Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assumptions behind Intercoder Reliability Indices

Intercoder reliability is the most often used quantitative indicator of measurement quality in content studies. Researchers in psychology, sociology, education, medicine, marketing and other disciplines also use reliability to evaluate the quality of diagnosis, tests and other assessments. Many indices of reliability have been recommended for general use. This article analyzes 22, which are organized into 18 chance-adjusted and four non-adjusted indices. The chance-adjusted indices are further organized into three groups, including nine category-based indices, eight distribution-based indices, and one that is double based, on category and distribution. The main purpose of this work is to examine the assumptions behind each index. Most of the assumptions are unexamined in the literature, and yet these assumptions have implications for assessments of reliability that need to be understood, and that result in paradoxes and abnormalities. This article discusses 13 paradoxes and nine abnormalities to illustrate the 24 assumptions. To facilitate understanding, the analysis focuses on categorical scales with two coders, and further focuses on binary scales where appropriate. The discussion is situated mostly in analysis of communication content. The assumptions and patterns that we will discover will also apply to studies, evaluations and diagnoses in other disciplines with more coders, raters, diagnosticians, or judges using binary or multi-category scales. We will argue that a new index is needed. Before the new index can be established, we need guidelines for using the existing indices. This article will recommend such guidelines. ASSUMPTIONS BEHIND INTERCODER RELIABILITY INDICES 4 Communication Yearbook 36 Table of
Precision of Soil Particle Size Analysis using Laser Diffractometry

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76:1719–1727 doi:10.2136/sssaj2011.0303 Received 7 Sept. 2011. *Corresponding author (soils@msu.edu). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Precision of Soil Particle Size Analysis using Laser Diffractometry Pedology
A Comparative study for pre and post war performance of Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE)

It is currently debated in academic and other forums that the peace dawning in the country has induced the performance of CSE in Sri Lanka. It is invariably accepted that the smooth functioning of the stock market is largely determined by the stability of the country’s business environment. Thus, this paper attempts to explore whether there is an improvement in the performance of the each business sector listed on CSE in the post war periods. For the purpose of separately highlighting the impact of peace on stock market performance some pre war periods are also considered. The period 2005 to 2008 is considered as pre war period and the period 2009 to 2012 is considered as post war period. To measure the performance of the CSE some important indicators were used namely, sector indexes, market capitalization of the companies, foreign purchases and sales and total turnover of the CSE and key market ratios. Perhaps importantly, these indicators are very widely used in measuring stock market performance by practitioners and academics in developed and developing markets. It is established that majority of the performance indicators used in this study are highly sensitive to the peaceful dividend in the country. Moreover, it is found that majority of indicators have gained significant improvement after the war. The findings imply that peace is an essential element for the development of the capital market in Sri Lanka. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.4038/suslj.v13i1. 7672 Sabaragamuwa University Journal 2014; V. 13 No. 1 pp 43-55
River and Submarine Groundwater Discharge Effects on Diatom Phytoplankton Abundance in the Gulf of Alaska

The Gulf of Alaska is a highly productive ecosystem that supports fisheries and subsistence harvesting of marine resources. The highly productive summer season begins with a bloom that is dominated by diatoms. Both river and submarine groundwater discharge have been recognized as substantial terrestrial nutrient (nitrate and silicate) sources to the Gulf’s coastal waters. Here, the response of in-situ phytoplankton to groundwater and river water additions was evaluated via a bioassay incubation experiment. Special attention was given to diatom genera, as previous studies have shown that submarine groundwater discharge preferentially induces growth of diatoms. The abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. , Chaetoceros spp. , and Leptocylindrus spp. increased significantly in groundwater and river water containing treatments. Although groundwater and river water are both rich in nitrate and silicate, groundwater treatments with a higher salinity favored a higher relative abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Conversely, in the highest river water concentration treatments with lower salinity, relative abundances of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. decreased, while Chaetoceros spp. and Leptocylindrus spp. increased. Total abundances of all three genera increased in the lower salinity treatments. These findings could portend changes in the phytoplankton community composition in the Gulf of Alaska as the climate warms and river discharge increases in the coming decades. Furthermore, the findings support previous assertions that submarine groundwater discharge, with higher salinity than river water, is a preferable source of nutrients to the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.
Selenium, Copper, and Zinc Concentrations in the Raw and Processed Meat of Edible Land Snails Harvested in Poland

