Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parental Socio-Economic Status, Family Structure and Living Environment as Predictors of Violence against Children in Lagos, Nigeria

This study sets out to find out whether parental socioeconomic status, family structure and living environment are predictors of violence against children. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide the investigation. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study and the population of the study consisted of all the children in public primary schools and in junior secondary schools within Lagos state of Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was adopted for the study. Random samples of twenty five children were picked from each of the sixteen schools selected. This gives a total 400 participants that were used for the study. Experts in Sociology, measurement and evaluation certified the content validity of the questionnaire, while the co-efficient of the reliability of the four sections of the questionnaire were ascertained to be 0.63; 0.68; 0.66 and 0.73, respectively for sections A,B,C and D. Chi-square statistical tools was used to test the hypotheses for-
Seed biopriming with salinity tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum alleviates salt stress in rice: growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine the effect of seed biopriming with five salinity tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum on the response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to different salt stress levels. One factor was different Trichoderma treatments (Th-13, Th- 14, Th-19, Th-33 and Th-50) and the second factor was four levels of salt stress viz., 0, 70, 150 and 240 mM NaCl. Growth, physiological and biochemical parameters were determined to characterize salt tolerance. Salt stress adversely affected the studied parameters. However, the data revealed that Trichoderma treatments alleviated the stress condition and significantly increased length and fresh weight of shoot and root, number of leaves, leaf area, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value in comparison to control at all stress levels. Trichoderma treatments also resulted in the alleviation of oxidative damage, as indicated by the decrease of malondealdehyde content in comparison to control. Seedlings raised from seeds bioprimed with Th- 14 had significantly higher proline, membrane stability index and phenol content than other treated or untreated seeds under both non-saline and saline conditions. Besides, linear regression showed that the photosynthetic rate had a significant positive relationship with the number of leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content and SPAD value, but no relation with leaf water content. Results indicate the potential of using salinity tolerant Trichoderma isolates through seed biopriming for reducing the deteriorating effects of salinity, with Th-14 giving the most consistent effect under the present experimental material and conditions.
Estimating the Impact of Changes in Aggregate Bank Capital Requirements During an Upswing

This paper estimates the effect of changes in capital requirements applied to all UK-resident banks on lending by studying the joint dynamics of the aggregate capital ratio of the UK banking system and a set of macro-financial variables. This is achieved by means of sign restrictions that attempt to identify shocks in past data that match a set of assumed directional responses of other variables to future changes in capital requirements aimed at increasing the resilience of the banking system to losses during an upswing. This may provide policymakers with a plausible ‘upper bound’ on the short-term effects of future increases in macroprudential capital requirements in certain states of the economic cycle. An increase in the aggregate bank capital requirement during an economic upswing is associated with a reduction of lending, with the effect larger for lending to corporates than for that to households. The impact on GDP growth is statistically insignificant.
How downstream sub-basins depend on upstream inflows to avoid scarcity : typology and global analysis of transboundary rivers

Abstract. Countries sharing river basins are often dependent upon water originating outside their boundaries; meaning that without that upstream water, water scarcity may occur with flow-on implications for water use and management. We develop a formalisation of this concept drawing on ideas about the transition between regimes from resilience literature, using water stress and water shortage as indicators of water scarcity. In our analytical framework, dependency occurs if water from upstream is needed to avoid scarcity. This can be diagnosed by comparing different types of water availability on which a sub-basin relies, in particular local runoff and upstream inflows. At the same time, possible upstream water withdrawals reduce available water downstream, influencing the latter water availability. By developing a framework of scarcity and dependency, we contribute to the understanding of transitions between system regimes. We apply our analytical framework to global transboundary river basins at the scale of sub-basin areas (SBAs). Our results show that 1175 million people live under water stress (42 % of the total transboundary population). Surprisingly, the majority (1150 million) of these currently suffer from stress only due to their own excessive water use and possible water from upstream does not have impact on the stress status – i.e. they are not yet dependent on upstream water to avoid stress – but could still impact on the intensity of the stress. At the same time, 386 million people (14 %) live in SBAs that can avoid stress owing to available water from upstream and have thus upstream dependency. In the case of water shortage, 306 million people (11 %) live in SBAs dependent on upstream water to avoid possible shortage. The identification of transitions between system regimes sheds light on how SBAs may be affected in the future, potentially contributing to further refined analysis of inter- and intrabasin hydro-political power relations and strategic planning of management practices in transboundary basins.
CORRELATION BETWEEN ENDOCRANIAL CAPACITY AND SIZE OF FORAMEN MAGNUM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEX

