat, Triticum aestivum, T. durum, Triticale, are the main hosts but other cereals and wild grasses have been reported to harbour S. nodorum. Disease symptoms are lens-shaped necrotic lesions on leaves, girdling necrosis on stems (especially the nodes, hence 'nodorum') and lesions on glumes. Mature lesions produce pycnidia scattered throughout the lesions, especially as tissue senesces. USEFUL WEBSITES http://ocid.nacse. org/research/deephyphae/htmls/asco_taxlist_spat. html (taxonomic information), http://ohioline.osu. edu/ac-fact/0002.html (disease information), http://wwwacnfp.murdoch. edu.au/ (ACNFP homepage), http://www.broad. mit.edu/annotation/fungi/stagonospora_nodorum/index.html (genome sequence homepage), http://cogeme.ex. ac.uk/efungi/ (genome sequence annotation and analysis).
Immune cells and bone: coupling goes both ways

There is a mounting body of research describing how cells of the immune system direct bone cell function whilst bone cells are involved in the generation and retention of immune cells and their precursors. Recent works into regulation of the haemopoietic stem cell niche have firmly implicated osteoblasts and osteoclasts. On the other hand, virtually all of the mature immune cells have been described to influence bone formation in vitro and in vivo. This review will summarize the latest developments and discuss the importance of the coupling of bone formation to resorption when considering the contributions from cells of the immune system.
Effects of induced chunking on temporal aspects of serial recitation.

75 SS LEARNED SERIAL LISTS COMPOSED OF RANDOM ORDERS OF 24 LETTERS OF THE ENGLISH ALPHABET. THE MAIN INDEPENDENT VARIABLE WAS STIMULUS GROUPING, WHERE THE LETTERS WERE PRESENTED EITHER 1, 3, 4, 6, OR 8 LETTERS AT A TIME. AFTER REACHING THE CRITERION OF 1 PERFECT RECITATION, SS WERE REQUIRED TO RECIT