Abstract Introduction: The objective of the present research was to carry out a comparative assessment of copper, zinc, and selenium concentrations in the meat of edible land snails collected in Poland (Helix pomatia, Cornu aspersum maxima, and Cornu aspersum aspersum), as well as to determine the effect of preliminary processing of Roman snails (Helix pomatia) on the content of the aforementioned elements. Material and Methods: In the first stage, determinations were made on unprocessed snail meat. In the second stage, the study focused on Roman snails and consisted in an additional evaluation of frozen meat after full processing. Zinc and copper contents were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and the selenium content was established by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: The selenium content differed significantly among all three species. The copper content in Roman snails differed significantly from that in farmed snails. No significant difference in the zinc level was noted among the three snail species. The selenium content in raw and processed meat of Roman snails did not show any significant difference while the copper and zinc level was significantly higher in processed meat samples. Conclusion: The present research on the meat of edible snails showed different levels of selenium, copper, and zinc, depending on the species, collection site, and subjection to processing.
Isolation and Characterization of Multipotent Turkey Tendon-Derived Stem Cells

Tendon injuries are among the most common and severe hand injuries with a high demand for functional recovery. Stem cells have been identified and isolated from different species and a variety of tissues for the sake of regenerative medicine. Recently, turkey has been suggested as a potential new large animal model for flexor tendon-related research. However, turkey tissue-specific stem cells have not been investigated. Here, we presented the isolation and verification of tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) from 6- to 8-month-old heritage-breed turkey. TDSCs were isolated from turkey flexor tendon by plating nucleated cells at the determined optimal density. Approximately 4% of the nucleated cells demonstrated clonogenicity, high proliferation rate, and trilineage differentiation potential after induction culturing. These cells expressed surface antigens CD90, CD105, and CD44, but did not express CD45. There was a high level of gene expression of tenogenic markers in TDSCs, including mohawk, collagen type I, tenascin C, and elastin. Turkey TDSCs also expressed transcription factors PouV, Nanog, and Sox2, which are critically involved in the regulation of stemness. The successful isolation of tendon-derived stem cells from turkey was beneficial for future studies in tendon tissue engineering and would help in the development of new treatment for tendon diseases using this novel animal model.
Prevalence of Anterior Dental Trauma and Its Associated Factors among Preschool Children Aged 3–5 Years in Khartoum City, Sudan

Background Traumatic dental injury (TDI) is a challenging public health problem. Its incidence and prevalence vary within countries, states, and different social groups. Aim The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in primary incisors among 3–5-year-old Sudanese preschool children and associated factors such as age, sex, and size of overjet and anterior open bite. Materials and Methods Descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 600 preschool children (3–5 years old) selected by multistage cluster technique from preschools located in Khartoum city, Sudan. The data regarding age, sex, causes, and treatment of TDI were collected from the mothers through structured interview questionnaire. Children were examined in an upright position, using mouth mirror and torch. A single examiner assessed the type of trauma, the tooth involved, and overbite/overjet. The data were analyzed statistically through descriptive analysis, and the chi-square test was used to compare between different variables with P < 0.05. Results The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) was 18.5%. Enamel fractures were the most common type (74.8%), followed by enamel and dentin (11.7%). The maxillary central incisors were the most commonly affected teeth, and the home was most common place for TDI. The prevalence rate was 45% in boys and 55% in girls with a statistically significant difference (P=0.02). Conclusions The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to the primary anterior teeth among the Sudanese preschool children was relatively high (18.5%). Factors such as overjet size, overbite size, and lip competency were not significantly correlated with dental trauma among the studied population.
Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000

Intrusion detection is a fundamental part of security tools, such as adaptive security appliances, intrusion detection systems, intrusion prevention systems and firewalls. Various intrusion detection techniques are used, but their performance is an issue. Intrusion detection performance depends on accuracy, which needs to improve to decrease false alarms and to increase the detection rate. To resolve concerns on performance, multilayer perceptron, support vector machine (SVM), and other techniques have been used in recent work. Such techniques indicate limitations and are not efficient for use in large datasets, such as system and network data. The intrusion detection system is used in analyzing huge traffic data; thus, an efficient classification technique is necessary to overcome the issue. This problem is considered in this paper. Wellknown machine learning techniques, namely, SVM, random forest, and extreme learning machine are applied. These techniques are well-known because of their capability in classification. The NSL–knowledge discovery and data mining dataset is used, which is considered a benchmark in the evaluation of intrusion detection mechanisms. The results indicate that ELM outperforms other approaches. INDEX TERMS Detection rate, extreme learning machine, false alarms, NSL–KDD, random forest, support vector machine
An abundance study of red-giant-branch stars in the Hercules dwarf spheroidal galaxy