Address for Correspondence: Dr Muralidhar P Shepur, Assistant professor of Anatomy, JJM Medical College, Davangere -577004, Karnataka, India. Mobile:+91-9481161036 E-Mail: muralidharshepur@gmail.com Access this Article online Quick Response code Web site: *1,4 &6 Assistant Professor, 3 Professor in Department of Anatomy, JJM Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, India. 2 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Anatomy, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry, India. 5 Taluk Heath Officer, Nagamangal, Karnataka, India. Background: Endocranial capacity is an important parameter in the study of human evolution, race and sex determination of skull. Diameters of foramen magnum are important because vital structures passing through it may endues compression and for sex determination of skulls. Correlation between endocranial capacity and area of foramen magnum was reported in mammals. This relation in human can be used to determine sex of damaged skulls. Methods: 150 dry skulls and 30 CT scan images of living subjects were studied. Endocranial capacity of skulls was measured by modified Breitinger’s method. Diameters of foramen magnum were measured by vernier calipers and its area was calculated by formula endocranial capacity of CT scan images measured by planimetry. Diameters and area of foramen were measured automatically. Results: The Mean endocranial capacity of male and female skulls were 1367.3ml and 1255.2ml respectively by modified Breitinger’smethod and by CT scan image planimetry method were 1347.1ml and 1130ml. The mean longitudinal diameter of foramen magnum in male was 33.4mm and female was 33.1mm and by CT Imaging method in male was 38.5mm and female was 35.2mm. The mean transverse diameter of foramen magnum in male was 28.5mm and female was 27.3mm and by CT Imaging method in male was 29.1mm and female was 27.6mm. Conclusion: Endocranial capacity, transverse diameter and area of foramen magnum of male skulls were greater than females. A significant positive correlation was observed between endocranial capacity and area of foramen magnum in male and female skulls, but highly significant positive correlation was observed when both sexes were considered together. Living subjects showed a significant positive correlation between endocranial capacity and area of foramen magnum when both sexes were considered together.
Decadal-scale variations in ice flow along Whillans Ice Stream and its tributaries, West Antarctica

Abstract We investigate velocity changes occurring along Whillans Ice Stream (WIS) by comparing velocities derived from repeat aerial photographs acquired in 1985-89 (average date of 1987) to interferometric satellite radar (InSAR) velocities collected in 1997. Three different analysis methods are applied to the velocity data. First, temporal and spatial changes in velocities are correlated to identifiable features (flowlines, shear margins, bed features) visible on the 1997 RADARSAT Antarctic Mapping Project mosaic. Second, we relate velocity gradients to stresses via the flow law and, along with surface topography and ice-thickness data, apply the force-budget technique to determine the relative importance of driving stress, side drag and basal drag over time. Finally, the mass balance of the main part of WIS is determined for 1987 and 1997. Our results are consistent with previous studies that show an overall deceleration resulting in downstream thickening of the ice stream (Whillans and others, 2001; Joughin and others, 2002).
Laterality as a Predictor of Coping Strategies in Dogs Entering a Rescue Shelter

It has been reported that during the first few days following entry to a kennel environment, shelter dogs may suffer poor welfare. Previous work suggests that motor bias (the preferred use of one limb over the other) can potentially be used as an indicator of emotional reactivity and welfare risk. In this study, we investigate whether paw preference could be used as a predictive indicator of stress coping (measured using cortisol levels and behavioural observation) in a sample of 41 dogs entering a rescue shelter. Cortisol levels and behavioural observations were collected for one week after admission. We scored the dogs’ paw preference during a food-retrieval task. Our results showed that increasing left-pawedness was associated with a higher expression of stress-related behaviours such as frequent change of state, vocalisations and lower body posture. These results are in keeping with previous findings showing that left-limb biased animals are more vulnerable to stress. Paw preference testing may be a useful tool for detecting different coping strategies in dogs entering a kennel environment and identifying target individuals at risk of reduced welfare.
Time-dependent analysis of K2PtBr6 binding to lysozyme studied by protein powder and single crystal X-ray analysis

Abstract Multi heavy atom cluster compounds like K2PtBr6 offer a way forward to solve, de novo, unknown protein structures by powder diffraction involving dispersive (measured at two X-ray wavelengths) and isomorphous intensity differences as a complement to micro-crystallography or by using both approaches in combination. Towards this end, using the ESRF high resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction beamline ID31, we have recorded high quality protein powder diffractograms at the platinum LIII and bromine K absorption edges, as well as reference wavelengths, for K2PtBr6 bound to lysozyme. These experiments were conducted at 80K to protect the sample against X-radiation damage as much as possible and also to fix the K2PtBr6 bound state, which seemed to show instability at room temperature. With multiple powder pattern analysis we extracted intensities and showed the PtBr6 bound in lysozyme using ‘omit electron density maps’. In addition the wavelength dispersive Fourier around the Br K edge shows up the bromine signal at PtBr6 binding site 1 in one of the six samples tested. To better understand the chemical properties of this heavy atom compound we have elucidated the detailed binding behaviour using single crystal analyses with time-resolved freeze quenching after soak times of 10, 90 and 170 minutes. Whilst the quick soaking of 10 to 30 minutes, used at ESRF ID31 shows clear binding there is increasing binding strength with increasing soak time. Thus, these time-resolved analytical chemistry results show that further heavy atom signal optimizations are possible. Prospects for extending our approach to the yet larger isomorphous and wavelength dispersive signal case of Ta6Br12 bound to lysozyme are also described.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil from Eupatorium triplinerve  Vahl. Aerial Parts

Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl belongs to the Asteraceae family, popularly known as Ayapana . It is a perennial shrub native to Amazon rainforests of South America. Its leaves are used through infusions, decoctions, baths, and tea. It is largely used in Brazilian folk medicine as sedative, febrifuge, stimulant, tonic and anti-inflammatory. The essential oil from aerial parts of Eupatorium triplinerve was analysis by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Thirty compounds representing 98.24 % of the oil were identified. The major compounds were 2-tert-butyl – 1, 4-methoxybenzene (74.3 %) and b –Selinene (8.6 %). The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against ten bacteria (including Gram positive and Gram negative) and six phytopathogenic fungi. The oil exhibited moderated antibacterial and strong antifungal activity against all the test pathogens. The highest zone inhibition was recorded against Salamella typhae (21mm) followed by Shigella sonnei (18mm) at a concentration of 20μl/ disc on the other standard Ampicillin 20mg/ disc showed on average of 14-34mm diameter of zone inhibition against the test organism. The lowest antifungal activities were recorded against Macrophomina phaseoline, and Botryodiplodia theobromae. The highest Alternaria alternate (12000ppm). Further pharmacological and toxicology studies will be required to establish the therapeutic uses of this oil.
LOCAL PERSPECTIVES ON TRANSNATIONAL RELATIONS OF CAMEROONIAN MIGRANTS

Introduction International migration is a crucial theme widely discussed in Cameroon, both privately and in public. While individuals have long been travelling, studying and living abroad, the vision of finding a better future elsewhere has gained prominence over the past fifteen years. It has become a popular conviction that Cameroon has little to offer to its economically, intellectually and – arguably – politically aspiring citizens.
Test-retest reliability of a 16.1 km time trial in trained cyclists using the CompuTrainer ergometer

Laboratory based cycling time trials (TT) are widely used by both researchers and practitioners, as a method of assessing cycling performance in a controlled environment. Assessments of performance often use TT durations or distances between 20 min and one hour and in the UK the 10 mile (16.1 km) TT is the most frequently used race distance for trained cyclists. The 16.1 km TT has received relatively minimal, but increased attention as a performance criterion in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the reliability of 16.1 km TT performance in a large cohort of trained cyclists using the CompuTrainer cycling ergometer. Trained male cyclists (n = 58, mean±SD age 35±7 yr, height 179±6 cm, weight 79.1±9.4 kg, VO2max. 56.6±6.6 ml.kg.min-1, PPO 365±37 W) performed an initial incremental exercise test to determine PPO and VO2max. The participants then performed two 16.1 km TT on a CompuTrainer cycle ergometer separated by 3-7 days. Differences in time, power output and speed were determined using a Wilcoxon signed ranks or paired t-tests. Reproducibility of the TT performance measures was performed using the coefficient of variation (CV), intraclass correlations, and typical error (TE). There were no differences between any of the performance criteria for the whole cohort (Mean difference = 0.06 min, 0.09 km.h-1, 1.5 W, for time, mean speed and power respectively) between TT1 and TT2. All TT performance data were very reproducible (CV range = 1.1-2.7%) and demonstrated trivial or small TE. The slower cyclists demonstrated marginally lower reliability (CV range = 1.3-3.2%) compared to the fastest group (CV range = 0.7-2.0%). The 16.1 km TT on the CompuTrainer represents a very reliable performance criterion for trained cyclists. Interpretation of test-retest performance outcomes should be performed in the context of the TE of each performance indicator.
Optimizing thinnings and rotation of Scots pine and Norway spruce mixtures

The study describes a simulation-optimization system which uses spatial models for diameter and height growth, crown ratio and tree mortality for Scots pine and Norway spruce mixtures. The optimal oneand two-thinning regimes of six initial stands with varing species composition were solved by using nonlinear optimization. The soil expectation value (SEV) at 3 % interest rate was used as a management objective. The regimes are determined by taking into account the stand basal areas before the thinnings, the removal percentages for small, medium-sized and large pines and spruces, and the stand basal area before the final felling. The greatest SEV (8900 FIM ha–1) was attained with the initial stand where the proportion of pines was 65 % of the number of the stems. In the two-thinning regime, the first thinning was conducted at the age of 39 years when the stand basal area was 37 m2ha–1 and the dominant height was about 15 m. After the thinning, the basal area was 27 m2ha–1. Spruces were thinned from below, but both small and large pines were removed. The second thinning was 8 years later and much heavier: the stand basal area was decreased from 35 m2ha–1 to 18 m2ha–1 by removing both small and large pines and spruces. When the optimal two-thinning regime was compared to the regime presented by Forest Centre Tapio, the loss of SEV was about 30 % (6070 FIM ha–1) in the case of thinnings from below, and about 20 % (7250 FIM ha–1) in the case of thinnings from above.
Obtaining and comparative analysis of some carotenoidic extracts from marigold ( Calendula officinalis L.) flowers and celandine ( Chelidonium majus L.) flowers

