Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Salient Vocal Qualities on Causal Attribution for a Speaker's Behavior

Considerable research has demonstrated an illusory causation effect in which visually salient people are perceived as more causal of events in a social interaction than their nonsalient counterparts. The present studies extended this work to the realm of auditory salience. Two determinants of auditory salience were manipulated—the intensity of a speaker's voice and the sex of a speaker's voice. As predicted, subjects attended more to a 75-dB (A) than to a 70-dB voice on a binaural listening test, and subjects attributed more causality to an actor in a two-person conversation when his voice was 75 dB in intensity than when it was 70 dB. Contrary to expectation, subjects did not attend more to the voice whose sex matched their own on the binaural listening test. Rather, all subjects listened more to the actor with the male voice. Consistent with this tendency for the male voice to be more salient, subjects attributed more causality to an actor when the voice was-male than when it had been electronically converted to a female voice of the same intensity and intonation. Vocal salience also influenced subjects' impressions of the actors, but it had no impact on recall of the actors' verbalizations. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Resource Competition within Female Social Networks among Small-scale Forager-Horticulturalists

This paper examines social determinants of resource competition among Tsimane Amerindian women of Bolivia. We introduce a semi-anonymous experiment (the Social Strategy Game) designed to simulate resource competition among women. Information concerning dyadic social relationships and demographic data were collected to identify variables influencing resource competition intensity, as measured by the number of beads one woman took from another. Relationship variables are used to test how the affiliative or competitive aspects of dyads affect the extent of prosociality in the game. Using a mixed-modeling procedure, we find that women compete with those with whom they are quarreling over accusations of meat theft, mate competition, and rumor spreading. They also compete with members of their social network and with those who were designated as cooperative helpers or as close kin. Women take fewer beads from desired friends, neighbors, and from those viewed as enemies. We interpret favoritism toward enemies as resulting from fear of retribution. Our results suggest that social relations among women are multifaceted and often cannot be simplified by exclusive focus on genetic relatedness, physical proximity, or reciprocity. We argue that a complex
Job Enrichment Versus Social Cues: A Comparison and Competitive Test

Forty-one part-time student employees were randomly assigned in a 2 X 2 factorial research design including 2 types of social cues and 2 levels of job enrichment to investigate the effects of the independent variables on perceptions of job enrichment, job ambiguity, job satisfaction, and productivity. All employees worked in a simulated organizational setting involving a routine clerical task. The results showed that both the cues given off by co-workers as well as the physical properties of the task have an effect on employee perceptions of job enrichment and job ambiguity. In addition, people receiving positive social cues from co-workers were more satisfied and more productive than people receiving negative social cues from co-workers. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance for current theories of job motivation. Job enrichment has become an increasingly important issue in both the empirical and practical literature about the quality of work life in America. It is argued that job enrichment will increase commitment and satisfaction as well as the productivity of employees (e.g., Hackman & Oldham, 1975; Herzberg, 1966). These benefits supposedly result from increased levels of certain job characteristics such as task variety, task identity, significance of the job, job autonomy, and feedback (Hackman & Lawler, 1971; Hackman & Oldham, 197,6; Turner & Lawrence, 1965). It is also argued that these effects are strongest for those individuals who have high needs for achievement and growth (Oldham, Hackman, & Pearce, 1976; Steers & Spencer, 1977; Stone, Mowday, & Porter, 1977). Thus, job enrichment, when properly applied, may be
La política como debate temático o estratégico. Framing de la campaña electoral mexicana de 2012 en la prensa digital

The media play a crucial role during election campaigns, transferring information that will be used by citizens in their decision-making. In order to detect how the digital press framed the election for the presidency of Mexico in 2012, a content analysis (n = 1287) of the campaign news was conducted. The study found a predominant use of a strategic game frame throughout the campaign, at the expense of an issue frame.
An adaptive approach to human decision making: Learning theory, decision theory, and human performance.