Context. Dwarf spheroidal galaxies are some of the most metal-poor, and least luminous objects known. Detailed elemental abundance analysis of stars in these faint objects is key to our understanding of star formation and chemical enrichment in the early universe, and may provide useful information on how larger galaxies form. Aims. Our aim is to provide a determination of [Fe/H] and [Ca/H] for confirmed red-giant branch member stars of the Hercules dwarf spheroidal galaxy. Based on this we explore the ages of the prevailing stellar populations in Hercules, and the enrichment history from supernovae. Additionally, we aim to provide a new simple metallicity calibration for Stromgren photometry for metal-poor, red giant branch stars. Methods. High-resolution, multi-fibre spectroscopy and Stromgren photometry are combined to provide as much information on the stars as possible. From this we derive abundances by solving the radiative transfer equations through marcs model atmospheres. Results. We find that the red-giant branch stars of the Hercules dSph galaxy are more metal-poor than estimated in our previous study that was based on photometry alone. From this, we derive a new metallicity calibration for the Stromgren photometry. Additionally, we find an abundance trend such that [Ca/Fe] is higher for more metal-poor stars, and lower for more metal-rich stars, with a spread of about 0.8 dex. The [Ca/Fe] trend suggests an early rapid chemical enrichment through supernovae of type II, followed by a phase of slow star formation dominated by enrichment through supernovae of type Ia. A comparison with isochrones indicates that the red giants in Hercules are older than 10 Gyr.
Does Chronic Kidney Disease–Induced Cognitive Impairment Affect Driving Safety?

Purpose of Review: One of the principal mechanisms by which illness can affect driving safety is by impairing cognition. Nevertheless, despite the substantial evidence demonstrating cognitive impairment in chronic kidney disease (CKD), little is known about the effects of CKD on driving safety. Objective: Investigate the current national medical guidelines and research literature with respect to CKD and driving safety. Sources of Information: Medline, CINAHL, PEDro, Scopus as of August 2017. The most up to date national driving guidelines and available information provided by the provincial and territorial ministries of transportation across Canada Findings: Fives studies of driving fitness in patients with CKD have been published with minimal data available for patients at early stages of the disease. Amongst these studies, only two come from an era when modern end stage renal disease therapies were routinely provided. The first study demonstrated that 40% of 186 surveyed patients on hemodialysis felt uncomfortable driving and that 1/3 of patients were involved in motor vehicle collisions (MVC) since starting dialysis. Of the patients who felt comfortable driving, more than 75% were found to be at increased driving risk. The second study reported that 15% of patients on hemodialysis were involved in MVCs over a three year span and that the “Am I A Safe Driver” assessment tool by the American Medical Association may not capture all patients at high driving risk. Despite these alarming numbers, national guidelines place few driving restrictions on this patient population and only 3 of 11 available provincial or territorial driving forms include kidney disease as a category that physicians should consider when assessing medical fitness to drive. Limitations: Our review is limited by the lack of randomized control studies evaluating the effects of CKD on driving safety. Implications: Our review demonstrates that driving safety in this patient population remains poorly understood. The limited evidence that does exist, however, suggests that these patients are at substantial risk for unsafe driving. Future research is necessary to determine the impact of CKD-associated cognitive impairment on driving risk, and to parse out the contributions of CKD and its various treatments to driving impairment.
Tackling runtime-based obfuscation in Android with TIRO

Obfuscation is used in malware to hide malicious activity from manual or automatic program analysis. On the Android platform, malware has had a history of using obfuscation techniques such as Java reflection, code packing and value encryption. However, more recent malware has turned to employing obfuscation that subverts the integrity of the Android runtime (ART or Dalvik), a technique we call runtime-based obfuscation. Once subverted, the runtime no longer follows the normally expected rules of code execution and method invocation, raising the difficulty of deobfuscating and analyzing malware that use these techniques. In this work, we propose TIRO, a deobfuscation framework for Android using an approach of TargetInstrument-Run-Observe. TIRO provides a unified framework that can deobfuscate malware that use a combination of traditional obfuscation and newer runtimebased obfuscation techniques. We evaluate and use TIRO on a dataset of modern Android malware samples and find that TIRO can automatically detect and reverse language-based and runtime-based obfuscation. We also evaluate TIRO on a corpus of 2000 malware samples from VirusTotal and find that runtime-based obfuscation techniques are present in 80% of the samples, demonstrating that runtime-based obfuscation is a significant tool employed by Android malware authors today.
WakeDroid: A Remote Boot Trigger for Android Devices as IoT Nodes