This paper presents obtaining and comparative characterization of two carotenoidic extracts: one from marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) flowers and the second, from celandine (Chelidonium majus L. ) flowers. The extracts were obtained from plant material using a solvent mixture of petroleum ether: ethanol 96% (8:2, v:v) and then purified by removing sterols and saponification. Total carotenoids and β+ carotene concentrations was determined by RP+HPLC. Noted a very high content of total carotenoids in marigold flowers (1667.42 µg /g), the amount of β+c arotene being of 145.40 µg /g. In celandine flowers found an amount of total carotenoids of 1377.70 µg /g and 369.50 µg /g of β+carotene. It also has been determined the concentration of various minerals (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Cr, Ni), both in raw materials and in carotenoidic extracts by atomic absorption spectrometry. Potassium and calcium were found in greater quantity in celandine flowers (4420 ppm, 4402 ppm) than in marigold (4025 ppm, 2601.3 ppm),while the mariglods are richer in sodium, magnesium and iron. Macroelements from the carotenoidic extracts were found in much lower concentration than in the raw material, due to their elimination, in large quantities, during the extraction process.
Nutritional and sensory quality of micronutrient-rich traditional products incorporated with green leafy vegetables.

The study was aimed to formulate micronutrient rich products with dried greens. "Keerae" (Amaranthus paniculatus) and "shepu" (Peucedanum graveolens) greens were steam blanched after chem. pretreatment and dried in hot air oven. Dried greens were analyzed for proximate constituents, vitamins, minerals, antinutrients and dialyzable minerals. Dehydrated greens were incorporated into "Mathri" - a wheat flour based deep fried product and "Thalipeeth" - a mixed cereal based shallow fried product at 4, 8 and 12% levels. The products were evaluated for sensory quality in comparison to control (without greens) by an untrained panel numbering 80. Anal. of chem. compn. showed no significant losses in proximate, mineral and antinutrient contents of dehydrated greens. Results of sensory anal. revealed that products incorporated with 4% dehydrated greens were similar to control in texture, taste and overall quality. However, acceptability scores reduced with increasing concn. of greens. Addn. of dehydrated greens increased nutrient d. of all products. [on SciFinder(R)]
Sets of determination for harmonic functions

Let h denote a positive harmonic function on the open unit ball B of Euclidean space R n (n ≥ 2). This paper characterizes those subsets E of B for which sup E H/h = sup B H/h or inf E H/h = inf B H/h for all harmonic functions H belonging to a specified class. In this regard we consider the classes of positive harmonic functions, differences of positive harmonic functions, and harmonic functions with a one-sided quasi-boundedness condition. We also consider the closely related question of representing functions on the sphere ∂B as sums of Poisson kernels corresponding to points in E
Production, optimization and characterization of extracellular amylase from halophilic Bacillus lichineformis AH214

Twenty one moderately halophilic bacterial strains were isolated from seawater and sediment in Alexandria Eastern Harbour, Egypt. The isolates were screened for the production of four extracellular degradative enzymes. The majority of isolates (57.1%) possessed significant enzyme activities, 43% of them have potentiality to produce amylase enzyme. The most active isolate for the production of amylase enzyme was identified by using a 16S rRNA sequence analysis as Bacillus lichineformis AH214. Optimization of the fermentation medium components and environmental factors using One Variable at a Time Approach and Plackett-Burman design was applied to enhance the amylase production by Bacillus lichineformis AH214. The maximum microbial amylase production could be achieved using an optimized medium of the following composition (g/l): 1.0 g yeast extract, 0.05 g K2HPO4, 0.25 g FeCl3, 15.0 g starch, 30.0 g NaCl, 0.75 g MgSO4.7H2O and inoculums size of 1.5 ml/50 ml and incubated at optimum conditions of pH 7, agitation speed 160 rpm, time 30 h and temperature 40°C. On applying optimized medium in the fermentation process, an enzyme productivity of 13.44 U/mg protein was achieved with two fold increase compared to the basal one. The crude amylase produced by Bacillus lichineformis was stable up to 40°C, pH 7.5 and 1.5 M NaCl. Key words: Halophiles, amylase, Bacillus lichineformis, Plackett-Burman, optimization.