This article describes a general model of decision rule learning, the rule competition model, composed of 2 parts: an adaptive network model that describes how individuals learn to predict the payoffs produced by applying each decision rule for any given situation and a hill-climbing model that describes how individuals learn to fine tune each rule by adjusting its parameters. The model was tested and compared with other models in 3 experiments on probabilistic categorization. The first experiment was designed to test the adaptive network model using a probability learning task, the second was designed to test the parameter search process using a criterion learning task, and the third was designed to test both parts of the model simultaneously by using a task that required learning both category rules and cutoff criteria. Probabilistic categorization is an important class of decision problems in which stimuli are sampled from a number of categories and the decision maker must decide the category from which each stimulus was sampled. Payoffs depend on both the true category membership and the decision maker's response for each stimulus. Examples are found in all areas of psychology: In perception, auditory or visual stimuli are categorized as signal or noise, and in memory recognition, verbal items are categorized as old or new. In cognition, exemplar patterns are assigned to conceptual categories, and in industrial psychology, job applicants are categorized as acceptable or unacceptable. Finally, in clinical psychology, patient symptom patterns are assigned to disease categories. For the past 35 years, the general theory of signal detection (Peterson, Birdsall, & Fox, 1954) has served as the most prominent model of probabilistic categorization. It has been successfully applied to all of the areas of psychology mentioned (see Green & Swets, 1966; for perception; Bernbach, 1967, and Wickelgren & Norman, 1966, for memory recognition; Ashby & Gott, 1988, for conceptual categorization; Cronbach & Gleser, 1965, for industrial psychology; and Swets & Pickett, 1982, for medical diagnosis). The core idea is that (a) each stimulus is represented as a point within a multidimensional stimulus space, (b) this multidimensional space is partitioned into response regions, and (c) a stimulus is categorized according to the region within which it lies. Simple decision rules are normally used to describe how the stimulus space is partitioned. ' For example, unidimensional stimuli can be divided into two categories by either a cutoff rule (all points above a cutoff go into one category) or by an interval rule (all points inside an interval go into one category). Two-dimensional stimuli can be partitioned into
12 haftalık egzersiz programının Atipik otizmli çocukların kaba motor beceri düzeylerine Etkisi

Ama c : Bu calisma; 12 haftalik egzersiz programinin, Atipik otizmli cocuklarin kaba motor beceri duzeylerine etkisini tespit etmek amaciyla yapilmistir. Materyal ve Yontem: Calismaya; Atipik otizm tanisi konulan 14 erkek cocuk (yas ortalamsi; 10.07±0.25 yil, agirlik 24.97±0.64kg, boy 126.79±1.33cm) katilmistir. Katilimcilar, sirali yontem kullanilarak iki grup olusturuldu. I. grup: Otizm Egzersiz Grubu (OEG, n=7), II. grup: Otizm Kontrol Grubu (OKG, n=7) olarak belirlendi. Calismada; Bruininks-Oseretsky Kaba Motor Yeterlilik Testi (BOT2) parametrelerinden kosma hizi ve ceviklik, denge, bilateral koordinasyon ve kuvvetle ilgili testler uygulandi. Egzersiz grubundaki cocuklara, 12 hafta sureyle haftada 3 gun, gunde 60dk. ipucunun giderek azaltilmasiyla ogretim teknigi kullanilarak egzersiz programi uygulandi. Verilerin analizinde Wilcoxon Eslestirilmis Iki Ornek Testi ve Mann-Whitney U testi kullanildi. Anlamlilik duzeyi olarak p 0.05). Ayrica kontrol grubunun on-son test verilerinin istatistiksel olarak karsilastirilmasi sonucunda fark gorulmedi (p>0.05). Sonuclar: Duzenli yapilan egzersizlerin Atipik otizmli cocuklarin, kaba motor beceri parametrelerinin gelisimine onemli katki saglayabilecegini vurgulayabiliriz.
Do studies of statistical power have an effect on the power of studies

