Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONALIZED CARE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL WELL-BEING OF THE ELDERLY IN KENYA: A CASE OF NYUMBA YA WAZEE NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of institutionalized care on psychosocial well- being of the elderly in Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted a case study research design. The study population comprised of 118 persons who included the institutions managers, staffs and the elderly persons in Nyumba ya Wazee. A census methodology was used for the managers and staffs (50) whereas purposive sampling was used to sample the elderly persons (20) within the institution. The data was collected using structured questionnaires while interview schedules was administered to the aged people within the Home. The collected data was entered and coded into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for analysis. Frequencies, percentages and means was presented. Results: The study found out that institutionalized care for the old was found to influence psychosocial well-being of elderly. The care given to the elderly was found to be very important because it influences their psychosocial well-being and hence improves the lives of the elderly at large. Institution policy framework was found to influence the psychosocial well-being of elderly. Old person placed in the institution for the aged do have relative caregivers though they are also assigned non-relative caregivers. Further it was clear from this study that old people are comfortable with the policy frame work for the institution and they have good attitude towards their caregivers which influences positively towards their psychosocial well-being. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that care institutions should ensure that the elderly have a life satisfaction in terms of the ability to transform negative to positive outcome. The care institution should ensure that the elderly never lack basic needs and their health is good. Institutions should ensure caregivers within the institution are well trained and receive on-the-job training to effectively look after the elderly. The community at large should support the management towards ensuring that the institution provides the care to the elderly.
Children’s Relationship to Plants among Primary School Children in Finland

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. rural, urban, nature-child relationship, horticultural intervention SUMMARY. There is considerable evidence that children in modern society are losing their contact with nature and, more precisely, with green plants. Is this also the case in Finland, a northern country famous for its forests and wild nature? This study examines the relationship of 9- to 10-year-old Finnish schoolchildren with the green environment and plants. The data were gathered by a questionnaire comprising structured and open-ended questions. The focus of the research was on two comparisons: first, on the nature and child relationship in rural and urban neighborhoods and, second, among boys and girls. Participants in the study amounted to a total of 76 children, 42 in the Helsinki suburb area and 34 in Paltamo. The results suggested that the children in rural surroundings had closer contact with nature than their urban associates. For example, the children of Paltamo reported to know the trees better, and considered human beings to be part of nature more often (100% vs. 76% of the pupils in Helsinki, P = 0,003). Similarly, the results showed that girls in the study (N = 48) were more interested in plants than boys (N = 28). For the girls, the beauty and joy of plants was important, whereas the boys appreciated plants as the source of life. After the pre-questioning, the children of Helsinki participated in an in-class horticultural intervention and 10 days later, answered a similar questionnaire again. The results of the open-ended questions revealed that equally to children in other Western countries, Finnish children may also be in danger of losing their direct contact with the natural environment. It was common to pass free time in organized sports such as hockey or football (boys), or by just walking and talking with friends (girls). Rural children told that they still built huts, pick berries, and climb trees, whereas urban children played in parks and city groves. The results suggest that it is essential to research further the children’s own experiences if we are to understand, and subsequently, to enhance, the crucial role of the green environment in their lives. Horticultural interventions can be effective starting points to add to children’s knowledge, affection, and interest toward greenery, but it is highly recommended that they take place outdoors rather than indoors.
Social Stratification in Women's Speech in Rural Puerto Rico: A Study of Five Phonological Features

From the fall of 1982 to the summer of 1985, while teaching at the University of Puerto Rico in Mayaguez on the island’s west coast, on numerous occasions I heard reference to “la lechi de poti que toman en Lari. ” Lares is a municipality in the mountainous interior of the western PR. The reference to “lechi,” “poti,” and “Lari” instead of “leche,” “pote,” and “Lares” attracted my attention because of my previous work with high-vowel features in northern Spain (Holmquist 1985, 1988). In PR, this refrain is people’s way of characterizing traditional speech of the western highlands. I first visited the community of Castaner in the southern region of the municipality of Lares in 1988. There I was introduced to a coffee farmer and his young American wife. With the help of this friendly couple over the next several years I came to know many people in Castaner. Eventually, between 1993 and 1997 I recorded conversations with 135 individuals in and around Castaner. Because of the size of this sample, I decided to limit my initial analysis to male speakers, whose recordings I had finished somewhat before those of the females. This allowed me to examine social factors conditioning speech without including gender. I have presented results of this work in several forums, including at the First Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics at Albany (Holmquist 2003). This presentation is my first of findings from the recordings with women.
Estimating changes in Scottish soil carbon stocks using ECOSSE. I. Model description and uncertainties