WakeDroid is an external power manager which can wake up "completely off-state" smartphones by remote control via a wireless link. Users just need to plug a WakeDroid USB dongle consisting of a rectifier and an antenna to the USB charging port of the smartphone. The WakeDroid USB converts input microwave signals into DC and charges up the internal capacitor. Then the energy is used to kick-start the smartphone. No hardware modification on the smartphone is required. Instead, we take advantage of the Android OS's battery charge management software that starts up automatically when connected to a charger. WakeDroid can boot smartphones within 35 m from a 0.48 W transmitter. WakeDroid drastically widens the activity area of smartphones by giving them "second life" as IoT nodes.
DIVERSITY OF IRON AND SILICA PRECIPITATION BY MICROBIAL MATS IN HYDROTHERMAL WATERS, ICELAND : IMPLICATIONS FOR PRECAMBRIAN IRON FORMATIONS

Direct examination of microbial mats from Icelandic hot springs with transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed a consortium of bacterial cells in varying stages of mineralization. Differences in observed mineralogy largelyreflectdifferencesinthechemistryofthehydrothermalwaters.Silica-richspheroids formedepicellularlyoncellwallsandsurroundingsheathsandcapsulesofmicroorganisms and,insomecases,intracellularlywhenpresumablythecell(s)hadlysed.Commonly,these precipitateswereobservedcoalescingtoformamatrixofamorphoussilicathatcompletely encapsulated the cells and/or replaced their cytoplasmic material. However, in other cells, the precipitates were composed of amorphous granules made exclusively of iron and silica inapproximatelyequalproportions.Atonelocality,thebacteriaformedseveralepicellular iron minerals, ranging from iron-mineralized capsules tofine-grained spheroids of amorphous ferric hydroxide and acicular aggregates of goethite. The complete encrustation of bacterial cells by silica, iron, or a combination of both may greatly enhance their preservation potential, such that these mineralized microorganisms may conceivably represent future microfossils. Thus, we may be witnessing contemporaneous biomineralization processes that are similar to those of the geologic past, particularly with regard to the origin of some Precambrian banded iron formations.
Comparative Profiling of MicroRNAs Reveals the Underlying Toxicological Mechanism in Mice Testis Following Carbon Ion Radiation

This study investigated the toxicity of heavy ion radiation to mice testis by microRNA (miRNA) sequencing and bioinformatics analyses. Testicular indices and histology were measured following enterocoelia irradiation with a 2 Gy carbon ion beam, with the testes exhibiting the most serious injuries at 4 weeks after carbon ion radiation (CIR) exposure. Illumina sequencing technology was used to sequence small RNA libraries of the control and irradiated groups at 4 weeks after CIR. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses implicated differential miRNAs in the regulation of target genes involved in metabolism, development, and reproduction. Here, 8 miRNAs, including miR-34c-5p, miR-138, and 6 let-7 miRNA family members previously reported in testis after radiation, were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to validate miRNA sequencing data. The differentially expressed miRNAs described here provided a novel perspective for the role of miRNAs in testis toxicity following CIR.
Banana Streak Virus: a Highly Diverse Plant Pararetrovirus

Plants are attacked by two major groups of DNA viruses: the single-stranded DNA viruses Geminiviridae; and the double-stranded DNA viruses which belong to Caulimoviridae (including the genera Caulimovirus and Badnavirus). Badnaviruses are frequently found in banana, rice, cocao, sugarcane and other plant species. Banana streak virus (BSV) is a badnavirus which typically is found integrated in the B genome of Musa. The integrated form is able to remain dormant for several years before viral replication starts and symptoms appear. The virus is known to be transmitted by at least three mealy bug species but it mainly spreads through vegetative propagation. Banana streak Mysore virus (BSMyV), Banana streak GF virus (BSGFV), and Banana streak OL virus (BSOLV) are the three major BSV species identified so far. BSV eradication from infected banana plants is very rare due to genome integration and clonal propagation practices. Interestingly, cryopreservation and use of selective inhibitors of Hepatitis B virus replication are currently the only two strategies which have been successfully used for this purpose.
Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Mitophagy during Adipogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Isolated from Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) Horses

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are frequently used in both human and veterinary medicine because their unique properties, such as modulating the immune response and differentiating into multiple lineages, make them a valuable tool in cell-based therapies. However, many studies have indicated the age-, lifestyle-, and disease-related deterioration of MSC regenerative characteristics. However, it still needs to be elucidated how the patient's health status affects the effectiveness of MSC differentiation. In the present study, we isolated mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs)) from horses diagnosed with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), a common metabolic disorder characterized by pathological obesity and insulin resistance. We investigated the metabolic status of isolated cells during adipogenic differentiation using multiple research methods, such as flow cytometry, PCR, immunofluorescence, or transmission and confocal microscopy. The results indicated the impaired differentiation potential of ASCEMS. Excessive ROS accumulation and ER stress are most likely the major factors limiting the multipotency of these cells. However, we observed autophagic flux during differentiation as a protective mechanism that allows cells to maintain homeostasis and remove dysfunctional mitochondria.