The long-term impact of studies of statistical power is investigated using J. Cohen's (1962) pioneering work as an example. We argue that the impact is nil; the power of studies in the same journal that Cohen reviewed (now the Journal of Abnormal Psychology) has not increased over the past 24 years. In 1960 the median power (i.e., the probability that a significant result will be obtained if there is a true effect) was . 46 for a medium size effect, whereas in 1984 it was only . 37. The decline of power is a result of alpha-adjusted procedures. Low power seems to go unnoticed: only 2 out of 64 experiments mentioned power, and it was never estimated. Nonsignificance was generally interpreted as confirmation of the null hypothesis (if this was the research hypothesis), although the median power was as low as . 25 in these cases. We discuss reasons for the ongoing neglect of power.
Quantitative analysis of research trends in a leading ecological journal: bibliometric study during 2003-2012

The journal Ecology is one of the premier journals in the field of ecology, published by the Ecological Society of America. Ten volumes of the journal containing 120 issues from 2003 to 2012 have been taken into consideration for the present study that carries out a bibliometric analysis of the 3,359 papers and 164,369 references of this journal. The analysis covers parameters like growth pattern, authorship pattern and author productivity, with most productive countries and institutions. Out of 3,359 contributions, only 410 were single-authored and the rest were multi-authored with a Collaboration Coefficient of 0.21. Applicability of Lotka's Law has been tested. The most productive institution was the University of California at Davis, with 183 publications. The United States of America topped the list of countries with 2,188 papers, while South Africa occupied eighteenth position.
Do Early Talkers Become Early Readers? Linguistic Precocity, Preschool Language, and Emergent Literacy

Twenty-five children, selected for verbal precocity at 20 months of age, participated in a longitudinal study investigating predictors of later language and literacy skills. Although children remained verbally precocious, there was a low incidence of precocious reading. Exposure to instruction in letter names and sounds was a significant predictor of children's knowledge of print conventions, invented spelling, and phonological awareness at age 4V2. Frequency of story reading in the home and child engagement in a story reading episode at age 24 months were significant predictors of children's language ability at age 2! h and Alh and knowledge of print conventions at age 4'/2. It is concluded that story reading with parents as well as literacy instruction contributes to the development of emergent literacy in verbally precocious children. What is the significance of verbal precocity? Are there implications for later related skills such as reading? Wells (1987) pointed out that literacy, like oral language, is acquired through a child's active sense making of data encountered in adult-child interaction. However, literacy, even more than oral language, seems to require specific kinds of input (e.g., books and print; McCormick & Mason, 1986; Snow, 1983). How dependent is literacy development on language skill compared with literacy exposure? The study reported here was undertaken to relate linguistically precocious children's early verbal skills, parentchild interaction patterns, and instructional experiences to their later language and literacy skills. We wondered, for example, whether early talkers would tend to become early readers, and if not, what experiences would determine who did. Little is known regarding the phenomenon of linguistic precocity. This article is based on one of the first studies to investigate longitudinally the development of children who talked early. Previous results of this project have demonstrated that exceptional language at 20 months is maintained at 24 months and 2'/2 years; however, linguistic precocity does not necessarily extend to nonverbal ability at these early ages (Robinson, Dale, & Landesman, 1990). In the present study, we had the opportunity to investigate the stability of linguistic precocity across a much wider age span. Thus, our first research question in
Development and validation of a physical self-efficacy scale.