To predict the response of C-rich soils to external change, models are needed that accurately reflect the conditions of these soils. Estimation of Carbon in Organic Soils—Sequestration and Emissions (ECOSSE) is a model that allows simulations of soil C and N turnover in both mineral and organic soils using only the limited meteorological, land-use and soil data that is available at the national scale. Because it is able to function at field as well as national scales if appropriate input data are used, field-scale evaluations can be used to determine uncertainty in national simulations. Here we present an evaluation of the uncertainty expected in national-scale simulations of Scotland, using data from the National Soil Inventory of Scotland. This data set provides measurements of C change for the range of soils, climates and land-use types found across Scotland. The simulated values show a high degree of association with the measurements in both total C and change in C content of the soil. Over all sites where land-use change occurred, the average deviation between the simulated and measured values of percentage change in soil C was less than the experimental error (11% simulation error, 53% measurement error). This suggests that the uncertainty in the national-scale simulations will be ~11%. Only a small bias in the simulations was observed compared to the measured values, suggesting that a small underestimate of the change in soil C should be expected at the national scale (–4%).
Critical period of interspecific competition for northern conifers associated with herbaceous

Using critical-period analysis, we examined the temporal effects of interspecific competition from herbaceous vegetation on seedlings of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) during the first 5 years after planting. The critical period is the time period during stand development when interspecific competition reduces tree growth. We found both similarities and differences in responses among tree species. Gains in stem volume index associated with increasing duration of vegetation control (expressed by weed-free curves) differed among species. In contrast, declines in stem volume index with increasing duration of competition after planting (expressed by weed-infested curves) were equal among species. Critical periods for stem volume index were shorter for shade-intolerant jack and red pine (1 and 2 years after planting) than for more shade-tolerant white pine and black spruce (1-3 years for spruce and 1-4 years for white pine). Intolerant species had greater absolute stem volume growth, but smaller relative declines from continuous association with herbaceous vegetation (85, 81, 78, and 67% for white pine, black spruce, red pine, and jack pine, respectively). Herbaceous vegetation did not affect survival and had a variable influence on height growth of all species.
Carbohydrate quality of barley products with focus on β-glucan

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has a high content of dietary fibre and especially of mixed-linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan (β-glucan). It is well documented that a high intake of dietary fibre promotes beneficial health effects e.g. lower risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. β-Glucan in oats and barley even has an approved EFSA health claim for maintaining normal blood cholesterol levels. Cereals are usually processed before consumption and it is therefore important to study not only raw materials, but also how they are affected by processing. Six barley varieties with different starch and dietary fibre content and composition were followed from kernel via sifted flour to two products: extruded breakfast cereal and bread. The starch and dietary fibre content and composition were analysed in each step to determine how processing affected each variety. The difference between kernels and sifted flour was large, as expected since the outer part of the kernel containing mostly insoluble dietary fibres was removed. The varieties were affected mostly in the same way and differences in kernels were observed also in sifted flours. Extrusion increased the extractability of arabinoxylan and β-glucan while decreasing the molecular weights and the contents. The molecular weight of arabinoxylan of one variety (SW 28708) was less affected by extrusion than the other varieties while another variety (KVL 301) had a considerably lower extractability of β-glucan in the extruded product than the other varieties. Bread baking also increased the extractability of β-glucan and arabinoxylan while decreasing the molecular weights. There was however one variety (SLU 7) that maintained a higher molecular weight of β-glucan. Since molecular weight reduction during baking is a known problem this was studied further. The β-glucanase activity was similar in sifted flour of all barley varieties, but higher for the wheat flour used in this study. This implied that differences in β-glucan breakdown depend on structure or some inhibitory factor in SLU 7. Incubation with water in 37 °C also gave lower breakdown of β-glucan in SLU 7 compared to other varieties. β-Glucan generally consists of 90% cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl units but the ratio between them was different for SLU 7 than for other varieties, which could be part of the explanation for the differences in β-glucan breakdown.
The effect of Imagine Math on high school students with learning disabilities

v List of Figures . ix List of Tables . x Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Statement of the Problem . 4 Purpose of the Study . 4 Research Questions . 5 Statement of Hypothesis . 5 Significance of the Study . 5 Key Terms . 6 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature . 8 Use of Technology in Instruction . 8 Students with Learning Disabilities in Mathematics . 9 Use of Technology to Increase Student Achievement and Engagement . 13 Imagine Math in the Classroom . 15 Conclusion . 18 Chapter 3: Methodology . 19 Setting . 19 School . 19 Classroom . 19 Participants . 20
The Syntax of Appositive Relativization: On Specifying Coordination, False Free Relatives, and Promotion

Appositive relative clauses differ in some essential respects from restrictive relative clauses. I argue that appositive relatives and appositions can be put together as a third class of coordination denoting specification. Thus, an appositive relative is a specifying conjunct to the visible antecedent. It is a semifree relative with a pronominal head that is normally empty. Therefore, its internal syntax is equivalent to that of restrictive relatives; hence, there is one syntax for both types of relative clauses. In essence, it is the context of specifying coordination that accounts for the different behavior of appositive relatives. In the light of this analysis, the properties of appositive relatives (as opposed to restrictive relatives) are systematically reviewed.
Poor Health Reporting : Do Poor South Africans Underestimate Their Health Needs?

Researchers often rely on household survey data to investigate health disparities and the incidence and prevalence of illness. These self-reported health measures are often biased due to information asymmetry or differences in reference groups. Using the World Health Organization study on global ageing and adult health, I find that the poor use a different reporting scale from the more affluent, leading to overestimation of their health status. This is tested by using the relatively novel anchoring vignettes approach and applying the hierarchical ordered probit model. Underestimation by the poor of their ill health could mean that South Africa.s high levels of socioeconomic health inequalities are greater than realized.
Understorey bird responses to the edge-interior gradient in an isolated tropical rainforest of Malaysia

The fact that the world is losing its biodiversity due to human activities, particularly around the tropical forest region, has been widely known. One of the biggest threats to biodiversity is the edge effects, especially in isolated and fragmented habitats. The change in understorey bird community composition and habitat variables were studied along an edge-to-interior gradient in a 1248 ha lowland rainforest patch in peninsular Malaysia. Birds and environmental variables such as vegetation structure and litter depth were detected within a 25 m radius of each of 93 sampling points distributed throughout the forest. Species composition differed along the edge-interior gradient at the guild and species level, although only a few species were entirely confined to either edge or interior habitat. Based on bird-habitat associations along the edge-interior gradient, two groups were distinguished. Abundance of the edge-specialist group, mainly foliage-gleaning insectivores and insectivore/ frugivores, was positively correlated with ground cover, light intensity, shrub cover, temperature, and percent of shrub cover between 0.5 and 2 m height. Some of these edge-preferring species also occurred in the matrix surrounding the patch and were extremely abundant, which may create problems for forest species. In contrast, the interior-specialist group, mainly terrestrial insectivores, avoided the forest edge and was positively associated with humidity, canopy cover, number of dead trees, percentage of litter cover, and depth of the litter layer. From a conservation perspective, forest remnants in the lowlands of Peninsular Malaysia that have a deep leaf litter layer, a dense canopy cover, high number of dead trees, and high relative humidity are able to support regionally significant understorey bird species that are sensitive to edge effects. As such these forests have important conservation value.
Evaluation of nonequilibrium boundary conditions for hypersonic rarefied gas flows

A new Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver for high-speed viscous §ows in the OpenFOAM code is validated against published experimental data and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) results. The laminar §at plate and circular cylinder cases are studied for Mach numbers, Ma, ranging from 6 to 12.7, and with argon and nitrogen as working gases. Simulation results for the laminar §at plate cases show that the combination of accommodation coe©cient values σu =0 . 7a nd σT =1 . 0 in the Maxwell/Smoluchowski conditions, and the coe©cient values A1 =1 . 5a ndA2 =1 . 0 in the second-order velocity slip condition, give best agreement with experimental data of surface pressure. The values σu =0 . 7a ndσT =1 . 0 also give good agreement with DSMC data of surface pressure at the stagnation point in the circular cylinder case at Kn = 0.25. The Langmuir surface adsorption condition is also tested for the laminar §at plate case, but initial results were not as good as the Maxwell/Smoluchowski boundary conditions.
Design, Development and In Vitro Evaluation of Novel Fast Disintegrating Tablet for Acetaminophen Delivery Using Direct Compression Method