Theory development in the area of. perceived physical self-efficacy has been impeded by a lack of psychometrically sound instruments to measure physical self-concept. Six studies were conducted as part of a research program designed to remedy this deficiency by creating an individual-difference measure of physical self-efficacy with adequate psychometric properties. In the first study, data from a large pool of items that had been administered to undergraduates were factor analyzed, and two underlying dimensions within a global measure of physical self-efficacy were identified: a Perceived Physical Ability factor and a Physical Self-Presentation Confidence factor. The second study was aimed at the establishment of the stability of these two subscales and the total scale, Test-retest and alpha coefficients were found to be highly satisfactory. The remaining four studies were concerned with determining the construct validity of the scales. In line with theoretical expectations, subjects who perceived themselves as having excellent physical skills had higher self-esteem, an internal locus of control, a lack of social anxiety and self-consciousness, and a tendency to engage in adventurous physical activities as well as disinhibiting sexual experiences. It was also found that subjects with positive perceptions of their physical competence outperformed subjects with poorer self-regard in this sphere on three tasks involving the use of physical skills. Finally, potential uses for the scale in medical, physical education, and clinical settings are discussed.
Top 1 in 10,000: A 10-Year Follow-Up of the Profoundly Gifted

Adolescents identified before the age of 13 (N = 320) as having exceptional mathematical or verbal reasoning abilities (top 1 in 10,000) were tracked over 10 years. They pursued doctoral degrees at rates over 50 times base-rate expectations, with several participants having created noteworthy literary, scientific, or technical products by their early 20s. Early observed distinctions in intellectual strength (viz., quantitative reasoning ability over verbal reasoning ability, and vice versa) predicted sharp differences in their developmental trajectories and occupational pursuits. This special population strongly preferred educational opportunities tailored to their precocious rate of learning (i.e., appropriate developmental placement), with 95% using some form of acceleration to individualize their education.
Когнитивные и нейропсихиатрические расстройства при экстрапирамидных заболеваниях

The affliction of basal ganglia and their associations, which underlies extrapyramidal diseases, leads not only to diverse movements, but also to a broad spectrum of neuropsychological disorders, including cognitive, emotional-personality, and psychotic ones. The basis for these disorders are most commonly dysfunction of one or a few parallel frontostriatal circuits combining the basal ganglia with the thalamus, limbic structures, frontal and other cortical regions into the uniform functional system. The pattern of neuropsychological disorders has both specific and common features, the discussion of which is the subject matter of this paper. Analysis of the specific features of neuropsychological and behavioral disorders allows one to specify the localization of a pathological process and its extent, which may be of important differential diagnostic value. Cognitive and emotional-personality impairments sometimes develop earlier than motor disorders and their detection may be of significance for the early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease or Huntington’s disease in persons who are predisposed to these diseases. Moreover, to establish the nature of mental disorders and the degree of their disadapting effect and to identify the affected and preserved components in the psychic processes are important for the choice of adequate pharmacotherapy and the elaboration of neuropsychological rehabilitation programs.
Gestures and some key issues in the study of language development

The purpose of the current paper is to outline how gestures can contribute to the study of some key issues in language development. Specifically, we (1) briefly summarise what is already known about gesture in the domains of first and second language development, and development or changes over the life span more generally; (2) highlight theoretical and empirical issues in these domains where gestures can contribute in important ways to further our understanding; and (3) summarise some common themes in all strands of research on language development that could be the target of concentrated research efforts.
Errors in Individual Risk Tolerance

This paper focuses on risk tolerance, which works as a relevant feature affecting financial decision-making. Specifically, financial risk tolerance may be defined as ‘the maximum amount of uncertainty someone is willing to accept when making a financial decision’ (Grable, 2008). Theoretically, financial risk tolerance depends upon different dimensions of risk. Weber et al. (2002) refer to risk attitude as ‘a person’s standing on the continuum from risk aversion to risk seeking’ (p. 222), and they contend that the degree of risk-taking is highly domain-specific. Risk-averse individuals in one domain (e.g., financial choices) may not behave consistently across other domains (sports, social skills.). In a word, risk taking behaviour is multidimensional. From the perspective of financial planners (Cordell, 2002; Boone and Lubitz, 2003), financial risk tolerance can be defined as a combination of both ‘risk attitude’ (how much risk I choose to take) and ‘risk capacity’ (how much risk I can afford to take). Nevertheless, these two components of risk tolerance are intrinsically different: risk attitude is a psychological attribute (Weber et al., 2002, also refer to it as a personality trait), whereas risk capacity is principally a financial attribute.
Human worker activity recognition in industrial environments