In this study, attempts were made to design and developed disintegrating drug delivery system; Acetaminophen fast disintegrating tablet (AFDT) by combining superdisintegrants and direct compression method. Acetaminophen is widely used as “over the counter (OTC)” and “common household drug” as analgesic and antipyretic along with poor absorption due to first pass metabolism. So, we aimed to use our novel delivery system to achieve rapid absorption in patients like mentally ill, bed ridden and those who do not have easy access to water. The AFDT were produced by combining three superdisintegrants like croscarmellose, crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate in 4% w/w as ratio of (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) using direct compression method. The optimized batch (A3) of tablet were evaluated for postcompression parameters like hardness (4.5 ± 0.75 kg/cm2), friability (0.76%), wetting time (42 ± 0.92 s), water absorption ratio (98.6%), disintegration time (24.00 ± 0.83 s) were found to be acceptable according to standard limits. The in vitro release rate of acetaminophen from AFDT was found to be more than that simple formulation in pH (5.8) using United State Pharmacopoeia dissolution test apparatus Type II. These results indicated that, the new AFDT formulation system combined advantage of faster release of acetaminophen, which had better effects of rapid oral absorption. Therefore, the AFDT may be used as fast disintegrating delivery system for OTC drug with poor absorption due to first pass metabolism.
Prevalence and factors leading to early childhood caries among children (71 months of age or younger) in Karachi, Pakistan

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) and factors leading to it among 71 months of age children or younger in Karachi, Pakistan. ECC is a preventable chronic disease affecting infants and children worldwide. The early detection of ECC can reduce pain and life threatening conditions and help growth and development of infant and children. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. About 650 mothers of children (71 months of age or younger) were randomly selected and interviewed using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The dental examination was performed by the dentist, who was calibrated against a standard examiner using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The data was entered and analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16 software. ECC was found in 23.5% of children with mean decayed missing and filled teeth (dmft) of 0.67. The factors identified were age of the child, mother educational and occupational status, sweetened drink consumption at night and not utilizing routine dental health care services. This study concluded that high proportion of ECC was found among children (71 months of age children or younger) and factors identified were all preventable and needs attention to promote dental health education and routine dental visits. Key words: Early childhood caries (ECC), mothers, risk factors, children 6 to 71 months of age.
Temperature Profiles In An Opposed-Flow Flame Spread Over Paper

Temperature profiles around a flame stably spreading downward over a filter paper in an upward air flow were examined for further understanding of the effects of the free-stream velocity on opposed-flow flame spread over thin solid combustibles. Temperature was measured by fine thermocouple, and gas phase temperature profiles were determined as well as surface temperature distributions. In the stable flame spread region, the flame sPfe~d rate decreases gradually as the free-stream velocity U increases. Although the flame temperature at its leading edge is approximately independent of U, in the vicinity of the leading edge the flame temperature gradient along the reaction zone increases with U As U increases, the location of the flame leading edge moves to downstream direction toward the pyrolysis zone front and also the gas-phase temperature rising zone ahead of the flame leading edge becomes shorter, with reducing the heat flow from gas phase to the preheat zone surface. The gas phase temperature gradient at the pyrolysis zone surface essentially increases with U, and the pyrolysis zone length decreases more rapidly than the flame spread rate. These suggest that as U increases the mean ejection velocity of the pyrolysis gas increases in spite of the reduction of the total mass flux of the evolved pyrolysis gas. Based on the experimental results, the effects of the free-stream velocity of opposed air flow on the flame spread processes were discussed.
Effect of silicon application on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth under water deficiency stress

Silicon is known to ameliorate the deleterious effects of drought on plant growth. We evaluated growth of wheat (CV. Inqlab-91) on different soil water regimes as affected by Si application. Silicon was added in soil @ 50 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg of soil. Plants were grown with three levels of soil water contents viz 50%, 75% and 100% of field capacity. Water deficiency in soil significantly reduced shoot biomass and spike weight of wheat plants. Silicon application significantly (p<0.01) increased plant biomass, plant height and spike weight at all levels of water contents. Poor growth of plants in water deficient conditions was significantly improved with Si application. Silicon application significantly increased Si concentration and uptake in wheat plants grown at all three soil water levels. Mechanisms underlying growth improvement under drought are still unclear and must be explored.