In dieser Arbeit wird eine intelligente Mensch-Maschine Schnittstelle vorgestellt, die diese Funktionalitäten bietet und auf einem Schnittstellenkonzept beruht, das flexible und wieder verwendbare Komponenten vorsieht und somit verschiedene Szenarien für mögliche Anwendungen abzudecken vermag. Kernpunkte dieser Mensch-Maschine Schnittstelle sind ein Positionserkennungssystem zur genauen und robusten Bestimmung von Positionen beliebiger Objekte in Innenräumen, die automatische Erkennung von menschlichen Tätigkeiten, sowie ein Verfahren zur Erkennung von Handgesten.
Eye Tracker Input in First Person Shooter Games

The reported work is a part of an effort to evaluate a range of input devices in this context. Our results on the other devices in the same game allow us to compare the efficiency of eye trackers as game controllers against more conventional devices. Our goal regarding eye trackers is to see whether they can help players perform better. Some FPS games are played competitively over the Internet. If using an eye tracker gives an edge in competitive play, players may want to acquire eye tracking equipment. Eye trackers as input devices in FPS games have been investigated before (Jonsson, 2005), but that investigation focused on user impressions rather than on the efficiency and effectiveness of eye trackers in this domain. However, Jonsson’s results on eye tracker efficiency in a non-FPS game were encouraging.
Rich statistical parsing and literary language

This thesis studies parsing and literature with the Data-Oriented Parsing framework, which assumes that chunks of previous experience can be exploited to analyze new sentences. As chunks we consider syntactic tree fragments. After presenting a method to efficiently extract such fragments from treebanks based on heuristics of re-occurrence, we employ them to develop a multi-lingual statistical parser. We show how a mildly context-sensitive grammar can be employed to produce discontinuous constituents, and compare this to an approximation that stays within the efficiently parsable context-free framework. We show that tree fragments allow the grammar to adequately capture the statistical regularities of non-local relations, without the need for the increased generative capacity of mildly context-sensitive grammar. The second part investigates what separates literary from other novels. We work with a corpus of novels and a reader survey with ratings of how literary they are perceived to be. The main goal is to find out the extent to which the literary ratings can be predicted from the texts. We first evaluate simple measures such as vocabulary richness, text compressibility, and the number of cliche expressions. In addition we apply more sophisticated, predictive models: a topic model, bag-of-words model, and a model based on syntactic tree fragments. We find that literary ratings are predictable from textual features to a large extent. While it is not possible to infer a causal relation, this result clearly rules out the notion that these value-judgments of literary merit were arbitrary, or predominantly determined by factors beyond the text.
Psikolojik Dayanıklılığın İş Tatmini ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Tutumlarındaki Rolü

Bu calismanin amaci, orgutsel psikolojik sermaye yapisi unsurlarindan psikolojik dayaniklilik faktorunun, temel orgutsel sonuc degiskenlerinden olan is tatmini ve orgutsel baglilik tutumlari uzerindeki rolunun ortaya cikarilmasidir. Calismanin orneklemini 257 banka calisani olusturmaktadir. Anket yontemi ile verilerin toplandigi aras- tirmada Psikolojik Dayaniklilik Olcegi, Is Tatmin olcegi ve Orgutsel Baglilik Olcegi kullanilmistir. Elde edilen veriler yapisal esitlik modellemesi kullanilarak Amos 16.0 istatistik programi ile analiz edilmistir. Arastirma bulgulari, zorluklar ve problemlerle karsilasildiginda, basari elde etmek icin kendini toparlama, basariya odaklanma ve bu yolda amacini surdurme kapasitesi olarak degerlendirilen psikolojik dayaniklilik faktorunun, orgutsel bag- lamda basari ve performansla iliskilendirilen temel degiskenlerden is tatmini (β=0,21; p